cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining fourth-grade mathematics writing: features of organization, mathematics vocabulary, and mathematical representations

Increasingly, students are expected to write about mathematics. Mathematics writing may be informal (e.g., journals, exit slips) or formal (e.g., writing prompts on high-stakes mathematics assessments). In order to develop an effective mathematics-writing intervention, research needs to be conducted on how students organize mathematics writing and use writing features to convey mathematics knowledge. We collected mathematics-writing samples from 155 4th-grade students in 2 states. Each student wrote about a computation word problem and fraction representations. We compared mathematics-writing samples to a norm-referenced measure of essay writing to examine similarities in how students use writing features such as introductions, conclusions, paragraphs, and transition words. We also analyzed the mathematics vocabulary terms that students incorporated within their writing and whether mathematics computation skills were related to the mathematics vocabulary students used in writing. Finally, we coded and described how students used mathematics representations in their writing. Findings indicate that students use organizational features of writing differently across the norm-referenced measure of essay writing and their mathematics writing. Students also use mathematics vocabulary and representations with different levels of success. Implications for assessment, practice, and intervention development are discussed.
Library Roles in Supporting Creation of Serials: Open Journal Systems at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro

ABSTRACTThis article summarizes a presentation given at the 2016 North Carolina Serials Conference by Anna Craft. The speaker discussed the University of North Carolina at Greensboro's Open Journal Systems (OJS) implementation and librarian roles and responsibilities.
Tides and Storm Surges

Most waves are formed by relatively steady winds blowing over the water surface, but, in some cases, waves can be formed by unusual meteorological events. As an example, squall line surges are caused by the movement of a relatively small atmospheric pressure perturbation at the approximate speed of the waves being generated. This results in energy being transferred to the same waves continuously, causing them to build up at a relatively rapid rate in a type of resonance. Examples include an event in 1954 that caused seven fatalities along the Lake Michigan shoreline (Ewing, Press, and Donn 1954) and one in 1929 that also caused fatalities (Proudman 1929, 1952). Some surprising characteristics of these types of waves are the small number of substantial waves produced (one to three), the height of the waves (1 to 3 m), and the small magnitude of the pressure change required to cause this phenomena (1 to 3 mbar). On the evening of July 3, 1992, at Daytona Beach, Florida, a freak wave about 2 m high surged up the beach on an otherwise calm night. Driving on the beach is allowed in this area, and several cars were carried up the beach by the wave and jammed under the boardwalk. A park ranger driving down the beach was overtaken by the wave, which floated his jeep up the beach on the uprush and then back down; the vehicle was then set down near where it had been picked up. The ranger continued on his drive.
Mid-Course Assessment Of Immunization Registry Development: The All Kids Count National Program Evaluation

Introduction The national evaluation of the All Kids Count (AKC) childhood immunization initiative, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), is being carried out by the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The goal of AKC is to increase immunization rates in very young children. Since 1992, the evaluation project has collected data on 14 projects funded for implementation starting in 1993. (Twelve of the 14 received funding for four years; two were funded for one year.) In 1995, an additional five projects funded by four other foundations were added to the evaluation, for a total of 14 municipal/regional and five statewide projects. Methods The evaluation is assessing how the projects are developing computerized immunization registries in relation to 20 key registry components and 10 implementation activities. Levels of accomplishment are scored and progress is monitored by project and by activity. Results By October 31, 1995, the midpoint of four years of RWJF funding, 12 (63%) of the 19 projects had developed registries in partial or full operation. Three projects were in the planning phase. Of the 14 original RWJF-funded projects, 11 (78%) had maintained or exceeded progress attained in 1993-1994; four experienced interruptions or setbacks due to external factors. No projects had achieved “full implementation,” which involves the participation of the majority of targeted providers, a key factor in ultimate success.
Learning and Behavioural Spillovers of Nutritional Information

ABSTRACTThis paper provides evidence for informational spillovers within urban slums in Chandigarh, India. I identify three groups, a treatment group, a neighbouring spillover group, and a non-adjacent pure control group. Mothers of children (aged three to six years) enrolled in government day-care centres are given recipe books in the treatment group to reduce malnutrition in their children. Spillovers to neighbouring (untreated) mothers can be through social learning or imitation. Results from a difference-in-differences analysis show that nutritional knowledge measured through a quiz increases among neighbouring untreated mothers relative to a control group. Neighbouring mothers exhibit learning spillovers, changes in dietary behaviour and a reduction in food expenditure regardless of their level of literacy. Spillovers not only raise the cost effectiveness of health information programmes but are important to consider when designing an experiment as causal effects of treatments can be attenuated if th...
Psychological Distress and Help-Seeking by Residents of a Neighborhood Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NNORC)

