cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of prototypicality on categorization in 1- to 2-year-olds: Getting down to basic

Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that basic-level categories are a developmentally later achievement, resulting from differentiation of earlier global-level ones. Both within-category similarity and between-category contrast have been shown to be major determinants of categorization, and thus they are likely to affect differentiation as well. By varying exemplar prototypicality we examined the joint influence on differentiation of manipulations of within-category similarity and between-category contrast. Using object manipulation, we tested 13-, 16-, and 20-month-olds' (Experiment 1); and 24-and 28-month-olds (Experiment 2) categorization of global- and basic-level object sets composed entirely of prototypical exemplars and of nonprototypical exemplars. Effects of prototypicality were parallel at the global and basic levels: Categorization of prototypical exemplars was superior to that of nonprototypical exemplars. Children behaved systematically toward categories of prototypical exemplars at an earlier age than toward categories of nonprototypical exemplars. The gap between categorization of prototypical and nonprototypical exemplars narrowed first at the global level of contrast (i.e., at 24 months) and later at the basic level of contrast (i.e., at 28 months). The research provides new information on the effects of prototypicality and on the process of differentiation of early global categories into more specific basic-level ones.
Atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance in conventional cervical/vaginal smears and thin‐layer preparations

BACKGROUND Biopsy follow-up of a cervical/vaginal smear interpretation of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) most often reveals either a benign reactive process or a squamous cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) rather than a glandular one. The ThinPrep® Papanicolaou test (TP) has been shown to increase diagnostic sensitivity for CIN. To the authors' knowledge there are few studies examining its effectiveness in diagnosing uterine glandular lesions, either endocervical or endometrial. The authors compared outcomes after AGUS interpreted in TP specimens and conventional smear preparations (CPs). METHODS Follow-up was sought in all cases that were interpreted as AGUS during a 3-year period in which practice groups converted from CPs to TPs. A tissue diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in situ, CIN of Grade 2 or 3, or invasive carcinoma was considered to be a positive follow-up result. Either a benign biopsy finding with a subsequent benign cytologic result or two consecutive benign cytologic results were considered to be negative follow-up results. RESULTS AGUS was reported in 116 of 75,002 TPs (0.15%) and 151 of 79,322 CPs (0.19%). Follow-up information was available in 91 (78%) and 130 (86%) cases, respectively. The predictive value of AGUS for a positive follow-up result was 22% in the TP group and 15% in the CP group. An AGUS interpretation with a positive follow-up result was found in 0.027%of all cases using TPs and in 0.025% of all cases using CPs. CONCLUSIONS The use of TPs may increase the diagnostic specificity of AGUS for a high-grade precursor lesion or carcinoma. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2002;96:1–4. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10312
Neutron-induced fission cross sections of 242Pu and 244Pu

Abstract The neutron fission cross sections of 242 Pu and 244 Pu have been measured between 20 eV and 10 MeV using a nuclear explosion as a source of neutrons. Intermediate structure is observed in both isotopes with the following D II level spacings: 242 Pu, D II = 600 +189 −116 eV; 244 Pu, D II = 1500 +750 / t -375 eV. The corresponding D I level spacings are 242 Pu, D I = 18.7±1.9 eV and 244 Pu, D I = 11.4±4 eV. In 242 Pu a strong increase in the average fission width with energy in the 10 keV to 100 keV energy region was observed. This rise can be interpreted either as a vibrational level in the intermediate well weakly damped into class II compound levels or the opening of a p-wave fission barrier
A randomized trial evaluating a parent based intervention to reduce college drinking

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a parent based intervention (PBI) in reducing drinking among first year college students (N=443). Students were assigned to one of three conditions: PBI, PBI plus booster brochures (PBI-B), and an assessment only control group (CNT). At a 4-month post-intervention follow-up, results indicated students in the PBI-B group reported significantly less drinking to intoxication and peak drinking relative to the PBI group and CNT group. No significant differences were found between the PBI group and CNT group. Results provide further support for PBIs to reduce college student drinking and suggest that a booster brochure increases the effectiveness of PBIs. Language: en
Thermal characteristics of InP, InAlAs, and AlGaAsSb metamorphic buffer layers used in In 0.52 Al 0.48 As/In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As heterojunction bipolar transistors grown on GaAs substrates

In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) were grown metamorphically on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. In these growths, InAlAs, AlGaAsSb, and InP metamorphic buffer layers were investigated. The InAlAs and AlGaAsSb buffer layers had linear compositional grading while the InP buffer layer used direct binary deposition. The transistors grown on these three layers showed similar characteristics. Bulk thermal conductivities of 10.5, 8.4, and 16.1 W/m K were measured for the InAlAs, AlGaAsSb, and InP buffer layers, as compared to the 69 W/m K bulk thermal conductivity of bulk InP. Calculations of the resulting HBT junction temperature strongly suggest that InP metamorphic buffer layers should be employed for metamorphic HBTs operating at high power densities.
Cataplexy in variant forms of Niemann‐Pick disease

