cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic analysis of particle engulfmemt.

An asymptotic analysis is conducted on the interaction between an insoluble spherical particle and an advancing solid-liquid interface when the particle is in the near-contact region (gap thickness is much smaller than the particle's radius). The analysis considers only thermal effects in a pure substance. The interface equilibrium temperature includes the undercooling effects due to the front curvature and to the long-range intermolecular forces in the thin melt film behind the particle. An expression for the crystal-particle gap thickness is derived and used to calculate the threshold value for the front velocity ${V}_{T}$ which separates pushing from engulfment.
Transcription of mammalian satellite DNAs by homologous DNA-dependent RNA polymerases

Abstract 1. The in vitro transcription of mouse and monkey satellite DNAs by mouse and monkey RNA polymerases I and II was compared with the transcription of mouse and monkey main band DNAs. All of the DNA fractions were copied by all of the RNA polymerases. Further, the DNA-dependence curves for the transcription of both single- and double-stranded DNAs showed no significant differences between satellite and main band DNA templates. The polymerases showed no species specificity with respect to the DNA templates. Thus, the lack of in vivo transcription of mouse satellite DNA is not reflected by the in vitro transcription patterns. 2. Mouse RNA polymerase I transcribed douplex mouse satellite DNA symmetrically: RNA polymerase II showed about a 5-fold preference for the heavy strand of the duplex DNA. In contrast, both mouse polymerases I and II transcribed the isolated heavy and light single strands of mouse satellite DNA with about equal efficiency. The fidelity of transcription of duplex mouse satellite DNA by mouse RNA polymerase II was confirmed by in situ cytological hybridization of the RNA product. 3. Shearing with concomitant nicking had no effect on the transcription of double-stranded DNA by mouse RNA polymerases I and II over a 100-fold range in DNA molecular weights. At saturating DNA concentrations the transcription of sheared, single-stranded DNA was about half as efficient as the transcription of unsheared, single-stranded DNA.
A phenological study of the essential oils of the peel of Valencia oranges

Abstract The major climatic regions of the United States Citrus Belt are discussed. The influences of the environmental differences on the length of fruit-crop years for Valencia oranges are related. Climatic differences can produce major differences in the length of the fruit-crop year and associated rates of fruit maturity. Quantitative changes in the composition of the essential rind oils are associated with stages of fruit maturity. Edaphic and climatic factors showed negligible changes in the rind oils if the samples compared were of comparable maturity stages.
Finite Element Response Sensitivity Analysis of Steel-Concrete Composite Beams with Deformable Shear Connection

The behavior of steel-concrete composite beams is strongly influenced by the type of shear connection between the steel beam and the concrete slab. For accurate analytical predictions, the structural model must account for the interlayer slip between these two components. In numerous engineering applications (e.g., in the fields of structural optimization, structural reliability analysis, and finite element model updating), accurate response sensitivity calculations are needed as much as the corresponding response simulation results. This paper focuses on a procedure for response sensitivity analysis of steel-concrete composite structures using displacement-based locking-free frame elements including deformable shear connection with fiber discretization of the cross section. Realistic cyclic uniaxial constitutive laws are adopted for the steel and concrete materials as well as for the shear connection. The finite element response sensitivity analysis is performed according to the direct differentiation method. The concrete and shear connection material models as well as the static condensation procedure at the element level are extended for response sensitivity computations. Two steel-concrete composite structures for which experimental test results are available in the literature are used as realistic testbeds for response and response sensitivity analysis. These benchmark structures consist of a nonsymmetric, two-span continuous beam subjected to monotonic loading and a frame subassemblage under cyclic loading. The new analytical derivations for response sensitivity calculations and their computer implementation are validated through forward finite difference analysis based on the two benchmark examples considered. Selected sensitivity analysis results are shown for validation purposes and for quantifying the effect and relative importance of the various material parameters in regards to the nonlinear monotonic and cyclic response of the testbed structures.
Reconciliation of Rotavirus Temperature-Sensitive Mutant Collections and Assignment of Reassortment Groups D, J, and K to Genome Segments

