cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Megalomorphic Phase of Bacteria

Hadley1 in his critical review of the subject has clearly brought out the complex nature of bacterial dissociation. The changes originating in the cells manifest themselves as variations in morphology, types of colonies, biochemical activities, antigenic pattern and pathogenicity. At present our knowledge of the subject is too fragmentary to enable us to view the phenomenon as a whole. When more facts have been assembled many obscurities will undoubtedly disappear. The monomorphic concepts of earlier bacteriology have not fared so well in recent years. The work of Almquist,2 L hnis and Smith,3 Enderlein,4 Hort,5 Henrici6 and many others has served to emphasize variation in morphology as the usual rather than the unusual state of affairs. The structures which may be seen under the microscope are quite diverse and numerous. That some of these forms represent involution forms there can be no doubt. That others represent functional units is equally certain. The problem is to differentiate the two. Only when all various forms have been properly catalogued will it be possible to designate the structures of significance. It is with this thought in mind that the authors present some observations on the production of large forms in dissociating R cultures. On various occasions the authors have observed cultures which contained cells of large and striking appearance. It was therefore deemed desirable to study these structures at some length. Figures 1-5 represent photomicrographs of some of the observed types. These findings are not new, similar structures having previously been observed by many investigators. For the purpose of designation we shall refer to these bodies as megalomorphs. We realize that the term is probably inadequate, but it has the advantage of identification without any suggestion of particular function. When the true nature of these bodies has been established, the term megalomorph will, it is hoped, be displaced by one which is more appropriate. A search of the literature has yielded scattered references to the morphological forms dealt with in this paper. The nonrevealing nature of so many of the titles of papers dealing with these structures makes it impossible to consider all the literature bearing on the subject without combing through
Pre-trained D-CNN models for detecting complex events in unconstrained videos

Rapid event detection faces an emergent need to process large videos collections; whether surveillance videos or unconstrained web videos, the ability to automatically recognize high-level, complex events is a challenging task. Motivated by pre-existing methods being complex, computationally demanding, and often non-replicable, we designed a simple system that is quick, effective and carries minimal overhead in terms of memory and storage. Our system is clearly described, modular in nature, replicable on any Desktop, and demonstrated with extensive experiments, backed by insightful analysis on different Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), as stand-alone and fused with others. With a large corpus of unconstrained, real-world video data, we examine the usefulness of different CNN models as features extractors for modeling high-level events, i.e., pre-trained CNNs that differ in architectures, training data, and number of outputs. For each CNN, we use 1-fps from all training exemplar to train one-vs-rest SVMs for each event. To represent videos, frame-level features were fused using a variety of techniques. The best being to max-pool between predetermined shot boundaries, then average-pool to form the final video-level descriptor. Through extensive analysis, several insights were found on using pre-trained CNNs as off-the-shelf feature extractors for the task of event detection. Fusing SVMs of different CNNs revealed some interesting facts, finding some combinations to be complimentary. It was concluded that no single CNN works best for all events, as some events are more object-driven while others are more scene-based. Our top performance resulted from learning event-dependent weights for different CNNs.
Hemodynamics and Vascular Hypertrophy in African Americans and Caucasians With High Blood Pressure

BACKGROUND Hypertension in African Americans is characterized by greater systemic vascular resistance (SVR) compared with Caucasian Americans, but the responsible mechanisms are not known. The present study sought to determine if peripheral vascular hypertrophy is a potential mechanism contributing to elevated SVR in African Americans with high blood pressure (BP). METHODS In a biracial sample of 80 men and women between the ages of 25 and 45 years, with clinic BP in the range 130/85-160/99mm Hg, we assessed cardiac output and SVR, in addition to BP. Minimum forearm vascular resistance (MFVR), a marker of vascular hypertrophy, also was assessed. RESULTS SVR was elevated in African Americans compared with Caucasians (P < 0.001). Regression models indicated that age, body mass index, 24-hour diastolic BP, and ethnicity were significant predictors of SVR. There was also a significant interaction between ethnicity and MFVR in explaining SVR in the study sample. In particular, there was a significant positive association between MFVR and SVR among African Americans (P = 0.002), whereas the association was inverse and not statistically significant among Caucasians (P = 0.601). CONCLUSION Hypertrophy of the systemic microvasculature may contribute to the elevated SVR that is characteristic of the early stages of hypertension in African American compared with Caucasians.
Child Health and Mothers’ Education in Ghana

The three previous chapters examined the impact of improvements in school quality on income-earning activities. This chapter and the following one focus on the impact of these improvements on other, ‘non-economic’ outcomes. In particular, these two chapters examine the impact of improvements in school quality on child health and fertility, respectively, focusing on the effect of the education of mothers. The objective is to quantify the changes in these socioeconomic outcomes that are brought about by improvements in school quality.
Linear Regression and Curve Fitting

