cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization over Multi-order Cones

Abstract : In this paper we propose multi-order cone programs (MOCPs) as a new class of convex nonlinear optimization problems that includes linear programs, (convex) quadratic programs second-order cone programs and, more generally, pth-order cone programs as special cases. In MOCPs we minimize a linear objective function over the intersection of an affine set and a product of multi-order cones. We refer to them as deterministic multi-order cone programs (DMCOPs) since data defining them are deterministic. We present the definition of DMOCPs in primal and dual standard forms. Then we introduce two-stage stochastic multi-order cone programs (SMOCPs) (with recourse) to handle uncertainty in data defining DMOCPs and deterministic mixed integer multi-order cone programs (DMIMOCPs) to handle DMOCPs with integer-valued variables. We describe an applicational setting and present DMOCP, SMOCP and DMIMOCP models arising in that setting.
Antibiotic Resistance Among Pediatric-Sourced Ocular Pathogens: 8-Year Findings From the Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular Microorganisms (ARMOR) Surveillance Study.

Background The Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular Microorganisms (ARMOR) study is a nationwide longitudinal antibiotic resistance surveillance program specific to bacterial pathogens commonly encountered in ocular infections. We evaluated in vitro resistance rates and trends among isolates obtained from pediatric patients (≤17 years of age). Methods Clinical centers across the United States were invited to submit ocular isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to a central laboratory. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for various antibiotic classes were determined by broth microdilution per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines and interpreted as susceptible, intermediate or resistant based on available breakpoints. Longitudinal trends were analyzed using a Cochran-Armitage test for linear trends in a proportion. Results Of 4829 isolates collected from January 2009 to December 2016, 995 isolates, sourced primarily from hospitals and referral centers, were obtained from pediatric patients (n = 286 H. influenzae, n = 284 S. aureus, n = 213 CoNS, n = 150 S. pneumoniae and n = 62 P. aeruginosa). With few exceptions, P. aeruginosa and H. influenzae were generally susceptible to the antibiotics tested. Of S. aureus and CoNS isolates, respectively, 56% and 72% were resistant to azithromycin and 24% and 47% were methicillin-resistant (MR); concurrent resistance to other drug classes and multidrug resistance (≥3 drug classes) were prevalent among MR staphylococci. Of S. pneumoniae isolates, 38% and 35% demonstrated resistance to azithromycin and penicillin, respectively. Besifloxacin had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration against the Gram-positive isolates. Conclusions These in vitro data suggest antibiotic resistance is common among staphylococcal and pneumococcal isolates collected from pediatric patients with ocular infections. Methicillin resistance was prevalent among staphylococci with many strains demonstrating multidrug resistance. These findings may not be representative of resistance trends in community-based practices.
On the local and non-local plate models of single layer graphene

Abstract In the application of continuum plate theories for modeling the mechanics of single layer graphene, significant inconsistencies exist in the literature on how to deal with the discrepancy between the continuum assumptions and discrete nature of the graphene lattice, whether using the classical plate theories or the more recent non-local elasticity based plate models. Physically vague properties such as graphene thickness and non-local parameter are often used as fitting parameters for calibrating the numerical results against those obtained from atomistic models or experimental data. However, very often a set of parameters that work well for a particular case can lead to large errors in other cases. This work attempts to answer the following question: can the mechanical behavior of single layer graphene sheets be described accurately and consistently using a continuum plate model? By using the results from atomic lattice mechanics calculations as reference for error analysis, we demonstrate that, when the sources of error in the classical plate model are properly identified, mechanics of single layer graphene can be accurately described by a modified non-local plate model with an interatomic potential based constitutive relation and a corrected boundary configuration.
Volume-of-interest imaging using multiple aperture devices

Volume-of-interest (VOI) imaging is a strategy in computed tomography (CT) that restricts x-ray fluence to particular anatomical targets via dynamic beam modulation. This permits dose reduction while retaining image quality within the VOI. VOI-CT implementation has been challenged historically by a lack of hardware solutions for tailoring the incident fluence to the patient and anatomical site as well as challenges involving interior tomography reconstruction of truncated projection data. In this work, we propose a general VOI-CT imaging framework using multiple aperture devices (MADs), an emerging beam filtration scheme based on two binary x-ray filters. Location of VOI is prescribed using two scout views at anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral perspectives. Based on a calibration of achievable fluence field patterns, MAD motion trajectories designed using an optimization objective that seeks to maximize the relative fluence in the VOI subject to minimum fluence constraints. A modified penalized-likelihood method is developed for reconstruction of heavily truncated data using the full-field scout views to help solve the interior tomography problem. Physical experiments were con- ducted to show the feasibility of non-centered and elliptical VOI in two applications - spine and lung imaging. Improved dose utilization and retained image quality is validated with respect to standard full-field protocols. Compared with full-field scans at reference dose, the MAD-VOI scans reduced total dose by 80% while retaining image quality. We observe that the contrast-to-noise ratio is 30% higher compared with low-dose full-field scans at the same dose usage.
Buffering Against Sources Of Academic Stress: The Influence of Supportive Informational and Emotional Communication on Psychological Well-Being

