cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor.

The 46kDa cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR) and the 300kDa cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) are the sole members of the P-type family of lectins, which derive their name from their ability to bind phosphorylated mannose residues. The MPRs are found ubiquitously in higher eukaryotes, and most cell types express both receptors. A key function mediated by the MPRs is the targeting of newly synthesized soluble acid hydrolases bearing mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) residues to the lysosome, an acidified organelle that is responsible for the degradation of both internalized and endogenous macromolecules (de Duve 1963). The generation of functional lysosomes is essential for the survival of the organism as evidenced by the autosomal recessive human lysosomal storage disorder, mucolipidosis II (I-cell disease; Neufeld 1991), a disease characterized by severe psychomotor retardation, hepatomegaly, and cardiomegaly that results in death within the first decade of life (Kornfeld and Sly 1995). I-cell disease is caused by the absence of the enzyme (i.e., phosphotransferase) which generates the Man-6-P recognition marker on lysosomal enzymes, resulting in the mistargeting of these enzymes into the secretory pathway. As expected, patients affected with this disease exhibit elevated levels of lysosomal enzymes in their serum and extracellular fluids and their cells contain numerous dense vacuoles filled with storage material.
The glass transition temperature of filled polymers and its effect on their physical properties

The glass transition temperature, dynamic shear moduli, and bulk viscosities of Phenoxy PKHH (a thermoplastic polymer made from bisphenol-A and epichlorohydrin) filled with glass beads and Attapulgite clay were investigated. The glass temperature of the polymer increased with increasing filler concentration and with increasing specific surface area of the filler. The data were interpreted by assuming that interactions between filler particles and the polymer matrix reduce molecular mobility and flexibility of the polymer chains in the vicinity of the interfaces. From the measured moduli and the viscosities of the filled and unfilled materials, the modulus reinforcement ratio in the glassy state and the relative viscosity in the viscous state were obtained as functions of the filler type and concentration. The relative modulus for the glass bead composite system follows the Kerner equation, while the clay-filled systems exhibit slightly greater reinforcement. The relative viscosities are strongly temperature dependent and do not follow conventional viscosity predictions for suspensions. It is suggested that the filler has a twofold effect on the viscosity of the composite materials; one is due to its mechanical presence and the other is due to modifications of part of the polymer matrix caused by interaction. Using the WLF equation to express all modifications of the matrix, one can isolate a purely mechanical contribution to the viscosity reinforcement. This mechanical part is approximately bounded by the theoretical predictions of Kerner,32 Mooney, 36 and Brodnyan,41 for suspension viscosities.
A real-time column array processor architecture for images

A column array processor (CAP) architecture for real-time (video rate) morphological image processing is proposed. The basic idea for this structure is that of a serial-to-parallel data input format and circular data stream processing. As compared to other structures, the column array processor appears to be more economical and flexible compared to a cellular array processor and more functional than a pipelined systolic array. The authors describe the concept and the structure of the processor and compare its operations to that of other processors. The primary motivation behind such an array processor is to implement morphological image analysis and processing algorithms in real-time for applications to video signals. Use of the processor is not limited to morphological operations. >
Neospora caninum Exposure in Overlapping Populations of Coyotes (Canis latrans) and Feral Swine (Sus scrofa)

Limited information exists on Neospora caninum transmission dynamics in wildlife. This coccidian parasite, whose pres- ence can lead to substantial economic losses in cattle operations, requires a canid definitive host for reproduction. We examined exposure in a definitive host, coyotes (Canis latrans), and in overlapping populations of feral swine (Sus scrofa) to determine if spatial proximity be- tween a definitive and incidental host influenc- es the likelihood of parasite exposure. Eighteen percent of coyotes (95% confidence interval (CI)514.2-21.8) and 15.8% of feral swine (95% CI512.5-19.2) had been exposed to N. caninum, and this is the first report of exposure in US feral swine populations. Analyses suggest that the parasite is present throughout the environment and that exposure is not tempo- rally or spatially linked to antibody-positive coyotes. Antibody-positive feral swine were found in an area where the only definitive host is domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), indicating that wild canids are not required to maintain the parasite in the environment.
Mechanisms of dorsal-ventral patterning in noggin-induced neural tissue.

