cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identity Protection: Copyright, Right of Publicity, and the Artist's Negative Voice

What do you value most about your voice? As ethnomusicological studies of the voice expand, so must our understanding of what voice even means. Voice must entail more than just a sonic phenomenon, but must also relate to ideology, to our very identity, even. This thesis will fuse ethnomusicological and legal perspectives to explore how American and, to a lesser extent, international copyright law and other legal mechanisms protect more than just a musician’s economic interest, but also his very identity. I will explore the right of publicity and the concept of moral rights and how they relate to voice and identity. The right of publicity is a musician’s right to protect his identity as well as his copyrighted works while moral rights is the right of a musician to prevent certain uses of his work even when he has assigned the copyright of that work to another. This thesis will suggest a theoretical framework for investigating the voice as an intangible legal marker of identity. This thesis will examine where copyright law protects identity and where it falls short and how the right of publicity fills in the gaps to provide comprehensive protection for a musician’s voice in the broadest sense. It will provide a background on the scope of copyright law, as well as how it has historically developed to protect more than just work-product, but also the musician’s very identity. It will then explore the right of publicity and moral rights and how those ideas fit into the general legal scheme of copyright protection. I will accomplish this through interviews with musicians, as well as explorations of current scholarly work on identity, copyright, voice, the right of publicity, and moral rights. I will also explore important legal cases and relevant statutes in these areas, such as Tom Waits v. Frito-Lay, Bette Midler v. Ford Motor Company and the Copyright Act of 1976. These explorations can help us understand how musicians can protect their identity by protecting their ideological, as well as their physical, voices.
442 HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE AND SEXUAL SAFETY AMONG MALE LATINO FARM WORKERS IN CANYON COUNTY, IDAHO.

Purpose To characterize the level of HIV awareness and describe the specific obstacles to sexual safety that exist for the Latino farm worker population of southwestern Idaho in order to design well-targeted intervention and education programs. Methods 34 Latino men, ages 18-58, were recruited by door-to-door flyering to participate in three focus group discussions, conducted in Spanish, at farm worker housing units in Caldwell and Nampa, Idaho. Focus groups employed a self-administered questionnaire assessing demographic and HIV/AIDS knowledge, followed by an hour and a half discussion of attitudes and barriers towards sexual safety. Quantitative data were analyzed to find statistical correlation, whereas qualitative data from group discussion was transcribed from audio recordings and analyzed for common patterns of thought. Results Correct identification of true routes of HIV transmission was high (eg, both sharing needles and sexual intercourse were believed to be possible routes by 88% of participants); however, misconceptions regarding incorrect routes of transmission were also high (eg, 62% believed mosquitoes to be a vector of transmission and 56% believed it possible to contract the virus from public bathrooms). Chi-square statistical analysis revealed a trend for married participants to have a higher degree of HIV knowledge than their single counterparts ( p = .049). Ambivalent attitudes towards condom use were common, with many citing their importance in preventing disease but also complaining of their disadvantages (decreased pleasure, tendency to break, embarrassment when purchasing, partner9s dissatisfaction with use, etc). Female commercial sex work for money or drugs in farm worker labor camps was a frequently mentioned threat to the sexual safety of the community. Also, discussion regarding HIV testing revealed a willingness to be tested but an unawareness of how or where to do so. Common concerns involved the cost of testing and the fear of knowing one9s HIV status. Conclusions Strategies for intervention should target single males, emphasizing the advantages of appropriate condom use and the risks associated with sex with prostitutes. Free HIV testing campaigns are also needed in order to increase access to the farm worker population and decrease stigma and fear of testing.
The rise of eyewitness video and its implications for human rights: Conceptual and methodological approaches

ABSTRACTThe advent of visual technologies and digital media has elevated the status of images as an important platform for studying human rights. Focusing on eyewitness video as an increasingly central vehicle through which human rights claims are made public, this article maps out (1) how human rights organizations utilize eyewitness video as an investigative tool in their advocacy work, (2) how eyewitness video configures within global news crises coverage, and (3) how eyewitness footage operates as a form of legal evidence in courtrooms. In doing so, the article proposes a conceptual framework that accommodates the unfolding role of eyewitness video at the crossroad of the cultural, political, and legal mechanisms that together ferret out human rights violations. The article also suggests that new developments in ethnography provide fruitful methodological grounds for studying the relationship between visual media and human rights from within the institutional networks that render images meaningful.
Attention Deficits and Congenital Hypothyroidism

The ability to sustain attention was studied using continuous performance tasks in 48 children with early treated congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and 35 healthy controls at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Improvisation, emotion, video game

Actors are increasingly used by the video game industry to give life to non-player characters. Models are animated based on face and body tracking. Voices are dubbed. This paper argues that it is now time to tap into the improvising expertise of actors. To create games with rich, emotional content, improvisation with a group of actors is a necessary part of game-play development. abstract environment.
Surprise, Sensemaking, and Success in the First College Year: Black Undergraduate Men's Academic Adjustment Experiences.

