cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drosophila Temperature Preference Rhythms: An Innovative Model to Understand Body Temperature Rhythms

Human body temperature increases during wakefulness and decreases during sleep. The body temperature rhythm (BTR) is a robust output of the circadian clock and is fundamental for maintaining homeostasis, such as generating metabolic energy and sleep, as well as entraining peripheral clocks in mammals. However, the mechanisms that regulate BTR are largely unknown. Drosophila are ectotherms, and their body temperatures are close to ambient temperature; therefore, flies select a preferred environmental temperature to set their body temperature. We identified a novel circadian output, the temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies increases during the day and decreases at night. TPR, thereby, produces a daily BTR. We found that fly TPR shares many features with mammalian BTR. We demonstrated that diuretic hormone 31 receptor (DH31R) mediates Drosophila TPR and that the closest mouse homolog of DH31R, calcitonin receptor (Calcr), is essential for mice BTR. Importantly, both TPR and BTR are regulated in a distinct manner from locomotor activity rhythms, and neither DH31R nor Calcr regulates locomotor activity rhythms. Our findings suggest that DH31R/Calcr is an ancient and specific mediator of BTR. Thus, understanding fly TPR will provide fundamental insights into the molecular and neural mechanisms that control BTR in mammals.
Police worldviews, unconscious bias, and their potential to contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in New York Police Department (NYPD) stops for reason of “furtive movement”

In Floyd et al. v The City of New York (2013), the federal district court judge ruled that the New York Police Department (NYPD) was engaging in unconstitutional stop-and-frisk practices that targe...
Tobacco addiction: cognition, reinforcement, and mood

Abstract This chapter introduces tobacco addiction and research on nicotine and cigarette smoking. First, the scope of the problem and basic pharmacology are described, then three areas of research are explained, and recent research is reviewed. These areas include the cognitive effects of nicotine and tobacco, nicotine reinforcement, and the emotion–smoking relationship. While there has been a gradual decline in smoking in the general population, certain populations continue to smoke at high rates—especially those experiencing socioeconomic stress and/or mood disorders. These vulnerable populations are being underserved by current smoking cessation efforts and may benefit from interventions that target smoking's overlapping effects on cognition, reinforcement, and mood.
RTHP-19. ANESTHETIC INDICATIONS, TECHNIQUES AND COMPLICATIONS FOR GAMMA KNIFE RADIOSURGERY

PURPOSE We sought to describe our experience regarding anesthetic indications, techniques and complications with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS).
Effects of combined histamine H1 and H2 receptor blockade on hemodynamic responses to dynamic exercise in males with high-normal blood pressure

While postexercise hypotension is associated with histamine H1 and H2 receptor-mediated postexercise vasodilation, effects of histaminergic vasodilation on blood pressure (BP) in response to dynami...
Highly-Sensitive DNA Hydroxymethylation Analysis in Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

Aberrant DNA hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) levels have been reported in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The dysregulation of 5hmC is not only observed in patients with TET2 mutations, but also those bearing other genetic defects, suggesting that 5hmC might act as a valuable epigenetic mark to reflect the status of MDS. We report herein a highly-sensitive 5hmC analysis method using low input DNA (10 ng), which was used to obtain a comprehensive atlas of the DNA hydroxymethylome in MDS patients. Our systematic bioinformatic analysis unveiled that 5hmC signatures could be used to separate patients with good and poor clinical outcomes. At the molecular level, we observed dynamic changes of 5hmC within several key transcription factor binding motifs that are essential for hematopoiesis and myeloid lineage specification, which might result in impaired transcriptional outputs during leukemogenesis. Interestingly, we also observed massive changes in 5hmC and transcriptomes in patient showing response to hypomethylating agent (HMA) treatment, suggesting the prognostic value of 5hmC in evaluating epigenetic therapy. Overall, our highly-sensitive 5hmC analysis method provides a useful means to potentially facilitate the clinical evaluation of MDS patients. Disclosures Garcia-Manero: AbbVie: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Onconova: Research Funding; Amphivena Therapeutics: Research Funding; Astex Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Acceleron Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria; H3 Biomedicine: Research Funding; Helsinn Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding.
Advanced life support systems in lunar and Martian environments utilizing a higher plant based engineering paradigm

The paper describes a higher-plant-based engineering paradigm for advanced life support in a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) on the surface of the moon or Mars, called the CELSS Breadboard Project, designed at John F. Kennedy Space Center. Such a higher-plant-based system would use the plants for a direct food source, gas exchange, water reclamation, and plant residuals in a complex biological resource recovery scheme. The CELSS Breadboard Project utilizes a 'breadboard' approach of developing independent systems that are evaluated autonomously and are later interconnected. Such a scheme will enable evaluation of life support system methodologies tested for their efficiency in a life support system for habitats on the moon or Mars.
Informal Claims for Refund: A Winding Road

This article discusses the Internal Revenue Code, Treasury Regulations and various cases relating to when a Taxpayer has made a claim for refund of federal income taxes with the Internal Revenue Service which claim is a prerequisite to sue for a refund in either the United States District Court or the United States Court of Federal Claims. The difficulty dealing with "informal claims" not made on the forms prescribed by the Internal Revenue Service is discussed and what suggested changes should be made to the Treasury Regulations to make this area of the law more clear and hopefully more Taxpayer friendly.
Processing of Code-Switched Sentences in Noise by Bilingual Children.

