cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the regulation of cell growth in culture

Abstract Two separate but interacting mechanisms regulate the rate of growth of rat C 6 glioma cells in culture. The first mechanism appears to be an endogenous program which specifies the time base of growth events. This mechanism is not subject to density-dependent regulation. The second mechanism determines the amplitude of the growth rate at all times following the end of lag phase, and is quite sensitive to density-dependent regulation. The growth of C 6 cells displays a pattern that is distinct from the conventional contact and density-inhibited models proposed for other cell lines. The most important difference is that the inhibition of growth is not caused by density-dependent cell interactions, but rather by the endogenous mechanism. The possibility is considered that this pattern of growth regulation may be common to cell lines other than C 6 gliomas. It is pointed out that the conventional density inhibition of growth theory has never been rigorously proven, and must be reassessed in view of the present findings.
Effects of thyroxine and triiodothyroacetic acid on cerebral myelin lipids

Abstract Neonatal rats, thyroidectomized at one day of age, received either no replacement therapy or daily subcutaneous injections of 100 μg/kg body weight of thyroxine (T 4 ) or equal molar amounts of triiodothyroacetic acid (T 3 AC) from day 6 to day 26. Myelin lipid was isolated from the rat cerebrums and the cholesterol, cerebroside and total phospholipid content were determined. Cerebral myelin lipid weights were decreased in the neonatally thyroidectomized and T 4 treated rats. The myelin lipid weights of the T 3 AC treated rats were not different from those treated with T 4 . The lipid composition remained unchanged in the T 3 AC, T 4 , and thyroidectomized groups when compared with the normal rats. These results indicate that T 3 AC and T 4 administration have similar effects on CNS myelination in brains of neonatally thyroidectomized rats.
A shock tube study of the H2/O2/CO/Ar and H2/N2O/CO/Ar Systems: Measurement of the rate constant for H + N2O = N2 + OH

Abstract Emissions at 450 mm and 4.27 μm have been measured when a variety of mixtures containing H 2 , CO, either O 2 or N 2 O, and Ar were heated behind reflected shock waves to temperatures of 2000–2850 K and total concentrations near 5 × 10 18 molecule/cm 3 . These emissions were used to obtain absolute concentration-time data for both oxygen atoms and carbon dioxide. The data were then compared to the results of numerical integrations of the likely mechanisms. It was observed that quantitative agreement between calculations and observations were obtained for the H 2 /CO/O 2 /Ar system using recent high temperature literature rate constants. For the H 2 /CO/N 2 O/Ar system, the rate constant for the reaction H + N 2 O = N 2 + OH was adjusted to fit the data. Here it was found that a good fit to both [O] and [CO 2 ] profiles could be achieved with k = 3.0 × 10 −9 exp (−113 kJ/RT ) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . Comparison to data at lower temperatures suggests that this might be another example of a “non-Arrhenius” rate constant. The implications of these results to studies of hydrocarbon oxidation are discussed.
17β-Estradiol Inhibits Phosphorylation of Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1) Protein: IMPLICATION FOR STORE-OPERATED CALCIUM ENTRY AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES *

Sex plays a significant role in the development of lung diseases including asthma, cancer, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis. In cystic fibrosis, 17β-estradiol (E2) may inhibit store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) to impinge upon airway secretions, leaving females at greater risk of contracting lung infections. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)-mediated SOCE is essential for cell homeostasis and regulates numerous processes including cell proliferation, smooth muscle contraction, and secretion. E2 can signal nongenomically to modulate Ca2+ signaling, but little is known of the underlying mechanisms. We found that E2 exposure inhibited STIM1 translocation in airway epithelia, preventing SOCE. This correlated with a decrease in STIM1-STIM1 FRET and STIM1 mobility in E2-exposed HEK293T cells co-expressing estrogen receptor α. We also examined the role of STIM1 phosphorylation in E2-mediated inhibition of STIM1 mobility. STIM1 is basally phosphorylated at serine 575, which is required for SOCE. Exposure to E2 significantly decreased STIM1 serine phosphorylation. Mutating serine 575 to an alanine blocked STIM1 phosphorylation, reduced basal STIM1 mobility, and rendered STIM1 insensitive to E2. These data indicate that E2 can signal nongenomically by inhibiting basal phosphorylation of STIM1, leading to a reduction in SOCE.
Comparative sequence analysis of the human T cell receptor β chain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile spondylarthropathies: Evidence for antigenic selection of T cells in the synovium

