cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Pen Size on Stress Responses of Stall-Housed Horses Receiving One Hour of Daily Turnout.

Abstract Group turnout provides important socializing opportunities for horses, particularly those that are primarily stalled. A high percentage of equine injuries occur during group turnout, which could partly be due to the physical constraints of fencing. To investigate appropriate paddock sizes for group turnouts, horses (n = 12) from a single herd were divided into groups of 4, stalled for 24 hours, and then turned out for 1 hour into one of three differently sized pens: 342, 263, and 184 m2 per horse. Groups rotated through pens across 3 days, receiving one treatment per day. Blood was sampled for cortisol concentrations at 08:00 hours each morning, and then at 15 and 60 minutes into the turn out sessions, and 60 minutes after return to individual stalls. Groups rotated through three turnout times: 09:00, 12:00, 14:00 hours. Counts of agonistic behaviors (chasing, contact biting, and kicking) and low-level threats (pinned ears, tail swishing, bite and kick threats) were recorded. When turned out in pens that provided 342 m2 per horse, horses exhibited reduced plasma cortisol concentrations by 15 minutes after turnout and at 1 hour after return to their stalls (P
Shareholder Access to Corporate Books and Records: The Abrogation Debate

This article discusses the analytical and practical problems presented when shareholders who do not meet the state statutory requirements for access to corporate books and records instead request access to such documents under common law theories. In a majority of jurisdictions, courts will grant access pursuant to a common law right even when the statutory requirements are not met. In other words, a majority of jurisdictions reject the notion that state statutory schemes prescribing shareholder inspection rights, comprehensive though they may be, abrogate common law inspection rights.In this article, I demonstrate that the rationales asserted by the majority of jurisdictions that adhere to this policy of non-abrogation of the common law no longer make sense in light of modern books and records statutes and that an abrogation approach is more consistent with legislative intent. Additionally, I present a number of sound policy arguments that support adoption of the position that inspection statutes abrogate common law inspection rights. At the end of the article, I propose some changes to the Model Business Corporation Act that, if adopted, would clarify the confusion surrounding this area of the law and support an abrogation approach going forward in jurisdictions that adopt the change.
Sagittal abdominal diameter and its socioeconomic correlates: perspective of sex differences.

Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) is an anthropometric index associated with visceral adiposity. It remains unclear whether SAD and its socio-economic correlates differ in women and men, which limits the epidemiological and clinical applications of the SAD measurement. The aims of this study are to examine the sex differences in SAD and its socio-economic correlates. A complex stratified multistage clustered sampling design was used to select 6975 men and 7079 women aged 18 years or more from the National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey 2011–2016, representative of the US civilian non-institutionalized population. SAD was measured in accordance to the standard protocols using a two-arm abdominal caliper. The sex differences in SAD and its socio-economic correlates were evaluated by performing weighted independent t tests and weighted multiple regression. SAD was lower in women than in men in the entire sample, as well as in all the subgroups characterized by age, race, birth place, household income, and body mass index except for non-Hispanic blacks and those with household income < $20,000. Adjusted for other characteristics, age, birth place, household income, and body mass index were associated with SAD in both women and men. Black women were associated with higher SAD then white women (p < .0001), and Hispanic and Asian men were associated with lower SAD than white men (both p < .01). Women born in other countries were more likely to have lower SAD than women born in the US (p < .0001), and so were men (p = .0118). Both women and men with a household income of <$75,000 had higher SAD than those with an income of over $75,000. The associations of age, race, and household income with SAD differed in women and men. SAD is lower in women than in men, in the general population as well as in the most socio-economic subgroups. While socio-economic correlates of SAD are similar in women and men, the associations of age, race, and household income with SAD vary across sex.
WOVe: Incorporating Word Order in GloVe Word Embeddings.

Word vector representations open up new opportunities to extract useful information from unstructured text. Defining a word as a vector made it easy for the machine learning algorithms to understand a text and extract information from. Word vector representations have been used in many applications such word synonyms, word analogy, syntactic parsing, and many others. GloVe, based on word contexts and matrix vectorization, is an ef-fective vector-learning algorithm. It improves on previous vector-learning algorithms. However, the GloVe model fails to explicitly consider the order in which words appear within their contexts. In this paper, multiple methods of incorporating word order in GloVe word embeddings are proposed. Experimental results show that our Word Order Vector (WOVe) word embeddings approach outperforms unmodified GloVe on the natural lan-guage tasks of analogy completion and word similarity. WOVe with direct concatenation slightly outperformed GloVe on the word similarity task, increasing average rank by 2%. However, it greatly improved on the GloVe baseline on a word analogy task, achieving an average 36.34% improvement in accuracy.
Bank-Tax Conformity for Corporate Income: An Introduction to the Issues

