cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of distance on face recognition: implications for eyewitness identification

Eyewitnesses sometimes view faces from a distance, but little research has examined the accuracy of witnesses as a function of distance. The purpose to the present project is to examine the relationship between identification accuracy and distance under carefully controlled conditions. This is one of the first studies to examine the ability to recognize faces of strangers at a distance under free-field conditions. Participants viewed eight live human targets, displayed at one of six outdoor distances that varied between 5 and 40 yards. Participants were shown 16 photographs, 8 of the previously viewed targets and 8 of nonviewed foils that matched a verbal description of the target counterpart. Participants rated their confidence of having seen or not having seen each individual on an 8-point scale. Long distances were associated with poor recognition memory and response bias shifts.
Nanoscale Imaging of Caveolin-1 Membrane Domains In Vivo

Light microscopy enables noninvasive imaging of fluorescent species in biological specimens, but resolution is generally limited by diffraction to ~200–250 nm. Many biological processes occur on smaller length scales, highlighting the importance of techniques that can image below the diffraction limit and provide valuable single-molecule information. In recent years, imaging techniques have been developed which can achieve resolution below the diffraction limit. Utilizing one such technique, fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy (FPALM), we demonstrated its ability to construct super-resolution images from single molecules in a living zebrafish embryo, expanding the realm of previous super-resolution imaging to a living vertebrate organism. We imaged caveolin-1 in vivo, in living zebrafish embryos. Our results demonstrate the successful image acquisition of super-resolution images in a living vertebrate organism, opening several opportunities to answer more dynamic biological questions in vivo at the previously inaccessible nanoscale.
Team innovation and perceptions of consideration: What difference does diversity make?

This article presents an authentic field study, which used an entropy-based formula to measure team diversity, of 50 teams. The data were collected in a division of a high-tech, Fortune 500 company...
Growth-trend declines of spruce and fir in Mid-appalachian subalpine forests

Abstract Dendroecological (tree-ring) analysis of 258 increment growth cores collected from red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.), balsam fir [ Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.], and Fraser fir [ A. fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] in central West Virginia and western Virginia indicates marked declines in growth-trend during the past 20 years similar to that reported for spruce and fir in high-elevation forests of the northern Appalachians. Consequently, growth-trend declines of conifers in subalpine forest ecosystems of eastern North America are apparently more widespread than previously realized and might therefore be related to a large-scale environmental perturbation such as a change in climate or a regional-scale change in air quality. The initiation of growth-trend decline was often synchronous with the onset of a major drought, but the growth rates have failed to recover since the late 1960s when the drought ended.
Effects of in vitro ethanol on the brain cation pump in alcoholics and controls

In vivo ethanol exposure reduces in vitro Na+,K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K(+)-ATPase) sensitivity to ethanol in some animal models, but very little is known about the effects of ethanol on human brain Na+,K(+)-ATPase. Cerebral cortex homogenates from 13 male alcoholic and 9 control subjects were assayed for K(+)-p-nitrophenylphosphatase (K(+)-pNPPase, a measure of Na+,K(+)-ATPase) and Mg(2+)-pNPPase activities at 37 degrees for 20 min in 75 mM imidazole-HCl (pH 7.4), 5 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate, 5 mM MgCl2, and 20 mM KCl, with or without 1 mM ouabain. Native K(+)-pNPPase activites were similar in control and alcoholic brains (61.5 +/- 3.5 vs 55.3 +/- 3.1 nmol/mg/min). In vitro exposure to a near lethal ethanol level (0.5%, or 110 mM) was without effect, whereas 5% ethanol inhibited K(+)-pNPPase activity by about 28% (P < 0.001) in both groups. Both 0.5 and 5% ethanol in vitro significantly stimulated Mg(2+)-pNPPase activity (1-2% and 19-20%, respectively). By comparison, mouse brain K(+)-pNPPase was inhibited significantly by in vitro ethanol, and Mg(2+)-pNPPase activity was unaffected. Ethanol levels attainable in humans may not be sufficient to alter significantly brain Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity.
Do tissue plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 complexes relate to the complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus? Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the potential relationship of tissue plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (tPA-PAI-1) complexes and diabetic complications in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). To address this issue, data from the third follow-up visit of participants in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) study were examined. There were 454 participants, aged 32 ± 8 years, with duration of IDDM of 23 ± 8 years. Higher levels of tPA-PAI-1 complexes were seen for both men and women with IDDM complications. Specifically, statistically significant differences were seen in men with neuropathy (1.81 ± 0.9 versus 1.42 ± 0.8 ng/mL, p p p p p
On a framework for small-deformation viscoplasticity: free energy, microforces, strain gradients

