cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of anilinum in dyeing by spectrophotometry with direct marinating

Objective:To establish the spectrophotometry method for determining anilinum in dyeing.Methods:Anilinum was first extrated by marinating,then was filtered and determined by spectrophotometry.Results:Beer′s law was obeyed in the range of 0～50 μg,relational coefficient being r=0.99992.The relative standard deviation was 2.8%.The recovery was 96.0%～101.0%.Conclusion:This is a simple,rapid and reliable method for determination of anilinum in dyeing with simple device.
Religion and Secularism among American Party Activists

Prior work has shown party activists and religious divisions to be two of the leading causes of party polarization in American politics. Using the Convention Delegate Studies, we examine the interaction between these two culprits and their impact on party polarization. We leverage a novel measure of secularism in the latest wave of the Convention Delegate Studies to demonstrate that active secularism is distinct both conceptually and statistically from low religiosity. Furthermore, we show that both religiosity and secularism drive party activists to take more extreme policy positions, to identify themselves as more ideologically extreme, and to exhibit less support for compromise. As the Democratic and Republican Parties have become more secular and religious, respectively, these results suggest religious polarization may compound existing divisions between the two parties and exacerbate the partisan divide in American politics.
The dissolution of the dyad in psychiatry: implications for the understanding of patient-therapist sexual misconduct.

The evolution of psychiatry has included a reduction in the conceptualization the doctor-patient relationship as a therapeutic dyad, a concept in which therapist and patient are seen as two dynamic...
Seeds of Dissent in the 1940s and 1950s

The New Left was a product of three historical developments that took place during and after World War II. These rapid shifts in the social and political landscape made radicalism seem treasonous but created the possibility of change.
Nanoindentation Study of Yielding and Plasticity of Poly(methyl methacrylate)

In this study, an experimental approach is used to characterize the geometrical and micromechanical properties of the shear transformation zones (STZs) in glassy polymers. Nanoindentation experiments have been conducted on both as-cast and annealed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at different strain rates and temperatures, utilizing continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) technique at room temperature indentations, and conventional loading rate control method for nanoindentations at elevated temperatures. Employing a homogeneous flow theory for analyzing the experimental data, the geometrical properties of the STZs are observed to be almost independent of the thermal history of the samples. While the transformation shear strain of the STZ in PMMA is found to be slightly smaller than that in glassy metals, the size of the STZ in this polymer is shown to be at least 10 times of that in metallic glasses. On the other hand, the activation energy of a single STZ is found to change drastically with annealing. I...
Dysregulated corticostriatal activity in open-field behavior and the head-twitch response induced by the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine

Abstract The substituted amphetamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), is a hallucinogen that has been used to model a variety of psychiatric conditions. Here, we studied the effect of DOI on neural activity recorded simultaneously in the primary motor cortex (M1) and dorsal striatum of freely behaving FvB/N mice. DOI significantly decreased the firing rate of individually isolated neurons in M1 and dorsal striatum relative to pre-drug baseline. It also induced a bursting pattern of activity by increasing both the number of spikes within a burst and burst duration. In addition, DOI increased coincident firing between simultaneously recorded neuron pairs within the striatum and between M1 and dorsal striatum. Local field potential (LFP) activity also increased in coherence between M1 and dorsal striatum after DOI in the low frequency gamma band (30–50 Hz), while corticostriatal coherence in delta, theta, alpha, and beta activity decreased. We also assessed corticostriatal LFP activity in relation to the DOI-induced head-twitch response (HTR), a readily identifiable behavior used to assess potential treatments for the conditions it models. The HTR was associated with increased delta and decreased theta power in both M1 and dorsal striatum. Together, our results suggest that DOI dysregulates corticostriatal communication and that the HTR is associated with this dysregulation.
Comparison of Outcomes Between 2-Year Survivors After Myeloablative and Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Abstract Abstract 3307 Poster Board III-195 Myeloablative (MA) and reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) are both effective treatment approaches for patients with otherwise incurable hematologic diseases. However, patients who survive beyond 2 years are still at risk for significant morbidity and mortality. Differences in these later post-transplant outcomes may exist between those patients who received MA and RIC regimens. We therefore investigated outcomes on 677 patients (590 MA and 87 RIC) with hematologic diseases who underwent alloHSCT at our institution from 1/90-12/06. 235 MA and 37 RIC patients survived >2 years (40% vs. 42%, respectively, p=0.63). Factors predictive for surviving >2 years on multivariable analysis included younger age, greater Karnofsky performance status (KPS) at transplant, related donor and HLA matched donor. For > 2 yrs survivors, as compared to those treated with MA conditioning the RIC patients were older (median age 55 vs. 39 yrs, p 2 yr survivors 178 (76%) MA and 28 (76%) RIC patients remain alive at median follow-ups of 72 (range, 3-196) vs. 33 mos (range, 5-86), respectively (p Download : Download high-res image (86KB) Download : Download full-size image Myeloid disease status was also predictive of lower disease relapse (p=0.005) and better relapse-free survival (p=0.014) on multivariable analysis. However, no differences in CMV infection, other infections, incidence and severity of chronic GVHD, relapse, RFS or OS were found when comparing MA vs. RIC patients for myeloid and lymphoid diseases independently. We conclude that the majority of MA and RIC patients surviving >2yrs after alloHSCT remain alive and relapse-free. The superior RFS for patients with myeloid diseases is likely related to a more robust graft-vs-malignancy effect. Further strategies with novel approaches to decrease late relapses for these patients are warranted. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The good, the bad, and the gradient: The role of losers in code-switching

