cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translational methods in biostatistics: linear mixed effect regression models of alcohol consumption and HIV disease progression over time

Longitudinal studies are helpful in understanding how subtle associations between factors of interest change over time. Our goal is to apply statistical methods which are appropriate for analyzing longitudinal data to a repeated measures epidemiological study as a tutorial in the appropriate use and interpretation of random effects models. To motivate their use, we study the association of alcohol consumption on markers of HIV disease progression in an observational cohort. To make valid inferences, the association among measurements correlated within a subject must be taken into account. We describe a linear mixed effects regression framework that accounts for the clustering of longitudinal data and that can be fit using standard statistical software. We apply the linear mixed effects model to a previously published dataset of HIV infected individuals with a history of alcohol problems who are receiving HAART (n = 197). The researchers were interested in determining the effect of alcohol use on HIV disease progression over time. Fitting a linear mixed effects multiple regression model with a random intercept and random slope for each subject accounts for the association of observations within subjects and yields parameters interpretable as in ordinary multiple regression. A significant interaction between alcohol use and adherence to HAART is found: subjects who use alcohol and are not fully adherent to their HIV medications had higher log RNA (ribonucleic acid) viral load levels than fully adherent non-drinkers, fully adherent alcohol users, and non-drinkers who were not fully adherent. Longitudinal studies are increasingly common in epidemiological research. Software routines that account for correlation between repeated measures using linear mixed effects methods are now generally available and straightforward to utilize. These models allow the relaxation of assumptions needed for approaches such as repeated measures ANOVA, and should be routinely incorporated into the analysis of cohort studies.
Aesthetics: A Comparison of the State of the Art Outside and Inside the Field of Textiles and Clothing. Part Three: Appreciation Process, Appreciator and Summary Comparisons:

This is the last of three papers in which we review aesthetics literature published from 1970 to 1992, found outside and inside the field of textiles and clothing. In this paper we review Appreciat...
Infectivity of Asymptomatic Plasmodium-Infected Human Populations to Anopheles dirus Mosquitoes in Western Thailand

The infectivity of Plasmodium-infected humans in western Thailand was estimated by feeding laboratory-reared Anopheles dirus Peyton and Harrison mosquitoes on venous blood placed in a membrane-feeding apparatus. Between May 2000 and November 2001, a total of 6,494 blood films collected during an active malaria surveillance program were checked by microscopy for the presence of Plasmodium parasites: 3.3, 4.5, and 0.1% of slides were P. falciparum- (Pf), P. vivax- (Pv), and P. malariae (Pm)-positive. Venous blood was collected from 70, 52, 6, and 4 individuals infected with Pf, Pv, Pm, and mixed Pf/Pv, respectively, with 167 uninfected individuals serving as negative controls. Only 10% (7/70), 13% (7/52), and 0% (0/6) of membrane feeds conducted on Pf-, Pv-, and Pm-infected blood yielded infected mosquitoes. One percent (2/167) of microscope-negative samples infected mosquitoes; however, both samples were subsequently determined to be Pf-positive by polymerase chain reaction. Gametocytes were observed in only 29% (4/14) of the infectious samples. All infections resulted in low oocyst loads (average of 1.2 oocysts per positive mosquito). Only 4.5% (10/222) of mosquitoes fed on the seven infectious Pf samples developed oocysts, whereas 2.9% (9/311) of mosquitoes fed on the seven infectious Pv samples developed oocysts. The probability of a mosquito becoming infected with Pf or Pv after a blood meal on a member of the human population in Kong Mong Tha was estimated to be 1 in 6,700 and 1 in 5,700, respectively. The implications toward malaria transmission in western Thailand are discussed.
Dispositional and Situational Factors as Predictors of Impression Management Behaviors

Employing social influence theory, we empirically examine four variables as predictors of impression management behavior enactment. Our findings, based on responses from 144 full-time state workers, suggest numerous significant relationships. Specifically, we offer evidence indicating the existence of negative relationships between core selfevaluations and the use of self-promotion, ingratiation, exemplification, intimidation, and supplication. Our findings also suggest a negative relationship between managerial support and the use of self-promotion. Finally, we report evidence of positive relationships between interaction frequency and exemplification, and between job strain and supplication. Implications of the findings are discussed and future research opportunities are suggested.
An Essay on the President’s Constitutional Duty to Prioritize Expenditures

