cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and structural characterization of a tetracopper(I) complex of 2,6-(bis(3- dimethylamino)-propyliminomethyl)-4- methylthiophenolate

Abstract The compound 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenyl ( 1 ) has been made by hydrolysis of S -(2,6- diformyl-4-methylphenyl)dimethylthiocarbamate followed by oxidation with I 2 . Condensation of 1 with 4 equiv. of 3-dimethylaminopropylamine and subsequent reduction with Na/benzophenone results in the sodium salt of the Schiff base binucleating ligand 2,6-(bis(3-dimethylamino)-propyliminomethyl)-4-methyl-thiophenolate ( 2 , NaL). The ligand (L) binds 2 eq of Cu(I) and crystallizes from MeCN solution to give an air sensitive tetracopper(I) complex with the formula [Cu 4 L 2 (MeCN)](PF 6 ) 2 ( 3 )·0.5 MeCN·0.25 MeOH as determined by X-ray crystallography. The complex contains three distorted trigonal planar and one distorted tetrahedral Cu 1 centers with CuS bond lengths short for their respective coordination geometries. In DMSO solution, 1 H NMR spectra of 3 reflect free ligand symmetry suggesting dissociation into dimers. Cyclic voltammetry of 3 in MeCN reveals one irreversible oxidation at 110 mV ( vs SCE).
Drug‐behavior interactions in persons with mental retardation and developmental disabilities

Treatment for aberrant behavior in persons diagnosed with developmental disabilities typically involves either behavioral interventions or medication. Often, the treatment is a combination of the two. Schroeder and coworkers (Schroeder et al. [1983] Adv Learn Behav Disabil 2:179–225) outlined criteria for the evaluation of the combination of behavioral and drug interventions in persons with developmental disabilities. A review of the research that examined the combination of drug and behavior interactions since 1983, using the Schroeder et al. criteria, is provided. An evaluation of research since 1983 that examined medication effects on multiple dependent measures and between multiple medications, using the criteria for medication research by Sprague and Werry (Sprague and Werry [1971] Int Rev Res Ment Retard vol. 5) is also provided. Additionally, the final section provides a list of recommendations and criteria for practitioners and researchers when conducting or evaluating research designed to examine medication effects on multiple variables in persons with developmental disabilities. MRDD Research Reviews 1999;5:322–334. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pereboom on the Frankfurt cases

According to the principle of alternative possibilities (PAP), a person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise. In what follows, I want to defend this principle against an apparent counterexample offered recently by Derk Pereboom (Living without free will, 2001; Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 29:228–247, 2005). Pereboom’s case, a variant of what are known as ‘Frankfurt cases,’ is important for it attempts to overcome a dilemma posed for earlier alleged counterexamples to PAP. However, I will argue that by paying closer attention to the details of Pereboom’s example, we see that his example fails to show a way between the horns of the dilemma posed for the earlier Frankfurt examples.
Target penetration of laser-based 3D imaging systems

The ASTM E57.02 Test Methods Subcommittee is developing a test method to evaluate the ranging performance of a 3D imaging system. The test method will involve either measuring the distance between two targets or between an instrument and a target. The first option is necessary because some instruments cannot be centered over a point and will require registration of the instrument coordinate frame into the target coordinate frame. The disadvantage of this option is that registration will introduce an additional error into the measurements. The advantage of this option is that this type of measurement, relative measurement, is what is typically used in field applications. A potential target geometry suggested for the test method is a planar target. The ideal target material would be diffuse, have uniform reflectivity for wavelengths between 500 nm to 1600 nm (wavelengths of most commercially-available 3D imaging systems), and have minimal or no penetration of the laser into the material. A possible candidate material for the target is Spectralon1. However, several users have found that there is some penetration into the Spectralon by a laser and this is confirmed by the material manufacturer. The effect of this penetration on the range measurement is unknown. This paper will present an attempt to quantify the laser penetration depth into the Spectralon material for four 3D imaging systems.
Cause of the fill factor loss of a-Si:H p–i–n devices with ZnO:Al front electrode: Blocking contact vs. defect density

Abstract The true cause of the low fill factor (FF) observed in amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) p–i–n solar cells deposited onto ZnO:Al (AZO) remains unclear. Some authors explain this phenomenon as a consequence of an AZO/p-a-SiC:H blocking contact, while others sustain that the growth of a more defective a-Si:H p–i interface is actually the cause. This work tries to find out evidences that support either of these hypotheses by analyzing a series of a-Si:H devices prepared on Asahi-U™ type glass/SnO2:F (FTO) coated with different AZO thickness. A detailed study of the diode response at forward bias showed the existence of a light-dependent AZO/p barrier contact, which provided an answer to the sudden worsening of the FF in the transition from bare FTO to AZO coated FTO. On the other hand, the AZO thickness dependence of the device collection voltage indicated a progressive increase of the defect density in the a-Si:H structure, which led to a reduction of the open circuit voltage. These results suggested that both mechanisms could simultaneously affect the device FF. In fact, we propose that both approaches could be valid and they do not have to exclude each other. The uncertainty in the control of AZO/p interface properties could be responsible of the apparent controversy.
Spontaneous resolution of a flow-related ophthalmic-segment aneurysm after treatment of anterior cranial fossa dural arteriovenous fistula.

