cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional circuitry of the goldfish cerebellum

1. The basic circuitry of the cerebellum of goldfish is similar to that in other vertebrates but with several special features. Deep nuclei are lacking and the axons of approximately 80% of Purkinje cells leave the cerebellum. 2. Responses of granule cells indicate much convergence of mossy fiber inputs. Some Purkinje cells give single simple spikes, others trains of spikes in response to mossy fiber or parallel fiber stimulation. 3. Inhibitory interneurons—stellate and Golgi cells—are characterized by high-frequency, ongoing spikes. Parallel fibers activate interneurons which inhibit granule cell responses to mossy input and which also inhibit Purkinje cells as indicated by IPSP's, interruption of spontaneity and of responses via mossy fiber-granule cell input. 4. Peduncle stimulation in deafferented preparations revealed Purkinje cell collateral inhibition of other Purkinje cells and of Golgi cells. 5. Climbing fiber stimulation elicits complex responses in Purkinje cells, often followed by inhibition and, in some cells, a late second excitatory response.
Vapor–liquid–liquid equilibria of perfluorohexane + CO2 + methanol, +toluene, and +acetone at 313 K

Abstract Homogeneous catalysts offer many advantages over heterogeneous catalysts, such as higher activities and selectivities. However, recovery of homogeneous catalysts is often complicated by difficulties in separating these complexes from the reaction products. The use of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) as miscibility switch for organic and fluorous phases has been proposed to overcome this limitation. By using CO2 as a cosolvent, polar organic reactants can be homogenized with catalysts immobilized in a fluorous phase without using elevated temperatures. The phase behavior underlying this concept is investigated. High-pressure phase equilibria for the systems containing carbon dioxide, an organic (methanol, toluene, or acetone), and perfluoro-n-hexane were measured using a variable-volume view cell, by a method capable of rapid and facile measurement of compositions and density in both phases with no sampling or calibration.
Efficacy and safety of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination vs fluoxetine monotherapy following successful combination therapy of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.

This study assessed prevention of relapse in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) taking olanzapine/fluoxetine combination (OFC). Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who failed to satisfactorily respond to ⩾2 different antidepressants for ⩾6 weeks within the current MDD episode were acutely treated for 6–8 weeks, followed by stabilization (12 weeks) on OFC. Those who remained stable were randomized to OFC or fluoxetine for up to 27 weeks. Time-to-relapse was the primary efficacy outcome defined as 50% increase in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale score with Clinical Global Impressions−Severity of Depression score of ⩾4; hospitalization for depression or suicidality; or discontinuation for lack of efficacy or worsening of depression or suicidality. A total of 444 patients were randomized 1:1 to OFC (N=221) or fluoxetine (N=223). Time-to-relapse was significantly longer in OFC-treated patients compared with fluoxetine-treated patients (p<0.001). Treatment-emergent weight gain and some mean and categorical fasting metabolic changes were significantly greater in OFC-treated patients. Clinically significant weight gain (⩾7%) was observed in 55.7% of patients who remained on OFC throughout the study, including the relapse-prevention phase (up to 47 weeks). There were no significant differences between patients treated with OFC and fluoxetine in extrapyramidal symptoms or serious adverse events. We believe this is the first controlled relapse-prevention study in subjects with TRD that supports continued use of a second-generation antipsychotic beyond stabilization. A thorough assessment of benefits and risks (in particular metabolic changes) associated with continuing treatment with OFC or fluoxetine must be done based on individual patient needs.
You never leave your family in a fight: The impact of family of origin on conflict‐behavior in romantic relationships

The present study investigates the influence of communication patterns of families of origin on conflict behaviors of adult children in their romantic relationships. Based on self‐reports of 260 participants, differences in conflict behaviors were observed for persons stemming from consensual, pluralistic, protective, and laissez‐faire families. The differences involved mutually positive and mutually negative behaviors, as well as in the complementary behaviors of avoiding, threatening, and resisting. These results support hypotheses predicting a socializing influence of the family of origin's communication patterns on adult children's communication in subsequent romantic relationships. In addition, by associating the different family types with different socialization outcomes, this study farther demonstrates the importance of assessing family types in investigations of family communication and of interpersonal conflict.
Signatures for a New Supersymmetric Left-Right Gauge Model From Superstrings

We consider the phenomenological implications for the Superconducting Super Collider of a new supersymmetric left-right symmetric model, motivated by E6 compactification in superstring theories.
Usefulness of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide to identify ventricular dysfunction in pediatric and adult patients with congenital heart disease

The usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels to assess ventricular dysfunction in children and the congenital heart disease population remains largely unknown. We retrospectively analyzed 62 patients with or without known heart disease who had plasma BNP measured for the investigation of new or severity grading of known ventricular dysfunction. BNP levels were significantly higher in patients with ventricular dysfunction (mean 623 ± 146 pg/ml, range 5 to 5,000) than in patients without ventricular dysfunction (mean 22 ± 5 pg/ml, range 5 to 63; p
Prognostic and diagnostic implications of estrogen and progesterone receptor assays in cytology

