cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elastic Full-waveform Inversion of Transmission Data in 2D VTI Media

We are grateful to themembers of the A(nisotropy) and i(maging)teams at CWP and to Gerhard Pratt (University of WesternOntario), Tariq Alkhalifah (KAUST), Daniel Kohn (Universityof Kiel), Ken Matson (Shell), and Jon Sheiman (contractor,Shell), for fruitful discussions. We would also like tothank John Stockwell (CWP) and Paul Martin (Dept. of Mathematics,CSM) for help with mathematical issues. This workwas supported by the Consortium Project on Seismic InverseMethods for Complex Structures at CWP and by the CIMMMProject of the Unconventional Natural Gas Institute at CSM.
SURVEY OF EASTER ISLAND SOILS FOR KERATINOPHILIC FUNGI

SUMMARY The study of a sample of Easter Island soils revealed the presence of several keratinophilic fungi. The species isolated were Chrysosporium evolceanui, C. keratinophilum, C. tropicum, Ctenomyces serratus, and Diheterospora chlamydosporia; also isolated were some members of the Microsporum fulvum-gypseum complex: Nannizzia fulva, N. gypsea and Trichophyton ajelloi. Records of keratinophilic fungi from other parts of Oceania were reviewed.
NEW INSIGHTS FROM A REAL-WORLD FEM-POP DCB TREATMENT: ONE YEAR RESULTS OF FIRST 655 PATIENTS FROM IN.PACT GLOBAL STUDY AND TREATMENT OF LONG LESIONS WITH IN.PACT ADMIRAL DCB

IN.PACT Global was developed to expand the appraisal of the IN.PACT Admiral Drug-coated Balloon (Medtronic) in the treatment of real-world PAD patients, including those with lesions greater than 15 cm in length. IN.PACT Global is a prospective, independently adjudicated and monitored, multi-center
How Organizations Respond to Information Disclosure: Testing Alternative Longitudinal Performance Trajectories

Information disclosure programs (IDPs) are an increasingly common aspect of organizational existence as stakeholders seek to shape organizations’ actions by measuring and revealing information rega...
Blood transfusion is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality after hepatectomy.

Abstract Background Previous studies have indicated that blood transfusion is associated with increased risk of worse outcomes among patients selected for hepatectomy. However, the independent effect of transfusion has not been confirmed. We hypothesize that blood transfusion is an independent factor that affects outcomes in patients undergoing hepatectomy. Materials and methods Patients at tertiary care center who underwent hepatectomy between 2006 and 2013 were identified and linked with the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program PUF data set. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of blood transfusion on 30-d mortality and morbidity, adjusted for differences in extent of resection and estimated probabilities of morbidity and mortality. Results Among 522 patients in the study, 48 (9.2%) patients required perioperative blood transfusion within 72 h of resection, and 172 (33%) underwent major hepatectomy. Indications for hepatectomy included metastatic neoplasm ( n = 229, 44%), primary hepatic neoplasm ( n = 108, 21%), primary extra-hepatic biliary neoplasm ( n = 23, 4%), and nonmalignant indications ( n = 162, 31%). Eighty-eight (17%) patients had a postoperative morbidity. Blood transfusion was significantly associated with postoperative morbidity (odds ratio [OR] = 4.18, 95% CI = 2.18-8.02, P = 0.0001) and mortality (OR = 14.5, 95% CI = 3.08-67.8, P = 001), after adjustment for the concurrent effect of National Surgical Quality Improvement Program estimated probability of morbidity (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.11-12.2, P = 0.042). The extent of resection was not significantly associated with morbidity (OR = 1.30, 95% CI, 0.74-2.28, P = 0.366) or mortality (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.24-5.50, P = 0.870). Conclusions Blood transfusion is a highly statistically significant independent predictor of morbidity and mortality after hepatectomy. Judicious use of perioperative transfusion is indicated in patients with benign and malignant indications for liver resection.
An organic carbon budget for coastal Southern California determined by estimates of vertical nutrient flux, net community production and export

Abstract Organic carbon export and burial in coastal upwelling regions is an important mechanism for oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO 2 . In order to understand how these complex systems will respond to future climate forcing, further studies of nutrient input, biological production and export are needed. Using a 7 Be-based approach, we produced an 18-month record of upwelling velocity estimates at the San Pedro Ocean Time-series (SPOT), Southern California Bight. These upwelling rates and vertical nutrient distributions have been combined to make estimates of potential new production (PNP), which are compared to estimates of net community oxygen production (NOP) made using a one-dimensional, two-box non-steady state model of euphotic zone biological oxygen supersaturation. NOP agrees within uncertainty with PNP, suggesting that upwelling is the dominant mechanism for supplying the ecosystem with new nutrients in the spring season, but negligible in the fall and winter. Combining this data set with estimates of sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) flux from water column 234 Th: 238 U disequilibrium and sediment trap deployments, and an estimate of the ratio of dissolved organic carbon (DOC):POC consumption rates, we construct a simple box model of organic carbon in the upper 200 m of our study site. This box model (with uncertainties of ±50%) suggests that in spring, ~28% of net production leaves the euphotic zone as DOC, of this, ~12% as horizontal export and ~16% via downward mixing. The remaining ~72% of net organic carbon export exits as sinking POC, with only ~10% of euphotic zone export reaching 200 m. We find the metabolic requirement for the local heterotrophic community below the euphotic zone, but above 200 m, is ~105±50 mmol C m −2 d −1 , or ~80% of net euphotic zone production in spring.
Direct-to-consumer teledermatology services for pediatric patients: Room for improvement

