cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visualizing ERP Usage Logs in Real Time

We present a prototype system that visualizes business process models extracted from usage logs for providing support to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system users in real time. While process mining and visualization techniques are commonly applied to off-line data analytics and process management, far less attention has been focused on how they can be applied in real time to assisting users of complex system interfaces. The approach described in this paper demonstrates the application of interactive visualizations to providing ERP system users with process-, task-, and context-related information during active system use. Such information is vital to the users’ understanding of the supported processes and affects their ability to make the most effective use of the system, yet it is typically hidden behind opaque interfaces. Dynamically-generated interactive process visualizations that draw on data captured to usage logs are one way to open a much needed window for ERP users.
Every Librarian a Leader: On chairing a campus committee

Cet article presente l'experience de deux bibliothecaires qui furent elus dans un comite de leur universite, ils soulignent leurs roles de leader sur le campus. Tout d'abord, Priscilla Atkins decrit sont entree et ses activites au sein du comite sur les programmes et les etudes pour la femme au Hope College, puis Jean L. Loup presente son election et ses actions lorsqu'il entra a la chaire du comite executif de l'universite du Michigan. Ils soulignent tous les deux les consequences de ces nouvelles responsabilites sur leurs activites professionnelles dans les murs de la bibliotheque, et les opportunites que cela peut ouvrir pour l'ensemble de la profession
Cellular schwannoma. A clinicopathologic, DNA flow cytometric, and proliferation marker study of 70 patients.

Background. A clinicopathologic study of 70 cases of cellular schwannoma was performed to assess their distribution, response to therapy, and rate of recurrence relative to modern prognostic indicators. Methods. Seventy-one cellular schwannomas from 70 patients were retrieved from the files of the Mayo Clinic Tissue Registry. The significance of mitotic index, proliferative marker staining (proliferating cell nuclear antigen and MIB1), immunochemical p53 expression, and DNA ploidy were assessed relative to tumor behavior, particularly recurrence. All parameters were subject to statistical analysis (Student's t test). Results. Cellular schwannomas represented 4.6% of benign peripheral nerve tumors operated on at the Mayo Clinic. In 15% of the cases, an initial diagnosis of malignancy had been made. The median patient age was 47.7 years (range, 15-80 years) and the female-to-male ratio was 1.6:1. The principle tumor locations were the para-and intraspinal regions, including the sacrum (64%), extremities (25%), and intracranial space (8%). All tumors consisted primarily of hypercellular, compact, Antoni A tissue. Mitoses (⩽4/10 hPF) were observed in 71% of the cases. Foci of necrosis were noted in 11% of cases. Ultra-structural studies and immunohistochemistry clearly demonstrated features of schwannian differentiation. Surgery was the treatment in all cases. Excision was intralesional to gross total in the majority; total resection with wide margins was undertaken in three tumors, each of which had initially been considered malignant. Follow-up in 47 patients (67%) ranged from 1 to 29 years (mean, 7.7 years) and revealed recurrences in 11 patients (23.4%): no patient experienced metastasis or died of tumor. Although no correlation existed between recurrence and DNA ploidy, percent S-phase determinations, proliferation marker (PCNA, MIB1) staining, or the frequency of p53 immunoreactivity, a statistically significant correlation (P < 0.001) was observed, however, between recurrence and mitotic indices. Conclusion. Proliferation indices, as defined by immunochemical analysis, are not useful predictors of recurrence in cellular schwannoma. In lesions not completely resected, tumor recurrence is significantly correlated with mitotic count. The significant overall frequency of recurrence in this series is attributable to a high proportion of intraspinal and intracranial tumors. Our study confirms the benign nature of cellular schwannoma and underscores the necessity of distinguishing them from malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, lesions that often require adjuvant therapy. Cancer 1995;75:1109–19.
Optimal Demand Side Management for Cryogenic Air Separation Plants

The management of electricity demand, also referred to as demand side management (DSM), has been recognized as an effective approach to improving power grid performance. For electricity consumers, DSM constitutes the opportunity to benefit from financial incentives by adjusting their electricity consumption. The cost of electricity is the single largest variable operating cost incurred in cryogenic air separation plants; hence, there is a strong interest in reducing the electricity cost in such plants through DSM. However, to perform effective DSM, we need to develop systematic and innovative decision-making tools that can help us answer questions such as the following: How much potential for load adjustment exists in the plant? How can production and energy management decisions be optimized in an integrated fashion? How can we make long-term strategic decisions while considering hourly changing electricity prices? How do we deal with uncertainty in process data and future information? In this chapter, we draw insights from multiple projects in which we have used mathematical optimization approaches to perform industrial DSM and demonstrated the potential for air separation plants using real-world case studies. In particular, we emphasize the importance of accurate integrated scheduling models, the impact of considering uncertainty and risk in the decision-making, the implementation of robust models, and the modeling of multiple time scales.
Do Institutional Incentives Distort Asset Prices

