cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unequal Societies: Income Distribution and the Social Contract

This paper develops a theory of inequality and the social contract aiming to explain how countries with similar economic and political "fundamentals" can sustain such different systems of social insurance, fiscal redistribution, and education finance as those, of the United States and Western Europe. With imperfect credit and insurance markets some redistributive policies can improve ex ante welfare, and this implies that their political support tends to decrease with inequality. Conversely, with credit constraints, lower redistribution translates into more persistent inequality; hence the potential for multiple steady states, with mutually reinforcing high inequality and low redistribution, or vice versa.
Parametric Stability of a Two-Degree-of-Freedom Machine System: Part I—Equations of Motion and Stability

Etude de la stabilite parametrique d'un systeme mecanique a deux degres de liberte. Equations du mouvement et analyse de la stabilite
Religiosity and obesity: are overweight people more religious?

The present study was undertaken to test the recently advanced hypothesis that highly religious people are more prone to obesity than is true for people in general. Based on a sample of over 6000 middle- to older-aged women, the study found essentially no support for the hypothesis. The only possible exception was in the case of members of certain denominations with historically high birth rates.
Electron correlation, reference states and empirical potentials

Reference states as used in the physical sciences fall into three main categories: simplified interactions, special limits or cases, and special symmetries or configurations. Regardless of the category, the general behaviour of a system is described as deviations from the specific behaviour of some reference state. After briefly reviewing examples from each of the categories, we more closely examine the role of reference states in constructing empirical atomistic potential energy surfaces. Although not universally used for parameterizing empirical potentials, we argue that the approach deserves more consideration based on the success of the embedded atom method (EAM), and its variants. We view a substantial part of the success of EAM as due to its use of a reference state. We further argue that one role of the reference state is to introduce correlation energy in a fundamental way. We take advantage of these characteristics in deriving a generalization of EAM that permits a description of charge transfer ...
Abstract sphere-of-influence graphs

The SIG, or ''sphere-of-influence graph,'' G(S) of a set S of points in the plane was introduced by G. Toussaint. To each point of S assign an open ball centered at that point of radius equal to the smallest distance from that point to any other point of S. Then the vertex set of G(S) is S and two vertices x and y are adjacent whenever their open balls intersect. An abstract SIG is isomorphic to some G(S). It is verified that every path and every cycle is a SIG, and that every tree is an induced subgraph of some SIG. Corresponding but different results for the proximity graphs which use closed balls are derived. Several unsolved problems are explicitly stated.
Brines exposed to Europa surface conditions

[1] Evidence for an ocean beneath the icy crust of Europa includes reflectance spectra of disrupted surface regions indicating hydrated materials such as salts. We simulated exposure of salty brine on the cold surface of Europa by flash-freezing sulfate and carbonate solutions. This produces materials that have near-infrared reflectance spectra distinct from those for crystalline minerals and more similar to those for Europa's non-ice regions. These new spectroscopic data, along with geophysical evidence, geochemical models, and meteorite studies, strongly suggest that the non-ice materials in the disrupted regions on Europa's surface contain large amounts of disordered and heavily hydrated MgSO4 and perhaps Na2SO4 that are endogenic in origin.
Fatigue of Intermetallic Compounds and Their Composites

Recent studies of fatigue behavior of intermetallic compounds are reviewed. Emphasis is upon fatigue damage leading to crack initiation, effects of environment on crack propagation and behavior of intermetallic matrix composites. Future research directions are suggested.
Toward system principles: general system theory and the alternative approach

General System Theory (GST) sets its goal as unification of science, and its subject matter as formulation of general system principles, or principles applicable to all systems. Unfortunately, no such principles have been formulated to date. This paper demonstrates that GST is incapable of formulating system principles due to its naturalistic methods and realist ontology that represents system as a real object, or thing. This paper suggests an alternative approach to development of system principles based on the assumption that the purpose of the system approach is not unification of science but dealing with complexity, and the corresponding method is analysis–synthesis. According to this approach, reality is neither systemic nor non-systemic, and only our methods of treating real objects and corresponding representations of them are either systemic or not. The paper asserts that system science cannot study real systems, because they do not exist. Instead it should study history of system reasoning as the process of development of system principles. As a preliminary step, by analyzing classical definitions of system, this paper identifies the principal system concepts and categorical oppositions that can be used as an initial framework for empirical studies of system reasoning. It also outlines methodology for such studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of some negative ion processes involving the tungsten fluorides

Abstract Dissociative electron capture processes involving WF 6 , WOF 4 and WF 5 were studied by electron impact mass spectrometry and the measured energy thresholds for formation of WF 5 − , WF 4 − , and WOF 3 − were used to estimate the electron affinities of the corresponding neutral species as ⩾0.4, ⩾1.0 and ⩾0.3 eV, respectively. The ion WF 4 − was observed as a product from all three reactants and the derived electron affinities of WF 4 from each process are in close agreement, indicating that product excitation is probably negligible in those processes. The results are compared with data obtained from other negative ion studies made by electron impact and collisional ionization techniques.
(Smart)watch your taps: side-channel keystroke inference attacks using smartwatches

In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of keystroke inference attacks on handheld numeric touchpads by using smartwatch motion sensors as a side-channel. The proposed attack approach employs supervised learning techniques to accurately map the uniqueness in the captured wrist movements to each individual keystroke. Experimental evaluation shows that keystroke inference using smartwatch motion sensors is not only fairly accurate, but also better than similar attacks previously demonstrated using smartphone motion sensors.
Retinoic acid is essential for Shh/Hoxd signaling during rat limb outgrowth but not for limb initiation.

