cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taking from States: Sovereign Immunity’s Preclusive Effect on Private Takings of State Land

The core of a state is its physical presence and dominion over its land. States are now battling to maintain their dignity as sovereigns, while traditional tools essential to federalism risk erosion. Private actors, ostensibly empowered by the federal government to condemn land through eminent domain, threaten state sovereignty by attempting to take state property without consent. Select federal statutes, such as the Natural Gas Act and Federal Power Act, grant eminent domain power to private companies to take property for public use. Without proper limiting principles, a statute granting such power could allow a private corporation to condemn and take a state capitol—and the state would have no recourse to respond. However, because takings must be effectuated through courts, federal courts remain as a bulwark against improper intrusion into core sovereign realms. Where the private company seeks to exercise the power of eminent domain and condemn state-owned land, how should courts evaluate a state’s defense of sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment? This Article traces the independent but overlapping histories of state sovereign immunity and federal eminent domain power. We argue that under current state sovereign immunity doctrine, within the limited instances in which Congress has delegated its eminent domain power to a private actor for a specified public use and just compensation, the private actor is nonetheless prohibited from wielding that power to take state lands, absent state consent. This Article ultimately concludes that a delegation of eminent domain authority to a private actor does not abrogate or waive the independent state power of sovereign immunity, therefore rendering private parties unable to exercise eminent domain to take state property. Although intertwined, the separate and distinct history and evolution of delegated eminent domain and sovereign immunity doctrines confirm that where they collide, state sovereign immunity is still supreme.
Extracellular heparan sulfate proteoglycans and glycan-binding lectins orchestrate trans-synaptic signaling.

The exceedingly narrow synaptic cleft (<20 nm) and adjacent perisynaptic extracellular space contain an astonishing array of secreted and membrane-anchored glycoproteins. A number of these extracellular molecules regulate intercellular trans-synaptic signaling by binding to ligands, acting as co-receptors or modulating ligand-receptor interactions. Recent work has greatly expanded our understanding of extracellular proteoglycan and glycan-binding lectin families as key regulators of intercellular signaling at the synapse. These secreted proteins act to regulate the compartmentalization of glycoprotein ligands and receptors, crosslink dynamic extracellular and cell surface lattices, modulate both exocytosis and endocytosis vesicle cycling, and control postsynaptic receptor trafficking. Here, we focus closely on the Drosophila glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) as a model synapse for understanding extracellular roles of the many heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and lectin proteins that help determine synaptic architecture and neurotransmission strength. We particularly concentrate on the roles of extracellular HSPGs and lectins in controlling trans-synaptic signaling, especially that mediated by the Wnt and BMP pathways. These signaling mechanisms are causally linked to a wide spectrum of neurological disease states that impair coordinated movement and cognitive functions.
Mental Health Diagnoses of Children in Foster Care: A Comparison Study between Foster and Non-Foster Children Covered by Medicaid

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze Medicaid utilization data from a comprehensive sample of foster and non-foster Medicaid patients in a large metropolitan area to determine rates of diagnoses of mental health disorders and utilization of care. We hypothesized that children in foster care would have higher mental health needs, but utilize care less frequently, and thus would receive reduced support for those needs as …
Inhomogeneous screening near the dielectric interface.

Screening is one of the most important concepts in the study of charged systems. Near a dielectricinterface, the ion distribution in a salt solution can be highly nonuniform. Here, we develop a theory that self-consistently treats the inhomogeneous screening effects. At higher concentrations when the bulk Debye screening length is comparable to the Bjerrum length, the double layerstructure and interfacial properties are significantly affected by the inhomogeneous screening. In particular, the depletion zone is considerably wider than that predicted by the bulk screening approximation or the WKB approximation. The characteristic length of the depletion layer in this regime scales with the Bjerrum length, resulting in a linear increase of the negative adsorption of ions with concentration, in agreement with experiments. For asymmetric salts, inhomogeneous screening leads to enhanced charge separation and surface potential.
Migratable AI : Investigating users' affect on identity and information migration of a conversational AI agent

Conversational AI agents are becoming ubiquitous and provide assistance to us in our everyday activities. In recent years, researchers have explored the migration of these agents across different embodiments in order to maintain the continuity of the task and improve user experience. In this paper, we investigate user's affective responses in different configurations of the migration parameters. We present a 2x2 between-subjects study in a task-based scenario using information migration and identity migration as parameters. We outline the affect processing pipeline from the video footage collected during the study and report user's responses in each condition. Our results show that users reported highest joy and were most surprised when both the information and identity was migrated; and reported most anger when the information was migrated without the identity of their agent.
Development of a Non-Destructive Method for Detection of the Juiciness of Pear via VIS/NIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometric Methods.

