cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bipolar Junction Transistor

The first germanium alloy bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was invented by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley in 1948. The bipolar junction transistor is considered to be one of the most important electronic components used in integrated circuits (ICs) for computers, communications and power systems, and in many other digital and analog electronic circuit applications. The subsequent developments of silicon BJTs, the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), and the ICs based on BJTs and MOSFETS have revolutionized the entire electronics industry. As a result, silicon BJTs and FETs have replaced bulky vacuum tubes for various electronic circuits, computers, microwave and power systems applications. Furthermore, advances in silicon processing technologies such as the development of optical and electron-beam (E-beam) lithographies, new metallization and etching techniques, as well as ion-implantation enable the fabrication of high-performance silicon BJTs with submicron geometries for very-large-scale integrated circuit (VLSIC) applications. Recent development of new Si-Si/Geheterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and organic-chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) techniques on silicon substrates promises to offer even higher speed performance for next generation supercomputer applications.
Murine Studies to Test the Efficacy of Platelet Transfusions in the Management of Platelet Function Disorders

Abstract Background -In platelets, the nucleotide exchange factor CalDAG-GEFI (Cdg1) is critical for efficient integrin-mediated aggregation upon cellular stimulation. Mutations in Cdg1 have recently been shown to cause a novel platelet function disorder, which is characterized by partially impaired platelet aggregation and moderate-to-severe bleeding. Interestingly, platelet transfusions were successful in the treatment of bleeding in some but not all of these patients. Aims -In this study we investigated the hypotheses that (1) the hemostatic efficacy of transfused platelets is diminished by circulating malfunctional platelets, and (2) a certain ratio of “good” to “bad” platelets has to be reached in order to correct the hemostatic defect observed in these patients. Methods - A recently developed adoptive platelet transfer model was utilized to establish defined levels and ratios of wild-type (WT) to Cdg1-/- platelets in thrombocytopenic recipient mice. Additionally, WT platelets were transfused into mice lacking Cdg1, talin-1 or the extracellular domain of GPIbα (IL4α/GPIbα-tg). Hemostatic plug formation was visualized using intravital microscopy following laser ablation injury to the saphenous vein. Results - Our studies demonstrate that WT platelets are less effective in forming hemostatic plugs when co-transfused into thrombocytopenic mice with large numbers of Cdg1-/- platelets. Consistently, transfusion of WT platelets to a final level of 5 x 107 platelets/mL in circulation had only a minimal effect on the markedly prolonged bleeding time observed in Cdg1-/- or talin1-/- mice, while the same number of platelets rescued the hemostasic defect seen in platelet depleted or non-depleted IL4α/GPIbα-tg mice. Full recovery of hemostasis in Cdg1-/- mice required a final concentration of 2.5 x 108 WT platelets/mL or a ratio of not more than three Cdg1-/- platelets for every WT platelet transfused into these mice. Conclusion - Our studies in mouse models suggest limited efficacy of platelet transfusion therapy in the treatment of platelet function disorders due to competition between “good” and “bad” platelets for von Willebrand factor adhesion sites along the damaged endothelium . To correct the bleeding associated with the platelet function disorder, the fraction of transfused WT platelets has to reach ~25% of all platelets in circulation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Test of Species Distribution Model Transferability Across Environmental and Geographic Space for 108 Western North American Tree Species

Predictions from species distribution models (SDMs) are commonly used in support of environmental decision-making to explore potential impacts of climate change on biodiversity. However, because future climates are likely to differ from current climates, there has been ongoing interest in understanding the ability of SDMs to predict species responses under novel conditions (i.e., model transferability). Here we explore the spatial and environmental limits to extrapolation in SDMs using forest inventory data from 11 model algorithms with 108 tree species across the western United States. Algorithms performed well in predicting occurrence for plots that occurred in the same geographic region in which they were fitted. However, a substantial portion of models performed worse than random when predicting for geographic regions in which algorithms were not fitted. Our results suggest that for transfers in geographic space, no specific algorithm was better than another as there were no significant differences in predictive performance across algorithms. There were significant differences in predictive performance for algorithms transferred in environmental space with GAM performing best. However, the predictive performance of GAM declined steeply with increasing extrapolation in environmental space relative to other algorithms. The results of this study suggest that SDMs may be limited in their ability to predict species ranges beyond the environmental data used for model fitting. When predicting climate-driven range shifts, extrapolation may also not reflect important biotic and abiotic drivers of species ranges, and thus further misrepresent the realized shift in range. Future studies investigating transferability of process based SDMs or relationships between geodiversity and biodiversity may hold promise.
Maternal Fructose Diet-Induced Developmental Programming

Developmental programming of chronic diseases by perinatal exposures/events is the basic tenet of the developmental origins hypothesis of adult disease (DOHaD). With consumption of fructose becoming more common in the diet, the effect of fructose exposure during pregnancy and lactation is of increasing relevance. Human studies have identified a clear effect of fructose consumption on maternal health, but little is known of the direct or indirect effects on offspring. Animal models have been utilized to evaluate this concept and an association between maternal fructose and offspring chronic disease, including hypertension and metabolic syndrome. This review will address the mechanisms of developmental programming by maternal fructose and potential options for intervention.
From health search to healthcare: explorations of intention and utilization via query logs and user surveys

