cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FROM NATURAL TO ECOSOCIAL FLOURISHING : EVALUATING EVALUATIVE FRAMEWORKS

Evaluative terms are a crucial part of the environmental discourse. These terms, and the evaluative frameworks in which they are imbedded, serve as important guides to action. "Natural," a term commonly used as a positive evaluation, is problematic because it can both justify unfair social relations and obscure the connections between humans and the rest of nature. "Sustainable," another popular term, is extremely malleable, and is too often elaborated in frameworks that are neither socially nor ecologically responsible. The term "sustainable" is sometimes used in the framework of ecosystem health, but even this approach can fail to highlight the interconnectedness of social and ecological systems. The framework of ecosocial flourishing, introduced in this article, is better suited for highlighting the interconnected nature of the world and for drawing attention to questions of environmental justice. Evaluative terms (like "natural") and frameworks (like "ecosocial flourishing") are part of larger narratives that help people make sense of their interactions with, and emotional responses to, the non-human world.
Imaging of Current Spinal Hardware: Lumbar Spine

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to review the indications for and the materials and designs of hardware more commonly used in the lumbar spine; to discuss alternatives for each of the types of hardware; to review normal postoperative imaging findings; to describe the appropriateness of different imaging modalities for postoperative evaluation; and to show examples of hardware complications. CONCLUSION. Stabilization and fusion of the lumbar spine with intervertebral disk replacement, artificial ligaments, spinous process distraction devices, plate-and-rod systems, dynamic posterior fusion devices, and newer types of material incorporation are increasingly more common in contemporary surgical practice. These spinal hardware devices will be seen more often in radiology practice. Successful postoperative radiologic evaluation of this spinal hardware necessitates an understanding of fundamental hardware design, physiologic objectives, normal postoperative imaging appearances, and unique complicati...
Effects of high concentrations of glucose on PTH secretion in parathyroid cells

We examined the effects of high concentrations of glucose on PTH secretion from cultured bovine parathyroid cells. Increasing medium concentration of glucose caused suppression of PTH secretion. A significant suppression of PTH secretion was found within 48 hours of incubation with as little as 15 mM glucose. The addition of choline chloride to the medium did not suppress PTH secretion, although the osmolality was the same as that of the medium containing 50 mM glucose. When cells previously exposed to 50 mM glucose were reincubated in the medium containing 5 mM glucose for another 48 hours, a complete recovery of PTH secretion was observed. In the cells exposed to 50 mM glucose, the magnitude of the response of PTH secretion to 10(-6) M isoproterenol was blunted. Acid-urea gel electrophoresis revealed that the pattern of intact PTH and fragments secreted from cells exposed to high concentration of glucose was similar to that from control cells. Removal of insulin from the medium resulted in a suppression of PTH secretion similar to changes observed with high concentrations of glucose. The suppressive effects of high concentrations of glucose and lack of insulin were additive. However, we cannot exclude from the present studies whether the suppressive effects of the lack of insulin on PTH secretion was secondary to the fact that insulin may be required for the maintenance of parathyroid cells. The present studies demonstrate that glucose directly modulates PTH secretion in primary parathyroid cell culture.
Raging Hormones, Regulated Love: Adolescent Sexuality and the Constitution of the Modern Individual in the United States and the Netherlands

Theories of sexuality, culture and modern personhood rarely take account of differences in the construction of sexuality between advanced industrial nations. This article reveals different conceptions and management of adolescent sexuality among white, middle-class American and Dutch parents of teenagers. The American parents describe adolescent sexuality as a biologically driven, individually based activity which causes disruption to the teenager as well as to the family. The Dutch parents, by contrast, emphasize the love relationships and social responsibility of teenagers which make their sexuality a `normal' phenomenon. The American parents exclude the sexuality of teenagers from conversation and the family while the Dutch parents accommodate culturally prescribed forms of teenage sexuality within the home. The article demonstrates how the two constructions of adolescent sexuality, and the conceptions of personhood and social life that engender them, constitute fundamentally different cultural logics....
γ‐Radiation‐induced changes in the structure of polyethylenes

The concentrations of trans-vinylene groups in Marlex 50 and DYNH polyethylenes were determined from infrared spectra before and after irradiation of polyethylene films with gamma rays. Values of G for trans-vinylene growth were found to be 2.2 and 1.7 for Marlex 50 and DYNH polyethylenes, respectively. trans-Vinylene decay constants and concentrations at infinite dose were evaluated. The growth and decay of vinyl unsaturation and growth of vinylidene unsaturation in Marlex 50 are discussed. Assignment was made of polyethylene bands at 889 and 894 cm.−1 to vinylidene unsaturation and to ethyl groups in saturated paraffins, respectively, on the basis of different means of saturating the double bond. The frequencies of new bands produced in Marlex 50 and DYNH by irradiation were correlated with those of substituted cyclopentanes and cyclohexanes. It was concluded that a complex mixture of these cyclic compounds was formed in Marlex 50 and DYNH. There appeared to be no correlation between the frequencies of these irradiation-induced bands and frequencies known to be characteristic of conjugated double bonds.
Photoelectron Emission from the Cesiated Diamond (110) Surface

