cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quench dynamics of the anisotropic Heisenberg model.

We develop an analytical approach for the study of the quench dynamics of the anisotropic Heisenberg model (XXZ model) on the infinite line. We present the exact time-dependent wave functions after a quench in an integral form for any initial state and for any anisotropy Δ by means of a generalized Yudson contour representation. We calculate the evolution of several observables from two particular initial states: starting from a local Neel state we calculate the time evolution of the antiferromagnetic order parameter-staggered magnetization; starting from a state with consecutive flipped spins (1) we calculate the evolution of the local magnetization and express it in terms of the propagation of magnons and bound state excitations, and (2) we predict the evolution of the induced spin currents. These predictions can be confronted with experiments in ultracold gases in optical lattices. We also show how the "string" solutions of Bethe ansatz equations emerge naturally from the contour approach.
Resolving Turbulent Wakes

Resolving the turbulent statistics of bluff-body wakes is a challenging task. Frequently, the streamwise grid point spacing approaching the vortex exit boundary is sacrificed to gain near full resolution of the turbulent scales neighboring the body surface. This choice favors the solution strategies of direct numerical and large-eddy simulations (DNS and LES) that house spectral-like resolving characteristics with inherent dissipation. Herein, two differencing stencils are tested for approximating four forms of the convective derivative in the DNS and LES formulations for incompressible flows. The wake spectral characteristics and conventional parameters are computed for Reynolds numbers Re=200 (laminar wake) and Re=3900
A student model of katakana reading proficiency for a Japanese language intelligent tutoring system

This work describes the development of a student model that is used in a Japanese language intelligent tutoring system to assess a pupil's proficiency at reading one of the distinct orthographies of Japanese, known as katakana. While the effort required to memorize the relatively few katakana symbols and their associated pronunciations is not prohibitive, a major difficulty in reading katakana is associated with the phonetic modifications which occur when English words which are transliterated into katakana are made to conform to the more restrictive rules of Japanese phonology. The algorithms described here are able to automatically acquire a knowledge base of these phonological transformation rules, use them to assess a student's proficiency, and then appropriately individualize the student's instruction. >
Nonlinear behavior of shells of revolution under cyclic loading

A large deflection elastic-plastic analysis is presented applicable to orthotropic axisymmetric plates and shells of revolution subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. The analysis is based on the finite-element method. It employs a new higher order, fully compatible, doubly curved orthotropic shell-of-revolution element using cubic Hermitian expansions for both meridional and normal displacements. Both perfectly plastic and strain hardening behavior are considered. Strain hardening is incorporated through use of the Prager-Ziegler kinematic hardening theory, which predicts an ideal Bauschinger effect. Numerous sample problems involving monotonic and cyclic loading conditions are analyzed.
Health privacy in the electronic age.

Health care expenditure in the United States exceeds $2 trillion a year, 1 and on a per capita basis far exceeds the expenditure of any other country. 2 Much of this money is not well spent, as man...
Improved Treatment of Anisotropic Scattering for Ultrafast Radiative Transfer Analysis

The necessity of conserving both scattered energy and asymmetry factor for ballistic incidence after either FVM or DOM discretization is convincingly shown by analyzing ultrafast laser radiative transfer in a cubic enclosure housing a participating medium. A phase-function normalization technique introduced previously by the present authors to correct for non-conservation of energy and asymmetry factor in diffuse radiant energy scattering is applied to scattering of ballistic incidence for the first time in 3-D FVM/DOM in order to improve treatment of anisotropic scattering through reduction of angular false scattering errors. Treatment of only the diffuse radiation will not conserve ballistic properties if the direction of ballistic incidence differs from a predetermined discrete direction. Our ultrafast radiative transfer predictions generated using the FVM and DOM are compared to benchmark Monte Carlo predictions in the literature to gauge accuracy and to illustrate the necessity of ballistic phase-function normalization. Additionally, numerical predictions of energy deposition in a tissue-phantom medium are analyzed to further clarify the importance of accurate numerical predictions. It is shown that the addition of proper ballistic phase-function treatment greatly improves predicted heat fluxes and energy deposition for anisotropic scattering and for situations where accurate numerical modeling is crucial.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Solar cycle effects on trapped energetic particles

The energetic particle populations in the Earth's magnetosphere, which are the result of geomagnetic activity and, ultimately, are due to solar activity, have a major impact on the operation and survival of spacecraft. Departures from the nominal in solar activity produce requirements for changes from the nominal in the design and operation of spacecraft. If the approaching solar maximum is a robust one, as is indicated by preliminary solar data, the energetic particle population can be expected to be in excess of that predicted by particle models such as AE8 and APS, since those models include solar-cycle effects based on nominal solar activity. In the event of a robust solar cycle, accelerated degradation of electronics and power systems, increased sensor background effects, and more frequent operational anomalies may be expected on spacecraft that were designed for a nominal solar cycle. This paper discusses the relationships between solar activity and geomagnetic activity and provides a short tutorial on the mechanisms by which the energetic particle environment is produced and modified by magnetic activity. As an aid to spacecraft systems design and mission planning, the paper also indicates the types of changes from a nominal energetic particle population that could be expected based on a robust solar cycle 22.
Randomness in generalization ability: a source to improve it

