cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plato, Apology 32 c 8-d 3

Whether Meletus, the accuser of Socrates, is to be identified with Meletus, the accuser of Andocides and participant in the arrest of Leon of Salamis (And. 1.94), has recently been discussed, with inconclusive results, by H. Blumenthal. The strongest argument against the identification, it may be thought, is that Socrates mentions the arrest (32 c 4-e 1) without implicating Meletus. I propose to argue that the Meleti are one, that there is a veiled allusion to Meletus in this passage and that Socrates effects this allusion in two ways.
A Synthesis of the Chlorosulfolipid Mytilipin A via a Longest Linear Sequence of Seven Steps

The chlorosulfolipid mytilipin A has been synthesized in racemic form in only seven steps and in enantioenriched form in eight steps. Key transformations include a highly diastereoselective bromoallylation of a sensitive α,β-dichloroaldehyde, a kinetic resolution of a complex vinyl epoxide, a convergent and highly Z-selective alkene cross metathesis, and a chemoselective and diastereoselective dichlorination of a complex diene.
Organization and management of community-based dental education programs: an overview from the dental Pipeline program.

Disparities in access to dental care are a major problem in the United States. Effectively run community-based dental education programs can make a significant contribution to reducing access disparities and at the same time enrich the educational experiences of dental students and residents. For complex historical reasons, dental schools did not base their clinical training programs in community hospitals and clinics like the other health professions. Now, because of trends in school finances, changes in societal values, and limitations in current educational experiences, schools are increasing the time students spend in community clinics. This is likely to continue. The chapters in the first section of the report on the Pipeline, Profession, and Practice: Community-Based Dental Education program—for which this chapter serves as an introduction—provide detailed information on the operation of community-based education programs.
Improving the performance of optimal joint decoding

The optimal joint decoder utilizing NLIVQ (nonlinear interpolative vector quantization) introduced by Gersho [1990] results in vector quantizers which have reduced encoding complexity at the expense of coding performance loss due to the inferiority of their space-filling property. We show a method of improving a high resolution NLIVQ codebook by partitioning its cells in such a way that the resulting lower resolution codebook consists of cells with better space-filling properties. The resolution reduction method is also extended to the case where the quantizer indices are entropy-constrained. From the simulations it is seen that the unconstrained and constrained entropy versions of the proposed vector quantizer have comparable performance to vector quantizers designed by LEG and ECVQ algorithms.
Medical Management of Renovascular Disease

All patients with renovascular disease will require antihypertensive drug therapy during some stage of their disease. At least in the case of atherosclerotic renovascular disease, most patients will remain hypertensive to some degree despite a technically successful intervention such as balloon angioplasty and stenting or surgical revascularization. Additionally, given the equivocal results of recent intervention trials, medical management alone is becoming increasingly popular. These trials have also demonstrated the increasing effectiveness of currently available antihypertensive drug regimens. Most regimens are based upon the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Progressive worsening in renal function or clinically significant hyperkalemia during medical management with these drugs has not been common during these recent prospective trials though most participants had only mild degrees of renal impairment at enrollment. The use of calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators also form an important part of medical management of hypertension whereas attention to other risk factors for progressive atherosclerotic disease such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and tobacco use should not be overlooked. Finally, laparoscopic nephrectomy remains an option in the patient with poorly controlled hypertension and a severely ischemic kidney that is not amenable to revascularization.
Saving Islamic Democracy in Iran: The Governing Council Should Be Juristic, Not Political

To save Islamic democracy from subversion via extremism, the Guardian Council must be shepherded away from politics and confined to its constitutionally mandated juristic obligation.
Civilization and Dissent

The events of September 11th and following have been shocking beyond belief. For me, part of the shock has been the almost instantaneous contradiction in public-speak: the simultaneous evocation of the notion that the world has changed, that the war we will fight will be a "new" war, and the rearticulation of only slightly-modified Cold War rhetoric and "civilizational" discourse. Indeed, in his address before Congress on September 20th, George W. Bush declared, "This is civilization's fight." In so doing he evoked, consciously or not, Samuel Huntington's well-known theory about the "clash of civilizations," a theory that has been used to explain why the attacks took place, and also how the U.S. should respond. Huntington's thesis, if taken in toto, has dramatic ramifications for minority studies and minority rights.
Alteration of measles virus hemagglutinating properties by sonication.

SummarySignificant enhancement of hemagglutination titers of unfractionated measles virus pools by salts such as (NH4)2SO4 is reported. Extent of titer increase varies with the ratio of enhanceable hemagglutinins to non-enhanceable hemagglutinins in a preparation. This ratio can be favorably altered by sonication, so that most, if not all, measles pools can be used to advantage in hemagglutination-inhibition tests incorporating increased amounts of salts. Properties of measles hemagglutinins classified according to their specific salt requirements are compared and discussed.
Recovery of psittacosis virus from chicks hatched from inoculated eggs.

