cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of a single spinal cord demyelinated lesion predicts total lesion load, axonal loss, and neurological dysfunction in a murine model of multiple sclerosis

Infection of susceptible mice with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus results in neurological dysfunction from progressive central nervous system demyelination that is pathologically similar to the human disease, multiple sclerosis. We hypothesized that the development of neuropathology proceeds down a final common pathway that can be accurately quantified within a single spinal cord lesion. To test this hypothesis, we conducted quantitative ultrastructural analyses of individual demyelinated spinal cord lesions from chronically infected mice to determine whether pathological variables assessed within a single lesion accurately predicted global assessments of morphological and functional disease course. Within lesions we assessed by electron microscopy the frequencies of normally myelinated, remyelinated, and demyelinated axons, as well as degenerating axons and intra-axonal mitochondria. The frequency of medium and large remyelinated fibers within a single lesion served as a powerful indicator of axonal preservation and correlated with preserved neurological function. The number of degenerating axons and increased intra-axonal mitochondria also correlated strongly with global measures of disease course, such as total lesion load, spinal cord atrophy, and neurological function. This is the first study to demonstrate that functional severity of disease course is evident within a single demyelinated lesion analyzed morphometrically at the ultrastructural level.
Effect of Select LENS™ Processing Parameters on the Deposition of Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™) is a rapid prototyping technology that can build complex, three-dimensional geometries in metal. It converts STL files to metal prototypes by slicing the file into two-dimensional layers of user-defined thickness and superimposing successive layers as they are built. The user must choose the layer thickness when slicing the file and must match the deposition to keep the laser in focus throughout the build—large mismatches can cause the build to fail. Because deposition is primarily controlled by build parameters, designed experiments are used to study the effect of select process parameters on deposition for Ti-6Al-4V. A simple relation between these build parameters and deposition is developed, using experimental results to determine empirical constants. Experimental results suggest that deposition can be related to the product of mass flow rate and energy per unit area through a power relationship, and could prove useful in estimating an appropriate layer thickness.
CHARGE-TRANSFER IN LOW-ENERGY COLLISIONS OF HE-2+ AND LI-3+ WITH VARIOUS NEUTRAL ATOMS

Charge-transfer cross sections for ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{3+}$ colliding with H, He, Li, Be, B, C, Ne, Na, Mg, Ar, K, Ca, and Cs have been calculated using the Landau-Zener model over the velocity range ${10}^{7}$-${10}^{8}$ cm/sec. In these collisions, electron capture occurs predominantly into excited states of the product ion, ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$ or ${\mathrm{Li}}^{2+}$. Laser-gain calculations have also been made for consideration of a possible short-wavelength laser.
Iraq: The Exception to the Rule

Iraq may be a unique case. No president can afford to advocate a major change in Iraq policy. Washington needs policies now for the time when change comes to Iraq, for it will come unannounced and undeterred by outside events.
Long-spacing fibrous collagen in human acoustic nerve tumors. In vivo and in vitro observations

An ultrastructural study of 50 human acoustic nerve tumors was made in vivo and in cell culture. A banded fusiform fiber with a macro-period of about 1200 A was found in the intercellular space of the solid part of these tumors. The same type of fiber was found in the intercellular space of the cultured cells. The intercellular space, both in vivo and in vitro, contained large amounts of fine nonperiodic fibrillary material and of basement membranes. A direct relationship between the basement membrane, the fibrillary material, and the banded fibers was thought to exist. This was correlated with a low content of native fibrous collagen fibers. It was postulated that the fusiform banded fibers are constantly found in acoustic nerve tumors, and that the fibers are a special form of fibrous long-spacing collagen.
Drag Reduction of a Cylinder/Endwall Junction Using the Iceformation Method

The iceformation design method was used to reduce the drag of a juncture between a cylinder and flat endwall. Ice was formed on a subfreezing flat endwall in a warmer laminar water flow. The ice shape was influenced by and altered the three-dimensional separated boundary layer and the cylinder wake. Preliminary experiments were used to indicate control parameter relationships. An adaptive selection theory was used to determine optimal control parameters. A sample optimal contour was generated and tested for juncture drag performance. High Reynolds number wind tunnel drag tests showed that the iceform contour had an average of 18 percent lower drag than a flat plate juncture given the same upstream boundary layer conditions. Flow visualizations showed that the iceform contour produced three larger diameter vortices compared to the laminar four vortex model of Baker (1979).
Sensory Evaluation of Unsalted French Fries Using Peanut Oil Versus Unsalted French Fries Using Canola Oil

