cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
hSMG-1 and ATM sequentially and independently regulate the G1 checkpoint during oxidative stress

Genotoxic stress activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like kinases (PIKKs) that phosphorylate proteins involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis. Previous work showed that the PIKK ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) but not ATM and Rad3 related phosphorylates p53 (Ser15) during hyperoxia, a model of prolonged oxidative stress and DNA damage. Here, we show hSMG-1 is responsible for the rapid and early phosphorylation of p53 (Ser15) and that ATM helps maintain phosphorylation after 24 h. Despite reduced p53 phosphorylation and abundance in cells depleted of hSMG-1 or ATM, levels of the p53 target p21 were still elevated and the G1 checkpoint remained intact. Conditional overexpression of p21 in p53-deficient cells revealed that hyperoxia also stimulates wortmannin-sensitive degradation of p21. siRNA depletion of hSMG-1 or ATM restored p21 stability and the G1 checkpoint during hyperoxia. These findings establish hSMG-1 as a proximal regulator of DNA damage signaling and reveal that the G1 checkpoint is tightly regulated during prolonged oxidative stress by both PIKK-dependent synthesis and proteolysis of p21.
Targeted Shapiro filter in an ocean model

Abstract Time-stepping numerical models such as HYCOM can develop gridpoint noise in the velocity fields. This can be suppressed by a Shapiro filter, but at the expense of adding an undesirably high degree of viscosity to the model. The effective viscosity can be reduced by only applying the Shapiro filter at the times and places at which noise is large. Such a strategy is implemented and tested with a near-global simulation using HYCOM. Over much of the domain, this method allows for about a factor of ten reduction in the frequency at which the Shapiro filter needs to be applied. Care must be taken in how the Shapiro filter is implemented, or the filter generates potentially significant high-frequency variability in mass transport.
Limitations on a generalized velocity distribution

The usefulness of the Pai power series representation for the velocity distribution has been limited because of the lack of knowledge about the functional dependence of the empirical integer constant on the Reynolds number. Correlations are given for this constant for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian materials; however, certain limitations are found as a result of actual velocity distribution calculations. The equation represents the distribution over most of the turbulent core at all Reynolds numbers, but deviates widely at about a y+ of 75 for Reynolds numbers greater than 100,000. Below this, the equation provides a satisfactory representation over the entire flow field.
Physicians' preference values for hepatitis C health states and antiviral therapy: A survey

Physicians' perspectives regarding hepatitis C shape their approach to patient management. We used utility analysis to evaluate physicians' perceptions of hepatitis C-related health states (HS) and their threshold to recommend treatment. A written questionnaire was administered to practicing physicians. They were asked to rate hepatitis C health states on a visual analog scale ranging from 0% (death) to 100% (health without hepatitis C). Physicians then judged quality of life associated with the side effects of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C and indicated the sustained virological response rate that they would require to recommend treatment. One hundred and thirteen physicians from five states were included. Median utility ratings for hepatitis C health states declined significantly with increasing severity of symptoms: HS1-No Symptoms, No Cirrhosis (88%; 12% reduction from good health), HS2-Mild Symptoms, No Cirrhosis (66%), HS3-Moderate Symptoms, No Cirrhosis (49%), HS4-Mild Symptoms, Cirrhosis (40%), HS5-Severe Symptoms, Cirrhosis (18%) [p < 0.001]. The median rating for life with side effects of antiviral therapy was 47%, suggesting a 53% reduction from good health. That was similar to the utility value for HS3-Moderate Symptoms, No Cirrhosis. The median threshold value for recommending treatment was a sustained response rate of 60%. 1) Physicians' utility ratings for hepatitis C health states were inversely related to the severity of disease manifestations described. 2) Physicians viewed side effects of therapy unfavorably and indicated that on average, they would require a 60% sustained response rate before recommending treatment, which far exceeds the efficacy of current antiviral therapy for hepatitis C in the majority of patients.
ASPECT manikin applications and measurements for design, audit, and benchmarking

The ASPECT (Automotive Seat and Package Evaluation and Comparison Tools) manikin provides new capabilities for vehicle and seat measurement while maintaining continuity with previous practices. This paper describes how the manikin is used in the development of new designs, the audit verification of build, and in benchmarking competitive vehicles and seats. The measurement procedures are discussed in detail, along with the seat and package dimensions that are associated with the new tool.
Some properties of two autolytic-defective mutants of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790.

