cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of nutritional lithium deficiency on behavior in rats.

To demonstrate whether nutritional lithium deficiency is associated with behavioral changes, male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on a lithium-deficient diet (Li content < .01 ppm). A lithium-deprived group, receiving drinking water containing 31 microM NaCl, were compared to a control group receiving drinking water containing 31 microM LiCl. Growth and general appearance were the same in both groups. However, lithium-deficient animals demonstrated decreased aggression in social interactions with other rats and also in response to handling. The phase of wheel-running activity was delayed by 0.8 h and exhibited decreased amplitude (p < .05). Other behaviors, including acquisition and retention of a passive avoidance response, were unaffected by lithium deprivation.
Followup of cocaine-dependent men and women with antisocial personality disorder

Long-term outcomes following drug treatment were examined for cocaine-dependent men (N = 453) and women (N = 254) with and without antisocial personality disorder (ASP). In-depth assessments were conducted at treatment intake in 1991-93 and at 1 and 5 years following treatment discharge. Overall, 47.2% of the males and 34.3% of females were diagnosed with ASP using DSM-III-R criteria derived from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. All groups reduced their cocaine, marijuana, and alcohol use; reduced their levels of psychological distress; and improved in functioning (e.g., employment, arrests, residential status). At Year 5 ASP was associated with an increased likelihood of heavy alcohol use and additional substance abuse treatment among men, whereas women with ASP were more likely to report psychological problems and to receive mental health treatment and other services than either women without ASP or men with ASP. The findings suggest the need to address the specific treatment needs of male and female cocaine abusers with ASP.
An improved colony hybridization method with significantly increased sensitivity for detection of single genes

By introducing a simple modification of existing methods, colony hybridization has been used to detect single copy genes coding for a heat-stable enterotoxin in wild-type strains isolated from patients with diarrhea. The modification described in this communication results in an approximately 100-fold increase in sensitivity, probably by increasing the total denatured plasmid DNA fixed to the paper.
Lack of ovarian steroid hormone regulation of norepinephrine transporter mRNA expression in the non-human primate locus coeruleus

Abstract Decreases in ovarian steroids can negatively affect mood, and drugs which block the norepinephrine transporter (NET) or the serotonin transporter (SERT) alleviate depression. However, the respective contribution of the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems may vary depending upon the etiology of the depression. We previously demonstrated that E and P alter gene expression for tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and for the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) in raphe neurons of the rhesus monkey. In this study, we questioned whether the noradrenergic system contributes to depression related to the reproductive function in women, using a non-human primate model of the menstrual cycle. The effect of estrogen (E) or E plus progesterone (P) on the expression of the NET gene in the locus coeruleus (LC) was examined with in situ hybridization for NET mRNA. In addition, we questioned whether the neurons of the LC contain nuclear E or P receptors (ER/PR). Hence, immunocytochemistry for ER and PR were performed on adjacent sections. Treatment groups consisted of monkeys ( n = 4 per treatment) which were ovariectomized/hysterectomized (spayed), E-treated (28 days) and E + P-treated (14 days E, +14 days E + P). Expression of mRNA for NET was unchanged at any level of the LC due to steroid treatment ( p > .05). Neither ER nor PR were detected in the LC of any treatment group. Therefore, E and P in a treatment paradigm which mimics the menstrual cycle do not directly regulate NET mRNA expression in the non-human primate LC. In addition, the noradrenergic neurons of the primate LC lack nuclear receptors for ovarian steroids. These data suggest that the noradrenergic system may not contribute significantly to depression related to changes in ovarian hormones.
The corrosion of materials in spallation neutron sources

Efforts to measure the real-time corrosion rates of alloy 718 during 800 MeV proton radiation at currents up to 1 mA are reported. Specially designed corrosion probes, which incorporate ceramic seals, were mounted in a water manifold that allowed samples to be directly exposed to the proton beam at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. The water system that supplied the manifold provided a means for controlling water chemistry, measuring dissolved hydrogen concentration, and measuring the effects of water radiolysis and water quality on corrosion rate. Real-time corrosion rate measurements during proton irradiation showed an exponential increase in corrosion rate with proton-beam current. These results are discussed within the context of water radiolysis at the diffusion boundary layer/beam-spot interface. However, additional factors that may influence these parameters, such as oxide spallation and charge build-up in the passive film, are not ruled out.
B29 Gene Silencing in Pituitary Cells is Regulated by Its 3′ Enhancer

