cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of the Distillation Curve and Vapor Pressure of Alcohol–Gasoline Blends Using Pseudocomponents and an Equation of State

The use of alternative fuels that produce less pollutants and greenhouse gases is an intense area of research spanning across many disciplines. Currently, gasolines are blended with oxygenates in a...
Chapter 14 – Sundry Disorders

There are a number of pulmonary disorders that are not readily classified and these are discussed here. Some produce serious diseases, whereas others are largely pathological curiosities that may be unknown to clinicians.
A New Precoding for the MIMO Gaussian Channel with Multi-Antenna Eavesdroppers

The problem of maximizing the secrecy rate of multiple-input multiple-output multiple-eavesdropper (MI-MOME) channels with arbitrary numbers of antennas at each node is studied in this paper. It is shown that optimal precoding can be formed using a rotation matrix in an n t -dimensional space where n t is the number of antennas at the transmitter. Next, a gradient-descent based method is developed to find the rotation and power allocation parameters. The proposed rotation-based method can be applied to the MIMOME channel with arbitrary numbers of antennas at each node and outperforms state-of-the-art solutions. In particular, it achieves higher secrecy rates than generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD)-based precoding. Further, GSVD-based precoding is used to initialize the rotation-based precoding and this combination provides an efficient approach to find a near-optimal transmit strategy for the MIMOME channel. The rotation-based precoding can be applied to related problems in multi-antenna channels. Numerous simulation results show that the rotation-based method outperforms existing methods in terms of performance and computational complexity.
Upper airway muscles: influence on obstructive sleep apnoea pathophysiology and pharmacological and technical treatment options.

Purpose of review Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is highly prevalent with numerous deleterious effects on neurocognitive and cardiovascular health. It is characterized by collapse of the upper airway during sleep, due to the decrease in both basal and compensatory UA muscle activities. However, the leading treatment, continuous positive airway pressure, is often poorly tolerated. This review presents latest works focusing on novel interventions targeting upper airway muscles to alleviate OSA severity. Recent findings In the last years, researchers have focused on the development of alternative treatment strategies targeting UA muscle activation, including pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions. Summary Among the nonpharmacological treatments, hypoglossal nerve stimulation aims to increase upper airway muscle phasic activity during sleep through electrical stimulation, while myofunctional therapy improves the activity and coordination of upper airway dilator muscles.Regarding OSA pharmacotherapy, recent findings strongly suggest that selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as atomoxetine and reboxetine, when administered with antimuscarinics such as oxybutynin, can alleviate OSA in most patients increasing pharyngeal dilator muscles activity during sleep. New combinations of norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and antimuscarinics have further been explored with variable success and animal models showed that leptin, thyrothropin releasing hormone analogues and gene therapy hold potential for the future of OSA pharmacotherapy.
Enhanced Persistence of Equatorial Waves via Convergence Coupling in the Stochastic Multicloud Model

AbstractRecent observational and theoretical studies show a systematic relationship between tropical moist convection and measures related to large-scale convergence. It has been suggested that cloud fields in the column stochastic multicloud model compare better with observations when using predictors related to convergence rather than moist energetics (e.g., CAPE) as per Peters et al. Here, this work is extended to a fully prognostic multicloud model. A nonlocal convergence-coupled formulation of the stochastic multicloud model is implemented without wind-dependent surface heat fluxes. In a series of idealized Walker cell simulations, this convergence coupling enhances the persistence of Kelvin wave analogs in dry regions of the domain while leaving the dynamics in moist regions largely unaltered. This effect is robust for changes in the amplitude of the imposed sea surface temperature (SST) gradient. In essence, this method provides a soft convergence coupling that allows for increased interaction betw...
Robust optimization on receding horizon of processes with storages and periodic production and consumption contracts

This paper presents a real-time optimizer for processes with material storages and periodic targets on integrals of optimized variables. A problem of robust target attainment with respect to uncertainties in future disturbance trajectory estimates was formulated. This robustness is achieved by means of soft constraints forcing future trajectories to a time-varying set from which reaching the target is feasible. An algorithm for computing this set is outlined, which is tractable for problems of medium size. The application area for this optimizer is assumed to be in (but not limited to) heat and power plant optimization with multiple fuels with periodic contracts on electric energy delivered and fuel gas consumed during the contract period.
The Magic (Manually Assisted Gaming of Integrated Combat) Model

The MAGIC model isn’t. It isn’t a “model,” in the usual sense of an independent representation or emulation of reality, and it isn’t “magic” in the sense of a supernatural activity. Rather, it is one part of a broader method developed for the purpose of evaluating advanced concepts or systems for land warfare. The method was developed at The Rand Corporation for the Tactical Technology Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the United States. It is described in a series of Rand publications1,2,3 that also present several examples of its use. This paper provides a brief outline of the overall technique and its application to a particular concept for the defense of NATO.
Development of a New High-Resolution Angle-Sensing Mechanism Using an RGB Sensor

