cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saints in Arms: English Puritanism as Political Utopianism

I propose to confine myself to exhibiting certain Utopian features in English Puritanism which displayed themselves during that classic tragedy in the politics of enthusiasm, the English Civil War. I make two initial assumptions. I take it for granted that Puritanism was one of those periodic revivals of devotion, of which there have been many in the Christian centuries, and that its coincidence with secular upheavals led it to seize and dominate a revolution until its holy zeal for power was thoroughly discredited and the community mercifully released from the contortions of a bankrupt crusade. Furthermore, I take the liberty of applying the term "Puritan" to anyone whom Cromwell regarded as having "the root of the matter" in him: to the unorthodox as well as the orthodox, to the Center and Left as well as to the Right, to the Separatist, the Seeker, the Ranter, and even the Quaker, as well as to the Presbyterian or the Congregationalist. A movement which began by exhorting men to prepare themselves for a miracle of grace and ended by asserting the presence of the Holy Spirit in every believer is one movement. If there are many stopping places en route, it has a logical terminus. Let us therefore be wise, with Cromwell, and concentrate on the root of the matter: which is simply a conviction of salvation and a dedication to war against sin. The warfare may be spiritualized: the lonely soul wrestling with its temptations; the little community professing Christ and reproving each other; the witness to truth in human affairs whose only license is the violence of his language. On the other hand, this warfare may rage through society until the embattled saints are dazed by the ruin they have caused. "The interest of religion lies dreadfully in the dust," wrote a correspondent of the younger Winthrop as Charles II was alighting on Dover Sands. My question is a simple one: how did it get there?
Cerebrospinal fluid and serum light polypeptide chains in 160 patients with various nervous system disorders

In 160 patients with various neurological diseases, the cerebrospinal fluid and serum kappa/lambda light polypeptide chains ratios were determined. In addition, immunoelectrophoretic studies of the CSF and serum kappa and lambda polypeptide chains were performed. Quantitative changes in the cerebrospinal fluid light polypeptide chains and/or immunoelectrophoretic abnormalities in their precipitation arcs were predominantly found in patients with multiple sclerosis, in other subacute and chronic inflammatory and/or demyelinating central nervous system diseases and in lymphoproliferative disorders with neurological symptomatology.
Diversity of gene expression in goldfish brain.

Abstract 1. 1. The sequence complexity of nuclear and polysomal RNA from goldfish brain and kidney was measured by RNA-driven hybridization reactions with single-copy [ 3 H]DNA. 2. 2. At saturation, brain nuclear and polysomal RNA were complementary to 23.2 and 6.7% of the DNA probe, respectively. 3. 3. In contrast to these findings, nuclear and polysomal RNA from kidney hybridized to 16.1 and 3.1% of the single-copy DNA, values that were significantly lower than that obtained in the CNS. 4. 4. Taken together, the results focus attention on the striking diversity of gene expression in goldfish brain and extend to lower vertebrates the observation that nervous tissue expresses significantly more genetic information than other somatic tissues or organs.
Analysis of excitation and collection geometries for planar waveguide immunosensors

We demonstrate the use of a two-channel flowcell for fluorescent immunoassays. The flowcell contains a planar silica waveguide for evanescent excitation of the fluorophores, and the planar waveguide surface provides the solid support for immobilization of the antibodies. The detection system is composed of a grating spectrometer and a CCD camera for spectral characterization of the emitted signals. Two methods of sensing have been studied: a displacement-type technique and a sandwich-type assay. The sensitivity achieved for measuring concentrations of HCG by the sandwich method is sub-picomolar. Also, we have experimentally compared the signal strengths for two alternative ways of excitation and collection, and determine that waveguide excitation/side collection has some practical advantages over side excitation/waveguide collection.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Within-Individual Correlations Reveal Link Between a Behavioral Syndrome, Condition, and Cortisol in Free-Ranging Belding's Ground Squirrels

Animals often exhibit consistent individual differences in behavior (i.e. animal personality) and correlations between behaviors (i.e. behavioral syndromes), yet the causes of those patterns of behavioral variation remain insufficiently understood. Many authors hypothesize that state-dependent behavior produces animal personality and behavioral syndromes. However, empirical studies assessing patterns of covariation among behavioral traits and state variables have produced mixed results. New statistical methods that partition correlations into between-individual and residual within-individual correlations offer an opportunity to more sufficiently quantify relationships among behaviors and state variables to assess hypotheses of animal personality and behavioral syndromes. In a population of wild Belding's ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi) we repeatedly measured activity, exploration, and response to restraint behaviors alongside glucocorticoids and nutritional condition. We used multivariate mixed models to determine whether between-individual or within-individual correlations drive phenotypic relationships among traits. Squirrels had consistent individual differences for all five traits. At the between-individual level, activity and exploration were positively correlated whereas both traits negatively correlated with response to restraint, demonstrating a behavioral syndrome. At the within-individual level, condition negatively correlated with cortisol, activity and exploration. Importantly, this indicates that although behavior is state-dependent, which may play a role in animal personality and behavioral syndromes, feedback mechanisms between condition and behavior appear not to produce consistent individual differences in behavior and correlations between them.
Barack Obama and America's Journey

