cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visualizing and Improving the Robustness of Phase Retrieval Algorithms

Coherent x-ray diffractive imaging is a novel imaging technique that utilizes phase retrieval and nonlinear optimization methods to image matter at nanometer scales. We explore how the convergence properties of a popular phase retrieval algorithm, Fienup's HIO, behave by introducing a reduced dimensionality problem allowing us to visualize and quantify convergence to local minima and the globally optimal solution. We then introduce generalizations of HIO that improve upon the original algorithm's ability to converge to the globally optimal solution.
Absence of Goldstone bosons on the Bethe lattice

We discuss symmetry breaking quantum phase transitions on the oft studied Bethe lattice in the context of the ferromagnetic scalar spherical model or, equivalently, the infinite $N_f$ limit of ferromagnetic models with $O(N_f)$ symmetry. We show that the approach to quantum criticality is characterized by the vanishing of a gap to just the global modes so that {\it all} local correlation functions continue to exhibit massive behavior. This behavior persists into the broken symmetry phase even as the order parameter develops an expectation value and thus there are no massless Goldstone bosons in the spectrum. We relate this feature to a spectral property of the graph Laplacian shared by the set of `expander' graphs, and argue that our results apply to symmetry breaking transitions on such graphs quite generally.
A Denotational Definition of the VHDL Simulation Kernel

Abstract Increasing interest in product data exchange using ISO standard languages motivates the work described here. Standards are typically defined in natural language; this informality hinders data exchange of models described in disparate languages. Rigorous mathematical definition of the languages for data exchange should support reasoning about the correctness of transformations from one language to another. In addition, formal transformations provide the basis for provably correct automatic translation tools. A formal definition for a subset of the VHDL simulation kernel is developed here. The state corresponding to a behavioral description during simulation is formally defined, as are transformations over the state resulting from concurrent execution of processes. A contribution of this research is that it is a step toward enabling proofs that two architectural models have the same behavior.
Chromosome replication in Escherichia coli. 3. Segregation of chromosomal strands in multi-forked replication.

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of multi-forked replication in Escherichia coli growing in rich medium. This feature of chromosome replication may allow one to distinguish between symmetrical (Cairns' type) and asymmetrical (rolling circle) models of DNA replication. It can be expected that an asymmetrical replication, combined with the presence of several growing points on each chromosome, would result in an asymmetrical segregation of chromosomal material. I have studied, by quantitative autoradiography, the segregation of label in cells of E. coli B r labeled with a pulse of [3H]thymidine and grown in L broth for several generations. The results of this and similar experiments done at various growth rates indicated that: (I) E. coli cells growing with a doubling time of 20 minutes contain an average of two chromosomes with three growing points each, while at 30 minutes doubling time they contain 2.6 growing points per cell; these results agree with the predictions of the Cooper-Helmstetter model for DNA control in E. coli. (2) There is little breakage and exchange of chromosome sister strands in cells growing in liquid media. (3) The segregation of chromosome strands is symmetrical for three generations as predicted by the classical model but not by the rolling circle model. I conclude that, in E. coli, DNA is replicated by a symmetrical process and that the premature initiation takes place on the two daughter chromosomes at once.
A distributed greedy algorithm for connected sensor cover in dense sensor networks

Achieving optimal battery usage and prolonged network lifetime are two of the most fundamental issues in wireless sensor networks. By exploiting node and data redundancy in dense networks, and by scheduling nodes efficiently, minimum battery drainage is possible. In this paper, we focus on the problem of Minimum Connected Sensor Cover (MCSC), an NP-hard problem, and describe a distributed greedy algorithm to generate sub-optimal connected sensor covers for homogeneous dense static sensor networks. Our greedy algorithm is based on the notions of maximal independent sets on random geometric graphs, and on the structure of Voronoi diagram. We provide complexity analysis and bounds on the cardinalities of maximal independent sets (MIS) for our problem scenario, and derive an analytical expression for the size of the sub-optimal minimum connected sensor cover. We verify the bounds on the MIS using simulation.
The Number Systems

It is in fact quite difficult to construct—from first principles—a system of natural numbers in which the multiplication operation is workable.
Synthetic heat at mild temperatures.

"Synthetic heat", also known as the heat grill illusion, occurs when contact with spatially adjacent warm and cold stimuli produce a sensation of "heat". This phenomenon has been explained as a painful perception that occurs when warm stimulation inhibits cold-sensitive neurons in the spinothalamic tract (STT), which in turn unmasks activity in the pain pathway caused by stimulation of C-polymodal nociceptors (CPNs). The "unmasking model" was tested in experiment 1 by combining warm (35-40°C) and cool ( &#83 27°C) stimuli that were too mild to stimulate CPNs. After discovering that these temperatures produced nonpainful heat, experiment 2 was designed to determine whether heat could be induced when near-threshold cooling was paired with mild warmth, and whether lowering the base temperature for cooling would increase the noxious (burning, stinging) components of heat for fixed cooling steps of 1-3°C. Cooling by just 1°C from a base temperature of 33°C led to reports of heat on more than 1/3 of trials, and...
Use of lift to increase payload of unmanned Martian landers.

