cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The First-Person Perspective

According to the Constitution View, human persons are constituted by bodies. Constitution, as we have seen, is not identity. But if a person is constituted by a body to which she is not identical, what distinguishes a person from the body that constitutes her? My answer, which I shall explain in this chapter, is that a person has a capacity for a first-person perspective essentially; her constituting body has it contingently. The person/body case is thus analogous to the statue/piece-of-marble case. The statue has the property of being related to an artworld essentially; the constituting piece of marble has that property contingently. Having a capacity for a first–person perspective plays the same role in the human person case that being related to an artworld in such-and-such a way plays in the statue case. A first–person perspective makes possible an inner life. On the Constitution View, something with a capacity for an inner life is a fundamentally different kind of thing from anything that has no capacity for an inner life. (Thus, I am ontologically closer to a self-conscious Martian than I am to a racehorse or to an early-term fetus.) The body of a human person is (identical to) an animal. An animal, human or not, can exist without any capacity for an inner life; a person cannot. This view is not Cartesian: An inner life does not require an immaterial soul, nor is it independent of the world around us.
AAV-mediated expression of anti-tau scFvs decreases tau accumulation in a mouse model of tauopathy

Tauopathies are characterized by the progressive accumulation of hyperphosphorylated, aggregated forms of tau. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that passive immunization with an anti-tau antibody, HJ8.5, decreased accumulation of pathological tau in a human P301S tau-expressing transgenic (P301S-tg) mouse model of frontotemporal dementia/tauopathy. To investigate whether the Fc domain of HJ8.5 is required for the therapeutic effect, we engineered single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) derived from HJ8.5 with variable linker lengths, all specific to human tau. Based on different binding properties, we selected two anti-tau scFvs and tested their efficacy in vivo by adeno-associated virus–mediated gene transfer to the brain of P301S-tg mice. The scFvs significantly reduced levels of hyperphosphorylated, aggregated tau in brain tissue of P301S-tg mice, associated with a decrease in detergent-soluble tau species. Interestingly, these mice showed substantial levels of scFvs in the cerebrospinal fluid without significant effects on total extracellular tau levels. Therefore, our study provides a novel strategy for anti-tau immunotherapeutics that potentially limits a detrimental proinflammatory response.
The Affordances of Touchscreen Tablets and Digital Cameras as Tools for Young Children’s Multimodal, Multilingual Composing

This chapter describes two related studies exploring the use of touchscreen tablets and digital cameras as a means for creating a “third space” where intercultural sharing and multilingual composing was invited and valued as part of classroom literacy events. Specifically, we used design-based research methods to develop, implement, and refine activities where children used digital cameras and touchscreen tablets to take photos at school, home, and in their communities, and then to use the images in the classroom for composing their own eBooks. Participants in Study 1 were 4-year-old, emergent bilinguals enrolled in a publicly funded prekindergarten classroom in the United States. Study 2 participants were multilingual second graders enrolled in the same school district. Analyses focus on children’s, teachers’, and families’ experiences composing with print, photographs and oral recordings, and publicly sharing their eBooks using the classroom’s digital projector. We conclude that touchscreen tablets and digital cameras afforded our participants with powerful opportunities for multimodal, multilingual composing that went well beyond those available in page-based activities. The multidirectional travel of digital tools between home and school encouraged students, families, and teachers to select and combine resources drawn from a complex circulation of interests, cultural experiences, languages, and composing practices. The affordances of digital technologies were collaboratively constructed and shaped by the ideologies and interactive practices of the classrooms, homes, and communities where they were placed.
Fluoroquinolone Resistance Mutation Detection Is Equivalent to Culture-Based Drug Sensitivity Testing for Predicting Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background Molecular diagnostics that rapidly and accurately predict fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance promise to improve treatment outcomes for individuals with multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB). Mutations in the gyr genes, though, can cause variable levels of in vitro FQ resistance, and some in vitro resistance remains unexplained by gyr mutations alone, but the implications of these discrepancies for treatment outcome are unknown. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 172 subjects with MDR/extensively drug-resistant TB subjects and sequenced the full gyrA and gyrB open reading frames in their respective sputum TB isolates. The gyr mutations were classified into 2 categories: a set of mutations that encode high-level FQ resistance and a second set that encodes intermediate resistance levels. We constructed a Cox proportional model to assess the effect of the gyr mutation type on the time to death or treatment failure and compared this with in vitro FQ resistance, controlling for host and treatment factors. Results Controlling for other host and treatment factors and compared with patients with isolates without gyr resistance mutations, "high-level" gyr mutations significantly predict poor treatment outcomes with a hazard ratio of 2.6 (1.2-5.6). We observed a hazard of death and treatment failure with "intermediate-level" gyr mutations of 1.3 (0.6-3.1), which did not reach statistical significance. The gyr mutations were not different than culture-based FQ drug susceptibility testing in predicting the hazard of death or treatment failure and may be superior. Conclusions FQ molecular-based diagnostic tests may better predict treatment response than traditional drug susceptibility testing and open avenues for personalizing TB therapy.
Sequence of Tense: Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics

A theory of embedded tense that derives SOT (Sequence of Tense) effects from an SOT rule is compared with a theory that derives SOT effects without appealing to an SOT rule, and an argument is provided in favor of the former. The argument relies mostly on examples where a tense is embedded under future-in-the-past. Such an argument was originally presented in (Abusch D, Linguist Philos 20:1–50, 1997) and later dismissed in (Altshuler D, Schwarzschild R, Moments of change, cessation implicatures and simultaneous readings. In: Chemla E, Homer V, Winterstein G (eds) Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 17, ENS-Paris, 45–62, 2013a). An additional argument is provided in favor of supplementing the SOT rule with a ‘de re’ mechanism (as also argued for in Abusch D, Linguist Philos 20:1–50, 1997).
Pathology of Head and Neck Cancer I: Epithelial and Related Tumors

Over 90% of head & neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. This presents both advantages and challenges to clinicians and researchers. The frequency of squamous cell carcinoma allows most otolaryngologists to become very familiar with range of clinical presentations and current treatment options for this disease. New treatment protocols can be evaluated with a large patient base. Archival material (banked tissues, datasets) facilitates investigations into the molecular basis of these tumors. The wide range of other tumors arising in the head & neck are therefore relatively infrequent, leading to uncertainty in diagnosis, treatment and opportunities for meaningful research.
Diabetes: A virus-gene collaboration.

Viral infection has long been implicated in the development of type 1 diabetes. Fresh evidence shows how some rare genetic variations might mediate a viral contribution to this autoimmune disorder.
Holistic analysis of aberration induced overlay error in EUV lithography

Although lens aberrations in EUV imaging systems are very small, aberration impacts on pattern placement error and overlay error need to be carefully investigated to obtain the most robust lithography process for high volume manufacturing. Instead of focusing entirely on pattern placement errors in the context of a single lithographic process, we holistically study the interaction between two sequential lithographic layers affected by evolving aberration wavefronts, calculate aberration induced overlay error, and explore new strategies to improve overlay.
Notified access in coarray-based hydrodynamics applications on many-core architectures: Design and performance

Abstract With the increasing availability of the Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) support in computer networks, the so called Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) model has evolved in the last few years. Although there are several cases where a PGAS approach can easily solve difficult message passing situations, like in particle tracking and adaptive mesh refinement applications, the producer-consumer pattern, usually adopted in task-based parallelism, can only be implemented inefficiently because of the separation between data transfer and synchronization (which is usually unified in message passing programming models). In this paper, we provide two contributions: (1) we propose an extension for the Fortran language that provides the concept of Notified Access by associating regular coarray variables with event variables. (2) We demonstrate that the MPI extension proposed by foMPI for Notified Access can be used effectively to implement the same concept in a PGAS run-time library like OpenCoarrays. Moreover, for a hydrodynamics mini-application, we found that Fortran 2018 events perform always better than Fortran 2008 sync statements on many-core processors. We finally show how the proposed Notified Access can improve the performance even more.
Representations of Spatially Parallel Architectures

Spatially parallel architectures utilize both logical and geometric concepts. In the usual representation of spatially parallel structures, only the logical components are formalized. In exactly the same sense that there are logical components, there are also components of a strictly geometric nature. In the construction of hardware, these geometric components are lost, becoming a “part of the wiring.” This paper looks at spatially parallel structures as being collections of two-dimensional logic and geometric components. The geometric components perform such tasks as providing communication paths between elements of an array of a given dimension, and providing selection or replication functions that allow data to pass from an array of one dimension to an array of a greater or lesser dimension. Logical components perform operations on arrays of identical dimensions.
Studies of Solubilized Adenylate Cyclase

To understand, in detail how adenylate cyclase works, we must understand its structure. One approach to this problem is to solubilize the enzyme in an active state, isolate and identify its components and reassemble the whole in a functional form. The first step of this process requires the use of detergents to solubilize adenylate cyclase since the enzyme is firmly membrane bound in all eukaryotic cells, except those from the mature rat testis1–4. Adenylate cyclase occurs in membranes in very small amounts, probably making up about 0.01–0.005% of the membrane protein4, therefore it is impossible to identify the enzyme by protein determination. This limits the kinds of detergents which one may use for solubilization because it is essential to retain enzymatic activity.
Managing Liability: Comparing Radioactive Waste Disposal and Carbon Dioxide Storage

