cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making Big Data, Privacy, and Anonymization Work Together in the Enterprise: Experiences and Issues

Some scholars feel that Big Data techniques render anonymization (also known as de-identification) useless as a privacy protection technique. This paper discusses our experiences and issues encountered when we successfully combined anonymization, privacy protection, and Big Data techniques to analyze usage data while protecting the identities of users. Our Human Factors Engineering team wanted to use web page access logs and Big Data tools to improve usability of Intel's heavily used internal web portal. To protect Intel employees' privacy, they needed to remove personally identifying information (PII) from the portal's usage log repository but in a way that did not affect the use of Big Data tools to do analysis or the ability to re-identify a log entry in order to investigate unusual behavior. To meet these objectives, we created an open architecture for anonymization that allowed a variety of tools to be used for both de-identifying and re-identifying web log records. In the process of implementing our architecture, we found that enterprise data has properties different from the standard examples in anonymization literature. Our proof of concept showed that Big Data techniques could yield benefits in the enterprise environment even when working on anonymized data. We also found that despite masking obvious PII like usernames and IP addresses, the anonymized data was vulnerable to correlation attacks. We explored the tradeoffs of correcting these vulnerabilities and found that User Agent (Browser/OS) information strongly correlates to individual users. While browser fingerprinting has been known before, it has implications for tools and products currently used to de-identify enterprise data. We conclude that Big Data, anonymization, and privacy can be successfully combined but requires analysis of data sets to make sure that anonymization is not vulnerable to correlation attacks.
Emerging Technologies in Microbial Ecology Aid in Understanding the Effect of Monensin in the Diets of Broilers in Regard to the Complex Disease Necrotic Enteritis

SUMMARY Necrotic enteritis is a complex disease condition of broiler chickens, commercial layer pullets, and turkeys and requires the presence of a toxigenic strain of Clostridium perfringens, alteration of bird diets, and damage to the intestinal epithelium. All of these alone, but especially in combination, result in significant alterations of the intestinal microflora. The intestinal microflora is part of a complex ecosystem that is involved in augmenting intestinal development, immune surveillance, and competitive exclusion against pathogenic organisms. However, when the microflora fails to protect the mucosa from pathogens, antimicrobials are used to reduce the numbers of pathogenic organisms or to prevent their colonization of the intestine. We were interested in studying the effects of monensin on the bacterial community within the ileum of chickens because ionophore antimicrobials are commonly used to prevent Eimeria infections in broilers. We used two 16S ribosomal DNA community analysis protocols, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis combined with 16S rDNA clone libraries. These methods showed that monensin caused significant alterations in the microbial community structure of the ileum. Whereas the ileal bacterial community of control birds primarily consisted of lactobacilli, monensin-treated birds had communities rich in clostridia. None of the birds exhibited signs of intestinal disease or mucosal lesions, which suggested that the clostridia were avirulent. Although the therapeutic benefits of monensin may largely result from its anticoccidial effects, its ability to foster a competitively exclusive bacterial community may contribute to the intestinal health of birds, thus preventing the development of necrotic enteritis.
Evolution of directional preferences in the supplementary eye field during acquisition of conditional oculomotor associations.

We assessed the preferred directions (PDs) of supplementary eye field (SEF) neurons during conditional visuomotor learning. Monkeys learned to select one of four saccadic eye movements in response to a foveal instruction stimulus (IS). ISs were either familiar or novel. Each familiar IS reliably evoked one saccade: 7° left, right, up, or down from the central fixation point. Novel ISs initially triggered virtually random responses among those four possibilities, but the monkeys ultimately learned to select the instructed saccade. As reported previously, activity rates on novel IS trials significantly changed during learning. Some of these cells (learning-dependent) also have significant modulation on familiar IS trials, but others (learning-selective) lack such activity. Of the former, the familiar IS activity can be either directionally selective or omnidirectional. For most neurons, PDs were apparent during all phases of learning, but they were rarely constant. Only infrequently did a neuron’s PD for novel ISs closely match that for familiar ISs throughout the learning process. In directional learning-dependent cells, the PD usually reoriented near the end of learning to resemble that for familiar IS trials. In omnidirectional cells, initially evident PDs dissipated with learning, even as the cell became more strongly modulated. Learning-selective cells typically began with significant PDs, but became unmodulated as learning progressed. Our findings show a pervasive lability in SEF PDs that may reflect a flexible and rapid remapping between inputs and responses within the premotor cortical network.
Peer mentorship to promote effective pain management in adolescents: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

