cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Impact of Travel Time Reliability on Urban Expressway Traffic Safety

In urban areas, toll expressways have been constructed to provide motorists with safe, efficient, and reliable trips. Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between safety and efficiency. However, there has been only a limited focus on how traffic safety and reliability are related. In this study, multiple travel time reliability indicators were developed on the basis of an automatic vehicle identification system installed on the expressway of interest. The effects of travel time reliability on crash frequency were evaluated within the Bayesian hierarchical Poisson lognormal framework. It was confirmed that the reduction of travel time reliability caused by late arrivals would lead to more crashes. Nevertheless, the effects of travel time reliability were more significant on multivehicle crashes than on single-vehicle crashes. In addition, the necessity of using direct reliability measurement in safety analysis was assessed by calibrating models with only traditional traffic flow variables an...
Rotational Symmetry Breaking in a Trigonal Superconductor Nb-doped Bi2Se3

The search for unconventional superconductivity has been focused on materials with strong spin-orbit coupling and unique crystal lattices. Doped bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) is a strong candidate, given the topological insulator nature of the parent compound and its triangular lattice. The coupling between the physical properties in the superconducting state and its underlying crystal symmetry is a crucial test for unconventional superconductivity. In this paper, we report direct evidence that the superconducting magnetic response couples strongly to the underlying trigonal crystal symmetry in the recently discovered superconductor with trigonal crystal structure, niobium (Nb)-doped Bi2Se3. As a result, the in-plane magnetic torque signal vanishes every 60°. More importantly, the superconducting hysteresis loop amplitude is enhanced along one preferred direction, spontaneously breaking the rotational symmetry. This observation indicates the presence of nematic order in the superconducting ground state of Nb-doped Bi2Se3. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.7.011009 Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Published by the American Physical Society
Toxic Products of Bacterium enteritidis and of Related Micro-Organisms

Gaertner,' in 1888, the first to attribute meat poisoning to an infection and the first to isolate and describe an organism responsible for it, found that boiled cultures of Bact. enteritidis which he isolated from the flesh of a cow were toxic for guinea-pigs and rabbits when inoculated intraperitoneally. Since then thermostable toxic substances have been reported frequently, especially in connection with outbreaks of food poisoning. A summary of this work may be seen in table 1. Although most workers have agreed that toxic substances are present in broth cultures of paratyphoid organisms, there has been great difference of opinion concerning the properties of these poisons. Some have emphasized their inconstancy of production and their instability; while others have found the toxicity of filtrates kept in the icebox to persist indefinitely. Different degrees of heat resistance have been reported; most investigators have found a definite thermostability. The production of serum that neutralized the toxicity of broth filtrates has been reported by Kraus and Stenitzer, Ecker, Aronovitch, Wherry and Butterfield, and Franchetti. Both Franchetti and Ecker found agglutinins in their immune serum, and Franchetti reported complement-fixation. Precipitation of the toxic substances with ammonium sulphate was obtained by Aronovitch and by Ecker, and with alcohol by Ecker.
Estimation of Long-Chain Branching in Ethylene-Propylene Terpolymers from Infinite-Dilution Viscoelastic Properties

A method is outlined for estimation of small degrees of long-chain branching in polymers with moderately narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn <1.4). The storage and loss shear moduli, G′ and G″, are measured in dilute solution by the Birnboim-Schrag multiple-lumped resonator and extrapolated to infinite dilution, choosing a suitable solvent viscosity and frequency range such that the data lie in the terminal zone where G′ and G″ are proportional to the second and first powers of frequency, respectively. The intrinsic reduced steady-state shear compliance is determined from these data and corrected for moderate molecular weight heterogeneity (assuming a Gaussian distribution) from knowledge of Mw/Mn and the Mark-Houwink exponent a. The resulting value of S2/S (where S1 = Στp/τ1, S2 = Σ(τp/τ1)2, the τp's being the relaxation times and τ1 the longest one) is compared with values calculated by the Zimm-Kilb theory as evaluated by Osaki for comb polymers of regular geometry and different numbers of branch points. The method has been illustrated by measurements on four ethylene–propylene copolymers. One containing no termonomer and one containing a saturated termonomer appeared to be linear; two containing unsaturated termonomers showed small degrees of branching. The method appears to be promising for detecting from one to four branch points per molecule.
Waste Glass Corrosion Modeling: Comparison With Experimental Results

Models for borosilicate glass dissolution must account for theprocesses of (1) kinetically-controlled network dissolution, (2) precipitation of secondaryphases, (3) ion exchange, (4) rate-limiting diffusive transport of silica through a hydrous surface reaction layer, and (5) specific glass surface interactions with dissolved cations and anions. Current long-term corrosion models for borosilicate glass employ a rate equation consistent with transition state theory embodied in a geochemical reaction-path modelingprogram that calculates aqueousphase speciation and mineralprecipitation/dissolution. These models are currently under development. Future experimental and modeling work to better quantify the rate-controllingprocesses and validate these models are necessary before the models can be used in repositoryperformance assessment calculations.
Study of In-Situ Laser-Deposition of Superconducting Thin Films by In-Situ Resistance Measurement