This study examined college students’ psychological well-being as a function of both sources of academic stress and supportive communication. A total of 129 students completed measures assessing fo...
Specifics of scattering and radiation from sparse and dense dielectric meta-surfaces

Metasurfaces composed of nanosized silicon particles are considered prospective low-loss media for future planar devices with subwavelength thickness, capable of realizing many optical functionalities, including beam steering, focusing, and holography. Previous studies revealed an opportunity to provide directional scattering from silicon metasurfaces at Kerker’s conditions and projected obtaining significantly enhanced intensity of scattering at overlapping of dipolar magnetic and electric resonances in particles at their specific geometries. Although silicon metasurfaces are usually represented by dense arrays, interactions between resonators are often neglected in their analysis, which typically uses metamaterial concepts, assuming that responses of arrays can be represented by responses of single “meta-atoms.” In this work, we investigate cooperative resonance phenomena in dielectric metasurfaces, including interactions between electric and magnetic resonances within single particles and inter-resonator interactions in arrays. First, we analyze the transformation of the responses of single resonators, when their shape changes from a sphere to a cylinder, and then to a disk, and, in particular, describe the specifics of the formation of electric and magnetic dipole modes at a coincidence of resonances. Then, phenomena in arrays are considered, including the effects of arraying on resonator responses and the effects of packing density on metasurface responses. We demonstrate that dense packing causes strong changes of resonances, transverse coupling, and integration of resonance fields, affecting scattering and radiation from metasurfaces. The obtained results are important for understanding the complexity of responses of dielectric metasurfaces and provide guidance for their design and for scattering and radiation control.Metasurfaces composed of nanosized silicon particles are considered prospective low-loss media for future planar devices with subwavelength thickness, capable of realizing many optical functionalities, including beam steering, focusing, and holography. Previous studies revealed an opportunity to provide directional scattering from silicon metasurfaces at Kerker’s conditions and projected obtaining significantly enhanced intensity of scattering at overlapping of dipolar magnetic and electric resonances in particles at their specific geometries. Although silicon metasurfaces are usually represented by dense arrays, interactions between resonators are often neglected in their analysis, which typically uses metamaterial concepts, assuming that responses of arrays can be represented by responses of single “meta-atoms.” In this work, we investigate cooperative resonance phenomena in dielectric metasurfaces, including interactions between electric and magnetic resonances within single particles and inter-resonat...
The Phenomenology of the Higgs Boson at the LHC

The observation of an H boson with the mass around 125 GeV by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations is consistent with the expectations of the SM. There have been several experimental and theoretical observations made to this date about this recently discovered boson.
The Effect Of Teacher Personality And Learning Motivation On Mathematical Learning Outcomes Of Season State Students In Maros District

The purpose of this research is to know: (1) Influence of interaction between teacher's personality and student's learning motivation toward student's mathematics learning result of SMP Negeri in Maros, (2) Difference of mathematics learning result of student of SMP Negeri in Maros based on teacher personality type, (3) Difference of learning result of mathematics of student of SMP Negeri in Maros based on difference of learning motivation. This type of research is ex post facto research. Data were collected by questionnaire of teacher's personality, questionnaire of learning motivation and test of learning result that has been tested for its validity and reliability. Data analysis technique used is two way anava using computer program aid R. The result of hypothesis test of this research show. (i) There is no interaction between teacher personality and learning motivation toward mathematics learning outcomes of SMP Negeri in Maros, (ii) There is a difference of mathematics learning result of students of SMP Negeri in Maros based on personality type of teacher, where teacher extravertion personality is best and has highest average learning result score (iii) There is difference of mathematics learning result of students of SMP Negeri in Maros based on differences in motivation to learn, where it is found that high intrinsic learning motivation that gives the optimum effect and to improve learning outcomes then high intrinsic learning motivation that needs to be improved
The popularity of outcome measures used in shoulder arthroplasty literature.

IntroductionPatient-reported outcomes (PROs) are frequently utilized within orthopaedics to determine the extent of patient disease and the efficacy of surgical treatments. Shoulder arthroplasty is...
Analysis of the Proposed 2020 FHFA Rule on Enterprise Capital

This article examines the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA)’s 2020 notice of proposed rulemaking (2020 NPR) for the government-sponsored enterprises’ capital standards and finds that there are ...
The impact of green manufacturing on the transition to the green supply chain in the Iraqi industrial companies

