cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A generalized linear integrate-and-fire neural model produces diverse spiking behaviors

For simulations of neural networks, there is a trade-off between the size of the network that can be simulated and the complexity of the model used for individual neurons. In this study, we describe a generalization of the leaky integrate-and-fire model that produces a wide variety of spiking behaviors while still being analytically solvable between firings. For different parameter values, the model produces spiking or bursting, tonic, phasic or adapting responses, depolarizing or hyperpolarizing after potentials and so forth. The model consists of a diagonalizable set of linear differential equations describing the time evolution of membrane potential, a variable threshold, and an arbitrary number of firing-induced currents. Each of these variables is modified by an update rule when the potential reaches threshold. The variables used are intuitive and have biological significance. The model's rich behavior does not come from the differential equations, which are linear, but rather from complex update rules. This single-neuron model can be implemented using algorithms similar to the standard integrate-and-fire model. It is a natural match with event-driven algorithms for which the firing times are obtained as a solution of a polynomial equation.
Empirical model of Poynting flux derived from FAST data and a cusp signature

[1] Empirical models of the Poynting flux and particle kinetic energy flux, associated with auroral processes, have been constructed using data from the FAST satellite and are available online. The models output flux maps as a function of several geophysical parameters: (1) clock angle of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), (2) magnitude of the IMF in the GSM y-z plane, (3) solar wind speed, (4) solar wind number density, (5) magnetic dipole tilt angle, and (6) the AL index (optional for Poynting flux). The choice of parameters is motivated by the Weimer potential model. Because the Poynting flux distribution has a heavy tail, care must be taken in applying the model to events that may be uncommon, and the model output includes a measure of quality based on the density of FAST orbits in the parameter space. The models are constructed by fitting the data to a sum of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), with coefficients modeled by quadratic equations in the geophysical parameters. The EOFs are constructed from the same data set using singular value decomposition, along with a smoothing/interpolation algorithm that minimizes curvature and incorporates uncertainty. Potential applications include specification of the auroral energy input for general circulation models. Basic findings from the model include verification of the importance of the auroral electrojets as features of auroral Poynting flux deposition and identification of the cusp as a third important feature. The cusp makes an important contribution to the overall energy budget when the IMF is north of ±90°.
Why principal component analysis is not an appropriate feature extraction method for hyperspectral data

It is a popular practice in the remote sensing community to apply principal component analysis (PCA) on a high dimensional feature space to achieve dimensionality reduction. Typically, there are two primary goals for dimensionality reduction: (i) data compression and (ii) feature extraction for classification purposes. While PCA has been proven to be an optimal method for data compression, it is not necessarily an optimal method for feature extraction, particularly when the features are used in a supervised classifier. This paper addresses the issue of using PCA on hyperspectral data, specifically why PCA is not optimal for dimensionality reduction in target detection and classification applications. The authors provide theoretical and experimental analysis of PCA to demonstrate why and when PCA is not appropriate. There are variations of the Karhunen-Loeve transform that outperform PCA in a supervised classification scheme, and some of these alternative approaches are discussed in this paper.
Hierarchical model for object recognition based on natural-stimuli adapted filters

We examine a set of biologically inspired features and apply it to the multiclass object recognition problem. To obtain these features we modify HMAX, which is based on a hierarchical model of visual cortex. Instead of using a set of standard Gabor filters we use a set of natural-stimuli adapted filters. These filters emerge as a result of optimization based in part on smooth L1-norm based sparseness maximization. These filters in conjunction with the HMAX model give more biological plausibility to the model. The features thus obtained are largely scale, translation and rotation invariant, and are fed to a support vector machine classifier. We successfully demonstrate the applicability of this modified HMAX model to the object recognition task by testing it on Caltech-5 and Caltech-101 datasets.
Free-space optical communications link at 1550 nm using multiple-quantum-well modulating retroreflectors in a marine environment

A 1550-nm eye-safe, free-space optical communications link is demonstrated at rates up to 5 Mbits/s over a distance of 2 km in the Chesapeake Bay, using quantum-well-based modulating retroreflectors. Tests are conducted under various atmospheric conditions over a time period of about a year. The experimental and theoretical link budgets are compared and statistical measurements of the effects of scintillation are collected.
Change in Expression of Heart Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I Isoforms with Electrical Stimulation of Cultured Rat Neonatal Cardiac Myocytes

