cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of type-specific c-abl mRNAs in mouse tissues and cell lines.

Abstract The mammalian c-abl proto-oncogene produces mRNAs with 5' heterogeneity from two distinct promoters and the alternative splicing of variable 5' exons. By using quantitative RNase protection assays, the relative abundance of two major c-abl mRNAs, type I and type IV, in several mouse tissues and cell lines has been determined. Our results demonstrate that the level of type IV c-abl mRNA is rather constant, whereas that of the type I mRNA varies over a 10-fold range in different tissues and cell types. This finding has interesting implications for the function of the two c-abl proteins.
Structure of the Fc fragment of human IgE bound to its high-affinity receptor Fc epsilonRI alpha.

The initiation of immunoglobulin-E (IgE)-mediated allergic responses requires the binding of IgE antibody to its high-affinity receptor, FceRI. Crosslinking of FceRI initiates an intracellular signal transduction cascade that triggers the release of mediators of the allergic response. The interaction of the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of IgE (IgE-Fc) with FceRI is a key recognition event of this process and involves the extracellular domains of the FceRI α-chain. To understand the structural basis for this interaction, we have solved the crystal structure of the human IgE-Fc–FceRIα complex to 3.5-A resolution. The crystal structure reveals that one receptor binds one dimeric IgE-Fc molecule asymmetrically through interactions at two sites, each involving one Ce3 domain of the IgE-Fc. The interaction of one receptor with the IgE-Fc blocks the binding of a second receptor, and features of this interaction are conserved in other members of the Fc receptor family. The structure suggests new approaches to inhibiting the binding of IgE to FceRI for the treatment of allergy and asthma.
THE ALIGNMENT OF HOSPITALITY EDUCATION WITH INDUSTRY NEEDS IN TRANSITIONAL COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF CROATIA

This paper presents the results of research which sought to explore to what extent tertiary hospitality programs in Croatia are in alignment with the needs of the hospitality industry. Two specific areas were explored: which skills and competencies are most important for entry-level positions and in which area(s) were the most significant gaps perceived between what the company needed and what was available on the labor market. Research consisted of a survey completed by 49 respondents employed in management positions within the Croatian hospitality industry. Results indicated that guest-focused skills and competencies were most in need of improvement.
An assay to estimate tannins added to postmortem Turkey meat

A method for quantification of tannins in wine was adapted to determine tannins added to turkey meat. Standard curves containing varying amounts of GSE [0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 5.0%, (w/w)] as a source of tannins were developed. The R2 value of the mean standard curve was 0.9992. The overall percent recovery of GSE in meat was determined to be 54.78%. Results showed that estimation of GSE in four out of five of the spiked samples was less than or equal to 10%. It is unclear as to why spiked samples at 0.048 mg of GSE were always underestimated (25.0%). Overall, the method seems applicable for estimation of tannins in poultry meat and is probably applicable to estimation of tannins in other meat products. Keywords: Grape seed extract; assay for tannins in turkey meat
The structure and function of CPa-1 and CPa-2 in photosystem II.

This review presents a summary of recent investigations examining the structure and function of the chlorophyll-proteins CPa-1 (CP47) and CPa-2 (CP43). Comparisons of the derived amino acid sequences of these proteins suggest sites for chlorophyll binding and for interactions between these chlorophyll-proteins and other Photosystem II components. Hydropathy plot analysis of these proteins allows the formulation fo testable hypotheses concerning their topology and orientation within the photosynthetic membrane. The role of these chlorophyll-proteins as interior light-harvesting chlorophyll-a antennae for Photosystem II is examined and other possible additional roles for these important Photosystem II components are discussed.
L6 monoclonal antibody binds prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a promising new modality for targeted, systemic delivery of radionuclides specifically to sites of androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer. To be effective, RIT requires an antibody with specificity for malignant cells and appropriate pharmacokinetics in the body. METHODS Specific binding of the L6 monoclonal antibody to prostate cancer cell lines or cell lysates was determined by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), solid-phase radioimmunoassay, and immunofluorescent staining. Biodistribution, tumor uptake, and whole body and blood clearances of 125I-L6 were determined in nude mice bearing human prostate cancer xenografts. RESULTS The L6 monoclonal antibody showed strong binding to the lysates of PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines, and 66% binding to live PC3 cells. The L6 antibody specifically targeted prostate cancer in PC3 and DU145-tumored nude mice, where approximately 10% of the injected dose of 125I-L6 bound to prostate cancer. Low-normal organ uptake was found, and the blood clearances were similar in each group of tumored mice. CONCLUSIONS The L6 monoclonal antibody targets human prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice and has low-normal organ uptake. Therefore, further study of the radiolabeled L6 monoclonal antibody for RIT of prostate cancer is warranted. Prostate 37:91–97, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal trajectories of cigarette smoking following rape.

