cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TNIP1 reduction of HSPA6 gene expression occurs in promoter regions lacking binding sites for known TNIP1-repressed transcription factors.

Abstract TNFα-induced protein 3-interacting protein 1 (TNIP1) represses signaling pathways initiated by specific nuclear and transmembrane receptors. This effect results in reduced activity of distinct transcription factors such as retinoic acid receptors (RAR), peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), and NFκB. TNIP1-null and TNIP1-knockin defective for ubiquitin-binding mice show increased liver apoptosis, and enlarged spleen and lymph nodes, respectively. To complement current knowledge of TNIP1's broad physiologic functions as interpreted from in vivo studies and specific expression consequences from transcription factor repression, we determined effects of excess TNIP1 on global gene regulation. Following experimentally increased expression of TNIP1 in cultured keratinocytes, our gene expression microarray analysis not only confirmed TNIP1's association in previously known pathways and functions but also found a novel TNIP1-regulated pathway — the cell stress response. Under standard culture conditions, expression of several heat shock proteins, including HSPA1A, HSPA6, DNAJA1 and DNAJB1, was reduced. In heat-stressed conditions, differential regulation of HSPA1A and HSPA6 was observed, where only HSPA6 expression was reduced after heat-shock. Using HSPA6 as a model to elucidate the mechanism of the TNIP1-mediated HSP repression, we determined that TNIP1 likely represses HSPs through factors other than RAR, PPAR or NFκB despite the presence of these factors' binding sites in the HSPA6 promoter. These results indicate that regulation of HSPs may be through a yet unknown TNIP1-associated pathway. Additionally, these results suggest that TNIP1's reduction of HSP expression levels could negatively impact HSP chaperone capacity or their participation in the cell stress response.
Gastroesophageal Reflux During Sleep

Esophageal acid clearance is markedly delayed during sleep and requires an arousal response for clearance. The prevalence of sleep-related gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is 79% in GER patients and approximately 25% in the Sleep Heart Health Study participants. Sleep-related GER is associated with esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma, arousals, poor sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired quality of life, and extraesophageal manifestations of GER. The possible association between GER and obstructive sleep apnea is currently being investigated. Diagnosis of sleep-related GER includes careful history taking and esophageal pH testing, which can also be integrated with polysomnography. Treatment includes conservative measures, medications (primarily proton pump inhibitors, H 2 receptor antagonists, and prokinetic agents), and surgical fundoplication in selected patients.
Motivation in the age of genomics: why genetic findings of disease susceptibility might not motivate behavior change

There is a growing consensus that results generated through multiplex genetic tests, even those produced as a part of research, should be reported to providers and patients when they are considered “actionable,” that is, when they could be used to inform some potentially beneficial clinical action. However, there remains controversy over the precise criterion that should be used in identifying when a result meets this standard. In this paper, we seek to refine the concept of “actionability” by exploring one proposed use for genetic test results. We argue that genetic test results indicating that a patient is at risk for developing a chronic health condition should not be considered actionable if the only potential value of that result is to motivate patients to make changes in their health behaviors. Since the empirical research currently available on this question is equivocal, we explore relevant psychological theories of human motivation to demonstrate that current theory does not support the assumption that information about genetic risk will be motivating to most patients in their attempts to make changes in health behaviors.
Dense mapping of MYH9 localizes the strongest kidney disease associations to the region of introns 13 to 15

Admixture mapping recently identified MYH9 as a susceptibility gene for idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) and end-stage kidney disease attributed to hypertension (H-ESKD) in African Americans (AA). MYH9 encodes the heavy chain of non-muscle myosin IIA, a cellular motor involved in motility. A haplotype and its tagging SNPs spanning introns 12-23 were most strongly associated with kidney disease (OR 2-7; P < 10(-8), recessive). To narrow the region of association and identify potential causal variation, we performed a dense-mapping study using 79 MYH9 SNPs in AA populations with FSGS, HIVAN and H-ESKD (typed for a subset of 46 SNPs), for a total of 2496 cases and controls. The strongest associations were for correlated SNPs rs5750250, rs2413396 and rs5750248 in introns 13, 14 and 15, a region of 5.6 kb. Rs5750250 showed OR 5.0, 8.0 and 2.8; P = 2 x 10(-17), 2 x 10(-10) and 3 x 10(-22), respectively, for FSGS, HIVAN and H-ESKD; OR 5.7; P = 9 x 10(-27) for combined FSGS and HIVAN, recessive. An independent association was observed for rs11912763 in intron 33. Neither the highly associated SNPs nor the results of resequencing MYH9 in 40 HIVAN or FSGS cases and controls revealed non-synonymous changes that could account for the disease associations. Rs2413396 and one of the highly associated SNPs in intron 23, rs4821480, are predicted splicing motif modifiers. Rs5750250 combined with rs11912763 had receiver operator characteristic (ROC) C statistics of 0.80, 0.73 and 0.65 for HIVAN, FSGS and H-ESKD, respectively, allowing prediction of genetic risk by typing two SNPs.
Government Clubs: Theory and Evidence from Voluntary Environmental Programs