Liability issues are a major concern for final disposal of radioactive waste (RW) and for geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2). We develop a list of overarching questions that drive liability and present a discussion of where managing liability for geological CO2 storage and RW disposal is fundamentally different and where it is similar. Governments have been trying to manage high-level RW from civilian reactors for over 40 years and there are ample lessons in the interplay between technology, policy, politics and society that are relevant for both future nuclear energy and geological CO2 storage projects. We examine the history of managing liability for RW using case studies on Germany, France, Finland and the USA to better understand how liability for RW is currently structured. We compare this to potential liabilities for geological CO2 storage and outline current proposals for managing liability in the US and European Union. From this, we develop ‘lessons learned’ from past management of RW that could help to both structure liability and ultimately deploy future RW and geological CO2 storage projects. We conclude that while establishment of a legal framework is important for future development of nuclear energy and geological CO2 storage, it is insufficient to guarantee deployment. Rather, legal liability is embedded within a larger socio-political context and addressing these broader concerns is vital for future RW disposal and geological CO2 storage deployment.
Investigating articulatory setting - pauses, ready position, and rest - using real-time MRI.

We present a novel automatic procedure to analyze ―articulatory setting (AS)‖ or ―basis of articulation‖ using realtime magnetic resonance images (rt-MRI) of the human vocal tract recorded for read and spontaneously spoken speech. We extract relevant frames of inter-speech pauses (ISPs) and rest positions from MRI sequences of read and spontaneous speech and use automatically-extracted features to quantify areas of different regions of the vocal tract as well as the angle of the jaw. Significant differences were found between the ASs adopted for ISPs in read and spontaneous speech, as well as those between ISPs and absolute rest positions. We further contrast differences between ASs adopted when the person is ready to speak as opposed to an absolute rest position.
Who Are the Private Military and Security Contractors? A Window to a New Profession

Over the last few decades, private military and security companies (PMSCs) have publicly transformed from mercenaries to contractors in a process which legitimized heavy-handed use of PMSCs in military operations around the globe and fueled massive industry growth. Yet, despite their increasing importance in military affairs and foreign policy, we know next to nothing about the individual men and women who serve their country as military contractors in PMSCs. To fill this gap, this chapter provides a data-driven analysis of the individual private contractors working for major PMSCs. We provide descriptive information on the private contractor population by analyzing employee profiles and job histories for those employed by PMSCs in the last decade. We investigate a unique database of professional resumes from a leading online job search and social networking website, which consists of employees randomly sampled from eight of the major PMSCs in the industry. The analysis describes the demographics, military experience and ranking, and education backgrounds of these employees. Moreover, we contextualize our findings with prior literature and demographics on the current US active duty military personnel, military veterans, and the general adult population.
A Test of Dietary Monosodium Glutamate Developmental Neurotoxicity in Rats: A Reappraisal

In 1979, we tested dietary monosodium glutamate (MSG) for developmental neurotoxicity in rats. The study was recently cited for establishing a No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for MSG as a food additive resulting in a change in the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Therefore, I re-evaluated the study [Vorhees et al.: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1979; 50: 267-282]. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 0, 1.7, 3.4, or 5.1% MSG prior to conception, throughout gestation and lactation, and the same diets were fed to the offspring until 90 days of age. About 18-20 L were tested per dose with litter and sex factors in data analyses. There were 21 functional tests with 36 dependent variables and 10 body weight and histological outcomes. Of the functional tests, 4 were significant involving 6 effects. Two effects were on swimming ontogeny: one was an improvement and the other an atypical minor delay of no significance. Two effects were on active avoidance: one was a low-dose female-only extinction effect and the other a high-dose male-only acquisition effect, neither providing evidence of consistency. One was on passive avoidance, but was an improvement not a deficit. The last was on open-field rearing in the absence of its normal association with locomotion changes. Thus, it can be concluded, as was done in 1979 and by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration who sponsored the study, that there is no evidence in these data that dietary MSG is developmentally neurotoxic, hence, the study provides no basis for the establishment of a NOAEL and changing the ADI for dietary MSG.
Time-domain simulation of ultrasound propagation with fractional Laplacians for lossy-medium biological tissues with complicated geometries

Simulations of ultrasound wave propagation inside biological tissues have a wide range of practical applications. In previous studies, wave propagation equations in lossy biological media are solved either with convolutions, which consume a large amount of memory, or with pseudo-spectral methods, which cannot handle complicated geometries effectively. The approach described in the paper employed a fractional central difference method (FCD), combined with the immersed boundary (IB) method for the finite-difference, time-domain simulation. The FCD method can solve the fractional Laplace terms in Chen and Holm's lossy-medium equations directly in the physical domain without integral transforms. It also works naturally with the IB method, which enables a simple Cartesian-type grid mesh to be used to solve problems with complicated geometries. The numerical results agree very well with the analytical solutions for frequency power-law attenuation lossy media.
Screening for Atrial Fibrillation with Electrocardiography.