Although formal analyses of code-switching have enjoyed some success in determining which structures and interfaces are more fertile environments for switches than others, research exposing recalcitrant counter-examples to proposed constraints and axioms responsible for governing code-switching is abound. We advance the claim here that sub-optimal representations, i.e., losers , stand to reveal important information regarding the interaction of grammatical principles and processing strategies of bilingual speakers and that any comprehensive analysis of code-switching phenomena should include them. These losers are the result of gradient activation in both input and output forms. We demonstrate how the formalism Gradient Symbolic Computation (GSC; Smolensky et al., 2014 ) can account for both of these observed facets of bilingual grammars in a unified manner. Building upon the work of Goldrick et al. ( 2016a , b ), we provide an analysis of mixed determiner phrases (DPs) as an example of the fundamental components of a GSC-analysis.
Designing for Generative Activities: Expanding Spaces for Learning and Teaching

The focus of this chapter is on issues of equity in generative activities and in SimCalc’s goal of democratizing access to rigorous mathematics. Changes in content, opportunities to participate, and avenues for students to draw on the varied cultural and linguistic resources they bring to learning are explored. They are also theorized in light of research findings from SimCalc and other network-supported activities. I explore expansion in classroom social spaces resulting from the multiplicity of ways that students can participate and contribute. The expansion that emerges via engaging varieties of students’ backgrounds and cultural displays is central to efforts to pursue equity through generative design of networked classrooms.
Flexible Semi-Automatic Arm Design for Minimally Invasive Surgery

This paper proposes the design of a flexible multisensor surgical manipulator to be used in Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS). The proposed system constitutes intrinsically actuated flexible arm, drive mechanism, and control system. Flexibility is achieved by connecting and actuating varying length discrete rigid links with micromotor equipped with rotary encoder. Comprehensive design details are presented on the basis of choice of micromotor, torque requirement, and degree of freedom achievement. The design was tested with dynamic simulation. The proposed system provides infrastructure for semi-automatic control using multivariable control theory to help the surgeon to follow a predetermined surgical path. Furthermore, it accounts for the limitations of existing MIS manipulators. It is believed that the result of the paper will have practical impacts on making flexible surgical arms more accurate and user friendly than its existing counterparts.
Improving Linkage, Retention, and Reengagement in HIV Care in 12 Metropolitan Areas.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed the Enhanced Comprehensive HIV Prevention Planning (ECHPP) project to support 12 health departments’ improvement of their HIV prevention and...
Endoscopic Therapy of Colorectal Carcinoma

Colon cancer is a common but often preventable disease. Although surgery is the mainstay of therapy, endoscopic therapy is helpful in managing selected cases of early colorectal cancer (CRC) and may offer palliation in advanced CRC. The role of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), snare polypectomy, colonic stenting, argon plasma coagulation (APC), and photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) in colon cancer is discussed.
Bias on the web

Bias in Web data and use taints the algorithms behind Web-based applications, delivering equally biased results.
The use of delayed computerized tomography in the evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma : A preliminary report