Background The natural history of proximal, feeding-artery aneurysms after successful obliteration of high-grade, anterior cranial fossa dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) has not been well documented. Case description A 52-year-old Caucasian male presented with an unruptured anterior cranial fossa (dAVF) and an associated aneurysm. Cerebral angiography revealed a large, contralateral, carotid-ophthalmic segment aneurysm, enlarged feeding ophthalmic arteries, as well as cortical venous drainage. Successful surgical obliteration of the dAVF was undertaken to eliminate the risk of hemorrhage. Conclusion The carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm regressed significantly after surgical obliteration of the dAVF and a follow-up, planned coiling procedure to address the carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm was abandoned. This represents the first reported case of a near complete, spontaneous resolution of an unruptured carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm associated with a high-grade anterior cranial fossa dAVF.
Baseball bats: a silent weapon.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this work was to understand how the baseball bat is a silent weapon. The baseball bat has been utilized illegally in different areas of the world. In the past, several case reports are known for their lethal effect. In this paper, we analyse the outcome of the utilization of baseball bat for illegal purposes as well as review the principal injury and the utilization of baseball bat as explained by an engineer. Material and Method: The medical and radiographic records of patients admitted to Sinai-Grace and Detroit Receiving Hospitals in Detroit, MI, USA, from June 1997 to June 2000, were reviewed. Ninety patients presented with documented baseball bat injury by history. Clinical data were obtained from the patients charts. Detailed descriptions of those body parts affected by baseball bat injury were registered and classified by anatomical regions. Results: A total of 39 cranial fractures were observed, mainly on the skull base and orbital wall. Discussion: Baseball ba...
The psychosocial adjustment of maltreated children: Methodological limitations and guidelines for future research

Abstract Several empirical studies on the impact of maltreatment on children's psychosocial adjustment were recently reviewed in this journal [1]. Following a brief overview of the findings from that article, the present paper summarizes the methodological limitations of the studies reviewed and discusses guidelines for future research in this area. In order to advance knowledge of child maltreatment sequelae, we suggest future studies should include the following: (1) precise operational definitions of maltreatment; (2) adequate verification of the absence of maltreatment in the control groups: (3) identification and control of maltreatment covariates; and (4) consideration of subjects' age in group assignment. Future investigations should also employ more longitudinal research designs and give more attention to the treatment needs of the child.
Mascar: Speeding up GPU warps by reducing memory pitstops

With the prevalence of GPUs as throughput engines for data parallel workloads, the landscape of GPU computing is changing significantly. Non-graphics workloads with high memory intensity and irregular access patterns are frequently targeted for acceleration on GPUs. While GPUs provide large numbers of compute resources, the resources needed for memory intensive workloads are more scarce. Therefore, managing access to these limited memory resources is a challenge for GPUs. We propose a novel Memory Aware Scheduling and Cache Access Re-execution (Mascar) system on GPUs tailored for better performance for memory intensive workloads. This scheme detects memory saturation and prioritizes memory requests among warps to enable better overlapping of compute and memory accesses. Furthermore, it enables limited re-execution of memory instructions to eliminate structural hazards in the memory subsystem and take advantage of cache locality in cases where requests cannot be sent to the memory due to memory saturation. Our results show that Mascar provides a 34% speedup over the baseline round-robin scheduler and 10% speedup over the state of the art warp schedulers for memory intensive workloads. Mascar also achieves an average of 12% savings in energy for such workloads.
Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells Exhibit Neural Phenotypes and Ameliorate Neurological Deficits after Grafting into the Ischemic Brain of Rats

There is now evidence to suggest that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) not only differentiate into mesodermal cells, but can also adopt the fate of endodermal and ectodermal cell types. In this study, we addressed the hypotheses that human MSCs can differentiate into neural cells when implanted in the brain and restore sensorimotor function after experimental stroke. Purified human MSCs were grafted into the cortex surrounding the area of infarction 1 week after cortical brain ischemia in rats. Two and 6 weeks after transplantation animals were assessed for sensorimotor function and then sacrificed for histological examination. Ischemic rats that received human MSCs exhibited significantly improved functional performance in limb placement test. Histological analyses revealed that transplanted human MSCs expressed markers for astrocytes (GFAP(+)), oligodendroglia (GalC(+)), and neurons (beta III(+), NF160(+), NF200(+), hNSE(+), and hNF70(+)). The morphological features of the grafted cells, however, were spherical in nature with few processes. Therefore, it is unlikely that the functional recovery observed by the ischemic rats with human MSC grafts was mediated by the integration of new "neuronal" cells into the circuitry of the host brain. The observed functional improvement might have been mediated by proteins secreted by transplanted hMSCs, which could have upregulated host brain plasticity in response to experimental stroke.
Odor mixture alters neural resources during symbolic problem solving

