cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic approximations of hybrid systems

This paper introduces a method for approximating the dynamics of deterministic hybrid systems. Within this setting, we shall consider jump conditions that are characterized by spatial guards. After defining proper penalty functions along these deterministic guards, corresponding probabilistic intensities are introduced and the deterministic dynamics are approximated by the stochastic evolution of a continuous-time Markov process. We would illustrate how the definition of the stochastic barriers can avoid ill-posed events such as "grazing", and show how the probabilistic guards can be helpful in addressing the problem of event detection. Furthermore, this method represents a very general technique for handling Zeno phenomena; it provides a universal way to regularize a hybrid system. Simulations would show that the stochastic approximation of a hybrid system is accurate, while being able to handle ''pathological cases". Finally, further generalizations of this approach are motivated and discussed.
SeqAnt: a web service to rapidly identify and annotate DNA sequence variations.

The enormous throughput and low cost of second-generation sequencing platforms now allow research and clinical geneticists to routinely perform single experiments that identify tens of thousands to millions of variant sites. Existing methods to annotate variant sites using information from publicly available databases via web browsers are too slow to be useful for the large sequencing datasets being routinely generated by geneticists. Because sequence annotation of variant sites is required before functional characterization can proceed, the lack of a high-throughput pipeline to efficiently annotate variant sites can act as a significant bottleneck in genetics research. SeqAnt (Seq uence An notator) is an open source web service and software package that rapidly annotates DNA sequence variants and identifies recessive or compound heterozygous loci in human, mouse, fly, and worm genome sequencing experiments. Variants are characterized with respect to their functional type, frequency, and evolutionary conservation. Annotated variants can be viewed on a web browser, downloaded in a tab-delimited text file, or directly uploaded in a BED format to the UCSC genome browser. To demonstrate the speed of SeqAnt, we annotated a series of publicly available datasets that ranged in size from 37 to 3,439,107 variant sites. The total time to completely annotate these data completely ranged from 0.17 seconds to 28 minutes 49.8 seconds. SeqAnt is an open source web service and software package that overcomes a critical bottleneck facing research and clinical geneticists using second-generation sequencing platforms. SeqAnt will prove especially useful for those investigators who lack dedicated bioinformatics personnel or infrastructure in their laboratories.
What Really Killed Whitney Houston: Her Unconscious Loyalty to Her Roots

By Judith Sherven, PhD, and Jim Sniechowski, PhD JayEss Publishing, 2012. Available from http://MagnifyYourExcellence.com. Reviewed by Ian E. Wickramasekera II, PsyD
Reactive Oxygen Species as the Molecular Modulators of Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Formation: Evidence from Clinical and Experimental Investigations

Purpose: Idiopathic calcium oxalate kidney stones form while attached to Randall plaques, the subepithelial deposits on renal papillary surfaces. Plaque formation and growth mechanisms are poorly understood. Plaque formation elsewhere in the body is triggered by reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. This review explores possible reactive oxygen species involvement in plaque formation and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.Materials and Methods: A search of various databases for the last 8 years identified literature on reactive oxygen species involvement in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. The literature was reviewed and results are discussed.Results: Under normal conditions reactive oxygen species production is controlled, increasing as needed and regulating crystallization modulator production. Reactive oxygen species overproduction or decreased antioxidants lead to oxidative stress, inflammation and injury, and are involved in stone comorbidity. All major chronic inflammation markers are detectabl...
3D Simulation of Flexible Hypersonic Vehicles

A framework for the analysis of flexible hypersonic vehicles in three-dimensional flight is discussed. Vehicle flexibility is modeled with a one-dimensional Euler-Bernoulli beam representation. The equations of motion are derived using a Lagrangian approach for the beam undergoing six rigid-body degrees of freedom flight. An unsteady aerodynamic model using steady shock-expansion theory with an unsteady correction from piston theory and a one-dimensional scramjet representation are used to determine the external loads on the vehicle. This model is then subjected to a stability analysis, including trimming the vehicle for a steady flight condition and linearizing its equations of motion about that trim state. The linearized system provides insight into the stability of the vehicle at a steady flight condition. Numerical results are given for both a rigid vehicle and one that is flexible, and the effect of flexibility on the stability properties of the vehicle is discussed.
Coding of multiview imagery with motion and disparity compensated orthogonal transforms