Objective To identify features of the T cell receptors (TCRs) present on clonally expanded T cells in the joints of patients with similar types of childhood rheumatic disease. Vbeta8 and Vbeta20 TCRs were selected as prototypic for polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and pauciarticular/juvenile spondylarthropathy (SpA), respectively. Methods The portion of the TCR beta chain involved in antigen recognition in the synovial tissue, synovial fluid, and peripheral blood from patients with JRA and juvenile SpA was cloned and sequenced. The frequency of expanded clonotypes, size of expansions, the Jbeta region, and sequence motifs were determined for >2,000 sequences. Results The majority of Vbeta20 and Vbeta8 clonal expansions were found in the joint rather than the peripheral blood. While instances of both Vbeta8 and Vbeta20 clonal expansion were detected in all disease types, the features of these expanded clonotypes were specific for disease type and Vbeta family. For example, Vbeta20 clonal expansion was characterized by many small expanded clonotypes in samples from patients with pauciarticular JRA and juvenile SpA while single large Vbeta8-specific expansions were found only in patients with polyarticular disease. Motifs specific to individual patients were identified, and for Vbeta20 clonotypes, a motif was found in synovial tissue samples. Conclusion Identification of common TCR features in oligoclonal expansions within individual patients and between patients with the same type of JRA suggests the recognition of a common or limited group of antigens in these diseases.
Mitochondrial precursor signal peptide induces a unique permeability transition and release of cytochrome c from liver and brain mitochondria.

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial precursor targeting peptides can elicit the release of cytochrome c from both liver and brain mitochondria by a mechanism distinct from that mediated by the classical, Ca 2+ -activated permeability transition pore. Human cytochrome oxidase subunit IV signal peptide (hCOXIV 1-22 ) at concentrations from 15 to 100 μM induced swelling, a decrease in membrane potential, and cytochrome c release in both types of mitochondria. Although cyclosporin A and bongkrekic acid were without effect, dibucaine, propanolol, dextran, and the uncoupler FCCP were each able to inhibit signal peptide-induced swelling and cytochrome c release. Adenylate kinase was coreleased with cytochrome c, arguing against a signal peptide-induced cytochrome c -specific pathway of efflux across the outer membrane. Taken together, the data indicate that a human mitochondrial signal peptide can evoke the release of cytochrome c from both liver and brain mitochondria by a unique permeability transition that differs in several characteristics from the classical mitochondrial permeability transition.
Effect of dl-2(p-Aminophenyl)-2-phenylethylamine on Adrenocortical Function in Cushing's Syndrome Due to Nontumorous Adrenocortical Hyperfunction1

ABSTRACT dl-2 (p-Aminophenyl)-2-phenylethylamine (SK&F-12185), a new adrenocortical blocking agent, was given to 3 patients with Cushing's syndrome due to nontumorous adrenocortical hyperfunction. The drug caused a rise in the urinary titer of neutral 17-ketosteroids, testosterone and 17-hydroxycorticoids. It induced a fall in the adrenal secretory rate of cortisol and in urinary tetrahydrocortisol and a rise in the adrenal secretory rate of 11-deoxycortisol and of the urinary excretion of tetrahydro S. Presumably one of the sites of action of the drug is interference with 11β-hydroxylation. In one subject treated with SK&F-12185 the urinary aldosterone titer failed to rise when he was placed on a low salt diet, suggestive of interference by the drug with aldosterone production. In one subject marked clinical improvement was noted. In a second only modest amelioration was observed. Drug fever prevented prolonged observation in the third subject, although a decrease in the urinary titers of tetrahydrocorti...
Profit, Supply, and Factor Demand Functions: Comment

In Lau and Yotopoulos (1972) a new method of estimating production relations was developed, building on Lau and Yotopoulos (1971). This method, bringing together estimates of profit and factor demand functions, was further developed in Yotopoulos and Lau to incorporate a test of rationality. Their method has since been applied by Yotopoulos, Lau, and Lin; Sidhu; Sidhu and Baanante (1979, 1981); Jamison and Lau; and Junankar (1980a, b, 1982). Because the assumption of rationality is so fundamental to economics, and because few tests of this hypothesis exist, the Lau-Yotopoulos method is very important. However, these studies rest on advanced economic theory and sophisticated econometrics, so it is easy to be intimidated by them. Sophisticated estimators, however, are not necessarily free from er-
Indirect Planet Detection with Ground-Based Long-Baseline Interferometry

Narrow-angle astrometry with long-baseline infrared interferometers can provide extremely high accuracies as required for indirect planet detection. Narrow-angle astrometric interferometry exploits the properties of atmospheric turbulence over fields smaller than the interferometer baseline divided by the atmospheric scale height. For such fields, accuracy is linear with star separation, and nearly inversely proportional to baseline length. To exploit these properties, the interferometer observes a relatively bright ( 100 m, which also minimize photon-noise errors, and with careful control of systematic errors by using laser metrology, accuracies of tens of microarcseconds/√hour should be possible.
Inverted T waves on electrocardiogram: myocardial ischemia versus pulmonary embolism

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is of limited diagnostic value in patients suspected with pulmonary embolism (PE). However, recent studies suggest that inverted T waves in the precordial leads are the most frequent ECG sign of massive PE (Chest 1997;11:537). Besides, this ECG sign was also associated with the best sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for diagnosing PE. We report 2 cases with similar ECG findings that were referred to us as unstable angina. Both were hemodynamically stable and had moderate-size pulmonary emboli. The ECG findings reverted to normal within a week of anticoagulation treatment. Our observation suggests that even a moderate-size PE can cause these ECG changes.
Tracking Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy of Individual Biomolecules