Among several models of neurons and their interconnections, feedforward artificial neural networks (FFANNs) are most popular, because of their simplicity and effectiveness. Difficulties such as long learning time and local minima may not affect FFANNs as much as the question of generalization ability, because a network needs only one training, and then it may be used for a long time. This paper reports our observations about randomness in generalization ability of FFANNs. A novel method for measuring generalization ability is defined. This method can be used to identify degree of randomness in generalization ability of learning systems. If an FFANN architecture shows randomness in generalization ability for a given problem, multiple networks can be used to improve it. We have developed a model, called voting model, for predicting generalization ability of multiple networks. It has been shown that if correct classification probability of a single network is greater than half, then as the number of networks in a voting network is increased so does its generalization ability. Further analysis has shown that VC-dimension of the voting network model may increase monotonically as the number of networks in the voting networks is increased.
Development of an overset grid computational fluid dynamics solver on graphical processing units

Abstract General Purpose computation on Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs) has gained popularity recently. Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are being used for computationally intensive and data intensive problems to obtain orders of magnitude speed up in wide range of domains like molecular dynamics, bio-physics, geo-physics and CFD [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] . In this paper we discuss the development of a two-dimensional overset grid CFD solver on GPUs for moving body problems and demonstrate orders of magnitude speed-up on single GPU unit as compared to C/FORTRAN solver on a single CPU core. The two-dimensional overset grid CFD solver consists of three modules. A near-body solver module which solves the fluid conservation laws on structured and unstructured mesh systems, an off-body solver module which solves the fluid-conservation laws on an isotropic Cartesian mesh, and the domain connectivity module which manages the interaction between these two mesh systems. The GPU acceleration is extended to all the three modules. We expect this work to be the fore-runner for future development efforts for full three-dimensional Navier–Stokes solutions capable of executing in a heterogeneous parallel environment. Here “heterogeneous parallelism” refers to combination of Message Passing Interface (MPI) based communication for distributed memory systems, and large scale multi-threading using GPUs for shared memory systems.
A Light-Front Coupled Cluster Method

A new method for the nonperturbative solution of quantum field theories is described. The method adapts the exponential-operator technique of the standard many-body coupled-cluster method to the Fock-space eigenvalue problem for light-front Hamiltonians. This leads to an effective eigenvalue problem in the valence Fock sector and a set of nonlinear integral equations for the functions that define the exponential operator. The approach avoids at least some of the difficulties associated with the Fock-space truncation usually used.
Tangible bits: designing the seamless interface between people, bits, and atoms

Where the sea meets the land, life has blossomed into a myriad of unique forms in the turbulence of water, sand, and wind. At another seashore between the land of atoms and the sea of bits, we are now acing the challenge of reconciling our dual citizenships in the physical and digital worlds. Windows to the digital world are confined to flat square screens and pixels, or "painted bits." Unfortunately, one cannot feel and confirm the virtual existence of this digital information through one's body. Tangible Bits, our vision of Human Computer Interaction (HCI), seeks to realize seamless interfaces between humans, digital information, and the physical environment by giving physical form to digital information, making bits directly manipulable and perceptible. The goal is to blur the boundary between our bodies and cyberspace and to turn the architectural space into an interface between the people, bits, and atoms. In this talk, I will present a variety of tangible user interfaces the Tangible Media Group has designed and presented within the CHI, SIGGRAPH, UIST, CSCW, IDSA, ICSID, ICC, and Ars Electronica communitiesHiroshi Ishii is a tenured Associate Professor of Media Arts and Sciences, at the MIT Media Lab. His research focuses upon the design of seamless interfaces between humans, digital information, and the physical environment.At the MIT Media Lab, he founded and directs the Tangible Media Group pursuing a new vision of Human Computer Interaction (HCI): "Tangible Bits." His team seeks to change the "painted bits" of GUIs to "tangible bits" by giving physical form to digital information. He also co-directs Things That Think (TTT) Consortium at the MIT Media Lab.Ishii and his students have presented their vision of "Tangible Bits" at a variety of academic, industrial design, and artistic venues (including ACM SIGCHI, ACM SIGGRAPH, Industrial Design Society of America, and Ars Electronica), emphasizing that the development of tangible interfaces requires the rigor of both scientific and artistic review. A display of many of the groups projects took place at the NTT InterCommunication Center (ICC) in Tokyo in summer 2000. A new, two-year-long exhibition "Get in Touch" that features the Tangible Media group's work opened at Ars Electronica Center (Linz, Austria) in September 2001Prior to MIT, from 1988-1994, he led a CSCW research group at the NTT Human Interface Laboratories, where his team invented TeamWorkStation and ClearBoard. In 1993 and 1994, he was a visiting assistant professor at the University of Toronto, Canada. He received B. E. degree in electronic engineering, M. E. and Ph. D. degrees in computer engineering from Hokkaido University, Japan, in 1978, 1980 and 1992, respectively.Home page for Hiroshi Ishii: .
Fast and adaptive semantic object extraction from video

