cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variational analysis of the Crouzeix ratio

Let W(A) denote the field of values (numerical range) of a matrix A. For any polynomial p and matrix A, define the Crouzeix ratio to have numerator $$\max \left\{ |p(\zeta )|:\zeta \in W(A)\right\} $$max|p(ź)|:źźW(A) and denominator $$\Vert p(A)\Vert _2$$źp(A)ź2. Crouzeix's 2004 conjecture postulates that the globally minimal value of the Crouzeix ratio is 1 / 2, over all polynomials p of any degree and matrices A of any order. We derive the subdifferential of this ratio at pairs (p, A) for which the largest singular value of p(A) is simple. In particular, we show that at certain candidate minimizers (p, A), the Crouzeix ratio is (Clarke) regular and satisfies a first-order nonsmooth optimality condition, and hence that its directional derivative is nonnegative there in every direction in polynomial-matrix space. We also show that pairs (p, A) exist at which the Crouzeix ratio is not regular.
Fission Product Source Terms for the Light Water Reactor Loss-of-Coolant Accident

Models for cesium and iodine release from light water reactor (LWR) fuel rods defected in steam were formulated based on experimental fission product release data from several types of defected LWR...
The Report Card on BMI Report Cards.

Half of states in the USA have legislation requiring that schools conduct body mass index (BMI) screening among students; just under half of these states report results to parents. The effectiveness of school-based BMI screening and reporting in reducing childhood obesity is not established and the practice has raised concerns about the potential for increased weight-based stigmatization.Recent experimental studies of BMI screening and reporting have not demonstrated a positive impact on students' weight status. However, the language and formatting of BMI reports used in studies to date have been suboptimal and have likely limited the potential effectiveness of the practice. This article reviews the recent literature on school-based BMI screening and reporting and highlights important areas for future inquiry. The present review suggests that evidence to date is not sufficient to support definitive conclusions about the value of school-based BMI screening and reporting as a childhood obesity prevention tool.
A Cardiology Fellow's Guide to Patient-Centered Care.

“You treat a disease, you win, you lose. You treat a person, I guarantee you, you'll win, no matter what the outcome.”—Hunter Patch Adams [(1)][1] Years of training had thoroughly ingrained in my mind that all medical care, by definition, was focused on the patient. Thus, when I first heard
Hiroyuki Uni, ed.: Contemporary Meanings of John R. Commons’s Institutional Economics: An Analysis Using a Newly Discovered Manuscript

In Institutional Economics: Its Place in Political Economy (hereafter, Institutional Economics), John R. Commons (1934) presented a volitional theory of value. Sometimes, however, scholarly develop...
Securing Ultra-High-Bandwidth Science DMZ Networks with Coordinated Situational Awareness

The Science DMZ (SDMZ) is a special purpose network infrastructure that is engineered to cater to the ultra-high bandwidth needs of the scientific and high performance computing (HPC) communities. These networks are isolated from stateful security devices such as firewalls and deep packet inspection (DPI) engines to allow HPC data transfer nodes (DTNs) to efficiently transfer petabytes of data without associated bandwidth and performance bottlenecks. This paper presents our ongoing effort toward the development of more fine-grained data flow access control policies to manage SDMZ networks that service large-scale experiments with varying data sensitivity levels and privacy constraints. We present a novel system, called CoordiNetZ (CNZ), that provides coordinated security monitoring and policy enforcement for sites participating in SDMZ projects by using an intent-based policy framework for effectively capturing the high-level policy intents of non-admin SDMZ project users (e.g., scientists, researchers, students). Central to our solution is the notion of coordinated situational awareness that is extracted from the synthesis of context derived from SDMZ host DTN applications and the network substrate. To realize this vision, we present a specialized process-monitoring system and flow-monitoring tool that facilitate context-aware data-flow intervention and policy enforcement in ultra-highspeed data transfer environments. We evaluate our prototype implementation using case studies that highlight the utility of our framework and demonstrate how security policy could be effectively specified and implemented within and across SDMZ networks.
Measurement of Sedentary Behaviour in Population Studies

