cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical nanomanipulation on solid substrates via optothermally-gated photon nudging

Constructing colloidal particles into functional nanostructures, materials, and devices is a promising yet challenging direction. Many optical techniques have been developed to trap, manipulate, assemble, and print colloidal particles from aqueous solutions into desired configurations on solid substrates. However, these techniques operated in liquid environments generally suffer from pattern collapses, Brownian motion, and challenges that come with reconfigurable assembly. Here, we develop an all-optical technique, termed optothermally-gated photon nudging (OPN), for the versatile manipulation and dynamic patterning of a variety of colloidal particles on a solid substrate at nanoscale accuracy. OPN takes advantage of a thin surfactant layer to optothermally modulate the particle-substrate interaction, which enables the manipulation of colloidal particles on solid substrates with optical scattering force. Along with in situ optical spectroscopy, our non-invasive and contactless nanomanipulation technique will find various applications in nanofabrication, nanophotonics, nanoelectronics, and colloidal sciences.
Privacy-preserving and Authentication in VANETs

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are likely to be deployed in the near future in some form. However, ensuring the privacy of the vehicles/drivers while at the same time authenticating vehicles/drivers are challenging issues in VANETs. Given the importance of these issues, over the last two decades, researchers have given a lot of attention to these issues. A vast number of researchers suggested assigning pseudonyms for vehicles so that the vehicles can use pseudonyms instead of their real ids in their communication, to preserve their privacy. However, assigning a single pseudonym throughout the lifetime of a vehicle is not sufficient to ensure privacy. Moreover, to prevent malicious nodes from participating in VANETs, they should be tracked and punished by authorities. In this paper, we present a critical survey of various solutions addressing privacy-preserving authentication in VANETs. Our survey also throws light on some open issues that need to be addressed.
Identification and Estimation of AIrregularA Correlated Random Coefficient Models

In this paper we study identification and estimation of a correlated random coefficients (CRC) panel data model. The outcome of interest varies linearly with a vector of endogenous regressors. The coefficients on these regressors are heterogenous across units and may covary with them. We consider the average partial effect (APE) of a small change in the regressor vector on the outcome (cf., Chamberlain, 1984; Wooldridge, 2005a). Chamberlain (1992) calculates the semiparametric efficiency bound for the APE in our model and proposes a √N consistent estimator. Nonsingularity of the APE's information bound, and hence the appropriateness of Chamberlain's (1992) estimator, requires (i) the time dimension of the panel (T) to strictly exceed the number of random coefficients (p) and (ii) strong conditions on the time series properties of the regressor vector. We demonstrate irregular identification of the APE when T = p and for more persistent regressor processes. Our approach exploits the different identifying information in the subpopulations of 'stayers' -- or units whose regressor values change little across periods -- and 'movers' -- or units whose regressor values change substantially across periods. We propose a feasible estimator based on our identification result and characterize its large sample properties. While irregularity precludes our estimator from attaining parametric rates of convergence, it limiting distribution is normal and inference is straightforward to conduct. Standard software may be used to compute point estimates and standard errors. We use our methods to estimate the average elasticity of calorie consumption with respect to total outlay for a sample of poor Nicaraguan households.
Gastrointestinal symptoms and healthcare utilization have increased among patients with functional gastrointestinal and motility disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to unprecedented disruptions in healthcare. Functional gastrointestinal and motility disorders (FGIMD) are associated with significant healthcare utilization. The clinical implications of these healthcare disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical outcomes in patients with FGIMD are unclear. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of patients with three common FGIMD (irritable bowel syndrome [IBS], gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia [FD]) tested for SARS-CoV-2 to describe alterations in gastrointestinal symptoms, medication use, and healthcare utilization during and before the pandemic and factors associated with COVID-19. KEY RESULTS: The prevalence of COVID-19 during the pandemic (03/2020-09/2020) was 3.20% (83/2592) among patients with FGIMD, 3.62% in IBS (57/1574), 3.07% in gastroparesis (23/749), and 2.44% in FD (29/1187) at our institution. Patients with FGIMD had increased abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and weight loss (p < 0.001) along with increased proton pump inhibitor, H2 blocker, and opioid use (p < 0.0001). Both inpatient hospitalizations and outpatient visits (p < 0.0001) and number of diagnostic tests including cross-sectional imaging (p = 0.002), and upper and lower endoscopies (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher during the pandemic as compared to 6 months prior. Diarrhea-predominant IBS was positively (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.34-4.19, p = 0.003) associated with COVID-19, whereas functional dyspepsia was negatively (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27-0.79, p = 0.004) associated. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: Patients with common functional gastrointestinal and motility disorders have reported more gastrointestinal symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic with concurrent increased medication use and healthcare utilization.
Prospects of Searches for the Higgs Boson at the LHC

One of the most exciting prospects for the Large Hadron Collider is to observe the Higgs boson. The most important experimental characteristics of the two general-purpose detectors, the CMS and ATLAS experiments are summarised. The sensitivity for the CMS and ATLAS experiments at the LHC to discover a Standard Model Higgs boson with relatively low integrated luminosity per experiment is outlined. The most relevant discovery modes are covered. A brief discussion about the expected performance from these experiments in searches for one or more of the Higgs bosons from the minimal version of the supersymmetric theories is also included.
Medical students' ratings of faculty teaching in a multi-instructor setting: an examination of monotonic response patterns.

