cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digoxin pharmacokinetics and spirapril, a new ace inhibitor

As concurrent use of digoxin with the novel ACE inhibitor spirapril should be common, potential for spirapril to affect steady-state digoxin kinetics was studied. Fifteen healthy white male volunteers aged 22-42 and weighing 135-225 lbs took digoxin tablets 0.25 mg every 12 hours for 5 weeks. In crossover design, each also received spirapril or matching placebo capsules during weeks 1 and 2, or 4 and 5. Dosage of spirapril was increased from 12 mg to 48 mg once daily. Spirapril produced no significant effect on mean (+/- SD) serum digoxin concentration in the steady state, area under curve for 12 hours, peak digoxin level, time to peak, or urinary digoxin excretion over 12 hours. No change in renal or whole body digoxin clearance was seen. Unlike some other cardiovascular drugs, spirapril does not alter steady-state digoxin kinetics in healthy adults.
DESIGN OF A MULTI-LEVEL FAULT-TOLERANT MESH (MFTM) FOR HIGH RELIABILITY APPLICATIONS

This paper presents a novel technique for the enhancement of operational reliability of processor arrays by a multi-level fault-tolerant design approach. The key idea of the design is based on the well known hierarchical design paradigm. The proposed fault-tolerant architecture uses a flexible reconfiguration of redundant nodes, thereby offering a better spare utilization than existing two-level redundancy schemes. A variable number of spares is provided at each level of redundancy which enables a flexible reconfiguration as well as area efficient layouts and better spare utilization. The spare nodes at each level can replace any of the failed primary nodes, not only at the same level but also those at the lower levels. The architecture can be adopted to increase the system reliability in Multi Chip Modules (MCMs). The main contributions of our work are the higher degree of fault tolerance, higher overall reliability, flexibility, and a better spare utilization.
The Motif of Wonder in the Gospel of Mark

La notion de surprise implique des reactions d'etonnement, de stupefaction ou d'angoisse. L'Evangile de Marc est celle qui utilise la surprise le plus frequemment en jouant sur son intensite et sur sa variete. Dans le monde litteraire de Marc, la surprise est souvent utilisee a des fins apologetiques; elle revet le caractere d'un motif litteraire. La surprise correspond a l'irruption du royaume de Dieu et place la croix dans le cadre d'une intervention divine. Ainsi, le recit de la decouverte du tombeau vide est lie a celui de la Passion par le language de la surprise ce qui permet a Marc de presenter la manifestation finale du gouvernement divin
Comparative study with double-exposure digital holographic interferometry and a Shack–Hartmann sensor to characterize transparent materials

We compare wave-front measurements using double-exposure digital holography and a Shack-Hartmann sensor. A voltage-driven liquid-crystal wedge modulates the optical wave front and provides a refractive-index gradient typical of interesting transparent materials. Measurement accuracy and reliability are similar for both methods. In our opinion, digital holographic interferometry has several advantages for both laboratory and field environments. When compared with Shack-Hartmann methods, these advantages include hardware simplicity and robustness, relative insensitivity to sample dynamic range, and less computational demanding and more straightforward data evaluation algorithms. We believe that digital holography provides the methodology of choice for field studies of transparent materials such as microgravity protein crystal growth experiments.
Infrared emittance modulation devices using electrochromic crystalline tungsten oxide, polymer conductor, and nickel oxide

Abstract A prototypical small area electrochromic device was fabricated, and emissivity was measured from 1 to 30 microns. The devices show change in emissivity from about 0.60 to about 0.68, that is a total modulation of 13%. The emittance performance was calculated, based on the reflectivity modulation. One difference between these devices and the more frequently explored visible light transmission devices is the utilization of crystalline tungsten oxide instead of highly disordered amorphous tungsten oxide. The crystalline tungsten oxide and nickel oxide charge storage films are characterized by IR transmission/reflection, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. A theoretical model has been developed which describes the device performance to within 10% of experimental results.
Management of Coronary Artery Compression Caused by Recurrent Aortic Root Abscess

Extrinsic coronary artery compression is a rare cause of coronary ischemia. We report the case of a 61-year-old male who developed a recurrent aortic root abscess causing extrinsic coronary artery compression. This complication occurred one year after undergoing aortic valve replacement and pericardial patch exclusion of an aortic root abscess. Surgical correction required debridement of the abscess and replacement of the aortic root with a homograft resulting in resolution of coronary compression.
Transcription Factor-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling of Il18r1 during Th1 and Th2 Differentiation

