cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Structure of Cyclic Phosphate, Phosphoramidate, Phosphonates, and Phosphonium Salts. Phosphatrane Formation1

Reaction of tris(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)amine (6) with phosphorus reagents led to the formation of the phosphoramidate, N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]2PO (1), the phosphate N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]2[CH2(Me2C6H2)OH]P(O)(OPh) (2), the phosphonium salts N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]3PMe+I- (3A) and N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]3PMe+I3- (3B), and the phosphonates N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]2[CH2(Me2C6H2)OH]P(O)Me (4) and N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]2[CH2(Me2C6H2)OSiMe3]P(O)Me (5). X-ray analysis provided molecular structures for all of the compounds. The solid-state structural representations were supported in solution by an analysis of the NCH2 proton NMR patterns. The structures of 3A and 3B show the presence of phosphatranes with weak P−N donor interactions. These represent the first phosphatranes containing all six-membered rings. Variable temperature analysis of the 1H NMR spectra of 3A indicates fluxional behavior whereby a racemic mixture of the chiral phosphonium salt rapidly intraconverts at room temperature. The activation energy for the enantiomeric conversion o...
Using adaptive read voltage thresholds to enhance the reliability of MLC NAND flash memory systems

NAND Flash memory is not only the ubiquitous storage medium in consumer applications, but has also started to appear in enterprise storage systems as well. MLC and TLC Flash technology made it possible to store multiple bits in the same silicon area as SLC, thus reducing the cost per amount of data stored. However, at current sub-20nm technology nodes, MLC Flash devices fail to provide the levels of raw reliability, mainly cycling endurance, that are required by typical enterprise applications. Advanced signal-processing and coding schemes are needed to improve the Flash bit error rate and thus elevate the device reliability to the desired level. In this paper, we report on the use of adaptive voltage thresholds in the read operation of NAND Flash devices. We discuss how the optimal read voltage thresholds can be determined, and assess the benefit of adapting the read voltage thresholds in terms of cycling endurance, data retention and resilience to read disturb.
The effects of low pH and elevated aluminum on yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri)

Although acid deposition is not considered a problem in the western US, surface waters in high elevations and fish inhabiting these waters may be vulnerable to acidification. This study examined the sensitivity of a wester salmonid to acid and aluminum stress. Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri; YSC) were exposed for 7 d during each of four early life stages, or continuously from fertilization to 40 d post-hatch, to decreased pH and elevated Al. The authors monitored survival, growth, whole-body ion content, and behavior of the exposed fish. Sensitivity of early life stages of YSC may be expressed by survival or by survival and sublethal effects. In their study, eggs were the most sensitive life stage of YSC to low pH if survival alone was considered. However, the sublethal effects on growth, tissue ion content, and behavior revealed the alevins and swim-up larvae were more sensitive to reduced pH and increased Al than eggs or eyed embryos. They also observed that survival was significantly decreased if YSC were exposed to pH 6.0 and 50 [mu]g Al per liter continuously from fertilization to 40 d post-hatch.
Review of electrodynamic tethers for space plasma science

This paper presents a review and analysis of possible uses of orbiting electrodynamic tether systems. The concept involves the electrical and mechanical connection of orbiting bodies. One particularly interesting configuration has the two bodies radially oriented with respect to the Earth with an electrically insulated wire maintaining both a mechanical constraint upon the bodies and, at the same time, providing electrical connectivity. In application, electrodynamic tethers offer a new way of probing different natural and artificial processes in space plasmas. In particular, the combination of orbital emf and the fact that electrical currents can pass through the tether, a variety of novel charge and current injection experiments can be undertaken. The basic modes of interaction are reasonably well-understood from various rocket experiments and theory and, based upon this information, it is possible to project a variety of important scientific uses. A simple division of these is into applications supported by high-impedance tether systems and those relying upon the existence of low impedance. However, because the electrodynamic tether systems can operate at high voltages, there is considerable uncertainty about the precise way they will interact with the ambient plasma of low Earth orbit, and this also provides an area of new technical investigation.
H2AX prevents CtIP-mediated DNA end resection and aberrant repair in G1-phase lymphocytes

