cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factor analysis of a Johne's disease risk assessment questionnaire with evaluation of factor scores and a subset of original questions as predictors of observed clinical paratuberculosis

Factor analysis was used to examine the interrelationships among 38 variables collected as part of a Johne's disease risk assessment questionnaire completed in 2002 on 815 U.S. dairy operations. Eleven factors were extracted, accounting for two-thirds of the variance encountered in the original variables. Responses to many of the risk assessment questions were closely related. Standardized scores on the 11 factors were calculated for operations providing complete information, and were evaluated as predictors in a model-based logistic regression analysis with the outcome being whether operations had observed one or more cows with clinical signs suggestive of paratuberculosis during the previous year. A logistic regression model was also used to evaluate the predictive ability of a reduced subset of approximately one-third of the original variables that was selected to represent the derived factors. The performance of both sets of predictors was comparable with respect to goodness-of-fit and predictive ability. In conclusion, the length of the current risk assessment instrument could be reduced considerably without a substantial loss of information by removing or combining questions that are strongly correlated.
Identification and Characterization of Myeloid Translocation Gene 16b as a Novel A Kinase Anchoring Protein in T Lymphocytes

Increased levels of intracellular cAMP inhibit T cell activation and proliferation. One mechanism is via activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). PKA is a broad specificity serine/threonine kinase whose fidelity in signaling is maintained through interactions with A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). AKAPs are adaptor/scaffolding molecules that convey spatial and temporal localization to PKA and other signaling molecules. To determine whether T lymphocytes contain AKAPs that could influence the inflammatory response, PBMCs and Jurkat cells were analyzed for the presence of AKAPs. RII overlay and cAMP pull down assays detected at least six AKAPs. Western blot analyses identified four known AKAPs: AKAP79, AKAP95, AKAP149, and WAVE. Screening of a PMA-stimulated Jurkat cell library identified two additional known AKAPs, AKAP220 and AKAP-KL, and one novel AKAP, myeloid translocation gene 16 (MTG16b). Mutational analysis identified the RII binding domain in MTG16b as residues 399–420, and coimmunoprecipitation assays provide strong evidence that MTG16b is an AKAP in vivo. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy illustrate distinct subcellular locations of AKAP79, AKAP95, and AKAP149 and suggest colocalization of MTG and RII in the Golgi. These experiments represent the first report of AKAPs in T cells and suggest that MTG16b is a novel AKAP that targets PKA to the Golgi of T lymphocytes.
A modified Hopfield network for two-dimensional module placement

The problem of two-dimensional module placement is solved using a Hopfield network with the objective of minimizing total wire-length. The network is modified to include quartic terms in its energy functional by making the interconnection matrix dependent on the state of the network. This modification decomposes the two-dimensional problem into two coupled one-dimensional problems. A hierarchical approach based on min-cut placement is used to make the network size grow linearly with the number of modules. Computer simulations of the network show that it is capable of finding good solutions that are competitive with well-known heuristic algorithms, particularly when a probabilistic update rule is used for the neurons to avoid local minima. The network can be easily modified to accommodate hard placement of nodules, unequal module sizes, and the constraints of I/O (input/output) pad connections. >
Leukotriene Production by Gamma Irradiated Macrophage Cells

Irradiation of tissues and cells can liberate arachidonic acid from the phospholipids, which can then be metabolized to prostaglandins (1,2). Also, whole body gamma irradiation of animals causes significant increases in the levels of the prostaglandins and other cyclooxygenase metabolites (3,4). The release of arachidonic acid may be caused by radiation induced activation of phospholipase A2 (2,5). Subsequent metabolism of arachidonic acid may be initiated by a radiation induced free radical mechanism and lipid peroxidation (2,5).
Silane-treated carbon fiber for reinforcing cement

Abstract The tensile strength of cement paste was increased by 56% and the modulus and ductility were increased by 39% by using silane-treated carbon fibers and silane-treated silica fume, relative to the values for cement paste with as-received carbon fibers and as-received silica fume. Silane treatment of fibers and silica fume contributed about equally to the strengthening. Silane treatment of fibers and silica fume also decreased the air void content and the drying shrinkage. The strengthening, air void content reduction and drying shrinkage reduction were less when the fiber treatment involved either potassium dichromate or ozone. Silane’s effectiveness is due to its hydrophilic nature.
The coroner system in Philadelphia

A description of the coroner system as it exists in Philadelphia, a slipshod and ineffective system that has long since outlived its usefulness.
Voting Records and Validated Voting Studies

