cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 'New' Economic Thinking on Adam Smith of Vines and Morris Leads to the Same Old Errors About Adam Smith

The belief that the Utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham is an outgrowth of Adam Smith’s approach in The Wealth of Nations is a contradiction in terms, given that the Wealth of Nations and The Theory of Moral Sentiments are both based on Smith’s Virtue ethics approach, which completely and totally rejects any role for the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham or any other kind of utilitarianism. The term "self interest" in the Wealth of Nations was called "prudence" in the Theory of Moral Sentiments. Prudence is that virtue involving individual human behavior that was circumspect, judicious, thrifty, frugal, careful, patient, and hardworking. The prudent or self-interested person developed his talents and became a financial success or was well off. However, this was only the first step in a process aiming at moral perfection that would culminate in the virtue of beneficence. Only at this stage in a person’s life would real happiness emerge. Smith’s views on economic growth have to do with justice and his application of Aristotle’s Golden Mean. Smith never viewed commercial society (capitalism) or economic growth as a path leading to happiness for the greatest number of citizens as the amount of material and consumer goods increased over time. This view was Bentham’s, not Smith’s.Finally, there never was an Adam Smith problem except in the minds of economists intent on foisting Bentham’s hedonic-hedonistic calculus onto Adam Smith. However, there is another, much more severe problem. The problem is that, since the 1790’s, the vast majority of economists, who are utilitarians, have been constantly trying to redefine Smith as a utilitarian and "read into" the Wealth of Nations their own utilitarian ethics and approach to probability and decision making. The remaining economists can be categorized as nihilists, such as the Post Keynesians and Institutionalists. Nihilists find no role for probability analysis in economics. Both approaches lead to myths, such as (a) the existence of some "Invisible Hand" force that coordinates the conflicting microscopic, price expectations-plans of market participants in such a manner so that a socially optimal, macroscopically, stable equilibrium is obtained over time; (b) Smith believed in Laissez faire; (c) Smith believed in a 100% Free Trade policy or (d) Keynes was an anti-mathematical, anti-formalist who realized that mathematics and statistics played no role in a world of Shackle-Davidson uncertainty. None of these myths has any support in the Wealth of Nations or in any of Keynes’s works
Self-Care Practices of Baccalaureate Nursing Students.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate baccalaureate nursing student perspectives of self-care practices to gain understanding of their value in health promotion. Design: A descriptive, q...
Studies of phagocytic activity of lymphocytes. III. Phagocytosis of intravenous India ink in human subjects.

Eight subjects with chronic intractable disease were subjected to intravenous injections of India ink and the peripheral blood was studied for evidence of phagocytosis. Carbon particles were seen not only in the granulocytes and monocytes, but also in lymphocytes. Through these intravital studies, further proof is established for the theory that human lymphocytes are capable of phagocytosis.
Antiviral Screening Assays for Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7

Human herpesviruses 6 and 7 are ubiquitous herpesviruses that normally infect their hosts early in life. There are two variant groups of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6): variants A (HHV-6A) and B (HHV-6B). Variant A has not been unambiguously associated with a specific disease but may contribute to disease in immunocompromised patients; variant B is the major etiologic agent of roseola (roseola infantum or exanthem subitum) and other febrile illnesses of young children, and has been associated with disease in immunocompromised patients. HHV-6B is frequently present in plaque regions in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients, although an etiologic association has not been proven. Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) has been associated with some cases of roseola. The clinical spectrum of these viruses remains to be completely defined. Braun et al. (1) recently described three clinical scenarios that might warrant the use of antivirals to treat HHV-6 infections: (1) transplant recipients with idiopathic pneumonitis (2), multiple sclerosis patients, and (3) patients with HHV-6-associated encephalitis. For HHV-7, cases of neurologic involvement during primary infection might warrant investigation (2).
Impact of PCB Layer Orientation on the Drop Reliability of WCSP Boards

In the electronic industry the portable devices are becoming the prime factors to dominate the market share. And with the blessing of miniaturization, these devices are also becoming smaller and smaller day by day. On the other hand, with this miniaturization process these devices are becoming more susceptible to drop impact loading. To ensure product quality and to integrate more complicated functionality in these devices reliability test is very important. To meet the robust and quick production demand, manufacturers are supplementing drop/shock testing with the aid of computational simulation using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). In this paper a comprehensive study has been carried out to investigate the behavior of solder joint failure during drop impact loading due to different thickness and layer stack-ups of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). To do that, after evaluating the modulus of elasticity and densities for all of these boards experimentally, a computational approach has been followed to understand the nature of strain and stress generation around the interconnections by performing Finite Element Analysis on the PCB-package assembly. This study gives an insight of how the impact loading is affected by the change of layer stack-ups and thicknesses of PCB mounted with small Wafer Level Chip Scale Packages (WCSPs).
Case Study 21. Chasing Smaller Game: The Archaeology of Modernity