M.T. is a 67-year-old woman who presents to your office requesting electrocardiography (ECG). Her brother was recently diagnosed with atrial fibrillation after screening with ECG, and she is concerned that she may have the same condition.
Métodos críticos: da hermenêutica à paródia – Os Lusíadas lido por Jorge de Sena, Eduardo Lourenço e Gonçalo M. Tavares

Resumo. O escopo deste artigo reside em fornecer contributos para uma teoria da leitura a partir da analise de dois tipos de abordagem critica a um texto literario: a hermeneutica e a parodica. Tomando como objecto de estudo a obra de Luis Vaz de Camoes, Os Lusiadas , serao, por um lado, examinados os ensaios contidos no primeiro volume de Trinta anos de Camoes , de Jorge de Sena, e os tres primeiros textos sobre Camoes de Poesia e Metafisica , de Eduardo Lourenco; e, por outro, Uma Viagem a India , de Goncalo M. Tavares. Indagando acerca das premissas em que assentam os metodos de leitura inerentes a estas obras, sera intentada a demonstracao de como, a partir de algumas interpretacoes e questionamentos especificos que aqueles metodos fazem emergir da epica camoniana, tais premissas correspondem a duas visoes distintas das funcoes da critica literaria. Abstract. The scope of this article comprises the contribution for a theory of reading from the analysis of two types of critical approaches to a literary text: hermeneutics and parody. Taking as an example the work of Luis Vaz de Camoes, Os Lusiadas , there will be, on the one hand, an analysis of the essays contained in the first volume of Trinta anos de Camoes , by Jorge de Sena, and the first three texts on Camoes in Poesia e Metafisica , by Eduardo Lourenco; and, on the other hand, Uma Viagem a India , by Goncalo M. Tavares. Inquiring into the premises that underlie the reading methods inherent in these works, this article attempts to demonstrate how – departing from some specific interpretations and questions that such methods educe form the Camoensian epic – such premises correspond to two distinctive visions of the functions of literary criticism.
On God and Democracy: Engaging Bretherton’s Christ and the Common Life:

In this article I try to introduce the overall structure of Bretherton’s book Christ and the Common Life by showing how each chapter displays how talk of God and talk of politics are mutually const...
Cutwork Ginseng: Translating the Novels of Gene Stratton-Porter into a Period Corset

Gene Stratton-Porter (1863-1924) was a naturalist and novelist who combined nature-writing with popular fiction, becoming one of the bestselling authors of the early 20th Century. This design interprets Stratton-Porter’s work through ecocriticism and feminism. Stratton-Porter engaged public interest in nature through her novels and advocated the use of local plants and insects in design work. She had a complex relationship with feminism, expressing unconventionality that operated (mostly) within acceptable boundaries of femininity in her period. This corset uses silk taffeta woven with a trite rose design (a fabric that Stratton-Porter would have found unoriginal) overlaid with an unconventional interpretation of a ginseng plant inspired by the cover of Stratton-Porter’s 1911 book The Harvester. The upper border of the corset contains over 230 inches of hand-stitched cutwork, composed of approximately 8200 buttonhole stitches. This corset represents the streak of rebellion and unconventionality, expressed through her nature work, intertwined with Stratton-Porter’s attempts to fit societal expectations.
Thought Leader Comparisons of Risks in Precision Medicine Research

Biomedical research is increasingly capitalizing on an array of data to illuminate the interplay between "omics," lifestyle, and health. Leveraging this information presents opportunities to advance knowledge but also poses risks to research participants. In interviews with thought leaders, we asked which data type associated with a hypothetical precision medicine research endeavor was riskiest: 42% chose ongoing access to electronic health records, 17% chose genomic analyses of biospecimens, and 15% chose streaming data from mobile devices. Other responses included "It depends" (15%), the three types are equally risky (8%), and the combination of data types together is riskiest (3%). When asked to consider the hypothetical study overall, 60% rated the likelihood of the risks materializing as low, but 20% rated the potential consequences as severe. These results have implications for study design and informed consent, including placing appropriate emphasis on the risks and protections for the full range of data.
Noble Gases in Solid Compounds Show a Rich Display of Chemistry With Enough Pressure