A new high-resolution angle-sensing mechanism using a color sensor is presented in this paper. This scheme is based on a red–green–blue (RGB) sensor that measures the radiant-intensity variation of the light reflected off a colored surface. The propagation mechanism for the output of an RGB sensor due to the reflected light's intensity on the cylindrical color track printed with the designated RGB codes from a light-emitting-diode source is discussed. The angle discrepancies due to color-printer characteristics and paper roughness are compensated for by a quarter-error compensation formula and the reference angles using a precision potentiometer. Through the performance verification of the new angle-sensing mechanism with a rotary position-control test bed in frequency and time domains, the feasibility of this new cost-effective noncontact angle-sensing mechanism is demonstrated. The bandwidth of 4.42 kHz, resolution of 0.08°, and nonlinearity of 6.63% are achieved.
PLANETARY LOVE: ECOFEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBALIZATION

This article draws on three ecofeminist theorists (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Val Plumwood, and Donna Haraway) in order to criticize the dominant model of globalization, which oppresses humans and the natural environment, and propose an alternative globalization grounded in planetary love. Rather than affirming or opposing the globalization, planetary love acknowledges its complicity with the neocolonial tendencies of globalization while aiming toward another globalization, a more just, peaceful, and sustainable globalization. In this context, love is characterized by non-coercive, mutually transformative contact, which opens spaces of respect and responsibility for the unique differences and otherness of planetary subjects (humans and nonhumans).
A Total Approach to Partial Algebraic Specification

Partiality is a fact of life, but at present explicitly partial algebraic specifications lack tools and have limited proof methods. We propose a sound and complete way to support execution and formal reasoning of explicitly partial algebraic specifications within the total framework of membership equational logic (MEL) which has a highperformance interpreter (Maude) and proving tools. This is accomplished by a sound and complete mapping PMEL ? MEL of partial membership equational (PMEL) theories into total ones. Furthermore, we characterize and give proof methods for a practical class of theories for which this mapping has "almost-zero representational distance," in that the partial theory and its total translation are identical up to minor syntactic sugar conventions. This then supports very direct execution of, and formal reasoning about, partial theories at the total level. In conjunction with tools like Maude and its proving tools, our methods can be used to execute and reason about partial specifications such as those in CASL.
Spinal loading when lifting from industrial storage bins.

The study documented three-dimensional spinal loading during lifting from an industrial bin. Two lifting styles and two bin design factors were examined in Phase I. The lifting style measures in Phase I were one hand versus two hand and standing on one foot versus two feet. The bin design variables were region of load in the bin and bin height. The Phase II study examined one-handed lifting styles with and without supporting body weight with the free hand on the bin as well as region and the number of feet. Twelve male and 12 female subjects lifted an 11.3 kg box from the bin. Spinal compression, lateral shear and anterior - posterior shear forces were estimated using a validated EMG-assisted biomechanical model. Phase I results indicated that the bin design factor of region had the greatest impact on spinal loading. The upper front region minimized spinal loading for all lifting styles. Furthermore, the lifting style of two hands and two feet minimized spinal loading. However, comparing Phase I two-hande...
Effect of stannous fluoride mouthrinse on dental plaque formation

A double-blind, crossover design study was performed on 29 young adults to test the effectiveness of 0.1% SnF2 mouthrinse (250 ppmF-) on plaque formation using clinical and microbiological criteria. Participants were assigned to either a placebo or SnF2 rinse which was used twice daily for 5 days. After an interim recovery period of 2 days, the participants used the alternate rinse in a similar manner for another 5 days. Clinical data collected at the end of each experimental period included Gingival Index (GI), and plaque scores. Supragingival plaque removed from each subject at the end of the experimental periods was weighed and then microbial enumeration was performed. Results showed that after SnF2 rinses, there were statistically significant reductions (P < 0.01) in plaque wet weight, number of bacteria per milligram plaque (CFU/mg), and total number of bacteria per sample (Total CFU). Visual plaque scores (PS) showed a significant (P < 0.05) but small reduction as a result of SnF2 rinse. No significant difference in gingival inflammation was noted. It is apparent from this study that, besides the well-documented ability of SnF2 to increase the resistance of teeth to demineralization, this agent is capable of reducing plaque formation. Long-term studies are indicated to examine usefulness of SnF2 in the control of early periodontal disease.
What Comes First: The Program or the Facility?

