cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Densities and Viscosities of Seven Glycol Ethers from 288.15 K to 343.15 K

Densities and viscosities of seven glycol ethers consisting of 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 3-methoxy-1-butanol, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol tert-butyl methyl ether, and diethylene glycol diethyl ether were measured from 288.15 K to 343.15 K at atmospheric pressure. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic Ubbelohde capillary viscometer. The estimated uncertainties of the measurements were ±0.1% for density and ±0.9% for viscosity. The data were correlated using simple expressions and were also used to develop a model for the viscosity based on the Hildebrand fluidity equation.
Root profiles of some native and exotic plant species in southeastern Idaho

Abstract Root depth and lateral spread were determined for five plant species using radiotracer techniques. Depth data only were collected from two additional species. Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), the deepest rooted species examined, had roots extending to a depth of 225 cm. Roots of Great Basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus), the deepest rooted grass, were detected to 200 cm. The maximum lateral spread of both of these species was 100 cm and occurred at a depth of 40 cm.
Computer anxiety and attitudes towards microcomputer use

Abstract Survey data gathered from 187 participants were used to examine the relationship between demographic variables, computer training and experience, management support and system quality and computer anxiety, and attitudes toward microcomputers. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the quality of the computer-based information system which represents the interface and the interaction between the participants and the system has a strong positive effect on attitudes toward microcomputers, and a significant reduction on computer anxiety. Computer training contributes strongly to decrease in computer anxiety and has an indirect effect on attitudes toward microcomputers. However, computer experience and management support were found to affect the attitudes toward microcomputers directly. Among the demographic variables, gender was the only one which correlated highly with computer anxiety. Implications for the design of information and decision support systems and future resea...
After the break-in occurs: how to handle the student hacker

Outlines the experience of the University of Alabama when a hacker bypassed the preventative security measures of the library management system and accessed the operating system. Discusses how the break‐in occurred, how the hacker was identified and what actions were taken. Concludes that each system will have to decide what direction to take if such a break‐in occurred, suggesting measures such as employing a full‐time investigator for hackers.
SCHOOL REINTEGRATION FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH CANCER: THE ROLE OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS

As a result of advancements in medical expertise and technology, children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer now have opportunities to participate in many typical activities, including school. To some extent, school reintegration reflects positive adjustment to their illness. Nevertheless, children and adolescents with cancer may experience consequences that result in problems with school functioning and performance, along with other psychosocial difficulties. Accordingly, school personnel may not be equipped to appropriately intervene with this unique population of students. One means of offsetting such consequences, and thus facilitating successful school reintegration, is consultation between children or adolescents, parents and/or caregivers, school personnel, and health professionals. The eco-triadic model of educational consultation may be useful as a means of providing indirect and direct services to children and adolescents with cancer. This article provides a description of the model, describes the model's application to school psychologists' work with this unique population of children, provides checklists to help guide school psychologists' intervention throughout the school reintegration process, and highlights implications for school psychology practice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One-dimensional model of normal photoelectron diffraction

A simple one-dimensional electron-scattering model is used to interpret recent observations of normal photoelectron diffraction for $\mathrm{Se}(3d)$, $\mathrm{S}(2p)$, and $\mathrm{O}(1s)$ on Ni(001). The method shows promise as a quick and simple approach to determining the absorbate structural parameter ${d}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ from photoelectron-intensity---versus---energy curves.
Orbital imaging demonstrates occult blow out fracture in complex strabismus.

Abstract Background While strabismologists are familiar with diagnostic evaluation of suspected blow out fractures, unsuspected blow out fractures may further complicate difficult cases of strabismus not clinically supposed to be related to orbital trauma. Methods According to a prospective protocol, we studied five adults presenting with diplopia, and one with convergence-related asthenopia. No patient recalled or had any clinical suspicion of orbital fracture at initial evaluation. Surface coil magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits was performed at 312 μm resolution, slice thickness 2 mm. Quasicoronal images in central gaze were supplemented with eccentric gaze positions, and sagittal and axial images as indicated. Results Five patients had incomitant hypertropia, and one had abducens paralysis. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed previously unsuspected blow out fractures in all six patients. Three patients had medial wall fracture, one bilaterally. Two patients had inferior wall fractures, and one inferomedial. Although only one patient had an extraocular muscle displaced into a sinus, all had evidence of orbital connective tissue distortion in the region of the rectus extraocular muscle pulleys influencing muscle paths. These effects altered the presentations of more familiar pathologies such as superior oblique palsy. After learning of the MRI findings, most patients then recalled orbital trauma from as early as childhood. Conclusion Unsuspected blow out fractures occur and may confound the usual findings in complex strabismus. High-resolution orbital imaging can detect blow out fractures and clarify the pathophysiology, enabling appropriate surgical management.
527 Committees and the Political Party Network