Juiciness is a primary index of pear quality and freshness, which is also considered as important as sweetness for the consumers. Development of a non-destructive detection method for pear juiciness is meaningful for producers and sellers. In this study, visible−near-infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy combined with different spectral preprocessing methods, including normalization (NOR), first derivative (FD), detrend (DET), standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), probabilistic quotient normalization (PQN), modified optical path length estimation and correction (OPLECm), linear regression correction combined with spectral ratio (LRC-SR) and orthogonal spatial projection combined with spectral ratio (OPS-SR), was used for comparison in detection of pear juiciness. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to establish the calibration models between the preprocessing spectra (650–1100 nm) and juiciness measured by the texture analyzer. In addition, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) was used to identify the characteristic wavelengths and simplify the PLS models. All obtained models were evaluated via Monte Carlo cross-validation (MCCV) and external validation. The PLS model established by 19 characteristic variables after LRC-SR preprocessing displayed the best prediction performance with external verification determination coefficient (R2v) of 0.93 and root mean square error (RMSEv) of 0.97%. The results demonstrate that VIS/NIR coupled with LRC-SR method can be a suitable strategy for the quick assessment of juiciness for pears.
Risk-based assessment of the post-earthquake functional disruption and restoration of distributed infrastructure systems

Abstract A risk-based framework for assessing the post-earthquake functional loss and restoration of distributed infrastructure systems is presented. Using an appropriate seismic source model, a stochastic earthquake catalogue is generated for the target region. For each event in the catalogue, the joint distribution of shaking and component-level damage maps are produced. Process-based discrete event simulation is coupled with an appropriate method for linking physical damage to functional impacts to model the restoration for each damage map. By considering all possible events that are impactful to the target region and their associated rates of occurrence, the full probability distribution of the functional recovery trajectory of the system is obtained. Dispersion disaggregation is used to isolate the individual contribution of each random variable to the uncertainty bounds in the restoration trajectory. A case study involving the city of Napa's water system is used to demonstrate how the framework can support resilience-based risk-informed decision-making for distributed infrastructure.
One-step lignocellulose depolymerization and saccharification to high sugar yield and less condensed isolated lignin

The cost of sugar production remains a key challenge in future lignocellulosic biorefineries. We demonstrate that ZnBr2, an inexpensive inorganic salt, provides nearly theoretical yields of glucose and xylose in one-step from poplar wood at 85 °C and short reaction times at molten salt hydrate (MSH) conditions without an acid. Catalytic depolymerization of the isolated MSH lignin, using a CoS2 catalyst, yields 17% phenol-like monomers compared to only 1% produced from the acidified MSH lignin. Reductive catalytic fractionation of MSH lignin over Ru/C resulted in two times higher total monomer yield compared to the AMSH lignin. Both the lignin samples were characterized using 2D HSQC NMR and the thioacidolysis method. Thioacidolysis studies reveal 8.4% and 1.8% of β-O-4 linkages in MSH and acidified MSH lignin, respectively. Thermodynamic modeling and 13C NMR spectroscopy indicate that the effectiveness of this catalyst arises from the strong interaction of the Lewis acidic zinc cation (Zn2+) with the coordinated water molecules resulting in hydrolysis of the metal aquo complex and to the salt-driven increase in the H+ activity coefficient. Techno-economic analysis demonstrates that despite being slower, the ZnBr2 MSH media has cost advantages, compared to conventional hydrolysis and even to the LiBr and ZnBr2 AMSH, due to the higher quality of lignin.
Can Non-tiered Customer Loyalty Programs Be Profitable?

We show that a simple, nontiered loyalty program can substantially increase customer lifetime value and that most of this benefit comes from increasing customer retention.
Search for X(3872) in γγ fusion and ISR at CLEO

We report on a search for the X(3872) state using 15.1 fb−1 of e+e−. annihilation data taken with the CLEO III detector in the s = 9.46–11.30 GeV region. Separate searches for the production of X(3872) in untagged γγ fusion and e+e− annihilation following initial state radiation (ISR) are made by taking advantage of the unique correlation of J/ψ → l+l− in X(3872) decay into π+π−J/ψ. No signals are observed in either case, and 90% confidence upper limits are established as (2J + 1)Γγγ(X(3872))β(X → π+π−J/ψ) < 12.9 eV and Γee(X(3872))β(X → π+π−J/ψ) < 8.3eV.
Defining Definitions: The Importance of Chain Definitions in Online Popular Science Articles

This article discusses the different types of definitions and how writers use them in online popular science articles. The work breaks definitions down into six different types: prototypical, procedural, delayed, zero, figurative, and chain. Looking at different types of definitions, this article focuses the importance of definitions. It also discusses why specific definitions found in popular science articles are categorized under the different definition types. It undertakes an in-depth analysis of 74 definitions and explains why they belong in the category they were given. As a result, the article highlights the importance of chain definitions— combinations of multiple definitions working together to provide an explanation of a term or concept. Overall, each type of definition is unique and helpful in the process of popularizing science. They give the author freedom to create connections between the scientists and the readers. These connections, in turn, allow for greater understanding between the two. The current project examined 10 articles (roughly 10,600 words analyzed) and 74 definitions.
Light-Touch Regulation by Banning Unreasonable Discrimination