This article presents findings from an annual program survey of residents of a horizontal neighborhood naturally occurring retirement community (NNORC). The study explored the relationship between several factors (age, co-residents, number of chronic illnesses, self-reported health, loneliness, sense of mastery, locus of control, pain, and psychological distress) and their ability to predict general health, level of psychological distress, and the quantity and type of help-seeking behaviors. Although residents generally reported moderate to high levels of chronic disease, pain, loneliness, and concerns about life issues, 25% of them sought no help from any of the listed resources, and 65% sought help from only one of seven resources. The most common source of help for most (70%) was a primary care physician (PCP), and comparatively few respondents sought help from other sources. Older adults, especially those with chronic illness, generally consider their PCP to be the first, and perhaps only, source to consult. However, research indicates that the most effective health promotional programs for older adults are social and educational group activities, rather than individual health-focused interventions. Possible means of redirecting residents toward NNORC services include more vigorous outreach and creating collaborative partnerships between local PCPs serving older populations and the NNORC.
Russia’s Home Front in War and Revolution, 1914–1922, Book 1: Russia’s Revolution in Regional Perspective

The ambitious Russia’s Great War and Revolution series has already produced compelling and informative works on popular culture, political culture and nationalism. The volume under review complemen...
Two-dimensional analytic modeling of acoustic diffraction for ultrasonic beam steering by phased array transducers

Phased array ultrasonic transducers enable modulating the focal position of the acoustic waves, and this capability is utilized in many applications, such as medical imaging and non-destructive testing. This type of transducers also provides a mechanism to generate tilted wavefronts in acousto-optic deflectors to deflect laser beams for high precision advanced laser material processing. In this paper, a theoretical model is presented for the diffraction of ultrasonic waves emitted by several phased array transducers into an acousto-optic medium such as TeO2 crystal. A simple analytic expression is obtained for the distribution of the ultrasonic displacement field in the crystal. The model prediction is found to be in good agreement with the results of a numerical model that is based on a non-paraxial multi-Gaussian beam (NMGB) model.
Manipulation of Second-Order Copeland Elections: Heuristic and Experiment

The second-order Copeland scheme is NP-complete to manipulate. This complexity is daunting to deter a strategic voter from manipulation. However, NP-completeness is a worst case measure, and only shows that at least an instance of the problem requires such complexity. Thus, real-life instances of an election that we care about may be easy to manipulate. This paper proposes a branch-and-bound heuristic for manipulating the second order Copeland elections. We provide empirical evaluation of the effects of manipulation of an election by a strategic voter for a constant number, 4 < k < 7, of candidates, and an unbounded number v ∈ {2000,…, 10000}, of voters. Results from our experiments suggest that there are instances of second-order Copeland elections that may be efficiently manipulated using the proposed heuristic when a voter has perfect information about the preferences of other voters. However, the second-order Copeland acheme becomes resistant to manipulation for fairly large number of candidates.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

This article describes the basic principles underlying positron emission tomography, the tracers available to image various physiological and biochemical processes, and their application to the study of the normal human brain as well as pathological conditions affecting the brain. The processing of sensory and cognitive information in the normal brain and the effects of normal aging on the brain are examined. The physiological and biochemical alteration in the brain due to various pathological conditions are presented. These conditions include cerebrovascular disease, cerebral tumors, movement disorders, psychiatric disorders, dementia, epilepsy, and gene therapy.
Suppression of four-wave mixing in hot rubidium vapor using ladder scheme Raman absorption

We experimentally investigate the effectiveness of four-wave mixing suppression in a double-Λ interaction scheme by introducing an additional ladder-type two-photon Raman absorption resonance for one of the optical fields. We propose several possible interaction configurations involving either one or two isotopes of Rb and experimentally demonstrate the possibility of efficient four-wave mixing suppression in both electromagnetically induced transparency and far-detuned Raman cases.
miRNAs, Melanoma and Microenvironment: An Intricate Network

miRNAs are central players in cancer biology and they play a pivotal role in mediating the network communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment. In melanoma, miRNAs can impair or facilitate a wide array of processes, and here we will focus on: the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), the immune milieu, and metabolism. Multiple miRNAs can affect the EMT process, even at a distance, for example through exosome-mediated mechanisms. miRNAs also strongly act on some components of the immune system, regulating the activity of key elements such as antigen presenting cells, and can facilitate an immune evasive/suppressive phenotype. miRNAs are also involved in the regulation of metabolic processes, specifically in response to hypoxic stimuli where they can mediate the metabolic switch from an oxidative to a glycolytic metabolism. Overall, this review discusses and summarizes recent findings on miRNA regulation in the melanoma tumor microenvironment, analyzing their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Fear of recurrence among cancer survivors.