Although prior research has identified increases in cigarette smoking following trauma exposure, no studies have examined longitudinal trajectories of smoking following rape. The present investigation identified and characterized longitudinal ( 6 months post-assault) trajectories of smoking (N = 152) following a rape in a sample of 268 sexual assault victims participating in a forensic medical exam. Further, the authors examined acute predictors of subsequent smoking trajectories. Of participants endorsing smoking post-rape, a two-class solution was identified, with the majority of participants (74.6%) evidencing moderate smoking with a slight decrease over time and remaining participants showing heavy smoking with a slight increase over time. Having sustained an injury, minority status, and post-examination distress all predicted subsequent smoking trajectory.
Particulate-fibre-reinforced glass matrix hybrid composites

This study extends the concept of hybridization of glass matrix composites to fibre and particulate reinforcements. Hybridization of Nicalon®-glass matrix composites with silicon carbide particulates of mean diameters of 0.77, 1.5 and 6 μm was studied. The microcrack stress, transverse strength and interlaminar strengths improved significantly on hybridization. At the optimum loading of 7.5 wt % for 6 μm particle size the microcrack stress increased by 62%, transverse strength by 650% and interlaminar shear strength by 200%. The ultimate strength declined for this composite by 6%. The decline in ultimate properties was attributed to the damaged graphitic skin at the particle-fibre contact points.
From distributed sensory processing to discrete motor representations in the diencephalon of the electric fish, Eigenmannia

During their jamming avoidance response (JAR), weakly electric fish of the genusEigenmannia shift their electric organ discharge (EOD) frequency away from a similar EOD frequency of a neighboring fish. The behavioral rules and neural substrates for stimulus recognition and motor control of the JAR have been extensively studied (see review by Heiligenberg 1986). The diencephalic nucleus electrosensorius (nE) links sensory processing within the torus semicircularis and optic tectum with the mesencephalic prepacemaker nucleus which, in turn, modulates the medullary pacemaker nucleus and hence the EOD frequency. Two separate areas within the nE responsible for JAR-related EOD frequency rises and frequency falls, respectively, were identified by iontophoresis of the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate. Bilateral lesion of the areas causing EOD frequency rises resulted in elimination of JAR-related frequency rises above a baseline frequency obtained in the absence of a jamming stimulus. Similarly, bilateral lesion of the areas causing frequency falls resulted in a loss of JAR-related frequency falls below the baseline frequency. Whether these areas are also responsible for non-JAR-related frequency shifts is not known. The strength of response and spatial extent of the areas causing frequency shifts varied among fish and also varied in individual fish, reflecting the strength of JAR-related frequency shifts and the balance of activities in frequency-rise and frequency-fall areas. Local application of bicuculline-methiodide or GABA demonstrated a tonic inhibitory input to each area and suggests a reciprocal inhibitory interaction between the two ipsilateral areas, possibly accounting for much of the individual plasticity.
How Occasional Backstepping Can Speed Up A Processive Motor Protein

The motor protein kinesin literally walks on two legs along the biopolymer microtubule as it hydrolyzes ATP for its fuel supply. The fraction of accidental backsteps that kinesin takes appears to be about seven orders of magnitude larger than what one would expect given the amount of free energy that ATP hydrolysis makes available. This is puzzling as more than a billion years of natural selection should have optimized the motor protein for its speed and efficiency.I will point out how the stepping kinesin is a realization of Szilard's information-driven heat engine operating in reverse. A higher backstepping probability allows for more randomness in the walk and, consequently, for the production of more entropy. The production of entropy makes free energy available. With that free energy, the catalytic cycle of the kinesin can be speeded up. I will show quantitatively how the actually measured backstepping rate represents an optimum at which maximal net forward speed is achieved. This result suggests that kinesin uses backstepping as a source of energy and that natural selection has manipulated the backstepping rate to optimize kinesin's speed.
Co-morbidities associated with tuberculosis in an autopsy case series

A retrospective review of cases of tuberculosis examined by our Autopsy Division was undertaken to determine the most common associated co-morbidities. Forty-six cases of tuberculosis were examined between 2000 and 2010. The subpopulation of decedents studied included a large number of incarcerated individuals and showed an age distribution from 30 to 78 years. Thirty-five of the cases reviewed showed one or more co-morbidities, primarily viral hepatitis C, cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cardiovascular diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Almost 30% of the cases showed evidence of extrapulmonary disease, including one case of tuberculous meningitis. In approximately 20% of the cases, rapid progressive or disseminated tuberculosis was identified as immediate cause of death. Tuberculosis was the immediate cause of death in 20% of the hepatitis C-infected group and in 14% of the decedents diagnosed with cancer, compared to over 45% of the HIV-infected decedents. This observation is consistent with previous studies reporting an enhanced mortality from tuberculosis in HIV-infected subjects. Interestingly, rapid progressive tuberculosis was identified as immediate cause of death in two cases with no associated co-morbidities; both decedents were young immunocompetent adults, suggesting an increasing susceptibility of this subpopulation to tuberculosis exposure and to severe disease.
Effect of high-temperature processing on the creation of boron-related deep levels in 4H-SiC

