cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modified Cabrol Shunt for Atrioventricular Groove Rupture After Mitral Valve Replacement

Rupture of the atrioventricular (AV) groove is the Achilles' heel of mitral valve replacement, and it has been associated with high rates of mortality. Here, we report successful management of a type 1 AV groove disruption using a modified Cabrol shunt to the right atrium in a patient with a severely calcified mitral annulus.
Erlang Arrivals, Exponential Service (E2/M/1)

This chapter considers a one-server sytem with finite capacity, Erlang 2-stage inter-arrival times and exponential service times. An example is the trucks that arrive to a receiving dock with one unloading crew. As the trucks come in, the crew (the service facility) unloads each truck in the order of arrival. Matrix methods are used to compute the probability of n units in the system. The probabilities are used to derive the performance measures. The chapter shows how the matrix method can extend to an infinite capacity system. Examples are presented.
Bone Tissue Engineering by Cell Transplantation

Bone defects that require skeletal reconstruction are a common problem facing physicians today. These defects often arise as a result of trauma, tumor resection, infection, or skeletal abnormalities. Traditional therapies to overcome these bone deficits include bone grafts, bone cement, and synthetic bone substitutes including plastics, ceramics, and metals. Each of these has limitations that preclude it from being an ideal bone replacement, indicating a need for bone tissue engineering. Tissue engineering seeks to regenerate this lost bone tissue by favorably utilizing the interactions between cells, growth factors, and scaffolding in novel bone tissue engineering constructs and therapies. Although different tissue engineering approaches may place emphasis on the cellular component, the involved growth factors, or implanted matrices, this review focuses on the use of cell transplantation to regenerate bone and enhance bone healing. By transplanting different cell populations including bone marrow cells, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, or genetically modified cells, researchers have shown the potential of these cell-based tissue engineering approaches to engineer new bone tissue. Because of this demonstrated ability, cell transplantation will undoubtedly play an important role in eventual tissue engineering therapies for treating bone defects.
The Evolution of Polynucleotides

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the evolution of polynucleotides. Comparisons of amino acid sequences, enzymatic activities, and immunological properties of macromolecules shows only a few of the many attributes of the organisms under consideration. Specific affinities observable among various DNA are indicative of qualities of the whole organism. This chapter presents the findings that are restricted to the DNA–DNA relationships among vertebrates with emphasis on the primate group. The primates were chosen for the present study because of the interest in their relationships and because of the backlog of information concerning this group from a variety of studies that range from the molecular to the sociological. The implications of the data presented for understanding the mechanism of organic evolution urge the experiments that can distinguish between the alternative interpretations of evolutionary divergence or assess their relative importance, should they both be applicable.
The isolation and properties of a tabtoxin-hydrolysing aminopeptidase from the periplasm of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci

A tabtoxin-hydrolysing enzyme was partially purified from the periplasm of several strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci . It is an aminopeptidase with a broad pH optimum. The enzyme was obtained by osmotic shock and then partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation; it became unstable with further purificiation (Bio-Gel, DEAE-Sephadex and Phenyl-Sepharose chromatography). Its activity is sensitive to EDTA but not to n -ethylmaleimide or phenylmethyl-sulphonyl fluoride. Although, tabtoxin hydrolysis absolutely requires zinc for activity in vivo , other divalent cations are partially effective in restoring activity to an EDTA-treated enzyme preparation. Bacterial strains which could not be activated by zinc to hydrolyse tabtoxin did not have a zinc-activatable peptidase in their periplasm. This enzyme appears to be responsible for the conversion of tabtoxin in the bacterium to the biologically active form, tabtoxinine- β -lactam. It may also function as part of a mechanism for self-protection against tabtoxinine- β -lactam.
Unilateral renal hypoplasia with associated venous anomaly and hypertension

A child with unilateral renal hypoplasia, high plasma renin levels and hypertension was found to have large numbers of juxtaglomerular granular cells in the affected kidney. They were seen adjacent to and sometimes in the interior of hyalinized glomeruli or, in loose nests scattered in the interstitium. Ultrastructurally they contained large numbers of crystalline protogranules in the Golgi region and also displayed other features suggestive of hyperactivity. Atrophic tubules, smooth muscle and mast cells were present in considerable numbers. Well-preserved renal cortex remained in the affected kidney with no demonstrable juxtaglomerular granularity. After unilateral nephrectomy the patient became normotensive and plasma renin levels became normal. Thus it appears that the juxtaglomerular cells are able to produce and release renin independent of the structural integrity of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and renal glomerulus.
Establishing minimal clinically important difference, substantial clinical benefit, and patient acceptable symptomatic state after biceps tenodesis.