10053Background: Fear of cancer recurrence (FoCR) following definitive cancer therapy is often reported by patients, but little is known about who is most likely to be impacted, how FoCR influences...
Improving the Progress of Research & Development (R&D) Projects by Selecting an Optimal Alliance Structure and Partner Type

This paper extends the study of alliance governance structure by examining what alliance structure, coordination mechanisms and partner type best enhance the likelihood of Research and Development (R&D) progress or performance. We specially focus on the coordination and interaction mechanism of alliances, through which we classify the alliance governance structures in order to reflect the more complex alliance types and contracts used in today's R&D. Using data from 255 biopharmaceuticals between the years 2000 and 2004, we found that, ceteris paribus, a moderate degree of inter‐partner interaction and a moderately complex (non‐equity‐based) alliance contract contributes more to a better R&D alliance performance than those structures that are too simple or too organizationally embedded (e.g. equity joint ventures), which possibly increase the risk of misalignment and miscommunication between allies. In addition, due to the reduced opportunism and the diverse resource (e.g. technology) pooled in the alliance, allying with diverse organizational partners such as non‐profit research institutes and universities is more likely to enhance the R&D performance. Our findings provide insightful strategic implications to practitioners in designing an appropriate alliance governance structure and choosing the right partner type for a successful R&D collaboration.
Physical Modification of Starch

Abstract Physical modifications of starches are starch property modifications imparted by physical treatments that do not result in any chemical modification of the starch other than limited glycosidic bond cleavages. Thermal treatments include those that produce pregelatinized and granular cold-water-swelling starches, heat-moisture treatment, annealing, microwave and other heating of “dry” starch, and “osmotic pressure treatment.” Nonthermal treatments include sonication, milling, static ultrahigh (high hydrostatic) pressure treatments, use of high-pressure homogenizers, pulsed electric field, freezing and thawing, and freeze-drying.
Shopping orientation, store attributes, and apparel retail format preference

The U.S. apparel retail market has reached a very high level of intensity with a large variety of retailers evolved in the past 30 years. This changing environment requires apparel retailers to re-evaluate factors affecting consumers' choices of different retail formats. To fill the gap in the literature, this research intended to study the impact of shopping orientation and store attributes on consumers' apparel retail format preferences. A quantitative research with an online survey was conducted. A factor analysis was first used to identify the underlining dimensions of shopping orientation, store attributes, and apparel retail formats. Multiple regression was used to analyze the effects of shopping orientation and store attributes on apparel retail format preference. The findings reveal the preference of different apparel retail formats is predicted by different shopping orientations and the importance of different store attributes. The findings provide valuable insights to retailers to understand their market position and deliver shopping value that consumers seek and desire.
A Superconducting Tokamak Fusion Transmutation of Waste Reactor

We are developing a Fusion Transmutation of Waste Reactor (FTWR) concept—a subcritical, metal fuel, liquid metal cooled fast reactor driven by a tokamak DT fusion neutron source. An emphasis is placed on using nuclear, separation/processing and fusion technologies that either exist or are at an advanced state of development and on using plasma physics parameters that are supported by the existing database. We have previously discussed the general capabilities of DT tokamak neutron sources for driving transmutation reactors [1] and developed a design concept for a FTWR [2] based on normal conducting magnets. The concept has been further developed in papers dealing with nuclear design and safety [3] and with the evaluation of the potential impact on radioactive waste management [4]. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the FTWR design concept would change if superconducting magnets were used.
Proactive opt-in already exists

Boehm advocates a proactive approach in asking people whether they want to be an organ donor when they join a general practice.1 …
Distributed Adaptive Control: Beyond Single-Instant, Discrete Control Variables

In extensive form noncooperative game theory, at each instant t, each agent i sets its state x i independently of the other agents, by sampling an associated distribution, q i(x i). The coupling between the agents arises in the joint evolution of those distributions. Distributed control problems can be cast the same way. In those problems the system designer sets aspects of the joint evolution of the distributions to try to optimize the goal for the overall system. Now information theory tells us what the separate q i of the agents are most likely to be if the system were to have a particular expected value of the objective function G(x 1, x 2, ...). So one can view the job of the system designer as speeding an iterative process. Each step of that process starts with a specified value of E(G), and the convergence of the q i to the most likely set of distributions consistent with that value. After this the target value for E q(G) is lowered, and then the process repeats. Previous work has elaborated many schemes for implementing this process when the underlying variables x i all have a finite number of possible values and G does not extend to multiple instants in time. That work also is based on a fixed mapping from agents to control devices, so that the the statistical independence of the agents’ moves means independence of the device states. This paper also extends that work to relax all of these restrictions. This extends the applicability of that work to include continuous spaces and Reinforcement Learning. This paper also elaborates how some of that earlier work can be viewed as a first-principles justification of evolution-based search algorithms.
Electrokinetic and Optical Study of Ordered Polymer Colloids