Measurement of sedentary behaviours in surveillance systems and in population studies involves the use of subjective and objective methods. Subjective methods have traditionally included questionnaires to provide a snapshot of sedentary behaviours and to quantify the time spent in sedentary behaviours as categorized by energy expenditure and posture. New horizons for subjective methodologies include smartphone applications that allow measurement of the facets and sub-categories of the Consensus Taxonomy of Sedentary Behaviours. Objective methods have used pedometers to determine the proportion of the populations with <5000 steps/day as defined by the Step-defined Sedentary Behaviour Index and accelerometers to determine the time spent in sedentary behaviours defined as <100 acceleration counts per minute. New horizons for objective methodologies include integrated motion- and posture sensors to assess time spent in metabolic intensities ≤1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs) and sitting or reclining postures. Innovative ways to score accelerometer outputs to allow pattern recognition of types of sedentary behaviours also are on the horizon. Selection of a sedentary measurement method should include considerations of the validity, reliability, and responsiveness of a method to reduce measurement error. Methods also should be selected that allow evaluation of Hill’s Criteria for Causality to advance the understanding of the effects of sedentary behaviours on health outcomes.
Adolescents Seeking Online Health Information: Topics, Approaches, and Challenges

Adolescents seek online health information about general well-being, sexual health, mental health, and many other topics. They most often seek online health information using search platforms, but they also encounter health information through passive and active use of social media platforms. Adolescents tend to seek information that is relevant to their personal health concerns and reassurances that their health experiences are considered normal. However, much of the health information they encounter may be too complex, inaccurate, biased, or some combination of these. Despite being savvy technology users in general, adolescents experience a variety of frustrations when attempting to locate and identify reputable sources of online health information. This may be due, in part, to their use of information-seeking “shortcuts” that point to lower-quality information. Additionally, popular health trends such as fad diets constitute a substantial amount of online health information, and prolonged engagement with this information can contribute to an unhealthy fixation on unattainable health ideals. Similarly, searches for common health concerns can lead to information around rare, serious conditions, which can contribute to increased health anxiety. There remains much to learn about how adolescents’ online health information-seeking practices may contribute to positive and/or negative health outcomes. The ability of adolescents to obtain relevant and high-quality health information may be improved through systematic instruction around online health literacy.
Statistical Considerations for The Development and Use Of Reference Values as Applied To Nerve Conduction Studies

Development and use of reference values for clinical nerve conduction studies is subject to many theoretical and practical pitfalls. Factors that should be considered in using reference values derived in other laboratories are discussed. This article also reviews methods that can be used in accounting for temperature, age, and height, as well as adjusting for non-Gaussian distributions. Interpretation of nerve conduction findings should be based on multiple consistent "abnormalities" and should be consistent with the clinical presentation.
Clustering and Classification: Background and Current Directions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nature and purpose of clustering and classification. The classification is one of the fundamental processes in science. It is important to get all the facts and phenomena straight before understanding and developing the unifying principles that explain the reasons for the occurrence of classification and its apparent order. As classification is the ordering of objects by their similarities, it is important to recognize that classification transcends human intellectual endeavor and is a fundamental property of living organisms. The attempts to develop techniques for automatic classification necessitates the quantification of similarity. Therefore, the ability to perceive any two objects as more similar to each other than either is to a third is sure to have been present in the ancestors of the human species. In much classificatory work, it is impractical to obtain estimates of taxonomic similarity in an assemblage of objects from a sample of subjects.
MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS FOR INTERACTION WITH THE LSD RECEPTOR: BIOLOGICAL STUDIES AND QUANTUM CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

SUMMARY 1 Potencies of a series of tryptamines were measured in three different systems: contraction of the fundus of the rat stomach; inhibition of binding of D-LSD by rat brain membranes; inhibition of uptake of 5-HT by crude rat-synaptosomes. 2 The potencies in contracting the stomach correlated (r=0.94) with potencies in inhibiting D-LSD binding by brain membranes. 3 The potencies correlated with frontier electron densities on the indole ring: Nl, C3, C4, and C5. 4 These positions correspond to the sites at which the density of the highest occupied molecular orbital is localized on 5-HT. 5 Results from ab-initio molecular orbital calculations were used to define reactivity indices for tryptamines: electrostatic interaction potentials and maps of susceptibility to polarization. 6 These indices showed the importance of C4-C5 and the bridge (i.e., C8-C9) regions in polarization complexes such as postulated for interaction with the receptor. 7 From the electrostatic potential maps, force vectors were derived indicating the preferred orientation of the indole ring with another molecule such as a receptor. 8 The vector of the most potent compound, 5-HT, was shown to be perpendicular to that of the least potent compound, 6-HT. The biological consequences of this difference in orientation are discussed. 9 The reactivity indices were tested by calculating the interaction of tryptamines with positive species (e.g., a proton) at various atoms in the indole ring. 10 The resulting interaction energies support the validity of using electrostatic interaction potentials as reactivity indices. 11 The indole nitrogen and carbon atoms respond to the interaction with a proton in a markedly different way. Carbon atoms accumulate the charge, the nitrogen atom transfers it to its neighboring atoms. This charge transduction by nitrogen activates the neighboring atoms for polarization interaction. 12 The interaction of 5-HT as an electron donor with imidazolium as an electron acceptor was studied (in different geometries) as a model of the interaction of tryptamines with receptor sites. 13 The results supported the use of force vectors as criteria for the orientation of reacting molecules in polarization complexes. 14 The charge redistribution resulting from the 5-HT interaction with imidazolium showed that charge transduction occurs when a positive site on imidazolium interacts with the indole nitrogen. This transduction strengthens the complex and could help to explain the importance of nitrogen in activity.
Determinants of Service Quality in the Trucking Industry

