cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paternal body fat is a longitudinal predictor of changes in body fat in premenarcheal girls

Background Longitudinal studies in infants and children suggest that low total energy expenditure (EE) (TEE) and parental body composition are important predisposing factors to obesity. Objective The aim of this study was to examine potential predictors of changes in total or percentage body fat over 2.7 y in premenarcheal girls. Design We studied 47 normal-weight prepubertal girls aged 4.8-8.9 y in 3 visits. The girls' age, total and percentage body fat at baseline, sleep EE (SEE) and activity-related EE (AEE) adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM) and total body fat, mothers' and fathers' total and percentage body fat and FFM at baseline, and time to follow-up visits were measured; 24-h EE and SEE were measured by whole-room indirect calorimetry. AEE was calculated as TEE minus (SEE + 0.1 TEE), with the assumption that the thermic effect of food was 10% of TEE. The girls' body composition was measured at each visit and that of the parents was measured at the time of the girls' enrollment by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results From baseline to the first (mean: 1.6 y) and the second (mean: 2.7 y) follow-up visits, the girls' mean (+/-SD) change in total fat adjusted for FFM was 1.2 +/- 2.7 and 3.3 +/- 4.0 kg, respectively, and the mean change in percentage body fat was -2.0 +/- 5.0% and -0. 8 +/- 5.9%, respectively. Fathers' total and percentage body fat were the main predictors of changes in the girls' total and percentage body fat. For the first follow-up visit, SEE, girls' age at baseline, and AEE were significant predictors of percentage body fat. Conclusion Fathers' total and percentage body fat were predictors of changes in body fat of premenarcheal girls during a 2. 7-y period.
High-performance hardware monitors to protect network processors from data plane attacks

The Internet represents an essential communication infrastructure that needs to be protected from malicious attacks. Modern network routers are typically implemented using embedded multi-core network processors that are inherently vulnerable to attack. Hardware monitor subsystems, which can verify the behavior of a router's packet processing system at runtime, can be used to identify and respond to an ever-changing range of attacks. While hardware monitors have primarily been described in the context of general-purpose computing, our work focuses on two important aspects that are relevant to the embedded networking domain: We present the design and prototype implementation of a high-performance monitor that can track each processor instruction with low memory overhead. Additionally, our monitor is capable of defending against attacks on processors with a Harvard architecture, the dominant contemporary network processor organization. We demonstrate that our monitor architecture provides no network slowdown in the absence of an attack and provides the capability to drop attack packets without otherwise affecting regular network traffic when an attack occurs.
Operative ultrasound establishes resectability of metastases by major hepatic resection

In this study, the utility of intraoperative ultrasound in the surgical management of hepatic colorectal metastases requiring hepatic resection has been demonstrated. The intraoperative ultrasound technique has been described as a method to accurately monitor curative resection of large colorectal metastases requiring anatomical procedures such as right hepatic trisegmentectomy, bisegmentectomy, and hepatic lobectomy. Preoperative analysis of the patients reported utilizing either computed tomography, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated very well the extent of tumor but could not define a major anatomical resection along normal tissue planes. In the 3 patients demonstrated, intraoperative ultrasound was able to confirm a normal hepatic parenchymal dissection overlying the extensive tumors and enabled completion of the curative resections. Furthermore, we have described the intraoperative ultrasound criteria for assessment of resectability. These included a definition of the proximity of the major portal and hepatic venous structures, exclusion of simultaneous minimal metastatic disease in the remaining parenchyma, and the distinction between marginal resectability and resectability for cure along the proposed parenchymal dissection plane. We conclude that intraoperative ultrasound is important in the surgical management of metastatic colorectal cancer and can provide for a more complete clinical staging and appropriate selection of patients for curative major hepatic resection.
Cross-platform provenance

A number of systems have been developed to track workflows -- for example, CMCS helps chemists document combustion research [10], myGrid [14] with Taverna [1] aids biologists, and ESSW is used by earth scientists [5]. Since most infrastructure developed to record the provenance of data has targeted specific fields, the projects were not easily be re-purposed for different domains. The systems differed with respect to what data was captured, the types of operations performed, how the data was stored, and the kinds of queries supported. Since 2006, a community of two dozen research groups interested in data annotation, derivation, and provenance have met regularly "to understand the capabilities of different provenance systems and the expressiveness of their provenance representations," and then iteratively created an Open Provenance Model (OPM) aimed at increasing the interoperability of systems [9].
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF LICHENS V. HYDROTHYRIA VENOSA, A FRESHWATER LICHEN

Summary The fine structure of the aquatic lichen Hydrothyria venosa was investigated from collections made in the summer and fall. The phycobiont lacked plastoglobuli in the summer but did contain them in the fall. Polyglucoside granules, structures not found previously in lichenized blue-green algae, were present in the phycobiont. The mycobiont lacked ellipsoidal bodies, structures that have been found in almost all previously studied lichen fungi.
Exhibiting Leadership and Facilitation Behaviors in NPD Project-Based Work: Does Team Personal Style Composition Matter?