Growth in fast food consumption has contributed to weight gain among Americans. This has led to an increase in cardiovascular disease and other diseases associated with being overweight. Some evidence suggests that substituting canola oil for other oils when preparing foods may be nutritionally beneficial. This study compared the sensory characteristics/oil degradation of high oleic canola oil and peanut oil. The study showed high oleic canola oil to be a particularly strong alternative for those seeking to switch to an oil that offers greater nutritional benefits without compromising the appearance, flavor, taste or texture of the foods being prepared.
Descriptive Model for the Magnetic Behavior of Au-Fe Alloys

Antiferromagnetic Au-Fe alloys acquire a ferromagnetic character, i.e., demonstrate remanence, possess a positive Curie $\ensuremath{\theta}$, etc., in the presence of an external field. A phenomenological model is presented which purports to describe the mixed magnetic behavior of these alloys. The model satisfactorily reconciles M\"ossbauer and magnetization results and provides an insight into the nature of the magnetic order.
Direct observation of optical magnetism from a dielectric resonator metamaterial using time-domain spectroscopy in the mid-infrared

We use phase-locked time-domain spectroscopy in the mid-infrared to directly demonstrate the “infrared magnetic mirror” behavior of an all-dielectric metamaterial. This metamaterial surface consists of micron-sized cubes of tellurium fabricated on a dielectric substrate.
Synthesis of Three Ring Ester Liquid Crystals

Abstract Eleven compounds of general structure R-X-Y-COO-Z-R', where X, Y and Z are either phenyl or trans cyclohexyl rings, were synthesized and their liquid crystalline properties were evaluated. The isomerization methods for cis-4-alkyl cyclohexanol to the trans isomer and for 4'-alkylphenyl-4-cis-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid to its trans isomer are discussed. The trans isomers were isolated and purified by preparative HPLC. The structure assignments were confirmed by carbon 13 NMR.
Photochemical destruction of the virucidal activities of retinoids and unsaturated fatty acids.

Photochemical damage either to retinoids by near-ultraviolet radiation or to unsaturated fatty acids by near-ultraviolet radiation in the presence of a hydrophobic photosensitizer destroys the virucidal activities of the compounds, as determined by studies on the enveloped bacteriophage o6.
Mnemonic Instruction of LD Students: A Field-Based Evaluation:

A sizeable number of research studies have demonstrated the potential of mnemonic instruction with learning disabled (LD) students. However, reports of actual classroom applications of this type of...
Lipid—protein interactions in monolayers: Egg yolk phosphatidic acid and β-lactoglobulin

Abstract The interaction of β-lactoglobulin (β-1g) with phospholipids in monolayers was studied with a Langmuir film balance. Pressure—area curves of monolayers of β-1g mixed with either egg yolk phosphatidic acid (EYPA) or egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) on pH 1.3 to 6 subphases were compared to curves calculated from the results obtained with the individual components. EYPA and β-1g exhibited electrostatic attaction for each other in mixed monlayers at the air—water interface when the pH of the subphase was 4 or 1.3. No interaction was observed on pH 6 subphase. Monolayers of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine-β-1g mixtures exhibited no interaction over the pH range studied. Calcium at 1 m M concentration in the subphase removed the evidence for interaction between EYPA and β-1g at pH 4, but not at pH 1.3. Circular dichroism spectroscopy suggested an increased amount of α helix and β sheet in the films as compared to solutions of β-1g.
Motor Development in Children with Sotos' Cerebral Gigantism

The purpose of this study was to examine and describe the motor development of 11 children with Sotos' syndrome. The children ranged in age from 5 to 14 years. The Bruinink-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) was used to assess motor skills. Results indicated motor performance of Sotos' subjects was substantially below normal age expectations. A comparison between Sotos' subjects and children of comparable age and intelligence (n=72) revealed no significant difference in seven of the eight subtests of the BOTMP. On the eight subtest, Balance, the Sotos' subjects performed significantly lower (p<.01) than the mildly mental retarded group. A pattern of specific motor concerns in children with Sotos' syndrome was revealed including generally delayed gross motor skills, balance and deficits and poor eye-hand coordination. Implications for occupational physical therapy and future research on children with Sotos' syndrome are offered.
Microdrop technology: A general method for separating cells by function and composition