In 2011, the debt-ceiling crisis led several commentators to argue that the Public Debt Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment authorized the President to continue borrowing money on the credit of the United States, even in excess of the statutory debt ceiling. In response, many scholars argued that the Clause would not authorize such action but, at most, would require the President to prioritize the spending necessary to repay the public debt. The suggestion that the Public Debt Clause imposes spending priorities prompts a broader inquiry: Do other constitutional provisions establish additional spending priorities that would more extensively govern presidential authority in case of an unfinanced budget deficit? In this essay, I will explore this question and offer a tentative, affirmative answer. Several provisions of the Constitution, including Article IV’s Invasion and Domestic Violence Clauses, the Bill of Rights, as well as the Public Debt Clause, require the United States, and the President thereof, to spend money for various purposes, including (1) to maintain the functional existence of the Union and the states, (2) to preserve their republican character, and (3) to secure certain rights to individuals, including all federal criminal defendants, some federal civil litigants, and all federal public creditors, defined broadly to include beneficiaries of some entitlement programs. These constitutional duties require the President to prioritize those expenditures. The extent of these constitutional priorities would, in the aggregate, not merely limit, but extensively eliminate, presidential discretion in the event of an unfinanced budget deficit.
Why the Paradox of Blackmail is so Hard to Resolve

The paradox of blackmail is the apparent contradiction between what popular intuition and reasoned reflection, respectively, regard as criminally culpable. Popular intuition indicates that it ought to be criminal — indeed, a paradigmatic instance of blackmail — for an actor, A, to extract value from a celebrity, Ms. B, by threatening unless paid to reveal an embarrassing secret about B (e.g., that B has an illegitimate child or is guilty of adultery), while offering if paid to remain silent. Yet reason suggests that there is nothing wrong with A’s extracting value from B regarding a lawfully-marketable good, i.e., information, by A’s conditionally threatening and offering to do things with the information that are lawful when done unconditionally (i.e., disclosing it or withholding it, whichever A prefers). I believe that many instances of criminalized blackmail are no more paradoxical than run-of-the-mill extortion, because what actors conditionally threaten and offer to do in such cases is actually unlawful — though not necessarily criminal — when done unconditionally. Yet truly paradoxical cases remain, including the aforementioned one involving Ms. B. I argue that the continued criminalization of such cases is based upon the same intuition that underlies that much-criticized doctrine of double effect: the intuition that an actor who reasonably believes that the harm he is inflicting is a lesser evil under the circumstances is, nevertheless, culpable, if his motivating purpose is to inflict the harm. The criminalization (and, hence, the paradox) will persist until lawmakers are persuaded it is a misapplication of otherwise valid roles for purpose and motive in criminal law and morals.
A Pulsed UWB Transceiver in 65 nm CMOS With Four-Element Beamforming for 1 Gbps Meter-Range WPAN Applications

A pulsed ultrawideband (UWB) transceiver with four-element receiver beamforming is described. Multiband signaling with frequency hopping is employed to efficiently utilize spectrum from 6 to 8.5 GHz to achieve a high data rate of 1 Gbps. A pulse-based signaling approach with low implementation complexity is utilized. Frequency-hopping reduces the overhead for multiband implementation by sharing multiple circuit blocks in the transmitter and receiver paths. The sinusoids for pulse-shaping and single-sideband mixing are synthesized using multiphase LOs to avoid high-speed DACs. The receiver channelizes the spectrum with cascaded mixers for which the LO signals are derived from a single PLL. A single-input multi-output (SIMO) beamforming architecture is employed to increase the sensitivity of the receiver. Beamforming is performed at baseband to avoid the requirement for a wideband delay circuit. The prototype is implemented in 65 nm CMOS and meets the ECC mask. The measured power dissipation of the transmitter is 221 mW, while that of the receiver is 211 mW. A receiver sensitivity of $-$ 69 dBm is achieved and Gbps communication over 2 m is demonstrated.
A discussion on the structure and evolution of the Red Sea and the nature of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Ethiopia rift junction - The Gulf of Suez: a brief review of stratigraphy and structure

This paper gives a brief review of the main elements of the complex stratigraphy and structure of the Gulf of Suez, with an attempt to interpret or rather speculate on the role of lateral movements in its development. The stratigraphic record shows that the Gulf existed as a shallow embayment of the Tethys since at least the Carboniferous, and that a landmass lay at its southern end until upper Cretaceous. Predomi­nantly clastic sediments characterizing its early history changed to calcareous marine since the Cenoma­nian. Intensive faulting and subsidence, associated with volcanic and intrusive activity was evident since Upper Cretaceous, reached a maximum towards the end of Oligocene, continued through the Miocene and into the Pleistocene; hot springs are still active at present. Structurally the Gulf was divided by van der Ploeg into four provinces delineated by NNE—SSW trending ‘cross disturbances’. The four provinces appear to have formed two deep basins separated by two structural highs. It is speculated that the cross disturbances may represent transform faults between en echelon tension fissures (basins), produced as a result of a limited movement of Sinai towards the NNE relative to Africa, perhaps at a slower rate than the movement of Arabia.
Description and Development of the Life Balance Inventory

This article describes the development and psychometric testing of the Life Balance Inventory (LBI), an instrument created to measure the construct of life balance as conceptualized in the Life Balance Model. After initial item development based on theory, expert opinion, and feedback from 52 adults, rating and scoring mechanisms were established and two phases of pilot testing were completed. The first (N = 282 adults) and second (N = 458 adults) pilot testing phases used Rasch analysis that showed the items were capturing a range of balance traits and that the items fit intuitively with the model of life balance. The internal consistency of the LBI for both tests was good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89 to 0.97). Confirmatory factor analysis for the four subscales of the LBI was inconclusive. The LBI has demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and content validity as a measure for life balance.
Role of potassium in regulation of coronary blood flow.