This protocol is for a study of a new program to improve outcomes in children suffering from chronic pain disorders, such as fibromyalgia, recurrent headache, or recurrent abdominal pain. Although teaching active pain self-management skills through cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or a complementary program such as hypnotherapy or yoga has been shown to improve pain and functioning, children with low expectations of skill-building programs may lack motivation to comply with therapists' recommendations. This study will develop and test a new manualized peer-mentorship program which will provide modeling and reinforcement by peers to other adolescents with chronic pain (the mentored participants). The mentorship program will encourage mentored participants to engage in therapies that promote the learning of pain self-management skills and to support the mentored participants' practice of these skills. The study will examine the feasibility of this intervention for both mentors and mentored participants, and will assess the preliminary effectiveness of this program on mentored participants' pain and functional disability. This protocol will recruit adolescents ages 12-17 with chronic pain and randomly assign them to either peer mentorship or a treatment-as-usual control group. Mentored participants will be matched with peer mentors of similar age (ages 14-18) who have actively participated in various treatment modalities through the UCLA Pediatric Pain Program and have learned to function successfully with a chronic pain disorder. The mentors will present information to mentored participants in a supervised and monitored telephone interaction for 2 months to encourage participation in skill-building programs. The control group will receive usual care but without the mentorship intervention. Mentored and control subjects' pain and functioning will be assessed at 2 months (end of intervention for mentored participants) and at 4 month follow-up to see if improvements persist. Measures of treatment adherence, pain, disability, and anxiety and depression will be assessed throughout study participation. Qualitative interviews for mentors, mentored participants, and control subjects will also be administered. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01118988 .
Neural Bases of Categorization of Simple Speech and Nonspeech Sounds

Categorization is fundamental to our perception and understanding of the environment. However, little is known about the neural bases underlying the categorization of sounds. Using human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we compared the brain responses to a category discrimination task with an auditory discrimination task using identical sets of sounds. Our stimuli differed along two dimensions: a speech-nonspeech dimension and a fast-slow temporal dynamics dimension. All stimuli activated regions in the primary and nonprimary auditory cortices in the temporal cortex and in the parietal and frontal cortices for the two tasks. When comparing the activation patterns for the category discrimination task to those for the auditory discrimination task, the results show that a core group of regions beyond the auditory cortices, including inferior and middle frontal gyri, dorsomedial frontal gyrus, and intraparietal sulcus, were preferentially activated for familiar speech categories and for novel nonspeech categories. These regions have been shown to play a role in working memory tasks by a number of studies. Additionally, the categorization of nonspeech sounds activated left middle frontal gyrus and right parietal cortex to a greater extent than did the categorization of speech sounds. Processing the temporal aspects of the stimuli had a greater impact on the left lateralization of the categorization network than did other factors, particularly in the inferior frontal gyrus, suggesting that there is no inherent left hemisphere advantage in the categorical processing of speech stimuli, or for the categorization task itself.
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Soybean Peroxidase

Resonance Raman spectra (600–1700 cm−1) for the heme enzyme soybean peroxidase (RZ= 2.5) were obtained using Soret band excitation at 406.7 nm. The vibrational frequencies and depolarization data indicate a strong similarity between the active sites of soybean and horseradish peroxidase. This similarity suggests that the active site in the resting form of soybean peroxidase contains a ferric iron, is a high-spin 5-coordinate heme binding His as a fifth axial ligand.
Using field specifications to determine attribute equivalence in heterogeneous databases

One step in integrating heterogeneous database systems is matching equivalent attributes: determining which fields in the two databases refer to the same data. The authors see three (complementary) techniques to automate this process: synonym dictionaries that compare field names, design criteria that compare field specifications, and comparison of data values. They present a technique for using field specifications to compare attributes, and evaluate this technique on a variety of databases. >
Exclusion of the DYT1 locus in a non‐Jewish family with early‐onset dystonia

The DYT1 gene on chromosome 9q34 underlies idiopathic torsion dystonia (ITD) in Jewish and non-Jewish families with childhood and adolescent-onset dystonia that usually starts in a limb, spreads to other limbs, and uncommonly involves cranial muscles. We examined 39 members of a Mennonite family of German ancestry in which seven were affected with ITD. Age at onset was 14.7 years (range 5-34 years) and symptoms began in a limb in four. The remaining three had onset in the neck, face, and larynx. Dystonia progressed to involve at least one arm and one leg in all seven and there was cranial involvement in six. Five of these six had moderate or severe speech impairment. Linkage analysis with 9q34 markers excluded the region containing the DYT1 locus in this family. This study suggests that a gene other than DYT1 underlies some cases of early limb-onset ITD. The clinical features of prominent cranial involvement and impaired speech distinguish this "non-DYT1" early-onset ITD family from the typical DYT1 phenotype.
PENNING DETACHMENT OF H- BY IMPACT OF EXCITED HE AND LI ATOMS

We present calculations of electron detachment from slow ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ions with excited He and Li atoms. The theoretical method is based on a close-coupling expansion of the electronic wave function and makes use of a discretization technique to describe the continuum. The calculated cross sections for these processes typically vary from \ensuremath{\simeq}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 50 meV to ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 20 eV and are the result of (i) the attractive nature of the interatomic potential and (ii) the Stark mixing induced by the ion on the excited neutral atom.
Commissioning software tools at the Advanced Photon Source

