cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Diversity and Creativity in Small Groups

There is a growing belief among managers that ethnic diversity, when well managed, can provide organizations with certain competitive advantages. But the belief in this value-inl diversity hypothesis rests largely on anecdotal rather than empirical evidence. Results are reported ofa controlled experimental study that compares the performance on a brainstorm ing task between groups composed of all Anglo-Americans with groups composed ofAnglo-, Asian, African, and Hispanic Americans. The particular brainstorming task used-The Tourist Problem-was chosenfor its relevancefordiversity along the dimension of ethnicity. The ideas produced by the ethnically diverse groups were judged to be of higher quality-more effective andfeasible-than the ideas produced by the homogeneous groups. Members of homogeneous groups reported marginally more attraction to their groups than did members of diverse oroups. Directions for future research with respect to the degree of diversity, the nature of the task, and group process ar...
Acceptability and availability of harm-reduction interventions for drug abuse in American substance abuse treatment agencies.

This study assessed acceptability, availability, and reasons for nonavailability of interventions designed to prevent drug use related harm by substituting pharmaceuticals for illicit drugs; facilitating detoxification; and reducing the occurrence of HIV transmission, relapse, and opiate overdose. A survey was mailed to a sample of 500 randomly selected American substance abuse treatment agencies. Of 435 potentially eligible respondents, 222 (51%) returned usable data. A subset of interventions--including harm reduction education, cue exposure therapy, needle exchange, substitute opiate prescribing, various detoxification regimes, and complementary therapies--were rated as somewhat or completely acceptable by 50% or more of the respondents. Regardless of their acceptability, listed interventions were generally not available from responding agencies; respondents typically attributed unavailability to lack of resources and inconsistency of an intervention with agency philosophy.
Atomic Scale Studies of Spall Behavior in Single Crystal Cu

Abstract The micromechanisms related to ductile failure during dynamic loading of single crystal Cu are investigated using large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Void nucleation, growth, and coalescence is studied for a single-crystal Cu system under conditions of impact of a shock piston with a velocity of 500 m/s. The compressive shock wave generated reflects from the rear surface as a tensile wave and meets with the tail of the shock wave at the spall plane. The interaction results in a triaxial tensile stress state that nucleates a large number of voids at the spall plane. MD simulations suggest that voids nucleate at intersections of stacking faults generated in the spall plane under the triaxial tensile stress conditions. Two stages of void growth are observed during dynamic failure of single-crystal Cu: Stage I corresponds to fast nucleation and growth of the nucleated voids and Stage II corresponds to coalescence and slow growth of the voids.
Exploring global illumination for virtual reality

Real time global illumination (GI) is a difficult and steadily researched area. Advances in the field could potentially benefit virtual reality applications by increasing users' sense of presence. In immersive virtual environments (IVE) like CAVEs, applications must support perspective-corrected stereoscopic rendering. Dmitriev et al. [2004] performed GI in a CAVE using Precomputed Radiance Transfer, which requires a static scene. Mortensen et al. [2007] also performed GI in a CAVE using Virtual Light Fields which did not allow moving lights or geometry. We present our attempt to find GI techniques that support dynamic lights and scene geometry in our 6-sided CAVE-like IVE (DRIVE6). We implemented two separate illumination techniques: GPU photon mapping (GPM) and multiresolution splatting for indirect illumination (MSII). Each technique makes trade-offs between image quality and speed, and appropriate use of each depends on the needs of the application. Anecdotal evidence suggests that these techniques increase the sense of presence, warranting formal study. A user study is planned.
Contour Tracking in Echocardiographic Sequences via Sparse Representation and Dictionary Learning

This paper presents a dynamical appearance model based on sparse representation and dictionary learning for tracking both endocardial and epicardial contours of the left ventricle in echocardiographic sequences. Instead of learning offline spatiotemporal priors from databases, we exploit the inherent spatiotemporal coherence of individual data to constraint cardiac contour estimation. The contour tracker is initialized with a manual tracing of the first frame. It employs multiscale sparse representation of local image appearance and learns online multiscale appearance dictionaries in a boosting framework as the image sequence is segmented frame-by-frame sequentially. The weights of multiscale appearance dictionaries are optimized automatically. Our region-based level set segmentation integrates a spectrum of complementary multilevel information including intensity, multiscale local appearance, and dynamical shape prediction. The approach is validated on twenty-six 4D canine echocardiographic images acquired from both healthy and post-infarct canines. The segmentation results agree well with expert manual tracings. The ejection fraction estimates also show good agreement with manual results. Advantages of our approach are demonstrated by comparisons with a conventional pure intensity model, a registration-based contour tracker, and a state-of-the-art database-dependent offline dynamical shape model. We also demonstrate the feasibility of clinical application by applying the method to four 4D human data sets.
Controlling Ion Transport through Multilayer Polyelectrolyte Membranes by Derivatization with Photolabile Functional Groups