We investigate the links between 527s and other political organizations through the employment histories of 527 staff. We find that 527s are highly central to modern political party networks and are in positions to facilitate coordination within a party and to employ key party personnel. Further, we find important differences between the networks charted out by the two major parties. The Republican Party, the majority party during the period under study, had a more hierarchical network than the Democratic Party did.
Where is the Learning in Smaller Learning Communities? Academic Press, Social Support for Learning, and Academic Engagement in Smaller Learning Community Classrooms

The extent to which smaller learning communities' (SLCs) focus on academic press and strong social relationships affects academic engagement among 9th graders in urban high schools was investigated. Data were collected through classroom observations, student questionnaires, and focus groups with teachers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and content analysis of focus group interviews. Results indicated moderate to low levels of academic press, social supports, and engagement. Students experiencing high levels of academic press were more academically engaged, but social support was not confirmed as a key factor in academic engagement. Focus group data indicated that much of the press and social support was attributable to the individual efforts of teachers, sometimes in spite of the SLC structure. Additionally, factors affecting engagement emerged, including teacher and student rapport, the relevance and complexity of the curriculu...
Transient-Response Analysis via a Broadened Pulse Combined with a Step Change or an Isotopic Pulse - Application to CO2 Reforming of Methane over NiO/SiO2

In this paper, a transient response analysis is developed by combining a broadened pulse with a step change or an isotopic pulse. The combined method provides information about the activation of the catalyst and the catalytic reaction mechanism. The method is applied to the CO2 reforming of methane over NiO/SiO2 at 800 °C. The response to the broadened CH4/CO2 (1:1) pulse over fresh NiO/SiO2 exhibited an induction time during which no reaction between CH4 and CO2 occurred, indicating that NiO/SiO2 had no activity. As the NiO was gradually reduced by CH4, the reforming reaction took place, indicating that Ni0 is the active site for this reaction. During the transient response to a step change to He in the broadened pulse of CH4/CO2 over a reduced NiO/SiO2 catalyst at 800 °C, a long CO tail was observed; however, no such tail was noted in the response after a step change to He in the broadened pure CO pulse at 800 °C. This indicates that the CO desorption is rapid and that the surface reaction between C and...
Gingival Crevicular Blood for Assessment of Blood Glucose in Diabetic Patients

In this study 50 patients with diabetes mellitus had gingival crevicular blood from periodontal probing collected in small plastic pipettes. The pipettes transferred the crevicular blood to a non-wipe glucose self-monitoring instrument. At the same time, finger-stick capillary blood measurements were analyzed in the same glucose self-monitoring instrument, and venous blood was collected for measurement in a laboratory glucose analyzer. Each laboratory measurement was corrected from a serum glucose value to a whole blood glucose value by a function of the patient's hematocrit. This corrected glucose value allowed direct comparison of the laboratory measurement to the intraoral and finger-stick whole blood measurements. The patient blood glucose concentrations ranged from 59 mg/dl to 366 mg/dl. The gingival crevicular blood exhibited a correlation of r = 0.975 (P < .0001) to the corrected laboratory standard measurement, with a mean prediction error (bias) of -4.11 mg/dl and a root mean square error (precision) of 17.43 mg/dl. The finger-stick blood had a correlation of r = 0.983 (P < .0001) to the corrected laboratory standard, with a mean prediction error of 4.65 mg/dl and a root mean square error of 14.48 mg/dl. The American Diabetic Association recommends that the prediction error of blood glucose monitoring devices fall within 15% of the laboratory standard. Using this criterion 92% of the gingival crevicular measurements and 90% of the finger-puncture measurements fell within 15% of the laboratory value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structures and heats of formation of simple alkali metal compounds: hydrides, chlorides, fluorides, hydroxides, and oxides for Li, Na, and K.

Geometry parameters, frequencies, heats of formation, and bond dissociation energies are predicted for simple alkali metal compounds (hydrides, chlorides, fluorides, hydroxides and oxides) of Li, N...
The philosophical novelty of computer simulation methods

Reasons are given to justify the claim that computer simulations and computational science constitute a distinctively new set of scientific methods and that these methods introduce new issues in the philosophy of science. These issues are both epistemological and methodological in kind.
Optimal iteration-varying Iterative Learning Control for systems with stochastic disturbances

