cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Too much of a good thing: Neurobiology of non-homeostatic eating and drug abuse

In this paper, a framework involving four aspects to be considered when establishing an operational definition of non-homeostatic appetitive behavior is presented. The four aspects are (1) the quantity of the commodity consumed, (2) the quality or type of commodity consumed, (3) the context in which the behavior occurs, and (4) the specific kind of behavior that is directed toward obtaining and consuming the commodity of interest. This framework permits comparisons among a variety of non-homeostatic behaviors and accommodates different theoretical approaches reflected in the use of mechanistic, systems, behavioral, nutritional, and clinical experimental strategies. The speakers of this symposium were selected to emphasize the four aspects of non-homeostatic behavior, to represent several different approaches, and to facilitate discussion regarding neural similarities and differences between non-homeostatic eating and drug abuse. The various talks illustrated that boundaries need not exist among research fields, and that communication among the various areas enhances the research effort.
The peace of Callias

Less than a decade ago Robin Seager wrote that further discussion of the Peace of Callias would be inexcusable. Needless to say, discussion has continued. Wherever one stands, on the problem as such, it ought to be admitted that new ideas have been put forward, or (since it seems unlikely, on a topic so much discussed, that anything new can now be said) at least old and forgotten ones have been revived and put in new perspectives. Meiggs's estimate of a special treatment to be expected every two years has stood up well enough: Klaus Meister's bibliography lists twenty special treatments between 1945 and 1982, and one (by S. Accame) appeared in the same year (1982) as Meister's own.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient without immunodeficiency

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease caused by the JC virus usually in the context of immunodeficiency. We report a case of PML in a patient without evidence of immunosuppression and highlight several issues relating to diagnosis and management. ### Case report. A 62-year-old right-handed man presented with a 2-year history of progressive left-sided headache, speech difficulties, and hand clumsiness. Three weeks prior to admission he had substantial cognitive decline with concentration and memory difficulties. He reported fatigue and 15-pound weight loss. His background history included hypertension and coronary artery disease. He reported isolated, uncomplicated thoracic shingles 4 years prior. There was no history of alcohol abuse. On examination, he was alert but disoriented to time. He had anomia with expressive aphasia. Comprehension and repetition were intact. He recalled 2 of 3 objects. Motor and sensory examinations were unremarkable. Tendon reflexes were brisk on the right. He walked unassisted but was unsteady on tandem gait. Brain MRI (figure) revealed extensive T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities involving the left frontal subcortical white matter, sparing the overlying cortex. There was vasogenic edema with ill-defined patchy contrast enhancement. Figure Brain MRI fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence and immunohistopathology of the brain tissue (A) At diagnosis. (B) 2 months post mefloquine. (C) 6 months post mefloquine therapy. (D) The lesion comprises perivascular and interstitial chronic inflammation, atypical astrocytes, …
Oxygen permeation through thin zirconia/yttria membranes prepared by EVD

Abstract Ultra-thin dense zirconia/yttria membrane composites were fabricated by EVD technique on porous α-alumina substrates. The deposited membranes consisted primarily of cubic/tetragonal phases as determined by XRD. The EVD film growth rate estimated by SEM photographs was 3–4 μm/h. Oxygen permeation data of thin dense zirconia/yttria membranes with different thickness (2–15 μm) were measured at 900 °C and 1000 °C. From the oxygen permeation data, the surface reaction and bulk diffusion rate parameters, α and β, were calculated. At 900 °C, α = 3.0 × 10 −8 mol/cm 2 · s · atm 1 2 and β = 3.0 × 10 −8 mol/cm · s · atm 1 4 with activation energy 53 KJ/mol and 72 KJ/mol for α and β, respectively. Presence of steam in the high oxygen partial pressure side promoted electrochemical surface reaction.
Estimation of Spoilage Bacterial Load on Meat by Fluorescein Diacetate Hydrolysis or Resazurin Reduction

Resazurin reduction time (RR), fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDA), and aerobic plate count (APC) were monitored in aerobically packaged beef steaks stored at 4°C. FDA hydrolysis increased, while RR decreased with increased APC. As bacterial load increased from ca. 10 2 CFU/cm 2 to 10 8 CFU/cm 2 , FDA activity (A 490 ) increased from 0.1 to 0.6 units and RR decreased from 22 hr to < 1 hr. Linear regression performed between APC and RR, and APC and FDA revealed r-values of 0.94 (P< 0.001) and 0.92 (P< 0.001), respectively. Results indicated that RR and FDA could be used as rapid methods to estimate spoilage bacterial load in aerobically stored meat.
Frey's Syndrome after Carotid Endarterectomy

Frey's syndrome after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is due to iatrogenic injury to the auriculotemporal nerve and has not been previously reported. One month after uncomplicated CEA, our patient noted an erythematous flush and copious drainage of clear fluid from the superior portion of his neck wound whenever he ate, or smelled or thought of food. These symptoms lasted for 2 months and eventually resolved without intervention. The cause and treatment of Frey's syndrome is also described.
Measurements of Negative-Muon Lifetimes in Light Isotopes