Retinoids long have been implicated in limb development and their endogenous contributions to this process are finally being elucidated. Here we use an established model of retinoid depletion during specific gestational windows to investigate the role of endogenous retinoic acid (RA) in supporting limb outgrowth. Rat embryos were deprived of RA starting at days-postcoitum (dpc) 3.0, 5.5, or 7.0 and harvested at the 35-somite stage (dpc 12–12.5). Although embryos from all these windows possessed many characteristics of gestational retinoid deficiency (frontonasal hypoplasia, straight tail, reduced CRBPI and RARβ), their limb buds emerged with only modest size reductions. Molecular analysis of RA-deficient limb buds revealed enhanced gli-3 and reduced hoxd-12, hoxd-13, shh, and fgf-4, while fgf-8, en-1, and wnt-7a expression remained unaltered. Occasional posterior truncations were observed at low incidence in the longest deficiency window; otherwise, the deficiency window length had no discernable impact on the severity of these changes. At the 45-somite stage, RA-deficient limbs had additional losses of hoxd-13 and fgf-8, accompanied by a flattened AER, suggestive of an ultimate failure in limb bud outgrowth. Results could not confirm a function for endogenous retionids in limb initiation, but show they are required to maintain the signaling loops between the developing mesenchyme and AER that govern limb outgrowth after the initial emergence of limb bud. Dev Dyn 1999;216:469–480. ©1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The short-run impact of environmental protection costs on U.S. product prices

Using an input-output framework, this paper investigates the magnitude of the impact that environmental protection costs had on prices in the United States in 1977. With the imposition of environmental protection costs, the projected total price increases for individual industries range from 0.12% to 6.58%. Due to data limitations, the constraints of input-output analysis, and the structural changes that occurred in the economy from 1972 to 1977, the results should not be taken as definitive. However, the results do indicate the typical sort of variation in impact likely to occur across industries and that the average impact on prices was modest.
Experimental measurement of the effect of termination on surface electromagnetic waves in one-dimensional photonic bandgap arrays

Two different attenuated total-internal reflection prism configurations are used to explore the excitation of surface electromagnetic waves on one-dimensional (1-D) photonic bandgap (PBG) arrays. The effect of surface termination of the photonic crystal is shown to have a significant effect on the dispersion of the surface modes excited at that interface. The results show that it is possible to engineer the position of the surface mode within the forbidden bandgap. Modes that are located close to the center of the bandgap are shown to be more localized, leading to significantly higher surface electromagnetic fields than modes located near the band edge. The existence of surface modes can have an effect on many of the proposed applications for PBG materials. The modes are also of interest in their own right for use in applications such as sensors and modulators.
Forsterite dissolution rates in Mg-sulfate-rich Mars-analog brines and implications of the aqueous history of Mars

High salinity brines, although rare on Earth's surface, may have been important in the geologic history of Mars. Increasing evidence suggests the importance of liquid brines in multiple locations on Mars. In order to interpret the effect of high ionic strength brines on olivine dissolution, which is widely present on Mars, 47 new batch reactor experiments combined with 35 results from a previous study conducted at 25°C from 1 < pH < 4 in magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, magnesium nitrate, and potassium nitrate solutions with ionic strengths as high as 12 m show that very high ionic strength brines have an inhibitory effect of forsterite dissolution rates. Multiple linear regression analysis of the data suggests that the inhibition in dissolution rates is due to decreased water activity at high ionic strengths. Regression models also show that mMg up to 4 m and mSO4 up to 3 m have no effect on forsterite dissolution rates. The effect of decreasing dissolution rates with decreasing aH2O is consistent with the idea that water acts as a ligand that participates in the dissolution process. Less available water to participate in the dissolution reaction results in a slower dissolution rate. Multiple linear regression analysis of the data produces the rate equation logr=−6.81−0.52pH+3.26logaH2O. Forsterite in dilute solutions with a water activity of one dissolves twice as fast as those in brines with a water activity of 0.8.
Interfacial Layer Growth Condition Dependent Electrical Conduction in HfO2/SiO2 Heterostructured thin films

