cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Color Infrared Aerial Photography to Assess Macroalgal Distribution in an Eutrophic Estuary, Upper Newport Bay, California

Newport Bay is a large estuary in southern California that is subject to anthropogenic nutrient loading, eutrophication, and hypoxia. Ground-based methods of assessing algal extent for monitoring and management are limited in that they cannot provide a synoptic view of algal distribution over comparatively large areas. The goal of this study was to explore the application of color infrared aerial photography as an alternative for analyzing the changes in the abundance of exposed macroalgae. Three surveys combining remote sensing (color infrared aerial photography) and ground-based sampling to quantify macroalgal mat coverage were carried out in Upper Newport Bay (UNB) between July and October 2005. Airborne photographs (scale 1:6000) collected during daytime low tides, clear skies, and appropriate sun angle were digitized to 25-cm resolution, orthorectified, georegistered, and combined into three mosaic composite digital images: one for each survey. During each aerial photography survey, macroalgal percent cover was measured on the ground by the pointintercept method in a 6.25-m2 area at ca. 30 locations distributed along the water’s edge throughout the intertidal mudflat area. There were three main types of cover:Ulva spp. (green algae),Ceranrium spp. (red algae), and bare surface (mud and mussel beds). To analyze similarities between spectral signatures in the images and cover types, the pixels corresponding to the ground samples from each survey were grouped into clusters based on similarity of their spectral signatures. To establish relationships between spectral signatures in the images and cover as determined from ground data, pixels in each composite image corresponding to ground samples from the same day that were characterized by > 90% of one cover type were attributed to that cover type. Ground samples comprised of a mixture of cover types were used for accuracy assessment. Before classification, each digital image was transformed by the Minimum Noise Fraction Rotation method to remove noise and enhance contrast between the classes. For classification of each composite image, the Spectral Angle Mapper scheme was used: all pixels in each image were attributed to the identified classes and the areal extent of each class was estimated. According to these assessments, the macroalgal coverage in UNB increased from 37% in July to 57% in September to 80% in October, and during this timeUlva spp. replacedCeramium spp. as the dominant alga. This analysis showed that color infrared aerial photography is an effective tool for assessing estuarine, intertidal macroalgal coverage.
The Effect of a Parasitic Water Mite, Arrenurus Pseudotenuicollis (Acari: Hydrachnellae), on the Survival and Reproduction of the Mosquito Anopheles Crucians (Diptera: Culicidae)

The effect of parasitic larvae of the water mite Arrenurus pseudotenuicollis on adult, female mosquitoes of Anopheles crucians was determined from laboratory experiments on field-collected, nulliparous mosquitoes. The parasites significantly reduced the survivorship of both starved and raisin-fed, unengorged female mosquitoes. They significantly reduced the number of eggs produced by both field-engorged and laboratory blood-fed mosquitoes. In field collections of nulliparous An. crucians , the proportion of unengorged females bearing parasites was always higher and the average number of parasites carried by unengorged females was always greater than in engorged females. These results suggest that heavily parasitized females have a higher probability of dying before they feed on blood than do unparasitized or lightly parasitized females.
Crystallization of Fab fragments from an induced antibody.

Fab fragments of rabbit anti-p-azobenzoate antibody have been crystallized. Washed, redissolved crystalline material has the same binding constant toward p-iodobenzoate as the intact antibody, 8 X 104 M-1.
When Candidates Value Good Character: A Spatial Model with Applications to Congressional Elections

We add to the literature that examines the relationship between candidate valence and policy strategies by arguing that candidates intrinsically value both the policies and the personal character of the winning candidate. In making this argument, we distinguish between two dimensions of candidate valence: strategic valence refers to factors such as name recognition, fundraising ability, and campaigning skills, while character valence is composed of qualities that voters and candidates intrinsically value in office holders, including integrity, competence, and diligence. Our model considers challengers who value both the policies and the character-based valence of the incumbent and assumes that the incumbent’s policy position is fixed by prior commitments. Under these conditions, we show that challengers who are superior to the incumbent in their character-based valence have incentives to moderate their policy positions. We report empirical tests of this good-government result of our model, using data on t...
Methylation, Demethylation, and Deamidation at Glutamate Residues in Membrane Chemoreceptor Proteins

In bacteria, Chemotaxis toward attractants and away from repellents is mediated by a simple sensing system (for a recent review see Stock, 1987). Stimulatory ligands are detected through their interactions with specific receptors at the cell surface. Information from these peripheral chemoreceptor proteins is transduced into a signal that controls the activity of the flagellar motor so that cells move toward favorable environmental conditions. Six cytoplasmic proteins, the Che proteins, function in conjunction with the transmembrane chemoreceptors to control motility. These have been defined both biochemically and genetically. The corresponding che genes are located in two adjacent operons called Mocha and Meche: Open image in new window Two of the six proteins are enzymes that catalyze the reversible methylation of receptor glutamate residues. CheR transfers methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to these glutamate side chains, and CheB mediates the hydrolysis of the γ-carboxyl methylesters that are produced. This review will focus on the chemistry and enzymology of these and related receptor modification reactions.
Fleet Assignment Using Collective Intelligence

