cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primate Models, Overview*

Primate models provide insights on aspects of stress that are difficult to study in humans. Social psychological sources of stress, psychobiological consequences of stress, and individual differences in vulnerability and resilience related to environmental and genetic risk factors have been identified in prospective controlled studies of monkeys, baboons, and apes.
Skeletal complications of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with local and systemic inflammation that induces many changes in the skeletal health. Locally, periarticular bone loss and juxta-articular bone erosions may occur while joint ankylosis, generalized bone loss, osteoporosis, and fractures may develop secondary to inflammation. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the clinical evidence for abnormal skeletal health in RA, the effects of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS) on bone health, and the effects of drugs for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in the RA population.
Topological organization and dynamic regulation of human tRNA genes during macrophage differentiation

The human genome is hierarchically organized into local and long-range structures that help shape cell-type-specific transcription patterns. Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes (tDNAs), which are transcribed by RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) and encode RNA molecules responsible for translation, are dispersed throughout the genome and, in many cases, linearly organized into genomic clusters with other tDNAs. Whether the location and three-dimensional organization of tDNAs contribute to the activity of these genes has remained difficult to address, due in part to unique challenges related to tRNA sequencing. We therefore devised integrated tDNA expression profiling, a method that combines RNAPIII mapping with biotin-capture of nascent tRNAs. We apply this method to the study of dynamic tRNA gene regulation during macrophage development and further integrate these data with high-resolution maps of 3D chromatin structure. Integrated tDNA expression profiling reveals domain-level and loop-based organization of tRNA gene transcription during cellular differentiation. tRNA genes connected by DNA loops, which are proximal to CTCF binding sites and expressed at elevated levels compared to non-loop tDNAs, change coordinately with tDNAs and protein-coding genes at distal ends of interactions mapped by in situ Hi-C. We find that downregulated tRNA genes are specifically marked by enhanced promoter-proximal binding of MAF1, a transcriptional repressor of RNAPIII activity, altogether revealing multiple levels of tDNA regulation during cellular differentiation. We present evidence of both local and coordinated long-range regulation of human tDNA expression, suggesting the location and organization of tRNA genes contribute to dynamic tDNA activity during macrophage development.
Case Studies of Teachers Negotiating a Top-Down Literacy Mandate

In order to better document classroom practices under the OCR mandate described in the previous chapter, gain insights into teachers’ thinking over time about the OCR program, ascertain how teachers’ thinking and implementation of the program intersected, and capture any transformations over time in the way teachers viewed and implemented OCR and the mandate requiring they use it, we embarked on a second research project in which we followed three teachers from the first study over an entire school year. In selecting case study teachers, we decided to focus on one school, Burgess Elementary School in the Webster Unified School District (USD), in order to capture in greater depth the impact of the OCR program on teachers and a school’s professional culture.
Stable, high-order computation of impedance-impedance operators for three-dimensional layered medium simulations.

The faithful modelling of the propagation of linear waves in a layered, periodic structure is of paramount importance in many branches of the applied sciences. In this paper, we present a novel numerical algorithm for the simulation of such problems which is free of the artificial singularities present in related approaches. We advocate for a surface integral formulation which is phrased in terms of impedance–impedance operators that are immune to the Dirichlet eigenvalues which plague the Dirichlet–Neumann operators that appear in classical formulations. We demonstrate a high-order spectral algorithm to simulate these latter operators based upon a high-order perturbation of surfaces methodology which is rapid, robust and highly accurate. We demonstrate the validity and utility of our approach with a sequence of numerical simulations.
Slow Viscous Flow of an Incompressible Suspension

A mathematical model describes approximately the viscous creeping and incompressible flow of the fluid part of a suspension of equidistant, rigid, spherical particles, when the suspension as a whole is uniformly shortened or elongated in one direction. It is assumed that each particle is concentrically surrounded by a surface on which the flow is identical with that in a continuum. Analytic solutions are obtained for the flow, strain rate, rotation, and pressure fields and for the apparent viscosity of the suspension. The functions are plotted for the case in which the distance between the centers of neighboring particles is three times the radius of a particle. A simple approximation in exponential form is available for the viscosity of the suspension as a function of the particle concentration.
The Internationalization of Creativity as a Learning Competence