Semantic video object identification and extraction is an important component for content-based multimedia applications such as editing, coding and retrieval. A smart interactive video object generation (SIVOG) system based on adaptive processing and semantic user interaction was developed in our previous work. SIVOG is further improved to efficiently process video content based on semantic object's spatial and temporal characteristic in this work. The enhanced SIVOG system adaptively selects processing regions based on the object shape. Temporal skipping and interpolation procedures are applied to objects that have a slow motion activity. This system can extract simple semantic objects in real time with pixel-wise accuracy. Fast, accurate and consistent results are obtained in the experiment when the system is evaluated with several MPEG-4 test sequences.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Non-commutative corrections in spectral matrix gravity

We study a non-commutative deformation of general relativity based on spectral invariants of a partial differential operator acting on sections of a vector bundle over a smooth manifold. We compute the first non-commutative corrections to Einstein equations in the weak deformation limit and analyze the spectrum of the theory. Related topics are discussed as well.
Stochastic motion planning and applications to traffic

This paper presents a stochastic motion planning algorithm and its application to traffic navigation. The algorithm copes with the uncertainty of road traffic conditions by stochastic modeling of travel delay on road networks. The algorithm determines paths between two points that optimize a cost function of the delay data probability distribution. It can be used to find paths that maximize the probability of reaching a destination within a particular travel deadline. For such problems, standard shortest-path algorithms do not work because the optimal substructure property does not hold. We evaluate our algorithm using both simulations and real-world drives, using delay data gathered from a set of taxis equipped with global positioning system sensors and a wireless network. Our algorithm can be integrated into on-board navigation systems as well as route-finding websites, providing drivers with good paths that meet their desired goals.
Gravitational Energy Cannot Become Negative

The positive-energy conjecture is proved at null infinity. That is, an isolated system in general relativity can never radiate away more energy than is given by its total Arnowitt-Deser-Misner energy.
Implementing Lindahl allocations by a withholding mechanism

This paper investigates the problem of designing mechanisms whose Nash allocations coincide with Lindahl allocations for public goods economies when initial endowments are private information and unreported endowments are consumed (withheld) but are not destroyed. It will be noted that the mechanism presented here is individually feasible, balanced, and continuous. Besides, we allow preferences of agents to be nontotal-nontransitive and discontinuous.
Transient behavior of integrated carbon nanotube field effect transistor circuits and bio-sensing applications

In this work, a current transport model for the carbon nanotube field effect transistor has been built, which includes both static and dynamic behavior. A model of carbon nanotube as an interconnection in integrated circuits has also been presented, which is based on quasi one-dimensional fluid theory and combined with the current transport model of carbon nanotube field effect transistors to study the performance of carbon nanotube based integrated circuits. Verilog- AMS in combination with Cadence/Spectre has been used in characterizing carbon nanotube field effect transistors and all carbon nanotube based integrated circuits. It is shown through thionyl chloride and DNA detection at molecular levels that the transient behavior of carbon nanotube based circuits can be used for bio- and chemical sensing applications.
Rheology of network forming systems

The curing reactions of an epoxy-anhydride and a rubber vulcanization system were followed by rheological means. Dynamic shear measurements were used to follow the reaction. The rheological quantities were related to the reaction kinetics of the systems. From these relations, overall activation energies, reaction orders and rate constants were interpreted from the data. These compare favorably with results reported in the literature. The cures of several diallyl phthalate compounds were also examined with dynamic shear measurements. The results correlated well with thermoset molding experience.
STOCHASTIC RESONANCE AND OPTIMAL DESIGN OF THRESHOLD DETECTORS

Abstract We consider the detection of noisy signals with neuron-like threshold crossing detectors in the context of stochastic resonance. On the basis of an exact spectral analysis of the outgoing stochastic spike train, we show for the first time that there are optimal values for the threshold which yield under given environmental conditions optimal performance.
Network routing in a dynamic environment