In this paper, the six green supply chain (GSC) operations dimensions effect on transition to GSC and performance improvement (Pi) in Iraqi manufacturing were discussed. Samples of 220 in (15) companies were collected from the manufacturing industry. GSC operations and measuring five independent variables were performed including green manufacturing (GM), green purchasing (GP), green information systems (GIS), green logistics (GL), cooperation with customers (CWC), and eco-design (ED). From preliminary factor and regression analysis, an outcome except for GP, the remaining five variables were used for prediction purposes PI. But, ED of green operations Tracked GIS has shown the greatest effect on the PI. As a result, the industry companies managers must not only implement ED in their SC but also should focus on appropriate control and implementation for GIS to raise their companies’ performance. The basic contribution of the present paper is the negative GP effect which observed to PI, especially in the case of Iraq manufacturing industry. Another value outcome is that GP is an important former economically in the US manufacturing companies.
Formal Semantics and Proof Techniques for Optimizing VHDL Models

1. Introduction. 2. Related Work. 3. The Static Model. 4. A Well-Formed VHDL Model. 5. The Reduction Algebra. 6. Completeness of the Reduced Form. 7. Interval Temporal Logic. 8. The Dynamic Model. 9. Applications of the Dynamic Model. 10. A Framework for Proving Equivalences Using PVS. 11. Conclusions. Appendices. References. Index.
Photoelectronic Image Recording Device Optimized for High Detective Quantum Efficiency

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the photoelectronic image recording device optimized for high detective quantum efficiency. The device comprises a photoemissive cathode and a secondary electron conduction (SEC) storage target. The photocathode is maintained at a low negative voltage of 10 to 30 V with respect to the signal plate and is illuminated uniformly over its entire active area. This causes electrons to be stored on the SEC target layer until its front surface potential is about the same as that of the photocathode. An optical spot from a flying-spot scanner is focused on the photocathode and generates a scanning raster. Operating in the low velocity scan mode, the voltage between the photocathode and the signal-plate is −30 V. The resulting photocurrent recharges the portion of the target layer discharged during exposure. The significance of large size, long integration time and reduced bandwidth on read-out can be judged from consideration of their influence on output signal-to-noise ratio and detective quantum efficiency. It is found that the signal-to-noise ratio improves linearly with the target gain, area of a resolution element, and integration time.
History of Computers

We are in the midst of a revolution in technology and in the way we process information. The computer is at the heart of this revolution. Where it will take us is unknown, but we do know that events are moving rapidly. In fact, virtually everything related to digital computers took place in my generation’s adult lifetime. And I am not old.
The establishment of spemann's organizer and patterning of the vertebrate embryo

Molecular studies have begun to unravel the sequential cell-cell signalling events that establish the dorsal-ventral, or 'back-to-belly', axis of vertebrate animals. In Xenopus and zebrafish, these events start with the movement of membrane vesicles associated with dorsal determinants. This mediates the induction of mesoderm by generating gradients of growth factors. Dorsal mesoderm then becomes a signalling centre, the Spemann's organizer, which secretes several antagonists of growth-factor signalling. Recent studies have led to new models for the regulation of cell-cell signalling during development, which may also apply to the homeostasis of adult tissues.
Functional changes in the structure of the SRP GTPase on binding GDP and Mg2+GDP

Ffh is a component of a bacterial ribonucleoprotein complex homologous to the signal recognition particle (SRP) of eukaryotes. It comprises three domains that mediate both binding to the hydrophobic signal sequence of the nascent polypeptide and the GTP-dependent interaction of Ffh with a structurally homologous GTPase of the SRP receptor. The X-ray structures of the two-domain 'NG' GTPase of Ffh in complex with Mg2+GDP and GDP have been determined at 2.0 A resolution. The structures explain the low nucleotide affinity of Ffh and locate two regions of structural mobility at opposite sides of the nucleotide-binding site. One of these regions includes highly conserved sequence motifs that presumably contribute to the structural trigger signaling the GTP-bound state. The other includes the highly conserved interface between the N and G domains, and supports the hypothesis that the N domain regulates or signals the nucleotide occupancy of the G domain.
College Football Attendance: A Panel Study of the Football Championship Subdivision

Panel data across 8 years for the Football Championship Subdivision are used to estimate regular season game-day percent of capacity regression equations. Higher ticket prices reduce attendance (elasticity of −1.9). Better team performance, in the short and intermediate terms, and traditional rivalries increase percent of capacity used. Poor weather and higher travel costs decrease it. Fan interest wanes as a season progresses, but this is offset as a team wins more games. Games played on Saturdays, played against conference opponents, or played by teams from the Football Bowl Subdivision increase stadium utilization. Results provide some evidence for the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amino acid concentrations in rumen fluid.