The incentive contracts of delegated investment managers may have unintended negative consequences for asset prices. I show that managers who are compensated for relative performance optimally shift their portfolio weights towards those of the benchmark when volatility rises, putting downward price pressure on overweight stocks and upward pressure on underweight stocks. In quarters when volatility rises most (top quintile), a portfolio of aggregate-underweight minus aggregate-overweight stocks returns 3% to 8% per quarter depending on the risk adjustment. Prices rebound in the following quarter by similar amounts, suggesting that the changes are temporary distortions. Consistent with the growing influence of asset management in the US equity market, the distortions are stronger in the second half of the sample, while placebo tests on institutions without direct benchmarking incentives show no effect. My findings cannot be explained by fund flows and thus constitute a new channel for the price effects of institutional demand. The effects come into play precisely when market-wide uncertainty is rising and distortions are less tolerable, with implications for the real economy. Additionally, the paper offers novel evidence on a prominent class of models for which empirical investigations have been relatively scarce.
Between political economy and cultural studies: a response to Bryan and Rafferty

Before commenting on Bryan and Rafferty’s (2017) ‘Reframing austerity: financial morality, savings and securitization,’ I want to say something about the intellectual context in which this conversa...
Interruption of base excision repair selectively enhances temozolamide and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-nitrosurea cytotoxicity in treatment of adult human malignant glioma cell lines

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 1548 Introduction: Effective base excision repair (BER) confers resistance on tumor cells through reversal of damage inflicted alkylating chemotherapeutic agents. Temozolomide (TMZ) and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-nitrosurea (BCNU) produce their deleterious effects via attachment of bulky adducts to the DNA backbone or through formation of DNA interstrand crosslinks. The BER pathway intrinsically reverses damage by removal of altered bases, leaving exposed apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites. Specific glycosylases instigate formation of the AP site, causing a kink in the backbone of DNA. AP endonuclease (APE) fits into the bend at the newly-formed AP site and cuts the DNA backbone, thus relieving the kink. DNA polymerase-beta then fills the gap with the proper base and DNA ligase fills the nick in the DNA backbone, respectively restoring genomic fidelity and structural integrity of DNA. Methoxyamine (MX) is a novel compound that inhibits BER by competing with APE for the AP site and preventing continuation of repair at this early juncture in the pathway. Methods: Glioblastoma cell lines SWB 33, SWB 39, SWB 40, SWB 61 and LN 18 were expanded on multi-well plates, exposed to TMZ or BCNU and incubated for 9 days with or without addition of MX. The plates were then analyzed via MTT assays. Five million cells of the SWB 40 and SWB 39 cell lines were injected into the bilateral flanks of athymic mice. Three weeks following inoculation, mice were treated with eitherTMZ, TMZ and MX or MX alone (control). Tumors were measured three times per week. Western blot analyses were used to elucidate the presence of BER proteins. Results: Significant increase in TMZ cytotoxicity was noted in SWB 40 in both MTT and nude mouse studies, with 2-fold increased sensitivity with MX at 10 uM TMZ in the in-vitro studies and tumor growth delay and tumor doubling time of > 21 days in-vivo. LN 18 demonstrated a > 2-fold increased sensitivity to TMZ and BCNU in presence of MX in in-vitro assays. SWB 33 exhibited a 2-fold increased sensitivity in presence of MX at 45 uM TMZ. SWB 39 and 61 demonstrated no potentiation by MX of TMZ toxicity in in-vitro studies. Similarly, SWB 39 exhibited no potentiation in nude mouse assays. All 5 cell lines demonstrated strong presence of BER proteins APE and DNA polymerase-beta, however only SWB 40 and LN 18—those cell lines most sensitized by MX—showed presence of presence of BER protein XRCC1. Conclusions: MX interrupts BER and sensitized 3 of 5 malignant glioma cell lines to TMZ and BCNU. Sensitization may be linked to expression of XRCC1. Select glioma cell lines may be targets for combined MX and TMZ or MX and BCNU therapy. Future directions: 1. To investigate other adult gliomas and pediatric brain tumors and include orthotopic xenograft analyses. 2. To characterize the role of XRCC1 in glioma sensitization. 3. To evaluate dose response.
MucoJet: A novel oral microjet vaccination system.

In a recent publication in Science Translational Medicine 9:1-9, Aran et al (2017) provide a series of elegant experiments that present an innovative noninvasive intraoral method for vaccination that uses a device termed MucoJet (Aran et al, 2017). Their findings delineate an easy to use system involving jet velocity to penetrate buccal mucosa and deliver a vaccine to underlying immune cells. This technology provides a launching pad for several potential innovations for healthcare. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A Decentering Zoom Lens in a Stereomicroscope

We can move an entrance pupil from on-axis to off-axis by decentering lens groups of a zoom lens. This decentering zoom lens can contribute to miniaturization of objective lenses of a stereomicroscope.
Mother-Ready Jobs: Employment That Works for Mothers of Children With Disabilities:

Feminist researchers focus on work–family conflict and the impact on maternal employment. They find jobs are not structured to allow for work–family fit. Using qualitative data, I examine those unu...
Evaluation of parental and surgeon stressors and perceptions of distraction osteogenesis in pediatric craniofacial patients: a cross-sectional survey study

