cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further experiments on the measurement of leaf wetness

Abstract Two experiments on the measurement of leaf wetness are reported. From the results of a previous experiment, a thin (0.28 mm), double sided circuit board sensor was constructed (sensor C). It was compared to the two sensors used in the original experiment, a cotton cloth on a grid network of two independent fine wires (sensor A) and a thick single board painted with gray latex paint (sensor B). As in the initial experiment, sensor A was found to be the superior sensor, while sensor C gave better results than sensor B. Honeydew, the sugary excrement of sucking insects, caused spurious results from sensors B and C, while sensor A appeared to be unaffected. In the second experiment, leaf wetness was measured with the same three sensors in two plots; a plot treated with an insecticide and a non-treated plot. Sensor A was the superior sensor based on the greatest duration of leaf wetness and comparison with visual observations. The hygroscopic nature of the honeydew increased the duration of leaf wetness between the plots by ∼25% as measured by sensor A.
DEMONSTRATION OF A SECOND THYROIDAL IODIDE POOL IN RAT THYROID GLANDS BY DOUBLE ISOTOPE LABELING.

Rats were brought to specific activity equilibrium by repeated daily injections of a mixture of I127 and I131. The animals were then given a blocking dose of propylthiouracil, followed by inorganic I132, and were killed 1 hr later. From the plasma concentration of inorganic I131 and thyroid/plasma iodide concentration ratios for I132, the expected thyroidal content of inorganic I131 was calculated. Invariably, direct measurement revealed far more inorganic I131 in the thyroid than could be accounted for in the “external” iodide pool, i.e., that pool of iodide in rapid equilibrium with iodide in the plasma, as measured by I132. Thus, a second, or “internal,” iodide pool is postulated to exist. Evidence is presented which indicates that iodide in the internal pool arises from the deiodination of organic moieties by physiologic, rather than artifactual, means, and that it is not in rapid equilibrium with iodide in the external pool, since it is not discharged by thiocyanate, perchlorate or large doses of iod...
Human G protein gamma(11) and gamma(14) subtypes define a new functional subclass.

The mammalian gamma subunit family consists of a minimum of 12 members. Analysis of the amino acid sequence conservation suggests that the gamma subunit family can be divided into three distinct subclasses. The division of the gamma subunit family into these classes is based not only on amino acid homology, but also to some extent on functional similarities. In the present study, two new members of the gamma subunit family, the gamma(11) and gamma(14) subunits, are identified and characterized in terms of their expression and function. The gamma(11) and gamma(14) subunits are most closely related to the gamma(1) subunit and share similar biochemical properties, suggesting their inclusion in class I. However, despite their close phylogenetic relationship and similar biochemical properties, the gamma(1), gamma(11), and gamma(14) subunits exhibit very distinct expression patterns, suggesting that class I should be further subdivided and that the signaling functions of each subgroup are distinct. In this regard, the gamma(11) and gamma(14) subunits represent a new subgroup of farnesylated gamma subunits that are expressed outside the retina and have functions other than phototransduction.
Biomarkers for eosinophilic esophagitis: a review

Abstract Background The complex pathophysiology of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) provides several candidate biomarkers that could be used to establish diagnosis, assess response to therapy, and document disease recurrence. Objective To review the literature on various biomarkers of EoE, with respect to their correlation to disease activity and response to treatment. Data Sources A literature search was performed using PubMed and OVID with keyword combinations of EoE and various potential biomarkers. Study Selections Between 2006 and 2012, 26 studies that investigated the correlation of various tissue and serum biomarkers with EoE were identified. Results The markers investigated included eotaxins-1,-2, and -3, interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-13 (IL-13), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, mast cell markers, absolute eosinophil count, and micro-RNAs. Several studies have shown a positive correlation between eotaxin-3, IL-5, and IL-13 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in esophageal tissue and disease activity. Eotaxin-3 mRNA staining was found to have 89% sensitivity for diagnosing EoE. Staining for mast cells and their products has also shown promise. More recently, a microRNA signature that can potentially distinguish EoE from non-EoE esophagitis has been identified. Conclusion The studies are quite heterogeneous with respect to their methodology and the biomarker(s) studied, but most have investigated tissue biomarkers. Eotaxin-3 and IL-13 have emerged as the most promising ones with respect to sensitivity and degree of positive correlation to disease process. Future research on biomarkers for EoE should include longitudinal studies, establishment of normal values, effects of concomitant atopic diseases, age and gender, and validation of methodology of the tests.
Validation of a Pressure Diameter Method for Determining Modulus and Strain of Collagen Engagement for Long Branches of Bovine Pulmonary Arteries

