cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Estuarine Retention of Planktonic Larvae by Tidal Currents

Abstract To complete their life history, planktonic larvae of many marine species must be retained in or return to estuarine nursery grounds despite net downstream flows. Interactions between tidal currents and behaviour (vertical migration) of larvae are assumed to play an important role in upstream transport or station-holding, but the effects of tidal currents alone have not received close examination. To elucidate their effects, passive particles were followed numerically in a model of idealized flow. The model basin was patterned after the Newport River Narrows, part of a small coastal-plain estuary with simple bathymetry and a well-studied example of larval retention (mud crabs, Rhithropanopeus harrisii ). The flow field, governed by an analytical solution of the linearized equation of motion, was forced by oscillating tidal currents at the seaward end of the estuarine channel, and its energy was dissipated by bottom friction and eddy diffusion. Particles released at various locations showed a net upstream drift, produced by the combined effects of: (1) shear in the vertical profile of horizontal velocity; and (2) tidally-induced vertical motion. Velocity of upstream drift could partially offset net downstream transport by river flow. This velocity increased with distance downstream, providing a mechanism tending to stabilize positions of larvae in the basin. Tidal vertical migration of mud crab larvae in nature is in phase with, and presumably reinforced by, the predicted tide-induced vertical motions of the water. The passive, tidally-induced upstream drift could provide an important mechanism, in addition to larval behaviour, for the retention of larvae in estuaries.
Multiple ε-Promoter Elements Participate in the Developmental Control of ε-Globin Genes in Transgenic Mice

Abstract To delineate the regulation of the human e-globin gene, we investigated e-gene expression during the development of transgenic mice carrying constructs with e-promoter truncations linked to a micro-locus control region (μLCR). Expression levels were compared with those of μLCRe mice carrying a 2 kilobase e-promoter and βYAC controls. e mRNA in the embryonic cells of μLCR (−179)e mice were as high as in μLCRe mice suggesting that the proximal e-promoter contains most elements required for e-gene activation. e mRNA in adult μLCR (−179) e mice was significantly lower than in the embryonic cells indicating that elements involved in e-gene silencing are contained in the proximal e-promoter. Extension of the promoter sequence to −463 e decreased e-gene expression in the definitive erythroid cells, supporting previous evidence that the −179 to −463e region contains an e-gene silencer. However, the e-gene of the μLCR(−463)e mice was not silenced in the definitive cells of fetal and adult erythropoiesis indicating that additional silencing elements are located upstream of position −463e. These results provide in vivo evidence that multiple elements of the distal as well as the proximal promoter contribute to e-gene silencing.
Practical delegation for secure distributed object environments

In distributed object environments, intermediate objects hide the details of complex system interactions. These intermediate objects receive high level requests from client objects and perform a series of operations on a number of other object services. All requests arriving at the target services appear to be the action of the intermediary rather than the true initiator. The inability to determine the true initiator of a request has a chilling effect on the design of distributed object systems. Delegation is the process whereby a principal in a distributed object environment authorizes another principal to access services and resources on its behalf. Even with the state-of-the-art authentication techniques, delegation is typically implicit and transparent to the remote services, making it difficult for those services to determine whether delegation was authorized by the initiator. We have developed an architectural framework for structuring secure remote method invocations that may involve chains of delegated calls across distributed objects. SDM is a Secure Delegation Model for Java-based distributed object environments. SDM builds upon existing mechanisms, mainly those already established in the Java JDK1.2 security framework, to establish a practical basis for constructing flexible yet secure components and support infrastructure. The framework supports a control API for application developers to specify mechanisms and security policies surrounding simple or cascaded delegation. Delegation may also be disabled and optionally revoked.
CO oxidation on Pd(100): A study of the coadsorption of oxygen and carbon monoxide

Abstract Oxygen adsorption, and coadsorption and reaction with CO were studied with temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Oxygen adsorption at 300 K was studied for coverages up to 0.5, while coadsorption with CO was studied in the temperature range of 80 to 450 K, and O and CO coverages of 0 to 0.25 and 0 to 0.8, respectively. Oxygen adsorbed into p(2 × 2) islands for coverages in excess of 0.05 and yielded a fully developed p(2 × 2) structure for 1 4 monolayer coverage at 300 K. The p(2 × 2)O pattern was gradually replaced by a c(2 × 2)O structure as the oxygen coverage was increased to 0.5. Oxygen desorption occurred in three temperature programmed desorption states at 840, 730, and 695 K. The highest temperature state was populated at all coverages, whereas the 730 and 695 K states appeared as the oxygen coverage exceeded 0.25 and 0.36, respectively. The 695 K state was unusually narrow suggesting attractive interactions in the oxygen adlayer for coverages of 0.36 to 0.5. For the surface precovered with 0.25 monolayer of oxygen, CO adsorption at 80 K caused a disordering of the p(2 × 2)O structure. At lower oxygen coverages CO initially adsorbed at sites apart from the oxygen domains, but also adsorbed within oxygen islands upon filling of the exterior sites. CO adsorption in the interior of the islands produced a directly interacting COPdO complex characterized by a CO stretching frequency of 2125 cm−1. Reaction-limited CO2 evolution occurred in three states; viz. reaction of CO with (1) isolated oxygen atoms or p(2 × 2)O islands at 420 K, (2) disordered oxygen islands at 360 K, and (3) by a low temperature reaction between 100 and 310 K due to the COPdO complexes. No evidence of molecularly adsorbed CO2 or carbonate (CO3) reaction intermediates was observed by EELS at 80 K.
Subjective Social Status and Functional Decline in Older Adults

