cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soil organic carbon and aggregation in response to thirty-nine years of tillage management in the southeastern US

Agricultural management practices control soil organic carbon (SOC) content in croplands. Long-term cropping system experiments offer a great opportunity to understand the magnitude and direction of SOC change in response to management practices. Such information is very limited from the southeastern US, a region with warm and humid climatic conditions that typically favor SOC decomposition over accumulation. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effect of 39 years of chisel plow (CP), disc plow (DP), moldboard plow (MP), no-tillage (NT), NT with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop (NTW), and NT with wheat-soybean (Glycine max L.) double crop (NTWD) on total SOC and SOC fractions including permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), water extractable C (WEC), resistant C (RC), and aggregate-associated SOC in a continuous soybean system. Additionally, aggregate size distribution, mean weight diameter (MWD), and wet aggregate stability (WAS) were determined. Results showed that NTW and NTWD significantly increased SOC and POXC compared to MP with mean SOC (g kg⁻¹ soil) of 12.2 (NTW) ≥10.9 (NTWD) >7.2 (MP) and mean POXC (mg kg⁻¹ soil) of 465 (NTWD) ≥418 (NTW) >252 (MP). The WEC and RC fractions did not differ among treatments. Across the treatments, the greatest aggregate-associated SOC concentration was found in microaggregates (0.053–0.25 mm) and the lowest in clay- and silt-size particles ( 0.6, p < 0.01). Overall, this study revealed that NT enhanced SOC and POXC accumulation and macroaggregation compared to tilled treatments. Cover cropping and double cropping further improved SOC accumulation. In conclusion, long-term adoption of different tillage intensities can strongly alter SOC dynamics in bulk soil and aggregates under continuous soybean production systems of the southeastern US.
Investigations of dimethylglycine (DMG), glycine betaine and ectoine uptake by a BCCT family transporter with broad substrate specificity in Vibrio species.

Fluctuations in osmolarity are one of the most prevalent stresses to which bacteria must adapt, both hypo- and hyper-osmotic conditions. Most bacteria cope with high osmolarity by accumulating compatible solutes (osmolytes) in the cytoplasm to maintain the turgor pressure of the cell. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a halophile, utilizes at least six compatible solute transporters for the uptake of osmolytes: two ABC family ProU transporters and four betaine-carnitine-choline transporter (BCCT) family transporters. The full range of compatible solutes transported by this species has yet to be determined. Using an osmolyte phenotypic microarray plate for growth analyses, we expanded known osmolytes used by V. parahaemolyticus to include N-N dimethylglycine (DMG) amongst others. We showed that V. parahaemolyticus requires a BCCT transporter for DMG uptake, carriers that were not known to transport DMG. Growth pattern analysis of four triple-bccT mutants, possessing only one functional BCCT, indicated that BccT1 (VP1456), BccT2 (VP1723), and BccT3 (VP1905) transported DMG, which was confirmed by functional complementation in E. coli strain MKH13. BccT1 was unusual in that it could uptake both compounds with methylated head groups (glycine betaine (GB), choline and DMG) and cyclic compounds (ectoine and proline). Bioinformatics analysis identified the four coordinating residues for glycine betaine in BccT1. In silico modelling analysis demonstrated that glycine betaine, DMG, and ectoine docked in the same binding pocket in BccT1. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we showed that a strain with all four resides mutated resulted in loss of uptake of glycine betaine, DMG and ectoine. We showed three of the four residues were essential for ectoine uptake whereas only one of the residues was essential for glycine betaine uptake. Overall, we have demonstrated that DMG is a highly effective compatible solute for Vibrio species and have elucidated the amino acid residues in BccT1 that are important for coordination of glycine betaine, DMG and ectoine transport. Importance: Vibrio parahaemolyticus possesses at least six osmolyte transporters, which allow the bacterium to adapt to high salinity conditions. In this study, we identified several novel osmolytes that are utilized by V. parahaemolyticus. We demonstrated that the compound dimethylglycine (DMG), which is abundant in the marine environment, is a highly effective osmolyte for Vibrio species. We determined that DMG is transported via BCCT-family carriers, which have not been shown previously to uptake this compound. BccT1 was a carrier for glycine betaine, DMG and ectoine and we identified the amino acid residues essential for coordination of these compounds. The data suggest that for BccT1, glycine betaine is more easily accommodated than ectoine in the transporter binding pocket.
Global Legal Education and Comparative Visa Regulations

