cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Type B Insulin Resistance Developing During Interferon-α Therapy

Objective To report a rare case of diabetes caused by type B insulin resistance due to development of insulin receptor autoantibodies during treatment of hepatitis C with interferon alpha and ribavirin.
The Extraction of Niobium (V) from Hydrochloric acid solutions by tri‐n‐octylamine

The partition coefficient of niobium(V) between hydrochloric acid solutions and benzene solutions of tri-n-octylamine (TOA) has been investigated under various conditions. A spectrophotometric study has been carried out for both the aqueous and organic phase. Further, the effects of organic solvent and of amine structure on the extraction of niobium have been examined. Es wurde der Verteilungskoeffizient von Niob(V) zwischen wasriger Salzsaure und benzolischer Tri-n-octylamin-Losung unter verschiedenen Bedingungen ermittelt. Dabei wurde sowohl die wasrige als auch die organische Phase spektrophotometrisch untersucht und auch der Einflus des organischen Losungsmittels und der Aminstruktur auf die Extraktion studiert.
Raman microprobe analysis of temperature profiles in CW laser heated silicon microstructures

Steady-state laser heating of silicon disk microstructure on focused silica and sapphire is examined using the 4880 and 5145 AA lines from an argon-ion laser to heat the disk at the center and to probe it with submicrometer spatial resolution. The Stokes shift and line broadening of the Raman microprobe spectra are compared to simulations of the Raman spectra, which utilize temperature profiles calculated by a finite-difference analysis of the heat flow equation. The Raman simulation model incorporates the effects of temperature inhomogeneities, strain, and photon-created free carriers within the probed volume; temperature nonuniformity is found to be the most important factor and to be quite significant. >
Kinetics of Metal-Mediated One-Electron Oxidation of Guanine in Polymeric DNA and in Oligonucleotides Containing Trinucleotide Repeat Sequences

The oxidation of guanines in DNA by Ru(III) is investigated by catalytic electrochemistry and stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The reactions of calf thymus DNA (20% guanine) and herring testes DNA (...
Exponentially suppressed transitions in an adiabatically driven quantum system with a discrete spectrum

The leading-order contributions to the transition amplitudes in adiabatically driven quantum systems are presented in closed form for a physical class of Hamiltonians that have a specified scaling property. For smooth parametric variations the transition amplitudes are beyond all orders of perturbation in the parameter of slowness. The quantum and classical cases are contrasted. Specific applications include the particle in a box and the harmonic oscillator.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dynamics in Three Central Texas Impoundments

The entrapment of nitrogen and phosphorus by three man-made impoundments in central Texas was studied from February, 1969 through January, 1970. Each impoundment was sampled at four-hour intervals during February, May, August, and November. During the other months, each station was sampled at midafternoon and between 2 A.M. and dawn.
Thermodynamic properties of adsorbed helium

After a brief discussion of the principles of adsorption thermodynamics, the current status of knowledge concerning the properties of adsorbed helium is reviewed. Experimental measurements of heats of adsorption, adsorption isotherms and heat capacities of adsorbed films are considered and related to one another and to theory wherever possible.
Efficient interactive agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm for hyperspectral image processing

Traditional hierarchical clustering algorithms require the calculation of a dissimilarity matrix which is mapped to a binary tree or 'dendogram' based upon some predetermined criterion. Although 'optimally efficient' algorithms requiring O(N2) time and O(N) storage are known for several clustering methods, with few exceptions these algorithms are relatively inefficient in practice as many pairwise distance are measured which are not necessary for generation of the binary tree. We describe here a novel 'almost single link' algorithm which is efficient both theoretically and in practice, and which can be extended to provide fast algorithms for centroid, medium and single link clustering of large data sets. Generalization to other related clustering methods is expected to be straightforward. Our algorithm also suggests a fairly efficient method for generating minimal spanning trees. In performing the segmentation we employ a particular representation of the binary tree which simplifies the task of manual investigation of the hierarchy. A customized graphical user interface including a 2D scatter plot, a visual display of the dendogram, and a false color image with overlayered clusters makes the clustering procedure a highly interactive one. By suggesting, for each of the clustering methods, possible criteria which might be useful for extracting relevant clusters from the tree information, we are able to fully automate the cluster selection procedure and thereby further reduce the effort required to segment an image. The algorithms described have been transcribed into C code and combined into a single package, the 'hierarchical agglomerative clusterer', which has been applied to the analysis of hyperspectral image data of various forest and desert scenes acquired by the HYDICE sensor. The analyses were performed on a 266 Mhz Pentium PC platform running Windows NT 4.0. Typical segmentation times for the fastest algorithm ranged form 17 seconds for a 15232-pixel image to 2833 seconds for a 209840-pixel image, each pixel representing a 210-band spectrum. These initial studies suggest that the HAC package will provide a sound framework for making detailed comparisons of the effects of different clustering algorithms or dissimilarity measures. Its overall speed makes it a promising tool not only for hyperspectral image processing applications but for multivariate data analysis as a whole.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Discussion: Epidemiology of urinary incontinence