Use of lift to increase payload of unmanned Martian landing capsule, discussing approach corridor and capsule design
The Educational Benefits of a Ten-Week Home-Based Wild Bird Feeding Program for Children

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated a ten-week educational home-based program for feeding wild birds, intended to increase elementary school age children's knowledge about birds, especially those wild birds commonly encountered at outdoor home feeders. We measured changes from pre- to post-program in 65 seven- to 12-year old children's knowledge about wild birds, as well as in environmental attitudes. The goal was not only to increase bird knowledge in the target child but also to involve other family members in home-based nature education activities. After the program, seven- to nine-year old boys and girls showed significant gains in bird knowledge, but older children (10–12 years) did not significantly improve. Children's increased knowledge was positively associated with parental education. There was no systematic change in environmental attitudes. Parents identified family involvement as a particularly beneficial aspect of the program, and 90% of contacted families were still feeding birds one year after pr...
Sex differences in symbol-digit substitution task performance☆

Abstract Estes (1974) proposed that the superior performance of women over men on the Digit-Symbol Substitution subtest of the Wechsler scales was due to their greater ability to encode symbols verbally. Three forms of a symbol-digit substitution task were administered to 62 female and 96 male college students. The symbol sets of the three forms differed in the relative amount of figural and spatial orientational information. Women performed better than men on the form which used the Wechsler symbol set in which all symbols are figurally different and, presumably, most easily coded verbally. Men performed better than women on the form which had the greatest amount of spatial orientational information. Estes' hypothesis is supported by these findings.
Comparison of radioactive (32P and 35S) and biotinylated probes for detection of cytomegalovirus DNA.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA was detected in a dot-blot assay by hybridization to a DNA probe labeled with radioisotopes (32P or 35S) or biotin. Limits of detection were established for both the radioisotopically labeled DNA probes as well as the biotin-labeled probe. Hybridization of the radioisotopically labeled probes was detected by autoradiography and liquid scintillation while the biotin-labeled probe was detected after coupling to one of three enzymes (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or acid phosphatase). In addition, several different substrates were evaluated with the nonisotopic detection enzymes. Detection limits (and times for detection) were 1 pg (4 h) for 32P, approximately 1 pg (96 h) for 35S, 5 pg (1-3 h) for the phosphatases, and 25-50 pg for peroxidase. Thus, 32P-labeled probes appear to provide the best sensitivity whereas the avidin-linked phosphatases provide the best sensitivity among the nonisotopic detection systems.
On comparing an augmented algebraic vs a staggered predictor type implicit time integration stabilization technique of coupled hyperbolic/parabolic systems

Abstract Two stabilized implicit-implicit numerical solution techniques for solving strong, two-way coupled, linear, thermomechanics are compared. The first technique is a semi-algebraic, augmented procedure originally developed by Farhat et al. [An unconditionally stable staggered algorithm for transient finite element analysis of coupled thermoelastic problems. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 1990]. The second solution technique is a time-stepping numerical solution based upon a staggered predictor method similar to that of Zienkiewicz et al. [Unconditionally stable staggered solution procedure for soil-pore fluid interaction problems. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1988, 26, 1039–1055]. First, the motivation for solving coupled systems using staggered finite element techniques is presented. Next, the development of the numerical stabilization for the two implicit-implicit staggered algorithms is discussed. This is then followed by a comparison of numerical stability, consistency and efficiency for a specific class of thermoelastic problems. Finally, conclusions are drawn as to the effectiveness of solving parabolic/hyperbolic coupled systems using stabilized implicit-implicit staggered procedures.
Mechanistic elucidation and evaluation of biosorption of metal ions by grapefruit peel using FTIR spectroscopy, kinetics and isotherms modeling, cations displacement and EDX analysis.

BACKGROUND: The performance and mechanism of the biosorptive removal of Ni2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solution using grapefruit peel (GFP) as a new biosorbent was investigated by using different experimental approaches, such as potentiometric titration, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, chemical blocking of functional groups and concomitant release of cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) from GFP with metal (Ni2+, Zn2+) uptake. RESULTS: GFP removed Ni2+ and Zn2+ rapidly, with 84.73% and 92.46% of the equilibrium sorption being reached in 30 min for Ni2+ and Zn2+, respectively. The equilibrium process was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model, with maximum sorption capacity of 1.33 and 1.51 meq g−1 for Ni2+ and Zn2+, respectively. Release of cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) and protons H+ from GFP during uptake of Ni2+ and Zn2+ and EDX analysis of GFP before and after metal sorption revealed that the main mechanism of sorption was ion exchange. FTIR spectroscopy showed that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups were involved in the sorption of Ni2+ and Zn2+. Blocking of these groups revealed that carboxylic group was responsible for 78.57% and 73.31% of Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal, respectively whereas 22.63% and 28.54% was due to the hydroxyl group. The GFP could be regenerated using 0.1 mol L−1 HCl, with more than 98% metal recovery and reused for five cycles without any significant loss in its initial sorption capacity. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that GFP has promising potential for use as an efficient and cost-effective biosorbent for the removal and recovery of Ni2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solution. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at High Pressure

Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation measurements at high pressure provide unique information about the microscopic behavior of liquids. This article presents the principles of this technique; illustrates its usefulness by several specific examples of studies of molecular liquids, water, and supercritical dense fluids; and indicates the promising future of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at high pressure with examples of studies of chemical exchange and homogeneous catalytic processes.
TIMING OF CONCOMITANT BOOST IRRADIATION AFFECTS INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF INTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS

Purpose: In an effort to increase the therapeutic ratio of radiation therapy, so-called “nonstandard” irradiation regimens are being used more frequently. One such regimen, concomitant boost, entails giving a second daily fraction during part of the treatment course, thus reducing the total treatment time and decreasing the opportunity for tumor cell proliferation during treatment. The probability of tumor control is, therefore, increased for a given total dose. Timing of the boost, i.e., whether it is given early or late during the treatment course, affects both normal tissue and tumor response. Thii study assessed the influence of timing of a second daily boost on the development of intestinal radiation injury in a rat model. Methods and Materials: A functionally intact segment of distal ileum was sutured to the inside of the scrotum in 52 orchiectomlzed, male Sprague-Dawley rats. After a 3-week postoperative recovery period, the intestine contained in the “scrotal hernia” was irradiated. All rats received a total dose of 50.4 Gy, given over a 1Zday period as two different boost regimens, dally fractions of 2.8 Gy plus six concomitant boost doses of 2.8 Gy. The early boost group received the additional boost during the first 6 days and the late boost group received the additional boost during the last 6 days. The boost was given 6 h after the daily fraction. Groups of rats were sacrificed at 24 h (acute changes), 2 weeks (subacute changes), and 26 weeks (chronic changes) after the end of the irradiation schedule. Radiation injury was assessed by frequency of radiation-induced complications, histopathologlc radiation injury score, collagen content, and epithelial cytokinetics. Results: Radiation injury in the early boost group was significantly more severe than in the late boost @&l&t terms of incidence of complication and hlstopathologic injury. Relative collagen content of irradiated intestine was significantly increased in the early boost group when compared to the late boost group at 2 weeks and at 26 weeks. Irradiated intestine in the early boost group exhibited decreased labeling index at 2 weeks, whereas irradiated intestine in the late boost group exhibited normal labeling index and increased total crypt cellularity at 2 weeks. Conclusion: When small intestine has to be included in the treatment field during radiation therapy, concomitant boost should be given towards the end of the radiation schedule, after the onset of compensatory proliferation, to minimize the risk of subsequent complications. Concomitant boost, Small intestine, Radiation injuries, Rat, Radiation therapy.
The relationship between magnitude of electroshock stimulation and the effects of digitoxigenin, pentylenetetrazol and brain monoamine reduction on electroshock convulsive thresholds.

The effects of digitoxigenin (DIGT), pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), drug-induced brain monoamine reduction and combinations of these treatments on electroshock consulsive thresholds were studied in mice. The results demonstrate (1) the greater effectiveness of both monoamine reduction and DIGT in lowering electroshock thresholds as the severity of electroshock-activated convulsions increases and (2) the contrasting effects of DIGT and PTZ on electroshock thresholds, especially following brain monoamine reduction. Reserpine-induced brain monoamine reduction was associated with no change in the 6 Hz clonic threshold (lf-EST), intermediate decreases in the 60 Hz clonic threshold (EST) and the greatest decreases in the 60 Hz tonic threshold (MEST). Results obtained with p-chlorophenylalanine or α-methyl-p-tyrosine indicated that these effects of reserpine on electroshock convulsive thresholds (especially the MEST) were correlated with reduction in brain serotonin concentrations. A subconvulsant dose of DIGT, like reserpine, had no effect on the if-EST and caused a greater decrease of the MEST than the EST. Monoamine reduction was consistently associated with antagonism of this effect of DIGT. A subconvulsant dose of PTZ decreased all three electroshock thresholds equally. Monoamine reduction was associated with either no change or enhancement of this effect of PTZ. The results support the concept that at least part of digitoxigenin's action involves an interaction with central monoaminergic neurones activated by and functionally involved in the spread of seizure discharge.
The reinforcement-omission effect on fixed-interval schedules: Frustration or inhibition?