The electrokinetic measurements demonstrate the necessity of pH control and the potential influence of salt concentration on the ordering phenomena. According to the modified concepts of effective hard sphere model and Kirkwood-Alder transition theory for ordered dispersions, the predicted phase diagram with the input of electrokinetic potential information agrees qualitatively with the literature data. This agreement implies that the order-disorder transition of a monodisperse latex dispersion results from electrostatic repulsive forces and has the same origin as the hard-sphere transition. Reflection spectrophotometry was employed to study the particle concentration and temperature dependence on the ordered structure of deionized monodisperse latices. Based on Bragg’s law, the experimental nearest interparticle distance was determined from the wavelength at the reflection peaks. The results show that the peaks become broader and are moved toward smaller wavelength with rising particle concentration. The experimental nearest interparticle distance (De) agrees reasonably well with the theoretical distance (Dt) calculated on the assumption of a perfect crystal lattice. The order-disorder transition temperature estimated from the attenuation of reflection intensity increased with increasing latex concentration.
A Five-Year Core for a Small Modular Light Water Reactor

To address the energy needs of developing countries and remote communities, Oregon State University has proposed the Multi-Application Small Light Water Reactor (MASLWR) design. This design uses 8%...
Disease-Triggered Drug Release Effectively Prevents Acute Inflammatory Flare-Ups, Achieving Reduced Dosing

For conditions with inflammatory flare-ups, fast drug-release from a depot is crucial to reduce cell infiltration and prevent long-term tissue destruction. While this concept has been explored for chronic diseases, preventing acute inflammatory flares has not been explored. To address this issue, a preventative inflammation-sensitive system is developed and applied to acute gout, a condition where millions of inflammatory cells are recruited rapidly, causing excruciating and debilitating pain. Rapid drug release is first demonstrated from a pH-responsive acetalated dextran particle loaded with dexamethasone (AcDex-DXM), reducing proinflammatory cytokines in vitro as efficiently as free drug. Then, using the air pouch model of gout, mice are pretreated 24 h before inducing inflammation. AcDex-DXM reduces overall cell infiltration with decreased neutrophils, increases monocytes, and diminishes cytokines and chemokines. In a more extended prophylaxis model, murine joints are pretreated eight days before initiating inflammation. After quantifying cell infiltration, only AcDex-DXM reduces the overall joint inflammation, where neither free drug nor a conventional drug-depot achieves adequate anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the superior efficacy of disease-triggered drug-delivery to prevent acute inflammation is demonstrated over free drug and slow-release depots. This approach and results promise exciting treatment opportunities for multiple inflammatory conditions suffering from acute flares.
An electrostatic method to model the expansion of hypervelocity impact plasma on positively biased surfaces

Spacecraft are a major component of infrastructure and are essential to modern society. Though launch opportunities are expected to become less expensive and more frequent through commercial launch providers, spacecraft design, manufacturing, and deployment processes are far from routine. In addition, a spacecraft's operational environment is riddled with numerous hazards that may jeopardize its performance, and with a cost to orbit of $10 000 per pound, there is a desire to protect our space assets and mitigate against damage. Meteoroids and orbital debris, which are components of the space environment, are two such threats to space vehicles. While larger objects endanger spacecraft mechanically, collisions are rare; however, bodies with masses smaller than a milligram impact frequently and at speeds up to 72.8 km s−1 if in solar orbit. Shortly after contact, projectile and spacecraft materials vaporize and ionize, resulting in an expanding plasma that may interfere with onboard sensors and equipment. These hypervelocity impacts have potentially been the source of unexplained electronic anomalies through arc discharge and electromagnetic emission mechanisms. To better understand the plasma structure, hypervelocity impact experiments were conducted at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany. Using their Van de Graaff dust accelerator and vacuum chamber, iron dust particles impacted typical spacecraft material targets with surface potentials ranging from –1000 V to +1000 V, representing charging conditions experienced in orbit. During this experiment, a suite of sensors measured impact plasma properties; among these sensors are two distinct arrays of charge collecting plates, termed Faraday plate arrays, positioned to describe the plasma's range and azimuthal distributions. The work discussed here presents a multi-species plasma expansion model and compares its results to those obtained experimentally. The particle model uses a tree structure to reduce computational complexity. The agreement between the simulated output and the sensor measurements provides confidence in the model's ability to replicate the plume accurately. Consequently, the model is used to provide initial plasma temperature and bulk expansion speed estimates, to explore the sensitivity of our measurements to shifts in sensor position, and to identify potentially hazardous regions on spacecraft.
BERT for Coreference Resolution: Baselines and Analysis.

