cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Headlight Glare Exposure and Recovery

There is concern that the greater light output and increased beam pattern widths of some headlamp systems may be resulting in higher glare exposures to drivers for longer times. A set of experiments is described that examines how headlamp glare exposure affects recovery time and ratings of discomfort. Theoretical glare exposures were examined to study different aspects of glare, namely peak glare illuminance and total glare dosage. Glare exposures corresponding to representative tungsten halogen (TH) and high intensity discharge (HID) systems were also examined. It was found that the shape of the glare profile had a significant effect on recovery time. A larger dose of glare (product of illuminance and exposure time) results in a longer recovery time. It was also found that discomfort ratings are dependent on glare profile, with greater discomfort being proportional to larger peak illuminances. Surprisingly, no effect of glare duration or dosage was found on discomfort. It was also found that under nominal aiming conditions the glare exposures representing TH and HID systems produced similar recovery times. However, with 1° of misaim upwards, the HID exposure produced significantly longer recovery times.
Locating nonvolcanic tremors beneath the San Andreas Fault using a station‐pair double‐difference location method

[1] It has been a challenging task to locate nonvolcanic tremors because of the lack of impulsive wave arrivals. A station-pair double-difference (DD) location method is developed to determine absolute tremor locations by directly using the station-pair travel time differences measured from cross-correlating tremor waveform envelopes. Multiple tremors are located together for inverting for station corrections to take into account velocity model inaccuracy. The new method is applied to tremors in the Parkfield region of central California between 27 July 2001 and 21 February 2009. Compared to the tremor catalog locations determined from a grid search location method, most of the newly located tremors are located at depths between 20 and 35 km, well below the seismogenic zone in the area. The tremors beneath Cholame, CA are more clearly separated into two zones laterally distributed across the San Andreas Fault, with most tremors occurring to the southwest and exhibiting a periodic pattern of occurrence. The new tremor locations help better delineate the spatial and temporal distribution of tremor activity and therefore are helpful for better understanding tremor origin and process.
From the Editor—Accreditation, Competency-Based Education, and EPAS Revisions

As most social work educators are aware, revisions to the Council on Social Work Education’s (CSWE) Educational Policy Accreditation Standards (EPAS) are currently in progress and slated to be fina...
MASS BALANCE OF POLAR ICE FROM LONG WAVELENGTH FEATURES OF THE EARTH'S GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

We have used satellite solutions to the low degree zonal harmonics of the Earth's gravitational potential, and rates of surface accumulation to partially constrain, by means of repeated forward solution, the time rates of thickness change over the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets (dTA and dTG respectively). In addition to the observed zonal coefficients j2 through j5 we impose only one other constraint: That dTA and dTG are proportional to surface accumulation. The lagged response of the Earth to secular changes in ice thickness spanning recent time periods (up to 2000 years before present) and the late Pleistocene is accounted for by means of two viscoelastic rebound models. The sea level contributions from the ice sheets, calculated from dTA and dTG, lower mantle viscosity, and the start time of present-day thickness change are all variables subject to the constraints. For a given set of post glacial rebound inputs, a family of solutions that have similar characteristics and that agree well with observation are obtained from the large number of forward solutions. The off axis position of the Greenland ice sheet makes its contribution to the low degree zonal coefficients less sensitive to the spatial details of the mass balance than to the overall sea level contribution. dTG is therefore modeled as surface mass balance offset by a uniform and constant mass loss. Though dTA varies widely with choices of input parameters, the combined sea level contribution from both ice sheets is reasonably well constrained by the gravity coefficients, and is predicted to range from -0.9 to +1.6 mm yr-1. The sign of the slope of the low degree zonal coefficients versus sea level contribution for Greenland is positive, but for Antarctica, the sign of the slope is positive for even degree and negative for odd degree harmonics. By using this property of the zonal coefficients, it is possible to determine the individual sea level contributions for Greenland and Antarctica. They vary from -0.6 to +0.3 mm yr-1 for the Greenland Ice Sheet, and from -0.3 to +1.3 mm yr-1 for the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
The Political Economy of Craft Production: Craft products and craft producers

Vijayanagara artisans manufactured an impressive array of craft products, which differed in productive technology, labor investment, and contexts of use. In this chapter, I present information on many of these craft products, and on what we know about the materials, tools, techniques, and geography of their manufacture. I also discuss evidence, derived from archaeological and textual sources, on the social composition, size, and division of labor within craft-producing units and communities. As this discussion will show, there is considerable variation in all of the above dimensions. Within this variation, two general patterns are evident. The first is the high degree of specialization that existed in the vast majority of productive tasks. There is also evidence that this specialization increased, in at least certain crafts, throughout the Vijayanagara period. This trend is most clearly manifest in textile production, which involved technically specialized weavers, dyers, washers, starchers, cotton carders, tailors, and merchants. Such artisans were engaged in diverse and complex interactions that spanned multiple communities and broad geographic regions. The concept of a village artisan working in timeless isolation manifest in the writings of Mills, Marx, and other theorists of the Asian state discussed in chapter 3, does not hold up to scrutiny. Nor, as will become clear, do concomitant claims for despotic state authority or the dependence of artisans on royal households. The second pattern evident in the Vijayanagara data concerns the prominence of households as the primary social units of craft production.
Substance use in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: an update on empirical research and implications for treatment.