This paper examines the problem of Iterative Learning Control (ILC) design for systems with stochastic disturbances and noise. Stochastic inputs are particularly problematic in ILC because they can be propagated many iterations forward by the iterative algorithm, severely limiting performance. The approach developed here is based on minimizing the error power spectrum from iteration-to-iteration, so as to achieve fastest convergence. The optimization is performed in the frequency domain resulting in an iteration-varying solution for the optimal ILC filters. It is shown that the filters are dependent on a ratio of power spectrums of deterministic inputs to stochastic inputs, which affects convergence rate. Convergence is slowest for frequencies where the deterministic-to-stochastic ratio is small. A numerical example is presented comparing the iteration-varying solution developed here to a popular heuristic algorithm.
Un cúmulo de crisis: circulación, ingresos, atención, autoridad y confianza

El autor expone el cumulo de crisis que ha marcado el desarrollo del periodismo profesional norteamericano a lo largo del siglo XX. Una variedad de problemas ha conducido a la mas profunda crisis sufrida por las organizaciones mediaticas en toda su historia. El autor proporciona una interpretacion en profundidad de la situacion, aportando consejos sobre como sobrevivir al desastre.
Identical Rectus Abdominis Donor-Site Morbidity in Compromised and Healthy Patients.

As microvascular capabilities improve, donor-site complications may become of greater concern. This has become an issue, particularly with the rectus abdominis muscle which is unique, as weakening of abdominal-wall integrity is always a potential problem. The author has reviewed all 50 of his pedicled and free-flap transfers of the rectus abdominis muscle, comparing healthy and chronically ill patients, for elective and emergent indications. Twelve percent of patients had donor-site complications, identical for both healthy and ill patients; 11.4 percent of pedicled flaps and 13.3 percent of free flaps had compromised outcomes. Three hernias occurred as major complications, which probably could not have been avoided. Nevertheless, these frequencies were within the range of expected complications, as with any muscle-flap donor site. The merit of this flap at the recipient site usually justified the risks and, in spite of appropriate risks and, in spite of appropriate trepidation regarding this donor site, the benefit of this flap should not be denied, even for the unhealthy patient.
Enterprise systems and government organizational changes: a socio-materiality analysis

Advocates of Enterprise Systems argue that such systems promise many advantages to government organizations, such as enhancing performance, transparency, accountability and efficiency. However, the fulfillment of these promises is not easy to establish. The socio-materiality framework provides a useful way to evaluate Enterprise System implementation by investigating technology use in everyday practice over time.This study of the usage of the On-Nara system (a Korean government Enterprise System) suggests that particular structures of technology use develop in relation with institutional conditions, and responsibilities of users, as well as associated technologies in use. We argue that an Enterprise System can bring unintended (not necessarily negative) micro-level organizational changes. Further, we found that initially inflexible Enterprise Systems gain flexibility when used in combination with other internet-connected technologies.
SU-GG-J-121: Lung Tumor Setup Using 2D-3D Registration of Respiratory-Gated Oblique X-Rays and the Planning 4D-CT

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of using intensity based 2D‐3D registration to directly setup on respiratory gated lungtumors using x‐ray source angles tailored for each patient. Method and Materials: A 2D‐3D registration software was developed in‐house which renders digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRR) in real time with a consumer graphics card. The user was then able to conveniently view DRRs at various source angles to choose the angles where the tumor is less obstructed by surrounding structures during the planning phase. The 2D‐3D software, using mutual information, simultaneously aligned DRRs from the end‐expiration planning 4D‐CT with four end‐expiration projection x‐rays (lateral, Anterior‐Posterior (AP), and 2 oblique) on a sub‐image based on the projection of the tumor. For the analysis, the x‐ray projection data was taken from three lung patients in a separate research protocol for 4D cone‐beam CT. The 2D‐3D results were compared with 3D‐3D alignment of the end‐expiration 4D cone‐beam CT with the end‐expiration planning 4D‐CT on a region around the tumor.Respiration phase information was deduced from a commercial external fiducial system (Real‐time Position Management, Varian Medical Systems). The volumes of the three tumors were 14.0 cc, 45.8 cc, and 17.9 cc. The extents of motion in the Superior‐Inferior (SI) direction were 2 mm, 4 mm, and 11 mm. Results: The mean differences between the 3D‐3D and 2D‐3D registrations were −0.1 mm, 0.1 mm, and 1.6 mm in the lateral, AP, and SI directions respectively. The standard deviations were 2.2 mm, 1.8 mm, and 1.0 mm. Conclusion: We have demonstrated the feasibility of direct lungtumor setup with per‐patient x‐ray source angles. The preferred oblique x‐ray angles were anterior and posterior angles on the same lateral side as the tumor. Future work will investigate the optimal number of x‐rays and the lower limit of the tumor's size.
A Bayesian approach to establishang sample size and monitoring criteria for phase II clinical trials