BACKGROUND It is unknown whether subjective assessment of social status predicts health outcomes in older adults.
The Politics and Media of Apostrophe in Hölderlin's Hyperion

This paper explores the medial and rhetorical implications of the trope of apostrophe in Friedrich Holderlin's Hyperion. In examining two figural speeches in the novel that are rife with the address of absent addressees, I argue that Holderlin engages with the medial documentation of the events of the French Revolution ubiquitous at the time while reflecting on the status of utopian community in Germany. Both the so-called “nihilism letter” at the end of the first book and the infamous “Scheltrede” addressed to the German people probe the depths of apostrophe's potential to represent the breakdown, rather than establishment, of intersubjective and person-world relations. An examination of these apostrophic scenes sheds light on the novel's reflections on the rhetorical structure and the mediality of political and literary language in an age of Revolution and in turn deepens our understanding of Holderlin's innovative deployment of the epistolary novel.
Perturbative QCD fragmentation functions as a model for heavy-quark fragmentation

The perturbative QCD fragmentation functions for a heavy quark to fragment into heavy-light mesons are studied in the heavy-quark limit. The fragmentation functions for {ital S}-wave pseudoscalar and vector mesons are calculated to next-to-leading order in the heavy-quark mass expansion using the methods of heavy-quark effective theory. The results agree with the {ital m}{sub {ital b}}{r_arrow}{infinity} limit of the perturbative QCD fragmentation functions for {ital {bar b}} into {ital B}{sub {ital c}} and {ital B}{sub {ital c}}{sup *}. We discuss the application of the perturbative QCD fragmentation functions as a model for the fragmentation of heavy quarks into heavy-light mesons. Using this model we predict the fraction {ital P}{sub {ital V}} of heavy-light mesons that are produced in the vector meson state as functions of the longitudinal momentum fraction {ital z} and the transverse momentum relative to the jet axis. The fraction {ital P}{sub {ital V}} is predicted to vary from about 1/2 at small {ital z} to almost 3/4 near {ital z}=1.
The Breakfast-Eating Habits of Inner City High School Students

This cross-sectional, descriptive correlational research study describes the breakfast-eating habits of 846 inner-city high school students. Fifty-seven percent of students reported skipping breakfast on the day of the survey, despite the free hot-breakfast program at their high school. Significantly more girls than boys skipped breakfast, and 10th grade students had the highest rate of skipping breakfast. Sixty-four percent of breakfast-skippers cited a lack of time, and 28% stated they could not eat early in the morning. More breakfast eaters reported eating at home (48%); only 14% reported eating at school, with 3% reportedly eating both at home and school. Milk, orange juice, cereal, and foods in the bread group were the most frequently eaten foods. Patterns of eating by gender and by grade level are discussed in this article, as are implications for school nursing, including assessment, teaching, and research. It is important to educate students and parents about the importance of eating breakfast, because it provides an important part of a student's daily intake of nutrients needed for energy, growth, and learning.
Biosystematics of two perennial species of Helianthus (Compositae), II. Natural populations and taxonomy

The purpose of this report is to present the results of observations on natural populations of two perennial, diploid species of Helianthus. This investigation has been supplemented by an analysis of chromosome behavior, comparisons of herbarium collections, experimental hybridizationis, and studies of transplants in the garden (Long 1960). The main objective has been to clarify the taxonomy of the species by bringing to bear facts obtained from diverse lines of work. A synopsis of the species in question has already been published (Long 1954), and the nomenclature of the present paper follows that of the earlier onie. In the introduction to his monograph of Ielianthits, Watson (1929) stated that related species have a most perplexing telndenicy to fade into one another. Extremes are easily recognized but there will always be large numbers of specimens that do not fully satisfy the definitioni of either of two species, and these can be as logically placed with one species as with the other. A plant taxonomist working in Indiana, Ohio, or Wisconsin is able to verify Watson's observation particularly as it applies to H. giganteus L. and H. grosseserratus Martens, the subjects of this report. Large numbers of specimenis of these species do riot fit conveniently into either category. The species are partially sympatric, occurring together in precisely those areas where taxonomic difficulties are encountered. Preliminary field studies showed that the two species can be found in the same habitat, and putative hybrids were identified in population samples from northern Indiana (Long 1955). Herbarium collections from recions of overlap suggested that hybridization was widespread. That natural hybridization could be the cause of the confusing variation was demonstrated by the production of fertile, vigorous artificial F1, F2, and backeross hybrid progeny. In 1956, 1957, and 1958 field investigations were undertaken to determine the extent of hybridization that took place between the two species, with special regard for Ohio populations. To assess properly the degree of interbreeding, population samples from Ohio were compared with those from areas where the species do not commonly occur together. Samples of giganteuts were taken in southern Michigan and of grosseserratus in central Illinois. These latter are assumed to be more or less "pure" collections of each species. Table 1 lists the materials used and their origins. Each population sample included approximately 25 individual specimens obtained by a method previously described (Long 1959). In addition, transplants were takeni for the experimental garden, soil samples made, and flower buds collected for cytoloo'ical observations. Nineteen characteristics were measured in samples, but after close study it was possible to measure species-differences adequately by means of 8 characteristics. A hybrid index based on 6 of these was constructed. The characters and their relative values are given in Table 2. Cytological preparations were obtained by using immature flower buds
Detonability of Natural Gas-Air Mixtures

