cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Adoption of an Hypotheses

We have seen that much spade-work has to be done before that stage of scientific procedure at which hypotheses enter the picture. There are no doubt many instances of experiments conducted without benefit of hypothesis. Yet it is only with the hypothesis itself that a line of investigation can be gotten under way. We shall study the character of hypotheses under the following headings: (1) definition and description, (2) character, (3) criteria, (4) kinds (5) occasions, (6) discovery, (7) function, (8) indispensability, and (9) adoption.
Electrochemical amperometric gas sensors for environmental monitoring and control

Theoretical considerations and experimental results regarding a unique class of vapor sensors are presented, and the sensors are compared to semiconductor-based sensors. The electrochemical sensors are based on nonaquaeous electrolytes, and gas-detection selectivity achieved by applying a known potential to the sensing electrode using a reference electrode and a counter electrode. Results are given regarding the detection of oxygen and carbon dioxide using one cell, the detection of 3-percent carbon dioxide in nitrogen, and the detection of carbon dioxide in air at percentages ranging from 3 to 6. The sensors are found to be effective in the detection of toxic chemical species including CO, NO2, and formaldehyde; the sensors are further found to require minimal power, operate over long periods of time, and function over a wide temperature range.
Type-I interband cascade lasers near 3.2μm

Interband cascade lasers with type-I InGaAsSb/AlAsSb quantum well active regions were demonstrated. Ridge-waveguide devices exhibit room-temperature continuous-wave emission at 3.2μm, providing a potential alternative to quantum cascade and diode lasers in this wavelength range.
Tunnelling descent: a new algorithm for active contour segmentation of ultrasound images.

The presence of speckle in ultrasound images makes it hard to segment them using active contours. Speckle causes the energy function of the active contours to have many local minima, and the gradient descent procedure used for evolving the contour gets trapped in these minima.
Zift ou La mise en bière de l’idéologie totalitaire

Le film Zift (Javor Gardev, 2008), qui met en scene l’epoque du totalitarisme bulgare, refuse les postulats et les procedes d’un discours d’inspiration realiste revendiquant ou imitant l’authenticite du document historique. Au langage impersonnel du reportage, Zift substitue la representation outranciere d’un parcours initiatique. En placant sa narration dans la perspective faussement naive d’une experience individuelle, le film brouille les images d’un savoir banalise, fonde sur les lieux communs et les certitudes apprises. Au mepris des conventions generiques, Zift subordonne la realite communiste qu’il represente au code normatif du film noir. Sur l’arriere-fond de cette alliance inedite, le recit filmique deploie ses metaphores sous-jacentes : autant de symboles incarnant les rouages du systeme totalitaire, inseparable du scatologique, de l’absurde et du grotesque. Au coeur de cette insolite contextualisation de l’espace totalitaire, Zift semble chercher le principe generateur de l’histoire, pour l’emanciper d’un passe definitivement replie sur lui-meme.
Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection, Adrenal, Mouse

In acute generalized murine cytomegalovirus infections, foci of necrosis may be seen as small areas of discoloration in multiple organs, especially the liver. Gross lesions are not associated with other forms of infection.
Pairing Mechanism in the Two-Dimensional Hubbard Model

Here we discuss Quantum Monte Carlo results for the magnetic susceptibility, single-particle spectral weight and the irreducible particle-particle interaction vertex of the two-dimensional Hubbard model. In the doped system, as the temperature is lowered below J=4t^2/U, short-range antiferromagnetic correlations develop. These lead to a narrow low-energy quasiparticle band with a large Fermi surface and a particle-particle vertex which increases at large momentum transfer, which favor d_{x^2-y^2}-pairing.
Bond energies, enthalpies of formation, and homologies: the energetics of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons and some of their derivatives

Publisher Summary Tetracoordination, tetrahedral geometry, and sp3-hybridization are three key concepts in organic chemistry. Likewise, homologous series are useful for obtaining information about related organic molecules. This chapter presents an analysis of 1-substituted alkanes as an archetypical homologous series defined by an increasing number of methylene groups. The series of cycloalkanes are also characterized by such increasing numbers although they do not behave homologously. An analysis of the enthalpies of formation of tetrahedrane and [1.1.1]propellane in terms of homologous series where this concept is almost as strained as the molecules is presented in the chapter. A composite, or universal, methylene increment is useful for estimating enthalpies of formation for compounds not belonging to an evaluated series. For interpolating the enthalpy of formation of a member of an evaluated series, the unique methylene increment for that series should be used. Propellane is exquisitely strained with its three 3-membered rings as well as two carbons having the structural feature of an “inverted tetrahedron.” However, unlike tetrahedrane, propellane lacks the “need” of bulky (or even any) substituents to be successfully isolated and thermochemically characterized by condensed and gas phase enthalpies of formation. The chapter derives its enthalpy of formation before comparing it with its experimental value.
Prevention of HIV among adolescents.