Objective To better understand the relationship between online health-seeking behaviors and in-world healthcare utilization (HU) by studies of online search and access activities before and after queries that pursue medical professionals and facilities. Materials and methods We analyzed data collected from logs of online searches gathered from consenting users of a browser toolbar from Microsoft (N=9740). We employed a complementary survey (N=489) to seek a deeper understanding of information-gathering, reflection, and action on the pursuit of professional healthcare. Results We provide insights about HU through the survey, breaking out its findings by different respondent marginalizations as appropriate. Observations made from search logs may be explained by trends observed in our survey responses, even though the user populations differ. Discussion The results provide insights about how users decide if and when to utilize healthcare resources, and how online health information seeking transitions to in-world HU. The findings from both the survey and the logs reveal behavioral patterns and suggest a strong relationship between search behavior and HU. Although the diversity of our survey respondents is limited and we cannot be certain that users visited medical facilities, we demonstrate that it may be possible to infer HU from long-term search behavior by the apparent influence that health concerns and professional advice have on search activity. Conclusions Our findings highlight different phases of online activities around queries pursuing professional healthcare facilities and services. We also show that it may be possible to infer HU from logs without tracking people's physical location, based on the effect of HU on pre- and post-HU search behavior. This allows search providers and others to develop more robust models of interests and preferences by modeling utilization rather than simply the intention to utilize that is expressed in search queries.
Memory and the Work of Information Professionals

The fundamental premise of this paper is that the work of information professionals relies upon, and is an extension of, memory. Memory is an essential element in shaping consciousness, so it is likewise essential to information work. The place the past occupies is a complex one, as will be demonstrated in the presentation. The past cannot simply be categorized as history, since "history" depends on agency beyond the individual information professional. Models offered by Bergson and Wilson will bring the complexity to the fore and will illustrate how information professionals rely on memory for the most fundamental aspects of information work. La premisse fondamentale de cette etude est que le travail des professionnels de l’information repose sur la memoire, et en est une extension. La memoire est un element essentiel dans la formation de la conscience, de sorte qu’elle est egalement essentielle pour le travail informationnel. La place qu’occupe le passe est une question complexe, comme cette presentation va le demontrer. Le passe ne peut pas simplement etre classe comme histoire, puisque « l’histoire » depend d’agents qui depassent le seul professionnel de l’information. Les modeles offerts par Bergson et Wilson mettront en evidence cette complexite et illustreront comment les professionnels de l’information s’appuient sur la memoire pour les aspects les plus fondamentaux du travail informationnel.
Chapter 11 B Lymphocyte Differentiation: Role of Phosphoinositides, C Kinase, and Na+-H+ Exchange

Publisher Summary The initiation of proliferation or differentiation in resting or immature cells requires the activation of Na + –H + antiport system, leading to an increase in both cytosolic [Na + ] and pH. Mitogen-stimulated PI turnover in 70Z/3 pre-B lymphocytes is accompanied by the release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores. This is accomplished via an increased production of IP3, a putative intracellular second messenger for Ca 2+ release. In these cells, the rate-limiting step for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or 12- 0 -tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)- induced differentiation, is the activation of Na + –H + exchange. The increase in [Ca 2+ ] i mediated by IP3 is not required for antiport stimulation in this cell system as phorbol esters also produce enhanced Na + –H + exchange while at the same time causing an inhibition of intracellular Ca 2+ release and an actual transient fall in [Ca 2+ ] i . In the normal sequence of events following the exposure to LPS, the small elevation in [Ca 2+ ] i complements protein kinase C activation of the antiporter. The data complements the results obtained for the effect of the drugs on PI turnover and suggests that the production of IP3 and changes in the steady-state concentration of Ca 2+ i are closely related.
Cutting Edge: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Provide Innate Immune Protection against Mucosal Viral Infection In Situ

Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful APCs capable of activating naive lymphocytes. Of the DC subfamilies, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are unique in that they secrete high levels of type I IFNs in response to viruses but their role in inducing adaptive immunity remains divisive. In this study, we examined the importance of pDCs and their ability to recognize a virus through TLR9 in immunity against genital HSV-2 infection. We show that a low number of pDCs survey the vaginal mucosa at steady state. Upon infection, pDCs are recruited to the vagina and produce large amounts of type I IFNs in a TLR9-dependent manner and suppress local viral replication. Although pDCs are critical in innate defense against genital herpes challenge, adaptive Th1 immunity developed normally in the absence of pDCs. Thus, by way of migrating directly into the peripheral mucosa, pDCs act strictly as innate antiviral effector cells against mucosal viral infection in situ.
Suboptimal Model Matching Problem for Two Frequency Scale Transfer Functions

H ? model matching problem (MMP) for single-input/single-output (SISO) two frequency scale (TFS) systems is considered.
Use of the Modified Emotional Stroop Task to Detect Suicidality in College Population.