We have investigated mechanisms of dorsal-ventral patterning of neural tissue, using Xenopus ectoderm neuralized by noggin protein. This tissue appears to be patterned dorsoventrally; cp1-1, a gene expressed in the dorsal brain, and etr-1, a gene largely excluded from the dorsal brain, are expressed in separate territories in noggin-treated explants (Knecht, A. K., Good, P. J., Dawid, I. B. and Harland, R. M. (1995) Development 121, 1927–1936). Here we show further evidence that this pattern represents a partial dorsal-ventral organization. Additionally, we test two mechanisms that could account for this pattern: a dose-dependent response to a gradient of noggin protein within the explant, and regulative cell-cell interactions. We show that noggin exhibits concentration-dependent effects, inducing cp1-1 at low doses but repressing it at high doses. Since noggin acts by antagonizing Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling, this result suggests that BMPs also may act in a dose-dependent manner in vivo. However, in the absence of a noggin gradient, regulative cell-cell interactions can also pattern the tissue. Such regulation is facilitated by increased motility of noggin-treated cells. Finally, the response of cells to both of these patterning mechanisms is ultimately controlled by a third process, the changing competence of the responding tissue.
Generation of femtosecond X-ray pulses via Thomson scattering of terawatt IR laser pulses with relativistic electrons

Summary form only given. Generating femtosecond X-ray pulses via Thomson scattering of ultrashort laser pulses with relativistic electrons has a number of attractive advantages over other approaches. The duration of the generated X-rays is determined by the focal spot of the electron beam and the optical pulse duration. Thus generation of X-ray pulses of <100 fs duration is relatively straightforward. Furthermore, the X-rays are highly directed and of relatively narrow bandwidth. Finally, the Thomson scattering source of ultrashort X-ray pulses is also tunable, either by changing the angle of incidence between the electrons and photons, or by changing the laser photon energy, or by changing the electron beam energy. This source of ultrashort X-ray pulses promises to be a very useful tool in the study of the ultrafast atomic motion in solids and molecules.
Patient-centered endodontic outcomes: a narrative review.

Article Type: Review Article Introduction: Root canal treatment (RCT) success criteria inform us of the path to bony healing and of prognostic factors, but tell little about how the patient perceives, feels, or values RCT. Patients choose, undergo, and pay for RCT, they live with the result, and inform their community. The purpose of this narrative review was to appraise patient- centered outcomes of initial non-surgical RCT and nonsurgical retreatment, in adults. Materials and Methods: Patient-centered RCT outcome themes were identified in the extant literature: quality of life, satisfaction, anxiety, fear, pain, tooth survival and cost. Narrative review was applied because the disparate themes and data were unsuited to systematic review or meta-analysis. Results: Application of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) demonstrated that disease of pulpal origin affects quality of life with moderate severity, primarily through physical pain and psychological discomfort, and that RCT results in broad improvement of quality of life. Satisfaction with RCT is extremely high, but cost is the primary reason for dissatisfaction. Anxiety and fear affect RCT patients, profoundly influencing their behaviors, including treatment avoidance, and their pain experience. Fear of pain is "fair" to "very much" prior to RCT. Pain is widely feared, disliked, and remembered; however, disease of pulpal origin generally produces moderate, but not severe pain. RCT causes a dramatic decrease in pain prevalence and severity over the week following treatment. Survival rates of teeth after RCT are very high; complication rates are low. Cost is a barrier to RCT, but initial costs, lifetime costs, cost effectiveness, cost utility, and cost benefit all compare extremely well to the alternatives involving replacement using implants or fixed prostheses. Conclusion: Dentists must strive to reduce anxiety, fear, experienced and remembered pain, and to accurately inform and educate their patients with respect to technical, practical and psychosocial aspects of RCT.
“It is the Only Way I Can Survive”: Gender Paradox among Recent Mexicana Immigrants to Iowa

The purpose of this study was to collect, analyze, and report the voices of immigrant Mexicanas as they talked about their new lives in Iowa. Changing material conditions wrested from them their tradi- tional lifestyle and threw them into a situation in which they adapted by maintaining traditional gender ideology while transgressing traditional gender behavior. This gender paradox connects their ideology and behavior in a kind of functionality whereby the women violate traditional gender boundaries as a way to maintain and support traditional gender ideology. The paradoxical relationship between behavior and ideology does not just co-occur; rather, breaking away from traditional gender behavior helps to protect the traditional gender ideology that is central to their lives. The gender paradox reveals that Mexicanas are active agents carving a space for themselves under rapidly changing material conditions. I know that I'm doing something wrong, that it's illegal with the government, but it is the only way that I can survive here. I have to work and take care of my children. —Amelia, an undocumented Mexicana Social science research on immigration has detailed a huge increase in Mexican immigration to the United States and analyzed its causes and consequences for both countries. Mexico's debt crisis and turn in the 1980s to more open and market- oriented policies caused it to lower trade barriers unilaterally, liberalize its domes- tic economy, and join the worldwide process of internationalization (Griswold 2002). In 1994 the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) dismantled barriers to trade and investments across Canada, the United States, and Mexico while reshaping national labor markets and fostering the collapse of Mexico's pro- duction apparatus. A loss of jobs, bankruptcies, and panic shaped the Mexican social, political, and economic situation, forcing Mexicans to search for places to move where there was a chance for a more prosperous future (Chang 2000; Cornelius
Cancer Treatment–Related Cardiotoxicity: Current State of Knowledge and Future Research Priorities