SummaryThe data here presented indicates that chicks will hatch from eggs which have been infected with M. psittaci during the course of embryonic development and will survive in apparently good co...
An autoethnographic analysis of sports identity change

AbstractIn this article, I present an authoethnography of my experience as a sports fan as a method to understand identity change. I use my personal experience as a method to understand general identity processes. Specifically, I apply identity theory and use my experience of identity change to illustrate the operation of four general themes: the source of identity change as a broken identity verification loop; the impact of identity change on authenticity; thresholds of tolerance for fluctuations in identity meanings; and the effect of changes in highly salient identities on other identities in the self-concept.
Epidemiological investigation and analysis on AIDS among middle-age and elderly who have commercial sex in 3 cities and counties of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Objective To understand AIDS knowledge,behavior characteristics and HIV infection among middleage and elderly who have commercial sex,and provide scientific basis for targeted prevention measures.Methods Convenience sampling was used to investigate the middle-age and elderly who have commercial sex in 3 cities and counties in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.At the same time,blood samples were collected for HIV,syphilis and hepatitis C tests.Results A total of 377 middle-age and elderly with average age of 61.5 ± 9.3 were recruited in this survey.64.5%of them were graduated from primary school,62.6% of them reached AIDS awareness.The rate of condom use in the last sex with fixed partner /spouse,casual partner and commercial sex partner were 5.2%,33.3%,and 27.8%,respectively.HIV,syphilis and hepatitis C positive rates among this group were 4.8%,5.3%,and 0.0%,respectively.Conclusions HIV /STD prevalence is quite high among middle-age and elderly who have commercial sex with a low rate of condom using.Targeted publicity and practical intervention measures should be taken for this population to promote their condom use and self-protection.
Genome sequencing: Long reads for a short plant

The genome of a tiny resurrection plant has been sequenced using PacBio's long-read single-molecule real-time sequencing technology, aiding the understanding of extreme desiccation tolerance. The genome contiguity is comparable to that of genomes sequenced using far more laborious approaches.
Rituals: Performing Demotic Political Culture

On a June day in 1818, John Cam Hobhouse observed the chairing of his friend Henry Shepherd, the newly-elected MP for Shaftesbury, commenting in his diary that it was a ‘silly ceremony’. Two weeks later, Hobhouse devoted several days to planning the chairing of his political ally Sir Francis Burdett, who had just been returned for Westminster. Not only did Hobhouse participate in the elaborate four-hour-long procession, but he helped lead the cheering. Yet he noted in his diary, ‘The Englishman is nowhere so degraded an animal as at a borough election.’1
The Collapse of International Order

By far the greatest reason for the ultimate success of the American war effort was the nation's economic resources, which it shared generously with its allies. The impressive performance of American military power and economic resources was matched, and sustained, by an ideological offensive led by President Wilson. This was not surprising in view of his keen interest, prior to 1917, in shaping the world to come after the war. Now that the United States was in the war, however, the aspirations of a neutral nation's leader developed into official enunciations of principles that were to guide the deliberations of the belligerents as they groped for peace. When the belligerents met in Paris at the beginning of 1919 to consider peace terms, American and Japanese forces were still in Siberia. Lenin, for his part, considered it prudent to retain some connection with the Western nations, in particular the United States, the country that would have the most to offer economically.
Determination of Dynamic Modulus Values of Asphalt Mixtures Using Impact Resonance Testing of Thin Disk Specimens

