cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Exclusive Breastfeeding at Least 8 Weeks Among Asian and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Race Subgroups in Hawaii, 2004–2008

Breastfeeding is nurturing, cost-effective, and beneficial for the health of mother and child. Babies receiving formula are sick more often and are at higher risk for childhood obesity, diabetes, asthma, and other conditions compared with breastfed children. National and international organizations recommend exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. Exclusive breastfeeding in Asian and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI) subgroups is not well characterized. Data from the 2004–2008 Hawaii Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, a population-based surveillance system on maternal behaviors and experiences before, during, and after pregnancy, were analyzed for 8,508 mothers with a recent live birth. We examined exclusive breastfeeding status for at least 8 weeks. We calculated prevalence risk ratios across maternal race groups accounting for maternal and socio-demographic characteristics. The overall estimate of exclusive breastfeeding for at least 8 weeks was 36.3 %. After adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy weight, cesarean delivery, return to work/school, and self-reported postpartum depressive symptoms, the racial differences in prevalence ratios for exclusive breastfeeding for each ethnic group compared to Whites were: Samoan (aPR = 0.54; 95 % CI 0.43–0.69), Filipino (aPR = 0.58; 95 % CI 0.53–0.63), Japanese (aPR = 0.58; 95 % CI 0.52–0.65), Chinese (aPR = 0.64; 95 % CI 0.58–0.70), Native Hawaiian (aPR = 0.67; 95 % CI 0.61–0.72), Korean (aPR = 0.72; 95 % CI 0.64–0.82), and Black (aPR = 0.79; 95 % CI 0.65–0.96) compared to white mothers. Providers and community groups should be aware that just over one-third of mothers breastfeed exclusively at least 8 weeks with lower rates among Asian, NHOPI, and Black mothers. Culturally appropriate efforts to promote exclusive breastfeeding are recommended particularly among Asian subgroups that have high breastfeeding initiation rates that do not translate into high exclusivity rates.
Necrotizing RPGN with linear anti IgG deposits in a patient with history of granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a case report.

INTRODUCTION Diagnosing the etiology of a rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is of vital importance to guide appropriate therapeutic management. This case highlights the complexity involved in establishing diagnosis when presentation is atypical. In certain cases diagnosis cannot be established based on clinical presentation or biopsy findings alone, and critical analysis of biopsy findings in context of clinical presentation is crucial to guide the clinical decision-making process. CASE PRESENTATION A 47-year-old Hispanic male with history of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) in remission on azathioprine, presented with fatigue and lethargy. Physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory data revealed elevated creatinine and otherwise normal electrolytes. Urinalysis showed numerous dysmorphic red blood cells with few red cell casts. His serologic results were all negative except anti-proteinase-3 antibody at very low titers. Kidney biopsy showed necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis with linear immunoglobulin G staining along the basement membrane. CONCLUSION This case presented conflicting serologic and histopathologic findings. The presence of anti-proteinase-3 antibody supported diagnosis of recurrence of GPA. However, linear staining of immunoglobulin G (IgG) on immunofluorescence (IF) staining of renal biopsy supported anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease. The treatment of anti-GBM disease and GPA both involve immunosuppression with prednisone and cyclophosphamide. However, patients with anti-GBM disease are also treated with plasmapheresis early in the disease presentation to prevent further damage. The patient with GPA, on the other hand, was shown to benefit from plasmapheresis only in the case of severe renal disease (serum creatinine level more than 5 mg/dL) or pulmonary hemorrhage. In this case, since the patient did not have detectable circulating anti-GBM antibody, the decision was made not to proceed with plasmapheresis. The patient was treated with a standard immunosuppressive regimen consisting of prednisone and cyclophosphamide with partial renal recovery at 2 months.
Single molecule spectroscopy of conjugated polymer chains in an electric field-aligned liquid crystal.

Using single molecule polarization spectroscopy, we investigated the alignment of a polymer solute with respect to the liquid crystal (LC) director in an LC device while applying an external electric field. The polymer solute is poly[2-methoxy-5-(2‘-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (or MEH-PPV), and the LC solvent is 5CB. The electric field induces a change in the LC director orientation from a planar alignment (no electric field) to a perpendicular (homeotropic) alignment with an applied field of 5.5 × 103 V/cm. We find that the polymer chains align with the LC director in both planar and homeotropic alignment when measured in the bulk of the LC solution away from the device interface. Single molecule polarization distributions measured as a function of distance from the LC device interface reveal a continuous change of the MEH-PPV alignment from planar to homeotropic. The observed polarization distributions are modeled using a conventional elastic model that predicts the depth profile of the LC d...
Information Transmission through Pancreatic Beta Cell Signaling Pathways