In the well-studied ancient landscape of Europe, there was a sudden change starting around 46,000 years ago, as modern people replaced Neanderthals and the Middle Paleolithic gave way to the Upper Paleolithic. The cultural differences are dramatic, and it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that this represents first appearance of modern human minds as well as bodies. The search for where and when they developed leads to Africa. Defining modern behavior is difficult, however, and depends on interpretations of indirect evidence. One realm where there is more direct evidence of behavior is subsistence and diet. The cultures of anatomically modern people are characterized by exploitation of an increased diversity of prey and other food resources. While this trend indicates expanding technological abilities, it may also reflect the ecological necessity to support an expanding population. Population pressure and more frequent encounters between groups are likely both contributors to and consequences of the modern mind.
Value Theory and Economic Progress: The Institutional Economics of J. Fagg Foster

(2002). Value Theory and Economic Progress: The Institutional Economics of J. Fagg Foster. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 209-211.
Review of Systematicity: The Nature of Science by Paul Hoyningen-Huene

What is Science? This is an ambitious philosophical question, rarely confronted directly. To answer it is to provide a set of defining credentials that render it ‘Science’, that which legitimately bears the name, setting it apart from absolutely all that fails the designation for any reason whatsoever. Less ambitious questions have enjoyed much wider play, questions like ‘What is Science, as contrasted with pseudoscience?’ (the so-called problem of demarcation made famous by Karl Popper) or ‘What is Science, as contrasted with religion, myth or poetry?’ These are less ambitious because answering them demands only the identification of such features as separate Science from the chosen contraries, without having to identify what separates Science from absolutely all its contraries. In Systematicity: The Nature of Science, Paul Hoyningen-Huene tackles a considerably more ambitious question than the foregoing (though still not the most ambitious one), the question: ‘What is Science, as contrasted with other forms of knowledge, particularly everyday knowledge?’ He does not say explicitly what he has in mind by ‘everyday knowledge’, but he circumscribes this category by enumerating and employing examples, including such things as traditional medicine, folk wisdom, and general common sense on a variety of topic areas or ‘fields’. Hoyningen-Huene takes for granted the conception of a field of inquiry — a conception that comes with its own ontological baggage. (I will return below to the assumption that comes along with this field of inquiry conception, as it is in my estimation one of two great workhorses in construction of the book’s argumentational edifice.) Hoyningen-Huene’s thesis, supported by a detailed latticework of argumentation, is that there is a spectrum of what may be termed ‘knowledge approaches’ to each such field, that some knowledge approaches are more systematic than others, and finally that that which deserves the label ‘Science’ lies on the more systematic end of each such spectrum.The fulcrum of the thesis is obviously the notion of comparative systematicity, to which the bulk of the book is devoted. This thesis ultimately issues in a treatment of the famous problem of demarcation, which I will discuss below, but first I will discuss Hoyningen-Huene’s methodology in support of his thesis. It is, in essence, an empirical methodology, meant to answer the question, ‘What makes Science, as a form of knowledge, special?’ And whereas Paul Feyerabend, who also posed this question, supposed that it had to be the method of Science, if anything at all, that distinguished it from other intellectual enterprises, Hoyningen-Huene rejects the supposition that it has to be method and instead posits the feature of systematicity.
Response to Tendon Vibration Questions the Underlying Rationale of Proprioceptive Training.

Context: Proprioceptive training on compliant surfaces is used to rehabilitate and prevent ankle sprains. The ability to improve proprioceptive function via such training has been questioned. Achilles tendon vibration is used in motor-control research as a form of proprioceptive stimulus. Using measures of postural steadiness with nonlinear measures to elucidate control mechanisms, tendon vibration can be applied to investigate the underlying rationale of proprioceptive training. Objective: To test whether the effect of vibration on young adults' postural control depended on the support surface. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty healthy adults and 10 adults with chronic ankle instability (CAI; age range = 18−40 years). Intervention(s): With eyes open, participants stood in bilateral stance on a rigid plate (floor), memory foam, and a Both Sides Up (BOSU) ball covering a force platform. We applied bilateral Achilles tendon vibration f...
The Color of Cation-π Interactions: Subtleties of Amine-Tryptophan Interaction Energetics Allow for Radical-like Visible Absorbance and Fluorescence.

