cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primordial Non-Gaussianity and Reionization

The statistical properties of the primordial perturbations contain clues about their origins. Although the Planck collaboration has recently obtained tight constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity from cosmic microwave background measurements, it is still worthwhile to mine upcoming data sets in an effort to place independent or competitive limits. The ionized bubbles that formed at redshift $z\ensuremath{\sim}6--20$ during the epoch of reionization were seeded by primordial overdensities, and so the statistics of the ionization field at high redshift are related to the statistics of the primordial field. Here we model the effect of primordial non-Gaussianity on the reionization field. The epoch and duration of reionization are affected, as are the sizes of the ionized bubbles, but these changes are degenerate with variations in the properties of the ionizing sources and the surrounding intergalactic medium. A more promising signature is the power spectrum of the spatial fluctuations in the ionization field, which may be probed by upcoming 21 cm surveys. This has the expected $1/{k}^{2}$ dependence on large scales, characteristic of a biased tracer of the matter field. We project how well upcoming 21 cm observations will be able to disentangle this signal from foreground contamination. Although foreground cleaning inevitably removes the large-scale modes most impacted by primordial non-Gaussianity, we find that primordial non-Gaussianity can be separated from foreground contamination for a narrow range of length scales. In principle, futuristic redshifted 21 cm surveys may allow constraints competitive with Planck.
The Relationship Between Social Class and Mental Disorder

The inverse relationship between social class and rates of mental disorders was first documented in early mental hygiene studies at the beginning of this century and similar findings have been demonstrated in numerous contemporary studies. Interpretations of this persistent relationship include a downward drift explanation that posits that a decline in social status occurs as a result of precipitating mental illness, and a social causation model that emphasizes the importance of psychosocial stressors in the onset of mental disorders. A wealth of evidence supporting the social causation model is reviewed, drawing on mental health epidemiology, women's mental health, unemployment and physical health research. Political and economic origins of the downward drift hypothesis are also discussed.
Token-mediated tool-use by a tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella)

This research examined token-mediated tool-use in a tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). We conducted five experiments. In experiment 1 we examined the use of plastic color-coded chips to request food, and in experiments 2–5 we examined the use of color-coded chips to request tools. Our subject learned to use chips to request tools following the same general pattern seen in great apes performing analogous tasks, that is, initial discrimination followed by an understanding of the relationship among tokens, tools, and their functions. Our findings are consistent with the view that parallel representational processes underlie the tool-related behavior of capuchins and great apes.
AMA criticized for calling for condoms in schools.

The American Medical Association (AMA) has reported a policy advocating the distribution of condoms in school and downplaying the value of abstinence-only program. This has drawn criticism from political leaders and physicians. At issue is the long-running debate of what should be emphasized as part of sex education for teens the role of abstinence-only programs – especially for those who have not yet become sexually active and the role of programs promoting safer sex for those already having sex. The policy states that making condoms available in schools helps increase condom use without hastening the onset of sexual activity. Moreover it also states that abstinence-only programs are of limited value and require rigorous evaluation. However US Representative Tom Coburn M.D. one of the few practicing physicians in Congress and an AMA member criticized the policy as "politically correct" and "medically irresponsible". He has accused AMA of breaking with "common sense" and "sound medical principle". However AMA believes that the jury is still out on abstinence-only approaches. Amidst this criticism though other groups are beginning to step forward to defend AMAs statement.
Comparing Comfort and Wearability: Custom-Made vs. Self-Adapted Mouthguards

Custom-made mouthguards come out on top in this comparison study. Several studies have shown that mouthguards can reduce orofacial injuries among athletes. Comfort and wearability factors were compared among 40 high-school athletes for custom-made and self-adapted mouthguards. Both offered adequate protection, but overall the participants preferred the custom-made mouthguard.
Extending the Boundaries of Care: Medical Ethics and Caring Practices

Extending the Boundaries of Care: Medical Ethics and Caring Practices. Tamara Kohn and Rosemary McKechnie. eds. Oxford: Berg, 1999. vii. 206 pp., index.
European integration studies, European Monetary Union, and resilience of austerity in Europe: Post-mortem on a crisis foretold

Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union was presented in terms of an idealized, teleological narrative of ‘ever closer union’ that obscured substantive conflicts within and among the member states of the eurozone as well as the EU as a whole. Despite its limitations the narrative persisted, because it was instrumentalized by powerful social forces and states and reproduced by the mainstream European studies academic cohort, which was strongly influenced by the European Commission. At the present time economic stagnation is giving rise to demands from Keynesian and heterodox quarters for an alternative to neoliberal austerity. However, the resilience of austerity should be understood not primarily as a result of a dominant, if flawed, intellectual discourse, but rather as an expression of Europe’s distinctive power relations and the imperatives of German export mercantilism.
BLKnn: A K-nearest neighbors method for predicting bioluminescent proteins