A software tool-oriented approach has been adopted in the commissioning of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory, particularly in the commissioning of the Positron Accumulator Ring (PAR). The general philosophy is to decompose a complicated procedure involving measurement, data processing, and control into a series of simpler steps, each accomplished by a generic toolkit program. The implementation is greatly facilitated by adopting the SDDS (self-describing data set) protocol, which comes with its own toolkit. The combined toolkit has made accelerator physics measurements easier. For instance, the measurement of the optical functions of the PAR and the beamlines connected to it have been largely automated. Complicated measurements are feasible with a combination of tools running independently.
Texture of Cooked Egg Yolk as Influenced by Physical Manipulation of Raw Egg Yolk and Salt Brining of Shell Eggs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various degrees of manipulation of raw yolk on the final texture of cooked egg yolk. Hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness of cooked yolk increased as manipulation of raw yolks became more severe. All treatments were compared with a control of yolks from hard-cooked eggs. Minor disturbances, such as breaking out eggs into beakers, separating yolks from albumen, and rolling separated yolks on damp cheesecloth, caused minor changes in texture. Pouring or stirring raw yolks prior to cooking increased hardness by 5 times that of undisturbed yolks. Shaking eggs in a microbiological shaker for 5 min at 400 or 500 rpm or for 60 min at 300 rpm caused significant increases in hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness of subsequently hard-cooked yolks. In a third experiment, shell eggs were held in salt brines for up to 4 wk. The infusion of salt into the eggs altered the appearance and yolk index of raw yolks, but caused only slight changes in the texture profiles of cooked yolks.
Functions of AKT1 and AKT2 Potassium Channels Determined by Studies of Single and Double Mutants of Arabidopsis

A reverse genetic strategy was used to isolate Arabidopsis plants containing “knockout” mutations in AKT1 and AKT2 , two members of a K + channel gene family. Comparative studies of growth and membrane properties in wild-type and mutant seedlings were performed to investigate the physiological functions of these two related channels. The growth rates of plants supplied with rate-limiting concentrations of K + depended on the presence of AKT1 but not AKT2 channels. This result indicates that AKT1 but not AKT2 mediates growth-sustaining uptake of K + into roots, consistent with the expression patterns of these two genes. K + -induced membrane depolarizations were measured with microelectrodes to assess the contribution each channel makes to the K + permeability of the plasma membrane in three different organs. In apical root cells, AKT1 but not AKT2 contributed to the K + permeability of the plasma membrane. In cotyledons, AKT1 was also the principal contributor to the K + permeability. However, in the mesophyll cells of leaves, AKT2 accounted for approximately 50% of the K + permeability, whereas AKT1 unexpectedly accounted for the remainder. The approximately equal contributions of AKT1 and AKT2 in leaves detected by the in vivo functional assay employed here are not in agreement with previous RNA blots and promoter activity studies, which showed AKT2 expression to be much higher than AKT1 expression in leaves. This work demonstrates that comparative functional studies of specific mutants can quantify the relative contributions of particular members of a gene family, and that expression studies alone may not reliably map out distribution of gene functions.
Vibrational spectrum, ab initio calculations, assignments of fundamentals, barriers to internal rotation and stabilities of conformers of 1,2-dichloropropane

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectrum of 1,2-dichloropropane has been reinvestigated and is reported in the gas, liquid, amorphous solid and two crystal modifications. All three conformers are present in disordered phases and many bands are composites of overlapping contributors. Assignments of observed bands are substantiated with the aid of ab initio calculations utilizing the RHF/3-21G and RHF/6-31G∗ basis sets. Electron correlation was approximated by an MP2/6-31G∗ calculation for all three conformers. From the temperature dependence of the Raman spectrum of the liquid, the bands at 528 and 671 cm−1 were uniquely assigned, respectively, to the conformer with the hydrogen atom trans to the chlorine atom (G−) and the chlorine atom trans to the chlorine atom (A), and an average enthalpy difference for the liquid phase was found to be 130 cm−1 (370 cal mol−1) at −57°C. In contrast, an enthalpy difference of 1038 cm−1 was obtained from the ab initio calculations for the isolated molecule using the RHF/3-21G basis set and 561 cm−1 (1.605 kcal mol−1) from the MP2/6-31G∗ calculation. The enthalpy difference showed experimental variation with temperature, corresponding to a more highly associated liquid at −105°C than at 60°C. The scaled harmonic force fields obtained using the MP2/6-31G∗ calculation are reported for all three conformers together with potential energy distributions and scaled and unscaled frequencies calculated from these force fields. These results are compared to those obtained for some similar molecules.
Connection at Ewiiaapaayp Mountain Indigenous Internet Infrastructure