Historically, substance use problems were thought to be more prevalent in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations, and correcting skewed perceptions about substance abuse among LGB individuals is critically important. This review provides an update on empirical evidence on LGB substance use patterns and treatment outcome, with specific focus on clinical implications of findings. Compared to earlier studies, the recent research included in this review has used more sophisticated methodologies, more representative samples, and also has investigated multiple dimensions of sexual orientation in relation to substance use patterns. Findings from recent research suggest that lesbians and bisexual women are at greater risk for alcohol and drug use disorders and related problems, and that gay and bisexual men are at greater risk for illicit drug use and related problems. Several sociocultural factors have emerged as correlates of substance use patterns in LGB populations (e.g., affiliation with gay culture, HIV-status), and several demographic characteristics (e.g., female, older age) do not appear to be as robust of protective factors against substance abuse for LGB individuals compared to heterosexual populations. Bisexual identity and/or behavior in particular seem to be related to increased risk for substance abuse. In terms of treatment outcome, limitations of extant research prevent conclusions about the relative impact of LGB-specific interventions, and further research that includes women and uses more equivalent comparison interventions is needed. Clinical implications of research findings are discussed for case identification, selection of treatment goals (e.g., moderation versus abstinence), targets for intervention, and specific treatment modalities.
An atomistic study of the effects of stress and hydrogen on a dislocation lock in nickel

Even though austenitic alloys are commonly used in a hydrogen environment, hydrogen-induced fracture of these alloys has been reported. Most recently it has been shown that the failure of these alloys in hydrogen is initiated by void formation at slip band intersections. It is the object of this work to investigate the atomistic mechanisms that occur at these slip band intersections in the presence of hydrogen. Specifically it has been suggested that dislocation-dislocation interactions may play a large role in the initiation of voids or cracks. Hirth has summarized the various forms of dislocation interactions, traditionally called Lomer-Cottrell Locks (LCLs), that can occur. Baskes et al. have investigated the effects of stress on a LCL using an Embedded Atom Method (EAM) model for nickel developed previously by Angelo et al. The EAM is a well-established semi-empirical method of atomistic calculation that has been successfully used for over a decade to calculate the energetics and structure of defects in transition metals. The work by Angelo et al. established that the trapping of hydrogen to single dislocations had a maximum energy of ca. 0.1 eV while the trapping to a LCL was significantly greater, {approximately}0.33 eV, thus the authors expect that a LCL could be important in explaining the fracture behavior of a fcc material in a hydrogen environment. Baskes et al. found that under uniaxial stress a LCL in the absence of hydrogen underwent a number of transitions, but it did not dissociate or form a crack nucleus. In this work the authors extend the previous work to include the effects of hydrogen. Specifically they will simulate the experiments of Moody et al. for the case of room temperature exposure of Inconel to 190 atm of hydrogen.
FIEP: An initial design of a firewall information exchange protocol

FIEP, which stands for Firewall Information Exchange Protocol, is a mechanism that enables firewalls to communicate with each other and to form firewall groups in a network. Currently, there is no protocol that allows firewalls to communicate with each other and to exchange information. Until recently, not much thought was given to the need for firewalls to talk to each other. A firewalled network is isolated from the rest of the networks and is considered to be secure. But a firewalled network is not totally secure as it is still prone to distributed attacks. The objective of developing FIEP is to further strengthen the network security through firewalls sharing information with each other and keeping each other informed of any status changes. Like the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) that enables routers to exchange routing information and keeps them updated, FIEP allows the firewalls to update each other on changes of access control rules, to form groups and notify members in a group of new and removed firewalls, and to alert each other in the network about attacks. FIEP is a TCP/IP based protocol that provides a communication mechanism for two or more firewalls to communicate with each other, and sanctions both static and dynamic configurations of firewalls. The initial design of FIEP includes three modes of communication among firewalls and has a set of seven states. The initial simulation results are promising.
Hindsight Mediates the Role of Notch in Suppressing Hedgehog Signaling and Cell Proliferation

