cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceuticals: their role in developing societies

The appropriate technology for control of diseases of economically underdeveloped countries happens to be mainly that applicable to groups as a whole; whereas that effective for most diseases of industrialized societies must be individually delivered. The latter area is where the pharmaceutical industry has scored its greatest triumphs, yet most of this technology does not fit the major disease problems as they now exist in the developing countries. The argument is presented that in order for the U.S. industry to do more in the developing countries, the most needed invention is not a new drug, but a new system for drug development--a new R & D system tailored specially to both the financial and the biologic needs of the problem.
Simulation of leading-edge vortex flows

An implicit upwind-relaxation finite-difference algorithm solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is employed to simulate low-speed, three-dimensional, laminar, leading-edge vortex flows over three round-edged low-aspect-ratio wings. The effects of grid density, angle of attack, Reynolds number, and wing planform on the flowfield structures and integral values are studied. Computed results are presented and compared with experimental data.
Massive Meckel's enterolith mimicking urachal carcinoma

Meckel's enterolith is a rare clinical entity that may be found on imaging and at surgery, as seen in this case of a 68-year-old man presenting for esophagogastrectomy. Images are presented with differential diagnosis and treatment choices.
From data to decisions: Using surveys and statistics to make collection management decisions

Abstract Librarians are well known as gatherers of statistics and other data. However, we do not always use the information that we gather, preferring instead to point to the numbers themselves as evidence of our work. This presentation attempted both to describe the benefits and drawbacks of numerous ways to accumulate information about our collections and library services and to show how that information can be used to make collection management decisions. The types of data to be described include usage statistics, subject–date analysis, bibliography or peer comparisons, patron input, cost-per-use, wear and tear, and anecdotal evidence. No one method of gathering data will give a complete picture. However, using a combination of data gathering methods can help to give an overall picture of the strengths and weaknesses of a given collection and give clues about what areas may need development—or can be ignored.
Review of the effects of biodiesel on NOx emissions

Abstract Compared to conventional diesel fuel, use of biodiesel is generally found to reduce emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM); but to increase oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions. This paper reviews and summarizes relevant literature regarding the so-called “biodiesel NOx effect, and presents theories” to explain this effect. In modern diesel engines, several factors related to fuel composition and engine control strategies are important, though no single theory provides an adequate explanation of the biodiesel NOx effect under all conditions. There is evidence to suggest that effects on injection timing, ignition delay, adiabatic flame temperature, radiative heat loss, and other combustion phenomena all play some role. The biodiesel NOx effect can be mitigated by modifying engine control settings — particularly by retarding injection timing and increasing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The absolute magnitude of the biodiesel NOx effect appears to be reduced with modern engines, although there are cases where the percentage change is still substantial. Sophisticated after-treatment systems required to achieve the 2010 diesel engine emissions standards do not appear to be significantly affected by use of biodiesel. However, longer term study is warranted, as such systems have only been in commercial use for a short time.
Selective worsening of brain injury biomarker abnormalities in cognitively normal elderly persons with β-amyloidosis.

Importance The appearance of β-amyloidosis and brain injury biomarkers in cognitively normal (CN) persons is thought to define risk for the future development of cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer disease (AD), but their interaction is poorly understood. Objective To test the hypothesis that the joint presence of β-amyloidosis and brain injury biomarkers would lead to more rapid neurodegeneration. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting Population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Participants One hundred ninety-one CN persons (median age, 77 years; range, 71-93 years) in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging who underwent magnetic resonance, fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), and Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) PET imaging at least twice 15 months apart. Participants were grouped according to the recommendations of the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer Association preclinical AD criteria based on the presence of β-amyloidosis, defined as a PiB PET standardized uptake value ratio (SUVr) greater than 1.5, alone (stage 1) or with brain injury (stage 2 + 3), defined as hippocampal atrophy or FDG hypometabolism. We also studied a group of patients with mild cognitive impairment (n = 17) or dementia (n = 9) from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging or the Mayo Alzheimer Center with similar follow-up times who had undergone comparable imaging and had a PiB PET SUVr greater than 1.5. Main Outcomes and Measures Rate of change of cortical volume on volumetric magnetic resonance images and rate of change of glucose metabolism on FDG PET scan results. Results There were 25 CN participants with both high PiB retention and low hippocampal volume or FDG hypometabolism at baseline (preclinical AD stages 2 + 3). On follow-up scans, the preclinical AD stage 2 + 3 participants had greater loss of medial temporal lobe volume and greater glucose hypometabolism in the medial temporal lobe compared with the other CN groups. The changes were similar to those in the cognitively impaired participants. Extratemporal regions did not show similar changes. Conclusions and Relevance Higher rates of medial temporal neurodegeneration occur in CN individuals who, on their initial scans, had abnormal levels of both β-amyloid and brain injury biomarkers. Although preclinical AD is currently only a research topic, the description of its brain structural changes will be critical for trials designed to prevent or forestall dementia due to AD.
Biogeochemical and microbial legacies of non-native grasses can affect restoration success.