The electrical conduction mechanism contributing to the leakage current at different field regions has been studied in this work. The current-voltage (I-V) measurement of TiN/HfO2/SiO2/P-Si nMOS capacitor has been taken for two different interfacial layer (SiO2) growth conditions such as in situ steam grown (ISSG) and chemical processes. It is observed that Poole-Frenkel mechanism is the dominant conduction mechanism in high field region whereas Ohmic conduction is dominant in the low field region. Also it is seen that the gate leakage current is reduced for the devices having chemically grown interfacial layer compared to that of ISSG devices. Both trap energy level (ϕt) and activation energy (Ea) increase in the chemically grown interfacial layer devices for the Poole-Frenkel and Ohmic conduction mechanisms respectively in comparison to ISSG devices. Trap energy level (ϕt) of ~ 0.2 eV, obtained from Poole-Frenkel mechanism indicates that the doubly ionized oxygen vacancies (V2-) are the active defects and are contributing to the leakage current in these devices.
Difference in Time to Detection: A Simple Method to Differentiate Catheter-Related from Non—Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients

Current methods for diagnosis of catheter-related infection (CRI) are cumbersome and may require removal of the central venous catheter (CVC). A prospective study was conducted to validate the difference in time to detection (DTD) of cultures of blood samples obtained simultaneously from a peripheral vein (PV) and from the CVC for differentiation of CRI and non-CRI. During a 15-month period, 9 episodes were categorized as CRI and 24 as non-CRI. The median DTD for patients with CRI was significantly higher than that for patients with non-CRI (457 vs. -4 min; P or =120 min (sensitivity, 88.9%; specificity, 100%). With pretest probability of CRI ranging from 28% to 54%, the positive predictive value of a DTD of > or =120 min for the diagnosis of CRI was 100%; the negative predictive value was 89%-96%. On the basis of findings from this study, which is the largest, to date, to involve pediatric patients with tunneled CVCs and the first to use paired quantitative blood cultures as a "criterion standard," DTD was found to be a simple, reliable tool for diagnosis of CRI in hospitals that use continuously read blood culture systems.
Bias-Stress Effect in Pentacene Organic Thin-Film Transistors

The effects of bias stress in integrated pentacene organic transistors are studied and modeled for different stress conditions. It is found that the effects of bias stress can be expressed in terms of the shift in applied gate voltage ?V for a given current. An empirical equation describing ?V in terms of different gate and drain bias stress measurements and stress times is presented and verified. In the measured devices, ?V saturates at 14 V, independent of the gate bias-stress condition. A model based on carrier trapping rate equation that accounts for this ?V saturation is developed. The model suggests that the ?V saturation is due to the small density of traps compared to the channel carrier density.
On the output feedback control of discrete-time uncertain systems

Starts with a characterization of all ellipsoidal bounds on the limit sets of static output feedback controlled discrete-time systems with ellipsoidally bounded disturbances. Then, all static output feedback gains that will achieve a certain ellipsoidal bound assignment are parameterized. Finally an example illustrates the application of the proposed approach.
Load-balanced key establishment methodologies in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) pose a need for dynamically establishing a secret key joint to a group of nodes. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) has emerged as a suitable public key cryptographic foundation for WSN. This paper adopts an ECC-based Diffie-Hellman (DH) self-certified key establishment methodologies for securing ad hoc clusters of sensor nodes. The results pertain to a novel load-balancing technique accompanied by a detailed communication protocol. PairwiseDHself-certified key-establishment procedures are extended to online group key generation. Linear computational complexity is observed with respect to the network size, yielding a highly scalable framework. Moreover, authentication is introduced as an inherent component in all key generation processes. Implementation results are presented for the TelosB sensor node platform, clearly demonstrating the viability of the proposed approach.
Genetic variation in the TGF-β signaling pathway and colon and rectal cancer risk.

Background: The TGF-β signaling pathway is an essential regulator of many cellular process involved in carcinogenesis. Smad proteins are central to the function of TGF-β signaling. In this study, we evaluated genetic variation in TGFβ1 , TGFβR1 , Smad1 , Smad2 , Smad3 , and Smad4 and risk of colon and rectal cancer. Methods: Data are from a large case–control study of colon ( n = 1,444 cases, 1,841 controls) and rectal ( n = 754 cases, 856 controls) cancer participants with DNA. Results: Both TGFβ1 rs1800469 and rs4803455 were associated with colon cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 0.65 and 1.43, 95% CI = 0.51–0.84 and 1.18–1.73, respectively) but not rectal cancer. Likewise, 1 of 3 tagSNPs for TGFβR1 , 2 of the 4 tagSNPs for Smad2 , and 4 of 37 Smad3 tagSNPs were associated with colon cancer. Fewer significant associations were observed for rectal cancer, with only 1 tagSNP in Smad2 and 3 tagSNP in Smad3 having 95% CIs excluding 1.0. Several Smad3 tagSNPs were only associated with CpG island methylator phenotype. We observed several statistically significant interactions between genetic variation in the TGF-β signaling pathway and NFκB1 , further illustrating its involvement in proposed mechanisms. In addition, we observed statistically significant interaction between TGFβ1 , TGFβR1 , and Smad3 and cigarette smoking, aspirin use, and estrogen status for both colon and rectal cancers. Variation in TGFβ1 , TGFβR1 , and Smad3 seemed to influence survival after diagnosis of colon and rectal cancer. Conclusions: These findings provide further support for genetic variation in the TGF-β signaling pathway and risk of developing both colon and rectal cancers. Impact: Insight into biological pathways is provided. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(1); 57–69. ©2011 AACR .
Divers’ willingness to pay to visit marine sanctuaries: an exploratory study ☆