A major research university in a metropolitan location reexamines its sense of campus community and discovers that it should not approach living and learning as separate activities; the institution purposely used extensive housing construction and renovation to achieve the institution's educational mission and encourage a greater sense of community.
AME Responses to Events and Issues in Asia in the Age of Imperialism, 1880-1916

Confronted by an imperial agenda of industrial nations at the turn of the century that had far reaching political, racial, and religious implications, many of the men and women of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church developed a foreign agenda toward Asia that sought to maintain the sovereignty of China and highlight the racial competency of Japan. They also attempted to use issues and events in Asia such as the Sino-Japanese War, the Boxer Uprising, and the Russo-Japanese War to expose American racism and to gobalize issues of racial oppression. In doing so, they developed a political rhetoric that expressed the need for universal human rights and emphasized self-determination and equality for oppressed people at home and abroad.
Deconstructing formin-dependent actin cable assembly

Eukaryotic cells are organized in three dimensions to allow for both cell division and for them to perform their physiological functions. This organization is dependent upon the arrangement of the cytoskeleton, which can either generate force by subunit polymerization or serve as tracks for molecular motors to deliver protein complexes, RNAs, or membrane-bound compartments. In general, long-range transport is mediated by microtubules, whereas microfilaments often contribute more local structural and motile roles, being especially prominent in association with the plasma membrane. Microtubules and microfilaments can be quite dynamic, and this requires the appropriate spatial regulation of polymer assembly, then association with factors to generate functional structures, and also control of polymer disassembly. For microfilaments, two major nucleators of actin assembly are the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, which generates branched filaments and formins that generate unbranched filaments (1). Formins are present in all eukaryotes—humans have 15 different ones—so understanding their biology is of significant importance. Miao et al. (2) have now established a formin-dependent actin cable assembly reaction using yeast cell extracts that will permit a dissection of how formin activity is regulated in vivo.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of half-mustard agent

The detection and identification of chemical warfare agents is an important analytical goal. Herein, it is demonstrated that 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (half-mustard, CEES) can be successfully analysed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). A critical component in this detection system is the fabrication of a robust, yet highly enhancing, sensor surface. Recent advances in substrate fabrication and in the fundamental understanding of the SERS phenomenon enable the development of improved substrates for practical SERS applications.
Place matters in sports: effects of the length of championship series on winning probabilities for the team with home field advantage

In this paper, I address the question of how the length of championship series between two teams can affect the probability that a team wins the series. The geographical element of the question enters through consideration of ‘home-field advantage’. This refers to the fact that in championship series, one of the teams has the benefit of one additional game that is scheduled to be played at home. This, coupled with the fact that teams typically have a higher likelihood of winning at home, leads to an interesting and surprisingly complex relationship between the length of a series and the probability of winning that series. Conclusions include the facts that (1) when the team with home-field advantage has a relatively small probability of winning away from home, it will fare relatively better in shorter series, and (2) the probability of winning a series can first become lower, but then become higher, as one progresses from 1-game series to 3-, 5- and 7-game series.
Child maltreatment types and risk behaviors: Associations with attachment style and emotion regulation dimensions

Abstract Child maltreatment is a robust psychosocial risk factor linked to the development of a wide range of risk behaviors among young adults. Adult attachment style and emotion dysregulation are two potential mechanisms through which maltreatment leads to risk behaviors. Yet, less is known about the specificity of the relations among different maltreatment types, attachment styles, emotion regulation strategies, and risk behaviors. The present study examined the relations among various forms of maltreatment and risk behaviors (e.g., substance use; risky sex) among 361 undergraduate students and tested whether attachment styles and emotion dysregulation might underlie these relations. Emotional, and sexual but not verbal abuse (although verbal abuse was directly related to alcohol use), were related to anxious and avoidant attachment styles, emotion dysregulation, and a variety of risk behaviors. Among the emotion regulation dimensions, impulsivity showed the strongest indirect effect from child maltreatment to risk behaviors. Results support a cross-sectional link between child maltreatment and risk behavior outcomes via attachment styles and emotion regulation. Implications for treatment and prevention of these risk behaviors in young adults are discussed.
The Military And Political Career Of Jose Joaquin De Herrera 1792-1854

My interest in President Herrera was first aroused in Dr. Charles W. Hackett's course in Mexican history at The University of Texas, in which he brought out Herrera's reasonable and statesmanlike attitude concerning the recognition of Texas independence. Herrera hoped to recognize the independence of Texas on the basis that she remain an independent republic. However, when Texas voted for annexation to the United States, Herrera was willing to negotiate with the United States concerning the southern boundary of Texas in an effort to prevent possible hostilities. Unfortunately, the war party in Mexico, led by Paredes, forced Herrera from the presidency, due to his conciliatory attitude. Had Herrera's proposals been carried out to a successful conclusion, the war between the United States and Mexico would not have occurred, and Mexico would have been spared invasion and the loss of additional territory. In the light of present-day interest in inter-American cooperation and cultural development, it is particularly timely to study the life of a man who worked for international peace and friendship and for the constitutional development of democratic processes in his own country. His long career of public service was marked by moderation, a fundamental respect for law and order, and a sincere interest in the people and the nation which he served. His private life was also above reproach. He occupies a unique place in Mexican history in that he was the first constitutionally-elected president to complete his term of office and to turn over that office to his constitutionally-elected successor. Herrera deserves the highest praise for his efforts as president, following the war with the United States, to promote the reconstruction and regeneration of the nation. He gave to Mexico an era of comparative internal stability and a period of economic and constitutional progress without parallel from the days of independence to 1848. In view of the position of prominence held by Herrera and the importance of the era in which he lived and which he helped to shape, it seems unusual that no Mexican or American author has written an extensive account of his life in Spanish or English. For these reasons and with these thoughts in mind, I have endeavored to trace the military and political career of one of Mexico's truly outstanding presidents and statesmen, Jose Joaquin de Herrera
A Large-Eddy Simulation Study of the Influence of Subsidence on the Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layer