Abstract The isolation and some properties of two mutants of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 (S. faecium) which autolyze at a much slower rate than the wild type are described. Compared with the wild type, mutant E71 autolyzed more slowly, contained less active but more latent autolysin in the isolated wall fraction, and possessed a wall of very similar chemical composition and degree of cross-bridging. Ultrastructural studies of exponential phase cells showed that cells of E71 were on the average slightly longer and had slightly thickened walls compared to the wild type. Mutant E81 autolyzed much more slowly, grew exponentially in long chains (8 to 40 cells compared with mainly diplococci), contained much less active and latent autolysin in the wall, and possessed a wall of very similar chemical composition but with about twice the content of N-terminal groups. Mutant E81 walls were more susceptible to isolated autolysin but possessed an autolysin of the same specificity as the wild type. Ultrastructurally E81 cells were, on the average, significantly longer and had thicker walls than the wild type. Mutant E71 may be partially blocked at either transport of autolysin to the wall or in conversion of latent to active autolysin. The pleitropic effects noted in mutant E81 have been taken to suggest a possible membrane defect and to support the role of the autolysin in cell separation.
The Japanese Village in the Seventeenth Century

As in the Middle Ages in the West, so in Tokugawa Japan (1600–1868) men were fond of explaining the hierarchical society in which they lived by comparing it to an organism. Social classes, Confucian scholars said, were like parts of the body: each had a vital function to perform, but their functions were essentially different and unequal in value. In this scheme the peasants were second in importance only to the ruling military class. Just as the samurai officials were the brains that guided other organs, so the peasants were the feet that held the social body erect. They were the “basis of the country,” the valued producers whose labor sustained all else. But, as a class, they tended innately to backsliding and extravagance. Left alone they would consume more than their share of the social income, ape the manners and tastes of their betters, and even encroach upon the functions of other classes to the perilous neglect of their own. Only the lash of necessity and the sharp eye of the official could hold them to their disagreeable role. They had to be bound to the land; social distinctions had to be thrown up around them like so many physical barriers; and, to remove all temptation to indolence and luxury, they had to be left only enough of what they produced to let them continue producing.
Arterio-venous balance studies of skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism: What can we believe?

The arterio-venous balance (A-V balance/difference) technique has been used by a number of groups, including ours, to study skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism. Several lines of evidence indicate...
TEACHER LEARNING IN LANGUAGE TEACHING. Donald Freeman & Jack C. Richards ( Eds. ). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. x + 388. $49.95 cloth, $22.95 paper.

Freeman claims this volume “marks the first step in establishing a formal research base for language teacher education” (p. 352). The direction in which the editors apparently believe language-teacher education needs to move, as stated in the chapter by Richards and his coauthors, is “away from an ‘applied linguistics’ orientation toward one which focuses on teaching in its own terms” (p. 243).
The detection of constancy amidst change in children: A dissociation of preattentive and intentional processing

This study examined whether 7-9-year-old children preattentively build memories of constancy for individual stimulus features, and if these representations are affected by variability of other stimulus features. This was achieved by looking at the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential to a duration deviant occurring in a stimulus environment in which one or two other features constantly changed. Performance data were also collected, to look at the correspondence between the effects of this manipulation on preattentive and intentional deviance detection. MMN data indicated that the children built a preattentive feature-based memory of constancy that was not affected by the number of varying features. In contrast, intentional deviance detection was considerably impaired by the introduction of feature variability. This dissociation is at variance with previous studies that usually report close association between MMN and behavior.
Post-HIPC Growth Dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Application to Ethiopia

Over the past few years, Completion Point countries under the Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Initiative across Sub-Saharan Africa have enjoyed significantly higher investments and growth rates, primarily fueled by the expanding fiscal space of the post-HIPC era. Despite these post-HIPC growth rebounds, the region is not likely to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Long-term growth projections from a simple macroeconomic model, which is applied to Ethiopia, suggest that prospects for reversing the widening income gaps with other regions of the developing world are limited and these gloomy prospects are likely to be even undermined by the risk of another sovereign debt crisis. A rapid expansion of capital accumulation financed by sustained foreign aid is required to increase income considerably.
Embodied Perceptual Practices: Towards an Embrained and Embodied Model of Mind for Use in Actor Training and Rehearsal

Director: OK. Picture the bug—what does it look like? More importantly, what does it sound like? Move like? Imagine what the bug feels as it crouches near the ground and mimic that position. Now attempt to feel yourself turn into the water bug—starting at the tips of your antennae and moving down through your body. Feel your broad flat back as you move across the room. Feel your jointed legs carry your body. Where is your center of gravity? You exude the smell of a water bug. You see the world around you from the bug’s perspective. What do you see?
THE NEURAL ENCODING OF THE LOCATION OF TARGETS FOR SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS

Current models of the saccadic system imply that there are at least three neural representations of a visual target to which a saccade is made: representations in retinal, spatial (head or body) and motor coordinates. This paper presents the evidence supporting these models and summarizes the available neurophysiological data concerning neural representations of target location. In the superior colliculus, neurones in the superficial layers encode target location in retinal coordinates. Neurones in the deeper layers responsive to auditory and visual stimuli carry motor error signals. Evidence is also accumulating that some neurones in the thalamus and the frontal and parietal cortex convey information about target position with respect to the head or body, but these studies are far from complete.
Quantitative analysis of chromatin proteomes in disease.