Abstract This study develops a general theory for small-deformation viscoplasticity based on a system of microforces consistent with its own balance; a mechanical version of the second law that includes, via the microforces, work performed during viscoplastic flow; a constitutive theory that allows for dependences on plastic strain-gradients. The microforce balance and the constitutive equations—suitably restricted by the second law—are shown to be together equivalent to a flow rule that accounts for variations in free energy due to flow. When this energy is the sum of an elastic strain energy and a defect energy quadratic, isotropic, and positive definite in the plastic-strain gradients, the flow rule takes the form of a second-order parabolic PDE for the plastic strain coupled to the usual PDE arising from the standard macroscopic force balance and the elastic stress-strain relation. The classical macroscopic boundary conditions are supplemented by nonstandard boundary conditions associated with viscoplastic flow. As an aid to solution, a weak (virtual power) formulation of the nonlocal flow rule is derived.
Compact and Dissociated Dislocations in Aluminum: Implications for Deformation

Atomistic simulations, confirmed by electron microscopy, show that dislocations in aluminum can have compact or dissociated cores. The calculated minimum stress (sigma(P)) required to move an edge dislocation is approximately 20 times smaller for dissociated than for equivalent compact dislocations. This contradicts the well accepted generalized stacking fault energy paradigm that predicts similar sigma(P) values for both configurations. Additionally, Frank's rule and the Schmid law are also violated because dislocation core energies become important. These results may help settle a 50-year-old puzzle regarding the magnitude of sigma(P) in face-centered-cubic metals, and provide new insights into the deformation of ultra-fine-grained metals.
The effects of a critical stenosis on myocardial blood flow, ventricular function, and infarct size after coronary reperfusion.

Immediate percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty has been advocated for patients with a residual stenosis after coronary thrombolysis because of the possibility that the residual stenosis may restrict reflow and thereby increase infarct size. Because there are few experimental data bearing on this issue, we measured left ventricular function, myocardial blood flow, and infarct size in 20 anesthetized open-chest dogs during 2 hr of left circumflex occlusion and 4 hr of reperfusion. Ten animals were reperfused through a critical stenosis of the left circumflex artery (critical stenosis group) and the remaining 10 animals underwent full reperfusion without stenosis (control group). In both groups, a comparable degree of echocardiographic systolic wall thinning was present during occlusion and partial recovery of global and regional left ventricular function in the two groups. Subendocardial blood flow was decreased in the critical stenosis group relative to the control group at 5 min after reperfusion (0.52 +/- 0.16 ml/min/g in the critical stenosis group vs 1.55 +/- 0.32 ml/min/g in the control group, p less than .05) but not at 4 hr after reperfusion, when a reduced reflow response was seen in both groups. No differences in subepicardial blood flow were seen in the two groups of animals. Infarct size was slightly greater in the critical stenosis group than the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant (infarct/risk area ratio: 55.5 +/- 7.8% in the critical stenosis group vs 39.4 +/- 9.7% in the control group, p = .21). A close inverse exponential relationship was seen between infarct size/risk area ratio and subendocardial blood flow during occlusion (r = .89, p = .001). Two control animals had high levels of subendocardial collateral flow (greater than 0.2 ml/min/g); when these animals were excluded from analysis, differences in the infarct size/risk area ratio in the control and critical stenosis groups were less striking: (55.5 +/- 7.8% in the critical stenosis group vs 48.4 +/- 9.6% in the control group). Thus, the presence of a critical stenosis results in restriction of hyperemic blood flow to the subendocardium after reperfusion but does not influence infarct size or early left ventricular functional recovery.
A constrained theory on actuation strain in ferromagnetic shape memory alloys induced by domain switching

A constrained theory of magnetoelastic materials is applied to study the ferromagnetic shape memory effect in single crystals and polycrystals. The actuation strain induced by domain switching is established first for ferromagnetic shape memory single crystals, from which the strain in polycrystals is derived using Taylor estimate. Both NiMnGa and FePd are analyzed, and the necessary fiber texture for large actuation strain in tetragonal polycrystals is identified. For orthorhombic polycrystals, such a fiber texture is not required. The analysis agrees with experimental observations well.
Hormone replacement therapy: clarifying the picture.

Although a number of recent studies have challenged accepted beliefs about cardiovascular benefits, physicians should withhold judgment until ongoing randomized clinical trials are concluded. Patients without preexisting coronary artery disease may still be candidates for postmenopausal estrogen-progestin replacement—even if they have had breast cancer or have a family history of the disease.
How to leverage computer simulation in condition-based maintenance

Computer simulation creates not only the potential to improve many functions within the U.S. Army aviation's condition-based maintenance paradigm, but it also holds the capability to help enhance the CBM vision of achieving optimal operational readiness of the fleet. Therefore, instead of focusing on answering whether computer simulation modeling can be used to enhance CBM, it is perhaps more worthwhile to focus on how to best introduce computer simulation modeling into the CBM process in the most effective manner. This paper presents three alternatives for addressing how to introduce computer simulation techniques into CBM: a) develop computer simulation tools in-house that are tailored specifically to U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command engineering requirements; b) use existing commercial simulation software tools, such as Crystal Ball and Palisades Decision Tools, for analysis of existing data; and c) outsource the modeling functions to external agencies that have demonstrated expertise in computer simulation.
An RC switching network with fixed components

