cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional strength exercise and blood-flow restriction protocols: a systematic review

Objective: To assess current literature focused on the influence of functional training with blood flow restriction (BFR) on muscular adaptation in adults below the age of 65 years. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed with the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL Complete EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect. Two researchers filtered the articles according to the criteria and quality, supported by the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) tool. Studies were limited to those with participants with a mean age between18 and 65 years. Articles were peer-reviewed, available in English, and utilized either multi-joint resistance exercises or functional exercise as the intervention. Results: The search yielded 16 studies on uninjured, older adult, injured and athletic subjects. Regardless of the population, the studies tended to favor BFR training for improvements of strength, but this was highly dependent on cuff pressure and training load. Conclusions: Current literature suggests that BFR with functional and or multi-joint strength training is successful in improving strength, hypertrophy, function and in pain reduction. Favorable results with functional BFR included procedures using relative and well-controlled occlusion pressure. More research is necessary to understand the effect of BFR on self-reported outcomes and hypertrophy in athletic and older adults.
Synthesis and characterization of a new family of layered PbxSn4−xAs3 alloys

Layered two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted considerable interest for their exotic and anisotropic electronic behavior. One such material, Sn4As3, bears a resemblance in both structure and elemental composition to two other Sn- and As-containing layered materials that have recently demonstrated axis-dependent conduction polarity: NaSn2As2 and NaSnAs. Here, a new family of Pb-alloyed PbxSn4−xAs3 crystals was synthesized and the axis-dependent electronic and thermoelectric properties were evaluated. Up to one full equivalent of Pb could be alloyed into PbxSn4−xAs3 (0 < x < 1.06) before phase separation occurred. We establish the structural changes and the trends in the Raman spectra with increasing Pb substitution. These materials all exhibit metallic temperature-dependent resistivities and positive thermopowers along the in-plane and cross-plane directions. The absence of axis-dependent conduction polarity in these SnAs-layered materials is consistent with theoretical predictions, and illustrates that precise control over the atomic and electronic structure and doping is essential for realizing this phenomenon in new materials.
Associations of social network structure with cognition and amygdala volume in multiple sclerosis: An exploratory investigation:

Background:Humans are inherently social, biologically programmed to connect with others. Social connections are known to impact mental and physical health.Objective:The aim of this study was to tes...
Innovative Methods in the Study of Protest: Editor’s Introduction:

This special issue examines innovative methods in three areas of protest studies: (1) survey methodology and scaling, (2) the development and assessment of political event data, and (3) methods of ...
Life Cycle of Startup Financing

I characterize an optimal, incentive compatible, and renegotiation proof contract of venture capital (VC ) financing of a startup (that may be successful or not) whose rate of arrival of success is a function of the accumulated investment stock. The contract depends on the startup valuation, prior probability of success, and initial capital. Sufficient conditions for existence of such a contract are specified. The paper explains why the startup has to rely on different ways of financing in different stages of its life, and why VC financing is not feasible in early stages of development of the startup.
“Monsters Worse to Come”: A Reconsideration of the Influence of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Upon Cormac McCarthy’s Child of God

KEYWORDS Cormac McCarthy’s Child of God; Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein; (Southern) Gothic; John Milton’s Paradise Lost; Ovid’s MetamorphosesIn a 2008 essay, Ashley Craig Lancaster has demonstrated th...
The Rhode Island Climate Change and Health Program: Building Knowledge and Community Resilience

Climate change acts as a risk multiplier, meaning vulnerable populations bear a disproportionate burden of its effects. Improving climate resiliency is a key strategy to help the Rhode Island Department of Health meet its overarching goals of addressing the socio-economic and environmental determinants of health for all Rhode Islanders. The Climate Change and Health Program focuses on both the immediate health impacts of climate change and building resiliency. Part of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Climate Ready States and Cities Initiative, the Program has partnered with community groups and other state and local agencies to bring technical assistance, educational resources, and funding to support community resilience to the challenges presented by the already changing climate. Specific projects discussed include the extreme heat communications plan and outdoor worker campaign; community-driven resiliency projects in response to flooding and natural hazards, and improving resilience in senior citizen housing.
The Renaissance of X-Ray Powder Diffraction

Researchers have recognized the power of X-ray powder diffraction techniques since the first powder experiment in 1913. Early workers used powder diffraction to qualitatively distinguish phases and quantitatively analyze them1. However it was not until the 1938 paper of Hanawalt, Rinn and Frevel2 that a general procedure for characterizing powders by diffraction began to develop. The principal impetus leading to the establishment of powder diffraction as one of the most important methods of materials characterization was the development of the powder diffractometer by William Parrish3. Applications of this technique expanded rapidly through to the 1960’s. During the 1960’s, however, a significant plateauing of developments occurred and has persisted to recent years.
Traumatic Amputation of the Left Lower Renal Pole in Children

