cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measures of body composition their relationship to blood pressure and use in epidemiologic research

Abstract The association between “overweight” and increased risk of high blood pressure has long been recognized. The quantification of overweight into various aspects of body composition and the relationships of these aspects to blood pressure remain important areas of current research. The manner in which adipose tissue is distributed over the body is proving to be another important risk factor. Methodologies for assessing body composition include a variety of approaches commonly used in epidemiologic studies, ranging from simple indices (e.g., body mass index) to estimation of total body fat mass from equations based on skinfolds and other anthropometry, to newer approaches incorporating bioelectric impedance. Refined laboratory methods for assessing body composition are important in the study of small groups and in the development of predictive equations. These refined methods include the traditional approaches of hydrostatic weighing and K 40 determinations, as well as newer improvements on these techniques incorporating estimates of bone mineral content and total body water. Other new sophisticated methodologies include dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. The approach to assessing body composition may vary among age groups; methodologies applicable to children may not work for the elderly.
Turning toward death together: conversation in mortal time.

Death has a different meaning for everyone it touches, and these meanings have serious impact on how each person communicates with others as they deal with it together. This paper is a reflection on clinical experience in dealing with the dying and their caregivers in a comprehensive cancer center. By “mortal time,” we mean the psychological state human beings enter when confronted with the prospect of death. Our focus is on a particular and powerful instance of the entry into mortal time—the diagnosis of a terminal illness. The experience of mortal time is profoundly subjective. Authentic conversation has the power not only to enhance how people cope practically with dying, but to illuminate and enrich the very meaning of life for patients and caregivers alike, as they enter the sacred moment of mortal time together.
A Contingency Perspective on Psychic Distance in International Channel Relationships

Internationalization theory states that firms, which attempt to forge exchange relationships with foreign counterparts, will be most successful with those who appear to be similar to their own culture and business practices. Other research has pointed toward a psychic distance paradox, whereby successful trading relationships thrive when the parties are “far apart” along these lines (i.e., great psychic distance). These inconsistent findings suggest a contingency approach may better determine when differences between international channel partners are a hindrance to success and when they are an asset. A conceptual model is proposed as to how psychic distance affects an international channel relationship at different stages of its development. In general, it is felt that significant psychic distance will be detrimental to the relationship in its early stages, where it may serve as an asset in later stages of the relationship.
Explaining Corporal Punishment of Children: A Cross-Cultural Study

Corporal punishment of children is a frequent child-training technique in many societies in the ethnographic record. In other societies it is infrequent or rare. Using a worldwide sample of largely preindustrial societies in this article, we test previous and new theories that might explain the variation. Our multiple regression analyses indicate that frequent corporal punishment of children is predicted by higher levels of social stratification and political integration, and long-term use of an alien currency. These findings are consistent with our theory that societies are likely to practice corporal punishment to prepare children for living in a society with native or imposed (e.g., colonial) power inequality. In addition, corporal punishment appears more likely in societies in which nonrelative caretakers help raise children. And in nonpacified societies, undemocratic political decision making and a culture of violence also predict corporal punishment of children.
A new representation and associated algorithms for generalized planning

Constructing plans that can handle multiple problem instances is a longstanding open problem in AI. We present a framework for generalized planning that captures the notion of algorithm-like plans and unifies various approaches developed for addressing this problem. Using this framework, and building on the TVLA system for static analysis of programs, we develop a novel approach for computing generalizations of classical plans by identifying sequences of actions that will make measurable progress when placed in a loop. In a wide class of problems that we characterize formally in the paper, these methods allow us to find generalized plans with loops for solving problem instances of unbounded sizes and also to determine the correctness and applicability of the computed generalized plans. We demonstrate the scope and scalability of the proposed approach on a wide range of planning problems.
Microwave Tower Absorption Profile in a Cylindrical Sample Contained in a Resonant Cylindrical Cavity

An analytic approach is used for evaluation of the microwave power absorption profiles in a lossy dielectric cylinder coaxially aligned in a cylindrical cavity. This approach, based on a cylindrical shell model, also determines the normal mode frequencies and fields. Absorption profiles inside the sample will be presented for resonant modes that are intrinsically angular independent. In addition, results will be presented for special modes that are not intrinsically angular independent, but produce angular independent absorption for time average values. This new development broadens the class of modes that can be used in heating materials when isotropy about an axis is needed. We demonstrate how this model can extend the application of cavity perturbation theory for determining dielectric constants to cylinders of larger diameter. Implications of these results for microwave processing of materials are also discussed.
The Imprisonment and Liberation of Love: The Dangers and Possibilities of Love in the Psychoanalytic Relationship

