cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patina: dynamic heatmaps for visualizing application usage

We present Patina, an application independent system for collecting and visualizing software application usage data. Patina requires no instrumentation of the target application, all data is collected through standard window metrics and accessibility APIs. The primary visualization is a dynamic heatmap overlay which adapts to match the content, location, and shape of the user interface controls visible in the active application. We discuss a set of design guidelines for the Patina system, describe our implementation of the system, and report on an initial evaluation based on a short-term deployment of the system.
Alkali ion scattering from Ag(0 0 1) and Ag thin films at low and hyperthermal energies

Abstract We have investigated the scattering of K+ and Cs+ ions from a single crystal Ag(0 0 1) surface and from a Ag–Si(1 0 0) Schottky diode structure. For the K+ ions, incident energies of 25 eV to 1 keV were used to obtain energy-resolved spectra of scattered ions at θi = θf = 45°. These results are compared to the classical trajectory simulation safari and show features indicative of light atom-surface scattering where sequential binary collisions can describe the observed energy loss spectra. Energy-resolved spectra obtained for Cs+ ions at incident energies of 75 eV and 200 eV also show features consistent with binary collisions. However, for this heavy atom-surface scattering system, the dominant trajectory type involves at least two surface atoms, as large angular deflections are not classically allowed for any single scattering event. In addition, a significant deviation from the classical double-collision prediction is observed for incident energies around 100 eV, and molecular dynamics studies are proposed to investigate the role of collective lattice effects. Data are also presented for the scattering of K+ ions from a Schottky diode structure, which is a prototype device for the development of active targets to probe energy loss at a surface.
Improved approximation bounds for the group Steiner problem

Given a weighted graph and a family of k disjoint groups of nodes, the group Steiner problem asks for a minimum-cost routing tree that contains at least one node from each group. We give polynomial-time O(k/sup /spl epsiv//)-approximation algorithms for arbitrarily small values of /spl epsiv/>0, improving on the previously known O(k/sup 1/2 /)-approximation. Our techniques also solve the graph Steiner arborescence problem with an O(k/sup /spl epsiv//) approximation bound. These results are directly applicable to a practical problem in VLSI layout, namely the routing of nets with multi-port terminals. Our Java implementation is available on the Web.
“AFTER THE EVENT”: FREUD'S UNCANNY AND THE ANXIETY OF ORIGINS

This essay aims to revise Freud's theory of the uncanny by rereading his own essay of that name along with the key material Freud drew on in formulating his theory: E. T. A. Hoffmann's short story "The Sandman" (1816a) and Ernst Jentsch's essay "On the Psychology of the Uncanny" (1906a). While arguing, initially, both that Jentsch's work is fundamentally misconstrued by Freud and that it offers a better account of what happens in Hoffmann's story, the essay moves beyond Jentsch's account to offer a more philosophically oriented theory of the uncanny, one more in line with Freud's ideas in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920a).
Effects of an imposed quasi-biennial oscillation in a comprehensive troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere general circulation model

A 48-yr integration was performed using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory SKYHI troposphere‐ stratosphere‐mesosphere GCM with an imposed zonal momentum forcing designed to produce a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the tropical stratosphere. In response to this forcing, the model generates a QBO in the tropical circulation that includes some very realistic features, notably the asymmetry between the strength of the descending easterly and westerly shear zones, and the tendency for the initial westerly accelerations to appear quite narrowly confined to the equator. The extratropical circulation in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter stratosphere is affected by the tropical QBO in a manner similar to that observed. In particular, the polar vortex is generally weaker in winters in which there are easterlies in the tropical middle stratosphere. Roughly twothirds of the largest midwinter polar warmings occur when the equatorial 30-mb winds are easterly, again in rough agreement with observations. Despite this effect, however, the total interannual variance in the zonalmean extratropical circulation in the model apparently is slightly decreased by the inclusion of the tropical QBO. The observed QBO dependence of the winter-mean stratospheric extratropical stationary wave patterns is also quite well reproduced in the model. The QBO was also found to have a profound influence on stratospheric stationary waves at low latitudes. Near and above 10 mb the NH stationary waves were found to penetrate across the equator during the westerly QBO phase, but to be restricted to latitudes poleward of ;108N during the easterly phase. This means that the equatorial QBO in prevailing wind near and above 10 mb has a significant zonally asymmetric component. If this is also true in the real atmosphere, there are important implications for the adequacy of the current observational rawindsonde network near the equator. Analysis of the zonal-mean zonal momentum budget in the tropical stratosphere reveals that the resolved waves in the model are strong enough to force the realized accelerations through much of the QBO cycle. The exception appears to be the easterly acceleration phase below about 20 mb. The implications of this for the generation of a self-consistent QBO by GCMs will be considered. The effects of the imposed QBO on the troposphere were found to be very modest. There does appear to be a statistically significant weakening (by ; 1ms 21) of the high-latitude winter vortex in the middle and upper troposphere. Given the very high predictability of the stratospheric QBO itself, this effect could possibly be used to enhance the skill of seasonal weather forecasts. No significant QBO influence was found in the model precipitation field.
Novel strategies for targeting the dimerization interface of HIV protease with cross-linked interfacial peptides.