Cesiation of type IIB diamond (110) crystals was studied using a combination of ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and low energy electron diffraction. The diamond (110) crystal was hydrogen treated by exposure to a hydrogen microwave discharge. Although cesium was largely unreactive with the hydrogenated diamond surface, cesiation yielded a large enhancement in the secondary electron yield of the diamond surface and the negative electron affinity (NEA) condition. An increase in the downwards band bending of approximately 0.75-0.9 eV was inferred from the shift in the valence band edge following cesiation. In addition, (lx 1) LEED patterns were observed at all cesium coverages. Exposure of the cesiated diamond surface to molecular oxygen significantly reduced the NEA peak (relative to the secondary electron background); however, recovery of the NEA peak was observed when the molecular oxygen source was removed.
V. Peasant Leadership : Comparisons of Peasant Leaders in two Colombian States

Leaders of ANUC tended to fall among the elder cohort of the rural population and to be inactive in both civic organizations and partisan political activity. As hypothesized at the outset of the investigation, peasant leaders in the state of Valle del Cauca tended to be (1) more educated and (2) more secure economically in the sense of holding clear title to larger parcels of land than their counterparts in Boyaca.
A small universe after all

The cosmic microwave background radiation allows us to measure both the geometry and topology of the universe. It has been argued that the COBE-DMR data already rule out models that are multiply connected on scales smaller than the particle horizon. To the contrary, we find that many small universe models provide a good fit to the COBE-DMR data, provided that space is hyperbolic.
Mice lacking NT-3, and its receptor TrkC, exhibit profound deficiencies in CNS glial cells

Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and its receptor TrkC are known to be important for neuronal survival. More recently, NT-3 has been implicated as playing a role in oligodendrocyte (OL) proliferation and survival in vitro. Examination of NT-3 and TrkC knockout mice revealed a reduction in NT-3-dependent neurons. To date, no study has examined alterations in glial cell populations in these knockout mice. In this report, we demonstrate a decline in OL progenitor cell numbers within the CNS of NT-3 and TrkC knockout mice. We also observed that immature and mature OL-specific markers were attenuated in the NT-3 and TrkC knockout animals. Deficiencies in other CNS glial cells, including astrocytes and ameboid microglia, were also observed. The subventricular zone (SVZ), a highly proliferative region for progenitor glial cells, was reduced in size. Furthermore, a nuclear-specific stain revealed a decline in the numbers of pyknotic nuclei in and around the SVZ of the knockout mice. These data will support an in vivo NT-3-dependent mechanism for the normal development of CNS glial cells.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin Y Is a Promiscuous Cyclase That Increases Endothelial Tau Phosphorylation and Permeability

Exotoxin Y (ExoY) is a type III secretion system effector found in ~ 90% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Although it is known that ExoY causes inter-endothelial gaps and vascular leak, the mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly understood. Using both a bacteria-delivered and a codon-optimized conditionally expressed ExoY, we report that this toxin is a dual soluble adenylyl and guanylyl cyclase that results in intracellular cAMP and cGMP accumulation. The enzymatic activity of ExoY caused phosphorylation of endothelial Tau serine 214, accumulation of insoluble Tau, inter-endothelial cell gap formation, and increased macromolecular permeability. To discern whether the cAMP or cGMP signal was responsible for Tau phosphorylation and barrier disruption, pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were engineered for the conditional expression of either wild-type guanylyl cyclase, which synthesizes cGMP, or a mutated guanylyl cyclase, which synthesizes cAMP. Sodium nitroprusside stimulation of the cGMP-generating cyclase resulted in transient Tau serine 214 phosphorylation and gap formation, whereas stimulation of the cAMP-generating cyclase induced a robust increase in Tau serine 214 phosphorylation, gap formation, and macromolecular permeability. These results indicate that the cAMP signal is the dominant stimulus for Tau phosphorylation. Hence, ExoY is a promiscuous cyclase and edema factor that uses cAMP and, to some extent, cGMP to induce the hyperphosphorylation and insolubility of endothelial Tau. Because hyperphosphorylated and insoluble Tau are hallmarks in neurodegenerative tauopathies such as Alzheimer disease, acute Pseudomonas infections cause a pathophysiological sequela in endothelium previously recognized only in chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
Strain-induced grain growth and rotation in nickel nanowires