Recent studies have shown that capacitance measurements of large arteries provide better prognosis and diagnosis than tests of resistance alone in pulmonary hypertension (Mahapatra et al., 2006, "Relationship of Pulmonary Arterial Capacitance and Mortality in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 47(4), pp. 799-803; Reuben, 1971, "Compliance of the Human Pulmonary Arterial System in Disease," Circ. Res., 29, pp. 40-50]. Decreased arterial capacitance causes increased load to the heart and is the direct result of increased stiffness and elastic modulus of the arterial wall. Here, we validate a pressure-diameter (PD) method for comparing the elastic modulus and collagen engagement for post-hilar pulmonary arteries with a large range of arterial diameter. The tissue mechanics of the post-hilar arteries are not well-characterized in pulmonary hypertension. It is believed that future studies with this method will provide useful insight into the role of passive tissue mechanics of these arteries in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension, eventually improving clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Post-hilar pulmonary arteries, excised from healthy and hypertensive calves and healthy cows, were inflated over a range of 0 [mm Hg] to 110 [mm Hg] in an isolated tissue bath. Internal pressure was recorded with an electric pressure catheter. Artery diameter and longitudinal stretch were recorded photographically. Stress-strain data curves were extracted using Lame's law of thick-walled tubes. Radial strips were removed from each section and tested in a uniaxial (MTS) tester for validation. Both the elastic modulus and collagen engagement strain were similar to results obtained by more traditional means. The average difference between measured values of the two methods for collagen engagement strain was 3.3% of the average value of the engagement strain. The average difference between the measured values of the two methods for modulus of elasticity was 7.4% of the average value of the modulus. The maximum, theoretical, relative error for the stress determined with the PD method was calculated at 20.3%. The PD method proved to be a suitable replacement for uniaxial strain tests in comparing collagen engagement strains. The method allowed faster testing of tissues of multiple diameters, while removing the effect of end conditions. The PD method will be of further utility in continued study of tissue mechanics in pulmonary hypertension studies.
Proximate Components in Selected Variety Breads Commercially Produced in Major U.S. Cities

Ten types of popular variety breads, up to four brands of each, were obtained from four major U.S. cities. All brands of each product from Chicago were analyzed separately; those from each of the other cities were composited. Unlike other products, tortillas contained moisture well in excess of 40%. Insoluble dietary fiber (DF) in 100% wholewheat averaged 5.68%. Protein in tortillas averaged only about 50% of the amount in other products. Fat in oatmeal, raisin, and wholewheat breads averaged above 4%. In contrast to DF and fat values, intra- and inter-city differences in moisture, ash, and, to a lesser extent, protein values were minimal. Energy values averaged between 213 (tortillas) and 272 Kcal/100g (raisin bread).
The inversion of diatomic Born–Oppenheimer-breakdown corrections

Abstract The inversion of diatomic vibration–rotation data to give the r dependence of operators is considered. For the Born–Oppenheimer energy levels EvJ and for the expectation values 〈vJ|X(r)|vJ〉 of an operator X(r), the inversion is unambiguous if the reduced mass is known, leading to the potential energy function V(r) and to X(r). The breakdown of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation is represented in terms of three functions Qi(r), Ri(r), and Si(r) for each atom i. The function Qi(r) can be removed by a transformation that changes the other functions to R i (r) and S i (r) , which still have one degree of indeterminacy. The effects of this indeterminacy in fits to truncated Hamiltonians is considered for the extensive data for isotopomers of the LiH molecule. This discussion is relevant to a recent claim that the dipole moment and rotational gJ factor of LiH can be determined from a fit to field-free vibration–rotation spectra. The values obtained for these quantities are unreliable because they are strongly dependent on the constraints used in the Born–Oppenheimer-breakdown functions.
Restoration to transparency of radiation-blackened Pyrex.

Abstract Glass which is damaged by ionizing radiation becomes opaque to visible light because of absorption by trapped electrons, which form “colour centres”. Objects made of glass may have to be discarded after receiving absorbed doses which have affected their transparency but not their mechanical integrity. A practical method of restoring the transparency of irradiated Pyrex by bleaching the colour centres with ultraviolet light is described. Pyrex windows on an accelerator beam tube operating at a pressure of 1 × 10−7 torr which became opaque due to megarad absorbed doses of ionizing radiation were repeatedly restored to transparency in situ without affecting the vacuum in the pipe.
Two Time Constants for the Binding of Proteins to DNA from Micromechanical Data

Recent experimental advances allow the direct measurement of the force/extension behavior for DNA in the presence of strongly binding proteins. Such experiments reveal information about the cooperative mechanism of protein binding. We have studied the irreversible binding of such proteins to DNA using a simple simulation and present a method for estimating quantitative rate constants for the nucleation and growth of linear domains of proteins bound to DNA. Such rate constants also give information about the relative energetics of the two binding processes. We discuss our results in the context of recent data for the DNA-recA-ATPγs system, for which the nucleation time is 4.7 × 104 min per recA binding site and the total growth rate of each domain is 1400 recA/min.
The Role of Design Factors of the Residential Environment in the Physical and Mental Health of the Elderly

