cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The problem of relapse in stuttering: Some thoughts on what might cause it and how to deal with it

Abstract Bloodstein recently wrote that “the most vital part of science is not accurate measurement or the insistence on empiricism. It is an attitude of inquiry into the how and why of things” [Bloodstein, O. Foreword. In: Maintenance of Fluency (E. Boberg ed.). New York: Elsevier, 1981, p. vii]. In the paper below, I present some unsubstantiated and no doubt controversial thoughts on the how and why of relapse in stuttering. The overall thrust of these thoughts is that stutterers have different propensities to stutter because of the inherent variability in their speech production systems. For this reason, for therapy to have long-range success, stutterers must learn to accept and deal with the inherent variability in their speech production mechanisms.
The EE as naval officer: Now more than ever the U.S. Navy has a lot to offer the undergrad and grad

The United States bases a significant portion of its defense strategy on advanced technology. Thus, the need is obvious for technically qualified personnel to design, evaluate, and operate the vast array of equipment that supports the national defense.
Investigating the role of uncoupling of troponin I phosphorylation from changes in myofibrillar Ca(2+)-sensitivity in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy.

Contraction in the mammalian heart is controlled by the intracellular Ca2+ concentration as it is in all striated muscle, but the heart has an additional signalling system that comes into play to increase heart rate and cardiac output during exercise or stress. β-adrenergic stimulation of heart muscle cells leads to release of cyclic-AMP and the activation of protein kinase A which phosphorylates key proteins in the sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum and contractile apparatus. Troponin I (TnI) and Myosin Binding Protein C (MyBP-C) are the prime targets in the myofilaments. TnI phosphorylation lowers myofibrillar Ca2+-sensitivity and increases the speed of Ca2+-dissociation and relaxation (lusitropic effect). Recent studies have shown that this relationship between Ca2+-sensitivity and TnI phosphorylation may be unstable. In familial cardiomyopathies, both dilated and hypertrophic (DCM and HCM), a mutation in one of the proteins of the thin filament often results in the loss of the relationship (uncoupling) and blunting of the lusitropic response. For familial dilated cardiomyopathy in thin filament proteins it has been proposed that this uncoupling is causative of the phenotype. Uncoupling has also been found in human heart tissue from patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy as a secondary effect. Recently, it has been found that Ca2+-sensitizing drugs can promote uncoupling, whilst one Ca2+-desensitising drug Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate (EGCG) can reverse uncoupling. We will discuss recent findings about the role of uncoupling in the development of cardiomyopathies and the molecular mechanism of the process.
Multiple looks in speech sound discrimination in adults.

N. F. Viemeister and G. H. Wakefield's (1991) multiple looks hypothesis is a theoretical approach from the psychoacoustic literature that has promise for bridging the gap between results from speec...
Microbial Colonization and Hepatic Abnormalities in Jejunoileal Bypass with Resection, Ileal Mucous Fistula, and Ileocolostomy

A role for bacterial colonization of the intestines in the pathogenesis of hepatic abnormalities after jejunoileal bypass was sought. Dogs were divided into groups according to the disposition of the bypassed segment; resection (group I), exteriorization as an ileal mucous fistula (group II), and drainage via an ileocolonic anastomosis (group III). Weight loss, abnormalities in liver function, and hepatic steatosis were significantly greater in groups II and III than in group I. Concomitantly, there was a significant increase in the total number of bacterial colony-forming units in groups II and III. Moreover, a greater number of specific anaerobic genera was isolated in group III than in group II. It is concluded that: (1) retention of the bypassed intestinal segment is associated with greater changes in liver function and structure than when the segment is resected; (2) the changes in the liver correlated with bacterial proliferation in the bypassed intestinal segment; and (3) despite a greater number of anaerobic genera in the ileocolostomy than in the mucous fistula, both procedures were associated with hepatic abnormalities.
α-Linolenate and Photosynthetic Activity in Chlorella protothecoides

Green cells of Chlorella protothecoides grown in nitrogen-rich low glucose media may be reversibly transformed to entirely chlorophyll-less cells in low nitrogen high glucose media. Photosynthetic rates and fatty ester compositions were determined during light and dark bleaching and during greening. Linolenic acid content remained unchanged during greening or bleaching. During light greening chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity increased while oleic acid content decreased dramatically. As a result, the percent composition of linolenate appeared to parallel photosynthetic capability. Implication of α-linolenate in oxygen production, therefore, can not be based upon fatty acid percentage composition data alone.
The Use of Human Radio-iodinated (I131) Serum Albumin in Determining Whole Body Blood Volumes in the Chicken