We consider the problem of multiview video compression with recently introduced motion-compensated orthogonal video transforms. It is well known that so called motion-compensated lifted wavelets may substantially deviate from orthonormality due to motion compensation, even if based on an orthogonal or near-orthogonal wavelet. Therefore, inaccurate motion compensation may result in a motion-dependent suboptimal subband decomposition. On the other hand, motion-compensated orthogonal video transforms are designed such that orthonormality is strictly maintained for any motion field. Even inaccurate motion compensation leads to an orthogonal subband decomposition. This is of particular interest for complex motion and disparity fields. For subband coding of multiview video, motion-compensated subbands will be further processed by disparity-compensated subband decompositions. In case of suboptimal subband decompositions, this cascade of processing steps may result in further inefficiencies. On the other hand, motion or disparity compensated orthogonal transforms offer the advantage that the subbands are always orthogonal, even if motion or disparity compensation is inaccurate. This paper investigates the energy compaction of motion and disparity compensated orthogonal transforms.
Effect of arbitrary phase errors on the gain and beamwidth characteristics of radiation pattern

Simple expressions have been obtained for predicting the maximum loss in antenna gain when the peak value of the aperture phase deviation is known. It is not necessary to know the exact amplitude or phase distribution function as long as the phase errors are relatively small; and the same expressions may be used for both rectangular and circular aperture cases. Relations have also been established such that the maximum change in the main-lobe beamwidth can be predicted from the knowledge of the amplitude distribution function and the peak phase deviation.
Self-reported Sleep and β-Amyloid Deposition in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Importance Older adults commonly report disturbed sleep, and recent studies in humans and animals suggest links between sleep and Alzheimer disease biomarkers. Studies are needed that evaluate whether sleep variables are associated with neuroimaging evidence of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. Objective To determine the association between self-reported sleep variables and Aβ deposition in community-dwelling older adults. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study of 70 adults (mean age, 76 [range, 53-91] years) from the neuroimaging substudy of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, a normative aging study. Exposure Self-reported sleep variables. Main Outcomes and Measures β-Amyloid burden, measured by carbon 11–labeled Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography distribution volume ratios (DVRs). Results After adjustment for potential confounders, reports of shorter sleep duration were associated with greater Aβ burden, measured by mean cortical DVR (B = 0.08 [95% CI, 0.03-0.14];P = .005) and precuneus DVR (B = 0.11 [0.03-0.18];P = .007). Reports of lower sleep quality were associated with greater Aβ burden measured by precuneus DVR (B = 0.08 [0.01-0.15];P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance Among community-dwelling older adults, reports of shorter sleep duration and poorer sleep quality are associated with greater Aβ burden. Additional studies with objective sleep measures are needed to determine whether sleep disturbance causes or accelerates Alzheimer disease.
Radiologic Assessment of Response to Therapy: Comparison of RECIST Versions 1.1 and 1.0

Improvements in radiologic imaging technology and therapeutic options available for management of tumors have necessitated the revision of guidelines for the imaging-based assessment of tumor response to therapy. The purpose of this article is to familiarize radiologists with the modifications to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) that have been incorporated in the latest version of the guidelines, RECIST 1.1. The most important differences between this version and the previous one, RECIST 1.0, include reductions in the maximum number of lesions per patient and per organ that may be targeted for measurement, augmentation of the criteria defining progressive disease, additional guidelines for reporting findings of lesions that are too small to measure and for measuring lesions that appear to have fragmented or coalesced at follow-up imaging, new criteria for characterizing lymphadenopathy, new criteria for selecting bone lesions and cystic lesions as targets for measurement, and the inclusion of findings at positron emission tomography among the indicators of disease response.
Selective antagonism of the rate-decreasing effect of d-amphetamine by chlorpromazine in a repeated-acquisition task.

Abstract Pigeons acquired a different four-response chain each session by responding sequentially on three keys in the presence of four colors. The response chain was maintained by food presentation under a fixed-ratio schedule. When d-amphetamine was administered alone, the overall response rate decreased and the percent errors increased with increasing doses. When a small dose of chlorpromazine, which was ineffective when given alone, was administered in combination with d-amphetamine, the rate-decreasing effect was antagonized. The antagonism was selective, however, in that the error-increasing effect of d-amphetamine was augmented by chlorpromazine. The nature of the joint effect of the two drugs thus depended on the behavioral measure: rate vs. accuracy.
Alignment considerations for the Next Linear Collider

Conventional alignment techniques and special straight line alignment techniques are reviewed for their accuracy potential. It is shown that, whereas conventional alignment methods will be sufficient to achieve start-up conditions, only special straight line alignment methods can compete with beam based alignment techniques.
On the class of proper linear differential systems with unbounded coefficients