This study examined the relationship between selected dimensions of architectural design and measures of physical and mental health and morale among 171 elderly residents of congregate public housing and private housing. Several indices of social interaction were also investigated as possible mediators of the effects of the design factors on health. Design factors included congregate public housing versus private housing; high-rise versus low-rise; floor level; position on corridor; length of corridor; distance from elevator; number of bedrooms; and home ownership versus renting. Residents of congregate housing, high-rise buildings and those living at the end sections of corridors were found to be significantly higher in morale, but not in physical or mental health. Social interaction was not found to contribute significantly to this relationship.
Nonlinear phenomena, bifurcations, and routes to chaos in an asymmetrically supported rotor-stator contact system

Abstract The efficiency of rotating machines can be improved via precisely manufactured bearings with reduced clearances; consequently, the proclivity for rotor–stator contact is increased. A common model used to investigate rotor–stator contact in previous studies is the two degree-of-freedom (DOF) rotor with symmetric support stiffness, where the contact assumes a linear elastic normal restoring force proportional to the rotor–stator interference and a tangential dry Coulomb friction force. Switching between the contacting and non-contacting states creates strong nonlinearity in the equations of motion, and the dynamic response displays a rich profile of behaviors including periodic, quasiperiodic, and chaotic responses via period-doubling, sudden transitions, quasiperiodicity, and intermittency. For the first time, this work emphasizes an asymmetric support stiffness matrix with cross-coupling between the x and y direction stiffnesses. The influence of support asymmetry on the nonlinear rotor response is shown using rotor orbits, frequency spectra, Poincare sections, and bifurcation diagrams. It is found that the cross-coupling stiffness coefficient kxy has negligible effect on the dynamic response until its magnitude is on the same order as the direct stiffness coefficients. Direct stiffness coefficient asymmetry is shown to affect the rotor׳s response, where even small asymmetries can qualitatively change the response. Additionally, the importance of including gravity is investigated, and a method is provided for determining the threshold shaft speed above which gravity can be ignored. The dominant route to chaos is period-doubling for the parameters considered here, though other routes to chaos are seen such as a direct transition from periodic to chaotic motion. Finally, observations pertaining to rotor modeling, design, and fault diagnostics are discussed.
THE WHO, WHEN, AND WHERE OF UNETHICAL CHOICES: A META-ANALYSIS.

The article examines business ethics by using a meta-analysis approach. It is suggested that a clearer understanding of the individual, situational and environmental factors that impact individual-...
Probability measures on the space of persistence diagrams

This paper shows that the space of persistence diagrams has properties that allow for the definition of probability measures which support expectations, variances, percentiles and conditional probabilities. This provides a theoretical basis for a statistical treatment of persistence diagrams, for example computing sample averages and sample variances of persistence diagrams. We first prove that the space of persistence diagrams with the Wasserstein metric is complete and separable. We then prove a simple criterion for compactness in this space. These facts allow us to show the existence of the standard statistical objects needed to extend the theory of topological persistence to a much larger set of applications.
Deficit symptoms in schizophrenia: negative symptoms versus neuroleptic‐induced deficits

Definitions of negative symptoms and deficit syndromes are reviewed in this article; rating scale criteria (the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale); Crow's type II syndrome; Carpenter's deficit syndrome; and the draft of DSM-IV. The core negative symptoms identified by these investigators also describe the neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome (NIDS). Study designs and assessment methods to distinguish NIDS from the symptoms of schizophrenia are presented. Assessment methods include rating scales and a novel method that uses descriptive symptom vignettes. Designs include neuroleptic discontinuation studies, dose comparisons and comparison of atypical antipsychotic medicines to typical neuroleptic drugs.
Smooth muscle α1D-adrenoceptors mediate phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction and increases in endothelial cell Ca2+ in hamster cremaster arterioles