Several peptides and a protein with an inter- or intramolecular cation-π interaction between tryptophan (Trp) and an amine cation are shown to absorb and fluoresce in the visible region of the spectrum. Titration of indole with sodium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide yields an increasing visible fluorescence as well. Visible absorption and multipeaked fluorescence excitation spectra correlate with experimental absorption spectra and the vibrational modes of calculated absorption spectra for the neutral Trp radical. The radical character of the cation–indole interaction is predicted to stem from the electrostatic dislocation of indole highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) charge density toward the cation with a subsequent electronic transition from the HOMO–2 to the HOMO. Because this is a vertical transition, fluorescence is possible. Hydrogen bonding at the indole amine most likely stabilizes the radical-like state. These results provide new spectroscopic tools for the investigation of cation-π intera...
The Case for a Complete Model of Strategic Resource Utility in Sport and Entertainment Management

A complete model of strategic resource utility can be useful for managers in the sport and entertainment industry. In recent years, this industry has been characterized by rapid evolution, high fragmentation, and ubiquitous digitalization, which all highlight the importance of making rapid and informed strategic decisions. Thus, the complete model will help managers quantify their firm’s resource bundle and use a common language during the strategic decision making process. Two industry-specific examples are given to facilitate interpretation of the complete model.Subscribe to JASM
Enhancing breakdown voltage in amorphous zinc tin oxide Schottky diode

Amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOS) have superior charge carrier mobility compared to amorphous silicon and organic semiconductors. Due to their large-area uniformity and transparency, AOS has been widely pursued for switching thin-film transistors (TFTs) for backplane display pixels [1]. From the success of flat-panel displays, these materials are now being investigated for large area electronics such as solar cell and imagers, which require not only low-cost fabrication methods like solution process, but also low-cost materials. Most AOS contain indium, which is expensive due to its high demand in ITO. Amorphous zinc tin oxide (a-ZTO) is thus an attractive alternative [2]. Compared to TFTs, AOS Schottky diode has been only recently investigated for use in applications such as energy harvesters and wireless communications [3-5]. We have previously demonstrated AOS Schottky diodes made with solution-processed a-ZTO having high forward current density exceeding 103A·cm−2 at 1V, a rectification ratio of > 102, and ideality factor of ∼1.9 [6]. In this work we investigate, for the first time, the breakdown mechanisms of AOS diodes. We observe forming-type behavior in the amorphous oxides, which we attribute to conductive filaments of oxygen vacancies, that can lead to premature breakdown of the devices.
A non-destructive material characterization framework for retrieving a stiffness matrix using bulk waves

Abstract The accuracy of the stiffness matrix used as input in dispersion curve algorithm determine the accuracy of the predicted wave speeds. Common practice is to use standard mechanical testing procedures to determining the E 11 , E 22 , G 12 and ν 12 . The other engineering constants are then based on assumptions such as: E 33 = E 22 . The engineering constants are converted to the stiffness matrix and used as input. Due to this approach the dispersion curves can vary significantly from those obtained experimentally. In this research the stiffness matrix components are determined non-destructively using a newly introduced ultrasonic immersion technique, the LAMSS approach. The LAMSS approach utilizes the symmetry planes within an orthotropic transversely isotropic material and the critical angle approach to divide the stiffness matrix retrieval process into several steps to reduce the complexity of the process and increase the accuracy of the solution. As last, the predicted group velocity dispersion curves obtained using a stiffness matrix based on mechanical testing and the ultrasonic immersion technique are compared to experimentally obtained velocities.
Automated Voxel Placement: A Linux-based Suite of Tools for Accurate and Reliable Single Voxel Coregistration.

Background Single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) is a powerful technique for studying in vivo neurochemistry, but has an often-overlooked source of error variance: inconsistent voxel placement between scans. We developed and evaluated an Automated Voxel Placement (AVP) procedure for accurate and reliable 1H MRS voxel prescription. AVP is a suite of Linux-based programs that facilitate automated template-driven single-voxel coregistration. Methods Three studies were conducted to evaluate AVP for prescription of one voxel: left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. First, we evaluated how robust AVP was to 'extreme' subject head positions/angulations within the scanner head coil. Second, subjects (N = 13) were recruited and underwent MR scans. Manual voxel prescription (n = 5) was contrasted with AVP (n = 8). A subset of AVP subjects (n = 4) completed a second scan. Third, ongoing data collection (n = 16; recruited for a separate study) helped evaluate AVP. Voxel placement accuracy was quantified as 3D geometric voxel overlap percentage between each subject's voxel and the template voxel. Reliability was quantified as 3D geometric voxel overlap percentage across subjects at each time point and within subjects who completed two scans. Results Results demonstrated that AVP was robust to 'extreme' head positions (97.5% - 97.9% overlap with the template voxel). AVP was significantly more accurate (baseline and follow-up: 96.2% ± 3.0% and 97.6% ± 1.4% overlap) than manual voxel placement (67.7% ± 22.8% overlap; ps<.05). AVP was reliable within- (97.9%) and between-subjects (94.2% and 97.2% overlap; baseline and follow-up; respectively). Finally, ongoing data collection indicates AVP is accurate (96.0%). Conclusion These pilot studies demonstrated that AVP was feasible, accurate, and reliable method for automated single voxel coregistration.
Antibiotic-Resistant Infection Treatment Costs Have Doubled Since 2002, Now Exceeding $2 Billion Annually

