cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tetrahedral and hexahedral mesh adaptation for CFD problems

This paper presents two unstructured mesh adaptation schemes for problems in computational fluid dynamics. The procedures allow localized grid refinement and coarsening to efficiently capture aerodynamic flow features of interest. The first procedure is for purely tetrahedral grids; unfortunately, repeated anisotropic adaptation may significantly deteriorate the quality of the mesh. Hexahedral elements, on the other hand, can be subdivided anisotropically without mesh quality problems. Furthermore, hexahedral meshes yield more accurate solutions than their tetrahedral counterparts for the same number of edges. Both the tetrahedral and hexahedral mesh adaptation procedures use edge-based data structures that facilitate efficient subdivision by allowing individual edges to be marked for refinement or coarsening. However, for hexahedral adaptation, pyramids, prisms, and tetrahedra are used as buffer elements between refined and unrefined regions to eliminate hanging vertices. Computational results indicate that the hexahedral adaptation procedure is a viable alternative to adaptive tetrahedral schemes.
VOCs removal from waste gases: gas-phase bioreactor for the abatement of hexane by Aspergillus niger

In this study, a biofilter reactor was successfully applied to remove hexane (a volatile organic compound) from contaminated air streams. Since hexane is very poorly water soluble and hardly metabolized by most bacteria, because of its short hydrocarbon chain, a gas-phase bioreactor inoculated by Aspergillus niger was adopted. In fact, filamentous fungi include many paraffin-degrading species and develop aerial structures which give a large superficial area and allow for a direct pollutant mass transfer from the gas phase to the biological one without the presence of a liquid phase which is a limiting factor for hydrophobic compounds. Soil near gasoline stations was chosen as an adequate source for isolation of suitable fungi strains which were, then, selected principally on the basis of hexane tolerance. A lab-scale bioreactor of 0.00177 m 3 was assembled with expanded clay inoculated with the selected strain as the medium. After a first trial to assess the feasibility of the process, many experimental runs were carried out in order to investigate the stability of the system in the long period together with the trend of the elimination capacity and removal efficiency depending on the organic load. The flow rate was always kept constant (0.004 m 3 /h), while the hexane concentration in the inlet stream varied from 2 to 20 g/m 3 /h. At a certain point of the experimentation a second identical reactor was connected in series to the first one. The system proved to be efficient and stable during a 2-month trial. The average elimination capacity was 150 g/m 3 reactor/h and it increased with the organic load until a maximum level after a load of 300 g/m 3 reactor/h. On the opposite, the removal efficiency was over 70% for the lowest hexane concentrations. Considering the plant as the sum of the two biofiltration columns, the RE was almost always over 80%. The fungal development onto the support was also monitored in terms of weight increase and visual assessment by SEM observations of expanded clay particles from the biofilters. A good aerial mycelial growth was observed together with a large amount of spores over almost all the support surface. A steady-state model was tested to describe the process but many parameters are still lacking since they are very hard to determine. In particular, some preliminary kinetic tests showed the great variability of the fungi growth inside the bioreactor.
Antibody-dependent phagocytosis of haptenated liposomes by human neutrophils is dependent on the physical state of the liposomal membrane

In the present study we have examined the response of human neutrophils to specific antibody-dependent stimulation by spin-label haptenated fluid phase and solid phase liposomes. Both fluid and solid liposomal antigens are shown to stimulate the neutrophil respiratory burst to approximately equivalent degrees as assessed by measurement of oxygen consumption or oxidation of [1-14C]glucose to 14CO2. In contrast, release of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide from the neutrophils is stimulated to a significantly greater degree by fluid-phase liposomes than by the equivalent solid-phase liposomes. This apparent discrepancy is shown to be due to an inability of the neutrophils to phagocytose fluid-phase liposomes under conditions in which solid-phase liposomes are readily phagocytosed. A fluorescence assay, which does not depend upon binding measurements, has been developed in order to quantitate liposomal phagocytosis.
Electrical maturation of the murine oocyte: an increase in calcium current coincides withacquisition of meiotic competence

We have used the whole-cell recording technique to compare three stages of primary and secondary oocytes from F1 hybrid mice (C57BL/6J x SJL/J):neonatal germinal vesicle (NGV) stage primary oocytes from 10- to 20-day-old, prepubescent mice; mature germinal vesicle (MGV) stage primary oocytes from 12-week-old, post-pubescent, superovulated mice; first polar body (FPB) stage secondary oocytes from 12-week-old, post-pubescent mice during the normal oestrus cycle or following superovulation. NGV, MGV and FPB oocytes all exhibit two voltage-dependent currents: an inward, rapidly activating/inactivating current, and an outward, slowly activating/non-inactivating current. In 1.5 mmol/1 external Ca the average peak inward current is − 2.9, − 12.4 and − 13.8 μA/cm2 in NGV, MGV and FPB oocytes, respectively. In 20 mmol/1 Ca these currents increase and the reversal potential shifts to the right. The outward current decreases slightly with growth and development: at 40 mV test potentials, NGV oocytes have average outward currents of 8.9 μA/cm2, and MGV and FPB oocytes have currents of 5.0 and 5.5 μA/cm2, respectively. Thus, MGV oocytes express FPB current patterns. The reversal potentials, kinetics and pharmacology of the currents indicate that Ca channels carry the inward current and K channels carry the outward current. During growth in vivo a gradual depolarisation accompanies maturation. Resting potentialsranged from − 45 to − 30 mV in NGV oocytes to − 35 to − 17 mV in MGV oocytes to − 20 mV to − 3 mV in FPB oocytes. These data suggest that a selective increase occurs in the number of Ca channels during oocyte growth. This increase precedes nuclear maturation and coincides with the acquisition of meiotic competence.
The road to embryologically based dose-response models.