Is the analyst's love essential to liberating the patient's ability to love? Or might it represent a lurking reimprisonment in a stultifying and repetitive dead end? These questions are considered in the context of a reexamination of three seminal papers by Freud, Loewald and Benjamin and in discussion of detailed clinical case. The paper suggests that in order to fully accomplish the task of freeing patients to be able to love more fully and authentically in their real lives, the analytic relationship must be able to contain and embrace both the imprisoning and the liberating potential of love as real possibilities in the analytic engagement.
COLLAGEN IMPLANT FOR TREATING STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE IN WOMEN WITH URETHRAL HYPERMOBILITY

Purpose: We evaluated the use of collagen in women with stress urinary incontinence and urethral hypermobility.Materials and Methods: We treated 90 patients with stress urinary incontinence and urethral hypermobility with 1 to 3 injections of Contigen implant (C. R. Bard, Inc., Covington, Georgia) between June 1996 and October 1998. Observations at 3, 6 and 12 months included continence grade, 7-day voiding diaries and quality of life questionnaires. Abdominal leak point pressure was determined at baseline and 12 months.Results: At the 6-month followup 68 patients remained in the study, of whom 30 (44%) were dry and 24 (35%) were improved. Of the 58 patients who reached the 12-month followup 19 (33%) were dry and 19 (33%) were improved. Considering all patients entered into the study at 6 months 30 (33%) were dry and 24 (27%) were improved. Of the original 90 patients 19 (21%) were dry and 19 (21%) were improved at 12 months. The probability of maintaining initial improvement for 12 months was 44%. The su...
THE EFFECTS OF RADIATIONS OF DIFFERENT LET ON EARLY RESPONSES IN THE MAMMAL

BS>The status of radiobiological investigations with fast neutrons is reviewed. The discussion includes the H/sup 3/(p,n)He/sup 3/ reaction as a source of fast neutrons, methods used in the exposure of smail mammals to graduated neutron doses, and the relation of biological effectiveness to the linear energy transfer of radiations. Results are reviewed from studies in mice on the response of thymus weight, spleen weight, spermatogenesis, and nucleic acid synthesis to fast neutrons as a function of energy. Comparisons are made of the relative biological effectiveness of fast neutrons, x, and gamma radiations. The reliability of dose-effect curves is discussed. (33 references.) (C.H.)
The role of metadata standards in EOSDIS data search and retrieval

Metadata standards play a critical role in data search and retrieval systems. Metadata tie software to data so the data can be processed, stored, searched, retrieved and distributed. Without metadata these actions are not possible. The process of populating metadata to describe science data is an important service to the end user community so that a user who is unfamiliar with the data, can easily find and learn about a particular dataset before an order decision is made. Once a good set of standards are in place, the accuracy with which data search can be performed depends on the degree to which metadata standards are adhered during product definition. NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) provides examples of how metadata standards are used in data search and retrieval.
An examination of the intrinsic activity and stability of various solid acids during the catalytic decarboxylation of γ-valerolactone

Rates of γ-valerolactone (GVL) decarboxylation were measured in the gas phase under anhydrous conditions from 523–723 K over a series of solid acids including amorphous silica alumina, MFI zeolites, supported phosphotungstic acid, and γ-Al2O3. Through consideration of decarboxylation rates obtained under differential conditions, we examine the roles of Bronsted and Lewis acidity, deprotonation energy, and catalyst morphology in defining the intrinsic activity and stability of each material. In aluminosilicates, Bronsted sites associated with framework aluminum appear to contribute the majority of decarboxylation activity. Of the aluminosilicates tested, Bronsted sites in MFI are more intrinsically active than analogous sites in ASA; however, zeolite micropores hinder GVL diffusion and lead to mass transfer limitations at high temperatures. Relative to bridging hydroxyls, coordinatively unsaturated aluminum sites are substantially less active and do not contribute significantly to decarboxylation rates in materials having both framework and extraframework aluminum. Decarboxylation barriers scale with the deprotonation energy of Bronsted acid sites; however, lower deprotonation energies do not necessarily imply higher intrinsic activity in GVL decarboxylation. At 623 K, catalyst stability is highest in materials having large pore dimensions, Lewis sites as primary catalytic centers, and Bronsted sites with relatively high deprotonation energies.
A Production–Inventory Model for a Push–Pull Manufacturing System with Capacity and Service Level Constraints

We study a hybrid push–pull production system with a two-stage manufacturing process, which builds and stocks tested components for just-in-time configuration of the final product when a specific customer order is received. The first production stage (fabrication) is a push process where parts are replenished, tested, and assembled into components according to product-level build plans. The component inventory is kept in stock ready for the final assembly of the end products. The second production stage (fulfillment) is a pull-based assemble-to-order process where the final assembly process is initiated when a customer order is received and no finished goods inventory is kept for end products. One important planning issue is to find the right trade-off between capacity utilization and inventory cost reduction that strives to meet the quarter-end peak demand. We present a nonlinear optimization model to minimize the total inventory cost subject to the service level constraints and the production capacity constraints. This results in a convex program with linear constraints. An efficient algorithm using decomposition is developed for solving the nonlinear optimization problem. Numerical results are presented to show the performance improvements achieved by the optimized solutions along with managerial insights provided.
Evaluation of Visual and Olfactory Cues for Sampling Three Thrips Species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Deciduous Forests of the Northern United States