A combination of cataplexy and a variant form of Niemann-Pick disease has occurred in five patients described in the literature as well as in two of our patients. In our Patient 1, cataplexy was differentiated from epilepsy by electroencephalographic telemetry and narcolepsy was confirmed by polysomnography. Cataplexy was abolished in both of our patients by treatment with protriptyline. Four of the seven patients had impairment of vertical eye movements. All seven patients had a disorder best classified as type C or D Niemann-Pick disease or the Neville, Wenger, or Wiedemann variant. This appears to be the first identified relationship between cataplexy and a specific disease.
A micromechanical damage model for effective elastoplastic behavior of partially debonded ductile matrix composites

Abstract A micromechanical damage model considering progressive partial debonding is presented to investigate the effective elastoplastic-damage behavior of partially debonded particle reinforced ductile matrix composites (PRDMCs). The effective, evolutionary elastoplastic-damage responses of three-phase composites, consisting of perfectly bonded spherical particles, partially debonded particles and a ductile matrix, are micromechanically derived on the basis of the ensemble-volume averaging procedure and the first-order effects of eigenstrains. The effects of random dispersion of particles are accommodated. Further, the evolutionary partial debonding mechanism is governed by the internal stresses of spherical particles and the statistical behavior of the interfacial strength. Specifically, following Zhao and Weng (1996) , a partially debonded elastic spherical isotropic inclusion is replaced by an equivalent, transversely isotropic yet perfectly bonded elastic spherical inclusion. The Weibull's probabilistic function is employed to describe the varying probability of progressive partial particle debonding. The proposed effective yield criterion, together with the assumed overall associative plastic flow rule and the hardening law, forms the analytical framework for the estimation of the effective elastoplastic-damage behavior of ductile matrix composites. Finally, the present predictions are compared with the predictions based on Ju and Lee's (2000) complete particle debonding model, other existing numerical predictions, and available experimental data. It is observed that the effects of partially debonded particles on the stress–strain responses are significant when the damage evolution becomes rapid.
Innate immunity and toll-like receptors: clinical implications of basic science research

Humans are constantly exposed to a wide variety of microorganisms that can cause infection. In self-defense, the human host has evolved complex protective mechanisms, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as a central point in defense. These receptors bind molecular structures that are expressed by microbes but are not expressed by the human host, eg, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Activation of these receptors initiates an inflammatory cascade that attempts to clear the offending pathogen and set in motion a specific adaptive immune response. Defects in sensing of pathogens may predispose the host to recurrent infections. The relative rarity of these syndromes of defective innate immunity, however, speaks to the redundancy in sensing of pathogens by the innate immune system. More common, polymorphisms in TLR4 are associated with increased predisposition to severe and recurrent infections but protection against atherosclerotic disease due to diminished inflammation. Toll-like receptor signaling may also contribute to the pathophysiology of disease and injure the host by activating a deleterious immune response such as in sepsis or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The focus of this article is to describe the role of TLRs in the innate immune response in health and disease.
Lagrangian Comparison of Objectively Analyzed and Dynamically Modeled Circulation Patterns in Lake Erie

Abstract Currents measured at 28 moorings in Lake Erie during May through October, 1979, were low-pass filtered to remove energy at diurnal, inertial, and higher frequencies. The current meter observations were interpolated to a regular grid over the lake by a new objective analysis technique, producing a stream function field which 1) conserves mass both locally and globally, 2) has values on the shores given by known river flows, 3) has the correct currents where they were measured, and 4) minimizes a function of squared vorticity in areas between the observations. In addition, a numerical, time-dependent, barotropic, rigid-lid circulation model was run using winds from six meteorological buoys on the lake as the forcing function. Twelve 5-day storm cases were selected for detailed Lagrangian analysis. At the beginning of each case, marker particles were released into the objectively analyzed and dynamically modeled flow fields at each of the 28 current meter mooring locations. Differences in the particle trajectories were analyzed by location and as a function of time. The results indicate that the circulation model shows some skill in generating particle trajectories over the course of a storm event in the central basin of the lake with mean positional differences as low as 8.5 km after 5 days compared to a mean path length of 14.9 km. They also show how numerical models and the objective analysis technique can be used to design more effective instrument deployment schemes for measuring lake and ocean circulation patterns.
Prostate stroma: physiology.

