cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical and physiological effects of stratum corneum tape stripping

Background/aims: Tape stripping of human stratum corneum has been performed to measure stratum corneum mass, barrier function, drug reservoir and percutaneous penetration. However, the technique itself requires further development to facilitate interpretation. Methods: In this study we quantified stratum corneum (SC) tape stripping and water kinetic parameters utilizing three types of adhesive tapes, in an in vivo randomized clinical trial. Stratum corneum was tape stripped, and the mass of SC removed by each tape was quantified utilizing a protein assay. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured and barrier disruption and SC water kinetics calculated. Three commonly utilized acrylate adhesive tapes were utilized and a comparison made between them. Results: Each type of tape successfully stripped the stratum corneum, but the rayon tape did not induce SC barrier disruption. Neither the type of tape nor the site stripped significantly influenced the mass of SC removed. Water kinetic parameters did not differ significantly for the tapes that did induce barrier disruption. Individual variation in barrier disruption to water following tape stripping was demonstrated. Conclusion: The tapes utilized removed a similar amount of SC. The tapes have a different propensity to cause barrier disruption. Some individuals do not demonstrate increased TEWL despite an equivalent mass of SC being removed compared to those who do show a response.
A coupling of mixed and continuous Galerkin finite element methods for poroelasticity I: the continuous in time case

In this paper, we formulate a finite element procedure for approximating the coupled fluid and mechanics in Biot’s consolidation model of poroelasticity. Here, we approximate the pressure by a mixed finite element method and the displacements by a Galerkin method. Theoretical convergence error estimates are derived in a continuous in-time setting for a strictly positive constrained specific storage coefficient. Of particular interest is the case when the lowest-order Raviart–Thomas approximating space or cell-centered finite differences are used in the mixed formulation, and continuous piecewise linear approximations are used for displacements. This approach appears to be the one most frequently applied to existing reservoir engineering simulators.
Comparison of active-learning strategies for motivational interviewing skills, knowledge, and confidence in first-year pharmacy students.

Objective. To compare 3 strategies for pharmacy student learning of motivational interviewing skills, knowledge of motivational interviewing principles, and confidence in and attitudes toward their...
Revolutionary change and strategic management

Based on empirical and theoretical research in organizations, cybernetics, biology, psychiatry, logic, and learning theory, this paper proposes a definition of revolutionary change and discusses the characteristics of such a change. This paper applies to decision making in the organization. It concludes with a discussion of the role of revolutionary change in strategic management.
Reshaping of the skull in the early surgical correction of scaphocephaly

It is possible to modify the mathematical patterns of projection geometry to reshape the skull in cranio-facial surgery. The technique of the 'gore-pattern' in accordance with the Hendel procedure changes the shape of individual sections of the skull by changing their radius of curvature. This technique was well known to engineers who built complex structures such as ships, hulls, airfoils and domes. A rigid form of the desired shape is the result to be achieved, which becomes permanent with healing. The gore-pattern is developed by cutting the surface of the sphere along longitudinal lines. Straightening each piece results in a series of elliptical segments referred to as 'gores'. When constructing a sphere from a flat sheet of material, each segment (gore) is bent through 180 degrees and then assembled side-by-side into a sphere. If the gore is cut in the middle, a hemisphere results. Because there are only small areas of contact between the gores, less bending force is necessary to fold a gore-pattern into a sphere than a zone-pattern. The interesting points of this technique, its advantages, and clinical application in the treatment of skull deformity in scaphocephaly are illustrated.
Calculations with supersymmetric potentials

We present numerical solutions for two problems in one-dimensional supersymmetric quantum mechanics. The first case deals with the superpotential W(x)=${x}^{3}$, which is about the simplest case with no known analytical solution. We compute the eigenvalues for the states above the supersymmetric E=0 state of the corresponding ordinary potential ${V}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(x)=${x}^{6}$-\ensuremath{\alpha}${x}^{2}$ for \ensuremath{\alpha}=3; those states are also the bound states of the partner convex potential ${V}_{+}$(x)=${x}^{6}$+3${x}^{2}$. We discuss in which sense the double-well potential ${V}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(x) is a critical potential; increasing \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\ge}3 we obtain a well-defined grouping of positive- and negative-parity levels, corresponding to an increasing barrier between the two wells. For the second case we start with a ground-state wave function of Lorentzian shape, namely, ${u}_{0}$=(1+${x}^{2}$${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, which gives rise to the superpotential W(x)=2x/(1+${x}^{2}$) and the ordinary potentials ${V}_{+}$(x)=2/(1+${x}^{2}$) and ${V}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(x) =(6${x}^{2}$-2)/(1+${x}^{2}$${)}^{2}$.There is only a bound state at zero energy for ${V}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(x), the partner potential ${V}_{+}$(x) being a repulsive barrier. The potentials ${V}_{+}$(x) and ${V}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(x) decay like l(l+1)/${x}^{2}$ for l=1 and 2, respectively, at large distances (``intermediate range'' potentials) and this produces in particular anomalous phase shifts ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{even}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{odd}}$ at very low energies. We calculate these phase shifts for ${V}_{+}$, those of the partner potential ${V}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(x) being fixed by supersymmetry. We also show the peculiar character of these potentials by changing the parameters. In particular for the ``craterlike'' potential ${V}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(x) the replacement of 6${x}^{2}$-2 by 6${x}^{2}$-1 gives rise to a distinctive resonance in the even phase shift. Some considerations regarding ${x}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ potentials, factorization, and scale invariance are relegated to an appendix.
Lunar perturbations of artificial satellites of the earth