Proper linear differential systems (whose coefficients are not necessarily bounded on the half-line) are defined as systems for which there exists a generalized Lyapunov transformation reducing them to a diagonal system with constant coefficients (Basov). We prove that Lyapunov’s original definition of a proper system and the Perron and Vinograd criteria hold for the class of proper systems as well as for the class of proper systems with uniformly bounded coefficients. We show that the Lyapunov properness criterion for a triangular system fails for systems with unbounded coefficients; namely, we construct an improper system with the following properties: the Lyapunov exponents of all nonzero solutions of that system are finite and exact, and for an arbitrary reduction of this system by a generalized Lyapunov transformation to triangular form, its diagonal coefficients have finite exact mean values, whose set with regard of multiplicities is independent of the choice of the transformation. In addition, we show that the main property of proper systems with uniformly bounded coefficients (preservation of conditional exponential stability as well as the dimension of the exponentially stable manifold and the exponent of the asymptotic behavior of solutions under perturbations of higher-order smallness) holds for proper systems with unbounded coefficients as well.
Genistein as an Inducer of Tumor Cell Differentiation: Possible Mechanisms of Action

Decreased activity of either topoisomerases or tyrosine kinases has been implicated in the differentiation of a number of cell types. It is therefore conceivable that genistein, because of its reported ability to inhibit these activities in vitro, may be an inducer of cellular differentiation. We investigated this possibility in human promyelocytic HL-60 and erythroid K-562 leukemia cells and in human SK-MEL-131 melanoma cells. Our results indicated that genistein, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited cell multiplication and induced cell differentiation. The maturing HL-60 cells acquired granulocytic and monocytic markers. The differentiating K-562 cells stained positively with benzidine, which indicates the production of hemoglobin, an erythroid marker. Following genistein treatment, maturing SK-MEL-131 melanoma cells formed dendrite-like structures and exhibited increased tyrosinase activity and melanin content. Experiments were designed to identify the molecular mechanism of genistein's action. Data from our laboratory suggest that this isoflavone triggers the pathway that leads to cellular differentiation by stabilizing protein-linked DNA strand breakage. Other possible mechanisms reported in the literature are discussed.
Characterization of the α-2,8-polysialyltransferase from Neisseria meningitidis with synthetic acceptors, and the development of a self-priming polysialyltransferase fusion enzyme

Glycoconjugates containing polysialic acid have many biological activities and represent target molecules for therapeutic interventions. Enzymatic synthesis of these glycoconjugates should give access to these important molecules to evaluate their potential. The polysialyltransferases from both Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli were cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins in E. coli. We have used synthetic acceptors to probe the acceptor requirement of these enzymes and to examine the basic enzymology. The minimum number of sialic acid residues (Neu5Ac) on the acceptor for activity in vitro was shown to be 2 for both enzymes, but a large increase in activity was seen if the acceptor had three Neu5Ac residues. The polysialyltransferase from N. meningitidis generated longer reaction products than the enzyme from E. coli on FCHASE acceptors. Examination of the products showed them to be a heterogeneous mixture, but products with >50 Neu5Ac residues could be seen using capillary zone electrophoresis analyses. In addition we made fusion proteins of these polysialyltransferase enzymes with the bifunctional alpha-2,3/alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase from Campylobacter jejuni to create self priming polysialyltransferases. These bifunctional sialyltransferases utilized various synthetic disaccharide acceptors with a terminal galactose, and we demonstrate here that the PST enzyme from N. meningitidis and its fusion protein with the C. jejuni sialyltransferase can be used to create polysialic acid on O-linked glycopeptides.
Some Reminiscences of Research Leading to QCD and Beyond

Let me thank Nino for having invited me to recall the old times when we both were many decades younger and met at the International Conference where the Blackett group announced an interesting result on the study of the production of V-particles.
Highly Efficient Gradient Computation for Density-Constrained Analytical Placement

Recent analytical global placers use density constraints to approximate nonoverlap constraints, and these show very successful results. This paper unifies a wide range of density smoothing techniques called global smoothing and presents a highly efficient method for computing the gradient of such smoothed densities used in several well-known analytical placers. This method reduces the complexity of the gradient computation by a factor of n compared with a naive method, where n is the number of modules. Furthermore, with this efficient gradient computation, it is able to support an efficient nonlinear programming-based placement framework, which supersedes the existing force-directed placement methods. Experiments show that replacing the approximated gradient computation in mPL6 with the exact gradient computation improves wire length by 15% on the IBM-HB+ benchmark and by 3% on average on the modified International Symposium on Physical Design 2005 (ISPD'05) and ISPD'06 placement contest benchmarks with movable macros. The results also show that the augmented Lagrangian method outperforms the quadratic penalty method with the exact gradient computation.
Gene flow between Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis.