Abstract Direct initiation experiments were carried out in a 105 cm diameter tube to study detonation properties and evaluate the detonability limits for mixtures of natural gas (NG) with air. The natural gas was primarily methane with 1.5–1.7% of ethane. A stoichiometric methane–oxygen mixture contained in a large plastic bag was used as a detonation initiator. Self-supporting detonations with velocities and pressures close to theoretical CJ values were observed in NG–air mixtures containing from 5.3% to 15.6% of NG at atmospheric pressure. These detonability limits are wider than previously measured in smaller channels, and close to the flammability limits. Detonation cell patterns recorded near the limits vary from large cells of the size of the tube to spiral traces of spin detonations. Away from the limits, detonation cell sizes decrease to about 20 cm for 10% NG, and are consistent with existing data for methane–air mixtures obtained in smaller channels. Observed cell patterns are very irregular, and contain secondary cell structures inside primary cells and fine structures inside spin traces.
Morbidity and Mortality after Colorectal Procedures: Comparison of Data from the American College of Surgeons Case Log System and the ACS NSQIP

Background Improving the quality of surgical care depends upon collection of robust data. The American College of Surgeons Case Log System enables surgeons to self-report patient risk factors and outcomes. In contrast, the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) uses trained data abstractors to record similar data and uses a strict data collection methodology. The objective of this study was to assess bias in data entry for colorectal cases by comparing data in these 2 registries. Study Design One year of NSQIP (July 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009) and 7 years of Case Log (2003 to 2010) data were examined. Colorectal cases were identified by current procedural terminology code. The frequencies of comparably defined variables were compared, and mortality models were developed using logistic regression. Observed and expected mortality rates were compared. Results Rates of most risk factor and outcome variables were significantly higher in NSQIP than those in Case Log. NSQIP had a higher unadjusted mortality rate (4.46% versus 3.69%, p Conclusions Significant differences exist between risk factor and outcome data in NSQIP and Case Log for colorectal procedures. These differences demonstrate the need for standardized data collection methods, as is required by NSQIP, including use of standard definitions, adherence to a follow-up period for outcomes, and use of audits. These measures would improve the validity of using a self-reported database to evaluate and benchmark performance.
A device for beveling fine micropipettes.

Abstract The design and construction of a simple, low-cost device for beveling fine micropipettes suitable for intracellular recording from small cells is described. The device may be readily incorporated into the electrophysiology laboratory and employs presently available beveling techniques.
Field Testing Serviceability Performance of Missouri’s First High-Performance Steel Bridge

The Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) built the state's first high-performance steel (HPS) bridge in 2002. MoDOT Bridge A6101 uses HPS 70W in the design of the 138-ft-138-ft two-span, five-girder bridge. Design calculations show that using HPS in only the highly stressed regions (hybrid design) led to a superstructure steel weight savings of nearly 17% and an estimated cost savings of approximately 11% compared with building a conventional 50-ksi (50W) bridge. As in many other progressive states, in Missouri the future of HPS is promising. HPS 70W is a superior steel that can lead to more economical bridges than can conventional 50-ksi designs. However, with the higher-strength steel, sections become smaller and deflections increase. Many states, including Missouri, impose deflection serviceability limits that are stricter than those dictated by AASHTO design provisions. The researchers worked with MoDOT to instrument, field test, analyze, and evaluate the performance of completed Bridge A6101...
Another view of “we”: Majority and minority group perspectives on a common ingroup identity

Drawing on the evidence of the role of social categorisation and identity in the development and maintenance of intergroup biases, research on the Common Ingroup Identity Model (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000) has investigated how modifying the ways that the self and others are categorised can reduce prejudice and discrimination. In this article, we review more recent research that extends our initial formulation of the model by considering more fully alternative forms of recategorisation (a dual identity as well as a one-group representation), the different preferences of majority and minority groups for these different forms of recategorised representations, and the potential implications of these different preferences on the content of intergroup interaction and on the possibilities for social change towards equality.
Replies to Brown, Pritchard and Conee