This paper discusses the issues surrounding the proposals to conform financial accounting income and taxable income. The two incomes diverged in the late 1990s with financial accounting income becoming increasingly greater than taxable income through the year 2000. While the cause of this divergence is not known for certain, many suspect that it is the result of earnings management for financial accounting and/or the tax sheltering of corporate income. Our paper outlines the potential costs and benefits of one of the proposed "fixes" to the divergence: the conforming of the two incomes into one measure. We review relevant research that sheds light on the issues surrounding conformity both in the U.S. as well as evidence from other countries that have more closely aligned book and taxable incomes. The extant empirical literature reveals that it is unlikely that conforming the incomes will reduce the amount of tax sheltering by corporations and that having only one measure of income will result in a loss of information to the capital markets.
Unexpected Implication of SRP and AGO2 in Parkinson’s Disease: Involvement in Alpha-Synuclein Biogenesis

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder classified by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, the region of the brain that is responsible for motor control. Surviving neurons in this region contain aggregated protein alpha-Synuclein (αSyn) in the form of cytoplasmic inclusions, referred to as Lewy bodies. Changes in αSyn expression are also associated with PD and its progression. Previously, we demonstrated that signal recognition particle (SRP) and Argonaute 2 (AGO2) proteins are involved in protein quality control at the ribosome during translation. We also demonstrated that SRP has an mRNA protection function in addition to a protein targeting function, thus controlling mRNA and protein expression. In this study, we tested involvement of these factors in αSyn biogenesis. We hypothesize that loss of these factors may interfere with αSyn expression, and subsequently, be associated with PD. Using depletion assays in human cell culture and analysis of these proteins in the brains of deceased PD patients, we demonstrate that SRP and AGO2 are involved in the control of αSyn expression and AGO2 has reduced expression in PD. We show for the first time that SRP is involved in mRNA protection of αSyn, a protein that does not have a signal sequence or transmembrane span. Our findings suggest that SRP may interact with a hydrophobic domain in the middle of αSyn during translation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling αSyn biogenesis in cells is vital to developing preventative therapies against PD.
A novel approach to asynchronous, decentralized decision-making in military command and control

This paper proposes a novel asynchronous, decentralized decision-making algorithm for military command and control. Unlike centralized command and control, in the proposed approach, all entities-infantry, tanks, and aircrafts, of the system are granted significant autonomy, subject to strict guidelines and directives, and provided with the necessary computing power, intelligence gathering facilities, communications gear, and decision-making aids. The overall decision task is distributed among these entities. As a result, every entity's execution is asynchronous, concurrent and autonomous, leading to efficient and fast decision making. The ability to model is made possible by the fact that the transfer of discrete data, geographically-dispersed decision-making entities, asynchronously generated stimuli, and the presence of feedback in the data transfer process are the properties of asynchronous, distributed discrete-event simulation algorithm. This paper also presents an implementation of the proposed approach on a testbed of 40+SUN sparc workstations, configured as a loosely-coupled parallel processor and performance results for different scenarios. >
A comparison of dental restoration outcomes after placement by restorative function auxiliaries versus dentists.

Objectives: To compare the outcomes of restorations placed by restorative function auxiliaries (RFAs) with those placed by dentists. Methods: Between July 1, 2007, and June 30, 2008, we matched 455 restorations placed by RFAs working at HealthPartners Dental Group with the same number placed by dentists. Restorations were matched by tooth number, American Dental Association procedure code, and patient age-group. Results: Of 910 restorations, 17 (1.9 percent) had problems potentially related to the filling or crown placement during the first year. Problem rates were not significantly different (p = 0.33) for restorations placed by RFAs (1.3 percent, 6 of 455) and those placed by dentists (2.4 percent, 11 of 455). Conclusions: There was no significant difference in problem rates for restorations placed by RFAs versus those placed by dentists. This finding may free dentists to handle more difficult cases, alleviating some of the pressures of daily practice and meeting the need for improved access.
Correlation between Lack of Receptacle Growth in Response to Auxin and Accumulation of a Specific Polypeptide in a Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) Variant Genotype

Receptacle growth in strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv. Ozark Beauty) occurred after either pollination or auxin treatment. In a strawberry variant genotype (Washington State University Selection No. 12/13), pollination did not lead to receptacle growth but application of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at anthesis resulted in normal receptacle growth. The receptacles of Ozark Beauty retained their ability to respond to auxin at least up to 36 days after anthesis. However, delay of auxin application to the receptacles of the variant genotype resulted in decreased auxin-responsive growth and auxin application after the 10th day of anthesis led to very little growth. The loss of auxin-responsive growth of the receptacle of the variant genotype was not associated with any loss of auxin binding activity of receptacle membranes. If auxin was not supplied to the receptacles of the variant genotype at anthesis, the receptacles did not grow and a polypeptide of 52,000 M r accumulated. Application of NAA to the receptacles of the variant genotype at anthesis or on the fifth day after anthesis resulted in the growth of the receptacle and the 52,000 Mr polypeptide did not accumulate. Application of NAA to the receptacles of the variant genotype on the 10th or the 15th day after anthesis led to very little growth of the receptacle and the 52,000 M r polypeptide accumulated to high levels. These results suggested a correlation between the lack of receptacle growth in response to auxin and accumulation of the 52,000 M r polypeptide.
Influence of sulphur nutrition on leaf morphology.

