cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sand Filtration of Particulate Matter

The penetration of particulate matter through sand filters can be eliminated entirely or greatly reduced by the application of a coagulating chemical supplied as a solution directly to the filter influent. At high densities of organism, the inability to remove all cells of Selenastoum and the diminishing rate of removal associated with increased coagulant dosages indicates the necessity of pretreatment. The modification of the pattern of coagulant deposit, the head loss increase pattern, and the inability to remove all algal cells at high densities seem to indicate the decided importance of the chemical nature of the floc in any filtration mechanism. The location of powered activated carbon deposited under plain filtration was shown to be logarithmic with depth. The location of deposited coagulant and activated carbon declined logarithmically with depth in the upper part of the uniform size filter media.
FPGA-based real-time blind source separation with principal component analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular technique in reducing the dimension of a large data set so that more informed conclusions can be made about the relationship between the values in the data set. Blind source separation (BSS) is one of the many applications of PCA, where it is used to separate linearly mixed signals into their source signals. This project attempts to implement a BSS system in hardware. Due to unique characteristics of hardware implementation, the Generalized Hebbian Algorithm (GHA), a learning network model, is used. The FPGA used to compile and test the system is the Altera Cyclone III EP3C120F780I7.
Exploratory Analysis of Visual Search Data

Visual search data describe people’s performance on the common perceptual problem of identifying target objects in a complex scene. Technological advances in areas such as eye tracking now provide researchers with a wealth of data not previously available. The goal of this work is to support researchers in analyzing this complex and multimodal data and in developing new insights into visual search techniques. We discuss several methods drawn from the statistics and machine learning literature for integrating visual search data derived from multiple sources and performing exploratory data analysis. We ground our discussion in a specific task performed by officers at the Transportation Security Administration and consider the applicability, likely issues, and possible adaptations of several candidate analysis methods.
Power from the Sea

Evaporation exceeds precipitation over the Red Sea by 1.5 x 10\U6\N cfs. All this amount is now supplied from the Indian Ocean through the narrow Straits of Bab El Mandeb. If these straits are dammed, the loss of water will result in lowering the Red Sea level by 12 ft per yr. A scheme is presented to utilize this drop to generate electricity at a very cheap cost.
Selective Up-Regulation and Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinase 11 (Mmp11), Non-Autonomous Cell Death and Pathological Dysfunctions upon Loss of Ran-binding Protein 2 (Ranbp2).

Ranbp2 harbors functional and pathogenic idiosyncratic activities by controlling cell-type selective, stress-elicited or disease-prone substrates. To probe Ranbp2 roles in neurodegeneration, we generated mice with loss of Ranbp2 expression in cone photoreceptor neurons and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We found that loss of Ranbp2 promotes the degeneration of the cone photoreceptors and RPE. Further, we found that degeneration of cone photoreceptors promoted the non-autonomous death of nearby healthy rod photoreceptors. In regards to the RPE, we found that RPE degeneration led to the derangement of the cellular organization of RPE and extrusion of atrophic RPE cells to the subretinal space. Strikingly, these manifestations were followed by the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier that was characterized by extravasations of the nearby choriocapillaris bead. The cone and RPE degenerations were accompanied by erosion or disorganization of intracellular structures, subcellular localization of some partn...
Gel casting of resorbable polymers: 2. In-vitro degradation of bone graft substitutes

Gel cast microporous materials produced from: slow resorbing, poly(L-lactide); fast resorbing, 50:50 poly(DL lactide coglycolide); and blends of these polymers have been characterized by weight loss, compression testing and thermal analysis after immersion in phosphate buffered saline (37 degrees C, pH 7.4) for times up to 6 months. Increasing weight loss and reduction in compressive properties with immersion time were measured. Blending reduces the rate of weight loss and material shrinkage relative to the copolymer. Thermal analysis of degraded samples revealed evidence of reorganization of the crystalline phase in poly(L-lactide) and a crystalline component in the 50:50 copolymer, estimated at 5-7% of the original material content, which is probably responsible for gel formation. Thermograms of the blend are effectively a superposition of thermograms of the individual components. Gel casting shows potential for varying the resorption rate, form stability and compressive properties of micro/macroporous bone graft substitutes.
Interaction of the regulatory subunit of a type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase with mammalian sperm flagellum.