Since the early 2000s, all seven chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission have publicly supported the “Internet freedoms,” which give users the right to access the lawful content, application, and devices of their choice. The public interest is best served by a regulatory environment that gives Internet access providers as much freedom as possible to innovate and expand, while preventing Internet access providers from becoming information gatekeepers or violating these freedoms. Providers of broadband Internet access services have the technical capability and the financial incentive to violate these freedoms. Thus, there should be some ex ante Open Internet rules, and only the Federal Communications Commission has the mandate and expertise to establish and enforce such rules. However, it is possible to improve upon the 2015 Open Internet rules. Some portions of the existing rules create too much regulatory uncertainty, such as the “Internet conduct standard.” Other portions do not focus as specifically as they could on Internet service provider strategies that could lead to gatekeeping. We propose an alternate approach to “light-touch” regulation based on the idea that the FCC should prohibit “unreasonable discrimination,” while allowing reasonable discrimination. Discrimination is unreasonable when it is based on content, application, service, or attached device. To be effective, rules must appropriately address specialized services as well. The paper does explain how the proposed rules might fit under either Title I or Title II, but the infamous question of whether the FCC should reclassify is outside our scope.
Benefits, costs, and feasibility of scaling up land conservation for maintaining ecosystem services in the Sebago Lake watershed, Maine, USA

Abstract This paper integrates land use modeling, conservation planning, and ecosystem service valuation to estimate the benefits, costs, and feasibility of scaling up land conservation for maintaining natural water filtration in the Sebago Lake watershed, Maine, USA. We find that 79% of the watershed would have to be in permanent forest cover for water quality to be sufficiently maintained. However, we estimate that every dollar invested in conservation over the next 25 years will on average produce more than $10 in ecosystem service benefits, equivalent to about $90 million in net benefits per year, or $2,150/ha/yr. Additional sensitivity analysis on the discount rate, land acquisition cost, ecosystem service values, and development intensity reveals that benefits outweigh costs for more than 95% of the forested area, and 99% of high impact parcels. Furthermore, there is a business case for the top 50 water users to pay to conserve nearly 1000 hectares of forest per annum to avoid an increase in their water rates that could result if water quality deteriorated enough to require construction of a filtration plant. These findings suggest that it could be economically feasible to invest in forest conservation for much of the watershed.
Negative thermal expansion behavior in single crystal and ceramic of Nb2O5-based compositions

The thermal expansion coefficients of a single crystal and ceramic of Nb2O5 are measured in the temperature range of −200–500 °C by the dilatometer technique. Both single crystals and ceramics of Nb2O5 and Nb2O5(1−x):xTiO2 show negative thermal expansion in this temperature range. Some contribution to the result could be due to the presence of the Magneli phases. The main phase transition temperature, which also matches with the dielectric anomaly, occurs at ≈150 °C.
Inhibition of Enzyme Activities by Free Fatty Acids

The inhibition of several enzyme activities by free fatty acids has been examined. The inhibition of rat liver microsomal linolenate-activating enzyme activity by linolenate was found to be due to the inactivation of enzyme by substrate fatty acid. Stearoyl coenzyme A was also found to inhibit linolenate-activating enzyme. Likewise, microsomal glucose 6-phosphatase was inhibited by oleate; the extent of inhibition by oleate was related to the relative concentration of microsomal material. Citrate synthase from pig heart was inhibited by linoleate and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase of yeast was inhibited by oleate. The inhibition of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was time-dependent and the presence of glucose 6-phosphate gave considerable protection against inactivation. The marked similarity in the observed inhibition of diverse enzymes by long chain unsaturated fatty acids to that of reported inhibitions by fatty acyl-CoA esters suggests that inhibitory effects are due to detergent properties of these inhibitors. In view of these and other considerations it is suggested that the extrapolation of observed inhibitions in vitro of enzyme activities by free fatty acids to regulation of metabolism in vivo must be made with caution.
Vibrational spectra of nucleic acid constituents—II: Planar vibrations of cytosine

Abstract Laser-Raman spectra and i.r. spectra of polycrystalline cytosine and cytosine-d3 have been obtained. In-plane fundamentals have been assigned to absorption bands and Raman lines on the basis of deuteration shifts, comparison with spectra of four isotopic analogs of uracil, and a normal coordinate calculation. A valence force field with thirteen transferred and sixteen refined force constants was employed to calculate a total of forty-three frequencies, to obtain a potential energy distribution and to calculate Cartesian displacements. Several skeletal vibrations appear to be characteristic for the pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids in general.
The complex world of kidney microRNAs