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of code-switching on bilingual children's online processing and offline comprehension of sentences in the presence of noise. In a...
Many-particle based evaluations for maximum current output from bimodal electron emitter arrays

Evaluations of the current output from emitter arrays have been carried out based on time-dependent kinetic simulations that include many-body Coulombic contributions from the electron swarm, geometric field enhancements with shielding based on a line charge model, and dynamic screening due to the evolution of the swarm in the position and velocity space. Numerical evaluations are applied to different multi-emitter array arrangements having a hexagonal lattice, with a focus on bimodal distributions. Our results show the expected role of field screening with reductions in emitter separation and positional dependence within the array based on connectivity. Different patterns were examined within a hexagonal lattice structure. For a bimodal distribution, output current optimization is shown for alternating arrangements with three or more successive emitters of the same length along primitive axes predicted to have an advantage.
Monolithic Integration of Lateral HV Power MOSFET with LV CMOS for SiC Power IC Technology

This paper reports the design and process flow for monolithic integration of lateral high voltage (HV) power MOSFET with low voltage (LV) CMOS circuits for SiC Power IC technology. The reported devices and circuits are fabricated on a N−/N+ 4H-SiC substrate at 150mm, production grade-Analog Devices Inc. (ADI) Hillview fabrication facility located in San Jose. The static performance characteristics of HV NMOS and LV CMOS are reported. For future high temperature applications, the static performances are fully characterized and are reported up to 200°C. Finally, to validate the fabricated CMOS, a 5-stage ring oscillator is also demonstrated.
Artificial Intelligence: Expert Systems

First page of article Keywords: artificial intelligence: expert systems; expert systems shells
High FSH:LH ratio and low LH levels in basal cycle day 3: impact on follicular development and IVF outcome.

Purpose: To examine the impact of low basal cycle day 3 serum LH levels or a high FSH:LH ratio on IVF results. Methods: A homogeneous group of patients was analyzed as identified by normal basal cycle of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) levels. High responders (high LH:FSH ratio) and low responders (high FSH or E2 levels, and women ≥42 years of age) were excluded from analysis. Only cycles stimulated with a combination of a GnRHa (luteal suppression) and pure FSH were studied. Results: Patients with low basal LH levels (<3 mIU/mL) did not differ significantly from controls in terms of response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation but there was a clear trend toward poorer implantation and clinical pregnancy rates. On the other hand, patients with a high FSH:LH ratio (<3) had significantly fewer mature oocytes aspirated, and lower implantation and clinical pregnancy rates than patients with gonadotropin ratio ≤3. These negative effects were evident in the presence of normal basal FSH levels and after adequate matching of female's age and number of embryos transferred. Conclusions: These studies highlight a negative impact of a basal cycle high FSH:LH ratio (and possibly low LH levels) on follicular development and oocyte quality in these patients subjected to pituitary down-regulation followed by pure FSH administration. A high FSH:LH ratio may be therefore used as an early biomarker of poor ovarian response.
Early adult outcomes following delivery at 23–26 weeks of gestation

Objective. There are few reports of young adult outcomes of infants born at 23-26 weeks gestation. The objective of this study is to report educational, health, social, and employment outcomes of a large cohort of these infants born during an era when significant advances in neonatal care led to a marked increase in survival. Methods. Medical records of 316 infants who were born between January 1, 1986 and December 31, 1990, were analyzed retrospectively. Two hundred three (64%) infants survived to discharge home, and 5 died following discharge, leaving 198 young adults available for follow-up. One hundred sixty-two (82%) young adults responded to a 27 item telephone questionnaire designed to assess educational, health, social, and employment status at a mean age of 19.3 years. Parents of subjects were interviewed in cases where subjects could not be contacted or had cognitive issues which precluded their responding (19 subjects). Parent social and educational status was previously obtained by response to a phone survey at eight year follow-up and also by phone interview of parents of young adults previously not available for follow-up, but who were located for this report. Results. The only statistically significant differences between the 162 young adult responders and the 36 non-responders were a younger maternal age at delivery (28 ± 6 years vs 25 ± 6 years, respectively, p = 0.015) and race (91% of responders were white compared to 67% of the non-responders, p = 0.001). One hundred forty-three (88%) young adults had graduated from high school. Eighty-four (52%) required educational assistance in the form of special education, a tutor, or an Individual Education Plan (IEP). Ninety-one (56%) were currently enrolled in post-secondary education. These levels of educational achievement closely correspond to the 91% of their mothers who graduated from high school and the 57% who had completed some college level courses, including 30% with either four-year or advanced degrees. Twenty-nine (18%) of the young adults interviewed reported some problems with depression. Thirty subjects admitted to using alcohol socially, 11 reported tobacco use, and 3 admitted to using marijuana. One hundred forty-two have been or are currently employed. Conclusions. The majority of infants born at the lower limits of viability not only have the potential to survive, but with appropriate assistance and resources have the ability to successfully navigate the educational system and eventually be employed as productive members of society.
Measurement of time-dependent displacement using dual speckle pattern phase-shifting TV holography