Four rotavirus SA11 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants and seven rotavirus RRV ts mutants, isolated at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and not genetically characterized, were assigned to reassortment groups by pairwise crosses with the SA11 mutant group prototypes isolated and characterized at Baylor College of Medicine (BCM). Among the NIH mutants, three of the RRV mutants and all four SA11 mutants contained mutations in single reassortment groups, and four RRV mutants contained mutations in multiple groups. One NIH mutant [RRVtsK(2)] identified the previously undefined 11th reassortment group (K) expected for rotavirus. Three NIH single mutant RRV viruses, RRVtsD(7), RRVtsJ(5), and RRVtsK(2), were in reassortment groups not previously mapped to genome segments. These mutants were mapped using classical genetic methods, including backcrosses to demonstrate reversion or suppression in reassortants with incongruent genotype and temperature phenotype. Once located to specific genome segments by genetic means, the mutations responsible for the ts phenotype were identified by sequencing. The reassortment group K mutant RRVtsK(2) maps to genome segment 9 and has a Thr280Ileu mutation in the capsid surface glycoprotein VP7. The group D mutant RRVtsD(7) maps to segment 5 and has a Leu140Val mutation in the nonstructural interferon (IFN) antagonist protein NSP1. The group J mutant RRVtsJ(5) maps to segment 11 and has an Ala182Gly mutation affecting only the NSP5 open reading frame. Rotavirus ts mutation groups are now mapped to 9 of the 11 rotavirus genome segments. Possible segment locations of the two remaining unmapped ts mutant groups are discussed.
The Power Function of the Test for ‘No Three Factor Interaction’ in 2×2×2 Contingency Tables

Three approximations to the power function of the chi-square test for the hypotheses of ‘no three factor interaction’ in a 2 × 2 × 2 contingency table are introduced and compared. The first method is based on the sampling distribution of the logarithm of the odds ratio, the second-on the non-central X2 distribution and the third—on the conditional distribution of a cell entry. The last method is found to provide the closest approximation under various alternative hypotheses and sample sizes.
MOBILITY OF ELECTRONS IN LOW-TEMPERATURE HELIUM GAS.

Experimental measurement of the mobility of photoelectrons in low-temperature helium gas is described. At the highest gas densities (near the normal boiling point) the mobility is lower than the value predicted by kinetic theory by four orders of magnitude. At intermediate density a transition region occurs, and at the lowest densities studied, the mobility approaches the kinetic-theory limit. A theoretical discussion of the interaction of a slow electron with a collection of helium atoms is given, and it is shown that at high density and low temperature a correlated ("bubble") state becomes thermodynamically stable. The theory predicts correctly the mobility at high density, the critical density at which the transition occurs, and the approach to the kinetic-theory value at low density. It does not, however, account for the details of the transition region. The observations, and their interpretation, provide strong support for the "bubble" model for electrons in liquid helium.
Winter Feeding of Channel Catfish Based on Maximum Air Temperature

Abstract A relationship between food consumption by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and maximum daily air temperature resulted in the development of a winter feeding program that has potential application for any geographical location.
A new model for the CuxS:CdS photovoltaic cell

A new model is proposed to explain major aspects of the observed behavior of CuxS:CdS photovoltaic cells. The main feature of the model is an interlayer of a material with a band gap of ≈ 1.8 eV (probably Cu1.93S) which can be created and dissipated at a Cu2S:CdS interface by a thermal and a photochemical process, respectively. On the basis of the model explanations are given for various experimental results previously published in the literature, such as the high open-circuit voltage measured on some CuxS:CdS photovoltaic cells by Chamberlin and Skarman, and changes in spectral response after heat treatment and illumination with bias light. A model to explain the effects of an initial heat treatment on the performance of CuxS:CdS solar cells is also proposed. Es wird ein neues Modell vorgeschlagen, das die wesentlichen Eigenschaften von CuxS:CdS erklart. Es berucksichtigt eine Zwischenschicht eines Materials mit einer Breite der verbotenen Zone ≈ 1.8 eV (wahrscheinlich Cu1.93S), die durch thermische bzw. photochemische Prozesse erzeugt bzw. vernichtet werden kann. Durch dieses Modell konnen viele Resultate aus der Literatur erklart werden, wie z. B. die hohe EMK, die an einigen CuxS:CdS-Zellen von Chamberlin und Skarman gemessen wurde, und die Veranderung der spektralen Verteilung der Photoempfindlichkeit nach dem Tempern und nach Belichtung. Auserdem wird ein Modell zur Erklarung des Einflusses eines jungfraulichen Temperns von CuxS:CdS vorgeschlagen.
Broad-complex function during oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Broad-Complex (BR-C) appears to encode factors that mediate ecdysone effects during the larva-adult transition. The main goal of this study was to gain insight into what roles the BR-C might play during oogenesis. The main findings are as follows. First, as determined by heteroallele studies and clonal analysis, de12 is a somatic line mutation that appears to fall into the broad domain of the BR-C. Second, the de12 mutation is associated with the insertion of the gypsy transposon at position 169.5 (Chao and Guild, Embo J, 1986, 5:143–150) in the BR-C domain. In its new context this gypsy element exhibits ovarianspecific activation. Both this gypsy activation and the de12 phenotype are partially suppressible by su(f) and su(Hw). Third, we have identified a set of transcripts that cross-hybridize with BR-C sequence spanning the gypsy insertion site (166–179). There are significant differences in these cross-hybridizing species, both in size and relative abundance, between de12 and its parent strain. Finally we have determined that in de12 there is a premature arrest of chorion gene amplification in the late stages of oogenesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Personality correlates of heroic rescue during the holocaust