It’s a cloudy spring day in 2004 and Joseph is on top of a mountain on the Santa Ysabel Indian Reservation. He is climbing the tower that provides Internet service to the reservation. Joseph is a teenager and an apprentice network engineer, but it’s a job he’ll soon give up to become a valet at a nearby casino. As jobs go, it’s not much of a comparison: As a casino valet he’ll get tips, the chance to drive “some pretty nice cars,” and the chance for promotions, while as a network engineer he gets a lower hourly wage and the chance to climb and maintain 80-foot towers with no ladder. The tower he’s climbing today isn’t normal as towers go—it was already erected and thrown away once (by a cellular telephone company) before Joseph got his hands on it. Joseph’s brother Michael bought it in pieces from a salvage yard in El Centro and brought it here. “It was about what, 105 degrees, and we had to pick out all the bolts, the washers, and the nuts out of these 50 gallon drums . . . and count them all,” Michael says. The tower adds its 80 feet to the top of this 5,400-foot mountain in the Palomar Mountains, part of the rugged Peninsular Ranges that extend north from Sierra de Juarez. Michael and his colleague Matt didn’t just build the tower, they also built the road to get to the mountaintop. On the way there, “the brakes on the trailer started smoking,” said Matt, “and we were saying, ‘It shouldn’t be this heavy.’” They had accidentally bought a steel tower instead of an aluminum one. “We had to get the whole foundation re-engineered,” Michael said. Speaking of the broadband Internet system that they both run, Matt added, “We built the network before we knew how it worked exactly.”
In vitro controlled release of antigen in dendritic cells using pH-sensitive liposome-polymeric hybrid nanoparticles

A hybrid nanoparticle (NP) consisting of a pH sensitive lipid shell and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) core was constructed. This hybrid NP has a mean size of 120.1 ± 8.8 nm and positively charged surface (zeta potential of 14.2 ± 1.4 mV). The lipid shell of the hybrid NP was quickly disintegrated in buffer with a pH of 5.5, which resembles the acidic environment of endosomes in dendritic cell (DC). Less than 20% of the antigen enclosed in pH-sensitive hybrid NP was released into human serum at physiological pH within 24 h, but more than 40% of the enclosed antigen was released within 8 h after pH was adjusted to 5.5. Fast uptake of the pH sensitive hybrid NP by DC was also observed. It was found that pH sensitive hybrid NP displayed faster degradation and antigen release compared to regular hybrid NPs after uptake by DC.
Quantum Mechanically Based Rules for Thermal and Photochemical Reactions

There are at least three approaches necessary for the application of quantum mechanical considerations to the analysis of the mechanisms of thermal and photochemical reactions. These approaches are: i) generalized rules for correlating the electronic states of the starting materials and the products; ii) direct computational estimates of the potential energy surfaces and other properties of the systems under consideration, and iii) qualitative rules by which the possible shapes of the potential energy surfaces can be predicted or the possible course of the reactions can be rationalized. Approaches i and iii provide a theoretical base for building the necessary qualitative understanding of thermal and photochemical reactions and ii provides a route for partially testing that understanding. Since there is no comprehensive discussion of all these factors in the literature this paper will attempt to correlate these approaches with what has been found to date. No attempt is made, however, to give a complete review of the literature on this subject. Particular emphasis has been given to the recent literature.
Impacts to Birds and Bats Due to Collisions and Electrocutions from Some Tall Structures in the United States: Wires, Towers, Turbines, and Solar Arrays—State of the Art in Addressing the Problems

This chapter reviews the current status of bird and bat populations in the contiguous United States, along with growing concerns about declines in populations of both birds (366 [36 %] of 1027 protected migratory bird species in North America) and bats (6 of 45 species federally listed as endangered in the contiguous U.S.), many from the effects of human-made structures. Specifically, this chapter assesses the human-related causes of bird and bat mortality in the U.S. due primarily to collisions and electrocutions with tall structures and known effects of nonionizing radiation from antennas. These structural effects include impacts from power transmission and distribution lines, communication towers, commercial land-based wind turbines, and industrial solar arrays. Accepted and scientifically validated conservation measures for avoiding and minimizing direct “take” (i.e., the legal term for un-permitted injury or death) are discussed. The indirect effects to migratory birds and their habitats and direct and indirect negative impacts on bats (Microchiroptera) caused primarily by land-based wind turbines are evaluated. Suggested mitigation tools are based on innovative scientifically supported best practices, best available technologies, and accepted conservation measures. Several ongoing partnerships between the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, other action agencies that implement regulations and guidelines, and industry stakeholder groups are described as examples of successful industry-agency-stakeholder coordination, partnership, and initiatives. The consequences of inaction are briefly reviewed.
The Neonatal Diaphragmatic Crura Are Hypertrophied A Necessary Preparation for the First Breath