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established numerous voluntary environmental programs over the last fifteen years, seeking to encourage businesses to make environmental progress beyond what current law requires them to achieve. EPA aims to induce beyond-compliance behavior by offering various forms of recognition and rewards, including relief from otherwise applicable environmental regulations. Despite EPA's emphasis on voluntary programs, relatively few businesses have availed themselves of these programs -- and paradoxically, the programs that offer the most significant regulatory benefits tend to have the fewest members. We explain this paradox by focusing on (a) how programs' membership screening corresponds with membership rewards, and (b) how membership levels correspond, in turn, with membership screening. Our analysis of three major case studies, as well as of data we collected on all of EPA's "green clubs," shows that EPA combines greater rewards with more demanding membership screening, which in turn corresponds with lower participation. EPA's behavior can be understood as a response to the political risks the agency faces when it recognizes and rewards businesses it otherwise is charged with regulating. Given the political constraints on EPA's ability to offer significant inducements to business, we predict participation in all but the most inconsequential voluntary environmental programs will remain quite low, thereby inherently limiting the ultimate value of voluntary programs as a strategy for advancing environmental protection.
Doctoral Dissertations in Music and Music Education

HIS FIRST annual listing of Doctoral Dissertations in Music and Music Education is meant to supplement the monograph which appeared as the Spring issue of the JRME in 1964 and included studies made during the years 1957-1963. The reader is referred to the foreword of that monograph for information on earlier MENC bibliographies and the bibliographical studies of the American Musicological Society. The bulk of the dissertations in this alphabetical listing are for the years 1963-1964. An attempt has been made to include as many titles of dissertations offered for degrees in 1964 as were available at press time. It is regretted that complete information was not always available on all of the titles. Whenever possible, information is given in the following order: author's name; title of dissertation; number of pages; degree earned; area (school or department of study); institution conferring degree; date degree was awarded; Library of Congress number; abstract publication volume, number, and page. Titles that have inadvertently been omitted will be included in next year's listing.
The Aesthetics of Morality: Schiller’s Critique of Kantian Rationalism

Philosophers often mention Friedrich Schiller as the author of a famous epigram taking aim at Kant’s account of moral motivation: Gladly I serve my friends, but alas I do it with pleasure. Hence I am plagued with doubt that I am not a virtuous person. To this, the answer is given: Surely, your only resource is to try to despise them entirely, And then with aversion do what your duty enjoins. These joking lines capture a natural objection to Kant’s rationalist picture of moral motivation, especially as it appears in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Schiller himself, however, intended his poem as a caricature of Kant’s view, reserving his considered critique of Kant’s practical philosophy for his extended treatise ‘On Grace and Dignity’. It is in this major work that Schiller begins his debate with Kant about the aesthetic aspect of morality, sets out a systematic account of his own ethics, and argues for an account of character according to which the virtuous person is inclined to do her duty and takes pleasure in moral action. This essay aims to highlight the importance of Schiller’s ‘On Grace and Dignity’, which is a valuable resource in relation to contemporary debates about Kant’s moral psychology. Section 1 outlines the main features of Schiller’s concerns with Kantian rationalism. Section 2 surveys a number of recent critical discussions of Schiller’s interpretation of Kant. Finally, Section 3 concludes with some observations about the historical and broader philosophical significance of ‘On Grace and Dignity’.
Electro-optic Tuning of On-Chip Optical Transparency

We demonstrate electro-optic tuning of coupled resonator induced transparency on a silicon chip. We tune the quality factor of the transparency mode between 20000 and 6000.
Adaptive virtual channel partitioning for network-on-chip in heterogeneous architectures

Current heterogeneous chip-multiprocessors (CMPs) integrate a GPU architecture on a die. However, the heterogeneity of this architecture inevitably exerts different pressures on shared resource management due to differing characteristics of CPU and GPU cores. We consider how to efficiently share on-chip resources between cores within the heterogeneous system, in particular the on-chip network. Heterogeneous architectures use an on-chip interconnection network to access shared resources such as last-level cache tiles and memory controllers, and this type of on-chip network will have a significant impact on performance. In this article, we propose a feedback-directed virtual channel partitioning (VCP) mechanism for on-chip routers to effectively share network bandwidth between CPU and GPU cores in a heterogeneous architecture. VCP dedicates a few virtual channels to CPU and GPU applications with separate injection queues. The proposed mechanism balances on-chip network bandwidth for applications running on CPU and GPU cores by adaptively choosing the best partitioning configuration. As a result, our mechanism improves system throughput by 15p over the baseline across 39 heterogeneous workloads.
Ultrafast spectral migration of photoluminescence in graphene oxide.