Lunisolar perturbations of an artificial satellite for general terms of the disturbing function were derived by Kaula (1962). However, his formulas use equatorial elements for the Moon and do not give a definite algorithm for computational procedures. As Kozai (1966, 1973) noted, both inclination and node of the Moon's orbit with respect to the equator of the Earth are not simple functions of time, while the same elements with respect to the ecliptic are well approximated by a constant and a linear function of time, respectively. In the present work, we obtain the disturbing function for the Lunar perturbations using ecliptic elements for the Moon and equatorial elements for the satellite. Secular, long-period, and short-period perturbations are then computed, with the expressions kept in closed form in both inclination and eccentricity of the satellite. Alternative expressions for short-period perturbations of high satellites are also given, assuming small values of the eccentricity. The Moon's position is specified by the inclination, node, argument of perigee, true (or mean) longitude, and its radius vector from the center of the Earth. We can then apply the results to numerical integration by using coordinates of the Moon from ephemeris tapes or to analytical representation by using results from lunar theory, with the Moon's motion represented by a precessing and rotating elliptical orbit.
On the relationship of SAPS to storm-enhanced density

Abstract We use magnetic field-aligned mapping between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere to intercompare ground-based observations of storm enhanced density (SED), and plasmasphere drainage plumes imaged from space by the IMAGE EUV imager, with the enhanced inner-magnetosphere/ionosphere SAPS electric field which develops during large storms. We find that the inner edge of the SAPS electric field overlaps the erosion plume and that plume material is carried sunward in the SAPS overlap region. The two phenomena, SED in the ionosphere and the erosion plume at magnetospheric heights, define a common trajectory for sunward-propagating cold plasma fluxes in the midnight—dusk–postnoon sector. The SAPS channel at ionospheric heights and its projection into the equatorial plane serve to define the sharp outer boundary of the erosion plume. The SAPS electric field abuts and overlaps both the plasmasphere boundary layer and the plasmasphere erosion plume from pre-midnight through post-noon local times.
Modeling and Estimation of Energy Usage for Double Skin Facades Buildings

In a time when energy crises loom on the horizon, means for more efficient energy sources are being thoroughly researched. One such area for improvement is in the building sector with the implementation of double skin facades (DSF). With capabilities of relatively rapid and large changes in various aspects of itself, a DSF can respond dynamically to varying ambient conditions. Applying American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Condition Engineers, Inc (ASHRAE) standards to design a general building model with a standard HVAC system, a comparison can be drawn between different architectural configurations, both with and without DSFs, and a better understanding of how a DSF can affect heat transfer into a building could potentially influence future structural design decisions. Using CAD models, a flow analysis and rudimentary heat transfer can be conducted in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, Fluent which can account factors such as wind speed as well as solar radiation. With the various design applications, the heat load of a building can be reduced by over 15%.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Biochemical differences observed in pyrolysis mass spectra of range grasses with different resistance to Labops hesperius uhler attack

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry in combination with discriminant analysis is shown to be a promising approach for the chemical differentiation of range grass species and interspecific hybrids with different susceptibilities to Labop: hesperius damage. A clear correlation between susceptibility and pyrolysis patterns believed to represent isoprenoids, phospholipids, proteins and glycosides with phenolic aglycones was found.
The interaction of adriamycin with small unilamellar vesicle liposomes. A fluorescence study