Methods using dialysis or ultrafiltration are described for the collection of extracellular fluid in rumen contents for analysis of amino acids. Marked differences in the concentration of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and alanine were found in samples of either diffusate or ultrafiltrate and in clarified acidified rumen liquor. Concentrations are given for aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid, valine, δ-aminovaleric acid, and leucine.
Polarization mode dispersion compensation in optical and electrical domain and their limitations

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) compensation is one of the challenges to deployment of ultra-high-bit-rate systems. PMD impact on system performance and outage probability is explained. Then both optical and electrical PMD compensation techniques are reviewed and important design considerations are discussed. Issues regarding PMD-induced distortion detection, feedback and control algorithms in the presence of local minima, and interaction between PMD and other degrading effects [such as chromatic dispersion, polarization-dependent loss (PDL), and fiber nonlinearities] are discussed.
Photoelectron imaging of propanal by resonant multiphoton ionization via the 3s Rydberg state

We report the conformationally- and vibrationally-selected photoelectron spectroscopy of propanal obtained by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) using photoelectron imaging. These photoelectron spectra, employing (2 + 1) ionization via the (n, 3s) Rydberg transitions in the range from 365 to 371 nm, confirm that there are two stable conformer origins in the lowest ionic state, the cis conformer with a co-planar CCCO geometry and a gauche conformer with a ∼119° CCCO dihedral angle. From ab initio calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level, we find the gauche conformer is slightly more stable, with the energy difference between two conformers determined to be only 65 cm−1. In our photoelectron spectra, the vertical ionization potential (IP) for the cis conformer of propanal was then determined to be 9.999 (±0.003) eV, while that of the gauche conformer of propanal was estimated to be 9.944 eV. A long vibrational progression in the in-plane CCCO deformation vibrational mode, v+15, for the cis conformer is systematically observed in all photoelectron spectra in which this mode is excited, suggesting that the geometry of the ground ionic state is significantly different from that of the 3s Rydberg state, particularly along the v15 coordinates.
Gravitational charge, hadron hydrodynamics and Gödelised hadrons

I DISCUSS here the consistency of approach which is not immediately apparent when current approaches to particle physics are compared. The parton model,f gravity and the hydrodynamical model of multiple particle production in high energy hadron collisions complement each other in remarkable ways and point to a useful general formalism for particle physics problems in such diverse applications as mass spectra through collisions to the first picoseconds of the Universe according to the big-bang theory.
Video Games, Immersion, and Cognitive Aggression: Does the Controller Matter?

The influence of video game realism and controller naturalness on aggression was examined with an experiment that manipulated game realism and controller naturalness. Perceived controller naturalness increased perceptions of realism of the game and led to greater immersion. The more realistic game was perceived as such and led to greater immersion. Ultimately, greater immersion led to more cognitive aggression. Results are discussed in terms of a mental models approach and the process of model matching.
What Is Gibbs’s Canonical Distribution?

Although the canonical distribution is one of the central tools of statistical mechanics, the reason for its effectiveness is poorly understood. This is due in part to the fact that there is no clear consensus on what it means to use the canonical distribution to describe a system in equilibrium with a heat bath. I examine some traditional views as to what sort of thing we should take the canonical distribution to represent. I argue that a less explored alternative, according to which the canonical distribution represents a time ensemble of sorts, has a number of advantages that rival interpretations lack.
The impact of intrapopulation variability in reproductive traits on population reproductive potential of Grand Bank American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea)

In geographically extensive fish populations the potential exists for reproductive traits to vary over the population’s range but, the impact that such intrapopulation variability has on overall population reproductive potential has not been formally assessed. Here intrapopulation spatial variability in size at maturity and fecundity are demonstrated for Grand Bank American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea). Recognition of intrapopulation variability in these reproductive traits coupled with spatial variability in abundance resulted in an increase in estimated population total egg production (TEP) by as much as 10 14 eggs for American plaice and 10 15 eggs for yellowtail flounder as compared to assessment of TEP for the population as a whole. Results highlight the need to explore variability in life history traits not only between but, also within populations and emphasizes the need for sufficient spatial coverage during sampling in order to assess the reproductive potential of fish populations. Crown Copyright © 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Uniqueness of ∞-Harmonic Functions and the Eikonal Equation

Comparison results are obtained between infinity subharmonic and infinity superharmonic functions defined on unbounded domains. The primary new tool employed is an approximation of infinity subharm...
LET-99 opposes Gα/GPR signaling to generate asymmetry for spindle positioning in response to PAR and MES-1/SRC-1 signaling

G-protein signaling plays important roles in asymmetric cell division. In C. elegans embryos, homologs of receptor-independent G protein activators, GPR-1 and GPR-2 (GPR-1/2), function together with Gα (GOA-1 and GPA-16) to generate asymmetric spindle pole elongation during divisions in the P lineage. Although Gα is uniformly localized at the cell cortex, the cortical localization of GPR-1/2 is asymmetric in dividing P cells. In this report, we show that the asymmetry of GPR-1/2 localization depends on PAR-3 and its downstream intermediate LET-99. Furthermore, in addition to its involvement in spindle elongation, Gα is required for the intrinsically programmed nuclear rotation event that orients the spindle in the one-cell. LET-99 functions antagonistically to the Gα/GPR-1/2 signaling pathway, providing an explanation for how Gα-dependent force is regulated asymmetrically by PAR polarity cues during both nuclear rotation and anaphase spindle elongation. In addition, Gα and LET-99 are required for spindle orientation during the extrinsically polarized division of EMS cells. In this cell, both GPR-1/2 and LET-99 are asymmetrically localized in response to the MES-1/SRC-1 signaling pathway. Their localization patterns at the EMS/P 2 cell boundary are complementary, suggesting that LET-99 and Gα/GPR-1/2 signaling function in opposite ways during this cell division as well. These results provide insight into how polarity cues are transmitted into specific spindle positions in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of asymmetric cell division.
ROLE OF C-TERMINAL SERINES IN DESENSITIZATION AND PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE MOUSE THROMBOXANE RECEPTOR

