cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arabidopsis thaliana Atvsp is homologous to soybean VspA and VspB, genes encoding vegetative storage protein acid phosphatases, and is regulated similarly by methyl jasmonate, wounding, sugars, light and phosphate.

The soybean vegetative storage proteins, VSPα and VSPβ, are acid phosphatases that accumulate to very high levels in hypocotyls, young leaves and flowers and pods. The genes encoding the soybean VSP are activated by jasmonate, wounding, sugars and light and down regulated by phosphate and auxin. In this study, expression of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene (Atvsp) encoding a protein homologous to soybean Vspα and Vspβ, was examined and compared to expression of the soybean Vsp genes. Atvsp mRNA was present at high levels in flowers and buds and at low levels in roots, stems, leaves and siliques. Expression of Atvsp in leaves could be induced by wounding or by treatment of illuminated plants with methyl jasmonate and sucrose. Roots of plants with wounded leaves also accumulated Atvsp mRNA indicating that this gene can be regulated by a transmissible wound signal. Phosphate partially inhibited expression of Atvsp. Arabidopsis proteins of 29 and 30 kDa crossreacted with antibodies against soybean VSP. These proteins were very abundant in flowers and the proteins accumulated in leaves and roots of plants treated with methyl jasmonate. The level of these proteins in flowers was similar to the levels of soybean VSP in young soybean leaves. Overall, these data indicate that Arabidopsis Atvsp and soybean VspA/B genes are regulated similarly and that in both plants, the gene products can accumulate to high levels. This suggests that genes homologous to VspA/B may be of greater general significance than previously recognized.
Segregated Soldiers: Military Training at Historically Black Colleges in the Jim Crow South Marcus S. Cox. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013.

Segregated Soldiers: Military Training at Historically Black Colleges in the Jim Crow South Marcus S. Cox. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013.In 1863, encouraged by the Emancipation Proclamation, freed slaves joined the ranks of the Union Army en masse. Abolitionist leader and former slave Frederick Douglass saw this development as inevitable in the context of a war predicated on the problem of slavery in America. "To fight for the Government in this tremendous war," Douglass wrote, "is to fight for nationality and for a place with all other classes of our fellow citizens" (Douglass' Monthly, April 1863). Within a decade of the war's end, the promise of national fellowship had eluded millions of freed slaves, including veterans and families of those who had fought and died for the Union cause. The former Confederacy had begun the process of restoring white supremacy in the South, while the North looked on. As the long era of Jim Crow dawned, Frederick Douglass found that the sacrifices of a generation of African Americans had been forsaken. Despite guarantees of citizenship, black southerners were "in a condition but little above that in which they were found before the rebellion" (Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, 1892). With this betrayal as a backdrop, historian Marcus S. Cox examines the enduring popularity of black military education in the South after the Civil War. Segregated Soldiers reveals a surprising commitment among southern blacks to the value of military training and service during the Jim Crow era, a period in which the South-with both the implicit and explicit cooperation of the federal government- was committed to black subordination.At the heart of Segregated Soldiers is the argument that African American military education inside Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) has, for over a century, played a central role in the southern black freedom struggle. This is an especially valuable contribution to the existing literature on African American culture. Civil Rights scholars, as Cox accurately asserts, rarely handle the dynamic impact of black soldiers and veterans on the evolution of the movement (with some notable exceptions, including Charles Payne's I've Got the Light of Freedom (1995) and Leon F. Litwack's How Free Is Free? (2009). And, although institutional histories of HBCUs have revealed the significance of the military within black higher education, these works have failed to consider how this training might fit within the broader context of the culture of black activism. …
Properties and Performance of A Rotary Scanning FTIR

The Perkin-Elmer 1700 Series FTIR Spectrophotometers* use a Michelson Interferometer in which the optical path difference is generated by rotary rather than linear motion as described by Sternberg and James'. The relative alignment of the interfering wavefronts is unaffected by any motion of the rotating assembly in all six degrees of freedom, while the OPD is generated by rotation about one axis. This configuration eliminates any need for dynamic alignment during scans and gives exceptional long term stability.
Juvenile social play and yearling behavior and reproductive success in female Belding’s ground squirrels

