cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical approach to aggregate equilibria

The authors propose a thermodynamic model to describe hierarchical aggregation. They find that the degree of aggregation, volume, and number fraction at each level determine the change in free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of aggregation/dissociation as well as the particle size distributions at each level. This model enables the discussion of energetics for equilibrated polydisperse hierarchical materials
Operative Treatment of Pathologic Compression Fractures of the Spine

Patients with spinal column tumors, either primary or metastatic, may develop pathologic fractures of the vertebrae during any point in their cancer therapy. Such fractures can produce significant pain, disability, and hardship limiting function and activity. With the evolution of cancer therapeutics, patients are living longer with cancer. Pain associated with fractures of the spinal column is a major issue. With the development of modern surgical techniques, surgery to stabilize these fractures is possible and can be achieved in a number of different ways. Specific decision-making algorithms have been developed to help guide the evaluation, clinical management, and therapeutic interventions for pathologic fractures. This chapter provides a comprehensive evidence-based guide of the surgical management of pathological compression fractures of the spinal column utilizing representative cases.
Delivering Multi-Specialty Care via On-Demand Telemedicine Platforms

The on-demand telemedicine platforms represent a rapidly growing segment of the healthcare industry. In this paper, we examine a key feature of such multi-specialty telemedicine platforms, namely, the presence of interaction between the demand for general and specialized care. Although this type of demand interaction is common in healthcare practice, its impact on platform decisions has not yet received sufficient attention in the operations literature. To study the impact of demand interactions, we develop and analyze a model that combines the decisions by patients, physicians, and the platform, and contrast it with the no-interaction benchmark setting. We find that for moderately compensated specialists, the demand interaction between the general and specialized care lowers the barrier for specialists to join the platform, but also that the benefits of demand interaction subside as specialist wage levels increase. Moreover, we show that when the benefits of demand interaction originate from higher valuations that general patients attribute to specialized care, the platform always sets a higher price under the demand interaction setting than in the benchmark setting. On the other hand, when the benefits originate from the lower waiting cost of general patients, the platform always offers lower wages to physicians. Finally, we compare our main model under the optimal wage contract with the fixed commission rate contract. We find, interestingly, that with the fixed commission rate contract, demand interaction may lead to a win-win-win outcome for all three parties (i.e., the platform, patients, and physicians), which can never be achieved under the optimal wage contract.
Residential surrounding greenness and self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents.

Abstract Background Evidence on the relationship between exposure to greenness and adolescent mental health is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between greenness throughout childhood and mental health at age 12 years. Methods We assessed greenness using the satellite-based measure of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within 200m, 400m, and 800m of home address at birth, age 12 years, and across childhood (averaged for each year from birth to age 12) among the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS) cohort. Self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed at age 12 years using the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) and Children's Depression Inventory 2 (CDI 2), respectively. Associations were estimated using linear regression, adjusting for covariates including traffic-related air pollution, neurological hazard exposure, blood lead level, household income, and community deprivation. Results In adjusted models, NDVI was largely not associated with self-reported anxiety and depression symptoms, except for the SCAS separation anxiety subscale at 400m and 800m (0.1 unit increase mean NDVI 400m: β = −0.97, 95% CI: −1.86, −0.07; 800m: β = −1.33, 95% CI: −2.32, −0.34). Conclusion While we found no direct relationship between greenness and overall symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents upon adjustment for relevant covariates at the 200m distance, greenness may lesson symptoms of separation anxiety within 400m and 800m distance from the home address at age 12 years. Future research should examine mechanisms for these relationships at the community- and individual-level.
The AOD Sensitivity Comparison between MODIS Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) and Standard MODIS Surface Reflectance

This study compares the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) and standard MODIS surface reflectance (SR) products (MOD09) for various aerosol optical depth (AOD) levels. Data from one MODIS tile in northern China for the whole year 2018 is compared. The results reveal that MAIAC SR has good stability for the full range of AOD for which SR is reported, whereas MOD09 SR shows increasing high bias with AOD increases. The cross-comparison of spectral characteristics between MAIAC SR and MOD09 SR shows a systematic MAIAC-MOD09 difference increasing from NIR to Blue. This pattern is consistent with the bias caused by Lambertian assumption used in MOD09 SR algorithm.
Impact of Nutritional Epigenetics in Essential Hypertension: Targeting microRNAs in the Gut-Liver Axis.