MOHAMED A. F. NOOR,1,2 NORMAN A. JOHNSON,3 AND JODY HEY4 1Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 2E-mail: mnoor@lsu.edu 3Department of Entomology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 4Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
A Novel Cyber Physical System for 3-D Imaging of the Small Intestine In Vivo

Small intestine is the longest organ in the gastrointestinal tract where much of the digestion and the food absorption take place. Wireless video capsule endoscope (VCE) is the first device taking 2-D pictures from the lesions and the abnormalities in the entire length of the small intestine. Since precise localization and mapping inside the small intestine is a very challenging problem, we cannot measure the distance traveled by the VCE to associate lesions and abnormalities to locations inside the small intestine, and we cannot use the 2-D pictures to reconstruct the 3-D image of interior of the entire small intestine in vivo . This paper presents the architectural concept of a novel cyber physical system (CPS), which can utilize the 2-D pictures of the small intestine taken by the VCE to reconstruct the 3-D image of the small intestine in vivo . Hybrid localization and mapping techniques with millimetric accuracy for inside the small intestine is presented as an enabling technology to facilitate the reconstruction of 3-D images from the 2-D pictures. The proposed CPS architecture provides for large-scale virtual experimentations inside the human body without intruding the body with a sizable equipment using reasonable clinical experiments for validation. The 3-D imaging of the small intestine in vivo allows a lesion to be pinpointed for follow-up diagnosis and/or treatment and the abnormalities may be observed from different angles in 3-D images for more thorough examination.
Ecological momentary assessment of PTSD symptoms and alcohol use in combat veterans

Despite high rates of comorbid hazardous alcohol use and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the nature of the functional relationship between these problems is not fully understood. Insufficient evidence exists to fully support models commonly used to explain the relationship between hazardous alcohol use and PTSD including the self-medication hypothesis and the mutual maintenance model. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) can monitor within-day fluctuations of symptoms and drinking to provide novel information regarding potential functional relationships and symptom interactions. This study aimed to model the daily course of alcohol use and PTSD symptoms and to test theory-based moderators, including avoidance coping and self-efficacy to resist drinking. A total of 143 recent combat veterans with PTSD symptoms and hazardous drinking completed brief assessments of alcohol use, PTSD symptoms, mood, coping, and self-efficacy 4 times daily for 28 days. Our results support the finding that increases in PTSD are associated with more drinking within the same 3-hr time block, but not more drinking within the following time block. Support for moderators was found: Avoidance coping strengthened the relationship between PTSD and later drinking, while self-efficacy to resist drinking weakened the relationship between PTSD and later drinking. An exploratory analysis revealed support for self-medication occurring in certain times of the day: Increased PTSD severity in the evening predicted more drinking overnight. Overall, our results provide mixed support for the self-medication hypothesis. Also, interventions that seek to reduce avoidance coping and increase patient self-efficacy may help veterans with PTSD decrease drinking.
An improved hybrid particle scheme for hypersonic rarefied-continuum flow

Abstract An improved hybrid particle simulation method (IHPSM) intended for hypersonic flows including various Knudsen number regimes is developed. In this approach, two different types of particle simulation methods, the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method and the DSMC-based equilibrium particle simulation method (EPSM), are adopted to simulate the particle movement and collision in non-equilibrium regions and equilibrium regions respectively. We first present the design of equilibrium breakdown parameters to classify the cells into two different simulation regions. Then based on the information of the collision frequency and the maximum particle velocity in the cell, we further propose and employ a novel adaptive local time step method to increase the simulation efficiency. Finally, we verify the developed hybrid particle scheme through two representative test cases involving the hypersonic flows over a hollow cylinder-flare and a sphere. The IHPSM results show excellent agreement on flow field and surface properties with those obtained from the literature. Notably, the IHPSM method is able to decrease the simulation expense by about 55% compared with DSMC in the sphere test.
Unsettling Stereotypes: Approaches to the French Culture and Society Course

Beginning with popular commentary on the 2013 Taubira Affair, this article aims to unsettle some common assumptions about “French identity.” More generally, it asks how best to approach the notion of culture in upperdivision culture and society courses. Drawing on recent debates in anthropology, it suggests an approach that moves away from an understanding of culture as a bound entity that promotes a common sense of orientation and purpose toward one where culture is viewed as a reservoir of references, whose meanings and values are continuously interpreted, negotiated, and contested.
Studies of the ePix100 low-noise x-ray camera at SLAC

A new hybrid pixel array detector, the ePix100, has been developed at SLAC for tender and hard x-ray experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). It is intended for low noise and good spatial resolution applications, particularly X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) and in combination with wavelength dispersive spectrometers. The detector has 50 µm pixel size and less than 100 e- r.m.s. noise over the range of tested operating conditions. A series of measurements to validate its performance with x-rays was carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) and LCLS. Results are here reported and discussed.
Keswa: An Uncovering

Keswa, Arabic for covering, is a public installation of folded digitally cut steel that evokes the image of Arab Gulf women by abstracting the stretch and flow of black fabric found in the abaya, or traditional black robe used to cover women's bodies in public. Two Saudi women, both architecture students, designed the piece and did the work of fabrication. Falling between the typology of the pavilion—a favored vehicle for architectural experimentation—and a piece of public art, Keswa invites the public to enter the space of the abaya, simultaneously venerating the garment and subverting its power to subordinate.
Timing of invasive pollen deposition influences pollen tube growth and seed set in a native plant