MicroRNAs are short noncoding RNAs that usually reduce translation of messenger RNAs. Changes in microRNA-192 (miR-192) are reported in states of renal fibrosis. New evidence supports a role for miR-192 and its target miR-200b/c in transforming growth factor-β1 regulation of its own expression and that of collagens in mesangial cells, with a possible role in diabetic nephropathy. As there is controversy on the role of these microRNAs in diabetic nephropathy, more work is needed.
Statistical Design and Performance of High-Sensitivity Frequency-Feedback Receivers

Current interest in high-sensitivity receivers for frequency modulation is centered around two implementations of the device: phase-lock and frequency-feedback. Enloe and later Cahn presented linearized frequency-feedback receiver design theory based on a twin threshold concept. This paper presents the derivation of a quasi-linear model for the frequency-feedback receiver for the situation of Gaussian signals and noise. A statistical optimization is then performed giving the loop transfer function and threshold performance for a maximum sensitivity receiver. The design theory is based on a single threshold concept deviating from previous twin threshold approach. It is shown that in an optimum design the modulation error is less than 1 rad. This allows the use of a narrow-band IF filter and obviates the need to consider threshold characteristics of the discriminator within the loop. A significant result of this analysis is that although the quasi-linear receiver models differ in detail, threshold for a maximum sensitivity FM feedback and for a phase-lock receiver is identical. It was found that in FM feedback, as previously determined by Develet for the phase-lock receiver, threshold occurs at 10 log10(e)= 4.34 db above the ultimate limit determined by information theory arguments. This 4.34-db degradation is independent of modulation index. It is anticipated that the results in this paper will free the design engineer from concern about which device is theoretically better and allow his choice to be influenced solely by hardware considerations.
Crypticogenicity of bacteriophage λ

Abstract In Escherichia coli K12 lysogens carrying as prophage a variant of bacteriophage λ (λ crypticogen), treatment with ultraviolet light generates partially cured cells as frequently as completely cured ones. In partial curing, a specific type of deletion, covering the int through R region, recurs. The resulting incomplete prophage is called λ cryptic. Lysogens of λ cryptic prophage can be completely cured by superinfection. Superinfection curing requires the phage-specific enzymes needed for curing of normal λ. The crypticogenic factor(s) has been localized by genetic mapping between att and cI and includes a partial defect for prophage excision. The crypticogenic phenotype is a specific consequence of ultraviolet curing and is expressed in presence of the immλ, but not the imm434 region. Two possible explanations of crypticogenicity are discussed.
T-VEMA: A Temperature- and Variation-Aware Electromigration Power Grid Analysis Tool

In this brief, a temperature- and variation-aware electromigration analysis (T-VEMA) tool for power grid wires is described. First, T-VEMA performs a two-stage interconnect thermal analysis on a full chip. Next, the tool extracts the effective jL product values and performs an electromigration (EM) lifetime calculation on ideally manufactured mortal wires on the basis of thermal effects. Finally, T-VEMA analyzes process variation effects on EM reliability at global and local levels and reports variation tolerances of EM-sensitive power grid wires.
Political Cleavages in a Democratizing Society: The Case of the Congo (Formerly Zaire)

Research into the structure of political cleavages suggests that ethnicity, class, and urban-rural divide are the main explanatory social variables of political conflict in Africa. This article examines the validity of this argument and suggests that the unofficial economy seems to create new lines of political polarizations as African countries democratize. ANOVA, logistic regression, and two stage-logistic regression of survey data collected in the Congo in 1991-1992 show that the unofficial economy is more likely to minimize political cleavages than other lines of social divisions that dominate the literature on African political cleavages. In addition, overlapping cleavages tend to polarize a more homogeneous setting and crosscutting cleavages are typical of a heterogeneous environment.
Kinetic studies on asparagine synthetase from mung beans (Vigna radiata (L) wilczek) with a phosphonate analogue of a proposed reaction intermadiate

We have synthesized l-2-amino-4-oxo-5-(5′-adenosyl)phosphonopentanoic acid, II, as an analogue of aspartyl adenylate, I. This latter intermediate is proposed to occur during activities of the enzyme asparagine synthetase (glutamine hydrolysing) (l-aspartate:l-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP forming, EC 6.3.5.4). Enzyme kinetic studies indicate that inhibition of the mung bean enzyme by II is noncompetitive with respect to glutamine and uncompetitive with respect to both ATP and aspartate, with a Ki of 0.08 mM. This suggests that if II is acting as an analogue of I then the synthesis of asparagine involves the binding of I to two distinct sites on the enzyme.
Unsupported palladium alloy foil membranes fabricated by electroless plating