The electric resistance was measured in real time during laser evaporation deposition of superconducting thin films. It was found that different substrates led to different behaviors in the temporal change of the resistance. The results are consistent with the processes of nucleation, interface reaction and bulk-like growth. Structural transformation was also observed due to oxygen backfilling at the final stage of the deposition.
Study of the Viscoelastic Behavior and Molecular Weight Distribution of Polyisobutylene

A study is made of the behavior under constant shear stress of several carefully characterized samples of polyisobutylene. The materials used are whole polymers and fractions obtained from these by dractional precipitation. As a first step in the characterization, the intrinsic viscosity of each is determined. It is shown that the samples cover a molecular weight range from 1 × 105 to 1 × 106. To provide a more detailed characterization, sedimentation equilibrium experiments are performed with several of the polyisobutylenes. These experiments yield values of several average molecular weights for each polymer, from which data an approximation to the molecular weight distribution can be made. It is pointed out that the whole polymers of isobutylene are very polydisperse. The viscosity-average molecular weights calculated from these experiments are in good agreement with the results of the intrinsic viscosity measurements. The viscoelastic behavior of some of these polymers is then studied by means of creep and recovery experiments. The melt viscosity is determined in two ways, from flow during creep and from the amount of nonrecoverable deformation after elastic recovery. The elastic recovery of the polyisobutylene samples is analyzed in some detail. A method for the reduction of data taken at several temperatures to a standard temperature, previously used for dynamic-mechanical properties and stress relaxation data, is shown to be applicable to elastic recovery data. Furthermore, the results of creep and recovery experiments can be superimposed in favorable cases. The steady-state elastic compliance is evaluated, and errors in its determination discussed. The results would seem to indicate that this quantity depends, at least in part, upon the degree of polydispersity of the polymer. This dependence appears to mask any direct variation with average molecular weight. Finally, it is shown that an average retardation time is directly proportional to the melt viscosity of the polymer.
Unraveling a secret : Vietnam's outstanding performance on the PISA test

This paper seeks to find an empirical explanation of Vietnam's outstanding performance on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2012. Only a few developing countries participate in the assessment. Those who do, with the unique exception of Vietnam, are typically clustered at the lower end of the range of the Programme for International student Assessment scores. The paper compares Vietnam's performance with that of a set of seven developing countries from the 2012 assessment's data set, using a cut-off per capita GDP (in 2010 purchasing power parity dollars) of $10,000. The seven developing countries' average performance lags Vietnam's by more than 100 points. The "Vietnam effect" is difficult to unscramble, but the paper is able to explain about half of the gap between Vietnam and the seven countries. The analysis reveals that Vietnamese students may be approaching their studies with higher diligence and discipline, their parents may have higher expectations, and the parents may be following up with teachers regarding those expectations. The teachers themselves may be working in a more disciplined environment, with tabs being kept on their own performance as teachers. Vietnam may also be benefiting from investments in pre-school education and in school infrastructure that are disproportionately higher when compared with Vietnam's per capita income level.
Streamlining of Bridge Piers as Scour Countermeasures: Optimization of Cross Sections

Bridge scour is one of the most critical causes of bridge failure. Existing scour countermeasures either passively prevent the development of scour holes by stabilizing the critical shear zone or actively reduce the turbulence intensity in the vicinity of the pier surface. This paper proposes streamlining of the bridge pier as an option to reduce turbulence intensity actively in the local zone and thus decrease overall local scour potential. The effect of the curvature of the pier cross section was evaluated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. To reduce computational cost, two-dimensional CFD simulations were conducted to model the flow fields around test cases having different pier cross sections. Simulation results were systematically analyzed and compared to evaluate the effect of streamlining on the flow field. The cross section that resulted in the smallest value of the maximum bed shear stress was selected as the optimal cross section for the subsequent three-dimensional (3-D) study...
“Who Is an Entrepreneur?” Is the Wrong Question:

Entrepreneurship is the creation of organizations. What differentiates entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs is that entrepreneurs create organizations, while non-entrepreneurs do not. In behavioral...
3D-R2N2: A Unified Approach for Single and Multi-view 3D Object Reconstruction