The goal of researchers working in the area of developmental toxicology is to prevent adverse reproductive outcomes (early pregnancy loss, birth defects, reduced birth weight, and altered functiona...
Photorefractive Properties Of Ferroelectric BaTiO 3 and SBN:60

The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the photorefractive effect in two different classes of materials--perovskite BaTiO_3 and tungsten bronze SBN--have been examined. The interesting features of these measurements indicate that two-beam coupling coefficients, response times, and absorption coefficients enhanced significantly in doped crystals which appear to be suitable for future device concepts. A comparison of these materials showed that Ce-doped SBN:60 single crystals are superior to BaTiO_3 for use in photorefractive applications due to higher two-beam coupling, sensitivity, and overall flexibility of tungsten bronze crystals.
Pityriasis rosea update: 1986

Pityriasis rosea is a common self-limited dermatologic disorder. It appears to be a nonspecific cutaneous reaction pattern with a large number of causes. Current evidence indicates that a cell-mediated immune mechanism may be important in its pathogenesis.
the evolutionary significance of adolescent initiation ceremonies

Adolescent initiation ceremonies are examined with regard to features of subsistence economy and social organization. Various characteristics of the ceremonies are coded separately for boys and girls in a worldwide sample of preindustrial societies. A ceremony is more often present for girls than for boys, especially in societies at a low level of technological development, indicating an evolutionary trend for presence of ceremony and for sex of initiate. Sex differentiation is emphasized in various attributes of the ceremonies, [adolescence, gender, initiation ceremonies, sex roles, sexual solidarity]
Structure and performance of US wholesale trade

Using an industry-level sample, the author examines the extent to which wholesale trade is carried out by vertically integrated as opposed to non-integrated distributors. Using this sample and a sample of divisions of manufacturing firms, he tests the impact of industry structure, group structure within industry and firm structure on performance at the wholesale level.
Effect of genetic modification of tyrosine-185 on the proton pump and the blue-to-purple transition in bacteriorhodopsin.

Abstract The retinylidene chromophore mutant (Y185F) of bacteriorhodopsin, in which Tyr-185 is substituted by phenylalanine, is examined and compared with wild-type bacteriorhodopsin expressed in Escherichia coli; both were reinstituted similarly in vesicles. The Y185F mutant shows (at least) two distinct spectra at neutral pH. Upon light absorption, the blue species (which absorbs in the red) behaves as if "dead"--i.e., neither its tyrosine nor its protonated Schiff base undergoes deprotonation nor does its tryptophan fluorescence undergo quenching. This result is unlike either the purple species (which absorbs in the blue) or wild-type bacteriorhodopsin expressed in E. coli. As the pH increases, both the color changes and the protonated Schiff base deprotonation efficiency suggest a blue-to-purple transition of the Y185F mutant near pH 9. If this blue-to-purple transition of Y185F corresponds to the blue-to-purple transition of purple-membrane (native) bacteriorhodopsin (occurring at pH 2.6) and of wild-type bacteriorhodopsin expressed in E. coli (occurring at pH 5), the protein-conformation changes of this transition as well as the protonated Schiff base deprotonation may be controlled not by surface pH alone, but rather by the coupling between surface potential and the general protein internal structure around the active site. The results also suggest that Tyr-185 does not deprotonate during the photocycle in purple-membrane bacteriorhodopsin.
Design and performance of a 50 mK rapid turnaround detector characterization system

Abstract Upcoming major NASA missions such as the Einstein Inflation Probe and the Single Aperture Far-Infrared Observatory will require arrays of detectors with thousands of background-limited elements sensitive to wavelengths from ∼ 50 μ m to ∼ 3 mm . Because of the low power levels present in space with cryogenic telescopes, these detectors will likely operate at temperatures below 100 mK. In order to make rapid progress on detector development, the cryogenic testing cycle must be made convenient and quick. We have developed a cryogenic detector characterization system capable of testing superconducting detector arrays in formats up to 8 × 32 , read out by SQUID multiplexers. The system relies on the cooling of a two-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator immersed in a liquid helium bath. This approach permits a detector to be cooled from 300 K to 50 mK in under 6 h, so that a test cycle begun in the morning will be over by the end of the day. The system is modular, with two identical immersible units, so that while one unit is cooling, the second can be reconfigured for the next battery of tests.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TISSUE PRETREATMENTS ON THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF EXPRESSED PLANT SAP