Four children between 5 and 10 years old suffered traumatic amputation of the left lower renal pole following flank trauma. All patients were evaluated with excretory urography and isotope renography. The renal scan clearly demonstrated failure of perfusion of the lower renal pole and urinary extravasation, and was believed to be more valuable than the standard excretory urogram as a diagnostic tool. All children were managed similarly: delayed (72 to 96 hours) exploration, simple removal of the amputated segment and insertion of a Penrose drain. They all have done well. The patients were normotensive at followup and had excellent function of the remaining portion of the kidney.
Legal Feminism and the Emotions: Three Moments in an Evolving Relation

This paper examines the trajectory of the relation between feminist legal theory on the one hand, and scholarship on law and the emotions, on the other. It asks whether these two bodies of work, once tightly intertwined because feminist (legal) scholars considered emotion 1) to provide a unique window on women's distinctive circumstancies and identities; or 2) to provide a basis for critiquing objectivist epistemologies, both in law and in other disciplines, still enjoy a close and mutually constitutive relationship, as feminist legal theory has become more constructivist in its orientation. Although the paper argues that, in this constructivist period, feminist legal theory and scholarship on law and the emotions have had a looser and more continent relationship, there is still potential for a fruitful relation, in scholarship emphasizing the social construction of the emotions, and in work highlighting the interiority of the decentered, constructivist subject.
Coordinated UV imaging of equatorial plasma bubbles using TIMED/GUVI and DMSP/SSUSI

[1] Coincident and near-coincident Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) and Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) plasma bubble images provide a unique opportunity to image the evolution of a single feature over a large longitude and time range. SSUSI and GUVI are currently the only two UV imagers that can provide low-Earth orbit measurements capable of reconstructing a multidimensional electron density map. New imaging techniques applied to years of UV data provide a powerful tool for observing and understanding ionospheric electron density and equatorial plasma bubbles. GUVI, launched on board the TIMED satellite in December 2001, and SSUSI on board the DMSP F16 satellite launched in October 2003 have several overlapping years of observations of the nightside ionosphere. The low-Earth orbit of the DMSP and TIMED satellites allows for tomographic reconstruction of altitude versus longitude bubble cross sections from UV disk images. GUVI is at an altitude of 625 km in an orbit that precesses through all local solar times in just 60 days, and SSUSI is at an altitude of 830 km in a fixed 0800/2000 local solar time orbit. We have developed a technique for tomographic retrievals of electron density maps from GUVI observations. We are able to produce three-dimensional maps of ionospheric electron density. We discuss the adaptation of the tomographic imaging technique to SSUSI data and present initial results. Electron density reconstructions are accompanied by discussion and analysis of plasma bubble drift rates and the morphology and time changes in the tilt of the bubbles as they drift through the ionosphere.
Substance Abuse Program Availability and Child Maltreatment

The objective of this study was to examine the relationships between substance abuse treatment availability, drug and DUI arrests, and child maltreatment across metropolitan, nonmetropolitan/adjacent, and nonmetropolitan/nonadjacent counties in Iowa. County-level data from Iowa between 2002 and 2005 were analyzed for associations between the selected variables. Regression and a path model were the methods of analysis and minority and poverty status were included in the design as control variables. The results revealed that counties with further proximity from metropolitan areas, those with increased drug arrest rates, and those with the highest poverty rates had positive and significant impacts on child maltreatment rates. Keywords: substance abuse, rural services
8. Application of chemical materials

Publisher Summary Chemigation is defined as the application of a chemical with irrigation water. Chemicals are injected into micro-irrigation systems to fertilize crops, to control clogging, and to control pests. A properly designed chemigation system includes a pumping plant, chemical injector, storage tanks for various chemicals, calibration devices, a backflow preventor, and adequate safety equipment. Chemigation is required for sustainable operation of micro-irrigation systems. This practice includes the injection of chlorine or other biocides, acids, or chelating agents to reduce emitter clogging due to calcium carbonate precipitation, prevent bacterial growth in emitters, laterals, filters, and pipe lines, as well as preventing root intrusion into emitters on subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems. Micro-irrigation systems are frequently used to apply water-soluble fertilizers. In addition, soil amendments (e.g., acids, various polymers, CaSO 4 ), plant growth regulators, insecticides (usually systemic), herbicides, nematicides, and other compounds can be efficiently and effectively applied through micro-irrigation systems. SDI systems are particularly amenable to the application of soil fumigants, as well as other chemicals that tend to be fixed by the soil particles (e.g., some pesticides and specific fertilizer formulations). Many different chemicals can be injected into micro-irrigation systems, and each must be handled according to its intended use, physical properties, and associated legal requirements. Micro-irrigation must be managed as both a water and chemical application system. Water management is critical and personal safety protection must be assured for any successful chemigation program.
1 – An Overview of Women and Health