It is desirable to create thin (<25 μm), unsupported, defect-free palladium and palladium alloy foils in a cost-effective manner in order to study intrinsic material properties exclusive of support effects. We have developed a novel technique for producing unsupported palladium films by electroless plating upon mirror-finished stainless steel supports followed by mechanical removal. High quality pure palladium films as thin as 7.2 μm were produced. Single gas steady state permeation experiments were performed using hydrogen and nitrogen to examine permeability and selectivity. The pure palladium membranes showed hydrogen permeabilities comparable to cold-rolled unsupported foils, and high H2/N2 selectivity. Palladium-copper membranes were prepared by sequential electroless plating of copper onto palladium foils followed by in situ annealing. The annealing process produces films of desired composition with permeabilities comparable to those in the literature. The annealing process does not appear to produce defects in the film, and the membranes thus produced have performed 15 days without increased leak rates.
Role of recurrent excitatory pathways in epileptogenesis.

Abstract The role of recurrent excitatory pathways in epileptogenesis was tested by antidromic stimulation of transcallosal fibers. A focus was created by the topical application of penicillin to the cortex of cats in which the corpus callosum had been transected several weeks before the experiment in order to produce degeneration of the orthodromic fibers. Antidromic stimulation produced typical cortical paroxysms and the transmembrane potential of the neurons within the focus displayed the characteristic Paroxysmal Depolarizing Shift.
Tumorigenic potential of pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) in vivo investigated using a transgenic mouse model, and effects of cross breeding with p53 (+/-) transgenic mice.

Pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) is an oncogene that is overexpressed in variety of tumors and exhibits characteristics of a transforming gene. Previous transgenic mouse models to access the tumorigenic potential in the pituitary and ovary have resulted in dysplasia without formation of visible tumors, possibly due to the insufficient expression of PTTG. PTTG expression level is critical for ovarian tumorigenesis in a xenograft model. Therefore, the tumorigenic function of PTTG in vivo remains unclear. We generated a transgenic mouse that overexpresses PTTG driven by the CMV promoter to determine whether PTTG functions as a transforming oncogene that is capable of initiating tumorigenesis. Transgenic animals were generated by microinjection of PTTG transgene into the male pronucleus of FVB 0.5 day old embryos. Expression levels of PTTG in tissues of transgenic animals were analyzed using an immunohistochemical analysis. H&E staining and immunohistostaining were performed to examine the type of tumor in transgenic and PTTG transgenic/p53+/- animals. PTTG transgenic offspring (TgPTTG) were monitored for tumor development at various ages. H&E analysis was performed to identify the presence of cancer and hyperplastic conditions verified with the proliferation marker PCNA and the microvessel marker CD31. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine transgene expression, revealing localization to the epithelium of the fallopian tube, with more generalized expression in the liver, lung, kidney, and spleen. At eight months of age, 2 out of 15 TgPTTG developed ovarian cancer, 2 out of 15 developed benign tumors, 2 out of 15 developed cervical dysplasia, and 3 out of 15 developed adenomyosis of the uterus. At ten months of age, 2 out of 10 TgPTTG developed adenocarcinoma of the ovary, 1 out of 10 developed a papillary serous adenocarcinoma, and 2 out of 10 presented with atypia of ovarian epithelial cells. Tumorigenesis is a multi-step process, often requiring multiple oncogenes and/or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Therefore, to understand the contribution of p53 to PTTG induced tumorigenesis, we crossbred TgPTTG to p53+/− mice and maintained those 8 to 10 months. TgPTTG/p53+/− animals developed sarcomas faster than p53+/− alone as well as different tumor types in addition to cervical carcinomas in situ in 10 out of 17 females. We conclude that while PTTG is a functional transforming oncogene, it requires an additional partner to effectively promote tumorigenesis through the loss of p53 include or between function or modulation.
Magnetic properties of ball-milled Mn nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of Mn of sizes < 500 A were prepared by the ball-milling technique. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility χ showed systematic variation with particle size. Peaks observed in χ were attributed to the magnetic ordering of the oxides Mn3O4and MnO. Peaks found in ∂(χT) / ∂T were associated with the Neel temperature ofα -Mn. We estimated that our samples contain about 0.4% of Mn3O4. This low concentration of Mn3O4was not detected by X-ray diffraction experiments but contributed significantly to the magnetization measurements.
The dementia of cardiac disease

Cardiovascular disease and dementia are common in the elderly and are major causes of disability in the general population. The public health burden of dementia is projected to increase as life expectancy increases in the United States and elsewhere. Epidemiological studies suggest that these once believed unrelated conditions, heart disease and dementia, may be linked by shared common risks and pathogenic elements. These observations have sparked the notion that prevention or modification of certain vascular risk factors and proper management of cardiovascular disease may prevent the development or progression of dementia including Alzheimer’s disease. In this article, the authors discuss the association between cognitive impairment and atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and cardiovascular procedures.
Corals, paleotemperature records, and the aragonite-calcite transformation

