cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NMR visibility of deuterium-labeled liver glycogen in vivo

PURPOSE Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) combined with [6,6'-2 H2 ]-glucose has the potential to detect glycogen synthesis in the liver. However, the similar chemical shifts of [6,6'-2 H2 ]-glucose and [6,6'-2 H2 ]-glycogen in the 2 H NMR spectrum make unambiguous detection and separation difficult in vivo, in contrast to comparable approaches using 13 C MRS. Here the NMR visibility of 2 H-labeled glycogen is investigated to better understand its potential contribution to the observed signal in liver following administration of [6,6'-2 H2 ]-glucose. METHODS Mice were provided drinking water containing 2 H-labeled glucose. High-resolution NMR analyses was performed of isolated liver glycogen in solution, before and after the addition of the glucose-releasing enzyme amyloglucosidase. RESULTS 2 H-labeled glycogen was barely detectable in solution using 2 H NMR because of the very short T2 (<2 ms) of 2 H-labeled glycogen, giving a spectral line width that is more than five times as broad as that of 13 C-labeled glycogen (T2 = ~10 ms). CONCLUSION 2 H-labeled glycogen is not detectable with 2 H MRS(I) under in vivo conditions, leaving 13 C MRS as the preferred technique for in vivo detection of glycogen.
Our Forgotten Founders: Reconstruction, Public Education, and Constitutional Heroism

This Article examines a set of constitutional stories that has not been the subject of focused study by legal scholars — the stories we tell our schoolchildren about the Founding and Reconstruction. These stories offer new clues about the background assumptions that elite lawyers, political leaders, and the wider public bring to bear when they consider the meaning of the Constitution. Since the early twentieth century, our leading high school textbooks have tended to praise the Founding generation and canonize certain Founding Fathers, while, at the same time, largely ignoring Reconstruction’s key players and underemphasizing the constitutional revolution these “Forgotten Founders” envisioned (and began to wage). As a result, generations of students have been left with a relatively pristine view of the Founding, while receiving (at best) a “warts-and-all” account of Reconstruction. These disparate accounts (presented for decades in our classrooms) have helped to construct a constitutional culture that reveres the Founding generation, but gives short shrift to their Reconstruction counterparts.
Melanoma‐derived factors alter the maturation and activation of differentiated tissue‐resident dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of host immunity that are capable of inducing either immune tolerance or activation. In addition to their well-characterized role in shaping immune responses to foreign pathogens, DCs are also known to be critical for the induction and maintenance of anti-tumor immune responses. Therefore, it is important to understand how tumors influence the function of DCs and the quality of immune responses they elicit. Although the majority of studies in this field to date have utilized either immortalized DC lines or DC populations that have been generated under artificial conditions from hematopoietic precursors in vitro, we wished to investigate how tumors impact the function of already differentiated, tissue-resident DCs. Therefore, we used both an ex vivo and in vivo model system to assess the influence of melanoma-derived factors on DC maturation and activation. In ex vivo studies with freshly isolated splenic DCs, we demonstrate that the extent to which DC maturation and activation are altered by these factors correlates with melanoma tumorigenicity, and we identify partial roles for tumor-derived transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A in the altered functionality of DCs. In vivo studies using a lung metastasis model of melanoma also demonstrate tumorigenicity-dependent alterations to the function of lung-resident DCs, and skewed production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by these tumor-altered cells is associated with recruitment of an immune infiltrate that may ultimately favor tumor immune escape and outgrowth.
Inhibition of Acidic Sphingomyelinase Reduces Established Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice

Aim Liver fibrosis occurs as a result of several chronic liver diseases and leads to portal hypertension, cirrhosis and liver failure, often requiring liver transplantation. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are known to contribute to liver fibrosis, but currently there are no effective therapies for the treatment of established liver fibrosis. Activation of the acidic sphingomyelinase (ASM) has been shown to be involved in HSC activation. In the present study we investigated whether treatment with the ASM inhibitor, amitriptyline (TCA), could prevent and/or reverse fibrosis induced in mice by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Methods Mice were treated with CCl4 for 8 weeks to induce fibrosis. Concurrently, mice received drinking water with or without 180 mg/L TCA. Results Mice receiving TCA in the water had decreased hepatic collagen deposition and reduced liver mRNA expression of the fibrogenic mediators, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1, collagen and tumor necrosis factor-α. TCA treatment also reduced HSC activation determined by α-smooth muscle actin staining. In a separate set of experiments, mice were treated with CCl4 for 5 weeks prior to treatment with TCA, to test whether TCA had any effect on established fibrosis. Remarkably, in mice with established fibrosis, treatment with TCA significantly reduced collagen deposition, HSC activation, and prevented portal hypertension and improved hepatic architecture. Treatment of isolated HSC in vitro with TCA completely inhibited TGF-β1-induced collagen expression and platelet-derived growth factor-β-β-induced proliferation. Conclusion The data suggest that ASM is a critical signaling component in HSC for the development of liver fibrosis and represents an important therapeutic target.
Religion, Age, and Crime: Do Religious Traditions Differentially Impact Juvenile Versus Adult Violence?