The impact resonance (IR) test is a nondestructive test method that is used to characterize the linear viscoelastic behavior of asphalt concrete. This method is preferred over other methods because the setup of the IR test is simpler, more efficient, and less expensive than standard axial compression dynamic modulus (|E*|) tests. Researchers originally developed the IR test method for cylindrical specimens of asphalt mixtures and concluded that this method can serve as an alternative to |E*| tests. However, the geometry (100 mm in diameter by 150 mm in height) of the cylindrical specimens used in these tests prohibits the use of IR tests for field cores. Therefore, researchers began to consider thin disk-shaped specimens for IR testing because thinner geometry of such specimens better represents slices of field cores. In this study, a test procedure was developed to evaluate the use of thin disk-shaped specimens for IR tests in order to determine the |E*| values of asphalt mixtures. The IR test protocol was optimized using 2 IR test methods (referred to as Case 1 and Case 2 in this work) under various test conditions to ensure the highest possible quality of the data. Optimal test methods were proposed based on the repeatability and variability of the resonant frequency and phase angle data and the ability of the different test conditions to provide data that best match the |E*| values obtained from standard axial compression |E*| tests. The results demonstrate that the |E*| values of thin disk-shaped specimens determined from the optimized IR tests are similar to the |E*| values of long cylindrical specimens determined from conventional |E*| AASHTO T 342-11 tests and IR tests.
Monitoring Treatment Effects of Transcranial Magnetic and Direct Current Stimulation in Patients with Post-stroke Aphasia: A Meta-Analysis Study (P5.168)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the treatment effects of transcranial magnetic (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with aphasia (PWA). BACKGROUND: Most studies in PWA using TMS and tDCS report positive language outcomes. However, the degree to which PWA improve in response to one approach versus another is unknown. Methodological differences between TMS and tDCS can greatly influence the level of improvement observed in PWA. Treatment effects may also depend on characteristics related to experimental design and patient inclusion/exclusion criteria. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of TMS and tDCS treatment studies in PWA, comparing treatment effects across modalities after accounting for selected study-related characteristics. DESIGN/METHODS: Two reviewers carried out independent literature searches to evaluate potential studies. Effect sizes or standard mean difference (SMD) for changes in picture naming accuracy were estimated, and pooled SMDs were compared using a random effects model. RESULTS: Nine studies for TMS (N=160 patients) and 7 studies (N=122) for tDCS met our inclusion criteria. A pooled SMD of 0.46 (SE=0.066, 95[percnt] CI:[0.33,0.58], p<0.001) in favor of TMS, and that of 0.50 (SE=0.11, [0.29,0.71], p<0.001) in favor of tDCS was found across treatment studies. Subgroup analysis by experimental design (between, within, crossover) and stroke chronicity (subacute, chronic) suggested that most between-subject studies included subacute patients while studies with within- or crossover designs included chronic patients, with a few exceptions. This analysis also revealed that pooled SMDs were significant and in favor of TMS for chronic (SMD=0.42) and subacute (SMD=0.55) populations, while in favor of tDCS, pooled SMDs were significant for chronic (SMD=0.5) but not for subacute (SMD=0.28) populations. CONCLUSIONS: Both TMS and tDCS appear to be promising modalities for enhancing post-stroke aphasia recovery. However, treatment effects are greatly confounded by study design and/or stroke chronicity. Larger-scale clinical trials are required to further substantiate these claims. Disclosure: Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gervits has nothing to disclose. Dr. Torres has nothing to disclose. Dr. Purcell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hamilton has nothing to disclose.
Direct GR Binding Sites Potentiate Clusters of TF Binding across the Human Genome.

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binds the human genome at >10,000 sites but only regulates the expression of hundreds of genes. To determine the functional effect of each site, we measured the glucocorticoid (GC) responsive activity of nearly all GR binding sites (GBSs) captured using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in A549 cells. 13% of GBSs assayed had GC-induced activity. The responsive sites were defined by direct GR binding via a GC response element (GRE) and exclusively increased reporter-gene expression. Meanwhile, most GBSs lacked GC-induced reporter activity. The non-responsive sites had epigenetic features of steady-state enhancers and clustered around direct GBSs. Together, our data support a model in which clusters of GBSs observed with ChIP-seq reflect interactions between direct and tethered GBSs over tens of kilobases. We further show that those interactions can synergistically modulate the activity of direct GBSs and may therefore play a major role in driving gene activation in response to GCs.
The efficacy of post-operative devices following knee arthroscopic surgery: a systematic review.

There is a wide array of device modalities available for post-operative treatment following arthroscopic knee surgery; however, it remains unclear which types and duration of modality are the most effective. This systematic review aimed to investigate the efficacy of device modalities used following arthroscopic knee surgery. A systematic search of the literature was performed on: PubMed; Scopus; MEDLINE; EMBASE; PEDro; SportDiscus; and CINAHL databases (1995–2015) for clinical trials using device modalities following arthroscopic knee surgery: cryotherapy, continuous passive motion (CPM), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), surface electromyographic (sEMG) biofeedback and shockwave therapy (ESWT). Only level 1 and 2 studies were included and the methodological quality of studies was evaluated using Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scores. Outcome measures included: muscle strength, range of motion, swelling, blood loss, pain relief, narcotic use, knee function evaluation and scores, patient satisfaction and length of hospital stay. Twenty-five studies were included in this systematic review, nineteen of which found a significant difference in outcomes. For alleviating pain and decreasing narcotic consumption following arthroscopic knee surgery, cryocompression devices are more effective than traditional icing alone, though not more than compression alone. CPM does not affect post-operative outcomes. sEMG biofeedback and NMES improve quadriceps strength and overall knee functional outcomes following knee surgery. There is limited evidence regarding the effects of ESWT. Cryotherapy, NMES and sEMG are recommended for inclusion into rehabilitation protocols following arthroscopic knee surgery to assist with pain relief, recovery of muscle strength and knee function, which are all essential to accelerate recovery. CPM is not warranted in post-operative protocols following arthroscopic knee surgery because of its limited effectiveness in returning knee range of motion, and additional studies are required to investigate the effects of ESWT. II.
IMPACT OF FINAL MINIMAL STENT AREA BY IVUS ON 3-YEAR OUTCOME AFTER PCI OF LEFT MAIN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: THE EXCEL TRIAL