We have reported previously (Horowitz, J. A., Toeg, H., and Orr, G. A. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 832-838) that most of the type II cAMP-dependent protein kinases in rat sperm are associated with the flagellum. We have now identified flagellar polypeptides which are capable of forming tight complexes with the regulatory subunit of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase (RII). Flagellar RII-binding polypeptides were identified using an RII overlay/immunoblot procedure and had apparent subunit Mr of 120,000, 80,000, and 57,000 in rat and 120,000 and 57,000 in bovine flagella. RII is released from the flagellum by disulfide reducing agents, e.g. 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Coomassie Blue staining of the DTT-released material shows that a limited subpopulation of flagellar polypeptides are solubilized by disulfide-reducing agents. Neither tubulin, the dynein ATPase, or any of the RII-binding proteins are released by 1 mM DTT, and thin section electron microscopy revealed that the morphology of the flagellum is unaltered by reducing conditions. Our data established that RII is not linked to the flagellum via a direct disulfide bridge. We propose that RII is released from the flagellum, a highly disulfide cross-linked structure, due to structural changes in the flagellum which disrupts the interaction between RII and its binding proteins.
Enhancing directory virtualization to detect insider activity

One of the critical yet lingering issues in computer security is insider threat, and it often takes advantage of some security services based on directory services such as authentication and access control. Detecting these threats is quite challenging because malicious users with the technical ability to leverage these services often have sufficient knowledge and expertise to conceal unauthorized activity. In this article, we present an approach using directory virtualization to monitor various systems across an enterprise for the purpose of detecting malicious insider activity. Specifically, a policy engine that leverages directory virtualization services is proposed to enhance monitoring and detecting capabilities by allowing greater flexibility in analyzing changes for malicious intent. The resulting architecture is a system-based approach, where the relationships and dependencies between data sources and directory services are used to detect an insider threat, rather than simply relying on point solutions. This paper presents such an architecture in detail, including a description of implementation results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (The preliminary version of this paper was published at the proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Insider Threat, Chicago, IL, 8 October 2010.)
MTIC (VAT FRAUD) in VoIP - Market Size $3.3b

In the beginning, the VAT fraud known as missing trader intra-community (MTIC) fraud appeared to be a UK problem concentrated in the cell phone and computer chip markets. MTIC has mutated (to other commodities) and migrated (to other Member States). This paper describes how this fraud operates in the VoIP market, and how in this mutation it is no longer confined to the EU, but can infiltrate any VAT/GST anywhere. Canada, Botswana, Japan, Iceland and Jamaica (to mention a few jurisdictions) have consumption taxes that are just as vulnerable as is the EU VAT to VoIP missing trader fraud. It is somewhat problematical that the OECD’s Committee on Fiscal Affairs (Working Party 9 on Consumption Taxes) seems to be adopting rules that would facilitate this fraud as it examines VAT/GST in cross-border trade in services and intangibles. MTIC is a technology-intensive fraud. The fraud itself can take only minutes. Proceeds then travel with lightning speed through a series domestic and foreign banks (Dubai, India, Hong Kong, Pakistan, China and Russia are common). When a withdrawal is made (in cash) on the other side of the world, the stolen VAT is nearly impossible to recover. Unlike the EU Commission’s selection of five highly vulnerable MTIC markets (cell phones, computer chips, perfume, precious metals and emissions permits) that are selected for special enforcement measures in COM(2009) 511, this paper presents Dr. Michael Cheetham’s list of forty-one markets of presently active MTIC fraud. VoIP ranks as number 6 on Dr. Cheetham’s list. This paper suggests that the Commission may not be looking at the MTIC problem with both eyes wide open. It is much bigger than it appears to be. Stripped to essentials MTIC prevention is all about assurance. Where is the assurance that whenever an enterprise purchases supplies for resale with an obligation to perform a reverse charge that it will make and report this charge, and then remit the VAT on an onward sale? The important point is not who should remit the VAT; the important question is how can we be assured that whoever is charged with doing so actually does it? Technological answers to the problem posed by missing trader fraud in services and intangibles are known and well tested. The measures needed involve certification of automated systems. These are largely administrative measures, but they depend on Member State cooperation, and Commission leadership in the EU, and in the global arena they depend on international cooperating and substantive direction from the OECD.
Use of a Probabilistic Neural Network to Reduce Costs of Selecting Construction Rock

Rocks used as construction aggregate in temperate climates deteriorate to differing degrees because of repeated freezing and thawing. The magnitude of the deterioration depends on the rock's properties. Aggregate, including crushed carbonate rock, is required to have minimum geotechnical qualities before it can be used in asphalt and concrete. In order to reduce chances of premature and expensive repairs, extensive freeze-thaw tests are conducted on potential construction rocks. These tests typically involve 300 freeze-thaw cycles and can take four to five months to complete. Less time consuming tests that (1) predict durability as well as the extended freeze-thaw test or that (2) reduce the number of rocks subject to the extended test, could save considerable amounts of money. Here we use a probabilistic neural network to try and predict durability as determined by the freeze-thaw test using four rock properties measured on 843 limestone samples from the Kansas Department of Transportation. Modified freeze-thaw tests and less time consuming specific gravity (dry), specific gravity (saturated), and modified absorption tests were conducted on each sample. Durability factors of 95 or more as determined from the extensive freeze-thaw tests are viewed as acceptable—rocks with values below 95 are rejected. If only the modified freeze-thaw test is used to predict which rocks are acceptable, about 45% are misclassified. When 421 randomly selected samples and all four standardized and scaled variables were used to train aprobabilistic neural network, the rate of misclassification of 422 independent validation samples dropped to 28%. The network was trained so that each class (group) and each variable had its own coefficient (sigma). In an attempt to reduce errors further, an additional class was added to the training data to predict durability values greater than 84 and less than 98, resulting in only 11% of the samples misclassified. About 43% of the test data was classed by the neural net into the middle group—these rocks should be subject to full freeze-thaw tests. Thus, use of the probabilistic neural network would meanthat the extended test would only need be applied to 43% of the samples, and 11% of the rocks classed as acceptable would fail early.
AVOIDING OR CHANGING THE PAST