Invasive plants may threaten the reproductive success of native sympatric plants by modifying the pollination process. One potential mechanism takes place through the deposition of invasive pollen onto native stigmas when pollinators are shared among species. We explore how pollen from the invasive plant Brassica nigra influences pre- and post-fertilization stages in the native plant Phacelia parryi, through a series of hand pollination experiments. These two species share pollinators to a high degree. P. parryi flowers were hand-pollinated with either pure conspecific pollen (the control) or with B. nigra pollen applied prior to, simultaneously with, or following conspecific pollen. Application of B. nigra pollen lowered seed set, with the simultaneous application resulting in the highest reduction. Pollen tube growth was also influenced by the presence of invasive pollen, with fewer conspecific pollen tubes reaching the base of P. parryi styles in treatments where B. nigra pollen was applied prior to or simultaneously with conspecific pollen. The deleterious effects of invasive pollen on native seed set in this study are likely not due to loss of stigmatic receptivity since seed set was less affected when heterospecific pollen was applied prior to conspecific pollen, but may instead involve interactions between interspecific pollen grains on the stigma or within the style. Our study highlights the importance of timing of foreign pollen deposition on native stigmas and suggests that interspecific pollen transfer between native and exotic plants may be an important mechanism of competition for pollination in invaded plant communities.
The Maximum Brightness of Venus

(1984). The Maximum Brightness of Venus. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 158-165.
Dothichiza Populea in the United States

The black poplar (Populus nigra L.), especially the variety known as the Lombardy poplar, is one of our most beautiful ornamental trees. It is, however, subject to diseases which shorten its life. In the United States these diseases apparently have not been studied to any extent, as there is a lack of literature on the subject. During the spring of I916, many reports were received by the United States Department of Agriculture concerning a serious blight of newly transplanted black poplars. In one instance, every tree in a lot of thirty was killed back by cankers. In a second instance, nearly all of 630 trees were badly infected with cankers, and at least one fourth of them were killed back to the point of the infection. An examination of cankers from the trees mentioned above
Optimization and simplification of polymer–fullerene solar cells through polymer and active layer design

Abstract Polymer–fullerene bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells have consistently been at the forefront of the growing field of organic photovoltaics (OPV). The enduring vision of OPV is the promise of combining a simple, low-cost approach with an efficient, flexible, lightweight platform. While efficiencies have improved remarkably over the last decade through advances in device design, mechanistic understanding, and evolving chemical structural motifs, steps forward have often been tied to a loss of simplicity and a deviation from the central vision of OPV. Within the context of active layer optimization, our focus is to target high efficiency while maintaining simplicity in polymer design and active layer processing. To highlight this strategy, this feature article focuses on our work on random poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) analogs and their application in binary and ternary blend polymer–fullerene solar cells. These random conjugated polymers are conceptually based on combining simple monomers strategically to influence polymer properties as opposed to the synthesis of highly tailored and synthetically complex monomers. The ternary blend approach further exemplifies the focus on device simplicity by targeting efficiencies that are competitive with complex tandem solar cells, but within the confines of a single active-layer processing step. These research directions are described within the broader context of recent progress in the field of polymer–fullerene BHJ solar cells.
Molecular and genetic characterization of barley mutants and genetic mapping of mutant rpr2 required for Rpg1-mediated resistance against stem rust

This study describes the generation, screening, genetic and molecular characterization, and high-resolution mapping of barley mutants susceptible to stem rust ( Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici ) races MCCF and HKHJ. A single gene, Rpg1, has protected barley cultivars against many races of stem rust pathogen (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) for the last 70 years in the United States and Canada. To identify signaling components of protein product RPG1, we employed a mutagenesis approach. Using this approach, six mutants exhibiting susceptibility to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici races MCCF and HKHJ were identified in the gamma irradiated M2 population of resistant cultivar Morex, which carries Rpg1 on chromosome 7H. The mutants retained a functional Rpg1 gene and an apparently functional protein, suggesting that the mutated genes were required for downstream or upstream signaling. Selected mutants were non-allelic, hence each mutant represents a unique gene. Low and high-resolution genetic mapping of the rpr2 mutant identified chromosome 6H (bin 6) as the location of the mutated gene. The target region was reduced to 0.6 cM and gene content analyzed. Based on the published barley genomic sequence, the target region contains approximately 157 genes, including a set that encodes putative leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinases, which may be strong candidates for the gene of interest. Overall, this study presents a strong platform for future map-based cloning of genes identified in this mutant screen.
The dual analysis of adjuncts/complements in categorial grammar