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are generated by the recombination activating gene (RAG) endonuclease in all developing lymphocytes as they assemble antigen receptor genes. DNA cleavage by RAG occurs only at the G1 phase of the cell cycle and generates two hairpin-sealed DNA (coding) ends that require nucleolytic opening before their repair by classical non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Although there are several cellular nucleases that could perform this function, only the Artemis nuclease is able to do so efficiently. Here, in vivo, we show that in murine cells the histone protein H2AX prevents nucleases other than Artemis from processing hairpin-sealed coding ends; in the absence of H2AX, CtIP can efficiently promote the hairpin opening and resection of DNA ends generated by RAG cleavage. This CtIP-mediated resection is inhibited by γ-H2AX and by MDC-1 (mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1), which binds to γ-H2AX in chromatin flanking DNA DSBs. Moreover, the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase activates antagonistic pathways that modulate this resection. CtIP DNA end resection activity is normally limited to cells at post-replicative stages of the cell cycle, in which it is essential for homology-mediated repair. In G1-phase lymphocytes, DNA ends that are processed by CtIP are not efficiently joined by classical NHEJ and the joints that do form frequently use micro-homologies and show significant chromosomal deletions. Thus, H2AX preserves the structural integrity of broken DNA ends in G1-phase lymphocytes, thereby preventing these DNA ends from accessing repair pathways that promote genomic instability.
Extending Shelf‐Life of Fresh Wet Red Hake and Salmon Using CO2‐O2 Modified Atmosphere and Potassium Sorbate Ice at 1°C

The ability to safely extend the shelf-life of fish would open up the possibility of shipping fresh wet fish by boat. Red hake and salmon can be successfully held for almost 1 month and still be sensorally acceptable. A 60% carbon dioxide:20% oxygen:20% nitrogen-modified atmosphere with a 1% potassium sorbate ice was most satisfactory. CO2 did not lower the pH of the fish. Low temperature (1°C) and presence of both oxygen and potassium sorbate served as protection against botulism development. The presence of oxygen, even with salmon, did not lead to rancidity (TBA) problems. The Torrymeter can be used to monitor red hake quality. Work incorporating potassium sorbate dips before modified atmosphere storage with or without potassium sorbate ice is needed.
Initial 3-D neutral polar wind

Abstract The high-latitude polar-cap region is a highly dynamic region with many interesting phenomena associated with it, including the ion and neutral polar winds, plasma patches, polar holes, etc. To elucidate these phenomena and the neutrals produced via charge exchange associated with them, a new 3-D high-latitude hydrodynamic model of the polar-cap region has been developed. The model solves for H + , O + , H s , O s , and electrons taking into account the effects of precipitating auroral electrons and convection electric fields. The first results of the model show a highly complex system at high-latitudes, with neutral stream particles flowing in all directions due to the combined effects of charge exchange and plasma convection.
In the eyes of the beholder: The relevance of skin tone and facial features of African American female models to advertising effectiveness

The increasing use of light‐complexioned black models with Caucasian features in ads has been roundly criticized. This study was designed to test if black female models with Caucasian features are more effective in ads than black models with “classical” features. A 2×2 factorial design was used with two models (mixed‐race and “classical” black) and two products (beauty‐related and beauty‐unrelated). MANOVA tests showed that regardless of the type of product, the type of model did not make a significant difference on the measures of advertising effectiveness. Neither were the interaction effects significant.
Lack of cross-tolerance following heat and cadmium exposure in functional MDCK monolayers.

Exposure of monolayers of Madin–Darby canine kidney epithelial (MDCK) cells to a mild heat stimulus induces a state of physiological thermotolerance in which epithelial barrier function is maintained following a second more severe heat stress. We have previously shown that expression of exogenous HSP70 fully mimics the effects of the conditioning heat stress. Exposure of MDCK cells to elevated temperatures or medium containing CdCl2 caused a robust increase in cellular levels of HSP70. Pretreatment of MDCK monolayers with cadmium but not heat caused a small protection of epithelial barrier function against a second challenge with cadmium. In addition, a prior exposure of monolayers to cadmium at levels sufficient to induce HSP70 expression and increased cellular chaperone activity did not afford protection against a subsequent thermal challenge. Therefore multiple stress-specific cellular pathways impinge on the ability of heat shock proteins to induce physiological thermotolerance. Occludin, a component of tight junctions, is induced in MDCK cells engineered to express high levels of exogenous HSP70, potentially accounting for an elevation in baseline resistance. However neither basal levels of occludin, nor alterations in occludin expression, were correlated with epithelial barrier function in MDCK cells either exposed to elevated temperatures or challenged with cadmium. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Evaluation of Infant Blood Screening for Those Newborns ≥ 35 Weeks Gestation Whose Mothers Are Known Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Carriers or Have Sepsis Risk Factors (SRFs) † 1419