The chapter starts from the description of Java classes designed for a linear-regression analysis and then describes a non-linear case, when a relationship between variables cannot be explained by a linear behavior. This chapter covers how to fit data using arbitrary mathematical functions in one and two dimensions using Java numerical libraries.
The Role of Parks and Recreation in Tornado Response: A Qualitative Exploration

The purpose of this study is to explore the stories of parks and recreation employees during times of great natural disaster. Joplin, MO and Moore, OK have experienced devastating tornadoes. This study describes before, during and after the events that changed the landscape of these communities through the lens of the parks and recreation directors and their employees. The Moore and Joplin parks and recreation departments were major players in planning, immediate response, and community rebuilding for natural disasters. This study considers communities after the event; what changes within the department have been made, and what suggestions they have for other communities were discussed. Qualitative methods were utilized. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Responses were recorded and transcribed. Ancillary, first-hand materials such as photographs, videos and personal journals were also provided by the study participants in order to provide depth and richness to the data. The final step of the study consisted of placing the data into salient themes using open-coding methodology. Trustworthiness was ensured through the following qualitative devices: data triangulation, persistent engagement, prolonged engagement, confirmability, and the use of a researcher’s journal. Eight overall themes were discovered. Three themes revealed the human experience of surviving a tornado: “Family”, “Pride in Resiliency”, and “Lasting Pain”. Three themes described the experience of being a Park and Recreation Practitioner during a natural disaster: “Power of Volunteers”, “Practitioner as First Responder”, and “Post-Disaster Facility Improvement”. One theme bridged the Human Experience and being a Parks and Recreation Practitioner: “Return to Normalcy”.
Gain enhancement using DOE lens

The present work presents gain enhancement using a Diffraction Optical Element (DOE) lens. The design of the lens, made of Rexolite, is discussed. It is placed in front of a radiating antenna and modeled in HFSS and CST. Beam focusing has been illustrated It is shown that the size of the lens is directly proportional to gain increase which can be as high 25 dB enhancement. Nevertheless a more realistic size still results in a 10dB increase at 40 GHz The lens can be easily constructed and experimental validation of simulated results is under progress.
How global is my local milk? Evaluating the first-order inputs of “local” milk in Hawai‘i

“Local food” is gaining in popularity, particularly within a rising alternative food movement, yet it remains an ambiguous term. We use an illustrative example—the case of “local milk” in Hawai‘i—to demonstrate this point. We evaluate "localness" by measuring the origins of production inputs by economic value and physical mass–an approach that is akin to the Made in America standard. The innovative method we propose is easily replicable to other food products or locations worldwide. We find that most first order production related inputs are obtained from non-local sources. Our findings are significant to the local food debate because a focus beyond the point of production to upstream inputs in the life cycle of a food item can push towards a re-framing what local means both in Hawai‘i and beyond. In particular, our findings suggest that production system type, as opposed to location of production end-point, might have a greater impact on the degree of localness of a product. Looking forward, a shift in focus towards production system characteristics may help researchers make headway in exploring the environmental and economic effects of local food.
Emerging Trends of Supply Chain Management: Where Are We Going?

More than third years have passed since someone coined the term “supply chain management” to describe the innovative management concept. Through several decades of evolution, it has become one of the most popular business disciplines thanks to the rapid rise of high profile multinational firms such as WalMart and Dell which successfully leveraged their supply chain excellence as the competitive differentiator. Despite its popularity, its novelty and complexity often created confusion among potential adopters and consequently misguided them to the wrong direction. To avoid any further confusion and misapplication, it would be worth revisiting this important concept and tracing back what has been learned from this concept, while finding ways to better exploit this concept. In so doing, this paper traces the evolution of supply chain practices, synthesizes the key developments of supply chain concepts, and prognosticates what lies ahead for future supply chain fields.
The PEX1 ATPase Stabilizes PEX6 and Plays Essential Roles in Peroxisome Biology

A variety of metabolic pathways are sequestered in peroxisomes, conserved organelles that are essential for human and plant survival. Peroxin (PEX) proteins generate and maintain peroxisomes. The PEX1 ATPase facilitates recycling of the peroxisome matrix protein receptor PEX5 and is the most commonly affected peroxin in human peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of, to our knowledge, the first Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pex1 missense alleles: pex1-2 and pex1-3pex1-2 displayed peroxisome-related defects accompanied by reduced PEX1 and PEX6 levels. These pex1-2 defects were exacerbated by growth at high temperature and ameliorated by growth at low temperature or by PEX6 overexpression, suggesting that PEX1 enhances PEX6 stability and vice versa. pex1-3 conferred embryo lethality when homozygous, confirming that PEX1, like several other Arabidopsis peroxins, is essential for embryogenesis. pex1-3 displayed symptoms of peroxisome dysfunction when heterozygous; this semidominance is consistent with PEX1 forming a heterooligomer with PEX6 that is poisoned by pex1-3 subunits. Blocking autophagy partially rescued PEX1/pex1-3 defects, including the restoration of normal peroxisome size, suggesting that increasing peroxisome abundance can compensate for the deficiencies caused by pex1-3 and that the enlarged peroxisomes visible in PEX1/pex1-3 may represent autophagy intermediates. Overexpressing PEX1 in wild-type plants impaired growth, suggesting that excessive PEX1 can be detrimental. Our genetic, molecular, and physiological data support the heterohexamer model of PEX1-PEX6 function in plants.
Does Technology Drive Law? The Dilemma of Technological Exceptionalism in Cyberlaw