Recently, there has been an explosion of work on network routing in hostile environments. Hostile environments tend to be dynamic, and the motivation for this work stems from the scenario of IED placements by insurgents in a logistical network. For discussion, we consider here a sub-network abstracted from a real network, and propose a framework for route selection. What distinguishes our work from related work is its decision theoretic foundation, and statistical considerations pertaining to probability assessments. The latter entails the fusion of data from diverse sources, modeling the socio-psychological behavior of adversaries, and likelihood functions that are induced by simulation. This paper demonstrates the role of statistical inference and data analysis on problems that have traditionally belonged in the domain of computer science, communications, transportation science, and operations research.
Acquisition of reliable vacuum hardware for large accelerator systems

Abstract Credible and effective communications prove to be the major challenge in the acquisition of reliable vacuum hardware. Technical competence is necessary but not sufficient. We must effectively communicate with management, sponsoring agencies, project organizations, service groups, staff and with vendors. Most of Deming's 14 quality assurance tenants relate to creating an enlightened environment of good communications. All projects progress along six distinct, closely coupled, dynamic phases; all six phases are in a state of perpetual change. These phases and their elements are discussed, with emphasis given to the acquisition phase and its related vocabulary. Large projects require great clarity and rigor as poor communications can be costly. For rigor to be cost effective, it cannot be pedantic. Clarity thrives best in a low-risk,team environment.
Higher derivative Chern–Simons extensions

Abstract We study the higher-derivative extensions of the D=3 Abelian Chern–Simons topological invariant that would appear in a perturbative effective action's momentum expansion. The leading, third-derivative, extension I ECS turns out to be unique. It remains parity-odd but depends only on the field strength, hence no longer carries large gauge information, nor is it topological because metric dependence accompanies the additional covariant derivatives, whose positions are seen to be fixed by gauge invariance. Viewed as an independent action, I ECS requires the field strength to obey the wave equation. The more interesting model, adjoining I ECS to the Maxwell action, describes a pair of excitations. One is massless, the other a massive ghost, as we exhibit both via the propagator and by performing the Hamiltonian decomposition. We also present this model's total stress tensor and energy. Other actions involving I ECS are noted, as is the corresponding extension of the D=4 θ -term.
A Hybrid N-Body-Coagulation Code for Planet Formation

We describe a hybrid algorithm to calculate the formation of planets from an initial ensemble of planetesimals. The algorithm uses a coagulation code to treat the growth of planetesimals into oligarchs and explicit N-body calculations to follow the evolution of oligarchs into planets. To validate the N-body portion of the algorithm, we use a battery of tests in planetary dynamics. Several complete calculations of terrestrial planet formation with the hybrid code yield good agreement with previously published calculations. These results demonstrate that the hybrid code provides an accurate treatment of the evolution of planetesimals into planets.
Cryostat for Ultra-Low-Energy Threshold Germanium Spectrometers

This paper presents progress on the development of a cryostat intended to improve upon the low-energy threshold (below 0.5 keV) of p-type point contact germanium gamma-ray spectrometers. Ultra-low energy thresholds are important in the detection of low-energy nuclear recoils, an event class relevant to both dark matter direct detection and measurement of coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering. The cryostat design, including a thermal and electrical-field model, is given. A prototype cryostat has been assembled and data acquired to evaluate its vacuum and thermal performance.
Measurement of noise radiated by boundary layer excited panels

Abstract Measurements are reported of the sound power radiated by panels excited by a turbulent boundary layer. Aluminium panels of four thicknesses were tested: 0·020, 0·040, 0·060 and 0·080 in. Each panel was mounted in the test section of an acoustically quieted air duct which was enclosed in a concrete reverberation room. The ratio of the rms turbulent pressure fluctuation measured on the rigid wall to the local shear stress varied from 2·8 at Mach 0·3 to 3·3 at Mach 0·78. The mean square displacement of the thinnest panel exhibits a substantially different behavior from the 0·080-in. panel. This difference is manifested in the acoustic power radiated. The power radiated varies from M5h−1·6 to M2·3h−1 for the 0·020, 0·040 and 0·060 panel while the 0·080 follows to the M5 relationship for all Mach numbers.
Simultaneous encapsulation: Molecules held at close range

Reversible encapsulation creates spaces where molecules are temporarily isolated from others in solution. Molecules are held within the space of the capsule for lifetimes ranging from milliseconds to hours, and conventional NMR spectroscopy can be used to report on the chemical and magnetic environment as well as the arrangement of the molecules in the encapsulation complex. The complexes self-assemble when, and only when, the spaces inside the capsules are appropriately filled. The weak intermolecular forces that hold these self-assemblies together allow equilibration of the encapsulation complexes at ambient temperatures and pressures in the liquid phase. When two or more molecules are simultaneously encapsulated, intermolecular phenomena are revealed in solution that cannot be observed by other methods. We describe here the unique behavior that emerges from molecules that are simultaneously encapsulated and includes new forms of stereochemistry, isomerism, and asymmetry inside capsules.
Vector Gaussian Rate-Distortion With Variable Side Information

