cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic Mechanisms in Childhood Psychiatric Disorders

ABSTRACT Objective This review summarizes research findings on the genetics of several childhood psychiatric disorders. Method One hundred fifty papers were reviewed from the past several decades and were selected because they have suggested that genetic factors may play a role in the etiology of certain childhood disorders. This review is not meant to be exhaustive but rather has emphasized those disorders for which a genetic etiology has been proposed by different research groups. Results The more classical approaches to genetic research are reviewed and critiqued. The status of research for a number of childhood disorders is summarized. The molecular basis for several developmental disorders is presented and the prospects for arriving at a similar molecular understanding for other childhood psychiatric illnesses are discussed. Conclusions Genetic factors play a determining role for certain developmental disorders. However, the molecular basis for other psychiatric disorders has yet to be elucidated and there are complicating factors that bear on genetic research of complex behavioral disorders.
Classroom discourse and opportunities to learn: An ethnographic study of knowledge construction in a bilingual third‐grade classroom

The present study examines how two teams of students in a bilingual third‐grade classroom co‐construct knowledge through their oral and written discourse. By analyzing the various interactional patterns, times, and spaces of the class members, the multiple and varied opportunities for learning become visible. We also explore the role of the teacher in constructing these opportunities for learning. Our findings demonstrate how a pair of female students and a triad of male students, through their interaction and talk, negotiate, shape, and reshape the common task of writing a draft of a “planet story.” Our data suggest that although a common task does not necessarily lead to common opportunities to learn, it may provide a wide range of opportunities for students to construct their own knowledge and thus to learn.
Job Accommodations for Adults with Learning Disabilities: Brilliantly Disguised Opportunities:

The job accommodation needs of adults with a specific learning disability (SLD) are examined through an analysis of cases handled by the consultants at the Job Accommodation Network, an internation...
From the body: an exchange on scholarship and advocacy

AbstractIn this article, the authors draw from their own experiences working among religious congregations that minister to unauthorized immigrants in the new destinations in the U.S. to reflect on the relationship between scholarship and advocacy. They argue that because of the scholar's embodied condition, his/her location in networks of relations characterized by power differentials, scholarship will always involve a measure of advocacy, invariably containing judgments not only about what counts as legitimate and authoritative methods, arguments, and data for the religious-studies scholarly ‘community,’ but also about the place of the scholar and her/his scholarly community in the larger society. However, as their own experiences show, not all forms of advocacy are equal – they vary in their level of publicness, as well as the intensity and type of the engagement – and these various modalities carry potential payoffs and pitfalls. Thus, rather than trying to draw fixed, sharp, and ultimately untenable ...
Endoscopic resection of calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis (CAPNON) of the anterior skull base with sinonasal extension

We present a calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis (CAPNON) of the anterior skull base that was resected endoscopically. The clinical details are reported with a review of the relevant literature. CAPNON, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of tumors presenting along the anterior skull base with radiographic characteristics consistent with a fibro-osseous lesion. Endoscopic resection of these lesions is feasible in select patients with sinonasal extension.
Verrucous carcinoma arising in hidradenitis suppurativa

There are many reported cases of squamous carcinoma complicating hidradenitis suppurativa, but only one previous mention of verrucous carcinoma in this setting. We describe a case of verrucous carcinoma arising in hidradenitis suppurativa of the anal margin in a non-immunosuppressed man. This is the second report of verrucous carcinoma arising in a lesion of hidradenitis suppurativa. Although hidradenitis suppurativa can involve multiple intertriginous sites, malignant degeneration occurs mostly in the anogenital region. This suggests a role for a regional factor which, when combined with chronic inflammation, predisposes to malignant degeneration. A likely candidate for this factor is human papillomavirus; our case showed histologic evidence for this, but the specimen did not show viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization. The ability of anogenital hidradenitis suppurativa to form squamous and verrucous cancers reinforces the argument for early and complete resection.
How charging corannulene with one and two electrons affects its geometry and aggregation with sodium and potassium cations.

Bowl-shaped mono- and dianions are prepared by reduction of corannulene (C20H10, 1) with sodium and potassium metals in the presence of [18]crown-6 ether. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of two sodium salts, [Na(THF)2([18]crown-6)]+[1−] (2 a) and [Na([18]crown-6)]+[1−] (2 b), reveal the presence of naked corannulene monoanions 1− in both cases. In contrast, the potassium adduct, [K([18]crown-6)]+[1−] (3), shows an η2-binding of the K+ ion to the convex face of 1−. For the first time, corannulene dianions have been isolated as salts with sodium, [Na2([18]crown-6)]2+[12−] (4 a) and [Na(THF)2([18]crown-6)]+[Na([18]crown-6)]+[12−] (4 b), and potassium counterions, [K([18]crown-6)]2+[12−] (5). Their structural characterization reveals geometry perturbations upon addition of two electrons to a bowl-shaped polyarene. It also demonstrates η5- or η6-binding of metals to the curved carbon surface of 12−, depending on the crystallization conditions. Both mono- and doubly-charged corannulene bowls show the preferential exo binding of Na+ and K+ ions in all investigated compounds. Various types of CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions are found in the crystals of 2–5. The UV/Vis, ESR, and 1H NMR spectroscopic studies of 2–5 indicate different coordination environment of corannulene anions in solution, depending on the metal ion.
Compositions of tatun andesites, northern taiwan

