cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
S2.3 Cloning and identification of cDNAS encoding humanβ1→6N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:a-6-D-mannoside f3-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GnT II, EC 2.4.1.143) is a Golgi enzyme catalyzing an essential step in the conversion of high mannose to complex N-glycans. A 1.2 kb probe from a rat liver cDNA encoding GnT II (D'Agostaro et al., this volume) was used to screen a human genomic DNA library in iEMBL3 prepared from human leukocyte DNA partially digested with Sau3A (Clontech). Several positive clones were obtained of which four were plaque purified. Restriction endonuclease digests with SstI, EcoRI and XbaI, followed by Southern blot analysis with the 1.2 kb rat probe, gave a different pattern for each of the four phage clones. Hybridizing fragments (3.0 and 3.5 kb) were isolated from two of the phage clones (HG30 and HG36, respectively) and subcloned into pBlueScript (priG30 and priG36). Sequencing revealed that the inserts in priG30 and priG36 are overlapping clones containing 5.5 kb of genomic DNA. pr iG30 contains a 1341 bp open reading frame encoding a 447 amino acid protein, 250 bp of GC-rich 5 ' upstream sequence and 1.4 kb of 3 '-downstream sequence. priG36 encodes 2.75 kb of 5 '-upstream sequence and 750 bp of the 5' -end of the open reading frame. The protein sequence showed the domain structure typical of all previously cloned glycosyltransferases, i.e., a short nine amino acid N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a 22 amino acid hydrophobic noncleavable signal-anchor transmembrane domain and a 416 amino acid C-terminal catalytic domain. Northern analyses of several human lymphocyte lines showed a message size at 2.6 kb. There is no sequence homology to any previously cloned gtycosyltransferase including human fJ-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyttransferase I (GnT I) which has 445 amino acids with a 416 amino acid catalytic domain. The entire coding regions of human and mouse GnT I and of human and rat GnT II are on single exons. The human GnT I gene (MGAT1) has been localized to chromosome 5q35 whereas the human GriT II gene (MGAT2) is on chromosome 14q21; localizations were done by hybridization and PCR analyses of genomic DNA from hybrid cell lines and by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using genomic DNA probes. There is a 90% identity between the amino acid sequences of the catalytic domains of human and rat GnT II (see Petrarca et al., this volume, for data on rat GnT II).
Presentation and evaluation of hyperprolactinemia in adolescence: Case reports and suggested clinical guidelines

Abstract We describe the presentation, clinical evaluation, and outcome of 3 cases of hyperprolactinemia in adolescent females. Case #1 is a 16 and 4/12-year-old female with secondary amenorrhea. Pregnancy testing had previously been negative with no further evaluation. Bilateral expressible galactorrhea was discovered on physical examination and a serum prolactin was 110.3 ng/ml. The computed tomography (CT) scan was normal and menses resumed with bromocriptine therapy. Case #2 is a 15 and Vi2-year-old female who came for a routine yearly examination. She had no complaint and was menstruating regularly. Specific questioning revealed a history of galactorrhea confirmed by physical examination. A serum prolactin was 47.0 ng/ml. A CT scan showed a pituitary microadenoma. She was treated with bromocriptine. Case #3 is a 16 and 9/12-year-old female who was seen for primary amenorrhea. An evaluation revealed a serum prolactin of 143.0 ng/ml. A CT scan showed a pituitary microadenoma. She was treated with bromocriptine and began to menstruate regularly. For the physician seeing the adolescent female, thorough medical histories must include questions regarding the breast, and evaluation for galactorrhea must be part of every breast examination. The physician also needs to be familiar with the evaluation of amenorrhea and/or galactorrhea and include determination of serum prolactin when indicated. We recommend obtaining a constant enhanced CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sella turcica to evaluate any elevation of serum prolactin.
Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation in Exercising Middle-Aged Adults:

The present study examined the relationships between perceptions of personal capabilities and intrinsic interest for exercise participation. In the context of formerly sedentary middle-aged adults ...
Ultrasonic observations of elasticity changes across phase transformations in MgSiO3 pyroxenes

Using ultrasonic interferometry in conjunction with synchrotron X-radiation techniques in a high-pressure, multi-anvil apparatus, the elastic behavior of MgSiO3 pyroxene has been continuously monitored as the specimens undergo phase transformations from the orthoenstatite (OEN) to the high-pressure clinoenstatite phase (HP-CEN) and from HP-CEN to the low-pressure clinoenstatite phase (LP-CEN). In the former case, elastic softening and amplitude attenuation is observed for both compresssional (P) and shear (S) waves when the pressure exceeds 9 GPa at room temperature, which we suggest is associated with a transition to a metastable phase intermediate between OEN and HP-CEN. In the latter case, both P and S wave velocities decrease rapidly as the back-transformation from HP-CEN to LP-CEN occurs on decrease of pressure below 4 GPa at room temperature; this is accompanied by an increase in attenuation of the P waves in the specimen, but not the S waves.
Evaluation of cellular immunity and adrenocortical activity in surgical patients