Objective. To sonographically show that the neonatal crura are markedly hypertrophied. Methods. Fifty patients in each of 2 groups, ages 0 to 2 months and 18 to 40 years, were randomly chosen from patients who recently underwent abdominal sonography. A single longitudinal plane of a section was used to measure both the anteroposterior diameter of the aorta and the diaphragmatic crus. The ratios of these were compared in the 2 groups. Results. A significant difference was shown between the sizes of the diaphragmatic crura of the neonate and the adult when the aorta was used as an internal standard of size variability. The mean ratio of the aorta to the right crus in neonates was 2.95, and in young adults it was 1.04 (P < 0001). Conclusions. The neonatal crura are hypertrophied at birth, likely to allow the markedly atelectatic and fluid-filled lungs to fully expand in relatively few breaths.
Comparison of (1+α ) Fractional-Order Transfer Functions to Approximate Lowpass Butterworth Magnitude Responses

Three fractional-order transfer functions are analyzed for differences in realizing ($$1+\alpha $$1+?) order lowpass filters approximating a traditional Butterworth magnitude response. These transfer functions are realized by replacing traditional capacitors with fractional-order capacitors ($$Z=1/s^{\alpha }C$$Z=1/s?C where $$0\le \alpha \le 1$$0≤?≤1) in biquadratic filter topologies. This analysis examines the differences in least squares error, stability, $$-$$-3 dB frequency, higher-order implementations, and parameter sensitivity to determine the most suitable ($$1+\alpha $$1+?) order transfer function for the approximated Butterworth magnitude responses. Each fractional-order transfer function for $$(1+\alpha )=1.5$$(1+?)=1.5 is realized using a Tow---Thomas biquad a verified using SPICE simulations.
Murine biodistribution and human dosimetry estimates of 111In DTPA- and 89Zr DFO-panitumumab

1513 Objectives Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is associated with disease progression and treatment resistance. The humanized antibody panitumumab (Victibix) is being used clinically to treat EGFR over-expressing tumors. By radiolabeling panitumumab it may be possible to non-invasively identify which patients may benefit from anti-EGFR therapy and measure the amount of over-expression using SPECT or PET. Methods Panitumumab was labeled with 89Zr through desferrioxamine (DFO) chelator and with 111In through DTPA chelator resulting in a very high radiochemical yield (>80%) and purity (>98%). The radiolabeled compound was IV tail-vein injected into athymic nude mouse cohorts sacrificed at daily intervals over 6 days to provide biodistribution data from which preliminary human radiation dose estimates were made for PET and SPECT imaging, respectively. Results The biodistributions of 111In and 89Zr were similar (correlation coefficient >0.9 at most time points). Minimal radiotracer was excreted from the body over the entire 6 day period. The resultant radiation dose estimates for 89Zr and 111In are presented below. Conclusions The majority of either radiotracer remained in the blood pool, consistent with panitumumab’s half-life of 7.5 days. Human dosimetry studies using either 1.4 mCi of 89Zr or 4.3mCi of 111In will keep the radiation dose estimates within conservative limits ( Research Support NCI/NI
Electroproduction of. pi delta. and other nondiffractive final states

This paper reports the results of an experiment measuring the parameters of various electroproduction reactions for a range in the electroproduction variables 0.7
First-Principles Calculation of Force Constants and Full Phonon Dispersions

We calculated the real-space force constants and full phonon dispersion curves for elemental semiconductors (silicon and germanium) under the local-density approximation with the Hellmann-Feynman forces. The force constants are obtained through super-cell calculations for planar displacements in three different symmetry directions. From these real-space force constants the dynamical matrix for an arbitrary wave vector in the Brillouin zone can be constructed. The procedure is simple in concept and requires no complicated computer programing. It is also possible in principle to handle the anharmonic effects.
Capitalism, liberalism, and schooling

Clearly, Schooling in Capitalist America is not without its limitations. It is charcterized by an ahistorical treatment of the functions of education, an economistic conception of social structure, an inadequate theory of reproduction and contradiction, and a seriously inaccurate account of educational politics. Yet despite its problems, Schooling is a very important and valuable work. Bowles and Gintis are particularly successful in developing an effective critique of the liberal political economy of education, and a conceptualization of a broad theory of the dynamics of educational change that confounds all previous accounts, whether liberal or revisionist. Schooling in Capitalist America is therefore a valuable, if flawed, starting point for a Marxist research program into the history and political economy of education. Its contributions to that research program are significant, and its difficulties instructive. While Schooling therefore is not all that one could wish for, it is a significant and provocative beginning. Moreover it is model of engaged and committed scholarship that provides some understanding of what is required for the collective control of the future.
A Simple Example on Some Properties of Normal Random Variables

(1972). A Simple Example on Some Properties of Normal Random Variables. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 6, pp. 632-634.
Disciplined convex stochastic programming: a new framework for stochastic optimization

We introduce disciplined convex stochastic programming (DCSP), a modeling framework that can significantly lower the barrier for modelers to specify and solve convex stochastic optimization problems, by allowing modelers to naturally express a wide variety of convex stochastic programs in a manner that reflects their underlying mathematical representation. DCSP allows modelers to express expectations of arbitrary expressions, partial optimizations, and chance constraints across a wide variety of convex optimization problem families (e.g., linear, quadratic, second order cone, and semidefinite programs). We illustrate DCSP's expressivity through a number of sample implementations of problems drawn from the operations research, finance, and machine learning literatures.
Hybridization of nucleic acids to chromosomes.