T ables I and II represent a sample of definitions of urinary incontinence (UI) used in epidemiologic research.‘-’ 5 Table II lists the mean number of weekly incontinent episodes for 287 consecutive incontinent women referred to our laboratory. There is an obvious difference between the epidemiologic and clinical threshold for UI, a fact of which we must all remain cognizant. In the article in this supplement, Hampel et a116 have done an excellent job of raising our sensitivity to this issue. I congratulate these authors for their comprehensive and accurate review and analysis of the world’s epidemiologic literature regarding UI in women. They correctly emphasize the limitations of our current knowledge related to risk factors for and the prevalence, incidence, and natural history of female UI. They make several sensible recommendations for defining UI in epidemiologic studies, including 1) objective demonstration of loss, 2) documentation of the frequency and severity of loss, and 3) assessment of the distress or bother created by the UI. I would like to comment briefly on these recommendations and provide some observations from a recent pilot study we have completed. How does one objectively demonstrate UI? Most of us interpret the International Continence Society criteria as demanding that we observe leakage. Many of us feel comfortable only if we use urodynamics to define the condition causing UI. Most are willing to accept a positive quantitative pad test as an acceptable objective surrogate for direct observation. However, many balk at the suggestion that a validated, prospective urinary diary or a standardized and validated UI clinametric instrument is objective, branding them with the pejorative “subjective” label. However, many of these “subjective” measures have been more thoroughly studied for their reproducibility and reliability than some of our revered “objective” laboratory measures. In the end, no one of these domains stands alone as the gold standard for proving or disproving UI. Epidemiologic studies should try to assess as many domains as possible and should use only standardized and validated instruments. In most instances, the universal assessment of some domains (eg, determination of the physiologic subtype of UI by urodynamic testing) is not feasible. Evaluation of a portion of the surveyed population is acceptable and generalizable only if performed on a scientifically valid and representative portion of the population. Finally, no studies should be undertaken on anything other than a random sample population, with special efforts made to include racial and ethnic groups largely ignored by a half-century of epidemiologic research. How does one document bother? It is no longer enough to ask only, “Does this bother you?” or “Is this a social or hygienic problem?” Validated, condition-specific, quality-of-life instruments exist to assess both the distress caused by and the impact of U1.17 Researchers should either use established instruments or standardize and validate their own instruments and scales. Figure 1A represents a theoretic and nonvalidated model for
LO-phonon-assisted emission edge of free excitons in GaAs and GaAs/GaxAl1-xAs quantum wells.

Photoluminescence data and theoretical calculations are given for the LO-phonon-assisted free-exciton emission edge in bulk GaAs and in GaAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As quantum wells for temperatures up to 90 K. The observed temperature dependence of the emission edge and the change of the intensity between the bulk case and the quantum-well case is in accord with theory. Evidence also is given for the observation of the two LO-phonon-assisted free-exciton emission edge in the quantum-well system.
High magnetic fields and the correlation gap in SmB 6

We report the results of electrical resistivity measurements on SmB{sub 6} in magnetic fields as large as 18 T and pressures as large as 66 kbar. We find that the activation gap {Delta} extracted from these measurements has an anomalously weak field dependence, even when pressures of {similar_to}50 kbar are used to tune {Delta} to instability. Our results imply the existence of strong exchange interactions in the low-pressure, gapped state, and argue that {Delta} originates with many-body correlations. Nonetheless, the small, negative magnetoresistance {Delta}{rho}({ital H})/{rho}{sub {ital H}=0}{proportional_to}{minus}{ital H}{sup 2} observed below 50 kbar is completely accounted for by the weak field variation of {Delta}. A sign change in the magnetoresistance accompanies the gap collapse, with the high-pressure, gapless metal having {Delta}{rho}({ital H})/{rho}{sub {ital H}=0}{proportional_to}{ital H}{sup 3/2}. The Fermi surface deduced from these measurements is similar to that of noninteracting, trivalent LaB{sub 6}, but with a volume which increases rapidly with pressure.
SieveStore: a highly-selective, ensemble-level disk cache for cost-performance

Emerging solid-state storage media can significantly improve storage performance and energy. However, the high cost-per-byte of solid-state media has hindered wide-spread adoption in servers. This paper proposes a new, cost-effective architecture - SieveStore - which enables the use of solid-state media to significantly filter access to storage ensembles. Our paper makes three key contributions. First, we make a case for highly-selective, storage-ensemble-level disk-block caching based on the highly-skewed block popularity distribution and based on the dynamic nature of the popular block set. Second, we identify the problem of allocation-writes and show that selective cache allocation to reduce allocation-writes - sieving - is fundamental to enable efficient ensemble-level disk-caching. Third, we propose two practical variants of SieveStore. Based on week-long block access traces from a storage ensemble of 13 servers, we find that the two components (sieving and ensemble-level caching) each contribute to SieveStore's cost-effectiveness. Compared to unsieved, ensemble-level disk-caches, SieveStore achieves significantly higher hit ratios (35%-50% more, on average) while using only 1/7th the number of SSD drives. Further, ensemble-level caching is strictly better in cost-performance compared to per-server caching.
Effectiveness of Red Light on Dark Adaptation