We apply BERT to coreference resolution, achieving a new state of the art on the GAP (+11.5 F1) and OntoNotes (+3.9 F1) benchmarks. A qualitative analysis of model predictions indicates that, compared to ELMo and BERT-base, BERT-large is particularly better at distinguishing between related but distinct entities (e.g., President and CEO), but that there is still room for improvement in modeling document-level context, conversations, and mention paraphrasing. We will release all code and trained models upon publication.
Sinuous Antenna Design for UWB Radar

Sinuous antennas are capable of producing ultra-wideband radiation with polarization diversity. This capability makes the sinuous antenna an attractive candidate for UWB polarimetric radar applications. Additionally, the ability of the sinuous antenna to be implemented as a planar structure makes it a good fit for close in sensing applications such as ground penetrating radar. However, recent literature has shown the sinuous antenna to suffer from resonances which degrade performance. Such resonances produce late time ringing which is particularly troubling for pulsed close in sensing applications. The resonances occur in two forms: log-periodic resonances on the arms, and a resonance due to the sharp ends left by the outer truncation. A detailed investigation as to the correlation between the log-periodic resonances and the sinuous antenna design parameters indicates the resonances may be mitigated by selecting appropriate design parameters. In addition, a novel truncation method is proposed to remove the sharp end resonance.
Injection of Sample Bands from open Channels Into Packed Separation Columns

Numerical simulations are used to analyze injection of sample bands from an open channel into a packed separation column. Injection procedures commonly used for open channel systems are shown to produce poorly-formed dilute sample bands when the electroosmotic mobility within the packed separation column is considerably less than that of the adjacent open channels. Alternative procedures are suggested.
Using Power Infrastructures for Wildfire Detection in California

Large wildfires can cause significant damages to communities and ecosystems. In California in 2018, 87 people were killed, 2 billion acres were burned, and $16.5 billion in costs were incurred by the State. With increased drought and weather variability, this problem is likely only to worsen. In this paper we propose an approach for detecting early onset fires by leveraging equipment already deployed in existing power grid infrastructures, including those that cover remote areas. Our approach is based on the observation that radiated heat from fires quickly results in changes in transmission line temperatures and sag. As the transmission line temperature increase from radiated heat from a fire, the line also expands in length resulting in sag. By monitoring line temperatures and sag, we show that early onset wildfires (e.g. a 50 m2 wildfire) can be detected in less than a minute and up to 120m away from the transmission line.
Gone with the wind: westward dispersal across the Indian Ocean and island speciation in Hemicordulia dragonflies (Odonata: Corduliidae)

The taxonomy and biogeography of the western representatives of the largely Papuan-Australian genus Hemicordulia are discussed and compared with other alate fauna including butterflies, birds, bats and other dragonflies. Specimens from Malawi, Mozambique, Reunion, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda were compared with Indian specimens of H. asiatica , with which they were previously regarded conspecific. They are found to be distinct and are described as the continental H. africana n. sp. and those from Reunion as H. atrovirens n. sp. The three species were compared with H. similis of Madagascar and H. virens of Mauritius. Insufficient material of the Seychelles taxon H. similis delicata was available; it may represent another insular endemic species. The distribution of Hemicordulia is discussed in the light of the dispersal capacity of Odonata and the biogeography of taxa with similar distributions in the region, with an emphasis on the survival of ‘oceanic’ species on the continent. Recent (i.e. in the last few million years) trans-oceanic airborne dispersal aided by westward storms, is the most likely explanation for the distribution of the genus in Africa and the Indian Ocean islands, as well as for other winged animals of Asian affinities in the region. The world range of Hemicordulia is largely insular, broadly excluding continents, and H. africana n. sp. demonstrates ‘inverted insularity’: all continental sites are in proximity to large water bodies, such as the great African lakes. This pattern may be related to the climatological instability of these sites, which offer suitable cool habitat where competition is (temporarily) reduced. Hemicordulia prefer cool conditions, but may be vulnerable to overheating and competition with more warm-adapted species.
A New Division of Labor? Understanding Structural Violence Through Occupational Stress: An Examination of Entheseal Patterns and Osteoarthritis in the Hamann–Todd Collection

The objective of this study is to demonstrate whether entheses and osteoarthritis can be used to understand how structural violence impacts occupational stresses and, subsequently, economic opportunity by examining the amount of wear and patterning at each enthesis site in conjunction with osteoarthritis. This study indicates and examines the amount, type, and location of physical stress and labor that individuals were subjected to throughout their lives. This hypothesis was tested using a multivariable analysis based on examining stress over time (1913–1935) and two different sub-population samples (biological affinity and immigrant status) from the Hamann–Todd Osteological Collection, which consists of individuals who lived around the turn of the twentieth century in Cleveland, Ohio. The results demonstrate that entheses and osteoarthritis can be used as evidence for understanding structural violence and also highlight how physical and occupational stress are factors when examining the life experiences of marginalized population sub-groups.
Kernelized Classification in Deep Networks.