This purpose of this study was to analyze the use of abdominal computed tomography (CT) imaging in patients with possible blunt abdominal trauma. A retrospective analysis of all trauma patients over a 1-year period (1993-1994) was conducted, with prospective study protocol in 52 patients using serial abdominal exam and hematocrits (Hcts) instead of abdominal CT for evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma. Urgent abdominal CT was used as the initial diagnostic test for evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma in 813 patients over this 1-year period. CT was obtained in 379 (46.6%) of these patients who arrived hemodynamically stable (admission systolic blood pressure > or = 90), had a Glasgow Coma Scale > 13, and had admission Hct > or = 35 because of distracting injuries, possible traumatic brain injury, or alcohol/drug use, which might render the abdominal physical exam unreliable. Only 47 CT scans (12.4%) were positive, and three patients (0.8%) required laparotomy. In an effort to more efficiently use abdominal CT, we performed a prospective study in 52 patients with possible blunt abdominal trauma, admission systolic blood pressure > or = 90, Hct > or = 35, Glasgow Coma Scale > 13, and a normal abdominal exam on admission. These patients were followed with serial abdominal examinations and Hcts every 6 hours for 24 hours, and delayed CT, when applicable. CT was obtained in seven patients (13.5%) for evaluation of fall in Hct or abnormal abdominal examination; all were negative for abdominal injury. A protocol using serial abdominal exams, Hcts, and delayed abdominal CT imaging may be useful in select patients to decrease the high number of negative routine abdominal CTs that are obtained in the evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma.
Outcomes of Per Oral Endoscopic Pyloromyotomy in the United States.

Per oral endoscopic pyloromyotomy (POP) has emerged as an endoscopic intervention for refractory gastroparesis. Early experience in the United States showed exciting clinical response rate, reduced gastroparesis symptoms, improved quality of life, and decreased gastric-emptying time during midterm follow-up up to 18 months. One recent study also showed that the number of patient emergency room visits and hospitalizations decreased significantly after POP. The procedure is technically feasible and safe. As more data become available, it is important to identify patients who would benefit most from this novel procedure.
The impact of race and insurance status on baseline histopathology profile in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease process characterized by different phenotypes and histopathology profiles. Race and access to care have been implicated in CRS disease severity. Structural histopathology reporting may aid in delineating the inflammatory burden responsible for this effect. METHODS A structured histopathology report of 14 variables was utilized to assess sinus tissue removed during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Histopathology variables and 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores were compared by race (Black, White, Latino, and Asian) and insurance status (Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance). RESULTS A total of 201 CRS patients (124 White, 38 Black, 28 Latino, and 9 Asian) undergoing FESS were included. Black patients demonstrated increased SNOT-22 scores (50.74 ± 20.32 vs 41.47 ± 22.75, p 5/HPF) (60.5% vs 44.8%, p 5/HPF) (65.4% vs 45.1%, p 5/HPF) (p < 0.183). CONCLUSION Black and Medicaid patients demonstrated more severe disease by histopathology and SNOT-22 scores. These findings were no longer significant among Black patients after adjusting for insurance status, suggesting that the prevailing factor influencing worse disease may be access to care.
Conical Folds -- an Artefact of using Simple Geometric Shapes to Describe a Complex Geologic Structure

Abstract Reliance on π-diagrams and tangent plots to describe fold geometry has created an unwarranted status for conical folds at the expense of periclines. Analysis of virtual periclines using synthetic stereograms, tangent diagrams, and geologic curvature analysis demonstrates small portions of periclines are “cylindrical.” The more significant “non-cylindrical” portion of periclines allows for a mathematically permissible, but unrealistic, geometrical representation as portions of cones. We demonstrate cones are an extremely poor geometric representation of both the virtual periclines and examples of natural non-cylindrical folds. “Conical folds,” if they exist, terminate at a point; the amplitude to width ratio and the plunge of the crestal line must remain constant towards the fold terminus, with a Gaussian curvature of zero. In contrast, the amplitude to width ratio, plunge along the crestal line, and Gaussian curvature of periclines vary towards the fold terminus. These differences have important implications for the rheological modeling of folds, and while realistic dynamic models for periclines exist, models for conical fold formation remain conceptual. We suggest that in order to advance our understanding of how folds form, it may be “pointless” to continue the misconception of conical folds as an accurate geometric representation of how folds end.
Knowledge Portfolios as Intermediaries Between Human Capital Experiences and Performance

In the modern gig economy with ad hoc project teams that get disbanded soon after project completion, firms have to rely on experienced human capital to build their knowledge portfolios which they ...
Funding Feminism: Monied Women, Philanthropy, and the Women’s Movement, 1870–1967

The women’s movement is often referenced in terms of waves, but it has always been a continuous movement (Cobble, Gordon, & Henry, 2014). Funding Feminism focuses on a largely overlooked aspect of ...
Double-Ballooned Local Drug Delivery Catheter with Blood Bypassing Function

We present a double-ballooned catheter that enables both local drug delivery and blood bypassing at the same time. Such catheters are targeted for high-dose local drug treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis, allowing for extended use without causing downstream ischemia. The device is composed of two flexible balloons that can isolate the lesion under inflation. Local drug delivery can be achieved using the inner catheters while a blood bypassing catheter allows for continuous blood flow. The functionalities of the catheter are validated in both benchtop and live pig experiments.
Why Environmental Zero-Sum Games are Real

