cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A generic macromodel for coupling between inductors and interconnects for R.F.I.C. layouts

A process independent model for calculating the electromagnetic coupling between inductors and interconnects in CMOS technology is presented. This model is simple since it only requires three parameters, which can be readily extracted from a small number of simulations or measurements. Once these parameters are obtained, the model predicts the coupling between any given inductor and trace (for any length of the trace and distance of separation). This scalability with respect to size of the coil & trace and distance of separation provides insight into coupling effects before/during the layout phase. The model is validated for two separate CMOS processes.
Novel agents for follicular lymphoma.

Unlabeled and radiolabeled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have had a significant impact in the care of patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) over the past decade. More recently, bendamustine has demonstrated activity in refractory FL, and has been explored as initial therapy and in novel combinations. Whereas outcomes for this patient population have significantly improved, there remains substantial unmet need for patients who require more effective and bettertolerated therapies. Novel anti-CD20 antibodies and other immunotherapies against different B-cell antigens are under active investigation. The proteosome inhibitor bortezomib and the immunomodulatory agent lenalidomide have demonstrated single-agent activity and are currently in randomized trials. Other novel compounds have demonstrated activity in broad-based clinical studies in B-cell malignancies. However, considerable challenges remain in efficiently demonstrating which patient subsets can benefit from these novel compounds and which combinations may have the greatest clinical benefit in further improving outcomes for patients with FL. There are three great ironies in the current development of novel therapies for patients with follicular lymphoma (FL). First, more successful frontline approaches have made the assessment of new agents as part of initial therapy a more difficult and long-term endeavor. Second, patients with resistant disease need new agents. However, the demonstration of efficacy in this patient population can be difficult. Third, in some cases, the more targeted a drug—and the more rational the design—the more challenging it may be to establish single-agent activity. Indeed, to a large extent, this is the situation we currently face. The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab has become part of the standard of care for nearly all patients with FL and has been associated with significant improvements in overall survival. The radioimmunotherapy agents yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan and iodine-131 tositumomab have substantial activity, and are well tolerated. The chemotherapeutic agent bendamustine was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of patients with rituximab refractory indolent lymphoma and is positioned to become a component of frontline therapy. In the current environment, it is remarkable that, through clinical trials, FL patients have access to more novel drugs than ever.
Jamming mitigation using space-time coded collision-free frequency hopping

Frequency hopping (FH) system, which is robust under jamming interference, was originally developed for secure military communication applications. However, the efficiency of the conventional FH scheme is very low due to inappropriate use of the total available bandwidth and transmission collisions. To improve the system capacity, we develop a space-time coded collision-free frequency hopping (STC-CFFH) system based on the OFDM framework. The capacity and performance analysis of the proposed scheme is presented under frequency selective fading and partial-band jamming through both theoretical analysis and simulation examples. Our analysis indicates that the STC-CFFH scheme improves the spectral efficiency and inherent anti-jamming features of conventional FH systems.
Challenges of Being an Instructional Designer for New Media Development: A View from the Practitioners

Students studying the field of instructional design, and soon-tobe practicing instructional designers, often learn about the field through well-planned curricula that is comprised of coursework of theoretical foundation and valuable hands-on experience. What they cannot obtain through this coursework, however, are the challenges today’s instructional designers face in an environment where new media technology changes at a rapid pace and where technology can drive the design. This article reports a study conducted with 11 practicing instructional designers at varying stages of their career in new media development to ascertain (a) what their responsibilities are, (b) what challenges they face, (c) how they meet those challenges, and (d) what skills are important for being an effective instructional designer. This article is intended to bring awareness to not only students, who will soon become instructional designers, and their teachers but also to those in the field who may be confronted with similar challenges.
Understanding Administrative Use and Users in University Archives

The users of institutional archives range from local and professional historians to lower- and upper-level administrators. In many cases, administrators are the primary user population. Past archival studies, however, have focused on users with principally a historical purpose. The lack of research is surprising since most archival programs rely on their parent institutions for funding. This study is an initial attempt to examine administrative use and users in a university archives setting. It raises some interesting questions concerning how administrators analyze primary sources, what types of finding aids are most appropriate, and how much interpretation archivists need to do. The research suggests that archivists should look at themselves less as the historical voice in an institution and more as part of the administrative team.
Atmospheric Liquid Water Content Derived from Parameterization of Nimbus 6 Scanning Microwave Spectrometer Data.