Legal education is slowly but steadily becoming global. U.S. law schools are adapting to the need to educate jurists who can work on cross border issues. Within the next 100 years, U.S. law schools will face the challenges of educating an increasing number of international students, while dealing with diverse legal systems. In the next 100 years, U.S. law schools will expand overseas with several branches (at least one in every country or group of countries with legal and economic relevancy) and will embrace corporate form and a business approach. Faculty and administrators should carefully plan today for the future placement (in terms of ranking) and development (in terms of scientific breakthrough) of their academia if they seriously consider obtaining global presence, recognition and intellectual credibility. Those who do not have plans to globalize today will struggle tomorrow locally. Only those law schools that are investing today in a solid globalization of their curricula and hiring faculty with diverse skills will be the primary actors in the field of global legal education in the 22nd Century. This article has three main objectives: (a) To define the issues currently influencing the movement global movement in legal education and their effect on its future development. (b) To analyze the visa (or entry) regulations of the countries where U.S. students currently have the privilege of travelling for study or research purposes. (c) To analyze the host regulations that U.S. universities have to face when they plan to offer educational services in a foreign jurisdiction through a physical presence in that jurisdiction. An analysis and comparison of the entry regulations of 16 jurisdictions will be offered, with special attention to the French, Italian, E.U. and U.S. visa situations. The paper will analyze how E.U. regulations are not completely and uniformly followed by some member states and how U.S. regulations could be improved for at least short term study programs. The legal and economic consequences of these regulations will be addressed as well.
Values, Features, and Heuristics of a Structural View

The major commitment to a material basis and the strategy of ‘matches’ leads to a presumably desirable (and scientifically responsible) way of classifying cognitive phenomena. In the stead of the major commitment to a material basis and the strategy of ‘matches,’ the view offered argues that the search should be to find working structural operations, particularly, logic and the schema. The forms produced make for a structural view (SV) by which comparisons can be made to various levels affecting the person’s production of thought and its expression. For the comparison the SV uses analogies. SV moves forward to an expanding manifold—a ‘knowledge complex.’ Within it, analogues are derivable to reveal understandings and leverage over disparate and diverging perspectives.
Surgical Residents' Perspective on Informed Consent-How Does It Compare With Attending Surgeons?

Abstract Background The informed consent discussion (ICD) is a compulsory element of clinical practice. Surgical residents are often tasked with obtaining informed consent, but formal instruction is not included in standard curricula. This study aims to examine attitudes of surgeons and residents concerning ICD. Materials and methods A survey regarding ICD was administered to residents and attending surgeons at an academic medical center with an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited general surgery residency. Results In total, 44 of 64 (68.75%) residents and 37 of 50 (72%) attending surgeons participated. Most residents felt comfortable consenting for elective (93%) and emergent (82%) cases, but attending surgeons were less comfortable with resident-led ICD (51% elective, 73% emergent). Resident comfort increased with postgraduate year (PGY) (PGY1 = 39%, PGY5 = 85%). A majority of participants (80% attending surgeons, 73% residents) believed resident ICD skills should be formally evaluated, and most residents in PGY1 (61%) requested formal instruction. High percentages of residents (86%) and attendings (100%) believed that ICD skills were best learned from direct observation of attending surgeons. Conclusions Resident comfort with ICD increases as residents advance through training. Residents acknowledge the importance of their participation in this process, and in particular, junior residents believe formal instruction is important. Attending surgeons are not universally comfortable with resident-led ICDs, particularly for elective surgeries. Efforts for improving ICD education including direct observation between attending surgeons and residents and formal evaluation may benefit the residency curriculum.
Exploring satisfaction with travel time profiles towards understanding intrinsic utilities of travel time

Abstract Although commuting is often viewed as a burden, transportation research has recently investigated satisfaction with commuting or commute travel times, with a goal to understand intrinsic utilities of travel time: when and for whom travel is productive or beneficial, beyond reaching a destination. However, few studies have examined perceived satisfaction with a range of travel times, and those that have only report aggregate trends. Thus, there is a need to illuminate and explain heterogeneity in travel time satisfaction profiles. By exploring individual-level responses to questions about satisfaction with hypothetical commute travel times among 588 commuters in Portland, Oregon, this study makes three contributions. First, through clustering, we identify eight different satisfaction with travel time profiles. Only one (the smallest group) has the same non-monotonic shape found in past research. Others are distinguished by different tolerable commute times: when (compared to an average/threshold commute time of 30 min) satisfaction levels drop. On this basis, we further categorize profiles into three groups: Monotonic low-tolerance (ML), Monotonic high-tolerance (MH), and Non-monotonic (NM) commuters. Second, through multinomial and ordered logit models, we determine factors associated with having a specific satisfaction profile or tolerable commute time. Significant differences are found for commute travel times (actual or ideal), mode choice (cycling), measures of intrinsic utility (satisfaction with actual commute times and the teleportation test), and a few personal characteristics (self-employment). Third, through visual comparisons, we find within-person consistency in responses to all of these questions about the intrinsic utility of travel time, supporting their use in past and future research.
Trends in Gender Distribution Among Authors of Research Studies in Pediatrics: 2015-2019.

