cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Mechanics of the α-Actinin Rod Domain: Bending, Torsional, and Extensional Behavior

α-Actinin is an actin crosslinking molecule that can serve as a scaffold and maintain dynamic actin filament networks. As a crosslinker in the stressed cytoskeleton, α-actinin can retain conformation, function, and strength. α-Actinin has an actin binding domain and a calmodulin homology domain separated by a long rod domain. Using molecular dynamics and normal mode analysis, we suggest that the α-actinin rod domain has flexible terminal regions which can twist and extend under mechanical stress, yet has a highly rigid interior region stabilized by aromatic packing within each spectrin repeat, by electrostatic interactions between the spectrin repeats, and by strong salt bridges between its two anti-parallel monomers. By exploring the natural vibrations of the α-actinin rod domain and by conducting bending molecular dynamics simulations we also predict that bending of the rod domain is possible with minimal force. We introduce computational methods for analyzing the torsional strain of molecules using rotating constraints. Molecular dynamics extension of the α-actinin rod is also performed, demonstrating transduction of the unfolding forces across salt bridges to the associated monomer of the α-actinin rod domain.
Differential cellular immune responsiveness to systems of the major histocompatibility complex

Abstract Antigens determined by genes of the major histocompatibility complex can be divided into two systems: the LD (lymphocyte-defined or L determinant) and SD (serologically defined or S determinant) antigens. This division is based on the differential cellular responsiveness to these two sets of antigens of two subpopulations of T lymphocytes: a proliferating helper cell responds primarily to the LD antigens while a cytotoxic T lymphocyte responds most strongly to the, SD antigens.
Pretreatment for enhanced hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass

This review will cover a number of physical and chemical pretreatment methods for cellulosic substrates which enhance their hydrolysis by cellulase or consumption by microorganisms. While the emphasis is on the literature of the last two years, some earlier work is cited which has influenced the work in the pretreatment field. In order to interpret the effects of a pretreatment method, emphasis in the past has been on crystallinity index (CI) and lignin content. Although these parameters happen often to correlate with the rate or extent of hydrolysis, it is suggested that a more basic parameter is the pore size distribution of the wet substrate and the associated surface area available to the cellulase that is the major factor in determining the effectiveness of a pretreatment method.
Hybrid OPC flow with pattern search and replacement

Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) is a compute-intensive process used to generate photolithography mask shapes at advanced VLSI nodes. Previously, we reported a modified two-step OPC flow which consists of a first pattern replacement step followed by a model based OPC correction step [1]. We build on this previous work and show how this hybrid flow not only improves full chip OPC runtime, but also significantly improves mask correction consistency and overall mask quality. This is demonstrated using a design from the 20nm node, which requires the use of model based SRAF followed by model based OPC to obtain the full mask solution.
Ordering-induced band-gap reduction in InAs 1-x Sb x (x~=0.4) alloys and superlattices

Ordering on the {111} planes of the group-V sublattice (CuPt type) is demonstrated in molecular-beam-epitaxy grown ${\mathrm{InAs}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sb}}_{\mathit{x}}$ (x\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.4) alloys and strained-layer superlattices (SLS's) using transmission electron diffraction. Accompanying ordering, a significant reduction of the band gap of the alloy was observed through infrared photoluminescence and photoconductive response measurements. An ordered SLS displayed a photoresponse at longer wavelength than the ordered alloy, due to a type-II band offset of the ordered constituents of the SLS. The band-gap reduction caused by ordering in these samples indicates that ${\mathrm{InAs}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sb}}_{\mathit{x}}$ alloys can effectively span the 8--12-\ensuremath{\mu}m atmospheric window for long-wavelength, infrared-detector applications.
Subsonic Reynolds Number Effects on a Diamond Wing Configuration

An advanced diamond-wing configuration was tested at low speeds in the National Transonic Facility (NTF) in air at chord Reynolds numbers from 4.4 million (typical wind-tunnel conditions) to 24 million (nominal flight value). Extensive variations on high-lift rigging were explored as part of a broad multinational program. The analysis for this study is focused on the cruise and landing settings of the wing high-lift systems. Three flow domains were identified from the data and provide a context for the ensuing data analysis. Reynolds number effects were examined in incremental form based upon attached-flow theory. A similar approach showed very little effect of low-speed compressibility.
Chemisorption properties of iridium on alumina catalysts

Abstract Highly dispersed 0.3 to 1.0% iridium on alumina catalysts exhibit H Ir and CO Ir ratios near two for the strongly bound fraction of these adsorbates. Iridium particles in such catalysts are not detectable by high-resolution TEM which places an upper limit of 0.6 nm on their size. Increasing the metal concentration or oxidative calcination resulted in an increase in the average iridium particle size and a corresponding decrease in adsorbate/metal ratios. Average crystallite sizes calculated from chemisorption data and observed directly by TEM for partially agglomerated catalysts were found to be in good agreement. Infrared spectra of adsorbed carbon monoxide were observed to be dependent upon both iridium crystallite size and surface coverage. Under saturation coverage conditions ( CO Ir > 1 ), highly dispersed catalysts displayed a major carbonyl band at 2060 cm −1 . Agglomerated catalysts ( CO Ir ), in contrast, exhibit a band maxima centered in the 2020–2025 cm −1 region. Taken together the chemisorption, TEM, and infrared data indicate that isolated iridium atoms can adsorb up to two adatoms while iridium clusters (>0.6 nm) adsorb a single adatom per exposed metal site.
Images of the AMPTE artificial comets

