cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein folding taking shape. Workshop on molecular chaperones.

The workshop was held at Sant Feliu de Guixols, Spain, May 26–31, 2001. It was organized by Bernd Bukau and Ineke Braakman. The poster background is a reproduction of ‘Eggs on a Plate Without a Plate’, by Salvador Dali (1930). ![][1] A EuroConference/EMBO workshop on molecular chaperones was held May 26–31, 2001, at Sant Feliu de Guixols, Spain, drenched in the sunshine of the Costa Brava with Salvador Dali's last home and a museum of his work close at hand. Suitably, the cover of the abstract book displayed a detail from one of Dali's works, featuring a fried egg hanging by its neck. The meeting covered quite a spectrum of subjects, ranging from the involvement of chaperones in cellular physiology on through their structures and mechanisms of action. Figure 1 summarizes some of the chaperones discussed and their actions. Figure 1. A summary of some of the chaperones discussed and their actions. The drawings are not to scale. The solid, wavy lines indicate substrate polypeptides, with typically hydrophobic patches involved in binding to chaperones denoted by the thickened segments. N and C refer to the N‐ and C‐terminal domains. In the Hsp90 drawing, A indicates adenine nucleotide; in the Hsp70 drawing, T and D indicate ATP and ADP, respectively. In the calnexin/calreticulin drawing, L indicates the lectin domain and ERp57 the associated PDI. ### New cellular actions From several of the featured talks, it was clear that new roles continue to be recognized for molecular chaperones. For example, a novel role proposed for the molecular chaperone Hsp90 is as a capacitor for evolutionary change (Rutherford and Lindquist, 1998). S. Lindquist (Chicago, IL) reviewed this proposal and some recent experiments in an opening talk. The idea is that Hsp90, implicated in late steps of folding of a host of signal transduction molecules, could normally buffer the phenotypic effects … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Austen Henry Layard's Nineveh: The Bible and Archaeology in Victorian Britain

In the middle of the nineteenth century, Austen Henry Layard uncovered parts of several ancient, buried Assyrian cities, including the capital, Nineveh, and dragged sizeable bits of them back to the British Museum. His book, Nineveh and Its Remains (1849), was a Victorian sensation. This article explores some aspects of Layard's book and discoveries that captured the Victorian imagination. Many were fascinated with Assyrian remains as they related to the history of art. Layard's work was also received as having helped to illuminate or even confirm the Bible. Although some statements by Layard had helped to fuel this interest, he was not personally an orthodox Christian. Despite having been standardly portrayed this way by scholars, these early archaeologists were not Christian apologists who exaggerated the scriptural connections of their discoveries. To the contrary, subsequent developments, particular the deciphering of the cuneiform writing, revealed that Layard and his follow pioneering Assyriologist, Henry Rawlinson, had underestimated the extent to which these findings related to stories in the Bible.
Somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations do not increase neuronal vulnerability to MPTP in young POLG mutator mice.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are hypothesized to play a pathogenic role in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In support of this, high levels of somatic mtDNA mutations in “POLG mutator” mice carrying a proofreading-deficient form of mtDNA polymerase a (Polg(D257A)) lead to a premature aging phenotype. However, the relevance of this finding to the normal aging process has been questioned as the number of mutations is greater even in young POLG mutator mice, which shows no overt phenotype, than levels achieved during normal aging in mice. Vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) increases with age, and we hypothesized that this may result in part from the accumulation with age of somatic mtDNA mutations. If correct, then levels of mutations in young (2–3 month old) POLG mutator mice should be sufficient to increase vulnerability to MPTP. In contrast, we find that susceptibility to MPTP in both heterozygous and homozygous POLG mutator mice at this young age is not different from that of wild type littermate controls as measured by levels of tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) striatal terminals, striatal dopamine and its metabolites, a marker of oxidative damage, or stereological counts of TH+ and total substantia nigra neurons. These unexpected results do not support the hypothesis that somatic mtDNA mutations contribute to the age-related vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to MPTP. It remains possible that somatic mtDNA mutations influence vulnerability to other stressors, or require additional time for the deleterious consequences to manifest. Furthermore, the impact of the higher levels of mutations present at older ages in these mice was not assessed in our study, although a prior study also failed to detect an increase in vulnerability to MPTP in older mice. With these caveats, the current data do not provide evidence for a role of somatic mtDNA mutations in determining the vulnerability to MPTP.
The maximum bubble pressure method of measuring surface tension, revisited

