cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genome Data Type: a Vehicle to Deliver a Genome Comparison System on the Web

As more genomes become available, comparing multiple genomes is a very important research method in molecular biology which is useful not only for finding common features in different genomes, but also for understanding evolutionary process and mechanism among multiple genomes. However, it is challenging to develop a system for genome comparison since there are so many computational tools and databases which can be combined in numerous ways. In this paper, we discuss a bioinformatics system design principle by defining and using the genome data type and developing novel data mining algorithms based on the genome data type. Although many systems explored novel approaches for managing workflows among tools and databases in a flexible way, our approach of using the genome data type is unique among existing approaches. In particular, our approach is user-centric as domains and co-domains of the genome data type are what users are looking for. In addition, incorporation of novel data mining algorithms defined on the genome data type makes the genome comparison tasks simple and manageable, even on the web.
Structural neuroimaging of geriatric depression.

There is a large literature on the neuroanatomy of late-life depression which continues to grow with the discovery of novel structural imaging techniques along with innovative methods to analyze the images. Such advances have helped identify specific areas as well characteristic lesions in the brain and changes in the chemical composition in these regions that might be important in the pathophysiology of this complex disease. In this article we review the relevant findings by each structural neuroimaging technique. When validated across many studies, such findings can serve as neuroanatomic markers that can help generate rational hypotheses for future studies to further our understanding of geriatric depression.
Improved single PARAFAC decomposition based blind MIMO system estimation

We consider the problem of frequency domain identification of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system driven by white, mutually independent unobservable inputs. In particular, we improve upon a method recently proposed by the authors that uses PARAFAC decomposition of a tensor that is formed based on higher-order statistics of the system output. The approach of Y. Yu and A.P. Petropulu, 2005, utilizes only one slice of the output tensor to recover one row of the system response matrix. We proposed an approach that fully exploits the information in the output tensor, and as a result achieves lower error values. The proposed modification renders the method applicable to systems with more inputs than outputs
The Effect of Daily Stress, Personality, and Age on Daily Negative Affect

The current study examined whether stress reactivity becomes stronger or weaker with age. Daily stress and daily negative affect were modeled using 1,012 subjects from the National Study of Daily Events (NSDE), an 8-day daily diary study. Age ranged from 25 to 74. Data were modeled using within-person HLM techniques. Daily stress and neuroticism interacted in their effect on daily negative affect. There was a stronger association between daily stress and negative affect for persons high in neuroticism as compared to those low on the trait. In addition, daily stress and age interacted in their effect on daily negative affect. There was a stronger association between daily stress and negative affect for older as compared to younger adults. Results suggest heightened reactivity to stressors in older adulthood, perhaps due to kindling effects. Changes in the aging brain may explain this effect. Our investigations illuminate the complexities that characterize the set of associations among negative affect, stress, personality, and age, and point to potential aging or cohort effects.
Measuring science: Spatial investigation of academic opportunities in Belgium

By revisiting Lotka's law to account for the concentration of authors in a given field, this paper examines the determinants of scientific productivity in Belgium, measured as publications' impact scores. We then estimate arrondissement impact scores in a model that incorporates spatial interaction, and takes account of regional spillovers. Lotka's law reveals knowledge about the indivisibilities favouring scientific concentration. Global determinants of scientific productivity, controlling for knowledge specialization, are represented mainly by past scientific activity and national language. Spatial investigation based on scientific field reveals that proximity is a smaller facilitator of knowledge diffusion than use of English. Abstract Este articulo examina los determinantes de la productividad cientifica en Belgica, medida a traves de la puntuacion del impacto de la publicaciones, y utilizando una adaptacion de la ley de Lotka para tener en cuenta la concentracion de autores de una disciplina en particular. A continuacion estimamos la puntuacion del impacto por arrondissement (NUTS 3 Belgica) dentro de un modelo que incorpora interaccion espacial y toma en cuenta spillovers regionales. La ley de Lotka muestra evidencia de indivisibilidades que favorecen la concentracion cientifica. Los determinantes globales de la productividad cientifica, los cuales controlan la especializacion en el conocimiento, estan representados mayormente por la actividad cientifica del pasado y la lengua nacional. La investigacion espacial basada en la disciplina cientifica revela que la proximidad facilita la difusion de conocimiento en menor medida que el uso del ingles.
Cells isolated from trypsin-treated brain contain trypsin.