Cardiotoxicity resulting from direct myocyte damage has been a known complication of cancer treatment for decades. More recently, the emergence of hypertension as a clinically significant side effect of several new agents has been recognized as adversely affecting cancer treatment outcomes. With cancer patients living longer, in part because of treatment advances, these adverse events have become increasingly important to address. However, little is known about the cardiovascular pathogenic mechanisms associated with cancer treatment and even less about how to optimally prevent and manage short- and long-term cardiovascular complications, leading to improved patient safety and clinical outcomes. To identify research priorities, allocate resources, and establish infrastructure required to address cardiotoxicity associated with cancer treatment, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) sponsored a two-day workshop, "Cancer treatment-related cardiotoxicity: Understanding the current state of knowledge and future research priorities," in March 2013 in Bethesda, MD. Participants included leading oncology and cardiology researchers and health professionals, patient advocates and industry representatives, with expertise ranging from basic to clinical science. Attendees were charged with identifying research opportunities to advance the understanding of cancer treatment-related cardiotoxicity across basic and clinical science. This commentary highlights the key discussion points and overarching recommendations from that workshop.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF VERTICAL VELOCITIES IN THE LOWER STRATOSPHERE

Abstract Vertical velocities have been computed for the lower stratosphere for two independent winter periods, by employing a form of the adiabatic method. The regions studied were in both cases outside the polar vortex. The flow pattern was divided into stationary (long-wave) and transient (short-wave) components. The vertical velocity pattern associated with the stationary long wave is precisely that described by Kochanski [3]; i.e., the air rises in moving from warm troughs to cold ridges. The pattern associated with the short waves is more complicated. There is a maximum of warm, advection in the vicinity of short-wave ridges, and cold advection near troughs. Local temperature changes, however, very nearly compensate the advection, with the net result that in the mean the vertical velocities associated with short-wave patterns are small, but tend to be positive near ridges and negative near troughs. Superimposition of the short and long wave, however, can lead to any conceivable combination of signs o...
Implementation of a stress management program in outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial.

Although there is scientific evidence that stress adversely affects metabolic control, only a few studies have examined the role of stress management in improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, we investigated the effect of a relaxation technique on levels of stress and glycemic control. A total of 53 patients with type 2 DM were randomly assigned to undergo either an 8-week stress management program, consisting of 10 min of diaphragmatic breathing and 15 min of progressive muscle relaxation twice per day (n=25, intervention group), or not (n = 28, control group). Perceived stress, health locus of control and HbA1c were primary outcomes and were measured before and after intervention. In the intervention group, perceived stress score (PSS) and HbA1c had decreased significantly (P<0.05) by the end of the program. Specifically concerning the PSS, the higher the initial levels of perceived stress the greater the benefit of the intervention. No other significant changes were found. Our results show a beneficial role of stress management for patients with type 2 DM, as regards both stress levels and glycemic control. It is recommended to consider this type of treatment as an adjunct to conventional therapy. We deem that our study could encourage future studies in this area with larger samples, longer duration and more objective measurements.
Encoding properties of auditory neurons in the brain of a soniferous damselfish: response to simple tones and complex conspecific signals

The fish auditory system encodes important acoustic stimuli used in social communication, but few studies have examined response properties of central auditory neurons to natural signals. We determined the features and responses of single hindbrain and midbrain auditory neurons to tone bursts and playbacks of con- specific sounds in the soniferous damselfish, Abudefduf abdominalis. Most auditory neurons were either silent or had slow irregular resting discharge rates \20 spikes s -1 . Average best frequency for neurons to tone stimuli was *130 Hz but ranged from 80 to 400 Hz with strong phase-locking. This low-frequency sensitivity matches the frequency band of natural sounds. Auditory neurons were also modulated by playbacks of conspecific sounds with thresholds similar to 100 Hz tones, but these thresholds were lower than that of tones at other test frequencies. Thresholds of neurons to natural sounds were lower in the midbrain than the hindbrain. This is the first study to compare response properties of auditory neurons to both simple tones and complex stimuli in the brain of a recently derived soniferous perciform that lacks accessory auditory structures. These data demon- strate that the auditory fish brain is most sensitive to the frequency and temporal components of natural pulsed sounds that provide important signals for conspecific communication.
Backward assembly planning

An assembly planning system is presented that operates based on a recursive decomposition of an assembly into subassemblies, and uses design for assembly (DFA) analysis to guide the generation of a preferred assembly plan. The planning in this system incorporates the special processes, such as cleaning, testing, labeling, etc., that must occur during the assembly. The system handles nonreversible as well as reversible assembly tasks through backward assembly planning. >
Polynomials with the half-plane property and matroid theory

A polynomial f is said to have the half-plane property if there is an open half-plane H subset of C, whose boundary contains the origin, such that f is non-zero whenever all the variables are in H. ...
The rise of the generic drug market and its implications for dermatology.

