cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online adaptive modulation and coding with support vector machines

Optimizing the performance of adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) in practice has proven challenging. Prior research has struggled to find link quality metrics that are suitable for look-up-tables and simultaneously provide an injective mapping to error rate in wireless links that feature selective channels with hardware nonlinearities and non-Gaussian noise effects. This paper proposes a novel online support vector machine algorithm, compatible with accurate multidimensional link quality metrics, that is able to optimize AMC to the unique (potentially dynamic) hardware characteristics of each wireless device in selective channels. IEEE 802.11n simulations show that our proposed algorithm allows each individual wireless device to optimize the operating point in the rate/reliability tradeoff through frame-by-frame error evaluation. These simulations also show that our algorithm displays identical performance to alternative online AMC algorithms while drastically reducing complexity.
Iodine Compounds in Plasma of Rats: Effect of Exposure to High Environmental Temperature

THE rate of release of iodine-131 from the thyroid has been widely used as an index for thyroid activity and has been considered a reliable index for thyroid function1. It is also used as a basis for the rate of secretion of thyroxine (TSR) by the replacement method2. Recently, this laboratory3 reported a higher rate of release of iodine-131 from the thyroid in rats following long-term exposure to a high environmental temperature (34° C). These findings prompted the question whether the composition of the substance(s) released might be constant in different physiological conditions; that is, would long-term exposure to environmental heat alter the composition of the iodinated compounds which were released by the thyroid gland? This experiment was undertaken in order to determine the nature of the iodinated compounds in plasma of rats during exposure to heat (34° C).
The long-term effects of ability grouping in mathematics: A national investigation.

The complexities of school tracking have resulted in patchy explanations of how it might affect students’ academic success. We aim to develop a comprehensive understanding of tracking by investigating its long-term relationships with student outcomes. Our study is informed by sociological and social psychological theoretical perspectives that explain how this school practice may wield its influence. We use panel data from the National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS:88) for a comprehensive analysis of the associations between ability grouping in the eighth grade and subsequent social psychological and academic variables in the 10th and 12th grades, respectively. By covering three waves of data that monitor the mathematics progress of middle school youngsters as they go through high school, we present the durable relationships of tracking. Our method compares students in tracked and untracked schools, and further partitions these students into high and low ability groups. Our results reaffirm that tracking has persistent instructional benefits for all students. Yet, high-achieving students who are tracked in middle school may suffer considerable losses in self-concept that subsequently depress their achievement, and mathematics course-taking. Implications are for a broad range theory of tracking and for further empirical work on the viability of heterogeneously-grouped classes.
An elective course in differential diagnostics.

Objective. To design an elective course to teach the principles of differential diagnostics to second-year pharmacy students, critically evaluate the benefits of this approach to self-directed learning, and assess obstacles to implementation that other programs may encounter. Design. Students attended seven 2-hour class sessions in which the instructor presented a chief complaint, and the class researched and discussed possible causes and arrived at the accurate diagnosis. Each student also was assigned a unique, simulated patient case to work on outside of class. Students asked questions and researched the answers, providing a written rationale for needing the information and the source of the information. Students gave a 10-minute presentation on their diagnosis and treatment recommendations during the last class session. Assessment. All students (N = 21) successfully determined their patients’ diagnoses and made appropriate treatment recommendations. Fifteen students reported that the most valuable information in solving their case was subjective rather than objective in nature (ie, interviewing the patient rather than reviewing laboratory test results). The majority of the 15 students who completed a post-course survey instrument agreed or strongly agreed that this elective allowed them to practice varied skill sets and integrate past and future curricular content. Conclusion. PharmD students may benefit from instruction in the basic principles of differential diagnostics.
Correlates of Effectiveness and Partner Satisfaction in Social Partnerships

Using the competing values model of organisational effectiveness, and a set of variables derived from the inter‐organisational relations literature, it is attempted to establish the correlates of overall effectiveness and partner satisfaction in social partnerships. Correlational analysis demonstrates that the competing values model variables and all of those derived from the interorganisational literature are highly intercorrelated, indicating that all measure some aspect of effectiveness. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the competing values are associated with overall effectiveness, while competing values and balanced partner relations (a process variable) are positively associated with partner satisfaction. Implications are discussed.
Harvest in a fluctuating environment and conservative harvest for the Fox surplus production model