Abstract THE use of human radio-iodinated (I131) serum albumin in birds as a method for determining whole body blood volumes has been reported previously by others (Kotula and Helbacka, 1966; Portman et al., 1952). It has also been used in our laboratory as a method to determine blood volumes in chickens. Human radio-iodinated serum albumin (I131) has been recommended for the determination of plasma volume (directly) and blood volume (indirectly) in humans. Since it is not foreign to the human body, the loss rate is slow; i.e., limited to the rate of metabolization by the body (Abbott, 1966). Its use in other species however probably results in an altered loss rate (Portman et al., 1952). The use of human radio-iodinated serum albumin and its physiological characteristics to determine whole body blood volumes in chickens were investigated and reported herein. METHODS Single Comb White Leghorn adult female chickens were used in this . . .
Finite Element Analysis of Contact and Structural Phenomena of a Lab-Scale Electromagnetic Accelerator

This work presents a finite element analysis (FEA) of the initial armature-to-rail contact of a lab-scale electromagnetic accelerator (12.5 mm rail height) and a modal analysis of the armature. Structural results of the von Mises stress, the contact pressure, and the contact area are presented with the vibrational characteristics (frequencies and mode shapes) of the un-stressed and the pre-stressed armature.© 2007 ASME
Incidence and progress of rejection of embryonic limb bud transplants in the turtle, Chelydra serpentina

Allografts of embryonic limb buds were grafted orthotopically on embryos of Chelydra serpentina. Donors were from a different geographic area, the same geographic area, or siblings. The initial indication of rejection was excessive sloughing of epidermis. This was followed by loss of muscle, claws and bone. Early histological changes involved an infiltration of mononuclear or rejection cells primarily associated with small blood vessels of the connective tissue. Subsequently, muscle and bone were lost and they were replaced by connective tissue. Epidermis and nerves persisted. The skeletal cartilages were isolated from immunological activity. Although the incidence of rejection was essentially the same in sibling and non-sibling combinations, the initial external signs of rejection occurred earliest when donor and host were from different geographic areas but not later than two years after hatching. The first signs of rejection in sibling allografts occurred not later than three years after hatching. Animals that survived these periods without rejection did not show subsequent rejection.
Isolation and characterization of transcribed sequences from a chromosome 16 hn-cDNA library and the physical mapping of genes and transcribed sequences using a high-resolution somatic cell panel of human chromosome 16.

A hn-cDNA (heteronuclear complementary DNA) library was constructed from a mouse/human somatic cell hybrid, CY18, which contains chromosome 16 as the only human chromosome. Hexamer primers constructed from consensus 5[prime]intron splice sequences were used to generate cDNA from the immature unspliced mRNA. The resulting cDNA library was screened with a total human DNA probe to identify potential human clones. Rescreening was necessary, and use of a mouse-derived clone with homology to 7SL RNA proved successful in eliminating the majority of mouse clones. Thirteen clones had open reading frames, and of those, five showed homology to human sequences in Gen-Bank. Two clones had homology to random partially sequenced cDNAs, one clone was likely to be a GRP78 pseudogene, one clone mapped the PHKG2 gene to 16p11.2-16p12.1, and one clone had homology to human S-13 ribosomal protein. All clones except the latter were mapped to a high-resolution somatic cell panel. Although isolation of human chromosome 16 genes from this library was successful, it was apparent that cDNA synthesis was initiated at sites other than intron splice sites, presumably by mispairing of the hexamers. 31 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
The Fine Structure of the Testis of a Lancelet (=Amphioxus), Branchiostoma floridae (Phylum Chordata: Subphylum Cephalochordata= Acrania)

The germinal and non-germinal cells of the ripe lancelet testis are described by transmission electron microscopy. The visceral peritoneum of the testis is composed of myoepithelial cells, and the haemal layer consists of regions of narrow sinuses and conspicuously thicker blood vessels filled with blood plasma and bounded by basal laminae. Within the germinal epithelium and the testicular lumen, the non-germinal cells, which are not abundant, contain conspicuous lysosomes and mitochondria with tubular cristae, indicating that they may be involved in steroid synthesis. In the ripe testis, the non-germinal cells do not appear to be organized into a blood-testis barrier. Ail types of spermatogenic cells may be flagellated and are joined in small groups by intercellular bridges. During differentiation of the spermatids, the Golgi complex is associated with formation of the acrosomal vesicle near the posterior pole of the cell. A remarkable feature is the dual origin of the subacrosomal material: one component originates at the posterior end of the spermatid, and the other at the anterior end. Subsequently, the two components merge into one after the acrosomal vesicle has migrated to its definitive anterior position in the mature spermatozoon.
Teaching local area networking using Samba instead of Windows

The objective of this article is to demonstrate that the same principal techniques for local area networking can be taught using Linux with Samba instead of Windows NT/2003 at a fraction of the cost. A brief history, availability, and cost of maintaining a Samba based network is presented. The paper also illustrates how existing Windows Server experiments can be modified to use Samba in its place. Important experimental issues such as domain controllers, shares, printing, authentication, and security are also addressed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 17: 44–51, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20160
Solution-calorimetric determination of the standard molar enthalpies of formation of the pseudobinary compounds Zr(AlxFe1 - x)2 at the temperature 298.15 K