This introductory chapter discusses what is meant by women health. As women's health has gained recognition as a discipline, there have been legislative and organizational attempts to define its scope, research and clinical priorities, and fundamental tenets. Since the 1970s, a number of definitions have been proposed. Early definitions of women's reproductive health were based on the biomedical model, while more recent ones recognize that a variety of factors influences a woman's health during her life span. These later definitions encompass all diseases and disorders that affect women, include an awareness of the impact of social, cultural, economic, and political influences, and emphasize prevention as well as treatment. A familiar paradox of women's health is that women live longer than men but have poorer health. Worldwide, women usually live longer than men in similar socioeconomic circumstances. In most of the developed countries, the difference between female and male life expectancy is about 6.5 years.
GIS-based dynamic traffic congestion modeling to support time-critical logistics

Time-critical logistics (TCL) refer to time-sensitive procurement, processing and distribution activities. A confounding factor is the transportation networks that contain these logistic systems. This paper reports on a GIS-based decision support system for dynamic congestion modeling and shortest path routing in TCL. The system predicts network flow at detailed temporal resolutions and solves for the combined departure time and shortest path required for a shipment to reach its destination by a given deadline. The GIS provides effective decision support through its database management capabilities, graphical user interfaces and cartographic visualization. This supports analyses of "what-if?" scenarios regarding network disruptions.
OVERACHIEVEMENT IN THE UNDERGROUND ECONOMY: THE LIFE STORY OF A PUERTO RICAN STICK-UP ARTIST IN EAST HARLEM

The life story of an employment counselor in East Harlem debunks the immigrant American dream of upward mobility, individual achievement and material opportunity. Based on several years of participant- observation conversations, this article traces in street language the life style of a charismatic workaholic individual through graffiti writing, gang banging, school (non) attendance, adolescent violence. Parental discipline, substance abuse, armed robbery, gratuitous murder, drug dealing incarceration, and legal employment. It reveals the contradictions of individual agency and achievement in the context of structural marginalization underground economy and street culture. The opportunity structure available to second generation inner-city youth in the United States often channels overachievers into destructive behavior.
Pathways to prohibition

Strategies for gradually affecting social change are often dismissed as too accommodating of the status quo. Ann-Marie E. Szymanski challenges this assumption, arguing that moderation is sometimes the most effective way to achieve change. Pathways to Prohibition examines the strategic choices of social movements through a focus on the fates of the two waves of temperance campaigns. The prohibitionists of the 1880s gained limited success, while their Progressive Era counterparts achieved a remarkable - albeit temporary - accomplishment in American politics: the passage of an amendment to the U.S. constitution. Szymanski accounts for these divergent outcomes by asserting that choice of strategy (how a social movement defines and pursues its goals) is a significant and, until now, underappreciated element in the success or failure of social movements. Her emphasis on strategy represents a sharp departure from approaches that prioritize political opportunity as the most consequential factor in campaigns for social change. Combining the insights of social movement theory with historical research, Pathways to Prohibition shows how a locally based, moderate strategy allowed the early-twentieth-century prohibition crusade to develop both a potent grassroots component and the capacity to transcend the limited scope of local politics. Szymanski describes how the prohibition movement's strategic shift toward moderate goals after 1900 reflected the devolution of the state legislatures' liquor licensing power to the localities, the judiciary's growing acceptance of these licensing regimes, and the collective belief that local electorates, rather than the state legislatures, were best situated to resolve controversial issues like the liquor question. "Local gradualism" is well-suited to the porous, federal structure of the American state, Szymanski contends, and it has been effectively used by a number of social movements including the civil rights and Christian Right movements.
Identification of a new virulence locus in Agrobacterium tumefaciens that affects polysaccharide composition and plant cell attachment

We have identified a new virulence locus in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Strains carrying Tn5 inserts at this locus could not incite tumors on Kalanchoe daigremontiana, Nicotiana rustica, tobacco, or sunflower and had severely attenuated virulence on carrot disks. We termed the locus pscA, because the mutants that defined the locus were initially isolated as having an altered polysaccharide composition; they were nonfluorescent on media containing Leucophor or Calcofluor, indicating a defect in the production of cellulose fibrils. Further analysis showed that the pscA mutants produced little, if any, of the four species of exopolysaccharide synthesized by the wild-type strain. DNA hybridization analysis and genetic complementation experiments indicated that the pscA locus is not encoded by the Ti plasmid and that it is distinct from the previously described chromosomal virulence loci chvA and chvB. However, like chvA and chvB mutants, the inability of the pscA mutants to form tumors is apparently due to a defect in plant cell attachment. Whereas we could demonstrate binding of the wild-type strain to tobacco suspension cells, attachment of the pscA mutants was drastically reduced or completely absent.
Displacement of C O 2 by Xe in single-walled carbon nanotube bundles