Abstract Twenty-three andesites from the Tatun Volcano Group, northern Taiwan, were analyzed for Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Rb, Ba, Cs, Hf, Th, Sc, Co, and seven REE. Five types of andesite are distinguished in terms of mafic minerals, major elements, and some trace elements. The average Tatun andesite has similar Si, Fe, Al and Mg content, but lower Ti and Na and higher K and Ca content, than those of average circum-Pacific andesite. The average chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns of the five types of Tatun andesites are quite similar, showing enrichment in light REE, a slight negative Eu anomaly, and approximately chondritic proportions in heavy REE. These are similar to Iwo-Jima andesite, but differ from Bougainville low-Si andesite. The average Tatun andesite has lower Mg and Ni content than high-alumina basalt found in the Tatun volcanoes, and has higher Rb and Th, and lower Co, than average Formosan basalt. The 07Sr/06Sr ratio (0.7040) in Tatun andesite is similar to oceanic island basalt, and indicates very little sediment and crustal contamination. Ultramafic inclusions, appearing as amphibole-rich nodules, are also found in Tatun andesites; they consist of amphibole and Ca-rich plagioclase (An95). These data and criteria suggest that the Tatun andesites most likely originated from fractional crystallization of a parent basaltic magma enriched in water.
B1 cells: similarities and differences with other B cell subsets.

Abstract Since their discovery, B1 B cells’ origins and developmental pathways have eluded characterization. In the past year, focus on B1 B cells has shifted dramatically from developmental to functional aspects of these cells. Most advances have been made in describing the physiological activities of B1 cells, including their migration, activation by antigen and role in both autoimmunity and malignancy.
Social Studies Preservice Teachers' Citizenship Knowledge and Perceptions of the U.S. Naturalization Test

Teacher educators from six states invited their social studies methodology students to complete an abbreviated version of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Naturalization Test. The preservice teachers were also asked to share their conceptions of citizenship and evaluate the naturalization test. The findings from this study indicate that although this sample of preservice teachers had limited conceptions of citizenship, most were able to get a satisfactory score on the test. The authors discuss the implications of these results and suggest ways to broaden citizenship education in teacher preparation programs.
Computing signal delay in general RC networks by tree/link partitioning

Most RC simulators handle only tree networks, not arbitrary networks. An algorithm is presented for computing signal delays in general RC networks using the RC-tree computation as the primary operation. The algorithm partitions a given network into a spanning tree and links. It computes the signal delay of the spanning tree, and updates the signal delay as it incrementally adds the links back to reconstruct the original network. If m is the number of links, this algorithm requires m(m+1)/2 updates and m+1 tree delay evaluations. All the tree delay evaluations involve computing signal delays with the same resistive spanning tree, but with different values for the capacitors. >
Time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory for ion-atom collisions

Abstract We summarize the development and application of time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory for atomic collisions. A discussion of the advantages and limitations is presented. The technique appears promising for qualitative help in model building, as well as quantitative cross-section determination for rearrangements.
Z mode radio sounding from IMAGE of field aligned electron density and ducts

Radio sounding from IMAGE has led to the observations of a large variety of ducted and nonducted fast Z mode echoes. The ducted echoes were observed when IMAGE was located inside a Z mode “cavity,” whereas the nonducted echoes were observed both inside and outside of the cavity. We present a new ray tracing method to measure field aligned electron density and duct and Z mode cavity parameters from the observed cutoff frequencies and dispersion of the ducted and nonducted fast Z mode echoes. The method is applied to four case studies to obtain field aligned electron densities and duct parameters. Our results demonstrate that Z mode radio sounding observations from IMAGE provide a powerful new way to measure field aligned electron density and duct parameters that play important roles in the physics of whistler and Z mode wave propagation, wave particle interactions, and that of ionosphere magnetosphere coupling.
Anatomy of the oropharynx: The robotic perspective

Surgical robotic techniques are quickly being developed and adapted for using the robot for head and neck surgery. Given the altered perspective and approach to transoral neoplasms using the robot as compared to the traditional open approach, it is necessary for the head and neck surgeon to be familiar with this different viewpoint. We present the embryology and anatomy of the oropharynx including the tonsillar fossa and base of tongue as pertains to transoral robotic surgery.
Diffusion of Calcium and Metabolites in Pancreatic Islets: Killing Oscillations with a Pitchfork