Virtual tensile tests of nanocrystalline nickel wires of initial $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ grain size were simulated at strain rates varying from $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, reaching deformation levels up to 36%. The virtual tensile tests allowed the study of the strain rate sensitivity of these nanowires, yielding an activation volume of $\ensuremath{\sim}2{b}^{3}$, where $b$ is the Burger's vector, consistent with grain boundary mechanisms of plasticity. Most importantly, after 3% deformation the grain size increased significantly during the deformation, with larger grains growing at the expense of the smaller ones as the deformation levels increase. The volume of each grain was monitored as a function of time and stress level. The results clearly indicate that the observed grain growth is stress driven, with grain size versus stress behavior being only weakly dependent on the strain rate and simulation time. Grain growth is also accompanied by grain rotation. The observations are interpreted in terms of the coupling of the relative motion of the grains parallel to the boundary and the motion of the boundary in the direction perpendicular to itself. Our results are consistent with a model where the deformation is accommodated by grain boundary sliding which in turn is coupled with grain boundary migration and rotation, producing grain growth.
A posteriori finite element bounds for output functionals of discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of parabolic problems

We present a Neumann-subproblem a posteriori finite element procedure for the efficient calculation of constant-free, sharp lower and upper estimators for linear functional outputs of parabolic equations discretized by a discontinuous Galerkin method in time. In space, a global coarse mesh and a decoupled fine mesh are used to compute the estimators which are shown to converge to the value of the output obtained for a global coupled fine mesh. We first formulate the bound procedure, with particular emphasis on the proof of the bounding properties. We then provide an illustrative numerical example: a problem of heat conduction in a composite material.
Principal functions, index theory, geometric measure theory and function algebras

The aim of this paper is twofold: first to provide evidence of a nice relationship between index theory and operator algebras within the framework of geometric measure theory by exhibiting basic examples involving one dimensional singular integral operators; second to expose certain connections that exist involving the principal function associated to an operator having trace class self-commutator and the theory of function algebras.
Pattern recognition using maximum likelihood estimation and orthogonal subspace projection

Hyperspectral sensor imagery (HSI) is a relatively new area of research, however, it is extensively being used in geology, agriculture, defense, intelligence and law enforcement applications. Much of the current research focuses on the object detection with low false alarm rate. Over the past several years, many object detection algorithms have been developed which include linear detector, quadratic detector, adaptive matched filter etc. In those methods the available data cube was directly used to determine the background mean and the covariance matrix, assuming that the number of object pixels is low compared to that of the data pixels. In this paper, we have used the orthogonal subspace projection (OSP) technique to find the background matrix from the given image data. Our algorithm consists of three parts. In the first part, we have calculated the background matrix using the OSP technique. In the second part, we have determined the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. Finally, we have considered the likelihood ratio, commonly known as the Neyman Pearson quadratic detector, to recognize the objects. The proposed technique has been investigated via computer simulation where excellent performance has been observed.
Inference Functions and Quadratic Score Tests

A general expository description is given of the use of quadratic score test statistics as inference functions. This methodology allows one to do efficient estimation and testing in a semiparametric model defined by a set of mean-zero estimating functions. The inference function is related to a quadratic minimum distance problem. The asymptotic chi-squared properties are shown to be the consequences of asymptotic projection properties. Shortcomings of the asymptotic theory are discussed and a bootstrap method is shown to correct for anticonservative testing behavior.
Quantitative Determination of Salicylic Acid and Benzoic Acid in Ointments

Simple, precise, and accurate methods for the analysis of salicylic acid (I) and benzoic acid (II) in ointments are reported. Compound I is determined by extracting its sodium salt with hot water, reacting it with ferric nitrate, and measuring colorimetrically. The total acidity is determined with sodium hydroxide, and then II can be calculated by difference.
Characterization of Hollow-Cathode DC Discharge Growth of Diamond: Rotational Vibronic Emission In A CH4-H2 Discharge

Experiments to study the temperature in the discharge produced using a dc spiral hollow cathode with CH4-H2 as the feed gas have been carried out during the growth of diamond. Optical emission from the R branch of the 3d1 Σ v=0→2p1Σ v=0 rotational vibronic band are used to determine a rotational temperature. Limitations of this method are discussed.
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN PERCUTANEOUS CORE BREAST BIOPSY