Microdrop technology provides cell separation based on quantitative determination of cell function (e.g., growth, lack of growth, drug susceptibility, secretion of proteins, specific enzyme activity, production of small metabolites) and/or of cell composition (e.g., surface markers, internal proteins, nucleic acid sequences). Three basic steps are involved: (i) forming microdrops from a cell suspension, which provide manipulable microenvironments for tests on individual cells and microcolonies; (ii) carrying out assays within many microdrops simultaneously; and (iii) isolating microdrops of interest using physical methods such as pipetting (manual) and FACS (automated). Microdrop technology is based on liquid and gel microdrops (e.g., 10 to 300 μ m in diameter) and uses fluorescence measurements to rapidly analyze the amount of specific or generic material in each microdrop. Liquid microdrops (LMDs) are aqueous microdrops surrounded by a nonaqueous fluid and can be regarded as microminiaturized microtiter wells, because water-soluble cell products are retained in the LMDs containing the originating cell. Gel microdrops (GMDs) are aqueous microdrops containing a biocompatible matrix and can be used while surrounded either by a nonaqueous fluid (“closed” GMDs) or by an aqueous medium (“open” GMDs). In the latter case, the manipulations needed for individual cell protein secretion immunoassays and growth assays can be readily performed. In the case of clonal growth leading to microcolony formation, GMDs serve as microminaturized petri dishes, because cell progeny are retained next to each other. In fact, for most applications GMDs are preferred because of their greater robustness and flexibility. Important attributes are: (i) GMDs are physically manipulable and can be handled much like cells (e.g., suspended, pipetted, centrifuged), and (ii) GMDs rapidly exchange molecules with the external medium by diffusion, which allows rapid changes in the exposure of individual cells and microcolonies within GMDs to many different chemical conditions. Basic feasibility has been demonstrated, and many important applications appear possible.
Rhetorics of Alternative Media in an Emerging Epidemic: SARS, Censorship, and Extra-Institutional Risk Communication

This article examines how professionals and the public employed alternative media to participate in unofficial risk communication during the 2002 SARS outbreak in China. Whereas whistle-blowers used alternative media such as independent overseas Chinese Web sites and contesting Western media, anonymous professionals and the larger communities relied more on guerrilla media such as text messages and word of mouth to disseminate risk messages during official silence and denial.
Why do animals hybridize

Animal hybridization is increasingly recognized as common and evolutionarily important, but the role of behavior in promoting hybridization events is not well understood. Understanding the behavioral causes of hybridization requires understanding the ecological, demographic, and phenotypic influences on mate choice in hybridizing taxa. Here, I review how these influences on mate choice can contribute to hybridization by (1) circumventing (female) choice, (2) bringing formerly isolated species into sympatry, (3) masking cues important for mate recognition, (4) altering the traits or preferences involved in mate recognition, or (5) altering the costs and benefits of mate choice. In particular, hybridization in response to either high direct costs of mate choice or high direct benefits of heterospecific mating may be widespread, a possibility that awaits further testing. Adopting a mate choice perspective to the study of hybridization challenges the assumption of hybrids as reproductive “mistakes” and allows for functional explanations regarding the occurrence and maintenance of hybridization. As evidence of the prevalence and evolutionary importance of animal hybridization accumulates, investigations into the role of behavior will be increasingly important for our understanding of diversification and for conservation applications.
p-fingers in high-speed monolithic switching circuits

This paper describes a novel structure of "p-fingers" in high-speed monolithic switching circuits. The p-fingers improve the switching speed, the saturation characteristic, and the statistical distribution of the speed parameter. The experiments for evaluating monolithic circuits with various p-finger configurations are discussed. Both the saturation characteristic and the switching speed are functions of the separation between the p-finger and the base. Considering the speed trade-off between the number of p-fingers, around the base and the stray capacitance due to the excess p-fingers, we conclude that the best p-finger configuration is the one in which two p-fingers were diffused on both sides of the base.
The use of a mental status examination in a chemical dependence treatment program

Current chemical dependence treatment programs place significant cognitive demands on patients early in abstinence. Unfortunately, many chemically dependent persons have significant cognitive deficits in the acute and post-acute stages of withdrawal. Constraints on resources often make thorough evaluation of cognitive status impractical. We examined the utility of a brief structured mental status examination, the Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination (CCSE), to identify cognitive deficits within the first week of admission to an inpatient chemical dependence treatment program. Although both age and educational level influenced CCSE total score to a statistically significant degree, the magnitude of their influence was of doubtful clinical importance. Findings suggest that the CCSE total score is not sufficiently sensitive to detect the deficits seen in chemically dependent individuals. However, a more detailed item analysis can provide useful information to the clinician. Normative data and recommendations for use of the CCSE with chemically dependent populations are provided.
Extraordinary hyperconjugation of the methyl group in the S1 state of 8‐methylquinoline

8-Methylquinoline is unique among the monomethylquinolines in the red-shift it shows in the absorption band derived from the short axis polarized (1La ← 1A) electronic transition, relative to that in quinoline itself. The effect is even more pronounced in the 8-methylquinolinium cation, with the 1La band clearly emerging on the long-wavelength side of the 1Lb band, which is normally the longest wavelength absorption band in quinolines substituted with weakly interacting functional groups. The fluorescences of 8-methylquinoline and its conjugate acid show a pH dependence which is typical of N-heterocylic bases that undergo hydrolysis in the lowest excited singlet state. These observations are explained in terms of hyperconjugation in the lowest excited singlet state, with electronic charge being swept into the quinoline ring by coupling of the short-axis polarized transition of the ring system with the electrons of the methyl group in the 8-position of the ring. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On quantifying hierarchical connections in ecology

