cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-Dimensional Materials

Size effect can dictate the properties of the materials. At the nanoscale, changing the number of atoms and molecules forming the materials leads to qualitative changes in physical and chemical properties because the length of interaction from one atom (molecule) to another is approaching to the size of the entire materials. One well-known example of size-dependent phenomena is the quantum confinement effect in ultrasmall semiconducting materials [1]. The term “nanomaterial” is used to describe the materials that have at least one of their dimension in the nanometer scale. Prior to the 1980s, nanoscale materials and technology was only conceptual (i.e., the lecture “There is plenty of room at the bottom” by Richard Feynman in 1959 and the term “nanotechnology” proposed by Norio Taniguchi in 1974) [2, 3] because manipulating atoms and molecules of the materials precisely and achieving high-resolution images in the small scale were difficult at the time. Besides experimental challenges, it was commonly acceptable that a material in such scale may not be stable in room temperature due to large atomic displacement caused by thermal fluctuation. Even Feynman himself also claimed in his lecture that glass and plastic are better candidates than metal and crystals for machines and electronics in the small scale because the later ones will separate into domains to make their lattice structure stronger [2].
Nontraditional Social Support, Core Belief Disruption, and Posttraumatic Growth during COVID-19

The 2019 Novel Coronavirus pandemic disrupts typical human support networks through forced isolation. This study examined perceived support from pets and humans, the use of social media for coping,...
Rate of skeletal-related events (SREs) for abiraterone acetate (AA) versus enzalutamide (ENZ) in prostate cancer: A population-based study using the SEER-Medicare database.

e17038Background: Skeletal-related events are common in men with prostate cancer, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. AA and ENZ are novel androgen signaling inhibitors use...
Z-source Virtual Synchronous Generator: Operation and Control

Due to the increasing penetration level of inverter-based distributed generators such as photovoltaic and wind systems, the power electronics inverters need to provide ancillary services such as frequency and voltage regulation by means of controlling active and reactive power. In the proposed Z-source Virtual Synchronous Generator in this paper, virtual synchronous generation control is hired to increase the stability margin and track the rated frequency of the system. The added inertia to the system will prevent the protection relays from tripping by improving the rate of change of frequency. Also, a low voltage ride through control method had been considered in which during a grid fault condition, the system provides reactive power to reestablish the grid voltage, based on the grid codes and requirements. The aforementioned control algorithms are implemented on a single-stage impedance-source inverter due to its fast dynamic and efficient behavior compared to the conventional two-stage voltage source inverter. The proposed system operation is verified experimentally in OPAL-RT real-time simulator.
A literature review on breathing retraining as a self‐management strategy operationalized through Rosswurm and Larrabee's evidence‐based practice model

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to critically appraise and synthesize the literature on breathing retraining as a self-management strategy for individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) guided by Rosswurm and Larrabee's evidence-based practice model. Data sources: Scientific literature review, grey literature review, and hand searching. Conclusions: An exhaustive review of the literature revealed evidence that regularly practiced pursed lip breathing is an effective self-management strategy for individuals with COPD to improve their dyspnea. Implications for practice: It is expected that implementation of this non-pharmacological self-management intervention will improve perception of dyspnea, functional performance, and self-efficacy in individuals with COPD.
Hospitals in the United States

Hospitals are institutions that reflect the social values and understandings regarding what needs to be done for persons who are unable to care for themselves. Early recorded history describes hospitals as entities set up to care for soldiers during time of war; centuries later hospitals were being established to look after the poor (sick or not) who were not being cared for by friends and relatives. Keywords: acute care; Affordable Care Act; for-profit/non-profit hospitals; health insurance; specialty hospitals
Subtle, Secret Female Chimpanzees

Â In a report by [ Pusey et al .][1] in this week's issue, the well-known chimpanzees of Gombe, studied by Jane Goodall and her colleagues for 37 years, have now yielded new information about the hidden power of a female's behavior to influence her reproductive success. In his Perspective, Wrangham explains why it has taken so long to gather the data that allow these conclusions and discusses another example of sneaky, but influential, behavior among female chimpanzees.Â [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/277/5327/828
On learning and logic

A brief survey is given of learning theory in a logic framework, concluding with some topics for further research. The idea of learning using logic is traced back to Turing’s 1951 radio address [15]. An early seminal result is that clauses have a least general generalization [18]. Another important concept is inverse resolution [16]. As the most common formalism is logic programs, the area is often referred to as inductive logic programming, with yearly ILP conferences since 1991.
Inference Rules for Programming Languages with Side Effects in Expressions

Much of the work on verifying software has been done on simple, often artificial, languages or subsets of existing languages to avoid difficult details. In trying to verify a secure application written in C, we have encountered and overcome some semantically complicated uses of the language.
25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase. Subcellular location and properties.