BackgroundMuch has been written about Black undergraduate men's out-of-class engagement and social experiences, identity development, participation in intercollegiate athletics, and college enrollm...
Ethical Dimensions of Forensic Economics

This chapter examines the nature of ethical dilemmas faced by forensic economists. It first discusses the various pressures to act unethically that economic experts may encounter. Many of these pressures are addressed by the Statement of Ethical Principles and Principles of Professional Practice (SEP) promulgated by the National Association of Forensic Economics and a comparable statement issued by the American Academy of Economic and Financial Experts. The chapter identifies some principles in the SEP that are not generally practiced by non-forensics consultants. Also explored are the various forms that unethical behavior takes as well as its internal and external motivating factors. The chapter concludes with an examination of the ethics-supporting mechanisms embedded in the adversarial processes of tort litigation.
Pericardial effusion requiring surgical intervention after stem cell transplantation: a case series.

Pericardial effusion requiring surgical intervention after stem cell transplantation: a case series
Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis, Morphology, and Risk Factors

Despite improvements in treating symptomatic cardiovascular diseases due to atherosclerosis, prevention remains a key approach to stemming the tide of morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis is a disease with multiple potential etiologies; therefore, prevention must address the overall risk factor profile. Lifestyle therapies such as smoking cessation, weight management, and physical activity are cornerstones of prevention. Antihypertensive therapy and lipid modification, especially with the statins, have emerged as clinically sound drug approaches to risk reduction. Novel risk factors may help improve risk stratification or identify new targets of therapy.
Bilateral Uveitis Following Typhoid Fever: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Purpose:To report a case of presumed immune-mediated bilateral uveitis following infection with typhoid fever.Methods:Retrospective case report.Results:A 70-year-old Caucasian man developed typhoid fever while on vacation in Jamaica which was successfully treated with antibiotic therapy. Three weeks after onset of fever, he developed bilateral blurred vision and floaters. Clinical examination demonstrated anterior chamber cell, 1 to 2+ vitritis, and cotton wool spots bilaterally. The patient was diagnosed with postinfectious uveitis and started on prednisone 80 mg/d (1 mg/kg) which was slowly tapered by 10 mg/d/wk. By week 4 of steroid therapy, visual symptoms and evidence of intraocular inflammation had resolved. The patient successfully completed the steroid taper without recurrence of inflammation.Conclusion:Immune-mediated uveitis may occur 3 to 6 weeks following acute infection with typhoid fever. Post-typhoid uveitis is responsive to high-dose systemic steroids. Patients presenting with new-onset uv...
Electrochemical Evaluations of Fractal Microelectrodes for Energy Efficient Neurostimulation

Advancements in microfabrication has enabled manufacturing of microscopic neurostimulation electrodes with smaller footprint than ever possible. The smaller electrodes can potentially reduce tissue damage and allow better spatial resolution for neural stimulation. Although electrodes of any shape can easily be fabricated, substantial effort have been focused on identification and characterization of new materials and surface morphology for efficient charge injection, while maintaining simple circular or rectangular Euclidean electrode geometries. In this work we provide a systematic electrochemical evaluation of charge injection capacities of serpentine and fractal-shaped platinum microelectrodes and compare their performance with traditional circular microelectrodes. Our findings indicate that the increase in electrode perimeter leads to an increase in maximum charge injection capacity. Furthermore, we found that the electrode geometry can have even more significant impact on electrode performance than having a larger perimeter for a given surface area. The fractal-shaped microelectrodes, despite having smaller perimeter than other designs, demonstrated superior charge injection capacity. Our results suggest that electrode design can significantly affect both Faradaic and non-Faradaic electrochemical processes, which may be optimized to enable a more energy efficient design for neurostimulation.
Maternal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 Diabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes During Pregnancy and Risk of ADHD in Offspring

OBJECTIVE To examine the relative importance of maternal preexisting type 1 diabetes (T1D), preexisting type 2 diabetes (T2D), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective birth cohort study included 333,182 singletons born in 1995–2012 within Kaiser Permanente Southern California hospitals. Children were prospectively followed through electronic medical records from age 4 years. Relative risks of ADHD associated with diabetes exposures in utero were estimated by hazard ratios (HRs) using Cox regression with adjustment for potential confounders. For GDM, timing of exposure was evaluated by gestational age at diagnosis and severity was assessed by the need for antidiabetes medication treatment during pregnancy. RESULTS A total of 37,878 (11.4%) children were exposed to diabetes (522 exposed to T1D, 7,822 T2D, and 29,534 GDM). During a median of 4.9 years (interquartile range 2.2, 9.6) of follow-up after age 4 years, 17,415 (5.2%) children were diagnosed with ADHD. ADHD risk was not associated with GDM taken as a whole (P = 0.50) or with gestational age at GDM diagnosis (P = 0.16). However, the risk was significantly greater for the GDM requiring versus not requiring antidiabetes medications (P CONCLUSIONS The hierarchy of risks suggests that severity of maternal diabetes (T1D vs. T2D vs. GDM requiring antidiabetes medications) influences the risk of ADHD in offspring of mothers with diabetes.
Three-dimensional dynamic fracture in a transversely isotropic thermoelastic solid: Framework for study