The information accumulated by plant physiologists reveals more and more clearly the importance of the physico-chemical properties of plant sap in the metabolic activities and resistance of plants to adverse environmental factors. Although pretreatment of plant tissue has received the attention of several workers (4, 7, 11, 12), no systematic comparison of the methods employed has been made in regard to coniferous needles. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different expression pressures, various methods of tissue pretreatment and time of sampling on the yield and physico-chemical properties of plant sap expressed from coniferous foliage. Needles from the current season's growth were collected in June from a plantation of 15-year-old red pines, Pinus resinosa Ait. Most of the samples were sealed in air-tight plastic bags, frozen with solid C02, and taken to the laboratory for analysis. The sap was expressed by means of the Carver Laboratory hydraulic press and cage equipment. In most cases, a pressure on the tissue of 2,080 lbs. was used. This procedure removed about 60% of the total moisture from the tissue. The expressed sap was subjected to centrifuging for 10 minutes at approximately 1000 times gravity, but no solid material was separated and subsequently centrifuging was abandoned. The volume of the expressed sap was recorded and the freezing point depression, conductance, and content of total solids were determined in as short a time as possible. The sap was frozen and stored in a freezer at 5° C for further analysis. The freezing point depression was obtained by means of the DruckerBurian cryoscopic apparatus (5). The cell sap was undercooled one degree before being seeded with an ice crystal. The observed freezing point was corrected by using the formula and table of HARRIS and GORTNER (10). The electrical resistance was determined by using a resistance bridge with a platinum conductance cell, manufactured by the Industrial Instrument Company. The temperature was controlled at 28° C by means of a water bath. The resistance of a sample of 10 ml. of sap was determined and converted to conductance (9). The total solid content of the sap was determined by the refractometer method of GORTNER and HOFFMAN (8). The refractive indices were converted to per cent. total solids by the International Scale of Refractive Indices of Sucrose Solutions, and temperature corrections were made by means of the International Correction Tables (1). The content of ash was determined by slowly evaporating 20 ml. of plant sap to dryness on an electric hot plate with subsequent heating in an electric muffle furnace at 4500 C for 12 hours. After weighing, the ash was dis-
Legitimizing Human Rights: Beyond Mythical Foundations and Into Everyday Resonances

What is the source of human rights’ resonance and does that legitimize working on human rights transnationally? This article responds both to human rights critics (among them relativists, poststructuralists, and some Queer theorists) and supporters (legal, philosophical, and historical universalists) who assume human rights’ source is in some sort of singular foundation. This is a shared misconception. Human rights’ global resonance does not come from one foundation but rather flows out of human rights’ mutually dependent groundings in law, politics, institutions, and norms. A key element to the intersections among these groundings is the impact of transnational conversations in which local actors have had a substantial stake and which have contributed to human rights’ continuing rearticulations. The vitality of the intersections between human rights and bottom-up social movements is what gives the lie both to overly top-down conceptualizations of human rights as well as to overly structuralist dismissals...
Polymorphisms of DQβ genes in HLA-DR4 haplotypes from healthy and diabetic individuals

The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of DQ β was assessed in a panel of control and insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) patients who were serologically typed as HLA-DR4 homozygotes or HLA-DR3, DR4 heterozygotes. Digestions of genomic DNA with Barn HI, Bg1 II, Pst I, Xba I, and Hind III revealed a total of 15 RFLPs in the panel of 71 HLA-DR4 chromosomes. These RFLPs were organized into six allelic groups on the basis of segregation analysis in families. Complete RFLP haplotypes for the 5 restriction enzymes could be constructed for 42 of the HLA-DR4 chromosomes. This analysis revealed 18 RFLP haplotypes of DQ β associated with the DR4 chromosomes tested. Two of these haplotypes, designated DQ3.DR4.a and DQ3.DR4.b, accounted for over 50 % of the DR4 chromosomes analyzed. These two haplotypes were antithetical for the RFLPs detected by all five enzymes, indicating that they represent very distinct forms of DQ β. The remaining 16 haplotypes were infrequent or unique and were closely related to either a DQ3.DR4.a or DQ3.DR4.b. Two of the RFLPs detected, a 5.8 kb Bg1 II fragment and a 10.5 kb Barn HI fragment, had increased frequencies in disease-associated chromosomes. However, none of the RFLPs we detected exhibited a statistically significant increase in IDD or control populations. In contrast, the DQ3.DR4.b DQ β haplotype was significantly decreased in IDD-associated DR4 chromosomes. (P=0.04). These results suggest that the DQ3.DR4.b DQ β allele may be protective for the development of IDD.
Cytosolic detection of flagellin: a deadly twist.

Immune responses to bacterial infection occur by host cell detection of bacterial components. Monomeric flagellin can be elicited directly by host cells and then are 'sensed' by the cytosolic protein Ipaf.
Strangeness production in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. II. Evolution of flavor composition in scaling hydrodynamics.