—Neuronal and oligodendroglial cell fractions isolated from trypsinized brain contain trypsin. Neuronal cell bodies contained approximately 5 μg of trypsin/mg of cell protein; oligodendroglial cells had approx 1 μg of enzyme activity. Studies with fluorescein-conjugated trypsin suggested that least a portion of the fluorescent enzyme was internalized in neurons.
Summary of the American Heart Association's evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the largest killer of women in the United States.1 More than 500 000 women die of CVD annually, more than the number of CVD-related deaths in men or related to the next 7 causes of death in women combined.1 Despite these statistics, a national survey in 2003 by the American Heart Association (AHA) showed that less than half of all women know that CVD is their leading cause of death.2 In an effort to raise awareness and educate health care providers and the public about methods to prevent incident and recurrent CVD events, an expert panel was convened to establish evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of CVD in women. The panel consisted of representatives from 11 AHA Scientific Councils and 11 federal and other professional organizations. There were an additional 22 endorsers. Details of the process and the complete guidelines have been published.3 See page e29 Briefly, candidate recommendations for CVD risk-reducing interventions were discussed, prioritized, and then selected for a systematic literature search. Randomized, clinical trials and large, prospective, cohort studies evaluating cardiovascular risk-reducing interventions with a focus on major clinical endpoints (death, myocardial infarction [MI], stroke, revascularization procedure, congestive heart failure, or a composite CVD endpoint), whether or not there were female participants, were included. Nearly 7000 abstracts were identified in the initial search; 1279 were included for full-text screening and 399 studies were included in the summary evidence tables for each recommendation, with sex-specific information if available. The evidence tables are published online at http://atvb.ahajournals.org. The expert panel used an evidence rating system based on methods used in previous AHA/American College of Cardiology (ACC) guidelines and is outlined in Table 1.4 In addition, a generalizability index was used to rate the likelihood that results generated from studies …
Flavonoids: Plant Signals to Soil Microbes

Recent discoveries have established that some flavonoids and several simple phenolics function as transcriptional signals from plants to bacteria. These findings open an important new chapter for understanding plant—microbe interactions and offer a potentially powerful intellectual foundation for analyzing factors controlling rhizosphere ecology.
Immobilization of lipase to cyanogen bromide activated polysaccharide carriers.

Brandenberger attached lipase to the isocyanato derivative of poly-p-aminostyrene in 1956 (1). This was the first time that lipase was immobilized to an insoluble carrier through covalent bond formation. Kitajima also entrapped the lipase in microcapsule (2). The present paper describes the preparation and some properties of lipase bound to polysaccharides following cyanogen bromide activation.
The spin-forbidden reaction CH(2∏) + N2→ HCN + N(4S) revisited I. Ab initio study of the potential energy surfaces

High-level ab initio electronic structure theories have been applied to investigate the detailed reaction mechanism of the spin-forbidden reaction CH(2∏) + N2 → HCN + N(4S). The G2M(RCC) calculations provide accurate energies for the intermediates and transition states involved in the reaction, whereas the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method overestimates the stability of some intermediates by as much as about 10 kcal/mol. A few new structures have been found for both the doublet and quartet electronic states, which are mainly involved in the dative pathways. However, due to the higher energies of these structures, the dominant mechanism remains the one involving the C2 intersystem-crossing step. The C2 minima on the seam of crossing (MSX) structures and the spin-orbit coupling between the doublet and quartet electronic states are rather close to those found in previous studies. Vibrational frequencies orthogonal to the normal of the seam which have been applied in a separate publication to calculate the rate of the CH(2∏) + N2 → HCN + N(4S) reaction with a newly proposed nonadiabatic transition-state theory for spin-forbidden reactions have been calculated at the MSX from first principles.
Analysis of HIV / AIDS sentinel surveillance among pregnant women in Zhangshan city 2010-2012

Objective To explore the infection status of HIV / AIDS and the cognition level of prophylaxis and treatment for AIDS among pregnant women in Zhangshan city,and provide scientific basis of HIV / AIDS control and prevention Method According to the requirements of the National AIDS Sentinel Surveillance Program,1 198 pregnant women were investigated with questionnaire and serological testing in 2010-2012. Results Among the investigated 1 198 pregnant women, low educational level, having more sexual partners and having sexual partner who has high-risking behaviors as taking drugs, having more sexual partners were common.The awareness rate of HIV / AIDS was positively related to the educational level, times of pregnancy and number of birth(P 0.001).The results of the awareness rate of HIV / AIDS investigation in 2010 to 2012 were 45.48%(181 / 398), 82.25%(329 / 400),and 78.25%(313 / 400),respectively, showing significant differences(χ2=150.93, P0.001). The total awareness rate of HIV / AIDS was 68.70%. The positive rate of HIV was 0 among the pregnant women investigated. Conclusions The infection rate of HIV is still low among pregnant women in Zhangshan city. Should strengthen health education and behavioral intervention, and HIV AIDS screening to prevent transmission from mother to baby.
Analysis of atmosphere character in the coastal area of the South China Sea