Trucking firms play a fundamental role in connecting supply chain elements in many U.S. market channels and firms of all kinds depend on trucks to pick up and deliver goods. Even though many products move just about all the way by ship, train, or airplane, almost everything is carried by a truck at some point during the delivery process (Statistics, 2007). Because of this dependence on trucks, it is critical that managers in trucking firms continually strive to meet and exceed customer and shipper customer service requirements and expectations (Meixell, 2008). The purpose of this research was to examine whether cargo handling by truck drivers had an effect on a company’s service quality perceptions as perceived by the recipients of commercial cargo. The SERVQUAL instrument was used to measure the gap between truck drivers’ determinants of service quality as perceived by the recipient of the goods from these truck drivers. The findings from the study suggest it becomes necessary for managers to train these truck drivers in more than merely following a route or delivering goods. They need real marketing customer service skills and this should be factored into their training program.
Durability of Benefits From Supervised Treadmill Exercise in People With Peripheral Artery Disease.

Background It is currently unknown whether 6 months of supervised treadmill exercise has a durable benefit on 6-minute walk performance, even after exercise is completed, in people with peripheral artery disease. Methods and Results A total of 156 participants with peripheral artery disease were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: supervised treadmill exercise, supervised resistance training, or attention control. Participants received supervised sessions during months 1 to 6 and telephone contact during months 6 to 12. Primary outcomes were change in 6-minute walk distance and short physical performance battery at 6-month follow-up and have been reported previously. Secondary outcomes were change in 6-minute walk and short physical performance battery at 12-month follow-up and are reported here. A group of 134 participants (86%) completed the 12-month follow-up. At 6-month follow-up, compared with control, 6-minute walk distance improved in the treadmill exercise group (+36.1 m, 95% CI =13.9-58.3, P=0.001). Between 6- and 12-month follow-up, 6-minute walk distance significantly declined (-28.6 m, 95% CI=-52.6 to -4.5, P=0.020) and physical activity declined -272 activity units (95% CI =-546 to +2, P=0.052) in the treadmill exercise group compared with controls. At 12-month follow-up, 6 months after completing supervised treadmill exercise, change in 6-minute walk distance was not different between the treadmill exercise and control groups (+7.5, 95% CI =-17.5 to +32.6, P=0.56). There were no differences in short physical performance battery change between either exercise group and control at 6-month or 12-month follow-up. Conclusions A 6-month supervised treadmill exercise intervention that improved 6-minute walk distance at 6-month follow-up did not have persistent benefit at 12-month follow-up. These results do not support a durable benefit of supervised treadmill exercise in peripheral artery disease. Clinical Trial Registration URL : https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Identifier: NCT 00106327.
James Buchanan and the Properly Trained Economist

Throughout his career, James Buchanan displayed a remarkable consistency regarding the didactic role of the properly trained economist. As he would say, it takes varied iterations to force alien concepts upon reluctant minds. What he regarded as the role of the properly trained economist is just a variation on his understanding of constitutional political economy. According to Buchanan, properly trained economists occupy dual, roles as economic scientists and political economists. As economic scientists they understand how spontaneous orders emerge as a result of self-interested behavior under alternative institutional arrangements. As political economists they may propose changes to existing institutions for the purpose of better facilitating the mutually shared goals among free and responsible individuals. Such proposals are not technical advice to a benevolent dictator, but conjectures about Pareto improvements to be tested through democratic deliberation. These related, but distinct, roles, have a non-normative and didactic basis, which is to teach citizens of a democratic society that there are opportunities for mutual gains from trade.
Reintroducing John Maurice Clark to the Accounting Academy

ABSTRACT This paper reintroduces economist John Maurice Clark to the accounting academic community while investigating his role in the development of managerial accounting. Clark was a prominent Am...
Santiago de Compostela and the Spatial Articulation of Power: From the Cathedral to the Cidade da Cultura

