cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-Border Consumption of Informal and Underground Goods: A Case Study of Alternative Consumerism in South Texas

Objective To explore the determinants of informal consumption of cross-border goods from the South Texas-Mexico border. Twelve select informal and underground goods are examined. Methods Derived from extensive interviews, a unique (and purposive) data set of 357 consumers from the South Texas borderlands was collected in the summer of 2010. Results Nearly two-thirds (64.6 percent) of borderlands consumers have engaged in, at one time or another, the purchase and consumption of cross-border informal goods. The rate is 44.1 percent for the consumption of cross-border underground goods. An important determinant in the cross-border consumption of informal goods is one's self-reported morals for buying “off the books.” This relationship is inversely bound. Immigration status, Spanish-language ability, education, civil status, and residence location all inform participation in the consumption of informal cross-border goods. Conclusion The South Texas-Mexico border clearly acts as a lever for the cross-border consumption of informal and underground goods.
Affinity chromatography purification of penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C and its use to measure turnover of the cell bound enzyme

Abstract Affinity chromatography purification of small amounts of penicillinase using cephalosporin C covalently linked to Sepharose 4B has been used in examining the turnover of cell-bound penicillinase by B. licheniformis 749/C. Under conditions in which most of the nascent penicillinase is retained by the cells, turnover could be demonstrated (15% of the cell-bound enzyme in 2.5 hours), although most of the secreted enzyme is derived from newly-formed molecules.
Relation of Time of Laying to Hatchability

Abstract HUTT (1930) reported that eggs laid before 9 a.m. showed a tendency to hatch better than did eggs laid in the afternoon. He concluded that this difference was due to the fact that a large proportion of the eggs laid before 9 a.m. contained embryos which had developed beyond gastrulation, one of the critical stages, and, therefore, were less susceptible to the effects of chilling than were eggs laid in the afternoon. Since the question raised was one of scientific and practical interest, the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station during the last three hatching seasons has collected data and studied the problem under Missouri conditions. COLLECTION OF DATA All eggs laid were marked for pedigreeing with a different colored pencil each time the hens were removed from the trap nest. During cold weather the eggs were gathered as the attendant “ran” the trapnests, otherwise the eggs were stored in the grain . . .
Polymeric alkenoxy amino acid surfactants: IV. Effects of hydrophobic chain length and degree of polymerization of molecular micelles on chiral separation of β‐blockers

Four alkenoxy leucine-based surfactants with C 8 -C 1 1 chains containing a terminal double bond, and one C 1 1 chain surfactant with a terminal triple bond are synthesized and characterized in monomeric and polymeric forms. These polymeric pseudophases are then utilized to study the influence of chain length and DP for the enantioseparations of seven β-blockers in MEKC. Variations in chain length and concentration of polymeric surfactants showed significant effects on the chiral resolution (R s ) and efficiency (N). A relatively large elution range combined with the highest polarity and aggregation number (A) but the lowest retention time, partial specific volume, and optical rotation generated with C 8 -polymeric surfactant results in simultaneous enantioseparation of all seven p-blockers with higher N and R s . In particular, highly hydrophobic p-blockers are better resolved with shorter hydrocarbon chain even at higher surfactant concentration, which is unachievable with longer chain surfactant. On the other hand, polymer derived from C 1 1 -triple bond provided smaller A value compared to C 1 1 -double bond surfactant. However, chiral R s of hydrophobic p-blockers are still achievable with the C 1 1 -triple bond surfactant with enhanced N and shorter analysis time. In addition, effect of polymerization concentration is evaluated by polymerizing all five surfactants at five times their respective CMCs and 100 mM equivalent monomer concentrations. Polymerization of shorter chain (C 8 and C 9 ) double-bonded surfactants at five times their respective CMCs results in higher A values with better chiral R s and N compared to the same two surfactants polymerized at 100 mM.
Neurologic risk assessment, monitoring and outcome in cardiac surgery

EUROLOGIC INJURY after cardiac surgery encompasses a wide spectrum of clinical entities ranging from the rare, fatal cerebral catastrophe to considerably more common psychiatric, neuropsychologic, and behavioral changes. A major neurologic complication after otherwise successful surgery represents a devastating outcome for both the patient and the immediate family. The social and economic impact of unemployment and the requirement for long-term rehabilitation or institutional care are significant. ~,2 Despite steady increases in average patient age as well as the prevalence and severity of other risk factors thought to contribute to adverse neurologic outcome in the cardiac surgical population, the incidence of these complications has fallen. 1.3 Because most patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the 1990s can reasonably expect to survive without significant long-term neurologic impairment, justifying the indiscriminate use of putative pharmacologic neuroprotectants or recommending the universal adoption of novel neuroprotective strategies that may significantly increase operating room time and cost is difficult. A more effective strategy is to reserve specific preventive or therapeutic interventions for patients who are at the greatest risk for neurologic or neuropsychologic dysfunction. Alternatively, minimally invasive or noninvasive monitors of cerebral function could be used in high-risk patients to detect intraoperative cerebral dysfunction and allow early deployment of potentially beneficial interventions. The purpose of this review is to assist in determining which patients are at increased risk for perioperative neurologic or neuropsychologic injury,
Principal Curvature Measurements: Towards Wave Front Optical Testing with Next Level Accuracy