A network of 24 resistors and 16 capacitors is presented in a parallel-scries configuration. Each resistor and capacitor has a switch which can connect or disconnect the component from the network. The question to be answered is which of the 40 switches should be switched on or off to yield the required impedance magnitude. This 40-variable non-linear zero-one programming problem is solved using multistage Monte Carlo optimization, after appropriate transformations have been made.
Mezlocillin: In Vitro Studies of a New Broad-Spectrum Penicillin

Mezlocillin is a new semisynthetic penicillin that inhibited 71% of the isolates of Serratia marcescens , 67% of Escherichia coli , 50% of Enterobacter spp., and 49% of Klebsiella spp. at a concentration of 12.5 μg/ml. It is also active against both indole-positive and -negative Proteus spp. and gram-positive cocci, except penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . At a concentration of 100 μg/ml, it inhibited 94% of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . It is more active than ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin against some gram-negative bacilli.
Factors influencing the growth of radiata pine plantations in Chile

We examined environmental factors affecting growth rates of Pinus radiata in Chile. The relationships between annual volume growth and soil, climate, canopy and stand factors were analysed using data from 48 permanent sample plots in P. radiata plantations in central Chile. Water availability (as affected by precipitation, soil water holding capacity and potential evapotranspiration) appeared to be the factor most limiting to leaf area and growth. Maximum growing season temperature also negatively affected growth. Sites with the highest productivities had the lowest annual water deficits. The most productive sites used water and light more efficiently. Growth per unit of potential evapotranspiration ranged from 0.5 to 1.6 kg of wood per m 3 of water and growth per unit of radiation ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 g of wood per MJ of photosynthetically active radiation for low and high productivity sites. The inclusion of simple climatic variables such as maximum temperature and precipitation into Chilean P. radiata growth and yield models should improve their performance.
Modeling Contact Accurately Using Localized Enrichment

Traditional finite element method requires very high density mesh and nonlinear analysis to obtain reasonably accurate solutions for elastic contact problems. Analytical solutions are available for these problems based on Hertz theory of elastic contact. In this paper we show that using implicit boundary approach, solutions that are of similar accuracy can be obtained without the need for nonlinear analysis. This approach is applied here only for tied contacts so that there is no sliding or separation. Contacting bodies are modeled as an assembly of parts and a separate background mesh is constructed for each part. At the contact, elements of the mesh belonging to the contacting parts overlap. A trial function is constructed such that the displacements are continuous at the contact. The goal is to capture the stresses as accurately as possible using sufficiently dense global mesh. Several elastic contact problems including classical point and line contact problems are used to study the effectiveness of this approach.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Ferron-antiferron interactions and the linear specific heat of high Tc cuprates

Abstract The model of high T c superconductivity proposed previously in this journal is shown to lead to a linear term in the specific heat. The interaction of the hole spins with the Cu spins leads to quasi-particles known as ferrons. A Holstein coordinate description of steric coupling (to the dopant centers) and the ferron-antiferron coupling leads to a gapless excitation spectrum and a linear term in the specific heat.
C-reactive protein and substance use disorders in adolescence and early adulthood: A prospective analysis

a b s t r a c t Background: Dysregulated immune function and elevated inflammation markers are seen in adults with chronic diseases, including some psychiatric disorders, but evidence on inflammation in the case of drug abuse is conflicting. Objective: To test the concurrent and predictive relations between C-reactive protein (CRP) and use and abuse of alcohol, nicotine and cannabis in a longitudinal, population sample of adolescents and young adults, at the period of highest increase in drug use. Methods: Data from the prospective population-based Great Smoky Mountains Study (N = 1420) were used, covering children in the community assessed at ages 9-16, 19, and 21. Structured interviews were used to assess substance abuse symptoms and DSM-IV substance use disorders. Bloodspots were collected at each assessment and assayed for CRP. Results: CRP levels were higher in the presence of nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis use and nicotine dependence. In prospective analyses, higher CRP levels predicted cannabis use and nicotine dependence, and nicotine use predicted higher CRP levels, once covariates were included in the models. Significant covariates were age, race (American Indian), and obesity. Conclusions: The inter-relationship of CRP and substance abuse has implications for the later health risks associated with early drug and alcohol use and abuse. © 2013 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Sexually dimorphic expression of estrogen receptors, but not of androgen receptors in human fetal external genitalia.