Antibiotic-resistant infections are a global health care concern. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 23,000 Americans with these infections die each year. Rising infection rates add to the costs of health care and compromise the quality of medical and surgical procedures provided. Little is known about the national health care costs attributable to treating the infections. Using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we estimated the incremental health care costs of treating a resistant infection as well as the total national costs of treating such infections. To our knowledge, this is the first national estimate of the costs for treating the infections. We found that antibiotic resistance added $1,383 to the cost of treating a patient with a bacterial infection. Using our estimate of the number of such infections in 2014, this amounts to a national cost of $2.2 billion annually. The need for innovative new infection prevention programs, antibiotics, and vaccines to pre...
A Brief Assessment of Myocardial Viability in Surgically Remodeled Hearts

Partial left ventriculectomy (PLV)constitutes a new surgical procedure that is postulated to improve cardiac pump function in patients with end-stage heart failure. PLV is undergoing trials in a number of clinics with, thus far, disappointing rates of success. It remains to be seen whether PLV works, and if so how. Consequently, a number of basic questions have been raised. Three of these will be addressed in this report: (1) can a reason be identified to explain why the heart enlarges progressively as its failure becomes gradually more severe; (2) should final selection of patients, considered for PLV, be based on the remaining (left) ventricular contractile properties as estimated from the ventricle's pressure–volume diagram; and (3) if this popular method of estimation is found to be deficient, can a new approach be designed? It is concluded that (1) ventricular enlargement requires less wall muscle shortening to produce a normal stroke volume, suggesting that enlargement is nature's way to facilitate pumping by an impaired contractile mechanism, (2) the contractile properties play a role in defining the pressure–volume (work) loop, but they are not retrievable, and (3) a different methodology is developed to estimate contractile properties continuously for the entire heart cycle.
DESCENDING CONTROL OF PAIN TRANSMISSION

Publisher Summary Pain is a very personal experience that is often quite variable. Anecdotal clinical reports indicate that people with several injuries may not report severe pain. On the other hand, patients complaining severely of pain may have no obvious pathology. Remarkable progress toward understanding this variability has taken place over the past few years. The first important discovery in this regard was made by Reynolds in 1969. Reynolds observed rats with stimulating electrodes implanted in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). When these electrodes were activated, the rats behaved as if immune to pain. This phenomenon referred to as stimulation-produced analgesia (SPA) has subsequently been observed in a variety of species. The brain contains an endorphin-mediated analgesia system with important links in the midbrain, medulla, and spinal cord. This system is apparently activated by noxious stimulation and perhaps by environmental cues. The mechanisms by which inhibition is produced are under active investigation.
Keeping Google "Googley" (Abridged)

This case, set in 2008, examines how Google has worked to avoid potential negative byproducts of rapid growth such as: bureaucracy, slow decision-making, lack of visibility and organizational inconsistency. When the case protagonist, Kim Scott, started with Google in 2004, she wondered if she would still be there in several years as she liked small, entrepreneurial companies. In 2008, she was pleased that Google still had the same entrepreneurial energy that it had when she joined. She and her colleagues reflect on how Google has been able to maintain its culture as the company keeps doubling in size.
The U.S. Census Bureau Adopts Differential Privacy

The U.S. Census Bureau announced, via its Scientific Advisory Committee, that it would protect the publications of the 2018 End-to-End Census Test (E2E) using differential privacy. The E2E test is a dress rehearsal for the 2020 Census, the constitutionally mandated enumeration of the population used to reapportion the House of Representatives and redraw every legislative district in the country. Systems that perform successfully in the E2E test are then used in the production of the 2020 Census. Motivation: The Census Bureau conducted internal research that confirmed that the statistical disclosure limitation systems used for the 2000 and 2010 Censuses had serious vulnerabilities that were exposed by the Dinur and Nissim (2003) database reconstruction theorem. We designed a differentially private publication system that directly addressed these vulnerabilities while preserving the fitness for use of the core statistical products. Problem statement: Designing and engineering production differential privacy systems requires two primary components: (1) inventing and constructing algorithms that deliver maximum accuracy for a given privacy-loss budget and (2) insuring that the privacy-loss budget can be directly controlled by the policy-makers who must choose an appropriate point on the accuracy-privacy-loss tradeoff. The first problem lies in the domain of computer science. The second lies in the domain of economics. Approach: The algorithms under development for the 2020 Census focus on the data used to draw legislative districts and to enforce the 1965 Voting Rights Act (VRA). These algorithms efficiently distribute the noise injected by differential privacy. The Data Stewardship Executive Policy Committee selects the privacy-loss parameter after reviewing accuracy-privacy-loss graphs.
Cardinal Numbers: Changing Patterns of Malaria and Mortality in Rome, 494–1850

The use of demographic data about cardinal mortality drawn from Salvador Miranda’s “Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church” archive confirms and quantifies the greater vulnerability of northern Europea...
A W-Band Curved Aperture Horn Antenna with Consistent Radiation Patterns

The analysis and design of a wideband ‘Dewey’ curved-aperture horn antenna, designed to cover 75–110 GHz is presented. The development process features a fitness metric used to minimize radiation pattern variance. The main objective is to achieve H - plane radiation pattern invariance over the active bandwidth. Design data is favorably compared with measurements to fully validate the proposed antenna.
Neocortex-Cerebellum Circuits for Cognitive Processing.

