cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of the northern sector (C8–C19) of rapamycin via Chan rearrangement and oxidation of an α-acyloxyacetate

Abstract Two routes to the masked tricarbonyl segment of the immunosuppressant rapamycin comprising C8–C19 were explored beginning from d -xylose. The first approach employed a protected form of 2,4,5-trihydroxypentanol to obtain dithiane 43 , which failed to react with dimethyl oxalate to give a 1,2,3-tricarbonyl unit corresponding to the northern sector of rapamycin. A second approach employing carboxylic acid 61 derived from 43 utilized base-mediated (Chan) rearrangement of α-acyloxyacetate 62 with trapping of the resultant enediolate as bis silyl ether 63 . Epoxidation of this diene afforded masked tri-keto ester 65 which underwent acid-catalyzed methanolysis to produce cyclic ketal 67 .
Narrative Repair of Threatened Identity

In terms of positioning theory (Harre & van Langenhove, 1999), a person who has lost a contest may be said to have been forcibly positioned as a ‘loser.’ This threat to social identity requires some repair. Narrators may then tell stories in which they re-position themselves and other actors—collaborators, judges, publics—in new plots (“the real story”) that exonerate them and repair their threatened social identities. This narrative positioning of the other is also a reflexive positioning of the self, and comprises a careful crafting of one’s persona. These dynamics are explored in stories about carnival contests celebrated annually in Andalucia, Spain. In these contests, minstrel groups prepared for months in advance compete with one another for formal prizes before singing their repertoire on the streets. Narratives of identity repair are examined from the autores (directors) of groups that have lost in these contests. (Narrative Identity, Positioning Theory, Conversation Analysis, Carnival, Spain)
Hypothesis testing and information theory

The testing of binary hypotheses is developed from an information-theoretic point of view, and the asymptotic performance of optimum hypothesis testers is developed in exact analogy to the asymptotic performance of optimum channel codes. The discrimination, introduced by Kullback, is developed in a role analogous to that of mutual information in channel coding theory. Based on the discrimination, an error-exponent function e(r) is defined. This function is found to describe the behavior of optimum hypothesis testers asymptotically with block length. Next, mutual information is introduced as a minimum of a set of discriminations. This approach has later coding significance. The channel reliability-rate function E(R) is defined in terms of discrimination, and a number of its mathematical properties developed. Sphere-packing-like bounds are developed in a relatively straightforward and intuitive manner by relating e(r) and E (R) . This ties together the aforementioned developments and gives a lower bound in terms of a hypothesis testing model. The result is valid for discrete or continuous probability distributions. The discrimination function is also used to define a source code reliability-rate function. This function allows a simpler proof of the source coding theorem and also bounds the code performance as a function of block length, thereby providing the source coding analog of E (R) .
Non-destructive real-time direct measurement of subsurface damage

Subsurface damage control and measurement is critical on a wide range of optical elements. The amount of subsurface damage present in an optic determines its yield strength, the amount of laser power that the optic can handle, and the flatness that can be maintained during the coating process. In these days of reduced tolerance for mission failure, it is critical to have accurate knowledge of the condition of an optic before sending it into space. Destructive tests provide very accurate measurements of subsurface damage, but such testing can be time consuming and an uncertainty always remains: Does the finished part have the same subsurface properties as the measured sample? Various laser scattering techniques currently provide non-destructive measurement of subsurface measurement, but these measurements are all indirect. The laser scattering techniques directly measure the amount of laser light scattered from a surface and below, which is then correlated to an approximate depth of subsurface damage that might produce the measured amount of scattering. In contrast, the technique presented here is both a non-destructive and direct measurement of the depth and extent of subsurface damage. Because it is a direct measurement, subsurface damage depth can be reported in real time, allowing for in-process corrections and optimizations. This paper presents the measurement setup and offers an example of the experimental output provided by this new method.
Neurons labeled from locomotor-related ventrolateral funiculus stimulus sites in the neonatal rat spinal cord.

Spinal cord/brainstem preparations from 5- to 8-day-old rats, maintained in vitro, were used to determine the cells of origin and regions of termination of fibers in the superficial ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) at a site from which rhythmic locomotor-like activity can be induced. Rhythmic locomotor-like activity was recorded from lumbar ventral roots after short trains of stimuli (50 Hz for 0.5–2 seconds) delivered to the VLF. Field potential mapping revealed that single VLF stimuli elicited responses in the ipsilateral ventrolateral medulla. Tract-tracing experiments by using biocytin, pressure-injected into the VLF, showed that only a small number of brainstem neurons were labeled and these were scattered bilaterally in the ventrolateral and lateral medulla. Dense concentrations of nerve terminals were found in the lateral reticular nucleus ipsilateral to the stimulation site. Labeled spinal cord neurons included a primary population of large cells distributed bilaterally in lamina VII from T13 to L4, with peak numbers in L2 ipsilaterally and in L3 contralaterally. Intracellular recordings revealed that some L2 and L3 neurons with rhythmic responses to VLF stimulation could be activated antidromically from the VLF, with latencies of less than 1.0 msec. These observations led us to speculate that the superficial VLF carries a locomotor-related tract originating bilaterally in lumbar lamina VII and terminating in the ipsilateral medulla, including the lateral reticular nucleus. This pathway may be part of the spinoreticular or spinoreticulotectal pathway that has been described in many species, the function of which has only loosely been ascribed. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:226–238, 2002. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Size-Modified Poisson-Boltzmann Electrostatics for Realistic Biomolecular Systems