I will describe our group’s ongoing research utilizing feedback microscopy to obtain tens-of-seconds per-molecule observation times in solution FCS and FRET assays. Results of recent studies on DNA mechanics will be presented.
On the Dynamics of Charged Electromagnetic Particulate Jets

This work addresses the modeling and simulation of charged particulate jets in the presence of electromagnetic fields. The presentation is broken into two main parts: (1) the dynamics of charged streams of particles and their interaction with electromagnetic fields and (2) the coupled thermal fields that arise within the jet. An overall model is built by assembling submodels of the various coupled physical events to form a system that is solved iteratively. Specifically, an approach is developed whereby the dynamics of charged particles, accounting for their collisions, inter-particle near-fields, interaction with external electromagnetic fields and coupled thermal effects are all computed implicitly in an iterative, modular, manner. A staggered, temporally-adaptive scheme is developed to resolve the multiple fields involved and the drastic changes in the physical configuration of the stream, for example when impacting a solid wall or strong localized electromagnetic field. Qualitative analytical results are provided to describe the effects of the electromagnetic fields and quantitative numerical results are provided for complex cases.
Measuring the multicomponent diffusion matrix: Experimental design and data analysis for silicate melts

Abstract The extended form of Fick's Law, which allows the diffusive flux of a chemical species to be a function of all the concentration gradients, provides an accurate and useful description of chemical diffusion in isothermal, multicomponent systems. For an ( N + 1)- component system, N 2 diffusion coefficients are required, however. Although recent attempts to measure the multicomponent diffusion matrix for natural silicate compositions and simpler analogs have been unsuccessful, this does not mean that the extended Fick's Law is inapplicable. We show that the diffusion matrix cannot be measured unless the experiment is carefully designed. The optimal experiment is a set of 2N isothermal interdiffusion runs using at least N distinct diffusion couples. The concept of orthogonal couples i.e., mutually perpendicular composition directions, provides a practical guide for choosing distinct couples. The number of couples required depends on the size of the errors in the concentration measurements. Chi-square fitting is an appropriate technique for analyzing diffusion data, because it allows one to directly apply thermodynamic constraints on the eigenvalues of the diffusion matrix. We discuss the details of implementing chi-square fitting for isothermal interdiffusion experiments, including Jacobian and Hessian matrices for both the finite and infinite diffusion couple models. We also apply this method to data from the literature, extracting the diffusion matrix for a Na2O-CaO-SiO2 composition and making preliminary observations about some dacite-rhyolite and CaMgSi2O6-CaAl2Si2O8 experiments.
Nature, density, and catalytic role of exposed species on dispersed VOx/CrOx/Al2O3 catalysts.

The structure and surface composition of binary oxides consisting of CrOx and VOx dispersed on alumina and their effects on the rate and selectivity of oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane were examined and compared with those for CrOx and VOx dispersed on alumina. VOx deposition on an equivalent CrOx monolayer on alumina and deposition of CrOx on an equivalent monolayer of VOx deposited on alumina led to CrVO4 species during thermal treatment with concomitant reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+. Autoreduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+ is also detected for CrOx, even without the presence of VOx. Infrared spectroscopy of NO adsorbed at 153 K probes the relative abundance of alumina and of V5+, Cr3+, and Cr6+ at surfaces. This technique detects differences in the surface composition of VOx/CrOx/Al2O3 and CrOx/VOx/Al2O3. The first of these samples is enriched in VOx relative to CrOx compared with the second sample. Consistent with this finding, VOx/CrOx/Al2O3 and CrOx/VOx/Al2O3 are distinguishable in their ODH activities ...
Real-Time Human and Guinea Pig Action Potentials Anthropomorphized from Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes

The murine cardiac action potential waveform can be anthropomorphized into that of a human-like waveform in real time, through a novel dynamic-clamp method known as the cell-type transforming clamp (CTC). In the CTC, a computationally calculated virtual conductance is inserted into the cell in real time, to compensate for the differences between murine and human sarcolemmal currents. By so doing, the CTC anthropomorphizes the membrane potential without clamping it, thereby enabling the investigation of drug- or mutation-induced arrhythmogenic phenotypes in the appropriate human action potential context (but in the experimentally powerful mouse animal model).We are using a real-time implementation of a genetic algorithm that optimizes the morphology of a theoretical model, in order to match the murine action potential recorded from a real cell. We present a comparison of human and guinea pig action potentials anthropomorphized in real time, from neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes.
Biochemical studies of metachromatic leukodystrophy in three siblings