Increasing the net fixed-charge density in multilayer polyelectrolyte membranes using postdeposition reactions results in large enhancements of ion-transport selectivity. To control the fixed-charge density in poly(acrylic acid)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAA/PAH) films, we partially derivatized PAA using 2-nitrobenzyl bromide. The underivatized −COO- groups still allow adsorption of PAA/PAH membranes on a permeable support, while postdeposition UV irradiation of these films cleaves the 2-nitrobenzyl esters to form fixed-charge sites. Diffusion dialysis experiments show that PAA/PAH membranes prepared with 23%, 50%, and 65% 2-nitrobenzyl esterified PAA exhibit Cl-/SO42- selectivities of 100, 150, and 170, respectively (after photolysis). Underivatized PAA/PAH membranes show a selectivity of only 10. The order of magnitude increase in selectivity resulting from derivatization occurs with a minimal decrease in Cl- flux. By modifying PAH with photolabile 2-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl groups, we also introduc...
Further evidence on relative dental maturation and somatic developmental rate in hominoids.

ABSTRACT New data on hominoid dental development are presented. Individual bivariate pairings of all mandibular teeth were made for African apes and humans. Data were analyzed with a full linear regression model. No statistically significant differences were found among apes, although a consis- tent pattern of earlier incisal development was observed in Pan relative to Gorilla. This is concordant with an earlier fusion of the premaxil1ary:maxil- lary suture in Pan. Only one tooth pair differed significantly by sex among apes. Two biologically distinct human samples (Libben and Hamann-Todd), although assessed differently (extraction and radiography) yielded virtually identical results. Humans differ from apes only by earlier relative calcification of their anterior teeth. This can be viewed as a consequence of reduced facial prognathism and a shift in hominid canine function. That relative dental development (espe- cially of the cheek teeth) directly reflects prolongation of somatic maturation in homi- nids has become a long-standing, widely held view (Mann, 1975; Gould, 1977; Smith, 1986, 1989; Dean and Wood, 1981; Dean, 1987, 1989). Although the timing of human dental development is relatively well known (Nolla, 1960; Moorrees et al., 1963; Fanning, 1961; Anderson et al., 19761, our knowledge of ape dental development is restricted to a few early reports (Schultz, 1935; Nissen and Rie- sen, 1964; Willoughby, 1978) which were based on very limited samples. A more exten- sive study of pongid development was con- ducted by Dean and Wood (1981) for the expressed purpose of establishing an arche- typical developmental schedule for pongids. A primary consequence of the methods em- ployed to achieve this goal was a requisite suppression of variation within the samples used. Therefore, these same data cannot be used to accurately judge the taxonomic or developmental affinity of additional speci- mens. Thus, the use of these standards to identify the developmental pattern of indi- vidual fossils is inappropriate (contra Smith, 1986). In an effort to resolve these issues, we recently presented a comparison of the rela- tive rates of maturation of the permanent teeth in modern humans and the African apes (Simpson
Influence of Chronic Ethanol Vapor Inhalation on Hepatic Parenchymal and Kupffer Cell Function

This report evaluates the influence of chronic ethanol vapor inhalation on various facets of liver function as well as induction of hepatic and pulmonary pathology in rats. Chronic ethanol inhalation is associated with minimal hepatic dysfunction, but pronounced induction of metabolic tolerance.
Initiation of sand transport over coarse beds in tidal entrances

Abstract A tidal entrance often acts as a source or a sink for sand in the littoral zone. At many entrances in biologically productive regions the bed in the vicinity of the throat section (minimum flow area) is composed of sediment containing coarse material including large shells, with sand occurring in the interstitial regions between the shell-defined roughness elements. A stochastic relationship giving the critical bed shear stress for the initiation of sand transport under these conditions is applied to hydraulic and sedimentary data obtained from two entrances in Florida. The results agree well with the critical bed shear stresses derived from data based on the observation of sand movement at the bed. The entrainment function based on observations is found to be approximately three times the value obtained from Shields' criterion. A practical implication is that the use of Shields' criterion in the computation of the rate of sand transport will in general overpredict the rate through the entrance.
Reflectivity, rotation, and ellipticity of magnetooptic film structures.

A general relation is derived between the incident, reflected, and transmitted waves for a multilayer structure containing one or more layers characterized by a magnetooptic dielectric tensor. The method consists of formulating the characteristic matrix for each layer and evaluating the matrix products numerically. From the resulting matrix, desired quantities such as reflectivity, transmission, rotation, and ellipticity are obtained.
SCVIR annual meeting film panel session: diagnosis and discussion of case 3.