To review the current knowledge on interactions between dietary factors and microRNAs (miRNAs) in essential hypertension (EH) pathogenesis. There exists an integration of maintenance signals generated by genetic, epigenetic, immune, and environmental (e.g., dietary) factors that work to sustain balance in the gut-liver axis. It is well established that an imbalance in this complex, intertwined system substantially increases the risk for EH. As such, pertinent research has been taken to decipher how each signal operates in isolation and together in EH progression. Recent literature indicates that both macro- and micronutrients interrupt regulatory miRNA expressions and thus, alter multiple cellular processes that contribute to EH and its comorbidities. We highlight how carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, salt, and potassium modify miRNA signatures during EH. The disruption in miRNA expression can negatively impact communication systems such as over activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, modulating the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype, and promoting angiogenesis to favor EH. We also delineate the prognostic value of miRNAs in EH and discuss the pros and cons of surgical vs dietary prophylactic approaches in EH prevention. We propose that dietary-dependent perturbation of the miRNA profile is one mechanism within the gut-liver axis that dictates EH development.
Mesoscopic physiological interactions in the human brain reveal small-world properties

Summary Cognition depends on rapid and robust communication between neural circuits spanning different brain areas. We investigated the mesoscopic network of cortico-cortical interactions in the human brain in an extensive dataset consisting of 6,024 h of intracranial field potential recordings from 4,142 electrodes in 48 subjects. We evaluated communication between brain areas at the network level across different frequency bands. The interaction networks were validated against known anatomical measurements and neurophysiological interactions in humans and monkeys. The resulting human brain interactome is characterized by a broad and spatially specific, dynamic, and extensive network. The physiological interactome reveals small-world properties, which we conjecture might facilitate efficient and reliable information transmission. The interaction dynamics correlate with the brain sleep/awake state. These results constitute initial steps toward understanding how the interactome orchestrates cortical communication and provide a reference for future efforts assessing how dysfunctional interactions may lead to mental disorders.
Trends and problems in exobiology.

Exobiological trend and problems indicating types of organic matter on planet and origin and transfer of organisms in solar system
Precis of “Did Darwin write the Origin backwards?” Philosophical essays on Darwin’s theory

This book consists of four essays on Darwin’s theory of evolution and three postscripts on contemporary evolutionary theory. The main questions that the chapters address are: (1) How are common ancestry and natural selection related to each other in Darwin’s theory? (2) What were Darwin’s views about group selection and the evolution of altruism? (3) Why did Darwin change his mind about sex ratio, and how are his ideas related to the creationism that preceded him and the evolutionary biology that followed? (4) Do Darwin’s theory and modern evolutionary theory obey the principle of methodological naturalism and ought they to do so? The book is philosophical because it focuses on the logic of arguments. I attend closely to Darwin’s texts, but I sometimes use tools that Darwin did not have available. These include ideas from contemporary biology and from probability theory. I see merit in this approach because it helps elucidate Darwin’s theory. Darwin pointed to the need for this sort of ...
Rat MYH, a glycosylase for repair of oxidatively damaged DNA, has brain‐specific isoforms that localize to neuronal mitochondria

Mitochondrial genomes are exposed to a heavy load of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage DNA. Since in neurons, mitochondrial DNA integrity must be maintained over the entire mammalian life span, neuronal mitochondria most likely repair oxidatively damaged DNA. We show that the Escherichia coli MutY DNA glycosylase homolog (MYH) in rat (rMYH) involved in repair of oxidative damage is abundantly expressed in the rat brain, with isoforms that are exclusive to brain tissue. Confocal microscopy and western analyses reveal localization of rMYH in neuronal mitochondria. To assess involvement of MYH in the neuronal response to oxidative DNA damage, we used a rat model of respiratory hypoxia, in which acutely reduced blood oxygenation leads to generation of superoxide, and formation and subsequent removal of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG). Removal of 8OHdG is accompanied by a spatial increase in rMYH immunoreactivity in the brain and an increase in levels of one of the three mitochondrial MYH isoforms, suggesting that inducible and non-inducible MYH isoforms exist in the brain. The mitochondrial localization of oxidative DNA damage repair enzymes in neurons may represent a specialized neuronal mechanism that safeguards mitochondrial genomes in the face of routine and accidental exposures to heavy loads of injurious ROS.
High Throughput Heavy Hitter Aggregation

Heavy hitters are data items that occur at high frequency in a data set. Heavy hitters are among the most important items for an organization to summarize and understand during analytical processing. In data sets with sufficient skew, the number of heavy hitters can be relatively small. We take advantage of this small footprint to compute aggregate functions for the heavy hitters in fast cache memory. We design cache-resident, shared-nothing structures that hold only the most frequent elements from the table. Our approach works in three phases. It first samples and picks heavy hitter candidates. It then builds a hash table and computes the exact aggregates of these candidates. Finally, if necessary, a validation step identifies the true heavy hitters from among the candidates based on the query specification. We identify trade-offs between the hash table capacity and performance. Capacity determines how many candidates can be aggregated. We optimize performance by the use of perfect hashing and SIMD instructions. SIMD instructions are utilized in novel ways to minimize cache accesses, beyond simple vectorized operations. We use bucketized and cuckoo hash tables to increase capacity, to adapt to different datasets and query constraints. The performance of our method is an order of magnitude faster than in-memory aggregation over a complete set of items if those items cannot be cache resident. Even for item sets that are cache resident, our SIMD techniques enable significant performance improvements over previous work.
Atomic origin of high-temperature electron trapping in metal-oxide-semiconductor devices