The interaction of the antineoplastic agent adriamycin with sonicated liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine alone and with small amounts (1-6%) of cardiolipin has been studied by fluorescence techniques. Equilibrium binding data show that the presence of cardiolipin increases the amount of drug bound to liposomes when the bilayer is below its phase transition temperature and when the ionic strength is relatively low (0.01 M). At higher ionic strength (0.15 M) and above the Tm (i.e. conditions which are closer to the physiological state) the binding of the drug to the two liposome types is nearly the same. Thus the differences in the interactions of adriamycin with cardiolipin-containing membranes, as opposed to those composed of phosphatidylcholine alone, are not due simply to increased binding but rather to an altered membrane structure when this lipid is present. Quenching of adriamycin fluorescence by iodide shows that bound drug is partially, but not completely, buried in the liposomal membrane. Both in the presence and absence of cardiolipin the bulk of the adriamycin is more accessible to the quencher below the Tm than above it; that is, a solid membrane tends to exclude the drug from deep penetration. Above the Tm, the presence of cardiolipin alters the nature of liposome-adriamycin interaction. Here the fluorescence quenching data suggest that the presence of small amounts of cardiolipin (3%) in a phosphatidylcholine matrix creates two types of binding environments for drug, one relatively exposed and the other more deeply buried in the membrane. The temperature dependence of the adriamycin fluorescence and the liposome light scattering reveal that cardiolipin alters the thermal properties of the bilayer as well as its interaction with adriamycin. At low ionic strength lateral phase separations may occur with both pure phosphatidylcholine and when 3% cardiolipin is present; under these conditions the bound adriamycin exists in two kinds of environment. It is notable that only adriamycin fluorescence reveals this phenomenon; thebulk property of liposome light scattering reports only on the overall membrane phase change. These data suggest that under certain conditions the drug binding sites in the membranes are decoupled from the bulk of the lipid bilayer.
Development and Control of “Stiff Drivers” for Thermoacoustic Refrigeration

Thermoacoustic refrigerators offer advantages over vapor-compression refrigerators in terms of their inherent mechanical simplicity, lack of chlorofluorocarbon pollutants, and potentially low cost. However, current thermoacoustic refrigerator designs are inhibited by poor efficiency relative to their more conventional counterparts. This paper details attempts to improve the efficiency of a prototype standing-wave thermoacoustic refrigerator through the development of “stiff driver” actuators. Stiff drivers use electronically-driven, lightly-damped structural elements — such as plates or beams — as replacements for traditional drivers. The goal is to reduce the coupling of electromechanical dynamics and acoustical dynamics common to loudspeaker-driven designs while maintaining a cost lower than that of the highly-advanced linear actuators described in some literature. Hofler’s method of using phase-locked loop (PLL) control to track acoustic resonance is altered here in that the output from the PLL is used to modify the geometry of the driver, rather than its driving frequency [1]. Through proper control, the mechanical resonance frequency of the driver is matched to that of the acoustic resonator despite changes in temperature, working fluid, or other factors.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Vasomotor (perennial chronic) conjunctivitis.

Purpose of review To increase the awareness of nonimmunoglobulin E-mediated conjunctival disorders similar to those recognized to affect other organs that are targets in immunoglobulin E-mediated disorders. Such conditions may include 'vasomotor' instability, that is vasomotor conjunctivitis, which leads to a more common perennial chronic conjunctivitis. These conditions are not commonly included in the differential diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis. Recent findings Although there have not been specific recent findings regarding the eye, it appears that evidence for such disorders in the rhinitis literature suggests that they can be involved in more than 25% of chronic conjunctivitis cases. The extrapolation of such conditions to the conjunctival surface clearly reflects these syndromes which have clearly been underappreciated and underdiagnosed. Summary A significant amount of work remains to be performed to understand perennial chronic conjunctivitis (vasomotor conjunctivitis or nonallergic noninfectious conjunctivitis) as well as other forms of chronic conjunctivitis that can mimic or exist in a comorbid state with ocular allergy. These disorders need to be better defined, categorized and classified to determine the best treatment modalities. Management guidelines and parameters of chronic noninfectious conjunctivitis need to be set on a national and international basis that will advance clinically applicable research results, pharmaceutical development and relief for patients.
Weather-based forecasting systems reduce fungicide use for early blight of celery

Abstract Two disease forecasting systems, the Tomcast and the Berger models, were tested for their utility in scheduling sprays of traditional protectant fungicides and newer ‘low-risk’ fungicides, including strobilurins, for management of early blight of celery caused by Cercospora apii . Excellent control of early blight was achieved in two seasons using the Tomcast and the Berger models with three to four sprays compared with 13 sprays applied on a weekly, calendar basis. Marketable yields were as high as 74,000 kg ha −1 with the Berger model compared with 28,000 kg ha −1 in the untreated controls. However, in a third season, the Berger model (nine sprays) was superior to Tomcast (two sprays) for predicting the need to spray for early blight, thus preventing yield losses. The newer strobilurin fungicides azoxystrobin and a combination product of pyraclostrobin and boscalid were superior to chlorothalonil when applied according to the two forecasting models or on a weekly, calendar basis. Using these newer fungicides and the Berger model, area under the early blight disease curve was reduced by up to 81%. Yields and quality of fresh-market celery were not compromised in two seasons when using the models. Savings of up to $500 ha −1 in cost of spray materials alone could be realized if growers would time fungicide applications according to weather data used in conjunction with these two disease forecasting models.
Role of the Flavan-3-ol and Galloyl Moieties in the Interaction of (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate with Serum Albumin

The principal green tea polyphenol, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCg), may provide chemoprotection against conditions ranging from cardiovascular disease to cancer. Binding to plasma proteins stabilizes EGCg during its transport to targeted tissues. This study explored the details EGCg binding to bovine serum albumin. Both fluorescence lifetime and intensity data showed that the hydrophobic pocket between subdomains IIA and IIIA is the binding site for EGCg. Fluorescence and circular dichroism were used to establish the roles of the flavan-3-ol and galloyl moieties of the EGCg in binding and to demonstrate a binding-dependent conformational change in the protein. Competitive binding experiments confirmed the location of binding, and molecular modeling identified protein residues that play key roles in the interaction. This model of EGCg–BSA interactions improves the understanding of the likely physiological fate of this green tea-derived bioactive polyphenol.
Evaluating the Impact of CAI on Mathematics Learning: Computer Immersion Project.