This study uses a quantitative content analysis of learning competences – as described and prescribed in 21st century frameworks – and those competences evaluated by international assessments to explore the nexus between recommendation and reality. In drawing insights from the theoretical underpinnings of human capital theory we argue, with respect to creativity, that (i) there is a degree of alignment in the prescription and assessment of creativity as a learning competence and (ii) there is a divergence in the way the competence is discussed, which may account for the lack of acknowledgement as a key skill in preparing students for employment in the knowledge-based economy. These findings suggest a discrepancy between recommendation and reality in that the international frameworks consistently place creativity in the top five highest priority learning competences being prescribed while one of the two international assessments examined places it in the top five highest priority learning competences being assessed. Based on the discourse examined in the documents, we assert that schools need to adjust how and when creativity is discussed, ensuring it is included in every subject. This will ensure students link creativity and innovation in every subject area and, subsequently, every industry in the knowledge-based economy. By making this shift, schools will help students ensure long-term employability as the knowledge-based economy transforms into the intelligent economy.
The Clustering Properties of Active Regions During the First Part of Solar Cycle 23

In this paper we study the longitudinal distribution of solar magnetic regions, using the synoptic magnetic maps from Kitt Peak National Observatory, the active region data from Solar Geophysical Data and the Hαobservations from Prairie View Solar Observatory. The clusters of activity were identified by comparing the positions of sunspot groups between successive Carrington rotations. We have found that a large percentage of active regions was involved in the clustering process (40–50%, if we only take into account clusters with a minimum lifetime of 4 rotations). The nests followed the differential rotation of the solar surface, within an intrinsic spread. A remarkable feature of sunspot nests detected in our study is their high degree of complexity, with a large number of nests being organized in diverging, converging, or parallel structures. Of the flares which occurred during the time interval of interest, the great majority originated from the sunspot nests; the distribution of the flares between these nests was not uniform, revealing active and quiet nests. A high flaring rate was recorded at the intersection points of diverging or converging nests, suggesting that these points represent violent interactions of magnetic fluxes. The complexes were in continuous interaction, which impacts their properties and future evolution. The behavior of the nests indicate that they are maintained by repeated injection of magnetic flux rather than by the evolution of the surface magnetic fields.
The Role of the Halfway House in the Rehabilitation of Alcoholics

Alcoholism and its rehabilitation result from experiences in groups. Certain kinds of experiences in groups are more likely to result in alcoholism. Similarly, certain forms of experiences in groups are more likely to result in rehabilitation. This chapter theorizes on the kinds of experiences in halfway houses most likely to produce successful treatment outcomes.
Antifibrotic effect of a proline analogue delivered in liposomes to cells in culture

Proline analogues inhibit procollagen triple helix formation and are antifibrotic in vivo. Efficacy of the proline analoguecis-4-hydroxy-L-proline (cHyp) on vascular collagen accumulation is improved by in vivo delivery in liposomes. This effect may be due to local release of drug from liposomes taken up by vascular endothelium. To test this postulate, we used a co-culture system to assess the antifibrotic effect of cHyp in liposomes taken up by endothelium (upper well) by measuring inhibition of growth of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts (lower well). We also studied whether release of cHyp was prolonged in poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG)-conjugated liposomes compared to liposomes not conjugated with PEG (control liposomes). In fibroblasts, free (unencapsulated) cHyp (1 mg/ml) added to the upper well inhibited growth for 3 days; an equivalent dose of cHyp in control liposomes inhibited growth for 4 days. cHyp in PEG-liposomes produced greater growth inhibition than cHyp in control liposomes. cHyp in liposomes did not inhibit growth of smooth muscle cells more than free cHyp. Washing free cHyp from endothelium after 1 day incubation restored growth of smooth muscle cells whereas washing liposomes containing cHyp failed to restore cell growth. These results suggest that liposomes enhance drug efficacy of cHyp by prolonging the release of drug from endothelium.
Learning From Disruptive Market Events: A Study Of Financial Advisor Beliefs and Behavior

In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, most financial managers still rely on static asset allocation models to construct client portfolios – proven to be stunningly successful during decades of ...
Targeting risk factors for reducing the racially disparate burden in breast cancer

African-American (AA) women are more likely to die from breast cancer (BC), at any age, compared to European-American women. Although breakthroughs in pre-clinical studies have resulted in potentially actionable targets in AA BC, drugs that were rationally designed for these targets have performed poorly in clinical trials. Challenges with interpatient and intratumoral heterogeneity, lack of drug sensitivity and specificity, suboptimal biomarker cut-offs, lack of drug response predictive biomarkers, drug side effects, high costs of drug development, and under-representation of AAs in clinical trials complicate the development of targeted therapies for AA BC patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that racial disparities exist in non-genetic risk factors that can alter genetic and epigenetic programs to promote breast tumorigenesis. Herein, we present a "roadmap" that addresses non-genetic risk factors that are suspected to contribute to the racial disparity in BC mortality. Increased targeting of these non-genetic risk factors may proffer a safer and more economical route to alleviating the racially disparate burden in BC.
Peritubular Macrophages and Spermatogonia are Sequentially Increased in the Testis of Rats After Mono-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Exposure

