cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple training concept for back-propagation networks

The multiple training concept first applied to bidirectional associative memory training is applied to the one-sweep back-propagation algorithm. The algorithm is called multiple training back-propagation. Computer simulations show that by putting different weights on different pairs in the energy function, this algorithm can increase the training speed of the network. The pair weights are updated during the training phase using the basic differential multiplier method. However, those pair weights are not used during the decoding phase. A sufficient condition for convergence of the training phase is provided, followed by two simulation examples, XOR and stochastic test. >
Mechanism of activation of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase from rat liver by multiple modulators.

Abstract A number of polyanionic compounds, including DNA, RNA and polyglutamate, were shown to exhibit protein kinase stimulatory modulator activity as they were required for cyclic GMP to stimulate the phosphorylation of various cationic substrates by rat liver cyclic GMP-dependent protien kinase. Anionic proteins (casein, phosvitin) were phosphorylated poorly by the enzyme and their phosphorylation was not stimulated by the stimulatory modulators. Studies of the mechanism of action suggest that the modulators interact directly with the substrates to form a complex which is a better substrate than free histone. The observed effect of modulator is complex as it depends on the ratio of modulator to histone and the resultant state of the complex formed (better or poorer substrate than free histone). The observed effect is also dependent on the properties of the histone substrate as Michaelis-Menten kinetics are not observed in the phosphorylation of arginine-rich histone in the absence or presence of cyclic GMP.
An Evaluation of the Implementation of Curriculum Innovation: The Impact of the William and Mary Units on Schools.

This evaluation study of a curriculum innovation provides a close-up view of two school sites after 3 years of implementing the William and Mary curriculum units. Case study methodology was employe...
Cyclotron lines: The next 100 years

Cyclotron lines produced from cosmic x‐ray sources and cosmic gamma bu are discussed in terms of the overall emission process and mechanism.(AIP)
Speculative Overpricing in Asset Markets With Information Flows

In this paper, we derive and experimentally test a theoretical model of speculation in multiperiod asset markets with public information flows. The speculation arises from the traders' heterogeneous posteriors as they make different inferences from sequences of public information. This leads to overpricing in the sense that price exceeds the most optimistic belief about the real value of the asset. We find evidence of speculative overpricing in both incomplete and complete markets, where the information flow is a gradually revealed sequence of imperfect public signals about the state of the world. We also find evidence of asymmetric price reaction to good news and bad news, another feature of equilibrium price dynamics under our model. Markets with a relaxed short-sale constraint exhibit less overpricing.
The Text of Aristotle’s Poetics in the Codex Parisinus Graecus 2038

This article analyzes the text of Aristotle’s Poetics in Parisinus Graecus 2038. There have been recent attempts to consider that this MS, written around 1470 by Andronicos Callistos, contains primary readings. One must distinguish readings which are based on the scribe’s analysis of the context, many of which coincide with those of the Arabic translation, from other cases where Andronicos tried to improve on readings of the paradosis. In the latter case, his attempts are nothing but either inferior readings or lectiones faciliores. This paper is especially concerned with Richard Janko’s review of Taran-Gutas’ 2012 edition of the Poetics (Brill). Centanni, Janko, and McOsker are now the main proponents of the reevaluation of Parisinus 2038 and the text of the Aldine edition of 1508. The author considers that such an approach is detrimental to the study of this difficult work.
Noise in Solid State Devices

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to present a survey of noise in solid-state devices. This chapter also discusses the various noise sources and this is applied to p-n junction diodes, Schottky barrier diodes, tunnel diodes, Josephson junctions, bipolar transistors, junction field effect transistors (JFETs), and metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) The most important sources of noise in solid-state devices are thermal noise, shot noise, generation-recombination (g-r) noise, and flicker noise. Moreover, for semiconductor material one encounters noise due to the generation and recombination of carriers. It shows up as fluctuations in the resistance of the sample that can be detected, in turn, by applying a voltage to the sample and measuring the fluctuating current. For simple cases, the noise can be described by one fluctuating number of carriers; either electrons or holes. This is true for the noise due to traps, deep-lying donors or acceptors, Shockley-Read-Hall centers when there is a predominant lifetime.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and the Explanation of the Comorbidity Between Behavioral Disorders and Depression

[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 17: 319–326, 2010] Many studies have shown that conduct disorder (CD) and depression often co-occur in late childhood and adolescence and have historically been regarded as the primary point of comorbidity between internalizing and behavioral disorders. On the other hand, recent evidence suggests that oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and not CD, may best explain the comorbidity between disruptive behavior disorders and depression. ODD typically onsets before CD and depression, changes in ODD symptoms predict changes in symptoms of CD and depression from one year to the next, and ODD in childhood and adolescence predicts depression in adulthood. Emerging evidence suggests that there are affective and behavioral dimensions of ODD symptoms, and those affective ODD symptoms (and not the behavioral symptoms) best predict later depression. These results are highly relevant not only for our understanding of the etiology of the disorders, but also for optimizing early interventions aimed at reducing irritability in some ODD children. The new findings also stimulate new questions to be addressed with future research.
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM Ca 2+ TRANSPORT PROTEIN LOCALIZATIONS IN DEVELOPING RABBIT MYOCYTES. † 133