Seemingly plagued by newness, the law, it is often claimed, cannot keep up with new technology. Digital technologies have only reinforced the legitimacy of this now well-established idiom. The sentiment has gone unchecked for decades, even in light of social and historical research that reveals the cultural nature of technology. In the field of law and technology (cyberlaw), the theory of technological exceptionalism is used to measure whether new technologies are transformative enough to uproot existing legal foundations. This article is an attempt to disconfirm technological exceptionalism as a viable theory for cyberlaw research and policymaking by analyzing a number of information and communication technologies often labeled “exceptional,” including the printing press, the internet, photographic cameras, computers, and drones. If technologies can be exceptional - if their attributes drive social change and laws - the same linear pattern should appear across cultures where the technology is introduced: a technology enters society and allows for certain activities that place significant strains on social orders, existing law and legal concepts are applied but fall short, and necessary changes are made to account for the new technological capabilities. Because the theory of technological exceptionalism does not hold up - because the story of law and technological change is much more varied, messy, and political - it should be discarded and new theories of and approaches to law and technological change, such as the legal construction of technology, should be pursued.
Abstract 302: Autophagy in the Aging Heart

Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis by lysosomal degradation and recycling of damaged/dysfunctional organelles, removal of aggregated proteins, and the provision of energy to cells in times of stress. Recently, autophagy has been shown to decline with age in the liver and thymus, prompting us to ask if there was a corresponding age-related decrease in autophagy in the heart. The comparison of membrane-associated LC3-II to cytosolic LC3-I is indicative of autophagosome formation, and is one of several parameters used to assess autophagic activity. Basal autophagy in C57BL/6 mice across five age groups from 2.5 to 24 months, assessed by Western Blot, demonstrated little variance in LC3-I but a significant decrease in LC3-II (ANOVA; n=3/age group; p>0.05 and p 0.05, respectively). To determine if flux was impaired in the aged, we treated fasted mice with chloroquine, which prevents autophagosome/lysosome fusion resulting in LC3-II accumulation. We found LC3-II accumulated only in the young (n=4; p atg5 and atg7 and a significant increase in atg8A , atg8B , lamp2A , atg4A , and atg4B expression with advancing age (> 2.5 fold change). The dysregulated mRNA levels are suggestive of overcompensation of clearance, and the data support an overall decline in function with age. Although not manifest in the same manner, autophagy dysregulation also occurs with age in BALB/c mice, a shorter-lived strain. Our findings may be relevant to cardiac injury, such as in ischemia/reperfusion, given the emerging importance of autophagy in cardioprotection.
Envelope Solitary Waves: Third Order Nonlinear Schroedinger Equation and the Klein-Gordon Equation

To lowest order, an envelope solitary wave is the product of two factors: a “carrier wave” or “fundamental”, which is a sine wave of wavenumber k and frequency w(k) that propagates at the phase velocity cp = w/k, and an “envelope” or “modulation”, which propagates at the group velocity c g (Fig. 13.1): $$ A\left( {x,t} \right) = a\, \in \,\sec h \left( { \in \left[ {x - c_g t} \right]} \right)\,\cos \,\left( {k\left[ {x - c_p t} \right] + phase} \right) $$ (13.1) The group and phase velocities are usually different and may be of opposite sign. When c p ≠c g , an individual crest will first appear on the fringes of the envelope, grow in size as it propagates towards the center of the envelope, then gradually diminish until it finally disappears in the tail of the envelope.
Facial Artery Pseudoaneurysm: Challenges of Airway Management

A patient with recent jaw reconstruction presented for treatment of postoperative oropharyngeal hemorrhage. Asleep nasal fiberoptic intubation was attempted, but a rare and unanticipated complication ensued: rupture of right facial artery pseudoaneurysm. The difficult airway algorithm was followed up to the point of surgical airway. While nasal or oral fiberoptic intubation is often perceived as the safest approach for management of a difficult airway, we discuss alternative treatment strategies for patients with a facial pseudoaneurysm. Such alternatives include preoperative angiographic endovascular embolization of the vessel(s) feeding the pseudoaneurysm, and/or elective tracheostomy.
Abstract 21116: Adenosine Kinase Regulation of Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy

A deficiency in adenosine production(CD73 KO mice) exacerabates cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in response to systolic overload(transverse aortic constriction; TAC), but genetic disruption of A1 or A3 receptors does not, suggesting additional non-receptor dependent mechanisms by which adenosine attenuates hypertrophy. Here we investigated the role of adenosine receptors and adenosine metabolism in attenuation of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy at the cellular level. In neonatal cardiomyocytes, 5 μM 2-chloroadenosine(CADO; adenosine deaminase resistant adenosine analogue) or 10 μM Adenosine attenuated phenylephrine induced increases in cell surface area, protein synthesis, and ANF expression. Antagonism of adenosine receptors partially blocked the reduction of ANF expression by CADO, but did not restore cell size or protein synthesis. We hypothesized that adenosine uptake/metabolism may contribute to attenuation of hypertrophy. In support of a role for intracellular adenosine metabolism in regulating hypertrophy, Adenosine Kinase(AK) inhibitors Iodotubercidin(ITU) and ABT-702 completely reversed attenuation of cell size, protein synthesis and expression of ANF by CADO or ADO. RNAi depletion of AK in cardiomyocytes also promoted hypertrophy, ANF expression, and insensitivity to CADO. Examination of phenylephrine induced phospho-signaling pathways revealed that CADO had little effect on AKT Ser473 phosphorylation, but did reduce sustained phosphorylation of Raf Ser338 , mTOR Ser2448 , and p70S6k Thr389 (sites associated with activation). Inhibition of AK completely reversed inhibition of these pathways by CADO. Using dominant negative Raf adenovirus, we found that Raf is necessary for phenylephrine to activate mTOR/p70S6k and hypertrophy. In the presence of constitutively active Raf however, CADO still inhibited mTOR/p70S6k and hypertrophy without reducing phosphorylation of ERK Thr204/Tyr202 or AKT Ser473 . Again, reduction of mTOR/p70S6k signaling by CADO was dependent upon adenosine kinase. Together, these results identify adenosine kinase as an important mediator of adenosine attenuation of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy which acts, in part, through inhibition of RAF signaling to mTOR/p70S6k(mTORC1).
Bubbles and Film Drainage

Static shapes and motion of bubbles in channels of circular and rectangular cross-sections are discussed. Models of rapid collapse and growth of small cavitation bubbles are reviewed briefly. Drainage of axisymmetric thin liquid films is studied using a lubrication-type approach. Stability and rupture of ultra-thin draining films in the presence of disjoining pressure are investigated.
Properties of Boundary Complexes

In the present chapter we shall study in more detail the facial structure of polytopes by investigating some properties of the boundary complexes of polytopes, and some of their subcomplexes.
Elements of Detection Theory

There are many practical situations in which one is faced with a decision-making problem, i.e., the problem of choosing a course of action from several possibilities. For example, in a radar detection context, a decision is to be made regarding the presence or absence of a target based on the radar return. In a digital communication system, one of several possible waveforms is transmitted over a channel. Based on the received noisy observation, we need to determine the symbol that was transmitted. In a biomedical application, based on a smear of human tissue, one needs to determine if it is cancerous. In a pattern recognition problem, one needs to determine the type of aircraft being observed based on some aircraft features. In all of the above applications, the common underlying problem is to make a decision among several possible choices. This is carried out based on available noisy observations. The branch of statistics dealing with these types of problems is known as statistical decision theory or hypothesis testing. In the context of radar and communication theory, it is known as detection theory.
Optimal City Navigation for Pedestrians using Agent-specific $Q$ -learning

In this paper, we study how to find optimal routes for pedestrians in cities. The goal is to come up with the optimal policies that give pedestrians the fastest routes on streets with intersections and traffic lights. We formulate the problem and show that model-free $Q$ -learning algorithms can be used to solve the problem. We discover that different from regular reinforcement learning problems, pedestrian navigation is agent-specific, i.e., the optimal policies depends on not only the stochastic processes involving traffic lights, road condition, etc., but also the agents' behavior. This phenomena is shown via some simple examples derived from the expected wait time at intersections with fixed-cycle scheduling. It is also verified in simulation. In order to achieve agent-specific $Q$ -learning, we incorporate classification approaches such as logistic regression into regular $Q$ -learning. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is able to come up with optimal policies for each type of agent.
Bioarchaeology and the Media: Anthropology Scicomm in a Post-Truth Landscape

Thanks to our long-standing dichotomy of repulsion/fascination with death in Western culture, popular press items dealing with both ancient and modern skeletons grab the public’s attention and are shared widely on social media. Web 2.0, however, is less a singular platform and more a diverse array of fragmented methods that can be harnessed to engage in anthropological outreach, to boost the signal of work covered by the mainstream media, and even to propagate half-truths and outright falsehoods about past and present humans and their cultures. This contribution provides direction for bioarchaeologists and other scientists who want to engage in or support factual, relevant, and useful science communication.
The Presidentialization of Japan’s LDP Politics: Analyzing Its Causes, Limits, and Perils:

This article examines the elevated status of the prime minister in the Japanese Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) government through the lens of Poguntke and Webb’s presidentialization thesis. There a...
Universities’ structural commitment to interdisciplinary research