Adolescents are at risk for HIV primarily through their sexual behavior. A comprehensive prevention strategy includes a national HIV campaign based on social marketing principles; targeted social marketing, intensive skill building, and sexually transmitted disease control programs for youth at high risk; programs targeting institutions (e.g., school health clinics), providers, and parents; and interventions to identify and reduce risk acts among seropositive youth. The U.S. focus for HIV prevention has been single-session educational classes (an ineffective strategy) or intensive multi-session, small-group interventions for youth at high risk (demonstrated to increase condom use by about 30%). There is a need to expand the range, modalities, and dissemination of HIV prevention programs nationally, to recognize (especially by policymakers) limitations of abstinence programs, and to increase early detection of HIV among youth.
Suppressing Alignment: Joint PAPR and Out-of-Band Power Leakage Reduction for OFDM-Based Systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) inherently suffers from two major drawbacks: high out-of-band (OOB) power leakage and high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). This paper proposes a novel approach called suppressing alignment for the joint reduction of the OOB power leakage and PAPR. The proposed approach exploits the temporal degrees of freedom provided by the cyclic prefix (CP), a necessary redundancy in OFDM systems, to generate a suppressing signal, that when added to the OFDM symbol, results in marked reduction in both the OOB power leakage and PAPR. Additionally, and in order to not cause any interference to the information data carried by the OFDM symbol, the proposed approach utilizes the wireless channel to perfectly align the suppressing signal with the CP duration at the OFDM receiver. Essentially, maintaining a bit error rate (BER) performance similar to legacy OFDM without requiring any change in the receiver structure.
High frequency AC microgrid based on a highly reliable single-stage converter

In this paper, a highly reliable microgrid formed by a single-stage high frequency ac (HFAC) link converter is proposed. This single-stage hybrid converter introduces several advantages over conventional hybrid converters that are commonly used in microgrids. The proposed converter is capable of interfacing any number of sources and loads with any forms/number of phases/ frequencies/voltage levels. Galvanic isolation in the proposed microgrid can be provided by adding a single-phase high frequency ac transformer. In this converter, soft-switching can be realized by a small modification in the configuration. Accordingly, the zero-voltage turn-on and soft turn-off of the switches result in negligible switching losses and minimum voltage stress on the switches. The proposed microgrid has a fast response due to the high frequency of the operation. The other major advantage of the proposed hybrid system is that no bulky electrolytic capacitor is needed at the link to decouple different converters. In a dc microgrid or even in a low frequency ac (LFAC) microgrid, several converters are cascaded, and large electrolytic capacitors are required for decoupling different power converters. Electrolytic capacitors are the most unreliable components in a power converter and are responsible for most of the failures, particularly at high temperature. Thus, eliminating the dc electrolytic capacitors will significantly increase the reliability of the microgrid. One limiting factor in adopting the HFAC microgrid is that the voltage drop and losses are increased by increasing the frequency; thus, this system is more suitable when sources and loads are relatively close. This paper evaluates the performance of the proposed microgrid.
Abstract 3052: Role of p53 in cdk inhibitor VMY-1-103-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer

The mammalian cell cycle is a tightly regulated process that controls cell division and replication. The tumor suppressor p53 plays a crucial role in both the G1/S and mitotic checkpoints, as well as in apoptosis in response to DNA damage. P53 activates p21, which is an inhibitor of cdk/cyclin E complexes, to cause cell cycle arrest. P53 can also function as a mediator of apoptosis by activating either the instrinsic or extrinsic pathway of apoptosis by activating transcriptional targets such as Bax, Bid, and TRAIL R4/5. In prostate cancer (PCa), p53 mutations are frequently associated with advanced staged disease. We recently have developed a novel analog of the CDK inhibitor purvalanol B, termed VMY-1-103 (VMY) which functions as a potent inhibitor of proliferation. To assess the efficacy of this compound in vitro, we tested the ability of VMY to cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines. VMY caused an increase in cells in G2/M in all cell lines tested. Additionally, VMY treatment resulted in a large amount of apoptosis in LNCaP cells, which are p53 wild-type. In contrast, DU145 cells, which are p53 mutant, and PC3 cells, which are p53 null, were significantly less susceptible to VMY-mediated apoptosis, strongly suggesting that functional p53 was required for VMY to induce apoptosis in PCa cells. In order to test this hypothesis, a series of experiments were carried out in these PCa cell lines. Knockdown of p53 by siRNA in LNCaP cells resulted in a decreased sensitivity to VMY, as these cells no longer underwent cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Further modulation of p53 was performed by overexpressing a wild-type construct in PC3 cells, which greatly sensitized the cells to cell death following VMY treatment. Conversely, introduction of several mutant p53 constructs into LNCaP cells did not decrease sensitivity to the drug whatsoever. Importantly, in DU145 cells, which have two mutations of p53 on opposite alleles, apoptosis was significantly increased when cells were pre-treated with PRIMA-1 to restore WT p53 function. Therefore, our data establishes p53 plays a crucial regulator of sensitivity to VMY and its ability to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. In addition we show that modification of mutant p53 by PRIMA in a p53 deficient cell lines, and the ensuing restoration of drug sensitivity, enhances the potential of VMY as a novel therapeutic for prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3052. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3052
Conceptual Design of Pressurized Shelters on the Lunar Surface