Abstract Entrance fees paid by divers to enter marine sanctuaries constitute a significant potential revenue source to finance coral reef conservation. An exploratory contingent valuation study was carried out among foreign and local tourists in three major dive destinations in the Philippines to examine diver demand for visits to protected coral reef areas. Results indicate that most divers would be willing to pay an entrance fee to marine sanctuaries where fishing, one of the major threats to coral reefs, is prohibited. An econometric model was estimated analyzing the socioeconomic and travel related factors that affect divers’ willingness to pay. Results indicate that substantial amounts of revenues may be collected through entrance fees to support coral reef conservation. Most tourists interviewed preferred NGOs as the most trustworthy organization type to collect and manage entrance fees.
Does Economics Still Matter? Econometrics and the Vote

Evans and Andersen make the provocative argument that the effects of economic perceptions on political support are greatly exaggerated, owing to the endogeneity of economic perceptions with respect to partisanship. I question their claim, for several reasons. First, the dependent variable measure of popularity is unusual. Second, the causal modeling is based on debatable assumptions that could be behind these surprising results. Third, in the United Kingdom and the United States, evidence suggests that national economic perceptions reflect closely the real economy. There may well be an endogeneity problem in economic voting studies, but it more likely runs from economic perceptions to partisanship, rather than vice versa. Panel studies, available for both the United Kingdom and the United States in national election surveys, offer ideal databases for testing these rival claims in the future. Great care must be given to exogenize properly the partisanship variable.
EEG classification by ICA source selection of Laplacian-filtered data

We studied the performance of a double-spatial filtering method for classification of single-trial electroencephalography (EEG) data that couples the spherical surface Laplacian (SL) and independent component analysis (ICA). This method was evaluated in the context of a binary classification experiment with brain states driven by mental imagery of auditory and visual stimuli. A statistically significant improvement was achieved with respect to the rates provided by raw data and by data filtered by either SL or ICA.
Constitutionalising Subsidiarity in Integrated Markets: The Case of Tobacco Regulation in the European Union

The article establishes three propositions. First, if a constitution establishes the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality as legal principles, questions of competencies are closely tied up with questions of regulatory policy. This means that the Treaty carves out a powerful role for the Court of Justice to assess the jurisdictional reasonableness of market intervention when reviewing whether the EU was legally competent to act. Second, general scepticism about courts being able to play such a demanding role in policing jurisdictional boundaries in federal systems are unjustified in the EU. The new procedure established in the Constitutional Treaty, which is likely to be included in any renegotiated constitutional settlement, involves national Parliaments and the Commission building a written record addressing the relevant policy issues on which the court can base its review. Additionally national courts serve as an external check on the Court of Justice, disciplining the Court of Justice to focus on taking competencies seriously or facing the prospect of national courts disapplying EU law on the grounds that it was enacted ultra vires. Third, even though there are some promising points of departure in its case law, the Court of Justice has not yet adopted a doctrinal framework that effectively operationalises the Treaty's commitment to subsidiarity and proportionality in the context of the common market.
'A few days here is plenty': the value and implications of popular sources for tourism development in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Using a case study from Nepal, this paper argues that popular media such as blogs, travelogues, and guidebooks offer an underutilised source of consumer feedback that can assist state–level tourism planners in fine–tuning their marketing strategies of un/underplanned tourism destinations. The district of Thamel has emerged as the epicentre of Nepal's international tourism flows. Thamel's reputation as a site for cheap and easy conspicuous consumption remains a notable problem in the Nepali state's attempt to steer tourism development towards more geographically dispersed and more up–market models. This paper argues that when attempting to understand spaces such as Thamel, unofficial tourism media such as travelogues, memoirs, and travel guides can serve as invaluable and readily available marketing resources, particularly as a means of understanding the meaning and function of such touristic spaces for tourists. In turn, findings from analyses of popular media sources can be fed directly into relevant tourism development policy and marketing research.
Trans fatty acids and blood lipid levels, Lp(a), parameters of cholesterol metabolism, and hemostatic factors