Some studies of 1941–1942 indicated that adaptation under red light was faster than in darkness. A recent (May 26, 1952) research report originating from the Naval Air Station at Pensacola seems to show a facilitative effect of red light on dark adaptation and has renewed interest in this problem. Some of the earlier data purporting to show this effect, additional material previously unpublished, and also new studies made at Yale by the method of simultaneous differential monocular adaptation are here presented and discussed. Adaptation goggles were used for 25 min under illumination of 8 mL. The filter over one eye was a glass disk made of Corning No. 2403, deep red, 3.5 percent photopic transmission, over the other eye an opaque cardboard disk which excluded all light. Dark-adaptation thresholds (Hecht-Schlaer adaptometer) violet light (Corning 5513), measured alternately on the two eyes showed for 16 college student subjects lower values, i.e., increased light sensitiveness for the eyes adapted in darkness. In the period 6 min after removing the goggles the mean threshold difference between results for red and opaque procedures in the first test was −0.153 log μμL, <P=0.01; in the second test with the goggles reversed on the two eyes the mean difference favoring the opaque side was −0.182 log I, μμL, <P=0.01. The earlier and later results are not easily harmonized. The author argues in favor of the monocular method as an appropriate one for the study of this problem.
An Improved Local Composition Expression and Its Implication for Phase Equilibrium Models

A modified local composition (LC) expression is suggested, which accounts for the recent finding that the LC in an ideal binary mixture should be equal to the bulk composition only when the molar v...
Suppression of HTLV-1 replication by Tax-mediated rerouting of the p13 viral protein to nuclear speckles

Disease development in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)–infected individuals is positively correlated with the level of integrated viral DNA in T cells. HTLV-1 replication is positively regulated by Tax and Rex and negatively regulated by the p30 and HBZ proteins. In the present study, we demonstrate that HTLV-1 encodes another negative regulator of virus expression, the p13 protein. Expressed separately, p13 localizes to the mitochondria, whereas in the presence of Tax, part of it is ubiquitinated, stabilized, and rerouted to the nuclear speckles. The p13 protein directly binds Tax, decreases Tax binding to the CBP/p300 transcriptional coactivator, and, by reducing Tax transcriptional activity, suppresses viral expression. Because Tax stabilizes its own repressor, these findings suggest that HTLV-1 has evolved a complex mechanism to control its own replication. Further, these results highlight the importance of studying the function of the HTLV-1 viral proteins, not only in isolation, but also in the context of full viral replication.
An Experimental Study of the Friction Factor and Mass Transfer Performance of an Offset-Strip Fin Array at Very High Reynolds Numbers

Thermal-hydraulic performance data for offset-strip fin arrays are readily available in the range Re<10,000. However, in emerging applications in automotive and aerospace systems, where fan power is not a constraint and compactness is important, it may be desirable to operate offset-strip fin heat exchangers at very high Reynolds numbers. In this paper, friction factor and mass transfer performance of an offset-strip fin array at Reynolds numbers between 10,000 and 120,000 are characterized. A scale-model, eight-column fin array is used in pressure drop and naphthalene sublimation experiments, and the data are compared to predictions of performance given by available analytical models and extrapolations of the best available correlations. The friction factor data follow the correlation-predicted trend of decreasing monotonically as the Reynolds number is increased to 20,000. However, at higher Reynolds numbers, the friction factor increases as the Reynolds number increases and local maxima are observed in the data. Over the range investigated, the modified Colburn j factor decreases monotonically as the Reynolds number increases. For Reynolds numbers in the range 10,000< Re < 120,000, well beyond that covered by state-of-the-art correlations, both the friction factor and Colburn j factor are roughly twice that predicted by extrapolating the best available correlations. The higher-than-predicted Colburn j factor at very high Reynolds numbers is encouraging for the use of offset-strip fin heat exchangers in emerging applications where compactness is of high importance.
Predation of common invertebrate predators on long- and short-featured Daphnia retrocurva

Clearance rates of adult Acanthocyclops vernalis Fisher and Leptodora kindti Focke on high and low helmeted juvenile Daphnia retrocurva Forbes were estimated in laboratory microcosms. For the Acanthocyclops experiment, clearance rates declined exponentially with increases in both prey carapace length and relative helmet length. For the Leptodora experiment, clearance rates declined exponentially only with increases in prey carapace length. Behavioral observations of 4th instar Chaoborus americanus Johannsen larvae feeding on mixtures of long and short featured adult D. retrocurva revealed no difference in evasion and escape efficiencies for the two morphs. Approximately 71% of each morph successfully evaded Chaoborus strikes and 24% escaped contact. These results suggest that, of the three predators, only Acanthocyclops is negatively influenced by the relative helmet length of D. retrocurva, at least with the size classes of prey studied in these experiments.
AFAP: variety is the spice of life.