This research note examines whether people who overreport voting or voting records (or both) account for different re sults from self-reported and validated voter turnout research. Presser, Traugott, and Traugott (1990) raised the possibility that findings of overreporting bias in self-reported turnou t studies may be artifacts of validation error. They showed that inferior voting records may deter validators from finding evidence of actual voting in central cities, the South, and African American communities. This is a critical concern for political scientists because some studies have found that overreporters bias the effects of the same or overlapping variables. Abramson and Claggett (1984, 1986, 1989, 1991) found that overreporters alter the effect of race on tu rnout. Bernstein, Chadha, and Montjoy (2001) found that overreporters alter th e effect of race, residence in the Deep South, Hispanic ethnicity, the interaction of region and race, and minority concentration. Cassel (2002, 2003) found that overreporters alter the effect of race, southern residence, and Hispanic ethnicity. 1 Past research still leaves several questions unanswered. Do nonvoters who falsely claim to vote distort what we might otherwise predict about the effect of African American race, southern residence, Hispanic ethnicity, a nd related variables? Or do inferior voting records in some voting districts cause validators to undercount African American, southern, or Hispanic voters? What is the magnitude of validation error?
Angular spectrum representation of scattered electromagnetic fields

Angular spectrum representation is derived for the electromagnetic field scattered from any linear, time-independent medium. In particular, the medium may be homogeneous or inhomogeneous, isotropic or anisotropic, spatially nondispersive or spatially dispersive, and it may be dielectric, magnetic, or magnetoelectric. The spectral amplitudes of the plane-wave modes of the scattered field are found to depend in a relatively simple manner on the induced polarization and on the induced magnetization. In the special case when the first Born approximation applies, the results take a particularly simple form and may be used to determine the scattered electromagnetic field vectors at any distance from the scatterer.
Dynamic photonic bandgap nanostructures for coherent information processing

The paper introduces a new physical process that can perform a complete time reversal operation on any electromagnetic pulse using only small refractive index modulations and linear optical elements. It exhibits the time-reversal process by first-principles simulations of microcavity complexes in photonic crystals.
Neoplastic and non‐neoplastic complications of solid organ transplantation in patients with preexisting monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) occurs in 3-7% of the elderly population, with higher prevalence in renal failure patients, and is associated with a 25-fold increased lifetime risk for plasma cell myeloma (PCM), also known as multiple myeloma. Using the California State Inpatient, Emergency Department, and Ambulatory Surgery Databases components of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), we sought to determine whether patients with MGUS who undergo solid organ allograft (n = 22,062) are at increased adjusted relative risk (aRR) for hematologic malignancy and other complications. Among solid organ transplant patients, patients with preexisting MGUS had higher aRR of PCM (aRR 19.46; 95% CI 7.05, 53.73; p < 0.001), venous thromboembolic events (aRR 1.66; 95% CI 1.15, 2.41; p = 0.007), and infection (aRR 1.24; 95% CI 1.06, 1.45; p = 0.007). However, when comparing MGUS patients with and without solid organ transplant, there was decreased aRR for PCM with transplant (aRR 0.34; 95% CI 0.13, 0.88; p = 0.027), and increased venous thromboembolic events (aRR 2.33; 95% CI 1.58, 3.44; p < 0.001) and infectious risks (aRR 1.44; 95% CI 1.23, 1.70; p < 0.001). While MGUS increased the risk of PCM overall following solid organ transplantation, there was lower risk of PCM development compared to MGUS patients who did not receive a transplant. MGUS should not preclude solid organ transplant.
Limb-specific differences in flow-mediated dilation : the role of shear rate

We sought to examine flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) in both the arm [brachial artery (BA)] and lower leg [popliteal artery (PA)] of 12 young, healthy subjects. Vessel diameter, blood velocity, an...
The WKB Approximation

Although this perturbation technique (due to Wentzel, Kramers, and Brillouin) has practical value essentially only for 1-D problems (or for problems separable into one-dimensionalized problems), it is of considerable interest through its connection with classical physics and the “old” (pre-1925) quantum theory. It is not only of historical theoretical importance, however. It can be very useful for problems involving quantum-mechanical tunneling.
Forest carbon fluxes: A satellite perspective

Reducing deforestation and forest degradation offers a quick win for climate mitigation. Using satellite data we are now able to better constrain pantropical estimates of forest loss, reshaping our understanding of the annual to decadal variability in land sources and sinks in the global carbon cycle.
Equivocal Evidence on Field-Dependence Effects in Sentence Judgments

The study reported here examined field-dependence effects on judgments of grammaticality. Several sentence types involving coordinate structures were used. The types we tested were based on examples such as, The patients pretended that Elinor injured themselves and the dietician. Earlier work shows that the presence of the coordinate structures (themselves and the dietician) greatly improves acceptability of apparently ungrammatical sentences such as this. The present results show no reliable differences in the over-all pattern of judgments with these and related coordinate structures for subjects classified as field-dependent and field-independent; however, some intriguing differences in pattern were nonetheless apparent across subject types, although they were not reliable in all relevant tests. In addition to reliable differences in gross response level, field-dependent people showed an attenuation of certain differences noted for field-independent people. Thus, our results constitute equivocal evidenc...
Abstract IA3: The Co-Clinical Trial Project