AbstractHumankind’s next step into space will require long-term habitation and shelter on the lunar surface, which will only be possible if pressurized habitats are available. Buildings on Earth are designed to take advantage of the superior compressive properties of the building material. On the other hand, this luxury will not be available on the Moon because the internal pressure in the building will result in the entire structure being under tension. The use of in situ fabricated glass-fiber composite and the recently developing rapid-prototyping type technology will be useful in fabricating pressurized lunar habitats. Hence, the main objective of the designer will be to reduce the tensile stresses and bring them to manageable limits. This work is concerned with the study of design changes that will result in efficient habitats on the Moon. Designs are presented in this paper that would tend to reduce the tensile stresses and increase the compressive stresses, making it possible to build habitats that...
Comprehensive expression profiling by muscle tissue class and identification of the molecular niche of extraocular muscle

Muscle tissue is an elegant model for biologic integration of structure with function and is frequently affected by a variety of inherited diseases. Traditional muscle classes--skeletal, cardiac, and smooth--share basic aspects of contractile and energetics mechanisms but also have distinctive role-specific adaptations. We used large-scale oligonucleotide microarrays to broaden knowledge of the adaptive expression patterns underlying muscle tissue differences and to identify transcript subsets that are most likely to represent candidate disease genes. Using stringent analysis criteria, we found >or=95 transcripts, which were preferentially expressed by each muscle class and were validated by inclusion of known muscle class-specific and inherited disease-related genes. Differentially expressed transcripts not previously identified as class-specific extend understanding of muscle class transcriptomes and may represent novel muscle-specific disease genes. We also analyzed the expression profile of extraocular muscle, which is divergent from other skeletal muscles, in the broader context of all major muscle classes. Data show that the extraocular muscle phenotype results from the combination of tissue-specific transcripts, novel expression levels of skeletal muscle transcripts, and partial sharing of gene expression patterns with cardiac and smooth muscle. These, and additional proteomic data, establish that extraocular muscle does not constitute a distinctive muscle class but that it does occupy a novel niche within the skeletal muscle class.
Sediment Chemistry and Meiofauna from the Northern Gulf of Mexico Continental Shelf

This study examined sediment chemistry, granulometry, and meiofauna on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf from central Louisiana to Apalachicola, Florida. Sediment samples were collected in October/November 2012 with a Shipek grab sampler from 26 locations (extending from 28°18′46.079′′N, 91°10′44.471′′W to 29°3′48.383′′N, 85°28′25.679′′W) at depths ranging from 49 to 361 m. Sediment analysis revealed two distinct profiles to the east and west of the Mississippi River Delta at approximately 88°30′W. The concentrations of silt
Laser Koehler epi-illumination for Raman and fluorescence microscopic imaging

A comparison of microscopic Raman images acquired with an optical-fiber critical (Nelson) illumination system, an optical-fiber Koehler laser illumination system, and Koehler laser illumination without an optical fiber demonstrates performance differences between the three illumination methods. Best images are obtained with optical-fiber Koehler illumination.
Hyperresponsiveness to tolbutamide of dogs pretreated with diazoxide

Abstract These investigations performed in dogs extend previous observations on the inhibition of insulin secretion by epinephrine and diazoxide. Epinephrine and diazoxide, each and in combination, suppressed plasma IRI concentrations, but only diazoxide inhibition of plasma IRI was reversed by tolbutamide. Tolbutamide administration to dogs receiving diazoxide and glucose resulted in a twofold increase in plasma IRI over the steady-state value prior to diazoxide administration, whereas tolbutamide administered to dogs receiving glucose alone did not result in any further increase in plasma IRI. The plasma insulin hyperresponsiveness to tolbutamide in the diazoxide-treated animals was completely blocked by beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol, a finding not explained by differences in blood glucose. Hyperresponsiveness to tolbutamide was not observed if diazoxide had been administered for less than 15 min prior to tolbutamide. The hyperresponsiveness to tolbutamide in diazoxide-treated animals probably cannot be attributed solely to increased insulin accumulation in the pancreas during diazoxide treatment but might be explained by accumulation of some metabolite or accentuation of some enzyme activity in the beta cell during prolonged diazoxide administration. Inhibition of the hyperresponsiveness to tolbutamide by beta adrenergic blockade is compatible with the hypothesis that cAMP accumulation might be responsible for the increased plasma insulin response.
Enhanced cardiac efficiency with dobutamine after global ischemia