Abstract The subcellular distribution and properties of an enzyme system responsible for hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) in chicken kidney have been described. The enzyme, which is highly specific for 25-OHD3 since it does not hydroxylate cholecalciferol or dihydrotachysterol, is located in the mitochondria and has a pH optimum of 7.4 and an apparent Km of 2.2 x 10-6 m. At 8.34 x 10-7 m 25-OHD3, 1,25-(OH)2D3 production is linear with mitochondrial protein concentrations of up to 8 mg per ml. Enzyme activity is maximal in Tris-acetate buffer and requires Mg2+, oxygen, and a source of reduced pyridine nucleotide, which in intact mitochondria is provided by malate or succinate. The succinate-supported hydroxylation is dependent upon electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. The 25-OHD3-1-hydroxylase is inhibited by carbon monoxide, metapyrone, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine. The enzyme is also inhibited by its product, 1,25-(OH)2D3. It is, however, much more strongly inhibited competitively by 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol, a close analog of 1,25-(OH)2D3.
Systematic review of text messaging as an intervention for adolescent obesity

AbstractPurpose:Adolescent overweight and obesity is a significant problem for health care with associated quality of life and financial concerns. This systematic review investigated text messaging as an intervention to treat or prevent obesity in adolescent populations.Data sources:The Preferred Re
Effects of ethanol on embryonic and neonatal rat testes in organ cultures.

ABSTRACT: Ethanol exposure in adult animals and humans has shown to elicit significant inhibitory effects on the function of male reproduction, but consequences of ethanol exposure on the embryonic and early postnatal testis development are not known. The current study investigated the effect of ethanol on embryonic and neonatal testis development using an organ culture technique. In embryonic day 13 (E13) testis organ cultures, ethanol had no effect on the testicular cord formation, the expression of Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) in Sertoli cells or the number of gonocytes. Similarly, in the ethanol-treated embryonic day 18 (E18) testes, both the number of gonocytes and the expression of GATA-4 and MIS were similar to those from the control testes. In contrast, in postnatal day 3 (P3) testes, ethanol at concentrations of 150 and 200 mM significantly decreased the number of gonocytes without affecting the expression of GATA-4 and MIS in Sertoli cells. This effect was shown to be resulting from the enhanced apoptosis of gonocytes. In addition, ethanol abnormally activated retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα), as indicated by increased nuclear localization of RARα with increasing doses of ethanol treatment. These observations suggest that the effect of ethanol on testis varies at different stages during embryonic and neonatal testis development. Furthermore, germ cells may be the main target for the action of ethanol on the early postnatal testis.
Antibodies against a neuron-like (HTB-10 neuroblastoma) cell in children with Tourette syndrome

Abstract Background: Similar to the model for Sydenham's chorea, antineuronal antibodies (ANAb), which develop in response to a preceding streptococcal infection, have been speculated to have a role in the development of Tourette syndrome (TS). Methods: Serum antibodies against the neuron-like HTB-10 neuroblastoma cell were assayed by ELISA methods and Western blot analysis on 41 children with TS (mean age 11.3 years) and 39 control subjects (mean age 12.1 years). Results: Group comparisons of ELISA assay optical density (OD) showed that mean OD values for serum antibodies were not different [control (mean ± SEM), .506 ± .076; and TS, .584 ± .053 ( p = .38)]. In contrast, median values [.353 in control subjects and .477 in TS subjects ( p = .012)] were significantly different. Western blots identified numerous bands in all TS and control sera with no difference in identified HTB-10 antigens. There was no relationship between the presence of ANAb and age of tic onset, family history, tic severity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or obsessive compulsive disorder. No relationship existed between positive strep titers (ASO ≥ 166 and/or antiDNAaseB ≥ 170) and ANAb determinations or the severity of tics. Conclusions: Children with TS have higher median, but not mean, levels of ANAb, as measured by the HTB-10 neuroblastoma cell membrane assay. This assay system identified antibodies in both control and clinical groups and failed to identify a relationship between antibodies and clinical phenotype or one-time markers for streptococcal infection. Further studies are required to define a possible immune-mediated hypothesis for TS.
DOG1: a novel marker of salivary acinar and intercalated duct differentiation

