cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Euplotid: A Linux-based platform to physically edit the genome

Euplotid is composed of a set of constantly evolving bioinformatic pipelines encapsulated and running in Docker containers enabling a user to build and annotate the local regulatory structure of every gene starting from raw sequencing reads of DNA-interactions, chromatin accessibility, and RNA-sequencing. Reads are quantified using the latest computational tools and the results are normalized, quality-checked, and stored. The local regulatory neighborhood of each gene is built using a Louvain based graph partitioning algorithm parameterized by the chromatin extrusion model and CTCF-CTCF interactions. Cis-Regulatory Elements are defined using chromatin accessibility peaks which are then mapped to Transcription Start Sites based on inclusion within the same neighborhood. Convolutional Neural Networks are combined with Long-Short Term Memory in order to provide a statistical model mimicking transcription factor binding, one neural network for each protein in the genome is trained on all available Chip-Seq and SELEX data, learning what pattern of DNA oligonucleotides the factor binds. The neural networks are then merged and trained on chromatin accessibility data, building a rationally designed neural network architecture capable of predicting chromatin accessibility. Transcription factor binding and identity at each peak is annotated using this trained neural network architecture. By in-silico mutating and re-applying the neural network we are able to gauge the impact of a transition mutation on the binding of any human transcription factor. The annotated output can be visualized in a variety of 1D, 2D and 3D ways overlaid with existing bodies of knowledge, such as GWAS results. Once a particular CRE of interest has been identified by a biologist the difficulty of a Base Editor 2 (BE2) mediated transition mutation can be quantitatively assessed and induced in a model organism.
Eukaryotic Sexual Reproduction Evoked “with a Little Help from My Friends”

Bacteria and eukaryotes interact in many ways—from the microbiome that educates the mammalian immune system and enhances nutrition to relationships that are commensal, symbiotic, or parasitic. Now in an unexpected twist, King and colleagues have expanded the repertoire of prokaryotic influence over eukaryotic physiology to include mating.
“Mysteries Expound Mysteries”: Marianne Moore’s Influence on John Ashbery

Using original archival evidence, Karin Roffman argues that Marianne Moore has had a more profound and lasting impact on the poetry of John Ashbery than Wallace Stevens or W.H. Auden, poets more frequently associated with influencing Ashbery’s work. The essay demonstrates the ways Ashbery’s poem “Some Trees” emerged from his intensive study of Moore’s poetry during college, an engagement with her ideas about poetry that he renewed repeatedly over many years. In his important reviews in the 1960s of Moore’s Tell Me Tell Me and Complete Poems, he reread her entire oeuvre, discovering in it deep wells of feeling and a vocabulary for describing his own developing poetic ideas. In his most recent poems, Ashbery continues to quote Moore, placing her ideas and phrases beside and among his own, a fascinating process of thinking and writing that explains as much about his reading of her work as it does about his own.
Secular dynamics of an exterior test particle: the inverse Kozai and other eccentricity-inclination resonances

The behavior of an interior test particle in the secular 3-body problem has been studied extensively. A well-known feature is the Lidov-Kozai resonance in which the test particle's argument of periapse librates about $\pm 90^\circ$ and large oscillations in eccentricity and inclination are possible. Less explored is the inverse problem: the dynamics of an exterior test particle and an interior perturber. We survey numerically the inverse secular problem, expanding the potential to hexadecapolar order and correcting an error in the published expansion. Four secular resonances are uncovered that persist in full $N$-body treatments (in what follows, $\varpi$ and $\Omega$ are the longitudes of periapse and of ascending node, $\omega$ is the argument of periapse, and subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the inner perturber and outer test particle): (i) an orbit-flipping quadrupole resonance requiring a non-zero perturber eccentricity $e_1$, in which $\Omega_2-\varpi_1$ librates about $\pm 90^\circ$; (ii) a hexadecapolar resonance (the "inverse Kozai" resonance) for perturbers that are circular or nearly so and inclined by $I \simeq 63^\circ/117^\circ$, in which $\omega_2$ librates about $\pm 90^\circ$ and which can vary the particle eccentricity by $\Delta e_2 \simeq 0.2$ and lead to orbit crossing; (iii) an octopole "apse-aligned" resonance at $I \simeq 46^\circ/107^\circ$ wherein $\varpi_2 - \varpi_1$ librates about $0^\circ$ and $\Delta e_2$ grows with $e_1$; and (iv) an octopole resonance at $I \simeq 73^\circ/134^\circ$ wherein $\varpi_2 + \varpi_1 - 2 \Omega_2$ librates about $0^\circ$ and $\Delta e_2$ can be as large as 0.3 for small $e_1 \neq 0$. The more eccentric the perturber, the more the particle's eccentricity and inclination vary; also, more polar orbits are more chaotic. Our inverse solutions may be applied to the Kuiper belt and debris disks, circumbinary planets, and stellar systems.
Inter-individual variation in health and disease associated with pulmonary infectious agents.