MOSFETs based on wide-band-gap semiconductors are suitable for operation at high temperature, at which additional atomic-scale processes that are benign at lower temperatures can get activated, resulting in device degradation. Recently, significant enhancement of electron trapping was observed under positive bias in SiC MOSFETs at temperatures higher than 150 °C. Here, we report first-principles calculations showing that the enhanced electron trapping is associated with thermally activated capturing of a second electron by an oxygen vacancy in SiO2 by which the vacancy transforms into a structure that comprises one Si dangling bond and a bond between a five-fold and a four-fold Si atoms. The results suggest a key role of oxygen vacancies and their structural reconfigurations in the reliability of high-temperature MOS devices.
7. Forecasting structural breaks

Economies will occasionally encounter severe shocks, or breaks, which are given various alternative names such as structural breaks and financial crisis
Evaluating the Reusability of Product-Line Software Fault Tree Analysis Assets for a Safety-Critical System

The reuse of product-line assets enables efficiencies in development time and cost. Safety analysis techniques for Software Product-Line Engineering (SPLE) construct safety-related, non-code artifacts with the aim of reusing these assets for new product-line members. In this paper we describe results from the construction and reuse of a key safety-analysis technique, Product-line Software Fault Tree Analysis (PL-SFTA), and its supporting tool, PLFaultCAT. The main contribution of this work is the evaluation of PL-SFTA and PLFaultCAT for the reuse of safety analysis assets in a product line. The context is a safety-critical product line of spacecraft developed as a multi-agent system.
Adult Development and Aging

This chapter will address the health psychology aging within the context of known diseases. Age has potential interactions with all of the important causal and mediating variables in health psychology and is a major risk factor for most chronic diseases. We start with an overview of important aging concepts and issues, including definitions of normal aging and the role of geriatric medicine and epidemiology to the study of the health psychology of aging. We then turn to the study of hypertension, as it is especially useful in illustrating the issues that aim to separate the effects of aging from the effects of disease on changes in cognitive functioning. We next turn to a review of methodological issues in the field with a particular emphasis on longitudinal studies and the special problems that age poses in traditional epidemiologic designs. We then summarize work in personality and social factors on disease with age with an emphasis on behavioral risk indicators for heart disease, social support, and self-rated health. Finally, we point out some emerging areas in developmental health psychology with particular attention to genetics, stress, decision making, coping, adherence, and problems associated with cancers. Keywords: age as a risk factor; epidemiology; geriatrics; longitudinal studies; normal aging; research methods
Spectral Analysis Windowing

The sections in this article are 1 Wlindows in Spectrum Analysis 2 Windows as a Sum of Cosines 3 Windows With Adjustable Design Parameters 4 Spectral Analysis and Window Figures of Merit 5 Closing Comments
A 55-Year-Old Woman With Osteopenia

About half of postmenopausal women have a bone density T score at the femoral neck between -1.0 and -2.5. Bone density in this range was termed "osteopenia" by a World Health Organization working group. Osteopenia is not a disease and the label can cause unnecessary anxiety. Osteopenia encompasses a wide range of fracture risks; an individual patient's risk can be estimated from her age, bone mineral density, and clinical risk factors. Regardless of bone mineral density, regular exercise and adherence with vitamin D and calcium intake may reduce the risk of hip fracture. Osteopenia by itself is not an indication for treatment. Decisions about pharmacological treatment to prevent fractures should be based on the patient's risk of fractures, evidence about the efficacy and nonskeletal effects of the specific treatment, and the patient's preferences.
Electromyographic evidence of two functional subdivisions in the rhesus monkey's flexor digitorum profundus

The main belly of the macaque's flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) is divided by a dissectible plane into radial and ulnar regions. The present report describes three findings which suggest that the radial and ulnar regions represent separate functional subdivisions of the FDP. First, electromyographic (EMG) recordings during individuated finger movements performed by rhesus monkeys demonstrated different patterns of activation in the radial versus the ulnar region of the FDP. Second, studies of single motor units discriminated from the parent EMG activity also suggested at least two differentially activated motoneuronal pools in the radial versus ulnar region. Third, the finger movements evoked by intramuscular stimulation, delivered through the recording electrodes, indicated that contraction of the radial versus ulnar region produces different patterns of tension on the finger tendons. Together these findings suggest that the radial and ulnar regions of the FDP provide differential tension on the finger tendons to individuate finger movements.
SOLUTION OF SOME COMBINATORIAL OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

