cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract PR-12: Loss of the retinoblastoma protein alters glucose and glutamine metabolism.

Tumorigenesis requires not only loss of proliferative control, but also a metabolic shift towards increased glucose and glutamine consumption required for increased energy production and to drive the de novo biosynthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids essential for cell division. These processes are primarily driven through oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressors, which act to circumvent normal regulatory pathways. The retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, the first described tumor suppressor, is extensively involved in cell cycle regulation, and perturbations within the Rb pathway are found in most tumor types. Beyond cell cycle control, Rb has been implicated in multiple additional biochemical pathways known to be involved in tumor progression, such as metastasis and angiogenesis. However, little is known about the role of Rb in regulating the unique changes in metabolism that have been observed in human cancers. Using stable 13C-glucose isotopomer NMR analysis, we found that triple knock-out (TKO) of all three Rb family members in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) resulted in increased glucose uptake and flux to lactate, and simultaneously decreased glucose-derived carbon incorporation into Krebs9 cycle intermediates relative to wild-type (WT) MEFs. To supplement this loss of glucose carbons for anaplerosis within the Krebs9 cycle, we speculated that the Rb TKO MEFs may increase glutamine uptake for both bioenergetic and anabolic precursors. We observed that loss of Rb caused increased 13C-glutamine uptake and flux into glutamate and Krebs9 cycle intermediates using isotopomer NMR analyses. Importantly, this shift towards glutamine utilization was essential for the survival of Rb TKO MEFs and not for the WT MEFs. Preliminary studies of the precise downstream metabolic enzymes that may in part mediate these global changes in metabolism then demonstrated that the expression of distinct regulatory metabolic enzymes, including glucose transporters, hexokinase 2, and glutaminase 1, are simultaneously increased in the Rb TKO MEFs compared to WT MEFs. Combined, these studies suggest that inactivation of the Rb protein in human cancers leads to a global metabolic shift towards enhanced glycolysis and glutamine utilization, which in turn is required for neoplastic immortalization and transformation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PR-12.
X-ray study of the layer structure of graphite-antimony chloride intercalation compounds

Abstract We present the results of an X-ray diffraction study of stages 1, 2 and 3 graphite-antimony chloride intercalation compounds. Integrated intensity data on the (00l) diffraction peaks were analyzed in terms of a centro-symmetric structural model involving periodic stacking of atomic layers of carbon, antimony and chlorine. The results of our X-ray data analyses are found to be in good agreement with recent (121Sb) Mossbauer results which report large concentrations of both trivalent (Sb3+) and pentavalent (Sb5+) antimony in the intercalate layers. The X-ray derived stoichiometries were found to be C13.2SbCl4.8, C26.9SbCl5.0, and C47SbCl5.7 for the stage 1, 2, and 3 compounds, respectively. We are unable to distinguish separate contributions to a central Sb5+ layer from SbCl5 and SbCl6 molecules. We find the Sb3+ layers located at z = ± 0.07 A relative to an Sb5+ mirror plane (z = 0) in the center of the intercalate layer. These locations for the Sb3+ layers suggest that SbCl3 molecules are oriented in a configuration in which each SbCl3 molecule bridges the space between bounding carbon layers. The Cl− layers ( z = ± 1.40 A ) were found to contact the bounding carbon layers.
A Model for Modifying Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) for Depressed Elders with Cognitive Impairment

Abstract The authors review the psychological and emotional aspects of late-life depression complicated by cognitive impairment and propose a treatment model for modifying interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) to better serve this group of patients and their family caregivers. The key component of this modification, named “IPT-CI” (for C ognitive I mpairment) is a combined patient/caregiver approach that provides psychoeducation for both parties, opportunity for problem solving for both parties individually, and a forum for role dispute resolution through joint meetings. Caregivers thus have regular input into the therapeutic process and are encouraged to extend the therapeutic work between meetings to help the patient to maintain progress despite memory loss and/or impairments in insight, judgment, or executive function. A detailed case vignette provides an illustration of the use of this modified form of IPT
Prophylactic insulin treatment of gestational diabetes reduces the incidence of macrosomia, operative delivery, and birth trauma

Four hundred and forty-five gestational diabetic women who were delivered over a 5-year period were evaluated. One hundred and fifteen were treated with insulin and diet, 184 with diet alone, and 146 with neither insulin nor dietary manipulation. The incidence of babies weighing more than 4000 gm was 7% in the insulin-treated group, 18.5% in the diet-treated group, and 17.8% in the untreated group (p less than 0.05). The incidence of operative delivery (midforceps, midcavity vacuum extraction, or primary cesarean section) was 16.3% in the insulin-treated group, 30.4% in the diet-treated group, and 28.5% in the untreated group (p less than 0.05). The incidence of birth trauma (shoulder dystocia, Erb's palsy, cephalhematoma, soft tissue injury) was 4.8% in the insulin-treated group, 13.4% in the diet-treated group, and 20.4% in the untreated group (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that prophylactic insulin treatment prevents not only macrosomia but also its sequel of traumatic delivery.
On inverse spectrum problems for normal nonnegative matrices