AbstractA semi-infinite plane crack is at rest in an unbounded, transversely isotropic, thermoelastic solid. Point forces are applied to the crack faces, and translated with constant, subcritical speed at right angles to the initial crack edge. Fracture occurs, and a dynamic steady state is achieved: The crack edge is no longer rectilinear, but extension and translation speeds are identical. The crack plane contains the axis of material symmetry lies in that plane, and the initial crack edge is not aligned with that axis. An analytical three-dimensional solution is obtained, and a criterion for fracture based on dynamic energy release rate imposed, with kinetic energy included. A nonlinear differential equation for crack edge location and constraint equations result, and together form a framework for study of crack and contact zone geometry.
Evaluation of the MicroScan Colistin Well and Gradient Diffusion Strips for Colistin Susceptibility Testing in Enterobacteriaceae.

ABSTRACT Many laboratories are unable to perform colistin susceptibility testing. Diffusion-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods are not recommended, and not all laboratories have the capacity to perform broth microdilution (BMD). Using a multistep tiered approach, we investigated whether the adapted use of the MicroScan colistin well (4 μg/ml) could enhance laboratory capacity for the detection and subsequent molecular characterization of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. For the MicroScan colistin well, categorical agreement with BMD was 92.7%, and the very major error rate was 10.7%. For gradient diffusion strips, the categorical agreement was 86.4%, and the very major error rate was 53.6%. The MicroScan colistin well detected all isolates carrying mcr-1 or mcr-2 genes (n = 16), but gradient diffusion strips identified an MIC of ≥4 for colistin for only 62.5% of these isolates. A 6-month prospective phenotypic and genotypic study performed at a single clinical microbiology laboratory assessed isolates growing in the MicroScan colistin well for concordance. While 37 of 39 isolates growing in the MicroScan colistin well displayed a colistin MIC of ≥4 by BMD, all were determined to be negative for the mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes by PCR. A retrospective review of all Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp. tested by MicroScan at this laboratory in 2016 identified 260 of 7,894 (3.3%) isolates that grew in the MicroScan colistin well. Based on the data presented, clinical and public health laboratories could use the MicroScan colistin well as a first screen for the detection of isolates displaying elevated colistin MICs, which could then undergo further characterization.
Chemotype and Aggressiveness Evaluation of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum Isolates From Wheat Fields in Wisconsin.

Fusarium graminearum commonly causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat, barley, rice, and oats. Fusarium graminearum produces nivalenol and deoxynivalenol (DON) and forms derivatives of DON based...
Socialization to Science: Using Media to Help Young People in the United States Consider a Career in a STEM-related Field

Vocational anticipatory socialization (VAS) is a multi-year, multi-step process that begins in childhood and informs young adults about possibilities for their future work-life experience. This man...
Study of optical reflectors used in scintillation detectors that achieve 100 ps coincidence time resolution for TOF-PET

Incorporating 511 keV photon time-of-flight (TOF) information in PET enables a significant boost in reconstructed image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This SNR boost depends on the 511 keV photon pair coincidence time resolution (CTR) of the PET system, which is determined by several factors including properties of the scintillation crystal and photodetector, crystal-to-sensor coupling configurations, and reflective materials. The goal of the present work is to achieve 100 picoseconds (ps) CTR for > 2-fold additional improvement in reconstructed image SNR compared to state-of-the-art PET systems that currently have 250–400 ps CTR. A critical parameter to optimize in achieving this goal is the optical reflector's influence on light collection and transit time to the photodetector. For the experimental set-up, we made use of PET detector elements based on both 3×3×10 and 3×3×20 mm3 LGSO crystals coupled to an array of SiPMs by using a novel “side-readout” configuration. We have tested the CTR performance by applying four different reflector materials to the crystal surfaces namely: Enhanced Specular Reflector (ESR), Teflon, BaSO 4 paint and TiO 2 paint. In addition, we have also evaluated the influence of the scintillation crystal length on the CTR performance by testing 3×3×10mm3 and 3×3×20mm3 LGSO crystals.
I’ll fly away: religious studies within and without the secular condition