Scientific evidence suggests that cancer is a consequence of genetic changes that result in uncontrolled cellular growth, tissue invasion, and metastasis. This concept has led to a great deal of excitement in the medical community in the hope that precise identification of genes involved in human cancer could potentially facilitate our understanding of human malignancies. It may also be possible to apply this information directly to different clinical settings. Many technologies are now available which offer opportunities for pathologists to not only expand their diagnostic abilities, but also to assess the prognosis of a given tumor in a specific patient. These include immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, cell image analysis, and molecular genetic studies. In this review, the role of immunocytochemical hormone receptor assay as an aid in tumor prognosis and in prediction of tumor response to endocrine therapy will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on the use of hormone receptor assay as an adjunct in diagnostic pathology and in assessment of metastatic tumors of unknown origin. The potential value of assessment of hormone receptors in different cytologic preparations will also be discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The distribution of trace elements in deep-sea sediments of the Atlantic Ocean

Abstract The distributions of barium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead, chromium, manganese and tin have been determined in the tops of deep-sea cores from the Atlantic Ocean. The trace elements show no correlations with clay mineralogy or depth of water. The strongest correlations are: (1) among manganese, nickel and cobalt which can be related generally to areas of low clay accumulation rates hence possibly representing a fine grained pelagic component, and (2) the correlation of copper with calcium carbonate.
Automated FT-IR Grazing Angle Microscopy - A New Approach To Micro Spatial Chemical Mapping Of Thin Films

Frederick P. EngInternational Business Machines5600 Cottle Road, 348/006San Jose, CA 95193U.S.A.Automated FT -IR Grazing Angle Microscopy - A New Approach toMicro Spatial Chemical Mapping of Thin FilmsWith the recent emergence of microscopes combined with FT -IR spectrometers, anew approach to micro -analyze polymer /organic materials has evolved. Sampleswith size and thickness less than 100 micrometers and 5 nm, respectively, canbe analyzed. There are basically two types of infrared microscopes - nearnormal and grazing angle of incidence. The former provides both transmissionand reflectance (near normal angle of incidence) sampling modes whereas thelatter focuses only on reflectance using a grazing angle of incidence thatranges from 66 to 84 degrees. The grazing angle microscope, which relativelyis more sensitive, is a better approach in analyzing or characterizing microthin films, smears, or spots on reflective surfaces. Automation of the grazingangle microscope expands its capability further to study micro spatial chem-ical mapping of polymer, organic, and even inorganic thin films on reflectivesurfaces. The results yield the thickness map of the thin film in a micro-scopic scale that could not possibly or easily be archievedin the past by anyanalytical technique. Different mapping patterns such as straight lines,squares, rectangles, circles, spirals, sectors, and circular bands can beroutinely accomplished using an IBM PC /AT that controls both the FT -IR spec-trometer and the motorized X -Y and theta positioning stage of the microscope.
THE EFFECT OF THYROID TREATMENT ON THE RESPIRATION OF VARIOUS RAT TISSUES1

THE RELATIONSHIP of the thyroid gland to metabolism has long been recognized though little understood. The fact that utilization ofoxygen by the intact, hyperthyroid animal is increased does not necessarilymean that every tissue is using more oxygen nor that thosewhich do respond to this stimulation do so at the same rate, to thesame extent or in the same manner. Techniques by which the oxidativeprocesses can be studied in individual tissues have already contributedto our knowledge of the mechanics of this relationship. Somecontradiction exists as to the ability of thyroxine to exert its stimulativeeffect on isolated, surviving tissues, but the bulk of the evidencepoints to the negative (Haarmann, 1936; Mansfield and Horvath,1934; Bungeler, 1938; Dresel, 1938). It has been adequately shown,however, that thyroid treatment prior to the use of the animal fortissue respiration experiments results in an increased rate of oxidationin certain tissues (Dye, 1933; McEachern, 1935; Meyer et al., 1933).
The Montecarlo Method in Application of Fatigue Life Reliability Analysis

Based on the probability theory, combined with the deterministic method for estimating the fatigue fracture mechanics, the formula was deduced to calculate the fatigue crack propagation life of examples components. The uncertainty and randomness of main assessment parameters were considered:initial crack size, practical working load,fracture toughness, mechanical intensity and coefficients. Since there are not many data, Weibull distribution was adopted to denote the life distribution of equipment approximately. A computer program was developed by using numerical integration method, and the fatigue life under given reliability and credit degree was solved. Analysis result shows that MonteCarlo simulation method can reflect objectively the uncertainty of assessment parameters and overcome the shortcomings of certainty assessment methods.
II Sensory Feedback Influences on Keytapping Motor Tasks

Subjects were trained to tap a key continuously at a specific rate, and with a specific amount of pressure (regularity task). Performance of this task was studied under conditions of: (a) decreased...
“Extra Caloric” Effect of Dietary Fat for Developing Turkeys as Influenced by Calorie-Protein Ratio