The distinction between COMPLEMENTS and ADJUNCTS has a long tradition in grammatical theory, and it is also included in some way or other in most current formal linguistic theories. But it is a highly vexed distinction, for several reasons, one of which is that no diagnostic criteria have emerged that will reliably distinguish adjuncts from complements in all cases — two many examples seem to “fall into the crack” between the two categories, no matter how theorists wrestle with them. In this paper, I will argue that this empirical diagnostic “problem” is, in fact, precisely what we should expect to find in natural language, when a proper understanding of the adjunct/complement distinction is achieved: the key hypothesis is that a complete grammar should provide a DUAL ANALYSIS of every complement as an adjunct, and potentially, an analysis of any adjunct as a complement. What this means and why it is motivated by linguistic evidence will be discussed in detail.
SU-F-J-127: Multi-Institutional Evaluation of Setup, Organ Deformation, Precision Dosimetry in Total Marrow Irradiation

Purpose: Totals Marrow Irradiation (TMI) is a highly focused radiation delivery to the human skeleton structure therefore requiring a high amount of precision and accuracy for a quality treatment. Not much is known on how the patient position varies across multiple treatment fractions and how that positioning impacts the dose delivery. Currently TMI is studied as an international collaboration with multiple centers around the world; however, many of these centers used different pretreatment techniques. The goal of this work is to measure the accuracy of patient positioning, its impact on dose delivery and compare the impact of each technique for multiple institutions. Methods: Using Tomotherapy pretreatment MVCTs and the planning KVCTs measurements are made of the 3D setup uncertainties of the TMI treatment. Then, using the dose and plan files of the treatment impact of patient position on dose can be measured. Measurement of organ deformation and center of mass change were done using the Velocity AI program from Varian. We are looking at four the boney targets (skull, spine, pelvis, and femur) and three key sensitive tissues (eyes, lungs, kidneys). Results: Position measurements have been made for 3 different institutions using 3 different pre-treatment techniques. Comparing the translation motion we can observe the greatest change in the Y and Z direction of patient set up. For intra-fractional motion the shoulder and clavicle represent the greatest potential for motion and therefore most likely to have a dose change. Conclusion: All centers use different techniques for their treatment and this study shows that these techniques do not produce the same pretreatment results. We hope to expand this study further. Currently we have 3 centers participating in this study with more centers joining every day.
Biomechanical measurement of kinocilium.

Abstract Vestibular hair cell bundles in the inner ear each contain a single kinocilium that has the classic 9 + 2 axoneme microtubule structure. Kinocilia transmit movement of the overlying otoconial membrane mass and cupula to the mechanotransducing portion of the hair cell bundle. Here, we describe how force-deflection techniques can be used to measure turtle utricle kinocilium shaft and base rotational stiffness. In this approach, kinocilia are modeled as homogenous cylindrical rods and their deformation examined as both isotropic Euler–Bernoulli beams (bending only) and transversely isotropic Timoshenko beams (combined shear and bending). The measurements fit the transversely isotropic model much better with flexural rigidity EI = 10,400 pN μm2 (95% confidence interval: 7182–13,630) and shear rigidity kGA = 247 pN (180–314), resulting in a shear modulus (G = 1.9 kPa) that was four orders of magnitude less than Young's modulus (E = 14.1 MPa), indicating that significant shear deformation occurs within deflected kinocilia. The base rotational stiffness (κ) was measured following BAPTA treatment to break the kinocilial links that bind the kinocilium to the bundle along its shaft, and κ was measured as 177 ± 47 pN μm/rad. These parameters are important for understanding how forces arising from head movement are transduced and encoded.
Cyclic-Strain Resistivity in Pure Aluminum at 20 K

Strain induced resistivity increases are examined in nominal 99.99 and 99.999% pure aluminum under conditions of cyclic strain at 20 K. Samples having residual resistivity ratios (RRR = ρ(273 K)/ρ(4.2 K)) of 1000, 2420 and 9440 were prepared by cold working and annealing bars originally 25.4 mm in diameter. Constant strain range (er) tests were performed for 0.05%<er<0.3% through 3000 strain cycles. Discussions of the effects of strain range, strain temperature (20 K vs. 4.2 K) work hardening and post cyclic strain annealing on the cyclic-strain induced resistivity increase are presented.
Introduction: The Umbrella Movement and Liberation Theology