This response inverts a question raised in the introduction to this thematic issue. Rather than inquire how anthropologists relate to scholarship produced in fields such as theology and religious s...
Influence of Cultural and Religious Factors on Attitudes toward Animals

Abstract The human-animal bond is a global phenomenon, however, it is perceived differently in varying cultural and religious landscapes across the world. This chapter discusses the role culture and religion play in influencing attitudes and behaviors toward animals. It presents examples, both in the western and the eastern cultural contexts, changes in attitude and behavior that may occur due to an individual’s acculturation in the society s/he lives in. It also briefly describes a culturally responsive framework which professionals in animal-assisted intervention may use when working with individuals from diverse backgrounds.
Vertical decoupling of nitrate assimilation and nitrification in the Sargasso Sea

Abstract The fraction of phytoplankton growth that leads to the rain of organic carbon out of the sunlit surface ocean (“export production”) is central to the ocean׳s sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nitrate assimilation has long been taken as a measure of export production; however, this has recently been questioned by suggestions that much of the nitrate in the sunlit layer (the “euphotic zone”) originates from biological nitrogen (N) already in surface waters. This view has been supported by recent observations of euphotic zone nitrate elevated in δ 18 O relative to its δ 15 N, taken as indicative of nitrification (the oxidation of recycled ammonium to nitrite and then nitrate). To evaluate the potential importance of nitrification in the Sargasso Sea euphotic zone, we measured the δ 15 N and δ 18 O of seawater nitrate for samples with ≥0.2 µM nitrate collected on 18 cruises in the Sargasso Sea, and here we present the first large data set to correct for the low but often measurable concentrations of nitrite. Regardless of season, nitrate (i.e., nitrate-only rather than nitrate+nitrite as is commonly reported) δ 15 N and δ 18 O increase in unison from below the base of the euphotic zone toward the surface. This pattern derives from nitrate assimilation by phytoplankton, implying that nitrification is much slower than the upward transport of nitrate into the lower Sargasso Sea euphotic zone. In the twilight zone below the euphotic zone, we observe a rise in nitrate δ 18 O (relative to deeper waters) that is not accompanied by a rise in δ 15 N, suggesting nitrification co-occurring with nitrate assimilation. Nitrification, therefore, does not appear to occur in euphotic zone waters overlapping with nitrate assimilation only in the ~150 m-thick twilight zone layer below it. In net, the data argue for a simpler N cycle for the Sargasso Sea euphotic zone than has recently been suggested, with the rate of euphotic zone nitrate assimilation approximating that of organic carbon export to the deep ocean.
Computing interpolants without proofs

We describe an incremental algorithm for computing interpolants for a pair ϕA, ϕB of formulas in propositional logic. In contrast with the common approaches, our method does not require a proof of unsatisfiability of ϕA∧ϕB, and can be realized using any SAT solver as a black box. We achieve this by combining model enumeration with the ability to easily generate interpolants in the special case that one of the formulas is a cube.
On Some Small Classical Ramsey Numbers

This note is a report on a computer investigation of some small classical Ramsey numbers. We establish new lower bounds for the classical Ramsey numbers $R(3,11)$ and $R(4,8)$. In the first case, the bound is improved from $46$ (a record that had stood for 46 years) to $47$; and in the second case the bound is improved from $57$ to $58$.
A coordination theory approach to process description and redesign

Managers must understand, influence, and redesign organizational processes to improve business performance. In this paper we present a technique for documenting a business process. The technique has six steps: defining process boundaries, collecting data, determining actors and resources, determining activities, determining dependencies and model verification. While similar to other processmapping techniques, our approach is novel in incorporating ideas from coordination theory, thus the attention to dependencies. As a result, the technique is useful both for documenting a process and suggesting ways in which the process could be redesigned. We present an extended illustration with the hope that the technique can be used by readers of this article.
Antistasin, an inhibitor of coagulation and metastasis, binds to sulfatide (Gal(3-SO4)β1-1Cer) and Has a sequence homology with other proteins that bind sulfated glycoconjugates

Antistasin, a 15-kDa salivary protein from the Mexican leech Haementeria officinalis, inhibits both blood coagulation and the metastasis of tumors (Tuszynski, G. P., Gasic, T. B., and Gasic, G. J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9718–9723). Antistasin binds to heparin-agarose, suggesting the protein interacts with sulfated glycoconjugates. The specificity of the interaction between antistasin and heparin was tested by measuring the binding of antistasin to various lipids and by comparing the ability of several charged glycoconjugates to inhibit binding. Of the lipids tested, antistasin binds with high affinity only to sulfatide (Gal(3-SO4)/–1-1Cer) and does not bind to comparable levels of phospholipids, neutral glycosphingolipids, gangliosides, or cholesterol-3-SO4. The binding of antistasin to sulfatide is inhibited by dextran sulfate, fucoidan, and heparin, with I50 values of 1.5, 9.2, and 16 µg/ml, respectively. Comparable levels of chondroitin sulfates A, B, C, keratan sulfate, or hyaluronic acid do not inhibit binding. Comparisons of the amino acid sequences of antistasin and other sulfatide or heparinbinding proteins revealed a region of homology, based around the sequence Cys-Ser-Val-Thr-Cys-Gly-X-Gly-X-X-X-Arg-X-Arg, which may be a sulfated glycoconjugate binding domain. In addition, homologies were found with the alternate complement pathway protein properdin and coat proteins from malaria circumsporozoites and Herpes simplex I.
Alternative Exit and Restructuring Strategies: Divestitures, Spin-Offs, Carve-Outs, Split-Offs, and Tracking Stocks