As the prevalence of AIDS continues to grow, and current therapeutic agents begin to lose efficacy, the need for alternative treatments to combat HIV has become significantly greater. Targeting the highly conserved dimerization interface of HIV protease (PR) with interfacial peptides has been shown to reduce the activity of the enzyme due to generation of inactive monomers. The potency of these peptide-based inhibitors has been dramatically increased by cross-linking the interfacial sequences derived from HIV PR. This review focuses on a variety of strategies to develop potent, low-molecular-weight dimerization inhibitors of HIV PR.
Variable Responses of Channel Catfish Populations to Stocking Rate: Density-Dependent and Lake Productivity Effects

Abstract Put–grow–take fisheries for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus are popular in many small impoundments but are costly because fingerling (>175 mm total length [TL]) stockings are usually necessary to maintain these fisheries. Stocking the appropriate number of fish is important for making efficient use of these hatchery products and for creating desirable fisheries. The effect of stocking rate on channel catfish populations was evaluated by examining 60 small impoundments that had been assigned to one of three annual stocking rates (12, 37, or 74 fingerlings/ha). As channel catfish stocking rate increased, catch per unit effort (CPUE, number of fish per 3-d tandem hoop-net series) and total annual mortality increased, while proportional size distribution (PSD, formerly proportional stock density), PSD for fish 508 mm or longer, relative weight, and annual growth increments decreased; these results suggest that density-dependent processes were important. However, 10-fold differences in CPUE and th...
The Effect of Commercial Paper Rating Changes and Credit‐Watch Placement on Common Stock Prices

The common stock price response to the announcement by Standard and Poor of CreditWatch placement and commercial paper reratings is examined. Results indicate a negative stock price response to negative placements on the CreditWatch list and to commercial paper rating reductions. A cross-sectional model is estimated to identify firm characteristics associated with the stock market response.
VA Disability Compensation and Money Spent on Substance Use Among Homeless Veterans: A Controversial Association

Objective:There has long been concern that public support payments are used to support addictive behaviors. This study examined the amount of money homeless veterans spend on alcohol and drugs and the association between public support income, including VA disability compensation, and expenditures on alcohol and drugs.Methods:Data were from 1,160 veterans from 19 sites on entry into the Housing and Urban Development–Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing program. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric analyses were conducted.Results:About 33% of veterans reported spending money on alcohol and 22% reported spending money on drugs in the past month. No significant association was found between public support income, VA disability compensation, and money spent on alcohol and drugs.Conclusions:A substantial proportion of homeless veterans spend some income on alcohol and drugs, but disability income, including VA compensation, does not seem to be related to substance use or money spent on addictive substances.
A methodology for the evaluation of integrated manufacturing systems

Abstract The evaluation and selection of equipment for today's integrated manufacturing systems presents management with a complex multiattribute decision problems. This paper presents a spreadsheet based methodology that permits the incorporation of both monetary and non-monetary factors into the decision making process.
Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Activity Modulates Connective Tissue Growth Factor mRNA Expression in Transforming Growth Factor β1- and Des-Arg10-kallidin-stimulated Myofibroblasts

Abstract Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and des-Arg10-kallidin stimulate the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a matrix signaling molecule that is frequently overexpressed in fibrotic disorders. Because the early signal transduction events regulating CTGF expression are unclear, we investigated the role of Ca2+ homeostasis in CTGF mRNA expression in TGF-β1- and des-Arg10-kallidin-stimulated human lung myofibroblasts. Activation of the kinin B1 receptor with des-Arg10-kallidin stimulated a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ that was extracellular Na+-dependent and extracellular Ca2+-dependent. The des-Arg10-kallidin-stimulated increase of cytosolic Ca2+ was blocked by KB-R7943, a specific inhibitor of Ca2+ entry mode operation of the plasma membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. TGF-β1 similarly stimulated a KB-R7943-sensitive increase of cytosolic Ca2+ with kinetics distinct from the des-Arg10-kallidin-stimulated Ca2+ response. We also found that KB-R7943 or 2′,4′-dichlorobenzamil, an amiloride analog that inhibits the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity, blocked the TGF-β1- and des-Arg10-kallidin-stimulated increases of CTGF mRNA. Pretreatment with KB-R7943 also reduced the basal and TGF-β1-stimulated levels of α1(I) collagen and α smooth muscle actin mRNAs. These data suggest that, in addition to regulating ion homeostasis, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger acts as a signal transducer regulating CTGF, α1(I) collagen, and α smooth muscle actin expression. Consistent with a more widespread role for Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in fibrogenesis, we also observed that KB-R7943 likewise blocked TGF-β1-stimulated levels of CTGF mRNA in human microvascular endothelial and human osteoblast-like cells. We conclude that Ca2+ entry mode operation of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is required for des-Arg10-kallidin- and TGF-β1-stimulated fibrogenesis and participates in the maintenance of the myofibroblast phenotype.
Lack of Correlation between Rales and Arterial Oxygen Saturation in Patients with Pulmonary Congestion and Edema