For a set σ with n complex numbers, some sufficient conditions are found for σ to be the spectrum of an n ×n normal (entrywise) nonnegative (positive) matrix. After proving a fundamental theorem and introducing the companion set σ′ of σ which consists of real numbers, we prove that if σ′ satisfies any known sufficient conditions for a real set to be the spectrum of a nonnegative matrix introduced by Suleimanova, Perfect, Salzmann and Kellogg respectively, then σ is the spectrum of an n×n normal nonnegative matrix.
Radioautographic and Histochemical Study of Protein Synthesis in the Hamster Submandibular Gland

Intracellular protein synthesis and migration in the hamster submandibular gland were studied with light microscope radioautography and histochemistry. The acinar and granular duct cells of the gland had similar rates of protein synthesis and exhibited a polarized migration of nascent protein. Histochemical staining for RNA and protein showed inconsistencies with the radioautographic data.
Rat ovarian renin: characterization and changes during the estrous cycle.

To demonstrate the existence and help clarify the function of renin in the rat ovary, we have characterized rat ovarian renin and examined ovarian renin levels during different stages of the rat estrous cycle. We show that high concentrations of active renin are present in the rat ovary (2.9 ng angiotensin I/h/mg). Ovarian renin activity has a pH optimum of about 7.0 and is due to a glycosylated aspartyl protease with an apparent mol wt of 39,000. These properties of rat ovarian renin are identical to previously characterized rat kidney renin. In PMSGtreated immature and adult 5-day cycling rats, ovarian renin was increased about 2-fold at estrus. At all stages of the estrous cycle in the 5-:day cycling rat, the ratio of active to inactive ovarian renin was about 3:1, whereas about 90% of the renin in plasma was inactive. In the hypophysectomized diethylstilbestrol- treated rat ovary, over 90% of active renin remained in the residual ovary after the granulosa cells had been expressed, suggesting a theca-i...
Parallel hierarchical clustering on shared memory platforms

Hierarchical clustering has many advantages over traditional clustering algorithms like k-means, but it suffers from higher computational costs and a less obvious parallel structure. Thus, in order to scale this technique up to larger datasets, we present SHRINK, a novel shared-memory algorithm for single-linkage hierarchical clustering based on merging the solutions from overlapping sub-problems. In our experiments, we find that SHRINK provides a speedup of 18–20 on 36 cores on both real and synthetic datasets of up to 250,000 points. Source code for SHRINK is available for download on our website, http://cucis.ece.northwestern.edu.
Hadrosaurid migration: inferences based on stable isotope comparisons among Late Cretaceous dinosaur localities

Abstract Stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios were measured for carbonate in samples of hadrosaurid tooth enamel and dentine, and gar scale ganoine and dentine from five geologically “contemporaneous” (two-million-year resolution) and geographically distant late Campanian formations (Two Medicine, Dinosaur Park, Judith River, Kaiparowits, and Fruitland) in the Western Interior Basin. In all cases, isotopic offsets were observed between enamel and dentine from the same teeth, with dentine being characterized by higher and more variable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios. Isotopic offsets were also observed between gar ganoine and hadrosaur enamel in all sites analyzed. Both of these observations indicate that diagenetic overprinting of enamel isotope ratios did not entirely obfuscate primary signals. Decreases in carbon and oxygen isotope ratios were observed in hadrosaur enamel from east to west, and overlap in isotope ratios occurred only between two of the sampled sites (Dinosaur Park and Judith River ...
Secrets of a successful pathogen: legionella resistance to progression along the autophagic pathway.

To proliferate within phagocytes, Legionella pneumophila relies on Type IV secretion to modulate host cellular pathways. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradative pathway that captures and transfers a variety of microbes to lysosomes. Biogenesis of L. pneumophila-containing vacuole and autophagosomes share several features, including ER-derived membranes, contributions by the host GTPases Rab1, Arf1 and Sar1, and a final destiny in lysosomes. We discuss morphological, molecular genetic and immunological data that support the model that, although A/J mouse macrophages efficiently engulf L. pneumophila within autophagosomal membranes, the Type IV effector proteins DrrA/SidM, LidA and RalF prolong association with the ER. By inhibiting immediately delivery to lysosomes, the bacteria persist in immature autophagosomal vacuoles for a period sufficient to differentiate into an acid-resistant, replicative form. Subsequent secretion of the Type IV effector LepB releases the block to autophagosome maturation, and the adapted progeny continue to replicate within autophagolysosomes. Accordingly, L. pneumophila can be exploited as a genetic tool to analyze the recruitment and function of the macrophage autophagy pathway.
Developmental and regional changes in brain norepinephrine levels in diabetic C57BL/KsJ mice: effects of estradiol and progesterone.