Abstract An empirical-theoretical method to determine liquid water content and water vapor amount over land surfaces from Nimbus 6 SCAMS channels is described. The method is based on parameterization of the resulting calculations from the microwave radiative transfer program involving clouds and precipitation. Brightness temperatures selected from satellite passes for five days over the United States are used to test the empirical parameterization method. Liquid water contents derived from the SCAMS data for two days show close comparison with NOAA 6 satellite mosaics as well as values inferred from Nimbus 6 HIRS sounders for the same time period reported previously by Feddes and Liou (1978) in this journal. Applications of the present technique to mesoscale mapping of liquid water content are displayed and its limitation is further discussed.
Prospective evaluation of subretinal vessel location in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and response of hemorrhagic and exudative PCV to high-dose antiangiogenic therapy (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis).

Results: The PCV vessels were localized beneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and above Bruch’s membrane in 103 (99%) of 104 eyes. In the high-dose ranibizumab trial at 6 months, none of the patients lost ≥15 letters in visual acuity, and 5 (26%) of 19 gained ≥15 letters. Decreases were noted in subretinal fluid in 14 (82%) of 17 eyes, subretinal hemorrhage in 12 (100%) of 12, RPE detachment in 14 (88%) of 16, macular edema in 11 (92%) of 12, and polyps in 15 (79%) of 19 eyes. Conclusions: PCV vessels are a subtype of subretinal neovascularization located above Bruch’s membrane and below RPE. Highdose ranibizumab (2.0 mg/0.05 mL) decreased exudation and hemorrhage and resulted in significant polyp regression, although branching vascular networks persisted.
Bayesian Learning and Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

We study the importance of anticipated learning - about both environmental damages and abatement costs - in determining the level and the method of controlling greenhouse gas emissions. We also compare active learning, passive learning, and parameter uncertainty without learning. Current beliefs about damages and abatement costs have an important effect on the optimal level of emissions. However, the optimal level of emissions is not sensitive either to the possibility of learning about damages, or to the type of learning (active or passive). Taxes dominate quotas, but by a small margin.
Acute Trauma Factor Associations With Suicidality Across the First 5 Years After Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Objective To determine whether severity of head and extracranial injuries (ECI) is associated with suicidal ideation (SI) or suicide attempt (SA) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Factors associated with SI and SA were assessed in this inception cohort study using data collected 1, 2, and 5 years post-TBI from the National Trauma Data Bank and Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems (TBIMS) databases. Setting Level I trauma centers, inpatient rehabilitation centers, and the community. Participants Participants with TBI from 15 TBIMS Centers with linked National Trauma Data Bank trauma data (N=3575). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures SI was measured via the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (question 9). SA in the last year was assessed via interview. ECI was measured by the Injury Severity Scale (nonhead) and categorized as none, mild, moderate, or severe. Results There were 293 (8.2%) participants who had SI without SA and 109 (3.0%) who had SA at least once in the first 5 years postinjury. Random effects logit modeling showed a higher likelihood of SI when ECI was severe (odds ratio=2.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.55–4.82; P =.001). Drug use at time of injury was also associated with SI (odds ratio=1.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–2.86; P =.015). Severity of ECI was not associated with SA. Conclusions Severe ECI carried a nearly 3-fold increase in the odds of SI after TBI, but it was not related to SA. Head injury severity and less severe ECI were not associated with SI or SA. These findings warrant additional work to identify factors associated with severe ECI that make individuals more susceptible to SI after TBI.
The effects of family, dentition, and dental caries on the salivary microbiome

Abstract Purpose Family members share genes, environment, and microbial communities. If there is a strong effect of family on the salivary microbiota, controlling for family will enhance identification of microbial communities associated with cariogenesis. The present study was designed to assess the similarity of the salivary microbiome among families and the association between the salivary microbiome and dental decay taking age into account. Methods We selected families ( n = 49) participating in the cohort study of oral health conducted by the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia. All families where at least two children and at least one parent gave a saliva sample ( n = 173) were included. Saliva samples were collected at least 1 hour after eating or drinking. After DNA extraction, the V6 region of the 16s rRNA gene was sequenced. Paired ends were joined using fast length adjustment of short reads, sequences were demultiplexed and filtered using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology 1.9.0, and taxonomy was assigned using the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP; http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/ ) classifier and sequences aligned with the CORE database using PyNAST. Results The salivary microbiome changed with age and was more similar within families than between families. There was no difference in the diversity of the salivary microbiome by dental decay. After taking into account age and family, signals of dental decay were weak in the saliva, whether examined at the phyla, genus, or operational taxonomic level. Conclusions The salivary microbiome does not appear to be a good indicator of dental caries.
Abstract 3448: Synergistic effect of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and dietary fat on biotransformation enzymes, DNA adducts and colon tumors in ApcMinmice

