cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE COMPARATIVE ENZYMOLOGY OF TRIOSEPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE.

Preparation, sedimentation, electrophoretic properties, amino acid composition, immunology, and crystallization of triose phosphate dehydrogenase
Coronary calcification in adults with Turner syndrome.

Adults with Turner syndrome (TS) have an increased predisposition to ischemic heart disease. The quantitative relationship between coronary atherosclerosis and TS has yet to be established. A total of 128 females (62 with TS) participated in this prospective study. Coronary computed tomography angiography was performed to measure coronary calcified plaque burden, and prevalent noncalcified plaque burden. Regression analysis was used to study the effects of TS and traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors on coronary plaque burden. Adults with TS were 63% more likely to have coronary calcifications than controls (odds ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 2.61, P = 0.04), with an age cutoff of 51.7 years for a probability of >50% for the presence of coronary calcifications, when compared to 55.7 years in female controls. The average age of TS patients with calcified plaques was significantly lower than that of controls with calcified plaques (51.5 ± 8.9 years vs. 60.5 ± 7.0 years, P < 0.001). Age increased the likelihood of coronary calcifications by 13% per year (odds ratio 1.13, confidence interval 95%: 1.07–1.19, P < 0.001). This study demonstrates a higher prevalence and earlier onset of calcified coronary plaques in TS. These findings have important implications for cardiovascular risk assessment and the management of patients with TS.
Standard Model and Supersymmetry

The standard model is a gauge theory of SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) with twelve vector fields, forty-five fermion fields, and a doublet of complex scalar fields. It describes the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions and, with only a few exceptions, the behavior of all observed particles. All the particles described by the standard model are summarized in Fig. 4.1. The SU(2) × U(1) gauge is responsible for explaining the electroweak interactions of the standard model. Here, there is a left and right asymmetry in the sense that only left-handed fields go into the isodoublets of the SU(2) group, Ψ L , while the right-handed fields are all isosinglets of the SU(2) group, ψ R . In the leptonic case the doublets are shown as
Evaluation of Examiner Performance Using a Duplex Ultrasound Simulator. Flow Velocity Measurements in Dialysis Access Fistula Models.

Abstract We developed a duplex ultrasound simulator for training and assessment of scanning skills. We used the simulator to test examiner performance in the measurement of flow velocities in dialysis access fistulas. Test cases were created from 3-D ultrasound scans of two dialysis access fistulas by reconstructing 3-D blood vessel models and simulating blood flow velocity fields within the lumens. The simulator displays a 2-D B-mode or color Doppler image corresponding to transducer position on a mannequin; a spectral waveform is generated according to Doppler sample volume location and system settings. Examiner performance was assessed by comparing the measured peak systolic velocity (PSV) with the true PSV provided by the computational flow model. The PSV measured by four expert examiners deviated from the true value by 7.8 ± 6.1%. The results indicate the ability of the simulator to objectively assess an examiner's measurement accuracy in complex vascular targets.
kluster: An Efficient Scalable Procedure for Approximating the Number of Clusters in Unsupervised Learning

Abstract The majority of the clinical observation data stored in large-scale Electronic Health Record (EHR) research data networks are unlabeled. Unsupervised clustering can provide invaluable tools for studying patient sub-groups in these data. Many of the popular unsupervised clustering algorithms are dependent on identifying the number of clusters. Multiple statistical methods are available to approximate the number of clusters in a dataset. However, available methods are computationally inefficient when applied to large amounts of data. Scalable analytical procedures are needed to extract knowledge from large clinical datasets. Using both simulated, clinical, and public data, we developed and tested the kluster procedure for approximating the number of clusters in a large clinical dataset. The kluster procedure iteratively applies four statistical cluster number approximation methods to small subsets of data that were drawn randomly with replacements and recommends the most frequent and mean number of clusters resulted from the iterations as the potential optimum number of clusters. Our results showed that the kluster's most frequent product that iteratively applies a model-based clustering strategy using Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) to samples of 200–500 data points, through 100 iterations, offers a reliable and scalable solution for approximating the number of clusters in unsupervised clustering. We provide the kluster procedure as an R package.
Definitive Chemoradiation in Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Hypopharynx: Long-term Outcomes and Toxicity

Background/aim Definitive chemoradiation (CRT) is a common approach for locally advanced hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with the goal of organ preservation. Reports on long-term oncologic and functional outcomes have been limited. This study reports on outcomes utilizing this approach at a single institution over 30 years. Materials and methods Medical records for patients with stage III-IVB SCC of the hypopharynx were retrospectively reviewed. Patient and disease-related factors were identified and analyzed for impact on overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), disease-free survival, distant failure, and locoregional failure. Results A total of 54 patients were identified who were treated with definitive CRT to a mean dose of 72 Gy. With a median follow-up period of 49.8 months, 5- and 10-year OS was 62% and 43% respectively. Five and 10-year CSS were 74% and 72% respectively. Ten-year local control was 78%. Of the 37 patients with no treatment failure, 29% experienced a grade 3 or higher late toxicity, with the majority resolving during continued long-term follow-up. Conclusion This study demonstrates good outcomes with long-term follow-up with acceptable rates of late toxicities. The findings here represent the longest published median follow-up in this population and validate the strategy of organ preservation.
The OER Starter Kit