The smell of a cup of coffee is produced by many different odor chemicals combined in a mixture, yet the perception of that odor is of a single unified whole. Recent evidence has demonstrated that mixtures of odors share some of the same spatiotemporal features of speech sounds and may use similar brain resources in associating those features with the symbols they represent. This experiment investigated the hypothesis that an odor mixture would interfere with a math task that requires symbolic but not spatial processing. Results indicated the pattern of brain electrical activity was similar for the single odors and the mixture during spatial processing. During solution of the task requiring symbolic processing, the odor mixture produced a pattern of brain electrical activity different from the single odorants. These data suggest that the perception of odor mixtures may use some of the same resources associated with symbolic processing.
Infants’ comprehension of toy replicas as symbols for real objects

Infants’ understanding of toy model–real exemplar relations was assessed through preferential looking and habituation tasks. Results from the preferential looking task suggest that 18-month toddlers are just beginning to demonstrate comprehension of symbolic relations between iconic models and their real object counterparts. Performance of 10- and 14-month-old infants in the preferential looking task did not improve when across-domain pairs of videos were used in place of within-domain pairs. Habituation task results indicated that 10-month-olds do not comprehend symbolic relations between miniature toy replicas and their “real” counterparts, but that such understanding begins to emerge by age 14 months. Interactions between symbolic processing and early lexical development are considered, as are methodological implications for the study of infant categorization.
The stability of spin-polarized nitrogen crystals

Abstract The magnetic dipole interaction in a spin-polarized nitrogen crystal limits the lifetime of the crystal to much less than 1 s.
The effect of size distribution on burn rate in nanocomposite thermites: a probability density function study

Burn rates of thermites are typically calculated in terms of an average particle size that characterizes the bulk mixture. As the particle diameter approaches the nano-scale the burn rate calculati...
Dopamine D2 receptors preferentially regulate the development of light responses of the inner retina

Retinal light responsiveness measured via electroretinography undergoes developmental modulation, and is thought to be critically regulated by both visual experience and dopamine. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether dopamine D2 receptors regulate the visual experience-dependent functional development of the retina. Accordingly, we recorded electroretinograms from wild-type mice and mice with a genetic deletion of the gene that encodes the D2 receptor raised under normal cyclic light conditions and constant darkness. Our results demonstrate that D2 receptor mutation preferentially increases the amplitude of the inner retinal light responses evoked by high-intensity light measured as oscillatory potentials in adult mice. During postnatal development, all three major components of electroretinograms, i.e. a-waves, b-waves, and oscillatory potentials, increase with age. Comparatively, D2 receptor mutation preferentially reduces the age-dependent increase in b-waves evoked by low-intensity light. Light deprivation from birth reduces b-wave amplitudes and completely abolishes the increased amplitude of oscillatory potentials of D2 receptor mutants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that D2 receptors play an important role in the activity-dependent functional development of the mouse retina.
CD47 signaling pathways controlling cellular differentiation and responses to stress

AbstractCD47 is a widely expressed integral membrane protein that serves as the counter-receptor for the inhibitory phagocyte receptor signal-regulatory protein-α (SIRPα) and as a signaling receptor for the secreted matricellular protein thrombospondin-1. Recent studies employing mice and somatic cells lacking CD47 have revealed important pathophysiological functions of CD47 in cardiovascular homeostasis, immune regulation, resistance of cells and tissues to stress and chronic diseases of aging including cancer. With the emergence of experimental therapeutics targeting CD47, a more thorough understanding of CD47 signal transduction is essential. CD47 lacks a substantial cytoplasmic signaling domain, but several cytoplasmic binding partners have been identified, and lateral interactions of CD47 with other membrane receptors play important roles in mediating signaling resulting from the binding of thrombospondin-1. This review addresses recent advances in identifying the lateral binding partners, signal tra...
Effects of repeated superovulation and flushing on reproductive performance of Bos indicus cows

Abstract To determine the effect of repeated superovulation and flushing in Bos indicus cows, 1,841 embryo collection records of 813 Brahman donor cows were analyzed using least-squares methods. Number of flushes affected total number of ova collected per donor (P
Path integrals and Voronin's theorem on the universality of the Riemann zeta function