It is generally believed that pulmonary edema impairs the diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to pulmonary capillary blood and produces anoxemia. However, some patients who apparently have widespread pulmonary edema, as judged by the extent of rales heard over the lung fields, still have normal arterial oxygen saturation. Explanations are advanced for the lack of correlation between extent of rales and arterial oxygen saturation.
Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of Arabidopsis TCH4 expression by diverse stimuli. Roles of cis regions and brassinosteroids.

The Arabidopsis TCH4 gene is up-regulated in expression by diverse environmental and hormonal stimuli. Because TCH4 encodes a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, this change in expression may reflect a recruitment of cell wall-modifying activity in response to environmental stress and growth. How diverse stimuli lead to the common response of TCH4 expression regulation is not known. Here, we show that induction of expression by the diverse stimuli of touch, darkness, cold, heat, and brassinosteroids (BRs) is conferred to reporter genes by the same 102-bp 5′-untranscribed TCH4 region; this result is consistent with the idea that shared regulatory elements are employed by diverse stimuli. Distal regions influence magnitude and kinetics of expression and likely harbor regulatory elements that are redundant with those located more proximal to the transcriptional start site. Substitution of the proximal regulatory region sequences in the context of distal elements does not disrupt inducible expression. TCH4 expression induction is transcriptional, at least in part because 5′-untranscribed sequences are sufficient to confer this regulation. However, 5′-untranslated sequences are necessary and sufficient to confer the marked transience of TCH4 expression, most likely through an effect on mRNA stability. Perception of BR is not necessary for TCH4::GUS induction by environmental stimuli because regulation is intact in the BR-insensitive mutant, bri1-2 . The full response to auxin, however, requires the functioning of BRI1 . Developmental expression of TCH4 is unlikely to be meditated by BR because TCH4::GUS is expressed in BR perception and biosynthetic mutants bri1-2 and det2-1 , respectively.
Unravelling long-term vegetation change patterns in a binational watershed using multitemporal land cover data and historical photography

A significant amount of research conducted in the Sonoran Desert of North America has documented, both anecdotally and empirically, major vegetation changes over the past century due to human land use activities. However, many studies lack coincidental landscape-scale data characterizing the spatial and temporal manifestation of these changes. Vegetation changes in a binational (USA and Mexico) watershed were documented using a series of four land cover maps (1979–2009) derived from multispectral satellite imagery. Cover changes are compared to georeferenced, repeat oblique photographs dating from the late 19th century to present. Results indicate the expansion of grassland over the past 20 years following nearly a century of decline. Historical repeat photography documents early-mid 20th century mesquite invasions, but recent land cover data and rephotography demonstrate declines in xeroriparian/riparian mesquite communities in recent decades. These vegetation changes are variable over the landscape and influenced by topography and land management.
Acute Gastroenteritis Leaves a Lasting Impression

Host immunity shapes intestinal microbiota composition, influencing health and disease. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe,Kamdar et al. (2016) demonstrate that an aberrant acute inflammatory response to Yersinia enterocolitica infection leads to long-lasting shifts in commensal communities and renders the host susceptible to chronic inflammation despite pathogen clearance.
Easy Victories and Uphill Battles in Coreference Resolution

Classical coreference systems encode various syntactic, discourse, and semantic phenomena explicitly, using heterogenous features computed from hand-crafted heuristics. In contrast, we present a state-of-the-art coreference system that captures such phenomena implicitly, with a small number of homogeneous feature templates examining shallow properties of mentions. Surprisingly, our features are actually more effective than the corresponding hand-engineered ones at modeling these key linguistic phenomena, allowing us to win “easy victories” without crafted heuristics. These features are successful on syntax and discourse; however, they do not model semantic compatibility well, nor do we see gains from experiments with shallow semantic features from the literature, suggesting that this approach to semantics is an “uphill battle.” Nonetheless, our final system 1 outperforms the Stanford system (Lee et al. (2011), the winner of the CoNLL 2011 shared task) by 3.5% absolute on the CoNLL metric and outperforms the IMS system (Bj¨ orkelund and Farkas (2012), the best publicly available English coreference system) by 1.9% absolute.
Bing's House With two Rooms From A 1-1 Continuous Map Onto E3