Direct-to-consumer teledermatology is radically changing the way some patients obtain dermatologic care. Many direct-to-consumer teledermatology services offer care to patients younger than 18 years, but policies and standards are nonuniform. For pediatric patients, direct-to-consumer teledermatology is a substantial departure from in-person care. More consensus, standards, and guidelines are necessary.
Factors That Affect Age of Identification of Children With an Autism Spectrum Disorder

This study explored factors associated with age of identification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Results of a one-way ANOVA indicated differences in age of diagnosis among the four regions in t...
Making Mind: Moral Sense and Consciousness in Philosophy, Science, and Literature

An ambitious book that employs literature, science and philosophy in service to the question what makes a human mind the way it is, Making Mind is an example of all that is good and all that is pro...
Genomic Alterations and Outcomes with VEGF-Targeted Therapy in Patients with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Background: Mutations in VHL, PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1, and KDM5C are common in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and presence of certain mutations has been associated with outcomes in patients with non-metastatic disease. Limited information is available regarding the correlation between genomic alterations and outcomes in patients with metastatic disease, including response to VEGF-targeted therapy. Objective: To explore correlations between mutational profiles and cancer-specific outcomes, including response to standard VEGF-targeted agents, in patients with metastatic cc RCC. Methods: A retrospective review of 105 patients with metastatic ccRCC who had received systemic therapy and had targeted next-generation sequencing of tumors was conducted. Genomic alterations were correlated to outcomes, including overall survival and time to treatment failure to VEGF-targeted therapy. Results: The most frequent mutations were detected in VHL (83%), PBRM1 (51%), SETD2 (35%), BAP1 (24%), KDM5C (16%), and TERT (14%). Time to treatment failure with VEGF-targeted therapy differed significantly by PBRM1 mutation status (p = 0.01, median 12.0 months for MT versus 6.9 months for WT) and BAP1 mutation status (p = 0.01, median 6.4 months for MT versus 11.0 months for WT). Shorter overall survival was associated with TERT mutations (p = 0.03, median 29.6 months for MT versus 52.6 months for WT) or BAP1 mutations (p = 0.02, median 28.7 months for MT versus not reached for WT). Conclusions: Genomic alterations in ccRCC tumors have prognostic implications in patients with metastatic disease. BAP1 and TERT promoter mutations may be present in higher frequency than previously thought, and based on this data, deserve further study for their association with poor prognosis.
Levosimendan for the Low Cardiac Output Syndrome after Cardiac Surgery.

The low cardiac output syndrome complicates 1 in 10 coronary bypass operations and is associated with a heightened risk of perioperative death.1 The pathophysiology of this syndrome is complex, with likely contributions from reperfusion injury, systemic inflammation induced by cardiopulmonary bypass, and pulmonary and systemic vasoconstriction.2 Pharmacologic management of the low cardiac output syndrome typically includes positive inotropic drugs such as beta-adrenergic agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Although these agents may increase cardiac output, they also heighten the risk of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and they may exacerbate myocardial ischemia by increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. In two observational studies, patients receiving . . .
Characterization of potassium and chloride channels in the basolateral membrane of bovine nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells.