Many corporations, particularly large, highly diversified organizations, are reviewing constantly ways in which they can enhance shareholder value by changing the composition of their assets, liabilities, equity, and operations. These activities generally are referred to as restructuring strategies. Restructuring may embody both growth and exit strategies. Growth strategies have been discussed elsewhere in this book. The focus in this chapter is on those strategic options allowing the firm to maximize shareholder value by redeploying assets through downsizing or refocusing the parent company. As such, this chapter discusses the myriad motives for existing businesses, the various restructuring strategies for doing so, and why firms select one strategy over other options. In this context, equity carve-outs, spin-offs, divestitures, and split-offs are discussed separately rather than as a specialized form of a carve-out. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what empirical studies say are the primary determinants of financial returns to shareholders resulting from undertaking the various restructuring strategies.
Effects of Dry Storage and Resubmersion of Oysters on Total Vibrio vulnificus and Total and Pathogenic (tdh+/trh+) Vibrio parahaemolyticus Levels.

Vibrio vulnificus (Vv) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) are the two leading causes of bacterial illnesses associated with raw shellfish consumption. Levels of these pathogens in oysters can increase during routine antifouling aquaculture practices involving dry storage in ambient air conditions. After storage, common practice is to resubmerge these stored oysters to reduce elevated Vv and Vp levels, but evidence proving the effectiveness of this practice is lacking. This study examined the changes in Vv and in total and pathogenic (thermostable direct hemolysin gene and the tdh-related hemolysin gene, tdh+ and trh+) Vp levels in oysters after 5 or 24 h of dry storage (28 to 32°C), followed by resubmersion (27 to 32°C) for 14 days. For each trial, replicate oyster samples were collected at initial harvest, after dry storage, after 7 days, and after 14 days of resubmersion. Oysters not subjected to dry storage were collected and analyzed to determine natural undisturbed vibrio levels (background control). Vibrio levels were measured using a most-probable-number enrichment followed by real-time PCR. After storage, vibrio levels (excluding tdh+ and trh+ Vp during 5-h storage) increased significantly (P 0.1) from levels in background oysters after 14 days of resubmersion, regardless of dry storage time. These data demonstrate that oyster resubmersion after dry storage at elevated ambient temperatures allows vibrio levels to return to those of background control samples. These results can be used to help minimize the risk of Vv and Vp illnesses and to inform the oyster industry on the effectiveness of routine storing and resubmerging of aquaculture oysters.
Self-awareness in a computer supported collaborative learning environment

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of self-awareness (SA) interfaces implemented for writing skill improvement in a computer supported collaborative writing environment called SWoRD [7]. Visualization interfaces to improve SA were developed for SWoRD. Students were provided with opportunities to self-monitor and self-evaluate their writing with the use of multiple peer feedback. The study results show that although all the students did not develop their SA with the interfaces, the students who developed SA drastically improved their writing skills compared to those who did not enhance SA. Finally, the results are discussed and future research topics are suggested.
Neoliberal Penality: The Birth of Natural Order, the Illusion of Free Markets

This Article represents the culmination of over two-years of historical research, but it arrives at an odd moment, right in the middle of one of the largest financial crises in Western capitalism. In one sense, it is bad timing because the central premise of the Article is that most people today believe that the market is the most efficient mechanism to allocate resources. The federal bailouts of 2008 challenge this central premise and are forcing the American people to reexamine the need for the regulation of the free market. In another sense, the timing is, sadly, perfect. Perfect because the purpose of this Article is to question the meaning of the phrase the need for the regulation of the free market and to suggest that it is precisely the belief in the duality of those two terms - regulation and free market - that is one of the greatest problems we face today. The terms, as well as their companion expressions, market efficiency, natural order, self-adjusting markets, etc., are misleading categories that fail to capture the individual distinctiveness of different forms of market organization. These categories are responsible, first, for facilitating our growing penal sphere, and, second, for naturalizing and thereby masking the redistributive consequences associated with different methods of organizing markets. This Article asks the question, what work do these categories of natural order and market efficiency do for us? The story begins very far in time and place, in the Parisian markets of the eighteenth century, with the establishment of the lieutenant generale de police du Chatelet de Paris and the police of bakers, grain merchants, and markets.
Activation, orientation and landing of female Culex quinquefasciatus in response to carbon dioxide and odour from human feet: 3‐D flight analysis in a wind tunnel