This starter kit has been created to provide instructors with an introduction to the use and creation of open educational resources (OER). The text is broken into five sections: Getting Started, Copyright, Finding OER, Teaching with OER, and Creating OER. Although some chapters contain more advanced content, the starter kit is primarily intended for users who are entirely new to Open Education.
Location-Price Competition with Delivered Pricing and Elastic Demand

In the past, implementing delivered pricing has been perceived as unrealistic because of practical difficulties in distinguishing between customers, determining an individual’s willingness to pay, and setting different prices to individuals. The rise of e-commerce has introduced the possibility of doing all three. Competitive location with delivered pricing was studied by Lederer and Hurter (1986) but only with inelastic customer demand. This paper extends the literature by allowing price elastic demand. A Nash equilibrium with inelastic demand always exists but examples show that it may not with price elasticity. General sufficient conditions guaranteeing existence of a Nash equilibrium are developed despite the fact that even with these conditions a firm’s profit function is generally not concave, quasi-concave, supermodular or even continuous in location choices. Examples demonstrate how violation of sufficient conditions result in lack of existence. Given price elasticity, equilibrium locations demonstrate properties unlike the inelastic case, for example, as transportation cost rises or firms’ production costs rise, each firm locates closer to its competitor. Given our sufficient conditions for equilibrium’s existence, the interval spanning firms’ ordered equilibrium locations always contains a social welfare optimum pair and a social welfare optimum pair is always contained by an ordered equilibrium.
Fluorescence spectra of Cr3+ dimers in LiNbO3.

Fine spectral structure has been observed in both fluorescence and excitation spectra of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$:${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_{3}$ on the high-energy side of the broadband emission from $^{4}$${\mathit{T}}_{2}$ at 10 K. The lifetimes of the structures are found to be much longer than the lifetime of the broadband $^{4}$${\mathit{T}}_{2}$ fluorescence. These sharp lines are assigned to the $^{2}$E${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{4}$${\mathit{A}}_{2}$ emissions (R lines) from two types of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ sites arising from charge compensation; ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ions are found to substitute both for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ and for ${\mathrm{Nb}}^{5+}$ sites and to form dimerlike pairs.
Evaluation of the solvation parameter model as a quantitative structure-retention relationship model for gas and liquid chromatography.

Abstract The Wayne State University (WSU) experimental descriptor database is utilized to bench mark the current capability of the solvation parameter model for use as a quantitative structure-retention relationship tool for estimating retention in gas and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The prediction error for the retention factors of varied compounds on six open-tubular columns for gas chromatography (Rtx-5 SIL MS, DB-35 ms, RtxCLPesticides, HP-88, HP-INNOWAX and SLB-IL76) and three packed columns for reversed-phase liquid chromatography (SunFire C18, XBridge Shield RP18, and XBridge Phenyl) is used to establish expectations related to current practices. Each column data set was divided into a training set for calibration and a test set for validation employing a roughly 1 to 2 split, such that each test set contained about 40 to 80 varied compounds. The average absolute error for the prediction of retention factors by gas chromatography varied from about 0.1 to 0.4 on the retention factor scale with the larger error typical of stationary phases ranked as the most polar (or cohesive). For reversed-phase liquid chromatography the average error for the prediction of retention factors was 0.3 to 0.5 and generally larger than for gas chromatography. Statistical filters where utilized to identify a group of polycyclic aromatic compounds without hydrogen-bonding functional groups with a larger prediction error on the SunFire C18 column than for other compounds of smaller size, flexible structure or containing hydrogen-bonding functional groups. The heterogeneity of the retention mechanism is speculated to be the main contribution to the prediction error for both gas and liquid chromatography using the solvation parameter model.
Season-long weed control with sequential herbicide programs in California tree nut crops