A project designed to examine the effects of maximizing time on computer and computer-to-pupil ratio was implemented in an urban middle school in the Southwest. A sixth grade classroom was equipped with enough microcomputers for a 1:1 computer-to-pupil ratio. Students in two mathematics classes received instruction almost entirely on computer for the duration of the school year. Two control classes received a teacher-directed, group-centered instructional mode from the same teacher. Data were collected which examined the impact of CAI on mathematics achievement, student attitude, attendance, and discipline. Results indicated that immersion in CAI did have a significant effect on mathematics achievement. Discriminant function analysis yielded a significant function comprised of three variables: number of times tardy, number of discipline cards, and math computation raw score. The magnitude of these differences, however, was not great; 1.9 items in math computation raw score and one time tardy to math class...
Self-consistent kinetic model of an entire dc discharge

Abstract A dc discharge in helium has been modeled from electrode to electrode, fully kinetically using a self-consistent electric field and including all the physical processes believed to be important for ions, electrons and neutral atoms. The cathode fall, negative glow, and cathode fall-negative glow boundary develop naturally in the simulation without an internal boundary condition and without breaking the electron energy distribution function in components. Results of the simulation are compared to precise experimental results for the electric field profile, species densities, and average electron energy. Excellent agreement is obtained demonstrating that the physical model used is both correct and complete.
Energy transfer in adsorption. I. Experiments

The angle-dependent sticking coefficients $s(\ensuremath{\varphi})$ of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, CO, and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ on W(100) and W(110) have been measured as a function of the angle of incidence $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ using a simple molecular-beam apparatus. In general, $s(\ensuremath{\varphi})$ increases slightly towards grazing incidence, as predicted by classical models based on condensation via momentum transfer to the substrate. However, for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ on W(110), $s(\ensuremath{\varphi})$ decreases markedly towards grazing incidence. For these systems, measurements of $s(\ensuremath{\varphi})$ and the total sticking coefficient $s$ as functions of gas and surface temperature have also been carried out. The experimental results are discussed briefly in terms of various mechanisms of energy transfer from the gas to the substrate.
The Food Consumer

Preface FOOD AND PEOPLE: Food and the Nation The Food People Eat Food and Nutrition WHY WE EAT: Economic Factors Influencing Food Choice Psychological Factors Influencing Food Choice Anthropological Factors Influencing Food Choice Sociological Factors Influencing Food Choice A Review of Our Current State of Knowledge PRESENTING FOOD: Researching the Food Consumer New Product Development Processing Index.
Gender and the effectiveness of leaders: a meta-analysis

This article presents a synthesis of research on the relative effectiveness of women and men who occupy leadership and managerial roles. Aggregated over the organizational and laboratory experimental studies in the sample, male and female leaders were equally effective. However, consistent with the assumption that the congruence of leadership roles with leaders' gender enhances effectiveness, men were more effective than women in roles that were defined in more masculine terms, and women were more effective than men in roles that were defined in less masculine terms. Also, men were more effective than women to the extent that leader and subordinate roles were male-dominated numerically. These and other findings are discussed from the perspective of social-role theory of sex differences in social behavior as well as from alternative perspectives.
Characterization of a rat kidney thromboxane A2 receptor: high affinity for the agonist ligand I-BOP.

Abstract We have cloned a rat kidney thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) cDNA. This receptor was shown to be functional in that the thromboxane A2 mimetics, U46619 and 1-BOP, elicited calcium transients in Xenopus oocytes and HEK293 cells expressing the TP receptor, respectively. Comparison of the affinities of the rat and human TP sites for the agonist radioligand [125I]BOP showed that the rat TP site has about a ten-fold higher affinity for this drug (KD = 0.5 vs. 4.4 nM) while the affinities of the two sites for other compound (U46619, I-PTH-OH) were the same. Our results are significant in that they identify a cloned TP as having a picomolar affinity for [125I]BOP.
Molecular dynamics of a laser-annealing experiment

A study of a laser-annealing system using a new molecular dynamics method modified to faithfully simulate typical experimental conditions is presented. Following melting, the recrystallization interface is layer structured in the melt. Rapid recrystallization, impurity segregation and constitutional undercooling, and the dynamics of the processes are demonstrated.
Political Pathology and Moral Orientations