Brown’s comments come in two parts: one is about the imagination model of dreaming and its epistemological implications, the other about my distinction between safety and aptness of belief and how this bears on epistemology. 1. Brown concludes her first part by summarizing. She has focused on whether answering the dream skeptic requires more than just replacing sensitivity with safety as a condition for knowledge. According to the imagination model, dreams do not threaten the safety of our ordinary perceptual beliefs. Our perceptual knowledge is quite safe, therefore, despite the non-remote possibility that one be asleep and dreaming (non-remote by comparison with the usual run of radical skeptical scenarios). Why not even claim for our perceptual beliefs the status of reflective knowledge, not just that of animal knowledge? Surely we can gain a safe perspective on our perceptual knowledge, even if this must be based on empirical data known on the animal level. Such a coherent perspective would seem no more threatened by dreams than is our first-order perceptual knowledge. Suppose that, having made those externalist points, one still recognizes some remaining skeptical threat. This Brown would regard as a concession to the internalist. But if we take internalist concerns that seriously, then in her view we
Microvascular complications of diabetes. Strategies for managing retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.

PREVIEWThe microvascular complications of diabetes—retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy—affect millions of patients in the United States. However, early detection and treatment combined with good glycemic and blood pressure control can slow or even halt the progression of these complications. In this article, Dr Seaquist reviews the microvascular complications of diabetes and outlines management strategies for optimal prevention and treatment in the primary care setting.
Syntheses of polyfluoro-α-amino acids

Abstract Some fluorine-containing amino acids have been known to inactivate certain enzymes selectively and irreversibly. We have synthesized β-(polyfluoro ethyl)alanines and β-(trifluorovinyl)alanine from polyfluoroiodoethanes and acrylate. The synthetic schemes of β-(polyfluoroethyl)- alanines are shown below. Using similar procedures, we have also prepared β-(polyfluoroethyl)-β-methylalanines, CF 2 XCFX′CH(CH 3 )- CH(NH 2 )CO 2 H from polyfluoroiodoethanes and ethyl crotonate. β-(Trifluorovinyl)alanine was synthesized in a good yield from the ester of β-(dichlorotrifluoro ethyl)alanine as follows: The reactive trifluorovinyl group in the amino acid allows us to synthesize various kinds of fluorine- containing amino acids with a functional group through radical and ionic addition reactions. Some reactions of the ester of N-acetylated β-(trifluorovinyl)alanine with alkoxides (nucleophilic addition) and alcohols (radical addition) will be mentioned.
Stochastic Dynamics in Irreversible Nonequilibrium Environments. 2. A Model for Thermosetting Polymerization

A generalization of the generalized Langevin equation (GLE), the so-called irreversible GLE (iGLE) [Hernandez, R.; Somer, F. L. J. Phys. Chem. 1999, 103, 1064], is further extended to describe non-stationary environments in which the non-stationarity is induced by the macroscopic behavior of the ensemble itself, rather than an external force. Such a formalism lends itself to the dynamical study of the length distributions of growing polymers.
On the convergence of the multigroup approximations for submultiplying slab media

The stability, convergence, and consistency properties of the steady-state multigroup model are investigated for submultiplying slab media. These concepts are defined in a Banach space setting in which the norm of the angular flux is the collision density integrated over phase space. It is shown that the multigroup approximations are stable and are both consistent with, and convergent to, the transport equation under the conditions that the maximum fluctuations in the total cross section and in the expected number of secondary particles, arising from each energy level, tend to zero as the energy mesh becomes finer. A concluding discussion deals with pathologies of the multigroup approximation for situations in which these fluctuations do not tend to zero as the norms of the energy partitions. The results in this paper complement the time-dependent results of Belleni-Morante and Busoni for isotropic slabs and the results of Nelson for steady-state rod media.
A Space Efficient Variant of Path Copying for Partially Persistent Sorted Sets

A simple algorithm for solving a version of thepartially persistent sorted set problemis given. The algorithm requiresO(n) space andO(nlogn) time to handlenoperations. Unlike Sarnak and Tarjan's algorithm, the new algorithm can make use of any of the existing balanced tree schemes that can be implemented with “path copying,” at the expense of not efficiently implementing some operations on partially persistent search trees.
Difference algebraic subgroups of commutative algebraic groups over finite fields

We study the question of which torsion subgroups of commutative algebraic groups over finite fields are contained in modular difference algebraic groups for some choice of a field automorphism. We show that if G is a simple commutative algebraic group over a finite field of characteristic p, ? is a prime different from p, and for some difference closed field (?, σ) the ?-primary torsion of G(?) is contained in a modular group definable in (?, σ), then it is contained in a group of the form {x∈G(?) :σ(x) =[a](x) } with a∈ℕ\pℕ. We show that no such modular group can be found for many G of interest. In the cases that such equations may be found, we recover an effective version of a theorem of Boxall.
RENAL URIC ACID CLEARANCE AND EXCRETION DURING CHILDHOOD