IN connexion with certain experiments dealing with the influence of sulphur nutrition on tobacco mosaic virus, the number of local lesions per unit leaf area was used as the criterion of susceptibility to the virus. The procedure involved the rubbing of a suspension of the virus on selected leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa, the test plant.
Modeling of Heat Transfer in Nanoscale Multilayer Solid-State Structures

Modeling of heat transfer in nanoscale multilayer solid-state structures is presented in this article to seek a potential design of thermoelectric materials. The phonon radiative heat conduction equation is used to describe the heat transport behavior in nanoscale multilayer solid-state structures and the diffuse mismatch model is utilized to simulate the interface condition between two dissimilar materials. In this paper, the thermal conductivity of thin film superlattices, nano wire superlattices and nano tube superlattices were calculated. Then, size effects on the performance of thermoelectric micro coolers were examined in detail. The results show that the effective thermal conductivity of thermoelectric materials in superlattice structures decreases as the layer thickness decreases. In addition, the thermal conductivities of nano wire and nano tube superlattices are less than that of thin film superlattices when they have the same layer thickness. It is noted that the restriction on the radial direction not only decreases the thermal conductivity in radial direction but also in axial direction. Thus, nano wire and nano tube superlattices are potential materials for high performance thermoelectric devices.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Effect of carbon addition and predation on acetate-assimilating bacterial cells in groundwater.

Groundwater microbial community dynamics are poorly understood due to the challenges associated with accessing subsurface environments. In particular, microbial interactions and their impact on the subsurface carbon cycle remain unclear. In the present project, stable isotope probing with uniformly labeled [13C]-acetate was used to identify metabolically active and inactive bacterial populations based on their ability to assimilate acetate and/or its metabolites. Furthermore, we assessed whether substrate availability (bottom–up control) or grazing mortality (top–down control) played a greater role in shaping bacterial community composition by separately manipulating the organic carbon supply and the protozoan grazer population. A community fingerprinting technique, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, revealed that the bacterial community was not affected by changes in acetate availability but was significantly altered by the removal of protozoan grazers. In silico identification of terminal restriction fragments and 16S rRNA gene sequences from clone libraries revealed a bacterial community dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Elucidation of the factors that structure the bacterial community will improve our understanding of the bacterial role in the carbon cycle of this important subterranean environment.
Plasma polymerized hydrogel thin films

Abstract Plasma polymerization was used to produce thermoresponsive hydrogel films of N -isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) in a single deposition step. Solvent free processing to produce laterally confined intelligent hydrogel films offers the potential for high volume production of micro-sensors/actuators. Through variation of reactor conditions such as deposition pressure and substrate temperature, it is possible to tailor and control chemical properties of the films such as crosslink density and thus swelling. Fabrication of hydrogel thin films with adequate crosslinks is critical to ensuring adhesion to substrates and stability in aqueous environments. Chemical bonding structures in plasma polymerized NIPAAm were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the thermoresponsive nature of plasma polymerized NIPAAm was confirmed through contact angle goniometry. A reversible temperature dependent contact angle change was observed.
Ernie Pyle's War: America's Eyewitness to World War II

When a machine-gun bullet ended the life of war correspondent Ernie Pyle in the final days of World War II, Americans mourned him in the same breath as they mourned Franklin Roosevelt. To millions, the loss of this American folk hero seemed nearly as great as the loss of the wartime president. If the hidden horrors and valor of combat persist at all in the public mind, it is because of those writers who watched it and recorded it in the faith that war is too important to be confined to the private memories of the warriors. Above all these writers, Ernie Pyle towered as a giant. Through his words and his compassion, Americans everywhere gleaned their understanding of what they came to call "The Good War". Pyle walked a troubled path to fame. Though insecure and anxious, he created a carefree and kindly public image in his popular prewar column-- all the while struggling with inner demons and a tortured marriage. War, in fact, offered Pyle an escape hatch from his own personal hell. It also offered him a subject precisely suited to his talent-- a shrewd understanding of human nature, an unmatched eye for detail, a profound capacity to identify with the suffering soldiers whom he adopted as his own, and a plain yet poetic style reminiscent of Mark Twain and Will Rogers. These he brought to bear on the Battle of Britain and all the great American campaigns of the war-- North Africa, Sicily, Italy, D-Day and Normandy, the liberation of Paris, and finally Okinawa, where he felt compelled to go because of his enormous public stature despite premonitions of death. In this immensely engrossing biography, affectionate yet critical, journalist and historian James Tobin does an Ernie Pyle job on Ernie Pyle, evoking perfectly the life and labors of this strange, frail, bald little man whose love/hate relationship to war mirrors our own. Based on dozens of interviews and copious research in little-known archives, "Ernie Pyle's War" is a self-effacing tour de force. To read it is to know Ernie Pyle, and most of all, to know his war.
Monsoon Dynamics with Interactive Forcing. Part I: Axisymmetric Studies

