cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic Assessment of Exposure Variations on Observed Bioactivity in Zebrafish Chemical Screening

The embryonic zebrafish is a powerful tool for high-throughput screening of chemicals. While this model has significant potential for use in safety assessments and chemical prioritization, a lack of exposure protocol harmonized across laboratories has limited full model adoption. To assess the potential that exposure protocols alter chemical bioactivity, we screened a set of eight chemicals and one 2D nanomaterial across four different regimens: (1) the current Tanguay laboratory's standard protocol of dechorionated embryos and static exposure in darkness; (2) exposure with chorion intact; (3) exposure under a 14 h light: 10 h dark cycle; and (4) exposure with daily chemical renewal. The latter three regimens altered the concentrations, resulting in bioactivity of the test agents compared to that observed with the Tanguay laboratory's standard regimen, though not directionally the same for each chemical. The results of this study indicate that with the exception for the 2D nanomaterial, the screening design did not change the conclusion regarding chemical bioactivity, just the nominal concentrations producing the observed activity. Since the goal of tier one chemical screening often is to differentiate active from non-active chemicals, researchers could consider the trade-offs regarding cost, labor, and sensitivity in their study design without altering hit rates. Taken further, these results suggest that it is reasonably feasible to reach agreement on a standardized exposure regiment, which will promote data sharing without sacrificing data content.
Non-invasive Imaging of Dialysis Access Circuit

Duplex ultrasound is the mainstay for noninvasive evaluation of dialysis access circuits. It is used preoperatively for vein mapping and to detect peripheral arterial disease. Routine surveillance imaging of dialysis circuits is controversial, but duplex ultrasound is typically used when access circuit dysfunction (such as lack of thrill or pulse, poor clearance, aneurysm formation, lack of maturation, and hand ischemia) is suspected clinically. Duplex is useful to detect access circuit thrombosis, inflow and outflow stenosis, hematoma or collection adjacent to the circuit, collateral veins and distal arterial disease. CT and MR are used for evaluation of central venous and arterial structures in the chest and abdomen.
Exclusive contracts and the institution of bankruptcy

The paper studies the institution of bankruptcy when exclusive contracts cannot be enforced ex ante, e.g., a bank cannot monitor whether the borrower enters into contracts with other creditors. The institution of bankruptcy enables the bank to enforce its claim to any funds that the borrower has above a fixed “bankruptcy protection” level. Bankruptcy improves on non-exclusive contractual relationships but is not a perfect substitute for exclusivity ex ante. We characterize the effect of bankruptcy provisions on the equilibrium contracts which borrowers use to raise financing.
Animation for Simulation Education in R

R is freely-available software for statistical computing, providing a variety of statistical analysis functionality. In prior work, we introduced and released the simEd package for R, focusing on functions for generating discrete and continuous variates via inversion, for extensible single- and multiple-server queueing simulation, and including real-world data sets for input modeling and analysis. In this current work, we significantly enhance and extend the simEd package, primarily through the introduction of a variety of animation and visualization utilities intended to aid in simulation education. These include animations of event-driven simulation details for a single-server queueing model, of random-variate generation for a variety of distributions, of a Lehmer random number generator, of variate generation via acceptance-rejection, and of generating a non-homogeneous arrival process via thinning.
Artemisia annua and artemisinins are ineffective against human Babesia microti and six Candida sp.

Background Artemisia annua L.is a well-established medicinal herb used for millennia to treat parasites and fever-related ailments caused by various microbes. Although effective against many infectious agents, the plant is not a miracle cure and there are infections where it has proved ineffective or limited. It is important to report those failures. Methods Here artemisinin, artesunate and dried leaf slurries of A. annua were used daily for 6 days in vivo against Babesia microti in mice 2 days post infection at 100 µg artemisinin/kg body weight. Parasitemia was measure before and 15 days days post treatment. Artemisinin and extracts of A. annua also were tested in vitro against six Candida sp. at artemisinin concentrations up to 180 µM and growth measured after cultures were fed drugs once at different stages of growth and also after repeated dosing. Results A. annua, artesunate, and artemisinin were ineffective in reducing or eliminating parasitemia in B. microti-infected mice treated at 100 µg artemisinin/kg body weight. Although the growth of exponential cultures of many of the tested Candida sp. was inhibited, the response was not sustained and both artemisinin and Artemisia were essentially ineffective at concentrations of artemisinin at up to 180 µM of artemisinin. Conclusions Together these results show that artemisinin, its derivatives, and A. annua are ineffective against B. microti and at least six species of Candida.
Intraoperative fluid management and kidney transplantation outcomes: A retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND Patients undergoing kidney transplantation traditionally receive liberal amounts of fluid during surgery. However, excessive fluids can lead to fluid overload and ileus. In this retrospective cohort study, we compared the effect of restrictive versus liberal fluid therapy on kidney transplantation outcomes. METHODS Patients who underwent deceased-donor kidney transplantation at Mayo Clinic from January 2014 to March 2019 were included. Those who received <3 L of intravenous fluids intraoperatively were categorized as "restrictive;" those who received ≥3 L were categorized as "liberal." The primary outcome was incidence of delayed graft function (DGF). Secondary outcomes included length of stay, readmission within 30 days, time to return of bowel function, and incidence of postoperative complications. RESULTS Of the 1171 patients included, 557 were in the restrictive group and 614 in the liberal group. The mean (SD) fluid intake was 2.17 (.54) L in the restrictive group and 3.67 (.68) L in the liberal group (P<.001). There was no difference in DGF (relative risk, 1.03; P = .56), length of stay (P = .34), readmission (P = .80), return of bowel function (P = .71), or other postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative restrictive fluid therapy during kidney transplantation was not associated with DGF or worse outcomes when compared with liberal fluid therapy.
Localization of Rab5 to synaptic vesicles identifies endosomal intermediate in synaptic vesicle recycling pathway