Ever since the method of molecular hybridization of nucleic acids was conceived, a number of biologists have tried to hybridize labeled RNA or DNA to chromosomes for detection by autoradiography. The first report was by French and Kitzmiller (1967), who hybridized 3H-DNA from Drosophila melanogaster to the DNA of the salivary chromosomes of the same species in situ. Although their autoradiographs showed radioactivity on the chromosomes well above background, inconsistent results prevented them from publishing a full-length paper. In a second study by Gall and Pardue (1969) there were more complete and convincing findings using the oocytes of Xenopus. In this case, tritium labeled rRNA was found to bind to the rDNA of the nucleolus and to the extrachromosomal rDNA of free nucleoli. The hybridization methods were essentially similar to the nitrocellulose filter method of Gillespie and Spiegelman (1965). The labeled hybrid was unaffected by ribonuclease and unlabeled rRNA competed effectively against labeled rRNA for binding sites. A number of advances have been made in the last two years. We will report some new results, principally on hybridization to chromosomes of the various classes of 3H-RNA, and discuss the prospects of the cytological technique for the future. No attempt is made to review the literature but rather we will evaluate the methods as they can be applied to new and challenging experiments.
Inalienable possession in Iquito (Zaparoan): a frequency analysis

The differential marking of alienable and inalienable possession has been attributed to iconicity, under the assumption that items that are conceptually close will have less linguistic distance (e.g. Haiman 1983). Haspelmath (2008) argues against iconicity, claiming instead that the coding asymmetry can be explained by an economy approach. This paper looks at the marking of inalienable possession in Iquito, a Zaparoan language of the northern Peruvian Amazon, and presents data in favor of Haspelmath's analysis, by showing that the shorter, more cohesive forms found with inalienably possessed nouns are better explained by frequency of use than by iconicity.
The Currency Carry Trade: Selection Skill or Behavioral Bias

Many attempts have been undertaken to solve the forward premium puzzle with little to no success. The global currency market is considered the most information efficient and transparent of all financial markets since it demonstrates a balance between over and under-reaction to information with remarkable consistency. The Efficient Market Hypothesis espouses investors cannot systematically outperform a benchmark since all investors have access to the same information. Therefore, the expected long-term rate of return for currencies is essentially zero. The Arbitrage Pricing Theory asserts investment returns are random. As such, traders cannot avail themselves of mispriced currencies. The assertion of Uncovered Interest Rate Parity is that bi-national interest rate variance is equal to the expected differential in exchange rates. This paper asks the following questions: does alpha persistence exist in currency carry trade funds or are its excess returns merely a collection of behavioral biases?
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS OF RANGELAND CATTLE

I. ABSTRACT Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema is a disease entity of adult cattle characterized by the sudden onset of acute respiratory distress shortly following a drastic change from dry, low-energy feed to relatively lush, rapidly growing forages. Incidence of the disease is influenced by climatic factors, range and water conditions, age and breed of cattle at risk, and management practices. Signs of increased respiration rate and severe dyspnea occur two to 10 days following the change in forage. Severe, diffuse pulmonary emphysema and edema are the predominant gross lesions. Microscopic changes are characterized by edema, thickening of interstitial tissues, and proliferation of alveolar lining epithelium. The disease may be caused by ruminal conversion of tryptophan, indoleacetic acid, or other indolic precursors to 3-methylindole. This conversion may be accelerated by increased rumen fermentation which occurs when a drastic change in type of forage is made. The lung changes are evidently initiated by extensive vascular leakage. Other edemogenic chemicals may account for the initiation of certain other forms of acute interstitial pneumonia.
In vivo imaging of neural activity

Since the introduction of calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity with single-cell resolution, optical imaging methods have revolutionized neuroscience by enabling systematic recordings of neuronal circuits in living animals. The plethora of methods for functional neural imaging can be daunting to the nonexpert to navigate. Here we review advanced microscopy techniques for in vivo functional imaging and offer guidelines for which technologies are best suited for particular applications.
Abstract WMP27: Differential Gene Expression in Coiled Versus Flow-diverter Treated Aneurysms: a RNA-Seq Analysis in Rabbit Aneurysm Model