Electrical stimulation of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in culture produces increases in myocyte size (hypertrophy) and organization of actin into myofibrillar arrays. The maturation of the cells is associated with enhanced contractile parameters and cellular calcium content. The numbers and intensity of cellular mitochondrial profiles increase, as measured by scanning laser confocal microscopy. Consistent with the hypertrophic response is increased cellular content of β-myosin heavy chain and cytochrome oxidase subunit Va messages, as well as increases in cytochrome oxidase activity in the stimulated cardiac myocytes. Myocyte contractile capacity is associated with increased expression of the muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-I) isoform as measured by Northern analysis, immunoblotting, and altered sensitivity of CPT-I activity to malonyl-CoA in the stimulated cells. The data suggest that a switch from the liver isoform of CPT-I, prominent in the neonatal rat heart, to the muscle CPT-I which predominates in adult rat heart, takes place in the neonatal cardiac myocytes over the same time period as the hypertrophic-mediated changes in myofibrillar assembly and increased contractile activity.
Quality and Nutritional Changes in Frozen Breaded Shrimp Stored in Wholesale and Retail Freezers

Chemical, microbiological, and sensory changes were monitored in breaded fantail shrimp held in upright and coffin style freezers at two retail markets and in a large warehouse freezer. Quality and nutritional changes in a test lot of shrimp were followed for 13 months. Significant sensory deterioration can be detected as early as 3 - 4 months after production when shrimp are stored in a retail freezer. Minimum retail freezer temperatures reached ≤-20°C between 1% and 36% of the monitored days and had daily temperature variations of 12 - 18°C. Storage at the wholesale level below -20°C with maximum daily temperature variations of 2 - 3°C proved to be an effective method to maintain the quality of frozen shrimp for at least 13 months of storage.
A Series of Sea Breeze Observations in the New York City Area

Abstract A series of pilot balloon observations has provided data for the analysis of vertical cross-sections of the wind field in the lowest 3500 ft of the atmosphere during three an breeze situations in the New York City area. The days were chosen with different superposed flow conditions and the following were noted: 1) The frontal characteristics of the sea breeze were found to he related to an opposing gradient flow. 2) Opposing gradient flow also caused the sea breeze to be shallower, to have lower velocities, to form later in the day and to retreat seaward earlier in the evening. 3) During two days an increase was found in the landward component of the sea breeze in the very lowest layer, near the coast line about sunset. This phenomenon had also been observed in a set of earlier observations at Block Island, Rhode Island.
Long term use of saline water for irrigation.

Use of saline drainage water in irrigated agriculture, as a means of its disposal, was evaluated on a 60 ha site on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. In the drip irrigation treatments, 50 to 59% of the irrigation water applied during the six-year rotation was saline with an ECw ranging from 7 to 8 dS/m, and containing 5 to 7 mg/L boron and 220 to 310 μg/L total selenium. Low salinity water with an ECw of 0.4 to 0.5 dS/m and B ≈ 0.4 mg/1 was used to irrigate the furrow plots from 1982 to 1985 after which a blend of good quality water and saline drainage water was used. A six-year rotation of cotton, cotton, cotton, wheat, sugar beet and cotton was used. While the cotton and sugar beet yields were not affected during the initial six years, the levels of boron (B) in the soil became quite high and were accumulated in plant tissue to near toxic levels. During the six year period, for treatments surface irrigated with saline drainage water or a blend of saline and low salinity water, the B concentration in the soil increased throughout the 1.5 m soil profile while the electrical conductivity (ECe) increased primarily in the upper l m of the profile. Increaszs in soil ECe during the entire rotation occurred on plots where minimal leaching was practiced. Potential problems with germination and seedling establishment associated with increased surface soil salinity were avoided by leaching with rainfall and low-salinity pre-plant irrigations of 150 mm or more. Accumulation of boron and selenium poses a major threat to the sustainability of agriculture if drainage volumes are to be reduced by using drainage water for irrigation. This is particularly true in areas where toxic materials (salt, boron, other toxic minor elements) cannot be removed from the irrigated area. Continual storage within the root zone of the cropped soil is not sustainable.
A Conceptual Framework for Mentoring in a Learning Organization

The purpose of this article is to provide a conceptual framework for mentoring as an added component of a learning organization in the context of adult learning and development theories. Mentoring is traditionally a process in which an experienced person (the mentor) guides another person (the mentee or protege) in the development of her or his own ideas, learning, and personal/professional competence. Mentoring uses transformational theory through critical reflection in a non-judgmental manner and addresses the andragogical principle that experience is the richest source for adult learning. In a learning organization, adult development is fostered for both mentee and mentor in a reciprocal and collaborative learning partnership. Critical issues in designing a mentoring program for facilitating the development of a sustainable learning organization are discussed with potential pitfalls. Anticipated outcomes from a mentoring program in a learning organization include application of new knowledge in daily t...
GUTE ERNTE GmbH

On February 21, 1997, the newly reconstituted management of Gute Ernte GmbH — Germany received the go-ahead from its new parent company to aggressively expand in Europe. Gute Ernte had been recently sold by its founder and sole shareholder to the internationally active BFC, commonly referred to as BFC.
Product Take-Back Legislation and Its Impact on Recycling and Remanufacturing Industries