In this review, we summarize the rapid progress that has been made in the study of noble gas chemistry in solid compounds under high pressure. Thanks to the recent development of first-principles crystal structure search methods, many new noble gas compounds have been predicted and some have been synthesized. Strikingly, almost all types of chemical roles and interactions are found or predicted in these high-pressure noble gas compounds, ranging from cationic and anionic noble gases to covalent bonds between noble gas atoms, and to hydrogen bond-like noble gas bonds. Besides, the recently discovered He insertion reactions reveal a unique chemical force that displays no local chemical bonding, providing evidence that research into noble gas reactions can advance the frontier of chemistry at the very basic level.
Inter- and Intraobserver Reliability Between Orthopaedic Surgeons for Reparability of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Using MRI

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the standard of care for patients after an ACL tear, as poor historical outcomes were observed after primary ACL repair. Certain subgro...
The whole of a scientific career: an interview with Oliver Smithies.

They say that the third time’s the charm, and in the case of my interviewing Oliver Smithies (Fig 1), this old saw held true. Twice before over the past five years I had scheduled an interview with Smithies, only to find myself canceling for one reason or another. Fortunately, Smithies didn’t hold my fickleness against me and agreed to an interview in mid-February. I plotted my travel to Chapel Hill (where Smithies is on the faculty of the University of North Carolina) along a southern route to avoid the blizzards that paralyze the Chicago, Denver, and New York airports every winter, only to encounter an ice-storm that sent the Research Triangle into its own deep freeze. Fortunately, my plane and I made it safely, and I had no trouble meeting Smithies at the appointed time.
Correlative STEM-APT characterization of radiation-induced segregation and precipitation of in-service BWR 304 stainless steel

ABSTRACT Radiation induced segregation and precipitation phenomena in an in-service boiling water reactor 304 stainless steel component were investigated using directly correlated 3D-atom probe tomography and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Significant quantitative differences in measured segregation at grain boundaries were found between the atom probe and energy dispersive spectroscopy measurements of the exact same locations. In particular, a much stronger Si segregation (~10 atomic% via atom probe versus ~4 atomic% via electron microscopy) and different Cr profile shapes were detected that are critical to models of radiation induced segregation and stress corrosion cracking behavior. These quantitative differences highlight the need for comparative microscopy and critical evaluation of limitations in each analytical method. Elemental segregation to dislocations and conjoined-clusters were also highlighted by atom probe; confirming and expanding upon what has been observed in test reactor neutron and accelerator-based ion irradiations.
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Modeling Polarization Convertor Unit-cell

In this letter, a data-driven learning algorithm is presented to reduce the highly time-consuming and computationally expensive iterative progression of design using fullwave (FW)simulators. It approximates the nonlinear relationship between the electromagnetic design and associated desired performance. A polarization convertor unit-cell with n number of diagonal dipoles as a patch is considered and the effect of geometrical parameters on the required performance and frequency range is investigated using convolutional neural network (CNN). The developed CNN has the capability of fast prediction of geometrical parameters for any user-defined frequency ranges between 10 GHz to 50 GHz of desired characteristics. As a proof-of-concept, FW simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed CNN.
Synthesis of Ti3C2Tz MXene from low-cost and environmentally friendly precursors

Abstract Herein we report an approach to synthesis Ti3AlC2 MAX phase and Ti3C2Tz MXene from low-cost precursors, viz. recycled carbon recovered from waste tire, recycled aluminum scrap, and titanium oxide. By adjusting the ratios of the initial materials, we determined that 3TiO2+6Al+1.9C resulted in the purest sample of Ti3AlC2 when heated at 1,350 °C for 1 h. The MXene phase was synthesized by modified minimally intensive layer delamination and acid etching under N2 purging. The final Ti3C2Tz films demonstrated conductivity of 5857 ± 680 S/cm and capacitance of 285 F/g (1,012 F/cm3) at 20 mV/s scan rates, which are comparable with that produced from MAX phase of high-purity elemental precursors (viz. Ti, Al and C). Choosing readily available and inexpensive precursor materials such as these allows for a drastic reduction in production cost of the MXene, as well as reducing the environmental impact of the industry.
Do Correctional Facilities Correct Our Youth?: Effects of Incarceration and Court-Ordered Community Service on Personality Development