Introduction: Numerous endovascular tools exist for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms with an increased use of flow-diverting devices in recent years. However, the biological mechanisms leading to aneurysm healing or potential complications such as delayed aneurysm ruptures after flow-diverter treatment are not yet well established. We used RNA-sequencing technology to identify genes relevant for biological impact of coils and flow-diverters in elastase-induced saccular aneurysms in rabbits and to identify genes and pathways of potential clinical interest. Methods: Elastase-induced saccular aneurysms were created at the origin of the right common carotid artery. Aneurysms were treated with coils (n=5) or flow-diverters (Pipeline Embolic Device, Covidien, CA) (n=4). Untreated aneurysms (n=6) were used as controls. Messenger RNA and microRNA were isolated from the aneurysms at 4 weeks following treatment. RNA samples were processed using RNA-seq technology. RNA-seq results were analyzed by using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool. Results: Using RNA sequencing for coiled versus non-treated aneurysms, 464 genes were found to be differentially expressed with 58 genes down regulated and 406 genes up regulated. Using the same criteria for the flow-diverter treated aneurysms, 177 genes were found to be differentially expressed with 8 genes down regulated and 169 genes up regulated. Comparing coiled versus flow-diverter treated aneurysms, 13 genes were significantly differentially expressed with 8 down regulated and 5 up regulated genes. Genes identified with the highest interest for aneurysms healing were fibroblast growth factor-23, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1, Scinderin and Basigin (implicated in MMP-2 and MMP-9 regulation). Pathway analysis associated these genes with inflammatory response, cellular migration, and coagulation, among other functions. Conclusions: RNA-sequencing analysis of rabbit aneurysms revealed differential regulation of some key pathways, including inflammation and cellular migration that could explain the different biological mechanisms implicated in aneurysms healing either after coiling or flow-diverter treatments and could explain potential device-related complications.
Shifting Responses to Institutional Change: The National Football League and Player Concussions

Institutional research increasingly suggests that organizations are not passive recipients of institutional demands. Organizations can adopt a variety of strategies, including dismissing, decoupling, and co-opting, in response to pressure to change. Over time, organizations likely adopt different approaches, particularly as the institutional field continues to evolve. Through a longitudinal case study of the National Football League’s responses to player concussions, we investigated shifts in how a powerful sport governing body responds to institutional change over time. We found that the National Football League moved through different responses, from more reactive strategies—including dismissing, decoupling, and acquiescing—to proactive attempts to control institutional change. Using data on the National Football League, we offer propositions about the factors that may influence organizational responses. This study advances understanding of powerful sport governing bodies’ responses to institutional change.
Vocal Cord Dysfunction and Asthma

Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a functional disorder of the vocal cords characterized by exaggerated adduction of vocal cords during inspiration and/or expiration causing respiratory and laryngeal symptoms. VCD can exist in isolation and coexist with asthma, or it can mimic asthma. The missteps during the VCD and asthma diagnostic process and subsequent faulty clinical conclusions can lead to mistreatment and increased health care utilization that can last for years. Therefore, diagnostic precision in conjunction with optimal therapeutics is a prerequisite for the best patient outcomes in this patient population. An integrated approach is frequently required using multiple diagnostic modalities to make a correct diagnosis. The treatment options, usually applied in a step-wise progression, depend on the severity of presentation and the underlying type of VCD. Future studies should address the better identification of specific phenotypes of VCD and their corresponding treatments.
Autoreducibility of NP-complete Sets Under Strong Hypotheses

We study the polynomial-time autoreducibility of NP-complete sets and obtain separations under strong hypotheses for NP. Assuming there is a p-generic set in NP, we show the following: Under the stronger assumption that there is a p-generic set in NP $${\cap}$$ coNP, we show: Our proofs are based on constructions from separating NP-completeness notions. For example, the construction of a 2-T-complete set for NP that is not 2-tt-complete also separates 2-T-autoreducibility from 2-tt-autoreducibility.
APPLYING NEUROIMAGING AND NEUROCOGNITIVE ENDOPHENOTYPES FOR PSYCHIATRIC GENE DISCOVERY

Overall Abstract A number of genome-wide significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been localized for affective and psychotic illnesses. However, these findings explain only a small portion of the genetic variance predisposing psychiatric disorders and have yet to result in true gene identifications. QTL localizations from linkage or genome wide association analyses indicate that a gene/variant of interest is present in a potentially large chromosomal region but do not identify the underlying causal gene/functional variants. Yet, progress in elucidating the pathophysiology of major mental disorders, and subsequent treatment interventions, is predicated on causal gene identification. In this symposium, we focus on an alternate strategy for gene discovery based on the use of quantitative endophenotypes. An endophenotype is a heritable trait that is genetically correlated with disease liability and can be measured in affected and unaffected family-members, providing greater power to localize disease-related genes than affection status alone. Given that most quantitative endophenotypes vary within the normal population, unselected samples can be used to identify genes influencing these traits. Genes that influence endophenotypes are empirically-supported candidate genes for mental illnesses and can be directly verified in clinically selected samples. John Blangero will open the symposium by providing novel statistical methods for the direct estimation of genetic liability and apply that method to endophenotypes for major depression. Next, Raquel Gur will describe work from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort focused on cognitive and brain changes in normal and pathological development. Godfrey Pearlson will explore the use of parallel ICA methods for nominating genetic networks for endophenotypes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Finally, David Glahn will discuss the use of whole genome sequence data and quantitative endophenotypes for gene discovery in affective and psychotic disorders.
Cyber defense in breadth: Modeling and analysis of integrated defense systems:

Cybersecurity is one of most critical concerns for any organization, as frequency and severity of cyber attacks constantly increase, resulting in loss of vital assets and/or services. To preserve k...
Presenting Symptoms and Prognostic Factors for Symptomatic Outcomes Following Resection of Meningioma

Background Meningioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor and patients present with diverse neurologic symptoms related to meningioma location. This study aimed to systematically quantify the presenting symptoms of meningioma and identify prognostic factors for symptomatic outcome following resection. Methods Two-hundred and eighty-three patients who underwent resection of a total of 313 meningiomas at a single institution were retrospectively identified, including 161 World Health Organization grade I (52.6%), 108 grade II (35.5%), and 37 grade III meningiomas (12.1%). Patient-reported symptoms were extracted from the medical record and dichotomized into acute ( Results Patients presented primarily with headaches (48.2%) and either cerebral dysfunctions (48.5%) with convexity meningiomas or cranial nerve deficits (38.9%) with skull base meningiomas. Symptomatic improvement in the acute postoperative period was significantly correlated with long term symptomatic improvement (P ≤ 0.01). Headaches and seizures had the greatest rates of symptomatic improvement after surgery (78%), and the vast majority of patients with symptom improvement experienced complete resolution (86%). In contrast, symptoms persisted in >60% of patients with anosmia, sensory changes, or frontal, temporal, or cerebellar symptoms. Multivariate regression identified subtotal resection as a prognostic factor for persistent symptoms (odds ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.03–1.21; P = 0.041). Conclusions Symptoms improve in the majority of patients after resection of meningioma, with the rate of improvement varying according to symptom type and extent of resection. These data may be a useful when counseling patients about symptoms after resection of meningiomas.
Sound as Implicit Influence on Human-Robot Interactions

Autonomous robots in the home and on the road are fundamentally changing the way we live and interact. The visual expressions and interactions of these devices are well studied; however, more could be done to learn how sound could be a deliberate (or sometimes accidental) channel of communication from autonomous systems to humans. Combining engineering design, music, acoustics, and psychology, my thesis aims first to identify how sound colors human-robot interactions, and second to design acoustic guidelines that can improve trust of autonomous systems. As case studies, I plan to evaluate real-life interactions at two scales: sidewalk robot-pedestrian interactions and autonomous vehicle-pedestrian interactions---seeing autonomous cars as large robots that we sit inside of. This work will produce a generalizable methodology that refines interfaces between humans and technology.
Evaluating the Effects of Personalized Appearance on Telepresence Robots for Education

Telepresence robots hold the potential to allow absent students to remain physically embodied and socially connected in the classroom. In this work, we investigate the effects of telepresence robot personalization on K-12 students» perceptions of the robot, perceptions of themselves, and feelings of self-presence. We conducted a between-subjects, 2-condition user study (N=24) on robot personalization. In this study, 9- to 13-year-old participants remotely completed an educational exercise using a telepresence robot. Lessons learned from this study will inform our continued work on using remote presence robots to preserve the educational and social experiences of students during extended absences from school.
Studies of abnormalities of the lower esophageal sphincter during esophageal emptying based on a fully coupled bolus–esophageal–gastric model

The aim of this work was to develop a fully coupled bolus–esophageal–gastric model based on the immersed boundary–finite element method to study the process of esophageal emptying across the esophagogastric junction (EGJ). The model included an esophageal segment, an ellipsoid-shaped stomach, a bolus, and a simple model of the passive and active sphincteric functions of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). We conducted three sets of case studies: (1) the effect of a non-relaxing LES; (2) the influence of the tissue anisotropy in the form of asymmetrical right- and left-sided compliance of the LES segment; and (3) the influence of LES and gastric wall stiffness on bulge formation of the distal esophageal wall. We found that a non-relaxing LES caused sustained high wall stress along the LES segment and obstruction of bolus emptying. From the simulations of tissue anisotropy, we found that the weaker side (i.e., more compliant) of the LES segment sustained greater deformation, greater wall shear stress, and a greater high-pressure load during bolus transit. In the third set of studies, we found that a right-sided bulge in the esophageal wall tends to develop during esophageal emptying when LES stiffness was decreased or gastric wall stiffness was increased. Hence, the bulge may be partly due to the asymmetric configuration of the gastric wall with respect to the esophageal tube. Together, the observations from these simulations provide insight into the genesis of epiphrenic diverticula, a complication observed with esophageal motility disorders. Future work, with additional layers of complexity to the model, will delve into the mechanics of gastroesophageal reflux and the effects of hiatus hernia on EGJ function.