Abstract INTRODUCTION STUDIES with both rats (Forbes et al., 1946; French et al., 1948; and Swift and Black, 1949) and chicks (Rand et al., 1958) have shown that adding fat to rations improved the utilization of metabolizable energy calories and protein. In a series of experiments with developing turkeys, Touchburn and Naber (1966) clearly demonstrated that dietary fat improved utilization of metabolizable energy and obtained evidence that a wider calorie : protein ratio could be tolerated when fat was added to the ration than when no fat was used. These authors referred to the “extra caloric” effect of supplemental dietary fat. In the absence of supplementary fat the protein requirement of male turkeys was shown to be higher than for female turkeys (Jensen et al., 1965). In these studies, which were done with a relatively slow growing strain of Broad Breasted Bronze, a protein level of more than 20% appeared to…
Decision Making in the Engineering Classroom

This paper outlines the exploration of an analogy between the developmental stages of engineering education and the stages of moral development of an individual as synthesized by Kohlberg. This exploration is used to discuss the components of education necessary to educate the “post-conventional engineer.” The exploration is relevant to understanding the historical or evolutionary stage of engineering as a profession in order to set a framework for engineering education. This analysis raises some of the issues for incorporating decisionmaking into engineering education. The paper also proposes some simple classroom techniques that can aid in developing the dimensions of social responsibility as part of the engineering classroom and decisionmaking.
Trends and patterns of mortality associated with birth defects and genetic diseases in the United States, 1979–1992: An analysis of multiple-cause mortality data

Contemporary information on the trends and patterns of mortality associated with birth defects and genetic diseases is lacking in the United States. To study these trends and patterns, we used the Multiple-Cause Mortality Files of the National Center for Health Statistics. From 1979 through 1992, 320,208 deaths in the United States were associated with birth defects and genetic diseases. The age-adjusted mortality rates for people with birth defects declined from about 8.2/100,000 in 1979 to about 6.7/100,000 in 1992, and the mortality rates for people with genetic diseases increased from 2.2/100,000 in 1979 to 2.5/100,000 in 1992. The mortality rate was higher among men than among women and higher among blacks than among whites or other races for both birth defect- and genetic disease-associated deaths. The rate among infants with birth defects was more than 25 times higher than that among other age groups. About half of the children whose deaths were associated with birth defects had cardiovascular system defects, 15% had central nervous system defects, and 12% had chromosomal defects. For deaths associated with genetic diseases, hereditary neurologic or storage disorders were the most common genetic diseases (38%), followed by metabolic disorders (21%), sickle cell and thalassemia (12%). The decline in the rate of mortality from birth defects in the United States probably reflects improvements in medical and surgical care and other factors. Most of the mortality associated with birth defects remains in the pediatric age group (less than 15 years old). The upward trend we detected for the deaths with genetic diseases was most likely related to improved recognition and reporting of some genetic diseases rather than to the increased prevalence.
Volatile contents and ferric-ferrous ratios of basalt, ferrobasalt, andesite and rhyodacite glasses from the Galapagos 95.5°W propagating rift

Volatiles and major elements in abyssal glasses ranging in composition from basalt, ferrobasalt, andesite to rhyodacite from the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC) near 95°W were analyzed using electron microprobe and high temperature mass spectrometry. Total volatile content ranged from 0.32 wt.% to 2.74 wt.%. Volatile abundances of MORB glasses from the 95.5°W propagating rift are similar to those from the adjacent normal rift (avg. 0.34 wt.%) and lower than those of N-type MORB from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (avg. 0.49 wt.%). Although both propagating and non-propagating rift glasses contain trace amounts of methane (<0.01 wt.%) and carbon monoxide (0.04 wt.%), significantly higher 100 Fe2O3FeO + Fe2O3 ratios are observed for the primitive propagating rift glasses. Water contents of the most primitive GSC glasses are ~0.09 wt.% suggesting a water content for the mantle source of ~0.02 wt.% which indicates that source masses with very low water content can be involved in the generation of MORB. In fractionated ferrobasalt, andesite and rhyodacite glasses from the 95.5°W propagating rift, increasing abundances of H2O, Cl and F indicate highly incompatible behavior, whereas CO2 and reduced carbon species appear to decrease in abundance with increasing differentiation. Ferric-ferrous ratios increase from basalt to andesite and reduce to near zero in the rhyodacite. These values are not distinguishable from those previously reported for similar fractionated glasses from the Galapagos 85°W propagating rift, despite the apparent suppression of oxide precipitation in the 85°W suite.
Collection and transfer of microinjectable embryos from dairy goats

