cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of topology on overlay routing service

A moderate amount of recent work has been dedicated to using overlay network to support value-added network service, such as overlay multicast, OverQoS, etc. Overlay service network is a generic service framework which is designed to provide a variety of services to overlay service customers. To design an overlay service network, the first step is to choose an overlay topology connecting all the overlay service nodes. For example, RON [Anderson, DG et al., 2001] has used full mesh topology connecting all the nodes. In this paper, we did a study on the impact of topology on the overlay routing service. We found that the overlay topology has significant impact on the overlay routing in terms of routing performance and routing overhead. For example, the full mesh topology does not always give us the best performance. Moreover, the physical topology information can benefit us a lot to construct an efficient overlay topology. In addition, some alternative topologies can provide us with better performance when considering both the routing performance and overhead.
Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma with a t(9;16)(q22;p11.2) resulting in a NR4A3-FUS fusion

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare neoplasm characterized by rearrangement of NR4A3 . A t(9;22)(q22;q12), creating a fusion protein of EWSR1 and NR4A3, has been reported as a unique, recurring translocation in most cases. Reported variant translocations have resulted in fusion of NR4A3 with three other genes: TAF15 , TCF12 , and TFG . We report a case of EMC in a 59-year-old man who presented with a 6-month history of an enlarging mass in the proximal right thigh. The karyotype of fresh tissue from tumor taken at incisional biopsy revealed a t(9;16)(q22;p11.2). There was no evidence of an EWSR1 rearrangement by dual-color break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Dual-color FISH probes revealed fusion of NR4A3 and FUS , a member of the TET family of genes, which includes EWSR1 and TAF15 . Break-apart FISH probe results confirmed rearrangement of FUS . These findings show that a fusion product of FUS and NR4A3 may be an additional pathway to development of EMC.
Optimal unsupervised motor learning for dimensionality reduction of nonlinear control systems

In this paper, optimal unsupervised motor learning is defined to be a technique for finding the coordinate system of minimum dimensionality which can adequately describe a particular motor task. An explicit method is provided for learning a stable controller that translates commands within the new coordinate system into motor variables appropriate for plant control. The method makes use of previously described neural network algorithms including the generalized Hebbian algorithm, basis-function trees, and trajectory extension learning. Examples of applications to a real direct-drive two joint planar robot arm and a simulated three joint robot arm with visual sensing are given. >
Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Changes Associated With Malignant Catatonia

We describe a case of malignant catatonia manifested by catatonic symptoms, fever, hemodynamic instability, and acute neurologic decline that was associated with electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities similar to those noted in patients with other central nervous system processes. The patient's electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities resolved after successful electroconvulsive therapy for the underlying neuropsychiatric disorder. The theoretic, physiologic, and clinical significances of this case are discussed.
Neurocognitive function of emergency department patients with mild traumatic brain injury.

Study objective We characterize the neurocognitive function of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with mild traumatic brain injury. Methods This prospective study took place at an urban, academic ED and Level I trauma center. Case patients consisted of a convenience sample of ED patients aged 18 to 59 years, presenting to the ED with mild traumatic brain injury and having a head computed tomography scan without traumatic abnormalities. Controls consisted of patients aged 18 to 59 years, presenting to the ED with an isolated, nondominant hand extremity injury. We excluded patients with multiple injuries and recent alcohol consumption. Subjects completed a computerized neurocognitive test battery (Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing). The primary measures were verbal memory, visual memory, and visual motor and reaction speed. We compared raw and age-normalized neurocognitive performance between case patients and controls by using nonparametric statistics. Results We included a total of 23 head-injured case patients and 31 non–head-injured controls. Case patients and controls exhibited similar raw (median 80.1 versus 85.0 points; difference in medians –4.9; P =.26) and age-normalized (31.9 versus 57.4 percentile; difference in medians –25.5; P =.12) verbal memory. Case patients and controls exhibited similar raw (64.6 versus 63.5; difference 1.1; P =.79) and age-normalized (20.8 versus 25.8 percentile; difference –5.0; P =.44) visual memory. Compared with controls, mild traumatic brain injury case patients demonstrated slower raw (31.6 versus 37.0 points; difference –5.4; P =.002) and age-normalized (17.1 versus 57.6 percentile; difference –40.5; P =.001) visual motor speed. Mild traumatic brain injury case patients exhibited slower raw (median 0.66 versus 0.60 seconds; difference 0.06; P =.01) and age-normalized (29.3 versus 42.8 percentile; difference –13.5; P =.009) reaction times. Conclusion In conclusion, compared with the non–head-injured patients, ED mild traumatic brain injury patients demonstrated subtle but discernible neurocognitive deficits.
Rotor Position Estimation for Synchronous Machines Based on Equivalent EMF