Abstract The maximum bubble pressure method can give precise and accurate values of the equilibrium surface tension as well as of the dynamic surface tension at clearly defined bubble ages as given by the bubble intervals. Each bubble samples a fresh, substantially clean surface and the sensitivity can be mdyn cm−1. The dynamic measurements can give a unique survey of the evolution of the surface tension and therefore of adsorption, over 5 orders of magnitude of time. The origin, main forms, some interesting embodiments and recent experimental improvements of this method are reviewed including a manostat which permits making the measurement over hours and an extension of the method to stirred systems. Accurate results may require corrections for the effect of gravity on large bubbles and for the capillary effect of cell walls. The value of Schrodinger's simple equation is pointed out in connection with the former and a graphical method is presented for estimating the latter on the basis of published exact solutions of the capillarity equation. Finally the problem of relating the age of the bubble to the transport properties of the sorptive is discussed. Because part of the surface of the post-maximum-pressure, i.e. growing and detaching, bubble must remain to close off the capillary, the formation of this surface should be considered the initial part of the age of the new bubble. This first, explosive stage of the life of a bubble is important for concentrated (millimolar) solutions and seems too complicated for any detailed analysis at present. It is insignificant for dilute (micromolar) solutions. The remainder of the bubble's life, the calm stage, is complicated by a limited inherent expansion of the surface and by convection. The latter should be excludable by proper apparatus design, the effect of the former can be roughly estimated.
Renormalization-group study of Anderson localization

A renormalization-group method is used to study localization of electrons in a random system. A position-space method yields a localization edge in three dimensions. In two dimensions our results indicate localization even for small randomness in agreement with Abrahams, Anderson, Licciardello, and Ramakrishnan; however we cannot rule out the existence of a localization edge.
Exercise reduces daily fatigue in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy.

SCHWARTZ, A. L., M. MORI, R. GAO, L. M. NAIL, and M. E. KING. Exercise reduces daily fatigue in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 5, 2001, pp. 000–000. Purpose:Cancer treatment-related fatigue is the most prevalent and distressing symptom of cance
The treatment of acute external laryngeal injuries. 'State of the art'.

• Guidelines are presented for the management of acute external laryngeal trauma based on personal experience and basic principles evolved over the past two decades. Accurate assessment of the extent of injury has permitted stratification of treatment ranging from observation to open reduction and internal fixation of the laryngeal skeleton. Results are often predictable and frequently lead to restoration of the voice and airway. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991;117:35-39)
Does ADP regulate respiration following fertilization of sea urchin eggs

Abstract The hypothesis that the ADP level regulates the respiration rate following fertilization of sea urchin eggs has been critically examined in the eggs of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Simultaneous measurements were made of (1) respiration rate, (2) adenine nucleotide levels and (3) energy utilization resulting from NAD kinase activity. Both respiration and energy utilization increase, but no changes in ATP, ADP, or AMP level were observed at the times of maximum respiratory activity. These findings do not support the hypothesis that respiration is limited by ADP. Alternate factors possibly controlling respiration include enzyme availability and Ca2+-uptake by mitochondria.
Regulation of Gαi Palmitoylation by Activation of the 5-Hydroxytryptamine-1A Receptor

Nearly all alpha subunits of heterotrimeric GTP-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) are palmitoylated at cysteine residues near the N terminus. A regulated cycle of palmitoylation could provide a mechanism for modulating G protein signaling by affecting protein interactions and localization of the subunit. In the present studies we utilized both [(3)H]palmitate incorporation and pulse-chase techniques to address the dynamics of alpha(i) palmitoylation in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Both techniques demonstrated a dose- and time-dependent change in [(3)H]palmitate labeling of alpha(i) upon activation of stably expressed 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A receptors by the agonist (+/-)-2-dipropylamino-8-hydroxy-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene hydrobromide (DPAT), with an EC(50) of approximately 10 nm. For the incorporation assay, DPAT elicited an approximate doubling in labeling at the earliest time point measured. For the pulse-chase assay, DPAT promoted a significant loss of radiolabel almost equally as fast. These data demonstrate that the exchange of palmitate on alpha(i) is increased upon stimulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A receptors through the combined processes of depalmitoylation and palmitoylation. These results provide the basis for extending the concept of regulated exchange of palmitate beyond G(s) and provide a framework for exploring the specific functional attributes of the palmitoylated and depalmitoylated forms of subunit.
Transplant Certification and Quality Assessment: Time to Take the Front Line?:

In the beginning of the past decade, a series of highly publicized events led the general public to question the ability of the transplant community to effectively police itself. Common to the events was the perception that insufficient regulation of the transplant community allowed both unintentional errors and, rarely, purposeful violations of policy, to affect the safety and justice of organ allocation and transplant practice. The goal of this article is to discuss the resulting regulatory responses to these events and to highlight one transplant center's experience with the current external review process. The potential benefits of using process control charts to prospectively monitoring a center's outcomes, as well as the benefits of implementing procedures that ensure the quality of publically reported data, are described. Specifically, the critical need for each center to understand the components, limitations, and implications of public outcome reporting and to define processes that promote real t...
Energy conservation in ad hoc multimedia networks using traffic-shaping mechanisms