The AAP in March 1997 published their Revised Guidelines for Prevention of Early-onset Group B Streptococcal (GBS) Infection. The guidelines recommend that all infants ≥ 35 wks. gestation whose mothers are known GBS carriers (culture positive or have had a previous infant with invasive GBS disease) or have sepsis risk factors (SRFs) of PROM ≥ 18 hrs. or maternal fever ≥ 38°C and have received < 2 doses of antibiotics prior to delivery (PTD) should have a blood C&S and a CBC with differential (CBC) drawn and 48 hour hospital observation regardless of neonatal symptomatology. We clinically evaluated over 6 months whether the blood screening tests were necessary for asymptomatic at risk newborns. 998 women delivered. 140 women either screened positive antenatally for GBS or had one or both of SRFs. 30/140 at-risk infants were admitted to SCN for various diagnoses and none were readmitted within the first month of life. 76/140 at-risk infants whose mothers were known GBS carriers or had SRFs and received< 2 doses of antibiotics PTD, all had blood cultures drawn with no growth. 4/140 at-risk infants had a WBC ≥ 30K with a normal B/S ratio (≤ 0.25). 3/140 at-risk infants had a WBC ≥ 30 K with B/S ratio ≥ 0.25. No infants had a WBC ≤ 5.0. 14/140 at-risk infants had a normal WBC with B/S ratio≥ 0.25, 10/21 of these infants with an abnormal CBC component were admitted to SCN because of symptomatology (e.g., temperature instability, tachypnea, hypoglycemia, etc.) and the remaining 11/21 infants with either a B/S ≥ 0.25 or WBC ≥ 30K were asymptomatic and not admitted to SCN, but observed and discharged home with their mothers. One symptomatic baby had a positive GBS blood culture and its mother was neither screened for GBS or had SRFs.
On regular and retrograde condensation in multiphase compressible flows

Abstract Two distinctive condensation mechanisms of pure species, regular and retrograde condensation, are investigated using a one-fluid model and a homogeneous phase equilibrium model based on entropy maximization. Fluid dynamics simulations are performed to model the regular condensation process of ethylene in a converging nozzle, and the retrograde condensation process of a fluorinated compound in a shock tube. To our knowledge, the present simulations are the first CFD simulations of retrograde condensation processes. The simulations show reasonably good agreement with available experimental data both quantitatively and qualitatively, which confirms the consistency between the theory-guided simulations and experiments. For the supercritical injection problem, condensation is found to occur after continuous expansion when ethylene is brought into the two-phase region from a supercritical state. For the shock tube problem, both simulations and experiments show that condensation occurs after the high pressure reflected shock is formed from the end wall. Increase in the initial pressure ratio increases the incident shock strength and reinforces condensation by elevating the liquid volume fraction. A complete liquefaction shock is found at high incident shock Mach numbers when the compression is strong enough to send the fluid from the pure vapor to the pure liquid state by crossing the two-phase mixture region. After condensation, the condensed liquid phase is fully depleted as the pressure wave expands and the fluid is brought back to the vapor state though a continuous evaporation process.
A new approach to synthesis of Oligonucleotides with 3′ phosphoryl groups

A convenient method for synthesizing oligonucleotide 3′phosphates utilizes a diester phosphoramidate linker obtained by considering a nucleoside phosphoramidite reagent with an aminoalkyl solid support. Oligomer release is effected by NH3;H+.
PROFVAL: functions to calculate powder-pattern peak profiles with axial-divergence asymmetry

The crystallographic problem: In a powder diffractometer, the curvature of the Debye---Scherrer rings causes an asymmetry in the peak profiles as the Bragg angle approaches either 0 or 180 °. For accurate Rietveld refinement, this asymmetry, which is known as axial divergence, must be modeled correctly. Traditionally, empirical ad hoc functions such as a split-Pearson-VII function or multiple overlapping Gaussian peaks have been employed. Finger e t a / . (1994) extended the method of van Laar & Yellon (1984) for convolution of the ring shape with an intrinsic peak profile a procedure that describes extremely asymmetric profiles and involves only physically meaningful parameters. To date, however, only the program GSAS (Larson &von Dreele, 1990) has incorporated this method. This contribution makes available tested code for the convolution of the asymmetry function with the intrinsic line function in the hope that more Rietveld codes will incorporate this method.
Constancy in the vegetation of the Amazon Basin during the late Pleistocene: Evidence from the organic matter composition of Amazon deep sea fan sediments

Analyses of more than 60 sediment samples from the Amazon deep sea fan show remarkably constant terrigenous biomarkers (lignin phenols and cutin acids) and stable carbon isotopic compositions of organic matter (δ\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(^{13}C_{OM}\) \end{document}) deposited from 10 to 70 ka. Sediments from the nine Amazon deep sea fan channel-levee systems investigated in this study yielded relatively narrow ranges for diagnostic parameters such as organic carbon (OC) normalized total lignin yields (Λ = 3.1 ± 1.1 mg/100 mg OC), syringyl:vanillyl phenol ratios (S/V = 0.84 ± 0.06), cinnamyl:vanillyl phenol ratios (C/V = 0.08 ± 0.02), isomeric abundances of cutin-derived dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid (f10,16-OH = 0.65 ± 0.02), and δ\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(^{13}C_{OM}\) \end{document} (−27.6% ± 0.6 ‰). Our measurements support the hypothesis that the vegetation of the Amazon Basin did not change significantly during the late Pleistocene, even during the Last Glacial Maximum. Moreover, the compositions obtained from the Amazon deep sea fan are similar to those of modern Amazon River suspended sediments. Such results strongly indicate that the current tropical rainforest vegetation has been a permanent and dominant feature of the Amazon River watershed over the past 70 k.y. Specifically, we found no evidence for the development of large savannas that had been previously postulated as indicators of increased glacial aridity in Amazonia. Climate models need to be modified to account for the uninterrupted input of moisture to the tropical Amazon region over the late Pleistocene–Holocene period.
Financial analysis of circumferential fusion versus posterior-only with thoracic pedicle screw constructs for main thoracic idiopathic curves between 70° and 100°