Forty-one years after the original publication of Michael Osborn's “Archetypal Metaphor: The Light-Dark Family,” Jerold Hale sponsored a panel at the Southern Communication Association honoring Osborn's work. For my part, I was drawn to the idea of employing archetypal metaphor as the central feature in an act of criticism. In this essay, which grew out of my presentation on that panel, I argue that a significant portion of the potency of Barack Obama's presidential campaign derives from the confluence of trajectories of two metaphorical journeys: Barack Obama's personal journey and America's national journey.
93 Cytokines Associate with Tissue Factor But Not with Thrombin Formation in Preterm Infants

Background: Tissue factor (TF), the in vivo initiator of coagulation cascade, is a central link between inflammatory and coagulation pathways. Objective: To evaluate associations between cytokine concentrations, TF and thrombin formation in preterm infants. Methods: We measured proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha), anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, free TF and, as indicator of thrombin generation, prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) in 56 VLBW infants (GA 23+5-31+5 wks, BW 600-1500g). Cord blood and blood samples on day 1, 3, and 5-7 were collected. From plasma cytokines were analyzed with Luminex technique, free TF and F1+2 were analyzed with Elisa tests (American Diagnostica, Dade Behring). Results: IL-6 correlated with free TF in cord samples and on days 1 and 3 (R=0.53, p=0.013, n=21; R=0.380, p=0.019, n=38; R=0.373, p=0.042, n=30). IL-8 correlated with free TF on days 1 and 3 (R=0.597, p< 0.001, n=38; R=0.462, p=0.009, n=31). TNF-alpha and IL-10 both correlated with free TF in cord samples (R=0.536, p=0.012, n=31, and R=0.610, p=0.003, n=22). No correlations were found between cytokines and F1+2. Conclusions: Both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines correlated with high TF concentration. A difference seems to exist between in utero (cord) and postnatal TF regulation: in cord plasma TNF-alpha as well as IL-10 showed strong associations with TF but lost this role to IL-8 postnatally. Free TF failed to contribute to the rate of thrombin generation. This shift of TF from coagulation to inflammation may have effects on pathogenesis of lung injury, as well as on extrapulmonary morbidity in preterm infants.
Tight-binding molecular dynamics study of palladium

We present a study of palladium by the NRL tight-binding (TB) method. We constructed a set of TB parameters by fitting to first-principles data for the electronic energies of face-centered cubic (fcc) and body-centered cubic (bcc) Pd as a function of volume. This TB Hamiltonian was then used to calculate phonon frequencies and elastic constants. Our calculations show good agreement with experiments and demonstrate the efficiency of the NRL-TB scheme. In addition, we performed tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the density of states, coefficient of thermal expansion, mean-squared displacement, and energy of vacancies formation at finite temperature.
Cost-effectiveness of splenectomy versus intravenous gamma globulin in treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood

Infusions of intravenous γ-globulin (IVGG) are an effective, nontoxic therapy for chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) that would be more widely accepted if the therapeutic agent were not so expensive. The costs and outcomes of managing such children with spienectomy and IVGG were modeled with Markov processes. Children unresponsive to one treatment were considered to have received the alternative. The model accounted for spontaneous remissions, therapeutic responses, traumatic events, episodes of sepsis, and operative deaths. For a 10-year-old child with chronic ITP, the strategy of initial treatment with splenectomy had associated costs of $17,000 and a 97.9% ten-year survival rate, whereas the strategy of initial treatment with IVGG had associated costs of $21,000 but a 98.6% survival rate. Each additional life saved by employing the IVGG strategy cost $540,000, or $8,000 per year for a life expectancy of 70 years. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that for older children the IVGG strategy continued to result in improved survival rates but was more costly than the splenectomy strategy. For younger children, the IVGG strategy dominated, with improved survival rates and lower costs.
INTERLEUKIN-12 AND B7.1 CO-STIMULATION COOPERATE IN THE INDUCTION OF EFFECTIVE ANTITUMOR IMMUNITY AND THERAPY OF ESTABLISHED TUMORS