Some philosophers argue that any attempt to model changing the past will either be contradictory or really model avoiding the past. Using Nicholas Smith's (1997) argument as a basis, I formulate a generic version of this Avoidance Argument. I argue that the Avoidance Argument fails because (i) it involves an equivocation of what is meant by ‘bifurcation of the time of an event’ and (ii) resolving the equivocation results in the falsity of at least one of the premises. Hence, the Avoidance Argument will not support the claim that changing the past is logically impossible.
Multivariate Extension of Griffing's Diallel Analysis

Diallel-cross designs have been used extensively in plant and animal breeding programs. In most cases, multiple traits are measured in the study, but the analyses are performed on each trait separately. The objective of this paper is to provide an alternative multivariate procedure so that the combining abilities among traits can be evaluated simultaneously and the interaction of combining ability and traits can be tested statistically. Numerical example is provided from data of a rice study. Three characters, panicles per plant, percent sterility, and 100 kernel weight were used in the analysis. Results showed that some parental lines with greater combining abilities in one trait may not be so good in another trait. Also certain crosses may be better for one trait but not necessarily as good for other traits.
Virtual Machine Learning: Thinking like a Computer Architect

Summary form only given. Modern commercial software is written in languages that execute on a virtual machine. Such languages often have dynamic features that require rich runtime support and preclude traditional static optimization. Implementations of these languages have employed dynamic optimization strategies to achieve significant performance improvements. In this paper the author describes some of these strategies and demonstrates their effectiveness. The author then argues that further advances in this field are being hindered by our bias toward adapting traditional static optimization techniques. Instead, we need to think more like a computer architect to create new approaches to optimization in virtual machines.
High temperature EPR linewidths in MnO and MnS

Abstract EPR linewidths ΔH in MnO and MnS were studied at 300–1100°K. The remarkable constancy of χT(ΔH) for T ⪆ 3TN follows from an extension of the Mori-Huber theories and delineates the region where critical-like behavior first becomes apparent as T approaches TN.
Response of persons with and without intravascular thrombosis to a heparin tolerance test.

Abstract The coagulation time of 1 c.c. of venous blood placed in a 10 by 75 mm. Wassermann-type glass tube and inverted every thirty seconds has been obtained on fifty control subjects and seventy patients before and after the intravenous injection of 25 mg. of heparin in 2.5 c.c. of liquid. The results of the determinations of coagulation time on samples of venous blood withdrawn at ten-minute intervals for variable periods indicated that the maximal response to the intravenous injection of heparin occurred ten minutes after injection. Of the individuals without evidence of intravascular thrombosis, including the control subjects, 5 per cent were hyper-reactors; 88 per cent, normal reactors; 7 per cent hyporeactors, and none were nonreactors. Of the individuals with evidence of intravascular thrombosis (categories 1 to 4 in Table III), none were hyper-reactors, 31 per cent were normal reactors, 30 per cent were hyporeactors and 39 per cent were nonreactors.
Reconstructing 3-D objects from 2-D boundaries

In this article, two fully implemented algorithms for reconstructing 3-D object models based on two or more 2-D boundaries is introduced. Assuming that the 2-D pixel-based boundaries are generated by using boundary detection algorithms in the image preprocessing session (which is beyond the scope of this article), the 3-D reconstruction goes through two stages. First, the linear regression based line-segmentation algorithm is applied to convert each original pixel-based boundary to a best-fit line segment based polygonal boundary. Then, the 3-D surface reconstruction algorithm is used to cover the surface between each pair of neighboring polygonal boundaries. An important feature of our approach is that it allows easy control of the resolution of the reconstructed 3-D models by setting the error-threshold in the line-segmentation algorithm
A note on the 3D4(q) generalized hexagons

Abstract The 3 D 4 ( q ) generalized hexagons are characterized by means of the regulus condition.
Neuron network activity scales exponentially with synapse density