Background: Recent data from the pharmaceutical industry suggest that generic medications are occupying an increasing percentage of the prescription drug market. Objective: The objective of this paper was to review the trends in branded and generic dermatological and overall medications in the United States. Methods: A thorough literature search of research papers for the period 1990–2003 was performed. In addition, we utilized data from a number of medical databases to obtain and compare information on the manufacturing, production, patents and prescription of branded and generic drugs. Results: Two of the top 10 drugs used exclusively for dermatological conditions prescribed in 2003 were generics. For all drugs, the number of generic equivalents increased from 2 (in 1990) to 6 (in 2003) of the top 10 prescription drugs. Conclusions: The economic, social and scientific implications of the rising prominence of generic drugs are incredibly complex. Dermatologists, pharmacists, pharmacy benefit managers, an...
Demographic factors associated with the diet quality of older US men: Baseline data from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study

Objective: Throughout the world, the proportion of the male population aged 65 years and older is increasing. Yet, we have limited information regarding diet quality and predictors of diet quality in this segment of the population. The objectives of the current analyses are to describe the diet quality of a cohort of men > 65 years of age, and identify lifestyle factors associated with poor diet quality. Methods: We present a cross-sectional analysis of the diet quality of 5928 men, aged 65-100 years, who are participants in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) cohort study. Dietary intake was determined using a modified Block 98 food-frequency questionnaire. Diet quality was calculated using the previously validated Diet Quality Index-Revised (DQI-R). Univariate and multivariate modelling was used to estimate the variance in diet quality predicted by a number of sociodemographic factors, including age, race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), marital status, education, smoking status, physical activity, self-perceived health and nutritional supplement use. Results: Overall, we found that in this geographically diverse group of older men, diet quality was low, with a mean modified DQI-R for the entire study population of 62.5 (standard deviation 13.1) out of an ideal of 100. Further, younger age, very low total calorie intake (≤ 1187 kcal day -1 ), higher BMI, residence in a North or Southeast community, being of African-American or Hispanic race, being less educated, not using dietary supplements and smoking were each significant independent predictors of a poorer diet. Conclusion: These data may prove useful in both understanding the dietary intake of older US men as it relates to published dietary guidelines, and for targeting future dietary intervention programmes.
Rapid, accurate particle tracking by calculation of radial symmetry centers

An analytically exact approach that determines the radial symmetry center of the image of any radially symmetric particle allows faster localization than iterative methods while also giving localization accuracies approaching theoretical limits. I introduce an algorithm for subpixel localization of imaged objects based on an analytic, non-iterative calculation of the best-fit radial symmetry center. This approach yields tracking accuracies that are near theoretical limits, similarly to Gaussian fitting, but with orders-of-magnitude faster execution time, lower sensitivity to nearby particles and applicability to any radially symmetric intensity distribution. I demonstrate the method with several types of data, including super-resolution microscopy images.
Recent changes in plant species diversity in urban Pelham Bay Park, 1947–1998

Abstract Anthropogenic activity and natural successional processes negatively affected native plant species diversity in Pelham Bay Park, New York City. From 1947 to 1994, 25.5% of the native species were extirpated from this urban park, a rate of 2.9 species lost per year. Native species of the flora declined from 71.7% in 1947 to 59.6% in 1994–98. Native herbaceous species were significantly more likely to be extirpated than native woody species. Native species of meadow-type habitats were significantly more likely to be extirpated than species found in woodlands. By comparison, the number of non-native species found increased by 39.7% since 1947. Each of the different habitats in the park had a greater proportion of alien species in 1994–1998 than in 1946–1947. The key element in creating support for preserving the extant biodiversity of Pelham Bay Park is conservation education that stresses the importance of the city's biological heritage.
Weight-Related Humor in the Media: Appreciation, Distaste, and Anti-Fat Attitudes

One of the few stigmatized conditions still considered “fair game” for public joking and ridicule is obesity. The standard for TV and film comedies is to show overweight characters in a stereotypical and disparaging manner. The body of research on disparaging humor has not yet sought to determine viewers’ attitudes toward weight-related humor. Of primary interest in the present study was whether reactions to humor vary systematically with viewers’ preexisting attitudes toward obesity. Participants (N 501) viewed 7 video clips from popular film and TV programs featuring weight-related humor. Participants then rated each clip on a number of dimensions (e.g., funniness, offensiveness). Additionally they completed measures of attitudes and beliefs toward obesity including dislike for obese persons, belief in the controllability of body weight, and a belief in stereotypes about obese persons. As predicted, participants’ dislike for obese persons and their belief in disparaging stereotypes about obesity are associated with higher levels of weight-related humor appreciation. Additionally, a stronger belief in disparaging stereotypes about obesity and a belief in the controllability of obesity are negatively related to individuals’ level of distaste for weight-related humor. These findings support the empirical basis of disparagement humor theory and the disposition theory of humor appreciation. They can also inform research on the stigma of obesity and representations of stigmatized groups in the media.
STONE PLUS: Evaluation of Emergency Department Patients With Suspected Renal Colic, Using a Clinical Prediction Tool Combined With Point-of-Care Limited Ultrasonography.