Dopamine and dobutamine are used in low output states following cardiopulmonary bypass but the consequences of increased inotropic activity on myocardium recovering from ischemia is unknown. Dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass were subjected to 20 min of normothermic global ischemia followed by 20 min of reperfusion. Dopamine or dobutamine (both at 10 μg/kg/min) or normal saline infusion was begun and 10 min later the dogs weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass while the infusions continued. Serial measurements were made of regional myocardial and systemic blood flow (15 μm radiolabeled spheres), myocardial oxygen consumption, creatine phosphate, and ATP levels. On bypass mean aortic pressure was decreased and heart rate, oxygen consumption, and left ventricular blood flow were increased by both catecholamine infusions (P < 0.01), but neither drug lowered ATP or creatine phosphate levels. Renal blood flow was decreased in dobutamine-treated dogs (P < 0.01). Off bypass, heart rate and mean aortic pressure were similar in all groups. While both drugs increased left ventricular blood flow to a similar extent (P < 0.01), dopamine treatment raised cardiac output by only 30% (P < 0.05) and dobutamine treatment increased cardiac output by 85% (P < 0.01). In addition, myocardial oxygen consumption was increased in dopamine-treated dogs (P < 0.05) while values in dobutamine animals were similar to controls. Therefore, dobutamine seems advantageous to dopamine following bypass because it increases cardiac output (by increasing stroke volume) but does not increase myocardial oxygen consumption. Both drugs are potentially detrimental on bypass because they greatly increase heart rate and oxygen consumption and, in addition, dobutamine causes an unexplained fall in renal blood flow.
A study of the University of Connecticut's criteria for admission into medical school

Summary Scores on nineteen pre-admission and post-admission performance variables for four classes of medical students were analysed using canonical correlation and regression methods. Detailed interviews with 138 clinical preceptors were included among the criterion variables. National Board Part I scores could be predicted readily from conventional data such as Medical College Admission Test scores and grade point average. However, these same predictors generally correlated negatively with measures of clinical performance. Evidence supports pre-admission interviews and careful analysis of letters of recommendation as useful predictors of the clinical performance variables.
Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: an evolving standard.

This Viewpoint documents developments in the treatment of small renal masses, focusing on the current status of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. The authors argue that, with careful patient selection, meticulous technique and considerable laparoscopic experience, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy can be performed reproducibly and reliably with equivalent oncologic and renal functional outcomes to open surgery.
Defective activation of atypical protein kinase C ζ and λ by insulin and Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-(PO4)3 in skeletal muscle of rats following high-fat feeding and streptozotocin-induced diabetes

Insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle is thought to be effected at least partly through atypical protein kinase C isoforms (aPKCs) operating downstream of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK-1). However, relatively little is known about the activation of aPKCs in physiological conditions or insulin-resistant states. Presently, we studied aPKC activation in vastus lateralis muscles of normal chow-fed and high-fat-fed rats and after streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. In normal chow-fed rats, dose-dependent increases in aPKC activity approached maximal levels after 15–30 min of stimulation by relatively high and lower, presumably more physiological, insulin concentrations, achieved by im insulin or ip glucose administration. Insulin-induced activation of aPKCs was impaired in both high-fat-fed and STZ-diabetic rats, but, surprisingly, IRS-1-dependent and IRS-2-dependent PI 3-kinase activation was not appreciably compromised. Most int...
Molecular weight dependence of healing and brittle fracture in amorphous polymers above the entanglement molecular weight

A model based on chain entanglements is developed to predict the molecular weight dependence of the fracture stress for brittle, amorphous polymers. It is then used in conjunction with the reptation model of polymer diffusion to predict the time and molecular weight dependence of the fracture stress in the closely related healing problem. Theoretical predictions are found to be in close agreement with experimental data.
Calcification in hepatocellular carcinoma: not always an indication of fibrolamellar histology.

A distinct pathologic and clinical type of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), called fibrolamellar HCC, has been recognized during this decade [1 -3]. This tumor differs from conventional HCC in several respects: it typically occurs in adolescents or young adults; it is not associated with known predisposing risk factors, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis; and it does not cause elevation of serum alpha-fetoprotein. Fibrolamellar HCC is more likely to be resectable than is the usual form of HCC associated with cirrhosis, and it has a considerably better prognosis. There are practical reasons, therefore, to differentiate flbrolamellar HCC from conventional HCC. In a recent report [2] based on a radiologic-pathologic correlation of 1 7 cases of fibrolamellar HCC, the presence of calcification within the tumor was considered to be the most important distinguishing radiologicfeature, that is, calcification was common among the patients with fibrolamellar HCC but was not present in a group of patients with conventional HCC who were reviewed for comparison. In fact, the authors stated that a “review of cases of HCC in the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Department of Radiologic Pathology showed no radiographically calcified HCCs that were not fibrolamellar.” After reviewing the literature, the authors further concluded that “the previously reported calCified primary hepatic malignancies in adults were either cholangiocarcinomas, mixed cholangiohepatoCellular carcinomas, or hepatocellular carcinomas in young, noncirrtiotic adults. The latter probably were fibrolamellar HCCs.” The imphcation of these observations is that if calcification is found in an untreated HCC occurring in an adult, the tumor will most certainly be of the fibrolamellar variety. We report two cases of calcified hepatocellular carcinoma that were not fibrolamellar.
Prolonged Monoacylglycerol Lipase Blockade Causes Equivalent Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 Receptor–Mediated Adaptations in Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Wild-Type and Knockout Mice