Purpose. The pigmented epithelial (PE) and the nonpigmented epithelial (NPE) cells of the ciliary body may function as a syncytium for secretion of the aqueous humor, with solute and water entering through the PE and leaving through the NPE cell. Secretion across the basolateral membrane of the NPE cell was postulated to depend on coupling sodium extrusion through the NaK-ATPase to efflux through Cl channels. In the current study, the authors used single-channel patch clamp techniques to characterize the ion channels present in the basolateral membrane of the NPE cell. Methods. Mild enzymatic digestion of the bovine ciliary process was used to obtain pairs or clusters of NPE cells that were coupled to their neighbor PE cells. Cells were dispersed immediately onto a coverslip, bathed in a HEPES-buffered saline, and imaged with an inverted microscope. With the anatomic relationship between cells still intact, a patch-pipette electrode was applied to the basolateral surface of the NPE cell. Single-channel currents were then characterized in 52 cells by using either the cell-attached or excised versions of the patch-clamp technique. Results. A calcium-dependent "maxi" K channel was found in ~33% of the patches. It was activated by depolarizing voltage steps in cell-attached patches and was relatively inactive near the resting potential. When excised from the cell, it was activated by high levels of bath calcium and, in symmetrical K solutions (150 raM), showed a linear current-voltage (I-V) relationship with a slope conductance of —150 pS. This channel was highly selective to K over Na and was blocked by barium (2 mM) or quinine (1 mM). In cell-attached recordings, a smaller conductance Cl channel was observed in 73% of the patches. The channel currents were inward at resting potential and outward with depolarizing voltage steps, with a pipette reversal potential of approximately —23 mV. The current-voltage relationship of this channel was nearly linear with a slope conductance of ~24 pS. When pipette Na and K were replaced with N-methyl-D-glucamine, this channel produced an inward current showing a high selectivity for Cl. This Cl-selective channel was activated by dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) but not by elevation of intracellular calcium with ionomycin or by anisosmotic cell swelling. Conclusions. Two ion channels were found in the NPE basolateral membrane: One was K selective, the other was Cl selective. The cAMP-activated Cl channel may be important in supplying the counterion for Na extrusion across the basolateral surface of the NPE cell, whereas the calcium-dependent maxi K channel may be useful for membrane hyperpolarization to increase the driving force for Cl exit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995; 36:2706-2716.
Organizational Ethics: Moral Obligation and Integrity

Organizational ethics in healthcare assesses the obligations of healthcare organizations and addresses how organizations ought to act in particular situations. The past decade has brought increasing attention to organizational ethics from scholars, healthcare executives, the American Medical Association, and the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.1 Despite this attention, we lack a shared understanding of what robust moral obligations healthcare organizations bear.2 There may be a set of minimum obligations borne by healthcare organizations, such as the obligation not to commit fraud. But it may not be possible justifiably to attribute to all healthcare the same obligations to indigent persons, for example. This lack of agreement should come as no surprise given the morally pluralistic composition of our society, a circumstance documented in this volume by Kevin Wm. Wildes, S.J. (2003) and Ronald Arnett and Janie Harden Fritz (2003).
Examining the Presenting Characteristics, Short-Term Effects, and Long-Term Outcomes Associated with System-Involved Youths

System-involved juveniles vary in their presenting problems and later life outcomes in comparison to nondelinquent juveniles. This chapter explores the initial disparities between delinquents and nondelinquents; short-term outcomes of those who were processed through the juvenile justice system; and later life outcomes of system-involved youths in adulthood. Consideration is given to the theoretical explanations of delinquent behaviors. Labeling theory, among the most notable explanations of delinquency, posits that contact with the juvenile justice system stigmatizes juveniles and results in continued criminality. The life course theory is then examined, as it explores pathways to deviancy and crime desistance, with a particular focus on the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Finally, emerging research on developmental science and maturation of adolescents is examined. The chapter then examines disparities between delinquents and nondelinquents in regard to mental health, substance abuse, and suicidal behaviors. Several long-term outcomes for delinquents are then explored, including dropping out of high school, the school-to-prison pipeline, educational (i.e., high school and college) outcomes, recidivism patterns for various types of delinquents, increased record exposure, limited employment opportunities, and decreased relationship prospects. This section concludes with an examination of long-term mental health outcomes of former delinquents, with a focus on the persistence of mental illness and increased likelihood of suicide following detention. The chapter concludes with several avenues for future research and policy implications.
Computing Utilization via Computer Networks

The dramatic growth of Internet and network technologies, etc leads to different perspectives of computing methodologies as well as changes of software business model. If the traditional business model for software is one-time payment for a license for one machine with unlimited use, the development of Internet and network technologies, etc makes it possible for users to pay on their consumption as they pay for water, gas and electricity. With advanced technology all computing and storing process can be centralized on the infrastructure of service providers. With this new model, users don’t have to concern about deploying their infrastructure, security, etc which will be responsible by service providers. This new trend grows extremely fast in last couple years and attracts a lot of researches from scholars such as Grid Computing model, Client Server model and especially Cloud Computing model with its scalability. In this paper we do not analyze differences between these utility computing models and what model will be the main field in the future. Instead we present how to use computer networks as a mean of computing and simulation and how computer networks are considered as a solution to boost technology development. Two software applications through computer networks were developed and applied successfully in teaching and learning courses in Auburn University and Bradley University are presented in this paper. It is a typical example of enhanced interaction between human and CAD tools while computer networks play a role as a human system interface.
Criminal Practice Developments In Maryland Evidence Law And Confrontation Clause Jurisprudence