The multicellular islet of Langerhans is made up primarily of insulin-secreting beta cells, which play a key role in glucose homeostasis. Thus, mechanistic understanding of intracellular signaling pathways within the beta cells is needed for the development of new and better treatments for metabolic diseases, including diabetes. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is driven by the closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels and subsequent membrane depolarization, which activates L-type Ca2+ channels and leads to exocytosis. Beta cell insulin secretion can also be stimulated or inhibited by numerous autocrine, paracrine, and juxtracrine factors via multiple signaling pathways. Despite the heterogeneity of signals that regulate beta cell exocytosis, glucose stimulation robustly leads to insulin secretion from healthy cells. The relative pathological roles of the non-glucose-dependent pathways are not well understood, which makes novel therapeutic interventions challenging to identify.Information theory is a rising tool in systems biology to quantitatively approach questions in signal transduction. Here, we utilize Shannon entropy and mutual information to measure the mutual dependence between second messenger signaling pathways involved in insulin secretion. Using a suite of biosensors targeted to signaling molecules including cAMP, Ca2+, and PIP3, we collect time-dependent information on the transmission of signals in pancreatic beta cells. Using a snapshot hyperspectral imaging system, we can measure several overlapping biosensors simultaneously, allowing us to collect second messenger activity from multiple pathways. Measured outputs also include insulin secretion and phosphorylation of signaling targets. Pharmacological perturbations (stimulants/inhibitors) and/or genetic modifications provide a means of creating conditional dependence among the input pathways that modulate the signaling molecules. These studies should help identify mechanisms by which beta cells discriminate between multiple extracellular signals.
Ultraviolet Sensitivity of Escherichia coli Containing Heat-Inducible λ Prophages

The c1-t mutants of bacteriophage λ can form prophage at 36°C but cause lysis of sensitive bacteria at temperatures above 42°C. Growth of cultures at 42° to 46°C induces prophage replication and lysis in Escherichia coli K12 (λ c1-t); lysogenic strains containing wild-type prophage are not induced to lyse at these temperatures. Heat induction is prevented by chloramphenicol. Strains containing heatinducible prophage are much more sensitive to killing by ultraviolet light than is K12 (λ+).
Trace detection of glycolic acid by electrophore labeling gas chromatography-electron capture mass spectrometry.

As little as 10 pg of standard glycolic acid (glycolate) was detected in a method comprising the following sequence of steps: (1) add glycolate-2,2-d2 as an internal standard and exchange the carb...
Interpersonal influence in family systems: a social relations model analysis.

Is parental control of a child's behavior due to the parenting style of the parent (e.g., authoritative parenting), the child's inclination toward compliance (i.e., an "easy" child), or the reciprocal system of parent-child exchange? This study addressed this question, as well as the broader one of who drives the interaction whenever one family member influences another. Family members from 208 two-parent two-child families of adolescents rated the degree to which each person in the family influenced each of the other family members. Social relations analysis of these data indicated that characteristics of the partner and the unique actor-partner "fit" were systematic sources of interpersonal influence, and that reciprocal influence was present in most--but not all--family dyads. A pattern in which parents compensate for each other's influenceability was also found. It is recommended that these findings be replicated using observational data that have been sequentially analyzed.
Determination of the oxidation states of tin by Auger electron spectroscopy

Abstract The oxidation states of tin in pure foils and compressed powders of tin oxides were determined from shifts in the principal Auger transitions of 3 ± 1 eV for tin in SnO and 7 ± 1 eV for tin in SnO 2 . Moreover, SnO powder is reduced to tin and oxygen during prolonged periods of bombardment with argon ions whereas similar effects are not observed for SnO 2 , and examination of the oxidation states of tin in pure tin foils exposed to dry oxygen at 200°C reveals that SnO is uniquely formed at the external surface during early stages of annealing and gradually decreases in concentration as a function of increasing depth. The last results are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, which also indicates that both SnO and SnO 2 are formed during prolonged annealing at 200°C.
Hepatic inflammatory responses to αα-cross-linked hemoglobin infusion in rats

Abstract Cross-linked hemoglobin (αα-Hb) may be a useful red blood cell substitute if it can be administered safely. However, cell-free hemoglobin has inherent properties that may cause oxidant-mediated toxicity. We investigated whether αα-Hb induces oxidative or inflammatory responses that lead to liver damage. αα-Hb (0.5 or 1.0 gm/kg) was infused into rats, and indices of liver injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress were examined. Although focal hepatic necrosis was noted at 24 hours, plasma alanine aminotransferase activity was not increased and lesions were resolved by 48 hours. Modest neutrophil accumulation in hepatic vessels, but not sinusoids, occurred at 24 hours. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein and activity were induced in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with maximal induction at 24 hours. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α levels were not significantly increased. Additional cytokine- and oxidant-mediated events such as nuclear transcription factor-κB activation and nitric oxide synthase induction were not observed. These results suggest that αα-Hb-derived products such as heme and ferric iron (Fe 3+ ), potent inducers of HO-1, are responsible for increasing HO-1. HO-1 induction may be a protective response by the liver to metabolize excess heme and Fe 3+ , thereby providing antioxidative products to counter the potentially damaging oxidants produced by Fe 3+ -catalyzed reactions.
Influence of histidine incorporation on buffer capacity and gene transfection efficiency of HPMA-co-oligolysine brush polymers.