Although classically thought of as a motor circuit, the cerebellum is now understood to contribute to a wide variety of cognitive functions through its dense interconnections with the neocortex, the center of brain cognition. Recent investigations have shed light on the nature of cerebellar cognitive processing and information exchange with the neocortex. We review findings that demonstrate widespread reward-related cognitive input to the cerebellum, as well as new studies that have characterized the codependence of processing in the neocortex and cerebellum. Together, these data support a view of the neocortex–cerebellum circuit as a joint dynamic system both in classical sensorimotor contexts and reward-related, cognitive processing. These studies have also expanded classical theory on the computations performed by the cerebellar circuit.
Negotiate to survive: An exercise to help develop students’ understanding of negotiations

To help instructors teach students the meaning of negotiations, and to help students understand the different types of negotiations, we developed the “Negotiate to Survive” activity. In this activi...
The Role of Conversational Interchanges in First- and Second-Language Learning

It has been speculated that the acquisition of a first and second language requires intensive conversational experiences on the part of the language learner because in the course of conversations of language learners errors can be corrected and sentences can be approved and reconstructed. Investigators Bohannon III and Stanowicz (1988, p. 688) considered whether children would acquire the grammar of their native language “without exposure to feedback of any sort from any source.”
Design and Implementation of Preprocessing Scheme for Massive SQL Interactive Instructions in Power Business

With the continuous development of power business, the demand of data interaction between internal and external network is becoming more and more frequent, resulting in a large number of Structured Query Language (SQL) interactive instructions. Aiming at the cluttered massive SQL interactive instructions, this paper designs and implements a pre-processing scheme for SQL interactive instructions. Firstly, execute the data detection to get the specific problem instructions, then execute the data cleaning to get the clean instructions, then execute the data compression to get the unrepeated instructions, and finally get the instruction that meets the quality requirements. The system test results show that the scheme can realize the undifferentiated cleaning and large-scale compression of massive original SQL interactive instructions, and meet the requirements of power system data analysis and mining for the preprocessing of massive SQL interactive instructions.
Implementing Systematic Genetic Counseling and Multigene Germline Testing for Individuals With Pancreatic Cancer

PURPOSE:National guidelines recommend genetic counseling and multigene germline testing (GC/MGT) for all patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This study's aim was to assess real-w...
We're Not Sure We Like It but We Still Want More: Trainee and Faculty Perceptions of Remote Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In this study, the authors aim to compare perceptions of remote learning versus in-person learning among faculty and trainees at a single institution during the COVID-19 pandemic and to evaluate the impact that a brief faculty training on best practices in online teaching would have on faculty attitudes towards remote learning. The authors conducted an attitude survey on remote learning among trainees and faculty members approximately 3 months after the transition from in-person to remote learning. The authors then conducted a faculty training on best practices in online teaching followed by an evaluation survey. Study findings were examined descriptively and by Fisher’s exact testing. The response rates for the attitudes survey were 68% among trainees and 61% among faculty. Trainees and faculty perceived in-person learning more favorably than remote learning across a variety of domains, including overall enjoyment, interpersonal connection, ability to communicate, and concentration. Despite these trends, only 10% of trainees and 14% of faculty felt that all lectures would be most effectively delivered in-person when this becomes possible again. The response rate for the faculty training evaluation survey was 16%. Compared to non-attendees, faculty attendees reported more confidence in their ability to teach remotely (89% vs 56%, p=0.02) but not increased optimism (89% vs 63%, p=0.06). The study findings suggest that both trainees and faculty perceive remote learning negatively compared to in-person learning but still feel that some lectures should be delivered remotely even after a return to in-person learning is possible.
Staphylococcus aureus Trigger Factor Is Involved in Biofilm Formation and Cooperates with the Chaperone PpiB.

