cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sunlight-induced bark formation on current-year stems of Euphorbia plants from South Africa

Abstract Species of Euphorbia from South Africa have sunlight-induced bark injuries on stems visually identical to sunlight-induced injuries on more than twenty species of long-lived columnar, candelabra cactus species of the Americas. Injury ratios on stems on both groups of plants were similar to ratios of direct sunlight exposure on stem surfaces averaged throughout the annual cycle at many latitudes. Injuries on Euphorbia species occurred on current-year stem tissues. Stem tissues of Euphorbia species have a single-celled epidermis. Some species had a 2- to 3-celled hypodermis. Sunlight-induced bark formation only involved anticlinal followed by periclinal cell divisions of epidermal cells. No other cells were involved in bark formation. Many Euphorbia species have crests and troughs while others have prominent tubercles. Experimental results showed that prominent crests provided shading to concave troughs on some Euphorbia species and these species had less sunlight-induced barking. In contrast, other Euphorbia species that do not have prominent crests have little self-shading and these species had more sunlight-induced barking. Sunlight-induced bark formation occurred during a one year of sunlight exposure on Euphorbia stems while similar barking injuries occur on cactus stems only after several decades of sunlight exposure. These sunlight-induced injuries on young stem tissues of Euphorbia stems may result since current-year stems of Euphorbia plants had thinner cuticles and thinner epidermal/hypodermal layers compared with stem surfaces of cactus plants.
Phase diagram and bosonic propagators in a SU(2)⊗SU(2) symmetric scalar fermion model from unquenched Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract The phase diagram of a chiral SU(2)⊗SU(2) symmetric scalar fermion model is discussed. Five different phases, a ferromagnetic, two paramagnetic, an antiferromagnetic and a ferrimagnetic phase can be identified. They are characterized by the field and staggered field expectation value and the fermion masses. Bosonic propagators, which show an unexpected behaviour in some regions of the phase diagram will be presented. First results for the wavefunction renormalization constant and the renormalized Yukawa coupling in the weak coupling region are discussed.
Transfer effects in monkey discrimination learning after extensive two-problem training

Six monkeys were given 840 trials on each of two simple discriminations and then tested on 16, 20-trial problems using similar stimuli. The test performances indicated significant transfer from previous training with no significant inter- or intra-problem changes during testing. Further testing on concurrent discriminations showed slightly better performance with a common class of stimulus being correct in two problems than with different classes correct on the two problems if these conditions were used in alternate sessions. However, when only the latter procedure was used, Ss rapidly adopted solutions requiring discrimination of stimuli present on individual trials within a concurrent problem.
The VALI (Variable Language Interpreter)

The Variable Language Interpreter (VALI) is a high-level-language computer architecture. The language definition is not fixed, but can be easily changed to process many popular languages. The languages may be complete, so portable programs can be handled.VALI makes use of parallel processors to achieve its objectives. Parsing is carried out by an array of identical units called token processors. These generate a high-level intermediate form called an execution tree. This tree is then interpreted by additional processors, exploiting its parallelism whenever possible.A version of this design has been simulated. Suitable implementation methods are discussed.
Environmental Modeling—A Project Driven, Team Approach to Theory and Application

Environmental modeling is an important tool for understanding and managing complex environmental systems. Regardless of discipline, complete modeling includes a number of steps, ranging from conceptualization to application. However, modeling courses often focus on just one, or at most a few, of the steps and frequently are assignment-driven. Moreover, they often present numerical procedures as recipes, without regard to theory or limitations and without regard to “real-world” application. In this course, we unify the modeling sequence by exposing students to the full spectrum of modeling (mathematics, physics, and numerical methods) in the context of surfactant-enhanced remediation of contaminated soils, a technology being developed at the University of Oklahoma. An innovative course structure is used that couples team learning with a project-driven syllabus (also referred to as just-in-time learning) and combines mathematical and physical modeling via data from laboratory and field testing. Other thematic areas can easily be developed in the same framework. We believe the course pedagogy is highly portable and can serve as an example for any modeling course or for many other courses in an engineering curriculum.
Statistical characterization of salt bridges in proteins

The structure and folding mechanism of a given protein are determined by many factors, including the electrostatic interactions between charged residues of protein molecules known in general as salt bridges. In this study, analyses were conducted on 10,370 salt bridges in 2017 proteins and the results compared to previous statistical surveys of 36 protein structures. Although many of the general trends remained consistent with other studies, more detailed information was illuminated by the larger dataset. In particular, it was shown that there is a strong correlation between secondary structure and salt bridge formation, and that salt bridges display preferential formation in an environment of about 30% solvent accessible surface area.
Antagonism of non-depolarising neuromuscular block: current practice