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and ryanodine receptor(RyR) are key Ca2+ transport proteins responsible for Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Little information is available regarding the distribution of these proteins in immature heart. The purpose of this study was to determine SERCA and RyR protein distribution in isolated developing ventricular myocytes. Indirect immunofluorescence studies were performed to localize the proteins in isolated myocytes from immature (4, 7, 14 & 30 d) and adult (3 mo) rabbits. Cells were incubated with a monoclonal antibody to SERCA2a or RyR followed by FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse antibody. At 4 days of age, RyR labeling was intense in the peripheral sarcolemma with sparse labeling in the A-I band junctions of the myofilaments. In more mature cells, greater immunofluorescence labeling was found in the A-I band junctions. At 30 days of age, more labeling was found along the T-tube (T-T) than in the peripheral sarcolemma. In the isolated adult myocytes, the immunofluorescence labeling was mainly localized in the T-T system. Distribution of SERCA2a had a pattern very similar to RyR. These results provide evidence that SERCA and RyR protein are present very early in the development of cardiac ventricular myocytes. We speculate that the reported paucity of functional Ca2+ release from the RyR in the immature cells may be related to decreased Ca2+ storage in the SR or a lack of interaction between the T-T, sarcolemma and SR.
Absorption Spectrum of Fluorine in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

The absorption spectrum of F2 has been observed in the vacuum ultraviolet region. A special windowless absorption apparatus and a Lyman discharge light source were used in combination with a one‐meter normal incidence spectrograph.A Rydberg series establishes the ionization potential of F2 as 15.7 ev. From a progression of bands at 874 A, one can deduce the dissociation energy of fluorine as 37.5±2 kcal/mole. The binding energy of F2+ is 3.3 ev. The low value of the ionization potential is consistent with the observed low value of the dissociation energy.
Liming an anaerobic cheese whey digester

A 6-L digester was used to investigate how lime affected anaerobic digestion of sweet cheese whey. The lime-buffered digester was operated at 6.40-, 4.20- and 3.25-day hydraulic retention times (RT). Calcium concentrations ranged from 5540 mg«L-i at 6.40-day RT to 24 900 mg-L-i at a 3.25-day RT. The digester had a COD reduction of 40 and 61% at RT of 3.25 and 6.40 days. The digester produced an average of 1790 L CH4-m-3.d-i, 13.9 times the average production of similar non-lime-buffered digesters, with an average of 82% CH4 in the biogas.
Detection of visual signals by rats: effects of chlordiazepoxide and cholinergic and adrenergic drugs on sustained attention

Central cholinergic and adrenergic pathways support the attentional processes necessary for detecting and reporting temporally unpredictable stimuli. To assess the functional effects of pharmacological manipulations of these pathways, male Long-Evans rats performed a two-choice, discrete-trial signal-detection task in which food was provided for pressing one lever after presentation of a signal (a 300-ms light flash), and for pressing a second lever at the end of a trial lacking a signal. Seven signal intensities were presented during each 1-h session in a pseudo-random order across three 100-trial blocks. After acquisition of a stable performance baseline, the acute effects of chlordiazepoxide (0, 3, 5, 8 mg/kg IP), pilocarpine (0, 1.0, 1.8, 3.0 mg/kg SC), scopolamine 0, 0.030, 0.056, 0.100 mg/kg SC), nicotine (0, 0.08, 0.25, 0.75 mg/kg SC), mecamylamine (0, 1.8, 3.0, 5.6 mg/kg IP), clonidine (0, 0.003, 0.010, 0.030 mg/kg SC), and idazoxan (0, 1, 3, 10 mg/kg SC) were assessed. Five measures of performance were analyzed: response failures; the proportion of “hits” [P(hit): the proportion of correct responses on signal trials]; the proportion of “false alarms” [P(fa): the proportion of incorrect responses on non-signal trials]; and response times (RT) for hits and for correct rejections. All drugs which slowed responding affected RT for hits and correct rejections equivalently, suggesting little or no influence of motor slowing on choice accuracy. Chlordiazepoxide reduced P(hit) at low signal intensities only, without affecting P(fa) or RT, consistent with sensory impairment (reduced visual sensitivity). All other drugs except nicotine reduced P(hit) at high signal intensities preferentially, suggesting a non-visual source of the impairment. Scopolamine, mecamylamine and clonidine affected both P(hit) and P(fa); pilocarpine and idazoxan reduced P(hit) without affecting P(fa). Nicotine at 0.75 mg/kg decreased P(hit) in the first block of trials; at 0.08 mg/kg it increased P(hit) in the second block; no dose affected P(fa). RTs were increased by pilocarpine, scopolamine, mecamylamine and clonidine, but not by nicotine or idazoxan. The data suggest that drugs which reduce cholinergic or adrenergic tone (scopolamine, mecamylamine and clonidine) impair sustained attention by decreasing the detection of signals and by increasing the false alarm rate, whereas drugs which elevate cholinergic or adrenergic tone (pilocarpine, nicotine and idazoxan) decrease attention by impairing detection of signals without affecting the false alarm rate. In contrast, the GABA-facilitating drug chlordiazepoxide appeared to affect visual thresholds rather than attention.
Generalized language equations with multiple solutions

