cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Timing Everything? Sequential Effects of Rumination and Distraction on Interpersonal Problem Solving

Rumination has been closely linked to risk for depression, whereas distraction has been hypothesized to decrease sad mood and to promote effective problem solving. This study investigates the hypothesis that it is not the use of specific strategies but rather their timing that is critical. Following a negative mood induction, participants were assigned to either immediately ruminate or distract followed by a second set of instructions to either ruminate or distract. Participants who initially engaged in distraction, compared to rumination, generated more effective solutions to interpersonal problems even when they subsequently engaged in rumination immediately prior to the problem solving task. In contrast, participants who engaged in distraction prior to the problem solving task generated less effective solutions when distraction followed a period of rumination. Importantly this effect was not due to differences in current mood state. The results suggest that the timing of the use of emotion regulation strategies is critical.
Public School Elites in Early-Victorian England: The Boys at Harrow and Merchant Taylors' Schools from 1825 to 1850

Historians agree that the public schools played a central role in the creation of Victorian society and that in particular they were seminal in the construction of that “mid-Victorian compromise” which made the mid-century an era of “balance,” “equipoise,” and accommodation. There is further agreement that the cadre of boys produced by the newly reformed public schools became that mid-Victorian governing and social elite which was at once larger, more broadly based, more professional and, to many, more talented than the one which preceded it. The importance of the public schools in this regard was, as Asa Briggs affirms, twofold. They assimilated the “representatives of old families with the sons of the new middle classes,” thereby creating the “social amalgam” which, in Briggs' view, “cemented old and new ruling groups which had previously remained apart.” Secondly, the singular expression of that amalgamation was an elite type, the “Christian Gentleman”—the result of an “education in character” administered under the influence of Dr. Arnold. Arnold was able to do this because he “reconciled the serious classes” (that is, the commercial middle class) “to the public schools,” sharing as he did “their faith in progress, goodness, and their own vocation.” At first, the schools “attracted primarily the sons of the nobility, gentry and professional classes.” Later, it was the “sons of the leaders of industry” who were, like earlier generations of boys, amalgamated with “the sons of men of different traditions” in a broadened “conception of a gentleman.”
Near-ground wave propagation measurements at VHF ISM band

Summary form only given. Establishing reliable ad hoc radio communication in complex indoor and outdoor environments is a challenging task. The main issues arise from the fact that in most scenarios there is lack of line-of-sight path between the transmitter and receiver and the presence of a multitude of scatterers in the communication channel that give rise to significant signal attenuation and fading. This is especially true for high frequencies (UHF and above). To remedy this, different complex approaches such as signal routing through multiple cooperative radios in the channel, multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), or other diversity schemes have been developed. Besides complexity and cost such systems often times require significant power which is a major issue for most ad hoc networks. An alternative for significantly reducing the effect of multi-path and attenuation in a communication channel is to resort to low frequencies radios. At HF-VHF band it is expected that the path-loss and multipath fading be far less than those observed at higher frequency. In this paper, performance of ad hoc radios operating at ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band of 40.68MHz is investigated. The allotted bandwidth for this ISM band is 40kHz. It is also noted that for such frequency band, in most scenarios transmitters and receivers are close to the ground and thus near-ground wave propagation is dominant. For channel characterization a measurement system is constructed, which can provide coherent filed measurements in complex indoor and outdoor environment in the HF through lower VHF band with a very large dynamic range. This system is equipped with an extremely low-profile (λ/250) two-element monopole antenna incorporating air-core inductors as the transmitter to facilitate ease of measurements at 40.68MHz. A very small, battery operated transmitting source is designed and integrated with the antenna. The transmitter unit meets the requirements of ISM band and is suitable for near-ground operation due to the fact that the antenna is vertically polarized and has an omnidirectional radiation pattern. The measurements are conducted at various indoor/outdoor scenarios with various combination of Tx/Rx antennas separation. These scenarios are categorized as follows: 1) Both Tx and Rx antennas are located inside the building, 2) Both the Tx and Rx are located outside the building, and 3) Either Tx or Rx is located inside and the other one is outside of the building. The experiments are carried out in realistic complex multipath-rich indoor/outdoor environments. Details of the measurement systems and statistical nature of wave propagation in the above-mentioned scenarios will be presented at the symposium.
Supply pre-emption, not concentration reduction, is the mechanism of competition for nutrients