Abstract Developmental and diabetes-associated changes in regional brain norepinephrine (NE) concentrations, and the influence of estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) on NE levels, were correlated with changes in blood glucose levels and body weight (obesity) in developing 4–16-week-old C57BL/KsJ (db / db) mice relative to corresponding age-matched control (+/?) parameters. Regional brain (i.e. amygdala, hypothalamus and medulla) NE levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The (db / db) mice exhibited overt hyperglycemia and obesity relative to controls between 4 and 16 weeks of age. Hypothalamic NE levels in diabetics were chronically elevated as compared to those of age-matched controls by 8 weeks of age, and remained elevated through 16 weeks of age. Regional amygdaloid and medullary NE concentrations were comparable in (+/?) and (db / db) groups by 16 weeks. E-treatments normalized (db / db) hypothalamic NE concentrations to control levels between 8 and 16 weeks of age, but had no effect on amygdaloid or medullary values. In contrast, in 16 week old (db / db) mice, P-treatments elevated hypothalamic and medullary NE levels compared to controls and expected diabetic levels. These data demonstrate that a marked modification in regional brain NE concentrations occurs in association with the overt expression of the diabetes mutation during development in this species. Observed changes in adrenergic influences in specific CNS loci may be therapeutically modulated by ovarian steroid hormones, especially in the hypothalamic locus which is recognized to possess steroid-concentrating neurons. The observed normalization of regional brain NE concentrations by E-therapy may be causally related to the ovarian steroid-modulation of overt hyperglycemia and diabetes-associated neuronal degeneration in (db / db) mice.
Do child sexual abuse experts hold pro-child beliefs?: A survey of the international society for traumatic stress studies

As psychologists become increasingly involved in child sexual abuse cases, professional concerns have been expressed about their partisan orientation as child advocates. A survey was administered to examine the beliefs about child sexual abuse and children's capabilities as witnesses held by a sample (N = 340) from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS). Multivariate analyses of variance suggest that female ISTSS members generally have stronger beliefs in the credibility of child witnesses than male members. Additionally, ISTSS members who work with victims of sexual assault generally have stronger beliefs in the credibility of children than members who work with veterans or other sufferers of traumatic stress reactions. Moreover, ISTSS members from southern geographical regions are less likely than respondents from other regions to endorse items in a manner that has favorable implications for a child witness. Beliefs of ISTSS respondents do not differ as a function of their educational background. Implications for the role of child sexual abuse experts in the legal system are discussed.
Two-layer bus routing for high-speed printed circuit boards

The increasing clock frequencies in high-end industrial circuits bring new routing challenges that cannot be handled by traditional algorithms. An important design automation problem for high-speed boards today is routing nets within tight minimum and maximum length bounds. In this article, we propose an algorithm for routing bus structures between components on two layers such that all length constraints are satisfied. This algorithm handles length extension simultaneously during the actual routing process so that maximum resource utilization is achieved during length extension. Our approach here is to process one track at a time, and choose the best subset of nets to be routed on each track. The algorithm we propose for single-track routing is guaranteed to find the optimal subset of nets together with the optimal solution with length extension on one track. The experimental comparison with a recently proposed technique shows the effectiveness of this algorithm both in terms of solution quality and run-time.
Survey of Spectra of Laplacians on Finite Symmetric Spaces

We surveywhat is known about spectra of combinatorial Laplacians (or adjacency operators) of graphs on the simplest finite symmetric spaces. This work is joint with J. Angel, N. Celniker, A. Medrano, P. Myers, S. Poulos, H. Stark, C. Trimble, and E.Velasquez. For each finite field Fq with q odd, we consider graphs associated to finite Euclidean and non-Euclidean symmetric spaces over Fq. We are mainly interested in three questions regarding the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the combinatorial Laplacian as q goes to infinity: How large is the second largest eigenvalue, in absolute value, compared with the graph's degree? (The largesteigenvalue is the degree.) What can one say about the distribution of eigenvalues? What can one say about the “level curves” of the eigenfunctions?
The microdetermination of cyanide complexes of group VIIIA, IB, and IIB elements

Abstract Two titrimetric methods for the determination of complex cyanides of the elements of groups VIIIA, IB, and IIB are presented. The titrants are silver nitrate (using a silver/sulfide ion-selective indicating electrode) and cetylpyridinium chloride [using a poly(vinylchloride)/ dioctylphthalate-coated graphite indicating electrode]. Silver nitrate can be used for all the complexes with the exception of Zn(CN) 4 staggered 2− and Hg(CN) 4 staggered 2− , which react too slowly with silver. In many cases the sequential titration of free cyanide, complex cyanide, and free halide is feasible with silver nitrate, although the results are less accurate for the complex cyanide because of coprecipitation. Cetylpyridinium chloride can be used for all the complex cyanides tested with the exception of Ag(CN) 2 staggered − and Au(CN) 2 staggered − . Halides and free cyanide do not interfere with determinations using this titrant.
Effect of chlorpromazine on the cell metabolism.

