cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ROSAT Observations of NGC 2146: Evidence for a Starburst-driven Superwind

We have imaged the edge-on starburst galaxy NGC 2146 with the Position Sensitive Proportional Counter (PSPC) and the High Resolution Imager (HRI) on board ROSAT and have compared these data to optical images and long-slit spectra. NGC 2146 possesses a very large X-ray nebula with a half-light radius of 1 min (4 kpc) and a maximum diameter of approximately 4 min, or 17 kpc. The X-ray emission is resolved by the PSPC and preferentially oriented along the minor axis, with a total flux of 1.1 x 10(exp -12) ergs/sq cm/s over 0.2 - 2.4 keV and a luminosity of approximately 3 x 10(exp 40) ergs/s. The inner X-ray nebula is resolved by the HRI into at least four bright knots together with strong diffuse emission responsible for at least 50% of the flux within a radius of 0.5 min (approximately 2 kpc). The brightest knot has a luminosity of (2 - 3) x 10(exp 39) ergs/s. The X-ray nebula has a spatial extent much larger than the starburst ridge seen at centimeter wavelengths by Kronberg & Biermann (1981) and is oriented in a `X-like' pattern along the galaxy minor axis at a position angle of approximately 30 degrees. This minor-axis X-ray emission is associated with a region of H alpha and dust filaments seen in optical images. Optical spectra show that the emission-line gas along the minor axis is characterized by relatively broad lines (approximately 250 km/s full width half-maximum (FWHM)) and by `shocklike' emission-line flux ratios. Together with the blue-asymmetric nuclear emission-line and NaD interstellar absorption-line profiles, these optical data strongly suggest the presence of a starburst-driven superwind. The X-ray spectrum extracted from the central 5 min contains a strong Fe L emission-line complex at 0.6 - 1.0 keV and a hard excess above 1.0 keV. The spectrum is best described with a two-component model, containing a soft (kT approximately 400 - 500 eV) Raymond-Smith thermal plasma together with either a Gamma = 1.7 power-law or a kT greater than 2.2 keV bremsstrahlung component. The soft thermal component provides approximately 30% of the total luminosity over 0.2 - 2.4 keV, or approximately 10(exp 40) ergs/s. The pressure derived from the soft component of the X-ray spectrum is consistent with that predicted from a starburst-driven superwind if the filling factor of the warm gas is approximately 1% - 10 %. If the hard X-ray component is thermal gas associated with the galactic outflow, the filling factor must be close to unity. Predictions of the luminosity, temperature, and size of an adiabatic starburst-generated windblown bubble are consistent with those measured for the soft thermal X-ray emission in NGC 2146. The hard X-ray component, however, has a luminosity much larger than predicted by the superwind model if this component is thermal emission from gas heated by an internal shock in the expanding bubble. We briefly review various possibilities as to the nature of the hard X-ray component in NGC 2146.
Why deposits of longitudinal dunes are rarely recognized in the geologic record

Dunes that are morphologically of linear type, many of which are probably of longitudinal type in a morphodynamic sense, are common in modern deserts, but their deposits are rarely identified in aeolian sandstones. One reason for non-recognition of such dunes is that they can migrate laterally when they are not exactly parallel to the long-term sand-transport direction, thereby depositing cross-strata that have unimodal cross-bed dip directions and consequently resemble deposits of transverse dunes. Dune-parallel components of sand transport can be recognized in ancient aeolian sands by examining compound crossbedding formed by small dunes that migrated across the lee slopes of large dunes and documenting that the small dunes migrated with a component in a preferred along-crest direction over the large dunes.
Gross morphologic and functional effects of postoperative radiation on free jejunal autografts.

Twenty adult mongrel dogs underwent free jejunal transplants to the neck; 10 either died of or had to be sacrificed as a result of postoperative complications, 5 received a 55-Gy'equivalent dose of radiation after 3 weeks, and 5 were followed as controls. Serial manometric and endoscopic evaluations were performed over a 9-month period. Progressive deterioration of the quality and amplitude of peristalsis of the jejunal autografts was observed only in the radiated group. In addition, all dogs in the radiated group developed severe jejunal circumferential constriction and stricture formation. These delayed effects of irradiation on revascularized jejunal autografts should be considered in planning the method of pharyngoesophageal reconstruction as well as the timing of adjuvant radiotherapy.
Thermal Transport in a Microchannel Exhibiting Transverse Ultrahydrophobic Micro-Ribs Maintained at Constant Temperature