Complementary genetic and pharmacological approaches to inhibit monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the primary hydrolytic enzymes of the respective endogenous cannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine, enable the exploration of potential therapeutic applications and physiologic roles of these enzymes. Complete and simultaneous inhibition of both FAAH and MAGL produces greatly enhanced cannabimimetic responses, including increased antinociception, and other cannabimimetic effects, far beyond those seen with inhibition of either enzyme alone. While cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) function is maintained following chronic FAAH inactivation, prolonged excessive elevation of brain 2-AG levels, via MAGL inhibition, elicits both behavioral and molecular signs of cannabinoid tolerance and dependence. Here, we evaluated the consequences of a high dose of the MAGL inhibitor JZL184 [4-nitrophenyl 4-(dibenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl(hydroxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate; 40 mg/kg] given acutely or for 6 days in FAAH(−/−) and (+/+) mice. While acute administration of JZL184 to FAAH(−/−) mice enhanced the magnitude of a subset of cannabimimetic responses, repeated JZL184 treatment led to tolerance to its antinociceptive effects, cross-tolerance to the pharmacological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, decreases in CB1 receptor agonist–stimulated guanosine 5′-O-(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate binding, and dependence as indicated by rimonabant-precipitated withdrawal behaviors, regardless of genotype. Together, these data suggest that simultaneous elevation of both endocannabinoids elicits enhanced cannabimimetic activity but MAGL inhibition drives CB1 receptor functional tolerance and cannabinoid dependence.
Energy-Efficient Dynamic Spatial Resolution Control for Wireless Sensor Clusters

In very large-scale dense sensor network applications, more sensor nodes may be deployed than are required to provide the initial desired spatial resolution. Such over-deployment can extend network life, improve robustness, and accommodate network dynamic. To enable large deployments, tiered and clustered network structures may be adopted for scalability and manageability. This article presents a highly scalable, distributed control method to manage the activity of sensors in each cluster so that dynamic application-specific spatial resolution requirement can be achieved with minimum energy cost and with uniform participation of sensors. The method, Look-Ahead Resolution Control (LARC), utilizes a look-ahead prediction of activities of sensors in the cluster and provides feedback to nodes as part of acknowledgments to transmissions. LARC is shown to be highly responsive to system dynamics such as changes in the resolution requested, node failures or replenishment. Existing control methods not only fall short in network life and scalability, but also do not provide such responsiveness and uniform participation to ensure a diverse representation of sensed data. LARC is extended to tradeoff between energy and delay in recovery from failures of large number of nodes, by multiplexing sleeping, listening, and transmissions probabilistically in such a way that the control overhead is minimized while the delay is bounded. The article presents the control strategy for LARC along with performance studies showing near-uniform participation and near-optimal cluster lifetime.
Rebuke: From Trope to Event in Paul Celan's “Zähle die Mandeln”

“Zahle die Mandeln” has often been interpreted as a metaphorical encoding of European history or of Celan's biography. In this paper, I propose, however, that the poem be read with an eye toward linguistic enactment, toward what the words do in addition to what they say. When one reads in this way, one finds that the poem itself calls into question a metaphorical mode of interpretation. “Zahle die Mandeln” embodies the tension between representation and performance and stages, within language, a passage from trope to event. I ultimately argue that the poem's willful suspension of image and reference, far from denying history, enacts its more radical engagement with history.
Gestalt psychology and the philosophy of mind

The Gestalt psychologists adopted a set of positions on mind‐body issues that seem like an odd mix. They sought to combine a version of naturalism and physiological reductionism with an insistence ...
A kinetics model for the absorption of 2,4-D acid and butoxyethanol ester into cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) cotyledons

Abstract Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L.) var. Late Flat Dutch cotyledons were treated with [2,4- 14 C]-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and butoxyethanol ester. After treatment, methanol was used to remove the herbicides from the cabbage surface and hydrophilic regions of the cuticle, and chloroform was used to remove the herbicides from the lipophilic regions of the cuticle. The plant tissue was then combusted to determine the amount of radioactivity in the tissue. A kinetics experiment was conducted and the amount of radioactivity in the methanol, chloroform, and internal compartments was determined for time intervals up to 32 hr. The radioactivity in the methanol compartment was subjected to an analysis similar to that used in pharmacokinetics. The observed data for both herbicides fit their respective biexponential equations; however, the individual kinetic rate constants were not accurate. This was evidenced by the lack of fit of the rate equations for the chloroform and internal compartments to the observed data. Utilizing data from the methanol, chloroform, and internal compartments an algorithm was devised and used to solve the rate equations for each individual rate constant. For both herbicides, the kinetic model indicated that an equilibrium was established between the methanol and chloroform compartments. The chloroform compartment appeared to serve only as a reservoir for the two herbicides. The kinetic model suggested that movement of both herbicides occurred from the hydrophilic portions of the cuticle (methanol compartment) to the internal compartment.
The Forms of International Institutional Law: An Historical Analysis of the scheduling Decisions of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances taken by the United Nations' Commission on Narcotics Drugs