Introduction Natural selection is not just an antecedental accumulator of ecological success. It also has predictive power in the sense that some strategies for surviving and leaving offspring work better than others in the ecological arena . Adaptive strategies involve the effective utilization of resources, which brings thermodynamic considerations to bear on selection . The idea that selection has a predictive basis in thermodynamics was first explicitly articulated by Lotka (1922), who argued that those organisms would tend to be selected that were most effective in channelling energy flows through themselves and, at the same time, in increasing total flow through their ecosystems . The importance of this conception is that it suggested that natural selection operated hierarchically-on individuals, populations and the higher-order flow patterns in which they participated . This theme has been elaborated in recent years by H . T. Odum (1971). Another general trend in developing ecosystems has been toward increased efficiencies, as measured by biomass/throughput ratios (Margalef, 1968) or specific entropy production . Specialization of flow patterns also increases with ecosystem maturation, as measured by reductions of parallel pathways for processing energy (Ulanowicz, 1980) . These trends in ecosystem development suggest systems level principles for their explanation . In a much referenced paper, E . P. Odum (1969) has advanced 24 empirical indices of ecosystem development . These indices can be divided into two general categories . One involves macroscopic trends (e.g . toward increased biomass and closure of mineral cycles); the other involves mesoscopic shifts in typical adaptive strategies at the level of populations (e .g . from r selection to K selection) . A coherent theory of selection must connect the two trends . Before indicating the grounds on which we are suggesting this connection be made, let us note that ecology is occasionally criticized as a discipline that settles for less than rigorous scientific explanations (Ghiselin, 1974; Peters, 1976) . Ghiselin argues that ecology excessively resorts to functional explanations for selection (i .e . what the
Mechanistic and Kinetic Analysis of the DcpS Scavenger Decapping Enzyme

Decapping is an important process in the control of eukaryotic mRNA degradation. The scavenger decapping enzyme DcpS functions to clear the cell of cap structure following decay of the RNA body by catalyzing the hydrolysis of m7GpppN to m7Gp and ppN. Structural analysis has revealed that DcpS is a dimeric protein with a domain-swapped amino terminus. The protein dimer contains two cap binding/hydrolysis sites and displays a symmetric structure with both binding sites in the open conformation in the ligand-free state and an asymmetric conformation with one site open and one site closed in the ligand-bound state. The structural data are suggestive of a dynamic decapping mechanism where each monomer could alternate between an open and closed state. Using transient state kinetic studies, we show that both the rate-limiting step and rate of decapping are regulated by cap substrate. A regulatory mechanism is established by the intrinsic domain-swapped structure of the DcpS dimer such that the decapping reaction is very efficient at low cap substrate concentrations yet regulated with excess cap substrate. These data provide biochemical evidence to verify experimentally a dynamic and mutually exclusive cap hydrolysis activity of the two cap binding sites of DcpS and provide key insights into its regulation.
Health-related quality of life and its determinants among adults with autism

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among adults with autism, and compare it to the HRQOL of the general adult population in the United States (US). Factors predicting HRQOL of adults with autism were also identified. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted to gather study information. From adults with autism registered with the Interactive Autism Network (IAN), those aged 18 years and above and having the capacity to self-report were identified and approached for study participation. The final sample included 291 adults with autism. One-way t-test revealed adults with autism to have significantly lower physical and mental HRQOL than their counterparts in the US population. Using linear regression analysis, modifiable factors including social support and coping along with other socio-demographic and medial characteristics were identified as significant predictors of physical and mental HRQOL. Greater perceived adequacy of social support from friends and family was associated with better HRQOL, while greater use of maladaptive coping was associated with lower HRQOL. Clinicians and other health interventionist should consider assessing these factors among adults with autism, and provide necessary capabilities to these adults with the aim of improving their HRQOL.
Production efficiency of intercrops relative to sequentially-planted sole crops in a humid tropical environment