Concentration reduction theory is the leading theory regarding the mechanism of competition for nutrients in soils among plants, yet it has not been rigorously tested. Here we used a spatially explicit, fine-scale grid-based model that simulated diffusion and plant uptake of nutrients by plants in soil to test whether concentration reduction theory was appropriate for terrestrial plant competition for nutrients. In the absence of competition, increasing the rate of diffusion allows a plant to maintain positive growth rates below the lowest average concentration to which it can reduce nutrients in soil solution (R*). As such, differences among plants in the reduction of soil moisture, which here primarily affects nutrient diffusion, can cause R* to predict competitive success incorrectly. The stronger competitor for nutrients captures the largest proportion of the nutrient supply by ensuring nutrients contact its roots before those of a competitor. Although the metric derived from concentration reduction theory, R*, might have predictive power for competitive outcomes in terrestrial ecosystems, this evidence suggests that plants outcompete other plants for nutrients by pre-empting the supply, not reducing the average concentration.
Invariant imbedding and the band theory of solids

The mathematical theory of invariant imbedding has been described in numerous papers by Bellman and Kalaba and their co-workers [l]. The invariant imbedding technique has been applied to wave mechanics [2], and we will show here that one-dimensional band theory can also be analyzed by means of the technique. The band theory formulation is an extension of the work by Davies. We will be concerned with two problems in this paper. We will first show that the Kronig-Penney model of a rectangular barrier can be analyzed by invariant imbedding and that the same restrictions are reached on the energy levels of the electron. We will then show that the invariant imbedding technique gives a computational form which can be solved for any one-dimensional potential variation. The equations to be solved to determine the energy levels are numerical equations and can be solved by means of a high speed digital computer. There are many extensions of the work which we shall not describe in detail here. For example, the potential function can be modified by random changes in height and periodicity. A discussion of the use of invariant imbedding in problems with random properties will be found in the book by Adams and Denman [3]. The band structure of ordered and disordered alloys can be studied by using the method described in this paper.
Removal of fibroblastoid cells from primary monolayer cultures of rat neonatal endocrine pancreas by sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate.

Abstract Experimental use of primary cultures of endocrine pancreas is constrained by early, vigorous proliferation of fibroblastoid cells. This report demonstrates that the addition of sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate (thimerosal) to the culture media can selectively destroy these fibroblastoid cells. The cytotoxicity of this mercurial compound was also demonstrated with other fibroblast-like cell lines. Treatment of primary cultures of the endocrine pancreas with sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate yielded highly enriched, morphologically intact, functionally competent endocrine cells that were capable of cell replication.
The biosynthesis of 6-methylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid by Mycobacterium fortuitum

Abstract The biosynthesis of 6-methylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid by M. fortuitum has been investigated using sodium acetate-2- 14 C. 6-Methylsalicylic acid was observed to be 18 times more radioactive than salicylic acid, thus, strongly suggesting that the biosynthesis of the two acids proceeds via totally differing routes. Methyl 6-methylsalicylate, methyl salicylate and o -methoxyphenol were also obtained from the organism.
Neurotrophic factors in the therapy of diabetic neuropathy

A large number of neurotrophic factors that exert effects on specific neuronal populations in the peripheral nervous system have been discovered. Some of these factors may prove useful for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Among the most promising are members of the neurotrophin gene family (nerve growth factor [NGF], brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin [NT]-3, and NT-4/5), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor. Of these, NGF and the IGFs have been tested most extensively in animal models of diabetic neuropathy, with encouraging results. Recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) has been tested in phase II clinical trials for treatment of patients with diabetes, and the results have been encouraging. Phase III trials of rhNGF have been completed, and clinical trials of other neurotrophic factors are likely to be conducted in the next few years.
Effect of hypothermia on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the pig.

Abstract Background . The pig has become an increasingly popular model for the study of cerebral protection during cardiothoracic surgery in recent years, but little information is available concerning hypothermic porcine physiology. Because the efficacy of cerebral protection depends largely upon metabolic suppression, we studied cerebral oxygen metabolism at various temperatures using two different methods to assess cerebral blood flow (CBF). Material and Methods . Twelve pigs (7 to 13 kg) underwent cooling on cardiopulmonary bypass to 8°C as recorded by an electrode placed deep in the parenchyma of the brain. CBF was measured in 6 animals using radioactive microspheres and in the other 6 using fluorescent microspheres. CBF, cerebral oxygen consumption, and cerebral vascular resistance were determined at 37°C, 28°C, 18°C, and 8°C. Results . Both methods produced very similar data. CBF fell steadily with decrease in temperature to 18°C but failed to drop further with more profound hypothermia. With both groups combined, mean cerebral oxygen metabolism was 2.63 mL/100 g per minute at 37°C. Metabolic activity was 50% of base line values at 28°C, 19% at 18°C, and 11% at 8°C. The Q 10 value in the pig—the degree of metabolic suppression achieved by a 10°C drop in temperature—is 2.46 (95% confidence interval 2.1 to 2.9); this value is consistent with similar studies in humans. Conclusions . The presence of significant residual metabolic activity at 18°C suggests that this degree of hypothermia may provide incomplete cerebral protection during prolonged interruption of CBF. This study demonstrates that cooling to temperatures below 18°C in the pig can achieve greater metabolic suppression although it may be associated with loss of cerebral autoregulation.
Comparison of synovial tissue and synovial fluid as the source of nucleic acids for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction.