Background The purposes of this study were to establish thresholds for improvement in patient-reported outcome scores that signify the minimal clinically important difference (MCID), substantial clinical benefit (SCB), and patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) after biceps tenodesis (BT) and to assess patient variables that are associated with these clinically important outcomes. Methods A prospectively maintained institutional shoulder registry was queried for patients undergoing isolated BT between 2014 and 2017. Anchor-based and distribution-based approaches were used to calculate the MCID whereas an anchor-based method was used to calculate the SCB and PASS for the Constant-Murley score, Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation (SANE) score, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score. Results A total of 123 patients who underwent isolated BT were included for analysis. The MCID, SCB, and PASS calculated for the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score were 11.0, 16.8, and 59.6, respectively. For the Constant-Murley score, the calculated MCID and PASS were 3.8 and 19.5, respectively. The MCID, SCB, and PASS calculated for the SANE score were 3.5, 5.8, and 65.5, respectively. The following patient variables were significantly associated with decreased odds of achieving the MCID: workers' compensation status, male sex, and higher preoperative SANE score. Patients with a history of ipsilateral shoulder surgery had significantly reduced odds of achieving SCB. The only factor significantly associated with failing to reach the PASS was workers' compensation status. Conclusion This study established values for the MCID, SCB, and PASS after BT without concomitant rotator cuff repair. Workers' compensation status, previous shoulder surgery, male sex, and higher preoperative patient-reported outcome measure scores are associated with lower odds of achieving clinically significant improvement after BT.
Losses of mineral soil carbon largely offset biomass accumulation 15 years after whole-tree harvest in a northern hardwood forest

Changes in soil carbon stocks following forest harvest can be an important component of ecosystem and landscape-scale C budgets in systems managed for bioenergy or carbon-trading markets. However, these changes are characterized less often and with less certainty than easier-to-measure aboveground stocks. We sampled soils prior to the whole-tree harvest of Watershed 5 at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in 1983, and again in years 3, 8, and 15 following harvest. The repeated measures of total soil C in this stand show no net change in the O horizon over 15 years, though mixing with the mineral soil reduced observed O horizon C in disturbed areas in post-harvest years 3 and 8. Mineral soil C decreased by 15% (20 Mg ha−1) relative to pre-harvest levels by year 8, with no recovery in soil C stocks by year 15. Proportional changes in N stocks were similar. The loss of mineral soil C offset two-thirds of the C accumulation in aboveground biomass over the same 15 years, leading to near-zero net C accumulation post-harvest, after also accounting for the decomposition of slash and roots. If this result is broadly representative, and the extent of forest harvesting is expanded to meet demand for bioenergy or to manage ecosystem carbon sequestration, then it will take substantially longer than previously assumed to offset harvest- or bioenergy-related carbon dioxide emissions with carbon uptake during forest regrowth.
Innovative approaches to reduce unintended pregnancy and improve access to contraception among women who use opioids

Dramatic increases in the rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) during pregnancy have been paralleled by substantial increases in the number of neonates diagnosed with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Women with OUD have reliably reported high rates of unintended pregnancy and a number of studies also indicate they desire easier access to contraception. Recent statements from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics/American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists have drawn increased attention to efforts to prevent unintended pregnancy and improve access to contraception among women with OUD. We briefly review a number of innovative clinical approaches in these areas, including efforts to integrate family planning services into substance use disorder (SUD) treatment and other settings that serve people with OUD and interventions that aim to make family planning a higher priority among women with OUD. Results suggest many of these approaches have led to increases in contraceptive use and may aid in efforts to reduce unintended pregnancy and improve access to contraception among women with OUD now and in the future.
Utilization of a Novel Program-Specific Evaluation Tool Results in a Decidedly Different Interview Pool Than Traditional Application Review.

BACKGROUND There are almost twice as many applicants as there are general surgery internships, each utilizing a common application with standard components. These elements are frequently not useful in determining affinity for a program or overall ability, and resultant poor fit may be partially responsible for program attrition. Alternative evaluation instruments would be beneficial to both programs and applicants. METHODS An application review committee comprised of resident representatives, faculty representing all program-affiliated institutions, and program leadership completed a written evaluation developed by a third party (SurgWise Consulting) that specializes in industrial and organizational psychology. The responses were compiled to create a standardized assessment tool. This assessment was sent to applicants who were subsequently ranked according to fit with our program. The pool of applicants was separately evaluated using our traditional application review. Two residents independently graded each applicant on a 5-point Likert scale to evaluate common application elements; applicants were subsequently assigned an overall score. RESULTS The assessment was completed by 507 (99%) of 512 qualifying applicants. Separately, 378 applications were reviewed by the traditional method for a total of 756 reviews. Of the 96 applicants identified by the assessment tool to invite for interviews, 22 (23%) qualified for interview invitations according to the traditional review method. The assessment produced 74 applicants that otherwise would not have been interviewed. CONCLUSION Traditional application review strategies have many shortcomings. A competency-based assessment tool in the residency application selection process identifies a pool of applicants not identified by traditional review methods.
Developing and Evaluating Learning Materials to Introduce Human Error Concepts in Software Engineering Courses: Results from Industry and Academia