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) promotes specific and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity mediated by T cells in a variety of murine tumor models. IL-12 also synergizes with B7.1 (CD80) co-stimulation to induce proliferation and cytokine production by both human and murine T cells in vitro. We evaluated the combined anti-tumor efficacy of IL-12 and B7.1 gene delivery in two apparently poorly immunogenic tumor models (TS/A and MCA207). In both of these models, expression of B7.1 and production of IL-12 in the inoculum led to improved anti-tumor immunity, with up to 80% long-term tumor-free animals (vs 0-20% of mice remaining tumor free when inoculated with either B7.1- or IL-12-transfected tumors alone). Tumor-free mice were capable of rejecting a subsequent rechallenge with the wild-type tumor in 66% of the cases. Cooperativity was dependent upon the level of IL-12 secreted by engineered cells. IL-12 delivery required B7 expression of therapeutic effects to be observed in these models. Vaccines provided at a site distal to a control, non-transfected tumor slowed (TS/A) or abrogated (MCA207) the progression of wild-type tumors. The synergistic anti-tumor effects associated with combined application of B7.1- and IL-12-transfected tumors were partially negated by systemic administration of the CD28-B7.1/B7.2 antagonist CTLA4-Ig or by inoculation with neutralizing antibodies directed against murine interferon-gamma or tumor necrosis factor-alpha, two cytokines elicited in response to IL-12 stimulation. These data support the potential clinical utility of combined gene therapy using IL-12- and B7.1-engineered autologous cells (tumor or fibroblasts) as a vaccine to elicit specific anti-tumor immunity.
Young citizens and civic learning: two paradigms of citizenship in the digital age

How can civic education keep pace with changing political identifications and practices of new generations of citizens? This paper examines research on school-based civic education in different post-industrial democracies with the aim of deriving a set of core learning categories that offer a starting point for thinking about how to address changing citizen identity styles and learning opportunities in various online and offline environments. The preponderance of school-based civic education programs reflects traditional paradigms of dutiful citizenship (DC) oriented to government through parties and voting, with citizens forming attentive publics who follow events in the news. The authors expand upon these conventional learning categories by identifying additional civic learning opportunities that reflect more self-actualizing (AC) styles of civic participation common among recent generations of youth who have been termed digital natives. Their AC learning styles favor interactive, networked activities o...
A mathematically focused curriculum for computer science

A curriculum that is flexible enough to suit all students studying computer science, and that reintegrates the theoretical aspects of the field along with more practical or vocational aspects, is proposed.
Accuracy of Coalescent Likelihood Estimates: Do We Need More Sites, More Sequences, or More Loci?

A computer simulation study has been made of the accuracy of estimates of Theta = 4Nemu from a sample from a single isolated population of finite size. The accuracies turn out to be well predicted by a formula developed by Fu and Li, who used optimistic assumptions. Their formulas are restated in terms of accuracy, defined here as the reciprocal of the squared coefficient of variation. This should be proportional to sample size when the entities sampled provide independent information. Using these formulas for accuracy, the sampling strategy for estimation of Theta can be investigated. Two models for cost have been used, a cost-per-base model and a cost-per-read model. The former would lead us to prefer to have a very large number of loci, each one base long. The latter, which is more realistic, causes us to prefer to have one read per locus and an optimum sample size which declines as costs of sampling organisms increase. For realistic values, the optimum sample size is 8 or fewer individuals. This is quite close to the results obtained by Pluzhnikov and Donnelly for a cost-per-base model, evaluating other estimators of Theta. It can be understood by considering that the resources spent collecting larger samples prevent us from considering more loci. An examination of the efficiency of Watterson's estimator of Theta was also made, and it was found to be reasonably efficient when the number of mutants per generation in the sequence in the whole population is less than 2.5.
Dopant distribution, oxygen stoichiometry and magnetism of nanoscale Sn0.99Co0.01O2

Abstract In recent work, we have shown that chemically synthesized Sn1−xCoxO2 nanoscale powders with x ≤ 0.01 are ferromagnetic at room temperature when prepared by annealing the reaction precipitate in the narrow temperature window of 350–600 ∘C. Combined high resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (on as-prepared and Ar+ ion sputtered samples), x-ray diffraction and magnetometry measurements showed that the Co distribution is more uniform throughout the individual Sn0.99Co0.01O2 particles when prepared at lower annealing temperatures of 350–600 ∘C and this uniform dopant distribution is essential to produce stable high temperature ferromagnetism. However, surface segregation of the dopant atoms in samples annealed at >600 ∘C destroys the room-temperature ferromagnetic behavior and reduces the Curie temperature to
Translation and functional expression of cell-cell channel mRNA in Xenopus oocytes

mRNA from estrogen-stimulated rat myometrium, a tissue known to upregulate cell-cell channels in response to this hormone, was microinjected intoXenopus laevis oocytes. The oocytes had been freed from covering layers of follicle cells and vitelline to allow direct cell membrane interactions when paired. About 4 hours after the mRNA injection, paired oocytes become electrically coupled. This coupling was due to the presence of typical cell-cell channels characterized by size-limited intercellular tracer flux, the presence of gap junctions at the oocyte-oocyte interface, and the reversible uncoupling that occurred in the presence of carbon dioxide. The induction of new cell-cell channels in the oocyte membrane was observed against a zero background or a low level of endogenous coupling, depending on the maturation stage of the oocytes. The time course of development of cell-cell coupling after the microinjection of mRNA was determined. The mRNA capable of inducing cell-cell coupling was confined to an intermediate size class when fractionated on a sucrose gradient.
703-5 Myocardial Ultrasound Contrast with Intravenous Perfluoropropane-enhanced Sonicated Dextrose Albumin: Initial Clinical Experience in Humans