This paper presents a method for measuring time dependent displacement using a dual speckle pattern acquisition and single camera TV holographic system. Two speckle patterns with 90 degree phase difference are acquired simultaneously. As the displacement changes with respect to time, a series of dual speckle patterns can be digitized into a computer image processing system. A Fourier transformation is used to remove the DC terms of the speckle patterns. A phase unwrapping algorithm is employed to calculate the phase distribution related to the time dependent displacement. The theoretical concept together with experimental simulation are presented.
Model-Based Failure Management for Distributed Reactive Systems

Failure management is key to the development of safety-critical, distributed, reactive systems common in such applications as avionics, automotive, and sensor/actuator networks. Specific challenges to effective failure management include (i) developing an understanding of the application domain so as to define what constitutes a failure; (ii) disentangling failure management concepts at design and runtime; and (iii) detecting and mitigating failures at the level of systems-of-systems integration. In this paper, we address (i) and (ii) by developing a failure ontology for logical and deployment architectures, respectively, including a mapping between the two. This ontology is based on the interaction patterns (or services) defining the component interplay in a distributed system. We address (iii) by defining detectors and mitigators at the service/interaction level  we discuss how to derive detectors for a significant subset of the failure ontology directly from the interaction patterns. We demonstrate the utility of our techniques using a large scale oceanographic sensor/actuator network.
THE EFFECT OF ATTENUATION ON SEISMIC BODY WAVES

abstract Both spectral and time domain studies indicate that the frequency dependence and regional variation of the attenuation of P waves parallels that of S waves with t * β = 4 t * α . Scattering Q cannot be generally separated from intrinsic Q in the mantle. Forward scattering can generate time-dependent variations in the frequency content and complexity of body waves that affect the measurement of t * . Assuming that lateral heterogeneity biases the apparent Q of surface waves, the frequency dependence of Q can be explained by a relaxation model of intrinsic Q . In this model, Q is constant with frequency up to a cutoff frequency 1/(2πτ m ) Hz, where τ m = 0.1 to 0.2 sec. Regional variations in mantle attenuation are consistent with radiometric or magnetic age and tectonic activity, regions of higher relative attenuation coincident with younger, tectonically active crust. Continental cratons are underlain by mantle having small attenuation at all depths. High attenuation usually correlates with slow travel times, lower Pn velocity, and inefficient Pn and Sn propagation. Measures of differential frequency content (δt * and δ Q ) generally correlate better with differential travel time than measures of differential amplitude and m b . The regional pattern and intensity of both travel-time anomalies and t * measurements suggest that both share a common origin due to the regional variation of the thermal structure of the upper 200 to 400 km of the mantle.
Cuckoldry as a cost of polyandry in the sex–role–reversed wattled jacana, Jacana jacana

In this paper we provide the first molecular genetic data on extrapair paternity in a simultaneously polyandrous, sexrolereversed avian species, the wattled jacana (Jacana jacana). Female jacanas o...
The effect of accountability on susceptibility to decision errors

Abstract Recent research indicates that accountability can influence both what and how people think and might reduce decision makers' susceptibility to a variety of common judgment and choice errors. It is proposed that accountability can reduce decision errors if (1) decision makers are able to anticipate which response will be evaluated as more rational, and without concerns about accountability decision makers tend to select a different response, or (2) the normatively correct response can be identified by the more thorough and complex information processing associated with accountability. Consistent with the first proposition, four experiments demonstrated that accountability can reduce the sunk cost effect. The findings suggest that this debiasing effect reflects the subjects' expectation that they would be evaluated more favorably if they ignored sunk costs. Contrary to the second proposition, the prediction that accountable decision makers, due to their more thorough and multidimensional processing, would exhibit more consistent preferences across preference elicitation procedures was not supported in two studies. Finally, as hypothesized, accountability did not reduce a variety of decision errors for which the correct response was not known and was unlikely to be identified with more thorough information processing. These results are consistent with the notion that accountability effects in decision making are driven by the desire to be favorably evaluated and avoid criticism by others.
POSTGENITAL CARPEL FUSION IN CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS (APOCYNACEAE) IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FUSION