Ground-based low-light-level CCD image observations were conducted of both Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorer artificial comet experiments. Preliminary image processing and gridding into absolute astronomical coordinates are presented to illustrate the dynamical features of the effects. In both cases, the neutral gas expanded at about 1.4 km/sec. The resultant plasma structures corresponding to the comet's head drifted perpendicularly to the direction of the solar wind at speeds of about 3 km/sec and about 1 km/sec, respectively. For the second comet, B(+) ejection speeds of about 10 km/sec preceded the recoil effect, and downstream accelerations of about 90 m/sec-squared were observed.
The effects of various factors on estimates of electric-utility transition costs

Abstract Estimates of transition costs for U.S. investor-owned utilities vary widely, with many falling in the range of $100 to $200 billion. These potential losses exist because some utility-owned power plants, long-term power-purchase contracts and fuel-supply contracts, regulatory assets, and expenses for public-policy programs have book values that exceed their expected market values under competition. This paper quantifies the sensitivity of transition-cost estimates to various factors that lead to these above-market-value estimates. We created a hypothetical utility with a substantial transition-cost problem. Between 1996 and 2000, the portion of retail load that ‘leaves’ the utility increased from 8 to 42%. We analyzed the consequences of this retail wheeling from two perspectives: utility shareholders (in which case customers face the same rates with or without wheeling) or remaining retail customers (in which case utility shareholders earn the same return on equity with or without wheeling). The key variables that most affect losses include the year that wheeling begins, wholesale prices (or, equivalently, utility marginal production costs), the percentage of customers that wheel, fixed production costs, regulatory assets, and capacity-related charges for ancillary services.
Opioid peptides involvement in endotoxin-induced suppression of LH secretion in ovariectomized holstein heifers

Three groups of ovariectomized Holstein heifers were used in this study. Group I heifers (n = 6) were pretreated with saline (SAL), followed 3 h later by three injections of naloxone hydrochloride (NLX) given 1 h apart. In the same sequence, group II heifers (n = 3) received lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by the opioid antagonist NLX. Group III heifers (n = 3) received LPS followed by SAL. Concentrations of cortisol and progesterone increased (P < 0.05) following LPS injections in both groups II and III, whereas luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were suppressed (P < 0.05). Administration of NLX to heifers pretreated with LPS elicited significant increases (P < 0.05) in LH concentrations, whereas SAL infusion had no effect. These results indicate that the inhibitory actions of opiate mu-delta receptors, and possibly other POMC gene products, were at least partially involved in LPS-induced suppression of the gonadotropic hormone. These results are discussed, including the possibility that feedback suppression by LPS-triggered adrenal gland steroids may have interfered with complete restoration of LH secretion by the opioid antagonist.
An inter-paradigmatic agenda for research, education and practice in hospitality management

Abstract This paper presents the field of hospitality management as an intersection between the two prevailing paradigms in management – the production and the service paradigms. The paper demonstrates how production and service paradigms relate to hospitality management. The paper proposes an inter-paradigmatic program for hospitality researchers, educators, managers and practitioners in an effort to develop and agenda for research, education and practice in hospitality management.
Nanomechanical characteristics of lightweight aggregate concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials exposed to elevated temperature

Abstract In order to determine the effect of elevated temperature on hydration products of lightweight aggregate concrete containing fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, nanoindentation characteristics of three different mixtures were investigated. The results indicated existence of porosity and two types of primary hydration products, Low Density and High Density Calcium–Silicate Hydrates (LD C–S–H and HD C–S–H), in the bulk cement paste. It was revealed that there is less degradation of mechanical properties of C–S–H phases in samples of lightweight aggregate concrete exposed to elevated temperature compared to those with conventional aggregate. Additionally, the interfacial transition zone of lightweight aggregate was investigated. It was revealed that because of internal curing caused by lightweight aggregate, mechanical properties of the interfacial transition zone in these samples were very similar to bulk paste. The effect of elevated temperature, however, was more pronounced in the interfacial transition zone of lightweight aggregate than in bulk paste. A dissipated energy parameter was introduced to use in the deconvolution method which demonstrated good correlation with indentation modulus and hardness as well as packing density of the C–S–H phases in general.
Structures of Bis(1-ethylbenzimidazol-2-yl)alkyl Copper(II) Dichlorides: An Unusual Cocrystallization