The introduced basswood thrips, Thrips calcaratus Uzel, pear thrips, Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel), and native basswood thrips, Neohydatothrips tiliae (Hood), form a thrips complex that attacks buds and foliage of basswood, Tilia americana L., trees in the northern United States. We assessed the potential for exploiting visual and olfactory cues to monitor these forest thrips. We tested blue, green, red, white, and yellow for thrips’ response to visual stimuli, and anisaldehyde, ethyl nicotinate, and polar and nonpolar extracts of basswood buds or leaves for thrips’ response to olfactory stimuli over a 2-yr period. Generally, yellow traps tended to elicit the greatest visual response from all three species. None of the species showed significant attraction to the test volatiles compared with controls. The introduced basswood thrips, which is closely associated with expanding buds, was the most abundant species, and occurred earlier in the spring than the two flower- or foliage-associated species. The implications of these behaviors are discussed with respect to a forest pest monitoring program.
Timing closure for low-FO4 microprocessor design

In this paper, we discuss timing closure for high performance microprocessor designs. Aggressive cycle time and deep sub-micron technology scaling introduce a myriad of problems that are not present in the ASIC domain. The impact of these problems on floorplanning, placement, clocking and logic synthesis is described. We present ideas and potential solutions for tackling these problems.
The Mount Sinai Conference on the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia

This report summarizes the recommendations from a consensus meeting that focused on specific questions regarding the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. The issues were selected because there was evidence that experts had recently disagreed about the evidence supporting a particular practice or when there were substantial variations in a clinical practice indicating that there was disagreement among clinicians. The group of experts was able to reach a consensus regarding the evidence base pertaining to the following issues: First generation (FGAs) and second generation (SGAs) antipsychotics as first line agents; the duration of antipsychotic trials; the effectiveness of clozapine and other agents for treatment refractory schizophrenia; risk of tardive dyskinesia on FGAs and SGAs; differences among antipsychotics for different dimensions of psychopathology; and side effect monitoring for various antipsychotics.
Linear Matrix Inequality-Based Nonlinear Adaptive Robust Control of Quadrotor

In this paper, we propose a novel linear matrix inequality-based nonlinear adaptive robust control algorithm to design the attitude and position controllers for an X-configuration quadrotor helicopter. The inner loop of the autopilot controls the attitude and altitude of the quadrotor, and the outer loop controls its position in the Earth-fixed coordinate frame. By assuming knowledge of the bounds of the quadrotor’s uncertain parameters (e.g., mass and moments of inertia) and predetermined bounds on the external and unstructured disturbances (e.g., wind gusts and unmodeled dynamics), we attain a guaranteed transient and steady-state tracking performance. We demonstrate the performance of the controllers via two illustrative examples. In the first example mission, the quadrotor follows an altitude reference trajectory in the presence of wind gusts and delivers a package of uncertain mass midflight. The second example presents an autonomous waypoint flight in the presence of wind disturbances. The results o...
Whitewashing Academic Mediocrity

In an outlier city in California, whiteness has become the new code for academic mediocrity and laziness.
Gaze guidance for improved password recollection

Most computer systems require user authentication, which has led to an increase in the number of passwords one has to remember. In this paper we explore if spatial visual cues can be used to improve password recollection. Specifically, we consider if associating each character in a password to user-defined spatial regions in an image facilitates better recollection. We conduct a user study where participants were asked to recall randomly generated numeric passwords under the following conditions: no image association (No-Image), image association (Image-Only), image association combined with overt visual cues (Overt-Guidance), and image association combined with subtle visual cues (Subtle-Guidance). We measured the accuracy of password recollection and response time as well as average dwell-time at target locations for the gaze guided conditions. Subjects performed significantly better on password recollection when they were actively guided to regions in the associated image using overt visual cues. Accuracy of password recollection using subtle cues was also higher than the No-Image and Image-Only conditions, but the effect was not significant. No significant difference was observed in the average dwell-times between the overt and subtle guidance approaches.
The Electronic Band Structure of V 3 Si and V 3 Ga

The nuclear magnetic relaxation of V/sup 51/ in V/sub 3/Si and V/sub 3/ Ga is used to determine the electronic band structure and crystal structure of these compounds. (T.F.H.)
New Membracidae (Homoptera) from Mexico, with Notes on Other Species