In the nucleus reside the proteomes whose functions are most intimately linked with gene regulation. Adult mammalian cardiomyocyte nuclei are unique due to the high percentage of binucleated cells,1 the predominantly heterochromatic state of the DNA, and the non-dividing nature of the cardiomyocyte which renders adult nuclei in a permanent state of interphase.2 Transcriptional regulation during development and disease have been well studied in this organ,3-5 but what remains relatively unexplored is the role played by the nuclear proteins responsible for DNA packaging and expression, and how these proteins control changes in transcriptional programs that occur during disease.6 In the developed world, heart disease is the number one cause of mortality for both men and women.7 Insight on how nuclear proteins cooperate to regulate the progression of this disease is critical for advancing the current treatment options. Mass spectrometry is the ideal tool for addressing these questions as it allows for an unbiased annotation of the nuclear proteome and relative quantification for how the abundance of these proteins changes with disease. While there have been several proteomic studies for mammalian nuclear protein complexes,8-13 until recently14 there has been only one study examining the cardiac nuclear proteome, and it considered the entire nucleus, rather than exploring the proteome at the level of nuclear sub compartments.15 In large part, this shortage of work is due to the difficulty of isolating cardiac nuclei. Cardiac nuclei occur within a rigid and dense actin-myosin apparatus to which they are connected via multiple extensions from the endoplasmic reticulum, to the extent that myocyte contraction alters their overall shape.16 Additionally, cardiomyocytes are 40% mitochondria by volume17 which necessitates enrichment of the nucleus apart from the other organelles. Here we describe a protocol for cardiac nuclear enrichment and further fractionation into biologically-relevant compartments. Furthermore, we detail methods for label-free quantitative mass spectrometric dissection of these fractions-techniques amenable to in vivo experimentation in various animal models and organ systems where metabolic labeling is not feasible.
Enhanced optical absorption cross-section characteristics of multi-wall carbon nanotubes

Abstract The optical absorption anisotropy of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been quantitatively characterized through the determination of the absorbance and the degree of linear polarization. A model considering the orientation of the MWCNTs and the sensitivity to both co-polarized and cross-polarized radiation, through electric field depolarization effects, was used to understand the experimental results. The MWCNT optical absorption cross-sections for both the co-polarized radiation (∼0.1 A 2 /atom) and the cross-polarized radiation (∼0.05 A 2 /atom) were found to be much larger than for single-walled carbon nanotubes. Our results indicate the promise of MWCNTs for applications involving radiation absorption.
On estimating noncausal nonminimum phase ARMA models of non-Gaussian processes

The authors address the problem of estimating the parameters of non-Gaussian ARMA (autoregressive moving-average) processes using only the cumulants of the noisy observation. The measurement noise is allowed to be colored Gaussian or independent and identically non-Gaussian distributed. The ARMA model is not restricted to be causal or minimum phase and may even contain all-pass factors. The unique parameter estimates of both the MA and AR parts are obtained by linear equations. The structure of the proposed algorithm facilitates asymptotic performance evaluation of the parameter estimators and model order selection using cumulant statistics. The method is computationally simple and can be viewed as the least-squares solution to a quadratic model fitting of a sampled cumulant sequence. Identifiability issues are addressed. Simulations are presented to illustrate the proposed algorithm. >
Plane wave scattering from infinite microstrip arrays on ferrite substrates

A full-wave analysis of planewave scattering from an infinite, periodic array of microstrip patches on a ferrite slab under different bias conditions is presented. The magnetic bias field is applied in a direction parallel to the slab. The scattering coefficient which is directly related to the monostatic radar cross section is seen to move around in frequency as the bias field strength changes. This effect indicates that microstrip antennas could be made invisible or to hide in frequency when not in transmitting or receiving mode. The bias field could be applied when the antenna is not transmitting but one wishes to hide it. >
Monitoring of surface processes with laser-excited surface acoustic waves and dual-probe-beam detection

Laser generated broadband surface acoustic wave (SAW) pulses were used for studying surface dynamic processes. The changes in a liquid layer deposited on a Si substrate and the ablation damage of Si wafers were monitored with SAWs. The SAW amplitude, pulse shape and spectrum change after propagation through the area with the liquid layer. These changes can be used for real-time monitoring of the evaporation process and determination of the parameters of the layer. In the laser ablation with a sequence of pulses the etching depth and the extent of the damaged area increase with the number of pulses, affecting transmission of SAWs. A model taking into account dimensions of the ablation groove was developed and used for assessment of the ablation process.
Two-stage cooperative T Cell Receptor-peptide Major Histocompatibility Complex-CD8 trimolecular interactions amplify antigen discrimination