We consider rate-distortion with two decoders, each with distinct side information. This problem is well understood when the side information at the decoders satisfies a certain degradedness condition. We consider cases in which this degradedness condition is violated but the source and the side information consist of jointly Gaussian vectors. We provide a hierarchy of four lower bounds on the optimal rate. These bounds are then used to determine the optimal rate for several classes of instances.
The Intersection Graph Conjecture for Loop Diagrams

The study of Vassiliev invariants for knots can be reduced to the study of the algebra of chord diagrams modulo certain relations (as done by Bar-Natan). Chmutov, Duzhin and Lando defined the idea of the intersection graph of a chord diagram, and conjectured that these graphs determine the equivalence class of the chord diagrams. They proved this conjecture in the case when the intersection graph is a tree. This paper extends their proof to the case when the graph contains a single loop, and determines the size of the subalgebra generated by the associated "loop diagrams." While the conjecture is known to be false in general, the extent to which it fails is still unclear, and this result helps to answer that question.
Mechanistic Insights into Phosphoprotein-Binding FHA Domains

[Structure: see text]. FHA domains are protein modules that switch signals in diverse biological pathways by monitoring the phosphorylation of threonine residues of target proteins. As part of the effort to gain insight into cellular avoidance of cancer, FHA domains involved in the cellular response to DNA damage have been especially well-characterized. The complete protein where the FHA domain resides and the interaction partners determine the nature of the signaling. Thus, a key biochemical question is how do FHA domains pick out their partners from among thousands of alternatives in the cell? This Account discusses the structure, affinity, and specificity of FHA domains and the formation of their functional structure. Although FHA domains share sequence identity at only five loop residues, they all fold into a beta-sandwich of two beta-sheets. The conserved arginine and serine of the recognition loops recognize the phosphorylation of the threonine targeted. Side chains emanating from loops that join beta-strand 4 with 5, 6 with 7, or 10 with 11 make specific contacts with amino acids of the ligand that tailor sequence preferences. Many FHA domains choose a partner in extended conformation, somewhat according to the residue three after the phosphothreonine in sequence (pT + 3 position). One group of FHA domains chooses a short carboxylate-containing side chain at pT + 3. Another group chooses a long, branched aliphatic side chain. A third group prefers other hydrophobic or uncharged polar side chains at pT + 3. However, another FHA domain instead chooses on the basis of pT - 2, pT - 3, and pT + 1 positions. An FHA domain from a marker of human cancer instead chooses a much longer protein fragment that adds a beta-strand to its beta-sheet and that presents hydrophobic residues from a novel helix to the usual recognition surface. This novel recognition site and more remote sites for the binding of other types of protein partners were predicted for the entire family of FHA domains by a bioinformatics approach. The phosphopeptide-dependent dynamics of an FHA domain, SH2 domain, and PTB domain suggest a common theme: rigid, preformed binding surfaces support van der Waals contacts that provide favorable binding enthalpy. Despite the lack of pronounced conformational changes in FHA domains linked to binding events, more subtle adjustments may be possible. In the one FHA domain tested, phosphothreonine peptide binding is accompanied by increased flexibility just outside the binding site and increased rigidity across the beta-sandwich. The folding of the same FHA domain progresses through near-native intermediates that stabilize the recognition loops in the center of the phosphoprotein-binding surface; this may promote rigidity in the interface and affinity for targets phosphorylated on threonine.
The self-discharge of the NiOOH/Ni(OH)2 electrode constant potential study

Hydrogen oxidation currents at a NiOOH/Ni(OH)2 electrode were measured directly at constant potentials for various hydrogen pressures and states of charge. It was found that the hydrogen oxidation current is linearly proportional to the hydrogen pressure at all electrode potentials and that the logarithm of the anodic current is a linear function of electrode potential. It was also found that hydrogen oxidation on the nickel substrate material was strongly inhibited by the presence of nickel hydroxide on the substrate surface. By comparing the currents for hydrogen oxidation and oxygen evolution on the NiOOH/Ni(OH)2 electrode and a nickel substrate, it is suggested that the self-discharge of the NiOOH/Ni(OH)2 electrode is mainly due to electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen on the active electrode material.
Kinetic resolution of propargylic alcohols catalyzed by benzotetramisole.