This cross-sectional study investigated the usefulness of the emotional Stroop task (EST) as a behavioral marker for suicidal behaviors in a college population. Eight hundred twenty college students were asked to perform on the EST and to respond to suicide-related self-report measures. The results indicated that past suicide attempters were slower in responding to the word "suicide" as compared to nonattempters, and female past attempters showed more delayed response when their most recent attempt was made in the past 12 months. We did not find evidence that the EST could outperform the traditional self-report measures. Language: en
Female first marriage in East and Southeast Asia: a Kiefer-Neumann model.

Abstract Many studies have shown that schooling levels of husband and wife are important determinants of household behavior in developing countries. In this article we ask how the schooling levels of husband and wife come to be associated with each other through the marriage market. The Kiefer-Neumann model of labor market search is adapted to marital search, the aim being to explain both the positive sorting on education levels for spouses, and the positive relationship between female schooling and age at first marriage. World Fertility Survey data for Indonesia, Korea, and Malaysia are employed in the analyses.
Phonon density of states of 57-iron and 161-dysprosium in DyFe 3 by nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering under high pressure

Phonon Density of States of 57-Iron and 161-Dysprosium in DyFe3 By Nuclear Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering Under Pressure by Elizabeth Anne Tanis Dr. Lon Spight, Examination Committee Chair Professor of Physics University of Nevada, Las Vegas The dual partial phonon density of states (DOS) from two different Mossbauer isotopes (Dy and Fe) in the same material (dyfe3) was successfully measured using the nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (NRIXS) technique at high pressure. Nuclear inelastic scattering measurements yield an in-depth understanding of the element-specific dynamic properties. The Debye temperatures (ΘD), the LambMossbauer factor (fLM), and the vibrational contributions to the Helmholtz free energy (Fvib), specific heat (cV ), entropy (Svib) and internal energy (Uvib) are calculated directly from the phonon density of states.
Analysis of aliphatic waxes associated with root periderm or exodermis from eleven plant species

Aliphatic waxes can be found in association with suberized tissues, including roots. Non-polar lipids were isolated by rapid solvent extraction of mature regions of intact roots from eleven angiosperms, including both monocots and dicots. The majority of roots analyzed were taproots or tuberous taproots that had undergone secondary growth and thus were covered by a suberized periderm. The exceptions therein were maize (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.), which present a suberized exodermis. The analysis herein focused on aliphatic waxes, with particular emphasis on alkyl hydroxycinnamates (AHCs). AHCs were widely distributed, absent from only one species, were found in both aerial and subterranean portions of tuberous taproots, and were associated with the fibrous roots of both maize and rice. Most species also contained monoacylglycerols, fatty alcohols and/or free fatty acids. Carrot (Daucus carrota L.) was the outlier, containing only free fatty acids, sterols, and polyacetylenes as identified components. Sterols were the only ubiquitous component across all roots analyzed. Monoacylglycerols of ω-hydroxy fatty acids were present in maize and rice root waxes. For species within the Brassiceae, wax compositions varied between subspecies or varieties and between aerial and subterranean portions of taproots. In addition, reduced forms of photo-oxidation products of ω-hydroxy oleate and its corresponding dicarboxylic acid (10,18-dihydroxy-octadec-8-enoate, 9,18-dihydroxy-octadec-10-enoate and 9-hydroxyoctadec-10-ene-1,18-dioate) were identified as naturally occurring suberin monomers in rutabaga (Brassica napus subsp. rapifera Metzg.) periderm tissues.
Antecedents of child abuse and neglect in premature infants: a prospective study in a newborn intensive care unit

Families of premature and ill newborns admitted to a regional newborn intensive care unit were studied prospectively to assess the incidence of reported child abuse and neglect. Of the 255 infants discharged to their parents, ten were subseqtiently reported as victims of maltreatment during the first year of life. The high incidence of maltreatment (3.9%) in these Prelnatttre and ill newborns supports the findings of retrospective studies that there is an increased risk of maltreatment in these special infants. Thirteen family psychosocial characteristics, assessed by admission interview, showed significant association with later maltreatment. These family characteristics included social isolation, a family history of child abuse and neglect, serious marital problems, inadequate child care arrangements, apathetic and dependent personality styles, and inadequate child spacing. Maltreated infants were less mature at birth and had more congenital defects than their nursery mates. There was also less family-infant contact during the prolonged nursery hospitalization in families in which maltreatment eventually occurred.
Energy Restriction Reduces Metabolic Rate in Adult Male Fisher-344 Rats