The IL-18Ralpha-chain is expressed on Th1 but not Th2 cells. We have recently shown that Stat4 is an important component of programming the Il18r1 locus (encoding IL-18Ralpha) for maximal expression in Th1 cells. Il18r1 is reciprocally repressed during Th2 development. In this report, we demonstrate the establishment of DH patterns that are distinct among undifferentiated CD4 T, Th1, and Th2 cells. Stat6 is required for the repression of Il18r1 expression and in Stat6-deficient Th2 cultures, mRNA levels, histone acetylation, and H3K4 methylation levels are intermediate between levels observed in Th1 and Th2 cells. Despite the repressive effects of IL-4 during Th2 differentiation, we observed only modest binding of Stat6 to the Il18r1 locus. In contrast, we observed robust GATA-3 binding to a central region of the locus where DNase hypersensitivity sites overlapped with conserved non-coding sequences in Il18r1 introns. Ectopic expression of GATA-3 in differentiated Th1 cells repressed Il18r1 mRNA and surface expression of IL-18Ralpha. These data provide further mechanistic insight into transcription factor-dependent establishment of Th subset-specific patterns of gene expression.
Relations of Coping Effort, Coping Strategies, Perceived Stress, and Cigarette Smoking among Adolescents

Coping strategies may influence adolescent smoking behavior because they provide alternative behavioral and cognitive outlets which facilitate or inhibit smoking, or because they are expressions of...
Aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer therapy.

Estrogens are involved in numerous physiological processes and have crucial roles in certain disease states, such as mammary carcinomas. Estradiol, the most potent endogenous estrogen, is biosynthesized from androgens by the cytochrome P450 enzyme complex called aromatase. Aromatase is found in breast tissue and the importance of intratumoral aromatase and local estrogen production is being unraveled. Inhibition of aromatase is an important approach for reducing growth stimulatory effects of estrogens in estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Steroidal and nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors have shown clinical efficacy for the treatment of breast cancer. The initial nonselective nature of nonsteroidal inhibitors, such as aminoglutethimide, has been greatly reduced in the later generations of inhibitors, anastrozole and letrozole. Mechanism-based steroidal inhibitors, such as 4-hydroxyandrostenedione and exemestane produce potent aromatase inhibition in patients. The potent and selective third-generation aromata...
Input space adaptive design: a high-level methodology for energy and performance optimization

This paper presents a high-level design methodology, called input space adaptive design, and new design automation algorithms for optimizing energy consumption and performance. An input space adaptive design exploits the well-known fact that the quality of hardware circuits and software programs can be significantly optimized by employing algorithms and implementation architectures that adapt to the input statistics. We propose a methodology for such designs which includes identifying parts of the behavior to be optimized, selecting appropriate input sub-spaces, transforming the behavior, and verifying the equivalence of the original and optimized designs. Experimental results indicate that such designs can reduce energy consumption by up to 70.6% (average of 55.4%), and simultaneously improve performance by up to 85.1% (average of 58.1%), leading to a reduction in the energy-delay product by up to 95.6% (average of 80.7%), compared to well-optimized designs that do not employ such techniques.
Small, Task-Oriented Groups: Conflict, Conflict Management, Satisfaction, and Decision Quality.

This study focuses on the relationship among amount of conflict experienced, the style of its management, individual satisfaction, and decision quality of small, task-oriented groups. In all, 129 subjects took part in a task requiring a group product. Data suggested that a curvilinear relationship exists between the number of conflict episodes experienced by group members and the subsequent quality of their decisions. The study also found that integrative conflict-management strategies were associated with higher quality solutions than were distributive strategies. Satisfaction was found to be negatively related to conflict. Interaction between number of conflict episodes and management style was discussed in terms of its implications for increasing decision quality and future research.
Liver metastases from breast cancer: Long-term survival after curative resection

Abstract Background: Liver metastases from breast cancer are associated with a poor prognosis (median survival
Transcendental idealism among the Jersey metaphysicians

Some questions are posed for van Fraassen, concerning the role and status of metaphysics in his Scientific Representation.
Northwestern song sparrow populations show genetic effects of sequential colonization