Abstract:Teams are increasingly becoming primary in the way employees in organizations conduct work. Understanding what makes teams effective is especially important for new product development (NPD) teams, whose members often have diverse backgrounds and competencies. The effects of similarities and differences among team members in NPD project-based work influence every aspect of that work. We explored the relationship between project team composition attributes and project team members' team leadership and facilitation behaviors, drawing from the literature on similarity-attraction effect.Data from two time points that were 12-weeks apart were collected from 144 professional employees working in 48 project teams to test the study's hypotheses. Using HLM 6.0 (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002), findings show that when it comes to project team composition, members of a team, who are similar on affective personal style traits, demonstrate greater team leadership and facilitation behaviors. We identify implications ...
Polypeptide components of myelin from rat peripheral nerve.

Abstract Myelin was isolated from rat sciatic nerve and its composition determined. Peripheral nerve myelin contained 21% protein and the polypeptide-chain components were analyzed on polyacrylamide gels in presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. Sciatic nerve myelin contained at least seven polypeptide components ranging in molecular weight from 50 000 to 16 000. The two major polypeptides had a molecular weight of 28 000 and 22 000 and they were shown to be glycoproteins as they also stained with periodic acid—Schiff reagent for carbohydrates.
Invisible Brands: An Ethnography of Households and the Brands in Their Kitchen Pantries

This article investigates “invisible brands.” An invisible brand is a brand that is considered mundane and blends into the household environment. Much as someone might purchase a brand for other reasons (e.g., family lineage, low price), people strive for brands that can be made invisible in their lives. A 16 mo. ethnography of households and their kitchen pantries yields insights into the process that shapes the invisible brand. The locus of meaning is in the process of brand storage, not in the consumer's identity or in a well-defined consumer-brand relationship. The data also suggest that the households use storage strategies that parallel camouflaging strategies in nature.
Long Wavelength Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) Research at Jet Propulsion Laboratory

One of the simplest device realizations of the classic particle-in-a-box problem of basic quantum mechanics is the quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP). Optimization of the detector design and material growth and processing have culminated in the realization of a 15 micrometer cutoff 128 by 128 focal plane array camera and a camera with large (256 by 256 pixel) focal plane array of QWIPs which can see at 8.5 micrometer, holding forth great promise for a variety of applications in the 6 - 25 micrometer wavelength range. This paper discusses the physics of the QWIP and QWIP technology development at Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Recombination of injected charge carriers

Abstract Generation and recombination of charge carriers dominate some performance aspects of semiconductor devices. Investigation of charge carrier recombination is frustrated by the paucity of direct measurement techniques for the recombination process. We formulate and solve the mathematics governing one such technique. Our solution relates a measured charge collection efficiency to the minority carrier (recombination) lifetime of the Hall-Shockley-Read model.
Potential endogenous mutagens/carcinogens

Abstract The validity of the concept that environmental factors are the major causes for cancer in man is questionable until there is a greater understanding of the biological effect of labile intermediates which occur in the normal mammalian metabolic pathways. Thus, endogenous mutagens/carcinogens may be of primary importance. Such structures that are established or potentially occur in metabolism are discussed and their capability chemically of altering the genetic material in cells is considered. Included are epoxides, peroxides, hydroxylamines, n -nitroso compounds, n -oxides, carbinolamines and other labile oxygenated structures which may be formed normally.
Rotation invariant face recognition survey

Face recognition is one of the most active research topics in pattern recognition and computer vision due to its potential applications in access control, authentication systems, law enforcement, human-machine interfaces, etc. Most of the developed face recognition techniques are only capable of recognizing frontal views of faces, assuming that the person was looking straight into the camera. The frontal face recognition method is suitable for certain applications where the client poses consistently the same way from session to session. However, a user might not pose to a camera for the purpose of being recognized, perhaps not even knowing that a face image is being captured. In these cases it is important for the system to handle faces with in plane and in depth rotations. Rotation invariant face recognition is an important area of research because of its many real-world applications, especially in creating a more robust recognition system for commercial and government technologies. In this survey paper, an overview of the available rotation invariant face recognition algorithms is provided, including both feature-based and holistic approaches, and the potential for future work is discussed.
Pyoderma gangrenosum: A review and update on new therapies

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare and often painful skin disease that can be unpredictable in its response to treatment. There is currently no gold standard of treatment or published algorithm for choice of therapy. The majority of data comes from case studies that lack a standard protocol not only for treatment administration but also for the objective assessment of lesion response to a specific therapy. This review provides an update to the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with a particular focus on new systemic therapies.
Neutron production with a pyroelectric double-crystal assembly without nano-tip