Bioluminescence is a chemical process in which light is produced and emitted by a living organism. Recent biotechnological applications of bioluminescence include using of bioluminescent proteins in gene expression analysis, bioluminescent imaging, study of protein-protein interaction and disease progression, drug discovery, toxicity determination, etc. Therefore, it is of great medical and commercial significances to identify bioluminescent proteins accurately and efficiently. In this study, we present BLKnn, a K-nearest neighbors method that can predict bioluminescent proteins. This method is based on the bit-score weighted Euclidean distance, which is calculated from compositions of selected amino acids and pseudo-amino acids. On a balanced training dataset, BLKnn achieved 74.9% sensitivity, 95.5% specificity, 85.2% accuracy, and 0.919 AUC (area under the ROC curve) by 10-fold cross-validation. When tested on a much bigger independent test dataset, the method also achieved a consistent performance of 88.0% overall accuracy and 0.989 AUC. Comparisons showed that BLKnn outperformed previously published methods. The method is available at https://edisk.fandm.edu/jing.hu/blknn/blknn.html.
Sparsity-Based Direction Finding of Coherent and Uncorrelated Targets Using Active Nonuniform Arrays

In this letter, direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of a mixture of coherent and uncorrelated targets is performed using sparse reconstruction and active nonuniform arrays. The data measurements from multiple transmit and receive elements can be considered as observations from the sum coarray corresponding to the physical transmit/receive arrays. The vectorized covariance matrix of the sum coarray observations emulates the received data at a virtual array whose elements are given by the difference coarray of the sum coarray (DCSC). Sparse reconstruction is used to fully exploit the significantly enhanced degrees-of-freedom offered by the DCSC for DOA estimation. Simulated data from multiple-input multiple-output minimum redundancy arrays and transmit/receive co-prime arrays are used for performance evaluation of the proposed sparsity-based active sensing approach.
Reproducing hegemony: the culture of enhancement and discourses on amphetamines in popular fiction.

Chris Good’s recent article in The Atlantic Monthly poses a question that is at the heart of recent research and debates in bioethics and medical anthropology. Since ‘‘performance-enhancers are increasingly part of our modern existence, despite our instinct to ban them,’’ Good (2010) asks, ‘‘Why don’t we use them for good?’’ He recommends providing drugs such as Adderall and Ritalin to scientists to foster productivity and creativity. While I cannot attest to Good’s intentions, his question speaks to the unique social position of stimulant use in the United States (Grinspoon and Hedblom 1975; Rasmussen 2008). Amphetamines and their derivatives have, in fact, been used for these very purposes since the early 1900s (Rasmussen 2008). The aggressive, achievement-oriented nature of contemporary U.S. society may promote amphetamine use as a means of personal enhancement (Grinspoon and Hedblom 1975; Pine 2007). I use the term enhancement to describe the use of pharmaceutical technologies to meet a variety of social and cultural norms, including improving social, sexual and labor-related performance (Quintero and Nichter 2011). Research indicates that those who use illegally produced methamphetamine (henceforth, methamphetamine) and those who illegally use prescription amphetamines (henceforth, prescription amphetamines) often report enhancementrelated motivations. The drugs are used to achieve the ideal body, improve sexual performance and increase productivity (Crampton et al. 2008; Grinspoon and Hedblom 1975; Joe 1996; Pine 2007). Methamphetamine and prescription amphetamines also share a common history, Schedule II federal classification and
Cost-effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with hepatitis C virus–related cirrhosis

Background & Aims: HCV-related cirrhosis is a leading risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Surveillance might detect HCC at a treatable stage. We estimated the clinical and economic consequences of a common HCC surveillance strategy in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis in the context of alternative HCC treatment strategies. Methods: With a Markov model, we examined surveillance with serum α-fetoprotein and ultrasound every 6 months in patients with compensated HCV-related cirrhosis from age 45–70 years or death, and HCC treatment with resection, cadaveric liver transplantation (CLT), or living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Results: Compared to natural history in the base case, surveillance with resection, listing for CLT, or LDLT increased life expectancy by 0.49, 2.58, and 3.81 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), respectively, all at costs less than $51,000/QALY gained. The consequences of surveillance were most sensitive to the outcomes and costs of HCC treatments but not surveillance test performance characteristics or cost. Prioritizing CLT for patients with HCC over those with decompensated cirrhosis resulted in greater overall life expectancy with minimal increase in cost. Conclusions: Surveillance for HCC in patients with compensated HCV-related cirrhosis might gain QALYs at acceptable costs. The impact of surveillance depends most on the outcomes and costs of HCC treatments, rather than surveillance test characteristics. By increasing organ availability for timely definitive treatment, LDLT might achieve the greatest gain in life expectancy at acceptable costs. Prioritizing CLT for HCC might increase the population-wide benefits of CLT.
SOIL CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS AND CLIMATE IN A HUMID SUBTROPICAL ENVIRONMENT