In this work, we explore network traffic shaping mechanisms that deliver packets at pre-determined intervals; allowing the network interface to transition to a lower power consuming sleep state. We focus our efforts on commodity devices, IEEE 802.11b ad hoc mode and popular streaming formats. We argue that factors such as the lack of scheduling clock phase synchronization among the participants and scheduling delays introduced by back ground tasks affect the potential energy savings. Increasing the periodic transmission delays to transmit data infrequently can offset some of these effects at the expense of flooding the wireless channel for longer periods of time; potentially increasing the time to acquire the channel for non-multimedia traffic. Buffering mechanisms built into media browsers can mitigate the effects of these added delays from being mis-interpreted as network congestion. We show that practical implementations of such traffic shaping mechanisms can offer significant energy savings.
Melaena associated with dexamethasone therapy in the dog

A retrospective study of seventeen cases of canine melaena incriminated a mean daily dosage of 3.6 mg/kg (range 1.3–13.8 mg/kg) of dexamethasone. All dogs were afflicted with some central nervous system disorder with intervertebral disc disease present in twelve of the cases. Ten of the the seventeen subjects had concurrently received ampicillin therapy. Causation was linked by the previous finding that ACTH and cortisone impede both gastric epithelial renewal and surface mucus formation.
Electron transport properties of low sheet‐resistance two‐dimensional electron gases in ultrathin AlN/GaN heterojunctions grown by MBE

A study of the transport properties of polarizationinduced 2DEGs at MBE-grown single AlN/GaN heterostructures with different growth rates is reported. It is observed that faster growth rates lead to high mobilities, approaching ∼ 1600 cm2/Vs at 300 K and ∼ 6000 cm2/Vs at low temperatures for ultrathin (2.3 nm AlN/GaN) heterojunctions. By using a theoretical model in conjunction with experimentally measured transport properties, it is concluded that the 300 K sheet resistances of very high density 2DEGs at AlN/GaN heterojunctions are currently limited (∼ 170 Ω /□) by interface roughness scattering, and can be further reduced by improving the growth conditions. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Variation in human recombination rates and its genetic determinants.

Background Despite the fundamental role of crossing-over in the pairing and segregation of chromosomes during human meiosis, the rates and placements of events vary markedly among individuals. Characterizing this variation and identifying its determinants are essential steps in our understanding of the human recombination process and its evolution. Study Design/Results Using three large sets of European-American pedigrees, we examined variation in five recombination phenotypes that capture distinct aspects of crossing-over patterns. We found that the mean recombination rate in males and females and the historical hotspot usage are significantly heritable and are uncorrelated with one another. We then conducted a genome-wide association study in order to identify loci that influence them. We replicated associations of RNF212 with the mean rate in males and in females as well as the association of Inversion 17q21.31 with the female mean rate. We also replicated the association of PRDM9 with historical hotspot usage, finding that it explains most of the genetic variance in this phenotype. In addition, we identified a set of new candidate regions for further validation. Significance These findings suggest that variation at broad and fine scales is largely separable and that, beyond three known loci, there is no evidence for common variation with large effects on recombination phenotypes.
A Real-Time Fortran Executive

This executive provides its users with sophisticated real-time functions without requiring them to do a lot of complicated assembly language interfacing.
Amorphization of hard crystalline materials by electrosprayed nanodroplet impact

A beam of electrosprayed nanodroplets impacting on single-crystal silicon amorphizes a thin surface layer of a thickness comparable to the diameter of the drops. The phase transition occurs at projectile velocities exceeding a threshold, and is caused by the quenching of material melted by the impacts. This article demonstrates that the amorphization of silicon is a general phenomenon, as nanodroplets impacting at sufficient velocity also amorphize other covalently bonded crystals. In particular, we bombard single-crystal wafers of Si, Ge, GaAs, GaP, InAs, and SiC in a range of projectile velocities, and characterize the samples via electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy to determine the aggregation state under the surface. InAs requires the lowest projectile velocity to develop an amorphous layer, followed by Ge, Si, GaAs, and GaP. SiC is the only semiconductor that remains fully crystalline, likely due to the relatively low velocities of the beamlets used in this study. The resiliency of each crystal to amorphization correlates well with the specific energy needed to melt it except for Ge, which requires projectile velocities higher than expected.
Genetic code correlations: Differential rates of non-enzymatic activation of hydrophobic amino acids by ATP

Abstract The relative rates of non-enzymatic activation of several hydrophobic amino acids by ATP have been found to bear an interesting relationship to the ordering of these amino acids in the genetic anticode. All of these hydrophobic amino acids (phe, leu, val, ile and met) have adenylic acid, the most hydrophobic nucleotide, as the central and most important member of their anticodons, and the ordering of their relative rates of nonenzymatic activation by ATP has been found not to correlate with the ordering of the hydrophobicities of the amino acids themselves, but rather with the ordering of the average estimates of the hydrophobicities of their respective anticodonic dinucleotides. These data suggest that the genetic code is based not just on hydrophobic relationships or affinities between amino acids and nucleotides, but perhaps more importantly, on the total reaction chemistry between amino acids and nucleotides.
Anatomic and Prognostic Significance of New T-wave Inversion in Unstable Angina