A 68-year-old man with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder presented with generalized weakness and left hip pain and thigh swelling. He reported multiple falls at home. In the evaluation for metastatic disease, a Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) whole body bone scan was performed (Fig 1). The bone scan shows marked radiotracer accumulation extending from the region of the left kidney to the anterior left thigh. Findings are suspicious for urine leakage from the left kidney or proximal ureter. Further work-up included a contrast-enhanced computer tomographic (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis (Fig 2). This shows bilateral hydronephrosis secondary to a large, locally invasive bladder tumor. Additionally, there is a well-encapsulated fluid collection within the left psoas muscle, extending into the muscles and soft tissues of the left thigh. Delayed CT images (Fig 3) show accumulation of dense contrast material within the previously identified fluid collection. Based on these findings, the patient was referred to the interventional radiology department and a left percutaneous nephrostomy was performed. A nephrostogram from the procedure (Fig 4) demonstrates rapid extravasation of contrast from the proximal left ureter into an amorphous cavity in the left flank, confirming the suspicion of ureteral disruption.
Effects of receptive language training on receptive and expressive language development.

The effects of a six-month training program in receptive language on receptive and expressive language development were investigated. Developmentally retarded preschoolers were pretested and posttested on one standardized test of receptive language and two tests of expressive language. Both the training and control groups participated in a preschool program. In addition, the training group received a two-sequence training program: (1) reinforcement for matching responses to modeling cues and accompanying verbal requests, and (2) reinforcement for appropriate responses to verbal requests alone. The training group demonstrated a significant increase in appropriate responses to verbal request over base-rate performance after the training and also demonstrated a significantly improved posttest performance on one test of expressive language as compared to the control group.
Many-particle exchanges in a class of correlated Gaussian wave functions for the fractionally quantized Hall effect.

The many-particle exchange integral for a class of correlated Gaussian wave functions for the fractionally quantized Hall effect are discussed. When the correlation is of a long-range nature, the evaluation of this exchange can be cast into languages involving the study of the energies and fluctuations of grain boundaries in two dimensions. For a class of trial wave functions studied recently by Chui, Ma, and Hakim, exchanges involving a large number of particles are significant in that, for a loop that consists of two long parallel boundaries, the overlap integral actually increases as the number of particles involved in the exchange is increased. The question of a collection of boundaries is discussed. We find that there is a repulsion between the boundaries of a range proportional to the size of the boundary.
Many-atom effects in the cohesion of overlayers: iridium on W(110)

Contributions from many-atom effects to the cohesion of Ir clusters on W(110) have been evaluated by relying on directly measured pair free energies. Strong trio interactions must be invoked to account for the structural change from linear chains to two-dimensional islands which takes place when the number of Ir atoms in a cluster increases above 14. Many-atom effects rather than pair interactions are found to be entirely responsible for the cohesion of 2-D Ir islands; pair contributions are actually repulsive. In Ir chains, pair interactions are, at most, comparable to trio contributions.
Update in Geriatrics: Evidence Published in 2013

This Update summarizes studies published in 2013 that the author considers highly relevant to the practice of geriatric medicine.
Preparation of Electrocardiographic Data for Analysis by Digital Electronic Computer

A pilot facility for automatic processing of electrocardiograms leading to their analysis by digital computer has been described. Wave forms from orthogonal electrocardiographic leads were recorded on magnetic tape. By means of newly designed conversion equipment these records have been converted from their original analog form into digital form. The further processing and analysis of the data thus becomes feasible through the use of commercially available digital electronic computers. It has been demonstrated that the electrocardiographic tracings as recorded from patients can be reproduced from the resulting numerical print-outs in their original and undistorted form. The further analysis of these records then requires only proper programming of a digital computer. The same equipment with minor modifications can be used for automatic processing of other analog data such as phonocardiograms, pulse tracings, and ballistocardiograms.
Effect of Brief Experimental Hyperthyroidism on Reproduction in the Rat

SummaryThe daily administration of 0.25 to 0.3 g of thyroid substance to adult female rats for 3 to 5 days during April, October and December, followed by mating within 4 days to normal males, resulted in an average litter size of 13.0, as compared to 9.0 in untreated littermates. Similar treatment during hot weather or an increase in thyroid amount proved deleterious to reproduction.
Fuscusine, a Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloid from the Seastar Perknaster Fuscus Antarcticus

Abstract The body wall of the Antarctic seastar Perknaster fuscus antarcticus contains fuscusine (2), the structure of which was elucidated by interpretation of spectral data. Fuscusine was detected as a “false positive” in the E. coli K-12 SOS chromotest bioassay.
R-Kleene: A High-Performance Divide-and-Conquer Algorithm for the All-Pair Shortest Path for Densely Connected Networks

We propose a novel divide-and-conquer algorithm for the solution of the all-pair shortest-path problem for directed and dense graphs with no negative cycles. We propose R-Kleene, a compact and in-place recursive algorithm inspired by Kleene's algorithm. R-Kleene delivers a better performance than previous algorithms for randomly generated graphs represented by highly dense adjacency matrices, in which the matrix components can have any integer value. We show that R-Kleene, unchanged and without any machine tuning, yields consistently between 1/7 and 1/2 of the peak performance running on five very different uniprocessor systems.
Two highly conserved cysteine residues in HPV16 L2 form an intramolecular disulfide bond and are critical for infectivity in human keratinocytes.