Soil carbon dioxide content, temperature, and moisture were measured biweekly for one year at Pigeon Mountain, GA. Levels of soil CO2 ranged from 0.04% to 2.4% and were highest during the growing season, lowest during the winter. Soil temperature correlated positively with soil CO2, accounting for 90% of CO2 variation. Soil moisture variations decreased CO2 concentration at times of high soil water content when CO2 was flushed downward, and also at times of low soil moisture content when CO2 production was inhibited. A predictive model of logistic form using 14-day means of daily actual evapotranspiration fit the data well (R2= 0.83). The model also tested well against soil CO2 data acquired in the coastal plain at Rocky Point, NC. If actual evapotranspiration rates are known, the model permits estimation of soil CO2 without preliminary field work, and can be used for studies of karst denudation, which require soil CO2 data for seasonal and regional comparison of solution rates.
Effect of stress on the electric polarization in cement

Compressive stress was found to diminish the extent of electric polarization in the transverse direction in cement pastes with and without carbon fibers, as shown by electrical resistivity measurement conducted over time. In addition, the stress decreased the time for polarization to essentially reach completion. The extent of polarization was much smaller when carbon fibers were present. It was smaller for carbon fiber cement paste containing silica fume than that containing latex. The time for polarization to reach completion was less than 5 s for carbon fiber silica fume cement paste at a compressive stress of 6.74 MPa. Polarization reversal was hastened by stress.
High-precision measurements of hyperfine structure in Tm II, N2+ and Sc II

Abstract We have applied the technique of collinear fast-ion-beam laser spectroscopy to measure the hyperfine structure (hfs) in Sc II, Tm II and N2+. Laser-induced fluorescence was observed from a 50 keV ion beam which was superimposed with the output of an actively stabilized ring dye laser (rms bandwidth
Elastic Flow in an Application Specific Network-on-Chip

A Network-on-Chip (NoC) is increasingly needed to interconnect the large number and variety of Intellectual Property (IP) cells that make up a System-on-Chip (SoC). The network must be able to communicate between cells in di erent clock domains, and do so with minimal space, power, and latency overhead. In this paper, we describe an asynchronous NoC using an elastic-flow protocol, and methods of automatically generating a topology and router placement. We use the communication profile of the SoC design to drive the binary-tree topology creation and the physical placement of routers, and a force-directed approach to determine router locations. The nature of elastic-flow removes the need for large router bu ers, and thus we gain a significant power and space advantage compared to traditional NoCs. Additionally, our network is deadlock-free, and paths have bounded worst-case communication latencies.
Crisis and Response: Treasury Cash Balance Crisis in Thailand 1980‐1982

The author traces the treasury cash balance crisis in Thailand from 1980-1982 and finds that the crisis was a result of economic, political and technical factors. The world recession had a significant impact on revenues, as did the inability of the government to accurately project revenues. Politically, budget participants evaded prescribed procedures and resorted to emergency spending, which resulted in expenditures beyond budget planning. The Thai government resorted to borrowing, spending cuts, adjusting corporate tax payments and increasing taxes to cope with the crisis. The author calls for legal reforms to limit discretionary spending.
Children's Awareness of Television's Prosocial Fare Parental Discipline as an Antecedent

This study examines the parental disciplinary practices under which children's awareness of prosocial TV portrayals are likely to be maximized and minimized. Two types of enduring parental styles of discipline—induction and sensitization—were extracted from the literature on children's moral development and applied to social learning from television. Data were gathered from a field survey that employed mother-child pairs. Results indicate that children of parents who are primarily inductive had a greater awareness of television's prosocial fare and demonstrated a greater propensity for prosocial solutions to conflict than did children whose parents were primarily sensitizing. These findings are significant in regard to the increasing body of research on the social intervention of the relationship between children and television.
Recovery guarantees in mobile systems

Mobile applications increasingly require transaction-like properties, particularly those of recovery. Because there is a lack of abstractions to decompose the machinery of recovery, realizing recovery is difficultand error-prone, especially in a novel context like mobile systems. We introduce recovery guarantees to tackle this problem by characterizing the assurances relevant to recovery that a subsystem must give to another. They describe the what can be expected but not the how it is implemented for recovery. Guarantees are complemented by recovery protocols, which prescribe behaviors subsystems should follow in order to take advantage of the guarantees. In this paper we use the notions of recovery guarantees and protocols to show the relationships, vis-` recovery, between the components of a mobile system. Our analysis shows which components of recovery remain unchanged (from a conventional recovery design) and which respond to the particular needs of mobile systems. This sheds light not just on how to do recovery on mobile systems but also on the nature of recovery in general.
Evaluation of Timeout Programs through Phased Withdrawal