There is a paucity of literature on how limitations of distraction osteogenesis (DO) are perceived by physicians and parents of pediatric patients. Specifically understanding which features of DO are most concerning to these two groups may better inform parent education, as well as direct improvements in distraction protocols and devices. Parents/guardians of patients (between January 2016 and October 2017) being treated with craniofacial distraction were recruited to complete a survey regarding level of stress (1 = not stressful, 9 = maximally stressful) associated with eight features of DO. Craniofacial surgeons completed a survey asking them to report (1) their personal level of stress and (2) their perceptions of parental stress regarding these same eight features of DO. Thirty-five parents and 15 craniofacial surgeons completed the survey. The risk of the device getting infected was perceived as most stressful by parents (5.5 ± 2.3) followed by the device sticking through the skin (4.9 ± 2.6) and the second operation for removal (4.7 ± 2.3). These same three features also elicited the highest level of stress among surgeons. Surgeon-perceived parental stress regarding turning of the distractor (5.8 ± 1.5) was significantly higher than parent self-reported stress (4.2 ± 2.8, p = 0.042). Both parents and surgeons perceive risk of device-associated infection, the protrusion of the device through the skin, and the requirement of a second operation for removal as the most stressful drawbacks of distraction. Infection reduction protocols, less obtrusive devices, and devices that do not require removal are potential targets for stress reduction.
GaSb-based 2.7µm laser diode with GaAs top cladding

A GaSb-based type-I diode laser heterostructure was grown with a highly mismatched GaAs top clad using MBE. A direct comparison of laser diode characteristics with a conventional structure indicates that despite the fully relaxed clad layer, high peak power >300 mW is generated by these devices. The small increase in the threshold current density and ∼27% reduction in the slope efficiency is likely due to increase in the internal loss due to defects.
N-(4-Hydroxy-phen-yl)-2-(1,1,3-trioxo-2,3-di-hydro-1,2-benzothia-zol-2-yl)-acet-amide.

In the title compound, C15H12N2O5S, the benzisothia­zole group is approximately planar (r.m.s. deviation excluding H atoms and the two O atoms bonded to S = 0.023 A). The dihedral angle between the benzisothia­zole ring and the terminal phenol ring is 84.9 (1)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are joined by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and π-stacking inter­actions are observed between alternating phenol and benzisothia­zole rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.929 (3) and 3.943 (3) A].
The Impact of Dynamic Demand and Dynamic Net Revenues on Firm Clockspeed

A firm's new product development clockspeed is determined by the frequency of new product introductions to the marketplace. Using a simple analytic model, we derive an optimal firm NPD clockspeed that is driven by several external market and internal organizational related factors. Specifically, we analyze the impact of dynamic sales/demand curves and dynamic net revenues on the optimal pace of new product introductions.
Econometric Methods for Program Evaluation

Program evaluation methods are widely applied in economics to assess the effects of policy interventions and other treatments of interest. In this article, we describe the main methodological frame...
Integrative approach to sporadic Alzheimer's disease: deficiency of TYROBP in cerebral Aβ amyloidosis mouse normalizes clinical phenotype and complement subnetwork molecular pathology without reducing Aβ burden.

Integrative gene network approaches enable new avenues of exploration that implicate causal genes in sporadic late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) pathogenesis, thereby offering novel insights for drug-discovery programs. We previously constructed a probabilistic causal network model of sporadic LOAD and identified TYROBP/DAP12, encoding a microglial transmembrane signaling polypeptide and direct adapter of TREM2, as the most robust key driver gene in the network. Here, we show that absence of TYROBP/DAP12 in a mouse model of AD-type cerebral Aβ amyloidosis (APPKM670/671NL/PSEN1Δexon9) recapitulates the expected network characteristics by normalizing the transcriptome of APP/PSEN1 mice and repressing the induction of genes involved in the switch from homeostatic microglia to disease-associated microglia (DAM), including Trem2, complement (C1qa, C1qb, C1qc, and Itgax), Clec7a and Cst7. Importantly, we show that constitutive absence of TYROBP/DAP12 in the amyloidosis mouse model prevented appearance of the electrophysiological and learning behavior alterations associated with the phenotype of APPKM670/671NL/PSEN1Δexon9 mice. Our results suggest that TYROBP/DAP12 could represent a novel therapeutic target to slow, arrest, or prevent the development of sporadic LOAD. These data establish that the network pathology observed in postmortem human LOAD brain can be faithfully recapitulated in the brain of a genetically manipulated mouse. These data also validate our multiscale gene networks by demonstrating how the networks intersect with the standard neuropathological features of LOAD.
Hexagonal boron nitride grown using high atomic boron emission during microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition

Boron nitride (BN) is a member of Group III nitrides and continues to spark interest among the scientific community for its mechanical properties, chemical inertness, thermal conductivity, and electrical insulating properties. In this study, microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition is used to synthesize BN on silicon substrates. Feed gas mixtures of H2, NH3, and B2H6 are used for a range of systematically varied power, pressure, and flow rate conditions. Plasma optical emission from atomic boron is shown to increase nonlinearly by nearly a factor of five with decreasing chamber pressure in the range from 100 to 10 Torr. Copious amounts of atomic boron in the plasma may be beneficial under some growth conditions for producing high hardness boron-rich nitrides, such as B13N2, B50N2, or B6N, which, to date, have only been synthesized under high pressure/high temperature conditions. Despite the higher atomic boron emission in the plasma at low pressure, BN coatings grown at 15 Torr result in hexagonal BN (B/N ratio of 1), regardless of the B2H6 flow rate used in the range of 0.6–3.0 sccm.
AKR1A1 is a novel mammalian S-nitroso-glutathione reductase

Oxidative modification of Cys residues by NO results in S-nitrosylation, a ubiquitous post-translational modification and a primary mediator of redox-based cellular signaling. Steady-state levels of S-nitrosylated proteins are largely determined by denitrosylase enzymes that couple NAD(P)H oxidation with reduction of S-nitrosothiols, including protein and low-molecular-weight (LMW) S-nitrosothiols (S-nitroso-GSH (GSNO) and S-nitroso-CoA (SNO-CoA)). SNO-CoA reductases require NADPH, whereas enzymatic reduction of GSNO can involve either NADH or NADPH. Notably, GSNO reductase (GSNOR, Adh5) accounts for most NADH-dependent GSNOR activity, whereas NADPH-dependent GSNOR activity is largely unaccounted for (CBR1 mediates a minor portion). Here, we de novo purified NADPH-coupled GSNOR activity from mammalian tissues and identified aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1 (AKR1A1), the archetypal mammalian SNO-CoA reductase, as a primary mediator of NADPH-coupled GSNOR activity in these tissues. Kinetic analyses suggested an AKR1A1 substrate preference of SNO-CoA > GSNO. AKR1A1 deletion from murine tissues dramatically lowered NADPH-dependent GSNOR activity. Conversely, GSNOR-deficient mice had increased AKR1A1 activity, revealing potential cross-talk among GSNO-dependent denitrosylases. Molecular modeling and mutagenesis of AKR1A1 identified Arg-312 as a key residue mediating the specific interaction with GSNO; in contrast, substitution of the SNO-CoA–binding residue Lys-127 minimally affected the GSNO-reducing activity of AKR1A1. Together, these findings indicate that AKR1A1 is a multi-LMW-SNO reductase that can distinguish between and metabolize the two major LMW-SNO signaling molecules GSNO and SNO-CoA, allowing for wide-ranging control of protein S-nitrosylation under both physiological and pathological conditions.
Countering Depopulation in Kansas: An Assessment of the Rural Opportunity Zone Program

Many rural areas throughout the Great Plains, including Kansas, have been affected by “brain drain” or the out-migration of well-educated people. In response to this negative outlook, in 2012, Kansas implemented the Rural Opportunity Zone (ROZ) Program to encourage college-educated adults to move to the state’s rural counties. This brief aims to identify what influences individuals to participate in the program and what types of individuals are likely to participate. This study employed a survey of Kansas State University students and interviews with local officials who manage the program. Survey results reveal that most students do not view themselves as likely to participate in the program despite its financial incentives. Students likely to participate come from ROZ counties, are likely to find employment in rural areas, and hold positive views of rural life. Interviews with county officials revealed that the program primarily benefits individuals who had already intended to live in a rural area, and that the program rarely attracts newcomers. The program is poorly funded in many counties, and a lack of high-paying jobs limits growth in a way that the ROZ cannot outweigh. This brief also highlights the need for changes concerning the program’s benefits and awareness.
Theodore Roosevelt and the Pardon Power

Although Theodore Roosevelt is a popular focus of research and commentary, I am aware of no detailed analysis of his use of the pardon power, either as governor or president, systematic or otherwise. This paper explores Roosevelt's public commentary on pardons and compares it with his actual use of the power. Data are presented on the number of pardons, the offenses addressed as well as the reasons/justifications for the grants. I then show that the circumstances in which Roosevelt exercised clemency are remarkably similar to the clemency environment today. The difference is the manner in which recent presidents have responded to that environment. Finally, I note that recent scholars and observers of the pardon power have increasingly become attracted to a model that Roosevelt strongly supported: the creation and use of a separate and independent board to administer the pardon power.
Revisiting Preference Organization in Context: A Qualitative and Quantitative Examination of Responses to Information Seeking

Quantitative studies applying conversation analysis to the study of the timing of answers to sequence-initiating actions expose anomalies in terms of what is known about preference organization. Af...
Novel carbon additive for high performance EMI shielding materials

A novel carbon additive, carbon nanostructure (CNS), is introduced as an effective additive for EMI shielding plastic and silicone compounds. Compounds containing CNS have higher EMI shielding efficiency than compounds containing other carbon-based additives. CNS can also enable better performance/processing balance of compounds compared to traditional metal-based EMI shielding additives.
Update in Pediatric Diagnostic Microbiology