Background: Limited studies have suggested that the final minimal stent area (MSA) evaluated by IVUS may impact long-term clinical outcomes after PCI of left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD). Methods: EXCEL (n=1,905) was a multicenter, randomized trial comparing PCI with cobalt-chromium
Institutionalizing neoliberalism: CFIUS and the governance of inward foreign direct investment in the United States since 1975

The United States has been one of the world's premier destinations for inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) since the 1970s, yet research remains limited on the origins of the domestic instituti...
Synthesis of eggshell cobalt catalysts by molten salt impregnation techniques

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts with the active cobalt component preferentiallylocated near the outer surface of support pellets were prepared by impregnation with molten cobalt nitrate. This synthesis procedure and the slow reduction of the impregnated nitrate to Co metal led to relatively high metal dispersions (0.05–0.1) at the high Co concentrations (40–50% wt.) present within the shell region. The eggshell thickness is determined by the melt viscosity and by the contact time between the melt and the porous pellet and agrees well with values predicted by imbibition models using measurements of liquid and support properties. The resulting eggshell catalysts introduce intermediate levels of transport restrictions, which lead to optimum C 5 +yields in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
Real-time recording of neuronal voltage membrane variation during seizure using transcranial photoacoustic voltage-sensitive dye imaging

A great need exists to non-invasively quantify the neurotransmitter activity in real-time to build a comprehensive functional map of a brain. In this paper, we present real-time recording of neuronal membrane potential change in vivo using transcranial photoacoustic (PA) voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging on a rat in seizure.
Dose and Duration of Opioid Use in Propensity Score-Matched, Privately Insured Opioid Users With and Without Spinal Cord Injury.

Abstract Objectives To (1) compare the opioid utilization patterns in opioid users with spinal cord injury (SCI) to a propensity score–matched general population of opioid users without SCI; and (2) identify characteristics of persons with SCI associated with long-term and/or high-dose use of opioids. Design Quasi-experimental analysis of archival data. Setting Data used for the analysis were derived from Thompson Reuters MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Databases for the years 2012 to 2013. Participants Participants (N=2908; aged 18–64y) included opioid users with SCI (n=1454) and propensity score–matched opioid users without SCI (n=1454). The cohorts were matched using demographics including comorbidities, hospital admissions, age, sex, and geographic region. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Medical and pharmacy claims from 2012 to 2013 MarketScan data were analyzed to characterize whether persons were short-term ( Results Persons with SCI were significantly more likely to be long-term users of low-dose, short-acting opioids ( P P Conclusions Persons with SCI are prescribed opioids for longer durations and at higher morphine-equivalent doses than controls, which may increase the risk of opioid dependence or adverse drug events. Findings should be considered in the development of practice guidelines for alternate pain management options or opioid dependence interventions for persons with SCI.
Effects of Sertraline Treatment for Young Children With Fragile X Syndrome (FXS): Family Perspectives

Date Presented 04/04/19 Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual and developmental disability and the most common single gene cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). FXS has been widely researched, primarily via a medical model. Yet, the FXS literature lacks occupation-based outcome measures capturing improvements in everyday life. This research examined individual cases as part of a clinical trial and compared standardized testing results to occupation-based family interviews. Additional Authors and Speakers: Laura Hess Primary Author and Speaker: Tracy Ye Additional Authors and Speakers: Decerie Mendoza, Martina Dualan, Elena Javier
Incidence of temporary mechanical circulatory support before heart transplantation and impact on post-transplant outcomes.