The objective of this study is to analyze the legal form of the drug scheduling decisions made by the United Nations' Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) to place a given narcotic drug or psychotropic substance under international control in accordance with the drug control treaties. In particular, this study will focus upon the historical evolution of the legal form of the decisions of the CND from the inception of the 1961 Single Convention until the latest decision on this matter in 2007. This study will also seek to show how and to explain why the form of the decisions 'evolved' from a very informal and vague way to a strict and concrete legal form. By doing so, this study will interpret these decisions, systematizing them within the general framework of UN law. This exercise will lead, ultimately, to the determination of the meaning of the decisions.
The influence of tariffs, import taxes, and fuel costs on the us orange juice market†

The impacts are examined of import charges and fuel costs on the relative costs of supplying US markets from Florida and Brazil and of supplying imported FCOJ via Florida and non-Florida ports. There are two import charges, the US Tariff and the Florida Equalization Tax. The former is found to provide considerable protection against imports, while the latter's main effect is to place Florida importers at a marked disadvantage to those in other areas of the country. Fuel cost variations have very modest effects.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents in Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer At What Cost

The objective was to provide a comparison of the known toxicities of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and the likelihood of benefit from colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention attributed to them. Chemoprevention trials require large numbers of subjects followed over many years and are therefore very expensive and difficult. Hence, it is important that agents tested in these trials have a realistic expectation of actual use in the population. Data sources were published literature on the toxicity and CRC chemopreventive activity of NSAIDS. Presently available NSAIDS, used at their usual therapeutic doses, have a serious toxicity rate that quickly exceeds any benefit from CRC prevention. In contrast, low-dose aspirin is worth evaluating, especially because of the potential for simultaneous cardiovascular risk reduction. Possibly, low doses of other NSAIDS may have benefit, but this remains unproven. Synthesis of other NSAIDS, with less toxicity, is another approach towards making the toxicity-benefit ratio more favorable for the use of these agents for CRC prevention.
Encapsulation studies of hydrogen on cadmium exchanged zeolite rho at atmospheric pressure

Abstract Temperature programmed diffusion (TPDi) has been used to study the encapsulation of hydrogen in cadmium exchanged Cs-rho zeolite. The amount encapsulated after 2 h has been observed to be about 71 μmol/g at 50°C and 1 atm. This amount is over 30 times the amount of hydrogen encapsulated with NaX or NaA at 37°C for the same time and pressure. Upon increasing the encapsulation temperature to 100°C, the amount encapsulated increased to 161 μmol/g (2 h of encapsulation). At 200°C, the encapsulate is about 620 μmol/g, for the same pressure and time. With increasing temperature, more than one peak is seen in the TPDi spectra, revealing the availability of more than one site 1 for the encapsulation. 3 peaks are observed in TPDi spectra for the encapsulation at 200°C - at 107, 295 and 345°C. Large encapsulated amounts of hydrogen arise from blocking effects caused by the presence of cations (cadmium and/or cesium). Experiments for encapsulation of hydrogen on H-rho (hydrogen exchanged zeolite rho) show negligible uptake of hydrogen, proving that the presence of either the cadmium ion (5.05 Cd2+ per unit cell) or the cesium ion (1.87 Cs+ per unit cell) or both is directly responsible for the encapsulation of hydrogen. For encapsulation at 200°C, possible migration of the encapsulate among the sites seems to occur with encapsulation time. This could explain the relative changes in the intensities of the 3 peaks in the TPDi spectra for the encapsulation at 200°C.
A fluid model for the shape of accretionary wedges

In this paper the accretionary wedges landward of most oceanic trenches are modelled assuming a Newtonian fluid rheology.It is shown that lubrication theory is applicable and that the addition of material to the wedges can be neglected in determining the shape of the wedges. The predicted shape of the wedges is in good agreement with bathymetric profiles across the Kurile, Ryukyu and Aleutian wedges. From the shape of the above wedges, it is deduced that accretionary sediments have viscosities between 1018 and 1019 poise.
Rapid microwave-solvothermal synthesis of phospho-olivine nanorods and their coating with a mixed conducting polymer for lithium ion batteries

Abstract Olivine LiFePO 4 nanorods have been synthesized, for the first time, by a rapid microwave-solvothermal approach within 5 min at temperatures as low as 300 °C without requiring any inert atmosphere or post annealing at elevated temperatures in reducing gas atmospheres. The resulting LiFePO 4 nanorods have subsequently been encapsulated within a mixed electronically and ionically conducting p -toluene sulfonic acid ( p -TSA) doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) at ambient-temperatures to obtain an organic–inorganic nanohybrid. The LiFePO 4 –PEDOT nanohybrid offers discharge capacity (166 mA h/g) close to the theoretical value (170 mA h/g) with excellent capacity retention and rate capability, reducing significantly the manufacturing cost.
Structural Basis for the Broad Substrate Specificity of Fiddler Crab Collagenolytic Serine Protease 1

Crab collagenolytic serine protease 1 efficiently cleaves peptide bonds directly C-terminal to basic, polar, and hydrophobic amino acids. The crystal structure of this enzyme complexed to the prote...
Increased RhoA translocation in renal cortex of diabetic rats.