Most environmental policies have winners and losers. That is one reason why it is such a contested terrain. One might argue that these policies benefit society overall, but it rarely feels like a benefit to the local resource-dependent communities or polluting industries and their employees. Indeed, just as the environmental justice movement emphasizes protection of local communities from the harms of broader economic interests, the zero-sum tension in regulatory contexts is most salient when the winners are geographically diffuse and the losers are locally concentrated. The difference, of course, is that environmental policy increasingly is coming to the rescue of the local community in the case of environmental justice, whereas it can be the agent of locally concentrated economic harm in the case of environmental regulation. The local community of losers in those cases sense that they are trapped in a zero-sum conflict where they need to stand their ground against distant opposing interests who would have them reduce their emissions, water usage, or timber harvest for the benefit of the greater good. “Either I win and continue the status quo, or they win and I have to pay, or perhaps even go out of business,” as they see it. Appeals to the intrinsic value of nature do not get very far with most people who feel rammed into such “loser” situations. In this chapter contribution to the ELI edited volume, Beyond Zero Sum Environmentalism, we explore how to think about and respond to this form of zero-sum thinking.
Parallel multiphoton excited fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds using a diffractive optical element

Multiphoton excited photochemistry is a powerful technique for freeform nano/microfabrication. However, the construction of large and complex structures using single point scanning is slow, where this is a significant limitation for biological investigations. We demonstrate increased throughput via parallel fabrication using a diffractive optical element. To implement an approach with large field of view and near-theoretical resolution, a scan lens was designed that is optimized for using low-magnification high NA objective lenses. We demonstrate that with this approach it is possible to synthesize large scaffolds at speeds several times faster than by single point scanning.
Entropy fluctuations reveal microscopic interactions

A key element of thermodynamics is small entropy fluctuations away from local maxima at equilibrium. These fluctuating entropy decreases become proportionally larger as the volume decreases within some thermodynamic system. Lessened entropy indicates the formation of organized fluctuating mesoscopic structures. These structures depend upon the microscopic interactions present among the atomic constituents of the system. Entropy fluctuations may be represented by a thermodynamic information metric yielding directly a thermodynamic Ricci curvature scalar R. R is a thermodynamic invariant that is a measure of mesoscopic structure formation within the system. In my talk, I discuss the calculation and the physical interpretation of R in several scenarios: fluid systems, including supercooled liquid water, simple solids, spin systems, quantum fluid models, the quark-meson plasma, and black hole thermodynamics. This range of applications offers a strong argument for the effectiveness of R within thermodynamics.
When thyroid labs do not add up, physicians should ask patients about biotin supplements

A 69-year-old woman with a remote history of Graves’ disease treated with radioactive iodine ablation, who was maintained on a stable dose of levothyroxine for 15 years, presented with abnormal and fluctuating thyroid function tests which were confusing. After extensive evaluation, no diagnosis could be made, and it became difficult to optimise the levothyroxine dose, until we became aware of the recently recognised biotin-induced lab interference. It was then noticed that her medication list included biotin 10 mg two times per day. After holding the biotin and repeating the thyroid function tests, the labs made more sense, and the patient was easily made euthyroid with appropriate dose adjustment. We also investigated our own laboratory, and identified the thyroid labs that are performed with biotin-containing assays and developed strategies to increase the awareness about this lab artefact in our clinics.
The Non-traditional Family

In 1960, approximately 73% of U.S. children younger than 18 years of age were living in a home with two married heterosexual parents in their first marriage (Pew Research Center 2014). The ‘nuclear family’ as depicted in the popular media of time included, almost exclusively, legal and biological determinants in defining familial structure. At the federal-level, marriage was legally defined as the union of one man and one woman, and also prohibited adoption for same-sex couples (Defense of Marriage Act 1996); many states followed with state-level DOMAs. Concurrently, the definition of family was also confined to biological children, leaving out the use of alternative methods of pregnancy such as artificial insemination or surrogacy. This family formation is called the SNAF, or the Standard North American Family (Smith 1993). The SNAF is a factually and historically inaccurate representation of the family.
Text and Subtext: On the Example of Two Poems by Boris Pasternak

A close reading of two poems by Boris Pasternak (“A Storm in July” and “To the Memory of Demon”). Both poems are considered to be inverted variants (or “antitexts”) of Russian classical poems by Fiodor Tiutchev and Mikhail Lermontov (Tiutchev‘s “Spring Storm” and Lermontov‘s “Demon,” respectively). According to the author, this technique may be typical for many other poetic texts written by Pasternak.
Multiple chronic conditions and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia among older Americans: findings from the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS)