Respiratory infectious diseases resulting from bacterial or viral pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or influenza, are major global public health concerns. Lower respiratory tract infections are leading causes of morbidity and mortality, only behind ischemic heart disease and stroke (GBD 2015 LRI Collaborators in Lancet Infect Dis 17(11):1133–1161, 2017). Developing countries are particularly impacted by these diseases. However, while many are infected with viruses such as RSV (> 90% of all individuals are infected by age 2), only sub-populations develop severe disease. Many factors may contribute to the inter-individual variation in response to respiratory infections, including gender, age, socioeconomic status, nutrition, and genetic background. Association studies with functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in biologically plausible gene candidates have been performed in human populations to provide insight to the molecular genetic contribution to pulmonary infections and disease severity. In vitro cell models and genome-wide association studies in animal models of genetic susceptibility to respiratory infections have also identified novel candidate susceptibility genes, some of which have also been found to contribute to disease susceptibility in human populations. Genetic background may also contribute to differential efficacy of vaccines against respiratory infections. Development of new genetic mouse models such as the collaborative cross and diversity outbred mice should provide additional insight to the mechanisms of genetic susceptibility to respiratory infections. Continued investigation of susceptibility factors should provide insight to novel strategies to prevent and treat disease that contributes to global morbidity and mortality attributed to respiratory infections.
Changes in left ventricular strain parameters following pediatric heart transplantation.

STE is increasingly utilized to assess strain in a variety of pathologies. Strain measurements have demonstrated utility following HTx and may aid in the detection of rejection and CAV. Strain parameters have not been well defined in the pediatric HTx population. This study aimed to describe strain in pediatric HTx recipients compared to controls and assess changes over time. All pediatric HTx recipients with available echocardiograms (2004-2015) without rejection or CAV were identified. Longitudinal and circumferential strain was measured at <1 month, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years post-transplant and compared to controls. A total of 218 echocardiograms were analyzed in 79 HTx recipients. At <1 month post-transplant, there was a significant decrement in longitudinal strain (GLS -14.6 vs -19.2, P < .001) with concurrent augmentation of circumferential strain (GCS -27.3 vs -24.3, P = .005). By 1 year post-HTx, all strain parameters normalized and were not significantly different from the control population. In the absence of graft complications, strain parameters did not change up to 5 years post-transplant. Abnormal longitudinal strain parameters are present in the early post-HTx period with a compensatory increase in circumferential strain. These changes normalize by 1 year post-transplant and do not change over time in the absence of graft complications.
The Role of Perioperative Surveillance in 90-Day Total Joint Arthroplasty Care.

Abstract Background With the recent implementation of a bundled payment model for total joint arthroplasty, healthcare providers are financially responsible for management of complications throughout the 90-day perioperative period. Our aim was to assess the effectiveness of a surveillance system that was implemented to enhance communication during this period. Methods A retrospective study was conducted using a prospectively collected database of patients who underwent primary total joint arthroplasty from January 2015 to April 2016. Surveillance was performed using electronic messages and telephone calls. The use of this system in response to several clinical scenarios was measured by the total number of messages and calls exchanged. Results Communication was greater among patients who experienced a complication (median 8), went to the emergency department (ED; median 9), and were readmitted to the hospital (median 8), relative to patients who had an uncomplicated course (median 5). Additionally, communication was greater among patients who presented to outside facilities for ED visits (median 11) and readmissions (median 9) relative to those who returned to the index hospital for ED visits (median 7) and readmissions (median 6). More distant patients had decreased follow-up attendance but did not have a compensatory increase in use of the surveillance system. Conclusion Patients used the surveillance system to relay information about clinically significant events when such events arose. Additionally, patients who returned to outside facilities used the surveillance system to remain engaged with their original provider. However, more distant patients did not appear to use the surveillance system to compensate for decreased follow-up attendance.
BASIC EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS ON A q-QUADRATIC GRID

A review of basic exponential functions, basic trigonometric functions, and basic Fourier series on a q-quadratic grid is given.
Adolescent Mental Health Disorders