Benefits of play behavior have been described for individuals during the juvenile period; however, it is less clear whether benefits of juvenile play commonly extend beyond the period of juvenile development. I evaluated possible associations between juvenile social play and yearling maternal territorial behavior and reproductive success in female Belding’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi). Higher rates of juvenile social play were associated with greater intensity of territorial aggressive and vigilant behavior during gestation but not later phases of the yearling reproductive cycle, suggesting that both juvenile play and later experience may influence maternal territorial behavior in yearling females. Juvenile social play was also a reliable predictor of whether a yearling female successfully weaned a litter, raising the possibility that juvenile play behavior influences yearling reproductive success via effects on maternal territorial behavior in female U. beldingi. Other factors were also related to reproductive success in yearling females. Body mass at the beginning of the yearling reproductive period was not correlated with juvenile social play but was associated with the likelihood of successfully weaning a litter. Yearling females whose mother was still alive were more likely to wean a litter than those whose mother was not alive. Mothers and yearling daughters tended to have maternal territories near each other, and mothers with a surviving yearling daughter expressed aggressive behavior at elevated rates and directed aggression toward intruders on the daughter’s territory. Overall, results of the study suggest that juvenile social play is among the variables that influence maternal territorial behavior and reproductive success in yearling female U. beldingi, and are consistent with the idea that juvenile play has benefits beyond the juvenile period for female U. beldingi.
Contextual and cultural risks and their association with family asthma management in urban children.

This study examines the association between caregivers’ perceptions of home and neighborhood safety on family asthma management in the context of cultural risk factors (e.g., discrimination and acc...
Linearization and adjoint of parameterized moist diabatic processes

The problems related to the development and applications of an adjoint model for a nonlinear model that has discontinuities in the governing equations are discussed in this study. We examine the hypothesis that a useful tangent linear model and its associated adjoint model can be developed for such a nonlinear model by using the reference state to determine the regimes associated with the discontinuities. Our nonlinear and linear experiments for the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research regional forecast model show that linearization of moist diabatic parameterizations is feasible using this method, but significant errors may be expected in the regions where transitions are frequent and associated with large tendency changes due to the model's moist diabatic parameterizations. We conclude that the tangent linear model and its associated adjoint model would be more accurate for a nonlinear model that has more well-behaved regime transitions. We suggest that nonlinear tests similar to the analysis shown in this study be performed prior to developing these linear models. If these tests show high nonlinearity due to regime transitions as a consequence of model deficiencies, we recommend first improving the nonlinear model before performing the linearization. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1993.0012.x
A three-dimensional passage flow analysis method aimed at centrifugal impellers

Abstract A partially parabolic procedure is developed to analyze three-dimensional viscous flows through curved ducts of arbitrary cross-section. The procedure, eventually aimed at centrifugal impeller analysis, incorporates a finite-volume method using a strong conservation form of the parabolized Navier-Stokes equations written in arbitrary curvilinear coordinates. Cartesian velocity components and pressure are used as dependent variables. A solution is achieved through pressure corrections which influence velocity semi-implicity. The basic physical elements associated with centrifugal impellers are considered. Laminar flow through 90° bent square duct, turbulent flow in low-aspect-ratio diffusers and subsonic compressible flow through an accelerating rectangular elbow are calculated. Turbulence is accounted for using the k − ϵ turbulence model. Good correlation between the predictions and experimental data was achieved.
Redefining Queer: Women’s Relationships and Identity in an Age of Sexual Fluidity

This paper examines ways some women work to define their sexual identities outside of or between traditional binary categories today. How does one’s own gender and the gender of one’s sexual and relationship partners through the life course affect the creation and maintenance of a sexual identity? Does our current system of sexual categories fit women’s experiences and identities? This study looks at women’s sexual experiences through an examination of female sex store patrons. Using Anthony Giddens theories of the pure relationship and plastic sexuality and ideas from queer theory alongside qualitative data about women’s sexual and relationship experiences, this paper sheds light on relationship and identity choices some American women are making today around their sexuality and provides new views on identity maintenance, gender, and sexual relationships.
A Synthesis of the Theorems of Hadamard and Hurwitz on Composition of Singularities.

The two well-known classical theorems on composition of singularities due to Hadamard' and Hurwitz2 one would expect to be interrelated in some way. In fact, Professor Hille has drawn my attention to this possibility in connection with my earlier paper on composition of singularities.3 The purpose of this paper is to prove the following theorem which contains, as special cases, the two theorems referred to above. THEOREM. Let the function q(x, u) = (au + bx + c)/(a'u + b'x + c') depend both on x and u. Assume the following inequalities
Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons in two dimensions

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is shown to exist for a noninteracting system in two dimensions, provided that the single-particle energy levels have a discrete spectrum below the continuum of extended states. This BEC, unlike that for three-dimensional Bose gases, possesses off-diagonal order only of finite range, and is thus not in violation of the Hohenberg theorem. The observation of such a BEC in the transport properties of excitons moving on the heterointerface of a type-II semiconductor superlattice is suggested, bearing in mind the fact that the random potential fluctuations would give rise to localized states on such surfaces.
Case studies on the efficacy of expansions and subject-verb-object models in early language intervention