After exocytosis, synaptic vesicles rapidly endocytose and recycle but little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Rab5 is a ubiquitous low molecular weight GTP-binding protein required for endosomal fusion in fibroblasts. We have now raised polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to rat Rab5 and show that in rat brain. Rab5 is a major synaptic vesicle protein. Immunoisola tion of vesicular organelles from brain with antibodies to either Rab3A and Rab5 as small GTP-binding proteins or with synaptophysin as general synaptic vesicle marker demonstrates that there are overlapping populations of synaptic vesicles containing either Rab5 or Rab3A or both, suggesting a stage-specific association of these low-molecular weight GTP-binding proteins with synaptic vesicles. Our data provide the first biochemical evidence that synaptic vesicle recycling involves an endosomal intermediate similar to that of the receptor mediated endocytosis pathway.
Ethnic differences in the place of death of elderly hospice enrollees.

Elderly minorities are more likely to die in inpatient settings than their Caucasian counterparts. It is not known whether this difference is due to cultural preferences for place of death or decreased access to hospice. This analysis examines ethnic differences in the place of death of elderly hospice patients. Using data from a large, national hospice provider, elderly (≥65) African-American, Hispanic, and Caucasian decedents admitted to hospice between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2003, were identified. Of the 115,854 eligible decedents, 78.3% were Caucasian, 10.7% African American, and 11% Hispanic. Hispanics and African Americans were more likely to die in inpatient hospice settings than Caucasians (38.5%, 38.5%, and 32%, respectively). After adjustment for demographic and hospice use variables, older African Americans had higher odds than older Caucasians of dying in an inpatient hospice setting than a nursing home (odds ratio (OR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-1.19). However, African-American ethnicity was not a significant predictor of death in an inpatient setting versus home (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.97-1.08)). Hispanics had lower odds than Caucasians of death in an inpatient hospice setting than at home (OR = 0.88, 95% CI= 0.84, 0.93) and higher odds of death in an inpatient setting than a nursing home (OR =1.45, 95% CI= 1.37-1.53). Admission to hospice reduces but does not eliminate ethnic differences in place of death. Further research should examine the effect of individual and cultural preferences for place of death on decisions to enroll in hospice.
Fenestration of the Fontan Baffle: Benefits and Complications

Using a baffle fenestration or adjustable atrial septal defect in a modified Fontan operation is now a common practice. Hemodynamic benefits include increased cardiac index and systemic oxygen transport, as well as lower systemic venous pressure. The incidence and duration of pleural effusions is also reduced by this approach. Potential complications include those associated with the closure mechanism (snare or umbrella) as well as the possibility of paradoxical embolism. This review addresses our current understanding of the risks and benefits of this procedure.
Transient Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere and Solar Wind

Observations of transient disturbances in the solar atmosphere are reviewed with emphasis on coronal mass ejection events. (JFP)
Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis and the Unified Airway: the Role of Antifungal Therapy in AFRS

Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) or rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a form of polypoid chronic rhinosinusitis that is believed to be due to hypersensitivity to fungal antigens. The disease is characterized by type 1 hypersensitivity to fungal allergens, dramatically elevated total serum IgE, accumulation of thick eosinophil-laden mucin with non-invasive fungal hyphae within the paranasal sinuses, nasal polyposis, and sinus bony remodeling. Because of many clinicopathologic similarities to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), these conditions can be considered analogous examples of disease in the unified airway. However, these conditions rarely occur together and their treatment differs. The treatment of AFRS relies upon surgical removal of fungal hyphae in eosinophilic mucin, while antifungal therapy is used to clear fungi from the airways in ABPA. Several uncontrolled studies suggest there may be some benefit to antifungal agents in AFRS, but randomized trials of topical and systemic antifungal therapies have not shown beneficial results in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Antifungal treatment within the sinonasal cavities does not appear to be an effective approach for most chronic sinusitis, and antifungal therapy for AFRS is unproven.
Nurturing Diversity in STEM Fields through Geography: the Past, the Present, and the Future