There is now mounting evidence that even small degrees of postoperative residual neuromuscular block increases the incidence of adverse respiratory events in the Post Anaesthesia Care Unit and may increase longer-term morbidity as well. In the absence of quantitative neuromuscular monitoring, residual block is easily missed. A very strong case can be made for the routine administration of a non-depolarising antagonist unless it can be objectively demonstrated that complete recovery has occurred spontaneously. However, the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is associated with the potential for cardiovascular and respiratory side-effects, so there are cogent reasons for using low doses when the level of neuromuscular block is not intense. As little as 0.015-0.025 mg.kg(-1) of neostigmine is required at a train-of-four count of four with minimal fade, whereas 0.04-0.05 mg.kg(-1) is needed at a train-of-four count of two or three. If only a single twitch or none at all can be evoked, neostigmine should not be expected to promptly reverse neuromuscular block, and antagonism is best delayed till a train-of-four-count of two is achieved.
“Forbidden” rotational spectra of symmetric-top molecules: PH3 and PD3

Abstract A millimeter-wave spectrometer having a sensitivity of 4 × 10−10 cm−1 in the 2-mm region has been constructed for observation of extremely weak millimeter-wave spectra of gases. It has been used to measure J → J, K = 0 ← 3 transitions in PH3 and J → J, K = 0 ← 3 as well as K = ±1 ← ±4 transitions in PD3. The B0 and C0 spectral constants (in MHz) are: for PH3, B0 = 133 480.15 ± 0.12 and C0 = 117 488.85 ± 0.16; for PD3, B0 = 69 471.10 ± 0.03 and C0 = 58 974.37 ± 0.05. The effective ground-state values obtained for the bond angle and bond length are: for PH3, r 0 ( A ) = 1.420 0 and α 0 ( o ) = 93.34 5 ; for PD3, r 0 ( A ) = 1.417 6 and α 0 ( o ) = 93.35 9 . The corresponding zero-point-average values were calculated to be: for PH3, r z ( A ) = 1.4269 9 ± 0.0002 and α z ( o ) = 93.228 7 ; for PD3, r z ( A ) = 1.4226 5 ± 0.0001 and α z ( o ) = 93.256 7 ± 0.004 . For both species, the equilibrium values are r e ( A ) = 1.4115 9 ± 0.0006 and α e ( o ) = 93.32 8 ± 0.02 .
Modulus end corrections for tensile specimens of uniform cross-section

Abstract Occasions occur in many laboratories when, for various reasons, it is impractical to use an extensometer and the grip separation is used as a measure of strain. In such cases the results will be influenced by the end effects at the test piece clamps and, in particular, modulus will be under-estimated. Factors affecting the error are considered and an end correction proposed and examined experimentally for a range of materials.
Automated High-Speed Analysis of Holter Tapes with Microcomputers

We have developed an automated Holtes scanning system based on two microcomputers. One is a preprocessor that detects QRS complexes and measures the QRS durations using computations of first and second derivatives. Thismicrocomputer interfaces to a secondmicro-computer that does arrhythmia analysis, logging, and reporting using R-R intervals and QRS durations. This system can process Holter tapes at 60 times real time and produce printed summaries and 24 h trend plots of several variables including heart rate and PVC count.
An overview of RF superconductivity research

RF superconductivity has become an important technology for particle accelerators. Structures providing more than 100 million volts (MV) have been installed in accelerators for heavy ions and operated at gradients between 2.5-5 MV/m for greater than 10/sup 5/ hours. More than 1300 MV have been installed in electron accelerators and operated at gradients between 3-10 MV/m in excess of 3/spl times/10/sup 4/ hours. Beam currents up to 40 mA are supported in continuous operation. New applications are forthcoming, some demanding higher accelerating gradient, others the capability to support high beam currents. Substantial progress has been made in understanding gradient limitations and inventing techniques are now in hand to reach 25 MV/m. For the next linear collider in the TeV energy range, there are many compelling attractions to use superconducting cavities. For high current application, the beam-cavity interaction can be reduced by using a few high gradient cavities with large beam apertures. Low impedance structures are being developed. In a breakthrough, one of these was successfully tested with a beam current of 220 mA. >
Differential track structure of electrons in liquid water

Abstract The differential spectrum of energy loss events produced in liquid water by electrons has been calculated using a differential cross-section incorporating exchange and binding. The average energy loss in a single event is found to vary from about 28 to about 68 eV for 100 eV for 100 eV to 1 MeV electrons, respectively. All energy loss events above a certain level (set either to 1 or to 5 keV) are assumed to produce branch tracks, which are further degraded using a Monte Carlo technique. The total track averaged energy loss per event for a 1 MeV electron is found to be about 57 eV.
Intelligent information systems: the concept of an intelligent document

Abstract This paper presents certain ideas on the concept of an intelligent information system (IIS). An IIS allows the simultaneous presentation of different parts of the same or different referenced or related documents. The documents are organized such that they permit a non-linear traversal, and may be classed as being Hypertext documents. The ideas are a continuation of the Intelligent Document System (IDS) presented in [1].
Fluorescent cholesteryl esters in the core of low density lipoprotein

Abstract Fluorescent cholesteryl esters with chromophores placed either on the acyl chain (cholesteryl- cis -parinarate), the sterol ring system (5,7,9-cholesteryl oleate), or the side chain (naphthylcholenamide oleate) have been incorporated into the core of low density lipoprotein. The temperature dependence of several fluorescence parameters has been evaluated. An analysis of the fluorescence lifetime components of cholesteryl- cis -parinarate reveals coexisting environments whose proportion varies and reflects the thermotropic reorganization of the core of the particle. An analysis of the motion by dynamic depolarization suggests that the motions of the acyl chains in the core of the particle are highly restricted.
Distinct pathways for autocrine and paracrine Wingless signalling in Drosophila embryos.