The ontogenetic and phylogenetic significances of the postgenital carpel fusion in Catharanthus roseus were investigated experimentally. When one of the two carpel primordia was surgically destroyed prior to carpel fusion, the remaining carpel differentiated nevertheless; however, the tissue development on the adaxial (normally fused) carpel face appeared aberrant. Possible reasons for this modified ontogeny are discussed. The suggestion that syncarpy is phylogenetically significant because any pollen tube can potentially reach any ovule was verified in C. roseus by monitoring pollen tube growth following spatially controlled pollinations. The suture formed by the postgenital fusion was no barrier to pollen tube growth, and the pollen tubes rapidly became distributed throughout the stigmatic
Linear polyene electronic structure: Relaxed and vertical excitation energies

Abstract Simple 1-electron theories predict an ordering of linear polyene electronic states different from that observed. Explicit consideration of the effects of electron-electron interaction may be introduced to correct this defect. This results in a simple model for linear polyene electronic structure that reproduces all accurately measured singlet state excitation energies. Through Franck-Condon analysis of the vibrational development of the optical spectra the difference between electronic energies of excited states at the ground state equilibrium geometry and the electronic energies of these excited states at their minimum energy geometry (relaxation energy) can be determined. This is done for the polyene 1 1 B u state for chains with 6 through 14 conjugated carbon atoms and for the 2 1 Ag state for chains with 8 and 14 conjugated carbon atoms.
Three variable-gene pools common to IgM, IgG and IgA immunoglobulins.

Comparison of the NH2-terminal region of several α, γ and μ chains indicates that four variable-sequence subgroups are common to heavy chains. The existence of three independent variable-gene pools common to the three major immunoglobulin classes is confirmed.
Session on Severe Weather Highlights Collaboration Between Research and Policy

Wildfires, floods, and winds that can blow down houses are very different types of severe weather hazards. However, one solution will reduce our risk for all of them—better communication and collaboration between scientists and policy makers. Experts on the subject spoke during the AGU Science Policy Conference panel “The Science of Recent Severe Weather Events,” and each reiterated that science and policy communities need to work together on ­long-­term hazard and climate issues at local, national, and international scales to reduce risk of life and property loss.
Anomalous odd- to even-mass isotope ratios in resonance ionization with broad-band lasers.

The response of even- and odd-mass isotopes is found to be very different in several schemes for resonance ionization of Mo and Sn, even when the laser linewidth is greater than the span of the hyperfine structure and isotope shifts.
Managing migraines in active people.

Migraine patients who are physically active may find that exercise can provoke a migraine attack or that regular exercise helps reduce the severity of their headaches. After the diagnosis of migraine has been made with a complete history and physical examination, the next steps are to identify the triggers, such as certain foods or changes in sleep schedule, and design an individualized treatment plan. If exercise is a trigger, nondrug measures such as adequate warm-up, nutrition, and hydration during activity are important. Whether the triggers are exercise- related or not, exercise and other general measures may be beneficial adjuncts to the appropriate abortive, pain-relief, or prophylactic drug regimen.
Microbiological, Sensory and Chemical Characteristics of Vacuum‐Packaged Cooked Beef Top Rounds Treated with Sodium Lactate and Sodium Propionate

Cooked, vacuum-packaged beef top rounds containing 3% sodium lactate (NaL) or 3 or 4% NaL in combination with 0.1 or 0.2% sodium propionate (NaP) were stored for up to 84 days at 4°C. Addition of any of the treatments greatly reduced total Aerobic Plate Counts (APC). Positive flavor notes associated with fresh beef were enhanced by ingredient addition and tended to be highest in roasts with 3% NaL + 0.2% NaP. Cooked roast beef color was enhanced by addition of NaL alone or in combination with 0.1% NaP. Lipid oxidation and water activity were decreased by addition of NaL with NaP and pH and cooked yield were increased with any level or combination of ingredients.
Measurements of cluster-size distributions arising in salt-induced aggregation of polystyrene microspheres