We use subpicosecond time-resolved photoluminescence measurements to study the nature of photoluminescence in graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Our data indicate that, in contrast to prior suggestions, the photoluminescence spectra of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide are inhomogeneously broadened. We observe substantial energy redistribution and relaxation among the emitting states within the first few picoseconds, leading to a progressive red shift of the emission spectrum. Blue shifts that arise in time-integrated spectra upon photothermal reduction are easily understood within this dynamical context without invoking a modified distribution of dipole-coupled states. Rather, reduction increases the nonradiative electron–hole recombination rate and curtails the red-shifting process, which is consistent with an increase in quenching through the introduction of larger and/or more numerous sp2 clusters. Polarization memory measurements show energetic signatures of electron–hole correlations...
A Mediterranean dietary intervention in healthy American women changes plasma carotenoids and fatty acids in distinct clusters

Abstract This study examined patterns of changes in plasma fatty acids and carotenoids when women were asked to follow a novel, Greek-Mediterranean exchange list diet. A total of 69 healthy, nonobese women ages 25 to 59 years were randomized either to continue their own usual diet or to follow a modified Mediterranean diet for 6 months. There were no significant changes in blood lipids, triacylglycerol, insulin, glucose, or C-reactive protein. Mean plasma carotenoids increased by 55%, which is consistent with a large increase in fruit and vegetable consumption. Likewise, changes in fat intakes were reflected in blood fatty acids, with a 25% increase in mean plasma monounsaturated fatty acids. Principal component analysis was conducted to examine the sources of interindividual variation for changes in carotenoid and fatty acid levels. Changes in the Mediterranean diet were clustered together in 4 components that accounted for 78% of the variance in plasma levels. Increases in plasma lutein, α -carotene, and β -carotene clustered together in a "vegetable" pattern, and increases in carotenoids found in fruit, β -cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin also clustered together but accounted for less of the variance. Increases in plasma monounsaturated fatty acids were clustered with a decrease in plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids, consistent with substitution in the type of oils consumed. The only association of fatty acid levels with carotenoids was that of lycopene, which clustered together with an increase in saturated fatty acids. The changes in blood levels indicate the exchange list diet was effective for targeting Mediterranean nutrient intakes using foods available in the United States.
Experimental treatment of thrombotic vascular occlusion.

The role of laser energy in the treatment of thrombotic vascular occlusion was evaluated in two sets of experiments. First, 10 polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were used to replace segments of the superficial femoral arteries in dogs and were thrombosed by distal ligation. Occlusion was maintained for one hour, or for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days in each of two grafts. Patency was restored in all 10 grafts without perforation or anastomotic disruption using a 2 mm hot tip probe powered by an Argon laser. However, increased organization of thrombus related to the duration of occlusion lead to decreased laser channel diameters, and 75% of the 28 day thrombus remained in the graft after recanalization. The second experiments tested the added benefit of thrombolytic infusion following laser recanalization. Bilateral external iliac artery thrombosis was induced in dogs by operative vessel isolation, de-endothelialization, and thrombin injection. At 7 days the efficacy of laser-assisted thrombolysis (LAT) versus enzymatic thrombolysis (ET) alone was compared. Eight vessels underwent ET by urokinase (4000 I. U./min.); 14 vessels were laser recanalized prior to thrombolytic infusion. LAT was performed from a carotid artery approach in 8 vessels (antegrade) and from a femoral artery in 6 vessels (retrograde). In contrast to studies using the hot tip alone, both ET and LAT accomplished complete thrombus removal. However, LAT lead to significant iliac arterial flow in 9 ± 8 min. (antegrade) and 25 ± 8 min. (retrograde) while ET required 109 ± 47 min (p < 0.01). Further, the rate of clot lysis during antegrade LAT was twice that of enzyme infusion without laser recanalization: 14.6 ± 6.2 vs 7.8 ± 1.1 mm3/min.(p < 0.01). LAT, therefore, achieved the treatment objectives: rapid, atraumatic, and complete removal of thrombus from the vasculature.
Distributed Detection of Multi-Hop Information Flows With Fusion Capacity Constraints

The problem of detecting multihop information flows subject to communication constraints is considered. In a distributed detection scheme, eavesdroppers are deployed near nodes in a network, each able to measure the transmission timestamps of a single node. The eavesdroppers must then compress the information and transmit it to a fusion center, which then decides whether a sequence of monitored nodes are transmitting an information flow. A performance measure is defined based on the maximum fraction of chaff packets under which flows are still detectable. The performance of a detector becomes a function of the communication constraints and the number of nodes in the sequence. Achievability results are obtained by designing a practical distributed detection scheme, including a new flow finding algorithm that has vanishing error probabilities for a limited fraction of chaff packets. Converse results are obtained by characterizing the fraction of chaff packets sufficient for an information flow to mimic the distributions of independent traffic under the proposed compression scheme.
121: Intersite Comparisons of Rainfall-runoff Processes