Abstract Peripubertal exposure to the phthalate metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in rodents causes testicular inflammation, spermatocyte apoptosis, and disruption of the blood-testis barrier. The MEHP-induced inflammation response includes an infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils to the testes, although the cause and purpose of this response is unknown. Recently, a population of testicular macrophages phenotypically distinct from those resident in the interstitium was described in mice. Testicular peritubular macrophages aggregate near the spermatogonial stem cell niche and are believed to stimulate their differentiation. We hypothesized that if testicular peritubular macrophages do indeed stimulate spermatogonial differentiation, MEHP exposure would result in an increase of peritubular macrophages to stimulate the replacement of lost spermatocytes. Male rats were exposed to 700 mg/kg MEHP or corn oil (vehicle control) via oral gavage at PND 28 and euthanized at 48 hours, 1 week, or 2 weeks later. Tubules were stained with immunofluorescent markers for macrophages and undifferentiated spermatogonia. Peritubular macrophages were observed in rat testis similar to those previously described in mice: MHC-II+ cells on the surface of seminiferous tubules with heterogeneous morphology. Quantification of MHC-II+ cells revealed that, unlike in the mouse, their numbers did not increase through puberty. MEHP increased macrophage presence by six-fold 48-hours after exposure and remained elevated by two-fold two weeks after exposure. An increase of differentiating spermatogonia occurred two weeks after MEHP exposure. Taken together, our results suggest that peritubular macrophages play a crucial role in the testis response to acute injury and the subsequent recovery of spermatogenesis. Summary Sentence Phthalate-induced testicular injury results in an increase of specialized peritubular macrophages that may assist in the recovery of spermatogenesis.
Peptide-based therapy in portal hypertension.

Purpose of review To summarize the use of gastrointestinal peptides in the management of portal hypertension. Recent findings Vasoactive peptides are commonly used in the management of acute variceal hemorrhage and hepatorenal syndrome, which are portal hypertensive complications of cirrhosis. The main vasoactive peptides that are used are somatostatin and its long-acting analogue octreotide, and vasopressin and its analogue terlipressin. Early initiation of vasoactive peptides in the management of acute variceal hemorrhage and hepatorenal syndrome is associated with improved outcomes. Octreotide is the available vasoactive peptide in the Unites States. Recent developments and ongoing clinical trials may improve our understanding of hepatorenal syndrome and influence the use of vasoactive peptides, particularly terlipressin. Summary Here, we review the literature on the use of vasoactive peptides in the management of acute variceal hemorrhage and hepatorenal syndrome.
Chronic kidney disease and outcomes of lower extremity revascularization for peripheral artery disease.

Abstract Background & aims Renal disease is a risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD), yet its impact on outcomes after lower extremity (LE) revascularization is not well established. We aimed to characterize the association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or end stage renal disease (ESRD) and post-procedural outcomes in PAD patients undergoing LE revascularization in the United States. Methods Adults age ≥18 years undergoing surgical or endovascular LE revascularization for PAD with and without CKD or ESRD were identified from the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as a composite of death, myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke, were identified for patients with and without renal disease. All-cause hospital readmissions within 6 months of discharge were determined for all survivors. Results Among 39,441 patients with PAD hospitalized for LE revascularization, 10,530 had renal disease (26.7%), of whom 69% had CKD without ESRD and 31% had ESRD. Patients with renal disease were more likely to have MACE after LE revascularization (5.2% vs. 2.5%; adjusted OR [aOR] 1.74, 95% CI 1.40–2.16), require LE amputation (26.1% vs. 12.2%; aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.19–1.50), and require hospital readmission within 6 months (61.0% vs. 43.6%; adjusted HR [aHR] 1.38, 95% CI 1.28–1.48) compared to those without renal disease. Conclusions Renal disease is common among patients undergoing LE revascularization for PAD and was independently associated with in-hospital MACE, LE amputation, and hospital readmission within 6 months. Additional efforts to improve outcomes of patients with renal disease and PAD requiring LE revascularization are necessary.
Shear wave elastography of the median nerve: A mechanical study.

BACKGROUND Shear wave elastography (SWE) shows promise in peripheral neuropathy evaluation but has potential limitations due to tissue size and heterogeneity. We tested SWE sensitivity to elasticity change and the effect of probe position in a median nerve cadaver model. METHODS Ten specimens were used to measure median nerve elasticity under increasing loads using SWE and indentation. Measurements were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Indentation and SWE-based longitudinal nerve elasticity increased with tensile loading (P < .01), showing a similar relationship. Acquisition in a transverse plane showed lower values compared with longitudinal measurements, mostly under higher loads (P = .03), as did postdissection elasticity (P = .02). Elasticity did not change when measured proximal to the carpal tunnel. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal SWE is sensitive to changes in median nerve elasticity. Measuring elasticity of peripheral nerves noninvasively could elucidate intra-neural pathology related to compression neuropathies, and proof to be of added value as a diagnostic or prognostic tool.
All-Optical Manipulation of Magnetization in Ferromagnetic Thin Films Enhanced by Plasmonic Resonances.