High-temperature processing was applied to SiC boron-doped epitaxial layers, epitaxial layers grown on boron-rich substrates, and boron-implanted samples in order to establish conditions favorable for the formation of boron-related centers (D-centers) that introduce a deep level in SiC bandgap. Photoluminescence (PL) was used to detect and compare the formation of the D-center after different processing steps. It was confirmed that the presence of lattice defects was required for achieving significant boron diffusion and D-center formation. In addition, epitaxial growth on the top of a boron-implanted sample yielded efficient boron in-diffusion in the growing layer, which resulted in a material compensated with D-centers. The temperature dependence of the D-center formation efficiency was investigated.
Neuroimaging of Priming: New Perspectives on Implicit and Explicit Memory

Priming refers to a change in the ability to identify or produce an item as a consequence of a specific prior encounter. Priming has been studied extensively in cognitive studies of healthy volunteers, neuropsychological investigations of brain-damaged patients, and, more recently, studies using modern functional neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography a nd functional magnetic resonance imaging. We review recent neuroimaging studies that have converged upon the conclusion that priming is reliably accompanied by decreased activity in a variety of brain regions. The establishment of this cortical signature of priming is beginning to generate new hypotheses concerning the relation between priming and explicit retrieval, which we illustrate by considering recent experiments on withinand cross-modality priming.
Mutational analysis of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA 1)

We have constructed a set of nonsense mutants in the EBNA 1 gene of Epstein-Barr virus by inserting a synthetic oligonucleotide, which has translational termination codons in all three reading frames, at various positions in a cloned copy of the EBNA 1 gene. The EBNA 1 proteins encoded by these mutants and three deletion mutants were analyzed using several functional assays. It was determined that there are two separable phosphorylation domains in the carboxy half of the molecule. The carboxy half of the molecule was also found to contain a region between the unique Sac I and Sac II sites that is required for transactivation of the EBNA 1-specific enhancer element found within ori P. The mutants also served to identify a 248 bp region that affects the pattern of intranuclear localization of the protein. Correlations between the functional domains established by these studies and other properties of EBNA 1 are discussed.
Measurement of Terahertz Smith-Purcell Radiation on an Absolute Scale for Bunch-Length Diagnostics

Summary form only given. Coherent terahertz Smith-Purcell radiation, typically formed by a relativistic bunch moving above a periodic grating, is characterized by a broad spectrum of frequencies which depend on the observation angle. It can be used as a bunch length diagnostic technique by measuring, on a relative scale, the radiated power versus the observation angle and determining the cut-off frequency. For short bunches in the order of 100 microns this method requires broadband detectors at terahertz frequencies in addition to mechanical means for scanning at the different observation angles. An exact calculation of the radiated power on an absolute scale could be used as a simple method for bunch length diagnostics having the features of a real-time measurement at a single observation angle at the millimeter-wave regime. An exact model of Smith-Purcell radiation from a charged particle moving above a finite-length grating will be presented following an update on the experimental status.
Lethal effects of fluorodeoxyuridine on cultured mammalian cells at various stages of the cell cycle.

The lethal damage induced by the exposure of synchronized Chinese hamster cells to various concentrations of 5-fluoro-2′deoxyuridine (FUdR) was not selectively restricted to cells exposed during the period of DNA synthesis S. The colony survival fraction observed after treatment for one hour with 5 × 10−5 M FUdR was very low (0.0001–0.0003) whether the drug was administered during early G1, late G1, early S or in middle S. The survival of cells treated with the same concentration of FUdR during mitosis, however, was significantly higher (0.62) showing that mitotic cells were less sensitive to FUdR. Administration of 10−7M thymidine or “conditioned” medium for one hour reversed the lethal effect of FUdR or improved the survival, depending on the time after removal of the FUdR at which these substances were given.
Photochemistry of chloropicrin in cryogenic matrices

Abstract The photolysis of chloropicrin (CCl3NO2) was investigated in Ar and N2 cryogenic matrices. The extent of reaction was monitored using FT-IR spectroscopy. Phosgene and nitrosyl chloride were the observed photoproducts at all wavelengths investigated (220, 251, 313, 365, and 405 nm). When the photolysis was performed with 220, 251, or 313 nm light, two additional bands were also observed. These bands have been assigned to CCl3ONO. Chloropicrin was also photolyzed in the presence of O2 and 18 O 2 . 18 O -labeled photoproducts were not detected in cryogenic matrices.
The cradle of life

