cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inquiry-Based Education of Physical Geography

Geography, with its traditional nature-based object of study, has an irreplaceable role amongst (natural) sciences. In addition to its multidisciplinarity, it has close links to all cross-sectional themes. Therefore it is an appropriate subject for the application of inquiry-based learning (IBL) methodical procedures. IBL of geography arouses pupils’ interest in their surroundings, nature and the landscape they live in. It develops their practical skills and abilities to apply theoretical knowledge in practice, thus such abilities and skills that the Czech pupils are still missing. Simultaneously, the thematic unit of field geographical teaching, practice and application, which is a part of educational field geography in the Framework Educational Programme for Basic Education, is realised in applying IBL of geography. Nowadays amongst the main research questions in using IBL in practice is how IBL can be achieved in classroom. The chapter tries to provide an answer to this question mainly from the Czech point of view. It familiarises readers with different approaches, methods and options of using IBL in Czech secondary schools. At the same time, it presents examples of research tasks and case studies that can be appropriate inspiration for teachers. Case studies mainly focus on examples of using IBL methods in teaching physical geography. The main reason is the low interest of Czech pupils in the natural sciences and low motivation to engage in natural sciences subjects. This contribution proposes to provide inspirational ideas and ways to improve through IBL teaching physical geography and arouse the interest of pupils.
Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis

The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis holds that language plays a powerful role in shaping human consciousness, affecting everything from private thought and perception to larger patterns of behavior in society—ultimately allowing members of any given speech community to arrive at a shared sense of social reality. This article starts with a brief consideration of the philosophical insights that inspired the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis or the “principle of linguistic relativity,” as it is more often known today. Toward the end of the article current empirical research is reviewed. This explores everything from human universals to the cross-cultural differences in the construction of gender, color, space, and other creative practices associated with language, such as storytelling, poetry, or song. Keywords: cognitive processes; communication theory; creativity; cultural/critical theory; diversity
Designing Bioretention Areas for Stormwater Management

Governing equations for designing bioretention areas for both flood control and water-quality control are developed, and a design protocol for applying these equations is also presented. Factors taken into account include the flood-control return period, the local intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) function, the catchment volumetric runoff coefficient, and the depth and infiltration capacity of the bioretention-area bowl. It is shown that the IDF functions nested within the conventional Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) rainfall distributions can be described by a common functional form, with different parameters for each of the four rainfall types. These extracted IDF functions are used to show that designing bioretention areas for flood control is more feasible in the western part of the United States that have Type I rainfall, compared to other parts of the county that have Types IA, II, and III rainfall. It is demonstrated that practical bioretention areas that are sized for water-quality control can also meet flood-control regulations in some areas. A design example is provided to demonstrate the typical sizing of bioretention areas for both flood control and water-quality control.
Automatically Processing Tweets from Gang-Involved Youth: Towards Detecting Loss and Aggression.

Violence is a serious problems for cities like Chicago and has been exacerbated by the use of social media by gang-involved youths for taunting rival gangs. We present a corpus of tweets from a young and powerful female gang member and her communicators, which we have annotated with discourse intention, using a deep read to understand how and what triggered conversations to escalate into aggression. We use this corpus to develop a part-of-speech tagger and phrase table for the variant of English that is used and a classifier for identifying tweets that express grieving and aggression.
Development of a small satellite primarily inertial autonomous self-correcting attitude determination and control system (Conference Presentation)

This paper discusses the software for a satellite inertial autonomous self-correcting attitude determination and control system (ADCS). The mathematical models used and the challenges that have arisen are discussed. The ADCS has to automatically update its control profile after deployment, continuously, compensating for a potentially changing center of mass and removing the requirement to test the system in the orbital environment to develop the initial profile. Rough estimation is provided by the accelerometers and solar cells and refined using an outward facing star sensor. A limited functionality mode fallback, low computational power and environmental exploration mode has also been developed.
Ammonium Ionic Liquid Solubilities in Water and Micellar Formation.

A number of proposed applications for ionic liquids (ILs) involve IL/water interfaces, such as chemical separations or drug delivery. Therefore, an understanding of the solubility and micellar behavior ILs in aqueous environments is critical. The anion, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Tf2N) promotes water stability and forms water immiscible ILs. This study, therefore, paired the Tf2N-anion with three different classes of IL cations. The three classes examined were 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazoliums (Rmim), alkyl-trimethylammoniums (CTA), and bulky ammoniums (BAM). CTAs can be synthesized from inexpensive ammonium surfactants; however, large CTAs are solids at ambient conditions. In contrast, large BAMs remain in the liquid state at ambient conditions. We used total organic carbon (TOC) analysis to determine the IL content in IL saturated water. Surface tension measurements of IL containing water determined if micelles existed in the IL saturated water. We used linear free energy relationship (LFER) semiemp...
Disruptions to hippocampal adult neurogenesis in rodent models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