Biochemical analyses were performed on cerebral biopsies from three siblings with metachromatic leukodystrophy, and from autopsy tissue obtained 6 months later. The lipids of all gray matter samples were relatively normal, with the exception of an elevated sulfatide: cerebroside ratio. The white matter samples were grossly abnormal and showed a progression in severity of biochemical abnormalities with duration of the discase. Sulfatides were 4–8-fold higher than normal and the ratio of cerebrosides to sulfatides ranged from 0.13 to 0.26, compared to the nommal value of about 4.0. Myelin was isolated in very low yield, but had normal morphology. As others have reported, it had the same chemical defect as whole white matter: sulfatides were 7–8 times higher than normal and cerebrosides were reduced by more than half. The fatty acid compositions of the myelin sphingolipids were found to be of much longer average chain length than those in affected white matter. In myelin, the unsubstituted fatty acids of cerebrosides and sphingomyclin had a higher percentage of short chains than found in normal myelin, but were less abnormal than those in whole white matter, whereas the unsubstituted and α-nydroxy acids of sulfatides and the α-hydroxy acids of cerebrosides were not deficient in long chains. These data indicate that there are at least two compartments of sphingolipids in MLD white matter, each having different average chain lengths.
Screening individuals and families with premature coronary heart disease: a clinical and public health challenge.

See doi:10.1016/S1095-668X(02)00386-Xfor thearticle to which this editorial refers. In this issue De Sutter and colleagues1 make several important and timely contributions First, they summarize the data from numerous retrospective and prospective epidemiologicstudies of family history and premature onset of coronary heart disease. The data seem to consistently show that individuals with a positive family history of premature onset of coronary heart disease have an increased risk, which is independent of other coronary risk factors. The magnitude ofthe increased risk is generally about 2-fold with somewhat higher estimates present for thosewhose first-degree relatives had earlier onset of premature coronary heart disease. Second, they discuss why family history may be used to target populations for more intensive risk factor modification. Specifically, if a patient hasa 10-year risk of coronary heart disease of about 10% based on the existing modifiable coronary risk factors, the presence of a positive family history of premature coronary heart disease may increase …
Comparison of the pretreatment of sweetgum and white Oak by the steam explosion and RASH Processes

Steam explosion and rapid steam hydrolysis/continuous extraction (RASH) processes were compared using sweetgum and white oak as the feedstocks. Both pretreatments employ steam and are relatively rapid, but there are several differences between the two processes. Both pretreatments dramatically increased the enzymatic hydrolysis rate but not the acid hydrolysis rate of the cellulose. Both water insoluble xylose or alkali insoluble lignin contents could be used to predict the relative enzymatic hydrolysis rate. Steam explosion depolymerized and degraded the hemicelluloses, whereas RASH minimized further degradation of the hemicelluloses. The lignin was depolymerized by both pretreatments, with steam explosion forming a moderately condensed lignin. No significant differences were observed between white oak and sweetgum samples treated by either process, suggesting that the selection of particular hardwood is not a critical factor for a potential biomass plant in the southeastern US.
Aged human erythrocytes exhibit increased anion exchange.

Abstract Young and old erythrocytes show different rate constants of anion exchange as measured by 35 SO 4 2− efflux at 37°C. Results indicate that the rate constant for 35 SO 4 2− efflux (SO 4 2− -Cl − exchange) from old cells is approximately 20% greater than from young less dense cells. The cell water volume of older cells is also decreased. Based on these results and previously reported decreases of cell membrane area in aged cells we conclude that anion exchange ( 35 SO 4 2− ) is increased in older, more dense human erythrocytes.
Quasi-stationary scattering of electromagnetic pulses by spherical particles.

We have studied time variances of the shape of an electromagnetic pulse scattered by a spherical particle. General formulas are derived for a pulse with an arbitrary envelope, for momentary values of scattered-light fields and light intensity, and for efficiencies of extinction and scattering. It is possible, by the use of these formulas, to obtain by routine integration the sensitivity reaction of a receiver with any time dependence. The formulas are illustrated with examples of scattering of a Gaussian pulse with a carrier wave λ0 = 0.6328 μm and of multisized water drops. Pulses of different durations are studied. However, only those pulses that have all significant values of the Fourier density in the domain of positive frequencies ω are considered.
A three-port bidirectional DC-DC converter with zero-ripple terminal currents for PV/microgrid applications

A three-port converter (TPC) based on the Cuk topology is proposed in this paper. The proposed converter interfaces one unidirectional input power port (envisioned to be a DC power source such as PV, or fuel cell) and two bidirectional output ports, representing the grid-tied inverter dc bus and a storage port respectively. This converter utilizes a single integrated magnetic core on which all the inductor and the transformer windings are wound. The proposed structure utilizes only three power switches, and does not require output capacitors on the output ports on account of the zero-ripple property. Depending on utilization state of the battery, three different power operation modes are defined for the converter. The features of the proposed converter are analyzed and then verified by means of simulation results for different operation conditions.
A Transgenic Model Reveals Important Roles for the NF-κB Alternative Pathway (p100/p52) in Mammary Development and Links to Tumorigenesis