The variation of the climate brings a notable change of the regional atmosphere characteristic in recent years. To study the climatic characteristics of the South China Sea, the spatial and temporal distribution of the air parameters and weather phenomena such as air pressure, temperature, humidity, cloud and visibility are analyzed by the statistical method using the observational and. The frequency distributing of the dangerous aviation weather conditions(involved in low cloud cover with a percentage of more than 50, cloud base height lower than300 meter and visibility less than 1 km) is summarized. The results provide a basis for the science study and ocean weather forecasting.
Analysis of monitoring results of drug-resistance and resistance characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mashan County,Guangxi Region

Objective To explore the drug-resistance level of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB)in Mashan County,Guangxi Region. Methods Proportion method was used for drug susceptibility testing of drug-resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.The antibiotics of isoniazid,rifampicin,streptomycin,ethambutol,kanamycin,ofloxacin were used for drug susceptibility test. Results The total resistant rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs was 23.81%(15/63). Initial resistance rate was 23.91%(11/46)and acquired resistance rate was23.53%(4/17). In all drug resistance tuberculosis,PDR-TB was 6.35%(4/63),MDR-TB was 7.94%(5/63)and XDR-TB was 3.17%(2/63). The total resistant rate,MDR—TB did not show significant difference between ?initial treatment TB and re-treatment TB(χ2=0.000～1.460,P0.05). Drug resistance rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to isoniazid,rifampicin,streptomycin,ethambutol,kanamycin,ofloxacin from high to low was 17.46%(11/63),11.11%(7/63),11.11%(7/63),7.89%(5/63),1.59%(1/63)and1.59%(1/63). Conclusions The drug resistance rate of pulmonary tuberculosis in Mashan County was lower than the national's and attention be paied to the MDR and XDR.
HIV treatment cascade in MSM, people who inject drugs, and sex workers.

Purpose of reviewPeople who inject drugs (PWID), sex workers, and MSM simultaneously bear a high burden of HIV and stigma and discrimination. The purpose of this review was to summarize recent information about the understanding of the HIV care cascade among PWID, sex workers, and MSM populations ar
Oblivious multi-party machine learning on trusted processors

Privacy-preserving multi-party machine learning allows multiple organizations to perform collaborative data analytics while guaranteeing the privacy of their individual datasets. Using trusted SGX-processors for this task yields high performance, but requires a careful selection, adaptation, and implementation of machine-learning algorithms to provably prevent the exploitation of any side channels induced by data-dependent access patterns. We propose data-oblivious machine learning algorithms for support vector machines, matrix factorization, neural networks, decision trees, and k-means clustering. We show that our efficient implementation based on Intel Skylake processors scales up to large, realistic datasets, with overheads several orders of magnitude lower than with previous approaches based on advanced cryptographic multi-party computation schemes.
Emigration and the Brain-Drain Objection

The brain-drain argument in its purest form maintains that when wealthy countries open their borders, the predictable effect is to induce the brightest and most productive citizens of poor countries to transfer their labor to a location where it will be more personally remunerative. Economies that already enjoy the benefits of ample human capital will be piling up yet more at the expense of those that have precious little. It is not nice to abscond with the widow's mite, but neither is it very neighborly to entice away her daughter, the computer programmer. In the interests of justice, the rich should refrain from acquiring precious personnel from the poor. The brain drain is, on this view, a curse for developing countries because it hurts those left behind. Because human capital is an important determinant of economic growth, the loss of skilled individuals, it is thought, undermines the economic performance of the country. Taking this empirical claim as true, critics deplore the brain drain as unfair and suggest that governments should try to stem it. But are these claims sound? We argue that they are not. The brain drain is not as harmful as critics believe, and to the extent that it does harm some people, the harm is permissible for two reasons: first, the state does not own its citizens, and second, the right to leave is central to the pursuit of personal projects. Critics of the brain drain make problematic empirical and philosophical claims. The empirical assumption that the brain drain invariably hurts developing countries is controversial. Although a number of authorities endorse the conventional view, a contrarian literature suggests that the brain drain may help those left behind in various ways. We show that the philosophical claims associated with the objection are flawed as well. The claims we reject are as follows: because natural talents are morally arbitrary, those who have them are not entitled to the income those talents generate, and talented persons owe duties of reciprocity or gratitude. We first examine the facts and summarize various proposals to stem the brain drain. The evidence shows that it is far from clear that the brain drain always, or most of the time, harms those left behind. In general, because the brain drain allocates resources efficiently, it is likely to benefit many people globally, especially the world's poor.
The Identification of Selling Abilities Needed for Missionary Type Sales