Abstract Diets high in trans fatty acids and/or hydrogenated fat have been reported to increase total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, and in some cases decrease high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. More recent evidence supports these observations. The lack of consistency among the data regarding HDL cholesterol levels may be related to differences in the actual level of trans fatty acids consumed or the relative decrease in saturated fat accompanying the dietary modification. The decrease in HDL cholesterol levels, when present, has been related to increased cholesterol ester transferase protein (CETP) activity. Trans fatty acids have been reported to either increase or have no significant effect on lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels, whereas saturated fat has been reported to decrease Lp(a) levels. Available data on the effect of trans fatty acid intake on cholesterol metabolism other than CETP activity are too limited to draw firm conclusions at this time. The effect of trans fatty acids on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation or on a variety of hemostatic factors suggest no adverse effects. On this basis of the data available it appears prudent to recommend restricting both saturated and trans fatty acid intake to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Caution needs to be exerted when communicating this message so as to avoid putting undue emphasis on trans fatty acids at the expense of saturated fatty acids. Instead patients should be encouraged to reduce intakes of both.
Trajectory tracking and balance stabilization control of autonomous motorcycles

We report a new trajectory tracking and balancing control algorithm for an autonomous motorcycle. Building on the existing modeling work of a bicycle, the new dynamic model of the autonomous motorcycle considers the bicycle caster angle and captures the steering effect on the vehicle tracking and balancing. The trajectory tracking control takes an external/internal model decomposition approach. A nonlinear controller is designed to handle the vehicle balancing. The motorcycle balancing is guaranteed by the system internal equilibria calculation and by the trajectory and system dynamics requirements. The proposed control system is validated by numerical simulations, and is based on a real prototype motorcycle system
Perspective on Live Varicella Vaccine

The attenuation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) by Takahashi in 1974 was a remarkable achievement. It swiftly led to development of a live vaccine against chickenpox, which was initially tested in Japan. With its successful employment in immunocompromised children to prevent morbidity and mortality due to varicella, the vaccine began to be tested in healthy children in Japan and elsewhere. In the United States, vaccine use progressed from extensive clinical trials that demonstrated safety and efficacy to universal immunization of healthy infants and children. In the past 10 years, >30 million healthy American individuals, mostly children, have been vaccinated. With increasing use of vaccine, there has been a concomitant decrease in the incidence of disease, along with decreases in hospitalizations and deaths due to VZV. To improve protection, however, a 2-dose schedule of immunization was recommended for routine use in all children by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in June 2006. At roughly the same time, licensure of the combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine was completed, which allowed harmonization of immunization against these 4 viruses with 1 injection given twice in childhood. Concomitantly, a version of the varicella vaccine with 10 times the titer was developed for immunization of healthy individuals >60 years of age against herpes zoster (HZ). Although elimination of VZV from human populations may not yet be possible, the combined approach of immunization against both varicella in childhood and HZ in adulthood in the developed world are predicted to dramatically increase our control of this troublesome virus.
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Innervation of the Guinea Pig Knee Joint: Toward an Animal Model for Manipulative Therapy

Abstract Objectives Besides spinal conditions, knee joint problems are one of the most common ailments of the musculoskeletal system. Problems with the knee can be classified into (1) poor mechanics, (2) traumatic injury, and (3) arthritic changes. All these problems can produce pain. Conservative treatment such as chiropractic manipulative therapy can be helpful in alleviating some of the pain. The present study was carried out to investigate the extrinsic and intrinsic innervation of the knee joint of the guinea pig in the hope of shedding light on future study of the underlying mechanism of chiropractic manipulative therapy on knee joint pain conditions. Methods A total of 16 guinea pigs were used in the present study. Microdissection was performed to reveal the gross anatomy of nerve innervation. Histology and immunohistochemistry were also performed to identify nerve endings and immunoreactive fibers in different articular tissues. Results Gross dissection revealed the general pattern of guinea pig knee joint innervation. By using gold chloride preparations, various kinds of nerves and terminals or endings were identified in these tissues. Immunohistochemistry also revealed immunoreactivities in nerve fibers in different joint tissues. Conclusions The distribution of the different nerve endings showed a characteristic pattern in different articular tissues. They were considered to be mechanoreceptors (types I, II, and III) and pain receptors (type IV). The structural characteristics and distribution patterns of the different types of nerve endings suggest that the roles of the different nerve endings vary in different parts of the articular tissues.
Seismic low-frequency effects in monitoring fluid-saturated reservoirs

There is a complex relationship between seismic attributes, including the frequency dependence of reflections and fluid saturation in a reservoir. Observations in both laboratory and field data indicate that reflections from a fluid-saturated layer have an increased amplitude and delayed traveltime at low frequencies, when compared with reflections from a gas-saturated layer. Comparison of laboratory-modeling results with a diffusive-viscous-theory model show that low (<5) values of the quality factor Q can explain the observations of frequency dependence. At the field scale, conventional processing of time-lapse VSP data found minimal changes in seismic response of a gas-storage reservoir when the reservoir fluid changed from gas to water. Lowfrequency analysis found significant seismic-reflectionattribute variation in the range of 15‐50 Hz. The field observations agree with effects seen in laboratory data and predicted by the diffusive-viscous theory. One explanation is that very low values of Q are the result of internal diffusive losses caused by fluid flow. This explanation needs further theoretical investigation. The frequencydependent amplitude and phase-reflection properties presented in this paper can be used for detecting and monitoring fluid-saturated layers.
SDHAF4 promotes mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and prevents neurodegeneration.