Inspired by the recent success of methods that employ shape priors to achieve robust 3D reconstructions, we propose a novel recurrent neural network architecture that we call the 3D Recurrent Reconstruction Neural Network (3D-R2N2). The network learns a mapping from images of objects to their underlying 3D shapes from a large collection of synthetic data [13]. Our network takes in one or more images of an object instance from arbitrary viewpoints and outputs a reconstruction of the object in the form of a 3D occupancy grid. Unlike most of the previous works, our network does not require any image annotations or object class labels for training or testing. Our extensive experimental analysis shows that our reconstruction framework (i) outperforms the state-of-the-art methods for single view reconstruction, and (ii) enables the 3D reconstruction of objects in situations when traditional SFM/SLAM methods fail (because of lack of texture and/or wide baseline).
A Framework for Prioritizing Research Investments in Precision Medicine

Introduction. The adoption of precision medicine (PM) has been limited in practice to date, and yet its promise has attracted research investments. Developing foundational economic approaches for directing proper use of PM and stimulating growth in this area from multiple perspectives is thus quite timely. Methods. Building on our previously developed expected value of individualized care (EVIC) framework, we conceptualize new decision-relevant metrics to better understand and forecast the expected value of PM. Several aspects of behavior at the patient, physician, and payer levels are considered that can inform the rate and manner in which PM innovations diffuse throughout the relevant population. We illustrate this framework and the methods using a retrospective evaluation of the use of OncotypeDx genomic test among breast cancer patients. Results. The enriched metrics can help inform many facets of PM decision making, such as evaluating alternative reimbursement levels for PM tests, implementation and ...
Robust multi-criteria optimal fuzzy control of continuous-time nonlinear systems

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a novel fuzzy control design of continuous-time nonlinear systems with multiple performance criteria. The purpose behind this work is to improve the traditional fuzzy controller performance to satisfy several performance criteria simultaneously to secure quadratic optimality with inherent stability property together with dissipativity type of disturbance reduction. The Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model is used in our control system design. By solving the linear matrix inequality at each time step, the control solution can be found to satisfy the mixed performance criteria. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by simulation of the control of the inverted pendulum system.
Unimodality via Alternating Gamma Vectors

For a polynomial with palindromic coefficients, unimodality is equivalent to having a nonnegative $g$-vector. A sufficient condition for unimodality is having a nonnegative $\gamma$-vector, though one can have negative entries in the $\gamma$-vector and still have a nonnegative $g$-vector. In this paper we provide combinatorial models for three families of $\gamma$-vectors that alternate in sign. In each case, the $\gamma$-vectors come from unimodal polynomials with straightforward combinatorial descriptions, but for which there is no straightforward combinatorial proof of unimodality. By using the transformation from $\gamma$-vector to $g$-vector, we express the entries of the $g$-vector combinatorially, but as an alternating sum. In the case of the $q$-analogue of $n!$, we use a sign-reversing involution to interpret the alternating sum, resulting in a manifestly positive formula for the $g$-vector. In other words, we give a combinatorial proof of unimodality. We consider this a "proof of concept" result that we hope can inspire a similar result for the other two cases, $\prod_{j=1}^n (1+q^j)$ and the $q$-binomial coefficient ${n\brack k}$.
Tuskegee and the Health of Black Men

JEL Codes: I14, O15 For forty years, the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male passively monitored hundreds of adult black males with syphilis despite the availability of effective treatment. The study’s methods have become synonymous with exploitation and mistreatment by the medical profession. To identify the study’s effects on the behavior and health of older black men, we use an interacted difference-in-difference-in-differences model, comparing older black men to other demographic groups, before and after the Tuskegee revelation, in varying proximity to the study’s victims. We find that the disclosure of the study in 1972 is correlated with increases in medical mistrust and mortality and decreases in both outpatient and inpatient physician interactions for older black men. Our estimates imply life expectancy at age 45 for black men fell by up to 1.5 years in response to the disclosure, accounting for approximately 35% of the 1980 life expectancy gap between black and white men and 25% of the gap between black men and women.
Let's Put Demography Back into Economics: Population Pyramids in Excel.

The economics curriculum today does not emphasize the study of population. This needs to change immediately because we are in the midst of another demographic sea change, slamming on the brakes right after a rapid acceleration during the last half of the twentieth century. Instead of glibly tossing a dependency ratio onto a slide, this article offers an easy way to improve demographic literacy using population pyramids. Simulation is used to explain the pyramid and its dynamic properties, and then real-world data are presented. Microsoft Excel's ability to act as a browser and download data with a single click of a button provides a flexible, powerful tool to explore historic, current, and predicted age-distributions of various countries. Download PopPyr.xlsm from https://archive.org/details/PopPyr.
Constrained Pseudorandom Functions for Unconstrained Inputs

