cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diverse, orthogonal waveforms and signal processing architecture for joint GMTI and SAR applications

In this research, we introduce a signal processing framework for joint GMTI and SAR algorithms that is based on orthogonal (transmit and receive) waveforms. Traditionally, radar systems are configured to operate either in GMTI or SAR processing mode, but not both simultaneously. This is due to the fact that operational parameters for these two modes are quite different. For example, exoclutter GMTI processing requires a high pulse repetition frequency (PRF), but a high PRF results in increased range ambiguity - and an increased processing burden - in SAR imaging. We propose combining diverse, orthogonal waveforms and introducing corresponding processing techniques to reduce the problems and complexities of joint GMTI and SAR exploitation. For the exoclutter GMTI problem, the necessary high-PRF pulse train will be used to achieve finer Doppler resolution for detecting fast moving objects. For the endoclutter GMTI and SAR imaging problem, we will transmit low PRF pulses. The goal for low PRF pulses for endoclutter GMTI and SAR imaging is to ensure that range ambiguity issue has been addressed. These new approaches will achieve following benefits: (1) accomplish GMTI and SAR processing concurrently by eliminating the complexities associated with reconfiguring a radar system, (2) more efficiently use bandwidth by employing appropriate bandwidth for exoclutter GMTI pulses and SAR image formation pulses, and (3) reduce range ambiguity issue associated with high PRF operation.
Inositol Catabolism, a Key Pathway in Sinorhizobium meliloti for Competitive Host Nodulation

The nitrogen-fixing symbiont of alfalfa, Sinorhizobium meliloti, is able to use myo-inositol as the sole carbon source. Putative inositol catabolism genes (iolA and iolRCDEB) have been identified in the S. meliloti genome based on their similarities with the Bacillus subtilis iol genes. In this study, functional mutational analysis revealed that the iolA and iolCDEB genes are required for growth not only with the myo-isomer but also for growth with scyllo- and d-chiro-inositol as the sole carbon source. An additional, hypothetical dehydrogenase of the IdhA/MocA/GFO family encoded by the smc01163 gene was found to be essential for growth with scyllo-inositol, whereas the idhA-encoded myo-inositol dehydrogenase was responsible for the oxidation of d-chiro-inositol. The putative regulatory iolR gene, located upstream of iolCDEB, encodes a repressor of the iol genes, negatively regulating the activity of the myo- and the scyllo-inositol dehydrogenases. Mutants with insertions in the iolA, smc01163, and individual iolRCDE genes could not compete against the wild type in a nodule occupancy assay on alfalfa plants. Thus, a functional inositol catabolic pathway and its proper regulation are important nutritional or signaling factors in the S. meliloti-alfalfa symbiosis.
The Social Work Group and its Distinct Healing Qualities in the Health Care Setting

This article describes how the humanistic values and democratic norms fundamental to social group work are operationalized in groups in the medical setting. The author delineates numerous values and norms and identifies and describes the uses of practice interventions in health care groups. The focus is on group practice that provides a healing environment of caring, empowerment, and support for members. Practitioner efforts center on the development of group norms that enhance belonging in open-ended and closed groups, foster diversity in the group, include rather than exclude others, widen freedom of choice and open decision making, and help members question the authority of the worker as well as of the hospital system. Illustrative examples of group forms are included to demonstrate practice in this framework.
Expression of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein by Leptospira interrogans and evaluation of its diagnostic potential in a kinetic ELISA.

The search for novel antigens suitable for improved vaccines and diagnostic reagents against leptospirosis led to the identification of LigA and LigB. LigA and LigB expression were not detectable at the translation level but were detectable at the transcription level in leptospires grown in vitro. Lig genes were present in pathogenic serovars of Leptospira, but not in non-pathogenic Leptospira biflexa. The conserved and variable regions of LigA and LigB (Con, VarA and VarB) were cloned, expressed and purified as GST-fusion proteins. Purified recombinant LigA and LigB were evaluated for their diagnostic potential in a kinetic ELISA (KELA) using sera from vaccinated and microscopic agglutination test (MAT)-positive dogs. Sera from vaccinated dogs showed reactivity to whole-cell antigens of leptospires but did not show reactivity in the KELA assay with recombinant antigens, suggesting a lack of antibodies to Lig proteins in the vaccinated animals. The diagnostic potential of recombinant Lig antigens in the KELA assay was evaluated by using 67 serum samples with MAT ⩾1600, which showed reactivity of 76, 41 and 35 % to rConA, rVarA and rVarB, respectively. These findings suggest that recombinant antigen to the conserved region of LigA and LigB can differentiate between vaccinated and naturally infected animals.
On Track for West Germany: Turkish ‘Guest-worker’ Rail Transportation to West Germany in the Postwar Period