(1967). Bing's House With two Rooms From A 1-1 Continuous Map Onto E3. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 156-160.
Boards of Directors, Top Management Compensation, and Shareholder Returns

According to the corporate governance process and agency theory, boards of directors should reward executives on the basis of financial returns to shareholders. Studies of this issue have been inco...
Abstract 887: Development of a robust nanoimmunoassay and immunohistochemical assay for asparagine synthetase

The enzyme-drug L-asparaginase (L-ASP) has been used for four decades to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, its unique mechanism of action is still poorly understood, and its clinical efficacy has proven unpredictable. Those problems have prompted a continuing search for biomarkers that predict L-ASP response. We previously found that the expression of asparagine synthetase (ASNS) is strongly negatively correlated with L-ASP anticancer activity in ovarian cancer cell lines, suggesting that L-ASP might be effective against a low-ASNS subset of ovarian cancers if salient characteristics of the cell lines reflect clinical ovarian tumors. However, quantitatively robust, single-antibody assays for ASNS expression have been absent from the literature. We therefore used a capillary-based isoelectric focusing (IEF) platform (the NanoPro 1000) to screen twelve ASNS antibodies for their specificity and sensitivity. Only two antibodies exhibited completely on-target activity (as shown by signal ablation by ASNS siRNA) and sufficient sensitivity. The on-target activity corresponded to a single band on Western Blot and a single peak on the NanoPro 1000, suggesting the existence of just one ASNS protein isoform. Optimized, final NanoPro assay conditions yielded less than 8% CV, a 160-fold dynamic range, and Zα-factor of 0.82, indicating a robust assay that is amenable to high-throughput screening. We next used the best ASNS antibody to develop an immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay for ASNS. As with the NanoPro assay, optimized IHC conditions yielded a large dynamic range of staining intensity, and staining was completely ablated by ASNS siRNA. To test the hypothesis that subsets of various cancers express very low levels of ASNS, we have initiated ASNS IHC of more than 20 tissue arrays representing a wide variety of cancers. Using a 3-point scoring system (0 = negative, 1 = low, 2 = high), preliminary results indicate that 90/136 (66%) of bladder cancers, 29/60 (48%) of bone cancers, 16/76 (21%) of breast cancers, 29/115 (25%) of brain cancers, 51/168 (30%) of colon cancers, and 7/64 (11%) of head and neck cancers are ASNS-negative (score = 0), suggesting that a subset of each cancer type might be sensitive to the drug L-asparaginase. Efforts are underway to apply the NanoPro assay to the NCI-60 cell line panel and to continue performing ASNS IHC to survey tissue arrays for ASNS expression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 887. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-887
An Undescribed Species of Pyrenochaeta on Soybean

(1957). An Undescribed Species of Pyrenochaeta on Soybean. Mycologia: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 115-117.
The Social Status, Education, and Benefices of Gilbert Rothbury, a Clerical Common Law Justice (1295-1321)

King Edward I (1272-1307) transformed the English Common Law through procedural reforms and a raft of statutes. The judicial contingent of the King’s Council bore the primary task of drafting these statutes, and these same justices interpreted and applied the laws during trial. Yet, we know relatively little about the lives of Edward I’s judges. This article seeks to reanimate Gilbert Rothbury, one of Edward I’s justices who was simultaneously a priest and a Common Law judge, by examining in detail three aspects of his life that likely influenced his work as a judge: his social standing; his education; and his financial relationships with the church. Examination of a range of unpublished archival sources and published primary sources suggests several broad conclusions. First, perhaps unique among central royal court judges, Rothbury came from an extremely humble background which may have made him more attuned to poorer litigants in a society separated sharply by class. Second, Rothbury received some education in the learned law at Oxford University that influenced his Common Law decisions. Finally, Rothbury’s pecuniary ties to abbots, priors, and bishops dwarfed his annual royal salary, making it possible that friendship or funding shaped the outcome of his decisions.
Golgb1 regulates protein glycosylation and is crucial for mammalian palate development

Cleft palate is a common major birth defect for which currently known causes account for less than 30% of pathology in humans. In this study, we carried out mutagenesis screening in mice to identify new regulators of palatogenesis. Through genetic linkage mapping and whole-exome sequencing, we identified a loss-of-function mutation in the Golgb1 gene that co-segregated with cleft palate in a new mutant mouse line. Golgb1 is a ubiquitously expressed large coiled-coil protein, also known as giantin, that is localized at the Golgi membrane. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, we generated and analyzed developmental defects in mice carrying additional Golgb1 loss-of-function mutations, which supported a crucial requirement for Golgb1 in palate development. Through maxillary explant culture assays, we demonstrate that the Golgb1 mutant embryos have intrinsic defects in palatal shelf elevation. Just prior to the developmental stage of palatal shelf elevation in wild-type littermates, Golgb1 mutant embryos exhibit increased cell density, reduced hyaluronan accumulation and impaired protein glycosylation in the palatal mesenchyme. Together, these results demonstrate that, although it is a ubiquitously expressed Golgi-associated protein, Golgb1 has specific functions in protein glycosylation and tissue morphogenesis.
The effectiveness of family planning education on acceptance of contraception by postpartum mothers.