Background Intrusive interventions, once implemented, may remain in place longer than necessary unless their continued effectiveness is evaluated. Method We conducted a phased timeout-evaluation for 34 individuals with developmental disabilities who received services from the same agency and whose treatment programmes contained timeout for aggression and/or property destruction. After establishing baseline rates of problem behaviour (with timeout in effect), we removed timeout from all programmes through a gradual process that occurred over a 1-year period. Results Rates of problem behaviour decreased (or did not increase) for 21 individuals following the removal of timeout. Rates of problem behaviour increased for 13 individuals, but alternative procedures that were less intrusive than timeout were implemented for 10 individuals. Timeout was reinstated for the remaining three individuals and was associated with reductions in problem behaviour. Conclusions The phased timeout evaluation resulted in successful removal of 91% (31 of 34) of the original timeout programmes.
Arrival fat and reproductive performance in a long-distance passerine migrant

Long-distance passerine migrants deposit sub- stantial fat stores to fuel their migratory journey. Many of those migratory birds arrive at their northerly breeding grounds with larger fat stores than were necessary to reach their breeding area. Both male and female Amer- ican Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) arrived to breed in Michigan's Upper Peninsula with fat, and females arrived with more fat than males in 2 out of 3 years. We test the hypothesis that migrants arriving at the breeding grounds with more body fat have higher reproductive success than birds arriving with little or no fat. Females, and to a lesser extent males, that arrive with fat experience gains in reproductive performance as evidenced by increased clutch size, egg volume, and nestling mass. The results have implications for understanding how events occurring during one phase of the annual cycle influence survival and/or reproductive performance in subsequent phases.
Multivariate statistical analysis for network attacks detection

Summary form only given. Detection and self-protection against viruses, worms, and network attacks is urgently needed to protect network systems and their applications from catastrophic failures. Once a network component is infected by viruses, worms, or became a target of network attacks, its operational state shifts from normal to abnormal state. Online monitoring mechanism can collect important aspects of network traffic and host data (CPU utilization, memory usage, etc.), that can be effectively used to detect abnormal behaviors caused by attacks. In this paper, we develop an online multivariate analysis algorithm to analyze the behaviors of system resources and network protocols in order to proactively detect network attacks. We have validated an algorithm and showed how it can proactively detect accurately well-known attacks such as distributed denial of service, SQL slammer worm, and email spam attacks.
Emulating emulation-resistant malware

The authors of malware attempt to frustrate reverse engineering and analysis by creating programs that crash or otherwise behave differently when executed on an emulated platform than when executed on real hardware. In order to defeat such techniques and facilitate automatic and semi-automatic dynamic analysis of malware, we propose an automated technique to dynamically modify the execution of a whole-system emulator to fool a malware sample's anti-emulation checks. Our approach uses a scalable trace matching algorithm to locate the point where emulated execution diverges, and then compares the states of the reference system and the emulator to create a dynamic state modification that repairs the difference. We evaluate our technique by building an implementation into an emulator used for in-depth malware analysis. On case studies that include real samples of malware collected in the wild and an attack that has not yet been exploited, our tool automatically ameliorates the malware sample's anti-emulation checks to enable analysis, and its modifications are robust to system changes.
Measurement and origin of magnetostrictive noise limitation in magnetic fiber-optic sensors.

Fiber-optic magnetic sensors based on magnetostriction yield 1/f-type noise, which has typically been limiting the sensors’ resolution at frequencies below 1 Hz. To study the origin of this noise, we devised a new experimental technique that discriminates between the transducer self-noise and various other noise sources and determines under which conditions the limiting noise source is the material’s self-noise.
Updating meshes on deforming domains : An application of the target-matrix paradigm

SUMMARY A method for updating meshes in response to domain deformation is formulated within the target-matrix mesh optimization paradigm. By casting the problem within this paradigm, various formulations of the problem can be considered. Two local metrics are suggested for use in a multi-variable objective function to update meshes via numerical optimization. Both guarantee that if the deformation is null, the original mesh on the un-deformed domain will be replicated. Further, target matrices are constructed in a manner that ensures the updated mesh is as similar to the un-deformed mesh as possible. Numerical experiments confirm these properties on 2D examples. The update method has limitations, of course, the most important being that there is no guarantee that the deformed mesh will be invertible. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase transitions in polyphosphazene films: Poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]