Quantitation of uric acid (UA) excretion and clearance (CUA) are essential when evaluating patients with abnormal serum UA or UA crystalluria. Normal values for 24 hour urinary UA excretion and CUA during childhood, however, have not been reported. We measured total UA excretion, CUA and serum UA in 52 healthy children ages 2-14 years in whom creatinine clearance (CCr) was normal and urine Na > 20 mEq/l. We found a linear increase in total UA excretion and serum UA and a linear decrease in CUA/l. 73 m2 and UA excretion mg per kg body weight with increasing age. Denoting any of these variables as y and age in years as x and correlation coefficient between x and y as r, we found: 95% confidence belts were established for each variable. Although total UA excretion increases with age, mean UA excretion per kg is greater in younger children and falls to upper adult norms (10 mg/kg) by age 10. Mean CUA/1.73 m2 is higher than adult norms (8-12 ml/min/1.73 m2) until age 7. Although filtered urate increases (serum UA increases, CCr/1.73 m2 is constant), CUA/1.73 m2 decreases with age. We conclude that tubular changes, either decreasing secretion or increasing reabsorption of UA, occur during childhood.
Impact of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Soil Arthropods in Nature

Study of long-term impact of extremely low frequency, low intensity antenna radiations and electromagnetic fields at the Navy's project Sanguine Wisconsin Test Facility continued in summer, 1973, with population analyses of soil arthropods in 9 test and 6 control plots. In 1973, 13 out of 19 plots and subplots had fewer arthropods than in 1972. The even distribution—7 test and 6 control plots—rules out a Sanguine effect. The 3 main test subplots are spaced 30 yards apart and have similar flora, soil, and exposure; yet between 1972 and 1973, total population doubled in one subplot, halved in another, and remained the same in the third. Control subplots showed similar variability. Evidence for a stabilized micropredator-prey system is the absence of significant differences in proportions of predators (Mesostigmata, Prostigmata) in 7 of 9 test and control pairs, monthly and for the entire summer. In 8 of 11 tests (73%) and 5 of 8 controls (63%) there was also no significant shift in proportions of predators between 1972 and 1973: the 6 significant shifts occurred equally among tests and controls. Predator densities in paired plots monitored for 3 years have not differed significantly. After 4 years of antenna operation, Cryptostigmata:Collembola ratios in test and control plots are roughly the same, and approximate the 1969 pre-treatment ratios. Other data support the hypothesis that 4 years of ELF operation has not Altered soil micro-arthropod population structure near the antenna.
Measurement of bone mineral density by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in patients with the Wisconsin hip, an uncemented femoral stem

Although qualitative evidence of femoral bone remodeling, secondary to total hip arthroplasty (THA), is apparent on radiographs, quantification of change in bone mass from radiographs is limited. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry overcomes many of the limitations and yields accurate and precise bone mineral density (BMD) data. In this study, regional changes in femoral BMD were examined in 89 THA patients with a 2-year follow-up period. Thirty-two patients were evaluated initially before surgery and followed through the first 2 postoperative years. A second group was comprised of 57 patients whose surgery had been performed 1 to 6 years prior to entry into the study; they were also followed for 2 years hence. Thus, both immediate and later bone responses were evaluated prospectively. Maximal bone remodeling was seen in the first 6 months after THA and with a near plateau by the end of the first year. A slow yearly decline in BMD appeared to occur as long as 8 years after THA, thus demonstrating the long-term effects of the introduction of a femoral stem. Variance in preoperative BMD was explained by disease only; no other factors (age, weight, sex) showed significant associations, and body weight was the only variable that affected rate of remodeling after THA (not age, weight, sex, prosthesis size, nor disease). All patients were healthy, relatively young individuals who were good candidates for uncemented implantation, and none showed evidence of clinical complications or surgical failure. It is therefore suggested that the patterns and results reported here be viewed as normative data, that is, the typical skeletal adaptation to THA. In future application, observation of disparate BMD results as compared with these "normal" data may be predictive of abnormal response to surgery and potential for later problems.
Simulation of isotopic mass effects in sputtering, II

The multiple interaction, molecular dynamics code SPUT1 has been used to simulate the effects of isotopic mass differences on atoms sputtered from single crystal Cu targets by normally incident Ar ions. Calculations were carried out for 1 keV and 5 keV ions incident on natural Cu targets (69.1% ^(63)Cu, 30.9% ^(65)Cu). and for 5 keV ions incident on pseudo-Cu targets composed of mixtures of natural Cu (63.546 amu) and “very light” Cu (50.837 amu) in the abundance ratios 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1. In all cases the sputtered ejecta showed an overall enrichment in the light isotope relative to the isotopic composition of the target. Preferential enrichment of the light isotope in the normal direction was pronounced. Material ejected at oblique angles was either depleted in the light isotope or had a much lower enrichment of the light isotope compared to material ejected normal to the target. Studies with the pseudo-Cu targets showed that smaller enrichments were obtained when the incident ion recoiled immediately back through the first layer of the target, while larger enrichments were associated with deeper penetration of the incident ion into the target crystallite. In both cases, the average energy of the light atoms in the collision cascade was found to be higher than that of the heavy atoms. However, this effect was enhanced with deeper penetration of the incident ion into the target. The preferential enrichment of the light ejected atoms normal to the target is largely the result of a strong momentum asymmetry in the collision cascades. Light atoms in the cascades, on average, carry far greater momentum towards the surface of the target than do the heavy atoms. A limited number of simulation runs also were carried out with heavy ions (74 amu) incident on pseudo-Cu targets. Overall enrichment of the light atoms in the sputtered material was reduced, but the angular variation of the isotopic yields persisted.
False alarm mitigation techniques for hyperspectral target detection