Abstract This pilot project was designed to optimize the collection and transfer of microinjectable embryos. Does were synchronized with norgestomet (6 mg) ear implants between December 1987 and April 1988. Implants remained for at least 14 d, and does were superovulated with one of the following: Treatment 1, PMSG (1000 IU) 24 h prior to implant removal; Treatment 2, FSH-P (20 mg) over 4 d, beginning 48 h prior to implant removal; or Treatment 3, FSH-P (24 mg) over 3 d, beginning 24 h prior to implant removal. Animals in Treatment 2 were in estrus by 24 h, in Treatment 3 within 36 h, and in Treatment 1 between 24 and 48 h post implant removal. Treatment 2 had the largest number of ovulations (-x=19.8) and the largest collection of both embryos and unfertilized oocytes (-x=13.6). The collection of fertilized embryos was higher in Treatment 3 (-x=5.0) than in Treatment 2 (-x=2.6) or Treatment 1 (-x=2.7). One-cell embryo collection was optimized by collecting 72 to 79 h following implant removal. All embryos were microinjected with 2 to 3 picol of tris-EDTA buffer into the male pronucleus. Of seven recipient does receiving a total of 34 injected embryos, three (43%) maintained pregnancy and six kids were born. These data establish regimens for superovulation/ synchronization and timing of pronuclear embryo collection for dairy goats for the purpose of microinjection.
Detection of damage in aluminum plates by wavelet analysis

In this paper, structural health monitoring based on wavelet analysis is investigated to detect damages in thin aluminum plates. Conventional methods in health monitoring mainly focus on differences in the modal parameters such as natural frequency, but they require the existence of a large damage in order to detect the damage efficiently. In this paper the damage feature is extracted from the distribution energy metric by means of wavelet packet algorithms, which can demonstrate the large difference even when the damage is very small. Experimental research is carried out to validate the method used in our approach. Piezoceramic actuators and sensors are used to excite the plate and sense the induced vibrations. Wavelet analysis is then conducted using the recorded data to obtain the distribution energy metric for each plate. As a result, it is shown that the health status of thin aluminum plates with small holes can be effectively identified through the distribution energy metric.
Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein impairs TNF-mediated hepatic apoptosis, but not by an anti-FAS antibody, in transgenic mice.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major etiologic agent of chronic hepatitis worldwide and may lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanism of development of chronic hepatitis or hepatocarcinogenesis by HCV remains unclear. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) on TNF- and Fas-mediated apoptosis in the liver of transgenic mice. For this purpose, transgenic mice were generated by targeting the HCV NS5A genomic region cloned under the control of a liver-specific apoE promoter. The transgenic animals were phenotypically similar to their normal littermates and did not exhibit a detectable histological change in the liver at 8-12 weeks of age. Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant TNF induced hepatic injury and apoptosis in normal mice. In contrast, transgenic mice expressing NS5A protein were protected against hepatic apoptosis after injection of TNF. However, injection of anti-Fas antibody into transgenic mice did not significantly influence hepatic apoptosis compared to the normal littermates. These results suggested distinct effects of TNF and anti-Fas antibody in transgenic mice expressing NS5A. We subsequently investigated the effect of NS5A in signaling pathways involved in these two cytokine-mediated apoptosis. A physical association between NS5A and TRADD was observed by pull-down assay, coimmunoprecipitation, and colocalization experiments. Furthermore, NS5A prevented the association between TRADD and FADD and blocked TRADD-mediated NF-kappaB activation. Together, our results suggest that NS5A impairs TNF-mediated apoptosis by interfering upstream of the signal transduction pathway and may play a role in HCV-mediated pathogenesis.
Structure-based design of a constrained peptide mimic of the HIV-1 V3 loop neutralization site.

Abstract Antigenic variation among different HIV-1 isolates has been a major problem in the development of an effective vaccine against AIDS. Peptide vaccines incorporating structural elements common to groups of viral isolates, such as the clade subtypes of HIV-1, hold promise; however, the design of such immunogens has been hampered by the lack of specific structural information on the viral proteins to be targeted. As part of a structure-based approach to this problem, we report the design and characterization of a conformationally restricted peptide analog (Aib142) of a highly conserved HIV-1 clade-B sequence from the third variable loop of the membrane glycoprotein gp120. The design strategy incorporates peptide conformational data derived from crystal structure analysis of an MN-isolate peptide (RP142) in complex with the Fab fragment (Fab59.1) of a broadly neutralizing antibody. The synthetic peptide (Aib142) replaces an alanine residue within the V3 loop epitope sequence GPGRAF by the conformationally restricted helicogenic α-aminoisobutyryl residue. As expected, the crystal structure of the Fab 59.1-Aib142 complex at 2.8 A resolution shows that the peptide interacts very similarly with the neutralizing antibody. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies indicate that the free Aib142 peptide is indeed more ordered in solution with a conformational preference that corresponds to the X-ray structure of its Fab-bound form. Aib142 thus represents the first step in the design of conformationally constrained peptide analogs built to mimic biologically relevant structural forms of HIV-1 neutralization sites.
A single lens with no moving parts for rapid high-resolution 3D image capture