Calculating the electrostatic potential (EP) around a biomolecule is essential for many types of biomolecular modeling. When a biomolecule is solvated by an ionic solution, the EP of the system is typically approximated by the solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE). This is a good approximation when the biomolecule is not highly charged. However, the concentrations of counterions can exceed their maximum packing densities near the highly charged regions of the biomolecule as PBE neglects the finite ion radii. A size-modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation (SMPBE) has previously been formulated to integrate ion sizes into PBE to calculate more accurate EP and ion distributions around biomolecules. Here, we extend the implementation of SMPBE to realistic biomolecular systems that contain an arbitrary number of ion species with non-uniform sizes. Specifically, we apply our method to study the Ca++ adsorption to the negatively charged cytoplasmic side of the sarcolemma by electrostatic forces. We use an atomic representation of the sarcolemma for the EP calculation and the solution surrounding the sarcolemma contains Ca++, Na+, K+ and Cl- ions. Our calculations indicate that, out of all the counterions, Ca++ is the most energetically favorable to be adsorbed to the negatively charged lipid head groups. Our results support the so-called Ca++ buffering effect by the sarcolemma and explain, from an electrostatics perspective, how the sarcolemma acts as one of the regulating agents of the free Ca++ level in the cardiac myocyte cytosol.
Study of Water Entry of High-špeed Projectile

Abstract For the purpose to investigate the physical process during the command destruction of space rocket by means of Conical Shaped Charge (CSC), a series of fundamental experiments which configure each part of the actual processes were carried out. In the first experiments, CSC was fired into water filled in polyvinyl chloride pipe to obtain the shape and velocity of the jet. In the next experiments, same CSC was fired into water-filled steel tank to measure pressure in the water and structural response of tank. In the third series of experiments, the 12.7 mm AP bullet was shot into the partially water-filled and pressurized tank to investigate fracture behavior. This paper presents the summary of the results of these experiments with some numerical simulation results.
Steepest-descent contours in the path-integral approach to quantum cosmology. I. The de Sitter minisuperspace model

We consider the issue of finding a convergent contour of integration in the path-integral representation of the wave function for a simple exactly soluble model, the de Sitter minisuperspace model. Following a suggestion of Hartle, we look for the steepest-descent contour in the space of complex four-metrics. We determine all the possible contours which give solutions to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation or Green's functions of the Wheeler-DeWitt operator. We attempt to apply the boundary-condition proposal of Hartle and Hawking. We find that the proposal does not fix the solution uniquely because, although the initial point of the paths is fixed, the contour is not. We find a contour which represents the Vilenkin wave function and discuss the differences between the Hartle-Hawking and Vilenkin wave functions. We also discuss some of the implications of integrating over complex metrics. One consequence is that the signature of the metric is not respected, even at the semiclassical level.
From ‘Unmodern Sherpas’ to Madhesi Cricketers: Towards a History of Nepali Sport

In a recent issue of this journal, Kausik Bandyopadhyay (International Journal of the History of Sport 22, no. 4 (2005): 709) lamented the dearth of scholarship that considers sport in India to be a ‘serious intellectual discipline’. His observation is ever more fitting for India's neighbor to the north, Nepal, where even ‘popular sports histories’ are lacking. The one exception would be the global interest in Himalayan mountaineering. As a result of this imbalance, mountaineering has come to represent Nepali sport. (For example, the sport-focused July 2007 issue of the Kathmandu-based monthly, Himal SouthAsia, perpetuated this myopic view of mountaineering as Nepali sport. Amid the articles about polo, kite flying, wrestling, football and, of course, cricket, in India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan; there was an article on mountaineering in Nepal and a brief sub-article about archery in Nepal, Bhutan, and India.) Written primarily by Western climbers, the literature of mountaineering history has tended to repro...
Human operators and real‐time expert systems