This field study using salespeople, sales managers, and physicians identified 14 abilities necessary for successful pharmaceutical salespeople, the prototypical missionary sales position. Six of the abilities were identified by all three parties and make up the core requirements while one ability was recognized by physicians and not the other two groups. Finally, this research offers suggestions, based on the 14 identified abilities, for recruiting and sales training efficiencies to improve salesperson performance.
SOCIAL SCIENCE IN BLACK AND WHITE: RETHINKING THE DISCIPLINES IN THE JIM CROW EMPIRE

The rise of the social sciences in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America has been an especially fruitful topic for intellectual historians over the past four decades. An early, prominent explanation of the new levels of institutional power and intellectual authority achieved by the social sciences stressed the sense of interdependence created by the expansion of the market and the rise of new communications technologies. Others have emphasized intellectual struggles for authority among religious, popular, and scientific approaches to knowledge. Still others have laid the credit, or blame, for the ascension of the social sciences on liberal elites’ consolidation of their power after the collapse of monarchical authority and the successful repression of Marxist challenges. Two celebrated accounts have argued that ideological conditions, whether pervasive beliefs in American exceptionalism or visions of “scientific democracy,” shaped the development of the social sciences and their claims to intellectual authority. In the case of specific disciplines, like sociology and political science, the most supple histories have shown how broad changes in the structure of American capitalism created the conditions of possibility for new forms of knowledge about the social world, while more subtle intellectual shifts created openings for particular practices.
Stereotype threat, anxiety, instructor gender, and underperformance in women:

Whatever their major, students are often required to take at least one course in statistics. After graduation, statistics is a key skill in numerous workplace settings. However, for many, it is a particularly difficult course. One factor that may play a role is the lingering misconception that women are not as good as men in mathematics subjects such as statistics. Belief in this gender stereotype can lead women to avoid taking this class and ultimately could contribute to their underrepresentation in many professions. Instructor gender may also be a factor that affects student performance. This study examined whether a female role model would reduce the detrimental effects of a gender/mathematics stereotype threat in women and improve their academic performance and retention rate. Several types of anxiety were measured to determine what aspects of anxiety might be most relevant to stereotype threat. For men, anxiety and performance were not related to the gender of their instructor or endorsement of the ...
Psychosocial Mechanisms Underlying Older Black Men's Health.

Objectives To evaluate the psychosocial mechanisms underlying older Black men's self-rated health, we examined: (a) the individual, cumulative, and collective effects of stressors on health; (b) the direct effects of psychosocial resources on health; and (c) the stress-moderating effects of psychosocial resources. Method This study is based on a nationally representative sample of Black men aged 51-81 (N = 593) in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models of the psychosocial determinants of self-rated health draw on data from the HRS 2010 and 2012 Core datasets and Psychosocial Modules. Results Each of the six measures of stressors as well as a cumulative measure of stressors are predictive of worse self-rated health. However, when considered collectively, only two stressors (chronic strains and traumatic events) have statistically significant effects. Furthermore, two of the five psychosocial resources examined (mastery and optimism) have statistically significant protective effects, and prayer moderates the harmful effects of traumatic events on self-rated health. Discussion Conventional measures of stressors and coping resources-originally developed to account for variance in health outcomes among predominantly white samples-may not capture psychosocial factors most salient for older Black men's health. Future research should incorporate psychosocial measures that reflect their unique experiences.
Dairy Products (Including Ice Cream, Ice Milk and Sherbets)

“Milk notwithstanding that it seemeth to be wholly of one substance, yet it is compact or made of three severall substances, that is to say in effect of Creame, Whey and Curds.”1 It is remarkable that although this statement appeared in a book published in the 17th century, it is still a sound first approximation of the composition of milk. Control of the quality of this “lacteal fluid” diners from that of most other foods in that it is chiefly under the jurisdiction of the individual states rather than of a Federal agency, and for this reason legal definitions are not completely uniform within the United States. The United States Public Health Service does however act as a unifying influence through its recommendations to state and municipal health departments.
Articulating identities and analyzing belonging: a multistep intervention that affirms and informs a diversity of students

This article describes a multistep intervention developed for an undergraduate course called ‘Advocating Diversity in Higher Education.’ The goal of the intervention was to affirm diversity and fos...
At-Sea Evaluation of an Underwater Vehicle Behavior for Passive Target Tracking

In this paper, we describe an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) behavior designed to track nearby vessels using bearing-only measurements obtained from a rigidly mounted planar hydrophone array—one that was originally designed for active sonar use but is repurposed for passive sonar use. Upon detecting a target, a maneuver is executed to resolve the port/starboard bearing ambiguity. The maneuver is heuristically designed with the aim of reducing the effects of end-fire, self-noise during maneuvers, and other noise/spurious measurements on the bearing ambiguity decision. After resolving the bearing ambiguity, the vehicle continuously adjusts its heading to track the target by keeping it broadside to the array. The performance of this behavior, as well as that of the passive sonar itself, is evaluated through field trials in the approaches to Boston Harbor using a Bluefin-21 UUV. In total, 19 successful behavior tests are described where the UUV resolves the bearing ambiguity and tracks either a static source emitting a predefined waveform or the platform noise of a medium-sized catamaran underway.
Fluid models and other asymptotic limits with data and teletraffic applications