Mental health problems are frequently encountered in adolescents due to high prevalence in this population in general and particularly in those adolescents who present to clinical attention. Even the most experienced clinician may find that these problems pose special challenges to identification, diagnosis, treatment, and even referral. Pediatricians, however, who make an effort to familiarize themselves with some of the basic concepts and tools for dealing with mental health issues, will find that they are able to make a great impact in the health of this vulnerable population.
Current understanding of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Purpose of review A substantial proportion of patients with heart failure have preserved ejection fraction. Though patients with preserved ejection fraction experience a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality, the understanding of heart failure pathophysiology in this group remains incomplete and evidence-based therapeutic options are limited. Recent findings The prevalence of heart failure in patients with preserved ejection fraction is increasing and prognosis in this population remains poor despite modern medical therapy. Though diastolic dysfunction is typically present, increasing evidence suggests that extracardiac factors such as renal dysfunction and enhanced central aortic stiffness may play an important role in the development and progression of heart failure symptoms. Results of the first randomized, controlled clinical trials in this population suggest a possible therapeutic role for renin-angiotensin system blockade in reducing heart failure-associated morbidity, but there is still no evidence-supported strategy for reducing mortality in this population. Summary Though the epidemiology and impact of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction are increasingly clear, consensus regarding pathophysiology and the optimal therapeutic approach is still lacking. Pending completion of additional therapeutic trials in this population, treatment remains largely empiric and focused on optimizing myocardial performance in diastole by control of blood pressure, restoration or maintenance of sinus rhythm, and relief of volume overload.
The Give-and-Take-Away Strategy.

A mathematical problem is often solved by using a "trick," which can add to the excitement of problem solving, at least for the experienced problem solver. But for the beginning student, such tricks are liable to be a source of frustration and negative thoughts: "That trick is clever, but too clever. I would never have thought of it. Apparently success in mathematics is pos sible only for exceptionally inventive people." To try to counter this view the teacher may point out that some of the tricks of problem solving are not so individ ualized as they may first appear; that a number of tricks may, in fact, just be differ-: ent manifestations of a single problem-solv ing strategy; and that such strategies can be learned and used repeatedly in a variety of contexts. To make this notion of a problem-solv ing strategy more precise, I have gathered below a collection of examples that illus trate one familiar, but usually unnamed, strategy. I like to call it the "give and take away" strategy.
Deficient Repair of Alkylation Damage of DNA in Alzheimer’s Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Cells

The etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is still unknown. There are many pieces of evidence linking ALS, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. These include the occasional clinical association of the conditions in the same patient and the same family, the endemic foci of all three diseases, and the presence of changes of one disease in the central nervous system of some patients dying of another of these diseases. There are several indications that alterations in genetic material may exist in these diseases, including decrease in nuclear and nucleolar size[l], alteration in chromatin of neurons[2] and decrease in transcriptionally active chromatin[3]. A possible DNA repair defect was implicated when it was observed that lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and skin fibroblasts from several different neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and ALS were more sensitive to DNA alkylating agents[4,5]. It has also been reported that lymphocytes from Alzheimer’s disease patients have increased sensitivity to bleomycin, 4-nitroquinoline- 1-oxide and mitomycin C which produce various other forms of DNA damage[6]. We have further investigated the hypothesis that a DNA repair defect occurs in both of these diseases and offer direct evidence of a DNA repair defect in skin fibroblasts from ALS and Alzheimer’s disease patients after exposure to an alkylating agent.
Kidney Transplantation Rates of Veterans Administration–Listed Patients Compared with Rates of Patients on Nonveteran Lists

Since 1962, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has offered kidney transplantation services, including comprehensive pretransplant and follow-up care, coverage of immunosuppressant medication, and travel benefits (including lodging) for veterans, living kidney donors, and caregivers. Most VA-
Structural and Nonstructural Genes Contribute to the Genetic Diversity of RNA Viruses.

ABSTRACT One paradigm to explain the complexity of viral RNA populations is that the low fidelity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) drives high mutation rates and consequently genetic diversity. Like most RNA viruses, wild-type yellow fever virus (YFV) replication is error-prone due to the lack of proofreading by the virus-encoded RdRp. However, there is evidence that replication of the live attenuated YF vaccine virus 17D, derived from wild-type strain Asibi, is less error-prone than wild-type RNA viruses. Recent studies comparing the genetic diversity of wild-type Asibi and 17D vaccine virus found that wild-type Asibi has the typical heterogeneous population of an RNA virus, while there is limited intra- and interpopulation variability of 17D vaccine virus. Utilizing chimeric and mutant infectious clone-derived viruses, we show that high and low genetic diversity profiles of wild-type Asibi virus and vaccine virus 17D, respectively, are multigenic. Introduction of either structural (pre-membrane and envelope) genes or NS2B or NS4B substitutions into the Asibi and 17D backbone resulted in altered variant population, nucleotide diversity, and mutation frequency compared to the parental viruses. Additionally, changes in genetic diversity of the chimeric and mutant viruses correlated with the phenotype of multiplication kinetics in human alveolar A549 cells. Overall, the paradigm that only the error-prone RdRp controls genetic diversity needs to be expanded to address the role of other genes in genetic diversity, and we hypothesize that it is the replication complex as a whole and not the RdRp alone that controls genetic diversity. IMPORTANCE With the advent of advanced sequencing technology, studies of RNA viruses have shown that genetic diversity can contribute to both attenuation and virulence and the paradigm is that this is controlled by the error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Since wild-type yellow fever virus (YFV) strain Asibi has genetic diversity typical of a wild-type RNA virus, while 17D virus vaccine has limited diversity, it provides a unique opportunity to investigate RNA population theory in the context of a well-characterized live attenuated vaccine. Utilizing infectious clone-derived viruses, we show that genetic diversity of RNA viruses is complex and that multiple genes, including structural genes and NS2B and NS4B genes also contribute to genetic diversity. We suggest that the replication complex as a whole, rather than only RdRp, drives genetic diversity, at least for YFV.
Respiratory Symptoms in Relation to Living near a Crude Oil First Treatment Plant in Italy: A Cross-Sectional Study