SummaryIntracoronary infusion of KCl sufficient to elevate coronary arterial plasma K concentration to levels of from 4.23 to 12.10 meq/l produced increases in CBF averaging 17.7%. The changes in CBF produced by KCl infusion did not parallel the changes in plasma K concentration. Infusion of 2,4-dinitrophenol or epinephrine, asphyxia, or increased aortic pressure (all factors which are known to increase myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow) did not result in the release of K from the myocardium. Therefore, it appears unlikely that K release from active myocardium is responsible for adjustment in coronary resistance which accompanies changes in metabolic activity of the myocardium.
Mechanism Analysis on Stair-climbing of Articulated-tracked Mobile Robot

By analyzed of stair-climbing mechanism for articulated-tracked mobile robot,necessary conditions for robot climbing stair in a successive way were proposed,and the gait of robot climbing stair was programmed.The conclusion can provide reference for the same type robot's structural design and optimization.
Methods of Analyzing Chromatin Changes Accompanying Apoptosis of Target Cells in Killer Cell Assays

Natural killer (NK) cells are a crucial component of the immune system. For example, the NK cell-mediated killing of tumor cells is a first line of defense against the development of cancer. Detection and quantification of apoptosis induced in target cells by NK cells is a useful tool for studies of the mechanisms of both immunological protection and pathogenesis. This chapter describes how to do this by using techniques with a broad application to both NK cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Urban ecology principles: are urban ecology and natural area ecology really different?

To understand, even improve, the land of shrinking nature and spreading urbanization, a science applicable from remote natural areas to cities is needed. Today’s scientific principles of urban ecology are articulated and compared with ecology based primarily on natural ecosystems; we either robustly merge the trajectories or watch them diverge. A literature review emphasizes that the field of ecology emerged from late 19th century and early 20th century research mostly in semi-natural environments, whereas urban ecology mainly developed from studying plants, habitat types, and ecosystem nutrient flows in late 20th century city environments. Ninety urban ecology principles are identified and succinctly stated. Underlying the principles, 18 distinctive types of urban attributes are recognized in four major groups: land uses; built objects; permeating anthropogenic flows; human decisions/activities. The attributes or objects studied in “natural area” ecology and urban ecology differ sharply, as do the primary objects present in late 19th century and late 20th century cities. None of the 90 basic principles would have emerged from research on natural areas, and all are readily usable for improving urban and urbanizing areas. Incorporating urban ecology science into ecology’s body of principles and theory now should catapult the field of ecology to the next level, and noticeably increase its usefulness for society.
Time-domain hydroelastic analysis with efficient load estimation for random waves

Abstract Hydroelastic interactions of a deformable floating body with random waves are investigated in time domain. Both hydroelastic motion and structural dynamics are solved by expansion of elastic modes and Fourier transform for the random waves. A direct and efficient structural analysis in time domain is developed. In particular, an efficient way of obtaining distributive loads for the hydrodynamic integral terms including convolution integral by using Fubini theory is explained. After confirming correctness of respective loading components, calculations of full distributions of loads in random waves are expedited by reformulating all the body loading terms into distributed forms. The method is validated by extensive convergence tests and comparisons against the counterparts of the frequency-domain analysis. Characteristics of motion/deformation responses and stress resultants are investigated through a parametric study with varying bending rigidity and types of random waves. Relative contributions of componential loads are identified. The consequence of elastic-mode resonance is underscored.
Evidence for Cognitive Aging in Midlife Women: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.

Although cross-sectional studies suggest that cognitive aging starts in midlife, few longitudinal studies have documented within-individual declines in cognitive performance before the seventh decade. Learning from repeat testing, or practice effects, can mask the decline in younger cohorts. In women, the menopause transition also affects test performance and can confound estimates of underlying decline. We designed this study to determine if, after controlling for practice effects, the menopause transition, and the symptoms associated with it, there is evidence of cognitive aging in midlife women. We used data from a longitudinal observational study in 2,124 participants from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Outcomes examined were scores on annual tests of processing speed, verbal episodic memory (immediate and delayed), and working memory. To reduce the impact of practice effects and of the menopause transition, we used the third cognition testing visit as the baseline. Average age at this baseline was 54 years, and the majority of the women were postmenopausal; half the cohort was 2 or more years beyond the final menstrual period. There were 7,185 cognition assessments with median follow-up time of 6.5 years. In mixed effects regression, adjusted for practice effects, retention, menopause symtoms (depressive, anxiety, vasomotor, and sleep disturbance), and covariates, scores on 2 of 4 cognition tests declined. Mean decline in cognitive speed was 0.28 per year (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.20 to 0.36) or 4.9% in 10 years, and mean decline in verbal episodic memory (delayed testing) was 0.02 per year (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.03) or 2% in 10 years. Our results provide strong, longitudinal evidence of cognitive aging in midlife women, with substantial within-woman declines in processing speed and memory. Further research is needed to identify factors that influence decline rates and to develop interventions that slow cognitive aging.
The interaction of a curved crack with a circular elastic inclusion