Kinetic resolution of variously substituted secondary propargylic alcohols catalyzed by benzotetramisole (BTM) proceeds with selectivity factors up to 32, the highest ever achieved with nonenzymatic catalysts for this class of substrates.
Doped antiferromagnets in high dimension

The ground-state properties of the t-J model on a d-dimensional hypercubic lattice are examined in the limit of large d. It is found that the undoped system is an ordered antiferromagnet, and that the doped system phase separates into a hole-free antiferromagnetic phase and a hole-rich phase. The latter is electron free if J{gt}4t and is weakly metallic (and typically superconducting) if J{lt}4t. The resulting phase diagram is qualitatively similar to the one previously derived for d=2 by a combination of analytic and numerical methods. Domain-wall (or stripe) phases form in the presence of weak Coulomb interactions, with periodicity determined by the hole concentration and the relative strength of the exchange and Coulomb interactions. These phases reflect the properties of the hole-rich phase in the absence of Coulomb interactions, and, depending on the value of J/t, may be either insulating or metallic (i.e., an {open_quotes}electron smectic{close_quotes}). {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
A generalized decomposable multiattribute utility function

In this paper a generalized decomposable multiattribute utility function (MAUF) is developed. It is demonstrated that this new MAUF structure is more general than other well-known MAUF structures, such as additive, multiplicative, and multilinear. Therefore, it is more flexible and does not require that the decision maker be consistent with restrictive assumptions such as preferential independence conditions about his/her preferences. We demonstrate that this structure does not require any underlying assumption and hence solves the interdependence among attributes. Hence there is no need for verification of its structure. Several useful extensions and properties for this generalized decomposable MAUF are developed which simplify its structure or assessment. The concept of utility efficiency is developed to identify efficient alternatives when there exists partial information on the scaling constants of an assumed MAUF. It is assumed that the structure (decomposition) of the MAUF is known and the partial information about the scaling constants of the decision maker is in the form of bounds or constraints. For the generalized decomposable structure, linear programming is sufficient to solve all ensuing problems. Some examples are provided.
Failure of isolated rat tibial periosteal cells to 5α reduce testosterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone

Periosteal cells were isolated from tibiae of adult male rats after collagenase treatment. Northern blot analysis of total cytoplasmic RNA extracted from the isolated periosteal cells was positive for expression of genes encoding the osteoblast marker proteins osteocalcin (BGP) and pre-pro-alpha 2(I) chain of type 1 precollagen. The isolated periosteal cells were incubated with 1 nM [3H]testosterone [( 3H]T) for up to 240 minutes and the reaction products separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. [3H]5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone [( 3H]DHT) was not detected in extracts of periosteal cell incubations. In contrast, [3H]DHT was produced in a time-dependent manner by cells from seminal vesicles. These results suggest that testosterone 5 alpha-reductase activity is not expressed by osteoblasts in rat tibial periosteum and that the anabolic effects of androgens in this tissue are not mediated by locally produced DHT.
Discovery of a magnetic white DWARF/probable brown DWARF short-period binary

The magnetic white dwarf SDSS J121209.31+013627.7 exhibits a weak, narrow Hα emission line whose radial velocity and strength are modulated on a period of ~90 minutes. Though indicative of irradiation on a nearby companion, no cool continuum component is evident in the optical spectrum, and IR photometry limits the absolute magnitude of the companion to MJ > 13.37. This is equivalent to an isolated L5 dwarf, with Teff < 1700 K. Consideration of possible evolutionary histories suggests that, until ~0.6 Gyr ago, the brown dwarf orbited a ~1.5 M☉ main-sequence star with P ~ 1 yr and a ~ 1 AU, thus resembling many of the gaseous superplanets being found in extrasolar planet searches. Common-envelope evolution when the massive star left the main sequence reduced the period to only a few hours, and ensuing angular momentum loss has further degraded the orbit. The binary is ripe for additional observations aimed at better studying brown dwarfs and the effects of irradiation on their structure.
State architecture notation and simulation: A formal technique for the specification and testing of protocol systems☆

Abstract The increasing practical importance of data communications, computer networking and distributed data processing has increased the benefits to be gained from a systematic approach to the design, specification, validation, implementation and testing of these kind of systems. This paper presents an introduction to the State Architecture approach to protocol system specification and also describes an important companion simulation tool. State Architecture concepts and definitions are presented. Complex protocol systems are built up of interconnections of state-system primitives; specifically, combinational functions, finite-state machines, queues, clocks, delays and derivatives. Aspects of component state and input/output behavior are treated explicitly. State Architecture Notation (SAN), a formal machine-readable language for specifying protocol systems, is outlined. The State Architecture Simulator (SAS), a general purpose SAN model simulator is described and example SAS runs on a model of the ADCCP protocol (similar to HDLC and SDLC) are included. A preliminary evaluation of the State Architecture approach is presented along with a brief comparison to other methods of formal specification.
Bifunctional building blocks in the Ugi-azide condensation reaction: A general strategy toward exploration of new molecular diversity