Objective. Difficulties in detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in human joints by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be related to whether synovial tissue or synovial fluid (SF) is used as the source of DNA in PCR amplification. In this study, a new PCR assay was developed and used to compare chlamydial DNA in paired samples of SF and synovial tissue from patients with arthritis. Methods. The PCR assay targeted the ribosomal RNA operons, which are present in 2 copies on the C trachomatis chromosome. DNA from several relevant bacteria and chlamydial serovars was used for testing this screening system. The detection of chlamydial DNA in nucleic acid preparations from matched samples of SF and synovial tissue was compared by PCR assay. Samples were obtained from 55 patients, including patients with reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, and other arthropathies. Results. Testing of the PCR screening system confirmed it to be highly specific and sensitive. Use of this assay to screen DNA from SF and synovial tissue samples showed that 29 (53%) of 55 synovial tissue preparations were positive for chlamydial DNA, but only 16 (29%) of the matched SF samples from these 29 patients were similarly positive. Five (9%) of 55 SF samples, but not their tissue counterparts, were positive for chlamydial DNA by PCR. Conclusion. Detection of chlamydial DNA in the joints of patients by PCR gives positive results more often when synovial tissue rather than SF is the source of target nucleic acids. Although synovial tissue is the source of choice for the most reliable determination of chlamydia in the joint, both synovial tissue and SF should be assayed if possible.
Prolactin regulation of dopaminergic neurons in the infundibulum pituitary stalk of bull calves

The effects of elevated circulating concentrations of prolactin were examined on neurochemical estimates of activity of dopaminergic neurons in the infundibulum/pituitary stalk of Holstein bull calves (8-10 weeks of age). Activity of these neurons was estimated by measuring the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine, the immediate precursor of dopamine, 15 min after an intravenous injection of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine. Subcutaneous injections of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol every 6 hr for 1 day increased serum concentrations of prolactin and accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine in the infundibulum/stalk. Intravenous infusions of prolactin for 1 or 9 days increased accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine in the infundibulum/stalk, indicating that these neurons remain responsive to elevated prolactin for at least 9 days. It is concluded that elevated concentrations of prolactin in blood stimulate dopaminergic neurons in the infundibulum/pituitary stalk of bull calves. We speculate that these neurons may be analogous to the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons that regulate prolactin in rats.
CT attenuation of fluid in breast cysts.

Rationale and Objectives. The authors' purpose was to determine whether computed tomographic (CT) attenuation values of fluid in breast cysts could be in the range of values for soft tissue and could be correlated with protein content of the fluid. Materials and Methods. Aspirate samples from 10 simple breast cysts were analyzed for protein content, and CT attenuation values were calculated by means of a breast phantom. A corrected attenuation value for breast-cyst fluid was calculated by using sterile water as a control. Results. The mean corrected attenuation value for the cyst aspirate was 28.1 HU; most simple cysts have an attenuation value of only 10 HU. Protein concentration ranged from 0.9 to 2.4 g/dL. A significant, almost linear relationship was noted between protein content and attenuation value of cyst fluid (r = .85, P Conclusion. The CT attenuation values of breast cysts can be in the range of those of soft tissue. This high attenuation value is correlated with the high protein content of breast-cyst fluid. Therefore, an apparent circumscribed soft-tissue mass seen within the breast at CT may represent a simple cyst.
4S RNA is transported axonally in normal and regenerating axons of the sciatic nerves of rats

Summary Experiments were designed to determine if following injection of [ 3 H]uridine into the lumbar spinal cord of the rat, [ 3 H]RNA could be demonstrated within axons of the sciatic nerve, and if 4S RNA is the predominant RNA species present in these axons. In one experiment the left sciatic nerve of a rat was crushed. Two days later 170 μCi of [ 3 H]uridine was injected into the vicinity of the lumbar ventral horn cells. Ten days after injection, rats were sacrificed and sciatic nerves were prepared for autoradiography. Photomicrographs were taken of labeled areas of intact and regenerating nerves and grains were counted over Schwann cells, myelin, axons and other unspecified areas. In both intact and regenerating sciatic nerves more than 20% of the silver grains were associated with motor axons and approximately 40% were found over cytoplasm of Schwann cells surrounding these axons. These data indicate an intra-axonal localization of RNA in sciatic nerve axons, as well as an active transfer of RNA precursors from axons to their surrounding Schwann cells. In separate studies, the left sciatic nerve was crushed and 10 days later [ 3 H]-uridine was bilaterally injected intraspinally into 6 rats. Four control rats were sacrificed at 14 or 20 days after injection. In the remaining 2 rats the sciatic nerve was cut 14 days after injection and the distal part of the nerve was allowed to degenerate for 6 days before sacrificing the rat. Thus, the distal portion of the nerve contained Schwann cells labeled by axonal transport but lacked intact axons. RNA was isolated from experimental and control nerve segments by hot phenol extraction and ethanol precipitation. RNA species (28S, 18S and 4S) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and radioactivity was measured in a liquid scintillation counter. Control groups had RNA profiles similar to those already described 20 , with greater than 30% of the radioactivity present as 4S RNA. The proximal portions of nerve taken from the group in which nerves were cut, had a similar amount of radioactivity present as 4S RNA. However, in the distal segments of these nerves (in which the axons had degenerated thus creating an ‘axon-less’ nerve) the amount of radioactivity in the 4S peak decreased to approximately 15% of the total RNA, suggesting that 4S RNA is the predominant if not the only RNA present in these axons. These results strongly indicate that both intact and regenerating sciatic nerves of rats selectively transport 4S RNA along their motor axons.
Club guessing sequences and filters