Purpose Reports on thoracic pedicle screw (TPS) constructs have demonstrated their safety and efficacy; however, concerns exist regarding their increased cost. This is a review of adolescents with main thoracic scoliosis surgically treated with anterior release and posterior fusion or posterior fusion only. The objectives were to compare the radiographic outcomes and financial data of two surgical treatments: anterior/posterior spinal fusion (APSF) versus posterior spinal fusion (PSF-TPS) alone with TPSs, in patients with large 70–100° main thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) curves.
A Unified Treatment of Cure and Degradation Through the Composite Methodology

The composite methodology, developed by Seferis and coworkers, was used to describe the kinetics for both a commercial and a model controlled-flow epoxy-based resin system throughout cure and degradation. By utilizing this previously developed generalized methodology, capable of describing two or more kinetic mechanisms acting in series or parallel, a fundamental understanding of the kinetic behavior of a prepreg system from cure through degradation was established. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and simultaneous differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetric analysis (SDT) were utilized to provide the experimental kinetic information. Two approaches were used to determine the activation energies for each of the resin systems, and a comparison is made between these approaches and the two thermoanalytical techniques. Using the determined kinetic parameters, the kinetic model was compared with experimental kinetics throughout cure and degradation at heating rates from 2-20°C/min. The results show that the kinetic model fits the experimental data well. In addition, the results demonstrate that the same weighting factors are applicable to both the model and commercial controlled-flow resins.
Sub-30 nm InAs Quantum-Well MOSFETs with self-aligned metal contacts and Sub-1 nm EOT HfO 2 insulator

Sub-30 nm III-V planar Quantum-Well (QW) n-type MOSFETs are fabricated through a self-aligned CMOS compatible front-end process. Good performance and short-channel effect mitigation are obtained through the use of a QW-channel that incorporates a thin pure InAs subchannel and extremely scaled HfO 2 gate dielectric on a very thin InP barrier (total barrier EOT g =30 nm, transconductance of 1420 iS/im and subthreshold swing of 114 mV/dec at 0.5 V are obtained. 22-nm gate-length devices are demonstrated through this process. Long-channel devices exhibit nearly ideal subthreshold swing of 69 mV/dec, and high channel mobility of 4650 cm2V−1s−1 at N s =4×1012 cm−2.
External factors and water Raman scattering in clear ocean waters: skylight, solar angle, and the air-water interface

Water Raman scattering is influenced by the optical factors external to the clear marine hydrosol or bounding it (the air/water interface). At shorter wavelengths ( 500 nm) the surface effects disappear as hydrosol absorption becomes the dominant factor. However, at depth large solar zenith angles cause `shoaling' of Raman production, i.e., water Raman scattering effects occur closer to the surface layers than is the case for smaller zenith angles. The water leaving irradiance, significantly affected by Raman emission in clear ocean waters, changes little or not at all with solar zenith angle.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Contingent computer interactions for young children's object retrieval success

Seventy-two children, ages 30 and 36 months, participated in a hide-and-seek object retrieval game in one of three conditions: 1) playing an interactive computer game; 2) observing a video; or 3) observing an adult find the hidden characters through a one-way mirror. After exposure, children searched for the three characters in a playroom designed to look just like the room in the game. Children who played the interactive computer game and who observed the live demonstration performed significantly better on the search task than children who observed the video. The results suggest that children's learning from a screen can be improved by contingent, interactive experiences with media. These findings can help producers create online games that facilitate children's skills at linking what they do on a screen to real-life experiences.
An integrated approach to battery health monitoring using bayesian regression and state estimation