Abstract B cell-specific B29 (Igβ, CD79b) genes in rat, mouse, and human are situated between the 5′ growth hormone (GH) locus control region and the 3′ GH gene cluster. The entire GH genomic region is DNase 1 hypersensitive in GH-expressing pituitary cells, which predicts an “open” chromatin configuration, and yet B29 is not expressed. The B29 promoter and enhancers exhibit histone deacetylation in pituitary cells, but histone deacetylase inhibition failed to activate B29 expression. The B29 promoter and a 3′ enhancer showed local dense DNA methylation in both pituitary and non-lymphoid cells consistent with gene silencing. However, DNA methyltransferase inhibition did not activate B29 expression either. B29 promoter constructs were minimally activated in transfected pituitary cells. Co-transfection of the B cell-specific octamer transcriptional co-activator Bob1 with the B29 promoter construct resulted in high level promoter activity in pituitary cells comparable to B29 promoter activity in transfected B cells. Unexpectedly, inclusion of the B29 3′ enhancer in B29 promoter constructs strongly inhibited B29 transcriptional activity even when pituitary cells were co-transfected with Bob1. Both Oct-1 and Pit-1 bind the B29 3′ enhancer in in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assay and in in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses. These data indicate that the GH locus-embedded, tissue-specific B29 gene is silenced in GH-expressing pituitary cells by epigenetic mechanisms, the lack of a B cell-specific transcription factor, and likely by the B29 3′ enhancer acting as a powerful silencer in a context and tissue-specific manner.
Color-Blind Racism in Post-Obama America: An Examination of Attitudes Toward Hurricane Katrina Evacuees in Houston, Texas

The issue of racism in America continues to be an important topic, particularly in reference to whether and to what extent it still exists and continues to impact the life chances of racial and ethnic minorities. This article examines Bonilla-Silva’s theory of color-blind racism within the context of attitudes of respondents in Harris County, Texas, toward the evacuees from Hurricane Katrina. Data from the 2006 and 2010 Houston Area Surveys are used to address whether color-blind racism frames impact citizen attitudes toward the evacuees and whether that impact differs pre- and post-Obama’s presidential election. The logistic and ordinal regression analyses reveal support for the impact of color-blind racism frames, particularly that of cultural racism, on attitudes toward the evacuees. Additionally, that impact, although stronger in the 2006 data, persists in 2010. Limitations and implications for future research are also discussed.
The control of fluid loss in long-segment Hirschsprung's disease.

Abstract Two children with total colonic aganglionosis, both of whom were in considerable trouble from fluid loss derived from short-circuiting ileostomies, had modified Duhamel procedures preserving a long segment of aganglionic rectum and colon to increase fluid absorption. By using an anastomosing stapling instrument, a long side-to-side ileorectal anastomosis can be made with no residual functional obstruction from the aganglionic bowel. The procedure can be carried out in a child of 3 months or less.
Virtual machines: a whole new world for performance analysis

This article addresses a problem of performance monitoring inside virtual machines (VMs). It advocates focused monitoring of particular virtualized programs, explains the need for and the importance of such an approach to performance monitoring in virtualized execution environments, and emphasizes its benefits for virtual machine manufacturers, virtual machine users (mostly, software developers) and hardware (processor) manufacturers. The article defines the problem of in-VM performance monitoring as the ability to employ modern methods and hardware performance monitoring capabilities inside virtual machines to an extent comparable with what is being done in real environments. Unfortunately, there are numerous reasons preventing us from achieving such an ambitious goal, one of those reasons being the lack of support from virtualization engines; that is why a novel method of 'cooperative' performance data collection is disclosed. The method implies collection of performance data at physical hardware and simultaneous tracking of software states inside a virtual machine. Each statistically visible execution point of the virtualized software may then be associated with information on real hardware events. The method effectively enables time-based sampling of virtualized workloads combined with hardware event counting, is applicable to unmodified, commercially available virtual machines, and has competitive precision and overhead. The practical significance and value of the method are further illustrated by studying a parallel workload and uncovering virtualization-specific performance issues of multithreaded programs.
Models for understanding the dynamics of organizational knowledge in consulting firms

Some consulting firms are implementing processes and technologies that transform individual experience into organizational knowledge, preserve it, and make it available to their employees. Advocates of knowledge management believe that these practices accelerate collective learning, improve competitiveness, and facilitate response to market changes. This paper uses a systems approach to understand knowledge management practices in the context of one prominent consulting firm. It incorporates influences that affect the firm and its ability to sustain knowledge, including staff departures, market shifts, and technological innovation. Knowledge managers must understand the dynamics imparted by these influences to ensure the future of the firm.
Effects of Burial and Soil Condition on Postharvest Mortality of Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Fallen Cotton Fruit

Effects of soil condition and burial on boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, mortality in fallen cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., fruit were assessed in this study. During hot weather immediately after summer harvest operations in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, burial of infested fruit in conventionally tilled field plots permitted significantly greater survival of weevils than in no-tillage plots. Burial of infested squares protected developing weevils from heat and desiccation that cause high mortality on the soil surface during and after harvest in midsummer and late summer. A laboratory assay showed that burial of infested squares resulted in significantly greater weevil mortality in wet than in dry sandy or clay soils. Significantly fewer weevils rose to the soil surface after burial of infested bolls during winter compared with bolls set on the soil surface, a likely result of wetting by winter rainfall. A combination of leaving infested fruit exposed to heat before the onset of cooler winter temperatures and burial by tillage when temperatures begin to cool might be an important tactic for reducing populations of boll weevils that overwinter in cotton fields.
Fungal Biotransformation of 6-Nitrochrysene