Relations between optimal yield and abundance in a fluctuating environment and conditions for a conservative level of harvest were obtained for the Fox surplus production model and compared with those for the logistic surplus production model. Environmental variation was included in the optimization of harvest with the Fox surplus production model to obtain a relation in which the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and biomass at the MSY varied as the environment varied. The relation can be applied for management of fisheries at the optimum levels in a fluctuating environment. For both models there is only one maximum sustainable yield under equilibrium conditions, but in a variable environment the maximum sustainable yield and optimum biomass and effort vary as the environment varies. The results were applied to the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) fishery of the Chesapeake Bay. Although several numerical results for the logistic and Fox models were similar, the parameter estimates were different and the Fox model predicted a much larger decrease in population abundance at the MSY. Harvesting at a conservative level with either the Fox model or the logistic model could increase blue crab abundance substantially with little decrease in harvest. At a conservative level of harvest, there is a 20% increase in biomass with a 6% decrease in yield for the logistic model and a 37% increase in biomass with a 9% decrease in yield for the Fox model. Both the Fox and the logistic surplus production models indicate that the blue crab fishery has been consistently over harvested.
Ignition of coal particles: A review

Abstract This review of ignition concepts and mechanisms is set in the context of the historical development of the subject, to explain the reason for the slow development of validated ignition theory until quite recently, but leading to the present theoretical developments and supporting experiments for ignition of a single particle. The principal focus is on the heterogeneous ignition concepts as these are most fully developed at this time on the basis of Thermal Explosion Theory (TET), but the requirements of a homogeneous ignition analysis are also discussed, with particular attention given to the well known branching radical mechanism in a generalized formulation. Extension of the single particle results to batch clouds and flames is examined, with theoretical results for clouds now available but awaiting verification. The problem of a standing flame in a continuous flow is seen as a problem of a different order. Overall, however, work of the last two decades has developed quantitative and analytical understanding of particle ignition that has superseded the largely postulational views held previously. This is specifically the case with the long-standing problem of heterogeneous vis a vis homogeneous ignition. Nevertheless, extension of that largely single-particle work to large dispersions is now required for credibility of such research in relation to engineering practice.
Migration Expectancy in the United States

Abstract Expectancy tables provide a means of determining the number of moves a person may be expected to make during his remaining lifetime. The calculation of migration expectancy is based on the same assumptions as a life table plus assumptions peculiar to migration. In using census data it is necessary to assume a maximum of one move per person and no moves where no change of residence is reported. Migration expectancy differs basically from life expectancy because migration is a recurrent type of event but a person can die only once. Illustrative migration expectancies for the United States show that a person born in 1958 had an expectancy of 12.99 moves to a different house and 4.17 moves to a different county during his remaining lifetime. A person at age 20 could expect to move to a different house 9.26 times during the rest of his life. Additional expectancies are presented by sex, employment status, marital status, and occupation. These migration expectancies are regarded as a first approximatio...
Supporting distributed software design meetings: what can we learn from co-located meetings?

Although virtual conferencing tools have been successfully used in executive meetings, current tools appear inadequate for the needs of software designers. As a result, while distributed code writing is becoming widespread, almost all software design meetings are still carried out face-to-face incurring costs that undermine the potential of distributed software development.Our research strives to build successful tools for supporting distributed software design meetings. To do so, we must first identify the unique activities of software design which must be mimicked in the virtual world. This paper does so with a detailed study of two colocated design meetings. We discuss issues that must be tackled in the transition to virtual settings, outline requirements for such tools, and propose strategies for meeting these requirements. In doing so, we also identify problems in existing colocated meetings which could be alleviated with these tools.
Recovery of American chestnut characteristics following hybridization and backcross breeding to restore blight-ravaged Castanea dentata

Abstract Morphological features of leaves and twigs of American chestnut, Chinese chestnut, their F 1 hybrid, and three successive generations of backcrosses between hybrid populations and American chestnut were examined to determine rate of recovery of the American chestnut morphology after hybridization to capture Chinese chestnut genes for blight resistance. In aggregate morphology, as measured by a composite index of species identity (ISI), 96% of trees in the third backcross generation (BC 3 ) resembled American chestnut and were distinctly different from Chinese chestnut. The majority of BC 3 trees also differed from Chinese chestnut in every individual characteristic measured for this study. Thus, recovery of American chestnut characteristics is largely achieved after three generations of backcrossing. If progeny of the BC 3 hybrids can be made homozygous for blight-resistance alleles, as expected, and if the trees equally resemble American chestnut in important ecological attributes, then backcross breeding appears to be a workable strategy for restoring this species as a important component of eastern U.S. forests.
Peirce and Pearson: Pragmatism vs. Instrumentalism