In recent years, science policy experts have been promoting interdisciplinary research (IDR) in order to foster innovation and address grand scientific challenges. But to date we know little about whether, how, and to what extent universities are committed to fostering this type of research. This paper develops the first measure of university commitment to IDR, which relies on the organizational structuring of research activity into research centers and departments. We extend the previous literature by measuring, rather than assuming, the interdisciplinary nature of research units. Using a large amount of textual data from 157 research universities in the United States, and combining machine learning and confirmatory factor analysis techniques, we develop a continuous and composite measure that taps universities’ structural commitment to IDR. We then examine the commitment exhibited by specific universities and how such commitment varies by university characteristics like size, resources, and region. Results show that the fraction of centers and departments that are interdisciplinary is critical to measuring a university’s structural commitment to IDR and to developing specific research policies aimed at fostering IDR.
Urban Ultrafine Particle Exposure Assessment with Land-Use Regression: Influence of Sampling Strategy.

Sampling strategies in the collection of ultrafine particle (UFP) data to develop land-use regression (LUR) models can strongly influence the resulting exposure estimates. Here, we systematically e...
Comparison of Ditran Intoxication and Acute Alcohol Psychoses

Many factors contribute to the clinical picture in the Acute Alcohol Psychoses. When seen clinically, the patient is suffering from a toxin vhich poisons many organs and systems. In addition to the effects of alcohol, some of the pathology may result from nutritional deficiency. Further, factors in the premorbid personality can contribute to the choice of alcohol and even make the patient biologically vulnerable to a withdrawal psychosis. To illustrate the complex etiology, some of the relevant factors are listed in Table I. It is difficult to separate the impact of these factors on the alcohol withdrawal psychoses, especially their relation to dose and duration of exposure to alcohol.
Relationship Between the Electric Power Sector Development and the Socio-Economic Parameters: A Statistical Analysis Approach

AbstractElectric power is a critical commodity of the modern world where demand for electricity has been increasing significantly in the last decades, and it is expected to keep increasing in the f...
Proximity-Ligation Assay Reveals Nuclear Co-Localization Between ATF2 and SWI/SNF Nucleosome Remodeling Complex Proteins, BRG1 and BAF170, in Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cells under Disturbed Shear Stress Conditions

Endothelial cells (EC) play a critical role in vascular homeostasis with barrier functions against harmful pathogens, regulation of blood pressure, and release of inflammatory mediators, such that EC dysfunction may lead to the development of occlusive vascular disease. Along relatively straight segments of the vasculature, endothelial cells are exposed to laminar shear stress (LSS), which is associated with vasoprotective gene profiles linked to EC survival. By contrast, sites of vessel curvature or branching are exposed to shear …
Defect-Mediated Stability: An Effective Hydrodynamic Theory of Spatio-Temporal Chaos

Spatiotemporal chaos (STC) exhibited by the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) equation is investigated analytically and numerically. An effective stochastic equation belonging to the KPZ universality class is constructed by incorporating the chaotic dynamics of the small KS system in a coarse-graining procedure. The bare parameters of the effective theory are computed approximately. Stability of the system is shown to be mediated by space-time defects that are accompanied by stochasticity. The method of analysis and the mechanism of stability may be relevant to a class of STC problems.
Lynching and the University

Before readers engaged Ersula J. Ore’s Lynching: Violence, Rhetoric, and American Identity, her powerful rhetorical history of antiblack violence and U.S. national identity, many of us knew that on...
Evaluation and management of pleural sepsis

Abstract Pleural sepsis stems from an infection within the pleural space typically from an underlying bacterial pneumonia leading to development of a parapneumonic effusion. This effusion is traditionally divided into uncomplicated, complicated, and empyema. Poor clinical outcomes and increased mortality can be associated with the development of parapneumonic effusions, reinforcing the importance of early recognition and diagnosis. Management necessitates a multimodal therapeutic strategy consisting of antimicrobials, catheter/tube thoracostomy, and at times, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.
Unified Credit-Equity Modeling