We demonstrate in this paper how the local wavefront principal curvatures and directions may be obtained with a Differential Shack Hartman (DSH) sensor.
Mrs. Dalloway and the Duchess: Virginia Woolf Reads and Writes Margaret Cavendish

This paper introduces a Literature Compass cluster on Margaret Cavendish. The full cluster is made up of the following articles: ‘Recent Developments in the Study of Seventeenth-Century Literature and Three Papers from the 2007 Margaret Cavendish Conference’, James Fitzmaurice, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00523.x. ‘Filling in the Picture: Contexts and Contacts of Jane Cavendish’, Alexandra G. Bennett, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00524.x. ‘Mrs. Dalloway and the Duchess: Virginia Woolf Reads and Writes Margaret Cavendish’, Lise Mae Schlosser, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00525.x. ‘From Drama to Science: Margaret Cavendish as Vanishing Mediator’, John Shanahan, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00526.x.
A note on global pth powers of rigid analytic functions

Abstract Assume that K is a perfect field of characteristic p > 0 that is complete with respect to an ultrametric valuation, and let X be a rigid analytic variety over K . Suppose that X is smooth and connected with respect to its Grothendieck topology. Let f be a (global) function on X the differential of which vanishes locally at some point of X ; then f is the p th power of a (global) function.
The Relationship of à la Carte Revenues to the Implementation of School Nutrition Standards

Wellness policies have been mandatory in school nutrition programs since fall of 2006. This legislation requires schools to decrease less nutritious “competitive foods” offered on a la carte menus. This article investigated the impact of implementing state nutrition standards on a la carte revenues of school nutrition programs in a northeastern state. Results suggest that offering single-serving sizes and whole grain foods are associated with higher revenues. However, given the limited time series data, it is premature to verify the impact of nutrition standards on a la carte revenue. This paper recommends that schools improve the consistency and accuracy of financial reports.
Interleukin-1 beta and transforming growth factor-beta 3 cooperate to activate matrix metalloproteinase expression and invasiveness in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells

Cytokines present in the tumor microenvironment can promote the invasiveness and metastatic potential of cancer cells. We therefore investigated the effects of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B) and transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGFB3) on the non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell line A549. We found that these cytokines synergistically activated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, and MMP-10 gene expression in these cells through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent pathways. Consistent with this, both cytokines stimulated epithelial to mesenchymal transition and MAPK-dependent invasion through Matrigel™. These studies identify IL-1B and TGFB3 as pro-invasive factors in NSCLC and potential therapeutic targets for tumor progression.
A globally Eulerian locally Lagrangian particle concentration scheme

Abstract For gas flows, a Lagrangian Concentration Differential Equation (LCDE) was solved along a particle path using Eulerian derivatives for the particle velocity divergence field. This equation is solved by a Globally Eulerian Locally Lagrangian (GELL) discretization technique which avoids the computationally intensive Jacobian calculations of the Full Lagrangian method, the steady-state assumption of the area method, and the computational inefficiency of the box-counting methods. The LCDE–GELL method was compared to such methods using a high-order temporal integration technique and evaluated for two fundamental flowfields: flow past a corner and past a cylinder. In the dilute limit, the particle concentration fields were predicted for various particle inertias (characterized by a range of Stokes numbers) including the zero-mass (tracer) limit for which an exact particle concentration solution exists. Both the weighted-average and ensemble-average methods required far more parcels to achieve the same accuracy demonstrated by the LCDE–GELL method. It is recommended that future work investigates the LCDE approach for three-dimensional, complex flows with particle–particle interaction to investigate its robustness.
A study (1977–1992) of population dynamics of endoparasites featuring benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles (Population S) in Shetland ponies

Abstract Critical tests (91) were done between 1977 and 1992 in Shetland ponies to evaluate drug susceptibility and population dynamics (present paper) of endoparasites. The test ponies, most less than 1 year old, were from a herd where older animals were treated every 8 weeks initially with cambendazole (CBZ) (1974–1978) and then with oxibendazole (OBZ) (1978–1992). Previous field test data (1974–1992) on older ponies in the breeding herd indicated the presence of benzimidazole (BZ) resistant small strongyles. Data on population dynamics from the present critical tests indicated that 28 species of small strongyles persisted over the study period in spite of initial susceptibility and later refractiveness of six species to both CBZ and OBZ. Changes in intensities and other aspects were observed for the six BZ-resistant species ( Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus calicatus, Cylicostephanus goldi , and Cylicostephanus longibursatus ). Variabilities, some striking, were found in prevalence and intensity in bots, stomach worms, ascarids, eyeworms, large strongyles, pinworms and tapeworms.
Disruption of the tryptophan binding site in the human serum albumin dimer