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Studies in our laboratory thus far have shown formation of colon tumors in ApcMin mice subsequent to ingestion of fat containing BaP, an environmental carcinogen. These findings have human health relevance in that around 60,000 lives/year are lost to colon cancer in US alone. Diet and environment have been implicated in the development of sporadic colon tumors. Since biotransformation of toxicants is one of the factors that trigger carcinogenesis, the objective of this study was to determine how dietary fat potentiates the development of colon tumors through altered BaP biotransformation, using the ApcMin mouse model. Benzo(a)pyrene was administered to ApcMin mice in unsaturated- (peanut oil) and saturated- (coconut oil) fats at doses of 50 and 100 μg/kg via oral gavage over a 60-day period. Blood, colon and liver were collected at the end of exposure period. The expression of BaP biotransformation enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and GST) in liver and colon were assayed at the level of mRNA and activities. Tissue samples were analyzed by reverse phase-HPLC for BaP metabolites, and 32P-postlabeling method for BaP- DNA adducts. BaP exposure through dietary fat altered its biotransformation in a dose-dependent manner, with 100 μg/kg dose group registering an elevated expression of BaP biotransformation enzymes, greater concentration of BaP metabolites, BaP-DNA adducts and more adenomas compared to the 50 μg/kg dose group (p < 0.05). This effect was more pronounced for saturated fat group compared to unsaturated fat group (p < 0.05). These findings establish that saturated fat contributes to sustained induction of BaP biotransformation enzymes and extensive metabolism of this carcinogen. As a consequence, the reactive metabolites such as epoxides and quinones generated in colon bind with DNA, and form adducts resulting in colon tumors in a long term exposure situation (funded by NIH grants S11ES014156, 1F31ES017391-01, 5T32 HL007735-14 and RO3CA130112-01). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3448.
A proposed blind routine quality control system for multichannel analyzers.

A blind quality control system using a special type of commercial reference serum is described. As packaged, the product contains six pools of analyzed reference sera with vials identified by coded numbers. The test constituents in the pools cover the range of multichannel analyzers in a random manner, i.e., each pool contains constituents in the low, normal and elevated ranges. As specific pools are not identified, and the analyst is unaware of the expected values for each constituent, results collected for quality control purposes are unbiased, i.e., free of conscious or unconscious editing. Data analysis in the proposed system is by least-squares technics. During an eight-week period, performance was studied using the standard error of the estimate to evaluate precision and the slope of the regression line to evaluate accuracy on the SMA and Mark X instruments. As an empirical comparison, the data are expressed as relative errors and precision and accuracy of analyzer performance evaluated as mean and standard deviation. The proposed regression analysis-based technic has the advantage of simultaneously evaluating linearity, as well as checking accuracy and precision over the total dynamic range of the instrument by use of a series of related serum pools.
Classroom quality as a predictor of first graders' time in non-instructional activities and literacy achievement

This study investigated how quality of the classroom learning environment influenced first grade students' (n=533) time spent in two non-instructional classroom activities (off-task and in transition) and their subsequent literacy outcomes. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that higher classroom quality was related to higher student performance in reading comprehension and expressive vocabulary. Further, classroom quality predicted the amount of time students spent off-task and in transitions in the classroom, with slopes of change across the year particularly impacted. Mediation effects were detected in the case of expressive vocabulary such that the influence of classroom quality on students' achievement operated through students' time spent in these non-instructional activities. Results highlight the importance of overall classroom quality to how students navigate the classroom environment during learning opportunities, with subsequent literacy achievement impacted. Implications for policy and educational practices are discussed.
The neuroimage research progress of mental disorders caused by traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury with mental disorders has become a worldwide hot in the field of cognitive neuroscience.So far the diagnosis of brain disorders largely depends on the clinical evaluation,we know little about it's pathogenesis.Recently we discover that the pathological damage caused from brain trauma may last for a lifetime by imaging.TBI potentially acts as an important epigenetic risk factor for serious neurobehavioural sequelae such as Alzheimer disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy by disconnecting brain network.Now this article mainly discusses the current research progress of it.
Estrogens: Protective or Risk Factors in the Injured Brain?