This study investigated the interaction between carbon dioxide (CO(2) ) and human foot odour on activation, upwind orientation and landing of host-seeking female Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) in a wind tunnel. More mosquitoes landed on warmed glass beads coated with foot odour than on clean beads; adding a plume of 4% CO(2) did not influence the proportion of mosquitoes landing. A second experiment used 3-dimensional video tracking to assess flight performance. Activation was more rapid with CO(2) and with CO(2) + foot odour than with clean air or with foot odour alone. Upwind flights were fastest with CO(2) and with clean air, and slowest with foot odour; the CO(2) + foot odour treatment overlapped the previous three treatments in significance. Flight headings tended more towards due upwind with CO(2) and with clean air than with CO(2) + foot odour or with foot odour alone. In both experiments, many mosquitoes flew upwind in clean air. There was little evidence of females changing course upon entering or exiting the CO(2) plume or reacting to foot odour during flight.
Circulatory response to beta-adrenergic blockade at rest and during exercise.

Abstract The β adrenoceptors involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system include the β 1 subtype in the heart, coronary arteries and juxtaglomerular cells of kidney, and the β 2 subtype in skeletal muscle resistance vessels and on terminals of sympathetic nerves. The β 1 receptors are activated primarily by norepinephrine released from the sympathetic nerves, the β 2 by circulating epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. The function of these receptors is to adjust the circulation to meet the stresses imposed by gravitational forces including those that occur In changing from supine to standing position, in muscular exercise and during emotional stress. In normal subjects, other systems can compensate if the β receptors are prevented from functioning. Thus, during β-adrenergic blockade it is only when the cardiovascular system is taxed severely that deficiencies in its performance become apparent. In patients with cardiovascular diseases, other effects of β blockers, not yet understood, may also be important.
Wine and Health: A Review

As indicated by epidemiological studies, regular and moderate wine consumption, particularly red wine, has been associated with health benefits. Clinical studies and work performed with animal models indicate that wine may protect against cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, certain types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, neurological disorders, and metabolic syndrome. The mechanism of action has been attributed to antioxidant, lipid regulating, and anti-inflammatory effects. A variety of wine constituents have been studied in various disease models. Both the alcoholic and polyphenolic components of wine are believed to contribute to these beneficial effects. As wine is a complex mixture, it is likely that a multitude of chemical constituents, as well as their metabolites, work synergistically to impact human health. In sum, although wine drinking may be contraindicated in certain individuals, in healthy people, regular consumption of moderate amounts of wine may protect against certain chronic health conditions.
CNK, a RAF-Binding Multidomain Protein Required for RAS Signaling

Abstract Kinase suppressor of ras ( ksr ) is required for efficient signal transmission within the RAS/MAPK cascade. A screen for mutations that modify a ksr -dependent phenotype identified a novel gene, connector enhancer of ksr ( cnk ), that functions upstream or in parallel to RAF in the RAS pathway. cnk encodes a protein containing several protein–protein interaction domains, suggesting that it brings different signaling molecules together. CNK is required in multiple receptor tyrosine kinase pathways where it appears to be a tyrosine phosphorylation target. Finally, CNK physically interacts with RAF and appears to localize to cell–cell contact regions. Together, these findings suggest that CNK is a novel component of a RAS-dependent signaling pathway that regulates RAF function and/or targets RAF to a specific subcellular compartment upon RAS activation.
Reproducibility of lung and lobar volume measurements using computed tomography.

Rationale and Objectives Lung and lobar volume measurements from computed tomographic (CT) imaging are being used in clinical trials to assess new minimally invasive emphysema treatments aiming to reduce lung volumes. Establishing the reproducibility of lung volume measurements is important if they are to be accepted as treatment planning and outcome variables. The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the correlation between lung volumes assessed on CT imaging and on pulmonary function testing (PFT), (2) compare the two methods' reproducibility, and (3) assess the reproducibility of CT lobar volumes. Materials and Methods CT imaging and body plethysmography were performed at baseline and after a 9-month interval in multicenter emphysema treatment trials. Lung volumes were measured at total lung capacity (TLC) and at residual volume (RV). Lobar volumes were measured on CT imaging using a semiautomated technique. The correlations between CT and PFT volumes were computed for 486 subjects at baseline. Reproducibility was assessed in terms of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for 126 subjects from the control group at TLC and 120 subjects at RV. Results Correlations between CT and PFT lung volumes were 0.86 at TLC and 0.67 at RV. At TLC, the ICCs were 0.943 for CT imaging and 0.814 for PFT. At RV, the ICCs were 0.886 for CT imaging and 0.683 for PFT. CT lobar volumes showed good reproducibility (all P values Conclusion CT lung and lobar volume measurements could be captured in a multicenter trial setting with high reproducibility and were highly correlated with those obtained on PFT. CT imaging showed significantly better reproducibility than PFT between interval lung volume measurements, offering the potential for designing emphysema treatment trials involving fewer subjects.
Interventions Addressing Social Impairment in Autism

