cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macro- and Micro-Drivers of Manufacturing Performance of China

China seems to emerge as a global industrial player in terms of manufacturing capacity and technology upgrading. Is China really an industrial power or merely a manufacturing giant? If it is truly a significant power, what accounts for China’s manufacturing success? First, we assess China’s manufacturing performance through global comparisons along three dimensions (manufacturing capacity, intensity, and quality). Then we analyze the main structural macro- and micro-drivers of manufacturing development in China, and finally we provide empirical estimations of the drivers. We find that China’s manufacturing success is real, primarily in terms of manufacturing capacity and intensity, but not yet in quality. The main drivers include China’s well-designed developmental strategy and industrial policy, large domestic and foreign investments, and increasingly improved infrastructures.
One Coin, Two Sides: Differential Effects of Social Learning on Two Aspects of Music Piracy

We demonstrate that two intertwined activities of music piracy, namely unauthorized obtaining and unauthorized sharing, are differentially influenced by the same social learning environment. We develop a structural model and test it using survey data from a prime demographic set of respondents who engage in music piracy. Considering behavioral heterogeneity, we employ a factor mixture modeling technique to classify respondents into different groups that highlight distinct patterns of social learning influences. We find that the differential effects of social learning factors on obtaining and sharing persist across these groups. We further utilize demographic variables to profile members in each group for segmentation insights. From a theoretical perspective, our findings advance the understanding of music piracy and suggest the importance of separating obtaining from sharing activities when studying piracy. From a managerial perspective, our research provides new avenues for managers and policy makers to design targeted incentives to curtail music piracy.
Magnetohydrodynamic laminar source flow between two parallel disks

The steady axisymmetrical laminar source flow of an incompressible conducting fluid between two circular parallel disks in the presence of a transverse magnetic field is analytically investigated. A solution is obtained by expanding the velocity and the pressure distribution in terms of a power series of 1/r. Velocity, induced magnetic field, pressure and shear stress distributions are determined and compared with the case of the hydrodynamic solution. Pressure is found to be a function of both r and z in the general case and the flow is not parallel. At high magnetic fields, the velocity distribution degenerates to a uniform core surrounded by a boundary layer near the disks.
The Strike in the Temple of Consumption: Consumer Activism and Twentieth-Century American Political Culture

In September 1935 forty-one employees of a small firm in rural New Jersey walked off the job to establish a picket line. In a year of more than two thousand strikes involving well over one million workers, neither the size of the strike nor its proximate cause-management's refusal to recognize a duly elected union-stood out. Yet it was "one of the strangest strikes in American history," as a participant declared many years later. In its six-month duration, during a year of notable labor upheavals, this small strike became one of the most talked-about. Reinhold Niebuhr chaired a committee of luminaries that investigated the strike, one of the first adjudicated by the newly created National Labor Relations Board.1 The strike received so much attention because it occurred at Consumers' Research (CR), a product-testing and consumer-education organization with more than fifty thousand subscribers. Not only was the CR strike a classic example of the "unrest in odd places" manifested in the era's labor actions, it also pointed to a schism in the movement that many Americans had come to believe was their salvation. Before the strike, CR was, in the words of Business Week, "the fair-haired boy of liberalism," the vanguard of a rapidly expanding consumer movement that was seen as central to the movement culture of the depression decade. Thus, what the trade
Ignition analyses of porous energetic materials

the closed-end problem, however, the flow of gas is directed into the solid, thereby preheating the material and producing a negative correction to the ignition time. These relative transport effects associated with the gas flow are absent from the corresponding calculation for the nonporous problem and produce a number of modifications at the next order in the analysis. ; A theory of ignition is presented to analyze the effect of porosity on the time to ignition of a semiinfinite porous energetic solid subjected to a constant energy flux. An asymptotic perturbation analysis, based on the smallness of the gas-to-solid density ratio and the largeness of the activation energy, is utilized to describe the inert and transition stages leading to thermal runaway. As in the classical study of a nonporous solid, the transition stage consists of three spatial regions in the limit of large activation energy: a thin reactive-diffusive layer adjacent to the exposed surface of the material where chemical effects are firstfelt, a some-what thicker transientdiffusive zone, and finally an inert region where the temperature field is still governed solely by conductive heat transfer. Solutions in each region are constructed at each order with-respect to the densityratio parameter and matched to one another using asymptotic matching principles. It is found that the effects of porosity provide a leading-order reduction in the time to-ignition relative to that for the nonporous problem, arising from the reduced amount of solid material that must be heated and the difference in thermal conductivities of the solid and gaseous phases. It is also found that the convective flow of gas, which stems from the effects of thermal expansion, provides a correction to the leading-order ignition-delay time. Two different problems are considered, corresponding to whether the heated surface of the solid is open or closed. In the open-end problem, the gas flows out of thesolid, thereby removing energy from the system and providing a positive correction to the leading-order ignition-delay time. In *This paper is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. 1 ~~
Human Rights Protection and Humanitarian Action in the Post-­Iron Curtain Era: A Graveyard of Illusions? A Requiem for the Syrian Uprising

