cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compensatory Responses to Placebo Vary with Presumed Personality “Risk” for Alcoholism and Drinking Habits

Physiological reactions of men who reported intoxication after consuming placebo beer were related to a personality index of presumed “risk” for alcoholism and drinking habits. Presumed personality “risk” varied with decreases in skin conductance. Those at higher “risk” showed a larger compensatory response. Drinking habits varied with decreases in skin temperature. Those who drank more showed larger changes. These results are consistent with work linking risk and compensatory responding, and support compensatory response theory. Nevertheless, these results were found only for a subset of subjects (24 of 81) who reported moderate intoxication after consuming the placebo, limiting generalizability.
Follow the typical signs: settler sovereignty and its discontents

Comments made as part of a roundtable discussion on the significance of the US frontier to settler colonial and indigenous studies. Reflecting on the creation and circulation of settler sovereignty as a technology of territoriality, this essay considers how frontier logics inform Jacques Derrida's delineation of the beast and the sovereign in his late lectures. Finally, this essay argues for a perspectival shift in the questions scholars ask about the role of the frontier in order to activate indigenous critiques of settler colonialism.
Evoked potentials and reaction times: a study of intra-individual variability ☆

Abstract Experiments with six normal adults were undertaken in order to study the relationship between intra-individual variability in simple reaction time and photically evoked potentials. It was found that the amplitudes of prominent components of the evoked response (both early and late) are correlated with the reaction time to the photic signal. The result was found for occipital, central vertex, and right and left Rolandic regions. Latency to peak or trough of various wave components had no consistent relationship to RT. Such factors as selective attention and fluctuations of alertness are discussed as possible determinants of the relationship between RT and amplitude of average evoked potentials.
Volume‐activated amino acid transport and cell signaling in skate erythrocytes

Skate (and other fish) erythrocytes show a rapid efflux of taurine in response to volume expansion upon exposure to hyptonic medium. Taurine and other small amino acids appear to be released from the cells down their concentration gradients via a channel which might involve the anion exchange protein Band 3. Hypotonicity alters the cell permeability to taurine coincident with generation of diacylglycerol from phosphatidylcholine by stimulating the activity of phospholipase D. This diacylglycerol can then activate protein kinase C, stimulating the phosphorylation of specific protein targets. Three phosphoprotein targets have been identified; one is the Band 3 molecule itself, while the other two have molecular weights of 67 and 34 kDa
NMDAR1-like immunoreactive fibers appear in the ipsilateral optic tract during optic nerve regeneration in Rana pipiens

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1-like immunoreactivity (NMDAR1-LI) was investigated in the brain of Rana pipiens during optic nerve regeneration. Following unilateral optic-nerve crush, frogs were tested for prey-catching and optokinetic nystagmus responses to assess return of visual function. At 1, 2, 3 and 5 months after the surgery, NMDAR1-LI was assessed in central visual pathways. At 3 and 5 months, conspicuous ipsilateral NMDAR1-LI fibers were detected in the thalamic and pretectal nuclei, and the time of their appearance coincided with the onset of behavioral recovery. Also, only ipsilateral retinorecipient layers in the optic tectum showed increased NMDAR1-LI during optic nerve regeneration. These results suggest that NMDA receptors may be present on retinal ganglion cell axons and terminals that have been misrouted during regeneration.
Electronmicroscopy of Dental Calculus

Electron microscopy of ultrathin osmium-fixed sections of dental calculus, cut with a diamond knife without prior decalcification, revealed densely mineralized areas entrapping many degenerating microorganisms, within which were deposited similarly electron-dense crystals. Two principal forms of crystals were found, the predominant type being of the same order of magnitude and shape as those found in bone, and showing the typical characteristics of apatite in selected area electron diffraction patterns.
Energetics and thermal structure of the middle atmosphere

A study of a large number of temperature measurements in the middle atmosphere shows a much more complex thermal structure of this region than described in the U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976. The mesopause height which is generally assumed to be at 80 km varies between 70 and 100 km, often with two minima in temperature at about 70 and 100 km and a maximum between 80-85 km. By solving the energy balance equation and the equations of continuity, the physical significance of the observed thermal structure is discussed in terms of the energetics of the various regions of the middle atmosphere. It is show that the solar UV radiation plays a major role only in the energy budget of the stratosphere and the lower thermosphere. The energetics of the mesosphere is primarily influenced by the dissipation of eddy energy. The temperature in the region is a good indicator of the eddy diffusivity and can be used in deriving the eddy diffusion coefficient.
Model Glycol-Terminated Surfaces for Adhesion Resistance