There exists considerable incentive for reducing the required pumping power in microscale heat exchanger applications. One approach recently proposed is the use of super ultrahydrophobic channel walls. The influence such walls exert on the overall thermal transport has not been previously addressed and is the focus of this paper. Specifically, this paper presents numerical results exploring the periodically repeating thermal transport in a parallel plate microchannel with ultrahydrophobic walls maintained at constant temperature. The walls considered here exhibit alternating microribs and cavities positioned perpendicular to the flow direction. Results describing the thermally periodically repeating dynamics far from the inlet of the channel have been obtained over a range of flow Reynolds numbers and relative microrib/cavity widths and depths in the laminar flow regime. Previously it has been shown that significant reductions in the overall frictional pressure drop can be achieved relative to the classical smooth channel laminar flow. The present predictions reveal that the overall thermal transport is also reduced as the relative size of the cavity region is increased. The overall Nusselt number behavior is presented and discussed in conjunction with the frictional pressure drop behavior for the parameter range explored. In summary the following conclusions can be made regarding thermal transport for a constant temperature channel exhibiting ultrahydrophobic surfaces: 1) Increases in the shear free fraction (relative cavity length) yields decreases in the Nusselt number 2) increasing the relative rib/cavity module length yields a decrease in the Nusselt number 3) decreases in the Reynolds number result in smaller values of the Nusselt number and 4) the relative cavity depth exhibits negligible influence on the magnitude of the Nusselt number.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Potential roles of satellite hyperspectral IR sensors in monitoring greenhouse effects

As we enter a new era of using satellite hyperspectral sensors for weather and other environmental applications, this paper discusses the applicability of using IR hyperspectral data for climate change monitoring; in particular, for quantifying the greenhouse effects. While broadband 1st order statistics quantify radiative forcings, the IR hyperspectral data provides a means of monitoring feedback processes. Radiative transfer modeling of the greenhouse effect is illustrated with examples: varying surface temperature, atmospheric temperature and water vapor. Three spectral greenhouse metrics are discussed: the difference between the surface emission and the outgoing longwave radiation (G), the surface-temperature normalized greenhouse effect (g) and vertical profile of cooling rate (C). Effects of changes in water vapor, clouds, carbon dioxide and methane are modeled and their potential observables identified.
Stem Cell Therapy for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Treatments for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) have been limited. The aim of this paper is to offer translational research guidance on stem cell therapy for neonatal HIE by examining clinically relevant animal models, practical stem cell sources, safety and efficacy of endpoint assays, as well as a general understanding of modes of action of this cellular therapy. In order to do so, we discuss the clinical manifestations of HIE, highlighting its overlapping pathologies with stroke and providing insights on the potential of cell therapy currently investigated in stroke, for HIE. To this end, we draw guidance from recommendations outlined in stem cell therapeutics as an emerging paradigm for stroke or STEPS, which have been recently modified to Baby STEPS to cater for the “neonatal” symptoms of HIE. These guidelines recognized that neonatal HIE exhibit distinct disease symptoms from adult stroke in need of an innovative translational approach that facilitates the entry of cell therapy in the clinic. Finally, new information about recent clinical trials and insights into combination therapy are provided with the vision that stem cell therapy may benefit from available treatments, such as hypothermia, already being tested in children diagnosed with HIE.
Digital vs. analog comparison of adaptive optics systems

This paper presents an equivalent discrete-time model that combines the D-A converter, DM, and WFS. The performance of the adaptive optics loop can then be evaluated in terms of the discrete-time (Z) closed-loop transfer functions of the feedback loop. The closed-loop transfer functions using this discrete-time model are compared to those obtained from an analog model. A simulation shows that the digital model produces accurate stability evaluations.
Lymphocyte binding of aggregated immunoglobulin.

. This paper describes lymphocyte binding of aggregated immunoglobulin, which appears to bind to B lymphocytes and the third lymphocyte-like cell population. The applications of aggregated Ig binding are also discussed, and the relation to Fc receptors and Ia-like antigens.
Techniques and applications of programmable spectral pattern coding in Texas Instruments DLP spectroscopy

The architecture of a Texas Instruments DLP spectrometer allows techniques of spectrum measurement through programmable patterns previously not possible by conventional spectrometers. Handheld applications or factory settings measuring dynamic product flow may have constraints on sampling methods which vary the amount of illumination entering the spectrometer. Factory monitoring and other in situ applications may have a priori knowledge of expected substances or contaminants and have stringent sampling speed requirements. By defining custom scan patterns and decoding techniques to take advantage of this information, we show that classic time-domain challenges of time-multiplexed sensing systems can be overcome in a DLP spectrometer yielding high performance in challenging applications.
Physiology of renal medullary tip hyperattenuation at unenhanced CT: urinary specific gravity and the NaCl concentration gradient.