Herein we report the first application of a “Co-Clinical” approach, and assess the effectiveness of this integrated platform to investigate the genetic basis of resistance to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in prostate cancer (CaP). Surprisingly, we find that physical castration counteracts tumour progression in a Pten-loss driven mouse model of CaP through the induction of a potent apoptotic response and proliferation block. We took advantage of these findings to identify “co-clinically” new determinants of ADT resistance. We show that the tumour suppressive response to ADT is completely bypassed as a consequence of concomitant deletion of either Trp53 or Lrf together with Pten, leading to the development of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Mechanistically, we find that compound loss of Pten with Lrf or Trp53 triggers the down-regulation of the pro-apoptotic factor Xaf1, along with the up-regulation of the steroid 5-alpha-reductase enzyme Srd5a1, hence promoting CaP cell survival in low androgen conditions. Integrated acquisition of data from mouse and human CaP identifies p53/LRF/XAF1/SRD5A1 as a novel predictive signature for castration resistance. Importantly, we further show both in vitro and in vivo that combined inhibition of XAF1/XIAP and AR pathways overcomes castration resistance. Thus these results provide a proof of principle for the “Co-Clinical” approach as a means to facilitate the stratification of human patients and the development of tailored therapeutic treatments. Citation Format: Pier Paolo Pandolfi. The Co-Clinical Trial Project. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: The Translational Impact of Model Organisms in Cancer; Nov 5-8, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA3.
Strategies for Introducing Marketing into Nonprofit Organizations

Marketing is a topic of growing interest to nonprofit organization managers as their organizations confront new, complex marketplace problems. These institution heads are taking their first, tentat...
Consumer Distance Transitivity

In many marketing experiments or in questionnaires, subjects respond by circling a number on a given scale. Some subjects tend to be "yea" or "nay" sayers, a problem in that those subjects who use only part of the scale will have different variance to their responses. A similar problem exists when subjects are asked to subjectively define a difference between two objects using an unbounded scale. Some report only small differences between all pairs, while others report very large ones between many pairs. The variance of those who only see small differences is by definition smaller than that of those who see large ones. This article presents a method to measure these variances in a relative way, i.e., to measure the variances in terms of a percent of error rather than in absolute terms. In the theory of economic behavior, preferences are supposed to be transitive: if A is preferred to B, and B is preferred to C, then A is preferred to C. The concept of distance transitivity defines a stronger property: if A is preferred to B by an amount a1, and B is preferred to C by an amount a2, then A is preferred to C by an amount a, + a2. If A is preferred to C by an amount different from a, + a2, the relationship is not distance transitive, but even so it can be closer to or farther from it, in the following sense: if A is preferred to B by 4, B to C by 3, and A to C by 9, there is no distance transitivity-but one is closer than one would be if A were preferred to C by only 2, or by no less than 12. This article will present a methodological framework to measure distance transitivity. This is a rather strong property and, a priori, one would not think that preferences are that precise. However, an examination of more than 1,500 preference order transitivities from pairwise experiments showed subjects extremely consistent in preference ordering [5], despite the fact that many subjects had seldom, if ever, tried several brands. Table 1 shows the number of pairwise inconsistent judgments that the subjects made in this experiment.
Ideology in the European Mass Public: A Dynamic Perspective

The study of representation, electoral dynamics, and public opinion in Europe requires a scale of the public's latent ideology that is comparable across time and space. However, European public opinion polls rarely include enough questions in a given domain to apply scaling techniques such as IRT models at the individual level. As a result, there are no existing measures of latent ideology in Europe that are based on survey responses. In this paper, we use a Bayesian group-level IRT to develop the first measure of policy ideology that is comparable both across European countries and across time. We found that countries within Europe have become relatively polarized over time, and that patterns of ideology are starkly different across dimensions. We show that our findings are consistent with the previous literature on European public opinion, but correlate poorly with existing uni-dimensional measures of ideology that are not derived from survey data. Taken together, our findings suggest caution in applying uni-dimensional concepts to compare ideology across European countries and regions. Our measures of the mass public's ideology in Europe enable scholars to address a wide variety of substantive questions in comparative politics.
150 REAL-TIME HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPARISON OF TRACHEAL AND BRONCHIAL INJURY CHANGES DURING SMOKE INHALATION IN RABBITS USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY.