In the Republic of Mexico little collecting has been done in the Homopterous family Membracidae (tree hoppers) and the opportunities for taking new species are ideal. The types of the six new species and specimens of the two redescribed species mentioned in this paper are now in the collection of the author, unless otherwise stated. The types and at least some of the paratypes will eventually be deposited in the United States National Museum. All specimens were collected by the author.
Concept and Benefits of PBN-Enabled Parallel Approach Operations

The advent of Required Navigation Performance (RNP) capabilities enabled the development of the Established-on-RNP (EoR) approach concept. Flight validations of the concept are currently being conducted at Denver International Airport (KDEN) to demonstrate the operational viability of independent parallel EoR approaches to widelyspaced runways. The validations complement ongoing studies to determine the acceptability of routine EoR operations from a safety aspect. Broader application of EoR operations and the ability to realize associated benefits throughout the National Airspace System (NAS) largely hinge on aircraft RNP equipage levels and achieved navigational performance to safely support approaches to runways with closer centerline spacing. This paper explores options to leverage Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) capabilities commonly available on modern transport category aircraft to enable NAS-wide use of curved flight paths and same-altitude turns to independent final approaches for landing on parallel runways. Initial findings suggest that leveraging design flexibilities to increase the lateral spacing between turns to angled approach paths may facilitate PBN-based approach applications and enhance operational safety. The paper reviews the separation standards and air traffic control requirements currently applicable to parallel approach operations, presents procedure design concepts that capitalize on PBN-enabled design flexibility, outlines key benefits of associated operational changes, and identifies potential applications.
Application of Adenosine Triphosphate Affinity Probe and Scheduled Multiple-Reaction Monitoring Analysis for Profiling Global Kinome in Human Cells in Response to Arsenite Treatment

Phosphorylation of cellular components catalyzed by kinases plays important roles in cell signaling and proliferation. Quantitative assessment of perturbation in global kinome may provide crucial knowledge for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the cytotoxic effects of environmental toxicants. Here, we utilized an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) affinity probe coupled with stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to assess quantitatively the arsenite-induced alteration of global kinome in human cells. We constructed a SILAC-compatible kinome library for scheduled multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis and adopted on-the-fly recalibration of retention time shift, which provided better throughput of the analytical method and enabled the simultaneous quantification of the expression of ∼300 kinases in two LC-MRM runs. With this improved analytical method, we conducted an in-depth quantitative analysis of the perturbation of kinome of GM00637 human skin fibroblast cells induced by a...
Relationship between functional electrical stimulation duty cycle and fatigue in wrist extensor muscles of patients with hemiparesis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate, in a sample of patients with hemiparesis secondary to cerebrovascular accident, the relationship between the ratio of stimulus on time to off time and muscle fatigue using a commercial electrical stimulation unit. An experimental model was used to test the hypothesis that the smaller the stimulus off time relative to stimulus on time, the greater will be the muscle fatigue over time. The wrist extensor muscles of 18 patients with hemiparesis were stimulated electrically, and isometric force output was recorded continuously using an adapted strain gauge-recorder apparatus. For each testing session, peak on time of the electrical stimulus was set at 5 seconds, and off time was set at 5, 15, or 25 seconds. Six randomly assigned treatment groups participated in three separate treatment sessions in a different order at 48-hour intervals. Treatment sessions were continued either until wrist extensor muscle force output decreased to 50% of its initial value or for a maximum of 30 minutes. Data analysis revealed that significant differences in muscle tension developed among all duty cycles ( p < .01). Duty-cycle ratios of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5 were shown to be progressively less fatiguing. Within the limits of this investigation, the 1:5 duty-cycle ratio was determined to be the best suited for initial use in programs of prolonged stimulation to the wrist extensor muscles of patients with hemiparesis. The hypothesis was accepted that the smaller the stimulus off time (rest interval) with respect to the stimulus on time, the greater will be the muscle fatigue over time.
The in vitro rat skin transcutaneous electrical resistance test used as a alternative for traditional skin corrosion test

Objective The rat skin transcutaneous electrical resistance(TER) test was established to investigate the practicality of the in vitro method as a alternative for animal experiment to determine skin corrosion of chemicals.Methods\ The equipment for TER detection was assembled referring to OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals:Guideline 430,in vitro skin corrosion: transcutaneous electrical resistance test(TER).A group of 11 reference chemicals was adopted to evaluate the performance of this test system.Based on the data obtained from this test system,skin corrosion determination procedure was adjust as below:the test substance was considered to be noncorrosive if the TER values obtained were greater than 15 kΩ;the test substance was considered to be corrosive if the TER values obtained were less than 5 kΩ;when the TER values were between 5 kΩ and 15 kΩ or on either side of the dividing values,the sulforhdamine B dye infiltration capacity was analyzed,if the mean disc dye content was greater than or equal to that of 8 M HCl positive control obtained concurrently,the test substance was considered to be corrosive,otherwise it was considered to be noncorrosive.Results The sensitivity and the specificity of this test system to the reference chemicals adopted were all 100%.Conclusion Although the rat skin transcutaneous electrical resistance test combined with sulforhdamine B dye infiltration capacity analysis had determined the skin corrosion of these limited reference chemicals successfully,more chemicals should be employed to further check the validity of this test system in practice.
Study on instant Phyllanthus Embica L.green tea