The development of the post-cold war international law has been a tale of reconciled inconsistencies. On one hand, some states -mostly developing states- have in all azimuths been at the fore-front of churning out international texts of legal relevance against the consolidation of any principle, right, duty, obligation or responsibility of humanitarian intervention. On the other hand, the practice of humanitarian intervention – whether cast in a semantic veneer of ‘right to protect’ or not- has been navigating a torturous path and more often than not has found sanctuary in the grey area between the tricky coitus of legality and legitimacy. Relying on the Syrian conflict as an analytical template, this paper takes a critical relook at the promises that the end of the cold war begot with regards to the prospects of humanitarian action, discloses the vanity of those promises and proposes a reconstruction of the normative framework of humanitarian action as an instrument of international justice.
Heart transplantation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: modified technique for reducing circulatory arrest time.

Background The surgical technique of heart transplantation as therapy in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome was first reported over a decade ago. Since that time, incremental refinements have evolved that both facilitate the operation and potentially reduce the perceived neurologic hazards associated with the use of hypothermic circulatory arrest. Methods Minor technical adjustments have permitted infant heart transplantation to be accomplished with relative ease while markedly limiting the need for complete circulatory arrest. Low-flow hypothermic systemic perfusion is used for atrial implantation, reserving circulatory arrest for arch reconstruction only. This is accomplished by use of an active (pump) sucker for venous return. Result Mean circulatory arrest time with the current technique has been 26 minutes. Conclusion Minor technical refinements have resulted in a marked reduction in hypothermic circulatory arrest time during infant heart transplantation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Straddling Cultures, Identities, and Inconsistencies: Voices of Pre-Tenure Faculty of Color in Educational Leadership:

Drawing on the notions of biculturalism, or double consciousness, and hybridity, this qualitative study explored how 12 pre-tenure faculty of color (FOC) in the field of educational leadership work...
Rituximab Produces Long-Term Responses in Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP).

ITP in adults is an autoimmune disease characterized by antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia. A significant number of patients relapse after initial therapy with prednisone and splenectomy when necessary, and require other therapy for continuing thrombocytopenia. Rituximab, an anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody has been utilized in ITP refractory to other modes of treatment (Feurestein, M., et al. The use of Rituximab in 28 patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Onc.22:187, 2003). We report on the long-term responses possible in ITP treated with Rituximab. Twenty-two patients with ITP refractory to initial conventional therapies with platelet counts 50,000/ul but 150,000/ul). Patient characteristics included 5 males and 17 females with ages 24–83 years (median 58). Twenty had undergone splenectomy. Thirteen patients (59%) responded to Rituximab. Six responses were PR with durations lasting 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, and 6 months. Continuing Rituximab monthly after initial therapy of 4 weeks did not produce improved platelet counts in patients who failed Rituximab or who achieved PR. Seven responses were CR with durations of 12, 20+, 25+, 29+, 38+, 40+, and 48+ months. The one patient who relapsed at 12 months was retreated with Rituximab but did not respond. There was no correlation between response and age, sex, or duration of ITP. Neither of the patients who declined prior splenectomy responded. There were no serious complications of Rituximab infusions. Twenty-five percent of patients had mild first infusion reactions. Rituximab can produce long-term CR in 27% of patients with ITP refractory to initial therapy.
Orowan strengthening by Mo 2 C fibers and needle interphase precipitates in Fe-C-Mo Dual-Phase steels

Two unique morphologies of Mo/sub 2/C are attainable through isothermal heat treatments of Fe-C-Mo steels. Specifically, both a fibrous carbide structure and an interphase needle carbide structure (i.e., the needles are arranged in layers or sheets) can be produced. The monotonic behavior of an Fe-0.2C-4Mo alloy has shown that the dense carbides contribute significantly to the total yield strength in these microstructures. This study considers the strengthening of these two different carbide distributions and morphologies on the basis of Orowan strengthening. This allows for the evaluation of Orowan strengthening predictions for the two different Mo/sub 2/C precipitate distributions. Two alloys, nominally Fe-0.2C-4Mo and Fe-0.2C-2Mo were used. The alloys were encapsulated in quartz and homogenized for 4 days at 1200/sup 0/C. The final heat treatment consisted of austenization for 30 minutes at 1250/sup 0/C, and quenching into nitrate salt at 625 or 725/sup 0/C for the times specified for each alloy. This produced dual-phase microstructures consisting of 60 pct ferrite and Mo/sub 2/C surrounding equiaxed martensite (40 pct) packets.
A Note on the Disposable Income Variable Used in Consumption Models