The restoration of disturbed ecosystems is challenging and often unsuccessful, particularly when non-native plants are abundant. Ecosystem restoration may be hindered by the effects of non-native plants on soil biogeochemical characteristics and microbial communities that persist even after plants are removed. To examine the importance of soil legacy effects, we used experimental restorations of Florida shrubland habitat that had been degraded by the introduction of non-native grasses coupled with either mechanical disturbance or pasture conversion. We removed non-native grasses and inoculated soils with native microbial communities at each degraded site, then examined how habitat structure, soil nitrogen, soil microbial abundances, and native seed germination responded over two years compared to undisturbed native sites. Grass removal treatments effectively restored some aspects of native habitat structure, including decreased exotic grass cover, increased bare ground, and reduced litter cover. Soil fungal abundance was also somewhat restored by grass removals, but soil algal abundance was unaffected. In addition, grass removal and microbial inoculation improved seed germination rates in degraded sites, but these remained quite low compared to native sites. High soil nitrogen persisted throughout the experiment regardless of treatment. Many treatment effects were site-specific, however, with legacies in the more degraded vegetation type tending to be more difficult to overcome. These results support the need for context-dependent restoration approaches and suggest that the degree of soil legacy effects may be a good indicator of restoration potential.
In vivo, multimodal imaging of B cell distribution and response to antibody immunotherapy in mice.

Background B cell depletion immunotherapy has been successfully employed to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed towards also using B-cell depletion therapy as a treatment option in autoimmune disorders. However, it appears that the further development of these approaches will depend on a methodology to determine the relation of B-cell depletion to clinical response and how individual patients should be dosed. Thus far, patients have generally been followed by quantification of peripheral blood B cells, but it is not apparent that this measurement accurately reflects systemic B cell dynamics. Methodology/Principal Findings Cellular imaging of the targeted population in vivo may provide significant insight towards effective therapy and a greater understanding of underlying disease mechanics. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles in concert with near infrared (NIR) fluorescent dyes were used to label and track primary C57BL/6 B cells. Following antibody mediated B cell depletion (anti-CD79), NIR-only labeled cells were expeditiously cleared from the circulation and spleen. Interestingly, B cells labeled with both SPIO and NIR were not depleted in the spleen. Conclusions/Significance Whole body fluorescent tracking of B cells enabled noninvasive, longitudinal imaging of both the distribution and subsequent depletion of B lymphocytes in the spleen. Quantification of depletion revealed a greater than 40% decrease in splenic fluorescent signal-to-background ratio in antibody treated versus control mice. These data suggest that in vivo imaging can be used to follow B cell dynamics, but that the labeling method will need to be carefully chosen. SPIO labeling for tracking purposes, generally thought to be benign, appears to interfere with B cell functions and requires further examination.
The Influence of Predators on Breeding Woodpigeons in London Parks

This London study emphasises the importance of predator pressure in controlling Woodpigeon numbers. In Britain Wood pigeons achieve higher densities in rural areas than in urban parks, though the reverse can apply in central Europe; and in both situations their numbers tend to be inversely related to the numbers of Carrion/Hooded Crows. which species emerges as one of the more serious predators.
Poincaré and the shortcomings of the Hamilton-Jacobi method for classical or quantized mechanics

This chapter discusses the limits of accuracy in classical mechanics and explains the foundations of statistical mechanics. The canonical equations of celestial mechanics do not admit, except for some exceptional cases, any analytical and uniform integral besides the energy integral. The Poincare theorem proves that the (n − 1) integrals have very different properties. The total energy is the only expression that is represented by a well-behaved mathematical function, and all other so-called integrals are not analytical; they can have a very strange behavior, with discontinuities, and cannot be compared with the energy. The integrals representing momentum or moment of momentum are comprised in the other exceptional cases. When variables cannot be separated, the problem becomes much more involved. The Hamilton–Jacobi equations yield a possibility of finding angular variables w k and the corresponding action variables J K . These variables are often called Delaunay variables. The Hamilton–Jacobi procedure has never been a way to solve a practical problem. It is very useful for general theorems and elegant discussions but not for actual solution.
Traumatic mediastinal hemorrhage

Abstract A case is presented of severe lateral compression of the chest, with fractures of both first and second ribs, left clavicle and right scapula. Conjunctival hemorrhages resulted from the thoracic squeezing, and hemorrhage occurred in the superior and middle mediastina. The patient made a good recovery, without demonstrable permanent impairment. He will be observed over a long period of time for late sequelae resulting from the trauma.
Assessment of habitat and predator effects on dwarf rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) using multi model inference