Culturist and rationalist explanations for behavior have vied for preeminence with no resolution of their contradictory assumptions. Moral development theory, with its richer psychological framework, provides a solution to this dilemma. It provides, as well, a fresh insight into the causes of deviance. A brief case study of corruption in Nigeria and a more extensive analysis of corruption in China prior to the Tiananmen incident are the major comparative examples. The article makes clear how people endanger a political system by the pursuit of ends that are justified by parochial and developmentally weak moral orientations.
Characterization of dissipation losses in cement paste with diffuse ultrasound

Abstract The objective of this study is to quantify the dissipation losses in cement paste using diffuse ultrasound, and then to relate these results to the corresponding values measured with a coherent ultrasound procedure. The results show a linear dependency on frequency for this energy dissipation (intrinsic absorption), and exhibit a reasonable correlation between the dissipation losses and the amount of cement paste present in a sample. In addition, there is good agreement between the air content predicted with diffuse ultrasound, and that directly measured with a standard optical technique.
Pyroclast/snow interactions and thermally driven slurry formation. Part 1: Theory for monodisperse grain beds

Lahars are often produced as pyroclastic flows move over snow. This phenomenon involves a complicated interplay of mechanical and thermal pro- cesses that need to be separated to get at the funda- mental physics. The thermal physics of pyroclast/snow interactions form the focus of this paper. A theoretical model is developed of heat- and mass transfer at the interface between a layer of uniformly sized pyroclasts and an underlying bed of snow, for the case in which there is no relative shear motion between pyroclasts and snow. A microscale view of the interface is required to properly specify boundary conditions. The physical model leads to the prediction that the upward flux of water vapor - which depends upon emplace- ment temperature, pyroclast grain size, pyroclast-layer thickness, and snow permeability - is sometimes suffi- cient to fluidize the pyroclasts. Uniform fluidization is usually unstable to bubble formation, which leads to vigorous convection of the pyroclasts themselves. Thus, predicted threshold conditions for fluidization are tantamount to predicted thresholds for particle convection. Such predictions are quantitatively in good agreement with results of experiments described in part 2 of this paper. Because particle convection commonly causes scour of the snow bed and transfor- mation of the pyroclast layer to a slurry, there exists a "thermal scour" process for generating lahars from pyroclastic flows moving over snow regardless of the possible role of mechanical scour.
Stimulus functions for constant serial order in paired-associate learning

Effects of constant serial order in paired-associate learning were examined in two experiments. In neither experiment were significant differences found in the acquisition of paired-associate lists as a function of constant or varied orders of either study or test presentations. In Experiment I transfer to a variable-order paired-associate task employing the same items used in the acquisition phase produced significantly more errors in the group which received the same constant order in both study and test trials during acquisition. In Experiment II transfer tests were used to examine the relative availability of sequential and ordinal cues in constant-order paired-associate learning. The results were interpreted as evidence for differential selection of cues as functional stimuli in paired-associate learning.
The effects of plasma cortisol elevation on total and differential leukocyte counts in response to heavy-resistance exercise.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of heavy-resistance exercise-induced elevations of plasma cortisol on circulating leukocyte counts. Nine healthy, recreationally weight-trained men volunteered for this investigation. Two exercise protocols were employed. Protocol 1 (P-1) consisted of eight sets of ten-repetition maximum leg-press exercise with 1-min rest periods between sets. Protocol 2 (P-2) was identical except for 3-min rest periods. A non-exercise protocol was used as a control treatment (C). Venous blood samples, heart rates and ratings of perceived exertion were obtained pre-, mid- and 5 min post-exercise. In order to examine the maximal influence of cortisol on leukocyte counts, we placed the subject's highest magnitude of cortisol change in response to one of the heavy-resistance exercise protocols in what we designated as the response protocol (R) and the other value was placed into what was designated as the non-response protocol (NR) for analysis. Significant increases in cortisol occurred from pre- to post-exercise for P-1 [mean (SD) 241.4 (25.0) to 302.0 (60.0) nmol · 1−1] and in the R conditions pre- to mid- and pre- to post-exercise [218.0(0.0) to 302.4(37.1) to 326.8 (51.9) nmol · 1−1]. No significant changes in cortisol occurred for P-2, NR or the control conditions. Significant increases in total leukocyte counts occurred from pre- to mid- and pre- to post-exercise both for R [5.6 (0.4) to 7.4 (0.3) to 7.3 (0.3) cells · 109 · 1−1] and NR [5.7 (0.3) to 6.9 (0.4) to 7.1 (0.4) cells · 109 · 1−1]. No significant changes in differential leukocyte counts occurred. In addition, no significant correlations between cortisol and total or differential leukocyte counts were observed. These data indicate that acute increases in total leukocytes along with no changes in differential leukocyte counts can occur in response to heavy-resistance exercise that does not significantly elevate plasma cortisol concentrations.
Multi-sensor Remote Sensing Image Change Detection: An Evaluation of Similarity Measures