Temporal and spatial regulation of proliferation and differentiation by signaling pathways is essential for animal development. Drosophila follicular epithelial cells provide an excellent model system for the study of temporal regulation of cell proliferation. In follicle cells, the Notch pathway stops proliferation and promotes a switch from the mitotic cycle to the endocycle. Here, we show that zinc-finger transcription factor Hindsight mediates the role of Notch in regulating cell differentiation and the switch of cell-cycle programs. Hindsight is required and sufficient to stop proliferation and induce the transition to the endocycle. To do so, it represses string, Cut, and Hedgehog signaling, which promote proliferation during early oogenesis. Hindsight, along with another zinc-finger protein, Tramtrack, downregulates Hedgehog signaling through transcriptional repression of cubitus interruptus. Our studies suggest that Hindsight bridges the two antagonistic pathways, Notch and Hedgehog, in the temporal regulation of follicle-cell proliferation and differentiation.
Analysis of the human genome by complementary RNA/DNA gradient hybridization and relaxed cesium sulfate-silver ion density centrifugation

3H-Labeled complementary RNA (cRNA) transcribed from total nuclear human DNA was hybridized to homologous DNA and the hybrids formed localized in CsCl density gradients. Radioactive peaks indicative of cRNA/DNA hybrids identified ten density components. The experimental conditions used indicated that these components correspond to DNA rich in repeated sequences. In addition, cRNAs transcribed from five Cot fractions (31% of total DNA; Cot < 100) were hybridized to total DNA in CsCl gradients. The hybrids sedimented at similar densities to those seen in total cRNA but showed a differential distribution along the five fractions. To isolate native double-stranded DNA components containing the various families of repeated sequences observed, nuclear DNA was fractionated using relaxed Cs2SO4Ag+ density gradient centrifugation. These fractions revealed the presence of seven major components at densities of 1.715, 1.711, 1.708, 1.705, 1.702, 1.700 and 1.698 g/cm3 and three minor components at densities of 1.696, 1.693 and 1.687 g/cm3. The density components corresponded to those observed by cRNA/DNA hybridization, thus suggesting that the bulk of the human genome is made up of ten density-biased components containing sequences of varying degrees of repetitiveness.
An integrated simulation–optimization study for consolidating production lines in a configure-to-order production environment

Abstract This study investigates production lines consolidation in a configure-to-order production environment using simulation and optimization strategies. The current production environment has three separate production lines that will be consolidated into two production lines. Two production line configurations are analyzed: product and process layouts. Product layout has a continuous smooth flow, small work-in-process (WIP), short total production time per unit of product, and reduced material handling requirements. On the contrary, process layout offers more flexibility, allows for higher utilization of machines, and requires higher grades of operators’ skills. A simulation-based comparison of the current and future systems is conducted considering lead time, throughput, utilization, and WIP. A mixed integer programming model that optimizes the transportation cost and waiting time is then formulated based on the selected process layout. Simulation results provide recommendations to improve the system level performance measures and support management decisions. The current transportation schedule is ineffective, and hence a real-time dashboard based on the optimization model is suggested. The dashboard will improve communication and transportation between the two production lines.
Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Chronic hepatitis C infection (HCV) accounts for approximately 50% of the cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States. Cirrhosis or an advanced stage of fibrosis is the major risk factor of HCC; patients with cirrhosis are recommended to undergo surveillance with alpha-fetoprotein and ultrasound. Alpha interferon (IFN-α) is associated with a reduced risk of HCC in patients with chronic infection but insufficient data exist to recommend treatment of patients with cirrhosis and HCV for this reason alone. Resection and liver transplantation are the only ”curative” therapies available. Advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis in patients with HCC limits the number of patients for whom resection is applicable. Moreover, the remaining liver is at high risk of developing a second primary tumor. Partial hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma should be restricted to patients with well-compensated cirrhosis (Child’s A class). Acceptable parameters include a single lesion not exceeding 5 cm, normal levels of bilirubin, and absence of portal hypertension. Liver transplantation is the best definitive treatment for HCV-infected patients who have small, localized HCC (solitary lesion not greater than 5 cm, or no more than 3 lesions, none of which are greater than 3 cm). Limitations of liver transplantation as a therapy for HCC are the scarcity of donor organs and the prolonged waiting time during which continued tumor growth occurs. Living donors can reduce waiting time and increase the number of patients treatable by transplantation. Chemoembolization and local ablation therapies have not been shown to confer survival benefits as primary treatments for HCC. The potential benefit of these procedures in controlling tumor growth to “bridge” patients to liver transplantation must be further investigated. Similarly, systemic chemotherapy and hormonal therapy do not generally produce a survival advantage. However, recent studies that used octreotide and combination doxorubicin/cisplatin/ 5-FU/interferon appear to be promising.
Towards A Differential Privacy and Utility Preserving Machine Learning Classifier