The significance of the development of new T-wave inversion was studied in 118 consecutive patients with unstable angina. The electrocardiograms during hospitalization in the coronary care unit were analyzed for occurrence of new T-wave inversion greater than or equal to 2 mm and correlated with findings at coronary angiography (73 patients) and at follow-up (112 patients). Twenty-nine patients had anterior T-wave inversion. Of these, 25 patients (86%) had greater than or equal to 70% diameter reduction of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery, compared with 11 (26%) of 42 patients without anterior T-wave inversion (p less than 0.001). The sensitivity of T-wave inversion for significant LAD stenosis was 69%, specificity 89%, and positive predictive value 86%. Two patients had T-wave inversion in the inferior leads. Both patients had significant right coronary artery disease, compared with 18 of 55 patients without inferior T-wave inversion (difference not significant [p = NS]. Seventy-one patients who were treated medically had 16 +/- 9 months' follow-up. Of 26 patients who had T-wave inversion, 10 (38%) had cardiac events, compared with 7 (16%) of the remaining 45 patients without T-wave inversion (p less than 0.05). Forty-one patients who had undergone coronary bypass surgery had 19 +/- 9 months' follow-up. Of 22 patients with T-wave inversion, 4 (18%) had cardiac events, compared with 2 (11%) of the remaining 19 patients without T-wave inversion (p = NS). Thus, development of new T-wave inversion greater than or equal to 2 mm in patients with unstable angina (1) is predictive of significant coronary artery stenosis, and (2) identifies a subgroup with poor prognosis when treated medically.
Regional differences in recipient waitlist time and pre- and post-transplant mortality after the 2006 United Network for Organ Sharing policy changes in the donor heart allocation algorithm.

Objectives This study examined the impact of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) policy changes for regional differences in waitlist time and mortality before and after heart transplantation. Background The 2006 UNOS thoracic organ allocation policy change was implemented to allow for greater regional sharing of organs for heart transplantation. Methods We analyzed 36,789 patients who were listed for heart transplantation from January 1999 through April 2012. These patients were separated into 2 eras centered on the July 12, 2006 UNOS policy change. Pre- and post-transplantation characteristics were compared by UNOS regions. Results Waitlist mortality decreased nationally (up to 180 days: 13.3% vs. 7.9% after the UNOS policy change, p Conclusions The 2006 UNOS policy change has resulted in significant regional heterogeneity with respect to waitlist time and reliance on mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to transplantation, although overall both waitlist mortality and post-transplant survival are improved.
Commercial production of acids by fungi

Citric, gluconic, fumaric and gallic acids, all having industrial applications, are the only ones among 41 known fungus acids that are produced commercially today.
Modifications to the Gaussian vertical dispersion parameter, σz, near roadways

Estimates of the Gaussian vertical dispersion parameter σz are made using near roadway tower and ground level concentrations of CO and SF6 from four independent dispersion studies. The results indicate that the Gaussian model adequately describes the vertical distribution of vehicular emissions near the roadway. The active release of pollutants from vehicles is shown to yield greater initial vertical dispersion than would be expected from a similar passive release given neutral to stable atmospheric conditions. The initial value of σz near the roadway edge is relatively insensitive to surface layer stability, but significantly increases with decreasing wind speed. This is explained in terms of increased residence time at low wind speeds for emissions within the intensely turbulent mixing zone of the roadway. A method of combining a residence time model for initial σz and established vertical dispersion curves for passive releases is presented. Verification of the method using results measured under crosswind conditions to a distance of 100 m from the roadway yields no significant bias and an r.m.s. error of 28 %
Sampling variance in the correlation coefficient under range restriction: A Monte Carlo study.

Presentation des resultats de simulations sur ordinateur examinant les proprietes d'un estimateur de variance de l'echantillonnage dans le but d'apprecier la generalisation de la validite
Drug Shortages: Process for Evaluating Impact on Patient Safety:

PurposeDrug shortages can seriously impact patient safety. The objective of this study was to develop safety assessment checklists for use during a drug shortage, whether the same drug is available...
Nanostructured poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-metalloporphyrin films: improved catalytic detection of peroxynitrite.