Since H. Laborit (1) had been successful in “l'hibernation artificielle” with chlorpromazine and S. Courvoisier et al. (2) had reported the pharmacological properties of the drug, the possible therapeutic usefullness have been attempted for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and the other diseases. On the other hand, a few information could be found on the effect of chlorpromazine on the cell metabolism. A. Balesterieri (3) reported that the glucose oxidation was inhibited more eminently by the drug than phenobarbital, but the succinate oxidation was not affected. L. Perruzzo et al. (4) pointed out that the oxygen consumption of the brain slice in the chlorpromazine solution was reduced. F. Decourt et al. (5) showed that the fermentation of alcohol by yeast was not inhibited by the lower concentration of chlorpromazine and the phosphorylation in the fermentation was not affected. Having been very much interested in the extensive clinical application of chlorpromazine without a satisfactory investigation of the effect on the cell metabolism, we have made an attempt at the study on the effect of this drug on the cell respiration.
Chronic kidney disease in children: state of the art.

composition of the blood or urine, with or without decreased GFR; and (b) GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 for ≥3 months, with or without the signs of kidney damage listed above [1]. The prevalence of CKD was as high as 11% in the adult population. 4.7% of the adult population from one study had a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 ml/min (stages 3–5) [2]. Similar studies showed a higher prevalence (5.1%) of known stages 3–5 CKD in the general population, based on analysis of single serum creatinine results held on general practitioners computers [3]. The prevalence and epidemiological information on pediatric CKD is currently imprecise and flawed by methodological differences between the various data sources. The long-term survival of children with end-stage renal disease has improved in the last 25 years but the mortality is still very
A universal system for highly efficient cardiac differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells that eliminates interline variability.

Background The production of cardiomyocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) holds great promise for patient-specific cardiotoxicity drug testing, disease modeling, and cardiac regeneration. However, existing protocols for the differentiation of hiPSC to the cardiac lineage are inefficient and highly variable. We describe a highly efficient system for differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and hiPSC to the cardiac lineage. This system eliminated the variability in cardiac differentiation capacity of a variety of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC), including hiPSC generated from CD34+ cord blood using non-viral, non-integrating methods. Methodology/Principal Findings We systematically and rigorously optimized >45 experimental variables to develop a universal cardiac differentiation system that produced contracting human embryoid bodies (hEB) with an improved efficiency of 94.7±2.4% in an accelerated nine days from four hESC and seven hiPSC lines tested, including hiPSC derived from neonatal CD34+ cord blood and adult fibroblasts using non-integrating episomal plasmids. This cost-effective differentiation method employed forced aggregation hEB formation in a chemically defined medium, along with staged exposure to physiological (5%) oxygen, and optimized concentrations of mesodermal morphogens BMP4 and FGF2, polyvinyl alcohol, serum, and insulin. The contracting hEB derived using these methods were composed of high percentages (64–89%) of cardiac troponin I+ cells that displayed ultrastructural properties of functional cardiomyocytes and uniform electrophysiological profiles responsive to cardioactive drugs. Conclusion/Significance This efficient and cost-effective universal system for cardiac differentiation of hiPSC allows a potentially unlimited production of functional cardiomyocytes suitable for application to hPSC-based drug development, cardiac disease modeling, and the future generation of clinically-safe nonviral human cardiac cells for regenerative medicine.
Experimental traction retinal detachment in the cat

We developed a reproducible model of traction retinal detachment (TRD) in the cat eye by creating a serous retinal detachment and then injecting 2.5 × 105 kitten dermal fibroblasts into the vitreous cavity at the site of a retinal wound. Serous detachments were produced by exposing an area of retina to focused light after intravenous injection of rose bengal (a photosensitizing dye). TRD developed rapidly within the first 2 weeks after fibroblast injection, accompanied by the formation of vitreoretinal strands and, to a lesser degree, epiretinal and/or subretinal proliferation. Histopathology demonstrated fibroblasts within the vitreous or along the posterior hyaloid face. Focal deposits of fibroblasts were occasionally found on the inner surface of the retina and/or in the subretinal space. Fibroblast proliferation was confirmed by uptake of radiolabeled thymidine. Deposition of collagen was noted at as early as 3 days after fibroblast injection. Neovascularization was not observed. Control eyes that did not receive fibroblasts showed resolution of serous detachment without retinal traction. In all eyes, retinal degeneration and thinning were seen in the area of previous photodynamic treatment. In this model of TRD, anteroposterior traction (due to vitreous strands) predominates, as is observed in experimental posterior penetrating ocular injury induced by intravitreal blood injection, which also results in vitreous strand formation. Our model, however, enables clinical assessment of TRD in the cat without the media opacification produced by vitreous blood. Offprint requests to: D.L. Hatchell
Local-basis quasiparticle calculations and the dielectric response function of Si clusters