Percutaneous imaging-guided core biopsy is a less invasive and less expensive alternative to surgical biopsy for the evaluation of breast lesions. Percutaneous core biopsy is most often used for evaluation of BI-RADS category 4 lesions, but may also be helpful in the evaluation of some BI-RADS category 5 lesions. Stereotactic guidance is particularly useful for calcifications; for masses that can be seen with ultrasound, ultrasound guidance may be preferable because of the absence of radiation and lower cost. The automated core biopsy needle is excellent for mass lesions, but directional vacuum-assisted biopsy is superior for calcifications. Directional vacuum-assisted biopsy may also be preferable for small lesions that may require placement of a localizing clip and lesions that are superficial or in thin breasts. The more expensive ABBI device has substantial limitations, and its role in percutaneous breast biopsy has not been demonstrated. Complete removal of the mammographic target can occur at percutaneous biopsy, and is a more frequent event when the larger tissue acquisition devices are used. Complete removal of the mammographic target does not ensure complete excision of the histologic process. Further investigation is necessary to determine in which lesions, if any, complete removal of the target is advantageous. Epithelial displacement can occur during all breast needling procedures, but may be less frequent at directional vacuum-assisted biopsy than at fine-needle aspiration or automated core biopsy. There is no evidence that displaced cells are of biologic significance, but displaced DCIS can mimic infiltrating carcinoma. The pathologist should be aware of the findings of epithelial displacement, to avoid misdiagnosing DCIS as infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Some lesions warrant repeat biopsy or surgical excision after percutaneous core biopsy. Repeat biopsy is warranted if histologic findings and imaging findings are discordant. Surgical excision is warranted for lesions yielding a percutaneous diagnosis of ADH or possible phyllodes tumor. Controversy exists regarding the need for surgical excision after percutaneous diagnosis of radial scar, papillary lesion, ALH, or LCIS. Follow-up is necessary if percutaneous biopsy yields benign findings concordant with imaging characteristics. Follow-up protocols vary, but all require substantial commitment of time and resources. We have an embarassment of riches for performing percutaneous core biopsy of the breast. It can be estimated that approximately 1 million breast biopsies will be performed this year to diagnose approximately 200,000 breast cancers. Percutaneous core biopsy may spare many of these women the need for a more deforming, invasive, and expensive surgical biopsy. Further work is necessary to optimize criteria for patient selection, develop and define the role of new technologies for tissue acquisition, refine protocols for management after percutaneous breast biopsy, and assess long-term outcome, so that more women can benefit from this minimally invasive approach to breast diagnosis.
Zur Theorie der Wagner‐Meerwein‐Umlagerung über 2‐p‐Anisyl‐camphenilol und sein langlebiges Carbonium‐Ion

2-[p-Anisyl]-camphenilol (I) und das epimere Iso-2-[p-anisyl]-camphenilol (III) bilden beim Losen in Ameisensaure, Salzsaure oder Schwefelsaure ein bestandiges Carbonium-Ion (λmax = 384 mμ, log ϵ = 4.7). In Ameisensaure verschwindet die Farbe im Verlaufe einer Stunde oder mehr, in konz. Salzsaure verringert sie sich, bis ein Gleichgewichtswert erreicht ist, in konz. Schwefelsaure bleibt sie unverandert. — In Ameisensaure, die 1% oder mehr Wasser enthalt, entsteht durch Umlagerung schnell p-Anisyl-apocamphen (IX), langsam bilden sich daneben noch die Ameisensaureester von mindestens zwei sekundaren Alkoholen. Aus HCl last sich ein — wahrscheinlich sekundares — Chlorid isolieren, welches je nach den Reaktionsbedingungen zu I oder III hydrolysiert. In beiden Solventien entsteht auch eine geringe Menge p-Anisyl-apocyclen (V); die Ausbeute daran steigt auf uber 30% d. Th., wenn die Reaktionsbedingungen eine Ionisierung erschweren. Verdunnt man die Losung in konz. Schwefelsaure schnell mit Wasser, so erhalt man III neben geringeren Mengen I und IX. Beim erneuten Auflosen von IX in Ameisensaure bildet sich das Carbonium-Ion zuruck, es entsteht jedoch ein anders zusammengesetztes Gemisch von sek. Ameisensaureestern als aus I und III. — Linksdrehendes I fuhrt zu linksdrehendem IX und zu einem Gemisch von Ameisensaureestern, deren negative Drehung in ameisensaurer Losung abnimmt. Aus (-)-p-Anisyl-apocamphen entstehen beim Losen in Ameisensaure rechtsdrehende sek. Ameisensaureester. Als Zwischenstufe bei dieser Umlagerung kann weder V noch irgend ein anderes Ion mit einer Symmetrieebene auftreten. Der Reaktionsverlauf last sich konduktometrisch verfolgen. Es ist wohl das erste Beispiel, in dem das intermediar bei der Wagner-Meerwein-Umlagerung auftretende Carbonium-Ion sich in dieser Weise beobachten last.
More than the usual suspects: the physical self and other resources for learning to program using a 3D avatar environment

This paper presents results from a video-based analysis of non-programmers' use of a new platform for end-user programming, the 3D Avatar Programming System (3DAPS). We use micro-ethnographic analytic methods to understand how learning about programming occurs. We discuss how the management of internal and external cognitive representations of 3D movement information leverages existing, embodied knowledge to unravel less familiar knowledge---that of programmatic instruction. In other words, the 3D movement serves as the language of translation between the representations to support learning. We also examine how shared code is used as an educational resource in a learning environment without a teacher.
Receipt of Preventive Care Among Adults: Insurance Status and Usual Source of Care