Habitat associations and the effect of predators on dwarf rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) were investigated in two large marine protected areas (MPAs) off southern California. Using data from submersible surveys, the occurrence and abundance of dwarf rockfishes were modeled using substrata types and the biomass of predators as predictor variables. The occurrence and abundance of dwarf rockfishes generally were positively associated with rock, boulder, and cobble substrata. The association between predators and occurrence of dwarf rockfishes differed substantially between species. Predator density and biomass levels were much lower in the southern California MPAs than in a de facto MPA off central California. Better inference about predator effects on dwarf rockfishes will be possible if the predator biomass and densities of southern California MPAs increase to that observed in the de facto MPA.
Transfusion-acquired Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

BACKGROUND: A 3½-year-old girl with Stage 4 neuroblastoma received multiple blood components and was subsequently diagnosed with Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: All blood donors of the units that were transfused were requested to return to the collection facility for a blood sample to be tested for antibodies to T. cruzi. RESULTS: One first-time donor was found to be positive for the presence of T. cruzi antibodies. This donor was originally from Bolivia and immigrated to the United States 17 years previously. She had not returned to her native country since her emigration. CONCLUSIONS: This is the seventh reported case of Chagas disease transmission by blood transfusion in the United States and Canada. Although this would not be expected to occur in New England, it did, and this case demonstrates the significance of the immune status of patients as it relates to transfusion-acquired infections, the impact of geographic mobility in disease transmission, and the need for a licensed screening test for Chagas disease for the US blood supply.
Theory for the trapping of disorder and solute in intermetallic phases by rapid solidification

Abstract A theory is developed to predict the long range order parameter, composition and temperature at the interface of a chemically ordered phase as a function of interface velocity and liquid composition during rapid crystal growth. It extends the solute trapping theory of Aziz to a solid phase consisting of two sublattices. The engulfment of atoms randomly on the two sublattices by the rapidly moving liquid-solid interface is balanced against the interdiffusion across the interface that attempts to restore local equilibrium. With increasing interface velocity the theory predicts a progression from the solidification of a phase with equilibrium long range order parameter and with equilibrium solute partitioning to the solidification of a disordered crystalline phase with the same composition as the liqiud. Predictions for solids with free energy functions in which the order disorder transition is first or second order show that the decrease of order parameter to zero with increasing interface velocity will be discontinuous or continuous respectively. Also solute trapping can occur at either a higher or a lower growth rate than disorder trapping depending on the free energy function.
Ground reaction forces and center of mass mechanics of bipedal capuchin monkeys: Implications for the evolution of human bipedalism

Tufted capuchin monkeys are known to use both quadrupedalism and bipedalism in their natural environments. Although previous studies have investi- gated limb kinematics and metabolic costs, their ground reaction forces (GRFs) and center of mass (CoM) mechan- ics during two and four-legged locomotion are unknown. Here, we determine the hind limb GRFs and CoM energy, work, and power during bipedalism and quadrupedalism over a range of speeds and gaits to investigate the effect of differential limb number on locomotor performance. Our results indicate that capuchin monkeys use a ''grounded run'' during bipedalism (0.83-1.43 ms 21 ) and primarily ambling and galloping gaits during quadrupedalism (0.91- 6.0 ms 21 ). CoM energy recoveries are quite low during bipedalism (2-17%), and in general higher during quadru- pedalism (4-72%). Consistent with this, hind limb vertical GRFs as well as CoM work, power, and collisional losses are higher in bipedalism than quadrupedalism. The posi- tive CoM work is 2.04 6 0.40 Jkg 21 m 21 (bipedalism) and 0.70 6 0.29 Jkg 21 m 21 (quadrupedalism), which is within the range of published values for two and four-legged terrestrial animals. The results of this study confirm that facultative bipedalism in capuchins and other nonhuman primates need not be restricted to a pendulum-like walking gait, but rather can include running, albeit without an aer- ial phase. Based on these results and similar studies of other facultative bipeds, we suggest that important transi- tions in the evolution of hominin locomotor performance were the emergences of an obligate, pendulum-like walk- ing gait and a bouncy running gait that included a whole- body aerial phase. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:76-86, 2013. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular characterization of a flagellar/chemotaxis operon in the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi

A chemotaxis gene cluster from Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochete that causes Lyme disease, was cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. This cluster contained three chemotaxis gene homologs (cheA, cheW and cheY) and an open reading frame we identified as cheX. Although the major functional domains for B. burgdorferi CheW and CheY were well conserved, the size of cheW was significantly different from the homolog of other bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of CheY indicated that B. burgdorferi constitutes a distinct branch with Treponema pallidum and is closely associated with Archea and Gram-positive bacteria. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the chemotaxis genes and the upstream flagellar gene flaA constitute an operon. Western blot analysis using antibody to Escherichia coli CheA resulted in two reactive proteins in the cell lysates of B. burgdorferi that is consistent with two cheA homologs being present in this organism. The results taken together suggest both similarities and differences in the chemotaxis apparatus of B. burgdorferi compared to those of other bacteria.
Alcohol Intake and Breast Cancer Risk: Weighing the Overall Evidence

