cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rule-Based Multi-network Arbitration

This chapter describes work in combining artificial neural network techniques for autonomous driving with symbolic processing methods in order to achieve more intelligent behavior. This work was done in collaboration with Jay Gowdy and Charles Thorpe [Pomerleau et al., 1991].
Assessment of the interaction between microorganism and chemical mixture using resazurin reduction

The interaction between microorganism and chemical mixture was studied using resazurin reduction to delineate the microbial response to toxic substances. Two chemical mixtures, one consisting of two similar chemicals (2,3-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) and another of two dissimilar compounds (mercuric chloride and 2,3-dichlorophenol), were tested on three pure bacterial isolates. Various toxicity patterns encompassing synergistic, neutral, and antagonistic effects on test bacteria were observed, demonstrating that the observed toxicity response from a chemical mixture does not always match the summed toxicity responses of the chemicals tested individually. No overall pattern regarding the interaction between microorganism and chemical mixture's toxicity could be drawn, implying that the traditional philosophy of setting water quality standards based on the toxicity assessment of individual chemicals should be readdressed to reflect the complexity of managing toxic substances in the aquatic environment.
Providing guaranteed assurance to connection-oriented group communications using disjoint routing

We compare different approaches which provide guaranteed assurance to connection-oriented group communications based on the use of working and backup disjoint route sets. Specifically, we present experimental results showing the effect of disjoint backup route sets on mesh/tree/ring feasibility and cost.
Eigenstructure assignment approach for structural damage detection

In this work, a methodology for incorporating measured modal data into an existing refined finite element model is examined with the objective of detecting and locating structural damage. The algorithm is based on the partial inverse problem, in that only partial spectral information is required. The technique utilizes a symmetric eigenstructure assignment algorithm to perform the partial spectral assignment. Algorithms to enhance mode shape assignability and to preserve sparsity in the damaged FEM are developed. The sparsity preservation is of particular importance when considering damage detection in trusslike structures. Several examples are presented to highlight the key points made within the paper.
Isolation and Culture of Human Neurons, Microglia, and Astrocytes

Neuronal and glial cell cultures are important parts of neuroscience laboratories. Because the human brain is the least accessible organ, experimental studies on brain cell cultures provide valuable information. The ability to experiment on real neurons and glial cells in a controlled environment under specific conditions is essential to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms in the brain during development and in disease. Isolation and culture of neurons and glial cells is tricky but very important techniques for neuroscientists. These cells are very fragile, and primary culture of brain cells can be challenging. This chapter describes step-by-step protocols for the isolation and enrichment of different cell types from human brain tissue, and the optimal conditions needed to achieve viable and healthy neuronal and glial cell cultures. Immunocytochemical staining protocols for the brain cells are described with illustrations.
Physiological responses and political behavior: Three reproductions using a novel dataset

One of the most provocative recent findings in our understanding of political behavior is the link between physiological responses to environmental stimuli and political attitudes and behavior. Thi...
Quality of Life: The Need for a National Database

Due to recent advances in pediatric cardiovascular therapy, mortality rates for children with heart disease (HD) have decreased dramatically. Despite these advances, however, survivors suffer from morbidity resulting from their circulatory abnormalities and the medical and surgical therapies they have received. These morbidities significantly impact the child’s neurodevelopmental, psychosocial, and physical functioning and diminish their quality of life (QOL). As a result, outcome assessment focusing on QOL has become increasingly important in this high-risk population. QOL may be described as a child’s ability to function in situational contexts and derive personal satisfaction from doing so. This paper will delineate health measurement definitions including QOL and health-related QOL (HRQOL), identify inherent difficulties in HRQOL measurement in the pediatric HD population, and discuss salient aspects of HRQOL instrument evaluation. In addition, this manuscript will describe existing generic and disease-specific HRQOL measures that may be used to assess HRQOL in the pediatric HD population, what research on HRQOL in the pediatric HD population has shown, and the extent to which HRQOL evaluations are being fully utilized in clinical practice. A research and clinical agenda is proposed to harness the potential applications of HRQOL assessment. Finally, the relationship of quality of life, safety, and value will be discussed as well as the formation of a quality of life national database.
Excursions Into the Toxic Past

The rediscovery of more than 20,000 tons of toxic wastes buried in a Niagara Falls suburban school yard in the late 1970s captured public attention and directed the media spotlight on hazardous wastes, an issue industry experts and government officials had been grappling with for decades. Congress had already passed legislation in 1976 (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) that sought to regulate hazardous waste management, but the act neglected to deal with long-abandoned waste dumps such as Love Canal (New York). Consequently in 1980, Congress passed the Superfund legislation (The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Liability, and Compensation Act), which employed the principle: the polluter pays. Inherent in this approach was a retrospective perspective.
Topics In Finance Part III - Leverage

This article investigates operating and financial leverage from the perspective of the financial manager, accenting the relationships to stockholder wealth maximization (SWM), risk and return, and potential agency problems. It also covers some of the pertinent literature related specifically to the implications of operating and financial risk and the associated measurement dilemmas.
Defining Who is a Customer in FINRA Arbitration: Time to Clear Things Up!