The influence of the large-scale subsidence rate, S, on the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over the Arctic Ocean snow/ice pack during clear-sky, winter conditions is investigated using a large-eddy simulation model. Simulations of two 24-h periods are conducted while varying S between 0, 0.001 and 0.002 ms−1, and the resulting quasi-equilibrium ABL structures and evolutions are examined. Simulations conducted with S = 0 yield a boundary layer that is deeper, more strongly mixed and cools more rapidly than the observations. Simulations conducted with S > 0 yield improved agreement with the observations in the ABL height, potential temperature gradients and bulk heating rates. We also demonstrate that S > 0 limits the continuous growth of the ABL observed during quasi-steady conditions, leading to the formation of a nearly steady ABL of approximately uniform depth and temperature. Subsidence reduces the magnitudes of the stresses, as well as the implied eddy-diffusivity coefficients for momentum and heat, while increasing the vertical heat fluxes considerably. Subsidence is also observed to increases the Richardson number to values in excess of unity well below the ABL top.
Down-regulation of Caveolin-1, an Inhibitor of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling, in Acute Allergen-induced Airway Remodeling

Asthma can progress to subepithelial airway fibrosis, mediated in large part by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). The scaffolding protein caveolin-1 (cav1) can inhibit the activity of TGF-β, perhaps by forming membrane invaginations that enfold TGF-β receptors. The study goals were 1) to evaluate how allergen challenge affects lung expression of cav1 and the density of caveolae in vivo 2) to determine whether reduced cav1 expression is mediated by interleukin (IL)-4 and 3) to measure the effects of decreased expression of cav1 on TGF-β signaling. C57BL/6J, IL-4-deficient mice, and cav1-deficient mice, sensitized by intraperitoneal injections of phosphate-buffered saline or ovalbumin (OVA) at days 0 and 12, received intranasal phosphate-buffered saline or OVA challenges at days 24, 26, and 28. Additionally, another group of C57BL/6J mice received IL-4 by intratracheal instillation for 7 days. We confirmed that the OVA-allergen challenge increased eosinophilia and T-helper type 2-related cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in bronchoalveolar lavage. Allergen challenge reduced lung cav1 mRNA abundance by 40%, cav1 protein by 30%, and the number of lung fibroblast caveolae by 50%. Administration of IL-4 in vivo also substantially decreased cav1 expression. In contrast, the allergen challenge did not decrease cav1 expression in IL-4-deficient mice. The reduced expression of cav1 was associated with activation of TGF-β signaling that was further enhanced in OVA-sensitized and challenged cav1-deficient mice. This study demonstrates a previously unknown modulation of TGF-β signaling by IL-4, via cav1, suggesting novel therapeutic targets for controlling the effects of TGF-β and thereby ameliorating pathological airway remodeling.
Pleiotropic impact of a single lysine mutation on biosynthesis of and catalysis by N-methyltryptophan oxidase.

N-Methyltryptophan oxidase (MTOX) contains covalently bound FAD. N-Methyltryptophan binds in a cavity above the re-face of the flavin ring. Lys259 is located above the opposite, si-face. Replacement of Lys259 by Gln, Ala, or Met blocks (>95%) covalent flavin incorporation in vivo. The mutant apoproteins can be reconstituted with FAD. Apparent turnover rates (kcat app) of the reconstituted enzymes are about 2500-fold slower than wild-type MTOX. Wild-type MTOX forms a charge-transfer Eox*S complex with the redox-active anionic form of NMT. The Eox*S complex formed with Lys259Gln does not exhibit a charge-transfer band and is converted to a reduced enzyme*imine complex (EH2*P) at a 60-fold slower rate than wild-type MTOX. The mutant EH2*P complex contains the imine zwitterion and exhibits a charge-transfer band, a feature not observed with the wild-type EH2*P complex. Reaction of reduced Lys259Gln with oxygen is 2500-fold slower than reduced wild-type MTOX. The latter reaction is unaffected by the presence of bound product. Dissociation of the wild-type EH2*P complex is 80-fold slower than kcat. The mutant EH2*P complex dissociates 15-fold faster than kcat app. Consequently, EH2*P and free EH2 are the species that react with oxygen during turnover of wild-type and mutant enzyme, respectively. The results show that: (i) Lys259 is the site of oxygen activation in MTOX and also plays a role in holenzyme biosynthesis and N-methyltryptophan oxidation; (ii) MTOX contains separate active sites for N-methyltryptophan oxidation and oxygen reduction on opposite faces of the flavin ring.
AdoMet-dependent methyl-transfer: Glu119 is essential for DNA C5-cytosine methyltransferase M.HhaI.