Exposure to air pollution has been shown to increase the risk of developing chronic respiratory diseases. The largest crude oil first treatment plant in Italy emits harmful polluting substances. This cross-sectional study assesses the occurrence of respiratory symptoms in a sample of the adult population living near the plant. A proximal and a reference area were defined in order to recruit 200 subjects. Each subject performed a spirometry test and completed a questionnaire. Associations between the distance from the plant and selected respiratory outcomes were assessed (distance-based approach). The prevalence of outcomes between a proximal and a reference area (area-based approach) were also compared. Odds ratios were adjusted for potential confounders. Living near the plant was associated with a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms, with significant associations for severe dyspnoea equivalent to the halving of risk as the distance of residence from the plant increased by 1 km (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.48, confidence interval at the 95% probability level (95% CI): 0.25⁻0.92). Several signals emerged for respiratory allergic symptoms. The area-based approach generally confirmed the results obtained with the distance-based approach. This is the first study to be carried out on a crude oil first treatment plant aimed at assessing the association with the occurrence of respiratory symptoms. These findings contribute to the evidence supporting the need for a space⁻time surveillance system in the investigated area.
Maximum Entropy in Turbulence

Turbulence may appear as a complex process with a multitude of scales and flow patterns, but still obeys simple physical principles such as the conservation of momentum, of energy, and the maximum entropy principle. The latter states that the energy distribution will tend toward the maximum entropy under physical constraints, such as the zero energy at the boundaries and viscous dissipation. For the turbulence energy spectra, a distribution function that maximizes entropy with the physical constraints is a log-normal function, which agrees well with the experimental data over a large range of Reynolds numbers and scales. Also, for channel flows DNS data exhibits an increase in the Shannons entropy and total viscous dissipation as a function of the Reynolds number in a predictable manner. These concepts are used to determine turbulence energy spectra and the spatial distribution of turbulence kinetic energy. The latter leads to a solution to the channel flow problem, when used in conjunction with the expression for the Reynolds stress found earlier.
Allergic Reactions and Cross-Reactivity Potential with Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

Although beta-lactam allergies are an emerging focus of stewardship programs and interventions, less is publicly released regarding allergies to beta-lactamase inhibitors. This review presents and evaluates the data regarding allergic reactions with beta-lactamase inhibitors. Clavulanate, sulbactam, and tazobactam are beta-lactam-based beta-lactamase inhibitors that are combined with several penicillins or cephalosporins in order to preserve antimicrobial activity in the presence of beta-lactamases. Avibactam, relebactam, and vaborbactam are non-beta-lactam beta-lactamase inhibitors that are combined with cephalosporins or carbapenems in order to expand the antimicrobial activity against broader-spectrum beta-lactamases. Case reports document hypersensitivity reactions to clavulanate, sulbactam, and tazobactam, but not to avibactam, relebactam, or vaborbactam. Based on these reports and considering the chemical structures, cross-allergenicity with beta-lactams is likely with sulbactam and tazobactam. Considering the slightly altered beta-lactam structure, cross-allergenicity is less likely with clavulanate, but still possible. It appears that cross-allergenicity between beta-lactam antimicrobials and the newer, non-beta-lactam beta-lactamase inhibitors is unlikely. It is important for clinicians to perform allergy testing to both the beta-lactam and the beta-lactamase inhibitor in order to confirm the specific allergy and reaction type.
Recombination in bacteriophage lambda. II. Site-specific recombination promoted by the integration system.

Abstract General vegetative recombination in bacteriophage λ can be promoted either by a phage (Red) or by a bacterial (Rec) recombination system. This paper shows that λ produces a third recombination system, Int, which promotes vegetative recombination exclusively in the prophage attachment region. Its properties indicate that Int also promotes such site-specific recombination in prophage integration. The deletion mutant λb 2 undergoes site-specific recombination promoted by Int, even though it cannot integrate efficiently. The allelic state of 62 influences the frequency of this recombination, with b 2 + × b 2 − > b 2 + × b 2 + > b 2 − × b 2 − . These findings suggest that the prophage attachment region of λ is structurally complex.
Exploring Relationships Among Peripheral Amyloid Beta, Tau, Cytokines, Cognitive Function, and Psychosomatic Symptoms in Breast Cancer Survivors.