Energy restriction, without malnutrition, prolongs the maximum life span of laboratory rodents. A reduction in metabolic rate has been proposed as a potential mechanism for increased longevity. The present study examines changes in metabolic rate of adult rats after a 6-wk period of energy restriction. Two groups (n = 6) of 6-mo-old male Fisher-344 rats were studied. Restricted rats were pair-fed a diet equivalent in vitamins and minerals but restricted to 60% of energy consumed by rats eating ad libitum. Average and basal metabolic rates were measured by direct calorimetry over a 24-h period without food. Fat mass and lean body mass were determined by NMR spectroscopy. After 6 wk of restriction, when expressed per kilogram of lean body mass the average metabolic rate was reduced by 14% and basal metabolic rate by 12% compared with the ad libitum diet rats (P < or = 0.01). Reduction of metabolic rate did not seem to be a transient effect of chronic energy restriction in mature rats.
A Review of “The Future of Intermodal Freight Transport: Operations, Design, and Policy”

This book is part of an Edward Elgar series on Transport Economics, Management, and Policy, edited by Kenneth Button. Several of the books in this series focus on freight transportation, and this b...
Essential phospholipids prevent islet damage induced by proinflammatory cytokines and hypoxic conditions.

Background The pancreatic islet damage that occurs through an inflammatory response and hypoxia after infusion is a major hurdle in islet transplantation. Because essential phospholipids (EPL) have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in liver disease, we analysed their protective effect on islets in inflammatory or hypoxic conditions. Methods We evaluated the viability of mouse and human islets cultured with cytokines or in hypoxic conditions for 48 h and measured cytokine expression in islets by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We then employed an in vivo mouse assay, transplanting a marginal dose of human islets treated with or without EPL into the subcapsule of the kidney in diabetic nude mice and determining the cure rate. Results The viability of mouse and human islets damaged by cytokines was significantly improved by supplementation of EPL in the culture (p = 0.003 and <0.001 for mouse and human islets respectively). EPL significantly inhibited intracellular expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in cytokine-damaged human islets (p < 0.001). The viability of human islets in hypoxic conditions was significantly better when treated with EPL (p < 0.001). In the in vivo mouse assay, the EPL-treated islet group had a higher cure rate than the untreated control, with marginal statistical significance (75 and 17% respectively, p = 0.07). Conclusions EPL could be a potent agent to protect islets from inflammatory and hypoxic conditions after isolation procedures. Further studies to clarify the effect of EPL in islet transplantation are warranted. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fadrique Furió Ceriol's Machiavellian vocabulary of contingency

Over two decades ago Helena Puigdomenech demonstrated that Niccolo Machiavelli's political treatises circulated openly in Spain for roughly thirty years in the second half of the sixteenth century. Despite the Roman Index of 1559, Machiavelli was not prohibited in Spain until Quiroga's Index of 1583. Soon after this date, Machiavelli's fortune in Spain would become inevitably linked to the Spanish anti-Machiavellian tradition, which Pedro de Ribadeneyra inaugurated with his Tratado de la Religion y Virtudes que deue tener el Principe Christiano, first published in 1595, and which lasted throughout the first half of the seventeenth century. The question of what Spaniards took out of their reading of Machiavelli continues unanswered. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that Furio Ceriol not only appropriated Machiavelli's political vocabulary in general and adapted it to Philip II's monarchical ideology but also borrowed extensively from Il Principe in order to advise his king on the best way to deal with the rebellion in the Low Countries.
Maternal fever during early pregnancy and the risk of oral clefts.

An increased risk of birth defects after hyperthermic exposures has been confirmed in animal studies, but population studies have yielded inconsistent results. Oral clefts are a common birth defect and have been associated with these exposures in some of these studies. In this study, data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study was used to evaluate the association of maternal report of febrile illness in early pregnancy and the risk of oral clefts. All oral cleft cases born between 1997 and 2004 were compared with nonmalformed controls born in the same geographical region during the same time period. Mothers reporting febrile illness during pregnancy were stratified by fever grade and antipyretic use. Logistic regression models were used to generate crude and adjusted odds ratios for exposure to fever and association with each oral cleft phenotype. The dataset included 5821 controls, 1567 cases of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL+/-P) and 835 cases of cleft palate only. A modestly increased risk was observed for isolated CL+/-P (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.63). Stratification by fever grade (body temperature or =101.5 degrees F) did not yield significant differences in risk. Risk estimates were higher among women who reported a fever, but did not take antipyretics to control their fever, particularly for nonisolated compared with isolated oral clefts. This finding suggests that adequate control of fever may diminish the deleterious effects of fever in cases of oral cleft.
Capital adjustment patterns on Dutch pig farms

This paper develops a generalised adjustment cost framework that explicitly accounts for zero investments on Dutch pig farms. A farm-specific flexible adjustment cost function is used to account for differences in adjustment costs between farms. Using the Generalised Method of Moments the Euler equations for investment in buildings and machinery are estimated on a panel of specialised Dutch pig farms. It is found that adjustment costs are an important determinant in investment for buildings but not for machinery.
Phosphorus Forms and Their Changes in Water of Three Subalpine Lakes in Italy