The displacement of $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ by Xe on single-walled nanotube bundles is investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. The FTIR experiments show that $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ physisorption at $77\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ produces an infrared peak at $2330\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for endohedral physisorption and at $2340\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for groove/external surface physisorption. Exposure to Xe causes a sequential displacement of $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ from these sites as shown by an intensity loss of the $2330\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ peak, which precedes the loss at $2340\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The GCMC simulations on heterogeneous and homogenous bundles show that $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ in endohedral sites is initially displaced by Xe before that in groove/external surface sites. The $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ populations in each site of the bundle are taken from the GCMC simulations and used to model the variation of the FTIR intensities as a function of Xe pressure. The qualitative agreement between the simulated and experimental intensity changes is good, suggesting that the intensity changes seen in the experiments are related to $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ displacement from the sites indicated in the simulations.
Scapulohumeral arthrodesis for post-traumatic proximal humeral loss using vascularized fibular transplantation and allograft bone.

Loss of the proximal humerus following trauma or tumor ablation results in tremendous functional impairment because of the inability to position the hand in space. Although scapulohumeral athrodesis is described in the literature, insufficient follow-up has prevented full appreciation of functional outcome and patient satisfaction. This report describes favorable restoration of upper extremity function in two patients who sustained traumatic injuries to the proximal humerus following scapulohumeral arthrodesis. In both cases, vascularized fibula transplantation and allograft bone were used, and pedicled latissimus muscle transfers were required for soft-tissue closure.
Sleeping with the Enemy: Should Competitors Share the Same Advertising Agency?

The possibility of account conflicts is generally regarded as a very serious problem in the advertising industry. The problem is that once an advertising agency works for a firm it learns private information which it can use strategically, i.e., make available to the firm's competitors. But, in oligopolistic situations, knowing more about a competitor may not necessarily be beneficial, because the competitor may react to this knowledge. Similarly, allowing the competitor to have more information may not necessarily be detrimental. In fact, the decision of whether to share the same agency depends on three effects, which are identified here: 1 the decision-making framework effect, 2 the strategic effect, and 3 the uncertainty effect. The first effect always favors sharing the same gency. The direction of the latter two effects is ambiguous. This ambiguity is resolved against the sharing of agencies when 1 the competitor's reaction to the firm's situation is especially harmful in that particular situation strategic effect and 2 the competitor's actions are increasingly harmful uncertainty effect.
Further evidence of a short-run economic base multiplier

Economic base theorists have long debated whether the economic base multiplier occurs rapidly in the short-run or requires a longer period to filter down. This paper provides further statistical evidence that the base multiplier is a short-run phenomenon. Spectral analysis and a cross-correlation function were used to compare two weighted activity indexes representing the basic industries and the nonbasic industries. The activity employment index representing the basic sector was found to lead the weighted payroll activity index for the nonbasic sector by one quarter. The employment index revealed a high cross-correlation when it lead a personal income index by two quarters. The results are important when considering the number of state and federal agencies which utilize an economic base analysis.
Size and shape variation in the proximal femur of Australopithecus africanus

Aside from use as estimates of body mass dimorphism and fore to hind limb joint size comparisons, postcranial elements have not often contributed to assessments of variation in Australopithecus africanus. Meanwhile, cranial, facial, and dental size variation is interpreted to be high or moderately high. Further, the cranial base and face express patterns of structural (shape) variation, which are interpreted by some as evidence for the presence of multiple species. Here, the proximal femur is used to consider postcranial size and shape variation in A. africanus. Original fossils from Makapansgat and Sterkfontein, and samples from Homo, Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo were measured. Size variation was assessed by comparing the A. africanus coefficient of variation to bootstrapped distributions of coefficient of variation samples for each taxon. Shape variation was assessed from isometrically adjusted shape variables. First, the A. africanus standard deviation of log transformed shape variables was compared to bootstrapped distributions of logged standard deviations in each taxon. Second, shape variable based Euclidean distances between fossil pairs were compared to pairwise Euclidean distance distributions in each reference taxon. The degree of size variation in the A. africanus proximal femur is consistent with that of a single species, and is most comparable to Homo and Pan, lower than A. afarensis, and lower than some estimates of cranial and dental variation. Some, but not all, shape variables show more variation in A. africanus than in extant taxa. The degree of shape difference between some fossils exceeds the majority of pairwise differences in the reference taxa. Proximal femoral shape, but not size, variation is consistent with high estimates of A. africanus cranial variation.
Neutrophils: the forgotten cell in JIA disease pathogenesis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has long been assumed to be an autoimmune disease, triggered by aberrant recognition of "self" antigens by T-cells. However, systems biology approaches to this family of diseases have suggested complex interactions between innate and adaptive immunity that underlie JIA. In particular, new data suggest an important role for neutrophils in JIA pathogenesis. In this short review, we will discuss the new data that support a role for neutrophils in JIA, discuss regulatory functions that link neutrophils to adaptive immune responses, and discuss future areas of investigation. Above all else, we invite the reader to re-consider the use of the term "autoimmunity" as applied to the family of illnesses we collectively call JIA.
An observation of vacancy sources during substitutional diffusion in thoriated nickel alloys.