On June 16, 1989 Debasis Mitra from AT&T has presented several topics in closed queueing networks. He first surveyed asymptotic methods of closed Markovian networks. Next he described processor-sharing networks in heavy usage situation, introducing a deterministic fluid model. He concluded with a stochastic fluid model involving buffer.
Neurologic Complications of Leprosy

Leprosy is an important cause of nontraumatic peripheral neuropathy. Its main clinical features are anesthetic skin lesions and peripheral neuropathy, but skin lesions are sometimes absent. The different types of leprosy (leprous neuritis and lepromatous, tuberculoid, and borderline lepsrosy), pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of leprosy are discussed in this chapter.
Influence of Side‐Chain Composition on Polythiophene Properties and Supramolecular Assembly of Anionic Polythiophene Derivatives

A series of 10 polythiophene derivatives is reported, in which each polymer has a different percentage of carboxylic acid‐bearing repeat units. The properties of these polymers are explored under acidic conditions, where the carboxylic acid moieties remain neutral, and under basic conditions, where the carboxylic acid units become anionic carboxylates. The properties that are examined for both solutions and films include UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and red‐edge optical band gaps. All the properties studied are strongly dependent both on protonation state and percentage of carboxylic acid/carboxylate side chains along the polymer backbone. The anionic form of each polythiophene derivative was also used in layer‐by‐layer film deposition with a cationic phosphonium polyelectrolyte. The film growth process was studied by spectroscopic techniques to assess the influence of side‐chain composition on the film growth and optical properties. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019
Skeletal malformations and developmental arthropathy in individuals who have fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

Abstract Rationale Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is primarily a disease of progressive heterotopic ossification (HO) leading to impaired mobility throughout life. An additional diagnostic feature is a characteristic malformation of the great toes. The culpable gene for FOP,ACVR1 (activin A receptor type 1) has a clear effect on the induction of extra-skeletal bone formation. However, this bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway receptor is expressed widely throughout skeletal development and has a seminal role in axial and appendicular chondrogenesis, prompting suspicion of widespread bone and joint defects in those with ACVR1 mutations. Materials and Methods We analyzed baseline whole body (minus skull) computed tomographic (CT) scans of 113 individuals with classic clinical features of FOP and the ACVR1 (R206 H) mutation who were enrolled in a non-interventional natural history study ((NCT02322255)) for skeletal malformations, atypical morphology, intra-articular synovial osteochondromatosis, developmental arthropathy, and associated degenerative joint phenotypes. Individuals were evaluated in three age groups: 4–13; 14–25; and 25–56 years old, based on historical models of FOP disease progression. Results We found widespread evidence of developmental arthropathy throughout the axial and appendicular skeleton in all age groups (61 M, 52 F; ages: 4–56 years). Asymmetric narrowing and subchondral sclerosis were present throughout the joints of the normotopic skeleton and osteophytes were common in the hips and knees of individuals who have FOP in all age groups. The costovertebral joints, intervertebral facet joints, and proximal tibio-fibular joints frequently showed partial or total intra-articular ankylosis, particularly after age 13. The hips of FOP subjects are frequently malformed and dysplastic. We also found evidence of degenerative joint phenotypes after age 13, particularly in the spine, sacro-iliac joints, and lower limbs. Conclusions The effects of ACVR1 mutation on the normotopic skeletons of individuals who have FOP extend beyond malformation of the great toes and include both morphological defects and developmental arthropathy. Associated degenerative joint disease occurring at multiple sites starts in adolescence and progresses throughout life. These phenotypes appear to be uncoupled from heterotopic bone formation, indicating a potential role for ACVR1 in the development and progression of degenerative joint disease. Significance FOP is a disease of not only progressive heterotopic ossification, but also widespread and extensive developmental arthropathy and associated degenerative joint disease. These findings have relevance for understanding the natural history of FOP and for designing and evaluating clinical trials with emerging therapeutics.
Are We Really Protected? An Investigation into the Play Protect Service

Android smartphones are becoming more and more popular each year. With this increased user base, comes an increased need for Android OS to protect its users from malicious applications that may violate users’ privacy. The Google Play Store is the main means of dissemination for new applications and as such should provide a layer of efficient protection against malicious applications. However, there have been times when malicious applications were allowed on the Play Store, even after the introduction of the recent Play Protect Service. In this paper, we have opted to investigate the efficiency of the Play Protect Service in detecting malicious applications that are both sideloaded onto a device and uploaded directly to the Play Store. In order to accomplish this, we have developed a spyware application, called InstaCam, that is advertised as a simple camera app. However, it asks for functionally unnecessary permissions that make it a practically dangerous app. We tested InstaCam against various antivirus applications, including Play Protect. The results show that there is substantial delay in the ability of Play Protect to detect our malicious application while other popular antivirus software is capable of detecting InstaCam in a timelier manner.
Self-awareness of problematic drug use: Preliminary validation of a new fMRI task to assess underlying neurocircuitry.