We have measured the temporal evolution of cluster-size distributions cn(t) during salt-induced aggregation of polystyrene microspheres, 258 nm in radius. Two regimes of irreversible aggregation were studied: fast aggregation (W = 1.9) and slow aggregation (W = 420). Distributions were measured using a single-particle light-scattering technique. At long times, we find that cn(t) for both fast and slow aggregation exhibits a dynamic scaling form given by cn(t) ∼ s−2φ(n/s). For fast aggregation, s(t) ∼ nn(t) the number-average mean cluster size, φ(x) is bell-shaped with a peak occuring at x ≈ 0.1, and s(t) ∼ t. For fast slow aggregation, s(t) ∼ nn2(t) ∼ t2, φ(x) decrease monotonically with x, and for x < 1, φ(x) ∼ x−1.5. We interpret our results using the Smoluchowski rate equation, which enables us to quantify the measured distributions in terms of two key parameters.
Laboratory Studies Of Coal Drying, Pyrolysis, And Combustion For UCG

Experimental and theoretical analyses show that uncontrolled water invasion during underground coal conversion (UCC) is harmful at all stages of UCC. By contrast, if water invasion is prevented, coal porosity can be created for further processing, pyrolysis can yield uniform hydrocarbon products, gasification can produce a uniform product, coal is fully consumed (not bypassed) during combustion, and environmental problems are minimized. In all cases the experimental results are supportive of the theory of underground coal processing presented. We see no insurmountable technical problems existing for a staged underground coal conversion process, but we emphasize that all concepts in underground coal processing depend critically upon control of water influx. It is important that techniques for measuring and controlling water flow be developed if this technology is to make a contribution to the Nation's energy supply.
The Effect of Urban Containment and Mandatory Housing Elements on Racial Segregation in US Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2000

Urban containment and state-imposed mandatory housing elements in comprehensive land use plans attempt to reshape development patterns. Urban containment programs reign in the outward expansion of urban areas by restricting development of rural land outside urban containment boundaries and focusing the regional demand for urban development areas within them. This article assesses the effect of urban containment and mandatory housing elements on the percentage change in racial segregation change among US metropolitan areas during the 1990s. Ordinary least squares regression analysis suggests that while metropolitan areas with strong urban containment efforts saw a higher percentage decline in Anglo/African American residential segregation during the 1990s than metropolitan areas without such policies in place, urban containment had no statistically significant effect on segregation between Anglos and other races. Mandatory housing elements made no difference in racial segregation change between Anglos and any other race. Policy implications are posed.
Vortex Flowfields Due to Multiple Surface Perturbations on a Forebody at a High Angle of Attack

In order to understand the effect of an array of miniature actuators on the flow physics, it is necessary to understand the effect of two discrete actuators (in this case idealized as surface perturbations) on the flowfield. To this end the interaction between two perturbations of equal height and positioned at the same axial location is described with respect to the observed flow phenomena. A combination of surface oil-flow visualizations and pressure probe measurements are used to examine the flow structures on and off the surface of an enlarged forebody at a high angle of attack. We first consider the case of perturbations in which the pair are distributed symmetrically and asymmetrically on opposite sides of the forebody, and then the second case in which the perturbations are distributed on the same side. The perturbation closer to the secondary separation line dominates the behavior of the vortex flowfield and the resulting aerodynamic loads. The flowfield is very sensitive to the angular spacing between the two perturbations, even when the perturbations are located on opposite sides of the forebody. Despite the nonlinear nature of the flowfield, the placement of the perturbations on opposite sides of the forebody produces a higher level of symmetry and superposition in the flow than a placement of the perturbation pair on the same side.
Real-time detection of video watermark on Intel architecture

This work discusses implementation issues of real-time video/image/signal processing applications on personal computers. We give a list of performance optimization guidelines and demonstrate some examples by optimizing our video watermark detection scheme. In many applications, watermarking technology must have (1) the ability to be implemented at low cost, (2) robustness against common image processing operations, and (3) resilience against purely malicious attacks. Many works, including ours, have demonstrated watermark robustness and invisibility. This work demonstrates that, after some performance optimizations, we can decode a 704 X 480 MPEG-2 video and detect the watermarks, both in software, and display the decoded video frames in real-time on an Intel PentiumR III 500 MHz system. Currently, there is only 10.5% overhead of the watermark detection over video decoding. The cost of our optimized implementation is 43% lower than that of the unoptimized version. The optimization techniques demonstrated in this work can be applied to other watermarking schemes and other video/image/signal processing applications.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Augmenting views on large format displays with tablets

Large format displays are commonplace for viewing large scientific datasets. These displays often find their way into collaborative spaces, allowing for multiple individuals to be collocated with the display, though multi-modal interaction with the displayed content remains a challenge. We have begun development of a tablet-based interaction mode for use with large format displays to augment these workspaces.
Mechanics of instability-related delamination growth

Local buckling of a delaminated group of plies can lead to higher interlaminar stresses and delamination growth. The mechanics of instability-related delamination growth (IRDG) had been described previously for the through-width delamination. This paper describes the mechanics of IRDG for the embedded delamination subjected to either uniaxial or axisymmetric loads. The mechanics of IRDG are used to explain the dramatic differences in strain-energy release rates observed for the through-width, the axisymmetrically loaded embedded delamination, and the uniaxially loaded embedded delamination.
Studies of the purine analog associated modulation of human erythrocyte acid phosphatase activity