Guest-worker transportation, the train ride that most workers had to take, created guest-workers long before arrival in West Germany. West German officials, who were self-conscious about the new West German national image in the postwar era in ways scholars have not previously recognized, attempted to provide a smooth transition to West Germany for these new foreign workers. Because West German officials were largely unsuccessful in this, diverse workers formed negative impressions of their future hosts, creating an experience and a chronological phase in the guest-worker narrative that predates arrival in West Germany and continued long after. West German Employment Bureau officials, employers and the guest-workers themselves also offered counter-narratives to the dominant negative perceptions of guest-workers.
Characterization of microstrip patch antennas based on the two-dimensional wavelet theory

We explore the application of the two-dimensional multiresolution analysis theory to the study of microstrip patch antennas. A 2D multiresolution expansion including 2D scaling functions and all three types of 2D wavelets is used to approximate the patch currents. By assuming a plane wave excitation, the resonant frequency or resonant length of the antenna can be determined from an examination of the excited currents through a frequency search. The results for far-field patterns and input impedance with different feed structures are presented.
Devil's advocate versus authentic dissent: stimulating quantity and quality

Given the relationship between uniformity of views, premature adoption of a preferred solution and poor decision making, many suggestions have been aimed at fostering dissent, including the usage of a ‘devil's advocate.’ The hope is that such a mechanism will stimulate the kinds of reconsideration, better information processing and decision making as has been found to be stimulated by authentic dissent. In a prior study comparing these two processes, devil's advocate appeared to foster thinking that was primarily aimed at cognitive bolstering of the initial viewpoint rather than stimulate divergent thought. While that study left the actual position of the DA unknown, the present study compared conditions where the devil's advocate position was known (and consistent or inconsistent with the assigned position) or unknown. It further utilized quantity and quality of solutions as a dependent measure rather than simply cognitive activity. Results indicated that the authentic minority was superior to all three forms of ‘devil's advocate,’ again underscoring the value and importance of authenticity and the difficulty in cloning such authenticity by role-playing techniques. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space-time processing for fast fading channels with co-channel interferences

In this paper, we propose the use of space-time (ST) adaptive algorithms for fast fading TDMA channels and co-channel interference reduction in the uplink of a wireless mobile radio system. The ST structure consists of an antenna array at the base station followed by a fractionally spaced equalizer per channel. In particular, we consider the joint ST adaptive equalization and co-channel interference reduction on the IS-54 channel. Two adaptive algorithms in updating the ST weights are considered: the RLS algorithm and the Gerchberg sliding window algorithm. Numerical results under urban and hilly environments show significant improvement of the BER over conventional single channel differential demodulator.
Polymerization and copolymerization of some epoxides by potassium tert‐butoxide in DMSO

Copolymerization of tritiated PGE with analogs and with propylene oxide by potassium tert-butoxide in DMSO shows that this anionic polymerization is favored by electron-withdrawing groups. The homopolymerization of PGE and its p-chloro and p-methoxy analogs gives polymer with molecular weight limited by chain transfer. For PGE, where this limit is about 7000, some of the polymer is insoluble, crystalline isotactic material.
Jump resonant frequency islands in nonlinear feedback control systems

A new type of jump resonance is predicted and observed in certain nonlinear feedback control systems. The new jump resonance characteristic is described as a "frequency island" due to the fact that a portion of the input-output transfer characteristic is disjoint from the main body. The presence of such frequency islands was predicted by using a sinusoidal describing function characterization of the dynamics of an inertial gyro employing nonlinear ternary rebalance logic. While the general conditions under which such islands are possible has not been examined, a numerical approach is presented which can aid in establishing their presence. The existence of the frequency islands predicted for the ternary rebalanced gyro was confirmed by simulating the nonlinear system and measuring the transfer function. Some recent tests of such gyro rebalance loops tend to corroborate the results presented here.
Molecular Assessment of Remontant (Reblooming) Hydrangea macrophylla Cultivars

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to distinguish five remontant and two cold-hardy Hy- drangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. taxa. Eleven primers generated sufficient polymorphisms to separate these seven culti- vars into two groups. One group contained 'Penny Mac', 'Dooley' and 'Nikko Blue', while the remaining taxa, 'David Ramsay', 'Endless Summer', 'Decatur Blue' and 'Oak Hill' were clustered in the second group. All hydrangea cultivars examined are closely related; the most divergent cultivars exhibited 88% similarity based on RAPD markers. Index words: RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers, Hydrangea, remontant. Species used in this study: Hydrangea macrophylla. Chemicals used in this study: Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), borate (boric acid), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Abstract Two experiments were conducted to develop a protocol for propagation of Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindley & Paxton) Schottky by stem cuttings. In the first experiment completed in 2000, stem cuttings were taken on three dates representing three growth stages (softwood, semi-hardwood, or hardwood). Semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings were treated with 0, 2500 (0.25%), 5000 (0.5%), 7500 (0.75%), or 10,000 (1.0%) ppm of the free acid of indolebutyric acid (IBA) dissolved in 50% isopropyl alcohol, whereas softwood cuttings were treated with the same concentrations of the potassium (K) salt of IBA (K- IBA) dissolved in distilled water. Cuttings were placed in a raised greenhouse bench and rooted under intermittent mist. Cuttings taken at the semi-hardwood and hardwood stages began to drop their leaves after approximately 2 weeks and the majority eventually died, with negligible rooting of surviving cuttings. The response of the softwood cuttings to K-IBA was quadratic with the greatest rooting (63%) at 7500 ppm K-IBA. Seventy softwood cuttings that rooted were potted for obser- vance of overwinter survival. Of these, 90% produced a flush of growth during the summer, with 80% overwinter survival. In the second experiment conducted in 2001, semi-hardwood cuttings were taken and treated with 0, 2500 (0.25%), 5000 (0.5%), 7500 (0.75%), or 10,000 (1.0%) ppm K-IBA and placed in a raised greenhouse bench with intermittent mist for rooting as in the first experiment. Results were similar to the semi-hardwood cuttings treated in the first experiment with the free acid of IBA, indicating semi-hardwood cuttings do not root and that the auxin and/or isopropyl alcohol were not toxic to the cuttings.
Cost Accounting in the Service of Policy Reform: Postal Rate Making, 1875-1926