Product distribution theory is a new collective intelligence-based framework for analyzing and controlling distributed systems. Its usefulness in distributed stochastic optimization is illustrated here through an airline fleet assignment problem. This problem involves the allocation of aircraft to a set of flights legs in order to meet passenger demand, while satisfying a variety of linear and non-linear constraints. Over the course of the day, the routing of each aircraft is determined in order to minimize the number of required flights for a given fleet. The associated flow continuity and aircraft count constraints have led researchers to focus on obtaining quasi-optimal solutions, especially at larger scales. In this paper, the authors propose the application of this new stochastic optimization algorithm to a non-linear objective cold start fleet assignment problem. Results show that the optimizer can successfully solve such highly-constrained problems (130 variables, 184 constraints).
Orientation dependence of dislocation structure evolution during cold rolling of aluminum

A well-organized dislocation structure forms in many polycrystalline metals during plastic deformation. This structure is described qualitatively with no explanation of the quantitative characterization. In this work, the evolution of dislocation structure in commercial purity aluminum is described by means of the excess dislocation density and by quantitative characterization of the cell structure as seen on a plane surface. The measurements were performed on a pseudo-internal surface of a split specimen deformed by channel die deformation. The results show a clear dependence of cell structure formation on orientation of the crystallite with respect to the imposed deformation gradient with the largest excess dislocation density occurring in grains of { 011 }[1 2 2] orientation for plane strain deformation. Neighboring grain and non-local effects are shown to be of importance in the type of dislocation structures that evolve. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Structural feature extraction protocol for classifying reversible membrane binding protein domains

Machine learning based classification protocols for automated function annotation of protein structures have in many instances proven superior to simpler sequence based procedures. Here we present an automated method for extracting features from protein structures by construction of surface patches to be used in such protocols. The utility of the developed patch-growing procedure is exemplified by its ability to identify reversible membrane binding domains from the C1, C2, and PH families.
The IA-64 architecture at work

Two key architectural features: predication and control speculation, will enable IA-64 compilers to extract instruction level parallelism. To show how compilers will use IA-64 instructions, the author uses code fragments from the pointer chasing problem, an inherently serial code, and from a nested loop with difficult to predict branches.
Performance Limiting Factors of Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)4 Solar Cells Prepared by Thermal Evaporation

Abstract Cu 2 ZnSn(S x Se 1− x ) 4 (CZTSSe) thin film solar cells have been prepared by vacuum-based thermal evaporation of metal and binary sulfide precursors followed by annealing in a mixed chalcogen vapor at 550 °C for one hour. The Zn/Sn ratio in the precursor was varied from 0.75 to 1.50 keeping the Cu/(Zn+Sn) ratio constant at 0.7. The best performing solar cell was obtained with a final film composition of Cu/(Zn+Sn)=0.77 and Zn/Sn=1.13 corresponding to a Zn/Sn ratio of 0.9 in the precursor. The champion cell exhibited an open-circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 506 mV, short-circuit current density ( J SC ) of 22.92 mA/cm 2 , and a fill factor (FF) of 35% resulting in a total area efficiency ( η ) of 4.06% without any antireflection coating. Cell performance was found to be limited by high series resistance ( R S )=31.1 Ω and a low shunt resistance ( R sh )=125.2 Ω. No detrimental secondary phases, such as Cu 2− x S(Se) or ZnS were detected in the absorber film. Microstructural investigation suggested that small multigrain structure of the CZTSSe absorber layer, presence of an interfacial Mo(S,Se) x blocking barrier, and micro-air-voids at the Mo back contact are the major contributors to the origin of high R s . Morphological study of the CZTSSe film surface by atomic force microscopy revealed micro-pores that act as low resistance shunt paths and explains the source of such low R sh . The performance limiting factors of the vacuum based thermally evaporated CZTSSe thin film solar cells are reported.
Skiing and Snowboarding