ABSTRACTExposure of the embryo and fetus to alcohol can lead to abnormal physical, neuroanatomical, and behavioral development, collectively known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). This mini-review focuses on the negative impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on hippocampal adult neurogenesis, an important process by which the brain adds new neurons throughout the lifespan, and hippocampal dendritic complexity through the discussion of various mammalian models of FASDs. Alcohol-induced aberrations in the outgrowth, phenotype, and stability of dendrites of neurons in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex will also be discussed. Timing of alcohol exposure during development (first trimester vs. third trimester-equivalent) can determine whether cell proliferation or long-term cell survival is impaired. Our work demonstrating that third trimester-equivalent exposure has a more significant impact on cell survival and dendritic morphology than rate of cell proliferation. Understanding the impact of...
Specifications of Targeting Heterochromatin Modifications in Plants

Abstract Plants encode a diverse repertoire of DNA methyltransferases that have specialized to target cytosines for methylation in specific sequence contexts. These include the de novo methyltransferase, DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 2 (DRM2), which methylates cytosines in all sequence contexts through an RNA-guided process, the CHROMOMETHYLASES (CMTs), which methylate CHH and CHG cytosines (where H is A, T, or C), and METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (MET1), which maintains methylation of symmetrical CG contexts. In this review, we discuss the sequence specificities and targeting of each of these pathways. In particular, we highlight recent studies that indicate CMTs preferentially target CWG or CWA/CAW motifs (where W is A or T), and discuss how self-reinforcing feedback loops between DNA methyltransferases and histone modifications characteristic of heterochromatin specify targeting. Finally, the initiating events that lead to gene body methylation are discussed as a model illustrating how interdependent targeting of different silencing pathways can potentiate the establishment of off-target epialleles.
Human Clinical Trials and Drug Approvals: Transnational Issues

Abstract Clinical trials are an integral part of the development and improvement of pharmaceutical, medical device, and biotechnology products, but they are costly, risky, and difficult to execute. To seek relief from high costs, long drug development time lines, and recruitment obstacles, pharmaceutical companies have increasingly moved their clinical trials overseas. While doing so provides drug companies with advantages they cannot access in the United States, it also presents legal, regulatory, ethical, and cultural questions that are inherent in setting up and conducting a clinical trial in a foreign jurisdiction. This chapter presents an analysis of those questions, including the various legal landscapes with which clinical trial sponsors must contend, as well as practical considerations for sponsors and drug companies to consider. The chapter concludes with suggestions to mitigate the risks of preparing for and executing a transnational clinical trial.
Salvage Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection After Fluciclovine Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Detected Prostate Cancer Recurrence

Background: Multiple new systemic agents have been targeted to metastatic prostate cancer, with decreased progression of disease but no cure. Surgical management of metastatic disease has been gaining interest, primarily in the setting of high-risk prostatectomies. However, metastasis-directed surgical intervention has been employed in rare scenarios, especially in oligometastatic disease. We report here on a salvage robot-assisted pelvic lymph node dissection for a solitary metastatic site. Case Presentation: A 63-year-old Hispanic man who was initially treated with prostatectomy for intermediate risk cancer developed rapid biochemical recurrence. After salvage radiation, fluciclovine positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan showed a solitary pelvic lymph node metastasis. A robot-assisted laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection was carried out, with subsequent nadir of his prostate-specific antigen at 0.026. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of salvage pelvic lymph node dissection after metastatic detection by fluciclovine PET/CT scan. Our patient experienced a complete biochemical response; however, it remains to be seen whether this will be a lasting response. Surgical resection of metastatic sites in prostate cancer offers a safe alternative to systemic therapy and avoids systemic side effects.
Minimum Standard of Procedural Justice

In Chapter III it was concluded that during the past eight years the NATO “fair trial” safeguards have been successfully implemented in thousands of cases among countries having different legal systems and different cultures. This success was largely the result of an informal reciprocal decision making process in which the participants shared the goal of mutual defense.
Comment on baron and galizio (2005).

From my perspective Baron and Galizio (2005) provide an accurate and very clear version of my arguments against the use of the positive–negative reinforcement distinction in behavior analysis. I have only a few things to add to their presentation.
Understanding the Mulmuley-Sohoni Approach to P vs. NP.