Abstract Intercrops are often considered more productive than sole crops in the tropics, but the validity of this hypothesis has been poorly tested in humid-tropical regions where the growing season is infinite. The 332-day, four-component intercropping systems, modeled after the traditional planting scheme of the local farmers, and five sole-crops systems of near-equal duration were studied under four N regimes (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1 on nonlegumes) on a Typic Paleudult in the upper Amazon basin (Yurimaguas, Peru) to test the above hypothesis. Test species were corn (Zea mays L.), upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Each intercropped system included one production cycle of the four test species. One sole-cropped system was cassava; the others were three production cycles of sequentially-planted, short-cycle food crops (corn, rice or peanut). Production rates by the seven cropping systems were evaluated on the basis of gross product yield, total biomass and revenue generation. No intercropping system was more productive than sole crops of its intercrop components. As generators of disposable income, furthermore, each four-component intercropping system was substantially less productive than any sole-cropped system except cassava. When the intercrop data were evaluated as two-component systems, it was determined that the low productivity of the two four-crop systems tested was due to cassava-rice (LER = 0.82) or cassava-peanut (LER = 0.90) portion. The cassava intercrops did not provide any direct benefit for the corn-peanut portion (LER = 1.25). This suggested that a two-crop system consisting of a legume-nonlegume intercrop of short-cycle food crops, would be worthy of commercial exploitation in a humid tropical environment. However, to ensure the sustainability of the system, it would be necessary to prevent disease build up. Response to N by corn was maximal between 80 and 160 kg ha−1 in all systems. The N response pattern for sole-cropped cassava was positive and linear, but it was virtually flat in the intercrops. The effect of N on rice grain yields was either nil or negative in both sole crop and intercrop. There was no measurable effect of N regime on intercrop efficiency.
AN ELECTRONIC INFRASTRUCTURE FOR A FUTURE GENERATION OF TESTS

ETS is moving rapidly to computerize its tests for admissions to post-secondary education and occupational licensure/certification. Computerized tests offer important advantages, including immediate score reporting, the convenience of testing when the examinee wishes, and for adaptive tests, equal accuracy throughout the score scale and a shorter test with no loss in measurement precision. There is much more that technology can achieve, however. This paper describes an electronic infrastructure for integrating the best of traditional testing approaches with new technology. This multi-organizational infrastructure has the potential to help assessment contribute more positively to learning and decision making. It can do this by making it easier to deliver tests that employ performance tasks, include important skills not well-measured by current examinations, sample behavior frequently over a student's school career, and give instructionally useful feedback to individuals.
Combinatorial approaches for developing upconverting nanomaterials: high-throughput screening, modeling, and applications

Colloidal nanoparticles doped with lanthanide ions can upconvert near-infrared light to visible frequencies, enabling the application of such materials to biological imaging and luminescent solar concentration. The optical properties of upconverting nanomaterials are determined by their combination of lanthanide dopants, by their morphology, by their host matrices, and by their surface ligands. Identifying ideal compositions and synthesis conditions for these materials can be tedious and time-consuming due to the large number of parameters to optimize. This review surveys the use of combinatorial strategies to rapidly screen and optimize diverse libraries of upconverting nanomaterials. I will review high-throughput techniques for synthesizing and characterizing large libraries of nanocrystals, and I will discuss theoretical methods for modeling the optical properties of lanthanide-doped materials. Case studies will illustrate the use of these approaches for optimizing the physical properties of upconverting nanoparticles, including cases in which unexpected phenomena were revealed. Finally, this review will identify promising opportunities in which combinatorial techniques could accelerate on-going research or facilitate the discovery of novel upconverting nanomaterials that overcome fundamental limitations of current material designs.
Fast neutron radiation damage effects on high resistivity silicon junction detectors

P + −n −n + silicon radiation detectors made of high resistivity Si material (ρ ≥ 2 kΩ-cm) were irradiated to a neutron fluence of a few times of 1013 n/cm2. Dependence of detector leakage current, reverse bias capacitance, and effective doping concentration of the Si substrate on the neutron fluence have been systematically studied. It has been found that the detector leakage current increases linearly with neutron fluence in the range studies, with a damage constant of α = 9 × 10−17 A/cm(ΔI = αΔAϕn @#@), and the C-V characteristics of detectors irradiated to ϕn > 1012 n/cm2 become frequency dependent. Models using several defect levels in the band gap are proposed to describe the frequency dependent C-V effects and the electrical field profile after high neutron fluence irradiation.
Modulation of Mature Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Protein by the PDZ Domain Protein CAL

We have previously identified the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR)-interacting protein CAL and demonstrated that CAL modulates CFTR plasma membrane expression by retaining CFTR within the cell. Here, we report that in addition to regulating membrane expression, CAL also regulates the expression of mature CFTR. The co-expression of hemagglutinin-tagged or Myc-tagged CAL with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-CFTR in COS-7 cells causes a dose-dependent reduction in mature GFP-CFTR, independent of its tags. Bafilomycin A1, a lysosomal proton pump inhibitor, increases mature GFP-CFTR, confirming previous reports of lysosomal degradation of mature CFTR. Importantly, bafilomycin A1 reverses CAL-mediated CFTR degradation. The proteasome inhibitor, MG132, on the other hand, does not reverse the effect of CAL. CAL has no effect on CFTR maturation, suggesting that it exerts its effects on mature CFTR. Co-expression of CAL enhances the degradation of CFTR. We showed previously that CAL reduces the half-life of CFTR at the cell surface. Here we show that expression of dominant-negative dynamin 2 K44A, a large GTPase inhibitor that is known to inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis and vesicle formation in the Golgi, increases cell surface CFTR as measured by surface biotinylation. More importantly, dynamin 2 K44A also restores cell surface CFTR in CAL-overexpressing cells and partially blocks the CAL-mediated degradation of mature CFTR. These data suggest a model in which CAL retains CFTR in the cell and targets CFTR for degradation.
Urokinase Efficacy for Deep Vein Thrombosis Developing During Streptokinase Therapy—A Case Report