Background and purpose: α1-Adrenoceptor agonists induce Ca2+-transients in endothelial cells (ECs) of arterioles. However, the presence of α1-adrenoceptors on arteriolar ECs has not been excluded, and the identity of α1-adrenoceptor subtypes in arterioles only has been inferred from pharmacology. Therefore, we determined which subtypes were expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and ECs, and which subtype mediated α1-adrenoceptor-induced constriction. Experimental approach: EC Ca2+-transients in isolated, cannulated hamster cremasteric arterioles or freshly isolated ECs were studied using Fura 2. Arteriolar diameter was measured by video microscopy. α1-Adrenoceptor expression was assessed by western blot of whole-arteriolar homogenates and real-time RT-PCR on enzymatically isolated VSMCs and ECs. Key results: Phenylephrine-induced constriction and EC Ca2+-transients were abolished by the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (30 nM) in arterioles. Phenylephrine-induced constriction was inhibited by the α1D-adrenoceptor antagonist BMY 7378 (KB=2.96 nM) and the α1A-adrenoceptor antagonist 5-methylurapidil (KB=4.08 nM), suggesting a significant role for α1D-adrenoceptors. Western blots confirmed α1D-adrenoceptor expression, but did not detect α1A-adrenoceptors. VSMCs expressed α1D- and α1A-, but not α1B-, adrenoceptor transcripts. No α1-adrenoceptor transcripts were detected in ECs. Neither phenylephrine (10 μM) nor noradrenaline (0.1–1 μM) elicited Ca2+-transients in freshly isolated ECs, whereas the endothelium-dependent vasodilators methacholine (1 μM) and substance P (100 nM) consistently increased Ca2+. Conclusions and implications: We reject the hypothesis that hamster cremasteric arteriolar ECs express α1-adrenoceptors and conclude that α1-adrenoceptor agonists predominantly act on VSMC α1D-adrenoceptors to cause vasoconstriction and a subsequent rise in EC Ca2+. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 155, 514–524; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.276; published online 7 July 2008 www.bjcancer.com
New forward/backward sweeping parabolized Navier-Stokes algorithm

A new forward/backward sweeping parabolized Navier-Stokes algorithm has been developed to compute efficiently supersonic/hypersonic flowfields with embedded separated regions. The algorithm splits the streamwise flux vector using the Steger-Warming method and employs multiple forward/backward sweeps of the flowfield to duplicate the results that would be obtained with the complete Navier-Stokes equations. The forward/backward sweeping of the flowfield significantly reduces the number of iterations required over previous iterative parabolized Navier-Stokes algorithms. Once a separated flow region is computed, the algorithm returns to the usual forward-space-marching mode until the next separated flow region is encountered. The algorithm has been successfully incorporated into NASA's parabolized Navier-Stokes UPS code. The new algorithm has been applied to three separated flow test cases consisting of flow over a compression ramp and two flows over a hollow-cylinder-flare geometry. The present numerical results are in excellent agreement with complete Navier-Stokes computations and experimental data.
Development and Use of a Computerized Reproductive Management Program in Dairy Herds

Abstract Reproductive inefficiency is a major economic loss to most dairymen. Recent estimates for the United States indicate that this problem alone accounts for annual losses of $540 million. Studies during the past several years have illustrated clearly the need for a complete, computerized record system for reproductive management. The Reproductive Management Profile has been developed to provide the dairyman with a current and complete reproductive record on each cow and heifer in the herd. The forms for recording and reporting reproductive events have been condensed to a simple pocket format. Computer analysis is designed to coincide with routine herd examination by a veterinarian. The output includes all routine reproductive events such as calving, estrus, and breeding dates. In addition, two projected heat dates, days open, reproductive disorders, other disorders, uterine conditions, and ovary conditions are listed. Monthly and annual summaries help make this a complete record system.
Building CLiiME via Test-Driven Development: A Case Study

The multidisciplinary nature of contemporary computational modeling impacts the development of computational science and engineering (CSE) software. Multidisciplinary efforts often require large-scale software development to serve a broad audience of developers and users. This article describes software engineering practices adopted in the Community Laser-Induced Incandescence Modeling Environment (CLiiME). The authors explain how CLiiME's design enables extension of the model. The project uses the agile methodology of test-driven development (TDD) to implement the infrastructure for a collaborative model that different researchers will use, modify, and extend. They discuss some of the software engineering practices that developers can integrate throughout the life of a project, beginning with its inception when only a few developers are contributing to the project. They also describe the mechanisms they've incorporated to allow for natural expansion of the model.
A land use model of the effects of eco-labeling in coffee markets

International non-profit organizations have started to implement eco-labeling for credence attributes programs aimed to inform consumers about environmentally sound or “sustainable” production standards for various products. Using coffee labeled as “shade grown” or “bird friendly” as an example, this paper describes the impact such labeling programs may have on local land use patterns in coffee producing regions. Shade grown coffee farms should provide a variety of external benefits, including the preservation of biodiversity, carbon sequestration, the prevention of soil erosion and aquifer recharge. Those externalities, however, are not expected to have observable land use impacts unless they are capitalized in the coffee market. The prospect of market capitalization of externalities suggests the extension of the conventional von Thunen model to the calculation of social location rent. Using the maximization of social location rent as a criterion allows the externality effect to play a direct role in market-based land use allocation of land between eco-labeled shade grown coffee production and other activities.
Role of deep convection in establishing the isotopic composition of water vapor in the tropical transition layer