BACKGROUND The separate structural and functional activities of the prostatic stroma were only recently discovered and are still poorly understood. METHODS This review summarizes recent literature on the structure, and on the angiogenic, contractile, proliferative, and secretory activities mediated by the prostatic stroma and its agents. RESULTS The stroma undergirds the acinar epithelium through its fibromuscular substance. Neovascularization of its hypoxic cells, a process driven by cytokines, especially vascular endothelial growth factor, provides fuel for glycolytic empowerment of smooth muscle contraction, growth, and secretion. Signals from the stromal complement of cholinergic and adrenergic fibers, modulated by also-elaborated nitric oxide, provide tight regulation of uroflow. Apparently, autonomic control is independent of that of the powerful endothelin, secreted by the epithelium. Superimposed on these intrinsic elements of prostatic stromal control are the effects of steroid hormones and their effectors. CONCLUSIONS The illumination of the stroma's role in prostatic physiology, coupled with advances in knowledge of its pharmacology, should aid in our understanding, management, and prevention of prostatic disease. Prostate 38:60–72, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Machine learning nuclear detonation features

Nuclear explosion yield estimation equations based on a 3D model of the explosion volume will have a lower uncertainty than radius based estimation. To accurately collect data for a volume model of atmospheric explosions requires building a 3D representation from 2D images. The majority of 3D reconstruction algorithms use the SIFT (scale-invariant feature transform) feature detection algorithm which works best on feature-rich objects with continuous angular collections. These assumptions are different from the archive of nuclear explosions that have only 3 points of view. This paper reduces 300 dimensions derived from an image based on Fourier analysis and five edge detection algorithms to a manageable number to detect hotspots that may be used to correlate videos of different viewpoints for 3D reconstruction. Furthermore, experiments test whether histogram equalization improves detection of these features using four kernel sizes passed over these features. Dimension reduction using principal components analysis (PCA), forward subset selection, ReliefF, and FCBF (Fast Correlation-Based Filter) are combined with a Mahalanobis distance classifiers to find the best combination of dimensions, kernel size, and filtering to detect the hotspots. Results indicate that hotspots can be detected with hit rates of 90% and false alarms 1%.
Imaging of the patellofemoral joint.

The patellofemoral (PF) joint is a complex articulation, with interplay between the osseous and soft tissue structures to maintain the balance between knee mobility and stability. Disorders of the PF joint can be a source of anterior knee pain (AKP). In this article, radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging of the PF joint are reviewed, including normal anatomy, imaging techniques, and imaging-based measurements. Common imaging findings associated with AKP are reviewed, including symptomatic normal variants, tendinopathy, apophysitis, osteoarthritis, chondromalacia patella, trochlear dysplasia, excessive lateralization of tibial tuberosity, patellar maltracking, patellar dislocation and fractures, anterior bursitis, Morel-Lavallee effusions, and fat pad edema.
The tanh–coth method for solitons and kink solutions for nonlinear parabolic equations

Abstract The tanh–coth method is used to derive solitons and kink solutions for some of the well-known nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations. The equations include the Fisher equation, Newell–Whithead equation, Allen–Cahn equation, FitzHugh–Nagumo equation, Fisher’s equation, and the Burgers–Fisher equation. The new tanh–coth approach provides abundant solitons and kink solutions in addition to the existing ones. The power of this manageable method is confirmed.
Exploring the Parameter Space of Complex Self-Assembly through Virus Capsid Models

We use discrete event stochastic simulations to characterize the parameter space of a model of icosahedral viral capsid assembly as functions of monomer-monomer binding rates. The simulations reveal a parameter space characterized by three major assembly mechanisms, a standard nucleation-limited monomer-accretion pathway and two distinct hierarchical assembly pathways, as well as unproductive regions characterized by kinetically trapped species. Much of the productive parameter space also consists of border regions between these domains where hybrid pathways are likely to operate. A simpler octamer system studied for comparison reveals three analogous pathways, but is characterized by much lesser sensitivity to parameter variations in contrast to the sharp changes visible in the icosahedral model. The model suggests that modest changes in assembly conditions, consistent with expected differences between in vitro and in vivo assembly environments, could produce substantial shifts in assembly pathways. These results suggest that we must be cautious in drawing conclusions about in vivo capsid self-assembly dynamics from theoretical or in vitro models, as the nature of the basic assembly mechanisms accessible to a system can substantially differ between simple and complex model systems, between theoretical models and simulation results, and between in vitro and in vivo assembly conditions.
Site-Specific Nucleation and Growth Kinetics in Hierarchical Nanosyntheses of Branched ZnO Crystallites