Abstract A generalized language equation X = F ( X ) is an equation in a variable X over an alphabet A where the language function F is expressible in terms of arbitrary set operations (including complementation) and concatenation from the left by a constant (i.e., a language). In previous work, these equations were studied provided an easily verifiable condition was met. In this case, solutions always exist and are always unique. In the present paper, the condition is dropped. As a consequence, our equations may have zero, one, or more (up to uncountably infinitely many) solutions. We give a representation theorem for these equations and use it to classify them. For equations in one variable, a complete classification is given, including parametric representations of all solutions. For systems of m equations in m variables, the notion of 1-reducible substitution graph is introduced and employed to reduce the problem of existence of solutions of the entire system to the same problem for a single equation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications if one assumes that all constants are regular languages, and poses some open problems.
The Regulation and Enforcement of Federal Nursing Home Standards, 1991-1997

This article reports historical trend data on resident characteristics and conditions, problems, and deficiency patterns for nursing facilities from 1991 through 1997 from Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) administrative records from the On-Line Survey, Certification, and Reporting System (OSCAR). Over this period, residents show some increases in dependency and conditions, although there was a decline in the use of restraints. The deficiencies reveal continued quality problems in some nursing homes, although the average number of deficiencies given to facilities declined by 44 percent between 1991 and 1997. The discussion considers possible explanations for the decline in deficiencies, including whether the quality of care in nursing homes has improved or whether the enforcement process has gradually been weakened.
Device characteristics of scaled GaN/AlGaN MODFETs

GaN/AlGaN MODFETs with gate-widths varying from 0.2 to 1 mm have been successfully fabricated, and the device characteristics have been systematically investigated. The epitaxial layers were grown directly on sapphire substrates by RF-assisted MBE. Thick-airbridge technology was employed in the fabrication of large gate periphery devices. Very stable and reproducible device characteristics have been obtained for devices with a total gate width of up to 1 mm. These device results demonstrated the excellent potential of GaN-based FETs as power cells for practical microwave applications.
Ocean floor faulting explains differences in Central American lavas

[1] The steady eastward progression of the Cocos tectonic plate, which lies off the west coast of Central America, forces it under the Caribbean and North American plates, driving seismic and volcanic activity. Along the Central American coast, the chemical content of the lava produced by such volcanism varies significantly, an unusual finding given that the raw material for the magma—the Cocos plate—feeds the entire region. For instance, magma in central Nicaragua has a much higher ratio of barium to lanthanum than the magma in Costa Rica, with the concentrations of these and other trace elements serving as an indicator that distinct processes were involved in generating the different magma. To identify structural properties that vary along the Cocos plate that may explain these differences, Van Avendonk et al. conducted a 396-kilometer sweep of the plate's eastern boundary, collecting measurements of seismic velocity, i.e., how fast seismic waves are able to travel through the various rock layers. Previous research describes a complicated history of the Cocos plate. The northern half, which lies off Nicaragua, was the product of deep-ocean spreading at the East Pacific Rise (EPR). The Cocos-Nazca (CN) spreading region, along with intraplate volcanism near the Galapagos Islands, generated the southern portion of the plate. The authors found that seismic velocities within the northern portion of the plate are anomalously low. The authors suggest that as the Cocos plate is forced down, forming the Middle America Trench, the rock stretches and breaks. This high degree of faulting within the crust would allow seawater to penetrate into the mantle and form hydrated rocks called serpentinites. As the northern portion of the Cocos plate is subducted, these high serpentinite concentrations are carried deeper into the mantle, releasing their trapped water and significantly affecting the chemical composition of the magma. (Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, doi:10.1029/2011GC003592, 2011)
Isolation and characterization of pigment-protein particles from the light-harvesting complex of Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Abstract The light-harvesting complex of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was fractionated into two large pigment-protein particles. One pigment-protein particle, which was contained in a yellow fraction, has a molecular weight, determined by gel filtration, of approx. 230 000 and can be dissociated in sodium dodecyl sulfate/mercaptoethanol solution to apopolypeptides of approx. 15 000. Characterization of particles with regard to molecular weights, subunits, protein and pigments suggests approx. 12 subunits per particle. The other pigment-protein particle, which was found in a green fraction, of approx. 95 000 molecular weight also reduces to apopolypeptide subunits of approx. 15 kDa. The relative molar proportions of chlorophyll a , chlorophyll c , fucoxanthin and total other accessory pigments in the former fraction are 3:1.3:6:2, whereas the proportions in the latter fraction are 5:1:3:1.
Improved synthesis of anti-[18F]FACBC: improved preparation of labeling precursor and automated radiosynthesis