Thall and Simon propose a Bayesian approach to phase II clinical trials with binary outcomes and continuous monitoring. The efficacy theta E of an experimental treatment E is evaluated relative to that of a standard treatment S based on data from an uncontrolled trial of E, an informative prior for theta S, and a noninformative prior for theta E. The trial continues until E is shown with high posterior probability to be either promising or not promising, or until a predetermined maximum sample size is reached. Operating characteristics are evaluated under fixed values of the success probability of E. In this paper, we propose two extensions of this decision structure, describe sample size and monitoring criteria, and provide numerical guidelines for implementation. The first extension gives criteria from early termination of trials unlikely to yield conclusive results, based on the marginal (predictive) distribution of the observed success rate. The second extension allows early termination only if E is found to be not promising compared to S. Operating characteristics of each of these designs are evaluated numerically over a range of design parameterizations. We also examine the effects of intermittent monitoring on the design's properties. An application of this approach to a leukemia biochemotherapy trial is described.
Acquisition-test interactions between

The effects of changes in context on recognition memory were investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1 target items were embedded in congruous or incongruous sentence frames and then tested in the original, new congruous, or new incongruous contexts. Experiment 2 included a third encoding condition; targets were also embedded in abstract definitional sentences. Both experiments revealed a reliable crossover interaction between the initial encoding condition and the mode of the changed context. Congruous items were recognized better in new congruous contexts, whereas incongruous items were recognized better in new incongruous contexts. Recognition of definitional items was equally impaired by both context changes. The results suggest the importance of the symmetry between acquisition and test encoding dimensions. These experiments also point out the need to distinguish between different ways in which the concept “integration” is used in current research.
Rectal necrosis following external radiation therapy for carcinoma of the prostate: Report of a case

Increasing attention is being paid to the use of radiation therapy in the management of primary carcinoma of the prostate. Since 1965, radical radiation therapy has been used at Memorial Hospital to treat primary carcinoma of the prostate. Small primary tumors are treated by implantation with radioactive iodine (/sup 125/I) seeds and larger tumors considered unsuitable for implantation are treated by external supervoltage beam therapy. Fifty patients had been treated by implantation and 30 by external beam therapy at the time of this report. None of the patients treated by implantation developed rectal symptoms. Proctitis developed in all patients treated by external radiation therapy and in half the patients chronic proctitis ensued, accompanied by the passage of mucus. The constant leaking of mucus through the anal sphincter produces irritation of the skin and intermittent attacks of pruritus ani, a discomfiting sequel. Apart from the proctitis, most patients tolerated treatment well, with one notable exception, in whom rectal necrosis developed. This case is described.
Web-based Curriculum for Pragmatics Instruction in Japanese as a Foreign Language: An Explicit Awareness-raising Approach

Pragmatic ability has been recognised as an essential component of communicative competence (Canale & Swain, 1980; Hymes, 1972). However, it has been largely neglected in today's second/foreign language (L2) instruction and teacher education; few curricular attempts for teaching pragmatics have been made. This paper describes a web-based pragmatics curriculum for learners of Japanese as a foreign language, and presents the key components and principles of the curriculum. The curriculum takes an explicit pragmatic-focused awareness-raising approach (learners-as-researchers/ethnographers, Bardovi-Harlig, 1996; Tanaka, 1997) with the intention to instil in learners a sense of appropriate language use. A series of awareness-raising tasks are provided throughout the curriculum that features naturalistic audio samples and empirically established pragmatic information. Learners study L2 pragmatics through various exercises while self-checking or self-evaluating the answers and electronically sending exercise res...
A universal alphabet for experiments in comparative phonology

Of the computer applications to phonology described in the literature, 1 most have involved the creation of a unique, ad hoc alphabet for outputting results. 2 However, for purposes of the comparative study of the phonologies of different languages or of different historical stages of the 'same' language a single, standard alphabet would be useful. Such an alphabet would be especially desirable for the joint study of closely related languages or dialects, in which, it is theorized, 3 many of the differences consist of variations of detail in what are otherwise essen-
Modelling and control of multi-risk behaviours using probabilistic discrete event systems

In this paper, we introduce a new approach to model multiple social and health risk behaviours using probabilistic discrete event systems (PDES) for control and prevention. We develop a method to model the transition of individual risk behaviour as a PDES process. The parameters of the PDES model can be obtained from either longitudinal survey data or cross-sectional survey data. We then use parallel composition to combine the models for individual behaviours to establish PDES model for multi-risk behaviour. With the established PDES models, Mason’s gain formula developed in engineering can be applied to investigate the impacts of control and prevention on multi-risk behaviours and to evaluate the effectiveness of control and prevention strategies.
Safety and efficacy of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for prehospital pain control on the battlefield