We present an ab initio computational scheme for evaluating the dielectric response function of Si clusters. All calculations are carried out employing a basis of localized atomiclike orbitals and including quasiparticle corrections. The self-energy operator is evaluated in the GW approximation, with a full frequency dependence for the dielectric matrix. The approach is convenient and computationally optimal for the calculation of optical properties of complex systems lacking full periodicity, such as surfaces and clusters. We present here the quasiparticle-level structure for ${\mathrm{Si}}_{20}$ and ${\mathrm{Si}}_{60}$ clusters and discuss the sensitivity of their optical properties to quasiparticle corrections. We find that the optical gap is larger than in bulk silicon, clearly the net result of size quantization over structural disorder.
AGGREGATION OF DIALKYL-SUBSTITUTED DIPHOSPHONIC ACIDS AND ITS EFFECT ON METAL ION EXTRACTION

Solvent extraction reagents containing the diphosphonic acid group exhibit an extraordinary affinity for tri-, tetra-, and hexavalent actinides. Their use has been considered for actinide separation and preconcentration procedures. Solvent extraction data obtained with P,P′-di(2-ethylhexyl) methane-, ethane-, and butanediphosphonic acids exhibit features that are difficult to explain without knowl edge of the aggregation state of the extractants. Information about the aggregation of the dialkyl-substituted diphosphonic acids in aromatic diluents has been obtained using the complementary techniques of vapor pressure osmometry, small-angle neutron scattering, infrared spectroscopy, and molecular mechanics. The results from these techniques provide an understanding of the aggregation behavior of these extractants that is fully compatible with the solvent extraction data. The most important results and their relevance to solvent extraction are reviewed in this paper. The work at ANL was performed under the au...
Addressing channel noise and bit rate in a multi-channel free space optical communication system

In this paper, we present a method to optimize Multi-Channel Free Space Optical Communication for statically aligned transmitter-receiver pairs. Pattern recognition algorithms are employed to minimize crosstalk between pixels, reducing the need for channel redundancy. Digitization is accomplished through comparison with several look up tables which are generated during alignment. Mathematical modeling has been performed to simulate the optical misalignment. A multistage automated alignment system can be developed based on the models. Simulation of the in plane and out-of-plane translation and rotation shows that this method builds a foundation of an effective self-healing precision optical alignment system.
Mexico's steel industry

The present rapid industrial growth in Mexico is reflected in her increasing steel production. From its early establishment by the Spanish settlers, steel making has progressed to the point where it promises to be one of the leading industries of Mexico.
Determining heat and mechanical pain threshold in inflamed skin of human subjects

In a previous article in the Journal of Visualized Experiments we have demonstrated skin microdialysis techniques for the collection of tissue-specific nociceptive and inflammatory biochemicals in humans. In this article we will show pain-testing paradigms that are often used in tandem with microdialysis procedures. Combining pain tests with microdialysis provides the critical link between behavioral and biochemical data that allows identifying key biochemicals responsible for generating and propagating pain. Two models of evoking pain in inflamed skin of human study participants are shown. The first model evokes pain with aid of heat stimuli. Heat evoked pain as described here is predominantly mediated by small, non-myelinated peripheral nociceptive nerve fibers (C-fibers). The second model evokes pain via punctuated pressure stimuli. Punctuated pressure evoked pain is predominantly mediated by small, myelinated peripheral nociceptive nerve fibers (A-delta fibers). The two models are mechanistically distinct and independently examine nociceptive processing by the two major peripheral nerve fiber populations involved in pain signaling. Heat pain is evoked with aid of the TSA II, a commercially available thermo-sensory analyzer (Medoc Advanced Medical Systems, Durham, NC). Stimulus configuration and delivery is handled with aid of specific software. Thermodes vary in size and shape but in principle consist of a metal plate that can be heated or cooled at various rates and for different periods of time. Algorithms assessing heat-evoked pain are manifold. In the experiments shown here, study participants are asked to indicate at what point they start experiencing pain while the thermode in contact with skin is heated at a predetermined rate starting at a temperature that does not evoke pain. The thermode temperature at which a subject starts experiencing pain constitutes the heat pain threshold. Mechanical pain is evoked with punctuated probes. Such probes are commercially available from several manufacturers (von Frey hairs). However, the accuracy of von Frey hairs has been criticized and many investigators use custom made punctuated pressure probes. In the experiments shown here eight custom-made punctuated probes of different weights are applied in consecutive order, a procedure called up-down algorithm, to identify perceptional deflection points, i.e., a change from feeling no pain to feeling pain or vice versa. The average weight causing a perceptional deflection constitutes the mechanical pain threshold.
Computation of turbulence and dispersion of cork in the NETL riser