A 1973-1974 study of 441 women at the Maternity Service of the American University Medical Center in Beirut tested the impact of family planning education given in the immediate postpartum period on the acceptance of family planning methods. 219 were in the education group and 222 in the control group. Family planning education involved a 20-minute visit on the 2nd postpartum day and a 5-minute contact the next day. 163 or 37% of the 441 women returned to the clinic within 9 weeks after discharge and 70% accepted contraception. Acceptance by the education group was 86.1% as opposed to 51.9% for the control group (p less than .005). The education and control groups were similar in terms of previous contraceptive use. The rate of initiation among previous nonusers was twice as great in the education group as in the control group (30.4% vs. 17% p less than .005). The sociodemographic characteristics life styles and levels of readiness for family planning were insignificant in the effect of education on acceptance of contraception.
Secure yet usable: Protecting servers and Linux containers

Many computer security systems are considered a burden. Their inherent intrusiveness may often have an impact on the overall system stability and may conflict with a continuous stream of updates to a server operating system and components. Additionally, their complexity, and the lack of sufficient understanding of how to operate them efficiently, leads to subpar utilization of their full potential. We claim that a computer security system must make usability one of its top priorities, arguably the first, to have any chance of being correctly and fully used. In this paper, we describe Starlight, a protection tool that has usability as its core trait. We discuss the tradeoffs between security and usability and how we addressed them. Starlight monitors the behavior of a running system and creates a customized security policy, a set of operating system execution rules that accurately defines the execution boundaries of the system. We demonstrate the capabilities of our system to protect the runtime environments of servers with Linux ® containers, which add kernel exploits risks via exposure to vulnerable or rogue applications.
Remote Tower Research in the United States

The United States (U.S.) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been conducting remote tower research since 2006. The focus of this effort has changed multiple times since the inception of the research. As a result, a number of different remote tower concepts were developed and validated to varying degrees. These included the Staffed NextGen Tower concept for all sized airports, the Select Services Concept for non-towered airports, and the Full Services Concept for non-towered airports. In 2013, the direction of the research changed again, and the FAA began to work on a Colorado initiative that envisions the use of their Wide Area Multilateration (WAM) for improving services at the non-towered ski airports in Colorado. Currently, the FAA is also initiating the evaluation of the camera-based concept at Leesburg, Virginia. All these efforts are described in the following sections.
Primary Blast Injury Depressed Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation through Disruption of Synaptic Proteins.

Abstract Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a major threat to United States service members in military conflicts worldwide. The effects of primary blast, caused by the supersonic shockwave interacting with the skull and brain, remain unclear. Our group has previously reported that in vitro primary blast exposure can reduce long-term potentiation (LTP), the electrophysiological correlate of learning and memory, in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) without significant changes to cell viability or basal, evoked neuronal function. We investigated the time course of primary blast-induced deficits in LTP and the molecular mechanisms that could underlie these deficits. We found that pure primary blast exposure induced LTP deficits in a delayed manner, requiring longer than 1 hour to develop, and that these deficits spontaneously recovered by 10 days following exposure depending on blast intensity. Additionally, we observed that primary blast exposure reduced total α-amino-3-hydroxy-...
A prospective analysis of individual body fat depots and risk of developing cancer: Insights from the Dallas heart study.

1516Background: Excess adiposity is associated with an increased risk of cancer; however, body mass index (BMI) is an imprecise measure of adiposity-related cancer risk. We examined the association of specific adipose tissue depots with the risk of incident cancer in the Dallas Heart Study (DHS). Methods: Individuals without prevalent cancer in the DHS underwent quantification of adipose tissue depots: visceral (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and liver fat by MRI, and lower body subcutaneous fat by DXA and were followed for the development of cancer using the Texas Cancer Registry. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling was performed to examine the association between individual fat depots and incident cancer. Results: Among 2,627 participants (median age 43 years; 54% women; 69% nonwhite), 167 (6.4%) developed incident cancer during a median follow-up of 12 years. The most common primary sites were breast (25%) in women and prostate (20%) in men. VAT levels were 2.34 kg in ...
Dystrophin-associated glycoproteins: their possible roles in the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