[Background]: This Research Category Full Paper presents the results of authors’ efforts to develop and evaluate learning materials for introducing Software Engineering (SE) students to the Cognitive Psychology concept of human errors (specifically to those human errors that occur during software development). During the last few years, the authors have developed, through a rigorous literature review and empirical investigation, human error intervention instrumentation and supporting training/teaching material. The intervention instrument consists of a corpus of human errors and a tool to support human error based software requirements inspections. The primary aim of developing this instrumentation and training material is to impart SE/CS students with the knowledge about the most frequently committed human errors during the software development process. [Goal and Method]: First, a study was conducted with Industry Practitioners with the goal of examining if the practitioners believed that human errors and human error training are useful and relevant to the software development process. Next, based on feedback from the practitioners, a study was conducted in an undergraduate Software Engineering course where students were trained using the human error instrument and were asked to perform error based requirements inspections. The high-level goal of this paper is to evaluate whether requirements inspections supported by human errors can be used to deliver knowledge about software engineering human errors as well as knowledge about requirements inspections (a key industry skill) to students. [Results]: Results showed that industry practitioners found the human error instrumentation and training useful. Based on their feedback, when the training was administered to students, it helped students understand those human errors that are the frequently committed during the software development process.
Public Criticism and Private Consent: Protestant Journalism between Theology and Nazism, 1920–1960

By retracing the history of the Protestant journal Eckart, this article examines a theological forum in which supporters and opponents of the Nazi movement came into direct contact. Specifically, the article evaluates political ambiguities among religious authors, who had openly rejected Nazism from the 1920s onward but would feel compelled by theological considerations to remain loyal to the regime after 1933. Analyzing contemporary discussions of the Protestant Two Kingdoms Doctrine, for example, puts historiographical distinctions between “resistance” and “collaboration” into question. This study shows that Protestant intellectuals were able to voice a limited degree of public criticism until World War II. Their criticism, however, was often so imbued with nationalism and ideals of loyalty that it effectively helped stabilize the Nazi regime. In Eckart, even critics engaged deeply with volkisch and anti-Semitic ideology. Finally, this article also shows how these authors perpetuated nationalist ideas in West Germany after 1945.
Supersymmetric deformations of type IIB matrix model as matrix regularization of Script N = 4 SYM

We construct a = 1 supersymmetry and U(1)5 global symmetry preserving deformation of the type IIB matrix model. This model, without orbifold projection, serves as a nonperturbative regularization for = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in four Euclidean dimensions. Upon deformation, the eigenvalues of the bosonic matrices are forced to reside on the surface of a hypertorus. We explicitly show the relation between the noncommutative moduli space of the deformed matrix theory and the Brillouin zone of the emergent lattice theory. This observation makes the transmutation of the moduli space into the base space of target field theory clearer. The lattice theory is slightly nonlocal, however the nonlocality is suppressed by the lattice spacing. In the classical continuum limit, we recover the = 4 SYM theory. We also discuss the result in terms of D-branes and interpret it as collective excitations of D(-1) branes forming D3 branes.
Abstract 15681: Reduced Left Atrial Strain is Associated With the Development of Atrial Arrhythmias in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic with frequent cardiovascular (CV) complications, including cardiac arrhythmias. However, little is known about contributing factors t...
Chandra Observations of Galaxy Cluster Abell 2218

We present results from two observations (combined exposure of ∼ 17 ksec) of galaxy cluster Abell 2218 using the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer on board the Chandra X-ray Observatory that were taken on October 19, 1999. Using a Raymond-Smith single temperature plasma model corrected for galactic absorption we find a mean cluster temperature of kT = 6.9 ±0.5 kev, metallicity of 0.20±0.13 (errors are 90% CL) and rest-frame luminosity in the 2-10 kev energy band of 6.2 × 10 44 ergs −1 in aCDM cosmology with H0 = 65 kms −1 Mpc −1 . The brightness distribution within 4 ' .2 of the cluster center is well fit by a sim- ple spherical beta model with core radius 66 '' .4 and β = 0.705. High resolution Chandra data of the inner 2 ' of the cluster show the x-ray brightness centroid displaced ∼ 22 '' from the dominant cD galaxy and the presence of azimuthally asymmetric temperature variations along the direction of the cluster mass elon- gation. X-ray and weak lensing mass estimates are in good agreement for the outer parts (r > 200h −1 ) of the cluster; however, in the core the observed temper- ature distribution can not reconcile the x-ray and strong lensing mass estimates in any model in which the intracluster gas is in thermal hydrostatic equilibrium. Our x-ray data are consistent with a scenario in which recent merger activity in A2218 has produced both significant non-thermal pressure in the core and sub- structure along the line of sight; each of these phenomena probably contributes to the difference between lensing and x-ray core mass estimates.
PSGL-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for CD4+ T Cell Cancer Immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint inhibition targeting T cells has shown tremendous promise in the treatment of many cancer types and are now standard therapies for patients. While standard therapies have focused on PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade, additional immune checkpoints have shown promise in promoting anti-tumor immunity. PSGL-1, primarily known for its role in cellular migration, has also been shown to function as a negative regulator of CD4+ T cells in numerous disease settings including cancer. PSGL-1 is highly expressed on T cells and can engage numerous ligands that impact signaling pathways, which may modulate CD4+ T cell differentiation and function. PSGL-1 engagement in the tumor microenvironment may promote CD4+ T cell exhaustion pathways that favor tumor growth. Here we highlight that blocking the PSGL-1 pathway on CD4+ T cells may represent a new cancer therapy approach to eradicate tumors.
Anthropologist as University Strategic Planner Envisioning a New Medical School with a Focus on Community-Based Care