The solution of some constrained combinatorial optimization problems encountered in the preinvestment planning of large-scale water resources systems is discussed. Mathematical structures are formulated for several problems involving the optimal selection, sequencing and timing of a set of water resources development projects which, in the aggregate, must satisfy a number of continuous time demand projections at every point in a finite planning horizon. An overview of four different solution techniques is also given. Specifically, myopic decision rules, integer programming formulations, and both implicit enumeration by branch-and-bound algorithms and dynamic programming algorithms are discussed. A computational comparison of these solution techniques on a number of real-world water resources problems of various sizes is also reported.
HOW INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESSES MANAGE HEALTH-RELATED CONCERNS DURING DISASTERS: DEVELOPMENT OF A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Summary of Disaster Response Literature Research related to disaster response demonstrated collaborative and innovative efforts to increase access to care by improving estimation of prevalence (Dominici et al., 2005; Mitchell, 1999; MMWR, 2004) and efficiency related to health records and response. Conclusions from the studies reviewed strongly support the importance of disaster preparedness activities at all levels and the role that collaboration and communication plays during every phase of disaster response activities (Berg, 2004; Bostick et al., 2008; Braun et al., 2006; Dainiak et al., 2007; Johnson, 2007; Jones, 2006b; Kumagai et al., 2006; Mattox, 2006; Parvis, 2002). The next section considers the area of chronic illness. Chronic Illness Research related to chronic illnesses is plentiful and supports incorporating self-management behaviors in patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses. Research has typically focused on a single disease entity for study; often that research considers diabetes and patient self-management. There is less research addressing multiple chronic illnesses in the same study. This section defines chronic illness and reviews research related to the prevalence and incidence of chronic illness, cost burden, and self-management behaviors (Noji, 2003). Studies related to chronic illness considered such similar variables as self-care strategies and barriers; community and practice level outcomes; and social support. A key difference noted overall was the context of evaluation, specifically the setting. Settings varied by population (rural versus urban) and healthcare delivery (practice-level versus community level). Again, some measured the variables by ethnic subculture (e.g.,
Isolation of Principal Cells and Basal Cells by Elutriation of Suspensions of Rat Epididymal Tissue

A technique was developed to aseptically prepare suspensions enriched in principal cells or basal cells of the caput epididymidis in number sufficient for physiological studies. To provide sperm-free tissue the efferent ducts of adult rats were ligated 6 days before use. Tissue from the caput epididymidis was minced and dissociated enzymatically. Dissociated cells (1.0-1.4 x 10(8)) were introduced with a buffer flow of 20 ml/min into a Beckman elutriator rotor operating at 1600 rpm. Cells other than principal cells passed through the elutriation chamber. Prinicipal cells were collected by decreasing rotor speed while increasing buffer flow to 30 ml/min. Cells initially passing through the rotor were reintroduced at a flow of 10 ml/min; only basal cells were elutriated. The principal-cell fraction contained an average (N=7) of 23 x 10(6) cells of which 71% were principal cells and 16% were basal cells. Cells in this fraction had an energy charge of 0.92 and 71% excluded erythrosin-B dye. The basal-cell fraction typically contained 30 x 10(6) cells of which 80% were basal cells and 7% were principal cells. These cells had an energy charge of 0.83 and 85% excluded dye.
Synthesis of [125I]iodoDPA-713: A new probe for imaging inflammation

Abstract [125I]IodoDPA-713 [125I]1, which targets the translocator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa), was synthesized in seven steps from methyl-4-methoxybenzoate as a tool for quantification of inflammation in preclinical models. Preliminary in vitro autoradiography and in vivo small animal imaging were performed using [125I]1 in a neurotoxicant-treated rat and in a murine model of lung inflammation, respectively. The radiochemical yield of [125I]1 was 44 ± 6% with a specific radioactivity of 51.8 GBq/μmol (1400 mCi/μmol) and >99% radiochemical purity. Preliminary studies showed that [125I]1 demonstrated increased specific binding to TSPO in a neurotoxicant-treated rat and increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the lungs of an experimental inflammation model of lung inflammation. Compound [125I]1 is a new, convenient probe for preclinical studies of TSPO activity.
A new cortical thickness mapping method with application to an in vivo finite element model