Many women spend over three decades of their lives in a postmenopausal state, during which time circulating estrogen concentrations are chronically low. Several studies have suggested that this hypoestrogenic state may make women more vulnerable to a variety of age- and hormone-related diseases. The lack of ovarian hormone production was thought to explain the fact that postmenopausal women are at higher risk for stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease, and osteoporosis compared to their male counterparts or compared to premenopausal women. Over the past two decades, numerous observational and retrospective studies demonstrated that estrogen therapy (ET), given to postmenopausal women, provided benefits against cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. Despite these studies, several more recent clinical trials, including the Women’s Health initiative (WHI), showed a negative impact of ET. In addition, some studies in animal models suggest that estrogens are not universally protective and can be deleterious under some circumstances, a finding that has spurred reconsideration of the use of universal ET in postmenopausal women. These contradictions make it even more important to continue to perform studies using different appropriate animal models to improve our understanding of the wide spectrum of estrogen’s actions and to probe the mechanisms that underlie these seemingly divergent effects. We will discuss our findings that low, physiological concentrations of ET are protective against stroke injury when, but only when, administered immediately after estrogen withdrawal. We have utilized a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion animal model of stroke in mice and rats, a model of cerebral ischemia that produces an infarct in the cortex and striatum. Our findings that mice exposed to a prolonged period of hypoestrogenicity are not protected against stroke injury lend strong support to the “timing hypothesis” of ET, which posits that the beneficial or detrimental effects of ET depend upon the length of time that a woman is postmenopausal before initiating ET. We have also found that estradiol (E2) exhibits profound anti-inflammatory actions in our stroke model through multiple mechanisms that include suppressing central and peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreasing expression of the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase, and promoting the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. Further studies have probed the role(s) of classical estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ) in these mechanisms by using a combination of genetic (ER knockout mice) and pharmacological approaches. Our studies have uncovered critical roles for both ERα and ERβ as enhancers of neurogenesis and suppressors of neuroinflammation. Collectively, our work demonstrates that ET attenuates cell death, promotes neurogenesis, and alters the immune response through mechanisms that involve both ERα and ERβ.
Reducing California's Overcrowded Prison Population

This paper evaluates how “tough on crime” sentencing policies have influenced California's prison population. Several laws which make up the state's strict criminal justice practices were passed over the course of forty years without consideration for their impact on the state's budget and safety. Beginning with the Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act of 1976, the state has created an unsustainable prison system that will dissolve without increased public funding. However, California’s depleted economic condition has forced policymakers to reevaluate the state's criminal justice agenda, while complying with the threejudge court order to reduce its incarcerated population to 137.5 percent of design capacity by June 2013.
The handbook of forensic psychology

Like the prior three editions, this fourth edition of The Handbook of Forensic Psychology by Irving B. Weiner and Randy K. Otto provides an authoritative and comprehensive resource for understandin...
Personal Savings from Top Incomes and Household Wealth Accumulation in the United States

Abstract:This article explores the determinants and distribution of household wealth. Looking at U.S. data since 1980, it finds convincing evidence that top incomes were saved at high rates and contributed to the steady increase in the household wealth–income ratio. First, I rule out counterclaims regarding the role of housing and real estate prices finding little evidence of their influence on the trends and magnitudes of household net worth relative to disposable income. With savings as the remaining explanation, I present an accounting decomposition formula that captures savings rates for any reference group using the dynamics of intergroup accumulation rates. This methodology is applied to data from national accounts, balance sheets, and income distribution statistics in order to compute saving rates for the top 1 percent of households in the U.S. income distribution. The estimates also support the idea that top income earners have outsaved other households, thereby capturing an increasing share of we...
Conspiracy Theories as Ethnosociologies: Explanation and Intention in African American Political Culture:

Attributing social maladies to deliberate plots by hostile conspirators is an American political tradition dating back to the 1760s, beginning with rumors of a British plan to remove colonists' rights and continuing through to the John F. Kennedy assassination theories. Most recently, conspiracy theories have been seen as prevalent in the African American community,' as general explanations for the spread of AIDS and crack cocaine and for the lack of occupational and educational opportunities for Blacks, as well as explanations for more specific events, such as the cover-up theory of the Tawana Brawley case or Leonard Jeffries' positing of a Hollywood conspiracy to promulgate denigrating images of Blacks. Although conspiracy theories are not unique to African Americans,2 conspiracy theories held by African Americans that seek to explain ethnic inequality are intrinsically interesting as a subset of conspiracy theories because they may indicate areas of tremendous uncertainty in interethnic relations. In addition, they may shape behavior by providing parameters for political and social action in racial conflicts. In short, conspiracy theories express deep-running ethnic tensions while they influence the directions of interethnic interaction. The rise of conspiracy theories has been met with dismay and alarm from some social commentators. Among the concerns is the
A Cell Migration Tracking Tool Supports Coupling of Tissue Rotation to Elongation