Anoctamin-1 (ANO1) (DOG1, TMEM16a) is a calcium-activated chloride channel initially described in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, but now known to be expressed in a variety of normal and tumor tissues including salivary tissue in murine models. We herein perform a comprehensive survey of DOG1 expression in 156 cases containing non-neoplastic human salivary tissues and tumors. ANO1 mRNA levels were significantly higher (8-fold increase, P<0.0001) in normal parotid tissue (n=6) as compared with squamous mucosa (n=15). By immunohistochemistry, DOG1 showed a diffuse moderate (2+) apical membranous staining pattern in normal serous acini, 1+ apical membranous pattern in mucous acini, and variable 1-2+ apical staining of distal intercalated ducts. Myoepithelial cells, striated and excretory ducts were invariably negative. All acinic cell carcinomas (n=28) were DOG1 positive demonstrating a complex mixture of intense (3+) apical membranous, cytoplasmic and complete membranous staining. Most ductal tumor types were negative or only showed a subset of positive cases. Within the biphasic tumor category, adenoid cystic carcinomas (18/24 cases) and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas (8/15 cases) were frequently positive, often showing a distinctive combined apical ductal and membranous/cytoplasmic myoepithelial staining profile. Thus, DOG1 staining is a marker of salivary acinar and to a lesser extent intercalated duct differentiation. Strong staining can be used to support the diagnosis of acinic cell carcinoma. DOG1 may also be a marker of a 'transformed' myoepithelial phenotype in a subset of biphasic salivary gland malignancies.
Investigating the role of plasma topography on chromospheric oscillations observed by TRACE

We present the results of an investigation into the interaction of the topographic structure of the solar chromospheric plasma with the wave modes manifesting themselves in the UV continua formed there. We show that there is a distinct correla- tion between the inferred plasma topography, the phase-dierences between and suppression of oscillations in dierent levels of the solar atmosphere. We interpret these factors as evidence of interaction between the oscillations and the extended magnetic "canopy". This work is based on the analysis of joint observations made by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft and the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE).
NMR investigation of main-chain dynamics of the H80E mutant of bovine neurophysin-I: demonstration of dimerization-induced changes at the hormone-binding site.

Neurophysins are hormone-binding proteins composed of two partially homologous domains. Ligand-binding (localized to the amino domain) and dimerization (involves both domains) are cooperatively linked by an as yet undefined allosteric mechanism. To help define this mechanism, we investigated the backbone dynamics of the unliganded monomeric state of the H80E mutant of bovine neurophysin-I by 15N NMR. Model-free analysis of the NMR relaxation parameters indicated significantly greater flexibility in the carboxyl domain than in the amino domain, particularly at their dimerization interface segments. Amino domain residues critical to hormone binding were highly structured, constraining potential allosteric mechanisms. Model-free analysis additionally demonstrated chemical exchange effects, manifest as Rex terms, in 16 residues, 14 of which are located in the amino domain at, or immediately adjacent to, either the dimerization interface or the hormone-binding site. The chemical exchange process was further ch...
Chemical Species in Fly Ash from Coal-Burning Power Plants

Fly ash specimens from four power plants in the Tennessee Valley Authority system have been separated into three matrices: glass, mullite-quartz, and magnetic spinel. Chemical species of trace elements are defined to a large extent by the matrices that contain them. The magnetic component of fly ash is ferrite. The mullite-quartz phase is relatively pure and can be recovered as a resource.
The projection Kantorovich method for eigenvalue problems

Abstract A modified projection method for eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a compact operator T on a Banach space is defined and analyzed. The method is derived from the Kantorovich regularization for second-kind equations involving the operator T. It is shown that when T is a positive self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space and the projections are orthogonal, the modified method always gives eigenvalue approximations which are at least as accurate as those obtained from the projection method. For self-adjoint operators, the required computation is essentially the same for both methods. Numerical computations for two integral operators are presented. One has T positive self-adjoint, while in the other T is not self-adjoint. In both cases the eigenvalue approximations from the modified method are more accurate than those from the projection method.
Viscosity, pour point, and chain length relations for the alcohol ethoxylates

Because pour points of surfactant alcohol ethoxylates are important and tedious to determine experimentally, it is desirable to have methods for calculating pour points from other properties, e.g., viscosities (1). To facilitate calculating pour points, several types of equation were developed that relate (a) chain lengths of the alcohol ethoxylates to pour points, (b) chain lengths to viscosities, and (c) viscosities to pour points.
Anthropology of development and the challenge of South-South cooperation

This article explores some of the challenges and potentials that the emerging phenomenon of South-South cooperation (SSC) might pose to major approaches in the international literature on the anthropology of development. Irrespective of particular politico-conceptual preferences, the latter's analytics have been largely crafted based on ethnographic work about development aid provided by Northern agencies or North-led multilateral organizations. Based on my own fieldwork experience with Brazil's contemporary provision of official technical cooperation in tropical agriculture to various countries in the African continent, I propose a discussion about four sets of themes: Foucauldian approaches to development based on notions of governmentality and discourse; the associated question of politics/depoliticization; the institutional aspect of development cooperation as a national and global industry and bureaucracy; and the question of ethnographic authority and the transit between what David Mosse has referred to as field (relations entertained with informants during fieldwork) and desk (relations entertained with academic peers during ethnographic writing).
DIRECTED HIERARCHICAL SELF ASSEMBLY - ACTIVE FLUID MECHANICS AT THE MICRO AND NANOSCALES