A regulated pattern of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation is essential for normal development of the mammary gland. An increase in NF-kappaB activity has been implicated in breast cancer. We have generated a novel transgenic mouse model to investigate the role of the alternative NF-kappaB pathway in ductal development and identify possible mediators of tumorigenesis downstream of p100/p52. By overexpressing the NF-kappaB p100/p52 subunit in mammary epithelium using the beta-lactoglobulin milk protein promoter, we found that transgene expression resulted in increased overall NF-kappaB activity during late pregnancy. During pregnancy, p100/p52 expression resulted in delayed ductal development with impaired secondary branching and increased levels of Cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the mammary gland. After multiple pregnancies the p100 transgenics exhibited a ductal thickening accompanied by small hyperplastic foci. In tumors from mice expressing the polyoma middle T oncoprotein (PyVT) in the mammary gland, increased levels of p100/p52 were present at the time of tumor development. These results show that increased p100/p52 disrupts normal ductal development and provides insight into the mechanism by which this may contribute to human breast cancer.
Mental Health Court Outcomes: A Comparison of Re-Arrest and Re-Arrest Severity Between Mental Health Court and Traditional Court Participants

Mental health courts have been proliferating across the country since their estab- lishment in the late 1990's. Although numerous advocates have proclaimed their merit, only few empirical studies have evaluated their outcomes. This paper evaluates the effect of one mental health court on criminal justice outcomes by examining arrests and offense severity from one year before to one year after entry into the court, and by comparing mental health court participants to comparable traditional criminal court defendants on these measures. Multivariate models support the prediction that mental health courts reduce the number of new arrests and the severity of such re-arrests among mentally ill offenders. Similar analysis of mental health court completers and non-completers supports the prediction that a "full dose" of mental health treatment and court monitoring produce even fewer re-arrests.
SU‐E‐T‐558: Intrafractional Target Displacement during Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Lung for Patients Immobilized Using BodyFix System

Puropose: To investigate intrafractional target displacement and assess the adequacy of margins used for early stage lungcarcinoma patients treated to 50Gy in five fractions and immobilized using BodyFix (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden). Methods: Patients selected are medically inoperable or refuse surgery with T1 or T2 tumors <5cm. Patients are immobilized head first supine using BodyFix system. If target motion exceeds 1cm, as seen on fluoroscopic imaging, abdominal compression is used. The abdominal compression device consists of a rigid belt and pressure cuff. Treatments are performed on Tomotherapy (Tomotherapy Inc, Madison, WI) using megavoltage (MV) CTimage guidance. MVCT images are slow, thus, representing an average image of the moving target. Each fraction was divided into two parts to permit assessment of intrafraction movement and allow for an interruption if long treatment is too difficult to tolerate. In many cases, patients are willing to continue with the second part of the delivery without a break. Based on our clinical protocol, the second part is still preceded by the imaging. Comparison of the images prior to the first and second portions of radiation provided us with target shifts during treatment. 23 treatments of 5 patients have been studied. Image registration was performed using Eclipse (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). Results: Average of absolute target displacement during treatment was 2mm in lateral, 1mm in anterior‐posterior, and 2mm in craniocaudal directions. Maximum displacement was 4mm. Average target displacements were below 0.3mm for all directions. Per patient, average absolute shifts were similar to the population average, however, averages shifts were about 1mm in anterior posterior and 2mm in craniocaudal directions. Conclusions: Keeping in mind that hardware error is of the order of 1mm, and target delineation error in lung is about 1–2mm, 5mm margins, currently accepted in our institution, are sufficient for adequate coverage.
Distal common bile duct obstruction: An experimental study in monkeys

Biliary obstruction was accomplished by surgically occluding the distal common bile duct in seven rhesus monkeys. Ultrasound scanning at 24-hour intervals showed that dilation of the common bile duct and gallbladder occurred before elevation of bilirubin or development of jaundice. The bile ducts expanded centrifugally from the obstructing point, with dilation of the intrahepatic ducts occurring several days after the onset of obstruction. After surgical release of the obstruction, the biliary ducts contracted centripetally, with the common bile duct requiring 30-50 days to return to normal size.
Effects of similarity on environmental context cueing.

Three experiments examined the prediction that context cues which are similar to study contexts can facilitate episodic recall, even if those cues are never seen before the recall test. Environmental context cueing effects have typically produced such small effect sizes that influences of moderating factors, such as the similarity between encoding and retrieval contexts, would be difficult to observe experimentally. Videos of environmental contexts, however, can be used to produce powerful context-dependent memory effects, particularly when only one memory target is associated with each video context, intentional item-context encoding is encouraged, and free recall tests are used. Experiment 1 showed that a not previously viewed video of the study context provided an effective recall cue, although it was not as effective as the originally viewed video context. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that videos of environments that were conceptually similar to encoding contexts (e.g., both were videos of ball field ga...
Tiselius Electrophoresis Studies of Plasma Proteins in Diabetes Mellitus