This article covers recent regulatory and legal developments on the question of how the term “customer” has come to be defined and interpreted for access to FINRA arbitration via FINRA Rule 12200. It proposes amendments that would better define this term.
Export Empire: German Soft Power in Southeastern Europe, 1890–1945

Introduction: the foundations of soft power and informal empire Part I. German Power in the Wilhelmine Empire and the Weimar Republic: 1. The legacy of Wilhelmine imperialism and the First World War, 1890-1920 2. The economics of trade: building commercial networks in southeastern Europe, 1925-1930 3. The culture of trade: cultural diplomacy and area studies in southeastern Europe, 1925-1930 4. The politics of trade: Paneuropa, Mitteleuropa, and the Great Depression, 1929-1933 Part II. Nazi Imperialism: 5. Stabilising the Reichsmark Bloc: commercial networks in the Third Reich, 1933-1939 6. Economic pioneers or missionaries of the Third Reich? Cultural diplomacy in southeastern Europe, 1933-1939 7. Forging a hinterland: German development aid in the Balkans, 1934-1940 8. The Second World War: informal empire transformed, 1939-1945 Conclusion: imperialism realised?
The Language of A Cold Warrior: A Content Analysis of Harry Truman’s Public Statements

Americans struggled with paranoia in the early 1950s. Many believed the most extravagant charges about the presence of Communists in the United States. Others had no firm convictions about the threat of Communism but tolerated an unrestricted search for disloyal citizens. To a later generation, there seems to have been little connection between the degree of danger and the public’s alarm. A recent attempt to explain this national paranoia holds the Truman administration responsible for creating an unreasoning anti-Communist mentality. According to Athan Theoharis and Richard Freeland, members of the Truman administration exaggerated the dangers of international and domestic Communism. The public heard that the United States was “imminently threatened by a massive ideologically based assault upon everything Americans valued.” The administration’s excessively moralistic rhetoric portrayed the Soviet Union as the “Anti-Christ.” This strident anti-Communism created a public mood that Joseph McCarthy and others exploited for their political advantage. Thus, one of McCarthy’s major victims—the Truman administration—created the preconditions for McCarthyism.
On-Demand Complex Peptide Synthesis: An Aspirational (and Elusive?) Goal for Peptide Synthesis.

Peptide synthesis is a truly interdisciplinary tool, familiar to a broad group of scientists who do not otherwise overlap scientifically. For this reason, some may perceive even complex peptide synthesis to be a “solved problem”, while others might argue that immense opportunity remains untapped or simply inaccessible. At the extreme of complexity, what might a concise assessment of the state-of-the-art in peptide synthesis look like? As one of the most practiced forms of synthetic chemistry by chemists and non-chemists alike, what restrictions remain that constrain access to chemical space? Using popular terminology, what forms of peptide synthesis are appropriately termed “on-demand”? The purpose of this Perspective is to appraise synthetic access to complex peptides, particularly those containing unnatural α-amino amides. Several case studies in complex peptide synthesis are summarized here, each selected to characterize the challenges attendant to unnatural α-amino amide synthesis. As peptidic molecul...
Diagnosis of Cystoid Macular Edema: Imaging

Early detection of cystoid macula edema (CME) is critical for diagnosis and management. Traditional methods of accessing macular edema include contact and noncontact slit lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography (FA), and fundus stereo photography. However the interpretation of their results can be subjective, and subtle changes in retinal thickness in early CME may not be evident.
3D visualization and reflexive archaeology: A virtual reconstruction of Çatalhöyük history houses

Abstract More than twenty years of excavations at Catalhoyuk have generated data-driven interpretations on the repetition of Neolithic buildings over multiple levels of occupation. Current 3D technologies allow us to simulate Catalhoyuk's material culture and unique urban environment, but pose questions on the role of virtual simulation and 3D reconstruction in a reflexive and multivocal archaeological discourse. What is the significance of virtually rebuilding Catalhoyuk history houses? How can different viewpoints on history—in terms of class, race, ethnicity, and gender—be represented in a 3D reconstruction? This article aims to shed light on the role of 3D technologies for the dissemination of archaeological data in promoting reflexivity, multivocality, and heritage awareness in local communities and youth. This work discusses the preliminary phases of the Virtually Rebuilding Catalhoyuk Project with the goal of illustrating the theoretical underpinning and preliminary results of this initiative.
Algorithmic Aspects of Real-Life Systems Analysis: Approach Based on Symmetry and Similarity