The T cell receptor (TCR) and CD8 bind peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) glycoproteins to initiate adaptive immune responses, yet the trimolecular binding kinetics at the T cell membrane is unknown. By using a micropipette adhesion frequency assay, we show that this kinetics has two stages. The first consists of TCR-dominant binding to agonist pMHC. This triggers a second stage consisting of a step increase in adhesion after a one second delay. The second-stage binding requires Src family kinase activity to initiate CD8 binding to the same pMHC engaged by the TCR. This induced trimeric-cooperative interaction enhances adhesion synergistically to favor potent ligands, which further amplifies discrimination. Our data reveal a TCR-CD8 positive-feedback loop involved in initial signaling steps that is sensitive to a single pMHC is rapid, reversible, synergistic, and peptide discriminative.
Performance Analysis of Variable Number of Sets in Fully Associative Cache

Energy consumption in caches depends on the number of sets/ways that are active during program execution. A fully associative cache with modified address translation using XOR function has been proposed in literature [11]. This paper compares the performance of this model with direct, set associative, fully associative memory of same size and analyzes the energy consumed in the proposed model. Expressions for the average memory access time for the proposed model are stated. Energy consumed in the proposed model is compared with the direct, set associative and fully associative cache of same size and conditions for outperforming them are derived. Simulations are done on SPEC 2000 benchmarks. The performance with respect to average memory access time is found to be equal to direct, set associative, fully associative memory of same size for the chosen parameters. The energy consumed is comparable with a set associative cache of same size and ways. An improvement in the energy consumed of 99% is seen in the case of the fully associative memory of same size.
Hydrologic description of forested wetlands in northeastern New Jersey, USA—An urban/suburban region

The hydrology of wetlands located in urban landscapes is likely to be affected by the numerous effects of urban development on the water cycle. Although urbanization is affecting an increasingly large amount of wetland area, there have been few studies documenting hydrologic patterns in such wetlands. We have studied a set of 21 forested wetlands distributed through northeastern New Jersey, USA, a region characterized by dense residential and commercial development. The sites varied widely in area (6–500 ha), and all were bordered by urban land uses. In ten sites, water levels were monitored for 2.5 yr in shallow wells and piezometers; in all sites, qualitative indicators of hydrology, vegetation, and soil indicators of wetland hydrology were sampled. The sites were placed in five hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classes (depression, slope, riverine, mineral flats, and mineral flat-riverine) and also in three qualitative classes of hydrologic disturbance (low, medium, and high). We examined water-level dynamics, variability, the occurrence of discharge/recharge conditions, and the frequency of occurrence of hydrologic indicators across both HGM and disturbance classifications. Qualitative indicators of hydrology did not reveal differences in hydrology that were apparent from the quantitative data, the soils, and the vegetation. Mineral flat-riverine sites were the most wet, and the riverine sites the most dry, but hydrologic disturbance tended to blur distinctions among HGM classes by creating relatively dry conditions in most site types. Sites with a high level of hydrologic disturbance also tended to be more “flashy,” regardless of HGM class. We conclude that the utility of HGM classifications and qualitative indicators of hydrology in urban/suburban landscapes are limited by the high degree of variability in both the extent and particularly the sources of hydrologic disturbance. We conclude that the hydrology of wetlands in an urban region reflects not only the hydrogeomorphic setting but also the unique set of disturbances from current and historical land-uses found at each site.
Influence of environmental factors on after-ripened crowfootgrass (Dactyloctenium aegyptium) seed germination

Abstract Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effect of temperature, pH, water stress, and planting depth on crowfootgrass germination. When treated with constant temperature, crowfootgrass germinated over a range of 15 to 40 C, with the optimum germination occurring at 30 C (42%). Onset, rate, and total germination (94%) were greatest in an alternating 20 and 35 C temperature regime. Germination decreased as pH increased, with greatest germination occurring at pH 4 and 5. Germination was reduced when seed was subjected to water stress, and no germination occurred below −0.8 mPa. Emergence was similar when seed were placed on the soil surface or buried at depths of 0.5 or 1 cm. Germination decreased with burial depth, and no seed emerged from 10 cm. These data suggest that crowfootgrass may emerge later in the season with warmer temperatures and after a precipitation event, and may emerge rapidly. These attributes could contribute to poor control later in the season by soil-ap...
Quality of Life after Post-Prostatectomy Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy: Pelvic Nodal Irradiation Is Not Associated with Worse Bladder, Bowel, or Sexual Outcomes.