This chapter is technical in nature. It notes after-tax income is an important determinant of consumption and examines two different ways of calculating it.
Abstract 140: Majority of High-Risk Cardiovascular Device Studies Do Not Include Comparative Efficacy Data at the Time of FDA Approval

Introduction Comparative effectiveness data is important in informing regulatory and treatment decisions with information on the clinical significance of the measured outcomes. There is increasing utilization and significance of cardiovascular devices in the United States, thus it is important to know the comparative efficacy of novel cardiovascular devices at the time they receive Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Hypothesis We assessed the hypothesis that clinical trials results submitted to the FDA for approval of novel, high-risk cardiovascular devices often provide comparative efficacy data. Methods Comparative efficacy was defined as the presence of an active control. For all high-risk cardiovascular devices approved by the FDA from 2000 through 2011, we extracted information on comparative efficacy data from Summaries of Safety and Effectiveness Data (Summary) which include study data used to justify FDA approval. All identified studies were examined to determine if they relied upon active controls, historical controls, objective performance criteria, or if they had no control. The proportion of studies containing comparative efficacy data was calculated and cross-tabulated by approval year and device class. A multivariate logistic model was used to assess trends over time and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine differences between device sub-types. Results We examined 114 Summaries which contained 340 cardiovascular device studies. Of these studies, 140 (41%) contained an active control. Historical controls 48 (14%) and objective performance 83 (24%) criteria were commonly used. Sixty-nine (20%) of the studies were single-arm studies without controls. In our Summary-level analysis, 74 (65%) devices had an active control in at least one supporting study. Approval year was not significantly associated with type of control arm after controlling for device type in our multivariate logistic analysis. Use of comparative efficacy data was significantly associated with device type. Use ranged from 15/19 (79%) of hemostasis devices to 0/3 (0%) of ventricular assist devices. Conclusions A minority of studies for the highest risk cardiovascular devices approved by the FDA since 2000 included comparative efficacy data through the use of an active comparator arm. Increasing use of active controls would help to better inform regulatory and treatment decisions at the point of FDA approval.
Reoperation for mitral paravalvular leak: a single-centre experience with 200 patients.

OBJECTIVES Paravalvular leak (PVL) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after mitral valve replacement. Risk factors and data on long-term surgical outcomes are lacking. METHODS Between January 1995 and December 2012, 206 [118 males (57%)] patients underwent reoperation due to mitral PVL. Mean age was 64 ± 11 years. Haemolytic anaemia was present in 85 (41%) patients, while 137 (67%) patients were in New York Heart Association Class III or IV. Baseline creatinine was above 1.5 in 91 (44%) patients, while chronic steroids were used in 14 (7%) patients. Active endocarditis was present in 8 (4%) patients. Device occlusion was attempted in 21 (10%) patients. RESULTS PVL was most common at the aortomitral curtain (82 patients, 40%). Repair was possible in 105 (51%) patients. Early mortality occurred in 11 (5%) patients. Mean follow-up was 5 (maximum 19) years. Overall survival at 1, 5 and 15 years was 83%, 62% and 16%, respectively. Death due to heart failure or cardiogenic shock occurred in 39 patients. Recurrence occurred in 43 (21%) patients and reoperation was required in 19 patients. Multivariate analysis revealed advanced New York Heart Association class (P < 0.0001), active endocarditis (P = 0.013), chronic steroids (P = 0.022), previous coronary artery bypass grafting (P = 0.026), baseline creatinine above 1.5 (P = 0.001), postoperative need for dialysis (P = 0.036) and residual PVL (P < 0.0001) to be predictors of late mortality. Active endocarditis (P = 0.0004) and chronic steroids (P = 0.002) were significant predictors for PVL recurrence. Freedom from reoperation due to PVL recurrence was 89% and 84%, while freedom from late intervention was 94% and 61% at 5 and 15 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS PVL after mitral valve replacement is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Re-repair is possible, but recurrent PVL is a risk factor for late mortality, and reoperation should be performed prior to the onset of advanced heart failure.
The value of intraoperative EABRs in auditory brainstem implantation.

Abstract Objective To compare the intraoperative electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) morphologies between neurofibromatosis II (NF2) adult auditory brainstem implant (ABI) recipients who had auditory percepts post-operatively and those who did not and between NF2 adult ABI recipients and non-NF2 pediatric ABI recipients. Methods This was a retrospective case series at a single tertiary academic referral center examining all ABI recipients from 1994 to 2016, which included 34 NF2 adults and 11 non-NF2 children. The morphologies of intraoperative EABRs were evaluated for the number of waveforms showing a response, the number of positive peaks in those responses, and the latencies of each of these peaks. Results 27/34 adult NF2 patients and 9/10 children had EABR waveforms. 20/27 (74.0%) of the adult patients and all of the children had ABI devices that stimulated post-operatively. When comparing the waveforms between adults who stimulated and those who did not stimulate, the proportion of total number of intraoperative EABR peaks to total possible peaks was significantly higher for the adults who stimulated than for those who did not (p Conclusions The value of intraoperative EABR tracing may lie in its ability to predict post-operative auditory percepts based on the placement of the array providing the highest number of total peaks.
Membrane Lipid-Protein Interactions