The morphology of cast and annealed films from poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] has been studied by electron, scanning electron and optical microscopy. Several polymorphic forms and one mesophase (hexatic) have been established. From THF solution, PBFP has a chain folded morphology (α-orthorhombic) which transforms into a chain extended 2D hexagonal mesophase at T(1). It remains in this state until final melting occurs at Tm = 245°C approximately. Upon cooling the melt, it quickly reverts to the hexagonal mesophase again, but then passes into a chain extended (3D) γ-orthorhombic modification. This material is much more stable thermodynamically than the α-form, which is friable or brittle. PBFP cannot be quenched to a glassy form from the molten state, but it can be disordered as assessed by its reduced T(1) enthalpy and less well defined morphology assessed by electron microscopy. Another crystal modification (β-monoclinic) has been found in solution cast low molecular weight PBFP films.
Creating a System to Facilitate Translation of Evidence Into Standardized Clinical Practice: A Preliminary Report

Study objective The Institute of Medicine, through its landmark report concerning errors in medicine, suggests that standardization of practice through systematic development and implementation of evidence-based clinical pathways is an effective way of reducing errors in emergency systems. The specialty of emergency medicine is well positioned to develop a complete system of innovative quality improvement, incorporating best practice guidelines with performance measures and practitioner feedback mechanisms to reduce errors and therefore improve quality of care. This article reviews the construction, ongoing development, and initial impact of such a system at a large, urban, university teaching hospital and at 2 affiliated community hospitals. Methods The Committee for Procedural Quality and Evidence-Based Practice was formed within the Department of Emergency Medicine to establish evidence-based guidelines for nursing and provider care. The committee measures the effect of such guidelines, along with other quality measures, through pre- and postguideline patient care medical record audits. These measures are fed back to the providers in a provider-specific, peer-matched "scorecard." Results The Committee for Procedural Quality and Evidence-Based Practice affects practice and performance within our department. Multiple physician and nursing guidelines have been developed and put into use. Using asthma as an example, time to first nebulizer treatment and time to disposition from the emergency department decreased. Initial therapeutic agent changed and documentation improved. Conclusion A comprehensive, guideline-driven, evidence-based approach to clinical practice is feasible within the structure of a department of emergency medicine. High-level departmental support with dedicated personnel is necessary for the success of such a system. Internet site development (available at http://www.CPQE.com) for product storage has proven valuable. Patient care has been improved in several ways; however, consistent and complete change in provider behavior remains elusive. Physician scorecards may play a role in altering these phenomena. Emergency medicine can play a leadership role in the development of quality improvement, error reduction, and pay-for-performance systems.
A highly linear low-power 10 bit DAC for GSM

A 10-bit 6.5 MS/s DAC designed for a GSM baseband transmit channel is described. It features a low power quasipassive architecture with segmentation and element mismatch-shaping used in the conversion of the four MSBs. The DAC charge is entered into an integrated switched-capacitor biquad filter with passive charge sharing in the output stage, which passes the signal to a continuous time output stage. The DAC achieves less than 1/4 bit DNL and 0.6 bit INL at the 10-bit level with no calibration or trimming.
Bayesian methods for data analysis in software engineering

Software engineering researchers analyze programs by applying a range of test cases, measuring relevant statistics and reasoning about the observed phenomena. Though the traditional statistical methods provide a rigorous analysis of the data obtained during program analysis, they lack the flexibility to build a unique representation for each program. Bayesian methods for data analysis, on the other hand, allow for flexible updates of the knowledge acquired through observations. Despite their strong mathematical basis and obvious suitability to software analysis, Bayesian methods are still largely under-utilized in the software engineering community, primarily because many software engineers are unfamiliar with the use of Bayesian methods to formulate their research problems. This tutorial will provide a broad introduction of Bayesian methods for data analysis, with a specific focus on problems of interest to software engineering researchers. In addition, the tutorial will provide an in-depth understanding of a subset of popular topics such as Bayesian inference, probabilistic prediction techniques, Markov models, information theory and sampling. The core concepts will be explained using case studies and the application of prominent statistical tools on examples drawn from software engineering research. At the end of the tutorial, the participants will acquire the necessary skills and background knowledge to formulate their research problems using Bayesian methods, and analyze their formulation using appropriate software tools.
A high-order 3D boundary integral equation solver for elliptic PDEs in smooth domains

We present a high-order boundary integral equation solver for 3D elliptic boundary value problems on domains with smooth boundaries. We use Nystrom's method for discretization, and combine it with special quadrature rules for the singular kernels that appear in the boundary integrals. The overall asymptotic complexity of our method is O(N3/2), where N is the number of discretization points on the boundary of the domain, and corresponds to linear complexity in the number of uniformly sampled evaluation points. A kernel-independent fast summation algorithm is used to accelerate the evaluation of the discretized integral operators. We describe a high-order accurate method for evaluating the solution at arbitrary points inside the domain, including points close to the domain boundary. We demonstrate how our solver, combined with a regular-grid spectral solver, can be applied to problems with distributed sources. We present numerical results for the Stokes, Navier, and Poisson problems.
Inherited neurotransmitter disorders: a rapidly enlarging field of neurometabolism in children and adults