In this paper, we report all-optical manipulation of magnetization in ferromagnetic Co/Pt thin films enhanced by plasmonic resonances. By annealing a thin Au layer, we fabricate large-area Au nanoi...
Optimization of a Quasi-Mesh Absorber for the Terahertz Intensity Mapper

We discuss the design and optimization of the absorber for the long-wavelength arm of the Terahertz intensity mapper, a balloon-borne spectrometer employing kinetic inductance detectors. Electromagnetic simulations of our design indicate in-band absorption efficiency over $\sim\! 80\%$ in both linear polarization modes. By developing custom transmission line model and mode-matching calculations, we find the absorption efficiency is affected by the absorber's reactive part and overall shape. These insights into the operation of this design provide guidance for its optimization for low-resistance absorber materials.
MAC Aware Quantization for Distributed Gradient Descent

In this work, we study the problem of federated learning (FL), where distributed users aim to jointly train a machine learning model with the help of a parameter server (PS). In each iteration of FL, users compute local gradients, followed by transmission of the quantized gradients for subsequent aggregation and model updates at PS. One of the challenges of FL is that of communication overhead due to FL’s iterative nature and large model sizes. One recent direction to alleviate communication bottleneck in FL is to let users communicate simultaneously over a multiple access channel (MAC), possibly making better use of the communication resources.In this paper, we consider the problem of FL over a MAC. We focus on the design of digital gradient transmission schemes over a MAC, where gradients at each user are first quantized, and then transmitted over a MAC to be decoded individually at the PS. When designing digital FL schemes over MACs, there are new opportunities to assign different amount of resources (e.g., rate or bandwidth) to different users based on a) the informativeness of the gradients at users, and b) the underlying channel conditions. We propose a stochastic gradient quantization scheme, where the quantization parameters are optimized based on the capacity region of the MAC. We show that such channel aware quantization} for FL outperforms uniform quantization, particularly when users experience different channel conditions, and when have gradients with varying levels of informativeness.
In vivo optoretinography of phototransduction activation and energy metabolism in retinal photoreceptors.

The objective of this study is to verify the anatomic correlate of the second (2nd ) outer retina band in optical coherence tomography (OCT), and to demonstrate the potential of using intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging for concurrent optoretinography (ORG) of phototransduction activation and energy metabolism in stimulus activated retinal photoreceptors. A custom-designed OCT was employed for depth-resolved IOS imaging in mouse retina activated by a visible light flicker stimulation. The spatiotemporal properties of the IOS changes at the photoreceptor outer segment (OS) and inner segment (IS) were quantitatively evaluated. Rapid IOS change was observed at the OS almost right away, and the IOS at the IS was relatively slow. Comparative analysis indicates that the OS-IOS reflects transient OS deformation caused by the phototransduction activation, and IS-IOS might reflect the energy metabolism caused by mitochondria activation in retinal photoreceptors. The consistency of the distribution of the IS-IOS and the 2nd OCT band supports the IS ellipsoid (ISe), which has abundant mitochondria, as the signal source of the 2nd OCT band of the outer retina. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Boston 2024 Olympic Bid and Opposition

Boston’s bid for the 2024 summer Olympics started in 2012 as a project of two local sports enthusiasts and became real when it won the support of a politically connected Boston developer. The city’s bid attracted the support from business and sporting elites and secured the endorsement of the US Olympic Committee (USOC), but the bid was never fully embraced by city and state political leaders. The bid drew opposition from two small but active groups: No Boston Olympics and No Boston 2024. Although different in their composition and approaches, these two groups were able to transform the debate over holding the Olympics and encouraged city leaders to withdraw support for the bid before it moved into the International Olympic Committee (IOC) competition.
Lubrication of Ceramics in Ring/Cylinder Applications

In support of efforts to apply ceramics to advanced heat engines, a study was performed of the wear mechanisms of ceramics at the ring/cylinder interface. A laboratory apparatus was constructed to reproduce most of the conditions of an actual engine but used easily prepared ring and cylinder specimens to facilitate their fabrication. Plasma-sprayed coatings of Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and hypersonic flame-sprayed coatings of cobalt-bonded WC performed particularly well as ring coatings. Similar performance was obtained with these coatings operating against SiC, Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/, SiC whisker-reinforced Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and Cr/sub 2/O/sub 2/ coatings. The study demonstrated the critical need for lubrication and evaluated the performance of two available lubricants.
The efficacy and tolerability of SSRI/SNRIs in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women: A systematic review