In this review we describe how the properties of cellular membranes govern protein structure and activity. Lipids can modulate protein functional states through general bilayer properties, or by specific binding and acting as allosteric regulators. Hydrophobic matching by solvation of the protein surface entails short-range interactions of the lipids, and cellular water affects bilayer structure through hydrating the lipid polar head groups and protein hydrophilic domains. Biomembranes have important analogies to supercritical fluids leading to raft-like nanostructures with cholesterol. Additional long-range interactions of the lipids and proteins involve the curvature stress field, where a flexible surface model (FSM) describes how collective properties of the lipids affect the conformational energetics of membrane proteins. Curvature elasticity and hydrophobicity of native lipid mixtures play key roles in functional proteolipid couplings and give insights into protein activation mechanisms in cellular membranes.
Cultivating a Relationship with Gut Bacteria

While the gut microbiome largely benefits host physiology, the impact of symbiosis on bacterial fitness has not been rigorously investigated. In this issue, Storelli et al. (2018) provide evidence that Drosophila actively cultivate a relationship with the growth-promoting bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum, delivering mutual benefits under nutrient-poor conditions.
Racial-ethnic Disparities in Inflammation: Evidence of Weathering in Childhood?:

Building on the weathering hypothesis, we advance health disparities research by assessing racial-ethnic differences in low-grade inflammation, a marker of chronic stress exposure, in young children. Using nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 6,652) and logistic regression, we find an increased risk of low-grade inflammation among Hispanic and African American children compared to white children. The risk of inflammation appears to be stronger for Hispanic and African American children with foreign-born parents compared to children of the same race-ethnicity with U.S.-born parents. Low parental education and elevated child body mass index work as partial mediators of these associations. Our findings suggest the need to understand the psychosocial challenges faced by Hispanic and African American children, particularly, those with foreign-born parents, if we are to make further progress in reducing health disparities.
Stability of a Baclofen and Clonidine Hydrochloride Admixture for Intrathecal Administration

Implantable infusion pumps for the intrathecal adminis- tration of analgesics are commonly used in the treatment of severe or intractable chronic pain. Drugs used in these pumps include morphine, baclofen, clonidine, hydromorphone, meperidine, fentanyl, and bupiva- caine. This study investigates the chemical and physical stability of baclofen (1000 mcg/mL) and clonidine hydrochloride (200 mcg/mL) at 37°C for 10 weeks using a stability-indicating HPLC assay.The formula- tions included baclofen alone, clonidine hydrochloride alone, and a mixture of the two drugs. At each time point, the amount of drug remaining was greater than 90% of original.Week 10 percentages were 99.7% for baclofen alone, 100.7% for clonidine alone, and 103.2% and 101.1% for baclofen and clonidine hydrochloride, respectively in the drug mixture. These results demonstrate the stability of this admixture for long-term intrathecal administration.
Design of Reduced-Order Controllers on a Representative Aircraft Fuselage

The traditional approach to minimizing structural vibration implements either passive dampers or global model-based active controllers. Unfortunately, passive control becomes massive for control of low frequency disturbances. Model-based active controllers are difficult to apply to complex structures, because the model needs to be of roughly the same order as the system that it describes in order to achieve robust performance. Modeling errors due to mismodeled dynamics, missed dynamics, or time-varying dynamics can be performance degrading and potentially destabilizing [6]. This paper focuses on the lightly damped and modally dense systems where modeling errors are more significant.
A New Endoscopic Treatment for Symptomatic Gallbladder Disease: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Endoscopic (laparoscopic) cholecystectomy offers a significant breakthrough in treatment over other methods for the majority of symptomatic cholelithiasis subjects. Because of the removal of the diseased gallbladder, including stones, final cure is achieved resulting in less cost to patients, third-party carriers, government, and society. This article discusses the indications, instrumentation, technique, complications, and advantages of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Oxidative Stress and Preterm Birth: An Integrative Review.