There are many visual inspection and sensing applications where both a high resolution image and a depth-map of the imaged object are desirable at high speed. Presently available methods to capture 3D data (stereo cameras and structured illumination), are limited in speed, complexity, and transverse resolution. Additionally these techniques rely on a separated baseline for triangulation, precluding use in confined spaces. Typically, off the shelf lenses are implemented where performance in resolution, field-of-view, and depth of field are sacrificed in order to achieve a useful balance. Here we present a novel lens system with high-resolution and wide field-of-view for rapid 3D image capture. The design achieves this using a single lens with no moving parts. A depth-from-defocus algorithm is implemented to reconstruct 3D object point clouds and matched with a fused image to create a 3D rendered view.
Potential contribution of neural crest cells to dental enamel formation

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a multipotent embryonic cell population that contributes to the formation of various craniofacial structures including teeth. It has been generally believed that dental enamel is an ectodermal derivative, whereas the dentin-pulp complex and the surrounding supporting tissues originate from NCC-derived mesenchyme. These traditional concepts stem mainly from several early studies of fishes and amphibians. Recently, Wnt1-Cre/R26R mice, a mouse model for NCC lineage analysis, revealed the contribution of NCCs to mammalian tooth development. However, the discrepancy of expression patterns between different NCC-specific transgenic mouse lines makes it compulsory to revisit the cell lineage in mammalian tooth development. Here, we reevaluated the NCC lineage during mouse tooth development by using P0-Cre/R26R mice, another NCC-specific transgenic mouse line. Inconsistent with the traditional concepts, we observed the potential contribution of NCCs to developing enamel organ and enamel formation. We also demonstrated that the P0-Cre transgene was specifically expressed in migrating NCC in the hindbrain region, where NCC contributes to tooth, validating their applicability for NCC lineage analysis. Our unanticipated finding may change the general understanding of tooth development and provide new insights into dental stem cell biology.
Community, context, and the contrasting roles of clinicians and researchers: challenges raised by statutory rape

The scope and limits of responsibility in the context of human subjects research are more complex than many researchers (and subjects) typically think (Easter et al. 2006). Many factors contribute ...
Heterotetranuclear Oxalato-Bridged ReIV3MII (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) Complexes: A New Example of a Single-Molecule Magnet (M = Ni)

The use of the mononuclear species (NBu4)2[ReIVCl4(ox)] (NBu4+ = tetra-n-butylammonium cation; ox = oxalate dianion) as a ligand toward fully solvated divalent first-row transition-metal ions affords the tetranuclear complexes (NBu4)4[{ReIVCl4(μ-ox)}3MII] with M = Mn (1), Fe (2), Co (3), Ni (4), and Cu (5). Their structure is made up of discrete [{ReCl4(μ-ox)}3M]4− anions and bulky NBu4+ cations. The complexes 2−5 crystallize in the triclinic system with space group P1; 2 and 5 as well as 3 and 4 are isostructural. The Re and M atoms exhibit somewhat distorted ReCl4O2 and MO6 octahedral surroundings, with the oxalate groups adopting the bis-bidentate bridging mode. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on polycrystalline samples of 1−5 in the temperature range 1.9−300 K show the occurrence of intramolecular antiferromagnetic [J = −1.30 cm−1 (1)] and ferromagnetic couplings [J = +1.62 (2), +3.0 (3), +16.3 (4), and +4.64 cm−1 (5)], with the Hamiltonian being defined as H = −J[SM(SRe1 + SRe2 + SRe3)]. Compou...
Barium content of benthic foraminifera controlled by bottom-water composition

THE carbon isotope ratio (δ13;C) and cadmium content (Cd/Ca) of benthic foraminifera shells have been used to reconstruct deep-water circulation patterns of the glacial oceans1–7. These tracers co-vary with phosphorus in the modern ocean because they are nearly quantitatively regenerated from sinking biological debris in the upper water column. Hence they can be used to reconstruct the distribution of labile nutrients in glacial water masses. Independent constraints on glacial deep-ocean circulation patterns could be provided by a tracer of the distribution of silica and alkalinity, the deeply regenerated constituents of planktonic hard parts. Barium shares key aspects of its behaviour with these refractory nutrients because it is removed from solution in surface waters and incorporated into sinking particles which slowly dissolve deep in the water column and in the sediments8. The fractionation of Ba between deep-water masses of the major ocean basins is largely controlled by thermohaline circulation patterns, so Ba conforms to different boundary conditions from Cd andδ 13C. As Ba substitutes into trigonal carbonates9, it is a potential palaeoceano-graphic tracer if the Ba content of foraminifera shells reflects ambient dissolved Ba concentrations. Here we present data from Recent core-top benthic foraminifera which indicate that the Ba content of some recent calcitic benthic foraminifera does co-vary with bottom-water Ba.
NEGLIGENT HIRING AND DEFAMATION: AREAS OF LIABILITY RELATED TO PRE-EMPLOYMENT INQUIRIES

Research on pre-employment inquiries has not been extensive. The limited validity and utility of employment references has been documented, but other types of background checks have not been adequately discussed. However, recent legal trends in the areas of negligent hiring and defamation are leading employers to reevaluate their use of pre-employment inquiries and, particularly, references in hiring. Principles of law in these two areas are discussed and issues of concern to I/O psychologists are presented.
The current revolution in column technology: How it began, where is it going?