The solution to a curved matrix crack interacting with a circular elastic inclusion is presented. The problem is formulated using the Kolosov–Muskhelishvili complex stress potential technique where the crack is represented by an unknown distribution of dislocations. After an appropriate parameterization, the resulting singular integral equations are solved with the Lobatto-Chebyshev quadrature technique. The accuracy of the current solution is shown by comparing these results to previously published results. A preliminary investigation is conducted to study the effects of crack curvature and inclusion stiffness on the stress intensity factors and it is shown that in certain instances, the effect of the crack curvature and the inclusion stiffness are competing influences.
Peripheral Regulatory B Cell Phenotype in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Abstract Abstract 4843 Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a unique CD5+/CD1d+/IL10+ B cell subtype which has novel immunosuppressive capabilities. It remains to be determined if subjects suffering from autoimmune ailments such as multiple sclerosis (MS) display a defect in number or function of Bregs in association with their disease. Our hypothesis is that total B cell number, and Breg subset in particular, is distinct when comparing peripheral blood B cell populations from MS to healthy controls (HC). This study herein focuses on establishing a phenotypic baseline of the peripheral B cell profile. The total number of CD19+ B cells in HC is 892±816 cells/μL (average ±SD, n=28), of which CD5+/CD1d+ Breg subset is 4.6±5.6 cells/μL. We found a greater number of B cells in MS subjects, 1441±1011 cells/μL (n=22, p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
IMPROVED ESTIMATORS OF DISPERSION OF AN INVERSE GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION

In this paper improved estimators of dispersion of an inverse gaussian distribution under quadratic and entropy losses are derived. Stein type testimators dominating the best equivariant estimators are obtained in both the cases.
Preclinical Evaluation of the Short-Term Toxicity of 4-(N)-Docosahexaenoyl 2´, 2´- Difluorodeoxycytidine (DHA-dFdC)

This study was designed to test the short-term toxicity of DHA-dFdC in a mouse model and its efficacy in a mouse model of leukemia at or below its repeat-dose maximum tolerated dose (RD-MTD). A repeat-dose dose-ranging toxicity study was designed to determine the tolerability of DHA-dFdC when administered to DBA/2 mice by intravenous (i.v.) injection on a repeat-dose schedule (i.e. injections on days 0, 3, 7, 10, and 13). In order to determine the effect of a lethal dose of DHA-dFdC, mice were injected i.v. with three doses of DHA-dFdC at 100 mg/kg on days 0, 3, and 5 (i.e. a lethal-RD). The body weight of mice was recorded two or three times a week. At the end of the study, major organs (i.e. heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, lung, and pancreas) of mice that received the lethal-RD or RD-MTD were weighed, and blood samples were collected for analyses. Finally, DHA-dFdC was i.v. injected into DBA/2 mice with syngeneic L1210 mouse leukemia cells to evaluate its efficacy at or below RD-MTD. The RD-MTD of DHA-dFdC is 50 mg/kg. At 100 mg/kg, a lethal-RD, DHA-dFdC decreases the weights of mouse spleen and liver and significantly affected certain blood parameters (i.e. white blood cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophil segmented). At or below its RD-MTD, DHA-dFdC significantly prolonged the survival of L1210 leukemia-bearing mice. DHA-dFdC has dose-dependent toxicity, affecting mainly spleen at a lethal-RD. At or below its RD-MTD, DHA-dFdC is effective against leukemia in a mouse model.
Computer Simulations of Rough Surface Scattering

“Numerically exact” methods for rough surface scattering have increased in their relevance to surface scattering studies over the past quarter century. This increase in relevance follows the increase in computational power that has become readily available over the same period, along with developments in approaches for reducing the computational complexity of such methods. However, while computational power has increased by several orders of magnitude, and the range of surface scattering problems that can be studied numerically has followed directly, the overall impact of numerical studies has been decidedly less dramatic, while still of some import, as will be discussed throughout this chapter.
The Structure of Scientific Evolution