Total phosphorus and its main forms: dissolved mineral, dissolved organic, particulate organic and particulate mineral in the vertical water column of three subalpine lakes of various types in Italy, has been estimated during the winter-vernal season. The range of variation in the phosphorus content in these waters was as follows: total phosphorus 16 ± 2860 μg/1 PO4, dissolved mineral phosphorus 4 ± 1040 μg/l PO4, dissolved organic phosphorus 1 ± 160μg/l PO4, particulate organic phosphorus 0 ± 290 μg/l PO4 and particulate mineral phosphorus 1 ± 100 μg/l PO4, Generally the content of total phosphorus and dissolved mineral phosphorus (phosphates) increased with the degree of eutrophy with the depth and with the progress of the vernal season towards the summer stagnation time. The amount of phosphates increased in water with the depletion of oxygen, both in the verical water column and with the progress of stagnation time. The amounts of dissolved organic phosphorus decressed with the depth of the vertical water column whereas the dissolved mineral phosphorus increased. The development of the particulate organic phosphorus stratification in the vertical water column was clearly visible in the eutrophic lake. The quantities of total phosphorus and its main component, dissolved mineral phosphorus, decreased evidently from January to May in all three lakes, mostly in the eutrophic lake. The reason of this decrease is sorption by lake sediments and to a certain degree sedimentation of phosphorus sorbed by ferric hydroxide. The increase of dissolved mineral phosphorus and that of total phosphorus in the vertical water column and with the progress of summer stagnation had as a reason the liberation of phosphorus from sediments, and not so much decomposition of sedimentating plankton or dissolved organic phosphorus. The share of single (mean) values of phosphorus forms in the total phosphorus was as follows: In the oligotrophic lake the share of particulate mineral phosphorus was extremely high in March (21% of the total), probably because of the inflow of the melting waters from the drainage area. The development of vertical stratification in waters of three subalpine Italian lakes at the end of the vernal season (May) indicates the quantitative prevailing of dissolved mineral phosphorus with its increase with the depth and domination of dissolved organic phosphorus in the trophogenic zone.
The Spectrum of Molybdenum V

The spectrum of Mo V has been excited in a vacuum spark and photographed with a vacuum spectrograph. With the aid of the irregular doublet law applied to the Sr I-like isoelectronic sequence, lines involving combinations of $4{d}^{2}^{3}(\mathrm{FP})$, $4d5s^{1,3}D$, $4d5d^{1}(\mathrm{PD})$, and $4d5d^{3}(\mathrm{DF})$ with $4d5p^{3,1}({F}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}{D}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}{P}^{\ensuremath{\circ}})$ and $4d4f^{3}({G}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}{F}^{\ensuremath{\circ}})$, and lying in the spectral region from 2100A to 400A have been identified. Estimates of the absolute term values have been made from a Moseley diagram.
Anatomic evaluation of the Morcher capsular tension ring by ultrasound biomicroscopy.

Purpose To analyze the anatomic position of the Morcher capsular tension ring (CTR) by anterior segment ultrasound biomicroscopy. Setting Academic institution. Methods Fourteen pseudophakic eyes (13 patients) with placement of a Morcher CTR during cataract extraction had ultrasound biomicroscopy. Results In all eyes, the CTR had a position between the intraocular lens haptics and the ciliary body without posterior iris touch. Conclusions In this small population of eyes, the Morcher CTR was found to be in a consistent, safe, and stable location in the capsular bag.
How Can Perceived Autonomy Support Influence Enrollment in Elective Physical Education? A Prospective Study

This prospective study was designed to investigate the influence of high students' perceived teacher autonomy support in mandatory physical education on their intention and actual enrollment in elective physical education. Participants included 545 ninth-grade students enrolled in three suburban high schools in a major midwestern metropolitan area. A series of hypothesized models related to autonomy support within the Theory of Planned Behavior were tested. Structural equation modeling results demonstrated that perceived autonomy support provided by teachers in mandatory physical education could predict elective physical education enrollment indirectly via the mediation of attitudes and intention in the Theory of Planned Behavior. Providing support for students' autonomy in physical education may hold potential promise for enhancing their future physical activity engagement.
Recognizing and overcoming analytical error in the use of ICP-MS for the determination of cadmium in breakfast cereal and dietary supplements