Background:A variety of methods and measures have been used to quantify oxidative stress in clinical studies related to preterm birth (PTB), and studies have reported conflicting findings. No integ...
Maximum manipulation speeds of dielectric and metallic micro and nanoparticles (Conference Presentation)

Optical tweezers are perhaps most well-known for their ability to make precise measurements of small forces and displacements, but they are also capable of high-speed and long-distance motion. High speed and long distance optical manipulation is necessary for high throughput in applications such as tissue engineering, cell sorting, and the assembly of 3D structures and materials. Here we present the greatest speeds that we have achieved using 3D optical traps to manipulate a variety of particle materials and sizes across millimeter-scale translation distances [1]. In general, higher laser powers enable faster manipulation speeds, and we investigate the high-speed / high-power limit of this relationship. For polystyrene microscale particles with diameters in the range 0.5 µm – 5 µm, we find that we are limited by mechanical stage vibrations to maximum speeds of ~220 µm/s, while for nanoscale gold, silver, and polystyrene particles, we are limited by thermal absorption effects to maximum speeds of 150 µm/s – 170 µm/s. In the low-power regime, we find good agreement with standard theory based on the balance of the optical gradient force with Stokes’ drag. Our results are, to the best of our knowledge, one of the most comprehensive studies of maximum particle manipulation speed, and we have attained the fastest published submicron particle manipulation speed. We think that these results will establish and highlight the high throughput potential for automated pick-and-place processes based on optical tweezers. [1] J. E. Melzer and E. McLeod, ACS Nano, in press (2018), doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07914.
Energy-Efficient Edge Inference on Multi-Channel Streaming Data in 28nm HKMG FeFET Technology

We present a system implementing extremely energy-efficient inference on multi-channel biomedical-sensor data. We leverage Ferroelectric FET (FeFET) to perform classification directly on analog sensor signals. We demonstrate: (i) voltage-controlled multi-domain ferroelectric polarization switching to obtain 8 distinct transconductance $(\text{g}_{\text{m}})$ states in a 28nm HKMG FeFET technology [1], (ii) 30x tunable range in $\text{g}_{\text{m}}$ over the bandwidth of interest, (iii) successful implementation of artifact removal, feature extraction and classification for seizure detection from CHB-MIT EEG dataset with 98.46% accuracy and $ . false alarm rate for two patients, (iv) ultra-low energy of 47 fJ/MAC with 1,000x improvement in area compared to alternative mixed-signal MAC.
Temporary abdominal packing for management of persistent hemorrhage after liver lobectomy in three dogs with hepatic neoplasia.

Objective To describe the technique and outcome of temporary abdominal packing for control of persistent hemorrhage from liver lobectomy sites in 3 dogs with hepatic neoplasia. Series summary Three dogs were treated with massive transfusion for hemoperitoneum secondary to bleeding hepatic tumors. Surgical resection of the affected liver lobe(s) was performed but hemostasis could not be achieved through conventional methods. All 3 dogs demonstrated acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy. Temporary abdominal packing of liver lobectomy sites was performed and hemostasis was achieved in all dogs. One dog died prior to removal of the packing. The other 2 dogs had the packing removed with no evidence of rebleeding. One dog was euthanized after removal of the packing due to acute kidney injury and the remaining dog survived to discharge. New or unique information provided Temporary abdominal packing combined with medical management was successful in achieving hemostasis in all 3 dogs, however, 2 dogs died of complications related to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Temporary abdominal packing may be considered when definitive surgical hemostasis cannot be achieved or in unstable patients not able to tolerate prolonged surgical times. Further research is needed to better define efficacy, optimal patient selection, packing technique, timing of removal, and complications associated with temporary abdominal packing.
Spot Markets for Spectrum Measurements

The recent framework for spectrum sharing in the 3.5 GHz band allows for Environment Sensing Capability operators (ESCs) to measure spectrum occupancy so as to enable commercial use of this spectrum when federal incumbent users are not present. Each ESC will contract with one or more Spectrum Access Systems (SASs) to provide spectrum occupancy data. Commercial firms using the band will in turn contract with a SAS to determine when it can access the spectrum. Initially, the decisions of which ESC and SAS to partner with will likely be based on long-term contracts. In this paper, we consider an alternative framework, in which an ESC sells its spectrum management information via a spot market so that from period-to-period a commercial user can select a different ESC from which to acquire spectrum measurements. We develop a game theoretic model to analyze such a market and show that using such a spot market may better enable multiple commercial firms to operate in a given spectrum band. We also show that this increased competition may not benefit consumer surplus unless firms adopt a non-stationary strategy profile.
Completing Self-Administered Questionnaires: Hmong Older Adults and Their Family Helpers.

This study describes a method for collecting data from nonliterate, non-English-speaking populations. Our audio computer-assisted self-interview instrument with color-labeled response categories wa...
Martin Luther in Context: edited by David M. Whitford, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018, i-xvi + 426pp., $120 (hardback), ISBN 9781107150881

There are many good biographies of Martin Luther, and more continue to be published. His life continues to fascinate a wide public, which, judging by popular reviews, often hopes to have the massiv...
Drug Delivery across Barriers to the Middle and Inner Ear

The prevalence of ear disorders has spurred efforts to develop drug delivery systems to treat these conditions. Here, recent advances in drug delivery systems that access the ear through the tympanic membrane (TM) are reviewed. Such methods are either non-invasive (placed on the surface of the TM), or invasive (placed in the middle ear, ideally on the round window [RW]). The major hurdles to otic drug delivery are identified and highlighted the representative examples of drug delivery systems used for drug delivery across the TM to the middle and (crossing the RW also) inner ear.
Public Listing Choice with Persistent Hidden Information