Abstract Mitogen- and antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation, T-cell and B-cell rosette formation, and serum cortisol assays were serially analyzed during the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods in elective surgical patients. The lymphoproliferative response to PHA and SPL declined following induction of anesthesia. Significant inhibition was seen immediately following surgery and on the first postoperative day with recovery by the fifth postoperative day. A similar response was seen with SLO, although there was no inhibition following induction of anesthesia and recovery was slightly prolonged. No change in the proportion of T and B cells in the postoperative period was observed. The mean serum cortisol level, though slightly elevated in the preoperative period, declined significantly following the induction of anesthesia and approached, but did not exceed, the preoperative value during the postoperative period. This study confirms the finding that surgery and general anesthesia induce a profound, but transient, depression of lymphocyte function. In the patients studied, however, there was a poor correlation between the degree of immunodeficiency and the adrenocortical response.
Structural control of a flexible satellite bus for improved jitter performance

The increasing demand for global communications and limitations on RF communication bandwidth has driven several constellations to baseline laser cross-links between the satellites within their constellations. The use of laser communications over a long distance dictates the need for accurate pointing and jitter suppression in order to maintain signal continuity. Vibrations upon a satellite bus on orbit come from several sources including: momentum systems, flexible appendages, motors and cryocoolers. Attenuation of these vibrations requires a combination of disturbance reduction, disturbance isolation, payload isolation, input command shaping, appendage damping and passive/active bus structural control. This paper addresses these techniques in a systems approach to satellite structural control. Experimental results from a representative flexible satellite truss structure using a series of integral D-Strut structural dampers is presented. The passive damping system is used to reduce resonant amplification of disturbances on precision optical equipment jitter. The use of different combinations of longitudinal, transverse and diagonal dampers is discussed to achieve specific modal damping. In addition, the design of the integral truss dampers is discussed along with their application to satellite bus construction.
Fostering informed decisions: a randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of a decision aid among men registered to undergo mass screening for prostate cancer.

Objective Screening asymptomatic men for prostate cancer is controversial and informed decision making is recommended. Within two prostate cancer screening programs, we evaluated the impact of a print-based decision aid (DA) on decision-making outcomes.
Residential Mobility What Psychological Research Reveals

In this article, we summarize psychological research on residential mobility. Psychological research has shed new light on the short-term consequences of residential moves, such as excitement, anxiety, and loneliness, as well as on long-term consequences, such as subjective well-being and mortality risk in adulthood. Psychological research has also clarified the causal relationships between residential mobility and important societal outcomes, such as pro-community action. Finally, recent research integrating psychological and sociological perspectives has led to several new discoveries. For instance, residential mobility evokes anxiety, which in turn leads to familiarity seeking, which in turn leads to favorable market conditions for national chain stores. This article highlights the fact that residential moves have important implications not only for individuals but also for society.
IL-7 Receptor Signals Inhibit Expression of Transcription Factors TCF-1, LEF-1, and RORγt Impact on Thymocyte Development

Intrathymic T cell development depends on signals transduced by both T cell receptor and cytokine receptors. Early CD4−CD8− (double negative) thymocytes require interleukin (IL)-7 receptor (IL-7R) signals for survival and proliferation, but IL-7R signals are normally extinguished by the immature single positive (ISP) stage of thymocyte development. We now demonstrate that IL-7R signals inhibit expression of transcription factors TCF-1, LEF-1, and RORγt that are required for the ISP to double positive (DP) transition in the thymus. In addition, we demonstrate that IL-7R signals also inhibit TCF-1 and LEF-1 expression in mature peripheral T cells. Thus, the present work has identified several important downstream target genes of IL-7R signaling in T cells and thymocytes that provide a molecular mechanism for the inhibitory influence of IL-7R signaling on DP thymocyte development. We conclude that IL-7R signals down-regulate transcription factors required for the ISP to DP transition and so must be terminated by the ISP stage of thymocyte development.
Binding of N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides to hen egg-white lysozyme: a powder diffraction study.

The binding of N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides (NAGn, n = 2–6) to hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL; EC 3.2.1.17) was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction at room temperature. Each NAGn examined was found to bind to lysozyme in rapid-precipitation preparations in 1.0 M NaCl pH 6.0 buffer. The location of each NAGn was easily found from difference Fourier maps generated from structure factors extracted during preliminary Rietveld refinements. Full NAGn–protein structures were subjected to combined Rietveld and stereochemical restraint refinements (Rwp = 2.28–2.59%; Rp = 1.81–2.04%; R_{\rm F}^{2} = 3.91–5.80%) and revealed binding modes for NAGn that depended on the length of the NAG oligosaccharide. The NAG2 ligand was found in the BC sites in the cleft of HEWL, NAG3 was found to bind in both the ABC and BCD sites in the ratio 35:65 and NAG4 and NAG5 bound to the ABCD and ABCDE sites, respectively, while NAG6 only bound to sites ABCDE, leaving the F site empty with the remaining saccharide ring located in a solvent region adjacent to the A site. All protein powder diffraction patterns in this study consisted of extremely sharp Bragg peaks consistent with ∼1 µm crystallites that were devoid of line-broadening defects. Details of the stereochemical restraints used in these refinements and their impact on structural validation are also discussed.
The putative tumor suppressor Cdx2 is over‐expressed in human colonic adenocarcinomas