Abstract Both the frustration hypothesis and the temporal inhibition hypothesis can be applied to the reinforcement-omission effect on fixed-interval schedules. The two competing accounts make opposite predictions about the magnitude of the response elevation following stimuli presented in lieu of reinforcement, as a function of their similarity to reinforcement. The two positions were tested by comparing the responding of two pigeons on a fixed-interval schedule following nonreinforcement stimuli varying in number of common elements with the reinforcement event. Responding was found to be lowest following nonreinforcement events most similar to reinforcement, in support of the temporal inhibition account of the fixedinterval reinforcement-omission effect. The importance of the present test for studies of reinforcement-omission effects in other experimental situations was briefly discussed.
Regulation of Microtubule Assembly and Organization in Mitosis by the AAA+ ATPase Pontin

To identify novel proteins important for microtubule assembly in mitosis, we have used a centrosome-based complementation assay to enrich for proteins with mitotic functions. An RNA interference (RNAi)-based screen of these proteins allowed us to uncover 13 novel mitotic regulators. We carried out in-depth analyses of one of these proteins, Pontin, which is known to have several functions in interphase, including chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, and transcription. We show that reduction of Pontin by RNAi resulted in defects in spindle assembly in Drosophila S2 cells and in several mammalian tissue culture cell lines. Further characterization of Pontin in Xenopus egg extracts demonstrates that Pontin interacts with the gamma tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC). Because depletion of Pontin leads to defects in the assembly and organization of microtubule arrays in egg extracts, our studies suggest that Pontin has a mitosis-specific function in regulating microtubule assembly.
Physiological and behavioral responses of stonefly nymphs to enhanced limestone treatment of acid mine drainage

A new acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment system uses pulsed, fluidized beds of limestone, and carbon dioxide pretreatment of influent AMD, to enhance limestone neutralization of AMD. We conducted laboratory studies to evaluate the behavior and physiology of larval stoneflies (Pteronarcys proteus, Plecoptera) exposed to effluents produced by the treatment system. Survival, sodium balance, drift, and feeding responses by P. proteus to treated and untreated AMD were examined. P. proteus nymphs exhibited significant losses of whole body sodium in exposures to untreated AMD. Nymphs exposed to treated effluents experienced no loss of whole-body sodium. Nymphs exposed to untreated AMD showed elevated drift rates and depressed feeding rates relative to those of nymphs exposed to treated AMD, and to AMD-free controls. No significant differences in feeding or drift behavior occurred between nymphs exposed to treated effluents and those exposed to AMD-free controls. The treatment system, with and without CO2 pretreatment, provided water that was not toxic to the test animals, and that allowed normal behavioral and physiological function.
Ethanol interoceptive cue and sleep-time duration in HAS and LAS selectively bred rats

The drug discrimination paradigm was used to evaluate the effects of selective breeding for differential sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of ethanol. Tenth generation high alcohol sensitive (HAS) and low alcohol sensitive (LAS) rats were trained to discriminate between ethanol (0.6 g/kg, IP) and saline vehicle on a VR-5 schedule of reinforcement. The animals were tested with 0.15, 0.3, and 0.9 g/kg ethanol following 40, 50, and 60 training sessions. Sleep-time, tested before and following discrimination training, did not change for the HAS and LAS animals. Dose-response functions showed differences between the HAS and LAS phenotypes after 40 training sessions but not after 50 sessions or after 60 sessions.
Development of a performance assessment task and rubric to measure prospective secondary school mathematics teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge and skills

The purpose of this paper is to share a performance assessment task and rubric designed to assess secondary school mathematics preservice teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge and skills. The assessment task and rubric were developed in collaboration with five education faculty, four arts and sciences faculty, and four high school teachers over a period of one year. Over this period, the group met more than 15 times and designed an assessment task and rubric to measure secondary school preservice teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge and skills. The assessment task and rubric were piloted at the end of the year and extensively revised using the pilot data. The redesigned task and rubric were successfully carried out in the second and subsequent years. Other teacher education programs can benefit from this assessment of teacher candidates’ pedagogical content knowledge and skills.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist pretreatment did not decrease postoperative adhesion formation after abdominal myomectomy in a randomized control trial.

Objective To determine if 3 months of preoperative gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) treatment decreases postoperative uterine adhesions after open abdominal surgery for the removal of uterine fibroids. Design Prospective, randomized, clinical study. Setting A tertiary care medical center. Patient(s) Women of reproductive age with symptomatic uterine fibroids not amenable to hysteroscopic removal. Intervention(s) Twenty patients underwent an initial abdominal myomectomy followed by a second-look laparoscopy for evaluating uterine adhesions after random allocation to groups receiving either GnRH analog or placebo for 3 months before the initial surgery. Main Outcome Measure(s) Adhesion formation between treatment groups and by incision number and aggregate length. Result(s) Presurgical GnRH-a treatment did not decrease adhesion formation compared with placebo. For every additional centimeter of incision length, the total adhesion area over the uterine serosal surface increased by 0.55 cm 2 . The number of myomas removed and the number of incisions were positively correlated with total adhesion area. Conclusion(s) Preoperative treatment with GnRH-a for 3 months before open abdominal myomectomy did not decrease postoperative uterine adhesions. Following the standards of good surgical technique, adhesions are minimized with fewer and smaller incisions.
Interconnect scaling into the sub-10nm regime