Weed control in tree nut orchards is a year-round challenge for growers that is particularly intense during winter through summer as a result of competition and interference with management and harvest operations. A common weed control program consists of an application of a winter PRE and POST herbicide mixture, followed by a desiccation treatment in early spring and before harvest. Because most spring and summer treatments depend on a limited number of foliar-applied herbicides, summer-germinating species and/or herbicide-resistant biotypes become troublesome. Previous research has established effective PRE herbicide programs targeting winter glyphosate-resistant weeds. However, more recently, growers have reported difficulties in controlling several summer-germinating grass weeds with documented or suspected resistance to the spring and summer POST herbicide programs. In this context, research was conducted to evaluate a sequential PRE approach to control winter- and summer-germinating orchard weeds. Eight field experiments were conducted in tree nut orchards to evaluate the efficacy of common winter herbicide programs and a sequential herbicide program for control of a key summer grass weed species. In the sequential-application strategy, three foundational herbicide programs applied in the winter were either mixed with pendimethalin, followed with pendimethalin in March, or applied as a split application of pendimethalin in both winter and spring. Results indicate that the addition of pendimethalin enhanced summer grass weed control throughout the crop growing season by up to 31%. Applying all or part of the pendimethalin in the spring improved control of the summer grass weed junglerice by up to 49%. The lower rate of pendimethalin applied in the spring performed as well as the high rate in the winter, suggesting opportunities for reducing herbicide inputs. Tailoring sequential herbicide programs to address specific weed challenges can be a viable strategy for improving orchard weed control without increasing herbicide use in some situations.
Electrocardiogram Standards for Children and Young Adults Using Z-Scores.

Background: Normative ECG values for children are based on relatively few subjects and are not standardized, resulting in interpersonal variability of interpretation. Recent advances in digital tec...
Lattice physics calculations using the embedded self-shielding method in polaris, Part II: Benchmark assessment

Abstract Polaris is a 2D multigroup lattice physics capability in the SCALE code system used for the analysis of light water reactor fuel designs. Verification and validation results of Polaris in SCALE 6.2 are presented. The SCALE/KENO continuous-energy Monte Carlo code is used as a reference to compare the results of more than 2,000 combinations of pressurized water reactor and boiling water reactor lattice designs and state points. Radiochemical assay measurements were also used to assess the accuracy of depletion calculations. Results show that Polaris, with ENDF/B-VII.1 cross section library, produces accurate lattice physics data for core simulators.
Predicting material properties of concrete from ground-penetrating radar attributes:

We present here a laboratory-based experimental protocol that seeks to establish and characterize the relationship between ground-penetrating radar attributes and the mechanical properties (density...
Grants and the Theory of Power

The theoretical and empirical literature of grants economics is restated and integrated through a paradigm of power. General principles of grants economics are articulated in terms of power and opportunity sets and applied to hitherto classificatory matters. These include: gifts and tribute, positive and negative grants, explicit and implicit grants, grantee- and grantor-determined, voluntary and involuntary, private and public, and legitimate and illegitimate. Normative vis-a-vis positive grants economics is also interpreted in terms of the problem of power. In addition, rights definition and assignment are identified as the most fundamental or primary level of the grants economy. The final section explores the power bases and interrelations between the grant sand exchange economies.
Meet Two-Face: The Dualististic Rule 10b-5 and the Quandry of Offsetting Losses by Gains

The challenge of calculating damages in securities litigation is often compounded by the phenomenon of investors that have accrued both gains and losses as a result of the defendant company’s same fraudulent misrepresentations. This Note traces the opposing damages approaches and accounting methods courts have adopted in these instances to the dual origins and objectives of the Rule 10b-5 private right of action. Underscoring the shortcomings in these damages calculations founded predominantly upon either deterrent or compensatory grounds, this Note instead strives for a measure that not only balances both imperative ends but also yields a more sensible and equitable outcome. Namely, this Note proposes that losses should only be offset by gains when they are sufficiently linked by an ongoing trading strategy, and that matching sales of securities with the latest purchases will most clearly reflect gains and losses during the class period.
How can child life specialists help address dental fear and anxiety in children?: A review

Abstract Background Painful pokes, buzzing drills, uncomfortable pressure, foreign tastes, and disturbing noises are all events that a child can experience in a single dental appointment. Each event has the potential to trigger dental fear and anxiety in pediatric patients. Dental fear and anxiety are common for children and can lead to the neglect of dental care into adulthood. Many behavioral interventions currently in practice focus on immediate behavior changes rather than long-term psychosocial well-being of children. Objective The purpose of this paper was to review the literature of pediatric dental fear and anxiety and provide reasoning for child life specialist intervention in the pediatric dental clinic. Results Rooted in developmental theory, child life specialists advocate for the psychosocial care of children in various healthcare environments, including dental clinics. Child life specialists work to minimize pediatric fear and anxiety using various strategies, including psychological preparation. Psychological preparation is accomplished by the provision of developmentally appropriate education, therapeutic or medical play, and preparation books. Conclusions Further research is needed to establish the effectiveness of child life specialist intervention, such as psychological preparation, in pediatric dentistry at reducing pediatric dental fear and anxiety.
Lateral Eye Deviation and Post-Stroke Spatial Neglect (P1.208)