The non-natural amino acid anti-1-amino-3-[18F]fluorocyclobutyl-1-carboxylic acid (FACBC) has shown promise for tumor imaging with positron emission tomography. An improved synthesis of the precursor of anti-[18F]FACBC has been devised which demonstrates high stereoselectivity and suitability for large-scale preparations. An automated radiosynthesis has been developed which provides anti-[18F]FACBC in 24% decay-corrected yield. Additionally, the major non-radioactive species present in doses of anti-[18F]FACBC has been identified as anti-1-amino-3-hydroxycyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid. Together, these results are important steps towards the routine production of anti-[18F]FACBC for human use.
Science indicators and science policy

The relation of science indicators to science policy raises several questions. First is the definition of the system, whether just academic science or the entire system of technical innovation from research through manufacturing and marketing or government policy and operations. Second is society's expectations whose realization depends more on political social factors than on science itself. Third is how the output of research can be compared with the imputs into it if there is no norm other than comparative international performance.
SU‐GG‐J‐17: A Robust Algorithm for Detecting Radiation Field Centers in Electronic Portal Images with Subpixel Accuracy

Purpose: In linac‐based intracranial or extracranial radiosurgery, it is crucial to identify radiation centers for patient setup and treatment. This project is to develop a Hough transform (HT)‐based algorithm for detecting radiation field centers with subpixel accuracy using electronic portal images.Method and Materials: Electronic portal images of circular radiation fields were simulated numerically. The center location at subpixel level, field size, penumbra width, and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) were made variable in order to test the accuracy of center detection algorithms. Hough transform was applied to the gradient images of the simulated fields. The location of the peak accumulator cell in Hough space were determined and used to derive the radiation center in image space. Results: The algorithm located the radiation center within 0.024 ± 0.018 pixels (mean ± standard deviation) for typical circular fields with a radius of 20 pixels, SNR of 40, and varying center locations. Subpixel accuracy, i.e., error less than one pixel size, was achieved for all tested field sizes ranging from 2 to 40 pixels in radius and SNR ranging from 2 to 100. Errors larger than 0.5 pixel size occurred only in extreme conditions, e.g., when SNR ⩽ 4. Comparison with the center of mass (CM) method indicated that the HT method is superior in images with or without a number of image artifacts. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that the radiation centers can be determined with subpixel accuracy in electronic portal images. The HT‐based algorithm is robust to image noise and various image artifacts that may cause the CM method to fail. This method may be implemented as a key step in aligning patient precisely for stereotactic radiosurgery and image‐guidedradiation therapy.
Idiotypic inheritance: Allelic relationships between immunoglobulin genes

Summary An analysis of genes related to the expressed VH region of anti-NP antibodies in C57BL/6 mice showed that 24 distinct genes could be grouped into 3 subfamilies. Some of these genes showed striking homology with a family found in BALB/c mice. The extension of diversity through gene conversion seems to be very important in the VH family.
Distribution of calcium in the land crab Cardisoma guanhumi during shell wound recalcification.

Abstract 1. 1. Crabs calcify shell membranous layer from which the outer calcified layer has been removed. 2. 2. Either endogenous or exogenous calcium can be used. 3. 3. Exogenous Ca45 is taken up more rapidly by wounded than by normal crabs, and eventually appears in the newly calcified area.
Covariation in abscission force and terminal velocity of windborne sibling seeds alters long-distance dispersal projections

Summary Despite the fact that seeds are unlikely to be identical – even among siblings within a maternal individual – dispersal models typically use one mean trait value to represent the ability of an entire species to disperse. Previous work has shown that the environmental conditions under which individuals leave the maternal site strongly affect how far seeds will travel. However, less is known about how trait variation within individuals contributes to dispersal or how such variation might interact with abiotic factors. Here, we develop the use of an ergometer in a novel application to investigate variation in seed traits, specifically the force required for seed abscission and seed terminal velocity, exhibited by seeds from different locations within maternal capitula of the invasive species Carduus nutans (Asteraceae). We find that seeds from the centre of capitula are significantly easier to liberate and have slower falling velocities than siblings found near the edge of capitula. When abscission force is positively correlated with terminal velocity, slowly falling, easily abscised, central seeds are projected to travel much further than edge seeds on slow winds. Our experimental and theoretical results, which together show that within-individual variation can strongly affect model projections of species dispersal, have important implications for our broader understanding of population spread rates, the spatial structure of populations, metapopulation connectivity and gene flow in the landscape.
Molecular cloning and expression of neuroleukin, a neurotrophic factor for spinal and sensory neurons