Long the nation’s largest public utility, the Post Office Department lacked a regular means of ascertaining the costs of providing different mail services until 1926. The paucity of cost data, however, did not deter Congress from setting postage rates down to a fraction of a cent or from devising sweeping policies governing the nation’s postal system. In setting rates, Congress had at best vague pricing theories in mind: value of service (mainly for letter mail), public service (the social utility of disseminating public information), and cost of service (advertising and parcels). Pressure to accurately gauge postal costs grew as the Post Office became a channel for different — and often competing — business services. In Lowi’s typology of policy arenas, setting postage became a regulatory function. The best way for one mail class to obtain or retain low rates by the late 1800s was to see that postage was raised for another. Applied to postal policy, cost accounting revealed who benefited, and to what extent, from the federal government’s largest enterprise. Rival parties seized on cost accounting for the added leverage it gave them in postal policymaking. Mailers other than publishers insisted that their postage cross-subsidized the dissemination of newspapers and magazines. These mailers and their allies in Congress had grown weary of publishers’ repeated claims that cheap postage for periodicals was justified by the intangible benefits accruing to society; postal reformers now insisted on knowing the policy’s tangible costs. Almost all players in policymaking found some benefit in cost accounting. Postal administrators, long blamed for the Department’s deficits, saw cost ascertainment as a means to rebut critics and to improve their management of a far-flung bureaucracy. Private-sector accountants welcomed the opportunity to demonstrate their expertise in a public arena at a time when they were seeking popular support to extend their professional roles. The executive branch also encouraged cost accounting at the Post Office as part of its grander plans to overhaul the federal budgetary process. Some Progressive Era lawmakers hoped that the data adduced through cost accounting, a tool for the scientific management of public enterprises, would prompt reform of the postal subsidy long enjoyed by the press. Limitations in assigning joint costs, however, hindered reformers’ efforts, which left a sizable realm for political judgments.
PKC and high glucose stimulate collagen alpha 1 (IV) transcriptional activity in a reporter mesangial cell line.

Increased glomerular collagen IV mRNA in streptozotocin-diabetic rats and stimulation of matrix transcripts by high glucose levels in short-term mesangial cell culture provide evidence that stimulation of matrix synthesis is important in early diabetic glomerulopathy. To test whether transcriptional modulation of collagen IV genes is operative, we stably transfected a murine mesangial cell line with a "minigene" expressing luciferase driven by 5'-flanking and first-intron regions of the murine COL4A1 gene to assess the response to high glucose and the associated signaling pathway. Luciferase activity was stimulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner [near-maximal stimulation in 450 mg/dl glucose (G450) was more than twofold the level in 100 mg/dl (G100) at 48 h]; high concentrations of D-mannitol were without effect. Neither low (2 ng/ml) nor high doses (2 micrograms/ml) of insulin modified luciferase activity in either G100 or G450. We next studied whether activation of protein kinase C (PKC) mediates ...
How well do we know the infaunal biomass of the continental shelf

Abstract Benthic infauna comprise a wide range of taxa of varying abundances and sizes, but large infaunal taxa are infrequently recorded in community surveys of the shelf benthos. These larger, but numerically rare, species may contribute disproportionately to biomass, however. We examine the degree to which standard benthic sampling gear and survey design provide an adequate estimate of the biomass of large infauna using the Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima , on the continental shelf off the northeastern coast of the United States as a test organism. We develop a numerical model that simulates standard survey designs, gear types, and sampling densities to evaluate the effectiveness of vertically-dropped sampling gear (e.g., boxcores, grabs) for estimating density of large species. Simulations of randomly distributed clams at a density of 0.5–1 m −2 within an 0.25-km 2 domain show that lower sampling densities (1–5 samples per sampling event) resulted in highly inaccurate estimates of clam density with the presence of clams detected in less than 25% of the sampling events. In all cases in which patchiness was present in the simulated clam population, surveys were prone to very large errors (survey availability events) unless a dense (e.g., 100-sample) sampling protocol was imposed. Thus, commercial quantities of surfclams could easily go completely undetected by any standard benthic community survey protocol using vertically-dropped gear. Without recourse to modern high-volume sampling gear capable of sampling many meters at a swath, such as hydraulic dredges, biomass of the continental shelf will be grievously underestimated if large infauna are present even at moderate densities.
Bringing neuroscience to teaching rounds: Refreshing our clinical pidgin.