Oxygen isotopic records from corals play an increasing role in paleoclimatic research and climatic modeling. Proxy records of sea-surface temperature are produced by isotopically analyzing samples drilled from aragonitic (CaCO 3 ) coral skeletons. However, drilling aragonite causes a polymorphic inversion to calcite accompanied by 18 O enrichment. The isotopic enrichment may occur through atmospheric exchange, CO 2 degassing, or fractionation during digestion. Regardless of the mechanism, dry drilling produced isotopic shifts as large as 0.8‰, corresponding to an erroneous temperature decrease of 3 ° C. This error is larger than the global temperature rise since the Industrial Revolution, and a substantial part of the global temperature variation over the past 10 ka. Because the isotopic shift is inconsistent and can occur without the production of measurable calcite, detecting and correcting the isotopic shift may be difficult.
Treatment Technologies For Hazardous Wastes: Part III Treatment Technologies for Corrosive Hazardous Wastes

In this paper, the authors present generation and treatment information for corrosive hazardous wastes (EPA Hazaradous Waste Codes D002 and K062). The authors discuss the state of the art for several treatment trains used to process specific types of corrosive waste. Treatment trains incorporate various unit processes selected from but not limited to the following: neutralization, filtration, carbon adsorption, biological oxidation, distillation, air flotation, and incineration. Unit processes are selected to form trains according to the corrosive characteristics of each individual waste stream. The treatment processes discussed are proposed to be used instead of landfills for disposal of corrosive waste.
Application of high-performance liquid chromatographic chiral stationary phases to pharmaceutical analysis structural and conformational effects in the direct enantiomeric resolution of α-methylarylacetic acid antiinflammatory agents

Abstract A series of four α-methylarylacetic acids of pharmaceutical interest were directly resolved as enantiomeric amide derivatives on a high-performance liquid chromatographic chiral stationary phase consisting of covalently bound ( R )-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine. Enantiomers of ibuprofen, naproxen fenoprofen and benoxaprofen all exhibited optimum separation (α = 1.12, 1.23, 1.12 and 1.10, respectively) as 1-naphthalenemethylamides. Derivatives of ibuprofen were studied in detail; measurable separations were observed for secondary and tertiary amides of diverse structural types, but not for the primary amide or for ester derivatives. The results, which are consistent with an interaction model involving stacking of amide dipoles, with or without supplementary π—π and hydrogen-bonding effects, appear to be strongly dependent on conformational requirements of both the solute and the chiral stationary phase.
Newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Classic CAH (salt-wasting and simple virilizing) meets all of the recommended criteria for newborn screening. There are reliable and efficient newborn screening tests, the disorder results in high morbidity and mortality if left undetected, there is effective treatment that reduces negative outcomes, and there is a relatively high incidence. When compared with the case findings without the benefit of screening, the data from screening programs show reduced adrenal crises, reduced incorrect sex assignments, and reduced deaths. Racial/ethnic prevalence differences are present in newborn screening program data. The Texas data indicate a lower disease frequency in African-Americans when compared with Caucasians, and international data indicate higher frequencies in native Yupik Eskimos, Brazilians, residents of La Reunion, and Filipinos. When worldwide clinical ascertainment data are compared with newborn screenng data, it is clear that newborns with CAH (especially males) die when screening is not done. To be effective in reducing mortality, newborn screening must be performed soon after birth, and the results must be available quickly so that early salt-wasting crises can be averted. It is preferable that newborn screening laboratiories be operational 7 days a week, and that sample delivery from the collection site to testing laboratory be as efficient as possible, including weekends and holidays, so that undue testing delays are not encountered. These two requirements pose major challenges for most programs, but they are critical to optimal screening outcome. Based on the studies in Texas, with second screening samples collected at approximately 2 weeks of age, some newborns with simple virilizing CAH are missed on initial screening using current testing protocols. There is need to set a screening cut-off such that the false-positive rate does not oversaturate the follow-up system, in part owing to the insensitivity of current kit methodologies and the biochemical manifestations of CAH. With advances in genetic testing procedures and improved automation techniques, it may soon be possible for CAH screening programs to include genotyping as a second-tier confirmation as a part of the newborn screening protocol. Despite the fact that CAH is a continuum of disorders, the correlation between genotype and phenotype is fairly consistent in most cases. For the purpose of screening, genotyping will likely be useful only for differential diagnoses of non-salt wasters, given the necessary time constraints and expense of obtaining genotypes and the need for immediate diagnosis/treatment of salt wasters. It is hoped that newborn screening programs will begin to provide answers to some of these question in addition to their primary function of reducing the morbidity and mortality resulting from CAH.
Design and evaluation of an air traffic control Final Approach Spacing Tool