Bjorken's hydrodynamic description of the space-time evolution of the central rapidity region in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions is extended to incorporate the chemical processes which affect the strangeness abundance. Scaling hydrodynamic equations which contain the rate equation for strangeness production and annihilation both in the plasma phase and in the hadron gas phase are integrated numerically assuming an almost adiabatic first-order phase transition from plasma to hadron gas. It is found that if a plasma is initially formed the resultant K/\ensuremath{\pi} ratio will be enhanced by about a factor of 3 from that in pp collisions. However, this ratio is still smaller than that in an equilibrium hadron gas and hence cannot be considered a direct signal of plasma formation.
Parathyroid Hormone 1–84 Alters Circulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels in Hypoparathyroidism

Context: We previously reported on four patients treated with PTH(1–84) who recovered from postoperative hypoparathyroidism many years after onset. Because vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to be necessary for the induction of PTH-mediated angiogenesis, we postulated a possible role for VEGF in the recovery of parathyroid function in these subjects. Objective: Our objective was to measure VEGF levels in subjects with hypoparathyroidism who regained parathyroid gland function and matched controls. Setting and Design: Subjects with hypoparathyroidism who regained parathyroid gland function were each matched to two hypoparathyroid controls by postoperative etiology, age (within 5 y), menopausal status, and duration of hypoparathyroidism. We measured serum VEGF levels at baseline and through 48 months of PTH(1–84) therapy. Results: VEGF levels increased after the initiation of PTH(1–84) therapy for the entire cohort, from 309.7 ± 162 pg/ml at baseline to 380.2 ± 178 pg/ml at 12 months (...
DEPLETION/REPLETION OF ASCORBIC ACID IN TWO SPECIES OF PENAEID: Penaeus californiensis AND Penaeus stylirostris

Depletion/repletion of ascorbic acid in whole body tissue was studied in 2 populations of shrimp (Penaeus californiensis and Penaeus stylirostris) using potentiometric titration. Biological half-life (T1/2) for ascorbic acid (AsA) in P. californiensis and P. stylirostris was 12.5 days and 4 days, respectively. Depletion values for both species were in the range of 0.03 to 0.04 mg AsA g whole body tissue, while the repletion rate, given feed containing 9 and 14 g AsA/kg feed, was 0.01 mg AsA/g tissue per day. A supersaturation or “flush” phenomenon (0.06 mg AsA/g tissue per day and 0.04 mg AsA/g tissue per dayl followed by a swift depletion was observed when the shrimp were fed high doses of ascorbic acid (90 and 141 g AsA/kg feed for P. californiensis and P. stylirostris, respectively). Swift repletion of ascorbic acid tissue levels (0.08 mg AsA/g tissue per day) was also observed in P. stylirostris with access to algae. The shrimp were maintained in flow-through fiberglass aquaria containing no primary productivity or in a controlled environment aquacell which supported a flora of predominantly Enteromorpha sp.
Incident to transmitted angles and output to input powers in a five channel spatially multiplexed architecture

Comparison between input power to output power and incident angle to transmitted angle for a five channel spatially multiplexed architecture consisting of five single mode input fibers and one multimode carrier fiber is presented.
Effect of Feedback from Peripheral Movements on Neuron Activity in the Aplysia Abdominal Ganglion

We have made reasonably comprehensive measurements of action potential activity in the Aplysia californica abdominal ganglion to determine the amount of feedback the central nervous system (CNS) receives from a movement which it initiates. Voltage-sensitive dye measurements of action potential activity of cells in the ganglion were made during the gill-withdrawal reflex elicited by siphon stimulation. We compared recordings in two situations which differed dramatically in the amount the gill moved. In the control sea water, the gill withdrawal was normal; in low-Ca2+, high-Mg2+ sea water, the gill movement was blocked. Both the timing and the number of spikes of the individual neurons were similar in the two situations. Histograms of the summed spike activity versus time and histograms of the number of active neurons versus time in the two conditions were also similar. Finally, two numerical measures of trial-to-trial differences, a paired t-test and a measure we named fractional similarity, did not indicate larger differences between two trials in the different sea waters than two trials in the same sea water. Feedback from sensory neurons activated by the gill movement itself does not make a large contribution to the spike activity in the abdominal ganglion. Apparently the Aplysia CNS issues the command for the withdrawal and does not make adjustments for the magnitude of the actual withdrawal. It may not even receive the information necessary for such adjustments to be made. A second motivation for these experiments was to test whether removing the feedback might simplify the neuronal activity that occurs during the gill-withdrawal reflex. This did not occur.
Class numbers of definite quaternary forms with square discriminant

Abstract Let V be a definite quaternary space over Q having square discriminant. We derive an explicit formula for the number of proper classes of maximal integral lattices in V .
Intramolecular Triplet Energy Transfer in Flexible Molecules: Electronic, Dynamic, and Structural Aspects