This paper provides and analyzes a simple, robust, and universal model for rotor position estimation for synchronous machines. The rotor position is estimated using an equivalent electromotive force (EMF) model of a synchronous machine or, alternately, using a sliding-mode observer (SMO) based on the equivalent EMF model. The SMO provides fast convergence and low sensitivity to parameter variations. Experimental results with a 3.7-kW interior-permanent-magnet machine have validated the effectiveness of the proposed equivalent EMF scheme.
Collection, Screening, and Evaluation of Vehicle Occupancy Data

In 2008, the Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority and the Georgia Department of Transportation successfully applied to the U.S. Department of Transportation for seed funding under the Congestion Reduction Demonstration Program Grant to convert the congested I-85 high-occupancyvehicle (HOV) lane to a high-occupancy-toll (HOT) lane. The facility was converted into a HOT lane and opened on October 1, 2011. This paper reports on the collection, processing, and filtering of the vehicle occupancy data and the factors that influenced vehicle occupancy along the I-85 corridor both before and after the conversion. The research effort used regression tree analysis techniques to identify data collector bias and then the effects of different factors such as season, data collection site, morning peak-evening peak, and lane type on vehicle occupancy. The study found that vehicle occupancy data on Monday were different from those data collected on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays. The study identified data collec...
The annular flow, electrothermal plug ramjet

The annular flow, electrothermal plug ramjet is examined as a possible means of achieving rapid projectile acceleration for applications such as direct space payload launches. Electrothermal plug ramjet performance is examined for cases when hydrogen propellant is treated 1) as a perfect gas and 2) as a gas that can dissociate and ionize and then recombine at finite rates in the nozzle. Performance results for these cases are compared to the performance of a conventional ramjet operating with a perfect gas hydrogen propellant. Models describing electrothermal plug ramjet and conventional ramjet operation are presented and it is shown that, for a given flight velocity, there is an optimum rate of heat addition per unit mass of propellant. Propellant dissociation and ionization losses are found to be small and the nozzle flow is shown to be near chemical equilibrium rather than in a chemically frozen state. Diffuser shock losses are found not to degrade performance to unacceptably low levels. Fluid particle residence times are found to be small compared with those required for significant flowfield changes and it is argued that assuming quasisteady flow does not introduce significant errors. Thermal efficiencies over selected launch cycles are between 30 and 40% and pressure, temperature, and power requirements are demonstrated to be reasonable.
Semi-automated Volumetric Quantification of Tumor Necrosis in Soft Tissue Sarcoma Using Contrast-enhanced MRI

Background: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)-defined measurements are limited when evaluating soft tissue sarcoma (STS) response to therapy. Histopathological assessment of STS response requires a determination of necrosis following resection. A novel semi-automated technique for volumetric measurement of tumor necrosis, using enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI), is described. Patients and Methods: Eighteen patients with STS were treated with neoadjuvant therapy and then resected. CE-MRI, obtained prior to resection, were evaluated by two observers using semi- automated segmentation. Tumor volume and percent necrosis was compared with histology and RECIST measurements. Results: The median percent necrosis, determined histologically and from CE-MRI, was 71.9% and 67.8%, respectively. Accuracy of these semi-automated measurements was confirmed, being statistically similar to those obtained at histopathological assessment of the resected tumor. High Intra-class correlation co-efficients suggest good inter- observer reproducibility. Tumor necrosis did not correlate with the RECIST measurements. Conclusion: Semi-automated determination of tumor volume and necrosis, using CE-MRI, is suggested to be accurate and reproducible.
Quantitative characterization of optical anisotropy in high refractive index films

Waveguide coupling measurements of polymers have largely concentrated on the application of mode analysis to the study of thin supported films (such as spin coatings). The use of prism coupling to study thick, freestanding polymer films, however, has not been reported. In this paper, the ability of prism coupling to characterize the three-dimensional optical properties of thick, freestanding polymer films and sheets is demonstrated. A modified prism coupling procedure is described that allows the determination of all three principal refractive indices in thick, three-dimensionally anisotropic freestanding films
Multimodal optical-nuclear molecular imaging of tumors