Intravenous (IV) perfluoropropane-enhanced sonicated dextrose albumin (PESDA) is an ultrasound contrast agent produced by mixing a gas of low blood solubility and diffusivity with dextrose albumin during sonication. This agent has produced both improved left ventricular (LV) cavity and myocardial contrast in animals. Its safety and efficacy in humans has not been determined. Accordingly, we gave IV doses of PESDA (0.01–002 ml/kg) to seven humans (4 male, 3 female; mean age 63 ± 14 years). Five had coronary artery disease, one had aortic stenosis, and one had no evidence of structural heart disease. Patient symptoms, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), EKG, respiratory rate (RR) and oxygen saturation (OS) were monitored before and after each injection. Parasternal short axis, and apical left ventricular views were analyzed during injection to determine myocardial contrast produced and degree of endocardial border enhancement, respectively. Myocardial contrast (MC) was determined by quantifying end-systolic peak videointensity (PVI) from the parasternal short axis view (PSSAXV). All patients reported no adverse symptoms during the 0.01 or 0.02 ml/kg IV injections of PESDA. Hemodynamic and oxygen saturation changes following the 0.02 ml/kg injections are below (all were not significant) (BPM = beats per minute): Injection HR (BPM) MAP RR O 2 saturation Before 69 ± 11 83 ± 15 mmHg 20 ± 6 96 ± 2 After 70 ± 11 83 ± 15 mmHg 21 ± 7 96 ± 2 Both the 0.01 and 0.02 ml/kg IV PESDA injections produced acoustic shadowing (AS) in the LV cavity. The duration of AS in the apical four chamber view was 60 ± 16 seconds. Following this, there was an extended period of left ventricular cavity contrast at both end-diastole and end-systole for a mean of 55 ± 29 seconds. Myocardial contrast was quantifiable only from the anterior wall in the PSSAXV because of the prolonged acoustic shadowing of the other myocardial segments. Peak myocardial videointensity in this region averaged 4.3 ± 1.0 units. We conclude that IV PESDA: (a) is a safe ultrasound contrast agent in humans; (b) produces an extended period of LV cavity contrast in both diastole and systole , and (c) in very low doses produces prolonged cavity attenuation which prevents the detection of myocardial contrast.
Age-Related Telomere Shortening Occurs in Lens Epithelium from Old Rats and is Slowed by Caloric Restriction

We have investigated whether the average relative telomere length of lens epithelial cells (LECs) from brown Norway rats decreases with the age of the donor animal, and whether chronic caloric restriction (CR) of the rats delays the telomere shortening. Our previous studies have demonstrated that clonal proliferative potential of rodent LECs as well as the in vivo rate of DNA synthesis decreases with age and that this decrease is slowed by chronic lifelong caloric restriction (CR). In order to determine if telomeric shortening might be involved in this loss of proliferative potential, we examined relative telomeric lengths in young, old ad lib fed (AL), and old calorically restricted (CR) brown Norway rats. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization with a peptide nucleic acid probe (PNA) complementary to the telomeric repeat sequence to quantitate relative telomere lengths in LECs in lens sections (TELO-FISH). Control experiments demonstrated that the PNA probe binding was restricted almost entirely to the terminal portions of the rat chromosomes with less than 5% bound at interstitial sites in typical metaphase spreads. The relative telomere lengths of interphase human fibroblast standards, as determined by TELO-FISH, were in good agreement with terminal restriction fragment analyses of the same standards and with literature values for rat cells. The average telomere lengths of interphase nuclei in the old AL rat LECs were found to be 21% shorter than paired young AL controls (P < 0.01 by Wilcoxian signed rank test). The calorically restricted old rats had less telomere erosion (12%) than the old AL group (P < 0.05). Although it is not clear whether such moderate telomeric erosion can limit cell division in rodent LECs, the telomeric shortening correlated well with previous studies demonstrating reduced clonal, replicative potential, and reduced rates of in vivo DNA replication in LECs from old rodents and a delay in this attenuation in animals on chronic CR.
Interaction with William Carnall

Abstract A personal account is given of interaction with William T. Carnall during the period 1977–1988, when I made regular visits to the Argonne National Laboratory to discuss the theoretical background to the spectroscopic work he was carrying out on the lanthanides and actinides.
Isolation and characterization of myogenic satellite cells from the muscular dystrophic hamster

Myogenic satellite cells were isolated from control and dystrophic hamster diaphragms to examine cellular mechanisms involved in the physiology of muscular dystrophy. The Bio 14.6 dystrophic hamster, which possesses a defect in the delta-sarcoglycan gene, develops biochemical and physical symptoms of Duchenne-like and limb girdle muscular dystrophies. Because primary cultures of the control and dystrophic satellite cells became extensively contaminated with non-myogenic cells during proliferation, cell clones were developed to provide pure cultures for study. Cell culture conditions were optimized with the use of Ham's F-12K medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum +5% horse serum + 10 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor + 50 microg/mL porcine gelatin. Proliferation rates of the two clonal cultures were similar between the two lines. Satellite cell-derived myotubes from both primary cultures and clones differed between control and dystrophic animals. Dystrophic myotubes tended to be long and narrow, while the control-derived myotubes were broader. Measurement of muscle-specific creatine kinase during differentiation revealed that the dystrophic myotubes possessed higher creatine kinase levels than control myotubes (up to 146-fold at 168 h). The results demonstrate that satellite cells can be isolated from the hamster and may provide a useful tool to study muscular dystrophies associated with defects in the sarcoglycan complex and the involvement of sarcoglycans in normal skeletal muscle growth and development.
How Communication, Culture, and Critique Intersect in the Study of Journalism