How much does firm intangibility amplify CEOs' persistent private information and reduce firms' public listing propensity? We develop a model of competing public and private investors financing firms heterogeneously exposed to persistent private cashflows. Equilibrium financing is driven by information rent differentials in CEO compensation. We validate and structurally estimate the model using firm listing and CEO compensation data. We find private (intangible) cashflows exhibit 63% higher persistence than their tangible counterparts. Further, if firm intangibility levels returned to those of 1980, mean listing propensities would increase 8 percentage points while mean CEO variable pay growth would decrease by 43%.
Outcome reporting in elbow arthritis: a systematic review

Abstract Background Degenerative disease of the elbow is a unique dilemma due to the different pathologies of arthritis. Outcome measures are used by physicians to provide a quantitative measure of patient progression. While there has been a substantial number of case series and studies on treatment of elbow arthritis, the heterogeneity of outcome measures reported in the literature makes it difficult for surgeons to compare results between treatment options. There is no consensus on outcome measure reporting as no measure has been found to be superior to others in the literature. The purpose of this study was to examine the elbow arthritis literature for the most commonly reported outcomes measures after treatment of elbow arthritis and recommend a guideline for reporting in future studies in an attempt to standardize the literature. Methods A query was performed of all studies written in English literature from 2010 to 2020 using PubMed and Scopus databases utilizing PRISMA guidelines. Articles that met inclusion criteria were reviewed for reporting of patient-reported outcome, range of motion, return to work/sport, complication rate, satisfaction rate, revision rate, number of patients, minimum and mean follow-up time, type of treatment, journal, journal impact factor, level of evidence, and number of citations as of April 2020. Results Eighty three studies met inclusion criteria with a mean number of 39 patients per study with a mean age of 53 years. Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) was the most commonly reported outcome measure (81%) followed by quick Disabilities of Arm Shoulder Hand (qDASH; 23%), DASH (16%), and modified American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (m-ASES; 16%). The average number of outcome measures per study was 1.6. Studies that reported MEPS had higher number of citations compared to studies that did not (14.21 vs. 7.62 citations; P = .031). Studies that reported MEPS were found to publish more in journals with higher impact factors (ie, impact factor of ≥2) (88% vs. 71%; P = .051). Discussion Outcome measures are inconsistently reported in elbow arthritis literature. Studies that report MEPS were found to be cited more. We recommend reporting of at least two outcome measures in future studies as well as range of motion for easier cross-study analysis. Additional measures such as return to work/sport, satisfaction rate, complication rate, and revision rate should be reported to provide more complete understanding of post-treatment outcome. Conclusion Increased standardization of outcome measure reporting may improve future patients’ outcomes following treatment of elbow arthritis. Levels of Evidence Level IV
Obtaining Several Blots from a Single SDS-PAGE Gel by Passive Transfer

Protein blotting allows the detection and characterization of proteins that are present in low amounts in the cell. Proteins are separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel and generally transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Here, a simple method is described that allows proteins like Ro 60 (or SSA) autoantigen, 220 and 240 kD spectrin antigens, and pre-stained molecular weight standards to diffuse from an SDS polyacrylamide gel at 37 °C to a nitrocellulose membrane. Several blots can be obtained from a single gel using this procedure. This allows the testing of many antisera on practically identical blots. Furthermore, after transfer, proteins remaining in the gel can be observed by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue or other means for precise and simple comparison with developed blots. Up to 12 immunoblots can be obtained from a single gel by this process.
Current Perspectives of Prenatal Sonography of Umbilical Cord Morphology

The umbilical cord constitutes a continuation of the fetal cardiovascular system anatomically bridging between the placenta and the fetus. This structure, critical in human development, enables mobility of the developing fetus within the gestational sac in contrast to the placenta, which is anchored to the uterine wall. The umbilical cord is protected by unique, robust anatomical features, which include: length of the umbilical cord, Wharton's jelly, two umbilical arteries, coiling, and suspension in amniotic fluid. These features all contribute to protect and buffer this essential structure from potential detrimental twisting, shearing, torsion, and compression forces throughout gestation, and specifically during labor and delivery. The arterial components of the umbilical cord are further protected by the presence of Hyrtl's anastomosis between the two respective umbilical arteries. Abnormalities of the umbilical cord are uncommon yet include excessively long or short cords, hyper or hypocoiling, cysts, single umbilical artery, supernumerary vessels, rarely an absent umbilical cord, stricture, furcate and velamentous insertions (including vasa previa), umbilical vein and arterial thrombosis, umbilical artery aneurysm, hematomas, and tumors (including hemangioma angiomyxoma and teratoma). This commentary will address current perspectives of prenatal sonography of the umbilical cord, including structural anomalies and the potential impact of future imaging technologies.
Dynamic Brain Network States during Suspenseful Film Viewing