The fungus Cunninghamella elegans was used to biotransform 6-nitrochrysene, a mutagen that is a widespread environmental contaminant. After 6 days, 74% of the 3H-labeled 6-nitrochrysene added had been metabolized to two isomeric sulfate conjugates. These conjugates were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by UV-visible, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral techniques as 6-nitrochrysene 1-sulfate and 6-nitrochrysene 2-sulfate.
Probability distribution of steady-state errors and adaptation over networks

In this work, we derive a near-optimal combination rule for adaptation over networks. To do so, we first establish a useful result pertaining to the steady-state distribution of the estimator of an LMS filter. Specifically, under small step-sizes and some conditions on the data, we show that the steady-state estimator is approximately Gaussian and provide an expression for its covariance matrix. The result is subsequently used to show that the maximum ratio combining rule over networks, which is used to combine the estimators across neighbors within a network, is near optimal in the minimum variance unbiased sense. The result suggests a rule for combining the estimators within neighborhoods that can lead to improved mean-square error performance.
Geckos as Springs: Mechanics Explain Across-Species Scaling of Adhesion.

One of the central controversies regarding the evolution of adhesion concerns how adhesive force scales as animals change in size, either among or within species. A widely held view is that as animals become larger, the primary mechanism that enables them to climb is increasing pad area. However, prior studies show that much of the variation in maximum adhesive force remains unexplained, even when area is accounted for. We tested the hypothesis that maximum adhesive force among pad-bearing gecko species is not solely dictated by toepad area, but also depends on the ratio of toepad area to gecko adhesive system compliance in the loading direction, where compliance (C) is the change in extension (Δ) relative to a change in force (F) while loading a gecko’s adhesive system (C = dΔ/dF). Geckos are well-known for their ability to climb on a range of vertical and overhanging surfaces, and range in mass from several grams to over 300 grams, yet little is understood of the factors that enable adhesion to scale with body size. We examined the maximum adhesive force of six gecko species that vary in body size (~2–100 g). We also examined changes between juveniles and adults within a single species (Phelsuma grandis). We found that maximum adhesive force and toepad area increased with increasing gecko size, and that as gecko species become larger, their adhesive systems become significantly less compliant. Additionally, our hypothesis was supported, as the best predictor of maximum adhesive force was not toepad area or compliance alone, but the ratio of toepad area to compliance. We verified this result using a synthetic “model gecko” system comprised of synthetic adhesive pads attached to a glass substrate and a synthetic tendon (mechanical spring) of finite stiffness. Our data indicate that increases in toepad area as geckos become larger cannot fully account for increased adhesive abilities, and decreased compliance must be included to explain the scaling of adhesion in animals with dry adhesion systems.
Theory of pressure sintering of glass ceramic multichip carriers

A method of pressure sintering multilayer glass ceramic packages (MLC) that results in a hermetic product is described. Use of this process results in a reduced process time, and is achieved without the use of a die, which is commonly employed during pressure sintering. Complex glass ceramic multichip substrates have been sintered this way to produce products with a flat edge contour and minimal distortion of the internal vias. In this article, we present a model that provides the fundamental basis for the pressure sintering approach to processing MLC. In this semi-quantitative model, the mechanism of pressure sintering, i.e., the process of dimensional changes, is controlled by viscous flow induced by sintering, and lamination flow created by an applied pressure. The pressure sintering model is capable of predicting the flow, density, and dimensional changes of a glass ceramic carrier during pressure sintering in the absence of a die. Both the temperature and pressure schedules are time dependent, and the pressure can vary over a range from zero, corresponding to free sintering, to large pressures (up to at least 800 psi) that closely simulate experimental data.
Apparent activation energy of fused silica optical fibers in static fatigue in aqueous environments

Static fatigue of fused silica optical fiber is known to be caused by stress assisted reaction of silica with ambient moisture. Past studies have often been conducted in hot water to accelerate experiments compared with cooler vapor environment. However, changes in the pH of water with temperature has an important influence on the fatigue rate, but has been ignored in the literature. To study the effect of pH, static fatigue of fused silica fibers has been characterized over a range of temperatures in both distilled water and pH 7 buffer solution. The apparent activation energies were then obtained for the different environments. The silica fibers were found to fatigue faster in pH 7 buffer solution than in distilled water, and the apparent activation energy for fatigue was higher in pH 7 buffer. The difference in the results for the two environments can be understood in terms of the difference in their pH and how the pH varies with temperature.
The role of handedness in graphic production: Interactions between biomechanical and cognitive factors in drawing development