Abstract Many organizations transact in large amounts of data often containing personal identifiable information (PII) and various confidential data. Such organizations are bound by state, federal, and international laws to ensure that the confidentiality of both individuals and sensitive data is not compromised. However, during the privacy preserving process, the utility of such datasets diminishes even while confidentiality is achieved--a problem that has been defined as NP-Hard. In this paper, we investigate a differential privacy machine learning ensemble classifier approach that seeks to preserve data privacy while maintaining an acceptable level of utility. The first step of the methodology applies a strong data privacy granting technique on a dataset using differential privacy. The resulting perturbed data is then passed through a machine learning ensemble classifier, which aims to reduce the classification error, or, equivalently, to increase utility. Then, the association between increasing the number of weak decision tree learners and data utility, which informs us as to whether the ensemble machine learner would classify more correctly is examined. As results, we found that a combined adjustment of the privacy granting noise parameters and an increase in the number of weak learners in the ensemble machine might lead to a lower classification error.
Tetrahedral intermediate in a specific alpha-chymotrypsin inhibitor complex detected by laser Raman spectroscopy

Laser Raman spectroscopy indicates that inhibition of alpha-chymotrypsin by 2-phenylethaneboronic acid occurs in two steps: (i) the formation of a loosely bound complex, in which the boron remains in a trigonal configuration; and (ii) reaction of the boron with a functional group in the catalytic site of the enzyme, resulting in a reversible, stable tetrahedral adduct.
Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for adult cardiovascular disease and depression.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic experiences in childhood are linked to adult depression and cardiovascular disease. Depression is twice as common in women than men, and depression after cardiovascular events is more common in women than men. However, sex differences in these relationships have not been comprehensively investigated using a nationally representative sample in which demographic factors related to these illnesses can be controlled. METHOD: Data come from the Part 2 sample of the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey, a nationally representative sample containing over 5000 adults. Relationships between childhood maltreatment (sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect), adult depression (DSM-III-R), and cardiovascular disease were examined using multiple logistic regression models with a specific emphasis on the evaluation of sex differences. RESULTS: Childhood maltreatment was associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular disease for women only and with a significant increase in lifetime depression for both genders. A history of childhood maltreatment removed the natural protection against cardiovascular disease for women and depression for men. Although depression and cardiovascular disease were correlated, depression did not contribute to the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women when controlling for history of childhood maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Gender is important in evaluating potential psychiatric and physical correlates of childhood maltreatment. Maltreatment is a potent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women and for depression in both women and men. Effective clinical assessment should recognize the role of childhood abuse or neglect in adult health and disease. Research on the consequences of childhood maltreatment should focus on both psychiatric and physical outcomes. Language: en
The long-term repopulating subset of hematopoietic stem cells is deterministic and isolatable by phenotype

The Thy-1.1loSca-1hiLin-/lo population, representing 0.05% of C57BL/Ka-Thy-1.1 bone marrow, is highly enriched for hematopoietic stem cells and includes all multipotent progenitors in this mouse strain; however, the functional reconstituting activity of this fraction is heterogeneous. Only around 25% of clonal reconstitutions by cells from this population are long term; remaining clones yield transient multilineage reconstitutions. By fractionating based on lineage marker expression, the Thy-1.1loSca-1hiLin-/lo population has been resolved into three subpopulations: Lin-Mac-1-CD4-; Lin-Mac-1loCD4-; and Mac-1loCD4lo. Of these, only the Lin-Mac-1-CD4- population is highly enriched for long-term reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells. A comparison of transient and long-term multipotent progenitors indicates that long-term progenitors have less CFU-S activity, are equally radioprotective, and are less frequently in cell cycle. The ability to predict the longevity of reconstitution based on lineage marker expression indicates that reconstitution potential is deterministic, not stochastic.
Stages of Mystical Development in the Primordial Content of the Gospels and Acts

Computerized content analysis of a narrative text can reveal shifts in the author's state of awareness. The Regressive Imagery Dictionary [1] is a well-validated content-analytic measure of primordial thought, which is a primitive, global, nontemporal mode of consciousness in which logic and disbelief are suspended. In narratives, increased primordial content seems to be associated with altered states of consciousness. Hypothetically, primordial thought is also the form of awareness in mystical experiences. Prior research has shown that certain religious texts, including the King James Bible in its entirety, manifest a five-stage pattern of primordial content consistent with Underhill's model of spiritual development in the prototypical Christian mystic [2]. The present study demonstrates that this pattern also runs through the narrative accounts of Jesus' ministry and the infancy of Christianity given in the Gospels and Acts of the New Testament. Sections of text identified by this pattern correspond the...
Nonvolatile Memory Characteristics of Nanocrystalline Molybdenum Oxide Embedded High- k Film - Device Performance and Light Wavelength Effects

The nanocrystalline molybdenum oxide embedded Zr-doped HfO2 high-k nonvolatile memory device has been fabricated using the one pumpdown sputtering process and a rapid thermal annealing step. The majority embedded molybdenum existed in the MoO3 nanocrystal form but a small amount of metallic molybdenum was also detected. The memory function of this device was based on the hole trapping-and-detrapping mechanism. The embedded nanocrystals retained charges after the breakdown of the high-k stack. The charge storage capacity was influenced by light exposure, especially the wavelength. The silicon/high-k interface was also affected by the exposed light. This study provided an insight of the function of the embedded nanocrystals and the light effects on the device.
Two polymorphs of chlorido(cyclohexyldiphenylphosphine)gold(I).