OBJECTIVE: We tested two hypotheses: 1) patients with spatial neglect have more rightward eye deviation than those without neglect, and 2) neglect severity correlates with rightward eye deviation. BACKGROUND: Spatial neglect, failure to respond to/report contralesional stimuli after stroke, is associated with poor stroke outcomes, prolonged hospitalizations, and caregiver burden. Yet, many people with spatial neglect are not diagnosed. Rightward eye deviation on brain imaging might identify spatial neglect; this might be more feasible than behavioral evaluation, which requires a trained clinician. DESIGN/METHODS: We reviewed 90 brain scans (42 women, 76 right stroke, mean age 66.1) from spatial neglect research 2008-2014. A blinded rater calculated average eye deviation angle using Becker and Karnath9s (2010) method. Neglect was defined by either paper and pencil (Behavioral Inattention Test, BIT) or functional performance assessment(Catherine Bergego Scale via KF-NAP™, CBS). RESULTS: We replicated Becker and Karnath for the CBS (neglect n = 55; eyes mean 10.7 degrees rightward, SD 17.67; no neglect n = 17, eyes mean 1.3 degrees rightward, SD 5.15; independent samples unequal variance t test, p < 0.01), but not the BIT (neglect n=49; eyes 9.7 degrees rightward, SD 16.92; no neglect n = 11; eyes 11.7 degrees rightward, SD 18.53; p = 0.7, n.s.). Neither CBS nor BIT score correlated with eye deviation. CONCLUSIONS: Why CBS-defined and BIT-defined neglect resulted in different patterns of eye deviation is unclear. This could reflect greater sensitivity of functional performance testing for neglect, or greater relation of spontaneous behavior assessed by the CBS with eye deviation, as contrasted with responses directly elicited during neuropsychological testing. Research to identify specific mechanisms predisposing patients to rightward eye deviation may be helpful to develop a more complex model to evaluate for potential clinical screening. Study Supported by: NIH, NIDRR, Kessler Foundation, Wallerstein Foundation Disclosure: Dr. Barrett has received personal compensation for activities with Medscape/emedicine. Dr. Barrett9s institution has received research support from NIH, NIDRR, the Healthcare Foundation of NJ, the Mabel H. Flory Trust, the Wallerstein Foundation for Geria Dr. Shirodkar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yao has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose.
Scope management and change control process study for project-based companies in the construction and engineering industries

Most engineering and construction projects are complex project efforts which are performed on a fast-tracked design and implementation schedule. Poor project scope definition, change control, and management performance leads projects into budget overruns and late finishes. This study seeks to research and analyze scope management and change control practices to determine existing efficiencies and deficiencies for scope management and change control for large and complex projects on a fast track schedule. Research was conducted in two ways. First, existing research projects were identified within the project management areas of scope management and change control. Secondly, an electronic survey was developed (74% response) regarding scope definition methodology, change control process, impact of unauthorized scope creep, and other general project management issues. From the analysis of the survey data, the author found two primary results 1) 78% of the population responded that unauthorized scope creep results in project cost overruns, and 2) 62% of participants responded that between 41% and 100% of projects are executed at a fasttracked pace for the engineering, construction, and architectural industries. Additional analysis of the research and survey data and conclusions are provided to support the best practice recommendations provided throughout the body of the paper.
Executing Formal Specifications with Concurrent Constraint Programming

We have implemented a technique for execution of formal, model-based specifications. The specifications we can execute are written at a level of abstraction that is close to that used in nonexecutable specifications. The specification abstractions supported by our execution technique include using quantified assertions to directly construct post-state values, and indirect definitions of post-state values (definitions that do not use equality). Our approach is based on translating specifications to the concurrent constraint programming language AKL. While there are, of course, expressible assertions that are not executable, our technique is amenable to any formal specification language based on a finite number of intrinsic types and pre- and postcondition assertions.
Negative differential resistance in a bilayer molecular junction

In this paper, we report negative differential resistance in a bilayer molecular junction. The molecular junctions were formed by contacting an amino nitro benezenethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) supported by an gold film with a second SAM comprised of alkanethiol molecules supported on the surface of mercury drop.
‘WELL-INTEGRATED MUSLIMS’ AND ADOLESCENT ANTI-VIOLENCE ACTIVISM IN BERLIN