TWO secreted proteins, Wingless1,2 and Hedgehog3,4, instruct cell fates within the segmented epidermis of Drosophila embryos (reviewed in ref. 5). Wingless (Wg) is expressed by the most pos-terior cells in each parasegment; Hedgehog (Hh) is expressed in the most anterior cells of the next parasegment. Immediately after gastrulation, the two cell types are mutually dependent6,7. Local Wg signalling stabilizes Hh expression8–10 and local Hh signalling stabilizes Wg expression11,12. Direct Wg autoregulation (autocrine signalling) is masked by its paracrine role in maintaining hh, which in turn maintains wg. I have usedzeste-white3 (zM3)13 and patched(ptc)11,14 mutant backgrounds to uncouple genetically this positive-feedback loop and to study autocrine Wg signalling. I report here that direct Wg autoregulation differs from Wg signalling to adjacent cells in the importance of fused (fu), smoothened (smo) andcubitus interruptus (ci) relative to zw3 andarmadillo (arm). I also find that Wg autoregulation during this early hh-dependent phase differs from later Wg autoregulation15 by lack of gooseberry (gsb) participation.
Leta Stetter Hollingworth Speaks on “Columbia's Legacy”

At the 1983 APA convention in Anaheim, CA, Divisions 1 and 26 co-sponsored a lecture series to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the publication of Edna Heidbreder's Seven Psychologies. Aimed at ...
Sensory Detection of Off-Flavors in Milk Incorporating Short-Cut Signal Detection Measures

Abstract A short and simple multiple difference test is outlined for the sensory analysis of milk; the procedure gives Signal Detection measures of difference. The measures are general in that they are obtained readily either by ranking or rating. After a study to determine the type of cup required for tasting, a ranking procedure was adopted to measure differences in flavor between milk samples stored in polyethylene and glass and to determine degrees of off-flavor in milk caused by addition of copper. The ranking method was simple and efficient for testing multiple differences.
Near infrared technology in neuroscience: past, present and future.

Abstract Objective: To review past, present and future applications of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in clinical neuroscience. Methods: The literature and personal experience of the authors were critically reviewed in order to provide a balanced overview of the basic principles, clinical validation, previous experience and current use of NIRS in assessment of cerebral oxygenation in clinical neuroscience. Results: Recent technological advancements in transcranial cerebral oximetry (TCCO) are opening up a new promising avenue in clinical neuroscience. With its non-invasive nature, high reliability and uniqueness of gathered data, NIRS represents a very special modality in the neuroscience intensive care unit, angiography suite and the operating room. The hurdles of using this technology in clinical practice are discussed in detail. In addition, we evaluate some known limitations of NIRS and current controversies around its use. Lastly, several commercially available cerebral oximeters are presented. Co...
557 PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER VIA ENDOCER VICAL SAMPLING

Successful prenatal sex detection in the first trimester utilizing exfoliated trophoblast in endocervical smears led to the development of procedures for sampling and culturing this tissue for chromosomal analysis. Initial studies yielded fetal chromosomes in 26% of samples obtained. We have continued this study testing single and double sampling procedures in the 1st and 2nd trimesters from samples obtained at the time of abortion From a total of 53 1st trimester samples, growth was observed in 37 (70%) and chromosomes were demonstrated in 26 (49%). However after double sampling for the last 20 cases, karyotyping was successful in 16 (80%). Only 9 of 24 specimens from the 2nd trimester grew but chromosomal analysis was unsuccessful. A number of unusual cell types have been found in the endocervical samples immediately after sampling. These include mosaic sheets of epithelioid cells, ameboid cells, and small round amebocytes. The most striking novel structure found in all samples is a huge ( >2100 μm), enucleate, multivacuolated cell rich in cytoplasmic RNA. We are investigating the potential utilization of these various cells for early prenatal diagnosis of inborn errors. While the exact fetal origin of this exfoliated tissue is uncertain, photomicrography and stereomicroscopy have enabled us to propose a novel model of membrane and trophoblast anatomy in early pregnancy. Meanwhile we are optimistic that endocervical sampling in the first trimester will become a useful adjunctive method for prenatal diagnosis.
Fatty acid ethyl esters: Non-oxidative metabolites of ethanol