Purpose: To retrospectively investigate the physiology of renal medullary tip hyperattenuation at unenhanced computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: This retrospective single-institution study was IRB approved and HIPAA compliant. Informed consent was waived. One hundred consecutive patients (53 women, mean age, 52 years; 47 men, mean age, 48 years; P = .39) without and 34 (11 women, mean age, 49 years; 23 men, mean age, 45 years; P = .54) with unilateral ureteral obstruction underwent contemporaneous urinalysis and unenhanced CT. At CT, bladder urine attenuation was measured and two readers recorded the presence of renal medullary tip hyperattenuation. For obstructed kidneys (n = 34), renal pelvic urine attenuation was also recorded. The presence of medullary tip hyperattenuation was correlated with urinary specific gravity. To investigate the physiologic basis of medullary tip hyperattenuation, attenuations for NaCl and urea phantoms (range, 0–2000 mosm/kg) were recorded and correlated to solut...
External morphology of the eggs of the meal moth, pyralis farinalis (L.), and the murky meal moth, Aglossa caprealis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Abstract The eggs of the meal moth, Pyralis farinalis (L.), and the murky meal moth, Aglossa caprealis (Hubner), were studied by scanning electron microscopy and diagnostic features determined. Eggs of P.farinalis are marked by a reticulate pattern of closely spaced sinuous ridges. The ridges are traversed by carinae that form a more or less continuous network over the entire surface of the egg. The cell discs and ridges are roughened by numerous minute rounded excrescences of the surface. The aeropylar openings are surrounded by double collars. Eggs of A. caprealis are marked by a reticulate pattern of polygons formed by intersecting ridges and carinae. The carinae zigzag along the ridges and form a continuous network over the entire surface. The cell discs are broad and densely marked by minute pits. The aeropylar openings are surrounded by single collars.
Some theoretical results of swelling in fiber or particle filled polymers

The problem of inhomogeneous swelling of polymers around particles or fibers is treated analytically within the context of Gaussian statistics for polymer chains and the Flory-Huggins approximation for the interaction between polymer and solvent. The resulting differential equation for the displacement field around the inclusions is quite simple; it contains a homogeneous part and a nonlinear part. The nonlinear part of the differential equation is preceded by a parameter n(1 − 2χ), where n is the molecular weight between crosslinks and χ is the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. Accordingly, the displacement field for the case of theta solvent, i.e. χ equals 0.5, can be solved exactly. In good solvents, the problem can be treated as a perturbation of the theta solvent condition. The amount of deviation from the theta solvent solution is obtained through a numerical technique and the results are tabulated as a function of n(1 − 2χ).
Postoperative Adhesion Development Following Cesarean and Open Intra-Abdominal Gynecological Operations: A Review

In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of adhesion development, the impact of physiological changes associated with pregnancy on markers of adhesion development, and the clinical implications of adhesion development following cesarean delivery (CD). Although peritoneal adhesions develop after the overwhelming majority of intra-abdominal and pelvic surgery, there is evidence in the literature that suggests that patients having CD may develop adhesions less frequently. However, adhesions continue to be a concern after CD, and are likely significant, albeit on average less than after gynecological operations, but with potential to cause significant delay in the delivery of the baby with serious, lifelong consequences. Appreciation of the pathophysiology of adhesion development described herein should allow a more informed approach to the rapidly evolving field of intra-abdominal adhesions and should serve as a reference for an evidence-based approach to consideration for the prevention and treatment of adhesions.
The sacroiliac spine - computer simulation of motion and modeling of the ligaments

Using an interactive, 3D, kinematic simulation of the human skeleton, the motion of the sacro-iliac (SI) joint is modeled based upon descriptions available in the literature. The major ligaments are added to the simulation data structure using deformable cubic B-spline curve paths. Ligament strains were generated and studied in response to the motion simulations. Results improve our understanding of sacro-iliac kinematics and highlight the importance of further studies to elucidate pathological as well as normal SI joint and ligament function.
Study of the reaction 16O(7Li, 3He)20F

Abstract Angular distributions for the 16 O( 7 Li, 3 He) 20 F reaction, at a bombarding energy of 24 MeV, have been measured for all states below 6.25 MeV excitation, using a gas target and a multi-angle spectrograph. Low-lying core-excited states are populated much less strongly than known (sd) 4 states. Cross sections decrease rapidly with excitation energy, but states at 4.20, 4.52, 4.58 and 5.41 MeV are quite strong — suggesting they have high spin and (sd) 4 configurations. Previously suggested high-spin states at 4.73 and 4.76 MeV are weak, implying they are probably of core-excited character.
How a patent ductus arteriosus effects the premature lamb's ability to handle additional volume loads.

ABSTRACT. A model of patent ductus arteriosus in premature lambs was created to examine the lamb's ability to handle the volume load imposed by a patent ductus arteriosus and to determine the lamb's ability to handle any additional volume load. Fifteen preterm lambs [133 ± 2 (± SD) days gestation, term 145 days], whose ductal diameter could be regulated with a mechanical occluder, were studied to determine the independent effects of ductus patency and a saline volume load (50 ml/kg over 3 min) on left ventricular output and its distribution. During a saline infusion, preterm lambs with a closed ductus could only increase their stroke volume by 40% above baseline stroke volume. When challenged with a saline infusion, lambs with an open ductus still were able to increase their stroke volume significantly; the maximal increase in stroke volume during the saline load with the ductus open was 70% above baseline stroke volume. We hypothesize that the associated reduced left ventricular afterload plays a significant role in the preterm lamb's ability to increase its stroke volume when challenged with a patent ductus arteriosus. Even with a patent ductus arteriosus, the lamb still has the ability to handle additional volume loads.
Intensity and spectral variability of strong galactic X-ray sources observed by ANS