Alpine or downhill skiing is a complex skill that requires a series of integrated movements that requires controlled pronation, setting the foot, ankle, and lower extremity on the inside ski edge. Pronation sets the inside edge of the downhill (control) ski and allows for the skier to lean inward against the ski which holds a skidless arc throughout the turn. Even today with wider parabolic skis, the skier drives the shin forward against the stiff wraparound type, or hybrid type boot cuff and swings the hips to the opposite direction. The ski rolls onto its sharp steel edge and bites the snow, creating an arc across the hill [1]. Skiing in the freestyle is like ballet dance on snow, yet at the same time, the skier encounters many centrifugal and G-forces, as turns are created, while simultaneously attempting to keep the center of gravity in line over the center of the ski. Any deviation of normal lower extremity biomechanical balance can alter the skier’s ability to carve a controlled turn, thus placing the skier at risk for injury if the biomechanical abnormality is great enough. Before a skier should consider taking part in this demanding sport, three important factors are important in a skier’s conditioning and performance, namely flexibility, strength, and adequate range of motion of lower extremity joints. A number of variable factors such as structural deformities, functional deformity, or dynamic imbalance of muscle groups can influence the performance of the skier and also help to predict potential injury. When skiers have pre-existing injuries, i.e., knee instability, quadriceps muscle weakness, posterior tibial dysfunction, chronic peroneal tenosynovitis, etc. this will contribute to muscle weakness, decreased flexibility, and limited range of motion of involved lower leg joints. This will limit the skier’s ability to ski efficiently and safely, and as a result, increase the muscular effort required, resulting in greater skier fatigue. Fatigue has been shown to be one of the main factors in the incidence of downhill skiing injuries [1], and the same effect occurs in snowboarders as well.
Is there a role for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the management of non-carcinoid epithelial neoplasms of the appendix?

15115 Background: Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS and HIPEC) are considered the standard of care for patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) and carcinom...
Object-oriented stream programming using aspects: a high-productivity programming paradigm for hybrid platforms

The move to massively parallel hybrid platforms, such as multicore CPUs accelerated with heterogeneous GPU co-processing systems, is significantly impacting software programmers because existing programs have to be properly parallelized before they can take advantage of these advanced processing architectures. However, using current programming frameworks such as CUDA leads to tangled source code that combines code for the core computation with that for device and computational kernel management, data transfers between memory spaces, and various optimizations. In this research, we propose a programming system based on the principles of Aspect-Oriented Programming, to un-clutter the code and to improve programmability of these heterogeneous parallel systems. Specifically, we use a standard Object-Oriented language to describe the core computations and aspects to encapsulate all other support functions, such as parallelization granularity and memory access optimization. An aspect-weaving compiler is then used to combine the core OO program with these aspects to generate parallelized programs. This approach modularizes concerns that are hard to manage using conventional programming frameworks such as CUDA, has a small impact on existing program structure as well as performance, and as a result, simplifies the programming of accelerator-based heterogeneous parallel systems. Studies on example programs suggest that programs written using this system can be successfully translated to CUDA programs for execution on a CPU + GPU co-processing system with comparable performance. The performance of the translated code achieved ∼80% of the hand-coded CUDA programs. We also introduce a performance model based on Bulk Synchronous Parallel (BSP) to help with quick identification of performance bottlenecks and tuning programs for better performance. This model defines a machine parameter (Machine Characteristic Ratio) and an application parameter (Application Characteristic Ratio) to identify the principle factors that can be used to bound application performance for the hierarchical parallel execution in the GPU co-processing device.
Business Association Agreements

A covered entity must have a written agreement with a business associate to share protected health information (PHI). A business associate agreement is not required for a covered entity to disclose PHI to a researcher, provided that the covered entity obtains documentation that the research has been
Sinfulness of Family Limitation: Interpretation vs. Practice in the Philippines

To learn the degree to which Filipino Catholics were aware of the Churchs position against chemical or mechanical contraception and the extent to which they practiced family planning a nationwide survey of the Philippines was conducted in early 1971. 87.6% of the respondents were Catholics. 33.5% (N=1170) indicated the use of oral contraceptives the IUD withdrawal or rhythm. 48.7% indicated contraceptive techniques had never been practiced. The results included: 1) Catholics being more likely than non-Catholics to label family planning as sinful according to their Church 2) the proportion of Catholics using oral contraceptives the IUD withdrawl or rhythm was slightly higher than for non-Catholics 3) rhythm and withdrawal were used more extensively by both groups 4) the most common reason for failure to practice family planning was the desire for additional children and 5) religious differences were lacking for those who used chemical/mechanical means versus nonmechanical approaches of contraception.
Assessment of the Tumorigenic Potential of Spontaneously Immortalized and hTERT-Immortalized Cultured Dental Pulp Stem Cells

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) provide an exciting new avenue to study neurogenetic disorders. DPSCs are neural crest-derived cells with the ability to differentiate into numerous tissues including neurons. The therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived lines exposed to culturing ex vivo before reintroduction into patients could be limited if the cultured cells acquired tumorigenic potential. We tested whether DPSCs that spontaneously immortalized in culture acquired features of transformed cells. We analyzed immortalized DPSCs for anchorage-independent growth, genomic instability, and ability to differentiate into neurons. Finally, we tested both spontaneously immortalized and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-immortalized DPSC lines for the ability to form tumors in immunocompromised animals. Although we observed increased colony-forming potential in soft agar for the spontaneously immortalized and hTERT-immortalized DPSC lines relative to low-passage DPSC, no tumors were detected from any of the DPSC lines tested. We noticed some genomic instability in hTERT-immortalized DPSCs but not in the spontaneously immortalized lines tested. We determined that immortalized DPSC lines generated in our laboratory, whether spontaneously or induced, have not acquired the potential to form tumors in mice. These data suggest cultured DPSC lines that can be differentiated into neurons may be safe for future in vivo therapy for neurobiological diseases.
Real-Time Medical Data over WLANs