PLASMA proteins in diabetes mellitus have been extensively studied in the past; chemical precipitation has been used for estimating the albumin-globulin content. In hopes that further information might be obtained on changes in plasma-protein fractions in various stages of the disease, electrophoresis studies were undertaken. MATERIALS AND METHODS Longworth's modification of the Tiselius electrophoretic method was used to estimate the albumin, α-globulin, β-globulin and γ-globulin as well as fibrinogen in the plasma. Phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.8, ionic strength 1.6, was employed. Normal values determined in this laboratory on 21 normal subjects have been described(1). Total protein values were determined by Pregl's modification of the micro-Kjeldahl method for estimatin total and nonprotein nitrogen. The plasma, diluted with buffer after dialysis against the buffer solution for three days, is placed in a Tiselius cell (U shaped tube) and a boundary is formed by moving the buffer solution over the p...
Effective volume of interacting particles

The Fokker-Planck equation is used to calculate the time decay of the magnetization for a system of two interacting particles. This approach is valid for all values of the energy barriers compared to the thermal energy, whereas the usual approach, using the Neel formula for the relaxation rate, is limited to large energy barriers. The effect of interactions can be described by an effective volume, which is proportional to the interaction strength for weakly interacting particles in zero applied field, and becomes equal to twice the particle volume for strongly interacting particles (if the ratio of the anisotropy field over the saturation magnetization is not too large). Results are also shown in the case of a small applied field.
Fabrication of advanced metal and intermetallic composite materials by the wire arc spray process —an extended abstract

The wire arc spray process is a viable method for fabricating advanced MMCs and IMCs. A significant degree of maturity has been developed in fabricating refractory wire-reinforced MMCs and SiC-reinforced titanium-base composites, the properties of the latter being among the best reported for that material system. Approaches for using the process in fabricating Al2O3-reinforced composites have been demonstrated and warrant further development.
Entropy contributions to rate accelerations of intramolecular reactions in water VS non-structured solvents

Abstract The calculations of Page and Jencks showing that translational entropy factors may play a significant role in enzymatic rate accelerations are extended to the solvent water. The picture changes significantly due to the large entropy terms associated with solvation of hydrocarbons. While translational entropy should still contribute significantly to enzymatic rate accelerations, it is argued that this effect will appear in ΔH ≠ rather than ΔS ≠ .
The predictive value of neutral positions in opinion and attitude research.

(1968). The Predictive Value of Neutral Positions in Opinion and Attitude Research. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 145-154.
THE MELTING TRANSITION OF LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT DNA: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT.

One of the major difficulties in calculating transition curves for the “melting” of helical polynucleotides is to take account of the fact that all of the base pairs do not have the same stability, a point not considered in detail in the early theoretical treatments of the transition. In this paper it is shown that the resulting intra-molecular heterogeneity has a profound effect on calculated melting curves, and that transition curves in satisfactory agreement with experiment can be calculated only if the theory recognizes the difference between base pairs. Because of the mathematical complications which accompany this extension of the theory, a simplified model is used: it is assumed that the molecules are short enough for all of the bonded base pairs in a molecule to be clustered together, with unbonded bases only at the ends. This model is a good approximation when the molecular weight is below a certain upper limit, found in practice to be several hundred thousand. Two kinds of base pairs of differing stability, corresponding to adenine—thymine and guanine—cytosine, are recognized by the model used. It is found that the calculated transition curves depend on the sequence in which they are arranged; for the purpose of calculation a random sequence is assumed. Transition curves were obtained with computer random-sampling techniques. Experimental melting curves for a series of shear-degraded bacteriophage T2 DNA samples have been compared with theoretical curves, with good agreement at low molecular weights. Separation of the strands is taken into account, both in the theory and in the experiments.
A renormalization group analysis of turbulent transport

The field-theoretic renormalization group is used to derive scaling relations for the transport of passive scalars by an incompressible velocity field with a specified energy spectrum. Results are obtained with the analog of thee expansion of critical phenomena and compared to exact results which are available for shear flows in two dimensions.A 1/N expansion is proposed for the regions in which thee expansion fails.
Striving for Control: Democracy and Oligarchy at a Mexican Cooperative

This article contributes to the analysis of cooperativism, showing that the cooperative workplace is neither fully democratic nor oligarchic, but rather is the site of contestation between these two tendencies. Through a case study of a large industrial cooperative in Mexico City, the author shows how the interaction between the organizational structure, participatory culture and individual behavior enhance both democracy and oligarchy. This is observed as workers attempt to maintain control over their representatives, partake in the politics of the process of nomination and participate at the general assembly. The author argues that a paradoxical perspective permits a better understanding of the complexities inherent in the dynamic and paradoxical character of cooperatives.
Computations of the three-dimensional flow and heat transfer within a coolant passage of a radial turbine blade