Take-back legislation holds producers financially responsible for handling and treating their products at end of life. A growing number of countries around the world have enacted such legislation, especially for electrical and electronic products. Clearly, such legislation impacts the strategic and operational decisions of companies operating in the affected industries and the operations management literature recently started to analyze these problems. In this chapter, we provide an overview of existing take-back legislation and the papers that have studied various research questions associated with them. Our focus is particularly on papers that have studied the impact of these regulations on the recycling and remanufacturing industries.
Ergonomic assisted direct laryngoscopic intubation: Headup display, wireless camera and fiberoptic With resistance to fouling

Endotracheal intubation, or placement of a tube into the airway (windpipe), is a commonly performed procedure. In most cases it can be managed with simple equipment by persons with basic training. However, in 1 – 5% of intubation attempts under controlled conditions and up to 10 − 30% of attempts during emergencies and out-of-hospital cases, there is “the difficult airway.” This situation is marked by inability to either see the airway entrance (vocal cords) or to get a tube past them. New devices with optical systems are making difficult airway access much safer. However, there is still a tendency for optical systems to become fouled by secretions or blood and ergonomic problems persist. In this paper we present a prototype device designed to address these issues.
Computerized Specification System Saves Resources

Application of a computer-aided specification preparation system, known as EDITSPEC, results in production of higher-quality project specifications and uses 30 percent fewer resources. Specifications produced by EDITSPEC are more complete, accurate, and consistent. Use of EDITSPEC reduces the elapsed time, specification writer and typist time, and costs required to produce a project specification. Change orders due to specification errors are reduced, thus lowering total construction costs. Preparing Corps of Engineers guide specifications, program-oriented guide specifications, and project specifications with EDITSPEC are discussed. The benefits and operation of EDITSPEC are also described.
The People We Meet: Discriminating Functions of Parasocial Interactions

A recent Bureau of Labor Statistics study reported Americans spend more time watching television than engaging in interpersonal activities. At the same time, television content is increasing in bot...
Plant Stress Responses: Discussion of Models for Racespecific Resistance

Plants can respond actively to changes in their environment as well as resisting changes by constitutive barriers such as the cuticle and cell wall. In general, plants are in a dynamic equilibrium with the environment, constantly responding at the organ, tissue, cellular as well as the transcriptional, translational and enzyme level to environmental changes. When these changes are extreme or when the environment damages or weakens the plant’s ability to grow and reproduce, we term this stress. Biotic stress comes from another living organism (bacterial or fungal pathogen, insect or herbivore). Abiotic stress is caused by environmental extremes (heat, cold, water) or compounds present at toxic levels (heavy metals, ozone).
Shortened frame design for narrowband powerline communication systems

In this 15.875paper, we propose a method to achieve high data rates using a shortened orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) frame format in the physical layer (PHY) for narrowband power line communication (NB PLC) systems. The new frame structure will combine the preamble and information in the same OFDM symbol so that the overhead from the preamble is reduced. Then we consider the optimal placement strategy for the preamble tones to minimize the performance degradation caused by channel and noise during preamble detection and channel estimation for the shortened frame. Finally we outline an adaptive algorithm to use effectively use the shortened preamble.
The Oneida Community and the Instability of Charismatic Authority

The Oneida Community, in many ways the most radical social and sexual experiment in American history, was founded in central New York by John Humphrey Noyes and a small band of Christian perfectionists in March 1848. This community, which had evolved during the 1840s from an earlier group association in Putney, Vermont, dissolved as a communitarian venture in January 1881, at which time the carefully restricted membership approached 300 men, women, and children. It then legally transformed itself into a capitalist enterprise known as the Oneida Community, Ltd., and in 1935 the company changed its name to Oneida, Ltd. It still functions as one of the world's leading silverware manufacturers. 1 Students of this remarkable utopian socialist community have long sought to understand why, after more than thirty essentially harmonious and increasingly prosperous years, the so-called breakup occurred. In offering explanations for the Oneida Community's eventual demise, some-Albert T. Mollegen, for example-have stressed external causes such as the destructive impact of "public pressure.' '2 "No other communist colony was so perfect in
The effect of multiplicity of infection on recombination values in bacteriophageT 4 D

In Massenlysaten und Einzelwurfen vonT 4-Kreuzungen steigt der Prozentsatz der Rekombinanten mit steigender Infektionsmultiplizitat an, und zwar sowohl zwischen gekoppelten als auch zwischen “ungekoppelten” Genen. Dieser Befund stimmt mitTrautners (1960) Ergebnissen beiT 1-Kreuzungen uberein. Der scheinbarte Widerspruch zuEpsteins (1958) fruheren Resultaten beiT 4-Kreuzungen last sich erklaren, da verschiedene Wirtsbakterien verwendet wurden.
Chemical Repellents for Hippelates Eye Gnats A Method and Procedure for Evaluation