Instant tea is a new solid beverage gradually developed on the basis of traditional tea processing technology. In the experiment,green tea and Phyllanthus Embica L. were used to give an instant tea drink. By the uniform test design,the optimum extraction technology of green tea was determined as: double ultrasonic extraction,tea : water = 1 : 8,and extraction at 65 ℃ for 15 min with 6% β-CD added. Finally,a formulated instant tea drink which has unique flavour and health benefits was developed.
Research and Application on On-Line Performance Inspection of Large Absorption Heat Pump Waste Heat Recovery System of Combined Cycle Plant

In large absorption heat pump heat recovery system operation,there is a relatively complex operating efficiency of factors,such as changes in heating load,the driving steam,and circulating water. Without the performance data as a reference line in the case,the inexperienced operator is often difficult to find the best operation mode to achieve the best performance of the absorption heat pump heat recovery system operation. This paper studies on- line performance testing of large absorption heat pump heat recovery system the combined cycle power plant,designed to capture real- time operating information of waste heat utilization system,online calculation and real- time display of systems running various performance indicators,to provide reliable operation run basis. This absorption heat pump waste heat utilization system's online performance testing methods applied in a combined cycle power plant that has achieved good results,with practical promotional value.
Neoadjuvant M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin) for extravesical urinary tract tumors.

AbstractA total of 11 patients with stage T2–4N0M0 extravesical tumors (prostate, prostatic urethra, urethra and ureter) received 1 to 4 cycles of neoadjuvant methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin. Of 10 evaluable patients 4 (40 per cent) had downstaging to T0 disease with a clinical complete remission observed in 3 of 5 (60 per cent) with transitional cell tumors of the prostate and prostatic urethra. Four patients with urethral tumors of mixed or nontransitional histology failed to achieve a complete remission. The disease was staged pathologically in 4 patients: 1 had a partial remission and 3 had progression (all 4 had residual disease). Because therapy with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin induced only significant tumor regression of transitional cell elements of extravesical tumors and because it was ineffective against mixed histological tumors and in preventing new stage Tis lesions, surgical resection of such lesions is required.
Long Paths and Circuits on Polytopes

A path (x 0, x 1, …, x k ) is called a simple path provided there is no repetition among the x i ’s, and a simple circuit provided x k = x 0 but there is otherwise no repetition. Any shortest path between two given vertices is simple. The present chapter deals with longest simple paths and circuits on polytopes and with some closely related notions.
Epicardial serotonin receptors in circulatory control in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats

To investigate cardiac chemoreceptors in rats a catheter was chronically implanted into the pericardial sac via the thymus. Intrapericardial (ipc) injection of 200 microliters isotonic saline vehic...
The Cayley–Hermite Problem and Matrix Algebra

Less than 2 years after Frobenius submitted his “monograph” on the problem of Pfaff, he submitted another monograph [181], in which he showed that bilinear forms in n variables (or equivalently, their coefficient matrices) form a linear associative algebra that can be represented symbolically and used to great advantage in solving linear algebraic problems. He was motivated to do so by a problem, called here the Cayley–Hermite problem, which had hitherto been treated on the generic level.
AlignerBoost: A Generalized Software Toolkit for Boosting Next-Gen Sequencing Mapping Accuracy Using a Bayesian-Based Mapping Quality Framework.

Accurate mapping of next-generation sequencing (NGS) reads to reference genomes is crucial for almost all NGS applications and downstream analyses. Various repetitive elements in human and other higher eukaryotic genomes contribute in large part to ambiguously (non-uniquely) mapped reads. Most available NGS aligners attempt to address this by either removing all non-uniquely mapping reads, or reporting one random or "best" hit based on simple heuristics. Accurate estimation of the mapping quality of NGS reads is therefore critical albeit completely lacking at present. Here we developed a generalized software toolkit "AlignerBoost", which utilizes a Bayesian-based framework to accurately estimate mapping quality of ambiguously mapped NGS reads. We tested AlignerBoost with both simulated and real DNA-seq and RNA-seq datasets at various thresholds. In most cases, but especially for reads falling within repetitive regions, AlignerBoost dramatically increases the mapping precision of modern NGS aligners without significantly compromising the sensitivity even without mapping quality filters. When using higher mapping quality cutoffs, AlignerBoost achieves a much lower false mapping rate while exhibiting comparable or higher sensitivity compared to the aligner default modes, therefore significantly boosting the detection power of NGS aligners even using extreme thresholds. AlignerBoost is also SNP-aware, and higher quality alignments can be achieved if provided with known SNPs. AlignerBoost’s algorithm is computationally efficient, and can process one million alignments within 30 seconds on a typical desktop computer. AlignerBoost is implemented as a uniform Java application and is freely available at https://github.com/Grice-Lab/AlignerBoost.
Are there blueprints for building a strong patient-physician relationship?

