cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The status of Agardhiella tenera and Agardhiella baileyi (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales)

Evidence is presented to support the placement of Agardhiella tenera in Solieria (as S. tenera comb. nov.) for the reason that a large fusion cell is present in the center of the cystocarp. Since A. tenera is the type species of the genus, Agardhiella Schmitz (1896) becomes a junior synonym of Solieria J. Agardh (1842). It is argued that A. baileyi, upon which the generic description of Agardhiella was based, is generically distinct from Solieria, and Neoagardhiella gen. nov. is proposed, with N. baileyi as the type species. Agardhiella ramosissima is also transferred into this new genus. The old observations of Solieria as a procarpial genus made by Bornet & Thuret (1880) are reinforced by the present observations. This situation in the type genus of the family is contrasted with the nonprocarpial condition known in several other genera at present considered members of the Solieriaceae.
Freshwater Drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, in the Navigational Impoundments of the Upper Mississippi River

Abstract Scale samples from fish taken during the years of 1944 through 1948 were used to analyze the freshwater drum fishery of the Upper Mississippi. Total and fishing mortality rates were calculated for heavily and lightly fished populations in the impoundment system of 26 dams. Mortality rates of drum from the northern section of the river were compared with those from the southern section. Weak year classes were formed during 1942, 1943, and 1945, and strong year classes were formed during 1941 and 1944. Strength of year class was directly related to air and water temperature during May but not to water stage during the spawning season.
Supraphysiologic Temperature Enhances Cytotoxic Effects of Bupivacaine on Bovine Articular Chondrocytes in an In Vitro Study

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of temperature or 0.25% bupivacaine treatment in combination with supraphysiologic temperatures on chondrocyte viability. Methods Bovine articular chondrocytes in suspension culture were treated with phosphate-buffered saline solution at 20°C, 37°C, 40°C, 42°C, 45°C, 47°C, and 50°C for 15, 30, and 60 minutes or with phosphate-buffered saline solution at 37°C, 45°C, and 50°C for 30 and 60 minutes followed by 0.25% bupivacaine at 20°C for 60 minutes. Chondrocyte viability was analyzed by flow cytometry with the LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). Annexin V and ethidium double staining determined whether apoptosis or necrosis occurred. Results Temperatures from 20°C to 42°C did not cause chondrocyte death. Temperatures at or above 45°C caused significant chondrocyte death, particularly at 50°C for 60 minutes, compared with 37°C at 60 minutes ( P P Conclusions Temperatures at or above 45°C caused significant chondrocyte death. Bupivacaine treatment in the presence of 45°C and 50°C temperatures significantly increased necrosis of bovine articular chondrocytes in this in vitro study. Clinical Relevance Immediate intra-articular injection of bupivacaine after heat-generating procedures may cause damage to the cartilage because of the additive cytotoxic effects of bupivacaine and elevated temperature.
The new genetics of chronic neutrophilic leukemia and atypical CML: implications for diagnosis and treatment

Although activation of tyrosine kinase pathways is a shared theme among myeloproliferative neoplasms, the pathogenetic basis of chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) has remained elusive. Recently, we identified high-frequency oncogenic mutations in the granulocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF3R) in CNL and in some patients with atypical chronic myeloid leukemia. Inhibition of Janus kinase 2 or SRC kinase signaling downstream of mutated CSF3R is feasible and should be explored therapeutically. Herein, we discuss the potential impact of these findings for the classification and treatment of these disorders.
On the inverse kinematics of redundant manipulators

Many conventional nonredundant manipulators have singu lar configurations, near which some small motions of the end-effector require excessive and physically unrealizable joint speeds. Consequently, the usable workspace of the ma nipulator is effectively reduced. It has been proposed that high joint speeds could be avoided by introducing redundant joints and using an appropriate kinematic inversion algo rithm. For a very general class of kinematic inversion algo rithms, the theorems of this paper state some fundamental relations between the properties of the algorithm and its ability to resolve such problems. These results have practical implications in the design of controllers for redundant ma nipulators, especially when real-time sensory input is used to modify the manipulator's trajectory.
Financing Medically-Oriented Child Protection Teams in the Age of Managed Health Care: A National Survey.