The transport of H2O and HDO within deep convection is investigated with 3-D large eddy simulations (LES) using bin microphysics. The lofting and sublimation of HDO-rich ice invalidate the Rayleigh fractionation model of isotopologue distribution within deep convection. Bootstrapping the correlation of the ratio of HDO to H2O (deltaD) to water vapor mixing ratio (q(sub v)) through a sequence of convective events produced non-Rayleigh correlations resembling observations. These results support two mechanisms for stratospheric entry. Deep convection can inject air with water vapor of stratospheric character directly into the tropical transition layer (TTL). Alternatively, moister air detraining from convection may be dehydrated via cirrus formation n the TTL to produce stratospheric water vapor. Significant production of subsaturated air in the TTL via convective dehydration is not observed in these simulations, nor is it necessary to resolve the stratospheric isotope paradox.
Strict bounds for the period of periodic orbits of difference equations

Abstract Let f be Lipschitz with constant L in a normed space. For k > 0 and given x0, let xk + 1 = xk + f(xk). Suppose x1 ≠ x0, but xn = x0 for some n ⩾ 2. We show that L ⩾ n λ n where λn is the largest eigenvalue of a computable (n − 1) × (n − 1) integer matrix. An example is given with L = n λ n , so the bound is strict. We also find an explicit formula for λn when n is a prime and compare our results to the best bounds for inner product spaces.
Decremental motor responses to repetitive nerve stimulation in ALS

Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) of the trapezius muscle at slow rates was performed on 192 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Fifty-six patients (29%) showed classical neuromuscular decrement of 10-43% (mean 16.8%) while 44 patients (23%) had a borderline decrement of 5-9%. The trapezius was significantly more sensitive in revealing the defect than the distal hypothenar muscles. In 30 patients followed serially, the decremental response remained constant or increased with time. However, 25% of patients continued to show no decrement in spite of progression of disease. No statistical correlation was found between decrement and clinical severity, disease staging, or disease progression. The finding that at least 50% of ALS patients show some degree of decrement on RNS of the trapezius muscle suggests that functional alterations of the neuromuscular junction accompany this disease.
A Genetic Epidemiologic Perspective on Comorbidity of Depression and Anxiety

Current research indicates that there is a strong relationship between the depression and anxiety that first appear during childhood. Both depression and anxiety co-segregate in families, indicating that the familial risk for the two disorders is shared. Epidemiologic and clinical evidence has shown that anxiety often precedes the onset of depression and the two disorders share a common genetic pathway that may be expressed differentially across development. From a preventive health perspective, children with depressed or anxious relatives are at increased risk for developing anxiety or depression. In addition, anxious children are at increased risk for developing depression particularly during adolescence.
Variability and spatial modeling of fine-scale precipitation data for the Sonoran Desert of south-west Arizona

Abstract We present a unique new set of high spatial resolution precipitation data from a storage gauge network, for the sparsely observed northern Sonoran desert in south-west Arizona. We examine the nature and causes of the highly complex seasonal and spatial variability in the data, using fine-scale maps developed via spatial modeling and interpolation. These high-resolution maps had explained variances approaching 1·00, and precipitation errors of about 1% in winter and about 10% in summer. Seasonal precipitation ranges from near zero to almost 15 in across the area, and shows high interannual variability. Localized convectional processes lead to summer anomalies that are more spatially complex than in winter when broad-scale synoptic and frontal processes cause precipitation. In general, summer and winter precipitation variability are tied to meridional-zonal shifts and east–west movement of the respective anticyclone or trough pattern over the region. Statistical links between major weather stations in the region and precipitation across the area are spatially inconsistent, especially in the west.
Foster parent involvement in service planning: Does it increase job satisfaction?

Abstract A substantial decline in the number of qualified foster homes and a sharp increase in the number of children in need of foster care has led child welfare professionals to place greater emphasis on foster parent retention. While agencies can do little to retain foster parents who leave the system for personal reasons, those who leave because of dissatisfaction with agency policies and practices can be retained if the reasons for their dissatisfaction are identified and eliminated. One factor commonly identified as being responsible for foster parent dissatisfaction is lack of foster parent involvement in service planning. This study examines the role of foster parents in service planning and uses survey data collected from New York State foster parents to determine if participation in the service planning process increases job satisfaction as hypothesized. The study's findings provide evidence that the quality of foster parent involvement in service planning has a positive effect on job satisfaction. The study also identifies factors that enhance the quality of involvement in service planning and increase the level of foster parent satisfaction.
A CT-based Monte Carlo simulation tool for dosimetry planning and analysis