The applicability of axisymmetric theory of angular momentum conserving circulations to the large-scale steady monsoon is studied in a general circulation model with idealized representations of continental geometry and simple physics. Results from an aquaplanet setup with localized subtropical forcing are compared with a continental case. It is found that the meridional circulation that develops is close to angular momentum conserving for cross-equatorial circulation cells, both in the aquaplanet and in the continental cases. The equator proves to be a substantial barrier to boundary layer meridional flow; flow into the summer hemisphere from the winter hemisphere tends to occur in the free troposphere rather than in the boundary layer. A theory is proposed to explain the location of the monsoon; assuming quasiequilibrium, the poleward boundary of the monsoon circulation is collocated with the maximum in subcloud moist static energy, with the monsoon rains occurring near and slightly equatorward of this maximum. The model results support this theory of monsoon location, and it is found that the subcloud moist static energy distribution is determined by a balance between surface forcing and advection by the large-scale flow.
The Peace Corps: A New Learning Situation

THE Peace Corps prides itself on its "voluntary" character. This extends beyond the volunteer himself, and permeates all aspects of the enterprise. For example, countries "volunteer" to accept Peace Corps projects-we do not go into a country unless we are invited. Similarly, universities "volunteer" to undertake the training of volunteers-we do not go to a university that has not expressed a desire to participate. I think it can be said that neither the volunteer himself, nor the country that invites him, nor the university that trains him can fully foresee what they are getting involved in. Yet, whatever their respective initial motivations may be, they are soon caught up in an enterprise with much broader implications than they mayhave imagined. There is no question but what the volunteer himself is changed in many obvious and subtle ways by his Peace Corps service; it is also hoped that his service in a host nation has made some mark, no matter how small. Less obvious is the fact that the presence of a Peace Corps project on a university campus can have a considerable impact on that campus. This impact may, in fact, be broader than we realize, and may be particularly relevant to a variety of current educational developments. The Peace Corps may be looked upon as a vast new educational experiment. Certainly for the volunteers themselves, their two years of service constitute a formidable learning experience. These two years begin with at least three months of specially designed training by a university and are frequently followed by some form of continuing education and professional support throughout the service. Beyond this, the service itself surely constitutes education in a wholly new setting for learning. It occurs in remote village classrooms in Ghana, hospitals in Malaya and Tanganyika, the rural valleys of Nepal, or the barrios of the Philippines. The Peace Corps was not formally designed as an educational experiment. Its most publicized objective was simply to provide middlelevel manpower for developing countries which requested it. Less well-known were the second and third objectives stated in the Peace Corps Act. These specified that the Peace Corps should provide an opportunity for Americans to learn about other people, and for other people to learn about Americans. These objectives identify Peace Corps service as reciprocal learning experience, and make it a legitimate concern of American educators. The design and conduct of training programs for over 200 different jobs in 45 remote countries have necessitated an unprecedented effort on the part of American education. It is not at all surprising that this effort should yield lessons of broad significance to education. The most notable immediate characteristic
Differences and similarities in development of drinking behavior between alcoholic offspring of alcoholics and alcoholic offspring of non-alcoholics

Self-reported initial, early, and long-term drinking behaviors, experiences, and consequences were obtained from male alcoholics completing inpatient treatment. Subjects were recruited and selected on the basis that they met DSM-III criteria for diagnosis of alcohol dependency and that their biological fathers were alcoholic (FHP; Family History Positive) or that they had no biological family history of alcoholism (FHN; Family History Negative). Results indicated that FHP subjects rated their initial taste of beer higher than FHN subjects, that FHP subjects began tasting and subsequently regularly drinking alcohol at an earlier age than FHN subjects and that there was significantly shorter elapsed time between initiating regular drinking and developing alcoholic-symptomatic problems in living among FHP alcoholics than FHN alcoholics. Although there were a few other significant differences, the drinking-behavioral histories of the two groups were remarkably similar and parallel. Taken together, results suggest that familial risk factors primarily influence the rate at which alcoholic drinking and alcoholism develop, rather than the form or pattern of alcoholic drinking.
Characterization of dyestuffs in ancient textiles from Xinjiang