What kind of background prepares an anthropologist for a leading role in planning the future of an entire university with a vision for a new medical school to train physicians focused on community care? This chapter presents a reflexive, autoethnographic, and life history approach of the training, research, applied, and practicing experiences that provided a foundation for a medical anthropologist to be a university strategic planner when critical decisions were made for a future medical school at Florida International University (FIU). Graduate training in medical anthropology at the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, and then employment in the University of Miami School of Medicine as a “cultural broker” in a community clinic, provided the experience necessary to envision and speak with authority for a new medical school with a community focus. Reflecting on factors shaping anthropology and medicine over the past 50 years, this story highlights an anthropologist purposefully directing organizational culture change. The lessons learned are important for future students assessing applied, practicing and academic careers in medical anthropology, for those developing curriculum in anthropology departments or medical schools, and for medical school administrators and faculty needing to better understand the skills and perspectives anthropologists bring to medical education. Key words: Strategic planning, Community-based, New Medical School, Organizational culture, Applied anthropology, Practicing anthropology, Careers.
Women Leading Healthy Change: A Reciprocal Learning Experience for Women in the Sex Trade and Medical Students.

Introduction Service learning can teach medical students about the social determinants of health and prepare them to better serve marginalized populations, while people in the sex trade can serve a...
Low temperature trion formation in CdSe nanoplatelets

Negative trions are exciton-electron quasiparticles that have applications in optical qubits and other quantum protocols. Colloidal cadmium selenide nanoplatelets are candidate trion materials, since trions dominate their low temperature emission spectra; however, trion formation is not understood. We observe the absence of trion absorption and a finite trion formation lifetime, requiring an alternative explanation for trion generation. Using low-temperature transient absorption (TA) and time-resolved photoluminescence, we propose that trions form through biexciton hole trapping. This contrasts the previously assumed mechanism of charged ground state absorption.
Substrate specificity and domain analyses of zeatin O-glycosyltransferases

The substrate specificity of two recombinant enzymes, zeatin O-glucosyltransferase 1 (ZOG1) and zeatin O-xylosyltransferase 1 (ZOX1), was further characterised. ZOG1 utilises zeatin (Z), UDPG, and UDPX as substrates to form O-glucosylzeatin (OGZ) and O-xylosylzeatin (OXZ) but has higher affinity to UDPG than UDPX. ZOX1 uses only UDPX, converting Z to OXZ. Dihydrozeatin (DHZ) is also a substrate for both enzymes, but only in combination with UDPX, giving rise to O-xylosyldihydrozeatin (OXDHZ). O-Glucosyldihydrozeatin (OGDHZ) is not formed by ZOG1, possibly due to steric hindrance. Regions relevant to UDPG/UDPX affinity and competition were identified using hybrid enzymes derived from domain exchanges of parental genes. The N-terminal half of the enzyme is important in this respect. The BstEII-BstAPI segment of ZOG1 correlates with inhibition of O-xylosyltransferase activity by UDPG while the BstAPI-Eco0109 segment of ZOG1 is required for utilisation of UDPG as the sugar donor.
Biosensors, Foodborne Pathogen Detection

In recent years, foodborne pathogens have become a significant concern due to increasing numbers of outbreaks and the resulting fatalities and economic losses. In addition to improving hygienic practices in food production and preparation, improvement in pathogen testing is urgently needed. Conventional culture-based methods are lengthy, involve multiple steps, and lack sensitivity. Even the so-called antibody- or nucleic acid-based “rapid methods” require a minimum of 24–48 h to complete. Faster and more sensitive detection methods are needed, and biosensor-based methods have the capacity to meet that need. In this review, we describe developments in the area of select sensors that show promise for foodborne pathogen detection, including Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR), light scattering, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fiber optic, microfluidic protein biochip, and mammalian cell-based sensors. FTIR and light-scattering sensors are considered label-free methods since they do not require any probes or labeling reagents. SPR is a semi-label-free method since it requires recognition molecules such as antibodies, nucleic acids, aptamers, or bacteriophages for detection. The remaining methods require labeling reagents and probes. Application and utilization of these biosensors in pathogen detection are also highlighted. Keywords: foodborne pathogen; biosensor; FTIR; fiber optic sensor; light-scattering sensor; biochip; cell-based biosensor
HIGH RESOURCE USE AMONG ADULT CONGENITAL HEART SURGERY ADMISSIONS IN ADULT HOSPITALS: RISK FACTORS AND ASSOCIATION WITH DEATH AND COMPLICATIONS