Background Minor capsid protein L2 performs an indispensable but uncharacterized role in human papillomavirus infections. A neutralizing B cell epitope has recently been mapped to the N-terminus of HPV16 L2, residues 17–36, and exposure of this region of L2 has been implicated in translocation of incoming virions from the endo/lysosomal compartment to the cellular cytoplasm. Here we examine the redox state of Cys22 and Cys28 two highly conserved cysteines located within this epitope. We also investigate the infectivity of virions containing L2 single and double cysteine point mutants. Methodology and Principal Findings Denaturing/non-reducing gel analysis and thiol labeling experiments of wild type and cysteine mutant HPV16 virion particles strongly support the existence of a buried intramolecular C22–C28 disulfide bond. The disulfide was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry of L2 protein from non-reduced virions. Single C22S and C28S and the double C22/28S mutants were non-infectious but had no apparent defects in cell binding, endocytosis, or trafficking to lysosomes by 8 h post infection. During infection with L2 mutant particles, there was a marked decrease in L2 levels compared to wild type L2-containing virions, suggesting a failure of mutant L2/genome complexes to exit the endo/lysosomal compartment. Conclusions and Significance L2 residues C22 and C28 are bound as an intramolecular disulfide bond in HPV16 virions and are necessary for infectivity. Previous work has suggested that the furin-dependent exposure of the 17–36 epitope and subsequent interaction of this region with an unknown receptor is necessary for egress from the endo/lysosomal compartment and infection. Identification of the C22–C28 disulfide suggests that reduction of this disufide bond may be necessary for exposure of 17–36 and HPV16 infection.
Factors Influencing Fire Resistance of Load-bearing Steel Stud Walls

This paper presents the effect of various factors on the fire resistance of load-bearing, gypsum board protected, steel stud wall assemblies. A detailed experimental study was conducted to evaluate the fire resistance of 14 full-scale steel stud wall assemblies. Both single row and double row steel stud configurations with installation of gypsum board on each of the exposed and unexposed sides, and with and without insulation in the cavity, were considered in the experimental program. The insulation used were glass, rock and dry blown cellulose fibers. Data from the experimental program are used to determine the effects of stud-spacing, shear membrane, load intensity, resilient channel installation, insulation type and gauge thickness of studs on the fire resistance of gypsum board-protected, steel stud wall assemblies. Results from the studies show that the insulation type and number of gypsum board layers have significant influence on the fire resistance of steel stud wall assemblies.
The Availability of Ethnic Materials in Psychology Journals: A Review of 20 Years of Journal Publication

Abstract Twenty years of journal publications of the American Psychological Association were reviewed for ethnic content. Results indicated a significant decline in the number of ethnic content articles that were published between 1970 and 1989. The lack of professional information pertaining to culturally diverse groups is viewed as significantly impacting the ability of educational and professional psychologists to serve a rapidly growing portion of American society. Potential factors that may influence the decline are presented and the need for psychologists to reexamine their efforts related to ethnic minority populations is discussed.
Coase Versus the Coasians

Who should enforce laws or contracts: judges or regulators? Many Coasians, though not Coase himself, advocate judicial enforcement. We show that the incentives facing judges and regulators crucially shape this choice. We then compare the regulation of e nancial markets in Poland and the Czech Republic in the 1990s. In Poland, strict enforcement of the securities law by a highly motivated regulator was associated with a rapidly developing stock market. In the Czech Republic, hands-off regulation was associated with a moribund stock market. I. INTRODUCTION At the heart of economists’ traditional skepticism about government regulation is the Coase theorem [Coase 1960]. The theorem states that when property rights are well dee ned and “ transaction costs” are zero, market participants will organize their transactions in ways that achieve efe cient outcomes. When they can do so, it is not necessary for the government to engage in “ corrective” actions through taxes, regulations, or even legal rules. Financial markets are often used to demonstrate the Coase theorem’ s case against regulation. Advocates of the regulation of these markets point to a variety of potential failures, such as the ability of security issuers to “ expropriate” both potential and existing investors through misrepresentation or proe t diversion. Investors’ fear of such expropriation prevents e rms from raising external funds, and keeps efe cient projects from being undertaken. Not so, reply the Coasians. They point out that most securities transactions take place between sophisticated adults, and that both the buyers and the issuers of securities have available to them a vast range of private arrangements to achieve efe ciency, including contracts such as corporate charters, certie cation by intermediaries, and various forms of bonding. Such contracts render most laws and regulations unnecessary [Stigler 1964; Easterbrook and Fischel 1991].
Postpartum, hormonal, and nonhormonal induction of maternal behavior in rats: Effects on T-maze retrieval of pups