To date, there has been a wealth of research on participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, but most research focuses on the implementation of programs and whether these programs work or not. Such research can be expanded and enhanced by considering geographic perspectives on participation in the STEM fields and by examining the factors that prevent participation in these fields. In this paper, we seek to examine geographic perspectives to broadening participation in the STEM fields in two ways. We first conduct a literature review on the geographical understanding of barriers and facilitators of higher education that encompasses underrepresented populations in STEM fields. Second, we present a case study that catalyzes geography and seeks to broaden participation in the STEM fields. Both the literature review and case study show the significance and the role played by placed-based factors and approaches, spatial thinking and inquiry-based learning, and environmental education and civic engagement work in helping advance the science of broadening participation in STEM fields.
Demographic Consequences of Predators on Prey: Trait and Density Mediated Effects on Mosquito Larvae in Containers

Predators may affect prey population growth and community diversity through density mediated lethal and trait mediated non-lethal effects that influence phenotypic traits of prey. We tested experimentally the roles of thinning the density of prey (lethality) in the absence of predator cues and density and trait mediated effects (lethality + intimidation) of predatory midge Corethrella appendiculata on competing native and invasive mosquito prey. Predator-mediated reductions in prey and density reductions in the absence of C. appendiculata resulted in lower percent survivorship to adulthood and estimates of the finite rate of increase (λ′) for invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus relative to that of controls. In most instances, thinning the density of prey in the absence, but not in the presence, of C. appendiculata cues resulted in lower survivorship to adulthood and λ′ for native mosquito Aedes triseriatus relative to that of controls. Together, these results suggested trait mediated effects of C. appendiculata specific to each species of mosquito prey. Release from intraspecific competition attributable to density reductions in the absence, but not in the presence, of C. appendiculata enhanced growth and lengthened adult lifespan relative to that of controls for A. albopictus but not A. triseriatus. These results show the importance of predator-mediated density and trait mediated effects on phenotypic traits and populations of invasive and native mosquitoes. Species-specific differences in the phenotypic responses of prey may be due, in part, to longer evolutionary history of C. appendiculata with A. triseriatus than A. albopictus.
Ephemeral wetlands along a spatially intermittent river: Temporal patterns of vegetation development

Dryland rivers are characterized by high spatio-temporal variability in water resources, with alternating wet and dry reaches and fluctuating stream flow rates. To investigate response to this dynamic, riparian plant communities from perennial, temporally intermittent, and ephemeral-flow reaches of the Hassayampa River and an ephemeral tributary (southwestern USA) were characterized over a three year period, and soil seed banks (emergence method) were assessed. Variance through time in cover and diversity of wetland (hydric) species was lowest at perennial sites and highest at ephemeral flow sites. Wetland plants established along the active channel of the ephemeral reach following a 10-year recurrence interval flood, and compositional similarity between perennial and ephemeral sites was high during this wet year. About half of the wetland species growing at ephemeral flow sites were present in floodplain soil seed banks. Wetland species emerged from soils of the ephemeral Hassayampa River (but not of the ephemeral tributary) but their density and diversity declined with distance downstream of the perennial reach. Wetland species in the seed banks of ephemeral-flow sites were a nested subset of those at wetter sites, raising the possibility of dispersal from upstream sites. These results indicate that wetlands develop episodically on ephemeral reaches of spatially intermittent rivers of the Sonoran Desert following high winter runoff, and suggest that the wetland plants arise from local seed banks and off-site sources. The study also suggests that riverine restoration success is sensitive to location within a stream network: upon re-watering, sites closer to perennial reaches will have greater capacity to self-assemble wetland plant communities.
Lesbian Experiences and Needs During Childbirth: Guidance for Health Care Providers

Objective To provide an overview of the literature regarding lesbian experiences of childbirth and to offer health care providers guidance in supporting the childbearing lesbian couple. Data sources A search of the literature from 1980 through 2004 was conducted using PsycINFO, Ovid, PubMed, Ebscohost, and Cinahl, and the key words, lesbian, childbirth, parenting health care providers, pregnancy, artificial insemination, parental rights. Data extraction A critical review of all articles from relevant journals was included with attention to the needs of lesbian women concerning childbirth and implications for health care provider care. Data synthesis The four areas of concern identified for lesbians considering parenting were (a) the pros and cons of disclosing sexual orientation to caregivers and finding lesbian‐sensitive caregivers, (b) the options available when deciding how to conceive, (c) assurance of the desired level of partner involvement, and (d) the legal considerations for the conception process and for the protection of both parents as well as the child. Methods and strategies to assist health care providers to meet the needs of lesbian clients were gleaned from the literature. Conclusion A growing numbers of lesbian women are becoming consumers of childbirth health care. Health care outcomes of lesbian women and their infants are affected by experiences during pregnancy and childbirth and by the attitudes and actions of health care providers. Evidence exists that health care outcomes for lesbians are improved when health care providers are knowledgeable about and sensitive to the unique needs of lesbian clients. JOGNN , 35, 13‐23; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552‐6909.2006.00008.x
Epitopes of proteoglycans eliciting an anti-proteoglycan response in chronic immune synovitis.