Abstract Background Multiple psychopathologies feature impaired clinical insight. Emerging evidence suggests that insight problems may similarly characterize addiction, perhaps due to aberrant functioning of self-referential brain circuitry, including the rostral anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices (rACC/vmPFC). We developed a new fMRI task to probe whether rACC/vmPFC abnormalities in cocaine use disorder (CUD) constitute neural correlates of readiness to change, one facet of insight. Methods Eighteen individuals with current CUD and 15 healthy controls responded about their own need to change their drug use and eating behavior (control condition) and the need for a named acquaintance to do the same (two additional control conditions). Measures of simulated drug-choice behavior, addiction severity, and neuropsychological function were collected outside the scanner. Results CUD participants perceived a greater need for behavior change than controls (as expected, given their diagnosis), but fell short of “agreeing” to a need for change; in CUD, lower perceived need correlated with higher simulated drug-choice behavior, a proxy measure of drug-seeking. During drug-related insight judgments, CUD participants had higher activation than controls in an anatomically-defined region of interest (ROI) in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, part of the rACC/vmPFC. Although not showing group differences, activation in an anatomically-defined ACC ROI correlated with insight-related task behavior (in all participants) and memory performance (in CUD). Conclusions As a group, individuals with current CUD appear to show mild insight problems and rACC/vmPFC abnormalities vis-a-vis readiness to change behavior. With replication and extension of these results, insight-related circuitry may emerge as a novel therapeutic target.
Risk Factors in Adolescence for the Development of Elevated Blood Pressure and Hypertension in American Indian and Alaskan Native Adults

To examine risk factors for elevated blood pressure and hypertension in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs), compared to three other ethnic groups in the US. Weighted relative risk regression models, stratified by race/ethnicity, were used to measure the associations between risk factors and elevated blood pressure and hypertension in AI/ANs, compared to non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics, with data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. In all groups, females had a lower risk of both elevated blood pressure and hypertension than males. Increasing body mass index raised hypertension risk in all groups. In AI/ANs, financial instability increased the risk of hypertension by 88% (95% CI: 1.27-2.77), but not in other groups. No other statistically significant associations were found. Future interventions should include socio-economic factors in efforts to prevent hypertension in AI/ANs.
Patient quality of life before and after ventral hernia repair.

Abstract Background Recurrence is often reported as the primary outcome among studies of patients with hernias; however, there is growing interest in patient quality of life. The relationship between quality of life and recurrence is poorly understood. This study evaluates this relationship. Methods A secondary analysis of 3 prospective clinical trials was performed. The modified Activities Assessment Scale, a validated, abdominal wall–specific quality of life tool was used (1 = poor quality of life and 100 = perfect quality of life). Patients with and without a hernia recurrence were compared. Baseline quality of life, follow-up quality of life, and change in quality of life were measured. The relationship between quality of life and clinical outcomes was examined. Results A total of 238 patients were followed for median (range) 30 (14–44) months, of whom 31 (13.0%) had a clinical recurrence, whereas 207 (87.0%) had no clinical recurrence. Patients with recurrence were more likely to have a lower mean baseline quality of life (14 vs 26; P = .035), follow-up quality of life (42 vs 82; P Conclusion Patients with lower baseline quality of life are likely to experience a recurrence following repair; however, most still report substantial improvements in quality of life. Assessing follow-up quality of life without accounting for baseline quality of life is incomplete; follow-up quality of life should be assessed with appropriate adjustment for baseline quality of life.
Enhancing experiential education in an MBA coaching program

During this global pandemic, it is more important than ever for institutions of higher education who have distinguished themselves by their small classes and interactive approaches to focus on ways...
Electrical and chemical analysis of Ti/Au contacts to β-Ga2O3