This study examined the relationship between multiple chronic conditions (MCC) and risk of cognitive impairment with no dementia (CIND) and dementia among older Americans. A sample of 637 individua...
A Comparison of the Percentage of “Yes” (Agree) Responses and Importance of Attributes (Constructs) Determined Using Check-All-That-Apply and Check-All-Statements (Yes/No) Question Formats in Five Countries

Check All That Apply (CATA) has become a popular type of questionnaire response in sensory/consumer research in recent years. However, some authors have pointed out potential problems with the method. An online survey using either a Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) or Check-All-Statements (CAS) format for questions was conducted to provide a deeper understanding of the response data using the two question formats. With CATA, respondents select all terms or statements that apply from a given list, while, with CAS, respondents must respond (e.g., yes/no or agree/disagree) to each term or statement to show that it applies or does not apply. Respondents from five countries (Brazil, China, India, Spain, and the USA) were randomly assigned one of the two question formats (N = 200 per country per method). Motivations for eating items that belong to five food groups (starchy, protein, dairy, fruits, and desserts) were assessed. Results showed that CAS had higher percentages of “agree” responses than CATA. Also, the response ratio of CAS and CATA data was different, suggesting that interpretations of the data from each response type would also be different. Respondents in the USA, China, and Spain took longer to complete the CAS questionnaire, while respondents in Brazil and India had similar time durations for the two question formats. Overall, the CATA format was liked slightly more than the CAS format and fewer respondents dropped out of the survey when using the CATA response type. These findings suggest that the CATA format is quick and relatively easy for consumers to complete. However, it provokes fewer “apply” responses, which some psychologists suggest underestimates applicable terms or statements and CATA provides a different interpretation of data than the CAS format that requires consumers to respond to each term or statement. Further, CAS may overestimate the applicable terms. Consumer insights collected using CATA and CAS can lead to different decisions due to differences in data interpretation by researchers (e.g., marketers, nutritionists, product developers, and sensory scientists). More investigation is needed for the CATA and CAS question formats.
Presentation of Rare Unstable Hemoglobinopathy in Mother and Son

Introduction Unstable hemoglobinopathies are rare genetic disorders that make up 10-25% of all hemolytic anemia disorders. It is often misdiagnosed for hereditary spherocytosis, aplastic anemia or iron deficiency anemia. Delay in diagnosis can alter management. We present two cases of Hemoglobin (Hb) Genova in a mother and child. Case Report Patient is a 41 year old female with history of anemia and scleral icterus as a child. She was initially diagnosed with hereditary spherocytosis and underwent splenectomy at the age of 19. Post-surgery her scleral icterus had resolved, …
Substantive Parenting Arrangements in the USA: Unpacking the Policy Choices

Policy makers in the US currently debate whether to keep discretionary child custody standards, that is, “best interests of the child” clarified by some factors, or to move to a more rule-based system, such as a presumptive shared parenting regime. This article briefly sets out the problem, theoretical and evidence-based ways of approaching it, and some new results from a study of court documents from one US state indicating that a strong presumption of shared custody is associated with an increase in post-decree domestic violence. While presumptions or de facto rules should facilitate bargaining, these results may tip the balance towards the standards plus factors approach.
INTEGRATED MODELING: AN AVIONICS CASE STUDY

Integrated Modeling is a methodology that synthesizes the functional, physical, performance, and managerial designs of a system. It makes use of Quality Function Deployment, real time structured methods, and metrics to produce linked and checkable system designs. Integrated Modeling is an outgrowth of experience in applying structured methodologies to avionics systems. This paper describes the application of Integrated Modeling to a simplified radar warning receiver. This study grew out of a larger re-engineering study of a major avionics system. This case study simplifies the system, but explicitly integrates the performance, functional, and physical projections of the system.
Prepubertal Gonorrhea: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Forty-six children less than 12 years of age with gonorrhea were studied over a 4½-year period. The investigation was conducted by a multidisciplinary team including physicians, social workers, and health department representatives. Extensive interviewing and routine culturing of contacts eventually identified the source of gonorrhea in 38/46 (83%) children. Males, both adult and preadolescent, were implicated as the source of gonorrhea almost twice as often as the child9s mother. Nineteen children were victims of sexual assault, but only four of them had a hymenal orifice larger than one fingerbreadth. Compliance, both in pursuing the history and obtaining cultures of contacts, was significantly increased by admission to the hospital. A Gram stain and culture for gonorrhea should be done in all children presenting with vaginal discharge regardless of history. Hospitalization of children with suspected gonorrhea greatly facilitates the contact identification.
The Role of Interpersonal Communication in Reducing Structural Disparities and Psychosocial Deficiencies: Experience From the Malawi BRIDGE Project