Torous et al. offer a compelling proposal to ‘‘encourage all psychiatrists and psychiatry residents to engage in discussions around localizing suspected abnormally functioning brain circuits.’’ This timely paper offers a practical approach and echoes concerns (Bullmore et al., 2009; Kontos et al., 2006) about the pedagogical fallout of the current state of psychiatric practice. To put it more bluntly – are current workplaces inadequate learning environments for future psychiatrists? Will they transmit a style of practice that excludes emerging knowledge about the neurobiology of mental illness? Torous et al. offer several clinical examples, and are speaking as physicians, educators and scientists who are engaged in the real world of practice. The proposal thus evokes a familiar and central scene at the clinical coalface: the trainee and supervisor leaning in to their interaction with the patient. This is a triad in which the rubber of all our curricular aspirations meets the proverbial road of the clinical encounter where, for better and worse, habits of practice (and learning) are acquired. As with many practical initiatives, the authors acknowledge that there is much work to be done, e.g. to develop curricular resources, train faculty and address the limits of our knowledge. The effort itself, however, fits well within a long-standing pluralist tradition in medicine. Psychiatry has been a leading exemplar of such pluralism and can indeed welcome and integrate ‘Cognitive-Affective Neuroscience’ and ‘Neuropsychiatry’. Swales provided an illuminating and entertaining history of three old, and often battling, ‘cultures’ in medicine (Swales, 2000). While cutting-edge physiological theory (e.g. bleeding to target inflammation from excessive blood volume) had to sometimes yield to empirical evidence (patients with typhoid did not fare
Type 2 Diabetes, Related Conditions, and Dementia

The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of the evidence linking type 2 diabetes and its related conditions, adiposity and hyperinsulinemia, with dementia. The mechanisms for these associations remain to be elucidated, but may include cerebrovascular and non-vascular mechanisms. Elevated adiposity in middle age is related to a higher risk of dementia. The evidence relating adiposity in old age to dementia is conflicting. Several studies have shown that hyperinsulinemia, a consequence of higher adiposity and insulin resistance is also related to a higher risk of dementia. Hyperinsulinemia is a risk factor for diabetes, and numerous studies have shown a relation of type 2 diabetes with higher dementia risk. In general, these associations are stronger for vascular dementia than for Alzheimer’s disease. The implication of these associations is that a large proportion of the world population may be at increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease given the trends for increasing prevalence of overweight, obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and diabetes. However, if proven causal, these associations also present a unique opportunity for prevention and treatment of dementia.
It’s the Quality Not the Quantity of Ties That Matters Social Networks and Self-Efficacy Beliefs

This study explores the role of knowledge access and peer influence as mechanisms by which networks may shape teacher self-efficacy. The basic premise is twofold: (a) that peer interaction provides opportunities to access teaching relevant knowledge and thus may reduce uncertainty and (b) that self-efficacy beliefs may be shaped by the efficacy beliefs of the peers one is directly connected to in the advice network. The results suggest that both mechanisms may shape teacher self-efficacy and that the quality of ties, rather than the quantity, may have a stronger influence on self-efficacy. These findings offer new insight into the potential ways in which social networks and collegial interaction influence teacher beliefs.
Whipple's disease presenting as adrenal insufficiency.

A 56-year-old white man presented with classic symptoms and signs of Addison’s disease and transiently responded to glucocorticoid therapy. Following a relapse, studies led to the diagnosis of Whipple’s disease.
Examining School Counselors’ Commitments to Social Justice Advocacy:

Many school counselors endorse using social justice advocacy to close achievement gaps. In this study, school counselors from a single state scored in the moderate to high range on the Social Issue...
Ultrasonic Determination of the Elastic Properties of Unidirectional Composites

In recent years, extensive efforts have been made in developing ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods for the characterization of the elastic properties of composite materials [1, 2]. A systematic procedure proposed by Karim, Mal and Bar-Cohen [3] by inverting the leaky Lamb wave (LLW) data has been found to be accurate and effective in characterizing the elastic constants of composites. However, this method can accurately determine the matrix dominated constants c22, c23, and c55 only. The fiber dominated constants, c11 and c12 can not be determined accurately, due to the fact that the Lamb wave velocity is insensitive to C11 and c12 in the range in which the dispersion data are reliable. In this paper we introduce a new technique which can determine all the material constants by analyzing the times of flight of the reflected acoustic waves in a pulsed LLW experiment. The procedure requires clear separation and identification of the reflected pulses. A generalized ray theory described in [4] is used to identify the modality and ray path of each arrival. The time of flight of each ray is then related to the elastic constants of the composite which are determined from these relations. The method requires access from one side of the specimen and is accurate as well as efficient.
Product Transformation and Heuristic EXOR-AND-OR Logic Synthesis of Incompletely Specified Functions