Abstract The role of Glu119 in S -adenosyl- l -methionine-dependent DNA methyltransferase M.HhaI-catalyzed DNA methylation was studied. Glu119 belongs to the highly conserved Glu/Asn/Val motif found in all DNA C5-cytosine methyltransferases, and its importance for M.HhaI function remains untested. We show that formation of the covalent intermediate between Cys81 and the target cytosine requires Glu119, since conversion to Ala, Asp or Gln lowers the rate of methyl transfer 10 2 –10 6 fold. Further, unlike the wild-type M.HhaI, these mutants are not trapped by the substrate in which the target cytosine is replaced with the mechanism-based inhibitor 5-fluorocytosine. The DNA binding affinity for the Glu119Asp mutant is decreased 10 3 -fold. Thus, the ability of the enzyme to stabilize the extrahelical cytosine is coupled directly to tight DNA binding. The structures of the ternary protein/DNA/AdoHcy complexes for both the Glu119Ala and Glu119Gln mutants (2.70 A and 2.75 A, respectively) show that the flipped base is positioned nearly identically with that observed in the wild-type M.HhaI complex. A single water molecule in the Glu119Ala structure between Ala119 and the extrahelical cytosine N3 is lacking in the Glu119Gln and wild-type M.HhaI structures, and most likely accounts for this mutant's partial activity. Glu119 has essential roles in activating the target cytosine for nucleophilic attack and contributes to tight DNA binding.
Rotating-wave approximation in high-gain lasers

Semiclassical models for lasers typically incorporate a fundamental simplification called the rotatingwave approximation. In this study the rotating-wave approximation is reexamined, and its implications for the simplest problem of a steady-state laser oscillator are considered in detail. It is found that for practical laser operating conditions the errors resulting from this approximation may not always be negligible
Ideological Realignment and Active Partisans in the American Electorate

This article investigates the consequences of ideological realignment for the motivations and policy preferences of active partisans—Democratic and Republican identifiers who engage in electoral ac...
Western Hemisphere Economic Integration: Implications and Prospects for Agricultural Trade

The late 1980s and early 1990s witnessed a surge of agreements promoting economic integration and trade liberalization among Western Hemisphere (WH) countries. In addition to the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations, new and renewed regional agreements have ranged from customs union agreements to regional free trade agreements (most notably, NAFTA), and numerous bilateral trade agreements between WH trading partners (both individual countries and trading blocs). This succession of accords culminated in the De-
Internal Medicine Physicians’ Perceptions Regarding Rate versus Rhythm Control for Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is often managed by general internal medicine physicians. Available data suggest that guidelines regarding AF management are often not followed, but the reasons for this remain unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and beliefs of internists regarding strategies to treat AF. A national electronic survey of internal medicine physicians regarding their perceptions of optimal AF management, with an emphasis on the rationale for choosing a rhythm- or rate-control strategy, was conducted. One hundred forty-eight physicians from 36 different states responded (representing ≥19% of unique e-mails opened). Half the respondents reported managing their patients with AF independently without referral to cardiologists. Seventy-three percent of participants believed that a rhythm-control strategy conveys a decreased stroke risk, 64% believed that there is a mortality benefit to rhythm control, and 55% thought that it would help avoid long-term anticoagulation. Comparing those who preferred a rhythm-control strategy to everyone else, those who favored rhythm control statistically significantly more often believed that rhythm control reduces the risk for stroke (96% vs 67%, p = 0.009) and that rhythm control allows the discontinuation of anticoagulation therapy (76% vs 49%, p = 0.045). In conclusion, contrary to available data in clinical trials and recent guidelines regarding the rationale for choosing a rhythm-control strategy in treating patients with AF, most study participants believed that rhythm control decreases stroke risk, decreases mortality, and allows the discontinuation of anticoagulation therapy. These prevalent misconceptions may substantially contribute to guideline nonadherence.
Dehydration of Methyl α-Hydroxyisobutyrate Catalyzed by Zeolites

Abstract The catalytic dehydration of methyl α-hydroxyisobutyrate over various zeolites in a flow reactor is described. Both NaY and NaX are effective catalysts for the selective conversion of MOB to methyl methacrylate. Modification with K+ and Cs+ enhances the activity and selectivity of NaY but renders NaX a less effective catalyst. Acidic zeolites (HY, Beta, GdNaX, SmNaY, fluorinated SmNaY) were shown to be quite active but poorly selective with catalyst deactivation resulting from coke formation.
A new scheme for processing noisy startracker measurements in spacecraft attitude determination systems