Extraordinarily well-preserved organic remains from mortuary and settlement sites, including mummified bodies, are scattered along the outer, oasis-laden rim of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang Province, China, ranging in date from about 1400 BC to the late first millennium BC. Specimens of textile finds from Charchan, dated at about 1000 BC were selected for dye analysis using newly developed protocols employing high performance liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric and mass spectrometric detection. A single blue (from an indigo plant), a red (from madder, a Rubia species) and two yellow dyes were detected, although the exact plant source for none of them could be identified with certainty. This research offers new insights in the interpretation of textile finds from prehistoric Xinjiang, and more generally, of early Bronze Age Eurasia.
Question 3 Ketamine or midazolam: does it matter which?

A 7-year-old boy presents to the emergency department having sustained a laceration to his forearm after playing pirates with his brother using kitchen knives. He has no other injuries but the laceration requires suturing. He is, unsurprisingly, not keen on the idea of stitches and is very upset and won't co-operate. Midazolam and ketamine are commonly used sedative agents; which would be preferable in this emergency room scenario? In children with simple lacerations requiring suturing [patient], is midazolam [intervention] more effective than ketamine [comparison] in achieving adequate sedation [outcome]? ### Primary sources MEDLINE was searched from 1950 to November 2008 and EMBASE from 1980 to week 51 2008 via the OVID interface. The advanced search mode was used with the terms (‘midazolam’ and ‘ketamine’) and (‘suturing’ or ‘laceration’). Limits were: MEDLINE, ‘all child 0–18 years’ and EMBASE, ‘child ‘. ### Secondary sources The Cochrane Library was searched using the search terms ‘midazolam’ and ‘ketamine’. ### Outcome The search of MEDLINE revealed 15 papers, three of which were relevant. EMBASE yielded 24 articles with one additional relevant article. No other papers were identified in The Cochrane Library, but all four relevant papers were listed on the Cochrane register of trials (see table 1). Emergency departments are often presented with children requiring minor …
Embedded predictive modeling in a parallel relational database

A methodology for embedding predictive modeling algorithms in a commercial parallel database is described; specifically, the parallel editions of IBM DB2 Universal Database, although many aspects of the overall approach can be used with other commercial parallel databases. This parallelization approach was implemented in the Version 8.2 release of DB2 Intelligent Miner Modeling to support a new predictive modeling algorithm called Transform Regression. This database-embedded mining algorithm provides all the usual benefits, including easier integration into large enterprise applications, the ability to perform entire data mining workflows directly from an SQL-based programming interface, reduced data transfer costs between the database and the data mining application, and faster, parallel data access during query processing. However, in addition to the these benefits, a significant part of the data mining computations are also parallelized without the use of any sophisticated parallel programming constructs, or any specialized message passing and parallel synchronization libraries.
meaning and context: a study of contextual shifts in meaning of Maasai personality descriptors

This paper deals with the dynamics of personality perception in an age-graded social system. Utilizing marking theory, tests of judged similarities, multidimensional scaling, and Maasai ethnography, we examine differential patterns of personality trait organization across age and sex contrasts.
Mach 6 testing of two generic three-dimensional sidewall compression scramjet inlets in tetrafluoromethane

Three-dimensional sidewall compression scramjet inlets with leading edge sweeps of 30 and 70 degrees have been tested in the Langley Hypersonic CF4 Tunnel at Mach 6 and a ratio of specific heats of 1.2. The effects of cowl position, contraction ratio, and Reynolds number were investigated. The models were instrumented with 42 static pressure orifices distributed on the sidewalls, baseplate, and cowl. Schlieren movies were made of each test for flow visualization of the entrance plane and cowl region. In order to obtain an approximate characterization of the flow field, a modification to two-dimensional inviscid oblique shock theory was derived to accommodate the three-dimensional effects of leading edge sweep. This theory qualitatively predicted the reflected shock structure/sidewall impingement locations and the observed increase in spillage (flow upturning) with increasing leading edge sweep. The primary effect of moving the cowl forward is capturing the flow which would have otherwise spilled out ahead of the cowl. Increasing the contraction ratio (moving the sidewalls closer together) increases the number of internal shock reflections and hence incrementally increases the sidewall pressure distribution. Significant Reynolds number effects were noted over a small range of Reynolds number.
Compensated linac beam colliding with a stored beam

Abstract The disruptive effect of a linac beam on a beam circulating in a storage ring can be reduced by compensating for the space charge of the linac beam with a beam which is oppositely charged, may have different bunchlength as well as lower energy, and need not be circulating in a storage ring.
Do centrioles contain ribosomes