Abstract Monomer and dimer fractions of human serum albumin (HSA) obtained from charcoal-treated Fraction V HSA have very similar fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra, but the dimer neither binds l -tryptophan nor reacts rapidly with p -nitrophenyl acetate. The latter reaction presumably occurs in a major binding site of the monomer as many strongly bound ligands including l -tryptophan, small fatty acid anions ( e.g., S.-W. M. Koh and G. E. Means, 1979 , Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 192 , 73–79), and several drugs ( e.g, N. P. Sollenne and G. E. Means, 1979 , Mol. Pharmacol. 15 , 754–757) all decrease rates of reaction in direct proportion to their concentration. Binding data for those ligands indicate the presence of less than one binding site per molecule of charcoal-treated Fraction V HSA, and thus appear to reflect only its content of albumin monomer. The absence of that binding site in the dimer may reflect its inclusion within the dimer interface.
Mirtazapine Alters Cue-Associated Methamphetamine Seeking in Rats

Background Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant, repeated use of which can result in a substance abuse disorder. Withdrawn individuals are highly prone to relapse, which may be driven, at least in part, by a hyperresponsivity to METH-associated cues that can prompt METH-seeking. Clinically efficacious pharmacotherapies for METH abuse are critically needed. Mirtazapine (Remeron) is an atypical antidepressant that antagonizes activated norepinephrine α2 , histamine 1 serotonin (5-HT) 2A/C , and 5-HT 3 receptors. This pharmacologic profile prompted our interest in its potential for preventing relapse to METH-taking. This study tested the hypothesis that mirtazapine would attenuate METH-seeking in rats trained to self-administer METH. Methods Rats were trained to self-administer METH in a lever-pressing operant task. The effect of mirtazapine on METH-seeking was determined by evaluating lever pressing in the presence of cues previously associated with METH, but in the absence of METH reinforcement. Two paradigms were used: cue reactivity, wherein rats do not undergo extinction training, and a cue-induced reinstatement paradigm after extinction. Results Mirtazapine (5.0 mg/kg) pretreatment reduced METH-seeking by ∼ 50% in the first 15 min of cue reactivity and cue-induced reinstatement testing. This mirtazapine dose did not significantly affect motor performance. Conclusions This study revealed the overlapping nature of cue reactivity and cue-induced reinstatement procedures and provided preclinical evidence that mirtazapine can attenuate METH-seeking behavior.
Investigation of the relative affinity of doxorubicin for neutral and negatively charged particulate carriers

AbstractMicroparticles produced from polyisobutylcyano-acrylate (IBCA) and polyglutaraldehyde (PGA) were investigated for their relative affinity and surface characteristics using doxorubicin (DOX) as a model drug. IBCA microparticles have been reported to exhibit neutral hydrophobic surface features, whereas PGA microparticles have been shown to possess negatively charged carboxyl groups on their surface. The adsorption of DOX on the surface of these particles was studied by adding the drug to preformed microparticles. The amount of drug adsorbed was determined by centrifugation and analysis of the supernatant for the free drug by HPLC. The adsorption data was examined by Langmuir, Scatchard, and Hill equations. The results indicate that IBCA micropatricles have a higher adsorption capacity for DOX, however PGA microparticles demonstrated a higher relative affinity for the drug molecule. Additionally, both microparticles presented curvilinear Scatchard plots indicating the possibility of more than one ty...
Searching for super protein-resistant synthetic membrane surfaces using high throughput: Solvent effects

Abstract With seven monomers (four polyethylene glycol (PEG) and three amine monomers) chosen as “winners” from a previous high throughput study, we have refined and improved their grafting, filtration and anti-fouling characteristics. To do this, we varied the composition of a series of alcohol/water mixtures that was characterized by their solubility parameters ( δ T ), for monomer solvents during grafting. A novel high throughput (HT) approach allowed us to select conditions with high statistical confidence for photo-graft polymerization (PGP) (i.e., best solvent and monomer) that produced the highest degree of grafting, intermediate permeation flux and sieving values, and the lowest fouling index values. These super protein-resistant graft modified synthetic membrane surfaces are synthesized from polyethylene glycol (PEG-300) in water ( δ T = 47.8 MPa 1/2 ) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) grafted in ethanol/water (50 wt%/50 wt%) mixture ( δ T = 35.9 MPa 1/2 ), respectively. They exhibited very low protein fouling ( ℜ = 0.31 ± 0.06 and 0.28 ± 0.16), very good relative flux values (or normalized resistances, R w,mod / R initial = 1.06 ± 0.08 and 1.89 ± 0.31) and increased bovine serum albumin (BSA) sieving, respectively. Besides identifying a variety of grafting conditions for PEG and amine monomers that allow one to select filtration performance of protein feeds among various competing trade-offs (maximize flux, retention and antifouling), we also demonstrate how HT-PGP is used to optimize two particular variables, solvent type and concentration, with previously identified monomer candidates.
The Herbarium of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut

In 1981 the Herbarium of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut (WECO) was donated to the New York Botanical Garden (NY). We present here an index to the collectors and a list of the verified types in the WECO Herbarium.
Freshly generated stainless steel welding fume induces greater lung inflammation in rats as compared to aged fume.