Conceptualizing disparities as comprising both psychosocial and structural components, we hypothesized that interpersonal communication would moderate the effects of disparities on knowledge and HIV prevention behaviors. Using data (N = 3,843) from the Malawi BRIDGE Project, we examined the effects of project exposure on knowledge, HIV testing, condom use, and condom use intentions. Controlling for known predictors, exposure to the intervention was associated with knowledge and HIV testing but not with condom use or intention. The effect of campaign exposure on knowledge and HIV testing was heightened by interpersonal discussion. Interpersonal communication also heightened the effect of community norms on condom use, suggesting that interventions can garner greater effects and reduce disparities if they promote interpersonal discussion.
RNA Structure: Roles of Divalent Metal Ions

Divalent metal ions play an important role in charge neutralization and incorrectly folding RNA into its three-dimensional structure. They also play a potentially important role in the catalytic activity of RNA. Keywords: RNA; divalent metal ions; catalysis; structure and folding; thermodynamics
Phytoestrogens and phytosterols.

Abstract This chapter compares the estrogenic and related toxic effects of isoflavones, coumestrol, lignans, zearalenone (a fungal estrogen) and phytosterols, considered to be the major naturally occurring potential estrogens in the human diet. Estrogenicity and toxic dose/responses are compared among these compounds and across sexes and species, and key experimental approaches in vitro and in vivo are critiqued. Dietary exposures to these various compounds are estimated, and compared with extrapolated toxic doses considered to be most relevant to humans. Risk management for naturally occurring dietary estrogens is discussed.
Bonemapping: a LiDAR processing and visualization technique in support of archaeology under the canopy

For the past decade, archaeologists have been using LiDAR or Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS)-based methods to uncover trace signatures of human civilization in the landscape. A new technique called b...
Significant Others and Self-Esteem: Methods for Determining Who and Why.

The early work of Cooley (1912) established the importance of the appraisals of significant others in the development of self-esteem. Subsequent research identified parents and peers as significant others and offered some dimensions of significance. Much of this work utilized researchers' assumptions that there is a common basis for self-esteem and a standard set of significance dimensions. This paper reports the results of a series of questions posed to children and youths to determine the verbal and nonverbal behaviors that "earn" significance. Their qualitatively rich responses demonstrated the effectiveness of the format and procedures with groups of different ages, cultures, and ethnic backgrounds. Data could be categorized meaningfully in regard to who is significant, what they do or say, how this impacts on self-esteem, and how subjects react to this feedback. Evaluation indicates that this exploratory methodology elicits valuable information which adults can use in order to have a significant influence on the self-esteem of children. The methodology also raises additional questions and indicates the direction of future research.
Runtime incremental parallel scheduling (RIPS) for large-scale parallel computers

Runtime incremental parallel scheduling (RIPS) is an alternative strategy to the commonly used dynamic scheduling. In this scheduling strategy, the system scheduling activity alternates with the underlying computation work. RIPS utilizes advanced parallel scheduling techniques to produce a low-overhead, high-quality load balancing and adapts to applications of nonuniform structures. >
Protection against radiation-induced oxidative stress in cultured human epithelial cells by treatment with antioxidant agents.

Purpose: To evaluate the protective effects of antioxidant agents against space radiation-induced oxidative stress in cultured human epithelial cells. Methods and Materials: The effects of selected concentrations of N -acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, co-enzyme Q10, α-lipoic acid, l-selenomethionine, and vitamin E succinate on radiation-induced oxidative stress were evaluated in MCF10 human breast epithelial cells exposed to radiation with X-rays, γ-rays, protons, or high mass, high atomic number, and high energy particles using a dichlorofluorescein assay. Results: The results demonstrated that these antioxidants are effective in protecting against radiation-induced oxidative stress and complete or nearly complete protection was achieved by treating the cells with a combination of these agents before and during the radiation exposure. Conclusion: The combination of antioxidants evaluated in this study is likely be a promising countermeasure for protection against space radiation-induced adverse biologic effects.
The effect of lead on insecticide metabolism.