Abstract : BACKGROUND: Acute pain, resulting from trauma and other causes, is a common condition that imposes a need for prehospital analgesia on and off the battlefield. The narcotic most frequently used for prehospital analgesia on the battlefield during the past century has been morphine. Intramuscular morphine has a delayed onset of pain relief that is suboptimal and difficult to titrate. Although intravenously administered morphine can readily provide rapid and effective prehospital analgesia, oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) is a safe alternative that does not require intravenous access. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of OTFC in the prehospital battlefield environment. METHODS: Data collected during combat deployments (Afghanistan and Iraq) from March 15, 2003, to March 31, 2010, were analyzed. Patients were US Army Special Operations Command casualties. Patients receiving OTFC for acute pain were evaluated. Pretreatment and posttreatment pain intensities were quantified by the verbal numeric rating scale (NRS) from 0 to 10. OTFC adverse effects and injuries treated were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 286 patients were administered OTFC, of whom 197 had NRS pain evaluations conducted before and approximately 15 minutes to 30 minutes following treatment. The difference between NRS pain scores at 0 minutes (NRS, 8.0 [1.4]) and 15 minutes to 30 minutes (NRS, 3.2 [2.1]) was significant ( p less than 0.001). Only 18.3% (36 of 197) of patients were also administered other types of analgesics. Nausea was the most common adverse effect as reported by 12.7% (25 of 197) of patients. The only major adverse effect occurred in the patient who received the largest opioid dose, 3,200- micro(g) OTFC and 20-mg morphine. This patient exhibited hypoventilation and saturation of less than 90% requiring low-dose naloxone.
Immunophysiology of enteric parasitism

Abstract Capron and Dessaint have described the relationship between parasites and their hosts in terms of ‘cell sociology'. In this review Gilbert Castro discusses the ‘sociological' aspects of functional associations among cells comprising the hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract and the influence on them of enteric parasitism, and shows how such cells and tissues work in an integrated fashion to help the whole organism to maintain homeostasis under the stress of parasitic invasion.
Aldehydes in cigarette smoke react with the lipid peroxidation product malonaldehyde to form fluorescent protein adducts on lysines.

Cigarette smoke is a risk factor for the development of several diseases, but the exact mechanism responsible has not been well-characterized. Because modification, or adducting, of biomolecules is thought to mediate the toxic effects observed from exposure to a wide variety of harmful chemicals, this study investigated the ability of cigarette smoke to produce specific adducts on a peptide to gain insight into the likely effect on cellular proteins. We describe the modification of the e-amino group of lysine contained in a test peptide with stable fluorescent adducts derived from monofunctional aldehydes occurring in cigarette smoke and malonaldehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation. Utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography, fluorescent measurements, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, the 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbaldehyde and 4-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbaldehyde derivatives of lysine were identified as products of exposure to cigarett...
Persistence … and Prayer: From the Artificial Kidney to the AutoAnalyzer

I am a relic of the last century, born in 1918, the last year of the first World War. At that time, there was no radio, no television, no commercial air travel. There was no welfare, no social security, no Medicare, and only the rich paid income taxes. Influenza, strep throat, pneumonia, tuberculosis, polio, and high blood pressure were deadly diseases. I was 11 when the stock market crashed and the Great Depression began. Unemployment reached 25%. The most precious thing a person could have was a job. In 1940, I entered graduate school studying biochemistry at what is now Case Western Reserve University. Victor Myers was head of the department. He was near the end of his career and was prone to talk about his old friends Otto Folin and Stanley Benedict and others and their struggle to learn how to analyze blood. They were the first clinical chemists. They had no pH meter, no spectrophotometer. Optical densities were estimated by visual comparison of standard and unknown. They had to calibrate their own pipettes. It could not have been easy. When I entered the department, most everyone used DuBosc visual colorimeters. We had one Evelyn photoelectric colorimeter with glass filters and one newly invented Beckman pH meter. There was no good way to determine the quantitative amino acid composition of proteins. No one understood what the purine and pyrimidine bases and nucleic acids were good for. The Journal of Biochemistry published one modest volume a year. I do not think any of us understood that we were caught up in a wave of scientific and technological progress that would grow and gather speed at an exponential rate. I am glad to have lived during this period and to have been a very, very small part of it all. By …
Remittance Activity among Brazilians in the US and Canada