This paper presents a new approach to processing noisy startracker measurements in spacecraft attitude determination systems. It takes N measurements in each T-second interval and combines them to produce tracker outputs that are estimates of star position at the end of each interval, when the tracker outputs become available. This is an improvement over the standard method, measurement averaging, which generates outputs that are estimates of the average position of the star over each interval. This new scheme is superior to measurement averaging when the spacecraft has some rotation rate as in target tracking or earth pointing. Also, it is not just limited to startracker, but has potential application wherever measurement averaging of sensor outputs is used.
Comment on ''burners producing large excess enthalpies''

An error in the model used by Hardesty and Weinberg (1974) for the analysis of the efficiency of a recirculating burner-energy converter system is discussed. A different model is presented and analyzed. It is demonstrated that in theory the thermodynamic efficiency increases continuously with the amount of heat recirculation.
Nonsimilar axisymmetric stagnation flow on a moving cylinder

Abstract An analysis is presented to investigate the fluid dynamic characteristics of an axisymmetric stagnation flow on a moving circular cylinder. The governing boundary layer equations have been solved numerically. The range of Reynolds numbers considered was from 0.01 to 100. The development of the velocity distribution has been illustrated for various positive and negative values of the wall velocity.
Potentiation and overshadowing in pigeons

Abstract The present experiments investigated the relationship between potentiation and overshadowing in toxicosis conditioning in pigeons. In contrast to other experiments with these animals, Experiment 1 demonstrated that a compound consisting of a flavor and a visual cue did not lead to potentiation of visually mediated avoidance. Instead, the visual cue overshadowed flavor. Subsequent experiments examined factors that were responsible for these results. Experiments 2 and 3 indicated that reducing the intensity of eitehr the visual stimulus or the toxic US resulted in flavor-potentiated avoidance of the visual cue. Experiments 4A and 4B revealed that the manipulations used in Experments 2 and 3 not only supported potentiation, but eliminated overshadowing of flavor by visual cues. The implications of these data for theories of potentiation and overshadowing were discussed.
On the mixing of pseudoscalar mesons

Abstract We calculate the mixing between a glueball and qq pseudoscalars (both the ground state and the first radial excitation) in the framework of the MIT bag model. Our results are large, strongly violate SU(3) and are very sensitive to small changes in the parameters of the model.
Site-directed Mutations of T4 Helicase Loading Protein (gp59) Reveal Multiple Modes of DNA Polymerase Inhibition and the Mechanism of Unlocking by gp41 Helicase

The T4 helicase loading protein (gp59) interacts with a multitude of DNA replication proteins. In an effort to determine the functional consequences of these protein-protein interactions, point mutations were introduced into the gp59 protein. Mutations were chosen based on the available crystal structure and focused on hydrophobic residues with a high degree of solvent accessibility. Characterization of the mutant proteins revealed a single mutation, Y122A, which is defective in polymerase binding and has weakened affinity for the helicase. The interaction between single-stranded DNA-binding protein and Y122A is unaffected, as is the affinity of Y122A for DNA substrates. When standard concentrations of helicase are employed, Y122A is unable to productively load the helicase onto forked DNA substrates. As a result of the loss of polymerase binding, Y122A cannot inhibit the polymerase during nucleotide idling or prevent it from removing the primer strand of a D-loop. However, Y122A is capable of inhibiting strand displacement synthesis by polymerase. The retention of strand displacement inhibition by Y122A, even in the absence of a gp59-polymerase interaction, indicates that there are two modes of polymerase inhibition by gp59. Inhibition of the polymerase activity only requires gp59 to bind to the replication fork, whereas inhibition of the exonuclease activity requires an interaction between the polymerase and gp59. The inability of Y122A to interact with both the polymerase and the helicase suggests a mechanism for polymerase unlocking by the helicase based on a direct competition between the helicase and polymerase for an overlapping binding site on gp59.
Relative importance of phosphorus, invasive mussels and climate for patterns in chlorophyll a and primary production in Lakes Michigan and Huron.