In this study, the interaction of biomechanical and cognitive factors in drawing development was explored. Children (4- to 6-year-olds) and adults copied four shapes (two familiar and two novel) six times alternating between their dominant and non-dominant hands (starting hand was counterbalanced). Similarity in the production sequences within and across hands was compared. The results suggest that production sequences are influenced by specific motor experiences yet highlight the importance of cognitive constraints on the drawing process.
Energy conscious online architecture adaptation for varying latency constraints in sensor network applications

Sensor network applications face continuously changing environments, which impose varying processing loads on the sensor node. This paper presents an online control method which adapts the architecture to minimize energy consumption while satisfying varying latency constraints. The method predicts processing load requirements over a finite time window and accordingly adapts the architecture. The behaviour of the hardware modules over time has been approximated with a Continuous Time Markov Process. Adaptive image processing for vehicle tracking was used as a case study for this approach.
Utilizing Physician Screening Questions for Detecting Anxiety Among Food-Allergic Pediatric Patients

Objective. To explore the utility of clinician screening for anxiety in pediatric food-allergic patients. Study Design. In Phase I, 39 patients completed an anxiety questionnaire while their allergists completed a companion questionnaire estimating their patient’s responses. Allergists then attended an educational workshop to improve their anxiety detection. In Phase II, following the workshop, questionnaires were completed by an additional 39 patients and their allergists. Results. The percentage of clinician questionnaires with a “do not know” response decreased from 70% to 5% after the workshop. Correlation between allergists’ and children’s responses remained nonsignificant (r = .314, P = .321) before the workshop and after (r = .303, P = .068) and only 25% of patients who reported elevated anxiety were identified. Additionally, clinicians expressed poor acceptability of the screening. Conclusions. After the workshop, clinicians did not more accurately detect anxiety and found the process intrusive. A...
Macrophage infiltration into the porcine corpus luteum during prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced luteolysis.

Although it has been reported that the number of macrophages increases in the pig CL at the time of luteolysis, the temporal association between this infiltration and the sequence of events involved in luteolysis has not been established. In the current study, single CL on an ovary of estrogen-treated pseudopregnant gilts were induced to undergo luteolysis after the introduction of prostaglandin F 2,, (PGF)-impregnated silastic implants on Day 13 (Day 0 = first day of estrus). Other CL on the same ovary were treated with implant material only (vehicle-implanted) or left unimplanted. At 6, 12, and 24 h after implant placement, CL were removed and progesterone concentrations as well as the number and location of macrophages within each CL were determined. Progesterone concentrations declined significantly (p < 0.05) by 12 and 24 h postimplantation in PGF-treated CL but not in vehicle-implanted or unimplanted CL. There was a significant influx (p < 0.05) of macrophages at 6 h in all implanted CL (PGF or vehicle-implanted) as compared with unimplanted CL. In PGF-treated CL, macrophage numbers progressively increased through 24 h. In contrast, although a macrophage influx also occurred in vehicle-implanted CL at 6 h, macrophage numbers progressively declined through 24 h. The simplest explanation for these data is that the initial rise in macrophage numbers at 6 h after CL implantation is a result of the implantation procedure itself. Further, the observation that most of the influx of macrophages occurred after the decrease in progesterone concentration in PGF-treated CL is consistent with their role in phagocytosis of cellular debris.
Autonomic and cellular mechanisms mediating detrimental cardiac effects of status epilepticus

Prolonged seizure activity (status epilepticus; SE) can result in increased susceptibility to lethal ventricular arrhythmias for an extended period of time following seizure termination. SE is accompanied by acute, intense activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SymNS) and results in myocyte myofilament damage, arrhythmogenic alterations in cardiac electrical activity, and increased susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias. However, the mechanisms mediating the changes in cardiac function, and the specific arrhythmogenic substrate produced during SE are unknown. To determine if detrimental cardiac effects of SE are mediated by SymNS stimulation of the heart, we examined the effects of B-adrenergic blockade (atenolol) during seizure activity on blood pressure, heart rate, myocyte myofilament injury (cardiac troponin I, cTnI), electrocardiographic activity, and susceptibility to arrhythmias. Furthermore, we determined if SE was associated with altered expression of the Kv4.x potassium channels, which are critical for action potential repolarization and thereby contribute significantly to normal cardiac electrical activity. Lithium-pilocarpine induced SE was associated with acute tachycardia, hypertension, and cardiomyocyte damage. Arrhythmogenic alterations in cardiac electrical activity accompanied by increased susceptibility to experimentally induced arrhythmias were evident during the first 2 weeks following SE. Both were prevented by atenolol treatment during seizures. Furthermore, one and two weeks after SE, myocyte ion channel remodeling, characterized by a decreased expression of cardiac Kv4.2 potassium channels, was evident. These data suggest that the cardiac effects of prolonged and intense SymNS activation during SE induce myofilament damage and downregulation of Kv4.2 channels, which alter cardiac electrical activity and increase susceptibility to lethal arrhythmias.
Public Scholarship in the Postmodern University.