We propose a kernelized classification layer for deep networks. Although conventional deep networks introduce an abundance of nonlinearity for representation (feature) learning, they almost universally use a linear classifier on the learned feature vectors. We advocate a nonlinear classification layer by using the kernel trick on the softmax cross-entropy loss function during training and the scorer function during testing. However, the choice of the kernel remains a challenge. To tackle this, we theoretically show the possibility of optimizing over all possible positive definite kernels applicable to our problem setting. This theory is then used to device a new kernelized classification layer that learns the optimal kernel function for a given problem automatically within the deep network itself. We show the usefulness of the proposed nonlinear classification layer on several datasets and tasks.
Link-Level Abstraction of IEEE 802.11ay based on Quasi-Deterministic Channel Model from Measurements

In this paper, we analyze the performance of link-level abstraction for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and single-carrier (SC) modes in IEEE 802.11ay wireless systems over the 60GHz millimeter-wave band. In particular, we evaluate the effectiveness of the three existing effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) metric (ESM) schemes (i.e., exponential ESM (EESM), mean mutual information per coded bit (MMIB) and post-processing ESM (PPESM)). Furthermore, to deal with the issue that EESM calibration is dominated by channel realizations with poor error performance, we introduce a classification based EESM (CEESM) scheme with a new metric named coefficient of variation, which is used to measure the severity of frequency-selective fading. Finally, we present several important insights developed through extensive experimentation. Based on our validation results, the MMIB and PPESM can be employed with minimum computational complexity for OFDM and SC modes, respectively. In contrast, EESM and CEESM can be considered for both modes with better accuracy, but at a cost of high implementation complexity.
Application of Optical Techniques to Hardware Assurance

The backside of modern Integrated Circuits (ICs) is becoming an open backdoor for malicious hardware attackers to take advantage of. Aided by new Failure Analysis (FA) optical techniques, e.g., Photon Emission Analysis (PEA), optical probing, and Laser Fault Injection (LFI), hackers pose a serious threat to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive information on a chip. In addition, optical backside attacks can risk semiconductor intellectual property (IP) protection mechanisms, such as logic locking. In this chapter, we start by reviewing some of the FA techniques through the perspective of optical attack. We then outline an attack model, discuss combinational and sequential logic locking, and focus on the corresponding state space obfuscation methodology. Attack procedures are described on how to break into the obfuscation systems, and the existing countermeasures and their limitations are discussed. Finally, the hardware assurance view point is discussed, in which a new approach for hardware Trojan detection is covered.
Couple, parent, and infant characteristics and perceptions of conflictual coparenting over the transition to parenthood

This study examined trajectories of new parents’ perceptions of conflictual coparenting and predictors thereof. Partners in 182 dual-earner different-gender U.S. couples reported their prenatal mar...
Ray Tracing for Radio Propagation Modeling: Principles and Applications

This paper reviews the basic concepts of rays, ray tracing algorithms, and radio propagation modeling using ray tracing methods. We focus on the fundamental concepts and the development of practical ray tracing algorithms. The most recent progress and a future perspective of ray tracing are also discussed. We envision propagation modeling in the near future as an intelligent, accurate, and real-time system in which ray tracing plays an important role. This review is especially useful for experts who are developing new ray tracing algorithms to enhance modeling accuracy and improve computational speed.
Occurrence of a Uridine Diphosphate Glucose:Sterol Glucosyltransferase in Candida bogoriensis

Abstract Crude extracts prepared by sonicating Candida bogoriensis cells catalyzed the incorporation of radioactivity from UDP-[14C]glucose into a lipid different from the hydroxydocosanoic acid glycosides also formed by this organism. 1-Butanol-acetone extraction of lyophilized crude extract made the glycosyltransferase dependent upon added C. bogoriensis lipids. The active lipid acceptor was purified and identified as ergosterol, and both authentic ergosterol and cholesterol were effective in stimulating glucosyltransferase activity. Incubation of the 1-butanol-acetone extract with UDP-[14C]glucose and [1,2-3H]cholesterol yielded a glycolipid product containing equimolar amounts of 14C and 3H. The product was stable to sodium methoxide but was hydrolyzed in methanolic HCl, and therefore has the properties of cholesteryl glucoside. The crude UDP-glucose: sterol glucosyltransferase was stimulated by ethanol in the range of 7 to 15% by volume, and retained activity in up to 20% ethanol.
Interaction of Radiation with Matter

As explained in Section 1.5, this chapter deals with the interaction of radiation with matter. This is a very wide field, sometimes also called photophysics, and we will therefore limit our discussion here to those phenomena that are relevant to matter acting as an active laser medium. So, after an introductory section dealing with the theory of blackbody radiation, a milestone for the whole of modern radiation physics, we will consider the elementary processes of absorption, stimulated emission, spontaneous emission, and nonradiative decay. They will first be considered within the simplifying assumptions of a dilute medium and a low beam intensity. Furthermore, most of the initial considerations will be limited to a medium consisting of atoms. Following this, situations involving a high beam intensity and a medium that is not dilute (leading to the phenomena of saturation, superradiance, superfluorescence, and amplified spontaneous emission) will be considered. The final section will then extend some of the earlier discussion to the more complicated case of a molecular system. A number of very important, although perhaps less general, topics relating to the photophysics of semiconductors, dye molecules, and color centers will be briefly considered in Chapter 6 just prior to the discussion of the corresponding laser.
A Look at TPS

Certain aspects of the theorem proving system TPS are described. Type theory with λ-abstraction has been chosen as the logical language of TPS so that statements from many fields of mathematics and other disciplines can be expressed in terms accessible to the system.
Carcinosarcoma of the endometrium.