The world of journalism has always been privileged—for good and bad—by the prisms through which we have recognized its parameters. In acting as more than just the provision of some kind of shared repertoire of public events, journalism can be fruitfully understood by bringing to the forefront of its appropriation the notions of communication, culture, and critique that go into its shaping. Each offers different but complementary parameters through which to think about journalism’s practice and, by extension, its study. Disciplines Communication This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/312 How Communication, Culture, and Critique Intersect in the Study of Journalism
Delayed therapy with curative intent in a contemporary prostate cancer watchful-waiting cohort

OBJECTIVE To identify predictors of delayed therapy with curative intent, an increasingly common option in contemporary patients with prostate cancer who initially choose watchful waiting. PATIENTS AND METHODS The characteristics of all patients at one institution and diagnosed with T1–4NXM0 prostate cancer between 1993 and 2000 were prospectively recorded. Factors recorded included: age, tumour stage, histological type, Gleason score, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, prostate volume, PSA density (PSAD), percentage of positive biopsy cores, and the initial treatment selection. Outcomes, including all cancer-directed interventions, all serum PSA values, and initial outcomes of all interventions with curative intent, were determined by review of all medical records and cancer registry data. RESULTS Of 187 patients on watchful waiting, 175 had stage T1 or T2 cancer and were analysed primarily. Thirty-eight (22%) of these patients received delayed intervention with curative intent (15 radical prostatectomy, 17 external beam radiotherapy, six brachytherapy). Age (P < 0.001) and percentage of positive biopsy cores (P = 0.042) were significant independent predictors of intervention with curative intent. When the PSA doubling time was added to the model it became a significant predictor (P = 0.018), with percentage positive biopsy cores (P = 0.022) and age (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Therapy with curative intent is common in contemporary patients with prostate cancer who initially choose watchful waiting. Age and percentage positive biopsy cores are independent predictors of such intervention, with PSA doubling time also an independent predictor.
Computer image enhancement and analysis of cementum increments as applied to teeth of Gazella gazella

Abstract A method is described that promises to reduce some of the subjectivity of estimating the age and season of death from cementum increments in mammalian teeth recovered from archaeological sites. Computer image enhancement can increase clarity and computer image analysis can help to objectively distinguish increments, ascertain their number, and determine the nature of the outermost increment. The method is applied to modern mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella) teeth of known month of death from Israel and to prehistoric specimens from Hayonim Cave, Israel.
A study on managing the performance requirements of a distributed service delivery software system

Like other non-functional requirements (NFR), performance requirements can have global impact on a system. This article presents a preliminary study on the management of performance requirements of a distributed service delivery (DSD) system using the 'Performance Requirement Framework (PeRF)' developed by Nixon B.A. Nixon, Management of performance requirements for information systems, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 20 (12), (2000)]. Various steps in the framework are explained in the context of the DSD system, and the effects of some design decisions on the performance have been evaluated. PeRF was originally developed for information systems. The article shows how the framework can be adapted to a distributed system. However, additional studies on a number of distributed systems need to be carried out in order to develop a full framework for performance requirements for distributed systems, or perhaps for different categories of such systems.
Approximate reachability don't cares for CTL model checking

RDCs (Reachability Don't Cares) can have a dramatic impact on the cost of CTL model checking (J. Yuan et al., 1997). Unfortunately, RDCs, being a global property, are often much more difficult to compute than the satisfying set of typical CTL formulas. We address this problem through the use of Approximate Reachability Don't Cares (ARDCs), computed with the algorithms developed for the VERITAS sequential synthesis package (H. ho et al., 1990; 1996). Approximate reachable states represent an upper bound on the set of true reachable states, and thus a lower bound on the set of unreachable (Don't Care) states. ARDCs can be 10X to 100X (or much more for very large circuits) cheaper to compute than RDCs, and in some cases have the same dramatic effect on CTL model checking as the real RDCs. We also discuss the application of ARDCs to the problem of exact computation of the RDCs themselves. Experiments on industrial benchmarks show that order of magnitude speedups are possible, and occur frequently. The experimental results presented strongly support our claim that ARDCs play a safe and important way out of a serious dilemma: RDCs are necessary for tractable model checking of many large circuits, but the computation of the RDCs themselves is often intractable. We include, and theoretically justify, significant extensions of the VERITAS algorithms, and show that they can be up to an order of magnitude faster, while computing a virtually identical upper bound.
Growth and magnetic properties of single crystal Co/sub 2/MnX (X=Si,Ge) Heusler alloys