OBJECTIVE: The direct and indirect costs to society from child maltreatment are estimated to be quite high. The costs related to medical care are of interest to professionals serving on medically-oriented child protection teams that conduct medical evaluations of alleged abuse. This study was designed to explore a number of financially related issues on medically-oriented child protection teams specifically examining the team's staffing, funding sources, reimbursement, budgeting, perceived impact of managed health care and their perception of funding stability. METHOD: Mailed survey of medically-oriented child protection teams throughout the United States using a questionnaire that contained 28 items focused on a variety of financial issues; 14 items were drawn from a similar study done 6 years earlier, which allowed for comparison over time. RESULTS: Responses were received from 320 out of 472 organizations, yielding a response rate of 68%. Inclusion criteria were met by 153 responses and were included in the analysis; 22 of these had also responded to the earlier survey. Median total budget was $300,000 and state and local government funding was the largest revenue source (Mdn = 30%, range: 0-100%), followed by patient care generated revenue (Mdn = 20%, range: 0-100%). The mean charge for an evaluation was $283 (SD = 196.11, range: $0-$800). Forty percent of teams indicated that managed care had no impact where as 49% saw a negative impact. Comparisons between the responses to this survey and the one done 1993 demonstrated that teams were seeing about the same number of patients and showed trends towards increased budget amounts and broader inclusion of various health care and non-health care disciplines on the teams. CONCLUSIONS: No single source of funds for such teams has emerged as the uniform solution for all teams. Creative patchworks composed of various funding sources remain the typical solution to the funding needs of medically-oriented child protection teams. Language: en
The Bacon Chow study: genetic analysis of physical growth in assessment of energy-protein malnutrition.

Estimates of the prevalence of energy–protein malnutrition almost universally employ physical growth measurements. In this study we focus on this disease and the role of body size of relatives as mediators of responses in individuals to one type of nutrition intervention: supplementation of pregnant and lactating women. In this study, initiated by Dr. Bacon Chow and others in 1967, during gestation of a first infant a mother was untreated, while during the lactation of the first infant and the gestation and lactation of a second infant she was treated with either a calorie supplement or a placebo. Supplement–placebo group differences were sought in sibling and mother–child correlations in growth from birth to 30 months, in order to assess the role of heredity as a mediator of supplement effects. There were 108 pairs of siblings whose mothers had received a high-calorie–high-protein supplement as described above and 105 pairs of siblings whose mothers had received a placebo. Among the latter, sibling correlations for most measurements are statistically significant at birth, and of the same magnitude seen in previous studies (∼0.5), while among supplemented siblings, birth correlations are unusually low and often insignificant. The sibling correlations in Rohrer's index (wt/L3) differed the most between groups (p < 0.01). Group differences in the sibling correlation tended to disappear over the first 2.5 years of life. Correlations between mothers and their second children in subscapular skinfold tended to be higher in the supplemented than in the placebo group, birth to 30 months. In both supplement groups mother–second child correlations for body weight were higher than mother–first child correlations, suggesting the occurrence of secular changes in the environment unconnected with the treatment. The results suggest that: (1) genetic analysis of components of anthropometric variation may be a more sensitive method than the more conventional comparison of group means in detecting supplement effects; and (2) infant relative weight (Rohrer index), particularly the addition of subcutaneous fat, may be more affected by maternal supplementation than growth in weight or length alone.
The relative contributions of implicit and explicit self-esteem to narcissistic use of Facebook

We investigated the relationship between narcissism and Facebook use.Narcissism was conceptualized as discrepant explicit and implicit self-esteem.We explored how these components of narcissism predict Facebook use.High explicit self-esteem predicted more other- than self-referent Facebook posts.High implicit self-esteem predicted fewer Facebook friends. This study aimed to explore the relationship between narcissism and Facebook use. Based on a conceptualization of narcissism as a discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem, we investigated the relative contributions of each element of self-esteem to different Facebook behaviors presumed to represent narcissism. We measured the explicit and implicit self-esteem of 81 participants using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Self-Esteem Implicit Association Test (IAT), respectively. Most participants then provided access to their Facebook accounts by friending a fictitious person. We coded a sample of these participants' online behaviors, and then analyzed how they related to the measures of self-esteem. Results suggest that implicit rather than explicit self-esteem drives Facebook behaviors associated with narcissism, with implicit self-esteem negatively correlated with number of Facebook friends. These results inform our understanding of the relationship between personality and online behavior.
Sperm motility is dependent on a unique isoform of the Na,K-ATPase.

The Na,K-ATPase, a member of the P-type ATPases, is composed of two subunits, α and β, and is responsible for translocating Na+ out of the cell and K+into the cell using the energy of hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP. The electrochemical gradient it generates is necessary for many cellular functions, including establishment of the plasma membrane potential and transport of sugars and ions in and out of the cell. Families of isoforms for both the α and β subunits have been identified, and specific functional roles for individual isoforms are just beginning to emerge. The α4 isoform is the most recently identified Na,K-ATPase α isoform, and its expression has been found only in testis. Here we show that expression of the α4 isoform in testis is localized to spermatozoa and that inhibition of this isoform alone eliminates sperm motility. These data describe for the first time a biological function for the α4 isoform of the Na,K-ATPase, revealing a critical role for this isoform in sperm motility.
THE PHYSICAL MECHANISM TO REDUCE VISCOSITY OF LIQUID SUSPENSIONS

Reducing the viscosity of liquid suspensions is vital in science and engineering. This paper explores the physical mechanism for the viscosity reduction method in liquid suspension by pulsed electric or magnetic field. The key is that the maximum volume fraction to be available for the suspended particles in the suspension increases with the particle size and the polydispersity in the particle size distribution. Positive experimental results with various liquid suspensions indicate that this method, developed from the basic mechanism of viscosity, is universal and powerful for all liquid suspensions with broad applications.
Reliability of cognitive tests used in Alzheimer's disease.