Abstract The emerging field of bioastronomy is beginning to address one of the oldest questions in science and philosophy: Are we alone? By virtue of its sheer sensitivity, high frequency coverage, and long baselines, the SKA will play a pivotal role in bioastronomical studies. It will be a unique instrument with the capability to image proto-planetary disks in nearby star-forming regions and monitor the evolution of structures within those disks (“movies of planetary formation”). It will also be able to assess the extent to which interstellar molecules are incorporated into proto-planetary disks. It will also be able to reach qualitatively new levels of sensitivity in the search for intelligence elsewhere in the Galaxy, including for the first time the realistic possibility of detecting unintentional emissions or “leakage” (such as from TV transmitters) from nearby stars.
Global warming and environmental change in sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract Now that governments are beginning to consider actions to respond to the potential threat of global warming (even if they do not yet believe that it will definitely occur), their representatives search the scientific literature for ‘clues’ about the positive or negative impacts of a few degrees Celsius increase in global temperature. There is a growing number of ‘guesstimates’ (often called scenarios) about climate change impacts in sub-Saharan Africa. A review of the existing scenarios highlights conflicting, if not opposing, views about those impacts. Such scenarios must be used with caution and labelled as speculation. No single scenario should be used for determining irreversible policy responses to the potential regional consequences of global warming.
Feeding disruption bioassay for species and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance diagnosis for Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea in cotton (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract Bioassay methodology was developed for species diagnosis of Heliothis virescens compared with Helicoverpa zea in cotton and to detect H. virescens larvae with significant levels of resistance to the biopesticide, Bacillus thuringiensis . The assay end-point is feeding disruption, which is measured by a lack of fecal production by larvae exposed to a diagnostic dose of CrylAc in a blue indicator diet. In laboratory tests, the bioassay accurately distinguished neonates of H. zea from H. virescens and was able to detect B. thuringiensis resistance in H. virescens . The assay is rapid compared with mortality assays and should be inexpensive. The assay should also be adaptable to current cotton integrated pest management programs and sampling techniques and detect most physiological mechanisms of B. thuringiensis resistance. The potential utility of the feeding disruption assay in cotton integrated pest management and with other crops, insect pests and insecticides is discussed. The studies reported here were conducted on laboratory strains of B. thuringiensis susceptible H. virescens and H. zea and a highly B. thuringiensis -resistant laboratory strain of H. virescens (YHD2) originally collected in North Carolina.
Total factor productivity growth in manufacturing: a regional approach using linear programming

Abstract Nonparametric linear programming methods are used to measure total factor productivity growth in state manufacturing from 1977–1989. Total factor productivity growth is decomposed into efficiency change and technological change where efficiency change measures “catching-up” to the isoquant and technological change measures shifts in the isoquant. The findings indicate that the slowdown in state manufacturing productivity growth may have ended during the period 1983–89 with all regions of the US experiencing productivity growth and technological progress. The technological progress in state manufacturing exhibited a labor-using bias during the slow growth period, 1977–83, and a capital-using bias during the recovery period, 1983–89.
Molecular dissection of subunit interfaces in the acetylcholine receptor: Identification of determinants of α-Conotoxin M1 selectivity

The acetylcholine receptor from vertebrate skeletal muscle is a pentamer of homologous subunits with composition alpha 2 beta gamma delta. Its two ligand binding sites, formed at alpha-gamma and alpha-delta interfaces, differ in their affinities for agonists and competitive antagonists, owing to different contributions of the gamma and delta subunits. To identify portions of the gamma and delta subunits that contribute to the binding sites, the experiments described here use gamma-delta subunit chimeras and site-specific mutants to determine the basis of the 10,000-fold selectivity of conotoxin M1 for the sites. Three distinct regions of the extracellular domain were found to contribute to conotoxin M1 selectivity, each containing a single residue responsible for the contribution of that region. Residues K34, S111, and F172 of the gamma subunit confer low affinity to the alpha-gamma binding site, whereas the corresponding residues of the delta subunit, S36, Y113, and I178, confer high affinity to the alpha-delta site. Identification of three separate determinants of ligand selectivity suggests a limited model of the folding pattern of the extracellular domain of the subunits.
FDTD Calculations of the Diffraction Coefficient of Vibrating Wedges

The full-vector Maxwell's equations Unite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is employed to calculate diffraction coefficients of vibrating conducting and dielectric wedges. Two-dimensional FDTD models of right-angle wedges are constructed to include total-field scattered-field incident plane-wave source conditions as well as convolutional perfectly matched-layer boundary conditions. These models are first validated by calculating the diffraction coefficient of a stationary perfect electrical conducting (PEC) right-angle wedge for comparison to uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) analytical solutions. Next, a brute-force FDTD technique for modeling wedge vibrations is utilized to calculate the Doppler diffraction coefficients of vibrating lossless and lossy wedges.
Approximate Markovian abstractions for linear stochastic systems