: This paper describes and examines real-time expert systems from the perspective of their users. It categorizes real-time expert systems according to a three-component system consisting of an expert system, a user and a process being controlled, by considering all possible arrangements of information flow between the components, and uses this classification as a basis for reviewing real-time expert systems. The focus of interest lies in those characteristics of real-time expert systems which impinge on users, especially as they have been discussed by computer scientists. After critically examining these claims, the paper discusses the interaction between systems and users at the perceptual/motor, cognitive and supervisory levels. It concludes by arguing that the successful design and installation of real-time expert systems require the application of ergonomics techniques to provide for efficient and accurate user-system interaction.
Dynamic displacement response of beam-type structures to moving line loads

Abstract A closed-form displacement response of beam-type structures to moving line loads is proposed in this paper. Green’s function of the beam on an elastic foundation is obtained by means of Fourier transform. The theory of linear partial differential equation is used to represent the displacement of the beam in terms of convolution of the Green’s function. To evaluate this convolution analytically, the theory of complex function is employed to seek the poles of the integrand of the generalized integral. All the poles are identified and given in a closed form. Theorem of residue is then utilized to represent the generalized integral using contour integral in the complex plane. Closed-form displacement is provided and numerical computation is performed. The numerical results show that maximum displacement of a beam with material damping occurs behind the moving load. Also, the maximal dynamic displacement reaches its maximum as the load moves at the critical speed.
Late-Quaternary Shift of Fagus Distribution

Based on six resolved maps of its pollen frequency (dating 13,000, 10,000, 8,000, 6,000, 3,000 and 500 yr B.P.) at 33 sites scattered almost throughout the Japanese Archipelago,Fagus shows principally a, unidirectional late-Quaternary shift in distribution from the southwest to the northeast. The maximum areal coverage was from 10,000 to 7,000 years ago, although northeastern populations were not fully developed by this time. The northern limit ofF. crenata, which has virtually not changed in the past 7,000 years, was probably regulated by total precipitation during the growing season from April to October (called the effective precipitation). ForF. crenata to migrate farther north in Hokkaido under the modern temperature regime, a minimum of 800 mm of precipitation, evenly distributed over this period, is required.
The reaction of atomic hydrogen with NO2

A fast discharge flow apparatus equipped for EPR detection of radicals has been used to investigate the reaction, H + NO 2 → OH + NO. The initial vibrational state distribution of OH was estimated as OH( v =0): OH( v =1): OH( v =2)= 1.4 : 1.0 : 0.4, and the fraction of energy going into OH product vibration as f ′ v ≫=0.23. Rate constants for nonreactive quenching of OH( v =2) and OH ( v =1) by atomic hydrogen were measured as 3.3 x 10 −10 ,and 2.7 x 10 −10 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 respectively. NO was found to be one third as efficient as atomic hydrogen in relaxing OH.
EFFECT OF FATTY ACIDS ON THE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER

Sodium oleate, oleic acid, linolic acid, and linolenic acid injected into mice in suitable amounts induce a material increase in the resistance against subsequent transplantation of cancer grafts, although they fail to exert so marked an influence on cancer grafts already in place. Sodium palmitate and sodium stearate, on the other hand, do not produce immunity, at least in the amounts employed in the present study.
The Optimal Energy Density of Electrochemical Capacitors Using Two Different Electrodes

Formulas describing the energy density of electrochemical capacitors, which consist of two different capacitive electrodes, were derived. From these formulas, optimal mass ratio of two electrodes and the maximum energy density of the capacitor can be obtained based on the oxidation and reduction current densities of positive and negative electrodes, respectively, from cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements. For some practical systems, including activated carbon in aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes, anhydrous and hydrous ruthenium oxides in aqueous electrolyte, it was calculated numerically that the maximum energy density at the optimal mass ratio was only a fractional percentage higher than those with two identical electrodes. A relationship of the maximum energy density to the ratio of two electrodes' masses and the ratio of oxidation and reduction currents was developed. It was determined that the energy density is insensitive to the mass ratio of two electrodes. For example, when the current density ratios of two electrodes are 2 and 4, the maximum energy densities at optimal mass ratio are only 3 and 11% greater than those with identical electrodes, respectively. However, it was determined that the energy density estimation based on CV curves is sensitive to the potential range of CV measurements. The actual energy density of a capacitor made with activated carbon and aqueous electrolyte is only 42% of the energy density estimated based on the CV curve in whole-range potential. The effects of electrolyte mass and operational voltage to the optimal mass ratio and the maximum energy density are also discussed.
A study of stress as it relates to computerized speech

For computerized speech to be understood, it must be given human qualities, such as stress. This paper discusses how stress is perceived by the listener, primarily through pitch changes. It shows how inflections stress certain words in a sentence, and that a word's internal stress (accent) affects how these inflections are constructed.An implementation of these findings to add stress to computer speech is shown, compared with similar work, and evaluated.The paper concludes that a word's internal stress must be considered in the generation of speech, and that a grammar in the implementation produces satisfying complex inflections.
Soil Redox Intensity Effects on Oxygen Exchange and Growth of Cattail and Sawgrass