Objective:Accelerated brain aging has been proposed to explain cancer-related cognitive impairment, but empirical evidence for this relationship is lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluat...
Randomized clinical trial comparing buprenorphine/naloxone and methadone for the treatment of patients with failed back surgery syndrome and opioid addiction.

AbstractOpioid analgesic consumption has led to an unprecedented epidemic of overdose death and opioid addiction in the US history. The treatment of chronic pain in patients with opioid addiction w...
The Concept of Criminal Law

What distinguishes “criminal law” from all other law? This question should be central to both criminal law theory and criminal justice reform. Clarity about the distinctive feature(s) of criminal law is especially important in the current moment, as the nation awakens to the damage that the carceral state has wrought and reformers debate the value and the future of criminal law institutions. Foundational though it is, however, the question has received limited attention. There is no clear consensus among contemporary scholars or reformers about what makes the criminal law unique. This Essay argues that Antony Duff’s The Realm of Criminal Law offers an answer—and that the answer is correct. Duff rightly diagnoses criminal law as unique by virtue of the fact that it censures particular acts in the polity’s name. It is a mechanism of collective condemnation. The Essay advocates recognition of this concept of criminal law and draws out implications for both criminal law theory and criminal law reform.
Building Resilient Food Systems in Africa

Climate change constitutes a significant threat to food security and poverty reduction in Africa, and the food system is severely off target in meeting development goals. Policy response should focus on investing in agricultural public goods, scaling up digital solutions, and developing innovative finance mechanisms to enhance resilience.
Is Quality Accreditation Effective? Evidence from the Childcare Market

Abstract The ineffectiveness of a quality accreditation mechanism can be attributed to the inability of the accreditation status to provide consumers with information they do not already possess. I present a structural model of demand allowing consumers to infer quality from both accreditation status and firm reputation. I then estimate this model to assess the effectiveness and the impact of the national accreditation system for childcare centers on consumer welfare. My results suggest that disregarding the endogeneity of firms' accreditation choices significantly underestimates the effectiveness of the accreditation system. However, on average consumers do not gain much information beyond what they have inferred from a firm's reputation. The estimates of structural parameters are then used to quantify the value of this information to consumers.
Rates and causative pathogens of surgical site infections attributed to liver transplant procedures and other hepatic, biliary, or pancreatic procedures, 2015-2018.

Liver transplant recipients are at high risk for surgical site infections (SSIs). Limited data are available on SSI epidemiology following liver transplant procedures (LTPs). We analyzed data on SSIs from 2015 to 2018 reported to CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network to determine rates, pathogen distribution, and antimicrobial resistance after LTPs and other hepatic, biliary, or pancreatic procedures (BILIs). LTP and BILI SSI rates were 5.7% and 5.9%, respectively. The odds of SSI after LTP were lower than after BILI (adjusted odds ratio = 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.57-0.85). Among LTP SSIs, 43.1% were caused by Enterococcus spp., 17.2% by Candida spp., and 15.0% by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS). Percentages of SSIs caused by Enterococcus faecium or CNS were higher after LTPs than BILIs, whereas percentages of SSIs caused by Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus faecalis, or viridans streptococci were higher after BILIs. Antimicrobial resistance was common in LTP SSI pathogens, including E. faecium (69.4% vancomycin resistant); Escherichia coli (68.8% fluoroquinolone non-susceptible and 44.7% extended spectrum cephalosporin [ESC] non-susceptible); and Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. oxytoca (39.4% fluoroquinolone non-susceptible and 54.5% ESC non-susceptible). National LTP SSI pathogen and resistance data can help prioritize studies to determine effective interventions to prevent SSIs and reduce antimicrobial resistance in liver transplant recipients.
What Counts as Data? (Symposium on Data-Driven Methods in Legal Interpretation)

Judges and legal scholars have recently been beguiled by a new method of legal interpretation: legal corpus linguistics. Using large data sets of actual language use promises to give some empirical grounding to claims about how “ordinary people” would use or understand legal terminology—claims that pervade legal interpretation. Unlike corpus linguistics in the field of linguistics, however, legal corpus linguistic analysis tends not to articulate or examine the precise contours of what its data sets can reveal. Practitioners are thus liable to make large claims on the basis of information that doesn’t support them. This essay undertakes a more careful parsing of what the corpora preferred by legal corpus linguistics can, and cannot, reveal. Although I conclude that legal corpus linguistics currently faces a mismatch between information and aspiration, I also suggest areas of legal work where it can be of real use.
Practices and Attitudes Regarding Pediatric Cholesterol Screening Recommendations Differ Between Pediatricians and Family Medicine Clinicians.