Half-metallic (HM) ferromagnetic materials have recently drawn intense interests due to their potential use in magnetoelectronic devices. Co-based Heusler alloys of the type CO/sub 2/MnX (X=Si,Ge), predicted to be HM by first principles band structure calculations, are of particular interest since they alone possess Curie temperatures in excess of 900 K. Since the spin polarization (P) is believed to be sensitive to antisite defects that are likely to occur in vapor-quenched thin film synthesis, single crystals of Co/sub 2/MnX (X=Si, Ge) were prepared using the tri-arc Czochralski method. X-ray diffraction, including Laue backscattering, was employed to determine the high crystalline quality of these crystals. SQUID magnetometry measured a magnetic moment per formular unit that is close to the calculated value indicating that these alloys may in fact be HM. However, point contact Andreev reflection, a technique that has reliably measured high P in CrO/sub 2/, measures P values for these crystals of 50-60%, well below their theoretical values. The reduced spin polarization may be due to the effects of crystal symmetry breaking at the surface or the presence of anti-site defects, or that these materials are not truly half-metallic.
Some New Progresses in the Optical Properties of Nonspherical Ice Crystals and Dust Aerosols

Steady progress has been made in the simulation of the single-scattering properties of nonspherical ice particles and dust aerosols. An updated database is being built of the optical properties of ice crystals and dust particles.
Three models of fuzzy logic controllers

The article describes three alternative representations of fuzzy logic controllers (FIX): a granule-based model, a model using Sugeno method of fuzzy reasoning, and a cell model. The main characteristics and relationships between these models are discussed. A general analysis of the FLC in the framework of conventional controllers is provided.
Effect of parathion and its metabolites on calcium uptake activity of rat skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum in vitro.

Abstract The insecticide parathion and its potent anticholinesterase metabolite paraoxon induce skeletal muscle necrosis when administered in vivo to rats. In the present study the effects in vitro of parathion and its metabolites on microsomal (sarcoplasmic reticular) calcium uptake activity in rat diaphragm skeletal muscle are examined. Parathion (0.05 mM) is a potent inhibitor of this calcium uptake. The inhibition is apparently competitive with calcium in the system. Parathion (0.05 mM) is also shown to inhibit calcium-dependent ATPase activity associated with the microsomal calcium uptake. Paraoxon, the active anticholineslerase metabolite of parathion, and p -nitrophenol, a hydrolytic metabolite of paraoxon, have no inhibitory effects at this level. At 1.5 mM levels they do inhibit the skeletal muscle microsomal calcium uptake. Eserine, a chemically unrelated anticholinesterase agent, also has inhibitory effects at 1.5 mM. When these same compounds are incubated with isolated rat hemidiaphragms they antagonize the muscle contraction elicited by direct stimulation of the muscle. The skeletal muscle necrosis caused by parathion and paraoxon appear to relate to the anticholinesterase activity in vivo . The relatively potent inhibition of calcium uptake activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum in vitro seen with parathion appears to be an independent action and not related to cholinesterase inhibition.
CLEAVAGE OF THE IMIDAZOLE RING IN HISTIDYL RESIDUE ANALOGUES REACTED WITH PEROXIDIZING LIPIDS

Degradative reactions initiated by peroxidizing lipids on the histidyl imidazole side-chain were studied by reacting the histidyl residue analogues N-benzoylhistidine and hippurylhistidyl-leucine with methyl linoleate in a low-moisture model system resembling the structure of freeze-dried foods. We found that, after incubation at 51-57°C and 75% relative humidity for 3 wk, the imidazole side-chain was cleaved by peroxidizing methyl linoleate to yield asparagyl and aspartyl side-chains along with other compounds at lower concentrations. The degradation of the histidyl imidazole ring (pKa= 6.0–6.5) increased significantly at pH ≥ 7, indicating that the free base form was the labile species.
A Diagnostic Numerical Model of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation

Abstract The long-period variations in zonally symmetric circulations of the tropical stratosphere are investigated. The zonally averaged momentum, continuity, and heat energy equations, subject to the assumptions of hydrostatic balance and a geostrophically balanced zonal wind, are used to formulate a numerical model which is integrated in time to study the evolution of the flow. Terms representing diabatic heating (thermal forcing) and divergence of eddy momentum flux (dynamical forcing) appear as input parameters whose distributions in space and time are specified in various ways to obtain diagnostic information on the dynamics of the observed quasi-biennial wind oscillation. Experiments with thermal forcing through time varying diabatic heating indicate that an enormous variation in the radiative heating is required to produce the observed amplitude of the zonal wind oscillation, and that a thermally driven model is incapable of reproducing the observed characteristics of the downward propagating wind...
Hydrogen Spillover Enhanced Hydriding Kinetics of Palladium-Doped Lithium Nitride to Lithium Imide