Negative muons from the Carnegie Tech synchrocyclotron were stopped in the following targets: separated isotopes of lithium (${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$) and boron (${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ and ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$), and natural beryllium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. From an analysis of the resulting time spectrum of the decay electrons, the negative-muon lifetime in each of these substances was obtained. From a separate measurement of the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ lifetime, (2.202\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003) \ensuremath{\mu}sec, the capture rates in the above elements were determined. They are (in units of ${10}^{5}$/sec); ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{cap}}({\mathrm{Li}}^{6})=0.061\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{cap}}({\mathrm{Li}}^{7})=0.018\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{cap}}({\mathrm{B}}^{10})=0.265\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{cap}}({\mathrm{B}}^{11})=0.218\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.016$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{cap}}(\mathrm{Be})=0.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{cap}}(\mathrm{C})=0.397\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{cap}}(\mathrm{N})=0.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$, and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{cap}}(\mathrm{O})=0.98\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$.
Residues in tissues and eggs of poultry dusted with Co-Ral (Bayer 21/199).

Thirty White Leghorn hens were dusted with P32-labeled Co-Ral ® ( O, O -diethyl O-(3 -chloro-4-methylumbelliferone) phosphorothioate or Bayer 21/199) at 50 mg./kg. Twenty hens were dusted once, while 10 hens received two applications at weekly intervals. Some intact Co-Ral remained on the feathers and skin for 28 days after treatment. The liver, kidney, and bone contained more radioactivity than other internal tissues. By 3 days after treatment, acetonitrile-soluble residues in internal tissues were negligible. The eggs contained minute quantities of acetonitrilc-soluble residues at 5 to 7 days after treatment of the hens, but these residues were not characterized as Co-Ral or its oxygen analog. Radioactive materials excreted in the feces consisted of residual Co-Ral, the oxygen analog, O, O -diethyl phosphoric and O, O -diethyl phosphorothioic acids. Phospholipids, ribose nucleic acid, desoxyribose nucleic acid and acid-soluble phosphorus compounds were isolated from the liver and feces.
A Lagrangian-based nonlinear closed-loop control algorithm: Application to the advanced liquid metal reactor

Abstract A closed-loop nonlinear control algorithm for the on-line control of nuclear power plants is presented. The algorithm is based on the Lagrangian version of Pontryagin's maximum principle (PMP). The two-point boundary value problem associated with the PMP formalism has been converted into an initial value problem. This conversion, valid only when a demand is prescribed, allows the on-line operation of the control algorithm. The current Lagrangian-based control algorithm can perform on-line load following, plant state estimation and treat unmeasurable plant parameters as uncertain parts in the controller model. The control algorithm has been proven to be stable in the small, robust against large perturbations and, once tuned, can handle a wide range of transients. The usefulness of the new control algorithm has been demonstrated by the development of a set of real-time advanced controllers for the multimodular advanced liquid metal reactor.
Aminoglycoside activity observed on single pre-translocation ribosome complexes

Aminoglycoside-class antibiotics bind directly to ribosomal RNA, imparting pleiotropic effects on ribosome function. Despite in-depth structural investigations of aminoglycoside-RNA oligonucleotide and aminoglycoside-ribosome interactions, mechanisms explaining the unique ribosome inhibition profiles of chemically similar aminoglycosides remain elusive. Here, using single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) methods, we show that high-affinity aminoglycoside binding to the conserved decoding site region of the functional pre-translocation ribosome complex specifically remodels the nature of intrinsic dynamic processes within the particle. The extents of these effects, which are distinct for each member of the aminoglycoside class, strongly correlate with their inhibition of EF-G-catalyzed translocation. Neomycin, a 4,5-linked aminoglycoside, binds with lower affinity to one or more secondary binding sites, mediating distinct structural and dynamic perturbations that further enhance translocation inhibition. These new insights help explain why closely related aminoglycosides elicit pleiotropic translation activities and demonstrate the potential utility of smFRET as a tool for dissecting the mechanisms of antibiotic action.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK AND REINFORCEMENT IN VOLUNTARY ACCELERATION OF HUMAN HEART RATE

Six single-subject experiments were conducted: In each experiment, after a stable baseline was established, S was given 8 20-min. trials on which he was to accelerate heart rate with no feedback; next 24 additional 20-min. sessions were given on which S received binary feedback of heart rate; depending upon the experiment, reinforcement in the form of small amounts of money was also given or withdrawn in blocks of 8 sessions; finally generalization was measured in a concluding block of 8 sessions. A significant instruction effect was found in 4 experiments. Further significant increases in heart rate were found in all 6 experiments when feedback was introduced. Although it was established experimentally that contingent presentation of money functioned as a reinforcer for a motor (bar-press) response, its contingent presentation did not yield a consistent advantage in accelerating heart rate.
C-H bond activation: A radical non-metal solution.