Millions of individuals are currently incarcerated in the United States. However, little is known about the effects of incarceration on personality development, particularly during the critical life stage of adolescence. In a large longitudinal sample, adolescents and young adults (N = 7,736) regularly completed personality measures and assessments of court-ordered punishments over more than 10 years. Using propensity score weighting and multilevel growth curve modeling, we found that personality prospectively predicted the likelihood of incarceration and court-ordered community service. Specifically, individuals who were higher in sensation seeking, impulsivity, and depressive symptoms were more likely to be incarcerated-results for community service youth mostly mirrored these findings. Mixed evidence was found for patterns of trait change. Incarcerated, community service, and nonoffending youth were similar in several ways-all increased on sensation seeking and self-esteem and decreased on impulsivity over the 10-year period. However, between-person models found that incarcerated youth evidenced a greater decrease in depressive symptoms and a slower decrease in impulsivity, and youth assigned community service increased more quickly on sensation seeking than their nonoffending peers. Within-person analyses also suggested personality differences; for example, sensation seeking was lower after incarceration while impulsivity was higher compared with before. Overall, this work highlights that personality predicts incarceration and court-ordered community service in youth and that personality changes linked with these experiences do not have a uniformly "corrective" pattern of change, with few effects observed overall and some in seemingly unfavorable directions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Healthy dietary patterns and common pregnancy complications: a prospective and longitudinal study

Background Adherence to alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), alternate Mediterranean diet (AMED), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) has been linked to lower risks of chronic diseases. However, their associations with common pregnancy complications are unclear. Objectives This study investigates the associations of AHEI, AMED, and DASH during periconception and pregnancy with common pregnancy complication risks. Methods The study included 1887 pregnant women from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons. Women responded to an FFQ at 8-13 gestational weeks, and they performed a 24-h dietary recall at 16-22 and 24-29 wk. Gestational diabetes (GDM), gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and preterm delivery were ascertained using medical records. Results Healthier diet indicated by higher AHEI, AMED, and DASH scores was generally related to lower risks of pregnancy complications. Significant inverse associations were observed between AHEI score reported at 16-22 wk and GDM risk [adjusted RR (95% CI), highest (Q4) vs. lowest quartile (Q1): 0.32 (0.16, 0.66), P-trend = 0.002]; DASH score reported at both 8-13 [adjusted RR (95% CI), Q4 vs. Q1: 0.45 (0.17, 1.17), P-trend = 0.04] and 16-22 wk [adjusted RR (95% CI), Q4 vs. Q1: 0.19 (0.05, 0.65), P-trend = 0.01] and gestational hypertension risk; AHEI score reported at 24-29 wk and preeclampsia risk [adjusted RR (95% CI), Q4 vs. Q1: 0.31 (0.11, 0.87), P-trend = 0.03]; AMED score reported at 8-13 wk [adjusted RR (95% CI), Q4 vs. Q1: 0.50 (0.25, 1.01), P-trend = 0.03] and DASH score reported at 24-29 wk [adjusted RR (95% CI), Q4 vs. Q1: 0.50, (0.26, 0.96), P-trend = 0.03] and preterm delivery risk. Conclusions Adherence to AHEI, AMED, or DASH during periconception and pregnancy was related to lower risks of GDM, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and preterm delivery.This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT00912132.
Non-Invasive Respiratory Severity Indices Predict Adverse Outcomes in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Objective To test the hypothesis that elevated respiratory severity indices will identify patients with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at the highest risk for adverse in-hospital outcomes. Study design Retrospective cohort study. A modified respiratory severity score (mean airway pressure x FiO2) and a modified pulmonary score (respiratory support score x FiO2 + sum of medication scores) were calculated in a consecutive cohort of patients ≥36 weeks post-menstrual age with severe BPD admitted to a referral center between 2010-2018. The association between each score and the primary composite outcome of death/prolonged length of stay (>75th percentile for cohort) was assessed using area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) analysis and logistic regression. Death and the composite outcome death/tracheostomy were analyzed as secondary outcomes. Results In 303 patients, elevated scores were significantly associated with increased adjusted odds of death/prolonged length of stay: aOR 1.5 (95% CI 1.3-1.7) for the modified respiratory severity score and aOR 11.5 (95% CI 5.5-24.1) for the modified pulmonary score. The modified pulmonary score had slightly better discrimination of death/prolonged length of stay when compared with the modified respiratory severity score, AUROC 0.90 (95% CI 0.85-0.94) vs 0.88 (95% CI 0.84-0.93), P= 0.03. AUROCs for death and death/tracheostomy did not differ significantly when comparing the modified respiratory severity score with the modified pulmonary score. Conclusions In our referral center, the modified respiratory severity score or the modified pulmonary score identified patients with established severe BPD at the highest risk for death/prolonged length of stay, death, and death/tracheostomy.
Robust IgM responses following intravenous vaccination with Bacille Calmette–Guérin associate with prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macaques

Development of an effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccine has suffered from an incomplete understanding of the correlates of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Intravenous (i.v.) vaccination with Bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) provides nearly complete protection against TB in rhesus macaques, but the antibody response it elicits remains incompletely defined. Here we show that i.v. BCG drives superior antibody responses in the plasma and the lungs of rhesus macaques compared to traditional intradermal BCG administration. While i.v. BCG broadly expands antibody titers and functions, IgM titers in the plasma and lungs of immunized macaques are among the strongest markers of reduced bacterial burden. IgM was also enriched in macaques that received protective vaccination with an attenuated strain of Mtb. Finally, an Mtb-specific IgM monoclonal antibody reduced Mtb survival in vitro. Collectively, these data highlight the potential importance of IgM responses as a marker and mediator of protection against TB. Alter and colleagues show that IgM titers in the plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid represent markers of reduced Mtb burden in rhesus macaques vaccinated intravenously with Bacille Calmette–Guerin.
Implementing classroom physical activity breaks: Associations with student physical activity and classroom behavior.