BACKGROUND Proposed changes to the United Network for Organ Sharing heart transplant allocation protocol will prioritize patients receiving temporary mechanical circulatory support (tMCS), including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), percutaneous ventricular assist devices (PVADs), and intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABPs). We sought to evaluate contemporary trends in the incidence and outcomes of patients who required tMCS during the hospitalization before heart transplantation. METHODS Using the National Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2014, we identified 6,892 patients who received an orthotopic heart transplant and classified them by pre-transplant ECMO, PVAD, or IABP placement or no pre-transplant tMCS. We compared baseline characteristics and in-hospital outcomes between patients who underwent pre-transplant ECMO, PVAD, or IABP and patients who did not receive tMCS before heart transplantation. RESULTS Of patients who underwent heart transplantation, 456 (6.6%) received tMCS before transplant. During the study period, the use of tMCS more than doubled, from 17 cases per year from 1998 to 2002 to 40 cases per year from 2012 to 2014 (p < 0.001 for trend). Of patients with tMCS, 341 (74.8%) were supported by IABP, 130 (28.5%) were supported by ECMO, and 21 (4.6%) were supported by PVAD. Before 2007, patients who required tMCS had higher in-hospital mortality than patients who did not require tMCS before transplant (14.3% vs 7.5%, p = 0.05). In the subsequent era (2007 to 2014), mortality was not significantly different (4.7% vs 5.1%, p = 0.9). Hospital mortality improved over time for all patients but most significantly in patients who required tMCS (9.6% absolute risk reduction). However, patients who received tMCS had increased lengths of stays and rates of acute renal, hepatic, and respiratory failure, sepsis, bleeding complications, and surgical reoperations. CONCLUSIONS The use of tMCS before cardiac transplantation is increasing, with no difference in in-patient post-transplant mortality in the recent era between patients who did and did not receive tMCS but with increased complication rates among those who received tMCS. These data support the use of tMCS before cardiac transplantation in appropriately selected patients. Clinicians should balance the above outcomes when making decisions to implant tMCS, given the impending changes to the United Network for Organ Sharing heart allocation protocol.
Ciliary Membrane Tubulin

Reports of membrane-associated tubulin, isolated from membrane fractions of nervous tissue, date back nearly to the initial discovery of tubulin itself while tubulin associated with ciliary membranes was reported a decade later. The literature dealing with neuronal membrane tubulin is comparatively large, sometimes contradictory, and somewhat controversial. The history of the membrane-associated tubulin question, with emphasis on membrane tubulin from a diversity of chiefly neuronal sources, has been reviewed in detail recently (Stephens, 1986a). This chapter will deal primarily with ciliary membrane systems, emphasizing tubulin from molluscan gill cilia and including some recent comparative work with sea urchin embryonic cilia as well.
Viral Retinitis in the Cancer Patient

Viral retinitis is a vision-threatening infection of the retina that can occur in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients and is primarily caused by the human herpesvirus family of viruses. Prompt recognition and treatment are critical for optimal outcomes. This chapter focuses on cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, acute retinal necrosis (ARN), and progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN). Presentations of CMV retinitis range from an indolent/granular retinitis to a fulminant/edematous retinitis characterized by necrosis and hemorrhage. ARN is a vaso-occlusive necrotizing retinitis that is usually secondary to herpes zoster or HSV. PORN is characterized by primary involvement of the outer retina, minimal to no vitreous inflammation, and extremely rapid progression. Treatment of CMV retinitis consists of improving the patient’s immune status and then administering induction and maintenance antiviral therapy. For ARN, intravenous acyclovir is the standard initial treatment; oral acyclovir is then employed for variably prolonged periods. Because of PORN’s poor prognosis, a multidisciplinary approach with an infectious disease consultation is favored. In patients with viral retinitis, argon laser photocoagulation posterior to the edge of necrosis may be performed as prophylaxis against retinal detachment, which is the major cause of visual loss after acute manifestations have resolved. Retinal detachments in patients with CMV retinitis have been approached with scleral buckling, gas pneumatic retinopexy, and vitrectomy with either gas or silicone oil tamponade. Visual prognosis is guarded for patients with CMV retinitis or ARN and extremely poor for patients with PORN.
ON THE TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF A MARKOVIAN REENTRANT-LINE MODEL

We use the random-product technique from [5] to study both the steady-state and time-dependent behavior of a Markovian reentrant-line model, which is a generalization of the preemptive reentrant-line model studied in the work of Adan and Weiss [2]. Our results/observations yield additional insight into why the stationary distribution of the reentrant-line model from [2] exhibits an almost-geometric product-form structure: indeed, our generalized reentrant-line model, when stable, admits a stationary distribution with a similar product-form representation as well. Not only that, the Laplace transforms of the transition functions of our reentrant-line model also have a product-form structure if it is further assumed that both Buffers 2 and 3 are empty at time zero.
Signaling Mechanisms of Selective PPARγ Modulators in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormal protein accumulation, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. The continuous increase in the incidence of AD with the aged population and mortality rate indicates the urgent need for establishing novel molecular targets for therapeutic potential. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone reduce amyloid and tau pathologies, inhibit neuroinflammation, and improve memory impairments in several rodent models and in humans with mild-to-moderate AD. However, these agonists display poor blood brain barrier permeability resulting in inadequate bioavailability in the brain and thus requiring high dosing with chronic time frames. Furthermore, these dosing levels are associated with several adverse effects including increased incidence of weight gain, liver abnormalities, and heart failure. Therefore, there is a need for identifying novel compounds which target PPARγ more selectively in the brain and could provide therapeutic benefits without a high incidence of adverse effects. This review focuses on how PPARγ agonists influence various pathologies in AD with emphasis on development of novel selective PPARγ modulators.
A Mechanistic Analysis of Possible Blood Transfusion Failure to Increase Circulatory Oxygen Delivery in Anemic Patients.