Hard X-ray observations by the ANS are used to analyze the energy spectrum and intensity fluctuations on time scales of seconds to days for 20 luminous galactic sources, of which 11 are galactic-bulge (GX) sources having no obvious identification with source categories. It is found that: (1) most GX sources are best fitted in the energy range from about 1 to 20 keV by exponential spectra with a source temperature (kT) of approximately 5 keV; (2) iron line emission around 6.7 keV is always detected as a persistent spectral feature of at least six and possibly seven of the sources studied; (3) most of the iron-line sources exhibit a direct correlation between kT and intensity (I) in the band from 1.4 to 7.2 keV; (4) no burst source counterparts or candidates show a direct correlation between kT and I, at least two show an inverse correlation, and no iron line emission is detected at a 3-sigma level from burster counterparts during burst-active states. A classification scheme for GX sources is proposed, and several observational tests for this scheme and for possible source models are described.
Collection Development and Scholarly Communication in the Era of Electronic Access.

Abstract In a networked environment, it is possible for academic libraries to move beyond the rhetoric of “access versus ownership.” This article explores the new “more dynamic” relationship between collection development and the system of scholarly communication, and suggests certain collection strategies for the era of electronic access.
Synthesis and structures of bis-ligated zinc complexes supported by tridentate ketoimines that initiate L-lactide polymerization

Eight bis-ligated, homoleptic, zinc complexes were synthesized through the reaction of NNO Schiff base ketoimines bearing varying substituents with diethyl zinc in an inert atmosphere glovebox at room temperature and isolated in 62–95% yield. The complexes were characterized with 1H, 13C, and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, absorbance spectroscopy, high resolution mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray crystallography. The complexes were shown to adopt distorted octahedral coordination geometry around zinc. The 1H and 19F NMR spectra of complexes 1–7 showed stable zinc coordination at 300 K while the effect of steric encumbrance and two trifluoromethyl groups in complex 8 was investigated with variable temperature NMR. The bis-ligated zinc complexes were effective initiators for the ring opening polymerization of L-lactide into poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA). With [L-lac]/[Zn complex] = 50, the bis-ligated zinc complexes yielded percentage conversion of 14–98% with polymerization times varying from 15–1440 min, where the longest reaction times were required when two trifluoromethyl groups were present. The addition of 4-fluorophenol co-catalyst resulted in up to a 5-fold increase in the percentage conversion in toluene solution and up to a 14-fold increase in bulk melt polymerization with reductions in the poly-dispersity index values for the isolated PLLA. Addition of 4-fluorophenol to complex 1 was studied with 1H and 19F NMR and appeared to yield an in situ generated zinc alkoxide complex.
Flavanone 3-hydroxylase transcripts and flavonol accumulation are temporally coordinate in maize anthers

Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) activity is necessary for the production of both flavonols and anthocyanins. Flavonols are required for functional pollen in maize whereas anthocyanins are non-essential pigments. A cDNA for F3H was isolated from Zea mays using a heterologous sequence from Antirrhinum majus. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of maize F3H with other F3H sequences confirmed that the protein is highly conserved among widely divergent plant species. The F3H gene is present in a single copy located at the tip of chromosome 2S. High levels of F3H gene expression were detected in pigmented husk and 26-day postpollination kernels; lower levels in 18-day postpollination kernels and in coleoptiles of germinating seedlings. Slot blot analysis showed that F3H transcript levels in young seedlings are increased by high fluence-rate white light treatment in the presence of the anthocyanin regulatory gene -r. HPLC analysis of extracts from developmentally staged anthers showed that flavonol accumulation begins at the uninucleate microspore stage, continues until maturity, and is not controlled by -r. When the expression pattern of several flavonoid biosynthetic genes was analyzed during microsporogenesis, only F3H transcript accumulation was coordinate with the appearance of flavonols in anthers.
Influence of model geometrical fitting and turbulence parameterization on phytoplankton simulation in the Gulf of Maine

Abstract Numerical experiments were made to examine the influences of model geometrical fitting and turbulence parameterization on the temporal and spatial distributions of simulated phytoplankton in the Gulf of Maine. The assessment of the role of geometrical fitting was made by running a state-of-the-art Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton (NPZ) model with physical fields provided from unstructured-grid, finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) and structured-grid, finite-difference coastal ocean model (ECOM-si), respectively. The impact of turbulence parameterization was studied by running a coupled NPZ–FVCOM system with various vertical turbulence modules implemented in the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM). Comparisons were focused on three large tidal dissipation regions: Georges Bank (characterized by strong tidal rectification over steep bottom topography and tidal mixing fronts), Bay of Fundy (featuring large semidiurnal tidal oscillations due to the gulf-scale resonance), and Nantucket Shoals (a tidal energy flux convergence zone). For the same given tidal forcing and initial physical and biological conditions, the ability of a model to accommodate the irregular coastal geometry and steep bottom topography is critical in determining the robustness of the simulated spatial and temporal structure of N and P. For the same given external forcing in FVCOM, turbulence parameterizations have less impact on N and P in mixed regions than in stratified regions. In mixed regions, both q–e and q–ql models reproduced the observed vertical mixing intensity. Since biological variables remained vertically mixed in these regions, their structures were little affected by turbulence closure schemes. In stratified regions, q–e models predicted stronger mixing than q–ql models, which produced more nutrient fluxes over the slope and thus influenced the growth and distribution of P around the tidal mixing front. A direct comparison between observed and model-predicted turbulence dissipation rates suggests that q–e models with a mixing cutoff at Richardson number of 1.0 predict more realistic mixing intensity than q–ql models in stratified regions on Georges Bank.
Cryptographic Properties of Stream Ciphers Based on T-functions