Moderate alcohol consumption has been linked to an approximate 30 %–50 % increased risk in breast cancer. Case-control and cohort studies have consistently observed this modest increase. We highlight recent evidence from molecular epidemiologic studies and studies of intermediate markers like mammographic density that provide additional evidence that this association is real and not solely explained by factors/correlates of the exposure and outcome present in nonrandomized studies. We also review evidence from studies of higher risk women including BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Given the incidence of heart disease is higher than breast cancer and modest alcohol consumption is associated with reduced risk of heart disease, we examine the latest evidence to evaluate if alcohol reduction should be targeted to women at high risk for breast cancer. We also review the most recent evidence on the effect of alcohol use on tumor recurrence and survival for those diagnosed with breast cancer.
Carbon Isotopic Evidence for Different Feeding Patterns in Two Hyrax Species Occupying the Same Habitat

The carbon-13/carbon-12 ratios of the carbonate and collagen fractions of bone of the sympatric hyrax species Procavia johnstoni and Heterohyrax brucei indicate that the former obtains most of its diet by grazing while the latter is primarily a browser. The carbon-13/carbon-12 ratios of these fractions in fossil bone will record information about diet if they have not been altered during diagenesis.
Dispersal of Synanthropic Diptera: Lessons from the Past and Technology for the Future

The impact of aerial invasion of new habitats by dispersal of synanthropic arthropods on human society is one of the most important topics in the entomological world. A review is presented of important advances in the knowledge of dispersal of a number of dipteran species that cause damage to, or serve as vectors for diseases of, humans and associated animals. The components of aerial dispersal are delineated, and forms of dispersal are defined in the context of interactive forces that result in dispersal by synanthropic Diptera. Migratory flights by black flies are put into ecological perspective, as are the wind-borne movements of ceratopogonid vectors of viruses. Dispersal by house flies, screwworms, and stable flies are specifically addressed to trace the changes in technology used to detect and quantify aerial dispersal during the 20th century and to propose new ways to use current technology.
Abraham de Moivre

IN interesting and valuable communications to Biometrika, of the final issues for 1924 and 1925, Karl Pearson set forth certain facts (not all new) which will doubtless result in Abraham de Moivre occupying a more important place than before in the history of mathematics. The results are reached by a careful study of: (a) “James Bernoulli's Theorem,” and (b) a publication of Moivre dated November 12, 1733 Regarding this publication Pearson makes certain statements which require comment, since from them wrong inferences might readily be drawn.
Hafnium−Rhodium and Hafnium−Iridium Heterobimetallic Complexes Featuring the Bridging Germole Dianion Ligand [GeC4Me4]2-

The complex [Cp*(η5-C4Me4Ge)HfMe2Li(THF)]2 (1; Cp* = C5Me5), prepared via treatment of Cp*HfMe2Cl with 2 equiv of Li[C4Me4GeSiMe3], reacted rapidly with 2 equiv of (PMe3)4RhOTf (OTf = OSO2CF3) to g...
A non-linear function for the approximation of octanol/water partition coefficients of aromatic compounds with multiple chlorine substitution

From the comparison of linear and power curve regression analyses of several sets of congeners, it is suggested that the increasing chlorine substitution of aromatic and heterocyclic parent compounds, such as benzene, aniline, pyridine, and diphenyl results in declining increases of the octanol/water partition coefficients. The partition coefficients of the chloro congeners follow the general equation logPN = (N+1)∗logPO, where N is the number of chlorine substituents, logPO the partition coefficient of the parent compound and b is a constant, specific for each set of congeners. The parameters logPO and b are also correlated with each other by the equation b = z∗logPOY, where z and y are the same constants for all sets. Together, the two equations allow the quick estimation of the partition coefficient of any congener from the known value of another. This ability is of special importance for compounds with 4 < logP, where experimental values are difficult to obtain.
Intravenous Streptomycin: A Useful Route of Administration

Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is indicated for the treatment of tuberculous and nontuberculous infections. Intramuscular injection is the recommended route of administration. There are few reports on intravenous administration of streptomycin. We describe the use of intravenous streptomycin to treat endocarditis due to a strain of Enterococcus faecalis with high-level resistance to gentamicin. Physicians should consider the intravenous route as an alternate method of administering streptomycin.
Evaluation of Two-Phonon Deformation Potential of Ge

We present a first-principles, but simplified, calculation of the optic two-phonon deformation potential for Ge. The calculated value is in good agreement with experiment.
An “American Dream” theory of corporate executive Fraud