This paper was prepared as a handout for a presentation given on July 9th., 2010 to staff at the Harford County Public Defender’s Office, Bel Air, MD. The specific sections of the paper are: Discovery of Witnesses’ Identities: Protective Orders; Jury Selection; Communications from Jurors; Preservation of the Record: Rules 4-323, 5-103, and 5-702; Judicial Notice: Rule 5-201; Balancing Risk of Unfair Prejudice and Confusion against Probative Value: Rule 5-403; Character Evidence; Fifth Amendment Privilege: Miranda; Competency of Witnesses: Rule 5-601; Impeachment by Prior Convictions: Rule 5-609; Questioning by Court: Rule 5-614; Expert Testimony: Rules 5-702 – 5-706; Hearsay; The Confrontation Clause; Authentication: Rules 5-901 – 5-902.
Visual Diagnosis: 13-Year-Old Girl With Pink Papules

1. Meghan M. Dickman, MD 2. Ilona J. Frieden, MD 1. University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA. A 13-year-old girl presents to the clinic with pink papules on her abdomen, legs, arms, and the lateral aspects of her cheeks. The lesions have been present for 4 years, always appearing in the same area, with satellite lesions surrounding the primary site. The rash blanches on palpation. The papules are primarily located on her abdomen and become more prominent and pruritic with sun exposure. The rash is most noticeable in the periumbilical region, where the patient’s metal pants button comes in contact with her skin. The papules are accompanied by pruritus for which she gets mild relief by taking oral antihistamines and applying topical corticosteroids. However, she has been unable to completely get rid of the rash with this regimen. The patient has an unremarkable medical history and is developing appropriately. There are no similar skin lesions on any close contacts. On physical examination, the patient has multiple pink papules on the bilateral aspects of her cheeks, upper arms, elbows, knees, and lower legs (Fig 1). All vital signs are within normal limits. There are papules that have coalesced into plaques surrounding her umbilicus (Fig 2), with lichenification. There is evidence of excoriation, without any ulcerations or bleeding. The remainder of the physical examination findings are unremarkable. Figure 1. Multiple papules were noted on the arms (left) and legs (right) of the patient. Figure 2. The initial location …
Shared Neuromuscular Performance Traits in Military Personnel with Prior Concussion.

ABSTRACTConcussions are common in military personnel and may result in increased risk of musculoskeletal injury. One plausible explanation for this risk could be that neuromotor deficiencies enhance injury risk following concussion through altered muscular activation/contraction timing.PurposeTo com
Processes Controlling Transfer of Fine-Grained Sediment in Tidal Systems Spanning a Range of Fluvial Influence

Abstract : A long-term goal of our sediment transport and deposition investigations is to link sediment-transport processes to the formation and preservation of event beds in sediment deposits. The general aim of this project is to investigate how forcing processes affect the sediment-transport dynamics that act to import or export fine-grained sediment in shallow-water regions with fine-grained sediment supply. We strive to understand how the delicate balance of ebb and flood sediment fluxes is maintained to create tidal flat and mangrove complexes, and distributary shoals and islands within tidal rivers. All of these environments are characterized by variable bathymetry and variable seabed stability, and our goal is to answer the question: How do the processes that control the transfer of fine-grained sediment, e.g., tidal (semidiurnal, fortnightly), riverine and other seasonal (winds/waves, precipitation temperature, and biological) processes influence the transport pathways, seabed erosion/deposition, and morphological development in shallow tidal systems? Understanding the transfer and transformation of sediment between terrestrial source and marine sink is essential for knowledge of global carbon budgets, landform evolution, and interpreting the stratigraphic record. Sediment is eroded, transported, and trapped via a myriad of processes along the continuum from terrestrial to oceanic environments. These processes are driven by the varying degrees of fluvial, wave, and tidal influence in each environment. At present, we are completing our studies on unvegetated tidal flats, and are ramping up our focus on sedimentary phenomena in relatively unstudied components within the source-to-sink framework: the connection between the tidal river and the subaqueous delta on the inner continental shelf, and sediment sinks within vegetated/mangrove shoreline complexes. Our overall hypothesis is that sediment-transport signals (magnitude, grain size, pathways) are modulated.
Everything You Always Wanted to Know about β3-AR * (* But Were Afraid to Ask)

The beta-3 adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) is by far the least studied isotype of the beta-adrenergic sub-family. Despite its study being long hampered by the lack of suitable animal and cellular models and inter-species differences, a substantial body of literature on the subject has built up in the last three decades and the physiology of β3-AR is unraveling quickly. As will become evident in this work, β3-AR is emerging as an appealing target for novel pharmacological approaches in several clinical areas involving metabolic, cardiovascular, urinary, and ocular disease. In this review, we will discuss the most recent advances regarding β3-AR signaling and function and summarize how these findings translate, or may do so, into current clinical practice highlighting β3-AR’s great potential as a novel therapeutic target in a wide range of human conditions.
Shoulder Pain and the Weight-bearing Shoulder in the Wheelchair Athlete