Two genetic consequences are often considered evidence of a founder effect: substantial loss in genetic diversity and rapid divergence between source and founder populations. Single-step founder events have been studied for these effects, but with mixed results, causing continued controversy over the role of founder events in divergence. Experiments of serial bottlenecks have shown losses of diversity, increased divergence, and rapid behavioural changes possibly leading to reproductive isolation between source and final populations. The few studies conducted on natural, sequentially founded systems show some evidence of these effects. We examined a natural vertebrate system of sequential colonization among northwestern song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). This system has an effectively linear distribution, it was probably colonized within the last 10,000 years, there are morphological and behavioural differences among populations, and the westernmost populations occur in atypical habitats for the species. Eight microsatellite loci from eight populations in Alaska and British Columbia (n = 205) showed stepwise loss of genetic diversity, genetic evidence for strong population bottlenecks, and increased population divergence. The endpoint population on Attu Island has extremely low diversity (H(E) = 0.18). Our study shows that sequential bottlenecks or founder events can have powerful genetic effects in reducing diversity, possibly leading to rapid evolutionary divergence.
Combination vincristine and plasma exchange as initial therapy in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: one institution's experience and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was once a highly fatal disease with mortality reaching nearly 95 percent; however, application of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has dramatically increased survival. Nevertheless, mortality remains substantial (10%-30% in many published reports), requiring the search for more efficacious treatments. Vincristine (VCR) has been generally reserved for refractory TTP. Despite its effectiveness in a salvage mode, VCR has not been widely advocated as first-line therapy in conjunction with TPE. We previously reported improved survival when VCR and TPE were administered at presentation in patients treated from 1979 to 1994. Utilizing this standardized approach, outcomes of an additional group of patients and the results of a literature review of VCR therapy for TTP are reported. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Medical records of all patients with a diagnosis of TTP treated between 1995 and 2002 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center were reviewed. TPE was performed daily, exchanging 1.25 plasma volumes, until the platelet count normalized. Patients received VCR 1.4 mg/m2, (up to 2.0 mg total dose) after the first TPE. A literature review of all publications utilizing VCR in the management of TTP was performed with MEDLINE. RESULTS: Twelve consecutive patients meeting the diagnostic criteria received treatment with VCR and TPE. All patients achieved durable remission. Patients tolerated VCR without significant complications. CONCLUSION: Our 100 percent survival rate, as well as evidence garnered from the literature review, suggests that combination therapy with VCR and TPE at presentation might be more effective than TPE alone and therefore warrants consideration as first-line therapy for TTP patients.
Learning to refine behavior using prosodic feedback

We demonstrate the utility of speech prosody as a feedback mechanism in a machine learning system. We have constructed a reinforcement learning system for our humanoid robot Nico, which uses prosodic feedback to refine the parameters of a social waving behavior. We define a waving behavior to be an oscillation of Nico's elbow joint, parameterized by amplitude and frequency. Our system explores a space of amplitude and frequency values, using q-learning to learn the wave which optimally satisfies a human tutor. To estimate tutor feedback in real-time, we first segment speech from ambient noise using a maximum-likelihood voice-activation detector. We then use a k-Nearest Neighbors classifier, with A=3, over 15 prosodic features, to estimate a binary approval/disapproval feedback signal from segmented utterances. Both our voice-activation detector and prosody classifier are trained on the speech of the individual tutor. We show that our system learns the tutor's desired wave, over the course of a sequence of trial-feedback cycles. We demonstrate our learning results for a single speaker on a space of nine distinct waving behaviors.
The information theoretic characterization of the capacity of channels with noisy feedback

In this paper, we solve a long-standing problem in communication systems with access to noisy feedback. We introduce a new notion, the Residual Directed Information, to capture the effective information flow (i.e. from the message to the channel outputs) in the forward channel. We then provide a channel coding theorem characterizing the capacity of the channel with noisy feedback.
Cyclopiazonic Acid Biosynthesis in Aspergillus sp.: Characterization of a Reductase-like R* Domain in Cyclopiazonate Synthetase That Forms and Releases cyclo-Acetoacetyl-l-tryptophan

The fungal neurotoxin α-cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a nanomolar inhibitor of Ca2+-ATPase, has a pentacyclic indole tetramic acid scaffold that arises from one molecule of tryptophan, acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate by consecutive action of three enzymes, CpaS, CpaD, and CpaO. CpaS is a hybrid, two module polyketide synthase−nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) that makes and releases cyclo-acetoacetyl-l-tryptophan (cAATrp), the tetramic acid that serves as substrate for subsequent prenylation and oxidative cyclization to the five ring CPA scaffold. The NRPS module in CpaS has a predicted four-domain organization of condensation, adenylation, thiolation, and reductase* (C-A-T-R*), where R* lacks the critical Ser-Tyr-Lys catalytic triad of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. By heterologous overproduction in Escherichia coli of the 56 kDa Aspergillus flavus CpaS TR* didomain and the single T and R* domains, we demonstrate that CpaS catalyzes a Dieckmann-ty...
International Aspects Of Dividend Relief

This article examines international aspects of the provision of relief from the double taxation of dividends that now occurs under the "classical" American system of taxing corporate income to both corporations and shareholders. It reviews recent American debate over integration and dividend relief, the systems of dividend relief now being used in Europe, and commonly accepted standards for judging international tax policy. These standards are employed in the appraisal of existing arrangements in Europe, possible alternative systems for international taxation in a world of dividend relief, and, using the European-American situation as an example, relations between countries with dividend relief and those with classical systems.
Is cryotherapy the optimal technology for ablation of lung tumors