September 28, 2014, is usually considered the day that the theological landscape in Hong Kong changed. For 79 days, hundreds of thousands of Hong Kong citizens occupied key political and economic sites in the Hong Kong districts of Admiralty, Causeway Bay, and Mong Kok, resisting the government’s attempts to clear them out until court injunctions were handed down in early December.1 Captured on social media and live television, the images of police in Hong Kong throwing 87 volleys of tear gas and pepper-spraying students writhing in agony have been imprinted onto the popular imagination around the world. Using the image of a student standing up all wrapped up in plastic wrap to protect against police brutality, the cover story of The Economist on October 4, 2014, was titled “The Party v. the People,” attempting to analyze the Hong Kong protests’ impact on relations with Beijing. Not to be outdone, the Time magazine cover dated October 13, 2014, featured the image of a goggled young man with a face mask triumphantly holding up two umbrellas surrounded almost like incense with the smoke of the tear gas. On the front of the magazine is plastered three words, "The Umbrella Revolution," declaring that Hong Kong’s youth were fed up with the lack of democracy in this Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Gathering shortly thereafter in their newly formed Umbrella Square, the Hong Kong Federation of Students and Scholarism (a secondary school student movement led by the charismatic Joshua Wong Chi-fung, himself gracing the cover of Time the very next week on October 20) declared that this was not a revolution because they were not overthrowing the government.2 They asserted that the occupations were a movement—the Umbrella Movement—to demand that the government institute “genuine universal suffrage,” the right of citizens in Hong Kong to vote for candidates that they could directly nominate and who would not have to be vetted by the central government in Beijing. A series of debates circulated in the Umbrella Movement’s wake, wondering whether the protests constituted Hong Kong’s Tiananmen moment, hearkening back to the student democracy movement that had resulted in close to one million people occupying Beijing’s central public square in 1989, only to be violently suppressed with tanks, bayonets, and live bullets throughout the streets of the PRC’s capital on June 4.3
Genetics of Alcoholism and Alcohol Actions

In this chapter we will first review the more recent data from twin, half-sibling, and adoption studies which indicate that humans inherit a risk for alcoholism. We will then consider the genetics of alcohol metabolism in humans.
Corpus Callosum and Cognitive Function

Cognitive functions communicated between the cerebral hemispheres by the corpus callosum was studied in two patients with commissurotomies at the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH and the Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, CA.
Case Study 6. Quantifying Evolution: Morris Goodman and Molecular Phylogeny

The classification of living animals has long relied on identifying similarities and differences in anatomical traits in adults and on developmental stages in embryos. It is assumed that such traits reflect the genes of the individual and thus its lineage. In the twentieth century, it became possible to compare species on the basis of molecules. This provided a new and independent means to test the conclusions based on morphology. The results reaffirmed our general understanding of taxonomy, but overturned our understanding of the place of one species in particular—Homo sapiens. Molecular anthropology has now become an essential dimension of any attempt to understand human evolution. This chapter and the next look at the immediate impact of molecular studies in understanding the relationship between humans and living apes. We consider this revolution first from the molecular viewpoint and in the next case study from the fossil perspective.
Computer-Assisted Editing of Bibliographic Information

The role of the computer in the decision-making process editing bibliographic information is described. It is shown that automatic processing, using several data files, can reduce the time needed for the editorial function, and provide many valuable checks and controls or, the flow of information between input and output. The functions of computerassisted editing are described for the various data elements in the bibliographic citation. Particular attention is given to the role of computers in edition indexes.
Feature Selection and Machine Learning Based Multilevel Stress Detection from ECG Signals

Physiological sensor analytics aims at monitoring health as the availability of sensor-enabled portable, wearable, and implantable devices become ubiquitous in the growing Internet of Things (IoT). Physiological multi-sensor studies have been conducted previously to detect stress. In this study, we focus on electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring that can now be performed with minimally invasive wearable patches and sensors, to develop an efficient and robust mechanism for accurate stress identification, for example in automobile drivers. A unique aspect of our research is personalized individual stress analysis including three stress levels: low, medium and high. Using machine learning algorithms from the ECG signals alone, our system achieves up to 100% accuracy and area under ROC curve of 1 depending on the experimental setting in detecting three classes of stress using feature selection from a combination of fiducial points and multiscale entropy as a fine-grained indicator of stress level.
Shifting worldviews: modeling sacrality in naturalistic perspective

ABSTRACTIn this essay, I offer an exercise in modeling a multifaceted concept of sacrality. I do so within the context of my increasing interest in naturalistic, evolutionary views of human social behavior. I distinguish four genres of behavior and their ethological trajectories where sacrality can thus be re-contextualized, at the same time freeing the term from its essentialized versions in religious studies. The behavioral frames include: making-sacred as dedicating objects for secure respect, defending the subsequent social order from violation, attributing status or prestige to objects, and responding to sacred ‘prompts’ with commensurate actions within niche-specific environments.
Salvaging a Failed Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Implant.