Assessment of cognitive status is a key component of monitoring Alzheimer's patients during the course of their illness. The reliability of a cognitive test is a measure of its reproducibility under replicate conditions. In the classical setting, reliability is defined in three ways: the ratio of the variance of the true scores to the variance of the observed scores; the correlation of observed scores on two parallel forms of the test, and the square of the correlation between the observed score and the true score. In the classical case of independence of true scores and measurement errors, the three definitions are equivalent. Estimation of reliability through analysis of variance techniques and construction of confidence intervals is accomplished when the true scores and errors are normally distributed. This paper examines a non-parametric, probabilistic estimate of reliability as the probability that, given a parallel test, the second set of scores has the same ranking as the first set. In the classical case there is a monotonic relationship between this measure and the reliability. This measure is also linked to Kendall's tau. The performance of the probabilistic measure is compared with the traditional measures in a variety of models, including those with bounded scales, and those with skewed distributions. The ideas are extended to the case of the reliability of change scores and to biased estimators of true scores. In this context truncation models and Bayes estimates of true scores are considered.
Decreasing adrenergic or sympathetic hyperactivity after severe traumatic brain injury using propranolol and clonidine (DASH After TBI Study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Severe TBI, defined as a Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 8, increases intracranial pressure and activates the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic hyperactivity after TBI manifests as catecholamine excess, hypertension, abnormal heart rate variability, and agitation, and is associated with poor neuropsychological outcome. Propranolol and clonidine are centrally acting drugs that may decrease sympathetic outflow, brain edema, and agitation. However, there is no prospective randomized evidence available demonstrating the feasibility, outcome benefits, and safety for adrenergic blockade after TBI. The DASH after TBI study is an actively accruing, single-center, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, two-arm trial, where one group receives centrally acting sympatholytic drugs, propranolol (1 mg intravenously every 6 h for 7 days) and clonidine (0.1 mg per tube every 12 h for 7 days), and the other group, double placebo, within 48 h of severe TBI. The study uses a weighted adaptive minimization randomization with categories of age and Marshall head CT classification. Feasibility will be assessed by ability to provide a neuroradiology read for randomization, by treatment contamination, and by treatment compliance. The primary endpoint is reduction in plasma norepinephrine level as measured on day 8. Secondary endpoints include comprehensive plasma and urine catecholamine levels, heart rate variability, arrhythmia occurrence, infections, agitation measures using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale and Agitated Behavior scale, medication use (anti-hypertensive, sedative, analgesic, and antipsychotic), coma-free days, ventilator-free days, length of stay, and mortality. Neuropsychological outcomes will be measured at hospital discharge and at 3 and 12 months. The domains tested will include global executive function, memory, processing speed, visual-spatial, and behavior. Other assessments include the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale and Quality of Life after Brain Injury scale. Safety parameters evaluated will include cardiac complications. The DASH After TBI Study is the first randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial powered to determine feasibility and investigate safety and outcomes associated with adrenergic blockade in patients with severe TBI. If the study results in positive trends, this could provide pilot evidence for a larger multicenter randomized clinical trial. If there is no effect of therapy, this trial would still provide a robust prospective description of sympathetic hyperactivity after TBI. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01322048
Girls and Women, Sport, and Self-Confidence

This article explores research examining girls' and women's self-confidence in sport and physical activity. The article begins by addressing how self-confidence has been conceptualized and how researchers have measured it. A theoretical groundwork is presented by comparing three models that link confidence to achievement: Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, Harter's competence motivation theory, and Eccles (Parsons) et al.'s expectancy-value model. Next, research examining variables that have been hypothesized to influence female self-confidence, as well as a discussion of gender differences, is presented. Finally, enhancement strategies and future research directions are offered. It is suggested that researchers examine the impact of specific socializing influences when studying girls' and women's self-confidence and also that they undertake more model testing instead of examining variables in isolation.
Asymmetrical conspecific seed-siring advantage between Silene latifolia and S. dioica.