I o p c v i t s a 1 t Primary lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Lobectomy is the treatment of choice for early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer. For patients who are not suitable surgical candidates, nonsurgical treatment options include radiation therapy and image-guided thermal ablation. Pulmonary metastases are present in 25%–30% of patients who die from cancer, regardless of the type of primary cancer. For patients in whom all metastases can be surgically removed from both lungs, metastasectomy improves cancer-specific survival. For patients who may not be good surgical candidates, image-guided thermal ablation may serve as a good alternative treatment option. Most investigators have focused on ablation of lung tumors with the use of commercially available radiofreqency (RF) ablation devices that were developed and marketed for ablation of liver tumors (1). There are few serious technical challenges for application of RF energy in the lung tissue. These include high electrical resistance of air, poor thermal conductivity of aerated lung, and the heat-sink effect of the blood and air flow in the well perfused and aerated lung tissue (2). There is very little experience with microwave ablation for treatment of lung tumors. Unlike RF ablation, microwave energy is not limited by the low thermal conductivity of the lung or increased impedance of charred tissues. The energy can be
Caring for Drug Users? The Experiences of Women Prisoners

The Prison Services of Scotland, England and Wales are required to hold in custody those individuals sentenced to a period of imprisonment by the courts. They are also required to ‘look after them with humanity’ and provide a standard of care which will meet this objective. This article, based on extensive primary research in five women's prisons in England and Scotland, examines the experiences of women prisoners and the impact of policy initiatives designed to respond to the ever-growing problems presented by the presence and use of illicit drugs in prisons.
Landscape scale species distribution modeling across the Guiana Shield to inform conservation decision making in Guyana

Species distribution modeling using museum and herbarium collections has been greatly facilitated by analytical algorithms such as MaxEnt. The ability to use herbarium and museum collections to inform conservation decision-making can greatly enhance conservation efforts in biodiversity rich countries when human capacity and in-country data are limited. Guyana is used as a case study for landscape scale biodiversity assessment under such constraints. I compiled specimen records for seven taxon-groups (invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, ferns and non-seed plants, and seed plants), across the Guiana Shield, South America, to assess landscape scale biodiversity richness. Collector and taxonomic bias were addressed a priori in MaxEnt by generating a bias surface layer to down-weight areas of high collection intensity by smoothing the sampling distribution. I summed modeled output for each taxon-group to generate taxon-group specific floral, faunal, and all-taxa biodiversity density surfaces. These surfaces were used to (1) identify areas of relative high biodiversity density; (2) assess possible conservation areas; and (3) compare modeled areas of conservation interest with those proposed by the Government of Guyana. In addition, I compared proposed conservation sites with the location of indigenous (Amerindian) and non-indigenous settlements, and lands used for natural resource extraction. I present three conservation scenarios based on the all-taxa biodiversity surface: (i) biodiversity-only, (ii) biodiversity and available lands; and (iii) collaboration with indigenous peoples. The conservation assessment used here provides an objective basis for selecting conservation sites. Model output can also be used to focus biodiversity assessments on poorly modeled and sampled locations.
Genetic dissection of ion currents underlying all-or-none action potentials in C. elegans body-wall muscle cells

Although the neuromuscular system of C. elegans has been studied intensively, little is known about the properties of muscle action potentials (APs). By combining mutant analyses with in vivo electrophysiological recording techniques and Ca2+ imaging, we have established the fundamental properties and molecular determinants of body-wall muscle APs. We show that, unlike mammalian skeletal muscle APs, C. elegans muscle APs occur in spontaneous trains, do not require the function of postsynaptic receptors, and are all-or-none overshooting events, rather than graded potentials as has been previously reported. Furthermore, we show that muscle APs depend on Ca2+ entry through the L-type Ca2+ channel EGL-19 with a contribution from the T-type Ca2+ channel CCA-1. Both the Shaker K+ channel SHK-1 and the Ca2+/Cl−-gated K+ channel SLO-2 play important roles in controlling the speed of membrane repolarization, the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and the pattern of AP firing; SLO-2 is also important in setting the resting membrane potential. Finally, AP-elicited elevations of [Ca2+]i require both EGL-19 and the ryanodine receptor UNC-68. Thus, like mammalian skeletal muscle, C. elegans body-wall myocytes generate all-or-none APs, which evoke Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), although the specific ion channels used for AP upstroke and repolarization differ.
China's Water Scarcity and “Hexie Shehui (Harmonious Society)”

The “hexie shehui (harmonious society)” is China's new slogan under the Hu Jintao regime, which pursues social and political stability based on sustainable development and people's welfare. However, the country's severe water scarcity and pollution has been a clear fault line in its path to this “harmonious society”. It has threatened people's sustenance; caused grain loss; brought about aquifer depletion and its following land subsidence and seawater penetration; induced water-seeking migration; and, significantly, triggered conflicts and protests for water. China's political leaders are highly aware of the gravity of the problem and have contrived water-conservancy programs. However, as the Yellow River Allocation Program, the water consumption quota system/water price increase, and forestation programs demonstrate, the programs have not been implemented effectively due to their institutional flaws as well as the local government's parochialism and corruption.
A note on spanwise structure in the two-dimensional mixing layer