Summary Lakes Michigan and Huron, which are undergoing oligotrophication after reduction of phosphorus loading, invasion by dreissenid mussels and variation in climate, provide an opportunity to conduct large-scale evaluation of the relative importance of these changes for lake productivity. We used remote sensing, field data and an information-theoretic approach to identify factors that showed statistical relationships with observed changes in chlorophyll a (chla) and primary production (PP). Spring phosphorus (TP), annual mean chla and PP have all declined significantly in both lakes since the late 1990s. Additionally, monthly mean values of chla have decreased in many but not all months, indicating altered seasonal patterns. The most striking change has been the decrease in chla concentration during the spring bloom. Mean chlorophyll a concentration was 17% higher in Lake Michigan than in Lake Huron, and total production for 2008 in Lake Michigan (9.5 tg year−1) was 10% greater than in Lake Huron (7.8 tg year−1), even though Lake Michigan is slightly smaller (by 3%) than Lake Huron. Differences between the lakes in the early 1970s evidently persisted to 2008. Invasive mussels influenced temporal trends in spring chla and annual primary production. However, TP had a greater effect on chla and primary production than did the mussels, and TP varied independently from them. Two climatic variables (precipitation and air temperature in the basins) influenced annual chla and annual PP, while the extent of ice cover influenced TP but not chla or primary production. Our results demonstrate that observed temporal patterns in chla and PP are the result of complex interactions of P, climate and invasive mussels.
The Process for Initiating Nursing Practice Changes in the Intrapartum: Findings From a Multisite Research Utilization Project

The process of implementing a research-based protocol (the Second Stage Labor Nursing Management) at 40 sites in North America is described. Both positive and negative factors involved in implementing and adhering to the protocol are presented based on the reports of site coordinators. Key findings from the process data are: (a) the term "research utilization" causes confusion, (b) it is essential that nurses collaborate with other disciplines when attempting to change practice, (c) administrative endorsement of research utilization is important for practice change to occur, (d) nurses know their own practice sites and how to facilitate protocol acceptance, and (e) practice change may not need to occur all at once.
Multiphoton resonances in e+H+ scattering in a linearly polarized radiation field.

We report a solution of the Gavrila-Kaminski coupled-channel system of equations describing the continuum states of an electron in the combined field of a Coulomb potential and a {ital linearly} {ital polarized} intense radiation field. Convergence was achieved in the number of Floquet states and partial waves for intensities up to 3{times}10{sup 14} W/cm{sup 2} at a photon energy of 7.35 eV. In addition, we observed the one- and two-photon capture-escape resonances.
Metabolic depression is delayed and mitochondrial impairment averted during prolonged anoxia in the ghost shrimp, Lepidophthalmus louisianensis (Schmitt, 1935)

Lepidophthalmus louisianensis burrows deeply into oxygen-limited estuarine sediments and is subjected to extended anoxia at low tides. Large specimens (>2 g) have a lethal time for 50% mortality (LT(50)) of 64 h under anoxia at 25o C. Small specimens (<1 g) have a significantly higher LT(50) of 113 h, which is the longest ever reported for a crustacean. Whole body lactate levels rise dramatically under anoxia and exceed 120 µmol g.f.w.(-1) by 72 h. ATP, ADP, and AMP do not change during 48 h of anoxia, but arginine phosphate declines by over 50%. Thus arginine phosphate may help stabilize the ATP pool. Surprisingly, when compared to the aerobic resting rate, ATP production under anoxia is unchanged during the first 12 h, and drops to only about 50% between 12 and 48 h. Finally, after 48 h of anoxia, a major metabolic depression to less than 5% occurs. Downregulation of metabolism is delayed in L. louisianensis compared to many invertebrates that exhibit facultative anaerobiosis. Bioenergetic constraints as a result of eventual metabolic depression led to ionic disturbances like calcium overload and compromised membrane potential of mitochondria. Because these phenomena trigger apoptosis in mammalian species, we evaluated the susceptibility of ghost shrimp mitochondria to opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and associated damage. Energized mitochondria isolated from hepatopancreas possess a pronounced capacity for calcium uptake. Exogenous calcium does not stimulate opening of the MPTP, which potentially could reduce cell death during prolonged anoxia.
Clovis at the end of the world.

Of the scores of North American archaeological sites claimed to provide evidence of human hunting of now-extinct Pleistocene mammals, only about a dozen have compelling evidence of such predation. In all instances, the animals involved were mammoth and mastodon (1). In PNAS, Sanchez et al. (2) contend that a third genus of proboscidean (elephants and their near relatives), the gomphothere Cuvieronius, should be added to the small list of large mammals pursued by Clovis hunters. It is an intriguing claim; skeptics, however, might require more proof than is currently available.
Self-Injurious Behaviors in State Prisons Findings From a National Survey

Self-injurious behaviors in correctional facilities have been reported as a significant threat to inmates, staff, and institutional operations. This study is the first national survey to inquire about self-injurious behavior in incarcerated prison populations. Surveys were mailed to mental health professionals working in state facilities that provided mental health services and housed 100 plus inmates. Data were received from 230 respondents representing 473 prison facilities. The average prevalence of inmate self-injury was 2.4%, and it was 0.7% for serious self-injury. Cutting was reported as the most frequent act of self-injury, with considerable concern for the importation of self-injury tools reported. Treatment responses were typically therapeutic or punitive, with a significant portion of facilities employing suicide protocols to address self-injurious behaviors. Results from negative binomial regressions suggest institutional characteristics associated with the prevalence of inmate self-injury include female-only institutions, specialized maximum-security units, and elevated staffing ratios.
A new vitamin E analogue more active than α-tocopherol in the rat curative myopathy bioassay