Science is the construction and testing of systems that bind symbols to sensations according to rules. Material implication is the primary rule, providing the structure of definition, elaboration, delimitation, prediction, explanation, and control. The goal of science is not to secure truth, which is a binary function of accuracy, but rather to increase the information about data communicated by theory. This process is symmetric and thus entails an increase in the information about theory communicated by data. Important components in this communication are the elevation of data to the status of facts, the descent of models under the guidance of theory, and their close alignment through the evolving retroductive process. The information mutual to theory and data may be measured as the reduction in the entropy, or complexity, of the field of data given the model. It may also be measured as the reduction in the entropy of the field of models given the data. This symmetry explains the important status of parsimony (how thoroughly the data exploit what the model can say) alongside accuracy (how thoroughly the model represents what can be said about the data). Mutual information is increased by increasing model accuracy and parsimony, and by enlarging and refining the data field under purview.
Emergency Response to a significant jet fuel release in Honolulu

In December of 2014, there was a substantial shortage (42,000 gallons) of Jet fuel noted in the inventory at the tank farm that supplies jet fuel to the Honolulu International Airport. The tank far...
The emotional geographies of global return migration to Vermont

Abstract The emotional dimensions of moving are receiving increased attention from scholars of transnational migration, yet the experiences of global return migrants, especially to rural areas, remain under-represented in the literature. This mixed-methods research with global return migrants to Vermont identified a set of shared values that draw returnees back to the state and a number of entangled emotions that characterize their return. Insights into the emotional dimensions of return were taken from a set of three nested studies using different research methods: an on-line survey on residential decision-making (n = 3692), a second on-line survey designed for global return migrants (n = 35) and four group interviews with global returnees. The analysis focuses on the sense of isolation returnees reported and the specific emotional and geographic adjustments they made to negotiate their estrangement at home. The concept of emotional reflexivity is used to analyze the making of emotional adjustments in both written accounts of moving home and in the embodied interactions of group interview participants. Working from an understanding of migration as a practice, this paper offers insight into the challenges of global return and suggests the need for additional research on the role of community space and emotional reflexivity in homecoming experiences.
Constitutive expression of NF-κB inducing kinase in regulatory T cells impairs suppressive function and promotes instability and pro-inflammatory cytokine production

CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are indispensable negative regulators of immune responses. To understand Treg biology in health and disease, it is critical to elucidate factors that affect Treg homeostasis and suppressive function. Tregs express several costimulatory TNF receptor family members that activate non-canonical NF-κB via accumulation of NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK). We previously showed that constitutive NIK expression in all T cells causes fatal multi-organ autoimmunity associated with hyperactive conventional T cell responses and poor Treg-mediated suppression. Here, we show that constitutive NIK expression that is restricted to Tregs via a Cre-inducible transgene causes an autoimmune syndrome. We found that constitutive NIK expression decreased expression of numerous Treg signature genes and microRNAs involved in Treg homeostasis and suppressive phenotype. NIK transgenic Tregs competed poorly with WT Tregs in vivo and produced pro-inflammatory cytokines upon stimulation. Lineage tracing experiments revealed accumulation of ex-Foxp3+ T cells in mice expressing NIK constitutively in Tregs, and these former Tregs produced copious IFNγ and IL-2. Our data indicate that under inflammatory conditions in which NIK is activated, Tregs may lose suppressive function and may actively contribute to inflammation.
Agricultural practices and age of chronic myeloid leukemia diagnosis in India

Abstract Background/objective Within India, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) mean age at diagnosis is 38years. This study investigated agricultural practices and patterns corresponding to regional variations in CML epidemiology in India. Methods Multivariable linear regression and a Cox proportional hazards assessment were used to determine associations between age of CML diagnosis and crop-specific regions. Results Patients in the agriculture/fishing occupation sector from high rice-production areas developed CML earlier (2.71years) than those living in areas with lower levels of rice production (p-value=.01). Conclusions These data show a geographic relationship between crops grown and mean age of CML diagnosis. Whether crop type is a reflection of differences in specific occupational chemical uses or dietary practices, and how each of these factors relates to CML risk requires investigation at the individual level.
Brief Report: Carthaginian Affinities with Ancient and Recent Maghreban and Levantine Groups: Craniometric Analyses Using Distance and Discrimination

Carthage was founded in northwestern Africa (in present-day Tunisia), by Phoenician settler colonists from the Levant in the first millennium BCE, and conquered by Rome in the second century BCE. This region had an indigenous population and was not terra nullius. Textual evidence suggests Carthaginians throughout their history ascribed prestige to Phoenician ancestry, which might suggest a predisposition to endogamy, although there is textual and archaeological evidence for interaction with the indigenous people. This brief report explores the relative craniometric affinities of a small pre-Roman Carthaginian series to ancient and modern ones from these two regions (the Levant and the Maghreb) using distance and discriminant analyses. The results indicate a craniometric pattern intermediate to the two ancient series (one Phoenician, the other Maghreban), but slightly closer to the one from the ancient Maghreb.
Technoaxiology: Appropriate Norms for Technology Assessment