Abstract This work revisits the exceptionally rapid evolution of the technology of chromatographic columns and the important progress in speed of analysis and resolution power that was achieved over the last ten years. Whereas columns packed with 10 and 5 μm fully porous particles dominated the field for nearly thirty years (1975–2000), it took barely six years to see the commercialization of monolithic silica rods (2000), their raise to fame and decay to oblivion, the development of finer fully porous particles with size down to 1.7 μm (2006), and of sub-3 μm superficially porous particles (2006). Analysis times and plate heights delivered by columns packed with these recent packing materials have then been improved by more than one order of magnitude in this short period of time. This progress has rendered practically obsolete the age-old design of LC instruments. For low molecular weight compounds, analysts can now achieve peak capacities of 40 peaks in about 15 s with a hold-up time of the order of 1.5 s, in gradient elution, by operating columns packed with sub-3 μm shell particles at elevated temperatures, provided that they use optimized high pressure liquid chromatographs. This is the ultimate limit allowed by modern instruments, which have an extra-column band broadening contribution of 7 μL2 at 4.0 mL/min and data acquisition rate of 160 Hz. The best 2.1 mm × 50 mm narrow-bore columns packed with 1.7 μm silica core–shell particles provide peaks that have a variance of 2.1 μL2 for k = 1. Finally, this work discusses possible ways to accelerate separations and, in the same time perform these separations at the same level of efficiency as they have today. It seems possible to pack columns with smaller particles, probably down to 1 μm and operate them with current vHPLC equipments for separations of biochemicals. Analyses of low molecular weight compounds will require new micro-HPLC systems able to operate 1 mm I.D. columns at pressures up to 5 kbar, which would eliminate the heat friction problems, and providing extra-column band broadening contributions smaller than 0.1 μL2. Alternatively, a new generation of vHPLC systems with minimal extra-column contributions of less than 0.5 μL2 could run 2.1 mm I.D. columns if these latter were to be packed with high heat conductivity materials such as core–shell particles made with an alumina or gold core.
Solvent induced crystallization of a compatible polymer blend

We studied solvent-induced crystallization (SINC) in a compatible blend of poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and a polyarylate (PAr) over a range of blend compositions and temperatures; liquid acetone was the crystallizing agent. Acetone transport kinetics were followed by mass uptake measurements in thin films and by optical microscopy. Crystallization kinetics were followed by density measurements. For the 0.2 mm thick films used, those with higher weight fractions of PST (50 to 60 percent by weight) exhibit diffusion controlled transport and crystallization over the entire range of temperatures studied (0 to 55°C). Those with lower weight fractions of PBT (∼30 percent by weight) display Case II sorption and crystal growth controlled crystallization at 0°C. The latter is rare for SINC in homopolymers and results from a sharp reduction in the PBT crystallization rate in the presence of the noncrystallizable PAr.
Mechanisms of estrogen and antiestrogen action in mammary cancer

Abstract We have evaluated the estrogen antagonist and agonist actions of antiestrogens in ovarian-dependent and autonomous rat mammary tumors, and in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Two of the antiestrogens (CI628 and U23,469), which we have prepared in high specific activity radiolabeled form, are metabolized during their action in vivo to demethylated forms that are preferentially localized in the nucleus and have a higher receptor affinity. Antiestrogens elicit regression of 90% of DMBA-induced tumors and during tumor regression, estrogen receptors are mainly localized in the nucleus and the level of prolactin receptors is diminished. Antiestrogens also markedly diminish the growth rate of the ovarian-autonomous but estrogen-sensitive R3230AC mammary tumor. Our studies indicate differences in the responses of tumor enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, peroxidase) to estradiol and antiestrogen Utilizing the high affinity tritium-labeled CI628 metabolite, CI628M, we find the antiestrogen-receptor complex to be similar to that of the estradiol-receptor complex in many ways, but to differ in its sedimentation properties and in its binding to DNA-cellulose. These may be suggestive of differences in chromatin interaction that may underlie the antagonist character of antiestrogens.
Constructivist approaches for teaching computer programming

This paper discusses the application of constructivist pedagogical approaches to teaching computer programming in high school and undergraduate courses. It provides an overview of constructivist pedagogy and contrasts it with traditional objectivist pedagogy. The paper then describes how a variety of sources on constructivist educational practice from computer science educational literature can be combined to transform under-graduate courses in computer programming and information technology. The resulting courses are accessible to a wider range of students and incorporate active learning, collaborative group-based instruction, and cognitive apprenticeships. This pedagogical style focuses on the higher cognitive levels of Bloom's taxonomy and addresses multiple student learning styles and intelligences. Course design, classroom activities, and assessment methods using this pedagogical approach for computer programming instruction will be covered in detail. The presentation relies heavily on the experiences of the presenter in adopting this style of instruction within undergraduate computer programming courses and will include a discussion of the some of the attitudinal issues they encountered in this process. The presentation will include coverage of resources for constructivist teaching of computer science and technology and some recommendations for instructors who may wish to adopt this style of instruction.
Effects of long distance running at high altitude on the standard oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve and red cell 2,3-DPG