In the celebrated Black-Scholes-Merton options pricing model the firm’s stock price is assumed to follow geometric Brownian motion, a strictly positive diffusion process with infinite lifetime. This assumption precludes the possibility of corporate bankruptcy rendering equity worthless. In contrast, the literature on credit risk is concerned with modeling bankruptcy and credit spreads. Until relatively recently, there was a disconnect between equity options pricing models that focus on modeling implied volatility smiles and ignore the possibility of default and models used to value corporate debt and credit derivatives that focus on default exclusively and ignore the information available in the equity options market. As equity derivatives markets and credit derivatives markets have developed over the past decade, it has become increasingly clear to market participants that there are close linkages between credit derivatives, such as credit default swaps (CDS), and equity options. It has been repeatedly observed in the markets that sharp stock price drops and accompanying increases in implied volatilities of stock options tend to happen contemporaneously with sharp increases in market credit spreads on corporate debt and credit default swaps. In particular, deep out-ofthe-money puts derive most of their value from the positive probability of bankruptcy that will render equity worthless. Time and again, we have seen that when credit market participants become particularly concerned about default of a firm on its debt, transaction volumes in both the firm’s CDS and deep out-of-the-money puts on the firm’s stock sharply increase. Moreover, implied volatility values extracted from deep out-of-the-money puts sharply increase to very high values. This market behavior is not surprising, as deep out-of-the-money puts can be used to hedge against corporate default, thus effectively blurring the line between credit derivatives and equity derivatives (see Carr and Wu (2009) for an empirical investigation of the connection between CDS and deep out-of-the-money puts). In fact, this line is already blurred when one thinks of hybrid corporate securities such as convertible bonds that have both equity and credit
Surveillance of strategic sub-surface sanctuaries

Electromagnetic (EM) imaging techniques are being developed to survey strategic subsurface sanctuaries. The overall goal of this study is to develop and demonstrate techniques for sub-surface profiling from ground based and/or airborne (or even space) platforms. This surveillance scheme combines and utilizes bistatic RCS measurement techniques, broadband GPR antenna technologies, and far-field SAR remote sensing techniques. The combined RCS/GPR/SAR surveillance technique is used to extract target signatures concealed in measured RCS data and to remove thermal nose and ground clutter at the earth/air interface from the SAR data. The combined RCS/GPR/SAR surveillance process utilizes ground contact and airborne transmitting (TX) and receiving (RX) antennas. Small, but efficient, ultra-wideband (100:l bandwidth) conformable GPR antennas are being designed and developed to operate over the HFNHF bands. Planar wire-grid bowtie antennas are being developed as broadband GPR radar antennas. These antennas are 2D approximations to frequency independent, i.e., ultra-wideband, 3D solid biconical antennas. The antennas are truncated to finite lengths, which reduce the bandwidth to a finite range that is adjusted to cover the HFNHF bands. 2D cross-sectional versions of the bowtie antennas were built and tested at the AFRL/RRS sub-surface antenna range and were compared to an adjustable standard-gain half-wave dipole antenna.
Something for everyone: AI lab assignments that span learning styles and aptitudes

One of the great challenges of teaching is managing a wide range of educational backgrounds, learning styles, aptitudes, and time/energy constraints in the same classroom. Aiming down the middle is a poor strategy; it is unacceptable to write off the lower half of a class, and we risk extinguishing the enthusiasm of the best and brightest by moving too slowly. We present a set of workbook-style lab assignments for an undergraduate course on artificial intelligence. By designing them carefully in accordance with Bloom's taxonomy, they can span learning styles and aptitudes. With them, we hope to establish a disciplinary commons -- a public repository of source code, notes, questions, and exercises.
Cell-associated immunity to measles (rubeola). The demonstration of in vitro lymphocyte tritiated thymidine incorporation in response to measels complement fixation antigen.

Abstract Lack of a reliable in vitro assay for lymphocyte responsiveness to measles (rubeola) has hampered our understanding of the cell-associated response in diseases caused by, or related to, the measles virus. We report a reliable and reproducible system for demonstrating specific lymphocyte incorporation of 3 H-thymidine in response to measles complement fixation antigen (CFA). Seventeen patients with positive histories of measles as children demonstrated a dose-response curve that varied between individuals but was constant for each individual. Kinetic data disclosed maximal responsiveness on day 7, and viral inactivation experiments disclosed that live virus was neither necessary for nor inhibitory to the reaction. The implications of this assay in terms of our understanding of the cell-associated response to measles virus in clinical measles and SSPE are discussed. The concept is explored that membrane-associated antigen is crucial in demonstrating the host's cellular immune response to viruses that can grow by cell-to-contiguous cell spread.
Automatic Translation of Languages Since 1960: A Linguist's View

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a survey of the field of automatic translation of languages that discusses some difficulties of machine translation (MT), the nature of language and problems of language description, MT as symbiosis between man and machine, and practical MT problems and some tentative solutions. The history of MT, in terms of both the shift of emphasis of the philosophy of approach and the activities of the individual research groups, is briefly reviewed. A series of MT conferences organized by Wayne State University (United States) and various international conferences are discussed. The chapter also discusses the linguistic problems in MT research, components of an MT system, Wayne State University MT procedures and automatic syntactic analysis, other MT syntactic analysis techniques, surveys of MT groups since 1960, and automatic language processing committee (ALPAC) report and reactions toward it. One of the major aims of developing a functioning MT system should be to avoid mistranslations and MT research contributes to the expansion of the knowledge of how language operates. So, MT is the most important area where symbiosis between computer and man can be most successfully advanced.
A machine-independent approach to parallel programming