Abstract To investigate the role of C-terminal hydroxyamino acids in desensitization of the receptor for thromboxane A2 (TxA2), we created a mutant TxA2 receptor (TP receptor) in which serines at positions 321, 322, and 328 were replaced with either alanine or glycine. Mutant and wild type receptors were expressed in a mesangial cell line, and clones expressing similar numbers of receptors were studied. Affinity and specificity of TxA2 binding to the mutant receptor were identical to wild type receptors. In contrast, TxA2-induced inositol trisphosphate generation by the mutant receptor was enhanced compared with the wild type. Prior treatment with the TxA2agonist U46619 reduced subsequent U46619-induced increases in inositol trisphosphate generation by both receptors; however, the extent of desensitization was significantly reduced in the receptor mutant. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors attenuated TxA2-induced desensitization of wild type receptors, but had little effect on TxA2-induced desensitization of mutant receptors. Pretreatment with the phorbol ester phorbol 12,13-dybutyrate (PDBu) (100 nm) decreased subsequent responsiveness of wild type but not mutant TP receptors. U46619-induced desensitization of wild type receptors was associated with enhanced phosphorylation of receptor proteins. This agonist-specific phosphorylation of the TP receptor was largely prevented by inhibitors of PKC. Treatment with 100 nm PDBu increased phosphorylation of both wild type and mutant TP receptors, but the extent of phosphorylation of the receptor mutant was reduced compared with the wild type. Increasing the concentration of PDBu from 100 nm to 1 μmPDBu reduced responsiveness of both mutant and wild type receptors without enhancing phosphorylation of either of the receptor proteins. These data suggest that 1) phosphorylation of C-terminal serines contributes to agonist-specific desensitization of the TP receptor, 2) PKC-induced desensitization of TP receptors is caused, in part, by phosphorylation of C-terminal serines, and 3) desensitization of TP receptors by PKC is complex and involves mechanisms that may not require direct phosphorylation of receptor proteins.
Accessibility of nucleic acid-complexed biomolecules to hydroxyl radicals correlates with their conformation : a fluorescence polarization spectroscopy study

SummaryA fluorescence methodology has been developed to examine the relationship between the conformational state of specific biomolecules in simple chromatin models and their accessibility to hydroxyl radicals (·OH). Polylysine and histone H1 were labelled with SECCA, the succinimidyl ester of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, which generates the fluorescent derivative 7-OH-SECCA following its interaction with radiation-induced ·OH in aqueous solution. The fluorescence induced per unit γ-ray dose reflecting the accessibility of ·OH to such SECCA-conjugated biomolecules was recorded. The biomolecules were also labelled with the fluorescent derivative 7-OH-SECCA in trace amounts to study their conformation under identical conditions via fluorescence polarization spectroscopy. When these biomolecules were complexed with a polynucleotide or DNA, a major increase in polarization anisotropy was recorded. Upon salt-induced dissociation of these biomolecules from the nucleic acids, the increase in anisotropy was rever...
Increases in the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase from rat cortex and midbrain in response to acute or repeated sound stress are blocked by adrenalectomy and restored by dexamethasone treatment

Abstract Exposure of male Sprague-Dawley rats to acute sound stress (2 s, 110 dB sound pulses presented randomly every minute for 1 h) increases the in vitro activity of cortical and midbrain tryptophan hydroxylase by an alkaline phosphatase-reversible mechanism. Repeated exposure to sound stress on three separate days produces a stable increase in enzyme activity that persists 24 h after the termination of the stress and is insensitive to alkaline phosphatase. Adrenalectomy abolishes both increases in enzyme activity to acute or repeated sound stress but does not change baseline levels of enzyme activity. The synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, (500 μg/day i.p.) given for 3 days or 5 out of 6 days, starting day 3 after adrenalectomy, restores the increases in enzyme activity in adrenalectomized rats exposed, respectively, to acute or repeated sound stress. The mineralocorticoid, aldosterone (5 μg/day s.c.), does not substitute for dexamethasone in acutely sound-stressed, adrenalectomized rats. Dexamethasone does not alter control levels of enzyme activity in either adrenalectomized rats or rats with intact adrenals (sham-adrenalectomized), but is required to allow the increase in enzyme activity in response to acute or repeated sound stress to be expressed. The effect of the glucocorticoid, thus, appears to be a permissive one.
Localization and quantification of the dopamine transporter: comparison of [3H]WIN 35,428 and [125I]RTI-55