The search for an appropriate normative basis for evaluating technology has been conditioned in the last quarter century1 by a type of policy analysis known as technology assessment (TA). While there is no logical necessity that the philosopher of technology frame his/her own understanding of technological phenomena according to the interpretive model which it provides, TA does aim at a comprehensive picture of the factors which define technological choices and, at the same time, directs our attention to the broader social context that is affected, often unintentionally, when a new technology is introduced, or an existing one is significantly modified. Given its claim to comprehensiveness and its growing use among the major industrialized countries, TA deserves careful and thorough analysis.
How to Evaluate Dietary Protein

The presentation of a paper on “How to evaluate dietary protein” might be approached in a number of ways, depending upon the depth and breadth of the coverage given to specific, relevant areas that could reasonably be included under this title. The primary nutritional function of dietary protein is to furnish the indispensable (essential) amino acids and total nitrogen required for synthesis of tissue and organ proteins and many other nitrogen-containing compounds necessary for normal growth and function of the organism. Hence, in the first instance, it is usual to consider the different food proteins and protein sources in relation to their capacity to meet the amino acid and nitrogen requirements of the host. On the other hand, a more comprehensive evaluation of dietary protein on the overall nutritional health of the individual and of populations, requires an assessment of the possible effects of various food protein sources on the utilization of, and requirements for, energy yielding substrates and other individual essential nutrients (e.g., [1]). Because later papers in this symposium will be devoted to milk proteins with reference to the utilization of, and requirements for, minerals and other micronutrients, as well as considering use of milk proteins in relation to various aspects of clinical nutrition, we have chosen the first instance above as our principal focus with respect to the “evaluation of dietary protein”. In doing so, we will consider some recent research that, while still somewhat controversial (e.g., [2]), provides a new, and we believe, a more rational basis for judging the significance of milk proteins in human protein and amino acid nutrition.
The Two-Element Array

The two-element broadside and unilateral endfire arrays are included in the tables of Section 5. In the former the distance between the elements is given the values b/λ = 0.25 and 0.5 with V2 = V1 = 1 assigned or I2 = I1 = 1 specified; in the latter b/λ = 0.25 and V2 and V1 or I2 and I1 are given magnitudes of one but shifted 90° in phase. In this section the formulas of Section 5 are specialized to N = 2, but the distance b between the elements is allowed to vary from b/λ = 0.1 to b/λ = 3.0 for the broadside array with V1 = V2 = 1 and I1 = I2 = 1 and the bilateral end-fire array with V1 = -V2 = 1 and I1 = -I2= 1. Since the driving-point admittances of both elements are the same in these cases, only values for element 1 are listed in Table 6.1 for the broadside array and in Table 6.2 for the bilateral endfire array. Self- and mutual admittances are given in Table 6.3; self- and mutual impedances in Table 6.4. Tables of radiation patterns are not required since the distributions of current in the two elements are necessarily identical as a result of symmetry so that the horizontal (θ = π/2) field pattern is independent of the distribution of current.
Interfaces, Inheritance, and Polymorphism

An interface is a template for building a Java class. The components of an interface are static methods, constants, and abstract methods. An abstract method is a method header followed by a semicolon and is without a body. All abstract methods have public visibility. An abstract method specifies only its syntax, but not its semantics.
A cobalt sulfide cluster-based catholyte for aqueous flow battery applications

Metal sulfide clusters are attractive components for flow batteries owing to the abundance of their constituent atoms and their tunable size, solubility, and redox properties. Here, we demonstrate that we can prepare an atomically precise cobalt sulfide cluster in a single step using low-cost precursors and water solubilizing phosphine ligands. The resulting cluster undergoes two electrochemically reversible oxidations in aqueous solutions and is stable in air. The first redox process is chemically reversible during charge–discharge experiments using a static cell and aqueous solutions of NaCl. An aqueous cell comprising methyl viologen (MV2+) as the anolyte and an anion exchange membrane provides an operating Vcell = 0.63 V.
A Bayesian Networks Approach to Estimate Engineering Change Propagation Risk and Duration

An engineering change (EC) is an alteration made to a system that has been released following a system design process. EC propagation is a series of ECs occurring due to dependencies among components of a product. ECs can consume up to 50% of the overall engineering efforts during the development of a complex system. Therefore, EC propagation prediction received considerable attention in past decades as the product development industries started to suffer from the negative impacts of change propagation. This paper evaluates the current approaches to EC propagation prediction and presents a dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) approach to estimate change propagation risk (CPR) as well as a novel approach to estimate EC durations. Literature research shows that although some studies have used design structure matrices to estimate CPR and the total redesign duration (TRD) due to change propagation, an approach that allows iteration while accounting for the conjunction of all impacts has not been explored. This paper aims to fill the gaps for calculating CPR using DBN and evaluating change propagation paths from a Split- and task outcome logic, which accounts for the conjunction of all component relationships. This paper compares the proposed method results with the existing CPR and engineering change duration estimation methods using a real-world dataset from a U.S. Navy shipbuilding program. The results indicate that the CPR can be calculated using the proposed method without the shortcomings of the existing method and the accuracy for estimating engineering change durations is increased.
Successful Use of Quality Improvement Methodology to Reduce Inpatient Length of Stay in Bronchiolitis Through Judicious Use of Intermittent Pulse Oximetry