This article argues that despite the limitations of rainfall-runoff data, there are compelling reasons for hydrologists to conduct many more intersite comparisons of rainfall-runoff data. Inferences about hydrologic processes are drawn from an unnecessarily narrow subset of temporal scales, spatial scales, and geographic conditions given the range of data available. In intersite comparison of rainfall-runoff data, we face the same challenge as hydrologic modelers, namely: how can we discriminate among alternative mechanistic explanations for any given rainfall-runoff (or runoff-runoff) dataset? This article (1) provides a justification for additional intersite comparisons given the history and lessons learned from rainfall-runoff and related studies, (2) demonstrates how intersite comparison helps discriminate among alternative hydrologic mechanisms, and (3) outlines steps involved in conducting intersite comparative analysis with a particular focus on analysis of primary data. The article argues that the best approach to intersite hydrology is (re)analysis of original data, which allows us to (1) expand the sample size to include data not yet analyzed and replicate hypothesis tests; (2) ask new questions, even of old data, posed by the current context for hydrology; (3) make new comparisons among records not formerly juxtaposed; (4) use novel statistical approaches to reveal hitherto obscure features of the data, and (5) use ancillary data to refine hypothesis tests about hydrologic mechanisms. The article provides suggestions for the steps involved in intersite comparison including (!) identifying a question, (2) developing a study design, (3) selecting, accessing, and merging datasets, and (4) choosing statistics for comparison of rainfall and runoff data. The endeavor of intersite comparison of rainfall and runoff data is analogous and complementary to the parallel quest for methods of parameter identification and model structure selection in hydrologic modeling.
The Rainbow Project: Enhancing the SAT through assessments of analytical, practical, and creative skills

This article describes the formulation and execution of the Rainbow Project, Phase I, funded by the College Board. Past data suggest that the SAT is a good predictor of performance in college. But in terms of the amount of variance explained by the SAT, there is room for improvement, as there would be for virtually any single test battery. Phase I of the Rainbow Project, described here, uses Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence as a basis to provide a supplementary assessment of analytical skills, as well as tests of practical and creative skills, to augment the SAT in predicting college performance. This assessment is delivered through a modification of the Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT) and the development of new assessment devices. Results from Phase I of the Rainbow Project support the construct validity of the theory of successful intelligence and suggest its potential for use in college admissions as an enhancement to the SAT. In particular, the results indicated that the triarchically based Rainbow measures enhanced predictive validity for college GPA relative to high school grade point average (GPA) and the SAT and also reduced ethnic group differences. The data suggest that measures such as these potentially could increase diversity and equity in the admissions process.
A parallel analog CCD/CMOS neural network IC

A mixed analog/digital neural network chip is presented that uses standard 2- mu m CCD/CMOS fabrication. The device incorporates a matrix of charge injection device elements which hold a matrix of charge encoding the synapse strengths. A vector-matrix multiplier with simple charge-domain multiply-accumulate units has been implemented. The device computes the product of a binary vector and an analog matrix of charge, providing an analog output vector. At a clock rate of 1 MHz, the fabricated device computes 64 million binary/analog multiply accumulates per second in a very small area. The matrix refresh time is small compared to the refresh period. >
Discordance of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol With Alternative LDL-Related Measures and Future Coronary Events

Background—Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the traditional measure of risk attributable to LDL. Non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (NHDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apoB), and LDL particle number (LDL-P) are alternative measures of LDL-related risk. However, the clinical utility of these measures may only become apparent among individuals for whom levels are inconsistent (discordant) with LDL-C. Methods and Results—LDL-C was measured directly, NHDL-C was calculated, apoB was measured with immunoassay, and LDL-P was measured with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy among 27 533 healthy women (median follow-up 17.2 years; 1070 incident coronary events). Participants were grouped by median LDL-C (121 mg/dL) and each of NHDL-C, apoB, and LDL-P. Discordance was defined as LDL-C greater than or equal to the median and the alternative measure less than the median, or vice versa. Despite high LDL-C correlations with NHDL-C, apoB, and LDL-P (r=0.910, 0.785, and 0.692; all P<0.0001), prevalence o...
Study of the regio- and enantioselectivity of the reactions of osmium tetroxide with allylic alcohols and allylic sulfonamides

Abstract The regioselectivities of the osmylation of geraniol, its derivatives and geranyl sulfonamides suggest the presence of a moderate attractive interaction between OsO 4 and the allylic groups bearing acidic protons. This allylic directing effect may be due to the development of a hydrogen bonding interaction between OsO 4 and the substrates during the osmylation process. The potential for a hydrogen bond can also have a substantial effect on the enantioselectivities of the osmium tetroxide catalyzed asymmetric dihydroxylation of allylic alcohols.
The dependence of GaN HEMT's frequency figure of merit on temperature