We explain the essence of K. Mulmuley and M. Sohoni, “Geometric Complexity Theory I: An Approach to the P vs. NP and Related Problems” [MS02] for a general complexity-theory audience. We evaluate the power and prospects of the new approach. The emphasis is not on probing the deep mathematics that underlies this work, but rather on helping computational complexity theorists not versed in its background to understand the combinatorics involved.
A 10-MHz Micromechanical Resonator Pierce Reference Oscillator for Communications

A modified Pierce circuit topology has been used to first demonstrate a 9.75 MHz μmechanical resonator reference oscillator, then to assess the ultimate frequency stability of such an oscillator via accurate measurement of its close-to-carrier phase noise, which seems to exhibit an unexpected 1/f 3 dependence that limits the phase noise to −80 dBc at a 1 kHz offset from the carrier—a value that must be improved before use in most communications applications. Through theoretical analysis, this 1/f 3 dependence seems to derive from aliasing of active circuit 1/f noise onto the carrier caused by nonlinearity in the capacitive transducer of the μmechanical resonator.
Data Driven Spatio-Temporal Modeling of Parking Demand

To mitigate the congestion caused by parking, performance based pricing schemes have received a significant amount of attention. However, several recent studies suggest location, time of day, and awareness of policies are the primary factors that drive parking decisions. In light of this, we provide an extensive study of the spatio-temporal characteristics of parking demand. This work advances the understanding of where and when to set pricing policies, as well as how to target information and incentives to drivers looking to park. Harnessing data provided by the Seattle Department of Transportation, we develop a Gaussian mixture model based technique to identify zones with similar spatial demand as quantified by spatial autocorrelation. In support of this technique we provide a method based on the repeatability of our Gaussian mixture model to show demand for parking is consistent through time.
High efficiency of III-nitride micro-light-emitting diodes by sidewall passivation using atomic layer deposition

Optoelectronic effects of sidewall passivation on micro-sized light-emitting diodes (µLEDs) using atomic-layer deposition (ALD) were investigated. Moreover, significant enhancements of the optical and electrical effects by using ALD were compared with conventional sidewall passivation method, namely plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). ALD yielded uniform light emission and the lowest amount of leakage current for all µLED sizes. The importance of sidewall passivation was also demonstrated by comparing leakage current and external quantum efficiency (EQE). The peak EQEs of 20 × 20 µm2 µLEDs with ALD sidewall passivation and without sidewall passivation were 33% and 24%, respectively. The results from ALD sidewall passivation revealed that the size-dependent influences on peak EQE can be minimized by proper sidewall treatment.
Silylene Complexes of Late 3d Transition Metals Supported by tris-Phosphinoborate Ligands

The complexes [BP3R]MX ([BP3R] = PhB(CH2PR2)3–, R = Ph, iPr; M = Ni, Co, Fe; X = halide) were explored as platforms for generation of first-row metal silylene complexes. Direct silylation of [BP3Ph]NiCl or [BP3iPr]CoCl with (THF)2LiSiHMes2 resulted in formation of the silylene complexes [BP3Ph]Ni(μ-H)(SiMes2) and [BP3iPr]Co(μ-H)(SiMes2), respectively. In contrast, [BP3iPr]FeBr reacted with (THF)2LiSiHMes2 to produce the iron-alkyl [BP3iPr]Fe(CH2-2-(SiH2Mes)-3,5-Me2C6H2), a constitutional isomer of the expected silyl or silylene complex. Preparation of the nickel benzyl complex [BP3Ph]Ni(η2-Bn) allowed for exploration of addition–elimination chemistry for access to silylene complexes from simple primary and secondary silanes. Heating toluene solutions of [BP3Ph]Ni(η2-Bn) in the presence of CySiH3 resulted in the formation of a dimeric μ-silylene complex [Ni(μ-BP2Ph)(μ-SiHCy)]2. In the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), these conditions led to exclusive formation of the base-stabilized silylene com...
Desensitization therapy using 'Mariana Castells' protocol in a patient with multiple autoimmune disorders- does it work?

Clinical use of antibiotics is becoming more widespread with each passing day for various infectious diseases. This has caused an abrupt increase in hypersensitivity reactions linked to these drugs...
Simultaneous automated determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia in water and wastewater

An automated system capable of simultaneous determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia in about 2 ml of fresh water or wastewater is described. The four compounds are determined using modifications of established colorimetric procedures. Results can be reported at a true rate of five samples per hour with a relative standard deviation at optimum concentrations of less than 2%. Detection limits are 1 ppm Cl for chloride and 1, 5, and 5 ppb N for nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia, respectively. Sample pH adjustment is not required from 0.0002 N H2SO4 (pH 3.7) to 0.005 N NaOH (pH 11.2). Fresh water and wastewater samples were analyzed for nitrite and ammonia by the proposed procedure and by the manual sulfanilic-naphthylamine and nesslerization method. Analysis by the student t-test showed no significant difference between the paired sets of data (P > 0.5). When potable and wastewater samples were spiked with sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrite, and ammonium chloride and analyzed, average recoveries were 99 to 103%.
Abdominal Ultrasound and Genitourinary Ultrasound in the Intensive Care Unit