A growing body of empirical research demonstrates that the relative presence of religious adherents at the community-level has important relationships with rates of crime and violence. Less understood is how adherence to specific religious traditions (e.g., evangelical Protestant, Catholic, mainline Protestant) is associated with rates of crime, especially across particular age groups toward which religious traditions devote varying degrees of structural and cultural resources. Using data from the Religious Congregations and Membership Survey and age-specific arrest data from the Uniform Crime Reporting program in 2010, the current study finds that the impact of religious adherence on crime varies by religious tradition and across juvenile versus adult crime. Specifically, evangelical Protestant adherence is negatively associated with juvenile but not adult violence, while Catholic adherence is associated with reduced adult but not juvenile violence, net of controls. Implications for research on religious...
A Comparative Policy Analysis of Family Preservation Programs in the U.S. and in Taiwan

This study compares a policy response to child maltreatment—family preservation programs—in the U.S. and in Taiwan. The comparison focuses on analyses of policy development, implementation, and evaluation under the historical and social contexts in both countries. In order to prevent and reduce occurrence and recurrence of maltreatment, both the U.S. and Taiwanese governments have targeted high-risk families to provide services with the ideology of preserving family. This study first compares historical and social contexts in both countries. The impacts of economic recession, social movements, social changes, and social values toward child maltreatment are examined. Second, this study analyzes the characteristics of family preservation programs. It focuses on the comparison of target population, eligibility, type of services, and government’s role. Third, this study evaluates the implementations of the programs. Strengths and weaknesses of the programs in both countries are identified. Fourth, effectiveness of the programs is evaluated. Finally, based on these analyses, policy recommendations are provided for both countries to address the weakness in program implementation. Findings from this comparative study make unique contributions to modifying the child welfare services in both U.S. and Taiwan.
Membrane Anchor Dependent Colocalization in Cellular Membranes Observed by Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy

Membrane anchors exist on many proteins in a variety of combinations of enzymatically attached fatty acids and glypiations. These anchors play a part in protein trafficking within cells and in associating proteins with cell membranes. They are also frequently found on well-known signaling proteins. Given the variety of anchor composition, we question whether these anchors play a more significant role in the lateral sorting or dynamic colocalization of proteins within cell membranes. To observe this in vivo, we create fusion proteins of red and green fluorescent proteins with the consensus protein lipidation motif of various signaling proteins and express both red and green constructs in HEK293T cells. The dynamic colocalization of red and green fluorescent proteins, and therefore the dynamic colocalization of membrane anchors, can be directly observed using Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy (FCCS). FCCS allows us to observe dynamic colocalization on the nanometer length scale. Unlike FRET, FCCS can detect positive colocalization regardless of orientation and at lengths larger than 10nm. Recent results will be discussed.
Cross-sectional dependence of electron mobility and lattice thermal conductivity in silicon nanowires

The thermoelectric efficiency of a material depends on the ratio of its electrical and thermal conductivity. In this work, the cross-sectional dependence of electron mobility and lattice thermal conductivity in silicon nanowires has been investigated by solving the electron and phonon Boltzmann transport equations. The effects of confinement on acoustic phonon scattering (both electron–phonon and phonon–phonon) are accounted for in this study. With decreasing wire cross-section, the electron mobility shows a non-monotonic variation, whereas the lattice thermal conductivity exhibits a linear decrease. The former is a result of the decrease in intervalley and intersubband scattering due to a redistribution of electrons among the twofold-degenerate Δ2 and fourfold-degenerate Δ4 valley subbands when the cross-section is below 5×5 nm2, while the latter is because of the monotonic increase of three phonon umklapp and boundary scattering with decreasing wire cross-section. Among the wires considered, those with a cross-section between 3×3 nm2 and 4×4 nm2 have the maximal ratio of the electron mobility to lattice thermal conductivity, and are expected to provide the maximal thermoelectric figure of merit.
Positive and negative patterning after CS preexposure in flavor aversion conditioning

Three experiments examined rats’ ability to discriminate a compound conditioned stimulus (CS) from the individual elements of that compound in a flavor aversion conditioning paradigm. In Experiment 1, presentations of a compound of sucrose and saline solutions were followed by lithium chloride injections, but presentations of those elements individually were nonrein-forced (positive patterning). Conversely, in Experiments 2 and 3, presentations of the individual elements were followed by lithium chloride injection, but compound presentations were non-reinforced (negative patterning). The discriminations were acquired in all three experiments. In addition, all three experiments investigated the effects of preexposure of the discriminative stimuli on subsequent acquisition of the patterned discriminations. In positive patterning, preexposure had no measurable effect on the acquisition of responding (suppression) to the reinforced compound stimulus, but slowed the loss of suppression to the nonreinforced elements. In negative patterning, preexposure slowed the acquisition of suppression to the reinforced elements but had little effect on the loss of suppression to the nonreinforced compound.
Error analysis and improvements for using parallel-shift method to test a galvanometer-based laser scanning system

The Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry (SLDV) technique has brought modal testing into a new era. A galvanometer-based laser scanning system for SLDV provides the position accuracy, speed, and flexibility for data acquisition. Testing and calibrating such a scanning system to meet the precision requirements of modal testing has led to the development of the novel parallel-shift method for testing and calibration of the scanning system. This parallel-shift method can provide a cost-effect means for systematic laser scanning accuracy test. However, a number of measurement errors could be involved during the scanning accuracy test. These errors could severally affect the accuracy of the test itself. It is necessary to quantitatively determine the effects of the measurement errors to evaluate and to improve the accuracy of the test. This paper gives a detailed analysis for all the errors involved in the galvanometer-based laser scanning accuracy test using the parallel-shift method. Improvements of the test setup and test procedure are also proposed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Micropatterning of nanoengineered surfaces to study neuronal cell attachment in vitro.

Methods for producing protein patterns with defined spatial arrangement and micro- and nanoscale features are important for studying cellular-level interactions, including basic cell−cell communications, cell signaling, and mechanisms of drug action. Toward this end, a straightforward, versatile procedure for fabricating micropatterns of bioactive nanofilm coatings as multifunctional biological testbeds is demonstrated. The method, based on a combination of photolithography and layer-by-layer self-assembly (LbL), allows for precise construction of nanocomposite films of potentially complex architecture, and patterning of these films on substrates using a modified lift-off (LO) procedure. As a first step in evaluating nanostructures made with this process, “comparison chips,” comprising two coexisting regions of square patterns with relevant proteins/polypeptides on a single substrate, were fabricated with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) as a cell-repellent background. Using neuronal cells as...
Comparison of Dietary Protein with an Oral, Branched Chain-Enriched Amino Acid Supplement in Chronic Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

A randomized study was conducted in 37 hospitalized patients at six cooperating hospitals in which protein-intolerant cirrhotic patients were fed increasing amounts of either dietary protein or a branched-chain enriched amino acid solution (BCAA) until they attained an intake of 80 gm protein per day or equivalent or until they developed stage 2 encephalopathy. All patients initially received 20 gm of dietary protein for 1 week, after which 20 gm of protein or BCAA were added weekly. Nitrogen balance improved from negative to positive in all patients in whom it was measured and increased equally in both groups. Seven of the 20 patients in the protein group and 1 of 17 in the BCAA group developed encephalopathy of stage 2 or greater (p < 0.05). Changes in each component of the portal-systemic encephalopathy syndrome were compared, and differences were statistically significant for mental status grade (p < 0.01), asterixis (p < 0.05), Portal-systemic encephalopathy index (p < 0.01), but insignificant for Number Connection Test, EEG or ammonia. Plasma amino acid profiles showed an increase in BCAA in the study group. Thus, oral BCAA supplements appear to induce positive nitrogen balance to approximately the same degree as an equivalent amount of dietary protein without inducing encephalopathy as frequently.
Liver transplantation after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity.

Abstract Background: Jejunoileal (JI) bypass was developed as a therapy for morbid obesity in the late 1960s but has since been abandoned because of a high rate of complications, including cirrhosis. The need for liver transplantation after JI bypass has been infrequent, with only four previous patients reported in the literature; however, because the time to develop symptomatic endstage liver disease after JI bypass may be quite long (25 years or more), the incidence of patients who will require liver transplantation may only now be increasing. Study Design: We reviewed our experience with JI bypass and liver transplantation in 380 consecutive adult patients since 1985. Results: Four patients underwent liver transplantation for cirrhosis after JI bypass, all within the last 48 months. The mean duration of time from JI bypass to transplantation was 22.3 years. All patients had complications, in addition to their liver disease, which were related to the JI bypass, which included nephrolithiasis, cholelithiasis, vitamin deficiencies, renal insufficiency, and d-lactic acidosis. One patient had the JI bypass taken down before transplantation, which precipitated acute liver and renal failure, necessitating urgent transplantation. One patient, who had the JI bypass taken down at the time of transplant, has developed recurrent morbid obesity, while the other three patients have not. The one patient who has not had the JI bypass taken down has not developed evidence of recurrent liver disease and is followed with monthly liver function tests and yearly biopsies. Conclusions: The incidence of patients who require liver transplantation after JI bypass may be on the increase. Take down of the JI bypass may precipitate acute liver failure in the cirrhotic patient. JI bypass should be accomplished either at the time of transplantation or if signs of liver dysfunction occur after transplantation. Liver transplant recipients can be at risk for recurrent obesity after takedown of the JI bypass. Transplantation for those patients with decompensated cirrhosis after JI bypass has demonstrated excellent early results.
Aggressive and complex surgery for advanced ovarian cancer: An economic analysis