Objective Adult hospitals are a common location of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) admissions, including cardiac surgical admissions. Understanding the patterns and predictors of resource use could aid these institutions by identifying and targeting potentially modifiable determinants of high resource use (HRU). Our objectives were to examine resource use during adult congenital heart surgical admissions in adult hospitals, determine the association of HRU with mortality, and identify risk factors for HRU. Design Population-based retrospective study We obtained data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2005–2009 and examined ACHD surgical admissions ages 18–49 years (n = 16 231). Outcome Measures We defined HRU as admissions with >90th percentile for total hospital charges. Results Despite representing 10% of admissions, HRU admissions accounted for 32% of total charges. HRU admissions had a higher mortality rate (9.7% vs. 1.8%, P < .001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that HRU is associated with government insurance adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6,2.4), emergency admissions AOR 3.9 (95% CI 3.1,4.8), complications AOR 4.2 (95% CI 3.3,5.2), renal failure AOR 1.8 (95% CI 1.4,2.2), congestive heart failure AOR 1.2 (95% CI 1,1.4), surgical complexity risk category-2 AOR 2.0 (95% CI 1.0,3.6), and category-3+ AOR 2.3 (95% CI 1.4,3.8). Conclusions HRU admissions for adult congenital heart surgery consumed a disproportionate amount of resources and were associated with higher mortality. HRU risk factors included nonelective admissions, government insurance, heart failure, surgical complexity, renal failure, and complications. Complications, if preventable, may be a target for improvement strategies to decrease resource use. Other risk factors may require a broader patient care approach.
Happiness and Satisfaction: Measures of Affect and Cognition?

Analyses of data from six national samples of adult respondents indicated that happiness could be predicted better from cognitive measures of domain satisfaction and work attitudes than from a measure of positive affect, thereby calling into question the widely accepted argument that satisfaction measures are cognitive and happiness measures affective in orientation. Perhaps distinctions between cognitive and affective measures are illusory in studies of subjective well being.
Interest rate dynamics and the term structure: A note

Abstract The Brennan and Schwartz two-factor model of the term structure is re-examined using constant-duration long-term yields in place of the fluctuating-duration consol yields, and additional stability is achieved in the empirical estimations. The model is then reformulated to examine more closely the relationship between changes in long and short rates of interest. It is found that movements in the short rate of interest are related to movements in the long rate, the spread between the long and short rates, and the prior movement in the long rate. The model is then tested for its out-of-sample predictive ability and found to possess a modest amount of predictive power.
Disruption tolerant networking for Marine Corps CONDOR

We present an overview of our work in applying disruption tolerant networking technology to the US Marine Corps CONDOR (C2 on-the-move network digital over-the-horizon relay) project, a near-term framework for extending and bridging tactical data networks that are partitioned, for instance, by distance or terrain features. A portion of the CONDOR system involves deploying mobile platforms that can use satellite links when terrestrial radio networks are out of range, in order to maintain situational awareness and connectivity to tactical data networks and applications. Disruption tolerant networking technology leverages the work of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) Delay Tolerant Networking Research Group (DTNRC). We discuss our plan to enhance CONDOR with products of the DTNRG. present a proof-of-concept demonstration that incorporates DTNRG software into CONDOR field-prototype payload hardware, and discuss application design considerations for operation in a networking environment prone to disruption
The Performative Language Games of Dramapolitik: How Abraham Lincoln became an intellectual patriot and George W. Bush became a cowboy diplomat

When presidents attempt to transform a country, they do so by utilizing a keen understanding of the status quo and a knowledge of how to challenge it—and most often, they challenge it by performing a key speech. Within this speech, leaders create a persona designed to challenge a previously held public perception about themselves and their country in order to take the entire country in a new direction. In order for the change to happen, the new persona of a president must reflect in a meaningful way the needs and desires of the audience. This essay presents a close reading of Lincoln’s key pre-presidential speech—the one that propelled him to the presidency and Bush’s speech to Congress after 9/11—the one that made him presidential. A comparative analysis of these two speeches reveal the kind of persona these presidents created and foreshadowed the types of decisions they would make in office—decisions that would effect their citizens and reshape the nation. Lincoln sculpted an erudite speech steeped in constitutional argument with a force of logic that proved to many that he wasn’t just a rustic man of the west, but a statesman worthy of being a president. Bush shaped his post-9/11 presidency around a key speech that turned his flailing presidency around to the point where many saw Bush become “presidential” for the first time. Both Lincoln and Bush utilized performative rhetoric that not only transformed themselves, but also transformed how their audience perceived them—and by doing so, the audience empowered their leaders to take the country in a new direction, Lincoln holding the country together and ending slavery, and while Bush presented strong leadership abilities in order to decisively respond to terrorism, the results were steeped in a neoconservative agenda designed to extend United States’ hegemony around the world.
A higher-order finite element-boundary integral method for electromagnetic scattering from bodies of revolution