A simple procedure for the screening and evaluation of chemical repellents against Hippelates eye gnats has been developed. The materials were first evaluated in an olfactometer operated in the field. Skin tests on humans were also made under field conditions, and the results of the two testing procedures were for the most part in agreement. Fifteen materials at multiple concentrations were tested in the olfactometer. Concentration response effect was not evident for most of the materials studied. Some materials, however, showed direct concentration-response relationship, while one compound showed an inverse relationship. Of the 15 materials tested, dimethyl carbate, ethyl hexanediol, and Triple Mix (64% dimethyl phthalate, 17% ethyl hexanediol, 19% Indalone® (butyl 3,4-dihydro-hydro-2,2-dimethy1-4-oxo-2- H -pyran-6-carboxlyate)) showed the greatest effect. The remaining materials manifested moderate to very little repellency against the gnats. In human skin tests, 15 materials at single concentration were evaluated. The same three materials which proved highly effective in olfactometer tests also proved effective in skin tests. However, other materials which produced poor or mediocre results in olfactometer tests yielded good results in human skin tests. Such a variability in the performance of some compounds under the two sets of conditions was to be expected. In many cases, however, the olfactometer and skin tests were in agreement.
Formation of Microporosity in Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers

Molecular simulations of poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyl chloride) hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCPs) are prepared using a “virtual synthesis” approach with vinylbenzyl chloride contents ranging from 25 to 100%. The trends in porosity from the simulations are in good agreement with experimental data, where surface areas increase with the degree of cross-linking. In addition to studying the final structures, an advantage of using a simulated polymerization is the ability to examine the evolution of porosity throughout the virtual synthesis. Measures of the surface areas and pore size distributions indicate a gradual formation of pores in the swollen state. Additionally, the extent of pore collapse on moving from the swollen to dried states is shown to depend heavily on the degree of cross-linking. This unique perspective gained from the simulations provides important insight in order to gain a better understanding of the structure–property relationships in HCPs.
Effects of Cubing Alfalfa Hay on Development of Yearling Beef Heifers and In Situ Rate and Extent of Disappearance12

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cubing alfalfa on heifer development and in situ ruminai NDF and CP disappearance. One hundred ninety-two prepuberal crossbred heifers were allotted to 16 pens with each pen randomly allotted to treatment; 1) cubed alfalfa (CA) or 2) long alfalfa (LA). Diets were consumed ad libitum. Heifers were weighed every 28 d throughout the 96-d trial. Following synchronization, heifers were bred by AI 12 h after observed estrus. Hay intake by CA heifers was lower (P .25)or in total pregnancy (P > .25). Six mature beef cows fitted with ruminal cannula were used in a switchback design to determine influence of cubing on in situruminal CP and NDF disappearance. During each period animals consumed their respective diets ad libitum for 14 d of adaptation and 5 d of data collection. Nylon bags containing 5-g samples of either CA or LA were ruminally incubated for 12,24,36,48,72, and 96 h. Bag residues were analyzed for DM, CP, and NDF content. The DM and NDF disappearance rate constants and extent of DM disappearance for CA (.27, .11, and 79.6%, respectively) were higher (P .05) forCA (.33) and LA (.28). Results from the heifer development trial suggest that heifers fed CA gained faster and were more efficient than heifers fed LA. No differences were detected in reproductive performance, possibly because all heifers reached the recommended weight for puberty at the beginning of the breeding season regardless of treatment (average, 409 kg). Results from the in situ trial indicate ruminal DM and NDF disappearance were enhanced by cubing alfalfa, but not rate of CP disappearance.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FORMATION DAMAGE CAUSED BY THREE KINDS OF SOURCE WATER MIXED INJECTION IN SZ36-1

Eight kinds of scale inhibitors have been screened out and the optimal dosage has been decided on the base of perpendicular experimental results. The mixed samples with the optimal and the worst mixture ratio have been measured by the laser particle device under the formation temperature (60℃) and the normal temperature (20℃). Results show that solid concentration and particles diameters have changed. The damage of the cores caused by the two kinds of mixed samples has been evaluated contrastively under normal and formation temperature when inhibitors existing or without inhibitor. The damaged degree of cores caused by the optimal mixture ratio of the mixed sample is slighter than by the worst mixture ratio. As to the mixed samples with the same mixture ratio, the damage to cores under the formation temperature is less serious than the normal temperature when adding inhibitor; the damage to cores brought by the two kinds of mixed samples after adding inhibitors is less than ones without inhibitors.
Study on the effective participation of the community-based organizations for case-finding and management of HIV/AIDS(PLWHAs)