As medical records are moving on line, an increasing number of doctors are no longer keeping hand written notes. This finds them moving around in hospitals holding smart phones and tablets to enter and monitor medical data. In many cases it is very important to have any changes in medical data communicated immediately. While a variety of wireless systems are in place or have been proposed, they usually require doctors to carry around additional devices. In this paper the use the Point Coordination Function (PCF) of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN protocol is proposed to transfer both typical and emergency medical data among doctors, databases and monitoring systems.
Joint attention interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background A core social-communication deficit in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is limited joint attention behaviours—important in the diagnosis of ASD and shown to be a powerful predictor of later language ability. Various interventions have been used to train joint attention skills in children with ASD. However, it is unclear which participant, intervention and interventionist factors yield more positive results. Aims The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide a quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of joint attention interventions aimed at improving joint attention abilities in children with ASD. Methods & Procedures The researchers searched six databases for studies meeting the inclusion criteria at two levels: title/abstract and full-text stages. Two independent coders completed data extraction using a coding manual and form developed specifically for this research study. Meta-analysis procedures were used to determine the overall effects of several comparisons including treatment type, treatment administrator, intervention characteristics and follow-up. Main Contribution Fifteen randomized experimental studies met inclusion criteria. All comparisons resulted in statistically significant effects, though overlapping confidence intervals suggest that none of the comparisons were statistically different from each other. Specifically, treatment administrator, dosage and design (control or comparison, etc.) characteristics of the studies do not appear to produce significantly different effects. Conclusions & Implications The results of this meta-analysis provide strong support for explicit joint attention interventions for young children with ASD; however, it remains unclear which children with ASD respond to which type of intervention.
Relaxation therapy lowers blood pressure more effectively in hypertensives with raised plasma norepinephrine and blunts pressor response to anger.

The effects of relaxation therapy on blood pressure and neural responses to “social stress”-anger instigation were determined in 30 male patients with mild primary hypertension. “Social stress”-anger induced increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures (both p<0.01) and plasma norepinephrine (p<0.05) before therapy. Diastolic blood pressure before and during anger challenge were related to simultaneous plasma norepinephrine (r = 0.56, p<0.01 and r = 0.39, p<0.05). Relaxation reduced resting diastolic blood pressure (p<0.01), the reduction of blood pressure was related to baseline plasma norepinephrine (p<0.05). The pressor response of systolic blood pressure to anger challenge (p<0.02) was blunted by relaxation therapy. These findings suggested that noradrenergic control of blood pressure was amplified during stress and relaxation therapy was effective in lowering blood pressure and neutralizing the response to “social stress” anger instigation.
Wave packet theory of dynamic absorption spectra in femtosecond pump-probe studies

The large spectral width of ultrashort optical pulses makes possible pump-probe absorption experiments which measure the complete time-resolved spectrum with high resolution in both frequency and time. To provide a quantitative analysis of these experiments, we have formulated the perturbative density matrix theory for the third-order susceptibility of a multilevel system in terms of four-time correlation functions which can be interpreted as the time-dependent overlap of bra and ket vibrational wave packets propagating independently on the ground and excited state electronic potential surfaces.1
Protecting Adolescents’ Personal Information Online: Constraints and Parameters

AbstractCable News Network recently reported that today’s children will spend an average of 23 years of their lifetime connected to the Internet. The Department of Education reports that 100% of teens today have Internet access at school. Currently, no laws protecting teens from the collection of their personal data (known or unknown) while online exist. The personal information they post today can be collected today—or 20 years from now and can be used against them when they seek employment or apply for health insurance. This study examines the issue of adolescent consumer privacy protection from the perspective of those entities responsible for protecting and educating them about safe Internet use (educators, marketers, and policy makers). An analysis of transcripts from an expert panel (collected via telephone interview) is used to determine who is responsible for protecting teens’ privacy and how to accomplish this task.
Lizardite versus antigorite serpentinite: Magnetite, hydrogen, and life(?)