A multitasking model for specifying parallelism in a machine-independent fashion is described. Parallel programs are decomposed into a set of concurrent tasks which work on local or shared data. The computation of a task is described as the computation of atomic actions or activities. Software tools translate multitasking specifications into a parallel representation of the program. A master-slaves execution model is used to provide machine independence, reliability, and load-balanced execution on a variety of parallel architectures. This model has been implemented on a heterogeneous network of workstations, a shared-memory multiprocessor, and a supercomputer. An example of the use of this methodology for a multiple-Doppler radar meteorology program is presented. >
Dependence of the Stress-Strain Curves of Cold-Worked Metals Upon the Testing Direction

t RELATIONS BETWEEN STRESSES AND STRAINS FOR an annealed and presumably isotropic metal can be expressed as a universal function that is independent both of the direction of the test specimen and the state of stress (within certain limits). On the contrary, the stress-strain curve of metal, cold-worked by even a small amount, has been found to vary considerably in subsequent testing, depending upon the differences between either the directions or the states of stress in cold-working and testing, respectively. The variations in the stress-strain curves are apparent primarily in the range of small plastic strains, up to approximately 2 per cent, as illustrated by Figs. 1 and 2 for 24ST and 24SRT aluminum-alloy sheet. The dependence of the stress-strain curve of a coldworked metal upon the direction of testing has apparently not yet been systematically investigated. An indication of this effect is contained in an ANC Bulletin. According to Table 1-1 of this bulletin, sheets in the commercial aluminum alloys 24ST and 24SRT possess practically equal tensile strengths in the longitudinal and transverse directions. However, their yield strength (0.2 per cent) in tension is specified approximately 15 per cent lower in the transverse than in the longitudinal (rolling) direction, this fact being obviously based on the average of a large number of tests. The above-mentioned table shows, furthermore, that the yield strength in compression of the sheet metals is approximately 12 per cent larger in the transverse than in the longitudinal direction.
One‐Third of a Campus: Ruth Crawford Mitchell and Second‐Generation Americans at the University of Pittsburgh

It was confusing to him. He was in a world which had a set of rules all its own. He knew the other rules—the rules of his own world. But these were different. Men actually lived their four years away at the University, and sent children after them. It was a wild, improbable thing to have fallen into, and the day student looked at his fellows, could distinguish them no differences among them at first, and felt lost. His evenings were spent in the company of old friends and in the old places; his days at the college. And he plunged from past to present; present to past. They told him about loyalty, and he went home to think about it. But at home it became dim and unreal. Then he went back, the next morning, and they told him of loyalty again, of the mighty traditions. If he took it to heart he could only do so above the sickening realization that at four o'clock he must be on Trolley 13 again. And it was hard to take the traditions over the river. Samuel Lipschutz, B.A. University of Pennsylvania, 1929 Many of our alumni and some of our students, supported by more than a few of our faculty and corporation, have seriously queried whether or no Brown, in common with other institutions located in a like environment, has in her student body too large a proportion of socially undesirable students. We are most emphatically not concerned with Jew-baiting. I am proud to say that race and creed are still not valid causes for concern in the liberal community founded by Roger Williams. But some of us are worried by the influx of alien blood into what was not so long ago a homogeneous group of students prevailingly Baptist and Anglo-Saxon. Says one alumnus, “A certain type of student is far below the standard we should like to see. I refer to those called carpet-baggers! They live in or near Providence, arrive at the University in the morning in time for their first class, park themselves, their books, and their lunch in the Union, leave the college the minute their last class is over, take no part in college life, absorb all they can, give back nothing of benefit, and probably will prove no credit to the University as alumni.” Surely some of you have heard the same tale. —Kenneth O. Mason Dean of Freshmen, Brown University, 1927 Were colleges obliged to address the dilemmas faced by the many firstand second-generation Americans who enrolled after World War I? No, replied many administrators who espoused exclusion or assimilation, or who expressed indifference. These attitudes meant that many students would never learn to navigate the turbulent waters of campus social life. Dropout rates were significant even before the Great Crash created insurmountable financial difficulties for numerous undergraduates. The testimony of peers who remained suggested that success often came despite institutional hostility.
Academic health sciences library Website navigation: an analysis of forty-one Websites and their navigation tools.