Abstract Standard molar enthalpies of formation ΔfHom at the temperature T = 298.15 K have been determined from calorimetric measurements of the enthalpies of reaction ΔfHom of six compositions in the Zr(AlxFe1 - x)2 pseudobinary system with (hydrofluoric acid + nitric acid). The following results (with uncertainties given as twice the standard deviation of the mean) are reported. See Table. Previous thermodynamic studies of the terminal compositions (x = 0, 1) have been reviewed, and the following quantities at T = 298.15 K are recommended: ΔfHom(ZrFe2) = -(75 ± 6) kJ·mol-1 and ΔfHom(ZrAl2) = -(147 ± 7) kJ·mol-1.
Red Blood Cell Tracking Using Optical Flow Methods

The investigation of microcirculation is an important task in biomedical and physiological research because the microcirculation information, such as flow velocity and vessel density, is critical to monitor human conditions and develop effective therapies of some diseases. As one of the tasks of the microcirculation study, red blood cell (RBC) tracking presents an effective approach to estimate some parameters in microcirculation. The common method for RBC tracking is based on spatiotemporal image analysis, which requires the image to have high qualification and cells should have fixed velocity. Besides, for in vivo cell tracking, cells may disappear in some frames, image series may have spatial and temporal distortions, and vessel distribution can be complex, which increase the difficulties of RBC tracking. In this paper, we propose an optical flow method to track RBCs. It attempts to describe the local motion for each visible point in the frames using a local displacement vector field. We utilize it to calculate the displacement of a cell in two adjacent frames. Additionally, another optical flow-based method, scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) flow, is also presented. The experimental results show that optical flow is quite robust to the case where the velocity of cell is unstable, while SIFT flow works well when there is a large displacement of the cell between two adjacent frames. Our proposed methods outperform other methods when doing in vivo cell tracking, which can be used to estimate the blood flow directly and help to evaluate other parameters in microcirculation.
A social network approach for analyzing computer mediated communication dialogs

Traditional performance measures in computer-mediated communication research focus on performance time and quality. While communication process analyses provide us a deep understanding of performance outcomes with rich qualitative discourse analysis, it often lacks an appropriate method to reveal the relationship among individual communication activity codes. Social network analysis fills this gap by providing a way to visualize and analyze relationships between communication activity codes. In this paper we have illustrated an example of using social network software to analyze the communication pattern in a negotiation task.
Data representation for diagnostic neural networks

A paradigm for diagnostic neural network systems that emphasizes informative data representation and encoding and uses generic preprocessing techniques to extract knowledge from database records is discussed. The proposed diagnostic system differs from other approaches to automatic knowledge extraction in the following ways: by emphasizing the importance of intelligent encoding and preprocessing of raw data, rather than classifications; by demonstrating the importance of making a clear distinction between diagnostic and classification tasks; and by providing a generic, uniform representation for data records comprising interdependent, heterogeneous features. The correlation matrix memory (CMM), a linear system with a single-layer of input-output connections, that is used as the neural network system's classifier is described. The limitations of the learning system are discussed. >
The uptake of low molecular weight sulfur-containing compounds by Histoplasma capsulatum and related dimorphic fungi.

A number of low molecular weight organic sulfur-containing compounds were tested for their effect on the respiratory activity of yeastlike and mycelialH. capsulatum. Of the compounds tested, L-cyst(e)ine was found to give maximum stimulatory effect on yeastlike phase respiration. The D- and meso isomers of cyst(e)ine as well as substituted derivatives were much less effective in the stimulation of respiratory activity of yeastlikeH. capsulatum. Respiration of homologous mycelial phase cell suspensions was depressed in the presence of L-cystine as substrate, while respiratory activity of yeastlikeB. dermatitidis andS. schenckii was unaffected.
Cytologic Evaluation of Inflammation in Canine Liver Aspirates

Liver aspiration cytology has been used routinely for more than a decade for the evaluation of canine and feline liver disease. However, the value of liver cytology in detecting inflammatory liver disease is poorly defined. We retrospectively reviewed 51 canine liver cytology reports and compared the conclusions with those from concurrent surgical biopsy reports. Overall sensitivity of cytology for diagnosis of inflammatory liver disease was 93% and specificity was 96%. For suppurative hepatitis (n = 14), the sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis was 100% and the specificity was 95%. For chronic active hepatitis (n = 13), the sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis was 100% and the specificity was 93%. For lymphocytic hepatitis (n = 3), the sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis was 33% and the specificity was 100%. We conclude that canine liver aspiration cytology is a highly sensitive test for the detection of suppurative and chronic active inflammation; however, it is insensitive for the detection of lymphocytic hepatitis.
Anarchy, Void, Signature: Agamben's Trinity Among Orthodoxy's Remains1