Background Smoke inhalation injury causes acute airway swelling that results in significant morbidity and mortality. There are currently no available modalities for early detection of this edema. We performed high-resolution endobronchial optical coherence tomography (OCT) using a prototype SLD-OCT system and flexible fiberoptic probes we constructed to obtain novel real-time images of inhalation at near histologic levels showing differences between tracheal and bronchial responses to smoke in vivo. Method Nineteen New Zealand rabbits (four controls, seven tracheal, and eight bronchial) were intubated and mechanically ventilated. The experimental group was exposed to inhaled smoke. The OCT probe was introduced through the endotracheal tube. Images of airway mucosa and submucosa were obtained at baseline and at set time intervals. The mucosal and submucosal thickness was measured and compared between the three groups. The images were also compared to histologic sections of the trachea. Results Starting at 30 minutes after smoke inhalation, there was significant bronchial airway thickening. This was maintained through 360 minutes. No significant tracheal thickening was detected. Conclusions OCT is capable of detecting changes in airway swelling following inhalation injury and may be very useful for inhalation injury assessment. Significant differences were seen between bronchial and tracheal effects of acute smoking inhalation. Further studies will be needed to determine the causes for these differences.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa tricuspid valve endocarditis: intraoperative use of ultraviolet light to confirm diagnosis.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa tricuspid valve endocarditis was identified by the intraoperative use of ultraviolet light. This also facilitated surgical excision.
Diversifying the Sports Department and Covering Women’s Sports: A Survey of Sports Editors:

This study surveyed sports editors about gender-related issues in hiring and coverage. Although many editors estimate reader interest to be low and do not believe coverage of women’s sports should be improved, results also suggest that sports editors’ values and beliefs have shifted over the past decade in ways that could lead to more opportunities for women journalists and to eventual improvements in coverage of female athletes and women’s sports. The research also suggests when sports editors commit to hiring women, they find women who can move up within organizations and become leaders.
Dental Benefits: “Because Medicaid Has, How Do You Call It? A Limit”

The author reflects on dental benefits in relation to the limits that are associated with America's Medicaid health insurance program as of 2016, and it mentions a follow up to the article "Effect of Cuts in Medicaid on Dental-related Visits and Costs at a Safety-net Hospital" by M. Neely, J.A. Jones, S. Rich, L.S. Gutierrez, and P. Mehra which appears in a 2016 issue of the journal. Health benefits for low-income Americans are examined, along with preventive dental care services.
Airport Outings: The Coalitional Possibilities of Affective Rupture

ABSTRACTThis article advances a theory of affective rupture and explores its potential as grounds for coalition across substantial lines of difference. Using the unanticipated “outing” of gender-normative breast cancer patients at airport security checkpoints as a case study, I argue that it is in moments of unanticipated scrutiny and vulnerability that existing affective economies are disrupted and new affiliations are facilitated among groups with asymmetrical privilege and contesting agendas. In the case of breast cancer patients, I argue that this affective rupture at the security checkpoint can be grounds for coalition with transwomen who have been similarly mistreated by the Transportation Security Administration for their gender variance. I conclude with a brief sketch of the possibilities and limitations of such a coalition.
The Electromagnetic Nondestructive Testing Device of the wirerope-core transmission belt

The article put forward a new solution to monitoring the operation quality of the widely industrially applied wirerope-core transmission belt. Based on the Electromagnetic Nondestructive Testing Theory, the scheme analysed the essence of the wirerope-core transmission belt (hereinafter called as belt) testing, compared several electromagnetic testing methods. Then it fixed the experimental method of belt testing which is based on magnetic flux leakage testing, and designed the experimental testing device that enabled mutivariate and muti-angle variable study on nondestructive testing for belt. The article also provided a detailed introduction of the key components of the device. Finally there was a discussion about the prospect of the electromagnetic testing of belt.
Small Bowel Obstruction

Acute care general surgeons will rarely go through a night of duty without seeing at least one patient who presents with intestinal obstruction. Although often relegated to an uninteresting, nonoperative case, it takes a high degree of thorough assessment and evaluation to discern cases in patients who may have underlying ischemia requiring prompt surgical treatment. The terms complete and partial are slowly falling out of favor; the crucial distinction is whether bowel obstruction is operative or not, and if it is, then how is it determined and over what time frame. This chapter presents an overview of the etiology, diagnosis and contemporary management of small bowel obstruction.
Identification of diffusion parameters in a non-linear convection–diffusion equation using adaptive homotopy perturbation method

This paper is concerned with the numerical identification of diffusion parameters in a non-linear convection–diffusion equation, which arises as the saturation equation in the fractional flow formu...
Extending the Veil of Darkness Approach: An Examination of Racial Disproportionality in Traffic Stops in Durham, NC:

Developed in 2006, the veil of darkness approach is one of the most widely accepted methods for assessing the impact of driver race on traffic stops. Building on the original methodology, we innovate in three important ways to enhance the veil of darkness approach: (a) invoke generalized linear mixed models to account for the lack of independence among observations in traffic stop data sets, (b) decompose the relationship between daylight and driver race to consider the role of driver sex, and (c) assess variability in racial disproportionality across law enforcement units. Nearly 20,000 traffic stops are analyzed for the Durham (NC) Police Department. Results indicate that more than 10% of the variability in the rate of Black drivers stopped is accounted for by officer-level factors, racial disproportionality was only for male drivers, and evidence of disproportionality was found among some units, but no evidence was found among others.
Microscale transport physics during atomic force microscopy mass spectrometry and improved sampling efficiency

This paper reports improvements of atomic force microscopy (AFM) mass spectrometry (MS), in which ∼1 attoliter of analyte is desorbed by a heated AFM cantilever tip and analyzed with a mass spectrometer. Decoupling the AFM sampling apparatus from the MS system enabled analysis of the microscale transport physics independent of analyte ionization efficiency. Using this approach, we find that the transport efficiency is governed by the air velocity during sampling, and not mass flow rate as reported in the literature. We also find that an unheated sampling tube results in higher efficiency compared to a heated tube. Optimization of the transport parameters improved the system efficiency by 2.5-fold over the state of the art.
Mobile contingency management as an adjunctive treatment for co-morbid cannabis use disorder and cigarette smoking.