To examine the notion of «Glocal Galicia» this essay focuses on the series of architectural, political, and economic enterprises carried out to transform the remote site known as Campus Stellae first into a sacred pan-European journey’s end in the Middle Ages—via the Camino de Santiago (Way of St. James)—and then into a 21st century global destination that works within Disneyfication processes. Particular attention is paid to two distinct productions of material space—the securing in the 12st century of metropolitan status for Santiago de Compostela, and the inauguration on January 2011 of the incomplete Cidade da Cultura de Galicia (City of Culture of Galicia). In both instances, each architectural endeavor sought to supersede its locality while exposing the manners in which space, place, and capital are intertwined.
Risk Versus Resiliency: Addressing Depression in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth have unique risk factors that predispose them to depression at higher rates than their non-LGBT peers. Family rejection, bullying, and lack of societal acceptance can contribute to negative health outcomes. Additionally, youth with gender dysphoria may need or benefit from medical interventions. LGBT youth also have the same risk factors as non-LGBT youth, requiring clinicians to decipher risk factors associated with sexual and gender minority identity status, general risk factors, and relationships among them. Assessment of these risk factors and implementation of targeted interventions are important when treating depression in LGBT youth.
A nonapoptotic endothelial barrier-protective role for caspase-3.

Noncanonical roles for caspase-3 are emerging in the fields of cancer and developmental biology. However, little is known of nonapoptotic functions of caspase-3 in most cell types. We have recently...
Hierarchical Residual-pyramidal Model for Large Context Based Media Presence Detection

We study media presence detection, that is, learning to recognize if a sound segment (typically lasting for a few seconds) of a long recorded stream contains media (TV) sound. This problem is difficult because non-media sound sources can be quite diverse (e.g. human voicing, non-vocal sounds and non-human sounds), and the recorded sound can be a mixture of media and non-media sound.Different from speech recognition, where the recognizer needs to detect local phonetic variation, the key features used to distinguish media and non-media sounds are non-local features. Motivated by this, we propose a hierarchical model to learn representation of each pre-chunked segment within a long recorded stream jointly, and encourage every local representation to be not sensitive to variations within each segment. We also further explore the effects of techniques including stream based normalization and iteratively imputing missing labels of training dataset. Experimental results indicate that our proposed contextual based methods are effective for media presence detection.
Incidence and Survival Among Young Women With Stage I-III Breast Cancer: SEER 2000-2015.

Background Although recent findings suggest that de novo stage IV breast cancer is increasing in premenopausal women in the United States, contemporary incidence and survival data are lacking for stage I-III cancer. Methods Women aged 20-29 (n = 3826), 30-39 (n = 34 585), and 40-49 (n = 126 552) years who were diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer from 2000 to 2015 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 registries database. Age-adjusted, average annual percentage changes in incidence and 5- and 10-year Kaplan-Meier survival curves were estimated by race and ethnicity, stage, and hormone receptor (HR) status and grade (low to well and moderately differentiated; high to poorly and undifferentiated) for each age decade. Results The average annual percentage change in incidence was positive for each age decade and was highest among women aged 20-29 years. Increased incidence was driven largely by HR+ cancer, particularly HR+ low-grade cancer in women aged 20-29 and 40-49 years. By 2015, incidence of HR+ low- and high-grade cancer each independently exceeded incidence of HR- cancer in each age decade. Survival for HR+ low- and high-grade cancer decreased with decreasing age; survival for HR- cancer was similar across age decades. Among all women aged 20-29 years, 10-year survival for HR+ high-grade cancer was lower than that for HR+ low-grade or HR- cancer. Among women aged 20-29 years with stage I cancer, 10-year survival was lowest for HR+ high-grade cancer. Conclusions HR+ breast cancer is increasing in incidence among premenopausal women, and HR+ high-grade cancer was associated with reduced survival among women aged 20-29 years. Our findings can help guide further evaluation of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for breast cancer among premenopausal women.
Quantifying Information and Uncertainty

We examine ways to measure the amount of information generated by a piece of news and the amount of uncertainty implicit in a given belief. Say a measure of information is valid if it corresponds to the value of news in some decision problem. Say a measure of uncertainty is valid if it corresponds to expected utility loss from not knowing the state in some decision problem. We axiomatically characterize all valid measures of information and uncertainty. We show that if measures of information and uncertainty arise from the same decision problem, then they are coupled in that the expected reduction in uncertainty always equals the expected amount of information generated. We provide explicit formulas for the measure of information that is coupled with any given measure of uncertainty and vice versa. Finally, we show that valid measures of information are the only payment schemes that never provide incentives to delay information revelation.
Deterministically activated color centers in hBN coupled to plasmonic and microcavity systems

We demonstrate coupling of hBN defect emission to Si3N4 microdisk cavities and high-Q plasmonic surface lattice resonances by exploiting the topography of the photonic elements to engineer strain-activated color centers within the element’s field-mode.
Pulmonary embolism rule out: positivity and factors affecting the yield of CT angiography.