Exothermic intramolecular triplet energy transfer (TET) rate constants in various flexible bichromophoric systems D-(CH2)n-O-A (D = benzoyl, 4-methylbenzoyl; A = 2-naphthyl, 4-, 3-, 2-biphenyl; n = 3−14) have been determined from steady-state quenching and quantum yield measurements. The magnitude of the rate constants in molecules where n = 3 is comparable to those in molecules with a rigid spacer between chromophores, so that a through-bond mechanism is presumed to remain important. A very gradual drop in TET rate constants as the connecting polymethylene chain becomes longer indicates that through-space interactions compete and apparently provide the only mechanism responsible for transfer when n ≥ 5. Rate constants in long molecules (n = 11−14) remain remarkably high (∼108 s-1)lower than in those with four-atom tethers by only 1 order of magnitude. This effect is explained on the basis of rapid conformational equilibria always keeping a sufficient fraction of the molecules coiled so that the two chrom...
Immobilization of Brevibacterium flavum cells on collagen for the production of glutamic acid in a recycle reactor

In this study, live cells of Brevibacterium flavum were immobilized for the production of glutamic acid. The reason for such a choice was that glutamic acid fermentation is an extensively studied fermentation and one which requires the viability of entire cellular faculties for the acid production. Brevibacterium flavum was chosen because it is an industrially used bacterium, and is very potent via a vis glutamic acid production. Studies were performed to find aeration and agitation conditions for optimal growth and glutamic acid productivity. Experiments were also done to find the optimum harvesting time. The cell activity peaks during the run of fermentation, and the time at which the peak occurs, was found. Conventional methods for immobilizing the cells on collagen were found to be lacking. The pH and drying were the two main reasons for loss of viability of the cells; the latter being more important. A modified immobilization procedure has been devised, which can immobilize live cells at any given pH and ionic strength, in contrast to the conventional method which requires the pH to be above 11 or below 3. This new method involves dialysis of collagen in suitable dialysis bags against water at pH7 (or buffer at any desired pH). The dialysed collagen blended at 20,000 rpm, resulted in a very smooth dispersion, unnoticeably different from collagen dispersion prepared at pH 11. The dispersed collagen was then cast and dried at an elevated temperature, and high air flow rate over the cast membrane, decreasing the time of drying from 6–8 hr ( in the conventional method) to 1.5–2 hr. The membrane has been tested for glutamic acid producing capabilities in a column reactor with the membrane spirally wound. The reactor has been operated under continuous conditions for 5–10 days with stable activities.
Surface analysis and the adsorption of Co(II) on goethite

Abstract The adsorption of aqueous Co(II) on goethite (α-FeOOH) was studied as a function of pH. Adsorption reactions were carried out in solutions with cobalt concentrations in the range 1 × 10−2 to 1 × 10−1M and at pH between 4 and 10. The quantity of cobalt adsorbed increases with increasing pH. The chemical nature of adsorbed cobalt was probed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The general features of the cobalt XPS spectra indicate that cobalt(II) is adsorbed at pH 6–7.5. At pH 8 and 10 cobalt is present as a mixture of Co(II) and Co(III). Analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns and interpretation of electrophoretic mobility results lead to the suggestion that cobalt-containing surface species are best represented as a mixture of Co(OH)2 and CoOOH at pH 8 and 10.
Beyond 100G client optics

Major client optics applications are the high-density data center, structured data center, carrier central office, general data center, and metro inter data center, corresponding to link reaches from 100 m to 40 km. First-generation 100G multimode fiber and single-mode fiber client optics are based on 10 × 10G electrical lane and 10 × 10G or 4 × 25G optical lane architectures. Next-generation 100G MMF and SMF client optics will be based on 4 × 25G electrical lane and 4 × 25G optical lane architecture. Beyond 100G, it is likely the next standard will be 400G based on extensions of 100G technologies. Beyond 400G, 1.6T is a possible standard, requiring highly novel technologies.
Capturing the Dynamic Behavior of Adsorbed Polymers

Inert surfaces can be made reactive, and active surfaces inert, by means of a thin coating of polymer. Such surface films are used in paints, plastic fabrication, corrosion resistive coatings, and medical applications. In her Perspective, Balazs discusses new results reported by Fytas et al. in the same issue (p. 2041) in which the collective motions of polymer chains anchored at a surface have been studied by a powerful optical technique: dynamic light scattering. The data provided by this technique can illuminate the link between microscopic polymer behavior and macroscopic properties of polymer coatings.
Card shuffling and a transformation on S n

We consider two card shuffling schemes. The first, which has appeared in the literature previously ([G], [RB], [T]), is as follows: start with a deck ofn cards, and pick a random tuplet ∈ { 1, 2, ⋯, n} n ; interchange cards 1 andt1, then interchange cards 2 andt2, etc. The second scheme, which can be viewed as a transformation on the symmetric groupS n , is given by the restriction of the former shuffling scheme to tuplest which form a permutation of {1, 2,⋯,n}.
Some Illustrative Applications of NMR Spectroscopy to Organic Chemistry

In recent years, a revolution in the practice of organic chemistry has been brought about by the application of physical methods. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been especially important in this regard, but so many papers have been published dealing with its uses in organic chemistry that any brief review such as this one can only cover illustrative examples. After a general introduction, attention will be focussed here on several interesting structural and dynamic problems involving or related to research being carried on in our laboratories.
Drug effects on developing mouse brain protein synthesis in vitro.