It has been previously reported that both short- and long-lived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are present on the surface of freshly generated fumes. The objective of this study was to determine if freshly formed welding fume induces greater lung inflammation and injury in rats due to the presence of reactive oxygen species than aged welding fume. Fume was collected during gas metal arc welding using a stainless steel consumable electrode and found to be of respirable size with a mean diameter of 0.77 μm±0.48. Male CD/VAF rats were dosed intratracheally with the welding fume 30 min (fresh) and 1 and 7 days (aged) after fume collection at a dose of 1.0 mg/100 g b wt. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 24 h post-instillation. Lung injury and inflammation were assessed by measuring the concentration of neutrophils, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glucosaminidase (GLU) in the recovered BAL fluid. More neutrophils and enhanced GLU activity were observed for the ‘fresh’ group as compared to both ‘aged’ groups (P<0.05). Slight, but not significant, elevations were seen in albumin content and LDH activity for the ‘fresh’ group as compared to the ‘aged’ groups. No significant differences were observed for any of the parameters when fume aged for 1 and 7 days were compared. When the ‘fresh’ and ‘aged’ fumes (12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) were suspended in dichlorofluorescin (15 μM), a probe which becomes fluorescent when oxidized, the concentration-dependent increases in fluorescence were greater for the ‘fresh’ fume versus the ‘aged’ fumes. We have demonstrated that freshly generated stainless steel welding fume induces greater lung inflammation than ‘aged’ fume. This is likely due to a higher concentration of ROS on fresh fume surfaces.
Structural Analysis And Design: Some Considerations And The Judicious Use Of The Finite Element Method

Advances in the computer utilization of finite element models of real structures have allowed more rapid design and analysis proceedures. The use of relevant computer codes by engineers is presently routine. In this regard the finite element method should be viewed as one of many analysis tools that can be utilized by designers. As in all such tools its strengths, weaknesses and proper use must be carefully considered. This paper gives some discussion and examples which indicate the judicious use of the method and how it usually forms a part of broader design and analysis considerations which make use of engineering judgement in a given situation.
An initial description of the quantitative genetics of growth and reproduction in the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis

Abstract Three stocks of mosquitofish were reared under identical conditions through one complete life cycle to quantify phenotypic and genetic variability for traits of growth and reproduction. At 60 days of age females and males averaged 473 mg and 183 mg in weight and 26.2 mm and 20.9 mm in length, respectively. Significant differences were found among stocks for both sexes in both traits. Rearing density strongly affected female size; its effection male size was much less pronounced. Stage of maturity and male size were closely related, with maturing males being significantly larger than either mature or very immature fish. Heritability estimates for males were 0.25 for both length and weight, for females 0.72 for length and 0.77 for weight. Males averaged 55 days of age at sexual maturity. There were no significant differences among stocks, nor was there a significant effect of density on this trait. Heritability of age at maturity was estimated to be 0.41. Maturation of the first male to mature in a tank appeared to be under much weaker genetic control than maturation of subsequent males, suggesting a genotype-environment interaction. The size of first broods of virgin females averaged 23 fish. Significant differences between stocks for size of first brood were apparent only when female weight was considered. Heritability of brood size was estimated to be 0.16 without correction for female weight, and was impossible to estimate but presumably very low when corrections were made for female weight. Although female weight significantly affected brood size, it accounted for only 13% of the variation in the trait.
Diffuse polarization spectroscopy on tissue phantoms and biological cell suspensions

We present experimental results that show the spatial variations of the diffuse-backscattered intensity, when linearly polarized light is incident on highly scattering media. Experiments on polystyrene-sphere suspensions demonstrate that the radial and azimuthal variations of the observed pattern depend on the concentration and size of the particles constituting the scattering medium. Measurements performed on rodent-cell suspensions show the potential of this method for biological-cell characterization, especially the distinction between normal and cancerous cells.
Starting Out Together: A Home–School Partnership for Preschool and Beyond

Research has indicated the critical role families play in supporting literacy development in young children. Developing effective home–school partnerships is an important step in helping parents provide that support. This column describes a program designed for families of preschool children, but with an eye on later literacy achievement. The program, Building Language Together, focuses on the development of cognitive, linguistic abilities that provide the framework for academic success. It addresses areas of vocabulary development, narrative understanding, phonological awareness, and expository text.
Culture-Fairness of Three Intelligence Tests and a Short-Form Procedure