One of the major intracellular barriers to nonviral gene delivery is efficient endosomal escape. The incorporation of histidine residues into polymeric constructs has been found to increase endosomal escape via the proton sponge effect. Statistical and diblock copolymers of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA), oligolysine, and oligohistidine were synthesized via reversible-addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and tested for in vitro transfection efficiency, buffering ability, and polyplex uptake mechanism via the use of chemical endocytic inhibitors. Interestingly, histidine-containing statistical and diblock polymers exhibited increased buffer capacity in different endosomal pH ranges. Statistical copolymers transfected better than block copolymers that contained similar amounts of histidine. In addition, only the polymer containing the highest incorporation of oligohistidine residues led to increases in transfection efficiency over the HPMA-oligolysine base polymer. Thus, for...
Morphological observations of nascent poly(p-oxybenzoate)

Abstract Observations have been made on as-polymerized, non-stirred, ‘solution’ polymerized poly( p -oxybenzoate). A uniformity of thickness of the resulting lamellae, for given polymerization conditions, indicates a nucleus determined thickness, with oligomer addition primarily on the lateral faces. Bilayered lamellae are the predominant form in many of the preparations, regardless of the phase I/phase II crystal modification ratio. Lack of cohesion at the interface of the layers suggests a parallel packing of the chains in these lamellae, with opposite chain direction in the two layers. A domain structure is observed in many of the lamellae and is presumed to be related to propagation of defects in phenyl ring and molecular direction on close packed planes in the two crystal forms. The presence of fibrils connecting fractured lamellae indicates some form of surface connection of neighbouring ‘extended chain’ molecules in a layer, similar to the folding of flexible molecules in lamellar crystals of, for example, polyethylene.
Finite-Element Model of Modified Eccentric Loader Terminal (MELT)

Improving the performance of guardrail terminals and end treatments in impacts with passenger vehicles has been an active area of research over the past decade. One particular W-beam guardrail terminal that has been the focus of recent full-scale crash testing is the Modified Eccentric Loader Terminal (MELT). The development of a nonlinear, finite-element model of a recent modification of the MELT is being used to learn more about the performance of this type of guardrail terminal. A finite-element model of the MELT was developed using the TrueGrid preprocessor and the LS-DYNA3D finite-element software was used to perform the analysis. Results of the analysis are compared with data from a full-scale crash test involving a small passenger car.
Variational asymptotic homogenization of temperature-dependent heterogeneous materials under finite temperature changes

The variational asymptotic method is used to construct a thermomechanical model for homogenizing heterogeneous materials made of temperature-dependent constituents subject to finite temperature changes with the restriction that the strain is small. First, we presented the derivation for a Helmholtz free energy suitable for finite temperature changes using basic thermodynamics concepts. Then we used this energy to construct a thermomechanical micromechanics model, extending our previous work which was restricted to small temperature changes. The new model is implemented in the computer code VAMUCH using the finite element method for the purpose of handling real heterogeneous materials with arbitrary periodic microstructures. A few examples including binary composites, fiber reinforced composites, and particle reinforced composites are used to demonstrate the application of this model and the errors introduced by assuming small temperature changes when they are not necessarily small.
The Effect of Nonporous PTFE-Covered Stents on Intimal Hyperplasia following Balloon Arterial Injury in Minipigs:

PURPOSE To report an experimental study investigating the ability of nonporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) covering on a metallic stent to retard the development of neointimal hyperplasia (NIH). METHODS Three groups of Hanford miniature swine underwent standardized balloon injury to both external iliac arteries. Group I animals (control) received balloon injuries only. Group II had the site of balloon injury supported by a properly sized, balloon-expandable Palmaz stent placed directly over the injury site. Group III animals received a Palmaz stent covered with PTFE graft. All animals underwent arteriography immediately after intervention and again prior to sacrifice and specimen harvest at 4 weeks. The specimens were examined grossly and histologically at the proximal, middle, and distal segments for NIH development. RESULTS Uncovered stents developed significantly more NIH (p < 0.0001) and greater luminal narrowing (p < 0.001) than the controls. PTFE-covered stents (group III) exhibited less NIH (p < 0.001) and luminal reduction (p < 0.01) than bare stents (group II) at the middle portion of the stent-graft, but the PTFE cover had no effect on NIH and lumen reduction at the proximal or distal ends of the prosthesis. CONCLUSIONS PTFE-covered stents retarded NIH at 4 weeks, but only at the midportion of the devices; the covering did not prevent neointimal pannus ingrowth at the proximal and distal ends.
Alloreactive (CD4-Independent) CD8+ T cells jeopardize long-term survival of intrahepatic islet allografts.