Abstract Two cylindrical LiTaO3 crystals facing each other's deuterated circular face were exposed to deuterium gas at an ambient pressure of a few mTorr. With a distance of about 4 cm between the z+ and z− cut crystal faces, neutrons were produced via the 2H(d,n)3He fusion reaction upon the heating and cooling of the crystals. The 2.5 MeV neutrons were detected with organic liquid scintillation detectors equipped with neutron-gamma pulse-shape discrimination electronics to reject pulses generated by the intense X-ray flux. During the cooling phase of naked crystals, deuterium ion-beam (D2+) energies of up to 400 keV were obtained as deduced from the associated electron bremsstrahlung end-point energy. The highest electron-beam energy observed during the heating phase was 360 keV. With a layer of deuterated polyethylene evaporated on the front face of the crystals, the maximal energies were about 10% lower. In contrast to earlier studies, an electric-field enhancing nano-tip was not employed. Neutron yields up to 500 per thermal cycle were observed, resulting in a total neutron production yield of about 1.6×104 neutrons per thermal cycle. Our approach has the potential of being substantially improved by reducing the frequency of the discharges we are currently experiencing with our geometry, which was not designed for the unprecedented high potentials produced in the presentwork.
Cell size of Antarctic phytoplankton as a biogeochemical condition

Two contrasting high nutrient/low chlorophyll regions having different conditions that control phytoplankton production, and separated by an area of blooming, are found during summer in the vicinity of the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica). Low chlorophyll conditions occur either in Fe-rich, deeply mixed and high salinity Weddell Sea shelf waters, or the Fe-poor, shoaled and low salinity Drake Passage Antarctic Circumpolar Current waters, while phytoplankton blooms are located between in mid salinity water. Contrasting phytoplankton communities were found to populate these different biogeochemical provinces. In data from six field seasons (1999-2007), nanoplankton (2-20 mm) were found to be dominant in the phytoplankton populations from light-controlled coastal waters, including blooms, with most chlorophyll found in the 2-5 mm size class. In contrast, the adjacent and presumably Fe-controlled Drake Passage waters were dominated by the microplankton (.20 mm) size class. The asymmetrical distribution of phytoplankton size classes across the salinity gradient, when analysed independently of total chlorophyll concentration, supports the hypothesis that the different food web grazing dynamics are dependent upon biogeochemical provinces.
Control of the texture of gel-silica monoliths by aging treatments

Sol-gel processing has been used to make optically transparent gel-silica matrices that have interconnected porosity in the 12 to 14 A scale. Optically active organics have been impregnated into the porous matrices resulting in optical composites with unique properties. However, for certain organic phases, such as required for solid state dye lasers or in-situ photo-polymerization, matrices with a large pore diameter and larger volume fraction of porosity are required. A new processing method that controls aging of gel-silica monoliths in an alkaline NH4OH environment followed by drying and stabilization from 600-1150°C results in optically transparent gel-silica matrices. The surface areas of the matrices range from 770 to 200 m2/g with total pore volumes from 0.5to 1.15 cm3/g, and mean pore radii from 20 A to 135 A. Very narrow pore size distributions are achieved and the pore configuration can be changed from ink bottle to a cylindrical cross section. Optical applications of matrices with these new textures are described, including performance of a solid state dye laser made by impregnating large pore gel-silica matrices (90 A average radius pores and 1.0 cm3/g pore volume) with 4 PyPO-MePTS lasing dye.
Infant colic: Re-evaluating the adaptive hypotheses

Colic may allow infants to obtain additional investment from their parents. The lack of clear fitness costs of colic and of differences in condition between colicky and non-colicky infants is inconsistent with the hypotheses that colic is an honest signal of need or vigor. These and other characteristics of colic, however, are consistent with the hypothesis that colic is a manipulative signal.
On the greatest distance between two permanental roots of a matrix

Abstract The permanental spread of a complex square matrix A is defined to be the greatest distance between two roots of the equation per(zI − A) = 0. A preliminary study of this number as well as of two related quantities is given. In particular, we derive upper and lower bounds and deal with comparisons of different bounds. Finally, two inequalities involving the permanental spread are treated.
Computer-simulation of the multiple-quantum dynamics of one-, two- and three-dimensional spin distributions

Abstract Multiple-quantum NMR has previously been used to characterize the distribution of spins, whether cluster or homogenously distributed, in solids. In this work, through computer simulation of the multiple-quantum coherence dynamics of nine spin networks, we examine the potential of this spectroscopy to differentiate between one-, two- and three-dimensional distributions of spins. In order to compute the multiple-quantum dynamics of networks of spins large enough to vary in dimensionality, the solution of the Liouville-von Neumann equation was written as an explicit, single time-step equation for the density matrix with pairwise, spatially averaged dipole interactions. In these nine spin simulations, differentiation of the multiple-quantum dynamics of a linear system in comparison with two- and three-dimensional networks was observed indicating the influence of the dimensionality of the network on spin correlation dynamics. While no differentiation between higher dimensional networks was observed, this can be attributed to the small number of spins in the simulation. Based on the occupancy of various lattice types, differences between spin correlation rates for surface and bulk, homogeneous distributions are expected when the number of correlated spins exceeds 20.
Glioneuronal tumor with neuropil-like islands of the spinal cord with diffuse leptomeningeal neuraxis dissemination.