The potential effect of spectral interference on the accurate measurement of the cadmium (Cd) mass fraction in fortified breakfast cereal and a variety of dietary supplement materials using inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry was studied. The materials were two new standard reference materials (SRMs)--SRM 3233 Fortified Breakfast Cereal and SRM 3532 Calcium Dietary Supplement--as well as several existing materials--SRM 3258 Bitter Orange Fruit, SRM 3259 Bitter Orange Extract, SRM 3260 Bitter Orange-containing Solid Oral Dosage Form, and SRM 3280 Multivitamin/Multielement Tablets. Samples were prepared for analysis using the method of isotope dilution and measured using various operating and sample introduction configurations including standard mode, collision cell with kinetic energy discrimination mode, and standard mode with sample introduction via a desolvating nebulizer system. Three isotope pairs, (112)Cd/(111)Cd, (113)Cd/(111)Cd, and (114)Cd/(111)Cd, were measured. Cadmium mass fraction results for the unseparated samples of each material, measured using the three instrument configurations and isotope pairs, were compared to the results obtained after the matrix was removed via chemical separation using anion exchange chromatography. In four of the six materials studied, measurements using the standard mode with sample introduction via the desolvating nebulizer gave results for the unseparated samples quantified with the (112)Cd/(111)Cd isotope pair that showed a positive bias relative to the matrix-separated samples, which indicated a persistent inference at m/z112 with this configuration. Use of the standard mode, without the desolvating nebulizer, also gave results that showed a positive bias for the unseparated samples quantified with the (112)Cd/(111)Cd isotope pair in three of the materials studied. Collision cell/kinetic energy discrimination mode, however, was very effective for reducing spectral interference for Cd in all of the materials and isotope pairs studied, except in the multivitamin/multielement matrix (SRM 3280) where the large corrections for known isobaric interferences or unidentified interferences compromised the accuracy. For SRM 3280, matrix separation provided the best method to achieve accurate measurement of Cd.
Isospin and decay modes of 6Li states from 7Li(τ, α) 6Li and 7Li(τ, α) 6Li∗ (d)4He reactions at Eτ = 1.5 MeV

Abstract The 7 Li (τ, α) 6 Li and 7 Li(τ, α) 6 Li∗(d) 4 He reactions have been used to study the energy levels of 6 Li. Singles spectra provide evidence for five states below 6 MeV of excitation energy. These include the ground state and four excited states at 2.18, 3.56, 4.57 and 5.36 MeV. One- and two-parameter coincidence data confirm the identification of these levels and aid in the determination of decay modes and isospin assignments. The deduced isospin assignments for the five levels are T = 0, 0, 1, 0 and 1 with a small T = 0 impurity, respectively.
Fine Structure of RNA Codewords Recognized by Bacterial, Amphibian, and Mammalian Transfer RNA

Nucleotide sequences of 50 RNA codons recognized by amphibian and mammalian liver transfer RNA preparations were determined and compared with those recognized by Escherichia coli transfer RNA. Almost identical translations were obtained with transfer RNA from guinea pig liver, Xenopus laevis liver (South African clawed toad), and E. coli. However, guinea pig and Xenopus transfer RNA differ markedly from E. coli transfer RNA in relative response to certain trinucleotides. Transfer RNA from mammalian liver, amphibian liver, and amphibian muscle respond similarly to trinucleotide codons. Thus the genetic code is essentially universal, but transfer RNA from one organism may differ from that of another in relative response to some codons.
The rise and fall of candidate Perot: Unmediated versus mediated politics—Part I

The article uses Ross Perot's campaign for president in 1992 as a case study in how two key political institutions, the conventional political press and the party system, mediate the effects of political communication. From an analysis of events in both the spring of 1992 and the general election, the Texan was highly effective when he could appeal to voters in an essentially unmediated fashion. His candidacy failed, however, because it could not deal effectively with the political institutions by which the United States customarily selects its presidents. For example, Perot's appearances on morning interview programs persuaded roughly 20 percent of those seeing them to support his candidacy. Because the audiences for these shows were relatively small, however, Perot's initial rise in the polls and his subsequent decline were driven mainly by coverage in the conventional press. Part I of the article deals with the earliest, relatively unmediated phase of Perot's campaign and the take‐off phase of the medi...
Controlled study of effects of plasma of schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychiatric patients on chicken erythrocytes.

THERE are a large number of reports, dating from about 1890, of the detection of abnormalities in the body fluids of schizophrenic patients by bioassay.r-3 These findings have been based largely on studies on chronic schizophrenic patients and the literature is replete with contradictions and failures at corroboration. Failure to control these studies for factors, such as diet, history of infectious diseases, and altered activity status, as well as the nonspecific nature of most of the assay procedures used, may account for the unreproducible results.2,3 More recently, FROHMAN et aZ.435 have reported a biochemical assay which could detect a difference between the plasma or serum of some schizophrenic patients and that of normal volunteers. When plasmas were incubated with chicken erythrocytes, high terminal ratios of lactate to pyruvate (L/P) were associated with some schizophrenic patients. These findings are of particular interest for a number of reasons. In the first place, the use of a cell suspension rather than an intact animal for the bioassay offers a greater possibility of exploring the mechanism of action of the postulated plasma factor. Secondly, these were among the very few studies which employed controls for a number of adventitious variables. Furthermore, similar results were obtained at two different hospitals, geographically far apart, so that the findings were not limited to one particular patient population.5 Two independent groups were unable to confirm the initial reports of FROHMAN et aZ.e*’ However, because of differences in methodology and the small number of subjects used in one study, these independent studies do not disprove that the plasmas of some schizophrenics have a different effect on chicken erythrocytes than do the plasmas of normal volunteers.* In preliminary studies we found it difficult to reproduce the bioassay results of Frohman and colleagues. It was established, however, that human plasma contains an antibody which produces a complement-linked immune lysis of chicken erythrocytes and an associated stimulation of aerobic glycolysis.**g The extent of the reaction
Frequency variations of the Earth's obliquity and the 100-kyr ice-age cycles