Abstract The knowledge of dispersion coefficients is essential for reliable design of gasifiers. However, a literature review had shown that dispersion coefficients in fluidized beds differ by more than five orders of magnitude. This study presents a comparison of the computed axial solids dispersion coefficients for cork particles to the NETL riser cork data. The turbulence properties, the Reynolds stresses, the granular temperature spectra and the radial and axial gas and solids dispersion coefficients are computed. The standard kinetic theory model described in Gidaspow's 1994 book, Multiphase Flow and Fluidization, Academic Press and the IIT and Fluent codes were used to compute the measured axial solids volume fraction profiles for flow of cork particles in the NETL riser. The Johnson–Jackson boundary conditions were used. Standard drag correlations were used. This study shows that the computed solids volume fractions for the low flux flow are within the experimental error of those measured, using a two-dimensional model. At higher solids fluxes the simulated solids volume fractions are close to the experimental measurements, but deviate significantly at the top of the riser. This disagreement is due to use of simplified geometry in the two-dimensional simulation. There is a good agreement between the experiment and the three-dimensional simulation for a high flux condition. This study concludes that the axial and radial gas and solids dispersion coefficients in risers operating in the turbulent flow regime can be computed using a multiphase computational fluid dynamics model.
Evaluation of procedures for detection of pectolyticErwinia spp. on potato tubers

The effectiveness of a tuber incubation method for detection ofErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica andE. carotovora var.carotovora in potato tubers was compared with a lenticel sampling procedure. In the first method, tubers were injured by puncturing lenticels with sterile toothpicks, then wrapped in moist paper towels and polyvinylidene film, and placed in closed chambers flushed with N2. In later experiments, wrapping tubers in two layers of polyvinylidene film and incubation in air was found to be as effective as the single layer of polyvinylidene and incubation in chambers flushed with N2. Isolations were made on a selective crystal violet pectate (CVP) medium from homogenized samples of tissue removed from soft rot lesions developing around injured lenticels. In the second method, 10 lenticels/tuber were aseptically removed with a scalpel and homogenized in distilled water; the suspension was plated on CVP. The first method was less tedious and slightly more effective than the lenticel sampling method. In a preliminary survey, these methods were used to detectErwinia infestations in small samples of certified seed potato tubers from Maine, Minnesota, Montana, New York, North Dakota, and Wisconsin. PectolyticErwinia spp. were detected in at least one sample from each state except Montana. The percentage of tubers withErwinia infestations varied from 0–100% among samples. Characterization ofErwinia isolates showed that bothE. carotovora var.carotovora andE. carotovora var.atroseptica were present. PectolyticErwinia spp. on symptomless potato seed tubers may serve as inoculum sources for blackleg and soft rot diseases.
RESound: interactive sound rendering for dynamic virtual environments

We present an interactive algorithm and system (RESound) for sound propagation and rendering in virtual environments and media applications. RESound uses geometric propagation techniques for fast computation of propagation paths from a source to a listener and takes into account specular reflections, diffuse reflections, and edge diffraction. In order to perform fast path computation, we use a unified ray-based representation to efficiently trace discrete rays as well as volumetric ray-frusta. RESound further improves sound quality by using statistical reverberation estimation techniques. We also present an interactive audio rendering algorithm to generate spatialized audio signals. The overall approach can render sound in dynamic scenes allowing source, listener, and obstacle motion. Moreover, our algorithm is relatively easy to parallelize on multi-core systems. We demonstrate its performance on complex game-like and architectural environments.
Learning to innovate in twenty‐first‐century community colleges: Searching for the general education niche in two‐year colleges

This chapter reviews the recent trends in general education and curricular innovations and profiles the role of general education in a forward-looking two-year Midwestern technical college program.
The little mechanism: A consistent interpretation of high-temperature superconductivity

Abstract We consider an excitonic model in which the electron is localized in a d orbital on a metal site, and the hole is in a linear combination of p orbitals on the surrounding oxygen on a metal with both electron and hole in an insulating LaO, BaO, etc. layer adjacent to a metallic CuO 2 or BiO 2 plane. Even for rather large effective dielectric constants, some of the excitons are found to be tightly bound and consequently to have sizable transition densities α e * ( x → ) β h ( x → ) . We calculate the attractive carrier-carrier interaction V ( q → ) , and use it to estimate the superconducting T c as a function of the parameters in the model. This excitonic mechanism appears to provide a natural and consistent interpretation of high-temperature superconductivity in both the cuprates and bismuthates.
Alternating Euler Paths for Packings and Covers

(1973). Alternating Euler Paths for Packings and Covers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 395-403.
Regioselective syntheses of ether-linked porphyrin dimers and trimers related to photofrin-II®