In attempting to understand any philosopher, it is at least as important to be clear about what he is denying as what he is affirming. What I shall attempt to do in this paper is throw some light on the nature of the pragmatism of Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) by approaching it through an examination of one of the philosophies which Peirce was arguing against, to wit, the instrumentalism of Karl Pearson (1857–1936). My chief conclusions will be of an intellectual-historical nature. I want to show not only that Peirce’s pragmatism is distinct from Pearson’s instrumentalism (despite striking superficial similarities), but that the two are actually opposed. The scholastic and scientific realism which forms the basis of Peirce’s opposition to Pearson is not an anomalous element in Peirce’s thought, but is an essential consequence of pragmatism as Peirce intended the doctrine to be understood. Because Peirce was not an altogether consistent thinker, I advance this conclusion with certain reservations, yet on the whole with confidence.
The Couple That Prays Together: Race and Ethnicity, Religion, and Relationship Quality Among Working-Age Adults

A substantial body of research has shown that relationship quality tends to be (a) lower among racial and ethnic minorities and (b) higher among more religious persons and among couples in which partners share common religious affiliations, practices, and beliefs. However, few studies have examined the interplay of race or ethnicity and religion in shaping relationship quality. Our study addresses this gap in the literature using data from the National Survey of Religion and Family Life (NSRFL), a 2006 telephone survey of 2,400 working-age adults (ages 18‐59), which contains oversamples of African Americans and Latinos. Results underscore the complex nature of the effects of race and ethnicity, as well as religious variables. In particular,
Time-lapse acoustic, transport, and NMR measurements to characterize microstructural changes of carbonate rocks during injection of CO2-rich water

ABSTRACTWe investigated how changes induced in the microstructure of carbonate rocks by the injection of CO2-rich water affect pore-network properties. In particular, we investigated from multiple perspectives the microstructural changes and types of porosity that alter the observable geophysical properties. We thereby refined our understanding of induced modification of the pore network. Our experimental protocol included a suite of time-lapse acoustic, transport, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements, along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and CT-scan images; these gave us complementary sensitivity to changes in different properties of the pore space. Induced porosity variations were smaller than in previous reported results because of chemomechanical compaction resulting from dissolution under pressure. No porosity enhancements larger than 0.8 pu were observed. Results indicated that dissolution occured primarily in the grain-coating cement and the microporosity of the micritic phase...
Terrorist Group Dynamics Through the Lens of the Tigantourine Assault in Algeria

The Algerian terrorist assault in January 2013 that was carried out by Mokhtar Belmokhtar and his “Battalion of Blood” activists against a BP-Norwegian-Algerian-Japanese gas facility in In Amenas, Algeria, is worth considering as it provides a rare glimpse into several key dimensions of terrorist group dynamics that are important for scholars and counter- terrorism practitioners to understand. <object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;}
Asymptotic behavior of the vertex function in quantum electrodynamics

Using recently developed infinite-momentum techniques, we study the asymptotic behavior of the three-point function in quantum electrodynamics (massive photons) by summing the leading behavior of the perturbation series. We find that the leading diagrams are those in which photons are exchanged in all permutations across the external photon insertion. When the fermion lines are on-shell, we confirm an earlier speculation of Jackiw based on a fourth-order calculation, namely, that the vertex exponentiates in the form $\overline{u}({p}_{f}){\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}u({p}_{i})=\overline{u}({p}_{f}){\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{\perp}}u({p}_{i}){e}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Phi}}$, where $\ensuremath{\Phi}=(\frac{{e}^{2}}{16{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}){\mathrm{ln}}^{2}(\frac{{Q}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}})$. In a fashion which is reminiscent of eikonalization in a scattering process, $\ensuremath{\Phi}$ is characteristic of single-photon exchange across the vertex. We also identify and compute an $O({e}^{4})$ contribution to $\ensuremath{\Phi}$ coming from vacuum polarization. We discuss the concept of infinite-momentum pathways, the possibility of exponentiation in scalar theories, and speculate on extensions of our work.
Integral equation for scattering by a dielectric

The determination of the scattered and transmitted transient electromagnetic waves produced by a uniform dielectric body is reduced to the solution of a singular integral equation of the first kind for one tangential vector field defined on the surface. All derivations are carried out within the heuristic approach to Green functions and delta functions. The electric and magnetic fields are expressed in terms of the sources, initial values, and the boundary values by means of the Green function for the scalar wave equation. The appropriate integral equation is derived, and the integrals for the scattered and transmitted fields are given. The simpler problem of scattering of scalar waves is developed first. Formulas for the scattering of monochromatic fields are also given in the scalar and electromagnetic cases when transmitted fields do not vanish.
A numerical model for the thermo‐elasto‐plastic behaviour of a material