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) occupies a central place in cellular energy production, linking the tricarboxylic cycle with the electron transport chain. As a result, a subset of cancers and neuromuscular disorders result from mutations affecting any of the four SDH structural subunits or either of two known SDH assembly factors. Herein we characterize an evolutionarily conserved SDH assembly factor designated Sdh8/SDHAF4, using yeast, Drosophila, and mammalian cells. Sdh8 interacts specifically with the catalytic Sdh1 subunit in the mitochondrial matrix, facilitating its association with Sdh2 and the subsequent assembly of the SDH holocomplex. These roles for Sdh8 are critical for preventing motility defects and neurodegeneration in Drosophila as well as the excess ROS generated by free Sdh1. These studies provide insights into the mechanisms by which SDH is assembled and raise the possibility that some forms of neuromuscular disease may be associated with mutations that affect this SDH assembly factor.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Nylon Nucleic Acids

The stability and structure of nylon nucleic acid duplexes with complementary DNA and RNA strands was examined. Thermal denaturing studies of a series of oligonucleotides that contained nylon nucleic acids (1-5 amide linkages) revealed that the amide linkage significantly enhanced the binding affinity of nylon nucleic acids towards both complementary DNA (up to 26 degrees C increase in the thermal transition temperature (T(m)) for five linkages) and RNA (around 15 degrees C increase in T(m) for five linkages) compared with nonamide linked precursor strands. For both DNA and RNA complements, increasing derivatization decreased the melting temperatures of uncoupled molecules relative to unmodified strands; by contrast, increasing lengths of coupled copolymer raised T(m) from less to slightly greater than T(m) of unmodified strands. Thermodynamic data extracted from melting curves and CD spectra of nylon nucleic acid duplexes were consistent with loss of stability due to incorporation of pendent groups on the 2'-position of ribose and recovery of stability upon linkage of the side chains.
Uniqueness, the minimum norm constraint, and analog networks for optical flow along contours

E. Hildreth's (1984) method of computing optical flow along contours cannot resolve the aperture problem for a rigidly translating straight line contour. The authors propose an additional constraint, which they call the minimum norm constraint, as a means of resolving the ambiguity for such a contour. The minimum norm constraint tends to drive the velocity estimate towards the direction normal to the contour everywhere along the contour, i.e., it counters the effect of the smoothness constraint. This is in accord with recent psychophysical studies of K. Nakayama and G. Silverman (1988) which have revealed the presence of such a tendency in the human visual system. The authors propose an analog network for computing contour based optical flow in real-time. They illustrate the minimum norm constraint through experiments. >
Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Tissue Oxygenation Monitoring During Procedural Sedation: The Occurrence of Peripheral Tissue Oxygenation Changes With Respiratory Depression and Supportive Airway Measures.

Objectives The objective was to assess whether respiratory depression and supportive airway measures occurring during procedural sedation are associated with changes in peripheral tissue oxygen saturation (StO2). Methods This was a prospective observational study of adult patients undergoing procedural sedation in the emergency department (ED). Patients undergoing sedation with propofol, 1:1 propofol and ketamine, and 4:1 propofol and ketamine were included. Clinical interventions, sedative medication doses, vital signs, end-tidal capnography (ETCO2), pulse oximetry (SpO2), and peripheral tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) were recorded. Respiratory depression was defined as the occurrence of a recorded SpO2 10 mm Hg from baseline, or loss of capnography waveform. Supportive airway measures documented during the procedure included bag-valve mask ventilation, airway repositioning maneuvers, increase in supplemental oxygen, and stimulation to induce respiration. Relative changes in StO2 between baseline and nadir were compared among patients who met respiratory depression criteria or required a supportive airway measure and those who did not. Results Ninety-three patients were enrolled. Thirty-two patients (34.4%) met criteria for respiratory depression, and 31 (33.3%) required intervention in the form of a supportive airway measure. The median percent change in StO2 from procedure baseline to nadir in patients meeting criteria for respiratory depression was 13.6%, compared to 4.2% in those who did not. The change in StO2 in patients who required a supportive airway measure was 12.5% versus 5.4% in those who did not. Conclusions Patients with respiratory depression and the use of supportive airway measures had greater changes in StO2 during procedural sedation than in patients who did not. Peripheral tissue oxygen saturation monitoring may be a useful tool for assessing respiratory adverse events in patients undergoing procedural sedation in the ED.
SCHISM, PLAGUE, AND LATE RITES IN THE FRENCH QUARTER: THE STRANGE STORY BEHIND THE SUPREME COURT’S FIRST FREE EXERCISE CASE