ABSTRACT This manuscript introduces a new family of cyclic acetal-terminated alkanethiols used to prepare self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold. The new SAMs, which are designed as variants of the biocompatible protein-repellant surfaces generated from thin films of oligoethylene glycol (OEG) or polyethylene glycol (PEG), were characterized by ellipsometry, contact-angle goniometry, and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). A preliminary study of protein adhesion was also performed using fibrinogen as a model protein. The interfacial structure and properties of the new SAMs were compared with those generated from OEG-terminated alkanethiols and from surface-grafted PEG, which have been described previously. The data show that the new adsorbates form well packed and conformationally ordered films with contact angles of water ranging from 67° to 95°, depending on the precise structure of the acetal terminus. As a whole, the new SAMs offer a unique strategy for st...
The Impact of the Therapist's Personal Family Life on the Ability to Establish Viable Therapeutic Alliances in Family and Marital Therapy

The therapeutic alliance formed by a family therapist is a complex phenomenon in which the therapist must ally with the system as well as with the individual members of the system. Further, many individual members may be in conflict with one another and highly sensitive to the Therapist's alliance with the other members of the system. Traditional definitions of the alliance in individual therapy are not adequate to describe these multiple levels on which the alliance is manifested. The therapeutic alliance established by family therapists is conceptualized as occurring between two interpersonal systems, the patient system and the therapist system. The therapist system includes indirect elements from the therapist's professional and personal life. The therapist's personal life includes both immediate and remote elements in the form of the therapist's current family life as well as family of origin experiences. These elements impact on the therapist's alliances in a variety of ways, such as coloring the the...
Impact of lateral wall myocardial infarction on outcomes after surgical ventricular restoration.

Background Surgical ventricular restoration (SVR) attempts to reverse negative ventricular remodeling after anterior myocardial infarction (MI). However, the impact of lateral wall MI (LMI) on SVR outcomes is unknown. Methods We retrospectively reviewed SVR patients between January 2002 and December 2005. Patients were grouped into those with and without LMI. Lateral wall myocardial infarction patients were further subdivided into those with anterior-lateral and anterior-inferior-lateral MI. Extent of LMI was assessed intraoperatively as less than 25%, 25% to 49%, 50% to 75%, and more than 75% of the lateral wall. Follow-up was 100%. Results Seventy-eight patients underwent SVR; all had anterior MI. Forty-one percent (32 of 78) had LMI; 19% (6 of 32) had anterior-lateral MI; and 81% (26 of 32) had anterior-inferior-lateral MI. The remaining 59% (46 of 78) comprised the no-LMI group. Among LMI patients, 6% (2 of 32) had more than 75% involvement of the lateral wall. Lateral wall myocardial infarction patients were more likely to be New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV preoperatively. There were 2 operative deaths in the LMI group. Surgical ventricular restoration significantly improved ejection fraction and end-systolic volume index for patients with and without LMI. Sixty-three percent of patients (20 of 32) with LMI and 83% of patients (38 of 46) without LMI improved to NYHA class I/II at follow-up. Three-year Kaplan-Meier survival for LMI patients was 67%, which trended toward a decreased survival versus patients without LMI (85%; p = 0.18). Three-year Kaplan-Meier survival for anterior-lateral MI patients was 100%, and for anterior-inferior-lateral MI patients, it was 60%. Lateral wall myocardial infarction involving >50% of the lateral wall was a significant predictor of mortality (odds ratio=8.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 54.1, p = 0.03). Conclusions Cardiac function is improved after SVR for patients with and without LMI. However, anterior-inferior-lateral MI and LMI involving 50% or more of the lateral wall may predict mortality. Our results should prompt further investigation to determine the role of SVR for patients with LMI.
Ceramic-coated subperiosteal implants. Part I. A pilot study

Abstract A pilot study to investigate the effect of alumina-coated subperiosteal implants is reported. Initial clinical results are encouraging; there is evidence to indicate that a direct attachment occurs to the alumina surface. Histologic evidence will be reported at a later date. Further investigation studying the effect of other coatings, as well as different pore sizes, on the success of subperiosteal implants is planned.
Carotenoids in Liposomes: Photodegradation, Excited State Lifetimes, and Energy Transfer

DMPC (dimyristoyl-l-α-phosphatidylcholine) liposomes are used as artificial photosynthetic media to study the behavior of carotenoids. 8‘-Apo-β-caroten-8‘-al (I) and β-carotene (II) degrade faster under irradiation in DMPC liposomes than in organic solvents, which is possibly because vibrational deactivation of carotenoid excited states is less efficient in rigid lipid membranes. The lifetime of the first excited singlet state (S1) of I in DMPC liposomes is 27.2 ps, very close to that in 3-methylpentane (26.4 ps), but longer than its lifetime in EtOH (17.1 ps) or CH2Cl2 (14.1 ps). The lifetime of the S1 state of I in DMPC liposomes is as expected for an alkane environment. The lifetime of the S1 state of II in DMPC liposomes is 10.3 ps, very close to its lifetimes in 3-methylpentane (8.1 ps), EtOH (9.2 ps), and CH2Cl2 (8.5 ps). This independence of the S1 state lifetime of II from the matrix agrees with earlier conclusions. Carotenoid I can suppress the photodegradation of chlorophyll a (Chl a) in liposom...
TO MAINTAIN CIRCULARITY: BIOLOGICAL ROOTS OF EDUCATION