Salvaging a failed proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint implant arthroplasty remains a considerable technical and rehabilitation challenge. Experienced arthroplasty surgeons have reported 70% survival of revision PIP implants at 10 years with 25% of patients requiring subsequent revision surgery. At this time, there is no consensus surgical approach or implant proven superior for revision implant arthroplasty of the PIP joint. Secondary arthrodesis or amputation may be required to salvage the failed PIP implant arthroplasty with compromised bone stock or soft tissue envelopes that are inadequate for implant arthroplasty.
Phylogenetic Placement of Exact Amplicon Sequences Improves Associations with Clinical Information

Recent algorithmic advances in amplicon-based microbiome studies enable the inference of exact amplicon sequence fragments. These new methods enable the investigation of sub-operational taxonomic units (sOTU) by removing erroneous sequences. However, short (e.g., 150-nucleotide [nt]) DNA sequence fragments do not contain sufficient phylogenetic signal to reproduce a reasonable tree, introducing a barrier in the utilization of critical phylogenetically aware metrics such as Faith's PD or UniFrac. Although fragment insertion methods do exist, those methods have not been tested for sOTUs from high-throughput amplicon studies in insertions against a broad reference phylogeny. We benchmarked the SATe-enabled phylogenetic placement (SEPP) technique explicitly against 16S V4 sequence fragments and showed that it outperforms the conceptually problematic but often-used practice of reconstructing de novo phylogenies. In addition, we provide a BSD-licensed QIIME2 plugin (https://github.com/biocore/q2-fragment-insertion) for SEPP and integration into the microbial study management platform QIITA. IMPORTANCE The move from OTU-based to sOTU-based analysis, while providing additional resolution, also introduces computational challenges. We demonstrate that one popular method of dealing with sOTUs (building a de novo tree from the short sequences) can provide incorrect results in human gut metagenomic studies and show that phylogenetic placement of the new sequences with SEPP resolves this problem while also yielding other benefits over existing methods.
Towards Embedding a Tutoring Companion in the Eclipse Integrated Development Environment

Programmers use Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) to write and test software, and students use them while learning programming. We explore the approach of embedding a tutoring companion inside Eclipse, a popular IDE. The embedded tutoring companion aims to be comparable to having an actual teaching assistant present all the time with each student throughout a course. The embedded tutoring companion tracks student’s actions while solving a problem (coding, compiling, running) and collects metadata including the time spent, the correctness of the work, and the amount of copied or auto-generated code in the work. Then it can determine the practical understanding of the topics and concepts associated with the presented problem, it can assist the student by providing immediate feedback, and it can help instructors by reporting real-time information about students’ performance. Our companion, implemented as an Eclipse plug-in, was evaluated with undergraduate students enrolled in a Java programming course.
Generating production rules from decision trees

Many inductive knowledge acquisition algorithms generate classifiers in the form of decision trees. This paper describes a technique for transforming such trees to small sets of production rules, a common formalism for expressing knowledge in expert systems. The method makes use of the training set of cases from which the decision tree was generated, first to generalize and assess the reliability of individual rules extracted from the tree, and subsequently to refine the collection of rules as a whole. The final set of production rules is usually both simpler than the decision tree from which it was obtained, and more accurate when classifying unseen cases. Transformation to production rules also provides a way of combining different decision trees for the same classification domain.
Adenosine A2A receptor gene polymorphisms (ADORA2A) are associated with maximal concentric contraction pain

Abstract Objectives To test associations of adenosine A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) polymorphisms with maximal concentric contraction pain, caffeine-induced perceptual changes, and responses to mild eccentric injury. Design Targeted candidate gene association study. Methods ADORA2A (rs5751876) was genotyped in 26 adults. Pain of a maximal elbow flexor contraction was assessed. Participants performed 18 eccentric actions of the elbow flexors. Arm volume was measured before and 24- and 48-h post-injury. At 24- and 48-h post-injury, caffeine or placebo capsules were given using a randomized cross-over design and effort and pain were assessed. Results Maximal concentric contraction pain was higher for the CC compared to the CT/TT group (effect size d = 0.89) and lower for the TT compared to the CT/CC group (d = 0.62). There were moderate sized differences between CC and TT/CT groups for post-injury exertion and arm-volume 24-h post injury. Conclusions ADORA2A polymorphisms are moderately associated with muscle pain during maximal contractions in uninjured muscle.
A simulation framework for the design and analysis of healthcare clinics

The treatment of patients in outpatient healthcare clinics is a continually growing trend as technology improves and recovery benefits are recognized. In this paper, we focus on the operational aspects of clinics that will impact clinic design decisions relative to productivity, efficiency, and quality of patient care. We develop a generalized Healthcare Clinic Design Simulator (HCD-Sim) to study the dynamic system behavior and to analyze alternative outpatient healthcare clinic designs. Our simulation framework is designed to have a data-driven structure that is able to represent a large class of outpatient healthcare clinics through the specification of clinic data relative to patient flows, work flows, and resource requirements. We describe our methodology and demonstrate the capabilities of experimentation utilizing the simulation framework.