This article explores Agamben's revisionist presentation of the anarchy of the Son and the void of power in the Trinity in his genealogy of economy and government in the West. It argues for a reading that sustains the actual self-depiction of orthodox theology on these points of doctrine in order to evaluate and critique orthodoxy's impact on politics in the West. Only after a thorough assessment of orthodoxy's doctrinal self-understanding can Agamben's reading of potential or suppressed meaning in orthodoxy be appreciated and possibly applied.
Genetic variation (CHRNA5), medication (combination nicotine replacement therapy vs. varenicline), and smoking cessation

Abstract Objective Recent evidence suggests that the efficacy of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy can vary across patients based on their genotypes. This study tests whether the coding variant rs16969968 in the CHRNA5 nicotinic receptor gene predicts the effects of combination nicotine replacement therapy (cNRT) and varenicline on treatment outcomes. Method In two randomized smoking cessation trials comparing cNRT vs. placebo, and varenicline vs. placebo, we used logistic regression to model associations between CHRNA5 rs16969968 and abstinence at end of treatment. Results For abstinence at end of treatment, there was an interaction between cNRT and rs16969968 (X2 = 8.15, df = 2, omnibus-p = 0.017 for the interaction); individuals with the high-risk AA genotype were more likely to benefit from cNRT. In contrast, varenicline increased abstinence, but its effect did not vary with CHRNA5. However, the genetic effects differed between the placebo control groups across two trials (wald = 3.94, df = 1, p = 0.047), this non-replication can alter the interpretation of pharmacogenetic findings. Conclusions Results from two complementary smoking cessation trials demonstrate inconsistent genetic results in the placebo arms. This evidence highlights the need to compare the most effective pharmacotherapies with the same placebo control to establish pharmacogenetic evidence to aid decisions on medication choice for patients trying to quit smoking.
Personality Correlates of Confidence in One's Decisions

Taylor and Brown (1988) hypothesized that certain illusions, such as unrealistic optimism, are predictably associated with positive affect, social skills, and intellectual functioning. To test this hypothesis, we obtained data from 162 students who first filled out a questionnaire containing dispositional measures of affect, social skills, and approaches to problem solving; in a second session they completed three tasks requiring difficult decisions, reporting their confidence in each decision. Accuracy of judgments was found to vary considerably from task to task, but confidence ratings showed a consistent pattern of individual differences. This result lent support to Taylor and Brown's hypothesis, as did other features of the data, most notably several small but significant Pearson rs between confidence ratings and dispositional variables. Removing the effects of accuracy from these rs reduced their magnitude very little; it yielded partial rs interpretable as evidence that illusory confidence is associated with personality traits which, in this case, load saliently on factors labeled (a) affective, and (b) cognitive/social.
Exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis by sodium fluoride treatment of osteoporosis.

Recent studies have suggested that sodium fluoride therapy may be an effective treatment for vertebral osteoporosis. Unfortunately, the high frequency of side effects may limit the use of this treatment modality. This report documents the repeated exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis on three occasions after the initiation of sodium fluoride therapy. This apparent complication of sodium fluoride treatment may be mediated by stimulation of leukocyte production of reactive oxygen species and other mediators of the acute inflammatory response. We suggest that sodium fluoride should be used cautiously in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Arch Intern Med . 1991;151:783-784)
Learning equivalent action choices from demonstration

In their interactions with the world robots inevitably face equivalent action choices, situations in which multiple actions are equivalently applicable. In this paper, we address the problem of equivalent action choices in learning from demonstration, a robot learning approach in which a policy is acquired from human demonstrations of the desired behavior. We note that when faced with a choice of equivalent actions, a human teacher often demonstrates an action arbitrarily and does not make the choice consistently over time. The resulting inconsistently labeled training data poses a problem for classification-based demonstration learning algorithms by violating the common assumption that for any world state there exists a single best action. This problem has been overlooked by previous approaches for demonstration learning. In this paper, we present an algorithm that identifies regions of the state space with conflicting demonstrations and enables the choice between multiple actions to be represented explicitly within the robotpsilas policy. An experimental evaluation of the algorithm in a real-world obstacle avoidance domain shows that reasoning about action choices significantly improves the robotpsilas learning performance.
Immediate reconstruction after complete skin-sparing mastectomy with autologous tissue