Cell coupling is important for the normal function of the β-cells of the pancreatic islet of Langerhans, which secrete insulin in response to elevated plasma glucose. In the islets, electrical and metabolic communications are mediated by gap junctions. Although electrical coupling is believed to account for synchronization of the islets, the role and significance of diffusion of calcium and metabolites are not clear. To address these questions we analyze two different mathematical models of islet calcium and electrical dynamics. To study diffusion of calcium, we use a modified Morris-Lecar model. Based on our analysis, we conclude that intercellular diffusion of calcium is not necessary for islet synchronization, at most supplementing electrical coupling. Metabolic coupling is investigated with a recent mathematical model incorporating glycolytic oscillations. Bifurcation analysis of the coupled system reveals several modes of behavior, depending on the relative strength of electrical and metabolic coupling. We find that whereas electrical coupling always produces synchrony, metabolic coupling can abolish both oscillations and synchrony, explaining some puzzling experimental observations. We suggest that these modes are generic features of square-wave bursters and relaxation oscillators coupled through either the activation or recovery variable.
Low Complexity Encoding for Network Codes

In this paper we consider the per-node run-time complexity of network multicast codes. We show that the randomized algebraic network code design algorithms described extensively in the literature result in codes that on average require a number of operations that scales quadratically with the block-length m of the codes. We then propose an alternative type of linear network code whose complexity scales linearly in m and still enjoys the attractive properties of random algebraic network codes. We also show that these codes are optimal in the sense that any rate-optimal linear network code must have at least a linear scaling in run-time complexity
Potential Implications for Equity in the Nanotechnology Workforce in the U.S.

Based on her previous research on employment in high-technology industries, Sonia Gatchair projects that the nanotechnology research and development workforce will be largely male and disproportionately of European or Asian descent. Since the over-representation of white and Asian men is particularly concentrated in high technology industries and remains statistically significant even after controlling for education, Gatchair’s analysis suggests that just educating more people of African or Latin descent will not eliminate the problem. Echoing Smith-Doerr’s observations, she notes that the workplace itself needs to change; institutions must identify and eliminate processes of differential inclusion and exclusion.
The Story in the Mind: The Effect of 3D Gameplay on the Structuring of Written L2 Narratives.

The article reports on a mixed-methods study evaluating the use of a three-dimensional digital game-based language learning (3D-DGBLL) environment to teach German two-way prepositions and specialized vocabulary within a simulated real-world context of German recycling and waste management systems. The study assumed that goal-directed player activity in this environment would configure digital narratives, which in turn would help study participants in the experimental group to co-configure story maps for ordering and making sense of the problem spaces encountered in the environment. The study further assumed that these participants would subsequently rely on the story maps to help them structure written L2 narratives describing an imagined personal experience closely resembling the gameplay of the 3D-DGBLL environment. The study found that immersion in the 3D-DGBLL environment influenced the manner in which the second language was invoked in these written narratives: Participants in the experimental group produced narratives containing more textual indicators describing the activity associated with the recycling and waste management systems and the spaces in which these systems are located. Increased usage of these indicators suggest that participants in the experimental group did indeed rely on story maps generated during 3D gameplay to structure their narratives, although stylistic and grammatical features of the narratives suggest, however, that changes could be made to the curricular implementation of the 3D-DGBLL environment. The study also puts forward ideas for instructional best practices based on research findings and suggests future areas of development and investigation.
Gender Politics and the Pendulum of Political and Social Transformation in Zimbabwe

In the two decades following its 1980 independence, Zimbabwe's gendered social and political transformation seemed, on the face of it, to be characterised by a swinging pendulum of state-led progress on women's issues followed by a period of back-sliding on earlier commitments. However, upon closer examination, the state's commitment to women's issues was always ambivalent, at best. If the story of gendered social and political transformation begins during the decade-long liberation war that preceded independence, the contradictory gender ideologies of ZANU(PF), the liberation movement that became the dominant party after independence, and the contradictory expectations of women who supported the liberation struggle in different capacities are clear. These contradictions, combined with the state's shallow commitment to improving the lives of Zimbabwean women, help to explain the state's lacklustre gender transformation, particularly in the areas of legal reform and developing state institutions to address...
A statistical explanation of visual space

The subjective visual space perceived by humans does not reflect a simple transformation of objective physical space; rather, perceived space has an idiosyncratic relationship with the real world. To date, there is no consensus about either the genesis of perceived visual space or the implications of its peculiar characteristics for visually guided behavior. Here we used laser range scanning to measure the actual distances from the image plane of all unoccluded points in a series of natural scenes. We then asked whether the differences between real and apparent distances could be explained by the statistical relationship of scene geometry and the observer. We were able to predict perceived distances in a variety of circumstances from the probability distribution of physical distances. This finding lends support to the idea that the characteristics of human visual space are determined probabilistically.
Pharmacokinetics of oral amantadine in greyhound dogs