The effects of changing hematocrit (Hct) on the rate of circulatory oxygen ( $$\hbox {O}_2$$ ) delivery were modeled analytically to describe transfusion of 0.5–3.0 units of packed red blood cells (pRBC, 300 mL/unit, 60% Hct) to anemic patients. In our model, Hct affects $$\hbox {O}_2$$ delivery to the microcirculation by changing blood $$\hbox {O}_2$$ carrying capacity and blood viscosity, which in turn affects blood flow velocity and, therefore, $$\hbox {O}_2$$ delivery. Changing blood velocity impacts the $$\hbox {O}_2$$ delivery by affecting the oxygen diffusive losses as blood transits through the arteriolar vasculature. An increase in Hct has two opposite effects: it increases the blood $$\hbox {O}_2$$ carrying capacity and decreases the flow velocity. This suggests the existence of an optimal Hct that maximizes $$\hbox {O}_2$$ delivery. Our results show that maximal $$\hbox {O}_2$$ delivery occurs in the anemic range, where $$\text {Hct} < 39$$ %. Optimal blood management is associated with transfusing enough units up to reaching maximal $$\hbox {O}_2$$ delivery. Although somewhat complex to implement, this practice would result in both substantial blood savings and improved $$\hbox {O}_2$$ delivery.
Outcomes of Mentoring Relationships Among Sport Management Faculty: Application of a Theoretical Framework

The importance of mentoring in the development of individual careers is noted in the business and higher education literature. However, prior research has given little attention to the development ...
Tailoring reflected and diffracted wave fields from tessellated acoustic arrays by origami folding

Abstract Recently the physical reconfigurations of origami-inspired acoustic arrays have been leveraged for adaptive guidance of acoustic wave energy. The spatial translations and rotations of transducer elements in tessellated arrays may tailor how reflected and diffracted waves contribute to the total acoustic pressure at the field point. To date such wave phenomena have not been illuminated, which inhibits understanding on how to best leverage the concept for highly reconfigurable arrays. Here, the reflection and diffraction phenomena induced from a Miura-ori based acoustic array are examined, wherein such wave fields superpose with directly radiated waves to yield the total acoustic response at receiving locations. As tessellated arrays take on highly folded configurations, reflected waves are shown to greatly contribute to the acoustic field at points normal to the plane of the unfolded array, whereas diffracted waves primarily govern the acoustic pressure for locations at nearly grazing angles of incidence to the unfolded array plane. Supported by experimental validation, the modeling methods established here can be extended to arbitrary wave-radiating architectures and may inspire investigations for other physical domains where reconfigurable array concepts are of great interest.
Overview of the Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Process

An assessment of a country’s vulnerability to climate change is an evaluation of how changes in climate may affect segments of the natural environment, elements of the national economy, and human health and welfare. Key natural resource sectors that might be susceptible to changes in climate include agricultural crops, livestock, forests, water resources, coastal resources, fisheries, and wildlife. Other sectors potentially affected include human health, energy, infrastructure, and human settlements. A vulnerability assessment consists of an analysis of the scope and severity of the potential effects of climate change. For example, a rise in temperature and an increase in rainfall may effectively lower (or raise) the yield of a country’s agricultural crops, which, in turn, may reduce (or increase) a country’s gross national product (GNP) and its economic well-being.
Bubble nucleation, growth, and departure: A new, dynamic understanding

Abstract The bubble nucleation, growth, and departure cycle is a fundamental aspect of nucleate pool boiling. While much research on this subject has been performed in the previous century, new correlations and models have not been developed in light of important results in simulations and experiments in recent decades. In this work, we provide an updated understanding of nucleation, growth, and departure with analytical models that are validated by recent work. We found that nucleation at incipience is correlated to departure size, suggesting that the momentum-induced bubble snap-off at departure may be responsible for the size of trapped vapors in cavities. We also developed a bubble growth model that takes into account a thermal boundary layer whereas previous works typically considered a uniform superheating. In addition, we developed a bubble departure description, wherein the velocity boundary layer is responsible for closing the base of the bubble. Finally, we provide a methodology to calculate bubble growth and departure for contact angle changing with time, which is relevant in studying surfactant-enhanced boiling.
The Effect of a Financial Statement Audit on Governance Practices