The title compound, [AuCl(C18H21P)], a monomeric two-coordinate gold(I) complex, has been characterized at 100 K as two distinct monoclinic polymorphs, one from a single crystal, (Is), and one from a pseudo-merohedrally twinned crystal, (It). The mol­ecular structures in the two monoclinic [P21/n for (Is) and P21/c for (It)] polymorphs are similar; however, the packing arrangements in the two lattices differ considerably. The structure of (It) is pseudo-merohedrally twinned by a twofold rotation about the a* axis.
Ti:sapphire-pumped solid state source of high-repetition-rate femtosecond pulses tunable in the visible

We report on the generation of high-power, high-repetition-rate femtosecond pulses tunable in the visible by intracavity frequency-doubling of a KTiOPO4 (KTP) femtosecond optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The KTP OPO is synchronously pumped by a self-modelocked Ti:sapphire laser producing pulses of 225 kW peak power at a repetition rate of 81 MHz (115 fs pulsewidth), and a center wavelength of 790 nm. Using a 1.5 mm thick KTP gain crystal and a 50 micrometers (beta) -BaB2O4 frequency-doubling crystal, we achieve up to 240 mW of sub-100 femtosecond pulses tunable in the range of 580 to 660 nm. The potential tuning range of the frequency-doubled KTP OPO, when pumped at 790 nm, is approximately 500 to 750 nm.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Study of Adrenalectomized Male Chickens With and Without Adrenal Hormone Treatment

ABSTRACT A NUMBER of studies have been reported concerning the influence of adrenal hormones and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on intact birds. These studies, although helpful in explaining the role of the pituitary-adrenal axis in metabolic processes do not provide information concerning the response of birds in which there are no endogenous hormones present. A review of the literature shows that there have been several studies on adrenalectomized birds (Herrick and Torstveit, 1938; Parkes and Selye, 1936; Parkins, 1931), but there have been few concerned with excretory patterns and blood constituents. This study is primarily concerned with the analysis of urine and blood in adrenalectomized male chickens with and without adrenal cortical hormone treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental birds used in these studies were ten-week old cockerels (Barred Plymouth Rock male × S.C. White Leghorn female) weighing approximately one kilogram. They were obtained from a local hatchery as day old chicks . . .
Enhancement of fracture healing with autogenous and allogeneic bone grafts

The factors contributing to a delayed union or nonunion are many. In general they may be divided into three major categories: deficiencies in vascularity and angiogenesis, deficiencies in the robustness of the chondroosseous response, and deficiencies in stability, strain, or physical continuity. Frequently, deficiencies in more than one category are present, thus complicating the approach to therapy. For a bone grafts to enhance fracture healing, it must provide or stimulate that which is deficient. Autogenous fresh cancellous and cortical bone most frequently are used, but other common grafts include allogeneic frozen, freeze dried, or processed allogeneic cortical, corticocancellous and cancellous grafts, and demineralized bone matrix. These grafts have varying capacities to provide active bone formation, to induce bone formation by cells of the surrounding soft tissue, and to serve as a substrate for bone formation. However, the graft cannot exert its biologic activity in isolation, dependent as it is on the surrounding environment for cells to respond to its signals and, in some cases, for blood supply. The mechanical environment of the graft site is also important. Successful graft incorporation requires that an appropriate match must be made between the biologic activity of a bone graft, the condition of the perigraft environment, and the mechanical environment. The task of the clinician who performs a bone grafting procedure for the enhancement of fracture healing is to choose the right graft or combination of grafts for the biologic and mechanical environment into which the graft will be placed.
Stage Dynamics, Period Survival, and Mortality Plateaus

Abstract: Mortality plateaus at advanced ages have been found in many species, but their biological causes remain unclear. Here, we exploit age‐from‐stage methods for organisms with stage‐structured demography to study cohort dynamics, obtaining age patterns of mortality by weighting one‐period stage‐specific survivals by expected age‐specific stage structure. Cohort dynamics behave as a killed Markov process. Using as examples two African grasses, one pine tree, a temperate forest perennial herb, and a subtropical shrub in a hurricane‐driven forest, we illustrate diverse patterns that may emerge. Age‐specific mortality always reaches a plateau at advanced ages, but the plateau may be reached rapidly or slowly, and the trajectory may follow positive or negative senescence along the way. In variable environments, birth state influences mortality at early but not late ages, although its effect on the level of survivorship persists. A new parameter \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfo...
A Robust Fuzzy Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Docking Approach for Unknown Current Disturbances