Here we report a site-specific sequential nucleation and growth route to the systematic building of hierarchical, complex, and oriented ZnO micro/nanostructures in solution nanosynthesis. Structures and morphologies of the products were confirmed by results from X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy studies. The organic structure-directing agents (SDAs), diaminopropane and citrate, are found to play different roles in controlling the evolution of these new morphologies. Through the selective adsorptions of SDAs on different crystal facets of the primary ZnO rods, we have alternated the hierarchical growth of secondary and tertiary new complex nanostructures. Roles of the SDA concentration, nucleation time, and growth kinetics in the solution hierarchical ZnO nanosyntheses have all been systematically investigated.
ℓ-Divisibility of ℓ-regular partition functions

We give exact criteria for the l-divisibility of the l-regular partition function b l (n) for l∈{5,7,11}. These criteria are found using the theory of complex multiplication. In each case the first criterion given corresponds to the Ramanujan congruence modulo l for the unrestricted partition function, and the second is a condition given by J.-P. Serre for the vanishing of the coefficients of ∏ m=1 ∞ (1−q m ) l−1.
Are Size, Value, and Momentum Related to Recession Risk?

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that a good risk model should account for ever-changing macroeconomic risks. An increase in the time-varying variances of HML and UMD in response to an increased likelihood of a future downturn lends support to the inclusion of these risks in the formation of portfolios.
A NEW METABOLOMICS ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE: STEADY-STATE METABOLIC NETWORK DYNAMICS ANALYSIS

With the recent advances in experimental technologies, such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, the number of metabolites that can be measured in biofluids of individuals has markedly increased. Given a set of such measurements, a very common task encountered by biologists is to identify the metabolic mechanisms that lead to changes in the concentrations of given metabolites and interpret the metabolic consequences of the observed changes in terms of physiological problems, nutritional deficiencies, or diseases. In this paper, we present the steady-state metabolic network dynamics analysis (SMDA) approach in detail, together with its application in a cystic fibrosis study. We also present a computational performance evaluation of the SMDA tool against a mammalian metabolic network database. The query output space of the SMDA tool is exponentially large in the number of reactions of the network. However, (i) larger numbers of observations exponentially reduce the output size, and (ii) exploratory search and browsing of the query output space is provided to allow users to search for what they are looking for.
Toward human organ printing: Charleston Bioprinting Symposium

The First Annual Charleston Bioprinting Symposium was organized by the Bioprinting Research Center of the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) and convened July 21, 2006, in Charleston, South Carolina. In broad terms, bioprinting is the application of rapid prototyping technology to the biomedical field. More specifically, it is defined as the layer by layer deposition of biologically relevant material. The 2006 Symposium included four sessions: Computer-aided design and Bioprinting, Bioprinting Technologies; Hydrogel for Bioprinting and, finally, a special session devoted to ongoing research projects at the MUSC Bioprinting Research Center. The Symposium highlight was the presentation of the multidisciplinary Charleston Bioengineered Kidney Project. This symposium demonstrated that bioprinting or robotic biofabrication is one of the most exciting and fast-emerging branches in the tissue engineering field. Robotic biofabrication will eventually lead to industrial production of living human organs suitable for clinical transplantation. The symposium demonstrated that although there are still many technological challenges, organ printing is a rapidly evolving feasible technology.
OPTOPUS: Optical backplane for data center switches

An all optically connected data center switch with a Multi-Bus Optical Backplane is demonstrated. The broadcast bus is based on a multimode zig-zag star coupler capable of 1:6 optical broadcast on 12 multi-mode GI fiber channels.
Where are you heading Earth

Accurate prediction of Earth's future warming hinges on our understanding of climate sensitivity. Palaeoclimatology will help solve the problem if the feedbacks included in palaeoclimate sensitivity are properly identified and reconstructions of past atmospheric CO2 can be improved.
On Foster's information storage and retrieval using AVL trees

Foster [2] has proposed a method of constructing an AVL tree with depth (height) h and the number of items N being fixed and with the weighted sum of the items a maximum. The purpose of this note is to show that this method does not work in general.
A longitudinal examination of adolescent response inhibition: neural differences before and after the initiation of heavy drinking.

Rationale Response inhibition abnormalities contribute to several maladaptive behaviors commonly observed during adolescence, including heavy drinking.
Accurate Representation of Near-well Effects in Coarse-Scale Models of Primary Oil Production