Abstract We present a new approach to the path integral in latticized quantum theories. Our method is based on Voronin's theorems on the universality of the Riemann zeta function. We obtain a formula for the partition function as a discrete sum over “paths” with each path labeled by an integer and given by a zeta function evaluated at a fixed set of points in the critical strip. These points are the image of the space-time lattice resulting from a simple linear mapping. A new measure appears in our sum, and its properties are extensively discussed and a method to calculate it is given. We carried out extensive checks of the method for Euclidean quantum mechanics, and compared the results with those obtained from well-established methods as well as exact results. The comparison confirms the validity of the zeta-function method and our calculation of the measure.
Human subject portal images with a Csl(Tl) transparent scintillator

In a previous paper a portal imaging system was described that used a 200 mm diameter, 12.7 mm thick CsI(Tl) crystal transparent screen coupled with a Nikkor 35 mm f1.4 lens to an Astromed liquid nitrogen cooled CCD TV camera system. The whole 200 mm circular field of the crystal was imaged at a 0.53 mm pixel size. The geometry of the imaging system was optimized to achieve high spatial resolution in spite of the thickness of the screen. Since the last paper was written, an Angenieux 25 mm f0.95 Super 16 mm movie camera lens has been purchased which has higher optical quality and slightly better depth of focus than the Nikkor 35 mm f1.4 lens, but gives a pixel size with the Astromed CCD system of 0.8 mm. The Angenieux lens has been used with the Astromed CCD and the 200 mm diameter CsI(Tl) screen to acquire portal images of human subjects. Images of patients being treated in the prostate region have been acquired. These CsI(Tl) images have been compared with portal images produced using conventional portal film. The CsI(Tl) images are of higher quality than the film images and and be acquired at lower dose.
Uniaxial strength asymmetry in cellular materials: An analytical model

The ability to predict failure of cellular materials depends on the knowledge of microstructural mechanisms that contribute to macroscopic behavior. In this paper, we develop microstructural models to examine the mechanisms responsible for differences in tensile and compressive strength observed in cellular materials. We limit our analyses to those materials that fail by the same mechanism (yielding or microcracking) in tension and compression. Using both a honeycomb and an open-cell foam model, we demonstrate that density-dependent, compression-strong strength asymmetry arises when two conditions are met: the cell wall material has a higher yield strength in compression than in tension, and the cell walls are loaded simultaneously by axial forces and bending moments. Our models predict that strength asymmetry (defined as the ratio of compressive to tensile yield strength of the cellular material) increases with relative density (as observed in real materials such as rigid polyurethane foams and trabecular bone), and that strength asymmetry is more pronounced in anisotropic materials (where oblique struts are more closely aligned with the direction of loading).
External Rhinoplasty Approach for Malignant Tumors of the Anterior Nasal Septum

Malignant tumors arising from the nasal septum are rare. The predominant tumors include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and malignant melanoma. The majority of these lesions are seen on th...
Sml1p is a dimer in solution: characterization of denaturation and renaturation of recombinant Sml1p.

Sml1p is a small 104-amino acid protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that binds to the large subunit (Rnr1p) of the ribonucleotide reductase complex (RNR) and inhibits its activity. During DNA damage, S phase, or both, RNR activity must be tightly regulated, since failure to control the cellular level of dNTP pools may lead to genetic abnormalities, such as genome rearrangements, or even cell death. Structural characterization of Sml1p is an important step in understanding the regulation of RNR. Until now the oligomeric state of Sml1p was unknown. Mass spectrometric analysis of wild-type Sml1p revealed an intermolecular disulfide bond involving the cysteine residue at position 14 of the primary sequence. To determine whether disulfide bonding is essential for Sml1p oligomerization, we mutated the Cys14 to serine. Sedimentation equilibrium measurements in the analytical ultracentrifuge show that both wild-type and C14S Sml1p exist as dimers in solution, indicating that the dimerization is not a result of ...
Experimental analysis of the visual system of the four-eyed fish anableps microlepis

Abstract Specialization of optical structures in the Anableps eye allows simultaneous vision in air and water in two different optical axes. The tectal projection of the aerial and aquatic visual field was mapped by electrophysiological methods and was found to be similar to that in freshwater fishes, except for an area above the waterline with greatly enlarged tectal magnification in Anableps, correlated with increased ganglion cell density in the corresponding retinal region. Size threshold for movement perception is lower in the aerial visual field than in the aquatic field and seems correlated with higher cone density in the ventral retina. Finger-like iris flaps between the two pupillary apertures prevent double-image formation due to light refraction at the waterline.
Inverted Follicular Keratosis: A Report of Two Recurrent Cases

Few cases of recurrent inverted follicular keratosis (IFK) have been reported in the literature, none with histopathologic confirmation. The authors report two cases of IFK that recurred within weeks of primary excision. Histologic confirmation was obtained on all four specimens. By establishing the benign nature of the recurrent lesions, unnecessary, possibly drastic surgery was avoided.
Attributable Inpatient Costs of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infections