In this paper, a robust autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) docking approach that can handle unknown water currents is presented. Several assumptions and design considerations are made in our work. First, there is no onboard velocity sensor, and thus water currents will need to be estimated and compensated online. Second, the vehicle uses its ultrashort baseline (USBL) system to home itself toward an acoustic source situated at a rigidly bottom-mounted underwater docking station. Third, the dock is oriented at a preknown heading, and its absolute position is a priori known. Our docking approach incorporates a Tagaki-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy inference system (FIS) that assists the vehicle with high level guidance maneuvers in the form of fuzzified commanded heading and speed vector fields. A current compensator is designed and applied to the fuzzy docking guidance to allow the vehicle to maintain its course in the presence of current disturbance. An extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is formulated to estimate the current and vehicle states. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate the current estimator and vehicle docking performance under various docking conditions. The simulation results demonstrated the inherent robustness of this designed fuzzy docking approach against unknown current disturbances, without any real-time velocity measurements.
Investigations of cumulative beam breakup in radio-frequency linacs

1407_60 An analytic model of cumulative beam breakup has been developed which is applicable to both low-velocity ion and high-energy electron linear accelerators. The model includes arbitrary velocity, acceleration, focusing, initial conditions, beam-cavity resonances, and variable cavity geometry and spacing along the accelerator. Both the steady-state and transient displacements of the beam bunches are calculated. As examples, the solution is applied to hypothetical high-current ion accelerators comprised of superconducting coaxial half-wave resonators. The steady-state transverse motion of particles comprising a longitudinal halo between bunches is also calculated, and effects of nonzero bunch length and arbitrary bunch shape are investigated. The role of focusing in controlling beam breakup is quantified for these cases.
Extension of statistical replacement to systems with time-correlated fluctuations

Nonlinear systems with correlated stochastic parameters are approximated by simpler systems. This method is an extension of an earlier version of statistical replacement and statistical linearization. The extended method is applicable to systems with correlated fluctuations. We show how this general method reduces to the earlier methods in special cases.
Biosynthesis, purification and receptor binding properties of high specific radioactivity 1α,24(R),25-trihydroxy-[26,27-methyl-3H]-vitamin D3

Abstract A procedure for the biosynthesis and purification of 1α,24(R),25-trihydroxy[26,27-methyl-3H]-vitamin D3 (1,24,25-(OH)3[3H]D3) is reported. A kidney homogenate from chicks receiving a high calcium diet (3%) and oral supplements of 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin d3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) was used for C-24-hydroxylation of 1α,25-dihydroxy[26,27-methyl-3H]-vitamin F3 (1,25-(OH)2[3H]D3), in vitro. Extraction and purification of the homogenate lipid fraction by Sephadex LH-20 and high performance liquid chromatography yielded radiochemically pure 1,24,25-(OH)3[3H]D3 with a specific radioactivity equivalent to the initial substrate (166Ci/mmol). The authenticity of the generated metabolite was assessed by comigration with synthetic 1,24,25-(OH)3D3 on high performance liquid chromatography and by equimolar competition with authentic radioinert 1,24,25-(OH)3D3 for binding to a purified receptor protein from rat kidney. Binding studies indicate the trihydroxylated metabolite competes 40–50% as effectively as 1,25-(OH)2D3 for hormone binding sites. Further analysis of l,24,25-(OH)3D3-receptor interaction reveals a high-affinity, saturable binding with an apparent Kd of 2.2 × 10−9 M. These studies demonstrate that although slightly less active than 1,25-(OH)2D3, 1,24,25-(OH)3D3 is capable of hormone-like interactions, in vitro. The availability of this high specific radioactivity sterol should allow for clarification of its potential physiologic significance.
Accuracy of Simulations for Stochastic Dynamic Models

This paper provides a general framework for the simulation of stochastic dynamic models. Our analysis rests upon a continuity property of invariant distributions and a generalized law of large numbers. We then establish that the simulated moments from numerical approximations converge to their exact values as the approximation errors of the computed solutions converge to zero. These asymptotic results are of further interest in the comparative study of dynamic solutions, model estimation, and derivation of error bounds for the simulated moments.
Habituation of Conspecific Aggression in the Three-Spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus Aculeatus L.)