A 54-year-old Caucasian female presented with a 1 year history of intermittent numbness of the left leg progressing to bilateral, lower extremity sensory loss that advanced to include impaired vibration and proprioception. The subsequent thoracic spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed a heterogeneous, avidly enhancing, centrally situated spinal cord mass involving T7 through T10 in association with thick linear enhancement of the anterior and posterior cord surfaces extending both superiorly and inferiorly. Both the cervical and lumbar spine MRI demonstrated diffuse leptomeningeal disease as well. A brain MRI revealed focal leptomeningeal enhancement in the left and right sylvian fissures, the suprasellar cistern, and the posterior fossa; a pattern consistent with metastatic disease. The patient underwent a T6–T10 laminectomy for tumor biopsy and debulking. Histology revealed a WHO grade III glioneuronal tumor with rosetted neuropil-like islands. Synaptophysin and neurofilament (NF) positive staining was noted within the neural appearing component, whereas, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunopositivity was evident in the fibrillary astrocytoma component of the tumor. The Ki-67 labeling index was 7%. This tumor pattern, now included in the 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumours as a pattern variation of anaplastic astrocytoma (Kleihues et al. In: Louis et al. (eds) WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system, 2007), was first described in a four-case series by Teo et al. in 1999. The majority of subsequently reported cases described them as primary tumors of the cerebrum. Herein, we report a unique example of a spinal glioneuronal tumor with neuropil-like islands with associated leptomeningeal dissemination involving the entire craniospinal axis.
An Anatomic Arthroscopic Description of the Hip Capsular Ligaments for the Hip Arthroscopist

Purpose To examine and describe the normal anatomic intra-articular locations of the hip capsular ligaments in the central and peripheral compartments of the hip joint. Methods Eight paired fresh-frozen human cadaveric hips (mean age, 73.3 years) were carefully dissected free of soft tissue to expose the hip capsule. Needles were placed through the capsule along the macroscopic borders of the hip capsular ligaments. Arthroscopy was performed on each hip, and the relations of the needles, and thus the ligaments, to the arthroscopic portals and other soft-tissue and osseous landmarks in the hip were recorded by use of a clock-face reference system. Results The iliofemoral ligament (ILFL) ran from 12:45 to 3 o'clock. The ILFL was pierced by the anterolateral and anterior portals just within its lateral and medial borders, respectively. The pubofemoral ligament was located from the 3:30 to the 5:30 clock position; the lateral border was at the psoas-U perimeter, and the medial border was at the junction of the anteroinferior acetabulum and the cotyloid fossa. The ischiofemoral ligament (ISFL) ran from the 7:45 to the 10:30 clock position. The posterolateral portal pierced the ISFL just inside its superior/lateral border, and the inferior/lateral border was located at the posteroinferior acetabulum. In the peripheral compartment the lateral ILFL and superior/lateral ISFL borders were in proximity to the lateral synovial fold. The medial ILFL and lateral pubofemoral ligament borders were closely approximated to the medial synovial fold. Conclusions The hip capsular ligaments have distinct and consistent arthroscopic locations within the hip joint and are associated with clearly identifiable landmarks in the central and peripheral compartments. The standard hip arthroscopy portals are closely related to the borders of the hip capsular ligaments. Clinical Relevance These findings will help orthopaedic surgeons know which structures are being addressed during arthroscopic surgery and may help in the development of future hip procedures.
Evidence for the heavy-fermion normal state of high-temperature superconductors from the theory of spectroscopy.

We show that recent angle-resolved photoemission and inverse photoemission spectra of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ agree well with a numerical theory with no adjustable parameters based on the heavy-fermion normal state. The band structure deduced from the angle-resolved photoemission is in essential accord with the calculation. The three most obvious features of the inverse photoemission spectrum, the Fermi edge, the large width of the empty portion of the band, and the satellite at 2--3 eV are in agreement with the calculation. These agreements support the heavy-fermion state as the normal state of this material.
Mathematical theory of the transmission of excitation from one tissue to another

Auf Grund der Vorstellung, dass die Erregungsleitung auf einer Wiedererregung der benachbarten Gewebebezirke durch lokale bioelektrische Strome beruht, wurde vorher eine mathematische Theorie der Fortpflanzung der Erregung im Nerv entwickelt, welche einige Tatsachen befriedigend darstellt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Theorie auf den Fall angewandt, dass die Erregung von einem Gewebe auf ein anderes ubertragen wird, wobei die beiden Gewebe verschiedene elektrische Eigenschaften haben. Es zeigt sich, dass dabei gewisse Bedingungen fur die Moglichkeit der Ubertragung der Erregung erfullt sein mussen, welche an den vonL. Lapique geforderten Isochronismus erinnern. Dans deux memoires precedents nous avons developpe une theorie mathematique de la propagation de l'excitation nerveuse, basee sur l'hypothese, que cette propagation est due a une reexcitation par les courants bioelectriques. Dans le memoire present nous etudions le cas de deux tissus adjacents, differents dans leurs constantes electriques, du point de vue du passage de l'excitation d'un tissu sur l'autre. Il se trouve, que pour que ce passage put avoir lieu, certaines relations doivent etre satisfaites, des relations qui rappellent l'isochronisme postule parL. Lapique.
Acute infectious purpura fulminans associated with asplenism or hyposplenism