Using immunohistochemistry, we investigated the distribution of androgen receptors (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER) in the external genitalia of human male and female fetuses at 18-22 weeks gestation. In the male, the corpus cavernosum, and the stroma of the inner prepuce, scrotum, and periphery of the glans were AR rich. The corpus spongiosum, a well defined structure that surrounds the penile urethra in the neonate, was not yet developed at this fetal age, but the periurethral mesenchyme (presumably the primordium of the corpus spongiosum) was intensely AR positive. In contrast, the epithelium of the preputial skin, penile shaft skin, and scrotal skin were AR negative. The urethral plate in the distal glans was nonpatent and was filled with a meshwork of AR-negative epithelial cells. Canalization of the AR-negative urethral plate was observed to begin where it joined the patent distal penile urethra, which was AR positive. Male external genitalia lacked ER, ruling out a direct influence of maternal estr...
The Open Program: An Example of the Scientific Rationale for Future Solar-Terrestrial Research Programs

The field of solar-terrestrial physics has evolved to a point where quantitative theoretical modeling and cause-effect predictive techniques can be foreseen. Instrumentation now exists to quantitatively test these theories and lead to a significant improvement in our understanding of the solar-terrestrial environment. The proposed Origins of Plasma in the Earth’s Neighborhood (OPEN) program will be used to trace this theoretical and experimental evolution and describe a solar-terrestrial research scenario for the 1980’s which includes specific problems related to solar and interplanetary dynamics.
Hunting for models: grounded and rational choice approaches to analyzing climate effects on subsistence hunting in an Arctic community

Abstract Climate change and uncertain economies challenge small Native communities of the North American Arctic, with their reliance on local fish and wildlife resources. Methodological boundaries of single-discipline analyses limit the contribution of academic research to the real-world questions facing Arctic residents. Oversimplified assumptions and lack of data hamper mainstream economic approaches based on rational choice, while more grounded approaches suffer from inability to generalize. We attempt to integrate these two approaches to project the effects of climate change on subsistence hunting in a Canadian Arctic community. In our collaboration, we find that rational choice modeling suggests specific questions that help direct the grounded research. Grounded methods provide general relationships and hypotheses as well as data for economic modeling. Using local knowledge (LK) obtained from grounded methods, we estimate a discrete-choice travel-cost model of subsistence hunting, projecting that climate warming may cost a typical household the equivalent of a half day of lost time during a hunting season. Besides providing data needed to make rational choice applications realistic, grounded methods reveal qualitative information essential for understanding relationships. We conclude that integration and synthesis of these disparate analytical approaches provides insights that neither method alone could have produced.
Strongly Coupled Radiative Transfer and Joule Heating in an Arc Heater Cathode

Radiation and Joule heating in the electrode region of an arc heater are discussed. Radiative transport equations for a true axisymmetric geometry are used. A subsonic code is developed to numerically solve the fluid equations with strongly coupled radiation, V -qr and Joule heating j -E, representative of a high-pressure and high-current arc heater. Analytic expression for the divergence of radiative heat flux derived in a previous paper is used. Jacobians of the radiation term are derived. The Joule heating term is computed using a previously developed code. The equilibrium gas model consists of seven species. The fluxes are differenced using Van Leer flux splitting. Using this code the effects of radiative cooling on the thermodynamic parameters of the arc core are discussed.
Assessing retinol stability in a hydroquinone 4%/retinol 0.3% cream in the presence of antioxidants and sunscreen under simulated-use conditions: a pilot study

Abstract Background: Retinol (ie,vitamin A) is commonly used in dermatology as an adjunct to treat rhytids, acne,and dyschromia. However, vitamin A and many of its derivatives have poor photostability and are unstable in the presence of oxygen. Objective: We aimed to assess the stability of retinol under simulated patient application conditions in a commercially available hydroquinone 4% cream containing retinol 0.3%, avobenzone (ultraviolet-A sunscreen), octinoxate (ultraviolet-B sunscreen), vitamins C and E (aantioxidants), and moisturizers. Methods: One gram of the preparation was applied as a thin film to the inside base of 4 groups of four 100-mL wide-mmouthed beakers, incubated in a 37 ± 2°C water bath. Each experimental group consisted of 4 beakers for assays at 0.5,1,2,and 4 hours. The samples were exposed to varying combinations of full spectrum light and headspace gas (air or inert nitrogen gas [N2 ]). Retinol content was assayed via high-pressure liquid chromatography using a 1:9 water:methanol solvent system. The control group (group 5) was not exposed to full-spectrum light or headspace gas but served for comparative purposes. Results: On exposure to light and room air, retinol stability was 94.4% at 0.5 hour,94.8% at 1 hour, 92.4% at 2 hours, and 91.5% at 4 hours. The retinol contained in the preparation was stable for ≥4 hours. Samples exposed to light and N 2 gas demonstrated 96.5% and 91.3% stability at 0.5 hour and 4 hours exposure times, respectively. Samples that were not exposed to light had a stability of 99.2% (group 3, exposed to air) and 96.9% (group 4, exposed to N 2 ) of the initial retinol present after 4 hours. Conclusion: The retinol in the hydroquinone 4%/ retinol 0.3% cream with antioxidants and sunscreens underwent
Cryogenic Flow Visualization: PIV Application in He II Forced Flow Research