A novel 56,000-dalton growth factor found in mouse salivary gland was purified, molecularly cloned, and expressed in monkey COS cells. The protein is a neurotrophic factor and also, surprisingly, a lymphokine product of lectin-stimulated T cells. The factor was therefore named neuroleukin. Neuroleukin promotes the survival in culture of a subpopulation of embryonic spinal neurons that probably includes skeletal motor neurons. Neuroleukin also supports the survival of cultured sensory neurons that are insensitive to nerve growth factor, but has no effect on sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons. The amino acid sequence of neuroleukin is partly homologous to a highly conserved region of the external envelope protein of HTLV-III/LAV, the retrovirus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Class, gender, and the family unit: A dynamic model of stratification and class politics

Abstract One of the most controversial issues in the literature on class and gender has been how to understand the class positions of dual earner couples. However, a central issue in this debate is, in fact, not testable using typical sample surveys: there is no way to assess if spouses who have different objective class positions also have different subjective class affinities. We use a large sample of British dual earner couples to address this for the first time. Based on our analysis, we have six conclusions: (1) Most couples agree on their class identification and on class politics; (2) this family class effect is not due to common consumption patterns; (3) cross-class couples disagree no more often than same-class couples, undermining the individualistic perspective; (4) husbands are more influenced by their wives' class of origin than by her current class position, with wives drawing more on their husbands' current jobs; (5) the dynamic model of class provides a better fit than the structural model; and (6) “individuals in families” are the most appropriate unit of class analysis.
Science beyond impact factors

Over the next month, some exciting changes will take place in the functionality of Editorial Manager, the online submission system for Pharmaceutical Research. Authors will be able to select a preferred Editor for handling their manuscripts, provide suggestions for preferred (or non-preferred) reviewers, amongst other changes. On the review side, we will implement new areas of reviewer feedback that will allow for better communication with editors. Ultimately, these changes are designed to better serve our authors in making the review process more transparent and providing more constructive feedback on individual aspects of manuscripts. There will also be a few additional changes (1 )o n “Team PharmRes”: After serving the journal for more than 7 years, Dr. Toshikiro Kimura will retire his position as Professor and Dean of Okayama University and step down as Editor for Pharmaceutical Research. Toshikiro has been a devoted Editor in the area of drug delivery and served as a strong advocate for our Asian authors and reviewers. He is currently assisting the editorial office in the search for his successor in related areas of expertise. Second, Dr. Christine Vauthier will be taking over as Editor for Dr. Patrick Couvreur. Christine is a prolific scholar in the area of drug delivery and nanotechnology who has worked closely with Patrick during his tenure with Pharmaceutical Research; as a result, she is very familiar with the editorial process allowing for a smooth transition. Welcome on board, Christine! Lastly, Dr. Uday Kompella haschampionedthe journal forseveral years in the capacity asEditor, Expert Reviews. Thanks to his efforts, the journal has seen a steady stream of high-quality review articles in burgeoning new areas of research. He will now assume the role of regular editor for the journal in the areas of nanotechnology for drug delivery, gene delivery, and imaging. A long-standing debate about the value of impact factors in appraising the scientific value of publications may get more complicated with the introduction of the Eigenfactor Score (somewhat similar to a journal’s impact factor but corrected for self-citations) and the Article Influence Score (AIS), which calculates the relative importance of the journal on a per-article basis. The AIS is determined by dividing the Eigenfactor Score by the number of articles published in the journal and normalized to
An examination of specific communication deficits in adults with profound intellectual disabilities.

Abstract Previous research has shown that adults with intellectual disability (ID) evince communication deficits. These communication problems can be divided into problems with receptive, expressive, and written domains. While much research has been devoted to investigating communication deficits in ID in general, scant research has been conducted on communication skills in specific levels of ID. This study examined 204 adults with profound ID residing in two large supports and services centers in the southeastern region of the United States. Data was collected on these individuals’ receptive, expressive, and written communication skills using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS). Three dependent t-tests were conducted comparing the proportion of items endorsed by informants on each of the three communication subdomains (receptive, expressive, and written) with one another. Participants displayed a significantly larger proportion of receptive subdomain items than expressive subdomain items, t(203) = 20.00, p
Proton-antiproton collisions and the W±-particle from general relativity

In this note, a mass spectrum is derived qualitatively from general relativity, for the boson fields that play the role of transferring energy-momentum between the spinor matter components in the elementary-particle domain. The theory is shown to formally relate to the nonzero inertial mass aspect of a fused electromagnetic weak interaction in terms of (previously derived) processes, and to possibly relate to the recently observed W±-particle from p{ie17-1} collisions.
Storytelling and co-authorship in feminist alliance work: reflections from a journey