See article on page 548 Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) has been known for over 100 years1; Gardner’s syndrome, the familial association of multiple colonic adenomas and early onset colorectal cancer (CRC) with osteomas and multiple cutaneous fibromas or epidermoid cysts has been known for almost 50 years.2 The discovery of the APC gene3 has changed the diagnosis and clinical management of FAP radically. Firstly, it became clear that FAP and Gardner’s syndrome have the same genetic basis. The expression of osteomas and of the cutaneous signs varies greatly among people with the same mutation. Other phenotypic variations have been found to have a genetic basis. For example, congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium is associated with mutations distal to exon 9,4 whereas susceptibility to desmoid tumours is associated with mutations at codons 1444 and 15785 and a profuse number of colonic adenomas, often more than 5000 (compared with the more typical 1000–2000), is associated with mutations between codons 1250 and 1464.6 A variant called attenuated FAP (AFAP) has been associated with mutations in the 5′ portion of the APC gene.7 AFAP is characterised by the occurrence of often fewer than 100 colonic adenomas (sometimes …
Effect of paraquat treatment of rats on disposition of 5-hydroxytryptamine and angiotensin I by perfused lung

Abstract Rats were injected with the herbicide, paraquat dichloride (25 mg/kg, i.p.), and their lungs were perfused 2–28 days later. Isolated lungs from rats treated with paraquat (PQ) 3 or 4 days before perfusion removed significantly less perfused 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) than did saline-injected controls. This effect was not caused by PQ directly, since perfusion of lungs from untreated animals with PQ did not alter removal of co-perfused 5-HT. Monoamine oxidase activity of600 g supernatan fractions of homogenates of lungs from PQ-treated rats was also reduced compared to controls. Although removal of perfused angiotensin I (1 ng/ml) by isolated lungs was not altered by PQpretreatment, antgiotensin-converting enzyme activity in 600 g supernatant fractions of lung homogenates was reducedd significantly. These results suggest that PQ damages pulmonary endothelium and impairs the metabolic function of lung.
Electomechanical Model for Non-Excitable Cells

Mechanical and electrical properties of cells are crucial in regulating a wide range of cellular processes, such as motility, cancer metastasis, and embryogenesis. Cell size and membrane potential are both highly regulated properties in eukaryotic, non-excitable cells. The proposed model explains the interplay between mechanical, electrical, and biochemical properties of a cell, and can have important implications for pathology and medicine. The combination of osmosis-driven water flow, passive ion flux, ion pumping, signaling, and cytoskeletal forces provide a mechanism for how cells control their volume and membrane potential. For example, the model predicts that cell volume increases during depolarization and decreases slightly during hyperpolarization. Whole cell voltage clamp experiments provide a technique for measuring cell volume while controlling membrane potential. Experiments done on different eukaryotic, non-excitable cancer cell lines validate the model.
Ocean-scattered polarized bistatic radar signals modeled with small-slope approximation

Currently, theoretical predictions for the performance of remote-sensing applications using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) reflected signals such as altimetry and scatterometry are based mostly on the geometric optics (GO) limit of the Kirchhoff (physical optics) model. For a bistatic forward-scattering regime and for a predominant, left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) scattered component, the GO model works quite satisfactorily. However, the GO gives incorrect predictions for a right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) scattered component. Also, it is not applicable for a scattering process at wider angles, which are affected by diffraction or Bragg scattering. The use of the first-order SSA for calculating the LHCP scattered component of the GNSS signal was demonstrated previously [1]; however, it cannot correctly predict the RHCP scattered component and the effects of out-of-plane bistatic scattering. The second-order SSA is needed to overcome these difficulties. Here, we present results of calculations for bistatic LHCP and RHCP radar cross sections for the case of ocean surface elevations described by Gaussian statistics and the empirical wave spectrum.
An Interview with Ellen Finnie Duranceau

In June 2006, Lisa Harrington interviewed Ellen Finnie Duranceau, scholarly publishing and licensing consultant at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In this interview, Duranceau discusses a range of topics including her views on the future of electronic resources, the online public access catalog, libraries, and how she thinks we can meet the needs of users.
The emerging utility of ketenes in polymer chemistry