Abstract We investigated in this paper the sensing performance of inherently conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), functionalized with hemin (iron protoporphyrin) as an electrocatalytic reporter. The sensing platform is prepared by electrodeposition of a composite film of hemin–PEDOT on a 30-μm diameter carbon fiber electrode (CFE). The polymerized films were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), which pointed to nanostructured films with tortuous pores. The electrocatalytic oxidation of peroxynitrite was characterized by cyclic voltammetry as well as other electrochemical methods. The catalytic current is proportional to the analyte's concentration. Optimized hemin–PEDOT modified CFEs were utilized for the first time to detect ONO 2 - , with a response time down to 5 s and a limit of detection as low as 200 nM as evidenced by amperometry. Our hemin–PEDOT modified CFEs have a sensitivity of 13 nA/μM, ca. 130 times higher than the bare CFE. More work is underway using other metalloporphyrins as electrocalalysts to improve the detection limit, the selectivity, and to further miniaturize these hemin–PEDOT modified electrodes.
Kinetics of radiation-induced segregation in molybdenum-rhenium alloys

Abstract Radiation-induced solute segregation in molybdenum-rhenium solid-solution alloys was studied during elevated-temperature He- and Ne-ion irradiation. Segregation of Re atoms toward the external surface was measuring during irradiation by in situ Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The amount of solute transported toward the irradiated surface is reported as a function of irradiation dose, dose rate, temperature and primary-recoil energy. The results of the segregation measurements agree with a theoretical model based on point-defect driven transport of the undersize Re atoms toward point-defect sinks. The relative efficiency for producing freely-migrating point defects decreases strongly with increasing primarily-recoil energy.
Recent Rate Constant and Product Measurements of the Reactions C2H3+ H2and C2H3+ H—Importance for Photochemical Modeling of Hydrocarbons on Jupiter

Recently the rate constants of the reactions C2H3+ H2→ C2H4+ H and C2H3+ H → products have been measured by more direct methods than used previously. The new determination for the rate constant of C2H3+ H2is lower by a factor of 1000 at room temperature than the rate used by Allenet al. in their methane photochemical model (The relative abundance of ethane to acetylene in the jovian stratosphere,Icarus100, 527–533 (1992)). A fast rate for this reaction is key to their proposed reaction scheme to convert C2H2to C2H6and explain the C2H6/C2H2ratio on Jupiter. However, their scheme becomes ineffective when a rate constant expression consistent with Fahret al. is used (Experimental determination of the rate constant for the reaction of C2H3with H2and implications for the partitioning of hydrogen in the atmospheres of the other planets,Icarus116, 415–422 (1995)). The rate measurement for C2H3+ H by Monkset al. (Kinetics and products of the reaction between H and C2H2of T = 213 and 298 K,J. Phys. Chem.99, 17,151–17,159 (1993)) is consistent with recent measurements but they found C2H4to be a significant product, in addition to C2H2+ H2. Only the latter product channel had been used in methane photochemical models. With the new lower rate constant for C2H3+ H2, the reaction C2H3+ H → C2H4becomes important in determining the C2H6/C2H2ratio on Jupiter. However, the new reaction scenario is less efficient in converting C2H2to C2H6than the one proposed by Allenet al. because it depends in part upon H, which is in scarce supply in the lower stratosphere where C2H3+ H → C2H4is important.
Contextual factors influencing the facilitation of others' learning through everyday work experiences

Purpose – Interest and research on workplace learning has intensified in recent years, however, research on assessing how employees facilitate each other's learning through everyday work experiences and how organizational contextual factors promote or impede the facilitation of others' learning at work is underdeveloped. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explore how employees facilitate others' learning and the contextual factors that influence employees' facilitation of others' learning in a workplace setting.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative case study approach was selected for this study. An adaptation of the critical incident technique and semi‐structured in‐depth interviews were conducted with 13 employees representing various functional areas within a learning‐oriented consumer‐focused manufacturer. Content analysis and constant comparative analysis were the approaches used to analyze the data.Findings – Several findings emerged that describe the catalysts for employees' facil...
The chronic toxicity of diphenylamine for dogs.

Abstract Diphenylamine (DPA), mixed with an adequate diet in concentrations of 0.01, 0.10, and 1.0%, was fed daily to male and female beagles for two years. Growth of both sexes was arrested by the 0.1 and 1.0% diets, the total two-year DPA intakes being, respectively, 0.14 and approximately 1.4 kg per animal. A pronounced anemia developed in the dogs on the 1.0% diet, one of mild degree appearing at the 0.1% level. Leukocyte numbers and differential percentages remained normal. After two years the erythrocytes of the dogs on the 1.0% diet showed a moderately decreased resistance to hypotonicity. Sulfobromophthalein tests of liver function from day 618 to day 627 indicated a moderate degree of liver damage in the dogs fed the 1.0% diet. Blood glucose concentrations were all within normal limits. Phenolsulfonephthalein tests of kidney function gave normal values, and the urines of the animals were negative for albumin and glucose. Twenty-four-hour urine collections between days 692 and 732 from individual dogs on controlled water intakes showed no significant difference between the excretion rates of the controls and those on the 1.0% DPA diet. All the urine specific gravities were within normal limits. All lesions discovered were in the dogs fed the 1.0% diet, these being a peripherolobular fatty change in the liver with a marked increase in liver weight and ether-extractable lipids; a mild hemosiderosis of the spleen, kidneys, and bone marrow; and a slight increase in kidney weight. If it be assumed that high-purity DPA, like that used in the foregoing experiments, has a toxicity threshold for man similar to that for dogs, any health hazard to the consumer of apples protected from scald by the proper use of such DPA should be extremely remote.
Translocation of gut bacteria in rats with cirrhosis to mesenteric lymph nodes partially explains the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a common infection of ascitic fluid that develops in cirrhosis. The offending organisms are predominantly of enteric origin. However, the mechanism and route by which bacteria exit from the gut and enter the fluid remain unclear. "Translocation" of bacteria from the gut to extraintestinal sites has been postulated in the pathogenesis of gram-negative sepsis in intensive care unit patients, burn-wound sepsis, and sepsis associated with chemotherapy. Translocation is defined by culture-positivity (with enteric flora) of mesenteric lymph nodes. In this study we assessed the frequency of translocation in a carbon tetrachloride-induced rat model of cirrhosis, ascites, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. We determined that translocation was more common in rats with cirrhosis (78.1%) than in normal controls (4.3%) (p < 0.001). Escherichia coli and other gram-negative enteric organisms were cultured. Translocation of enteric bacteria in rats with cirrhosis to extraintestinal sites may be an important early step in the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Attenuation of choroidal neovascularization by histone deacetylase inhibitor