Change detection from remote sensing imagery is of great interest in disaster management, surveillance, and other applications. Most of the existing approaches are pixel based and rely on direct comparison of radiometric values to detect changes. Such techniques are susceptible to atmospheric conditions, noise, and registration errors. In this paper, we evaluate change detection approaches using several similarity measures that does not rely entirely on radiometric values of the images. Our hypothesis is based on the assumption, that even though images are obtained from different sensors and at different times, the underlying basis in the scene is still the same, since they are different representations of the same reality. In other words, different sensors capture overlapping information in different forms. Thus, we expect that similarity measures provides contrasting information for change vs. no change patches. We evaluated several measures and experimental results show the effectiveness of each measure in identifying the changed regions in the images.
Ectopic Triggers of Superior Vena Cava in Atrial Fibrillation.

Superior vena cava (SVC) triggers constitute 68% of non-pulmonary vein (PV) foci that initiate atrial fibrillation (AF).1 Since SVC cardiomyocytes originate from the right sinus horn they possess enhanced automacity and after-depolarization leading to arrhythmogenicity.2 In a recent study by Arruda et al. 12% of patients had SVC triggers and empiric adjunctive isolation of SVC-right atrium along with PVisolation resulted in higher long term success rate than the group that underwent PVI alone. They demonstrated that adjunctive isolation of SVC along with PV isolation (PVI) is a safe and feasible strategy for ablation of AF.3
Comparison of serotonin uptake by dense bodies inside and outside human platelets

A technique has been developed for quantitating the absolute number of dense bodies present in solution following isolation from human platelets. The amount of [3H]-5HT accumulated per dense body was measured following either sonication alone or sonication plus isolation utilizing a Metrizamide density gradient; the dense bodies in each case were washed and resuspended in sodium or potassium-rich buffer. Uptake per dense body following removal from the cell was less than 10% of the amount of uptake per dense body by intact platelets. It thus seems possible that residence of dense bodies inside intact platelets is required for 5HT transport into dense bodies to proceed at a maximal rate.
Discrepancies between IQ and Index Scores for a Clinical Sample of Students: Useful Diagnostic Indicators?.

Discrepancies between IQ and Index scores on the WISC-111 were investigated for a sample of students with SLD (n = 202), with MR (n = 115), and evaluated but not classified (n=159). Mean Verbal and Performance IQ discrepancies, though significantly different for each sample, were smaller than those reported in the WISC-III manual for the normative sample. Similarly, the Index score comparisons indicated differential functioning for the three samples, with the exception of the Verbal Comprehension and Freedom from Distractibility Index discrepancy. Moreover, the Performance IQ was higher than the Verbal IQ for all three samples. Consistent with the WISC-R literature, discrepancies between Verbal and Performance IQs and higher Performance than Verbal IQs are not diagnostic indicators of abnormalities.
Ductile phase toughening mechanisms in a TiAlTiNb laminate composite

Abstract Toughening mechanisms in a laminate composite composed of alternating layers of brittle γ-TiAl and ductile TiNb reinforcements were studied. The TiNb phase comprising about 20% of the composite volume, contributed to toughening by both crack renucleation and bridging mechanisms, yielding a steep resistance curve and effective toughness more than ten times higher than the matrix value. In part, the extraordinary toughening is derived from large scale bridging effects, which occur when the size of the bridging zone is not small compared to the crack and specimen dimensions. Large scale bridging model predictions based on independent evaluations of the fundamental composite properties, including the reinforcement stress-displacement function, were in good agreement with the experimental observations. We demonstrate how the models can be used to optimize the composite properties for specific applications.
Effects of oil on phytoplankton metabolism in natural and experimental estuarine ponds

Abstract A low level oil spill was simulated in small shallow natural estuarine marsh ponds in Ocean Springs and in experimental impoundments near St. Louis Bay, Mississippi. In the natural tidal pond in situ light and dark BOD bottle experiments on the phytoplankton community revealed a 44 to 65 % reduction in primary production and a 30 to 50 % reduction in respiration 2 weeks after spillage of 1·45 mg Empire Mix crude oil per litre of water. Two months after the spill, primary productivity and respiration in the oiled pond were only 17% and 7% lower, respectively than in the control pond. In the experimental impoundments at a concentration of 0·2 mg Arabian, Empire Mix and Nigerian oil per litre of water, in situ radiocarbon uptake by phytoplankton was lower—but not significantly lower—than that of the control impoundment. One to two months later, primary productivity was significantly higher in the Nigerian and Arabian oil ponds than control and Empire Mix ponds. The changes in plankton metabolism in both natural ponds and impoundments were evaluated on the basis of data simultaneously obtained from adjoining control ponds.
Bibliography: Jewish/Palestinian Middle East Peace Perspectives

This semi‐annotated bibliography (with a focus on feminist activist work) is a project I continually revise. Therefore, please view it as incomplete. If you have any additions, please write to me at: General College, 280 Appleby Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. I've put an asterisk next to materials I've found most useful and have separated the bibliography into two sections: regular or irregular periodicals that focus on the Israeli/Palestinian conflict and books that address the conflict.
Nalorphine's effect under several schedules of electric shock titration.