Centrioles induced via a number of parthenogenetic agents regularly reveal the presence of one or more granules within their central cores. Though not a new discovery, these centriolar granules have carefully been re-evaluated here. Considering various criteria, it is proposed that these granules are intra-centriolar ribosomes. More specifically, they are more comparable to 705 ribosomes than to 805 cytoribosomes. The data suggest that within the lumen of centrioles, certain centriolar proteins are synthesized on ribosomes that may be uniquely centriolar.
Behavioral Asset Allocation for Foundations and Endowments

The behavioral asset allocation framework developed for individual investors can help foundation and endowment trustees become more comfortable with "uncomfortable" asset classes that would help overall portfolio efficiency. Eleemosynary investment, particularly at smaller charities, is typified by convention and conservatism. The behavioral asset allocation approach helps overcome this tendency by decomposing the total portfolio into timeline-based subportfolios that look to secure the nonprofit's payouts for many years and isolates the "uncomfortable" assets in the longest-term subportfolios. We advance and apply the behavioral asset allocation framework in a new context, yet one relevant for high-net-worth individuals with charitable intent.
Role of platelet factors and serum complement in growth of fibroblasts with high-affinity Clq complement receptors.

Cultures of human diploid fibroblasts are heterogeneous in that a subpopulation interacts via high-affinity receptors with the globular head regions of the C1q complement protein. Growth and synthetic properties of these cells are characteristic of cells residing in healing wounds and inflammatory lesions. At these sites, fibroblasts are exposed to regulatory molecules such as complement components and factors released from blood platelets. We assessed the effects of native complement proteins and platelet-derived factors on proportions and phenotypic stability of high-affinity and low-affinity receptor cells generated from explants of adult and embryonic connective tissue, using radioligand binding assays and immunofluorescence analysis by flow cytometry. Fibroblasts expressing high-affinity C1q receptors could be generated from explants only when factors from platelets were present in the medium; native complement proteins were not essential. High-affinity receptor cells could be generated only from tissue; they could not be generated by incubating cultures of the low-affinity receptor phenotype in medium containing platelet-derived factors. High-affinity receptor cells, once established from explants in the presence of platelet-derived factors, persisted through many replications in the absence of platelets. We obtained the same fibroblast phenotypes from embryonic skin as from adult gingiva, but the proportion of high-affinity receptor cells from skin was much greater. We conclude that factors derived from platelets are essential for generating cultures containing fibroblasts expressing high-affinity C1q receptors, but not for their maintenance. High-affinity receptor cells may comprise a rapidly dividing subpopulation giving rise only to like progeny or to other, more differentiated cells.
A temperature-sensitive mutation of the vaccinia virus E11 gene encoding a 15-kDa virion component.

Abstract The ts 49 mutation of vaccinia virus WR was mapped by marker rescue to the E11 gene encoding a 15-kDa polypeptide. During synchronous infection of BSC40 cells with wild-type virus, immunoreactive E11 protein accumulated in parallel with the onset of late protein synthesis. Immunoblotting of extracts of wild-type virions showed that the E11 protein was encapsidated within the virus core. A normal temporal pattern of viral protein synthesis was observed in cells infected with ts 49 at the nonpermissive temperature (40°) and normal-appearing ts 49 progeny virions were observed by electron microscopy. Sequencing of the E11 gene of ts 49 revealed a single amino acid substitution, Gly(66)Arg, in the mutant E11 polypeptide. The steady-state level of E11 protein during ts 49 infection was much lower than that observed during infection with wild-type virus. This was the case at both the permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. We discuss two possible explanations for the thermosensitive growth of ts 49: (i) that virus infectivity requires a threshold level of active E11 protein or (ii) that E11 function is conditionally essential.
The Problem of Deep Competitors and the Pursuit of Epistemically Utopian Truths

According to standard scientific realism, science seeks truth and we can justifiably believe that our successful theories achieve, or at least approximate, that goal. In this paper, I discuss the implications of the following competitor thesis: Any theory we may favor has competitors such that we cannot justifiably deny that they are approximately true. After defending that thesis, I articulate three specific threats it poses for standard scientific realism; one is epistemic, the other two are axiological (that is, pertaining to the claim that science seeks truth). I also flag an additional axiological “challenge,” that of how one might justify the pursuit of a primary aim, such as truth. Bracketing epistemic realism, I argue that the axiological threats can be addressed by embracing a refined realist axiological hypothesis, one that specifies a specific subclass of true claims sought in science. And after identifying three potential responses to the axiological “challenge,” I contend that, while standard axiological realism appears to lack the resources required to utilize any of the responses, the refined realist axiology I embrace is well suited to each.
Effects of Caffeine on the Metabolic Stimulation of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes During Phagocytosis