I investigate the effects of a financial statement audit on the governance practices of organizations. I find that obtaining an audit causes organizations to implement governance mechanisms such as conflict-of-interest policies, whistleblower policies, and formal approval of the CEO’s compensation. I also find that audits curtail managers’ ability to extract private benefits as evidenced by a reduction in nepotism and the CEO-to-employee pay ratio. To perform my analyses, I turn to the nonprofit setting because it offers plausibly exogenous variation in audits, and standardized disclosures about governance practices. Specifically, I rely on a regression-discontinuity design based on state-level regulatory thresholds that dictate which organizations are legally required to obtain an audit.
Survival Benefit of En bloc Transplantation of Small Pediatric Kidneys in Children

Background En bloc transplantation of small pediatric kidneys in children may help expand the existing deceased donor pool; however, studies examining the long-term outcomes of en bloc transplantation in children are few. Methods We used the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients to identify 149 pediatric en bloc recipients transplanted from October 1, 1987 to December 31, 2017. We used propensity scores to match 148 en bloc with 581 non-en bloc deceased donor recipients (matching variables: transplant age, gender, race, pretransplant dialysis, transplant center, and year). We evaluated patient and graft survival using Kaplan-Meier and Fleming-Harrington weighted log-rank test and examined survival benefit of en bloc transplantation versus remaining on the waiting list using the sequential Cox approach. We divided the study period into three 10-y intervals to assess the effect of era on outcomes. Results Compared with non-en bloc recipients, en bloc recipients had lower 1-y graft survival (78.9% versus 88.9%; P = 0.007); however, when stratified by transplant era, lower 1-y survival was only observed in the oldest era (1987-1997). En bloc recipients had superior 10-y patient (89.0% versus 80.4%; P = 0.04) and graft survival (51.6% versus 39.9%; P = 0.04) compared with non-en bloc recipients. After multivariate adjustment, en bloc transplantation was associated with superior patient survival compared with remaining on the waiting list (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.58; 95% confidence interval: 0.36-0.95; P = 0.03). Conclusions En bloc transplantation of small pediatric kidneys in children is associated with superior long-term patient and graft survival. The increased risk of 1-y graft loss among en bloc recipients only appeared in the oldest era.
A variational Bayesian neural network for structural health monitoring and cost-informed decision-making in miter gates:

Many physics-based and surrogate models used in structural health monitoring are affected by different sources of uncertainty such as model approximations and simplified assumptions. Optimal struct...
3 – IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses identity development in adolescence. Adolescence is the stage of the life cycle that is most crucial in the crystallization of identity. Identity as a concept refers to a collection of traits and personal characteristics. Traits are habitual patterns of behavior, such as honesty/dishonesty, happiness/sadness, or intelligence/stupidity. Personal characteristics include physical attributes, such as height, color of hair and eyes, and condition of skin; and background factors, such as ethnic-group membership and religion. Because identity is so central to psychological functioning, it is important throughout the life cycle. Identity in adolescence is shaped by resolutions of earlier crises and will evolve further in later stages. Infancy and childhood are important because they result in identifications and identity elements that contribute to the resolution of the adolescent crisis of identity. These early stages are preludes to the central normative crisis of identity in adolescence. When an adolescent makes commitments contributing to an adult identity, particularly occupational decisions, before having a chance to experiment freely with possible roles, the sense of identity that results has no proper foundation. Such an identity results from commitment before the experience of an identity crisis has run its course.
School involvement experiences of fathers of children with deafblindness

This pilot study examines the school involvement experiences of fathers of children with deafblindness. Survey data were collected from 25 fathers of children with deafblindness in the United State...
Two-stage arthrodesis for complex, failed, infected total knee arthroplasty.

Aims Arthrodesis is rarely used as a salvage procedure for patients with a chronically infected total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and little information is available about the outcome. The aim of this...
Hemodynamic Safety of Continuous Infusion Labetalol Versus Esmolol Combination Therapies for Type B Aortic Dissections.

Background:Medical management for type B aortic dissections (TBADs) require aggressive blood pressure and heart rate control to minimize further dissection extension and to restore perfusion to vit...
Ways in which healthcare interior environments are associated with perceived safety against infectious diseases and coping behaviours.

Summary Background Global pandemic outbreaks are a cause of fear. Healthcare workers (HCWs), especially those fighting the pathogens at the front line, are at higher risk of being infected while they treat patients. In addition, various environmental fomites in hospitals, which may carry infectious agents, can increase the risk of acquiring an infectious disease. Aim In order to deliver the best healthcare practice, it is critical that HCWs feel safe and protected against infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to improve understanding of HCWs' hand hygiene (HH) behaviours and perceptions of infectious diseases from a psychological perspective. Methods Environmental features were observed in three departments, and questionnaires were used to determine perceived safety against infectious diseases among HCWs and the coping behaviours they used (e.g. avoidance and disinfection). Findings This study found that an increase in the number of HH stations at convenient locations would increase HH compliance and perceived safety against infectious diseases among HCWs. In response to the current research gap in psychological aspects associated with HH, this study found that HCWs' coping behaviours can be predicted by their perceived likelihood of contamination and perceived vulnerability. Conclusions The study findings should be interpreted with care, and further studies with more academic rigor are needed.
Oncoplastic partial breast reconstruction: concepts and techniques