In this paper, we first describe a “Broken Trust” theory that was introduced by Albrecht el al. [Albrecht, W. S., Albrecht, C. C., & Albrecht, C. O. (2004). Fraud and corporate executives: Agency, ...
Capsaicin-induced neuronal degeneration in the brain and retina of preweanling rats

Capsaicin is a neurotoxin known for its ability to cause degeneration of small unmyelinated primary sensory neurons in both spinal and cranial nerves. Although lower motor neurons do not degenerate following capsaicin treatment, the extent to which capsaicin may damage neurons in the brain has not been thoroughly evaluated. This study examines the effects of systemic capsaicin (50-150 mg/kg) on the central nervous system of 10-day-old rats. Rat pups were injected with capsaicin or the injection vehicle and sacrificed 6 hours-10 days later. Brains, spinal cords, and retinas were stained with cupric silver to label degenerating neurons. As previously reported for capsaicin-treated rats, degenerating nerve terminals were present in areas receiving primary afferent input: the spinal cord dorsal horn, spinal trigeminal nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and area postrema. However, degenerating terminals were also present in areas not known to receive primary sensory innervation: the inferior olivary nucleus, sphenoid nucleus, medial and olivary pretectal nuclei, interpeduncular nucleus, interfascicular nucleus, caudal linear, dorsal, median, and paramedian raphe nuclei, supramammillary area, lateral habenula, ventrolateral geniculate nucleus, ventral reuniens nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic and preoptic areas, suprachiasmatic nucleus, septohypothalamic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septal nucleus, accumbens shell, olfactory bulb, and retina. Some areas where capsaicin caused degeneration in rat pups do not appear to be capsaicin-sensitive in adult rats. Results indicate that (1) capsaicin's neurotoxicity is not limited to primary sensory neurons and (2) developmental factors may alter the capsaicin sensitivity of some neuronal projections within the brain.
Structure of bis-(4-methylpyridine)dichlorocopper(II): a dislocated linear chain

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of bis(4-methylpyridine)dichlorocopper(II), Cu(C6H7N)2Cl2, has been determined from three-dimensional photographic X-ray data obtained from a twinned and highly mosaic crystal. The complex crytallizes in space group P21/c of the monoclinic system with two formula units in a cell of dimensions a = 9.745(7), b = 3.932(4), c = 19.035(9) A, β = 111.8(2)°. The observed diffraction pattern, however, is nearly consistent with orthorhombic symmetry and the space group Cmma. The chain axis is parallel to the monoclinic crystallographic b-axis, and the twinning occurs perpendicular to this axis; the twinning causes dislocations in the chain by limiting the chain lengths to the sizes of the ordered crystal domains along the chain axis. The geometry at each copper atom is (4 + 2) tetragonally-elongated octahedral, the in-plane ligands being two trans-nitrogen atoms [CuN =2.07(3) A] and two trans-chlorine atoms [CuCl =2.35(1) A]. The axial ligands are symmetry-related chlorine atoms, which are in-plane ligands of the adjacent copper atoms in the chain, the axial CuCl and CuCu′ distances being 3.19(1) and 3.932(4) A, respectively. Each chain is very similar to that found in the analogous pyridine complex, but the arrangement of the chains in the crystal is more like that in the thiazole complex Cu(thz)2Cl2.
Rossby wave propagation into the tropics in two GFDL general circulation models

During the northern winter the eastern Pacific is characterized by upper level westerly flow extending from the equator into the midlatitudes of both hemispheres. Theoretical and simple modeling studies suggest that such a region should favor the penetration of Rossby waves into the tropics from higher latitudes. Observational results by Kiladis and Weickmann using 200 mb data indicate that Rossby waves do indeed propagate freely into the tropical eastern Pacific during the northern winter from the Asian jet exit region. They also confirmed that cross-equatorial dispersion of energy from the Northern into the Southern Hemisphere occurs frequently. The present study examines these interactions in climatological runs of two GFDL GCMs. The northern wintertime mean states of these models are characterized by a rather realistically simulated upper level westerly regime in the tropical Pacific. Despite the relative weakness of the Asian jet and wave activity with respect to observations, propagation of Rossby waves into the tropics is present in both models, and these waves are strongly positively tilted as seen in the observations. A momentum budget of the zonal wind and E vector diagnostics over the tropical Pacific indicate that these transients are an important component of the momentum balance of the equatorial westerlies in both the observations and in the models.
First and Second Marital Dissolution: A Decomposition Exercise for Whites and Blacks

Observed distributions of marital dissolutions occurring over time (and thus the divorce rate or other measures of marital dissolution) are dependent on two basic factors: (1) the relative distribu...
Evidence against dissipation less dark matter from observations of galaxy haloes