Abstract Introduction In an initial cohort we demonstrated that aggressive surgery correlates with improved survival in patients with advanced ovarian cancer yet the economic implications of maximal surgical efforts are unknown. Objective To evaluate inpatient costs, survival, and cost-effectiveness of alternative primary surgical approaches among advanced ovarian cancer patients. Methods All patients with a diagnosis of stage IIIC–IV ovarian cancer between 1994 and 2003 were identified and classified by surgical complexity score (SCS) (1 = simple, 2 = intermediate, and 3 = complex). We used clinical and administrative data to estimate costs associated with inpatient stay, survival, and the 5-year cost-effectiveness of complex vs. simple surgery measured in costs per life-year gained. Results 486 consecutive patients were identified of whom 28%, 50%, and 22% were classified as SCS 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Kaplan–Meier estimated survival differed by SCS group (p Conclusions Complex surgery for ovarian cancer cytoreduction carries a survival benefit at increased direct medical cost. However, preliminary cost-effectiveness results suggest complex surgery provides good value for money spent. Future research on the cost and quality of life implications of surgical morbidity during follow-up is warranted to formally assess the cost-effectiveness of complex vs. simple surgical procedures.
Studies on the association of E. coli phage λ DNA and the host chromosome: Lack of a role of membranes

Abstract The majority of parentally radiolabeled Escherichia coli phage λ DNA becomes associated with E. coli DNA after infection of sensitive bacteria; this association is resistant to several detergents, RNase, and proteases. Removal of bacterial cell membranes does not greatly affect the sedimentation properties of the (host DNA)-(λ DNA) complex or cause release of λ DNA. Our findings suggest that host cell membranes are not involved in the rapid sedimentation of λ DNA after infection of E. coli, contrary to a widely held view.
Unsteady incompressible aerodynamics and forced response of detuned blade rows

A mathematical model is developed and utilized to demonstrate the enhanced forced response behavior associated with aerodynamic, structural, and combined aerodynamic-structural detuning of a loaded rotor operating in an incompressible flow field. The unsteady aerodynamic gust response and oscillating cascade aerodynamics are determined by developing both a complete first-order unsteady aerodynamic analysis and a locally analytical solution in individual grid elements of a body fitted computational grid. The aerodynamic detuning is accomplished by means of alternate circumferential airfoil spacing, with alternate blade structural detuning also considered. The beneficial forced response effects of these detuning techniques are then demonstrated by applying this model to various detuned rotor configurations.
Epidemiology of sexual abuse of children: old problems, new directions

Over the last 2 decades, the science of epidemiology has made important contributions to the understanding of sexual abuse of children. Well-designed epidemiological studies conducted during the next two decades should help refine our knowledge of the frequency of the problem, as well as further our understanding of risk factors and consequences.
Promoting Cultural Responsiveness and Closing the Achievement Gap with Standards Blending

In this article, standards blending—the integration of core academic and school counseling standards—is demonstrated as a culturally responsive strategy to assist in closing the achievement gap for a group of third-grade African American males. The small-group intervention described resulted in knowledge gains in both the school counseling and academic curriculum content areas. All participants also reported experiencing increased self-esteem.
Reflections on Rural Communities

Rural communities in the United States have characteristics that offer both challenges and opportunities for those wishing to improve health literacy. Librarians can build upon the assets in small towns to reach community members, to reduce health disparities, and to improve health and well-being. Librarians are encouraged to learn of services and partner with organizations in their communities that have a stake in improving health literacy and equip people to better manage their own health and wellness. Comments and suggestions should be sent to the Column Editors: Donna Timm (E-mail: dtimm@lsuhac.edu) or Joy Kennedy (E-mail: j1kennedy@nch.org).
New paradigms, animal models may lift antidepressant research.

I read the news feature "Mood Swings" (Nat. Med. 10, 1010–1012; 2004) with some disappointment. There are some points in the article that I would like to clarify for the benefit of your readers.
I. The Experiences of Warmth, Cold, and Heat

(1936). I. The Experiences of Warmth, Cold, and Heat. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 421-431.
Experimental evaluation of the autoionization cross section of the magnesium transition at 300.9 nm by laser induced fluorescence

Abstract The decrease in the laser induced resonance fluorescence of magnesium atoms at 285.213 nm, caused by photoionization of the 3 p −1 P 1 0 state with a second laser tuned at an autoionizing resonance at 300.9 nm, has been used to evaluate the autoionization cross section. This autoionizing resonance was found to have a cross section of 3 (±0.5) × 10 −16 cm 2 and a halfwidth of about 2.5 nm. The agreement with previous literature data, obtained by measuring the total number of charges produced, testifies to the reliability of our fluorescence method. The precision of the technique is also discussed and it is shown that our method works best for low-to-moderate values of the product of the autoionization cross section and the laser fluence.
Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Long-term surgical follow-up.