Finite element modelling of musculoskeletal systems, with geometrical structures constructed from computed tomography (CT) scans, is a useful and powerful tool for biomechanical studies. The use of CT scans from living human subjects, however, is still limited. Accurate reconstruction of thin cortical bone structures from CT scans of living human subjects is especially problematic, due to low CT resolution that results from mandatory low radiation doses and/or involuntary movements of the subject. In this study, a new method for mapping cortical thickness is described. Using the method, cortical thickness measurements of a coxal (pelvis) bone obtained from CT scans of a cadaver were mapped to the coxal geometry as obtained through CT scans of a live human subject, resulting in accurate cortical thickness while maintaining geometric fidelity of the live subject. The mapping procedure includes shape-preserving parameterisation, mesh movement and interpolation of thickness using a search algorithm. The methodology is applicable to modelling of other bones where accurate cortical thickness is needed and for which such data exist.
The relationship of rheumatoid arthritis to periarteritis nodosa and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract An attempt has been made to describe the relationship between three syndromes which not infrequently present a similar clinical picture and may have in common certain histologic and serologic features. It is not possible at the present time to state whether or not these features indicate similarities in pathogenesis. Definite distinction between these syndromes is frequently impossible because of lack of knowledge of both pathogenesis and a predictable natural history. In many instances, however, the distinction may be reached on clinical grounds, particularly when multiple systems are involved. Some help may be found in utilizing certain serologic reactions which point the way to an approximation of an accurate diagnosis. An attempt to distinguish between the three syndromes is of importance because of differing prognoses in each and because the philosophy of management suitable to each differs. Hazardous measures which may be lifesaving in an acute phase may be considered when a potentially fatal disease, e.g., SLE or angiitis, needs to be controlled
Approximate symmetry and the algebra of current components

It is our purpose to explain in this note, as well as we can, the theoretical foundations of the approximate symmetries of hadrons that have been extensively discussed lately, including the generalization of U(6) symmetry and its application to moving hadrons. A scheme (1-3] using the non-compact group U(6, 6), but not as an approximate symmetry of quantum mechanical states, has attracted wide attention; although the scheme contradicts [ 4] conservation of probability and certain experimental results, it predicts certain other quantities correctly. These correct predictions, by and large, follow from our method, which are consistent with probability conservation and involve applying symmetry operators to the states.
Findings across subgroups regarding the level of response to alcohol as a risk factor for alcohol use disorders: a college population of women and Latinos.

Background: The rates of alcohol dependence, a genetically influenced disorder, are increased among Latino men in the United States and are lower among women across ethnic groups. These analyses explored whether the differential rate of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) might reflect one genetically influenced phenotype related to alcoholism risk: the low level of response (LR) to alcohol. Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to students at two universities to identify drinking but not alcohol-dependent 18- to 29-year-old men and women who had a parent with alcohol dependence. Subjects were subsequently screened with a validated semistructured interview to corroborate the personal and family histories, and they participated in a challenge with alcohol 0.75 ml/kg for women and 0.90 ml/kg for men. LRs to alcohol were determined and compared between genders and between Latino versus Caucasian/Anglo subjects. Results: The data revealed no consistent significant differences between genders regarding either subjective feelings of intoxication or alcohol-induced changes in body sway. A similar lack of differential between groups was observed when Latino and Caucasian/Anglo subjects were compared. However, there was at least a statistical trend for interactions when gender, ethnicity, and time were considered together; there was some evidence for a higher LR in Latina women. Perhaps reflecting the different weights and doses of alcohol used, men demonstrated higher breath alcohol concentrations, but no differences in these values were noted between Latino and Anglo populations. Conclusions: The results indicate that the LR to alcohol is not likely to explain differences in rates of AUDs between genders or these two ethnic groups overall. The possibility that a higher LR might be seen for the subgroup with the lowest AUD rate—Latina women—will require replication in larger samples of well matched groups before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
Return of Postural Control to Baseline After Anaerobic and Aerobic Exercise Protocols

Abstract Context: With regard to sideline concussion testing, the effect of fatigue associated with different types of exercise on postural control is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the effects of...
Collisionless spin waves in normal and superfluid 3 He

Standing spin-wave modes in liquid /sup 3/He have been studied by c-italicw-italic AiNM-italicR-italic at Larmor frequencies of 1,2, and 4 M-italicH-italicz and pressures of 0, 6.3, and 12.3 bar. The spin waves, which produce peaks in the N-italicM-italicR-italic line, are visible at temperatures below 5 m-italicK-italic at zero pressure. With the assumption of a slightly simplified sample shape and no transverse spin relaxation at the walls, the theory of Leggett fits the spin-wave frequencies in the normal liquid very well, giving a value of the Fermi liquid parameter F/sub 1//sup a/ = -0.6 +- 0.2 at zero pressure. The width of some of the peaks is larger than expected from other determinations of the quasiparticle diffusion time tau/sub D/. This could be due to wall relaxation or to deviations from the assumed sample geometry. In the superfluid A-italic/sub 1/ and A-italic phases, where the data cannot be fitted to existing theories, the spin-wave modes are shifted in frequency and suffer additional damping as the temperature is decreased. At still lower temperatures in the B phase an inversion of the spin-wave modes are shifted in frequency and suffer additional damping as the temperature is decreased. At still lower temperatures in themore » B-italic phase an inversion of the spin-wave spectrum from one side of the N-italicM-italicR-italic line to the other is observed, agreeing quantitatively with the predictions of the 1975 theory of Combescot.« less
Gendered Visibilities and the Dream of Transparency: The Chinese‐Indonesian Rape Debate in Post‐Suharto Indonesia