Despite success of early islet allograft engraftment and survival in humans, late islet allograft loss has emerged as an important clinical problem. CD8+ T cells that are independent of CD4+ T cell help can damage allograft tissues and are resistant to conventional immunosuppressive therapies. Previous work demonstrates that islet allografts do not primarily initiate rejection by the (CD4-independent) CD8-dependent pathway. This study was performed to determine if activation of alloreactive CD4-independent, CD8+ T cells, by exogenous stimuli, can precipitate late loss of islet allografts. Recipients were induced to accept intrahepatic islet allografts (islet ‘acceptors’) by short-term immunotherapy with donor-specific transfusion (DST) and anti-CD154 mAb. Following the establishment of stable long-term islet allograft function for 60–90 days, recipients were challenged with donor-matched hepatocellular allografts, which are known to activate (CD4-independent) CD8+ T cells. Allogeneic islets engrafted long-term were vulnerable to damage when challenged locally with donor-matched hepatocytes. Islet allograft loss was due to allospecific immune damage, which was CD8- but not CD4-dependent. Selection of specific immunotherapy to suppress both CD4- and CD8-dependent immune pathways at the time of transplant protects islet allografts from both early and late immune damage.
On the integration of image segmentation and shape analysis with its application to left-ventricle motion analysis

This paper describes an integrated approach to image segmentation and shape analysis and its application to left ventricle motion and deformation analysis based on CT volumetric data. The proposed approach is different from traditional image analysis scenario in which the image segmentation and shape analysis are usually considered separately. The advantage of integrating the image segmentation with the shape analysis lies in the fact that the shape characteristics of the object can be used as effective constraints in the process of segmentation while original image data can be made useful along with the segmentation results in the process of shape analysis. In the case of left ventricle motion estimation through shape analysis based on CT volumetric data, such an integration can be applied to obtain the estimation results that are consistent with both given image data and a prior shape knowledge. The initial segmentation of the images is obtained through adaptive K-mean classification and the boundary of the given objects is computed based on such segmentation. The shape analysis is accomplished through fitting the boundary points to the surface modeling primitives. These two processes are integrated through the feedforward and feedback channels so that the surface fitting is weighted by the confidence measures of the boundary points and segmentation refinement is controlled by the result of surface modeling. Its application to left ventricle motion analysis is implemented through identifying the correspondences between the parameters of surface modeling primitives and the parameters of motion and deformation modeling. The preliminary results of the application show the promising improvement of such integrated approach over the traditional approaches.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Emplacement and deformation of the archean Saganaga batholith, vermilion district, northeastern Minnesota

Abstract The Saganaga “quartz eye” tonalite forms a crescent-shaped batholith which was intruded 2.7 b.y. ago, rapidly unroofed, and subsequently deformed. It contains four major petrologic phases and displays intrusive relations along the eastern and southern borders and fault-bounded margins on the west and north. Penetrative structures are developed to varying degrees throughout the body with lineation commonly aligned in the plane of foliation. Ductile zones of cataclasis occur locally within the pluton. Cumulate, homogeneous strain was analyzed using deformed quartz phenocrysts in samples from throughout the batholith by measuring particle dimensions and angular relationships of particle axes to principal planes. Strain parameters were calculated using the shape factor grid method although other methods were tested. Strain varies both in pattern and magnitude throughout the body. Flattening predominates near the northern, western and southern boundaries and is well developed ( E s = 0.3–3.7). Lineations generally plunge eastward from 10–20° along the western margin to 60° on the east and are moderately developed ( E s = 0.6–1.5). A zone in the interior of the pluton contains north-trending shallow lineations which are weakly developed ( E s = 0.2–0.3). The neutral zone does not coincide precisely with the change in attitude of penetrative structures. The overall strain pattern of the body indicates that it was emplaced as a crescent-shaped synform along the interface between older gneiss and greenstone units. Field evidence indicates that the body was at least partly molten during emplacement. The magnitude, pattern and geometry of strain suggest that either the body was restricted by boundary conditions during emplacement or that it was deformed after emplacement and erosion. Diapirism of the pluton after erosion appears most compatible with the strains observed as well as the regional pattern of deformation. Late-stage faulting displays right-lateral displacement along the northern and western margins of the batholith and development of cataclastic zones within the batholith postdate the penetrative deformation. Faulting and cataclasis occurred prior to 1.7 b.y. and two periods of faulting are evident.
Assessing the Consequences of Denoising Marker-Based Metagenomic Data