A challenging problem of major importance in hyperspectral imaging applications is the detection of subpixel objects of military and civilian interest. High false alarm thresholds are required to detect subpixel objects due to the large amount of surrounding background clutter. These high false alarm rates are unacceptable for military purposes, requiring the need for false alarm mitigation (FAM) techniques to weed out the objects of interest. The objective of this paper is to provide a comparison of the implementation of these FAM techniques and their inherent benefits in the whitened detection space. The widely utilized matched filter (MF) and adaptive cosine estimator (ACE) are both based on a linear mixing model (LMM) between a background and object class. The matched filter approximates the object abundance, and the ACE measures the model error. Each of these measurements provides inadequate object separation alone, but by using both the object abundance and model error, the objects can be separated from the false alarms.
Development of highly porous large PLGA microparticles for pulmonary drug delivery.

Abstract We report a new process of making highly-porous large polymeric microparticles for local drug delivery to the lungs by inhalation. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (average diameter, 10–20 μm) were made by the double-emulsion method. To impart favorable aerodynamic properties, an effervescent salt ammonium bicarbonate (ABC) was included in the internal aqueous phase. ABC produced highly-porous structures in the PLGA particles as it escaped as ammonia and carbon dioxide. The fine-particle fraction (FPF) of the microparticles increased as a function of the ratio of ABC to PLGA. Microparticles prepared with 7.5%w/w (ABC/PLGA) had a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 4.0 ± 1.2 μm and FPF of 32.0 ± 9.1% when tested with Anderson Cascade Impactor (ACI) and Rotahaler. The highly-porous large particles deposited at the ACI stages corresponding to the trachea and below. The highly-porous large particles avoided phagocytosis by macrophages, while non-porous small particles were quickly taken up by the macrophages. Unlike other encapsulation methods which employ osmogens or extractable porogens, this method could encapsulate lysozyme and doxorubicin·HCl, with high encapsulation efficiency (∼100% for both lysozyme and doxorubicin), in the PLGA microparticles characterized by desirable MMAD (4.5 ± 0.6 μm lysozyme; 4.6 ± 0.4 μm doxorubicin) and FPF (29.1 ± 12.2% lysozyme; 33.8 ± 3.6% doxorubicin). Fifty-two percent of encapsulated doxorubicin was released over 4 days from the highly-porous microparticles. This method is an efficient way of making polymeric microparticles for sustained local drug delivery by inhalation.
Time–frequency characterization of nonlinear normal modes and challenges in nonlinearity identification of dynamical systems

Abstract Presented here is a new time–frequency signal processing methodology based on Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) and a new conjugate-pair decomposition (CPD) method for characterization of nonlinear normal modes and parametric identification of nonlinear multiple-degree-of-freedom dynamical systems. Different from short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform, HHT uses the apparent time scales revealed by the signal's local maxima and minima to sequentially sift components of different time scales. Because HHT does not use pre-determined basis functions and function orthogonality for component extraction, it provides more accurate time-varying amplitudes and frequencies of extracted components for accurate estimation of system characteristics and nonlinearities. CPD uses adaptive local harmonics and function orthogonality to extract and track time-localized nonlinearity-distorted harmonics without the end effect that destroys the accuracy of HHT at the two data ends. For parametric identification, the method only needs to process one steady-state response (a free undamped modal vibration or a steady-state response to a harmonic excitation) and uses amplitude-dependent dynamic characteristics derived from perturbation analysis to determine the type and order of nonlinearity and system parameters. A nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom system is used to illustrate the concepts and characterization of nonlinear normal modes, vibration localization, and nonlinear modal coupling. Numerical simulations show that the proposed method can provide accurate time–frequency characterization of nonlinear normal modes and parametric identification of nonlinear dynamical systems. Moreover, results show that nonlinear modal coupling makes it impossible to decompose a general nonlinear response of a highly nonlinear system into nonlinear normal modes even if nonlinear normal modes exist in the system.
MATERNAL LIFESTYLES STUDY: PATTERNS OF COCAINE USE IN TERM PREGNANCY AND EFFECT ON BIRTHWEIGHT. 1660

MATERNAL LIFESTYLES STUDY: PATTERNS OF COCAINE USE IN TERM PREGNANCY AND EFFECT ON BIRTHWEIGHT. 1660
Tracer Penetration into Welded Tuff Matrix from Flowing Fractures