This paper describes the design and simulator evaluation of an automation tool for assisting terminal radar approach controllers in sequencing and spacing traffic onto the final approach course. The automation tool, referred to as the Final Approach Spacing Tool (FAST), displays speed and heading advisories for arriving aircraft as well as sequencing information on the controller's radar display. The main functional elements of FAST are a scheduler that schedules and sequences the traffic, a four-dimensional trajectory synthesizer that generates the advisories, and a graphical interface that displays the information to the controller. FAST has been implemented on a high-performance workstation. It can be operated as a stand-alone in the terminal radar approach control facility or as an element of a system integrated with automation tools in the air route traffic control center. FAST was evaluated by experienced air traffic controllers in a real-time air traffic control simulation. simulation results summarized in the paper show that the automation tools significantly reduced controller work load and demonstrated a potential for an increase in landing rate.
Properties of the Duane plot for repairable systems

The Duane plot is a plot of cumulative operating time against the cumulative failure rate on double logarithmic axes. It is often claimed that the power law process, a non-homogeneous Poisson process with intensity function , implies a linear Duane plot. We show that this implication and its converse are false. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H.264 Deblocking Speedup

This letter tackles the problem of reducing the complexity of H.264 decoding. Since deblocking accounts for a significant percentage of H.264 decoding time, our focus is on the H.264 in-loop deblocking filter. Observing that branch operations are costly and that in the deblocking process there are events with significantly high probability of occurrence, we regroup and simplify the branch operations. We apply the idea of Huffman tree optimization to speed up the boundary strength derivation and the true-edge detection by taking advantage of the biased statistical distribution. Our analyses and experiments show that the proposed techniques can reduce the deblocking computation time typically by a factor of more than seven times, while maintaining the bit-exact output.
Lateral inhomogeneity in InGaAs-GaAs quantum wire arrays by selective-area metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

We present an experimental characterization of InGaAs–GaAs quantum wire arrays grown by selective‐area metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The wire patterns studied were obtained by high‐resolution electron‐beam lithography on poly(methylmethacrylate) and wet etching of silicon dioxide. We observe a large nonlinear enhancement of growth inside the wire region. In addition, the results of gas phase diffusion growth simulations on the expected inhomogeneity of the fabricated quantum wires are presented. The degree of inhomogeneity of fabricated quantum wire arrays was studied by spatially resolved photoluminescence. Our results show that a suitable patterning technique, coupled with proper growth conditions, could allow control of the selective growth profile across the wire array.
Ousmane Sembene's La Noire de…: melancholia in photo, text, and film

This article explores Ousmane Sembene's short story La Noire de… (Black Girl) and its film version by using the poster for the film as the linking cog, and by analysing the various shapes melancholia takes across these mediums. Sembene's interior sets are often ornamented with posters that have a double meaning: what they signify within the space of the film, and what they mean within the larger social context of Senegal and West Africa in general. By focusing on the promotional, extra-diegetic poster we can trace a similar binary relationship in reverse. This original path leads to the study of melancholia, first within a wider historical context, and, second, within the confines of the relationship between the poster, the film, and the short story.
Suspension-feeders and coexisting infauna: an enhancement counterexample

Abstract Mytilus edulis L. density was manipulated in a New England soft-bottom intertidal population, and the response of the oligochaete Tubificoides benedeni (Udekem) was measured to test the hypothesis that the presence of mussels causes increased oligochaete abundance. There was a positive correlation between mussel density and oligochaete abundance within the mussel bed, and removal of mussels from 1-m 2 patches led to a 50% decline in oligochaetes after 3 months. These results support the proposed hypothesis and contradict the idea that no infaunal forms should attain their highest densities among densely packed suspension-feeding bivalves. T. benedeni juveniles emerge from cocoons and may escape ingestion by M. edulis and suffocation in mussel feces and pseudofeces. In benthic environments where suspension-feeders reduce successful planktonic larval settlement, we suggest that those infauna which form cocoons, brood, fragment asexually, or disperse at large postlarval stages may be relatively more abundant than species with planktonic larval dispersal.
Bicriteria programming with several modern applications

Applications of bicriteria linear programming in classifications and selections are discussed. The use of the bicriteria classification and selection model is presented in applications of genotype selection in the corn breeding problem and feature selection in a pattern recognition problem.
The reaction products of solar hydrogen and components of the high atmosphere of Venus—A possible source of the Venusian clouds

Abstract A theory concerning the origin and composition of the Venusian clouds is presented. Hydrogen from the solar wind reacts with components of the upper atmosphere, principally CO and N2. The initial reaction products are protected upon entering the dark hemisphere of Venus, and the long night (∼1400 hr) provides ample time for polymerization, condensation, and subsidence to lower levels of the atmosphere. A continuous source from above, coupled with regenerative processes from the hot regions below, fulfills the requirements for maintaining a perpetual cloud layer.
Relationship between Ginzburg-Landau and BCS theory.