Fatty acid ethyl esters are esterification products of fatty acids and ethanol. These compounds have been detected in the serum and cells of individuals following ethanol ingestion. Fatty acid ethyl esters can be quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) in the serum following ethanol ingestion and have been found in concentrations up to 42 microM. Fatty acid ethyl esters have also been isolated from adipose tissue of subjects ingesting fatty acid ethyl ester capsules as well as from subjects ingesting ethanol. HepG2 cells, a human hepatoblastoma cell line, have also been shown to generate fatty acid ethyl esters when incubated with 1.25 microM fatty acid and 0.17 M ethanol. Fatty acid ethyl esters were found to be toxic to HepG2 cells when presented to the cells in the core of low density lipoprotein particles.
Metastatic risk of diminutive rectal carcinoid tumors: a need for surveillance rectal ultrasound?

v f p The term “karzinoide” was first used by Oberndorfer in 1907 to describe tumors that resembled adenocarcinomas yet behaved in a more benign fashion. Synonymous with ow-grade (World Health Organization [WHO] grade 1) ell-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor,2,3 carcinoids are the most common type of neuroendocrine tumor seen in the GI tract.4 They are most frequently found in the ileum, followed by the cecum and then the rectum.5 Rectal carcinoid tumors reportedly constitute approximately 1% to 2% of all rectal tumors, and their incidence is increasing, likely because of the increased use of screening colonoscopy and the resultant incidental detection.5,6 The WHO classification describes rectal carcinoids as low-grade malignant, even in the presence of metastasis.7 Historically, tumor size has been the most studied rectal carcinoid characteristic in regard to metastatic risk. Tumors 10 mm in size were thought to have negligible metastatic risk, thus justifying local or endoscopic excision.5,6,8 Howver, more recent studies contest tumor size alone, showng that depth of invasion, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), nd mitotic rate are also important risk factors for etastasis.9-11 Currently, no surveillance recommendations exist for small rectal carcinoids that have been locally excised or removed endoscopically. Some suggest that if the lesion is small ( 10 mm) without evidence of lymphatic invasion or elevated mitotic rate, no surveillance is necessary.9,11-13 Today, endoscopic rectal ultrasound (RUS) is frequently used to assess rectal carcinoid tumors and to direct therapy based on size, depth of invasion, and presence of metastatic lymph nodes (LNs). We sought to review our expe-
Engaging with consumers using social media: a case study of music festivals

Purpose – Social media has fundamentally changed the consumer decision process, and in the last decade a more nuanced view of how consumers engage with brands has emerged. Instead of the traditional purchase funnel, consumers research products and services during an extended evaluation stage, and after purchase, they often enter into an open-ended relationship with the brand, sharing their experience with it using social media. This paper describes the new consumer decision journey, and then adds to the body of research on events and festivals management by applying this new model to events and festivals. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a case study methodology with a multi-method approach to analyze the use of social media at three major music festivals. Case studies offer depth and comprehensiveness for understanding a specific phenomenon, enabling inductive and rich description, and are specifically welcome in new situations where little is known about the phenomenon. Findings – In general...
The relation between dietary fructose, dietary fat and leptin responsiveness in rats

Others reported that rats fed a high-fructose diet for 6 months were leptin resistant. We tested peripheral and/or central leptin responses in rats fed fructose for shorter time periods. Rats fed a diet containing 60% energy (% kcal) fructose and 10% kcal fat diet for 21 days had the same serum triglycerides (TG), gained less weight than controls, decreased their food intake and weight gain in response to central injections of 0.5 or 1.0 ug leptin, but were resistant to an i.p. injection of 2.0 mg leptin/kg. An i.p. injection of 1 mg leptin/kg increased phosphorylation of hypothalamic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (PSTAT3) implying resistance was not a failure of leptin to cross the blood brain barrier. The effects of dietary fructose were compared with those of dietary fat. Rats fed a 10% kcal fructose and 30% kcal fat diet for 39 days were leptin resistant whereas rats fed a 40% kcal fructose and 30% kcal fat diet responded to i.p. leptin. Another monosaccharide, glucose, replicated the effects of fructose in the 30% kcal fat diet. Surprisingly, none of the rats showed a reliable response to third ventricle leptin and peripheral leptin failed to stimulate hypothalamic PSTAT3 although it did increase PSTAT3 in the brainstem of rats fed the 40% kcal fructose or glucose diets. Thus a high-fructose, low-fat diet induces peripheral leptin resistance in less than 4 weeks, but high dietary concentrations of fructose or glucose prevent peripheral leptin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet.
Analyzing history in hypermedia collections

This paper describes a method to analyze the history of hypermedia collections. We gathered information about documents using the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. Analysis focused on two key aspects: centroid migration and content migration. The objective is to understand how collections change over time. We developed and applied a tool called HHAT, or Hypertext History Analysis Tool, that visualizes centroids and content migration over time.
The incidence of anabolic steroid use among competitive bodybuilders

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of anabolic steroid use among competitive male and female bodybuilders in Kansas and Missouri. A profile was established for users and non-users of anabolic steroids. The results of this study indicated that more than half of the male bodybuilders (54%) were using steroids on a regular basis compared to 10 percent of the female competitors. The types of steroid used were investigated and revealed that on average, four different types of anabolic steroid were used during the year, with individual use ranging from one to fifteen different types; including Dianabol, Deca Durabolin, Anavar, Testosterone, Androl 50, Winstrol, Primobolan, Equipoise, Finaject, Parabolin, HCG, Primacetate, Enanthate, Halotestin, and Maxibolin, in order of the most to least frequently used. The female bodybuilders reported that they had used an average of two different steroids including Deca Durabolin, Anavar, Testosterone, Dianabol, Equipoise, and Winstrol. The principal r...
Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and maternal-to-newborn IgE absorption.