The Los Alamos code MCNP4A (Monte Carlo N-Particle version 4A) is currently used to simulate a variety of problems ranging from nuclear reactor analysis to boron neutron capture therapy. A graphical user interface has been developed that automatically sets up the MCNP4A geometry and radiation source requirements for a three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation using computed tomography data. The major drawback for this dosimetry system is the amount of time to obtain a statistically significant answer. A specialized patch file has been developed that optimizes photon particle transport and dose scoring within the standard MCNP4A lattice geometry. The transport modifications produce a performance increase (number of histories per minute) of approximately 4.7 based upon a 6 MV point source centered within a 30 x 30 x 30 cm3 lattice water phantom and 1 x 1 x 1 mm3 voxels. The dose scoring modifications produce a performance increase of approximately 470 based upon a tally section of greater than 1 x 10(4) lattice elements and a voxel size of 5 mm3. Homogeneous and heterogeneous benchmark calculations produce good agreement with measurements using a standard water phantom and a high- and low-density heterogeneity phantom. The dose distribution from a typical mediastinum treatment planning setup is presented for qualitative analysis and comparison versus a conventional treatment planning system.
Entanglement of remote atomic qubits

We report observations of entanglement of two remote atomic qubits, achieved by generating an entangled state of an atomic qubit and a single photon at site , transmitting the photon to site in an adjacent laboratory through an optical fiber, and converting the photon into an atomic qubit. Entanglement of the two remote atomic qubits is inferred by performing, locally, quantum state transfer of each of the atomic qubits onto a photonic qubit and subsequent measurement of polarization correlations in violation of the Bell inequality [EQUATION: SEE TEXT]. We experimentally determine [EQUATION: SEE TEXT]. Entanglement of two remote atomic qubits, each qubit consisting of two independent spin wave excitations, and reversible, coherent transfer of entanglement between matter and light represent important advances in quantum information science.
Photosynthesis and respiration of two species of algal symbionts in the Anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt) (Cnidaria; Anthozoa)

Abstract In parts of its range, the anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt) is populated by two different symbiotic algae: zoochlorellae and zooxanthellae. Anemones with exclusively one or the other symbiont were compared under identical conditions. A zooxanthella was about twice the volume and carbon content of a zoochlorella, and contained more chlorophyll. Zooxanthellae population density was 24% less than zoochlorellae, consequently zooxanthellae protein biomass per unit animal was only 58% greater than zoochlorellae. The mitotic index (MI) of zoochlorellae was almost 22 times greater than zooxanthellae, and the diel cell division pattern was asynchronous in both algae. Using duration of cytokinesis times ( t d ) of 28 and 69 h for zooxanthellae and zoochlorellae, respectively, we estimated that zoochlorellae grew eight times faster than zooxanthellae. with a commensurately shorter population doubling time. Zooxanthella respiration was two and a half times and net photosynthesis twice that of a zoochlorella; this coupled with a comparatively low growth rate allows the zooxanthellae population to potentially translocate almost five times as much carbon to its host as do zoochlorellae. The contribution of carbon to animal respiration (CZAR) was estimated at 48% for the zooxanthellate and only 9% for zoochlorellate anemones. It is suggested that these associations may be similar to ancestral symbioses.
Complex Cabibbo angle and CP violation in a class of gauge theories

Abstract A class of gauge theories which incorporate CP violation is discussed. The CP violating effects arise as a consequence of performing a different rotation in the SU(3) space for the left- and right-handed strangeness conserving charged currents. It is suggested that it is possible to understand the smallness of these effects in the K 0 − K 0 system even in the presence of a large relative phase between the left- and right-handed weak currents. The electric dipole moments of hadrons are of fifth order in the semi-weak coupling constant whereas for leptons they are of seventh order. These electric dipole moments are considerably smaller than the experimental upper limits.
Improving teaching on an inpatient pediatrics service: a retrospective analysis of a program change.

The traditional role of the faculty inpatient attending providing clinical care and effectively teaching residents and medical students is threatened by increasing documentation requirements, pressures to increase clinical productivity, and insufficient funding available for medical education. In order to sustain and improve clinical education on a general pediatric inpatient service, we instituted a comprehensive program change. Our program consisted of creating detailed job descriptions, setting clear expectations, and providing salary support for faculty inpatient attending physicians serving in clinical and educational roles. This study was aimed at assessing the impact of this program change on the learners’ perceptions of their faculty attending physicians and learners’ experiences on the inpatient rotations. We analyzed resident and medical student electronic evaluations of both clinical and teaching faculty attending physician characteristics, as well as resident evaluations of an inpatient rotation experience. We compared the proportions of “superior” ratings versus all other ratings prior to the educational intervention (2005–2006, baseline) with the two subsequent years post intervention (2006–2007, year 1; 2007–2008, year 2). We also compared medical student scores on a comprehensive National Board of Medical Examiners clinical subject examination pre and post intervention. When compared to the baseline year, pediatric residents were more likely to rate as superior the quality of didactic teaching (OR=1.7 [1.0-2.8] year 1; OR=2.0 [1.1-3.5] year 2) and attendings’ appeal as a role model (OR=1.9 [1.1-3.3] year 2). Residents were also more likely to rate as superior the quality of feedback and evaluation they received from the attending (OR=2.1 [1.2-3.7] year 1; OR=3.9 [2.2-7.1] year 2). Similar improvements were also noted in medical student evaluations of faculty attendings. Most notably, medical students were significantly more likely to rate feedback on their data gathering and physical examination skills as superior (OR=4.2 [2.0-8.6] year 1; OR=6.4 [3.0-13.6] year 2). A comprehensive program which includes clear role descriptions along with faculty expectations, as well as salary support for faculty in clinical and educational roles, can improve resident and medical student experiences on a general pediatric inpatient service. The authors provide sufficient detail to replicate this program to other settings.
Nanoscale structure in crystalline solid solution alloys