Media attention to Muslim populations in Europe often racialises Muslim men as aggressive, uneducated, and prone to domestic violence and even murder (honour killing). This article explores how ‘Projekt Heroes’, a social work project in Berlin designed to raise awareness about gendered violence, navigates and engages with this racialising journalistic discourse. Dependent as it is on the visibility provided by the media, ‘Projekt Heroes’ cannot avoid interacting with journalists. Journalistic discourse about ‘victimised’ Muslim women and ‘macho’ Muslim men has also created a space in popular narratives about immigration which makes the mission statement of ‘Projekt Heroes’ legible to outsiders. Despite this dependence on the media, internal activities within the organisation criticise mainstream sexist and racist narratives while their external activities must use the language of racialising scripts. As I show by analysing media representations of the project in print and on television, as well as the internal training activities off-limits to journalists, ‘Projekt Heroes’ both participates in and negotiates with the stigmatising tropes of media discourse because of the potential benefits media recognition offers the young people ‘Projekt Heroes’ serves. Muslime in Europa werden oft durch mediale Aufmerksamkeit rassifiziert. Die Medien stellen muslimische Manner oft als aggressive und ungebildete Subjekte dar, die zur hauslichen Gewalt – sogar zum (Ehren)mord – neigen. Dieser Artikel erklart wie ‘Projekt Heroes’, ein soziales Projekt gegen Gewalt fur junge Manner in Berlin-Neukolln, mit diesem rassifizierenden Diskurs zurechtkommt. ‘Projekt Heroes’ ist in gewisser Weise von den Medien abhangig: sollte sich das Projekt von den Medien abwenden, ware die finanzielle Sicherung des Projektes durch Preisgelder usw. bedroht. Die Medien – durch ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf ‘muslimische Frauen’ und ‘machohafte muslimische Manner’ – haben zudem einen Raum geschaffen, in dem ein solches Projekt wie ‘Projekt Heroes’ der Offentlichkeit verstandlich wird. Trotz dieser Medienabhangigkeit, kritisieren interne Aktivitaten des Projektes die sexistischen und rassistischen Diskurse der Medien, wahrend ihre externen Aktivitaten sich diesen rassifizierenden Mustern beugen mussen. Wie ich durch die Analyse verschiedener Zeitungs- und Fernsehberichte uber das Projekt, sowie interner Trainingsaktivitaten abschliesend zeige, nimmt das Programm die Bedingungen der stigmatisierenden Tropen der Medien in Kauf, weil die Medien trotz der Stigmatisierung den Jugendlichen gesellschaftliche Anerkennung bieten.
Range-Free Localization

Advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems have triggered an enormous interest in wireless sensor networks (WSN). WSN are formed by large numbers of densely deployed nodes enabled with sensing and actuating capabilities. These nodes have very limited processing and memory capabilities, limited energy resources and it is envisioned that they will be mass produced, to reduce costs.
Cranial Radiation for Pediatric T-Lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

There are heterogeneous approaches to cranial irradiation therapy (CRT) for T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). We performed a systematic review of studies that specified a radiation strategy and reported survival for pediatric T-ALL. Our analysis included 62 publications reporting 78 treatment groups (patient n=5844). The average event-free survival (EFS) was higher by 6% per 5 years (p<0.001). Adjusting for year, EFS differed by radiation strategy. Compared to the reference group (CRT for all) which had a year-adjusted EFS of 65% (95% confidence interval, CI: 61% to 69%) the adjusted EFS was significantly worse (rate difference (RD) = -9%, 95% CI: -15% to -2%) among studies that used a risk-directed approach to CRT (p=0.004). The adjusted EFS for the other strategies were not significantly different compared to the reference group: CRT for central nervous system positive patients only (RD = -3%, 95% CI: -14% to 7%, p=0.49); CRT omitted for all patients (RD = 5%, 95% CI: -4% to 15%, p=0.33). CRT may not be necessary with current chemotherapy for T-ALL. These associations, however, are susceptible to bias and caution should be applied in drawing definitive conclusions on the comparative effectiveness of alternative CRT strategies.
The effects of programmatic change on resident motivation

Abstract Background: Critical to any resident's success is that individual's commitment and desire to succeed. Rarely do surgical educators consider the impact of a programmatic change on a resident's motivation. Recently much attention has centered around the impact of IL-372 on medical practice. In this article we instead focus on the impact that a programmatic change can have on resident motivation and use IL-372 as an example. Methods: This article is a review of literature on motivation relevant to surgical education. Results: Motivation theory can help surgical educators understand resident (1) choice to engage in an activity, (2) the quantity of effort someone invests, and (3) the willingness to persist at tasks. It can also help educators identify and understand positive and negative behavioral reactions that can occur when there is a mismatch between a resident's belief about his or her ability and expectations in the operating room. Conclusions: This article concludes with a number of strategies to improve resident motivation. (Surgery 1998;123:511-7.)
Augmented Cardiac Cardiotrophin-1 in Experimental Congestive Heart Failure

Background—Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is a potent hypertrophic factor discovered by coupling expression cloning in a mouse embryonic stem cell–based model of cardiogenesis. Methods and Results—The present study was designed to investigate the potential activation of atrial and ventricular CT-1 expression in pacing-induced experimental congestive heart failure (CHF) and its relationship to left ventricular hypertrophy by the method of Northern blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. We used a canine model of pacing-induced experimental CHF based on hemodynamic and neurohumoral characteristics that closely mimic human dilated cardiomyopathy. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that CT-1 gene expression was present in normal atrium and ventricle and was increased in CHF hearts. There was a positive correlation between ventricular CT-1 mRNA and left ventricular mass index. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive immunostaining in the atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes from both normal and CHF hearts. CT-1 immun...
Rural areas and children's health care coverage, use, expenditures, and quality: policy implications.