Objective CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is one of the most commonly ordered CT imaging tests. It is often believed to be overutilised with few recent studies showing a yield of less than 2%. This study aimed to determine the overall positivity rate of CTPA examinations and understand the factors that affect the yield of the CTPA examination. Methods We retrospectively analysed 2713 patients who received the CTPA exam between 2016 and 2018. Type of study ordered (CTPA chest or CTPA chest with abdomen and pelvis CT), patient location (emergency department (ED), outpatient, inpatient, intensive care unit (ICU)) and patient characteristics—age, sex and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine what factors affect the positivity rate of CT scans for pulmonary embolism (PE). Results With 296 positive test results, the overall CTPA positivity was 10.9%. Male sex was associated with higher CTPA positivity, gender difference was maximum in 18-year to 35-year age group. Overweight and obese patients had significantly higher positivity as compared with BMI 40 (10.1%) (p Conclusion CTPA yield of 10.9% in this study is comparable to acceptable positivity rate for the USA and is higher than recent studies showing positivity of
A Strong and Fortuitous Case of Dyspnea.

Case A 48 year-old man with no past medical history was sent to our emergency department (ED); from a primary care clinic for hypertensive urgency of 200/130. The man reported an intermittent non-productive cough of approximately one year's duration and worsening dyspnea on exertion and orthopnea over the last month with lower extremity swelling. Of note, he emigrated from Honduras twenty years ago. Blood pressure normalized with administration of Lasix in the ED. Physical exam revealed rales in lung bases bilaterally, jugular venous distension, lower extremity pitting edema with serpiginous patches of erythema and excoriation, and a cardiac gallop. Labs showed peripheral eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, elevated creatinine, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperglycemia, and mild transaminitis. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a dilated left ventricle with global hypokinesis and severely depressed systolic function with an ejection fraction less than 15 percent . The patient was diuresed, and subsequent left and right heart catheterizations were normal. CT chest showed a small nodule in the right upper lobe. Tests for Coccidiosis, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were negative; however the acid fast bacilli culture grew Mycobacterium fortuitum. A Strongyloides stercoralis antibody test was positive, and the patient was treated with two doses of oral ivermectin with one dose of intravenous ceftriaxone, and discharged. Two months later, his eosinophilia resolved, but he remained symptomatic with productive cough and weight loss, and was started on an outpatient course of oral ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethozole for M. fortuitum. Disscusion Strongyloides-infected patients may carry the parasite for years without prominent symptoms. Endemic throughout South America, Strongyloides persists in its hosts through a lifecycle of autoinfection, which, over time, increases parasite burden and can lead to a hyperinfection syndrome whereby filiariform larvae penetrate organ tissue, most commonly: heart, central nervous system, lungs and liver. We suspect chronic eosinophilia and disseminated filiaria to be the etiology of the non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in this patient. Standard treatment of strongyloidiasis is ivermectin, however, mortality owing to transient bacteremia in the setting of hyperinfection syndrome is high. Therefore, bacteremia prophylaxis with gram negative rod coverage should be considered before antiparasitic agent initiation.
Use of ultrasound visual feedback in speech intervention for children with cochlear implants.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound visual feedback in speech intervention for young children with cochlear implants. Although ultrasound technology has been...
Familiarity, Load, and Patient Pick-Up: The Positive and Negative Effects of Group Composition on Physician Behavior in the Emergency Department

Background: Patient demand for emergency medical services continues to rise from all-time highs. ED physicians generally respond to this rising demand by increasing their level of multitasking. Aim: What leads ED physicians to select which patients, and how many patients, they will treat? Queuing models frequently assume individual servers operate independently of other servers. In contrast, we consider how familiarity between peers affects a physician’s chosen multitasking level through patient selection, otherwise known as “patient pick-up." Methods: Using data from multiple EDs, we quantify the effect of familiarity on multitasking empirically, show this effect occurs due to changes in pick-up behavior, and explore the combined impact of familiarity and multitasking on other ED outcomes. Results: Among ED physicians, greater average familiarity leads to observed multitasking, an increase in patient pick-up rate, and shorter patient wait time -- all with no identifiable, negative impact to patient processing time or length of stay. Moreover, these effects intensify at the end of a physician’s shift and for patients in severe condition. Conclusion: Within more familiar groups, physicians appear willing to exert more effort. This study explicates how these benefits materialize and illustrates why researchers must consider server familiarity moving forward.
Role of intracellular complement activation in kidney fibrosis