The application of the Bayesian theory of managing uncertainty and complexity to regression and classification in the form of relevance vector machine (RVM), and to state estimation via particle filters (PF), proves to be a powerful tool to integrate the diagnosis and prognosis of battery health. Accurate estimates of the state-of-charge (SOC), the state-of-health (SOH) and state-of-life (SOL) for batteries provide a significant value addition to the management of any operation involving electrical systems. This is especially true for aerospace systems, where unanticipated battery performance may lead to catastrophic failures. Batteries, composed of multiple electrochemical cells, are complex systems whose internal state variables are either inaccessible to sensors or hard to measure under operational conditions. In addition, battery performance is strongly influenced by ambient environmental and load conditions. Consequently, inference and estimation techniques need to be applied on indirect measurements, anticipated operational conditions and historical data, for which a Bayesian statistical approach is suitable. Accurate models of electro-chemical processes in the form of equivalent electric circuit parameters need to be combined with statistical models of state transitions, aging processes and measurement fidelity, need to be combined in a formal framework to make the approach viable. The RVM, which is a Bayesian treatment of the support vector machine (SVM), is used for diagnosis as well as for model development. The PF framework uses this model and statistical estimates of the noise in the system and anticipated operational conditions to provide estimates of SOC, SOH and SOL. Validation of this approach on experimental data from Li-ion batteries is presented.
Solid phase equilibria in the Au-Ga-As, Au-Ga-Sb, Au-In-As, and Au-In-Sb ternaries

Abstract : The Au-Ga-As, Au-Ga-Sb, Au-In-As, and Au-In-Sb ternaries were surveyed using X-ray powder diffraction to determine which metallic phases exist at equilibrium with the III-V compound semiconductors. In closed, small-volume systems (i.e., formation of gas-phase products was prevented), Au does not react with GaAs but does react with the other III-V's investigated to produce Au-Group III intermetallic compounds and another solid phase containing the group V element. However, each semiconductor formed pseudobinary systems with at least two different intermetallic compounds. The bulk phase diagrams determined in this study provide frameworks within which much of the experimental data in the literature concerning the products of reactions at Au/III-V interfaces can be understood.
Advances in renal intervention for trauma

Renal trauma is predominantly secondary to blunt trauma and is managed nonoperatively. Endovascular interventions are reserved for patients with a significant vascular injury recognized early. Renal injuries are uncommon among intra-abdominal injuries and account for a minority of injuries treated by the vascular specialist.
Proteomics in Cancer Diagnostics

This chapter provides an introduction to proteomics and describes current applications of proteomic technologies in investigative and clinical settings. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is emphasized as a technology for unbiased and targeted interrogation of complex protein mixtures. Technological advances now permit higher sensitivity and accuracy for detection and quantification of biomarkers. Perspectives on current and future applications of mass spectrometry-based proteomics are provided in the context of diagnostic laboratory testing.
Sex Differences in Longitudinal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Levels among Seroconverters

Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated lower plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA virus levels (VLs) in women than in men, but it is unknown whether this sex difference is present at the time of seroconversion and throughout the course of infection. A nested case-control study was performed among HIV-1 seroconverters within a cohort of injection drug users. Plasma VL was determined longitudinally among both rapid progressors to AIDS (24 patients) and nonprogressors (47 controls). The initial median VL among female patients (n=10) was 14,918 copies/mL, compared with 148,354 copies/mL among male patients (n=14; P=.001); median plasma VL also tended to be lower among female (n=10) than among male controls (n=37; 11,917 vs. 61,311 copies/mL; P=.08). VL increased more rapidly over time in women than in men and subsequently converged in patients and controls, respectively. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the sex difference in VL may provide insight into HIV-1 pathogenesis.
Taking Care of Business: Selecting the Best Periodical Database for Your Business Patrons

Abstract This study compares ABI/INFORM and Business Source Premier, the two major periodical databases in the business field, to determine which database is covering the major scholarly journals most thoroughly. The comparison was made by compiling a list of major journals based on scholars' choice in the fields of accounting, finance, MIS, and marketing. In the field of management, the journals studied are based on ISI's Journal of Citation Reports. The list was compared with the title lists of journals indexed in each database. The results indicate that the two databases are very similar. ABI/INFORM is more comprehensive in the number of journals and in the number of unique titles. However, Business Source Premier has better coverage of full-text holdings and more unique titles held in full-text format.
Antigenicity of connective tissue extracts. II. Stimulation of auto-and iso-antibodies by heterologous antigen.

SummaryTissue fixed globulin has been demonstrated in interstitial tissue and basement membranes of various guinea pig organs following inoculation of guinea pigs with saline extracts of rabbit tendon. These animals had a significantly diminished growth. It is likely that the fixed globulin represents “auto-antibody” induced by heterologous antigen.
Bulk acoustic wave resonators for infrared detection applications

This paper reports on the fabrication and application of Y-cut temperature-sensitive quartz resonators for infrared detection applications. The high thermal sensitivity of the Y-cut quartz crystal (90 ppm/K) and the high quality factor (≫10,000) of the piezoelectric bulk acoustic wave resonators fabricated from such crystals enable the application of these devices as extremely sensitive uncooled thermal infrared (IR) detectors. We report the fabrication and performance of inverted mesa devices with 1 mm diameter and 18 µm thickness with 6.8 kHz/K of temperature sensitivity at 90 MHz.
The uniformity of phagosome maturation in macrophages.