The relationship of high altitude running performance to hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) was evaluated in nine experienced marathon runners participating in a 46-km run over a mountain, at altitudes of 1,950 m–3,400 m. The runners were acclimated to 1,600 m altitude. Venous blood was donated before the run, and at 5, 23, and 46 km distance and elevations of 2,400, 3,400, and 1,950 m, respectively. The mean standard (std) P50 increased from 3.33 kPa±0.04 SEM (25.0 mm Hg±0.3) to 3.63 kPa±0.04 (27.2 mm Hg±0.3) (p<0.05) during the run. These changes in std P50 values cannot be attributed to changes in 2,3-DPG levels, as the latter were not changed at 5 km, and were decreased (from 4.71±0.12 to 3.88±0.26 Μmol·ml−1 packed cells) at 23 km (p<0.05), with no further change at 46 km. The faster runners exhibited a larger right-shifting of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, and the greater increase in its central slope. The time needed to finish the run correlated directly with the decrease in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity at 23 and 46 km (p<0.05). The observation that a decreased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity is correlated with a better running performance suggests that under the progressively hypoxic conditions of this run, myocardial oxygenation and cardiac output might have been improved by an increase in P50 attributable to increased body temperature, decreased blood pH, and an increase in std P50.
Computer Simulation of Grain Boundary Character in a Superplastic Aluminum Alloy

High-angle grain boundaries are generally deemed necessary for superplasticity in metals. In polycrystalline materials the grain boundary character must be described in terms of a probability distribution rather than by a single parameter, and little has been reported on the relationship between this distribution and fine-grain superplasticity. For aluminum alloys that exhibit continuous recrystallization the results of computer-aided electron backscatter diffraction analysis have shown that bimodal grain boundary disorientation distributions are present in as-processed material and persist during subsequent annealing. Such distributions may be simulated by computer methods based on a model of the microstructure which assumes that deformation banding occurs during deformation processing. High-angle boundaries (≥30°) develop in association with deformation banding while boundaries of lower disorientation (<30°) develop by dislocation reaction within the bands. Improved understanding of the grain boundary types associated with various microstructural transformation mechanisms will aid the design of processes to produce superplastic microstructures.
Comments on the rank product method for analyzing replicated experiments

Breitling et al. [1] introduced a statistical technique, the rank product method, for detecting differentially regulated genes in replicated microarray experiments. The technique has achieved widespread acceptance and is now used more broadly, in such diverse fields as RNAi analysis, proteomics, and machine learning. In this note, we relate the rank product method to linear rank statistics and provide an alternative derivation of distribution theory attending the rank product method.
Relationships of Shared Decision Making with Parental Perceptions of Child Mental Health Functioning and Care

Experts encourage parents and practitioners to engage in shared decision making (SDM) to provide high quality child mental health care. However, little is known regarding SDM among families of children with common mental health conditions. The objectives of this study were to examine associations between parental report of SDM and parental perceptions of (a) receiving child mental health care and (b) child mental health functioning. We analyzed cross-sectional data on children with a common mental health condition (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional-defiant or conduct disorder, anxiety, or depression) from the 2009/2010 National Survey of Children with Special Healthcare Needs (N = 9,434). The primary independent variable was parent-reported SDM, and the dependent variables were parental perception of (a) their child receiving all needed mental health care (b) their children's impairment in school attendance and extracurricular activity participation, and (c) severity of their children's mental health condition. Multivariate logistic and multinomial regression analyses were conducted. Greater parent-reported SDM was associated with parental perceptions of receiving all needed child mental health care and children not having school or extracurricular impairment. Greater SDM was also associated with perceptions of children having a mild mental health condition compared to children having a moderate or severe condition. Findings provide a basis for future longitudinal and intervention studies to examine the benefit of SDM for improving parental perceptions of the quality of child mental health care and mental health functioning among children with common mental health conditions.
Congenital cardiac anomalies associated with the DiGeorge syndrome: a neonatal experience

The DiGeorge syndrome is a rare congenital abnormality of absent of hypoplastic thymus and parathyroid glands. Thirty neonates who had cardiac lesions and the DiGeorge syndrome are reviewed. The early mortality for 10 neonates undergoing palliative procedures was 80%. Seventy-five percent of the deaths were secondary to sepsis. Twenty neonates did not undergo palliative procedures. In this group, early mortality was 60% and late mortality was 65%. Sixty percent of the deaths in this group were associated with sepsis, with cardiac failure responsible for the remaining deaths. Survival in both groups has improved with appropriate treatment of the immunological and metabolic consequences of the DiGeorge syndrome.
Aquarius radiometer RFI detection, mitigation and impact assessment