A numerical code is developed for computing three-dimensional, turbulent, compressible flow within coolant passages of turbine blades. The code is based on a formulation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in a rotating frame of reference in which the velocity dependent variable is specified with respect to the rotating frame instead of the inertial frame. The algorithm employed to obtain solutions to the governing equation is a finite-volume LU algorithm that allows convection, source, as well as diffusion terms to be treated implicitly. In this study, all convection terms are upwind differenced by using flux-vector splitting, and all diffusion terms are centrally differenced. This paper describes the formulation and algorithm employed in the code. Some computed solutions for the flow within a coolant passage of a radial turbine are also presented.
A diagram for object-oriented programs

We introduce a notation for diagramming the message sending dialogue that takes place between objects participating in an object-oriented computation. Our representation takes a global point of view which emphasizes the collaboration between objects implementing the behavior of individuals. We illustrate the diagram's usage with examples drawn from the Smalltalk-80™ virtual image. We also describe a mechanism for automatic construction of diagrams from Smalltalk code.
Risk Factors for a Causal Intermediate and an Endpoint: Reconciling Differences

When a risk factor influences the intermediary but not progression to the endpoint, it has been shown that the relative risk estimate for the causal intermediate is identical to that for the endpoint under a single pathway framework. When there are multiple pathways, the relative risk estimate for the endpoint is reduced. The authors examine how the reduction of the effect size from a risk factor's association with the causal intermediate to that with the endpoint relates to the proportion of endpoint cases arising through other pathways, and the measure of effect used. For multiple pathways, all measures of effect are reduced and the reduction increases as the proportion of endpoint cases arising through other pathways increases. For single pathways, the relative rate ratio and odds ratios are reduced. In particular, the reduction in the odds ratio may be dramatic because of the commonness of causal intermediates relative to the endpoint. Comparisons of causal intermediate studies with those for the endpoint should consider the influences of multiple pathways, the prevalence of the causal intermediate, the measure of effect used, and the multiple effects a risk factor may have along the pathway when interpreting the differences observed across the causal chain.
Three-year predictive validity of DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children diagnosed at 4-6 years of age.

Objective: Predictive validity is a fundamental consideration in evaluating the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), particularly for younger children. Method: The authors conducted four annual assessments of ADHD and functional impairment using multiple informants in 255 probands and matched comparison children who were 4–6 years old in wave 1. Results: Nearly all children who met full criteria for ADHD in wave 1 met full criteria for ADHD over the next 3 years and continued to display marked functional impairment relative to comparison children, even when intelligence, co-occurring psychopathology, and demographic characteristics were controlled. Conclusions: These findings support the validity of the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD in younger children by demonstrating that the symptoms and associated impairment are likely to persist well into elementary school.
Production of jets and single particles at large transverse momentum in photon-photon collisions

Photon-photon collisions will be a copious source of jets and single particles produced with large transverse momentum in e/sup +/e/sup -/ storage rings. These jets and single particles have topological properties which allow them to be easily distinguished from e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation events. They arise from several sources: (a) quark exchange in ..gamma gamma.. ..-->.. qq-bar, (b) quantum-chromodynamics (QCD) induced processes such as ..gamma../sub 1/ ..-->.. qq-bar, with qq scattering via vector-gluon exchange, and (c) differential cross sections proportional to p/sub T//sup -6/ and p/sub T//sup -8/ at fixed x/sub T/ = 2p/sub T//..sqrt..s-bar and fixed theta/sub c.m./ characteristic of the constituent-interchange model (CIM) picture. In particular, we predict Edsigma/d/sup 3/p (e/sup +/e/sup -/ ..-->.. e/sup +/e/sup -/ + jet + X) approx. (1 - x/sub T/)/sup 2/p/sub T//sup -6/ nb GeV/sup 4/ for p/sub T/ > 2 GeV/c, characteristic of the CIM subprocess ..gamma..q ..-->.. ..pi..q. Remarkably, the jet-trigger cross sections Edsigma/d/sup 3/p (..gamma gamma.. ..-->.. jet + X) turn out to be asymptotically scale-free and independent of ..cap alpha../sub c/(p/sub T//sup 2/) when perturbative QCD contributions to all orders are included.
A low voltage capillary microgripper using electrowetting

We present a new microgripper utilizing a liquid droplet to pick up and release micro objects. Lifting force is evolved from a liquid bridge formed between the gripper surface and an object. Electrowetting is used to dynamically change the capillary lifting forces and enable object release. The driving voltage is applied to a pair of coplanar interdigitated electrodes. A Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) insulation layer is used to lower the driving voltage. Experiments indicated that the lifting forces can be as high as 213µN at a driving voltage of 28V. Experiments also demonstrated the picking-up and releasing of micro glass beads.
Topic Pages: An Alternative to the Ten Blue Links