ABSTRACTThe possibility that lead could affect the metabolism of the insecticide 1,1-dichloro-2, 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, DDD, was examined by studies of the effects of chronic oral Pb treatment on DDD conversion to 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid, DDA. Rats were given either distilled deionized water or 0.05, 0.58, 17 or 352 ppm Pb solutions as drinking water. Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured weekly.Rats drinking 352 ppm lead chloride manifested a statistically significant increase in blood pressure. Rats drinking 352 ppm and 17 ppm lead chloride showed a significant decrease in the rate of weight gain compared to controls. All groups showed an increase in the excretion of total DDA compared to controls.
Characterization and Temperature Dependence of PAH Emissions from a Simulated Rubber Combustion Operation

The operation investigated uses two induction furnaces for removal of rubber from tracked-vehicle treads. A laboratory-scale simulation of the field operation was employed to generate emissions at 399 degrees C (750 degrees F) and 677 degrees C (1250 degrees F), and emission samples were collected using glass fiber filters and Tenax as the sampling media. Sampling and analytical methods were developed and evaluated with 10 representative polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used to characterize emissions. The PAH were profiled as subsets and graphically displayed as micrograms (micrograms) of emissions per kilogram of rubber and as percentages of total emissions. In each subset, relative amounts of PAH were found to be related to combustion temperatures. Identical coal tar pitch volatiles (CTPV) exposures to emissions generated at the two temperatures studied would result in a 178-fold difference in exposure to carcinogenic PAH.
Hydroxyethyl starch and dexamethasone as an adjunct to leukocyte separation with the IBM blood cell separator.

A total of 67 leukaphereses were performed with the IBM blood cell separator (BCS) on 50 healthy donors for the purpose of obtaining a clinically useful number of granulocytes for infusion into patients with acute leukemia and granulocytopenia accompanied by severe infection. The pretreatment of donors with dexamethasone and the addition of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) to the input line of the BCS significantly increased the total number of granulocytes collected, as compared to the total number of granulocytes harvested either by dexamethasone pretreatment only or by the absence of dexamethasone and HES. A mean of 2.03 × 1010, 1.58 × 1010, and 1.07 × 1010 total granulocytes was collected by the HES plus dexamethasone, by dexamethasone alone and with neither HES or dexamethasone, respectively. The efficiency of cell collection, as evidenced by the total number of granulocytes harvested per liter of blood processed, was also significantly improved by the combined use of HES and dexamethasone. The results of the present study demonstrates that a clinically useful number of granulocytes can be harvested and made available for supportive therapy to patients experiencing granulocytopenia caused by malignant disease or its treatment.
On the Question of Molecular Flexibility in Nematogenic Compounds

Abstract A statistical thermodynamic model is used to interpret the nematic-isotropic transitional entropy increment per methylene group for the dialkoxyazoxybenzene series and the infinite dilution activity coefficients of n-alkane solutes in the nematic phase of two members of this series. Existing evidence and the findings of this study indicate that there is an appreciable population of alkyl chain conformations other than the all trans one, both in the nematic phase and, more so, in the isotropic liquid phase.
Facile fabrication of nanogap electrodes for suspended graphene characterization using direct ion beam patterning

Graphene is a two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms with exceptional electronic and mechanical properties, giving it tremendous potential in nanoelectromechanical system devices. Here, we present a method to easily and reproducibly fabricate suspended graphene nanoribbons across nanogap electrodes of various separation lengths, demonstrating a technique with aggressive gap scalability and device geometry control. Fabrication is based on using a focused gallium ion beam to create a slit between joined electrodes prepatterened on a 100 nm thick silicon nitride membrane. The transparency of the nitride membrane provides reduced ion backscattering and adds milling resolution. Large-area monolayer graphene grown by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition was transferred onto the silicon nitride chip and patterned into a free-standing ribbon geometry via electron beam lithography on organic ebeam resist followed by an O 2 plasma etch. We find that commonly used inorganic negative tone resist that requires a buffered oxide etch for resist removal will attack the adhesion layer (Cr 2 O 3 ) between the electrode and nitride membrane, which is exposed immediately after milling, so an organic resist was selected to avoid this. Using this technique, we fabricate freestanding graphene devices contacted by electrodes of sub-100 nm separation length and preform a comparative study on the effects of current annealing on device resistance. The gap resolution of this technique is limited by the gallium ion beam, which allows for sub-100 nm gaps. Sub-10 nm gaps are feasible with He ion beams, proving direct applications in probing the high field transport properties of graphene nanoribbons at post-CMOS length scales.
Spatial Perception in Desktop Virtual Environments

This study investigated perceptual and cognitive issues relating to manipulations of geometric field of view (GFOV) in three-dimensional perspective displays and the effects of incorporating virtual environment enhancements in the interface based on visual momentum (VM) techniques. Sixty participants, who were pretested for spatial ability, were required to navigate through a virtual office building while estimating space dimensions and performing spatial orientation tasks. A 3 − 2 − 2 mixed-subjects design compared three levels of GFOV, two levels of VM, and two levels of Difficulty. This study effectively demonstrates that the spatial characteristics of architectural representations in perspective displays are not always accurately perceived. Furthermore, the results indicate that manipulations in GFOV can produce perceptual and cognitive errors for the basic space dimensions in perspective displays; however, VM can be used to compensate for many of the biases shown to occur.
Dielectric Loss in CaF2 Doped with Oxygen Ions