Abstract Transport into the presynaptic terminal by the dopamine transporter is the primary mechanism for removing dopamine from the synaptic cleft. This transporter is a specific marker for dopamine terminals and is a primary site for CNS actions of cocaine. Several radioligands have been developed for analysis of the dopamine transporter. The ligands vary in affinity and specificity, leading to differences in reported transporter density in brain regions. We compared two of the most commonly used ligands, [3H]WIN 35,428 and [125I]RTI-55, analyzing the localization and density of sites in the rat brain using serial sections and quantitative autoradiography. Citalopram at 50 nmol/1 was used to block [125I]RTI-55 binding to serotonin transport sites. Transporter density was highest in the striatum and both ligands labeled equivalent numbers of sites, with lateral to medial and anterior to posterior gradients. In most areas the density of sites measured with the two ligands was similar. However, [125I]RTI-55 binding was significantly higher than [3H]WIN 35,428 binding in the substantia nigra zona compacta, ventral tegmental area, subthalamic nucleus and a number of other subcortical nuclear groups while [3H]WIN 35,428 binding was higher in lateral striatum and in olfactory tubercle. These differences could reflect different forms of the transporter, perhaps due to post-translational modifications, and they may provide a basis for differential pharmacological regulation of transporter function in discrete brain regions and disease states.
Community and Problem-Oriented Policing

Abstract Community and problem‐oriented policing have shaped the debate over the role of the American police for three decades. In the 1990s, the federal government provided billions of dollars via the COPS program to promote police reform. During this time, community and problem‐solving practices became more common. Research focusing specifically on whether COPS grants directly resulted in reductions in crime remains mixed. Two archetypes of community policing can be identified, each rooted in a different neighborhood theory of crime: broken windows theory and social disorganization theory. Problem‐oriented policing draws on theories of criminal opportunity, such as routine activity and rational choice theory, to direct interventions aimed at altering environmental conditions to reduce crime and disorder. The weight of the empirical evidence is that community and problem‐oriented policing can reduce crime and disorder. Many important questions require systematic investigation.
Creativity at the Crossroads: Pragmatic Versus Humanist Claims in Education Reform Speeches

Obama's, and other policymakers’, speeches claim that creativity—the ability to derive novel, excellent and relevant ideas and products—is a valuable student asset for the 21st century, but why? Two types of rhetorical appeals to long-held educational values in these speeches are examined: pragmatic claims about student creativity focus on economic recovery, which implies a need to teach and research the link between creativity, academic success and workforce preparation. In contrast, humanist claims about student creativity emphasize a teaching and research agenda of promoting self-realization, cultural identity formation, and aesthetic learning principles, which include empathy and emotional awareness in addition to cognitive aspects of creative thinking and problem solving. These rhetorical appeals are examined in light of education reform and directions in art education.
Preparation of 1.3.5-tris(2-hydroxyhexafluoro-2-propyl) benzene and some of its derivatives

Abstract Grignard and lithium exchange methods have been used to prepare the polyfluoro alcohol, 1,3,5,-tris(2-hydroxyhexafluoro-2-propyl)benzene. Preparation of the tris glycidyl ether of this alcohol and other derivatives are reported.
Trigemino-cerebellar projections in normal and reeler mutant mice☆

Abstract Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the spinal trigemial (Spin V.) and principal sensory nucleus (Prin V.) and other regions following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into normal mouse cerebellar hemisphere and vermis. HRP injections into particular regions of the malformed cerebellum in the reeler mouse also resulted in retrograde labeling within regions of the trigeminal complex that are topographically similar to those seen in the normal. In association with a recently described cerebellar tactile representation of the head [17], the findings suggest that the neurons of origin of this somatosensory projection reside in portions of the trigeminal complex and possibly in other brainstem nuclei, in both normal mice and reeler mutants. These data also contribute to an understanding of afferent organization and the maintenance of appropriate patterns of connectivity within the malformed reeler cerebellum.
Aplysia Giant Cell: Soma-Axon Voltage Clamp Current Differences

Under voltage clamp, local membrane currents have been measured in several regions of the soma. The early inward current appears to pass largely through the membrane of the axon and of the soma near the axon in normal media. After 10-5 molar tetrodotoxin (TTX) is added to the bathing medium the larger inward current is found in the somatic membrane away from the axon. The late currents are larger at the soma in both normal and TTX media.
A new tandem mass spectrometer for the study of ion-molecule reactions