If all writing is fundamentally tied to the production of meanings and texts, then feminist research that blurs the borders of academia and activism is necessarily about the labor and politics of mobilizing experience for particular ends. Co-authoring stories is a chief tool by which feminists working in alliances across borders mobilize experience to write against relations of power that produce social violence, and to imagine and enact their own visions and ethics of social change. Such work demands a serious engagement with the complexities of identity, representation, and political imagination as well as a rethinking of the assumptions and possibilities associated with engagement and expertise. This article draws upon 16 years of partnership with activists in India and with academic co-authors in the USA to reflect on how storytelling across social, geographical, and institutional borders can enhance critical engagement with questions of violence and struggles for social change, while also troubling d...
An integrated health management process for automotive cyber-physical systems

Automobile is one of the most widely distributed cyber-physical systems. Over the last few years, the electronic explosion in automotive vehicles has significantly increased the complexity, heterogeneity and interconnectedness of embedded systems. Although designed to sustain long life, systems degrade in performance due to gradual development of anomalies eventually leading to faults. In addition, system usage and operating conditions (e.g., weather, road surfaces, and environment) may lead to different failure modes that can affect the performance of vehicles. Advanced diagnosis and prognosis technologies are needed to quickly detect and isolate faults in network-embedded automotive systems so that proactive corrective maintenance actions can be taken to avoid failures and improve vehicle availability. This paper discusses an integrated diagnostic and prognostic framework, and applies it to two automotive systems, viz., a Regenerative Braking System (RBS) in hybrid electric vehicles and an Electric Power Generation and Storage (EPGS) system.
Coordinated development in the foot pad of the fly Sarcophaga bullata during metamorphosis: changing puffing patterns of the giant cell chromosomes

A description is given of the puffing sequences of the giant polytene chromosomes from the footpads of Sarcophaga bullata, from Day 3 to Day 12 of pupation at 25° C. The chromosome puffing patterns are seen to be very precise and to occur in orderly sequence with respect to general developmental events. Particular puffs appear or regress in a continuous, orderly sequence. A few puffs remain throughout adult development. Most are puffed for a limited time only. In several cases puffed regions appear to “move along” the chromosome, suggesting sequential activity of adjacent genetic loci. Attempts are made to correlate chromosome puffing with specific cellular activities — cell growth, the sequential secretion of six cuticular layers (determined by electron microscopy), cuticle sclerotization and melanization, and eventual cell death. Preliminary observation of thoracic trichogen cell chromosomes show interesting similarities and differences in puffing patterns, when compared with footpad sequences.
Stoic and Neoplatonic sources of Spinoza's ethics

(1984). Stoic and Neoplatonic sources of Spinoza's ethics. History of European Ideas: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-15.
Geographic variation analysis of dipodomys ordii using nonmetric cranial traits

Geographic variation in 18 nonmetric cranial traits was assessed for 11 populations of Dipodomys ordii from Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico. Frequencies of all traits were examined for sex, size, and side dependencies in a geographically restricted sample of 272 crania. Two traits were significantly affected by sex, two by cranial size, and two exhibited different frequencies on the left side of the skull than on the right. Relatively few within-individual and among-population intertrait correlations were found. The distance measure used in testing for interpopulation trait frequency differences was the Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD), as modified by Green and Suchey (1976). Nonmetric multidimensional scalings of distance matrices derived from each of four trait subsets and a principal components analysis based on one subset gave similar results. The 11 samples were displayed in three-dimensional summaries approximately as expected on the basis of their geographic distribution. Because nonmetric traits may be adaptively neutral, frequency differences between populations may result from genetic drift. Nonmetric traits are clearly of value in studies of geographic variation in Dipodomys . I follow Sjovold (1977) in suggesting that consideration be given to each trait with regard to how strongly it is influenced by dependencies (e.g., sex and size) that may confound interpretation of results.
The Valuable Allies

The primary reason for a counselor's existence is to foster, through understanding and acceptance, the development of individuals. When the individuals are adolescents the task is trying, because most adults have difficulty identifying with the “real irks” of the adolescent's existence. The personal, educational, and historical reasons for this difficulty are examined. A suggestion, originally made by Freud, is reiterated to help the counselor explore the worlds of youth. The important point is that, for those who would truly know adolescents, psychology and literature ought to be fellow disciplines. The psychologist discovered the adolescent, but it is the novelist who defines him. A bibliography of “proper information” (fictional sources) is included.
Synthesis and characterization of core/shell ionomeric latexes. I. Latex and film properties