Scaling of conventional interconnects faces two major challenges: increased effective copper resistivity at nano-scale linewidth, and degraded copper wire reliability at higher current density. Analysis shows that when the linewidth of Cu wire scales from 30 nm to 10 nm, the resistance per unit length increases by more than 10 times (wire aspect ratio =1) due to increased surface scattering and grain boundary scattering. Such significant wire resistance increase brings significant problems such as increased chip power consumption, and degradation of wire lifetime due to increased Joule heating. At smaller linewidth, wires also have to withstand a higher current density to deliver the same current. The higher current density shortens the wire electromigration lifetime and causes reliability concerns.Degraded wire conductivity and current carrying capability could potentially be a big problem for deeply scaled devices. The problems manifest themselves first in memory arrays where the wire linewidth must be kept narrow for high device density and the wire length must be kept long for high array efficiency. We studied the impact of Cu interconnect scaling on the write/read margin, energy dissipation, speed, and reliability of resistive cross-point memory array. Results show that performance degradations are strongly dependent on the memory device parameters and memory array sizes: ron (memory on resistance) below 100KΩ and array size > 1Mb lead to write margin 1pJ for wire size smaller than 20 nm. Also, in order to keep the maximum current density below the electromigration threshold of Cu, the programming current has to be engineered below 0.1μA for wire size
In vitro and in vivo binding of (E)-and (Z)-N-(iodoallyl)spiperone to dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 neuroreceptors

Apparent affinities (K{sub i}) of (E)- and (Z)-N-(iodoallyl)spiperone ((E)- and (Z)- NIASP) for dopamine D{sub 2} and serotonin 5-HT{sub 2} receptors were determined in competition binding assays. (Z)-NIASP (K{sub i} 0.35 nM, D{sub 2}; K{sub i} 1.75 nM, 5-HT{sub 2}) proved slightly more potent and selective for D{sub 2} sites in vitro than (E)-NIASP (K{sub i} 0.72 nM, D{sub 2}; K{sub i} 1.14 nM, 5-HT{sub 2}). In vivo, radioiodinated (E)- and (Z)-({sup 125}I)-NIASP showed regional distributions in mouse brain which are consonant with prolonged binding to dopamine D{sub 2} receptors accompanied by a minor serotonergic component of shorter duration. Stereoselective, dose-dependent blockade of (E)-({sup 125}I)-NIASP uptake was found for drugs binding to dopamine D{sub 2} sites, while drugs selective for serotonin 5-HT{sub 2}, {alpha}{sub 1}-adrenergic and dopamine D{sub 1} receptors did not inhibit radioligand binding 2 hr postinjection. Specific binding in striatal tissue was essentially irreversible over the time course of the study, and (E)-({sup 125}I)-NIASP gave a striatal to cerebellar tissue radioactivity concentration of 16.9 to 1 at 6 hr postinjection. Thus, (E)-({sup 125}I)-NIASP binds with high selectivity and specificity to dopamine D{sub 2} sites in vivo.
Root Colonization by Ericoid Mycorrhizae and Dark Septate Endophytes in Organic and Conventional Blueberry Fields in Michigan

Ericoid mycorrhizae are interfaces for nutrient exchange between specialized fungi and roots of blueberries and other ericaceous plants. Dark septate endophytes also associate with roots of the Eri...
Optimizing cardiothoracic surgery information for a managed care environment

The rapid change occurring in American healthcare is a direct response to rising costs. Managed care is the fastest growing model that attempts to control escalating costs through limitations in patient choice, the active use of guidelines, and placing providers at risk. Managed care is an information intensive system, and those providers who use information effectively will be at an advantage in the competitive healthcare marketplace. There are five classes of information that providers must collect to be competitive in a managed care environment: patient satisfaction, medical outcomes, continuous quality improvement, quality of the decision, and financial data. Each of these should be actively used in marketing, assuring the quality of patient care, and maintaining financial stability. Although changes in our healthcare system are occurring rapidly, we need to respond to the marketplace to maintain our viability, but as physicians, we have the singular obligation to maintain the supremacy of the individual patient and the physician-patient relationship.
Effect of the electron-phonon interaction on the subband structure of inversion layers in compound semiconductors☆