A constrained pseudo random function PRF behaves like a standard PRF, but with the added feature that the master secret key holder, having secret key K, can produce a constrained key, $$K\{f\}$$, that allows for the evaluation of the PRF on all inputs satisfied by the constraint f. Most existing constrained PRF constructions can handle only bounded length inputs. In a recent work, Abusalah et al. [1] constructed a constrained PRF scheme where constraints can be represented as Turing machines with unbounded inputs. Their proof of security, however, requires risky "knowledge type" assumptions such as differing inputs obfuscation for circuits and SNARKs. In this work, we construct a constrained PRF scheme for Turing machines with unbounded inputs under weaker assumptions, namely, the existence of indistinguishability obfuscation for circuits and injective pseudorandom generators.
Climate impacts of geoengineering in a delayed mitigation scenario

Decarbonization in the immediate future is required to limit global mean temperature (GMT) increase to 2 degrees C relative to pre-industrial conditions, if geoengineering is not considered. Here we use the Community Earth System Model (CESM) to investigate climate outcomes if no mitigation is undertaken until GMT has reached 2 degree C. We find that late decarbonization (LD) in CESM without applying stratospheric sulfur injection (SSI) leads to a peak temperature increase of 3 degree C and GMT remains above 2 degrees for 160 years. An additional gradual increase and then decrease of SSI over this period reaching about 1.5 times the aerosol burden resulting from the Mt Pinatubo eruption in 1992 would limit the increase in GMT to 2.0 degrees for the specific pathway and model. SSI produces mean and extreme temperatures in CESM comparable to an early decarbonization pathway, but aridity is not mitigated to the same extent.
Investigate the impacts of PEV charging facilities on integrated electric distribution system and electrified transportation system

Nowadays, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are becoming one of the most promising solutions for consumers due to its economical and environmentally friendly characteristics. An ever-increasing number of PEVs have been radically changing the traditional view of the power industry, transportation industry, and business world. Research on grid integration of PEVs typically addresses topics at the vehicle-grid boundary such as peak load impacts and charging control. While researchers around the world are making significant advances in these areas, there is little work addressing the coupled effects of PEV charging with the mobility-focused, transportation eco-system to meet the dynamic needs of a changing society. In this paper, we propose a systematic co-modeling and simulation framework to investigate the impacts of PEV charging facilities on the electric distribution system and transportation system. Moreover, we explore the possibilities to improve the system's stability and the efficiency of the integrated electrified transportation systems by taking advantage of a variety of charging control strategies. The case studies focus on the PEV charging facilities in a relatively small portion of electric power system and transportation system, especially in metropolitan areas. However, the ideas contained here will apply to more generally coupled, and large-scale electrified transportation systems.
Health and Long-Term Care

This chapter summarizes the recent economic literature on health and long-term care as it relates to population aging. The profound demographic changes taking place in developed countries will require changes in how societies provide and pay for long-term care. Both the supply side and the demand side of the health care markets are undergoing change. This chapter provides a review of the main economic theories and empirical findings about the supply of and demand for long-term care, primarily among the elderly. It also reviews the main features and problems with insurance markets and quality of care. There is a short section that explains new promising data sets available for researchers. This chapter concludes with questions for future research.
Linear Precoding Gain for Large MIMO Configurations With QAM and Reduced Complexity

In this paper, the problem of designing a linear precoder for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in conjunction with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is addressed. First, a novel and efficient methodology to evaluate the input–output mutual information for a general MIMO system as well as its corresponding gradients is presented, based on the Gauss–Hermite quadrature rule. Then, the method is exploited in a block coordinate gradient ascent optimization process to determine the globally optimal linear precoder with respect to the MIMO input–output mutual information for QAM systems with relatively moderate MIMO channel sizes. The proposed methodology is next applied in conjunction with the complexity-reducing per-group processing technique to both perfect channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter as well as statistical CSI (Statistical CSI) scenarios, with large transmitting and receiving antenna sizes, and for constellation size up to $M=64$ . We show by the numerical results that the precoders developed offer significantly better performance than the configuration with no precoder as well as the maximum diversity precoder for QAM with constellation sizes $M=16$ , 32, and 64 and for MIMO channel size up to $100\times 100$ .
Resource Allocation and Firm Boundaries

In a modern economy, much of the allocation of financial and nonfinancial resources is mediated by organizations. This essay points to three general features of this mediating role of organizations...
Noether charge, black hole volume, and complexity

In this paper, we study the physical significance of the thermodynamic volumes of AdS black holes using the Noether charge formalism of Iyer and Wald. After applying this formalism to study the extended thermodynamics of a few examples, we discuss how the extended thermodynamics interacts with the recent complexity = action proposal of Brown et al. (CA-duality). We, in particular, discover that their proposal for the late time rate of change of complexity has a nice decomposition in terms of thermodynamic quantities reminiscent of the Smarr relation. This decomposition strongly suggests a geometric, and via CA-duality holographic, interpretation for the thermodynamic volume of an AdS black hole. We go on to discuss the role of thermodynamics in complexity = action for a number of black hole solutions, and then point out the possibility of an alternate proposal, which we dub “complexity = volume 2.0”. In this alternate proposal the complexity would be thought of as the spacetime volume of the Wheeler-DeWitt patch. Finally, we provide evidence that, in certain cases, our proposal for complexity is consistent with the Lloyd bound whereas CA-duality is not.
Mobile devices for the remote acquisition of physiological and behavioral biomarkers in psychiatric clinical research