Abstract This study details the immune response to cartilage proteoglycan in experimental chronic IgG-induced immune synovitis. Antibodies reactive with purified rabbit proteoglycan monomer were observed in nine of nine rabbits with immune synovitis. IgG-immunized but nonsynovitic control animals with no pathology showed no antibody response. A panel of murine monoclonal antibodies with defined specificity towards rabbit proteoglycan were utilized to characterize the epitope specificity of the immune synovitis polyclonal anti-proteoglycan response. One murine monoclonal antibody, 6C11, inhibited the binding of the polyclonal antisera to proteoglycan in all nine animals with significant (greater than 40%) inhibition in six of nine rabbits. Further inhibition studies utilizing DEAE-cellulose-resolved proteoglycan tryptic peptides revealed that peptides poor in chondroitin sulfate were strong inhibitors of binding of the polyclonal antibodies to the proteoglycan substrate. In particular, keratan sulfate-containing tryptic peptides were most inhibitory on a per weight basis. These results indicate that, in chronic IgG-induced immune synovitis, anti-proteoglycan antibodies elicited are heterogeneous with regard to specificity, but a relatively large proportion predominantly recognized a portion of the proteoglycan molecule containing core protein and associated keratan sulfate.
Factors Affecting Postsurgery Hip Fracture Recovery

Abstract After hip fracture surgery, patients seldom return to their prefracture functional state and there is a 43% rate of mortality and institutionalisation of postsurgery hip fracture patients. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify preoperative, perioperative, postoperative, and psychosocial factors that may hinder postsurgery hip fracture patients from returning to previous functionality. Factors that were identified as being associated with postsurgical outcomes were age, muscle strength, prefracture living arrangements, number of daily medications taken, oxygen levels, fracture type and location, haemoglobin (Hb) level, wait time prior to surgery, length of hospital stay (LOS), and dementia or depression.
Some conditions for the rapid extinction of a learned taste aversion

The present study examined the course of extinction of a learned taste aversion using prolonged exposure to the aversive food as the extinction test. A conditioned aversion to sucrose was established in deprived rats. They were then exposed for a 4-h period to sucrose alone where it was (1) response contingent, (2) delivered intermittently, or (3) freely available. The aversion extinguished in the 4-h period under all three test conditions. The results suggest that the extinction rate of a learned taste aversion is based on the duration of the exposure to the aversive food after the poisoning experience, not on the time since poisoning.
Reflectances from four wheat residue cover densities as influenced by three soil backgrounds

It is important to know quantity of crop residue on the soil surface to maintain or to improve soil physical and chemical properties and to assess the soil's susceptibility to erosion. Our objective was to use remote sensing techniques to examine the potential for remotely differentiating among wheat residue quantities and bare soils. We used three soils of the northern Great Plains (Williams loam [fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll], Vanda Clay [fine-silty, mixed calcareous, frigid Ustic Torriorthents], and Lambert silt loam [finesilty, mixed calcareous, frigid Typic Ustorthents]) that had either dry or wet surfaces and 0, 33, 66, and 100% wheat residues covering the soil surfaces (...)
Knowledge Representation in a Grain Drier Fuzzy Logic Controller

Abstract This paper describes a method of using governing rules associated with fuzzy membership matrices to represent drier control knowledge in a fuzzy logic controller. The objectives of the controller were to obtain (1) outlet maize moisture content between 15·0 and 16·0% and (2) outlet maize breakage susceptibility as low as possible with a certain required drying rate. The governing rules contained information for control decision-making including predicted moisture and breakage levels of dried maize which were derived from some measurable drying process variables, current dryer operating conditions, and process disturbances. Fuzzy membership matrices consisted of state matrices and action matrices. State matrices contained likelihoods of the process achieving control objectives at the current process state. Action matrices contained degrees of confidence of control actions in achieving control objectives. All matrices were kept in five knowledge sub-bases along with their governing rules to represent drier control knowledge for different process states. A computer simulation showed that of 918 test cases, 793 control actions designated by the fuzzy logic controller matched preferred ones, that is, actions which matched human operators' preferred actions, indicating that this method of knowledge representation in a fuzzy logic controller was effective.
Equilibrium (Gated) Radionuclide Ejection Fraction Measurement in the Pressure or Volume Overloaded Right Ventricle: Comparison of Three Methods

Although equilibrium radionuclide angiographic measurement of right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) has been validated in patients with coronary artery disease, the accuracy of this technique has not been demonstrated in patients with other cardiac diseases which may result in RV pressure and/or volume overload. The accuracy of three methods of equilibrium radionuclide analysis for measuring RVEF was compared in several subgroups of patients with a variety of cardiac diseases, including congenital and valvular heart disease, cor pulmonale, and cardiomyopathy. It was concluded that RVEF may be accurately derived by equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography in patients with a wide variety of cardiac diseases, including those resulting in RV volume and/or pressure overload. Accuracy varies depending on analysis method and the nature of the hemodynamic derangement.
Transmission of papaya mosaic virus by the green peach aphid.