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a blinding complication of age-related macular degeneration that manifests as the growth of immature choroidal blood vessels through Bruch’s membrane, where they can leak fluid or hemorrhage under the retina. Here, we demonstrate that the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) trichostatin A (TSA) can down-regulate the pro-angiogenic hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and up-regulate the anti-angiogenic and neuro-protective pigment epithelium derived factor in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Most strikingly, TSA markedly down-regulates the expression of VEGF receptor-2 in human vascular endothelial cells and, thus, can knock down pro-angiogenic cell signaling. Additionally, TSA suppresses CNV-associated wound healing response and RPE epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation. In the laser-induced model of CNV using C57Bl/6 mice, systemic administration of TSA significantly reduces fluorescein leakage and the size of CNV lesions at post—laser days 7 and 14 as well as the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF, VEGFR2, and smooth muscle actin in CNV lesions at post-laser day 7. This report suggests that TSA, and possibly HDACi’s in general, should be further evaluated for their therapeutic potential for the treatment of CNV.
Lapse and shift in Regge calculus.

I use my (3+1)-dimensional Regge calculus code to give the first explicit verification that there is an approximate diffeomorphism invariance in Regge calculus. In particular I evolve a neighborhood in a spacelike hypersurface numerically, and show that one may choose lapse and shift freely. I use my numerical approach to analyze the structure of this discrete diffeomorphism group. I also study the constraints in Regge calculus, and find that they are proportional to the third power of the lattice spacing
Doing Science, Writing Science*

This article identifies a fundamental distinction in scientific practice: the mismatch between what scientists do and what they state they did when they communicate their findings in their publications. The insight that such a mismatch exists is not new. It was already implied in Hans Reichenbach’s distinction between the contexts of discovery and justification, and it is taken for granted across the board in philosophy of science and science studies. But while there is general agreement that the mismatch exists, the epistemological implications of that mismatch are not at all clear. Philosophers, historians, and sociologists of different stripes have expressed widely different views about how one should understand and interpret the relation between what scientists do and what they state they did. This article surveys a number of approaches to the mismatch. Based on this survey, I offer an assessment of the epistemological significance of the mismatch and identify the major meta‐epistemological challenges...
Nucleation and growth of Cu 2 O in the reduction of CuO thin films

The combination of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\alpha}${)}^{16}$O oxygen resonance measurement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides an effective method to study the kinetics of nucleation and growth of the ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O phase during reduction of CuO thin films. The oxygen-loss kinetics in the CuO thin films upon vacuum annealing has been monitored with use of the oxygen resonance at 3.05 MeV. From the oxygen-loss measurement, the volume fraction of transformation of CuO to ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O as a function of time and temperature has been determined. In situ TEM observation measures the growth of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O grains. When these results were analyzed with the model of phase transformation of Johnson, Mehl, and Avrami, the activation enthalpy of nucleation of the ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O phase in the CuO matrix has been deduced as \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{n}}$=2.3 eV/atom. The specific interfacial energy between the CuO and ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O phases has been estimated to be in the range 0.3--0.85 eV/atom, and the number of atoms in the critical nucleus of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O has been calculated to be about 23 atoms.
Outpatient Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in an outpatient setting. Most patients are asymptomatic with mild hypercalcemia and only require periodic follow-up. Symptomatic patients and those with end-organ damage should undergo surgery according to the National Institutes of Health guidelines. No medical therapy has been approved for treatment of this disorder. Treatment with bisphosphonate, calcimimetic drugs, or alcohol ablation techniques has been used in select patients.
Stimulatory and inhibitory growth factors and breast cancer