Various solid-solid diffusion couples were assembled from thoriated and nonthoriated alloys, welded, and diffusion annealed at 1530 K. Concentration profiles of the diffused couples indicated that a thoria dispersion does not affect diffusion in Cr(alloy): Ni and Ni-4.8A1: Ni types of couples unless a fine grain structure is retained by the thoria particles. Metallography revealed the presence of ThO2-free bands in the thoriated nickel side of the diffusion zone. The bands formed at grain boundaries perpendicular to the direction of diffusion and, in some cases, contained non-Kirkendall porosity. A mechanism based on the operation of vacancy sources is proposed to explain the ThO2-free bands.
Arabic Dialect Processing Tutorial

Language exists in a natural continuum, both historically and geographically. The term language as opposed to dialect is only an expression of power and dominance of one group/ideology over another. In the Arab world, politics (Arab nationalism) and religion (Islam) are what shape the perception of the distinction between the Arabic language and an Arabic dialect. This power relationship is similar to others that exist between languages and their dialects. However, the high degree of difference between standard Arabic and its dialects and the fact that standard Arabic is not any Arab's native language sets the Arabic linguistic situation apart.
The Histone Variant His2Av is Required for Adult Stem Cell Maintenance in the Drosophila Testis

Many tissues are sustained by adult stem cells, which replace lost cells by differentiation and maintain their own population through self-renewal. The mechanisms through which adult stem cells maintain their identity are thus important for tissue homeostasis and repair throughout life. Here, we show that a histone variant, His2Av, is required cell autonomously for maintenance of germline and cyst stem cells in the Drosophila testis. The ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factor Domino is also required in this tissue for adult stem cell maintenance possibly by regulating the incorporation of His2Av into chromatin. Interestingly, although expression of His2Av was ubiquitous, its function was dispensable for germline and cyst cell differentiation, suggesting a specific role for this non-canonical histone in maintaining the stem cell state in these lineages.
Desensitization of 5-HT3 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes: dependence on voltage and primary structure.

The wild-type and a mutant 5-HT3 receptor were expressed in Xenopus oocytes to further explore how the rate of onset of desensitization of the 5-HT3 receptor was dependent on membrane voltage and primary structure of the channel. The rapid application of serotonin (5-HT; 50 microM) in a Ca(2+)-containing (1.8 mM) bathing solution elicited inward currents that decayed rapidly and with a biphasic time course in most cases. For oocytes expressing the wild-type 5-HT3 receptor and held at a potential of -90 mV, the value of the fast time constant of decay (tau fast) was 0.79 +/- 0.3 s (n = 7), while tau slow was 16 +/- 3 s; the area of the decay phase contributed by tau fast (i.e., Afast) was 50 +/- 4% and Aslow was 38 +/- 5%, with a remainder (i.e., non-desensitizing component) of 12%. The kinetics of the decay phase were strongly voltage-dependent. At a holding potential of -30 mV, the desensitization decay phase was now monophasic, with a time constant of 14.0 +/- 3.1 s (n = 4). Mutating the leucine at position 286 of the wild-type 5-HT3 receptor to threonine (i.e., mutant L286T) resulted in desensitization kinetics that were biphasic at all membrane potentials tested and with a rate of decay that was not voltage dependent. Therefore, desensitization is a multifaceted and complex process, whose rate of onset depends in part to membrane voltage and primary structure of the ion channel.
A Divergent Look at Adoption: Implications for Family Counselors

Adoption has significantly added to the landscape ofpossiblefamily forms. Despite general support for adoption by the public and its continued occurrence, adoption research has recently been described as falling short of meeting 30-year-old challenges to broaden the research base on adoption (Barth, 1994). Herein are described recent research efforts on adoption and implicationsforfamily counselor practice.
Proton and Pion Spectra from Proton-Proton Interactions at 10, 20, and 30 BeV/c

The secondary proton and pion spectra from proton-proton interactions have been measured over nearly the entire momentum range and over a wide range of laboratory angles. Most of the data are at an incident-proton momentum of 30 BeV/c.The proton spectra were transformed into cross sections in terms of ${{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{*}$ and ${{p}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}^{*}$ all in the c.m. system. These cross sections were found to be largely independent of ${{p}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}^{*}$ and an empirical fit was obtained quite similar to one derived by Hagedorn using a statistical model. The pion spectra were also expressed in terms of ${{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{*}$ and ${{p}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}^{*}$ and found to be different from the proton spectra by showing a marked dependence on ${{p}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}^{*}$.
Deformation of the charge-density wave by electric fields in K0.3MoO3.