Neuronal network output in the cortex as a function of synapse density during development has not been explicitly determined. Synaptic scaling in cortical brain networks seems to alter excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to produce a representative rate of synaptic output. Here, we cultured rat hippocampal neurons over a three-week period to correlate synapse density with the increase in spontaneous spiking activity. We followed the network development as synapse formation and spike rate in two serum-free media optimized for either (a) neuron survival (Neurobasal/B27) or (b) spike rate (NbActiv4). We found that while synaptophysin synapse density increased linearly with development, spike rates increased exponentially in developing neuronal networks. Synaptic receptor components NR1, GluR1 and GABA-A also increase linearly but with more excitatory receptors than inhibitory. These results suggest that the brain's information processing capability gains more from increasing connectivity of the processing units than increasing processing units, much as Internet information flow increases much faster than the linear number of nodes and connections.
Fast window correlations over uncooperative time series

Data arriving in time order (a data stream) arises in fields including physics, finance, medicine, and music, to name a few. Often the data comes from sensors (in physics and medicine for example) whose data rates continue to improve dramatically as sensor technology improves. Further, the number of sensors is increasing, so correlating data between sensors becomes ever more critical in order to distill knowlege from the data. In many applications such as finance, recent correlations are of far more interest than long-term correlation, so correlation over sliding windows (windowed correlation) is the desired operation. Fast response is desirable in many applications (e.g., to aim a telescope at an activity of interest or to perform a stock trade). These three factors -- data size, windowed correlation, and fast response -- motivate this work.Previous work [10, 14] showed how to compute Pearson correlation using Fast Fourier Transforms and Wavelet transforms, but such techniques don't work for time series in which the energy is spread over many frequency components, thus resembling white noise. For such "uncooperative" time series, this paper shows how to combine several simple techniques -- sketches (random projections), convolution, structured random vectors, grid structures, and combinatorial design -- to achieve high performance windowed Pearson correlation over a variety of data sets.
Interpretation of Nimbus-7 37 GHz microwave brightness temperature data in semi-arid southern Africa

Monthly 37 GHz microwave polarization difference temperatures (MPDT) derived from the Nimbus-7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) for southern Africa from 1979 to 1985 are compared with rainfall and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. MPDT rose sharply during a drought episode which occurred within the period included in the data. The rise was seen not only in the growing season, but also in the dry season MPDT when no actively photosynthetic, water-containing leaves are present. The results suggest that scattering of the emitted microwave radiation by dead and living vegetation is a more important factor than has previously been recognized.
Intravenous adenosine in the emergency department management of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Study purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of adenosine in the treatment of emergency department patients with spontaneous paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). Design: An eight-month prospective outcome study Population: Patients 16 or more years old with PSVT by surface ECG criteria. Patients were excluded if there was clinical or hemodynamic evidence of hypoperfusion. Measurements: Patient age, sex, PSVT rate, pretreatment blood pressure, history of cardiac disease, chronic drug therapy and response to IV adenosine. Results: Twenty-three patients with 27 episodes of suspected PSVT met inclusion criteria. After IV adenosine, two patients were found to have atrial flutter, and one was found to have ventricular tachycardia. Twenty-four episodes of PSVT were diagnosed in the remaining 21 patients. There were eight male and 13 female patients with a mean age of 51 ± 19 years (range, 16 to 80 years). Sixteen patients related a history of cardiovascular disease. The mean QRS rate during PSVT was 181 ± 23. Twenty-three of 24 episodes (96%) were converted to sinus rhythm within 20 to 45 seconds of adenosine therapy. However, 13 of 23 of initial conversions (57%) were followed by recurrence of PSVT within five minutes. All 13 recurrences required therapy with other antiarrhythmic drugs for conversion to and maintenance of sinus rhythm. Complications of adenosine were noted in only four patients and were transient and clinically unimportant. Conclusion: IV adenosine effectively terminates PSVT in ED patients with spontaneous PSVT; recurrence of PSVT after adenosine is common in the ED population and should be treated with other antiarrhythmic agents, not repeated doses of adenosine; adenosine is useful in the differential diagnosis of tachyarrhythmias; and doubling the initial dose of adenosine to 12 mg would increase the likelihood of conversion with the first dose.
Reconsolidation of drug memories

Persistent, unwanted memories are believed to be key contributors to drug addiction and the chronic relapse problem over the lifetime of the addict. Contrary to the long-held idea that memories are static and fixed, new studies in the last decade have shown that memories are dynamic and changeable. However, they are changeable only under specific conditions. When a memory is retrieved (reactivated), it becomes labile for a period of minutes to hours and then is reconsolidated to maintain long-term memory. Recent findings indicate that even well-established long-term memories may be susceptible to disruption by interfering with reconsolidation through delivery of certain amnestic agents during memory retrieval. Here I review the growing literature on memory reconsolidation in animal models of addiction, including sensitization, conditioned place preference and self-administration. I also discuss (a) several issues that need to be considered in interpreting the findings from reconsolidation studies and (b) future challenges and directions for memory reconsolidation studies in the field of addiction. The findings indicate promise for using this approach as a therapy for disrupting the long-lasting memories that can trigger relapse.
Cusp and LLBL as sources of the isolated dayside auroral feature during northward IMF