The continued evolution of functional materials that contribute to pressing societal challenges requires the development of powerful synthetic methodologies in polymer systems. Since their discovery by Staudinger in the early 20th century, the unique chemistry of ketenes have fascinated synthetic chemists and been the driver of revolutionary applications in photolithography, medicinal chemistry, and commodity materials. The versatile chemistry of ketenes, specifically their ability to act as an electrophile and/or undergo cycloaddition reactions, has recently been shown to provide a powerful platform for the design of next-generation materials. This Highlight focuses on the history of ketenes in materials science and their recent renaissance in polymer chemistry, with specific focus being given to methodologies that provide reliable access to this important functional group in polymer systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3769–3782
Effect of Focal Ischemia on Long Noncoding RNAs

Background and Purpose—Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant role in cellular physiology. We evaluated the effect of focal ischemia on the expression of 8314 lncRNAs in rat cerebral cortex using microarrays. Methods—Ischemia was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Genomic and transcriptomic correlates of the stroke-responsive lncRNAs and the transcription factor binding sties in their promoters were evaluated with bioinformatics. Results—Three hundred fifty-nine lncRNAs were upregulated (>2-fold) and 84 were downregulated ( 90% sequence homology with exons of protein-coding genes. Promoters of stroke-responsive lncRNA genes and their homologous protein-coding genes showed highly overlapping transcription factor binding sites. Despite presence of open reading frames, lncRNAs did not form any product when subjected to in vitro tr...
Measurement of visual sustained attention in schizophrenia using signal detection analysis and a newly developed computerized CPT task

Sustained attention in schizophrenia was assessed with a newly developed, computer-controlled, modified version of the continuous performance test in which specific attentional effects can be empirically distinguished from nonspecific factors by signal detection theory (SDT). Results indicated that patients showed a more rapid decline in specific attentional, but not nonspecific processes, as measured by SDT parameters of A' and B", respectively.
Daily-Mean Temperature Reconstructed for Kansas from Early Instrumental and Modern Observations

A continuous record of 65 987 daily-mean temperature observations since 1828 has been developed for Manhattan, Kansas, by screening and correcting original station records of the U.S. Army Surgeon General, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Signal Service. Hourly, minimum, and maximum temperature observations from seven discontinuous historical stations and four modern stations in Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma were used to compile this unbroken record of daily-mean temperature. The historical temperature data were linked with the modern temperature record for Manhattan after these data were adjusted for time of observation differences, station movements, and changes in the environment around the station. The new daily-mean temperature reconstruction for Manhattan now extends with confidence back to 1 July 1855 and with more uncertainty back to 1 July 1828. The uncertainty prior to 1855 is due to instrumentation changes in 1843 and changes in observation practices in 1855 that occurred at many stations. The error estimates reported in this paper do not reflect these potential inhomogeneities and should be considered lower limits. Nonetheless, this new daily record indicates significant warming in all seasons; in heating and cooling degree-days; in the warmest and coldest days of the year; in extremes above the 90th percentile and below the 10th percentile; in the frequency of winter cold waves and summer heat waves; and in the overall annual-mean temperature, which has warmed by 1.57 86 0.238C since 1855 (1.27 86 0.238C since 1829). The warm Dust Bowl event in the summer of the 1930s and cold winters of the 1870s and 1880s dominate the reconstruction and included some of the warmest and coldest daily extremes, respectively, of the last 154‐180 yr. This new reconstruction is currently the longest unbroken daily corrected record in the Americas. These data indicate that the nineteenth century was fundamentally cooler than the twentieth and early twenty-first century.
Interference Management and Rate Adaptation in OFDM-Based UWB Networks

Ultrawideband (UWB) communications has emerged as a promising technology for high data rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs). Several proposals for UWB-based WPANs have been made. One widely popular proposal was standardized by ECMA-368, and is based on OFDM. In this paper, we address one of the important aspects that impact the performance of this standard, namely interference management between different uncooperative beacon groups that operate simultaneously over the same area. We first propose an interference management distributed reservation protocol (IM-DRP) for OFDM-based UWB communications. IM-DRP aims at improving the throughput of an UWB WPAN by reducing interference between uncooperative beacon groups. We then integrate IM-DRP into the design of a rate adaptation strategy that exploits the multirate capability of OFDM-based UWB systems. Besides maintaining a target packet error rate, our proposed strategy attempts to reduce the required reservation time over a link, hence allowing more links to be simultaneously activated. This improves the overall network throughput. Simulations are used to demonstrate the performance gain of our proposed schemes.
Encephalitis Caused by Chikungunya Virus in a Traveler from the Kingdom of Tonga

Febrile travelers from countries with unique endemic pathogens pose a significant diagnostic challenge. In this report, we describe the case of a Tongan man presenting with fever, rash, and altered mental status. The diagnosis of Chikungunya encephalitis was made using a laboratory-developed real-time RT-PCR and serologic testing.
Fritz Heider's legacy: Celebrated insights, many of them misunderstood.