Abstract Background: Immediate breast reconstruction with autologous tissue can re-create a breast mound that closely resembles the native breast in shape and consistency. Results are limited by scarring and color differences between flap and native breast skin. This study reviews all patients undergoing complete skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate autologous tissue reconstruction over the past 4 years. Study Design: Twenty-eight patients with a mean age of 43 years (range, 32–53 years) were retrospectively reviewed. Requirements for the complete skin-sparing approach included a favorable biopsy scar location, adequate areolar diameter, and suitable donor site for autologous tissue reconstruction. Ninety-two percent of patients were reconstructed with a transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap. Results: There were no instances of flap loss or local recurrence during the followup period (mean, 27 months; range, 14–48 months). Complications at the reconstruction site were minor and limited to cellulitis, periareolar skin loss, and the need for repeat skin excision because of a very close pathologic margin. Donor site complications were seen in five patients. Aesthetic results were judged as excellent or good in 75% of patients. Conclusions: Complete skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate autologous tissue reconstruction has enhanced immediate breast reconstruction by reducing scar burden and eliminating color differences without an increased incidence of local recurrence. This procedure is limited by appropriate patient selection and technical expertise in performing the mastectomy.
Stream Classification System Based on Susceptibility to Algal Growth in Response to Nutrients

We developed a stream classification system that is based on stream’s susceptibility to algal growth using a two-step approach. The model portrays algal biomass as a result of stream’s response to nutrient concentrations and the response is governed by various stream factors. In the first step, a nutrient-chlorophyll a relationship was developed to characterize nutrient’s effects on algal biomass. Residuals of the relationship were attributed to stream’s susceptibility to algal growth in response to nutrients and referred to as “observed” susceptibility. In the second step, conditions of other contributing factors were used to explain the variation in the residuals and the developed relationship was used to generate “predicted” susceptibility. Existing data compiled from various monitoring projects of Illinois streams and rivers were used to illustrate the approach. Streams were classified into three (high, medium, and low) categories based on their observed and predicted susceptibility values, respective...
Evaluation of pain management interventions for neonatal circumcision pain.

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy of music and eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) on pain responses of neonates undergoing circumcision. Method: A randomized, double-blind experimental design was used with 23 neonates. Pain response was measured using an observational pain intensity rating scale and the physiologic parameters of heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation levels, salivary cortisol levels, and length of cry. Each infant's state was examined for a potential contribution to the pain response. Findings: Infant state, salivary cortisol levels, and respiratory rates were not significant. Pain ratings had considerable variability for all treatment conditions, but both single treatment groups had less pain by the end of the procedure. The heart rate was significantly lower for the EMLA group and remained stable for the music group. Oxygen saturation differences were statistically significant for the music group ( P =.02) and approached significance for the EMLA group. Discussion: Preliminary support was provided for the efficacy of EMLA and music to contribute to the pain relief of neonates undergoing circumcision. Further study is warranted. Neonates deserve interventions that will provide them with a less painful start in life. J Pediatr Health Care. (2001). 15, 105-114.
The effect of the stroke-to-bore ratio on combustion, heat transfer and efficiency of a homogeneous charge spark ignition engine of given displacement

AbstractThis study investigates how the selection of the stroke-to-bore (S/B) ratio affects combustion, heat transfer and overall efficiency in a homogeneous charge spark ignition (SI) engine of a given displacement. Initially, flame front area maps and wall areas in contact with burned gases are examined from a purely geometric point of view, for S/B ratios of 0.7, 1.0 and 1.3. Subsequently, a quasi-dimensional turbulent flame entrainment model is used to quantify the extent to which turbulence versus geometric factors are responsible for the observed combustion, heat transfer and cycle efficiency behaviour, as the S/B ratio varies. Calculations are performed for a range of engine speeds and loads, as well as for operation with 15 per cent exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Results show that the S/B ratio has a significant effect on both turbulence levels and the geometric interaction of the flame front with the combustion chamber walls. In general, a longer stroke leads to higher thermal efficiency throug...
Infection with human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II results in alterations of cellular receptors, including the up-modulation of T-cell counterreceptors CD40, CD54, and CD80 (B7-1).

To examine the phenotypic alterations associated with human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I and -II) infection, long-term cell lines (n = 12 HTLV-I cell lines; n = 11 HTLV-II cell lines; n = 6 virus-negative cell lines) were analyzed for the cell surface expression of various lineage markers (i.e., myeloid, progenitor, and leukocyte), integrin receptors, and receptor-counterreceptor (R-CR) pairs responsible for cellular activation. As expected, all cell lines expressed the markers characterizing the leukocyte lineage (CD43, CD44, and CD53). Of the progenitor-myeloid markers examined (CD9, CD13, CD33, CD34, and CD63), only the percent expression of CD9 was significantly increased on HTLV-I and -II-infected cell lines as compared with that on virus-negative cell lines. Analysis of the beta 1 integrin subfamily (CD29, CD49b, CD49d, CD49e, and CD49f) showed no significant change, except that CD49e was significantly decreased on the HTLV-infected cell lines. For the beta 2 integrin subfamily, the cell surface density was increased for CD18 and CD11a, while the CD11c molecule was expressed exclusively on the HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-infected cell lines. Analysis of several R-CR pairs (CD2-CD58, CD45RO-CD22, CD5-CD72, CD11a-CD54, gp39-CD40, and CD28-CD80) demonstrated that comparable levels of expression of the Rs (CD2, CD45RO, CD5, and CD28) and of some of the CRs (CD58, CD22, and CD72) were in all cell lines; however, CD54, CD40, and CD80 were expressed constitutively on the HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-infected cell lines. Functionally, the expression of these R-CR pairs did not appear to affect the autologous proliferation since monoclonal antibodies to these R-CR pairs were not able to inhibit proliferation of the infected cell lines. Taken together, our results indicate that HTLV-I and -II can modulate the expression of several T-cell activation molecules and CRs normally expressed on alternate cell types.
Quantitative blood typing profiles of human erythrocytes.