“Truisms have the disadvantage that by dulling the senses they obscure the truth. Almost nobody will become alarmed when told that in times of continuity the future equals the past. Only a few will become aware that from this follows that in times of socio-cultural change the future will not be like the past... At any moment we are free to act toward the future we desire. In other words, the future will be as we wish and perceive it to be. This may come as a shock only to those who let their thinking be governed by the principle that demands that only the rules observed in the past shall apply to the future. For those the concept of ‘change’ is inconceivable, for change is the process that obliterates the rules of the past” (Von Foerster, 1972).
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies of clean and hydrated TiO2 (rutile) surfaces

Abstract Using XPS, we have detected several oxygen sites on the surface of hydrated TiO2 (rutile) crystals. These sites are attributed to chemisorbed and physisorbed H2O. XPS spectra of clean TiO2 resulting from scraping in vacuum indicate that oxygens terminate at the very surface. Implications of these observations are discussed.
Computer Simulation of Warpage Formation in Polymer Injection Molding of a Step Pad

Warpage is one of the most common defects of a plastic product in the polymer injection molding process. It is attributed to the differential shrinkage after the part is ejected from the die cavity due to the nonlinear material property of the polymer, improper design of the cooling system, geometry of the part and the related process parameters. In this paper, the warpage formation of a plastic part, Step Pad of polypropylene copolymer, in the cooling stage of the polymer injection molding process was simulated by finite element analysis (FEA). A three-dimensional FEA model, taking into account the nonlinear material (polypropylene copolymer) properties, with a thermal-structural sequential coupled approach of higher computing efficiency was developed. The effects of mold closed time and layout of cooling system on the dimension and shape of the part were investigated. Industrial experiments for the different mold closed times (25s, 30s, 35s, 40s, 45s, 50s, and 55s) were conducted. The simulation results were compared with the experimental results. The approach is effective in predicting warpage in the polymer injection molding processes.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Data organization in a hybrid storage system

Flash memory based Solid State Devices (SSDs) have become commercially viable and hybrid storage systems incorporating SSDs and magnetic disk drives are being built. There are a number of ways the data can be organized in such hybrid systems. SSDs can be organized at a higher layer as a cache in a transparent hierarchy. SSDs can be organized as peers to magnetic disks in a heterogeneous storage system. There are pros and cons for organizing data in both approaches. This paper argues that a storage system with SSDs and disk drives as peers may deliver the best performance, with maximum flexibility.
Axillary grafts for difficult hemodialysis access

Abstract Purpose: This study describes the largest reported experience to date with axillary artery to axillary vein or axillary artery to jugular vein polytetrafluoroethylene bridge fistulas for hemodialysis access. The purpose of the study was to determine the incidence of complications and the durability of the access to better determine the role of this procedure in the dialysis access algorithm. Methods: A single center's experience over a period of 5 years was retrospectively reviewed. Results: Twenty-six axillary grafts were placed in 24 patients. All but one were used for dialysis. At the time of access creation, the patients had been undergoing dialysis for a mean of 77 months (range, 5 to 256 months), had had a mean of 9.4 previous access procedures, and had exhausted all arm sites. The life-table patency rate at 3 years was 60%. The incidence of infection and thrombosis were comparable with conventional arm bridge fistulas. Neither vascular steal phenomenon nor neurologic injury occurred in this series. Conclusions: Axillary artery to axillary vein or axillary artery to jugular vein polytetrafluoroethylene bridge fistula is an excellent and durable secondary access strategy. We recommend that it be used after exhaustion of conventional arm sites. (J Vasc Surg 1996;24:457-62.)
Electronic and vibrational properties of magnetic core-shell nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are of interest because their ability to convert electromagnetic energy into heat is of potential value in drug release, cancer therapy, and remote control of single cell functions. In the present paper, we focus our attention on TiO 2 -coated metallic magnetic core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) because of the high biocompatibility of TiO 2 . Our study of the electronic and spectral properties of these NPs indicates that the nature of the encapsulated metallic system has a profound influence on both their absorption and vibrational spectra. This observation is of interest because the efficacy of the energy transfer to the external environment of these systems is intricately related to the nature of coupling of the electronic levels to the vibrational modes.
The comparative ultrastructure of the egg membrane and associated pore structures in the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus (Pallas), and pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum)