Psychiatric disorders are linked to a variety of biological, psychological, and contextual causes and consequences. Laboratory studies have elucidated the importance of several key physiological and behavioral biomarkers in the study of psychiatric disorders, but much less is known about the role of these biomarkers in naturalistic settings. These gaps are largely driven by methodological barriers to assessing biomarker data rapidly, reliably, and frequently outside the clinic or laboratory. Mobile health (mHealth) tools offer new opportunities to study relevant biomarkers in concert with other types of data (e.g., self-reports, global positioning system data). This review provides an overview on the state of this emerging field and describes examples from the literature where mHealth tools have been used to measure a wide array of biomarkers in the context of psychiatric functioning (e.g., psychological stress, anxiety, autism, substance use). We also outline advantages and special considerations for incorporating mHealth tools for remote biomarker measurement into studies of psychiatric illness and treatment and identify several specific opportunities for expanding this promising methodology. Integrating mHealth tools into this area may dramatically improve psychiatric science and facilitate highly personalized clinical care of psychiatric disorders.
Increased sensitivity through use of overlapping 180/spl deg/ orbits in clinical myocardial perfusion imaging

Clinical cardiac imaging is hindered by noise due to limited activity and imaging time. Use of 90/spl deg/ dual detector systems with 90/spl deg/ gantry rotation may provide the best sensitivity/resolution for cardiac imaging, but this option is not available to those using a triple-detector system with detectors at 120/spl deg/ intervals. This study utilizes a cardiac/chest phantom to compare several triple-detector orbits, with assessment of sensitivity and resolution. A 180/spl deg/ rotation with reconstruction of two of the three heads was evaluated, resulting in overlapping 180/spl deg/ orbits; use of a starting angle of 165/spl deg/ for the first head placed the overlapping portion of the orbits over the LAO myocardial region, where camera-cardiac distance is most favorable. Use of this overlapping orbit yielded resolution equivalent to a conventional (single-head) 180/spl deg/ rotation. Sensitivity was 90% of that of a 90/spl deg/ dual-detector system, and 20% better than the common practice of using a 120/spl deg/ orbit with reconstruction of 1 and 1/2 heads to achieve a 180/spl deg/ orbit. Use of 36O/spl deg/ acquisition with reconstruction of all three heads provided the greatest sensitivity, though at some loss in image quality. Thus, far those centers performing cardiac imaging using a triple detector system, using overlapping 180/spl deg/ orbits is the preferred acquisition choice. >
Hierarchical beam search for solving most relevant explanation in Bayesian networks

Most Relevant Explanation (MRE) is an inference problem in Bayesian networks that finds the most relevant partial instantiation of target variables as an explanation for given evidence. It has been shown in recent literature that it addresses the overspecification problem of existing methods, such as MPE and MAP. In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical beam search algorithm for solving MRE. The main idea is to use a second-level beam to limit the number of successors generated by the same parent so as to limit the similarity between the solutions in the first-level beam and result in a more diversified population. Three pruning criteria are also introduced to achieve further diversity. Empirical results show that the new algorithm outperforms local search and regular beam search.
Experimental observation of multiphoton Thomson scattering

High-power laser light is used to study Thomson scattering in the highly multiphoton regime. The experimental results are consistent with ultra-high field strengths and the scattering of close to 103 laser photons per electron.
Performance Information and Personnel Decisions in the Public Sector: The Case of School Principals

Firms and other organizations establish the criteria under which employees will be judged and the performance measures made available to supervisors, the board of directors and other stakeholders, and these structures almost certainly influence behavior and organization outcomes. Any divergence of the chosen performance metric from an ideal measurement of productivity may lead to suboptimal outcomes, particularly in the public sector where outside interest groups may rely more heavily on easily accessible ratings than better-informed insiders. In the case of public education, federal and state accountability systems provide considerable information about student outcomes and rate schools on that basis. However, the No Child Left Behind accountability legislation’s focus on pass rates rather than learning and achievement growth introduces the possibility that inadequate information and a flawed structure each compromise public school quality. This study of school principal labor market outcomes investigates the relationship between principal labor market success and a set of performance measures that differ on the basis of accessibility to stakeholders and link with true principal productivity. The results from the empirical analysis provide evidence that information and design deficiencies introduce a lack of alignment between incentives and principal productivity and adversely affect the quality of education in Texas public schools.
Energy scenarios: the value and limits of scenario analysis