This article reviews some of the central ideas in Heider’s (1958) book, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations: common-sense psychology, personal causality, causal attribution, and the social perception of mental states. Relying on Heider’s own words to introduce these topics, the review shows that post-Heiderian attribution research overlooked and misunderstood several of Heider’s contributions. For example, he has been falsely portrayed as postulating a person-situation dichotomy as the core of people’s understanding of behavior; and his analysis of dispositions as primarily mental states has been mistaken for one of dispositions as stable traits. Heider’s original ideas are, however, firmly connected to cognitive science research on the folk theory of mind and provide a foundation for recent social-psychological work on inferences of other people’s mental states.
Cloud-to-ground lightning signatures of long-lived tornadic supercells on 27–28 April 2011

This study integrates past research methodologies, data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), and geographic information system techniques to assess the lightning and severe weather hazard relationship for the 27–28 April 2011 United States tornado outbreak. NLDN and Doppler radar data are used to examine the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning characteristics associated with seven supercell thunderstorms that produced long-track, significant and/or violent tornadoes. Analyses indicate that CG lightning flashes alone do not provide enough information for the detection of a lightning jump prior to tornadogenesis. All seven supercells were dominated by negative-polarity CG lightning flashes; which is expected due to the geographic location and elevated low-level moisture found in the outbreak environment. The correlation between low-level mesocyclone strength and total CG lightning flash rate was varied and inconsistent among all storms despite their formation and sustenance in similar environmental and geographic space. Additional case studies, as well as climatological approaches, are required to discover if the varying lightning–tornado relationships found in this study are consistent with other tornadic environments.
GM-CSF up-regulated in reumatoid arthritis reverses cognitive impairment and amyloidosis in Alzheimer mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a negative risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While it has been commonly assumed that RA patients' usage of non-steroi dal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) helped prevent onset and progression of AD, NSAID clinical trials have proven unsuccessful in AD patients. To determine whether intrinsic factors within RA pathogenesis itself may underlie RA's protective effect, we investigated the activity of colony-stimulatin g factors, upregulated in RA, on the pathology and behavior of transgenic AD mice. 5 µg bolus injections of macrophage, granulocyte, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (M-CSF, G-CSF, or GM-CSF) were administered unilaterally into the hippocampus of aged cognitively-impaired AD mice and the resulting amyloid load reductions determined one week later, using the artificial cerebrospinal fluid-injected contrala teral sides as controls. G-CSF and more significantly, GM-CS F reduced amyloidosis throughout the treated brain hemisphere one week following bolus administration to AD mice. 20 daily subcutaneous injections of 5 µg of GM-CSF (the most amyloid-reducing CSF in the bolus experiment) were administered to balanced cohorts of AD mice after assessment in a battery of cognitive tests. Reductions in amyloid load and improvements in cognitive function were assessed. Subcutaneous GM-CSF administration significant ly reduced brain amyloidosis and completely reversed the cognitive impairment, while increasing hippocampal synaptic area and microglial density. These findings, along with two decades of accrued safety data using Leukine, recombinant human GM-CSF, in elderly leukopenic patients, suggest that Leukine should be tested as a treatment to reverse cerebral amyloid pathology and cognitive impairment in AD.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of vaccination and self-isolation in case of H1N1

In this research, we have conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis to examine the relative importance of vaccination and self-isolation, with respect to the current H1N1 outbreak. We have developed a continuous-time simulation model for the spread of H1N1 which allows for three types of interventions: antiviral prophylaxis and treatment, vaccination, and self-isolation and mandatory quarantine. The optimization model consists of two decision variables: vaccination fraction and self-isolation fraction among infectives. By considering the relative marginal costs associated with each of these decision variables, we have a linear objective function representing the total relative cost for each control policy. We have also considered upper bound constraints for maximum number of individuals under treatment (which is related to surge capacity) and percentage of infected individuals (which determines the attack rate). We have used grid search to obtain insight into the model, find the feasible region, and conduct the cost-effectiveness analysis.
Growth Arrest-Specific Gene 6 (Gas6)/Adhesion Related Kinase (Ark) Signaling Promotes Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuronal Survival via Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) and Akt

We identified Ark, the mouse homolog of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl (Ufo, Tyro7), in a screen for novel factors involved in GnRH neuronal migration by using differential-display PCR on cell lines derived at two windows during GnRH neuronal development. Ark is expressed in Gn10 GnRH cells, developed from a tumor in the olfactory area when GnRH neurons are migrating, but not in GT1–7 cells, derived from a tumor in the forebrain when GnRH neurons are postmigratory. Since Ark (Axl) signaling protects from programmed cell death in fibroblasts, we hypothesized that it may play an antiapoptotic role in GnRH neurons. Gn10 (Ark positive) GnRH cells were more resistant to serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis than GT1–7 (Ark negative) cells, and this effect was augmented with the addition of Gas6, the Ark (Axl) ligand. Gas6/Ark stimulated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK, and the serine-threonine kinase, Akt, a downstream component of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway. To determine wheth...
Histone H3-K9 Methyltransferase ESET Is Essential for Early Development

Methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3-K9) mediates heterochromatin formation by forming a binding site for HP1 and also participates in silencing gene expression at euchromatic sites. ESET, G9a, SUV39-h1, SUV39-h2, and Eu-HMTase are histone methyltransferases that catalyze H3-K9 methylation in mammalian cells. Previous studies demonstrate that the SUV39-h proteins are preferentially targeted to the pericentric heterochromatin, and mice lacking both Suv39-h genes show cytogenetic abnormalities and an increased incidence of lymphoma. G9a methylates H3-K9 in euchromatin, and G9a null embryos die at 8.5 days postcoitum (dpc). G9a null embryo stem (ES) cells show altered DNA methylation in the Prader-Willi imprinted region and ectopic expression of the Mage genes. So far, an Eu-HMTase mouse knockout has not been reported. ESET catalyzes methylation of H3-K9 and localizes mainly in euchromatin. To investigate the in vivo function of Eset, we have generated an allele that lacks the entire pre- and post-SET domains and that expresses lacZ under the endogenous regulation of the Eset gene. We found that zygotic Eset expression begins at the blastocyst stage and is ubiquitous during postimplantation mouse development, while the maternal Eset transcripts are present in oocytes and persist throughout preimplantation development. The homozygous mutations of Eset resulted in peri-implantation lethality between 3.5 and 5.5 dpc. Blastocysts null for Eset were recovered but in less than Mendelian ratios. Upon culturing, 18 of 24 Eset(-/-) blastocysts showed defective growth of the inner cell mass and, in contrast to the approximately 65% recovery of wild-type and Eset(+/-) ES cells, no Eset(-/-) ES cell lines were obtained. Global H3-K9 trimethylation and DNA methylation at IAP repeats in Eset(-/-) blastocyst outgrowths were not dramatically altered. Together, these results suggest that Eset is required for peri-implantation development and the survival of ES cells.
Informing patients: a guide for providing patient health information.

Objective: To understand and address patients' need for information surrounding ambulatory-care visits. Design: The authors conducted two patient focus groups regarding patient education. The first covered general information needs of patients and the second explored their reactions to a computer-generated patient handout that was developed in response to the results of the first focus group and implemented in a clinic. Results: Participants sought information about their health — generally after the encounter with their caregiver. They wanted a permanent record of personal health data and relevant educational information. Participants recommended that the information be concise, clear, and illustrated with graphics if appropriate. Receiving health-related information from their providers favorably affected the participants' trust in, relationship with, and confidence in their physicians. When given printouts with graphic trends depicting their responses to therapy, participants reported that they were more motivated to adhere to a treatment plan and were more satisfied with their care. Based on the results of the focus groups, we developed a set of attributes (P.A.T.I.E.N.T.) to guide the development of patient and consumer health information. Conclusions: Patients participating in our focus groups felt that providing printed summary information to patients at the end of a clinic visit improves their understanding of their care, enhances their relationships with providers, improves their satisfaction with care, and motivates them to adhere to treatment plans. Further empirical studies are necessary to test their perceptions. n J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1998;5:563 - 570. In general, patients want to participate more in deci- sions regarding their health and health care. 1-4 Al-
Utility of platelet function analyzer as a screening tool for the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease in adolescents with menorrhagia.

Background Von Willebrand disease (VWD), and in particular, VWD type 1 and low VW factor (defined as Von Willebrand Ristocetin cofactor activity (RCoF) <30 and <50 IU/dl, respectively with normal multimers) are frequently detected in adolescents with menorrhagia and both groups benefit from similar management. Platelet function analyzer (PFA-100®) is often used as a screening test to detect VWD. We analyzed the utility of PFA-100® as a screening tool in the detection of VWD type 1 and low VW factor (VWF) in an exclusive adolescent population with menorrhagia. Methods The study population consisted of adolescents with menorrhagia who had simultaneously drawn blood samples for VWD and PFA-100®. Abnormal PFA-100® was defined as values >183 seconds for collagen/epinephrine and/or >126 seconds for collagen/ADP. Results Of a total of 235 patients tested, 23 patients had RCoF <50 IU/dl and normal multimer patterns. Statistical analysis of the utility of PFA-100® in detecting RCoF <50 IU/dl with normal multimers yielded sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, and negative predictive values of 52%, 89%, 34%, and 95%, respectively. Conclusions Based on our results, PFA-100® was not sufficiently sensitive to detect RCoF values <50 IU/dl with normal multimer patterns in teen-aged women with menorrhagia. We conclude that in the setting of adolescent menorrhagia, PFA-100® does not have utility as an initial screening test for the diagnosis of VWD and in particular, low VWF and that clinicians need to be aware of this limitation of PFA-100® while evaluating adolescents with menorrhagia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 1184–1187. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nano-Scale Abrasion Studies of Materials Used in MEMS Devices and Packages