Infants and young children are uniquely susceptible to primary viral and bacterial infections, predisposing them to responses of greater frequency and severity than in adults. Etiologies and manifestations of infections in pediatric patients are often different than those in adults. It can be challenging for clinical laboratories to implement appropriate microbiologic methods for rapid and accurate diagnoses in this population. Laboratorians should be cognizant of the distinctive features of children to provide comprehensive pediatric clinical microbiology services. This article discusses laboratory aspects of several clinically significant pediatric pathogens that cause severe harm to patients and impact public health responses.
MENDING FRAGMENTS: STONE VESSELS FROM FRANCHTHI AND OTHER GREEK NEOLITHIC SITES

Stone vessels represent one of the rarest artifactual categories of Neolithic Greece. Only several dozen specimens (mostly fragmentary) have been recovered from 65 sites. These objects are also some of the least studied; with few exceptions, they are known only through superficial reports. Thus, their potential to shed light on social and economic aspects of Neolithic life remains unexploited. In this article, I address this problem in two ways. First, I focus on a specific stone vase assemblage: that from the well-known site of Franchthi in the north-eastern Peloponnese. This is one of the largest assemblages and is presented here in detail. Secondly, I use the Franchthi assemblage as a point of departure to attempt a synthesis of the available information on Greek Neolithic stone vases.
A Brief Stroll in Special Relativity

This chapter is a short review of what students generally encounter in a modern physics course: a discussion of time in a universe with a constant velocity of light, and the important consequences of the relativity of time such as length contraction and time dilation.
Structural biases that children bring to language learning: A cross-cultural look at gestural input to homesign.

Abstract Linguistic input has an immediate effect on child language, making it difficult to discern whatever biases children may bring to language-learning. To discover these biases, we turn to deaf children who cannot acquire spoken language and are not exposed to sign language. These children nevertheless produce gestures, called homesigns, which have structural properties found in natural language. We ask whether these properties can be traced to gestures produced by hearing speakers in Nicaragua, a gesture-rich culture, and in the USA, a culture where speakers rarely gesture without speech. We studied 7 homesigning children and hearing family members in Nicaragua, and 4 in the USA. As expected, family members produced more gestures without speech, and longer gesture strings, in Nicaragua than in the USA. However, in both cultures, homesigners displayed more structural complexity than family members, and there was no correlation between individual homesigners and family members with respect to structural complexity. The findings replicate previous work showing that the gestures hearing speakers produce do not offer a model for the structural aspects of homesign, thus suggesting that children bring biases to construct, or learn, these properties to language-learning. The study also goes beyond the current literature in three ways. First, it extends homesign findings to Nicaragua, where homesigners received a richer gestural model than USA homesigners. Moreover, the relatively large numbers of gestures in Nicaragua made it possible to take advantage of more sophisticated statistical techniques than were used in the original homesign studies. Second, the study extends the discovery of complex noun phrases to Nicaraguan homesign. The almost complete absence of complex noun phrases in the hearing family members of both cultures provides the most convincing evidence to date that homesigners, and not their hearing family members, are the ones who introduce structural properties into homesign. Finally, by extending the homesign phenomenon to Nicaragua, the study offers insight into the gestural precursors of an emerging sign language. The findings shed light on the types of structures that an individual can introduce into communication before that communication is shared within a community of users, and thus sheds light on the roots of linguistic structure.
Laparoscopic Techniques for the Management of Female Urinary Incontinence

Female urinary incontinence is a prevalent ailment with major social and economic implications. Among all the treatment choices, surgical intervention in the form of bladder neck suspension provides the most sustained and cost-effective therapeutic benefit. Laparoscopic suspension procedures emulating the principles of abdominal colposuspension have been attempted in recent years to reduce surgical morbidity without compromising treatment outcome. Technical details of two similar procedures are detailed in this chapter. In the series by Das, comparative outcome analyses were carried out among three contemporaneous groups of patients undergoing open abdominal colposuspension, laparoscopic colposuspension, and vaginal needle suspension. After excellent early postoperative continence, a precipitous decline in continence was reported on questionnaire survey in all three groups, probably indicating potential failure of all surgeries based on the principles of bladder neck suspension. McDougall has also demonstrated in long term followup, that the laparoscopic bladder neck suspension has failed the test of time with a decline in continence rate similar to the transvaginal needle suspension procedure. In all comparative studies, laparoscopic bladder neck suspension has consistently proven to be minimally invasive, with less postoperative morbidity. To obtain long-term sustained continence with laparoscopic colposuspension it may be imperative that we select out the patients with only anatomic stress incontinence due to a hypermobile bladder neck and proximal urethra.
Bayesian state combining for context models