Shoulder pain is one of the most common complaints amongst wheelchair athletes. There are many debated potential risk factors for shoulder pain in this population including inherent anatomy, increased loading forces, overuse, age, wheelchair use duration, trunk control, and sport played. Proper identification of etiology of shoulder pain with a thorough history and physical examination is important for management purposes. Treatment can be challenging as complete rest from exacerbating activities is often difficult as upper extremity use is necessary for everyday life activities such as mobility and transfers. Addition of shoulder maintenance strengthening program focusing on strengthening adductors, external rotators, and scapular retractors is important to keep shoulder muscles well-balanced to prevent injury.
N-glycosylation regulates ligand-dependent activation and signaling of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)

The tumor microenvironment and proinflammatory signals significantly alter glycosylation of cell-surface proteins on endothelial cells. By altering the N-glycosylation machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, proinflammatory cytokines promote the modification of endothelial glycoproteins such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) with sialic acid–capped N-glycans. VEGFR2 is a highly N-glycosylated receptor tyrosine kinase involved in pro-angiogenic signaling in physiological and pathological contexts, including cancer. Here, using glycoside hydrolase and kinase assays and immunoprecipitation and MS-based analyses, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans at the Asn-247 site in VEGFR2 hinder VEGF ligand–mediated receptor activation and signaling in endothelial cells. We provide evidence that cell surface–associated VEGFR2 displays sialylated N-glycans at Asn-247 and, in contrast, that the nearby sites Asn-145 and Asn-160 contain lower levels of sialylated N-glycans and higher levels of high–mannose N-glycans, respectively. Furthermore, we report that VEGFR2 Asn-247–linked glycans capped with sialic acid oppose ligand-mediated VEGFR2 activation, whereas the uncapped asialo-glycans favor activation of this receptor. We propose that N-glycosylation, specifically the capping of N-glycans at Asn-247 by sialic acid, tunes ligand-dependent activation and signaling of VEGFR2 in endothelial cells.
Increases in methamphetamine use among heroin treatment admissions in the United States, 2008–17

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Due to their small sample sizes, geographic specificity and limited examination of socio-demographic characteristics, recent studies of methamphetamine use among people using heroin in the United States are limited in their ability to identify national and regional trends and to characterize populations at risk for using heroin and methamphetamine. This study aimed to examine trends and correlates of methamphetamine use among heroin treatment admissions in the United States. DESIGN Longitudinal analysis of data from the 2008 to 2017 Treatment Episode Data Set. Descriptive statistics, trend analyses and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine characteristics associated with methamphetamine use among heroin treatment admissions. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS Treatment admissions of people aged ≥ 12 years whose primary substance of use is heroin. MEASUREMENTS Primary measurement was heroin treatment admissions involving methamphetamine. Secondary measurements were demographics of sex, age, race/ethnicity, US census region, living arrangement and employment status. FINDINGS The percentage of primary heroin treatment admissions reporting methamphetamine use increased each year from 2.1% in 2008 to 12.4% in 2017, a relative percentage increase of 490% and an annual percentage change (APC) of 23.4% (P < 0.001). During the study period, increases were seen among males and females and among all demographic and geographic groups examined. Among primary heroin treatment admissions reporting methamphetamine use in 2017, 47.1% reported injecting, 46.0% reported smoking, 5.1% reporting snorting and 1.8% reported oral/other as their usual route of methamphetamine use. CONCLUSIONS Methamphetamine use among heroin treatment admissions in the United States increased from one in 50 primary heroin treatment admissions in 2008 to one in 8 admissions in 2017.
Airway Morphological Changes in Pierre Robin Sequence: A Retrospective Study:

Objective:To investigate airway morphology changes in patients with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) pre–/post–mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) and to compare morphologic changes to age-matched...
“It’s Hard, but I’m Grateful for It”: A Patient Perspective on Hemodialysis

Medicine in the United States has made huge strides in involving patients as decision makers and participants in their care. The priorities of patients often differ from those of their physicians and nurses. Nephrologists who care for patients on dialysis primarily focus on objective …
Simulation as a Platform for Development of Entrustable Professional Activities: A Modular, Longitudinal Approach.