This chapter argues that public scholarship can transcend the epistemological limitations of research universities by drawing on postmodern social theory and pragmatism in order to help solve social problems that too often expert knowledge itself has helped create.
Intracellular redox states under halothane and barbiturate anesthesia in normal, ischemic, and anoxic monkey brain

Cortical reflectance, mean arterial blood pressuees, electroencephalograms, and cortical blood flow were continuously recorded together with fluorescence of reduced pyridine nucleotides (PN) at various carbon dioxide tensions before, during, and following middle cerebral artery occlusion in 10 squirrel monkeys receiving halothane or babiturate anesthesia. Measurements were continued through a nitrogen breathing cycle and to death produced by anoxia. The anesthetic agent produced no detectable differences in PN fluorescence in cerebral tissue during ischemia and anoxia. The known cerebral protective action of barbiturates is apparently unrelated to the intracellular redox state.
Disruption of the myocardial extracellular matrix leads to cardiac dysfunction

MMP activity with disruption of structural collagen has been implicated in the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy. To examine the role of this enzyme in cardiac function, a transgenic mouse was created that constitutively expressed human collagenase (MMP-1) in the heart. At 6 months of age, these animals demonstrated compensatory myocyte hypertrophy with an increase in the cardiac collagen concentration due to elevated transcription of type III collagen. Chronic myocardial expression of MMP-1 produced loss of cardiac interstitial collagen coincident with a marked deterioration of systolic and diastolic function at 12 months of age. This is the first animal model demonstrating that direct disruption of the extracellular matrix in the heart reproduces the changes observed in the progression of human heart failure.
Teaching Ethics and Values: A Survey of Graduate Public Affairs and Administration Programs in the U.S.

the Future of America, professors and college presidents committed themselves to strengthening the character of their students thereby contributing to "an educated class committed to a principled life in the service of society" (1990, 66). By World War II, moral education on America's campuses had largely given way to the competing claims of Darwinism, Marxism, and science. The decades following World War II witnessed the spectacular growth and eventual dominance of "big" science and its stepchild, technology. The social sciences, including political science, pursued the holy grail of science with fierce determination, if not reckless abandon. While moral and
The Personnel and Ideology of Public Relations

Analysis of the personal histories of 132 public relations men shows that as a group they share many of the characteristics of the "verbalizing professions," although they also have several distinguishing features. In addition, content analysis of twelve leading publications on public relations provides a number of themes which make up the ideology of the profession. This article thus helps to sketch in the objective portrait of the public relations man, together with the subjective image which he has regarding his work. The author is a member of the staff of the Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
Observation and physical practice: different practice contexts lead to similar outcomes for the acquisition of kinematic information

This study differentiated the contributions of physical and observational practice to the learning of a single-limb multi-joint coordination pattern. Three groups (physical-practice, observation-practice, observation-physical) practiced for 2 days and were given two performance tests 24 h after the second practice session. The performance tests revealed that physical and observational practice contributed similarly to identifying and using kinematic information related to the relative motion direction between joints (lead/lag relationship) and to the to-be-learned relative phase pattern (ϕ = 90°). Physical practice resulted in more stable coordination during performance tests and in the ability to produce different joint amplitudes with less variability. A serendipitous finding was that maximum elbow flexion (point of movement reversal) emerged as a kinematic event around which elbow and wrist coordination were organized. Movement reversals often serve to anchor the movement dynamics, and this anchoring effect was evident following both physical and observational practice, yet physical practice resulted in an advantage with regard to this anchor point on several kinematic measures. The results are discussed within the context of contemporary behavioral theories (coordination dynamics, visual perception perspective) of observational learning.
Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Studies of the Marine Nitrogen Cycle

The marine nitrogen cycle is a complex web of microbially mediated reactions that control the inventory, distribution, and speciation of nitrogen in the marine environment. Because nitrogen is a major nutrient that is required by all life, its availability can control biological productivity and ecosystem structure in both surface and deep-ocean communities. Stable isotopes of nitrogen and oxygen in nitrate and nitrite have provided new insights into the rates and distributions of marine nitrogen cycle processes, especially when analyzed in combination with numerical simulations of ocean circulation and biogeochemistry. This review highlights the insights gained from dual-isotope studies applied at regional to global scales and their incorporation into oceanic biogeochemical models. These studies represent significant new advances in the use of isotopic measurements to understand the modern nitrogen cycle, with implications for the study of past ocean productivity, oxygenation, and nutrient status.
Analysis of CYP1A1/1B1-independent benzo[a]pyrene DNA-adduct formation in human lung cancer cells by LC-MS