Abrasion plays an important role in the manufacture and use of certain microstructures. In this paper, we explore the nano-scale abrasion characteristics of Al, Si, Pyrex™ glass, and glass-mica ceramic (Macor™), using a commercial scribing tool adapted to provide controlled velocity and force, and accurate positioning for abrasion utilizing two abrasion heads: a diamond facet edge and a custom alumina-grit head. While Al is easily abraded, it tends to create build-up of material along the edges. Silicon provides triangular clean groves with minimum widths ≈ 460 nm. Macor provides scalloped grooves that show some chipping and have minimum widths of ≈ 320 nm. Glass provides clean, rounded grooves, with minimum widths of ≈ 200 nm. This paper also describes how controlled abrasion can be exploited for the non-lithographic fabrication of nanochannels which are of interest in several fluidic devices.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Dynamic near-infrared imaging reveals transient phototropic change in retinal rod photoreceptors.

Stiles-Crawford effect (SCE) is exclusively observed in cone photoreceptors, but why the SCE is absent in rod photoreceptors is still a mystery. In this study, we employed dynamic near infrared light imaging to monitor photoreceptor kinetics in freshly isolated frog and mouse retinas stimulated by oblique visible light flashes. It was observed that retinal rods could rapidly (onset: ∼10 ms for frog and 5 ms for mouse; time-to-peak: ∼200 ms for frog and 30 ms for mouse) shift toward the direction of the visible light, which might quickly compensate for the loss of luminous efficiency due to oblique illumination. In contrast, such directional movement was negligible in retinal cones. Moreover, transient rod phototropism could contribute to characteristic intrinsic optical signal (IOS). We anticipate that further study of the transient rod phototropism may not only provide insight into better understanding of the nature of vision but also promise an IOS biomarker for functional mapping of rod physiology at high res- olution. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole
The Validity of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification Diagnosis Codes for Identifying Patients Hospitalized for COPD Exacerbations

Background Acute exacerbations of COPD (AE-COPD) are a leading cause of hospitalizations in the United States. To estimate the burden of disease (eg, prevalence and cost), identify opportunities to improve care quality (eg, performance measures), and conduct observational comparative effectiveness research studies, various algorithms based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes have been used to identify patients with COPD. However, the validity of these algorithms remains unclear. Methods We compared the test characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value) of four different coding algorithms for identifying patients hospitalized for an exacerbation of COPD with chart review (reference standard) using a stratified probability sample of 200 hospitalizations at two urban academic medical centers. Sampling weights were used when calculating prevalence and test characteristics. Results The prevalence of COPD exacerbations (based on the reference standard) was 7.9% of all hospitalizations. The sensitivity of all ICD-9-CM algorithms was very low and varied by algorithm (12%-25%), but the negative predictive value was similarly high across algorithms (93%-94%). The specificity was > 99% for all algorithms, but the positive predictive value varied by algorithm (81%-97%). Conclusions Algorithms based on ICD-9-CM codes will undercount hospitalizations for AE-COPD, and as many as one in five patients identified by these algorithms may be misidentified as having a COPD exacerbation. These findings suggest that relying on ICD-9-CM codes alone to identify patients hospitalized for AE-COPD may be problematic.
Pediatric Social Phobia

Social phobia (SP) is a common psychological disorder characterized by excessive fear and avoidance of social situations. With a typical onset in late childhood/early adolescence, its course is chronic and unremitting if left untreated. SP has shown to have high psychiatric comorbidity, particularly with depression and other anxiety disorders. Neuroimaging studies show hyperactivity in the amygdala and prefrontal regions in response to social threat in children with social phobia. The past decade has seen a significant increase in validated measures used to screen for and diagnose SP. Effective treatments for pediatric SP include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and SSRI pharmacotherapy, either alone or in combination.
Loyalty and the Assistant Coach

(1981). Loyalty and the Assistant Coach. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 46-46.
Hydrogen Physisorption in a Cu(II) Metallacycle

The interaction of molecular hydrogen with a novel microporous dinuclear Cu(II) complex, [bis-μ-di(4-pyridyl)methanol-1,4,7-triazacyclononane copper(II)] triflate (1), and its derivatives formed from oxidation and solvent removal was studied with 2H NMR and density functional theory (DFT). The Cu-complex 1 was characterized with X-ray diffraction methods and consists of a dinuclear macrocycle that forms one-dimensional channels of 9.55 A in diameter. 2H NMR studies of deuterium gas adsorption by 1 suggest that physisorption condensation of D2 occurs within two distinct microenvironments: in the interior and in-between the microtubular structures. The assignment of NMR resonances to specific adsorption sites is supported by spectral decomposition and analysis of the line widths and integrated signal intensities of the components. The dynamics of the system are probed by spin−lattice relaxation time measurements and spectral hole-burn experiments as a function of temperature and pressure. NMR and DFT calcul...