The best-performing on-line methods for estimating probabilities of symbols in a sequence (required for computing minimal codes) use context trees with either information-theoretic state selection or context-tree weighting. This paper derives de novo from Bayes' theorem, a novel technique for modeling sequences on-line with context trees, which we call "Bayesian state combining" or BSC. BSC is comparable in function to both information-theoretic state selection and context-tree weighting. However, it is a truly distinct alternative to either of these techniques, which like BSC, can be viewed as "dispatchers" of probability estimates from the set of competing, memoryless models represented by the context tree. The resulting technique handles sequences over m-ary input alphabets for arbitrary m and may employ any probability estimator applicable to context models (e.g., Laplace, Krichevsky-Trofimov, blending, and more generally, mixtures). In experiments that control other (256-ary) context-tree model features such as Markov order and probability estimators, we compare the performance of BSC and information-theoretic state selection. The background notation and concepts are reviewed, as required to understand the modeling problem and application of our result. The leading notion of the paper is derived, which dynamically maps certain states in context-models to a set of mutually exclusive hypotheses and their prior and posterior probabilities. The efficient sequential computation of the posterior probabilities of the hypotheses, which was made possible via a non-obvious application of the percolating description-length update mechanism introduced by Bunton (see Proceedings Data Compression Conference, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997) is described. The preliminary empirical performance of the technique on the Calgary Corpus is presented, the relationship of BSC to information-theoretic state selection and context-tree weighting is discussed.
Nitric Oxide Acts as a Postsynaptic Signaling Molecule in Calcium/Calmodulin-Induced Synaptic Potentiation in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Postsynaptic injection of Ca2+/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) into hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons induces synaptic potentiation, which can occlude tetanus-induced potentiation ([Wang and Kelly, 1995][1]). Because Ca2+/CaM activates the major forms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to produce nitric oxide (NO), NO may play a role during Ca2+/CaM-induced potentiation. Here we show that extracellular application of the NOS inhibitor N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) or postsynaptic co-injection ofl-NAME with Ca2+/CaM blocked Ca2+/CaM-induced synaptic potentiation. Thus, NO is necessary for Ca2+/CaM-induced synaptic potentiation. In contrast, extracellular perfusion of membrane-impermeable NO scavengers N -methyl-d-glucamine dithiocarbamate/ferrous sulfate mixture (MGD-Fe) or 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO) did not attenuate Ca2+/CaM-induced synaptic potentiation, even though MGD-Fe or carboxy-PTIO blocked tetanus-induced synaptic potentiation. This result indicates that NO is not a retrograde messenger in Ca2+/CaM-induced synaptic potentiation. However, postsynaptic co-injection of carboxy-PTIO with Ca2+/CaM blocked Ca2+/CaM-induced potentiation. Postsynaptic injection of carboxy-PTIO alone blocked tetanus-induced synaptic potentiation without affecting basal synaptic transmission. Our results suggest that NO works as a postsynaptic (intracellular) messenger during Ca2+/CaM-induced synaptic potentiation. [1]: #ref-92
Hierarchical load-balanced routing via bounded randomization

The purpose of routing protocols in a computer network is to maximize network throughput. Popular shortest-path routing protocols have the disadvantage of causing bottlenecks due to their single-path routing. That is, the shortest path between a source and a destination may become highly congested even when many other paths have low utilization. In this paper, we propose a routing scheme for hierarchically structured computer networks such as the Internet. The new hierarchical routing algorithm, which we call hierarchical load-balanced routing (HLBR), is based on distance-vector routing algorithms. HLBR randomly balances traffic load over the whole network; therefore, it removes bottlenecks and increases network throughput. For each data message to be sent from a source s to a destination d, the proposed routing protocol chooses randomly each of three intermediate nodes from a selected set of network nodes, and routes the data message along a path from s through the three intermediate nodes to d. This increases the effective bandwidth between each pair of nodes.
The Organization of the Nervous System II

The nervous system is the source of all communication in humankind. Only humans can talk. The human brain is a novel representation and organization of neural processes and structures that allow humans to communicate at a complex level unique in the animal world. The speech-language pathologist must be knowledgeable in the area of neurology and neurological disease to participate in the treatment of communication disorders. The brain, spinal cord, and nerves taken together make up the central nervous system or neuraxis. The largest mass of brain tissue is identified as the cerebrum. The human cerebrum, through its evolutionary development from the brains of lower animals, includes three parts: (1) the cerebral hemispheres, (2) the basal ganglia, and (3) the rhinencephalon. The spinal cord is caudal to the large opening at the base of the skull called the magnum foramen; the nervous tissue encased in the skull proper is the brain. The spinal cord is divided into five regions: (1) cervical, (2) thoracic, (3) lumbar, (4) sacral, and (5) coccygeal. There are 8 cervical nerves, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal nerve.
Pacific Islanders at Sea

Seafaring in the Contemporary Pacific Islands: Studies in Continuity and Change, Richard Feinberg. ed. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1995. 237 pp. Guardians of the Marovo Lagoon: Practice, Place and Politics in Maritime Melanesia. Edvard Hviding. Pacific Islands Monograph, 14. Honolulu; University of Hawaii Press, 1996.473 pp.
Analysis and the Arts

This book chapter discusses how one might use literature, the visual arts, or pop culture as a way of teaching substantive legal concepts, such as the contract law concept of ambiguity, and as a way of broadening students' perspectives about the law.
Superluminal Radio Features in the M87 Jet and the Site of Flaring TeV Gamma-ray Emission