The lateral extent of the large-scale features of a high-Reynolds-number, turbulent mixing layer are studied by means of an array of twelve hot wires placed across the span of the wind tunnel. Correlation measurements show that the large-scale structure rapidly approaches an asymptotic state, in which the lateral correlation length becomes proportional to the local mixing-layer thickness. Visualizations of the instantaneous hot-wire outputs show the large structure to extend across the wind tunnel, but to contain spanwise irregularities. It is argued that these spanwise irregularities are produced by the pairing interactions between adjacent vortices.
Development of high strength electrical connections using copper electrodeposition

The poloidal field coils on the Alcator C-Mod Tokamak are manufactured from C107 or C110 half hard copper strip. A copper C10100 flag is joined to the ends of the coil turns in order to transfer the current from the coaxial leads. The coil design requires that any joint made between the flag and the coil turn be as strong, statically and in fatigue, as the coil strip. Standard methods such as welding, brazing and hard soldering would reduce the tensile strength by annealing the copper in the area of the joint. A soft solder connection with a full lap joint was not considered due to a premature failure in an initial test. In investigating alternative joining methods, tests were performed on samples of electrodeposited copper provided by the A.J. Tuck Co., of Brookfield, Connecticut. The tests showed that the joint met C-Mod structural specifications at 77K. Encouraged by these results, M.I.T., embarked on a testing program involving electroformed butt joints. Through an extensive engineering-program, reliable electroformed joints were obtained in production. The production engineering involved the construction of a special facility to control the process parameters. Details are presented here for duplicating this facility.
APPLICATION OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING DURATION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS DERIVED FROM PREVALENCE-FORMED COHORTS

Comparisons of the average duration of multiple sclerosis derived from a prevalence survey of cases alive in 1970 in a low-risk area (Los Angeles County, California) and a high-risk area (King and Pierce Counties, Washington) suggest that patients in the high-risk area had a longer duration of disease than patients in the low-risk area. Because this finding was unexpected and because the underlying population of these two areas has been increasing at different rates, two simulation models were developed to estimate the duration of multiple sclerosis from a prevalence survey, taking into account the effects of changes in the population over time. Comparison of the durations derived from the two simulation studies suggested that underestimation of true backward recurrence time from the simulation studies was similar for the two study areas. Thus, the observed differences in duration between the two areas probably reflect the course of disease rather than differences in rate of growth of the two populations. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of simulation studies in estimating disease duration from cohorts derived from prevalence surveys of non-stable populations.
Comparative Studies of Urban Fly Populations in Arizona, Kansas, Michigan, New York, and West Virginia Ii. Seasonal Abundance of Minor Species

In a previous paper, (Schoof and Savage, 1955), the occurrence and seasonal distribution of the major species of flies recovered in trap surveys at Cohoes, New York; Grand Haven, Michigan; Dunbar-St. Albans, West Virginia; Lawrence, Kansas; and Mesa-Tempe, Arizona, during 1949 and 1950 were described. The present data are a sequel to that paper and treat the species of flies which were of minor significance in the over-all fly population of those communities. Reference to remaining species of flies trapped during the survey is limited to the check list of species for each city.
Abstract B33: Transcriptional control of genome surveillance and repair by a metabolic switch

A hallmark of primitive and more aggressive breast cancer is increased genome instability due to deficits in DNA repair. Recently we described a molecular mechanism through which the NADH regulated protein C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) represses the expression of the Breast Cancer One tumor suppressor gene BRCA1. These initial observations provided a molecular mechanism through which specific aspects of genome repair and stability, mediated by BRCA1, could be controlled by cellular metabolic status. By profiling the global interactions of CtBP with the breast cancer genome via chromatin immuno-precipitation combined with deep sequencing (ChlP-seq), we now reveal that CtBP acts both as a co-transcriptional repressor and activator to integrate distinct pathways that control genome stability, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and stem cell transcriptional programming. Breast cancer cells depleted of CtBP show increased DNA repair as detected by comet and gamma H2AX foci formation assays. Over-expression of CtBP shows loss of the CD24 luminal surface marker while CtBP depletion increases CD24 expression. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, based on our CtBP targeted gene lists, distinguishes breast cancer patients with worst outcome/survival in several published gene expression studies. Finally, tissue micro-array studies reveal significantly higher staining of CtBP predominantly in patients with poorly differentiated, triple negative and basal-like morphologic and molecular phenotypes. We propose a model in which CtBP acts at multiple levels to enhance dedifferentiation and genomic instability in malignancies of the breast. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr B33.
On the prefaces written by Lu Xun

The prefaces written by Lu Xun for young writers’ works,like Lu Xun’s other essays,are full of spirit of literary criticism.He wrote them with sincerity but without flatter and toady.They are valuable meterials for the study of Lu Xun’s thought.
Carry Scheme Optimal Model of Airborne Ammunition and Its Solution Based on GA

Aiming at the development of Decision Support Platform for BDAR in Airborne Materiel Camp(DSP-BDAR),the carry scheme optimal model of airborne ammunition with a modeling method of decision optimal model was analyzed and set up based on related factors.The model is a nonlinear double-variable layout model with nonlinear constraints.What's more,a model application was given out on a certain battle mission,the model with Genetic Algorithm was solved,and the solution result was analyzed.
Do vascular wall cytokines promote atherogenesis

Protein mediators commonly associated with inflammatory and immune responses may also convey signals among vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, thereby mediating the evolution of hyperplastic arterial disease. A picture is emerging in which cytokine expression, lipoprotein modification, and atheroma development are interlocking processes.
Solubilization by cosolvents. IV: Benzocaine, diazepam and phenytoin in aprotic cosolvent-water mixtures.