* Abbreviation: IQR — : interquartile range In a previous report on the gender distribution of authors of articles published in leading pediatric journals, researchers found disparities in the proportion of articles written by women relative to men, with some closing of the gender gap from 2001 to 2016.1 In 2016, 63% of pediatricians were women; 58% of the publications had a female first author, but only 38% had a female senior author.1,2 Additionally, reports have found that female first authors are associated with female authors in the senior author position and female gender of the first or senior author is associated with a higher number of collaborating departments and institutions.1,3–6 However, to our knowledge, this report is the only study on this topic in the field of pediatrics, assessing authorship gender distribution in 5-year intervals through 2016.1 The Pediatrics editorial board is committed to addressing underrepresentation of all types, including gender differences in authorship. To begin to understand this issue, we evaluated regular articles published in Pediatrics within the past 4.5 years for female representation in authorship, the degree to which the gender of first and senior … Address correspondence to Kriti Puri, MBBS, Texas Children’s Hospital, 6651 Main St, E1420, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: kriti.puri{at}bcm.edu
Can Corporate Divestiture Activities Lead to Better Corporate Social Performance

Prior research showed that corporate divestitures could help firms restore their strategic (versus financial) controls and long-term focus. This suggests that divestiture activities may have implications for firms’ commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR) following divestitures. Drawing from the attention-based view of the firm, we examine this underexplored yet important research question. We propose that firms’ divestiture scale is positively associated with their commitment to post-divestiture CSR. However, this relationship is weakened among firms facing pre-restructuring financial decline and selling more related businesses, but strengthened among divesting firms with a new CEO. Using a longitudinal dataset of U.S. firms, we found support for most of our hypotheses. These findings suggest that corporate divestitures may offer a meaningful path to stakeholder value creation through better CSR performance.
Quantitative fluorescent imaging analysis to study UPD-glucose dehydrogenase as a potential biomarker associated with prostate carcinogenesis

2177 Human UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) catalyzes oxidation of UDP-glucose to yield UDP-glucuronic acid,a precursor for glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans including hyaluronan, promoting prostate cancer (PC) invasion. The goal of this study was to evaluate the UGDH expression in cancerous acini (CA) and normal appearing acini (NAA) of cancer-bearing prostate glands, as a potential complimentary biomarker of PC and/or PC field disease, by quantitative fluorescence imaging analysis (QFIA). Formalin-fixed prostate core biopsies from age-matched cases and controls were labeled with antibody to UGDH and a secondary antibody labeled with fluorescent marker. Stability of QFIA was established by the Leica Fluorescence Microscope and Image ProPlus Software-based system using calibration beads, PC3 cells and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) tissue as standards. Quantification of UGDH was validated by reverse phase protein analysis (RPPA) of methacarn fixed tissue using two BPH and eight PC specimens. The validated QFIA was then used to analyze (a) CA and NAA from 33 PC glands and (b) normal acini (NA) from controls (BPH patients). The imaging system showed a stability of the mean pixel intensity (MPI) of standard fluorescent beads and PC3 cells and BPH tissue controls with a variation not excedeed 5%-10%. Adjacent tissue sections assayed by QFIA and RPPA exhibited a strong linear correlation (r=.97) and a correlation of r=.98 for quantification of the UGDH between the methacarn and 10% formalin fixed tissues. The areas under the ROC curve for the NAA samples were 0.68 (95% CI: 0.59-0.83) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.59-0.83) for CA. At a cut point of 300, the sensitivity was 14% (95% CI: 2-25) with high specificity of 98% (95% CI: 95-100). Significant differences were observed for NA vs. CA, P=0.001; CA vs. NAA, P=0.001 and NAA vs. NA, P=0.001 (paired t test and non-paired t test with Welch correction). These data demonstrate the feasibility of development of a tissue proteomic QFIA method for the quantification of UGDH in prostate core biopsy specimens . UGDH in prostate core biopsy specimens shows promise as a potential complimentary biomarker to beta-catenin for defining individuals with a high risk of PC development. This study was supported by DOD Idea Development Award #DAMD17-02-1-0121, 2002 to 2005, NCI Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA36727, and a Nebraska Department of Health Institutional LB595 Grant for Cancer And Smoking Disease Research.
Monetary Policy, Bank Lending and the Risk Pricing Channel

This paper identifies a monetary policy channel through the risk pricing of bank debt in the market for jumbo certificates of deposit (jumbo CDs). Adverse policy shocks increase debt holder perceptions of bank default, increasing the risk premia for some banks, thereby decreasing their external funding of loans. The results show that contractionary policy increases the sensitivity of jumbo-CD spreads to leverage and asset risk for small banks, and to leverage for large banks. The results also show a distributional and aggregate effect on banking system jumbo CDs and total loans, producing a risk-pricing (or market discipline) channel. This channel has implications for monetary and regulatory policies, and financial stability.
Ultrabroadband Entangled Photons on a Nanophotonic Chip.