This study presents extensive thermal characterization of GaN/SiC devices from five US sources across temperature (−25°C to +125°C). The changes with temperature for: cutoff frequency (ƒ t ), maximum oscillation frequency (ƒ max ), saturated current (I dss ), transconductance (g m ) are measured, statistics studied, and correlations investigated. Temperature-coefficients are established for ƒ t , ƒ max , I dss , and g m in GaN technology. The results obtained provide MMIC designers with key information required for meeting temperature specifications.
A CMOS Low-Noise, Low-Dropout Regulator for Transceiver SOC Supply Management

Low-noise, low-dropout (LN-LDO) regulators are critical for supply regulation of deep-submicron analog baseband and RF system-on-chip designs. A low 1/f noise LDO regulator utilizing a chopper stabilized error amplifier is introduced. A secondary amplifier with supply ripple subtraction stage is used for PSR improvement. With the proposed techniques, less than 180 nV/radicHz output noise spectral density and 50 dB of PSR is measured at 10 kHz frequency. With chopping frequencies up to 1MHz, the regulator achieves 5 mV/25 mA load regulation at 100 muA quiescent current. The LN-LDO is designed and fabricated on a 0.25mum, digital CMOS process with five level metal occupying 0.54 mm2.
The Role of Protein Kinase C in Cerebral Ischemic and Reperfusion Injury

Background and Purpose— Stroke is a leading cause of disability and death in the United States, yet limited therapeutic options exist. The need for novel neuroprotective agents has spurred efforts ...
Implementation of G-Computation on a Simulated Data Set: Demonstration of a Causal Inference Technique

The growing body of work in the epidemiology literature focused on G-computation includes theoretical explanations of the method but very few simulations or examples of application. The small number of G-computation analyses in the epidemiology literature relative to other causal inference approaches may be partially due to a lack of didactic explanations of the method targeted toward an epidemiology audience. The authors provide a step-by-step demonstration of G-computation that is intended to familiarize the reader with this procedure. The authors simulate a data set and then demonstrate both G-computation and traditional regression to draw connections and illustrate contrasts between their implementation and interpretation relative to the truth of the simulation protocol. A marginal structural model is used for effect estimation in the G-computation example. The authors conclude by answering a series of questions to emphasize the key characteristics of causal inference techniques and the G-computation procedure in particular.
A Flexible, Multifaceted Approach Is Needed in Health Technology Assessment of PET

PET is finding numerous clinical applications, particularly in oncology, in which it is used for staging, treatment planning, response assessment, prognostication, and recurrence monitoring, but also in cardiology, neurology, and infectious disease ([1][1],[2][2]). We now have several systematic
Harnessing the power of the immune system via blockade of PD-1 and PD-L1: a promising new anticancer strategy

Cancer cells employ several mechanisms to evade the immune system of their host, thus escaping immune recognition and elimination. Of particular interest is a cancer cell’s ability to co-opt the immune system’s innate ligands and inhibitory receptors (also known as checkpoints), thus creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment that downregulates T-cell activation and cell signaling. The recent development of the checkpoint inhibitors anti-programmed death-1 and anti-programmed death ligand-1 has generated an enormous amount of interest as a potential new anticancer strategy in solid tumors, particularly in non-small-cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma and melanoma. Data suggest significant disease response rates using anti-programmed death-1 and anti-programmed death ligand-1 antibodies, even in heavily pretreated patients. Future directions include optimization of drug delivery sequence and combination of immunotherapy with other therapies including cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, antiangiogenic agents and small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Software Project Scheduling Using a Multi-Agent System

Multi-agent system can be implemented to exploit parallel processing of project scheduling. Since mathematical approaches cannot describe the complexity of real problems, and have difficulties to adapt the analysis to dynamics changes, therefore Monte Carlo simulation can be used to quantify the effects of risk and uncertainty in both project schedules and budgets. Also, genetic algorithms can be used to provide a prioritization of tasks. Within a multi-agent system, a broker Agent can assign project scheduling tasks to different worker Agents using different project scheduling algorithms.
Association of anxiety and depression with all-cause mortality in individuals with coronary heart disease.