Background Limited data exist regarding toxicity and quality of life (QOL) after post-prostatectomy intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and whether pelvic nodal RT influences these outcomes.
Efficient Thermal Control of CMOS Compatible Silicon Photonic Devices using a Micro-Oven

We propose an oven-shaped heater for efficient thermo-optic control of silicon photonic devices. The oven is simply realized using metal contacts in a standard CMOS process, yielding a high heating efficiency of ~95%.
The puzzling success of populist parties in promoting women’s political representation:

Previous research dismisses the possibility that populist, male-dominated parties could positively affect gender equality. Yet, evidence from Eastern Europe points at the opposite: Center-rightist formations, led by notable men, have effectively nominated women to office. What can explain such a puzzling phenomenon? This study argues that i) the centralized structure and practices in these populist parties make it possible to avoid the reluctance of gatekeepers to let female candidates run; and that ii) regardless of ideological or cultural predispositions, supporters loyally approve the nomination decisions made by their charismatic leader. We analyze data on three populist parties in Bulgaria and Poland. Our findings confirm that these formations elected more women than the leftist parties because of strategies to nominate female candidates higher on the list. Voters were also more likely to favor female candidates in the open-list system in Poland.
182 COMPARISON OF QUADRATIC AND CUBIC EQUILIBRIUM SOLUTIONS OF FREE CORTISOL FOR PREDICTION OF SALIVARY CORTISOL IN HEALTHY ELDERLY HUMAN SUBJECTS.

Purpose Free cortisol is released into the serum compartment where it is in equilibrium with serum binding proteins, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), and albumin. The distribution of serum cortisol among free, CBG-bound, and albumin-bound compartments is influenced by association and disassociation rate constants for CBG and albumin, the number of unoccupied protein binding sites, and concentrations of CBG and albumin. Free cortisol in serum or plasma is difficult to assay; thus, salivary cortisol has been proposed as an alternative measure of free cortisol. In this study, we sought to assess and compare numerical methods, using both quadratic (Coolens et al, 1987) and cubic (Keenan et al, 2004) equations to calculate serum free cortisol and compare these findings with salivary cortisol in healthy elderly subjects. Methods Serum and saliva samples were collected from 45 healthy, elderly subjects at 0700 h as part of the New Mexico Aging study (UNM HRRC 01-023). The salivary cortisol and total cortisol were measured using radioimmunoassay and ultrasensitive chemiluminescence, respectively. Serum CBG was measured by radioimmunoassay and serum albumin was measured using a bromcresol green method (UNM RAC 51). The cubic equation implied by Keenan et al and the quadratic equation described by Coolens et al were used to calculate free cortisol using our measured values for total cortisol, total CBG, and total albumin. Calculated free cortisol, total cortisol, and CBG concentration were then compared to salivary cortisol using Pearson9s and Spearman9s correlations. Results There was a significant linear correlation between salivary cortisol and free cortisol calculated using the cubic equation (r = .377, p = .033) and Coolen9s quadratic equation (r = .416, p = .018). In addition, we noted a linear correlation between CBG concentration and total cortisol (r = .441, p = .0049). Conclusion Our data indicate that the free cortisol calculated using either quadratic or cubic equations is correlated significantly with salivary cortisol but that other variables appear to influence measured salivary cortisol concentration. We did not observe the previously reported correlation between total and salivary cortisol, which suggests that aging may influence the relative distribution of cortisol in serum or salivary compartments.
Winter Habitat Selection of Crimson-bellied Tragopan in Wolong

Studies were made of the winter habitat selection of crimson-bellied tragopans in Wolong by using transect line and sampling methods between November and December from 2008 to 2009.The results showed as follows:the crimson-bellied tragopan preferred to move about the altitude ranging from 2 400 m to 2 800 m,and liked the habitat on the middle or lower slope position with the steep slope(﹥45°),and the habitat with the preferable grass cover(0.10～0.15),good bamboo cover(0.6～0.9),some big trees(5～10 trees·sample-1) and water source nearby(0～100 m).Compared with the results of giant panda habitat selection studied by other researchers before,both crimson-bellied tragopans and giant pandas preferred the similar altitude range and bamboo cover,but different slope(giant pandas preferred 20°～40°slope).In the other hand,the main food of the crimson-bellied tragopans and giant pandas were different,which might be a reason for the fact that the two sympatric species could coexist in Wolong Wuyipeng.
Machine Learning for Treatment Assignment: Improving Individualized Risk Attribution

Clinical studies model the average treatment effect (ATE), but apply this population-level effect to future individuals. Due to recent developments of machine learning algorithms with useful statistical guarantees, we argue instead for modeling the individualized treatment effect (ITE), which has better applicability to new patients. We compare ATE-estimation using randomized and observational analysis methods against ITE-estimation using machine learning, and describe how the ITE theoretically generalizes to new population distributions, whereas the ATE may not. On a synthetic data set of statin use and myocardial infarction (MI), we show that a learned ITE model improves true ITE estimation and outperforms the ATE. We additionally argue that ITE models should be learned with a consistent, nonparametric algorithm from unweighted examples and show experiments in favor of our argument using our synthetic data model and a real data set of D-penicillamine use for primary biliary cirrhosis.
An Algorithmic Approach for Environmentally-Friendly Traffic Control in Smart Cities