Objective To summarize the experience of community-based organizations in participating AIDS case detection and PLWHAs management,and to discuss the effective promotion in AIDS prevention and control.Methods Using the cooperation between CDC,medical institutions and community-based organizations during 2008 to 2010 in the prevention and control of AIDS among MSM and PLWHAs as a case,establishing management strategy,clarifying the clear division of responsibilities,setting up division of labor security mechanism,and strengthening quality management,so as to evaluate the outcome of case-finding and management of HIV/AIDS(PLWHAs).Results 8 Community-based organizations participated by the end of 2010,the number and ability of participation were enhanced significantly;HIV detection and positive cases among MSM population increased from 1949(HIV positive rate was 2.60%) in 2008 to 4947(HIV positive rate was 4.51%) in 2010,and testing costs declined yearly.The missing of positive case reduced,and the follow-up and management were enhanced,and more PLWHAs were promoted to accept ART treatment.Conclusion It is feasible and effective in promoting community-based organizations to participate in AIDS prevention and control by creating supportive environment,designing effective mechanism,strengthening guidance and supervision to accelerate AIDS control.
Effects of Exposure of the Nine-Day Rat Embryo to Ultrasound

Review of the literature indicates that ultrasound may have deleterious effects on development but that these would occur at some indeterminate level above that used clinically. We will describe our ongoing studies which are providing quantitative data on the relationships between the intensity of exposure of the rat embryo and the effects produced. These include three series of experiments using 3.2 and 0.71 continuous wave and 2.0 MHz pulsed ultrasound to simulate doppler, therapeutic, and echographic conditions respectively.
Numerical Methods for Quantum Spin Systems

We discuss numerical methods used in studies of quantum spin systems. The Monte Carlo method for quantum spin systems based on Suzuki-Trotter mapping of a D-dimensional quantum system onto a (D+1)-dimensional equivalent classical system is reviewed. We present the development and applications of an algorithm, based on this transformation, which is designed for a hypercube parallel computer. The issues related to the constraints imposed by conservation laws and methods of measurement of physical quantities are dicussed. The application of the Maximum Entropy Method to the world-line spin simulations is outlined. We also give a short review of the results of static and dynamic simulations of non-frustrated Heisenberg antiferromagnet and XY model on a square lattice. A self-consistent t-matrix approximation for magnons is outlined, and a method for numerical determination of singlemagnon Green’s function is proposed.
Distribution and Abundance of Spotted Owls in Zion National Park

The main objective of this study is to estimate the distribution, habitat use, and reproductive status of Mexican spotted owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) in Zion National Park. This information will allow managers to coordinate park activities that potentially conflict with nest sites, roost sites, or brood rearing habitats. Other objectives of this study are to estimate spotted owl food habits and fledgling success, and to compare these findings with other North American spotted owl populations.
Relationship between the Einstein-Laub electromagnetic force and the Lorentz force on free charge

An electromagnetic force density expression that is consistent with a development attributed to Einstein and Laub appears to be able to describe optical force experiments done to date with homogenized media. However, a major question that has persisted for about one century relates to the apparent discrepancy with the usual interpretation of the force description due to Lorentz in magnetized media. Specifically, it had appeared that the Einstein and Laub force density incorporated only the free-space permeability in relation to the force on the electric current density. It is shown here that the Einstein and Laub force density is consistent with the Lorentz picture in the static limit. This resolves a key impediment in establishing a unified force density description for electromagnetic waves interacting with matter.
The Effect of Per Se Recusal Rules on Donor Behavior in Judicial Elections

Recent judicial decisions and political developments have elevated the issue of impartiality among elected judges as a topic of public and scholarly interest. Using a data set of all donations to candidates for the Supreme Court of Alabama from 1994 through 2010, we explore one potential proposal for limiting the appearance of judicial bias and its effects on the behavior of campaign donors—per se recusal. Our results indicate that the existence of a per se recusal statute significantly decreases the likelihood of observing large donations from several categories of donors. In auxiliary analysis, we find that attorney donors have increasingly funneled contributions through PACs since this statute's enactment—presumably, because such contributions are exempted from the law.
Theoretical analysis for variable delivery flow external gear machines based on asymmetric gears

Abstract This paper presents an analytical approach for the analysis of a new working concept for variable delivery external gear machines. The proposed design principle encompasses all the advantages of conventional fixed displacement external gear machines, along with a simple mechanism to change the displaced flow per shaft revolution. The variation in the displaced flow is achieved by realizing a variable timing for the connections of each tooth space volume (volume between two adjacent teeth of the gears) with the inlet and outlet. This is achieved through a movable slider placed at the gear lateral sides. The position of the slider determines the amount of flow displaced by the unit per revolution. Analytical expressions which define the range of percentage variation in flow displacement that can be achieved based on a generic asymmetric design of the gears are presented. The paper presents a detailed analytical derivation for geometric displacement, flow delivered at the outlet and shaft torque required during operation as well as flow non-uniformity/pulsation. The analytical expressions were compared with proof of concept test. Experimental results were in line with the analytical prediction and show a 32% variation in displacement. These positive results show promising potentials for the working of a new concept for variable delivery external gear machine.
Comparing Thermal Process Validation Methods for Salmonella Inactivation on Almond Kernels