This paper presents a numerical model for the thermo-elasto-plastic behavior of an isotropic material. The model is based on the assumption that the yielding of the material obeys von Mises distortion energy theory and the material exhibits isotropic strain hardening. This unique model can be used both for isothermal and non-isothermal cases. The original formulation for the non-isothermal three-dimensional case has been specialized for plane stress conditions and the equations for the computation of warping and thickness change are provided. The finite element implementation of this model is also outlined.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Cigarette Smoking

This chapter reviews studies that have applied magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) toward a better understanding of the neurobiological correlates and consequences of cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence. The findings demonstrate that smokers differ from nonsmokers in regional brain structure and neurochemistry, as well as in activation in response to smoking-related stimuli and during the execution of cognitive tasks. We also review functional neuroimaging studies on the effects of nicotine administration on brain activity, both at rest and during the execution of cognitive tasks, independent of issues related to nicotine withdrawal and craving. Although chronic cigarette smoking is associated with poor cognitive performance, acute nicotine administration appears to enhance cognitive performance and increase neural efficiency in smokers.
The Bin1 gene localizes to human chromosome 2q14 by PCR analysis of somatic cell hybrids and fluorescence in situ hybridization.

This report describes the localization of the box-dependent myc-interacting protein-1 (Bin1) gene to human chromosome 2q14 using fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Loss of Bin1 expression is commonly found in human carcinomas. 5 refs., 1 fig.
ITER Neutronics Modeling Using Hybrid Monte Carlo/Deterministic and CAD-Based Monte Carlo Methods

The immense size and complex geometry of the ITER experimental fusion reactor require the development of special techniques that can accurately and efficiently perform neutronics simulations with m...
Helios: impact analysis for event-based components and systems

The event-based software architectural style [4] is widely used in the domain of user-interface software and wide-area applications (e.g., financial markets, logistics, and sensor networks). A Gartner study determined that the market size for message-oriented (a.k.a event-based) middleware licenses was about $1 billion in 2005 [2]. In event-based systems, components do not directly call other components, but rather indirectly using messages or events. However, this high decoupling and use of implicit invocations render an event-based system more difficult to analyze since, in the absence of explicit dependency information, an engineer has to assume that any component in the system may potentially interact with, and thus depend on, any other component.
Barley for food: Characteristics, improvement, and renewed interest

Abstract Barley ( Hordeum vulgare vulgare L.) is an ancient cereal grain, which upon domestication has evolved from largely a food grain to a feed and malting grain. However, barley food use today remains important in some cultures around the world, particularly in Asia and northern Africa, and there is renewed interest throughout the world in barley food because of its nutritional value. This review covers basic and general information on barley food use and barley grain processing for food use, as well as an in-depth look at several major aspects/traits of interest for barley food use including kernel hardness and colour, grain starch, and β-glucan contents. These traits are described in terms of their effects on processing and nutrition, as well as their inheritance and the prospects for barley improvement through breeding. Whereas, the aspects listed above have been studied relatively extensively in barley in terms of content, form, genetics, physiology, and in some cases nutritional quality, little is know about functional properties for processing and food product development. Renewed interest in barley for food uses largely centres around the effects of β-glucans on lowering blood cholesterol levels and glycemic index. Wholegrain barley foods also appear to be associated with increased satiety and weight loss. There is great potential to utilise barley in a large number of cereal-based food products as a substitute partially or wholly for currently used cereal grains such as wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), oat ( Avena sativa ), rice ( Oryza sativa ), and maize ( Zea mays ).
Osteopenia and osteoporosis in untreated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients: An important and potentially treatable survivorship issue in lymphoma

9055 Background: Alkylating agents and steroids can cause premature osteoporosis, increasing the risk of vertebral and hip fracture. The bisphosphonate pamidronate every 3 months can reduce bone lo...
National Clinical Alarms Surveys – 5 years Comparison of Issues, Improvements and Priorities

The environment at the point-of-care in hospitals contains an increased number of annunciators in the form of bells, beeps, buzzers and flashing indicators most of which are used to communicate changes in the acuity level of patients or in the systems that support the management of their condition. The source for these alarms can be patient-related, use-related or equipment-related and at times can be the result of combined contributions. Alarms have the clear purpose of improving patient care by calling care provider’s attention to a situation that may require his or her intervention; however they lack the ability to prioritize this messaging to care providers who must discern whether these annunciations are clinically significant and necessitate timely intervention. Because of the widespread use of alarms, the occurrence of an alarm can have a widely varying degree of urgency. This can be particularly unfortunate when an alarm is misinterpreted as not being important when in fact it is. To better understand the contributing issues and their rate of change, the Healthcare Technology Foundation ( www.HTF.org ) conducted two national surveys about 5 years apart. The results of the first survey in 2006 (1327 responses) pointed mostly to the concern about the frequent occurrence of nuisance or false alarms. Five years later, in 2011, the results (4287 responses) of the second National Clinical Alarm survey showed similar responses having the highest concern for frequent false alarm that do not contribute to better care. The majority of care providers reported, again, that at lack of trust and care disruption are the two most frustrating parameters of alarm management.
Reality Television and Arab Politics: Introduction: Beyond al-Jazeera