Automated, sequential, quantitative blood typing has been achieved by modification of two previously described single channel AutoAnalyzers. In each of these channels, agglutination has been potentiated, either with bromelin and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-90) or mannitol and protamine sulfate. Phased pulse-sampling of both erythrocytes and prediluted antisera through micro-probes and micro T-fittings allow sampling rates of 80 tests/hour. Fifty-five erythrocytic antigenic determinants within all major blood group systems have been assayed and quantitative reproducibility was evident in the identity of data for identical twins and, within sibships, identical genotypes. The degree of agglutinability of unrelated Rhl (Rho or D) and MN phenotypes assayed with IgM antibodies or with lectins is directly related to the strength of the antigen as measured by the amount of antibody bound by test cells. In contrast, when IgG antibodies are sufficiently potentiated by either sugar or PVP, the relation between strength of cell antigen and degree of agglutination for M and Rhl may be reversed.
Default Prior Distributions and Efficient Posterior Computation in Bayesian Factor Analysis.

Factor analytic models are widely used in social sciences. These models have also proven useful for sparse modeling of the covariance structure in multidimensional data. Normal prior distributions for factor loadings and inverse gamma prior distributions for residual variances are a popular choice because of their conditionally conjugate form. However, such prior distributions require elicitation of many hyperparameters and tend to result in poorly behaved Gibbs samplers. In addition, one must choose an informative specification, as high variance prior distributions face problems due to impropriety of the posterior distribution. This article proposes a default, heavy-tailed prior distribution specification, which is induced through parameter expansion while facilitating efficient posterior computation. We also develop an approach to allow uncertainty in the number of factors. The methods are illustrated through simulated examples and epidemiology and toxicology applications. Data sets and computer code us...
Demonstrating strategies for initiation of insulin therapy: Matching the right insulin to the right patient

Summary Aims: To increase awareness regarding the different types of insulin available and provide discussion regarding how each type of insulin can address the needs of diverse patients in terms of their unique requirements, preferences, medical history and lifestyle concerns. Summary: New classes of antidiabetes medications, the development of insulin analogues and novel insulin delivery systems, provide more options for the management of type 2 diabetes. Given the inevitable progression of β-cell dysfunction, along with the relatively limited glucose-lowering capacity of other agents, many patients will eventually require insulin for optimal glycaemic management. However, patients and physicians often fail to initiate insulin early enough during the progression of disease to maintain the recommended levels of glycaemic control. The inherent properties of the new insulin analogues, more physiological and user-friendly time–action profiles compared with older human insulin formulations, may partly address the barriers to insulin use. Insulin analogues include rapid acting (for prandial glycaemic control), long acting (for basal insulin coverage) and premixed insulin analogues, which combine both a rapid acting and an extended duration component in a single insulin formulation. Various case-based scenarios on initiating and intensifying therapy with insulin analogues will be presented. Conclusions: Development of an individualised treatment plan for initiation of insulin is a critical step in achieving target glycaemic levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Are incomes converging among OECD countries? Time series evidence with two structural breaks

Time series from fifteen OECD countries for the period 1870–1994 are examined to determine if per capita incomes are stochastically converging. To perform our tests, we utilize a minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test that endogenously determines two structural breaks in level and trend. In contrast to other tests, our test is not subject to rejections of the null in the presence of a unit root with break(s). Overall, our empirical findings provide significant evidence to support that incomes are stochastically converging. One or two permanent breaks in relative income are identified for each country, most often around the two World Wars.
MEASURING STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBER SEGMENTS IN NONWOVEN FABRICS

This paper describes the image analysis techniques used for measuring structural characteristics of fiber or fiber bundle segments in a thin nonwoven fabric. The mea surable characteristics include length, thickness, curl, and orientation of fiber segments. A new skeletonization algorithm for extracting the simplified structure from a non woven image is developed. Thickness of fiber segments is calculated directly in the process of skeletonizing the web, while the length, orientation, and curl of fiber segments are measured in the skeletonized image. Fiber segments are identified and measured by tracing skeletons between any two adjacent intersecting points. For a curled segment, the best-fitting line is used to calculate its orientation angle. Several nonwoven fabrics are tested, and the results are compared with those measured by other methods. This image system enables the users to obtain comprehensive measurements on fiber seg ments in a single procedure.
In Situ forming poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels via thiol-maleimide Michael-type addition