Abstract It is known that the home-cage maternal behavior of rats which become maternal after daily pup exposure (sensitization) is almost indistinguishable from that of lactating mothers, but that sensitized and lactating rats can be distinguished by their pup-retrieval performance in a T-maze extension of the home cage. The present study explored this difference further. Postpartum mothers which could not suckle due to prior nipple removal (thelectomy) retrieved as well, if not better, than intact controls in the T-maze. Hormonal induction of maternal behavior (in ⩽ 3 days) was carried out by hysterectomy-ovariectomy plus 100 μg/kg estradiol benzoate; the performance of these females was similar to that of the postpartum groups. In contrast, only a small percentage of the sensitized mothers retrieved in the T-maze, whether the latency to onset of their maternal behavior was long (4–10 days) or short (⩽ 3 days). Thus, hormonal factors associated with pregnancy and/or parturition, but not suckling stimulation, may facilitate T-maze retrieval of pups. The possible ethological significance of the T-maze test as a measure of maternal responsiveness is discussed.
An inexpensive microcomputer digital imaging system for densitometry: quantitative autoradiography of insulin receptors with 125I and LKB Ultrofilm.

This article describes a video digitizing system designed for measuring film optical density. The system, which is based on a 6-bit (64 gray level) digitizer, solid state video camera, and Apple II microcomputer, digitizes a rectangular area selected by the operator and converts the gray level values into preselected standard units. In order to develop autoradiographic standard curves for quantitative autoradiography with 125I-insulin, liver slices labeled with 125I-insulin and plastic sections containing known amounts of tritium were apposed to the same sheet of LKB Ultrofilm for exposures of 1–7 days. The results indicate that 3H plastic standards can be used to calibrate QAR of 125I-labeled ligands with LKB Ultrofilm. The Apple system was also used to measure binding of 125I-insulin to the external plexiform layer (EPL) in slices of the rat olfactory bulb. Results suggest that the EPL has two binding sites for insulin, a high affinity site with Kd = 1.0 × 10−8 M and a low affinity site having a Kd = 1.4 × 10−5 M.
Cover Picture: Influence of Plasma Stimulation on Si Nanowire Nucleation and Orientation Dependence (Adv. Mater. 18/2007)

On p. 2603, Tom Picraux and co-workers report on the use of plasma excitation to strongly enhance the nucleation of Si nanowires by the vapor–liquid–solid growth method. This control allows the preferential formation of very small diameter [110] oriented nanowires, as well as significant enhancements in low temperature nanowire growth.
Multiple species laser-induced fluorescence in flames

We have observed simultaneous laser excitation of two or more radical species (OH, NH, CH, CN, and NCO) using a single, tunable wavelength in the reaction zone of various atmospheric pressure flames. Individual species are selectively detected by wavelength resolved fluorescence. An overlap among resonant transitions of OH, NH, CH, and CN occurs at 312.22 nm. Using this excitation wavelength, all four radicals may be measured simultaneously in both space and time. Both advantages and limitations are presented. Spectroscopic details on the excitation of CH(C2Σ+) near 314 nm, NCO(B2Πi) near 315 nm, and CN(B2Σ+) near 310 nm and 333 nm are reported. Following laser excitation of OH(A2Σ+), emission was observed from both NH(A3Πi) and CN(B2Σ+). This emission can be attributed to a surprisingly efficient collisional energy transfer from the excited OH(A) to NH(A) or CN(B). Collisional deactivation of CH(C2Σ+) to CH(A2Δ) and CH(B2Σ−) was observed and exploited to detect CH LIF in a spectral region free from NH, OH and CN interference. The diatomic radicals OH, NH, and CN all exhibit a small non-resonant laser excited fluorescence at low (0.05 J/cm2) power for any laser wavelength in this region.
Imaging the rejecting heart. In vivo detection of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen induction.

BACKGROUNDMice with abdominal heterotopic heart transplants were studied to determine whether scintigraphic detection of an increase in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen expression could be used as a noninvasive method for diagnosing early rejection.METHODS AND RESULTSAllografts from C3H/He (H2k) donors were transplanted into BALB/c (H2d) recipients (n = 18). Two of the 18 allografted mice were treated with cyclosporine (15 mg/kg/day), and two isografted mice served as controls. Each mouse was injected intravenously with 100 microCi of 111In-labeled anti-MHC class II monoclonal antibodies (10-2-16 and 14-4-4S) 24 hours before scintigraphy. After imaging, the mice were killed for tissue counting and histopathology. Radiotracer uptake in the grafts reflected the severity of rejection as determined by histopathological criteria. The percent injected dose per gram of tissue in excised grafts was 4.8 +/- 1.8 (mean +/- SD) for normal grafts (n = 8), 11.1 +/- 9.7 for grafts with grade IA re...
Cure Reaction Pathways of Bismaleimide Polymers: A Solid-State 15N NMR Investigation