Studies of brain activity evoked by naturalistic stimuli have found narrative suspense produces reliable patterns of activation consistent with increased attention to the narrative and decreased processing of non-narrative stimuli (Bezdek et al., 2015). Yet the progression of brain states (i.e. patterns of activity levels across the whole brain) at suspense peaks and how they differ from suspense valleys or resting state scans has not previously been investigated. We used a fast fMRI acquisition sequence to measure sub-second brain states at peaks and valleys of narrative suspense and during rest. We found five brain states that occur during suspenseful film viewing, four of which differ in their frequency near suspense peaks compared to valleys. The pattern of results is consistent with the theoretical view that suspense captures and focuses attentional processing, triggering subsequent cognitive processing of narrative events.
Intermural Online Research Group Meetings As Professional Development Tools for Undergraduate, Graduate, and Postdoctoral Trainees

In academic research laboratories, well-organized group meetings are common training tools that can benefit individuals and the group as a whole. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual meetings ha...
An Actuator Disc Analysis of Inlet Distortion and Rotating Stall in Axial Flow Turbomachines

The flow behind a rotor (or stator) blade row due to an arbitrary inlet distortion along both circumferential and spanwise directions is treated on the basis of classical actuator disc approximation. I t is shown that, in general, the spanwise and the circumferential distortion waves interact, so that the combined influence is not the sum of the influences of the two simple types of distortions. Numerical examples are then given to show the influence of the various conventional design parameters. Also illustrated is the role played by the cascade characteristics, represented by the variations of loss and exit flow angle due to changing inlet flow angles. I t is shown that both quantities exert a significant influence on the flow under inlet distortion. Using the same approach to the problem of incipient stall, the analysis shows that theoretically there can be two types of selfinduced distortion—a purely spanwise, axisymmetric type, and a traveling, circumferential plus spanwise type, the latter including a purely circumferential type as a special case. However, the analysis also indicates the interesting result that the purely circumferential type of traveling stall will, in all'likelihood, precede the other types. One aspect of dela}dng the incipient traveling (rotating) stall can then be reduced to two extremely simple rules with respect to the desirable design parameters and cascade geometry.
Liquid-Vapor Adiabatic Phase Changes and Related Phenomena

Adiabatic phase changes in liquid-vapor systems are described experimentally and theoretically. The emphasis is on real systems, with departures from equilibrium (metastability). The phase changes are driven by pressure differences and tend to be rapid. Typically, the phase changes occur across shockfronts. Analog systems are also described. In the liquid-vapor systems, at least five distinct phase changes have been discovered within recent years. Several of the phenomena were not predicted in advance. The discoveries reported here were made by various researchers, including co-authors of this book.
Venous Thromboembolic Disease

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a known possible complication of surgical procedures. In early studies, the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism, in the absence of prophylaxis, was estimated to be 0.1–0.8 % in patients undergoing elective general surgery, 2–3 % in patients having elective total hip replacement, and 4–7 % of patients undergoing surgery for a fractured hip. The risk for VTE in surgical patients is determined by the combination of patient-related predisposing factors (discussed below) and the specific type of surgery (time length of immobilization, degree of invasiveness, time of postoperative hospitalization). Evidence-based guidelines have been published for VTE prevention as well as for management of patients currently receiving anticoagulation for prior deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) in the perioperative period. The risk of new or recurrent VTE versus the risk of perioperative bleeding while on anticoagulation should be discussed with the surgeon so that a multidisciplinary decision can be made about perioperative anticoagulation management.
Notes on the Northern Gulf of Mexico Occurrence of Sagitta friderici Ritter-Zahony (Chaetognatha)

The neritic chaetognath Sagitta friderici Ritter-Zahony, 191 1 was identified in plankton samples from the northern Gulf of Mexico in June 1974. Specimens analyzed from two groups of adults ranged from 6 to 13.7 mm long. Meristic values did not appear to be a function of body length except for individuals in the 12.4 to 13.7 mm range that had larger numbers of hooks and teeth. Adults of sagitta friderici and the closely related S. tenuis Conant, 1896 were compared and found to be distinguishable chiefly by (1) the number of ova per unit length of the ovary, and (2) the arrangement of ova within the ovary. The TC values were highly variable and overlapping, thus casting doubt on the taxonomic importance of that characteristic. Sagitta friderici was abundant in inshore continental shelf waters where the salinity and temperature ranged from 24.9 to 33.9 ppt and 23.0 to 30.3’C, respectively. The failure to determine ecological boundaries between S. friderici and S tenuis revealed a need for more intensive sampling in coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico.
Issues with implementing a high‐quality lung cancer screening program