The incorporation of cells and sensitive compounds can be better facilitated without the presence of UV or other energy sources that are common in the formation of biomedical hydrogels such as poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. The formation of hydrogels by the step-growth polymerization of maleimide- and thiol-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) macromers via Michael-type addition is described. The effects of macromer concentration, pH, temperature, and the presence of biomolecule gelatin on gel formation were investigated. Reaction kinetics between maleimide and thiol functional groups were found to be rapid. Molecular weight increase over time was characterized via gel permeation chromatography during step-growth polymerization. Swelling and degradation results showed incorporating gelatin enhanced swelling and accelerated degradation. Increasing gelatin content resulted in the decreased storage modulus (G'). The in vitro release kinetics of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran from the resulting matrices demonstrated the potential in the development of novel in situ gel-forming drug delivery systems. Moreover, the resulting networks were minimally adhesive to primary human monocytes, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes thus providing an ideal platform for further biofunctionalizations to direct specific biological response.
Obesity and clotting: Body mass index independently contributes to hypercoagulability after injury.

BACKGROUND: Although obese patients have high thrombosis rates following injury, the role of obesity in coagulation after trauma remains unknown. We hypothesized that body mass index (BMI) is independently associated with increased measures of hypercoagulability longitudinally after injury. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected for 377 consecutive highest-level trauma activation patients with a BMI of 18.5 kg/m 2 or greater. Standard coagulation measures, citrated kaolin and functional fibrinogen thromboelastography, as well as clotting factors were measured at 0 hour to 120 hours. BMI categories were defined as normal weight (18.5Y24.99 kg/m 2 ), overweight (25Y29.99 kg/m 2 ), and obese (Q30 kg/m 2 ). RESULTS: The 377 patients were mostly male (81%) and had blunt injury (61%), with a median BMI of 25.8 kg/m 2 . Of the patients, 42% were normal weight (median BMI, 22.5 kg/m 2 ). There were no differences in age, sex, Injury Severity Score (ISS), or base deficit between groups. There were no differences in admission international normalized ratio/partial thromboplastin time or factors II, V, VII, VIII, and X; antithrombin III; or protein C. However, obese patients had higher admission platelet counts (303 10 9 /L vs. 269 10 9 /L, p = 0.004), lower D-dimer (1.88 Kg/mL vs. 4.00 Kg/mL, p = 0.004), and a trend toward higher factor IX (134% vs. 119% activity, p = 0.042) compared with normal weight patients. Measured by thromboelastography, clot strength (maximum amplitude) and functional fibrinogen level (FLEV) were also higher on admission for obese patients (maximum amplitude, 65.7 mm vs. 63.4 mm, p = 0.016; FLEV, 407 mg/dL vs. 351 mg/dL, p = 0.008). In multiple linear regression, the relationship of BMI to clot strength, FLEV, and factor IX persisted through 24 hours. Similarly, the relationship of BMI and platelet count persisted through 120 hours (all p G 0.05). In multiple logistic regression, for every 5-kg/m 2 increase in BMI, there was an 85% increase in odds of thromboembolic complication (odds ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.13Y3.08; p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Obese trauma patients are hypercoagulable compared with their similarly injured normal-weight counterparts, which persists longitudinally after injury. The significance of this hypercoagulability requires elucidation for guidance of anticoagulation in this at-risk group. (J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78: 30Y38. Copyright* 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.) LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic study, level III.
Viable bone and circulatory factors required for survival of bone grafts.

MDBone grafts and bone graft substitutes arenecessary in trauma surgery for a variety ofreasons. Acutely, there are various bone graftsand substitutes used in fracture fixation to providescaffolding for periarticular fracture fixation.Subacute use of bone grafts and substitutesoccurs when the fracture does not heal. Whenfractures fail to progress in healing, each caseneeds to be evaluated as to why fracture healingdid not occur.Let’s first look at what happens when a fractureoccurs. The blood supply in bone comes fromthree sources: the intramedullary artery, periostealvessels, and metaphyseal vessels. The injury itselfdisrupts some of the blood supply. The moresevere the soft tissue injury accompanying thefracture, the more severe the disruption of theblood supply. With fracture fixation, the bloodsupply is disrupted during surgery by strippingthe periosteal vessels with plate fixation or ream-ing with intramedullary nail placement. Recently,fracture fixation has become more biologicallyfriendly attempting to preserve the periostealvessels as much as can be possible. In additionto the vessels, the surrounding soft tissue enve-lope is just as important.With a fracture, there is the release of numerousgrowth factors to induce the healing process.
On electromagnetic forming processes in finitely strained solids: Theory and examples