This study reports the pharmacokinetics of amantadine in greyhound dogs after oral administration. Five healthy greyhound dogs were used. A single oral dose of 100 mg amantadine hydrochloride (mean dose 2.8 mg/kg as amantadine hydrochloride) was administered to nonfasted subjects. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points from 0 to 24 h after administration, and plasma concentrations of amantadine were measured by liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed. Amantadine was well tolerated in all dogs with no adverse effects observed. The mean (range) amantadine CMAX was 275 ng/mL (225-351 ng/mL) at 2.6 h (1-4 h) with a terminal half-life of 4.96 h (4.11-6.59 h). The results of this study can be used to design dosages to assess multidose pharmacokinetics and dosages designed to achieve targeted concentrations in order to assess the clinical effects of amantadine in a variety of conditions including chronic pain. Further studies should also assess the pharmacokinetics of amantadine in other dog breeds or using population pharmacokinetics studies including multiple dog breeds to assess potential breed-specific differences in the pharmacokinetics of amantadine in dogs.
The energetics of nanophase calcite

Abstract Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) is an important component of the near-surface environment. Understanding the nature of its precipitation is important for a variety of environmental processes, as well as for the geologic sequestration of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Calcite is the most thermodynamically stable bulk polymorph, but energy crossovers may exist that could favor the precipitation of vaterite or aragonite with decreasing particle size. The purpose of this study is to determine the surface energy of calcite, which is the first step towards understanding the effect of particle size on thermodynamic stability in the calcium carbonate system. The enthalpies of five well-characterized calcite samples (four nanophase and one bulk) were measured by acid solution isothermal and water adsorption calorimetric techniques. From the calorimetric data, the surface energies of calcite were determined to be 1.48 ± 0.21 and 1.87 ± 0.16 J/m 2 for hydrous and anhydrous surfaces. These values are similar to those measured for many oxides but larger than predicted from computational models for idealized calcite surfaces. The surfaces of synthetic CaCO 3 particles contain a range of planes and defect structures, which may give rise to the difference between the experimental and modeled values.
Antigen-specific and nonspecific mediators of T-cell/B-cell cooperation. VI. Distinct patterns of cross-reactivity by two human gamma-globulin-primed helper T-cell subpopulations.

Abstract We have previously characterized the activities, in vitro, of two different helper T-cell subpopulations, primed with human γ-globulin (HGG). One T-cell subpopulation helps the response of B cells to determinants (e.g., haptens) bound to the same antigen to which the T cells are primed (specific help); the other helper T-cell subpopulation responds to the same priming antigen by secreting a nonspecific molecule which helps B-cell responses to erythrocyte antigens co-cultured with the priming antigen (nonspecific help). These subpopulations also differ in their frequency and dose response to antigen, both in vivo and in vitro. They are similarly susceptible to the induction of unresponsiveness to HGG. In order to determine whether these T-cell subpopulations share or differ in their ranges of antigen recognition, we have compared the reaction of these two HGG-primed helper T-cell subpopulations to a number of γ-globulins (γG's) from other species. Plaque-forming cells generated in response to HGG shared little or no cross-reactivity with any of the heterologous (γG's) tested. In contrast, HGG-primed nonspecific helper T cells responded with significant cross-reactivity when challenged in vitro with dog γG, but HGG-primed specific helper T cells did not respond with any such cross-reactivity. No other heterologous γG tested stimulated any significant cross-reactivity from either HGG-primed T-cell subpopulation. Thus, these two T-cell subpopulations differ in their antigenic recognition. Possible explanations of these data include: (i) a difference in receptor specificity; (ii) a difference in the receptor affinity; (iii) a difference in Ia determinants of the two subpopulations.
In vivo diffusion tensor imaging of the human prostate.

This study demonstrates the feasibility of in vivo prostate diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in human subjects. We implemented an EPI-based diffusion-weighted (DW) sequence with seven-direction diffusion gradient sensitization, and acquired DT images from six subjects using cardiac gating with a phased-array prostate surface coil operating in a linear mode. We calculated two indices to quantify diffusion anisotropy. The direction of the eigenvector corresponding to the leading eigenvalue was displayed by means of a color-coding scheme. The average diffusion values of the prostate peripheral zone (PZ) and central gland (CG) were 1.95 ± 0.08 × 10–3 mm2 s and 1.53 ± 0.34 × 10–3 mm2 s, respectively. The average fractional anisotropy (FA) values for the PZ and CG were 0.46 ± 0.04 and 0.40 ± 0.08, respectively. The diffusion ellipsoid in prostate tissue was anisotropic and approximated a prolate model, as shown in the color maps of the anisotropy. Consistent with the tissue architecture, the prostate fiber orientations were predominantly in the superior–inferior (SI) direction for both the PZ and CG. This study shows the feasibility of in vivo DTI and establishes normative DT values for six subjects. Magn Reson Med 52:530–537, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Type I β-Lactamases of Gram-Negative Bacteria: Interactions with β-Lactam Antibiotics