RhoA, a member of the Rho small G protein family, mediates multiple intracellular signaling pathways, and is highly expressed in renal cortex. RhoA translocation is associated with RhoA activation. This study was undertaken to examine the relation of translocation of RhoA in the renal cortex with diabetic renal injury in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control and diabetic groups and were studied at 8 weeks after STZ-injection (55 mg/kg, i.v). We found that the kidney weight and urinary protein excretion were significantly increased in diabetic rats. Diabetic glomerulopathy was confirmed by mesangial matrix expanding and glomerular basement membrane thickening. The ratio of membrane-bound RhoA verses cytosolic RhoA is 1.8 fold higher (p < 0.01) in diabetic group, indicating an enhanced RhoA translocation. There was no significant difference in total RhoA protein expression and RhoA mRNA expression between diabetic and control groups. These data suggest that RhoA translocation might be involved in diabetic renal injury.
The linkages of cognitive processes, stress propensity, affect, and strain: experimental test of a cognitive model of the stress response

This research examined a model of the stress response that includes cognitive-affective stress propensity, cognitive-affective processes, experienced affective reactions, subjective stress, and strain constructs. Using partial least squares analysis, this model was found to provide a good fit with the data. Moderated multiple regression analyses found support for the hypothesized moderating effects of individual stress propensity on the relationships of stressors with cognitive-affective processes. The research and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Defective Schwann cell function in canine inherited hypertrophic neuropathy.

Segments of peripheral nerve from dogs with canine inherited hypertrophic neuropathy (CIHN) were transplanted to the transected sciatic nerve of immuno incompetent mice. Regenerating mouse axons penetrated the grafts and were myelimated by dog Schwann cells. In grafts collected 3 or more months after transplantation, filamentous or granular material, identical to that occurring in nerves of affected dogs, accumulated in myelinating Schwann cells. Demyelinated fibers were only rarely found in grafted segments of affected nerve. Neither filamentous accumulations nor demyelination were observed in grafts of control canine nerve. These results indicate that CIHN is associated with a defect in Schwann cell function, and the abnormal accumulations of filaments suggest that the defect may be in the cytoskeleton. The rarity of demyelination in grafts suggests that some factor in addition to the Schwann cell defect is required to precipitate myelin destruction.
Complications of cerebral arteriovenous malformation embolization: multivariate analysis of predictive factors.

OBJECTIVE Embolization is an important therapeutic modality in the multidisciplinary management of arteriovenous malformations (AVM); however, prior series have reported a wide variability in overall complication rates caused by embolization (10-50% neurological deficit, 1-4% mortality). In this study, we reviewed our experience with AVM embolization and analyzed factors that might predict complications and clinical outcomes after AVM embolization. METHODS We analyzed our combined neurovascular unit's results with AVM embolization from 1993 to 2004 for the following outcomes measures: 1) clinically significant complications, 2) technical complications without clinical sequelae, 3) discharge Glasgow Outcome Scale score, and 4) death. To determine embolization efficacy, we analyzed perioperative blood transfusion and rate of AVM obliteration. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for patient age, sex, history of rupture, history of seizure, associated aneurysms, AVM size, deep venous drainage, eloquent location, Spetzler-Martin grade, number of embolization stages, number of pedicles embolized, and primary treatment modality. RESULTS Over an 11 year period, 295 embolization procedures (761 pedicles embolized) were performed in 168 patients with embolization as the primary treatment modality (n = 16) or as an adjunct to surgery (n = 124) or radiosurgery (n = 28). There were a total of 27 complications in this series, of which 11 were clinically significant (6.5% of patients, 3.7% per procedure), and 16 were technical complications (9.5% of patients, 5.4% per procedure). Excellent or good outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale > or = 4) were observed in 152 (90.5%) patients. Unfavorable outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale 1-3) as a direct result of embolization were both 3.0% at discharge and at follow-up, with a 1.2% embolization-related mortality. In the 124 surgical patients, 96.8% had complete AVM obliteration after initial resection, and 31% received perioperative transfusion (mean 1.4 units packed red blood cells per surgical patient). Predictors of unfavorable outcome caused by embolization by univariate analysis were deep venous drainage (P < 0.05), Spetzler-Martin Grade III to V (P < 0.05), and periprocedural hemorrhage (P < 0.0001) and by multivariate analysis were Spetzler-Martin III to V (odds ratio 10.6, P = 0.03) and periprocedural hemorrhage (odds ratio 17, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION In a single-center, retrospective, nonrandomized study, 90.5% of patients had excellent or good outcomes after AVM embolization, with a complication rate lower than previously reported. Spetzler-Martin grade III to V and periprocedural hemorrhage were the most important predictive factors in determining outcome after embolization.
Lessons Learned From the Scholarly Works of Others to Stimulate Teaching and Research Ideas in the Culinary Arts and Hospitality Discipline