Ultrasound imaging of the abdomen can be a valuable tool in the bedside assessment of the critically ill patient. A systematic and reproducible approach to critical care ultrasound assessment of the abdomen is outlined in this chapter, using a four-point, location-specific approach adapted from the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam. This system allows for the rapid assessment of multiple organs and pathologies pertinent to the critically ill patient, including assessment of the urinary tract, diagnosis of free fluid, and imaging of important vascular structures. Limitations of this approach and common pitfalls in imaging acquisition and interpretation are discussed. Adoption of this location-specific approach will provide the novice critical care ultrasonographer with a structure for approaching abdominal ultrasound in the intensive care unit.
Regular elements in bases of Hecke algebras

Abstract Let G ˜ = GL ( n , F ¯ q ) where q is a power of a prime. Let F be the standard Frobenius map of G ˜ . Let B ˜ denote the Borel subgroup of G ˜ of upper triangular matrices in G ˜ and let T ˜ denote the maximal split torus of G ˜ contained in B ˜ . Let W denote the Weyl group of the B ˜ , N ˜ pair where N ˜ = N G ˜ ( T ˜ ) . Let w ∈ W and let w ˙ denote an element in the pre-image of the natural surjection map from N G ˜ ( T ˜ ) to W. The double coset B ˜ w ˙ B ˜ contains only regular elements if and only if w is a Coxeter element of minimal length. In the following we consider an element w ∈ W that is not of minimal length and thus B ˜ w B ˜ contains nonregular elements. We explicitly describe certain cosets that are subsets of B ˜ w B ˜ and contain only regular elements. These cosets are chosen for their importance in the construction of a basis of a Hecke algebra associated with G = G ˜ F .
Development of Irradiation Test Devices for Transient Testing

The Transient Reactor Test facility (TREAT) resumed operations in 2017 in order to reclaim its crucial role in nuclear-heated fuel safety research. TREAT’s historic era of operation (1959 to 1994) ...
Spatiotemporal Transformation in the Alkaloid Profile of Pinus Roots in Response to Mycorrhization

Root alkaloids remain highly unexplored in ectomycorrhizae development studies. By employing ultrahigh mass resolution mass spectrometry imaging techniques, we showed substantial relocation and transformation of piperidine alkaloids in pine root tips in response to Suillus mycorrhization. We imaged, in the time frame of ectomycorrhizae formation, a completely different alkaloid profile in Pinus strobus, where basidiospores of Suillus spraguei induce morphogenesis of symbiotic tissues, than in Pinus taeda, where such interaction fails to induce morphogenesis. On the basis of spatial colocalization studies, we proposed some alternative routes for biosynthesis of these alkaloids that supplement existing literature data.
NP20 Starting Early: Expansion of a Primary Care-Based Early Child Obesity Prevention Program

Objective Determine “Starting Early Program” (StEP) impacts on infant feeding practices and weight and develop expanded prenatal and pre-school StEP interventions. Description We conducted a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of StEP, a comprehensive early child obesity prevention program using prenatal and pediatric primary care to target low-income, Hispanic families. English/Spanish speaking pregnant Hispanic women were enrolled in the third trimester to standard primary care control group vs. StEP intervention group (prenatal/postpartum nutrition counseling, and nutrition and parenting support groups coordinated with well-child visits until child age three years). Expanded prenatal and preschool StEP curricula for women beginning in the first trimester and children aged 3-5 years were developed. Evaluation Intervention outcomes assessed at child age 3, 10, 19 months and 2, 3, 4 and 5 years. Maternal infant feeding and activity practices assessed using 24-hour diet recalls and validated surveys. Measured child weight for age z-scores (WFAz) determined from CDC growth charts. Intent to treat analyses and within group analyses for intervention dose impacts were conducted. We randomized 533 low-income women into the original trial. 88%, 78%, 74%, 76% and 75% of mother-infant pairs completed assessments at 3, 10, and 19 months, and 2 and 3 years. Intervention pairs had healthier feeding and activity practices (more exclusive breastfeeding, tummy time; less cereal in the bottle, excess milk intake and non-responsive feeding styles). By age two, intervention group infants had lower WFAz than controls (0.62(1.11) vs. 0.85(1.17); P = .046). Median number of sessions attended was 7.0(SD3.5)/12. High attendance reduced the odds of being overweight (AOR 0.42, P = .02). To date, a new expanded prenatal cohort is being enrolled in the 1st trimester (goal n = 200); 309 pairs from the original cohort enrolled for continuation, 4- and 5-year assessments on-going. Conclusion and Implications StEP intervention infants had healthier feeding practices and lower weight at two years, with dose dependent reduction in overweight. Findings demonstrate a scalable system to potentially augment obesity prevention in primary care for at-risk families.
Next-generation sequencing of pIJ101-based Streptomyces-E. coli shuttle vectors