The cure reaction pathways of a bismaleimide resin with a diamine are investigated using solid-state 15N NMR spectroscopic techniques with specifically labeled monomers. These techniques provide clear identification of at least three different reaction pathways in the curing resin, one of which has previously been only postulated. In the homopolymerized bismaleimide resin system, maleimide ring addition has previously been shown to be the only observable reaction. When co-reacted with an amine, Michael addition of the amine to the maleimide ring has also been observed. Furthermore, a ring-opening aminolysis reaction, which has been observed in solution with specific reagents and conditions, has been suggested to occur under cure conditions. We show conclusively that this aminolysis reaction occurs to a significant extent during the cure of the neat resin and that this product can remain in the network structure even after a high-temperature postcure treatment. The existence of the amide product is demonst...
Respiratory syncytial virus infections in infants

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important pathogen that causes bronchiolitls and pneumonia in infants, young children, and elderly adults throughout the world. This virus causes approximately 90,000 hospitalizations and 4,500 deaths in the United States each year from lower respiratory tract disease primarily among children with underlying cardiac, pulmonary, or immunologic disorders. In the temperate zones, the virus circulates from late October until late April or May, with a peak usually in mid-January to mid-February. Diagnosis usually is by latex agglutination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescent antibody, or tissue culture of nasal secretions. The nosocomial infection rate may be as high as 22 to 50 percent. Various treatment modalities have been used along with supportive care. The first medication to be approved for treatment of RSV infection was the antiviral ribavirin. Ribavirin's use has been accompanied by controversy concerning its efficacy versus cost. Intravenous human IgG with high titer against RSV (RSVIG) has been used to treat patients, including those considered at high risk; it was found to be safe but not efficacious. However, RSVIG has been successful in preventing RSV disease and is now available for immunoprophylaxis in high-risk children, primarily premature infants or those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). MEDI-493 or palivizumab (Synagis; Med-Immune, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD), a new humanized monoclonal antibody, also has been studied in a prophylactic trial with 1,500 premature infants and young children with BPD. A 55 percent reduction in hospital admissions resulted when compared with placebo. This prophylactic modality has been approved recently by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The use of vaccines for prevention of RSV disease has been fraught with obstacles. Various studies using RSV subunit F and G vaccines are in progress. Live, attenuated vaccines also are under investigation.
Physical studies of the interaction between detergent-solubilized cholesterol and PC vesicles

Abstract The 13C NMR spectrum of [4-13C] cholesterol solubilized in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates that the molecule has considerably more rotational freedom than when it is intercalated into phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles. The interaction between detergent-solubilized cholesterol and PC vesicles has been studied by both NMR and gel permeation chromatography. Our results indicate that greater that 90% of the cholesterol is slowly transferred into the PC bilayer when the detergent-solubilized cholesterol is mixed with PC vesicles.
Revisiting the positive aspects of negative work.

![Figure][1] Steven Elmer and Paul LaStayo discuss Abbott et al.'s classic paper ‘The physiological cost of negative work’, published in The Journal of Physiology in 1952. Two bicycles and one chain: with these three components, Bernard ‘Bud’ Abbott, Brenda Bigland and Murdoch
A model for high-surface-area porous Nafion™-bonded cathodes operating in hydrogen–oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)

A critical discussion of dioxygen reduction kinetics using the Tafel (for the irreversible cathode process) and the Butler–Volmer (anode process) rate equations has been used to evaluate the accuracy of “standard” modeling interpretations of experimental cell potential current (E–I) plots. The potential–current curve for what is believed to be an optimized Nafion™-bonded fuel cell cathode was analyzed. It appears to behave as a well-ordered diffusional system and shows high electrocatalyst utilization based on its electrocatalytic and gas diffusion characteristics. The electrode appears to perform as expected, without any anomalous characteristics showing any lower than expected electrocatalyst utilization. Any improvement in electrode performance, which is certainly desirable, seems to demand an improved diffusional structure, barring any potential (although unlikely) change in electrochemical kinetic characteristics.
The Warring States Concept of Xing

This essay defends a novel interpretation of the term “xing 性” as it occurs in Chinese texts of the late Warring States period (roughly 320–221 BCE). The term played an important role both in the famous controversy over the goodness or badness of people’s xing and elsewhere in the intellectual discourse of the period. Extending especially the work of A.C. Graham, the essay stresses the importance for understanding xing of early Chinese assumptions about spontaneity, continuity, health, and (in the human case) motivation. These assumptions make xing fundamentally different from the contemporary nature concepts with which it is often equated. In particular, people’s xing is not a near-equivalent of human nature or (in modern Chinese) of renxing 人性.
Use of inclinometer current meters in weak currents

An inclinometer-type current meter has been developed for use in environments with very low to moderate current speeds. A novel swivel system is used to suppress oscillations in the response and allow independent adjustment Of tilt and direction sensitivity. Previous analytical models used to adapt fresh water calibration curves to the marine environment were found to be inadequate for low speeds. An improved model was developed. Intercalibration with a vector-measuring current meter gave good agreement. The meters have been used in low speed environments off the coast of southern California from 1978 to the present.
Excitonic molecules in ZnSe quantum wells.