Directed hierarchical self assembly (DHSA) involves the purposeful assembly of a series of different subunits over multiple length scales to create arbitrarily shaped, large structures. We are developing a two stage DHSA procedure comprising of a coarse “far field” fluidic process which brings the sub-elements into the general vicinity of the assembly point and a fine “near field” process which completes the process. In the experiments presented here our sub-elements comprise of lithographically patterned silicon “microtiles” which are 500μm in size and contain a series of functional elements. The far-field assembly of these tiles is controlled fluid dynamically by modulating the translational and rotational shear forces applied to the tiles with a microfluidic structure. The near-field assembly is controlled through on board (i.e. on tile) microchannel jets/sinks, the strengths of which are modulated through the assembly or disassembly of thermally actuated gel based microvalves. This provides two fundamental levels of system control, namely control of the magnitude and direction of fluid flow, as well as addressability and control of each assembled component through on tile valves. In this paper we present our preliminary work on the fundamental fluid mechanics of this assembly at these two stages. In the first section we look at fluid motion and forces using CFD based numerical simulations. In the second we study a valving system based on an aqueous solution of a triblock copolymers that form a gel at temperatures near room temperature.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Human Milk as an Enteral Source of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF): 1) Concentrations in Preterm and Term Milk, 2) G-CSF Survival after In Vitro Simulations of Digestion, and 3) Expression of G-CSF Receptor (G-CSF-R) in Human Fetal Intestine

Human Milk as an Enteral Source of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF): 1) Concentrations in Preterm and Term Milk, 2) G-CSF Survival after In Vitro Simulations of Digestion, and 3) Expression of G-CSF Receptor (G-CSF-R) in Human Fetal Intestine
Translation of a specific mRNA from Escherichiacoli in a eukaryotic cell-free system

Abstract A specific mRNA for a structural lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane was translated in a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesizing system, S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) and S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH) had neither stimulative nor inhibitory effect on the translation. When the products were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two peaks appeared at the appearent molecular weights of about 15,000 and about 7,500. Both products were cross-reactive with antiserum against the lipoprotein.
Emil Böse's Search For an Ancient Landmass

In 1923 Emil Bose reported on the "Vestiges of an Ancient Continent in northeast Mexico". In searching for evidence for this ancient landmass (the Coahuila Peninsula) in 1920 Bose had traversed parts of Coahuila under most difficult circumstances. His first trip to Las Delicias from the south, although he reached Las Delicias, was geologically unsuccessful. His second, longer trip took him west 185 km from Cuatro Cienegas and then 150 km to the southeast, the latter 100 km with no water. He travelled with mules. On the second trip he was able to obtain the evidence of Aptian rocks overlying unconformably Permian rocks. This evidence he needed to define the ancient landmass from which sediments were supplied to the Tithonian and Neocomian rocks of the La Mula Basin and other parts of northeastern Mexico.
iPad—Increasing Nickel Exposure in Children

We discuss allergic contact dermatitis to the iPad to highlight a potential source of nickel exposure in children.
Großintegration mit Hilfe wählbarer Verbindungen

Grosintegration bezeichnet die Herstellungstechnik fur elektronische Baugruppen, die bezuglich ihrer Funktion eine Grosenordnung hoher stehen als die einfachen integrierten Schaltungen. Man verfugt heute uber die Technologie, Schaltungen an Ort und Stelle, wo sie in monolithischer Bauweise hergestellt werden, so miteinander zu verbinden, das die gewunschten Baugruppen entstehen.
Digital optical tags for unattended ground sensor applications (Invited Paper)

The DARPA Dynamic Optical Tags (DOTs) program has as its goal the development of a low cost, small, robust, persistent, low probability of intercept, 2-way tagging, tracking, and locating device that also supports error free data rates in excess of 100 kbps and can be interrogated at ranges up to and beyond 1Km. The program has selected several promising candidates for this device and is in the process of evaluating individually their performance against predetermined milestones to ascertain whether the technology is feasible and the program should continue for further development. In all cases the candidate devices operate as retro-reflecting optical modulators. Upon interrogation by a laser at the correct wavelength and with the correct code, the tags will proceed to modulate the return retro-reflection. While data for the candidate devices are not yet in hand, nevertheless this paper will provide an overview of the nature of the devices under investigation and speculate on how these devices could be employed for unattended ground sensor applications.
P-glycoprotein (encoded by multidrug resistance genes) is not required for interleukin-2 secretion in mice and humans

P-glycoprotein (encoded by multidrug resistance genes), a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter protein superfamily, has been shown to play a role in the secretion of cytokines. This conclusion was based upon the inhibition of cytokine secretion by anti-P-gp monoclonal antibodies. In this study, we show that anti-CD3-stimulated lymphocytes from wild-type, mdr1a knock out and mdr1ab double knock out mice produce similar amounts of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10. In addition, Jurkat T cells that lack P-gp and MDR1-transfected Jurkat T cells (JurkatP-gp) as well as purified human peripheral blood CD4+ P-gp+ and CD4+ P-gp- and CD8+ P-gp+ and CD8+ P-gp- T cell subsets produced comparable amounts of IL-2. These data show that P-gp is not required for secretion of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 secretion in mice and IL-2 secretion in humans.
Sorting out the cellular functions of sorting nexins