Background Depression has been related to mortality in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, but few studies have evaluated the role of anxiety or the role of the co-occurrence of depression and anxiety. We examined whether anxiety is associated with increased risk of mortality after accounting for depression in individuals with established CHD. Methods and Results The cohort was composed of 934 men and women with confirmed CHD (mean age, 62±11 years) who completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) during hospitalization for coronary angiography. Over the 3-year follow-up period, there were 133 deaths. Elevated scores on the HADS anxiety subscale (HADS-A≥8) were associated with increased risk of mortality after accounting for established risk factors including age, congestive heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction, 3-vessel disease, and renal disease (hazard ratio [HR], 2.27; 95% CI, 1.55 to 3.33; P <0.001). Elevated scores on the HADS depression subscale (HADS-D≥8) were also associated with increased risk of mortality (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.47 to 3.22; P <0.001). When both psychosocial factors were included in the model, each maintained an association with mortality (anxiety, HR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.18 to 2.83; P =0.006; depression, HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.58; P =0.025). Estimation of the HR for patients with both anxiety and depression versus those with neither revealed a larger HR than for patients with either factor alone (HR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.95 to 4.94; P <0.001). Conclusions Anxiety is associated with increased risk of mortality in CHD patients, particularly when comorbid with depression. Future studies should focus on the co-occurrence of these psychosocial factors as markers of increased mortality risk.
Do multiple families alter estimates of risk for age-related cataract in a population-based study? The Beaver Dam Eye Study.

We sought to determine the effect of “genetic” load on the strengths of risk factors for age-related cataracts in the population-based Beaver Dam Eye Study. Of the 4,926 participants in the baseline examination in 1988 to 1990, 2,338 were members of 594 family groups. There were no important differences in the risks due to pack-years smoked, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, body mass index, current smoking, hypertension or hormone replacement therapy for either the whole population or subgroups created by omitting siblings or any family relation. There were some differences when the analyses were limited to only a randomly selected family member or a randomly selected sibling. These latter findings may relate to the older average age of those in sibships or in families compared to those not in families. We conclude that for the associations we explored, the relatively large number of families in our population had little effect on the strengths of the risk factors, and that limiting analyses to onl...
Influence of prenatal and postnatal photoperiods on postnatal testis development in the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus).

In Siberian hamsters, juvenile testicular development is regulated to a large extent by photoperiod. Mother hamsters are able to pass photoperiodic information to their male fetuses, and this information can influence their postnatal gonadal development. In this study, we investigated the effects of gestation in long (16L:8D) and short (10L:14D) day lengths on the rates of juvenile testicular growth in several different postnatal photoperiods. On the day of parturition, parents and young from each gestation photoperiod were raised in 14L:10D through Day 13 of life and then were exposed to one of six photoperiods--16L:8D, 15L:9D, 14L:10D, 13L:11D, 12L:12D, or 10L:14D--until Day 32 of age. The data indicated that 15L and 14L are the minimal day lengths required to prevent complete inhibition of testis growth in long (16L) and short day (10L)-gestated hamsters, respectively. These results support earlier findings suggesting that gestation photoperiod can influence the rate of reproductive development in a certain range of "intermediate" postnatal day lengths (14L to 15L), but that gestation photoperiod does not alter the pattern of testis development in hamsters exposed to other (i.e., longer or shorter) postnatal photoperiods. Thus, both the absolute length and the direction of change of photoperiods experienced in early life can influence prepubertal testis growth.
Optimizing energy expenditure detection in human metabolic chambers

Whole-room indirect calorimeters are capable of measuring human metabolic rate in conditions representative of quasi-free-living state through measurement of oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) and carbon dioxide production (VCO 2 ). However, the relatively large room size required for patient comfort creates low signal-to-noise ratio for the VO 2 and VCO 2 signals. We proposed a wavelet-based approach to efficiently remove noise while retaining important dynamic changes in the VO 2 and VCO 2 . We used correlated noise modeled from gasinfusion experiments superimposed on theoretical VO 2 sequences to test the accuracy of a wavelet based processing method. The wavelet filtering is demonstrated to improve the accuracy and sensitivity of minute-to-minute changes in VO 2 , while maintaining stability during steady-state periods. The wavelet method is shown to have a lower mean absolute error and reduced total error when compared to standard methods of processing calorimeter signals.
Antiviral Activities and Phosphorylation of 5-halo-2'-Deoxyuridines and N-Methanocarbathymidine in Cells Infected with Vaccinia Virus

Background: The antipoxviral activities and phosphor‑ ylation of N‑methanocarbathymidine ([N]‑MCT) and four 5‑halo‑2′‑deoxyuridines, namely 5‑fluoro‑ (FdU), 5‑chloro‑ (CldU), 5‑bromo‑ (BrdU), and 5‑iodo‑ (IdU) derivatives, were explored. Methods: Antiviral activities and nucleoside metabolism were determined in C127I mouse, LLC‑MK 2 monkey, and A549 human cells infected with thymidine‑kinase‑ containing and ‑deficient (TK + and TK ‑ ) vaccinia (WR
Nonlinear capillary wave distortion and disintegration of thin planar liquid sheets