We report an experimental approach for applying the PIV technique to measurements in He II forced flow. The forced flow of He II is created in a 3.5 m long experimental channel within the Liquid Helium Flow Visualization Facility (LHFVF). We demonstrate that micron size solid hydrogen isotope particles are the best choice for tracing He II forced flow. A novel particle seeding device has been developed to form and seed such solid hydrogen isotope particles directly within He II flow. Velocity field measurements of forced flow He II subjected to a constant locally applied heat flux are presented. Results are compared to analysis based on the two-fluid model.
The Therapeutic Design of Environments for People With Dementia A Review of the Empirical Research

Design of the physical environment is increasingly recognized as an important aid in caring for people with dementia. This article reviews the empirical research on design and dementia, including research concerning facility planning (relocation, respite and day care, special care units, group size), research on environmental attributes (noninstitutional character, sensory stimulation, lighting, safety), studies concerning building organization (orientation, outdoor space), and research on specific rooms and activity spaces (bathrooms, toilet rooms, dining rooms, kitchens, and resident rooms). The analysis reveals major themes in research and characterizes strengths and shortcomings in methodology, theoretical conceptualization, and applicability of findings.
Experimental investigation of optimized precision optical controlled structures

A spacecraft-like optical interferometry system is investigated experimentally over several different optimized controlled structures configurations. Configurations represent common and not-so-common approaches to mitigating pathlength errors induced by disturbances of two different spectra. Results show that an optimized controlled structure for low frequency broadband disturbances achieves modest performance gains over a mass equivalent regular structure, while an optimized structure for high frequency narrow band disturbances is four times better in terms of rms pathlength. These results are predictable given the nature of the physical system and the optimization design variables. Fundamental limits on controlled performance are discussed based on average system transfer function gains and system phase loss.
The Relevance Of United States GAAP Information Provided By Foreign Firms In SEC’s Form 6-K

This study examines SEC Form 6-K to determine whether foreign firms report U.S. GAAP adjusted financial information before filing their annual SEC Form 20-F. This study then performs tests to determine whether the financial information in Form 6-K provides relevant information to investors. The results are inconclusive concerning the relevance of this information to investors. Other tests were performed to determine whether there was a difference between the relevance of the information provided in Form 20-F for those companies not disclosing any U.S. GAAP information prior to the Form 20-F filing date and those companies providing prior U.S. GAAP data in Form 6-K. These tests did not reveal a significant difference, an unexpected finding. Overall, results indicate that SEC Form 6-K rather than annual Form 20-F contains more timely, financial information for most foreign companies.
THE VIEW FROM BELOW: EXPLORING THE INTERFACE OF EUROPEANIZATION AND BASQUE LANGUAGE ACTIVISM IN FRANCE

*† This article explores how Basque language activists in France have evaluated and engaged with European-level minority language policies in relative terms of “opportunity.” Focusing upon the social construction of political opportunity from below, I consider how actors affiliated with a community-based schooling initiative cultivated a strategic stance toward the Council of Europe’s Charter for Regional or Minority Languages between 1997 and 2007. Drawing upon qualitative case study data, I show how activist stances toward the European Charter were both motivated and minimized by their institutional containment within the French national state and the educational sector more specifically. The article contributes to scholarship by shedding microsociological light on the ways in which grassroots actors experience the intersection between national and supranational political processes in Europe. The article also contributes to the study of ethnic mobilization in Europe by shedding light on the underexamined field of linguistic-rights activism in education.
Testicular Tumors in Prepubertal Boys: Assessment and Treatment

As in many subjects of pediatric urology, distinct differences exist between the natural history of testicular tumors in children and adults. The attempt to extrapolate the experience in adults creates confusion in the classification, therapy, and prognosis of testis cancer in children.
IMPACT DAMAGE EVALUATION OF GRAPHITE EPOXY CYLINDERS

Thin walled graphite/epoxy filament wound cylinders have been shown to exhibit significant reductions in burst strength at impact energies as low as one foot pound. Characterization of the damage and its relation to the reduction in burst strength is critical to the design of damage resistant structures. In an effort to understand and characterize the damage mechanism causing this reduction in burst strength, a series of impact experiments were performed at various energy levels on helix/hoop/helix/hoop (XOXO) filament wound cylinders. The cylinders were then subjected to thermographic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) to evaluate damage, and then tested for residual burst strength. The NDE indicated the ability to qualitatively determine the impact energy levels. In addition, finite element analysis (FEA) of the impact tests were performed in order to predict the damage and the resulting reduction in burst strength. The analysis results are in good agreement with experimental residual burst strength.
Whatever Happened to “Red Emma”? Emma Goldman, from Alien Rebel to American Icon