The application of ‘positional cloning’ to the analysis of inherited disorders has led to the identification of an impressive and rapidly growing list of gene defects which are responsible for some of the most debilitating and scientifically perplexing human diseases (Collins, 1992). For example, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by a defective gene found on the X chromosome which was identified by two variations of positional cloning (Monaco et al., 1985; Ray et al., 1985). The DMD gene encodes for a large protein named dystrophin which has a predicted primary structure that is similar to a number of cytoskeletal proteins (Koenig et al., 1988). Knowledge of dystrophin’s predicted primary sequence has enabled the production of specific antibodies, which in turn have been very useful in confirming its size (Hoffman et al., 1987), determining its tissue distribution (Hoffman et al., 1988b) and cellular location (Zubrzycka-Gaarn et al., 1988; Arahata et al., 1988; Bonilla et al., 1988; Watkins et al., 1988). Dystrophin has been localized to the cytoplasmic face of the sarcolemma in skeletal muscle (Zubrzycka-Gaarn et al., 1988; Arahata et al., 1988; Bonilla et al., 1988; Watkins et al., 1988), including the neuromuscular junction (Ohlendieck et al., 1991a; Yeadon et al., 1991; Byers et al., 1991). Dystrophin is completely absent in skeletal muscle of DMD patients, mdx mice and GRMD dogs (Hoffman et al., 1987; Zubrzycka-Gaarn et al., 1988; Watkins et al., 1988; Hoffman et al., 1988a; Cooper et al., 1988).
AI policy

AI Policy is a regular column in AI Matters featuring summaries and commentary based on postings that appear twice a month in the AI Matters blog (https://sigai.acm.org/aimatters/blog/).
Acousto-Ultrasonic Source Influence in an Anisotropic Layer

The current work addresses ultrasonic wave interaction within an orthotropic layer with two disk transducers in an acousto-ultrasonic mode. Earlier works have focused on studies of the influence of a rectangular transducer [1,2]. Acousto-ultrasonic techniques are useful in many cases where there is access to one side only. The different wave modes set-up in the layer are sensitive to many parameters such as source size, frequency, direction, etc. Computation of the wave structure within this layer of finite thickness is necessary to acquire quantitative information about material characterization and discontinuities. An attempt is made here to characterize the number and velocity of propagation modes with respect to direction and frequency. A special case of a composite is considered with particular values for azimuthal angle and frequency. Amplitude and velocity values for piston and parabolic source distributions have been calculated.
Toward Building a Digital Index of Little Magazines of the 1960s

The rich history of the mimeograph revolution era of the 1960s presents distinct rewards and challenges to both literary scholars and librarians. The ephemeral nature of the great majority of mimeo...
Intra-uterine diagnosis of birth defects.

One of the major long term aims of teratology, I presume, is the prevention of birth defects by increasing our knowledge of extrinsic factors which interfere with normal fetal development. It may be appropriate to remind you that another way to prevent birth defects is to interrupt pregnancy when there is evidence of fetal maldevelopment.
Finding soon-to-fail disks in a haystack

This paper presents a detector of soon-to-fail disks based on a combination of statistical models. During operation the detector takes as input a performance signal from each disk and sends and alarm when there is enough evidence (according to the models) that the disk is not healthy. The parameters of these models are automatically trained using signals from healthy and failed disks. In an evaluation on a population of 1190 production disks from a popular customer-facing internet service, the detector was able to predict 15 out of the 17 failed disks (88:2% detection) with 30 false alarms (2:56% false positive rate).
Communalism, Correction and Nihilistic Solitary Rule-Following Arguments

Rule communalism is the view that the rule asymmetry claim is true: rule-following (e.g. language-use) is possible for communal individuals but impossible for solitary individuals. The most notable argument of this general type is Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s argument in Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s argument, however, is not a paradigmatic example of communalism because it does not attempt to show that genuine rule-following is possible in a community. Instead, Kripke’s Wittgenstein is a full-blown rule nihilist; his view entails that there is no such thing as rule-following, even in communities. What he offers is an ersatz alternative to rule-following which purportedly useful in communities, but not in solitude. I examine the prospects for defending genuine rule communalism on the familiar grounds that interpersonal—but not intrapersonal—correction can make rule-following possible even in the face of nihilistic arguments. I conclude that such arguments are extremely unlikely to succeed.
The role of promoter elements of a ribosomal protein gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under various physiological conditions.

Previous work in our laboratory has shown that the 5′ nontranscribed promoter region of the gene for ribosomal protein (rp) S16A-1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, when fused to a lacZ gene, is necessary and sufficient to cause an increase in expression of the heterologous lacZ gene fusion product after cells have been shifted from a glycerol to glucose carbon source. This increase in expression is characteristic of that observed with the native rp gene. We have sought to define more precisely those areas of the promoter that may be involved in the differential expression/regulation of RPS16A-1 when host cells are subjected to a variety of nutritional environments. It has already been demonstrated by others that the promoter regions of most rp genes contain at least one consensus element, designated UASrpg, which is necessary for the transcriptional activation and maintenance of expression of the gene during steady-state growth in rich media. Our main experimental approach has been to create a series of 5′ end deletions in the promoter region of RPS16A-1. The individual truncated promoter fragments were then ligated to a lacZ fusion reporter construct. By assaying the cells for production of β-galactosidase and determining the abundance of lacZ mRNA, we have been able to determined the extent of fusion product expression. We assayed cells under three physiological conditions: steady-state growth in glucose, steady-state growth in glycerol and during sporulation. We report four main findings of our work.
Issai Schur: Ramanujan’s German Contemporary