Linear and nonlinear dilational and sinuous capillary waves on thin inviscid infinite and semi-infinite planar liquid sheets in a void are analysed in a unified manner by means of a method that reduces the two-dimensional unsteady problem to a one-dimensional unsteady problem. For nonlinear dilational waves on infinite sheets, the accuracy of the numerical solutions is verified by comparing with an analytical solution. The nonlinear dilational wave maintains a reciprocal relationship between wavelength and wave speed modified from the linear theory prediction by a dependence of the product of wavelength and wave speed on the wave amplitude. For the general dilational case, nonlinear numerical simulations show that the sheet is unstable to superimposed subharmonic disturbances on the infinite sheet. Agreement for both sinuous and dilational waves is demonstrated for the infinite case between nonlinear simulations using the reduced one-dimensional approach, and nonlinear two-dimensional simulations using a discrete-vortex method. For semi-infinite dilational and sinuous distorting sheets that are periodically forced at the nozzle exit, linear and nonlinear analyses predict the appearance of two constant-amplitude waves of nearly equal wavelengths, resulting in a sheet disturbance characterized by a long-wavelength envelope of a short-wavelength oscillation. For semi-infinite sheets with sinuous waves, qualitative agreement between the dimensionally reduced analysis and experimental results is found. For example, a half-wave thinning and a sawtooth wave shape is found for the nonlinear sinuous mode. For the semi-infinite dilational case, a critical frequency-dependent Weber number is found below which one component of the disturbances decays with downstream distance. For the semi-infinite sinuous case, a critical Weber number equal to 2 is found; below this value, only one characteristic is emitted in the positive time direction from the nozzle exit.
The Evolution of U.S. Corporate Governance: We Are All Henry Kravis Now

This paper describes and explains changes in corporate governance in the United States since 1980. The 1980s was a period of unprecedented takeover activity. This activity was distinguished by the prevalence of LBOs and raiders. The paper first considers why LBOs and raiders were prominent in the 1980s and, also, what drove takeover activity in the 1980s. The paper then describes U.S. corporate governance today, and argues why LBOs and raiders have not reappeared despite the recent resurgence of takeovers. A large part of the explanation is that today’s shareholders, boards, and managers have applied the insights and strengths of 1980s LBOs. In that sense, we are all Henry Kravis now. * Leon Carroll Marshall Professor of Finance, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago and National Bureau of Economic Research. This article is an expanded and revised version of a paper published in the Journal of Private Equity. The paper was originally prepared for the Conference on the Power and Influence of Pension and Mutual Funds at New York University on February 21, 1997. I thank Luigi Zingales for helpful comments. Address correspondence to Steven N. Kaplan, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, 1101 East 58th St., Chicago, IL 60637.
STRESS IN FREE-RANGING MAMMALS: INTEGRATING PHYSIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND NATURAL HISTORY

We review developments in the study of stress in free-ranging mammals and summarize the physiological and behavioral components of the stress response. Both the sympathetic nervous system response and the regulation and reactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are discussed. In particular, we describe how the activity of the HPA axis at baseline levels follows circadian and circannual rhythms in ways that allow animals to respond to predictable environmental changes, focusing largely on the endpoint of this axis, the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone. Superimposed upon these rhythms are the elevated glucocorticoid levels characteristic of the stress response, which allow an animal to respond to unpredictable social, physical, or environmental challenges. Methods used to explore the stress response in free-ranging mammals are described. Both inter- and intraspecific variation in the stress response as they relate to the environment are discussed. Finally, how the regulation and reactivity of the HPA axis varies by life-history stage and sex in mammals is reviewed, focusing on reproduction and development.
Exploiting polarization-state information for cross-spectrum face recognition

Face recognition research has primarily focused on the visible spectrum, due to the prevalence and low cost of visible cameras. However, face recognition in the visible spectrum is sensitive to illumination variations, and is infeasible in low-light or nighttime settings. In contrast, thermal imaging acquires naturally emitted radiation from facial skin tissue, and is therefore ideal for nighttime surveillance and intelligence gathering operations. However, conventional thermal face imagery lacks textural and geometrics details that are present in visible spectrum face signatures. In this work, we further explore the impact of polarimetric imaging in the LWIR spectrum for face recognition. Polarization-state information provides textural and geometric facial details unavailable with conventional thermal imaging. Since the frequency content of the conventional thermal, polarimetric thermal, and visible images is quite different, we propose a spatial correlation based procedure to optimize the filtering of polarimetric thermal and visible face images to further facilitate cross-spectrum face recognition. Additionally, we use a more extensive gallery database to more robustly demonstrate an improvement in the performance of cross-spectrum face recognition using polarimetric thermal imaging.
Social Psychology and Problem-Solving Courts: Judicial Roles and Decision Making