The effects of nalorphine were examined under a shock titration procedure in which squirrel monkeys received shock during 15-s shock periods. If the monkey did not make five responses during the 15-s shock period, the shock was increased by one increment and maintained for another 15-s period. If five responses were made during the 15-s shock period, the shock was immediately terminated for 15 s during which the chamber was dark (time out). After the 15-s time out period, the shock resumed at the next lower intensity. Three schedules of shock increment were examined in which shock increased from 0 to either 1.0, 2.0, or 5.5 mA. Under all three schedules of shock increment nalorphine decreased median shock levels and increased rates of responding in the presence of shock and in the absence of shock (i.e., during time out). These effects were apparent during hour 1 of the session. Responding during hours 2 and 3 of the session was unchanged.
Suppression of CYP2C11 Gene Transcription by Interleukin-1 Mediated by NF-κB Binding at the Transcription Start Site

Inflammatory cytokines cause the down-regulation of multiple cytochrome P450 mRNAs, but the transcriptional mechanisms involved are not known. We investigated the role of a putative negative NF-kappaB-responsive element, nkappaB-RE1, in the down-regulation of the CYP2C11 gene in rat hepatocytes. This sequence spans the transcription start site of CYP2C11, from positions -2 to +8. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that nuclear extracts from livers of rats treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, or from hepatocytes treated with interleukin-1beta, formed a protein complex with an oligonucleotide probe containing the nkappaB-RE1, and that this complex contained predominantly the p50 subunit of NF-kappaB. Binding of NF-kappaB to the nkappaB-RE1 probe was of lower affinity than to a probe containing the prototypic NF-kappaB enhancer of the immunoglobulin kappa chain gene. Mutations in the 5'-end of the nkappaB-RE1, and to a lesser extent the 3'-end, reduced the affinity of NF-kappaB for this element. Introduction of the 5'-mutation into nkappaB-RE1 abolished the response of the -200-CYP2C11-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct to interleukin-1 or lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that nkappaB-RE1 is a functional negative regulatory element that participates in the inflammatory suppression of CYP2C11.
A cardiologist's perspective on evolving concepts in the management of congestive heart failure.

The conceptual framework for treatment of congestive heart failure has changed dramatically in the past 30 years. The 1950s and 1960s were characterized by manipulation of the left ventricular function curve by digitalis and diuretics. The 1970s focused on relief of symptoms by afterload reduction with vasodilators. Then stimulation of cardiac output with inotropes was shown to relieve symptoms, but patients died sooner. Now the focus is on the neurohumeral milieu and methods to counteract excess renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are the drugs of choice because they also improve survival, but β-blockers are becoming popular. The effect of molecular cardiology on practice guidelines for congestive heart failure is yet to be seen.
The population and community structure of Hawaiian fringing-reef crustose Corallinaceae (Rhodophyta, Cryptonemiales)

Abstract Measurements of cover, relative density, and frequency are given for the major reefbuilders on the Waikiki fringing reef. Crustose coralline algae cover 39% of the reef surface and exceed all other organisms as the major builders and consolidators of reef materials. An unidentified coralline (melobesioid C ) covers the greatest area (17 %), but Hydrollthon reinboldii (Weber-van Bosse & Foslie) Foslie (11 % cover) because of its thicker thalli and higher relative density (45 %) and frequency (68 %) values is the primary limestone former. Melobesioid C ranks second and Sporolithon erythraeum (Rothpletz) Kylin (6 % cover) third in relative importance. Porolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Foslie (3 % cover), although shown by its low density (4 %) and frequency (6 %) to have a comparatively restricted distribution, is more important than P. gardineri (Foslie) Foslie (2 % cover). P. onkodes maintains and provides the surf-resistant reef edge and is, therefore, of great ecological importance. Coelenterate corals cover less than 1 % of the total area and are relatively unimportant on the fringing reef. The hypothesis is developed that the high ratio (200 : 1) of crustose corallines to corals at Waikiki may be partly due to increases in eutrophication. Experimental evidence shows that P. onkodes can withstand intense illumination and is thereby unique among Hawaiian crustose Corallinaceae. Sporolithon erythraeum is more typical of other crustose corallines since it is physiologically adapted to low-light habitats.
Effect of the Preovulatory Gonadotropin Surge on Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-14, MMP-2, and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-2 Expression Within Bovine Periovulatory Follicular and Luteal Tissue