Cdx2, an intestine-specific transcription factor, regulates genes that define the differentiated phenotype of enterocytes. Loss of Cdx2 has been suggested to underlie the progression of carcinomas in the colon and rectum. Here, expression of Cdx2 determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RNA) and immunohistochemistry (protein), in primary and metastatic colorectal tumors was compared to that in normal segments of the colonic epithelium. Surprisingly, Cdx2 was over-expressed by tumors, compared to normal mucosa in colon. Furthermore, Cdx2 was detected in lymph nodes containing metastatic cancer cells but not in those free of tumor. Thus, loss of Cdx2 expression does not contribute to mechanisms underlying neoplastic transformation of the colonic epithelium. Of clinical significance, Cdx2 is a molecular marker with utility for managing patients with colorectal malignancies. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P49–P49; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.186
Protein Phosphatase 2A Promotes Endothelial Survival via Stabilization of Translational Inhibitor 4E-BP1 Following Exposure to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Objective— Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) may change from a stimulator of reversible activation of endothelial cells (ECs) to a killer when combined with cycloheximide (CHX). The means by which endothelial cells are destined to either the survival pathway or the apoptotic pathway are not fully understood. We investigated the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activation and their regulation of 4E-BP1 stability in ECs to determine whether this pathway contributes to apoptosis induced by TNFα and CHX. Methods and Results— Apoptosis was induced in human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) by treating them with a combination of TNFα and CHX (TNFα/CHX). Activation of p38 MAPK was increased in HUVECs undergoing apoptosis, which was associated with degradation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4A regulator 4E-BP1 in a p38 MAPK–dependent manner. CHX attenuated a TNFα-stimulated increase in the expression and activity of PP2A. Silencing PP2A expression with small interfering RNA transfection mimicked CHX sensitization, increasing HUVEC apoptosis with TNFα stimulation and suggesting a protective role for PP2A in the apoptotic process. Conclusion— Our data suggest that (1) TNFα stimulates PP2A and HUVECs elude apoptosis by PP2A-dependent dephosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and (2) CHX-induced inhibition of PP2A leads to maintenance of p38 activity and degradation of 4E-BP1, resulting in enhanced TNFα-induced apoptosis.
Comment on “Quenches in quantum many-body systems: One-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model reexamined”

In a recent paper, Roux [Phys. Rev. A 79, 021608(R) (2009)] argued that thermalization in a Bose-Hubbard system, after a quantum quench, follows from the approximate Boltzmann distribution of the overlap between the initial state and the eigenstates of the final Hamiltonian. We show here that the distribution of the overlaps is in general not related to the canonical (or microcanonical) distribution and, hence, it cannot explain why thermalization occurs in quantum systems.
Electronic properties of the leaky quantum-well system Ag(111)/Au/Ag.

Angle-resolved photoemission has been employed to examine the electronic properties of a lattice-matched, epitaxial system prepared by depositing first a thin Au(111) layer on a Ag(111) substrate, and then a Ag(111) overlayer. The Au layer acts as a potential barrier for electron motion in the system. The Ag overlayer can be regarded as a quantum well, but in our experiment, the Au barrier is rather thin, and there is substantial coupling between the valence electrons in the Ag overlayer and the continuum states in the substrate. Nevertheless, well-defined quantum-well resonances are observed for Au barriers as thin as two atomic layers. These resonances can be understood as a result of partial trapping of valence electrons in the Ag overlayer. A calculation which takes into account the band structure and surface properties is carried out, and the results are in good agreement with the experiment. Initial- and final-state features in the spectra are identified by comparison with theoretical models. The effects of lattice match or mismatch at the interface will be discussed. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
On the Distortion of a Weak Magnetic Field by the Flow of Conducting Fluid past a Cylindrical Obstacle

The present paper concerns the study on the distortion of a uniform magnetic field, which is parallel to the flow at infinity, caused by the flow of an incompressible inviscid fluid with large electric conductivity past a cylindrical obstacle. The magnetic field is assumed to be so weak that its influence upon the flow may be neglected. The analysis has revealed the following features: The magnetic field outside the cylinder is aligned with the flow owing to high conductivity of the fluid except in a thin layer along the surface of the cylinder and in a wake behind it. The field inside the cylinder (supposed to be non-conducting) is almost zero, except in the vicinity of the rear stagnation point where the lines of force converge and form a singularity (sink inside and souece outside the cylinder) for infinite conductivity of the fluid.
Progesterone Synthesized by Schwann Cells during Myelin Formation Regulates Neuronal Gene Expression