Pediatricians had higher rates of ordering pediatric cholesterol screening than family medicine (FM) clinicians. This study aims to compare knowledge, attitude, and practices of clinicians’ pediatric cholesterol screening practices and attitudes between these two specialties. A 14-item electronic survey using Likert scales was sent to all clinicians in the institution’s Departments of Pediatrics and FM between 2018 and 2019. Chi-square and t-tests were used to compare pediatricians and FM clinicians. 22 clinicians from Pediatrics and 111 from FM completed the survey. Compared to FM clinicians, pediatricians were more familiar with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines, which are more vigorous in their recommendation of universal cholesterol screening. Pediatricians reported being more supportive of universal cholesterol screening in children (p < 0.05). In practice, pediatricians reported screening almost two thirds (64.8%) of eligible patients during the past year, while FM clinicians reported screening approximately one third (34.1%) of eligible patients (p < 0.001). Pediatricians were more likely to screen based on patient-specific risk factors and their practice decisions were more heavily influenced by published guidelines, institutional education, availability of non-fasting blood to be used for screening, and the availability of an institutional pediatric lipid clinic (p < 0.05). The differences in knowledge, attitudes, and practices of cholesterol screening may contribute to different screening rates among clinicians from FM and pediatrics. To improve patient care and reduce gaps, it is important to implement interventions at the institutional level as well as to adopt uniform guideline recommendations at the national level.
The art of educating with V diagrams

This book focuses on the mind and its ability to seek answers to unknown or unanswered questions. The theory of educating provides the grounding for using V diagrams by students, educators, researchers, and parents. Teachers make lesson plans using V diagrams and concept maps. They become expert coaches in guiding student performances. Students learn to construct their own knowledge. They change from question-answerers to question-askers. Parents share meaning with their children and their children's teachers and administrators. Administrators monitor programs and are in touch with all participants in schools and universities. Researchers and evaluators can share records of events and facts. With this theory working in the classrooms and laboratories of many practical places of educating plus extending into the world of technology literacy, The Art of Educating with V Diagrams explains how educating works.
BLOCK ALIGNMENT: A METHOD FOR INCREASING THE YIELD OF MEMORY CHIPS THAT ARE PARTIALLY GOOD

Redundant word and hit lines have been used successfully for increasing the manufacturing yield of memory chips since 1979 [1, 2, 3]. During early phases of manufacturing, however, there may not be enough redundancy available to repair all the faults on a chip. Such unfixable chips have often been used as partially good chips [4]. The drawback with the use of such chips is the different combinations of failure patterns that can produce the same number of partially good bits. Each pattern requires a different method for connecting the chips. Because of these different requirements, a number of chips with different part numbers result.
Gene Sequences are Locally Optimized for Global mRNA Folding

An examination of 51 mRNA sequences in GENBANK has revealed that calculated mRNA folding free energies are more negative than expected. Free energy minimization calculations of native mRNA sequences are more negative than randomized mRNA sequences with the same base composition and length. Randomization only of the coding region of genes also yields folding free energies of less negative magnitude than the original native mRNA sequence. Examination of the predicted basepairing within the coding sequence finds an unequal distribution between the three possible frames. The wobble-to-1 frame, which is ”in-frame”, is preferred significantly compared to randomized sets of mRNA sequences. This suggests that evolution may bias or adjust the local selection of codons to favor the global formation of more mRNA structures. This would result in greater negative folding free energies as seen in the 51 mRNAs examined.
Minority Languages and Cultural Diversity in Europe: Gaelic and Sorbian Perspectives

In her study of two minority languages in danger of extinction, Gaelic of Scotland and Sorbian of Lusatia, Glaser examines the ways in which perception of identity is linked to language in her book Minority Languages and Cultural Diversity in Europe. The author chose, to the readers’ benefit, to interview leaders of these cultures, whose geographical areas were previously underrepresented in other studies. The interviewees are part of the intellectual and political elite, who include, but are not limited to, members of Gaelic/Sorbian “societies, associations, and/or pressure groups” (p. 7). Consequently, these leaders are likely to shape the story of their people’s identity. By including direct quotations from her interviews (in both the language under consideration and an English translation), Glaser fully engages the reader in the complexities of linguistic and cultural shifts.
Inhibition of thromboxane A2 biosynthesis in human platelets by burimamide.

Abstract 1 Burimamide selectively inhibited the formation of thromboxane A2 from prostaglandin endoperoxides by human platelet microsomes in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 2.5 x 10(-5) M). Burimamide was found to be equipotent to imidazole as a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor. 2 Metiamide, cimetidine and a series of compounds either bearing a structural or pharmacological relationship to histamine caused little or no inhibition of thromboxane A2 biosynthesis by human platelet microsomes. 3 Burimamide (5 x 10(-4) to 2.3 x 10(-3) M) did not inhibit either the cyclo-oxygenase or the prostacyclin synthetase of sheep seminal vesicles or the prostacyclin synthetase of dog aortic microsomes. 4 Burimamide (2.5 x 10(-5) to 1.2 x 10(-4) M) inhibited sodium arachidonate-induced human platelet aggregation; the degree of inhibition was dependent upon the concentration of arachidonic acid used to aggregate the platelets.
Duncan's Bookstore: Connecting Real Property and Business Valuation