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The American Academy of Pediatrics 2014 bronchiolitis guidelines recommend against the routine use of continuous pulse oximetry (CPO) because it has been implicated in prolonging the length of stay (LOS). At our institution, infants admitted with bronchiolitis were monitored by using CPO during the entire hospital stay and intermittent desaturations METHODS: The quality improvement project was implemented on the inpatient units of 2 community hospitals during the 2016 and 2017 bronchiolitis seasons. In cycle 1 (January 2016 to April 2016), the bronchiolitis pathway from the associated quaternary children’s hospital was used to (1) limit the use of CPO to patients with severe bronchiolitis and those at high risk for apnea or severe disease, (2) discontinue CPO as patients improved and stabilized, and (3) standardize discharge criteria. In cycle 2 (November 2016 to April 2017), the clinical pathway was adopted. The main outcome measure was LOS, measured from the time of the admission order to the time of the discharge order. Process measures included compliance with the interventions. RESULTS: The project included 373 patients, 180 preintervention and 193 postintervention. The average LOS decreased by 20 hours, from 53 hours at baseline to 33 hours in cycle 2. No adverse events were noted, and there was no significant change in the number of emergency department revisits and readmissions within 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, LOS was successfully reduced in bronchiolitis patients by using a clinical pathway that limited CPO to patients with severe bronchiolitis and those at risk for severe disease or apnea.
The Specter of “Austrian Philosophy”: Ernst Mach and a Modern Tradition of Post-Philosophy

This essay takes up “Austrian philosophy” as a tradition with broad implications outside narrower histories of philosophy in the Kantian tradition. This reading recovers a Kant focused on knowledge production and on critiques based on embodied, situated epistemologies and the agency embedded in them. This Kant was received in the pedagogies of two famous nineteenth-century textbook authors (the Philosophische Propadeutik [1852] by Robert von Zimmerman [1824–1898] and Ernst Mach's popular writings and physics textbooks). As educational propadeutics, they connect philosophy to epistemological critique, as practiced by philosophers from Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848) to Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle within Austria, but also from the Wissenschaftsdebatte (Windelband and Rickert) to Dilthey and Cassirer. This tradition, culminating in French post-structuralism, requires that knowledge is seen as the product of community of knowing subjects rather than individual minds, given that it is produced by embodied group praxes (semiosis, social power, and communication).
Successful sofosbuvir lead-in monotherapy for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a pregnant woman living with HIV

A 30-year-old woman living with HIV was diagnosed with genotype 2b hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection during the second trimester of her pregnancy. She had achieved virologic suppression on an HIV protease inhibitor-based regimen and had recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection managed with antivirals. Given the risk of perinatal transmission of HCV and to avoid performing a caesarean section, after multidisciplinary consultations and consideration of the limited data on safety on HCV direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in pregnancy, she consented to and was successfully treated with a 6-week lead-in course of sofosbuvir (SOF) alone followed by a 6-week course of SOF and velpatasvir postpartum. This resulted in cure of her HCV infection. The neonate tested negative for HCV at birth and was healthy without birth defects 2 years postdelivery. Our case highlights a successful HCV treatment approach in a pregnant woman with newer DAAs.
Impact of Microwave Sounder Calibration on Precipitation for the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission

Cross-track microwave sounders make up a significant percentage of the radiometers included in the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) constellation. Therefore, it is important to properly assess the calibration of each sounder instrument and to understand the impact of the calibration on the derived precipitation rates. This ensures an accurate precipitation product is produced for the entire constellation. This paper will use data from past and current microwave sounders to show how offsets in the calibration can impact the precipitation using the GPM Level 2 GPROF algorithm. Potential improvements to the instrument calibration will be assessed by analyzing how they would positively impact the precipitation trends and agreement among the constellation sensors.
Therapeutic Advances in the Management of Smoldering Myeloma.