Purpose To systematically review the evidence related to the efficacy and tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) used for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Data sources Medline, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Eighteen trials met the criteria for review. Conclusions Results from these trials indicate that paroxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, venlafaxine, and desvenlafaxine are effective in reducing the frequency and severity of hot flashes. Fluoxetine and sertraline appear to be less effective and should be considered second-line options for treatment. Implications for practice The SSRIs and SNRIs can reduce hot flashes by 65% and begin working within the first week. Patient response is variable and if one drug does not improve hot flashes, another can be tried after a 1- to 2-week drug trial. Paroxetine, citalopram, and escitalopram appear to have the fewest adverse effects. Considering cost, paroxetine and citalopram are the most cost-efficient.
Chapter 19 Dynamic Portfolio Choice and Risk Aversion

Abstract This chapter presents a theory of optimal lifetime consumption-portfolio choice in a continuous information setting, with emphasis on the modeling of risk aversion through generalized recursive utility. A novel contribution is a decision theoretic development of the notions of source-dependent first- or second-order risk aversion. Backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) are explained heuristically as continuous-information versions of backward recursions on an information tree, and are used to formulate utility functions as well as optimality conditions. The role of scale invariance and quadratic BSDEs in obtaining tractable solutions is explained. A final section outlines extensions, including optimality conditions under trading constraints, and tractable formulations with nontradeable income.
Using Mechanical Turk to Annotate Lexicons for Less Commonly Used Languages

In this work we present results from using Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to annotate translation lexicons between English and a large set of less commonly used languages. We generate candidate translations for 100 English words in each of 42 foreign languages using Wikipedia and a lexicon induction framework. We evaluate the MTurk annotations by using positive and negative control candidate translations. Additionally, we evaluate the annotations by adding pairs to our seed dictionaries, providing a feedback loop into the induction system. MTurk workers are more successful in annotating some languages than others and are not evenly distributed around the world or among the world's languages. However, in general, we find that MTurk is a valuable resource for gathering cheap and simple annotations for most of the languages that we explored, and these annotations provide useful feedback in building a larger, more accurate lexicon.
A Procedure for the Determination of Cerebro spinal Fluid Total Protein and Gamma Globulin in Neurologic Disorders

A procedure for determinations of both γ-globulin and total protein is described. Its application for the analysis of samples of cerebrospinal fluid from non-neurologic, multiple sclerosis, and other central nervous system disorders, revealed a characteristically high ratio of γ-globulin to total protein in multiple sclerosis. These findings suggest that this simple chemical test may be used routinely as an aid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
Palinspastic base map: Central and southern Appalachians

Paleogeographic reconstruction of orogenically deformed sedimentary rocks requires restoration of lithologic data points to predeformation locations. One method available for this purpose is the palinspastic base map, which is a cartographic representation of a “stretched back” orogenic belt. Although many regional sedimentologic studies have been conducted in the Appalachians, very few have included palinspastic restoration. In order to facilitate future paleogeographic reconstruction in the central and southern Appalachians, this paper presents a palinspastic base map covering Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the region.
Analytic Hough transform

An analytic extension of the Hough Transform is introduced and analyzed, and an implementation is demonstrated. The Hough Transform in its usual implementation has proven to be a useful tool for image segmentation and feature extraction through identification of approximately coffinear point sets in images. The Analytic Hough Transform (AliT) algorithm significantly improves upon these results by operating specifically with the information in spatially quantized images to yield those pixel sets that exactly define digital lines in the image. The resulting pixel sets, while being subsets of a digital line set, need not be contiguous. Thus the AHT also represents an alternative to digital line tests that depend upon contiguity. An Inverse Analytic Hough Transform (IAHT) is also introduced. For a given quantized image the AliT segments its Hough parameter space into convex polygons that represent all real line sets that pass entirely through certain digital line pixel sets in the image. The IAHT converts these parameter space polygons into a pair of convex hulls in image space. A real line passes between these hulls if and only if it passes through every pixel connected with the parameter space polygon. Thus the IAHT generates a pair of simple geometric boundaries in image space that associate pixels with polygonal AliT solution regions. An implementation of the AliT is discussed and demonstrated. It is found that the AliT, with its exact results, can be a computationally attractive alternative to the usual implementation of a high resolution Hough Transform. Furthermore, the AliT and the IAHT effectively couple and efficiently find exact solutions to the problems of digital line detection and determination of associated real line parameters.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tone intensity and rise-decay time effects on cardiac responses during sleep.