Over the past quarter of a century, the anarchist Emma Goldman (1869-1940) has assumed a unique position in American politics and culture. "One would be hardpressed to find another woman of the past who enjoys her privileged status . . . who is emblazoned on as many tee-shirts and postcards," one observer commented a decade ago.' The 1960s generation rediscovered and embraced her as a voice for its political concerns and cultural sensibilities, from the struggle against the draft to women's equality, free love, and defiance of authorityany authority. Radical feminists, the first in the women's movement to adopt her as an icon, sought to emulate her self-assertive political militancy no less than to embrace her gender critique. In later decades, the impassioned spirit of the 1960s perhaps waned, but the process of canonizing Goldman only accelerated. The deradicalization of the generation who rescued Goldman from collective amnesia facilitated new possibilities for renderings of her, yielding a surplus of meaning and the drifting of Goldman into unexpected corners of the political and public arena. By the 1990s the icon had "fractured," offering an appropriate (or an appropriated) version for myriad constituencies. Goldman may be presented as a fighter for free speech, a communitarian, a libertarian, an anticommunist, an extreme individualist, a precursor of modern feminism, a true subversive, a harmless visionary expelled for voicing innocent ideas, a suffering victim, a cheerful, life-affirming woman, or an amusing, sharp-tongued, Jewish grandmother. There is the tough politico Goldman and the nurturing, gentle spirit Emma. Devotees still insist on referring to her on a first-name basis, deliberately inverting the once demeaning social practice of depriving women of surname formality or simply expressing a deeply felt sense of intimacy.2
The Case of the Missing Employees: The Saga of Fedex

The worker classification issue continues to be a controversial area of tax law. Distinguishing between common law employees and independent contractors may be difficult in many situations. A workable definition of common law employee continues to elude Congress, taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service. The definition of common law employee varies across federal and state agencies, resulting in an inconsistent application of worker classification. FedEx Corporation has been challenged on many fronts over its treatment of certain workers as independent contractors. This article will provide an overview of FedEx, its relationship with its ground drivers and various tests used by different agencies to determine worker classification.
E-141 comparison of carotid endarterectomy and carotid stent revascularization of internal carotid artery pseudo-occlusion

Introduction The benefit of revascularization of internal carotid artery (ICA) pseudo-occlusion is not defined well, and the method of revascularization is controversial. There has been no comparison between carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid stent (CAS) placement for pseudo-occlusion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of CEA and CAS and compare long term imaging and clinical follow up. Methods A retrospective database review was performed from 1/2010 to 1/2014 to identify patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy and carotid stent placement at two tertiary centers. The medical records and imaging studies of patients with ICA pseudo-occlusion were selected for analysis. Results 24 patients met the criteria for ICA pseudo-oclcusion, and 17 patients underwent CEA while 7 patients underwent CAS. All patients had technically successful revascularization of the ICA. All patients underwent 1 month and 1 year follow up imaging. CAS patients had 14% re-stenosis and 86% vessel maturation (defined as resolution of ICA hypoplasia) rates while CEA patients had 18% with re-stenosis and 88% vessel maturation. Peri-procedure complication for CAS was 0% and CEA was 6%. There were no deaths or strokes at 1 year in any patients. Conclusion CAS shows similar outcomes in restenosis and vessel maturation rates when compared to CEA for ICA pseudo-occlusion. There was no significant difference between the two treatments in clinical outcomes or peri-procedural complications. CAS is a revascularization option if the patient is considered high risk for CEA. Disclosures J. Kim: None. C. Miller: None. D. Damania: None. A. Grande: None. B. Jagadeesan: None. B. Jahromi: None. R. Tummala: None.
Indentation Fracture of High-Energy Ion Implanted Alpha-Alumina Single Crystals

An investigation of the anisotropy of indentation fracture in sapphire implanted with high energy heavy ions, aiming to clarify the effect of sophisticated surface modification on the mechanical properties of ceramic crystal, are reported for the first time. The (1010) plane of single crystal alpha-alumina was implanted with gold and nickel to fluences of 1×1015 and 2×1016 ions/cm2 at 3MeV. Systematic studies of fracture induced by indentation of both the implanted and unimplanted crystals are discussed. The Vickers indenter was used for estimating the residual stresses induced by implantation while the Knoop technique gave information about the anisotropic nature of fracture in the investigated materials.
Sirtuin-2 Regulates Sepsis Inflammation in ob/ob Mice