Eggs of the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to determine differences in egg membrane structure with reference to contrasting ecological conditions in which the eggs normally develop. The egg membrane of the starry flounder constitutes 0.22–0.50 % of the egg's diameter. The zona radiata is composed of 6 continuous horizontal lamellae, covered by a thin triple layered border, and pierced by numerous regularly spaced pore canals. The micropyle canal measures 8 μm at the opening and tapers to 3.6 μm as it penetrates the membrane. In contrast, the thicker membrane of the pink salmon egg forms 0.80–1.0% of the egg's diameter, is composed of numerous short discontinuous lamellae which are pierced by pore canals, and is covered by a coating of irregular thickness. The 15–16 μm micropyle opening is surrounded by an area of protrusions, and the funnelshaped canal tapers to 2 μm at its terminal aperture. Contrasting environmental conditions during embryogenesis of these two species may be reflected by the thin membrane and simple lamellar structure in the pelagic egg of the starry flounder, and the thick membrane and complex lamellar structure in the demersal egg of the pink salmon.
Experimental infections with Campylobacter fetus in bulls of different ages

Factors affecting the establishment of a carrier state of Campylobactor fetus subsp. fetus (venerealis) in preputial cavities of bulls were investigated by following infection in bulls of two different age groups until slaughter, 9–18 weeks post infection. Each of the four older bulls (66–74 months at infection) and three of the four younger bulls (41–49 months at infection) were culturally positive until slaughter, indicating no increased susceptibility with age. Relative proportions of immunoglobulin classes and albumin in preputial fluids were generally similar to those determined prior to infection, although protein concentrations decreased and ratios of IgG/IgA and IgG1/IgG2 increased in most of the bulls. An unexplained diminution of sample volumes occurred with progressive sampling. Changes in concentrations of proteins and in sample volumes bore no apparent relationship to infection of bulls with C. fetus. Low levels of C. fetus agglutinins were detected in sample obtained both before and after infection, but no appreciable rise in antibody titers occurred following infection. Alterations in superficial antigens of C. fetus isolates obtained during the course of infection were demonstrated in the majority of animals. The capacity of the organism to undergo antigenic variation and to provoke a minimal immune response may contribute to its prolonged survival in the preputial cavity.
Surgical applications of milli‐robots

Minimally invasive surgical techniques, especially endoscopy and laparoscopy, possess many advantages over conventional methods. These include accelerated patient recovery and reduced rate of complications. However, limitations of current operating instruments create difficulties for the surgeon. In this article, we present a design for an improved polypectomy snare for the endoscope, several rotary actuator designs for endoscopic tools, and a prototype endo-platform, which provides fine motion control for endoscopic tools. We also present several prototypes of more dextrous laparo-scopic tools based on the human hand. Finally, we present a sensory glove designed as a natural and dextrous human interface. © 2995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The toxicity of selected gasoline components to glucose methanogenesis by aquifer microorganisms

Abstract Six model hydrocarbons, representing various classes of chemicals found in gasoline, and methyl ethyl ketone, were assayed for their inhibitory effect on glucose methanogenesis in slurries prepared from aquifer sediments and ground water. Biogas (CH4and CO2) production was monitored with an automated pressure transducer system. Benzene, 1-methyl naphthalene, and methyltert-butyl ether (MTBE) were found to have no inhibitory influence on biogas production rates at concentrations up to 71·7 mg/L. Similarly, octane, cyclohexane, indan, and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were found to have only marginal negative effects on the rate of biogas production in aquifer slurries, at concentrations ranging from 51·7 to 72·1 mg/L. Thus, gasoline components had low apparent toxicities to microorganisms responsible for glucose methanogenesis in aquifier slurries. As the concentrations of the assayed hydrocarbons are about 100 times those typically reported after an aquifer has been contaminated with gasoline, it is unlikely that individual hydrocarbons will substantially impact anaerobic metabolic processes.
Protein Kinase G Ligand Binding Specificity via Confine-And-Release Thermodynamic Integration

Protein Kinase G (PKG) is a second messenger dependent protein implicated in smooth muscle relaxation. Active PKG signals for blood vessel dilation, making it an attractive target in cardiovascular drug discovery. The PKG regulatory domain consists of two, potentially druggable, cyclic nucleotide binding domains (CNBDs), which activate PKG when simultaneously occupied by cGMP. Here we contribute to the characterization of each CNBD by examining its ability to discriminate between cGMP and a highly similar ligand, cAMP. Relative binding free energies were calculated using molecular dynamic simulations and thermodynamic integration (TI). The contribution of individual residues was assessed by repetition over a series of mutant structures. In some cases, multiple ligand binding conformations (syn vs. anti about the glycosyl bond) were found to meaningfully contribute to the binding free energies. As the barrier to rotation between these conformations prevented adequate sampling on computationally feasible TI timescales, the confine-and-release method was used to account for the contribution of each conformation. This resulted in improved convergence and agreement with experiment.
Being Labeled Gifted or Talented: Meanings and Effects Perceived by Students in Special Programs.