Abstract Drugs known to produce facilitated learning and memory in experimental animals were tested for direct effects on protein synthesis in brain cells obtained from the cerebral cortex of mice. These drugs did not alter tritiated amino acid uptake into intracellular pools or in vitro protein synthesis when tested over a wide range of doses. The mechanism of facilitatory drug action did not appear related to direct effects on amino acid uptake or protein synthesis.
VIBRATION MONITORING FOR FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF HELICOPTER PLANETRY GEARS

Abstract In this paper, vibration data analysis techniques are investigated for fault diagnosis of helicopter planetary gears. A data pre-processing technique is introduced that achieves the same result as the commonly used Time Synchronous Averaging with much lower computational complexity since interpolation is not required. A notion of using raw vibration data instead of the Time Synchronous Averaged data is also presented that is more suitable for the analysis of vibration data produced by planetary gearboxes and for the purposes of detecting carrier plate crack fault. Based on this notion, features such as the Harmonic Index in the frequency domain and the Intra-Revolution Energy Variance in the wavelet domain are derived. The features are used as inputs to fault classifiers and are shown to detect the fault successfully based on the test data that is available.
Can the brain be protected through exercise? Lessons from an animal model of parkinsonism.

Evidence suggests that following injury the brain has the capacity for self-repair and that this can be promoted through a variety of experiences including motor activity. In their article, Dobrossy and Dunnett have provided further evidence that this is the case in an animal model in which an excitotoxin is applied to the neostriatum. Under standard conditions, such a toxin would cause considerable damage to the GABAergic cells of this region and produce behavioral deficits. This model has been used to explore certain aspects of Huntington's disease, which also involves the loss of these neurons. However, Dobrossy and Dunnett show that the damage can be reduced by prior motor training. We have been exploring the neuroprotective effects of motor exercise in a different model, one involving 6-hydroxydopamine, which normally destroys dopamine neurons. Our results indicate that forced exercise can reduce the vulnerability of dopamine neurons to 6-hydroxydopamine. The results further suggest that this protection is due in part to an increase in the availability of the trophic factor GDNF, which can in turn stimulate certain signaling cascades, including one that activates ERK. Our results, together with those of Dobrossy and Dunnett and others, raise the possibility that exercise will protect against a variety of neurodegenerative conditions.
Surface chemistry analysis of lithium conditioned NSTX graphite tiles correlated to plasma performance

Abstract Lithium wall conditioning in NSTX has resulted in reduced divertor recycling, improved energy confinement, and reduced frequency of edge-localized modes (ELMs), up to the point of complete ELM suppression. NSTX tiles were removed from the vessel following the 2008 campaign and subsequently analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as nuclear reaction ion beam analysis. In this paper we relate surface chemistry to deuterium retention/recycling, develop methods for cleaning of passivated NSTX tiles, and explore a method to effectively extract bound deuterium from lithiated graphite. Li–O–D and Li–C–D complexes characteristic of deuterium retention that form during NSTX operations are revealed by sputter cleaning and heating. Heating to ∼850 °C desorbed all deuterium complexes observed in the O 1s and C 1s photoelectron energy ranges. Tile locations within approximately ±2.5 cm of the lower vertical/horizontal divertor corner appear to have unused Li O bonds that are not saturated with deuterium, whereas locations immediately outboard of this region indicate high deuterium recycling. X-ray photo electron spectra of a specific NSTX tile with wide ranging lithium coverage indicate that a minimum lithium dose, 100–500 nm equivalent thickness, is required for effective deuterium retention. This threshold is suspected to be highly sensitive to surface morphology. The present analysis may explain why plasma discharges in NSTX continue to benefit from lithium coating thickness beyond the divertor deuterium ion implantation depth, which is nominally
Flight dynamics of an American football in a forward pass

The motion of an American football in a forward pass is discussed in this paper. It was investigated by using wind-tunnel aerodynamic data in a numerical integration of the full nonlinear equations of motion, and by application of the small-angle theory for the atmospheric motion of an axisymmetric spinning body. The numerical simulations agree with certain observed features such as the range, flight duration, and ratio of the spin and precession frequencies. The analytic results reveal functional dependences of the flight parameters on the aerodynamics and give insights into the physical effects that occur. Both approaches show a feature that is known as ‘drift’ in the science of ballistics, namely that a long, highly arched trajectory of a spinning body does not lie in a vertical plane, but rather turns slightly to the left or right, depending on the direction of the spin vector and on the magnitudes of the aerodynamic loads.
Response of hairy cell leukemia to bendamustine.