Many studies of endocytosis and phagocytosis presume that organelles containing a single kind of internalized particle exhibit invariant patterns of protein and phospholipid association as they mature inside cells. To test this presumption, fluorescent protein chimeras were expressed in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and time-lapse ratiometric fluorescence microscopy was used to measure the maturation dynamics of individual phagosomes containing IgG-opsonized erythrocytes. Quantitative analysis revealed consistent patterns of association for YFP chimeras of β-actin, Rab5a, Rab7, and LAMP-1, and no association of YFP chimeras marking endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi. YFP-2xFYVE, recognizing phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P), showed two patterns of phagosome labeling. Some phagosomes increased labeling quickly after phagosome closure and then lost the label within 20 min, whereas others labeled more slowly and retained the label for several hours. The two patterns of PI(3)P on otherwise identical phagosomes indicated that organelle maturation does not necessarily follow a single path and that some features of phagosome maturation are integrated over the entire organelle.
Sexually dimorphic activation of the periaqueductal gray–rostral ventromedial medullary circuit during the development of tolerance to morphine in the rat

The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and its descending projections to the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) provides an essential neural circuit for the antinociceptive effects of opiates, and has been implicated in the development of tolerance to morphine. Systemic morphine activates a greater proportion of PAG-RVM neurons in male vs female rats, and induces tolerance to a greater degree in males. The present studies tested the hypothesis that if the PAG-RVM pathway is essential for the development of tolerance, then: (i) morphine activation of the PAG-RVM pathway should decline as tolerance develops; and (ii) sex differences in the development of tolerance to morphine should be reflected as a greater decline in the activation of this pathway in males. These hypotheses were tested in male and female rats using behavioral testing (hot-plate) and immunohistochemistry to map the activation of the PAG-RVM pathway following repeated morphine administration (5 mg/kg; s.c.). In males, morphine potency decreased from 3.0 to 6.3 mg/kg, indicating tolerance, and this was paralleled by a steady decline in the percentage of PAG-RVM output neurons activated by morphine. In contrast, in females the shift in morphine potency was significantly attenuated (D(50) 6-8.3 mg/kg), and no significant difference in the activity of PAG-RVM output neurons was noted. These results demonstrate that the greater development of tolerance to morphine administration in male rats corresponds with a significant reduction in the activation of the PAG-RVM circuit and suggest a central role for the PAG in the development of tolerance to morphine.
Efferent projections of the septum in the tegu lizard, tupinambis nigropunctatus

A H3 proline or H3 leucine mixture was injected into the septal region of the Tegu lizard in order to determine its efferent projections. The brains were processed according to standard autoradiographic technique and counterstained with cresyl violet. Septal projections were limited to either telencephalic or diencephalic areas. Intratelencephalic projections consisted of efferents to medial pallium, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the anterior commissure, preoptic area and septum itself. Fibers entering the diencephalon projected to medial habenular nucleus, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, dorsolateral thalamic area, periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamic area and mammillary nucleus. The results are discussed in relation to the efferent projections of the septum in other vertebrates.
A MONOECIOUS ISOLATE OF RHODOCHORTON PURPUREUM1

SUMMARY Although most sexually reproducing strains of Rhodochorton purpureum are dioecious, an isolate from Chile is monoecious. The tetrasporophyte of the monoecious strain differentiates directly from the fertilized carpogonium as in the dioecious strains but it differs slightly in its development.
The Relationship Between Curriculum-Based Measures in Written Expression and Quality and Completeness of Expository Writing for Middle School Students

This study extended the work on curriculum-based measurement to examine the criterion-related validity of curriculum-based measures in written expression for middle school students, the differences in validity coefficients for various lengths of text, and the sensitivity of curriculum-based measures to change in student performance. Curriculum-based measures were the number of correct word sequences (CWS) and correct minus incorrect word sequences (CIWS) written in expository essays. Criterion measures were the number of functional elements in and quality ratings of student essays. Results revealed a strong relationship between curriculum-based and criterion measures.
Aggregate shocks and macroeconomic fluctuations: A bayesian approach

This paper describes Bayesian techniques for analysing the effects of aggregate shocks on macroeconomic time-series. Rather than calculate point estimates of the response of a time-series to an aggregate shock, we calculate the whole probability density function of the response and use Monte-Carlo or Gibbs sampling techniques to evaluate its properties. The proposed techniques impose identification restrictions in a way that includes the uncertainty in these restrictions, and thus are an improvement over traditional approaches that typically use least-squares techniques supplemented by bootstrapping. We apply these techniques in the context of two different models. A key finding is that measures of uncertainty, such as posterior standard deviations, are much larger than are their classical counterparts.
INFORMATION UNDERLOAD: RECOGNITION OF SLOWLY- PRESENTED ALPHABETIC CHARACTERS*