This research work involved studies on the synthesis and characterization of core/shell ionomeric latexes in order to understand the process of ionic aggregate formation. The core/shell structure of the ionomeric latexes prepared in this study confines the ionic domains to the copolymeric matrix within the shell polymer, and in addition, benefits from the ionomeric properties and core/shell structure simultaneously. Core/shell ionomeric latexes with polystyrene cores and styrene/n-butyl acrylate/methacrylic acid terpolymer shells were synthesized by a semicontinuous seeded emulsion copolymerization process. The distribution of the methacrylic acid in the core/shell latexes was determined using conductometric titration techniques. The results of the conductometric titration analysis indicate that the principal locus of the carboxyl groups in the core/shell latexes is at the particle surface, but specific information about the differences in the distribution of methacrylic acid inside the latex particles could not be obtained. Mechanical characterization of the core/shell ionomeric latex films was carried out to understand the structure-property relationships using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and tensile testing. It was discovered that the core/shell latexes exhibited significantly different properties, owing to the differences in the overall carboxyl content and surface loading. Extensive studies were carried out to study the effect of water plasticization on the mechanical behavior of the core/shell ionomeric latex films; water adsorption causes the solvation of ionic aggregates. A preliminary investigation of the effect of the type of counterion used for the neutralization of carboxyl groups on the properties of core/shell ionomeric latex films was also carried out. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Real-Time Color Graphics in Studies of Molecular Interactions

Studies of the structures and interactions of large biological molecules require both coordinate data and three-dimensional visualization. Orthodox molecular models often bear a tenuous relationship to the coordinate data. In contrast, computer graphics requires that the display directly and accurately represent the data, and storage of modified configurations and recovery of original structures are simple. Software has been developed that allows real-time display of color line and surface displays of several interacting molecules, while quantitatively monitoring the stereochemistry.
Texture classification via area-scale analysis of raking light images

An image processing algorithm for photographic and inkjet paper texture classification is developed based on area-scale fractal analysis. This analysis has been applied in surface metrology, and relies on the fact that the measured area of a surface depends on the scale of observation. By comparing relative areas at various scales, the technique computes a measure of the topological similarity of two surfaces. Results show the algorithm is successful in detecting affinities among similarity groupings within a dataset of silver gelatin photographic papers and a dataset of inkjet papers.
Accounting for leadtime in cohort studies: evaluating when to initiate HIV therapies.

Commonly reported comparisons of differences in disease progression according to disease staging at therapy initiation may be subject to bias if they do not account for the time it took the deferred group to reach the latter stage (that is, leadtime) and for previous events in those who initiate therapy at late stage (that is, unseen fast progressors). To estimate the impact of deferring initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) on time to clinical AIDS in the context of data from observational cohort studies, we describe a method that capitalizes on data from a pre-HAART period to multiply impute estimated leadtimes and the unseen events among fast progressors. After accounting for leadtime and the unseen events, data from two large cohort studies (N=739) indicate that deferring HAART initiation until CD4 is below 200 cells/mm3 was detrimental compared to initiating between 201 and 350 (hazard ratio=1.97; 95 percent confidence interval [CI] 1.09, 3.54), and that failure to account for leadtime resulted in a 38 per cent higher hazard ratio. In contrast, initiating HAART between 201 and 350 did not increase the hazard of AIDS compared to initiating with CD4 between 351 and 500cells/mm3 (hazard ratio=0.70; 95 per cent CI 0.35, 1.42). Methods presented here offer an approach to analysing prevalent cohort studies and provide procedures to maximize the usefulness of observational data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reorganization of cranial sympathetic pathways following neonatal ganglionectomy in the rat

Postganglionic sympathetic innervation normally is distributed ipsilaterally to lateral cranial targets. However, contralateral outgrowth occurs following unilateral ganglionectomy in neonatal rats. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, morphological features, ganglionic derivations, and temporal sequence of sympathetic reinnervation of denervated cranial targets. Unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy of mature rats revealed exclusively ipsilateral distributions of catecholaminergic histofluorescent fibers to orbital targets (Meibomian gland, tarsal muscle, orbital muscle, iris, ciliary body, vasculature) and the circle of Willis, with the exception of the anterior cerebral artery. In mature rats following neonatal unilateral ganglionectomy, all targets were reinnervated by fibers displaying morphologies and target relationships similar to normal innervation, but with lower densities. Acute excision of the remaining superior cervical ganglion eliminated all fibers in 7 of 8 preparations. In adult rats receiving neonatal bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomies, cerebral vasculature was reinnervated consistently, and orbital targets contained fluorescent fibers in 6 of 16 cases, indicating that reinnervation can derive from other sources when superior ganglion outgrowth is prevented. Observations in developing rats revealed fibers along the cranial portion of the contralateral optic nerve sheath at 2–3 days postganglionectomy, and within the orbit at later ages, reaching the most distal targets by 14 days. It is concluded that widespread sympathetic reinnervation of orbital and cerebrovascular targets derives primarily from the contralateral superior ganglion. Orbital ingrowth apparently originates intracranially and enters the orbit by an atypical pathway within the optic foramen.
An examination of nucleus accumbens cell firing during extinction and reinstatement of water reinforcement behavior in rats.