An intense dayside proton aurora was observed by Imager for Magnetopause-to- Aurora Global Exploration Far Ultra-Violet imager (IMAGE FUV) for an extensive period of northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on 17 and 18 September 2000. This aurora partially coincided with the auroral oval and intruded farther poleward into the polar cap, and it showed longitudinal motions in response to IMF By variation. Intense magnetosheath-like electron and ion precipitations have been simultaneously detected by Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) above the poleward portion of the high-latitude dayside aurora. They resemble the typical plasmas observed in the low-altitude cusp. However, less intense electrons and more energetic ions were detected over the equatonvard part of the aurora. These plasmas are closer to the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) plasmas. Under strongly northward IMF, global ionospheric convection derived from Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar measurements showed a four-cell pattern with sunward convection in the middle of the dayside polar cap and the dayside aurora corresponded to two different convection cells. This result further supports two source regions for the aurora. The cusp proton aurora is on open magnetic field lines convecting sunward whereas the LLBL proton aurora is on closed field lines convecting antisunward. These IMAGE, DMSP, and SuperDARN observations reveal the structure and dynamics of the aurora and provide strong evidence for magnetic merging occurring at the high-latitude magnetopause poleward from the cusp. This merging process was very likely quasi-stationary.
PENTACARBONYLCARBOXYLATE ANIONS OF THE GROUP VI TRANSITION METALS

Abstract Pentacarbonylcarboxylate anions of Cr, Mo and W were prepared either directly from the metal hexacarbonyls or by reaction of a thallium(I) carboxylate with the pentacarbonyl halide ions. The infrared spectra indicate that the complexes deviate significantly from C 4 v symmetry. Cotton—Kraihanzel force constants for a number of complexes were calculated and compared.
Interferometric temperature measurements of a flame in a cylindrical tube using holography.

Double-exposure holographic interferometry was used to determine, at one instant, the entire temperature distribution of an axisymmetric flame propagating through a 51-mm i.d. cylindrical tube. The algorithm used to reconstruct the 2-D temperature distribution included a numerical form of the Abel inversion and a ray-tracing routine to correct for light-ray refraction by the quartz tube. Errors due to flame refraction were minimized by observing the interferogram in the image of the tube center line. The precision of the technique was determined by comparing radial temperature distributions from five separate experiments. The sources of the imprecision and inaccuracies observed in the data are discussed.
β-lactoglobulin as a potential modulator of intestinal activity and morphology in neonatal piglets

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of the whey protein β-lactoglobulin (blg) on the intestinal development and intestinal morphology in neonatal piglets. Two trials (5 and 28 days) were conducted on piglets in three separate groups. One group served as a control group while the remaining two were experimental groups based on diets. The two experimental diets were a bovine colostrum powder, one with supplementation with blg and the other without. The control group remained suckling on a sow. All groups were weaned on day 20 and placed onto a solid commercial piglet diet. Enzymatic activity, total DNA synthesis, crypt depth, and villus height were all parameters used to evaluate the effect of blg. Piglets fed a diet supplement with blg had the greatest total DNA after 5 days. Sow-reared piglets had the greatest intestinal morphology development with regards to villus height. No significant differences were found in enzymatic activity between treatments. Anat Rec Part A 288A:601–608, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The colposcope and vulvo-vaginal neoplasia

Abstract The recommendation is made that the colposcope be used in the diagnosis and/or management of vulva and vaginal neoplastic disease. Four examples of such use are offered to fortify this conclusion.
The expression of MHC antigens on oligodendrocytes: Induction of polymorphic H-2 expression by lymphokines

Neither class I nor class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen has been demonstrated in native oligodendrocytes, the possible target of viral or immune damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). In this report, we show that H-2, but not Ia, antigen expression is induced on isolated mouse oligodendrocytes in vitro by crude supernatant from lectin-activated spleen cells, lectin-free interleukin 2, and cloned gamma-interferon. This induction of H-2 expression is not accompanied by proliferation of oligodendrocytes, whereas MHC induction in spleen cells is highly related to their proliferation, or blastoid transformation. Oligodendrocytes as well as other brain cells are probably isolated from these lymphokines by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, it is possible that oligodendrocytes express MHC class I antigen as a consequence of impairment of the BBB, or in the presence of activated T-cells which have been demonstrated in active MS lesions. This activation then renders oligodendrocytes possible target cells for MHC-restricted cytotoxic T-cells.
Investigation of a Combined Slip Control Braking and Closed Loop Four Wheel Steering System for an Automobile During Combined Hard Braking and Severe Steering