ABSTRACT Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) are enzymes that assist in protein folding around proline-peptide bonds, and they often possess chaperone activity. Staphylococcus aureus encodes three PPIases, i.e., PrsA, PpiB, and trigger factor (TF). Previous work by our group demonstrated a role for both PrsA and PpiB in S. aureus; however, TF remains largely unstudied. Here, we identify a role for TF in S. aureus biofilm formation and demonstrate cooperation between TF and the cytoplasmic PPIase PpiB. Mutation of the tig gene (encoding TF) led to reduced biofilm development in vitro but no significant attenuation of virulence in a mouse model of infection. To investigate whether TF possesses chaperone activity, we analyzed the ability of a tig mutant to survive acid and base stress. While there was no significant decrease for a tig mutant, a ppiBtig double mutant exhibited significant decreases in cell viability after acid and base challenges. We then demonstrated that a ppiB tig double mutant had exacerbated phenotypes in vitro and in vivo, compared to either single mutant. Finally, in vivo immunoprecipitation of epitope-tagged PpiB revealed that PpiB interacted with 4 times the number of proteins when TF was absent from the cell, suggesting that it may be compensating for the loss of TF. Interestingly, the only proteins found to interact with TF were TF itself, fibronectin-binding protein B (FnBPB), and the chaperone protein ClpB. Collectively, these results support the first phenotype for S. aureus TF and demonstrate a greater network of cooperation between chaperone proteins in Staphylococcus aureus. IMPORTANCES. aureus encodes a large number of virulence factors that aid the bacterium in survival and pathogenesis. These virulence factors have a wide variety of functions; however, they must all be properly secreted in order to be functional. Bacterial chaperone proteins often assist in secretion by trafficking proteins to secretion machinery or assisting in proper protein folding. Here, we report that the S. aureus chaperone TF contributes to biofilm formation and cooperates with the chaperone PpiB to regulate S. aureus virulence processes. These data highlight the first known role for TF in S. aureus and suggest that S. aureus chaperone proteins may be involved in a greater regulatory network in the cell.
Very late recurrence in germ cell tumor of the testis: Lessons and implications.

5030Background: Up to 30% of patients with germ cell tumor of the testis (TGCT) develop recurrent disease after initial treatment. The majority of recurrences occur in the first 2 years after treat...
Unveiling miotivations for luxury fashion purchase among Gen Z consumers: need for uniqueness versus bandwagon effect

As Gen Z consumers become an important target segment for the luxury fashion industry, it is crucial to deepen the understanding of their luxury consumption motivations. Based on the functional the...
Bremsstrahlung, transition, and Cherenkov radiation by laser filaments

Cherenkov radiation is one of the central effects in relativistic electrodynamics, which lends its name to a vast class of optical phenomena in which a moving source emits off-axis radiation, giving rise to a signature Cherenkov emission cone. When a radiation source is confined to a finite path, however, translational symmetry of its motion is removed, giving rise to edge effects that modify the canonical picture of conical emission. Here, we focus on one class of such edge effects as the key to understanding the properties of secondary radiation by laser-induced filaments. Charge-current transients near the edges of laser filaments are shown to couple Cherenkov emission to bremsstrahlung and transition radiation, giving rise to filament-length-sensitive features in the radiation field structure. We present a unified description of this class of radiation phenomena with a continuous analytical crossover from the subluminal to the superluminal setting of radiating currents and with the low-frequency cutoff in the radiation spectrum defined by the filament length.
Paid Family Leave and Corporate Innovation

I investigate the effect of labor market frictions for female employees on corporate innovation. Following the implementation of state-level paid family leave acts, which exogenously increase female talent allocation by facilitating labor market participation of female inventors, firms headquartered in affected states show significant increases in their innovation relative to unaffected firms. This effect is stronger for firms in innovative industries, for firms with a skilled workforce, for firms in industries with lower labor mobility, for firms in less competitive local labor markets, and for firms with lower female employment. Overall, my results imply that labor market frictions for working mothers inhibit corporate innovation.
Protecting Battered Wives: The Availability of Legal Remedies

Abused wives have often times been victims of neglect by legal auchoities due to the long-held belief t!7-.t the cri.na ia.. s-. ste shota!d not intrude into family prcblems. ":rfortunately, th"s Itt Ltue ignores s.,.riousness and extent of s:rsl v'...' nce, This 2aper first ,xui es traditonal legal Lhcht w.-iih re -er11s " violence in the family. It is then aLgued that draltiug ne. ]-a,,s :tay b.Lp to prctect :ht bitt:ered wvife, i-t cher ,ens:carat:e--s such as eni-or-eme1 ;t an-l conviun.ty support must be addressed if law i.co provide effective remedies. Remedies nthur than ,-riminda ones, shoid be pursu.,d exhastive.y in the 't,-c-,t to .chLcee a er':e '.t, lorlg -term soLot:t.o. A balanced approech is arged where so'.:sc2 v.o! "rro_ is t,'eated -:is a 8erious . . ---ml , not Wtthre c.very interaction is subject to crilinal sanction. The propctr role of 1..,, wc.n de;ing wilth 4 d.iz s e and violence has been Lsubject to considerable re-interpretatiai and debate. There w.,as a time in ancient Rorme wl-en t-, l.'c:gl vste could not interfere with the husband's control of intra-family affairs unless he acted in a -ranner ,Ahtch could be viewed as e.ceed'ngly unreasonable or unjusz. Fvcn decisions -f li-e -_.=t werentrusted in t:h ual. This extreme situation has slowly been changed so th it it is now permissit Le for the civil Law system to impose itself on certain family matters. 1!ow-jr, the same cannot be said for the criminal law system, This paper will examine the past roles of the civil and criminal law systems in regulating Intra-family condiuc and ,iil examine the issues surrounding proposals for increased criminal law intrusion into the family. First, an overview of fabidly violence will be presented, with the main focus on spouse violence. Second, a look will be taken into the American and English legal traditions with respect to spouse behavior. Finally, if in certai instances criminal law remedies are to be preferred over matrimonial ones when dealing with family violence, what types of enforcement problems could be anticipated ?
The CHILDES Project Part 1: The CHAT Transcription Format