Traditionally, vehicular traffic control has focused primarily on easing congestion on public roads and thereby reducing the end to end trip delay for drivers. We consider how traffic control could be optimized to additionally address environmental impact, for instance by reducing the amount of traffic in areas of the city with higher residential population. We model the corresponding optimization as a combinatorial graph problem, with an objective incorporates both the average end to end delay for commuters as well as penalties on traffic for each road segment. We present a fully distributed algorithm with a guaranteed constant-factor approximation ratio with respect to the optimal solution. We evaluate the proposed algorithm through numerical simulations.
Mobile Play in Transit

In Chapter 6 I examine transit systems as spaces of play in order to connect mobile DS play to a range of other positions and experiences, both historical and contemporary, in which travel, boredom, and play come together. In this chapter (as well as the previous one) a key theme is that play, especially mobile game play, is contingent: it happens when and where it can be fit in.
Oral Toxicity of 2,4-Dinitroanisole in Rats

Subacute and subchronic studies were conducted to assess the toxicity of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and to provide information important for protecting the health of military and civilian personnel. In the subchronic study, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with DNAN via oral gavage at 0, 1.25, 5, 20, and 80 mg/kg/d. Likely owing to its conversion to 2,4-dinitrophenol, an inhibitor of energy homeostasis, DNAN caused an apparent increase in metabolism, leading to reduced feed efficiency ratios and body mass gains in males. Anemia, splenic enlargement, hemosiderosis, and extramedullary hematopoiesis indicated blood as a target organ, with females more sensitive than males. The DNAN was a testicular toxicant, causing decreased mass of testes and epididymides, as well as degeneration and atrophy of testicular seminiferous tubules and epididymal aspermia. Stereotypical behavior in males, gait irregularities, and cerebellar lesions indicated that DNAN is neurotoxic. Splenic enlargement, anemia, testicular toxicity, and neurotoxicity occurred only at or near lethal doses in the subchronic study.
Should Intraoperative Cell Salvage Be Used During Cesarean Delivery

A 32-year-old woman, G3P2, at 38-week gestation presented to triage with vaginal bleeding. She had two previous cesarean sections: the first for breech presentation and the second at her request, both of which were complicated by uterine atony and postpartum hemorrhage. She received a blood transfusion, but did not recall the amount or type of blood products administered.
Root architecture of sorghum genotypes differing in root angles under different water regimes

ABSTRACTPlant root architecture offers the potential for increasing soil water accessibility, particularly under water-limited conditions. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the root architecture in two genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) differing in root angles and to assess the influence of different deficit irrigation regimes on root architecture. The response of two sorghum genotypes, ‘Early Hegari-Sart’ (EH; steep root angle) and ‘Bk7’ (shallow root angle) to four irrigation treatments was investigated in two replicated outdoor studies using large pots. The results indicated that EH possessed steeper brace and crown root angles, fewer brace roots, greater root biomass, and root length density than Bk7 at deeper soil depths (i.e., 15–30 and 30–45 cm) compared with a shallower depth (i.e., 0–15 cm). Across the soil profile, EH had greater root length density and length of roots of small diameter (<1 mm) than Bk7. Accordingly, EH showed more rapid soil-water capture than Bk7. ...
Measles immunometrics

Like baseball, immunity is a team effort. Various innate/adaptive humoral/cellular components work in unison to clear infections. Determining the importance of each baseball player/immune element to winning/clearing is more difficult than meets the eye. Just as mathematical modeling of individual contributions (“sabermetrics”) revolutionized baseball, “immunometrics” will change our concept of immunity. Measles virus (MV) is a highly transmissible negative-stranded RNA virus that remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality (1). Mortality results from MV infection itself or secondary bacterial infections facilitated by MV-mediated immunosuppression. Following the introduction of effective vaccines during the 1960s, worldwide annual MV mortality decreased from more than 2.8 million to less than 150,000. Vaccine efficacy, in conjunction with the apparent absence of an animal reservoir, potentially makes MV the second human pathogen (after smallpox) to be eradicated by medical intervention (2). MV infection elicits neutralizing antibodies (Abs) that correlate with lifelong measles protection (3). However, the clearance of MV from infected individuals was thought to be caused principally by CD8+ T-cell activity. Infectious MV is detected in the blood by 7 d after exposure and is cleared within 2 wk, coincident with the appearance of T-cell responses (Fig. 1) (4⇓–6). In both humans and monkeys, MV RNA can persist in the blood for months (7, 8), which may be related to MV-mediated immunosuppression, and, ironically, immunological memory as well. In PNAS, modeling MV immunity enables …
Establishing a small animal model for evaluating protective immunity against mumps virus.