Converting methane into more useful and readily transportable compounds has previously required the use of metal-based oxo catalysts, but now sulfur and phosphorus are showing their mettle.
Decreasing Computational Time of Urban Cellular Automata Through Model Portability

This paper investigates how portability of a model between different computer operating systems can lead to increased efficiency in code execution. The portability problem is not a trivial one, as many geographic models are designed to be run inside a set environment (Unix, Solaris, Linux, and Windows), and are further limited by hardware constraints. The SLEUTH urban growth model [K.C Clarke, S. Hoppen, and L. Gaydos. "A self-modifying cellular automaton model of historical urbanization in the San Francisco Bay area", Environment and Planning B, 24:247---261, 1997.] was implemented under three different operating systems (Solaris, Linux, and Windows). Results suggest that the model's performance is optimized by porting it from its original environment (Unix/Solaris) to Linux or Windows where faster processors are available. While the results show optimization of model performance, there are some suggestions of computational bottlenecks that may eventually limit the increased performance of the model. Regardless, the research demonstrates that the portability of a model can lead to not only to a decrease in computation time, but may increase the viability in practical applications and attract a wider user base.
Analysis of capital expenditure projects with uncertain discrete cash flows

Abstract In this paper, a methodology is presented for evaluating risky projects whose cash flows, start times and durations are not known with certainty. The methodology directly computes statistics of the present worth (i.e. means and variances) from closed-form analytical formulas which are derived with explicit consideration of the risks associated with the individual variables that affect the profitability index of the projects. It is assumed that the cash flows occur discretely over time and that a fixed discount rate exists over the project duration. The application of the technique is demonstrated through systematic steps on a number of example problems.
The Effects of Dietary Aspirin and Humidity on the Performance of Light and Heavy Breed Chicks

Abstract HIGH environmental temperatures, 29°C. or over, as compared to lower environmental temperatures, 21°C. or less, have been shown to depress growth in young chicks (Kleiber and Dougherty, 1934; Winchester and Kleiber, 1938; Squibb et al, 1959; Adams et al, 1962). At optimal temperatures, relative humidity has not been shown to have any appreciable effect on growth or feed efficiency. Barrott and Pringle (1949) found that relative humidities ranging from 35 to 75% had no effect on growth of chicks from 1 to 18 days of age when brooding temperature was held constant. Prince et al. (1965) observed no differences in growth or feed efficiencies with chicks grown from 4 to 8 weeks of age in relative humidities of 52, 70, and 90%, either at 12.6°C. or at 23.8°C. At high environmental temperatures, the results have been variable. In 1964, Kamar and Khalifa reported that with adult birds maintained at a . . .
Inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+ current by PACAP in rat adrenal chromaffin cells

Abstract It is well established that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) can stimulate catecholamine biosynthesis and secretion in adrenal chromaffin cells. Recent studies from this laboratory demonstrated that PACAP pretreatment inhibits nicotine (NIC)-induced intracellular Ca 2+ transients and catecholamine secretion in porcine adrenal chromaffin cells. Mechanistically, this effect is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC), and based on indirect evidence, is thought to primarily target voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels. The present study used whole-cell patch-clamp analysis to test this possibility more directly in rat chromaffin cells. Consistent with the porcine data, pretreatment with PACAP or with phorbol ester [phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)] significantly suppressed NIC-induced intracellular Ca 2+ transients and catecholamine secretion in rat chromaffin cells. Exposure to PACAP and PMA significantly reduced peak Ca 2+ current in rat cells. The effects of both PACAP and PMA on Ca 2+ current could be blocked by treating cells with the PKC inhibitor staurosporine. Exposure to selective channel blockers demonstrated that rat chromaffin cells contain L-, N- and P/Q-type Ca 2+ channels. PACAP pretreatment significantly reduced Ca 2+ current gated through all three channel subtypes. These data suggest that PACAP can negatively modulate NIC-induced catecholamine secretion in both porcine and rat adrenal chromaffin cells.
Haptoglobin-related Protein Mediates Trypanosome Lytic Factor Binding to Trypanosomes

Abstract Trypanosome lytic factor (TLF-1) is an unusual high density lipoprotein (HDL) found in human serum that is toxic toTrypanosoma brucei brucei and may be critical in preventing human infections by this parasite. TLF-1 is composed of four major apolipoproteins: apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein AII, paraoxonase, and the primate-specific haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr). Hpr is greater than 90% homologous to haptoglobin (Hp), an abundant acute phase serum protein. Killing of trypanosomes by TLF-1 requires cell surface binding, endocytosis, and subsequent lysosomal targeting. Low temperature binding studies reveal two receptors for TLF-1: one that is high affinity/low capacity (K d ∼12 nm, 350 receptors per cell) and another that binds with low affinity/high capacity (K d ∼1 μm, 60,000 receptors per cell). The low affinity binding is competed by nonlytic human HDL and is likely to be apolipoprotein AI-mediated. Purified human Hpr and human Hp bind to trypanosomes, are internalized, and are targeted to the lysosome. Furthermore, Hpr shows competition for TLF-1 binding, and a monoclonal antibody against Hpr prevents both TLF-1 uptake and trypanosome killing. Based on these results, we propose that Hpr mediates the high affinity binding of TLF-1 toT. b. brucei through a haptoglobin-like receptor.
Explanation of the discontinuity in the spin-relaxation time of 3He-A1.