†Background and Aims Silene dioica and S. latifolia experience only limited introgression despite overlapping flowering phenologies, geographical distributions, and some pollinator sharing. Conspecific pollen precedence and other reproductive barriers operating between pollination and seed germination may limit hybridization. This study investigates whether barriers at this stage contribute to reproductive isolation between these species and, if so, which mechanisms are responsible. †Methods Pollen-tube lengths for pollen of both species in styles of both species were compared. Additionally, both species were pollinated with majority S. latifolia and majority S. dioica pollen mixes; then seed set, seed germination rates and hybridity of the resulting seedlings were determined using species-specific molecular markers. †Key Results The longest pollen tubes were significantly longer for conspecific than heterospecific pollen in both species, indicating conspecific pollen precedence. Seed set but not seed germination was lower for flowers pollinated with pure heterospecific versus pure conspecific pollen. Mixed-species pollinations resulted in disproportionately high representation of nonhybrid offspring for pollinations of S. latifolia but not S. dioica flowers. †Conclusions The finding of conspecific pollen precedence for pollen-tube growth but not seed siring in S. dioica flowers may be explained by variation in pollen-tube growth rates, either at different locations in the style or between leading and trailing pollen tubes. Additionally, this study finds a barrier to hybridization operating between pollination and seed germination against S. dioica but not S. latifolia pollen. The results are consistent with the underlying cause of this barrier being attrition of S. dioica pollen tubes or reduced success of heterospecifically fertilized ovules, rather than time-variant mechanisms. Post-pollination, pre-germination barriers to hybridization thus play a partial role in limiting introgression between these species.
Effects of competing traffic on the performance of TCP/IP over asymmetric links

We analyze and characterize the performance of TCP/IP over the point-to-point protocol (PPP) over ATM using asymmetric links in the presence of multiple clients competing for bandwidth. This is part of an ongoing research project that studies techniques to provide end-to-end quality of service to flows when ADSL is used in the access network. The results presented illustrate the decrease in fairness and the link utilization that occurs in the presence of both bi-directional and unidirectional flows in an ADSL environment.
Management of anomalous coronary arteries from the contralateral sinus.

Abstract Anomalous origin of the coronary artery from the contralateral sinus of Valsalva, coursing between the aorta and pulmonary artery, has garnered much attention because of its association with sudden death. Current medical opinion is heavily skewed toward "successful" intervention. However, two key issues have not been critically analyzed: what is the true risk of sudden death from an anomalous coronary artery, and how does this risk balance against the risk of surgical intervention? Common misconceptions about risk derive from citations of autopsy data. In fact, the scant available data suggest a far lower absolute risk than commonly cited. The risks of surgical intervention, while likely quite low, remain real, and include aortic valve damage and neurological sequelae. The lack of long-term outcomes data precludes any definite recommendations in most patients. The decision to intervene is thus not straightforward, and should be approached cautiously and only after appropriate counseling of the patient.
COCCOID EUKARYOTIC MARINE ULTRAPLANKTERS WITH FOUR DIFFERENT HPLC PIGMENT SIGNATURES

Pigment compositions of 16 coccoid eukaryotic ultraplanktonic clones isolated from coastal and oceanic waters were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four distinct pigment signatures were observed, and clones were classified into subgroups based on the presence or absence and relative abundances of selected chlorphylls and carotenoids. The first subgroup (5 clones) was pigmented like chlorophyll b-containing higher plants and resembled true chlorophycean algae. The second subgroup (3 clones) contained chlorophyll b and relatively high levels of prasinoxanthin, a carotenoid characteristic of certain members of the Prasinophyceae (sometimes grouped as the Micromonadophyceae). The third subgroup (5 clones) was pigmented in a similar fashion but had a twofold lower prasinoxanthin-to-chlorophyll a ratio and an unidentified carotenoid. The fourth subgroup (3 clones) lacked chlorophyll b and was pigmented like certain members of the Chrysophyceae (e. g. 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin-containing Pelagococcus subviridis Norris) Online diode array spectral analysis of selected clonal extracts revealed the presence of Mg 2,4-divinylphaeoporphyrin a5 monomethyl ester-like and chlorophyll c-like pigments in representatives of the prasinophyte-like and chrysophyte like clones, respectively. These findings plus the occurrence of chlorophyll b, prasinoxanthin and 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin in the North Atlantic Ocean suggest that chrysophyte- and prasinophyte-like organisms can be important biomass components of marine phytoplankton.
Does anti-Jra cause hemolytic disease of the newborn?

. A Jr(a-) Japanese female developed anti-Jra during her first pregnancy. Both father and infant red cells were Jr(a+), and anti-Jra was eluted from the infant's red cells. The antibody was determined to be IgGl. Hemolysis could not be definitively established from the clinical data. The pitfall of using the presence of jaundice as the sole evidence for hemolysis is emphasized. We conclude that the present case, and other previously reported cases, do not unequivocally establish that anti-Jra causes significant hemolytic diesease of the newborn (HDN). Amniocentesis probably should not be performed during the pregnancy of mothers sensitized to Jra antigen. Jra HDN is probably a mild disease, like ABO HDN.
Adaptive control of an anti-stable wave PDE

Past papers on adaptive control of unstable PDEs with unmatched parametric uncertainties have considered only parabolic PDEs and first-order hyperbolic PDEs. In this note we introduce several tools for approaching adaptive control problems of second-order-in-time PDEs. We present these tools through a benchmark example of an unstable wave equation with an unmatched (non-collocated) anti-damping term, which serves both as a source of instability and of parametric uncertainty. The key effort in the design is to avoid the appearance of the second time derivative of the parameter estimate in the error system.
Acellular invertebrate hemoglobins as model therapeutic oxygen carriers: unique redox potentials.