Previously, the synthesis of reversible and quantum permutative circuits based on products of Exclusive-OR (EXOR) sums of inputs (POE) was explored as an approach to reduce quantum cost. Herein, the mathematical representation used in POE expressions is formally detailed and contrasted with the pseudoproduct-based theory of Luccio and Pagli. The theory and practice of product transformation, or computation of equivalent POE expressions, is presented. To demonstrate the generality of the mathematical representations outside of the reversible domain, a new method to synthesize incompletely specified functions as EXOR-AND-OR circuits is introduced. The method is heuristic. It first uses spectral information from the Walsh–Hadamard transform to compute a set of POE implicants for a function, and then uses product transformation to minimize both the total number of literals and unique EXOR sums (ignoring polarity) used in the POE implicants. The product transformation minimization extends to multioutput functions. The new method has no performance guarantees, i.e., it does not have a fallback mode of minimum or near-minimum sum of products; therefore, it is suited to a tournament synthesis approach. When synthesizing benchmark functions of up to 26 inputs, the new method is shown to typically produce lower cost circuits than heuristic pseudoproduct-based methods.
Correlation of histological grade of dedifferentiation with clinical outcome in 55 patients with dedifferentiated liposarcomas

In this study the histologic grade of dedifferentiated liposarcomas was correlated with outcome in surgically resected specimens in 55 patients over a 19-year period at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. The tumors were located in the retroperitoneum (N=35); the extremities and thigh (N=16), and the remainder involved the spermatic cord and head and neck. Most tumors were large (mean=21 cm.) Follow-up was available in all 55 patients (median=36 months). Forty-one tumors classified as high-grade dedifferentiated liposarcoma (HG-DDLPS) had mitotically active pleomorphic and spindle cells and foci of necrosis. They included tumors with foci of smooth muscle differentiation (N=12), osteosarcoma (N=4), and myxoid areas (N=9). Fourteen tumors classified as low-grade dedifferentiated liposarcoma (LG-DDLPS) displayed a predominantly bland, monomorphic, spindle cell population with few mitoses and scant necrosis. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used for statistical analysis. All tumors had unequivocal foci of well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detected amplification of MDM2 in 29 cases. Twenty of 41 patients (49%) with HG-DDLPS died of tumor, and two patients died with LG-DDLPS (14%). The overall survival of patients with LG-DDLPS was significantly longer (P=.02). The median survival was 113 months for the LG-DDLPS and 48 months for the HG-DDLPS. Metastases (N=4) occurred only in the high-grade tumors and were independent of the type of heterologous differentiation. Patients with HG-DDLPS were at a greater risk of earlier death. Distinction between the two groups is important for patient selection for possible adjuvant therapy.
Holography in the United States, 1997

Holography continues in the United states much as it has for the past decade. Holographic basic research and development has continued at about the same level as in the past 2 decades, while commercial holography seems to have undergone a slow growth. Overall, I think this is a healthy state, although it would be more exiting to report an explosive growth. In any event, holography seems to be a mature and stable activity.
Is reporting “significant damage” transparent? Assessing fire and explosion risk at oil and gas operations in the United States

Abstract Oil and gas (O&G) operations are periodically accompanied by fires and explosions. The frequency of these incidents is not well known, particularly at modern sites that increasingly use advanced techniques, such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. The objective of this work is to determine the rate of fires and explosions at O&G sites in Colorado and Utah and apply this information to evaluate the proximity of these incidents to residences. Between 2006 and 2015, a total of 116 fires and explosions in Colorado (0.03% of active wells) and 67 fires or explosions in Utah (0.07% of active wells) were reported at O&G operations. The higher percentage of fires or explosions per number of active wells in Utah compared to Colorado (Rate Ratio = 2.49, p
Reseña de: Tsuchiya, Akiko; Acree Jr., William G. (coords): Empire’s End: Transnational Connections in the Hispanic World, Nashville (Tennessee), Vanderbilt University Press, 2016, 221 p.

Resena de: Tsuchiya, Akiko; Acree Jr., William G. (coords): Empire’s End: Transnational Connections in the Hispanic World, Nashville (Tennessee), Vanderbilt University Press, 2016, 221 p.
Early Intervention Paraprofessional Standards: Development and Field Validation:

Personnel standards are the foundations for how states and nations approve a program, engage in systemic assessment, and provide effective professional development to its early childhood profession...
A magnetic resonance imaging study of early brain injury in a rat model of acute DFP intoxication