After a comprehensive review of the evidence, the United States Preventive Services Task Force recently endorsed screening with low-dose computed tomography as an early detection approach that has the potential to significantly reduce deaths due to lung cancer. Prudent implementation of lung cancer screening as a high-quality preventive health service is a complex challenge. The clinical evaluation and management of high-risk cohorts in the absence of symptoms mandates an approach that differs significantly from that of symptom-detected lung cancer. As with other cancer screenings, it is essential to provide to informed at-risk individuals a safe, high-quality, cost-effective, and accessible service. In this review, the components of a successful screening program are discussed as we begin to disseminate lung cancer screening as a national resource to improve outcomes with this lethal cancer. This information about lung cancer screening will assist clinicians with communications about the potential benefits and harms of this service for high-risk individuals considering participation in the screening process.
Chassis test cycles for assessing emissions from heavy duty trucks

Emissions from internal combustion engines can be evaluated by testing the engine itself or testing a whole vehicle using a chassis dynamometer. Recent concerns over atmospheric pollution and the drive to examine alternative fuel technology have led to an interest in chassis testing of trucks and buses. In particular these chassis tests permit the examination of changing emissions over the life of the vehicle. Identification of the chassis test protocols for heavy duty vehicles remains inchoate, but this paper seeks to assuage part of the problem by offering a practical test schedule for Class 8 trucks and truck-tractors in the 15000 to 36,360 kg GVW range. 8 refs., 15 figs., 1 tab.
Review article : Lymphocyte differentiation, repertoire development and migration: the need for mathematical models

Abstract The paper reviews the mathematical treatment of lymphocyte differentiation; provides a coherent review of lymphocyte differentiation as it is now understood; raises the crucial questions which remain to be solved in this field and suggests mathematical treatment which may be helpful in the resolution of those crucial questions.
Polarized Parton Distributions: Theory and Experiments

I review the constituent contributions to the spin of the proton extracted from recent data at CERN, SLAC and DESY. The valence, sea quark and antiquark spin-weighted distributions are determined separately. The data appear to imply a small to moderate polarized gluon distribution, so that the anomaly term is not significant in determining these contributions. We have analyzed the consistency of the results obtained from various sets of data and the Bjorken Sum Rule. All data are consistent with the sum rule, but they differ in the contribution of the strange sea to proton spin. This and the remaining uncertainty in the polarized gluon distribution pose unanswered questions about hadronic spin. Further experiments are suggested which can extract information about the polarized gluon and sea to address these questions.
Expression of P-Selectin at Low Site Density Promotes Selective Attachment of Eosinophils Over Neutrophils

The selective interaction of neutrophils with E-selectin and eosinophils with P-selectin has been previously reported, but the relevance of selectin site density and fluid shear has not been studied in detail. We have developed a new approach to examine these interactions in cell suspensions that integrates an on-line cone-plate viscometer with a flow cytometer. We find that eosinophils and neutrophils both use P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 to form stable conjugates with P-selectin Chinese hamster ovary cell transfectants, with a preferential adhesion of eosinophils. Further, the difference in cell adhesion between neutrophils and eosinophils is magnified at P-selectin expression levels below ∼20 sites/μm 2 , a range likely to be relevant to endothelial cell expression levels in conditions associated with eosinophilia. The unique behavior is retained over shear rates ranging from 100 to 1500/s but is magnified at low shear. Results from parallel-plate flow chamber assays suggest that preferential eosinophil adhesion reflects an enhanced efficiency of initial PSGL-1 bond formation with P-selectin rather than a unique ability of eosinophils to mediate rolling interactions of longer duration on low-density P-selectin substrates. These differences may account in part for the increase in eosinophil accumulation in allergic diseases.
Art and Life in Bangladesh

Art and Life in Bangladesh. Henry Glassie. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. 512 pp.
Halogen acid electrolysis in solid polymer electrolyte cells

Abstract The use of solid polymer electrolyte systems has been extended to the electrolysis of aqueous HCl and HBr. The reduced internal losses in these cells permits the production of hydrogen and the halogen at an energy consumption considerably less than that reported previously. Data are presented for the operational characteristics of the solid polymer electrolyte acid electrolysers operating over a range of current densities, pressures, feedstock compositions, and temperatures.
Influences on Hunter Support for Deer Herd Reduction as a Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Management Strategy

The extent to which wildlife diseases like chronic wasting disease (CWD) are density dependent creates opportunities to manage them by implementing population reduction to disrupt disease spread an...
Comparison of Cluster Definitions in Homogeneous Nucleation Rate Calculations

We compare cluster definitions used in the framework of classical nucleation theory to estimate nucleation rates. Cluster definitions influence the magnitude of the partition functions used to calculate the equilibrium constants that relate aggregation and fission rate constants. Therefore, cluster definitions affect calculated nucleation rates. Geometric and energetic definitions are simple to apply but are prone to systematic errors. We recommend the dynamic cluster definition as the most likely to lead to calculated rates agreeing with measurements. The definitions are illustrated using a simple xenon model.