Hydrogen storage in complex metal hydrides often suffers from unsatisfied hydriding kinetics of the corresponding complex metals under moderated conditions, partly due to the kinetic barrier associated with the breaking of the H−H bond. Therefore, doping catalysts for H−H bond breakage become a feasible strategy to improve the hydriding kinetics because hydrogen adatoms can efficiently spill over from catalyst to complex metals. To realize this strategy, we developed a unique method to uniformly dope catalytic metal in the storage complex metals via synthesis of the eutectic of the catalytic metal and the precursory storage metal. This method eliminates the use of support materials for catalysts, while still maintaining the large surface area and uniformity of the catalysts. We demonstrated that Li3NPd0.03 with nanoscopic Pd uniformity can be prepared through nitridization of LiPd0.01 eutectic. The resulting Li3NPd0.03 exhibits enhanced hydriding kinetics over pure Li3N for the reaction Li3N + H2 ↔ Li2NH ...
Chemically enhanced alpha-energy spectroscopy in liquids

Direct alpha-energy spectroscopy in liquids is possible by placing a chemically selective polymer thin film upon the surface of passivated silicon diodes. By utilizing polymer thin films with high affinity for actinides, we have been able to selectively concentrate actinides of interest upon the diode surface, resulting in a substantial increase in sensitivity relative to a direct measurement. With this film coated diodes, we were able to obtain in-situ alpha spectra with energy resolution comparable to that of conventional alpha-spectroscopy. The response of the thin film coated diode was found to be linear over 104. The sensitivity and reversibility is a function of the membrane complexation chemistry.
Nonlinear transport and localization in single-walled carbon nanotubes

We have measured the electrical transport properties of mats of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) as a function of applied electric and magnetic fields. We find that at low temperatures the resistance as a function of temperature R(T) follows the Mott variable range hopping (VRH) formula for hopping in three dimensions. Measurement of the electric field dependence of the resistance R(E) allows for the determination of the Bohr radius of a localized state a = 700nm. The magnetoresistance (MR) of SWNT mat samples is large and negative at all temperatures and fields studied. The low field negative MR is proportional to H2, in agreement with variable range hopping in two or three dimensions. 3D VRH indicates good intertube contacts, implying that the localization is due to the disorder experienced by the individual tubes. The 3D localization radius gives a measure of the ID localization length on the individual tubes, which we estimate to be >700 nm. Implications for the electron-phonon mean free path are discussed.
Classification and reconstruction of three-dimensional microstructures using support vector machines

Abstract Reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures is posed and solved as a pattern recognition problem. A microstructure database is used within a support vector machines framework for predicting 3D reconstructions of microstructures using limited statistical information available from planar images. The 3D distributions of the grain size of the reconstructed polyhedral microstructures exhibit qualitative agreement with stereological predictions. Amenability of the approach for studying microstructure–property relationships is shown by comparing the computed properties of reconstructed microstructures with available experimental results. Combination of classification methodology and principal component analysis for effective reduced-order representation of 3D microstructures is demonstrated. The pattern recognition technique discussed uses two-dimensional microstructure signatures to generate in nearly real-time 3D realizations, thus accelerating prediction of material properties and contributing to the development of materials-by-design.
Aging effects on the mechanical properties of alumina-forming austenitic stainless steels

Abstract Isothermal aging and tensile evaluation were conducted for recently developed alumina-forming austenitic stainless steels (AFAs). Microstructural observation reveals that NiAl-type B2 and Fe 2 (Mo,Nb)-type Laves phase precipitates form as dominant second phases in the austenitic matrix during aging at 750 °C. At room temperature these precipitates increase the strength but decrease the ductility of the AFA alloys. However, when tested at 750 °C, the AFA alloys did not show strong precipitation hardening by these phases, moreover, the elongation to fracture was not affected by aging. Fracture surface and cross-sectional microstructure analysis after tensile testing suggests that the difference of mechanical behaviors between room temperature and 750 °C results from the ductile–brittle transition of the B2 precipitates. At room temperature, B2 precipitates are strong but brittle, whereas they become weak but ductile above the ductile–brittle transition temperature (DBTT).
Increased expression of transforming growth factor beta isoforms (beta 1, beta 2, beta 3) in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Evidence suggests that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) may play a central role in a variety of fibroproliferative disorders via the induction of extracellular matrix accumulation. The three mammalian TGF-beta isoforms are present in the normal lung, but very little is known about their expression during lung injury and repair. To more fully understand the role of TGF-beta in lung repair, we investigated the expression of the TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3 isoforms in a bleomycin-induced model of pulmonary fibrosis using immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques. We found expression of the three TGF-beta isoforms, in an identical pattern, widely distributed throughout the normal rat lung: in airways, blood vessels, lung parenchyma, and alveolar macrophages. In general, the distribution of TGF-beta mRNA and protein coincided; however, bronchial epithelial cells were a notable exception, exhibiting immunoreactivity but no mRNA expression. During the "inflammatory" phase (day...
Efficient channel borrowing strategy in PCN systems