Previously, progesterone was found to regulate the initiation and biosynthetic rate of myelin synthesis in Schwann cell/neuronal cocultures. The mRNA for cytochrome P450scc (converts cholesterol to pregnenolone), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD, converts pregnenolone to progesterone), and the progesterone receptor were found to be markedly induced during active myelin synthesis. However, the cells in the cocultures responsible for these changes were not identified. In this study, in situ hybridization was used to determine the localization of the enzymes responsible for steroid biosynthesis. The mRNA for cytochrome P450scc and 3β-HSD were detected only in actively myelinating cocultures and were localized exclusively in the Schwann cells. Using immunocytochemistry, with minimal staining of the Schwann cells, we found the progesterone receptor in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. The progesterone receptor in the neurons translocated into the nuclei of these cells when progesterone was added to neuronal cultures or during myelin synthesis in the cocultures. Additionally, a marked induction of the progesterone receptor was found in neuronal cultures after the addition of progesterone. The induction of various genes in the neurons was also investigated using mRNA differential display PCR in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of steroid action on myelin synthesis. Two novel genes were induced in neuronal cultures by progesterone. These genes, along with the progesterone receptor, were also induced in cocultures during myelin synthesis, and their induction was blocked by RU-486 (a progesterone receptor antagonist). These genes were not induced in Schwann cells cultured alone after the addition of progesterone. These results suggest that progesterone is synthesized in Schwann cells and that it can indirectly regulate myelin formation by activating transcription via the classical steroid receptor in the DRG neurons.
Reconsidering Culture and Homicide

This article fleshes out a perspective on culture and lethal violence using examples from two contexts where they are believed to be strongly linked: among rural southern Whites and urban Blacks. Concepts from the cultural paradigm which focuses on understanding how people use cultural resources instead of discerning the content of cultures are employed. Through the lenses of this alternative cultural paradigm, violence in these two settings is partly attributable to an abundance of strategies of action condoning the use of violence. Strategies of action pertinent to defensive or honor-based violence emerge where the law is unavailable and may be amplified by moderate or high levels of poverty. However, when socioeconomic disadvantage is so severe that there is widespread institutional breakdown, strategies of action promoting more predatory and instrumental forms of violence may also evolve. This is because mainstream institutions are a primary source of socialization where cultural tool kits containing strategies of action are expanded and diversified. When they are weak, socialization through street peer groups or illegal markets may be more pronounced, facilitating the contextual transference of violent scripts for action to situations other than those involving honor or character contests. Actors immersed in violent communities are not subsequently mired down in circumstances beyond their control. Through participation in violent activities, they can actively create and reinforce their own violent social environment.
Analysis of Environmental Factors Influencing Salinity Patterns, Oyster Growth, and Mortality in Lower Breton Sound Estuary, Louisiana, Using 20 Years of Data

ABSTRACT La Peyre, M.K.; Geaghan, J.; Decossas, G., and La Peyre, J.F., 2016. Analysis of environmental factors influencing salinity patterns, oyster growth, and mortality in lower Breton Sound Estuary, Louisiana, using 20 years of data. Freshwater inflow characteristics define estuarine functioning by delivering nutrients, sediments, and freshwater, which affect biological resources and ultimately system production. Using 20 years of water quality, weather, and oyster growth and mortality data from Breton Sound Estuary (BSE), Louisiana, we examined the relationship of riverine, weather, and tidal influence on estuarine salinity, and the relationship of salinity to oyster growth and mortality. Mississippi River discharge was found to be the most important factor determining salinity patterns over oyster grounds within lower portions of BSE, with increased river flow associated with lowered salinities, while easterly winds associated with increased salinity were less influential. These patterns were consis...
Fear and Loathing in the American Home: Police-Created Exigency Doctrine No Longer a Check on Police Power under Fourth Amendment

The Court’s decision in Kentucky v. King, 131 S. Ct. 1849, was many years in the making, necessitated by a need to resolve an increasing discrepancy between various state high courts and the U.S. Courts of Appeals. Specifically, the courts have disagreed in their application of the “police-created exigency doctrine” as an override of the exigent circumstances exceptions to warrantless searches and seizures. While the Supreme Court’s holding in King that “warrantless entry to prevent the destruction of evidence is allowed where police do not create the exigency through actual or threatened Fourth Amendment violation” seems at first comforting and even logical, its implications are anything but reassuring. Indeed, the authority of the police (now given more freedom from the Fourth Amendment) conjures images of Nazi storm troopers breaking down the doors of downtrodden citizens of the police-state. In fact, the Court’s extension of discretion to individual police officers contracts the authority, and even the necessity, of a neutral magistrate to the extent that warrants are not even required if the officer so reasons at the time of his entry. That is not an issue as long as the police acted “reasonably” up to the point they broke down your door.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy and the Cardiovascular System

As testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has emerged as a commonly prescribed therapy for symptomatic low testosterone, conflicting data have been reported in terms of both its efficacy and potential adverse outcomes. One of the most controversial associations has been that of TRT and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This review briefly provides background on the history of TRT, the indications for TRT, and the data behind TRT for symptomatic low testosterone. It then specifically delves into the rather limited data for cardiovascular outcomes of those with low endogenous testosterone and those who receive TRT. The available body of literature strongly suggests that more work, by way of clinical trials, needs to be done to better understand the impact of testosterone and TRT on the cardiovascular system.
The Economic Ramifications Of Multinational Corporations: Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) And The Connection Between Technological Transfer And ProductivityGrowth Within Host Economies

This study conducts an investigation into the impact of technology transfer as a derivative of FDI on productive efficiency within developing Asian economies through the implementation of applied empirical analysis.
Primary Cultures of Tick Hemocytes as Systems for Arbovirus Growth

Primary cultures of hemocytes of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acarina: Ixodidae), were maintained in viable condition for 72–74 days as adjudged by their ability to support the growth of Colorado tick fever virus. Virus-growth curves for these cultures were similar to those for primary tissue cultures of D. andersoni viscera except that lag period, peak virus proliferation, and duration of infection were not as pronounced. Tick-hemocyte cultures offer a relatively simple and rapid alternative to tissue cultures prepared from tick viscera.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen destabilizes Aβ amyloid fibrils: a molecular dynamics investigation.

Using implicit solvent model and replica exchange molecular dynamics we examine the propensity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen, to interfere with Aβ fibril growth. We also compare the anti-aggregation propensity of naproxen with that of ibuprofen. Naproxen anti-aggregation effect is influenced by two factors. Similar to ibuprofen, naproxen destabilizes binding of incoming Aβ peptides to the fibril due to direct competition between the ligands and the peptides for the same binding location on the fibril surface (the edge). However, in contrast to ibuprofen naproxen binding also alters the conformational ensemble of Aβ monomers by promoting β-structure. The second factor weakens naproxen anti-aggregation effect. These findings appear to explain the experimental observations, according to which naproxen binds to Aβ fibril with higher affinity than ibuprofen, yet produces weaker anti-aggregation action.
American Marines in Haiti, 1915-1922

The landing of marines in Haiti on July 28, 1915, was the climax to more than a century of political, financial, and diplomatic problems on that unhappy island. The Haitians had not been prepared for the hard-fought independence proclaimed on January 1, 1804. In the intervening years, they had been theoretically governed under fourteen constitutions. Only two of their twenty-six chief executives had managed to serve a regular constitutional term of office and then retire alive. Indeed, the occuption forces landed when an enraged mob was cutting President J. V. Guillaume Sam into pieces.
Bipolar Nanosecond Pulses Mitigate Membrane Nanoporation

Cells exposed to monopolar (MP) nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) exhibit increased membrane permeability. Depending on the intensity and duration of the pulse, this damage could be repairable or induce cell death. Recently, we leveraged a new second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy technique to study the underlying biophysical effects these pulses have on the cellular membrane. We observed nano-scale poration across the entire plasma membrane, but concentrated at the anodic-facing pole of the cell. The polarity of this event suggests that the resting membrane potential may be playing a role. To investigate further, we apply a symmetric bipolar (BP) nsPEF, where the polarity of the pulse is reversed halfway through the pulse duration. Previous studies have shown that BP nsPEF are less effective at inducing cell death than their MP counterparts. Our results suggest that this is due, at least in part, to the dramatically reduced amount of nanoporation present upon onset of BP nsPEF as compared to MP. If an interstitial “off” period is introduced between the two MP pulses making up the BP pulse, the amount of nanoporation increases commensurate with the space between the two MP pulses. This indicates that membrane charging is playing a large role in the nanoporation process.
The economic and operational value of using drones to transport vaccines

Abstract Background Immunization programs in low and middle income countries (LMICs) face numerous challenges in getting life-saving vaccines to the people who need them. As unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has progressed in recent years, potential use cases for UAVs have proliferated due to their ability to traverse difficult terrains, reduce labor, and replace fleets of vehicles that require costly maintenance. Methods Using a HERMES-generated simulation model, we performed sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) for routine vaccine distribution under a range of circumstances reflecting variations in geography, population, road conditions, and vaccine schedules. We also identified the UAV payload and UAS costs necessary for a UAS to be favorable over a traditional multi-tiered land transport system (TMLTS). Results Implementing the UAS in the baseline scenario improved vaccine availability (96% versus 94%) and produced logistics cost savings of $0.08 per dose administered as compared to the TMLTS. The UAS maintained cost savings in all sensitivity analyses, ranging from $0.05 to $0.21 per dose administered. The minimum UAV payloads necessary to achieve cost savings over the TMLTS, for the various vaccine schedules and UAS costs and lifetimes tested, were substantially smaller (up to 0.40 L) than the currently assumed UAV payload of 1.5 L. Similarly, the maximum UAS costs that could achieve savings over the TMLTS were greater than the currently assumed costs under realistic flight conditions. Conclusion Implementing a UAS could increase vaccine availability and decrease costs in a wide range of settings and circumstances if the drones are used frequently enough to overcome the capital costs of installing and maintaining the system. Our computational model showed that major drivers of costs savings from using UAS are road speed of traditional land vehicles, the number of people needing to be vaccinated, and the distance that needs to be traveled.
Mechanistic Insight into Caffeine–Oxalic Cocrystal Dissociation in Formulations: Role of Excipients