The sequences of two commonly used pIJ101-based Streptomyces-E. coli shuttle vectors, pEM4 and pUWL201, were determined using next-generation sequencing and mapped. pEM4 was found to be 8.3 kbp long, containing genes encoding {beta}-lactamase, thiostrepton resistance, the lacZ{square} fragment, an E. coli pUC19 origin of replication, and the Streptomyces pIJ101 origin of replication. pUWL201 was found to be 6.78 kbp long, containing genes encoding {beta}-lactamase, thiostrepton resistance, the lacZ{square} fragment, an E. coli pUC19 origin of replication, and the Streptomyces pIJ101 origin of replication. Interestingly, the sequences for both pEM4 and pUWL201 exceed their previously reported size by 1.1 kbp and 0.4 kbp, respectively. This report updates the literature with the corrected sequences for these two popular vectors, ensuring their compatibility with modern synthetic biology cloning methodologies.
Brand Authenticity and Strategic Response to Crises: Symbolic Effects of Donation Type on Purchase Intent and Digital Engagement

Brand Authenticity is paramount in contemporary advertising and brands can communicate their authenticity by supporting social and environmental crises. Brands often donate money or products to cau...
Regulatory Roles of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors on Synaptic Communication Mediated by Gap Junctions.

Abstract Variations of synaptic strength are thought to underlie forms of learning and can functionally reshape neural circuits. Metabotropic glutamate receptors play key roles in regulating the strength of chemical synapses. However, information within neural circuits is also conveyed via a second modality of transmission: gap junction-mediated synapses. We review here evidence indicating that metabotropic glutamate receptors also play important roles in the regulation of synaptic communication mediated by neuronal gap junctions, also known as ‘electrical synapses’. Activity-driven interactions between metabotropic glutamate receptors and neuronal gap junctions can lead to long-term changes in the strength of electrical synapses. Further, the regulatory action of metabotropic glutamate receptors on neuronal gap junctions is not restricted to adulthood but is also of critical relevance during brain development and contributes to the pathological mechanisms that follow brain injury.
Metacognitive processes and associations to executive function and motivation during a problem-solving task in 3–5 year olds

Metacognition—knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of cognition—is key to learning and academic achievement. This is robustly supported for K-12 and higher education learners while empirical evidence in early childhood is encouraging but limited. To address these gaps in the literature, our first goal was to investigate early metacognition across two developmentally appropriate measures. Our second goal was to examine associations to executive function and motivation. Participants were 77 preschoolers, aged 3–5. Metacognition was measured using a metacognitive knowledge interview (declarative metacognition) and a metacognitive skills observational scale (procedural), both in the context of a problem-solving puzzle task. Executive function was assessed with the Head Toes Knees Shoulder measure and motivation was operationalized as persistence (time on task) on the puzzle. All children exhibited evidence of metacognitive knowledge and skills. Declarative and procedural metacognition were significantly and positively related to one another and to executive function and motivation, though to varying degrees. Controlling for language and age, metacognition significantly and positively predicted executive function and motivation. Metacognitive knowledge predicted executive function and metacognitive skills predicted motivation. Results contribute to psychology and education by reinforcing recent findings that metacognition develops far younger than was originally thought, and explicating relations between and providing models for assessing early metacognition, executive function, and motivation. We propose that these skills are intentionally fostered in early childhood.
Do emotions predict eating? The role of previous experiences in emotional eating in the lab and in daily life.

Abstract Emotional eating is defined as an increase in eating following negative emotion. Self-reported emotional eating has been associated with physical health concerns. However, experimental and daily diary studies indicate that induced or naturally experienced negative emotions do not reliably lead to increased eating behavior in people without eating disorders, not even among self-professed emotional eaters. Emotional eating may depend on associations people have made between specific emotions and eating. We describe a set of studies with the overarching goal of determining whether accounting for the variation in people's associations between eating and different discrete emotions is the key to observing emotional eating. In both Study 1 (N = 118) and 2 (N = 111), we asked people to report on their tendency to eat following sadness and anxiety and determined how much they ate when induced to feel sad or anxious in the lab (Study 1) or experiencing these emotions in daily life (Study 2). We found no support for our hypotheses in either study; self-professed sad- or anxious-eaters did not eat more when induced to experience these emotions in the lab, or when experiencing these emotions in daily life. Thus, accounting for the variation in people's associations between eating and two discrete emotions, sadness and anxiety, is not the key to observing sad or anxious eating behavior in the lab or in daily life. Preregistration, materials, data, and code: https://osf.io/kcqej/ (Study 1) and https://osf.io/3euvg/ (Study 2).
Extreme Quantum Memory Advantage for Rare-Event Sampling