Abstract Introduction Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the U.S. with 19.8 million current users. Population-based data indicate that almost all cannabis users (90%) have a lifetime history of tobacco smoking and the majority (74%) currently smoke tobacco. Among cannabis users, smoking tobacco is associated with increased frequency of cannabis use, increased morbidity, and poorer cannabis cessation outcomes. There is a lack of research, however, focused on addressing cessation of both substances simultaneously. The purpose of the current pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a multi-component tobacco/cannabis abstinence treatment. Methods Five participants completed Abstinence Reinforcement Therapy, an intervention that included five sessions of cognitive-behavioral telephone counseling for tobacco/cannabis, pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation, and five weeks of mobile contingency management to remain abstinent from tobacco and cannabis. Results Feasibility of recruitment, retention and treatment completion was high. Satisfaction with the treatment was also high. Conclusion Results support the feasibility and acceptability of this approach with dual cannabis and tobacco users and suggest that further research examining the efficacy of this approach is warranted.
Sleep/wake state prediction and sleep parameter estimation using unsupervised classification via clustering

Sleep quality impacts virtually all aspects of life, including health, mood, emotions, cognition, memory, behavior, and performance. Actigraphy offers a lower-cost alternative to conventional polysomnography (PSG), the gold standard for measuring sleep quality. Effective use of actigraphy for assessing sleep quality requires reliable methods for detecting sleep/wake states from actigraphy measurements. Machine learning offers a promising approach to building sleep/wake state detectors from actigraphy data. However, current machine learning approaches rely on expert labeled training data that can be expensive and laborious to acquire. In this work, we introduce a novel approach for integrating unsupervised learning algorithms and domain knowledge heuristics, based on statistical properties of clustered sleep and wake epochs, to develop reliable sleep/wake state prediction models using unlabeled wrist actigraphy data. Experimental results using a dataset of 37 participants and covering 282 sleeping periods demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach on developing sleep/wake state detection models from unlabeled actigraphy data with a predictive performance that is comparable with the performance of models developed using some state-of-the-art supervised learning algorithms applied to labeled actigraphy data. Our results lay the groundwork for developing fully automated machine learning models for sleep/wake state prediction and sleep parameters estimations by eliminating the need for costly and labor-intensive expert annotations of PSG recordings for labeling actigraphy data.
Negotiating Masculinity in a Women’s Space: Findings from a Qualitative Study of Male Partners Accompanying Women at the Time of Abortion:

Although women are the focal point of abortion care, a woman’s male partner may accompany her to the abortion appointment. Using Connell’s “hierarchy of masculinities” framework, this study examine...
Systematic Experimental and Computational Studies of Substitution and Hybridization Effects in Solid-State Halogen Bonded Assemblies

A quantitative assessment of the substituent, hybridization, and crystal-packing effects on the electronic, structural, and vibrational properties of halogen bonded systems is presented. Through a combined experimental and theoretical approach employing Raman spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and density functional theory, a series of solid-state iodobenzene and iodoethynylbenzene derivatives substituted with electron withdrawing groups (-F2, -(CF3)2, -F5, and -(NO2)2) and their complexes with two pyridine-based building blocks are characterized. Structural analysis via X-ray crystallography and density functional theory computations suggests that these 1:1 molecular assemblies are not only driven by halogen bonding, but also by other energetically competitive noncovalent interactions, such as π-stacking. The magnitude of the σ-hole localized around the C–I bond in the isolated halogen bond (XB) donors and the interaction strength in the complexes unambiguously depend on the nature of the substituents ...
9 Epidemiology of neck injuries accompanying 3,040 paediatric sport concussions in colorado over a 13-year period in a university-based healthcare system