We report high-resolution x-ray-scattering experiments on the quasi-one-dimensional charge-density-wave material blue bronze. At low tempertures, a dc electric field applied along the chain direction causes the superlattice peaks to split in a direction perpendicular to the chain direction. The possible origin of this effect is discussed
Storage rings for investigation of ion-atom collisions

In this survey, we give a brief description of synchrotron storage rings for heavy ions, and examples for their use in ion-atom collision physics. The compression of the phase space distribution of the ions by electron cooling, and the gain factors of in-ring experiments compared to single-pass experiments are explained. Some examples of a new generation of ion-atom collision experiments which may become feasible with storage rings are given. These include the studies of angular differential single- and double-electron capture cross sections, the production of slow highly charged recoil ions, and atomic collision processes using decelerated and crossed beams.
Managing Food Allergies in Schools

Food allergies are estimated to affect as many as 8 % of children with 2.5 % being allergic to peanut products. Based on the results of recent surveys, this prevalence has been increasing over the last few decades for unknown reasons. As children with food allergies reach school age, the issue is becoming more common in schools. For that reason, schools are now required to be prepared to take responsibility for the safety of food-allergic students. This review discusses the common problems surrounding management of food allergies in the school setting along with reasonable recommendations for addressing those problems. The most important component of food allergy management is for the student to get an accurate diagnosis and to then discuss development of an anaphylaxis action plan with their health-care provider. Each school should insist that a copy of such a plan be provided for each student with food allergy and that epinephrine is readily available should a student have an anaphylactic reaction. In addition to epinephrine, it is essential that school personnel be properly trained to recognize and treat allergic reactions should they occur. Known deficiencies in school preparedness have been documented in previous literature, and consequently, both state and the federal government have begun to implement policies to help with school preparedness.
Mutagenic Mapping of the Na-K-Cl Cotransporter for Domains Involved in Ion Transport and Bumetanide Binding

The human and shark Na-K-Cl cotransporters (NKCCs) are 74% identical in amino acid sequence yet they display marked differences in apparent affinities for the ions and bumetanide. In this study, we have used chimeras and point mutations to determine which transmembrane domains (tm's) are responsible for the differences in ion transport and in inhibitor binding kinetics. When expressed in HEK-293 cells, all the mutants carry out bumetanide-sensitive 86Rb influx. The kinetic behavior of these constructs demonstrates that the first seven tm's contain all of the residues conferring affinity differences. In conjunction with our previous finding that tm 2 plays an important role in cation transport, the present observations implicate the fourth and seventh tm helices in anion transport. Thus, it appears that tm's 2, 4, and 7 contain the essential affinity-modifying residues accounting for the human-shark differences with regard to cation and anion transport. Point mutations have narrowed the list of candidates to 13 residues within the three tm's. The affinity for bumetanide was found to be affected by residues in the same tm 2-7 region, and also by residues in tm's 11 and 12. Unlike for the ions, changes in bumetanide affinity were nonlinear and difficult to interpret: the Ki(bumetanide) of a number of the constructs was outside the range of sNKCC1 and hNKCC1 Kis.
Pathophysiologic mechanisms of neuropathic pain

New animal models of peripheral nerve injury have facilitated our understanding of neuropathic pain mechanisms. Nerve injury increases expression and redistribution of newly discovered sodium channels from sensory neuron somata to the injury site; accumulation at both loci contributes to spontaneous ectopic discharge. Large myelinated neurons begin to express nociceptive substances, and their central terminals sprout into nociceptive regions of the dorsal horn. Descending facilitation from the brain stem to the dorsal horn also increases in the setting of nerve injury. These and other mechanisms drive various pathologic states of central sensitization associated with distinct clinical symptoms, such as touch-evoked pain.
Biofeedback and the placebo effect.

This article reviews the role of positive expectations, including those engendered by placebos, in symptom relief following medical and surgical procedures, and psychotherapy. Viewing biofeedback as instrument-aided psychotherapy, its procedures are considered in the light of their ability to mobilize the same healing forces as all forms of psychotherapy, with some implications for promising directions of biofeedback research.
Pelvic growth: Ontogeny of size and shape sexual dimorphism in rat pelves