Abstract The results of surgery in 43 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis are reported. Twenty-eight patients were male and 15 female; their mean age was 34 years. Dyspnea, angina pectoris and dizziness or syncope were the most common symptoms, in decreasing frequency. Before the operation, 3 patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I, 9 in class II and 31 in classes III and IV. The mean resting peak ventricle-arterial systolic pressure gradient was 77 mm Hg (39 patients), and mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 22 mm Hg (34 patients). The operative mortality rate was 16 percent (7 of 43 patients) for the entire group, but only 8 percent for patients who underwent isolated left ventricular outflow tract myectomy (3 of 36 patients). There were four late sudden deaths. One patient has been lost to follow-up. The remaining 31 patients have been followed up for a mean of 84 months (range 12 to 160 months); 14 patients are in functional class I, 14 in class II and 3 in classes III and IV. Of the symptomatic patients, six are taking propranolol and eight are taking digitalis or diuretic agents, or both. Complications included complete heart block in 5 patients, complete left bundle branch block in 15 and left ventricular aneurysm in 3. Our study, which is one of the largest with the longest postoperative follow-up period, documents that surgery results in good to excellent alleviation of symptoms in survivors. We currently recommend surgery for the symptomatic patient who has not responded to therapy with propranolol.
On guiding the business school toward computer literacy

In colleges and unversities around the country it is common to find that needs for new courses in computing are recognized long before suitable courses are made available. This is especially true for colleges of business administration. The needs have long been obvious, but staffing such courses internally is a slow process. Some colleges of business are well served by computer science departments, but in other schools the catalyst for getting started is lacking. This paper addresses the problem by describing the development of a service course in computing offered by the Department of Computer Science for the College of Business Administration at the University of Nebraska. The approach taken to course development postulated that if a course is to appeal to a college of business administration, it must appeal to the special needs and aptitudes of the typical business student. This particular service course concentrated on special behavioral objectives: need to develop man-machine interface skills, attention to developing self-confidence and a sense of accomplishment, and understanding the information processing concepts needed in business today. The pedagogical approach to attainment of these objectives also was carefully fashioned for the given audience.As originally conceived, the cognitive objectives of the course aimed at teaching the analytically oriented business college under-graduate how to write programs in the FORTRAN language. In addition, the student was expected to be able to read application programs in the areas of marketing, accounting, finance, operations and personnel management. The course explained how these latter applications packages aid in the management decision process. Finally, the course required that the student become more familar with the general expository material in the area of electronic data processing.
MAL63 codes for a positive regulator of maltose fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genetic analysis of the MAL6 locus has previously yielded mal6 mutants which fall into a single complementation group and which are noninducible for maltase and maltose permease. However, the strains used in these studies contained additional partially functional copies of MAL1 (referred to as MAL1g) and MAL3 (referred to as MAL3g). Using a strain lacking MALg genes, we have isolated two classes of mutants and these classes correspond to mutations in MAL63 and MAL61, two genes of the MAL6 complex. Disruptions of MAL63 are noninducible for maltase and maltose permease and for their corresponding mRNAs. The mal6 mutants are shown to map to MAL63 Inducer exclusion as a cause of the noninducible phenotype of the mal63 mutations has been eliminated by constructing a ma163 mutant in a strain constitutive for maltose permease; the strain remains noninducible. These results rigorously demonstrate that MAL63 is a regulatory gene which plays a positive role in the regulation of maltose fermentation.
Elliptic centralizers in Weyl groups and their coinvariant representations

The centralizer C(w) of an elliptic element w in a Weyl group has a natural symplectic representation on the group ofw-coinvariants in the root lattice. We give the basic properties of this representation, along with applications to p-adic groups classifying maximal tori and computing inducing data in Lpackets as well as to elucidating the structure of the centralizer C(w) itself. We give the structure of each elliptic centralizer in W (E8) in terms of its coinvariant representation, and we refine Springer’s theory for elliptic regular elements to give explicit complex reflections generating C(w). The case where w has order three is examined in detail, with connections to mathematics of the 19th century. A variation of the methods recovers the subgroup W (H4) ⊂ W (E8).
Assessment of indocyanine green–labeled cetuximab to detect xenografted head and neck cancer cell lines