Objective Obesity increases morbidity and resource utilization in sepsis patients. Sepsis transitions from early/hyper-inflammatory to late/hypo-inflammatory phase. Majority of sepsis-mortality occurs during the late sepsis; no therapies exist to treat late sepsis. In lean mice, we have shown that sirtuins (SIRTs) modulate this transition. Here, we investigated the role of sirtuins, especially the adipose-tissue abundant SIRT-2 on transition from early to late sepsis in obese with sepsis. Methods Sepsis was induced using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in ob/ob mice. We measured microvascular inflammation in response to lipopolysaccharide/normal saline re-stimulation as a “second-hit” (marker of immune function) at different time points to track phases of sepsis in ob/ob mice. We determined SIRT-2 expression during different phases of sepsis. We studied the effect of SIRT-2 inhibition during the hypo-inflammatory phase on immune function and 7-day survival. We used a RAW264.7 (RAW) cell model of sepsis for mechanistic studies. We confirmed key findings in diet induced obese (DIO) mice with sepsis. Results We observed that the ob/ob-septic mice showed an enhanced early inflammation and a persistent and prolonged hypo-inflammatory phase when compared to WT mice. Unlike WT mice that showed increased SIRT1 expression, we found that SIRT2 levels were increased in ob/ob mice during hypo-inflammation. SIRT-2 inhibition in ob/ob mice during the hypo-inflammatory phase of sepsis reversed the repressed microvascular inflammation in vivo via activation of endothelial cells and circulating leukocytes and significantly improved survival. We confirmed the key finding of the role of SIRT2 during hypo-inflammatory phase of sepsis in this project in DIO-sepsis mice. Mechanistically, in the sepsis cell model, SIRT-2 expression modulated inflammatory response by deacetylation of NFκBp65. Conclusion SIRT-2 regulates microvascular inflammation in obese mice with sepsis and may provide a novel treatment target for obesity with sepsis.
Neurocentral Suture Complexity and Stress Distribution in the Vertebral Column of a Sauropod Dinosaur

Abstract. Sauropod dinosaurs achieved extreme body sizes via rapid and sustained growth, permitted in part by the delayed fusion of the neurocentral sutures. Unfused sutures are joined by cartilage, which is more susceptible to dislocation than the bone that replaces it. In sauropods, the competing interests of growth and strength were balanced by the presence of complex, interdigitated neurocentral sutures. Sutural complexity is correlated with the magnitude of stress the suture must resist. To better understand this relationship in sauropods, sutural complexity was measured from the articulated presacral vertebrae of Spinophorosaurus nigerensis, and patterns of gross morphology were observed. Complexity was calculated as a length ratio and as the fractal dimension of the suture. The complexity pattern indicates that stress increased proximally along the neck, was greatest in the anterior dorsal vertebrae, and then decreased towards the sacrum. This stress distribution is attributable to the weight of th...
Search for water and life's building blocks in the universe: A summary

Water and organics need to be supplied to terrestrial worlds like our own to provide the essential compounds required for the origin of life. These molecules form initially during the earliest stages of stellar birth, are supplied by collapse to the planet-forming disk predominantly as ice, and may undergo significant processing during this collapse and within large planetesimals that are heated via radioactive decay. Water and organic carriers can be quite volatile, thus their survival as ices within rocks is not preordained. In this focus meeting our goal is to bring together astronomers, cosmochemists, planetary scientists, chemical physicists, and spectroscopists who each explore individual aspects of this problem. In this summary we discuss some of the main themes that appeared in the meeting. Ultimately, cross-field collaboration is needed to provide greater understanding of the likelihood that terrestrial worlds form with these key compounds readily available on their surfaces – and are hence habitable if present at the right distance from the star.
Coronary Artery Calcium in Relation to Initiation and Continuation of Cardiovascular Preventive Medications The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background Whether measuring and reporting of coronary artery calcium scores (CACS) might lead to changes in cardiovascular risk management is not established. In this observational study, we examined whether high baseline CACS were associated with the initiation as well continuation of new lipid-lowering medication (LLM), blood pressure–lowering medication (BPLM), and regular aspirin (ASA) use in a multi-ethnic population-based cohort. Methods and Results The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a prospective cohort study of 6814 participants free of clinical cardiovascular disease at entry who underwent CAC testing at baseline examination (examination 1). Information on LLM, BPLM, and regular ASA usage was also obtained at baseline and at exams 2 and 3 (average of 1.6 and 3.2 years after baseline, respectively). In this study, we examined (1) initiation of these medications at examination 2 among participants not taking these medications at baseline; and (2) continuation of medication use to examination 3 among participants already on medication at baseline. Among MESA participants, initiation of LLM, BPLM, and ASA was greater in those with higher CACS. After taking into account age, sex, race, MESA site, LDL cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, smoking status, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, and socioeconomic status (income, education, and health insurance), the risk ratios for medication initiation comparing those with CACS >400 versus CACS=0 were 1.53 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08, 2.15) for LLM, 1.55 (95% CI, 1.10 to 2.17) for BPLM, and 1.32 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.69) for ASA initiation, respectively. The risk ratios for medication continuation among those with CAC >400 versus CACS=0 were 1.10 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.20) for LLM, 1.05 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08) for BPLM, and 1.14 (95% CI, 1.04 to 1.25) for ASA initiation, respectively. Conclusions CACS >400 was associated with a higher likelihood of initiation and continuation of LLM, BPLM, and ASA. The association was weaker for continuation than for initiation of these preventive therapies.
Mental Illness and Mental Healthcare Receipt among Hospitalized Veterans with Serious Physical Illnesses