Natural acellular polymeric hemoglobins (Hb) provide oxygen trans- port and delivery within many terrestrial and marine invertebrate organisms. It has been our premise that these natural acellular Hbs may serve as models of therapeutic hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC). Our attention has focused on the acellular Hb from the terrestrial invertebrate, Lumbricus terrestris (Lt), which possesses a unique hierarchical structure and a unique ability to func- tion extracellularly without oxidative damage. Lumbricus Hb and Arenicola Hb are resistant to autoxidation, chemical oxidation by potassium ferricyanide, and have little or no capacity to transfer electrons to Fe þ3 -complexes at 37 � C. An understanding of how these invertebrate acellular oxygen carriers maintain their structural integrity and redox stability in vivo is vital for the design of a safe and effective red cell substitute. We report here a positive redox potential for these giant hemoglobins that may lie at the basis for its resistance to oxidation.
Evaluation of Biomarkers in Multifocal/Multicentric Invasive Breast Carcinomas

Background. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether breast carcinoma biomarkers vary among separate tumor foci of multifocal/multicentric (MF/MC) breast carcinomas and whether this variat...
The use and misuse of extinction in classroom behavioral programs

The use of contingent ignoring to help reduce problems in the classroom has been advocated by behavioral psychologists, but in practice, teachers have found this procedure often is not successful. In fact, sometimes well-intentioned misuse of the ignoring technique exacerbates inappropriate behavior. This paper documents the difficulties found in using an ignoring procedure in the classroom. The potential mistakes (including not specifying target behavior; not taking a baseline; inadvertently, intermittently reinforcing the inappropriate behavior; reinforcing response bursts; reinforcing spontaneous recovery; and not reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior) are described. For each potential problem, a remedy is prescribed. It is hoped that this paper will help bridge the gap between researchers and practitioners.
Influence of DNA Sequence Identity on Efficiency of Targeted Gene Replacement

We have developed a system for analyzing recombination between a DNA fragment released in the nucleus from a single-copy plasmid and a genomic target in order to determine the influence of DNA sequence mismatches on the frequency of gene replacement in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mismatching was shown to be a potent barrier to efficient gene replacement, but its effect was considerably ameliorated by the presence of DNA sequences that are identical to the genomic target at one end of a chimeric DNA fragment. Disruption of the mismatch repair gene MSH2 greatly reduces but does not eliminate the barrier to recombination between mismatched DNA fragment and genomic target sequences, indicating that the inhibition of gene replacement with mismatched sequences is at least partially under the control of mismatch repair. We also found that mismatched sequences inhibited recombination between a DNA fragment and the genome only when they were close to the edge of the fragment. Together these data indicate that while mismatches can destabilize the relationship between a DNA fragment and a genomic target sequence, they will only do so if they are likely to be in the heteroduplex formed between the recombining molecules.
The emissary foramina their value in platyrrhine systematics

A discriminant analysis was performed on 226 ceboid skulls using data on emissary foramina size and shape. The purposes of the study are to 1) measure the success with which these discriminating variables can distinguish among platyrrhine genera and 2) derive a set of classification functions which will permit the classification of new cases with unknown group membership (i.e., fossil skulls). This technique is able to correctly classify 80% of the 226 ceboid skulls. Support is given to the allocation of Chiropotes, Cacajao, and Pithecia into one morphologically unified subfamily, Pitheciinae. Alouatta, Ateles, and Lagothrix also share many similarities in emissary foramina size and shape and their inclusion into one subfamily, Atelinae, is probably warranted. The distinctiveness of Cebus in these same morphological features is apparent. Possibilities for extending this procedure to study fossil lineages in platyrrhines are discussed.
Electrostatics, the Chemical Bond and Molecular Stability

Electrostatic models of the chemical bond are based on the Virial Theorem and hold promise for providing a reliable and accurate method for predicting heats of formation of molecules and free radicals. The Principle of Alternating Polarity which states that those compounds are most stable in which atoms of opposite polarity are bonded is shown to be quantitatively described by electrostatic models. Current fixed partial-charge models account for ΔH of hydrocarbon molecules and radicals. With inclusion of polarization effects, whose energies are small, they also account for the dipole moments in hydrocarbons. A brief account is given of a more general model with significant polarization interaction which is under development and which appears to be able to account for both ΔH and dipole moments of polar molecules.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lacrimal gland. Report of a case with oncocytic features arising in a patient with chronic dacryops.