Transmission studies were conducted over 5-week test periods using watermelon, cucumber, and papaya as both virus-source plants and test plants. The youngest leaf with mosaic symptoms was the site of acquisition feeding. Watermelon was the best virus-source plant with a total transmission of 20%, followed by papaya with 8.3%, and cucumber with 5.8%. The 3 species of plants did not differ much as test plants. When cucumber was used as the virus-source plant, transmission to watermelon was slightly higher than to the others. When watermelon was used as the virus-source plant, transmission to papaya was slightly lower than to the others. In another experiment the same leaves on a plant were tested each week for the entire 5-week test period. There was no general trend in the transmission rate pattern from week to week. Some plants, however, were better virus-source plants than others.
Pediatric robot-assisted laparoscopic radical adrenalectomy and lymph-node dissection for neuroblastoma in a 15-month-old

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor in children and the most common malignancy in infants, with complete resection being curative in low-stage disease. The previous standard of treatment for many abdominal NBs involving the adrenal gland had been open surgery; however, there have been numerous descriptions of the safety and feasibility of a laparoscopic approach to resect adrenal masses in the pediatric population in benign and malignant disease, including improved cosmetic results, decreased length of stay, decreased surgical morbidity, and comparable oncological outcomes to open surgery. Despite these reported advantages over open surgery, the newer robot-assisted laparoscopy (RAL) offers benefits over the conventional laparoscopic approach that could further improve outcomes and expand the use of minimally invasive surgical approaches for pediatric adrenal masses. RAL offers many additional advantages over conventional laparoscopy, such as 3D visualization, increased range of motion of surgical instruments, tremor control, and a shorter learning curve compared with traditional laparoscopic surgery, while still maintaining the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. The body of literature concerning robot-assisted oncological surgery involving the adrenal gland in children is quite small, and to our knowledge no case reports have been published describing robot-assisted removal of an adrenal NB in a pediatric patient. We present our experience and technique of an RAL approach for lymph-node dissection and radical resection of a low-stage NB involving the adrenal gland with no image-defined risk factors in a 15-month-old infant.
Evaluating plant and canopy resistances of field-grown wheat from concurrent diurnal observations of leaf water potential, stomatal resistance, canopy temperature, and evapotranspiration flux

Abstract Concurrent observations of leaf water potential, stomatal diffusion resistance and canopy temperature were made on two plots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Anza) growing at Phoenix, Arizona under two different soil water conditions. These data were further complemented by weather observations and lysimeter measurements of total evaporative water loss from the plots. Transpiration fluxes for each plot were estimated by an aerodynamic-energy balance approach and compared with the lysimeter data. Plant resistances were computed from the transpiration flux results and the leaf water potential measurements using van den Honert's equation, while canopy resistances were also computed from the transpiration flux using Monteith's equation. The calculated plant resistance decreased by a factor of almost two from morning to mid-afternoon whereas the ratio of canopy and stomatal resistances was constant during most of the day.
Loss of beam ions to the inside of the PDX tokamak during a fishbone instability

Using data from two vertical charge exchange detectors on the Poloidal Divertor Experiment (PDX), a set of conditions have been identified for which loss of beam ions inwards in major radius is observed during a fishbone instability. Previously, it was reported that beam ions were lost only to the outside of the PDX tokamak. The losses to the inside are two orders of magnitude smaller than the losses to the outside and are consistent with numerical predictions based on the mode particle pumping theory.
α1-Adrenoceptor stimulation directly induces growth of vascular wall in vivo

Previous studies suggesting that norepinephrine is directly trophic for the vascular wall have been confounded by concomitant hemodynamic disturbances. Herein, a microcatheter connected to an osmot...
Religiosity, Sense of Meaning, and Health Behavior in Older Adults

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between older adults' religiosity, sense of meaning in life, and health behavior. Three dimensions of religiosity were assessed: religious orientation (intrinsic and extrinsic), sanctification of the body, and relationship with God. Five health behaviors were measured: smoking, exercise, taking responsibility for one's own health, nutritious eating, and stress management. In general, stronger religiosity and sense of meaning were associated with healthier behaviors; however, extrinsic religious orientation was associated with decreased rates of healthy behavior. In regression analyses that controlled for service attendance, sex, age, and education, sense of meaning in life was the construct most consistently related to health behavior. Results support a model in which religion and sense of meaning affect health by motivating certain behaviors that are then tied directly to overall physical health.
The Role of the Nurse Practitioner in the Diagnosis and Management of Bulimia Nervosa, Part 1: Diagnosis