In this paper, we present a method to generate a finite Markovian abstraction for a discrete time linear stochastic system evolving in a full dimensional polytope. Our approach involves an adaptation of an existing approximate abstraction procedure combined with a bisimulation-like refinement algorithm. It proceeds by approximating the transition probabilities from one region to another by calculating the probability from a single representative point in the first region. We derive the exact bound of the approximation error and an explicit expression for its growth over time. To achieve a desired error value, we employ an adaptive refinement algorithm that takes advantage of the dynamics of the system. We demonstrate the performance of our method through simulations.
The irradiation of high purity and helium doped aluminum with aluminum ions

Abstract Cavity formation in high purity aluminum has been explored with the controlled addition of helium gas. Aluminum specimens containing no helium and preinjected helium concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 at.ppm were irradiated with aluminum ions at 100°C to doses of 0.5 to 26 dpa. The helium preinjection was performed at room temperature (25°C) by a controlled-thickness alpha particle source made from 244 Cm oxide. All of the samples containing helium exhibited cavity formation while the aluminum containing no helium showed only vacancy loops and dislocation tangles. The microstructural effects observed were very heterogeneous and scattered in the irradiated aluminum even at the highest damage levels (26 dpa). The cavities were located in the vicinity of grain boundaries but no voids were observed on the grain boundaries themselves. Cavities were observed only in aluminum containing helium.
Cosmic ray intensity gradients in the solar system

Recent progress in the determination of cosmic-ray intensity gradients is reviewed. Direct satellite measurements of the integral gradient are described together with various types of indirect measurements, including measurements of the Ar-37/Ar-39 ratio in samples from the Lost City meteorite, studies of anisotropies in neutron-monitor counting rates, and analysis of the sidereal diurnal anisotropy observed at a single point on earth. Nucleonic radial gradients and electron gradients measured by satellites in differential energy windows are discussed, and theoretical studies of the physical processes involved in these gradients are summarized. Observations of intensity gradients in heliographic latitude are reported.
Interactions between EB1 and microtubules: Dramatic effect of affinity tags and evidence for cooperative behavior

Plus end tracking proteins (+TIPs) are a unique group of microtubule binding proteins that dynamically track microtubule (MT) plus ends. EB1 is a highly conserved +TIP with a fundamental role in MT dynamics, but it remains poorly understood in part because reported EB1 activities have differed considerably. One reason for this inconsistency could be the variable presence of affinity tags used for EB1 purification. To address this question and establish the activity of native EB1, we have measured the MT binding and tubulin polymerization activities of untagged EB1 and EB1 fragments and compared them with those of His-tagged EB1 proteins. We found that N-terminal His tags directly influence the interaction between EB1 and MTs, significantly increasing both affinity and activity, and that small amounts of His-tagged proteins act synergistically with larger amounts of untagged proteins. Moreover, the binding ratio between EB1 and tubulin can exceed 1:1, and EB1-MT binding curves do not fit simple binding models. These observations demonstrate that EB1 binding is not limited to the MT seam, and they suggest that EB1 binds cooperatively to MTs. Finally, we found that removal of tubulin C-terminal tails significantly reduces EB1 binding, indicating that EB1-tubulin interactions are mediated in part by the same tubulin acidic tails utilized by other MAPs. These binding relationships are important for helping to elucidate the complex of proteins at the MT tip.
An optical model for exchange reactions

Abstract An optical model or complex potential has been used in a relatively simple fashion to provide an interpretation of several molecular dynamics experiments. Rather than attempting a quantitative curve fit to the available data using a phenomenological optical potential (which is certainly possible) we have correlated certain physically reasonable features of the complex potential with general trends in the reaction dynamics. As an explicit example, the relationship between the range characteristics of the optical potential and the dependence of the reaction probability upon the kinetic energy of the reactants is derived. Other correlations are also presented, such as the dependence of the reaction probability upon impact parameter and degree of rotational excitation. The power of such a treatment obviously lies in its general applicability to complex systems as well as in its ability to often provide a simple physical understanding of some rather anomalous features of the reaction dynamics.
Long-term delivery of FGF-6 changes the fiber type and fatigability of muscle reinnervated from embryonic neurons transplanted into adult rat peripheral nerve