1) Male three-spined sticklebacks which were clearly in the sexual phase of their reproductive cycle, were presented with aggression eliciting stimuli for a period of fifteen minutes each day for ten days. One group was stimulated with a live, nuptially colored male stickleback in a clear plastic tube each day. Another group was presented with a wooden model of a male stickleback each day. The third group received no aggression eliciting stimulation. Both groups which received stimuli showed a decrement in responding to the stimuli over the ten days; the more dramatic decrement was found with the group presented with a live stimulus since this stimulus elicited the greatest aggression initially. 2) Aggressive responses did not all wane at the same rate, but rather one, charges at the stimulus, dropped out first, followed by bites. Orientations toward the stimulus decreased over the ten days but never reached a low level. 3) All three groups were presented with a gravid female stimulus for five minutes each day. The group presented with a model of a male stickleback and the group presented with no male stimulus both showed no change in the level of sexual response directed toward the female stimulus. The group presented with the live male stimulus demonstrated an increasing number of sexual responses directed at the gravid female.
Pulmonary fibrosis in a patient treated with bumetanide: clinical improvement associated with transition from a granuclocytic to lymphocytic alveolitis

Responses of the lung to injury are limited. Initial responses are usually inflammatory, and persistence of the injury may lead to fibrosis. Efforts to relate the cellular characteristics of the inflammatory alveolitis associated with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) or cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis to the response to therapy and outcome have produced varying results. A granulocytic alveolitis composed of either neutrophils or eosinophils has been associated with a poorer prognosis and response to therapy than a lymphocytic alveolitis. However, mechanisms that lead to an alteration in the evolution of the alveolitis and lung injury remain unclear. We have studied a woman with PF in whom clinical and objective measures improved in association with a transition from an initial bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophilia and eosinophilia to a BAL with a lymphocyte predominance. Due to the temporal relationship, the use of bumetanide was implicated in the development of PF.
Effect of radiation energy and intracellular iron dose on iron oxide nanoparticle enhancement of radiation cytotoxicity

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are one of several high-Z materials currently being investigated for their ability to enhance the cytotoxic effects of therapeutic ionizing radiation. Studies with iron oxide, silver, gold, and hafnium oxide suggest radiation dose, radiation energy, cell type, and the type and level of metallic nanoparticle are all critical factors in achieving radiation enhancement in tumor cells. Using a single 4 Gy radiation dose, we compared the level of tumor cell cytotoxicity at two different intracellular iron concentrations and two different radiation energies in vitro. IONPs were added to cell culture media at concentrations of 0.25 mg Fe/mL and 1.0 mg Fe/mL and incubated with murine breast adenocarcinoma (MTG-B) cells for 72 hours. Extracellular iron was then removed and cells were irradiated at either 662 keV or 10 MV. At the 0.25 mg Fe/mL dose (4 pg Fe/cell), radiation energy did not affect the level of cytotoxicity. However with 1.0 mg Fe/mL (9 pg Fe/cell), the higher 10 MV radiation energy resulted in 50% greater cytotoxicity as compared to cells without IONPs irradiated at this energy. These results suggest IONPs may be able to significantly enhance the cytotoxic effects of radiation and improve therapeutic ratio if they can be selectively associated with cancer cells and/or tumors. Ongoing in vivo studies of IONP radiation enhancement in a murine tumor model are too immature to draw conclusions from at this time, however preliminary data suggests similar effectiveness of IONP radiation enhancement at 6 MV and 18 MV energy levels. In addition to the IONP-based radiation enhancement demonstrated here, the use of tumor-localized IONP with an externally delivered, non-toxic alternating magnetic field affords the opportunity to selectively heat and kill tumor cells. Combining IONP-based radiation sensitization and heat-based cytotoxicity provides a unique and potentially highly effective opportunity for therapeutic ratio enhancement.
Failure to Recall Dream Content: Contentless vs Dreamless Reports

Data from three separate studies support the hypothesis that contentless and dreamless reports obtained in dream-recall experiments are functionally, as well as descriptively, different phenomena. Distributions of percentages of contentless and dreamless reports (a) for different phases of the menstrual cycle, (b) over a three-day recording period, and (c) for length of total sleep time were qualitatively different. It is suggested that, at minimum, investigators should distinguish between contentless and dreamless reports rather than viewing them as a homogeneous nonrecall phenomenon.
Testing the terrestrial δ13C Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) chemostratigraphic marker

Abstract Multiple > 1‰ δ13C isotopic excursions measured across the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary in an iridium-bearing stratigraphic section from Mud Buttes, North Dakota, USA, fail to demonstrate an unambiguous chemostratigraphic signal for the extinction. Results of two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests using δ13C records for the Mud Buttes section as well as five other published K–Pg sections from Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming, and Canada – all of which report a − 1.0‰ to − 2.8‰ chemostratigraphic marker at or just above the extinction – demonstrate that it may not be possible to distinguish a statistically meaningful isotopic shift to lower δ13C values at the boundary in the context of background variations. Carbon isotopes as terrestrial chemostratigraphic markers of the K–Pg extinction boundary are thus of limited utility.
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Social Capital and Subjective Well-Being in Ghana