The cryptographic properties of keystreams that are generated by stream ciphers based on T-functions are studied in this paper. Such constructions, which have been lately proposed by Klimov and Shamir, are of great interest as they allow building efficient and secure cryptographic primitives. By using concepts from the analysis of sequences, namely the linear complexity, we are able to derive simple linear equations of small weight satisfied by all T-functions. This indicates the non-randomness exhibited by state sequences produced from such mappings. Furthermore, we consider the particular class of algebraic T-functions and give necessary and sufficient conditions to generate a single cycle.
Multiphase flow models of biogels from crawling cells to bacterial biofilms

This article reviews multiphase descriptions of the fluid mechanics of cytoplasm in crawling cells and growing bacterial biofilms. These two systems involve gels, which are mixtures composed of a polymer network permeated by water. The fluid mechanics of these systems is essential to their biological function and structure. Their mathematical descriptions must account for the mechanics of the polymer, the water, and the interaction between these two phases. This review focuses on multiphase flow models because this framework is natural for including the relative motion between the phases, the exchange of material between phases, and the additional stresses within the network that arise from nonspecific chemical interactions and the action of molecular motors. These models have been successful in accounting for how different forces are generated and transmitted to achieve cell motion and biofilm growth and they have demonstrated how emergent structures develop though the interactions of the two phases. A short description of multiphase flow models of tumor growth is included to highlight the flexibility of the model in describing diverse biological applications.
Parasympathetic effects on cardiac electrophysiology during exercise and recovery.

Depressed parasympathetic tone is associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Exercise and the postexercise recovery period, which are associated with parasympathetic withdrawal, are...
Myxedema in the radiothyroidectomized dog.

IN 1934 Trendelenburg, reviewing the early literature, stated that thyroidectomy in the dog results in a pronounced inhibition of skeletal growth in addition to other changes. In recent years, however, several reports have appeared (Danowski, Man and Winkler, 1946; Glock, 1949; Binswanger, 1936) indicating that the usual manifestations of hypothyroidism do not develop in dogs in which thyroid deficiency is induced either by surgical excision of the gland or by thiouracil administration. Even though Glock found an increased serum cholesterol as well as histological alterations in the thyroid and anterior hypophysis of thiouracil-treated dogs, she did not observe behavioral or myxedematous changes, growth impairment (puppies), or marked decline in metabolic rate. A striking study is that of Mayer (1947) who concluded “that beagles, and probably most dogs, do not need the thyroid function under ordinary conditions.” After administering propylthiouracil to pure-bred beagle puppies, he failed to observe any im...
Interactive online undergraduate laboratories using J-DSP

An interactive Web-based simulation tool called Java-DSP (J-DSP) for use in digital signal processing (DSP)-related electrical engineering courses is described. J-DSP is an object-oriented simulation environment that enables students and distance learners to perform online signal processing simulations, visualize Web-based interactive demos, and perform computer laboratories from remote locations. J-DSP is accompanied by a series of hands-on laboratory exercises that complement classroom and textbook content. The laboratories cover several fundamental concepts, including z transforms, digital filter design, spectral analysis, multirate signal processing, and statistical signal processing. Online assessment instruments for the evaluation of the J-DSP software and the associated laboratory exercises have been developed. Pre/postassessment data have been collected and analyzed for each laboratory in an effort to assess the impact of the tool on student learning.
The Economics Of Childhood Obesity

In the past few decades, obesity rates among American children have skyrocketed. Although many factors have played a part in this unhealthy increase, this paper focuses on how economic policies may be contributing to our children's growing girth and how these policies might be altered to reverse this trend. It examines the economic causes and consequences of obesity, the rationales for government intervention, the cost-effectiveness of various policies, and the need for more research funding.
A phase I trial of autologous cytokine-induced killer cells for the treatment of relapsed Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Abstract We have previously reported on the ex vivo generation of cytotoxic effector cells, termed cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, that have both in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity in murine models. We now report on our efforts for the large-scale expansion of CIK cells and also present preliminary results from a phase I clinical trial. Nine patients with advanced Hodgkin disease (n = 7) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 2), all of whom had relapsed after an autologous transplantation, were treated with escalating doses of CIK cells (3 patients at each dose level of 1 × 109, 5 × 109, or 1 × 1010 cells). The CIK cells were produced by culturing unselected cells from steady-state apheresis products with interferon γ, OKT3, and interleukin 2. After 21 days in culture, with the addition of fresh media and interleukin 2 every 3 to 4 days, the median culture was 97% viable (range, 61%–100%), 98% CD3+ (range, 66%–99%), 76% CD8+ (range, 27%–96%), 23% CD4+ (range, 6%–78%), 20% CD3+CD56+ (range, 8%–58%), and
Successive refinement of information