Near-well effects can have a strong impact on many subsurface flow processes. In oil production, because dissolved gas is released from the oil phase when the pressure falls below the bubble point, the detailed pressure field in the immediate vicinity of a production well strongly impacts gas (and thus oil) production. This effect is complicated by the interplay of fine-scale heterogeneity and two-phase flow physics, and can be difficult to capture in coarse-grid simulations. In this article, we develop and apply a new upscaling (coarse-graining) procedure to capture such near-well subgrid effects in coarse-scale flow simulation models. The method entails the use of preprocessing computations over near-well domains [referred to as local well models (LWM)] for the determination of upscaled single-phase and two-phase near-well parameters. These parameters are computed by minimizing the mismatch between fine and coarse-scale flows over the LWM. Minimization is accomplished using a gradient-based optimization procedure, with gradients calculated through solution of adjoint equations. The boundary conditions applied on the LWM can impact the upscaled parameters, but these boundary conditions depend on the global flow and are not, therefore, known a priori. In order to circumvent this difficulty, an adaptive local–global procedure is applied. This entails performing a global coarse-scale simulation with initial estimates for well-block parameters. The resulting pressure and saturation fields are then used to define local boundary conditions for the near-well computations. The overall procedure is applied to several example problems and is shown to provide results in close agreement with reference fine-scale computations. Significant improvement in accuracy over existing near-well upscaling treatments is demonstrated, particularly for a heavy oil case with oil viscosity of ~104 cp.
A new method for analysis of components in a mixture without preseparation: evaluation of the concentration ratio and protein-protein interaction.

A new method for evaluating the ratio of two structurally different proteins or other compounds in a mixture that does not require any preseparation steps and is based on using the aqueous two-phase partition technique is described. Mathematical analysis of the partitioning of a mixture of two solutes demonstrates its ability to quantitatively evaluate the ratio of the concentrations of the solutes in the initial mixture. It also provides the means for detecting interactions between the two solutes. Experimental results confirm the analysis to be correct for mixtures of low-molecular-weight compounds as well as for mixtures of structurally different proteins. An example of analysis of a clinically relevant mixture of two proteins-transferrin and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin-is provided. An analysis of interactions between two proteins and/or peptides is also illustrated using two examples.
Modernization, inter-caste marriage, and dowry: An analytical perspective

As economic growth and development occurs in India, it has been thought that dowry would decline as an institution. However, the practice of dowry has rapidly spread to regions in India where previously it was not extensively practiced and dowry inflation may be occurring. In this paper, a simple analytical model of dowry, based upon caste determined status differentials, is developed. The model assumes that some inter-caste marriage occurs. The implications of the model are that gross dowry inflation is fueled by economic growth, but net dowry remains unchanged. More importantly, unequal growth stimulates an expansion of the practice of dowry to lower castes.
Prediction of Traveling Wave Magnetron Frequency Characteristics: Frequency Pushing and Voltage Tuning

An approximate method has been developed for determining the shape and density of the spokes of electronic space charge when large RF potentials exist in the magnetron. With the estimation of space-charge configuration which this method makes possible, induced current theory and knowledge of the magnetron electrode geometry and external circuit can be applied to the calculation of frequency characteristics. These characteristics relate frequency to operating anode potential and anode current and are defined as frequency pushing or voltage tuning characteristics. Relatively simple equations for these characteristics are presented. Calculated characteristics for typical values of the variables of magnetron design are presented. The correspondence of the results of the theory with experimental data is discussed very briefly.
Futile care: confronting the high costs of dying

The costs of futile care for the dying are great. Futility can present challenges because of the monetary costs of such care, its negative effects on staff members, and the burden it creates in allocating limited resources. Administrators can work to recognize and form a better understanding of futility and thus develop strategies for decreasing non-beneficial care. The author discusses issues surrounding futile care and offers suggestions for administrators to decrease spending related to the administration of futile care for the dying.
Time-discretization of Hamiltonian dynamical systems☆

Abstract Difference equations for Hamiltonian systems are derived from a discrete variational principle. The difference equations completely determine piecewise-linear, continuous trajectories which exactly conserve the Hamiltonian function at the midpoints of each linear segment. A generating function exists for transformations between the vertices of the trajectories. Existence and uniqueness results are present as well as simulation results for a simple pendulum and an inverse square law system.
Representations in working memory yield interference effects found with externally-triggered representations.

Abstract An act as simple as flicking a switch involves various stages of processing. Each stage is susceptible to interference from competing representations/processes. Interference at different stages of processing (e.g., perceptual stages versus response selection stages) leads to distinct behavioral, neural, and subjective effects. In the flanker task, for instance, one responds to a visual target and disregards flanking ‘distractors.’ Theoretically-predicted interference (increased response times, error rates, and subjective ‘urges to err’) is stronger when distractors and targets are associated with different actions ( response interference ) than when they look different but are associated with the same action ( perceptual interference ). Extant versions of the task tax working memory (WM) minimally, but many everyday actions (e.g., searching for keys or holding one's breath) require more WM-based control. To illuminate this uncharted area, we examined the nature of interference in delayed action tasks , which rely on WM. We found that systematic interference arises even when action-related representations are, not triggered solely by external stimuli, but actively held in WM. We discuss these findings with increased emphasis on the under-explored subjective effects of different kinds of interference. The implications of these findings for the study of action production, WM, and conscious processing are entertained.
An exact algorithm for the statistical shortest path problem