The serpentinization of peridotite operates according to one or the other, or a combination, of two end-member mechanisms. In low-temperature environments (50–300 °C), where lizardite is the predominant serpentine mineral, olivine is consumed by reaction with H2O but its composition (Mg#) remains unchanged. Mg-rich lizardite, magnetite, and dihydrogen gas (±brucite) are products of the reaction. At higher temperatures (400–600 °C), rates of MgFe diffusion in olivine are orders of magnitude faster, with the result that the growth of Mg-rich antigorite can be accommodated by a compositional adjustment of olivine, eliminating the need to precipitate magnetite and evolve hydrogen. This latter end-member mechanism probably best reflects the situation in the forearc mantle wedge.
The Influence of Civilization on the Insect Fauna by Purposeful Introductions

The insects which have been purposely introduced into North America are almost exclusively parasitic and predatory species. Practically the only exception to this is the honey bee, which may be eliminated from consideration because it is domesticated, although its presence in the North American fauna has undoubtedly, at least in a small degree, affected the remaining insect population. The silkwonn is of course an introduced insect, but it is not established , using this term to express the idea of permanent colonization. The silkwonn, without the aid of man, would undoubtedly be unable to maintain itself here, whereas the honey bee is a permanent resident even though civilization should disappear from this continent. The gypsy moth was intentionally introduced, but its establishment was purdy accidental.
Phenomenological Test Method to Assess of Material Symmetry in Thick Soft Tissues

Characterizing the material symmetry of a biological soft tissue can aid in understanding and modeling its mechanics. Optical methods have been reported for identification of structural fiber orientations in thin tissues such as heart valve leaflets [1], but not in thick tissues such as arteries because optical methods are not as effective with thick tissues. Besides fiber architecture, effective transmural material symmetry of a planar tissue needs to be known a priori in order to perform and interpret common testing methods such as planar biaxial testing or inflation testing (for cylindrical specimens). Nielsen et al. [2] reported on planar radial testing to study inhomogeneous properties of elastic membranes. We submit that planar radial extension testing (PRET) of a thick circular soft tissue specimen will reveal the underlying material symmetry. We performed numerical simulations of planar radial extension testing and assessed its feasibility using a simple custom-fabricated device.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
An Analysis of Pesticides Poisoning During 2002 to 2005 in Fuyang City

OBJECTIVE Being master of pesticides poisoning case to provide scientific evidence of making preventive measures for pesticides poisoning in Fuyang City. METHODS The reported cards of pesticides poisoning during 2002 to 2005 in Fuyang City were satistically analyzed. RESULTS During the four years,there were 540 cases being reported for pesticides poisoning,of which 42 cases died. The number of operational poisoning was 47(0 case died),male was higher died. The number of operational poisoning was 47(0 case died),male was higher than female. The number of non-operational poisoning was 493(42 cases died) and the fatality rate was 8.52%,female was higher than male. The peak age of women is forward 10 years than men in the cases of non-operational poisoning. A rural area of Fuyang was the most serious zone of pesticides poisoning,accounting for 92.59% of incidence cases. The cases of operational poisoning concentrated on the third quarter. Central tendency of non-operational poisoning was non constat. The cases caused by organ ophosphorus pesticides ranked first each year,and incidence cases and died cases were 70.93% and 85.71% respectively. CONCLUSIONS The pesticides poisoning is threatening the health of people in Hangzhou City,so effective measueres and government intervention should be enstablished and carried out immedicately.
NEOL: Toward Never-Ending Object Learning for robots

Learning to recognize objects based on names is a crucial capability for personal robots. Recent recognition methods successfully learn to recognize objects in a train-once-then-test setting. Yet, these methods do not apply readily to robotic settings, where a robot might continuously encounter new objects and new names. In this work, we present a framework for Never-Ending Object Learning (NEOL). Our framework automatically learns to organize object names into a semantic hierarchy using crowdsourcing and background knowledge bases. It then uses the hierarchy to improve the consistency and efficiency of annotating objects. It also adapts information from additional image datasets to learn object classifiers from a very small number of training examples. We present experiments to test the performance of the adaptation method and demonstrate the full system in a never-ending object learning experiment.
Time-dependent density-functional theory simulation of local currents in pristine and single-defect zigzag graphene nanoribbons

The spatial current distribution in H-terminated zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) under electrical bias is investigated using time-dependent density-functional theory solved on a real-space grid. A projected complex absorbing potential is used to minimize the effect of reflection at simulation cell boundary. The calculations show that the current flows mainly along the edge atoms in the hydrogen terminated pristine ZGNRs. When a vacancy is introduced to the ZGNRs, loop currents emerge at the ribbon edge due to electrons hopping between carbon atoms of the same sublattice. The loop currents hinder the flow of the edge current, explaining the poor electric conductance observed in recent experiments.
The Spirit Lord of Baishi Mountain: Feeding the Deities or Heeding the Yinyang *