Abstract Electrophysiological recording procedures were used to examine nucleus accumbens (Acb) cell firing in rats ( n =13) during water reinforcement sessions consisting of three phases. During phase one (maintenance), a lever press resulted in water reinforcement (fixed ratio 1; 0.05 ml/press) paired with an auditory stimulus (0.5 s). Of 128 Acb neurons recorded during maintenance, 40 cells (31%) exhibited one of three types of neuronal firing patterns described previously [ J. Neurosci. 14 (12) (1994) 7735–7746; J. Neurosci. 20 (11) (2000) 4255–4266]. Briefly, Acb neurons exhibited increases in firing rate within seconds preceding the reinforced response (type PR) or increases (type RFe) or decreases (type RFi) in activity seconds following response completion. In phase two (extinction), subsequent lever pressing had no programmed consequences (i.e., water reinforcement and the auditory stimulus were not presented). After 30 min of no responding, animals were given water reinforcement/auditory stimulus ‘primes’ to reestablish lever pressing behavior during the third phase (reinstatement). Results indicated that all types of phasic neurons (PR, RFe and RFi) exhibited an attenuated firing rate during extinction, and in some cases recovery of patterned discharges were observed during reinstatement. No significant changes in cell firing were observed for any cell type during presentation of the stimulus prime used to reestablish operant responding following extinction. These findings are discussed in terms of how Acb neurons process information related to ‘natural’ reinforcers versus drugs of abuse.
Introduction to the Series on Novel Aspects of Cardiovascular G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling

The initial concept of drugs acting on receptors is generally credited to John Newport Langley (1852–1925) and his pioneering work on the antagonistic effects of atropine,1 and to Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), who coined the word “receptor.”2 It was in 1905 that Langley (together with the much forgotten Thomas Renton Elliott) proposed that a “receptive substance” was the site of action of chemical mediators liberated by nerve stimulation.3 At approximately the same time, Ehrlich in his studies on immunity postulated that a drug could have a therapeutic effect only if it “unites with certain chemical groupings in the protoplasm of cells” and called such cell groupings “poison receptors” or just “receptors.”2 In experiments performed in the early 1900s, the English pharmacologist and neurophysiologist Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968) identified the muscarinic and cholinergic actions of acetylcholine and subsequently shared with Otto Loewi the Nobel Prize in 1936 for discoveries relating to the role of acetylcholine in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses.4 Dale coined the terms “adrenergic” and “cholinergic” to describe the actions of autonomic and motor nerve fibers, and he recognized that the sympathetic myoneural junction could also be called “the receptive mechanism for adrenaline.”5 Based on Dale's experiments on the physiological effect of Ergot preparations, the concept evolved that there were two classes of adrenotropic receptors: those whose action results in excitation and those whose action results in inhibition of the effector cells.5,3 This concept of two classes of adrenotropic receptors was further clarified by Raymond Ahlquist at the Medical College of Georgia, when in 1948 he published his work showing that it is an oversimplification to classify adrenotropic receptors as either excitatory or inhibitory.6 By studying the relative potencies of six sympathomimetic amines on several isolated mammalian preparations, …
DC electric field measurements with the Guará Spread‐F Rocket

Data presented in this paper provide the first high-altitude (> 600 km) rocket measurements of electric fields associated with spread-F plumes measured simultaneously with a VHF coherent backscatter radar. In regions outside of spread-F plasma depletions the electric field is primarily vertical, implying zonal plasma flow. The mean zonal drifts of the ambient plasma inferred from the rocket data are larger than average quiet time values, which can be attributed to the presence of active spread-F irregularities. Within the spread-F depletions, the vertical electric field becomes comparable to the zonal component, and individual plasma depletions are found to rise with speeds of up to 100 m/s. No large (> 10 mV/m) electric fields are observed in the plume region.
Perfect power Riesel numbers

Abstract A Riesel number k is an odd positive integer such that k ⋅ 2 n − 1 is composite for all integers n ≥ 1 . In 2003, Chen proved that there are infinitely many Riesel numbers of the form k r , when r ≢ 0 , 4 , 6 , 8 ( mod 12 ) , and he conjectured that such Riesel powers exist for all positive integers r. In 2008, Filaseta, Finch and Kozek extended Chen's theorem slightly by constructing Riesel numbers of the form k 4 and k 6 . In 2009, Wu and Sun provided more evidence to support Chen's conjecture by showing that there exist infinitely many Riesel numbers of the form k r for any positive integer r that is coprime to 15 015 . In this article, we extend the results of Wu and Sun by proving that there exist infinitely many Riesel numbers of the form k r for any positive integer r that is coprime to 105.