This study investigated the extent to which personality variables can be used to discriminate non-Jewish heroes of the Holocaust from bystanders and from a comparison group of prewar European immigrants who left their countries of origin prior to World War II. Eighty verified rescuers, 73 bystanders, and 43 immigrants were administered measures of locus of control, autonomy, risk taking, social responsibility, tolerance/authoritarianism, empathy, and altruistic moral reasoning. A three-group discriminant function analysis was able to correctly classify 80.2% of the sample by a combination of personality and demographic variables. When the bystanders and immigrants, who differed very little from each other, were grouped together and compared to the rescuers, the personality variables alone correctly classified 93.1% of the sample. Implications regarding the relationship between personality and altruistic behavior, as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.
Results of Treatment in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease: A Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors and Survival in 341 Successive Patients

Factors that affect survival in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are still only partially understood. We report an analysis on a cohort of 341 successive patients who started ESRD treatment in one institution. Survival was calculated from the start of ESRD treatment, whether initial treatment was by dialysis (335 patients) or transplantation (6 patients). Analysis of factors affecting survival was done using the Cox multivariate hazard analysis. Relative risks were calculated for several demographic factors, the primary renal disease, the presence or absence of various high-risk co-morbid factors, and for a first transplant from a living-related or cadaver donor. Older patients, patients with no prior health insurance, those with diabetic nephropathy, and those with small kidneys of unknown cause had statistically significantly higher risks of dying. The risk of dying decreased by year of start of ESRD treatment. Living related donor transplantation was associated with a decreased hazard to age 45 years and older; whereas cadaver donor transplantation was associated with a hazard that increased with age and was significantly increased by age 45.
Dynamic Tool Sharing with Best Matching Protocols for Efficient Assembly Line Balancing

In a typical assembly line, workstations can be classified into two sets: A) Fully loaded ( i.e. , bottleneck) and B) Partially loaded, with respect to the total processing times of their tasks and the cycle time. Collaborative Control Theory (CCT) is applied in this paper for efficient Assembly Line Balancing (ALB). Collaboration is carried out through: 1) Dynamic Tool Sharing (TS) between workstations in Sets A and B, and 2) Dynamic Best Matching (BM) between tasks and workstations. The purpose: Minimize the number of workstations and the cycle time, thus maximizing the line utilization/efficiency and the production throughput, and increase capability in dealing with demand variability. Collaboration between workstations is enabled, under TS protocol, in order for the workstations in Set A to make use of idle tools of workstations in Set B, thus minimizing the total processing time of the bottleneck workstation(s) ( i.e. , cycle time). A dynamic BM protocol is designed for optimal matching of tasks to workstations with respect to their processing times, precedence relations, and the cycle time. A bi-objective Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP) formulation is developed for modeling and analyzing the ALB-TS-BM decisions, minimizing the number of workstations ( i.e., Type -I ALB), and the average cycle time ( i.e. , Type -II ALB). A Fuzzy Goal Programming (FGP) method with imprecise goal hierarchy is applied for solving the bi-objective MIP model. The ALB-TS-BM model is original and first ALB solution method to consider CCT by TS, generalizable to and implementable in various instances of ALB problems through proper application of CCT principles. An illustrative example is used to exemplify the concept and its advantages over conventional ALB methods.
Subcorneal pustular dermatosis in dogs and in human beings: Comparative aspects

Subcorneal pustular dermatosis is a rare disorder in dogs and in human beings. A retrospective study of 13 cases of canine subcorneal pustular dermatosis indicates that many of the clinicopathologic features of this disease are similar in both species. In both the condition is characterized by a variably pruritic, sterile, pustular eruption that is resistant to antibiotics and glucocorticoids. The therapeutic response to dapsone is not uniformly successful in either species, and the disorder tends to be chronic and recurrent.
Worst case operating frequency determination of CMOS digital VLSI circuits operating in radiation environments

There are in existence a number of CAD tools that perform circuit simulations and analyze circuit performance before fabrication. Most of these simulators do not take long-term environmental effects into account. These environmental effects on VLSI circuits are specifically more important for performance estimation in hostile environments such as high temperature and space radiation environments. The ICs designed for normal environments fail to function normally in these hostile environments. A study is made of the effects of one such environment, the space-radiation environment, on CMOS digital circuits, and methods for extending the operational life of a part by changing operating parameters, namely, operating frequency, are proposed. Although the study specifically concentrates on the space environment, the concept can be applied to any hostile environment. >
Dietary energy balance modulates ovarian cancer progression and metastasis