Objectives. This study ascertained the separate and combined effects of having insurance and a usual source of care on receiving preventive services. Methods. Descriptive and multivariate analyses of 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data were conducted. Results. Receipt of preventive services was strongly associated with insurance and a usual source of care. Significant differences were found between insured adults with a usual source of care, who were most likely to have received services, compared with uninsured adults without regular care, who were least likely to have received services. Those with either a usual source of care or insurance had intermediate levels of preventive services. Conclusions. Having a usual source of care and health insurance are both important to achieving national prevention goals.
Autonomous choices and patriotic professionalism: On governmentality in late-socialist China

This paper argues that choice and autonomy constitute important new techniques of governing in late-socialist China. College students no longer receive direct state job assignments upon graduation, going instead to job fairs where they experience a degree of autonomy from state planning organs that was not available under high socialism’s central planning. Yet even as post-Mao governmental rationalities have promoted autonomous decisions, young professionals’ experiences of choice have remained framed within notions of social responsibility and patriotism. This paper examines how both neoliberal governmentality and a nationalism steeped in Maoist notions of state strength, achieved today through reform-era economic competitiveness, are intertwined in the emergence of what is called ‘patriotic professionalism’.
Barotropic Aspects of ITCZ Breakdown

Abstract In satellite images the ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone) is sometimes observed to undulate and break down into a series of tropical disturbances. Tropical cyclones may later develop within these disturbances and move into higher latitudes allowing the ITCZ to reform. It has been proposed that ITCZ breakdown results from a convectively modified form of combined barotropic and baroclinic instability of the mean flow. An unstable mean flow can be produced by ITCZ convection in just a couple of days. In this sense, the ITCZ produces favorable conditions for its own instability and breakdown. In this study, a nonlinear shallow water model on the sphere is used to simulate barotropic aspects of ITCZ breakdown. In the shallow-water model, the ITCZ is simulated by a prescribed zonally elongated mass sink near the equator. The mass sink produces a cyclonic potential vorticity (PV) anomaly that has a reversed meridional PV gradient on its poleward side. According to the Ripa theorem, a flow that has a...
Electrical Characteristics of a Two-Level Single Ground-Plane Interconnection in Josephson Tunneling Logic

The electrical characteristics of a two-level X-Y superconducting stripline network over a common superconducting ground plane have been examined as a possible means of two-dimensional interconnection for Josephson tunneling logic (JTL) [1]. Despite the crossover structure, each superconducting stripline has a unique characteristic impedance and is suitable for transmission of very high-speed Josephson tunneling-logic signals. Special test vehicles were fabricated with 1-mit linewidth technology [2] to study line delay and crosstalks.
Multisurface proximal support vector machine classification via generalized eigenvalues

A new approach to support vector machine (SVM) classification is proposed wherein each of two data sets are proximal to one of two distinct planes that are not parallel to each other. Each plane is generated such that it is closest to one of the two data sets and as far as possible from the other data set. Each of the two nonparallel proximal planes is obtained by a single MATLAB command as the eigenvector corresponding to a smallest eigenvalue of a generalized eigenvalue problem. Classification by proximity to two distinct nonlinear surfaces generated by a nonlinear kernel also leads to two simple generalized eigenvalue problems. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by tests on simple examples as well as on a number of public data sets. These examples show the advantages of the proposed approach in both computation time and test set correctness.
Chondrosarcoma of the hyoid bone: Case report and review of current management options

Background We describe a 53-year-old man who presented with a painless neck mass and underwent a resection that identified the tumor as a low-grade chondrosarcoma of the hyoid bone. We reviewed the literature for diagnosis and management options of this exceptionally rare diagnosis. Methods We conducted a search of the published medical literature before September 2012 in MEDLINE and PubMed using the terms “chondrosarcoma” and “hyoid.” The search led to 19 case reports. We then searched for recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Results Chondrosarcomas of the hyoid bone present as slow-growing, painless masses of the neck. CT and MRI are useful for imaging, but definitive diagnosis is made by biopsy. Conclusion The preferred treatment is complete surgical removal, whereas radiation is used as adjuvant therapy. Positive surgical margin is a significant risk factor for recurrence. Long-term follow-up is recommended because of recurrences many years later. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: E65–E72, 2014
Transcriptome of the subcutaneous adipose tissue in response to oral supplementation of type 2 Leprdb obese diabetic mice with niacin-bound chromium.