Abstract Objective To investigate the relation of classroom physical activity breaks to students' physical activity and classroom behavior. Methods Six elementary-school districts in California implemented classroom physical activity interventions in 2013–2014. Students' (N = 1322) accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during school and teachers' (N = 397) reports of implementation and classroom behavior were assessed in 24 schools at two time points (both post-intervention). Mixed-effects models accounted for nested data. Results Minutes/day of activity breaks was positively associated with students' MVPA (βs = .07–.14; ps = .012–.016). Students in classrooms with activity breaks were more likely to obtain 30 min/day of MVPA during school (OR = 1.75; p = .002). Implementation was negatively associated with students having a lack of effort in class (β = − .17; p = .042), and student MVPA was negatively associated with students being off task or inattentive in the classroom (β = − .17; p = .042). Students provided with 3–4 physical activity opportunities (classroom breaks, recess, PE, dedicated PE teacher) had ≈ 5 more min/day of school MVPA than students with no opportunities (B = 1.53 min/opportunity; p = .002). Conclusions Implementing classroom physical activity breaks can improve student physical activity during school and behavior in the classroom. Comprehensive school physical activity programs that include classroom-based activity are likely needed to meet the 30 min/day school physical activity guideline.
On the Impossibility of Informationally Efficient Markets

If competitive equilibrium is defined as a situation in which prices are such that all arbitrage profits are eliminated, is it possible that a competitive economy always be in equilibrium? Clearly not, for then those who arbitrage make no (private) return from their (privately) costly activity. Hence the assumptions that all markets, including that for information, are always in equilibrium and always perfectly arbitraged are inconsistent when arbitrage is costly. We propose here a model in which there is an equilibrium degree of disequilibrium: prices reflect the information of informed individuals (arbitrageurs) but only partially, so that those who expend resources to obtain information do receive compensation. How informative the price system is depends on the number of individuals who are informed; but the number of individuals who are informed is itself an endogenous variable in the model. The model is the simplest one in which prices perform a well-articulated role in conveying information from the informed to the uninformed. When informed individuals observe information that the return to a security is going to be high, they bid its price up, and conversely when they observe information that the return is going to be low. Thus the price system makes publicly available the information obtained by informed individuals to the uninformed. In general, however, it does this imperfectly; this is perhaps lucky, for were it to do it perfectly , an equilibrium would not exist. In the introduction, we shall discuss the general methodology and present some conjectures concerning certain properties of the equilibrium. The remaining analytic sections of the paper are devoted to analyzing in detail an important example of our general model, in which our conjectures concerning the nature of the equilibrium can be shown to be correct. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our approach and results, with particular emphasis on the relationship of our results to the literature on "efficient capital markets."
Abstract 73: Ewing's sarcoma Ewsa protein regulates Sox9 during skeletogenesis in zebrafish

Ewing9s sarcoma is the second most common bone cancer in adolescents and is characterized by the aberrant chimeric fusion gene EWS/FLI1. Wild-type EWS has been proposed to play a role in splicing and transcription, but how these functions affect early development is unknown. To elucidate the function of EWS in early development, we analyzed a mutant ewsa zebrafish line. We generated a maternal zygotic (MZ) ewsa/ewsa line because the ewsa/wt and ewsa/ewsa zebrafish appear to be normal and fertile. The adult MZ ewsa/ewsa mutants display defects in the craniofacial bones (dentary and basihyal). Compared to wt/wt, the MZ ewsa/ewsa mutants have a higher number of craniofacial prehypertrophic chondrocytes, and they fail to mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes possibly due to impaired intercalation at 4 days post-fertilization (dpf). The adult MZ ewsa/ewsa mutants also display curved spines due aberrant differentiation of the nucleus pulposus cells in the intervertebral discs (IVD). These altered differentiation is preceded by increased Collagen type II in the IVD, and Ctgf in the craniofacial chondrocytes in MZ ewsa/ewsa mutants compared to wt/wt at 36 hpf. We further discovered that both Ewsa and Ewsb interact with the master transcriptional factor for chondrogenesis, Sox9, in zebrafish. Consistently, qPCR analysis consistently demonstrated that Sox9 target genes are either upregulated (ctgfa, ctgfb, col2a1a, col2a1b) or downregulated (sox5, nog1, nog2, bmp4) in MZ ewsa/ewsa mutants compared to the wt/wt zebrafish embryos. This study is the first demonstration of Ewsa-dependent regulation of skeletogenesis through modulation of Sox9 target gene expression. Citation Format: Chris Merkes, Timothy K. Turkalo, Nicole Wilder, Hyewon Park, Mizuki Azuma. Ewing9s sarcoma Ewsa protein regulates Sox9 during skeletogenesis in zebrafish. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 73. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-73
Phylogeny, evolution, and historical biogeography of the grassland leafhopper tribe Chiasmini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)