The response of cattail (Typha domingensis L.) and sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense L.) to soil redox intensity (Eh) was evaluated to determine if the intensity of soil reduction could influence species distribution patterns of the two plants in Florida Everglades wetlands. Plants were grown in microcosms under controlled Eh levels of 500, 250, 0, and -200 mV. Redox intensity effects on root air space (POR), radial O 2 loss (ROL) from plant roots to the rhizosphere, biomass production, and adventitious rooting were evaluated. Except for adventitious rooting, all the other parameters studied were governed by Eh. Whereas shoot and root dry weights decreased between Eh 500 and - 200 mV, POR and ROL were increased. The results indicated that cattail has morphological and physiological attributes that may give it a competitive advantage over sawgrass along redox intensity gradients. Results suggest that hydroperiod or flooding regime, through its effect on soil redox conditions, may be an important variable regulating growth and distribution of cattail and sawgrass in the Everglades. There is a need to determine the relative significance of these findings in relation to other factors (e.g., P loading) contributing to the expansion of cattail in Everglades soils.
Developmental biology of erythropoiesis.

Abstract A newborn infant represents the culmination of developmental events from conception through organogenesis. Red cells are critically important for survival and growth of the embryo. During development, erythropoiesis occurs in two distinct forms. The first ‘primitive’ form consists of nucleated erythroblasts that differentiate within the blood vessels of the extraembryonic yolk sac. The second ‘definitive’ form consists of anucleate erythrocytes that differentiate within the liver and third trimester bone marrow of the fetus. While adult bone marrow and cord blood now serve as sources of stem cells for the treatment by transplantation of genetic and malignant diseases, the developmental origin of hematopoietic stem cells has not been determined. During the third trimester the fetus grows rapidly and the production of red cells is approximately 3–5 times that of adult steady state levels. Birth brings dramatic changes in oxygenation and erythropoietin production that result in a tenfold drop in red cell production and in a transient ‘physiologic’ anemia. Other causes of fetal and infant anemias have their origins in development processes. These include globin gene switching in α and β thalassemia, the expression of red cell antigens in alloimmune hemolytic disease, and the poorly understood defects in the regulation of erythropoiesis in Diamond Blackfan anemia. Even in the adult, vestiges of fetal erythropoiesis are evident during transient states of accelerated erythroid expansion. A better understanding of the development of erythropoiesis will bring improvements in the treatment of anemia, not only in the newborn, but also in the fetus and the adult.
Repeatability of Prolactin Responses to a Small Dose of Sulpiride in Estrogen-Primed Geldings in Spring and in Mares During the Estrous Cycle in Summer

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to assess the repeatability of prolactin responses to a small dose of sulpiride in estrogen-primed geldings in spring and in mares during the estrous cycle in summer. Six long-term geldings each received a single intramuscular injection of 100 mg of estradiol cypionate on March 31, 2011, and were then challenged with an intravenous injection of dl-sulpiride (5 μg/kg of body weight of the racemic mixture) every other day for a total of 8 days. Jugular blood was collected at 0, 10, 20, 40, and 60 minutes after the injection of sulpiride for prolactin measurement. The experiment was repeated with six mares during the summer (July), except that the number of challenges was extended to 15 over 30 days so that any effect of estrous cycle stage could be assessed. Prolactin responses in geldings during April were robust and were varied in a quadratic manner ( P P > .1) of day of injection and no effect of stage of estrous cycle (follicular phase, early diestrus, or late diestrus). We concluded that prolactin responses to this dose of sulpiride were sufficiently robust and repeatable for use as a paradigm for studies of the relative competitive efficacy and duration of action of various dopaminergic compounds and their vehicular formulations.
Regeneration and unusual extensive growth of the neurohypophysis and neurosecretory axons in the partly or completely hypophysectomized goldfish.

Chez le Poisson rouge partiellement ou completement hypophysectomise, la neurohypophyse et l'axon neurosecreteur du tractus hypothalamo-hypophysaire regenere souvent et presente un accroissement considerable.
Ceramics into next millennium

AbstractOverpopulation is the overriding problem of the twenty-first century, and water is key to human survival. Irrigation, desalination, filtration, and aquaculture are the key technologies and, given the natural abundance of oxides, ceramics are the key materials. High strength saline cements, semipermeable membranes, antibacterial coatings, limestone farming, accretion chemistry, and sonar systems for massive fish farms are concepts worthy of consideration in the twenty-first century. All will involve the use of vast amounts of oxide materials, mainly cement, concrete, synthetic coral, together with ceramic membranes and transducers. The scaling up process for engineering megaworks will be matched by equally interesting scaling down processes in which ceramic, electronic, and optical components are made smaller and smaller until they disappear inside integrated inorganic systems which rival biological systems both in scale and complexity. The age of engineering microworks is upon us, and in the comin...
Investigating racial differences in risk factors for primary cesarean delivery