A patient with embolic occlusion of the right femoral artery and the left tibial arteries received streptokinase as treatment to lyse the emboli. Blood flow in both lower extremities improved with streptokinase administration. On the fourth day of therapy, however, the patient developed pain and swelling of the right calf. A venogram confirmed the presence of a clot obstructing the right popliteal vein. Streptokinase infusion was stopped, and urokinase infusion was started. Pain and swelling in the right calf disappeared and venous blood flow was greatly improved during urokinase therapy. Urokinase infusion was stopped after sixty hours, and heparin therapy was started. The patient was discharged from the hospital one month after admission. Patients should be closely monitored during thrombolytic therapy to detect any signs of complica tions, including new thrombotic episodes.
Is Hepatitis C Infection Associated with Increased Risk of Depression in Persons with Methamphetamine Dependence

The abuse of methamphetamine (MA) has increased in the United States over the past 15 years and is associated with considerable negative social, psychological, and health effects, including symptoms of depression. Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is independently associated with increased risk of depression, is common among MA users, possibly due to high rates of transmission risk behaviors in this cohort (eg, injection drug use). Given the prevalence of depression among HCV-infected individuals and MA users separately, the current study aimed to determine whether HCV infection and MA dependence are associated with additive effects on depression. Focused psychiatric evaluations were conducted on 39 individuals with both MA dependence and HCV infection (MA + HCV +), 57 persons with only MA dependence (MA + HCV -), and a comparison sample of 46 participants with neither risk factor (MA - HCV -). Consistent with prior research, greater self-reported symptoms of depression were observed in the MA + groups relative to MA - HCV - participants; however, there was no evidence to suggest an additive effect of HCV infection. Surprisingly, the prevalence of current and lifetime diagnoses of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) did not differ across the study groups. Results from this study suggest that HCV infection does not confer an additive effect on the severity of depressive symptoms or the prevalence of major depression in persons with MA dependence.
Integrated true-time-delay-based ultra-wideband array processing

This article covers the basic principles of true-time-delay (TTD)-based space-time array processors and ultra-wideband beamformers. General considerations regarding the need for TTD array processing, optimum array size, antenna spacing, and array patterns are discussed for communication and imaging UWB arrays. Several recent integrated circuit implementations of UWB TTD-based beamformers are presented. A few commercial applications that warrant UWB TTD-based array processing, with emphasis on imaging and sensing, are also described.
Increase in extracellular dopamine in the striatum during cerebral ischemia: a study utilizing cerebral microdialysis.

: Unilateral ligation of the left common carotid artery in anesthetized Mongolian gerbils resulted in a steep rise in extracellular dopamine in the ipsilateral striatum in 9 out of 19 animals. Extracellular dopamine was measured by cerebral dialysis in vivo and reached a peak of 0.19 mM at 40 min. At the same time, the level of homovanillic acid fell, whereas the levels of ascorbate and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid remained relatively constant. In a separate group of animals studied with a combined dialysis/electrochemistry probe, a rise in the in vivo chronoamperometric signal in three out of six animals correlated with a rise in extracellular dopamine. The number of animals responding in these experiments (roughly 50%) corresponds to the frequency of incompetent Circle of Willis, as well as literature reports of the frequency of signs of stroke in unanesthetized gerbils. These results show a remarkable accumulation of dopamine in extracellular fluid in response to cerebral ischemia. Released dopamine appears to be responsible for the elevated in vivo electrochemical signal previously reported.
Coral reef sponges: Do predatory fishes affect their distribution?

The predatory activities of fishes are thought to have little impact on the distribution and abundance of sponges on Caribbean coral reefs. To test this premise, 15 species of sponges were transplanted from mangrove and grassbed habitats, where spongivorous fishes are rare, to shallow patch reefs, where spongivorous fishes are common. Twelve of these 15 sponge species could also be found in cryptic locations, but not in conspicuous locations, on nearby reefs. After 3 d, there was significant loss of wet mass of uncaged sponges versus caged sponges for nine sponge species because of consumption by spongivores, primarily angelfishes. A mean of >50% of the sponge tissue was consumed for seven species: Chondrilla nucula, Chondrosia collectrix, Geodia gibberosa, Halichondria sp., Halichondria melanodocia, Myriastra kalitetilla, and Tedania ignis. These results, in addition to other recent data on the chemical defenses of Caribbean reef sponges against generalist predatory fishes, suggest that predation plays an important role in structuring the reef sponge community and that predation limits the distribution of some Caribbean sponges.
Bridging the Gap between Data Models and Implementations: XMI2SQL