Cell migration is indispensable to morphogenesis and homeostasis. Live imaging allows mechanistic insights, but long-term observation can alter normal biology, and tools to track movements in vivo without perturbation are lacking. We develop here a tool called M-TRAIL (matrix-labeling technique for real-time and inferred location), which reveals migration histories in fixed tissues. Using clones that overexpress GFP-tagged extracellular matrix (ECM) components, motility trajectories are mapped based on durable traces deposited onto basement membrane. We applied M-TRAIL to Drosophila follicle rotation, comparing in vivo and ex vivo migratory dynamics. The rate, trajectory, and cessation of rotation in wild-type (WT) follicles measured in vivo and ex vivo were identical, as was rotation failure in fat2 mutants. However, follicles carrying intracellularly truncated Fat2, previously reported to lack rotation ex vivo, in fact rotate in vivo at a reduced speed, thus revalidating the hypothesis that rotation is required for tissue elongation. The M-TRAIL approach could be applied to track and quantitate in vivo cell motility in other tissues and organisms.
An experimental comparison of \mathcal{H}_2 and \mathcal{H}_\infty designs for an interferometer testbed

A comparison between an \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) and \(\mathcal{H}_2\) multivariable controller designed for and implemented on the MIT SERC Interferometer testbed is presented. The testbed is a modally rich, lightly damped structure that exhibits non-minimum phase behavior and has a disturbance rejection performance metric. Both controllers were 38 state two-input two-output digital compensators implemented at a sampling frequency of 2 kHz, and both were designed using a frequency weighted loop shaping approach. The details of how the various design variables and their values were chosen for both methods are compared. Comparing the methods and the resulting control designs illustrates that the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) and \(\mathcal{H}_2\) controllers are quite similar. The similarity is in part due to the fact that both controllers nearly cancel all the minimum phase transmission zeros of the plant. We also analyze performance robustness properties using structured singular value (μ) methods together with experimental frequency response data.
Energy metabolism of human leukemic lymphocytes and granulocytes.

1. Leukocytes taken from patients having acute lymphocytic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia are characterized by high respiratory rates and low to absent aerobic glycolysis. Leukemic granulocytes have low respiratory rates and high aerobic glycolysis. 2. Lymphocytes and granulocytes have the capacity for high glycolytic rates under anaerobic conditions. 3. Lymphocyte respiration is independent of glucose concentration in contrast to granulocyte respiration. 4. High energy phosphate levels of lymphocytes and granulocytes are unchanged if these cells are incubated aerobically, either with or without glucose, or anaerobically in the presence of glucose. 5. Aerobic glycolysis can be induced in lymphocytes by the addition of foreign plasma. Foreign plasma may also alter granulocyte metabolism.
Analysis of the driving force for a generally oriented crack in a functionally graded strip sandwiched between two homogeneous half planes

The driving forces for a generally oriented crack problem embedded in a Functionally Graded strip sandwiched between two half plane are analyzed using singular integral equations with Cauchy kernels, and integrated using Lobatto-Chebyshev collocation. Mixed-mode Stress Intensity Factors (SIF) and Strain Energy Release Rates (SERR) are calculated. The Stress Intensity Factors are compared for accuracy with previously published results. Parametric studies are conducted for various non-homogeneity ratios, crack lengths, crack orientation and thickness of the strip. It is shown that the SERR is more complete and should be used for crack propagation analysis.
Theoretical Implications of the Principles and Parameters Model for Language Acquisition in Chinese

In this chapter, we review the essentials of one of the most prominent linguistic models, namely Chomsky's “Principles and Parameters” model. Several unique arguments regarding issues of language acquisition and the implications for language acquisition in Chinese are discussed. We also review various experimental studies in Chinese acquisition which were devised under the framework of the Principles and Parameters approach. Empirical evidence supporting some of the essential predictions made in the Principles and Parameters model are discussed.
Comparison of lumbar multifidus thickness and perceived exertion during graded superman exercises with or without an abdominal drawing-in maneuver in young adults.

The present study aimed to investigate lumbar multifidus (LM) thickness and perceived exertion during graded superman exercises (GSE) or GSE with an abdominal drawing-in maneuver (GSE-AD) in young adults. Twelve young adult males and females, who were informed of the purpose and procedures of this study and then gave their voluntary consent to participate, were included in this study. All subjects randomly performed three GSE and GSE-AD over 3 days. Ultrasonography was used to measure the LM thickness to the left and right of the L5 region. Additionally, the issue of whole-body fatigue felt by the subject while performing the GSE or GSE-AD was measured using the Borg scale. The intrarater reliability of the LM measurement was found to be intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC[3,1])=0.97 (0.87-0.99) at resting and ICC(3,1)=0.94 (0.78-0.99) at contraction. Both the left and right LM showed significantly higher contraction during the grade 3 GSE (P 0.05). It is recommended that the abdominal drawing-in maneuver be applied with grade 3 GSE to enhance stability and reduce spinal fatigue.
Tuning the quantum oscillations of surface Dirac electrons in the topological insulator Bi 2 Te 2 Se by liquid gating