The successive refinement of information consists of first approximating data using a few bits of information, then iteratively improving the approximation as more and more information is supplied. The goal is to achieve an optimal description at each stage. In general, an ongoing description which is rate-distortion optimal whenever it is interrupted is sought. It is shown that in order to achieve optimal successive refinement the necessary and sufficient conditions are that the solutions of the rate distortion problem can be written as a Markov chain. In particular, all finite alphabet signals with Hamming distortion satisfy these requirements. It is also shown that the same is true for Gaussian signals with squared error distortion and for Laplacian signals with absolute error distortion. A simple counterexample with absolute error distortion and a symmetric source distribution which shows that successive refinement is not always achievable is presented. >
Gas hydrate resources of northern Alaska

ABSTRACT Large amounts of natural gas, composed mainly of methane, can occur in arctic sedimentary basins in the form of gas hydrates under appropriate temperature and pressure conditions. Gas hydrates are solids, composed of rigid cages of water molecules that trap molecules of gas. These substances are regarded as a potential unconventional source of natural gas because of their enormous gas-storage capacity. Most published gas hydrate resource estimates are highly simplified and based on limited geological data. The gas hydrate resource assessment for northern Alaska presented in this paper is based on a "play analysis" scheme, in which geological factors controlling the accumulation and preservation of gas hydrates are individually evaluated and risked for each hydrate play. This resource assessment identified two gas hydrate plays; the in-place gas resources within the gas hydrates of northern Alaska are estimated to range from 6.7 to 66.8 trillion cubic metres of gas (236 to 2,357 trillion cubic feet of gas), at the 0.50 and 0.05 probability levels respectively. The mean in-place hydrate resource estimate for northern Alaska is calculated to be 16.7 trillion cubic metres of gas (590 trillion cubic feet of gas). If this assessment is valid, the amount of natural gas stored as gas hydrates in northern Alaska could be almost seven times larger then the estimated total remaining recoverable conventional natural gas resources in the entire United States. RESUME Des quantites importantes de gaz naturel, compose surtout de methane, peuvent se produirent dans les bassins sedimentaires de l'arctique sous forme d'hydrates de gaz sous des conditions de temperatures et de pressions appropriees. Les hydrates de gaz sont solides, composes de cages rigides de molecules d'eau qui piegent les molecules de gaz. Ces substances sont vues comme etant une source de gaz naturel peu conventionnelle a cause de leur capacite enorme pour emmagasiner le gaz. La plupart des ressources d'hydrate de gaz publiees sont tres limitees et basees sur des donnees geologiques limitees. Cette evaluation de ressource pour le nord de l'Alaska presentee dans cet article est basee sur un systeologiques d'''analyse d'enjeu", dans lequel des facteurs geologiques qui controlent l'accumulation et la conservation des hydrates de gaz sont individuellement evalues et le risque determines pour chaque enjeu d'hydrate. Cette evaluation de ressource a identifie deux enjeux d'hydrates de gaz; les ressources de gaz sur place dans les hydrates de gaz du nord de l'Alaska ont ete evaluees entre 6,7 a 66,8 billions de metre cubes de gaz (236 a 2 357 billions de pieds cubes de gaz), a des niveaux de probabilite de 0,50 a 0,05 respectivement. La moyenne pour les ressources d'hydrates sur place est evaluee a 16,7 billions de metres cubes de gaz (590 billions de pieds cubes de gaz). Si cette evaluation est juste, la quantite de gaz naturel stocke comme hydrates de gaz dans le nord de l'Alaska pourrait etre sept fois plus grande que pour tout le gaz naturel traditionnel recuperable pour l'ensemble des Etats-Unis. Traduit par Marie-Louise Tomas
Accountability metrics and paying for performance in education and health care.