On November 9, 1842, Father Bernard Permoli performed an open casket funeral in the church of St. Augustin in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. He blessed the body and offered the prayers specified by the doctrines and forms of the Roman Catholic Church. For this performance of the priestly function, he was prosecuted by the City, criminally convicted, and fined $50. The ceremony violated a city ordinance, passed thirteen days before, prohibiting open casket funerals at all “Catholic Churches” of the city, other than a designated mortuary chapel on the outskirts of town. After he was charged for the violation, Permoli filed an answer claiming the protection of the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment.Thus began a case that went all the way to the United States Supreme Court. Under the name of Permoli v. Municipality No. 1 of the City of New Orleans, it was the first Supreme Court case in which a party invoked the protections of the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. Unfortunately for Father Permoli, the Court rejected his argument, holding, in a unanimous opinion by Justice Catron, that the Free Exercise Clause does not apply to the acts of state and local governments. The case is now cited, along with Barron v. Baltimore, solely for the proposition that the Bill of Rights did not apply to the states prior to the Fourteenth Amendment. Except for that, the case has largely been forgotten.That is a loss. Not only do the arguments in the case tell us a great deal about the state of free exercise jurisprudence in the antebellum period; the case itself is a darned good story.
New species of Acoela (Acoelomorpha) from the Gulf of California

From a survey of interstitial acoel flatworms at San Felipe Bay, Baja California, Mexico, the new species Haplogonaria amarilla sp. nov. (Haploposthiidae), Isodiametra bajaensis sp. nov. (Isodiametridae), Praeaphanostoma gusana sp. nov. (Isodiametridae) are described.
Effects of Rectal Examination, Prostatic Massage, Ultrasonography and Needle Biopsy on Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Levels

Measurement of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) is commonly used to evaluate the prostate gland in a variety of clinical settings. We examined the effects of prostatic manipulations, including digital rectal examination, prostate massage, transrectal ultrasonography and transrectal needle biopsy, on serum PSA levels in 199 men. We detected no clinically significant difference between serum PSA levels obtained immediately before and at 5 or 90 minutes after rectal examination in 43 men. We observed falsely increased PSA levels (to greater than 4 ng./ml., Tandem-R) in 1 of 17 men (6%) following prostatic massage and in 3 of 27 men (11%) following ultrasonography. Transrectal needle biopsy caused an immediate increase in serum PSA in 92 of 100 men. In 29 of these 92 men (32%) when followed weekly serum PSA levels did not return to baseline as expected according to the published serum PSA half-life of 2 to 3 days. Biopsies taking 3 or fewer cores (7 patients) resulted in a smaller increase in serum PSA (mean 1.63 +/- 1.12 times the baseline level versus 6.24 +/- 1.10 times baseline, p less than 0.03) and a proportionally shorter duration of PSA elevation (mean 1.43 +/- 0.48 weeks versus 2.13 +/- 0.14 weeks, p = 0.20) than those taking 4 or more cores (93 patients). Prostate size and the presence of cancer had no influence on the duration of PSA elevation following biopsy. We conclude that digital rectal examination, prostatic massage and ultrasonography have minimal effects on serum PSA levels in most patients. However, prostatic needle biopsy usually causes marked elevations of serum PSA levels with a persistent PSA leak into the blood stream lasting longer than expected from the serum half-life of PSA in approximately 25% of the patients.
Incorporating Airworthiness into the Academic Curriculum

Airworthiness considerations are critically important in the design, development, and certification of civil and military aircraft. A solid understanding of airworthiness certification criteria, standards, verification methods, and artifacts are key pieces of knowledge for aerospace engineers who are actively engaged in aircraft design and development. Nevertheless, it is unclear how airworthiness considerations in aircraft design are incorporated into the academic curricula of many engineering schools. Young engineers who enter a career in aircraft design may lack critical information with regard to certification requirements that impact the aircraft design process. Incorporating airworthiness into the academic curriculum will produce engineers who understand how airworthiness considerations impact aircraft design and who are equipped to resolve airworthiness-related challenges.
An Analysis of Control, Bases of Control, and Satisfaction in an Organizational Setting: Comment

The article reports the author's opinions regarding aspects of organizational behavior. The author focuses on examining employees' need for control in and outside of the organizational setting. A s...
Nonidentified Responses in a Proportional Hazards Setting