Abstract Background: Psychosocial distress among patients with limited life expectancy influences treatment decisions, treatment adherence, and physical health. Veterans may be at elevated risk of psychosocial distress at the end of life, and understanding their mental healthcare needs may help identify hospitalized patients to whom psychiatric services should be targeted. Objective: To examine mental illness prevalence and mental health treatment rates among a national sample of hospitalized veterans with serious physical illnesses. Design, Subjects, and Measurements: This was a retrospective study of 11,286 veterans hospitalized in a Veterans Health Administration acute care facility in fiscal year 2011 with diagnoses of advanced cancer, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and/or advanced HIV/AIDS. Prevalent and incident mental illness diagnoses during and before hospitalization and rates of psychotherapy and psychotropic use among patients with incident depression and anxie...
Individual variation in the Neotropical salamander Bolitoglossa peruviana (Boulenger, 1883) (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) in eastern tropical Ecuador

Bolitoglossa peruviana (Boulenger) (Amphibia: Urodela: Plethodontidae) was previously known from five reported individuals. The acquisition of 16 specimens from 10 km W Sucua, valley of Rio Upano, Province of Morona Santiago, Ecuador, permits the evaluation of the diagnostic morphometric characters, color and color pattern. Parameters of individual variation are tentatively defined. Bolitoglossa peruviana is poorly differentiated morphologically from other members of the altamazonica species group based on the variation encountered in the analysis of seven morphometric characters.
Finite element analysis of internally balanced elastic materials

Abstract This paper provides a finite element treatment for a generalized hyperelastic theory in which the deformation gradient is subject to the multiplicative two-factor decomposition that is commonly used in large strain plasticity. The multiplicative decomposition in the present context is motivated by a theory of balanced internal variables, one of which is the first factor in the decomposition. Previous studies have shown how the associated continuum mechanical formulation then leads not only to the stress equations of equilibrium but also to an additional tensor balance equation that serves to determine the individual factors in the decomposition. Such a theory has been shown to predict loading thresholds associated with the emergence of slip surfaces at grip locations in well-posed boundary value problems. However, previous numerical treatments focused on shooting method procedures that failed to resolve loading plateaus and other key features associated with the emergence of such singular surfaces. In the present work we describe a finite element treatment that resolves such previously obscure details. Additional finite element simulations illustrate new aspects of singular surface emergence in this type of theory, including the emergence of singular surfaces in the interior of the computational domain.
Der Spulwurm führt uns auf Wachstum, Form und Farbe der Lebewesen

Meine gute, alte Tante, die so gar nicht verstehen konnte, weshalb ich, anstatt rechtschaffen mein Brot zu erwerben, mich auf eine so brotlose Kunst versteifte, wie es die Naturforschung einmal ist, frug mich einst: „Ja, hast du denn immer noch nicht alle Katzen und Hunde aufgeschnitten und gesehen, wie sie inwendig ausschauen?“ Damals war ich sehr beleidigt und meinte, das sie doch nicht das richtige Verstandnis fur meine Wissenschaft habe. Aber wer weis, vielleicht lag doch ein tiefer Sinn in der naiven Frage: mehr oder minder sind doch alle Tiere wie Katze und Hund; sie atmen, fressen, verdauen, bewegen sich, fuhlen und vermehren sich, und so werden sie ja wohl alle „inwendig“ mehr oder minder gleich sein: wenn man eines richtig „aufgeschnitten“ hat, sollte man sie sozusagen alle kennen. Wenn wir das nicht gar so wortlich nehmen, sondern nur so im grosen und ganzen an die wichtigsten Ablaufe des Lebens denken, so ist das auch wahr. Ware dem nicht so, dann konnten wir ruhig die Feder niederlegen; es ware ja dann sinnlos, durch Vermittlung irgendeines Lebewesens, Spulwurm oder Mensch, in die Wissenschaft vom Leben eindringen zu wollen. So wollen wir uns denn einmal unsere Ascaris etwas genauer ansehen, sie auch aufschneiden, um zu erkennen, wie verwickelt eigentlich schon die einfachsten Teile ineinander greifen, die ein jedes tierische Wesen benotigt, um zu leben.
Fast Rises, Slow Declines: Asymmetric Unemployment Dynamics with Matching Frictions

This paper argues that the canonical search-and-matching model cannot generate the observed cyclical asymmetry of the unemployment rate. In the United States, the unemployment rate raises quickly and abruptly at the onset of contractions and declines slowly and gradually during expansions. This pattern produces positive skewness in the distribution of unemployment rate changes, while the model produces a counterfactually negative skewness. The key feature of the model responsible for this counterfactual prediction is the convexity of hiring costs in aggregate employment, which leads to excessive responsiveness of job vacancies to positive shocks in periods of high unemployment. I argue that the inability of the model to replicate the cyclical asymmetry in the data stands regardless of its ability to generate realistic fluctuations in unemployment. Furthermore, high replacement rates and real wage rigidity (both fixed and downward rigid wages) - commonly used to enhance amplification of shocks - do not resolve the puzzle, rather they make it worse.
Renovating Christian Education in the 21st Century: A Wesleyan Contribution:

Contemporary attempts to renovate evangelical Christian discipleship in the 21st century include efforts to resolve the relationship between modern Christian education paradigms and the rediscovery...