A high energy balance, or caloric excess, accounts as a tumor promoting factor, while a negative energy balance via caloric restriction, has been shown to delay cancer progression. The effect of energy balance on ovarian cancer progression was investigated in an isogeneic immunocompetent mouse model of epithelial ovarian cancer kept on a regimen of regular diet, high energy diet (HED) and calorie restricted diet (CRD), prior to inoculating the animals intraperitoneally with the mouse ovarian surface epithelial ID8 cancer cells. Tumor evaluation revealed that mice group on HED displayed the most extensive tumor formation with the highest tumor score at all organ sites (diaphragm, peritoneum, bowel, liver, kidney, spleen), accompanied with increased levels of insulin, leptin, insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), VEGF and interleukin 6 (IL-6). On the other hand, the mice group on CRD exhibited the least tumor burden associated with a significant reduction in levels of insulin, IGF-1, leptin, MCP-1, VEGF and IL-6. Immunohistochemistry analysis of tumors from HED mice showed higher activation of Akt and mTOR with decreased adenosine monophosphate activated kinase (AMPK) and SIRT1 activation, while tumors from the CRD group exhibited the reverse profile. In conclusion, ovarian cancer growth and metastasis occurred more aggressively under HED conditions and was significantly curtailed under CRD. The suggested mechanism involves modulated secretion of growth factors, cytokines and altered regulation of AMPK and SIRT1 that converges on mTOR inhibition. While the role of a high energy state in ovarian cancer has not been confirnmed in the literature, the current findings support investigating the potential impact of diet modulation as adjunct to other anticancer therapies and as possible individualized treatment strategy of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Associative polarization-encoded optical shadow casting: gray-level image encoding for serial and parallel operations

An efficient algorithm for designing a serial and parallel multioutput logic unit using an associative polarization-encoded optical shadow-casting technique is presented. Devices designed as such have a unique content-addressable associative memory where each of the memory locations has dual addresses. For illustration, the proposed algorithm has been used to design a serial-output and a parallel-output 2-bit gray adder.
Problems of Manufacturing Nanocrystalline Yttrium Silicate Materials

Technology of producing single crystal scintillators is rather a hard and complex technological task connected with a very low output issue (15-50%) of the material and the restricted area of its application. Recent efforts of scientists are directed toward searching for alternative ways for producing these materials. It was established that high-performance ceramic scintillation materials for producing the scintillators could be prepared by using powder metallurgy techniques. However despite of certain achievements in this area, transparency of ceramic scintillators is still under the question. In our opinion a key to the solution of the problem lies in preparing scintillators in nanocrystalline structural state. A technology developed on the basis of the modified Sol-Gel method shows possibilities of manufacturing number of standard (as well as new hard to obtain as single crystals) scintillation materials. Present work is dedicated to the problems of manufacturing yttrium orthosilicate (Y2SiO5)-as of one of the perspective scintillation materials.
Assessment of brain tumor angiogenesis inhibitors using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: quality and analysis results of a phase I trial.

Purpose: To determine thresholds of quality for a T2*weighted perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study and evaluate the effects of an angiogenesis inhibitor on relative blood flow and volume changes in brain tumor patients in a multi-institution setting. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 volunteers from four participating institutions with clinically diagnosed malignant gliomas were studied using perfusion MRI protocols. These included a baseline study and follow-up studies every eight weeks to evaluate the effect of an anti-angiogenic agent on tumor perfusion. Quality tests were performed on the perfusion imaging data by defining statistical thresholds of acceptance. Region of interest (ROI) analysis was performed on tumors and kinetic parameters were normalized with respect to normal tissue. Results: Statistical thresholds for goodness of the gamma variate fit, T2* recovery, and mean signal full-width halfminimum (FWHMin) were computed for our data sets with a 99% one-sided confidence interval; these were 6.91%, 79.48%, and 23.35 seconds, respectively. Decreases inblood volume and flow measurements were observed in patients with documented clinical response. Conclusion: Malignant brain tumors have altered perfusion parameters that may be used to understand and monitor neovascularization. This permits non-invasive assessment of the efficacy of angiogenesis inhibiting drugs.
A method to reduce temperature overshoots in immersion cooling of microelectronic devices