For many who suffer from mental illness or substance abuse, and even for some who are perpetrators of family violence, the criminal justice system has become a dumping ground. After the courts adjudicate these offenders and they serve their punishments, they frequently recidivate and return to the criminal courts with new charges. This chapter describes problem-solving courts as an alternative to the criminal courts that address the revolving door problem. This chapter describes a legal decision-making model that explains how offenders react to problem-solving courts and suggests ways to study both the theory and outcome of drug courts, mental health courts, domestic violence courts, and veteran courts. The model discusses an alternative to the rational actor approach to punishment that problem-solving courts endorse and describes the roles of anticipated emotion, motivation, and perceptions of procedural justice in understanding the reactions of offenders in these courts. This chapter ends with a taxonomy of problem-solving courts, which focuses on the role of the judge as a facilitator versus arbitrator and the type of legal decision-making model that the courts assume (psychological model versus and economic model). The first dimensions examines the different approaches that judges take in criminal and problem-solving courts and the second compares a psychological model of judgment to a utility maximization approach to decision-making theory. This chapter ends with an analysis of the different types of courts that occupy different locations in the four quadrants of the taxonomy and spells out implications for the consumers in these different institutions.
The strength of moissanite

The yield strength of moissanite was investigated at pressures up to 18.3 GPa and temperatures up to 1200 °C by analyzing the peak shapes of diffraction lines from a powder sample. At room temperature, the moissanite crystal behaves elastically with increasing pressure up to 13.7 GPa. At higher pressures applied, the sample is yielded; the yield strength of moissanite is determined to be 13.6 GPa. Upon heating at 18.3 GPa, significant stress relaxation is observed at temperatures above 400 °C, and the yield strength of moissanite decreases rapidly from 12.8 GPa at 400 °C to 4.2 GPa at 1200 °C. Such behavior will place severe limitations on the use of moissanite as an anvil material when external heating is desired for high pressure and temperature experiments.
Influence of dietary fiber on trace element balance

Five adult male volunteers were fed a diet containing (as percent of calories) 16% protein, 40% fat, and 44% carbohydrate, a diet similar to that consumed by many American males. Twenty-six grams of soft white wheat bran or corn bran were added to the daily bread, and the effects on zinc, iron, and copper balance were assessed during the last 12 days of each 30-day study period. The soft \vhite wheat bran appeared to decrease retention of zinc in four subjects but not significantly so. Iron retention was similar in all three treatments. Copper bdance was improved by addition of soft white wheat bran and to a lesser degree by corn bran. An apparent copper requirement of 1.28 mg/day for the volunteers was calculated by regression analysis. Am. J. Clill. Nutr. 31: S180--S184, 1978.
Juvenile hormone and ovarian growth in Manduca sexta

In Manduca sexta the major size increase of ovarian follicles is accomplished by two processes: (1) vitellogenesis in which follicular volume and dry weight increase simultaneously, and (2) hydration in which absorption of water by the oocyte accounts for an 80% increase in volume prior to chorion formation. Vitellogenic growth occurs in both a slow and rapid phase. Rapid vitellogenic growth is initiated only by follicles of a threshold size (1 mm) and is a juvenile hormone (JH)-dependent event. In the absence of JH follicles grow to 1 mm and then degenerate.
Analysis of Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention among Primary Vaccination Doctors

Objectives To assess job satisfaction and turnover intention among vaccination staff,and to determine influential factors. Method We used a self-administered questionnaire to interview 437 vaccination staff who came from 284 immunization clinics in Tianjin. Analysis-of-variance and multiple linear regression were used to analyze job satisfaction and turnover intention by population characteristics and by career-related factors. Results The average score of job satisfaction was 3. 69( full credit was 5),and the main factors associated with dissatisfaction were workload and remuneration. There were significant differences by district and by part-time status( P 0. 05). The average score of turnover intention was 3. 16( the highest possible was 5),and significant differences were seen by different areas,gender,education status,professional titles and part-time status( P 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that a sense of accomplishment, remuneration,workload,and capacity were significantly associated with job satisfaction. Sense of accomplishment,workload,capacity,and career prospects were influential factors for turnover intention. Conclusions More attention should be focused on the improvement of human resources and salary allocation for vaccination staffs. Vaccination should be given more attention so that the potential and personal value of the vaccination staffs can be fulfilled.
In insulin-treated type 1 diabetes, canagliflozin increased diabetic ketoacidosis.

Source Citation Peters AL, Henry RR, Thakkar P, Tong C, Alba M. Diabetic ketoacidosis with canagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care...
Mechanisms Underlying Long-Term Potentiation

The phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP) has become one of the most popularly studied candidates for a neural mechanism involved in learning and memory. LTP is an enduring change in the synaptic efficacy of a stimulus based upon history of activity at the synapse and seems to be relatively specific to the afferent synapses initially involved in the input. Because of its specificity, because of its long-term nature, and because it can be produced with “physiological” stimulus parameters, many laboratories have focused attention on the mechanisms underlying LTP. Although originally reported in experiments on intact animal hippocampus (Bliss and Gardner-Medwin, 1973; Bliss and Lomo, 1973), it was soon discovered that the LTP phenomenon could be replicated using the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation (Schwartzkroin and Wester, 1975). This in vitro model has enabled investigators to study basic mechanisms that would have been difficult or impossible to approach using in vivo preparations of mammalian brain.