Objective The same trauma producing a concussion may also produce a neck injury. The signs of concussion and neck injury are similar, and symptoms after acceleration-deceleration trauma to the head-neck complex do not accurately discriminate between them. Research on the epidemiology of neck injury among sport-concussed youth is sparse. This study describes the prevalence and probability of neck injury among concussed and sport-concussed youth by age, sex, and sport. Methods This descriptive epidemiological study used aggregate data from de-identified, community-based electronic health records over 13 years to analyse rates and characteristics of neck injuries among youth aged five to 21 sustaining a sport-related concussion (SRC). Results A total of 16 885 concussions were examined, of which 3,040 SRCs in youth aged five to 21 were identified. Of the SRCs, 220 were accompanied by at least one neck injury diagnosis, with highest prevalence at age 14. For both sexes combined, the top four sports for concussion were American football, soccer, basketball and softball. By contrast, the top four sports for neck injury among concussed youth for both sexes was swimming, equestrian, snowboard and volleyball. Conclusions The overall prevalence of diagnosed neck injuries among SRCs in the study population was 7%, with the highest prevalence at age 14 in both sexes. Sports with the highest rate of concussion differ from those with the highest prevalence of concussion-related neck injury in both sexes. The risk and prevalence of neck injury associated with SRC was higher in females.
Probing the Binding Sites in Crystals of Immunoglobulins

In myeloma proteins from patient Mcg, 5 distinct 3-D structures assumed by one λ-type gene product have been defined by X-ray analysis: 2 conformational isomers in the Mcg Bence-Jones dimer crystallized in ammonium sulphate, 2 in the Mcg dimer crystallized in water (orthorhombic), and one in the Mcg IgG1 immunoglobulin (Ig). The 3 crystal systems differ in binding-cavity geometry, due to the conformational flexibility of the light and heavy chains. The Bence-Jones dimer binds 2 molecules of bis(DNP)lysine in solution and one in trigonal crystals. The IgG1 does not bind this ligand, nor does a λ-type Bence-Jones dimer from the patient Weir; but a hybrid dimer of the Weir and Mcg light chains binds one ligand molecule with the same affinity as the Mcg dimer. An explanation in 3-D terms is given.
Midvastus approach in total knee arthroplasty: a description and a cadaveric study determining the distance of the popliteal artery from the patellar margin of the incision.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA), one of the most efficacious procedures in orthopedics, requires complete exposure of the knee joint for precise instrumentation. Although most orthopedic surgeons agree that TKA is easily performed using a medial parapatellar approach, a large segment of the patellar blood flow is disrupted by this exposure. The southern or subvastus approach addresses these concerns; however, the procedure has the disadvantage of inadequate exposure in certain patients. A compromise between these two approaches, a midvastus approach, has been described. To decrease potential neurovascular injury, this cadaveric study of the midvastus approach determines the proximity of the incision to the popliteal vascular bundle and addresses the innervation pattern of the vastus medialis oblique. A midvastus arthrotomy was performed on 19 female and 15 male adult cadaveric knees. The midpoint of the superior pole of the patella and the superomedial patellar prominence were marked. After determining the midpoint between the 2 previously mentioned landmarks, an incision was made from that point paralleling the fibers of the vastus medialis oblique medially to the popliteal vascular bundle. The length of the incision was measured three times using calipers; measurements were averaged for each individual specimen, then by gender, and, finally, overall. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals were determined. Differences were assessed by an independent t-test with an alpha level of significance at .05. In addition, the terminal branches of the femoral nerve innervating the vastus medialis oblique were dissected in 5 cadavers. The femoral nerve branched extensively to innervate the vastus medialis oblique. The average distance between the patella and the popliteal vessels was 8.8 +/- 1.4 cm. The average distance in males, 9.5 +/- 1.4 cm, was significantly greater than the distance in females, 8.3 +/- 1.2 cm (P < .02). The distance appeared proportionate to the size of the extremity. The midvastus approach is a viable alternative for primary TKA in selected patients who are not obese and who have not had previous arthrotomy or osteotomy. The average distance (8.8 cm) and corresponding range (6.5 cm minimum to 12.3 cm maximum) are sufficient to suggest a maximal safe distance for sharp dissection of 4.5 cm from the patellar margin in an adult. For additional exposure, the muscle can be safely split further with blunt dissection.
Clarificando el rol de la mentalización en el desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas

Este trabajo clarifica la forma en que debiesemos entender la relacion entre funciones ejecutivas y la habilidad de mentalizacion. Las funciones ejecutivas son definidas como un grupo de habilidades que permiten la generacion de respuestas adaptativas a las exigencias medioambientales. Por otro lado, la capacidad de mentalizacion refiere a la forma en que los humanos son capaces de discernir los estados mentales, intenciones y creencias de otros a traves de la conducta observada. Tras revisar algunos de los aspectos mas fundamentales de los conceptos en cuestion, se propone que la mentalizacion fundamenta, organiza y potencia el desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas, esto, en oposicion a la tesis dominante de Carlson et al. (2002), que indica que las funciones ejecutivas son las que fundamentan el desarrollo de la habilidad de mentalizacion. Luego de revisar la actual evidencia empirica que apoyaria nuestra alternativa, la ultima seccion explora algunas de las areas que nuestra propuesta podria informar en terminos conceptuales y empiricos.
A Survey of Implementation of Multi-Robot Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