This study evaluated the effectiveness of two early language interventions. Five toddlers (three with current specific expressive language delays and two with a history of expressive language delay) were randomly assigned to a subject-verb-object (SVO) intervention, which targeted increasing SVO productions or a short expansion (SE) intervention, which targeted increasing mean length of utterance (MLU). All children made gains in their targeted goals and did not show gains in their control goals. The rate and extent of change as a result of intervention varied across children and may be explained by factors specific to the child and the intervention procedure.
Soliton solutions of the massive thirring model

Abstract The one-soliton solutions of the Sine-Gordon equation are used to construct exact classical solutions of the massive Thirring model. They explicitly realize the correspondence suggested by Coleman for the two quantum theories. Their uniqueness and stability properties are discussed.
IR detectors with adaptive responsivity and wavelength

Microbolometers and other thermal detectors have traditionally been limited to seeing objects in a broad wavelength band at a single sensitivity. Recent advances in interface heat transfer and optical cavity design promise to change that. In this paper, we present recent work on thermal infrared detectors with tunable responsivity and wavelength. First, we demonstrate that extended dynamic range in thermal detectors can be achieved by electrostatically bringing a portion of the detector support structure in contact with the substrate. The exact amount of heat transfer can be controlled by adjusting the contact area and pressure. The thermal conductance and responsivity can be switched more than an order of magnitude using this technique. Next, we demonstrate that a wavelength tunable device in the LWIR can be achieved by modifying the structure of a microbolometer to incorporate a modified Gires Tournois optical cavity. The cavity couples light at a single wavelength into the microbolometer while other wavelengths are rejected. We demonstrate that resonance can be tuned from 8.7 to 11.1 mm with applied voltages from 0 to 42 V. The FWHM of the resonance can be switched between around 1.5 mm in a narrow-band mode and 2.83 mm in a broad-band mode.
The impact of cancer and quality of life for post-treatment non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivors.

Objective—Recent work suggests that perceptions of the impact of cancer on survivors’ lives are associated with physical and mental health and quality of life (QOL) outcomes. This study examines the association between the Impact of Cancer version 2 scales (IOCv2) and these outcomes in a large sample of survivors of adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Methods—Participants completed a mailed survey to assess physical and mental health (SF-36), cancer-specific quality of life (FACT-G) and perceived impact of cancer (IOCv2). Hierarchical multiple regression models, in which demographic, clinical, psychosocial and IOCv2 measures were added sequentially, were employed to evaluate their contribution to explaining variance in SF-36 and FACT-G scores. Results—A total of 652 post-treatment NHL survivors participated. Survivors with comorbidities and negative appraisals of life threat and treatment intensity reported worse physical and mental health and QOL (all P<.05). After controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics, younger respondents reported better physical but worse mental health and QOL (all P<.01). Lower IOCv2 Negative Impact (all P<.001) and higher Positive Impact (all P<.05) scores were associated with better physical and mental health and QOL after controlling for demographic, clinical and psychosocial characteristics. Conclusions—Findings suggest that perceptions of cancer’s impact on survivors’ lives may influence or be influenced by health status and functioning and QOL. Longitudinal research is needed to establish causality, which could lead to the development of interventions targeting survivors’ impact of cancer concerns, and ultimately to the enhancement of overall health and QOL.
Treatment of a Class I malocclusion with a carious mandibular incisor and no Bolton discrepancy

Occasionally orthodontists must plan treatment for a patient with extensive caries or a traumatic injury to one mandibular incisor. If the patient has a Bolton discrepancy, one treatment option could involve extraction of the affected mandibular incisor. However, if the patient does not have a Bolton discrepancy and a mandibular incisor is extracted, the treatment becomes more complicated. This case report will present and discuss the ramifications of extracting one mandibular incisor in a patient without an anterior tooth-size discrepancy. The CDABO Student Case Selection Committee chose this case for publication.
Treatment of proximal interphalangeal dorsal fracture-dislocation injuries with dynamic external fixation: a pins and rubber band system.

Purpose Unstable, dorsal, intra-articular, fracture-dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint can be difficult to treat and often lead to long-term pain, stiffness, and functional deficit. We present the outcomes of patients sustaining such injuries that were treated by a novel dynamic external fixator. This fixator uses a system of K-wires and rubber bands that maintains a concentrically reduced PIP joint while allowing for early motion. Methods Fourteen patients with unstable, dorsal fracture-dislocation injuries of the PIP joint were treated between September 2001 and January 2006. Eight were available for follow-up evaluation at an average of 26 months. We measured PIP range of motion and grip strength, and assessed pain on a visual analog scale. Demographic information about the original injury was recorded. New radiographs were obtained to assess joint congruency and the presence of arthritis or articular step-off deformity. Results In the 8 patients available for follow-up evaluation, the average motion of the affected PIP joint was from 1° (range 0° to 5°) to 89° (range 75° to 110°). Grip strength was 92% (range 71% to 110%) of the unaffected hand. The average score on the visual analog pain scale was 0.6 (range 0–1.5). There were few complications. Radiographs at follow-up evaluation showed a concentric reduction in all joints, but with evidence of a small step-off deformity or arthritis in 5 patients. Conclusions The dynamic external fixator studied is an effective method of treating unstable, dorsal fracture-dislocation injuries. Outcomes compared favorably with those of other similar devices studied in the literature. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Increased US prescription trends associated with the CDC Bacillus anthracis antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis campaign