Abstract Using isomerically pure 4-(1-hydroxyethyl)deuteroporphyrin-IX dimethyl ester 10 , 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)deuteroporphyrin-IX dimethyl ester 11 , 2-acetyl-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)deuteroporphyrin-IX dimethyl ester 12 and 4-acetyl-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)deuteroporphyrin-IX dimethyl ester 13 as starting materials, a series of regiochemically pure ether-linked porphyrin dimers 25–41 and trimers 42–47 related to an anticancer drug known as Photofrin-II® were synthesized. Proton NMR nuclear Overhauser enhancement experiments and variable temperature proton NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize the isomers. Some of these compounds were tested for their in vivo photosensitizing ability vis-a-vis Photofrin-II® and the preliminary results are briefly described.
DETERRENCE Theory versus Practice

Abstract Recently, some researchers have attempted to resurrect deterrence theory. These researchers have focused on the relationship between certainty and severity of punishment and subsequent rates of crime. An inverse relationship has been found, leading these researchers to conclude that penal sanctions deter crime. This paper presents another hypothesis, namely, that increases in crime may overburden existing legal machinery, and thus cause decreases in the certainty of punishment as a result. Using the same data employed in past deterrence studies, this paper demonstrates that crime may affect certainty of punishment more strongly than certainty of punishment affects the crime rate, a finding which seriously questions the ability of legal threats as currently administered in American society to deter crime.
ENERGY EIGENSTATES IN A STATIC SCREENED COULOMB POTENTIAL

Abstract A recently developed variational scheme is applied to the calculation of the ground-state and excited-state energies of an electron bound in a screened Coulomb potential. A basis of independent functions is generated by expanding an initial trial wavefunction around a variational parameter. The calculated eigenenergies are compared with other variational methods and the exact results.
A 79-year-old musician with asymptomatic carotid artery disease

Dr DALEY: Mr C, a 79-year-old married professional classical musician with a history of cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease, was noted to have asymptomatic carotid bruits in March 1995. He is active as a teacher and performer. He is insured by Medicare and carries supplemental Medigap insurance. In 1989, Mr C underwent coronary artery bypass grafting for progressive anginal symptoms. Angina recurred in December 1994, and cardiac catheterization revealed diffuse three-vessel coronary artery disease with patent grafts. In recent months his angina has abated with medical therapy. His risk factors for atherosclerosis include a total cholesterol level of 6.18 mmol/L (239 mg/dL), a family history of coronary artery disease, and a history of smoking cigarettes 20 years ago. Current medications include amlodipine besylate, 5 mg daily; terazosin hydrochloride, 5 mg daily, for mild symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy; and one enteric coated aspirin daily. Hypercholesterolemia is managed by diet, although until
Corrections to empirical relations derived from rainfall disdrometer data for effects due to drop size distribution truncation

Abstract A description is given of methods by which empirical relations may be corrected for the effects of drop size distribution truncation. Empirical relations derived from experimental drop size spectra are used to demonstrate these effects. It is shown that the most accurate method of performing these corrections involves the assumption of a gamma drop size distribution and a correction applied to each of the experimental spectra. In lieu of this approach, the correction may be applied post hoc provided a priori knowledge of the drop size distribution shape is available.
Antibiotic Use as a Tragedy of the Commons: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Background. Many believe antibiotic use results in a tragedy of the commons, since overuse may lead to antibiotic resistance and limiting use would benefit society. In contrast, mass antibiotic treatment programs are thought to result in community-wide benefits. A survey was conducted to learn the views of infectious disease experts on the individual- and societal-level consequences of antibiotic use. Methods. The survey instrument was designed to elicit opinions on antibiotic use and resistance. It was sent via SurveyMonkey to infectious disease professionals identified through literature searches. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results. A total of 1,530 responses were received for a response rate of 9.9%. Nearly all participants believed antibiotic use could result in a tragedy of the commons, at least in certain circumstances (96.0%). Most participants did not believe mass antibiotic treatment programs could produce societal benefits in an antibiotic-free society (91.4%) or in the United States (94.2%), though more believed such programs would benefit antibiotic-free societies compared to the United States (P < 0.001). Conclusions. The experts surveyed believe that antibiotic use can result in a tragedy of the commons and do not believe that mass treatment programs benefit individuals or society.
Studies with mustards. II. Paper chromatography and radioautography of reaction mixtures of various compounds with S35-sulfur mustard.