Time slot, or channel, borrowing is an effective way to increase capacity in an FDMA/TDMA based PCS system. The authors propose a channel borrowing strategy which utilizes power measurement and control to accomplish this increase in capacity. The system describes here is more complex than one without power control, but in comparison to a frequency hopping system, is simple to implement, with respect to both the cluster-controller and the portable. The details of the system, including antenna connections used by the cluster-controller and the power criterion for switching these connections, are described The paper also discusses antenna diversity for improving the system performance. It is shown that the ability to deal with co-channel interference is improved considerably. This is substantiated by a statistical assessment of the interference.
Experimental Investigation on the Influence of High Pressure and High Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Deep Reservoir Rocks

Deep and ultra-deep resources extraction has resulted in the challenge of drilling into high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) environments. Drilling challenges at such extreme conditions prompted NETL to develop a specialized ultra-deep drilling simulator (UDS) for investigating drill behavior in such conditions. Using the UDS apparatus, complex laboratory tests were performed on Carthage marble (Warsaw limestone) and Crab Orchard sandstone, which represent the rocks in the basins of the Tuscaloosa trend in southern Louisiana and the Arbuckle play in Oklahoma and North Texas. Additionally, numerical models of the UDS were developed for performing parametric analyses that would be impossible with the UDS alone. Subsequently, it was found that the input properties for these two rock types at such extreme pressure and temperature conditions were unavailable. Therefore, a suite of unconfined compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, and triaxial compression tests (σ 1 > σ 2 = σ 3) were performed on Carthage marble and Crab Orchard sandstone for investigating their behavior in HPHT environments. The HPHT experiments were performed at confining pressures ranging from atmospheric to 200 MPa, and with temperatures ranging from 25 to 180 °C. The influences of confining pressure and temperature on the mechanical properties of two rocks were investigated.
A Support-Based Reconstruction for SENSE MRI

A novel, rapid algorithm to speed up and improve the reconstruction of sensitivity encoding (SENSE) MRI was proposed in this paper. The essence of the algorithm was that it iteratively solved the model of simple SENSE on a pixel-by-pixel basis in the region of support (ROS). The ROS was obtained from scout images of eight channels by morphological operations such as opening and filling. All the pixels in the FOV were paired and classified into four types, according to their spatial locations with respect to the ROS, and each with corresponding procedures of solving the inverse problem for image reconstruction. The sensitivity maps, used for the image reconstruction and covering only the ROS, were obtained by a polynomial regression model without extrapolation to keep the estimation errors small. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method improves the reconstruction of SENSE in terms of speed and accuracy. The mean square errors (MSE) of our reconstruction is reduced by 16.05% for a 2D brain MR image and the mean MSE over the whole slices in a 3D brain MRI is reduced by 30.44% compared to those of the traditional methods. The computation time is only 25%, 45%, and 70% of the traditional method for images with numbers of pixels in the orders of 103, 104, and 105–107, respectively.
The asymptotic distribution of lattice points in Euclidean and non-Euclidean spaces

The counting numbers for discrete subgroups of motions in Euclidean and non-Euclidean spaces are obtained using the wave equation as the principal tool. In dimensions 2 and 3 the error estimates are close to the best known.
Forty Years of Secondhand Smoke Research The Gap Between Discovery and Delivery

Citation patterns showed discovery and delivery to be distinct areas of SHS research. There was little cross-citation between discovery and delivery research, including only nine citation connections between the main paths. A discovery article was 83.5% less likely to cite a delivery article than to cite another discovery article (OR0.165 [95% CI0.139, 0.197]), and a delivery article was 64.3% less likely (OR0.357 [95% CI0.330, 0.386]) to cite a discovery article than to cite another delivery article. Research summaries, such as Surgeon General reports, were cited frequently and appear to bridge the discovery‐ delivery gap. Conclusions: There was a lack of cross-citation between discovery and delivery, even though they share the goal of understanding and reducing the impact of SHS. Reliance on research summaries, although they provide an important bridge between discovery and delivery, may slow the development of a field. (Am J Prev Med 2009;36(6):538‐548) © 2009 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
The starting mechanism in coupled-cavity modelocked laser systems

We present what we believe to be the starting mechanism in coupled-cavity additive pulse modelocked (APM) laser systems. The etalon effect of the coupled cavity forces the main cavity to lase at two separate frequencies, thus producing short and strong mode beating "noise bursts" that can overcome dynamic gain saturation in large emission cross-section gain media. As a result, self-starting is possible for the NaCl:OH coupled-cavity color center laser. The dependence of the etalon effect on the cavity length detuning and its role in the dynamics of the APM process and in self-stabilized picosecond coupled-cavity lasers are discussed. The experimental observation of THz-mode beating fluctuations produced by the mode structure of a coupled-cavity NaCl:OH color center laser supports our model. >
Hidden reach of the micromanagers

Small interfering RNAs can trigger unintended, microRNA-like off-target effects, but the impact of these effects on functional studies has been controversial. A recent study in BMC Genomics shows that microRNA-like effects can predominate among the 'hits' of functional genomics screens.