Study objective We determine whether renal point-of-care limited ultrasonography (PLUS) used in conjunction with the Sex, Timing, Origin, Nausea, Erythrocytes (STONE) clinical prediction score can aid identification of emergency department (ED) patients with uncomplicated ureteral stone or need for urologic intervention. Methods This was a prospective observational study of adult ED patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) scan for suspected ureteral stone. The previously validated STONE score classifies patients into risk categories of low (≈10%), moderate (≈50%), or high (≈90%) for symptomatic stone. Renal PLUS assessed for presence of hydronephrosis before CT scanning. The primary outcomes of symptomatic ureteral stone or acutely important alternative finding were abstracted from CT reports. The secondary outcome, urologic intervention, was assessed by 90-day follow-up interview and record review. Results Of 835 enrolled patients, ureteral stone was identified in 53%, whereas 6.5% had an acutely important alternative finding on CT. Renal PLUS modestly increased sensitivity for symptomatic stone among low and moderate STONE score categories. Moderate or greater hydronephrosis improved specificity from 67% (62% to 72%) to 98% (93% to 99%) and 42% (37% to 47%) to 92% (86% to 95%) in low- and moderate-risk patients, with likelihood ratios of 22 (95% CI, 4.2-111) and 4.9 (95% CI, 2.9-8.3), respectively. Test characteristics among high-risk patients were unchanged by renal PLUS. For urologic intervention, any hydronephrosis was 66% sensitive (57% to 74%), whereas moderate or greater hydronephrosis was 86% specific overall (83% to 89%) and 81% (69% to 90%) sensitive and 79% 95% CI, (73-84) specific among patients with the highest likelihood of symptomatic stone. Conclusion Hydronephrosis on renal PLUS modestly improved risk stratification in low- and moderate-risk STONE score patients. The presence or absence of hydronephrosis among high-risk patients did not significantly alter likelihood of symptomatic stone but may aid in identifying patients more likely to require urologic intervention.
High Temperature Erosion-Corrosion in Gas Turbines

Under certain circumstances, hot gases containing particulates may be expanded through a turbine. The erosion damage due to the particulates interacts with the high temperature oxidation processes. The interaction may be positive: the oxide layer may be more erosion-resistant than the substrate. The interaction may be negative: the erosion can remove the protective oxide resulting in accelerated metal loss. If the gases contain corrosive materials such as alkali sulfates as well as the particulates, further interactions are possible. These processes are of importance in gas turbine expanders for pressurized fluidized bed combustors burning coal, and several research projects are in progress to study them.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
AERODYNAMIC SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY TURBINE STAGES

A numerical algorithm for the sensitivity analysis of unsteady turbine stages is developed. Aerodynamic sensitivity derivatives are computed using the complex Taylor series expansion (CTSE) technique. The objectives of this paper are to investigate the accuracy and time dependency of the sensitivity derivatives and to develop a sensitivity algorithm with enhanced computational efficiency. The performance and the derivatives are validated using experimental data and finite difference (FD) approximations. The computational efficiency of the sensitivity analysis is improved by selectively differentiating the original algorithm. Black-box complexification of the implicit flow solver yields a numerical code that is accurate but computationally inefficient when compared to FD. On the other hand, selective complexification produces a CTSE algorithm with the same accuracy but improved run time and reduced memory allocation. The theoretical and implementation issues associated with selective differentiation are discussed.
Signal Processing on Graphs: Causal Modeling of Big Data

Often, Big Data applications collect a large number of time series, for example, the financial data of companies quoted in a stock exchange, the health care data of all patients that visit the emergency room of a hospital, or the temperature sequences continuously measured by weather stations across the US. A first task in the analytics of these data is to derive a low dimensional representation, a graph or discrete manifold, that describes well the interrelations among the time series and their intrarelations across time. This paper presents a computationally tractable algorithm for estimating this graph structure from the available data. This graph is directed and weighted, possibly representing causal relations, not just reciprocal correlations as in many existing approaches in the literature. A detailed convergence analysis is carried out. The algorithm is demonstrated on random graph and real network time series datasets, and its performance is compared to that of related methods. The adjacency matrices estimated with the new method are close to the true graph in the simulated data and consistent with prior physical knowledge in the real dataset tested.
Distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in 77 cases of blood cultures in hospitalized children of pediatrics