Motoneuron death leads to muscle denervation and atrophy. Transplantation of embryonic neurons into peripheral nerves results in reinnervation and provides a strategy to rescue muscles from atrophy independent of neuron replacement in a damaged or diseased spinal cord. But the count of regenerating axons always exceeds the number of motor units in this model, so target-derived trophic factor levels may limit reinnervation. Our aim was to examine whether long-term infusion of fibroblast growth factor-6 (FGF-6) into denervated medial gastrocnemius muscles improved the function of muscles reinnervated from neurons transplanted into nerve of adult Fischer rats. Factor delivery (10 microg, 4 weeks) began after sciatic nerve transection. After a week of nerve degeneration, 1 million embryonic day 14-15 ventral spinal cord cells were transplanted into the distal tibial stump as a neuron source. Ten weeks later, neurons that expressed motoneuron markers survived in the nerves. More myelinated axons were in nerves to saline-treated muscles than in FGF-6-treated muscles. However, each group showed comparable reductions in muscle fiber atrophy because of reinnervation. Mean reinnervated fiber area was 43%-51% of non-denervated fibers. Denervated fiber area averaged 11%. FGF-6-treated muscles were more fatigable than other reinnervated muscles but had stronger motor units and fewer type I fibers than did saline-treated muscles. FGF-6 thus influenced function by changing the type of fiber reinnervated by transplanted neurons. Deficits in FGF-6 may also contribute to the increase in type I fibers in muscles reinnervated from peripheral axons, suggesting that the effects of FGF-6 on fiber type are independent of the neuron source used for reinnervation.
Analyses and mitigation of spurious scattered signals in acoustic wave reflection measurements

Reflection techniques are widely used in extracting the acoustic wave (AW) constants and temperature coefficients of anisotropic crystals. To obtain these constants with the desired precision, care should be taken in the sample preparation, including flatness, parallelism and surface finishing or polishing. Not so obvious is that along some orientations, required for the extraction of elastic constants in anisotropic materials, the non-zero bulk acoustic wave (BAW) power flow angles (PFA) and related BAW multimode conversion and scattering at sample boundaries will generate spurious reflections. These spurious signals may interfere with the desired signals, significantly compromising the measurements. This paper reports on an original analysis that combines the effects of PFA, wave scattering, mode conversion, sample dimensions and transducer positioning in pulse echo measurements and on the importance of considering these effects in the design of the sample to be measured. Graphical and numerical analyse...
Regulation, Vertical Integration and Sabotage

We consider the incentive of a dominant firm that supplies a necessary input to a Bertrand-competitive differentiated products downstream industry to: (1) vertically integrate forward, and (2) raise its downstream rivals’ costs through non-price activities which we characterize generally as ‘sabotage’. We examine these incentives both in the absence and presence of a regulatory constraint on the upstream price. We find that, while an incentive for vertical integration is present regardless of the existence of the regulatory constraint, the incentive for sabotage emerges only in the presence of binding input price regulation. Welfare effects are also explored.
Distinctive Nanoscale Organization of Dicationic versus Monocationic Ionic Liquids

The distinctive structural organization of dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) with varying alkyl linkage chain lengths is systematically investigated using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In comparison with their counterparts, monocationic ionic liquids (MILs) with free alkyl chains, the DILs with short linkage chains exhibit almost identical structural features regardless of anion types, whereas the long-chain DILs display a relatively insignificant prepeak and low heterogeneity order parameter (HOP), which are accompanied by the less evident structural heterogeneity. Moreover, the predominant role of anion type in the structure of DILs was verified, similar to what is observed in MILs. Finally, the different nanoscale organizations in DILs and MILs are rationalized by the relatively unfavorable straight and folded chain models proposed for the nanoaggregates in DILs and the favorable micelle-like arrangement for those in MILs.
The Solution of the Bagley-Torvik Equation by Using Second Kind Chebyshev Wavelet

In this paper a numerical method is developed to solve the Bagley-Torvik equation. The Bagley-Torvik equation is a fractional differential equation which occurs quite frequently in various branches of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. The solution to this equation is proposed by using second kind Chebyshev wavelet. It finally reduces the equation in to the system of linear equations which can be easily solved. Examples are illustrated to demonstrate simplicity of proposed method. Results are also compared with those present in literature.
B72-9 Compiler Construction for Digital Computers

This book provides an excellent method to learn about compilers. At an introductory, intermediate, and advanced level, it discusses topics central and related to the construction of compilers, many of which have previously appeared only in journal articles or publications not generally available. The work has only two faults. It was composed on an IBM 360 line printer using FORMAT and thus suffers typographically. It is not a cookbook for advanced compiler implementation. That is, when one attempts to build an advanced compiler with optimization, and when he attempts to find the answer to his pressing practical problems in the book, the answers may well not be there. In fairness, however, the book provides excellent indices and a very good historical and general bibliography that might aid the serious implementer.
Young Children's Attitudes and Perceptions of Older Adults:

Children ages four to seven judged relative ages of unfamiliar adults from photographs and chose photographs of adults in response to sociometric items. Age discrimination was highly accurate by age six. Children identified older adults as sad, lonely and not busy, but older adults were bypassed on items like “knows a lot” and preferences for teachers. In interviews, most of the children accurately identified older people by relying on physiognomic cues. Most described their grandparents as examples of known older people and expressed positive views of the activities they share. Images of passivity, and of older people engaged in domestic, but not “outside” work were also present. Children's attitudes were found to parallel those held by older adults in recent polls; older children in the sample were more likely to hold stereotypical images. Two-thirds of the children preferred not to grow old. Contact of children with older adults other than their grandparents was limited, especially in work settings or ...
Combination of Chiral Linkers with Thiophenecarboximidamide Heads to Improve the Selectivity of Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase.