Most applications of computing deal with real-life systems: we need to predict the behavior of such systems, we need to find the best way to change their behavior, etc. In all these tasks, we first need to describe the system’s behavior in precise terms - i.e., in terms understandable to a computer, and then use the resulting description to analyze these systems. In this chapter, following the general ideas of Chapter 1, we show that symmetries and similarities can help with such description and analysis.
Influence of moisture conditioning on healing of asphalt binders

Abstract The self-healing property of asphalt binder in the asphalt concrete has been reported in recent years. Healing is an important property of asphalt binder as it helps to recover the fatigue damage during rest period. However, the effect of moisture conditioning on asphalt binder healing has not been studied yet. In this study, Moisture Induced Sensitivity Test (MIST) is used to moisture-condition the binders and then tested using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) to evaluate the chemical and healing properties respectively. Also, cohesion properties of the binder are calculated from the tack test using DSR. FTIR results show that water is absorbed in the asphalt binder due to the moisture conditioning. Additionally, results show that the healing rate of asphalt binder decreases due to moisture conditioning. A healing model is developed to separate the total healing into instantaneous and long-term healings. The instantaneous healing is the instant healing that occurs just after the loading is removed. Moisture conditioning decreases the amount of instant healing by reducing the cohesion or energy of separation of the binder. The long-term healing occurs only if there is a very long rest period and depends on the activation energy (or diffusion rate). Results show that moisture conditioning reduces the long-term healing rate by increasing the required activation energy for diffusion. Therefore, the overall healing of fatigue damage reduces due to moisture conditioning of the asphalt binder.
Premature gonadal failure in female dogs and cats.

Premature gonadal failure has been detected in phenotypically female dogs and cats with defective prenatal germ cell migration (ovarian aplasia), defective prenatal differentiation of the gonadal ridge into ovarian tissue (true hermaphroditism, male pseudohermaphroditism, ovarian dysgenesis in the presence of XO or XXX sex chromosome complements) or defective gamete maturation in the presence of primordial ovarian follicles (lymphocytic oophoritis, thyroid insufficiency). The most common of these is defective gonadal differentiation in animals with true hermaphroditism and failure of gamete maturation in thyroid insufficiency. A common clinical sign of premature gonadal failure in companion animals is failure to show a pubertal oestrus by 2 years of age. Diagnostic evaluation of such animals should include determination of the karyotype, plasma concentrations of LH and FSH and of thyroid hormones, gonadal histology, and gross evaluation of the Mullerian duct system at laparotomy.
Medical students' preferences in radiology education a comparison between the Socratic and didactic methods utilizing powerpoint features in radiology education.

Rationale and Objectives The Socratic method has long been a traditional teaching method in medicine and law. It is currently accepted as the standard of teaching in clinical wards, while the didactic teaching method is widely used during the first 2 years of medical school. There are arguments in support of both styles of teaching. Materials and Methods After attending a radiology conference demonstrating different teaching methods, third-year and fourth-year medical students were invited to participate in an online anonymous survey. Results Of the 74 students who responded, 72% preferred to learn radiology in an active context. They preferred being given adequate time to find abnormalities on images, with feedback afterward from instructors, and they thought the best approach was a volunteer-based system of answering questions using the Socratic method in the small group. They desired to be asked questions in a way that was constructive and not belittling, to realize their knowledge deficits and to have daily pressure to come prepared. The respondents thought that pimping was an effective teaching tool, supporting previous studies. Conclusions When teaching radiology, instructors should use the Socratic method to a greater extent. Combining Socratic teaching with gentle questioning by an instructor through the use of PowerPoint is a preferred method among medical students. This information is useful to improve medical education in the future, especially in radiology education.
Differential neural responses to faces paired with labels versus faces paired with noise at 6- and at 9-months

Abstract Labeling objects or faces in the first year of life shapes subsequent attention and perception. Three months of hearing individual-level, unique labels for previously unfamiliar faces promotes face differentiation and impacts neural processing during the first year of life. However, it is currently unclear whether verbal labeling influences visual processing of faces during label learning and whether these effects differ across the first year of life. The current study examined the impact of individual-level labels versus a non-speech noise on neural responses to monkey faces. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while infants viewed two species of monkey faces: one paired with labels and one paired with a non-speech noise. At 9 months, neural responses differentiated monkey faces paired with labels relative to those paired with noise during both the first and second halves of the experiment. Nine-month-olds exhibited a faster P1 latency, marginally greater N290 amplitude and reduced P400 amplitude to labeled faces relative to a non-speech noise. However, 6-month-olds’ neural responses did not differentiate monkey faces paired with labels from those paired with a non-speech noise until the second half of trials and only showed this effect for P1 latency and N290 amplitude. The results of this study suggest that overall, infants differentiate faces labeled with individual-level labels from those paired with a non-speech noise, however, 6-month-olds require more exposure to the label-face pairings than 9-month-olds.
Temporal and spatial variation in personal ambient temperatures for outdoor working populations in the southeastern USA.