Two structures containing pseudo-tetrahedral Cu(II)N2Cl2 coordination complexes are reported. The first molecular structure (A) of the compound, 1,1′bis(1-ethylbenzimidazol-2-yl)propane copper(II) dichloride (triEtBBIM)Cu(II)Cl2, 1, is reported. The complex crystallized in the triclinic space group P-1 with a = 8.616(3) A, b = 9.302(3) A, c = 14.314(4) A, α = 85.613(6)°, β = 85.170(6)°, γ = 66.117(6)° and V = 1044.1(5) A3 with Z = 2. The second structure (B) contains 1 and (3,3′bis(1-ethylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pentane) copper(II) dichloride (tetEtBBIM)Cu(II)Cl2, 2, both of which, cocrystallize in an equal molar ratio with a nitromethane solvate molecule. The complex crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 18.876(4) A, b = 14.975(3) A, c = 18.344(4) A, β = 116.75(3)°, and V = 4630.3(16) A3 with Z = 4. The cocrystallization of such discrete complexes has been coined a chemical Janus. The title complexes contain pseudo-tetrahedral Cu(II)N2Cl2 coordination. One of the structures is the result of an unusual cocrystallization, in which two different discrete Cu(II) molecules cocrystallize in an equimolar ratio with a nitromethane solvate molecule.
Research Planning and Evaluation in the U.S. Forest Service Current Practice and Options for Improvement

As public agency budgets have tightened in recent years, research policymakers and administrators have recognized the need to improve the planning and evaluation of research projects and programs. This article describes the current planning and evaluation process in U.S. Forest Service research. Options for improving this process are then discussed, including strengthening medium-range research planning, introducing formal preevaluation, monitoring research progress more closely, and strengthening postevaluation of research investments. Refinements in research planning and evaluation such as these will help strengthen the case for public support, improve the allocation of scarce research dollars, and help direct research programs into the most socially profitable areas.
Differential Induction of Renal Heme Oxygenase and Ferritin in Ascorbate and Nonascorbate Producing Species Transfused with Modified Cell-Free Hemoglobin

Abstract Heme catabolism and iron sequestration systems play an important role in regulating the response to extracellular hemoglobin (Hb). We previously reported that extracellular Hb oxidizes more readily in the circulation of guinea pigs, a nonascorbate (AA)-producing species with similar plasma and tissue antioxidant status to humans, compared to rats, an AA-producing species. To determine whether these two species exhibit differences in heme catabolism and iron sequestration at the level of the kidney, we examined heme oxygenase (HO), H- and L-ferritin expression, nonheme iron deposition, and renal AA content following transfusion with polymerized bovine hemoglobin (HbG). Both species showed similar rates of hemoglobinuria but urinary HbG was significantly more oxidized in guinea pigs. HbG enhanced HO activity in both species but appeared greater and more sustained in guinea pigs. Conversely, rats showed a greater and more rapid induction of H- and L-ferritin as well as greater iron accumulation and ...
The use of fundoplication for prevention of apparent life-threatening events

Objective: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is cited by many to be a common cause of apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs). However, there are few reports in the literature regarding the surgical treatment of GERD to prevent a recurrent ALTE. Methods: A retrospective review of infants undergoing fundoplication between 2000 and 2005 for the prevention of another ALTE was undertaken. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative data as well as follow-up information were collected. Results: During the study period, 81 patients underwent fundoplication after presenting with an ALTE. All but 3 patients (96.3%) had been treated with antireflux medication. Moreover, 71 infants (87.7%) were taking antireflux medication at the time of their ALTE. A significant number of infants (77.8%) were hospitalized with a second ALTE before referral for fundoplication. After fundoplication, only 3 patients (3.7%) experienced a recurrent ALTE during the follow-up period; 2 required a second fundoplication and 1 underwent pyloromyotomy. None of these 3 patients have experienced a recurrent ALTE after the second operation. The median follow-up has been 1738 days. Conclusion: Our data suggest that among patients who had an ALTE and are found to have GERD, fundoplication appears to be an effective method for preventing recurrent ALTE.
Changes in dry state hemoglobin over time do not increase the potential for oxidative DNA damage in dried blood.