A47 There is substantial evidence to suggest that environmental carcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are able to induce lung cancer through metabolic activation. In order to understand the metabolic pathways of environmental carcinogens, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was used as a model compound. Activation of B[a]P by CYPs, specifically 1A1/1B1, to 7, 8-dihydroxy-9, 10-epoxy,7, 8, 9, 10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]PDE), is one of the most widely accepted pathways of metabolism. B[a]PDE is able to form stable, covalent adducts with DNA. H358, human bronchoalveolar, cells do not constitutively express CYP1A1/1B1; however, they can be induced with pre-treatment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorobenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). An unexpected increase in B[a]PDE-DNA-adduct formation was observed in cells that had not been subjected to TCDD pre-treatment. >Parental H358 and TCDD-induced H358 lung cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of TCDD before treatment with 2 μM (-)-B[a]P-7, 8-dihydrodiol. Inhibition experiments were performed on H358 cells by treatment with the CYP1 inhibitor, tetramethoxystilbene, and the CYP3A inhibitor, itraconazole. Liver cells lines, HepG2 and Hepa1c1c7 were treated with 2 μM (-)-B[a]P-7, 8-dihydrodiol with and without TCDD pre-treatment for comparison purposes. For all experiments, a stable isotope dilution, liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry (LC-MRM/MS) assay was used for the analysis of the four stable (±)-anti-B[a]PDE-derived deoxyguanosine (dGuo) DNA-adducts at various time points. >In H358 cells we found that increasing the TCDD concentration decreased DNA-adduct formation. These results were the opposite of what is typically observed in liver cell lines. In a separate experiment, H358 parental cells were pretreated with TMS, a known inhibitor of CYP1A1/1B1, before treatment with 2 μM (-)-B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol. DNA-adduct levels remained the same for each treatment, suggesting that levels of CYP1A1/1B1 enzymes were insufficient to account for the metabolism of B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol to B[a]PDE. Therefore, it is likely that another P450 expressed by the H358 cells is able to metabolize B[a]P and its metabolites to B[a]PDE. In vitro experiments using Supersomes® have revealed that most CYPs are capable of metabolizing (-)-B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol to B[a]PDE. Previous studies have shown that that CYP3A5 is present in lung cells. Inhibition experiments using the CYP3A inhibitor, itraconazole, showed a decrease in adduct formation. Therefore, CYP3A5 may be responsible for metabolism of (-)-B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol in the H358 lung cells. This work is supported by NIH grants 1R01CA130038, 5P30ES013508, 1F32ES016683, and 5R25CA101871.
Induction of Transdifferentiation in Pellet Cultured Tenocytes to Cartilaginous Phenotype under Cyclic Hydrostatic Pressure

This study was motivated, in part, by the well-known presence of fibrocartilage in regions of tendon that wrap around bone. These regions experience compressive as well as tensile stresses. We investigated the influence of cyclic hydrostatic pressure on the induction of fibrocartilaginous metaplasia in a non-cartilaginous cell source. Eight Achilles tendons were harvested from Wistar male rats and digested in collagenase solution to recover the cells, which were seeded into standard polystyrene flasks for pellet culture. Hydrostatic compression was employed as a mechanical stimulus to induce the changes in gene expression indicated by alteration of the phenotype of tendon to fibrocartilage. RT-PCR was carried out using GAPDH as a housekeeping gene. The results demonstrates that loading for 2 h caused initial 50% and 65% increases in the mean expression of aggrecan and type II collagen, respectively. This upregulation persisted for 24 h, by which time mean aggrecan and type II collagen expression were increased approximately 2 and 3-fold, respectively, relative to non-loaded controls. Expression of type I collagen in loaded samples was initially suppressed by 46% but had rebounded to 3-fold that of controls by 24 h. Expression trends in the long-duration experiment paralleled the initial response to 2 h loading, but differences were not statistically significant. Transmission electron micrographs from long-duration experiment reveal no obvious apparent differences in nuclei and cell organelles of each loaded and control tenocyte. Taken together, rat tendon fibroblasts subjected to cyclic hydrostatic compression displayed transient changes in gene expression associated with development of cartilaginous matrix, including increases in aggrecan and collagen type II mRNA and a suppression of collagen type I mRNA. Interestingly, collagen type II and aggrecan mRNA expression remained elevated 24 h later, while collagen type I expression had rebounded to exceed that of controls. Tenocytes pressurized for 7 days exhibited stable changes in gene expression that paralleled the initial transient change, suggesting possible transdifferentiation to a more cartilaginous phenotype.
Golden Gate Bridge Vibration Studies

Analysis of movement at ten locations on main and side spans of Golden Gate bridge; it is shown that oscillations are almost always symmetric with amplitude inhibited by sharply downward deflection of prevailing west wind as it passes over high hill before passing north side of span; installation of bottom lateral system to prevent recurrence of torsional motion.
Morse v. Frederick: History, Policy and Temptation