The analysis of data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality by urban influence code in this issue is a new and compelling way to look at health care access, use, costs, and quality for America’s children. In this accompanying commentary we focus on the topic of rurality and children from a policy perspective as health care needs in rural areas have long been a focus of policy attention, but there has been relatively little attention to health care for children living in these areas. First and foremost, differences in health care and health status between rural and urban children have been previously reported, as have conditions in adults that may have their origins in childhood or adolescence. Given these differences in health status, the data in our annual report suggest that rural children may face specific challenges in receiving health care to meet these needs. We draw on these findings to suggest some opportunities for policy development that would promote improvements in the care of children in rural areas of this country.
Biosynthesis and secretion of fibronectin in the cultured mesenchymal cells of the developing chick Müllerian duct

We have developed a method to separate and isolate the mesenchymal cells from the epithelial cells in the left Mullerian duct of the developing chick. We then cultured the mesenchymal cells in a serum-free medium. Through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we detected fibronectin synthesis and release into the medium at stages of Mullerian duct development. Our results demonstrate that the amount of fibronectin secreted by cultured cells gradually decreased in accordance with Mullerian duct differentiation. Similar observations found in the developing embryonic intestine indicate that the highest fibronectin synthesis occurs during early stages of development, when morphogenetic movement and mesenchymal-epithelial interaction are prominent features of embryonic organ differentiation and growth.
Modeling below-ground biomass to improve sustainable management of Actaea racemosa, a globally important medicinal forest product

Non-timber forest products, particularly herbaceous understory plants, support a multi-billion dollar industry and are extracted from forests worldwide for their therapeutic value. Tens of thousands of kilograms of rhizomes and roots of Actaea racemosa L., a native Appalachian forest perennial, are harvested every year and used for the treatment of menopausal conditions. Sustainable management of this and other wild-harvested non-timber forest products requires the ability to effectively and reliably inventory marketable plant components. However, few methods exist to estimate below-ground biomass (rhizomes and roots) based on above-ground metrics. To estimate the relationship of above-ground vegetation components to below-ground biomass, data from a long-term sustainable harvest study of A. racemosa was used to develop a predictive model for rhizome mass. Over 1000 plants were extracted from two sites in the Central Appalachian Mountains of Virginia. Measurements of plant height and canopy dimensions were matched with corresponding green weights of rhizomes and roots. A multi-staged process was used to fit a mixed effects model. A random effects structure was selected using Akaike’s Information Criterion, while the fixed effects structure was simplified through backward selection using likelihood ratio tests. Over 500 plants were harvested from three neighboring sites to evaluate the effectiveness of the model in predicting below-ground biomass based on above-ground metrics. The relationships between above and below-ground biomass of plants from the sustainability study sites and the validation study sites were similar, indicating effectiveness of the model. Predicted values for the validation data were, on average, slightly larger than the observed values, indicating a small bias. The 95% prediction intervals computed from the model, however, covered the true values more than 95% of the time. This study demonstrates that estimating marketable rhizome biomass of native medicinal plants is feasible at a stand level. The model will serve as a valuable tool for inventorying forest products, allowing estimation of below-ground biomass based on above-ground metrics. Use of this tool will aid in developing effective inventory and management strategies for wild-harvested medicinal plants. Adaptation of this model to other species will encourage efforts toward sustainable use of non-timber forest products worldwide.
APOBEC3A Functions as a Restriction Factor of Human Papillomavirus

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses causally associated with benign warts and multiple cancers, including cervical and head-and-neck cancers. While the vast majority of people are exposed to HPV, most instances of infection are cleared naturally. However, the intrinsic host defense mechanisms that block the early establishment of HPV infections remain mysterious. Several antiviral cytidine deaminases of the human APOBEC3 (hA3) family have been identified as potent viral DNA mutators. While editing of HPV genomes in benign and premalignant cervical lesions has been demonstrated, it remains unclear whether hA3 proteins can directly inhibit HPV infection. Interestingly, recent studies revealed that HPV-positive cervical and head-and-neck cancers exhibited higher rates of hA3 mutation signatures than most HPV-negative cancers. Here, we report that hA3A and hA3B expression levels are highly upregulated in HPV-positive keratinocytes and cervical tissues in early stages of cancer progression, potentially through a mechanism involving the HPV E7 oncoprotein. HPV16 virions assembled in the presence of hA3A, but not in the presence of hA3B or hA3C, have significantly decreased infectivity compared to HPV virions assembled without hA3A or with a catalytically inactive mutant, hA3A/E72Q. Importantly, hA3A knockdown in human keratinocytes results in a significant increase in HPV infectivity. Collectively, our findings suggest that hA3A acts as a restriction factor against HPV infection, but the induction of this restriction mechanism by HPV may come at a cost to the host by promoting cancer mutagenesis. IMPORTANCE Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are highly prevalent and potent human pathogens that cause >5% of all human cancers, including cervical and head-and-neck cancers. While the majority of people become infected with HPV, only 10 to 20% of infections are established as persistent infections. This suggests the existence of intrinsic host defense mechanisms that inhibit viral persistence. Using a robust method to produce infectious HPV virions, we demonstrate that hA3A, but not hA3B or hA3C, can significantly inhibit HPV infectivity. Moreover, hA3A and hA3B were coordinately induced in HPV-positive clinical specimens during cancer progression, likely through an HPV E7 oncoprotein-dependent mechanism. Interestingly, HPV-positive cervical and head-and-neck cancer specimens were recently shown to harbor significant amounts of hA3 mutation signatures. Our findings raise the intriguing possibility that the induction of this host restriction mechanism by HPV may also trigger hA3A- and hA3B-induced cancer mutagenesis.
Simultaneous conduction and radiation in a two-layer planar medium