Children with an autism spectrum disorder have significant impairment in social skills. This area of development has also been the focus of many intervention studies. In this article we review intervention studies published over the past two years. Three topical areas were addressed in current interventions: social skills knowledge, peer relationships, and joint attention/joint engagement. Younger children most often received interventions on joint attention/joint engagement and older, higher functioning children received interventions on social knowledge and peer relationship development. Both single subject research designs and group designs were reviewed. One advancement was that more randomized controlled trials were reported, as well as effectiveness trials in the community. Study quality was also rated. More group than single subject designs were rated as adequate or strong in quality. Overall, moderate to large effects were found for interventions targeting joint attention/joint engagement and peer relationships with mixed effects on interventions targeting social skills knowledge. Future studies should focus on isolating the active ingredients of interventions and include broader participant representation.
Electrical activity in electric tissue. III. Modifications of electrical activity by acetylcholine and related compounds.

Abstract 1. 1. The electrical activity of isolated electroplax of electric eel stimulated directly or by nerve volleys has been recorded. 2. 2. Experiments performed with extracellular electrodes show that small concentrations of eserine or prostigmine may potentiate the nerve stimulus without modifying significantly the prolonged facilitation which follows a nerve volley. 3. 3. The effect produced by a number of substances upon the resting potential, postsynaptic potential, local response elicited by direct excitation and spikes evoked by nerve or direct stimulation, has been studied by means of intracellular electrodes. 4. 4. The following nitrogen compounds decrease the resting potential: acetylcholine and its tertiary analogue, dimethylaminoethylacetate, carbamycholine, prostigmine and decamethonium. 5. 5. The resting potential can be reduced to zero, but no reversion, i.e. internal positivity of the electroplaque during rest, has been observed. 6. 6. The reduction of the resting potential to about 70% of the normal value by the action of the depolarizing substances, coincides with the block of the spike elicited by direct or nerve stimulation. At this moment the postsynaptic potential may be very little modified. Small postsynaptic potentials which increase in size with repetitive nerve stimulation can be observed even after the resting potential has been reduced to about 10 mv. 7. 7. Depolarizing substances do not change the threshold or the rising phase of the spike, except just before this latter disappears. 8. 8. The following nitrogen compounds do not decrease the resting potential: eserine, procaine, the tertiary analogue of prostigmine, and d -tubocurarine. 9. 9. The non-depolarizing substances reduce the size of the postsynaptic potential, which eventually disappears, and block synaptic transmission. At this time the directly elicited spike may be unchanged. However, with adequate concentrations only non-propagated local responses, which reach 100 to 140 mv, can be elicited. Eventually, even this type of activity may be inhibited. 10. 10. The latter compounds may noy change the threshold of the minimal response of the cell, but in order to evoke the maximal action potential it is necessary to utilize stimulus at least 3 to 5 times as strong as the control. In appropriate conditions they markedly prolong the raising phase of the local response. 11. 11. DFP, similar to the non-depolarizing compounds, blocks the synaptic transmission or the propagation of the spike along the electroplaque membrane without reduction of the resting potential, although it may eventually depolarize. 12. 12. Evidence is discussed that no fundamental differences have been found between the effects upon striated muscles and those upon the electroplax of the electric eel of the compounds studied.
Adaptive learning for event modeling and characterization

Adaptive learning of specific patterns or events of interest has been an area of significant research for various applications in the last two decades. In developing diagnostic evaluation and safety monitoring applications of a propulsion system, it is critical to detect, characterize and model events of interest. It is a challenging task since the detection system should allow adaptive characterization of potential events of interest and correlate them to learn new models for future detection for online health monitoring and diagnostic evaluation. In this paper, a novel framework is established using a hierarchical adaptive clustering approach with fuzzy membership functions to characterize specific events of interest from the measured and processed features. Raw engine measurement data is first analyzed using the wavelet transform to provide features for localization of frequency information for use in the classification system. A method combining hierarchical and fuzzy k-means clustering is then applied to a set of selected measurements and computed features to determine the events of interest during engine operations. Experimental results have shown that the proposed approach is effective and computationally efficient to detect, characterize and model new events of interest from data collected through continuous operations.
Phase-Dependent Resonance Fluorescence and Time Ordering in Photodetection

We measure phase-dependent fluorescence spectra of two-level atoms driven by a monochromatic laser field, for off-resonance excitation. Pairs of spectra with phases of opposite sign are found to display striking differences that arise entirely from time ordering. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Farnesoid X receptor regulates forkhead Box O3a activation in ethanol-induced autophagy and hepatotoxicity.