Graph algorithms are widely used in VLSI CAD. Traditional graph algorithms can handle graphs with deterministic edge weights. As VLSI technology continues to scale into nanometer designs, we need to use probability distributions for edge weights in order to model uncertainty due to parameter variations. In this paper, we consider the statistical shortest path (SSP) problem. Given a graph G, the edge weights of G are random variables. For each path P in G, let L/sub P/ be its length, which is the sum of all edge weights on P. Clearly L/sub P/ is a random variable and we let /spl mu//sub P/, and /spl omega//sub P//sup 3/ be its mean and variance, respectively. In the SSP problem, our goal is to find a path P connecting two given vertices to minimize the cost function /spl mu//sub p/, + /spl Phi/ (/spl omega//sub P//sup 2/) where /spl Phi/ is an arbitrary function. (For example, if /spl Phi/ (/spl times/) /spl equiv/ the cost function is /spl mu//sub P/, + 3/spl omega//sub P/.) To minimize uncertainty in the final result, it is meaningful to look for paths with bounded variance, i.e., /spl omega//sub P//sup 2/ /spl les/ B for a given fixed bound B. In this paper, we present an exact algorithm to solve the SSP problem in O(B(V + E)) time where V and E are the numbers of vertices and edges, respectively, in G. Our algorithm is superior to previous algorithms for SSP problem because we can handle: 1) general graphs (unlike previous works applicable only to directed acyclic graphs), 2) arbitrary edge-weight distributions (unlike previous algorithms designed only for specific distributions such as Gaussian), and 3) general cost function (none of the previous algorithms can even handle the cost function /spl mu//sub P/, + 3/spl omega//sub P/. Finally, we discuss applications of the SSP problem to maze routing, buffer insertions, and timing analysis under parameter variations.
Brainstem conundrum: the Chiari I malformation.

PURPOSE To describe the Chairi I Malformation in relation to the anatomy of the brain and spinal cord, the common manifestations of the condition, diagnostic considerations, and management for the primary care provider. DATA SOURCES Extensive review of the world-wide scientific literature on the condition, supplemented with actual case studies. CONCLUSIONS The adult Chairi I Malformation is an insidious congenital brainstem anomaly that consists of caudal displacement of the cerebellar tonsils, brainstem and fourth ventricle into the upper cervical space, resulting in overcrowding of the posterior fossa. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Due to the vague, and often ambiguous presenting symptoms of Chiari I Malformation, many patients are misdiagnosed with conditions such as multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, or psychiatric disorders. Patients frequently experience symptoms months to years prior to accurate diagnosis and often incur irreversible neurologic deficits.
Diplomatic communication theory: Signals, channels, networks

The analysis of international or diplomatic communication is approached at three levels: channels (viz, dyads), signals‐messages (viz. international events‐intents), and networks (viz. international systems). Diplomatic channel theory utilizes an interpretation of the classical Shannon‐Weaver communication model and outlines a statistical information analysis of international events signals with empirical examples. Analysis of international mediation suggests several counterintuitive problems in information processing at the channel level. Diplomatic network theory distinguishes between three different communication structures: one‐to‐one, one‐to‐group, and one‐to‐subgroup. Each communication structure at the network level has characteristic complexity and channel requirements. The presence of nonlinear phenomena at both channel and network levels is emphasized, as well as asymmetries between conflict and cooperative interactions at the signal level.
Altruism, Foreign Aid and Humanitarian Military Intervention:

The stated objectives for countries in providing foreign aid have been strategic, economic and humanitarian. The end of the Cold War and the recent disintegration of territorial states has increased the prominence of the humanitarian objective. Therefore, the paper concentrates on the transfer of resources from wealthier and politically stable countries to poorer and politically unstable ones. The amount of foreign aid provided by governments and international relief agencies is determined by the altruistic desires of individuals. Within a median voter framework, it is found that foreign aid is increasing in the degree of altruism of the median voter, their income, the similarity the median voter has with the ethnicity or religion of the recipient group, and the number of civilian casualties resulting from armed conflicts in the recipient nation. Foreign aid is inversely related to the size of the recipient country and the extent that international relief is being pilfered. This latter result explains "fo...
Tree and stand volume functions for Eucalyptus saligna.