Abstract The accuracy of identification of alphabetic letters was examined under three experimental procedures: slowly plotting all of the dots associated with a given display of letters in their correct spatial positions, but in a random temporal order; rapidly plotting one half of the dots associated with a display, and after a variable delay, rapidly plotting the other half of the dots; and rapidly plotting only a fraction of the total number of dots associated with the display. The accuracy of identification suffers as the rate of plotting is decreased and as the interval between the successive fields is increased. Therefore, a failure of spatial-temporal integration is inferred. The results of the separate procedures are partially consistent with an interpretation of a discrete, non-synchronized perceptual moment of 120–150 msec duration, assuming no accumulation of information across successive moments.
The Establishment of the French Protectorate over Cambodia

When the empire of Annam, by the treaty of June 5, 1862, ceded to France the three eastern provinces of Cochinchina, France acquired several new neighbors in the Far East. From 1862 on, she was constantly occupied by her political and economic relations with these neighbors. She was led inexorably by her will to protect her conquest to further and further territorial expansion. The first result of her policy was the establishment of a protectorate over Cambodia in 1863. The next consequence was the annexation of the three remaining provinces of Cochinchina in 1867.The third logical step in her Far Eastern progress was an arrangement with Siam in 1867 by which the latter recognized her protectorate over Cambodia at the price of territorial concessions. A further advance was registered in 1874 by the establishment of a French protectorate over Annam.
Resolvase-Mediated Site-Specific Recombination

Conservative site-specific recombination involves the reciprocal exchange of DNA segments by precise breakage and rejoining processes that involve no loss or synthesis of DNA. In principle, such events can occur intermolecularly (resulting in fusion of the two recombining partners) or intramolecularly (resulting in inversion or excision of one DNA segment relative to the other), although in most biological systems this directionality is strictly controlled. Biological roles of site-specific recombination include chromosomal integration and excision of phage genomes, monomerization of plasmid chromosomes, alternation of gene expression, resolution of transposition intermediates, and fusion of gene cassettes into a functional gene.
TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 are potential growth regulators for low‐grade and malignant gliomas in vitro: Evidence in support of an autocrine hypothesis

Low-grade astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas in vitro were found to ubiquitously produce the mRNA of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta). TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 mRNA were expressed to a lesser degree among the hyperdiploid malignant gliomas. By radioreceptor assay of conditioned medium, TGF beta was secreted predominantly in latent form, in both latent and active form, or only in active form within a panel of low-grade and malignant gliomas. The TGF beta receptor (types I, II, and III) was evident among the glioma lines. Many near-diploid gliomas were growth-inhibited by TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 in vitro. Most hyperdiploid glioblastomas showed a positive mitogenic response to exogenous TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2. A synergistic or additive mitogenic interaction with epidermal growth factor and insulin was observed among some. Under serum-free conditions, anti-TGF beta antibody neutralized the expected growth-regulatory effect of endogenous TGF beta, thus establishing the specificity of the response in vitro. TGF beta 1 also enhanced the clonogenicity of certain gliomas which had been growth-stimulated in monolayer. Thus, basic elements in support of an autocrine hypothesis have been demonstrated: TGF beta mRNA was expressed among low-grade and malignant gliomas, TGF beta was secreted in latent and/or active form into conditioned media and appeared to serve as an endogenous regulator of glioma proliferation in vitro. The mitogenic response, either positive or negative, correlated with the degree of anaplasia and karyotypic divergence.
Genetic counseling for a family with two distinct anomalies: a case report of a neural tube defect and 5p- syndrome in a fetus.

A couple presented for genetic counseling because of an elevated maternal serum alpha fetoprotein. Ultrasound examination revealed the presence of a neural tube defect. The couple declined an amniocentesis, but chose serial ultrasound evaluations instead. Ultrasounds eventually identified microcephaly, but the couple continued to decline amniocentesis. After the child's birth, the diagnosis of 5p- syndrome was made. The couple's decision not to have an amniocentesis allowed the family their right to autonomy; however, prenatal chromosome analysis would have provided this couple with a great deal more prognostic information. We discuss the conflict between a counselor's duty to respect a client's freedom vs. duty to care for a client's welfare. We address issues of nondirective counseling and the need for more studies looking at the decision-making process in prenatal diagnosis.
Symbiosis as a source of selectable epigenetic variation: taking the heat for the big guy

Evolutionary developmental biology is based on the principle that evolution arises from hereditable changes in development. Most of this new work has centred on changes in the regulatory components of the genome. However, recent studies (many of them documented in this volume) have shown that development also includes interactions between the organism and its environment. One area of interest concerns the importance of symbionts for the production of the normal range of phenotypes. Many, if not most, organisms have 'outsourced' some of their developmental signals to a set of symbionts that are expected to be acquired during development. Such intimate interactions between species are referred to as codevelopment, the production of a new individual through the coordinated interactions of several genotypically different species. Within the past 2 years, several research programmes have demonstrated that such codevelopmental schemes can be selected. We will focus on symbioses in coral reef cnidarians symbiosis, pea aphids and cactuses, wherein the symbiotic system provides thermotolerance for the composite organism.
Poor Man’s Atomic Bomb? Exploring the Relationship between “Weapons of Mass Destruction”

The causes and consequences of nuclear proliferation have received a great deal of academic attention. However, nuclear weapons are rarely discussed in isolation in policy circles. Instead, nuclear...
Dowsing Rods Designed to Sharpen Critical Thinking and Understanding of Ideomotor Action.