A higher-order finite element - boundary integral (FE-BI) method is presented to calculate the radar cross section (RCS) of body-of-revolution (BOR) geometries. The method is based on a finite element method (FEM) that uses higher-order nodal based scalar functions for the azimuthal field components and higher-order edge based vector basis for the transverse field. The FEM mesh is truncated with a boundary integral based on a first order method of moments (MoM). Such a method is void of spurious modes and more accurate than earlier first order formulations
John Brown's Trial

Review of: "John Brown's Trial" by Brian McGinty and "Creating the John Brown Legend: Emerson, Thoreau, Douglass, Child and Higginson in Defense of the Raid on Harpers Ferry," by Janet Kemper Beck.
Hospital care of childhood traumatic brain injury in the United States, 1997-2009: a neurosurgical perspective.

Object The goal in this paper was to study hospital care for childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a nationwide population base. Methods Data were acquired from the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) for the years 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009. Admission for TBI was defined by any ICD-9-CM diagnostic code for TBI. Admission for severe TBI was defined by a principal diagnostic code for TBI and a procedural code for mechanical ventilation; admissions ending in discharge home alive in less than 4 days were excluded. Results Estimated raw and population-based rates of admission for all TBI, for severe TBI, for death from severe TBI, and for major and minor neurosurgical procedures fell steadily during the study period. Median hospital charges for severe TBI rose steadily, even after adjustment for inflation, but estimated nationwide hospital charges were stable. Among 14,932 actual admissions for severe TBI captured in the KID, case mortality was stable through the study period, at 23.9%. In a multivariate...
Mechanism and Kinetics of the Hemin-catalyzed Oxidation of Linoleate in the Oil-Water Interface

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to find out why hemin catalyzes the oxidation of linoleic acid or its esters by O2 only in the biphasic oil-in-water system but not in homogeneous solutions. We find that only those molecules of linoleic acid or methyllinoleate which form a monomolecular film at the oil-water interface react with hemin and O2. The high affinity of hemin and hemoglobin for the xylene-water interface (Haurowitz, F., Dicks, M., and Therriault, D. (1957) Nature 180, 437–438) facilitates their combination with the molecules of the interfacial oil film. Microscopic observation revealed that increase in the amount of methyllinoleate results in coalescence of small oil spherules and a concomitant decrease in the area of the oil-water interface. Consequently, increase in the amount of methyl-linoleate by a factor, n, leads to an increase in the rate of O2 uptake by a factor smaller than n⅔, close to n½. The initial rate of O2 uptake, V, in the continually shaken manometric flasks at 37° is strictly proportional to pO2 up to pO2 = 0.06 atm; further increase in pO2 does not raise V. Kinetic analysis reveals that the rate-limiting step is the transfer of linoleate molecules from the inside of oil spherules into the interfacial film. During the catalytic process hemin is degraded to non-heme iron which consists of free or loosely bound ferrous ions; their catalytic effect is lower than that of hemin. No evidence for the presence of radicals or for chain reactions in the hemin-catalyzed oxidation was found. We conclude that hemin acts in the oxidation of linoleate not only as an oxygen-oxidoreductase but also as a peroxidase which catalyzes the destruction of linoleate hydroperoxides and thus prevents the formation of free radicals. Since hemin can be replaced by hemoglobin, cytochrome c, or ferrous ions, the mechanism of the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in vivo is most likely identical with that proposed for the hemin-catalyzed process in vitro.
Review of Mogadishu on the Mississippi: Language, Racialized Identity, and Education in a New Land by M. H. Bigelow

M. H. Bigelow. (2010). Mogadishu on the Mississippi: Language, Racialized Identity, and Education in a New Land. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 200 pages, $35.71 (paperback). ISBN: 9781444338744.As t...
EDWIN M. SHOOK

A legendary figure in Maya archaeology, Edwin M. Shook, passed away at his home in Antigua, Guatemala, on March 9, 2000. Ed was one of the most prodigiously active figures in Mesoamerican archaeology during the twentieth century and may well have worked at more archaeological sites than any other Mesoamerican scholar. His career spanned more than 60 years and included associations with luminaries such as Alfred V. Kidder, Sylvanus Morley, Tatiana Proskouriakoff, Ledyard Smith, and Gustavo Stromsvik, to name just a few. In addition to his many outstanding contributions as a scholar, Ed will be remembered for his generosity and friendship. He was a friend and mentor to many generations of Mesoamerican field workers in archaeology, ethnography, and the natural sciences. No one fortunate enough to have spent an evening in his company will forget his enthralling stories of adventure, exploration, and discovery.
Behavioural responses to alarm cues by free-ranging rainbow darters ( Etheostoma caeruleum )