The interaction of type I beta-lactamases with diverse beta-lactam compounds representing cephalosporins, cephamycins, penicillins, penams, penems, carbapenems, monobactams, and clavams was examined by using various Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as sources of the enzymes. The ability of a given drug to reversibly induce beta-lactamase was unrelated to its ability to select mutants stably derepressed for beta-lactamase production. Imipenem was one of the most-potent enzyme inducers, yet it did not select derepressed mutants. Many of the newer cephalosporins were poor enzyme inducers but readily selected derepressed mutants. Resistance to hydrolysis did not predict a drug's inhibitory activity against derepressed mutants. The activity of the penems, penams, and carbapenems was least affected by derepression of beta-lactamase, whereas the activity of anionic cephalosporins and aztreonam was most affected.
Group Structure in Random Seas

Abstract Markov theory for statistics of runs of high waves in a random sea is extended to include the special case where runs consist of two or more high waves, that is, for the case of wave groups. Expressions are derived for the average number of waves forming the groups, for the relative number of groups expected, and for the average number of waves between the beginnings of groups. Theoretical results are shown to be in good agreement with data determined from laboratory and computer simulations and from field measurements.
Traditional Diets of the Pacific and Coronary Heart Disease

Traditional diets of the Pacific have been historically associated with very low rates of coronary heart disease. Both Pacific rim and Pacific island diets are uniformly very low in fat (approximately 10-15%) and high in complex carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and foods of plant origin. With the high burden of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease in most modernized nations, it may be time to look at these traditional diets of the Pacific as one model for the prevention and reversal of these diseases.
Boosting chain learning for object detection

A general classification framework, called boosting chain, is proposed for learning boosting cascade. In this framework, a "chain" structure is introduced to integrate historical knowledge into successive boosting learning. Moreover, a linear optimization scheme is proposed to address the problems of redundancy in boosting learning and threshold adjusting in cascade coupling. By this means, the resulting classifier consists of fewer weak classifiers yet achieves lower error rates than boosting cascade in both training and test. Experimental comparisons of boosting chain and boosting cascade are provided through a face detection problem. The promising results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness made by boosting chain.
Role-based access control for grid database services using the community authorization service

In this paper, we propose a role-based access control (RBAC) method for grid database services in open grid services architecture-data access and integration (OGSA-DAI). OGSA-DAI is an efficient grid-enabled middleware implementation of interfaces and services to access and control data sources and sinks. However, in OGSA-DAI, access control causes substantial administration overhead for resource providers in virtual organizations (VOs) because each of them has to manage a role-map file containing authorization information for individual grid users. To solve this problem, we used the community authorization service (CAS) provided by the globus toolkit to support the RBAC within the OGSA-DAI framework. The CAS grants the membership on VO roles to users. The resource providers then need to maintain only the mapping information from VO roles to local database roles in the role-map files, so that the number of entries in the role-map file is reduced dramatically. Furthermore, the resource providers control the granting of access privileges to the local roles. Thus, our access control method provides increased manageability for a large number of users and reduces day-to-day administration tasks of the resource providers, while they maintain the ultimate authority over their resources. Performance analysis shows that our method adds very little overhead to the existing security infrastructure of OGSA-DAI
The Role of the Student-Teacher Relationship in the Formation of Physicians: The Hidden Curriculum as Process

Relationship-Centered Care acknowledges the central importance of relationships in medical care. In a similar fashion, relationships hold a central position in medical education, and are critical for achieving favorable learning outcomes. However, there is little empirical work in the medical literature that explores the development and meaning of relationships in medical education. In this essay, we explore the growing body of work on the culture of medical school, often termed the “hidden curriculum.” We suggest that relationships are a critical mediating factor in the hidden curriculum. We explore evidence from the educational literature with respect to the student-teacher relationship, and the relevance that these studies hold for medical education. We conclude with suggestions for future research on student-teacher relationships in medical education settings.
Subtly different facial expression recognition and expression intensity estimation