Abstract Essential design and construction details and some preliminary results are given for a new tandem mass spectrometer which was designed for the study of low (approximately thermal) energy ion-molecule reactions. The first stage of the instrument consists of a 180 degree, 5.7 cm radius magnetic mass spectrometer which provides a beam of mass analyzed reactant ions. The second stage of the instrument consists of a deceleration lens and an ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. A moderately high pressure source in the first stage of the instrument permits studies of reactant ions which are themselves products of ion-molecule reactions. Differential pumping isolates the ion source from the collision region and therefore permits detailed studies of internal energy effects on ion-molecule reactions.
Insights into the Nature of Synergistic Effects in Proton-Conducting 4,4−1H,1H-Bitriazole-Poly(ethylene oxide) Composites

A nitrogen-containing heterocycle (NCH), 4,4-1H-1H-bi-1,2,3-triazole (bitriazole), capable of mimicking the hydrogen bonding of water in the solid state is synthesized and its ability to conduct protons in the presence of poly(ethylene oxides) under anhydrous conditions is investigated. Bitriazole is shown to have sufficient thermal and electrochemical stability for fuel cell applications. The composites formed between bitriazole and poly(ethylene oxides) give proton conductivities that can be described by the Vogel−Tamman−Fulcher (VTF) equation. These characteristics suggest coupling between polymer segmental motion and ion transport. The bitriazole N-H proton is shown to be the source of conductivity, and bitriazole and poly(ethylene oxides) function synergistically through specific intermolecular interactions and polymer-induced segmental motion to create a pathway for proton transport via structural diffusion.
Sphincter of Oddi injection with botulinum toxin is as effective as endobiliary stent in resolving cystic duct leaks in a canine model

Background: Current management of biliary fistulae includes percutaneous drainage and transpapillary endoscopic biliary stent placement. This study compared time to bile leak resolution for endoscopic stent insertion versus injection of botulinum toxin into the sphincter of Oddi. Methods: Thirty dogs underwent laparotomy and cholecystectomy without cystic duct closure. After a duodenotomy, dogs were randomized to the control group (Group 1) or one of two treatment groups. Treated dogs either underwent transpapillary stent placement (Group 2) or botulinum toxin injection into the sphincter of Oddi (Group 3). Drains were placed adjacent to the cystic duct stump and output was recorded daily. Resolution of bile leaks was defined as an output of less than 10 mL/day. Necropsy was performed to identify undrained intraperitoneal bile. Results: Data from 28 dogs were available for analysis. The numbers of days for resolution of bile leaks in Groups 1, 2, and 3 were, respectively, 9.3 (2.1) days, 2.3 (1.1) days, and 2.6 (1.1) days. There were significant differences in time to resolution of bile leak between Group 1 and both Groups 2 (p 0.25). Conclusion: Sphincter of Oddi injection with botulinum toxin is as effective as endobiliary stent placement in resolving cystic duct leaks in this canine model. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:849-51.)
Regional perfusion for malignant melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma: a review.

(1985). Clinical Science Review: Regional Perfusion for Malignant Melanoma and Soft Tissue Sarcoma: A Review. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 129-143.
Nanostructured Oligo(p-phenylene Vinylene)/Silicate Hybrid Films: One-Step Fabrication and Energy Transfer Studies

Novel hybrid materials containing silicate and charged oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (OPV) amphiphiles were fabricated in one step by spin casting using evaporation-induced self assembly. The conjugated segments were substituted with trimethylammonium bromide groups at both termini, and tetraethyl orthosilicate served as the silicate precursor. X-ray diffraction scans of the hybrid films revealed Bragg diffraction peaks with d-spacings of 2.76 and 1.37 nm, indicating the presence of order in the hybrid structure. Optical properties of the hybrid films were characterized by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra, and molecular orientation was characterized by IR spectroscopy. A rhodamine B derivative containing a triethoxysilane group was covalently incorporated into the silicate network of the films during the sol-gel reaction. Relative to disordered polymer films with identical organic composition, the ordered hybrid films revealed significantly enhanced emission from rhodamine B and also fluorescence quenching from OPV segments. These results indicate that the ordered and nanostructured environment leads to highly efficient energy transfer among organic components in these hybrid films.
Relationship between Active Cervical Range of Motion and Flexion–Relaxation Ratio in Asymptomatic Computer Workers