Immediate oncoplastic breast reconstruction performed at the time of breast conserving surgery for the treatment of breast cancer merges the therapeutic goals of complete oncologic extirpation with preservation of breast form and function. A constellation of surgical techniques that employs breast volume displacement and/or replacement methods of varying complexity levels have emerged, thus broadening the potential applications for breast conservation therapy to include cases with increased tumor-to-native breast-volume ratios, multicentric or multifocal disease, and/or previous margin-positive resections. This review describes the various reconstructive methods, including the use of local tissue rearrangement, oncoplastic reduction-mastopexy, and locoregional flaps. Classification of the surgical options into levels I and II volume-displacement and volume-replacing techniques is made. Additionally, we explore the oncologic safety and effectiveness of this treatment paradigm by summarizing existing supportive evidence regarding associated risk of surgical complications, rate of margin-positive resection, implications for radiographic surveillance, local recurrence rates, and patient-reported outcomes. In conclusion, surgeons may use a wide variety of oncoplastic techniques for partial breast reconstruction at the time of segmental mastectomy to deliver effective breast conserving treatment for women with breast cancer. A growing body of literature affirms the oncologic safety of this approach. Future directions for research include long-term follow-up data with emphasis on outcomes from patient perspectives.
Antimicrobial Prodrug Activation by the Staphylococcal Glyoxalase GloB.

With the rising prevalence of multidrug resistance, there is an urgent need to develop novel antibiotics. Many putative antibiotics demonstrate promising in vitro potency but fail in vivo due to poor drug-like qualities (e.g., serum half-life, oral absorption, solubility, and toxicity). These drug-like properties can be modified through the addition of chemical protecting groups, creating "prodrugs" that are activated prior to target inhibition. Lipophilic prodrugging techniques, including the attachment of a pivaloyloxymethyl group, have garnered attention for their ability to increase cellular permeability by masking charged residues and the relative ease of the chemical prodrugging process. Unfortunately, pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs are rapidly activated by human sera, rendering any membrane permeability qualities absent during clinical treatment. Identification of the bacterial prodrug activation pathway(s) will allow for the development of host-stable and microbe-targeted prodrug therapies. Here, we use two zoonotic staphylococcal species, Staphylococcus schleiferi and S. pseudintermedius, to establish the mechanism of carboxy ester prodrug activation. Using a forward genetic screen, we identify a conserved locus in both species encoding the enzyme hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (GloB), whose loss-of-function confers resistance to carboxy ester prodrugs. We enzymatically characterize GloB and demonstrate that it is a functional glyoxalase II enzyme, which has the capacity to activate carboxy ester prodrugs. As GloB homologues are both widespread and diverse in sequence, our findings suggest that GloB may be a useful mechanism for developing species- or genus-level prodrug targeting strategies.
Global transcriptomics analyses reveal specialized roles for splicing regulatory proteins in the macrophage innate immune response

ABSTRACT While the signaling cascades and transcription factors that activate gene expression in macrophages following pattern recognition receptor engagement are well known, the role of post-transcriptional RNA processing in modulating innate immune gene expression remains understudied. Recent phosphoproteomics analyses revealed that members of the SR and hnRNP families of splicing regulatory proteins undergo dynamic post-translational modification in infected macrophages. To begin to test if these splicing factors play a privileged role in controlling the innate immune transcriptome, we analyzed steady state gene expression and alternatively spliced isoform production in ten SR/hnRNP knockdown RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines following infection with the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella). We observed that thousands of genes were up or downregulated in SR/hnRNP knockdown cells and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) varied significantly depending on the SR/hnRNP examined. We discovered that a subset of critical innate immune genes (Nos2, Mx1, Il1a) rely heavily on SR/hnRNPs for proper induction and/or repression, while others (Tnf, Il1b) are generally unaffected by splicing factor knockdown. We also discovered that many key immune sensors and signaling molecules are subject to regulation by alternative splicing. While our data does not provide evidence for positive correlation between a transcripts’ reliance of SR/hnRNPs for proper expression and the gene’s induction level, length, or intron/exon architecture, we found that many rapidly induced primary response genes are repressed by SR/hnRNPs. Consistent with SR/hnRNP proteins contributing to innate immune outcomes, knockdown of hnRNP K and U significantly enhanced the ability of RAW 264.7 macrophages to control viral replication. Based on these collective findings, we conclude that many innate immune genes have evolved to rely on one or more splicing regulatory factors to ensure the proper timing and magnitude of their induction, supporting a model wherein pre-splicing is a critical regulatory node in the innate immune response.