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from 77 cases of blood culture in pediatrics,in order to provide evidence for rational use of antibiotics in clinic.METHODS Blood samples were cultivated in applying BacT/ Alert3D automated blood culture system and drug sensitivity test were performed with BacT/Alert120 compact automated bacteria identification and drug sensitivity analytical system.RESULTS Totally 77 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 71 blood samples and 5 of them were mixed infections of gram bacterium.The mixed infections rate was 7.0%.In the totally 77 strains of pathogenic bacteria,42.9%(n=33) were gram-positive bacterium,37.7%(n=29) were Gram-negative bacteria,18.1%(n=14) were fungi and 1.3%(n=1)was anaerobe.The first was Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates in all Gram-positive ones.Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were dominant in all Gram-negative bacteria.No isolate was resistant to vancomycin.The drug resistance of the mixed-infectioning strains was very severe.CONCLUSION Bacteria isolated from blood culture in pediatrics distribute widely.The first is Gram-positive bacterium,the second is Gram-negtive bacterium.It indicates that curing infections caused by gram bacterium,teicoplanin,imipenem and meropenem should be of the first choice.
Stay out of the "teachers' lounge".

When a workplace is dominated by complaining versus correcting problems, job satisfaction will be hard to find.
A Mixed Methods Examination of 21st Century Hiring Processes, Social Networking Sites, and Implicit Bias

General U.S. hiring practices have evolved with the emergence of online social networking sites (SNSs) despite a lag in formal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission mandates. This mixed methods study examines hiring professionals’ use of SNSs in hiring determinations across a variety of industries as well as within advertising agencies specifically. The latter of which focuses primarily on hiring procedures for account executives. Online survey data from 300 hiring professionals demonstrate reliance upon SNSs during various stages of the hiring process for candidate hiring and rejection, and interview data from 12 agency hiring professionals across the U.S. reveal similar findings in the ad industry. Within the ad industry, which is actively trying to recruit and retain a diverse workforce, a shift appears to have occurred away from hiring professionals’ explicit biases to implicit biases against racial and ethnic minority candidates whose demographic information is often publicly displayed via their digital footprints. Managerial implications for impression formation, implicit bias, and third person effects in the hiring and retention of minority employees in the ad industry are discussed.
Population pharmacokinetics of ceftizoxime in premature newborns

The population pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftizoxime were determined in 50 premature newborns less than 1 week of age (birth weight = 1.8 +/- 0.6 kg) with a clinical diagnosis of suspected sepsis. Each infant received ceftizoxime 25 mg/kg every 12 h intravenously over 30 min for a total of 6 doses. Serum concentrations of ceftizoxime were assayed by HPLC at 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 11.5 h or at 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 and 11.5 h after the first and the sixth dose. A total of 184 serum concentrations following the first dose and 160 following the sixth dose were fit separately and then collectively to a one-compartment model using NONMEM. The separately estimated parameters were not significantly different between the first and the sixth dose. The final parameter estimates were 27.1 ml/h/kg, 333 ml/kg and 8.5 h for clearance, volume of distribution and half-life, respectively. Other factors including gestational and postnatal age were not associated with alterations in ceftizoxime clearance. That the large variability in clearance was decreased from a coefficient of variation of 80 to 50% warrants dosing premature infants on the basis of body weight. The results of this study suggest that 25 mg/kg ceftizoxime every 12 h appears to be an appropriate dosing regimen for premature neonates.
Measurement of GaP States in a-Si:H by Photocapacitance Spectroscopy

Photocapacitance spectroscopic techniques have been implemented to measure the energetic distribution and effective optical cross section of electronic defect levels in hydrogenated amorphous silicon.
Puzzles in modern biology. II. Language, cancer and the recursive processes of evolutionary innovation

Human language emerged abruptly. Diverse body forms evolved suddenly. Seed-bearing plants spread rapidly. How do complex evolutionary innovations arise so quickly? Resolving alternative claims remains difficult. The great events of the past happened a long time ago. Cancer provides a model to study evolutionary innovation. A tumor must evolve many novel traits to become an aggressive cancer. I use what we know or could study about cancer to describe the key processes of innovation. In general, evolutionary systems form a hierarchy of recursive processes. Those recursive processes determine the rates at which innovations are generated, spread and transmitted. I relate the recursive processes to abrupt evolutionary innovation.
Assessing Acid-Base Status: Physiologic Versus Physicochemical Approach

The physiologic approach has long been used in assessing acid-base status. This approach considers acids as hydrogen ion donors and bases as hydrogen ion acceptors and the acid-base status of the organism as reflecting the interaction of net hydrogen ion balance with body buffers. In the physiologic approach, the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer pair is used for assessing acid-base status and blood pH is determined by carbonic acid (ie, Paco2) and serum bicarbonate levels. More recently, the physicochemical approach was introduced, which has gained popularity, particularly among intensivists and anesthesiologists. This approach posits that the acid-base status of body fluids is determined by changes in the dissociation of water that are driven by the interplay of 3 independent variables: the sum of strong (fully dissociated) cation concentrations minus the sum of strong anion concentrations (strong ion difference); the total concentration of weak acids; and Paco2. These 3 independent variables mechanistically determine both hydrogen ion concentration and bicarbonate concentration of body fluids, which are considered as dependent variables. Our experience indicates that the average practitioner is familiar with only one of these approaches and knows very little, if any, about the other approach. In the present Acid-Base and Electrolyte Teaching Case, we attempt to bridge this knowledge gap by contrasting the physiologic and physicochemical approaches to assessing acid-base status. We first outline the essential features, advantages, and limitations of each of the 2 approaches and then apply each approach to the same patient presentation. We conclude with our view about the optimal approach.
Ion Isolation in a Linear Ion Trap Using Dual Resonance Frequencies