30 native Costa Ricans were administered three intellignce tests: Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, the IPAT Culture-fair Intelligence Test, and a Spanish version of the WAIS. Results indicated that correlations among the three measures were high, particularly between the culture-fair scale and the WAIS. Comparing these two tests suggested a floor effect and positively skewed distribution of standard scores for the culture-fair scale but a normal distribution and no floor effect for the WAIS. Correlations of the three tests with various independent criteria were quite similar. This finding, in conjunction with the high intertest correlations, suggested that the floor effect with the culture-fair scale can be attributed to the absence of standardization in a Spanish culture.
Gradient characterization using a Fourier-transform technique

This paper describes a technique for characterizing the gradient subsystem of a magnetic resonance (MR) system. The technique uses a Fourier-transform analysis to directly measure the k-space trajectory produced by an arbitrary gradient waveform. In addition, the method can be easily extended to multiple dimensions and can be adapted to measuring residual gradient effects such as eddy currents. Several examples of gradient waveform and eddy-current measurements are presented. Also, it is demonstrated how the eddy-current measurements can be parameterized with an impulse-response formalism for later use in system tuning. When compared to a peak-fitting analysis, this technique provides a more direct extraction of the k-space measurements, which reduces the possibility of analysis error. This approach also has several advantages as compared to the conventional eddy-current measurement technique, including the ability to measure very short time constant effects.
Fluid Therapy in the Critically Ill Patient

The administration of intravenous fluids in the critically ill patient presents many challenges for clinicians. Intravenous fluids are usually categorized as either crystalloids or colloids, with e...
Neuronal Cell Expression of Inserted Isoforms of Vertebrate Nonmuscle Myosin Heavy Chain II-B

Previous work has demonstrated that unique isoforms of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain II-B (MHC-B) are expressed in chicken and human neuronal cells (Takahashi, M., Kawamoto, S., and Adelstein, R. S.(1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 17864-17871). These isoforms, which appear to be generated by alternative splicing of pre-mRNA, differ from the MHC-B isoform present in a large number of nonmuscle cells in that they contain inserted cassettes of amino acids near the ATP binding region and/or near the actin binding region. The insert near the ATP binding region begins after amino acid 211 and consists of either 10 or 16 amino acids. The insert near the actin binding region begins after amino acid 621 and consists of 21 amino acids. Using a variety of techniques, we have studied the distribution and expression of the inserted MHC-B isoforms. In the developing chicken brain, mRNA encoding the 10-amino acid insert gradually increases after embryonic day 4, peaks in the 10-14-day embryo, and then declines. In contrast, the mRNA encoding the 21-amino acid insert appears just before birth and is abundantly expressed in the adult chicken cerebellum. There is a marked species difference between the distribution of the inserted isoforms in adult tissues. The mRNA encoding MHC-B containing the 10-amino acid insert near the ATP binding region is expressed at low levels in the adult chicken brain, but makes up most of the MHC-B mRNA expressed in the human cerebrum and approximately 90% of MHC-B in the human retina. It is also expressed in neuronal cell lines. The mRNA encoding MHC-B containing the 21-amino acid insert is abundantly expressed in the chicken cerebellum and human cerebrum, but is absent from the retina and cell lines. Employing human retinoblastoma (Y-79) and neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cell lines, an increase in expression of mRNA encoding the 10-amino acid inserted isoform was seen following treatment by a number of agonists or by serum deprivation. In each case, expression of the inserted MHC-B isoform correlated with cell differentiation (neuronal phenotype) and inhibition of cell division. Using a rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12), we found that prior to treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF), there was no evidence for either inserted isoform, although noninserted MHC-B was present. NGF treatment resulted in the appearance of mRNA encoding MHC-B containing the 10-amino acid insert, concomitant with neurite outgrowth. Both the inserted isoform and neurites disappeared following withdrawal of NGF, showing that the appearance and disappearance of the neurites is coupled to the inclusion and exclusion of this MHC-B insert.
CHOLINE MAGNESIUM TRISALICYLATE VERSUS IBUPROFEN IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

A double-blind study compared choline magnesium trisalicylate (Trilisate tablets, Purdue Frederick) (CMT) and ibuprofen (IPF) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The seven-week trial in 134 ambulatory patients, of whom 68 received CMT and 66 received IPF, was conducted as a multicentre study. Both CMT and IPF were highly effective in reducing significantly all symptoms that had worsened following the discontinuance of previous therapy. The anti-inflammatory effect of CMT produced a significantly (P less than 0.05) greater reduction in the number of swollen joints, compared to IPF, in patients completing all required visits. Further clinical study will be required before the full clinical significance of this observation emerges. Incidence of adverse effects for each drug did not differ significantly.
Radiographic characteristics fail to predict clinical course after subdural electrode placement.