The interaction of radiation with conduction is investigated under steady-state conditions for a two-layer, absorbing, emitting, and isotropically scattering slab with a semitransparent interface. The outer boundaries are assumed to be black and are subjected to constant but different temperatures. An analytic approach is applied to solve the radiation part of the problem. A finite difference scheme is used for the solution of the conduction part. The reflectivities on both sides of the interface, and the relative magnitudes of the radiation and conduction properties of the layers, have significant effect on the temperature distribution in the medium, as well as on the proportion of the production and radiation fluxes in the medium. The effects of the conduction-to-radiation parameter, the single scattering albedo, the optical thickness, and the interface reflectivity on the temperature distribution and heat flux are examined. 10 references.
On the normal density of primes in short intervals

Selberg has shown on the basis of the Riemann hypothesis that for every e > 0 most intervals |x,x+xϵ| of length xϵ contain approximately xϵlogx primes. Here by “most” we mean “for a set of values of x of asymptotic density one.” Prachar has extended Selberg's result to primes in arithmetic progressions. Both authors noted that if we assume the quasi Riemann hypothesis, that ζ(s) has no zeros in the domain {σ>12+δ} for some δ 2 δ. Here we give a simple proof of these theorems in a general context, where an arbitrary signed measure takes the place of d[ψ(x)−x]. Then we show by a counterexample that this general theorem is the best of its kind: the condition e > 2δ cannot be replaced by e = 2δ. In our example, the associated Dirichlet integral is an entire function which remains bounded on the domain {σ≥12+δ}. Thus its growth and regularity properties are better than those of ζ′(s)ζ(s). Nevertheless the corresponding signed measure behaves badly.
Characteristics of Sweet Syndrome in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract Introduction Sweet syndrome (SS) is associated with hematologic malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients and Methods Records of patients with AML treated at our institution were reviewed to identify those with SS. Patient characteristics, laboratory values, and cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities were retrospectively reviewed. Results We identified 21 of 2178 (1%) AML patients who demonstrated clinical signs and symptoms, and histological features consistent with SS. Eleven patients (52%) were classified as AML with myelodysplasia-related features and 3 patients had therapy-related AML. Three patients had received treatment with granulocyte colony stimulation factor, 1 patient liposomal all- trans -retinoic acid, and 2 patients received hypomethylating agents before development of SS. Cytogenetic analysis revealed diploid karyotype in 7 patients (33%); −5/del(5q) in 8 patients (38%): 3 patients had −5/del(5q) as the sole abnormality and 5 patients had −5/del(5q) as part of complex cytogenetics; and complex cytogenetics in 5 patients (24%). Gene mutations in FMS-related tyrosine kinase-3 ( FLT3 ) gene were identified in 7 of 18 evaluable patients (39%), including FLT3 –internal tandem duplication in 4 patients and FLT3 –D835 tyrosine kinase domain mutation in 3 patients. Conclusion SS occurs in 1% of AML patients; −5/del(5q) karyotype, FLT3 mutations, and AML with myelodysplasia-related features were more frequent among patients with SS.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METEORITES AND INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES: CLUES TO THE PROPERTIES OF THE METEORS AND THEIR PARENT BODIES

Meteorites, generally 1 cm or larger in size that are believed to sample asteroids, and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), generally 5–50 μm in size that are believed to sample both asteroids and comets, span the size range of the meteors. Thus, the physical properties of the meteorites and the IDPs are likely to constrain the properties of the meteors and their parent bodies. Measurements of the density, porosity, longitudinal and transverse speeds of sound, elastic modulus, and bulk modulus, as well as imaging of the internal structure by Computed Microtomography indicate that unweathered samples of chondritic meteorites are more porous and have lower sound velocities than compact terrestrial rocks. In general, the IDPs are even more porous than the chondritic meteorites. The impact energy per unit target mass required to produce a barely catastrophic disruption (Q*D) for anhydrous ordinary chondrite meteorites is twice that for terrestrial basalt or glass, indicating that collisional disruption of anhydrous meteorites requires more energy than for a compact basalt. These results indicate that most stone meteors are likely to be weak, porous objects, and that the parent bodies of the anhydrous stone meteorites are likely to be more difficult to disrupt than compact terrestrial basalt.
Impaired interleukin regulation of the phytohemagglutinin response in Hodgkin's disease.