‘a group of disorders along the monoamine synthesis pathway have been only recently recognized that require specialized CSF examination for precursors and metabolites of dopamine and serotonin.’ This issue of Future Neurology is devoted to the theme of the inherited neurotransmitter disorders. These neurometabolic syndromes comprise relatively obscure and rare diseases that, in aggregate, are assuming increasing importance in our understanding of the effects of neurotransmitter metabolism on the human nervous system. Their ramifications cut across the broadest of spectra in basic and clinical neuroscience. The articles in this volume are organized to cover the topic of the inherited neurotransmitter disorders by comprehensive clinical discussions on a range of these disorders. In order to provide balance and perspective on these seemingly disparate and rare conditions, special articles were selected to provide an overarching rubric: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination and interpretation, emerging imaging modalities, animal models and how to incorporate the explosion of information in neurogenetics into medical practice.
AMYGDALA RESPONSE TO NEGATIVE STIMULI PREDICTS PTSD SYMPTOM ONSET FOLLOWING A TERRORIST ATTACK

OBJECTIVE: Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit heightened amygdala reactivity and atypical activation patterns in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in response to negative emotional information. It is unknown whether these aspects of neural function are risk factors for PTSD or consequences of either trauma exposure or onset of the disorder. We had a unique opportunity to investigate this issue following the terrorist attacks at the 2013 Boston Marathon and the ensuing manhunt and shelter in place order. We examined associations of neural function measured prior to the attack with PTSD symptom onset related to these events. METHODS: A sample of 15 adolescents (mean age = 16.5 years) who previously participated in a neuroimaging study completed a survey assessing posttraumatic symptoms related to the terrorist attack. We examined blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to viewing and actively down-regulating emotional responses to negative stimuli in regions previously associated with PTSD, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and mPFC, as prospective predictors of posttraumatic symptom onset. RESULTS: Increased BOLD signal to negative emotional stimuli in the left amygdala was strongly associated with posttraumatic symptoms following the attack. Reduced bilateral hippocampal activation during effortful attempts to down-regulate emotional responses to negative stimuli was also associated with greater posttraumatic symptoms. Associations of amygdala reactivity with posttraumatic symptoms were robust to controls for pre-existing depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms and prior exposure to violence. CONCLUSIONS: Amygdala reactivity to negative emotional information might represent a neurobiological marker of vulnerability to traumatic stress and, potentially, a risk factor for PTSD. Language: en
Symplectic maps and chromatic optics in particle accelerators

Abstract We have applied the nonlinear map method to comprehensively characterize the chromatic optics in particle accelerators. Our approach is built on the foundation of symplectic transfer maps of magnetic elements. The chromatic lattice parameters can be transported from one element to another by the maps. We introduce a Jacobian operator that provides an intrinsic linkage between the maps and the matrix with parameter dependence. The link allows us to directly apply the formulation of the linear optics to compute the chromatic lattice parameters. As an illustration, we analyze an alternating-gradient cell with nonlinear sextupoles, octupoles, and decapoles and derive analytically their settings for the local chromatic compensation. As a result, the cell becomes nearly perfect up to the third-order of the momentum deviation.
How Does Employee Mindfulness Reduce Psychological Distress

As pointed out by Hyland, Lee, and Mills (2015), the most prominent effect of mindfulness is a significant decrease in experienced stress levels, and one of the most popular mindfulness interventions is mindfulness-based stress reduction. When it comes to psychological stress, desirable outcomes are both expected and documented for employees who adopt a mindful approach to work. But how are these beneficial effects happening, exactly?
An Examination of Daily Price Changes in the Real Estate Market

Daily price changes are generally missing from data used to investigate the real estate market which leads to an incomplete picture of the market. This paper examines the daily price changes of over 11,000 properties from 2004-2011, providing nearly 13,000 price changes. The results suggest that there is a marginal benefit in timing a price change as gauged by time on market and discount from last list price. However, while observational analyses have made a case most frequently for Friday being a superior day to list, these findings indicate that Wednesday may be the optimal day to initiate a change.
Embracing Cultural Diversity: Online Social Ties in Distributed Workgroups