Objective. To determine the attributable inpatient costs of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs).Design. Retrospective cohort study.Setting. Academic, urban, tertiary care hospital.Patients. A total of 3,958 patients aged 18 years or more who developed an initial CDI episode from 2003 through 2009.Methods. Data were collected electronically from hospital administrative databases and were supplemented with chart review. Patients with an index CDI episode during the study period were followed up for 180 days from the end of their index hospitalization or the end of their index CDI antibiotic treatment (whichever occurred later). Total hospital costs during the outcome period for patients with recurrent versus a single episode of CDI were analyzed using zero-inflated lognormal models.Results. There were 421 persons with recurrent CDI (recurrence rate, 10.6%). Recurrent CDI case patients were significantly more likely than persons without recurrence to have any hospital costs during the outcome p...
Crashworthiness of Aluminum Extrusion Under Simulated Service Life Heat Exposure

An investigation of the service life aging and heat exposure effects on extruded aluminum alloy properties and structural crashworthiness has been conducted. This research, part of a broader program, consists of investigating five aluminum alloy extrusions each of which is subjected to two heat treatments. The aluminum extrusion investigated are 6063T6, 6061T6, 6260T6, 6014T6, and 7129T6. The two heat treatments are 177°C for 30 minutes and 200°C for 24 hours. The 200°C/24 hours treatment represents an upper limit thermal exposure i.e. components adjacent to exhaust pipes and manifolds. The 200°C heat treatment was applied in addition to the 177°C for 30 minutes. All specimens were subjected to the reference 177°C for 30 minutes treatment. These ten crash members were subjected to dynamic axial crashing at a target speed of 40 kph (25 mph). Force-time data was collected and responses were plotted for all tests. Force-displacement responses were then integrated for the crash energy management and mean axial crash load for each of the aluminum extruded crash members. Bar charts were then generated to describe the crash loads and energy management behaviors of the various aluminum alloys and associated heat treatments. Service life simulated heat exposure was found to effect the mean crash load and crash energy management of the aluminum structural crash members. The heat exposure effects on the crashworthiness of the extruded aluminum members ranged from a reduction of 10% to over 20% in the mean crash load and crash energy management with highest variation observed with the 6260T6 aluminum extrusion.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Integral Forensic Anthropology

Forensic anthropology is a new discipline with a long history of development and accomplishment. It traces its origin to the 19th century and includes many of the diverse areas of anthropology. However, its present growth is usually attributed to the effort of Ellis R. Kerley, of the University of Maryland. Kerley has been responsible for establishing the field as an intregral part of the forensic sciences. He also established it as a section of physical anthropology within the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Since its inception in 1971, membership in the Academy has increased from 14 to about 50 people.
Frequency domain identification for undergraduates

A method to synthesize a transfer function from experimentally obtained gain and phase data is presented. The least squares technique discussed minimizes the error between the inverse transfer function and the inverse of the experimental frequency response data. The relevant formulas are derived in a straightforward manner so that undergraduate students can follow the development. The inverse formulation appears to give a better fit to the data than the previous approaches. This is most likely due to the fact that the technique biases the error with the numerator rather than the denominator of the derived transfer function. There is, however, no guarantee that a minimum phase transfer function will result from this technique. The user of this technique must preselect the numerator and denominator orders. The formulation assumes that there are no zeros at the origin. A modification to the basic scheme is presented for this case. >
Nutrition and Oral Precancerous Lesions

Oral precancerous lesions include oral leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and erythroleukoplakia. These lesions are of interest clinically because they can progress into oral carcinomas and therefore denote individuals who are at increased risk for oral carcinomas. Oral precancerous lesions are also of interest as intermediate endpoints for intervention trials, in order to screen agents that might have efficacy in oral cancer chemoprevention. While tobacco and alcohol reduction and/or cessation are clearly the most important strategies for reducing the risk of oral precancerous lesions and oral cancers, evidence also supports a possible role for nutrition in the etiology and management of both conditions. Observational epidemiologic studies indicate that lower consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with an increased risk of oral precancerous lesions, a finding consistent with associations seen for oral cancers. Chemoprevention studies have evaluated the effects of supplemental nutrients (eg, β-carotene; vitamins A, C, and E; selenium) on oral leukoplakia and oral dysplasia. Supplemental β-carotene, in particular, has documented efficacy in the regression of oral precancerous lesions. However, supplemental β-carotene may not be advisable in this patient population due to concerns about a possible increase in lung cancer risk. Retinoids also have documented efficacy in the regression of oral precancerous lesions, but retinoids can have considerable side effects, and long-term efficacy in the prevention of oral cancer is unknown. Given these findings, encouraging increased fruit and vegetable intake for the prevention and management of oral precancerous lesions is prudent; all other nutritional approaches for these conditions remain investigational.
The Maintenance of Mitochondrial DNA Integrity—Critical Analysis and Update