Ongoing regulatory changes are increasing the need for reliable process validation methods for pathogen reduction processes involving low-moisture products; however, the reliability of various validation methods has not been evaluated. Therefore, the objective was to quantify accuracy and repeatability of four validation methods (two biologically based and two based on time-temperature models) for thermal pasteurization of almonds. Almond kernels were inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 30 or Enterococcus faecium (NRRL B-2354) at ~108 CFU/g, equilibrated to 0.24, 0.45, 0.58, or 0.78 water activity (aw), and then heated in a pilot-scale, moist-air impingement oven (dry bulb 121, 149, or 177°C; dew point <33.0, 69.4, 81.6, or 90.6°C; vair = 2.7 m/s) to a target lethality of ~4 log. Almond surface temperatures were measured in two ways, and those temperatures were used to calculate Salmonella inactivation using a traditional (D, z) model and a modified model accounting for process humidity. Among the process validation methods, both methods based on time-temperature models had better repeatability, with replication errors approximately half those of the surrogate ( E. faecium ). Additionally, the modified model yielded the lowest root mean squared error in predicting Salmonella inactivation (1.1 to 1.5 log CFU/g); in contrast, E. faecium yielded a root mean squared error of 1.2 to 1.6 log CFU/g, and the traditional model yielded an unacceptably high error (3.4 to 4.4 log CFU/g). Importantly, the surrogate and modified model both yielded lethality predictions that were statistically equivalent (α = 0.05) to actual Salmonella lethality. The results demonstrate the importance of methodology, aw, and process humidity when validating thermal pasteurization processes for low-moisture foods, which should help processors select and interpret validation methods to ensure product safety.
Colvin, Michael. Fado and the Urban Poor in Portuguese Cinema of the 1930s and 1940s. Tamesis, 2016.

This volume nuances a foundational maxim of Lisbon fado , namely, that it acquired class mobility via nineteenth-century prostitute- fadista Maria Severa (from the hardscrabble neighborhood of Mouraria) and her liaison with a member of the nobility.
Work and Families in the United States

This entry summarizes recent research findings on the intersection of work and families, with a focus on paid and unpaid work in heterosexual families and brief summaries of research on cohabiting heterosexual and gay and lesbian families. Contrasts between dual-earner and sole-earner families are highlighted in the areas of career prioritization, childbearing, childrearing, housework, perceptions of fairness of housework, marital satisfaction, divorce, and the key role of work–family conflict in understanding the intersection of work and family life in the contemporary United States. Keywords: marriage; sociology of family; women and families
Four Ironies of Campus Climate

Building on previous scholarship, Jean Stefancic and I develop a comprehensive model for accommodating the main competing views -- First Amendment absolutism and minority protection -- that vie for ascendancy in the debate over campus climate.
A mechanism of mutually beneficial relationships between employees and consumers: A dyadic analysis of employee–consumer interaction

Abstract Although sport management researchers concur with one another regarding the significance of interaction between employees and consumers in shaping the consumers’ attitudes and behaviors, the vast majority of previous studies are largely isolated such that they take assessment exclusively from one side of the dyad—either employees or consumers. The authors seek to advance the current body of knowledge by utilizing a dyadic method that includes judgments provided by employees as well as one of each employee’s consumers in a high-contact sport service context (i.e., multi-purpose fitness centers). As such, the authors investigate how employee citizenship behavior and deviance behavior influence consumer citizenship behavior and participative behavior through consumers’ perceived service quality and satisfaction with employees. The results indicated that employee citizenship behavior positively and deviance behavior negatively shaped consumers’ perceptions of service quality, whereas the negative moderating effect of employee deviance behavior between employee citizenship behavior and service quality was not supported. Satisfaction with employees significantly mediated the relationship between service quality and consumer citizenship behavior but not between service quality and consumer participative behavior. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications derived from this study are discussed.
Selective Alterations in N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Coupled Responses with Aging: Implications for Therapy

The search for the underlying neurochemical causes of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease and aging has continued in earnest over the past few years. Although the cholinergic hypothesis has attracted much attention and experimental effort, another hypothesis is coming to the forefront due in large part to advances in our understanding of the neurochemical basis of learning and memory. This new hypothesis, the glutamatergic hypothesis, does not necessarily exclude the cholinergic hypothesis or others, but may provide an additional perspective for experimental design and the development of potential therapies for cognitive disorders associated with aging or Alzheimer’s disease.
Behavioral Approaches to Prevention