Abstract Recently electron inversion layers have been fabricated on a number of compound (principally III–V) semiconductors. Because of the polar nature of these materials, the effect of the electron-optical phonon interaction is expected to be significant. This has certainly been true in recent calculations of the ground state energy and equilibrium density of electron-hole liquids in a number of compound semiconductors [1]. We have calculated the subband structure of inversion layers in polar semiconductors. The starting point of our many-body calculation is the Hartree subband structure determined using a variational method described in ref. [2]. Using the Hartree wavefunctions as basis functions we have calculated the self-energy of the ground and first excited subbands to lowest order in the effective interaction. This interaction is the sum of Coulomb (direct and image) and electron-phonon terms which are screened by a dielectric function that includes both e-e and e-ph effects. The screening by inversion layer electrons has been treated in the plasmon-pole approximation. We have obtained the electron self-energy, the quasi-particle energy, and the subband separations as a function of inversion layer concentration for parameters corresponding to GaAs. The coupling of electrons to bulk phonons is considered. Our results are compared to those obtained using the simpler ϵ 0 ∗ approximation [1]. Here, explicit phonon terms are neglected, but the bare band mass is replaced by the polaron mass, and the high frequency dielectric constant (ϵ ∞ ) is replaced by the static dielectric constant (ϵ 0 ). This approximation has been applied to the electron-hole liquid for situations in which the optical phonon frequency is larger than the electron plasma frequency. The idea behind the ϵ 0 ∗ approximation is to account in a very rough way for vertex corrections to the electron-phonon interaction. A principal criticism of our dynamic RPA calculations is the neglect of vertex corrections in the effective interaction. In three-dimensional metallic systems (high density), Migdal's theorem applies and vertex corrections are small. However, it is not clear that we may neglect such corrections in inversion layers. This point will be discussed further.
Measuring Impacts of High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lane Operations on Light-Duty-Vehicle Emissions: Experimental Study with Instrumented Vehicles

High-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) lanes on urban highways have long been proved to increase the efficiency of highway operations, as measured by person throughput, vehicle occupancy, travel time, speed, and reliability. Operational measures of effectiveness, such as speed and travel time, for HOV facilities are superior to general purpose (GP) lanes, in which predominantly single-occupancy vehicles operate. Few studies have attempted to study the emissions on HOV facilities vis-a-vis their GP lane counterparts. In this research, differences in vehicle emissions between HOV lane and GP lane facilities were measured with portable emissions sensors. Several hundred miles of on-road emissions data were collected by vehicles instrumented with portable emissions-monitoring systems (PEMSs) operated in HOV and GP lanes during peak hours in the metropolitan Washington, D.C., area. Data were collected at HOV facilities with buffer separation and at HOV facilities with barrier separation (limited-access lanes). Experimen...
A quantitative evaluation of the influence of the lithosphere on the anomalies of gravity

Abstract A quantitative investigation is made of the influence of a strong elastic lithosphere on departures from isostasy. Isostasy is shown to be a special case of a more general principle that may be called the principle of isobaric equilibrium. This principle which expresses the condition for vertical equilibrium is formulated quantitatively both in terms of the resultant vertical stresses in the lithosphere and in terms of measurable gravity anomalies. Employing the principle, a stress function may be determined that permits an estimate of the fraction of the uniform superposed load carried by the lithosphere. By applying this method, it is found that for the central region of a block to be in substantial isostatic adjustment (96 per cent.), the linear dimension of the load must approximate characterizing the elastic deformations of the lithosphere is determined by appeal to geological data from deltas and regions near a thrust fault. The values so obtained suggest a value of 50 ± 15 Km. for the effective thickness of the lithosphere. The deformed figures of the lithosphere for certain special types of load have been worked out together with the stress function that measures both the gravity anomaly and the resultant vertical stress.
Effects of environmental and strain differences on EEG and behavioral measurement of sleep.

Two strains of rat were subjected to chronic behavioral and electrographic studies of sleep. The effects of the following variables were assessed: time of day, adaptation to recording chamber, and individual versus group recording conditions. Other than the already well-documented diurnal effect, none of these factors appeared to influence sleep. It is suggested that sleep in the laboratory rat is more stable and intrinsically controlled than in some other species. Comparisons of EEG and simultaneous but independent visual observations of sleep were also made. It was found that with certain limitations, sleep patterns can be assessed by means of visual observation without benefit of EEG measurements.
Multicriterion selection of wastewater management alternatives

Multicriterion decision‐making (MCDM) techniques are used to analyze a multiobjective wastewater management problem in order to select an appropriate management scheme. A specific case study consisting of 15 alternative management schemes is evaluated with respect to 12 noncommensurable, discrete criteria, using three different MCDM techniques; compromise programming (CP), cooperative game theory (CGT), and ELECTRE I. The case study is the Nogales International Wastewater Management Project, which treats wastewater coming from the twin cities of Nogales, Arizona and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico. The problem is formulated in a multicriterion context in terms of objectives, specifications, criteria, criterion scales, and construction of an evaluation matrix that consists of the alternative versus criteria array. Analyses of the matrix using the MCDM techniques result in selecting the most satisfying alternative in the case of CP and CGT and narrowing the choice to a few non‐dominated alternatives (here, two) in ...
Mediolateral Joint Powers at the Low Back Among Persons With Unilateral Transfemoral Amputation