The participatory decision-making model for patient-physician relationships is the best approach for addressing the individual family-related and social influences that stress that relationship. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Groundwater salinity in the southern San Joaquin Valley

Water salinity in the San Joaquin Valley is a function of depth, location, and stratigraphy. This paper presents a reconnaissance study of water salinity within Kern County, California, using chemical analyses from oil field produced water and water wells as well as geophysical logs. Log analysis indicates that the base of underground sources of drinking water (USDWs) (<10,000 mg/L) slopes from northwest to southeast. Lab analyses show that USDWs extend to depths as great as 1900 m (6233.5 ft) southeast of Bakersfield. This area receives the greatest amount of fresh water recharge from streams flowing westward from the Sierras. The marine Olcese Sand is more saline than the overlying and underlying aquifers and separates the aquifers into an upper and lower USDW. Log analysis also indicates a zone of higher salinity separating zones of lower salinity in this area. Salinities in the west are higher, and depths to base USDW are variable. Although waters in many sands in the western valley are more saline than 3000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS), numerous wells contain waters between 3000 and 10,000 ppm at depths of less than 600 m (1968.5 ft), particularly in the nonmarine Tulare Formation. At North Belridge field, a salinity reversal is apparent below 2100 m (6890 ft). Waters above this depth are approximately 40,000 mg/L TDS, whereas water salinities below 2200 m (7218 ft) range from 10,000 to 32,000 mg/L. Extremely high salinities are found in several wells less than 30 m (98 ft) deep, primarily in the northwestern area. These may be perched aquifers or lie adjacent to unmapped agricultural drainage sumps and do not reflect salinities in the regional aquifer.
Assessing peer and instructor response to writing: A corpus analysis from an expert survey

Abstract Over the past 30 years, considerable scholarship has critically examined the nature of instructor response on written assignments in the context of higher education (see Straub, 2006 ). However, as Haswell (2008) has noted, less is currently known about the nature of peer response , especially as it compares with instructor response. In this study, we critically examine some of the properties of instructor and peer response to student writing. Using the results of an expert survey that provided a lexically-based index of high-quality response, we evaluate a corpus of nearly 50,000 peer responses produced at a four-year public university. Combined with the results of this survey, a large-scale automated content analysis shows first that instructors have adopted some of the field's lexical estimation of high-quality response, and second that student peer response reflects the early acquisition of this lexical estimation, although at further remove from their instructors. The results suggest promising directions for the parallel improvement of both instructor and peer response.
Novel Treatment Approach to Contraversive Pushing after Acute Stroke: A Case Report.

Purpose: The purpose of this case report is to provide an alternative treatment approach to pushing behavior (PB), adapting widely used equipment for persons with stroke demonstrating such behaviour. The aim is to change their graviceptive experience during interventions while performing repeated stepping and righting practice to resolve PB more quickly. Client Description: The subject is a man aged 56 years who sustained a right middle-cerebral-artery ischemic stroke. He entered in-patient rehabilitation from an acute care hospital 7 days post-stroke. Intervention: Lateral stepping with body weight-supported treadmill training (LS-BWSTT) was used such that the subject stepped laterally toward the uninvolved side. Measures and Outcome: Scores on the Scale for Contraversive Pushing and the FIM were recorded at regular intervals. After intervention, the subject demonstrated decreased PB and improved function. Implications: The individual's PB improved after LS-BWSTT. LS-BWSTT is a novel treatment intervention that could be considered in future clinical decision making using evidence-based principles.
Naturally Occurring Epilepsy and Status Epilepticus in Sea Lions

Abstract California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ) are wild, human-sized carnivores that live along the west coast of North America. They are naturally exposed to domoic acid (DA), a glutamate receptor agonist produced by oceanic algae during seasonal blooms. DA intoxication causes neurological symptoms, including status epilepticus. Many surviving sea lions develop temporal lobe epilepsy. The neuropathology of epileptic sea lions closely matches that of human patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. DA-intoxicated sea lions are cared for by wildlife rescue centers, but more effective treatments are needed. Sea lions could be a large animal model to test novel therapies for status epilepticus and antiepileptogenesis.
Comment: Genotype-phenotype correlations in NF1: A case for routine genetic testing.