Purpose We evaluated national outpatient antimicrobial prescription trends in relation to the first United States case of inhalational anthrax due to the intentional delivery of Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) spores. Methods We queried IMS HEALTH's National Prescription Audit Plus7™ database for two 6-month periods (July–December) in 2001 and 2000 to describe outpatient prescription trends of antimicrobials recommended during the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) postexposure prophylaxis campaign. Results Overall, antimicrobial utilization for the referent 6-month time frame was greater in 2000 compared to 2001. In contrast, ciprofloxacin utilization was greater in 2001 during October, the month following the index case, increasing by more than 40% over utilization in October 2000. Similarly, doxycycline utilization increased by 30% during October/November. This corresponded to relative increases in US utilization for ciprofloxacin of approximately 160 000 prescriptions for the month of October and for doxycycline of approximately 96 000 prescriptions during October and 120 000 prescriptions for November. Conclusions We conclude more widespread prescribing of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline occurred in response to the first US bioterrorist-associated anthrax attacks than was warranted based upon confirmed or suspected B. anthracis exposure alone. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of inviscid vortex breakdown in a semi-infinite pipe

Axisymmetric vortex breakdown in a steady, inviscid, incompressible flow in a semi-infinite circular pipe is considered analytically. We suggest a new perception of vortex breakdown and compare ours with other approaches. In our view, vortex breakdown occurs due to solution nonuniqueness in some range of inflow parameters when the entire steady flow experiences a jump to another metastable steady state with the same boundary conditions. These co-existing solutions are smooth along the pipe length; they have the same mechanical energy but, in general, different flow forces. Vortex breakdown necessarily occurs by a continuous change in flow parameters (usually the swirl number) when the solution fails to exist (locally) because of fold or similar catastrophe, but spontaneous jumps (in some range of parameters) between different metastable solutions (not on a fold) can also be caused by large flow perturbations. The folds can appear due to transcritical bifurcation, which is destroyed (in the case considered here) by the injection of azimuthal vorticity into the vortex core at the pipe entrance. A high level of the entrance swirl leads to separation zones (even for solid-body inflow!) where the steady flow is undetermined. We find that the nonuniqueness interval in parameter space is connected with the flow pattern inside the separation zone. We consider models for dealing with two such flow patterns: the traditional analytic continuation (leading to a recirculation zone) and a new stagnant separation zone model. We reveal serious defects of the analytic continuation approach. The stagnation zone model is superior in that solutions always exist and, for large enough inflow swirl, exhibit nonuniqueness and folds, thus explaining the experimentally observed hysteretic jump transitions in vortex breakdown. We also predict some new phenomena, which deserve experimental investigation.
Pore Size Measurements and Some Age-Related Changes in Human Alveolar Bone and Rat Femur

Pore size was not changed and bone density was consistently decreased in alveolar bone from patients with periodontal disease. Bone density increased with age in normal alveolar bone, and lacunar-canalicular volume decreased with age in both normal and diseased alveolar bones. Normal rat femur showed similar age-related changes.
Head Tracking for Real-Time Motion Correction in the MRI Environment Using a Single Camera

An optical head tracker for the MRI environment is reported. The system utilizes a single ccd camera, DSP and a 3 dimensional fiducial to realize real time 6-DOF motion measurement at rates of 10 Hz.
Italian-American Immigrants and Religious Conversions

In spite of significant efforts by American Protestants in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to convert the huge influx of Italian immigrants, their results were disappointing for a variety of theological, psychological and sociological reasons. This confluence of immigration, religious conversion and mission has received scant attention, even though it offers an object lesson for contemporary immigration and conversion studies.
Talking brains: a cognitive semantic analysis of an emerging folk neuropsychology:

What is the influence of neuroscience on the common sense way we talk about behavior and mental experience? This article examines this influence and the diffusion of neuroscience terms as it appears in everyday language that reflects shared cultural knowledge. In an unsolicited collection of speech acts and metaphors I show that the word “brain” often substitutes for “mind” and brain states are often asserted as the cause of mental states. I also present several examples of visual depictions of the brain, including modern brain scans, which have become the basis for new cultural symbols that are identified with mental experience. Taken together, the linguistic and visual brain metaphors highlight the concrete nature of the brain in contrast to the abstract nature of the mind. This, in turn, provides a physical dimension to the way we conceptualize mental phenomena in ordinary language. Thus, a modern folk neuropsychology is emerging which provides an alternative, reductionist, and sometimes competing netw...
Preferential stimulation of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons by nicotine