Background The International Myeloma Working Group has defined smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) as the presence of 10%-60% plasma cells in the bone marrow and M-protein (IgG, IgA) ≥3 g/dL without end-organ damage (an increased calcium level, renal failure, anemia, and destructive bone lesions). Areas of uncertainty Patients considered to have SMM should not have any myeloma-defining events or amyloidosis. Different risks factors classify SMM into low-, intermediate-, or high-risk categories. The rate of progression from SMM to symptomatic myeloma is ∼10% per year during the first 5 years of diagnosis. SMM requires frequent follow-up ∼every 3 months during the first 5 years as compared to monoclonal gammopathy of undermined significance, which usually requires follow-up every 6-12 months after the first year of diagnosis. Data sources A literature search was performed from electronic bibliographic databases: MEDLINE (Ovid SP/PubMed), EMBASE, the Cochrane Library (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and from annual meeting abstracts from inception to May 2017. Therapeutic advances This review presents the literature and available data that support or do not support early treatment of high-risk SMM (HR-SMM) and provides evidence-based recommendations for management of SMM patients. Despite emerging data recommending early treatment of HR-SMM, we predict the SMM category may disappear in the near future and patients will be diagnosed with either multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undermined significance. Conclusions Success with early therapy trials for HR-SMM is largely due to patients meeting current criteria for multiple myeloma that may have been classified as SMM and, therefore, benefitted from therapy. Based on current practices and the literature, SMM should be managed with close follow-up. Based on available data, we suggest SMM to only be treated in clinical trial settings.
Experimental Philosophy (X-Phi) Studies

This chapter makes good on the promise (from Chapter 3) to adapt for empirical Experimental Philosophy studies a number of Classic Thought Experiments on the nature of Self. The Body-Brain Exchange (B.Williams); Closest (now Real) Continuer (Nozick); and Tele-transporting with Percentage change (Parfit) have all been re-formulated to explore Trans vs. Cis differences, and more importantly, suggest diagnostic and prognostic implications for different groups of Trans persons. Also, the experiments are devised to gain evidence for (or against) the new ontological phenotype—Trans-men/Trans-women. About this hypothesis a final and simple Moore’s Paradox study could prove revealing.
Towards Predicting Reading Comprehension From Gaze Behavior

As readers of a language, we all agree to move our eyes in roughly the same way. Yet might there be hidden within this self-similar behavior subtle clues as to how a reader is understanding the material being read? Here we attempt to decode a reader’s eye movements to predict their level of text comprehension and related states. Eye movements were recorded from 95 people reading 4 published SAT passages, each followed by corresponding SAT questions and self-evaluation questionnaires. A sequence of 21 fixation-location (x,y), fixation-duration, and pupil-size features were extracted from the reading behavior and input to two deep networks (CNN/RNN), which were used to predict the reader’s comprehension level and other comprehension-related variables. The best overall comprehension prediction accuracy was 65% (cf. null accuracy = 54%) obtained by CNN. This prediction generalized well to fixations on new passages (64%) from the same readers, but did not generalize to fixations from new readers (41%), implying substantial individual differences in reading behavior. Our work is the first attempt to predict comprehension from fixations using deep networks, where we hope that our large reading dataset and our protocol for evaluation will benefit the development of new methods for predicting reading comprehension by decoding gaze behavior.
Multiplexing Guided Optical and Acoustic Waves for Efficient Acousto-Optic Devices

Acousto-optic devices utilize the overlap of acoustic and optical fields to facilitate photon-phonon interactions. For tightly confined optical and acoustic fields, such as the sub-wavelength scales achievable in integrated devices, this interaction is enhanced. Broadband operation which fully benefits from this enhancement requires light and sound to co-propagate in the same cross-section, a geometry currently lacking in the field. We introduce the `acoustic-optical multiplexer', which enables this co-linear geometry, and demonstrate through simulations a proof-of-concept design. Using suspended silicon and silica beams, the multiplexer combines two optical modes and an acoustic mode into a single, co-guided output port with low insertion loss and reflection for both optics and acoustics. The first design in its class, the multiplexer enables integrated acousto-optic devices to achieve efficient photon-phonon interactions.
Cornsilk Fly (suggested common name), Euxesta stigmatias Loew (Insecta: Diptera: Otitidae)

‘Cornsilk flies’ are attractive, medium to dark metallic green to black colored flies with distinctive wing patterns and wing flapping behavior. They are commonly found throughout Florida’s agricultural communities. Their normally saprophytic lifestyle belies their destructive nature when it comes to their preference for sweet corn ears. Four species of ‘cornsilk flies’ are known to attack corn in Florida: Chaetopsis massyla (Walker), Euxesta annonae (Fabricius), Euxesta eluta Loew, and Euxesta stigmatias Loew. This 8-page fact sheet was written by Gregg S. Nuessly and John L. Capinera and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, April 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in381
A Critical Review of the Last 10 Years of Oleogels in Food

The field of oleogel research has been active in recent decades, generating numerous oleogels with desirable properties like thermal resistance, texture, and structural stability. Moreover, several food matrices have been formulated with oleogels. In some cases, oleogels in these food products have been shown to resemble textural attributes of products made with conventional hardstock fat, to enhance dietary nutrition, to demonstrate high physical and oxidative stability, and to exhibit a high oil binding capacity. These innovations clearly illustrate the potential of the field of oleogels, but certain drawbacks and a lack of in-depth information in various aspects have delayed its commercialization in the food industry. This review aims to update the current status of the oleogel field and to cover some areas that need to be addressed to make oleogel foods a reality in the near future.