Abstract Utilizing S 35 -sulfur mustard in conjunction with paper chromatography and radioautography, experiments have been performed in vitro in an effort to gain some insight into the interaction of this agent with purines and pyrimidines. It was found that sulfur mustard can combine with purine, substituted purines, benzimidazole, imidazole, pyrimidine (questionable), and substituted pyrimidines. The results of experiments with methylated xanthines indicate that it is not necessary that a hydrogen atom be directly associated with a ring nitrogen atom in order for alkylation to occur and that alkylation might involve the pair of unshared electrons of a ring nitrogen atom.
Elementary Teachers’ Beliefs About Teaching Science and Classroom Practice: An Examination of Pre/Post NCLB Testing in Science

The impact of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) mandated state science assessment on elementary teachers’ beliefs about teaching science and their classroom practice is relatively unknown. For many years, the teaching of science has been minimized in elementary schools in favor of more emphasis on reading and mathematics. This study examines the dynamics of bringing science to the forefront of assessment in elementary schools and the resulting teacher belief and instructional shifts that take place in response to NCLB. Results indicated that teachers’ beliefs about teaching science remained unchanged despite policy changes mandated in NCLB. Teacher beliefs related to their perceptions of what their administrators and peer groups’ think they should be doing influenced their practice the most. Most teachers reported positive feelings and attitudes about science and reported that their students had positive feelings and attitudes about science; however, teachers reported teaching science less as a result of NCLB. Implications for elementary science education reform and policy are discussed.
Decreased Polycystin 2 Expression Alters Calcium-Contraction Coupling and Changes Beta-Adrenergic Signaling Pathways

Cardiac disorders are the main cause of mortality in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). However, how mutated polycystins predispose ADPKD patients to cardiac pathologies before development of renal dysfunction is unknown. We investigate the effect of decreased polycystin 2 (PC2) levels, a calcium channel that interacts with the ryanodine receptor, on myocardial function. We hypothesize that heterozygous PC2 mice (Pkd2+/−) undergo cardiac remodeling due to changes in calcium handling, separate to renal complications. We found that Pkd2+/− cardiomyocytes have altered calcium handling, independent of desensitized calcium-contraction coupling. Paradoxically, in Pkd2+/− mice, PKA phosphorylation of phospholamban was decreased, whereas PKA phosphorylation of troponin I was increased, explaining the decoupling between calcium signaling and contractility. In silico modeling supported this relationship. Echocardiography measurements showed that Pkd2+/− mice have increased left ventricular ejection fraction after stimulation with isoproterenol (ISO), a β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) agonist. Blockers of βAR-1 and 2 inhibited the ISO response in Pkd2+/− mice, suggesting that the dephosphorylated state of phospholamban is primarily by βAR-2 signaling. Importantly, the Pkd2+/− mice were normotensive and had no evidence of renal cysts. Our results showed that decreased PC2 levels shifted the βAR pathway balance and changed expression of calcium handling proteins, which resulted in altered cardiac contractility. We propose that PC2 levels in the heart directly contribute to cardiac remodeling in ADPKD patients in the absence of renal dysfunction.
The relationship between the copper complexing capacity of sea water and copper toxicity in shrimp zoeae

Mortality of larval coon-stripe shrimp, Pandalus danae, was related to labile copper and the copper complexing capacity of sea water, as measured by differential pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV). In nominal treatments of control, 5 and 10μg/litre Cu which contained less than 1·0μg/litre ASV labile Cu, zoeal development was usually complete. In treatments of 20 and 50μg/litre Cu which contained more than 7·0μg/litre ASV labile Cu, most larvae died while in the first zoeal stage. ASV labile Cu was related to the copper complexing capacity of sea water. Copper toxicity at less than 1·0 μg/litre ASV labile Cu is indicated by moulting delay and apparent Cu accumulation in zoea of the 5 and 10μg/litre Cu nominal treatments.
Environmentally responsive histidine-carboxylate zipper formation between proteins and nanoparticles.

Interfacing synthetic materials with biomacromolecules provides new systems for biological applications. We report the creation of a reversible multivalent supramolecular “zipper” recognition motif between gold nanoparticles and proteins. In this assembly, carboxylate-functionalized nanoparticles interact strongly with oligohistidine tags. This interaction can be tuned through His-tag length, and offers unique binding profiles based on the pH and electrolyte concentration of the medium.
BEAR-FP: A ROBUST FRAMEWORK FOR FLOORPLANNING

This paper presents a hierarchical floorplanning approach for macrocell layouts which is based on the bottom-up clustering, shape function computation, and top-down floorplan optimization with integrated global routing and pin assignment. This approach provides means for specifying and techniques for satisfying a wide range of constraints (physical, topological, timing) and is, therefore, able to generate floorplans for a number of different layout styles. A systematic and efficient optimization procedure during the selection of suitable floorplan patterns that integrates floorplanning, global routing and pin assignment, a new pin assignment technique based on linear assignment and driven by the global routing solution and floorplan topology, and an effective timing-driven floorplanning scheme are among the other novel features of the floorplanner. These techniques have been incorporated in BEAR-FP, a macrocell layout system developed at the University of California, Berkeley. Results on various placement and floorplanning benchmarks are quite good.