1,5-Disubstituted tetrazoles are an important drug-like scaffold known for their ability to mimic the cis-amide bond conformation. The scaffold is readily accessible via substitution of the carboxylic acid component of the Ugi multi-component reaction (MCR) with TMSN3 in what is herein denoted the Ugi-azide reaction. This full paper presents a concise, novel, general strategy to access a plethora of new heterocylic scaffolds utilizing tethered aldo/keto-acids/esters in the Ugi-azide reaction followed by a ring closing event that generates novel highly complex bis-heterocyclic lactam-tetrazoles.
Effective mass approximation in the Thomas-Fermi model for metals

Abstract A Thomas-Fermi model for metals is obtained by extending the Green's function technique, as applied to the atom by Baraff and Borowitz, to the case of metals. In the first of a hierarchy of coupled integro-differential equations satisfied by the Green's function, the Hartree-Fock approximation is made for the two-particle Green's function. The resulting equation is solved by expanding the one-particle Green's function in powers of ħ in a mixed position-crystal momentum representation in which the Bloch waves for nearly free electrons are used as basis functions. A parameter λ is introduced to define nearly free electrons. The zero-order term of the above expansion yields the Thomas-Fermi equation in which the effective mass m∗ of the electrons appears in place of the actual electronic mass. An explicit expression has been obtained for m∗ in terms of λ. λ is adjusted to fix the correct effective mass of sodium and then this value of λ is used to calculate m∗ for other alkali metals. The calculated values agree with those obtained from band structure calculations for the electrons near the bottom of a band.
Light-front QCD Hamiltonian dynamics and constituent quark picture in exclusive processes

Abstract After reviewing a connection between quantum chromodynamics and contituent quark model pictures in the light-front quantization with some comparison and contrast to the ordinary equal-time bridge a la Bogoliubov-Valatin transformation, we discuss some newer development of the light-front quark model phenomenology in exclusive processes including the embedded state. The skewed parton distribution appears to be a good testing ground for our new effective treatment of the light-front nonvalence contributions in timelike exclusive processes.
Dissociation of the peptide bond in protonated peptides

The dissociation of the amide (peptide) bond in protonated peptides, [M + H]+, is discussed in terms of the structures and energetics of the resulting N-terminal bn and C-terminal yn sequence ions. The combined data provide strong evidence that dissociation proceeds with no reverse barriers through interconverting proton-bound complexes between the segments emerging upon cleavage of the protonated peptide bond. These complexes contain the C-terminal part as a smaller linear peptide (amino acid if one residue) and the N-terminal part either as an oxazolone or a cyclic peptide (cyclic amide if one residue). Owing to the higher thermodynamic stability but substantially lower gas-phase basicity of cyclic peptides vs isomeric oxazolones, the N-terminus is cleaved as a protonated oxazolone when ionic (bn series) but as a cyclic peptide when neutral (accompanying the C-terminal yn series). It is demonstrated that free energy correlations can be used to derive thermochemical data about sequence ions. In this context, the dependence of the logarithm of the abundance ratio log[y1/b2], from protonated GGX (G, glycine; X, varying amino acid) on the gas-phase basicity of X is used to obtain a first experimental estimate of the gas-phase basicity of the simplest b-type oxazolone, viz. 2-aminomethyl-5-oxazolone (b2 ion with two glycyl residues). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A circuit concept for reducing soft error in high-speed memory cells

For bipolar static memory cells, the essence of the circuit concept is that the potential at the common-emitter node of the cross-coupled transistors (flip-flop) should be allowed to swing freely. This can be implemented by decoupling the common-emitter node from the heavily capacitively loaded lower-word line, e.g. by inserting a current source or a current mirror between the two. The predicted improvements of Q/sub CRIT/, soft-error rate, and the experimental results are presented. >
Brane running and AdS/CFT

We extend the formalism introduced in the paper [5] to compute correlation functions in the AdS/CFT correspondence. We show how the on-shell action of a scalar field in a compactification of AdS space can be obtained by flowing in the space of (non-local) theories with different sizes of the extra-dimension. Our method is relevant in particular for holographic computations in the Randall-Sundrum scenario with one or two branes and it allows the inclusion of brane-localized actions in a systematic way. The method can also be generalized to other backgrounds and does not rely on explicit knowledge of the solutions of the wave-equations.
Sources of the stock price fluctuations in Chinese equity market

This paper proposes a latent factor approach based on a state–space framework in order to identify which factor, if any, dominates price fluctuations in the Chinese stock markets. We also illustrate the connection of such stock price decomposition with several general equilibrium asset pricing models and show that the decomposition results can potentially offer useful insights with regard to the empirical relevance of asset pricing models. We use quarterly data of the Chinese A-Share equity market over the period 1995Q3–2011Q1 and find that the estimates of the state–space model suggest that the expected return is the primary driving force behind price fluctuations in the Chinese stock market. We show that the time-varying expected returns appear to be counter-cyclical and this result seems to be consistent with the habit formation model of Campbell and Cochrane [1999. By force of habit: A consumption-based explanation of aggregate stock market behavior. Journal of Political Economy 107, no. 2: 205–51.]. ...
The Bispectrum: From Theory to Observations