Excessive ambient temperature exposure can result in significant morbidity and mortality, especially among vulnerable occupational groups like outdoor workers. Average temperatures in the USA are projected to increase in frequency and intensity, placing future worker populations at greater risk for unhealthy levels of exposure. Unlike previous research focused on aggregate-level temperature exposures from in situ weather station data, this study will measure location-based personal ambient temperatures (PAT) at the individual-level by piloting the use of wearable sensor technology. A total of 66 outdoor workers in three geographically and climatologically diverse regions in the Southeast USA were continuously sampled during the workday for a 1-week period throughout July 11 to August 8 2016. Results indicate significant worker variation in temperature exposure within and between study locations; with PAT characterized by less pronounced variability as workers moved between indoor and outdoor environments. Developed land covers, a factor often associated with higher temperatures, were poorly correlated with PAT. Future analysis should focus on a worker’s physiological response to PAT and mapping of spatial patterns of PAT for a larger worker population to produce innovative and targeted heat prevention programs.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Family of Ligands and Receptors in Cancer Therapy

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members are membrane-bound and soluble proteins that play an important physiological role in lymphocyte homeostasis, immunity, inflammation, and calcium metabolism. Abnormalities in the expression or function of these ligands and their receptors have been linked to several human diseases, including autoimmunity and cancer. These observations provided the background for exploring this system to design novel treatment strategies for autoimmune diseases, bone disorders, and cancer. Because the systemic administration of some TNF family members is toxic to normal cells, only a few have a potential therapeutic value. In this concise review, we focus on the potential role of six TNF family members in cancer therapy: CD30 ligand, CD40 ligand, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK)/RANK ligand, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) Apo-2L/TRAIL, BAFF, and APRIL and their receptors.
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT | Roles and Responsibilities of the Manager

Dairy farm managers have three main responsibilities: planning, implementing the plan effectively, and monitoring and evaluating farm and financial performance. If the farm is to achieve the owners’ goals, these responsibilities must be discharged regardless of farm size or business structure. Farm plans should be based on clearly stated goals and these may include both financial and personal goals. Planning includes both long-term plans and short-term plans for activities that help achieve the long-term goals. Production plans and management include what the farm will produce, how much it will produce, and how and where those products will be produced and sold. Financial management refers to the overall financial performance and health of the business, including profitability, solvency, liquidity, debt, and risk management. Corrective action is needed when farm or financial performance does not meet expectations. Sound problem solving includes clearly identifying the problem and its causes. If the cause is external to the business, the manager must find ways to work around it. If the cause is internal to the business, the problem must be the result of a person’s actions. Alternative courses of action must be identified and evaluated. Decisions and actions should be guided by the goals set for the business.
Sequence Organization in Interaction: Sequence-closing sequences

As sequences get expanded, their structuring can become progressively less determinate. But this indeterminateness is not evenly distributed across a sequence's trajectory. Specifically, as sequences get expanded after their base second pair part , their structuring can become increasingly unconstrained. There are fairly straightforward reasons for this. Pre-expansions are disciplined by the projected first pair part by reference to which they get their import. Their growth is always under the shadow of the parties' orientation to the sequence which the pre-expansion foreshadows. Similarly, insert expansions are constrained by the relevant and impending base second pair part which has been made conditionally relevant by the base first pair part, a relevance which each element of insert expansion renews, as it defers its realization. The growth of insert expansions is under the shadow of the parties' orientation to the response to which they are preliminary. However, post-expansions have no such projected structural component by which they are disciplined or constrained. Although some sequences do appear to require some third-position object to achieve closure (Jefferson and Schenkein, 1978), “third position” is a much less determinate position than second. The turn following a second pair part is a place ready for a third-position object to be recognized as such, as is the slot after a small post-expansion. But if there is a substantial expansion of the sequence after its base second pair part, then no next turn position can accommodate an “oh” or “okay” which will directly be recognized as closing the sequence.
Social Processes, and Regional Economic Development

Recognizing the salience of waged labor and labor-force characteristics for regional development, this chapter proposes an institutional framework for analyzing local or regional labor processes and underscores the potential utility of that framework for effecting change in regional labor (re)production, “quality”” allocation, and wages.
Multiscale modelling of the human lumbar facet capsular ligament: analysing spinal motion from the joint to the neurons