Questionnaires were administered to 295 students in summer programs for 9-15 year old academically gifted and artistically talented students, asking for their conceptions of giftedness and talent and their perceptions of the causes and consequences of being so identified. Findings suggested that their stereotypes regarding gifted and talented students were highly positive. These students reported that giftedness can be attained by hard work, that they are not very different from others, and that others treat them well. A minority reported negative reactions from peers.
The Listener's Voice: Early Radio and the American Public. By Elena Razlogova. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. Pp. 224. $39.95.)

In this book's title, the author declares her contribution to the expanding field of radio histories: consideration of how listeners shaped early broadcasting. Whereas media scholars have tended to...
The use of metaphor in therapeutic communication with young adolescents

The ability to utilize metaphor is presented as the normal stage in the development of the capacity to symbolize that is characteristic of the young adolescent. Symbolization is considered to be the basic structure through which the individual constructs a knowledge of the reality and of the self. Therefore, staying within the framework of the metaphor in treatment with the young adolescent is “beginning where the client is” but equally as importantly it is assisting the youngster to further develop both his symbolic capacities and himself. A case illustration is utilized to demonstrate both healthy and pathological usage of metaphorical language.
The synthesis of oximes containing the ferroin group

A series of oximes of substituted 2-pyridylmethyl and phenyl ketones has been prepared. These all contain the ferroin group (NCCN). The 4-substituted pyridyl-syn-methyl and phenyl ketoximes form chelates with Fe(II).
Fiber optic sensor based on microencapsulated reagents

The use of irreversible indicating chemistries necessitates a constant supply of reagent to the sensor's tip. In previous work we demonstrated the delivery of reagents incorporated in an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer matrix. In this paper we show how a degradable polymer, poly(lactide-glycolide), can be used for sensor preparation. The use of this polymer as a matrix entrapping reagent(s) is described for two different configurations. Sensors are prepared using either composites of dispersed HPTS(1-hydroxy-pyrene-3,6,8-trisulfonate) in polymer layers or microparticles incorporating dyes.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tailoring Adsorption and Framework Properties of Mesoporous Polymeric Composites and Carbons by Addition of Organosilanes during Soft-Templating Synthesis

A series of soft-templated mesoporous polymeric composites and carbons was synthesized under acidic conditions by using resorcinol and formaldehyde in the presence of organosilanes such as tetraethyl orthosilicate and tris(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)isocyanurate. Poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(propylene oxide)−poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer, Pluronic F127, was employed as a soft template. While the self-assembly of resorcinol, formaldehyde, and block copolymer combined with polymerization and proper thermal treatment affords mesoporous polymers and carbons with high surface area, large pore volume, and well-developed mesoporosity, the addition of organosilanes into this process opens new possibilities for tailoring adsorption, surface, and framework properties of these materials and for expanding their porosity. It is shown that the use of heterocyclic organosilanes in the aforementioned soft-templating synthesis affords heteroatom-doped mesoporous carbons, the properties of which can be further modified...
The hat matrix for smoothing splines

Abstract The matrix which transforms the data vector to the vector of fitted values for smoothing splines is termed the hat matrix. This matrix is shown to have many of the same properties, and is seen to play the same role in the variances and covariances of the residuals, as its regression analysis counterpart. This fact is utilized to propose several possible diagnostic measures for use with smoothing splines. The extension of these results to include multivariate Laplacian smoothing spline is also indicated.
Optimal layout of transshipment facility locations on an infinite homogeneous plane

Abstract This paper studies optimal spatial layout of transshipment facilities and the corresponding service regions on an infinite homogeneous plane R 2 that minimize the total cost for facility set-up, outbound delivery and inbound replenishment transportation. The problem has strong implications in the context of freight logistics and transit system design. This paper first focuses on a Euclidean plane and shows that a tight upper bound can be achieved by a type of elongated cyclic hexagons, while a cost lower bound based on relaxation and idealization is also obtained. The gap between the analytical upper and lower bounds is within 0.3%. This paper then shows that a similar elongated non-cyclic hexagon shape, with proper orientation, is actually optimal for service regions on a rectilinear metric plane. Numerical experiments are conducted to verify the analytical findings and to draw further insights.
Squamous cell carcinomatous meningitis

A case of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis due to a poorly differentiated malignancy is presented. Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize it as a squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinomas rarely invade the meninges. There are few well-founded guidelines for managing patients with this condition. Prognosis is generally poor. A literature review of this entity is provided.
Mothers and Daughters: Interpersonal Approaches to Body and Dieting

The interpretive study reported in this article focused on the process by which mothers and daughters interact about body and dieting. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 mothers and their adolescent daughters. Constant comparison analysis of data revealed four patterns of mother-daughter interaction about body and dieting: (a) the direct verbal approach, including encouragement/facilitation, dissuasion, and fault-finding messages; (b) the avoidance/guardedness approach; (c) the modeling approach; and (d) the laissez-faire approach. These four patterns of communication varied in terms of content and were used in different contexts and combinations. These mother-daughter interactions (a) were shaped by mothers’ and daughters’ thoughts about the self, the other, and the mother-daughter relationship; (b) were used by mothers and daughters to plan future interactions with one another; and (c) served to guide lines of personal action with respect to dieting, especially in the case of daughters.
LASIK and surface ablation in corneal dystrophies