Accurate diagnosis and treatment of various pathologic conditions can be achieved by integrating multimodal imaging systems that furnish complementary information to improve patient management. The availability of high-resolution tomography systems, fast computers, and image reconstruction algorithms has improved disease diagnosis and treatment management. As medical practice moves into the molecular era, the realization that no single imaging method can provide solutions to the complex information derived from molecular imaging has heightened interest in the use of multimodal imaging to harness the strengths of different imaging methods. For example, co-registration of pathologic tissues with computed tomography (CT) and radionuclear platform provides complementary anatomical and functional diagnostic information, respectively. Optical imaging (OI) promises to complement established imaging methods by reporting molecular events with high detection sensitivity. Although combining molecular optical contrasts with MRI or CT provides co-registered reference anatomy, the disparate contrast agent concentrations needed for OI and MRI or CT present a barrier to integration. An alternative approach is to combine OI with an established imaging modality possessing similar detection sensitivity but complementary reporting strategies. Because of the high sensitivity of both nuclear and OI methods and the compatibility of their imaging agents, incorporating nuclear to OI will provide a unique opportunity to fuse the imaging datasets with identical pharmacokinetics but different contrast mechanisms. To appreciate the potential benefits of combining optical and SPECT/PET, we have tabulated the similarities and differences between the two imaging methods in Table 1 (1). Based on these properties, several potential opportunities to combine the two platforms become apparent.
Using a spatial filter and a geographic information system to improve rabies surveillance data.

The design and coordination of antirabies measures (e.g., oral vaccine and disease awareness campaigns) often depend on surveillance data. In Kentucky, health officials are concerned that the raccoon rabies epizootic that has spread throughout the east coast since the late 1970s could enter the state. The quality of surveillance data from Kentucky’s 120 counties, however, may not be consistent. This article presents a geographic model that can be used with a geographic information system (GIS) to assess whether a county has a lower number of animals submitted for rabies testing than surrounding counties. This technique can be used as a first step in identifying areas needing improvement in their surveillance scheme. This model is a variant of a spatial filter that uses points within an area of analysis (usually a circle) to estimate the value of a central point. The spatial filter is an easy-to-use method of identifying point patterns, such as clusters or holes, at various geographic scales (county, intraurban), by using the traditional circle as an area of analysis or a GIS to incorporate a political shape (county boundary).
Design and Implementation of a Wireless Sensor Network Node

In this paper.a wireless sensor network node hardware and software implementation is introduced based on the top grade 8-bit AVR micro-processor ATmegal28L and 2.4 GHz wireless communication chip CC2431. To avoid the shortage of TinyOS, an improved task schedule flow is introduced. Some sensors are used to provide necessary sensing ability. Proper protocols are adopted in MAC and network layers to form reliable wireless communication. Experiment shows that the node work effective and stability in data acquisition and owns good communication and power management.
Peking Opera and Politics in Taiwan

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Nancy Guy Year: 2005 Pages: xx + 231 Publisher: University of Illinois Press ISBN: 0-252-02973-9 (hard cover). Prices: $35.00 USD(hard cover).
The Superior Olivary Nucleus and Its Influence on Nucleus Laminaris: A Source of Inhibitory Feedback for Coincidence Detection in the Avian Auditory Brainstem

Located in the ventrolateral region of the avian brainstem, the superior olivary nucleus (SON) receives inputs from nucleus angularis (NA) and nucleus laminaris (NL) and projects back to NA, NL, and nucleus magnocellularis (NM). The reciprocal connections between the SON and NL are of particular interest because they constitute a feedback circuit for coincidence detection. In the present study, the chick SON was investigated. In vivo tracing studies show that the SON projects predominantly to the ipsilateral NM, NL, and NA. In vitro whole-cell recording reveals single-cell morphology, firing properties, and postsynaptic responses. SON neurons are morphologically and physiologically suited for temporal integration; their firing patterns do not reflect the temporal structure of their excitatory inputs. Of most interest, direct stimulation of the SON evokes long-lasting inhibition in NL neurons. The inhibition blocks both intrinsic spike generation and orthodromically evoked activity in NL neurons and can be eliminated by bicuculline methiodide, a potent antagonist for GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission. These results strongly suggest that the SON provides GABAergic inhibitory feedback to laminaris neurons. We discuss a mechanism whereby SON-evoked GABAergic inhibition can influence the coding of interaural time differences for sound localization in the avian auditory brainstem.
Simulating oxygen transport in the microcirculation by Monte Carlo methods: A Mathematical Step Toward Artificial Cybernetic Control Of Oxygenation of the Brain During Surgery

Oxygen transport in the human cerebral cortex has been simulated previously by considering a single straight capillary and a concentric tissue cylinder as a representa tive sample (the Krogh tissue cylinder). The same geo metric model has been assumed for this study because of its probable accuracy and to allow comparison with previous calculations.Because of the nonlinear equilibrium relationship be tween dissolved and hemoglobin-bound oxygen (the oxy gen dissociation curve), a differential mass balance yields a nonlinear partial differential equation describing oxy gen transport in the capillary. In the tissue a constant consumption rate is assumed and a linear partial differ ential equation results. The tissue equation and the capillary equation are solved simultaneously, to account for capillary-tissue interaction, thus giving axial and radial oxygen partial pressure profiles for the total system.The Monte Carlo method has been employed to solve the resulting set of equations on a digital computer. Th...
Oxidation-Induced Defects and Effects in Silicon During Low Thermal-Budget Processing