Abstract Objective To analyze mediolateral joint powers at the low back during gait among persons with and without unilateral transfemoral amputation to better understand the functional contributions of tissues in and around the low back to altered lateral trunk movements in this population. Design Retrospective analysis of biomechanical gait data. Setting Gait laboratory. Participants Twenty persons with unilateral transfemoral amputation and 20 uninjured controls (N=40). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Net joint powers, and total generation (+) and absorption (−) energies, at the low back (L5/S1 spinal level) were analyzed in the frontal plane using inverse dynamics analyses on over-ground gait data collected at self-selected walking speeds (∼1.3m/s). Results Compared with uninjured controls, 4 distinctly larger positive phases of mediolateral joint power at L5/S1 were evident in persons with transfemoral amputation, occurring before and after each heel strike. Total generation energies throughout the gait cycle were also larger ( P Conclusions Larger positive phases of joint power at L5/S1 in the frontal plane support previous suggestions that persons with transfemoral amputation use a more active mediolateral trunk movement strategy, although such an active trunk movement strategy with transfemoral amputation may contribute to higher metabolic energy expenditures and low back pain risk.
Structural performance and design evaluation of HPS 70W bridge girders

Abstract An evaluation of the behavior of bridge girders containing HPS 70W high performance steel is conducted. The basis for this study is a three-span replacement bridge in Gaffney, South Carolina which utilizes HPS 70W girders within all negative moment regions. The study consists of in-situ measurements, which are currently in progress, experimental tests, and analytical investigations. Three half-scale specimens, each with different bracing and stiffener configurations, are tested in the structures laboratory at USC under monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. This paper presents results from analytical and experimental investigations and focuses on the strength performance of the girders. Studies on fatigue performance and in-situ measurements and long term monitoring are the subjects of subsequent papers. Data obtained from laboratory tests is used for the evaluation of the structural performance and the calibration and validation of computer models for design evaluations. Parametric studies through computer simulations are conducted to evaluate alternate designs. The findings of this study indicate that improved structural performance may be obtained when location of bracing is optimized and fabrication imperfection tolerances are minimized. Furthermore, the findings indicate that a similar level of structural performance at reduced cost is achieved when hybrid designs are specified in place of homogeneous HPS 70W cross sections.
What is Dada

It has become a cliche that Dada is “nihilistic”, “destructive”, “negative”. Such generalized descriptions trivialize the very specific and penetrating attack on post-Renaissance Humanist culture undertaken by Dada and obscure the movement's positive aspirations. This article hopes to rectify this imbalance and falls into three sections: In the first part, the five main points of the Dada critique of culture will be enumerated and discussed; in the second part, the essential nature of the Dada etat d'esprit will be described and the metaphysic implicit in several of the major Dadaist writers discussed; in the third part, the assumptions behind the production of Dada artefacts will be identified and their paradoxical status as the simultaneous embodiments of critique and remedy established. This article will move across national boundaries and between the literary and visual products of Dada.
Acute cardiorespiratory compromise in two adolescents following basiliximab therapy during living-related renal transplantation

Basiliximab (Simulect, Novartis, Summit, New Jersey) is a chimeric human/mouse antibody specific for the interleukin II receptor expressed on activated T lymphocytes. Initial experience has demonstrated it to be an effective immunosuppressive agent for patients undergoing renal transplantation. To date, there are limited reports regarding adverse effects following its administration. We present two patients who received intraoperative doses of basiliximab and who subsequently developed cardiorespiratory compromise during living-related renal transplantation. One patient developed post-operative non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema while the second patient developed myocardial dysfunction manifested by hypotension, bradycardia and asystole. Although a direct causal relationship cannot definitively be proven, other etiologies for the cardiorespiratory compromise were ruled out and the most likely etiologic factor was thought to be basiliximab.
Electronic Transport in Strontium Titanate

The conductivity and the Hall and Seebeck coefficients of reduced and doped strontium titanate were measured over the temperature range 4.2-300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. An average effective mass of about 10 ${m}_{0}$ was deduced from these experiments. This value agrees well with the results of a recent energy-band calculation for SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ based on a tight-binding approximation. Phonon-drag contributions to the Seebeck coefficient appear to be negligible above 50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Such a result is expected in view of the very small heat conductivity reported by Sievers.
Angiotensin II suppresses Na+ currents in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.

Abstract We investigated the effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) on the voltage-dependent Na + channel currents ( I Na ) recorded from bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells (BCCs) under whole-cell voltage clamp. Angiotensin II reversibly reduced the peak I Na in a dose-dependent fashion. Inhibition was observed at a concentration of 1 n M (6.3 ± 1.4%, mean ± SEM) and r a maximum at 1 μM (35 ± 3.8%), with a half-maximal effect at 11.6 n M . The ANG II-induced inhibition resulted from a reduction in peak conductance (control, 7.2 ± 0.7 nS; ANG II 4.3 ± 0.5 nS; p I Na . In addition, the V 1 2 and k values, two parameters that describe the voltage dependence of I Na for both steady-state activation and inactivation, were not affected by ANG II. The response to ANG II (1 μ M ) had a delay and attained maximum inhibition in 0.9 ± 0.2 min ( n = 10). Recovery from the effect was slow and took 3.5 ± 0.8 min ( n = 10) after the application of ANG II had been terminated. The inhibitory effects of ANG II were effectively blocked by a specific ANG II receptor antagonist, [Sar 1 ,Val 5 ,Ala 8 ]ANG II. The present study demonstrates that ANG II inhibits voltage-dependent I Na + channel currents in BCCs via a specific receptor-coupled mechanism. The prolonged time course of the ANG II response indicates a possible involvement of second messenger(s) mediating this inhibition.
Allergy in surface lesions of the oral mucosa.