Abstract It is apparent from the foregoing review that a controversy exists as to whether carcinosarcoma of the endometrium is a distinct clinical entity or merely a variation of the usual carcinoma of the endometrium. The opinions of eminent authorities like Willis and Novak, who incline to the latter theory, cannot be disregarded. It is their belief that the histologic appearance of the tissue in these cases is the result of sarcomatous metaplasia secondary to exudation and inflammation which accompany tumors of the endometrium. On the other hand, evidence has been recorded by other astute observers to the effect that a malignant endometrial neoplasm exists which differs from the commonly occurring variety of adenocarcinoma both in pathology and clinical behavior, especially in its rapidly fatal course, despite the institution of all forms of therapy which have had fairly favorable results in the management of carcinoma of the endometrium. After a review of the evidence, it would seem in the interest of clarity that the diagnosis of “carcinosarcoma” should be deleted from the nomenclature and a separate category of “pleomorphic carcinoma” recognized as a distinct subdivision of carcinoma of the endometrium. Thus, whenever sarcomatous metaplasia is noted histologically, one might anticipate a clinical course entirely different from that which is usually associated with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. The usual forms of treatment (x-ray, radium, hysterectomy) which have a moderate success in the usual case of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium could not be considered as equally efficacious in those of what may be recognized as “pleomorphic carcinomas.” Whatever the treatment in such cases, the inevitable prognosis would appear to be rapid metastases with a fatal termination within a relatively short period.
2.5 Gb/sec wavelength conversion using monolithically-integrated photodetector and directly modulated widely-tunable SGDBR laser

A novel monolithically-integrated tunable wavelength converter is presented. The wavelength converter provides >0 dBm output power, a tuning range of 20 nm and allows signal monitoring. Error free operation at 2.5 Gb/s with an nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) 2/sup 31/-1 PRBS is demonstrated.
Failure to rescue as a source of variation in hospital mortality after hepatic surgery

Background The mechanisms that underlie the association between high surgical volume and improved outcomes remain uncertain. This study examined the impact of complications and failure to rescue patients from these complications on mortality following hepatic resection. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to identify patients who had liver surgery between 2000 and 2010. Hospital volume was stratified into tertiles (low, intermediate and high). Rates of major complications, failure to rescue and mortality following hepatic surgery were compared. Results Some 9874 patients were identified. The major complication rate was 19·6 per cent in low-volume, 19·3 per cent in intermediate-volume and 16·6 per cent in high-volume hospitals (P < 0·001). Most common major complications included respiratory insufficiency or failure (8·8 per cent), acute renal failure (4·2 per cent) and gastrointestinal bleeding (3·9 per cent), with each of these complications being less common in high-volume hospitals (P < 0·050). The incidence of major morbidity following hepatectomy remained the same over the past decade, but failure to rescue patients from these complications decreased (P = 0·011). The overall inpatient mortality rate following liver surgery was 3·2 per cent (3·8, 3·6 and 2·3 per cent for low-, intermediate- and high-volume hospitals respectively; P < 0·001). The rate of failure to rescue (death after a complication) was higher at low- and intermediate-volume hospitals (16·8 and 16·1 per cent respectively) compared with high-volume hospitals (11·8 per cent) (P = 0·032). After accounting for patient and hospital characteristics, patients treated at low-volume hospitals who had a complication were 40 per cent more likely to die than patients with a complication in a high-volume hospital (odds ratio 1·40, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·02 to 1·93). Conclusion The risk of death following hepatic surgery is lower at high-volume hospitals. The reduction in mortality appears to be the result of both lower complication rates and a better ability in high-volume hospitals to rescue patients with major complications.
Pulsed laser photofragment emission for detection of mercuric chloride.