EMIL E. MALIZIA University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Campus Box No. 3140, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3410 Focus The purpose of the Duncan's Bookstore case is to show the relationship between real property valuation and business valuation. Duncan's building and lot, valued at $100,000, are currently used as a bookstore. But his business is less valuable than his real estate. The challenge of the case is to value the business objectively and realize that it does not represent the most profitable use of the site. Setting This case involves the sale of a retail business that includes a 3,500 sq.ft. building on a 6,000 sq.ft. lot. The current owner of Duncan's Bookstore has decided to sell his business and retire. The owners of Stewart's Bookstore are motivated buyers. Exhibits Exhibits include 1994 financial statements for Duncan's Bookstore and Stewart's Bookstore. Availability This case and teaching notes are available for $1.50 for at least 10 copies (plus shipping). Call the author at 919-962-4759 to order copies. Teaching Notes The teaching notes suggest procedures for using the case. They summarize the situation, present valuations of the business and the real estate, suggest appropriate bargaining positions for the buyers and the seller, and explain the error that most students will make in resolving the case. The owners of Stewart's Bookstore, Dave Stewart and Joe Hannah, were discussing their impressions of Duncan's Bookstore, the business they were interested in buying. They had met with Nate Duncan, the current owner, on several occasions, had inspected his facility, and had talked with walk-in customers and several of his university accounts. Duncan had described the recent history of his business and had given them the most current annual financial statements (see Exhibit 1). Stewart and Hannah needed to decide whether to offer to buy Duncan's existing business or any specific assets that Duncan owned. They were motivated buyers because they were interested in expanding their business and were sure that Duncan could find other qualified buyers in the near future. Duncan's Bookstore and Stewart's Bookstore were comparable retail operations, each operated from one location in the same metropolitan area. Duncan's business was housed in a 3,500 sq. ft. building on a 6,000 sq. ft. lot. The property was located in the central city about 2 1/2 miles from Stewart's suburban location. Duncan's neighborhood situated on the fringe of downtown was undergoing transition. For many years, small, locally owned and operated retail businesses had dominated the area. On-street parking and several conveniently located parking lots had adequately accommodated the customers. The residential population, which consisted of university students and middle- to lower-income young families, had been gradually declining for some time. The area was experiencing moderate but sustained development pressure from the nearby university and from government and financial institutions in the core area. …
The Thermal Inactivation of Acetoacetate Decarboxylase

Abstract The acetoacetate decarboxylase obtained from Clostridium acetobutylicum undergoes a biphasic thermal inactivation; the rapid phase of which was temperature sensitive, whereas the slow phase was much less so. ΔHa for the rapid phase of inactivation was 49 kcal per mole. The fraction of the total activity which was lost by the rapid process was increased with increasing temperature. Acetylacetone protected the enzyme against thermal inactivation and was more effective in preventing the rapid phase than in preventing the slow phase of activity loss. When the enzyme was heated until the rapid phase was over and then chilled; subsequent reheating did not result in the reappearance of a rapid phase of inactivation. When the organism was cultured in the presence of benzoylacetone it generated an active decarboxylase which differed from the normal enzyme in several respects. This modified enzyme did not possess any latent activity; was more susceptible to thermal inactivation and exhibited a ΔHa for the rapid phase of thermal inactivation of 104 kcal per mole. A mechanism is proposed to account for the properties of the thermal inactivation of acetoacetic decarboxylase.
Building a Market: From Personal to Impersonal Exchange

Adam Smith identified two key components in the wealth creation process of human societies: exchange and specialization. More than two centuries later relatively little is understood about the underlying process by which people build exchange systems and discover comparative advantage. In this chapter we report on a pilot experiment that explores the social mainsprings that give rise to the market. Specifically, using cash-motivated participants we compare and contrast the personal, social interactions within a village with those of the participants engaged in long-distance trade among a system of interconnected virtual villages.
Nested variant of urothelial carcinoma.

Abstract Nested variant of urothelial carcinoma is a rare neoplasm that is histologically characterized by large numbers of small, closely packed, haphazardly arranged, poorly defined, confluent ir...
Formation of polypyrrole coatings onto low carbon steel by electrochemical process

Thin polypyrrole coatings (∼ 10 μm thick) were formed on low carbon steel by an aqueous constant current electrochemical polymerization using oxalic acid as the electrolyte. The amount of polypyrrole coatings formed on steel increased with the applied current and monomer concentration. No significant change in the electropolymerization of pyrrole occurred as a result of increased electrolyte concentration. The induction time for electropolymerization decreased significantly with current density but was unaffected by the initial monomer and electrolyte concentration. The electropolymerization potential of pyrrole increased with increased current density (Cd), i.e., Ep = 0.62 + 0.41 [Cd], and decreased exponentially with increased monomer and electrolyte concentration, Ep = E0 exp-[M]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the microstructure of the polypyrrole coatings formed on steel was dependent on the current density to the extent that smoother and more uniform coatings are formed at low current density. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polm Sci 65:417–424, 1997
Crystal structure modeling of a highly disordered potassium birnessite