Early marker-based metagenomic studies were performed without properly accounting for the effects of noise (sequencing errors, PCR single-base errors, and PCR chimeras). Denoising algorithms have been developed, but they were validated using data derived from mock communities, in which the true sequences were known. Since the algorithms were designed to be used in real community studies, it is important to evaluate the results in such cases. With this goal in mind, we processed a real 16S rRNA metagenomic dataset through five denoising pipelines. By reconstituting the sequence reads at each stage of the pipelines, we determined how the reads were being altered. In one denoising pipeline, AmpliconNoise, we found that the algorithm that was designed to remove pyrosequencing errors changed the reads in a manner inconsistent with the known spectrum of these errors, until one of the parameters was increased substantially from its default value. Additionally, because the longest read was picked as the representative for each cluster, sequences were added to the 3′ ends of shorter reads that were often dissimilar from what had been removed by the truncations of the previous filtering step. In QIIME, the denoising algorithm caused a much larger number of changes to the reads unless the parameters were changed from their defaults. The denoising pipeline in mothur avoided some of these negative side-effects because of its strict default filtering criteria, but these criteria also greatly limited the sequence information produced at the end of the pipeline. We recommend that those using these denoising pipelines be cognizant of these issues and examine how their reads are being transformed by the denoising process as a component of their analysis.
Adeno-associated virus autointerference

We have analyzed an autointerference phenomenon exhibited by adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) when grown in KB cells coinfected with adenovirus type 2 as the helper. Infectious AAV particles that banded at 1.41 g/cm3 in CsCl were purified by three cycles of centrifuging in CsCl equilibrium gradients. When cells were infected with an increasing multiplicity of these AAV particles there was a corresponding decrease in production of infectious progeny AAV. There was also an AAV multiplicity-dependent inhibition of production of infectious adenovirus and inhibition of Ad DNA replication. The viral DNA in the Hirt supernatant fraction extracted from cells infected with different multiplicities of AAV was analyzed in neutral sucrose gradients. At low multiplicities of infection with AAV, the main AAV DNA species synthesized was the mature 14.5 S (standard) viral genome. In higher multiplicity infections with AAV increasing amounts of aberrant 10 S AAV DNA molecules accumulated and the proportion of 14.5 S AAV DNA decreased. Restriction endonuclease cleavage showed that the 10 S DNA was enriched for the left- or right-hand terminal regions of the AAV genome. These molecules may be analogous to the previously characterized aberrant DNA molecules found in light-density AAV particles. Thus, the AAV autointerference is correlated with production of the aberrant deleted AAV genomes.
Age Dependent and Anisotropic Material Properties of Immature Porcine Sclera

Current finite element (FE) models of the pediatric eye are based on adult material properties [2,3]. To date, there are no data characterizing the age dependent material properties of ocular tissues. The sclera is a major load bearing tissue and an essential component to most computational models of the eye. In preparation for the development of a pediatric FE model, age-dependent and anisotropic properties of sclera were evaluated in newborn (3–5 days) and toddler (4 weeks) pigs. Data from this study will guide future testing protocols for human pediatric specimens.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
MicroRNAs that affect prostate cancer: emphasis on prostate cancer in African Americans

Although concerted efforts have been directed toward eradicating health disparities in the United States, the disease and mortality rates for African American men still are among the highest in the world. We focus here on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the signaling pathways of androgen receptors and growth factors that promote the progression of prostate cancer to more aggressive disease. We explore also how differential expression of miRNAs contributes to aggressive prostate cancer including that of African Americans.
Rational maximizing by humans (Homo sapiens) in an ultimatum game.

In the human mini-ultimatum game, a proposer splits a sum of money with a responder. If the responder accepts, both are paid. If not, neither is paid. Typically, responders reject inequitable distributions, favoring punishing over maximizing. In Jensen et al.’s (Science 318:107–109, 2007) adaptation with apes, a proposer selects between two distributions of raisins. Despite inequitable offers, responders often accept, thereby maximizing. The rejection response differs between the human and ape versions of this game. For humans, rejection is instantaneous; for apes, it requires 1 min of inaction. We replicate Jensen et al.’s procedure in humans with money. When waiting 1 min to reject, humans favor punishing over maximizing; however, when rejection requires 5 min of inaction, humans, like apes, maximize. If species differences in time horizons are accommodated, Jensen et al.’s ape data are reproducible in humans.
Properties of atoms in molecules. a proposed method for calculating the extent of distortion of an atom

Abstract A procedure for calculating the extent of distortion of an atom in a molecule is proposed and applied to the first-and second-row diatomic hydrides. The atomic charges in these molecules were also computed.
Risk factors for adult paternity in births to adolescents