Responses of fishes to chemical alarm cues have been well-documented in the laboratory, but relatively few taxa have been tested under free-ranging conditions in natural habitats. While snorkeling in a stream, we exposed rainbow darters ( Etheostoma caeruleum ) to skin extracts from conspecifics (alarm cue), skin extracts from heterospecifics (no alarm cue) and a blank control. Darters showed a significantly longer latency to move ('freezing') in the presence of the alarm cue relative to the other two stimuli. These results indicate that rainbow darters can detect chemical alarm cues under natural conditions and respond with appropriate antipredator behaviour.
Defining success and limits of field experiments to test geoengineering by marine cloud brightening

Marine cloud brightening (MCB) has been suggested as a possible solar radiation management approach to geoengineering the Earth’s climate in order to offset anthropogenic global warming. We discuss the utility of field experiments to test MCB. These experiments, if appropriately designed, would provide an unprecedented controlled environment to not only test MCB, but to understand aerosol impacts on climate. We discuss the science of MCB and review a set of field experiments that has been proposed as de minimis first steps to field test the concept. Our focus is upon issues of success determination, international oversight and/or governance, and outcomes if initial tests are deemed successful.
A Qualitative Analysis of Parents' and Service Coordinators' Descriptions of Variables That Influence Collaborative Relationships

Parent-professional collaboration is an essential component of successful early intervention efforts. A collaborative relationship exists when both parents and professionals view each other as part...
Antibacterial properties of a peroxidogenic strain of Streptococcus mitior (mitis).

An antibacterial substance produced by a strain of Streptococcus mitior, and isolated from a human throat culture, was found to inhibit the growth of streptococci and staphylococci. The substance was characterized as hydrogen peroxide.
Intentionality and computationalism: minds, machines, Searle and Harnad

Abstract Searle (1980, 1989) has produced a number of arguments purporting to show that computer programs, no matter how intelligently they may act, lack ‘ intentionality’ Recently, Harnad (1989) has accepted Searle' s arguments as having ‘ shaken the foundations of Artificial Intelligence’ (p. 5). To deal with Searle' s arguments, Harnad has introduced the need for ‘ noncomputational devices’ (e.g. transducers) to realize ‘ symbol grounding’ This paper critically examines both Searle' s and Hamad' s arguments and concludes that the foundations of AT remain unchanged by these arguments, that the Turing Test remains adequate as a test of intentionality, and that the philosophical position of computationalism remains perfectly reasonable as a working hypothesis for the task of describing and embodying intentionality in brains and machines.
Surface modes of vibration in an ionic crystal

Abstract Optical surface modes of a new type have been found in calculations for the (100) surface of an NaCl crystal. The problem of obtaining rapidly convergent lattice sums in such calculations is discussed.
Biodegradation of Nitrilotriacetic Acid and Related Imino and Amino Acids in River Water

With a gas chromatography procedure capable of quantitatively de tecting nitrilotriacetic acid, N-methyliminodiacetic acid, iminodiacetic acid, sarcosine, and glycine at concentrations of 0.025 milligram per liter, it was shown that these compounds were biodegraded by river water. In particular, nitrilotriacetic acid was degraded without the accumulation of any of the amino acids mentioned above or the appearance of any new peaks in the gas chromatography analysis.
Kamacite and olivine in ordinary chondrites: Intergroup and intragroup relationships

Results are presented from high-precision electron microprobe analyses of olivine and kamacite in a suite of 134 ordinary chondrites (OCs). The compositional ranges of these phases are defined for each OC group (high total Fe, low total Fe, and low total Fe/low metallic Fe). Anomalous OCs that have olivine and/or kamacite compositions that lie outside the established ranges are identified. The phases in the chondritic clasts of the Netschaevo iron meteorite are characterized to determine the relationship between Netschaevo and OCs. Intragroup variations of olivine and kamacite compositions with petrologic type are examined and OCs that contain olivine and/or kamacite grains with aberrant compositions are identified as fragmental breccias. Also, a search for new metallic Fe-Ni phases with extreme compositions is conducted. As a result of these analyses, several meteorites are reclassified.
Behavioral Response of American Coots (Fulica americana) to Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Lake Chapala, Mexico