Objective The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of indocyanine green (ICG) conjugated to antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody (cetuximab) to image head and neck cancer. Study Design Mice (n = 3) were injected with unconjugated ICG and imaged at 100-second intervals for a total of 1000 seconds to assess imaging characteristics. Mice (n = 10) xenografted with SCC-1 cells were then systemically injected with cetuximab conjugated to indocyanine green and imaged over a 72-hour period. To assess the sensitivity and specificity, xenografted tumors underwent subtotal resections and then were assessed for residual disease by fluorescence stereomicroscopy and confirmed by histology. Results Tumors demonstrated excellent fluorescence 24 hours after injection of cetuximab-ICG. There was a direct relationship between fluorescence and the given dose of cetuximab-ICG. Following subtotal resection, we found fluorescence correlated with a sensitivity of 78.4% and specificity of 96%. Conclusions This study provides evidence that supports further preclinical investigation of cetuximab in the evaluation of surgical margins, but linkage to ICG lacks the sensitivity for use in a clinical setting.
The dog that didn't bark: How public managers handle environmental shocks

Purpose - Explores organisational responses to unpleasant shocks from their environment - sizeable and mostly unexpected budget cuts - to estimate the performance impacts of the drop in resources and identify how managers respond to try to stabilise operations. Design/methodology/approach - Looks at the literature on public management, environmental shocks and performance and describes a statistical model of management and performance. Explains the sample used (the Texas school district), how shocks were measured and the performance indicators and control variables used. Provides an analysis of the impact of a 10% or greater budget shock on organisational performance and the impact on other indicators of performance. Discusses the budgeting actions of superintendents in redistributing funds to core functions, reducing core costs and support tasks and seeking less expensive core personnel. Findings - Shows that such budgetary shocks have only limited or no negative impacts on performance in the short term and that the most salient policy objective and production for more disadvantaged clientele are especially insulated with more peripheral activities and capital investment sacrificed. Research limitations/implications - Considers that whether short-term protection comes at the expense of longer-term losses and whether effective management of such shocks weakens the case for adequate budgets remain to be investigated. Originality/value - Illustrates how organisations cope with budget cuts.
Chelator-sensitive sites in chloroplast electron transport☆

Abstract The effect of various chelators (orthophenanthroline, bathophen-anthroline, bathophenanthroline sulfonate and bathocuproine) on electron transport of spinach chloroplasts has been studied by means of various photosystem I and II reactions. It was found that photosystem II has at least 3 chelator-sensitive sites, photosystem I from 3–4. An uncoupler-affected site was found in each photosystem. In addition, photosystem I had a stimulator site and a soak site. The soak site was sensitive to chelators only after a period of incubation with the chelator.
Disentangling proton connectivity networks in highly overlapped 1H-NMR spectra of polynuclear aromatics using 1D-HOHAHA

One-dimensional (1D) variants of two-dimensional (2D) nmr techniques can frequently provide the required information in a much shorter period of time than the 2D experiment from which they were derived. Application of the 1D homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn (1D-HOHAHA) experiment to establish proton-proton connectivity networks in highly overlapped four-spin systems in the proton nmr spectra of polynuclear aromatics is described. Selective subspectra are contrasted to the data obtained in a COSY experiment on the same molecule, benzo[f][l]benzothieno[2,3-c]quinoline. Results from the 1D-HOHAHA technique are especially useful when component resonances from several spin systems are heavily overlapped. Relayed 1D-HOHAHA provides the means of exploiting small, long range coupling pathways of polynuclear aromatics.
Lorentz nature of quark confinement.

Recent measurements of the fine and hyperfine structures of P-wave quarkonia systems allows a nearly model-independent separation of the confinement contribution. The simplest interpretation is that the confining potential is a Lorentz scalar. The data further suggest that the scalar confining potential falls below linear behavior at intermediate radii.
Network migration, marriage patterns, and adaptation in rural Portugal and among Portuguese immigrants in Argentina, 1870–1980

This article examines marriage patterns among immigrants and their children as a way to analyze the interplay of primary social networks and local conditions in the social adaptation of two communities of Portuguese immigrants in Argentina. Its main focus is on the factors involved in marriages within the same ethnic group and their evolution over time from a comparative perspective. The analysis considers aspects of marital selection in the main places of origin of the immigrants in the Algarve, southern Portugal, and their influence in the places of settlement; the factors that influenced the selection of spouses in both communities by gender and over time; and the changes from the first to the second generation. Factors, such as gender, the nature and rhythm of immigration, and the occupation of the immigrants and their families, proved very important in marital selection. Environmental factors were also significant. Oil production dominated Comodoro Rivadavia, while intensive family farming in a subur...
Integration of blood flow control to skeletal muscle: key role of feed arteries