A Comment on the Letter by S. T. Lu, Q. Jiang, and H. Kojima, Phys. Rev. Lett 62, 1639 (1989).
Simulation of radar backscattering in a ripple tank

A ripple tank study of wave motion associated with the wave formation in the vicinity of a cone-sphere is discussed. The experimental test facility is described. Included in the interpretation of the ripple tank experiments are the wave formations in the shadow region of the cone-sphere showing traveling and creeping waves.
Hemodynamic evaluation of severe tricuspid regurgitation.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4] An 83-year-old woman with rheumatic heart disease presented with 1 year of progressive right heart failure following pacemaker implantation. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) with
On the bandwidth of 3-dimensional Hamming graphs

This paper presents strategies for improving the known upper and lower bounds for the bandwidth of Hamming graphs (K"n)^d and [0,1]^d. Our labeling strategy lowers the upper bound on the bandwidth of the continuous Hamming graph, [0,1]^3, from .5 to .4497. A lower bound of .4439 on bw([0,1]^3) follows from known isoperimetric inequalities and a related dynamic program is conjectured to raise that lower bound to 4/9=.4444.... In particular, showing the power of our method, we prove that the bandwidth of K"6xK"6xK"6 is exactly 101.
Theoretical calculation of creep and relaxation of polycrystals, and stress redistribution among constituent grains

Taking into account both transient and steady creep of slip systems in the grain, a theoretical method is developed to determine the overall creep and relaxation behaviour of polycrystals and, by which, the accompanying stress and strain distribution among the constituent grains can also be evaluated. This method extends the incremental self-consistent relation for grain interactions to the total form, and is further complemented with an iterative computational process. It is primarily intended for the calculation of creep under a constant stress, relaxation under a constant strain, and a combination of both. While maintaining almost the same degree of accuracy, this new method, as compared to the incremental one, is far more effective. Its theoretical predictions on the creep and relaxation of a 2618-T61 aluminium are shown to be in good accord with experiments. The heterogeneous nature of creep deformation and stress distribution among the constituent grains are also displayed for several selected grain orientations. Finally some implications and limitations of the model are assessed.
Downregulation of the 18-kDa translocator protein: Effects on the ammonia-induced mitochondrial permeability transition and cell swelling in cultured astrocytes

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major neurological complication in patients with severe liver disease. While the pathogenesis of HE is unclear, elevated blood and brain ammonia levels are believed to be major etiological factors, and astrocytes appear to be the primary target of its toxicity. A notable feature of ammonia neurotoxicity is an upregulation of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) (formerly referred to as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor or PBR), which is found on the outer mitochondrial membrane. However, the precise significance of this upregulation is unclear. To examine its potential role in ammonia-induced astrocyte dysfunction, we downregulated the TSPO using antisense oligonucleotides, and examined whether such downregulation could alter two prominent features of ammonia gliotoxicity, namely, the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and astrocyte swelling. Nontransfected cultures treated with NH4Cl (5 mM; 48 h) showed a significant increase in astrocyte cell volume (37.5%). In cultured astrocytes transfected with TSPO antisense oligonucleotides, such cell swelling was reduced to 17%, but this change was not significantly different from control cell volume. Similarly, nontransfected cultures treated with NH4Cl (5 mM; 24 h) exhibited a 40% decline in the cyclosporin A-sensitive mitochondrial inner membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) (P < 0.01) (a measure of the MPT). By contrast, cells transfected with TSPO antisense oligonucleotides did not display a significant loss of the DeltaPsi(m) following ammonia exposure. Our findings highlight the important role of the TSPO in the mechanism of ammonia neurotoxicity.
Tillage implement disturbance effects on soil properties related to soil and water conservation: a literature review

Abstract The effects of tillage implement distrubance on the physical properties of soil have been widely studied. However, because soil properties resulting from the use of a given implement vary due to implement factors (depth and speed of tillage) and soil factors (water content, texture, residue cover, etc.), soil properties for a given operation are difficult to visualize, let alone predict. This report summarizes the ranges of selected soil property responses observed in previous tillage studies and identifies factors that must be considered in developing useful models to predict the effects of tillage on soil properties that are related to soil and water conservation. Considered are soil mechanical properties (surface micro-relief, aggregate size distribution and bulk density) and hydraulic properties and processes (water retention, saturated conductivity, infiltration and evaporation). For future literature reports on tillage to be useful for developing comprehensive relationships between tillage and soil properties, the reports should include information on: soil classification, texture, water content (or time of precipitation), bulk density, mechanical impedance and organic matter concentration; tillage method, depth and speed of operation; previous crop, including availability of crop residues; and previous soil management history (compacted soil, irrigated or dryland, etc.).
Vegetation and outdoor recess time at elementary schools: What are the connections?

Empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that landscapes with more vegetation have a positive impact on children's focus, attention, and cognitive development. In school, children are able to regain focus, suppress impulses, and pay attention in class longer after exposure to natural settings. Because children spend much of their time in school, the amount and types of vegetation on school grounds may influence their development. Public elementary schools in the Commonwealth of Virginia (N = 988) were surveyed to examine correlations between school ground vegetation and outside recess. The number of trees on school grounds, the size of the school grounds, and the presence of sports fields were modestly correlated with greater outside recess time. These correlations support common sense because sports fields facilitate supervised play and larger school grounds provide space for sports fields and playgrounds and additional opportunities for free play. More trees on school grounds provide a welcoming environment for students and teachers, and encourage outside play. These results may help school personnel design and maintain school grounds that increase outdoor recess time.
Steel bridge fatigue crack detection with piezoelectric wafer active sensors

Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) are well known for its dual capabilities in structural health monitoring, acting as either actuators or sensors. Due to the variety of deterioration sources and locations of bridge defects, there is currently no single method that can detect and address the potential sources globally. In our research, our use of the PWAS based sensing has the novelty of implementing both passive (as acoustic emission) and active (as ultrasonic transducers) sensing with a single PWAS network. The combined schematic is using acoustic emission to detect the presence of fatigue cracks in steel bridges in their early stage since methods such as ultrasonics are unable to quantify the initial condition of crack growth since most of the fatigue life for these details is consumed while the fatigue crack is too small to be detected. Hence, combing acoustic emission with ultrasonic active sensing will strengthen the damage detection process. The integration of passive acoustic emission detection with active sensing will be a technological leap forward from the current practice of periodic and subjective visual inspection, and bridge management based primarily on history of past performance. In this study, extensive laboratory investigation is performed supported by theoretical modeling analysis. A demonstration system will be presented to show how piezoelectric wafer active sensor is used for acoustic emission. Specimens representing complex structures are tested. The results will also be compared with traditional acoustic emission transducers to identify the application barriers.
Cyanylated Cysteine used to Observe the Interaction between the CM15 Antimicrobial Peptide and Neutral Lipid Membranes

Antimicrobial peptides, the first immune response, are known to provide protection against pathogens; there are three proposed pore formation models by which antimicrobial peptides are believed to disrupt membranes. Previous work used the artificial amino acid cyanylated cysteine to confirm that the synthetic hybrid antimicrobial peptide CM15 porates anionic lipid vesicles by the barrel stave mechanism, which requires a single dominant orientation of the peptide on the lipid surface. Recent molecular dynamics results suggest that CM15 might adopt a number of different structures when binding to neutral lipid bilayers, including those made primarily of phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids. Infrared spectrometry of CM15 variants provides evidence that the lipid bound conformation of CM15 to neutral bilayers varies significantly from that in contact with anionic bilayers. Additionally, circular dichroism experiments give further insight into the different structures of CM15 in contact with neutral lipid membranes.
Pigments responsible for ultraviolet patterns in flowers of Oenothera (Onagraceae)

MANY insect-pollinated flowers have nectar guides1 which increase the foraging and pollination efficiency of their insect visitors2. Some of these are visible only by their contrasting ultraviolet patterns, visible to insects but not to humans3. In such flowers, the nectar guides absorb ultraviolet light, and the compounds responsible were early suspected to be phenolics4. Recently, in Rudbeckia hirta L. (Asteraceae), a mixture of methylated flavonol glycosides has been shown to be responsible5. We report here that another class of flavonoids, chalcones, is responsible for the similar patterns in Oenothera (Fig. 1) and in three other genera of Onagraceae with flowers that appear uniformly yellow to humans.
Zeros of generalized Krawtchouk polynomials

Abstract The zeros of generalized Krawtchouk polynomials are studied. Some interlacing theorems for the zeros are given. A new infinite family of integral zeros is given, and it is conjectured that these comprise most of the non-trivial zeros. The integral zeros for two families of q-Krawtchouk polynomials are classified.
Chemisorptive electron emission as a probe of plastic deformation in reactive metals

The surface area created during tensile deformation and fracture of the reactive metals Ti, Zr, Mg, and Al is probed by real-time measurements of chemisorptive electron emission (CSE) due to oxygen adsorption. CSE is sensitive to the number of fresh metal atoms exposed at the surface as a consequence of plastic deformation. At constant strain rate, Ti, Zr, and Mg all display exponential increases in CSE intensities during loading, reflecting exponential increases in surface area prior to fracture. In Ti and Zr, CSE begins at the onset of unstable necking. In contrast, CSE intensities from Al reflect a nearly constant rate of surface area production during deformation at constant strain rate. Calibration of the Ti CSE intensities per unit surface area allowed determination of the total surface area produced during deformation and fracture. Atomic force microscopy of the necked region in strained Ti samples shows dramatic increases in surface roughness, in near agreement with the CSE results. A model is presented to account for these observations. The utility of CSE measurements as a probe of deformation and ductile fracture is discussed.
Histopathology and bronchoalveolar lavage