Background Hemoglobin (Hb) is the iron-containing oxygen transport protein present in the red blood cells of vertebrates. Ancient DNA and forensic scientists are particularly interested in Hb reactions in the dry state because both regularly encounter aged, dried bloodstains. The DNA in such stains may be oxidatively damaged and, in theory, may be deteriorated by the presence of Hb. To understand the nature of the oxidative systems potentially available to degrade DNA in the presence of dried Hb, we need to determine what molecular species Hb forms over time. These species will determine what type of iron (i.e. Fe2+/Fe3+/Fe4+) is available to participate in further chemical reactions. The availability of “free” iron will affect the ability of the system to undergo Fenton-type reactions which generate the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH•). The OH• can directly damage DNA. Methodology/Principal Findings Oxygenated Hb (oxyHb) converts over time to oxidized Hb (metHb), but this happens more quickly in the dry state than in the hydrated state, as shown by monitoring stabilized oxyHb. In addition, dry state oxyHb converts into at least one other unknown species other than metHb. Although “free” iron was detectable as both Fe2+ and Fe3+ in dry and hydrated oxyHb and metHb, the amount of ions detected did not increase over time. There was no evidence that Hb becomes more prone to generating OH• as it ages in either the hydrated or dry states. Conclusions The Hb molecule in the dried state undergoes oxidative changes and releases reactive Fe(II) cations. These changes, however, do not appear to increase the ability of Hb to act as a more aggressive Fenton reagent over time. Nevertheless, the presence of Hb in the vicinity of DNA in dried bloodstains creates the opportunity for OH•-induced oxidative damage to the deoxyribose sugar and the DNA nucleobases.
Lexical influences in audiovisual speech perception.

Phoneme identification with audiovisually discrepant stimuli is influenced by information in the visual signal (the McGurk effect). Additionally, lexical status affects identification of auditorily presented phonemes. The present study tested for lexical influences on the McGurk effect. Participants identified phonemes in audiovisually discrepant stimuli in which lexical status of the auditory component and of a visually influenced percept was independently varied. Visually influenced (McGurk) responses were more frequent when they formed a word and when the auditory signal was a nonword (Experiment 1). Lexical effects were larger for slow than for fast responses (Experiment 2), as with auditory speech, and were replicated with stimuli matched on physical properties (Experiment 3). These results are consistent with models in which lexical processing of speech is modality independent.
Office-based treatment of pediatric skin disease.

Nearly all of the pediatric dermatologists in the United States practice in, or are closely aligned with, academic medical centers, but the delivery of pediatric dermatology services is primarily office based. The authors in this issue of the Pediatric Clinics of North America have elegantly written about the most common pediatric skin diseases encountered in the office setting. This article is divided into three sections. The first is a selected review of important points that will enhance practitioners' treatment or approach to many of the disorders covered in depth elsewhere in this issue. It is hoped that this will reduce the reliance on specialists in the current managed care environment. The second section deals with "truisms for a happy practice." These should help practitioners of any specialty, field, or service industry who deal with parents and children. The final section is devoted to information management and what is available to practitioners to enhance their knowledge and that of their patients.
An interactive MCDM weight space reduction method utilizing a tchebycheff utility function

Employing a Tchebycheff utility function to locally approximate the underlying utility function, one develops an interactive method to solve multiple-objective linear programming problems involving a single decision maker. One utilizes selected and consistent weights in an augmented Tchebycheff linear programming formulation to obtain nondominated alternatives. Based on pairwise comparisons between alternatives, one generates constraints on the weights used to combine the decision maker's objectives. The constraints, formed to be consistent with a Tchebycheff function, lead to multiple disjoint convex regions in weight space. An algorithm is presented, and its performance is compared to the Zionts-Walenius method for various true underlying utility functions
Fullerene-Based Carbon Nanostructures for Methanol Oxidation

Films of C60 clusters were electrophoretically deposited on optically transparent electrode surfaces. These C60 films constitute a new class of carbon electrodes with properties that differ from graphite and diamond electrodes. The electrophoretically deposited C60 cluster film is highly porous and is quite stable to oxidative potentials. Hence C60 film provides an electrochemical window to carry out oxidation processes. Upon electrodeposition of platinum particles, these nanostructured carbon films show remarkable activity toward methanol oxidation. The dependence of methanol oxidation on the amount of platinum and C60 in a half-cell reaction demonstrates the role of fullerene nanoclusters as new form of carbon support.
Osteoporosis prevention starts in adolescence.

Purpose To review the factors that influence the development of osteoporosis later in life, to relate those factors to adolescent health behaviors, and to provide nurse practitioners (NPs) with information on which to base evaluation and management decisions in primary care. Data Sources Review of selected scientific literature with a focus on adolescent health and osteoporosis. Conclusions Osteoporosis is a major public health concern that affects more than 10 million people in the United states, resulting in annual costs to our health care system in excess of $13. 5 billion. Approximately 40% of women will experience a fracture due to osteoporosis. NPs should aim osteoporosis prevention efforts toward adolescents by encouraging habits that promote bone growth and development. Implications for Practice It is imperative that female adolescents achieve adult peak bone mass prior to the age of 30, and the bone-building years before the age of 18 are especially important.NPs are ideally positioned to provide the screening and counseling to ensure that adolescents have the best chance to develop the habits that will result in peak adult bone mass.
Deformity of the Tongue Associated with Amino Acid Deficiencies in the Chick

SummaryA condition characterized by the folding-back of the tip of the tongue of chicks is described. A deficiency of isoleueine, leucine, or phenylalanine causes this syndrome, whereas deficiencies of protein or of several other amino acids have no effect. Gradual healing occurs about a week after chicks are placed on an adequate diet.
Mechanisms underlying growth hormone effects in augmenting nitric oxide production and protein tyrosine nitration during endotoxin challenge.