In Bi${}_{2}$Te${}_{2}$Se, the period of quantum oscillations arising from surface Dirac fermions can be increased sixfold using ionic liquid gating. At high gate voltages, the Fermi energy reaches the $N=1$ Landau level in a 14-T field. This enables the $\frac{1}{2}$ shift predicted for the Dirac spectrum to be measured accurately. A surprising result is that liquid gating strongly enhances the surface mobility. By analyzing the Hall conductivity, we show that the enhancement occurs on only one surface. We present evidence that the gating process is fully reversible (hence consistent with band bending by the $E$ field from the anion layer accumulated). In addition to the surface carriers, the experiment yields the mobility and density of the bulk carriers in the impurity band. By analyzing the charge accumulation vs gate voltage, we also obtain estimates of the depletion width and the areal depletion capacitance ${C}_{d}/A$. The value of ${C}_{d}/A$ implies an enhanced electronic polarizability in the depletion region.
Making of a Gynecologic Oncologist

It takes a special person to be a gynecologic oncologist, requiring special surgical skills, empathy and knowledge of female cancer. American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology started a division of subspecialty in gynecology oncology in 1974 to train gynecologic oncologists in taking care of women with gynecologic malignancies. The curriculum was developed for candidates in training, and institutes were selected based on their expertise and availability of surgical, chemotherapy and radiation specialists following their board certification in obstetrics and gynecology. This article specifies all the current requirements and what it takes to be a gynecological oncologist for a person who is certified in obstetrics and gynecology and fits the criteria to become a gynecologic oncologist.
Economic growth of BRIC nations and access to early-phase oncology clinical trials: An overview.

e17554 Background: With increasing globalization we have witnessed exponential economic growth in the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) nations. Concurrently, clinical trials have been outsour...
Ozone Gas: Scientific Justification and Practical Guidelines for Improvised Disinfection using Consumer-Grade Ozone Generators and Plastic Storage Boxes.

We describe direct measurements of ozone concentration achievable in small enclosed containers (plastic storage boxes) for use as improvised decontamination systems for small articles such as disposable PPE (N95 masks, nitrile gloves, etc.), clothing, mail and small packages, food, and other miscellaneous articles. The emphasis is on the reliable and sustained generation of ozone gas concentrations of sufficient concentration and duration to create an effective virucidal environment to achieve more than 95% to 99% viral inactivation, based upon the data already published in the peer-review literature on this topic. The suggestion that ozone be used to inactivate virus is certainly not a new idea. Our objective in this report is to make clear that the necessary levels of ozone can be improvised using simple, easy-to-use, inexpensive, and widely available supplies, and that there is every theoretical and experimental reason to believe that this approach is as highly effective in viral inactivation by ozone as are the far more expensive, complex, cumbersome, and less available equivalent ozone (and other) disinfectant systems that have themselves become unavailable during times of pandemic crisis. Using multiple types of readily available commercial ozone generators, concentration in the tested improvised enclosure is tracked over time to assess ozone charging and decay rates, and the ozone quenching effects of items placed in the box. Generator performance is compared against published ozone dosage values for virucidal and antimicrobial activity. Bubbler and box-fan-type ozone generators were found to be effective at achieving and maintaining target concentrations of 10ppm ozone or higher, whereas automotive cigarette lighter and universal serial bus type plug in “air freshener” ozone generators could not achieve the target concentrations in these experiments. Calculations and practical guidelines for assembly and effective use of an ozone box for improvised decontamination are offered. The majority of this report is directed toward the scientific justification and rationale for this approach. The end of the document summarizes the findings and offers simplified designs for the construction and use of ozone boxes as an improvised method of disinfection.
Emergency General Surgery and the Gallbladder: The Affordable Care Act's Impact on Practice Patterns.

Abstract Background Gallbladder disease frequently requires emergency general surgery (EGS). The Affordable Care Act (ACA) mandated health insurance coverage for all with the intent to improve access to care and decrease morbidity, mortality, and costs. We hypothesize that after the ACA open-enrollment in 2014 the number of EGS cholecystectomies decreased as access to care improved with a shift in EGS cholecystectomies to teaching institutions. Methods A retrospective review of the National Inpatient Sample Database from 2012 to quarter 3 of 2015 was performed. Patients age 18-64, with a nonelective admission for gallbladder disease based on ICD-9 codes, were collected. Outcomes measured included cholecystectomy, complications, mortality, and wage index-adjusted costs. The effect of the ACA was determined by comparing preACA to postACA years. Results 189,023 patients were identified. In the postACA period the payer distribution for admissions decreased for Self-pay (19.3% to 13.6%, P Conclusions The ACA has changed EGS, shifting the majority of patients to teaching institutions despite insurance type and decreasing the need for EGS cholecystectomy. The trend toward higher complication rate with increased overall cost requires attention.
Conclusion: The Tree of Life