Although mumps vaccines have been used for several decades, protective immune correlates have not been defined. Recently, mumps outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated populations. To better understand the causes of the outbreaks and to develop means to control outbreaks in mumps vaccine immunized populations, defining protective immune correlates will be critical. Unfortunately, no small animal model for assessing mumps immunity exists. In this study, we evaluated use of type I interferon (IFN) alpha/beta receptor knockout mice (IFN-α/βR-/-) for such a model. We found these mice to be susceptible to mumps virus administered intranasally and intracranially. Passive transfer of purified IgG from immunized mice protected naive mice from mumps virus infection, confirming the role of antibody in protection and demonstrating the potential for this model to evaluate mumps immunity.
Crystal structures of methyl 3,5-di-bromo-4-cyano-benzoate and methyl 3,5-di-bromo-4-iso-cyano-benzoate.

The title crystals, C9H5Br2NO2, are the first reported 2,6-dihalophenyl cyanide–isocyanide pair that have neither three- nor two-dimensional isomorphism. Both crystals contain contacts between the carbonyl O atom and a Br atom. In the crystal of the cyanide, R22(10) inversion dimers form based on C≡N⋯Br contacts, a common packing feature in this series of crystals. In the isocyanide, the corresponding N≡C⋯Br contacts are not observed. Instead, the iso­cyano C atom forms contacts with the meth­oxy C atom. RNC was refined as a two-component pseudo-merohedral twin.
Chapter 8.1 Least squares

Chapter 8.1 summarizes the mathematics of both the statistical and numerical analytical aspects of data fitting by linear and nonlinear least squares. It includes discussions of various algorithms for the solution of the least squares problem and, for the nonlinear case, of the stability and convergence properties of different procedures. Finally, it includes information on the availability of existing high-quality computer software. Keywords: conditioning; conjugate-gradient methods; Gauss–Newton algorithm; large-scale problems; least-squares calculations; Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm; linear algebra; non-linear least squares; normal equations; numerical methods; quasi-Newton methods; secant methods; sparse matrices; statistics; stopping rules; trust-region methods
Alternative Geometric Constructions: Promoting Mathematical Reasoning.

The use of multiple tools highlights the connections among ideas Il onstruction tools in most high school Euclidean geometry classes have typically been limited to a P compass for drawing circular arcs and a straight edge for drawing line segments. The strengths of these tools include both mathematical precision and a long history of use. However, alternatives can provide fresh possibilities for engaging students in the mathematical reasoning that lies at the heart of traditional geometry (Gibb 1982; Robertson 1986). This article proposes that a single task completed with a variety of construction tools fosters a greater sense of mathematical contemplation than multiple tasks done with the same tool. The premises are simple: each tool fosters different mathematical ideas, and using multiple tools not only requires understanding of a greater breadth and depth of geometric concepts but also highlights the connec tions that exist among different ideas. For constructions in this article, we do not use compass and straightedge but instead use the fol lowing: a Mira for constructing images of a line reflection; a three-by-five-inch card for drawing right angles and transferring lengths; and a two edged straightedge (TESE) for drawing parallel lines a fixed distance apart. Each tool has different strengths and weaknesses. A construction that is easy with one tool may be difficult with another. Since techniques that work well with one tool often work poorly with another tool, the user should find strategies that take advantage of a tool's strengths. A given construction may vary in complexity depending on the tool used and the techniques required. This article presents three construction tasks that can be assigned to secondary geometry stu dents and then gives solutions that use each tool. Such mathematical tasks accomplish many goals, among them encouraging students to "construct representations of... geometric objects using a variety of tools" (NCTM 2000, p. 308) and to link mathematical ideas as a way to "develop robust understandings of problems" (NCTM 2000, p. 354). The reader is welcome to try each challenge with all three tools and to consider how to support stu dents as different geometric relationships become apparent when each tool is used. We begin by giv ing a brief description of how each tool works.
Empirical comparisons of abundance estimators for two sympatric carnivores using noninvasive genetic sampling

Abundance estimators are often evaluated with simulations, or by comparing estimates to populations of known size. Advances in noninvasive genetic sampling have fueled an increase in the use of noninvasive genetic sampling-based capture–recapture. However, when working with free-ranging populations of unknown size, managers often lack data necessary to select the appropriate estimator. This leads to uncertainty regarding how choice of estimator or sampling design influence estimates, and managers may select estimators based on funding or logistical constraints. Alternatively, comparing estimates from multiple estimators can provide managers with greater confidence in estimates, or highlight potential differences. We used noninvasive genetic sampling to estimate the abundance of free-ranging kit foxes Vulpes macrotis and coyotes Canis latrans. We generated estimates of abundance with two non-spatial likelihood-based estimators: 1) robust design Huggins capture–recapture models and 2) single-occasion capture with replacement (CAPWIRE) models. We compared these with recently published estimates derived from spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) models. For both species, estimates from Huggins models were generally lower than those from SECR. Abundance estimates from CAPWIRE, which was developed specifically for noninvasive genetic sampling and generates estimates from a single sampling occasion, tended to be biased low with high precision. Our results suggest that choice of estimator and sampling design can significantly influence estimates, and that the relationship between estimators varied between species. Our results further suggest that single-occasion sampling often employed with CAPWIRE abundance estimation may produce biased results and be inappropriate for species requiring dispersed sampling strategies.
Ergodic Schr\"odinger Operators in the Infinite Measure Setting