Low thermal-budget processing of Si can produce point-defect concentrations that depend on time, temperature and ambient in ways that are unlike observations from high temperature/long time anneals. Following ion implantation, anneals in oxidizing ambients may produce point-defect supersaturations that are not significant compared to levels produced by dissolving point-defect clusters or extended dislocations. A reverse oxidation-enhanced diffusion (OED) effect is observed for 750°C anneals of B an As-implanted Si. Other sources of point-defects in low thermal-budget processes include dissolving precipitates and metal silicide reactions which can assist in eliminating process-induced defects.
Multifunctional, flexible electronic systems based on engineered nanostructured materials

The development of flexible electronic systems has been extensively researched in recent years, with the goal of expanding the potential scope and market of modern electronic devices in the areas of computation, communications, displays, sensing and energy. Uniquely, the use of soft polymeric substrates enables the incorporation of advanced features beyond mechanical bendability and stretchability. In this paper, we describe several functionalities which can be achieved using engineered nanostructured materials. In particular, reversible binding, self-cleaning, antireflective and shape-reconfigurable properties are introduced for the realization of multifunctional, flexible electronic devices. Examples of flexible systems capable of spatial mapping and/or responding to external stimuli are also presented as a new class of user-interactive devices.
Elimination of Endemic Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome From the Western Hemisphere: The US Experience

Importance To verify the elimination of endemic measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) from the Western hemisphere, the Pan American Health Organization requested each member country to compile a national elimination report. The United States documented the elimination of endemic measles in 2000 and of endemic rubella and CRS in 2004. In December 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened an external expert panel to review the evidence and determine whether elimination of endemic measles, rubella, and CRS had been sustained. Objective To review the evidence for sustained elimination of endemic measles, rubella, and CRS from the United States through 2011. Design, Setting, and Participants Review of data for measles from 2001 to 2011 and for rubella and CRS from 2004 to 2011 covering the US resident population and international visitors, including disease epidemiology, importation status of cases, molecular epidemiology, adequacy of surveillance, and population immunity as estimated by national vaccination coverage and serologic surveys. Main Outcomes and Measures Annual numbers of measles, rubella, and CRS cases, by importation status, outbreak size, and distribution; proportions of US population seropositive for measles and rubella; and measles-mumps-rubella vaccination coverage levels. Results Since 2001, US reported measles incidence has remained below 1 case per 1 000 000 population. Since 2004, rubella incidence has been below 1 case per 10 000 000 population, and CRS incidence has been below 1 case per 5 000 000 births. Eighty-eight percent of measles cases and 54% of rubella cases were internationally imported or epidemiologically or virologically linked to importation. The few cases not linked to importation were insufficient to represent endemic transmission. Molecular epidemiology indicated no endemic genotypes. The US surveillance system is adequate to detect endemic measles or rubella. Seroprevalence and vaccination coverage data indicate high levels of population immunity to measles and rubella. Conclusions and Relevance The external expert panel concluded that the elimination of endemic measles, rubella, and CRS from the United States was sustained through 2011. However, international importation continues, and health care providers should suspect measles or rubella in patients with febrile rash illness, especially when associated with international travel or international visitors, and should report suspected cases to the local health department.
The magnitude of tissue cooling during cryotherapy with varied types of compression.

Abstract Context: Certified athletic trainers can choose different types of external compression (none, Flex-i-Wrap, and elastic wrap) when applying an ice bag to the body. However, which type facilitates the greatest magnitude of tissue cooling is unclear. Objective: To compare the effects of 2 common types of external compression on the magnitude of surface and intramuscular cooling during an ice-bag treatment. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Fourteen college students (10 women, 4 men; age = 22.4 ± 1.8 years, height = 169.1 ± 8.2 cm, mass = 73.3 ± 18.5 kg, skinfold = 13.14 ± 1.61 mm) with previous cryotherapy experience and a posterior lower leg skinfold equal to or less than 15 mm. Intervention(s): On 3 different days separated by 24 to 48 hours, an ice bag was applied to the posterior lower leg surface of each participant for 30 minutes with no compression, with elastic wrap, or with Flex-i-Wrap. Main Outcome Measure...
Urban-induced thunderstorm modification in the Southeast United States

This study provides the first climatological synthesis of how urbanization augments warm-season convection among a range of cities in the southeastern U.S. By comparing the location of convection in these cities and adjacent control regions via high-resolution, radar reflectivity and lightning data, we illustrate that demographic and land-use changes feed back to local atmospheric processes that promote thunderstorm formation and persistence. Composite radar data for a 10-year, June–August period are stratified according to specific “medium” and “high” reflectivity thresholds. As surrogates for potentially strong (medium reflectivity) and severe (high reflectivity) thunderstorms, these radar climatologies can be used to determine if cities are inducing more intense events. Results demonstrate positive urban amplification of thunderstorm frequency and intensity for major cities. Mid-sized cities investigated had more subtle urban effects, suggesting that the urban influences on thunderstorm development and strength are muted by land cover and climatological controls. By examining cities of various sizes, as well as rural counterparts, the investigation determined that the degree of urban thunderstorm augmentation corresponds to the geometry of the urban footprint. The research provides a methodological template for continued monitoring of anthropogenically forced and/or modified thunderstorms.
Well-Child Care: Effectiveness of Current Recommendations