The track record in paying for performance in education is not good; nevertheless, emphasis on accountability and performance has gained momentum in the last 25 years. This emphasis includes systems of merit pay, career ladders, and national board certification. The general failures of these efforts have led some reformers to suggest that teacher pay be directly related to student value-added performance. This suggestion remains controversial but is also the hottest topic in paying for performance in education. Although many similarities exist between education and health care, major differences may make it even harder to install pay-forperformance systems in health than in education. If those systems are to be tried, experiments should begin in a bottom-up fashion at the unit level, rather than being imposed systemwide.
Cold-sensitive Mutants G680V and G691C ofDictyostelium Myosin II Confer Dramatically Different Biochemical Defects

Cold-sensitive myosin mutants represent powerful tools for dissecting discrete deficiencies in myosin function. Biochemical characterization of two such mutants, G680V and G691C, has allowed us to identify separate facets of myosin motor function perturbed by each alteration. Compared with wild type, the G680V myosin exhibits a substantially enhanced affinity for several nucleotides, decreased ATPase activity, and overoccupancy or creation of a novel strongly actin-binding state. The properties of the novel strong binding state are consistent with a partial arrest or pausing at the onset of the mechanical stroke. The G691C mutant, on the other hand, exhibits an elevated basal ATPase indicative of premature phosphate release. By releasing phosphate without a requirement for actin binding, the G691C can bypass the part of the cycle involving the mechanical stroke. The two mutants, despite having alterations in glycine residues separated by only 11 residues, have dramatically different consequences on the mechanochemical cycle.
Use of idempotent matrices to validate linear systems software

In seeking to verify various computer implementations of Kalman filters, the extended Kalman filter (EKF), or other algorithms that rely on the same fundamental computations in a variety of different applications, it is useful to first validate software performance using low-dimensional test problems of known solution. Besides reporting the state-of-the-art in computing the critical fundamental linear system building blocks in a simple manner that is easy to understand, the author describes the easy construction of nontrivial test cases of known solution, provides a rigorous demonstration of how to augment/concatenate several low-dimensional test problems of known solution to comprise a higher-dimensional system of known solution that is also to be used in software test and validation/verification, and presents the computation of a closed-form exact optimal control solution that can also be used to validate software. >
Hearing Loss and Incident Dementia

Objective To determine whether hearing loss is associated with incident all-cause dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD). Design Prospective study of 639 individuals who underwent audiometric testing and were dementia free in 1990 to 1994. Hearing loss was defined by a pure-tone average of hearing thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz in the better-hearing ear (normal, 70 dB [n = 6]). Diagnosis of incident dementia was made by consensus diagnostic conference. Cox proportional hazards models were used to model time to incident dementia according to severity of hearing loss and were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and hypertension. Setting Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Participants Six hundred thirty-nine individuals aged 36 to 90 years. Main Outcome Measure Incident caces of all-cause dementia and AD until May 31, 2008. Results During a median follow-up of 11.9 years, 58 cases of incident all-cause dementia were diagnosed, of which 37 cases were AD. The risk of incident all-cause dementia increased log linearly with the severity of baseline hearing loss (1.27 per 10-dB loss; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.50). Compared with normal hearing, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for incident all-cause dementia was 1.89 (1.00-3.58) for mild hearing loss, 3.00 (1.43-6.30) for moderate hearing loss, and 4.94 (1.09-22.40) for severe hearing loss. The risk of incident AD also increased with baseline hearing loss (1.20 per 10 dB of hearing loss) but with a wider confidence interval (0.94-1.53). Conclusions Hearing loss is independently associated with incident all-cause dementia. Whether hearing loss is a marker for early-stage dementia or is actually a modifiable risk factor for dementia deserves further study.
How to Improve the Attractiveness of Neurosurgery.

The impact of lack of exposure to our specialty has various effects. First, graduating students will have limited knowledge of neurosurgical issues. As these students become primary care physicians, they will have less experience in the diagnosis, treatment, and appropriate referrals of patients with neurosurgical issues. Second, the lack of exposure may result in qualified medical students choosing alternative careers. In many studies, investigators have examined the perceptions of attending neurosurgeons and senior medical students from diverse medical schools of their exposure to neurosurgery and neurosurgical concepts. The goal is to gain an understanding of current issues and to develop potential strategies to improve medical student education in neurosurgery.
mb(LgCoda): A stable single station estimator of magnitude

Stable single-station estimates of magnitude have been made using the 1-Hz Lg coda envelope of regionally recorded nuclear explosions from the Nevada Test Site (NTS). After empirical relations describing the Lg coda envelope were found for each NTS-station path, single station magnitudes based on the Lg coda envelope were made with precision in the range of 0.03 to 0.04 magnitude units, whereas magnitudes based on third peak Lg amplitude, rms Lg amplitude, and Pn amplitude had scatter on the order of 0.15 to 0.2 magnitude units, generally five times larger than the coda scatter. Despite the high station correlations, the magnitude-yield residuals for events above the water table using the network average mb(LgCoda) were only marginally better than the other magnitude estimates, roughly 10% smaller. Magnitude-yield residual for events above the water table between mb(LgCoda) and mb(Lg) are strongly correlated suggesting that the source region properties, such as gas porosity, affect both magnitudes. Using only a single station, the standard deviation for magnitude-yield residuals using mb(LgCoda) were roughly 25% smaller than those derived from mb(Lg) or mb(Pn). These results show that the method is ideally suited to monitoring efforts in sparsely instrumented regions where little is known about the lateral variations of medium properties.
Kings in a Democratic Age: Collective Protest and the Institutional Promise of Monarchy