The development of quantum technologies on nanophotonic platforms has seen momentous progress in the past decade. Despite that, a demonstration of time-frequency entanglement over a broad spectral width is still lacking. Here we present an efficient source of ultrabroadband entangled photon pairs on a periodically poled lithium niobate nanophotonic waveguide. Employing dispersion engineering, we demonstrate a record-high 100 THz ($1.2\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}--2\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$) generation bandwidth with a high efficiency of $13\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GHz}/\mathrm{mW}$ and excellent noise performance with the coincidence-to-accidental ratio exceeding ${10}^{5}$. We also measure strong time-frequency entanglement with over 98% two-photon interference visibility.
Pure bending of helical wound composite cylinders

In order to simulate the influence of specimen misalignment, we determine the elastic response of a helical wound composite tube under pure bending using an existing general solution for a wide class of boundary value problems. Theoretical results for several composite materials of engineering interest are presented which illustrate the influence of material properties on the stress field.
Cardiac effects of noncardiac neoplasms

Clinically significant cardiovascular abnormalities may occur as secondary manifestations of noncardiac neoplasms. The principal cardiac effects of noncardiac tumors include the direct results of metastases to the heart or lungs, the indirect effects of circulating tumor products (causing nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, myeloma-associated amyloidosis, pheochromocytoma-associated cardiac hypertrophy and myofibrillar degeneration, and carcinoid heart disease), and the undesired cardiotoxicities of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Using the Ontology Maturing Process Model for Searching, Managing and Retrieving Resources with Semantic Technologies

Semantic technologies are very helpful in improving existing systems for searching, managing and retrieving of resources, e.g. image search, bookmarking or expert finder systems. They enhance these systems through background knowledge stored in ontologies. However, in most cases, resources in these systems change very fast. In consequence, they require a dynamic and agile change of underlying ontologies. Also, the formality of these ontologies must fit the users needs and capabilities and must be appropriate and usable. Therefore, a continuous, collaborative and work or task integrated development of these ontologies is required. In this paper, we present how these requirements occur in real world applications and how they are solved and implemented using our Ontology Maturing Process Model.
Individual skyrmions in helimagnets

The novel physics and promising applications of magnetic skyrmions in helimagnets have attracted great attentions in the past years. Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected spin textures in which the local moments on a two dimensional lattice point in all directions with a topologically nontrivial mapping to the unit sphere. The skyrmion radius, ranging from about 3 nm to 100 nm, is controlled by strength of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction induced by inversion symmetry breaking. Furthermore, a skyrmion enjoys extra stability as a stable state under various temperatures, and can be driven by a tiny electric current or temperature gradient. These properties suggest future processing applications exploiting such topological spin texture as the information carrier. To this end, single bit operation must be achieved. However, up to now, most skyrmions are observed in the crystalline form, which forbids skyrmion-based applications. It is thus a challenge to realize individual skyrmion states. In this talk, I would present our recent theoretical and experimental efforts in achieving this goal.
A Hopf's bifurcation theorem for nonsimple eigenvalues

The purpose of this paper is to answer an open question in [5] conceming a possible generalization of Hopf’s bifurcation theorem allowing multiple pairs of eigenvalues to cross the imaginary axis. To be more precise, Kopell and Howard [5] proved a bifurcation theorem for critical points allowing k 2 1 zero eigenvalues to cross the imaginary axis. After a change of coordinates, their theorem may be stated in its simplest form as follows. THEOREM 1.1. Consider the ordinary differential equation:
A Symbolic Interactionist Approach to Self-Referent Behavior:

Summary.-A preliminary study designed to illustrate the determinants of accurate self-referent behavior was conducted. Ss oredicted their individual verformances on arithmetic, verbal, and clerical tasks. After the prediction each task was performed for 3 min. Findings were: (1) Ss predicted their verbal task performance with moderate accuracy (r. = .55, p < .01), (2) the arithmetic task was less accurately predicted (r = .29, fi < .05), and (3) the clerical task was not predicted. Ss employed consistent estimates and were consistently accurate across verbal and arithmetic tasks but not over either one of these rwo tasks and the clerical task. Absolute accuracy of prediction was not correlated across any task pairs. The findings are interpreted as functions of differential access to the symbolic acts required to predict one's own behavior accurately. A recurring issue in social psychology concerns the extent to which individuals can predict their own behavior. While the resolution to this question has implications for a broad range of research methods and laboratory practices, the issue typically reappears in the context of a particular methodological problem. A recent controversy dealing with the possibility of substituting role playing for deception manipulations, for example, largely reflects differing positions on this issue. Bem (1967, 1968) has reported a number of experiments which suggest that Ss can accurately predict their own behavior and the behavior of others. In one such study, for example, the well known findings of the Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) forced-compliance experiment were predicted by Bem's Ss. A recent report by Jones, Linder, Kiesler, Zanna, and Brehm (1968), however, describes possible Jimitations to Bem's methods, and a critical review by Freedman (1969) has questioned the utility of role-playing as a research tool. Unfortunately, these brief flurries of dispute about a particular innovation, role playing, in this case, have served to obscure rather than clarify the fundamental problems of self-prediction. The basic issue is not whether individuals predict their behavior accurately but how they predict their behavior at all. Mead's (1934, 1938) theory of symbolic interaction offers the most comprehensive statement of the processes used to predict behavior. According to Mead, individuals attribute meanings to the acts of others by the process of role taking. Accurate role taking, in turn, depends on the significant symbols which are available to evoke similar responses in both observer and the actor. Since the individual can also indicate the meaning of his own actions to himself, self-prediction is but a specific instance of the capacity to predict the actions of others. That individuals interact with themselves is often used to 'The author would like to thank Dr. Gerald P. Ginsburg for his helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript.
Changes in retinal fine structure induced in the crab Libinia by light and dark adaptation

The cytological influence of light and dark adaptation (LA and DA) on the retinular cells of the spider crab Libinia emarginata has been studied by light and electron microscopy in four adaptive states: 17 hours darkness, 5 hours darkness, 5 hours diffuse light and 17 hours diffuse light. The rhabdom's fine structure is typical of decapods but its dual overall form and position mingle certain features of both apposition and superposition compound eye types. Distal and proximal retinal pigments both showed adaptive migration, but the distal pigment cells moved over a restricted range, and DA separated the retinular cell pigment granules into two groups, perinuclear and basilar. In the rhabdom no changes in its position, dimensions or microvillus fine structure were observed with LA or DA. But at the base of the rhabdom microvilli the rate of pinocytosis was strongly affected by the eye's adaptive state, being lowest after 17 hours DA and greatest after 17 hours LA; the wall of the 0.1 μ microvesicles so formed, looked like the membrane of the rhabdom microvillus and they were the same size as the vesicles in multivesicular bodies and in vesicular lamellar bodies. Three categories of complex cytoplasmic particles about 1 μ in diameter (multivesicular bodies, vesicular lamellar bodies and purely lamellar bodies) were all increased in number by decreased DA and by increased LA; similar quantitative effects occurred in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the ribosomes. The pinocytotic vesicles and the complex cytoplasmic bodies may represent part of an intracellular system to dispose of rhabdom metabolites whose production was initiated or increased by light absorption. Cytoplasmic and perirhabdomal vacuoles mainly distal in location, were also affected by light, but inversely; their maximal extent occurred after 17 hours DA; less DA or any LA significantly decreased their presence and aggregation. The data reported are of interest not only because they correlate retinal fine structure with the metabolism of vision but also because they provide a new and specific tool for distinguishing active from inactive neurosensory cells in the optic pathway.
Predicting small region sectoral responses to changes in aggregate economic activity: A time series approach

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the applicability of a contemporary time series forecasting technique, transfer function modeling, to the problem of forecasting sectoral employment levels in small regional economies. The specific sectoral employment levels to be forecast are manufacturing, durable manufacturing, non-durable manufacturing and non-manufacturing employment. Due to data constraints at the small region level, construction of traditional causal econometric models is often very difficult; thus time series approaches become particularly attractive. The results suggest that transfer function models using readily available national indicator series as drivers can provide more accurate forecasts of small region sectoral employment levels than univariate time series models.
Migration of hamster sperm within capillaries: effect of agents elevating cyclic AMP.

Semiautomated capillary scanning was used to quantitate the migratory rate of hamster caudal epididymal (HCE) sperm populations from undiluted exudates into various denned media. The populations migrated through calcium-containing Tyrode's solution four times more rapidly than they did through buffered-glucose fortified saline or isotonic sucrose. This difference was partially eliminated by the addition to the saline or sucrose of the modility inducers, calcium ion or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and completely eliminated by the additional presence of the motility amplifiers, caffeine or spermine.The addition of the motility amplifiers, caffeine or spermine, alone to either calcium-saline or Tyrode's solution greatly stimulated the microscopically judged vigor of motility. However, this increase in flagellar activity was not coupled to increased forward velocity. Instead, as in the case of capacitated HCE sperm, the activation of motility resulted in significantly reduced forward velocities. Thu...
Mutagenic Action of Ethyl Methanesulfonate in Maize.