This comparative study uses data collected in 1990 and 1991 to examine the remittance behavior of Brazilians who had recently arrived in Canada and the United States. These data permit an examination of remittance activity among immigrants relatively soon after their arrival in a pair of host destinations. Prior to contrasting the remittance activity of these newly arrived immigrants, we first document the high degree of similarity between the two groups at their time of arrival; a point that becomes important when contrasting their divergent outcomes. Next, this study contributes to the research literature on micro-level remittance patterns and behaviors by focusing on three policy relevant dependant variables. More specifically, multivariate analyses are undertaken to examine those individual-level factors that best determine: (1) who remits, (2) how much they remit, and (3) when funds are remitted for productive purposes. Because the data analyzed were collected with the same instrument, results are then contrasted for the two destinations. One major finding to emerge from this cross-national study was that even immigrants who are extremely similar on all socio-economic measures at time of arrival may soon manifest divergent outcomes due to their distinctive country of destination experiences. Consequently, although some common predictors were found in both locales, there were far fewer than expected. For example, family obligation variables were usually significant in the predicted directions for the United States data, while this was almost never the case for the Canadian data. Furthermore, some variables often assumed to predict remittance behavior were insignificant in both locations. This study concludes by considering possible explanations for these results, as well as discussing the need for additional theoretical work and data collection in the area of immigrant remittance activity.
Equivalence of Some Definitions of Recursion in a Higher Type Object

In [4] Kleene gave a definition of recursive functionals of finite type. Later Sacks [5] and Harrington [2] gave definitions of recursion in normal functionals of finite type. These definitions, that Sacks and Harrington assumed equivalent as far as normal objects are concerned, are nevertheless very different: Kleene's definition is given in terms of an inductive definition; Sacks uses simultaneously a hierarchy (the S σ F 's) and induction on the ordinals and on the type; Harrington's universe does not use the induction on the type but uses a hierarchy as Shoenfield [6]. In this paper we prove in detail that, as was expected, the three definitions are equivalent.
Physiological Imaging-Defined, Response-Driven Subvolumes of a Tumor

Purpose To develop an image analysis framework to delineate the physiological imaging-defined subvolumes of a tumor in relating to treatment response and outcome. Methods and Materials Our proposed approach delineates the subvolumes of a tumor based on its heterogeneous distributions of physiological imaging parameters. The method assigns each voxel a probabilistic membership function belonging to the physiological parameter classes defined in a sample of tumors, and then calculates the related subvolumes in each tumor. We applied our approach to regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and Gd-DTPA transfer constant (K trans ) images of patients who had brain metastases and were treated by whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT). A total of 45 lesions were included in the analysis. Changes in the rCBV (or K trans )–defined subvolumes of the tumors from pre-RT to 2 weeks after the start of WBRT (2W) were evaluated for differentiation of responsive, stable, and progressive tumors using the Mann-Whitney U test. Performance of the newly developed metrics for predicting tumor response to WBRT was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results The percentage decrease in the high-CBV-defined subvolumes of the tumors from pre-RT to 2W was significantly greater in the group of responsive tumors than in the group of stable and progressive tumors ( P P =.012), suggesting that the physiological change occurs before the volumetric change. Also, K trans did not add significant discriminatory information for assessing response with respect to rCBV. Conclusion The physiological imaging-defined subvolumes of the tumors delineated by our method could be candidates for boost target, for which further development and evaluation is warranted.
Binding site dynamics and aromatic-carbohydrate interactions in processive and non-processive family 7 glycoside hydrolases.

In nature, processive and non-processive cellulase enzymes deconstruct cellulose to soluble sugars. From structural studies, the consensus is that processive cellulases exhibit tunnels lined with aromatic and polar residues, whereas non-processive cellulases exhibit open clefts with fewer ligand contacts. To gain additional insight into the differences between processive and non-processive cellulases, we examine the glycoside hydrolase family 7 (GH7) cellobiohydrolase, Cel7A, and the endoglucanase, Cel7B, from Trichoderma reesei with molecular simulation. We compare properties related to processivity and compute the binding affinity changes for mutation of four aromatic residues lining the Cel7A active site tunnel and Cel7B cleft to alanine. For the wild-type enzymes, dissimilar behavior is observed at nearly every glucopyranose-binding site from −7 to +2, except in the −2 site, suggesting that the structural differences directly around the catalytic center and at the active site tunnel entrances and exit...
High-Efficiency Large-Area Rear Passivated Silicon Solar Cells With Local Al-BSF and Screen-Printed Contacts

This paper describes the cell design and technology on large-area (239 cm2) commercial grade Czochralski Si wafers using industrially feasible oxide/nitride rear passivation and screen-printed local back contacts. A combination of optimized front and back dielectrics, rear surface finish, oxide thickness, fixed oxide charge, and interface quality provided effective surface passivation without parasitic shunting. Increasing the rear oxide thickness from 40 to 90 A in conjunction with reducing the surface roughness from 1.3 to 0.2 μm increased the Voc from 640 mV to 656 mV. Compared with 18.6% full aluminum back surface field (Al-BSF) reference cell, local back-surface field (LBSF) improved the back surface reflectance (BSR) from 65% to 93% and lowered the back surface recombination velocity (BSRV) from 310 to 130 cm/s. Two-dimensional computer simulations were performed to optimize the size, shape, and spacing of LBSF regions to obtain good fill factor (FF). Model calculations show that 20% efficiency cells can be achieved with further optimization of local Al-BSF cell structure and improved screen-printed contacts.
Territorial song in the Anna's hummingbird, Calypte anna: costs of attraction and benefits of deterrence