Objective Subdural arrays of grid and strip electrodes are frequently used in epilepsy patients to localize the seizure focus and determine the location of critical brain functions via stimulation mapping. Postoperatively, the majority of patients with implanted subdural electrodes develop subacute extra-axial collections (EACs). Although conservative management is appropriate in most of these cases, occasionally patients manifest neurological symptoms that may necessitate reoperation for collection evacuation. Currently, there is little information available regarding the range of EAC size and the potential correlation between EAC size and symptom development. To facilitate treatment decision-making in postoperative subdural electrode patients, we reviewed and compared the computed tomographic (CT) features of postelectrode placement EACs in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and CT scans of 22 consecutive patients who underwent craniotomy for placement of subdural grid and strip electrodes at Columbia University Medical Center. Medical records were reviewed for neurological complications from the time of grid placement until its removal. Each EAC was measured on CT for volume (% of total cranial volume), maximal thickness, and midline shift. One patient was excluded secondary to the development of an intracerebral hemorrhage. Results Thirteen of 21 patients remained asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic during their hospitalization, with only mild to moderate, intermittent, postoperative headaches. The remaining eight developed symptoms such as persistent and severe headache, transient motor deficit, or speech impairment. Two of these patients underwent reoperation for hematoma evacuation. EACs in asymptomatic patients had a mean volume, maximal thickness, and midline shift of 5.7%, 1.25 cm, and 0.33 cm, respectively. EACs in symptomatic patients had a mean volume, maximal thickness, and midline shift of 7.7%, 1.46 cm, and 0.5 cm, respectively. Differences between maximal thickness and midline shift did not approach statistical significance. Despite this, the difference between the mean volume of symptomatic and asymptomatic EACs was statistically significant (P = 0.04). Conclusion The conventional methods of midline shift and maximal thickness for assessing EAC size did not adequately differentiate symptomatic and asymptomatic subdural electrode patients with EACs. Although total volume calculation using digital planimetric analysis demonstrated a statistically significant difference, we found no clear threshold volume that correlated with clinical course. Therefore, the appearance of EACs on CT scans is of limited use in predicting the development of symptoms and possible postoperative complications after subdural grid placement. Clinical judgment must guide management and determine the potential need for reoperation.
Preliminary Estimates of Performance and Cost of Mercury Control Technology Applications on Electric Utility Boilers

Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that regulation of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants is appropriate and necessary. To aid in this determination, preliminary estimates of the performance and cost of powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection-based mercury control technologies were developed. This paper presents these estimates and develops projections of costs for future applications. Cost estimates were developed using PAC to achieve a minimum of 80% mercury removal at plants using electrostatic precipitators and a minimum of 90% removal at plants using fabric filters. These estimates ranged from 0.305 to 3.783 mills/kWh. However, the higher costs were associated with a minority of plants using hot-side electrostatic precipitators (HESPs). If these costs are excluded, the estimates range from 0.305 to 1.915 mills/kWh. Cost projections developed using a composite lime-PAC sorbent for mercury removal ranged from 0.183 to 2.270 mills/kWh, with the higher costs being associated with a minority of plants that used HESPs.
A Dissociation between Perceptual Explicit and Implicit Memory Processes

Patient M.S., who underwent right-occipital lobe resection to treat intractable epilepsy, has intact recall and recognition memory for words, but impaired repetition priming in word identification and visual stem-completion tasks. This mirror dissociation to amnesia suggests that explicit recognition and visuoperceptual repetition priming are mediated by distinct neural systems. In prior studies, however, M.S.' recognition memory was tested only with tasks that drew upon his intact verbal knowledge. The present study examined M.S.' recognition memory for nonverbal perceptual information, namely, the modality and font of word presentation and line patterns. M.S.' recognition memory was intact, providing further evidence that perceptual explicit and implicit memory processes are subserved by functionally and neurally independent memory systems.
Pulse returns from elongated elastic shells and the extraction of target characteristics

It is now possible to model elongated elastic targets via the Waterman methodology of the extended boundary condition equations. Due to rapid advances in computers it is now possible to perform numerical calculations of the scattered field in any direction as a function of frequency. We take advantage of this capability to study pulse signals from such targets in which we vary shell material, shell thickness, and elongation of the target. The pulse signals are then reconstructed via Fourier transform methods and the results analyzed and interpreted.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High-resolution sensing sheet for structural-health monitoring via scalable interfacing of flexible electronics with high-performance ICs