Abstract A 62-year-old woman had recrudescence of growth of a lacrimal gland fossa cystic mass present for more than 40 years. Results of histopathologic examination of the excised specimen showed infiltrating nests of epidermoid and mucin-producing cells, consistent with a mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Also present were numerous large oncocytic cells partially lining the lumens of the multiloculated cyst and penetrating the adjacent stroma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma with prominent oncocytic features arising in a previously documented chronic cystic lesion of the lacrimal gland. Because of the population of oncocytes (a metaplastic phenomenon encountered in ductular epithelial cells) among the cells lining the cyst, the authors conclude that the carcinoma arose from a longstanding dacryops. This conclusion was also supported by the electron microscopic demonstration of duct-type secretory granules within the mitochondriarich oncocytes.
Validating the assumption to the interference approximation by use of measurements of absorption efficiency and hindered scattering in dense suspensions.

Frequency domain photon migration (FDPM) measurements were employed to accurately quantify optical properties of both the suspending fluid and particles within dense polystyrene suspensions of 143- or 226-nm mean diameter at varying concentrations (5–30% by volume). The measured absorption coefficients varied linearly with particle volume fraction whereas the isotropic scattering coefficients varied nonlinearly in agreement with the prediction that utilizes the hard-sphere structure factor model. These results validate the interference approximation of light scattering to describe light propagation accurately within dense suspensions. Furthermore, owing to the accuracy of FDPM absorption measurements, the imaginary refractive indices for both particles and their suspending fluid were determined and were found to compare favorably with literature values.
The war on solicitation and intersectional subjection: quality-of-life policing as a tool to control transgender populations

AbstractThe selective enforcement of solicitation laws on transgender individuals—often referred to as “walking while trans”—has an especially pernicious effect on transgender people of color, immigrants, and the poor. Intersectional subjection—the interaction between multiple categories of identity and diffuse power and sources of authority within contemporary American society—facilitates processes of governmentality and makes some transgender individuals more vulnerable to forms of social control such as trans-profiling. Using intersectional subjection to analyze the selective enforcement of solicitation laws exposes how trans-profiling (1) works to marginalize and remove transgender people of color and transgender immigrants from public spaces; and (2) enforces raced and classed gender norms and reifies white cis-heteronormative privilege. The concepts of intersectionality, subjection, and governmentality elucidate the mutually constitutive relationships among informal and formal actors and institution...
Overview of TCE-HIV Grant Programs.

In 1998, alarmed by the latest Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance report on HIV/AIDS in the African American community, a group of concerned public health professionals, ...
The second bill of rights

On January 11, 1944, Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivered a speech that might well count as the greatest of the twentieth century. In this speech, Roosevelt called for a Second Bill of Rights, including the right to education, the right to be free from monopolistic practices, the right to a decent home, the right to adequate medical care, the right to a job, and more. Roosevelt's Second Bill has had an extraordinary international influence, but it is largely forgotten today, both at home and abroad. This book traces the rise of the Second Bill of Rights and explores its place in American history. It explains that the Second Bill was the product of a national encounter with the Depression, the war against Fascism, and the legal realist attack on laissez-faire. It shows that no one is truly opposed to government intervention and that claims to this effect are enmeshed in a tangle of confusions. It investigates a number of explanations of why the Second Bill continues to lack constitutional status, showing that the Supreme Court was moving in Roosevelt's direction in the 1960s but that the election of President Nixon stopped the movement in its tracks. Following Roosevelt, the book contends that the Second Bill of Rights deserves to have the status of the Declaration of Independence - as a statement of the nation's most fundamental commitments.
Training an Agent to Ground Commands with Reward and Punishment

As robots and autonomous assistants becomemore capable, there will be agreater need for humans to easilyconvey to agents the complex tasks they wantthem to carry out. Conveying tasks throughnatural language provides an intuitive interfacethat does not require any technical expertise,but implementing such an interface requires methods forthe agent to learn a grounding of natural language commands.In this work, we demonstrate how high-level task groundings can belearned from a human trainer providing online reward and punishment.Grounding language to high-level tasks for the agent to solveremoves the need for the human to specify low-level solution details intheir command.Using reward and punishment for trainingmakes the training procedure simple enough to be used by people withouttechnical expertise and also allows a human trainer to immediatelycorrect errors in interpretation that the agent has made. We present preliminary results from a single usertraining an agent in a simple simulated home environment and showthat the agent can quickly learn a grounding oflanguage such that the agent can successfully interpretnew commands and executethem in a variety of different environments.
Contextual Self-Organizing Map Visualization to Improve Optimization Solution Convergence