Overseen by hungry gods on the one hand or structured by impersonal cyclic forces on the other, the Eastern Han cosmos eluded a single consistent model accepted by everyone. Yet these cosmological perspectives were not competing arguments held by different people; they were inconsistent genres of discourse found within the same people and sometimes even within the same texts. Late Eastern Han mountain inscriptions may ritually appease sacrifice-eating gods with their hymns of praise, but they simultaneously describe the cosmos as a single pervasive system of qi-vapors, yinyang, and the five phases. How could these two models coexist?Dated to 183 C.E., the “Stele to the Spirit Lord of Baishi Mountain” (baishi shenjun bei 白石神君碑) demonstrates how certain compromise positions existed between a universe overseen by external agencies and that consisting of resonating cycles. The inscription explains why this mountain deity merited sacrifice, describes the official process in which permission to sacrifice was secured, and identifies this hungry deity as one component within ritualized systems within spatial lineages and geographic bureaucracies and so he is not recognized as an entirely free agent. In addition, the inscription systematizes him by obligating him to participate in mechanical rituals of recompense and by reducing him to a ritualized Classicist stereotype, further diminishing his independence and individuality. The stele inscription s focus on ritual demonstrates how ritual lessens any perceived inconsistency between cosmic agencies and cosmic system.This article first surveys the Han history of mountain sacrifices and mountain stelae, thereby placing the Spirit Lord of Baishi Mountain into historical context. The translation of the inscription dedicated to him follows, which for the purpose of analysis I divide into eight sections that address themes such as rituals of recompense, the generation of rain, and the transformation of the god into a Classicist hero. The conclusion summarizes how human structures such as lineage and bureaucracy fill in the gaps between these inconsistent genres of discourse human structures that result in impersonal qi-vapors becoming more human and personalized mountain deities becoming more structured.
Employment, Growth and Basic Needs: A One World Problem

(1977). Employment, Growth and Basic Needs: A One World Problem. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 720-722.
Dynamics of Cutting Tool Temperatures during Cutting Process

An experimental study is performed to measure temperature variation of a carbide insert during metal cutting by means of fine thermocouples connected to a data acquisition system. A semiempiriad equation is developed based on transient conduction solutions combined with experimental data to predict temperature-time history in the cutting tool during operation. The governing parameters in the equation are derived, using AISI 1045 steel as the workpiece, to be the cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut at fixed rake and lead angles. Emphasis is placed on analyzing effects of the important factors on the cutting process, such as frictional heat generated at the tool-workpiece interface and wear of the tool. Dynamic behavior of the metal cutting process as predicted by the direct thermocouple measurement agreed with phenomenological observations reported in the existing literature.
Mars 2034–2169

The first people on Mars landed there in 2034. They were trained on the Moon. Some of the systems used to transport the teams to Mars were manufactured on the Moon. Typical cylindrical habitats were sent to Mars beforehand, as were ISRU systems, to begin the production of water and oxygen. The first team was comprised of six people – three men and three women – from three countries. They planned to stay nine months and then rotate out back to the Moon, being replaced by another team.
How to Address Challenges and Opportunities as an International Medical Graduate

In this chapter, after providing an overview of the demographics, the main characteristics of academic medicine in the USA will be presented and contrasted with that which is practiced abroad. The obstacles encountered by IMGs, as they seek to integrate themselves into academic medicine, will be discussed. Finally, strategies to succeed in academic medicine for the IMG will be enumerated.
AE Source Orientation by Plate Wave Analysis

Lead breaks (Hsu-Neilsen source) were used to generate simulated acoustic emission signals in an aluminum plate at angles of 0, 30, 60, and 90 degrees with respect to the plane of the plate. This was accomplished by breaking the lead on slots cut into the plate at the respective angles. The out-of-plane and in-plane displacement components of the resulting signals were detected by broad band transducers and digitized. Analysis of the waveforms showed them to consist of the extensional and flexural plate modes. The amplitude of both components of the two modes was dependent on the source orientation angle. This suggests that plate wave analysis may be used to determine the source orientation of acoustic emission sources.
Modeling and simulation of three dimensional weld pool reconstruction by stereo vision

Online monitoring of weld pool and weld bead geometry has been a daunting challenge because of the harsh environment, slow processing speeds and difficulty of acquiring quality images during welding. The dimensions of the weld bead are the most fundamental requirement of a qualified weld, and monitoring the weld pool and weld bead geometry can be instrumental in ensuring the weld meets these requirements. Additionally, such a sensor system can one day lead to controlling the process parameters to provide much needed closed loop control of the welding process. Recent advantages in imaging technology, stereo vision algorithms and computing power have made stereo vision more competitive for providing such an online three dimensional reconstruction of welding scenes and this research has been exploring this possibility. Ideally, real world data would be used but there is currently no three dimensional measurement system that can provide a detailed description of the whole three dimensional surface of the weld pool and relationship to the workpiece. Therefore, this research has generated synthetic images from known models. By generating a simple model of the welding process and synthesizing images complete with noise and lighting characteristics, a better understanding of the entire process is developed and comparisons are made among the various algorithms. Finally a scaled reconstruction of the synthetic weld pool is made and compared to the original model for error analysis.
Abstract 5229: Disruption of the acetylcholine signaling pathway suppresses the growth and angiogenesis of human lung cancers