Man’s search for a more rewarding existence occasionally leads him to ponder the possibility of a world free of disease, ignorance, poverty, and hostility. From Plato to Skinner, Utopias seem to touch upon some inherent and common soft spot within all of us. Indeed, aspirations for a more harmonious and rational future seem to cut across political, religious, and philosophical ideologies. Considerable thought and effort have been put forth delineating man’s problems and how they might best be alleviated. Solutions range from mundane to spiritual, with myriad forms and hues in between. It is the purpose of this chapter to review and suggest how one alternative (i.e., prevention) may provide one of the necessary answers to the question of how to make a better tomorrow.
Surface Characterization of Thin Organic Films on Metals

The topic of thin organic films on metals will bring to mind different models for different individuals, depending upon their background and scientific area. For example, one might think of a polymer layer on a metal, such as the coating on the inside of a food can, a protective plastic coating on an automobile bumper, or decorative construction panels used widely in the building industry. On the other hand, one might think of organic contaminants on metal contacts in integrated circuits or contamination of semi-conductor processing lines. A third possibility would be layers deposited on metals, such as those used in photo-resist technology. In short, thin polymer films on metals is a topic which covers many areas of materials science.
Transforming Growth Factor-β in Cutaneous Tissue Repair

Transforming growth factor-βs and their family are important components of the injury response. By far, the best studied of these multifunctional peptides is TGF-β1. Evidence accumulated over the last two decades shows that TGF-βs have a profound stimulatory effect on overall extracellular matrix production, on the development of tensile strength after wounding, and on the formation of a stable scar. Some of the overall effects of the TGF-βs occur in concert with other cell types and often obscure the well-described inhibition these peptides have on endothelial cells and keratinocytes. In addition to their important effect on wound healing, TGF-βs have been shown to increase, modify, or even block the fibrotic response.
Tracking Multiple Evolving Threats with Cluttered Surveillance Observations

Many threats in the form of human actions (terrorist attacks, military actions, etc.) can be stochastically modeled by someone with relevant expert knowledge. In this work, a threat is taken to be a sequence of actions that evolve over time and culminate at some ultimate goal. A model would be a hypothesis as to how a threat would develop, and what kind of observable evidence it would produce along the way. This modeling method allows us to attempt detection using the preliminary evidence of a threat. This would theoretically allow the user to take preemptive action; i.e. the user can interfere with the threat before its culmination. This work presents a method of stochastically modeling these types of processes using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). We then present a detection scheme based on random finite set (RFS) filters (Bernoulli filters) that allows for detection of multiple threat processes using a single cluttered stream of observed data.
Testing for Families of Distributions via the Fourier Transform

We study the general problem of testing whether an unknown discrete distribution belongs to a specified family of distributions. More specifically, given a distribution family P and sample access to an unknown discrete distribution D , we want to distinguish (with high probability) between the case that D in P and the case that D is e-far, in total variation distance, from every distribution in P . This is the prototypical hypothesis testing problem that has received significant attention in statistics and, more recently, in computer science. The main contribution of this work is a simple and general testing technique that is applicable to all distribution families whose Fourier spectrum satisfies a certain approximate sparsity property. We apply our Fourier-based framework to obtain near sample-optimal and computationally efficient testers for the following fundamental distribution families: Sums of Independent Integer Random Variables (SIIRVs), Poisson Multinomial Distributions (PMDs), and Discrete Log-Concave Distributions. For the first two, ours are the first non-trivial testers in the literature, vastly generalizing previous work on testing Poisson Binomial Distributions. For the third, our tester improves on prior work in both sample and time complexity.
Utter Strangers: The English and French Language Movements

National recognition of the soulful, raucous music of Southwest Louisiana prompted a new regard in Louisiana for the paramount importance of the French language in the state’s history and culture. But because the movement to restore French in Louisiana’s public life was modeled after French Canadian efforts to protect a minority language in a majority English-speaking nation, when the state of Louisiana began to try to reestablish the French language, its efforts focused on the history of French Canadian migrants to Louisiana, and Creoles, who were ancestrally French Caribbean Africans, dropped out of the state’s narrative. The band was broken up. The story was fractured.
REVIEW OF ROTATIONAL STRUCTURE IN EXCITED VIBRATIONAL STATES OF SPHERICAL-TOP MOLECULES*

The subject of this review has been a recurring theme through much of the history of molecular spectroscopy, especially in the infrared spectral range. Methane has been the classic prototype molecule in this area of research. Advances in our theoretical understanding of rotational-vibrational spectra of CH4 have followed, to some extent, developments in infrared technology.
Predictive Analytics and the Changing Manufacturing Employment Relationship: Plant Level Evidence from Census Data