Background The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) has recently identified a list of integrated activities to be expected of all medical school graduates entering residency: the core Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs). Direct observation and deliberate practice of individual EPA behaviors in the clinical setting has multiple challenges, and there is limited literature describing a comprehensive, longitudinal curriculum dedicated to formative EPA assessment. Approach We present a model curriculum to develop and provide formative assessment of EPA skills longitudinally throughout the clinical years. Each EPA-focused training session includes a simulation case followed by several small group activities with content related to the clinical vignette in the initial simulation. We have designed this curriculum to be longitudinal and modular, and present the general framework here. Outcomes Step-wise implementation began in 2013. Over 450 medical students have participated in the third year (MS3) clerkship sessions, 30 in the MS4 sub-internship sessions, and over 300 thus far in the fourth year (MS4) capstone course, including students from 10 different medical schools. MS3 sessions focused on EPAs 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, and MS4 sessions had an additional focus on EPA 8. The capstone course encompassed nearly all 13 EPAs in active simulation-based learning. Opportunities to provide formative assessment through on-the-spot feedback exist throughout the curriculum. Student feedback was overwhelmingly positive. Next steps We found that simulations are an effective method of providing formative assessment of EPAs that are exceptionally well-received by medical students. We have demonstrated that these can be implemented for medical students from multiple educational backgrounds. We believe that deliberate practice and longitudinal formative assessment is of utmost importance in effectively developing core EPAs prior to final entrustment decisions.
PARP5B is required for nonhomologous end joining during tumorigenesis in vivo.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) act as DNA damage sensors that produce poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains at double-strand breaks, facilitating the recruitment of repair factors. Cancers with homologous recombination defects are sensitive to small molecule PARP inhibitors. Despite PARP5B gene copy number changes in many cancers, the effects of this genetic alteration on tumor phenotype are largely unknown. To better understand this clinical finding, we characterized a PARP5B null mutation in a carcinogen-induced in vivo head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) model. Reduced PARP5B expression inhibited tumor growth, induced primary tumor differentiation and apoptosis, and inhibited cell proliferation and metastasis. Loss of PARP5B expression-induced ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR) activation and depleted the cancer stem cell fraction. PARP5B null tumor cells lacked 53BP1+ double-strand break foci, ATM activation, and p53 induction compared to PARP5B+/+ cancers. PARP5B null SCC expresses a multiprotein complex containing PML, pRPA, Rad50, Rad51, XRCC1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Mcm2, suggesting an HR-mediated repair mechanism at DNA replication foci. Low doses of etoposide combined with the PARP5B inhibitor XAV939 induced senescence and apoptosis in human SCC lines. NBS1 overexpression in these cells inhibited the effects of low-dose etoposide/XAV939 treatment. Our results indicate that PARP5B inhibition is new targeted cancer therapy.
FAMILY DEFINITIONS AND CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN CUSTODY DECISION MAKING: THE IMPORTANCE OF A CHANGING LITIGANT CONTEXT

Recent scholarship has advocated two distinct approaches to promoting the preservation of children's attachment relationships during custody disputes between their biological and nonbiological parents. Some scholars argue that legal recognition of expansive definitions of the family is the key to protecting children's attachments, while others argue that such protection is contingent upon legal recognition of children's rights. This research examines the efficacy of these competing arguments through an analysis of 75 cases decided in 21 states and the District of Columbia between 2004 and 2005. Findings suggest that judicial attention to definitions of the family is generally confined to cases involving specific types of litigants; namely, former homosexual partners, couples who utilized fertility technologies, former stepparents, and presumptive fathers. In these instances, attention to broad conceptions of the family is associated with the maintenance of children's attachment relationships. Beyond this particular context, however, judges focus almost exclusively on balancing children's interests and rights against those of their biological parents. These findings suggest that both children's rights and family definitions influence judicial decisions, but their impact is context specific. For those scholars advocating legal change, this is an important insight because it shifts the debate from an “either/or” focus to one that recognizes the importance of the litigant context in custody decision making.
Academic skills of chronically unemployed drug-addicted adults.

BACKGROUND The strong association between unemployment and drug addiction suggests that employment interventions are an important and needed focus of drug-addiction treatment. The increasing necessity of possessing basic academic skills to function in the workplace may require that some individuals receive educational training along with vocational training. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the academic skills of drug-addicted and chronically-unemployed adults (N = 559) who were enrolled in one of six studies conducted at the Center for Learning and Health in Baltimore, MD. METHODS Upon study enrollment, academic skills in math, spelling, and reading were examined using the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-3 or WRAT-4) and educational history was examined using the Addiction Severity Index-Lite. RESULTS Although participants completed an average of 11 years of education, actual academic skill level was at or below the seventh grade level for 81% of participants in math, 61% in spelling, and 43% in reading, and most participants were classified as Low Average or below based on age group norms. Despite the fact that participants in this analysis were studied across several years and were from diverse populations, rates of high school completion and academic skill levels were remarkably similar. CONCLUSIONS Programs designed to improve the long-term employment status of drug-addicted individuals may benefit from the inclusion of basic adult education; future research on the topic is needed. Although establishing basic skills does not directly address chronic unemployment, it may help individuals obtain the jobs they desire and function effectively in those jobs.
The development agenda for WIPO: another stillbirth?: A batttle between access to knowledge and enclousure

This paper has been produced as part of the examination in order to obtain a Master degree in Law (LLM), in Intellectual Property, at Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London.
ISOLATION OF P22 SPECIALIZED TRANSDUCING PHAGE FOLLOWING F'-EPISOME FUSION

A P22 specialized transducing phage has been constructed which carries the structural gene for aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase). This gene (pyrB) was first brought close to the P22 attachment site by fusing an F' pyrB+ episome to an F' prolac episome which carries a P22 prophage attachment site. A prophage was added to these fused F' episomes and the lysogen was UV-induced. The specialized transducing phage was isolated from the resulting lysate. The phage also carries argI, the structure gene for ornithine transcarbamylase.
Developmental expression of Ca++/Mg++-dependent endonuclease activity in rat granulosa and luteal cells.