How does the seen produce the unseen? And what happens when the unseen makes a bid to emerge from its occlusion? This paper examines the gendered visuality of the Reformasi crisis in Indonesia in 1998, juxtaposing the visibility of male-on-male violence at student demonstrations with the invisibility of violence against (feminised) Chinese-Indonesians and, in particular, raped Chinese-Indonesian women. The discussion focuses on activists’ attempts to establish ‘proof’ that these rapes did occur, government attempts to discredit their evidence, and the circulation of false photographs of the rapes on the internet. (An unremarked irony of this falsification of evidence was that it was made possible by the pre-existence of an archive of sexually violent images on pornographic sites depicting ‘Asian schoolgirls’.) The paper argues that this particular debate over credibility, witnessing and proof needs to be seen within a wider popular Indonesian discourse on the status of evidence, the privileged place of the photograph within it, and the archive of images of (male) students and heroic male-on-male violence that helped shape what people could ‘see’ as meaningful political action and recognisable state violence. It also comments on the evidentiary status of witnessing and embodied experience in the age of mechanical and digital reproduction.
Microtensile Bond Strength of Luting Materials to Coronal and Root Dentin

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (muTBS) of two dual-cured resin cements and a glass ionomer cement to coronal dentin versus root dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and Panavia F (Kuraray Medical Inc., Tokyo, Japan) were the resin cements used and FujiCEM (GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan) was the glass ionomer cement used. Once separated, the labial coronal and root surfaces of six bovine incisors were ground with 600-grit SiC papers to expose middle dentin. Then, the dentin surfaces were treated following the manufacturers' instructions and a 1 mm thick layer of each material was applied to the flattened coronal and root surfaces. Each material was cured following the manufacturers' recommendations and a composite buildup was made over the cured luting materials for testing purposes. After 24 hours in water at 37 degrees C, the teeth were sectioned into 1 mm x 1 mm x 6 mm beams and tested for muTBS. The data were analyzed by one- and two-way analysis of variance and Fisher's Protected Least Squares Differences test (p < .05). RESULTS The microTBSs to coronal and root dentin were similar within each cement. Comparing the materials, RelyX Unicem presented the highest muTBS, followed by Panavia F and FujiCEM, respectively (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Although there were differences in muTBS among the materials tested, no significant differences were found between bond strengths to coronal and root substrates. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Since bond strengths of luting materials to coronal and root dentin showed comparable results, there is no need to treat those surfaces differently prior to luting of indirect restorations. Nevertheless, because significant differences existed among the different luting materials, the choice of a luting material should be based on the type of preparation and restoration as well as the need for fluoride release.
The carboxyl terminal domain of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases prevents secretion in Escherichia coli

The extracellular glucosyltransferases (GTFs) of Streptococcus mutans are not secreted into the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli when the corresponding gtf genes are isolated in the latter organism. The utilization of both deletion analysis and gtfB: phoA fusions indicate that the signal sequences of the GTFs are functional in E. coli. However, these results further suggest that amino acid sequences present in the carboxyl terminus of the GTFs inhibit secretion through the cytoplasmic membrane in E. coli.
URANS simulations of static and dynamic maneuvering for surface combatant: part 1. Verification and validation for forces, moment, and hydrodynamic derivatives

Part 1 of this two-part paper presents the verification and validation results of forces and moment coefficients, hydrodynamic derivatives, and reconstructions of forces and moment coefficients from resultant hydrodynamic derivatives for a surface combatant Model 5415 bare hull under static and dynamic planar motion mechanism simulations. Unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) computations are carried out by a general purpose URANS/detached eddy simulation research code CFDShip-Iowa Ver. 4. The objective of this research is to investigate the capability of the code in regards to the computational fluid dynamics based maneuvering prediction method. In the current study, the ship is subjected to static drift, steady turn, pure sway, pure yaw, and combined yaw and drift motions at Froude number 0.28. The results are analyzed in view of: (1) the verification for iterative, grid, and time-step convergence along with assessment of overall numerical uncertainty; and (2) validations for forces and moment coefficients, hydrodynamic derivatives, and reconstruction of forces and moment coefficients from resultant hydrodynamic derivatives together with the available experimental data. Part 2 provides the validation for flow features with the experimental data as well as investigations for flow physics, e.g., flow separation, three dimensional vortical structure, and reconstructed local flows.
Analysis of the rate-dependent coupled thermo-mechanical response of shape memory alloy bars and wires in tension