For any robot to effectively traverse its environment, it requires a map and its location along with the orientation within that map. Often a map may not be available if the robot is presented with an unfamiliar or unknown environment. This requires the robot to construct the map as it localizes itself and navigates. This problem of concurrently building a map and localizing a robot in that environment is defined as Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). Many SLAM applications already exist for single robot such as navigating the unmanned mines and exploring the sites with natural calamities. With the advent of swarming robots that must interact with each other, extensive research is being conducted for the extension of SLAM problem to multiple robots known as Multi-Robot SLAM (MRSLAM). In the MRSLAM environment, the efficiency is improved, and time constraints are reduced, but it's implementation is restricted due to constraints such as communication bandwidth, memory requirements and problems faced during map merging and co-ordinate transformation. This paper represents many different approaches that are being used for an implementation of MRSLAM.
Cyber Security Risk Assessment of Solar PV Units with Reactive Power Capability

This paper investigates the impact of cyber attacks on the voltage regulation problem in distribution grids with photovoltaic (PV) units that have reactive power capability. While previous research has studied voltage regulation from different aspects, the impact of cyber attacks on this problem is not thoroughly analyzed. This paper employs a centralized control scheme equipped with an attack detection algorithm that utilizes voltage measurements at different parts of the distribution grid. It shows how modification of measurements by an undetected attack affects the dynamics and reactive power injection capability of the PV inverter. In addition, the impact of a cyber attack on the reactive power control loop of the PV inverter is studied. Finally, the results of this study are used to assess the risks in reactive power control by a PV inverter affected by a cyber attack. Studies in this paper are performed on the IEEE 13-bus test system augmented by PV generation with the full cyber layer model implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation tool.
Ichnofossil assemblages and palaeosols of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, south-eastern Utah (USA): Implications for depositional controls and palaeoclimate

The Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in the Stevens Canyon area in south-eastern Utah represents fluvial, palustrine, and lacustrine strata deposited in a continental back-arc basin on the western edge of Pangea. Previous investigations interpreted a megamonsoonal climate with increasing aridity for the Colorado Plateau towards the end of the Triassic. In this study, we systematically integrate ichnological and pedological features of the Chinle Formation into ichnopedofacies to interpret palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic variations in the north-eastern part of the Chinle Basin. Seventeen ichnofossil morphotypes and six palaeosol orders are combined into twelve ichnopedofacies, whose development was controlled by autocyclic and allocyclic processes and hydrology. Ichnopedofacies are used to estimate palaeoprecipitation in conjunction with appropriate modern analogue latitudinal and geographic settings. In the north-east Chinle Basin, annual precipitation was ~1100–1300 mm in the Petrified Forest Member. Precipitation levels were >1300 mm/yr at the base of the lower Owl Rock Member, decreased to ~700–1100 mm/yr, and then to ~400–700 mm/yr. Two drying upward cycles from ~1100 mm/yr to ~700 mm/yr occurred in the middle and upper part of the Owl Rock Member. In the overlying Church Rock Member, precipitation decreased from ~400 mm/yr at the base of the unit to ~25–325 mm/yr at the end of Chinle Formation deposition. Ichnopedofacies indicate monsoonal conditions persisted until the end of the Triassic with decreasing precipitation that resulted from the northward migration of Pangea. Ichnopedofacies in the northeast Chinle Basin indicate both long-term drying of climate and short-term, wet-dry fluctuations.
Empowerment on the Margins: The Online Experiences of Community Health Workers

Research in Human-Computer Interaction for Development (HCI4D) routinely relies on and engages with the increasing penetration of smartphones and the internet. We examine the mobile, internet, and social media practices of women community health workers, for whom internet access has newly become possible. These workers are uniquely positioned at the intersections of various communities of practice---their familial units, workplaces, networks of health workers, larger communities, and the online world. However, they remain at the margins of each, on account of difference in gender, class, literacies, professional expertise, and more. Our findings unpack the legitimate peripheral participation of these workers; examining how they appropriate smartphones and the internet to move away from the peripheries to fully participate in these communities. We discuss how their activities are motivated by moves towards empowerment, digitization, and improved healthcare provision. We consider how future work might support, leverage, and extend their efforts.
Qualitative Analysis of Primary Care Provider Prescribing Decisions for Urinary Tract Infections

Inappropriate choices and durations of therapy for urinary tract infections (UTI) are a common and widespread problem. In this qualitative study, we sought to understand why primary care providers (PCPs) choose certain antibiotics or durations of treatment and the sources of information they rely upon to guide antibiotic-prescribing decisions. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 PCPs in two family medicine clinics focused on antibiotic-prescribing decisions for UTIs. Our interview guide focused on awareness and familiarity with guidelines (knowledge), acceptance and outcome expectancy (attitudes), and external barriers. We followed a six-phase approach to thematic analysis, finding that many PCPs believe that fluoroquinolones achieve more a rapid and effective control of UTI symptoms than trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or nitrofurantoin. Most providers were unfamiliar with fosfomycin as a possible first-line agent for the treatment of acute cystitis. PCPs may be misled by advanced patient age, diabetes, and recurrent UTIs to make inappropriate choices for the treatment of acute cystitis. For support in clinical decision making, few providers relied on guidelines, preferring instead to have decision support embedded in the electronic medical record. Knowing the PCPs' knowledge gaps and preferred sources of information will guide the development of a primary care-specific antibiotic stewardship intervention for acute cystitis.
The Antigenic Structure of Blood Platelets. I. Demonstration in the Rabbit of Antigens in Common Between Skin and Blood Platelets