This concluding chapter summarizes the main findings of the study and highlights their significance for the anthropology of Christianity and Chinese studies. Furthermore, it develops a metaphoric comparison to visualize and synthetize the unity and diversity of Nanping Christians through the specific biological features of a banyan tree.
The Consequences of Fickle Federal Policy: Administrative Hurdles for State Cannabis Policies:

Under the Controlled Substances Act (1970), the federal government classifies cannabis as a Schedule I drug with high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use. Meanwhile, thirty-five states ...
CD40 and CD80/86 signaling in cDC1s mediate effective neoantigen vaccination and generation of antigen-specific CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells in mice

The use of tumor mutation-derived neoantigen represents a promising approach for cancer vaccines. Preclinical and early-phase human clinical studies have shown the successful induction of tumor neoepitope-directed responses; however, overall clinical efficacy of neoantigen vaccines has been limited. One major obstacle of this strategy is the prevailing lack of sufficient understanding of the mechanism underlying the generation of neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Here, we report a correlation between antitumor efficacy of neoantigen/toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)/CD40 vaccination and the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells expressing CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) in a preclinical model. Mechanistic studies using mixed bone marrow chimeras identified that CD40 and CD80/86, but not CD70 signaling in Batf3-dependent conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) is required for antitumor efficacy of neoantigen vaccine and generation of neoantigen-specific CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells. Although CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells exhibited robust in vitro effector function, depletion of this subset did not alter the antitumor efficacy of neoantigen/TLR3/CD40 agonists vaccination, suggesting that the expanded CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cell subset represents the post-differentiated in vivo effective CX3CR1-negative CD8+ T cell subset. Taken together, our results reveal a critical role of CD40 and CD80/86 signaling in cDC1s in antitumor efficacy of neoantigen-based therapeutic vaccines, and implicate the potential utility of CX3CR1 as a circulating predictive T-cell biomarker in vaccine therapy.
An Assessment of Healthcare Access and Utilization in the World Trade Center Health Program.

Objective Access to healthcare, a national priority, may be better understood through medical surveillance programs like the World Trade Center Health Program (WTCHP). Methods Measures of healthcare access and utilization for 1159 9/11 rescue and recovery workers ("responders") at the Rutgers Clinical Center of Excellence (CCE) were assessed using negative binomial modeling of the Benefits Eligibility Assessment Screening Tool and compared with 174 9/11 responders in the 2017 New York City Community Health Survey (NYCCHS) using z-testing. Results Approximately 10.8% of Rutgers CCE respondents lacked at least one aspect of healthcare access. Problems accessing healthcare and basic needs were positively associated with CCE utilization and differed between Rutgers CCE and NYCCHS respondents. Conclusions Some 9/11 responders bridge healthcare access gaps via participation in the WTCHP. Surveillance survey tools may help to identify healthcare disparities.
Core Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Syntactic Priming: A Comparison of Three Alternative Models

Syntactic priming (SP) is the effect by which, in a dialogue, the current speaker tends to re-use the syntactic constructs of the previous speakers. SP has been used as a window into the nature of syntactic representations within and across languages. Because of its importance, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms behind it. Currently, two competing theories exist. According to the transient activation account, SP is driven by the re-activation of declarative memory structures that encode structures. According to the error-based implicit learning account, SP is driven by prediction errors while processing sentences. By integrating both transient activation and associative learning, Reitter et al.'s hybrid model 2011 assumes that SP is achieved by both mechanisms, and predicts a priming enhancement for rare or unusual constructions. Finally, a recently proposed account, the reinforcement learning account, claims that SP driven by the successful application of procedural knowledge will be reversed when the prime sentence includes grammatical errors. These theories make different assumptions about the representation of syntactic rules (declarative vs. procedural) and the nature of the mechanism that drives priming (frequency and repetition, attention, and feedback signals, respectively). To distinguish between these theories, they were all implemented as computational models in the ACT-R cognitive architecture, and their specific predictions were examined through grid-search computer simulations. Two experiments were then carried out to empirically test the central prediction of each theory as well as the individual fits of each participant's responses to different parameterizations of each model. The first experiment produced results that were best explained by the associative account, but could also be accounted for by a modified reinforcement model with a different parsing algorithm. The second experiment, whose stimuli were designed to avoid the parsing ambiguity of the first, produced somewhat weaker effects. Its results, however, were also best predicted by the model implementing the associative account. We conclude that the data overall points to SP being due to prediction violations that direct attentional resources, in turn suggesting a declarative rather than a RL based procedural representation of syntactic rules.
Rapid ejaculation