Author(s): Aghamohammadi, C; Loomis, SP; Mahoney, JR; Crutchfield, JP | Abstract: We introduce a quantum algorithm for memory-efficient biased sampling of rare events generated by classical memoryful stochastic processes. Two efficiency metrics are used to compare quantum and classical resources for rare-event sampling. For a fixed stochastic process, the first is the classical-to-quantum ratio of required memory. We show for two example processes that there exists an infinite number of rare-event classes for which the memory ratio for sampling is larger than r, for any large real number r. Then, for a sequence of processes each labeled by an integer size N, we compare how the classical and quantum required memories scale with N. In this setting, since both memories can diverge as N→, the efficiency metric tracks how fast they diverge. An extreme quantum memory advantage exists when the classical memory diverges in the limit N→, but the quantum memory has a finite bound. We then show that finite-state Markov processes and spin chains exhibit memory advantage for sampling of almost all of their rare-event classes.
Familial hypercholesterolemia in Southeast and East Asia.

Abstract Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a relatively common autosomal dominant disorder associated with a significantly increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Most (~85–90%) cases are due to pathogenic variants in the LDL-receptor gene (LDLR), while the remaining are due to pathogenic variants in the apolipoprotein B (APOB) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) genes, though the proportion may vary depending on geographic location. Even though at least a quarter of the world's FH population lives in Southeast and East Asia, there are substantial gaps in knowledge regarding the epidemiology of FH due to low awareness, the absence of national screening programs, and limited availability of genetic testing. In this review, we discuss the most recent and relevant information available related to diagnostic criteria, prevalence, awareness, clinical characteristics, genetic epidemiology, and treatment in the FH population of Southeast and East Asia. Increasing awareness and improving the diagnosis and management of FH will reduce the burden of premature CHD in these regions of the world.
Machine learning-based security-aware spatial modulation for heterogeneous radio-optical networks

In this article, we propose a physical layer security (PLS) technique, namely security-aware spatial modulation (SA-SM), in a multiple-input multiple-output-based heterogeneous network, wherein bot...
Traumatic respiratory failure and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support:

Background:Respiratory failure (RF) is a common cause of death and morbid complication in trauma patients. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly used in adults with RF refracto...
Systems and algorithms for neutron detection and spectroscopy

Compliance of member States to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons is monitored through nuclear safeguards. Recent developments in scintillation detectors and electronics have enabled important improvements in safeguards systems. In this talk, I will present recent results in the characterization of a new deuterated stilbene scintillator and associated algorithms for neutron spectrum unfolding. I will then give an overview of how similar algorithms can be applied to identify and hence track TRISO fuel pebbles in high temperature gas or molten salt-cooled reactors.
Validity of the Semiclassical Approximation in 1+1 Electrodynamics: Numerical Solutions to the Linear Response Equation

From previous work arXiv:2010.09811, the semiclassical backreaction equation in 1+1 dimensions was solved and a criterion was implemented to assess the validity of the semiclassical approximation in this case. The criterion involves the behavior of solutions to the linear response equation which describes perturbations about solutions to the semiclassical backreaction equation. The linear response equation involves a time integral over a two-point correlation function for the current induced by the quantum field and it is expected that significant growth in this two-point function (and therefore in quantum fluctuations) will result in significant growth in solutions to the linear response equation. It was conjectured for early times that the difference of two nearby solutions to the semiclassical backreaction equation, with similar initial conditions, can act as an approximate solution to the linear response equation. A comparative analysis between the approximate and numerical solutions to the linear response equation, for the critical scale for particle production, will be presented for the case of a massive, quantized spin 1/2 field in order to determine how robust the approximation method is for representing its solutions.
Predictive Factors of Abortion Attitudes between Whites and Blacks

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of age and race on the attitude towards abortion. Changes between 1977 and 1993 in white and black’s abortion attitude were analyzed using National Opinion Research Center’s General Social Survey data. Attitudes toward abortion were based on six questions that were asked in the survey. An attitude index was constructed from these six items (alpha = 0.85). In general, as the cohorts aged attitudes became slightly less favorable. Whites and males were more pro-abortion than blacks and females. Multi-variate techniques were used to evaluate the determinants of attitudes, trends over time, and patterns of change for cohorts. The frequency of attending religious services was the strongest predictor of White’s abortion attitudes while the place of residence was the strongest predictor of Black’s abortion attitudes in the regression model.
Coordinated Multi-Point algorithms in Pico based Heterogeneous Networks

This paper considers Down-Link (DL) Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission/reception techniques within Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) which are comprised of Macro Stations (MSs) and Pico Stations (PSs). CoMP schemes based on Joint Processing/Joint Transmission (JP/JT) and transmit Zero Forcing (ZF) algorithms are evaluated using a static System-Level Simulator (SLS). Performance comparisons against the enhanced Inter-Cell-Interference-Coordination (eICIC) scheme for different Range Expansion (RE) bias values are presented.
Analytic interpolation with a degree constraint