Objective To examine the risk factors for adult (aged 20 years and older) paternity in births to teenagers (14–17 years of age). Methods This was a population-based, retrospective cohort analysis of 27,215 adolescent mothers residing in California who had a live singleton birth during 1993. Adjusted risks for adult paternity by paternal and maternal characteristics were derived from comparisons of adult-teen and teen-teen couples. Results Adult fathers, who were responsible for 49.2% of births to teenage mothers, were a mean of 6.4 years older than the mother. The most important risk factors for adult paternity were as follows: father's (odds ratio [OR] 5.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.43, 6.08) or mother's (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.14,1.55) educational attainment of at least 3 years lower than expected for their age, two or more previous live births (OR 3.34; 95% CI 2.48, 4.53), mother's birthplace outside the United States (OR 2.33; 95% CI 2.11, 2.58), father's (OR 2.16; 95% CI 1.98, 2.36) or mother's (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.15, 1.42) educational attainment 1–2 years lower than expected for their age, one previous live birth (OR 1.92; 95% CI 1.75, 2.12), and Asian (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.04, 1.62) or African American race (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.06, 1.46) of the father. Conclusions Teenage pregnancy prevention programs must address adult paternity, which contributed to almost half of the births in our study. These programs should consider education adequacy, cultural beliefs and practices, previous live births, and race and ethnicity when designing programs to decrease the number of adults involved in teenage births.
Quality Guidelines for Social Work PhD Programs

The Group for the Advancement of Doctoral Educationin Social Work (GADE) adopted a new version of quality guidelines for PhD social work programs at its annual meeting in April 2013. These guidelines are reprinted in this article, together with a discussion of the context in which they were developed and approved. They are offered with the aim of advancing excellence in research-focused doctoral education and continuing the decades-long conversation about what constitutes excellence in those programs.
Rethinking the Unthinkable Reply to Durant, Goodsell, Knott, and Murray on "A Case for Spoils" in Federal Personnel Management

In "Thinking the Unthinkable in Public Administration: A Case For Spoils in the Federal Bureaucracy" in the last issue, Robert Maranto argued for ending tenure in the federal civil service. His essay was critiqued by Robert F Durant, Charles Goodsell, Jack Knott, and William Murray. In this article, Maranto responds.
3,3-diaryl-1,3-dihydroindol-2-ones as antiproliferatives mediated by translation initiation inhibition.

A series of substituted 3,3-diphenyl-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-ones was synthesized from the corresponding isatins. The compounds were studied for cell growth inhibition mediated by partial depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores that leads to phosphorylation of eIF2α. The diphenyloxindole (1) showed mechanism-specific antiproliferative activity that was comparable to known translation initiation inhibitors such as clotrimazole or troglitazone. SAR studies identified m‘-tert-butyl and o-hydroxy substituted diphenyloxindole (25) as a lead compound for Ca2+-depletion-mediated inhibition of translation initiation.
Role of bond thickness on adhesive failure

An analytical, numerical and experimental program is described which establishes the basic fracture mechanics properties of an adhesive joint. A finite element analysis of a homogeneous finite tapered double cantilever beam is first presented and the results compared with elasticity and strength of materials solutions. Using analytical results developed in another paper, a finite bond line thickness correction factor is introduced to determine the crack tip stress intensity factor as a function of crack length. An experimental program is described wherein the crack tip stress intensity factor for the cantilever beam adhesive joint is measured by the compliance method and the results compared with those obtained by analytical and numerical methods. Finally, the critical value of the adhesive crack tip stress intensity factor is determined using the analytical and experimental techniques presented.
Distribution of activation energies in amorphous Zr2PdHx

Abstract Internal friction measurements were made on glassy Y64Fe36, Zr2Pd, and Zr2PdH2.6. It was found that the broadened, asymmetric peaks in Zr2PdH2.6 were probably due to a distribution of activation energies Ea for hydrogen hopping. The Zr2PdH2.6 peak was deconvoluted and a model proposed to explain the low energy tail of the distribution.
Use of large enclosures for perturbation experiments in lentic ecosystems: A review

Available literature on use of field enclosures in freshwater and marine systems is reviewed to assess how accurately enclosures mimic ecological conditions and process rates occurring in adjacent open habitat. Among- and within-replicate variability of ecological parameters in field enclosures is compared to those in laboratory microcosms and open field habitat respectively. Results concerning the potential ecological effects and fate of pollutants indicate that perturbation studies using field enclosures can provide defensible data at the population and community levels over time periods of several months and spatial scales of tens of meters. The degree of ecological realism that can be achieved, however, is variable. Chronic effects of some pollutants may be difficult to separate from nonspecific effects due to enclosure. Determination of cause/effect pathways for observed toxicant impacts generally will require supplemental laboratory studies.
An electron spin resonance study of copper porphin

Abstract ESR spectra of magnetically concentrated copper porphin and of copper porphin diluted into single-crystal and polycrystalline triphenylene have been obtained, including low-temperature spectra of the concentrated and polycrystalline samples. Cu hyperfine, nitrogen superhyperfine, and Cu isotope splittings are observed in the diluted samples. The results are used to estimate the molecular orbital coefficients for copper porphin. The data are consistent with copper porphin replacing triphenylene molecules substitutionally.
Movement disorder and neuronal migration disorder due to ARFGEF2 mutation