Well-child care is the main source of preventive health care for children in the United States. Repeated examinations of healthy children during health supervision visits are used to assess biomedical health, development, behavior, and family functioning. In addition, well-child care serves to provide parent education through age appropriate counseling referred to as anticipatory guidance. Recommendations for well-child care are found in the Health Supervision Guidelines III, published by American Academy of Pediatrics, last revised in 1993, and a publication from the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, The Bright Futures, Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children and Adolescents, revised in 2000. This article reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of the current recommendation for well-child care including the recommendations for the number of visits, history and physical examination as a screening technique, observation of parent-child interaction, and the recommendation for provision of anticipatory guidance. This article also summarizes the recent advances in well-child care and identifies an agenda for future research.
Analysis of Protection Performance of 10kV Typical Pole Against Induced Lightning in Pearl River Delta Region

Induced lightning is the main cause of lightning trip-out occurrences on 10kV distribution lines.The factors influencing protection performance against induced lightning are analyzed for improving lightning protection.And then electromagnetic field method is used to deduce the formula of induced over-voltage.Taking the typical 10kV quadruple-circuit lines tower BB20in Pearl River Delta Region for an example,the influence of factors,such as lightning location,pole height and insulation level on lightning protection performance are analyzed.Based on the principle of increasing the length of discharge path,it proposes to improve lighting protection performance of pole tower by installation of composite insulation pole-top or crossarm.
Observation on Effect of Controlling T. trichuria Infection with Albendazole Anti-helminthes Sweeties among Kindergarten's Children in Kaiping City

Objective To study T.trichuria infection status and the effect of albendazole anti-helminthes sweets treatment among kindergarten's children in Kaiping city. Methods The albendazole anti-helminthes sweeties were used twice a year among kindergarten's children from 2002 to 2004 in Kaiping city to control the T.trichuria infection. Samples were collected at 8:00 am to 10:00 am every day and examined under microscope. Results 8591 children was tested, the positive rate of T.trichuria infection was 12.2% in 2002,and was significantly higher than that in 2004 (6.17%). There were no different between the positive rates of T.trichuria infection in the 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years old groups. Conclusion Albendazole anti-helminthes sweets treatment could effectively control T.trichuria infection.
Research of developing multimedia course ware

On the practices,the paper has motioned developing steps of a set of multimedia course ware,technical conditions,and sum up a model of developing course.
Epigenetic regulation in Parkinson’s disease

Recent efforts have shed new light on the epigenetic mechanisms driving gene expression alterations associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Changes in gene expression are a well-established cause of PD, and epigenetic mechanisms likely play a pivotal role in regulation. Studies in families with PD harboring duplications and triplications of the SNCA gene have demonstrated that gene dosage is associated with increased expression of both SNCA mRNA and protein, and correlates with a fulminant disease course. Furthermore, it is postulated that even subtle changes in SNCA expression caused by common variation is associated with disease risk. Of note, genome-wide association studies have identified over 30 loci associated with PD with most signals located in non-coding regions of the genome, thus likely influencing transcript expression levels. In health, epigenetic mechanisms tightly regulate gene expression, turning genes on and off to balance homeostasis and this, in part, explains why two cells with the same DNA sequence will have different RNA expression profiles. Understanding this phenomenon will be crucial to our interpretation of the selective vulnerability observed in neurodegeneration and specifically dopaminergic neurons in the PD brain. In this review, we discuss epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, involved in regulating the expression of genes relevant to PD, RNA-based mechanisms, as well as the effect of toxins and potential epigenetic-based treatments for PD.
Therapeutic Options for Early-Stage Uterine Papillary Serous Carcinomas, Carcinosarcomas, and Clear-Cell and Mixed-Cell Histologies

Type II endometrial carcinomas, accounting for 10–20 % of women diagnosed, are typically higher grade, diagnosed at a later stage of the disease, and with precursor lesions rarely identified. Type II endometrial carcinomas include uterine papillary serous carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and clear-cell, mixed, mucinous, squamous, mesonephric, undifferentiated, and grade III endometrioid type carcinomas. Type II tumors are more aggressive, proposed to develop from endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma, a malignant transformation from atrophic endometrium or benign polyp epithelium, secondary to mutations in p53. Though uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) accounts for only 10 % of endometrial carcinomas, it accounts for nearly 40 % of endometrial cancer deaths [2]. Although vaginal bleeding is still the most common presenting symptom, it typically manifests in the UPSC patient at a much later stage, and other common presenting complaints include bloating and increased abdominal girth, early satiety, and other symptoms typical to epithelial ovarian cancer presentation.
Women’s and men’s career choices in astronomy and astrophysics