Caffeine–oxalic acid cocrystal, widely reported to be stable under high humidity, dissociated in the presence of numerous pharmaceutical excipients. In cocrystal–excipient binary systems, the water mediated dissociation reaction occurred under pharmaceutically relevant storage conditions. Powder X-ray diffractometry was used to identify the dissociated products obtained as a consequence of coformer–excipient interaction. The proposed cocrystal dissociation mechanism involved water sorption, dissolution of cocrystal and excipient in the sorbed water, proton transfer from oxalic acid to the excipient, and formation of metal salts and caffeine hydrate. In compressed tablets with magnesium stearate, the cocrystal dissociation was readily discerned from the appearance of peaks attributable to caffeine hydrate and stearic acid. Neutral excipients provide an avenue to circumvent the risk of water mediated cocrystal dissociation.
Structure and characterization of charge transfer complexes of benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b′:5,6-b′′]trithiophene [C3h-BTT]

Four charge-transfer complexes of C3h-BTT (2) with the organic acceptors TCNQ, F4TCNQ, chloranil, and fluoranil were prepared and crystallographically characterized. All four complexes form mixed stacks of donors and acceptors in a 1 : 1 or 2 : 1 stoichiometry. The degree of charge transfer in these complexes was estimated based on bond distances, infrared spectroscopy, and magnetic properties. Of the four complexes, C3h-BTT·F4TCNQ exhibited the highest ionicity with ρ = 0.27e. All four complexes were diamagnetic.
Religion, spirituality and medicine in Australia: research and clinical practice.

The Medical Journal of Australia ISSN: 0025-729X 21 May 2007 186 10 S45-S46©The Medical Journal of Australia 2007www.mja.com.auSpirituality and Healthtudies demonstrating health benefits of religion are many andgrowing in number, and some claim the results are ripe forapplication in clinical settings.
Decision-Making in Nursing Practice: An Integrative Literature Review

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To identify and summarise factors and processes related to registered nurses' patient care decision-making in medical-surgical environments. A secondary goal of this literature review was to determine whether medical-surgical decision-making literature included factors that appeared to be similar to concepts and factors in naturalistic decision making (NDM). BACKGROUND Decision-making in acute care nursing requires an evaluation of many complex factors. While decision-making research in acute care nursing is prevalent, errors in decision-making continue to lead to poor patient outcomes. Naturalistic decision making may provide a framework for further exploring decision-making in acute care nursing practice. A better understanding of the literature is needed to guide future research to more effectively support acute care nurse decision-making. DESIGN PubMed and CINAHL databases were searched, and research meeting criteria was included. Data were identified from all included articles, and themes were developed based on these data. RESULTS Key findings in this review include nursing experience and associated factors; organisation and unit culture influences on decision-making; education; understanding patient status; situation awareness; and autonomy. CONCLUSIONS Acute care nurses employ a variety of decision-making factors and processes and informally identify experienced nurses to be important resources for decision-making. Incorporation of evidence into acute care nursing practice continues to be a struggle for acute care nurses. This review indicates that naturalistic decision making may be applicable to decision-making nursing research. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Experienced nurses bring a broad range of previous patient encounters to their practice influencing their intuitive, unconscious processes which facilitates decision-making. Using naturalistic decision making as a conceptual framework to guide research may help with understanding how to better support less experienced nurses' decision-making for enhanced patient outcomes.
Design of Nanofibrous and Microfibrous Channels for Fast Capillary Flow.

The speed of capillary flow is a key bottleneck in improving the performance of nanofluidic and microfluidic devices for various applications including microfluidic diagnostics, thermal management heat pipes, micromolding devices, functional fabrics, and oil–water separators. Here, we present a novel nanofibrous or microfibrous hollow-wedged channel (named as W-Channel), which can significantly speed up the capillary flow. The capillary flow in the initial 100 s in the nanofibrous W-Channel was shown to be 8 times faster than that in the single-layer strip of the same material when placed vertically and over 20 times faster when placed horizontally. The enhanced flow under gravity is attributed to the adaptive interplay of capillary pressure and flow resistance within the triangular hollow wedge between the fibrous layers. The W-Channel can be fabricated following a simple procedure using inexpensive materials such as electrospun nanofibers or microfibrous filter papers.
Context Effects on Embodied Representation of Language Concepts