1 Table of Contents 2 2 Introduction 5 3 Principles 14 4 CHAT Outline 20 5 File Headers 24 6 Words 35 7 Utterances 54 8 Scoped Symbols 66 9 Dependent Tiers 77 10 CA Transcription 85 11 Arabic Transcription 88 12 Specific Applications 91 13 Speech Act Codes 95 14 Morphosyntactic Coding 99 15 References 108
Dynamics of the urban lightscape

The manifest importance of cities and the advent of novel data about them are stimulating interest in both basic and applied "urban science" (Bettencourt et al., 2007 4; Bettencourt, 2013 3). A central task in this emerging field is to document and understand the "pulse of the city" in its diverse manifestations (e.g., in mobility, energy use, communications, economics) both to define the normal state against which anomalies can be judged and to understand how macroscopic city observables emerge from the aggregate behavior of many individuals (Louail, 2013 9; Ferreira et al., 2013 6). Here we quantify the dynamics of an urban lightscape through the novel modality of persistent synoptic observations from an urban vantage point. Established astronomical techniques are applied to visible light images captured at 0.1Hz to extract and analyze the light curves of 4147 sources in an urban scene over a period of 3 weeks. We find that both residential and commercial sources in our scene exhibit recurring aggregate patterns, while the individual sources decorrelate by an average of one hour after only one night. These highly granular, stand-off observations of aggregate human behavior - which do not require surveys, in situ monitors, or other intrusive methodologies - have a direct relationship to average and dynamic energy usage, lighting technology, and the impacts of light pollution. They may also be used indirectly to address questions in urban operations as well as behavioral and health science. Our methodology can be extended to other remote sensing modalities and, when combined with correlative data, can yield new insights into cities and their inhabitants.
Fatigue crack propagation in IN-718 material under biaxial stress bending

The effect of biaxial stress cycling on the crack growth process in IN-718 plate specimens was investigated using a semielliptical surface flaw as a crack starter. The method of anticlastic bending was used to generate the biaxial stress field. This bending method generates two bending stresses: a tensile stress normal to the crack surface and a compressive stress transverse to the tensile stress at the tip of the crack. In a biaxial stress field, the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) theory predicts that the stress parallel to the crack direction has no effect on crack growth rate. However, in the past two decades, experimental studies have shown that a stress parallel (transverse) to the crack tip influences crack growth rate. In this investigation, the effect of biaxial stress ratio (β = -σ 2 /σ 1 ) of - I on fatigue crack growth is presented. At a constant cyclic load, a crack growth transition from Mode I to Mode II was observed to take place when AK reached the value of 17.5 ksi in. (19.2 MPa √m). Also, an acceleration in the fatigue crack growth rate was observed due to the compressive transverse stress.
Elementary, My Dear Chimpanzee

Folk Physics for Apes The Chimpanzee9s Theory of How the World Works. Daniel J. Povinelli. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000. 407 pp. $85. ISBN 0-19-857220-4. Povinelli argues that a chimpanzee9s understanding of the physical world is radically different from our own; our reviewer finds this conclusion undermined by serious problems with the design and interpretation of the experiments that form the framework for the book.
Ambiguous Discourses: Performative Approaches to Gender and Race

About Face: Performing Race in Fashion and Theater. Dorinne Kondo. New York: Routledge, 1997. 278 pp. Beauty and Power: Transgendering and Cultural Transformation in the Southern Philippines. Mark Johnson. Oxford and New York: Berg, 1997. 264 pp.
Physiology – Still the One!