On March 3, 2004, the journalist Ahmad Mansour introduced an episode of Bila Hudud ( No Boundaries ), a widely followed talk show on al-Jazeera: Though the West has made great strides in many fields and human rights … Arabs have specialized in mimicking the worst the West has to offer. As soon as there is a strange or deviant fad in food, drink, fashion, triviality and folly, Arabs rush madly upon it, imitating it blindly and ignorantly. The most prominent symptom [of this imitation] is the proliferation of … television programs copied from European television and based on degeneration, nudity, gyrating, triviality, void, voyeurism, the end of privacy and the dissemination of Western social ills under the heading of reality TV. This kind of program has infested Arab television as channels compete to acquire reality TV formats, copy them for Arab youth, and mobilize millions of viewers to follow who does what and who says what, thus toppling and destroying the values, culture, civilization and identity of Arab society. The episode, entitled “Mimicking Western Programs and Imposing Them on Arabs,” aired three days after the Saudi-owned Middle East Broadcasting Center (MBC) shut down al-Ra'is , the Arabic version of Big Brother , and less than three months after the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (LBC) aired the first episode of Star Academy . Reaching two dozen Arab countries by satellite, these reality shows instigated a firestorm of contention over politics, commerce, religion, and sexuality.
ASSA13-13-10 Establishment of Animal Model For Unloading the Infarcted Rat Hearts

Objective To create a model of minicking VAD by unloading rats with HF (heart failure) after ischemic cardiomyopathy in rats. Methods Heart failure (HF) after ischemic cardiomyopathy was established in 29 adult lewis rats by ligating the middle-distal 1/3 segment of left anterior discending artery. Rats with HF after coronary artery ligation were unloaded by heterotopic cardiac transplantation for 2 weeks. Results The rate of heart failure after ischemic cardiomyopathy successfully was 82.76% (24/29). The rate of the unloading the rats with HF after coronary artery ligation successfully was 71.43% (20/24). The cardiac function indicated by LVEDP and ± dp/dtmax increased. Conclusions We established a model mimicking partially the Left Venticular assist Device (LVAD). The infarcted cardiac function could be improved by unloading.
Complete fusion of heavy ions with Al 27

Cross sections for evaporation residues following complete fusion have been measured for the bombardment of $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ with 81-, 105-, 126-, and 168-MeV $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, 138- and 210-MeV $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$, and 336-MeV $^{32}\mathrm{S}$. The results were obtained using a counter telescope and, in some cases, differ considerably from previous work with mica track detectors. The experimental critical angular momenta for fusion are in good agreement with recent theoretical calculations for the O and Ne bombardments. Our data suggest parameters for the critical distance of approach which are significantly smaller than previously reported values.
The Relation between Estrogen Receptors and Response Rate to Cytotoxic Chemotherapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer

In a retrospective study we determined the relation between estrogen receptors and the response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy in 70 patients with metastatic breast cancer. Thirty-four of 45 patients with low or absent estrogen-receptor values (less than 10 fmol per milligram of cytoplasmic protein) had objective responses to chemotherapy, whereas only three of 25 patients with higher values (greater than 10 fmol per milligram of cytoplasmic protein) responded (P less than 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in age, menopausal status, disease-free interval, Karnofsky index or prior therapy. Differences in sites of involvement or type of chemotherapy did not account for the increased response rate in receptor-negative patients. We conclude that estrogen-receptor values are an important predictor of response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer.
Life With Type 1 Diabetes: Views of Hispanic Adolescents and Their Clinicians.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to describe the experience of Hispanic adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) from the perspectives of adolescents and their diabetes clinicians.MethodsNine Hispanic adolescents with T1DM and 7 clinicians at a tertiary academic medical center participated in in-depth individual semistructured interviews. Adolescents were purposively sampled to obtain a range in age and metabolic control. Based on interpretive descriptive methodology, data were coded and combined into themes, which were constructed separately for the 2 groups and then compared across groups. Data were analyzed concurrently with data collection.ResultsAdolescents and clinicians reported similar themes related to (1) cultural aspects of living with T1DM; (2) finding the balance of: food, insulin, and exercise; being “perfect at diabetes” versus being a “normal teenager”; and being independent versus needing support, and (3) ways to improve life for Hispanic adolescents with T1DM. Although there were some...
Involvement of Rabbis in counseling and referral for genetic conditions : results of a survey