It is demonstrated that the generation of vapor below a heated surface is an effective means of reducing the large superheat required for inception of boiling with liquids suitable for direct-immersion cooling of microelectronic devices. In experiments with R-113 and a plain copper heat sink surface, the incipient boiling superheat was reduced from 33 K to as low as 8 K. With sintered boiling surfaces, the incipient boiling superheat was reduced from 22 K to as low as 7 K. A reasonable explanation for the effectiveness of this sparging technique is that the impacting bubbles activate temporarily dormant cavities that, in turn, activate large neighboring cavities. The technique appears to be easily adaptable to liquid incapsulated modules containing arrays of microelectronic devices such as chips. >
Improved instruction fetching with a new block-based cache scheme

Instruction fetch speeds are improved by using cache schemes that are based on dynamic flow of program instructions. Variable-sized block cache (VSBC) is a new instruction scheme that stores basic code blocks and their boundaries as traces. Current trace- or block-based cache schemes usually have some instructions stored repeatedly; this redundancy is eliminated in VSBC. The studies done so far, in single- and multi-threaded environments, have shown improvements in trace miss rate. Other aspects of VSBC performance such as trace length and latency are being studied.
Perigastric appendagitis: CT and clinical features in eight patients

Aim To describe perigastric appendagitis (PA) on CT as a new and distinct clinical entity to enable recognition and prevent additional unnecessary investigation or intervention. Materials and methods Institutional review board approval was obtained and informed consent was waived. Retrospective review of the clinical data and CT findings in eight patients with PA encountered over 10 years at one institution was performed. The English literature was reviewed and summarized. Two experienced abdominal radiologists reviewed the CT images by consensus. Results Seven of eight patients had moderate to severe epigastric pain for 1–7 days. All eight patients (four men, four women; mean age 44 years, range 33–81 years) had no fever or leukocytosis. All underwent abdominal CT which showed ovoid fat inflammation along the course of the perigastric ligaments (gastrohepatic, gastrosplenic, and falciform). Two had gastric wall thickening. Although the inflammation was correctly described, the specific diagnosis was not made on initial interpretation in five patients. Subsequently, they underwent further diagnostic testing [an upper gastrointestinal examination and hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) cholescintigraphy, an upper endoscopy and MRI examination, HIDA cholescintigraphy, another CT, and an MRI examination, respectively]. The HIDA cholescintigraphy, upper GI examination, and upper endoscopy examinations were normal. No repeated examination was performed on the other three patients. Pain resolved spontaneously in all within two days. Conclusion Perigastric appendagitis can present with an acute abdomen, which is safely managed conservatively if diagnosed correctly. Radiologists should be aware of the entity to avoid unnecessary intervention, and recognize the CT findings of ovoid fat inflammation in the distribution of the perigastric ligaments.
Modeling a major source of economic resilience to disasters: recapturing lost production

Terrorist attacks and natural disasters have potentially severe economic consequences in terms of property damage and business interruption. However, experience from the September 11 World Trade Center attack and other disasters indicates that the economy has a great deal of resilience. This refers to the ability to dampen the maximum potential economic output (business interruption) loss. One of the most prominent sources of resilience is the ability of businesses to reschedule, or recapture, lost production after the event. Although there have been applications of a fixed parameter recapture factor for each of several aggregated sectors of the economy, there has been little formal analysis of this resilience action. This study offers a theoretic framework for analyzing production rescheduling. It distinguishes the major conditions influencing two aspects that have previously been neglected: (1) the maximum time span over which the rescheduling can take place and (2) the likely decline of the maximum recapture as the business interruption increases. We divide the relevant time path into two periods after recovery. One is a function of a recaptured output path after recovery to the status of normal production. The other is a function for the maximum recaptured production, based on the recaptured output path. The recaptured output path function is assumed to follow a normal distribution function, and hence, total recaptured output follows the cumulative normal distribution function over time after productive capacity is restored. Also, we develop a new cumulative normal distribution function for interruption time duration, which is symmetric with respect to the output axis. This recapture function has unknown parameters. Empirical data on the recaptured amounts following an actual disaster can be used to estimate the parameters of this function using simulation methods.
Reduced-order modeling for hyperthermia control

The feasibility of using reduced-order modeling techniques in the design of multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) hyperthermia temperature controllers is analyzed. State-space thermal models based on a finite-difference expansion of the bioheat transfer equation model of a scanned focused ultrasound system are created. These models are reduced using the balanced realization technique, and an order-reduction criterion is tabulated. Results show that a drastic reduction in model dimension can be achieved. The reduced-order model is then used to design a reduced-order optimal servomechanism controller for a two-scan input, two-thermocouple-output tissue model. A full-order optimal servomechanism controller is designed, and both controllers are applied to a variety of perturbed tissue thermal models to test the robust nature of the reduced-order controller. The comparison validates the use of open-loop balanced reduced-order models. >
Probabilistic Causality and Causal Generalizations