A generalization of the BCS ground state is suggested and leads to expectation values for the energy and the current density consistent with the Ginzburg-Landau expressions. \ensuremath{\Psi}(R) describes the quantum-mechanical motion of the center of mass of the superconducting pairs, and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$(R)\ensuremath{\Psi}(R) turns out to give the number of superconducting pairs per unit volume at R. Extension to finite temperatures appears to be a possibility.
Evaluation of Durapatite Ceramic as an Alloplastic Implant in Periodontal Osseous Defects: I. Initial Six‐Month Results

Eight patients received a new polycrystalline ceramic form of pure hydroxylapatite (Durapatite) as a bone implant material in various types of infrabony defects following internally beveled full thickness flaps, root planing, and defect debridement. All osseous margins and defects were measured from the CEJ using a standardized periodontal probe. Similarly debrided defects that were not implanted served as controls. Defect selection as either experimental or control site was based on either split-mouth or alternating defects design. Periodontal dressing and systemic tetracycline were used for 10 days. Recalls for documentation and plaque control were at 10, 20, and 30 days, and 3 and 6 months. Measurements relating to defect changes were made at the 6-month surgical re-entry. For evaluation purposes original defect depths were divided into three groups. In Group I (<3 mm) defect fill was 1.2 mm (60%) for the implanted defects and 0.6 mm (40.5%) for the control sites (significantly different at P < 0.05). ...
Computational models of technology adoption at the workplace

Popular social networking sites have revolutionized the way people interact on the Web, enabling rapid information dissemination and search. In an enterprise, understanding how information flows within and between organizational levels and business units is of great importance. Despite numerous studies in information diffusion in online social networks, little is known about factors that affect the dynamics of technological adoption at the workplace. Here, we address this problem, by examining the impact of organizational hierarchy in adopting new technologies in the enterprise. Our study suggests that middle-level managers are more successful in influencing employees into adopting a new microblogging service. Further, we reveal two distinct patterns of peer pressure, based on which employees are not only more likely to adopt the service, but the rate at which they do so quickens as the popularity of the new technology increases. We integrate our findings into two intuitive, realistic agent-based computational models that capture the dynamics of adoption at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. We evaluate our models in a real-world dataset we collected from a multinational Fortune 500 company. Prediction results show that our models provide great improvements over commonly used diffusion models. Our findings provide significant insights to managers seeking to realize the dynamics of adoption of new technologies in their company and could assist in designing better strategies for rapid and efficient technology adoption and information dissemination at the workplace.
Permeability of human erythrocyte membrane vesicles to alkali cations

The permeability of inside-out and right-side-out vesicles from erythrocyte membranes to inorganic cations was determined quantitatively. Using 86Rb as a K analog, we have measured the rate constant of 86Rb efflux from vesicles under equilibrium exchange conditions, using a dialysis procedure. The permeability coefficients of the vesicles to Rb are only about an order of magnitude greater than that of whole erythrocytes. Furthermore, we have measured many of the specialized transport systems known to exist in erythrocytes and have shown that glucose, sulfate, ATP-dependent Ca and ATP-dependent Na transport activities are retained by the vesicle membranes. These results suggest that inside-out and right-side-out vesicles can be used effectively to study transport properties of erythrocyte membranes.
Heavy metal-nucleotide interactions. III. The participation of amino groups in the binding of methylmercury (II) to cytidine and adenosine 5'-phosphate in aqueous solution: studies by Raman difference spectrophotometry.

Abstract Raman difference spectrophotometry has been used to study the interaction of CH3 Hg(II) with cytidine and Ado-5′-P at high pH. In contrast to the binding reactions which occur at lower pH or in non-aqueous solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide, a proton is transferred from the amino group; and the complexes are CH3 HgCydH−1 and CH3 HgAdoH−1-5′-P. The spectra are significantly different from those of the cationic complexes. The integrated intensities of ligand modes which shift upon metalation can be used to measure the concentration of unreacted ligand and consequently the extent of the reaction. Equilibrium constants for the reactions CH3 HgOH + L → CH3 HgLH−1 + H2 O were estimated to be log KCyd = 0.63 ± 0.05 and log KAdo-5′-P = 0.85 ± 0.05, in fair agreement with values determined under very different conditions by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The vibrational spectrum of the ligand in CH3 HgCydH−1 is virtually the same as that of UrdH−1− which is isoelectronic. The spectrum of the ligand in CH3 HgAdoH−1-5′-P is more similar to the isoelectronic base InoH−1− than to Ado-5′-P, although the resemblance is not so close as in the CydH−1−—UrdH−1− case. The structures of these complexes are discussed on the basis of their vibrational spectra and similarities in the spectra of related compounds. It is concluded that the CH3Hg(II) binds to the amino nitrogen at high pH with both cytidine and Ado-5′-P. In neutral solution with excess CH3Hg(II), metalation occurs on the amino groups, on the ring, and also on the ribose.