The present study defined the effects of GH administration on components of the nitric oxide (NO)-generating cascade to account for observed increases in NO production and protein nitration after an immune challenge. Calves were assigned to groups with or without GH treatment (100 μg GH/kg body weight or placebo im, daily for 12 d) and with or without low-level endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 2.5 μg/kg, or placebo, iv]. Plasma was obtained for estimation of NO changes as [NO2− + NO3−] (NOx). Transcutaneous liver biopsies were collected for measurement of protein tyrosine nitration, cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)-2 mRNA transporter, and constitutive NO synthase (cNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and arginase activity. Liver protein nitration increased more than 10-fold 24 h after LPS and an additional 2-fold in animals treated with GH before LPS. GH increased plasma NOx after LPS to levels 27% greater than those measured in non-GH-treated calves. LPS increased CAT-2 mRNA after LPS; GH was associated...
Grief and Abortion: Mizuko Kuyo, The Japanese Ritual Resolution

This article explores the grief of Japanese parents after abortion and the ritual by which the grief is resolved. The ritual is Mizuko Kuyo. Mizuko means “child of the water.” Kuyo is a Buddhist offering. In a ritual drama played out by Jizo, the bodhisattva who suffers for others, the parents' pain and the child's pain are connected, and in that connection the pain of each is resolved. The child is made part of the community and does not become a spirit bringing harm to the family. The parents can fulfill their obligation to care for the child and transform the sense of kumon, sickness unto death, into a realization Buddhism's first noble truth, that all life is suffering. The subtext of the article is the search for an adequate method and language by which cross-cultural study of grief can move forward.
Reduced Model Captures Mg2+-RNA Interaction Free Energy of Riboswitches

The stability of RNA tertiary structures depends heavily on Mg2+. The Mg2+-RNA interaction free energy that stabilizes an RNA structure can be computed experimentally through fluorescence-based assays that measure Γ2+, the number of excess Mg2+ associated with an RNA molecule. Previous explicit-solvent simulations predict that the majority of excess Mg2+ ions interact closely and strongly with the RNA, unlike monovalent ions such as K+, suggesting that an explicit treatment of Mg2+ is important for capturing RNA dynamics. Here we present a reduced model that accurately reproduces the thermodynamics of Mg2+-RNA interactions. This model is able to characterize long-timescale RNA dynamics coupled to Mg2+ through the explicit representation of Mg2+ ions. KCl is described by Debye-Huckel screening and a Manning condensation parameter, which represents condensed K+ and models its competition with condensed Mg2+. The model contains one fitted parameter, the number of condensed K+ ions in the absence of Mg2+. Values of Γ2+ computed from molecular dynamics simulations using the model show excellent agreement with both experimental data on the adenine riboswitch and previous explicit-solvent simulations of the SAM-I riboswitch. This agreement confirms the thermodynamic accuracy of the model via the direct relation of Γ2+ to the Mg2+-RNA interaction free energy, and provides further support for the predictions from explicit-solvent calculations. This reduced model will be useful for future studies of the interplay between Mg2+ and RNA dynamics.
Computational science new horizons and relevance to pharmaceutical design.

Computer methods are used extensively in the design and refinement of drug leads. A short summary is given for several computational methods followed by a description of how some of these methods have been applied to design drugs targeted to the renin-angiotensin system and to cholinergic synapses. These methods include quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods, comparative molecular field analyses (CoMFA), 3D database searching, de novo design of ligands, docking, and computational alchemy [free energy perturbation (FEP) and thermodynamic integration (MCTI)]. Most of these methods can be used whether or not detailed structural information about the binding site is available, although without an x-ray structure, the analyses are more qualitative. All of these methods are used extensively in the commercial design of pharmaceuticals. The main problem with most of these methods is in the scoring (ranking) of interactions or matches. Advances in this area and others (methods development and increases in capabilities of computers) will increase the predictive power of these methods and help to speed the time to market of new pharmaceuticals. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1996;6:198-203).
Methods for specific electrode resistance measurement during transcranial direct current stimulation.

Abstract Background Monitoring of electrode resistance during tDCS is considered important for tolerability and safety. Conventional resistance measurement methods do not isolate individual electrode resistance and for HD-tDCS devices, cross talk across electrodes makes concurrent resistance monitoring unreliable. Objective We propose a novel method to monitor individual electrode resistance during tDCS, using a super-position of direct current with a test-signal (low intensity and low frequency sinusoids with electrode–specific frequencies) and a sentinel electrode (not used for DC). Methods We developed and solved lumped-parameter models of tDCS electrodes with or without a sentinel electrode to validate this methodology. Assumptions were tested and parameterized in participants using forearm stimulation combining tDCS (2 mA) and test-signals (38 and 76 μA pk-pk at 1 Hz, 10 Hz, & 100 Hz) and an in vitro test (creating electrode failure modes). DC and AC component voltages across the electrodes were compared and participants were asked to rate subjective pain. Results A sentinel electrode is required to isolate electrode resistance in a two-electrode tDCS system. Cross talk aggravated with electrode proximity and resistance mismatch in multi-electrode resistance tracking could be corrected using proposed approaches. Average voltage and pain scores were not significantly different across test current intensities and frequencies. Conclusion Using our developed method, a test signal can predict DC electrode resistance. Since unique test frequencies can be used at each tDCS electrode, specific electrode resistance can be resolved for any number of stimulating channels - a process made still more robust by the use of a sentinel electrode.
Kinetic Mechanism of Glutathione Synthetase from Arabidopsis thaliana