The importance of local structure to the physical properties of alloys is receiving increasing attention. Recent measurements of the short-range nanoscale structure in metallic solid solution alloys reveal both the local chemical order and the chemically sensitive near-neighbor distances. These measurements are made possible by intense and tunable synchrotron X radiation; X-ray energy is adjusted to vary the x-ray scattering contrast between atoms in the solid solution. We discuss the local structures in NilFe binary alloys and compare the observed structures to trends calculatedfrom first principles cluster models that identify the role of the local bonding. The small cluster models are found to exhibit trends in agreement with measured Ni-Fe, Ni-Ni and Fe-Fe near neighbor distances. From the cluster models we infer the mechanisms responsible for the observed average lattice and pair correlation lengths in NiFe alloys.
Assessing Risk for the Onset of Functional Dependence Among Older Adults: The Role of Physical Performance

BACKGROUND: Approximately 10% of nondisabled, community-dwelling adults aged 75 years and older lose independence in basic activities of daily living (ADLs) each year. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether simple tests of physical performance could identify older adults, independent in their basic ADLs, who were at increased risk for the onset of functional dependence. METHODS: Among a representative cohort of 1103 community-dwelling adults aged 72 years and older, we evaluated the 664 subjects who were cognitively intact and independent in their basic ADLs at the baseline interview. All cohort members had undergone a comprehensive assessment, including a battery of qualitative and timed performance tests. The main outcome event was the onset of functional dependence, defined as a new disability in one or more of the seven basic ADLs at the 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Functional dependence developed in 53 (9%) of the 563 subjects who had complete data at the 1-year follow-up. Eight of the 12 qualitative tests and all six of the timed tests were significantly associated (P < .05) with the onset of functional dependence. Both qualitative and timed performance tests demarcated subjects into groups at low and high risk for functional dependence. Four timed tests—chair stands, rapid gait, 360° turn, and bending over—showed a threshold phenomenon, where the rate of new dependence increased slowly with worsening performance until a critical point (or threshold) was reached, and the rate of dependence increased substantially. For timed chair stands, for example, the rates of functional dependence within quarters of worsening performance were 5.3%, 6.3%, 6.7%, and 16%. The risk of functional dependence was markedly elevated (30%-50%) for subjects who were unable to perform the timed tests. CONCLUSIONS: Several simple tests of physical performance were strongly associated with the onset of functional dependence. These results support the potential use of physical performance tests to develop a risk assessment strategy that could identify subgroups of older persons, independent in all ADLs, who are at increased risk for functional dependence.
Use of Recombinant Interferons and Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

The recombinant cytokines are increasingly important therapeutic agents for patients with AIDS. Recombinant interferon-alpha has demonstrated antitumor and antiretroviral activities in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma. Limited studies with interferon-beta suggest that it also has antitumor effects in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, but interferon-gamma appears to be ineffective in controlling this tumor. The hematopoietic growth factors, including erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), have been evaluated in several populations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The combination of G-CSF and recombinant human erythropoietin completely reversed the zidovudine-induced neutropenia of AIDS patients but was only partially effective in reversing anemia. In several clinical trials, GM-CSF induced marked increases in leukocyte counts and improved neutrophil function in some AIDS patients. In severely immunocompromised patients with disease caused by HIV who were receiving therapy with either G-CSF or GM-CSF, opportunistic infections continued to occur despite increases in circulating white blood cell counts. Recombinant cytokines may be used in the future in AIDS patients as adjunctive treatment with myelosuppressive antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs, as a possible means of enhancing host defense, or as agents of immune reconstitution.
Production rate of an isotachic train in displacement chromatography

The shock layer theory permits the derivation of an equation relating the thickness of the shock layer or mixed zone between successive bands in a fully developed isotachic train and the experimental parameters (mobile-phase flow velocity, concentration and retention factor of the displacer, column length, and average particle size of the packing material). It also permits the calculation of the amount of each product contained in this mixed zone. The main assumptions made are the use of the competitive Langmuir isotherm, the identity of axial dispersion coefficients, and the mass-transfer rate constants for different components. These equations make it possible to calculate the production rate and recovery yield achieved with an isotachic train, and to optimize the experimental conditions for maximum production rate. The shock layer thickness increases rapidly and the production rate decreases sharply when α-1 tends toward 0. In agreement with previous experimental results, there are well defined optimum flow velocity and displacer concentrations which vary depending on feed components. This theory permits an easy access to the optimization of these parameters.
Shock Reduction for Electronic Components Within a Projectile