We have developed a computer vision system, including both facial feature extraction and recognition, that automatically discriminates among subtly different facial expressions. Expression classification is based on Facial Action Coding System (FACS) action units (AUs), and discrimination is performed using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). Three methods are developed to extract facial expression information for automatic recognition. The first method is facial feature point tracking using a coarse-to-fine pyramid method. This method is sensitive to subtle feature motion and is capable of handling large displacements with sub-pixel accuracy. The second method is dense flow tracking together with principal component analysis (PCA) where the entire facial motion information per frame is compressed to a low-dimensional weight vector. The third method is high gradient component (i.e., furrow) analysis in the spatio-temporal domain, which exploits the transient variation associated with the facial expression. Upon extraction of the facial information, non-rigid facial expression is separated from the rigid head motion component, and the face images are automatically aligned and normalized using an affine transformation. This system also provides expression intensity estimation, which has significant effect on the actual meaning of the expression.
Angiotensin I–Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Are Allosteric Enhancers of Kinin B1 and B2 Receptor Function

The beneficial effects of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors go beyond the inhibition of ACE to decrease angiotensin (Ang) II or increase kinin levels. ACE inhibitors also affect kinin B1 and B2 receptor (B1R and B2R) signaling, which may underlie some of their therapeutic usefulness. They can indirectly potentiate the actions of bradykinin (BK) and ACE-resistant BK analogs on B2Rs to elevate arachidonic acid and NO release in laboratory experiments. Studies indicate that ACE inhibitors and some Ang metabolites increase B2R functions as allosteric enhancers by inducing a conformational change in ACE. This is transmitted to B2Rs via heterodimerization with ACE on the plasma membrane of cells. ACE inhibitors are also agonists of the B1R, at a Zn-binding sequence on the second extracellular loop that differs from the orthosteric binding site of the des-Arg-kinin peptide ligands. Thus, ACE inhibitors act as direct allosteric B1R agonists. When ACE inhibitors enhance B2R and B1R signaling, they augment NO production. Enhancement of B2R signaling activates endothelial NO synthase, yielding a short burst of NO; activation of B1Rs results in a prolonged high output of NO by inducible NO synthase. These actions, outside inhibiting peptide hydrolysis, may contribute to the pleiotropic therapeutic effects of ACE inhibitors in various cardiovascular disorders.
730-nm emitting compressively strained InGaAsP quantum well cw diode lasers

The use of an InGaAsP quantum well (QW) active region offers the intriguing possibility of realizing reliable high-power operation at short wavelengths (730 nm). We employ high bandgap cladding layers and confining layers to suppress carrier leakage along with a 1.5% compressively strained InGaAsP QW. The structure was grown on [100] substrates misoriented 10" toward (111) A by low-pressure metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition (LPMOCVD).
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF POLARISCOPES FOR USE IN GLASS FACTORIES1

This paper presents the most important considerations in the design and construction of polariscopes for routine factory use as found in the author's experience. A short summary of the various methods of obtaining plane-polarized light is given in which preference is given to the reflection method for this type of instrument. The use of binocular analyzers, together with the importance of the matching of the field colors due to the tint-plates, is pointed out.
Bits of Bias

Scientists have demonstrated that implicit biases are pervasive, large in magnitude, and have real-world consequences. What can we do about them? One principal strategy is to decrease the implicit bias in our minds (the other is to disrupt their causal link to behavior). In order to decrease bias, we should understand where they come from in the first place. Put crudely, is it nature nurture? I argue that it’s mostly nurture, and of a specific sort – via vicarious experiences with outgroups mediated by electronic media. These vicarious interactions, fed to us via entertainment, news, social media, and computer mediated-communities, strengthen particular mental associations. If these vicarious experiences are indeed a substantial source of implicit bias, what might policymakers do, in the shadow of the First Amendment?
Effects of soap-water wash on human epidermal penetration.

Skin decontamination is a primary interventional method used to decrease dermal absorption of hazardous contaminants, including chemical warfare agents, pesticides and industrial pollutants. Soap and water wash, the most common and readily available decontamination system, may enhance percutaneous absorption through the "wash-in effect." To understand better the effect of soap-water wash on percutaneous penetration, and provide insight to improving skin decontamination methods, in vitro human epidermal penetration rates of four C(14) -labeled model chemicals (hydroquinone, clonidine, benzoic acid and paraoxon) were assayed using flow-through diffusion cells. Stratum corneum (SC) absorption rates of these chemicals at various hydration levels (0-295% of the dry SC weights) were determined and compared with the results of the epidermal penetration study to clarify the effect of SC hydration on skin permeability. Results showed accelerated penetration curves of benzoic acid and paraoxon after surface wash at 30 min postdosing. Thirty minutes after washing (60 min postdosing), penetration rates of hydroquinone and benzoic acid decreased due to reduced amounts of chemical on the skin surface and in the SC. At the end of the experiment (90 min postdosing), a soap-water wash resulted in lower hydroquinone penetration, greater paraoxon penetration and similar levels of benzoic acid and clonidine penetration compared to penetration levels in the non-wash groups. The observed wash-in effect agrees with the enhancement effect of SC hydration on the SC chemical absorption rate. These results suggest SC hydration derived from surface wash to be one cause of the wash-in effect. Further, the occurrence of a wash-in effect is dependent on chemical identity and elapsed time between exposure and onset of decontamination. By reducing chemical residue quantity on skin surface and in the SC reservoir, the soap-water wash may decrease the total quantity of chemical absorbed in the long term; however, the more immediate accelerated absorption of chemical toxins, particularly chemical warfare agents, may be lethal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor preferentially activates the 94-kD STAT5A and an 80-kD STAT5A isoform in human peripheral blood monocytes