This short Essay, written for a First Amendment Center online symposium on the First Amendment jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas, examines Justice Thomas's concurring opinion in Morse v. Frederick, the 2007 "Bong Hits 4 Jesus" case. In that opinion he called for removing First Amendment protection for student speech and thus for overruling Tinker v. Des Moines School District, on the ground that, as originally understood, "freedom of speech" did not extend to student speech. The Essay raises preliminary questions about Justice Thomas's historical analysis, in particular his reading of nineteenth and early twentieth century cases that he views as demonstrating the lack of protection those courts had accorded student speech. It also examines whether Justice Thomas's originalism leads him more generally to eschew balancing tests in First Amendment cases, in favor of either near-absolute protection or complete lack of protection for speech. The Essay then considers how Justice Thomas's "absolutist originalism" dovetails with his views about the proper role of courts, at least when deciding constitutional cases. It concludes with some cautionary words about finding black-and-white distinctions in the common-law cases Justice Thomas uses as his primary evidence for the original understanding of the First Amendment's application to student speech.
Thoracotomy for colon and rectal cancer metastases.

Between 1978 and 1990, 23 patients underwent 35 thoracotomies for metastatic colorectal cancer. The pulmonary disease was diagnosed within an interval of 0 to 105 (average, 33.4) months after colon resection. Fifteen patients underwent a single thoracotomy; 12 patients had solitary lesions, and three patients had multiple nodules. Eight patients underwent multiple thoracotomies. The median survival following thoracotomy was 28 months; three-year survival was 45 percent, and five-year survival was 16 percent. Factors that had no significant bearing on survival included origin and stage of the primary tumor and patient age and sex. An interval before thoracotomy of three years had an impact on survival approaching statistical significance (P=0.17). Patients who underwent multiple thoracotomies had a significantly prolonged survival (P=0.04). Patients who underwent a single thoracotomy for a solitary lesion had a significantly prolonged survival compared with patients who had a single thoracotomy for multiple metastases. After thoracotomy, 14 patients eventually developed recurrent disease, which was confined to the lung in only four patients. Of these 14 patients, 11 subsequently died of cancer. We conclude that thoracotomy for metastatic disease should be considered when the primary tumor is controlled, the lungs are the only site of metastatic disease, and there is adequate lung reserve to withstand surgery. Survival following thoracotomy may be influenced by the interval before diagnosis, the number of pulmonary nodules, and the number of thoracotomies performed.
Conditions for Tether Collapse after Payload Separation of a Reusable Spinning Tether

Rotating tethers can be used for momentum transfer by releasing a payload from one end of the tether. The momentum transfer places the payload in a new orbit that can reach Geostationary Orbit (GEO), Lunar Transfer Orbit (LTO), or interplanetary trajectories from Low Earth Orbit (LEO). If the tether is to be reused, for electromagnetic propulsion or to place further payloads into orbit for example, then it is important that the tether not collapse from the stored spring energy of the tether. Analytical expressions are determined for a simplied tether system for the conditions under which collapse will occur in terms of end-body masses, tether properties, and rotation rate.
Immunologic Disorders of the Skin and Mucous Membranes

This article provides a practical approach to those dermatologic disorders in which an immunologic mechanism is involved in the pathophysiology. There is a brief discussion of evaluation and management for many of these disorders.
The Association of Physical Activity during Weekdays and Weekend with Body Composition in Young Adults

Physical activity (PA) is a key contributor in long-term weight management but there remains limited research on the association between weekly PA patterns and weight change. The purpose of the present study was to examine the prospective association between weekly PA patterns and weight change in generally healthy young adults. Anthropometric measurements, including dual X-ray absorptiometry, were obtained every 3 months over a period of one year in 338 adults (53% male). At each measurement time, participants wore a multisensor device for a minimum of 10 days to determine total daily energy expenditure and time spent sleeping, sedentary, in light PA (LPA), in moderate PA (MPA), and in vigorous PA (VPA). PA did not differ between weekdays and the weekend at baseline. Twenty-four-hour sleep time, however, was significantly longer during weekends compared to weekdays, which was associated with less time spent sedentary. Weight loss was associated with a significant increase in LPA at the expense of sedentary time during the weekend but not during weekdays. Regression analyses further revealed an inverse association between change in VPA during the weekend and body composition at 12-month follow-up. Taken together, these results suggest that weekend PA plays an important role in long-term weight management.
Single-Stage Three-Phase AC–AC Matrix Converter for Inductive Power Transfer Systems