The authors have all taught students entering MD or MD/PhD combined programs, and in that setting we have all stressed the importance of physiology as the core discipline in medicine. Indeed, without knowledge of physiology, becoming a physician or a physician scientist is virtually impossible. One cannot learn pathology when recognition of the way in which an organ system has shown an alteration is obscured by a lack of knowledge of how it should normally function. An understanding of pharmacology, including drug distribution, target organ responses, and off-target effects, is also based on basic physiological concepts. Anatomy and microbiology become real when integrated into the context of physiological processes. Predicting the consequence of a genetic mutation requires comprehension of the encoded protein's physiological function. Biochemical reactions are simply chemistry in a test tube until they are built into a network that supplies energy and substrates for functional responses. And from a practical perspective, being able to explain to patients why dietary modifications can decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease or why removal of the thyroid gland …
Phenotypic Changes in Grain Sorghum Over the Last Five Decades

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a drought-tolerant crop, and its productivity in rain fed environments has increased since the 1950s. This increase is due to changes in agronomic practices and hybrid improvement. The objective of this study was to determine what aspects of grain sorghum morphology, physiology and water use have changed with hybrid improvement and might have contributed to this yield increase. A 2-year greenhouse experiment was conducted with one hybrid from each of the past five decades. The hybrids were studied in well-watered and pre- and post-flowering water deficit conditions. Total water use, transpiration, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis were measured during the growing period. Biomass and biomass components were measured at harvest. There was no consistent change in the leaf physiological parameters resulting from hybrid advancement. In contrast, total water use increased in rate of 8.5 cm 3 kg soil ―1 year ―1 from old to new hybrids in the well-watered treatments. Root biomass also increased in rate of 0.2 g plant ―1 year ―1 . Leaf biomass and panicle length also was greater for the newest compared with the older hybrids. Hybrid advancement was related to increase in panicle length but decrease in peduncle length. Results indicated that hybrid development programmes created hybrids with improved drought avoidance, due to better root density of newly released hybrids, or hybrids with better resource use which ultimately increased yield under rain fed conditions.
HIGHER ORDER VACUUM POLARIZATION FOR FINITE RADIUS NUCLEI

Abstract The calculation of the higher order, α(Zα) n , n ≧ 3 , vacuum polarization charge density induced by high-Z nuclei of finite extent is discussed here. The Wichmann-Kroll formalism relating the vacuum polarization charge density to the Green function of the Dirac equation is reviewed with attention drawn to modifications necessary for very large-Z systems (Z > 137) encountered in heavy ion collisions. This paper is concerned with the construction of the radial Green functions for the Dirac equation in the field of finite radius nuclei and on the numerical calculation of the higher order vacuum polarization density from those Green functions. Specific calculations are made for muonic Pb and superheavy electronic atoms. The results from these calculations have been published elsewhere but are further elaborated upon here.
A survey of parallel nonlinear dynamic analysis methodologies

Abstract This paper presents a survey of methodologies for nonlinear dynamic analysis in a parallel computing environment. Specifically, methods based on direct integration and reduced basis are discussed, with a particular emphasis on reduced basis methods with eigenvector transformations. Although the intent is to present methodologies used in a parallel computing environment, traditional methods implemented on serial computing environments are briefly discussed. Many methods offered are based on specific computer architectures, and thus a discussion detailing currently available computer architectures is presented. Techniques used in general finite element methods is also discussed as they pertain to parallel implementation of nonlinear dynamic analysis methodologies.
Human breast epithelium in organ culture: effect of hormones on growth and morphology.

Normal breast tissue from a 17-year-old girl was grown in organ culture for 3 weeks. A comparison was made between the effects on the epithelium of a defined culture medium containing various combinations of hormones and a serum-supplemented medium that has been used to successfully maintain other human tissues for 4 months routinely, and in some cases for up to 1 year. After culture for 3 weeks the explants were exposed to [3H]thymidine and autoradiographs were prepared and evaluated in order to determine labeling indexes. The only serum-free defined medium that permitted any significant survival or labeling of the cells contained insulin + hydroxycortisone + prolactin. However, serum-supplemented medium alone gave an even higher labeling index, and this was elevated more in media containing either progesterone or other combinations of hormones. Our study indicates that normal human breast (removed at the early postovulatory stage of the menstrual cycle) can be maintained in a differentiated state for 12 days in serum-supplemented media. By 2 weeks the cells had begun to migrate onto the surface of the explant. They then began to accumulate tonofilaments so that after 3 weeks in culture nearly all of the cells contained tonofilaments. The one exception was found in breast tissue cultured in the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin, where the cells maintained differentiated characteristics, despite the fact that they contained many lysosomes.
High-resolution image recovery from low-resolution detector arrays

We consider the problem of reconstructing remotely obtained images from image-plane detector arrays. Although the individual detectors may be larger than the blur spot of the imaging optics, high-resolution reconstructions can be obtained by scanning or rotating the image with respect to the detector. As an alternative to matrix inversion or least-squares estimation the method of convex projections is proposed.
The decoding problem: do we need to search for extra terrestrial intelligence in order to search for extraterrestrial intelligence?

There is a widespread and perhaps uncritically accepted assumption on the part of SETI researchers and popularizers that we could tell what an ETI might be trying to tell us. We raise difficulties for this assumption. If the assumption is abandoned, a lot follows. We might even be able to argue, in a novel way, that SETI will be utterly futile.