Alcoholic liver disease encompasses a wide spectrum of pathogenesis including steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and alcoholic steatohepatitis. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process that degrades cellular proteins and damaged/excess organelles, and serves as a protective mechanism in response to various stresses. Acute alcohol treatment induces autophagy via FoxO3a-mediated autophagy gene expression and protects against alcohol-induced steatosis and liver injury in mice. Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates cellular bile acid homeostasis. In the present study, wild type and FXR knockout (KO) mice were treated with acute ethanol for 16 h. We found that ethanol treated-FXR KO mice had exacerbated hepatotoxicity and steatosis compared to wild type mice. Furthermore, we found that ethanol treatment had decreased expression of various essential autophagy genes and several other FoxO3 target genes in FXR KO mice compared with wild type mice. Mechanistically, we did not find a direct interaction between FXR and FoxO3. Ethanol-treated FXR KO mice had increased Akt activation, increased phosphorylation of FoxO3 resulting in decreased FoxO3a nuclear retention and DNA binding. Furthermore, ethanol treatment induced hepatic mitochondrial spheroid formation in FXR KO mice but not in wild type mice, which may serve as a compensatory alternative pathway to remove ethanol-induced damaged mitochondria in FXR KO mice. These results suggest that lack of FXR impaired FoxO3a-mediated autophagy and in turn exacerbated alcohol-induced liver injury.
A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS OF THE RISK OF HOUSEHOLD BURGLARY IN THE CITY OF TIANJIN, CHINA

This study applies the integrated, multilevel framework developed in the West to explain variation in the risk of household burglary within the city of Tianjin, China. The analytic framework consists of three sets of determinants: household variables, neighbourhood structural factors, and neighbourhood social control processes. The selection of variables is guided by routine activities/lifestyle theories and the social disorganization perspective, adapted to refl ect features of urban China. The results of multilevel regression modeling reveal that indicators of target attractiveness (household income) and guardianship (length of residence and ‘ somebody home ’ ) exhibit the predicted effects on the risk of household burglary. Similarly, the effects of two of the neighbourhood process variables — collective effi cacy and public control — conform to theoretical expectations and fi ndings in Western research. The results for the neighbourhood structural factors are inconsistent with those widely reported in the West. These analyses demonstrate the applicability of elements of Western criminological theory to contemporary urban China but also reveal important differences in the ecological dynamics of crime across contexts.
Parent-adolescent separation: The role of parental divorce

Previous research has identified Emotional Separation and Personal Control as two sets of home leaving indicators that are associated, respectively with relatively troubled and relatively untroubled parent-adolescent separation. As expected, among late adolescent males, parental divorce was highly related to endorsement of Emotional Separation as an important composite indicator of having left home. For females, being a firstborn was associated with endorsing Personal Control as an important composite indicator of home-leaving. Findings were interpreted as supporting previous research which has indicated that males experience more adjustment problems after parental divorce than females.
Sequence-Independent and Linear Variation of Oligonucleotide DNA Binding Stabilities

The ability to equalize the DNA binding stability of comprehensive sets of oligonucleotides is imperative for the application of sequencing by hybridization technology. By substitution of ribonucleotides into an oligonucleotide composed of deoxyribonucleotides, and vice versa, the duplex stability of the oligonucleotide is changed linearly with the number of serial alternations of sugar configurations within the molecule. Since this effort occurs independently of the actual base sequence, any set of oligonucleotides could be adjusted to a defined level of binding stability.
Metal/n-InP interfaces studied by photoreflectance and Raman spectroscopies

Abstract We report electrical and optical studies of metal/n-InP interfaces formed at room temperature (RT = 300 K) and low temperature (LT = 77 K). From current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) data, it was found that the leakage current density, J0 of the LT diode was reduced by more than six orders of magnitude with respect to the RT diode. The Schottky barrier height, φB was increased from 0.44 to 0.83 eV with Pd metal. This suggested Fermi-level unpinning in the LT diodes. Better surface preservation was revealed by photoreflectance spectroscopy (PR) measurement. The surface electric field, ξ built-in potential, Vbi and broadening parameter, Γ were also determined from PR spectra. These results were further related to Raman spectra, in which both the LO phonon mode from the depletion layer, and the coupled plasmon mode, L+ from the bulk were observed. The intensity of the LO mode increased with the width of the depletion layer. The Raman shift of the L+ was sensitive to the carrier density in the bulk region. The relative intensity of LO and L+ was used to compare the width of the depletion layer for RT and LT samples. Very good agreement was obtained between the electrical and optical results.