Due to its high level of innervation, the lumbar facet capsular ligament (FCL) is suspected to play a role in low back pain (LBP). The nociceptors in the lumbar FCL may experience excessive deformation and generate pain signals. As such, understanding the mechanical behaviour of the FCL, as well as that of its underlying nerves, is critical if one hopes to understand its role in LBP. In this work, we constructed a multiscale structure-based finite-element (FE) model of a lumbar FCL on a spinal motion segment undergoing physiological motions of flexion, extension, ipsilateral and contralateral bending, and ipsilateral axial rotation. Our FE model was created for a generic FCL geometry by morphing a previously imaged FCL anatomy onto an existing generic motion segment model. The fibre organization of the FCL in our models was subject-specific based on previous analysis of six dissected specimens. The fibre structures from those specimens were mapped onto the FCL geometry on the motion segment. A motion segment model was used to determine vertebral kinematics under specified spinal loading conditions, providing boundary conditions for the FCL-only multiscale FE model. The solution of the FE model then provided detailed stress and strain fields within the tissue. Lastly, we used this computed strain field and our previous studies of deformation of nerves embedded in fibrous networks during simple deformations (e.g. uniaxial stretch, shear) to estimate the nerve deformation based on the local tissue strain and fibre alignment. Our results show that extension and ipsilateral bending result in largest strains of the lumbar FCL, while contralateral bending and flexion experience lowest strain values. Similar to strain trends, we calculated that the stretch of the microtubules of the nerves, as well as the forces exerted on the nerves' membrane are maximal for extension and ipsilateral bending, but the location within the FCL of peak microtubule stretch differed from that of peak membrane force.
To describe symptomatology and etiological factors of posterior fossa strokes involving only the basilar artery. (P3.257)

Objective: To review symptoms and etiology of patients with posterior fossa strokes involving only the basilar artery. Background: Posterior Fossa strokes are often challenging due to non-specific symptoms or that the symptoms may be also associated with anterior circulation strokes or stroke mimics. Determining the correct diagnosis and etiology are important as these strokes can be life threatening or may reoccur without proper recognition. Design/Methods: From 1999 to 2013 at the University of Iowa, information on approximately 591 patients ages 18 to 98 who had posterior fossa strokes was collected; which included clinical symptoms and etiology if known. The patients who had only basilar strokes and at least one recorded symptom when presenting to the hospital were extracted and further evaluated (73/591). The symptoms recorded included muscle weakness, language changes, dysarthria, nausea/vomiting, sensory changes, vertigo, aphasia, and gait changes. The etiologies were recorded for 33 patients with only basilar stroke, and the etiologies included stroke associated with LVAT, cardio-embolism, small vessel disease, and dissection. Results: The patients evaluated with only basilar stroke and at least one of the following symptoms: 72.6% had muscle weakness, 64.4% had language changes, 40.0% had dysarthria, 23.3% had nausea/vomiting, 21.9% had sensory changes, 20.5% had vertigo, 20.5% had aphasia, and 11.0% had gait changes. Etiologies of only basilar stroke for 33 patients were recorded: 39.4% were associated with LVAT, 27.3% were cardio-embolic, 21.2% were due to small vessel disease, and 12.1 % were from dissection. Conclusions: Muscle weakness, language changes were the primary symptoms recorded when patients presented with posterior fossa strokes involving only the basilar artery. LVAT and cardio-embolism were the primary etiologies. This study elucidates symptoms to look for when patients present with muscle weakness as well as language changes, and emphasizes the possibility of cardiac causes of posterior fossa strokes involving purely the basilar artery. Study Supported by: The patients evaluated with only basilar stroke and at least one of the following symptoms: 72.6% (53/73) muscle weakness, 64.4% (47/73) language changes, 40.0% (29/73) dysarthria, 23.3% (17/73) nausea/vomiting, 21.9% (16/73) sensory changes, 20.5% (15/73) vertigo, 20.5% (15/73) aphasia, and 11.0% (8/73) gait changes. Etiologies of only basilar stroke for 33 patients were recorded: 39.4% (13/33) were associated with LVAT, 27.3% (9/33) were cardio-embolic, 21.2% (7/33) were due to small vessel disease, and 12.1 % (4/33) were from dissection. Disclosure: Dr. Parand has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jillella has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zafar has nothing to disclose.
Lithium-ion Battery Rate-of-Degradation Modeling for Real-Time Battery Degradation Control during EV Drive Cycle

This work investigates an approach to modeling lithium-ion battery (LIB) rate-of-degradation (ROD) that can be used for real-time active control of battery degradation. This physics-based model extends from electrochemical LIB degradation modeling in the literature to LIB ROD modeling by estimating the solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) layer growth rate on the graphite anode. To enable the real-time control capability, the complexity of conventional electrochemical degradation models is reduced by eliminating all of the associated partial differential equations (PDEs) via regression and estimation algorithms. The proposed reduced-order ROD model can accurately predict the aging progression of batteries cycled with dynamic profiles. The dynamic ROD estimation can be integrated into a dynamic battery current (power) limiting control. Experimental results show that battery degradation reduction can be achieved during drive cycles with the ROD control enabled.
Innovation and competition in advanced therapy medicinal products