This paper uses data from the 2012 Afrobarometer Surveys to empirically investigate the relationship between social capital and subjective well-being (SWB) in Ghana. Two measures of SWB are examined—absolute SWB and relative SWB. Results from OLS and ordered logit regressions are mixed. For instance, while generalized trust has no significant effect on either measure of SWB, interpersonal trust and institutional trust are significantly correlated with both measures. The results also suggest that being satisfied with the way democracy works in Ghana has a positive effect on SWB. Even though membership in a voluntary association is negatively correlated with absolute SWB, it has a positive effect on relative SWB. Finally, members of a religious association tend to report lower relative SWB.
Connecting automatic generation control and economic dispatch from an optimization view

Automatic generation control (AGC) regulates mechanical power generation in response to load changes through local measurements. Its main objective is to maintain system frequency and keep energy balanced within each control area so as to maintain the scheduled net interchanges between control areas. The scheduled interchanges as well as some other factors of AGC are determined at a slower time scale by considering a centralized economic dispatch (ED) problem among different generators. However, how to make AGC more economically efficient is less studied. In this paper, we study the connections between AGC and ED by reverse engineering AGC from an optimization view, and then we propose a distributed approach to slightly modify the conventional AGC to improve its economic efficiency by incorporating ED into the AGC automatically and dynamically.
Mindfulness, body image, and drive for muscularity in men

Studies have shown that dispositional mindfulness, a construct characterized by awareness and attention to present moment experiences, is associated with body image constructs in women. However, little is known about the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and body image among men. Therefore, this study examined the unique associations between dispositional mindfulness and three body image variables in men: overall appearance evaluation, satisfaction with distinct body areas, and drive for muscularity. Undergraduate men (N=296) completed the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales, the Drive for Muscularity Scale, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. A series of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that mindfulness was uniquely associated with all three body image variables after accounting for body mass index and negative affect. Results are discussed with regard to the potential role of dispositional mindfulness in body dissatisfaction among men.
A practical guide to statistical methods for comparing means from two-stage sampling

Abstract Two-staged sampling is the method of sampling populations that occur naturally in groups and is common in ecological field studies. This sampling method requires special statistical analyses that account for this sample structure. We present and compare several analytical methods for comparing means from two-stage sampling: (1) simple ANOVA ignoring sample structure, (2) unit means ANOVA, (3) Nested Mixed ANOVA, (4) restricted maximum likelihood (REML) Nested Mixed analysis, and (5) REML Nested Mixed analysis with heteroscedasticity. We consider a fisheries survey example where the independent sampling units are subsampled (i.e., hauls are the sampling unit and fish are subsampled from hauls). To evaluate the five analytical methods, we simulated 1000 samples of fish lengths subsampled from hauls in two regions with various levels of: (1) differences between the region means, (2) unbalance among numbers of hauls within regions and numbers of fish within hauls, and (3) heteroscedasticity. For each simulated sample, we tested for a difference in mean lengths between regions using each of the five methods. The inappropriate, simple ANOVA that ignored the sample structure resulted in grossly inflated Type I errors (rejecting a true null hypothesis of no difference in the means). We labeled this analysis the Pseudoreplication ANOVA based on the term “pseudoreplication” that describes the error of using a statistical analysis that assumes independence among observations when in fact the measurements are correlated. The result of this error is artificially inflated degrees of freedom, giving the illusion of having a more powerful test than the data support. The other four analyses performed well when the data were balanced and homoscedastic. When there were unequal numbers of fish per haul, the REML Nested Mixed analyses and the Unit Means ANOVA performed best. The Unequal-Variance REML Nested Mixed analysis showed clear benefit in the presence of heteroscedasticity and unbalance in hauls. For the REML Nested Mixed analysis, we compared three software packages, S-PLUS, SAS, and SYSTAT. A second simulation that compared samples with varying ratios of among-haul to among-fish variance components showed that the Pseudoreplication ANOVA was only appropriate when the haul effect yielded a p-value >0.50.
Hyperconjugation-mediated solvent effects in phosphoanhydride bonds.

Density functional theory and natural bond orbital analysis are used to explore the impact of solvent on hyperconjugation in methyl triphosphate, a model for “energy rich” phosphoanhydride bonds, such as found in ATP. As expected, dihedral rotation of a hydroxyl group vicinal to the phosphoanhydride bond reveals that the conformational dependence of the anomeric effect involves modulation of the orbital overlap between the donor and acceptor orbitals. However, a conformational independence was observed in the rotation of a solvent hydrogen bond. As one lone pair orbital rotates away from an optimal antiperiplanar orientation, the overall magnitude of the anomeric effect is compensated approximately by the other lone pair as it becomes more antiperiplanar. Furthermore, solvent modulation of the anomeric effect is not restricted to the antiperiplanar lone pair; hydrogen bonds involving gauche lone pairs also affect the anomeric interaction and the strength of the phosphoanhydride bond. Both gauche and anti ...