THERE are two different types of missing (dark) matter: the unseen matter needed to explain the high rotation velocities of atomic hydrogen in the outer parts of spiral galaxies1,2, and the much larger amount of (non-baryonic) matter needed to prevent the universe from expanding forever1 (producing either a ‘flat’ or a ‘closed’ Universe)3. Several models have been proposed to provide the dark matter required within galaxy haloes for a flat universe, of which cold dark matter (CDM) has proved the most successful at reproducing the observed large-scale structure of the Universe4–6. CDM belongs to a class of non-relativistic particles that interact primarily through gravity, and are named dissipationless because they cannot dissipate energy (baryonic particles can lose energy by emitting electromagnetic radiation). Here I show that the modelled small-scale properties of CDM7–9 are fundamentally incompatible with recent observations10–13 of dwarf galaxies, which are thought to be completely dominated by dark matter on scales larger than a kiloparsec. Thus, the hypothesis that dark matter is predominantly cold seems hard to sustain.
Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by 5-fluorodeoxycytidine: correlation with DNA methylation

Chinese hamster ovary cells grown in medium containing 10 μM 5-fluorodeoxycytidine for forty-eight hours were found to have up to 5% of the deoxycytidine residues of the DNA substituted by this analog. Cytological studies of these cells showed that the incorporated 5-FdC caused a two-fold increase of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) over the control level. However, 5-FdC was capable of inducing SCE only after it had been present in the cell for at least two cycles of DNA synthesis. This is in contrast to several other chemicals that we have tested which induced SCE immediately after the first DNA synthesis. We consider the possibility that the delayed effect may be related to hypomethylation of cytosine in the newly replicated DNA.
The Song of Songs and the Ascent of the Soul: Ambrose, Augustine, and the Language of Mysticism

L'A. traite de l'exegese allegorique et mystique du Cantique des Cantiques chez Ambroise de Milan et Augustin. L'influence d'Ambroise sur Augustin et l'absence chez ce dernier de l'imagerie d'Ambroise sont etudiees, egalement par l'analyse des commentaires des Psaumes d'Augustin.
Neoadjuvant Modified (m) FOLFIRINOX for Locally Advanced Unresectable (LAPC) and Borderline Resectable (BRPC) Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas

Background For patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, FOLFIRINOX (fluorouracil [5-FU], leucovorin [LV], irinotecan [IRI], and oxaliplatin) has shown improved survival rates compared with gemcitabine but with significant toxicity, particularly in patients with a high tumor burden. Because of reported response rates exceeding 30 %, the authors began to use a modified (m) FOLFIRINOX regimen for patients with advanced nonmetastatic disease aimed at downstaging for resection. This report describes their experience with mFOLFIRINOX and aggressive surgical resection.
Tcrδ translocations that delete the Bcl11b haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene promote atm-deficient T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

ATM is the master regulator of the cellular response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Deficiency of ATM predisposes humans and mice to αβ T lymphoid cancers with clonal translocations between the T cell receptor (TCR) α/δ locus and a 450 kb region of synteny on human chromosome 14 and mouse chromosome 12. While these translocations target and activate the TCL1 oncogene at 14q32 to cause T cell pro-lymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), the TCRα/δ;14q32 translocations in ATM-deficient T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) have not been characterized and their role in cancer pathogenesis remains unknown. The corresponding lesion in Atm-deficient mouse T-ALLs is a chromosome t(12;14) translocation with Tcrδ genes fused to sequences on chromosome 12; although these translocations do not activate Tcl1, they delete the Bcl11b haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene. To assess whether Tcrδ translocations that inactivate one copy of Bcl11b promote transformation of Atm-deficient cells, we analyzed Atm−/− mice with mono-allelic Bcl11b deletion initiating in thymocytes concomitant with Tcrδ recombination. Inactivation of one Bcl11b copy had no effect on the predisposition of Atm−/− mice to clonal T-ALLs. Yet, none of these T-ALLs had a clonal chromosome t(12;14) translocation that deleted Bcl11b indicating that Tcrδ translocations that inactivate a copy of Bcl11b promote transformation of Atm-deficient thymocytes. Our data demonstrate that antigen receptor locus translocations can cause cancer by deleting a tumor suppressor gene. We discuss the implications of these findings for the etiology and therapy of T-ALLs associated with ATM deficiency and TCRα/δ translocations targeting the 14q32 cytogenetic region.
A new species and genus of a new monokonophoran family (Crustacea: Tanaidacea), from southeastern Florida

The monotypic family Cirratodactylidae fam. nov., based on Cirratodactylus floridensis gen. et sp. n., differs fundamentally from the other families in the tanaidacean suborder Mono-konophora in the following combination of characters: a mandibular palp composed of a single article, the absence of a palp on the first maxilla (=maxillule), and the presence of numerous slender, recurved curls distally on the dactyli of pereopods II-VIII. The chelipeds of Cirratodactylus floridensis bear rudimentary oostegites at both the preparatory and copulatory female stages. In the latter instar the single marsupium is formed by the fused oostegites of pereopods II-V only, and those of the chelipeds, although present, regress and fail to participate in the marsupium. Although the literature commenting on the presence and function of tanaidacean oostegites is scanty and contradictory, this study establishes that certain other monokonophoran taxa agree in the distribution of oostegites with Cirratodactylus, whereas yet others have only four pairs of oostegal plates, borne on pereopods II-V.
Stay-at-home fathers' reasons for entering the role and stigma experiences: A preliminary report.