If the prolonged orienting response, reflected in monophasic cardiac deceleration, indicates attention to stimulus inputs, it should not be easy to evoke the response during sleep. Two experiments confirmed and extended previous work showing that the heart rate response in sleep is primarily accelerative. Acceleration occurred with low intensity. 1000 Hz tones of gradual onset and even to tone offsets when either tone onsets or offsets also elicited a K-Complex. In the absense of a K-complex, there were no significant or consistent changes. Since the accelerative component was present on the first trial, habituation could not account for its appearance. It was concluded that the sleep response probably does not reflect an orienting response.
Ship trails and ship induced cloud dynamics

Abstract A combination of satellite image analysis and numerical cloud modeling has provided new insight into how ship trails are formed and why they occur where they do. The cold ocean waters and shallow marine boundary layers in the East Pacific, and in the North Atlantic make these regions particularly sensitive to cloud formation triggered by heat releases over the ocean. This heat may be released directly from the ships engines and by latent heat released from the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to cloud droplet formation process. Detailed image analysis of an exceptionally high resolution photograph of ship trails observed by the Apollo-Soyuz mission in July 1975 shows that these ship trails began as a brightening of background marine stratocumulus and eventually grew to a point where the ship trails generated a plume like structure with clear regions on both sides. A numerical cloud model was constructed with initial meteorological conditions similar to those observed by ships in a nearby region of the ocean. A heat input of 30 MW produced a similar ship-trail cloud behavior to that observed in the photograph after a 1-h simulation time.
Minor Intrusions and Sills in the Eastern Nakhichevan A.S.S.R. and the Tectonics of Their Formations

Pliocene intrusions in Eocene, Oligocene, and Pliocene volcanic-sedimentary rocks of the eastern Nakhichevan A. S. S.R. are of three principal types: 1) a single central cutting massif; 2) central massif with conformable apophyses; 3) conformable apophyses almost camouflaging a broken up central massif. All three are explained by differences in the morphology and tectonics of the enclosing rocks. Similarities and differences between minor intrusions and salt, gypsum, and clay diapir phenomena are discussed. ‐ ‐ Auth.
Property Taxes and forests in West Virginia: a historical review.

Managed Timberland Tax Incentive Program (Managed Timberland), the program which authorizes preferential property taxation of forest land in West Virginia, was created in anticipation of expected drastic changes in property assessment values when the state ordered a reassessment to correct a long-standing underassessment problem. Since the enactment of Managed Timberland no detailed research has been conducted to determine the benefits of the policy to the state or to private forest landowners. Managed Timberland has low enrollment rates and may be an unfair shift of the tax burden to non-forest owners. A detailed study of Managed Timberland was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the policy. This study employs a historical review to examine the implication of past tax policies and provide a context and direction for future research and policy recommendations. The historical review reveals that in West Virginia, a preferential tax program for forests is desirable, but requires changes due to a history of inefficient and unfairly distributed property taxes and inadequate benefits from Managed Timberland to forest landowners. Simplification of forest tax policies would make these policies more transparent and understandable to landowners and easier for local tax authorities to administer. In addition, landowners may be more inclined to participate in preferential forest tax programs if program outreach and reward systems were more in keeping with known landowner values and beliefs.
Absorption properties of aggregated (dimeric) chlorophyll

Abstract The absorption spectrum of an aggregated form of chlorophyll a in ethanol is given. This aggregate, which could be a dimer, has major absorption maxima at 682, 648, and 455 mμ. A geometry is suggested for it, based upon the spectral changes which result from aggregation. The shape of the red band of the dimer, and an estimate of dimer concentration (relative to total chlorophyll) is given for two different kinds of algae. There is good correlation between the absorption properties of the aggregate and the ligh-induced changes in absorption observed in photo-synthetic material.
Endovascular aneurysm repair with suprarenal vs infrarenal fixation: a study of renal effects.