The activity of the human erythrocyte acid phosphatase is modulated by a series of structural analogs of purine. The unsubstituted purine base does not affect the enzyme activity. Addition of a substituent at the number six position usually generates an analog which activates the enzyme while similar substitutions at the two position usually generate an inhibitor. Pyrimidines are generally ineffective as modulators while several modifications of the imidazole ring of the purine analogs do not abolish the modulator activity of the purine analog. The level of response to all active analogs is isozyme specific. Differences in apparent relative affinities among the modulators are noted. The modulators with a positive effect on enzyme activity, are effective in the presence of methanol which is more effective than H2O as a phosphate acceptor. These analogs act by enhancing the rate of transfer of phosphate to H2O, while decreasing the rate of transfer to methanol. The results suggest that the purine analogs may act by altering the rate of hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme intermediate by H2O or may change the rate-limiting step in the catalytic mechanism.
The fate of chromosome aberrations.

Abstract Chromosomal aberrations rapidly disappear from populations of dividing cells, but little is known about the details of the process. One may ask, for example, whether a cell with an acentric fragment is virtually certain to die after the first mitosis or whether it has a high probability of surviving to the second. Some recent data on aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes lead to estimates that fragments (and presumably the cells containing them) survive to the next mitosis about 30% of the time and dicentric chromosomes about 50%. These estimates were made without regard for the proliferation of normal cells, however, and so must be somewhat in error. In fact, when cell proliferation is taken into account, the most likely value of survival of the fragment itself is about 80% (when both daughter cells are considered). Probable ranges of this value and of the other parameters considered are presented. It is hoped that this explicit formulation of a mathematical model will encourage further experimental examination of the effect of various aberrations upon cell populations.
Positive-Tone Nanopatterning of Chemical Vapor Deposited Polyacrylic Thin Films

Terpolymers of methyl α-chloroacrylate (MCA), methacrylic acid (MAA), and methacrylic anhydride (MAH) were synthesized by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) of MCA and MAA followed by low-temperature annealing that partially converts MAA into MAH. The MAA composition in the iCVD copolymer can be systematically varied between 37 and 85 mol % by adjusting the gas feed fractions of monomers. Study of the monomer reactivity ratios and the copolymer molecular weights supports the hypothesis of a surface propagation mechanism during the iCVD copolymerization. The carboxylic dehydration reaction at the annealing temperature of 160 °C is dominated by a mechanism of intramolecular cyclization, resulting in intramolecular MAH anhydride formation while preventing crosslink formation. The incorporation of highly electron-withdrawing anhydride functionality enhances chain scission susceptibility under electron-beam irradiation. P(MCA-MAA-MAH) terpolymer thin films can be completely developed at dosages as low ...
Relation of diverticulosis of the colon to environmental factors in Greece.

The relation between diverticulosis of the colon and certain environmental factors was studied in Greece. It was found that the disease occurs more frequently in the urban population and in the more prosperous section of it. The amount of indigestible material in the diet was not found to be significant. The importance of city life and irritable colon as possible etiologic factors is stressed.
The superior vestibular nucleus: an intracellular HRP study in the cat. II. Non-vestibulo-ocular neurons.

Superior vestibular neurons were penetrated with horseradish perox-idase (HRP)-loaded glass microelectrodes in anesthetized cats and identified electrophysiologically following electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerves and oculomotor complex. Neurons that were not antidromically activated from the oculomotor complex were stained by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. Three types of neurons are identified according to their initial axonal trajectories into the cerebellum, the dorsal pontine reticular formation, or the brachium conjunctivum. Ipsilateral vestibular nerve input to all neurons is primarily monosynaptic and excitatory, whereas the contralateral is inhibitory. The neurons are located in the periphery of the superior vestibular nucleus. Soma diameters range from 20.5 μm to 44 μm. Most neurons exhibit globular and ovoid cell bodies. The dendritic arbors are intermediate between iso- and allodendritic branching patterns. The few spines and dendritic appendages present are distributed mainly distally on the dendrites. Soma size does not correlate with axon diameter, number of dendrites, or dendritic territories.
Androgens prevent normally occurring cell death in a sexually dimorphic spinal nucleus

The spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) contains many more motoneurons in adult male rats than in females. Androgens establish this sex difference during a critical perinatal period, which coincides with normally occurring cell death in the SNB region. Sex differences in SNB motoneuron number arise primarily because motoneuron loss is greater in females than in males during the early postnatal period. Perinatal androgen treatment in females attenuates cell death in the SNB region, reducing motoneuron loss to levels typical of males. The results suggest that steroid hormones determine sex differences in neuron number by regulating normally occurring cell death and that the timing of this cell death may therefore define critical periods for steroid effects on neuron number.
Computational analysis of detectability metrics from an EMI sensor for target detection and discrimination

Many technologies are being developed to improve the detection of buried threats (e.g., landmines) and to discriminate these threats from clutter in an operational environment. Current systems have implemented ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors. The detection performance of these systems is assessed in field testing, where algorithms are used to determine when a buried threat has been encountered [1]. Similar to work done by Rosen and Ayers [2], this paper focuses on developing a method to study EMI sensor performance independent of any aided target recognition (ATR) algorithm used. Rosen and Ayers developed a method and a simple metric for assessing the mine-detection capabilities of down-looking GPR systems before an ATR algorithm is applied. This paper reports the development of two metrics for a wide-band EMI sensor based on the method used by Rosen and Ayers. In this initial effort, the values of the metrics developed are presented over different targets, and observations are made regarding potential use of this metric.
Development of a new assay method for quickly evaluating phosphine resistance of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius)(Coleoptera : Anobiidae), based on knockdown of the adult beetles

A new assay method was developed for easily and precisely determining whether beetles were knocked down (define knockdown) by phosphine fumigation for the purpose of evaluating the phosphine resistance of the cigarette beetle. The knockdown time (KT) was investigated for six strains of beetles exposed to phosphine. The susceptibilities of the six strains were investigated by checking adult mortalities from phosphine exposure. One strain showed high resistance and almost all beetles survived even at 1,000 ppm. The KT50 values of the high resistant strain exposed to 100, 200 and 300 ppm phosphine were 32,800, 5,000 and 3,650 min, respectively. The KT50 values of susceptible and low resistant strains, with LC50 values lower than 50 ppm, were smaller than 250 min even at 100 ppm. The KT50 values of the middle resistant strain, with an LC50 value of 140 ppm, were 920, 340 and 290 min at 100, 200 and 300 ppm, respectively. The time difference between the low resistant beetles knocked down last and the highly resistant beetles knocked down first was 86, 18 and 8 h at 100, 200 and 300 ppm, respectively. The probit regression line for the middle resistant strain lay between that of the susceptible strain and that of the highly resistant strain, although it was nearer to that of the susceptible strain.
The germinal layer of the growing human brain during early fetal life

The telencephalic vesicles of the human brain appear during the fifth week of embryonic life. These vesicles are closed containers filled with ventricular fluid until the fifteenth week when it escapes through the newly-formed foramen of Magendie. The light and electron microscopic studies reported here support the notion that the germinal layer of the telencephalon has an absorptive role between the eighth and fifteenth weeks of fetal life. This assumption is based on the structure and the arrangement of the cells of the germinal layer, which resemble and are arranged in a manner similar to that of other absorptive units such as the renal proximal tubules, the gallbladder and the intestine. The absorbed material is presumably contained in the ventricular fluid.
Random Walks and Chemical Graph Theory

Simple random walks probabilistically grown step by step on a graph are distinguished from walk enumerations and associated equipoise random walks. Substructure characteristics and graph invariants correspondingly defined for the two types of random walks are then also distinct, though there often are analogous relations. It is noted that the connectivity index as well as some resistance-distance-related invariants make natural appearances among the invariants defined from the simple random walks.
Quantification and realism

This paper argues for the thesis that, roughly put, it is impossible to talk about absolutely everything. To put the thesis more precisely, there is a particular sense in which, as a matter of semantics, quantifiers always range over domains that are in principle extensible, and so cannot count as really being ‘absolutely everything’. The paper presents an argument for this thesis, and considers some important objections to the argument and to the formulation of the thesis. The paper also offers an assessment of just how implausible the thesis really is. It argues that the intuitions against the thesis come down to a few special cases, which can be given special treatment. Finally, the paper considers some metaphysical ideas that might surround the thesis. Particularly, it might be maintained that an important variety of realism is incompatible with the thesis. The paper argues that this is not the case.
Efficacy, safety, and ethics of cosmetic neurology far from settled.