Vitamin E owes its biological effects to its antioxidant activity. Kinetic and mechanistic studies on phenolic antioxidants in vitro have led us to design and synthesize all-rac-2,4,6,7-tetramethyl-2-(4',8',12'-trimethyltridecyl)-5-hydroxy-3,4-dihydrobenzofuran, 3. In the rat curative myopathy bioassay the acetate of this compound has 1.5–1.9 times the bioactivity of all-rac-α-tocopherol acetate. This represents the first time that a rationally designed synthetic ‘vitamin’ has been found to have more activity in vivo than the corresponding natural vitamin.
THE PERIODIC ACID-SCHIFF (PAS) REACTION AND PROGNOSIS IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)

The degree of PAS positivity was determined by counting 200 blast cells in the initial bone marrow specimen of 38 children with ALL. Each cell was scored on a 0 to 5 scale according to the number of PAS-positive granules per cell (0–4), or the presence of 1 or more large blocks per cell (5). The patients were stratified into 3 groups according to their mean PAS score. Fourteen children had a low score (mean 65, range 3–150), 12 were intermediate (mean 315, range 153–445), and 12 were high (mean 692, range 465–860). The mean white blood count (WBC) at diaanosis was higher in the low-score group compared to the high-score group, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05); 5/14 low-score patients had an initial WBC below 20,000/mm3, and 3/12 high-score patients were above 20,000/mm3. There were no significant differences among the groups with respect to age, hemoglobin and platelet levels at dignosis or presence of a mediastinal or abdominal mass. However, 13 of 14 low-score patients were male, compared to 4/12 and 6/12 in the intermediate and high groups (p<0.05). In addition, 7 of 13 low-score patients were in relapse by 6 months from diagnosis (3/7 had an initial WBC below 20,000/mm3), compared to none of the inermediate and only 1 of the high patients (p<0.05). These results suggest that a low PAS score is related to a poor prognosis in childhood ALL, regardless of the level of the initial WBC. Females tend to have higher PAS scores than males, and also seem to have a better prognosis.
Using probabilistic generative models for ranking risks of Android apps

One of Android's main defense mechanisms against malicious apps is a risk communication mechanism which, before a user installs an app, warns the user about the permissions the app requires, trusting that the user will make the right decision. This approach has been shown to be ineffective as it presents the risk information of each app in a "tand-alone" ashion and in a way that requires too much technical knowledge and time to distill useful information.We introduce the notion of risk scoring and risk ranking for Android apps, to improve risk communication for Android apps, and identify three desiderata for an effective risk scoring scheme. We propose to use probabilistic generative models for risk scoring schemes, and identify several such models, ranging from the simple Naive Bayes, to advanced hierarchical mixture models. Experimental results conducted using real-world datasets show that probabilistic general models significantly outperform existing approaches, and that Naive Bayes models give a promising risk scoring approach.
The Binding, Internalization, and Release of Thymocytes by Thymic Nurse Cells

Abstract Recent studies in our laboratory have described the development of the SV40-transformed thymic nurse cell (TNC) line SVT-II2, that maintains the ability to internalize thymocytes in vitro. SVT-II2 cells were shown to bind and internalize a subset of the αβ TCR+, CD4+CD8+ thymocyte population exclusively. Also, SVT-II2 cells express cell surface class I and class II MHC antigens. These data are consistent with reports that suggest that TNCs may have a role in thymic education. In this report, we used scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and long-term video microscopy to study binding, internalization, and release of thymocytes by TNCs. The results of these experiments showed the internalization event to be selective and dynamic. The process appears to involve programmed cooperation between the two cell types that terminates with the release of selected thymocytes. Although no changes in thymocyte cell surface phenotype were detected as a result of their interaction with TNCs in vitro, over 90% remained viable after a 48-hr incubation period.
Quasiparticle density of states in dirty high- T c superconductors

We study the density of quasiparticle states of dirty d-wave superconductors. We show the existence of singular corrections to the density of states due to quantum interference effects. We then argue that the density of states actually vanishes in the localized phase as $|E|$ or ${E}^{2}$ depending on whether time-reversal is a good symmetry or not. We verify this result for systems without time-reversal symmetry in one dimension using supersymmetry techniques. This simple, instructive calculation also provides the exact universal scaling function for the density of states for the crossover from ballistic to localized behavior in one dimension. Above two dimensions, we argue that in contrast to the conventional Anderson localization transition, the density of states has critical singularities which we calculate in a $2+\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion. We discuss consequences of our results for various experiments on dirty high-${T}_{c}$ materials.