The log-linear solubility equation, log (Sm/Sw) = fσ, whereSm and Sw are the solubilities of drug in the solvent mixture and water, respectively,f is the volume fraction of cosolvent, and σ is the slope of the log (Sm/Sw) vs. f plot, has been applied to the solubilities of benzocaine, diazepam, and phenytoin in mixtures of polar, aprotic cosolvents, and water. These solvent systems were considered as two groups based on the functional group of the cosolvent; ethers (dioxane, dimethyl isosorbide, triglyme) and double-bonded oxygen compounds (DMSO, DMA, DMF). Solubilities are generally higher in both groups of cosolvent -water mixtures compared to amphiprotic cosolvent-water mixtures. This may be due to the lack of self -association of these cosolvents through hydrogen bonds and their relatively high-base strength. Positive and negative deviation from the predicted linear behavior occurs in these solvents systems as in the case of the amphiprotic cosolvent-water systems. Positive deviation is seen for all three solutes in the case of the ether cosolvent-water mixtures and for benzocaine and phenytoin in the double-bonded oxygen cosolvent-water mixtures. Negative deviations are seen for diazepam in the latter solvent system. The potential reasons for these deviations are discussed.
Improve electrical performance of interconnects using inkjet printing

In this paper, a technique is proposed to improve the electrical performance of high speed signaling through direct printing additional dielectric or other types of materials onto the PCB interconnect using inkjet printing. Inkjet printing is used to coat thin film or other structures onto the microstrip, via pad, pin field, or other structures on PCB. The electrical performance of interconnects can be adjusted and improved through such process. As an example, Inkjet printing can be used to increase the dielectric thickness of microstrip cover layer (soldermask), and thus to suppress the far end crosstalk and improve the insertion loss. This potentially is better than conventional PCB manufacturing techniques such as photo-lithography, which requires many process steps, which lead to higher cost and longer development time.
Effectiveness of screening colonoscopy in reducing the risk of death from right and left colon cancer: a large community-based study.

Objective Screening colonoscopy9s effectiveness in reducing colorectal cancer mortality risk in community populations is unclear, particularly for right-colon cancers, leading to recommendations against its use for screening in some countries. This study aimed to determine whether, among average-risk people, receipt of screening colonoscopy reduces the risk of dying from both right-colon and left-colon/rectal cancers. Design We conducted a nested case–control study with incidence-density matching in screening-eligible Kaiser Permanente members. Patients who were 55–90 years old on their colorectal cancer death date during 2006–2012 were matched on diagnosis (reference) date to controls on age, sex, health plan enrolment duration and geographical region. We excluded patients at increased colorectal cancer risk, or with prior colorectal cancer diagnosis or colectomy. The association between screening colonoscopy receipt in the 10-year period before the reference date and colorectal cancer death risk was evaluated while accounting for other screening exposures. Results We analysed 1747 patients who died from colorectal cancer and 3460 colorectal cancer-free controls. Compared with no endoscopic screening, receipt of a screening colonoscopy was associated with a 67% reduction in the risk of death from any colorectal cancer (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.33, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.52). By cancer location, screening colonoscopy was associated with a 65% reduction in risk of death for right-colon cancers (aOR=0.35, CI 0.18 to 0.65) and a 75% reduction for left-colon/rectal cancers (aOR=0.25, CI 0.12 to 0.53). Conclusions Screening colonoscopy was associated with a substantial and comparably decreased mortality risk for both right-sided and left-sided cancers within a large community-based population.
Toward Multispectral Imaging with Colloidal Metasurface Pixels

Multispectral colloidal metasurfaces are fabricated that exhibit greater than 85% absorption and ≈100 nm linewidths by patterning film-coupled nanocubes in pixels using a fusion of bottom-up and top-down fabrication techniques over wafer-scale areas. With this technique, the authors realize a multispectral pixel array consisting of six resonances between 580 and 1125 nm and reconstruct an RGB image with 9261 color combinations.
Homeownership, housing capital gains and self-employment