While steroid hormones act as endocrine effectors of growth and development of normal breast and of carcinogenesis and progression of malignant breast, recent evidence suggests that local hormonal effectors also exist. These are the growth regulatory growth factors. This article summarizes current status of our understanding of structure and function of growth factors secreted by the normal and malignant mammary epithelium. While growth inhibitory factors and their receptors generally suppress development of the transformed phenotype and promote differentiation, growth stimulatory factors and their receptors may be necessary for both normal proliferation and early stages of malignant progression of breast cancer. Overexpression of two receptors, c-erbB-2 and EGF receptor, have also been associated with poor prognosis in the clinical disease.
Robust pulse wave velocity estimation by application of system identification to proximal and distal arterial waveforms

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a marker of arterial stiffness and may permit continuous, non-invasive, and cuff-less monitoring of blood pressure. Here, robust PWV estimation was sought by application of system identification to proximal and distal arterial waveforms. In this approach, the system that optimally couples the proximal waveform to the distal waveform is identified, and the time delay of this system is then used to calculate PWV. To demonstrate proof-of-concept, a standard identification technique was applied to non-invasive impedance cardiography and peripheral arterial blood pressure waveforms from six humans subjected to progressive reductions in central blood volume induced by lower body negative pressure. This technique estimated diastolic pressure with an overall root-mean-squared-error of 5.2 mmHg. For comparison, the conventional detection method for estimating PWV yielded a corresponding error of 8.3 mmHg.
SU-E-T-551: PTV Is the Worst-Case of CTV in Photon Therapy

Purpose: To examine the supposition of the static dose cloud and adequacy of the planning target volume (PTV) dose distribution as the worst-case representation of clinical target volume (CTV) dose distribution for photon therapy in head and neck (H&N) plans. Methods: Five diverse H&N plans clinically delivered at our institution were selected. Isocenter for each plan was shifted positively and negatively in the three cardinal directions by a displacement equal to the PTV expansion on the CTV (3 mm) for a total of six shifted plans per original plan. The perturbed plan dose was recalculated in Eclipse (AAA v11.0.30) using the same, fixed fluence map as the original plan. The dose distributions for all plans were exported from the treatment planning system to determine the worst-case CTV dose distributions for each nominal plan. Two worst-case distributions, cold and hot, were defined by selecting the minimum or maximum dose per voxel from all the perturbed plans. The resulting dose volume histograms (DVH) were examined to evaluate the worst-case CTV and nominal PTV dose distributions. Results: Inspection demonstrates that the CTV DVH in the nominal dose distribution is indeed bounded by the CTV DVHs in the worst-case dose distributions. Furthermore, comparison of the D95% for the worst-case (cold) CTV and nominal PTV distributions by Pearson's chi-square test shows excellent agreement for all plans. Conclusion: The assumption that the nominal dose distribution for PTV represents the worst-case dose distribution for CTV appears valid for the five plans under examination. Although the worst-case dose distributions are unphysical since the dose per voxel is chosen independently, the cold worst-case distribution serves as a lower bound for the worst-case possible CTV coverage. Minor discrepancies between the nominal PTV dose distribution and worst-case CTV dose distribution are expected since the dose cloud is not strictly static. This research was supported by the NCI through grant K25CA168984, by The Lawrence W. and Marilyn W. Matteson Fund for Cancer Research, and by the Fraternal Order of Eagles Cancer Research Fund, the Career Development Award Program at Mayo Clinic.
Oligofuranosides containing conformationally restricted residues: synthesis and conformational analysis.

The synthesis of a panel of arabinofuranosyl oligosaccharide analogues (5−13) in which one ring is locked into either the E3 or OE conformation is described. The E3-locked scaffolds 15 and 16 required for the synthesis of 5−10 were prepared in one step from known 1,5-anhydroalditols. A number of routes were explored for the preparation of the OE-locked monosaccharide derivative 17 needed for the preparation of 11−13. The successful synthesis of 17 was achieved in 17 steps from d-arabinose. Subsequent analysis of 5−13 by 1H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that the locked residue does not exert any detectable influence upon the conformers populated by adjacent conformationally unrestricted furanose rings.
Sensors using octaaniline for volatile organic compounds

Abstract Reversible gas sensors using an octaaniline and tetraaniline for detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere readily detect toluene vapor admixed with air down to 35ppm by measuring resistance changes with a simple, inexpensive ohmmeter. They exhibit excellent sensitivity, reversibility, environmental stability and have little response to water vapor, a common source of interference.
Endotoxin- and interleukin-1-induced hypophagia are not affected by adrenergic, dopaminergic, histaminergic, or muscarinic antagonists.

Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) administration induce hypophagia in rodents. Both IL-1 and LPS are known to activate cerebral norepinephrine and serotonin metabolism, and IL-1 affects that of acetylcholine and histamine. Each of these neurotransmitters has been implicated in feeding behavior. Therefore, the ability of specific antagonists of the above neurotransmitter systems to counteract feeding responses to peripherally injected mIL-1β and LPS was studied. Feeding was assessed in nondeprived mice by measuring the intake of sweetened milk in a 30-min period, as well as daily food pellet intake. LPS and mIL-1β reliably reduced milk intake, and often reduced food pellet intake and body weight. Treatment of the mice with peripherally administered α-adrenergic (phentolamine or prazosin) or β-adrenergic antagonists (propranolol), either alone or in combination, did not significantly alter the hypophagic responses to mIL-1β or LPS. Mice in which cerebral norepinephrine was depleted with DSP-4 or 6-hydroxydopamine also displayed the usual hypophagia in response to mIL-1β and LPS. The hypophagic responses to mIL-1β and LPS were not affected by the histaminergic antagonists, pyrilamine (H1), cimetidine (H2), thioperamide (H3), or the histamine-depleting agent, α-fluoromethylhistidine, nor by the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, scopolamine. The responses to mIL-1β were also unaffected by the dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, and the NO synthase inhibitor, l-NAME. These results suggest that adrenergic, dopaminergic, histaminergic, cholinergic, opioid or nitric oxide systems are not essential for the hypophagia induced by IL-1, and that multiple redundant pathways may be involved in illness-related hypophagia.
Holmium laser percutaneous nephrolithotomy using a unique suction device.

Background and Purpose: Most percutaneous nephrolithotomies are performed with electrohydraulic, ballistic, or ultrasonic lithotripsy, with holmium laser use reserved for ureteroscopy or ureterorenoscopy. We evaluated the feasibility of holmium laser use in percutaneous nephrolithotomy with the assistance of a unique suction device. Patients and Methods: The charts of 71 consecutive patients undergoing 90 percutaneous procedures were reviewed. A unique suction device and the holmium laser were used in nearly half the patients. The average stone burden was 3.25 cm. Use of holmium laser, energy settings, stone burden, operative time, complications, and stone-free rate were evaluated. Results: The average operative time was 167 minutes with a complication rate of 14%. A stone-free rate of 83% was achieved with the laser. Conclusions: With the assistance of a unique suction device, the holmium laser can, in the appropriate situation, be an efficient and successful lithotrite with percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
Fullerenes as an example of basic research in industry

Some recent trends in industrial basic research are considered. They are driven by a highly competitive global marketplace. The discussion focusses on two recent major scientific advances which have been pursued in industry: high-temperature superconductivity and C 60 with its chemical family. Fullerenes appear to be appropriate candidates for basic research in industry.
Inequalities for weightedL 2 -functions on the half-line

On applique la theorie des espaces a noyaux reproduisants a une extension d'un theoreme de Paley-Wiener sur les fonctions holomorphes dans les demi-plans. On etablit une inegalite de convolution precise
In vitro protein degradation measured by differential loss of labeled methionine and 3-methylhistidine: The effect of Insulin.

Abstract A new technique for studying the effect of insulin on protein degradation is reported. The method is based on measuring the parallel release of a reutilizable and a nonreutilizable amino acid from muscle protein. Animals are prelabeled in vivo with [Me-3H]methionine which labels both the nonreutilizable 3-methylhistidine and the reutilizable methionine of tissue protein. The data presented show that insulin has only a trivial effect on the loss of 3-methylhistidine from muscle protein, while it substantially diminishes the efflux of methionine. The analysis of muscle protein confirms the observation that insulin causes the reincorporation of methionine and has a minimum effect on the loss of 3-methylhistidine. This supports the view that the major inhibitory effect of insulin on gluconeogenesis is the diversion of the flow of amino acids away from the gluconeogenesis pathway back toward protein synthesis.
Microplane constitutive model for porous isotropic rocks

The paper deals with constitutive modelling of contiguous rock located between rock joints. A fully explicit kinematically constrained microplane-type constitutive model for hardening and softening non-linear triaxial behaviour of isotropic porous rock is developed. The microplane framework, in which the constitutive relation is expressed in terms of stress and strain vectors rather than tensors, makes it possible to model various microstructural physical mechanisms associated with oriented internal surfaces, such as cracking, slip, friction and splitting of a particular orientation. Formulation of the constitutive relation is facilitated by the fact that it is decoupled from the tonsorial invariance restrictions, which are satisfied automatically. In its basic features, the present model is similar to the recently developed microplane model M4 for concrete, but there are significant improvements and modifications. They include a realistic simulation of (1) the effects of pore collapse on the volume changes during triaxial loading and on the reduction of frictional strength, (2) recovery of frictional strength during shearing, and (3) the shear-enhanced compaction in triaxial tests, manifested by a deviation from the hydrostatic stress- strain curve. The model is calibrated by optimal fitting of extensive triaxial test data for Salem limestone, and good fits are demonstrated. Although these data do not cover the entire range of behaviour, credence in broad capabilities of the model is lend by its similarity to model M4 for concrete-an artificial rock. The model is intended for large explicit finite-element programs.