Blood flow control reflects dynamic, integrated changes in the diameter of vessels that comprise resistance networks. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation can travel rapidly along the vessel wall via the conduction of electrical signals between endothelial and/or smooth muscle cells through gap junctions. Within the hamster cheek pouch, these conducted responses reflect complementary mechanisms for co-ordinating both increases and decreases in arteriolar diameter. In the hamster retractor muscle, vasodilation also conducts along arterioles and into feed arteries, yet vasoconstriction appears constrained to the site(s) of smooth muscle activation. Thus, mechanisms for co-ordinating vasomotor control in resistance networks can vary between tissues that differ in structure and function. The resistance vessels of the retractor (and other skeletal) muscle are richly innervated by sympathetic nerves, which are absent from the cheek pouch. Propagation along sympathetic nerves rapidly co-ordinates smooth muscle cell contraction throughout the resistance network by releasing noradrenaline along the innervation pathway. Passive extension of the retractor muscle activates periarteriolar sympathetic nerves. This activity propagates antidromically into feed arteries and may complement the central (autonomic) vasoconstrictor response to exercise. In a reciprocal manner, muscle contraction evokes arteriolar dilation that is conducted (i.e. 'ascends') into feed arteries and may thereby counteract sympathetic vasoconstriction. With feed arteries anatomically positioned to control blood flow into skeletal muscle, the integration of dilator and constrictor stimuli in these vessels is a key determinant of muscle blood flow during exercise.
Twins and virtual twins: Do genetic (as well as experiential) factors affect developmental risks?

Abstract Factors underlying developmental delays and psychosocial risks are of interest to international adoption communities. The current study administered a Pre-Adoption Adversity (PAA) Questionnaire to mostly American parents raising (a) adopted Chinese twins or (b) same-age unrelated adopted siblings. A goal was to replicate earlier analyses of pre-adoption adversity/adjustment among adopted preschool-age Chinese girls. A second goal was to conduct genetic analyses of four content areas (Developmental Delays at Adoption, Initial Adaptation to Adoption, Crying/Clinging, and Refusal/Avoidance) derived from the PAA Questionnaire. A key finding was that age at adoption added less than other predictors to adoptees’ externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Family factors (e.g., parental education) contributed significantly to behavioral outcomes among the adopted Chinese twins. Genetic effects were indicated for all four content areas, with shared environmental effects evident for Developmental Delays at Adoption and Crying/Clinging. Future investigators should consider incorporating genetically sensitive designs into developmental research programs.
A transient definitive erythroid lineage with unique regulation of the β-globin locus in the mammalian embryo.

A transient erythromyeloid wave of definitive hematopoietic progenitors (erythroid/myeloid progenitors [EMPs]) emerges in the yolk sac beginning at embryonic day 8.25 (E8.25) and colonizes the liver by E10.5, before adult-repopulating hematopoietic stem cells. At E11.5, we observe all maturational stages of erythroid precursors in the liver and the first definitive erythrocytes in the circulation. These early fetal liver erythroblasts express predominantly adult β-globins and the definitive erythroid-specific transcriptional modifiers c-myb, Sox6, and Bcl11A. Surprisingly, they also express low levels of “embryonic” βH1-, but not ey-, globin transcripts. Consistent with these results, RNA polymerase and highly modified histones are found associated with βH1- and adult globin, but not ey-globin, genes. E11.5 definitive proerythroblasts from mice transgenic for the human β-globin locus, like human fetal erythroblasts, express predominately human γ-, low β-, and no e-globin transcripts. Significantly, E9.5 yolk sac–derived EMPs cultured in vitro have similar murine and human transgenic globin expression patterns. Later liver proerythroblasts express low levels of γ-globin, while adult marrow proerythroblasts express only β-globin transcripts. We conclude that yolk sac–derived EMPs, the first of 2 origins of definitive erythropoiesis, express a unique pattern of globin genes as they generate the first definitive erythrocytes in the liver of the mammalian embryo.
Simultaneous radio scattering and white light observations of a coronal transient

Reports that a coronal transient observed by the Solwind coronagraph off the west limb of the sun was also seen in the spectral broadening observations of the Helois-2 2.3 GHz radio signal. These simultaneous data are compared and applied to studies of the shock front. UT difference images show a time difference of up to 2 h between shock and white light occurrences. Helios and Voyager shock speed measurements are consistent, implying that the event observed by Helios is a shock. These coronal transient data show that the shock front is ahead of the white light front, but additional observations of larger events will contribute information to the understanding of coronal transient evolution as they propagate away from the sun.
High-temperature fiber optic thermometry

Fiber optic temperature sensors based on fluorescence decay and using a monolithic crystalline construction are described. Results obtained with YAG probes terminating in Er:YAG and Yb:YAG tips are reported. To date temperature as high as 1,900 K has been reached with the Yb:YAG sensor. Issues to be addressed in the future development of this type of temperature sensor are discussed.
Harmonic oscillator utilizing double-fold integral, traditional and second-order sliding mode control

To stabilize both amplitude and frequency of the second-order harmonic oscillator double-fold sliding mode control is employed. The first, integral sliding mode control, is used to compensate for the disturbance/uncertainty, which is unmatched by the second control. The second sliding mode control is designed to achieve the stabilization of the harmonic oscillator system while the system is in the integral sliding mode. The first (integral) and second sliding mode controls are implemented in both formats: traditional sliding mode control that requires high-frequency oscillating control action and second-order sliding mode (super-twisting) control that is continuous and provides for the higher accuracy of stabilization. It is shown that the output of the double-fold sliding mode controlled second-order harmonic oscillator is robust to bounded disturbances and model parameter uncertainties. Computer simulations are performed to manifest the theoretical analysis.
Patent issues in drug development: perspectives of a pharmaceutical scientist-attorney.