Conventional anti-lock braking systems (ABS) permit automobiles to achieve short stopping distance with good directional control and stability during moderate manuevers. However, during emergency maneuvers where hard braking is combined with severe steering, normally stable (i.e., understanding) cars, even those equipped with ABS, can spin out due to a change to an unstable oversteer condition. In this work, a new Slip Control Braking System (SCBS) is introduced. The SCBS control algorithm for longitudinal tire slip was based on the sliding mode control method and can maintain pre-specified slip values for both the front and the rear axles. These desired slip values were gain-scheduled as a function of front wheel steer angle. The longitudinal slip control system was then combined with a gain-scheduled, closed loop, four wheel steering system. Simulations of hard braking combined with severe steering indicate that the combined action of the controllers results in a vehicle that can maintain directional control and stability in situations where the vehicle equipped with only four wheel steering and conventional ABS or only the SCBS system looses control and spins out.
Superconducting tunneling through Nb0.53Ti0.47Ge multilayers

Abstract We have made a preliminary study of vertical electrical transport in Nb 0.53 Ti 0.47 Ge multilayers having the structure Nb/Ge/Nb0.53Ti0.47/Ge … Nb0.53Ti0.47/Ge/Nb. The initial and final Nb layers serve as equipotential electrodes, and measurements are analyzed only in the temperature range below which the thick Nb electrodes are superconducting. In-plane (parallel) transport studies were made on identical Nb 0.53 Ti 0.47 Ge multilayers (deposited at the same time on a different part of the substrate using an appropriate mask). The layered structure is confirmed by low angle X-ray diffraction and SEM microscopy. Depending on the transition temperature of the Nb 0.53 Ti 0.47 Ge multilayers, the temperature-dependent junction resistance shows several interesting features. The I–V characteristics and the first derivative dI/dV were measured, yielding a sum gap of nearly 20meV for a 16 layer structure having a Tc of 7K. Possible interpretations of these results are presented.
Decreasing educational segregation in urban schools: the role of inclusive education and the need for structural change

This paper deals with the continuing problem of educational segregation—the segregation within schools which occurs due to the disproportional assignment of minority students to categorical, “pull-out” programs related to special education. Although school districts have had some success at integration which transcends neighborhood boundaries, educational segregation remains a barrier to equity and is perhaps the civil rights issue facing the United States today due to the increased diversity of special needs students living in urban areas which are in a state of economic decline. The need for systemic reform in schools and the critical importance of community context are discussed along with the presentation of a strategy for long-term structural change. Recommendations for reform are introduced and linked to suggestions for collaborative political work and community organizing which could be used to effectively impact educational equity issues in the inner city. Finally, the prospects for change leading to a closing of the achievement gap for urban school students are analyzed within the context of the political mood of the 1990s. The present moment in history is seen as an opportune time for significant reforms which could lead to increased educational equity and a closing of the achievement gap.
Profile Likelihood and Incomplete Data

According to the law of likelihood, statistical evidence is represented by likelihood functions and its strength measured by likelihood ratios. This point of view has led to a likelihood paradigm for interpreting statistical evidence, which carefully distinguishes evidence about a parameter from error probabilities and personal belief. Like other paradigms of statistics, the likelihood paradigm faces challenges when data are observed incompletely, due to non-response or censoring, for instance. Standard methods to generate likelihood functions in such circumstances generally require assumptions about the mechanism that governs the incomplete observation of data, assumptions that usually rely on external information and cannot be validated with the observed data. Without reliable external information, the use of untestable assumptions driven by convenience could potentially compromise the interpretability of the resulting likelihood as an objective representation of the observed evidence. This paper proposes a profile likelihood approach for representing and interpreting statistical evidence with incomplete data without imposing untestable assumptions. The proposed approach is based on partial identification and is illustrated with several statistical problems involving missing data or censored data. Numerical examples based on real data are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
Early Intra-Articular Hip Disease Presenting With Posterior Pelvic and Groin Pain

Objective To determine whether posterior pelvic pain is associated with intra-articular hip abnormalities (labral tears and early degenerative changes) in patients with minimal-to-no radiographic abnormalities. Design A retrospective observational study of prospectively collected data collected from patients with an arthroscopy-confirmed diagnosis of acetabular labral tear or femoral and/or acetabular chondrosis, without severe deformity. Setting An academic orthopedic clinic at a tertiary hospital. Patients All patients, having failed to respond to conservative treatment, required surgical intervention for definitive structural diagnosis and treatment because of pain and dysfunction. Within this group, patients with posterior pelvic pain were included. One hundred thirty consecutive patients, 93 women and 37 men with mean age 31.16 years (range, 10–65.5 years), entered the study, and observational findings were reported. Interventions University instructional review board approval was obtained before conducting the study. Patients completed medical information questionnaires, pain diagrams, severity of pain, and validated hip questionnaires that focused on symptoms and function. Postoperatively, patients who had posterior pelvic pain before surgery completed a phone interview regarding their clinical progress. Main Outcomes Measurement A numeric pain scale, description of location of continued pain, Modified Harris Hip Score, and satisfaction with the procedure were recorded. Results Twenty-six (20%) of the 130 patients complained of posterior pelvic pain as a component of their clinical presentation. Of these patients, the mean duration of symptoms was 29.5 months. A total of 92% related that their pain was moderate or marked. The preoperative mean modified Harris Hip Score was 61.6 (range, 27–85) and showed postoperative improvement with a mean of 84.5 (range, 45–100; P P P Conclusions Twenty percent of patients at the authors' institution who required surgical intervention to treat their pain after not responding to conservative management had posterior pelvic pain in addition to groin or lateral and anterior hip pain. Of those respondents, 33% had complete resolution of symptoms at 4.75 years after surgery, and all had reduction in pain as compared with completion of conservative care. Patients with early intra-articular hip pathology, such as acetabular labral tears with no or mild hip deformity, and patients with arthrosis and mild hip deformity may experience groin and posterior pelvic pain as part of their clinical presentation.
Food entrainment of circadian gene expression altered in PPARα−/− brown fat and heart