Abstract Acute infectious purpura fulminans is a rapidly progressive syndrome of hemorrhagic skin necrosis associated with acute infection and disseminated intravascular coagulation. We report 5 cases of purpura fulminans and briefly review the literature. All cases were associated with encapsulated organisms ( Streptococcus pneumoniae or Group A streptococcus), and 4 of the 5 patients had asplenism or functional hyposplenism. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:493-6.)
Rapidly transported proteins released from nerve and isolated with myelin

Abstract An in vitro preparation was used to determine if rapidly transported radiolabeled protein which is isolated with the myelin fraction of frog sciatic nerves is similar to rapidly transported radiolabeled protein released from sciatic nerves. Sciatic nerves along with their eighth and ninth dorsal root ganglia were placed in modified Warburg flasks. The center well of the flasks contained 100 μCi [3H]leucine. The preparation was incubated for 24 h, the sciatic nerve removed and the myelin isolated. The solution in which the sciatic nerve portion of the preparation incubated was removed, dialyzed and lyophilized. The radiolabeled proteins isolated from myelin and those released from the nerve were separated on 10% SDS polyacrylamide gels. Results of this separation revealed that a radiolabeled protein of 100,000 dalton was isolated with myelin and released from sciatic nerves. Incubating isolated myelin in 10 mM EDTA for 14–16 h broughtabout the release of a protein of 100,000 daltons.
Effect of stover fraction and storage method on glucose production during enzymatic hydrolysis.

One avenue for overcoming the economic challenges associated with the production of ethanol from renewable resources is to reduce the cost of the biomass feedstock. The balance between storage costs and benefits depend on the storage method and composition changes of individual stover fractions. Corn stover from bales stored inside and outside of a barn was separated into an interior and exterior layer after approximately 10 months of storage. The cobs, stalks, and leaves and husks were separated, dried, and ground through a 2 mm screen. Stover, sodium acetate (buffer), cellulase, and deionized water were added to 125 ml flasks. The mixture was held at 50 °C in an incubator and samples taken for glucose determination. The average glucose concentration after 60 h of hydrolysis from cobs, leaves and husks, and stalks was 10.5, 9.6, and 3.1 g/l, respectively. Cobs, leaves, and husks produced over 300% more glucose than stalks. Storage outside of the barn decreased the glucose production from individual stover components between 4% and 8%. The effect of stover fraction type on glucose production was significant, while the storage treatment effect was not significant. Fractionation of corn stover may be a method to increase the value of corn stover as a feedstock for glucose production.
Trace element release from estuarine sediments of South Mosquito Lagoon near Kennedy Space Center

Analytical partitioning of four trace metals in estuarine sediments collected from eight sites in South Mosquito Lagoon near Kennedy Space Center, in terms of four different categories was accomplished using four different extraction techniques. The concentrations of the four trace metals, Zn, Mn, Cd, and Cu, released in interstitial water extract, 1 N ammonium acetate extract, conc. HCl extract and fusion extract of sediments as well as their concentrations in water samples collected from the same location were determined using flame atomic absorption technique. From the analytical results the percentages of total amount of each metal distributed among four different categories, interstitial water phase, acetate extractable, acid extractable and detrital crystalline material, were determined. Our results suggest that analytical partitioning of trace metals in estuarine sediments may be used to study the mechanism of incorporation of trace metals with sediments from natural waters. A correlation between the seasonal variation in the concentration of acetate extractable trace metals in the sediment and similar variation in their concentration in water was observed. A mechanism for the release of trace metals from estuarine sediments to natural water is also suggested.
Development of TiC particle-reinforced MoSi2 composite

On etudie l'effet de particules de TiC sur la microstructure, les proprietes mecaniques et le comportement a la rupture de MoSi 2 en vue du developpement de materiaux pour hautes temperatures
Epithelial sodium channels are upregulated during epidermal differentiation.

Terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes is linked to transmembrane ion flux. Previously, we have shown that amiloride, an inhibitor of epithelial sodium channels, blocks synthesis of differentiation-specific proteins in normal human keratinocytes. Here, we have identified the specific subunits of amiloride-sensitive human epithelial sodium channels in relation to differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes, as well as to epidermal development. As assessed by northern hybridization, RNase protection assay, and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, transcripts encoding functional α and regulatory β subunits of human epithelial sodium channels were expressed both in cultured keratinocytes and in epidermis at levels comparable with the kidney. The mRNA expression of both human epithelial sodium channel-α and -β increased during calcium-induced keratinocyte differentiation. Whereas the β subunit of human epithelial sodium channel was induced by elevated concentrations of calcium, the α subunit increased with duration of culture. The regulatory γ subunit was less abundant but also expressed in epidermis. Both human epithelial sodium channel-α and -β were localized throughout the nucleated layers of human adult epidermis, but these channels were not detected in early stages of fetal epidermal development. This co-ordinated expression of subunits suggests that epithelial sodium channels may play an important part in both epidermal differentiation and skin development, presumably by modulating ion transport required for epidermal terminal differentiation.
Properties of the Parabolic Anderson Model and the Anderson Polymer Model

In this article we examine some properties of the solutions of the parabolic Anderson model. In particular we discuss intermittency of the field of solutions of this random partial differential equation, when it occurs and what the field looks like when intermittency doesn't hold. We also explore the behavior of a polymer model created by a Gibbs measure based on solutions to the parabolic Anderson equation.
Navajo Mothers and Daughters: Schools, Jobs, and the Family

Navajo women's historically problematic relation to public schools might be best understood by considering the role that matrilineal networks play in giving Navajo women a place of respect as mothers and daughters—a life course to which schools contribute little. Navajo women's commitment to cooperative family relations is sharply at odds with contemporary educational practice and much educational thought, which assumes the desirability of an individualistic lifestyle and is devoted to helping students adopt a middle-class orientation.
Effect of L-arginine on systemic and renal haemodynamics in salt-sensitive patients with essential hypertension

In response to a high sodium (Na+) intake, salt-sensitive patients with hypertension retain more Na+ and manifest a greater rise in arterial pressure than salt-resistant patients. Because there is limited information regarding the role of nitric oxide (NO) in salt-sensitivity we examined the effects of L-arginine (500 mg/kg, i.v. for 30 min) on mean arterial pressure and renal haemodynamics in 21 hypertensive and five normotensive African-Americans. At the end of L-arginine infusion mean arterial pressure fell more in salt-sensitive (-11.5 +/- 2.5) than in salt-resistant (-3.7 +/- 1.5 mm Hg) and control subjects (-3.2 +/- 3.8 mm Hg). At the end of L-arginine infusion effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) increased more (P < 0.05) in controls (+108 +/- 13.9 ml/min/1.73 m2) than in salt-resistant (+55 +/- 16.0 ml/min/1.73 m2) and salt-sensitive patients (+22 +/- 21.5 ml/min/1.73 m2). This study has shown that salt-sensitive African-Americans manifest different systemic and renal haemodynamic responses to L-arginine than salt-resistant patients and controls. The fall in mean blood pressure following L-arginine was greater in salt-sensitive than in salt-resistant patients and controls, whereas the increase in ERPF was reduced in salt-sensitive compared to salt-resistant and normal subjects. The data are in keeping with the notion that a defect in NO production may participate to the genesis of blood pressure sensitivity to salt.
On the ovalisation in bending of Nylon and plastic tubes

Abstract An untruncated form of the Brazier analysis is used to model the ovalisation of plastic tubes in bending over a wide range of ovalisation values. A relationship between the different geometric parameters of the problem is obtained independently of the materials modulus. Theoretical predictions are compared with some recently reported data showing good agreement.
15-Year Experience with Surgical Treatment of Duodenal Carcinoma: a Comparison of Periampullary and Extra-Ampullary Duodenal Carcinomas

The aim of our study was to compare the outcomes of periampullary and extra-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinomas and segmental duodenal resection versus pancreatoduodenectomy and to evaluate prognostic factors. We performed a retrospective review of all adults treated for duodenal adenocarcinoma by operative resection at a large tertiary referral center from 1994 to 2009. One hundred twenty-four patients had an operation for duodenal adenocarcinoma over a 15-year period (periampullary, n = 25, and extra-ampullary, n = 99). Ninety-nine patients (80%) underwent curative resection, including 24 (96%) with periampullary and 75 (76%) with extra-ampullary carcinomas. The average number of lymph nodes sampled was eight with segmental resection and 12 with pancreatoduodenectomy (p < 0.001). Five-year overall survivals were 37% for the entire cohort (n = 124), 37% in the extra-ampullary group, and 38% in the periampullary group. Tumor size (p = 0.20), positive nodes (p = 0.60), segmental resection versus pancreatoduodenectomy (p = 0.55), adjuvant therapy (p = 0.23), and R1 versus R0 resection (p = 0.21) were not associated with survival. In contrast, advanced T stage and pathologic grade were associated with poor survival. Extra-ampullary and periampullary duodenal adenocarcinomas have similar survival after resection. For distal duodenal tumors, survival is improved by curative resection without being compromised by limited resection. The number of lymph nodes sampled was significantly less with segmental resection than pancreatoduodenectomy.
Mast cells in desquamative gingivitis, lichen planus, and pemphigoid.