Abstract The process of electromagnetic forming (EMF) is a high velocity manufacturing technique that uses electromagnetic (Lorentz) body forces to shape sheet metal parts. EMF holds several advantages over conventional forming techniques: speed, repeatability, one-sided tooling, and most importantly considerable ductility increase in several metals. Current modeling techniques for EMF processes are not based on coupled variational principles to simultaneously account for electromagnetic and mechanical effects. Typically, separate solutions to the electromagnetic (Maxwell) and motion (Newton) equations are combined in staggered or lock-step methods, sequentially solving the mechanical and electromagnetic problems. The present work addresses these issues by introducing a fully coupled Lagrangian (reference configuration) least-action variational principle, involving magnetic flux and electric potentials and the displacement field as independent variables. The corresponding Euler–Lagrange equations are Maxwell's and Newton's equations in the reference configuration, which are shown to coincide with their current configuration counterparts obtained independently by a direct approach. The general theory is subsequently simplified for EMF processes by considering the eddy current approximation. Next, an application is presented for axisymmetric EMF problems. It is shown that the proposed variational principle forms the basis of a variational integration numerical scheme that provides an efficient staggered solution algorithm. As an illustration a number of such processes are simulated, inspired by recent experiments of freely expanding uncoated and polyurea-coated aluminum tubes.
Negative effects of positive reinforcement

Procedures classified as positive reinforcement are generally regarded as more desirable than those classified as aversive—those that involve negative reinforcement or punishment. This is a crude test of the desirability of a procedure to change or maintain behavior. The problems can be identified on the basis of theory, experimental analysis, and consideration of practical cases. Theoretically, the distinction between positive and negative reinforcement has proven difficult (some would say the distinction is untenable). When the distinction is made purely in operational terms, experiments reveal that positive reinforcement has aversive functions. On a practical level, positive reinforcement can lead to deleterious effects, and it is implicated in a range of personal and societal problems. These issues challenge us to identify other criteria for judging behavioral procedures.
Alcohol intake, drinking patterns, and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in Costa Rica

Background: Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a lower risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Whether alcohol is truly protective or whether the amount, type, or pattern of intake is the most important is still under debate. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether alcohol intake and drinking patterns are associated with plasma lipids and the risk of MI in Costa Ricans, a population with a low intake of wine. Design: We conducted a study of 2090 cases of a first nonfatal acute MI and 2090 population-based controls matched by age, sex, and residence in Costa Rica, a country with diet and lifestyles different from those of Western countries. Alcohol and dietary intakes were assessed by using validated questionnaires. Results: In a multivariate conditional regression model that controlled for other cardiovascular disease risk factors, the lowest risk of MI [odds ratio (OR) = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.61] was observed for those who drank on average 3 drinks/wk (compared with lifelong abstainers). When we looked at the frequency of consumption, we found that the risk of MI among daily drinkers (OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.41, 1.01) was not significantly different (P = 0.23) from that of weekend drinkers (OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.98) regardless of the amount consumed. HDL cholesterol increased with the amount and frequency of alcohol intake. Similar to a few other populations, apparent protection was observed at very low alcohol intakes. Conclusion: Low to moderate consumption of alcohol 1-2 d/wk is independently associated with a reduced risk of MI.
A density functional for core-valence correlation energy

A density functional, eCV-DFT(ρc, ρv), describing the core-valence correlation energy has been constructed as a linear combination of eLY P (corr)(ρc), eV WN5 (corr)(ρc, ρv), ePBE (corr)(ρc, ρv), eSlater (ex)(ρc, ρv), eHCTH (ex)(ρc, ρv), eHF (ex)(ρc, ρv), and FCV-DFTNi,Zi, a function of the nuclear charges. This functional, with 6 adjustable parameters, reproduces (±0.27 kcal/mol rms error) a benchmark set of 194 chemical energy changes including 9 electron affinities, 18 ionization potentials, and 167 total atomization energies covering the first- and second-rows of the periodic table. This is almost twice the rms error (±0.16 kcal/mol) obtained with CCSD(T)/MTsmall calculations, but less than half the rms error (±0.65 kcal/mol) obtained with MP2/GTlargeXP calculations, and somewhat smaller than the rms error (±0.39 kcal/mol) obtained with CCSD/MTsmall calculations. The largest positive and negative errors from eCV-DFT(ρc, ρv) were 0.88 and -0.75 kcal/mol with the set of 194 core-valence energy changes ranging from +3.76 kcal/mol for the total atomization energy of propyne to -9.05 kcal/mol for the double ionization of Mg. Evaluation of the eCV-DFT(ρc, ρv) functional requires less time than a single SCF iteration, and the accuracy is adequate for any model chemistry based on the CCSD(T) level of theory.
Bending and Buckling of a Wedge on an Elastic Foundation

When an ice sheet begins to slide up a sloping structure, the ice cracks radially from the structure creating wedges. Beam theory is used to analyze these wedges under the influence of both horizontal and vertical forces. Buckling and bending of these wedges are considered.