Rapid ejaculation, or premature ejaculatory dysfunction, is the most frequently encountered sexual complaint of men and couples. It is most common in adolescents, young adults, and other sexually naive males. Increased risk is associated with lack of sexual experience, lack of knowledge regarding normal male and female sexual responses, and with those individuals who highly associate psychological factors (such as fear, guilt, and anxiety) with sexual activity. This article provides a basic review of the pathophysiology of ejaculatory dysfunction and discusses the current treatment options for rapid ejaculation.
Hamilton's Theory

Paradoxically, inheritance is the basis of evolutionary change. Without safe transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next, there would be random arrangement of the genetic building blocks. Constant randomization of information carriers obviously cannot lead to meaningful information. Thus, the cornerstone of evolution is genetics. Only after conserving well-tried genes can there be competition (selection) between new, yet untested ones (i.e., mutations). Charles Darwin (1809±1882) was the first to formulate a theory of gradual evolutionary change caused by adaptive mutations that are selected out of a number of other random variants. In a relentless ` struggle for existence'' many slightly different variants are competing with each other and only few survive. Darwin's notion of ` survival of the fittest'' seems to convey the picture of a war in which everyone fights everyone. Nature is ` red in tooth and claw,'' a merciless killing in which only the strongest and meanest can prevail. Victory (i.e., evolutionary success or `fitness') is granted according to the reproductive success of the survivor. Again, only if the trait that led to successful reproduction is safely transmitted to the offspring, will this trait spread and eventually be represented as a feature of the species. Of course, if the trait in addition leads to procreation at a competitor's expense, the animal not only gains fitness itself, but also reduces the fitness of those animals it is exploiting, increasing its odds even further. It is no wonder that parasitism and exploitation are widespread phenomena and virtually universal across the living world. Darwin himself emphasized:
Individual and group psychotherapies for children and adolescents

Nine-year-old Ellie has been a worrier since early childhood. In the preschool years, she was afraid to be alone in her room, and terrified when her parents left her with a babysitter. Now in primary school, Ellie is afraid to speak in class, and she is so shy during lunch that she looks for empty classrooms, where she can eat hidden from view. Melanie, age 13, has long tended to see dark clouds rather than silver linings, but she has seemed genuinely depressed since members of her social group began to exclude her. She has lost confidence in herself, can’t sleep, has no appetite, cries behind her locked bedroom door, and recently told her mother, “No one likes me. Fm an outcast.” Eleven-year-old Max speeds through his house leaving a path of destruction in his wake. He means no harm, but he is so impulsive and distractible that each day is a series of collisions, spills, scars on the wall, and broken objects. At school he is unable to attend to his teacher or a class discussion for more than a few minutes, he sometimes blurts out inappropriate comments, and some of his peers joke that Kevin is “from outer space”.
Management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting : focus on newer agents and new uses for older agents.

Abstract Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is associated with a significant deterioration in quality of life. The emetogenicity of the chemotherapeutic agents, repeated chemotherapy cycles, and patient risk factors significantly influence CINV. The use of a combination of a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, dexamethasone and a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist has significantly improved the control of acute and delayed emesis in single-day chemotherapy. Palonosetron, a second-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with a different half-life, a different binding capacity and a different mechanism of action than the first-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonists appears to be the most effective agent in its class. Aprepitant, the first and only agent clinically available in the NK1 receptor antagonist drug class has been used effectively as an additive agent to the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and dexamethasone to control CINV. Rolapitant and netupitant are other NK1 receptor antagonists that are currently in phase III clinical trials. Despite the control of emesis, nausea has not been well controlled by current agents. Olanzapine, a US-FDA approved antipsychotic, has emerged in recent trials as an effective preventative agent for CINV, as well as a very effective agent for the treatment of breakthrough emesis and nausea. Clinical trials using gabapentin, cannabinoids and ginger have not been definitive regarding their efficacy in the prevention of CINV. Additional studies are necessary for the control of nausea and for the control of CINV in the clinical settings of multiple-day chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation.
A Review of: “Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia”

Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia is an invaluable contribution to the literature on sexuality and gender, particularly because of its focus on how sexuality has been ...
SICTA: a 0.693 contention tree algorithm using successive interference cancellation

Contention tree algorithms have provable stability properties, and are known to achieve stable throughput as high as 0.487 for the infinite population Poisson model. A common feature in all these random access protocols is that collided packets at the receive-node are always discarded. In this paper, we derive a novel tree algorithm (TA) that we naturally term SICTA because it relies on successive interference cancellation to resolve collided packets. Performance metrics including throughput and delay are analyzed to establish that SICTA outperforms existing contention tree algorithms reaching 0.693 in stable throughput.