Abstract The effect of intravenous (i.v.) nicotine on the single unit activity of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons was studied in rats under either local or general anesthesia. Nicotine (50–500 μg/kg) produced a dose-related increase in the firing rate of nigral pars compacta DA cells (A9), up to 25% above baseline, irrespective of the preparation. The same range of doses was more than three times as effective on ventral tegmental area DA cells (A10) in rats paralyzed and given a local anesthetic. By contrast, the majority of these cells were temporarily depressed in deeply anesthetized animals. All of the above effects were reversed and prevented by i.v. mecamylamine suggesting the involvement of nicotine-cholinergic receptors. Moreover, after nicotine-induced stimulation, low doses of i.v. apomorphine inhibited the firing rate similar to controls indicating that dopamine receptors are not directly involved in the nicotinic action. The results suggest that acute nicotine shares with other drugs of abuse the characteristic of being more effective in stimulating A10 than A9 neurons.
Climbing test to measure gross motor development in monkeys

This report describes an apparatus, protocol, and coding procedure to quantify gross motor skills in infant Macaca nemestrina, and presents data obtained from this system. The apparatus consists of a 1.8-m-tall Plexiglas tube extending from the top of a standard stainless steel cage. Animals climb the tube to reach a food reward. Measures of climbing ability included time and number of contacts with the tube. Data were collected on 336 climbs to the highest level (1.5 m) on eight normal infants. Three subjects began training at two months of age, three began at three months, and two began at four months. Exploratory data analysis revealed that Time Up was the best measure due to low variability between and within subjects, high motivation of the subjects to reach the food reward, and ease of measurement. Though this pilot study is based upon a limited sample size, two-month-olds were consistently slower and more variable than the three- and four-month-olds. Relatively few sessions are required to train the subject and obtain measures of a subject's motor ability. The advantages of the climbing tube are that it is inexpensive to operate, provides a large amount of data, and appeals to the subject's natural propensity to climb. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The HIV-1 tat protein enhances E2-dependent human papillomavirus 16 transcription

Epidemiologic studies show an association between infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human papillomavirus (HPV) associated anogenital disease. To investigate possible molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 modulation of HPV expression, we studied the effect of an HIV-1 regulatory protein, tat1, on gene expression directed by the upstream regulatory region (URR) of HPV type 16 (HPV 16). HPV 16 URR-directed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) expression driven by the native HPV 16 promoter (P97) was increased in the presence of tat1 alone. Tat1 also reversed E2-mediated repression of P97-directed CAT expression. E2 mediated CAT expression with URR constructs containing the SV40 promoter was enhanced when tat1 and E2 were cotransfected. Using a cervical carcinoma cell line (SiHa), E2 enhancement of URR-directed gene expression was elevated in the presence of extracellular tat1 or during cocultivation with HIV-1-infected cells. These results show HIV can modulate HPV gene expression in cell culture and that the increased rate of HPV-associated cervical disease in asymptomatic HIV-seropositive women may result from HPV-HIV molecular interactions.
Relaxed circular SV40 DNA as cleavage intermediate of two restriction endonucleases

Abstract We have determined the mode of cleavage of superhelical SV40 DNA (Form I) by restriction endonucleases EcoRI and HpaII at 37 degrees C. By analysis with agarose gel electrophoresis and direct examination with dark field electron microscopy, we found that a large amount of the single-nicked circular DNA (Form II) was produced before the linear SV40 DNA (Form III) appeared. Thus, both restriction enzymes cleave only one strand of the superhelical DNA first. The second cleavage on the complementary strand occurred after a lag period. The first order rate constant for the second cleavage by EcoRI endonuclease was determined and a kinetic reaction scheme for both enzymes is proposed.
Analysis of the pattern of initiation of sustained ventricular arrhythmias in patients with implantable defibrillators.

Initiation of Sustained Ventricular Arrhythmias. Introduction: The purpose of this study was to analyze the pattern of initiation of sustained ventricular arrhythmias in patients with varying types of underlying structural heart disease. Methods and Results: The study group consisted of 90 patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Cardiovascular diagnoses included coronary artery disease in 64 patients (71%). The patients were divided into four groups based on the type and severity of structural heart disease. Two hundred sixty episodes of sustained ventricular arrhythmias were analyzed. The mean coupling interval of the initiating heat of all ventricular arrhythmias was 523 ± 171 msec. The coupling interval of the initiating beat was longer in patients with impaired ventricular function, particularly those with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. The prematurity index was similar regardless of the type of underlying structural heart disease. However, the prematurity index was shorter in patients with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) compared to those with monomorphic VT. A pause was observed more commonly before the onset of polymorphic VT/ventricular fibrillation than sustained monomorphic VT. Two hundred twenty-two (85%) of the arrhythmia episodes were initiated by a late-coupled premature beat, 33 (13%) were initiated by an early-coupled premature beat, and 5 episodes (2%) were initiated with a short-long-short sequence. The patttern of initiation of the ventricular arrhythmias was similar in all patient groups and for both monomorphic and polymorphic tachycardias. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that sustained ventricular arrhythmias typically are initiated by late-coupled ventricular premature depolarizations, regardless of the type or severity of underlying structural heart disease or resultant arrhythmia.
Increasing the pore sizes of bone-mimetic electrospun scaffolds comprised of polycaprolactone, collagen I and hydroxyapatite to enhance cell infiltration.