We report a child with a severe choreadystonic movement disorder, bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia (BPNH), and secondary microcephaly based on compound heterozygosity for two new ARFGEF2 mutations (c.2031_2038dup and c.3798_3802del), changing the limited knowledge about the phenotype. The brain MRI shows bilateral hyperintensity of the putamen, BPNH, and generalized atrophy. Loss of ARFGEF2 function affects vesicle trafficking, proliferation/apoptosis, and neurotransmitter receptor function. This can explain BPNH and microcephaly. We hypothesize that the movement disorder and the preferential damage to the basal ganglia, specifically to the putamen, may be caused by an increased sensitivity to degeneration, a dynamic dysfunction due to neurotransmitter receptor mislocalization or a combination of both.
Liquidity Profiles of Poor Mexican Households

Summary Buffer stock savings theories predict that more vulnerable households build up liquid savings in order to cope with income variability. Using data from 1801 marginalized Mexican households, this paper examines how household liquidity levels vary by income level and use of banking. The paper finds strong evidence of buffer stock savings in poor and vulnerable households. It also shows that membership in a financial cooperative is a determinant of higher household liquidity levels. Financial instruments are used more to confront idiosyncratic shocks than systemic shocks. Idiosyncratic shocks and remittances are important determinants of liquidity levels in unbanked households.
Discerning Vegetation and Environmental Correlates with Subtidal Marsh Fish Assemblage Dynamics during Phragmites Eradication Efforts: Interannual Trend Measures

We examined the 5-yr (1996–2000) response of subtidal marsh creek fishes (2,793 trawls, 47 species, 30,719 fish) to a large marsh restoration project in the upper Delaware Bay, and found that the salinity gradient covaried along with marsh surface vegetation type among two treated and one untreated reference sites, confounding direct comparison of fish utilization. Examination of environmental correlates with monthly yearly trends highlighted differences between potential mechanism driving assemblage dynamics either intrinsic or extrinsic to the marshes. Within-site and among-site differences in fish assemblage, as described by principal components analysis, correlated poorly with marsh vegetation on both seasonal and interannual scales and appeared to driven by larval supply. Assemblage dynamics could be expalined in part by the occurrence of juveniles of transient marine fishes along a salinity gradient (0–15.2%) range in monthly site mean), but were largely determined by fluctuations in the distribution of two transient species: young-of-the-year bay anchovyAnchoa mitchilli and Atlantic croakerMicropogonias undulatus. A minor mode in variance, driven by locally spawned species, was moderately correlated with environmental parameters. Analysis of marshes on an individual basis did not discern additional important gradients. Our findings are in contrast to those in systems dominated by resident species, probably because transient fishes, which often dominante the system, are more plastic to the nature of ecological services or are affected as much by environment outside of the marsh as by that in the marsh.
Visualizing Gyrokinetic Simulations

The continuing advancement of plasma science is central to realizing fusion as an inexpensive and safe energy source. Gryokinetic simulations of plasmas are fundamental to the understanding of turbulent transport in fusion plasma. This paper discusses the visualization challenges presented by gyrokinetic simulations using magnetic field line following coordinates, and presents an effective solution exploiting programmable graphics hardware to enable interactive volume visualization of 3D plasma flow on a toroidal coordinate system. The new visualization capability can help scientists better understand three-dimensional structures of the modeled phenomena. Both the limitations and future promise of the hardware-accelerated approach are also discussed.
Presence of hydrosalpinx correlated to endometrial inflammatory response in vivo.

Objective To evaluate and compare the inflammatory response and mediators in the endometrium of patients with hydrosalpinges compared with normal controls. Design Retrospective case-control study. Setting Urban medical center. Patient(s) and Intervention(s) Hysterectomy samples were identified as being affected by hydrosalpinx or salpingitis (n = 30) and were age-matched with control samples (n = 30). Interventions Fallopian tube and endometrial slides were analyzed for leukocytes and immunohistochemical techniques performed for cytokines (interleukin-2 [IL-2]). Main Outcome Measure(s) Evaluate and compare the endometrial inflammatory response (leukocytes and cytokines) from samples affected and non-affected by hydrosalpinx and salpingitis. Result(s) Examination of tubal and endometrial slides with hydrosalpinx demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the number of overall inflammatory cells. High-intensity immunohistochemical staining for IL-2 was demonstrated in 7.4% of controls versus 65% of cases. Conclusion(s) A defined, identifiable, local response to hydrosalpingeal fluid has been demonstrated in the endometrium. This response consists of statistically significant elevations of leukocytes and IL-2. An inflammatory endometrial response may be an independent contributor to the decreased reproductive outcome observed in patients with hydrosalpinges.
Kv1.1 channel subunits are not necessary for high temporal acuity in behavioral and electrophysiological gap detection.