SUMMARY Nonidentified response (NR), an important form of nonindependent censoring, is modelled in a proportional hazards setting. Methods to test for existence of and identify NR censored observations are developed. Incorporation of NR censoring information into appropriate algorithms can improve parameter and underlying baseline hazard estimation. Application to estimating time until death from AIDS is made.
Determination of Body Fat and Moisture in Dwarf Hens with Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Abstract The accuracy of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance (R) spectroscopy for predicting whole-carcass percent fat and moisture in mature dwarf hens was established. Fat and moisture contents of ground samples from 99 hens were determined by standard fat extraction and oven-drying procedures. Homogenized samples from the same birds were also scanned in a NIR spectrophotometer (1.445 to 2.310 μm), and the log 1/R was recorded. Calibration equations were generated with 49 randomly selected samples, and the coefficients of determination between chemical values for fat and moisture and reflectance readings were .92 and .94, respectively. The caliration equations were then used to predict fat and moisture values in the remaining 50 samples. Coefficients of determination between the predicted fat and moisture values and actual chemical values were .96 and .95, respectively. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy was found to be a rapid and effective method for determining percent body fat and moisture.
Chapter 29 – Cytotoxic T Cells of the Mucosal Immune System

This chapter focuses on the origin and function of the population of CD8αβ + TCRαβ + T cells. The lamina propria (LP) contains CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as memory B cells and plasma cells mainly producing IgA. Resident in the epithelium and in the LP is a substantial population of “conventional” CD8αβ + TCRαβ + T cells. Antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are detected within the LP and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) compartments, as well as in the secondary lymphoid tissue of mice following oral rotavirus infection. However, CTL are present in the LP but not in the IEL following footpad immunization—indicating discordance of the response even within mucosal effector sites. Additionally, the memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp), determined by the limiting dilution analysis (LDA), are detected in the LP up to 21 days after oral infection but could not be detected in the IEL at any time. The IEL related result points out the inherent problems with the in vitro culture of mucosal T cells because IEL lytic activity is present at a time point at which CTLp are not found.
Tolerance and cross-tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of oxycodone and the imidazoline I 2 receptor agonist phenyzoline in adult male rats

Emerging evidence suggests the potential utility of combining opioids with imidazoline I2 receptor agonists for chronic pain. However, chronic pain management requires prolonged pharmacotherapy, and the consequence of such combination therapy remains unclear. This study examined the anti-hyperalgesic effect of the opioid oxycodone, the selective I2 receptor agonist phenyzoline, alone and in combination, during prolonged treatment. Von Frey filament test was used to examine the anti-hyperalgesic effect of drugs in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain or chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Twice-daily treatment with oxycodone and phenyzoline, alone or in combination, was continued until the development of significant tolerance (oxycodone) or as long as 19 days passed (phenyzoline). In rats receiving CFA or CCI manipulation, mechanical hyperalgesia was dose-dependently reversed by oxycodone and phenyzoline. Twice-daily treatment with 2 × ED50 dose of oxycodone for 7 days led to significant antinociceptive tolerance to oxycodone but not cross-tolerance to phenyzoline. Similarly, twice-daily treatment with 2 × ED50 dose of phenyzoline for 19 days led to significant antinociceptive tolerance to phenyzoline but not cross-tolerance to oxycodone. Twice-daily treatment with the combined oxycodone and phenyzoline using different ratios (1:3, 1:1 and 3: 1) at the doses that were functionally equivalent to the treatment doses of oxycodone and phenyzoline for 13–19 days generally led to delayed antinociceptive tolerance. Combination therapy with oxycodone and I2 receptor agonists maintains prolonged antinociceptive effectiveness with reduced propensity to develop tolerance.
CORRELATION BETWEEN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE ESTIMATES AND RIGHT HEART CATHETERIZATION MEASUREMENTS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING LIVER TRANSPLANT EVALUATION: A SINGLE CENTER STUDY

Background: Pulmonary hypertension is a major adverse outcome indicator in patients undergoing liver transplant evaluation. We aim to examine the correlation between pulmonary artery systolic pressure calculated from echocardiography (ePASP) and measurement from right heart catheterization (cPASP)
A NEW X-RAY TECHNIQUE and ITS APPLICATION TO ORTHODONTIA

Abstract No Abstract Available. Read before the Orthodontia Section of the Mid-Winter Meeting of the Chicago Dental Society, February 4, 1931.
Polymerization-Like Co-Assembly of Silver Nanoplates and Patchy Spheres

Highly anisometric nanoparticles have distinctive mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties and are therefore appealing candidates for use as self-assembly building blocks. Here, we demonstrate that ultra-anisometric nanoplates, which have a nanoscale thickness but a micrometer-scale edge length, offer many material design capabilities. In particular, we show that these nanoplates “copolymerize” in a predictable way with patchy spheres (Janus and triblock particles) into one- and two-dimensional structures with tunable architectural properties. We find that, on the pathway to these structures, nanoplates assemble into chains following the kinetics of molecular step-growth polymerization. In the same mechanistic framework, patchy spheres control the size distribution and morphology of assembled structures, by behaving as monofunctional chain stoppers or multifunctional branch points during nanoplate polymerization. In addition, both the lattice constant and the stiffness of the nanoplate assemblies ca...