Sorting nexins are a diverse group of cellular trafficking proteins that are unified by the presence of a phospholipid-binding motif — the PX domain. The ability of these proteins to bind specific phospholipids, as well as their propensity to form protein–protein complexes, points to a role for these proteins in membrane trafficking and protein sorting. It will be interesting to determine whether the various sorting nexins have specialized or generalized roles in protein trafficking.
EVIDENCE FOR A TONIC COMPONENT OF THE HERING-BREUER INFLATION REFLEX IN THE TERM NEONATE

Animal studies have shown that an increase in FRC slows respiration, increases expiratory duration and is vagally mediated. To explore whether a similar response occurs in humans, we studied respiratory timing in 10 sleeping, healthy term neonates on days 1, 2 and 3, before and after a change in lung volume accomplished by adding a continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) of 3 and 6 cm H2O. Using a mask and flowmeter with constant flow to reduce deadspace, we measured inspiratory time(Ti), expiratory time(Te), total respiratory cycle duration (Ttot), and tidal volume. Comparative movements of upper and lower rib cage were recorded via mercury strain gauges and transcutaneous(Tc) PO2, monitored via a skin electrode. Increasing lung volume caused a significant prolongation of Te% (100xTe/Ttot) on all 3 days(mean data in table). As CPAP was raised from 0 to 6. respiratory rate fell from 47 to 42(NS),58 to 42(p<.005) and 50 to 36(p<.005) on days 1, 2, and 3 respectively. CPAP at 6 cm caused a mean increase in FRC of 19±7cc without significant change in tidal volume and there was no change in TcPO2 when compared to the control period. The direction of paradoxical rib cage movement was unaltered by CPAP. These observations suggest that the significant rise in Te% at increased lung volume may be secondary to the stimulation of a tonic inflation reflex.
Year-round acoustic detection of bearded seals ( Erignathus barbatus ) in the Beaufort Sea relative to changing environmental conditions, 2008–2010

Bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) are pan-Arctic pinnipeds that are often seen in association with pack ice, and are known for their long, loud trills, produced underwater primarily in the spring. Acoustic recordings were collected from August 2008 to August 2010 at two locations and a single year (2008–2009) at a third location, in the western Beaufort Sea. Three recorders in 2008–2009 had a 30 % duty cycle and a bandwidth of 10–4,096 Hz. One recorder in 2009–2010 had a 45 % duty cycle and a bandwidth of 10–4,096 Hz and the second had a 20 % duty cycle and bandwidth of 10–8,192 Hz. Spectrograms of acoustic data were examined for characteristic patterns of bearded seal vocalizations. For each recorder, the number of hours per day with vocalizations was compared with in situ water temperature and satellite-derived daily sea ice concentrations. At all sites, bearded seals were vocally active year-round. Call activity escalated with the formation of pack ice in the winter and the peak occurred in the spring, coinciding with mating season and preceding breakup of the sea ice. There was a change in the timing of seasonal sea ice formation and retreat between the two consecutive years that was reflected in the timing of peak bearded seal call activity. This study provides new information on fall and winter bearded seal vocal behavior and the relationship between year-round vocal activity and changes in annual sea ice coverage and in situ water temperature.
Development of the nephrotic syndrome in a patient with prostatic carcinoma

Various malignancies have been associated with the nephrotic syndrome. The nephrotic syndrome developed in a 66-year-old man with metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Renal biopsy revealed membranous glomerulonephritis. This may be the first reported case of a clear association of prostatic carcinoma with biopsy-proved membranous glomerulonephritis.
Managing change in fisheries: a missing key to fishery-dependent data collection?

Stephen Eayrs1*, Steven X. Cadrin2, and Christopher W. Glass3 Gulf of Maine Research Institute, 350 Commercial St, Portland, ME 04101, USA School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 706 S Rodney French Blvd, New Bedford, MA 02744, USA Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
Underwater laser scanning system

A system is described that produces high quality images through turbid waters by means of time encoded reflected light transmitted by scattering. The system consists of a compact battery operated laser scanning unit that scans the underwater scene with the laser beam in a manner similar to a television raster. Light reflected from any object in the scene varies in accordance with the reflectance of the minute spot being illuminated. This time varying intensity (TVI) signal is transmitted through the water to a remote receiver by both scattered and unscattered light where the received signal may be stored and/or displayed. The underwater laser scanning unit can be moved freely about the field of interest by scuba diver or ROV, unencumbered by entangling umbilicals, and can send real-time images over distances of 15 to 20 attenuation lengths to observers in a shirt-sleeve environment for critical viewing on an image display monitor. This previously undescribed system was developed in the early 1970s for proof of concept tests and used technology that is now 18 or more years old. The physical principles and the experimental hardware are described and examples are given of images providing exquisite detail that were made in an experimental tank together with some images obtained in ocean trials.
Subspecialty choice: why did you become a rheumatologist?