Corneal dystrophies are a rare group of hereditary disorders, that are bilateral, non-inflammatory, and progressive. Clinically, they can be classified based on the anatomic layer of the cornea affected. Refractive surgery and phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) can be performed with caution in patients with certain corneal dystrophies, but should be avoided in others. For epithelial basement membrane dystrophy, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is the procedure of choice for treatment of refractive error, and PTK may be performed for the treatment of recurrent erosions or irregular astigmatism. PRK and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) have been associated with exacerbation of combined granular-lattice corneal dystrophy. LASIK and PRK appear to be safe in mild forms of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy, whereas LASIK should be avoided in Fuchs dystrophy. The safety of refractive surgery and PTK in the remainder of epithelial, Bowman layer, and stromal dystrophies has yet to be established.
Enhanced Nonenzymatic Ligation of Homopurine Miniduplexes: Support for Greater Base Stacking in a Pre‐RNA World

Recent studies have emphasized the benefits of increasing hydrophobic stacking area beyond that of a single nucleobase in nonenzymatic ligation reactions. We demonstrated that nucleic acid intercalators, with surface areas similar to that of a Watson–Crick base pair, dramatically increase the efficiency of ligation. [4a] von Kiedrowski and coworkers observed efficient ligation of oligonucleotides that form blunt-ended miniduplexes, which are also organized in solution by stacking surfaces defined by Watson–Crick base pairs. [12] In light of these results, and the proposal that purine–purine base pairs might have preceded purine–pyrimidine base pairs, we have investigated the nonenzymatic ligation of homopurine tetranucleotides. Here we show that homopurine miniduplexes exhibit a propensity for nonenzymatic ligation that is more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of analogous purine–pyrimidine oligonucleotides. These results provide additional support for the hypothesis that nucleic acid assembly in a pre-enzyme world is more probable if life began with a proto-RNA that contained alternative nucleobases, particularly those capable of greater stacking interactions. To investigate the potential for purine–purine miniduplexes to undergo nonenzymatic ligation, the self-complementary oligonucleotide bluntPuPu, with sequence d(p#DXG) (# = isoguanine; D = 2,6-diaminopurine; X = xanthine), was incubated with N-cyanoimidazole, a chemical activating agent for phospho
The Challenge and Methods of TEM Cross-Sectioning of < 0.25 Micron Plugs

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a useful tool in process evaluation and failure analysis for semiconductor industries. A common focus of semiconductor TEM analyses is metalization vias (plugs) and it is often desirable to cross-section through a particular one. If the cross-sectional plane deviates away from the center of the plug, then the thin adhesion layer around the plug will be blurred by surrounding materials such as the inter-layer dielectric and the plug material. The importance of these constraints, along with the difficulty of precision sample preparation, has risen sharply as feature sizes have fallen to 0.25 μm and below. The suitability of common sample preparation techniques for these samples is evaluated.
An Evaluation of a Perceived Overqualification Scale Across Work Settings

Abstract The authors extended and evaluated the dimensionality of the L. J. Khan and P. C. Morrow (1991) subjective underemployment scale. They used data from 3 independent samples to assess the measurement properties of the scale. The results of confirmatory factor analyses supported 2 dimensions and indicated that the measurement model parameters partially generalized across samples. Correlational and additional confirmatory factor analytic results rendered empirical support for most of the postulated relationships of the 2 overqualification dimensions with the somatization, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment variables. The findings indicate that the scale of perceived overqualification needs to be further developed and validated in different samples. The implications of the findings for person–job fit are discussed.
Dispersions of Aramid Nanofibers: A New Nanoscale Building Block

Stable dispersions of nanofibers are virtually unknown for synthetic polymers. They can complement analogous dispersions of inorganic components, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanosheets, etc. as a fundamental component of a toolset for design of nanostructures and metamaterials via numerous solvent-based processing methods. As such, strong flexible polymeric nanofibers are very desirable for the effective utilization within composites of nanoscale inorganic components such as nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and others. Here stable dispersions of uniform high-aspect-ratio aramid nanofibers (ANFs) with diameters between 3 and 30 nm and up to 10 μm in length were successfully obtained. Unlike the traditional approaches based on polymerization of monomers, they are made by controlled dissolution of standard macroscale form of the aramid polymer, that is, well-known Kevlar threads, and revealed distinct morphological features similar to carbon nanotubes. ANFs are successfully processed into films using layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly as one of the potential methods of preparation of composites from ANFs. The resultant films are transparent and highly temperature resilient. They also display enhanced mechanical characteristics making ANF films highly desirable as protective coatings, ultrastrong membranes, as well as building blocks of other high performance materials in place of or in combination with carbon nanotubes.
Libraries as Armouries: Daniel Coit Oilman, Geography, and the Uses of a University