Current treatments for seizures induced by organophosphates do not protect sufficiently against progressive neurodegeneration or delayed cognitive impairment. Developing more effective therapeutic approaches has been challenging because the pathogenesis of these delayed consequences is poorly defined. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we previously reported brain lesions that persist for months in a rat model of acute intoxication with the OP, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). However, the early spatiotemporal progression of these lesions remains unknown. To address this data gap, we used in vivo MRI to longitudinally monitor brain lesions during the first 3 d following acute DFP intoxication. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats acutely intoxicated with DFP (4mg/kg, sc) were MR imaged at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72h post-DFP, and their brains then taken for correlative histology to assess neurodegeneration using FluoroJade C (FJC) staining. Acute DFP intoxication elicited moderate-to-severe seizure activity. T2-weighted (T2w) anatomic imaging revealed prominent lesions within the thalamus, piriform cortex, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, corpus striatum, and substantia nigra that corresponded to neurodegeneration, evident as bands of FJC positive cells. Semi-quantitative assessment of lesion severity demonstrated significant regional variation in the onset and progression of injury, and suggested that lesion severity may be modulated by isoflurane anesthesia. These results imply that the timing of therapeutic intervention for attenuating brain injury following OP intoxication may be regionally dependent, and that longitudinal assessment of OP-induced damage by MRI may be a powerful tool for assessing therapeutic response.
Airway Resistance and Alveolar Gas Exchange

This chapter presents various problem sets related to airway resistance and alveolar gas exchange, which include the approximate area for gas exchange, assuming that the alveoli are spheres, the typical diameter of an alveolus being 0.3 mm, and the number of alveoli in the lungs being 300 х 10 6 ; and the calculation of the overall airway resistance if the airflow is about 0.5 L s –1 and the pressure driving airflow is about 1 mmHg.
Genetic Polymorphisms and Risk Assessment for Cancer Chemoprevention

Cancer risk carries wide interindividual variation; only a fraction of the population exposed to a known carcinogen develops cancer. Genetic susceptibility is both inherited and acquired. Genes that affect cancer susceptibility can be found in those controlling behavior, carcinogen metabolism, and cellular response to carcinogen exposure. Genetic traits affect DNA repair, cell cycle control, and immune response. Polymorphic genetic variants are under intense study. It stands to reason that if genetic traits that affect cancer risk can be measured, these traits would also govern responses to cancer prevention strategies such as chemoprevention. Cancer prevention strategies may become more focused if it is possible to identify susceptible subgroups of the population. Thus, incorporating such measures should lead to more rational chemoprevention studies, allowing for smaller sample size and shorter duration. This chapter describes concepts underlying genetic susceptibility and current technology used to assess it, provides specific examples of low-penetrance genes involved in cancer susceptibility, and comments on the implications for cancer prevention.
A Fast Method of Feature Extraction for Lowering Vehicle Pass-By Noise Based on Nonnegative Tucker3 Decomposition

Usually, the judgement of one type fault of vehicle pass-by noise is difficult for engineers, especially when some significant features are disturbed by other interference noise, such as the squealing noise is almost simultaneous with the whistle in the exhaust system. In order to cope with this problem, a new method, with the antinoise ability of the algorithm on the condition by which the features are entangled, is developed to extract clear features for the fault analysis. In the proposed method, the nonnegative Tucker3 decomposition (NTD) with fast updating algorithm, signed as NTD FUP, can find out the natural frequency of the parts/components from the exhaust system. Not only does the NTD FUP extract clear features from the confused noise, but also it is superior to the traditional methods in practice. Then, an aluminium-foil alloy material, which is used for the heat shield for its lower noise radiation, replaces the aluminium alloy alone. Extensive experiments show that the sound pressure level of the vehicle pass-by noise is reduced 0.9 dB(A) by the improved heat shield, which is also considered as a more lightweight design for the exhaust system of an automobile.
DETERMINATION OF BODY WATER BY NMR

Publisher Summary A method found to fulfill rapid and nondestructive method for ensuring body water is that of hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance. Developments from other research and development programs have given NMR instrumentation which has a large volume. This equipment has been modified and used to make hydrogen NMR measurements on live animals. This chapter describes the instrument, the measurements made and the results obtained. When nuclei such as those of hydrogen are placed in a steady magnetic field, they interact with that field in such a way that they absorb energy at a frequency particular to the isotope which contains the nucleus. If the hydrogen atoms are only in water, then the NMR absorbed energy is directly proportional to the quantity of water. The hydrogen nuclei exchange their absorbed energy in two ways. One way is with neighboring nuclei from the same isotope. The second exchange mechanism is between the absorbing nuclei and their surroundings usually called the lattice. As a result of continuous developments over 32 years, designs, components and magnets were available for sample volumes of up to 14’ high, 24’ wide, and 30’ deep.
Short-term Reductions in Irradiance and Temperature Minimally Affect Growth and Development of Five Floriculture Species