This exploratory study reports on the reasons for entering the role and stigma experiences of 207 stay-at-home fathers (SAHFs). Overall, economic, pragmatic reasons and strong parenting values were the most common reasons guiding the decision to become a SAHF. Approximately half of the fathers experienced a stigma-based incident based on their SAHF status. Reasons participants reported for experiencing stigma including lack of familiarity with the role, religious beliefs, opposing attitudes about gender roles, and ignorance. Men who experienced a stigma-based incident reported lower levels of social support than those not experiencing such incidences. The results are discussed within the context of related research on SAHFs and men in nontraditional work and family roles.
A model for hydrogen-assisted crack initiation on planar shear bands in near-alpha titanium alloys

A model was proposed which explains subsurface cleavage facet formation in large grained, planar slip titanium alloys by the buildup of large hydrostatic stresses at the tip of long, blocked shear bands. These shear bands can result from creep deformation. Hydrogen is attracted to the hydrostatic stress field and can initiate a cleavage facet possibly by the locally increased hydrogen concentration or more likely by actual hydride formation and subsequent cracking of the hydride. The model is qualitatively consistent with several experimental results and implies that the evaluation of dwell debits in alloys must be conducted at stresses where some creep deformation is possible.
Radiating Shape-Shifting Surface Based on a Planar Hoberman Mechanism

In this communication a new approach for realizing a reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna is proposed on the basis of radially-foldable linkage kinematic theory. Using a Hoberman's planar foldable linkage, in which rotation in the $\phi$ -direction provides translation in the radial direction, a radiating shape-shifting surface (RSSS) can be developed. To demonstrate the interesting characteristics of the approach, two resonant frequency-tunable antennas were prototyped. The antennas incorporate parasitic patches, which are repositioned over a fixed circular microstrip patch antenna. The mechanical movement results in tunability of the antenna resonant frequency without degrading the return loss bandwidth or radiation pattern. Experimental results for a design with electromagnetically-coupled parasitic patches demonstrate tuning of the resonant frequency by ${>}{10}\%$ over the 2.7-3 GHz frequency range with essentially constant gain and return loss bandwidth. Greater than 26% tuning bandwidth is achieved with the second design in which the parasitic patches make electrical contact with the primary antenna element.
Intestinal tract injury by drugs: Importance of metabolite delivery by yellow bile road

Drug secretion into bile is typically considered a safe route of clearance. However, biliary delivery of some drugs or their reactive metabolites to the intestinal tract evokes adverse consequences due to direct toxic actions or indirect disruption of intestinal homeostasis. Biliary concentration of the chemotherapy agent 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR) and other compounds is associated with bile duct damage while enterohepatic cycling of antibiotics contributes to the disruptions of gut flora that produce diarrhea. The goal of this review is to describe key evidence that biliary delivery is an important factor in the intestinal injury caused by representative drugs. Emphasis will be given to 3 widely used drugs whose reactive metabolites are plausible causes of small intestinal injury, namely the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac, the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid (MPA), and the chemotherapy agent irinotecan. Capsule endoscopy and other sensitive diagnostic techniques have documented a previously unappreciated, high prevalence of small intestinal injury among NSAID users. Clinical use of MPA and irinotecan is frequently associated such severe intestinal injury that dosage must be reduced. Observations from clinical and experimental studies have defined key events in the pathogenesis of these drugs, including roles for multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and other transporters in biliary secretion and adduction of enterocyte proteins by reactive acyl glucuronide metabolites as a likely mechanism for intestinal injury. New strategies for minimizing the adverse intestinal consequences of irinotecan chemotherapy illustrate how basic information about key events in the biliary secretion of drugs and the nature of their proximate toxicants can lead to safer protocols for drugs.
Lifespan carcinogenicity tests with native carrageenan in rats and hamsters

Native carrageenan (Gelcarin), a widely used food additive, was tested for carcinogenicity in MRC rats and Syrian golden hamsters through lifespan studies. Three groups of 30 males and 30 females from these species received carrageenan at dose levels of either 5%, 2.5% or 0.5% in the diet daily for the animal's lifespan. A trend toward an increased incidence of benign mammary tumors in females and testicular neoplasms in males occurred at the median dose level (2.5%); however, the incidence of these tumors was not statistically significant. Hamsters did not develop neoplasms in response to treatment at any dose levels. From the results of this experiment, carrageenan demonstrated no carcinogenic effects in either species.
Export Processing Zones in the Dominican Republic: Schools or Stopgaps?