Abstract The Kv1.1 potassium channel subunit, encoded by the Kcna1 gene, is heavily expressed in the auditory brainstem and is thought to have a critical role in producing the high temporal precision of action potentials characteristic of the auditory system. Our intent was to determine whether temporal acuity was reduced in Kcna1 null-mutant (−/−) mice, compared to wild-type (+/+) and heterozygotic mice (+/−), as measured by the encoding of gaps in the inferior colliculus by near-field auditory evoked potentials (NFAEP) or behavioral gap detection (BGD) using a prepulse inhibition paradigm. NFAEPs were collected at 40, 60 and 80 dB SPL with gap durations from 0.5 to 64 ms. BGD data were collected using silent gaps in 70 dB noise from 1 to 15 ms in duration. There were no systematic effects of Kcna1 genotype on NFAEP recovery functions, NFAEP latencies, or the time constant for BGD, but there was a small reduction in asymptotic prepulse inhibition for the longest gap stimuli in −/− mice. Gap thresholds were approximately 1–2 ms across genotypes, stimulus conditions, and paradigms. These data suggest that the neural pathways encoding behaviorally relevant, rapid auditory temporal fluctuations are not limited by the absence of Kv1.1 expression.
Pursuit-evasion in an unknown environment using gap navigation trees

In this paper we present an online algorithm for pursuit-evasion in a unknown simply connected environment, for one pursuer that has minimal sensing and carries a set of stationary sentries that it can drop off and pick up during the pursuit. In our sensing model, the pursuer is only able to detect discontinuities in depth information (gaps), and it is able to find all of the evaders without any explicit localization or geometric information, by using a gap navigation tree. The strategy is based on growing an evader-free region, by reading "exploration" schedules from the gap navigation tree, that is constructed online. We prove that a pursuer with k + 1 sentries can clear any environment that could be cleared by k pursuers using the algorithm in L.J. Guibas et al. (1999), which required a complete map and perfect sensing.
Two-Sector Growth with Endogenous Technical Change: A Marxian Simulation Model

Conventional growth literature fails to incorporate technical change and investment as endogenous variables; Marxian growth literature is bedeviled by indeterminacies surrounding technical change and the rate of profit. Both sets of problems are addressed using a two-sector (capital good, consumer good) model, in which capitalists accumulate coexisting vintages of techniques. The parameters of the latest technique are determined by maximizing the innovator's profit, constrained by diminishing returns to mechanization. The model describes the differential impact of goods-, capital-, and labor-market equilibrium on the sectors, as the economy converges to a proportional-growth path. Conditions are identified under which prices approach labor values over time; and under which Marx's "rising composition" and "falling profit rate" tendencies are realized.
Front end electronics for the CDF-II Time-of-Flight system

A Time-of-Flight detector (TOF) has been added to the CDF-II experiment to provide charged kaon identification primarily for neutral B meson flavor determination. The TOF front end electronics system has 432 channels and is designed to run at the 7.58 MHz bunch crossing rate in CDF. The electronics contributes less than 25 ps to the anticipated TOF timing resolution of 100 ps, which is dominated by photon statistics. This paper describes the design and implementation of the electronics as well as the initial in situ performance.
Syntheses with pyrimidine-lithium compounds

Abstract The principles of the preparation, reactivity and use of organolithium compounds is briefly discussed in relation to recent work with N-heterocyclic derivatives. The synthesis of thymine-C14H3 and 5-ethyluracil from a pyrimidine-lithium intermediate, and the separation of uracil and thymine by ion-exchange chromatography, are described. It is shown that such syntheses can be carried out with compounds containing active hydrogens by taking advantage of the higher reactivity of lithium-carbon bonds, and this is illustrated in a synthesis of thymidine from 5-bromodeoxyuridine.
p53-immunoreactive protein and p53 mRNA expression after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

We investigated the temporal distribution of the p53-immunoreactive protein in conjunction with cellular damage and the expression of the p53 mRNA after focal cerebral ischemia in rats.Male Wistar rats (n = 66; controls, n = 7) were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion and were killed at various times of reperfusion (0.5 to 168 hours) for p53 immunohistochemistry and Northern blot analysis.A cellular expression of mutant p53-immunoreactive protein was found localized to anatomic sites exhibiting severe neuronal damage. A maximal induction of mutant p53-immunoreactive protein was found at 12 hours after reperfusion and subsequently declined. No wild-type p53 protein expression was detected after ischemia. A time-dependent expression of p53 mRNA was observed in both hemispheres. The peak level of p53 mRNA occurred at 24 hours after reperfusion.Our data indicate that the expressions of p53-immunoreactive protein and p53 mRNA are upregulated after transient focal cerebral ischemic insult i...
Sum rules for strangeness exchange reactions with nuclei

Abstract Within the framework of a constituent quark model we derive energy-weighted sum rules for strangeness exchange (analog) and spin-strangeness exchange (generalized Gamow-Teller) reactions in the limit of small momentum transfer. The target nucleus is treated as a system of non-communicating 3-quark clusters. We also calculate the branching between the SU(3) octet and decouplet channels and we consider double strangeness exchange reactions.