Objective The objective of the study was to investigate differences in sociodemographic, medical, and obstetric risk factors for primary cesarean delivery between black and white women. Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study among 25,251 black and white women delivering a live, singleton infant with vertex presentation at a large, regional hospital between 2004 and 2010. Demographic and clinical data were derived from electronic hospital records. Differences in risk factors for primary cesarean delivery were analyzed using a modified Poisson regression approach stratified by race and parity. Results Black and white women had a primary cesarean delivery rate of 24.7% and 22.2%, respectively ( P Conclusion Labor induction, among nulliparous women, and advanced maternal age, among multiparous women, are stronger risk factors for primary cesarean delivery for black women than for white women.
Which factors best account for academic success: Those which college students can control or those they cannot?

Abstract This study integrates research linking academic performance with individual differences and class attendance. Whereas individual differences (ability, traits) are not controllable by students, students can control their attendance, study and work. Thus we sought to determine the extent to which “control” and “no control” variables predict academic performance. With N = 338, measures of verbal ability, the five-factor model, GPA, academic goals, and study behavior were used to predict exams, attendance, and independent projects completed. Uncontrollable factors accounted for 37% of the variance in exam scores; controllable factors accounted for an additional 6–10%. We also found an interaction such that, relative to low-ability peers, high-ability students’ attendance most enhanced their exam performance. Attendance was best accounted for by GPA, study and work. Projects were best predicted by low verbal ability and by personality traits.
Stability of nonlinear modes and chaotic properties of 1D Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattices

Abstract The stability properties of certain simple periodic solutions (nonlinear modes) of the equations of motion of one-dimensional, N -particle FPU lattices, are obtained analytically by uncoupling the N linear variational equations. The energy per particle E c / N at which these modes first become unstable is calculated and its asymptotic behavior as N →∞ is determined. We find that for lattices which experience strong energy sharing E c / N →0 as N →∞, while for a lattice where little energy sharing is observed E c / N →const > 0, as N increases. Certain possible connections between our local stability results and some global chaotic properties of FPU lattices are discussed.
Microlaryngoscopy‐airway management with anaesthetic techniques for CO2 laser

Carbon dioxide laser microlaryngoscopy requires planning and cooperation of both the anaesthesiologist and surgeon. While there are potentially significant complications, such as fire and difficulty ventilating the patient, laser microlaryngoscopy techniques provide the benefit of allowing for precise management of a wide range of upper airway conditions. Laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy require that the surgeon and anaesthesiologist cooperate in order to maximize exposure for the surgeon and allow for adequate ventilation of the patient. The type of airway the anaesthesiologist may use is dictated by whether access is needed to the hypopharynx, supraglottis, larynx, or subglottis. When the carbon dioxide laser is used for airway surgery, ventilation techniques that may be used include jet ventilation (subglottic or supraglottic) and intermittent or continuous endotracheal intubation, with a variety of tubes. The major complication to be avoided is airway fire. Each technique has advantages and disadvantages for avoiding fire and providing adequate ventilation. Fire is not a concern when the carbon dioxide laser bronchoscope is used, but the humidifier must be eliminated from the anaesthesia circuit to avoid vapour obstructing the bronchoscope coupler.
Remark on the continuity of the density of states of ergodic finite difference operators

We give an elementary proof that for a large class ofd-dimensional finite difference operators including tight-binding models for electron propagation and models for harmonic phonons with random masses or couplings, the integrated density of states is a continuous function of the energy.
Awareness of temporal complexity in leadership of creativity and innovation: A competency-based model

Abstract Time has become an integral part of our understanding of the context of organizations, particularly as the pace of change in business models continues to mirror the relatively fast evolution of technology. The importance of time is particularly magnified in the social context of organizational creativity, as innovation has become the key strategic orientation of organizations attempting to achieve a sustained competitive advantage in today's knowledge-rich and hypercompetitive global environment. This paper integrates research on social aspects of time, leadership, and innovation into a competency-based model. We suggest that awareness of temporal complexity dimensions has a significant impact on the leader competency set that is critical to lead people effectively in innovation-focused projects.
Review article: The diagnosis of coeliac disease.