The mammalian pelvis is sexually dimorphic with respect to both size and shape. Yet little is known about the differences in postnatal growth and bone remodeling that generate adult sexual dimorphism in pelvic bones. We used Sprague-Dawley laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus), a species that exhibits gross pelvic size and shape dimorphism, as a model to quantify pelvic morphology throughout ontogeny. We employed landmark-based geometric morphometrics methodology on digitized landmarks from radiographs to test for sexual dimorphism in size and shape, and to examine differences in the rates, magnitudes, and directional patterns of shape change during growth. On the basis of statistical significance testing, the sexes became different with respect to pelvic shape by 36 days of age, earlier than the onset of size dimorphism (45 days), although visible shape differences were observed as early as at 22 days. Males achieved larger pelvic sizes by growing faster throughout ontogeny. However, the rates of shape change in the pelvis were greater in females for nearly all time intervals scrutinized. We found that trajectories of shape change were parallel in the two sexes until age of 45 days, suggesting that both sexes underwent similar bone remodeling until puberty. After 45 days, but before reproductive maturity, shape change trajectories diverged because of specific changes in the female pelvic shape, possibly due to the influence of estrogens. Pattern of male pelvic bone remodeling remained the same throughout ontogeny, suggesting that androgen effects on male pelvic morphology were constant and did not contribute to specific shape changes at puberty. These results could be used to direct additional research on the mechanisms that generate skeletal dimorphisms at different levels of biological organization. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Non-metal element detection by radio-frequency glow-discharge optical-emission spectrometry (rf-GD-OES) for determination of sol-gel-immobilized nucleotides.

A new method is presented for qualitative and quantitative determination of non-metal elements present in organic analyte species immobilized in a sol–gel matrix. Nucleic acids were chosen as well-defined relevant biomolecules for which element ratios could be used for detection and identification. Solid, lyophilized powders of ribose-form nucleotides (AMP, ADP, and ATP) were immobilized/entrapped in a methlytrimethoxysilane (mTMOS) sol–gel matrix and monitored for P (I) 214.9 nm, C (I) 193.0 nm, O (I) 130.2, and N (I) 149.3 nm emission by radio-frequency glow-discharge optical-emission spectroscopy (rf-GD-OES). Using the sol–gel method, analytical blanks were obtained by use of un-doped sol–gels. Empirical formula calculations by use of P (I) and C (I), P (I) and N (I), and P (I) and O (I) emission response ratios demonstrate the versatility of the technique as an element and species-specific detector. Results show there is high correlation between phosphorus and oxygen emission responses and the extent of phosphorylation, demonstrating the capacity of the method to produce vital qualitative and quantitative information for the specific nucleotide. Absolute sub-nanogram detection limits were achieved for all the elements studied.
The Role of Case Management in Substance Abuse Treatment Services for Women and Their Children

Abstract Given that addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease, ongoing support services are considered a crucial part of preventing relapse and assisting clients in building the foundation for a drug-free life. Building on the substantial history of case management services with other at-risk client populations, drug treatment programs have begun to integrate case management services as an effective, cost-efficient method of delivering coordinated care. This article summarizes what managed care is, describes three conceptual models, discusses the primary functions of case management, and reviews various programs that have used case management for chemically dependent women and their children. Also included is a presentation of the results of a survey of 46 case managers involved in seven pilot sites of California's Options for Recovery (OFR) treatment program, which combines case management and drug treatment. More than 50% of the respondents had worked as case managers previous to joining OFR. Approximat...
Increase of Na-K-ATPase activity in renal cortex of hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) during pre-hibernation cold exposure

Abstract 1. 1. The specific activities of Na-K-ATPase and the related K-NPPase of kidney cortex was twice as great in hamsters that were hibernating in the cold (5°C) as in hamsters kept active at 23°C. 2. 2. The activities of four other membrane-bound enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and NADH diaphorase) remained unchanged with hibernation. 3. 3. Estimation of maximal sites available for phosphorylation indicated that the number of sites was similar in the Na-K-ATPase preparations from awake and hibernating hamsters. 4. 4. The activity of Na-K-ATPase began to increase when the hamsters were placed in the cold and progressed linearly for the next 30 days until they began to hibernate after which time it increased no further. 5. 5. Hamsters which failed to hibernate even after prolonged cold exposure did not show any increase in Na-K-ATPase or K-NPPase.
iNOS inhibitor 1400W improves microcirculation of denervated cremaster muscle following ischemia/ reperfusion