Ion isolation in a linear ion trap is demonstrated using dual resonance frequencies, which are applied simultaneously. One frequency is used to eject ions of a broad m/z range higher in m/z than the target ion, and the second frequency is set to eject a range of ions lower in m/z. The combination of the two thus results in ion isolation. Despite the simplicity of the method, even ions of low intensity may be isolated since signal attenuation is less than an order of magnitude in most cases. The performance of dual frequency isolation is demonstrated by isolating individual isotopes of brominated compounds.
Use of reconstructed 3D VMEC equilibria to match effects of toroidally rotating discharges in DIII-D

A technique for tokamak equilibrium reconstructions is used for multiple DIII-D discharges, including L-mode and H-mode cases when weakly 3D fields are applied. The technique couples diagnostics to the non-linear, ideal MHD equilibrium solver VMEC, using the V3FIT code, to find the most likely 3D equilibrium based on a suite of measurements. It is demonstrated that V3FIT can be used to find non-linear 3D equilibria that are consistent with experimental measurements of the plasma response to very weak 3D perturbations, as well as with 2D profile measurements. Observations at DIII-D show that plasma rotation larger than 20 krad s−1 changes the relative phase between the applied 3D fields and the measured plasma response. Discharges with low averaged rotation (10 krad s−1) and peaked rotation profiles (40 krad s−1) are reconstructed. Similarities and differences to forward modeled VMEC equilibria, which do not include rotational effects, are shown. Toroidal phase shifts of up to are found between the measured and forward modeled plasma responses at the highest values of rotation. The plasma response phases of reconstructed equilibra on the other hand match the measured ones. This is the first time V3FIT has been used to reconstruct weakly 3D tokamak equilibria.
Isolated Thrombocytopenia in Homosexual Men — Longitudinal Follow-Up

One of the most clinically challenging, yet infrequently discussed, of the AIDS-associated syndromes is the problem of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). ITP is a diagnosis more frequently encountered in its acute form in children following viral infections and in its chronic presentation in middle-aged women. Morris et al published their account of auto-immune thrombocytopenic purpura in homosexual men in June 1984(1). Their manuscript described a cluster of ITP in 12 homosexual men with backgrounds similar to those recognized in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Subsequently the problem has also been recognized in narcotics addicts and hemophiliacs without other manifestations of AIDS(2,3). To date, 32 homosexual men with isolated thrombocytopenia of immune origin have been evaluated in the AIDS Clinic at San Francisco General Hospital. Our experience with this group constitutes the basis of the following discussion.
ASYMMETRIC SOLUTIONS OF PROBLEMS WITH SYMMETRY

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the asymmetric solutions of problems with symmetry. It discusses some recent results concerning the problem of symmetry-breaking for radial solutions of the semi-linear elliptic equation. To discuss the actual bifurcation of radial solutions, one must find an appropriate bifurcation parameter. The radial solutions of the semi-linear elliptic equation satisfy the ordinary differential equation together with the boundary conditions. A necessary condition for symmetry to break on a positive solution of the Dirichlet problem is that f(0)
Descriptor based protein structure representation using triangular spatial relationships in 3-D

Pairwise protein structure comparison has taken significant scientific research effort in last two decades. Even though it all started with alignment-based comparison methods, recently there are several non-alignment based methods that have shown good potential. One such approach is based on shape descriptors. These methods use histograms or vectors to represent the molecular shapes. They have shown to improve comparison speed but require reference frame transformations, are limited to sequential comparisons as well as lack residue information. Like any sequence independent model, these methods ignore the correspondence of residues in similarity calculation. This work proposes protein structure representation method, Triangular Spatial Relationships in 3D (TSR 3-D). TSR 3-D is local-scale sensitive, reference frame insensitive, protein structure descriptor that incorporates the residue information. It can be used to establish a strict pairwise equivalence that acknowledges the pivotal role played by corresponding residues in determining protein 3-D structure. Protein structures represented by TSR-3D can be used for flexible non-sequential, pairwise structure comparison using local-global equivalences.
Computer Development at the Institute for Advanced Study