Viability of infused homologous blood platelets was measured in the circulation of rabbits previously sensitized by one to three skin homografts. After three skin grafts, viability of homologous platelets collected from the skin donor ("specific" platelets) was found to be consistently reduced, while after one or two skin grafts it was reduced in 40 per cent of the experiments. When the platelets infused in the skin-sensitized animals were from "nonspecific" donors, viability was reduced in fewer experiments and to a lesser degree. Demonstration was also made that the skin tissue itself and not the amount of blood contained in the grafts was responsible for the state of immunity leading to increased destruction of the subsequently infused homologous platelets. The results obtained in these experiments were interpreted as demonstration that skin tissue and blood platelets share antigens in common, so that after transplantation of skin, an antiplatelet factor with a good degree of individual specificity appears in the circulation, resulting in increased destruction of subsequently infused homologous platelets. The possibility that this antiplatelet factor may represent a homotransplantation antibody was entertained.
Clinical and radiological characteristics of patients with retroperitoneal infantile hemangiomas.

Background Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common tumors of infancy. The objective was to identify clinical and radiological patterns in patients with retroperitoneal IHs. Methods We reviewed patients from our Vascular Anomalies Center database with IHs and abdominal imaging presenting from 1999 to 2017 to identify retroperitoneal involvement. Results Eleven patients (10 females, one male) with retroperitoneal IHs were found. Cutaneous IHs were present in eight patients (five segmental (45%), three multifocal (27%)) and absent in 1 (9%). Segmental hemangiomas involved the face in 2/5 (40%) and lower body in 3/5 (60%). The most common symptoms were dyspnea (n = 4), hematochezia (n = 3), and/or ulceration (n = 2). Three patients were asymptomatic. Involved retroperitoneal organs included the duodenum (n = 4), pancreas (n = 3), and adrenal glands (n = 1). Non-retroperitoneal organ involvement included the liver (n = 5), non-duodenal small intestine (n = 4), and large intestine (n = 3). Perivascular retroperitoneal hemangiomas were seen in 6/11 patients (55%), most commonly surrounding the aorta (n = 5), iliac vessels (n = 2), and/or inferior vena cava (n = 2). Three of 11 patients (27%) had LUMBAR based on a segmental, sacral hemangioma with tethered cord or anorectal malformation. Follow-up information was available in 6/11 patients (55%): 5 symptomatically improved with treatment (propranolol, corticosteroids, and/or vincristine), while one succumbed from extensive hepatic involvement. Conclusion Retroperitoneal IHs are rare and tend to involve organs or surround vessels. Associated cutaneous IHs, if present, lack anatomical predilection and may be segmental or multifocal.
Emerging Synthetic Cannabinoids: Development and Validation of a Novel Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Assay for Real-Time Detection.

Synthetic cannabinoids pose significant threats to public health and safety, as their implications in overdose and adverse events continue to arise in United States and around the world. Synthetic cannabinoids have seen several generations of chemically diverse structural elements, impacting potency and effects. These factors create new analytical challenges for forensic laboratories. This report describes an efficient liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) assay for the identification of synthetic cannabinoid parent compounds and metabolites, including real-time identification of emergent compounds, using a SCIEX TripleTOF® 5600+ with non-targeted SWATH® acquisition. Method validation evaluated precision/accuracy, limits of detection, interferences, processed sample stability and carryover, for which 19 parent compounds and 19 metabolites were tested. To demonstrate feasibility, de-identified blood sample extracts were acquired from a large forensic toxicology laboratory and analyzed using the validated LC-QTOF-MS assay. In mid-2018, 200 blood extracts were analyzed, demonstrating a 19% positivity rate with > 94% agreement rate with original testing. In addition, three newly discovered synthetic cannabinoids were identified, including 5F-MDMB-PICA, 4-cyano CUMYL-BUTINACA and 5F-EDMB-PINACA. These synthetic cannabinoids were previously unreported in forensic toxicology casework in the United States. 5F-MDMB-PICA has become the most prevalent synthetic cannabinoid in United States, as of early 2019. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of this assay and workflow in the identification and characterization of synthetic cannabinoids, as well as the usefulness of sample-mining using non-targeted mass acquisition by LC-QTOF-MS for the discovery of NPS. High resolution mass spectrometry should be considered when developing new or novel assays for synthetic cannabinoids.