Evidence for biexciton formation in ZnSe quantum wells is reported. The molecular binding energy is found to increase by one order of magnitude over the bulk value in narrow wells, in agreement with a recent calculation by Kleinman.
The structure of small Ta clusters

The structure of small tantalum clusters is investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations. A structural evolution from polytetrahedral structures to layered Frank–Kasper-type structures is revealed as cluster size increases to N~100 atoms. The lowest-energy structures have been located for clusters with N≤78. The bulk-like (bcc) structure becomes the most stable structure beyond N~100. The stabilized structure strongly depends on the cooling rate. A structure similar to β-Ta, a σ-type Frank–Kasper structure, can be obtained by rapid cooling. The structural properties of small Ta clusters presented in the paper provide insight into the formation and origin of β-phase Ta. The growth of β-Ta films in practice may be due to the nucleation of Ta clusters with layered Frank–Kasper-type structure during the initial stage of film growth.
A prescriptive analysis of low-ability problem-solving behavior

This paper describes a comparative analysis of the thought processes verbalized by low-ability soldiers and higher-ability college students who were trained to talk aloud while solving arithmetic word problems. We analyzed and compared the types of behaviors exhibited during problem solving, and what errors were made. The analysis was used as a basis for designing problem-solving training for the Army's Job Skills Educational Program (JSEP), which consists of remedial training in basic educational skills related to job performance. Our paper includes a discussion of research findings that led to training prescriptions, describes the problem-solving package that was developed, and presents data for a formative tryout of the training materials.
Persistent internal polarizations in poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. I. stress-induced polarizations

Abstract When heated under zero voltage, commercial polyester film exhibits current peaks manifesting glass transition and glycol linkage motions, as well as a broad, low background. The peaks are due to the depolarization of dipoles oriented by local stresses during manufacture. Their variations with sample thickness and heating rate permit the calculation of “thermodynamically reversible” values of Tg (58.7[ddot] ± 0.5[ddot] C) and Tglycol (87.3[ddot] ± 0.2[ddot]C). The broad background current is a manifestation of the alignment of paracrystalline order in a thermal gradient.
The Third Reich Enlists the New Soviet Man: Eastern Auxiliary Guards at Auschwitz-Birkenau in Spring 1943

To solve insurmountable manpower shortages in its concentration camp guard forces, the Nazi ss turned in early 1943 to an untapped, highly experienced and brutal source. Former Soviet prisoners of war recruited in 1941 and 1942 and trained at the Trawniki training camp in Poland, had effectuated the mass murder of over one million Jews in the three Operation “Reinhard” killing centers in about 9 months. By early 1943, however, some of those guards had come to doubt the wisdom of their collaboration with the Nazis, and deserted to the partisans. SS authorities decided to solve manning shortages in concentration camps by transferring 150 Trawniki guards to Auschwitz- Birkenau camp in March 1943. By failing to accommodate the foreign auxiliaries’ discontent, Auschwitz’s commandant faced his own mass desertion three months later. Berlin’s response to events at Auschwitz fundamentally reconfigured the rela¬tionship between the SS and its eastern guards in the Reich’s entire concentration camp system. About 1,500 Trawniki-trained guards eventually entered the camp system and served loyally until the Reich’s end. In coming to know their Slavic clients, the “new Soviet men,” the Nazis abandoned collaboration and turned to hierarchical discipline and integration with their own German guards.
Observation of surface traps and vacancy trapping with slow positrons

A beam of monoenergetic positrons incident on clean metallic surfaces has been employed to measure positronium yield as a function of sample temperature and positron energy. These results show an increase in the positronium fraction as a function of temperature which is identified as thermally activated detrapping of positrons from a surface trap. Estimates are made of the depths of these traps. Positrons are observed to trap at vacancies and a monovacancy formation enthalpy is extracted from the data utilizing a simple model.
Nonenzymatic acetylation of histones with acetyl-CoA

Abstract 1. When purified calf thymus histones were incubated with [1-14C]acetyl-CoA and treated to remove the acid-soluble fraction with trichloroacetic acid, a large amount of radioactivity still remained in the 15 % trichloroacetic acid-insoluble precipitate. 2. This incorporation of radioactivity into the protein did not seem to be enzymatic, since it took 60 min boiling of the histone to diminish only about 60 % of the incorporation. The boiled histones were eluted faster than the “native” histone on Sephadex G-50 column in 0.02 M HCl, suggesting a change in the tertiary structure of the proteins. Furthermore, polylysine was efficiently acetylated. 3. The reaction was dependent on pH, period of incubation, ionic strength and ionic species. The activation energy for the reaction was 7.5 kcal. 4. All of the various histones were acetylated, but slightly lysine-rich histone was acetylated the most. Among various other proteins and polypeptides tested, only polylysine and polyarginine were highly acetylated. 5. At maximum acetylation, one out of every 120 amino acid residues in histone was acetylated. Amino acid analysis of proteolytic enzyme digests of [acetyl-14C]histone and [acetyl-14C]polylysine revealed that practically all of the incorporated radioactivity was as e-N-acetyllysine. The presence of e-N-[acetyl-14C]acetyllysine was also confirmed by paper chromatography.
Serving Children with Serious Emotional Disturbance in a System of Care: Do Mental Health and Non—Mental Health Agency Referrals Look the Same?