To develop potent and selective nNOS inhibitors, a new series of double-headed molecules with chiral linkers that derive from natural amino acid derivatives have been designed and synthesized. The new structures integrate a thiophenecarboximidamide head with two types of chiral linkers, presenting easy synthesis and good inhibitory properties. Inhibitor (S)-9b exhibits a potency of 14.7 nM against nNOS and is 1134 and 322-fold more selective for nNOS over eNOS and iNOS, respectively. Crystal structures show that the additional binding between the aminomethyl moiety of 9b and propionate A on the heme and tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) in nNOS, but not eNOS, contributes to its high selectivity. This work demonstrates the advantage of integrating known structures into structure optimization, and it should be possible to more readily develop compounds that incorporate bioavailability with these advanced features. Moreover, this integrative strategy is a general approach in new drug discovery.
Training outcomes of preliminary surgical residents in a university and Veterans Affairs surgical residency.

Importance Nearly 1400 medical students enter preliminary surgical residency each year; placing some of these students into categorical surgical training is an important component of building the future surgical workforce. Objectives To examine the training outcomes of preliminary residents in a university and Veterans Affairs surgical residency and to test the hypothesis that characteristics of these residents could be identified that would predict successful placement into categorical general surgical residency. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort of 66 nondesignated preliminary surgical residents who entered a research-intensive, university-based surgical training program with significant Veterans Affairs hospital experience between 2004 and 2012. Main Outcomes and Measures Placement of preliminary residents into a categorical general surgical residency. Results Of 66 nondesignated preliminary residents enrolled in our program during the study period, 57 completed a postgraduate year (PGY) 1 and 22 completed a PGY-2. A total of 21 residents (32%) secured categorical general surgical positions, 8 of 57 (14%) after PGY-1 and 13 of 22 (59%) after PGY-2, a significantly different rate ( P United States Medical Licensing Examination step 2 score, year 1 American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination score, class rank, and prior graduate medical education. By multivariable analysis, only the PGY-2 was significant ( P United States Medical Licensing Examination scores (mean [SD] step 1 score, 235.4 [23.5] vs 206.3 [16.2]; P P P Conclusions and Relevance Performing a PGY-2 preliminary year increases the chance for a preliminary surgical resident to obtain a place in a categorical surgical residency. Programs that offer preliminary positions should consider offering both PGY-1 and PGY-2 positions, because the PGY-2 increases the categorical surgical placement rate, especially for residents with lower test scores.
Hadronic Corrections to the Annihilation Rate of Heavy Vector Mesons to Lepton Pairs

Hadronic corrections to the annihilation rate of heavy vector mesons to lepton pairs are considered to leading nontrivial order in gluon exchange and in the quark-confining potential. It is shown that, to an excellent approximation, the rate is $\ensuremath{\Gamma}(V\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{l}^{+}{l}^{\ensuremath{-}})\ensuremath{\simeq}(\frac{16\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}{{e}_{Q}}^{2}}{{M}^{2}}){|{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}(r=\frac{1}{m})|}^{2}$, where $M\ensuremath{\simeq}2m$ is the vector-meson mass and ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}(r)$ is the solution of the zeroth-order nonrelativistic quark-antiquark bound-state problem. This has the effect of reducing the Van Royen-Weisskopf prediction for the rate.
Effect of duration of light adaptation on time required for detection of a target on a simulated PPI scope.

Times required for the detection of a target on a simulated PPI scope were determined for various scope luminances after different durations of light adaptation to a luminance of 3100 millilamberts. Increased duration of light adaptation results in increased detection time up to a maximum value which varies with scope luminance. In general, detection time decreases with either an increase in target luminance or a decrease in background luminance for a given duration of light adaptation. Within the range of luminances investigated, changes in target luminance result in a greater change in detection time than comparable changes in background luminance. The implication for radar scope viewing after adaptation to a high luminance is that optimum visibility will be obtained with maximum gain and as much negative bias as is possible without appreciable reduction of target luminance.
Self-mutilation as a manifestation of sexual abuse in adolescent girls.

Numerous cutaneous abnormalities have been described in adolescent girls who have been sexually abused. These include bruising bite marks cuts scratches abrasions edema hematomas or other evidence of struggle. Victims frequently shower or bathe excessively in an effort to cleanse their skin following such an unwanted encounter. However there is a paucity of information in the literature regarding the association of sexual abuse and removal of the superficial layers of the skin as a more desperate attempt by teenagers to rid themselves of the perpetrator. The purpose of this paper is to heighten awareness among practitioners that self-induced cutting and carving of the forearms with scarification may occur as a manifestation of sexual abuse in young women. A case history and review of the literature will be presented. (excerpt)
Cecal perforation due to adynamic ileus.