Changes in the earth's climate are induced by variations in the earth's orbital parameters which modulate the seasonal distribution of solar radiation. Periodicities in the geological climate record with cycles of 100, 41, and 23 kyr have been linked with changes in obliquity, eccentricity, and precession of the equinoxes. The effect of variations of eccentricity during a 100 kyr period is weak relative to the signals from obliquity and precession variations and it may therefore be expected that the 100 kyr signal in the climate record would be of low intensity. However, this signal dominates the climate record and internal nonlinear processes within the climate system have previously been proposed to account for this fact. The author shows that variations in the frequency of the obliquity cycle can give rise to strong 100-kyr forcing of climate.
Somatostatin depletion of the gut and pancreas induced by cysteamine is not prevented by vagotomy or by dopamine agonists

Abstract The role of endogenous somatostatin in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration was investigated in the present study by using the cysteamine animal model of the disease. Our previous studies showed a rapid and multiorgan depletion of somatostatin immunoreactivity (SIR) in rats given a single dose of duodenal ulcerogen cysteamine. We now determined whether acetylcholinergic and dopaminergic modulation (both known to influence the development of duodenal ulcer) are accompanied by modification of cysteamine-induced SIR depletion in rat organs. Vagotomy performed either 1 or 18 h before cysteamine administration did not interfere with the chemically induced SIR decrease in pancreas, gastric and duodenal mucosa. Vagal denervation alone had no marked influence on SIR levels but if combined with cysteamine, the SIR depletion in the stomach was significantly more pronounced than after the duodenal ulcerogen alone. Pretreatment with the dopamine agonists bromocriptine or lergotrile (known to prevent the chemically induced duodenal ulcers) did not influence the SIR depletion by cysteamine. Thus cysteamine depletes endogenous somatostatin in peripheral organs (e.g., stomach, duodenum, pancreas) by mechanisms independent of both vagus nerve and dopamine agonists. A role of central somatostatin depletion leading to disinhibition of vagus is also considered in the pathogenesis of experimental duodenal ulcer.
Introduction to Special Section: Locating the psychosocial – Using Klein, Bion, Winnicott, Lacan, and relational theory to treat transgenerational trauma

The essays in this collection, written by six clinicians informed by contemporary analytic theory and practice, engage in different ways with Haydee Faimberg's case of Mario. Presented in her Telescoping Generations as an example of the transgenerational transmission of trauma, Mario's case raises the question of the place and importance of the psychosocial in the clinical encounter, and of the ways in which historical and social factors are considered by various practitioners aligned with diverse currents in contemporary psychoanalytic thinking.
Evaluating linguistic equivalence of patient-reported outcomes in a cancer clinical trial.

Background In order to make meaningful cross-cultural or cross-linguistic comparisons of health-related quality of life (HRQL) or to pool international research data, it is essential to create unbiased measures that can detect clinically important differences. When HRQL scores differ between cultural/linguistic groups, it is important to determine whether this reflects real group differences, or is the result of systematic measurement variability.Purpose To investigate the linguistic measurement equivalence of a cancer-specific HRQL questionnaire, and to conduct a sensitivity analysis of treatment differences in HRQL in a clinical trial.Methods Patients with newly diagnosed chronic myelogenous leukemia (n = 1049) completed serial HRQL assessments in an international Phase III trial. Two types of differential item functioning (uniform and non-uniform) were evaluated using item response theory and classical test theory approaches. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to compare HRQL between treatment arms u...
A kinetic characterization of calcium on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and its potential role as a link between extracellular and intracellular events: hypothesis for digitalis-induced inotropism.

Abstract The action of calcium on (Na + + K + )-ATPase activity was examined with respect to a potential role as a link between extracellular and intracellular phenomena. Calcium modulates enzyme activity in three ways. (a) Calcium competes with magnesium for a “site” that requires magnesium for activity. The dissociation constant of this “site” for calcium was about 55 μ m . (b) Calcium competes with sodium for sodium activation sites. Use of a three equivalent site model for sodium activation revealed a dissociation constant for calcium at these sites of about 405 μ m . Since these two reactions are thought to take place in situ on the intracellular surface of the cell membrane and the dissociation constants for calcium are relatively high, it is suggested that calcium-magnesium and calcium-sodium competition for sites on the (Na + + K + )-ATPase probably could be of physiological significance only in tissues that possess relatively high intracellular concentrations of free calcium. Thus, these sites may not be sensitive enough to effect calcium binding in, for example, the heart, squid axons and mammalian nerve, where the free intracellular calcium is very low. (c) Calcium lowers the amount of potassium required to half-maximally activate (Na + + K + )-ATPase. Potassium activation of these preparations was predicted by a two nonequivalent site model. Calcium may either increase the affinity of one of these two sites for potassium or partially substitute for potassium at the site. The latter possibility suggests that under certain conditions, the sodium pump may couple sodium efflux with potassium plus calcium influx. The positive inotropic effect of ouabain may be mediated by a calcium (influx)-potassium (efflux) exchange through the glycoside-inhibited pump.
The virtue of simplicity.