Bulimia nervosa is a complex syndrome that is usually difficult to diagnose and treat. Its secretive nature and minimal physical symptoms impede detection, while its chronicity impedes management. As a primary care provider, the nurse practitioner must be able to assess and intervene with these challenging clients. This series of articles will allow the nurse practitioner to develop a foundation for caring for clients with bulimia nervosa.
Regime formation and consequence: The case of internet security in the East-Asia ‘Four Tigers’

Abstract The purpose of this article is to identify the process in which each nation appropriates a new technological force challenging regulatory regimes. Departing from regime theory, this paper critically assesses the interaction between Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation and the East-Asia ‘Four Tigers’ in formulating Internet security policy. A particular concern is about the formation of global information policy regime that arbitrates the tension between citizens' right to privacy and free information flow. This paper argues that the potential of the greater protection of information privacy are curtailed as market incentives of information flow dominate over the region's policy effort. A 2003 Bangkok meeting epitomizes such policy formulation in the interaction between international and national regimes that are particular to the region's regulatory legacies. Implications are discussed in terms of the function of industrial legacies in new information policy.
Characterization of the pulse-burst laser system for high-repetition-rate Thomson scattering

Summary form only given. A pulse-burst laser has been installed for Thomson scattering measurements on MST. The laser design is a master-oscillator power-amplifier which is capable of Q-switching at frequencies between 5-250 kHz. A burst of laser pulses consists of a single flashlamp pulse ranging between 200 μs-20 ms and the master-oscillator delivering between 10-200 pulses. At small flashlamp pulse lengths 200-300 μs, the system can deliver multiple bursts at rates up to 1 kHz. Single pulses through the first (four) Nd:YAG amplifier stages give energies up to 1.5 J, and the gain for each stage has been measured. Repetitive pulsing at 10 kHz has also been performed with these amplifier stages for 2 ms bursts giving average pulse energies of 0.53 J with ΔE/E of 4.6%, where ΔE is the standard deviation between pulses. Successful operation of the first Nd:glass amplifier stage has been demonstrated and its performance will be evaluated. Additionally, the beam path has also been extended to the MST vacuum vessel for electron temperature measurements.
Broadband enhancement of infrared photodetectors with metamaterial resonators

Current infrared imaging systems monitor emission from a given scene over a broad spectral range, which results with "black and white" images. As a result, there is ever increasing emphasis on the development of new, on the pixel level, infrared imaging technology that can provide spectral information. Attempts at creating a robust imaging system with spectral information have been made through a network of external optics, which results with a high cost and large system package. Here, we propose a metamaterial design that resonantly couples to an infrared photodetector for enhanced performance.
Chemical constituents of trout seminal plasma after minimal and maximal cell damage treatments with possible applications to semen evaluation assays

Abstract Semen from brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was subjected to minimal and maximal damage treatments. Spermatozoa were removed by discontinuous density gradient centrifugation for minimal damage samples and by centrifugation after plunging in liquid nitrogen for maximal damage samples. Seminal plasma samples were then analyzed for mineral, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total amino acid content. There were significant (P
Fractional Sobolev-type inequalities

Here we present univariate Sobolev-type fractional inequalities involving fractional derivatives of Canavati, Riemann–Liouville and Caputo types. The results are general L p inequalities forward and converse on a closed interval. We give an application to a fractional ODE. We present also the mean Sobolev-type fractional inequalities.
Effects of Elastic Distortion of Rotating Mirrors on Time Resolution in Smear Cameras

The basic relations for the rotating mirror smear camera are reviewed and expressions are obtained for the maximum time resolution obtainable in systems uncorrected for the elastic distortion of the mirror surface. Instrumentation for the measurement of the surface distortion at high speed is described and data are reported for rotating rectangular parallelepipeds as a function of size and width-to-thickness ratio. The central sections of the mirrors deform cylindrically, the power varying nearly with the square of the peripheral speed. The distortion effects can be almost completely compensated by the introduction of negative astigmatism into the system. An auxiliary optical system is described which aids in the adjustment of the corrector lens to obtain optimum resolution. A corrected system in current use has a time resolution of 10−8 sec with relative aperture f6.
The Role of Dispersal in Structuring the Chitwan Tiger Population