How conceptual knowledge is represented and processed in human brain is still in controversy. While traditional amodal theories claim that concepts are abstract symbols, irrelevant to perception and action information, increased evidence has suggested that the sensory–motor system is strongly involved in conceptual processing, and thus conceptual knowledge are grounded. Nevertheless, whether the involvement of the sensory–motor system is automatic or modified by context during language comprehension is still unclear. This chapter reviews the embodied theories about the automaticity or the contextual flexibility of embodied representation, and the evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging studies that support either view. Finally, three issues regarded to the flexibility of embodied representation are discussed: (1) whether the flexibility occur at presemantic stage is still unclear; (2) specific influences from different types of contexts need to be clarified; (3) how metalinguistic tasks can influence our observation of sensory–motor activity need further investigation.
The Efficacy of Graphene Foams for Culturing Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Differentiation into Dopaminergic Neurons

The implantation of stem cells in vivo is the ideal approach for the restoration of normal life functions, such as replenishing the decreasing levels of affected dopaminergic (DA) neurons during neurodegenerative disease conditions. However, combining stem cells with biomaterial scaffolds provides a promising strategy for engineering tissues or cellular delivery for directed stem cell differentiation as a means of replacing diseased/damaged tissues. In this study, mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were differentiated into DA neurons using sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, while they were cultured within collagen-coated 3D graphene foams (GF). The differentiation into DA neurons within the collagen-coated GF and controls (collagen gels, plastic) was confirmed using β-III tubulin, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and NeuN positive immunostaining. Enhanced expression of β-III tubulin, TH, and NeuN and an increase in the average neurite extension length were observed when cells were differentiated within collagen-coated GF in comparison with collagen gels. Furthermore, these graphene-based scaffolds were not cytotoxic as MSC seemed to retain viability and proliferated substantially during in vitro culture. In summary, these results suggest the utility of 3D graphene foams towards the differentiation of DA neurons from MSC, which is an important step for neural tissue engineering applications.
Mammalian cell proliferation is regulated by the synergistic actions of multiple growth factors.

Normal mammalian fibroblasts require serum for growth in culture. When serum is withdrawn from the culture medium or when a high cell density is reached, normal fibroblastic cells become growth arrested in a distinct region (Go) of the cell cycle with a Gl content of DNA. When serum is added to quiescent growth-arrested fibroblasts, DNA synthesis begins after a 12 hour lag. Viral transformation of fibroblasts lessens their serum requirement and can alter the ability of the cells to enter the normal growth arrested state.
Forest Biotic Agent Stress: Air Pollutants and Phytophagous Forest Insects

Arthropods have roles of enormous importance in the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. Forest ecosystems, in particular, typically have large and diverse arthropod populations. The importance of pollinating (Chapter 8) and litter metabolizing (Chapter 9) species has already been introduced. The damaging influence of high population densities of certain insects can be very visible and can cause widespread forest destruction; witness contemporary or recent North American situations involving the Douglas fir tussock moth, the gypsy moth, the eastern and western spruce budworms, and southern and western bark beetles. It is critically important, however, to keep in perspective that there is substantial evidence to support the notion that forest insects, even those that cause massive destruction in the short run, may play essential and beneficial roles in forest ecosystems in the long run. These roles involve regulation of tree species competition, species composition and succession, primary production, and nutrient cycling (Huffaker, 1974; Mattson and Addy, 1975; Seastedt and Crossley, 1984; Smith, 1986).
Brachial Arteriovenous Fistula as a Complication of Placement of a Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter: A Case Report and Review of the Literature:

Peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) lines have become a frequently used method of intravenous access for long-term administration of antibiotics, chemotherapy, and parenteral nutrition. Catheter-related complications involving the arterial tree are rare. We report a case of a 25-year-old woman with a history of difficult PICC line placement that presented with an arteriovenous fistula in the left arm. Duplex ultrasound confirmed the diagnosis of a brachial artery-to-brachial vein arteriovenous fistula (AVF), and the patient underwent surgical repair. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an AVF resulting from PICC line placement. Correction of AVF is indicated to alleviate symptoms as well as to prevent future complications.
The Traversodontid Cynodont Mandagomphodon hirschsoni from the Middle Triassic of the Ruhuhu Valley, Tanzania

Mandagomphodon hirschsoni (gen. nov., comb. nov.) is one of three species of traversodontid cynodont placed in Scalenodon [type species S. angustifrons (Parrington, 1946)] by Crompton (1972). It is based on a partial skull and lower jaws from the Middle Triassic of the Ruhuhu Valley, southwestern Tanzania. The upper postcanine teeth were used to diagnose species of Scalenodon, but newer traversodontid material indicates that the three species represent distinct genera. Material of “S.” hirschsoni, except for the postcanines, has not been described. It is unusual among traversodontids in having only three upper incisors, which are enlarged and procumbent. Three enlarged, procumbent anterior lower teeth are interpreted as two incisors and a canine. Analysis of postcanine wear facets indicates that the power stroke of the lower teeth was entirely in a posterior direction, including a slightly downward and backward grinding movement at the end of the stroke.
Evolving nucleotide binding surfaces