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induces immediate effects in monocytes by activation of the Janus kinase (JAK2) and STAT transcription factor (STAT5) pathway. Recent studies have identified homologues of STAT5, STAT5A, and STAT5B, as well as lower molecular weight variants of STAT5. To define the activation of the STAT5 homologues and lower molecular weight variant in human monocytes and monocytes differentiated into macrophages by culture in macrophage- CSF (M-CSF), we measured the GM-CSF induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5A, STAT5B, and any lower molecular weight STAT5 isoforms. Freshly isolated monocytes expressed 94-kD STAT5A, 92-kD STAT5B, and an 80-kD STAT5A molecule. Whereas 94-kD STAT5A was clearly tyrosine phosphorylated and bound to the enhancer element, the gamma response region (GRR), of the Fc gamma RI gene, substantially less tyrosine phosphorylated STAT5B bound to the immobilized GRR element. Macrophages lost their ability to express the 80-kD STAT5A protein, but retained their ability to activate STAT5A. STAT5A-STAT5A homodimers and STAT5A- STAT5B heterodimers formed in response to GM-CSF. Therefore, activation of STAT5A predominates compared to STAT5B when assayed by direct immunoprecipitation and by evaluation of bound STATs to immobilized GRR. Selective activation of STAT5 homologues in addition to generation of lower molecular isoforms may provide specificity and control to genes expressed in response to cytokines such as GM-CSF.
The Past and Future of Defendant and Settlement Classes in Collective Litigation

The current discussion of the settlement class assumes the device to be quite novel. That assumption of novelty is accurate only from a narrow point of view. From a slightly broader perspective, however, the settlement class resembles the defendant class actions common in medieval and early modern periods. During those periods, group litigation did not function as a device that systematically empowered plaintiffs. Only in the last few decades has the class action operated in this party-asymmetrical way. The settlement class changes that dynamic; this change, as much as anything else, explains that furor that has accompanied the settlement class. In effect defendants are turning the class action against plaintiff. From the standpoint of procedural theory, such a turn is not itself illegitimate. If one could free the settlement class from the justified concerns about lawyer-client conflict, it might serve adjudicatory efficiency and clarify procedural thought.
Assessing Vocal Variety in the Winter Wren, a Bird with a Complex Repertoire

The song of the Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) varies in a complex fashion in both rime and space. An average of 21 song types occurred in males recorded on at least two mornings; these song types included many variants. Syllables within songs were not arranged randomly, as those that belong to certain syllable types based on acoustic shape were more likely to be used in the introductory portion of the song. Probabilities of transition among syllable types for consecutive syllables were uneven but consistent between years. The repertoire of song types is probably not fixed but varies in its constituent song types both through the breeding season and between years
Complement fixation in typhoid fever

In the last few decades, with the steady advancement of our serologic and bacteriologic knowledge of typhoid fever, new and efficient means of diagnosing the disease have been put at our command. But of all such tests only those that combined simplicity with specificity survived. For these reasons the Gruber-Widal reaction was adopted by health centers throughout the civilized world as indispensable for the diagnosis of typhoid fever, although, as a reaction, it is not the earliest immune manifestatation nor is its course uniform.
Promoting Tobacco Cessation in a Community-Based Womens Health Centre

Objective: This report assesses the impact of a series of education sessions delivered to office staff on the delivery of smoking cessation services among patients seeking care at a community-based women’s health center. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used to examine the delivery of smoking cessation services to patients in a medical office before and after office staff attended a series of 3 educational sessions intended to increase their knowledge and self-efficacy to address cessation. Delivery of smoking cessation services was documented through a systematic review of medical records using a structured abstraction form. Results: While nearly all smokers (93%) were asked about smoking status at their last office visit, few smokers at baseline or follow-up were assessed for interest in setting a quit date or offered pharmacotherapy. Referrals to the smokers quit line increased from <1% at baseline to 8% at follow-up (p<0.001) and “any assistance” also showed a modest but significant increase (<1% baseline, 9% follow-up, p<0.001). Conclusion: This evaluation identified modest changes in the delivery of smoking cessation services in this women’s health office before and after completion of a series of educational interventions for office staff. It is anticipated that the implementation of patient centered medical homes, and EMR systems, will help to enhance the delivery of smoking cessation services to women seeking medical care.
Reconstructive Surgery for Congenital Atresia of the Uterine Cervix