Pollen of corn plants carrying three closely linked genes (α β Sh 2 ) on chromosome 3 were treated by ethyl methanesulfonate in order to determine the nature of genetic changes produced. In this genetic material the loss of the β gene alone represents a discrete genetic change, possibly a point mutation, while the loss of two or more markers represents chromosome aberrations. Ethyl methanesulfonate, x-rays, and ultraviolet light all induced numerous chromosome aberrations, but only ultraviolet light and probably ethyl methanesulfonate induced discrete genetic changes.
Sustained blockade of neurokinin-1 receptors enhances serotonin neurotransmission.

Abstract Background: Antagonists of neurokinin-1 (NK 1 ) receptors, through which substance P acts, have been proposed to belong to a new class of antidepressants with a unique mode of action. It was postulated that they exert this putative therapeutic effect independently of the serotonin (5-HT) neurons. Methods: The aim of the present study was to assess, using in vivo electrophysiological paradigms, the effects of sustained administration of the nonpeptidic NK 1 antagonist CP-96,345 on the firing activity of rat dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons, the responsiveness of pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT 1A receptors, and overall 5-HT neurotransmission in the hippocampus. Results: Both short- and long-term treatments with CP-96,345 significantly increased the spontaneous firing activity of dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons, and this increase was associated with an attenuation of somatodendritic 5-HT 1A autoreceptor responsiveness. In contrast, the inactive enantiomer of CP-96,345 at NK 1 receptors, CP-96,344, did not alter these parameters after short-term administration. Because 5-HT 1A receptor activation inhibits the firing activity of dorsal hippocampus CA 3 pyramidal neurons, the degree of disinhibition produced by the selective 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist WAY 100635 was determined to assess the net change in 5-HT neurotransmission. Intravenous injection of WAY 100635 did not disinhibit CA 3 pyramidal neuron firing in rats given saline, CP-96,345 for 2 days, or CP-96,344 for 14 days, but produced a significant enhancement of firing in rats treated with CP-96,345 for 2 weeks. Therefore, only long-term treatment with CP-96,345 enhanced the tonic activation of postsynaptic 5-HT 1A receptors. Conclusions: Similar to all other major types of antidepressant treatments, these data indicate that substance P antagonists might alleviate anxiety and major depression, at least in part, by enhancing the degree of activation of some 5-HT receptors in the forebrain.
In vivo and in vitro recovery of defective Friend virus by various leukemia viruses.

Friend virus-induced reticulum cell sarcomas afler growth in tissue culture were shown to be free from infectious virus. Retrieval of infectious Friend virus could be accomplished with the aid of Moloney leukemia virus, Graffi leukemia virus, and the lymphatic leukemia virus associated with Friend virus, using both in vivo and in vitro techniques. On initial isolation, the pseudotypes differed from original Friend virus in their markedly reduced ability to induce Friend disease in other than newborn BALB/c mice. It was concluded that, although Friend virus may also exist in a non-defective form, there was no evidence that the tumors contained other than helper-dependent virus.
Use of the stability of vacuoles isolated from the storage parenchyma cells of dormant and freshly harvested red beets (Beta vulgaris L.) to test for population differences

Abstract We find that vacuoles isolated by slicing from storage tissue of red beets ( Beta vulgaris L.) may consist of different populations depending on the region sampled, or how the beets were stored. Because the average size of isolated vacuoles was less than that seen in tissue slices, many vacuoles are altered during isolation. Isolated vacuoles of at least 32 μm diameter might represent those least physically altered by isolation. The persistence of these large isolated vacuoles was examined in various media over 2 h. maximum persistence was observed with sorbitol at or above 1.5 M, pH 7.25, and KCl at 100 mM or higher. DTT (0–10 mM), or EDTA (0–12.5 mM), did not improve the persistence of isolated vacuoles. The optimized isolation medium gave high vacuole persistence in most cases, but a medium modified from that used by others (R.A. Leigh and D. Branton, Plant Physiol., 58 (1976) 656–662) showed lower persistence for isolated vacuoles from fresh compared with dormant beets. Vacuoles from the fifth to sixth intervascular ring of fresh beets had a lower persistence than did those from the second to third ring. The same storage organ may yield different vacuole populations depending on how it is stored, or the region sampled.
Diffuse interface model for structural transitions of grain boundaries