Summary Coeliac disease is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with small intestinal injury that results in the malabsorption of different nutrients. The damaging factor is gluten present in wheat, barley and rye. The diagnosis relies on the clinical picture of the patient, serological markers for coeliac disease, characteristic findings of small intestinal biopsy and, eventually, clinical improvement on a gluten-free diet. Our strategies for the diagnosis of coeliac disease have changed dramatically within the last 10 years. The advent of serological markers with high sensitivity and specificity is changing our understanding of the disease and its prevalence. Treatment includes a life-long gluten-free diet to prevent the recurrence of symptoms and other potential consequences. Most coeliac disease remains under-diagnosed; the utilization of more accurate serological tests and a greater awareness of its many presentations will aid its identification.
Self-awareness in facial recognition

Subjects studied facial photographs while comparing them with their actual self, ideal self, or some other person. A subsequent recognition task showed no memory differences due to the study tasks, although in each case photos judged similar were remembered better than those judged dissimilar. There were no apparent face memory differences due to scores on a self-awareness scale.
Lisp: An AI programming language

Lisp has been the programming language of choice of most artificial intelligence (AI) researchers since the very early days of AI research. There are many reasons why this is so, some of which will be examined later in this paper, but perhaps the simplest reason is functional crispness. Every language has arbitrary features, and most languages have been overloaded with them in order to support diverse constituencies. Lisp is built around a kernel of mathematical principles which makes it far more flexible than most other (perhaps all) computer programming languages.
Ambulatory dispersal behavior of Neoseiulus fallacis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in relation to prey density and temperature

Ambulatory dispersal behavior ofNeoseiulus fallacis (Garman) was studied in the laboratory to evaluate within-plant movement in relation to temperature and prey density. Adult femaleN. fallacis were confined in 2.5-cm-diameter arenas on the abaxial surface of excised corn leaves. Four temperatures (23, 28, 33, and 39° C) and prey densities ranging from 0 to 55 spider mite eggs per cm2 were used. The walking paths of these mites were traced, digitized and used to calculate turning angles, walking speeds and turning rates. A computer simulation of walking behavior used this information to model mite ambulatory behavior and predict dispersal rates.Neoseiulus fallacis behavior while on whole corn leaves was quantified to verify the results of the simulation. The results showed thatN. fallacis will follow a leaf or arena edge (edge-walking) at all temperatures and prey densities. In addition, this behavior was used to the exclusion of the other types of behavior such as resting, and random-walk type search when prey egg density was less than 4 eggs per cm2. The exclusion of edge-walking behavior from the model caused the model to underestimate substantially the dispersal rates leaves. These data suggest that there are at least two recognizable types of ambulatory search used byN. fallacis—the random-walk type, which is used when prey density is high (searching within prey patches), and the edge-walking behavior, which is used when prey density is low. This behavior allows the mite to travel rapidly from leaf to leaf in search of new prey patches.
Dan Goodrich McNamara, MD

Dan Goodrich McNamara passed away at his home in Houston, Tex, on the morning of September 9, 1998. He had suffered an extensive stroke about 6 weeks earlier. The week before his stroke, Dan was busy seeing patients and teaching in the Cardiac Clinic at Texas Children’s Hospital. Dan was born in Waco, Tex, on October 19, 1922. His early years were spent in Marlin, Tex. He graduated from Baylor University in Waco in 1943 and then attended Baylor University College of Medicine shortly after the school moved to Houston. After graduation in 1946, he completed a rotating internship at the Medical Center in Jersey City, NJ. After completing his internship, he served at the United States Naval Hospital in Quantico, Va, for 2 years. He went to Hermann Hospital in …
Developments in Curriculum-Based Measurement

Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) is an approach for assessing the growth of students in basic skills that originated uniquely in special education. A substantial research literature has developed to demonstrate that CBM can be used effectively to gather student performance data to support a wide range of educational decisions. Those decisions include screening to identify, evaluating prereferral interventions, determining eligibility for and placement in remedial and special education programs, formatively evaluating instruction, and evaluating reintegration and inclusion of students in mainstream programs. Beyond those fundamental uses of CBM, recent research has been conducted on using CBM to predict success in high-stakes assessment, to measure growth in content areas in secondary school programs, and to assess growth in early childhood programs. In this article, best practices in CBM are described and empirical support for those practices is identified. Illustrations of the successful uses of CBM to...
Correlated response in growth and body measurements accompanying selection for milk yield in Jerseys.

Abstract Growth and body measurements from a long-term selection project were analyzed to determine correlated responses to single-trait selection for milk yield. Data were from 1056 daughters (765 selection, 291 control) of 37 bulls (17 selection, 20 control) and included BW and measures of heart girth, chest depth, wither height, and length from withers to pins and from withers to hooks taken at 6 mo, 15 mo, first calving, end of first lactation, and maturity. Other data were birth weight, change in measurements and weights from first calving to end of first lactation, monthly rate of gain from 1 to 13 mo of age, and age reaching breeding weight (250kg). Principal component scores were calculated from standardized measurements at each age. The first three principal components had meaning (size, length vs. girth, and height vs. girth). All analyses used linear mixed models with fixed effects of genetic group, generation within group, year-season of birth or calving, parity of dam, and birth status (multiple or single birth). Sires were assumed to be random and nested within genetic group. Mean squares for sires was used to test for group differences. Generation did not differ in any analysis and was removed from all models. Selection cows were heavier, larger in some measurements, and had greater overall size at 6 mo of age. Selection cows had greater monthly rate of gain and attained breeding weight at an earlier age. Genetic groups did not differ for any other measurement or weight. Control cows gained more weight and increased more in some measurements between first calving and end of first lactation. Selection for milk yield did not result in an undesirable correlated response in any growth or body measurement.
A fifteen-year perspective on the in vitro culture of Pneumocystis carinii.