Increased expression of complement C1r, C1s and C3 in kidney cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney fibrosis. Our studies suggest that activation of complement in kidney cells with increased generation of C3 and its fragments occurs by activation of classical and alternative pathways. Single nuclei RNA sequencing studies in kidney tissue from unilateral ureteral obstruction mice show that increased synthesis of complement C3 and C5 occurs primarily in renal tubular epithelial cells (proximal and distal), while increased expression of complement receptors C3ar1 and C5ar1 occurs in interstitial cells including immune cells like monocytes/macrophages suggesting compartmentalization of complement components during kidney injury. Although global deletion of C3 and macrophage ablation prevent inflammation and reduced kidney tissue scarring, the development of mice with cell-specific deletion of complement components and their regulators could bring further insights into the mechanisms by which intracellular complement activation leads to fibrosis and progressive kidney disease. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Canonical and non-canonical functions of the complement system in health and disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.14/issuetoc.
Rotor Angle Stability with Different Penetration Levels of Wind Generation in the Sending Grid

The rapid development of new energy at home and abroad, ultra-high ratio of new energy grid-connected operation will become an important feature of the future power supply structure. At present, there is no clear conclusion about the positive or negative impact of new energy grid-connected on the stability of the system power angle. This paper focuses on the influence of wind power access on the stability of the AC synchronous grid. This paper analyzed the equivalent impedance with different penetration levels of wind generation in the sending grid. When the wind generators operated only with active power, the equivalent impedance would increase gradually with the higher and higher penetration levels of wind generation in the sending grid. Furthermore, using the IEEE 140 bus test system, the paper calculated the critical clearing time of the tie lines. The results showed that the critical clearing time would become shorter and shorter with the increase of wind generation in the sending grid. That is, the penetration of wind generation in the sending grid worsens the rotor angle stability of the system, which verified the theoretical analysis.
Limiting factors of heavy metals removal during anaerobic biological pretreatment of municipal solid waste landfill leachate.

Abstract An anaerobic biofilm reactor was used to pretreat a typical municipal solid waste landfill leachate. It was challenging to remove Fe, Pb, and Ni to meet the discharge-to-sewer standards at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) typically used in previous studies. This work further systematically studied the factors that limited the metal removal. The HRT limited metal removal because the required metal sulfides precipitation time was more than 3.5 times of the HRT. Sulfide availability only slightly limited the metal removal since adding sulfate above the stoichiometric requirement improved the metal removal by only 5–11%. Via experiments combined with modeling, it was found that metal bisulfide was the dominant complex that limited Fe removal, but humic acids-metal complex was the dominant complex that limited the removal of Pb and Ni. When the total dissolved sulfide concentration is 250 mg/L, bisulfide is more limiting than humic substances.
A PASSENGER RAIL TRUCK DESIGN METHODOLOGY

A design methodology is developed for passenger vehicle rail trucks in which primary and secondary suspension parameters and wheel/rail parameters are determined to meet a set of dynamic performance indices. The methodology partitions the design task into two basic tradeoff studies: (1) a stability–curving tradeoff and (2) a lateral ride quality–secondary stroke tradeoff. The design methodology is illustrated with both high–speed intercity and lower–speed urban rail truck designs.
4 – The transitions from drops to a coherent jet and back to drops

Publisher Summary Axisymmetric flow of an isothermal incompressible Newtonian fluid from a long tube of uniform circular cross section undergoes a series of transitions as the flow rate increases. Eventually this dripping flow undergoes a transition and a coherent laminar jet is achieved. The goal of any analysis of this phenomenon is the prediction of the critical speed at which each transition occurs. In the analysis of the dripping problem, it has been assumed that there is a constant supply of liquid to the capillary. Liquid accumulates in the forming drop and eventually the drop separates from the tip of the capillary. Another method of creating drops warrants the consideration because of its commercial importance. The dynamics of this flow are complicated by the free boundary nature as well as by the fact that this is an unsteady flow. An important issue is the possibility of the elimination of satellite drops.
Articulating the dynamic police staffing challenge: An examination of supply and demand

Purpose – This work aims to summarize literature on police recruitment and retention and how changing conditions may affect these. It uses a bucket metaphor to conceptualize and present visually how these can interact with each other and create a dynamic police staffing challenge.Design/methodology/approach – The literature review includes more than 150 works on police recruitment and retention, organized into discussions on the demand for police, the supply of police, and how systemic and episodic changes affect each.Findings – Existing research suggests police agencies face a threefold challenge in meeting the demand for officers: attrition is likely to increase, sources of new recruits might be decreasing, and police responsibilities are expanding. Attrition might increase because of baby‐boom generation retirements, military call‐ups, changing generational expectations of careers, budget crises, and organizational characteristics. Sources of new recruits might be decreasing because of a decrease in th...
Statistical estimate for the size of the protein structural vocabulary