We investigate club guessing sequences and filters. We prove that assuming V=L, there exists a strong club guessing sequence on μ if and only if μ is not ineffable for every uncountable regular cardinal μ. We also prove that for every uncountable regular cardinal μ, relative to the existence of a Woodin cardinal above μ, it is consistent that every tail club guessing ideal on μ is precipitous.
Resolution of Enantiomers of Tropicamide by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography Using Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as Chiral Mobile Phase Additive

Abstract Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was used as an effective chiral mobile phase additive for the HPLC resolution of the enantiomers of tropicamide. The HP-β-CD is more soluble in water and hydro-organic solvents than the native-β-cyclodextrin. The separation of the tropicamide enantiomers was influenced by a combination of hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions. A baseline separation (Rs>1.5) was achieved for the enantiomers under isocratic conditions on a cyanopropyl column with 10:90 v/v acetonitrile-aqueous 0.1% triethylammonium acetate buffer pH 4.0 containing 10 mM HP-β-CD. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min with detection at 255 nm. The effect of mobile phase composition, concentration of HP-β-CD, and the pH and type of buffer on peak shape, resolution and retention factors of the enantiomers were investigated.
A Method to Identify Convective Cells within Multicell Thunderstorms from Multiple Doppler Radar Data

Abstract Convective cell identification methods, besides their operational utility, are useful to identify cells, to understand cell interactions within multicell thunderstorms, and to distinguish between convective and stratiform regions within mesoscale convective systems. The method developed in this note was utilized for research on cell interactions within the 9 August 1991 Convection and Precipitation/Electrification (CaPE) multicell thunderstorm. A critical component of such research is an objective method to accurately depict all significant convective cells within an evolving multicell thunderstorm. While conventional methods based upon radar reflectivity can be successfully used in identifying cells, especially when the cells are in their growth stage, the methods are not as useful during the later stages of cell growth. This is because updraft and precipitation cores are not collocated at these advanced stages, and thus the reflectivity (precipitation) core may not be a good indicator of convec...
Valuing Businesses In Cyclical Industries

Given the potential sensitivity of business values to industry business cycles, it is imperative that valuators consider business cycles when executing valuations of firms that tend to be sensitive to these industry-level fluctuations. Failure to consider earnings cycles in industries where they are significant can result in extreme over and undervaluation of business enterprises. The methods presented in this paper can help a valuation professional to utilize industry cycle information to dramatically improve the quality of value estimates.
Distinct Hydrological Signatures in Observed Historical Temperature Fields

Abstract In an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), the physical bounds on soil moisture content and the nonlinear relationship between soil moisture and evaporation lead to distinct geographical patterns in key surface energy and water balance variables. In particular, simple hydrological considerations suggest—and extensive AGCM simulations confirm—that the variance and skew of seasonally averaged [June–August (JJA)] air temperature on the planet should be maximized in specific, and different, regions: a variance maximum should appear on the dry side of the soil moisture variance maximum, and a positive skew maximum should appear on the wet side of the temperature variance maximum. These ideas are tested with multidecade observational temperature data from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN). In the United States, where sufficient data exist, the predicted patterns in the seasonal temperature moments show up where expected. These results suggest that hydrological considerations do ...
Charge and current neutralization of an ion beam pulse by background plasma in the presence of applied magnetic field