on the subcutaneous fat tissue of type 2 Lepr db obese diabetic mice were examined using high-density comprehensive mouse genome (45,101 probe sets) expression arrays. The influence of such supplementation on the plasma cardiovascular risk factors of these mice was also investigated. Supplementation of NBC had no significant effect on age-dependent weight gain in the Lepr db obese diabetic mice. However, NBC lowered total cholesterol (TC), TC-to-HDL ratio, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels while increasing HDL cholesterol in the blood plasma. No effect of NBC supplementation was observed on fasting blood glucose levels. Oral glucose tolerance test revealed a significantly improved clearance of blood glucose between 1a nd 2ho fglucose challenge in NBC-supplemented mice. Unbiased genome-wide interrogation demonstrated that NBC resulted in the upregulation of muscle-specific gene expression in the fat tissue. Genes encoding proteins involved in glycolysis, muscle contraction, muscle metabolism, and muscle development were specifically upregulated in response to NBC supplementation. Genes in the adipose tissue that were downregulated in response to NBC supplementation included cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor (CIDEA) and uncoupling protein-1, which represent key components involved in the thermogenic role of brown adipose tissue and tocopherol transfer protein, the primary carrier of -tocopherol to adipose tissue. The observation that CIDEA-null mice are resistant to obesity and diabetes suggests that the inhibitory role of NBC on CIDEA expression was favorable. Further studies testing the molecular basis of NBC function and long-term outcomes are warranted.
The velocity of information

How can the health (or the robustness) of a complex information processing system be quantitatively scored? This question applies to both subjective and quantified assessments of health. Given that subjective assessments are routine, how can such assessments be quantified? This paper presents an approach, based on an analogy drawn between economies and complex information systems. The motivation for and the reasoning leading to this analogy is summarized. The paper continues by presenting a mechanism to test this hypothesis within a military decision-making system (the air and space operations center). This paper concludes with a summary and areas for future research.
Toward energy-efficient and distributed mobile health monitoring using parallel offloading

Although mobile health monitoring where mobile sensors continuously gather, process, and update sensor readings (e.g. vital signals) from patient's sensors is emerging, little effort has been investigated in an energy-efficient management of sensor information gathering and processing. Mobile health monitoring with the focus of energy consumption may instead be holistically analyzed and systematically designed as a global solution to optimization subproblems. We propose a distributed and energy-saving mobile health platform, called mHealthMon where mobile users publish/access sensor data via a cloud computing-based distributed P2P overlay network. The key objective is to satisfy the mobile health monitoring application's quality of service requirements by modeling each subsystem: mobile clients with medical sensors, wireless network medium, and distributed cloud services. By simulations based on experimental data, we present the proposed system can achieve up to 10.1 times more energy-efficient and 20.2 times faster compared to a standalone mobile health monitoring application, in various mobile health monitoring scenarios applying a realistic mobility model.
Asymmetric aldol additions catalyzed by chiral phosphoramides: Electronic effects of the aldehyde component ☆

Abstract The trichlorosilyl enolates of cyclopentanone and cycloheptanone were prepared by a mercury(II)-catalyzed metathesis from their TMS enol ethers in good yield. These enolates undergo spontaneous addition to aldehydes to provide the aldol adducts syn-4, 5a-e in high yield and selectivity (dr 19 1 to > 49 1 ). More electron rich aldehydes tend to be more diastereoselective. The reaction of these enolates with aldehydes is also catalyzed by the chiral phosphoramide (S,S)- 1 to provide anti-4, 5a-e in good to excellent diastereo- (dr 15 1 to 35 1 ) and enantioselectivity (er 84.4 15.6 to 95.9 4.1 ). In these cases, a trend is apparent only with sterically similar benzaldehyde derivatives. In addition, optimization studies suggest that two mechanistically distinct pathways may be operating in the catalyzed reaction.
Attention-based similarity

A similarity measure is described that does not require the prior specification of features or the need for training sets of representative data. Instead large numbers of features are generated as part of the similarity calculation and the extent to which features can be found to be common to pairs of patterns determines the measure of their similarity. Emphasis is given to salient image regions in this process and it is shown that the parameters of invariant transforms may be extracted from the statistics of matching features and used to focus the similarity calculation. Some results are shown on MPEG-7 shape data and discussed in the paper.
A study of IOS data using the aRIC+I p model of respiratory impedance

Development of better methods to assess human lung function has been continuing since the existing standard lung function test of spirometry requires subjects to inhale and exhale with maximum effort, which may be troublesome especially for the elderly and young children, leading to unreliable results. Therefore, the method of forced oscillation, and the Impulse Oscillometry System (IOS) in particular, has been developed to lessen the effort of the patients while obtaining valid measurements. The applied pressure waves and the resulting airflow responses are recorded to provide information about the respiratory system's input impedance, which can be fit by electric circuit models to possibly serve as a means to detect and diagnose respiratory diseases. Presently, research continues to find a more accurate model that also provides reasonable component values. This paper proposes the augmented RIC+I p (aRIC+I p ) model and compares it to five other well-known models (the RIC, extended RIC, augmented RIC, DuBois and Mead models) in fitting the IOS data from adult COPD patients and healthy subjects. While the aRIC+I p model yielded slightly higher fitting error than the Mead and DuBois models, it did not produce unphysiologically large values for any of its components, unlike the Mead and DuBois models. Hence, the aRIC+I p model appears to be the most reasonable one for use, at this point in time, in studying IOS-based computer-aided detection and diagnosis of COPD.
Early Intervention for Socially Withdrawn Children