Chemical and electrical measurements of Ti/(010) β-Ga2O3 and Ti/(001) β-Ga2O3 interfaces were conducted as a function of annealing temperature using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), current density–voltage (J–V), and capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements. XPS revealed partial Ti oxidation at both interfaces in the as-deposited condition, with more Ti oxidation on the (001) β-Ga2O3 epilayer surface than the (010) β-Ga2O3 substrate surface. The amount of oxidized Ti increased with annealing temperature. The Schottky barrier heights for as-deposited (unannealed) Au/Ti/(010) β-Ga2O3 and Au/Ti/(001) β-Ga2O3 contacts as determined from J–V and C–V measurements were between 0.64 and 0.83 eV. Shifts in XPS core level peaks for Ti/(010) β-Ga2O3 suggest that the Schottky barrier height decreases with temperature up to 350 °C for 10-min anneals and increases for 10-min anneals ≥460 °C. Taken together, the results suggest a strong dependence of Ti reactivity on the β-Ga2O3 surface, which can affect the electrical performance and stability of Ti/β-Ga2O3 ohmic contacts at elevated temperatures.
Liner implosion experiments driven by a dynamic screw pinch

This paper expands upon recent experimental results [Campbell et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 035001 (2020)], where thin-foil liner implosions were driven by a dynamic screw pinch (DSP) and found to have magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instability (MRTI) amplitudes up to three times smaller than in implosions driven by a standard z-pinch (SZP). The expanded discussion presented herein includes: (1) a detailed comparison of the MRTI growth measured in the experiment with that calculated from theory; (2) measurements of axial magnetic field injection into the liner interior prior to the implosion, as well as the subsequent compression of this field during the implosion; (3) an in-depth description of how the helical geometry of the DSP can result in earlier implosion and stagnation times relative to the SZP; and (4) particle-in-cell simulations showing different electron drift behavior in the anode–cathode gap of the DSP relative to the SZP, and how this difference may be related to the different current waveforms recorded during the experiments.
Dietary correlates of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations in 6-19 Year old children and adolescents.

Abstract Background Children are vulnerable to adverse health effects associated with phthalates, and food is one source of exposure. A comprehensive analysis investigating urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations in relation to food type and source has yet to be undertaken. Objectives We use reduced rank regression, a dimension reduction method, to identify dietary patterns associated with urinary phthalate metabolites in children in a large US study. Methods We used data from 2369 participants 6–19 years old from the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who recalled their diet over the 24 h prior to urine collection. We used dietary data to estimate intake and source (i.e., prepared at a restaurant vs. purchased from a grocery store) of 136 food groups. We used reduced rank regression to identify dietary patterns explaining variation in overall urinary concentrations of ∑di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and seven phthalate metabolites. We also examined pairwise associations between food groups and urinary phthalate metabolites. Results We identified eight dietary patterns that cumulatively explained 12.1% of variation in urinary phthalate metabolites, including a dietary pattern characterized by certain starchy vegetables (e.g., plantains and lima beans), quick breads, and citrus juice prepared at a restaurant. A one SD increase in this food pattern score was associated with a 37.2% higher monocarboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP) concentration (95% CI: 30.3, 44.4). We also observed weak associations between certain food groups and urinary phthalate metabolites (e.g., a one SD increase in intake of certain starchy vegetables prepared at a restaurant was associated with a 1.8% [95% CI: 0.7, 2.8] higher MCOP). Conclusions Children whose diets were characterized by higher consumption of certain starchy vegetables, quick breads, and citrus juices prepared at a restaurant had higher urinary phthalate metabolites. More detailed information on the specific methods of food processing and details on packaging materials is needed.
Incorporating soy proteins into baked products for use in clinical studies

Recent research at the University of Illinois and elsewhere has shown that soy protein isolates and associated isoflavones are dietary constituents that are effective in decreasing risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. If acceptable soy-based foods can be developed, the use of these products in typical diets can be increased. Many studies of the effects of soy protein in humans relied on addition or substitution of marginally palatable soy products in animal protein-based diets. Subjects found it difficult to comply with long-term protocols using soy ingredients that had distinctive flavors and textures. Early attempts to develop palatable products with soy supplementation met with limited success. New processing methods have created a generation of soy protein isolates with mild flavors and aromas, as well as improved functionality, which can be incorporated into a variety of food products at levels high enough to have an effect on health. We have developed product and recipe formulations that can be satisfactorily incorporated into typical diets. The procedures used for product development, sensory evaluation of the products and the effect they can have on overall dietary intakes are discussed.
Families, work, and an aging population: developing a formula that works for the workers

This article examines the intersection of family caregiving, work, and long-term care. Supporting families who provide care in order to minimize negative work effects while enhancing the acceptability of care options is of common concern to employers, state and federal policymakers, and the homecare professionals in the community-based care system. The contribution of families to the long-term care system, how employer policies have developed, how the public policy agenda has addressed family caregiving, and the importance of a more effective partnership on the state level are discussed.
Leegin and Resale Price Maintenance - A Model for Emulation or for Caution for the World?