Introduction: Nitric oxide (NO) may play a predominant role in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, both in microcirculation and function. This study was designed to observe the effects of the selective inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, 1400W, on the microcirculation of denervated I/R skeletal muscles. Methods: Under anesthesia, the left cremaster muscles of 96 rats weighing 90 ‐110 g were isolated, opened, denervated, and spread onto a transparent acrylic microscope stage. 1400W was administered subcutaneously 10 min prior to reperfusion. Results: Following 3 hrs of ischemia, the mean blood flow of the muscle measured by using laser Doppler flowmetry was 30.2 6 16% of baseline in controls at 10 min and gradually increased to 67.4 6 32% by the end of 90 min reperfusion. In the 1400W group, mean blood flow reached 76.3 6 14% at 10 min and a maximum of 106.3% 6 18% at 50 min of reperfusion, with a significantly (p , 0.01) greater flow than those in controls at all time points with the exclusion of that at 60 and 90 min. Intravital microscopy examination showed the average diameters of 10 ‐70 mm arteries in controls were between 54% and 62% of baseline at 10 min and gradually increased to a maximum of 79 6 11% in 10 ‐20 mm, 73 6 14% in 21‐ 40 mm, and 85 6 3% in 41‐70 mm arteries at 90 min of reperfusion. In contrast, the diameter of 3 vessel categories in the 1400W group sharply increased to over baseline at 10 min and remained at this level throughout 90 min of observation. There was a significant (p , 0.001) difference in mean vessel diameter between the two groups at every time point. Data analyzed using ANOVA. Conclusions: 1) I/R results in an increase of iNOS activity and/or production in the reperfused tissues. 2) Selective inhibition of iNOS improves microcirculation in the reperfused tissue, thereby reducing I/R injury and improving the ‘no-reflow‘ phenomenon. Our data support an iNOS-mediated mechanism in I/R injury and indicate that the inhibition of iNOS in I/R injured muscle could have potential clinical benefit.
The preparation of 14β,18-cyclosteroids from n-desmethyl-n(20)-conene derivatives and 18-aminosteroids

Abstract 14β,18-Cycloprogesterone (VI) was prepared by deamination of Δ4,20(N)-3-oxo-18,20-iminopregnadiene (III). Deamination of 18-amino-5α-pregnane-3β,20-diol (VII) afforded 14β,18-cyclo-5α-pregnane-3β,20-diol (VIII).
Auditing firms are the natural rating agencies for balance sheet debt due to an informational advantage

There has been much criticism of credit rating agencies after the recent financial crisis. In this article, it is argued that the traditional rating agency is in an inferior position to auditors when it comes to the rendering of an opinion regarding the creditworthiness of balance sheet debt. The superiority of the auditor's position flows from the fact that auditors have unfettered access to any and all information that the auditee possesses, whereas the rating agency relies on a surface reading of the financial statements and responses by management to agency inquires. Given the auditor's going concern requirements, it is manifest that the auditor would be in a position to include a credit rating in the audit opinion. Moreover, currently auditors’ audit opinions are binary, that is, pass/fail, whereas in a rating environment the auditor would be rendering a nuanced opinion of the auditee. Ratings rendered by auditors would improve the information content and disclosure quality of financial statements.
A comparison of measured and calculated neutron inelastic scattering cross sections for vibrational states from 680 to 1060 keV in 238U

Abstract Neutron inelastic scattering cross sections measured via the TOF technique at Lowell are compared to theoretical calculations carried out at LANL for states in 238U from 680 to 1060 keV for incident neutrons up to 2.2 MeV.
Methods for evaluating in-stream attenuation of trace organic compounds

Wastewater treatment plants are often the most substantial contributor of trace organic compounds including pharmaceuticals, steroidal hormones, and surfactants to surface waters. Studying stream reaches below wastewater treatment plants provide valuable information on the environmental persistence of these compounds. Three methods for conducting field investigations to evaluate in-stream attenuation of trace organic compounds are presented: (1) using intrinsic tracers in wastewater, (2) environmental sampling coupled with dye studies to assess travel times between sample locations, and (3) Lagrangian sampling. Advantages and limitations of each method are discussed, along with key findings from several investigations.
Awareness of Green IT and its value model

This paper identifies a variety of components that influence the ways organizations assess the value of Green IT. A Green IT value model is proposed in this paper to depict the relationship among those components and their impacts over Green IT. This value model provides a framework for the IT industry to pursue the goal of environmental sustainability.
Stress and Social Hierarchy Rank in Coho Salmon

Abstract Dominance hierarchy was monitored over a 2-week period in triplicated groups of six parr of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by recording a variety of behavioral activities. Indices of stress were subsequently determined and compared with dominance statuses. Social position fell into three main categories: (1) the dominant fish; (2) two or three intermediate fish; and (3) two or three subordinate fish. Plasma cortisol concentration, interrenal nuclear diameter, and tail-beat frequency were lowest in the dominant fish and highest in the subordinate fish. Fish held alone had levels of plasma cortisol, interrenal nuclear size, and tail-beat frequency similar to those of the dominant fish. Hepatic glycogen varied directly with social position. It is plausible that dominance status is inversely related to a low-level, chronic state of stress in the fish, the dominant individuals being the least stressed.
Characterization of epitaxial SiGe thin films on Si: Analytical considerations

Epitaxial silicon-germanium (SiGe) thin films are being developed for a number of interesting applications. Potential uses include applications as fabrication layers for heterojunction bipolar transistor devices and a number of other novel electronic devices. For device applications, SiGe structures offer the potential for increased speed, bandgap engineering, rapid oxide growth and low processing temperatures. For electronic device applications, successful fabrication of SiGe films with the desired properties requires a thorough understanding of deposition, oxidation, interdiffusion and interface behavior