Dispersal in tigers was studied in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Thirty six adult and young were studied to monitor movements and social interactions relative to dispersal. Fourteen subadults were followed from before their dispersal until they died or established post-dispersal territories. Subadult tigers became semi-independent of their mother when her next litter was born. They usually remained within her natal area until the subsequent litter began to move with her at about 2 mos of age. Animals dispersed between 19 and 28 mos. Males dispersed farther than females and settled in poorer habitat. Three of 4 females settled adjacent to their mothers; in two cases the mother shifted her territory allowing the daughter to take over a large portion of the mother's former territory. Wounds on young prior to dispersal indicated that aggression prompted dispersal. Fjghts were observed between dispersers and residents. After fights, dispersers always left the resident's area. All 4 dispersing females established breeding territories. Females settled next to their mothers tending to reduce the genetic variance of a male's offspring. Eight of 10 males became localized in temporary, post-dispersal territories; 4 of the 8 survived. Two males died of poisoning and 2 from intrasexual aggression. Surviving males either expanded temporary territories or shifted to new areas to establish breeding territories. The Chitwan tigers are an isolated remnant of a population once continuous across the lowlands of Nepal. Effective population size was estimated to be <30 animals. Tigers did not disperse across cultivated areas but did travel through degraded forest habitat. No animal dispersed outside the Chitwan region and there appear to be effective barriers separating Chitwan from the two nearest populations 150 and 250 kms distant. The Chitwan population is probably one of the largest tiger populations remaining in the world. Isolation and small size threaten these populations with stochastic events that may lead to further reduction in population size.
Desorption by electronically stimulated adsorbate rotation

Time-of-flight laser resonance ionization is used to measure state-selective translational energies of neutral NO, CO, and metastable CO (${\mathrm{a}}^{3}$\ensuremath{\Pi}) desorbed from Pt(111) upon electron impact. A novel and dominant NO channel has a threshold of \ensuremath{\sim}6 eV and a peak translational energy of 0.05 eV. Lifetime calculations reveal a long-lived simple excitation (5${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$). Dynamical calculations reproduce translational and rotational energy distributions and suggest that the excitation frees the hindered rotation of NO.
Photoresist-based integration of enzyme functionality into MEMS

We demonstrate the direct immobilization of glucose oxidase and lactate oxidase onto photoresists commonly used in microfabrication. The method allows for a cost-effective, facile inclusion of enzyme functionality into novel MEMS devices because it does not require any chemical or physical pre-treatment of surfaces, and it is largely compatible with existing fabrication technologies. We used fluorescence imaging and absorbance spectrometry to confirm attachment of the enzymes onto the photoresists and to determine their activity. In addition, the procedure was used to successfully integrate enzyme functionality into a photoresist-based biosensor. This further demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach, and opens a path towards other novel applications in MEMS research.
Phosphorylation of pyrimidine L-deoxynucleoside analog diphosphates. Kinetics of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of nucleoside analog diphosphates and triphosphates by 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.

Abstract Anticancer and antivirald- and l-nucleoside analogs are phosphorylated stepwise in the cells to the pharmacologically active triphosphate metabolites. We recently reported that in the last step,l-deoxynucleoside analog diphosphates are phosphorylated by 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). To explain the preference of PGK forl- over d-deoxynucleoside analog diphosphates, the kinetics of their phosphorylation were compared with the dephosphorylation of the respective triphosphates using recombinant human PGK. The results attributed favorable phosphorylation ofl-deoxynucleoside analog diphosphates by PGK to differences in k cat, which were consequences of varied orientations of the sugar and diphosphates in the catalytic site of PGK. The amino acids involved in the catalytic reaction of PGK (including Glu344, Lys220, and Asn337) were therefore mutated. The impact of mutations on the phosphorylation of l- and d-deoxynucleoside analog diphosphates was different from those on dephosphorylation of the respective triphosphates. This suggested that the interactions of the nucleoside analogs with amino acids during the transition state are different in the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions. Thus, reversible action of the enzyme may not involve the same configuration of the active site. Furthermore, the amino acid determinants of the action of PGK for l-deoxynucleotides were not the same as for the d-deoxynucleotides. This study also suggests the potential impact of nucleoside analog diphosphates and triphosphates on the multiple cellular functions of PGK, which may contribute to the action of the analogs.
A futures market in computer time

An auction method is described for allocating computer time that allows the price of computer time to fluctuate with the demand and the relative priority of users to be controlled so that more important projects get better access. This auction is free of the periodic fluctuation in computer use often associated with monthly schemes.
Hostility modifies the association between TV viewing and cardiometabolic risk.