EMBO Mol Med (2019) 11: e9992[OpenUrl][1][FREE Full Text][2] Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), including gene therapy, cell therapy, and tissue engineering products, represent a paradigm shift in health care as they have great potential for preventing and treating many diseases (Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2013). By way of example, only 367 (8.0%) of the 4,603 rare diseases and conditions listed by the NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center had at least one FDA‐approved drug therapy in early 2018. An estimated 3,038 (66.0%) of those rare diseases and conditions are congenital and genetic diseases that could potentially be treated by gene therapy. There are already ATMPs under development to address these and many other unmet medical needs (FDA, 2013; MIT NEWDIGS FoCUS Project, 2017) and for the treatment of prevalent conditions, such as cardiovascular, neurologic, and metabolic diseases. However, the high cost of ATMPs has given rise to concerns about the affordability of these breakthrough therapies for health care systems and patients. Furthermore, the projected increase of ATMP approvals in the upcoming decades will create a significant financial challenge for patients, insurance companies, and public health care schemes. During the past decades, the rise of generic markets for drugs and biologics has helped to drive down the costs for many drugs and other medicinal products; a similar market for generic versions of ATMP could therefore help to make these advanced treatments more affordable. Yet, there are several factors that may hinder a future competitive market for ATMPs and thereby affordability. In the USA and Europe, the regulation of ATMPs falls under the biologic licensing procedures of the FDA and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), respectively. Both agencies have implemented a regulatory framework to expedite the development and approval of ATMPs that address unmet medical needs or provide new therapies … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEMBO%2BMol%2BMed%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.15252%252Femmm.201809992%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F30770338%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=FULL&journalCode=embomm&resid=11/3/e9992&atom=%2Fembomm%2F11%2F3%2Fe9992.atom
Bargaining in the (Murky) Shadow of Arbitration

Disputing parties who are unable to settle their differences will end up before an adjudicator (typically a judge or jury) who will decide their dispute for them. Dispute resolution scholars have long theorized that disputants bargain in the shadow of this adjudicated outcome, predicting what would happen in court substantively and procedurally, and negotiating based on an assessment of the strength of “bargaining endowments” derived from applicable legal norms. The increasing use of arbitration to resolve commercial disputes in the U.S. means that more and more disputants are negotiating in the shadow of arbitration, not litigation. This article explores how procedural differences between arbitration and litigation impact disputants who bargain in arbitration’s shadow, and adds an entirely new critique to the robust scholarship criticizing the fairness of mandatory arbitration. Because arbitration awards are often not public and are not considered precedent, the law does not develop in industries where virtually all disputes are arbitrated. Disputants can only murkily predict the likely outcome in arbitration, and thus can neither negotiate from an anchoring premise nor manage the risk of a failed negotiation. Ultimately, this leads parties to compromise their rights, thus reducing the value of bargaining endowments the shadow of the law would otherwise grant. In turn, this weakens the legitimacy of these settlements and of arbitration as a dispute resolution process.
Teaching the tragedy of open access: a classroom exercise on governing the commons

This paper addresses a prominent misconception in environmental economics and environmental studies concerning the 'tragedy of the commons' and sustainable management of common-pool resources. The open-commons dilemma prevents many students and instructors from realising the important role of common property regimes in sustainably managing resources. And, recognising the important role simulations play in enhancing student comprehension and retention of complex material, this paper outlines a unique way for students to participate in the development of common property relationships through the use of the online simulation Fishbanks. This activity has been highly successful when conducted in my classes, and students have responded to the exercise with enthusiasm.
A 7-nm 4-GHz Arm¹-Core-Based CoWoS¹ Chiplet Design for High-Performance Computing

We present a dual-chiplet interposer-based system-in-package (SiP) octo-core processor using Chip-on-Wafer-on-Substrate (CoWoS) technology. Each of the two identical chiplets is implemented in 7-nm CMOS with 15 metal layers and has four Arm Cortex-A72 processor cores operating at 4.0 GHz. A bidirectional mesh bus with 2-mm flop-to-flop distance is distributed throughout the chiplet for high-speed on-die data transport above 4.0 GHz. The chiplets communicate with each other through ultrashort reach (0.5 mm long) interposer channels using a Low-voltage-In-Package-INterCONnect (LIPINCON) clock-forwarded parallel interface. The scalable link module offers 320 GB/s of aggregate bandwidth, operating at 8.0 Gb/s/pin and 0.3-V transmitter swing without receiver termination to achieve 0.56-pJ/bit energy efficiency and 1.6-Tb/s/mm2 bandwidth density. Measurements of the fabricated SiP validate the functionality and performance of the cores, on-die data bus, and inter-chiplet link. The built-in LIPINCON eye-scan feature validates inter-chiplet connectivity at 8.0 Gb/s with an eye opening of 244 mV and 0.69 UI.
Thermal tissue damage analysis for magnetothermal neuromodulation and lesion size minimization