Cross-cultural network ties have been shown to improve decision-making, creativity, conflict-resolution and use of collaborative technologies. Nevertheless, cultural barriers are difficult to overcome. We used data from an internal Social Networking System (SNS) in a large global company to see if membership in the same company might reduce the effect of cultural homophily. We found no effect. However, when we focused on members of 87 distributed workgroups, we found that the effect of cultural differences actually reversed, indicating greater cultural diversity in online friendship ties than observed in the company at large. We discuss alternative explanations for this finding and the implications for work environments in global companies.
Edwardsiella piscicida identified in the southeastern USA by gyrB sequence, species-specific and repetitive sequence-mediated PCR

A new Edwardsiella taxon was recently described from fishes of Europe and Asia. Phe- notypically similar to E. tarda, extensive genetic and phenotypic characterization determined this new strain does not belong to any established Edwardsiella taxa, leading to the adoption of a new taxon, E. piscicida. Concurrent research in the USA also identified 2 genetically distinct taxa within the group of organisms traditionally classified as E. tarda. Comparisons of gyrB sequences between US isolates and E. piscicida from Europe and Asia identified several US isolates with >99.6% simi- larity to the gyrB sequence of the E. piscicida type strain (ET883) but <87% similarity to the E. tarda type strain (ATCC #15947). A discriminatory PCR was developed for the identification of E. tarda and 2 genetic variants of E. piscicida (E. piscicida and E. piscicida-like species). Using these PCR assays, a survey was conducted of 44 archived bacterial specimens from disease case submissions to the Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (Stoneville, MS, USA) between 2007 and 2012. All 44 isolates, originally identified phenotypically and biochemically as E. tarda, were identified as E. piscicida by PCR. Repetitive sequence-mediated PCR (rep-PCR) analysis of these archived spec- imens suggests they are largely homogenous, similar to what has been observed for E. ictaluri. The gyrB sequence data, coupled with the E. piscicida specific-PCR and rep-PCR data, confirms that E. piscicida has been isolated from fish disease cases in the southeastern USA. Moreover, our survey data suggests E. piscicida may be more prevalent in catfish aquaculture than E. tarda.
Epithelial–Mesenchymal Crosstalk in Lung Development

It has long been recognized that complex crosstalk between the lung endoderm and its adjacent mesoderm is not only responsible firstly for the induction of the primitive lung anlagen, containing lung-specific progenitor or stem cells, from the floor of the primitive pharynx, but subsequently also for the induction and maintenance of distal populations of epithelial progenitors that are responsible for the stereotypic epithelial branching morphogenetic events that establish the pattern of the airways. Thus, temporo-spatial epithelial–mesenchymal crosstalk is essential for the correct stereotypic organization of the bronchial epithelial tree and subsequently, although not discussed in detail here, the alveoli. Within the mesenchyme, correct organization and function of the capillaries and nerves is likewise essential to achieve a fully functional lung. Molecular mechanisms of these interactions are discussed.
Trajectory Calculations for Bergman Cyclization Predict H/D Kinetic Isotope Effects Due to Nonstatistical Dynamics in the Product.

An unusual H/D kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is described, in which isotopic selectivity arises primarily from nonstatistical dynamics in the product. In DFT-based quasiclassical trajectories of Bergman cyclization of (Z)-3-hexen-1,5-diyne (1) at 470 K, the new CC bond retains its energy, and 28% of nascent p-benzyne recrosses back to the enediyne on a vibrational time scale. The competing process of intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) in p-benzyne is too slow to prevent this. Deuteration increases the rate of IVR, which decreases the fraction of recrossing and increases the yield of statistical (trapable) p-benzyne, 2. Trapable yields for three isotopomers of 2 range from 72% to 86%. The resulting KIEs for Bergman cyclization differ substantially from KIEs predicted by transition state theory, which suggests that IVR in this reaction can be studied by conventional KIEs. Leakage of vibrational zero point energy (ZPE) into the reaction coordinate was probed by trajectories in which initial ZPE i...
Compositional and particulate gravity currents: a computational investigation

We present some high-resolution 2D numerical simulation results for gravity and turbidity currents in the lock exchange configuration. Results are provided for both Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq flows, and for horizontal as well as sloping bottom geometries. Furthermore, recent results for reversing buoyancy currents are discussed.
Complete External Sphincterotomy: Correlation between Endoscopic Observation and the Anatomic Sphincter

Longitudinal cuts of various lengths and depths were made in the area of the external urethral sphincter in 18 male cadavers. The Iglesias resectoscope and the Collings knife electrode were used. Histologic sections of the prostate and of the membranous and bulbous urethra demonstrated that a cut of 2 cm. in length beginning from the verumontanum and 6 mm. in depth was necessary to completely incise the external urethral fibers. This procedure, when performed according to these criteria, effectively decreases urethral resistance, permits adequate bladder emptying and probably eliminates the need for a catheter.
Optimal Shape and Topology Design of Vibrating Structures