Summary The following paper explores the variable consequences of offshore manufacturing in the Dominican Republic. While foreign transplants have been treated as tenants in most of the country, and have thereby made transitory contributions to export and employment growth, they have been treated as tutors in the Cibao Valley, and have thereby made more lasting contributions of skill and technology. What accounts for the variation? I find that the agro-commercial elites who have traditionally dominated the Cibao Valley are simultaneously more tolerant of foreign investment than the import-competing industrialists found in the capital of Santo Domingo and more likely to diversify into manufacturing than the absentee landlords found elsewhere in the country.
Simulation-based Bayesian inference for latent traits of item response models: Introduction to the ltbayes package for R

This paper introduces the ltbayes package for R. This package includes a suite of functions for investigating the posterior distribution of latent traits of item response models. These include functions for simulating realizations from the posterior distribution, profiling the posterior density or likelihood function, calculation of posterior modes or means, Fisher information functions and observed information, and profile likelihood confidence intervals. Inferences can be based on individual response patterns or sets of response patterns such as sum scores. Functions are included for several common binary and polytomous item response models, but the package can also be used with user-specified models. This paper introduces some background and motivation for the package, and includes several detailed examples of its use.
A Taxonomy for the Composition of Memorandum Subject Lines: Facilitating Writer Choice in Managerial Contexts.

Research on advance organizers demonstrates the importance of memoran dum subject lines for reader comprehension and, by implication, reinforces the notion that a relationship exists between writer choice and communica tion context. Yet, existing pedagogy presents memorandum subject lines with no regard for context. This article introduces a taxonomy for subject-line com position that takes context into account by classifying memorandum subject lines as either neutral or directed. Analysis of 483 memorandum subject lines led to the development of this taxonomy. Findings from this analysis, as well as findings from several follow-up exercises which tested the usefulness of the taxonomy, indicate that writers compose memorandum subject lines much as pedagogical materials recommend and that these subject lines are usually neutral. However, when given alternatives, writers actually prefer directed sub ject linesforsomesituations. While the study focuses on subject lines in mana gerial memorandums, the propose...
Corporatist Bargaining and International Politics: Regimes, Multinational Corporations, and Adjustment Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany

International regimes and multinational corporations (MNCs) play active roles in domestic political processes. This article links these international systems variables to corporatist analyses of domestic structural adjustment politics in the Federal Republic of Germany. The interplay of regimes and MNCs with domestic politics is seen in case studies of the German steel and oil refining industries. It is demonstrated that corporatist models should incorporate international-level variables.
Depth Profiling of Solution-deposited Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films by Radio Frequency Glow Discharge Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (RF-GDAES)

Compositional depth profiles have been obtained on chemical solution deposited lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films using radio-frequency glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy. The technique is very rapid, requiring less than one minute for complete multi-element depth profiling of films and multilayer substrates. In the present study, the method was employed to obtain compositional profiles of the various metallic (Pb, Zr, Ti, Si) and organic-related (C, H, O) species that are present in the films and underlying device. Preliminary results using this relatively new technique are reported for PZT films deposited by an aqueous acetate process and heat treated at temperatures ranging from 300 and 700°C. The initial results from these investigations suggest that Pb volatilization occurs at temperatures as low as those typically encountered during the pyrolysis step. Significant interdiffusion of the Pb into the underlying Pt electrode at this temperature is also suggested. Effects of modifying ligand on film thickness and organic decomposition behavior were also observed.
Systems of Predicative Analysis

This paper is divided into two parts. Part I provides a resume of the evolution of the notion of predicativity. Part II describes our own work on the subject.Part I§1. Conceptions of sets. Statements about sets lie at the heart of most modern attempts to systematize all (or, at least, all known) mathematics. Technical and philosophical discussions concerning such systematizations and the underlying conceptions have thus occupied a considerable portion of the literature on the foundations of mathematics.
Should Mainland Chinese be rewarded the way Americans are

The article reports on research conducted by Chao C. Chen of Rutgers University, which compared the preferences of Mainland Chinese and American employees concerning incentive rewards. Cultural stereotypes of the collectivist Chinese and individualistic Americans did not prove to be accurate. Chinese employees supported the idea of unequal distribution of financial and socioemotional rewards, while American employees chose an egalitarian distribution of rewards. The questionnaire was distributed in three state-owned organizations in China, including a petroleum company. The companies in the United States included a tool maker and a gas company.