DNA molecules in mitochondria, just like those in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, are constantly damaged by noxious agents. Eukaryotic cells have developed efficient mechanisms to deal with this assault. The process of DNA repair in mitochondria, initially believed nonexistent, has now evolved into a mature area of research. In recent years, it has become increasingly appreciated that mitochondria possess many of the same DNA repair pathways that the nucleus does. Moreover, a unique pathway that is enabled by high redundancy of the mitochondrial DNA and allows for the disposal of damaged DNA molecules operates in this organelle. In this review, we attempt to present a unified view of our current understanding of the process of DNA repair in mitochondria with an emphasis on issues that appear controversial.
Collaborative information synthesis I: A model of information behaviors of scientists in medicine and public health

Scientists engage in the discovery process more than any other user population, yet their day-to-day activities are often elusive. One activity that consumes much of a scientist's time is developing models that balance contradictory and redundant evidence. Driven by our desire to understand the information behaviors of this important user group, and the behaviors of scientific discovery in general, we conducted an observational study of academic research scientists as they resolved different experimental results reported in the biomedical literature. This article is the first of two that reports our findings. In this article, we introduce the Collaborative Information Synthesis (CIS) model that reflects the salient information behaviors that we observed. The CIS model emerges from a rich collection of qualitative data including interviews, electronic recordings of meetings, meeting minutes, e-mail communications, and extraction worksheets. Our findings suggest that scientists provide two information constructs: a hypothesis projection and context information. They also engage in four critical tasks: retrieval, extraction, verification, and analysis. The findings also suggest that science is not an individual but rather a collaborative activity and that scientists use the results of one analysis to inform new analyses. In Part 2, we compare and contrast existing information and cognitive models that have inadvertently reported synthesis, and then provide five recommendations that will enable designers to build information systems that support the important synthesis activity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experts and quacks

What happens when “type” is endogenous in a reputational setting? Here, customers cannot tell “experts” from imitative “quacks,” but gain information through repeated interaction. Firm incentives to invest in expertise vary nonmonotonically in how tolerant customers are of bad outcomes; more tolerant customers are both more forgiving, making expertise less necessary, and longer tenured, increasing the value of retaining them. In equilibrium, the proportion of expert firms is bounded away from one; some quacks are necessary to keep incentives of experts in line. The fraction of experts is decreasing in customers' switching costs and the relative cost of expertise over quackery.
The Use of Methylergonovine (Methergine (r) ) in the Initial Control of Drug Induced Refractory Headache

This study investigated the efficacy of methylergonovine maleate (Methergine) in the treatment of drug induced refractory headache (DIRH). Sixty consecutive patients (51 female and 9 male) diagnosed with DIRH were treated with methylergonovine maleate for a maximum of six months, using a within subject design. All patients were withdrawn from the medications they were taking upon entering the study. Concurrently, they were given 0.2-0.4 mg of methylergonovine maleate three times a day. Patients were provided the means to control breakthrough episodes of headache. Treatment outcome was assessed using a patient self-report scale (much better, better, same, worse, and much worse), and also visual analogue pain intensity scales. The side effects of the drug were assessed with patient self-report. Methylergonovine was effective in 44 (73%) patients. Twelve (20%) patients reported unchanged pain and 4 (6%) patients got worse. Side effects were reported by 24 patients. These were predominantly abdominal cramping. It is concluded that methylergonovine maleate is effective in the initial control of drug induced refractory headache. However, because methylergonovine is a metabolic byproduct of methysergide, the possibility or fibrotic disorders needs to be considered if methylergonovine is to be used for long term therapy.
Retrogression of Fibroadenomas of the Breast

Summary One hundred fibroadenomas were reviewed and graded according to epithelial and stromal cellularity. With advancing age they tend to become less cellular. If not excised, they may develop into lesions resembling fibrosis or they may become effaced. They are rarely found in carefully examined mastectomy specimens of patients with breast cancer decades after their peak incidence.
Effect of ionizing radiation on in situ Raman scattering and photoluminescence of silica optical fibers

Raman fiber optic chemical sensors provide remote in situ characterization capability. One application of Raman fiber optic chemical sensors is the characterization of the contents of nuclear waste tanks. In these tanks it is expected that approximately 20 meters of optical fiber will be exposed to radiation levels between 100 and 1000 rads/hour. In support of this work two silica optical fiber types (one a communications grade fiber and the other nominally radiation resistant) have been tested at the radiation levels expected in the tanks. Luminescence and Raman scattering measurements have been performed in situ with 488-nm excitation on two types of silica optical fiber exposed to a constant low to moderate dose rate of gamma radiation of 880 rads(Si)/hour from a /sup 60/Co source for a total dose of greater than 45 krads. The nominally radiation-resistant fiber was also excited with 514.5-nm and near-infrared 830-nm laser radiation. The rate of the silica Raman signal decrease is more than three times greater for the visible excitation wavelengths than for the 830-nm excitation for the radiation resistant fiber. The behavior of the 650-nm photoluminescence line upon irradiation was different for the two fibers studied, both in terms of the shift of the 650-nm line and rate of increase of the normalized photoluminescence intensity. In all cases the photoluminescence from the fibers was less than the Raman intensity. No radioluminescence was observed in either fiber. The radiation resistant fiber exhibited photobleaching effects on the Raman transmission when photoannealed with 488-nm laser light. >
Quantitative Circulatory Physiology: an integrative mathematical model of human physiology for medical education