We shall extend the homogenization design method for the global stiffness maximization of an elastic structure to the optimization problem related to eigenvalues for free vibration such as maximization of a specified set of eigenvalues, maximization of the distance of the two specified eigenvalues, and identification of a structure that possesses a set of specified eigenvalues. To this end, the basic mathematical formulation and a solution method are proposed as well as various numerical examples of obtaining the optimum layout of both plane plate, and three-dimensional shell structures.
How Customer-Company Identification and Self-Construal Predict Service Recovery Expectations and Complaints: An Extended Abstract

It is hard to overstate the importance of service recovery. One estimation is that companies lose $83 billion annually from bad customer service (Loechner 2010). At the same time, emerging research and practice has begun to focus on moving customers from being merely satisfied to being connected with a company at a deeper level. As an example, consider customer-company identification (CCI), which represents the extent a customer thinks and feels a company represents cherished aspects of his or her self. CCI is highly motivating, such that a customer willingly supports a company through identity sustaining (e.g., patronage) and promoting (e.g., word-of-mouth) behaviors.
Dyadic and Triadic Family Interactions as Simultaneous Predictors of Children's Externalizing Behaviors

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dyadic and triadic family interactions and their association with the development of children's externalizing behaviors. Data were obtained from a longitudinal study of family interactions (N = 125), followed from before parents had their first child until children were 7 years old. Family interactions (marital, father–child, mother–child, and triadic mother–father–child) were observed in separate interaction tasks when children were 24 months old as predictors of children's externalizing behaviors at age 7 (n = 71 children). Results demonstrated that the triadic measure of competitive coparenting and the dyadic mother–child interaction characterized by negative emotional socialization related to children's later externalizing behavior, even after controlling for covariates and effects of all other family interaction variables. Results emphasize the importance of examining the family holistically and provided new information for designing more effective whole-family interventions to reduce the development of children's externalizing behaviors.
Finite amplitude effects on drop levitation for material properties measurement

The method of exciting shape oscillation of drops to extract material properties has a long history, which is most often coupled with the technique of acoustic levitation to achieve non-contact manipulation of the drop sample. We revisit this method with application to the inference of bulk shear viscosity and surface tension. The literature is replete with references to a “10% oscillation amplitude” as a sufficient condition for the application of Lamb's analytical expressions for the shape oscillations of viscous liquids. Our results show that even a 10% oscillation amplitude leads to dynamic effects which render Lamb's results inapplicable. By comparison with samples of known viscosity and surface tension, we illustrate the complicating finite-amplitude effects (mode-splitting and excess dissipation associated with vorticity) that can occur and then show that sufficiently small oscillations allow us to recover the correct material properties using Lamb's formula.
The Universal Factorization Property for Commutative Subspace Lattices

We present a necessary and sufficient condition for a commutative subspace lattice (CSL) to have the property that every sublattice has the universal factorization property (UFP). Then we derive a sufficient condition for a CSL to have the UFP which applies to all known examples of CSL’s with the UFP. (The preceding results are, in fact, obtained for CSL- subalgebras of factor von Neumann algebras.) Finally, we give an example of a CSL which has the UFP, even though it is not a direct sum of a complemented lattice and a CSL with the property that every linearly ordered sublattice is countable.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia With a Rare t(7;14)(q21;q32) and Trisomy 4 With Poor Clinical Outcome: A Case Report.

Objectives Recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities and/or molecular aberrations play an important role in the diagnosis and prognostification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We describe a case of a 40 year old woman diagnosed with de novo AML with a novel t(7;14)(q21,q32) and trisomy 4 with poor clinical outcome. Methods: Morphologic, flow cytometry and cytogenetic results of the patient's peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were analyzed. Results The diagnostic bone marrow was hypercellular for age (>95%) with increased blasts (62%) that by flow cytometry exhibited myeloid differentiation with a few T/NK lineage markers. Cytogenetics showed a t(7;14)(q21,q32) and trisomy 4. The patient had extremely poor response to two rounds of induction chemotherapy with persistent leukemia following therapy. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, the t(7;14) is a novel cytogenetic abnormality that has not been reported previously in acute myeloid leukemia, and is important to report as it appears to be associated with poor prognosis.
A NEW RATIONALE FOR THE HYSTERESIS EFFECTS OBSERVED IN METAL-HYDROGEN SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT A general theory is proposed to explain hysteresis effects observed in metal-hydrogen systems. The theory is based on a model of induced lattice strains during hydrogen adsorption and its relief on desorption. This strain and its reversal cause a hysteresis in the interstitial hole size during cyclic hydrogen occupancy. It has been demonstrated that there is a correlation between thermodynamic stability of the hydride and the interstitial hole size of the atomic lattice.