The bispectrum is the lowest order statistic sensitive to the shape of structures generated by gravitational instability and is a potentially powerful probe of galaxy biasing and the Gaussianity of primordial fluctuations. Although the evolution of the bispectrum is well understood theoretically from nonlinear perturbation theory and numerical simulations, applications to galaxy surveys require a number of issues to be addressed. In this paper we consider the effect on the bispectrum of stochastic nonlinear biasing, radial redshift distortions, non-Gaussian initial conditions, survey geometry, and sampling. We find that: (1) Bias stochasticity does not affect the use of the bispectrum to recover the mean biasing relation between galaxies and mass, at least for models in which the scatter is uncorrelated at large scales. (2) Radial redshift distortions do not significantly change the monopole power spectrum and bispectrum compared to their plane-parallel values. (3) Survey geometry leads to finite-volume effects, which must be taken into account in current surveys before comparison with theoretical predictions can be made. (4) Sparse sampling and survey geometry correlate different triangles, leading to a breakdown of the Gaussian likelihood approximation. We develop a likelihood analysis using bispectrum eigenmodes, calculated by Monte Carlo realizations of mock surveys generated with second-order Lagrangian perturbation theory and checked against N-body simulations. In a companion paper, we apply these results to the analysis of the bispectrum of IRAS galaxies.
Enantioselective hydrogenation of tetrasubstituted olefins of cyclic β-(acylamino)acrylates

Hydrogenation of a series of cyclic β-(acylamino)acrylates with tetrasubstituted olefins has been accomplished successfully with the use of Ru catalysts with chiral biaryl ligands such as C3-TunaPhos, and up to over 99% ee's have been achieved. This methodology provides an efficient catalytic method for the synthesis of both cis and trans chiral cyclic β-amino acid derivatives.
Remote maintenance design activities and research and development accomplishments for the compact ignition tokamak

Abstract The use of deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuel for the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) requires the use of remote handling technology in order to carry out maintenance operations. The remote operations consist of removing and replacing such components as first wall armor protection tiles, radio-frequency (RF) heating modules, and diagnostic modules. The major pieces of equipment being developed for maintenance operations internal to the vacuum vessel include an articulated boom manipulator (ABM), an inspection manipulator, and special tooling. For operations external to the vessel, the equipment includes a bridge-mounted manipulator system, decontamination equipment, hot cell equipment, and solid radioactive waste (rad-waste) handling and packaging equipment. The CIT Project is completing the conceptual design phase; research and development (R&D) activities, which include demonstrations of remote maintenance operations on full-size partial mock-ups are under way.
Observation of all-metal aromatic molecules.

Aromaticity is a concept invented to account for the unusual stability of an important class of organic molecules: the aromatic compounds. Here we report experimental and theoretical evidence of aromaticity in all-metal systems. A series of bimetallic clusters with chemical composition MAl4– (M = Li, Na, or Cu), was created and studied with photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. All the MAl4– species possess a pyramidal structure containing an M+ cation interacting with a square Al42– unit. Ab initio studies indicate that Al42– exhibits characteristics of aromaticity with two delocalized π electrons (thus following the 4n + 2 electron counting rule) and a square planar structure and maintains its structural and electronic features in all the MAl4– complexes. These findings expand the aromaticity concept into the arena of all-metal species.
USING LINEAR PREDICTORS TO IMPUTE ALLELE FREQUENCIES FROM SUMMARY OR POOLED GENOTYPE DATA.

Recently-developed genotype imputation methods are a powerful tool for detecting untyped genetic variants that affect disease susceptibility in genetic association studies. However, existing imputation methods require individual-level genotype data, whereas, in practice, it is often the case that only summary data are available. For example, this may occur because, for reasons of privacy or politics, only summary data are made available to the research community at large; or because only summary data are collected, as in DNA pooling experiments. In this article we introduce a new statistical method that can accurately infer the frequencies of untyped genetic variants in these settings, and indeed substantially improve frequency estimates at typed variants in pooling experiments where observations are noisy. Our approach, which predicts each allele frequency using a linear combination of observed frequencies, is statistically straightforward, and related to a long history of the use of linear methods for estimating missing values (e.g., Kriging). The main statistical novelty is our approach to regularizing the covariance matrix estimates, and the resulting linear predictors, which is based on methods from population genetics. We find that, besides being both fast and flexible—allowing new problems to be tackled that cannot be handled by existing imputation approaches purpose-built for the genetic context—these linear methods are also very accurate. Indeed, imputation accuracy using this approach is similar to that obtained by state-of-the-art imputation methods that use individual-level data, but at a fraction of the computational cost.