Superluminal motion is a common feature of radio jets in powerful gamma-ray emitting active galactic nuclei. Conventionally, the variable emission is assumed to originate near the central supermassive black-hole where the jet is launched on parsec scales or smaller. Here, we report the discovery of superluminal radio features within a distinct flaring X-ray emitting region in the jet of the nearby radio galaxy M87 with the Very Long Baseline Array. This shows that these two phenomenological hallmarks -- superluminal motion and high-energy variability -- are associated, and we place this activity much further (>=120 pc) from the ``central engine'' in M87 than previously thought in relativistic jet sources. We argue that the recent excess very high-energy TeV emission from M87 reported by the H.E.S.S. experiment originates from this variable superluminal structure, thus providing crucial insight into the production region of gamma-ray emission in more distant blazars.
Heterologous Gene Expression from Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Replicon Particles

We have recently isolated a transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infectious construct designated TGEV 1000 (B. Yount, K. M. Curtis, and R. S. Baric, J. Virol. 74:10600-10611, 2000). Using this construct, a recombinant TGEV was constructed that replaced open reading frame (ORF) 3A with a heterologous gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Following transfection of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, a recombinant TGEV (TGEV-GFP2) was isolated that replicated efficiently and expressed GFP. Replicon constructs were constructed that lacked either the ORF 3B and E genes or the ORF 3B, E, and M genes [TGEV-Rep(AvrII) and TGEV-Rep(EcoNI), respectively]. As the E and M proteins are essential for TGEV virion budding, these replicon RNAs should replicate but not result in the production of infectious virus. Following cotransfection of BHK cells with the replicon RNAs carrying gfp, GFP expression was evident by fluorescent microscopy and leader-containing transcripts carrying gfp were detected by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Subsequent passage of cell culture supernatants onto permissive swine testicular (ST) cells did not result in the virus, GFP expression, or the presence of leader-containing subgenomic transcripts, demonstrating the single-hit nature of the TGEV replicon RNAs. To prepare a packaging system to assemble TGEV replicon particles (TGEV VRP), the TGEV E gene was cloned into a Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) replicon expression vector and VEE replicon particles encoding the TGEV E protein were isolated [VEE-TGEV(E)]. BHK cells were either cotransfected with TGEV-Rep(AvrII) (E gene deletion) and VEE-TGEV(E) RNA transcripts or transfected with TGEV-Rep(AvrII) RNA transcripts and subsequently infected with VEE VRPs carrying the TGEV E gene. In both cases, GFP expression and leader-containing GFP transcripts were detected in transfected cells. Cell culture supernatants, collected approximately 36 h posttransfection, were passed onto fresh ST cells where GFP expression was evident approximately 18 h postinfection. Leader-containing GFP transcripts containing the ORF 3B and E gene deletions were detected by RT-PCR. Recombinant TGEV was not released from these cultures. Under identical conditions, TGEV-GFP2 spread throughout ST cell cultures, expressed GFP, and formed viral plaques. The development of infectious TGEV replicon particles should assist studies of TGEV replication and assembly as well as facilitate the production of novel swine candidate vaccines.
Adult age differences in short-term forgetting

Abstract Two experiments are reported in which young and old adults performed in a Brown-Peterson task. In the first experiment young adults recalled with greater accuracy than old adults and the difference between age groups was greater in delayed than in immediate recall. Performance varied inversely with interpolated task difficulty in the delayed recall condition, but this effect did not interact with age. In the second experiment an attempt was made to equate immediate recall performances of old and young adults to determine if age differences in the rate of forgetting are independent of age differences in registration. Each participant was pre-tested to determine the number of stimulus repetitions needed to achieve a minimum of 83% correct in immediate serial recall of 6-letter sequences. The number of repetitions an individual required in pre-testing was then used in a subsequent Brown-Peterson task. No significant age differences in delayed recall were obtained when immediate recall differences were minimized by differential repetition of to-be-remembered sequences. The results of these experiments suggest that age differences in forgetting rates arise from age-related differences in encoding and storage.
Effects of carbon dioxide insufflation combined with changes in body position on blood gas and acid-base status in anesthetized llamas (Llama glama).

Objective—To study the combined effects of intra-abdominal CO2 insufflation with changes in body position during laparoscopy in xylazine-ketamine-halothane anesthetized llamas. Study Design—Prospective, controlled study. Animals—Nine castrated, male llamas weighing 114 ± 23 kg, 3 to 13 years old. Methods—Three llamas (preliminary study [PS] group) were used to study the effect of right lateral, dorsal, and left lateral recumbency on gas exchange and acid-base status. The other six (experimental study [ES] group) were used to study the combined effects of changes in body position and CO2 insufflation to an intraabdominal pressure of 10 to 12 mm Hg. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and indirect arterial blood pressures (systolic [SAP], mean [MAP], and diastolic [DAP]) were recorded every 5 minutes during anesthesia. Arterial blood gases (PaO2 and PaCO2) and acid-base status (pHa and HCO3) were measured immediately after induction of anesthesia and before each change of position. Results—In the PS group, significant decreases in SAP, MAP and PaCO2 and increases in PaO2 and pHa were observed when the llamas were turned from right lateral to dorsal recumbency. Values for HCO-3 were lower than the postinduction values, but they remained unaffected by the changes in position. In the ES group, values for MAP were significantly lower when the llamas were placed in dorsal and left lateral recumbency than those observed during right lateral recumbency. Arterial O2 tension during right lateral recumbency was lower but returned to preinsufflation values when the llamas were placed in the dorsal position. All llamas recovered uneventfully within 30 minutes after termination of anesthesia. Conclusions—Insufflation of CO2 and changing body position induce minor and transient changes in cardiovascular and respiratory function. Clinical Relevance—Laparoscopy with mild intra-abdominal CO2 insufflation (10 to 12 mm Hg) can be used safely in spontaneously breathing llamas anesthetized with xylazine, ketamine, and halothane.
Is breast cancer in young Latinas a different disease