The purpose of this paper is to show a novel approach for database design that is agile data modeldriven and service-enabled by developing a software component that generates database schema from a given model. One of the challenges of using modeling techniques for database design is the difficulty of translating a database model into relational tables. Contrary to the current approach that is tightly coupled to a specific data-modeling tool, we need a new translation component that advocates open standard data modeling efforts and can be loosely coupled with other data modeling tools. For this purpose, firstly, a database designer models a database by using a database-modeling tool with an agile data modeling technique. Secondly, a translation component called XMI2SQL converts a data model expressed in UML into SQL. The translation component brings several benefits to the database designers. Firstly, the translation component is compatible with any modeling tool that generates XMI from a UML database model because it uses an open and standards-based format for model data interchange. Secondly, it supports a model-driven approach for designing a database since the visual model for the database is designed first and data definitions are generated from the model. Lastly, the translation component can be reused regardless of heterogeneous platforms and languages since the component was implemented as web services.
Scalable, autonomous monitoring and response for network communications reliability

Ensuring availability of network resources is a challenging task, requiring considerable amounts of human time and expertise. An automated system is needed to monitor the behavior of the network and take preventive and corrective measures to maximize network health. Such a system must meet objectives in scalability, survivability, interoperability, robustness, trustworthiness, and adaptability. Signature-based attack, intrusion and fault detection is impossible, not only due to the fact that an effective system must recognize, respond to and recover from network degradations whose causes have not previously been observed, but also because of the diversity and complexity of computer networks. Stonier Henke Associates has made significant progress in enhancing network availability and security with our multi-agent system for network resource reliability (MASRR), a decentralized architecture of autonomous, collaborative agents that can model normal network operations, detect departures from expected behaviors, and take remedial actions. A unique adaptive anomaly-detection algorithm supports automatic construction of highly customized baseline models while avoiding brittleness. This, teamed with intelligent agent reasoning capabilities, bring our system's "alarm" accuracy in line with that required of automated response systems. To satisfy military communications needs in tactical environments, agents may additionally be enhanced with goal-oriented planning, enabling the system to protect or find alternatives to the resources most critical for achieving mission objectives.
The Sociopolitical Lives of Dead Bodies: Tibetan Self-Immolation Protest as Mass Media

Drawing on fieldwork between 2007–2013 in Amdo Tibetan regions in northwestern China, this article considers the unprecedented spate of self-immolation-by-fire protests among Tibetans in light of the military crackdown on Tibetan unrest beginning in 2008. The author takes a performative approach to Tibetan self-immolation protest as a new and deeply contested genre of mass media in the context of severe state repression. The author argues that such an approach accounts for the always unresolved yet socially and politically constitutive meaning and efficacy of dead bodies in a necropolitics particular to modern Sino-Tibetan relations.
Repair of incompetent truncal valves: early and mid-term results.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the factors associated with in-hospital mortality and mid-term significant neoaortic valve regurgitation (AR) after truncal valve (TV) repair.
Brown kids in white suburbs: Housing mobility and the many faces of social capital

Abstract Social capital has many faces in the geography of urban opportunity, and as such, particular housing policies might have positive effects on some forms of social capital and negative effects on others. The author defines social support and social leverage as two key dimensions of social capital that can be accessed by individuals. A sample of 132 low‐income African‐American and Latino adolescents is used to examine the early impacts of a Yonkers, NY, housing mobility program on social capital.1 Overall, program participants (‘’movers‘’) appear to be no more cut off from social support than a control group of “stayer” youth. On the other hand, movers are also no more likely to report access to good sources of job information or school advice— to leverage that might enhance opportunity. Adding just one steadily employed adult to an adolescent's circle of significant ties has dramatic effects on perceived access to such leverage.
Collaborative Visual Analytics: Inferring from the Spatial Organization and Collaborative Use of Information

We introduce a visual analytics environment for the support of remote-collaborative sense-making activities. Team members use their individual graphical interfaces to collect, organize and comprehend task-relevant information relative to their areas of expertise. A system of computational agents infers possible relationships among information items through the analysis of the spatial and temporal organization and collaborative use of information. The computational agents support the exchange of information among team members to converge their individual contributions. Our system allows users to navigate vast amounts of shared information effectively and remotely dispersed team members to work independently without diverting from common objectives as well as to minimize the necessary amount of verbal communication.
Oral Clonidine Pretreatment Prior to Venous Cannulation