Abstract A Ca++/Mg++-sensitive endonuclease has been associated with programmed cell death in a variety of endocrine and nonendocrine dependent tissues. In view of the remarkable similarity of the process of the regression of the corpus luteum and other models ofprogrammed cell death, we studied the occurrence of this endonuclease activity in granulosa cells at different developmental states and thecorpus luteum. Our results show that while undifferentiated granulosa cells do not express this endonuclease activity, treatment withpregnant mares serum gonadotropin results in a rapid increase in endonuclease activity that is maintained following ovulation and luteinization of granulosa cells.
Healing from History Psychoanalytic Considerations on Traumatic Pasts and Social Repair

How to mobilize a traumatic national history on behalf of a less fractured polity? How to gain closure over a past that bifurcates the nation and establishes (at least) two national histories — his...
Nephrotoxicity associated with olsalazine

quelae. Once symptoms of spinal cord compression develop, the need for aggressive evaluation and treatment is obvious, but may still be too late if emergency neurosurgery is not readily available. Despite Alderman@ warning of 40 years ago, the back is perhaps the anatomic location where pain is least likely to arouse concern about bleeding in an anticoagulated patient. Our case serves as a reminder that SEH should be considered when sudden, unexplained back pain occurs in this population.
Follow-Up After Surgery for Benign Nodular Thyroid Disease: Evidence-Based Approach

Background There is no consensus on what constitutes appropriate methodology and timing for follow-up of patients after surgery for benign nodular disease.
Empirical perspectives on services integration and aging: a review.

This article combines a review of social service literature with interviews of key informants on the issue of integrating services for the elderly into human services across the life span. Empirical findings concerning the relative benefits and drawbacks of age-integrated vs. specialized service organizational structures are emphasized. Surprisingly few empirical studies were identified. Instead of empirically based reports, the literature is largely comprised of polemics, which essentially restate long-standing positions on the preferred handling of integration. A persistent difficulty in discussions of federal and state service integration objectives has been the wide differences in definitions of "integration." The lack of data demonstrating that older persons benefit in integrated service systems, along with substantial progress in development of specialized services for the aged, suggest that aging advocates should be cautious in embracing age-integrated service integration proposals. Research within...
A theoretical investigation of the pressure and temperature dependence of atmospheric ozone deposition to trees

Abstract Methods for describing the exposure patterns of forests to atmospheric ozone concentrations are compared with special emphasis on the situation at high altitudes, such as the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern USA. Limitations to the use of ozone concentration as mass per unit volume are discussed and a correction for temperature and pressure changes is derived. If identical ozone mass concentrations were measured at two sites separated by 2000 m elevation, the ozone flux at the lower site would exceed the flux at the higher site by 4–8% due to temperature and pressure effects on both air volume and ozone deposition velocity. It is recommended that ozone exposures be described in terms of ‘flux-corrected’ mass concentrations or volumetric mixing ratios when ambient ozone data from sites at different altitudes are to be compared.
Standardization of microcystin extraction from fish tissues : A novel internal standard as a surrogate for polar and non-polar variants

Microcystins (MCs), a class of potent liver/hepatopancreatic toxins produced by numerous species of freshwater cyanobacteria, are well known for their toxic effects on aquatic organisms and humans. The extraction efficiencies of MCs can vary greatly as a result of matrix differences and/or differences in the extraction solvents, techniques, and clean-up steps utilized. Here we report the preparation of a unique internal standard, (S-hydroxypropyl-cys7)microcystin-LR (thiol-LR), with a mass different than any known MCs, which can be spiked into field samples and quantified via HPLC-MS along with endogenous MCs. Thiol-LR is modified at the Mdha residue, and therefore, provides an accurate measure of only free MCs that are not covalently bound to endogenous thiols in the matrix. The internal standard proved to be a good surrogate for MC-RR, -LR, and -LA in fish liver tissue. In fish muscle tissue, thiol-LR was a good surrogate for polar variants, MC-RR and -LR, but was less representative of the non-polar variant, MC-LA. Coupling of the internal standard (8 microg/g ww tissue) with HPLC-MS detection will standardize the quantification of free microcystins across species, tissue types, and extraction methods, making the estimation of exposure risk more reliable.
A Water Bank Game with Fishy Externalities

This article describes a classroom game used in a minicourse on economics for Environmental Studies students. The game, inspired by the operation of the Idaho Water Bank and the rising importance of water rights trades in the region, features a double oral auction in which farmers sell diversion rights and hydroelectric companies buy them. The increased in-stream flows create external benefits for fly fishers, who participate in the game in later rounds. The game can illustrate the role of markets in allocating resource use rights, and the effects of external benefits, free riding, and price ceilings.
A dual version of tardos's algorithm for linear programming