In this paper, the coupled thermo-mechanical response of shape memory alloy (SMA) bars and wires in tension is studied. By using the Gibbs free energy as the thermodynamic potential and choosing appropriate internal state variables, a three-dimensional phenomenological macroscopic constitutive model for polycrystalline SMAs is derived. Taking into account the effect of generated (absorbed) latent heat during the forward (inverse) martensitic phase transformation, the local form of the first law of thermodynamics is used to obtain the energy balance relation. The three-dimensional coupled relations for the energy balance in the presence of the internal heat flux and the constitutive equations are reduced to a one-dimensional problem. An explicit finite difference scheme is used to discretize the governing initial-boundary-value problem of bars and wires with circular cross-sections in tension. Considering several case studies for SMA wires and bars with different diameters, the effect of loading–unloading rate and different boundary conditions imposed by free and forced convections at the surface are studied. It is shown that the accuracy of assuming adiabatic or isothermal conditions in the tensile response of SMA bars strongly depends on the size and the ambient condition in addition to the rate dependency that has been known in the literature. The data of three experimental tests are used for validating the numerical results of the present formulation in predicting the stress–strain and temperature distribution for SMA bars and wires subjected to axial loading–unloading.
Foot-and-mouth disease in swine: Response to inactivated vaccines

An enduring level of antibody was produced in swine for 90 days by the inoculation of a trivalent vaccine combined with oil adjuvant. The antigenicity of the virus type determined, to considerable degree, the antibody level attained. This relatively simple method of protecting swine from foot-and-mouth disease appears to have a practical application in future field studies.
It Isn't as Simple as It Seems: Understanding and Treating Psychopathy

Gillett and Huang (2013) claim that “research on the relationship between upbringing and the genesis of psychopathy and ASPD [antisocial personality disorder] … incorporates a local context and the...
Cloud scavenging of aerosol sulfur: Two case studies

Theoretical estimates of sulfate removal by precipitation have assumed that 40–100 % of available clear-air sulfate is scavenged in-cloud. In an experiment performed in an air mass with < 1 μg m−3 sulfate, particulate matter of diameter D < 3 μm was collected to afford 1-h increment data analysis for sulfur and soil (here, a composite of Al, Ca, Fe, Si, K and Ti) by PIXE analysis. Optical particle spectrometer probes were used to determine number and mass distributions of aerosol and cloud droplets in a diameter range 0.09 < D < 23.5 μm. Two in-cloud studies, one 9 h and one 6 h long, show removal efficiencies (by mass) of 80–98% of sulfur and of 35–77% of the soil aerosol. During the first (stratus) cloud event, the total accumulation-mode mass was reduced < 90%. Nucleation scavenging, according to classical closed-parcel cloud microphysics theory, appears to be the dominant mechanism by which precipitation sulfate was formed in this background air mass.
Effects of various feeding regimens on reproduction in broiler-breeder males.

Abstract A study was conducted using commercial broiler-breeder males and females maintained in all-litter pens and allowed to mate naturally. Using a separate feeding arrangement, males were given a diet containing either 12% or 14% protein. Body weights were maintained at either 90% or 100% of the recommended level. Females were provided feeders with grills which denied males access to the feed, while male feeders were elevated 46 cm above the floor to deny females access to that feed. In control pens, males and females ate from the same feeders and received a breeder diet with 14% protein. Eggs produced in pens where the males and females were fed separately showed significantly higher fertility (4.2%) than eggs from control pens. No differences in percentage fertility were noted between the two dietary-protein levels or body-weight groups of males fed separately. Furthermore, no differences were measured in percentage hatch of fertile eggs among any of the treatment groups. Males in control pens showed significantly heavier body weights and breast-angle measurements starting at 32 and 40 wk of age, respectively. No treatment effect was measured for male pododermatitis. The male control birds had heavier testes weights than the males in the groups with restricted body weights. However, semen concentration was not affected. This indicates that the improved fertility was related to the size and weight of the males, not to their ability to produce semen. The reduced fertility associated with excess male body weight may be both physical and physiological in nature.
Non-markovian theory of molecular relaxation. I. Vibrational relaxation and dephasing in condensed phases

Abstract The cumulant expansion is used to derive two formally different master equations for a two-level molecular system interacting with a bath, starting wit The two master equations reduce to the same form in the markovian limit for the bath (where its correlation time is much shorter than the relaxation pr A detailed comparison is made between the predictions of the two approaches which enables us to understand their range of validity and limitations. We apply the formalism to the vibrational relaxation and dephasing of a molecular impurity in a solid matrix and obtain a closed expression for the vib In contrast to the simple stochastic approaches we predict that the line shape in the non-markovian limit contains information regarding the interactio However, the fluctuations in the mean interaction energy of the two-level system with the bath, if correlated with the frequency modulation, result in
Conflict in the care of patients with prolonged stay in the ICU: types, sources, and predictors.