Clonidine is a preferential alpha-2 agonist drug that has been used for over 35 years to treat hypertension. Recently, it has also been used as a preoperative medication and as a sedative/anxiolytic drug. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial characterized the effects of oral clonidine pretreatment on intravenous catheter placement in 13 patients. Parameters measured included the bispectral index (BIS), Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S), frontal temporal electromyogram (EMG), 30-Second Blink Count (Blink), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), State Anxiety Inventory (SAI), fingertip versus forearm skin temperatures, and multiple questionnaires. Oral clonidine significantly decreased SAI scores, OAA/S, EMG, and Blink, but did not cause statistically significant BIS or DSST reductions. Subjects preferred oral clonidine pretreatment prior to venipuncture compared to placebo. Questionnaires also indicated that clonidine provided minimal sedation, considerable anxiolysis, and some analgesia. Fingertip versus forearm skin temperature differentials were decreased. Reduced fingertip versus forearm temperature differentials suggest increased peripheral cutaneous blood flow prior to venous cannulation. Oral clonidine pretreatment not only helped control patient anxiety and pain but also provided cardiovascular stability.
Dick Crane’s California Days

Horace Richard Crane (1907–2007) was born and educated in California. His childhood was full of activities that helped him become an outstanding experimental physicist. As a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology (1930–1934), he had the good fortune to work with Charles C. Lauritsen (1892–1968) just as he introduced accelerator-based nuclear physics to Caltech. They shared the euphoric excitement of opening up a new field with simple, ingenious apparatus and experiments. This work prepared Crane for his career at the University of Michigan (1935–1973) where in the 1950s, after making the first measurement of the electron’s magnetic moment, he devised the g−2 technique and made the first measurement of the anomaly in the electron’s magnetic moment. A man of direct, almost laconic style, he made lasting contributions to the exposition of physics to the general public and to its teaching in high schools, community colleges, four-year colleges, and universities. I tell how he became a physicist and describe some of his early achievements.
Barry Turner for the Ages of Living Dangerously: Risk, `New Capitalisms', and Life in the Coming Century

This essay explores some implications of Barry Turner's work on risk and insurance, both in its symbolic and substantive aspects, in relation to analyses of organizational life in the future. I develop the paper's central propositions by focusing on `emerging new capitalism' as articulated in Steinberg's (1993) potential `new ages': information age, postmodernism, global interdependence, new mercantilism, corporate control, flexible specialization, new social movements, and new fundamentalisms. I discuss `risk', and Turner's conception of it among others, as a new epistemological and political space for analyzing these new ages. Finally, I reconsider `risk' as the metaphor of choice for productive life in the coming century, since it allows for both on-going construction and deconstruction of possible worlds within the uncertainties that the new capitalisms might bring about.
Neuroimaging of the periaqueductal gray: State of the field

This review and meta-analysis aims at summarizing and integrating the human neuroimaging studies that report periaqueductal gray (PAG) involvement; 250 original manuscripts on human neuroimaging of the PAG were identified. A narrative review and meta-analysis using activation likelihood estimates is included. Behaviors covered include pain and pain modulation, anxiety, bladder and bowel function and autonomic regulation. Methods include structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional connectivity measures, diffusion weighted imaging and positron emission tomography. Human neuroimaging studies in healthy and clinical populations largely confirm the animal literature indicating that the PAG is involved in homeostatic regulation of salient functions such as pain, anxiety and autonomic function. Methodological concerns in the current literature, including resolution constraints, imaging artifacts and imprecise neuroanatomical labeling are discussed, and future directions are proposed. A general conclusion is that PAG neuroimaging is a field with enormous potential to translate animal data onto human behaviors, but with some growing pains that can and need to be addressed in order to add to our understanding of the neurobiology of this key region.
Nonverbal Displays as Indicants of Task Difficulty.

Accurately determining when students are having difficulty with cognitive tasks is important in educational settings. This study investigated whether college students emitted observable displays of cognitive difficulty when engaged in solitary problem-solving tasks. Participants high and low in self-monitoring tendencies were videotaped while solving both hard and easy problems. Ten-second segments of the videotapes were rated for displayed difficulty levels. Results indicate that college students do emit nonverbal displays indicating task difficulty: Students' displayed significantly less difficulty while solving easy problems than while solving hard problems. Results also indicated that the difficulty displays of low self-monitors were more discernible than the difficulty displays of high self-monitors.
Learning behavior of the eye fixation control system

While studying the responses of the oculomotor system to horizontally moving visual stimuli some interesting learning patterns were observed. Responses to Gaussian random noise, sine, and square-wave inputs were investigated. Based on small-signal, linear analysis, the system's transfer function was computed on the basis of both sinusoidal and random inputs. Assuming unity feedback, the open-loop transfer function was also computed for both of the above inputs. It is shown that the anticipatory behaviors observed during the tracking of periodic inputs, can be attributed to a prediction operator. This operator is determined by comparing the open-loop transfer functions for both stimuli. It is shown that the effect of this operator is a significant increase in low-frequency gain, and considerable phase-lead; monotonically increasing with frequency.