Glutathione synthetase (GS) catalyzes the ATP-dependent formation of the ubiquitous peptide glutathione from γ-glutamylcysteine and glycine. The bacterial and eukaryotic GS form two distinct families lacking amino acid sequence homology. Moreover, the detailed kinetic mechanism of the bacterial and the eukaryotic GS remains unclear. Here we have overexpressed Arabidopsis thaliana GS (AtGS) in an Escherichia coli expression system and purified the recombinant enzyme for biochemical characterization. AtGS is functional as a homodimeric protein with steady-state kinetic properties similar to those of other eukaryotic GS. The kinetic mechanism of AtGS was investigated using initial velocity methods and product inhibition studies. The best fit of the observed data was to the equation for a random Ter-reactant mechanism in which dependencies between the binding of some substrate pairs were preferred. The binding of either ATP or γ-glutamylcysteine increased the binding affinity of AtGS for the other substrate by 10-fold. Likewise, the binding of ATP or glycine increased binding affinity for the other ligand by 3.5-fold. In contrast, binding of either glycine or γ-glutamylcysteine causes a 6.7-fold decrease in binding affinity for the second molecule. Product inhibition studies suggest that ADP is the last product released from the enzyme. Overall, these observations are consistent with a random Ter-reactant mechanism for the eukaryotic GS in which the binding order of certain substrates is kinetically preferred for catalysis.
Maximum likelihood principle and model selection when the true model is unspecified

Suppose that independent observations come from an unspecified unknown distribution. Then we consider the maximum likelihood based on a specified parametric family which provides a good approximation of the true distribution. We examine the asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimate and of the maximum likelihood. These results will be applied to the model selection problem.
Characterization of slow-acting insecticides for the remedial control of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

We describe a method to examine time trends in mortality of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, exposed to insecticides. Slow-acting toxicants required a longer time to kill termites at low concentrations than at high concentrations. The level of mortality and the speed of death were dependent on concentration. With acute toxicants, the time required to kill termites was similar at high or low concentrations, while the mortality levels were concentration-dependent. This speed of death at various concentrations of an insecticide can be quantified for comparison purposes using the proposed effective lethal time 90% (ELT90), defined as the amount of time required for an insecticide to kill 90% of the treated individuals within a maximum 14-day span. Slow-acting toxicants were characterized by ELT90 values that spanned a broad range of time, while acute toxicants exhibited a narrow range of ELT90 values.
Comparative study of the density of states of graphite and BC3

Abstract We indicate important differences between the density of states (DOS) of the new layered material BC 3 and that of graphite. They derive from the proposed structure of BC 3 and should provide evidence for the atomic arrangement in this material. Their signature seems to be present in electron energy loss (EELS) spectra and could be searched for in other types of experiments which probe the energy distribution of electrons as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS).
“No Turn Back Approach” to Reduce Treatment Time for Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background A delay in endovascular treatment is less likely if acute ischemic stroke patients proceed from emergency department (ED) to computed tomographic (CT) scanner and directly to angiographic suite (no turn back approach). We determined the feasibility of the "no turn back approach" and its effect on treatment times and patient outcomes. Methods The primary outcomes were procedures performed with a time interval: (1) between ED arrival and microcatheter placement of less than 120 minutes and (2) between CT scan acquisition and microcatheter placement of less than 90 minutes. We determined the effect of the no turn back approach on favorable outcome at discharge. Results There was a significantly higher rate of CT scan acquisition and microcatheter placement time of less than 90 minutes in patients in whom no turn back approach was used (57.6% versus 31.6%, P = .0007). There was a significantly higher rate of ED arrival to microcatheter placement time of less than 120 minutes in patients in whom no turn back approach was used (31.8% versus 13.7%, P = .004). In the exploratory analysis, there was a trend toward higher rate of favorable outcomes (odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval .9-2.8, P = .07) among those treated with no turn back approach after adjusting for age, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score strata, congestive heart failure, and diabetes mellitus. Conclusions The no turn back approach appeared to be feasible and reduced the time interval between ED arrival and microcatheter placement in acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing endovascular treatment.
Low-dimensional embedding with extra information