The in vitro cultivation of Pneumocystis carinii in chick lung cell culture made it possible to observe the organism proceeding through its life cycle. It provided the foundation for extensive serocpidcmiologic studies, for in vitro drug screening, and for essential biological, metabolic, and morphologic research. In vitro culture made possible the discovery of P. carinii antigenemia, its biochemical nature, and its relevance to subclinical and clinical infection. Its utility in the presumptive diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia and in monitoring responses to drug therapy illustrate the value and clinical application of basic research.
New venture strategies

1. Perspectives on Entrepreneurship. 2. Success and Failure Factors. 3. Career Departure Points. 4. Sequences in Startup. 5. Sources of Venture Ideas. 6. Evaluating Venture Ideas. 7. Main Competitive Entry Wedges. 8. Other Entry Wedges. 9. Acquisition Finding. 10. Acquisition Dealing. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.
Changes in global gene expression in rat myometrium in transition from late pregnancy to parturition

The process of parturition involves the complex interplay of factors that change the excitability and contractile activity of the uterus. We have compared the relative gene expression profile of myometrium from rats before parturition (21 days pregnant) and during delivery, using high-density DNA microarray. Of 8,740 sequences available in the array, a total of 3,782 were detected as present. From the sequences that were significantly altered, 59 genes were upregulated and 82 genes were downregulated. We were able to detect changes in genes described to have altered expression level at term, including connexin 43 and 26, cyclooxygenase 2, and oxytocin receptor, as well as novel genes that have been not previously associated with parturition. Quantitative real-time PCR on selected genes further confirmed the microarray data. Here we report for the first time that aquaporin5 (AQP5), a member of the aquaporin water channel family, was dramatically downregulated during parturition (∼100-fold by microarray and ∼50-fold by real-time PCR). The emerging profile highlights biochemical cascades occurring in a period of ∼36 h that trigger parturition and the initiation of myometrium reverse remodeling postpartum. The microarray analysis uncovered genes that were previously suspected to play a role in parturition. This regulation involves genes from immune/inflammatory response, steroid/lipid metabolism, calcium homeostasis, cell volume regulation, cell signaling, cell division, and tissue remodeling, suggesting the presence of multiple and redundant mechanisms altered in the process of birth.
Cytochrome c/sub 3/, an oriented iron wire

The kinetics of reduction and ligand binding by the cytochromes c/sub 3/ are reported on as part of an ongoing effort to understand the unique electrical properties of this unusual heme protein family. When absorbed as films on electrode surfaces they show conductivity changes of ten orders of magnitude when the iron redox state is changed. The studies presented establish that both carbon monoxide binding and deazariboflavin semiquinone reduction enable the hemes of cytochrome c/sub 3/ to be discriminated and offer the opportunity of characterizing the interaction domains and immediate heme environment of each of the hemes. This may provide the means for investigating the interactions between the hemes. The approaches described here, coupled with the use of cytochrome c/sub 3/ from other species (natural chemical modification) and site-directed mutagenesis, should allow one to understand in molecular terms those properties of cytochrome c/sub 3/ that result in its unique behavior in dry films. >
Benefits of bilateral cochlear implants and/or hearing aids in children

This study evaluated functional benefits from bilateral stimulation in 20 children ages 4-14, 10 use two CIs and 10 use one CI and one HA. Localization acuity was measured with the minimum audible angle (MAA). Speech intelligibility was measured in quiet, and in the presence of 2-talker competing speech using the CRISP forced-choice test. Results show that both groups perform similarly when speech reception thresholds are evaluated. However, there appears to be benefit (improved MAA and speech thresholds) from wearing two devices compared with a single device that is significantly greater in the group with two CI than in the bimodal group. Individual variability also suggests that some children perform similarly to normal-hearing children, while others clearly do not. Future advances in binaural fitting strategies and improved speech processing schemes that maximize binaural sensitivity will no doubt contribute to increasing the binaurally-driven advantages in persons with bilateral CIs.
A comparison of the chemical sinks of atmospheric organics in the gas and aqueous phase