We investigate the automatic generation of topic pages as an alternative to the current Web search paradigm. Topic pages explicitly aggregate information across documents, filter redundancy, and promote diversity of topical aspects. We propose a novel framework for building rich topical aspect models and selecting diverse information from the Web. In particular, we use Web search logs to build aspect models with various degrees of specificity, and then employ these aspect models as input to a sentence selection method that identifies relevant and non-redundant sentences from the Web. Automatic and manual evaluations on biographical topics show that topic pages built by our system compare favorably to regular Web search results and to MDS-style summaries of the Web results on all metrics employed.
Effect of dielectric thickness on phase swing of a Ka-band microstrip reflectarray unit cell

In this paper, effect of substrate thickness on the phase swing of a reflectarray unit cell is studied for the first time. Using waveguide simulator approach, it is shown that an increase in the substrate thickness results in smaller phase swing. Previous studies have shown that an increase in the thickness reduces the loss and increases the efficiency. However, this study explores the limit on the maximum allowable thickness of a substrate based on the desired phase swing. The concept is demonstrated at 32GHz (within Ka band) which is the frequency band of interest for satellite communications using reflectarrays. A reflectarray unit cell is simulated, fabricated and measured. Good agreement between the simulation and measurement results is observed.
Characteristics and programming of floating-gate pFET switches in an FPAA crossbar network

A floating-gate pFET is a desirable switch element for use in a crossbar switch due to it having a resistance on the order of a transmission gate, the capacitance of a single pass-FET, and requires no digital memory to store the state of the switch. As a result, a floating-gate pFET crossbar network can achieve a higher bandwidth than a transmission gate based network. In addition, the resulting floating-gate implementation has a smaller silicon footprint than an array of transmission gates with the necessary support structures. Finally, the resistance of the floating-gate switch is achieved by modulating the input gate voltage during channel hot-electron injection.
Surfactant use for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome in three New York city hospitals: discordance of practice from a community clinician consensus standard

Surfactant use for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome in three New York city hospitals: discordance of practice from a community clinician consensus standard
The Origins of Blind Autobiography in Visionary Antebellum New England

During the antebellum period, blind Americans began telling their life stories in print for the first time. This essay argues that these blind autobiographers succeeded not only by engaging the public's sympathy but also by illuminating New England's ongoing transcendentalist and visionary Protestant debates on the nature of sight.
Comparison of human haptic size identification and discrimination performance in real and simulated environments

The performance levels of human subjects in size identification and discrimination experiments in both real and virtual environments are presented. The virtual environments are displayed with a three degree-of-freedom haptic interface, developed at Vanderbilt University. The results indicate that performance of the size identification and discrimination tasks in the virtual environment is comparable to that in the real environment, implying that the haptic device does a good job of simulating reality for these tasks. Additionally, performance in the virtual environment was measured at below-maximum machine performance levels for three machine parameters. The tabulated scores for the perception tasks in a sub-optimal virtual environment were found to be comparable to that in the real environment, supporting previous claims that haptic interface hardware may be able to convey, for these perceptual tasks, sufficient perceptual information to the user with relatively low levels of machine quality in terms of the following parameters: maximum end-point force, system bandwidth and time delay.
Obstacle detection for unmanned ground vehicles: a progress report

To detect obstacles during off-road autonomous navigation, unmanned ground vehicles (UGV's) must sense terrain geometry and composition (terrain type) under day, night, and low-visibility conditions. To sense terrain geometry, we have developed a real-time stereo vision system that uses a Datacube MV-200 and a 68040 CPU board to produce 256/spl times/240-pixel range images in about 0.6 seconds/frame. To sense terrain type, we used the same computing hardware with red and near infrared imagery to classify 256/spl times/240-pixel frames into vegetation and non-vegetation regions at a rate of five to ten frames/second. This paper reviews the rationale behind the choice of these sensors, describes their recent evolution and on-going development, and summarizes their use in demonstrations of autonomous UGV navigation over the past five years.
Deep Dielectric Charging of Spacecraft Polymers by Energetic Protons

The majority of research in the field of spacecraft charging concentrates on electron charging effects with little discussion of charging by protons. For spacecraft orbiting in the traditional LEO and GEO environments, this emphasis on electrons is appropriate since energetic electrons are the dominant species. However, for spacecraft in orbits within the inner radiation belts, or for interplanetary and lunar space probes, proton charging effects may also be of concern. To examine bulk spacecraft charging effects in these environments, several typical highly insulating spacecraft polymers were exposed to energetic protons with energies from 1 to 10 MeV to simulate protons from the solar wind and from solar energetic proton events. Results indicate that effects in proton-charged dielectrics are distinctly different than those observed due to electron charging. In most cases, the positive surface potential continued to increase for periods on the order of minutes to a day, followed by long-time-scale decay at rates similar to those observed for electron charging. All samples charged to positive potentials, with substantially lower magnitudes than for equivalent electron fluence. Possible explanations for the different behavior of the measured surface potentials from proton irradiation are discussed; these are related to the evolving internal charge distribution from energy-dependent electron and proton transport, electron emission, charge migration due to dark current and radiation-induced conductivity, and electron capture by embedded protons.