The phylogeny, evolution, and biogeography of the grassland-associated leafhopper tribe Chiasmini (21 genera, 316 species) were investigated using phylogenetic analyses of two different data sets, one including 81 taxa and 3000 aligned nucleotide positions from the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), histone H3, 28S rDNA D2, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) gene regions, and one including 31 taxa and 3610 aligned nucleotide positions from the 28S rDNA D2–D10 and histone H3 gene regions. The results were equivocal regarding the monophyly of the tribe, apparently because of low phylogenetic signal towards the base of the tree; however, analyses of 81 taxa recovered two well-supported clades that together included all sampled Chiasmini. Clade I was resolved as (Leofa (Nephotettix, Exitianus)); clade II included the remaining 13 sampled genera. Most relationships between genera and species of Chiasmini were strongly supported. Alternative scenarios previously proposed for the origin of the Exitianus obscurinervis species group in the New World were examined through phylogenetic dating and biogeographic analyses. A sister-group relationship between the Exitianus nanus and Exitianus obscurinervis species groups was recovered, and the results were consistent with a long-distance dispersal event from either the Afrotropical region or the Pacific islands into South America at a maximum of 34.3 Mya, and subsequent invasion and diversification of the group in North America at a maximum of 17.9 Mya. For the primarily North American genus Athysanella, the largest genus of the tribe (137 spp.), the results indicate that some of the previously recognized subgenera are not monophyletic. Observations on the remarkable diversity in head shape and other morphological characters are made and compared with other grassland-inhabiting tribes of Deltocephalinae. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London
Beyond Disaster and Risk: Post‐Fukushima Nuclear News in U.S. and German Press

With significant nuclear policy changes between the United States and Germany after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, this article examines journalistic coverage of consumption, economic systems, alternative energy, regulation, and public opinion in relation to nuclear energy within a broader political and media-structural analysis. Using W. L. Bennett's (1990) indexing hypothesis as its theoretical foundation, we conduct a content analysis of 362 articles from The New York Times and 2 German papers, the Suddeutsche Zeitung (SZ) and the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ). Our results indicate there is a vast discrepancy between the countries' newspapers concerning the diversity and the quality of nuclear-oriented information. We then explain these differences in the context of the indexing hypothesis and offer detailed media policy recommendations.
Olfactory receptor neurons from antennae of developing male Manduca sexta respond to components of the species-specific sex pheromone in vitro

Male-specific olfactory receptor neurons, dissociated from developing antennae of the moth Manduca sexta and grown in long-term primary cell culture, can respond to at least one component of the female moth's sex- pheromone blend with the opening of a nonspecific cation channel. This response does not require the coapplication of pheromone-binding protein.
A pipelined, high-precision FFT architecture

Presents a highly integrated, high-precision fast Fourier transform (FFT) architecture. A 1.2- mu m CMOS implementation of this architecture has yielded a 32-b, 64K-point FFT that operates at a continuous four-million-samples-per second data rate. All FFT support functions, including coefficient generation and memory interfacing, are included on-chip. The heart of this architecture is a monolithic radix-4 FFT processor implemented as a full-custom VLSI circuit. >
Iron nutrition in pilobolus: Ascorbic acid as a replacement for siderophores

Abstract Ascorbic acid when added to medium along with FeSO 4 fully replaced ferrichrome, coprogen, and hemin as growth factors for Pilobolus sphaerosporus and Pilobolus crystallinus . Medium with either ascorbic acid or FeSO 4 alone, however, did not support growth. Citrate and the catechol-type siderophores, enterochelin and agrobactin, did not effectively supply iron to either species. Associated with growth was a rapid increase in the pH of the medium. Without ascorbic acid the iron II content of the medium was essentially zero. I conclude that Pilobolus' complex iron nutrition is a consequence not only of its inability to produce siderophores, but also of the unusually alkaline environment associated with growth, which precludes iron transport by alternate means.