Longitudinal study of astronomy graduate students that identifies factors contributing to retention in general with a focus on gender.
Fostering Global Security

This chapter offers an overview of post-September 11 US security policy as it pertains to fighting terrorism by promoting democracy using nonviolence. The first section lays out how the USA has used nonviolence in its security policy documents, especially the 2002 and 2006 US National Security Strategies. The second part traces the varied linguistic uses of the term “nonviolence” and what is meant by it. The refinement of terms, it is hoped, will help to create better policy. The chapter concludes with an appeal for a critical theory of nonviolence that is inoculated against the kinds of imperial usages witnessed in the past.
Periprosthetic Fracture of the Femur After Total Hip Arthroplasty

Periprosthetic femoral fractures may occur intraoperatively, early or late postoperatively. Risk factors include fracture as primary diagnosis for arthroplasty, osteolysis, loose implants, and revision surgery. Prevention of intraoperative fractures begins with careful preoperative planning, identifying at-risk patients, and attention to surgical technique. For patients presenting with fractures after hip arthroplasty, obtaining a thorough history is important to rule out implant loosening prior to the injury. Minimally displaced fractures of the greater trochanter (type A fractures) are best treated conservatively. Fractures around a well-fixed implant (type B1 fractures) are treated with plating with combined proximal cables and unicortical screws and distal bicortical screws, with or without strut allografts. When the stability of the implant is questionable, it must be tested intraoperatively. Fractures around a loose implant (type B2 fractures) must be treated with stem revision to a stem that gains primary fixation in the diaphysis. Fractures in the setting of deficient bone stock (type B3 fractures) can be challenging to treat. Surgical options include long cylindrical or fluted stems, with or without cortical strut grafting, allograft-prosthetic composite, or proximal femoral replacement. Currently, the overwhelming majority of type B2 and B3 fractures are treated with modern modular fluted tapered stems. Fractures well distal to the implant (type C fractures) are best treated with open reduction and internal fixation extending proximally above the tip of the stem.
Robotic Telecytology for Remote Cytologic Evaluation without an On-site Cytotechnologist or Cytopathologist: A Tale of Implementation and Review of Constraints.

Background: The first satellite center to offer interventional radiology procedures at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center opened in October 2014. Two of the procedures offered, fine needle aspirations and core biopsies, required rapid on-site cytologic evaluation of smears and biopsy touch imprints for cellular content and adequacy. The volume and frequency of such evaluations did not justify hiring on-site cytotechnologists, and therefore, a dynamic robotic telecytology (TC) solution was created. In this technical article, we present a detailed description of our implementation of robotic TC. Methods: Pathology devised the remote robotic TC solution after acknowledging that it would not be cost effective to staff cytotechnologists on-site at the satellite location. Sakura VisionTek was selected as our robotic TC solution. In addition to configuration of the dynamic robotic TC solution, pathology realized integrating the technology solution into operations would require a multidisciplinary effort and reevaluation of existing staffing and workflows. Results: Extensively described are the architectural framework and multidisciplinary process re-design, created to navigate the constraints of our technical, cultural, and organizational environment. Also reviewed are the benefits and challenges associated with available desktop sharing solutions, particularly accounting for information security concerns. Conclusions: Dynamic robotic TC is effective for immediate evaluations performed without on-site cytotechnology staff. Our goal is providing an extensive perspective of the implementation process, particularly technical, cultural, and operational constraints. Through this perspective, our template can serve as an extensible blueprint for other centers interested in implementing robotic TC without on-site cytotechnologists.
Unnecessary Removal of Central Venous Catheters in Cancer Patients with Bloodstream Infections

We evaluated the rate of central venous catheter (CVC) removal in 283 cancer patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs). Removal of CVCs occurred unnecessarily in 57% of patients with non-central-line-associated BSI (non-CLABSI), which was equivalent to the rate of CVC removal in patients with CLABSIs. Physician education and safe interventions to salvage the vascular access are warranted. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:222-225.
Prevention and management of silica scaling in membrane distillation using pH adjustment