Cut off from England due to the First World War, the German mathematician Issai Schur independently discovered and proved the Rogers–Ramanujan identities and like MacMahon realized their partition-theoretic significance. Schur is most well known for his work in group theory, but his proof of the Rogers–Ramanujan identities has resulted in significant developments in the theory of partitions. Here we describe Schur’s life and work both in group theory and on partitions, and make comparisons with the work of Ramanujan.
Mitoxantrone and Etoposide in Patients with Relapsed and Refractory Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia

The treatment of relapsed or refractory ANLL remains mostly unsatisfactory. New drug combinations are being studied to determine the most efficacious therapy for these patients. Mitoxantrone is a synthetic aminoanthraquinone that intercalates into DNA [1,2] and has previously been shown to have activity in ANLL [3–5]. Similarly, etoposide, or VP-16-213, has been shown to have activity in ANLL when used as a single agent [6, 7]. Because of the significant antileukemic activity of these two drugs, a clinical phase II study was initiated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) to evaluate the drug combination mitoxantrone and VP-16-213, in relapsed and refractory patients with ANLL.
POLYCONDENSATION SYNTHESIS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE MACROMOLECULES

ABSTRACT Cyclization reactions as the mode of propagation in polymerizations are especially useful for the synthesis of thermally stable macromolecules. Reactions which afford five- or six-membered rings and at the same time achieve aromaticity are particularly desirable. Recent developments in a cycloaddition reaction, the Diels-Alder reaction, show that a variety of dienes and dienophiles can be utilized to synthesize high molecular weight polyphenylenes, with or without substituent groups. Phenylation of the polyphenylenes as well as the introduction of m-units along with P-units provides amorphous, soluble materials, in contrast to poly(P-phenylene) which is highly crystalline and insoluble. Polyheterocyclization reactions have received the most attention in the synthesis of high temperature polymers. In the synthesis of linear polyquin-oxalines, again the introduction of phenyl groups on the quinoxaline chain improves the solubility of the polymer. The synthesis of high molecular weight ladder polyquinoxaline can be achieved in polyphosphoric acid, and a soluble ladder polyquinoxaline can be obtained by the use of tetraminoanthraquinone as the tetramine, thereby introducing a base-soluble hydroquinone group. The polyheterocyclization of an aromatic o-amino ketone or aldehyde with a methylene ketone is a reaction which has been utilized in the novel synthesis of high molecular weight thermally stable polyquinolines and polyanthrazolines.
Two-phase magnetohydrodynamics: Theory and applications to planetesimal cores

Abstract Core freezing and resultant compositional convection are likely important drivers for dynamo activity in large terrestrial bodies like the Earth. The solidification of compositional mixtures, such as iron and sulfur, generates mush zones of partial melt at the freezing front, which can eject chemically buoyant or heavy liquid that then drives convection. For smaller bodies such as planetesimals in the asteroid belt, conditions for generating a dynamo are harder to achieve. Nevertheless, evidence for magnetization of achondrite meteorites is abundant, suggesting that many planetesimal cores were somehow magnetized. As such small bodies cool rapidly under low gravity they likely spend much of their evolution with a large poorly compacted partial melt mushy zone. The magneto-hydrodynamic behavior of a deformable partial melt zone can induce magnetism via separation of solid and liquid phases, and conversely magnetism can impose extra forces on the phase separation in the mush zone. To this end, we have developed a new two-phase magneto-hydrodynamic theory for deformable mushes and slurries. The model includes the standard effects of Lorentz forces, and the competition between magnetic field stretching and diffusion. There are additional effects at the liquid pore or solid grain scale, which involve the interaction between phases, akin to Darcy or Stokes drag; these include Lorentz drag, as well as pore/grain-scale diffusive exchange of magnetism between solid and fluid phases, and field stretching due to relative motion between phases. Magnetic induction by gravitational phase separation is most significant after extensive mixing of liquid and solid phases, such as induced by vigorous mechanical stirring due to, for example, tidal and elliptic instabilities, or impacts with other bodies, all of which are conceivably common in the asteroid belt, especially in the early solar system. Gravitational phase separation following such events can induce significant magnetism in the liquid and solid phases, and much more rapidly than can magnetization by large-scale circulation. Magnetic field variances can be at first orders of magnitude larger than an imposed background field, during initial gravitational phase separation of the well-mixed slurry. As the phases separate toward the top or bottom, the solid phase compacts, the separation velocity decreases, and the magnetic field variance likewise diminishes. However, solitary waves in the compacting region can cause an additional large magnetic induction in the liquid, taking the form of strongly magnetized wave packets that can be trapped in the solid. Thus, phase separation, segregation and compaction potentially induce large magnetic field anomalies. A linear stability analysis for convection in a porous medium (with a rigid matrix) is also explored. Pore and grain scale effects, such as field stretching due to phase separation, are found to enhance the influence of the magnetic field on convective instability.
Outcomes and Complications Associated with Noninfectious Uveitis in Patients Presenting with Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment.