A need for low-carbon world has added a new challenging dimension for the long-term energy scenarios development. In addition to the traditional factors like technological progress, demographic, economic, political, and institutional considerations, there is another aspect of the modern energy forecasts related to the coverage, timing, and stringency of policies to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants. Modern tools for the energy scenario development provide a good basis for the estimates of the required changes in the energy system to achieve certain climate and environmental targets. While the current scenarios show that a move to a low-carbon energy future requires a drastic change in energy investment and the resulting mix in energy technologies, the exact technology mix, paths to the needed mix, price, and cost projections should be treated with a great degree of caution. The scenarios do not provide exact predictions, but they can be used as a qualitative analysis of decision-making risks associated with different pathways. If history is any guide, energy scenarios overestimate the extent to which the future will look like the recent past. As future costs and the resulting technology mixes are uncertain, a wise government policy is to target emissions reductions from any source, rather than focus on boosting certain kinds of low-carbon energy. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
The New Lifecycle of Women’s Employment: Disappearing Humps, Sagging Middles, Expanding Tops

A new life cycle of women's employment emerged with cohorts born in the 1950s. For prior cohorts, life-cycle employment had a hump shape; it increased from the twenties to the forties, hit a peak, and then declined starting in the fifties. The new life cycle of employment is initially high and flat, there is a dip in the middle, and a phasing out that is more prolonged than for previous cohorts. The hump is gone, the middle is a bit sagging, and the top has greatly expanded. We explore the increase in cumulative work experience for women from the 1930s to the 1970s birth cohorts using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Health and Retirement Study. We investigate the changing labor force impact of a birth event across cohorts and by education, and also the impact of taking leave or quitting. We find greatly increased labor force experience across cohorts, far less time out after a birth, and greater labor force recovery for those who take paid or unpaid leave. Increased employment of women in their older ages is related to more continuous work experience across the life cycle.
Compressed Sensing Off the Grid

This paper investigates the problem of estimating the frequency components of a mixture of s complex sinusoids from a random subset of n regularly spaced samples. Unlike previous work in compressed sensing, the frequencies are not assumed to lie on a grid, but can assume any values in the normalized frequency domain [0, 1]. An atomic norm minimization approach is proposed to exactly recover the unobserved samples and identify the unknown frequencies, which is then reformulated as an exact semidefinite program. Even with this continuous dictionary, it is shown that O(slog s log n) random samples are sufficient to guarantee exact frequency localization with high probability, provided the frequencies are well separated. Extensive numerical experiments are performed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Ex-post stable and fair payoff allocation for renewable energy aggregation

Aggregating statistically diverse renewable power producers (RPPs) is an effective way to reduce the uncertainty of the RPPs. The key question in aggregation of RPPs is how to allocate payoffs among the RPPs. In this paper, a payoff allocation mechanism (PAM) with a simple closed-form expression is proposed: It achieves stability (in the core) and fairness both in the “ex-post” sense, i.e., for all possible realizations of renewable power generation. The proposed PAM is evaluated in a simulation study with ten wind power producers in the PJM interconnection.
Real-time software failure characterization

A series of studies aimed at characterizing the fundamentals of the software failure process has been undertaken as part of a NASA project on the modeling of a real-time aerospace vehicle software reliability. An overview of these studies is provided, and the current study, an investigation of the reliability of aerospace vehicle guidance and control software, is examined. The study approach provides for the collection of life-cycle process data, and for the retention and evaluation of interim software life-cycle products. >
A simplified direct-viewing bistable storage tube

A simplified meshless storage tube has been developed which uses a single-layer dielectric storage target deposited over a transparent conductive coating on a glass faceplate. The dielectric layer serves the two principal purposes of bistable charge storage and production of the visible image. The mechanism of writing, storing and erasing depends on the well-known bistability of a good secondary emitting surface under flood current bombardment. The occurrence of an upper and lower stable potential is used here, as in previous bistable devices, to form light and dark image areas having a sharply defined boundary between them. This boundary is, in bistable tubes in general, an inherently unstable region because it has a high gradient across it, which tends to move the boundary across the face of the target. The principal new structural feature of the storage target is the formation of a semicontinuous porous dielectric layer which will not sustain migration of the boundary of the stored charge image transversely across the target surface, because of the electrical and mechanical discontinuity of the target microstructure. Another target is described in which image boundary migration is inhibited by the formation of the target dielectric in a pattern of islands or dots. The semicontinuous layer and the dot target each prevent image spreading and result in a substantial stable range of operating voltages of the collector electrode. The flood current collimating system is described, as is the erase pulse, the split screen, electrical readout, the integration mode, and measurements of the potential on the vacuum side of the storage dielectric. The dependence of brightness, contrast, resolution, writing speed, and stable range on target thickness is also described.
LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF THREE- AND FOUR-PART PROXIMAL HUMERAL FRACTURES TREATED WITH PHILOS PLATE