Objective To determine the reasons trainees choose rheumatology as a subspecialty and to review the literature on career choices among physicians, particularly regarding the choice of subspecialty. Methods A questionnaire was designed to identify and analyze factors that influence rheumatology fellows to join the field of rheumatology. The questionnaire was administered online and answers were collated through the American College of Rheumatology Training and Workforce Committee, Subcommittee on Medical Student and Resident Recruitment. We reviewed the medical literature, using Medline and PubMed to find references to career choice among medical trainees. Results The majority of rheumatology fellows had their initial exposure to rheumatology as second-year and third-year medical students, and >75% solidified their decision during internship and residency. Clinical rotations in rheumatology and exposure to role models and mentors were the most influential factors. Approximately 40% of rheumatology fellows cite their intellectual interest in the field as the most important contributor to their decision. Conclusion Career decision-making occurs throughout medical training. Exposure to clinical experiences and mentors are particularly influential and may have an impact during medical school, as well as during internal medicine residency training. These findings suggest that there are a variety of opportunities throughout medical training to influence career decision-making and improve recruitment into rheumatology. Additional financial resources that support recruitment efforts may be required, and followup studies assessing the effects of these efforts should be done.
On the syntax of possessor extraction

Abstract This paper investigates the structure of wh-possessive phrases and the constraints on extraction of wh-possessors across several languages, with a special focus on the differences between the Germanic languages (English, Dutch, German, etc.) and Hungarian, Tzotzil, and Chamorro. The main objective is to provide a parametric account for the crosslinguistic variation in extraction of prenominal DP possessors. The cornerstone of the proposal is the idea that the syntax of possessor extraction parallels the syntax of subject extraction in that possessors are required to extract in two steps (Szabolcsi, 1983/1994, 1994). The first step of possessor movement involves the checking of case and phi-features in the domain of Agr/D. The second step consists in moving to an escape hatch position, SpecDP. It is argued that in languages with overt wh-movement both steps need to take place in overt syntax for possessor extraction to be grammatical. It is shown that this is the case in languages such as Hungarian, Tzotzil, and Chamorro. Conversely, it is proposed that in Germanic, possessor movement to SpecDP is delayed until LF, therefore prenominal possessors cannot extract. The differences in ‘timing’ of possessor movement are argued to reside in the ‘strength’ of the Q-feature associated with the category D, a nominal complementizer, whose properties are parallel to those of the clausal Comp.
Lifting and storing bareroot blue oak (Quercus douglasii) seedlings

In California today, several species of native oaks are not regenerating adequately. Artificial regeneration is a means of ensuring sufficient recruitment to replace trees that die or are harvested, and restoring areas where trees have been cleared. Until recently, however, no bareroot oak seedlings were being produced in the state and there was little information to guide nursery operators. This study evaluated the potential of bareroot blue oak seedlings to survive and grow after outplanting. Results indicated that 1-0 nursery stock performed well in the field as long as seedlings were planted early enough in the season to take advantage of a favorable growing environment. Late lifting and long storage resulted in planting at a time when soils were already becoming dry and temperatures were hot. As a result, seedlings grew slowly or even died. Seedlings lifted early in the season (December) grew best. Either one or two months of storage had little effect on seedlings lifted at this time of year. However, seedlings lifted in January, February, and even early March performed adequately as long as they were in the ground by early March. In this study, root growth capacity was not a good predictor of subsequent field performance.
Corticosteroids depress IFN-α–producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells in human blood ☆ ☆☆ ★ ★★

Abstract Glucocorticoids are strongly immunosuppressive and are associated with reactivation of some intracellular infections. The plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a rare blood mononuclear cell detected through its production of IFN-α in response to herpes simplex virus and by surface immunophenotyping. We here report that steroid administration results in a decrease of IFN-α generation of approximately 25-fold, accompanied by reduction in circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cell numbers. Both parameters return to normal within days after steroid cessation. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:446-8.)
Fourth generation of quarks and leptons

Permutation Symmetry sugests an intergeneration quark-lepton mass formulamμ/mτ/mL=ms/mb/mb′=mc/mt/mt′. We consider several possibilities We consider several possibilities for the fourth generation masses.
Long-term stability of surgical mandibular setback.