Abstract Membrane scaling by silica is a major challenge in desalination, particularly for inland desalination of brackish groundwater or geothermal water, which often contain high concentrations of silica and dissolved solids. Adjustment of feed pH may reduce silica scaling risk, which is important for inland facilities that operate at high water recoveries to reduce brine disposal costs. However, water recovery of reverse osmosis is also limited due to increased osmotic pressure with feed water concentration. Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven membrane desalination technique that is not limited by increased osmotic pressure of the feed. In this investigation, pH adjustment was tested as a strategy to reduce silica scaling risk in the MD process. With feed water pH less than 5 or higher than 10, scaling impacts were negligible at silica concentrations up to 600 mg/L. Scaling rates were highest at neutral pH between 6 and 8. Cleaning strategies were also explored to remove silica scale from membranes. Cleaning using NaOH solutions at pH higher than 11 to induce dissolution of silica scale was effective at temporarily restoring performance; however, some silica remained on membrane surfaces and scaling upon re-exposure to supersaturated silica concentrations occurred faster than with new membranes.
Testing the Impact of Mixed‐Mode Designs (Mail and Web) and Multiple Contact Attempts within Mode (Mail or Web) on Clinician Survey Response

Objective To compare response rate and nonresponse bias across two mixed-mode survey designs and two single-mode designs. Data sources This experiment was embedded in a clinician survey of knowledge and attitudes regarding HPV vaccination (n = 275). Study design Clinicians were randomly assigned one of two mixed-mode (mail/web or web/mail) or single-mode designs (mail-only/web-only). Differences in response rate and nonresponse bias were assessed. Principal findings Using a multiple-contact protocol increased response, and sending a web survey first provided the more rapid response. Overall, the mixed-mode survey designs generated final response rates approximately 10 percentage points higher than their single-mode counterparts, although only the final response differences between the mail-only and web/mail conditions attained statistical significance (32.1 percent vs. 48 percent, respectively; p = .005). Observed differences did not result in nonresponse bias. Conclusions Results support mixing modes of survey administration and web-based data collection in a multiple contact survey data collection protocol.
A case of madness resulting in a fortunate outcome; case report of a psychotic break as a result of cortisol secreting thymic neuroendocrine thymic tumor.

ABSTRACTRepresenting a mere 2–5% of the total thymic malignancies and 0.4% of total carcinoid tumors, primary thymic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are the zebras of the thymic neoplasms. They were initially characterized as ‘epithelial thymomas’; later, the term carcinoid tumors was coined by Rosai and Higa. These tumors are highly unpredictable in their presentation and prognosis. Coupled with variable clinical presentation, rare pathologic diagnosis and absence of diagnostic and prognostic parameters, it is a challenge for both patients and clinicians. Treatment entails local definitive therapy, symptom control and systemic chemoradiation given either pre or post operatively based on staging and resectability. We hereby report a peculiar case of psychosis that likely resulted from one such rare tumor.
How Conventional Antigens and Superantigens Interact with the Human MHC Class II Molecule HLA-DR1

Reliable molecular recognition is an important aspect of an effective immune response. In order to ensure a specific response against the appropriate pathogens, the immune system has evolved a network of regulatory mechanisms that distinguish between self and non-self at the molecular level. Three proteins of this network play a key role in this process, by interacting directly with antigens. These proteins are the antibody, the T cell receptor (TcR) and the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) glycoproteins. Antibodies and the TcRs share a similar mechanism for generating a huge diversity of antigen combining sites by recombination of germ-line encoded gene segments. The subsequent diversity of these two proteins is found associated with individual cells, which clonally express unique antigen specificities at their cell surface. Antibodies are expressed by the B cell and the TcR is expressed by the T cell, where each cell is poised to recognize a distinct antigenic epitope. The TcR is further restricted to the recognition of peptide antigens bound to self MHC glycoproteins, after undergoing a developmental selection process in the thymus.
Reversible alterations in membrane permeability of escherichiacoli induced by a steroidal diamine, irehdiamine A

Abstract Mahler and Baylor (1967) introduced steroidal diamines such as irehdiamine A (IDA) as a class of potentially useful agents with selective inhibitory effects on bacterial and bacteriophage growth. In bacteriophage-infected cells, phage-directed DNA synthesis is more sensitive to IDA inhibition than is RNA and protein synthesis (Mahler and Baylor, 1967) . In vitro associations of IDA and polynucleotides have been extensively studied ( Mahler et al. , 1966 ; Goutarel et al. , 1967 ; Lefresne et al. , 1967 ). We have recently reported rapid and selective effects of steroidal diamines on cell membrane properties which we proposed as an explanation for the inhibitory effects of the steroids (Silver and Levine, 1968) . The initial changes in cell permeability properties and active transport, which are induced by IDA within a minute or so of the time of addition, were found to be reversible. In this paper, we describe the reversal of the effects of IDA by dilution and by high concentrations of magnesium.
Models of Steady-State Control of Skeletal Muscle \(\rm\dot{v}\)O2 Evaluation Using Tissue Data