Abstract Fifteen biopsy specimens of bullous lesions (five of desquamative gingivitis, five of bullous lichen planus, and five of benign mucous membrane pemphigoid) were examined for mast cells by the EACNAS-GBC technique. A seemingly specific pattern of distribution of mast cells along the basement membrane was noted in these lesions.
Foreign trade, resource allocation, and structural adjustment in Yugoslavia : 1976-80

The Yugoslav economy has weathered a number of shocks, including two increases in oil prices, two worldwide recessions, changes in the relative prices of both exports and imports, and shifts in major export markets, as well as major institutional reforms. This paper utilizes a multisector, computable general equilibrium simulation model to analyze Yugoslav economic performance during this period. The model is applied to an evaluation of the sectoral investment priorities of the 1976-80 plan; it is used to assess the incentive effects of alternative institutional mechanisms for allocating foreign exchange; and it is used to explore the relative contribution of domestic and external factors to the foreign exchange crisis that began to develop in 1979-80. The methodology is useful for estimating the incentive effects of policy actions on the behaviour of decentralized economic actors and for doing controlled, counterfactual experiments to sort out the individual effects of a number of simultaneous, interdependent factors affecting economic performance.
Synthesis and evaluation of bivalent, peptidomimetic antagonists of the αvβ3 integrins

Targeting the integrin α(v)β(3) by directly interfering with its function is considered to be an effective and non-cytotoxic strategy for the treatment of tumor. In this study, a series of bivalent analogs of peptidomimetic integrin antagonists IA 1 and IAC 2 were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the integrin α(v)β(3). All the bivalent ligands exhibited increased potency compared to that of their monomeric counterparts for the integrin α(v)β(3) with low nanomolar range binding affinity. The best bivalent ligand 6 tested in the series has an IC(50)=0.09 nM evaluated by ELISA assay. We conclude that multivalency is providing a useful template for the development novel integrin α(v)β(3) antagonists as potential therapeutics.
Metal layer resist process optimization by design of experiment

The lithography processes for the metal layers of stacked DRAM have normally been considered as one of the most important steps to determine the chip yield performance. The severe topography step-height on the metal resist processes normally leads to an insufficient UDOF for production. The Taguchi design of experiment (DOE) method is chosen in this study to optimize the resist processes on metal layers with a 1.0 micrometers topography step. The resist process parameters are arranged into the orthogonal arrays and to experimentally determine the optimized conditions for resist patterned over the severe topography step-height with 1.2 micrometers pitches. The important factors controlling the process window are reported in the paper. An increase of 4 dB in S/N response, which corresponds to an increase of 0.4 micrometers in DOF and 6% in exposure window, is achieved by using the design of the experiment. Furthermore, the control factors to determine the optimized process conditions for thick resist processes on metal topography wafers can be quite different from those for thin resist processes on bare silicone wafers.
Efficiently extendible mappings for balanced data distribution

In data storage applications, a large collection of consecutively numbered data “buckets” are often mapped to a relatively small collection of consecutively numbered storage “bins.” For example, in parallel database applications, buckets correspond to hash buckets of data and bins correspond to database nodes. In disk array applications, buckets correspond to logical tracks and bins correspond to physical disks in an array. Measures of the “goodness” of a mapping method include: One contribution of this paper is to give a new mapping method, theInterval-Round-Robin (IRR) method. The IRR method has optimal balance and relocation cost, and its time complexity and storage requirements compare favorably with known methods. Specifically, ifm is the number of times that the number of bins and/or buckets has increased, then the time complexity isO(logm) and the storage isO(m 2). Another contribution of the paper is to identify the concept of ahistory-independent mapping, meaning informally that the mapping does not “remember” the past history of expansions to the number of buckets and bins, but only the current number of buckets and bins. Thus, such mappings require very little information to be stored. Assuming that balance and relocation are optimal, we prove that history-independent mappings are possible if the number of buckets is fixed (so only the number of bins can increase), but not possible if the number of bins and buckets can both increase.
Two-photon holography with continuous-wave lasers

Two-photon holography with continuous-wave laser sources is accomplished by using carbazole dissolved in a polymethyl methacrylate host matrix as a recording medium. Gating of the holographic sensitivity for 4880-A radiation by irradiation with 3336-A radiation is demonstrated. It is shown that two-photon holographic recording can be accomplished with a wide variety of molecules characterized by four-level spectroscopic systems with cascade-excited metastable intermediate levels.
Field-scale migration of colloidal tracers in a fractured shale saprolite