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in the ovulatory process, but the specific roles of individual MMPs are unclear. This study examined the effect of the preovulatory gonadotropin surge on localization and regulation of MMP-2, MMP-14, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) mRNA and MMP-2 and TIMP-2 activity in bovine preovulatory follicles and new corpora lutea (CL). Ovaries containing ovulatory follicles or new CL were collected at approximately 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h (CL) after a GnRH-induced gonadotropin surge. Messenger RNA for TIMP-2 and MMP-14 increased within 6 and 24 h of the gonadotropin surge, respectively, whereas MMP-2 mRNA was constitutively expressed. Activity for MMP-2 in follicular fluid and follicle homogenates was not changed, but follicular fluid TIMP-2 activity increased in response to the gonadotropin surge. Messenger RNA for MMP-2 was localized to the thecal layer of bovine preovulatory follicles, whereas MMP-14 mRNA was localized primarily to the thecal layer and adjacent ovarian stroma. Expression of MMP-14 was also observed in the granulosal layer after the gonadotropin surge. In contrast, TIMP-2 mRNA was localized predominantly to the granulosal layer with intense expression in the antral portion of the granulosal layer in response to the gonadotropin surge. These data support the hypothesis that increased expression of MMP-14 and TIMP-2 may help regulate follicle rupture and/or the ovulatory follicle-CL transition in cattle.
Age-Related Striatal Dopaminergic Denervation and Severity of a Slip Perturbation

Background. Striatal dopamine activity declines with normal aging. Age-related striatal dopaminergic denervation (SDD) has been implicated in standing balance and unperturbed gait. The goal of this study was to analyze the association between the degree of SDD and the magnitude of an unexpected slip perturbation induced during gait. Methods. Fifty healthy participants aged 20–86 years old underwent dopamine transporter positron emission tomography to classify SDD severity as mild, moderate, or severe. Participants also walked on a floor that was unexpectedly contaminated with a glycerol solution for gait testing. The magnitude of a slip was quantified using the peak slip veloc ity (PSV), measured at the slipping foot. Data were analyzed for both fast (greater than 1.2 m/s) and slow walkers as gait speed correlated with slip severity. All data analyses were age adjusted. Results. Greater severity of dopaminergic denervation in the caudate nucleus was correlated with higher PSV (p < .01) but only in the fast speed walking group. The relationship between SDD in the putamen and slip severity was not statistically significant in fast and slow walkers. Conclusions. Age-related SDD may impact the ability to recover from large perturbations during walking in individuals who typically walk fast. This effect, prominent in the caudate nucleus, may implicate a role of cognitive frontostriatal pathways in the executive control of gait when balance is challenged by large perturbations. Finally, a cautious gait behavior present in slow walkers may explain the apparent lack of involvement of striatal dopaminergic pathways in postural responses to slips.
Instability and secondary motion in a rotating channel flow

An experiment with the pressure-driven flow down a long rotating channel is described. For zero rotation the flow is quasi-parabolic, laminar, and one-dimensional up the channel. With slight rotation Ω there is a weak double-vortex secondary circulation aligned with the channel. At intermediate Ω there exists an instability in the form of logitudinal rolls of non-dimensional wavenumber 5. The instability disappears at high rotation rates.The general stability problem for a rotating zonal flow corresponds to the quantity \[ (\partial\overline{U}/\partial y)(1/2\Omega)-1. \] This analogy extends to much more general mean fields (e.g. non-linear or time dependent) than does the oft-quoted analogy between thermal convection and cylindrical Couette flow. The instability theory is in qualitative agreement with the experiment.
LPA induces IL-6 secretion from aortic smooth muscle cells via an LPA1-regulated, PKC-dependent, and p38α-mediated pathway

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent bioactive lysophospholipid. Accumulated evidence supports a role for LPA in inflammation. To profile LPA-induced cytokine production in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), we used a cytokine antibody array system and found that LPA prominently induces the secretion of IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 from human aortic SMCs (HASMCs). The mechanism by which LPA induces MCP-1 expression in SMCs has been previously reported. However, LPA induction of IL-6 secretion from vascular SMCs and its regulatory mechanism are unknown. The present study reveals that LPA induces the expression of IL-6 mRNA and protein in HASMCs as well as the secretion of IL-6 protein in a time-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that LPA-specific receptor 1 (LPA1) mediates LPA-induced IL-6 secretion and that LPA induction of IL-6 is independent of the EGF receptor pathway. Our data further show that PKC-mediated p38 MAPK is responsible for the IL-6 secretion. Finally, small interfering RNA depletion experiments revealed that p38α is specifically responsible for the LPA-induced IL-6 secretion. The present study profiles the regulatory relationship between LPA and multiple cytokines in vascular SMCs for the first time, provides the first evidence that LPA upregulates IL-6 in vascular SMCs, and reveals the regulatory mechanism of LPA-induced IL-6 production in HASMCs. In light of the emerging roles of LPA and IL-6 in vascular inflammation, the understanding of the regulatory mechanism may contribute to the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disorders.