Abstract Objective: To test the relationship between positional changes of the proximal segments during surgery and the positional rebound of the mandible during the postsurgical period of orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: The sample included records for 34 patients who had received sagittal split surgery for the correction of mandibular prognathism. Data were collected from standardized cephalometric radiographs taken immediately prior to surgery (T2), immediately following surgery (T3), and following the completion of orthodontic treatment (T4). Linear and angular changes in the orientation of the posterior border of the ascending ramus between time points T2, T3, and T4 were measured relative to superimposition on the anterior cranial base. In addition, linear changes in the position of pogonion between T3 and T4 were measured. Results: The magnitude of linear displacement of the posterior border of the proximal segment during surgery (T2 to T3) was statistically significantly correlated (r...
Organic Amendments to Enhance Herbicide Biodegradation in Contaminated Soils

Pesticide contamination of soil and groundwater at agricultural chemical distribution sites is a widespread problem in the USA. Alternatives to land-farming or solid waste disposal include biostimulation and phytoremediation. This research investigated the ability of compost, corn stalks, corn fermentation byproduct, peat, manure, and sawdust at rates of 0.5% and 5% (w/w) to stimulate biodegradation of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methyethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], and trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] added as a mixture to soil. Initial concentrations were 175±42 mg atrazine kg–1 soil, 182±25 mg metolachlor kg–1 soil, and 165±23 mg trifluralin kg–1 soil. After amendment addition, 30% of the atrazine, 33% of the metolachlor, and 44% of the trifluralin was degraded over 245 days, which included 63 days' aging prior to amendment additions. Atrazine degradation was enhanced by 0.5% manure, 5% peat, and 5% cornstalk amendments compared to nonamended soils. Metolachlor degradation was enhanced by all amendments at the 5% level, except for compost and peat. Amendments had no effect on trifluralin degradation. The 5% addition of compost, manure, and cornstalks resulted in significant increases in bacterial populations and dehydrogenase activity. A second experiment compared the persistence of atrazine, metolachlor, and trifluralin applied in a mixture to their persistence in soil individually. A combined average of 123 mg atrazine kg–1 remained in soil treated with the three-herbicide mixture compared to 31 mg atrazine kg–1 remaining in soil treated with atrazine only. Atrazine mineralization and atrazine-degrading microorganisms were suppressed by high concentrations of metolachlor, but not by trifluralin.
Optimal packing characteristics of rolled, continuous stationary-phase columns

Rolled, continuous stationary phases were constructed by tightly rolling and inserting a whole textile fabric into a chromatography column. This work reports the column performance, in terms of plate height, void fraction, and resolution, of 10 cellulose-based fabrics. The relation between fabric structural properties of yarn diameter, fabric count, fabric compressibility, and column performance are quantitated. General requirements, including reproducibility of packing, for choosing fabrics to make a good SEC column are identified. This research showed that the packed columns have an optimal mass of fabric that minimizes plate height and maximizes resolution, in a manner that is consistent with chromatography theory. Mass of material packed is then an important column parameter to consider when optimizing columns for the rapid desalting of proteins. Proteins were completely separated from salt and glucose in less than 8 min at a pressure drop less than 500 psi on the rolled, continuous stationary-phase columns. These results, together with stability and reproducibility, suggest potential industrial applications for cellulose-based rolled, continuous stationary-phase columns where speed is a key parameter in the production process.
Lived Experiences of Youth of Color in Secured Facilities

This article discusses the perceptions of youth of color in secured facilities regarding factors that influenced their lived experiences. Data were collected via focus groups with 101 youth and 80 staff. Results showed that factors such as youth skin color, youth attire, prejudicial attitudes of staff, stereotyping by staff, and bootstrapping contributed to the lived experiences of youth of color, with racial bias in secured facilities and similarly in the community. Implications for practice, research, and policy are also discussed.
Lessons learned from an HIV adherence pilot study in the Deep South

Abstract Objective Adherence to treatment for chronic illnesses, including HIV disease, is a complex process, and needs practical interventions in poorly resourced clinic settings. Methods This study tested the feasibility of an adherence intervention in 73 HIV-infected individuals in a Deep South public clinic based on Fisher & Fisher's Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model. Results There was high baseline adherence and unexpectedly high clinic attrition, and 27% of the intervention group received less than one-quarter of the planned intervention contacts. Refill rate was the adherence measure that correlated best with HIV viral load and CD4 count, and there was poor use of electronic adherence monitoring (MEMS). Interviewed individuals expressed positive feelings about audio-supported computer-assisted survey instruments (ACASI) and the intervention support. Conclusions This process evaluation showed feasible study components in this population and setting. Lessons learned included: (1) clinic retention is an important part of adherence; (2) telephone interventions may need to add additional technology and flexibility to maximize dose; (3) ongoing fidelity monitoring is important with motivational interviewing; (4) refill rate was the most accurate adherence assessment; (5) MEMS was not well-accepted; (6) ACASI was easily used in this population; and (7) individuals appreciated adherence support from a consistent caring individual.
Multiple criteria linear regression