Dielectric loss was measured on CaF2 single crystals heated in air at 750° C for 30 hr to introduce O2- ions. The loss measurements were made in parallel and in perpendicular directions to the CaF2 surface region which contained most of the O2-. The layer containing O2- was more conducting and therefore produced a space charge relaxation near 10 kcps at 210°C. A similar loss peak was previously reported as due to oxygen ion-fluorine vacancy dipole relaxation.
The effect of short-term starvation on ovarian development and egg viability in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract Adult female rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed a commercial trout production diet until approximately 40 days prior to spawning at which time the fish were divided in two groups. One group continued to be fed while the other group was starved until spawning. Egg size, egg number, ovary weight, and egg proximate composition were examined periodically starting 5 months before spawning. Muscle tissues of the fish were sampled at spawning to measure somatic depletion of proximate consituents in the two groups. Egg hatchability was determined by incubating test lots from each spawning female. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in egg hatchability between the fed and starved groups. Changes in proximate composition were observed in the eggs during the months prior to spawning, but no differences were detected between the eggs of the starved and the fed groups. Short-term starvation did not significantly alter the proximate composition of muscle tissue of the spawned female trout.
Non fermi liquid ground states in strongly correlated f-electron materials

Experimental efforts to characterize and develop an understanding of non Fermi liquid (NFL) behavior at low temperature in f-electron materials are reviewed for three f-electron systems: M1−xUxPd3 (M = Sc, Y), U1−xThxPd2Al3, and UCu5−xPdx. The emerging systematics of NFL behavior in f-electron systems, based on the present sample of nearly ten f-electron systems, is updated. Many of the f-electron systems exhibit the following temperature dependences of the electrical resistivity p, specific heat C, and magnetic susceptibility χ for T ≪ T0, where To is a characteristic temperature: P(T) ∼ 1 –aT/T0, where a 0, C(T)/T ∼ (-1/To) In (T/bT0), and χ(T) ∼ 1 −c(T/To)1/2. In several of the f-electron systems, the characteristic temperature To can be identified with the Kondo temperature Tk.
HINTERLAND DELIMITATION: A DISTANCE MINIMIZING APPROACH

(1963). HINTERLAND DELIMITATION: A DISTANCE MINIMIZING APPROACH. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 7-10.
An immunofluorescence study of the calcium-induced coordinated reorganization of microfilaments, keratin intermediate filaments, and microtubules in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes

Indirect immunoflurorescence microscopy has ben used to investigate the coordinated reorganization of microtubules, microfilaments, and keratin intermediate filaments in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes following a switch from low-Ca++ (0.15 mM) medium to high-Ca++ (1.05 mM) medium. A dramatic reorganization occurs concurrently in the three major cytoskeletal components shortly after the calcium switch. The most prominent features are the alignment of keratin filaments at the plasma membranes of apposed cells, the induction of microfilament rings, the restriction of microtubules to the area within the boundaries of the microfilament rings, and the alignments of actin bundles at cell borders. Additional changes are observed in terminally differentiated cells. This is the first report that describes simultaneous changes in the organization of the three major cytoskeletal components of epidermal keratinocytes. Cytochalasin D and demecolcine (colcemid) studies were performed to determine whether the organization of microtubules, microfilaments, and keratin filaments, as well as the calcium-induced reorganization of these cytoskeletal elements, may be dependent on the existence of structural relationships between them. These studies demonstrate that the disruption of microfilaments results in the formation of keratin filament alignments occurs even in the absence of intact microfilament alignments occurs even in the absence of intact microfilaments. In addition, it was found that Ca++-induced reorganization of microfilaments and keratin filaments is not dependent on an intact microtubule network. furthermore, the reorganization actin into concentration rings can be dissociated from changes in the organization of keratin filaments.
Magnetization reversal in Fe/GaAs (100) thin films

Abstract The angular dependence of the magnetization process in Fe/GaAs (100) thin films was studied using the magneto-optical Kerr effects. This angular dependence of the reversal process is discussed in terms of coherent rotation and domain nucleation models for the reversal mechanisms.
Effect of stimulus onset delay in visual search by monkeys

Control of visual fixations was studied as three stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) performed on a search task. The presentation of each visual stimulus was delayed for a short time (0-163 msec) after the beginning of a fixation on the location of that stimulus. The duration of visual fixations increased as a function of stimulus onset delay up to 130 msec. However, the increase in fixation duration was only half the stimulus onset delay imposed. This result suggests that oculomotor reactions are facilitated by longer foreperiods in a manner similar to other disjunctive reactions.