Abstract. American Coot (Fulica americana) behavior was observed and Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) cover measured at Lake Chapala, Mexico, to determine whether site selection, habitat use, behavior within habitat types and selection of habitats for foraging were affected by the invasive aquatic plant. Water Hyacinth significantly affected habitat choice within selected sites but not site selection by coots. Coots spent less time in shallow water and more time in Water Hyacinth as site-level hyacinth cover increased. Water Hyacinth did not restrict coot movement and birds foraged significantly more in patch Water Hyacinth (28.7 ± 2.3% of total time) than in open water (9.8 ± 0.9%). Moreover, coots spent less time foraging in shallow water and more time foraging in hyacinths as cover increased. Coots used Water Hyacinth opportunistically and may have preferred it over other available habitat types. The positive relationships between Water Hyacinth and coots were likely attributed to the introduction...
Ventricular diastolic pressure-volume shifts during acute ischemic left ventricular failure in dogs

Ischemic left ventricular failure was produced in eight acutely instrumented, anesthetized dogs to study the contribution of changing myocardial compliance and pericardial pressure to shifts in right and left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations. Right and left ventricular and pericardial volumes were measured by ungated computed tomography. Cardiac volumes were manipulated by infusion of saline solution, hemorrhage, phenylephrine infusion and, during failure only, nitroglycerin administration. During both control and failure periods, these interventions shifted the left and right ventricular pressure-volume relations by changing pericardial pressure only; that is, these interventions caused no change in the ventricular transmural pressure-volume relation. The induction of failure as such increased pericardial pressure only minimally and did not change the left ventricular or right ventricular transmural pressurevolume relations significantly. Volume loading during the control period caused an apparent pericardial creep which attenuated the pericardial effect on ventricular pressure-volume relations. During failure, volume loading caused an increase of right ventricular volume, but tended to decrease left ventricular volume; this was associated with a leftward displacement of the interventricular septum. In conclusion, in the presence of ischemic left ventricular failure as well as normally, changes in preload, afterload and circulating blood volume shift ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations by stretching or relaxing the pericardium, thus changing pericardial pressure. In these circumstances, there were no consistent changes in myocardial compliance.
Analogies between mammalian and amphibian biochemical differentiation; the role of thyroxine.

Abstract There are important analogies between biochemical differentiation in livers of mammals around the time of birth and in amphibia during metamorphosis. Late fetal rats and early metamorphic tadpoles accumulate glycogen in their livers which is then depleted immediately after birth and during the last phase of metamorphosis, respectively. Both birth and the metamorphic climax are preceded by the development of glucose-6-phosphatase and of urea cycle enzymes in the liver. In fetal rats, as in tadpoles, thyroxine enhances the formation of glucose-6-phosphatase and of arginase; the former enzyme is subject to an additional controlling factor, associated with starvation, in both classes. The results indicate that analogous endocrine processes regulate very similar enzymic differentiations that prepare mammals and amphibia for terrestrial existences.
Multiple comparison methods : establishing guidelines for their valid application in neuropsychological research

This comment serves to provide a rationale for research clinical neuropsychologists to decide: (1) under what conditions multiple comparison methods are required; and (2) what specific guidelines can be used to distinguish conditions favoring a given multiple comparison technique over its competitors. The topic is discussed both for the parametric and nonparametric case, as well as for post hoc tests following both statistically significant main effects and interactions.
Properties of Prior and Posterior Distributions for Multivariate Categorical Response Data Models

In this article, we model multivariate categorical (binary and ordinal) response data using a very rich class of scale mixture of multivariate normal (SMMVN) link functions to accommodate heavy tailed distributions. We consider both noninformative as well as informative prior distributions for SMMVN-link models. The notation of informative prior elicitation is based on available similar historical studies. The main objectives of this article are (i) to derive theoretical properties of noninformative and informative priors as well as the resulting posteriors and (ii) to develop an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to sample from the resulting posterior distribution. A real data example from prostate cancer studies is used to illustrate the proposed methodologies.
Selected measures of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion: differences and intercorrelations.

The purpose of this investigation was to describe and compare ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ADROM) measurements obtained using the heel, fifth metatarsal, and plantar surface of foot as distal surface landmarks while the ankle was dorsiflexed under three conditions. The conditions were: 1) passive ankle dorsiflexion with force adequate to encounter notable tension in the plantar flexor muscles, 2) passive ankle dorsiflexion with a maximal force, and 3) as in number 2 but actively assisted by the subject. Thirty-six women had their ankles dorsiflexed three times under each of the three conditions. Slide photographs were taken of the procedure. The photographs were projected and ADROM measured using the three distal landmarks. Analysis of variance demonstrated that ADROM measurements were significantly different (p less than 0.001) under the three conditions of measurement and when the different landmarks were used. The majority (83.3%) of the ADROM measurements were correlated significantly (P less than .01) with one another regardless of the condition or landmark of measurement. Clinicians should be aware that measurements of ADROM will differ depending on the conditions of measurement and the landmarks used. Despite the differences, measurements obtained using various combinations of conditions and landmarks will provide an indication of ADROM.