Eighteen studies were reviewed in which single-subject methodology was employed to evaluate treatment of social withdrawal in preschool children. Studies were systematically analyzed for a number of variables, including description of target subjects, type of intervention, length and intensity of intervention, primary intervenor, and several outcome variables, including percent of nonoverlapping data points from baseline to intervention phases and an overall outcome rating based on a 3-point scale. Studies were analyzed for covariation between outcomes and study characteristics. Results indicated that (a) interventions in which target subject interactive behaviors were directly reinforced and measured were the most successful interventions, (b) target subjects' unreinforced responses to trained peer confederates exceeded that of target subjects' unreinforced social initiations to confederate peers, (c) reinforced confederate peer social interactions exceeded unreinforced interactions, and (d) unreinforced...
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) gene expression is developmentally regulated in fetal lung

We characterized the ontogeny of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) enzymatic activity and PKA subunit mRNA expression in developing lung. The lungs of fetal Sprague-Dawley rat pups were removed after 16, 18, or 20 days of gestation and at term. PKA activity was greatest in the 18- and 20-day gestation lungs. Tissue cAMP levels were lowest in the 16-day lungs and increased with lung maturity. We were able to detect only low levels of mRNA for the C beta subunit of PKA by northern blot analysis of total lung RNA and we were able to detect mRNA for the RI beta and RII beta subunits only by RT-PCR. Therefore, we limited our analysis of PKA subunit mRNA levels to those for C alpha, RI alpha and RII alpha. The mRNA levels for C alpha, were highest in the 16-day lung, decreased at 18 and 20 days, were lower in the newborn and lowest in the adult lung. RI alpha mRNA levels were also highest at 16 days and lowest in the adult lung. However, RII alpha mRNA levels were similar in the 18-day, 20-day and newborn lungs. Dexamethasone treatment of fetal lung explants resulted in a small decrease in RI alpha mRNA levels but was not associated with a change in PKA activity. We conclude that PKA activity and PKA subunit mRNA expression are developmentally regulated in fetal lung. Such regulation results in optimal PKA activity at the time of type II alveolar cell differentiation, presumably in preparation for air breathing. The absence of an effect of glucocorticoid on PKA activity suggests that glucocorticoids are not responsible for the increase in PKA activity which accompanies this critical time in lung maturation.
Error-growth dynamics and predictability of surface thermally induced atmospheric flow

Abstract Using the CSU Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) in its nonhydrostatic and compressible configuration, over 200 two-dimensional simulations with Δx = 2 km and Δx = 100 m are performed to study in detail the initial adjustment process and the error-growth dynamics of surface thermally induced circulations including the sensitivity to initial conditions (i.e., the traditional predictability), boundary conditions, and model parameters, and to study the predictability as a function of the size of surface heat patches under a calm mean wind. It is found that the error growth (at least at the stage when the surface forcing is strong) is not sensitive to the characteristics of the initial perturbations. The numerical smoothing has a strong impact on the initial adjustment process and on the error-growth dynamics. The predictability is variable dependent. The mesoscale flow is insensitive to lateral and top boundary conditions. Among the conclusions regarding the influence of the boundary-layer ...
Effect of Surface Treatment and Aging on the Shear Bonding Strength of Interim Restoration Materials

@font-face { font-family: "Calibri"; }@font-face { font-family: "BatMincho"; }@font-face { font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; } Statement of Problem Interim restorations are required for extended periods as complex treatment is being established or to assess long-term prognosis of teeth. The reparability of interim restorations relies on adhesion of the repair material onto the parent restorative material. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the shear bonding strength of bis-acryl composite resins compared to autopolymerizing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) under different surface treatments and environmental conditions. Material and Methods Eighty cylindrical specimens fabricated from PMMA and bis-acryl received one of the following of environmental treatments: no surface treatment, surface roughening with SiC paper, grinding with bur or chemical treatment. One group was stored in water for 24 h (37 °C, distilled water) and the other group was stored in coffee for 24 h (37 °C). Shear bond strength was determined by loading the specimens to failures with a 10 kN load cell and a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. The statistical significances were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA . Every analysis was approved with 95% reliance. Results For PMMA stored in water, there was no statistical difference between different surface treatments. For PMMA stored in coffee, surface roughening treatment with SiC paper had the highest average bonding strength and was significantly better than no surface treatment or surface treatment with bur. For bis-acryl stored in water, surface roughening with SiC paper had the highest average bonding strength and was significantly better than no surface treatment. Surface treatment with bur was also significantly better than no surface treatment. For bis-acryl stored in coffee, the highest average bonding strength was for surface treated specimens with SiC and this was significantly better than surface treatment with bonding agent. Whether specimens were stored in water or coffee, PMMA was significantly better than bis-acryl in all surface treatment groups. Conclusions In all environmental conditions including no surface treatment, surface roughening with SiC paper, grinding with bur, or chemical treatment, and in all storage media, PMMA has better bonding strength compared to bis-acryl. For bis-acryl specimens, surface roughening with SiC paper improved bonding strength of the repair material to the parent material.
Explaining retrieval-induced forgetting: A change in mental context between the study and restudy practice phases is not sufficient to cause forgetting.