Abstract Tree and stand volume equations are developed for Eucalyptus saligna plantations in Western Kenya. Total tree volume, merchantable volume to a variable top diameter limit, and taper functions are developed using the logarithmic model. Separate equations are necessary for coppiced and non-coppiced plantations. A single equation is developed which predicts total yield per hectare and merchantable yield per hectare to any top diameter limit. A set of anamorphic site index equations and a stand basal area growth curve are developed. The system of equations indicates that mean annual increment culminates at approximately age five to six across the range of site indices present in these plantations.
Effect of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17-n-caproate on the reproductive performance of cattle

The effect of the administration of 500 mg of progesterone on reproductive efficiency in cows was studied using 115 apparently normal females. The animals in both the treated and control groups were free from detectable infection disease and other reproductive abnormalities. All females in both groups had well-developed Graafian follicles at the time of breeding. The 57 treated animals had a first-service conception of 71.9% while the 58 controls had only 39.6%. The administration of progesterone to apparently normal cows at first breeding increased the breeding efficiency of the treated group 32.3% over the controls for first-service conceptions. The total breeding efficiency for the treated group was 71.8% (56 conceptions from 78 services) compared to 52.7% (58 conceptions from 110 services) for controls. The increased "uterine milk" produced by the stimulation of the endometrium by the additional progesterone may have aided nidation and cut down on the percentage of embryonic death in the treated group.
Dynamic database dumping

Several methods are studied for dynamically creating a dump copy of a database while the database is on-line and being updated by user transactions. The methods can be characterized by whether the dump represents the database that existed at the beginning of the dump creation, at the end, or sometime in the middle. The methods are analyzed to understand the performance tradeoffs between alternate methods. The methods vary in the time required to create the dump and the amount of extra storage needed. A key parameter of a given system is shown to be the ratio of the rate at which database entities are copied into the dump to the rate at which database entities are updated. For certain methods to work, the ratio must exceed one. However, by combining two methods into a hybrid scheme, the ratio need only exceed one half.
Minireview: Nonobligate Bacterial Predation of Bacteria in Soil

Bacterial predation of bacteria in soil, or in other habitats, is a relatively new field of study. To date, only a few bacterial predators of bacteria have been found. Some of them are obligate predators, others are not. I shall only briefly mention obligate bacterial predation of bacteria, for example, as with Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, since this is not the subject of the present review. The subject is included because, as noted below, nonobligate strains of this bacterium have been described.
Storing an optical pulse as a mechanical excitation in a silica optomechanical resonator

We report an experimental demonstration of storing an optical pulse as a mechanical excitation in a silica microsphere. The storage lifetime is determined by the relatively long damping time of the mechanical excitation.
Principal internal resonances in 3-DOF systems subjected to wide-band random excitation

Abstract The autoparametric interaction of two normal modes in a three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) structural model subjected to a wide-band random excitation is investigated. The analysis deals primarily with the structure response in the neighborhood of three different internal resonance conditions. The Fokker-Planck equation approach, together with a non-Gaussian closure scheme, is used. The analysis is carried out with the aid of the computer algebra software MACSYMA, and leads to 69 differential equations in the first through fourth order moments of the response co-ordinates. Contrary to the Gaussian closure solution, the non-Gaussian closure scheme yields a strictly stationary response. The Gaussian closure scheme fails to predict the system response when two non-adjacent modes are internally tuned. According to the non-Gaussian solution, the autoparametric interaction is found to be sensitive to a relatively high level of excitation spectral density only if the first and second or the first and third normal modes are internally tuned. However, for the case of second and third normal mode interaction, the non-linear response is critical to lower excitation levels. The random responses of the three cases are characterized by energy exchange between the interacted modes. The sensitivity of autoparametric interaction to a certain excitation level is mainly dependent upon the system dynamic properties.
Determining Optimal Stocking Rates Using a Stock–Recruitment Model: An Example Using Walleye in Northern Wisconsin

Abstract We propose that stock–recruitment models can be used to estimate optimal stocking rates. Data to estimate the optimal stocking rates can be obtained in a relatively short amount of time by sampling similar populations over a few years. Whether the goal of stocking is endangered species recovery or supplementation of recreational fisheries, accurately determining the optimal stocking rate is of ecological and financial importance. As an example, we applied this approach using a Ricker stock–recruitment model to walleye Sander vitreus stocking in northern Wisconsin lakes. Using June stocking data and fall age-0 survey data for 39 lakes over a 14-year time period, we found that the stocking rate resulting in the greatest number of age-0 walleyes was 60 age-0 walleyes/ha. Similarly, using June stocking data and fall age-1 survey data in 18 lakes over a 9-year time period we found that the stocking rate resulting in the greatest number of age-1 walleyes was 75 age-0 walleyes/ha. About 16% of the varia...
Social networks of mothers of physically handicapped and nonhandicapped preschoolers: Group differences and relations to mother-child interaction

Abstract This study addresses three issues: (a) whether the social networks of mothers of children with physical handicaps differ from those of mothers of children without handicaps, (b) whether the two groups differ on which network characteristics are percieved as satisfying, and (c) whether network characteristics are related to the same parenting behavior in both groups. Sixty-eight mothers of 4-year-old children (24 with physical handicaps) were interviewed and completed diaries about their social networks; they were also observed playing with their children. The social networks of both groups of mothers were found to be quite similar. Despite this similarity, network satisfaction was associated with different network characteristics in the two groups. Mothers of children with handicaps were more satisfied (and mothers of children without handicaps were less satisfied) with close-knit, interconnected networks. Finally, in both groups, mothers whose networks were more interconnected and interacted more frequently showed less facilitation of independence with their children.
Radioiodine metabolism in the goat after simultaneous single and daily administration.