A 47-year-old male was diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) in 1998 after presenting with pancytopenia and splenomegaly. Peripheral blood smear, bone marrow, and flow cytometry were diagnostic ...
Cyclic Nucleotide Regulation of Na+/Glucose Cotransporter (SGLT1) mRNA Stability INTERACTION OF A NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC PROTEIN WITH A REGULATORY DOMAIN IN THE 3′-UNTRANSLATED REGION CRITICAL FOR STABILIZATION

Expression of the Na+-coupled glucose cotransporter SGLT1 is regulated post-transcriptionally at the level of mRNA stability. We have previously demonstrated that cAMP-dependent stabilization of the SGLT1 message was correlated with the protein phosphorylation-dependent binding of cytoplasmic proteins to a uridine-rich sequence (URE) in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR). In the present study, the regulatory role of the URE was demonstrated by inserting it into the 3′-UTR of a β-globin reporter minigene under the control of the tetracycline-regulated promoter. The resultant chimeric globin/SGLT1 mRNA expressed after transfection into LLC-PK1 cells exhibited a decreased half-life compared with the β-globin control, indicating that the URE serves a destabilizing function. Activation of protein kinase A stabilized the chimeric message but not the β-globin control, indicating the presence of a regulatory stabilizing sequence within the URE. A 38-kDa nucleocytoplasmic protein was identified that recognized a 12-nucleotide binding site within the URE. A mutation in this binding site that prevented protein binding assayedin vitro by UV cross-linking also prevented protein kinase A-dependent stabilization of the chimeric message assayedin vivo. These findings identify the interaction between a 38-kDa nucleocytoplasmic protein and a regulatory uridine-rich sequence in the 3′-UTR as critical for cAMP-mediated SGLT1 message stabilization.
TIN2 Mediates Functions of TRF2 at Human Telomeres

Telomeres are protective structures at chromosome ends and are crucial for genomic stability. Mammalian TRF1 and TRF2 bind the double-stranded telomeric repeat sequence and in turn are bound by TIN2, TANK1, TANK2, and hRAP1. TRF1 is a negative regulator of telomere length in telomerase-positive cells, whereas TRF2 is important for telomere capping. TIN2 was identified as a TRF1-interacting protein that mediates TRF1 function. We show here that TIN2 also interacts with TRF2 in vitro and in yeast and mammalian cells. TIN2 mutants defective in binding of TRF1 or TRF2 induce a DNA damage response and destabilize TRF1 and TRF2 at telomeres in human cells. Our findings suggest that the functions of TRF1 and TRF2 are linked by TIN2.
Hydrothermal syntheses of materials constructed from vanadium oxide and secondary metal-tetrapyridylpyrazine subunits. Structural consequences of the identity of the secondary metal

Abstract Hydrothermal reactions of V2O5, tetra-2-pyridylpyrazine (tpyprz) and an appropriate M(II) starting material yield a series of oxides of general composition [{Mx(tpyprz)}yV4O12] [x=1, y=2, M=Co(II), Ni(II); x=2, y=2, M=Cu(I); x=2, y=1, M=Zn(II)]. The Co(II) and Ni(II) analogues (1 and 2) are isostructural and consist of one-dimensional ribbons constructed from {V4O12}4− clusters linked through {M(tpyprz)}24+ binuclear units of edge sharing {MO3N3} octahedra. In contrast, the structure of [{Cu2(tpyprz)}2V4O12] (3) is two-dimensional and constructed of {Cu2(tpyprz)}n2n+ chains linked in the second dimension through the {V4O12}4− clusters. The structure of [{Zn2(tpyprz)V4O12] (4) is also two-dimensional but may be described as {Zn2V4O12} chains interconnected through the binucleating tpyprz ligands. The roles of the coordination preferences of the secondary metal cations as well as the nature of the organic components are discussed.
Structural and functional diversity of desmosomes

Desmosomes anchor intermediate filaments at sites of cell contact established by the interaction of cadherins extending from opposing cells. The incorporation of cadherins, catenin adaptors, and cytoskeletal elements resembles the closely related adherens junction. However, the recruitment of intermediate filaments distinguishes desmosomes and imparts a unique function. By linking the load-bearing intermediate filaments of neighboring cells, desmosomes create mechanically contiguous cell sheets and, in so doing, confer structural integrity to the tissues they populate. This trait and a well-established role in human disease have long captured the attention of cell biologists, as evidenced by a publication record dating back to the mid-1860s. Likewise, emerging data implicating the desmosome in signaling events pertinent to organismal development, carcinogenesis, and genetic disorders will secure a prominent role for desmosomes in future biological and biomedical investigations.
Membrane array-based differential profiling of platelets during storage for 52 miRNAs associated with apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Enucleated platelets (PLTs) utilize posttranscriptional gene (mRNA) regulation (PTGR) for their normal morphologic and physiologic functions, which are altered in their ex vivo storage, also collectively referred to as storage lesions. While cellular micro-RNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in posttranscriptional gene (mRNA) regulation by binding to their target mRNAs, comprehensive analysis of apoptosis-associated miRNAs and global changes in their profiles during PLT storage have not been evaluated to date. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this report room temperature–stored PLTs of Days 0, 2, and 9 were analyzed by differential profiling for 52 apoptosis-associated human miRNAs. After total RNA extraction from the samples, a membrane array–based miRNA analysis was carried out. Prediction of target genes was performed by bioinformatics-based approaches. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed that during storage, Let-7a, -7c, -7e, -7f, -7g, and -7i miRNA profiles of the PLTs were barely detectable, while levels of miR-150, -151, -152, -184, -188, -196a, -197, and -202 remained at high levels in PLTs. The rest of the miRNA levels were in between. However, two miRNAs, Let-7b and miR-16, distinctly demonstrated an increasing trend while miR-7 and miR-145 showed a decreasing profile during PLT storage. For these four miRNAs, we also identified their potential target mRNAs. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results confirm the fact that miRNAs do exist in PLTs, and among 52 apoptosis-specific miRNAs studied, only a few selected miRNAs did perturb during PLT storage. Future experimental evaluation of these miRNA–target mRNA interactions will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of PLT storage–associated lesions.
Phase-field simulation of 2-D Ostwald ripening in the high volume fraction regime