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), a genetic syndrome with a prevalence of 1/1,000–1/3,500 people, predisposes to intellectual disability, social–behavioral and learning problems, and tumors. Although the NF gene was identified in 1990, genotypic–phenotypic correlations have proven elusive. Known correlations include deletion of the entire NF1 gene (severe phenotype), missense mutations (spinal neurofibromatosis) and exon 17 base pair in-frame deletion c.2970-2972 (mild phenotype), and clustering of mutations in the 5′-end in patients with optic pathway gliomas.1 Clinicians and researchers alike would benefit from better mutation predictors of clinical outcomes, not only for streamlining appropriate surveillance and intervention, but to direct research, both tumoral and cognitive.
Speak up-related climate and its association with healthcare workers’ speaking up and withholding voice behaviours: a cross-sectional survey in Switzerland

Objectives To determine frequencies of healthcare workers (HCWs) speak up-related behaviours and the association of speak up-related safety climate with speaking up and withholding voice. Design Cross-sectional survey of doctors and nurses. Data were analysed using multilevel logistic regression models Setting 4 hospitals with a total of nine sites from the German, French and Italian speaking part of Switzerland. Participants Survey data were collected from 979 nurses and doctors. Main outcome measures Frequencies of perceived patient safety concerns, of withholding voice and of speaking up behaviour. Speak up-related climate measures included psychological safety, encouraging environment and resignation. Results Perceived patient safety concerns were frequent among doctors and nurses (between 62% and 80% reported at least one safety concern during the last 4 weeks depending on the single items). Withholding voice was reported by 19%–39% of HCWs. Speaking up was reported by more than half of HCWs (55%–76%). The frequency of perceived concerns during the last 4 weeks was positively associated with both speaking up (OR=2.7, p Conclusions Our results strengthen the importance of a speak up-supportive safety climate for staff safety-related communication behaviours, specifically withholding voice. This study indicates that a poor climate, in particular high levels of resignation among HCWs, is linked to frequent ‘silence’ of HCWs but not inversely associated with frequent speaking up. Interventions addressing safety-related voicing behaviours should discriminate between withholding voice and speaking up.
MODELING THE DEVOLATILIZATION BEHAVIOR OF VARIOUS COALS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the modeling the devolatilization behavior of various coals. The FLASHCHAIN theory rationalizes the influences of all of the important operating conditions on the devolatilization behavior of various coal types. The theory correctly depicts that weight loss is constant for coals of increasing rank to the HVA bituminous, and then falls sharply and becomes negligible for anthracites; that tar yields are fixed for lignites and then rise to a maximum value for HVA coals; and that while the tar yields fall for coals of higher rank, the tar fraction increases steadily for coals from HVA through low volatile bituminous. The chapter presents predictions for selected coal types for temperatures to 1200 K, heating rates from 1 to 103K/s, and pressures from vacuum to 6.9 MPa. Qualitatively, the predicted behavior agrees with observed trends and, quantitatively, the predictions are within the variations among data from different laboratories for very similar coal types. In lignites, most of the bridges are labile, but their dissociation leads to char links, because of the crosslinking propensity of oxygen functionalities. Tar evolution occurs early in the process but also ends rapidly as the char links accumulate.
Screening Effective Strains of Rhizobia in Potted Field Soil

In the Leonard jar method of selecting rhizobia for effectiveness, the rhizobia interact with the legume roots growing in sterile sand or vermiculite irrigated with an N-free nutrient solution. In nature, the legume roots interact with inoculant rhizobia in the soil environment in the presence of other microorganisms, native/indigenous rhizobia, and soil N. Therefore, selected strains must be tested for effectiveness under soil conditions to weed out less effective ones. In this experiment, rhizobia previously screened in Leonard jars are evaluated further in potted field soil. The effectiveness of mixed- and single-strain inocula are compared. Infective, native rhizobial populations in field soil are determined.
Oxidatively stable ferrocenyl-π-bridge-titanocene D–π-A complexes: an electrochemical and spectroscopic investigation of the mixed-valent states