Members of the New York Board of Rabbis were surveyed in the summer of 1991 to assess their activity in counseling congregants on issues related to genetics. Of a sample of 257 members, 181 (70.4%) responded to the questionnaire, and 175 of the responses were analyzed. More than half (56.0%) of the rabbis discussed health issues as a routine part of premarital counseling, and 22.3% had counseled a couple after prenatal diagnosis of an abnormal fetus. Orthodox rabbis were more likely than rabbis from other branches of Judaism to have contacted medical personnel in these cases, and they reported more involvement in helping families after the birth of a child with a hereditary condition or birth defect. However, a majority (90.9%) of rabbis from all branches would refer such a family for genetic counseling. Ninety-four rabbis (53.7%) discussed Tay-Sachs carrier testing with congregants. These rabbis tended to be Reform, to be younger, and to have fewer years in the rabbinate. Reform rabbis also scored significantly higher than did Orthodox or Conservative rabbis on knowledge questions about Jewish genetic diseases and were more active in distributing pertinent literature to congregants. Even though nearly 90% of the sample viewed counseling on genetic issues as part of their rabbinical role, most rabbis, even those who actually counseled on these issues, felt poorly prepared to do so. Recommendations are made for increased programming in rabbinical schools and for outreach from the genetics community.
Cystatin C in aging and in Alzheimer's disease.

Under normal conditions, the function of catalytically active proteases is regulated, in part, by their endogenous inhibitors, and any change in the synthesis and/or function of a protease or its endogenous inhibitors may result in inappropriate protease activity. Altered proteolysis as a result of an imbalance between active proteases and their endogenous inhibitors can occur during normal aging, and such changes have also been associated with multiple neuronal diseases, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), rare heritable neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia, some forms of epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One of the most extensively studied endogenous inhibitor is the cysteine-protease inhibitor cystatin C (CysC). Changes in the expression and secretion of CysC in the brain have been described in various neurological disorders and in animal models of neurodegeneration, underscoring a role for CysC in these conditions. In the brain, multiple in vitro and in vivo findings have demonstrated that CysC plays protective roles via pathways that depend upon the inhibition of endosomal-lysosomal pathway cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B (Cat B), via the induction of cellular autophagy, via the induction of cell proliferation, or via the inhibition of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation. We review the data demonstrating the protective roles of CysC under conditions of neuronal challenge and the protective pathways induced by CysC under various conditions. Beyond highlighting the essential role that balanced proteolytic activity plays in supporting normal brain aging, these findings suggest that CysC is a therapeutic candidate that can potentially prevent brain damage and neurodegeneration.
Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment in the DSM-5 Era.

Objective To increase awareness of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the primary care community and to provide guidance for the management of this condition. Despite its increasing prevalence, adult ADHD largely remains underdiagnosed and inappropriately treated in the United States. The publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), has provided more clear diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD, but a solid framework supporting the transition of ADHD management from pediatric to adult primary care is lacking. Data sources We searched PubMed and MEDLINE databases (January 1, 1984-June 1, 2016) using combinations of keywords, including ADHD, adult, diagnosis, prevalence, symptoms, treatment, comorbidity, compliance, and guidelines; international treatment guidelines; and the Diagnostic Interview for Adult ADHD websites to identify relevant clinical studies, reviews, meta-analyses, guidelines, and web-based resources describing updates to the DSM. Study selection/data extraction In total, 143 citations were selected based on their relevance to adult ADHD diagnosis, treatment, major issues, and practice guidelines. Results The update on diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 may increase the diagnosis of adult ADHD. There are critical differences between childhood and adult ADHD, and specific considerations should be taken with an adult ADHD diagnosis. Adult ADHD is primarily treated with pharmacotherapy assisted by behavior interventions. Caution should be exercised when using stimulants during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Adult ADHD patients often suffer from unemployment, financial difficulties, and an unsuccessful personal life. Adult-specific guidelines may improve adult ADHD treatment. Conclusions The successful diagnosis and management of adult ADHD require consideration of many facets including prior medical history and comorbid conditions and use of an individualized, evidence-based treatment approach.
Legacy and Later Life of Trygve Haavelmo