Abstract This paper measures the impact of individual-level housing capital gains on transitions into and out of self-employment. Drawing on special features of the 1985–2013 American Housing Survey (AHS) panel, our most robust models control for recent expenditures on home maintenance, MSA-by-year fixed effects, lagged proxies for wealth and other household attributes. Net of home maintenance, a 20% real increase in home value over a two-year period raises the likelihood of entry into self-employment by roughly 1.5 percentage points; housing capital losses have little effect on exits. Controlling for house fixed effects, self-employed homeowners are also more likely to hold a HELOC, facilitating easy, low-cost access to home equity that could be used to cover business expenses. These and other estimates suggest that links between homeownership and self-employment are strong enough to be important when home prices are rising rapidly, but modest when housing capital gains are limited or negative.
Diabetic complications: The importance of glucose control

The most important question for clinicians caring for diabetic patients, and for the patient themselves, is whether the risk of complications can be altered by careful control of glycemia. Epidemiologic studies showed a strong relationship between glycemia and diabetic complications, in both type I and type II diabetes. There is a continuous relationship between prevailing glycemia and risk of progression of complications, implying that any improvement in glycemic control is beneficial. The debate of the question has ended--glucose control is important.
DNA Linkers and Diluents for Ultrastable Gold Nanoparticle Bioconjugates in Multiplexed Assay Development.

A novel bioconjugation strategy leading to ultrastable gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), utilizing DNA linkers and diluents in place of traditional self-assembled monolayers, is reported. The protective capacity of DNA confers straightforward biomolecular attachment and multistep derivatization capabilities to these nanoparticles and, more significantly, substantially enhances their stability in demanding and complex sensing environments. The DNA/AuNPs were assembled through pH-assisted thiol-gold bonding of single stranded DNA and salt aging, with preconjugated biotin moieties facing outward from the gold surface. These nanoparticles remain a stable colloidal suspension under a wide range of buffers and ionic strengths and can endure multiple rounds of lyophilization while retaining high biological activity. Furthermore, the high stability of the DNA/AuNPs allows for multiple reactions and conjugations to be performed within the colloidal suspensions (i.e., Protein A and antibody binding) for tailored and spec...
Clinical efficacy and safety of a highly conformal, supine, hybrid forward and inverse planned intensity modulated radiation therapy technique for craniospinal irradiation.

AbstractPurpose: To demonstrate the clinical efficacy and safety of a highly conformal, supine, hybrid forward and inverse planned intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) technique for photon craniospinal irradiation (CSI).Methods: Patients who received supine, hybrid IMRT CSI from 2009 to 2014 were included in this retrospective review. Clinical target volume (CTV) was defined as intracranial contents and thecal sac, including nerve roots. Dose was prescribed such that >99% of CTV received >99% of prescription and >95% of the planning target volume received >95% of prescription, with no attempt to include vertebral bodies. Lateral fields were utilized at the cranium and upper cervical spine. Spine fields were either single posterior or 2–3 obliques. Plans were generated with a hybrid of forward and inverse planned IMRT. Inferior borders of the cranium fields and superior border of the lower spine field were designed with 6–15 cm long, gradual dose gradients by sequential closing of multileaf collima...
SAR imaging of internal gravity waves: From atmosphere to ocean

This paper is dedicated to the “40 Years of Ocean Remote Sensing — a Session to Honor W. Alpers on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday”. In this paper, a list of Alpers' research contributions in understating the atmospheric gravity waves and oceanic internal waves are highlighted along with up-to-date research finding in these fields. On the atmospheric side, we presented the SAR observation of atmospheric gravity waves (AGW) generated at the lee side of a mountain ridge and the upstream propagating waves. WRF simulation is carried out to understand the generation, propagation and decay of the AGW. On the oceanic side, internal wave (IW) observations in the South China Sea are presented. We present model simulation to understand the mechanisms that cause the IW reflection.
BETA-D-GLUCAN TESTING IN PATIENTS WITH FUNGAL ENDOPHTHALMITIS.

Purpose To review the literature on beta-D-glucan (BDG) testing in fungal endophthalmitis. Methods Review of primary literature using PubMed through April 2017 and presentation of an illustrative case report. A total of 231 articles were identified and 43 were ultimately chosen for review based on relevance and presence of ophthalmologic examination and objective data. Results Beta-D-glucan is a major component of fungal cell walls. It is quantified using a calorimetry-based Fungitell assay based on modification of the limulus amebocyte lysate. Serum BDG levels are commonly used clinically in conjunction with other tests for early surveillance and diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. In the ophthalmic literature, elevated levels of BDG have been detected in vitreous fluid of patients undergoing vitrectomy for fungal endophthalmitis, tear fluid of patients with mycotic keratitis, and serum of a patient with bilateral endogenous subretinal abscesses. Elevated serum BDG levels appear to be highly associated with fungal endophthalmitis. Potential uses and considerations with regards to test limitations are discussed. Conclusion Beta-D-glucan testing may be used as an adjunct to support a diagnosis, initiate pharmacologic therapy or surgical intervention, and optimize overall clinical management in patients diagnosed with or under clinical suspicion for invasive fungal infections, including endophthalmitis. Additional clinical studies are necessary to fully characterize the utility of BDG testing in patients with fungal endophthalmitis.
Farmer perceptions of risk in 2017