Field and laboratory tracer experiments were conducted to investigate the extent of tracer imbibition and penetration into unsaturated, fractured rock matrix at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Field experiments were carried out in the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF), an underground tunnel at Yucca Mountain. Water containing dye was released into horizontal boreholes drilled into the wall of the ESF main drift. The region was then mined to observe the flow pathways and to collect dye-stained rock samples for subsequent laboratory quantification. Dye concentration profiles in the rock, measured using a newly developed sampling technique, showed that liquid flowing through the fractures penetrated into the matrix to a depth of several millimeters. Laboratory studies of tracer penetration into the rock matrix were conducted using tracer-free rock samples, collected from the same hydrogeologic unit and machined into cylindrical cores. Tracer-imbibition tests were performed on cores at two different initial water saturations with both sorbing (dyes) and nonsorbing tracers. The travel distance for sorbing dyes was a few millimeters after ∼16 to 20 h, similar to the extent measured in samples from the field test. The nonsorbing bromide front coincided with the wetting front in the rock core at the initial water saturation of 12%, and the imbibition depth agreed very well with the prediction, using independently measured properties. At the high initial water saturation of 76%, the bromide front lagged significantly behind the wetting front. Sorption coefficients for the dyes in the partially saturated core samples were calculated using two independent approaches, based on tracer travel-distance and mass-distribution calculations, and were found to yield comparable results. Utilization of nonsorbing tracers with different molecular sizes helped to identify the effects of pore-size restriction on tracer transport during imbibition. The results from this work have a direct application to radionuclide transport at Yucca Mountain, and the methods presented are broadly applicable to the investigation of water and solute transport in unsaturated rock.
Response of pineapple to mycorrhizal inoculation and fosetyl-Al treatment.

Abstract A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to determine the influence of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculation on growth of pineapple (Ananas comosus, cv.’Smooth Cayenne') and its interaction with fosetyl‐Al in a Wahiawa soil (Tropeptic Eutrustox) at soil solution P levels of 0.003, 0.02 and 0.2 mg/L. Pineapple crowns were dipped in a solution of fosetyl‐Al before planting. Inoculation of soil with the fungus Glomus aggregatum (Schenck & Smith emend. Koske) significantly increased VAM colonization of pineapple roots at soil solution P levels of 0.003 and 0.02 mg/L. VAM inoculation also increased mycorrhizal effectiveness measured six weeks after planting. At harvest, pineapple grown in the inoculated soil at the lowest P level had significantly higher D‐leaf P concentration and plant fresh weight than that grown in the uninoculated soil. Fosetyl‐Al appears to have no significant effect on VAM‐pineapple interaction.
The Risks of Knowledge: Investigations into the Death of the Hon. Minister John Robert Ouko in Kenya, 1990 (review)

E. S. Atieno Odhiambo and David William Cohen. The Risks of Knowledge: Investigations into the Death of the Hon. Minister John Robert Ouko in Kenya, 1990. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004. xv + 344. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $59.95. Cloth. $26.95. Paper. On a February night in 1990, Robert Ouko, the foreign minister of Kenya and, in the West, the man increasingly considered a possible uncorrupted successor to Daniel arap Moi, was assassinated. Taken from his farm home at Koru in western Kenya by a still-unidentified gang, he was shot in the bush and his body set ablaze. Ouko's murder was yet another grisly landmark in Kenya's postindependence history of political assassinations. E. S. Atieno Odhiambo and David Cohen have written an ingenious account recapturing the crime and mapping its reverberations. Theirs is not a linear story, nor a whodunit, but a deep exploration of the murder as event and of its resonance across many levels of Kenyan society. First and foremost, it is the story of Robert Ouko with its multiple subnarratives: family man and local Luo squire; highly educated citizen of the world; entrepreneur and development advocate; patriot who might have diought his dossier on corruption would alert Moi and help his country. He was, in sum, a man near the apex of the Kenya state but endangered by the vicious politics at those lofty heights, ascendant in the world outside but beleaguered in his own land. Atieno Odhiambo and Cohen show how these subnarratives converged in his murder and helped disperse its impact so widely. One of their many priceless episodes comes from the subnarrative of Ouko as endangered civil servant. When he traveled to Washington with Moi in late January 1990 as part of a huge Kenyan unofficial delegation, he was warmly welcomed by Bush administration heavyweights, while Moi was ignored. (Bush was piqued by cash-strapped Kenya's having leased an expensive Concorde jet from London.) This was the episode that finally undid him. At a press conference, the minister so outshone the president that he was perceived to be superseding Moi; less than two weeks later, he was dead. The narrative of this episode and of other key moments in Ouko's life are riveting. Atieno Odhiambo and Cohen also present an elaborate account of the surrounding institutions and various inquiries or commissions. Most important, they examine what might be called the atmospherics generated by the murder. They aim to do more than just reconstruct a context for what happened. …
An IF digitizer IC employing a continuous-time bandpass delta-sigma ADC