Although neither lung biopsy nor bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is recommended for routine clinical use in patients with SSc, studies employing lung biopsy material and BAL fluid (BALF) have provided insight into the pathogenesis of scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD). Most often, SSc-ILD is classified as a non-specific interstitial pneumonia, with abundant myofibroblasts and evidence of both epithelial cell and endothelial cell injury. Recently, SSc-ILD fibroblasts have been shown to express reduced levels of the caveolin-1 protein which, in turn, may lead to activation of the signalling molecules associated with increased collagen production and overexpression of alpha-smooth muscle cell actin (alpha-SMA). BALF often contains increased numbers of inflammatory cells as well as myofibroblasts expressing alpha-SMA. Analysis of BALF suggests an imbalance between pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic factors, e.g. an overabundance of TGF-beta, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), PDGF, leucotriene B4, etc. and in some cases a deficiency of hepatocyte growth factor, 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), lipoxin A, etc. Until the pathogenesis is fully understood, lung biopsy and BAL will remain useful research tools to better understand the inflammatory and fibrosing processes that underlie SSc-ILD.
State of the art: Summary and commentary

Cancer Biology The process of carcinogenesis is viewed as a multistage one, involving initiation, promotion, and progression: initiation involving a change in DNA; promotion, a change in the expression of the altered DNA; and progression, a perpetuation of genetic change but with the potential for further genetic instability. Initiation is regarded as irreversible, with a threshold determined by the number of DNA molecules that have been appropriately altered. A wide variety of substances have been incriminated as promoters in different experimental systems, but they can only promote carcinogenesis in DNA that has already been initiated. Elucidation of various biochemical steps involved in transformation in certain experimental systems has revealed possibilities for the development of interventional strategies for interrupting specific events in the process. How and to what extent oncogenes fit into the multistage concepts of carcinogenesis remain to be fully clarified. Within the constraints of existing evidence, proto-oncogenes may be regarded as constituting normal endogenous DNA sequences, the oncogenic expression of which may be influenced by the DNA alterations consequent to the action of initiators and possibly promoters. In the latter circumstance, promoters may appear to be "complete" carcinogens by facilitating expression of oncogenes. Understanding the role of oncogenes promises to continue at an explosive pace. That a single mutation in a gene codingFor p21 protein generates a consistent and identifiable difference in the gene product that distinguishes normal from transformed cells is an exciting possibility. Metastasis is directly or indirectly the principal cause of death in patients with cancer. Biologically, the process of metastasis is a multiphase and sequential one involving a number of steps, interruption of
Fluoride and beryllium interact with the (Na + K)-dependent ATPase as analogs of phosphate

Fluoride irreversibly inhibits the (Na + K)-ATPase, and this inactivation requires divalent cations (Mg2+, Mn2+, or Ca2+), is augmented by K+, but is diminished by Na+ and by ATP. Prior incubation with the aluminum chelator deferoxamine markedly slows inactivation, whereas adding 1 µM AlCl3 speeds it, consistent with AlF − 4 being the active species. Prior incubation of the enzyme with vanadate also blocks inactivation by fluoride added subsequently. Fluoride stimulates ouabain binding to the enzyme, and thus the analogy between AlF − 4 and both orthophosphate and orthovanadate is reflected not only in the similar dependence on specific ligands for their enzyme interactions and their apparent competition for the same sites, but also in their common ability to promote ouabain binding. Beryllium also irreversibly inhibits the enzyme, and this inactivation again requires divalent cations, is augmented by K+, but is diminished by Na+ and by ATP. Similarly, prior incubation of the enzyme with vanadate blocks inactivation by beryllium added subsequently. Inactivation by beryllium, however, does not require a halide, and, unlike inactivation by fluoride, increases at basic pHs. These observations suggest that beryllium, as beryllium hydroxide complexes, acts as a phosphate analog, similar to AlF − 4 and vanadate.
SU‐E‐T‐889: Target Definition in TomoTherapy Lung SBRT Treatment Plans

Purpose: An unresolved question in lung stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT)treatment planning is whether a free breathing computed tomography(CT)image set, an image set with the electron density of the internal target volume (ITV) set to water, or an averaged 4DCT scan provides the most realistic representation of the physical situation. Methods: TomoTherapy Hi Art treatment plans created on free breathing scans for three patients receiving lungSBRT at our institution were compared to plans created on 1) a scan with the ITV electron density set to water, 2) a scan with the planning target volume (PTV) electron density set to water, 3) a phase averaged 4DCT, and 4) a time averaged 4DCT. The comparison plans were made by creating TomoTherapy delivery quality assurance (DQA) phantoms from the additional image sets, then recalculating the free breathing plan on these phantoms. All doses were exported to MIMVista for analysis. Results: The maximum isodose line covering the entire PTV and ITV showed little change among the different plans for each patient. The maximum point dose to the ITV and the PTV was similar for the free breathing and average scans. The maximum point doses showed a slight increase for both the ITV and PTV override plans for all patients. The PTV override plan pushed the maximum point dose out of the ITV into the PTV. Conclusions: Plans calculated on the scans with density overridden target volumes show a marked change in dose distribution and target coverage from plans calculated on free breathing and average scans. The different treatment planning techniques are clearly not equivalent. The use of a poor model could lead to over or under‐dosing of the target. Further study is needed to determine which plan most accurately models the true physical situation.
Monitoring inhibitor-induced conformational population shifts in HIV-1 protease by pulsed EPR spectroscopy.