Contoured locking plates are commonly used to fix the proximal humerus fractures. Their long-term results are unknown. We present long-term radiological and functional outcome of three and four part fractures of the proximal humerus treated with PHILOS plate. We prospectively analysed 53 consecutive three and four part proximal humerus fractures treated with PHILOS plate between 2002 and 2007. Patients were assessed using Oxford Shoulder Score and DASH score. 44 fractures (21 three part and 23 four part) were available at the final follow up. At a mean follow-up of 8.5 years (6.4 years–10.8 years) the average Oxford Shoulder Score was 43.9 (range 23–48) and the average DASH score was 7.7 (range 0–36.7). 30% of patients required re-operation (five for hemiarthroplasty, three for impingement syndrome, five for removal of implant). Avascular necrosis (AVN) developed in 10 patients, of which only three required hemiarthroplasty. All except one patient were satisfied with the result of their operation. Our study supports the use of locking plates for the treatment of three and four part proximal humeral fractures. In spite of some patients requiring secondary surgical intervention in the first few years, the function of the shoulder continues to improve and in the long term patients were satisfied with the outcome. An important finding of our study is that the post-traumatic AVN of humeral head does not necessarily need major surgical intervention. We believe that the possibility of avascular necrosis should not be a major determinant in the choice of surgical treatment of proximal humeral fractures.
Induction of G2M Arrest by Flavokawain A, a Kava Chalcone, Increases the Responsiveness of HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells to Herceptin

HER2/neu positive breast tumors predict a high mortality and comprise 25%-30% of breast cancer. We have shown that Flavokawain A (FKA) preferentially reduces the viabilities of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines (i.e., SKBR3 and MCF7/HER2) versus those with less HER2 expression (i.e., MCF7 and MDA-MB-468). FKA at cytotoxic concentrations to breast cancer cell lines also has a minimal effect on the growth of non-malignant breast epithelial MCF10A cells. FKA induces G2M arrest in cell cycle progression of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines through inhibition of Cdc2 and Cdc25C phosphorylation and downregulation of expression of Myt1 and Wee1 leading to increased Cdc2 kinase activities. In addition, FKA induces apoptosis in SKBR3 cells by increasing the protein expression of Bim and BAX and decreasing expression of Bcl₂, BclX/L, XIAP, and survivin. FKA also downregulates the protein expression of HER-2 and inhibits AKT phosphorylation. Herceptin plus FKA treatment leads to an enhanced growth inhibitory effect on HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer cell lines through downregulation of Myt1, Wee1, Skp2, survivin, and XIAP. Our results suggest FKA as a promising and novel apoptosis inducer and G2 blocking agent that, in combination with Herceptin, enhances for the treatment of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer.
On weighted Hardy spaces on the unit disk

In this paper we mainly discuss three things. First, there is no canonical norm on the space $H^p_u(\mathbb{D})$. Second, we improve the weak-$*$ convergence of the measures $\mu_{u,r}$. Third, the dilations $f_t$ of the function $f\in H^p_u(\mathbb{D})$ converge to $f$ in $H^p_u$-norm and hence the polynomials are dense in $H^p_u(\mathbb{D})$.
Heavy traffic queue length behavior in switches with reconfiguration delay

Optical switches have been drawing attention due to their large data bandwidth and low power consumption. However, scheduling policies need to account for the schedule reconfiguration delay of optical switches to achieve good performance. The Adaptive MaxWeight policy achieves optimal throughput for switches with nonzero reconfiguration delay, and has been shown in simulation to have good delay performance. In this paper, we analyze the queue length behavior of a switch with nonzero reconfiguration delay operating under the Adaptive MaxWeight. We first show that the Adaptive MaxWeight policy exhibits a weak state space collapse behavior in steady-state, which could be viewed as an inheritance of the MaxWeight policy in a switch with zero reconfiguration delay. We then use the weak state space collapse result to obtain a steady state delay bound under the Adaptive MaxWeight algorithm in heavy traffic by applying a recently developed drift technique. The resulting delay bound is dependent on the expected schedule duration. We then derive the relation between the expected schedule duration and the steady state queue length through drift analysis, and obtain asymptotically tight queue length bounds in the heavy traffic regime.
Supply-side subsidies to improve food access and dietary outcomes: Evidence from the New Markets Tax Credit:

In an effort to improve diet and health outcomes, policymakers have increasingly turned to supply-side subsidies aimed at encouraging investment by supermarkets and other food retailers in low-income areas. This article examines whether the US federal government’s New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) has affected the entry of retail food establishments, and in turn food shopping and purchasing patterns, in low-income communities. To identify the impacts of the programme, we take advantage of a discontinuity in NMTC funding generated by the formula used to determine the eligibility of census tracts for investment under the programme. We find that the NMTC Program has had modest, but positive impacts on supermarket entry in low-income communities. Based on household-level scanner data, there are no detectable effects on households’ food purchasing patterns in affected neighbourhoods, at least in the short run.
Cases Relating to Chapter 9 – Examination of Witnesses

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several case studies related to examination of witnesses. These cases include United States versus Drummond, People versus Melendez, and State versus Sands. The first case raises the issue of whether the District Court committed reversible error when it denied the motion in limine of defendant, Alvin Drummond, to compel the Government's case agent to testify first at trial. The purpose of the motion was to prevent the possibility that the case agent might endeavor, when called as a witness, to conform his testimony to that of the preceding Government witness. In the second case, a jury convicted Jorge Melendez of multiple counts of sexual assault in the first and second degrees, aggravated incest, sexual assault on a child, sexual assault on a child-pattern of abuse, and sexual assault on a child under fifteen by one in a position of trust. In the third case, the appellant, Joseph A. Sands, appeals from the Lake County Court of Common Pleas judgment of his conviction and sentence for engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity and attempting to commit murder and aggravated arson with public officials as his targets.
Prospects for a dominantly microwave-diagnosed magnetically confined fusion reactor

Compared to present experiments, tokamak and stellarator reactors will be subject to higher heat loads, sputtering, erosion and subsequent coating, tritium retention, higher neutron fluxes, and a number of radiation effects. Additionally, neutral beam penetration in tokamak reactors will only be limited to the plasma edge. As a result, several optical, beam-based and magnetic diagnostics of today's plasmas might not be applicable to tomorrow's reactors, but the present discussion suggests that reactors could largely rely on microwave diagnostics, including techniques based on mode conversions and Collective Thomson Scattering.
Chiral Symmetry and Low Energy Pion-Nucleon Scattering

In these lectures, I examine the effect of the meson factory πN data on the current algebra/PCAC program which describes chiral symmetry breaking in this system. After historical remarks on the current algebra/PCAC versus chiral Lagrangians approaches to chiral symmetry, and description of the need for πN amplitudes with virtual (off-mass-shell) pions in nuclear force models and other nuclear physics problems, I begin with kinematics and isospin aspects of the invariant amplitudes. A detailed introduction to the hadronic vector and axial-vector currents and the hypothesis of partially conserved axial-vector currents (PCAC) follows. I review and test against contemporary data the PCAC predictions of the Goldberger-Treiman relation, and the Adler consistency condition for a πN amplitude. Then comes a detailed description of the current algebra Ward-Takahashi identities in the chiral limit and a brief account of the on-shell current algebra Ward-Takahashi identities. The latter identities form the basis of so-called current algebra models of πN scattering. I then test these models against the contemporary empirical πN amplitudes extrapolated into the subthreshold region via dispersion relations. The scale and the t dependence of the “sigma term” is determined by the recent data.
Secrecy in the Immigration Courts and Beyond: Considering the Right To Know in the Administrative State

Ten days after the attacks of September 11, 2001, Chief Immigration Judge Michael Creppy sent an e-mail memorandum (the “Creppy Memorandum”) to all immigration judges. The Creppy Memorandum pertains to “certain cases in the Immigration Court” that Attorney General Ashcroft has deemed of “special interest,” and for which “the Attorney General has implemented additional security procedures.” The Memorandum states that immigration judges will be notiaed should “any of these cases [be] aled in [their] court,” that hearings for such cases must be closed to the public, and that courts must keep all details of such cases secret. The order prevents courts from even conarming or denying whether “a [designated] case is on the docket or scheduled for a hearing.” By mid-2003, over 600 secret immigration hearings had been held pursuant to the Creppy
Molecular level detection and localization of mechanical damage in collagen enabled by collagen hybridizing peptides

Mechanical injury to connective tissue causes changes in collagen structure and material behaviour, but the role and mechanisms of molecular damage have not been established. In the case of mechanical subfailure damage, no apparent macroscale damage can be detected, yet this damage initiates and potentiates in pathological processes. Here, we utilize collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP), which binds unfolded collagen by triple helix formation, to detect molecular level subfailure damage to collagen in mechanically stretched rat tail tendon fascicle. Our results directly reveal that collagen triple helix unfolding occurs during tensile loading of collagenous tissues and thus is an important damage mechanism. Steered molecular dynamics simulations suggest that a likely mechanism for triple helix unfolding is intermolecular shearing of collagen α-chains. Our results elucidate a probable molecular failure mechanism associated with subfailure injuries, and demonstrate the potential of CHP targeting for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of tissue disease and injury.