5is a type of artificial neural network that uses dimensionality reduction to allow for visualization of a high dimensional problem in a low dimensional space, while preserving the topology of the data itself. Kohnen’s SOMs, however, do not allow the map to categorize the data represented in each node. Contextual SOMs alleviate this problem by labeling individual nodes. This allows a user to quickly identify each node, providing an overall view of the design space.뀀ഀȠ Using CSOMs as a pre-optimization step allows a designer to select an initial starting point for an algorithm and to select an optimization method based on the modality and curvature of the data. By identifying nodes that may contain minimum values the optimization algorithm is passed starting points that may increase the solution accuracy, reliability while decreasing solution time. In this study multiple unimodal and multimodal optimization problems were solved using CSOMs as a pre-optimization step. Multi-modal problems were solved using a pheromone particle swarm optimization method (PSO) 6 while unimodal problems were solved using a QuasiNewton Line search implemented through Matlab 7 .뀀ഀȠ 뀀ഀȠ
The effect of cyanogen iodide and mercuric chloride on the permeability of cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the antagonistic action of sulfhydryl compounds.

SummaryICN reacts irreversibly with sulfhydryl groups in cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Addition of sulfhydryl compounds to cells treated with ICN for different times indicates that approximately 40% of the reactive -SH groups in the cell react in 10 sec at 23°. Equimolar HgCl2 produces the same increase in swelling as ICN. The mercury effect is reversible by compounds which can penetrate the membrane but not by those that do not. Both ICN and HgCl2 as well as p-hydroxymercuribenzoate increase swelling rate to a greater extent when chloride is the anion than when phosphates and sulfate are.
Reasons and Reason: Collective Political Activity in Comparative and Historical Perspective

A“political” explanation of collective political activity is examined in the light of 58 varied historical cases. The cases support a description of these activities as largely rational, collectively arrived at, and heavily influenced by recent changes in motives and opportunities.“In” groups are most likely to act collectively when newly threatened,“out” groups when new opportunities present themselves. Emotion and frustrated expectations do not seem to be the best variables on which to base predictive hypotheses. Violence is not strongly associated with communal groups or with emotion as such, but it does seem to be associated with“bad times.” While action is usually based on collectively made decisions, its occurrence does not depend on strong organization; the latter seems, however, to be a condition of continuing and durable effectiveness.
What Does a Skunk Works Do

This column examines four types of skunk works--science, research community, lead user, and moon shot models--and discusses the issues facing them and the benefits they can offer.
Preparation of Mammalian Oocytes for Transmission Electron Microscopy

The visualization of subcellular organelles and structures is a valuable tool for understanding cellular changes that occur in oocytes and early embryos as a result of genetic alterations, incubation conditions, drug treatments, and many other manipulations. Preparing oocytes for transmission electron microscopic analysis can be challenging as these cells cannot be visualized without a microscope and they are more susceptible to mechanical disruption during manipulation. Here we describe methods for immobilizing oocytes on either a solid surface or within a matrix and then document our embedding techniques which work well for preserving the ultrastructure of the mouse oocyte.
Immune reconstitution with donor-derived memory/effector T cells after orthotopic liver transplantation

Therapeutic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has made great strides in recent years, providing curative therapy for many previously untreatable diseases. Nevertheless, the applicability and effectiveness of this procedure continues to be restricted by adverse immunoregulatory states, including graft rejection, graft vs. host disease (GvHD), and/or persistent immunodeficiency. Here, we provide evidence that long-term hematopoietic stem cell transplantation across major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barriers is possible in the human with limited adverse sequelae. We observed the rapid, complete, and stable replacement of recipient hematopoiesis and B lymphopoiesis with donor-derived cells approximately 6 weeks following orthotopic liver transplantation for hemochromatosis. Long-term T lineage reconstitution also occurred, but most intriguingly, derived almost exclusively from expansion of mature, memory/effector T cells from the transplanted liver. Although demonstrating both functional and molecular evidence of a simplified T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and unable to become sensitized to "new" antigens (Ag), this patient demonstrated long-term clinical immunocompetence. Moreover, the transplanted T cells were effectively tolerant to host tissues as the patient did not manifest clinically significant GvHD off immunosuppressive therapy. These observations suggest that isolated memory/effector T cell populations have the potential of promoting stem cell engraftment in an allogeneic host without persistent GvHD, and to provide sufficient immune reconstitution to provide the recipient with long-term immune homeostasis.
Consequences of Malnutrition in the Surgical Patient

A series of studies is reviewed in which a multiparameter prognostic nutritional index was developed and tested for its ability to identify operative patients in whom preoperative nutritional repletion can reduce operative morbidity and mortality.
FCM-spectral element method for simulating colloidal micro-devices