The circadian clock is subject to food entrainment. Since PPARα exhibits a circadian expression profile, we hypothesized that PPARα deficiency would alter the food entrainable response of adipose, cardiac, and liver tissues. Wild type and PPARα null mice were compared under ad libitum or restricted food access for the expression of circadian transcription factor-encoding mRNAs. Temporally restricted food access caused between a mean 5.8 to 11.5 hour phase shift in the expression profiles of the circadian genes Bmal1, Per3, and Rev-erbα in all tissues of control mice. In contrast, these same conditions phase shifted the circadian genes in tissues of PPARα null mice between a mean of 10.8 to 14.2 hr with amplitude attenuation. The food entrained phase shifts in the brown adipose and cardiac tissue circadian transcription factors of the PPARα null mice were prolonged significantly relative to wild type controls. Likewise, PPARα responsive genes in the livers of PPARα null mice exhibited a significantly prolonged phase shift relative to control mice. These findings confirm and extend recent observations in the literature..
Examining outcomes from total knee arthroplasty and the relationship between quadriceps strength and knee function over time.

Abstract Background Temporal-spatial gait parameters improve following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) but lower limb kinematics and moments fail to match those of age-matched healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to determine whether quadriceps strength, clinical measures of knee function, lower limb kinematics, and joint moments improve following arthroplasty and normalize over time. Methods Twelve patients underwent total knee arthroplasty were tested at 3 and 12 months following surgery. Twelve matched controls were also tested. All underwent quadriceps strength testing and gait analysis to calculate knee joint kinematics and kinetics. Function was assessed using clinical tests and self-report. Findings All clinical measures except for quadriceps strength significantly improved from 3 to 12 months. Gait asymmetry was observed at 3 months (lower stance times, peak knee flexion angle, range of motion and vertical ground reaction force), but ankle, knee and hip moments contributing to the total limb support moment were equivalent between legs. At 12 months, gait speed remained significantly slower than controls. Inter-limb differences in peak knee flexion angle and range of motion persisted. Greater hip and lower knee moments were evident in the operated limb, compared to the non-operated limb and controls. Quadriceps strength was positively correlated with faster times on the Time Up and Go and Stair Climbing Test and greater distances during the 6 Minute Walk test. Interpretation Patients who have undergone TKA demonstrate improvements in function as measured by self-report and functional performance measures. Gait becomes more symmetric and quadriceps strength becomes stronger. Some approached the values of healthy control subjects. Important differences still remain however. The larger hip extensor contribution to the total support moment may be to compensate for the diminished knee extensor contribution during level walking. Since instrumented gait analysis and functional performance measures appear to reflect different aspects of recovery following total knee replacement, both should be considered when evaluating gait and function.
Relative stability test for continuous and sampled-data control systems using the generalised sign matrix

An algorithm is developed to perform a relative stability test for time-invariant systems using the generalised sign matrix. The method is then extended to sampled-data control systems through bilinear transformation. The algorithm is efficient and can be easily programmed.
Electrochemistry of Group VI Metal Carbonyl Compounds Containing 1,1‘-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene

The oxidative electrochemistry of a variety of homo- and bimetallic group VI metal carbonyl compounds containing 1,1‘-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) with the general formulas M(CO)5(dppf) (1a−c), M(CO)4(dppf) (2a−c), and (CO)5M(dppf)M‘(CO)5 (3a−f) (M, M‘ = Cr, Mo, W) was investigated. The effect of the group VI metal and the coordination mode of the dppf ligand on the potential at which the oxidation of the group VI metals and the ferrocene backbone of dppf occurred was examined.
Comb Type, Behavior and Body Weight in Chickens