Background: The analysis included forty-one academic health sciences library (HSL) Websites as captured in the first two weeks of January 2001. Home pages and persistent navigational tools (PNTs) were analyzed for layout, technology, and links, and other general site metrics were taken. Methods: Websites were selected based on rank in the National Network of Libraries of Medicine, with regional and resource libraries given preference on the basis that these libraries are recognized as leaders in their regions and would be the most reasonable source of standards for best practice. A three-page evaluation tool was developed based on previous similar studies. All forty-one sites were evaluated in four specific areas: library general information, Website aids and tools, library services, and electronic resources. Metrics taken for electronic resources included orientation of bibliographic databases alphabetically by title or by subject area and with links to specifically named databases. Results: Based on the results, a formula for determining obligatory links was developed, listing items that should appear on all academic HSL Web home pages and PNTs. Conclusions: These obligatory links demonstrate a series of best practices that may be followed in the design and construction of academic HSL Websites.
Abstract 5544: Patient-derived xenograft study reveals the pharmacology and the role of ESR1 gene aberrations in endocrine therapy resistance of ER positive breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: The study of estrogen-receptor-positive patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from patients with disease progression despite endocrine therapy has revealed recurrent ESR1 mutation, gene amplification and ESR1 gene translocations as likely drivers of resistance. We addressed this hypothesis further using pharmacological and genetic approaches in the PDX system. Methodology: ER positive PDXs that harbored one of four recurrent ligand binding domain (LBD) mutations (Y537S/N/C and D538G) as well as a ESR1/YAP1 translocation were studied in parallel with T47D and MCF7 cells expressing these mutants through lentivirus constructs. Single cell suspensions generated from PDX models were using for in vitro experiments using with a panel of endocrine inhibitors and ESR1 shRNA constructs. In vitro effects were confirmed using in vivo tumor response. Results: Cell suspensions from ER+ PDX models in short-term culture successfully reproduced the endocrine therapy resistant phenotypes exhibited by the donor patient, thereby facilitating drugs screens designed to identify new endocrine approaches for ESR1 mutant breast cancer using authentic models rather than an exclusive reliance on models derived by transfection of mutant constructs into standard indicator cell lines. We were also able to demonstrate that that lentivirus-driven shRNA mediated knockdown of ESR1-YAP1 caused inhibition of PDX tumor growth in in vivo and reduced cell growth in vitro, confirming that this chimeric protein is a driver of estradiol-independent growth. Conclusion: ER+ PDX can be manipulated in vitro and in vivo to successfully model ESR1 mutation and gene-rearrangement driven endocrine therapy resistance. PDX studies complement standard ectopic expression systems for the study of ESR1 mutation-driven resistance and, we hypothesize, will provide pharmacological data that will predict the activity of pharmacological agents designed to improve outcomes for patients with ESR1 mutant driven endocrine therapy resistance. Citation Format: Triparna Sen, Shunqiang Li, Jieya Shao, Robert Crowder, Robert Kitchens, Matthew J. Ellis. Patient-derived xenograft study reveals the pharmacology and the role of ESR1 gene aberrations in endocrine therapy resistance of ER positive breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5544. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5544
The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the 21st Century

Part 1 Foundations 1 Introduction to Persuasion Persuasion: Constancies and Changes Foundations of Persuasion Defining Persuasion Persuasion Versus Coercion The Bad Boys of Persuasion Understanding Persuasive Communication Effects Historical Review of Persuasion Scholarship The Contemporary Study of Persuasion Seeing the Big Picture Persuasion and Ethics The Present Approach Conclusions 2 Attitudes: Definition and Structure The Concept of Attitude Characteristics of Attitudes Values and Beliefs Structure of Attitudes Attitude Structure and Persuasion Are Attitudes Internally Consistent? The Psychology of Strong Attitudes Attitudes and Information Processing Implicit Attitudes Conclusions 3 Attitudes: Functions and Consequences Functions and Attitudes Attitudes and Persuasion Attitudes and Behavior Models of Attitude-Behavior Relations Implications for Persuasion Judging Consistency Conclusions 4 Attitude Measurement Overview Questionnaire Measures of Attitude Pitfalls in Attitude Measurement Policy Implications Asking Good Questions Indirect Methods to Measure Attitudes Conclusions Part 2 Changing Attitudes and Behavior 5 Processing Persuasive Communications Historical Foundations Elaboration Likelihood Model Peripheral Processing In Real Life Central Processing Complications and Criticisms Criticisms and Reconciliations Conclusions 6 "Who Says It": Source Factors in Persuasion Understanding the Communicator Conclusions 7 Message Factors Understanding the Message Message Structure Evidence Fear Appeals Guilt Appeals Language Conclusions 8 Personality and Persuasion The Myth of the Vulnerable Other Need for Cognition Self-Monitoring Dogmatism Additional Issues Other Personality Factors Conclusions 9 Cognitive Dissonance Theory Foundations Dissonance and Decision Making Dissonance and Expenditure of Effort Induced Compliance Explanations and Controversies The Dissonance Debate: Intellectual Issues Summary Conclusions 10 Interpersonal Persuasion Foot-in-the-Door Door-in-the-Face Applications Other Compliance Techniques Compliance-Gaining Ethical Issues Conclusions Part 3 Persuasion in American Society 11 Advertising The Subliminal Myth The Psychology of Low Involvement High Involvement The Role of Personality Advertising Ethics Conclusions 12 Communication Campaigns Thinking About Campaigns Theoretical Perspectives Campaign Effects The McGruff Crime Prevention Project Antismoking and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Campaigns Antidrinking Campaigns Drug Prevention Campaigns Interventions to Reduce Health Care Disparities Complicating Factors Values and Ethics Conclusions