Background. It was hypothesized that television viewing is predictive of cardiometabolic risk. Moreover, people with hostile personality type may be more susceptible to TV-induced negative emotions and harmful health habits which increase occurrence of cardiometabolic risk. Purpose. The prospective association of TV viewing on cardiometabolic risk was examined along with whether hostile personality trait was a modifier. Methods. A total of 3,269 Black and White participants in the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study were assessed from age 23 to age 35. A cross-lagged panel model at exam years 5, 10, 15, and 20, covering 15 years, was used to test whether hours of daily TV viewing predicted cardiometabolic risk, controlling confounding variables. Multiple group analysis of additional cross-lagged panel models stratified by high and low levels of hostility was used to evaluate whether the association was modified by the hostile personality trait. Results. The cross-lagged association of TV viewing at years 5 and 15 on clustered cardiometabolic risk score at years 10 and 20 was significant ( and 0.051), but not at 10 to 15 years. This association was significant for those with high hostility ( for exam years 5 to 10 and 0.057 for exam years 15 to 20) but not low hostility. Conclusion. These findings indicate that TV viewing is positively associated with cardiometabolic risk. Further, they indicate that hostility might be a modifier for the association between TV viewing and cardiometabolic risk.
A Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Testbed for Emulating Hydraulic Loads Representing the Complete Dig Cycle of a Construction Machine

A hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation testbed is designed to be capable of emulating the entire domain of hydraulic workport loads incident on a test valve during normal work cycle operations of a certain hydraulic construction machine, such as a backhoe or excavator. The HIL testbed is a useful tool during rapid prototyping of control algorithms for the test valve, and for performing controlled experiments with the valve in the context of developing valve control algorithms to improve the overall energy efficiency of hydraulic systems. This paper discusses four key topics: the architecture of the real-time simulation and testbed control process, the modeling and validation of the emulated machine dynamics, the controller development for the HIL testbed, and some initial performance testing of the HIL testbed.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Purinergic regulation of bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation and adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat.

Abstract We assessed the contribution of ATP and adenosine (i) to a major sign of acute inflammation, plasma extravasation (PE), in the rat knee joint and (ii) to the severity of joint injury in adjuvant-induced experimental arthritis, a chronic inflammatory disease. PE induced by local infusion of bradykinin, which we have previously shown to depend on the sympathetic postganglionic neuron terminal, was markedly enhanced by coinfusion of either ATP or the adenosine A2-receptor agonist 2-[4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenos ine. Bradykinin-induced PE was inhibited by coinfusion of the ATP receptor antagonist adenosine 5'-[alpha,beta-methylene]triphosphate, the A2-receptor antagonist 3-(5H-thiozolo[2,3b]quinazolin-3-yl)phenol monohydrochloride, or the adenosine A1-receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine. The joint injury associated with experimental arthritis, which is reduced in severity in sympathectomized rats, was also markedly attenuated by daily administration of either ATP (40% reduction) or adenosine (55% reduction). These results demonstrate that the purines ATP and adenosine (acting at the A2 receptor), cotransmitters in the sympathetic postganglionic neuron terminal, enhance bradykinin-induced sympathetic postganglionic neuron terminal-dependent PE but inhibit the joint injury of arthritis. These opposing purinergic effects on PE and joint injury suggest that enhanced PE protects against joint injury.
Constraints on hydraulic parameters and implications for groundwater flux across the upland-estuary interface

Abstract Analyses of independent laboratory- and field-scale measurements from two sites on Sapelo Island, Georgia reveal heterogeneity in hydraulic parameters across the upland–estuary interface. Regardless of the method used (short-duration pumping tests, amplitude attenuation of tidal pumping data, sediment grain size distributions, and falling head permeameter tests), we obtain hydraulic conductivity of ∼10−4 m s−1 for the fine-grained, well-sorted, clean sands that make up the upland areas. Proximal to the upland–estuary boundary, the tidal pumping analyses and permeameter tests suggest that hydraulic conductivities decrease by more than two orders of magnitude, a result consistent with the presence of a clogging layer. Such a clogging layer may arise due to a variety of physical, chemical, or biological processes. The extent and orientation of the layers of reduced hydraulic conductivity near the upland–estuary boundary influence the nature of the aquifer's response to tidal forcing. Where the lower conductivity layer forms a relatively flat creek bank, tidal pumping produces a primarily mechanical response in the adjacent aquifer. Where the creek bank is nearly vertical, there is a more direct hydraulic connection between the tidal creek and the adjacent aquifer. The clogging layer likely contributes to the development of complicated flow pathways across the upland–estuary boundary. Effective flow paths calculated from tidal pumping data terminate within the marsh, beyond the boundary of the upland aquifer, suggesting a diffuse regime of groundwater discharge in the marsh. We postulate that, in many settings, submarsh flow may be as important as seepage faces for groundwater discharge into the marsh–estuary complex.
Incompatible Institutions: Socialism vs. Constitutionalism in India

There has been a decline in rule of law in India, reflected in the frequent amendments to the Indian Constitution. This paper analyzes the historical and ideological context for constitutional amendments to understand the reason for the deterioration of constitutionalism in India. I argue that the formal institutions of socialist planning were fundamentally incompatible with the constraints imposed by the Indian Constitution. This incompatibility led to frequent amendments to the Constitution, especially in the area of Fundamental Rights. Pursuit of socialist policies gradually undermined the Constitution. The contradictory mixture of socialism and constitutionalism led to economic and political deprivations that were never intended by the founding fathers.