The synthesis, spectroscopic, and electrochemical characterization of oxidatively stable D-π-A compounds of the form (Me2CpC2Fc)2TiCl2 and RCp2Ti(C2Fc)2CuX (where Fc = ferrocenyl) are reported. Oxidative stability enabled by the addition of CuX is evidenced by voltammagrams of the RCp2Ti(C2Fc)2CuX compounds which all display two chemically-reversible 1e- FeIII/II couples, indicative of electronic communication between the Fc- termini. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in CH2Cl2/[n-Bu4N][PF6], demonstrated that the redox potential difference between the two 1e- FeIII/II couples (ΔE1/2) is between 112 mV and 146 mV, being most pronounced with the electron rich Cp*2Ti(C2Fc)2CuBr. The ΔE1/2 values were unaffected by solvent (THF) and displayed only a small dependence on the identity of the counterion, either PF6- or B(C6F5)4-. For each complex with a measurable ΔE1/2 value, spectroelectrochemical experiments were performed in CH2Cl2/[n-Bu4N][PF6] and gave clear evidence of both the one-electron oxidized mixed-valent (MV) state and the two-electron oxidized state, each with distinct spectroscopic signatures. The MV states of these complexes showed absorbance between 820 and 940 nm which were replaced with a higher energy feature following a second oxidation. A very similar absorption band was also observed in the one-electron oxidized state of an analogue with only a single Fc substituent, namely TMSCp2Ti(C2Fc)(C2Ph)CuBr, suggesting this feature is not an FeII/FeIII intravalence charge-transfer (IVCT) band. Despite DFT calculations suggesting a pathway exists for electronic coupling, NIR spectroscopy on the MV states gave no evidence of an FeII/FeIII IVCT. Possible contributions to ΔE1/2 from inductive effects and a superexchange mechanism are discussed.
A Coupled Bi-Virus Spread Model in Networked Systems

This paper considers a coupled continuous-time bi-virus spreading model in networked systems. The main motivating applications are competing fake news stories spreading in different social networks, and viruses spreading in computer networks. We present the model and some assumptions for the system to be well defined, explore the equilibria of the model, and present analysis of the healthy equilibrium. We illustrate the behavior of the model via simulation, presenting topics for further analysis via a number of conjectures.
Predictors of venous thromboembolism among cancer inpatients: A predictive model.

e18824Background: There has been an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among cancer patients. Cancer associated thrombosis caused increased hospitalizations, increased inpatient/outpati...
The development of anxiety symptomatology among juvenile offenders: the roles of maternal substance abuse and unemployment

This research examined the development of anxiety across adolescence and early adulthood among a sample of juvenile offenders comprising males and females. In addition, despite the understanding of maternal substance abuse and maternal unemployment as risk factors predicting development of anxiety, this research examined the interaction between these two characteristics for doing so. Analyses used group-based trajectory modelling to provide descriptive representation of general developmental patterns of anxiety. Next, a series of multinomial logistic regression models were estimated to examine the effects of baseline covariates on the relative risk of assignment to the elucidated trajectory groups. A three-group model best fit the data, comprising low, moderate, and high anxiety trajectory groups. Results from the regression models indicate that the interaction between maternal unemployment and maternal substance abuse history significantly increased the risk of assignment to the high anxiety group.
Management of Hypoglycemia in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

Treatment of older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is complex because they represent a heterogeneous group with a broad range of comorbidities, functional abilities, socioeconomic status, and life expectancy. Older adults with T2D are at high risk of recurring hypoglycemia, a condition associated with marked morbidity and mortality, because their counter-regulatory mechanism to hypoglycemia is attenuated, and recurring hypoglycemic episodes can lead to hypoglycemia unawareness. In addition, polypharmacy, a result of multiple chronic comorbidities (including heart disease, stroke, and chronic kidney disease), can increase the risk of severe hypoglycemia, especially when patients are taking sulfonylureas or insulin. Often the signs of hypoglycemia are nonspecific (sweating, dizziness, confusion, visual disturbances) and are mistaken for neurological symptoms or dementia. Consequences of hypoglycemia include acute and long-term cognitive changes, cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial infarction, serious falls, frailty, and death, often resulting in hospitalization, which come at a high economic cost. The American Diabetes Association has recently added three new recommendations regarding hypoglycemia in the elderly, highlighting individualized pharmacotherapy with glucose-lowering agents with a low risk of hypoglycemia and proven cardiovascular safety, avoidance of overtreatment, and simplifying treatment regimens while maintaining HbA1c targets. Thus, glycemic goals can be relaxed in the older population as part of individualized care, and physicians must make treatment decisions that best serve their patients' circumstances. This article highlights the issues faced by older people with T2D, the risk factors for hypoglycemia in this population, and the challenges faced by health care providers regarding glycemic management in this patient group.
Nonlinguistic and Linguistic Processing in Normally Developing and Language-Disordered Children

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses nonlinguistic and linguistic processing in normally developing and language-disordered children. Learning theorists have described the learning process as a process of forming stimulus-response-reward (S-R-R) chains which then generalize to others that are similar to those previously formed. Early learning is presumably simply the establishment of S-R bonds and these bonds are established through classical conditioning. Later learning along the same continuum entails both more complex associations as the tasks undertaken are more complex and involves instrumental conditioning. The learning tasks that have been experimentally explored appear to fall into two developmental categories— (1) classical conditioning tasks as the finding that conditionability increases in time may imply that the critical parameters of a bond are not only observed during more mature periods and (2) the second category of task appears to require hypotheses testing.