Summary Simultaneous administration to goats of two radionuclides of iodine, I 125 and I 131 , revealed no significant difference between the sum total of excretions in milk, urine, and feces after a single dose, compared with the average of the steady state excretions after daily ingestion. The experiments indicated that information from single doses of radioiodine can be extrapolated to predict the behavior of iodine under conditions of daily ingestion. Iodine 125 was found to be of advantage in large animal experiments because of its long half-life, 57 days, and was found not to interfere with the determination of I 131 when using a single channel analyzer. In turn, I 125 could be separated from I 131 by allowing I 131 to reduce to low levels by physical decay.
Value Congruence and the Vocational Self Concept of School Counselors

A model based on self concept theory has been presented for the consideration of the vocational values of school counselors. A study of the hierarchy and congruence of their values is interpreted as demonstrating a high degree of self-awareness, a foundation for movement toward the ideal self, and a measure of strong satisfaction with their career identification.
Invocation chaining: manipulating lightweight objects across heavyweight boundaries

Invocation batching combines multiple object invocations into a single message; result chaining makes results from one batched invocation available to the other invocations batched with it. Invocation chaining, or the combination of invocation batching with result chaining, is the key to allowing lightweight objects to be manipulated efficiently across heavyweight boundaries, whether between machines, between address spaces, or between user and kernel. By reducing the number of boundary crossings, invocation chaining reduces the total cost of invocation, making it more effective than previous solutions such as asynchronous messaging. This paper describes an initial implementation of invocation chaining. >
Theory and observations of subglacial water

Castine Workshop on Subglacial Thaw and Ice Dynamics; Castine, Maine, 24–25 May 2011 New radar data on the distribution of water beneath the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets motivated a meeting of theoreticians, ice sheet modelers, and field glaciologists. The workshop was supported by the University of Maine Climate Change Institute (CCI), the University of Kansas Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS), and the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs.
The Macroeconomic Effects of Fund-Supported Adjustment Programs

The evidence is reviewed on the macroeconomic effects of Fund-supported adjustment programs, and new estimates are provided of these effects for 69 developing countries with programs during 1973-88. The empirical analysis indicates that in the short run programs have led to an improvement in the current account and the balance of payments, a lowering of inflation, and a decline in growth. In the longer run the positive effects of programs on the external balance and inflation are strengthened, and the adverse growth effects reduced. There is also evidence of a positive link between macroeconomic stability and economic growth.
A cost-aware region-level data placement scheme for hybrid parallel I/O systems

Parallel I/O systems represent the most commonly used engineering solution to mitigate the performance mismatch between CPU and disk performance; however, parallel I/O systems are application dependent and may not work well for certain data access requests. New emerging solid state drives (SSD) are able to deliver better performance but incur a high monetary cost. While SSDs cannot always replace HDDs, the hybrid SSD-HDD approach uniquely addresses common performance issues in parallel I/O systems. The performance of hybrid SSD-HDD architecture depends on the utilization of the SSD and scheduling of data placement. In this paper, we propose a cost-aware region-level (CARL) data placement scheme for hybrid parallel I/O systems. CARL divides large files into several small regions, calculates the region costs according to the data access patterns, and selectively places regions with high access costs onto the SSD-based file servers. We have implemented CARL under MPI-IO and the PVFS2 parallel file system environment. Experimental results of representative benchmarks show that CARL is both feasible and able to improve I/O performance significantly.
Measurement of transport properties of a gas-solid suspension using phase Doppler anemometry

Abstract A significant step beyond the introduction of the continuum counterpart of time averaging over a time window of the output of a phase Doppler particle anemometry on a dense suspension of particles has been carried out. This has been accomplished by introducing short time shifts to retain the characteristics of high frequency fluctuations of averaged properties. This preservation of the high frequency components of fluctuations has made it possible to determine the correlations, power spectrum, and diffusivity of the particle phase, important parameters in the design of various transport processes. Illustrative details are presented on local density, velocity, and particle size distribution. The latter suggests caution in probing for a representative mass flux of particles in pipe flow.