Plasma can be used as a convenient medium for manipulating intense charged particle beams, e.g., for ballistic focusing and steering, because the plasma can effectively reduce the self-space charge potential and self-magnetic field of the beam pulse. We previously developed a reduced analytical model of beam charge and current neutralization for an ion beam pulse propagating in a cold background plasma. The reduced-fluid description provides an important benchmark for numerical codes and yields useful scaling relations for different beam and plasma parameters. This model has been extended to include the additional effects of an applied solenoidal magnetic field. Simulations show that the self-magnetic field structure of the ion beam pulse propagating through background plasma can be complex and non-stationary. The linear system of Maxwell's equations for the self-electromagnetic fields can be solved analytically in Fourier space. For a strong enough applied magnetic field, poles emerge in Fourier space. These poles are an indication that whistler and low-hybrid waves can be excited by the beam pulse.
Solidus and liquidus temperatures and mineralogies for anhydrous garnet-lherzolite to 15 GPa

Strong convergence is noted, in experimental data for systems pertaining to anhydrous fertile garnet-lherzolite in the 6.5-15 GPa range, either to a common temperature or to temperatures differing by only about 100 C. The major element composition of magmas generated by even minor degrees of partial melting may be similar to the composition of the primordial, bulk silicate earth in an upper mantle stratigraphic column more than 160 km deep. Whether or not the solidus and liquidus intersect, the liquidus mineralogy for undepleted garnet-lherzolite compositions is found to change from olivine, at low pressures, to pyroxene, garnet, or a solid solution of both, at pressures greater than 10-15 GPa.
Challenging hemostasis scenarios in pediatric patients--two case studies

Pediatric patients differ from adult patients in many clinical situations, and disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis are no exception. The current article presents clinical and laboratory features of two cases in which pediatric patients are evaluated for bleeding disorders. Discussion of the cases focuses on practical considerations for laboratorians. Review of these case studies highlights selected common and esoteric issues in pediatric hemostasis testing.
Energy management for multiple-pulse missiles

This paper examines maximum final speed and minimum flight-time trajectories of missiles that have two- or three-pulse rockets for both horizontal and vertical plane flight. The optimal rocket-propellant loadouts and pulse ignition times are determined using parameter optimization coupled with explicit solution of the trajecto- ries. The results indicate that the three-pulse configuration is superior for both problems in horizontal flight and that it matches the performance of an ideal boost-sustain motor. For vertical plane flight, the twb:0ulse motor is superior to a boost-only motor. The three-pulse motor does not produce a significant practical improvement in performance for vertical plane flight beyond that of the two-pulse motor. HE development of practical designs for pulsed solid rocket motors has opened new avenues for the control of missile trajectories. To effectively utilize this new technology, techniques must be developed to optimize the trajectories and pulse motor designs. The present paper seeks to create a method to rapidly optimize pulse rocket-motor designs and trajectories and to determine the applicability of pulse motors to a spectrum of missile missions with an emphasis on the surface-to-air missile. The seminal works in the field of rocket-thrust and rocket - motor design optimization used the calculus of variations to demonstrate that the continuously throttleable ideal boost- sustain motor maximized missile performance.1'2 The require- ment of the use of fixed nozzle designs in actual rocket-motor designs prevented these theoretical performance limits from being achieved. The practical boost-sustain motor suffers a specific impulse degradation in both the boost and sustain portions of the thrust history with the greatest losses in the low-burn-rate sustain phase. The pulse rocket motor allows the use of nearly constant mass flow rate during operation, which gives a 5-1% advantage in overall specific impulse over the practical boost-sustain motor. Through proper design of the motor and control algorithms, the pulsed rocket motor is able to approach the theoretical limits set for the ideal boost- sustain motor. Thus, the pulse motor should offer perfor- mance improvement over the practical boost-sustain motpr. The complete solution to the optimal pulse motor problem involves simultaneous optimization of the motor parameters, ignition times, and trajectory shaping. Two broad approaches are available for solution of this problem. The first is the optimal control methodology, which yields a two-point boundary value problem. The resulting problem can be solved numerically using an open-loop solution for both the motor design and the missile guidance. Another method to solve the optimal control problem is to approximate the system by a reduced-order model and to find the corresponding closed- loop analytical guidance and ignition law. While yielding an implementable algorithm, this method involves approxima- tions which may not be appropriate. In addition, the reduced- order analytical solutions do not address the selection of the pulse motor design parameters.
Fitting a surface to 3-D points using an inflating balloon model

We address the problem of fitting a surface to a cloud of 3-D points, as obtained from a set of registered range images. Our approach is based on a dynamic balloon model represented using a triangulated mesh. The vertices in the mesh are linked to their neighboring vertices through springs to simulate the surface tension and to keep the shell smooth. Unlike other dynamic models proposed by previous researchers, our balloon model is purely driven by an applied inflation force towards the object surface from inside of the object, until all the triangles have reached the surface. We present results on simple as well as nonstar-shaped objects from real range images. >
Cryptic goldfields: a molecular phylogenetic reinvestigation of Lasthenia californica sensu lato and close relatives (Compositae: Heliantheae sensu lato).