Theorists of probabilistic causation have failed to distinguish between different tasks. One problem is to understand generalizations such as, “Smoking causes lung cancer,” “Seat belts save lives,” or “Just a spoon full of sugar helps the medicine go down.” Some causal generalizations, like the examples I have just given, are immediately practical. Other causal generalizations, such as those that are central in economics may be more theoretical. Whether immediately practical or not, causal generalizations are problematic, because the cause they purport to identify are not invariably accompanied by their effects. They are in this way irregular.
Inverse black body radiation

The total power spectrum radiated by a black body with a given area-temperature distribution is given by Planck's law. The inverse black body radiation problem is thus the problem of determining the area-temperature distribution of a black body, given its (measured) total radiated power spectrum. The concept of a normalized absolute "coldness" as the (proportional to the) reciprocal of the absolute temperature is introduced, yielding an integral equation for the inverse black body radiation problem. This integral equation is solved analytically with the aid of the (inverse) Laplace transform and a very simple iterative process (the method of successive approximations) that converges in two iterations. Numerico-experimental results for the reconstruction of a Gaussian area-coldness distribution are presented.
Reducing sensitivity to localization error through local search

Many researchers study the search of unknown areas with teams of cooperating robots. Robot cooperation often relies upon shared representations built from shared information. When robots share information, they inadvertently share the error associated with that information. In this research, we realistically assume that all position-based data has some amount of localization error. We model the propagation of this error in cooperative search. We conjecture that propagation of error differs based on whether search targets are shared or locally discovered. Search errors due to inaccurate position estimates are quantified and compared in both approaches via simulations.
Racial equality in intelligence: Predictions from a theory of intelligence as processing

African-Americans and Whites were asked to solve problems typical of those administered on standard tests of intelligence. Half of the problems were solvable on the basis of information generally available to either race and/or on the basis of information newly learned. Such knowledge did not vary with race. Other problems were only solvable on the basis of specific previous knowledge, knowledge such as that tested on conventional IQ tests. Such specific knowledge did vary with race and was shown to be subject to test bias. Differences in knowledge within a race and differences in knowledge between races were found to have different determinants. Race was unrelated to the g factor. Cultural differences in the provision of information account for racial differences in IQ.
Interval Arithmetic and Self Similarity Based Subthreshold Leakage Optimization in RTL Datapaths

We propose top-down and bottom-up interval propagation techniques for identifying low leakage input vectors at primary inputs of an RTL datapath. Empirically, we observed self-similarity in the leakage distribution of adder/multiplier modules i.e., leakage distribution at the sub-space level is similar to that at the entire input space. We exploit this property to quickly search low leakage vectors. The proposed module library leakage characterization is scalable and is demonstrated on adders/multipliers. Given an RTL datapath, interval propagation is carried out with the low leakage intervals of the module instances with primary inputs. The reduced interval set is further processed with simulated annealing, to arrive at the best low leakage vector set at the primary inputs. Experimental results for various DSP filters simulated in 16 nm CMOS technology with top-down and bottom-up approaches yield leakage savings of 93.6 % and 89.2 % respectively with no area, timing, or control overheads.
Paradiplomacy, protodiplomacy and the foreign policy aspirations of Quebec and other Canadian provinces

Abstract/ResumesBeginning in the 1960s, Quebec began to engage in activities that were intended to promote its international interests. It also has been observed that, during certain periods of time, this activity also served to advance its claim to sovereign status. Similar policies later would be adopted by other Canadian provinces, reflective of a broader trend in international relations toward paradi- plomacy (through which political subunits promote their economic, political and cultural interests) and protodiplomacy (through which subunits seek to assert claims to sovereign status) that has become increasingly popular. The Canadian experience in these areas is instructive for understanding the global significance of this ongoing development as well as more specific implications for Canada and its federal system. This essay compares the theoretical literature on international diplomacy with primary evidence of these paradiplomatic and protodiplomatic activities, and then assesses their influence upon...
Scan Statistics for a Sequence of Discrete I.I.D. Variates

Let X 1, X 2,...,X N be a sequence of independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.) discrete random variables, where P(X i = 1) = ρ= 1–P(X i = 0). We refer to the X’s as a sequence of Bernoulli trials, and to the process as a Bernoulli process.
It Takes a Village: Reforming Law to Promote Health Literacy and Reduce Orthopedic Health Disparities

This article highlights studies revealing disparities in joint and bone health among racial groups in the United States, and offers explanations for the disparities based on education and access to care. It describes the difficulties orthopedists (physicians who specialize in joint and bone health) have when they try to educate and motivate patients to address and prevent orthopedic health problems. We argue that the most promising strategies for addressing the disparities involve improving the cultural competency of health care providers and increasing the health literacy of individuals who must ultimately take charge of their health. In addition, we present arguments for interpreting and applying state tort law in a way that that will encourage health providers and community member to participate in health literacy education and motivational counseling.
Age-specific life table modeling of the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on barley grown in benzimidazole agar