Energy inputs are a major production cost for greenhouse-grown plants, especially heating and supplemental lighting. A possible energy-efficient alternative is to optimize the growing environment on days that have a low heating demand and grow plants at reduced temperature and irradiance on days that have a high heating demand. The objectives of this study were to determine how many days per week annual bedding plants could be grown in a reduced-energy environment before delays in crop growth and flowering occurred and to calculate the potential energy savings. Angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia Benth. ‘Angelface Blue’), dianthus (Dianthus chinensis L. ‘Telstar Pink’), lantana (Lantana camara L. ‘Luscious Citrus Blend’), pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana Gams. ‘Matrix Blue Blotch’), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Vilm. ‘Supertunia Mini Strawberry Pink Veined’), and petunia ‘Supertunia Vista Bubblegum’ were grown in a ‘winter normal’ (WN) greenhouse (22/18 °C day/night, supplemental lighting from high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, 14 h photoperiod) and transferred to a ‘winter low energy’ (WLE) greenhouse (13/10 °C day/night, energy curtain continuously closed, day-extension lighting with HPS lamps, 14 h photoperiod) for 0, 1, 2, 4, or 7 d per week. In general, days to first flower, flower number, plant height, plant width, net photosynthetic rate, relative chlorophyll content, and shoot dry weight decreased as exposure duration to WLE increased. Flowering on angelonia was delayed when grown 1 d per week in WLE, delayed on dianthus, petunia ‘Supertunia Mini Strawberry Pink Veined’, and lantana when grown 4 d per week in WLE, and delayed on petunia ‘Supertunia Vista Bubblegum’ when grown continuously in WLE. Macronutrient concentration increased or remained unchanged as exposure to WLE increased. Heating costs were estimated using Virtual Grower 3.0.9, and average cost savings of 1% to 8% occurred with 1 d per week in WLE, and increased to 32% to 51% when plants were grown continuously in WLE.
Semantic Document Clustering Using Information from WordNet and DBPedia

Semantic document clustering is a type of unsupervised learning in which documents are grouped together based on their meaning. Unlike traditional approaches that cluster documents based on common keywords, this technique can group documents that share no words in common as long as they are on the same subject. We compute the similarity between two documents as a function of the semantic similarity between the words and phrases in the documents. We model information from WordNet and DBPedia as a probabilistic graph that can be used to compute the similarity between two terms. We experimentally validate our algorithm on the Reuters-21578 benchmark, which contains 11,362 newswire stories that are grouped in 82 categories using human judgment. We apply the k-means clustering algorithm to group the documents using a similarity metric that is based on keyword matching and one that uses the probabilistic graph. We show that the second approach produces higher precision and recall, which corresponds to better alignment with the classification that was done by human experts.
Demystifying cyber-physical malware

The traditional notion of malware is too narrow, and the prevalent characterizations (virus, worm, trojan horse, spyware etc.) are neither precise nor comprehensive enough to characterize cyber-physical malware (CPM). Detecting sophisticated CPM is like searching for a needle in the haystack without knowing what the needle looks like. This technical briefing congregates interdisciplinary knowledge to describe the fundamentals of CPM, the mathematical foundation for analyzing and verifying CPM, the current state-of-the-art, the challenges, and directions for future research. Employing real-world examples, we shall illustrate the challenges of analyzing and verifying CPM.
From Having Copies to Experiencing Works: The Development of an Access Right in U.S. Copyright Law

This essay addresses how current U.S. copyright law responds to new forms of distribution of copyrighted works, through the emerging right to control digital access to copyrighted works, as set out in ? 1201 of the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act. When the exploitation of works shifts from having copies to directly experiencing the content of the work, the author's ability to control access becomes crucial. Indeed, in the digital environment, without an access right, it is difficult to see how authors can maintain the exclusive Right to their Writings that the Constitution authorizes Congress to secure. Even if Congress may qualify the right's exclusivity by imposing a variety of compulsory licenses, or outright exemptions, it is one thing to introduce specific and narrow gaps in coverage, quite another to design a system that pervasively fails to afford meaningful exclusivity. The latter course would be inconsistent with the constitutional design. Thus, the exclusive Right today is not only a copy-right, but an access right, and the Essay explores the implications of that claim. It does not contend that the access right will or should supplant copy-right. On the contrary, the claim is that the access right is an integral part of copyright, and therefore should be subject to exceptions and limitations analogous to those that constrain copy-right. Just as a 21st-century copyright regime that did not regulate access would be unrealistic and incomplete, so a regime that limits all availability to works to the copyright owner's terms would undermine the progress of Science that the author's exclusive Right is intended to promote. Without an appropriate fair use limitation, the access right under ? 1201 becomes more than a necessary and integral component of copyright law. It becomes instead an Uber-copyright law, rigid as to specified exceptions, and therefore freed of further inquiry into the balance of copyright owner rights and user privileges that the fair use doctrine ? and the general structure of copyright law ? require.
IRREDUCIBILITY, RESOURCE RELATEDNESS, AND SURVIVAL IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH INDIVIDUAL NONCONVEXITIES