A frequently arising problem in computational geometry is when a physical structure, such as an ad-hoc wireless sensor network or a protein backbone, can measure local information about its geometry (e.g., distances, angles, and/or orientations), and the goal is to reconstruct the global geometry from this partial information. More precisely, we are given a graph, the approximate lengths of the edges, and possibly extra information, and our goal is to assign coordinates to the vertices that satisfy the given constraints up to a constant factor away from the best possible. We obtain the first subexponential-time (quasipolynomial-time) algorithm for this problem given a complete graph of Euclidean distances with additive error and no extra information. For general graphs, the analogous problem is NP-hard even with exact distances. Thus, for general graphs, we consider natural types of extra information that make the problem more tractable, including approximate angles between edges, the order type of vertices, a model of coordinate noise, or knowledge about the range of distance measurements. Our quasipolynomial-time algorithm for no extra information can also beviewed as a polynomial-time algorithm given an "extremum oracle" as extra information. We give several approximation algorithms and contrasting hardness results for these scenarios.
Circular dichroism of DNA films: reversibility studies.

Abstract A new device for the making of thin films and simultaneously monitoring their optical properties was used to study the CD † spectra of Escherichia coli DNA films as a function of the degree of hydration of the molecule. It was found that during the preparation of the film, orientation of the DNA molecules occurred parallel to the plane of the window of the humidity chamber and this was reflected in the asymmetric CD spectra of the DNA solution. This asymmetry was corrected by the use of sheared or sonicated DNA and the proper stirring motions as the solutions were layered on the window. The reversible behavior of the DNA films as they were dehydrated from 100% r.h. (wet film) through the following range of r.h., 95, 92, 84, 81, 75, 66 and 34%, and then rehydrated to full solvation in the chamber was shown. The CD spectra of the hydrated films (95% r.h. or higher) is little different from that in solution. A transition occurred in the 95 to 81% r.h. range and the CD spectra of the DNA film became non-conservative with large minimum in the 280 run region, a shift of the maximum to 257.5 nm and a large second minimum at 210 nm. Films with low sodium ion concentration showed spectra at 92% and 81% r.h. which are very similar to the CD spectra of double-stranded RNA in solution. This type of spectra is evidence that the DNA in these films was taking an A type geometry when dehydrated down to the 75 to 84% r.h. range. Variations in the A type CD spectra with changing r.h. reflect slight geometrical changes of the DNA molecule in the 75 to 34% r.h. range. Recovery of the conservative B type DNA spectra was obtained upon full rehydration of the films. Little if any orientation effects were seen in the CD spectra of small molecular weight DNA in films as a function of dehydration. It is suggested that n−π ∗ transitions have a more important role in the CD spectra of RNA and DNA in the A type geometry than was previously suspected in the 280 to 300 nm and 200 to 225 nm regions of the spectrum.
The devil is in the details: A synthesis of psychology of facial perception and its applications in forensic facial reconstruction

The successful identification of a forensic facial reconstruction relies upon many factors other than merely the accuracy of the reconstruction. The way in which the reconstructed head is presented can affect the perception of it, which in turn can affect the recognition rates leading to case resolution. A synthesis of relevant facial perception studies from the psychological literature is provided, followed by a short set of recommendations aimed at practitioners wishing to incorporate the best practice based on current science when presenting their work to the public. These recommendations include pose, background, lighting, and colouring/finishing.
Desmosomal Cadherin Binding Domains of Plakoglobin

Plakoglobin is a major component of both desmosomes and adherens junctions. At these sites it binds to the cytoplasmic domains of cadherin cell-cell adhesion proteins and regulates their adhesive and cytoskeletal binding functions. Plakoglobin also forms distinct cytosolic protein complexes that function in pathways of tumor suppression and cell fate determination. Recent studies in Xenopus suggest that cadherins inhibit the signaling functions of plakoglobin presumably by sequestering this protein at the membrane and depleting its cytosolic pool. To understand the reciprocal regulation between desmosomal cadherins (desmoglein and desmocollin) and plakoglobin, we have sought to identify the binding domains involved in the formation of these protein complexes. Plakoglobin comprises 13 central repeats flanked by amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal domains. Our results show that repeats 1-4 are involved in binding desmoglein-1. In contrast, the interaction of plakoglobin with desmocollin-1a is sensitive to deletion of either end of the central repeat domain. The binding sites for two adherens junction components, α-catenin and classical cadherins, overlap these sites. Competition among these proteins for binding sites on plakoglobin may therefore account for the distinct composition of adherens junctions and desmosomes.
Response of thematic mapper bands to plant water stress

Changes in leaf reflectance as water content decreases have been hypothesized to occur in the 1.55-1.75 and 2.08-2.35 micron wavelength regions. To evaluate this hypothesis, studies were conducted on ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and oats (Avena sativa L.), which were grown in a controlled, outdoor situation. Both fully-watered control beds and water-stressed beds were periodically examined with a spectroradiometer calibrated against a reflectance reference of polytetrafluoroethylene. The observed changes correspond to those predicted by stochastic leaf models employed by other investigators (leaf reflection increases in the 1.55-1.75 micron region as leaf water content decreases). Although the percentage changes in TM bands 1-3 are nearly as great as those found in TM bands 5 and 7, the absolute values of reflectance change are much lower. It is believed that these patterns are probably characteristic of a broad range of vegetation types. In terms of phenomena detection, these patterns should be considered in any practical remote sensing sensor scenario.
A test for ribose determination without interference from deoxyribose