The structure of a highly disordered synthetic birnessite was studied by comparing powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data with calculated patterns generated by BIRNDIF and WILDFIRE�9 in an attempt to describe the nature of disorder and to estimate the size of the coherent diffracting domains. The material has a turbostratic stacking sequence and coherent diffracting domains that are 25 to 30 )k on a side in the ab plane (N1 = 5 unit cells, N2 = 10 unit cells) and which average 2.5 unit cells thick parallel to c. Turbostratic stacking probably results because there are few constraints on the relationship between adjacent layers.
Near-field solid immersion lens (SIL) microscope with advanced compact mechanical design

We developed a compact mechanical mount package for Solid Immersion Lens (SIL). At 600 nm wavelength illumination, the resolution of this system is 200 nm with an effective NA of 1.5.
The helical hydrophobic moment: a measure of the amphiphilicity of a helix

The spatial distribution of the hydrophobic side chains in globular proteins is of considerable interest. It was recognized previously1 that most of the α-helices of myoglobin and haemoglobin are amphiphilic; that is, one surface of each helix projects mainly hydrophilic side chains, while the opposite surface projects mainly hydrophobic side chains. To quantify the amphiphilicity of a helix, here we define the mean helical hydrophobic moment, 〈μH〉 = |ΣNi=1 H⇀i/N, to be the mean vector sum of the hydrophobicities H⇀i of the side chains of a helix of N residues. The length of a vector H⇀i is the signed numerical hydrophobicity associated with the type of side chain, and its direction is determined by the orientation of the side chain about the helix axis. A large value of 〈μH〉 means that the helix is amphiphilic perpendicular to its axis. We have classified α-helices by plotting their mean helical moment versus the mean hydrophobicity of their residues, and report that trans-membrane helices, helices from globular proteins and helices which are believed to seek surfaces between aqueous and non-polar phases, cluster in different regions of such a plot. We suggest that this classification may be useful in identifying helical regions of proteins which bind to the surface of biological membranes. The concept of the hydrophobia moment can be generalized also to non-helical protein structures.
Relation of Task Switching to Speed, Age, and Fluid Intelligence

Two studies were conducted to investigate whether a meaningful task-switching construct could be identified and, if so, to determine how it was related to measures of higher order cognition and to adult age. Both studies revealed that measures of task switching were moderately correlated across different combinations of tasks and that a switching construct could be distinguished from a construct reflecting processing speed. The results of the 2nd study revealed that although the task-switching construct was related to age and to measures of episodic memory, inductive reasoning, and spatial visualization, most of the relations between the switching construct and both age and other measures of cognition were shared with other variables.
A continuous elution method of preparative starch gel electrophoresis

Abstract A preparative method of starch gel electrophoresis is described in which the electrophoretically separated components of a mixture are eluted directly and continuously from the starch gel. The method is simple and convenient and permits efficient separations with high recovery of materials. Three examples of its use in the separation of protein mixtures are provided: a calf thymus histone fraction, a mixture of lysozyme with β-lactoglobulin, and normal human serum. A tray of variable depth, for use in analytical starch gel electrophoresis experiments, is also described.
Distortions in nitramine substituted cubanes: The structures of N,N′-dinitro-1,4-diaminocubane, N,N′-dinitro-N,N′-(2-pyridyl)-1,4-diaminocubane, and 1,2,4,7-tetrakis(N-methoxycarbonylnitramino)cubane

The structures of three nitramine substituted cubane molecules, N,N′-dinitro-1,4-diaminocubane (1), N,N′-dinitro-N,N′-(2-pyridyl)-1,4-diaminocubane (2), and 1,2,4,7-Tetrakis(N-methoxycarbonylnitramino)-cubane (3), have been determined.1 crystallized in the space group P21/a with cell dimensionsa=6.545(1),b=9.331(1),c=7.459(1) A, β=105.80(1),2 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/a with cell dimensionsa=7.545(2),b=8.697(3),c=12.406(4 A, β=96.28(3)°, while3 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c with cell dimensionsa=10.866(3),b=6.866(2),c=16.167(6) A, β=108.79(3)°. The metrical parameters of the cubane skeleton showed no significant deviations from those found in other similarly substituted cubane molecules. For2 and3 there were considerable distortions of the nitramine moiety from planarity in contrast to1 where the nitramine moiety was almost exactly planar. The bond distances and angles for the nitramine group in1 indicates a substantial introduction of double bond character into the N−N bond in1, achieved by delocalization of the amine π lone pair, compared with2 and3.