Agribusinesses seeking to serve farmer clientele, as well as those buying products from the farm for processing or transport, need to understand the factors impacting on‐farm decision making. A best–worst choice experiment was employed to determine farmer perceptions of five general risk areas: production, marketing, financial, human, and legal risks. Results indicate, on average, farmers were more concerned with traditional farm business risks (production, financial, and marketing risks) relative to human and legal risks when managing their farm businesses. However, significant heterogeneity in perceptions of risk areas was observed. A latent class model identified three segments of producers that were characterized by preferences for traditional farm business risks, well‐balanced preferences for all five risks, and a large preference share for human risks. Understanding how different farm types and managers with varying demographics prioritize risk areas is helpful for targeting specific risk management programming and support services to relevant farm audiences. [EconLit citations: Q1].
Processes of glacial erosion

Publisher Summary This chapter provides information on the process of glacial erosion. The basic processes of glacial erosion responsible for the spectacular landforms associated with alpine glaciation were identified more than a century ago. Three types of erosion are traditionally considered—abrasion, quarrying, and the action of subglacial water. The rate of abrasion is controlled principally by the sliding velocity, which controls both contact forces and the flux of debris across the glacial bed. Quarrying normally requires the cracks in a bed to grow and coalesce with each other, with preexisting joints, and with bedding planes. The potential site for crack growth is just up-ice from the point where ice separates from the bed near the crest of a bump. In these zones, normal stresses exerted by ice on the bed are maximized, while orthogonal compressive stresses are minimized owing to less pressure exerted by water on lee surfaces. The pressure of water in cracks should contribute to tensile stresses, while the chemical action of water at crack tips should significantly reduce the stress necessary for slow crack growth. Rapid reductions in water pressure in zones of ice-bed separation intensify normal stresses that the ice exerts on the bed by shifting some of the weight of the glacier to zones of ice-bed contact. This may result in periodic crack growth as subglacial water pressure fluctuates recurrently during the melt season. The effect is heavy when separation between the ice and the bed is extensive and is limited by the strength of the ice.
Activity-Dependent Degradation of the Nascentome by the Neuronal Membrane Proteasome

Summary Activity-dependent changes in neuronal function require coordinated regulation of the protein synthesis and protein degradation machinery to maintain protein homeostasis, critical for proper neuronal function. However, the biochemical evidence for this balance and coordination is largely lacking. Leveraging our recent discovery of a neuronal-specific 20S membrane proteasome complex (NMP), we began exploring how neuronal activity regulates its function. Here, we found that the NMP degrades exclusively a large fraction of ribosome-associated nascent polypeptides that are being newly synthesized during neuronal stimulation. Using deep-coverage and global mass spectrometry, we identified the nascent protein substrates of the NMP, which included products encoding immediate-early genes, such as c-Fos and Npas4. Intriguingly, we found that turnover of nascent polypeptides and not full-length proteins through the NMP occurred independent of canonical ubiquitylation pathways. We propose that these findings generally define a neuronal activity-induced protein homeostasis program of coordinated protein synthesis and degradation through the NMP.
Cellular and Molecular Changes in Early Stages of Hepatocarcinogenesis

The role of oval cells in liver regeneration and carcinogenesis remains controversial1–7. After partial hepatectomy no significant proliferation of oval cells is observed even though the liver undergoes a rapid restoration of its mass. In contrast, a prominent oval cell proliferation is frequently observed after the administration of carcinogens, especially azo-dyes and 2-AAF1–6. Oval cell proliferation is also observed when mature hepatocytes are unable to proliferate, due to nutritional and toxic effects of chemicals7. The fate of these oval cells particularly as it relates to questions regarding the precursor-product relationship to normal hepatocytes and histogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma is a matter of considerable controversy (for review, see ref. 8). In the Solt-Farber protocol for production of hepatocellular carcinomas, administration of 2-AAF is used for selective growth inhibition of non-initiated hepatocytes, whereas partial hepatectomy provides a potent growth stimulus for resistant “initiated” hepatocytes9. In our earlier studies using in situ hybridization technique we observed a peculiar distribution of albumin mRNA in the liver two weeks after partial hepatectomy in Solt-Farber rats10. The albumin mRNA was present almost exclusively in rounded basophilic areas, some of which were gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) positive, but many of them were negative for GGT10. Thus a severe “inhibition” of albumin expression was observed in the majority of the “old” hepatocytes, whereas the “new” basophilic hepatocytes were efficiently expressing the albumin gene. We therefore wanted to reexamine the effect of 2-AAF administration combined with partial hepatectomy, but without any initiating agent, on the expression of albumin mRNA using in situ hybridization. In addition, the role of oval cells as possible precursors of the basophilic albumin positive hepatocytes was addressed by studying the transfer of radiolabeled thymidine from oval cells to basophilic hepatocytes11.