A 65-nm CMOS IC containing a synthesizer, a continuous-time bandpass delta-sigma ADC and associated digital filter digitizes 200–400 MHz inputs with bandwidths up to 100 MHz. With the ADC clock supplied by the internal synthesizer, the observed phase noise on a 430-MHz carrier is −137 dBc/Hz at 750-kHz offset. The gain of the IC is adjustable over a 39-dB range using an LNA in parallel with a resistive attenuator. The IC achieves NF = 7.5/26 dB and IIP3 = 8/36 dBm at the −12-dB gain settings. The ADC's continuous-time architecture provides inherent alias protection, with ∼70 dB of alias attenuation observed in practice. The IC consumes 1 W from 1.0-V and 2.5-V supplies.
Microcontact Printing of Alkanephosphonic Acids on Aluminum: Pattern Transfer by Wet Chemical Etching

Microcontact printing (μCP) has been used to pattern octadecanephosphonic acid on the native oxide surface film of aluminum supported on silicon or on silicon nitride-coated silicon wafers. The patterned alkanephosphonic acid protects the Al2O3/Al film from etching in a solution containing phosphoric, acetic, and nitric acids and water in a ratio of 16:1:1:2 and allows the nonpatterned film to be removed selectively. The patterned Al2O3/Al structures resulting from etching are continuous and electrically conductive within each pattern, and separated patterns are electrically isolated. Resistance measurements of the patterned structures are presented. Using μCP, Schottky diodes of aluminum have been prepared on p-type Si(100). The Schottky diodes exhibit rectifying behavior, and the forward-bias current−voltage (I−V) and reverse-bias capacitance−voltage (C−V) characteristics are presented.
Rank numbers of grid graphs

A ranking of a graph is a labeling of the vertices with positive integers such that any path between vertices of the same label contains a vertex of greater label. The rank number of a graph is the smallest possible number of labels in a ranking. We find rank numbers of the Mobius ladder, K"sxP"n, and P"3xP"n. We also find bounds for rank numbers of general grid graphs P"mxP"n.
Screening for and managing diabetic retinopathy: Current approaches

Purpose. The anatomy of the eye and the pathogenesis, clinical features, and prevalence of vision impairment from diabetic retinopathy are described. Screening and risk factors for and treatment of diabetic retinopathy also are addressed. Summary. The macula and fovea play a critical role in vision. Several interrelated biochemical pathways involving aldose reductase, advanced glycation end products, and protein kinase C link chronic hyperglycemia with retinal capillary endothelial cell damage and dysfunction in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Vision loss and blindness from diabetic retinopathy usually are the result of vascular leakage or ischemia. Screening for retinopathy should be performed within three to five years after the onset of type 1 diabetes and shortly after the diagnosis of type 2 disease, with annual follow-up examinations in both types of diabetes. In patients with diabetic retinopathy, severe vision impairment is less common and less readily corrected than mild vision impairment, and vision impairment is more common and less readily corrected in elderly patients with diabetes than in younger diabetics. Modifiable risk factors for diabetic retinopathy include A1C level, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and dyslipidemia. Tight control of blood glucose concentrations and blood pressure can reduce the risk for and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Aspirin therapy and smoking cessation also are recommended. Dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes is associated with retinopathy progression and vision loss. Treatment of dyslipidemia provides cardiovascular benefits in patients with diabetes, but whether it provides vision benefits remains to be determined. Laser photocoagulation therapy reduces the risk of vision loss in patients with diabetic macular edema, severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, or proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Intraocular surgery may be used for patients with vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment of the macula. Conclusion. Therapeutic approaches used for patients with or at risk for diabetic retinopathy include drug therapy to reduce modifiable risk factors, laser photocoagulation, and intraocular surgery. Screening plays an important role in early detection and intervention to prevent the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
HBFF-SVD Force Field Treatment of Ni(II) Porphine: Important Long Range Cross Terms

A systematic exploration of the importance of cross terms in the Ni(II) porphine force field is reported. Several force fields of varying complexity were generated using a modification of the Hessian-biased singular valuedecomposition (HBFF-SVD) approach originally developed by Goddard et al. The X-ray crystal structure, a B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) Hessian matrix, and experimental vibrational frequencies were used. The diagonal-only force field is inadequate for reproducing experimental frequencies. As anticipated, inclusion of 1,2 and 1,3 cross terms significantly improves results (total rms error 14.6 cm - 1 ; in-plane rms error = 12.0 cm - 1 ). The longer range terms in a complete, in-plane, force field improve performance dramatically (in-plane rms error = 4.8 cm - 1 ). A total of 83 long range interaction constants have values ≥ 10 kcal/(mol geom-unit), and 5 are greater than 20 kcal/(mol geom-unit). For example, 1,6- and 1,9-(C α -C m )-(C α -C m ) stretch-stretch, 1,4-(C α -N)-(C α -C m ), and 1,4-(C β -C β )-(C α -N-C α ) stretch-bend interactions are large and positive. Coupling in- and out-of-plane motions (TORX) enhances out-of-plane accuracy. Though isotopomer data were omitted from the optimization, the HBFF-SVD force fields reproduce these data with high fidelity. Finally, the HBFF-SVD force fields are compared in detail to previous normal-mode analysis and scaled quantum mechanics studies of Ni porphine.