The major purpose of this article is to emphasize the need for pharmaceutical scientists to have a better understanding of patent fundamentals. This need is illustrated by analyses of key scientific and legal issues that arose during recent patent infringement cases involving Prozac, Prilosec, and Buspar. Economic incentives for drug discovery and development clash with societal needs for low-cost pharmaceuticals in the United States and all over the world. The Hatch-Waxman Act of 1984 was enacted to promote public health by balancing the interests of brand name and generic companies. Patent protection, which provides a monopoly for a limited time, is aimed to provide such incentives. Creation of patents requires the interaction between scientists and lawyers, an endeavor made difficult by the differing intellectual spheres of their respective disciplines. Therefore, in the first place, a thorough understanding of patent fundamentals among pharmaceutical scientists will help them work more efficiently with patent attorneys. Second, it will enable them to appreciate the strengths and weaknesses of individual patents, which is critical in developing strategies amidst the ongoing patent tug-of-war between brandname and generic companies.
Fast-lysis cell traps for chemical cytometry

Electrically addressable cell traps were integrated with capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of the contents of single adherent cells. Electrodes composed of indium tin oxide were patterned on a glass surface followed by formation of topographical cell traps using 1002F photoresist. Single cells trapped in the holes could be lysed in less than 66 ms by applying a brief electric field (10 ms) across the electrode beneath the cell and the ground electrode placed in the aqueous media above the cell traps. The gas formed during cell lysis remained localized within the cavity formed by the 1002F photoresist. The retention of the gas in the cell trap enabled the cell traps to be coupled to an overlying capillary without blockage of the capillary. Single cells cultured in the traps were loaded with fluorescein and Oregon Green and then electrically lysed. By simultaneous application of an electric field to the capillary, the cell's contents were loaded into the capillary and electrophoretically separated. Orgeon Green and fluorescein from a single cell were fully resolved in less than two minutes. The use of a single patterned electrode beneath the 1002F cell trap yielded a simple easily fabricated design that was robust when immersed in aqueous solutions. Moreover, the design can easily be scaled up to create arrays of adherent cells for serial analyses using a single capillary or for parallel analysis by mating to an array of capillaries. Enhancing the rate of analysis of single adherent cells would enable a greater understanding of cellular physiology.
Characterization of pulmonary nodules: effects of size and feature type on reported performance

Differences in the size distribution of malignant and benign pulmonary nodules in databases used for training and testing characterization systems have a significant impact on the measured performance. The magnitude of this effect and methods to provide more relevant performance results are explored in this paper. Two- and three-dimensional features, both including and excluding size, and two classifiers, logistic regression and distance-weighted nearest-neighbors (dwNN), were evaluated on a database of 178 pulmonary nodules. For the full database, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the logistic regression classifier for 2D features with and without size was 0.721 and 0.614 respectively, and for 3D features with and without size, 0.773 and 0.737 respectively. In comparison, the performance using a simple size-threshold classifier was 0.675. In the second part of the study, the performance was measured on a subset of 46 nodules from the entire subset selected to have a similar size-distribution of malignant and benign nodules. For this subset, performance of the size-threshold was 0.504. For logistic regression, the performance for 2D, with and without size, were 0.578 and 0.478, and for 3D, with and without size, 0.671 and 0.767. Over all the databases, logistic regression exhibited better performance using 3D features than 2D features. This study suggests that in systems for nodule classification, size is responsible for a large part of the reported performance. To address this, system performance should be reported with respect to the performance of a size-threshold classifier.
Dissolution of Slagwool Fibers in the Filter Clearing and Mounting Step in Preparation for Counting

AbstractSlagwool can be used in studies of fiber deposition as a surrogate for more toxic fibers. However, we found that slagwool fibers are quickly dissolved in the process of mounting filters onto slides for counting. The mixture of 35% dimethylformamide, 15% acetic acid, and 50% water (DMF) is used widely to clear filters made of mixed cellulose ester in the determination of particle number by the membrane filter method. Although the DMF/Euparal technique has been thought to be the best method compared to other clearing and mounting techniques for membrane filters, we found fiber dissolution to be a serious limitation. We examined the dissolution of three man-made vitreous fibers (slagwool, rockwool, and fiberglass) by the DMF mixture. Each fiber was soaked in the DMF mixture and monitored for 1 h using phase-contrast microscopy at 400x. Only slagwool fibers were dissolved rapidly and severely. Possible explanations for the dissolution of slagwool fibers include low pH (2.5) of the DMF mixture, a high ...