SummaryThe effects of caffeine sodium benzoate on glucose utilization, hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP), and oxygen consumption of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) during phagocytosis were studed. The stimulation of HMP during phagocytosis was depressed when the dose of caffeine was in the range of 0.5-1.0 mg/ml. Caffeine doses of 1.0 mg/ml, or greater, depressed the HMP shunt significantly during phagocytosis; whereas the glucose utilization was affected less. The stimulation of oxygen consumption by latex particles was terminated with a caffeine dose of 0.5 mg/ml. No stimulation occurred if the same dosage was used before the addition of latex particles. Control experiments with glucose and sodium benzoate did not change the HMP shunt and glucose utilization during phagocytosis. The data presented indicate that the preferential effect of caffeine during phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes is the inhibition of the direct oxidation of glucose via the HMP shunt. Caffeine inhibits the stimulation...
Characterization and management of paraesophageal hernias in children after antireflux operation

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the important factors in the development and subsequent treatment of postoperative paraesophageal hernia (PPEH). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in 464 consecutive children (ages 3 days to 18 years) for PPEH after a primary antireflux operation performed at a Children's Hospital and University Hospital between 1985 and 1997. All operations included a crural repair, but the Nissen fundoplication was performed with (n = 162) and without (n = 70) plication of the esophagus to the crus at 3 points. Patients with and without PPEH were compared with respect to the type of antireflux operation, the patient's age at operation, and the preoperative and postoperative clinical courses. A preoperative corrected gastric emptying value was obtained from a radionuclide gastric emptying study in 289 patients. The treatment of PPEH also was examined. Results: The incidence of PPEH in our patients was 4.5% (21 of 464). Although there was a lower incidence of PPEH in patients with crural plication compared with patients without crural plication during Nissen fundoplication (5 of 162, 3% v 7 of 70, 10%; P = .035), 2 patients with crural plication had a postoperative esophageal leak. Patients with PPEH had a significantly increased prevalence of gagging before the initial antireflux operation compared with patients without PPEH (3 of 21, 14.3% v 7 of 443, 1.6%; P = .007). A higher prevalence of slow corrected gastric emptying preoperatively also was seen in patients with PPEH compared with patients without PPEH (8 of 15, 53% v 79 of 274, 29%; P = .046). The prevalences of central nervous system disease, young age ( Conclusions: Patients who have gagging or slow corrected gastric emptying before an antireflux operation are at higher risk for a postoperative paraesophageal hernia. Patients with a small postoperative paraesophageal hernia can be treated nonoperatively. Crural plication of the esophagus during Nissen fundoplication reduces the occurrence of postoperative paraesophageal hernia, but also may result in significant morbidity.
The effects of relaxation response training on menopausal symptoms.

The specific aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of elicitation of the relaxation response for the treatment of menopausal hot flashes and concurrent psychological symptoms. The volunteer sample consisted of 33 women, between the ages of 44 and 66 years, who were in general good health, with a minimum of 6 months without a menstrual period, experiencing at least five hot flashes per 24-h, and not using hormone replacement therapy. The setting was an outpatient clinic in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The interventions used were relaxation response training and an attention-control group and a daily symptom diary measuring both the frequency and intensity of hot flashes, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Profile of Mood Scale (POMS) were the measures used. This was a randomized, controlled, prospective study. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups (relaxation response, reading, or control) for the 10-week study. The first 3 weeks of baseline mea...
Eigenclass sum rules in multi-step compound reactions☆

In a doorway model of pre-compound reactions (such as the exciton model), the fine-structure levels of Bohr's compound-nucleus model are generalized to include one or more classes of doorway states, through which flux percolates during the relaxation of the system toward equilibrium. In the 1-class model (i.e., normal compound-nucleus model) with Γ ⪢ D, Wiedenmuller and collaborators have noted the unitarity sum rule ΣcTc=2πΓcorrD. W show that, in the N-class case, N sum rules of analogous form exist, one for each eigenclass.
THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE ON EXPERIMENTALLY PRODUCED ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA IN THE GUINEA PIG1

DURING the past several years the male sex hormone, testosterone, has been shown to have several definite effects when administered to the female (1-4). We have been most interested in the clinical reports of success' ful results obtained by the empirical use of testosterone in cases of functional uterine bleeding (5, 6, 7). The present study was undertaken in an effortto obtain information concerning the mechanism involved in the inhibition of bleeding which results from the administration of testosterone to women with functional menstrual disorders. In this study the effect of the simulta'neous administration of theelin and testosterone upon the hyperplastic endo'metrium of the guinea pig has been investigated and the effects producedby this treatment have been compared to those produced upon the hyperplastic endometrium by testosterone alone, theelin alone, and theelin withdrawal. Thirty-five young adult castrate female guinea pigs were injected with 6.5 i.u. of theelin2 for40 days in order to produce ...
Magnetic response of the Yang-Mills vacuum☆