Multiple local motions must be combined to determine the direction of object motion, which is harder than it seems. A new paper proposes an elegant and simple solution to this problem, eminently realizable in feed-forward circuits.
Mescaline and LSD: Direct and indirect effects on serotonin-containing neurons in brain

Abstract The effects of mescaline and d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) applied by microiontophoresis to single raphe neurons were compared to the effects of mescaline and LSD given systemically. LSD inhibited all raphe cells when given intravenously (i.v.) or microiontophoretically. No decrease in action potential size was seen in either case during the onset or recovery stages. Mescaline i.v., 2–8 mg/kg, produced an inhibition of a sub-population of these cells. As in the case of LSD, there was no decrease in action potential size. Microiontophoretic mescaline produced a slowing of firing rate at high ejection currents. In contrast to i.v. or microiontophoretic LSD or i.v. mescaline, the slowing produced by microiontophoretic mescaline was always associated with a decrease in action potential size. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the populations of cells depressed by microiontophoretic mescaline and i.v. mescaline. These data indicate that mescaline has differing effects on raphe neurons depending on whether it is given systemically or microiontophoretically. In contrast, LSD given systemically or microiontophoretically has similar effects on raphe neurons.
TRUSTED ILLIAC: A Configurable Hardware Framework for a Trusted Computing Base

Summary form only given. Trusted ILLIAC is a reliable and secure computing platform being built at the University of Illinois Coordinated Science Laboratory (CSL) and Information Trust Institute (ITI), involving faculty from Electrical and Computer Engineering and Computer Science Departments. The end goal is a large, demonstrably trustworthy enterprise-class computing system to support, what is variously referred to as on-demand/utility computing or adaptive enterprise-computing Such systems require that a significant number of applications co-exist and share hardware/software resources using a variety of containment boundaries. Current solutions aim at providing hardware and software solutions that can only be described as one-size-fits-all approaches. Today's cyber-infrastructures are complex, expensive to implement, and nearly impossible to validate The challenge is to provide an application-specific level of reliability and security in a totally transparent manner, while delivering optimal performance. A promising approach lies in developing a new set of methods that provide customized levels of trust (specified by the application) enforced in hardware, using an integrated approach involving reprogrammable hardware, enhanced compiler methods to extract security and reliability properties;. Our approach is to demonstrate such a set of integrated techniques that span entire system hierarchy: processor hardware, operating system, and application. This talk will describe the current status, the prototype hardware and software and on-going plans. Trusted ILLIAC is based on research and support provided by, among others, The National Science Foundation, MARCO/GSRC (SRC and DARPA), IBM, HP, AT&T, AMD, Intel, Motorola, XILINX, and the State of Illinois.
Synthesis and re-investigation of the elastic properties of single-crystal magnesium silicate perovskite

Abstract Single crystals of MgSiO3 in the perovskite structure have been grown at a peak pressure of 26 GPa and temperature of ∼ 1600 K using a 2000 ton uniaxial split-sphere high-pressure apparatus (USSA-2000). The specimens were subsequently utilized to re-investigate the single-crystal elastic properties of this phase at ambient conditions using laser Brillouin spectroscopy. The nine adiabatic single-crystal elastic stiffness coefficients, in units of GPa, are: C11 = 482, C22 = 537, C33 = 485, C44 = 204, C55 = 186, C66 = 147, C12 = 144, C13 = 147, C23 = 146. The resulting estimated Voigt-Reuss-Hill (VRH) aggregate isotropic elastic moduli are: K = 264.0 and μ = 177.3 GPa, respectively. The single-crystal elastic moduli of MgSiO3 perovskite display a pattern that is elastically somewhat anisotropic. The maximum shear and compressional velocities are 18% and 7% greater than the minimum. The [010] crystallographic direction contains both the fastest and the slowest shear wave velocities. If, under lower mantle conditions, magnesium silicate perovskite grains were to become preferentially oriented, a shear wave propagating in the Earth's lower mantle could become polarized with two distinct velocities. The observed density and seismic parameter of the lower mantle over the depth range of 1000–2700 km are compared with the calculated profiles for a model mantle consisting of pure perovskite (Mg0.89,Fe0.11)SiO3 and for a mixture composed of silicate perovskite and magnesiowustite using our new elasticity results. At present, literature values of thermoelastic properties for silicate perovskite, in particular, the coefficient of thermal expansion and the temperature derivative of the isothermal bulk modulus, vary widely. Because of this disparity, we find that mantle models ranging from pure perovskite to ‘pyrolitic’-type compositions provide acceptable fits to the seismically observed density and velocity profiles of the Earth's lower mantle.