Age-specific life table studies were conducted on the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), to evaluate the effects of using a barley–benzimidazole agar system on D. noxia growth, reproduction, and survival. Weibull functions, linear and nonlinear regression, a modified Sharpe and DeMichele biophysical model (MSDBM), and Maxima functions were used to estimate or model survivorship patterns, the lower temperature threshold for development, the upper temperature inhibition threshold, nonlinear aspects of rates of development, and mean daily fecundity patterns of D. noxia , respectively. The Weibull function provided a good fit to the aphid survivorship patterns (R2 = 0.95). The lower developmental threshold and the upper temperature inhibition threshold for the Russian wheat aphid using the barley–benzimidazole agar system were estimated to be 5.2 and 30.3°C, respectively. The MSDBM also provided an excellent fit to nonlinear aspects of developmental rate trends (R2 = 0.996). Maxima functions were found to adequately describe patterns of daily fecundity at 3 of the 4 constant temperatures examined. The mean longevity of D. noxia reared on the barley–benzimidazole agar system was greater than those reported by other authors using wheat- and rye-benzimidazole agar systems. Longer nymphal devplopment times using the barley–benzimidazole agar system resulted in a lower intrinsic rate of increase for Russian wheat aphids reared at 19.5°C, than those observed by other authors using wheat- and rye-benzimidazole agar systems, and a developmental threshold that was higher than those reported by other authors for Russian wheat aphids grown on wheat using other plant growth systems.
Ken Burns's The National Parks: America's Best Idea: Compelling Stories and Missed Opportunities

Abstract Burns9s documentary The National Parks: America9s Best Idea offers compelling portraits of “American originals,” including John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, Stephen Mather, and Horace Albright. It offers breathtaking “god9s-eye” views of national park landscapes. It offers fascinating biographies of Yellowstone and Yosemite, in particular the enduring tension between processes of preservation and commercialization. However, there were missed opportunities to focus on so-called historic sites, to inform viewers of the many enduring threats to the “park idea,” and to help viewers appreciate the creative potential of this idea in a new century.
Self-Assembled Monolayers Derived from Bidentate Organosulfur Adsorbates

The adsorption of a series of 1,2-bis(mercaptomethyl)-4,5-dialkylbenzenes (1), spiroalkanedithiols (2), and aliphatic dithiocarboxylic acids(3) on gold yielded new types of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The new SAMs were characterized by optical ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). These results were compared to those obtained from SAMs derived from normal alkanethiols (4) of analogous chain length. Comparisons of ellipsometric thickness and contact angle wettability showed that the new SAMs were well packed and highly oriented. Comparisons of the PM-IRRAS data showed that the SAMs generated from1 and2 exhibited slightly less crystallinity than their alkanethiolate-based analogs, while the SAMs generated from3 exhibited comparable crystallinity to their alkanethiolate-based analogs. Moreover, the SAMs derived from1 and2 showed no “odd-even” wettability or PM-IRRAS effects, while those derived from3 showed remarkably large “odd-even” effects compared to those derived from normal alkanethiols.
Scoundrels in the C-Suite: How Should the Board Respond When a CEO's Bad Behavior Makes the News?

The board of director has a responsibility to investigate credible allegations that management has engaged in activity that is not in the interest of the company or its shareholders. In the case of illegal activity, the appropriate response is likely to be very clear. Less obvious are the actions directors should take when the CEO engages in behavior that is questionable but not illegal — such as making controversial public statements, having relations with an employee or contractor, or developing a reputation for overbearing or verbally abusive behavior.In this Closer Look, we examine the actions that board’s take in response to CEO “bad behavior.” We ask:• When are allegations serious enough or credible enough to merit boardroom attention?• How can the board assess the impact of CEO misconduct on the organization broadly?• Should the board be proactive in employing information gathering tools to detect early signs of CEO or employee misconduct?The Stanford Closer Look series is a collection of short case studies through which we explore topics, issues, and controversies in corporate governance and executive leadership. In each study, we take a targeted look at a specific issue that is relevant to the current debate on governance and explain why it is so important. Larcker and Tayan are co-authors of the books Corporate Governance Matters and A Real Look at Real World Corporate Governance.
DNA taxonomy of some Sarcophaga species (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) based on the mitochondrial COI gene fragment