Abstract A steady external chromatic current of uniform magnitude is used to perturb the vacuum state of a Yang-Mills field. In a gaussian approximation, the Faddeev-Popov determinant and leading higher-order magnetic terms are found to give strongly diamagnetic effects. It is shown that for this problem, the hypersphere S 3 provides some remarkable simplicities relative to the more conventional rectangular box T 3 , and allows a careful examination of infra-red properties. On S 3 , a uniform current generates a uniform magnetic field, and the Landau states in such a field can be expressed in a simple closed form.
The Faulty Three-Legged-Stool Model of Sustainable Development

Solutions to the many environmental problems facing humanity can only be effective if they are based on sound science, that is, on what we believe to be “true” to the best of our knowledge. These “truths” may be improved upon as research provides new insights, and when that occurs we can modify our solutions accordingly. However, natural laws provide the inviolate foundation on which effective solutions rest, and we ignore them at our peril. To build on a foundation of science, we also have to change the way we think. To paraphrase Einstein, we can’t solve today’s problems with the same thought processes that created the problems in the first place. This change has to come about not only in the way we solve problems but also in the way we as a species relate to the biosphere and the other organisms that share the planet with us. We often develop models as metaphors to describe some new understanding of a problem because they organize and simplify our understanding and suggest a seemingly reasonable way of solving it. As a result, the models are often “picked up” and used without the benefit of much consideration. Before long, they can become part of the mythology of the culture. This isn’t necessarily bad. If a model is well thought out and accurate, it can be an effective way to encourage people to recognize faulty concepts, which could help shift their thinking. If the model itself is faulty, however, the fact that it sounds reasonable may do more harm than good. Used repeatedly, it attains the status of fact when, in reality, it is simply another myth. Here we discuss a current model for sustainable development that we believe is based on faulty science and faulty logic. As such, it perpetuates an even older myth that the environment is something apart from humanity, humanity’s economy, and its social well-being. We do not discuss whether sustainable development itself is an oxymoronic concept. We do assume that sustainable development represents a real change in the way humans choose to live so that the viability and subsistence of all living species and their places are ensured.
Sharpening the Stinger: Tuning KillerBee for Critical Infrastructure Warwalking

Wireless mesh networks are increasingly incorporated into systems recognized as critical infrastructure, including hospitals and smart electrical grids. The Killer Bee exploitation framework is a package of open source tools used to locate, analyze, and disrupt IEEE 802.15.4 low rate networks in these critical systems. Penetration testers use the tool named zbfind to rapidly locate wireless transmitters, estimating distance from received signal strength. Recent work demonstrates that the transmitter distance estimation model in the initial zbfind release is highly inaccurate. Results herein strongly suggest that the Atmel RZUSB stick is a viable hardware platform for zbfind war walking, but that CC2420-based boards are inadequate. This work also demonstrates improved distance estimation models for locating transmitters in hospitals and in smart utility meters while on foot (i.e., War walking). A distance estimation model fitted to data collected in a military hospital is shown to also improve accuracy against an operational ZigBee mesh network in a civilian hospital. Outdoor war walking necessitates different model parameters than used indoors, so this work also demonstrates a distance estimation model for use against smart utility meters.
Moderate-Temperature Geothermal Resources Beneath Atlantic Coastal Plain: ABSTRACT

The most promising geothermal resource in the eastern United States is warm water stored in the permeable sediments of Cretaceous and younger age beneath the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Optimum sites for high gradients are locations where the heat flow is high and sediment thermal conductivity is low. Low conductivity is characteristic of most of the Coastal Plain sediments. Heat flow in the eastern United States varies from about 33 mW/m2 to 100 mW/m2. All variations in heat flow in the eastern United States are caused either by differences in the concentrations of the heat-producing isotopes of uranium, thorium, and potassium in crystalline rocks, or by differences in thickness of heat-producing crystalline rocks. The highest concentrations of heat-producing elements, and the highest heat flows, are in the relatively young (ca. 300 m.y.) unmetamorphosed granite stocks and batholiths. Similar granites also are present in the southeast in the basement beneath the Coastal Plain. Thus, optimum sites for the development of moderate-temperature geothermal resources beneath the Coastal Plain require a knowledge of the (1) distribution and thickness of heat-producing granites in the basement, (2) thermal conductivity and thickness of sediments above basement, and (3) nature and extent of aquifers in the sediments above basement. A site for the first deep geothermal test on the Atlantic Coastal Plain was chosen at Crisfield, Maryland. A temperature of 57°C was found at a depth of 1.26 km. Economic analyses at this site and elsewhere by the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University, aquifer pump tests, and numerical modeling of the thermal lifetime of a reservoir suggest that geothermal energy may be an important resource at some locations on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1660------------