Bone-mimetic electrospun scaffolds consisting of polycaprolactone (PCL), collagen I and nanoparticulate hydroxyapatite (HA) have previously been shown to support the adhesion, integrin-related signaling and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), suggesting these matrices serve as promising degradable substrates for osteoregeneration. However, the small pore sizes in electrospun scaffolds hinder cell infiltration in vitro and tissue-ingrowth into the scaffold in vivo, limiting their clinical potential. In this study, three separate techniques were evaluated for their capability to increase the pore size of the PCL/col I/nanoHA scaffolds: limited protease digestion, decreasing the fiber packing density during electro-spinning, and inclusion of sacrificial fibers of the water-soluble polymer PEO. The PEO sacrificial fiber approach was found to be the most effective in increasing scaffold pore size. Furthermore, the use of sacrificial fibers promoted increased MSC infiltration into the scaffolds, as well as greater infiltration of endogenous cells within bone upon placement of scaffolds within calvarial organ cultures. These collective findings support the use of sacrificial PEO fibers as a means to increase the porosity of complex, bone-mimicking electrospun scaffolds, thereby enhancing tissue regenerative processes that depend upon cell infiltration, such as vascularization and replacement of the scaffold with native bone tissue.
Enhancement of bridge live loads based on West Virginia weigh-in-motion data

This paper presents the development of two weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems in West Virginia to provide site-specific traffic data that can be employed for bridge design and evaluation. The paper discusses the traffic spectra measured in both sites to evaluate the design of live load trucks and discusses the possible enhancement of bridge live loads using the WIM data. The data indicated that the current truck loads are heavier than the AASHTO specified loads. A fatigue design truck model has been developed based on the WIM data. The WIM enhanced fatigue design truck loading was found to be 31% heavier than the HL-93 AASHTO design truck. The data can also be used by bridge engineers and researchers to build a nationwide traffic spectra that would yield a new live load model in future AASHTO editions.
Soil sampling techniques for determining the effect of cultural practices on Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae inoculum in rice field soils

Methods were evaluated to quantify sclerotia in rice fields affected with aggregate sheath spot disease. Recovered sclerotia were compared with disease ratings at harvest for paddies subjected to various postharvest cultural straw management practices. Sclerotial inoculum level was not always correlated with subsequent disease incidence in rice aggregate sheath spot disease, suggesting alternative sources of inoculum and other factors influencing disease development. Straw management practices affected the inoculum load of Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae, as determined by methods recovering sclerotia from California rice field soil samples. Traditional wet sieving of soil samples was improved using a potassium carbonate solution to float heavier sclerotia that normally remained in the sediment. The relationship of inoculum in the soil from seedbeds and the incidence of resulting disease measured just before harvest was investigated over 3 years at three sites. A linear dose-response was found at only one site where the number of floating sclerotia was more strongly correlated with disease incidence than total number of sclerotia (floating plus nonfloating sclerotia). Floating sclerotia were more easily counted using a water floatation extraction (WFE) than were total sclerotia by using a potassium carbonate floatation extraction (PCFE) or a combination of the two assays (WFE + PCFE), and the WFE more accurately predicted disease incidence than did either PCFE or WFE + PCFE. All assays detected significant differences between inoculum levels as influenced by various straw residue management practices, with removal of straw residue significantly reducing number of soil-borne sclerotia.
Composition, export and faunal utilization of drift vegetation in the salt river submarine canyon