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the implementation of the force-coupling method (FCM) in a spectral element code to numerically simulate the dynamics of colloidal particles in a microchannel. The method is based on representing the particles by force multipoles distributed over a finite volume. This method is incorporated into a spectral/hp element code for solving the Navier–Stokes equations. An example is the peristaltic pumping by a traveling wave in a chain of microparticles. A study suggests that by manipulating colloidal microspheres within a microchannel, a peristaltic pump could be created. This approach was useful to simulate the peristaltic pump. The interparticle forces were included in the force monopole term to maintain the contact between the adjacent particles without overlapping. It was observed that when a particle touches a wall, a contact force is automatically activated to prevent it from entering the rigid channel wall.
“A Different Way of Seeing”: An Interview with Minoli Salgado

Sri Lanka has been circumscribed by media discourses that focus on the civil war and the 2004 tsunami. This interview with Minoli Salgado, author of numerous poems, short stories, the scholarly monograph Writing Sri Lanka (2007), and the novel A Little Dust on the Eyes (2014), addresses her search for a style to write these events against external simplifying narratives. Salgado describes representational challenges and her process of finding a language and form.
Ultrafast Multiphoton Thermionic Photoemission from Graphite

When exposed to an ultrafast laser pulse, electrons within graphite are warmed to the same temperature as the surface of the Sun. This behavior could explain how laser light can turn graphite into diamond and allow for efficient chemistry on the surface of graphitic materials.
Adaptive-regulation of pancreatic acinar mitochondrial thiamin pyrophosphate uptake process: Possible involvement of epigenetic mechanism(s)

Our findings show, for the first time, that the mitochondrial thiamin pyrophosphate (MTPP) uptake process is adaptively regulated by the prevailing thiamin level in pancreatic acinar cells and this...
School-Based Interventions for Aggression and Defiance in Youth: A Framework for Evidence-Based Practice

Aggressive and defiant behaviors in students are costly to schools, teachers, and students. In this paper, we summarize findings from meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and meta-reviews that examined school-based interventions for aggressive and defiant behaviors in students. Results of the review suggest that school-based interventions produce significant but small positive effects on aggression and defiance, with larger effects for interventions that are implemented with higher quality. Behavioral and cognitive behavioral techniques are key components of nearly all effective school interventions, whether interventions are student-directed or teacher-/environment-directed. Specific interventions with empirical support, as identified using the Blueprints for Healthy Youth Development and “What Works Clearinghouse” databases, are briefly summarized. Finally, recommendations are made for schools considering a school intervention for aggression and defiance, and important priorities for future research are outlined.
A Multi-Phase Coupled Oscillator Using Inductive Resonant Coupling and Modified Dual-Tank Techniques

This paper presents a novel coupled oscillator RFIC for multi-phase clock generation. The design achieves low phase noise while maintaining strong coupling among oscillator cores. The proposed transformer-based dual-tank topology forms a loop of coupling path for enhanced multi-phase coupling. To facilitate strong magnetic coupling among oscillator cores, the proposed transformers utilize resonant inductive coupling to enhance the voltage swing at the coupled wing. The phase noise optimization is accomplished by leveraging the adaptive biasing feedback and the enhanced dual-tank technique. The behavioral model based on Alder’s equation as well as the analysis of the tank response is given. Full electromagnetic (EM) modeling involving all transformers and the passive interconnecting routes has been performed using the EMX software in order to ensure that simulated performance reflects measurement environment. The prototype RFIC of the proposed circuit with eight phases is implemented in a 65-nm CMOS radio frequency (RF) silicon on insulator technology. The measured phase noise is −124.3 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from 2.41 GHz with 7-mW power consumption per core, and the operating frequency can be digitally tuned from 1.81 to 2.41 GHz. The phase noise can be further improved to −128.2 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from 2.41 GHz by increasing the power consumption to 15 mW per core.
Expected Values for Discrete Random Variables

The probability mass function (PMF) discussed in Chapter 5 is a complete description of a discrete random variable. As we have seen, it allows us to determine probabilities of any event. Once the probability of an event of interest is determined,however, the question of its interpretation arises. Consider, for example, whether there is adequate rainfall in Rhode Island to sustain a farming endeavor.
Epithelial Neoplasms of Ovary

Primary ovarian tumors are generally classified according to their assumed cell origins into surface epithelial tumors, germ cell tumors, and tumors of sex-cord differentiation. Surface epithelial tumors are further subtyped into serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, and transitional cell tumors. Based on histological complexity, atypicality, invasiveness, and clinical behaviors, each subtype is further stratified into benign, borderline (atypical proliferative) and malignant categories (Table 10.1). Germ cell tumors encompass all histological subtypes found in male testis. Sex-cord tumors are named based on their cell differentiation: granulosa cells, theca cells, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and ovarian stromal cells. Secondary tumors represent 5% of all ovarian neoplasms with intestinal, appendiceal, gastric, and breast primaries as the most frequent sources of metastasis. The current chapter discusses primary and secondary epithelial tumors of the ovary (Table 10.1). However, clinicopathological staging discussed at the end of this chapter covers all types of primary ovarian neoplasms.