Three cases of cecal perforation due to adynamic ileus are described—one following fracture of the right femur and two following elective surgical procedures consisting of routine herniorrhaphy and transthoracic vagotomy. The mechanism of perforation is though to be ischemia and gangrene on the antemesenteric border of the cecum, due to stretching and narrowing of the nutrient vessels during distention. Cecostomy and decompression are the treatment recommended.
Intestinal Microbiota: Does It Play a Role in Diseases of the Neonate?

Humans maintain a diverse, dynamic, and complex intestinal microbiota that performs a multitude of vital functions, such as growth and development of the epithelial barrier, stimulation of intestinal angiogenesis, regulation of nutrition, metabolic functions, and education of naive neonatal innate immunity. After birth, host environment and attributes lend and opt for a stable intestinal microbiota for long-term symbiosis. Dysregulation (dysbiosis) of this process during the early postnatal period can form the basis for later inflammatory, immune, and allergic disorders. The initial immunologic exposure of neonates has long-term consequences. Because of this remarkable influence of microbiota on health and disease, learning about characteristics of microbiota and the factors that modulate it has become the focus of ongoing research. Further knowledge in this field should assist in developing strategies to promote health and prevent diseases. This article reviews recent advances in the understanding of microbiota.
Computation of page fault probability from program transition diagram

An algorithm is given for calculating page fault probability in a virtual memory system operating under demand paging with various memory sizes and replacement rules. A first order Markov model of program behavior is assumed, and a representation of the system based on memory states, control states, and memory substates is presented. The algorithm is general in the sense that the page fault probabilities can be calculated for nonpredictive replacement rules applied to any program represented by a one-step Markov chain. A detailed example is given to illustrate the algorithm for Random and Least Recently Used (LRU) replacement rules.
The infra-red spectrum and molecular configuration of sodium deoxyribonucleate

The infra-red spectra of oriented films of sodium deoxyribonucleate have been investigated between 700 and 4000 cm$^{-1}$ using polarized radiation and under varying degrees of relative humidity. Similar spectra have been obtained when the films have been deuterated by vapour-phase exchange with heavy water. It is found that the infra-red dichroism of nearly every band increases with the relative humidity. Many of the principal absorption bands can be assigned to separable modes of vibration in the bases, the phosphate groups or the absorbed water. Measurement of the dichroic ratios of certain of these bands indicates that at high relative himidity the bases must be nearly perpendicular to the orientation direction. The configuration deduced for the phosphate groups is unlike that proposed in the Crick-Watson model, but is in essential agreement with that recently proposed by Wilkins and his co-workers. Some observations are also reported on the corresponding spectra of sodium ribonucleate. Since no dichroism was observed, no conclusions can be drawn regarding the molecular configuration of this polymer.
Enhancing the recall of presented material

Many educators distribute either complete or incomplete handouts so students can follow along with their lectures. This research examines a teaching system that combines computer-generated graphics presentations and detailed outline handouts with blanks added. An experiment found that this system produced significantly higher short-term recall of a presentation when compared with note-taking on lined paper and with no note-taking. Visual design variables, specifically slide typefaces and type, were also manipulated to examine whether they had independent effects on short-term recall or influenced the benefits from note-taking. No significant main effects or interactions were found for the visual aid variables.
Competent Adolescent Readers' Use of Internet Reading Strategies: A Think-Aloud Study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the type, pattern, and complexity of Internet reading strategies used by seven accomplished high school readers. Individual participants performed an academic Internet reading task with the goal of developing critical questions about their chosen controversial topic. Strategies for Internet reading were analyzed from the perspective of constructively responsive reading, both qualitatively and quantitatively, using participant-generated verbal reports complemented by recordings of their computer screens. The data described the nature and sequence of reading strategies that participants used to construct meaning, and the interplay of those multiple strategies in Internet settings. The results demonstrated that the participants’ Internet reading involved the iteration and modification of traditional print-based reading strategies (e.g., meaning-making, self-monitoring, information evaluation) and also the use of strategies characteristic of Internet settings (e.g....
Turbulent eddy viscosity and large-scale convection in the Sun

It is suggested here that the laminar character of the large-scale deep convective flows appearing in numerical simulations of the Sun's convective envelope arises from the effect of turbulent eddy viscosity. Previously, M. Schwarzchild suggested the same idea to explain the observed surface granulation in the Sun.
Laser-based combustion diagnostics

Laser-based spectroscopy and scattering methods are now important tools for researchers trying to understand the combustion process.