The fate of regimes after the Arab Spring has prompted scholars to reconsider how authoritarian institutions affect mass protest. Why did Mubarak fall, but not King Mohammed VI of Morocco? Are the paths to regime change different in monarchies? This article argues that monarchies have a unique institutional feature that other authoritarian regimes lack: they can democratize without destabilizing the leadership by transitioning to a democratic constitutional monarchy. The promise of constitutional monarchy affects protestor demands and weakens mass mobilization for regime change. Kings do not survive protest waves because they are smarter, more legitimate, or more likely to institute meaningful reforms. Nor are they invulnerable; monarchies can and do crumble. But monarchs are less likely than other authoritarian rulers to be overthrown via mass protest. This article provides a theory of the differences between monarchies and other authoritarian regimes, drawing on cross-national studies and a case study of Morocco.
The cyclotron

Possible relationships of the cyclotron to future engineering developments are considered in this article, which describes the development of atomic accelerating devices, the operating principle and construction of a typical cyclotron, and the uses to which it is now being put.
The effect of shear flow on the rotational diffusion of a single axisymmetric particle

Understanding the orientation dynamics of anisotropic colloidal particles is important for suspension rheology and particle self-assembly. However, even for the simplest case of dilute suspensions in shear flow, the orientation dynamics of non-spherical Brownian particles are poorly understood. Here we analytically calculate the time-dependent orientation distributions for non-spherical axisymmetric particles confined to rotate in the flow–gradient plane, in the limit of small but non-zero Brownian diffusivity. For continuous shear, despite the complicated dynamics arising from the particle rotations, we find a coordinate change that maps the orientation dynamics to a diffusion equation with a remarkably simple ratio of the enhanced rotary diffusivity to the zero shear diffusion: , where is the particle aspect ratio. For oscillatory shear, the enhanced diffusion becomes orientation dependent and drastically alters the long-time orientation distributions. We describe a general method for solving the time-dependent oscillatory shear distributions and finding the effective diffusion constant. As an illustration, we use this method to solve for the diffusion and distributions in the case of triangle-wave oscillatory shear and find that they depend strongly on the strain amplitude and particle aspect ratio. These results provide new insight into the time-dependent rheology of suspensions of anisotropic particles. For continuous shear, we find two distinct diffusive time scales in the rheology that scale separately with aspect ratio , as and as for . For oscillatory shear flows, the intrinsic viscosity oscillates with the strain amplitude. Finally, we show the relevance of our results to real suspensions in which particles can rotate freely. Collectively, the interplay between shear-induced rotations and diffusion has rich structure and strong effects: for a particle with aspect ratio 10, the oscillatory shear intrinsic viscosity varies by a factor of and the rotational diffusion by a factor of .
Opportunities and Challenges in Micropump Technology

The rapidly growing applications in micro fluidic systems, biotechnology, micro chemical analysis systems, drug delivery systems, and chip-integrated cooling systems has introduced new opportunities and challenges in developing micropumps. Micropumps are one of the crucial components for moving liquids in these miniaturized systems. In this article, the focus is placed on both fundamental scientific and application specific issues. First, a brief review of the growing need for micropumps and the state of the art materials and fabrication technologies is presented. Next, the various pumping techniques, their working principle and their potential applicability to the future development of cost-effective miniature systems are discussed. Finally, selected results of an electrohydrodynamic micropump are presented.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Welcome to the 2016 ANNUAL REVIEW OF SEX RESEARCH

I am pleased to present the 2016 ANNUAL REVIEW OF SEX RESEARCH (ARSR) as my inaugural issue as editor. The previous editor, Jacques Van Lankveld, did an impressive job building on and growing ARSR’...
Physiological fixation of displaced and unstable fractures of the hand.

Summary The operative stabilization of fractures of the hand should not be considered a “radical” approach to the treatment of these injuries. These methods, when properly applied and well executed, influence wound healing by restoring the original length and alignment of the injured tissues. Skeletal stability allows immediate joint mobility in a protected environment. A rapid return to a state of tissue equilibrium can be predicted in many cases.
Hepatic drug metabolism in female Fischer rats as a function of age.

L'âge modifie les enzymes du metabolisme du medicament dans les microsomes hepatiques de rat mâle et femelle. Les resultats suggerent aussi, que d'autres facteurs, en dehors des influences sexuelles, sont des determinants importants des modifications liees a l'âge
Pro-Competitive Vertical Integration: The Relationship between Legacy Carriers and Regional Airlines

This paper investigates the competitive effects of legacy carriers' vertical integration decision with independent regional airlines. Legacy carriers are more inclined to operate a route using a regional airline partner, as opposed to its own fleet, when a low-cost carrier enters that route. Moreover, legacy carriers' airfares are lower on routes operated by an independent regional airline. The results suggest that legacy carriers exploit the more cost-efficient regional airlines in order to lower prices and better compete with low-cost carriers.