Haavelmo explained the reason why our world of financial econometrics may be more complicated than some would like to believe. While he offered clarity in the reasons why simultaneity of equations and the probabilistic nature of observations must be further considered, members of the Cowles Commission were only partially successful in their completion of Haavelmo’s agenda. It would take decades to fully digest Haavelmo’s observation, and to develop methods such as Monte Carlo simulations, non-parametric testing tools and tests of causality. However, eventually, the discipline made headway.
MINIMISING PERI-OPERATIVE BLOOD LOSS: AN ACID TRIP IN 2014

Total Joint Arthroplasty (TJA) is associated with significant blood loss and allogeneic transfusion rates over 20% nationally. However, there are significant risks associated with allogeneic blood transfusion. Such risks include viral disease transmission, transfusion reactions, fluid overload, cost to the healthcare system, and prosthetic joint infection (PJI). As such, avoidance of transfusion is advised. Minimising transfusion rates begins in the pre-operative phase and continues during the operative and post-operative phases. A lower pre-operative hemoglobin level is the strongest predictor for the potential need of allogeneic blood transfusion after TJA. Other risk factors include the use of general anesthesia, higher Charlson comorbidity index, female gender, and longer duration of surgery. We present a comprehensive blood management strategy that encompasses all three phases. In the pre-operative phase, the most important intervention is screening for the presence of, and correcting, any preexisting anemia. During the operative phase, the use of hypotensive regional anesthesia is utilised when appropriate. In addition, tranexamic acid (TXA) is liberally utilised, either topically or intravenously. In the post-operative phase, transfusion triggers are carefully scrutinised. Only patients with symptomatic anemia despite fluid resuscitation are considered for blood transfusion. The threshold for transfusion is individualised for each patient, and is not merely based on a laboratory value. Utilising this approach, we have decreased our transfusion rates from over 20% to just over 10%, even with a relatively unhealthy population at a tertiary referral center. The main driver of this reduction was the introduction of TXA as the standard of care for all TJA patients. TXA has been shown in multiple studies to be both safe and effective.
On Control of a Partial Differential Equation Arising in the Study of Fuel Injection Systems

Abstract The paper deals with control and stabilization problems for a distributed parameter system that represents flow dynamics in a common rail fuel injection system. The system is assumed to be controlled at the boundary. The questions of controllability, observability, and stabilization are addressed. The analysis is based on the application of Hilbert Uniqueness Method (HUM).
Race, sex, and risk factors in radiographic worsening of knee osteoarthritis

Abstract Objectives Characterize radiographic worsening in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) by race and sex over 4 years and evaluate the role of established risk factors in observed race/sex differences. Methods Whites (WHs) (694 males and 929 females) and African-Americans (AAs) (92 males and 167 females) at risk for radiographic KOA were eligible. Cox shared frailty models were used to estimate race and sex group differences in radiographic worsening, defined by Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) and OARSI joint space narrowing (JSN). Mixed effect models for repeated measures were used to estimate race- and sex-specific mean medial and lateral fixed joint space width (fJSW) over 4 years of follow-up, as well as annual loss of fJSW. Results Risk of OARSI medial JSN grade worsening was higher among AA males than WH females [HR = 2.28, (95% CI: 1.14–4.57)], though adjustment for KOA risk factors attenuated the association. Compared to WH females, WH males had lower risk of K-L grade worsening [adjusted HR = 0.75 (95% CI: 0.58–0.96)]. Mean baseline medial fJSW (mm) was 6.49 in WH and AA males, 5.42 in WH females, and 5.41 in AA females. Annual change in mean medial fJSW was greater in AA males (−0.19 mm/year) than in other subgroups (−0.09 WH males, −0.07 WH females, −0.10 AA females, p Conclusions Compared to WHs and AA females, AA males experienced higher risk of medial joint space loss. Controlling for established risk factors attenuated associations between race/sex and disease worsening, suggesting that risk factors such as obesity, history of knee injury, and bony finger joint enlargements largely explain race/sex variations in rates of KOA development and progression.
Cardiac Involvement in Skeletal Myopathies and Neuromuscular Disorders

Neuromuscular disorders and skeletal myopathies comprise a very heterogeneous and somewhat rare group of disorders that often involves multiple organs and have overlapping clinical manifestations. The molecular genetic basis of many neuromuscular disorders and skeletal myopathies have been delineated during the past two decades, providing insight into the pathogenesis of these disorders and raising the possibility of preclinical diagnosis, risk stratification, and specific therapies. The heart is commonly involved in neuromuscular disorders and skeletal myopathies. Cardiac involvement is often subclinical. Hence, routine systematic cardiac evaluation is warranted in all patients with neuromuscular disorders and skeletal myopathies. Cardiac involvement typically manifests as dilated cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure. Cardiac conduction defects involving sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes and bundle branches are common and progressive, particularly in neuromuscular disorders such as myotonic dystrophy and muscular dystrophies, often requiring permanent pacemaker implantation. Cardiac hypertrophy is present in a significant number of patients with neuromuscular disorders, such as Friedreich ataxia and often mimics hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (phenocopy). Cardiac involvement is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with neuromuscular disorders and skeletal myopathies.
Awakening exhausted NK cells in lymphomas.