The common question that graduate students invariably wrestle with at one time or another in post graduate education is, “What will I do my thesis on?” This essay provides a synopsis of four studies that might inspire graduate students or junior faculty to conduct similar studies along the lines of foodservice and culinary arts education. One study on exogenous or endogenous cues may help formulate research to discover why it is that some students are not as focused on their studies as faculty would like and what to do in response. The second study suggests that students may have difficulty grasping abstract concepts especially when they have no concrete experience with the subject matter leading to research aimed at discovering whether students are not grasping key concepts in culinary arts education due to the way they are taught. The third study might inspire a descriptive study to enable culinary arts programs to develop and implement a true “sustainability initiative” with measurable goals and object...
Early bioprosthetic valve failure due to carcinoid heart disease.

A 78-year-old woman with a patent foramen ovale (PFO) and carcinoid heart disease (CHD) underwent PFO closure and replacement of the tricuspid valve (TV) and pulmonary valve (PV) with bioprostheses [27 and 21 mm, respectively (Carpentier Edwards Perimount; Edwards Lifesciences, LLC, Irvine, CA, USA)]. Pre-surgically, she had markedly elevated serotonin (472 ng/mL), urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5–HIAA) (37 mg/24 h), and chromogranin A (3010 ng/mL). Intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) showed normal function, with minimal regurgitation …
A 45nm SOI compiled embedded DRAM with random cycle times down to 1.3ns

A family of embedded DRAMs which are fabricated in 45nm SOI technology is presented. The fast eDRAM has 64 b/BL and achieves a random cycle time of 1.3ns for V DD = 1.00V and typical process. The dense eDRAM has 128 b/BL and operates in multi-bank modes up to 1.67GHz for V DD = 1.0V and nominal process. The staggered - folded BL architecture with BL twisting over both the array and SAs is described as well as a novel wordline timer which generates a 75% duty cycle signal from a 50% duty cycle clock.
Group B streptococcal infective endocarditis

Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae), also referred as group B streptococcus (GBS), is an important pathogen in neonates and a rare cause of invasive infection in adults. It is well known that GBS endocarditis is a virulent infection that can cause serious complications. The overall mortality rate remains high despite surgical treatment. We describe a case of native mitral valve endocarditis caused by GBS in an 86-year-old woman treated medically.
The dual‐mode solution and transport of water in poly(acrylonitrile)

Solubility (sorption) and transport measurements with water in solvent-free poly (acrylonitrile)(PAN) (23) have been interpreted in terms of an extension of the “dual-sorption” model for transport of small molecules in glassy polymers. Satisfactory agreement has been obtained between theory and experimental data. An earlier analysis of similar data for water in PAN containing 0.26 percent (by weight) of a residual solvent (1) has been compared with the present results in order to investigate the effects of residual solvent on the dual-sorption and transport parameters for the water-PAN system.
Comparison of petrophysical rock types from core and well‐logs using post‐stack 3D seismic data: Field example from Maracaibo‐Venezuela

A well log based reservoir study together with post stack 3D seismic data analysis was used to assess the petrophysical rock type distribution in an area located on the West side of Lake Maracaibo-Venezuela. The calculated petrophysical rock types were obtained using the Windland R35 (Gunter, et al, 1997) equation which includes information collected from core data: pore throat size distribution, porosity, and permeability.
Analysis of the lateral condylar adjustment of nonarcon semiadjustable articulators.

Abstract An analysis of the lateral condylar inclination adjustment of the slot-track semiadjustable articulator was performed by using a fully adjustable articulator as a simulated patient. Pantographic tracings were made and transferred to the semiadjustable articulator. The lateral condylar inclination of the articulator was then rotated to allow it to follow the pantographic tracings as closely as possible. The results indicate that the Hanau 1 formula or an arbitrary setting of 15 to 20 degrees does not provide the most accurate articulator setting possible.
Skin-level gastrostomies and jejunostomies for long-term enteral feeding.

Skin level gastrostomies and jejunostomies were used in 17 patients for long-term enteral feeding. These devices offer greater comfort to the patient and less potential complications and dysfunction compared to tube gastrostomies and jejunostomies. Placement of the skin level devices requires "mature" gastrocutaneous and jejunocutaneous fistulas. These fistulas can be created by initial placement of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies and jejunostomies. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition13:648-650, 1989)