The author builds on recent work on the history of geographical thought by focusing on the career of American geographer Daniel Coit Oilman, who was the first President of the Johns Hopkins University. It is argued that Oilman's influential work in professionalizing an instrumentalist approach to knowledge production in the new institution of the research university forms an important link between the philosophically oriented geography of Alexander von Humboldt and the geopolitics of Isaiah Bowman. The author extends work in the history of the discipline by showing how geographical knowledge came to be seen in instrumentalist terms not only in the institutional context of geographical societies and European imperial administration-the focus of much of the historical scholarship-but also within the context of an intellectual division of labor that emerged in the second half of the 19th century as the modern research university took shape. It is suggested that a full account of the way in which Humboldt's p...
Primary dystonias and genetic disorders with dystonia as clinical feature of the disease

Dystonia is probably the most common form of movement disorder encountered in the clinical practice. It is characterized by sustained muscle contractions, usually producing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures or positions. Dystonias can be classified in several ways, including primarily by the clinical phenomenology or by the underlining etiology, in particular to understand if the presentation is genetically deter- mined. By advances of genetics, including contemporary genomic technologies, there is a growing understanding of the molecular underpinnings of genetically determined dysto- nias. The intricacy of information requires a user friendly, novel database that may effi- ciently serve clinicians to inform of advances of the field and to diagnose and manage these often complex cases. Here we present an up to date, comprehensive review e in tabulated formats e of genetically determined primary dystonias and complex Mendelian disorders with dystonia as central feature. The detailed search up to December 24, 2012, identified 24 hereditary primary dystonias (DYT1 to DYT 25) that are mostly monogenic disorders, and a larger group (>70) of genetic syndromes in which dystonia is one of the characteristic clinical features. We organized the findings not only by individual information (name of the con- ditions, pattern of inheritance, chromosome and gene abnormality, clinical features, relevant ancillary tests and key references), but also provide symptom-oriented organi- zation of the clinical entities for efficient inquiries.
EQUATIONS OF MOTION THEORY FOR ELECTRON AFFINITIES

The ab initio calculation of molecular electron affinities (EA) and ionization potentials (IP) is a difficult task because the energy of interest is a very small fraction of the total electronic energy of the parent species. For example, EAs typically lie in the 0.01-10 eV range, but the total electronic energy of even a small molecule, radical, or ion is usually several orders of magnitude larger. Moreover, the EA or IP is an intensive quantity but the total energy is an extensive quantity, so the difficulty in evaluating EAs and IPs to within a fixed specified (e.g., ±0.1 eV) accuracy becomes more and more difficult as the system's size and number of electrons grows. The situation becomes especially problematic when studying extended systems such as solids, polymers, or surfaces for which the EA or IP is an infinitesimal fraction of the total energy. EOM methods such as the author developed in the 1970s offer a route to calculating the intensive EAs and IPs directly as eigenvalues of a set of working equations. A history of the development of EOM theories as applied to EAs and IPs, their numerous practical implementations, and their relations to Greens function or propagator theories are given in this contribution. EOM methods based upon Moller-Plesset, multiconfiguration self-consistent field, and coupled-cluster reference wave functions are included in the discussion as is the application of EOM methods to metastable states of anions.
Ligand binding to the inhibitory and stimulatory GTP cyclohydrolase I/GTP cyclohydrolase I feedback regulatory protein complexes.

GTP cyclohydrolase I feedback regulatory protein (GFRP) mediates feedback inhibition of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity by 6R-l-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which is an essential cofactor for key enzymes producing catecholamines, serotonin, and nitric oxide as well as phenylalanine hydroxylase. GFRP also mediates feed-forward stimulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity by phenylalanine at subsaturating GTP levels. These ligands, BH4 and phenylalanine, induce complex formation between one molecule of GTP cyclohydrolase I and two molecules of GFRP. Here, we report the analysis of ligand binding using the gel filtration method of Hummel and Dreyer. BH4 binds to the GTP cyclohydrolase I/GFRP complex with a Kd of 4 μM, and phenylalanine binds to the protein complex with a Kd of 94 μM. The binding of BH4 is enhanced by dGTP. The binding stoichiometrics of BH4 and phenylalanine were estimated to be 10 molecules of each per protein complex, in other words, one molecule per subunit of protein, because GTP cyclohydrolase I is a decamer and GFRP is a pentamer. These findings were corroborated by data from equilibrium dialysis experiments. Regarding ligand binding to free proteins, BH4 binds weakly to GTP cyclohydrolase I but not to GFRP, and phenylalanine binds weakly to GFRP but not to GTP cyclohydrolase I. These results suggest that the overall structure of the protein complex contributes to binding of BH4 and phenylalanine but also that each binding site of BH4 and phenylalanine may be primarily composed of residues of GTP cyclohydrolase I and GFRP, respectively.
“WHITE PEOPLE WILL BELIEVE ANYTHING!” Worrying about Authenticity, Museum Audiences, and Working in Native American–Focused Museums1