Objective To determine types, sources, and predictors of conflicts among patients with prolonged stay in the ICU.
ON THE NATURE OF X PERSEI: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1957 OUTBURST

Discussion of the line identifications, radial velocities, and equivalent widths derived from spectrograms obtained with the University of Michigan 37-1/2-in. reflector and two-prism spectrograph between November 1954 and March 1960 by several observers. In mid-1957, there occurred in the spectrum of the O star X Per abrupt changes in the emission-line radial velocities and V/R ratios. The irregular variation of the V/R ratio, also observed in the past, suggests the occasional interruption of a more or less steady infall of material through the rotating emission region by outbursts of material from the star. The space velocity of X Per has been rederived, using a revised radial velocity, and compared to the space velocity of the runaway O star xi Per.
MO-G-BRF-07: Anomalously Fast Diffusion of Carbon Nanotubes Carriers in 3D Tissue Model

Purpose: We aim to investigate and understand diffusion process of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and other nanoscale particles in tissue and organs. Methods: In this research, we utilized a 3D model tissue of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)cultured in inverted colloidal crystal (ICC) scaffolds to compare the diffusivity of CNTs with small molecules such as Rhodamine and FITC in vitro, and further investigated the transportation of CNTs with and without targeting ligand, TGFβ1. The real-time permeation profiles of CNTs in HCC tissue model with high temporal and spatial resolution was demonstrated by using standard confocal microscopy. Quantitative analysis of the diffusion process in 3D was carried out using luminescence intensity in a series of Z-stack images obtained for different time points of the diffusion process after initial addition of CNTs or small molecules to the cell culture and the image data was analyzed by software ImageJ and Mathematica. Results: CNTs display diffusion rate in model tissues substantially faster than small molecules of the similar charge such as FITC, and the diffusion rate of CNTs are significantly enhanced with targeting ligand, TGFβ1. Conclusion: In terms of the advantages of in-vitro model, we were able to have access to measuring the rate of CNT penetration at designed conditions with variable parameters. And the findings by using this model, changed our understanding about advantages of CNTs as nanoscale drug carriers and provides design principles for making new drug carriers for both treatment and diagnostics. Additionally the fast diffusion opens the discussion of the best possible drug carriers to reach deep parts of cancerous tissues, which is often a prerequisite for successful cancer treatment. This work was supported by the Center for Photonic and Multiscale Nanomaterials funded by National Science Foundation Materials Research Science and Engineering Center program DMR 1120923. The work was also partially supported by NSF grant ECS-0601345; EFRI-BSBA 0938019; CBET 0933384; CBET 0932823; CBET 1036672, AFOSR MURI 444286-P061716 and NIH 1R21CA121841-01A2.
Selective Attention Deficits Following Severe Closed Head Injury: The Role of Inhibitory Processes.

Heightened distractibility following severe closed head injury (sCHI) may result from a deficit in selective attention. The integrity of inhibitory processes involved in selective attention was assessed through use of a negative priming paradigm, allowing dissociation of inhibitory and episodic retrieval processes. In this task, inhibitory processes are elicited under intact stimulus conditions, whereas episodic retrieval is elicited when target stimuli are degraded. Despite inconsistent evidence of inhibitory deficits following sCHI in the literature, long-term survivors of sCHI showed no negative priming under intact stimulus conditions, providing evidence of compromised inhibitory processing. The sCHI participants' demonstration of negative priming when target stimuli were degraded provides evidence that automatic retrieval processes are intact following sCHI, results that are consistent with prior findings.
IS-LM under increasing returns*

This paper attempts a systematic examination of the significance of increasing returns for macroeconomic theory. Two main questions are addressed: (i) What are the implications for the construction of macromodels of the assumption of increasing returns? and (ii) What are the implications for the results of typical comparative statics experiments? An IS-LM model incorporating increasing returns is constructed, on the basis of which it is argued that there may not be a unique point of labor-market clearing. It is argued that this possibility strengthens the case for policy activism.
Modulation of cholecystokinin release from posterior nucleus accumbens by D-2 dopamine receptor.

Abstract The effect of specific D-2 dopamine (DA) receptor agonists and antagonists on potassium (55 mM)-evoked release of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity (CCK-LI) was studied in tissue slices of the rat posterior nucleus accumbens (NAc). Incubating the tissue slices in 100 nM or 1 μM of LY-141865, a specific D-2 DA receptor agonist, reduced the release of CCK-LI as indicated by a significant decrease in the S 2 /S 1 ratio. Addition of 10 μM of (−)-sulpiride, a specific D-2 DA receptor antagonist, blocked the inhibitory effect of 100 nM of LY-141865 on the release of CCK-LI. In contrast, 10 μM of the specific D-1 DA receptor antagonist SCH 23390 was unable to attenuate the decrease in release of CCK-LI caused by 100 nM of LY-141865. Furthermore, the active isomer of LY-141865, LY-171555 at 0.1 to 50 nM, also decreased the release of CCK-LI from the tissue slices, while the inactive isomer, LY-181990 at 1 nM, did not affect CCK-LI release. The inhibitory effect of LY-171555 on the release of CCK-LI was lost when its concentration was increased to 100 nM, thus revealing a biphasic effect of D-2 DA receptor stimulation on the release of CCK-LI. These results demonstrate that stimulation of D-2 DA receptor can modulate the release of CCK from in vitro slices of the rat posterior NAc.