The concept of structural clusters defining the vocabulary of protein structure is one of the central concepts in the modern theory of protein folding. Typically clusters are found by a variation of the K-means or K-NN algorithm. In this paper we study approaches to estimating the number of clusters in data. The optimal number of clusters is believed to result in a reliable clustering. Stability with respect to bootstrap sampling was adapted as the cluster validation measure for estimating the reliable clustering. In order to test this algorithm, six random subsets were drawn from the unique chains in the PDB. The algorithm converged in each case to unique set of reliable clusters. Since these clusters were drawn randomly from the total current set of chains, counting the number of coincidences and using basic sampling theory provides a rigorous statistical estimate of the number of unique clusters in the dataset.
Morphology and properties of polybutadiene‐ and polyether‐polyurethane zwitterionomers

Two series of polyurethane zwitterionomers based on 4,4′-methylene-di(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), N-methyl diethanolamine (MDEA)1 , and either 1350 molecular weight hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene or 1000 molecular weight poly(tetramethylene oxide)2 were synthesized. Zwitterionization was accomplished by quaternizing the tertiary amine of MDEA with 1,3-pro-panesultone. In Both series, IR analysis suggests that the sulfonate ion SO3− associates with the counter ion on the chain extender and the acidic hydrogen of the urethane linkage. Ammonium sulfonation shifts the soft segment Tg of polyether-based material to lower temperatures suggesting that ionization improves microphase separation. The soft segment Tg of the polybutadiene system is unaffected by ionization. IR dichroism measurements show that with increasing ammonium sulfonation both the hard and soft segments in the polyether-polyurethane zwitterionomers orient to a greater extent with deformation. In contrast, in the poly-butadiene-based zwitterionomers the orientability of the hard segment decreased with ionization while the soft segment showed significant chain alignment. Coupling the dichroism measurements to stress-strain results suggests that the hard segment domains of the polyether-polyurethane system possess more of an interconnected structure, while the polybutadiene-poly-urethane system contains hard segment domains which are largely isolated. The formation of different morphologies in the two systems of zwitterionomers may be due to the different interdomain surface tensions.
Method To Enhance Growth and Sporulation of Pelletized Biocontrol Fungi

The biocontrol fungi Trichoderma harzianum, used to control soilborne plant pathogens, and Beauveria bassiana, used to control insect pests, were formulated as mycelial biomass in alginate pellets with wheat bran added. After drying for 0, 4, or 16 h, pellets were placed in water or in aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 for 4 to 24 h and then allowed to continue drying. PEG-treated pellets containing T. harzianum showed significantly greater proliferation of hyphae in soil than untreated pellets or pellets treated with water. Production of conidia of T. harzianum from PEG-treated pellets was lower than production from untreated pellets after 4 days, although rates were equivalent after 7 days. In contrast, production of conidia of B. bassiana was significantly more rapid from PEG-treated pellets than from untreated pellets. Biocontrol of soilborne plant pathogens or insect pests may be enhanced by rapid hyphal growth of T. harzianum in soil or rapid sporulation of B. bassiana on foliage, respectively. Therefore, PEG treatment may improve the efficacy of these biocontrol agents.
Teacher Activist Organizations and the Development of Professional Agency.

Teacher professional agency refers to the ability of teachers to control their work within structural constraints. In this paper, we show how teacher activist organizations can assist in the development of professional agency. We focus on a teacher activist organization in a large urban district in the United States and identify three organizational processes. We find that teacher activist organizations can facilitate efforts to alter classroom instruction, create opportunities for teachers to challenge educational structures, and foster a shared belief in the collective power of teachers. However, teacher activist organizations may be limited in scope and impact, tempering these potential benefits.
The CDC20 gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a beta-transducin homolog, is required for a subset of microtubule-dependent cellular processes.

Abstract Previous analysis of cdc20 mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggests that the CDC20 gene product (Cdc20p) is required for two microtubule-dependent processes, nuclear movements prior to anaphase and chromosome separation. Here we report that cdc20 mutants are defective for a third microtubule-mediated event, nuclear fusion during mating of G1 cells, but appear normal for a fourth microtubule-dependent process, nuclear migration after DNA replication. Therefore, Cdc20p is required for a subset of microtubule-dependent processes and functions at multiple stages in the life cycle. Consistent with this interpretation, we find that cdc20 cells arrested by alpha-factor or at the restrictive temperature accumulate anomalous microtubule structures, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The anomalous microtubule staining patterns are due to cdc20 because intragenic revertants that revert the temperature sensitivity have normal microtubule morphologies. cdc20 mutants have a sevenfold increase in the intensity of antitubulin fluorescence in intranuclear spindles compared with spindles from wild-type cells, yet the total amount of tubulin is indistinguishable by Western immunoblot analysis. This result suggests that Cdc20p modulates microtubule structure in wild-type cells either by promoting microtubule disassembly or by altering the surface of the microtubules. Finally, we cloned and sequenced CDC20 and show that it encodes a member of a family of proteins that share homology to the beta subunit of transducin.
A first look: determinants of dental care for children in foster care