Oxygen delivered to the skeletal muscle ultimately serves as a substrate for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. All models dealing with oxygen delivery to the mitochondria must include some quantitative description of oxygen consumption (\(\rm\dot{v}\) O2) • Although a number of proposals for the regulation of mitochondrial VO2 have been made and tested with isolated mitochondria, there is still considerable uncertainty as to the best way of relating changes in \(\rm\dot{v}\) O2 in vivo to measurable changes in tissue metabolites. In a recent report (Connett, 1987) we demonstrated that during a rest-work transition in dog skeletal muscle, neither adenosine diphosphate concentration [ADP] nor inorganic phosphate [Pi] alone appeared to be rate-limiting and, therefore, regulating substrates. It was found that the best description of the changes in VO2 with time was obtained by relating \(\rm\dot{v}\) O2 to the phosphorylation potential with the charge balance of adenosine triphosphate [ATP] hydrolysis taken into account. This report deals with a preliminary evaluation of the same models using data from various rates of steady-state energy turnover.
Secondary Batteries-New Batteries: High Temperature

Since the mid-1960s there has been a growing research and development effort in the area of high-specific-energy, high-specific-power rechargeable batteries for use in electric vehicles, electric utility networks, and solar- and wind-powered electric generator systems. For a variety of reasons, including scientific, technological, and economic, high-temperature, nonaqueous systems have been found to be the most attractive candidates for the above relatively large-scale applications. Only the high-temperature cells offer the attractive combination of features sought for the cited applications: a specific energy above 100 Wh/kg, a specific power above 100 W/kg, a cycle life in excess of 500 cycles (at 100% depth of discharge), and a projected cost of less than $50† per kWh of energy storage capability.
Circadian Changes in Intraocular Pressure

Circadian rhythms explain a variety of physiologic processes, including sleep, body temperature, hormone secretion, and cell regeneration. These rhythms maintain a periodicity of approximately 24 hours (24H) in light or dark, are relatively independent of external temperature, and can be reset by external stimuli. The patterns of a number of processes undergoing circadian rhythm have been linked to melatonin secretion, which peaks in the early morning, and body temperature, which is at its trough at 5 a.m. Extensive clinical evidence indicates that intraocular pressure (IOP) follows a 24H pattern of peaks (in the morning) and troughs (in the evening). The sinusoidal 24H IOP curve suggests a dynamic regulation of the variables in the Goldmann equation (aqueous production, outflow facility, and episcleral venous pressure). Indeed, it has been well recognized that aqueous production follows a circadian cycle [1–3], peaking during the diurnal period and with sleep deprivation [4, 5]. The stimulus for these rhythms likely comes from the hypothalamus and the photic-sensitive suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Neuroendocrine signaling molecules such as norepinephrine and dopamine may regulate these rhythms. Still, the persistence of these rhythms in patients with Horner syndrome may indicate an additional source of biochemical regulation of aqueous flow. The importance of 24H IOP, particularly the nocturnal (sleep) values, has not yet been elucidated. Nevertheless, IOP remains the only clinically modifiable risk factor for glaucoma. Moreover, a number of patients with statistically average or low IOPs show progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Twenty-four-hour IOP studies have demonstrated a distinct difference in IOP curves in glaucoma relative to normal subjects [5, 6]. These studies suggest the possibility that a dysregulation of circadian rhythms that may control 24H IOP contribute to the development and worsening of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Further, peak values of IOP achieved during the nocturnal period may have to be lowered to optimally prevent worsening glaucoma.
Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) Deficiency

An 18-year-old female student comes for an evaluation, accompanied by her parents. She has been considering bariatric surgery to manage her long-standing history of obesity. The patient reports that since early childhood, she has had “weight issues.” Her parents remember that at 12 months of age, she was always hungry and constantly seeking food. She was overweight as a toddler, but because of a history of overweight in her first paternal cousins, her parents did not think much of it. The patient’s family has a very active lifestyle, which involves outdoor sports and hiking, so from an early age, she has been physically active. She currently plays lacrosse and field hockey at school, in addition to running 5 miles daily with her father. Her siblings – one brother and a sister – are lean, as well as the patient’s mother. Her father is slightly overweight, in spite of his high activity level, and he was obese as a child. The patient feels that the most difficult part of trying to lose weight is controlling her appetite. She has food thoughts most of the time, and it is hard to stay on a low-carbohydrate diet. She is frustrated that no matter how much she exercises, she does not seem able to lose weight. At the moment, she weighs 120 kg, and her height is 1.80 m. The patient is much taller than her mother and siblings and as tall as her father. She currently takes no medications. Menarche was at age 13 and her menses are regular. She is doing well academically but feels her social life is restricted by her feeling ashamed of her weight. On her physical exam, her vital signs were within normal range. The patient looked her stated age. The exam revealed central adiposity but no dysmorphic features or acanthosis nigricans.