We present an analysis of the stability and nature of binding of a nucleotide to several known dehydrogenases. Our approach includes calculation of hydrophobic stabilization of the binding motif and its intermolecular interaction with the ligand. We follow the evolutionary changes of the binding motif by calculating the Euclidean deviation of the respective dehydrogenases. We then discuss the possible structural elements involved in the origin of nucleotide recognition by non-coded primordial polypeptides.
Preoperative Optimization and Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocols in Ventral Hernia Repair

Large or complex ventral hernias remain a challenging endeavor with potential for high rates of morbidity. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques such as laparoscopic and robotic-assisted repairs provide a way to minimize wound morbidity as well as decrease length of hospitalization. Even with the benefits of MIS repairs, complex hernias still present challenges that can be positively affected by optimizing the patient in the preoperative period and standardizing their postoperative care. In an effort to optimize outcomes, pre- and perioperative management strategies have been developed to reduce patient complications, in addition to reducing hernia recurrence. While technical factors for ventral hernia repair (VHR) such as surgical technique and mesh selection are modifiable factors during the operation itself, optimizing the patient prior to surgery and immediately following VHR can provide substantial benefit to the patient with the ultimate goal of providing a safe and durable hernia repair.
Fundamental Questions and Dimensions of Psychological Service Delivery in Schools

This chapter focuses on concepts and processes that influence the delivery of psychological services in schools. Posing questions about effectiveness can serve as a valuable heuristic for organizing one’s thoughts about features and dimensions of psychological services. The chapter examines four major conceptual dimensions along which services vary: direct-indirect, centralized-decentralized, proactive-reactive, and rural-urban. It also examines, from a child-as-client perspective, the directness and also focuses on four major psychological services generally provided by school psychologists. These four major psychological services are assessment, consultation, intervention, and research. The chapter also focuses on the development of a generic model of school psychological services that integrates components from both the assessment and the consultation models. It presents the generic service delivery model on some basic assumptions about work with potentially handicapped or troubled individuals. The chapter also presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book.
Refinements of Some Partition Inequalities

In the present paper we initiate the study of a certain kind of partition inequality, by showing, for example, that if $M\geq 5$ is an integer and the integers $a$ and $b$ are relatively prime to $M$ and satisfy $1\leq a<b<M/2$, and the $c(m,n)$ are defined by \[ \frac{1}{(sq^a,sq^{M-a};q^M)_{\infty}}-\frac{1}{(sq^b,sq^{M-b};q^M)_{\infty}}:=\sum_{m,n\geq 0} c(m,n)s^m q^n, \] then $c(m, Mn)\geq 0$ for all integers $m\geq 0, n\geq 0$. %If, in addition, $M$ is even, then $c(m, Mn+M/2)\geq 0$ for all integers $m\geq 0, n\geq 0$. A similar result is proved for the integers $d(m,n)$ defined by \[ (-sq^a,-sq^{M-a};q^M)_{\infty}-(-sq^b,-sq^{M-b};q^M)_{\infty}:=\sum_{m,n\geq 0} d(m,n)s^m q^n. \] In each case there are obvious interpretations in terms of integer partitions. For example, if $p_{1,5}(m,n)$ (respectively $p_{2,5}(m,n)$) denotes the number of partitions of $n$ into exactly $m$ parts $\equiv \pm 1 (\mod 5)$ (respectively $\equiv \pm 2 (\mod 5)$), then for each integer $n \geq 1$, \[ p_{1,5}(m,5n)\geq p_{2,5}(m,5n), \,\,\,1 \leq m \leq 5n. \]
Discussion of Integrating Hands-on Cybersecurity Exercises into the Curriculum in 2019

The critical shortage of cyber security professionals remains an unsolved problem. We need to greatly expand the community in order to meet the increasing demand. The number of security-focused competitions and exercises has increased in recent years. As faculty we need to choose those that we can best integrate into our courses. As a community, we can think about how to create a more unified environment to contribute to each other's projects. We would like to bring together new and experienced faculty to build community and engage in this work. We have set up a dedicated Facebook to allow us to work together outside of SIGCSE events. During the BoF, we will encourage participants to sign up for the closed group, and we will ask the questions, 'What do you want from this learning community? What exercises have you heard about or tried?" One benefit of having a learning community is that it will be easier to provide support for new members to learn about resources and get help. These resources include exercises, webinars, and slides. We will share experiences, practices and ongoing efforts (NSA's National Cybersecurity Curriculum Program), including our own (e.g. Security Injections, Security Knitting Kit, EDURange and UWGB GenCyber). The BoF also benefits experienced members, helping them to disseminate their work and reach other faculty with similar interests. We will discuss what works and what problems students and instructors have encountered. We will discuss ways to integrate security-related exercises into existing courses.