The viability of pulsed laser photofragment emission (PFE) is evaluated for the in situ measurement of vapor-phase mercuric chloride (HgCl2) concentration in combustion flue gas. Dispersed emissions from both the Hg (63P1) and HgCl (B2Σ+) photoproducts are presented, and the dependence of the HgCl2 PFE signal originating from Hg (63P1) on the collisional environment is examined for buffer-gas mixtures of N2, O2, and CO2. Integrated PFE intensity measurements as a function of buffer gas pressure support the assumption that the primary effect of the relevant flue gas constituents is to quench emission from Hg (63P1). The quenching rate constants for PFE from HgCl2 were measured to be 1.37 (±0.16)×105 Torr-1 s-1 for N2, 9.35 (±0.25)×106 Torr-1 s-1 for O2, and 1.49 (±0.29)×106 Torr-1 s-1 for CO2. These values are in good accord with literature values for the quenching of Hg (63P1). The emission cross section for Hg (63P1) generated by photodissociation of HgCl2 in 760 Torr N2 is found to be 1.0 (±0.2)×10-25 m2 by comparing the PFE signal to N2 Raman scattering.
ERdj5 Reductase Cooperates with Protein Disulfide Isomerase To Promote Simian Virus 40 Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Translocation

UNLABELLED The nonenveloped polyomavirus (PyV) simian virus 40 (SV40) traffics from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it penetrates the ER membrane to reach the cytosol before mobilizing into the nucleus to cause infection. Prior to ER membrane penetration, ER lumenal factors impart structural rearrangements to the virus, generating a translocation-competent virion capable of crossing the ER membrane. Here we identify ERdj5 as an ER enzyme that reduces SV40's disulfide bonds, a reaction important for its ER membrane transport and infection. ERdj5 also mediates human BK PyV infection. This enzyme cooperates with protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a redox chaperone previously implicated in the unfolding of SV40, to fully stimulate membrane penetration. Negative-stain electron microscopy of ER-localized SV40 suggests that ERdj5 and PDI impart structural rearrangements to the virus. These conformational changes enable SV40 to engage BAP31, an ER membrane protein essential for supporting membrane penetration of the virus. Uncoupling of SV40 from BAP31 traps the virus in ER subdomains called foci, which likely serve as depots from where SV40 gains access to the cytosol. Our study thus pinpoints two ER lumenal factors that coordinately prime SV40 for ER membrane translocation and establishes a functional connection between lumenal and membrane events driving this process. IMPORTANCE PyVs are established etiologic agents of many debilitating human diseases, especially in immunocompromised individuals. To infect cells at the cellular level, this virus family must penetrate the host ER membrane to reach the cytosol, a critical entry step. In this report, we identify two ER lumenal factors that prepare the virus for ER membrane translocation and connect these lumenal events with events on the ER membrane. Pinpointing cellular components necessary for supporting PyV infection should lead to rational therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating PyV-related diseases.
Oral arginine supplementation does not affect lymphocyte proliferation during endotoxin-induced inflammation in rats.

Earlier studies from this laboratory were unable to confirm reported immunostimulatory effects of supplemental dietary arginine on healthy, unstressed young or aged rats. The present study was undertaken to determine effects of oral arginine supplementation on in vitro measures of immune function using a stressed rat model. The stressor used was intraperitoneal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg body wt). Four-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed in either a control or an arginine-supplemented (7.5 g/L arginine-HCl in drinking water) group for 7 d, after which control and supplemented rats received injections of endotoxin or phosphate-buffered saline
Manufacturing Expertise for the People: The Open‐Source Hardware Movement in Japan

Manufacturing itself is changing as open-source sentiment grows with the “maker” movement, especially in FabLabs around the world. “Makers” are open-source hardware enthusiasts who want anyone to be able to make almost anything. This ethnographic research, conducted in 2013, centers on the “makers” in FabLabs in Japan. The research addresses cultural coherence among actors – human and machine – in these FabLabs, and changing notions of expertise enabled by open-source, DIY manufacturing practices. Are modern machines like 3D printers changing manufacturing? Will they change the world?
Calcium channel β4 (CACNB4): Human ortholog of the mouse epilepsy gene lethargic

The mouse neurological mutant lethargic (lh) is characterized by ataxia, focal myoclonus, and absence epilepsy due to a loss-of-function mutation in the beta4 subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel. To evaluate the role of this channel subunit in human neurological disease, we determined the chromosomal location and intron/exon structure of the human CACNB4 gene. The 1560-bp open reading frame of the CACNB4 cDNA predicts a 58-kDa protein with an amino acid sequence that is 99% identical to the rat protein. The 13 coding exons of CACNB4 span >55 kb of genomic DNA. Human cerebellar RNA contains one major CACNB4 transcript that is 9 kb in length. Expression of CACNB4 was detected in cerebellum, kidney, testis, retina, lymphoblasts, and circulating lymphocytes. Retinal transcripts were localized by in situ hybridization to ganglion cells and the inner nuclear layer. Analysis of the GeneBridge 4 radiation hybrid mapping panel localized CACNB4 to position 791 cR on human chromosome 2, in a conserved linkage group on human 2q22-q31 and mouse chromosome 2. We localized CACNB4 to the 1.3-Mb YAC clone 952F10 in Whitehead contig WC861, along with the polymorphic markers D2S2236 and D2S2299. The chromosomal linkage of three of the four beta subunit genes to homeobox gene clusters associates the evolutionary origin of the beta gene family with the events that generated the four HOX clusters early in vertebrate evolution.