The author previously (1983, 1987) showed that there is a correspondence between nonnegative (hermitian) trigonometric polynomials of degree /spl les/n and solutions to the standard Nevanlinna-Pick-Caratheodory interpolation problem with n+1 constraints, which are rational and also of degree /spl les/n. It was conjectured that the correspondence under suitable normalization is bijective and thereby, that it results in a complete parametrization of rational solutions of degree /spl les/n. The conjecture was proven by Byrnes et al. (1995) along with a detailed study of this parametrization, but their result was shown under a slightly restrictive assumption that the trigonometric polynomials are positive and accordingly, the corresponding solutions have positive real part. The purpose of the present note is to extend the result to the case of nonnegative trigonometric polynomials as well. We present the arguments in the context of the general Nevanlinna-Pick-Caratheodory-Fejer interpolation.
Dilute Al and V NMR in alpha -Ti.

We report a nuclear-magnetic-resonance investigation of four titanium alloys: Ti--1 at. % V, Ti--2 at. % V, Ti--1 at. % Al, and Ti--2 at. % Al. Interpretation of the experimental $^{51}\mathrm{V}$ and $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ absorption curves was accomplished largely by comparison with computer-simulated curves. Since the latter include the effects of nuclear-quadrupole and anisotropic Knight-shift interactions, dipolar broadening, and inhomogeneous Knight shift for the V and Al solute nuclei, the comparison yields experimental values for the electric-field gradient, axially symmetric anistropic Knight shift, and isotropic Knight shift, from which we attempt to deduce the local charge distribution at the V or Al atoms in the hcp \ensuremath{\alpha}-Ti matrix. We find that the localized states on an Al impurity exhibit very little of the character of the host Ti atomic structure. There is no orbital contribution to the Knight shift and the s conduction-electron density at Al sites is small. On the other hand, when vanadium is present as a dilute solute in the Ti lattice, only minor changes in its Knight shift are found. There is a large orbital-shift contribution, and the V nuclear absorption exhibits much the same character as in pure metallic V; there is, however, clear evidence of the V charge distribution assuming the hexagonal symmetry of the Ti lattice. The measured temperature dependences of the anisotropic Knight shift and electric-field-gradient values at V solute sites in Ti are also discussed. On partitioning the field gradient we find that the contribution from local non-s electrons is about two to five times larger in magnitude than the Ti-lattice ion value, a strong indication that the electronic structure near V (but not Al) resembles that of the matrix Ti.
Extreme-Ultraviolet Spectral Line Widths in Quiet-Sun Coronal Plasmas at Distances of 1.03 ? R? ? 1.45 along the Solar Equatorial Plane

We measure the full width at half-maximum intensity (FWHM) of extreme-ultarviolet (EUV) spectral line profiles as a function of height in the Sun's equatorial west limb streamer region using EUV spectra recorded by the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) spectrometer on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft. The spectra were recorded on 1996 November 21 and 22, during a special "roll" maneuver in which the SUMER slit was oriented in the east-west direction. Because the SUMER spectrometer is stigmatic along the slit length, the spectra are spatially resolved in the east-west direction. The spectra we discuss cover an effective distance range outside the west limb from 1.03 to 1.45 R☉; the maximum spatial resolution is 1''. We select a group of emission lines for analysis that under the usual ionization equilibrium assumption have maximum fractional abundances at temperatures ranging from 3 × 105 up to 2 × 106 K. We determine nonthermal motions as a function of position in the streamer region from the FWHMs under the assumption that the ion temperature equals the electron temperature of the streamer plasma. The electron temperature was derived previously by Feldman and coworkers.
A Self-Calibrating Grating

The wavelength of a single-mode cw laser can be accurately measured with the help of a fringe-counting traveling Michelson interferometer, but unfortunately this method cannot easily be extended to pulsed lasers, such as the widely used nitrogen-pumped dye laser systems. Today, most laboratories seem to employ conventional grating spectrographs to measure the wavelength of pulsed lasers. The resolution of such instruments can actually be quite sufficient in view of the typical larger bandwidth of pulsed lasers. But because of mechanical imperfections of the grating drive, the available digital wavelength readout can only be used for rough estimates, and any absolute wavelength measurement with the help of spectral lamps and wavelength catalogs is at best tedious.
The Problem of Governance in China