Abstract Patients with active Hodgkin's disease (HD) often demonstrate an impaired T-cell proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The present study examined if interleukin regulation of the PHA response was defective in HD. The Hodgkin's PHA resoonse was impaired at all concentrations of PHA utilized. Indomethacin increased the proliferative response but did not bring it to control levels. Stimulation of the cells with both PHA and irradiated Ia + B cells normalized proliferation despite identical PGE 2 concentrations as in the PHA alone cultures. Hodgkin's monocytes produced normal amounts of interleukin 1 (IL-1). Interleukin 2 (IL-2) production by Hodgkin's T cells was decreased in the PHA stimulated cultures, but was normal in the PHA and Ia + cell stimulated cultures. In response to PHA stimulation alone, Hodgkin's T cells expressed less IL-2 receptor than control cells. The data suggest the diminished PHA response in HD is due to impaired IL-2 production resulting in diminished IL-2 receptor expression. However, when an Ia + cell source is added to PHA as an additional stimulator, both TCGF production and proliferation are normalized. Monocytes serve to modulate the magnitude of the PHA response through production of both interleukin 1 and PGE 2 . However, in the presence of sufficient IL-2 production the influence of monocytes is minimized.
The chromatin landscape of Drosophila: comparisons between species, sexes, and chromosomes

The chromatin landscape is key for gene regulation, but little is known about how it differs between sexes or between species. Here, we study the sex-specific chromatin landscape of Drosophila miranda, a species with young sex chromosomes, and compare it with Drosophila melanogaster. We analyze six histone modifications in male and female larvae of D. miranda (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K36me3, H4K16ac, H3K27me3, and H3K9me2), and define seven biologically meaningful chromatin states that show different enrichments for transcribed and silent genes, repetitive elements, housekeeping, and tissue-specific genes. The genome-wide distribution of both active and repressive chromatin states differs between males and females. In males, active chromatin is enriched on the X, relative to females, due to dosage compensation of the hemizygous X. Furthermore, a smaller fraction of the euchromatic portion of the genome is in a repressive chromatin state in males relative to females. However, sex-specific chromatin states appear not to explain sex-biased expression of genes. Overall, conservation of chromatin states between male and female D. miranda is comparable to conservation between D. miranda and D. melanogaster, which diverged >30 MY ago. Active chromatin states are more highly conserved across species, while heterochromatin shows very low levels of conservation. Divergence in chromatin profiles contributes to expression divergence between species, with ∼26% of genes in different chromatin states in the two species showing species-specific or species-biased expression, an enrichment of approximately threefold over null expectation. Our data suggest that heteromorphic sex chromosomes in males (that is, a hypertranscribed X and an inactivated Y) may contribute to global redistribution of active and repressive chromatin marks between chromosomes and sexes.
Non-Maxwell distributions in equilibrated fluids. III

Abstract We examine by molecular dynamics methods the equilibrium velocity distribution of a finite sized system without using periodic boundary conditions. Extremely long runs with very short integration time steps were performed. The system is two dimensional with 196 host particles and 4 small test particles of low mass, the latter being subjected to an intense two dimensional corrugated force field. The smooth non-Maxwellian distributions obtained for the test particles show a remarkable consistency with those in papers I and II of this series.
Clearance Procedures for New Animal Drugs and Feed Additives

Summary We have attempted to provide an overview of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as it pertains to animal drugs and feed additives. The Act requires that each new animal drug application or food additive petition contain sufficient data to prove that the drug or feed additive is safe and effective before the drug or feed additive can be marketed. It also gives the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare the power to remove from the market a previously accepted drug if it is shown to be unsafe or lacks effectiveness. The Bureau of Veterinary Medicine has prepared guidelines to aid applicants in compiling and submitting the necessary information for approval of drugs to be used in dairy cattle. A copy of these guidelines and a Drug Use Guide, which aids the dairymen to correctly use approved drugs, can be obtained from the Bureau.
Cross Section and Recoil Properties of Copper Isotopes from Uranium Bombarded with 11.5-GeV Protons

Cross sections and thick-target recoil properties have been measured for $^{61}\mathrm{Cu}$, $^{64}\mathrm{Cu}$, and $^{67}\mathrm{Cu}$ from the interaction of $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ with 11.5-GeV protons. The kinetic energies are much smaller than expected from a conventional fission process, even for the neutron-rich $^{67}\mathrm{Cu}$. It is proposed that these Cu nuclides are produced at proton energies above 3 GeV by the fission of low mass nuclei which are the residues of an intranuclear cascade process involving high deposition energy and the emission of fragments prior to fission both in the fast cascade and the evaporation stage.