Early-stage damage detection for buildings and bridges requires continuously sensing and assessing strain over large surfaces, yet with centimeter-scale resolution. To achieve this, we present a sensing sheet that combines high-performance ICs with exible electronics, allowing bonding to such surfaces. The exible electronics integrates thin-film strain gauges and amorphous-silicon control circuits, patterned on a polyimide sheet that can potentially span large areas. Non-contact links couple digital and analog signals to the ICs, allowing many ICs to be introduced via low-cost sheet lamination for energy-efficient readout and computation over a large number of sensors. Communication between distributed ICs is achieved by transceivers that exploit low-loss interconnects patterned on the polyimide sheet; the transceivers self-calibrate to the interconnect impedance to maximize transmit SNR. The system achieves multi-channel strain readout with sensitivity of 18µStrainRMS at an energy per measurement of 270nJ, while the communication energy is 12.8pJ/3.3pJ per bit (Tx/Rx) over 7.5m.
Dispersion of the Phase Change for Dielectric Multilayers. Application to the Interference Filter

A Fabry-Perot interferometer having quartz plates coated with 9-layer dielectric films is used to study the dispersion of the phase change that occurs on reflection from such films. Using the secondary wavelength standards from the iron arc, it is shown that the method of exact fractions may be employed to establish the correct numbering of orders, but that it must be combined with a theoretical calculation of the phase change. The dispersion of phase change for the recently developed broad-band multilayers is found both theoretically and experimentally (by the use of Fizeau fringes) to be as much as 17 times as great as for the conventional multilayers. This fact gives unique properties to an interference filter incorporating two such multilayer films. Chief among these is the existence of several very narrow pass-bands, and an insensitivity to variations of the spacer thickness.
Time of delivery and neonatal morbidity and mortality

Objective The objective of the study was to examine the association between time of delivery and neonatal outcomes in term deliveries. Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all term pregnancies delivered at an academic institution with 24-hour in-house obstetric and anesthesia coverage. Time of delivery was categorized as day (7 am to 6 pm), evening (6 pm to 12 midnight), and late night (12 midnight to 7 am). Outcomes included 5-minute Apgar less than 7, umbilical artery pH less than 7.0, base excess less than −12, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and neonatal death. We excluded patients delivered via cesarean delivery not in labor. We had greater than 80% power to detect a 25% difference in Apgar score, base excess, and admission to the NICU and 80% power to detect a 50% difference in umbilical artery pH less than 7.0. Results Among the 34,424 deliveries meeting inclusion criteria, 15,664 were during the day, 8495 were during the evening, and 10,265 were during the night. In univariate comparisons, there were no statistically significant differences in neonatal outcomes. For example, the rate of pH less than 7.0 was 0.7% during the day, 1.0% in the evening, and 0.6% at night ( P = .12). Admissions to the NICU were 3.6% during the day, 3.7% in the evening, and 3.5% at night ( P = .81). When we controlled for obstetric history, demographic factors, and labor characteristics, there were still no differences in rates of either neonatal morbidity or mortality by time of delivery. Conclusion At our institution, we could not demonstrate any significant differences in neonatal morbidity or mortality by time of day among neonates delivered at term. These data can be used to counsel patients and families concerned about differences in time of delivery and potential impact on their infant's health. Future research should include time of delivery in relation to maternal and neonatal outcomes in various types of inpatient settings.
Computing the nxm shortest path efficiently

Computation of all the shortest paths between multiple sources and multiple destinations on various networks is required in many problems, such as the traveling salesperson problem (TSP) and the vehicle routing problem (VRP). This paper proposes new algorithms that compute the set of shortest paths efficiently by using the A* algorithm. The efficiency and properties of these algorithms are examined by using the results of experiments on an actual road network.
Lagrangian Models of Minimal Representations of E6, E7and E8

A central problem in the theory of unitary representations of a real semisimple Lie group G ℝ is the construction of explicit geometric models. In such models G ℝacts on a Hilbert space ℌ of(L 2 or holomorphic) sections of (usually) a line bundle and the unitary structure on ℌ pairs the sections in some geometric way (such as integration). Such models should then provide a means to study questions of harmonic analysis.
Epilogue: Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Context of Speech-Language Pathologist Intervention.

As the need for services for children with autism and related disorders has increased, so has the need for information about communication assessment and intervention for these children. Each of the articles in this forum considers essential knowledge for meeting the social, behavioral, and communication challenges presented by this population, as well as considerations for the individual variation noted within this population. It is hoped that the knowledge contained in this forum will provide interdisciplinary insight into the challenges of autism and related disorders and a research-based framework for making assessment and intervention decisions.
An Adiabatic Fluid Electron Particle-in-Cell Code for Simulating Ion-Driven Parametric Instabilities

A hybrid particle-in-cell (PIC) method is presented in which the electrons are modeled as an adiabatic fluid with an arbitrary ratio of specific heats ?. The electromagnetic field model is based on a temporal Wentzel?Krammers?Brillouin approximation. The method is a new tool for simulating ion-driven parametric instabili?ties which often exist in laser-produced plasmas. The method is general and does not depend on the number of spatial dimensions. The method will model the plasma behavior correctly even in situations where the electron Debye shielding is not negligible. Test simulations of ion Landau damping in both one and two dimensions are performed, and the results are in excellent agreement with linear Vlasov theory. Test simulations of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in one and two dimensions are performed, and the results indicate that when the intensity of the driving electromagnetic field is sufficiently high, backscatter SBS is dominant at early time while side-scatter SBS is dominant at late time. For the test cases in which a high-frequency driving electromagnetic field is present, our hybrid PIC method offers a substantial saving in computational time over explicit PIC methods that require the time scale of the driving electromagnetic field to be resolved.
The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy: A critique of language statistics in psychological research.