Abstract 1. 1. The basic cysteine reaction for ribose, described by Dische in 1949, has been modified.In the present method the cysteine hydrochloride is added immediately after the addition of concentrated sulphuric acid. 2. 2. Thus the reaction time has been reduced from over 2 hours to 0–5 hour total time. 3. 3. The reaction is twice as sensitive as in the original Dische method, measuring solution of 10–60 μg.of ribose. 4. 4. The reaction has also been modified in the blank used: in the present method it does not contain cysteine hydrochloride but it contains the test solution. 5. 5. In the original Dische method DNA, deoxyribose, and many other compounds interfered.We have found that deoxyribose and DNA give a non-specific yellowish colour in the presence of sulphuric acid, the intensity of which is not affected by the presence of cysteine hydrochloride.Thus, the use of a blank containing the same test solution in sulphuric acid but without cysteine hydrochloride eliminates the interference due to deoxyribose, DNA, and other compounds such as proteins.
Initial studies of selenium speciation in Brassica juncea by LC with ICPMS and ES-MS detection: an approach for phytoremediation studies.

Various Brassica species accumulate Se into the thousands of ppm. This suggests some of them as candidates for Se phytoremediation. Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) was used to accumulate selenium by growing with sodium selenite as the selenium source under hydroponic conditions resulting in Se accumulation of up to hundreds of ppm in various parts of the plant. To date, few selenium speciation studies have been done in plants, with most studies reporting total selenium concentration in various parts of the plant. Se species extraction was evaluated by several digestion/extraction procedures, including the use of HCl, Tris-HCl buffer, and enzymatic hydrolysis (using proteinase K and protease XIV). The best extraction was obtained with proteinase K (extracting ∼75% of the total Se present in the plant). Some of the species produced by the plant, such as selenomethionine, can be identified at ppb levels by RP-HPLC−ICPMS, since standards are readily available. Others needed to be further characterized by ES-...
Glycoprotein biosynthesis: the localization of polypeptidyl: N-acetylgalactosaminyl, collagen: glucosyl, and glycoprotein:galactosyl transferases in HeLa cell membrane fractions.

Abstract Membranes from HeLa cells were purified by centrifugation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The distribution and properties of three glycoprotein:glycosyl transferases within these membranes was determined. A multienzyme group of glycosyl transferases, which is involved in the assembly of the carbohydrate units of membrane grycoproteins, was found almost entirely in the fraction representing the smooth internal membranes. Two of the enzymes of this group include a polypeptidyl: N -acetylgalactosaminyl transferase that catalyzes the synthesis of a proteincarbohydrate linkage and a glycoprotein:galactosyl transferase that attaches galactose to N -acetylglucosamine residues during the assembly of the carbohydrate units of the glycoprotein. The N -acetylgalactosaminyl transferase, for example, was purified 45–50-fold, representing 50–60% of the total cellular activity, during the course of purification of the smooth internal membranes. Each of these enzymes is strongly bound to the membranous structure, but can be solubilized with the nonionic detergent, Triton X-100. In contrast to this multienzyme group of the smooth membrane fraction, a collagen:glucosyl transferase, responsible for attachment of the terminal glucose residue to the carbohydrate portion of the secreted protein, collagen, was located exclusively in the plasma membrane. The glucosyl transferase was purified over 140-fold, representing 55% of the total activity of the cell, during the course of purification of the plasma membranes. The specific location of this enzyme suggests it to be a useful marker for the plasma membrane. On the basis of these data, it was suggested that the attachment of carbohydrate to proteins (extracellular) may be a necessary prelude to their secretion. The collagen:glucosyl transferase also differed from the transferases of the smooth membranes in its binding relationship to the membranous structures; it expresses full activity in the membrane-bound state, whereas the transferases require solubilization with Triton X-100 for maximum activity. With regard to the mechanism of glycoprotein biosynthesis, this work supports the concept of a “one enzyme-one linkage” concept in which each monosaccharide is added individually by a highly specific transferase to the growing carbohydrate chain. The intracellular site for assembly of the carbohydrate units of membrane glycoproteins appear to be the smooth internal membranes rather than the microsomes.
Macular Colobomas in Leber's Congenital Amaurosis

Two siblings with Leber's congenital amaurosis had the unusual association of bilateral macular colobomas. In addition to the colobomas, the patients also had deafmutism, severe myopia, large corneas, and an unusual discrete area of peripapillary tapetoretinal sheen. Electrodiagnostic evaluation of patients with congenitally poor visual ascuity and a central retinal defect differentiated a localized loss of funciton from a degeneration involving the entire retina.