A field-scale tracer experiment carried out under natural gradient ground water flow conditions showed that colloids can be highly mobile in a fractured and highly weathered shale saprolite. Four colloidal tracers (0.100 {mu}m fluorescent latex microspheres, bacteriophage strains PRD-1 and MS-2, and INA, a dead strain of Pseudomonas syringae), were introduced to a 6.4 m deep well, and concentrations of the tracers were monitored in the source well and in downgradient monitoring wells as distances of 2 to 35 m. All of the colloidal tracers were detected to distances of at least 13.5 m and two of the tracers (microspheres and INA) were detected in all of the downgradient wells. In most wells the colloidal tracers appeared as a pulse, with rapid first arrival (corresponding to 5 to 200 m/d transport velocity), one to six days of high concentrations, and then a rapid decline to below the detection limit. The colloids were transported at velocities of up to 500 times faster than solute tracers (He, Ne, and rhodamine-WT) from previous tests at the site. This is believed to be largely due to greater diffusion of the solutes into the relatively immobile pore water of the fine-grained matrix between fractures. Peakmore » colloid tracer concentrations in the monitoring wells varied substantially, with the microspheres exhibiting the highest relative concentrations and hence the least retention. Rates of concentration decline with distance also varied. indicating that retention is not a uniform process in this heterogeneous material. Two of the tracers, INA and PRD-1, reappeared in several monitoring wells one to five months after the initial pulse had passed, and the reappearance generally corresponds with increased seasonal precipitation. This is consistent with subsequent laboratory experiments that showed that colloid retention in these materials is sensitive to factors such as flow rate ad ionic strength, both of which are expected to vary with the amount of precipitation.« less
Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the distribution and biliary excretion of polychlorinated biphenyls in rats.

Abstract Plasma disappearance, biliary excretion, and tissue distribution of two polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,5,2′,5′-[ 3 H]tetrachlorobiphenyl (4-CB) and 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-[ 3 H]hexachlorobiphenyl (6-CB), was determined in rats 10 days after oral administration of a single 10 or 25 μg/kg dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD). Plasma disappearance of both PCBs was not altered by TCDD treatment, but biliary excretion was depressed. Associated with the depressed excretion was a reduction in bile flow and concentration of 4-CB- and 6-CB-derived 3 H in bile. Treatment with TCDD resulted in less PCB being distributed to the skin and a greater percentage of the dose being accumulated in the liver. The content of PCB-derived 3 H in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and urine was similar in control and TCDD-treated rats. Extraction of bile with hexane showed that the majority of biliary radioactivity was in the form of polar metabolites and that the proportion of parent PCB (hexane-extractable radioactivity) to polar metabolites was not altered by TCDD treatment. In rats given 4-CB and sacrificed 1 hr later, the majority of radioactivity in the liver was hexane extractable, and the smaller amount of hepatic radioactivity due to polar 4-CB metabolites was greater in the TCDD treatment group than in the control group. When biliary metabolites of 4-CB were administered, biliary excretion of the metabolites was depressed in TCDD-treated animals. Thus, TCDD treatment impairs the initial and main excretory pathway for PCB elimination in the rat—biliary excretion—and alters the distribution of PCBs to the skin and liver.
Ethanol-induced neuronal death in organotypic cultures of rat cerebral cortex.

Ethanol can affect normal development of the cerebral cortex, e.g., it can disrupt cell migration and exacerbate cell death. In vitro studies using primary cultures or cell lines provide further evidence that cell migration and death are altered by ethanol exposure. Organotypic cultures are more complex than primary cell cultures, and maintain some normal connectivity, thus providing a "more in vivo-like" model of brain development. We predict that exposing organotypic cultures of fetal rat cerebral cortex to ethanol results in changes similar to those described in vivo. Organotypic cultures of brains from 16-day-old fetuses were exposed to ethanol (0, 200, 400 or 800 mg/dl) for 72 h. Stereological methods were used to assess the frequency of viable and dying cells. Dying cells were identified as having DNA with polyadenylated tails or as having condensed chromatin. A small amount of cell death was evident in the marginal zone (MZ) and cortical plate (CP) of control cultures. The MZ, normally a cell body-poor layer, was enriched with somata following exposure to 400 mg/dl ethanol. Ethanol-induced cell death in the MZ; the amount of cell death was doubled following exposure to 800 mg/dl ethanol. The CP was more sensitive than the MZ; cell death increased following treatment with 400 mg/dl ethanol. Thus, organotypic cultures show that ethanol disrupts neuronal migration and increases cell death in the developing cerebral cortex. The effects of ethanol were site-specific and concentration-dependent. These changes are similar to those described in vivo.
Reflectance-difference and second-harmonic generation: a meeting of two surface spectroscopies

We quantitatively compare reflectance-difference spectra (RDS) and second harmonic generation (SHG) spectra of native-oxidized vicinal Si(001)/SiO2 interfaces with off-cut angles α = 0°, 4°, 6°, 8°, and 10° from (001) toward [110] direction. The RD spectrum and the spectrum of the first-order Fourier component of the SHG azimuthal anisotropy reveal similar derivative-like E1 resonance lineshapes, suggesting a common origin in the step-edges and the possibility of formulating a common microscopic model of the RD and SHG responses. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)