Retrieving information can impair the subsequent recall of related information. Such retrieval-induced forgetting is often attributed to inhibitory mechanisms, but Jonker, MacLeod, and Seli (2013) recently proposed an alternative account. In their view, the study and retrieval-practice phases constitute two disparate contexts, and impairment of unpractised members from practised categories is attributable to their being absent from the retrieval-practice context, which is where, according to Jonker et al., participants preferentially search at the time of final test. In evidence of this account, Jonker et al. showed that even restudy practice—which is assumed by the inhibitory account to be insufficient to cause forgetting (i.e., retrieval-specificity)—can cause forgetting when a mental context change is inserted between study and restudy. The present research sought to replicate this finding while also testing the possibility that a far mental context change would cause more forgetting than a near mental...
I. Neutrophil adhesive interactions with intestinal epithelium

In many inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, disease activity and patient symptoms correlate with the histological finding of neutrophil (PMN) migration across the epithelium. PMN...
Stimulation of human osteoblast differentiation and function by ipriflavone and its metabolites

Ipriflavone (IP), an isoflavone derivative, has been shown to interfere with bone remodeling by inhibiting bone resorption and perhaps stimulating bone formation. In this study, we have analyzed the effect of IP and its metabolites on the differentiation and function of human osteoblastic cells. Bone marrow stromal osteoprogenitor cells (BMC) and trabecular bone osteoblasts (HOB) were isolated from human donors. The former can be induced to differentiate by treatment with dexamethasone, whereas the latter represent a more differentiated osteoblast. Incubation of BMC with metabolite III (10-5 M) for 1 week induced modest but significant changes of alkaline phosphatase activity. Though both IP and metabolite III stimulated the expression of bone sialoprotein mRNA, a protein involved in cell attachment to the matrix, only metabolite III increased the steady-state level of decorin mRNA, a collagen fibrillogenesis-regulating proteoglycan. Metabolites III and V, but not the other isoflavones, increased the expression of type I collagen mRNA in HOB, whereas no detectable changes were observed in BMC cells with any of the experimental compounds. In HOB, an increased abundance of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein mRNA were also obtained after 1-week treatment with IP or metabolite V. No appreciable effects of IP or its metabolites were seen on osteocalcin expression and synthesis by either cell type. Finally, IP consistently increased the amount of 45Ca incorporated into the cell layer by BMC, and stimulated mineralization of both BMC and HOB, assessed by von Kossa staining. Thus, IP and its metabolites regulate the differentiation and biosynthetic properties of human bone-forming cells by enhancing the expression of some important matrix proteins and facilitating the mineralization process.
Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880–1940

The following article examines the creation and development of a unique American business institution, the dime store chain. The essay focuses on the store managers—their ethnic, social, and educational background, the rules under which they worked, and the promotion ladder they climbed. It attempts to assess the advantages and disadvantages to the chains of relying on a system of “organization men.”
Sessions, cyphers, and parties: settings for informal social controls of blunt smoking.

Abstract The importance of settings for marijuana use has been widely noted, but the way that informal social controls are organized to moderate the amounts consumed have not been well documented. A major ethnographic study of blunts/marijuana use in New York City observed several hundred marijuana users in group locations and conducted intensive interviews with 92 focal subjects. The vast majority of blunt smokers preferred to consume in a group setting. Participants identified three group settings in which blunt smoking often occurred-sessions, cyphers, and parties. The analysis identifies various conduct norms, rituals, and behavior patterns associated with each of these settings. Regardless of the setting, group processes encouraged equal sharing of blunts, moderation in consumption, intermission and breaks between smoking episodes, and involvement in non-smoking activities. Blunt smoking groups rarely encouraged high consumption and intoxication from marijuana.
Availability of activity reinforcers in a drug abuse clinic: a preliminary report.

To determine the availability of effective reinforcers of activity which could be delivered in an outpatient drug abuse clinic, a survey was administered to 25 Methadone maintenance patients. The privilege of taking Methadone home on occasion was the most powerful single reinforcer, while psychotherapy (not yet part of the program) had a low reinforcing property. Further exploration and cross-validation are needed.