A high prevalence and incidence of neck and shoulder pain is present in the working population, especially sedentary workers. Recent findings have indicated that the flexion-relaxation (FR) ratio in the cervical erector spinae (CES) muscles might be a significant criteria of neuromuscular impairment and function. Additionally, the active cervical range of motion (ROM) is frequently used for discriminating between individuals with pain and those who are asymptomatic. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between the active cervical ROM and the FR ratio in a sample of regular visual display terminal (VDT) workers. In total, 20 asymptomatic male VDT workers were recruited. Active cervical ROM was measured by a cervical ROM (CROM) instrument. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to collect myoelectrical signals from the CES muscles, and the FR ratio was calculated for statistical analysis. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to quantify the linear relationship between the active cervical ROM and the FR ratio. The values obtained for the FR ratio in the right CES muscles correlated significantly with the active cervical ROM measured in flexion (r=0.73, p<0.01), left lateral flexion (r=0.64, p<0.01), and left rotation (r=0.60, p<0.01). Flexion (r=0.74, p<0.01) and right lateral flexion (r=0.61, p<0.01) positively correlated with the left FR ratio. Extension and right rotation showed either a very weak or no correlation with the mean value of the right and left FR ratio. Our findings suggested that the cervical FR ratio had a positive correlation with cervical movements, and that changes of the activation patterns in CES demonstrated as cervical FR ratio are associated with reduction of the cervical range of motion including flexion and lateral flexion. In addition, muscular dysfunction of the CES could occur in regular computer workers prior to occurrence of pain; this means that the FR ratio could be used to evaluate the potential risk of neck discomfort in computer workers.
Simple Pulsed Ultraviolet Light Source

A pulsing circuit to permit the use of a conventional low-pressure “Nester” hydrogen arc as an ultraviolet stimulating source for luminescence studies is described. The pulse duration may be varied from about 5 msec to 30 μsec with a repetition rate of 60 per second. There is no perceptible variation of the light form from pulse to pulse. The rise time of the pulses is 20 μsec and the fall time, 0.3 μsec. The pulsing circuit is assembled from conventional electronic components and contains no critical high-frequency circuits. The inherent spectral range and reliability of operation of the Nester lamp are maintained and the unit may be easily switched to dc operation. The use of this source in kinetics measurements is discussed briefly.
Achievable rates for multiple-level relay networks with supplementary non-broadcast links

Inspired by recent pessimistic results on the throughput of large purely (broadcast) wireless networks, we develop new achievable rates for a novel kind of heterogeneous communication network composed not only of broadcast wireless nodes, but also of nodes that can transmit simultaneously over broadcast wireless and other non-broadcast point-point modes of communication, e.g., wires, infrared, acoustic or near-field magnetic induction links. More specifically, we extend Xie's coding scheme for a single-source wireless network network to scenarios where an arbitrary number of additional non-broadcast communication modes are available. Thus, the new achievable rates are a generalization of Xie's previous results for discrete memoryless multiple-level relay channels.
Illusions: What you see is what you hear

Vision is believed to dominate our multisensory perception of the world. Here we overturn this established view by showing that auditory information can qualitatively alter the perception of an unambiguous visual stimulus to create a striking visual illusion. Our findings indicate that visual perception can be manipulated by other sensory modalities.
Influence of early visual deprivation on regional activity of brain ATPases in developing rats.

The effects of light deprivation from birth to 40 days of age on the development of Na-K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase activity, enzymes significantly involved in cerebral energy exchange, ion transport, and synaptic function, were investigated in visual and non-visual brain areas of the rat. Although both enzymes generally showed a progressive depression with age in light-deprived rats, Na-K-ATPase was more depressed than Mg-ATPase, and significant effects were confined to the superior colliculi, visual cortex, frontal cortex and hypothalamus. A disparate developmental pattern was evidenced in Na-K-ATPase activity in the visual cortex, where it was higher than control values at day 10 but lower by day 40, and in the hypothalamus, where it was lower on days 10 and 25 but significantly higher on day 40. The depression of Mg-ATPase in the hypothalamus of light-deprived rats at all ages and the activation of Na-K-ATPase in this structure is interpreted to mean that discrete alterations may have occurred in neurosecretory functions of the hypothalamus, known to be responsive to light. Transferring dark-reared animals to normal light-cycle conditions at day 25 affected only Mg-ATPase in the visual cortex and Na-K-ATPase in the hypothalamus, both enzymes showing a significant increase by day 40 over values in continually light-deprived animals. These findings confirm that early light deprivation is associated with important biochemical and neuroendocrine changes that persist into adulthood.
Epidemiology of Rodent Bites and Prediction of Rat Infestation in New York City

The authors examined the epidemiology of rodent bites occurring in New York City from 1986 through 1994 to identify factors contributing to increased probability of rodent bite and rat infestation. City blocks on which a rodent bite case had been reported (n=415) and three control blocks per bite block, matched by borough and randomly selected, were compared according to demographic characteristics obtained from US Census data. Environmental variables were defined using a geographic information system to extract distances to areas potentially providing food or refuge for rats, such as parks. Borough-specific models of bite risk were generated by logistic regression using data collected from 1991 to 1994; risk values were then generated for all city blocks. Field surveys for signs of rat infestation conducted on 31 randomly selected blocks indicated a significant association between degree of infestation and predicted risk. Spatial analyses comparing neighboring blocks showed that blocks with bite cases were significantly clustered. The models based on data from previous years correctly predicted 72 percent of 53 block addresses of rodent bite cases from 1995 as being locations of high or intermediate risk. A combination of geographic and epidemiologic analyses could help investigators identify the spatial occurrence of rat infestation over a large area and might help to focus control activities.