The conditions for structural transitions at the core of a grain boundary separating two crystals was investigated with a diffuse interface model that incorporates disorder and crystal orientation [Kobayashi et al., Physica D 140, 141 (2000)]. The model predicts that limited structural disorder near the grain boundary core can be favorable below the melting point. This disordered material is a precursor to a liquid phase and therefore the model represents grain boundary premelting. This model is shown to be isomorphic to Cahn's critical point wetting theory [J.W. Cahn, J. Chem. Phys. 66, 3667 (1977)] and predicts first- and higher-order structural grain boundary transitions. A graphical construction predicts the equilibrium grain boundary core disorder, the grain boundary energy density, and the relative stability of multiple grain boundary ``complexions.'' The graphical construction permits qualitative inference of the effect of model properties, such as empirical homogeneous free energy density and assumed gradient energy coefficients, on properties. A quantitative criterion is derived which determines whether a first-order grain boundary transition will occur. In those systems where first-order transition does occur, they are limited to intermediate grain-boundary misorientations and to a limited range of temperatures below the melting point. Larger misorientations lead to continuously increasing disorder up to the melting point at which the disorder matches a liquid state. Smaller misorientation continuously disorder but are not completely disordered at the melting point. Characteristic grain boundary widths and energies are calculated as is the width's divergence behavior at the melting point. Grain boundary phase diagrams are produced. The relations between the model's predictions and atomistic simulations and with experimental observations are examined.
Infrared spectroscopic investigation of the adsorption and reactions of SO2 on MgO

Abstract SO2 adsorbs chemically on MgO at room temperature. The adsorbed species transforms to two forms of SO32− after heating at 300 ° under vacuum. Above 500 ° these sulfite surface species are unstable and either react further or desorb. Only a SO42− species remains on the surface. Upon heating in oxygen the SO32− species react with O2 to form bidentate and chelate sulfato complexes along with strongly bonded SO3.
Changes in growth and morphology of the condyle following mandibular distraction in minipigs: overloading or underloading?

Abstract Objective Loading of temporomandibular tissues during mandibular distraction may cause changes in condylar growth and cartilage thickness. This study examines the effects of distraction on the condyle in a large animal model by explicitly measuring growth and in vivo loading. Design Unilateral mandibular distraction was carried out on 20 growing minipigs divided into three groups. One group underwent distraction but not consolidation, whereas the other two groups were allowed a period of consolidation of either 1 or 2 weeks. Animals received fluorochrome and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling and masticatory strain was measured from the condylar neck. Condylar strain was also recorded in an age-matched sample of eight animals that received no distraction surgery. Immunohistochemical procedures were used to identify dividing prechondroblasts and histological analysis was used to measure mineral apposition rate, count dividing cells, and measure the thickness of condylar cartilage. Results Strain magnitude, particularly compressive strain, was much larger on the non-distraction side compared to the distraction side condyle. Compared to normal loading levels, the distraction side condyle was underloaded whereas the condyle on the intact side was overloaded. Mineral apposition and cartilage thickness were greater on the distraction side condyle compared to the opposite side. Differences between the sides were most pronounced in the group with no consolidation and became progressively reduced with consolidation time. Conclusions Increased mineralisation and cartilage thickness on the distraction side condyle are associated with reduced, not increased loading, perhaps because of disruption of the distraction side masseter muscle.
Interfaces in Mo/Si multilayers

Using state-of-the-art instruments and electron microscopy, the interfaces in Mo/Si multilayer mirrors fabricated by UHV electron-beam evaporation and by sputtering were examined. Peak shifts were observed in the XPS spectra at growth temperatures as low as 50 C, indicating the formation of silicide at the interface. The TEM micrographs showed that, in multilayers, the majority of the silicide formed at Mo on Si interfaces, rather than at Si on Mo interfaces. At 300 C, the multilayer structure is almost completely destroyed by the reaction. Mirrors with d(Mo) of about 40 A performed much better than those with d(Mo) of about 55 A. The Auger depth profiles showed that oxygen uptake in the sputtered samples and in samples evaporated at 200 C is limited to the top Mo layer, while samples evaporated at temperatures below 200 C had oxygen penetration through at least the first few bilayers, indicating that the silicide layers act as diffusion barriers to the oxygen.
Office worker response to lighting and daylighting issues in workspace environments: A pilot survey

Abstract Based on a pilot survey of workers in an office building in St. Louis, Missouri, we evaluate reported levels of importance and satisfaction associated with lighting controls and other environmental conditions in workspaces and how they relate to physical features of the building and selected socio-demographic characteristics. We found that most respondents considered the majority of their workspace conditions important and satisfactory. The data suggest a negative relationship between how people evaluate the importance of and their satisfaction with their working environment: those who are least satisfied with features of their workspace consider these features very important, and vice versa. We also found that floor location, window orientation, and gender of worker were statistically significant correlates of many attitudes toward workspace features. Optimal benefits from new lighting and related control technologies will require good design and efficient hardware; however, our results suggest that careful integration of these technologies with worker values and priorities is essential if potential benefits are to be realized.
Correction to: ‘Information and preference aggregation’