Abstract THE associated effects of specific alleles for a qualitative trait on quantitative characteristics has been studied in several organisms. Examples in chickens, which involved body weight, were given in the reports of Warren and Payne (1945) with sex-linked early feathering, Jerome et al. (1956) and Jaap and Grimes (1956) with plumage color genes, and Briles (1957) with blood group alleles. Pea comb is qualitatively inherited in chickens (Bateson, 1902). Comparisons of differences between pea and single comb chickens for body weight have been made by Kan et al. (1959), Collins et al. (1961) and Smith (1961). Their results however, are inconclusive. Crawford and Smyth (1961) have studied the relationship of certain plumage alleles on social and sexual behavior. Although comb size has been shown to influence the frequency of agonistic behavior in flocks (Siegel and Hurst, 1962; Dawson and Siegel, 1962) and to be a factor in the determination of…
Pathways towards ferroelectricity in hafnia

The question of whether one can systematically identify (previously unknown) ferroelectric phases of a given material is addressed, taking hafnia $({\mathrm{HfO}}_{2})$ as an example. Low free energy phases at various pressures and temperatures are identified using a first-principles based structure search algorithm. Ferroelectric phases are then recognized by exploiting group theoretical principles for the symmetry-allowed displacive transitions between nonpolar and polar phases. Two orthorhombic polar phases occurring in space groups $Pca{2}_{1}$ and $Pmn{2}_{1}$ are singled out as the most viable ferroelectric phases of hafnia, as they display low free energies (relative to known nonpolar phases), and substantial switchable spontaneous electric polarization. These results provide an explanation for the recently observed surprising ferroelectric behavior of hafnia, and reveal pathways for stabilizing ferroelectric phases of hafnia as well as other compounds.
Calmodulin and wound healing in the coenocytic green alga Ernodesmis verticillata (Kützing) Børgesen : Immunofluorescence and effects of antagonists.

The involvement of calmodulin (CaM) in wound-induced cytoplasmic contractions in E. verticillata was investigated. Indirect immunofluorescence of CaM in intact cells showed a faint, reticulate pattern of fluorescence in the cortical cytoplasm. Diffuse fluorescence was evident deeper within the cytoplasm. In contracted cells, CaM co-localizes with actin in the cortical cytoplasm in extensive, longitudinal bundles of microfilaments (MFs), and in an actin-containing reticulum. No association of CaM with tubulin was ever observed in the cortical cytoplasm at any stage of wound-healing. When contraction rates in wounded cells are measured, a lag period of 2 min is followed by a rapid, steady rate of movement over the subsequent 10 min. The delay in the initiation of longitudinal contraction corresponds to the time necessary for the assembly of the longitudinal MF bundles. Cytoplasmic motility was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by CaM antagonists. In these inhibited cells, MF bundles did not assemble, or were poorly formed. In the latter case, CaM was always found associated with MFs. These results indicate a direct spatial and temporal correlation between CaM and actin, and a potential role for CaM in regulating the formation of functional MF bundles during wound-induced cytoplasmic contraction in Ernodesmis.
Genetic polymorphisms associated with rubella virus-specific cellular immunity following MMR vaccination

Rubella virus causes a relatively benign disease in most cases, although infection during pregnancy can result in serious birth defects. An effective vaccine has been available since the early 1970s and outbreaks typically do not occur among highly vaccinated (≥2 doses) populations. Nevertheless, considerable inter-individual variation in immune response to rubella immunization does exist, with single-dose seroconversion rates ~95 %. Understanding the mechanisms behind this variability may provide important insights into rubella immunity. In the current study, we examined associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in selected cytokine, cytokine receptor, and innate/antiviral genes and immune responses following rubella vaccination in order to understand genetic influences on vaccine response. Our approach consisted of a discovery cohort of 887 subjects aged 11–22 at the time of enrollment and a replication cohort of 542 older adolescents and young adults (age 18–40). Our data indicate that SNPs near the butyrophilin genes (BTN3A3/BTN2A1) and cytokine receptors (IL10RB/IFNAR1) are associated with variations in IFNγ secretion and that multiple SNPs in the PVR gene, as well as SNPs located in the ADAR gene, exhibit significant associations with rubella virus-specific IL-6 secretion. This information may be useful, not only in furthering our understanding immune responses to rubella vaccine, but also in identifying key pathways for targeted adjuvant use to boost immunity in those with weak or absent immunity following vaccination.
The Modernity of Identity: On A. Ilkhamov's "Archeology of Uzbek Identity"

(2006). The Modernity of Identity: On A. Ilkhamov's 'Archeology of Uzbek Identity' Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia: Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 86-91.
Vibration Interaction in a Multiple Flywheel System

Abstract This paper investigates vibration interaction in a multiple flywheel system. Flywheels can be used for kinetic energy storage in a satellite Integrated Power and Attitude Control System (IPACS). One hitherto unstudied problem with IPACS is vibration interaction between multiple unbalanced wheels. This paper uses a linear state-space dynamics model to study the impact of vibration interaction. Specifically, imbalance-induced vibration inputs in one flywheel rotor are used to cause a resonant whirling vibration in another rotor. Extra-synchronous resonant vibrations are shown to exist, but with damping modeled the effect is minimal. Vibration is most severe when both rotors are spinning in the same direction.