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights several computer developments at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS). The circumstances in which the Institute's computer project was started were improbable in several ways. Originally, von Neumann intended that the development of the new computer would be done by a team under the leadership of J. P. Eckert from Moore School, but some sort of conflict or disagreement about the arrangements occurred. The outcome was that he decided to find his own team leader and to assemble a new engineering group at the Institute. At the Institute, Burks, Goldstine, and von Neumann had drafted the first version of Preliminary Discussions of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument and had obtained contractual support from military agencies and the Atomic Energy Commission, which fortunately were free of any security complications. The period from June 1946 to 1947 at IAS can more appropriately be described as engineering and organization rather than actual design. By mid-1947, progress had been made in understanding bi-stable circuitry and gating techniques.
Anaesthesia circuits, humidity output, and mucociliary structure and function

We compared the effects of humidity delivered by the circle system at low fresh gas flows (FGF) with a conventional two-limb and coaxial circuit on the structure and function of the tracheobronchial epithelium in dogs. Animals were anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated using an anaesthesia ventilator to maintain normocarbia. Group I (control) animals received a FGF equal to the required minute ventilation mimicking an open circuit technique. Group II and III animals had FGF set at 20% of the required minute ventilation. Group II used a two-limb circuit and Group III used a coaxial circuit. Relative humidity and temperature of inspired gases were measured at baseline and hourly afterwards. In the first experiment, biopsies of the tracheobronchial tree were obtained bronchoscopically at baseline and then hourly for six hours. Microscopic examination of these samples allowed calculation of mean ciliary length. In the second experiment, tracheal mucus flow velocity (TMFV) was measured at baseline and hourly afterward, using a cinebroncho-fibrescopic method. Delivered absolute humidity was greatest with low FGF and the coaxial circuit, followed by low FGF and a conventional circuit, and high FGF (15 +/- 1.4 vs 9 +/- 0.8 vs 5 +/- 0.4 mg H2O, P < 0.01) after two hours. Mean cilia length (micron) and TMFV (mm/min) fell during the first hour in all three groups. At hour two TMFV returned to baseline in Group III and was significantly greater than Groups I and II (0.8 +/- 0.4 vs 8.6 +/- 1.1 vs 15.4 +/- 2.1, P < 0.001). Mean ciliary length demonstrated a similar pattern with reductions from baseline in all three groups for the first two hours. Groups II and III had an increase in cilia length beginning at hour three and were both significantly greater than Group I at hours 3 through 6 (1.3 +/- 0.5 vs 3.2 +/- 1.1 vs 4.2 +/- 0.8, P < 0.001). Alterations in tracheobronchial structure and function result from exposure to dry gases and are amplified by the duration of exposure. Our findings suggest a minimum of 12 to 15 mg H2O/l is necessary to prevent these alterations. In this study, the combination of low FGF and a coaxial anaesthesia circuit reached this minimum threshold more quickly than a conventional two-limb circuit.
Introduction: The Ties That Bind

The introduction offers background on the British Imperial system of indentured labor and the role of indenture in colonial and anti-colonial literature. It lays out the book’s focus upon the “seductive hierarchies of empire”: the ideologies of gender, ethnicity, and class that developed under imperialism and indenture and that continue to hold sway in the Caribbean today. Additionally, it proposes a “poetics of kinship,” a focus on the importance of building familial ties across generations and across classifications of people in order to counter the repressive ideologies of empire.
Unique Science from a Coordinated LSST-WFIRST Survey of the Galactic Bulge

NASA's WFIRST mission will perform a wide-field, NIR survey of the Galactic Bulge to search for exoplanets via the microlensing techniques. As the mission is due to launch in the mid-2020s, around half-way through the LSST Main Survey, we have a unique opportunity to explore synergistic science from two landmark programs. LSST can survey the entire footprint of the WFIRST microlensing survey in a single Deep Drilling Field. Here we explore the great scientific potential of this proposal and recommend the most effective observing strategies.
Prey consumption estimates for salmon sharks

Top predators, such as salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis), can influence the abundance and population structure of organisms at lower trophic levels through direct effects, such as predation mortality, and indirect interactions. As a first step towards better understanding the average annual prey consumption for individual adult salmon sharks, we bracketed consumption estimates using three methods: (1) daily ration requirement; (2) bioenergetic mass balance; and (3) a Bayesian model of shark growth. In the first method, we applied ration estimates for related lamnid shark species that yielded salmon shark estimates of 1461 and 2202kgyear–1. The second method used a mass–balance technique to incorporate life history information from salmon sharks and physiological parameters from other species and produced estimates of 1870, 2070, 1610 and 1762kgyear–1, depending on assumed diet. Growth modelling used salmon shark growth histories and yielded estimates of 16900 or 20800kgyear–1, depending on assumed assimilation efficiency. Of the consumption estimates, those from the mass–balance technique may be the most realistic because they incorporated salmon shark life history data and do not produce extreme values. Taken as a whole, these estimates suggest that salmon sharks have similar energetic requirements to piscivorous marine mammals.