Publisher Summary McKenzie's assumption of irreducibility plays a crucial role in showing how compensated equilibria will be uncompensated equilibria because agents have cheaper net trade vectors in their feasible sets. This chapter focuses on several different versions of this assumption, including Arrow and Hahn's later notion of resource relatedness. For considering a particular allocation that may be a compensated equilibrium with lump-sum transfers, the alternative simpler condition of nonoligarchy suffices. Every compensated equilibrium at which all agents are on their Walrasian budget constraint is an uncompensated equilibrium, and it is enough to use more involved but weaker assumptions such as irreducibility and resource relatedness. This is because all individuals should have net trades whose value is zero at the equilibrium price vector. Survival of all individuals in compensated equilibrium without transfers can also be assured with a slight modification of these conditions.
Random Subset of an n -Set (RANSUB)

This chapter presents an algorithm for finding random subset of an n -set. It presents the sample output in which the program RANSUB was called 1280 times with N = 5. If all the 32 sets were chosen exactly the same number of times, the number of choices of each would be 40. It would be highly unlikely, however, that these exact numbers would be achieved. The sample output is presented, which shows the frequency with which each of the 32 subsets was selected, for example, the empty set 43 times, etc. A measure of the likelihood of this distribution of frequencies is obtained from the chi square test.
Synthesis and coordination chemistry of new asymmetric donor/acceptor pincer ligands, 1,3-C6H4(CH2PtBu(Rf))2 (Rf = CF3, C2F5).

Syntheses of new asymmetric pincer precursors 1,3-C6H4{CH2P(tBu,X)}2 (tBu,XPCPH; X = Cl, SiMe3, OPh) and a new class of hybrid donor/acceptor pincer ligands 1,3-C6H4{CH2P(tBu,Rf)}2 (tBu,RfPCPH; Rf = CF3, C2F5) are reported. All tBu,XPCPH compounds are obtained as mixtures of meso and rac diastereomers in varying ratios (meso : rac ∼ 4 : 1 to 3 : 2) which were used without separation. Treatment of Ru(cot)(cod) with tBu,CF3PCPH under 1 atm H2 in acetone at 20 °C produced the hydride solvate (tBu,CF3PCP)Ru(acetone)xH which was not isolated, but could be trapped as stable diene complexes (tBu,CF3PCP)Ru(L)2H (L2 = cod (), nbd ()). Catalytic cyclooctane dehydrogenation studies demonstrate that has ∼50% the activity of (CF3PCP)Ru(cod)(H), but significantly higher catalyst stability and is able to operate at higher catalyst loading concentrations without deactivation via bimolecular decomposition.
3D/2D multidimensional perovskites: Balance of high performance and stability for perovskite solar cells

Summary The power conversion efficiency achieved in three-dimensional (3D) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is already competitive with that of commercial silicon solar cells. Achieving long-term stability under operation conditions is critical for reaching market success for PSC applications. Despite impressive progress over the past few years on fundamental understandings and technical innovations for improving PSC stability, the stability of PSCs against moisture/heat/light is still a key focus of research efforts for PSC development. Recent studies suggest that the long hydrophobic organic spacer in two-dimensional (2D) perovskites is helpful to improve perovskite stability, but 2D perovskites seem limited on obtaining high-performance solar cells due to its wide optical bandgaps and limited charge transport. To overcome this challenge, 3D/2D multidimensional perovskites—with an intermediate dimensionality between 3D and 2D—has recently emerged as a potential candidate to simultaneously maintain long-term stability and high performance. In this review, we first present a detailed discussion of the structure of 3D/2D multidimensional perovskites and their unique properties. Second, we discuss the stability of 3D/2D multidimensional perovskite and 2D perovskite as interface engineering layer-based solar cells. Finally, we summarize and outline the perspectives toward high-performance 3D/2D multidimensional perovskite-based solar cells.
A Signaling Network based Computational Model to Uncover Loop as the Novel Molecular Mechanisms for Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Despite aggressive therapy, about one-third of patients with MB still die, and survivors suffer severe long-term side effects due to the treatments. The poor post-treatment outcomes are tightly linked to unpredictable drug resistance. Therefore, before developing robust single drug or drug combination recommendation algorithms, uncovering the underlying protein-protein interaction (PPI) network patterns that accurately explain and predict drug resistances for MB subtypes is essential and important. In this study, we hypothesize that the loop sub-structure within the PPI network can explain and predict drug resistance. Both static and dynamic models are built to evaluate this hypothesis for three MB subtypes. Specifically, a static model is created to first validate that many reported therapeutic targets are located topologically on highly deregulated loop sub-structure and then to characterize the loop for tumors without treatment. Next, with the after-treatment time-series genomics data, a dynamic hidden Markov model (HMM) with newly designed initialization scheme estimates the successful and unsuccessful occurrence probabilities for each given PPI and then re-delineates the loop for post-treatment tumors. Finally, the comparison of loop structures pre- and post- treatment distinguishes effective and ineffective treatment options, demonstrating that the loop sub-structure is capable of interpreting the mechanism of drug resistance. In summary, effective treatments show much stronger inhibition of cell cycle and DNA replication proteins when compared to ineffective treatments after considering the cross talk of multiple pathways (the loop).