From 1949-1966, a series of experimental studies by Professor F. W. Rogers Brambell (1901-1970; memoirs (1)) revealed the transmission of immunoglobulin from the mother to the fetus and newborn (2-4). In 1966, he published a review article in The Lancet describing that the selective transmission of γ-globulin from the mother to the offspring could occur before birth and also after birth and that this process required the Fc portion of the γ-globulin molecule. He speculated that the transmission involved the Fc portion of the γ-globulin molecule interacted with specific receptors on the cell (2). Electron microscopy and biochemical analyses later revealed the presence of a Fc receptor on neonatal rat small intestinal cells that selectively permitted the transport of immunoglobulin of the IgG subclasses across the intestinal epithelium in a pH-dependent manner (5-10). Finally, in 1989, Simister and Mostov affinity purified FcRn from an eleven-day old rat intestine; and identified two proteins with the relative molecular masses of about 14,000 Da and 45,000-53,000 Da which were identified as β2-microglobulin and neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), respectively. Molecular analyses revealed the FcRn to have the predictive primary structure similar to that of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens as it possessed three extracellular alpha domains, a single transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic domain (11) which was later confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analyses (12, 13).
SPOT: a DSL for extending fortran programs with metaprogramming

Metaprogramming has shown much promise for improving the quality of software by offering programming language techniques to address issues of modularity, reusability, maintainability, and extensibility. Thus far, the power of metaprogramming has not been explored deeply in the area of high performance computing (HPC). There is a vast body of legacy code written in Fortran running throughout the HPC community. In order to facilitate software maintenance and evolution in HPC systems, we introduce a DSL that can be used to perform source-to-source translation of Fortran programs by providing a higher level of abstraction for specifying program transformations. The underlying transformations are actually carried out through a metaobject protocol (MOP) and a code generator is responsible for translating a SPOT program to the corresponding MOP code. The design focus of the framework is to automate program transformations through techniques of code generation, so that developers only need to specify desired transformations while being oblivious to the details about how the transformations are performed. The paper provides a general motivation for the approach and explains its design and implementation. In addition, this paper presents case studies that illustrate the potential of our approach to improve code modularity, maintainability, and productivity.
Superhydrophobic Photosensitizers. Mechanistic Studies of 1O2 Generation in the Plastron and Solid/Liquid Droplet Interface

We describe here a physical-organic study of the first triphasic superhydrophobic sensitizer for photooxidations in water droplets. Control of synthetic parameters enables the mechanistic study of “borderline” two- and three-phase superhydrophobic sensitizer surfaces where 1O2 is generated in compartments that are wetted, partially wetted, or remain dry in the plastron (i.e., air layer beneath the droplet). The superhydrophobic surface is synthesized by partially embedding silicon phthalocyanine (Pc) sensitizing particles to specific locations on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) posts printed in a square array (1 mm tall posts on 0.5 mm pitch). In the presence of red light and oxygen, singlet oxygen is formed on the superhydrophobic surface and reacts with 9,10-anthracene dipropionate dianion (1) within a freestanding water droplet to produce an endoperoxide in 54–72% yields. Control of the 1O2 chemistry was achieved by the synthesis of superhydrophobic surfaces enriched with Pc particles either at the PDMS en...
Neurobiological Signatures of Anxiety and Depression in Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract Background There is increasing interest in using neurobiological measures to inform psychiatric nosology. It is unclear at the present time whether anxiety and depression are neurobiologically distinct or similar processes. It is also unknown if the best way to examine these disorders neurobiologically is by contrasting categorical definitions or by examining symptom dimensions. Methods A cross-sectional neuroimaging study was conducted of patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), comorbid GAD and MDD (GAD/MDD), or neither GAD nor MDD (control subjects). There were 90 participants, all medication-free (17 GAD, 12 MDD, 23 GAD/MDD, and 38 control subjects). Diagnosis/category and dimensions/symptoms were assessed to determine the best fit for neurobiological data. Symptoms included general distress, common to anxiety and depression, and anxiety-specific (anxious arousal) or depression-specific (anhedonia) symptoms. Low-frequency (.008–.1 Hz) signal amplitude and functional connectivity analyses of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data focused on a priori cortical and subcortical regions of interest. Results Support was found for effects of diagnosis above and beyond effects related to symptom levels as well as for effects of symptom levels above and beyond effects of diagnostic categories. The specific dimensional factors of general distress and anxious arousal as well as a diagnosis of MDD explained unique proportions of variance in signal amplitude or functional connectivity. Conclusions Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, our data show that a single conceptual model alone (i.e., categorical diagnoses or symptom dimensions) provides an incomplete mapping of psychopathology to neurobiology. Instead, the data support an additive model that best captures abnormal neural patterns in patients with anxiety and depression.
Segment-Fixed Priority Scheduling for Self-Suspending Real-Time Tasks