Recently, Eva Tardos developed an algorithm for solving the linear program min (cx:Ax = b, x >= 0 whose solution time is polynomial in the size of A, independent of the sizes of c and b. Her algorithm focuses on the dual LP and employs an approximation of the cost coefficients. Here we adopt what may be called a 'dual approach' in that if focuses on the primal LP. This dual approach has some significant differences from Tardo's approach which make the dual approach conceptually simpler.
The use of a short cleanup followed by GC/ECD analysis for octachlorodibenzo-dioxin as a screening method for samples obtained from a PCDD and PCDF contaminated site

Abstract In recent years, the analysis of samples for PCDDs or PCDFs has been performed by only the relatively few laboratories properly equipped to do the procedure. The final analytical step has become exclusively GC/MS. There is a need for simpler methodology that can be performed by a larger number of laboratories. In this report, we describe a method for the analysis of dust and surface swab samples from contaminated buildings for OCDD. The method relies on a short cleanup followed by GC/ECD analysis. The proposed approach would be to analyze a limited number of samples from a suspected site by the more rigorous GC/MS methodology and then use the OCDD screening method on the multiple samples that require analysis to define the extent of the contamination.
Distinguishing tunneling pathways for two chiral conformer pairs of 1,3-propanediol from the microwave spectrum.

The microwave spectrum of the sugar alcohol 1,3-propanediol (CH 2 OHCH 2 CH 2 OH) has been measured over the frequency range 6.7 to 25.4 GHz using both cavity and broadband microwave spectrometers. The tunneling splittings from two structurally chiral conformer (enantiomeric) pairs of 1,3-propanediol have been fully resolved and assigned. The tunneling frequency of the lowest-energy inverting pair is 5.4210(28) MHz and found to increase by more than 7-fold to 39.2265(24) MHz for the higher-energy form. From the observed selection rules, three possible inversion pathways along the two OH concerted torsional modes have been identified and theoretically investigated. Quantum chemical calculations (MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level) have been performed on the eight lowest-energy forms and three transition-state structures. Two of these pathways cross through C s transition states associated with each of the enantiomeric pairs and a third common pathway of lowest energy has a transition state of C 1 symmetry. For only the C 1 pathway is good agreement found between predictions from a 1D WKB analysis and the observed tunneling frequencies and 7-fold ratio. The conformer interconversion barrier is calculated to be about 3-fold smaller than that for the inversion suggesting the wave functions of the four inversion levels are partially delocalized over the four surface minima. Accurate dipole moment components have also been obtained from Stark effect measurements for the lowest-energy form.
On the Existence of Least Favorable Distributions

Sufficient conditions for the existence of a least favorable dis-tribution were given by Wald in his work on general decision theory. It is shown here that for problems of hypothesis testing and more generally for multiple decision problems involving a finite number of decisions, the result holds under a much weaker restriction than Wald’s assumption of a compact parameter space.
Distribution of suspended bacteria in the Newport River estuary, North Carolina

Abstract Numbers of suspended bacteria in the Newport River estuary, North Carolina, during June to December 1974, were determined by direct counts using acridine orange and epifluorescent illumination on 0.45 μm porosity cellulose acetate filters. Bacteria ranged from 1.95 to 18.4 million cells/ml and were more abundant in the low salinity water (
Physical Modeling of the Capacitance and Capacitive Coupling Noise of Through-Oxide Vias in FDSOI-Based Ultra-High Density 3-D ICs

Fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) technology boosts the opportunity to make 3-D ICs with ultrahigh integration density, due to the short and tiny through-oxide vias (TOVs), which are made after removing the entire silicon under the buried-oxide layer. This work, for the first time, develops compact physical models for the capacitance of the TOV and the coupling capacitance between the TOV and active regions in the presence of periodical power/ground lines, from fundamental electrostatic considerations. Calculation results from the models show good agreement with the simulation results from a full-3-D capacitance solver. The models are further used to analyze the threshold voltage (Vth) variation in the FDSOI MOSFETs. The TOV in FDSOI and the through-silicon via (TSV) in bulk-CMOS-based 3-D ICs are finally compared in terms of the self-impedance as well as their impact on MOSFET Vth variation through capacitive noise coupling. These results provide important insights to TOV/TSV design and optimization in emerging 3-D ICs.
Anilinonaphthalene sulfonate isomers inactivate phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.

Abstract Studies with anilinonaphthalene sulfonate and related compounds suggest that the remarkable ability of some of these isomers to inactivate phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase depends, in part, on their ability to assume a conformation in which the naphthyl and phenyl rings are coplanar. Comparison with seven anilino, sulfonate isomers gave an order of inactivating effectiveness of (1, 8) > (2, 1) > (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8). The (1, 2) isomer, i.e., 1-anilinonaphthalene-2-sulfonate, did not inactivate. 1-Anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate is a widely used hydrophobic binding fluorescent probe. The present study contributes information as to the steric and electronic properties of these isomers and their possible importance.