Children in need of mental health services do not constitute a homogeneous group. Important to this discussion is an examination of the diverse presenting problems and psychosocial histories of children referred by different service agencies. Using data from the East Baltimore Mental Health Partnership (EBMHP), we determined whether and how children referred to the EBMHP from a traditional mental health center differed from children referred to the EBMHP by non—mental health agencies. Data on demography, family background, and child and family functioning were collected on 254 children and their families. The analyses confirmed that children with serious emotional disturbance served in a system of care and their families are not homogeneous. Children and their families differed in terms of their sociodemographic characteristics and psychosocial adjustment depending on their referral source. These differences are discussed in terms of service planning and delivery, as well as theoretical implications.
An energetic analysis of host plant selection by the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus

The large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, is a specialized seed feeder that has been observed completing nymphal development in the field on only a small proportion of its potential host species within the genus Asclepias. In central Missouri only two of the six milkweed species studied, A. syriaca and A. verticillata, commonly supported nymphal O. fasciatus growth in the field. The seed of all six species, however, was equally suitable food for bugs reared in the laboratory. In laboratory preference tests, adult bugs chose to feed on the largest seeds, A. hirtella, but such a preference could not explain the observed field feeding patterns.
Carbon dioxide digital subtraction angiography: The practical approach

Abstract CO 2 has developed into a viable alternative to iodinated contrast for digital vascular imaging. Because CO 2 is a gas, it has a unique set of properties that affords certain advantages over iodinated contrast in a variety of settings. However, if CO 2 is used inappropriately, these same properties are associated with a unique set of rare but potentially harmful events. Therefore, it is essential that these unique characteristics be understood in order to employ a few simple precautionary measures. Fortunately, there is a delivery system currently available that is readily assembled and easy to use that ensures the appropriate administration of CO 2 . This system, combined with experience, can reduce the greater labor intensity sometimes associated with CO 2 digital subtraction angiography. When it is used appropriately, CO 2 digital subtraction angiography alone or in combination with iodinated contrast offers diagnostic and interventional rewards that are not available with traditional intravascular contrast examinations. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Frankfurt cases and the (in)significance of timing: a defense of the buffering strategy

Frankfurt cases are purported counterexamples to the Principle of Alternative Possibilities, which implies that we are not morally responsible for unavoidable actions. A major permutation of the counterexample strategy features buffered alternatives; this permutation is designed to overcome an influential defense of the Principle of Alternative Possibilities. Here we defend the buffering strategy against two recent objections, both of which stress the timing of an agent’s decision. We argue that attributions of moral responsibility aren’t time-sensitive in the way the objectors suppose. We then turn to the crucial question of when an action is relevantly avoidable—when, in the parlance of the literature, an alternative possibility is robust. We call attention to two plausible tests for robustness that merit further consideration, showing that the agents in buffered Frankfurt cases don’t pass these tests, despite being morally responsible for their actions.
The Biological and Biochemical Pathogenesis of Mumps Virus-induced Embryonic Growth Retardation

Extract: Embryonic mumps virus infection in the avian host leads to fetal growth retardation. The mechanism of this retardation has not been established. The avian host is unique in that the direct effect of a virus on the embryo may be ascertained in the absence of a placenta. Using radioisotope labeling techniques, DNA, RNA, and protein metabolism was investigated in tissues from infected and control chickens. Metabolism in organ tissue cultivated in vitro and then infected was also studied using the same radioisotope techniques. At hatch, the mean body weight of eight experimental chickens infected with mumps virus early during embryonic incubation was significantly less than that of 19 controls. This lower weight was evident in the brain of the infected chickens. The brain and carcass contained decreased amounts of RNA and protein when compared with uninfected control chickens. The kidney was the only other organ in which the protein content in experimental chickens was less than in controls. There was no difference in the DNA content of organs from in ovo-infected and control chickens or organ tissues cultivated in vitro before infection with mumps virus. Similarly, measurements of cell number at the same time were equal. Viral assay of the chickens infected in ovo revealed highest titers of virus in the heart throughout the last half of incubation. Intermediate titers of virus were recovered from the lung, spleen, and skeletal muscle. Low quantities of virus were recovered from the brain and liver. The bursa contained high titers of virus at midincubation but these titers rapidly declined by hatch. Growth retardation in the mumps virus-infected chicken model is not due to a reduction in cell number but appears to be caused by a diminution in cell size. Speculation: The relation between embryonic mumps virus infection and myocarditis is supported by the findings of high titers of virus throughout the incubation period. It is postulated that altered cardiac function results in a state of hypofusion and a preferential effect is seen in the brain with consequent diminution of cell size rather than cell number.