We have developed Quantitative Circulatory Physiology (QCP), a mathematical model of integrative human physiology containing over 4,000 variables of biological interactions. This model provides a teaching environment that mimics clinical problems encountered in the practice of medicine. The model structure is based on documented physiological responses within peer-reviewed literature and serves as a dynamic compendium of physiological knowledge. The model is solved using a desktop, Windows-based program, allowing students to calculate time-dependent solutions and interactively alter over 750 parameters that modify physiological function. The model can be used to understand proposed mechanisms of physiological function and the interactions among physiological variables that may not be otherwise intuitively evident. In addition to open-ended or unstructured simulations, we have developed 30 physiological simulations, including heart failure, anemia, diabetes, and hemorrhage. Additional stimulations include 29 patients in which students are challenged to diagnose the pathophysiology based on their understanding of integrative physiology. In summary, QCP allows students to examine, integrate, and understand a host of physiological factors without causing harm to patients. This model is available as a free download for Windows computers at http://physiology.umc.edu/themodelingworkshop.
Selective detection of cancer using spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging and bioconjugated gold nanoparticles

Highly proliferative cancer cells over express molecular markers such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). When specifically targeted gold nanoparticles bind to EGFR they tend to cluster on the cell membrane leading to an optical red-shift in the plasmon resonance frequency and an increase in absorption in the red region. These changes in optical properties provide the opportunity for photoacoustic imaging to differentiate cancer cells from surrounding benign cells - the contrast in photoacoustic imaging is based on the optical absorption properties. The imaging experiments were performed using ex-vivo tumor models. The results of our study indicate that photoacoustic imaging is capable of highly sensitive and selective detection of cancer cells by utilizing the plasmon resonance coupling effect of EGFR targeted gold nanoparticles.
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition in bicarbonate solution catalyzed by ferric citrate**This article has a companion paper in this issue (doi: 10.1139/v11-080).

The peroxymonocarbonate mono- and di-anions (HCO4– and CO42–) are known to be generated from H2O2/HCO3–. They are promising oxidants for wood pulp bleaching, but peroxide decomposition catalyzed by...
Bayesian Binomial Regression: Predicting Survival at a Trauma Center

Abstract Standard methods for analyzing binomial regression data rely on asymptotic inferences. Bayesian methods can be performed using simple computations, and they apply for any sample size. We provide a relatively complete discussion of Bayesian inferences for binomial regression with emphasis on inferences for the probability of “success.” Furthermore, we illustrate diagnostic tools, perform model selection among nonnested models, and examine the sensitivity of the Bayesian methods.
Increased neutrophil influx but no impairment of protective immunity to tuberculosis in mice lacking the CD44 molecule

Up-regulation of expression of the cell- surface marker CD44 is a major characteristic of T lymphocytes responding in the lungs of mice in- fected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These lymphocytes express an activated/memory pheno- type as seen by their high expression of the CD44 molecule and low expression of CD62L and CD45RB cell-surface molecules. Based on increas- ing evidence that the CD44 molecule participates in several aspects of the inflammatory response, we evaluated its role in the response to infection with M. tuberculosis using gene-disrupted mice. In this report, we show that CD44 expression is not nec- essary for the proper trafficking of protective cells to the lungs of mice infected with M. tuberculosis or the direct expression of protective immunity lead- ing to control and containment of the bacterial load in this organ. However, although there were no differences in the bacterial load or migration of activated T lymphocytes to the inflamed lung, the absence of the CD44 molecule resulted in a sub- stantially increased accumulation of neutrophils in the lung. These data indicate that loss of CD44 expression does not alter expression of T helper cell type 1 immunity to tuberculosis in the lungs but has major effects on the overall cellular com- position of the immunopathological response. J. Leukoc. Biol. 74: 000-000; 2003.
Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement.