The unknown parameters in multiple linear regression models may be estimated using any one of a number of criteria such as the minimization of the sum of squared errors MSSE, the minimization of the sum of absolute errors MSAE, and the minimization of the maximum absolute error MMAE. At present, the MSSE or the least squares criterion continues to be the most popular. However, at times the choice of a criterion is not clear from statistical, practical or other considerations. Under such circumstances, it may be more appropriate to use multiple criteria rather than a single criterion to estimate the unknown parameters in a multiple linear regression model. We motivate the use of multiple criteria estimation in linear regression models with an example, propose a few models, and outline a solution procedure.
Motion Detection by Quantum-Dots-Based Velocity-Tuned Filter

Motion estimation is a major computational task in real-time vision circuits and artificial retinas that require energy- efficient, high-speed, and microminiaturized circuitry. Traditionally, the motion estimation is made by means of velocity-tuned filters (VTFs), a class of spatiotemporal signal processing circuitry. However, conventional VTFs have limitations in area, power, and speed for real-time motion computation because they employ bulky and slow analog circuitry. In this paper, we propose a nanoscale VTF that employs quantum dot arrays to perform temporal filtering to track moving and stationary objects. The new velocity-tuned filter is not only amenable for nanocomputing, but also superior to other VTFs in terms of area, power, and speed. We also show that the proposed nanoarchitecture for VTF is asymptotically stable in the specific region where f' (Sn,m) > 0.
Potassium and anaesthesia.

Potassium is the principle intracellular ion, and its concentration and gradients greatly infuence the electrical activity of excitable membranes. Because anaesthesia is so intimately involved with electrically active cells, potassium concentrations in surgical patients have received considerable attention in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. With the ongoing evolution in the indications for potassium, it is important to review the role of potassium in cellular activity, in storage and regulation, in diseases that alter potassium homeostasis, and in the therapeutic implications of perioperative alterations of potassium concentration. A rational approach to abnormal potassium values and the use of potassium in the operating room is sought, based on a physiological understanding of risks and benefits.
Social origins and post-high school institutional pathways: a cumulative dis/advantage approach.

Abstract The social stratification that takes place during the transition out of high school is traditionally explained with theoretical frameworks such as status attainment and social reproduction. In our paper, we suggest the cumulative dis/advantage hypothesis as an alternative theoretical and empirical approach that explains this divergence in institutional pathways as the result of the dynamic interplay between social institutions (in our case, schools) and individuals’ resources. We use data from the NLSY79 in order to compute institutional pathways (defined by educational and occupational status) of 9200 high school graduates. Optimal Matching Analysis and Cluster Analysis generated a typology of life course pathways. Our results show that both ascribed characteristics and students’ high school characteristics and resources are predictors of post-high school pathways.
Continuous Hydride Generation for Simultaneous Multielement Detection with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

A continuous hydride generation system is described for sample introduction to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The system allows for the simultaneous determination of hydride-forming elements with elements which do not form volatile hydrides. Detection limits for volatile hydrides show an improvement of one order of magnitude over results for conventional sample introduction employing pneumatic nebulization. Calibration plots for volatile-hydride-forming elements are linear over 2 to 3.5 orders of magnitude, and relative standard deviations are generally less than 5% over a 30-minute period. The accuracy of the technique is demonstrated by the analyses of two commercial reference materials.
A new near-infrared absorption and fluorescent probe based on bombesin for molecular imaging

We have developed a series of new dye bombesin conjugates for site-specific absorption and fluorescence imaging of human prostate and breast cancers. Bombesin (BBN), an amphibian analog to the endogenous ligand, binds to the gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) receptors with high specificity and affinity. Previously, we developed an Alexa Fluor 680-GGG-BBN peptide conjugate which demonstrated high binding affinity and specificity for breast cancer cells in the in vitro and in vivo tests (Ref: Ma et al., Molecular Imaging, vol. 6, no. 3, 2007: 171-180). This probe can not be used as an absorption probe in near-infrared imaging because its absorption peak is in the visible wavelength range. In addition, site specific longer wavelength fluorescent probe is desired for in vivo molecular imaging because long wavelength photons penetrate deeper into tissue. The new absorption and fluorescent probe we developed is based on the last eight-residues of BBN, -Q-W-A-V-G-H-L-M-(NH 2 ), and labeled with AlexaFluor750 through a chemical linker, beta-alanine. The new probe, Alexa Fluor 750-BetaAla-BBN(7-14)NH 2 , exhibits optimal pharmacokinetics for specific targeting and optical imaging of the GRP receptor over-expressing cancer cells. Absorption spectrum has been measured and showed absorption peaks at 690nm, 720nm and 735nm. Fluorescent band is located at 755nm. In vitro and in vivo investigations have demonstrated the effectiveness of the new conjugates to specifically target human cancer cells overexpressing GRP receptors and tumor xenografts in severely compromised immunodeficient mouse model.