In a 5-4 antitrust decision in Leegin, the Supreme Court in 2007 overruled the nearly century-old precedent of Dr. Miles to end per se condemnation of minimum resale price maintenance (RPM) in favor of a rule of reason analysis. This decision places the United States at odds with the European Union, which treats RPM as a “hard-core” restraint that does not qualify for a block exemption from Art. 81 EC. Leegin seems to have generated discussion within the EU regarding the desirability of changing current EU competition law on RPM to approximate Leegin. In this short essay, I suggest that a move to emulate Leegin may be unwise since a critical look at Leegin calls into question the appropriateness of the majority’s decision. Moreover, despite Leegin, the debate in the U.S. over RPM has hardly abated. In Leegin, the majority and dissent agreed that RPM is sometimes harmful and sometimes beneficial. Their major point of disagreement (besides stare decisis) was on the likelihood of its competitive benefits and harms, an issue on which, both sides agree, there is very little empirical evidence or theoretical consensus. After discussing some of the procompetitive and anticompetitive theories of RPM, this essay discusses the policy implications of a rule of reason analysis. Noting that a full-blown rule of reason test often effectively means per se legality in the U.S., at least in vertical restraint cases, it suggests that lower courts instead apply the more flexible “quick-look” rule of reason that is now frequently employed in horizontal restraint cases. However, this method of avoiding per se legality may not work for the EU if it removes RPM from its current “hard-core” restraint categorization. In that case, the practice would be automatically exempt from Art. 81 under the vertical distribution block exemption, if the producer’s market share is below 30%, which is usually the case for consumer goods – a point that is worth taking into account for policymakers.
Caught in the Waiting Game: Community, Creativity and Everyday Life in Šnipiškės

By applying the metaphor of the communal apartment to the district of Snipiskės, I seek to analyze the complex forms of neighboring and community that developed, and how they have changed in the Post-Soviet context. Ambiguous city plans have left many residents feeling overlooked and suspended in a prolonged situation of uncertainty and anticipation. However, far from remaining passive, residents who feel forsaken by the state, discouraged by the financial crisis, or surrounded by negligent neighbors nevertheless assert their agency by acting creatively as the upkeepers of order and as “authors” of the everyday (Certeau 1998: 138) leading to new revaluations of place that privilege autonomy and ways of “making-do”.
Reduced plasma cholinesterase following haemodilutional cardiopulmonary bypass.

Summary This case report presents a prolonged apnoea following the administration of suxamethonium to a patient whose plasma cholinesterase concentration was reduced as a consequence of haemodilutional cardiopulmonary bypass.
Use of logistic regression in modelling prey selection by Neomysis mercedis

Abstract The selection of zooplankton prey by the mysid crustacean Neomysis mercedis is analyzed by logistic regression, in which the frequency of a prey type in the diet is considered a binomial response affected by prey density and other covariates. Predicted indices of electivity, or predator ‘preference’, can be reconstructed from the regression results, allowing an empirical modelling of prey selection that is free of the problems of spurious correlation and unpredictable statistical behavior potentially accompanying the use of electivity indices computed directly from the data.
Offshoring: finally facts vs. folklore

The ACM Job Migration study was released last month, and it includes many recommendations for current and future computing professionals and educators.
Learning to Live With the Language of Pain

Chaplan and Sorkin have done a favor for the community of clinicians and researchers who face daily the problem of communicating about pain with patients, colleagues, or both. Their informal survey shows us that the inconsistencies and ambiguities we find in our jargon are at least as bad as those that plague other disciplines and fields of endeavor. Not surprisingly, this has led to such variation in the use of these terms as to render clear communi­ cation nearly impossible in many instances. Unfortu­ nately, this affects both clinical practice and basic research in pain and in related fields. So what to do? The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) formed a Subcommittee on Taxon­ omy, from which an Ad Hoc Subcommittee of four dis­ tinguished clinicians was formed to publish the first list of pain terms (Pain 6:249-252, 1979). This list was sub­ sequently revised by that group, with the participation of four additional distinguished clinicians and scientists, and published in 1986 (Pain S3:S215-S221). The pre­ sent version [2] consists of minor revisions based on "correspondence from 1986 to 1993 among members of the Task Force and other colleagues" (p. 209). Chap­ Ian and Sorkin provide compelling evidence that the considerable efforts of these esteemed colleagues have, at this point, failed to correct, to any significant degree, the communication problems that existed before the IASP was formed. Rather than discrediting these contri­ butions, however, Chaplan and Sorkin call for continued communication with the Task Force and its subcommit­ tees and more widely distributed discussion of our pain vocabulary, leading, it is hoped, to an improved clarifi­ cation and acceptance of terms. It is not possible to dis­ agree reasonably with this suggestion. The authors go on, however, to offer other specific suggestions. One of