We develop the basic theory of ergodic Schrodinger operators, which is well known for ergodic probability measures, in the case of a base dynamics on an infinite measure space. This includes the almost sure constancy of the spectrum and the spectral type, the definition and discussion of the density of states measure and the Lyapunov exponent, as well as a version of the Pastur--Ishii theorem. We also give some counterexamples that demonstrate that some results do not extend from the finite measure case to the infinite measure case. These examples are based on some constructions in infinite ergodic theory that may be of independent interest.
Online and Bandit Algorithms for Nonstationary Stochastic Saddle-Point Optimization

Saddle-point optimization problems are an important class of optimization problems with applications to game theory, multi-agent reinforcement learning and machine learning. A majority of the rich literature available for saddle-point optimization has focused on the offline setting. In this paper, we study nonstationary versions of stochastic, smooth, strongly-convex and strongly-concave saddle-point optimization problem, in both online (or first-order) and multi-point bandit (or zeroth-order) settings. We first propose natural notions of regret for such nonstationary saddle-point optimization problems. We then analyze extragradient and Frank-Wolfe algorithms, for the unconstrained and constrained settings respectively, for the above class of nonstationary saddle-point optimization problems. We establish sub-linear regret bounds on the proposed notions of regret in both the online and bandit setting.
Factors Associated with Female Sterilization in Brazil

In this chapter we analyze factors associated with female sterilization in Brazil. We extend earlier analyses by adding a variable to the survival models that captures the amount of time of exposure to the risk of sterilization. We use data from the 2006 Brazilian National Survey on Demography and Health of Children and Women (PNDS). Our results are of special significance because, among other things, they aid our understanding of Brazil’s remarkable decline in fertility from a total fertility rate of 6.3 children per woman in 1960 to 1.9 children per woman in 2010, a fertility rate below the replacement level (IBGE 2012). The increased use of modern contraception is a major factor associated with the fertility decline (Amorim et al. 2008; Berquo et al. 2008; Cavenaghi and Alves 2009; Leone and Hinde 2005; Perpetuo 1998; Perpetuo and Wajnman 2003; Perpetuo and Wong 2009). Of special interest is the fact that the two main contraceptive methods in Brazil are female sterilization and oral contraception (Janowitz et al. 1985; Perpetuo and Wong 2009; Potter 1999; Vieira 2007).
A Survey of Intrusion Detection Techniques

With the growing rate of cyber attacks, there is a significant need for intrusion detection systems (IDS) in networked environments. As intrusion tactics become more sophisticated and more challenging to detect, this necessitates improved intrusion detection technology to retain user trust and preserve network security. Over the last decade, several detection methodologies have been designed to provide users with reliability, privacy, and information security. This paper reviews three intrusion detection techniques: blockchain technologies, machine learning, and deep learning. This survey overviews various machine learning and deep learning algorithms, summarizes blockchain technology, and discusses different blockchain methods used for intrusion detection and cybersecurity. We provide insight into their applications, drawbacks, and challenges.
Multiechelon Lot Sizing: New Complexities and Inequalities

We study a multiechelon lot-sizing problem for a serial supply chain that consists of a production level and several transportation levels, where the demands can exist in the production echelon as well as in any transportation echelons. With the presence of stationary production capacity and general cost functions, our model integrates production, inventory, and transportation decisions and generalizes existing literature on many multiechelon lot-sizing models. First, we answer an open question in the literature by showing that multiechelon lot sizing with intermediate demands (MLS) is NP-hard. Second, we develop polynomial time algorithms for both uncapacitated and capacitated MLS with a fixed number of echelons. The run times of our algorithms improve on those of many known algorithms for different MLS models. Third, we present families of valid inequalities for MLS that generalize known inequalities. For the uncapacitated case, we develop a polynomial-time separation algorithm and efficient separation heuristics. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of a branch-and-cut algorithm using proposed inequalities to solve large multi-item MLS problems.
Evolution and Revolution

Mella looks at the conflicting ways in which human progress is constructed. The chapter ponders whether social movements are inspired by materialism or whether progress is fuelled by idealism and passion.
Contexts for self- and co-regulated learning in a dual-language elementary school classroom

Using a qualitative case study design and applying a sociocultural theoretical perspective, support for self- and co-regulated learning in an elementary Spanish and English dual-language classroom ...