Purpose To evaluate the visual outcomes and complications associated with noninfectious uveitis in patients presenting with a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants A total of 554 eyes of 523 patients presenting for RRD repair at the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, between July 2011 and September 2016. Methods Analysis of risk factors, anatomic outcomes, and visual outcomes related to a history of noninfectious uveitis. Main Outcome Measures End point rate of reattachment, end point visual acuity (VA), postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and rate of reoperation. Results A history of uveitis was identified in 5.4% of eyes. Eyes with a history of uveitis were found to have a higher risk for development of any degree of PVR (hazard ratio [HR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–4.4, P = 0.030) and a higher risk of PVR necessitating an additional procedure (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2–6.0, P = 0.014). Anatomic and visual outcomes did not differ between the 2 groups. Preoperative VA, the distribution of race/ethnicity, age, gender, lens status, macula status, and lattice degeneration status did not vary significantly between the groups. In the analysis of a PVR subgroup, uveitis was not associated with a higher risk of PVR necessitating an additional procedure and did not show a statistically significant difference in end point VA. Conclusions A history of uveitis is associated with an increased risk of any degree of PVR and an increased risk of PVR necessitating an additional procedure. However, subgroup analysis suggests that patients with a history of uveitis who develop PVR do not necessarily have a worse visual outcome or a higher risk of additional surgery. There may be a role for perioperative steroids in patients with a history of uveitis who present with a retinal detachment, but further study is warranted to determine if this decreases the risk of PVR or improves visual outcomes.
Data Quality-Informed Multiple Occupant Localization using Floor Vibration Sensing

Floor vibration-based sensing provides an alternative approach for multiple occupant localization, enabling various smart building applications such as elderly care. Prior work mainly focuses on detecting onsets of individual footstep from overlapping signals for localization. However, the error rate is higher than that of single footsteps. In this work, we present a data quality-informed time-sequence approach for accurate multi-people localization. The intuition is that when signals overlap, the overlapping part of the signal has a lower SNR, which can be quantified and used as estimation confidence. We conducted real-world experiments to validate our data quality-informed approach for location estimation.
Integrating Deaf Students for Career Education

This article describes an experimental approach undertaken by New York State whereby deaf students from state supported schools for the deaf were integrated for occupational education on a half day basis in a regional public school agency called the Board of Cooperative Educational Services. The problems faced and the results obtained during 2 years of experience with two different schools for the deaf are reported. The success of the integrated program has been demonstrated with additional schools for the deaf being included subsequently.
Optical system design using broadband diffractive neural networks

We present a diffractive deep neural network-based framework that can simultaneously process a continuum of illumination wavelengths to perform a specific task that it is trained for. Based on this framework, we designed and 3D printed a series of optical systems including single and double pass-band filters as well as a spatially-controlled wavelength de-multiplexing system using a broadband THz pulse as input, revealing an excellent match between our numerical design and experimental results. The presented optical design framework based on diffractive neural networks can be adapted to other parts of the spectrum and be extended to create task-specific metasurface designs.
Stable thalamocortical learning between medial-dorsal thalamus and cortical attractor networks captures cognitive flexibility

Primates and rodents are able to continually acquire, adapt, and transfer knowledge and skill, and lead to goal-directed behavior during their lifespan. For the case when context switches slowly, animals learn via slow processes. For the case when context switches rapidly, animals learn via fast processes. We build a biologically realistic model with modules similar to a distributed computing system. Specifically, we are emphasizing the role of thalamocortical learning on a slow time scale between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and medial dorsal thalamus (MD). Previous work [1] has already shown experimental evidence supporting classification of cell ensembles in the medial dorsal thalamus, where each class encodes a different context. However, the mechanism by which such classification is learned is not clear. In this work, we show that such learning can be self-organizing in the manner of an automaton (a distributed computing system), via a combination of Hebbian learning and homeostatic synaptic scaling. We show that in the simple case of two contexts, the network with hierarchical structure can do context-based decision making and smooth switching between different contexts. Our learning rule creates synaptic competition [2] between the thalamic cells to create winner-take-all activity. Our theory shows that the capacity of such a learning process depends on the total number of task-related hidden variables, and such a capacity is limited by system size N. We also theoretically derived the effective functional connectivity as a function of an order parameter dependent on the thalamo-cortical coupling structure.