Reconstructive surgery for congenital atresia of the uterine cervix, utilizing the atretic cervix as a conduit for the permanent fistulous communication between the endometrial cavity and vagina, has resulted in the establishment of cyclic menses in four patients followed for up to 27months postoperatively. A detailed review of maternal obstetric histories failed to reveal a common factor causally related to this extremely unusual and formerly hopeless congenital anomaly of the Mullerian ducts.
Commonsense causal reasoning using millions of personal stories

The personal stories that people write in their Internet weblogs include a substantial amount of information about the causal relationships between everyday events. In this paper we describe our efforts to use millions of these stories for automated commonsense causal reasoning. Casting the commonsense causal reasoning problem as a Choice of Plausible Alternatives, we describe four experiments that compare various statistical and information retrieval approaches to exploit causal information in story corpora. The top performing system in these experiments uses a simple co-occurrence statistic between words in the causal antecedent and consequent, calculated as the Pointwise Mutual Information between words in a corpus of millions of personal stories.
Inhibition of estradiol-induced gonadotropin release in ovariectomized rhesus macaques by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist.

Six adult ovariectomized rhesus macaques were given a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist [Ac-β-(2)DNAL 1 ,pFDPhe 2 , DTrp 3 , DArg 6 ]-GnRH, by intravenous infusion for 3 to 3.5 days to determine whether the positive feedback action of estradiol benzoate (E 2 B) on pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion could be inhibited by blockage of GnRH binding to pituitary gonadotropes. The LH release was suppressed when the antagonist was given either as a bolus injection every 6 hours or as a constant infusion, beginning 24 hours after the E 2 B was administered. Both LH release and follicle-stimulating hormone release were suppressed if the GnRH antagonist infusion began when the E 2 B was administered. The results suggest that continued hypothalamic GnRH stimulation of the pituitary is necessary for the full expression of the preovulatory-like gonadotropin surge that occurs in ovariectomized macaques in response to E 2 .
Does Authenticity Matter in Corporate Social Responsibility Acts

The study examines the role of authenticity in corporate social responsibility (CSR) acts through a qualitative and quantitative study. Three hundred and ninety qualitative commentaries are content analyzed to determine antecedents to CSR authenticity. The study finds that impact, perceived motive, reparation, and fit are vital in creating the perception of authentic CSR acts. Impact refers to the amount of resources allocated to assisting a cause and the company’s impact on a cause. Perceived motive is the reason why CSR acts are being implemented. Reparation refers to the degree to which a CSR initiative is perceived to be an attempt to compensate for a misdeed. Fit is defined as the CSR initiatives alignment with the firm’s offering, brand concept, or target market needs. The quantitative study proves that CSR authenticity mediates the influence on consumer outcome. The structural equation model also shows a significant effect of impact, reparation, and fit on CSR authenticity.
The contagion effect in performance evaluations in the context of balanced scorecards

This study explores in the context of the use of the balanced scorecard (BSC) by management, whether the use of both financial and nonfinancial measures by top managers in their evaluations influences middle-level managers’ evaluations of their subordinates. This study uses a 2×2 experimental design where the subjects (MBA students) were asked to evaluate the performance of two lower-level managers under two different manipulation conditions. Subjects acted as middle-level managers of a hypothetical company. They were provided with the same performance information of two low-level managers under both conditions. However, under one condition, subjects were provided with additional information: the top management's evaluation style which used both financial and nonfinancial measures in their performance evaluations. No additional information was provided to subjects under the other manipulation condition. We also manipulated two performance information patterns of the two low-level managers. We predict that if middle-level managers are aware that the top manager uses both financial and nonfinancial measures in the BSC to evaluate their performance, middle-level managers would develop a mindset in which they will evaluate subordinates in a similar style, evaluating their subordinates on the basis of both financial and nonfinancial measures. The results of this study support the hypotheses. The findings of this study suggest that the contagion effect exists in the use of the BSC in performance evaluations.
The Skeletally Immature and Newly Mature Throwing Athlete

Injuries to the shoulder and elbow in the pediatric and adolescent throwing athlete are common. Both knowledge of throwing mechanics and understanding of normal bone development in the immature skeleton are key to the diagnosis, treatment, and potential prevention of these common injuries. Pathologic changes from chronic repetitive trauma to the developing shoulder and elbow manifest as distinctly different injuries that can be predicted by the skeletal maturation of the patient. Sites of vulnerability and resulting patterns of injury change as the child evolves from the skeletally immature little league player to the skeletally mature high school/college athlete.
The Influence of Organizational Justice and Workplace Triggers on Work Attitudes

Despite extensive research on organizational justice, little or no research to date has focused on exactly what triggers individuals to think about fairness in the workplace. Similar to psychologic...