El articulo nos aproxima a la esfera publica en China a traves del ambito del comercio, que es un espacio clave en la emergencia de la sociedad civil. El autor analiza el surgimiento de la esfera publica y la sociedad civil en China desde finales de la dinastia Qing hasta la actualidad. Por lo que se refiere a la contemporaneidad, el articulo examina el desarrollo de las camaras de comercio en Wenzhou, un lugar donde la actividad asociativa y el desarrollo de la economia privada han tenido un papel predominante en China. Finalmente el articulo analiza hasta que punto y que tipo de institucionalizacion se esta desarrollando en China.
CD and 31P NMR studies of tachykinin and MSH neuropeptides in SDS and DPC micelles

Abstract Secondary structural characteristics of substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), neurokinin B (NKB), α-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide (α-MSH), γ 1 -MSH, γ 2 -MSH, and melittin were evaluated with circular dichroism in phosphite buffer, DPC micelles, and SDS micelles. CD spectral properties of γ 1 -MSH and γ 2 -MSH as well as 31 P NMR of DPC micelles with all the peptides are reported for the first time. Although, a trend in the neuropeptide/micelle CD data appears to show increased α-helix content for the tachykinin peptides (SP, NKA, NKB) and increased β-sheet content for the MSH peptides (α-MSH, γ 1 -MSH, γ 2 -MSH) with increasing peptide charge, the lack of perturbed 31 P NMR signals for all neuropeptides could suggest that the reported antimicrobial activity of SP and α-MSH might not be related to a membrane disruption mode of action.
Young adults' support for adult-ratings for movies depicting smoking and for restrictions on tobacco magazine advertising.

INTRODUCTION Smoking images in movies and tobacco advertisements in magazines are influential on adolescent smoking behaviors, and restrictions of these advertising strategies can reduce the prevalence of adolescent smoking. We assessed young adults' level of support for adult ratings for movies depicting smoking and for restrictions on tobacco magazine advertising. METHODS Young adults from the U.S. Midwest were surveyed between 2010-2011 (n=2622). We assessed their level of support for (a) adult-rating all movies depicting smoking, and (b) restrictions on tobacco magazine advertising. Multivariate regression models were used to investigate the characteristics associated with higher level of support for these policies. RESULTS Overall, 34% of the participants favored adult ratings for movies with smoking images, and 68% favored restrictions on tobacco magazine advertising. Characteristics associated with higher level of support differed somewhat by policy. CONCLUSION Further educating young adults about the influence of smoking images in movies on adolescent smoking may be necessary to gain more support for the policy. With the majority supporting restrictions on tobacco magazine advertising, it may be possible to tighten these restrictions to further protect adolescents. Future research is needed to identify how tobacco control advocates can frame these issues to gain further public support.
Impact of city size on precipitation‐modifying potential

[1] This study investigates how increasing city size affects local weather modification potential using an innovative new method: the real atmosphere, idealized land-surface (RAIL) method. The RAIL method simplifies the land surface by making a flat, homogeneous land surface for a control simulation. Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System, an instance of weak linear convection was simulated over three nested grids with a minimum grid spacing of 0.75 km. Using the RAIL method, cities of radius 5 to 40 km were placed in the path of the simulated precipitation to study the impact. For the weak-convection case, the urban area effects showed urban heat island and urban moisture depression effects and produced regions of both precipitation suppression and invigoration downwind of the city. Modification increased up to a radius of 20 km and more slowly after indicating a threshold city size for urban modification on thunderstorms.
The Retardation of Aging in Mice by Dietary Restriction: Longevity, Cancer, Immunity and Lifetime Energy Intake

We sought to clarify the impact of dietary restriction (undernutrition without malnutrition) on aging. Female mice from a long-lived strain were fed after weaning in one of six ways: group 1) a nonpurified diet ad libitum; 2) 85 kcal/wk of a purified diet (approximately 25% restriction); 3) 50 kcal/wk of a restricted purified diet enriched in protein, vitamin and mineral content to provide nearly equal intakes of these essentials as in group 2 (approximately 55% restriction); 4) as per group 3, but also restricted before weaning; 5) 50 kcal/wk of a vitamin- and mineral-enriched diet but with protein intake gradually reduced over the life span; 6) 40 kcal/wk of the diet fed to groups 3 and 4 (approximately 65% restriction). Mice from groups 3-6 exhibited mean and maximal life spans 35-65% greater than for group 1 and 20-40% greater than for group 2. Mice from group 6 lived longest of all. The longest lived 10% of mice from group 6 averaged 53.0 mo which, to our knowledge, exceeds reported values for any mice of any strain. Beneficial influences on tumor patterns and on declines with age in T-lymphocyte proliferation were most striking in group 6. Significant positive correlations between adult body weight and longevity occurred in groups 3-5 suggesting that increased metabolic efficiency may be related to longevity in restricted mice. Mice from groups 3-6 ate approximately 30% more calories per gram of mouse over the life span than did mice from group 2. These findings show the profound anti-aging effects of dietary restriction and provide new information for optimizing restriction regimes.