Current investigators of words, sentences, and other language materials almost never provide statistical evidence that their findings generalize beyond the specific sample of language materials they have chosen. Nevertheless, these same investigators do not hesitate to conclude that their findings are true for language in general. In so doing, it is argued, they are committing the language-as-fixed-effect fallacy, which can lead to serious error. The problem is illustrated for one well-known series of studies in semantic memory. With the appropriate statistics these studies are shown to provide no reliable evidence for most of the main conolusions drawn from them. A review of other experiments in semantic memory shows that many of them are likewise suspect. It is demonstrated how this fallacy can be avoided by doing the right statistics, selecting the appropriate design, and sampling by systematic procedures, or, alternatively, by proceeding according to the so-called method of single cases.
Haemoperitoneum post colonoscopy in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patient.

We present the case of a patient on peritoneal dialysis (PD) who had an uneventful oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy. His peritoneal dialysis after colonoscopy had bright red peritoneal dialysate. The patient was completely asymptomatic and a CT scan was performed which did not reveal any retroperitoneal haematoma and showed no signs of perforation or splenic tear. His PD dialysate cleared up with time. We do not find any such case in the literature in which a patient has had haemoperitoneum after a colonoscopy without any obvious cause to account for it. Our patient was unique due to his CAPD in combination with his immunosuppression for his kidney transplant which may have predisposed him to the intraperitoneal bleed after colonoscopy or it may just have been a normal phenomenon after colonoscopy. More studies need to be done as the realisation of its pathology can prevent unnecessary testing and avoid patient and healthcare worker’s anxiety.
Hierarchical object indexing and sequential learning

This work is about scene interpretation in the sense of detecting and localizing instances from multiple object classes. We concentrate on object indexing: generate an over-complete interpretation - a list with extra detections but none missed. Pruning such an index to a final interpretation involves a global, often intensive, contextual analysis. We propose a tree-structured hierarchy as a framework for indexing; each node represents a subset of interpretations. This unifies object representation, scene parsing, and sequential learning (modifying the hierarchy as new samples, poses and classes are encountered). Then, we specialize to learning-designing and refining a binary classifier at each node of the hierarchy dedicated to the corresponding subset of interpretations. The whole procedure is illustrated by experiments in reading license plates.
Development of a work/family social support measure

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive measure of social support to include within and across domain support from the organization, supervisor, coworkers, and family for two types of support, emotional, and instrumental. Design/methodology/approach – Four diverse samples were used in an iterative process to develop and provide an initial validation of the 16 dimensions of social support. Findings – The results provide support for the development and initial validation of the 16 dimensions of social support. Research limitations/implications – A cross-sectional design was used and may be problematic when examining relationships that occur over time. Further, capturing all scales with a single survey could result in common method bias, which may inflate predictive relationships. Practical implications – A comprehensive measure of social support can assess the differential effect of various types of social support, which can help in identifying unique work-family variables. The mul...
Fault-Tolerant and Low-Power Sampling Schedules for Localized BASNs

Recent advances in the scope of wearable devices and networks make body area sensor networks (BASNs) an extremely attractive tool to the fields of mobile and tele-health, owing to the range of medical applications they can serve and the diagnostic richness of patient data they can offer. However, for BASNs to achieve true ubiquity, they must be scalable in their support of automated patient data collection, making usability and reliability key considerations. Its designers must wrestle with the tradeoff between usability, hindered by device intrusiveness into the behaviors it measures, and lifetime, enhanced by large power supplies and expensive, sturdy components. Furthermore, the validity and reliability of the collected data are paramount. In this paper, we consider these issues in the context of localized multi-sensory wearable networks and present a method to generate low-power sampling schedules that are resilient to sensor faults while achieving high diagnostic fidelity. We jointly formulate this as a power-constrained sampling problem wherein the number of sensors sampled per epoch are limited, and, a fault tolerant scheduling problem wherein the sampling scheme offers enough redundancy to endure up to a predefined number of sensor faults while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. This formulation is based on, 1) the localized scope of BASNs that engenders strong spatio-temporal interactions in the samples, and, 2) the periodic nature of human behaviors measured. We present our algorithm in the context of gait diagnostics derived from a foot plantar pressure measurement platform and illustrate its performance based on real datasets collected by it.