Abstract Although a fantastic array of research techniques has been employed in the investigation of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, there has been a relative lack of interest in delayed hypersensitivity during the years prior to clinical transplantation activity. This is difficult to understand, since apparently the same mechanism of direct antigen-lymphocyte interaction which results in the lesions of contact allergy, the auto-allergic (autoimmune) diseases, and transplantation phenomena also serves a protective function in host defenses against viral, fungal, protozoal, and many bacterial diseases. Thus, the humoral antibodies which may be formed against pathogens capable of intracellular survival and proliferation are of only limited effectiveness against these pathogens which do succumb to an intact delayed hypersensitivity response.
Smooth muscle and parasympathetic nerve terminals in the rat urinary bladder have different subtypes of α1 adrenoceptors

Neurally evoked contractions and release of (3)H- acetylcholine (ACh) during electrical field stimulation were measured in rat urinary bladder strips. The alpha(1) agonist phenylephrine (PE, 2-8 microM) increased the amplitude of neurally evoked contractions, facilitated the release of ACh and increased the baseline tone of the bladder strips. The PE-induced facilitation of the contractions did not significantly change during a prolonged exposure to PE (120 min), whereas the PE-induced rise in baseline tone gradually decreased to 65% of the initial value. Low concentrations of specific alpha(1A) antagonists, 5-methyl urapidil (5-MU), REC15/2739 and WB-4101 competitively inhibited the facilitation of the neurally-evoked contractions (pA(2:) 8.77; 9.59 and 9.62, respectively), whereas higher concentrations of 5-MU (IC(50): 48 nM) were required to suppress the PE-rise in baseline. WB-4101 (100 microM) inhibited the PE-induced facilitation of ACh release. The irreversible alpha(1B) antagonist chloroethyl-clonidine (CEC, 10-50 microM) inhibited the PE-evoked rise in base line tone, but did not affect the PE-induced facilitation of the neurally evoked contractions nor the facilitation of ACh release. However, CEC increased the area and amplitude of the neurally-evoked contractions by 261+/-33 and 47.2+/-8.4%, respectively. Atropine significantly inhibited the CEC evoked increase in area and amplitude of the electrically evoked contractions (76.5+/-4.8 and 40.8+/-3%, respectively) indicating that CEC facilitated the cholinergic responses of the electrically stimulated bladder strips. It is concluded that alpha(1A) and CEC sensitive alpha(1B) and/or alpha(1D) adrenoceptors are expressed in the rat bladder in different locations. On the cholinergic nerve terminals alpha(1A) adrenoceptors mediate prejunctional facilitation, whereas postjunctional alpha(1B)/alpha(1D) adrenoceptors mediate smooth muscle contraction.
The α‐subunit of the mitochondrial F1 ATPase interacts directly with the assembly factor Atp12p

The Atp12p protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the assembly of the F 1 component of the mitochondrial F 1 F 0 ATP synthase. In this report, we show that the F 1 α‐subunit co‐precipitates and co‐purifies with a tagged form of Atp12p adsorbed to affinity resins. Moreover, sedimentation analysis indicates that in the presence of the F 1 α‐subunit, Atp12p behaves as a particle of higher mass than is observed in the absence of the α‐subunit. Yeast two‐hybrid screens confirm the direct association of Atp12p with the α‐subunit and indicate that the binding site for the assembly factor lies in the nucleotide‐binding domain of the α‐subunit, between Asp133 and Leu322. These studies provide the basis for a model of F 1 assembly in which Atp12p is released from the α‐subunit in exchange for a β‐subunit to form the interface that contains the non‐catalytic adenine nucleotide‐binding site.
Further results on the performance of energy detector over generalized fading channels

Cognitive radio network requires an efficient and effective means of detecting holes in the spectrum. Energy detection is one of the solutions that have been proposed for enabling opportunistic spectrum access. In this article, we present yet other simplified unified approaches to the analysis of performance of the energy detector under different fading channels. One is based on the kth order derivative of the moment generating function (MGF) of the fading channel and the other is based on the kth moment of the output SNR of the receiver of energy detector. Both methods are derivatives of two complementary alternative series representations of Marcum-Q function using the Laguerre polynomial recently developed by [12]. Due to its faster rate of convergence, we employ the form with kth derivative of MGF of SNR of fade distribution in our computational analysis. However, the same proposed framework is easily applicable to the form requiring kth moment of SNR of fading channel. The method presented is applicable to common multipath fade distribution (e.g., Rayleigh, Rice and Nakagami-m channels) and composite multipath/shadowing fade distribution. It also has the capability of providing results for fractional fading index, m and half-integer time-bandwidth product, u. Selected numerical results are also provided for the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) of single channel, MRC and SLC diversity energy detectors over Rice channels.