Playback of territorial song of Anna's hummingbirds near newly available feeders attracted intruders to the feeders and hastened territory establishment. The first feeding by intruders was not significantly earlier in the presence of playback, apparently because intruders were tentative about feeding in the presence of playback. Playback of song on established territories benefited owners by deterring potential intruders.
Heavy-tailed Distances for Gradient Based Image Descriptors

Many applications in computer vision measure the similarity between images or image patches based on some statistics such as oriented gradients. These are often modeled implicitly or explicitly with a Gaussian noise assumption, leading to the use of the Euclidean distance when comparing image descriptors. In this paper, we show that the statistics of gradient based image descriptors often follow a heavy-tailed distribution, which undermines any principled motivation for the use of Euclidean distances. We advocate for the use of a distance measure based on the likelihood ratio test with appropriate probabilistic models that fit the empirical data distribution. We instantiate this similarity measure with the Gamma-compound-Laplace distribution, and show significant improvement over existing distance measures in the application of SIFT feature matching, at relatively low computational cost.
Blood Chimerism Confounds Genetic Relative Susceptibility Testing for Classical Scrapie in Sheep

Classical scrapie disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep that is enzootic in the United States. Susceptibility of sheep to classical scrapie is linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms in the prion protein gene (PRNP), forming the basis for genetic testing strategies used by national efforts to eradicate scrapie. Such efforts are occasionally hampered by inconclusive results stemming from the detection of ''complex'' genotypes. Naturally occurring cases of ovine chimerism are thought to account for some of these instances. In the current report, 4 naturally occurring ovine chimeras are documented through cytogenetic and molecular analyses. All 4 of these sheep had chimeric cells circulating in their blood. Blood and alternate tissue samples of ear punch and hair bulbs from one of these chimeras was submitted in batch with similar samples from control sheep for routine scrapie genetic relative susceptibility testing. A complex PRNP genotype was detected in the blood of the chimeric female but not in the alternate tissue samples or in the control sheep samples. The results demonstrate that naturally occurring blood chimerism can confound current testing efforts. The potential impacts of undetected chimeras on current scrapie eradication efforts are discussed.
High performance transcription factor-DNA docking with GPU computing

Background Protein-DNA docking is a very challenging problem in structural bioinformatics and has important implications in a number of applications, such as structure-based prediction of transcription factor binding sites and rational drug design. Protein-DNA docking is very computational demanding due to the high cost of energy calculation and the statistical nature of conformational sampling algorithms. More importantly, experiments show that the docking quality depends on the coverage of the conformational sampling space. It is therefore desirable to accelerate the computation of the docking algorithm, not only to reduce computing time, but also to improve docking quality.
Crosstalk between Primase Subunits Can Act to Regulate Primer Synthesis in trans

Summary The coordination of primase function within the replisome is an essential but poorly understood feature of lagging strand synthesis. By using crystallography and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we show that functional elements of bacterial primase transition between two dominant conformations: an extended form that uncouples a regulatory domain from its associated RNA polymerase core and a compact state that sequesters the regulatory region from the site of primer synthesis. FRET studies and priming assays reveal that the regulatory domain of one primase subunit productively associates with nucleic acid that is bound to the polymerase domain of a second protomer in trans . This intersubunit interaction allows primase to select initiation sites on template DNA and implicates the regulatory domain as a "molecular brake" that restricts primer length. Our data suggest that the replisome may cooperatively use multiple primases and this conformational switch to control initiation frequency, processivity, and ultimately, Okazaki fragment synthesis.
The affinity of the dynein microtubule-binding domain is modulated by the conformation of its coiled-coil stalk

The microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) of dynein is separated from the AAA (ATPase with any other activity) core of the motor by an approximately 15-nm stalk that is predicted to consist of an antiparallel coiled coil. However, the structure of this coiled coil and the mechanism it uses to mediate communication between the MTBD and ATP-binding core are unknown. Here, we sought to identify the optimal alignment between the hydrophobic heptad repeats in the two strands of the stalk coiled coil. To do this, we fused the MTBD of mouse cytoplasmic dynein, together with 12-36 residues of its stalk, onto a stable coiled-coil base provided by Thermus thermophilus seryl-tRNA synthetase and tested these chimeric constructs for microtubule binding in vitro. The results identified one alignment that yielded a protein displaying high affinity for microtubules (2.2 microM). The effects of mutations applied to the MTBD of this construct paralleled those previously reported (Koonce, M. P., and Tikhonenko, I. (2000) Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 523-529) for an intact dynein motor unit in the absence of ATP, suggesting that it resembles the tight binding state of native intact dynein. All other alignments showed at least 10-fold lower affinity for microtubules with the exception of one, which had an intermediate affinity. Based on these results and on amino acid sequence analysis, we hypothesize that dynein utilizes small amounts of sliding displacement between the two strands of its coiled-coil stalk as a means of communication between the AAA core of the motor and the MTBD during the mechanochemical cycle.
Photovoltaic properties of graphene nanodisk-integrated polymer composites