Performance of the Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) detection and mitigation algorithms used by the Aquarius microwave radiometer is demonstrated on orbit. The detection algorithm makes use of the radiometer's high over-sampling rate to identify short, pulsed increases in power that are characteristic of radar operating nearby in the microwave spectrum. The over-sampled data are downlinked to the ground, which allows the detection algorithm to be implemented in ground processing. Access to over-sampled data on the ground also enables the mitigation algorithm, which removes samples with detected RFI from subsequent averaging. The mitigation algorithm is shown to remove nearly all detected RFI. The algorithm can also be used to characterize the RFI itself - in particular the probability distribution of its strength and its geolocation. A first look at both characteristics of the RFI are also presented here. As expected, the prevalence and strength of the RFI is found to be much greater over land than ocean. Certain regions of the globe -e.g. in and around Western Europe and Eastern and Southern Asia- have stronger and more frequent RFI.
Separation of amino acid mixtures enriched in stable isotopes.

A scheme is presented for the separation of protein acid hydrolyzates into the constituent amino acids on a scale up to approximately 10 g. The scheme was devised specifically for the purpose of separating relatively expensive, commercially available amino acid mixtures enriched in stable isotopes, so special attention is directed toward assuring quantitative recovery. The separation involves a countercurrent distribution and three ion-exchange columns
Three-dimensional photonic crystal with a stop band from 1.35 to 1.95 microm.

A combination of advanced silicon-processing techniques was used to create three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals with a 180-nm minimum feature size. The resulting 3D crystal displayed a strong stop band at optical wavelengths from lambda=1.35 microm to lambda=1.95 microm . This is believed to be the smallest 3D crystal with a complete 3D photonic bandgap ever created.
Threshold setting in adaptive filtering

A major problem in using current best‐match methods in a filtering task is that of setting appropriate thresholds, which are required in order to force a binary decision on notifying a user of a document. We discuss methods for setting such thresholds and adapting them as a result of feedback information on the performance of the profile. These methods fit within the probabilistic approach to retrieval, and are applied to a probabilistic system. Some experiments, within the framework of the TREC‐7 adaptive filtering track, are described.
South Asian Immigrant Women Who Have Survived Child Sexual Abuse: Resilience and Healing:

The current study is a phenomenological examination of the resilience strategies of South Asian immigrant women in the United States who survived child sexual abuse. Semistructured interviews (N = 5) and a focus group (N = 8) were analyzed to gain a deep structural understanding of participants’ experiences of child sexual abuse and resilience. Findings included four subthemes of South Asian context (strict gender socialization, maintenance of family image, influence of ethnic identity, acculturative stressors) and five subthemes of resilience strategies (use of silence, sense of hope, South Asian social support, social advocacy, intentional self-care). Research and practice implications are discussed.
True-False, Alternate-Choice, and Multiple-Choice Items.

What does research tell us about true-false tests? Is there a place for this format in standardized tests?
Circuit Optimization Using Scale Based Sensitivities

Most robust circuit sizing and optimization algorithms require detailed information about the sensitivity of circuit performance to device behavior. Additionally, rapid technology scaling and the introduction of novel device structures to extend CMOS scaling is resulting in the rapid introduction of new models into our simulation infrastructure. In this paper we present a novel technique for the efficient computation of circuit performance sensitivity in a model independent manner. The advantage of our method is that it allows rapid deployment of accurate optimization methods even for new or exploratory models. We demontrate the use of these gradients in circuit optimization to generate an area vs. timing variability trade-off curve for an SRAM cell design in the presence of N and P device threshold voltage variations.
Wireless data center networking with steered-beam mmWave links

This paper presents a new type of wireless networking applications in data centers using steered-beam mmWave links. By taking advantage of clean LOS channels on top of server racks, robust wireless packet-switching network can be built. The transmission latency can be reduced by flexibly bridging adjacent rows of racks wirelessly without using long cables and multiple switches. Eliminating cables and switches also reduces equipment costs as well as server installation and reconfiguration costs. Security can be physically enhanced with controlled directivity and negligible wall penetration. The aggregate data transmission BW per given volume is expected to scale as the fourth power of carrier frequency. The paper also deals with the architecture of such network configurations and a preliminary demonstration system.
Ordered broadcasts for large applications

The problem of broadcasting messages to a large number of hosts in a network is considered. The work of propagating a message is distributed and minimized among the hosts by arranging them into a minimum-cost spanning tree. Only the cooperation of the hosts that are supposed to receive these messages is required. The proposed protocol guarantees eventual and ordered delivery despite transients, and at most k permanent failures. This is achieved without requiring a large amount of information to be stored and maintained by each host, even when many hosts may initiate broadcast. Propagation delays and message overhead are derived for the proposed protocol. >