Maximum parsimony analysis of DNA sequence data from the internal and external transcribed spacer (ITS and ETS) regions of 18S‐26S nuclear ribosomal DNA and the 39 trnK intron of chloroplast DNA from over 60 populations of Lasthenia sect. Amphiachaenia yielded a well-supported tree showing that the most common species of Lasthenia, L. californica sensu lato (s.l.), is not monophyletic. Members of Lasthenia californica s.l. belong to two well-supported but morphologically cryptic clades. One clade includes members of L. macrantha; the other represents a basally divergent lineage in L. sect. Amphiachaenia. Members of each clade can be diagnosed by pappus morphology and by geographic distribution, except for epappose plants that occur in a broad region of sympatry in central California. Overall diversification in the clade corresponding to L. sect. Amphiachaenia has been accompanied by minimal morphological divergence, which has resulted in previously underappreciated cryptic diversity.
Preparation and Characterization of Submicron Hafnium Oxide

Submicron hafnium oxide powder prepared by hydrolytic decomposition of alkoxides was studied. The particle size range of this powder was 10 to 50 A. Emission spectrographic analysis of the powder after it was calcined at 250°C for 0.5 h indicated a purity of >99.995%. Up to 320°C, the powder showed no crystallinity by X-ray analysis. The amorphous HfO2 was isothermally aged at 5° to 10°C intervals between 200° and 500°C. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate a sharp transition from an amorphous state to the monoclinic phase at 325°C. High-temperature X-ray studies and DTA suggest nucleation and growth of small crystallites at 420°C leading to conversion to monoclinic HfO2 at 480°C. BET surface area measurements and TGA of the powders were also conducted. A powder which transformed at 325°C to the monoclinic phase was isothermally aged below 325°C for 150 h without change.
Photospread: a spreadsheet for managing photos

PhotoSpread is a spreadsheet system for organizing and analyzing photo collections. It extends the current spreadsheet paradigm in two ways: (a) PhotoSpread accommodates sets of objects (e.g., photos) annotated with tags (attribute-value pairs). Formulas can manipulate object sets and refer to tags. (b) Photos can be reorganized (tags and location changed) by drag-and-drop operations on the spreadsheet. The PhotoSpread design was driven by the needs of field biologists who have large collections of annotated photos. The paper describes the PhotoSpread functionality and the design choices made.
Loss of Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue Increases Transforming Growth Factor β–Mediated Invasion with Enhanced SMAD3 Transcriptional Activity

In normal epithelial tissues, the multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) acts as a tumor suppressor through growth inhibition and induction of differentiation whereas in advanced cancers, TGF-beta promotes tumor progression through induction of tumor invasion, neoangiogenesis, and immunosuppression. The molecular mechanisms through which TGF-beta shifts from a tumor suppressor to a tumor enhancer are poorly understood. We now show a role for the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in repressing the protumorigenic effects of TGF-beta. The TGF-beta effector SMAD3 inducibly interacts with PTEN on TGF-beta treatment under endogenous conditions. RNA interference (RNAi) suppression of PTEN expression enhances SMAD3 transcriptional activity and TGF-beta-mediated induction of SMAD3 target genes whereas reconstitution of PTEN in a null cancer cell line represses the expression of TGF-beta-regulated target genes. Targeting PTEN expression through RNAi in a PTEN wild-type cell line increases TGF-beta-mediated invasion but does not affect TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition. Reconstitution of PTEN expression in a PTEN-null cell line blocks TGF-beta-induced invasion but does not modulate TGF-beta-mediated growth regulation. These effects are distinct from Akt and Forkhead family members that also interact with SMAD3 to regulate apoptosis or proliferation, respectively. Pharmacologic inhibitors targeting TGF-beta receptors and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling downstream from PTEN cooperate to block TGF-beta-mediated invasion. Thus, the loss of PTEN expression in human cancers may contribute to a role for TGF-beta as a tumor enhancer with specific effects on cellular motility and invasion.
Family and community responses to mental illness.

Cultural groups respond differently to mental illness depending on the explanations of the cause, attitudes in the community toward mental illness and its treatment, and the social and community resources available to patients and their families. Our column last month explored these explanations and attitudes. This column focuses on family and community treatment of mental illness and the care of the mentally ill, especially those with severe mental illness. In Western and developed countries, mental illness treatment may be highly organized and provided by mental health institutions and professionals. Ideally, supportive community resources, together with family and friend networks, facilitate effective coping with mental illness (US Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 2001). Often, however, this ideal is not achieved in practice. For example, in Italy there is a general belief and acceptance of biomedical explanations, the use of psychotropic medications, and a community psychiatric treatment model accompanied, nevertheless, by a belief that those with severe mental illness should not have children (Magliano et al., 2004). In developed and resource-rich societies such as the US, social stigma, shame, and embarrassment associated with mental illness, distrust of the health care system, and fear of psychotropic drugs still exist and may lead to denial and a failure to seek treatment (Matthews et al., 2006). Some modern societies embrace both biomedical and traditional treatments — psychiatrists and psychopharmacologic medications coexisting with holy men, religious rituals, and pilgrimages to shrines in
Teenage childbearing as a public issue and private concern