Electronic components within a projectile are subjected to severe loads over extremely short duration. Failure of these components is likely to have negative implications to the projectile or mission. While experimental data can be helpful in understanding the failure phenomena, collecting such data is usually difficult. There are also limitations on the reliability of sensors under these circumstances. Finite element modeling (FEM) can offer a means to better understand the behavior of these components. It can also be used to design better techniques to mitigate the shocks these components are subjected to. A model of a typical projectile and the gun barrel is presented. The projectile is modified to include a payload of a one-pound mass that represents a typical electronic package, which is supported by a plate. The model, which is subjected to a realistic launch pressure-time history, includes the effects of friction between the gun barrel inner surface and the projectile. The effect of the flexibility of the gun barrel on the vibrations of the electronic package is also considered. This paper proposes using a composite plate, with carbon fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix, to reduce the shocks transmitted to the payload. A parametric study of the effects of varying the thickness of the supporting plate and the fiber volume fraction on accelerations and stresses is included.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Seasonal Variation in Female Response to Male Calling Song in the Field Cricket, Gryllus rubens

Conspicuous traits that make males attractive to females may make them vulnerable to predators. Females that approach conspicuous males may increase their risk of predation. This means that selection for reduced male conspicuousness in the presence of predators may be due to sexual selection resulting from altered female behavior in the face of increased predator risk. We examine this hypothesis in the field cricket, Gryllus rubens, in which male calling song attracts both conspecific females for mating and parasitoid flies (Ormia ochracea) which kill their hosts within a week. Female crickets are also parasitized by these flies as a result of associating with calling males. In northern Florida crickets that emerge in the spring are not subject to fly parasitism whereas autumn crickets encounter large numbers of flies. We predicted that autumn females should be less attracted to male song than spring females. We tested female response to male calls in a rectangular arena in which male calling song was broadcast from a speaker. Spring females readily approached the speaker but autumn females were less likely to approach and remain in the vicinity of the speaker. These results emphasize the importance of considering how risk affects the evolution of conspicuous male behavior both directly through its effect on the male and indirectly through its effect on female responses to males.
Electrolytic inferior vena cava model (EIM) of venous thrombosis.

Animal models serve a vital role in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) research in order to study thrombus formation, thrombus resolution and to test potential therapeutic compounds (1). New compounds to be utilized in the treatment and prevention of DVT are currently being developed. The delivery of potential therapeutic antagonist compounds to an affected thrombosed vein has been problematic. In the context of therapeutic applications, a model that uses partial stasis and consistently generates thrombi within a major vein has been recently established. The Electrolytic Inferior vena cava Model (EIM) is mouse model of DVT that permits thrombus formation in the presence of continuous blood flow. This model allows therapeutic agents to be in contact with the thrombus in a dynamic fashion, and is more sensitive than other models of DVT (1). In addition, this thrombosis model closely simulates clinical situations of thrombus formation and is ideal to study venous endothelial cell activation, leukocyte migration, venous thrombogenesis, and to test therapeutic applications (1). The EIM model is technically simple, easily reproducible, creates consistent thrombi sizes and allows for a large sample (i.e. thrombus and vein wall) which is required for analytical purposes.
An area correction method to reduce intrasubject variability in bioequivalence studies.

Purpose. This paper investigates the use of a corrected area (AUCK) to compensate for intrasubject variability in bioequivalence studies. Methods. Using computer simulation, this technique was applied to bioequivalence studies for two drugs. Both drugs exhibit first-order absorption and linear one-compartment disposition kinetics and total elimination by the liver. Drug I has a low intrinsic clearance (Clint) and is not bound to blood components, while Drug II has a high Clint and is highly bound. Two-way crossover trials, each including 24 subjects, were simulated using a spread- sheet program, which also performs ANOVA and provides 90% confidence intervals for Cmax, AUC and AUCK. The intrasubject CV for the parameter of interest was 30%. For all other pharmacokinetic parameters, the intrasubject CVs were 10%. Results. Drug I: With high variability in Clint, AUC's were concluded to be bioequivalent in 335, 303, 222, 102 and 32 of 500 trials for mean difference in % absorbed (ΔA = (Atest -Aref)x100/Aref), -5%, -10%, -15% and -20% respectively. The corresponding numbers of trials that passed for AUCK were 500, 500, 500, 382 and 23. Drug II: With high variability in Clint, 273, 281, 190, 106 and 29 of 500 trials passed for AUC at ΔA of 0%, -5%, -10%, -15% and -20% respectively. The corresponding numbers that passed