Abstract Background: Breast cancer appears to be more aggressive in young women (≤35 years). Race/ethnicity may further influence prognosis. The purpose of this review is to determine whether breast cancer in young Latinas differs from that in other women. Methods: Our institutional (1977–2000) and state (1988–2000) tumor registries were reviewed and breast cancer cases analyzed. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Results: At our institution, 56 (7%) of 748 breast cancer patients were ≤35 years old; 32 (57%) were Latina. Compared with non-Latinas, Latinas presented at a younger age ( P P >0.05) and bilaterality (22% versus 8%; P >0.05), and worse 5-year survival (63% versus 83%; P >0.05). Statewide data were consistent with our institutional data. Conclusions: Latinas comprise a disproportionate share of our young breast cancer population, and may suffer more aggressive disease than other young women. Young Latinas may benefit from more vigilant screening and should be considered for novel therapeutic protocols.
HgCdTe on Si for hybrid and monolithic FPAs

MWIR HgCdTe arrays have been prepared on Si substrates for hybrid FPAs. HgCdTe has also been grown directly on the Si readout for developing monolithic HgCdTe/Si FPAs. CdTe, Al2O3 and Si substrates were included in a 35 parameter model for estimating the cost of both monolithic and hybrid HgCdTe FPAs. The model shows the monolithic approach on large Si substrates to be the preferred approach for reducing HgCdTe FPAs cost.
Immunochemical studies of antitoxin produced in normal and allergic individuals hyperimmunized with diphtheria toxoid. II. A comparison between the immunological properties of precipitating and non-precipitating (skin-sensitizing) antitoxins.

1. The immunological properties of two contrasting types of human antisera, each containing a high titer of diphtheria antitoxin, have been investigated. 2. Sera which contain only non-precipitating antitoxin exhibit most of the properties of atopic reagin-containing sera. This type of antitoxin is capable of sensitizing normal human skin to toxin or toxoid and remains for many weeks in the injected area. It exhibits no Danysz effect, does not fix complement unless very large amounts of serum are used, and can be specifically coprecipitated by addition of precipitating antitoxin and toxin. On the other hand, it is capable of sensitizing guinea pigs to fatal anaphylactic shock. Heating at 56°C. for 4 hours destroys the skin-sensitizing properties and results in almost quantitative conversion to a modified antitoxin which is capable of blocking the wheal and erythema reaction caused by injection of toxoid into sensitized skin. Heating at 56°C. does not result in an appreciable loss of neutralizing power as judged by tests in rabbit and human skin. The anaphylactogenic property of nonprecipitating antibody is likewise unaffected by heat at 56°C. 3. Precipitating antitoxin is incapable of sensitizing normal skin to toxin or toxoid and disappears rapidly from the injected sites. It fixes complement to high titer and sensitizes guinea pigs to fatal anaphylactic shock. It was possible to demonstrate inhibition of the wheal and erythema reaction in sensitized skin by injecting certain mixtures of precipitating antitoxin and toxoid. 4. The two antitoxic sera studied in greatest detail represented extreme cases. Many persons immunized with toxoid developed both precipitating and nonprecipitating antitoxin simultaneously.
The minimal critical sets of refined inertias for 3×3 full sign patterns

Abstract A sign pattern (matrix) A is a matrix whose entries are from the set { + , − , 0 } . If no entry of A is zero, then A is called a full sign pattern. The inertia of a real matrix A is the ordered triple ( n + , n − , n 0 ) , in which n + , n − and n 0 are the numbers of its eigenvalues (counting multiplicities) with positive, negative and zero real parts, respectively. The refined inertia of A is the ordered 4-tuple ( n + , n − , n z , 2 n p ) where n z (resp., 2 n p ) is the number of zero (resp., nonzero pure imaginary) eigenvalues of A. An n × n sign pattern A is an inertially arbitrary pattern (IAP) if it allows all possible inertias. Similarly, A is a refined inertially arbitrary pattern (rIAP) if it allows all possible refined inertias. A proper subset S of the set of all possible inertias (resp., refined inertia) of real matrices of order n is called a critical set of inertias (resp., critical set of refined inertias) for a family F of sign patterns of order n if for every A ∈ F , S ⊆ i ( A ) ensures that A is inertially arbitrary (resp., S ⊆ ri ( A ) ensures that A is refined inertially arbitrary); S is called a minimal critical set of inertias (resp., minimal critical set of refined inertias) for F if no proper subset of S is a critical set of inertias (resp., refined inertias) for F . In this paper, all minimal critical sets of inertias and refined inertias for 3 × 3 full sign patterns are identified.