We examine trends in the use of predictive analytics for a sample of more than 25,000 manufacturing plants using proprietary data from the US Census. Comparing 2010 and 2015, we find that use of predictive analytics has increased markedly, with the greatest use in younger plants, professionally-managed firms, more educated workforces, and stable industries. Decisions on data to be gathered originate from headquarters and are associated with less delegation of decision- making and more widespread awareness of quantitative targets among plant employees. Performance targets become more accurate, long-term oriented, and linked to company-wide performance, and management incentives strengthen, both in terms of monetary bonuses and career outcomes. Plants increasing predictive analytics change the demographics of their workforce by reducing management payroll and increasing use of flexible, temporary and cross- trained rank-and-file employees. With increased usage of predictive analytics, plants become more efficient, with lower inventory, increased volume of shipments, and narrower product mix. Results are robust to a specification based on increased government demand for data.
Shift symmetries, soft limits, and the double copy beyond leading order

In this paper, we compute the higher derivative amplitudes arising from shift symmetric-invariant actions for both the non-linear sigma model and the special galileon symmetries, and provide explicit expressions for their Lagrangians. We find that, beyond leading order, the equivalence between shift symmetries, enhanced soft limits, and compatibility with the double copy procedure breaks down. In particular, we have shown that the most general even-point amplitudes of a colored-scalar satisfying the Kleiss-Kuijf (KK) and Bern-Carrasco-Johansson (BCJ) relations are compatible with the non-linear sigma model symmetries. Similarly, their double copy is compatible with the special galileon symmetries. We showed this by fixing the dimensionless coefficients of these effective field theories in such a way that the arising amplitudes are compatible with the double copy procedure. We find that this can be achieved for the even-point amplitudes, but not for the odd ones. These results imply that not all operators invariant under the shift symmetries under consideration are compatible with the double copy.
The case of a 72-Year-Old Male with Hematemesis and Pneumomediastinum due to Acute Bacterial Esophageal Necrosis.

Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) is a relatively uncommon presentation of esophagitis. AEN is characterized by black necrotic esophageal tissue and is associated with high mortality rates. We discuss the case of a 72-year-old Caucasian male who was admitted to the medical intensive-care unit (MICU) for evaluation of pneumomediastinum. CT of the chest revealed a right lower lobe consolidation, pneumomediastinum, and marked thickening of the distal esophagus. Vital signs on arrival revealed a temperature of 38.3° Celsius, heart rate of 92 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute, blood pressure of 144/65, and oxygen saturation of 97% on 15 liters of supplemental oxygen via non-rebreather. Laboratory studies on arrival were remarkable for a white blood cell (WBC) count of 19.75 x109/L, procalcitonin of 3.53 ng/mL, and C-reactive protein (CRP) level 43.95 mg/dL. The patient was intubated for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and started on intravenous (IV) pantoprazole as well as broad-spectrum antibiotics for possible pneumonia. Bedside bronchoscopy showed no obvious airway deformities or perforations on inspection but did reveal thick copious secretions that were sent for culture. Thoracic surgery was consulted, and an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed, which demonstrated no obvious tear or perforation. However, it did show swollen and black mucosa primarily involving the distal esophagus. Tissue cultures from the EGD grew Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was also grown from the bronchial wash and bronchoalveolar lavage. EGD findings were consistent with AEN. Despite extensive supportive care, the patient ultimately expired. We propose that people with AEN who present with pneumomediastinum and those in whom AEN is found to be secondary to a bacterial cause require not only supportive measures but also prompt surgical consultation.
ZnTe Back Buffer Layer to Enhance the Efficiency of CdS/CdTe Solar Cells

The high electron affinity (4.4eV) of CdTe presents a major technological challenge for forming a good back contact to CdTe, limiting the power conversion efficiency of CdTe solar cells. Commonly used metals do not possess an adequately deep work function to create an ohmic contact with CdTe. Instead, approaches such as doping the back surface of CdTe or incorporating a buffer layer between CdTe and the back-metal contact are used to lower the back-barrier height. Here, we investigate the impact of sputtered ZnTe back buffer layer on the performance of CdS:O/CdTe solar cells. We demonstrated CdTe solar cells with an efficiency of around 15% with a 35 nm ZnTe buffer layer.
Changes in Physical and Chemical Properties of a Loamy Sand Soil When Amended With Composted Poultry Litter

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of composted poultry litter (CPL) on the physical and chemical properties of a loamy sand soil. To accomplish this, a loamy sand so...
10 – Isotope Separators

Publisher Summary This chapter describes three devices by which uranium isotopes are separated. One is based on the differences in ion motion in a magnetic field, and the other two are based on differences in the diffusion of particles through a membrane or against a centrifugal force. Calculations on the amounts of material that must be processed to obtain nuclear fuel are presented, and estimates of costs are reviewed. A gaseous diffusion plant is very expensive, of the order of a billion dollars, because of the size and number of components such as separators, pumps, valves, and controls, but the process is basically simple. The plant runs continuously with few operating personnel. The principal operating cost is for the electrical power to provide the pressure differences and perform work on the gas. Gas centrifuge is a device for separating isotopes, also called the ultra-centrifuge because of the very high speeds involved, has been known since the 1940s, but only recently has become popular as a promising alternative to gaseous diffusion.