Abstract Submarine canyons may be particularly important in the transport process of drift seagrasses and seaweeds from highly productive shallow lagoon areas to deeper water. We studied the composition, export, and faunal utilization of shallow, nearshore benthic vegetation as it was transported to offshore areas via the Salt River submarine canyon on the island of St Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The study was conducted using a saturation diving system (NULS-1: Hydrolab) during two missions in April and August, 1980. Using bottom drifters deployed in Salt River Bay and the submarine canyon, we recorded net benthic current flow up to 2 cm s−1 moving out of the lagoon and down the canyon to deeper water. Using bottom nets set up at the canyon head and at the 29 m isobar, and from transect surveys and drift clump samples, we determined drift plant export rates and drift clump biomass and species composition. The dominant drift plants were Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme and algae in the genera Dictyota, Dictyopterus, and Diloplus. During the second mission, the seagrass Halophila decipiens became more abundant, both in the drift and in large patches along the canyon floor. In both missions, more drift was collected in the nets during high wind conditions than during calmer days. Calculated turnover times ranged from 0·01 to 4·4 days for algae in the order Dictyotales and 4·4 to 18 days for Thalassia blades. Total exported biomass of drift vegetation varied between 1·4 to 65·1 kg wet wt day−1. Samples of drift vegetation contained mostly juvenile forms of both invertebrates and fishes, but in relatively low numbers. Faunal numbers were most strongly related to rate of drift movement.
Preparative-scale separation of ethyl esters of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid by flash chromatography

The penta ethyl ester of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) can be used as a prodrug for decorporation of radionuclides in the event of an internal radiation incidents with transuranic elements. A C18 chromatography purification method was successfully developed using a step elution profile to isolate 0.5–3 g of the four ethyl esters of DTPA. Less than 11 % of the isolated di-ethyl and tri-ethyl esters of DTPA, and less than 20 % of the tetra-ethyl ester of DTPA, had degraded in phosphate buffered saline over a 168 h period.
Multi-resolution segmentation of soil moisture imagery by watershed pyramids with region merging

A new image segmentation method is presented for application to remotely sensed imagery. The method incorporates the advantages of previous watershed segmentation techniques while greatly improving the two main disadvantages of such techniques: computational efficiency and control over region scale. Computational efficiency is attained through the use of a multi-resolution image pyramid, and control over region scale is accomplished through a variational region merging algorithm. We apply the segmentation method to remotely sensed estimates of surface soil moisture. Experimental results of computational efficiency and comparison with other segmentation methods are presented.
Generalization of the Rosen-Zener model of noncrossing interactions. I. Total cross sections

The formalism developed previously to study electronic transitions by the curve-crossing mechanism is used to obtain a general model for transitions which take place due to the strong coupling of curves which do not cross. This exactly solvable model is a generalization of a model developed by Rosen and Zener. The model is shown to give respectable agreement with exact calculations at low velocities, and to go to the correct resonant-charge-exchange limit at high velocities. Predictions of the model are shown to give good agreement with the measured total cross sections for charge exchange in the sytem ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ + Na\ensuremath{\rightleftarrows}Li+${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$.
Social roles and subjective well‐being: A decomposition of race differences

This paper examines the relative importance of exposure and response to social roles for explaining race differences in subjective well‐being. Data pooled from several years of General Social Survey interviews are used to demonstrate substantial race and gender differences in the effects of particular combinations of social roles on subjective well‐being. Further examination of these differences suggests that in addition to race differences in access to role configurations that are beneficial for subjective well‐being, there are race and gender differences in the response to those configurations.
Precision of imitation as a function of preschoolers' understanding of the goal of the demonstration

The authors argue that imitation is a flexible and adaptive learning mechanism in that children do not always reproduce all of the details they can from a demonstration. Instead, they vary their replications depending on their interpretation of the situation. Specifically, the authors propose that when children do not understand the overall reason for a model's behavior, they will be more likely to imitate precisely. By copying conservatively in these situations, children may have a good chance of reproducing the action of the model correctly. In contrast, when the reason for an action is clear, children will be more likely to deviate from the manners and flourishes of the model and use their own means to complete the action.
Polarizability of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas

The response of a two-dimensional electron gas to a longitudinal electric field of arbitrary wave vector and frequency is calculated in the self-consistent-field approximation. The results are used to find the asymptotic screened Coulomb potential and the plasmon dispersion for a plane of electrons imbedded in a three-dimensional dielectric.
Fluorescence depolarization. A study of the influence of varying excitation wavelength and solution concentration.

Abstract The depolarization of fluorescence of 0.03-0.05% rabbit γ-globulin labeled with dimethylaminonaphthalene sulfonyl chloride is measured at three different excitation wavelengths alone and in the presence of 0.6% unlabeled human γ-globulin or 1.4% unlabeled ovalbumin. The measured depolarization is a function of both total protein concentration and excitation wavelength. It is not clear, at present, whether the wavelength dependence of depolarization is to be attributed to unequal contributions from specifically oriented fluorescent oscillators or to a dependence of the mean lifetime of fluorescence on excitation wavelength.
Figural aftereffects as optical illusions? Failure to replicate two results

Stadler (1972) has reported two experiments which suggest that (a) the figural aftereffect bound to the retinal image of an inspection circle is weaker than the figural aftereffect bound to the spatial frame of reference, and (b) imagining an inspection circle can produce a figural aftereffect. The results of the seven experiments reported here indicate that these results are not replicable when using objective methods.
Role of leuX in Escherichia coli colonization of the streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine

Abstract Escherichia coli F-18, a normal human fecal isolate, is an excellent colonizer of the streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine. E. coli F-18 Col - , a derivative of E. coli F-18 that no longer makes the E. coli F-18 colicin, colonizes the mouse large intestine as well as E. coli F18 when fed alone, but is eliminated when fed together with E. coli F-18. Recently, a random bank of E. coli F-18 DNA was transformed into E. coli F-18 Col - , the resultant population was fed to streptomycin-treated mice, and the intestine was used to select the best colonizer. In this fashion, a 6.5 kb E. coli F-18 DNA fragment was isolated. This fragment was shown to enhance E. coli F-18 Col - mouse large intestinal colonizing ability and survival during stationary phase in intestinal mucus in vitro , as well as stimulate the synthesis of type-1 fimbriae. Here, we present evidence that the gene responsible for the enhanced E. coli F-18 Col - colonizing ability and survival during stationary phase in vitro is leu X. This gene encodes a rare leucine tRNA specific for the UUG codon. In addition, we show that the presence of a functional leu X gene is necessary for E. coli K-12 intestinal colonization and for survival in stationary phase.
The Federal Tax Consequences of Surrogacy

ABSTRACT: Over the past 20 years, assisted reproductive technology (ATR) has developed at a rapid pace, forcing courts and legal scholars to tackle increasingly complex social issues, as well as ethical dilemmas. Legal aspects of surrogacy, such as parental rights and custody matters, have been addressed in some state statutes and have been extensively discussed by attorneys, judges, and judicial scholars. Yet, it appears that the tax treatement of payments to surrogates has not been part of this discussion. This exploratory paper discusses the following aspects related to federal taxes and surrogacy: (1) potential exclusion from gross income under Section 104, Section 71(c), or Section 102; (2) taxability of “extras,” like an allowance for clothing and food, reimbursements for pregnancy-related absence from work, and fees for certain procedures such as an amniocentesis or a cesarean section; (3) type of income and the surrogate's employment status; (4) deductibility of surrogacy-related expenses for the ...
EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL IONS ON MEMBRANE POTENTIALS OF A LOBSTER GIANT AXON

The effects of varying external concentrations of normally occurring cations on membrane potentials in the lobster giant axon have been studied and compared with data presently available from the squid giant axon. A decrease in the external concentration of sodium ions causes a reversible reduction in the amplitude of the action potential and its rate of rise. No effect on the resting potential was detected. The changes are of the same order of magnitude, but greater than would be predicted for an ideal sodium electrode. Increase in external potassium causes a decrease in resting potential, and a decrease in potassium causes an increase in potential. The data so obtained are similar to those which have been reported for the squid giant axon, and cannot be exactly fitted to the Goldman constant field equation. Lowering external calcium below 25 mM causes a reduction in resting and action potentials, and the occasional occurrence of repetitive activity. The decrease in action potential is not solely attributable to a decrease in resting potential. Increase of external calcium from 25 to 50 mM causes no change in transmembrane potentials. Variations of external magnesium concentration between zero and 50 mM had no measurable effect on membrane potentials. These studies on membrane potentials do not indicate a clear choice between the use of sea water and Cole's perfusion solution as the better external medium for studies on lobster nerve.
Apolipoprotein E2 Accentuates Postprandial Inflammation and Diet-Induced Obesity to Promote Hyperinsulinemia in Mice

Genetic studies have revealed the association between the e2 allele of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene and greater risk of metabolic diseases. This study compared C57BL/6 mice in which the endogenous mouse gene has been replaced by the human APOE2 or APOE3 gene (APOE2 and APOE3 mice) to identify the mechanism underlying the relationship between e2 and obesity and diabetes. In comparison with APOE3 mice, the APOE2 mice had elevated fasting plasma lipid and insulin levels and displayed prolonged postprandial hyperlipidemia accompanied by increased granulocyte number and inflammation 2 h after being fed a lipid-rich meal. In comparison with APOE3 mice, the APOE2 mice also showed increased adiposity when maintained on a Western-type, high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. Adipose tissue dysfunction with increased macrophage infiltration, abundant crown-like structures, and inflammation were also observed in adipose tissues of APOE2 mice. The severe adipocyte dysfunction and tissue inflammation corresponded with the robust hyperinsulinemia observed in APOE2 mice after being fed the Western-type diet. Taken together, these data showed that impaired plasma clearance of apoE2-containing, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins promotes lipid redistribution to neutrophils and adipocytes to accentuate inflammation and adiposity, thereby accelerating the development of hyperinsulinemia that will ultimately lead to advanced metabolic diseases.