▪ Abstract Teenage childbearing has been a topic of sociological research, public discourse, and political discussion since the mid-1960s. It is surprising that the intensity and topics of the discussion over this period have corresponded poorly with research on the rates and consequences of teenage childbearing. This essay chronicles the history of the issue of early childbearing and my contributions to this field of study.
HEME PIGMENT CONTENT OF BOVINE HEMOPOIETIC MARROW AND MUSCLE

Hemopoietic marrow from the cervical and lumbar vertebrae and muscle adjacent to the vertebrae of four veal, four steers, and four cows were analyzed for total pigment, hemoglobin, myoglobin, and iron. Total pigment, hemoglobin, and iron were higher in marrow than in muscle. Hemoglobin and iron content of marrow remained relatively constant with increasing age while myoglobin and iron content of muscle doubled in steers and tripled in cows when the values were compared to those of veal. Pigment and iron interactions for age times location occurred because marrow from the lumbar vertebrae became fatter sooner than marrow from cervical vertebrae. Storing muscle or marrow 1-wk at 2°C or freezing muscle or marrow at -29°C for 60 days prior to analyses did not change total pigment concentration or hemoglobin and myoglobin percentages in tissue. Mechanically processed beef product (MPP) is a mixture of muscle and marrow and the amount of total pigment increases as the amount of hemoglobin from marrow increases. Therefore, total pigment determination offers a simple method for estimating marrow content of MPP provided constant total pigment values for muscle and marrow by age of animals and by anatomical location can be established.
An Object-Oriented Characterization of Extreme Precipitation-Producing Convective Systems in the Midwestern United States

AbstractExtreme precipitation was identified in the midwestern United States using an object-oriented approach applied to the NCEP stage-II hourly precipitation dataset. This approach groups contiguous areas that exceed a user-defined threshold into “objects,” which then allows object attributes to be diagnosed. Those objects with precipitation maxima in the 99th percentile (>55 mm) were considered extreme, and there were 3484 such objects identified in the midwestern United States between 1996 and 2010. Precipitation objects ranged in size from hundreds to over 100 000 km2, and the maximum precipitation within each object varied between 55 and 104 mm. The majority of occurrences of extreme precipitation were in the summer (June, July, and August), and peaked in the afternoon into night (1900–0200 UTC) in the diurnal cycle. Consistent with the previous work by the authors, this study shows that the systems that produce extreme precipitation in the midwestern United States vary widely across the convective...
The perinatal circulation and aortopulmonary transposition

Major adjustments of the circulation occur after birth. During fetal life, oxygenation is carried out in the placenta, and oxygenated blood returning to the fetal body via the umbilical veins is partly mixed with systemic venous blood. This mixture is then distributed to both the fetal body and the placenta; the fetus has therefore been said to have a circulation in Chapaullel. Following birth, the placental circulation is eliminated and the function of gas exchange is transferred to the lungs, necessitating a marked increase in pulmonary blood flow to supply adequate oxygen to the newborn. In this presentation, the normal fetal circulation is described, and the hemodynamics of the circulation in the presence of transposition of the aorta and pulmonary artery are conjectured. The normal adjustments after birth are then presented, and the interrelationships between postnatal adjustments and aortopulmonary transposition are considered.
Growth changes of eighteen herbaceous angiosperms induced by Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in soil.

ABSTRACTStudy objectives were to describe and quantify growth responses (tolerance as shoot and root biomass accumulation) to soil-applied Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) treatments of eighteen terrestrial, herbaceous, angiospermous species and also; to determine how much of RDX, RDX transformation products, total N and RDX-derived N accumulated in the foliage. RDX altered growth of eighteen plant species or cultivars at levels of 100, 500, and 1,000 mg kg−1dry soil in a 75-d greenhouse study. Sixteen species or cultivars exhibited growth inhibition while two were stimulated in growth by RDX. A maximum amount of foliar RDX in a subset of three plant species was 36.0 mg per plant in Coronilla varia. Foliar concentrations of transformation products of RDX were low relative to RDX in the subset of three species. The proportion of RDX-N with respect to total N was constant, suggesting that foliar RDX transformation did not explain differences in tolerance. There was a δ 15N shift towards that of...
Third Party Hardware and Systems Agreements