Purpose This hypothesis-generating study sought to identify potential determinants of dental care use and oral health among children living in foster care. Method Using a grounded theory approach, fourteen key informant interviews were conducted among health and social services professionals experienced with children in foster care and families in western Washington State. Results The identified potential determinants of oral health and dental use among children living in foster care included: (1) linguistic and cultural barriers; (2) lack of dentists willing to accept children's Medicaid dental insurance; (3) lack of resources available to case workers (i.e., large caseload burden) (4) lack of federal funding for specialized dental care; (5) lack of systematic health record-keeping; (6) child transience, leading to the lack of a dental home; (8) foster parents' competing needs; (7) child behavior problems; and (9) lack of dental “buy in” from adolescents. Conclusion Additional studies are needed to determine whether children living in foster care achieve oral health, and the extent of their unmet dental need.
Localization error analysis for stereo X-ray image guidance with probability method

The mean value and standard deviation of localization error for the stereo imaging stystems are derived based on probability theory. Compared with the maximum error analysis method used in our previous study, the new approach yields more informative and precise results as the guidance for X-ray imaging system design and protocol optimization. The prototype for our current study is a CCD based monoplane digital stereo X-ray imaging system. The imaging model consists of two X-ray sources and one detector plane. With perspective geometry, the least-square solution is derived to reconstruct 3-dimensional object points, such as a biopsy needle tip, from a pair of 2-dimensional digital radiographs. Under the conditions of our specific prototype, the measurement errors of interested points in the radiographs are modeled as random variables with Gaussian distribution. Such variables account for finite image system noise and positioning errors. Then, the 3D localization error, in terms of mean value and standard deviation, is formulated using measurement error, feature point location, and separation between the two X-ray sources and distance from source to detector. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are performed. The mean value and standard deviation of the localization error are first evaluated using numerical simulation under practical imaging conditions. Then, the error estimates are given in simply analytic forms. Simulation and theoretical results are in excellent agreement. The results show that our prototype X-ray stereological imaging system is accurate and reliable to locate feature points in 3D for medical intervention. Imaging protocols can be effectively optimized through the 3D localization error analysis using the approximate formulas proposed in this study.
Morphological organization of a steep, tropical headwater stream: The aspect of channel bifurcation

Abstract Channel characterization and instream wood surveys demonstrate the spatial complexity of an ungauged, tropical headwater stream (HWS) in the Tilaran Mountains of Costa Rica. Throughout the stream course, we characterized 29 individual reaches based on their morphological organization and instream wood occurrences. Bifurcated reaches were the most numerous and consistently distributed. They also had the highest values of wood abundance and loading and contained the majority of unattached instream wood. We selected two bifurcated reaches for ultrahigh resolution terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) surveys. Orthographic TLS produced millimeter-resolution point cloud data sets from which 2 cm, planimetric-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) of the channel surface were derived for both reaches. Cross-sectional surveys of these DEMs, using the River Bathymetry Toolkit (RBT), produced hydraulic geometries at two flow levels (high and low) for every meter-length of channel reach. We input these geometries into a one-dimensional, analytical model to demonstrate the downstream evolution of mean stream power through varying morphology elements. Mean stream power variation displays a regular pattern through the vertical modulation of step-pool sequences, but this regular pattern is lost through channel widening and bifurcation. Reach geometric data indicates that increasing width-to-depth ratio is the most notable feature of channel bifurcation and corresponds to a reduction in slope and roughness variation. This primary understanding of channel dynamics denotes the complex organization of a tropical HWS and promotes further research into tropical HWS systems.
Spatial memory averaging, the landmark attraction effect, and representational gravity

The effect of a large stationary landmark on memory for the location of a stationary target was examined. Memory for a stationary target was displaced toward the landmark, and targets that were larger, further from, or above the landmark exhibited greater magnitudes of displacement. Displacement was generally larger when the landmark vanished prior to judgment than when the landmark was visible during judgment. Memory for stationary targets offset from the major vertical or horizontal cardinal axis of the landmark was also displaced toward that cardinal axis. The data support the hypotheses that spatial memory averaging of the locations of a target and landmark occurs, and that this averaging may be combined with representational gravity in determining the remembered position of a stationary target.