In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that a carbohydrate-protein (CHO-Pro) supplement would be more effective in the replenishment of muscle glycogen after exercise compared with a carbohydrate supplement of equal carbohydrate content (LCHO) or caloric equivalency (HCHO). After 2.5 ± 0.1 h of intense cycling to deplete the muscle glycogen stores, subjects (n = 7) received, using a rank-ordered design, a CHO-Pro (80 g CHO, 28 g Pro, 6 g fat), LCHO (80 g CHO, 6 g fat), or HCHO (108 g CHO, 6 g fat) supplement immediately after exercise (10 min) and 2 h postexercise. Before exercise and during 4 h of recovery, muscle glycogen of the vastus lateralis was determined periodically by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Exercise significantly reduced the muscle glycogen stores (final concentrations: 40.9 ± 5.9 mmol/l CHO-Pro, 41.9 ± 5.7 mmol/l HCHO, 40.7 ± 5.0 mmol/l LCHO). After 240 min of recovery, muscle glycogen was significantly greater for the CHO-Pro treatment (88.8 ± 4.4 mmol/l) when compare...
Microscopic hematuria as a predictive factor for detecting bladder cancer at cystoscopy in women with irritative voiding symptoms.

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess microscopic hematuria as a predictive factor for detecting bladder cancer at cystoscopy in women with irritative voiding symptoms. Study design We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of women with irritative voiding symptoms who presented for urodynamic testing and cystoscopy. Irritative voiding symptoms were defined as urgency, urge incontinence, frequency, dysuria, and/or nocturia. Patient demographics, risk factors for bladder cancer, presence of microscopic hematuria, urodynamic findings, and cystoscopy and biopsy results were recorded. Results Of 735 patients with irritative voiding symptoms, 264 (35.9%) had microscopic hematuria and 471 (64.1%) had no hematuria. Bladder cancer was detected in 3 women, for an overall detection rate of 0.4%. Microscopic hematuria, urgency, frequency, dysuria, nocturia, age, and tobacco use were not significantly associated with bladder cancer. Conclusion In this cohort of women with irritative voiding symptoms, microscopic hematuria was not predictive for bladder cancer.
Clinical presentation of posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow in children.

Background: Posterolateral rotatory instability is a type of ulnohumeral instability seen following elbow trauma. It is caused by a deficiency in the lateral collateral ligament complex that allows the radius and ulna to subluxate as a single unit with respect to the distal part of the humerus. There are few studies on this type of instability in children. Our purpose was to evaluate cases of posterolateral rotatory instability in children to better understand its presentation and manifestation as compared with those in adults. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of patients from three academic centers. Eligible for inclusion were patients with a diagnosis of posterolateral rotatory instability who were treated with lateral ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction when they were less than nineteen years of age. Results: Nine patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age at the initial injury was ten years, and the average time from the initial injury to the final operation was 3.7 years. Six patients had prior elbow dislocation, and three had an isolated elbow fracture. Six of the nine patients had a forearm or elbow contracture. Only one patient had a positive pivot-shift test during the preoperative office examination, but all had a positive pivot-shift test when examined under anesthesia. Six had radiographic evidence of posterolateral rotatory instability. All patients underwent lateral ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction. At the time of follow-up, at a minimum of one year after the ligament reconstruction, there was no evidence of deformity secondary to early physeal closure and all elbows remained stable. Conclusions: Although posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow is rare, it does exist in children. The instability may not always be recognized because of masking by contracture but, as is the case with adult patients, radiographs may show evidence of the instability. In children with contracture, the clinician should consider the possibility of a masked posterolateral rotatory instability and plan accordingly at the time of contracture release. Surgical correction is technically difficult, and traditional ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients may pose a risk to the lateral humeral condylar and epicondylar physes. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Abnormal sodium metabolism and plasma renin activity (renal renin secretion) and the vasoconstriction volume hypothesis: implications for pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension and its vascular consequences (heart attack, stroke).

Arterial hypertension is sustained by either of two long-term mechanisms of arteriolar vasoconstriction or by an inappropriate reaction between them. One mechanism is renin-mediated, the other is related to antecedent renal sodium retention. The plasma renin value directly reflects the presence and degree of renin-mediated vasoconstriction, and, inversely, defines the predominance of sodium-related vasoconstriction. A hypotensive response, or lack of it, to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is similarly informative. Because the normal kidney exposed to high arterial pressure and normal salt intake will reduce its renin secretion to near zero, any renin secretion in a hypertensive setting can be considered abnormal. Typically, high-renin hypertensive patients are more vasoconstricted than low-renin patients with similar blood pressures. The intense vasoconstriction leads to relative hypovolemia, hemoconcentration, hyperviscosity, postural hypotension, and in severe forms even to acrocyanosis, all of which are dramatically reversed with anti-renin therapy. Conversely, low-renin equally hypertensive patients have relatively more sodium volume and are less vasoconstricted; they are generally responsive to natriuretic drugs (e.g., diuretics or calcium antagonists) and appear relatively protected from vascular sequelae such as stroke and heart attack. These observations provide a new means for evaluating prognosis and a basis for mechanistically differentiating and treating hypertensive patients, allowing increasingly simpler and more-specific long-term therapies.