Based on the classification system of Pape( 1996),fifty-four Sarcophaga species belonging to 30 valid subgenera were selected as the ingroup in this study. The taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships these subgenera are discussed,based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase Ⅰ( COⅠ) gene,combined with morphology of the male terminalia. The mean genetic distance within the same subgenus was 6. 0%( 1. 8%-11. 0%),and the mean genetic distance between subgenera was 10. 1%( 5. 2%-16. 1%). This analysis indicates that the COⅠ gene fragment can be utilized to distinguish different Sarcophaga subgenera.
Cysts of the Tunica Albuginea. Report of 4 Cases and Review of the Literature

AbstractFour cases of benign testicular cysts arising from the tunica albuginea are reported. A review of the literature yielded only 4 more instances of such lesions. Clinically, these cysts may be manifested as a tumor or painful swelling, or are discovered incidentally. In 3 cases a diagnosis of testicular carcinoma was entertained and high inguinal orchiectomies were done. The possibility of a conservative surgical approach, as followed in 1 case, is discussed. These cysts appear in the anterior and lateral aspects of the testis, show ample connection to the albuginea and are lined by a cuboidal epithelium. Gland-like inclusions were found in the fibrous cystic walls and in the albuginea. The histogenesis of these lesions is discussed and evidence for a possible origin in mesothelial rests trapped during development is presented. The differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of the testis is reviewed briefly.
TintMalloc: Reducing Memory Access Divergence via Controller-Aware Coloring

DRAM memory of modern multicores is partitioned into sets, each withits own memory controller governing multiple banks. Accesses can beserved in parallel to controllers and banks, but sharing of eitherbetween threads results in contention that increases latency, and so do accesses to remote controllers due to the non-uniform memoryaccess (NUMA) design. Above DRAM, a last-level cache (LLC), typically at level 3 (L3), is shared by all cores while L1 and L2caches tend to be core private. This NUMA design inflicts significant variations in execution time forapplications with large datasets due to different latencies incurred byremote memory node accesses or contention in LLC and at memorybanks/controllers. As a result, single program multiple data (SPMD) applications tend to experience computational imbalance atbarriers, which inflicts idle (wait) time for threads that at barriersarrive early and thus impairs effective processor utilization andultimately performance. This work contributes a novel memory allocator called Tint-Malloc that colors memory at the LLC, bank, and controller level to ensurelocality to the local memory node while reducing contention at theLLC/bank levels in software. After adding one line of code duringinitialization in each thread, existing applications automatically obtaincolored heap space through regular malloc calls. Experimental results with the SPEC and Parsec benchmarks show that bychoosing disjoint colors per thread, locality is increased, contentionis decreased, and overall SPMD execution becomes more balanced atbarriers than default memory allocation under Linux as well as priorcoloring approaches.
Conference Summary: Glimpse of a New Future

Research on galaxy formation is about to be inundated with data from the distant Universe and from highly realistic model simulations. First glimpses from this and other work are already showing the need for new paradigms of galaxy formation.
Mentoring Teachers of English Learners in an Online Community of Practice

This study contributes to a growing research base investigating how teachers interact and learn from each other in online communities of practice. It specifically investigates the online mentoring conversations between five cohorts of in-service mentor teachers that participated in graduate-level courses about language pedagogy and their mentee pre-service teachers, while they discussed effective practices for English learner (EL) students. The authors used qualitative methods to ask what types of knowledge and skills related to ELs' instruction the participating mentor teachers displayed when they were situated in the role of online mentors of mentee pre-service teachers. Findings showed that mentor teachers demonstrated knowledge and skills in adjusting general learning strategies to support ELs, in applying language development strategies to teach academic language in English, and in using emotional strategies to offer ELs a welcoming environment. Findings also showed that mentor teachers found a favorable space in the online mentoring environment to position themselves as teacher leaders and ELs' advocates.
Navigation Using Deep-Space Optical Communication Systems

This work investigates the deep-space spacecraft navigation performance achievable from tracking data types obtained using optical communication systems. These optical navigation types include ranging between spacecraft and a station on Earth and astrometric measurements of angular position. Two mission scenarios are analyzed: an interplanetary cruise trajectory for a Mars lander (Mars 2020), and a science orbit for a Mars orbiter (MAVEN). Various data types are simulated using comprehensive measurement models, tracking schedules, and geometrical constraints. Sensitivity analyses are performed to assess the effect of various contributors to measurement accuracy and navigation performance. For both of the mission scenarios studied, the optical navigation types yield equivalent or improved performance as compared to traditional radiometric observables, though radiometric data types slightly outperform optical observables during tracking data gaps in the science orbit scenario.
THE BIGGEST PROBLEM IN FOOD HYGIENE–PEOPLE

The importance of the behavior of the people who are involved in food handling is emphasized. It is through their behavior that potential health hazards are avoided and acceptable standards of clea...