A direct three-phase ac–ac matrix converter for inductive power transfer (IPT) systems with soft-switching operation is introduced. The proposed topology is expected to have a high reliability and extended lifetime due to the soft-switching operation and elimination of short-life electrolytic capacitors. The soft-switching operation will also reduce switching stress, switching loss, and electromagnetic interference of the converter. A variable-frequency control strategy based on the energy-injection and free-oscillation technique is used to regulate the resonant current, the resonant voltage, and the output power. With the use of reverse-blocking switches, the proposed converter can be built with a reduced number of switches (only seven), which will consequently increase the reliability and efficiency and reduce the cost of the converter. The converter operates in eight modes, which are described in detail. With the use of the proposed converter as the primary converter, simulation analysis and experimental implementations on a case study IPT system show that the current regulation control method can fully regulate the output current and output power around user-defined reference values, thus making it suitable for dynamic IPT applications, where the system has inherent variations.
Hydrogen production from steam reforming of bio-oil with C12A7-K_2O catalyst

C12A7-K_2O and C12A7-O~-were prepared as catalysts.Steam reforming of bio-oil to produce hydrogen was investigated with C12A7-O~-and C12A7-K_2O catalysts.It is found that the catalytic effect of C12A7-K_2O is better than that of C12A7-O~-.At 750 ℃,higher hydrogen yield of 63.7% is when(C12A7-K_2O) is used.The performance of the reforming catalyst can be evidently improved when potassium is intermingled into the catalyst.
Analysis on Antiregulation of PSS2A Model

According to deduction of theoretical model of PSS2A,there are no antirequlations in power system stabilizer which adopts acceleration power as input signal;However,angular velocity of input into PSS2A model configured in excitation system of units does not equal to that of generators but that of equivalent generators concluded from vector change and equivalent calculation.Therefore,there must be antiregulations in PSS2A model of actual units.Aiming at reactive power fluctuations of No.4 unit in Taishan power plant,the paper theoretically interprets reasons for reactive power fluctuations of No.4 unit and presents ways to judge normal PSS antiregulations and the contrariety through simulation calculation by BPA transient stability program.
Analysis of transcriptional regulation of the s38 chorion gene of Drosophila by P element-mediated transformation.

The initial generation of the pattern of mystacial vibrissae (whiskers) in the mouse is described. The maxillary process is present in 10-day embryos but has a relatively flat surface. Beginning at approximately 11·5 days, the first sign of vibrissal development is the formation of ridges and grooves on the maxillary and lateral nasal processes. The first vibrissal rudiment to form subsequently appears posterior to the most ventral groove on the maxillary process. It is the most ventral whisker of the posterior, vertical row. The next few rudiments appear: (1) dorsal to the first, also in the vertical row; and (2) anterior to the first, on the ventral-most ridge and in the groove beneath it. Formation of vibrissal rudiments continues in a dorsal and anterior progression usually by an apparent partitioning of the ridges into vibrissal units. The hypothesis that this patterning of mystacial vibrissae might be determined by the pattern of innervation in the early mouse snout was investigated. Nerve trunks and branches are present in the maxillary process well before any sign of vibrissal formation. Because innervation is so widespread there appears to be no immediate temporal correlation between the outgrowth of a nerve branch to a site and the generation of a vibrissa there. Furthermore, at the time just prior to the formation of the first follicle rudiment, there is little or no nerve branching to the presumptive site of that first follicle while branches are found more dorsally where vibrissae will not form until later. Thus, a one-to-one spatial correlation between nerve and follicle sites also appears to be lacking. The developmental changes in ultrastructure within the neurites of the trunks and branches as well as the apparent rearrangements of the nerve trunks suggest that early innervation of the snout is a labile phenomenon and that the vibrissal pattern begins to be established before the neural pattern is completely developed. The results indicate that vibrissal pattern formation is likely to be a complex process relying on the interplay of the cells and tissues involved, rather than on unidirectional instructions from neurons to other cell types.
The Developmental State, Civil Society, and Hydroelectric Politics in Brazil:

Can institutions foster greater environmental awareness in a developmental state? Can a policymaking process driven by “autonomous” bureaucrats include civil society and does this affect policy out...
Selling the Sex That Sells: Mapping the Evolution of Gender Advertising Research Across Three Decades

Advertising images pervade our everyday lives, bombarding us with snapshots of what we supposedly lack and what we need to fill the void. Images of idealized bodies, particularly female bodies, are some of the most dominant and pervasive messages produced by advertisers. Their pervasiveness has called forth popular and academic discourses foregrounding the crucial issue of how these images are implicated in the ongoing construction, negotiation, and maintenance of gender identities and social relationships between women and men. This chapter provides an intellectual history of gender advertising research across the past three decades by reviewing empirical and theoretical advances in the depiction, representation, and decoding of gender images in advertising. This evolution in intellectual work on gender and advertising reflects not only the historical location of academic research at different times and geographic locations, but also its often uneasy relationship to feminist politics. Finally, the curren...
Hybrid psychology as a human science

Resolving some major philosophical errors in relating behaviour to brain structures and processes can provide a firm foundation for a hybrid science that gives equal weight to both meaning making (...