The microstructural evolution and kinetics of Ostwald ripening were studied in the high volume fraction regime by numerically solving the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau (TDGL) and Cahn–Hilliard equations. It is shown that the growth exponent m is equal to 3, independent of the volume fraction, and the kinetic coefficient k increases as the volume fraction increases. The shape of size distributions changes significantly with increasing volume fraction of the coarsening phase; the skewness changes continuously from negative to positive while the kurtosis decreases in the low fraction regime and increases in the high volume fraction regime.  2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Minimum-cost QoS multicast and unicast routing in communication networks

In this paper, we study the minimum-cost quality-of-service multicast and unicast routing problems in communication networks. For the multicast problem, we present an efficient approximation algorithm to find a balance between a minimum-cost multicast tree and a minimum-delay multicast tree, with a provably good performance under the condition that link delay and link cost are identical. For the unicast problem, we present an efficient primal-dual heuristic algorithm to find a path which balances path cost and path delay, together with an error bound. The lack of a provably good performance for the second algorithm is complemented by computational results on randomly generated networks. Our algorithm finds optimal solutions in more than 80% of the cases and finds close to optimal solutions in all other cases, while using much less time.
Selection of Target Wells and Layers for Fracturing with Fuzzy Mathematics Method

Fracturing is an important stimulation treatment to guarantee high effective way to enhance oil recovery and production of oil well and sustainable development of oilfield. A good fracturing result relies on proper selection of target well and target layer. Traditionally, the method of selecting target wells and target layers is always done artificially and imprecisely. As a result, fracturing does not perform as well as it can. This paper determined and analyzed the factorsin?uencing the effect of oil well fracturing. Altogether twelve factors in three types, which are reservoir property parameter, oil related property parameter and productivity parameter respectively, have significant in?uence on the result of fracturing. Based on this, we developed a optimizing method to select of target wells and target layers for fracturing. This method is based on fuzzy mathematics and can, by means of integrated judgment, give a score to every candidate stratum and thus optimize the selection of objective strata for fracturing treatment. The results of practical applications suggest that the reliability of this method is high, and the effect is perfect. This study successfully applies the fuzzy theory to the job to fracturing. It is an important technique of fracturing.
Mitochondrial Calcium Buffering Contributes to the Maintenance of Basal Calcium Levels in Mouse Taste Cells

Taste stimuli are detected by taste receptor cells present in the oral cavity using diverse signaling pathways. Some taste stimuli are detected by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that cause calcium release from intracellular stores, whereas other stimuli depolarize taste cells to cause calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Although taste cells use two distinct mechanisms to transmit taste signals, increases in cytosolic calcium are critical for normal responses in both pathways. This creates a need to tightly control intracellular calcium levels in all transducing taste cells. To date, however, the mechanisms used by taste cells to regulate cytosolic calcium levels have not been identified. Studies in other cell types have shown that mitochondria can be important calcium buffers, even during small changes in calcium loads. In this study, we used calcium imaging to characterize the role of mitochondria in buffering calcium levels in taste cells. We discovered that mitochondria make important contributions to the maintenance of resting calcium levels in taste cells by routinely buffering a constitutive calcium influx across the plasma membrane. This is unusual because in other cell types, mitochondrial calcium buffering primarily affects large evoked calcium responses. We also found that the amount of calcium that is buffered by mitochondria varies with the signaling pathways used by the taste cells. A transient receptor potential (TRP) channel, likely TRPV1 or a taste variant of TRPV1, contributes to the constitutive calcium influx.
Organized Interests and Agenda Setting in the U.S. Supreme Court Revisited

We reevaluate the influence of amici curiae on the U.S. Supreme Court's decision to grant certiorari. Using expanded data on four representative Court terms, we find that at the same time that the number of amicus filings on certiorari have grown -- and perhaps owing to it -- the influence of those briefs on the probability of the Court granting certiorari has steadily declined between 1968 and 2007. In addition, we find that the positive influence of briefs in opposition to certiorari noted in some earlier work appears to be an artifact of a particular Term. Among other things, these findings hold implications for the extent to which case selection effects might bias empirical scholarship on the Supreme Court.
Gender Gap of Immigrant Groups in the United States

The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of the gender gaps in the U.S. of immigrant groups from different countries. More specifically, the purpose of this paper is two-folded. First, it will explore how in theory the social norms in the country of origin determine the gender gap through two avenues. Second, it will create an empirical model to test the hypotheses generated by the theory. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol11/iss1/14