Double electron−electron resonance (DEER), a pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy technique, was utilized to characterize conformational population shifts in HIV-1 protease (HIV-1PR) upon interaction with various inhibitors. Distances between spin-labeled sites in the flap region of HIV-1PR were determined, and detailed analyses provide population percentages for the ensemble flap conformations upon interaction with inhibitor or substrate. Comparisons are made between the percentage of the closed conformer seen with DEER and enzymatic inhibition constants, thermodynamic dissociation constants, and the number of hydrogen bonds identified in crystallographic complexes.
Aphrodisiacs past and present: a historical review.

The drug Viagra (sildenafil) has drawn public attention to aphrodisiacs. The search for such substances dates back millennia. Aphrodisiacs can be classified by their mode of action into 3 types: those that increase (1) libido, (2)potency, or (3) sexual pleasure. Various substances of animal and plant origin have been used in folk medicines of different cultures; some have been identified pharmacologically, allowing for under-standing of their mechanisms of action. For increasing libido, ambrein, a major constituent ofAmbra grisea, is used in Arab countries. This tricyclic triterpene alcohol increases the concentration of several anterior pituitary hormones and serum testosterone. Bufo toad skin and glands contain bufotenine (and other bufadienolides), a putative hallucinogenic congener of serotonin. It is the active ingredient in West Indian “love stone” and the Chinese medicationchan su. The aphrodisiac properties are likely of central origin, as are the other effects of the drug. For increasing potency,Panax ginseng, used in traditional Chinese medicine, works as an antioxidant by enhancing nitric oxide synthesis in the endothelium of many organs, including the corpora cavernosa; ginsenosides also enhance acetylcholine-induced and transmural nerve stimulation-activated relaxation associated with increased tissue cyclic guanosine monophosphate, hence the aphrodisiac properties. For increasing sexual pleasure, cantharidin (“Spanish fly”) is a chemical with vesicant properties derived from blister beetles, which have been used for millennia as a sexual stimulant. Its mode of action is by inhibition of phosphodiesterase and protein phosphatase activity and stimulation of β-receptors, inducing vascular congestion and inflammation. Morbidity from its abuse is significant. The ingestion of live beetles (Palembus dermestoides) in Southeast Asia and triatomids in Mexico may have a basis similar to cantharidin. It is of paramount importance for the physician to be aware of the options available to help his or her patients, and to advise them in using the correct drugs while avoiding “miracle” remedies that could be potentially harmful.
Synthesis of nucleic acids in ultraviolet-treated Escherichia coli.

1. 1. The effect of various wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) radiation upon the synthesis of nucleic acids in cultures of Escherichia coli B in logarithmic (log) and out-of-log phases of the growth cycles was studied. 2. 2. Treatment of cultures of log phase E. coli B with UV radiation of 254 mμ stops desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis immediately, whereas ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis continues for about one division cycle (30 minutes) afterwards. 3. 3. Treatment of out-of-log phase cultures of E. coli B with these radiations stops DNA and RNA synthesis immediately, as does treatment with UV of 265 mμ. 4. 4. After irradiation with UV of λ 226 mμ the synthesis of RNA and DNA is not delayed as compared to the controls. 5. 5. RNA and DNA synthesis, stopped by UV, is resumed first in the cultures subsequently illuminated with white light, indicating photoreversal of UV injury by white light, and then in the UV-treated cultures. In both cases, synthesis of nucleic acid is resumed at about the time that the bacteria begin to divide. 6. 6. Since RNA synthesis is inhibited by UV (254 mμ or 265 mμ) in E. coli cultures in the out-of-log phases of the growth cycle but not in the log phase cultures, two loci of action of UV radiations on RNA synthesis are suggested. Citations supporting this view are discussed. 7. 7. The decline in viability of E. coli B after irradiation with very short UV (226 mμ) without a corresponding decrease in RNA and DNA synthesis suggests a locus of action of these radiations on the cell different from the part of the cell involved in nucleic acid synthesis.
House monotone apportionment schemes.

Abstract An empirical comparison is given of two schemes of Congressional apportionment: Huntington's generally accepted Equal Proportion scheme, and a new “house-monotone” Quota scheme. Evidence is given to show that Quota tends to underrepresent small states.
Simplified cyclic analogues of bastadin-5. Structure-activity relationships for modulation of the RyR1/FKBP12 Ca2+ channel complex.

Bastadin-5, a brominated macro-dilactam from the marine sponge Ianthella basta, enhances release of Ca2+ from stores within the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of muscle and nonmuscle cells by modulati...
SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY OF NITRIDORUTHENIUM(VI) COMPLEXES OF WEAKLY COORDINATING LIGANDS