In this issue of Blood, Vari et al describe a novel immune evasion strategy in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) mediated by the expansion of an exhausted programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) CD3-veCD56brightCD16-ve natural killer (NK) cell population.1
Controlled synthesis of 2D MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se) heterostructures and alloys

The advent of two-dimensional materials and van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures has been a boon for the nanoscience community, enabling the fabrication of nanostructures with atomic-scale precision, resulting in high performance opto-electronic devices. Yet, while vdW heterostructures have been widely studied, their fabrication remains rudimentary, relying upon physical stacking and ad hoc collections of recipes, rather than a rational framework. Here, we report our work on the synthesis of vdW heterostructures and monolayer alloys of MoS2-WS2 and MoSe2-WSe2 and the creation of a unifying, diagrammatic approach to heterostructure growth in these materials systems, which we call Time-Temperature-Architecture (TTA) diagrams. We demonstrate the temperature tunable synthesis of in-plane, vertical, and hybrid heterostructures, as well as monolayer alloys within the MoS2-WS2 and MoSe2-WSe2 systems. We use the TTA framework to add previously unexplored entries to this collection: the first ever single-step growth of MoSe2-WSe2 vertical heterostructures and Mo1-xWxSe2 alloys, and a new MoS2-WS2 hybrid architecture that combines the morphologies of both vertical and in-plane heterostructures. The TTA diagrams are a simple framework for vdW heterostructure and alloy growth, which we believe will be crucial, and enable further work on heterostructures and alloys of MoS2-WS2 and MoSe2-WSe2.The advent of two-dimensional materials and van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures has been a boon for the nanoscience community, enabling the fabrication of nanostructures with atomic-scale precision, resulting in high performance opto-electronic devices. Yet, while vdW heterostructures have been widely studied, their fabrication remains rudimentary, relying upon physical stacking and ad hoc collections of recipes, rather than a rational framework. Here, we report our work on the synthesis of vdW heterostructures and monolayer alloys of MoS2-WS2 and MoSe2-WSe2 and the creation of a unifying, diagrammatic approach to heterostructure growth in these materials systems, which we call Time-Temperature-Architecture (TTA) diagrams. We demonstrate the temperature tunable synthesis of in-plane, vertical, and hybrid heterostructures, as well as monolayer alloys within the MoS2-WS2 and MoSe2-WSe2 systems. We use the TTA framework to add previously unexplored entries to this collection: the first ever single-step grow...
Peripheral Tolerance and CD4 + T Cells

Publisher Summary Peripheral tolerance exists, but the mechanism by which it is induced or maintained is not known. All tolerance is induced centrally—autoreactive T cells are deleted physically in the thymus. The periphery is free of potentially destructive self-immune recognition. Transgenic animals have provided a tool for examining these issues. This technology helps to target a specific antigen in almost any tissue and test the reaction of the immune system to a novel, peripheral, transgenic self-antigen. Different transgenic models, with various molecules expressed in a peripherally restricted manner, undertake examining the mechanisms involved in tolerizing CD8+ cells Class II-restricted tolerance has been examined in a number of transgenic lines, because it is believed that tolerance and autoimmunity are driven primarily by CD4+ T cells. This chapter reviews the experiments that make use of the rat insulin promotor and enhancer to express transgenic products in the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas.
Assessment of adverse reactions to NSAIDs: pre- and post- marketing

The discovery process associated with the introduction of a new drug into medical practice is one of characterizing the effects of the drug in terms of risks and benefits. I discuss here the process of discovering the risks of new drugs, specifically NSAIDs, both pre-marketing and post-marketing, as they have evolved in our group at the FDA (Food and Drug Administration).
Glycosaminoglycans and Related Structures as Potential Inhibitors for Erythrocyte Infection by Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum malaria was proposed by Miller et al., (1973)1 and Butcher et al., (1973)2 to invade human red blood cells by receptor mediated endocytosis. Perkins, (1981).3 This was considered to be a multi-receptor lectin-like interaction by Jungery, et al., 1983.4 Since then, a large number of reports have claimed receptor specificity for endogenous erythrocyte surface structures and have claimed inhibitory activity for a number of exogenous substances, proportedly to mimic the natural receptor.