We describe an Introduction to Psychology (IP) demonstration of water dowsing and ideomotor action designed to enhance students’ critical thinking. An instructor demonstrated that metal rods crosse...
Effect of particle orientation anisotropy on the tensile behavior of metal matrix composites: experiments and microstructure-based simulation

Abstract Deformation processing of particle reinforced metal matrix composites induces preferential orientation of the reinforcement particles. Thus, the orientation anisotropy of the reinforcement will strongly influence the mechanical behavior of the composite. In this study, the effect of reinforcement orientation anisotropy on the mechanical behavior of extruded 2080 Al matrix composite was examined. Microstructure characterization showed a preferred orientation of the reinforcement particles parallel to the extrusion axis, although the degree of orientation decreased with increasing reinforcement volume fraction. Young's modulus and tensile strength in the longitudinal orientation (parallel to the extrusion axis) were higher than that in the transverse orientation (perpendicular to the extrusion axis). The particle orientation-induced changes in stress–strain behavior were modeled using a microstructure-based finite element method approach, yielding good agreement with experimental results. The relationship between tensile behavior of the composites, especially elastic modulus, to the degree of anisotropy in orientation of the reinforcement particles is discussed.
Composite (V s /V p ) ratios in transversely isotropic geology; possible aid for identifying organic contamination in porous rocks

Abstract Important mechanical properties of rocks and soils can be calculated from the shear-wave velocity, VS, the compressional-wave velocity, VP, and the density or from (VS/VP) ratios and the density. Therefore, determination of (VS/VP) ratios is an important tool to assist with lithological identification and many associated applications. In most geologic settings, mixtures of different materials are quite common, and one sequence that is important to understand is the effect of thin layers on measured (VS/VP) ratios. An equation is derived for (VS/VP) ratios in transversely isotropic materials. These ratios are tested as a possible aid for identifying and assessing organic contamination in porous rocks. It is found that even small amounts of a second component, such as 10% shale or 10% oil-saturated sandstone, can change (VS/VP) ratios significantly from that of a pure end member, such as clean sandstone. Various examples using real data from a variety of geological settings illustrate some practical applications to environmental problems dealing with organic contamination.
Transforming activity of the MECT1-MAML2 fusion oncoprotein is mediated by constitutive CREB activation

2596 Salivary gland tumors, a group of histologically diverse benign and malignant neoplasms, represent a challenging problem for diagnosis and treatment. A specific recurring chromosome translocation, t(11;19)(q21;p13), is associated with two types of salivary gland tumors, mucoepidermoid carcinomas and Warthin’s tumors. This translocation generates a fusion protein comprised of the N terminal CREB-binding domain of the CREB regulator MECT1 and the C terminal transcriptional activation domain of the Notch co-activator Mastermind-Like 2 (MAML2). Here we demonstrate that the MECT1-MAML2 fusion protein induces expression of multiple genes known to be CREB-mediated transcriptional targets. MECT1-MAML2 was found to bind to CREB, recruit p300/CBP into the CREB complex through a binding domain on MAML2, and constitutively activate CREB-dependent transcription. The transforming activity of MECT1-MAML2 was blocked by interfering with CREB DNA binding. Thus, this fusion oncogene functions to constitutively activate the cAMP signaling pathway. This study has identified a novel, critical mechanism of transformation for an oncogene associated very specifically with salivary gland tumors, and identified potential targets for the development of novel therapies.
Excitation–emission matrix scan analysis of raw fish oil from coastal New Jersey menhaden collected before and after Hurricane Sandy

Abstract The impact of Hurricane Sandy (October 29, 2012) on PAH exposure was investigated in adult Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) collected along the NJ coast. Collections were made in August, September and/or October of 2011, 2012 and 2013. PAHs were monitored in raw fish oil using excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy. Results showed that raw fish oils had relatively high levels of high molecular weight, PAH-like compounds (173 to 24,421 ng/mL) compared to values reported for bile in other species. EEM profiles resembled that of crude oil and excluded matrix interference by some common biological molecules that also fluoresce. Concentrations and EEM profiles varied by collection; however, collection ship, month, year and fish size did not account for the data. Replicates showed that fish from the same catch had similar PAH exposure. Overall, Hurricane Sandy did not alter body burdens of PAHs in raw fish oil of menhaden.