Abstract The study of temperature profiles within the central nervous system (CNS) when exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) as a plausible therapy for neuropsychiatric disorders is crucial. This new procedure can be a better alternative for conventional permanent implanted electrodes treatment for CNS diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Hyperthermic treatments are highly dependent on biomaterial thermophysical properties, magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) solution and magnetic field characteristics. This manuscript aims to ascertain the optimum conditions for magnetothermal neuromodulation. Hence, we employ a comprehensive modeling and utilize finite element method (FEM) for simulations to obtain the temperature distribution across the exposed tissue by which the lesion size is evaluated. The results are compared against experimental data in the literature. Local temperature distribution demonstrates an elevated temperature of 57 °C particularly, at the center of the injected solution after exposure. It is shown that a high fraction of the tissue around the injected magnetic nanoparticle solution is damaged mainly due to crossing the safe temperature domain (43 °C Statement of Significance The invasiveness of conventional therapy for neurodegenerative diseases has prompted neuroscientists to discover a new treatment with the least side effects. Magnetothermal stimulation as a great potential alternative, utilizes nano-transducers to convert magnetic field energy to heat and activate targeted neurons. This technique has exhibited promising test results that ameliorates the symptoms. This manuscript by employing an optimization method and damage analysis, establishes the methodology to diminish the adverse impacts of magnetothermal stimulation. The optimum stimulation was established which satisfies the neuron activation requirement while causing the least damage on the targeted brain tissue.
Cavitary lung lesions and pneumothorax in a healthy patient with active coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) viral pneumonia.

Severe respiratory sequelae drive morbidity-associated with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease. We report a case of COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by cavitary lesions and pneumothorax in a young healthy male. Pneumothorax management with catheter thoracostomy and rapid resolution of the cavitary lesions are described. An extensive work-up for other causes a cavitation was negative and the temporal correlation of the cavities with COVID-19 infection plus their rapid resolution suggest a direct relationship. We propose a mechanism for cavitation secondary to microangiopathy, a cause of cavitation in the vasculitides and a known feature of COVID-19.
The Assyrian Heroic Epic of Qaīne Gabbara: A Modern Poem in the Ancient Bardic Tradition

This work discusses a modern Assyrian epic, Qatīne Gabbara, in both its oral and written traditions, and examines its importance in marking continuity in culture, traditions and language. Building on an earlier study by Younan Hozaya, this essay shows how Qatīne Gabbara fits within the genre of heroic epic, thereby bringing new light to a vastly overlooked and understudied Assyrian cultural tradition.
Optimal heating rate in constant pressure and constant flow gas chromatography.

Optimal heating rate is the one resulting in the shortest analysis time for achieving a required separation performance of a column. The previously recommended default heating rate (RT,Def ) was optimal for temperature-programmed gas chromatography analyses in constant pressure mode. It has been shown herein that the same recommendation can be extended to constant flow mode with fixed heating rate (RT ). The numerical value of RT,Def has been herein rescaled from previous 10∘C/tM (10°C per void time) where tM was measured at 50°C, to 12∘C/tM with tM measured at 150°C-a round number in the middle of the gas chromatography temperature range, chosen as a reference temperature for numerical values of all temperature-dependent gas chromatography parameters. It has been experimentally found based on theory developed herein that RT,Def=12∘C/tM is optimal for columns with φ=0.001 ( φ=df/d is dimensionless film thickness, d and df are the column internal diameter and film thickness, respectively) in constant pressure mode and constant flow mode with fixed RT . Theory shows that, for arbitrary φ, RT,Def=12(1000φ)0.09∘C/tM . The theory also shows that the fixed RT is optimal for constant pressure mode. In constant flow mode, however, the optimal RT should gradually increase with increasing temperature (T). The optimal theoretical curves RT (T), different for different flow rates, were found. However, only the optimization of the fixed RT was experimentally evaluated due to limited capability of existing gas chromatography instrumentation and resources. It has been shown that the separation-time tradeoff in constant pressure mode is slightly better than that in constant flow mode. The experimental data are compiled in the Supporting information.
Water Depth Retrieval in the Everglades Using Cygnss