In this issue, Larriviere and colleagues discuss the emerging use of drugs to enhance cognitive function. Several cautions they raise warrant amplification. People have tried to pharmacologically improve cognitive function for millennia, but Larriviere and colleagues postulate that new, more effective drugs will lead to the emergence of ”cosmetic neurology.” The ethics of using drugs to improve performance, as opposed to treating disease or restoring normal function, are far from settled. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2010) 88 4, 461–463. doi:10.1038/clpt.2010.194
Progress towards modeling microstructure evolution in polycrystalline films for solar cell applications

Grain morphology has been long considered to be a major factor in the performance and efficiency of photovoltaic devices. Experimental work has demonstrated the effect of average grain size and surface roughness on the control of conversion efficiency. But its statistics and kinetics are not well understood. While much theoretical progress has been made for α-Si by various effective media and Monte Carlo models, the theory of polycrystalline material growth remains primitive. In this paper, a generalized 2D model was developed to predict cell microstructure under fabrication conditions. Growth of Cadmium Telluride was chosen due to its champion efficiency. The current model combines the numerical efficiency and elegance of the level set method to track the macroscopic interface and includes the simplicity of the phase field method to track the natural microstructure evolution for a non-conserved parameter.
Localization of sarcolemmal proteins to lipid rafts in the myocardium

Abstract The localization of sarcolemmal proteins within the membrane can have a dramatic effect on excitation–contraction coupling. We examine the localization of the Na + –Ca 2+ exchanger, the dihydropyridine receptor, and other proteins involved in excitation–contraction coupling in rat heart using biochemical and immunolocalization techniques. Specifically, we assess the distribution of proteins within the lipid raft fraction of the sarcolemma. We find that the distribution of proteins in lipid raft fractions is very dependent on the solubilization technique. A common technique using sodium carbonate/pH 11 to solubilize non-lipid raft proteins was inappropriate for use with sarcolemmal membranes. Use of Triton X-100 was more efficacious as a solubilization agent. A large majority of the Na + –Ca 2+ exchanger, Na + /K + -ATPase, and plasma membrane Ca 2+ pump are not present in lipid rafts. In contrast, most adenosine A 1 receptors and dihydropyridine receptors were in lipid raft fractions. Most of the adenosine A 1 receptors could be co-immunoprecipitated with caveolin indicating a localization to caveolae (a subclass of lipid rafts). In contrast, the dihydropyridine receptors could not be co-immunoprecipitated with caveolin. Most biochemical data were confirmed by high resolution immunolocalization studies. Using correlation analysis, only a small fraction of the Na + –Ca 2+ exchangers colocalized with caveolin whereas a substantial fraction of dihydropyridine and adenosine A 1 receptors did colocalize with caveolin. The most pertinent findings are that the Na + –Ca 2+ exchanger and the dihydropyridine receptor are in separate sarcolemmal subcompartments. These spatial relationships may be relevant for understanding excitation–contraction coupling.
Hand injuries: incidence and epidemiology in an emergency service.

During a four-month period, 1,164 patients presented to the surgical section of our Emergency Service (ES) with chief complaints involving the hand. Patient records were analyzed for several variables including demographics, diagnosis and therapeutic procedures. Lacerations were the most frequent injury, 61.5% (n=716), with deep structure injuries present in 6.1% (n=44). Of deep structure injuries, 36.4% were tendon lacerations, 27.2% were nerve injuries, and 36.4% were compound fractures. "Bites" accounted for 5.2% (37) of all lacerations, eight of which were human bites. Fractures were the second most frequent injury, (11.4%), and involved 143 separate bones. Infections were present in 7%; over half were paronychias. There were 42 (3.6%) thermal injuries.
Electrochemical and mechanical investigations of new fluorinated composites

A new inoic polymer composite grafted fluoropolymer hybrid with fluoro- or carbonhydrogen- elestomer which can be cured by diamine system has been proposed as an electroactive polymer (EAP). Composites of this material and platinum or Pd electrodes bend in response to low-voltage electric stimuli and may function as soft actuators like muscles; the composites offer high strain under an applied low electric field. The combination of these electrostrictive properties with its excellent processability and tailorable molecular composition makes it attractive for a diversity of actuation works.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pressure-induced amorphization and phase transitions in NaLa(MoO4)2: A high pressure X-ray diffraction study

Abstract An in situ high pressure X-ray diffraction study of alkali-rare earth dimolybdate NaLa(MoO 4 ) 2 (NLMO) has been carried out in the diamond anvil cell up to 32.6 GPa at room temperature, using the synchrotron radiation source. The results have revealed a pressure-induced amorphization near 26 GPa, and two pressure-induced crystal to crystal phase transitions at about ∼ 10 GPa and 20 GPa, respectively. The first transition is from orthorhombic pseudo-scheelite to the tetragonal scheelite-type structure. For the second transformation a change from scheelite-type structure to a monoclinic structure is proposed. These results are in agreement with the findings of a recent high pressure Raman study on NLMO.
Applicability of 2009 international consensus terminology and criteria for immune thrombocytopenia to a clinical pediatric population.

Background Since pediatric immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is relatively infrequent, comparisons among clinical studies are critical but have previously been limited by differences in terminology. In 2009, an international working group (IWG) developed consensus criteria to enhance comparability in future studies in adults and children.