Cigarette smoking bears a strong association with the development of lung cancer. Nicotine is the addictive component of cigarettes. Several convergent studies show that nicotine facilitates the growth and angiogenesis of human lung cancers. The biological activity of nicotine is mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The endogenous ligand of nAChRs is acetylcholine (ACh). Data from our laboratory and other research groups show that lung cancers express all of the genes for synthesis, transport and degradation of ACh. These include nAChRs, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), choline transporter (ChT1) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Nicotine upregulates the ACh-signaling loop in human lung cancer cells. Therefore, we conjectured that disruption of ACh-signaling pathway should suppress the growth of human cancers. We show that alpha7-nAChR antagonists robustly suppress angiogenesis in human lung and retinal microvascular endothelial cells. The anti-angiogenic activity of alpha7-nAChR antagonists was also observed in chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and nude mouse models. Similarly, vesamicol, a small molecule antagonist of VAChT, decreases nicotine-induced tumor growth in human NSCLCs. Our studies suggest that the acetylcholine signaling pathway may be have potential applications in the therapy of human lung cancers. Our results are also relevant to lung cancer patients who are exposed to nicotine via secondhand smoke, nicotine patches, gums or electronic cigarettes. Citation Format: Piyali Dasgupta, Kathleen C. Brown, Jamie K. Lau, Aaron M. Dom, Brent A. Thornhill, Clayton M. Crabtree, Theodore R. Witte, W E. Hardman, Cody A. Stover, A B. Carpenter, Yi C. Chen. Disruption of the acetylcholine signaling pathway suppresses the growth and angiogenesis of human lung cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5229. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5229
Time-dependent spatial intensity profiles of near-infrared idler pulses from nanosecond optical parametric oscillators

We report on an experimental investigation of the time-dependent spatial intensity distribution of near-infrared idler pulses from an optical parametric oscillator measured using an infrared (IR) camera, in contrast to beam profiles obtained using traditional knife-edge techniques. Comparisons show the information gained by utilizing the thermal camera provides more detail than the spatially- or time-averaged measurements from a knife-edge profile. Synchronization, averaging, and thresholding techniques are applied to enhance the images acquired. The additional information obtained can improve the process by which semiconductor devices and other IR lasers are characterized for their beam quality and output response and thereby result in IR devices with higher performance.
Limitations of AIDS reporting under favorable circumstances.

To assess completeness of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reporting by a consortium of Philadelphia physicians, we compared the consortium’s patient data base to AIDS case reports received by the Philadelphia Department of Public Health (PDPH). Several circumstances favored better than ordinary reporting. Consortium physicians were highly motivated, specialized in the care of patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease, had worked with PDPH physicians for years, and knew beforehand about the plan to compare data bases. Of 295 patients in the consortium data base diagnosed with AIDS at least nine months prior to this study, 267 (90.5%) had been reported to the PDPH and 28 (9.5%) had not. Only two of the missed reports were deliberately withheld, each in response to the patient’s request. Reporting completeness increased with the time elapsed since diagnosis, varied by practice from 70% to 100%, and was unrelated to patient demographic, insurance status, or occupational characteristics. AIDS reporting for patients in health care occupations (11/13 = 85% reported) was not significantly different from reporting for patients in other occupations (256/282 = 91% reported). We conclude that, under conditions favorable to reporting, approximately 10% of AIDS patients are not reported; the only patient characteristic that predicts reporting is the time elapsed since diagnosis; and nearly all reporting failures are inadvertent.
Precision Asteroseismology of Pre-White Dwarfs and PN Central Stars

The nonradially pulsating GW Vir (a.k.a. DOV, or pulsating PG1159) stars and the K1-16 type variable stars provide an unparalleled opportunity to probe the internal structure of planetary nebula central stars and their immediate descendants, hot pre-white dwarfs. Recent global photometry campaigns have provided data of sufficient quality to severely constrain evolutionary models of these stars.
Introduction: trends and issues in breastfeeding and the use of infant formula

Abstract: Human milk is the best food for infants since breast milk not only provides a source of nutrition, but also contains biological components that help infants to develop and grow normally. Modern infant formula is designed as human milk substitute for infant consumption under 1 year. In this chapter, the history of bottle-feeding, and its advantages and disadvantages compared with breastfeeding, are discussed. Trends and new developments in infant formula formulation and manufacturing are also reviewed.
Fundamental Mechanisms of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy

Immune checkpoint blockade is able to induce durable responses across multiple types of cancer, which has enabled the oncology community to begin to envision potentially curative therapeutic approaches. However, the remarkable responses to immunotherapies are currently limited to a minority of patients and indications, highlighting the need for more effective and novel approaches. Indeed, an extraordinary amount of preclinical and clinical investigation is exploring the therapeutic potential of negative and positive costimulatory molecules. Insights into the underlying biological mechanisms and functions of these molecules have, however, lagged significantly behind. Such understanding will be essential for the rational design of next-generation immunotherapies. Here, we review the current state of our understanding of T-cell costimulatory mechanisms and checkpoint blockade, primarily of CTLA4 and PD-1, and highlight conceptual gaps in knowledge. Significance: This review provides an overview of immune checkpoint blockade therapy from a basic biology and immunologic perspective for the cancer research community. Cancer Discov; 8(9); 1069–86. ©2018 AACR.
Building Video Game Adaptations of Dramatic and Literary Texts

This chapter offers a step-by-step method for adapting a dramatic or literary source into a short video game. The author explains how adapting a source text into a video game enables a researcher to illuminate themes, character insights, or plot elements with new emphasis. To illustrate the method she proposes, the author gives examples from Something Wicked, her video game adaptation of William Shakespeare’s gory, witchy tragedy, Macbeth. Users of this constructionist methodology create projects the public can use. Particularly in a classroom setting, this public impact encourages researchers to invest more energy and substantive analytical interrogation than might characterize a traditional research paper.
Mamfakinch: From Protest Slogan to Mediated Activism

Mamfakinch , or “no concessions” in Moroccan Arabic, was a slogan of Moroccan Arab Spring protestors adopted by an activist blogging collective emerging from that moment. Through Mamfakinch, this article examines mediated activism and processes of public formation in a global media landscape. Situating Mamfakinch at the nexus of local contentious politics and transnational policy priorities, I trace Mamfakinch’s interventions across media platforms in analyzing the collective’s discursive construction and mediation of the 2012 Amina Filali affair. Suggesting that Mamfakinch constitutes an important moment in Moroccan media’s transition to the digital, I argue that the collective taps into newly networked and increasingly worldly youth digital cultures in constructing new processes of public formation and modes of publicness. This essay illustrates what Mamfakinch can teach us about emergent digital political cultures constructed around democratic conceptions of culture that are deliberately distant from institutional politics.
Application of a novel suture anchor to abdominal wall closure

Abstract Background Mesh suture used in high-tension wound closures produces large knots susceptible to increased palpability, infection, and foreign body response; yet has superior tensile strength and increased resistance to cutting through tissue compared to standard suture. This study investigates mesh suture fixation in abdominal tissue with a knotless novel, low-profile anchor-clip. Methods Single and double end fixation of mesh suture in swine rectus abdominus fascia with an anchor-clip, a knot, and predicate device fixation underwent cyclic testing followed by pull-to-failure testing. Results Failure load of standard knot, single corkscrew and double anchor-clip were not statistically different, but were significantly greater than single anchor-clip and double corkscrew fixation (p > 0.05). Conclusions The anchor-clip is ∼60% smaller than a standard knot while maintaining fixation strength when exposed to physiologic forces using double anchor-clip fixation in abdominal wall closure.
High Fat Diet Attenuates Cholecystokinin-Induced cFos Activation of Prolactin-Releasing Peptide-Expressing A2 Noradrenergic Neurons in the Caudal Nucleus of the Solitary Tract.

Abstract Cholecystokinin (CCK) released from the small intestine increases the activity of vagal afferents that relay satiety signals to the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS). A caudal subset of A2 noradrenergic neurons within the cNTS that express prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) have been proposed to mediate CCK-induced satiety. However, the ability of exogenous CCK to activate cFos expression by PrRP neurons has only been reported in rats and mice after a very high dose (i.e., 50 μg/kg BW) that also activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis. The present study examined the ability of a much lower CCK dose (1.0 µg/kg BW, i.p) to activate PrRP-positive neurons in the rat cNTS. We further examined whether maintenance of rats on high fat diet (HFD; 45% kcal from fat) alters CCK-induced activation of PrRP neurons, since HFD blunts the ability of CCK to suppress food intake. Rats maintained on HFD for 7 weeks consumed more kcal and gained more BW compared to rats maintained on Purina chow (13.5% kcal from fat). CCK-treated rats displayed increased numbers of cFos-positive cNTS neurons compared to non-injected and saline-injected controls, with no effect of diet. In chow-fed rats, a significantly larger proportion of PrRP neurons were activated after CCK treatment compared to controls; conversely, CCK did not increase PrRP neuronal activation in HFD-fed rats. Collectively, these results indicate that a relatively low dose of exogenous CCK is sufficient to activate PrRP neurons in chow-fed rats, and that this effect is blunted in rats maintained for several weeks on HFD.