Recent trends in System-on-a-Chip show that an increasing number of special-purpose processors are being added to improve the efficiency of common operations. Unfortunately, the use of these processors may introduce suspension delays incurred by communication, synchronization and external I/O operations. When these processors are used in real-time systems, conventional schedulability analyses incorporate these delays in the worst-case execution/response time, hence significantly reducing the schedulable utilization. In this paper, we provide schedulability analyses and propose segment-fixed priority scheduling for self-suspending tasks. We model the tasks as segments of execution separated by suspensions. We start from providing response-time analyses for self-suspending tasks under Rate Monotonic Scheduling (RMS). While RMS is shown to not be optimal, it can be used effectively in some special cases that we have identified. We then derive a utilization bound for the cases as a function of the ratio of the suspension duration to the period of the tasks. For general cases, we develop a segment-fixed priority scheduling scheme. Our scheme assigns individual segments different priorities and phase offsets that are used for phase enforcement to control the unexpected self-suspending nature. With the exact schedulability analysis designed for our scheme, our experiments show that the proposed scheme provides up to 40 times more schedulable utilization than RMS.
Audio forensics from acoustic reverberation

An audio recording is subject to a number of possible distortions and artifacts. For example, the persistence of sound, due to multiple reflections from various surfaces in a room, causes temporal and spectral smearing of the recorded sound. This distortion is referred to as audio reverberation time. We describe a technique to model and estimate the amount of reverberation in an audio recording. Because reverberation depends on the shape and composition of a room, differences in the estimated reverberation can be used in a forensic and ballistic setting.
Data engineering for intelligent inference: Statistical data

Statistical processing of data has been around for a long time. In biblical times people were concerned with census data for tax collection purposes. The history of usage of statistics data prior to the eighteenth century is not well documented. In the eighteenth century mathematicians, like Pascal, when they invented probability theory, found the use of statistical data for estimating probabilities. The use of relative frequencies for estimating probabilities of events, can be considered as the first attempt of data engineering for intelligent inference. Of course, data engineering did not surface until the invention of computers, which was another two centuries later. In these two centuries Statistics developed as a science, specially in the later part of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. The age of computers followed the maturity of the science of statistics.
Trees, Lighting, and Safety in Context-Sensitive Solutions

The negative impact of trees on the performance of lighting systems is widely assumed but not particularly quantified. The positive impact of trees with their social, economic, environmental, and experiential benefits is also well known and one of the staples in context-sensitive solutions for transportation projects. This paper looks at the issue of trees and lighting and tries to quantify the possible impacts and to develop tools for planners, administrators, road authorities, and the professionals who design, install, and maintain trees, landscaping, and lighting equipment. Because of conditions at the test site, a focus on the pedestrian environment was chosen for this study, although the results generally apply to the roadway environment. The subject is complex and not simply addressed so this initial work focuses on identifying whether there is really an issue, what variables to consider, and what course to recommend for future investigation.
A PCMCIA weather satellite receiver

There are several radios on the market capable of receiving weather satellite signals, however none are available in the PCMCIA form factor. Common off-the-shelf components have been investigated in order to realize a subminiature receiver which will fit onto a PCMCIA laptop computer accessory card. A full size prototype has been constructed and proven successful in the reception of weather satellite signals. The conclusion is that with the proper selection of surface mount components, a PCMCIA Type II sized weather satellite receiver is a practical concept. Detailed schematics along with performance data are included in the paper.
Investigations on Sierpinski microstrip fractal antenna using a novel feed network

In this paper, investigation results of a Sierpinski microstrip fractal antenna is presented by feeding using different feed mechanisms. It has been observed that the proposed novel feed network can significantly enhance its multi-band impedance match in addition to its input gain performance. The antenna will be fabricated and experimentally verified. The measured results along with the simulation results will be presented during the symposium.
Activity of Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) Seed Meal Glucolimnanthin Degradation Products against Soilborne Pathogens

Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba L.) is a herbaceous winter−spring annual grown as a commercial oilseed crop. The meal remaining after oil extraction from the seed contains up to 4% of the glucosinolate glucolimnanthin. Degradation of glucolimnanthin yields toxic breakdown products, and therefore the meal may have potential in the management of soilborne pathogens. To maximize the pest-suppressive potential of meadowfoam seed meal, it would be beneficial to know the toxicity of individual glucolimnanthin degradation products against specific soilborne pathogens. Meloidogyne hapla second-stage juveniles (J2) and Pythium irregulare and Verticillium dahliae mycelial cultures were exposed to glucolimnanthin as well as its degradation products. Glucolimnanthin and its degradation product, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)acetamide, were not toxic to any of the soilborne pathogens at concentrations up to 1.0 mg/mL. Two other degradation products, 2-(3-methoxymethyl)ethanethioamide and 3- methoxyphenylacetonitrile, were toxic to M. hapla and P. irregulare but not V. dahliae. The predominant enzyme degradation product, 3-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate, was the most toxic compound against all of the soilborne pathogens, with M. hapla being the most sensitive with EC50 values (0.0025 ± 0.0001 to 0.0027 ± 0.0001 mg/mL) 20−40 times lower than estimated EC50 mortality values generated for P. irregulare and V. dahliae (0.05 and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively). The potential exists to manipulate meadowfoam seed meal to promote the production of specific degradation products. The conversion of glucolimnanthin into its corresponding isothiocyanate should optimize the biopesticidal properties of meadowfoam seed meal against M. hapla, P. irregulare, and V. dahliae.
Head Start and Unintended Injury: The Use of the Family Map Interview to Document Risk.

Much is known about how to provide safe environments for preschool children (3–5 years-of-age); however, many preschool children still experience preventable injuries—particularly children living in poverty. This study examined the use of an assessment tool used to identify children at risk for unintended injury in two large, federally funded Head Start programs during home visits. Families of preschool children in two multi-center Head Start programs (N = 499 and N = 228) were screened by teachers for risks related to safety in their home and parenting environment during mandatory Head Start home visits in the fall and spring. The safety screening tool was part of an established, broader interview assessment called the Family Map, which was designed to help Head Start programs meet mandatory performance standards related to the identification of risk and strengths in the family. Study results indicated that a large number of preschool children from low-income backgrounds were at risk for a variety of risks related to unintentional injury. Further, in some areas Head Start families increased their safety related parenting behaviors by the second assessment with different areas noted in the two programs. This study demonstrated that, beyond the use of the tool to identify families in need of intervention services, it can be used by childcare providers to effectively monitor family need and for program self-assessment.
Channels in the Making – An Appraisal of Channel Evolution Models

Over the past 30 years, fluvial geomorphologists have sought to understand the historical trajectory of channel adjustments after disturbance by developing channel evolution models (CEMs). These models use a combination of quantitative data and qualitative indicators to describe the spatial progression of channel evolution. This article surveys the historical development of CEMs, how they function, and what types of CEMs are best suited for different geomorphic settings. It describes the logic underlying classic CEMs, and their subsequent application to predict channel response following dam removal. After this, it recounts the emergence of multi-pathway CEMs, which have been used to capture the evolutionary trajectories in complex fluvial systems (e.g., anastomosing rivers). Lastly, it argues that a state-and-transition framework offers an appropriate modeling template to document channel evolution in a wide variety of fluvial systems, including those originally modeled using classic CEMs. A state-and-transition approach sees rivers as composed of interrelated process and form (morphological) states. They identify under what conditions a river channel would undergo a transition from one formal state to another (e.g., from a single-threaded to braided planform). They can also be used to understand the form-process dynamics underlying subtle morphological transitions that produce changes in a river's biogeomorphological structure without triggering wholesale river metamorphosis.
The Implementation of Alleviating Overload in Energy Markets

This paper presents an implementation to alleviate the overload in the energy markets. The proposed alleviating overload (AOL) method is based on real time network analysis (RTNET), state estimator (SE), real time contingency analysis (RTCA), and the constraint shift factor (CSF) calculation in the energy management system (EMS). RTNET/SE is used to obtain real time data through state estimator and capture the real time data and compute loss sensitivities. RTCA/CSF is used to compute generator shift factors (or sensitivities) for the violated constraints both in base case and outage situations. The network data, loss sensitivities and the shift factors are passed to LMP system for dispatching the units and alleviating the constraints violations. The implementation of AOL and the test results for the constrained shift factor calculation are shown in the paper.
Cell signaling pathways altered by natural chemopreventive agents

Abstract Epidemiological studies have indicated a significant difference in the incidence of cancers among ethnic groups, who have different lifestyles and have been exposed to different environmental factors. It has been estimated that more than two-thirds of human cancers, which are contributed by mutations in multiple genes, could be prevented by modification of lifestyle including dietary modification. The consumption of fruits, soybean and vegetables has been associated with reduced risk of several types of cancers. The in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that some dietary components such as isoflavones, indole-3-carbinol (I3C), 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), curcumin, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), apigenin, etc., have shown inhibitory effects on human and animal cancers, suggesting that they may serve as chemopreventive agents. Experimental studies have also revealed that these components regulate the molecules in the cell signal transduction pathways including NF-κB, Akt, MAPK, p53, AR, and ER pathways. By modulating cell signaling pathways, these components, among other mechanisms, activate cell death signals and induce apoptosis in precancerous or cancer cells, resulting in the inhibition of cancer development and/or progression. This article reviews current studies regarding the effects of natural chemopreventive agents on cancer-related cell signaling pathways and provides comprehensive knowledge of the biological and molecular roles of chemopreventive agents in cancer cells.
Profile of the brushite stone former.