Abstract Graphene nanodisks (GNDs) were synthesized through the intercalation of stacked graphene nanofibers and subsequent thermal exfoliation and reduction. The resultant GNDs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), along with Raman, optical absorption, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. The characterization results confirmed that as-produced GNDs were monolayer or few-layer thick with well-defined disk shape and uniform diameter of ∼40 nm, with a bandgap of 0.73 eV, HOMO −4.82 and LUMO −4.09. Subsequently, the as-produced GNDs were dispersed in poly(3-hexylthiophene), and the effect of GNDs dispersion morphology and loading fractions on photovoltaic properties were studied. High loading of GNDs resulted in many clusters and pinholes in the composites, and thus lowers the photovoltaic properties due to the shunt resistance. At low loading of GNDs, the composite morphology was very uniform, and the carrier mobility of the polymer composites was enhanced by 4-fold while the photocurrent was increased by 17%. As a result, the photovoltaic efficiency was increased around 8%. This work will significantly facilitate polymer nanocomposites for photovoltaic applications.
The influence of capsular extracellular polymeric substances on the interaction between TiO2 nanoparticles and planktonic bacteria

The role of capsular extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) at the surface of planktonic microorganisms was investigated for possible toxicity mitigation from titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles, using variable EPS producing wild-type and isogenic mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Membrane integrity assays revealed that increased capsular EPS reduced cell membrane damage. Acting as a barrier to the cell membrane, capsular EPS permitted attachment of nanoparticles to the cell, while simultaneously delaying cellular damage caused by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Modulations in ROS production were monitored in situ; while changes in the chemical composition of the microorganisms before and after exposure were examined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The addition of methanol, a known radical scavenger, was shown to vastly reduce ROS production and membrane integrity losses, while not affecting physical interactions of nanoparticles with the microorganism. The results support that EPS provides an attachment site for nanoparticles, but more importantly act as a barrier to cell membrane oxidation from ROS. These observations provide better understanding of the overall importance of ROS in TiO₂ microbial toxicity.
Quasi-Steady Structures in the Two-Dimensional Initiation of Detonations

Two regimes of reflected-shock-induced ignition of explosive gases are known to exist, referred to as strong and weak (or mild) ignition. Experimental studies have shown that the former is manifested by the early appearance of a plane shock wave of chemical activity near the back wall of the shock tube and the whole strong-ignition process is a nominally one-dimensional phenomenon. When small distinct regions of increased chemical activity exist near the wall from which the incident wave reflects, localized thermal runaway leads directly to detonations that are multidimensional in character; this is the situation in what is called mild ignition. Although both strong and weak modes have been studied experimentally (in the 1960s and 1970s) and visualized by means of streak-camera and stroboscopic-laser-schlieren techniques, up to now most studies which use the methods of computational fluid dynamics have concentrated on the one-dimensional case. Previous analytical/numerical studies have shown how the three-dimensional structure of detonations can appear as a consequence of the instability of an initially ideal planar Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doring detonation. The latter is subject to some small-amplitude disturbances, and subsequent events lead to the eventual appearance of triple points along the front. In this paper some of the transient phenomena that take place in the first few microseconds after incident shock reflection from the closed end of a shock-tube are examined by means of a number of numerical simulations. A small hot-spot is assumed to exist in one of the corners between the reflective end plate and the walls of the shock tube. Evolution of the flow is followed, from the time of incident shock reflection, through the genesis of curved reaction waves, on to the appearance of an `explosion within the explosion' ending with the creation of a nearly plane detonation wave and its gradual contamination by triple-shock-wave features. The events portrayed in this way are recognizable stages in the story that the experimental studies revealed 25 years ago. The all-important region between reflective wall and reflected shock, within which intense chemical activity begins and which, because of its small geometric extent, is not well resolved in the schlieren photographs, is here replaced by high resolution images of the primitive variables of the flow. The wealth of data provided by these simulations is subsequently correlated to reveal the existence of quasi-steady structures in the form of reaction waves (specifically, weak detonations and fast flames or deflagrations), which previously have been shown to be part of the evolutionary processes only in strictly one-dimensional phenomena.