This chapter covers hardware contracts between organizations that do not manufacture computers. Although Section 6.02 discusses a number of cases in which leases between manufacturers and users are involved, special aspects of lease agreements are considered in Section 5.03. Section 6.02 is based upon a “lease” (FORM 6.02-1) from a third party that has acquired title to the hardware, and is financing the user. Whether such a document is a lease or a security transaction is discussed in Section 6.02[1][b]. The principal provisions of Article 2A that apply to computer leases are discussed in this section. Computer equipment is usually leased for a shorter period than other equipment because of continual technological improvements. Computer leases may be as short as a year or run from two to three years. Leasing computer equipment is often preferred because companies can keep abreast of technological developments without incurring huge capital costs. Section 6.03 is based on a contract (FORM 6.03-1) between a middlemen — OEM, ISO, or VAR so-called — and a user under which the middleman undertakes to deliver a System: hardware and software, customized for the specific user. Section 6.04 discusses the law applicable to sales of hardware at retail. No sample contract form is provided because the usual bill of sale does not differ substantially (if at all) from the standard bill of sale for a household appliance. Section 6.05 discusses contracts for used computers (FORM 6.05-1 is an example) and some of the particular problems encountered in these transactions, especially the problems the buyer may face. For an analysis of U.C.C. Article 9 and bankruptcy issues concerning software and computer systems, see Michael L. Rustad, Chapter 9: Understanding Secured Credit and Bankruptcy Issues in Michael L. Rustad, Software Licensing (Lexis/Nexis IP Law & Strategy Series (2015). This chapter is from Computer Contracts, a five volume treatise by Michael L. Rustad and published by Matthew Bender. This treatise covers the full range of contracts for buying, selling, leasing, and licensing hardware, software and services, with legal analysis, sample clauses and complete contracts. This multi-volume treatise provides a clause-by-clause examination of a wide range of documents, with background material and the full text of the agreement or clause under discussion.
Eliminating automobile noise from a seismic wave signal based on a mode cell filter

As there are interference sources in surroundings and instruments collecting seismic wave signals,the seismic waves collected may always be influenced by many noises affecting the further applications of the seismic waves.The mode cell filter(MCF) is a novel adaptive denoising method with no need for pre-defined basic functions.Here,the MCF was introduced to the seismic wave denoising,and a MCF-based automobile noise eliminating method was proposed.Experiments on artificial and natural signals were designed for denoising.The results showed that the performances of the MCF-based denoising method are better than the selected optimal wavelet threshold method in the artificial case,while in the natural case,the MCF-based method is better than IIR digital filter and equivalent to the improved optimal wavelet threshold method.
Inpatient management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Initial steps in treating an acute exacerbation of COPD include identifying the underlying cause and addressing whether ICU admission is warranted. For nonintubated hospitalized patients, current recommendations include supplemental oxygen to achieve PaO2 of 60 to 65 mm Hg, inhaled bronchodilators, perhaps using both beta-adrenergic and anticholinergic agents, and intravenous corticosteroids. For patients with purulent exacerbations, antibiotics may confer benefit. Directed coughing to encourage secretion clearance is advised if the patient's spontaneous cough is inadequate. Finally, as discussed elsewhere in this issue, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation may lessen mortality and help avert the need for intubation in selected patients. Ancillary treatments include prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism and, as discharge nears, attention to updating vaccinations (e.g., pneumococcal and influenza) and to homegoing needs (e.g., instruction in bronchodilator administration techniques, adequacy of home care, and rehabilitation).
The Replication System of Bacteriophage T7

The replication system of bacteriophage T7 is remarkable in that the 40,000 nucleotide genome is replicated over 100-fold in a matter of minutes. In order to accomplish this feat T7 has evolved an efficient and economical process for the replication of its DNA. The T7 replisome provides a model system to study DNA replication. Four proteins are sufficient for reconstitution of the functional replication complex, yet the assembled replisome recapitulates all the key features of more complex prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. In this review, we describe chemical mechanisms employed by individual proteins at the replication fork. Integration of structural, biochemical, and single-molecule data reveals a compelling view on how a nearly 1-MDa molecular machine acts as a unit to synthetize the two antiparallel DNA strands in a coordinated fashion.
Big data for space situation awareness

Recent advances in big data (BD) have focused research on the volume, velocity, veracity, and variety of data. These developments enable new opportunities in information management, visualization, machine learning, and information fusion that have potential implications for space situational awareness (SSA). In this paper, we explore some of these BD trends as applicable for SSA towards enhancing the space operating picture. The BD developments could increase in measures of performance and measures of effectiveness for future management of the space environment. The global SSA influences include resident space object (RSO) tracking and characterization, cyber protection, remote sensing, and information management. The local satellite awareness can benefit from space weather, health monitoring, and spectrum management for situation space understanding. One area in big data of importance to SSA is value - getting the correct data/information at the right time, which corresponds to SSA visualization for the operator. A SSA big data example is presented supporting disaster relief for space situation awareness, assessment, and understanding.