The core argument of this opinion is that in museums focused on Native Americans, staff members must abandon colonial and stereotypic views about Native Americans. They also must challenge notions commonly held by Indians and non-Indians that only Indians can provide authentic information about Indians. Museums can accomplish this by presenting cultural realities that are multithreaded, multivocal, and complicated.
RISK AND RETURN ON NEWLY LISTED STOCKS: THE POST-LISTING EXPERIENCE

Researchers consistently find that newly listed stocks underperform in the post-listing period. It has been suggested that this anomalous finding may, in part, be explained away if the risk during this period is lower than at other times. Evidence is presented here that the riskiness of newly listed stocks undergoes a seasoning process. Instead of lower risk, riskiness is found to be greater immediately after listing than in later periods. This suggests that the post-listing anomaly is actually worse than has been previously recognized.
Segmentation, Indexing, and Retrieval for Environmental and Natural Sounds

We propose a method for characterizing sound activity in fixed spaces through segmentation, indexing, and retrieval of continuous audio recordings. Regarding segmentation, we present a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) that jointly infers onsets and end times of the most prominent sound events in the space, along with an extension of the algorithm for covering large spaces with distributed microphone arrays. Each segmented sound event is indexed with a hidden Markov model (HMM) that models the distribution of example-based queries that a user would employ to retrieve the event (or similar events). In order to increase the efficiency of the retrieval search, we recursively apply a modified spectral clustering algorithm to group similar sound events based on the distance between their corresponding HMMs. We then conduct a formal user study to obtain the relevancy decisions necessary for evaluation of our retrieval algorithm on both automatically and manually segmented sound clips. Furthermore, our segmentation and retrieval algorithms are shown to be effective in both quiet indoor and noisy outdoor recording conditions.
Can stubbornness or gullibility lead to faster consensus? A study of various strategies for reaching consensus in a model of the naming game

The naming game is a dynamical system that is used to model and study language formation, in particular to determine how words are formed that are used by all members of a community to denote the same object or concept. We propose a model of the naming game that allows for theoretical investigation under various behavior for agent interaction. In particular, we give conditions on the network such that consensus is reached where at most p synonyms are used to describe a single object. In addition, we give lower bounds on the convergence rate to consensus. Furthermore, we study various agent interaction behaviors and their effect on the time needed to reach consensus. We show that even though a democratic strategy is in general the best strategy for reaching consensus, a stubborn or a gullible strategy can allow for faster word formation than a democratic strategy for certain connection topologies among the agents.
Synthesis of amphiphilic triblock copolymers as multidentate ligands for biocompatible coating of quantum dots.

One barrier to the application of current tri-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) based quantum dots (QDs) for biomedical imaging is that the TOPO on TOPO-QDs can be replaced by the proteins in living system, which may cause the degradation of QDs and/or deactivation of protein. In order to develop biocompatible optical imaging agents, a novel triblock copolymer, designed as a multidentate ligand, was synthesized to coat quantum dot nanocrystals (QDs). The copolymer consists of a polycarboxylic acid block at one end and a polythiol block at the other end with an intervening cross-linked poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) block bridging the ends. The multiple mercapto groups from the polythiol block act as multidentate ligands to stabilize QDs, while the polycarboxylic acid block improves the water solubility of QDs and offers reaction sites for surface modification or conjugation with bimolecules. The cross-linked poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) block provides a densely compacted hydrophobic shell. This shell will act as a barrier to inhibit the degradation of QDs by preventing the diffusion of ions and small molecules into the core of QDs. This new multidentate polymer coating facilitates the transfer of QDs from organic solvent into aqueous phase. The QDs directly bound to multidentate mercapto groups instead of TOPO are less likely to be affected by the mercapto or disulfide groups within proteins or other biomolecules. Therefore, this research will provide an alternative coating material instead of TOPO to produce QDs which could be more suitable for in vivo use under complex physiological conditions.
Cooperative Stereo Matching with Color-Based Adaptive Local Support

Color processing imposes a new constraint on stereo vision algorithms: The assumption of constant color on object surfaces used to align local correlation windows with object boundaries has improved the accuracy of recent window based stereo algorithms significantly. While several algorithms have been presented that work with adaptive correlation windows defined by color similarity, only a few approaches use color based grouping to optimize initially computed traditional matching scores. This paper introduces the concept of color-dependent adaptive support weights to the definition of local support areas in cooperative stereo methods to improve the accuracy of depth estimation at object borders.