Quantitative observations of dynamic changes in water extent and depth of the world's wetlands are currently limited by traditional remote sensing methods, which have difficulty observing surface water beneath dense vegetation and clouds. A novel remote sensing technique known as GNSS Reflectometry (GNSS-R) has shown great potential in the detection of terrestrial surface water beneath vegetation. The Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) is a GNSS-R small satellite constellation that exhibits sub-daily revisit rates over tropical wetlands. In this work, we present a retrieval algorithm to predict water depth and surface water extent using CYGNSS observations over the Everglades. We test our algorithm over three regional approaches and varying smoothing filters. Results indicate that CYGNSS signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is highly correlated with both water depth and extent over shallow, vegetated water.
In adult female hamsters hypothyroidism stimulates D1 receptor-mediated breathing without altering D1 receptor expression

Hypothyroidism affects cardiopulmonary regulation and function of dopaminergic receptors. Here we evaluated effects of 5 months of hypothyroidism on dopamine D1 receptor modulation of breathing in female hamsters using a D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390. Euthyroid hamsters (EH) served as controls. Results indicated that hypothyroid female hamsters (HH) exhibited decreased body weights and minute ventilation (VE) following hypoxia due to decreased frequency of breathing (F). Moreover, SCH 23390 administration in HH increased VE by increasing tidal volume during exposure to air, hypoxia and following hypoxia. Relative to vehicle, SCH 23390 treatment decreased body temperature and hypoxic VE responsiveness in both groups. In EH, SCH 23390 decreased F in air, hypoxia and post hypoxia, and VE during hypoxia trended to decrease (P=0.053). Finally, expression of D1 receptor protein was not different between the two groups in any region evaluated. Thus, hypothyroidism in older female hamsters affected D1 receptor modulation of ventilation differently relative to euthyroid animals, but not expression of D1 receptors.
Interpretation of Diffusion Susceptibility Data Obtained with 50-μg Carbenicillin Discs Against Gram-Negative Organisms

A total of 284 clinical isolates of various species of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. maltophilia, and Acinetobacter anitratum were tested for susceptibility to carbenicillin by the standardized Bauer-Kirby disc diffusion technique and a microtiter broth dilution method. The data obtained led to the following proposed criteria for the interpretation of the results of disc susceptibility tests. Enterobacteriaceae that yield zones of inhibition equal to or greater than 20 mm in diameter around 50-μg discs of carbenicillin are designated as sensitive to the drug; isolates that yield zones measuring from 18 to 19 mm in diameter are reported as of equivocal (intermediate) susceptibility to the drug, whereas those enterobacterial isolates that are characterized by zones of inhibition of 17 mm or less in diameter are interpreted as resistant to carbenicillin. Isolates of P. aeruginosa, P. maltophilia, and A. anitratum yielding zones of 14 mm or more in diameter around 50-μg discs of carbenicillin are reported as sensitive, whereas those isolates that are characterized by zones of 13 mm or less in diameter are reported as resistant to this drug.
The role of decay accelerating factor in the immunopathogenesis of cytomegalovirus infection

Summary A wide variety of the host immune elements play an influential role in the defence against cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. However, the role of complement in the clearance of CMV infection is less well studied. Decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55) is a membrane-bound complement regulatory protein that inhibits the formation and accelerates the decay of C3-convertase. Here we hypothesize that murine CMV (MCMV) utilizes DAF as an immunoevasive strategy through down-regulation of host adaptive responses against the virus. To test our hypothesis, DAF knock-out (DAF KO) C57BL/6 mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were infected with a sublethal dose of MCMV, and their immune responses were compared. WT mice lost 7·8% of their initial weight within the first 4 days after infection and quickly began to recover. This is in contrast to the DAF KO mice, that lost a total of 19·4% of their initial weight and did not start recovery until 6 days post-infection. Flow cytometric analysis of lung digests revealed that infected DAF KO mice had a significantly increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, the majority being CD8+ T lymphocytes. Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ were also increased markedly in the DAF KO mice compared to the infected WT mice. More interestingly, increased viral genome copies (DNA) in the splenocytes of DAF KO mice was accompanied with mRNA transcripts in the DAF KO mice, an indication of active viral replication. These data suggest an intriguing effect of reduced DAF expression on host responses following in vivo MCMV infection.
Gap anisotropy in high-Tc superconductors: A unified picture.

I propose a synthesis of the results of several different gap-measurement technqiues by means of a phenomenological, anisotropic model for the energy gap. This model, which has a large gap in the {ital a}-{ital b} plane crystalline direction, and a smaller BCS-sized gap in the {ital c}-axis direction, is chosen to be consistent with recent infrared, Raman, photoemission, and high-resolution electron-energy-loss data. I show in this paper that it is also consistent with point-contact tunneling data.
Star Classification Under Data Variability: An Emerging Challenge in Astroinformatics

Astroinformatics is an interdisciplinary field of science that applies modern computational tools to the solution of astronomical problems. One relevant subarea is the use of machine learning for analysis of large astronomical repositories and surveys. In this paper we describe a case study based on the classification of variable Cepheid stars using domain adaptation techniques; our study highlights some of the emerging challenges posed by astroinformatics.