Objectives Although suprarenal fixation may be of benefit during endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), its safety with regards to renal effects remains uncertain. To date, there has been no controlled study of the topic, with most reports relying upon single-center experiences that use heterogeneous patient populations and devices from different manufacturers. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the effect of suprarenal fixation on renal function by comparing homogeneous patient populations receiving EVAR grafts from a single manufacturer that are identical in design and delivery method, except for utilizing either suprarenal (SR) or infrarenal (IR) fixation. Methods During two pivotal US Food and Drug Administration trials, 283 patients underwent EVAR with the Powerlink bifurcated graft. The trials' inclusion and exclusion criteria and grafts were identical except for fixation scheme. Clinical, laboratory, and computed tomographic (CT) data were retrospectively reviewed. A comparison of preoperative, perioperative (1 to 7 days), and postoperative (>7 days) alterations in serum creatinine (SCr), creatinine clearance (CrCl), and blood pressure was performed. Renal adverse events were determined by CT scan and clinical chart review and included renal infarction, renal artery stenosis (either progressive or requiring renal stent placement), and renal artery occlusion. Results Both SR and IR groups demonstrated a significant increase in SCr and a decrease in CrCl over time. No significant difference in SCr or CrCl existed between groups during any time period. There were no differences in postoperative renal impairment (IR, 10.2%; SR, 7.6%, P = .634), the need for hemodialysis (IR, 0.7%; SR, 0%, P = 1.00), or systolic and diastolic blood pressure during subsequent follow-up between treatment groups. There was no significant difference in the number of renal adverse events detected by CT between the IR (10, 6.8%) and SR (3, 3.8%) groups ( P = .550). Conclusion Suprarenal fixation does not lead to a significant increase in acute renal events, renal impairment, or alteration in blood pressure compared with infrarenal fixation. Patients undergoing aneurysm repair with devices that use either suprarenal or infrarenal fixation develop progressive renal dysfunction over time. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term effects of suprarenal fixation on renal function and progression of renal artery stenosis.
Empirical dosimetric characterization of model I125-SL 125iodine brachytherapy source in phantom.

Low-energy photon emitting radionuclides encapsulated for a permanent implant are routinely applied in prostate cancerbrachytherapy. Before clinical use, a new source design requires full dosimetric analysis and calibration standardization. The results of one such experimental measurement and analysis are reported here for a new design of 125 I source, model I125-SL. Dose measurements were made using standard methods employing thermoluminscent dosimeters in a water equivalent plastic phantom, in accord with the AAPM Task Group #43 recommendation of liquid water reference material. Precision machined bores in the phantom located dosimeters and source(s) in a reproducible fixed geometry providing for transverse-axis and angular dose profiles over a range of distances from 0.17 to 10 cm. The data were analyzed in terms of parameters recommended by AAPM TG43. The dose-rate constant, Λ, was evaluated by two methods, the first with reference to a 60 Cobalt standard, accounting for response variation with photon energy spectrum. Second, the dose-rate constant was determined with reference to phantom measurements using NIST traceable calibrated model 6702 and 6711 sources. The radial dose function, g(r), the anisotropy function, F(r,θ), the anisotropy factor, φ an (r), and the point-source approximation anisotropy constant, φ an , were derived from one- and two-dimensional dose distribution data measured in the phantom, accounting for finite dosimeter volume and with attention to interchip effects. The results are compared to TG43 and other existing data for 125 I sources. The new source is comparable to the model 6711 source design.
The use of wetlands for nutrient removal from surface runoff in a cold climate region of california—results from a newly constructed wetland at lake tahoe

Pollutant removal by wetlands represents a potential mitigation technique for treating urban runoff in the cold climates of the Sierra Nevada. This is especially encouraging in the Lake Tahoe Basin, where research has demonstrated the link between nitrate and phosphorus, and a precipitous increase of algal growth in the lake. In September 1987 a plastic-lined, gravel-filled wetland was constructed for experimental purposes and is the first demonstration of its kind in a subalpine region of the western United States. The primary objective of our research was to evaluate the effectiveness of this system in removing nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, suspended sediments and other constituents from runoff. Data collected between August 1987 and March 1989 show that the average per cent removal of total Kjeldahl-N as it passed through the wetland was low at −3%. In contrast, nitrate concentrations declined by greater than +85−90%. Changes in particulate phosphorus concentrations between inflow and outflow decreased by +47%, however, the soluble-P component showed a −28% reduction due to a contamination of the gravel during construction. The reduction of iron was very high at +84% for total reactive iron and +78% for soluble reactive iron. Finally, both turbidity and suspended solids were removed by the wetlands at an efficiency of approximately +85%.
Contemporary Management of Penetrating Colon Trauma

The management of penetrating colon injuries has evolved over the past decades. There has been a trend away from mandatory fecal diversion toward primary repair and anastomosis, even for destructive colon injuries. Recent prospective randomized trials have found that colostomy formation is associated with increased morbidity and has a limited role in the management of these injuries. This article reviews many aspects of the management of penetrating colon injuries including injury classification, etiology, operative management, results, antibiotic use, and wound management.
A discrete‐time hazard analysis of the exit of burley tobacco growers in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia

This article examines the exit and survival dynamics of burley tobacco growers in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia using a discrete-time hazard logit model. The study also predicts the effects of selected farm and family characteristics on exit hazards, assesses the proportionality of their effects over time and their relative importance in explaining the variation in exit hazards among burley tobacco growers. Results provide the longitudinal progression of the probability of exiting the tobacco industry since the end of the federal tobacco program in 2004, and identify off-farm participation, percentage of farm receipts from tobacco, tobacco price, educational level, and farm size as the most important determinants of the decision to exit the tobacco industry. Further, the effects of off-farm participation and farm size on the exit hazards of burley tobacco farms are proportional over time while the effects of the percentage of farm receipts from tobacco and tobacco price are time variant.
Erratum to: “Observation of the ‘‘head tail’’ effect in nuclear recoils of low-energy neutrons” [Nucl. Instr. and Meth A 584 (2008) 327 333]

Please note that the author list in the originally published version of this paper is not completely correct: Affiliations should read: D. Dujmic,*, H. Tomita, M. Lewandowska, S. Ahlen, P. Fisher, S. Henderson, A. Kaboth, G. Kohse, R. Lanza, J. Monroe, A. Roccaro, G. Sciolla, N. Skvorodnev, R. Vanderspek, H. Wellenstein, R. Yamamoto Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA Physics Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA Physics Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Moreover the Acknowledgement section should read: We acknowledge support by the Advanced Detector Research Program of the US Department of Energy (contract no. 6916448), as well as the Reed Award Program, the Ferry Fund, the Pappalardo Fellowship program, the MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, and the Physics Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Synthesis and properties of the monomethyl ester of meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid and its chelates of lead(II), cadmium(II), and mercury(II)

The monomethyl ester of meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid (MoMeDMSA) and its chelates with lead(II), cadmium(II), and mercury(II) have been synthesized. The mercury(II) chelate of MoMeDMSA is formed by the coordination of the two sulfur atoms in MoMeDMSA, whereas the lead(II) and cadmium(II) chelates are formed by the coordination of one sulfur and one oxygen atom. The solubilities of the chelates are pH dependent; the mercury(II) chelate dissolves when the uncoordinated carboxylic acid dissociates, but the lead(II) and cadmium(II) chelates are solubilized only after the uncoordinated mercapto group is dissociated. The cadmium(II) chelate is dimeric and the lead(II) and mercury(II) chelates are monomeric at the concentrations and conditions used in this study. The acid dissociation constants of the chelating agent and the uncoordinated groups in its metal chelates have been determined in 50% v/v methanol-water. These acid-base properties in addition to the polarity of the chelating agent contribute to the effectiveness in the in vivo mobilization of intracellular in vivo deposits of cadmium. The biliary excretion of cadmium in rats increased by a factor of 173 upon administration of the relatively toxic, nonpolar dimethyl ester of DMSA whereas the administration of the less toxic, more polar monomethyl ester increased the biliary excretion of cadmium by a factor of 63. On the other hand, meso-DMSA which is highly polar and less toxic is known to be without effect on biliary excretion of cadmium. The monomethyl DMSA, therefore, appears to have properties that are intermediate between those of DMSA and its dimethyl ester, as far as both chelating properties and biliary excretion of cadmium are concerned.
Toward an Understanding of Types of Public-Private Cooperation

Governments frequently join forces with private organizations. The focus of this article is on characteristics of sustained cooperative efforts that require a significant commitment of resources over an extended period. The authors observe that cooperators’ expected rewards and risks may influence the form voluntary cooperation will take. This article classifies public-private cooperation into four common forms and provides a conceptual framework for better understanding why cooperators choose a particular form of cooperation.
What's Natural About Naturalistic Language Intervention?:

This review sought to identify the characteristics of child language intervention approaches described as "naturalistic" in the research literature. Thirty-four interventions were analyzed. We identified an exhaustive list of the treatment techniques or components that were included in at least 8 of the studies. Each intervention was analyzed according to the inclusion of 8 teaching techniques that manipulated antecedent stimuli and 3 techniques that manipulated consequences. Results demonstrated that naturalistic language interventions varied considerably in the teaching techniques included. A continuum highlighting the degree to which interventions included adult-directed and child-directed strategies is presented. In addition, ratings of naturalness of intervention contexts were derived. These analyses revealed an apparent lack of agreement on what constitutes "naturalistic" language intervention.
Application of the unsteady vortex-lattice method to the nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom aeroelastic equations

A means of numerically simulating flutter is established by implementing a predictor-corrector algorithm to solve the equations of motion. Aerodynamic loads are provided by the unsteady vortex lattice method (UVLM). This method is illustrated via the obtainment of stable and unstable responses to initial disturbances in the case of two-degree-of-freedom motion. It was found that for some angles of attack and dynamic pressure, the initial disturbance decays, for others it grows (flutter). When flutter occurs, the solution yields the amplitude and period of the resulting limit cycle. The preliminaray results attest to the feasibility of this method for studying flutter in cases that would be difficult to treat using a classical approach.