Purpose: The incidence of brushite stones has increased during the last 3 decades and we report our experience with brushite stone formers.Materials and Methods: From 1996 to 2008 we identified 82 patients with brushite urinary calculi. After institutional review board approval a review of our prospectively collected database was performed.Results: There were 54 (65.9%) male and 28 (34.1%) female stone formers. Mean age was 44 years (range 4 to 84). Prior stone events were reported by 69 (84.1%) patients with 54 (78.3%) having received shock wave lithotripsy. Bilateral calculi were present in 28 (34.1%) patients. Mean stone area was 29.2 mm2 (range 2 to 130). Surgery was performed in 80 patients including 63 (76.8%) percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 8 (9.8%) ureteroscopy, 3 (3.7%) shock wave lithotripsy, and 6 (7.3%) ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. After primary and secondary procedures 76 (92.7%) patients were rendered stone-free. Metabolic urine studies were available in 45 patients. All pati...
Monosodium Urate and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Increase Apoptosis in Human Chondrocyte Cultures

Monosodium urate and tumor necrosis factor-α, are two potent mediators of separate inflammatory response pathways in arthritic joints where inflammation may be accompanied by the loss of chondrocyte vitality via apoptosis. To address this possibility in vitro, chondrocyte cultures were employed to determine the extent to which monosodium urate and recombinant TNF-α altered the frequency of apoptotic chondrocytes. Apoptosis as a function of the activation of p38 kinase, C-Jun-terminal kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and/or the activity of xanthine oxidase was also studied. Using normal human chondrocytes, monosodium urate or recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α increased the frequency of apoptosis and activity of xanthine oxidase. However, the xanthine oxidase-specific inhibitor, febuxostat, failed to blunt this response. Monosodium urate, tumor necrosis factor-α or the Janus kinase inhibitor, AG-490, increased the frequency of apoptotic nuclei in macroaggregate pellet cultures initiated from juvenile human chondrocytes, but not in pellet cultures derived from mesenchymal stem cells. In OA chondrocytes, activation of p38, C-Jun-NH2-kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 preceded apoptosis. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 also was seen in pellet cultures initiated from juvenile chondrocytes and MSCs incubated with MSU, recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α or febuxostat, but apoptosis was increased only in the pellet cultures derived from juvenile chondrocytes. Although AG-490 or the combination of AG-490 and febuxostat inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 activation, apoptosis was unaffected. These results showed that recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α, monosodium urate and AG-490 increased apoptosis in normal human chondrocytes, OA chondrocytes and human juvenile chondrocyte pellet cultures, but not in chondrocyte pellet cultures initiated from MSCs. The increased frequency of apoptotic chondrocytes in response to recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α or monosodium urate was not dependent on either activation of STAT3 or the activity of XO.
2‐(Methylamino)thiophenol

[21749-63-3] C7H9NS (MW 139.24) InChI = 1S/C7H9NS/c1-8-6-4-2-3-5-7(6)9/h2-5,8-9H,1H3 InChIKey = IZGADWSEDZVYHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (template for assisting ring closure of cyclic ketones;1 protecting group for ketones and aldehydes2) Physical Data: mp 65 °C; bp 126 °C/18 mmHg. Solubility: sol ethanol, chloroform. Form Supplied in: solid; commercially available. Preparative Methods: reduction of 2-Methylbenzothiazole with Lithium Aluminum Hydride,3 hydrolysis of N-methylbenzothiazolone,4 or reduction of the disulfide with Sodium Borohydride.1 Purification: vacuum distillation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store away from air to avoid dimerization.
Erythromycin contracts rabbit colon myocytes via occupation of motilin receptors

Erythromycin stimulates gastroduodenal motility via action on motilin receptors. We evaluated erythromycin as a colonic muscle motilin agonist using in vitro rabbit colon studies. Isolated myocytes contracted to erythromycin with a half-maximal effective concentration of 2 pM and peak shortening of 22.4 +/- 2.5% at 1 nM, which was superimposable with the response to motilin. 125I-labeled motilin binding to colon muscle homogenates was saturable and specific with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.39 nM and maximal binding (Bmax) of 41 +/- 3 fmol/mg protein. Motilin displaced specifically bound 125I-motilin, with a Kd of 0.31 nM. Erythromycin displaced 125I-motilin but was less potent, with an inhibitory constant of 84.0 nM. Bmax values from displacement studies were similar to the Scatchard data. Motilin receptor protection from alkylation by N-ethylmaleimide preserved contraction to motilin and erythromycin but not acetylcholine or cholecystokinin, whereas protection with erythromycin preserved contraction to motilin but not other agonists. In conclusion, erythromycin binds to colon muscle motilin receptors present in densities similar to reported values for the upper gut. Furthermore, erythromycin contracts colonic myocytes via specific action on motilin receptors. Thus erythromycin may have colonic motor-stimulating properties by action on motilin receptors.