The Fundamental Lemma. Suppose that w(x,y) = fx,yg [H where H is disjoint from fx; yg. (A) If w 62 fx; yg [H, partition w(y,w) = A [ B where fy;wg A 1⁄2fy;wg [H and B \ 1⁄2fy;wg [H 1⁄4 /; if f is a Paretian social welfare function on LðXÞ with w as relevance mapping and x 62 B, then B 1⁄4 /. (B) If fw; zg \ fx; yg 1⁄4 /, partition wðw; zÞ as fw; zg [ B; if f is a Paretian social welfare function on LðXÞ with w as relevance mapping and either H or B is nonempty, then H \ B 61⁄4 /.
Use and perceived value of computer-based information systems in supporting the decision making of German managers

This study surveyed a sample of German managers to investigate the amount of information technology (IT) these managers used and their perceived value and satisfaction with their existing computer-based information systems (CBIS) in providing helpful information for making successful and effective decisions. A detailed analysis of the responses produced the following findings: (1) The German sample of managers was predominantly male, older, had several college computer courses, and was comprised mainly of middle and top level managers. (2) The German managers used IT rather heavily, approximately 10 hours per week. This result was similar to those reported in several previous studies. (3) First-line managers were the heaviest users of IT and perceived the greatest value of CBIS for decision making. Top level managers were the lightest users of IT but perceived greater value of CBIS than middle managers. From the functional areas, managers in information systems and accounting/finance were the heaviest users of IT and perceived the greatest value of CBIS. For the overall sample, there was a significant correlation between amount of use of IT and perceived value of CBIS. (4) The majority of the respondents were confident that the information they were getting from their CBIS was not compromised due to lack of adequate security. (5) About half of the responding managers reported that they helped specify more than sixty percent (60%) of the content or format of the information presented to them by CBIS. (6) Eighty four percent (84%) of the respondents rated their corporation's amount of investment in IT to support managerial needs as adequate or better.
Morphologic changes in the lung during the lifespan of Fischer 344 rats

Pulmonary structure and function were quantitatively investigated over the lifespan of the Fischer 344 rat by morphometric and physiologic techniques. Male animals 1 week, 6 weeks, 5 months, 14 months, and 26 months of age and female animals 5 months, 14 months, and 26 months of age were studied. All alveolar tissue compartments demonstrated significant increases in volume, surface area, and cell number during the first 5 months of life. From 5 to 26 months of age, remodelling in the epithelial and interstitial compartments continued to take place while the endothelial compartment remained relatively unchanged. In the epithelial compartment the ratio of type II cells to type I cells lining the alveolar surface decreased as age increased. In the interstitial compartment the volume of the noncellular components of the interstitium increased by 39% in males and by 89% in females from 5 to 26 months of age. Physiologic measurements of lung volumes in males at 6 weeks, 14 months, and 26 months demonstrated progressive increases in vital capacity (VC) and total lung capacity (TLC). Morphometric pulmonary-diffusion capacity (DLO2) increased in males from 1 week to 5 months of age and remained relatively unchanged from 5 to 26 months of age in both sexes.
Catabolite repression of the formation of precursors of electron transfer complexes III and IV in adapting bakers' yeast: dependence upon a mitochondrially translated repressor.

Abstract When bakers' yeast cells which had been grown anaerobically in galactose were aerated in the presence of 10% glucose, they showed a 40% decrease in in vivo [14C]-leucine incorporation into a washed mitochondrial membrane fraction compared with cells which had been aerated in a low glucose medium. The observed catabolite repression of membrane protein synthesis was primarily due to a decrease in cytoplasmic translational activity, but this repression was entirely dependent upon concomitant mitochondrial translation. The inductions of reduced coenzyme Q cytochrome c reductase (complex III) and of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) activities were repressed 30 and 60%, respectively, by aeration of the cells for 8 hours in 10% glucose. The catabolite repression of the formation of these two inner membrane complexes was again shown to be dependent upon concomitant mitochondrial translation. Both the amino acid incorporation and enzyme induction data suggest that catabolite repression of both cytoplasmically and mitochondrially translated mitochondrial membrane proteins is mediated through a mitochondrially translated repressor.
Foundations of probabilistic answers to queries

Overview: Probabilistic query answering is a fundamental set of techniques that underlies several, very recent database applications: exploratory queries in databases, novel IR-style approaches to data integration, querying information extracted from the Web, queries over sensor networks, data acquisition, querying data sources that violate integrity constraints, controlling information disclosure in data exchange, and reasoning about privacy breaches in data mining. This is a surprisingly diverse range of applications, most of which have either emerged recently, or have seen a recent increased interest, and which all share a common fundamental abstraction: that an item being in the answer to a query is no longer a boolean value, but a probabilistic event. It this authors belief that this is a new paradigm in query answering, whose foundations lie in random graphs, and 0/1-laws in finite model theory. The results from these fields, and their relevance to the probabilistic query answering method, are very little known in the database research community, and the theoretical research papers or books that describe them are not very popular in the systems database research community.