Abstract Neutral, trialkylruthenium complexes Ru(N)R3L (R = CH3, CH2SiMe3; L = pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, 4-picoline, PMe3, CNCMe3) were prepared by the reaction of [Ru(N)R4]− salts with HBF4 and the ligand, L. The molecular structure of Ru(N)(CH2SiMe33 (py) was determined by X-ray diffraction. Crystals of Ru(N)(CH2SiMe3)3(py) are monoclinic in space group. P21/n with a = 14.551(5) A, b = 9.113(4) A, c = 19.801(5) A, α = γ = 90°, β = 109.27(2), Z = 4, R = 0.032 and R w = 0.039. The neutral dialkyl complex, Ru(N)R2Cl, is in equilibrium with the dimer and adds a variety of neutral, two-electron ligands. Cationic complexes [Ru(N)R2L2][BF]4] (R = CH3, CH2SiMe3;L = NCCH3, pyridine) were prepared by the reactions of Ru(N)R3L with HBF4 and additional ligand. The addition of concentrated HNO3(aq) to [Ru(NO)R4]− gave the nitrato complexes [Ru(N)R2(ONO2)2]−. The complexes [Ru(N)R2L2][BF4] react with water to form the μ-hydroxo dimers, {Ru(N)R2(μ-OH)}2. The molecular structure of {Ru(N)(CH)2SiMe3)2(μ-OH)} was determine...
Surgical treatment of atrial myxomas: early and late results of 11 operations and review of the literature.

Abstract Eleven patients underwent surgical excision of atrial myxomas during a 15-year period, with no hospital deaths. The operation consisted of excision of the tumor with a generous portion of atrial septum or wall. Patch reconstruction of the atrial septum was required in most patients. There were 2 late deaths (14 and 121 months after operation). Late recurrences have been reported in other series but no recurrences were diagnosed in any of the patients in this series reexamined by echocardiography 7 to 156 months (mean, 48 months) after operation. Late functional results were excellent (78%, New York Heart Association Class I). The pertinent literature is reviewed.
Elevated Platelet-Associated IgG in PIA1-Negative Mothers following Sensitization to the PIA1 Antigen during Pregnancy

Between 1984 and 1990, we studied 25 infants with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia caused by alloimmunization to the PIA1 alloantigen. We investigated whether mothers of these infants developed elevated platelet-associated immunoglobulin (PAIgG) in addition to anti-PIA1. Eight of the women were found to have PAIgG which persistet at least 7–10 days postdelivery. Eluates prepared from six of the women's platelets reacted with PIA1-positive and PIA1-negative donor platelets, and platelets from donors with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. None of the women with elevated PAIgG had thrombocytopenia, eclampsia, or infections. Two women were found to have autereactive antibodies present in plasma. These results indicate that elevated PAIgG may be found in women immunized to the PIA1 antigen. Some women may also have autoreactive antiplatelet antibodies in their plasma. These findings may lead to confusing serologic findings in evaluating the cause of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.
Prolonged temporal interaction for peripheral visual processing in schizophrenia: evidence from a three-flash illusion.

article i nfo Background: Coherent perception of the visual world requires orderly processing of spatially and temporally distributed visual information across the visual field. The organization of this visual information is impaired in schizophrenia. We previously found that visual temporal integration in patients is prolonged, using flashes presentedto the centralfovea.In thisstudy,we investigatedthistemporal interaction inboththefovea andfairly far out in the peripheral visual field. Methods: We used a 'three-flash' illusion paradigm in which two spatially-coincident light pulses (of 1 ms each) are perceived by healthy individuals as one, two or three flashes depending on the time interval between the pulses. In each trial, two light pulses were presented in the fovea or 34° out in the right visual field. The inter- stimulus pulse interval (ISI) ranged from 30 to 310 ms. The task for patients (n = 28) and controls (n = 26) was to indicate the number of flashes (one, two or three) perceived after each two-pulse presentation. Results: For the controls, the peak of the three-flash illusion was shifted to longer ISIs (150 ms) in the periphery compared to the fovea (110 ms). For the patients, the three-flash illusion was greater and occurred at longer ISIs (270 ms in the periphery and 190 ms at the fovea). Conclusion: Compared to the central visual field, the range of temporal interactions in the periphery is prolonged to a greater extent in schizophrenia. This exacerbated temporal expansion in peripheral vision suggests a coarse temporal resolution for visual and cognitive organization in this mental disorder.
“Culture of Drinking” and Individual Problems with Alcohol Use

Binge drinking is a substantial and growing health problem. Community norms about drinking and drunkenness may influence individual drinking problems. Using data from the New York Social Environment Study (n = 4,000) conducted in 2005, the authors examined the relation between aspects of the neighborhood drinking culture and individual alcohol use. They applied methods to address social stratification and social selection, both of which are challenges to interpreting neighborhood research. In adjusted models, permissive neighborhood drinking norms were associated with moderate drinking (odds ratio (OR) = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.55) but not binge drinking; however, social network and individual drinking norms accounted for this association. By contrast, permissive neighborhood drunkenness norms were associated with more moderate drinking (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.39) and binge drinking (OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.44, 2.56); the binge drinking association remained after adjustment for social network and individual drunkenness norms (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.08). Drunkenness norms were more strongly associated with binge drinking for women than for men (p(interaction) = 0.006). Propensity distributions and adjustment for drinking history suggested that social stratification and social selection, respectively, were not plausible explanations for the observed results. Analyses that consider social and structural factors that shape harmful drinking may inform efforts targeting the problematic aspects of alcohol consumption.