Abstract. Photochemical reactions represent the main pathway for the removal of non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. VOCs may react with hydroxyl radical (OH), the most important atmospheric oxidant, or they can be photolyzed by actinic radiation. In the presence of clouds and fog, VOCs may partition into the aqueous phase where they can undergo aqueous photolysis and/or reaction with dissolved OH. The significance of direct aqueous photolysis is largely uncertain due to the lack of published absorption cross sections and photolysis quantum yields. In light of this, we strive to identify atmospherically relevant VOCs where removal by aqueous photolysis may be a significant sink. The relative importance of different photochemical sinks is assessed by calculating the ratios of the removal rates inside air parcels containing cloud and fog droplets. This relative approach provides useful information in spite of the limited aqueous photolysis data. Results of this work should help guide researchers in identifying molecules that are the most likely to undergo aqueous OH oxidation and photolysis. For example, we find that out of the 27 atmospherically relevant species investigated, the removal of glyceraldehyde and pyruvic acid by aqueous photolysis is potentially an important sink. We also determine the relative magnitudes of these four chemical sinks for the set of relevant organic compounds.
Reversal of the Weak Measurement of a Quantum State in a Superconducting Phase Qubit

We demonstrate in a superconducting qubit the conditional recovery (uncollapsing) of a quantum state after a partial-collapse measurement. A weak measurement extracts information and results in a nonunitary transformation of the qubit state. However, by adding a rotation and a second partial measurement with the same strength, we erase the extracted information, canceling the effect of both measurements. The fidelity of the state recovery is measured using quantum process tomography and found to be above 70% for partial-collapse strength less than 0.6.
OptiScope: Performance Accountability for Optimizing Compilers

Compilers employ many aggressive code transformations to achieve highly optimized code. However, because of complex target architectures and unpredictable optimization interactions, these transformations may not always be beneficial. Current analysis methods measure performance at the application level and ignore optimization effects at the function and loop level. To better measure and understand these effects, we present OptiScope, a compiler independent tool to identify performance opportunities by comparing programs built with different compilers or optimization flags. The analysis includes hundreds of different metrics and uses a novel loop correlation technique for binary programs (produced from the same source by different compilers) to isolate measurements to specific regions. We present several case studies using OptiScope to identify key differences between different compiler suites, versions, and target architectures. The examples demonstrate performance improvement opportunities between 32.5\% to 893\% on select regions of SPEC 2006 benchmarks.
Prospective measurement of patient exposure to radiation during pediatric ureteroscopy.

Purpose: Few data have been reported regarding radiation exposure during pediatric endourological procedures, including ureteroscopy. We measured radiation exposure during pediatric ureteroscopy and identify opportunities for exposure reduction.Materials and Methods: We prospectively observed ureteroscopy procedures as part of a quality improvement initiative. Preoperative patient characteristics, operative factors, fluoroscopy settings and radiation exposure were recorded. Our outcomes were entrance skin dose and midline dose (both mGy). Specific modifiable factors were identified as targets for potential quality improvement.Results: Direct observation was performed in 54 consecutive ureteroscopy procedures. Mean ± SD patient age was 14.8 ± 3.8 years (range 7.4 to 19.2), with 9 children being younger than 12 years. Mean ± SD entrance skin dose was 46.4 ± 48 mGy. Mean ± SD midline dose was 6.2 ± 5.0 mGy. The most important major determinant of radiation dose was total fluoroscopy time (mean ± SD 2.68 ± 1....
Advances in the diagnosis of leukoencephalopathies

Introduction : Leukoencephalopathies (LEs) are a diverse group of diseases involving cerebral white matter. Some of the disorders may be infectious or immunologically mediated and, therefore, tend to be more amenable to treatment. Most of these disorders have a genetic basis, for which genetic counseling becomes important as currently very few of them have effective therapies. Areas covered : This review calls attention to the diagnostic dilemmas, highlights the diagnostic tests of choice for separating conditions with similar clinical, laboratory or neuroimaging findings, and describes several LEs that have been newly discovered within the last 20 years. Imaging of LEs has progressed rapidly since the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS), allowing recognition of new diseases, with and without identifiable corresponding biochemical or genetic defects. The distinguishing MRI and MRS features of LEs are described, as well as the resources available for biochemical, CSF and...
Cognitive Mechanisms of Change in CBT for Adolescent Depression: Associations among Client Involvement, Cognitive Distortions, and Treatment Outcome

A substantial body of evidence has supported the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for adolescent depression. Fewer studies have addressed mechanisms that contribute to positive youth CBT outcomes. The CBT model holds that adolescents acquire skills through active involvement in sessions and completion of homework assignments between sessions. Skill acquisition including cognitive modification is assumed to contribute to reductions in depressive symptoms. This study examined hypothesized associations among client involvement in cognitive therapy tasks, change in cognitive distortions, and reductions in depressive symptoms with a sample of 44 clinically depressed adolescents. Results partially supported the CBT model. Specifically, change in cognitive distortions prospectively predicted reductions in depressive symptoms, whereas change in depressive symptoms did not predict change in cognitive distortions. Neither in-session involvement nor between-session homework adherence predicted changes ...