Realizing that the psychometric properties of a measure may be highly variable is especially relevant in a multi-instructor context, since an implicit assumption is that student ratings are equally reliable and valid for all faculty ratees. As a possible indicator of nonattending (i.e. invalid) responses, the authors examined the effects of monotonic response patterns on the reliabilities of students' ratings of faculty teaching – including how an alternative presentation format may reduce the prevalence of this behavior. Second-year medical and dental students(n = 130) enrolled in a required basic science course during the 1998–99 academic year were randomly assigned to one of two groups – each of which evaluated the teaching of 6 different faculty across 6 distinct dimensions (i.e. overall quality, organization, preparation, stimulation, respectfulness, and helpfulness). Using a `split ballot' design, two versions of the conceptually equivalent faculty evaluation form were distributed at random to students in each group. Form A contained the `traditional' items-within-faculty format, while Form B listed faculty-within-item. The number of monotonic forms (i.e. the identical rating of all 6 items) varied measurably across faculty ratees, as did the respective effects on scale reliabilities. Alpha was especially inflated where a sizeable proportion of monotonic patterns were located on response categories that were either very high (> +1.28 zm deviations) or very low (< −1.28 zm deviations) compared to the group mean. Lastly, the prevalence of monotonic response patterns was significantly(p = ≤ 0.01) less when a faculty-within-item format is used (Form B).These findings suggest that monotonic response patterns differentially impact the reliabilities and, hence, the validity of students' ratings of individual faculty in a multi-instructor context.
Deletion of cAMP-binding site B in the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase alters the photoaffinity labeling of site A.

Abstract Photoaffinity labeling with 8-azidoadenosine 3':5'-monophosphate is a highly selective method for probing the cAMP-binding sites of the regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and for identifying specific residues that are in close proximity to the cAMP-binding sites. The cAMP-binding site of a mutant RI-subunit has been characterized here and contrasted to the native RI-subunit. This mutant RI-subunit was generated by oligonucleotide-directed muta-genesis and lacks the entire second cAMP-binding domain which includes both of the residues, Trp260 and Tyr371, that are photolabeled in the native RI-subunit. The mutant RI-subunit, nevertheless, is photoaffinity-labeled with high efficiency, and the residue covalently modified was identified as Tyr244. The position of Tyr244 based on a computer graphic model of cAMP-binding site A is proposed and correlated with the presumed locations of Tyr371 and Trp260 in the native R-subunit. Photoaffinity labeling also can be used to detect functional cAMP-binding sites following electrophoretic transfer of the denatured protein to nitrocellulose. Labeling of the immobilized protein on nitrocellulose required a functional cAMP-binding site A that can be photoaffinity-labeled in solution based on the following criteria. 1) The type I R-subunit is photolabeled, whereas the type II R-subunit is not. A primary feature which distinguishes these two R-subunits is that the RI-subunit is photolabeled at both sites A and B, whereas covalent modification of the RII-subunit occurs only at site B. 2) The truncated mutant of the RI-subunit which lacks the entire second cAMP-binding domain can be photolabeled on nitrocellulose. 3) A mutant RI-subunit which can no longer be photolabeled in site B is still photolabeled on nitrocellulose. 4) A mutation which abolished cAMP binding to site A also abolished photoaffinity labeling after transfer to nitrocellulose.
One-Way Valved Speech Bulb Obturator Using a Tracheoesophageal Prosthesis

This article describes the fabrication procedures to create a one-way valved speech bulb obturator.
White Hip‐hoppers

Adolescence is a time when many young people begin experimenting with and ‘trying on’ different identities. This process manifests itself in the linguistic choices that they make as they try to signal alignments with particular ethnic groups, subcultures, or lifestyles. The phenomenon of European American or ‘White’ youth who style their speech using features of African American English (AAE) and Hip Hop Nation Language (HHNL) to project their orientation to Hip Hop culture illustrates how this process may involve crossing ethnolinguistic boundaries.1 This article reviews the dynamics of this phenomenon, how it intersects with sociolinguistic theories of style, and the implications of incorporating discussions about language variation, AAE, and Hip Hop in urban, ethnic minority schools.
Quantum amplication and the detection of empty de Broglie waves

Abstract A simple formula relating the input and output quantum states of a beamsplitter is derived and applied to the analysis of an interferometer with a photon duplicator along one arm. The result is in direct contrast with the case in which a linear amplifier is employed in place of the photon duplicator.
Asthma treatment in the 21st century: What's next?

Asthma treatment is evolving as we enter the 21st century. This review focuses on several different areas of asthma treatment now in evolution. These include: (1) the proper role of various asthma controllers--either already approved or under investigation--besides inhaled corticosteriods in asthma therapy; (2) the potential role for immune and cytokine modulation for asthma therapy; (3) the potential role for pharmacogenetics in asthma therapy; and (4) whether single-inhaler therapy with a combination of an inhaled corticosteriod and a long-acted beta-agonist could be used for both maintenance and rescue in patients with asthma.
Bifurcations of nonlinear normal modes via the configuration domain and the time domain shooting methods

Abstract This work discusses the two different approaches of applying the shooting method to calculate nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) – the configuration domain integration shooting method and the time domain integration shooting method. The problems and concerns are itemized and analyzed in the work for both of the configuration domain integration and the time domain integration shooting methods. The advantages and disadvantages of these two different approaches of shooting methods are compared. Different algorithms which are able to handle different problems of each approach are developed, respectively. The NNMs are calculated for an autonomous conservative system with inertially coupled quadratic nonlinearities via these two shooting technics. The bifurcations of the NNMs and periodic motions (PMs) are investigated via the combination of the numerical continuation method and the shooting technique. The stability of the NNMs and PMs are determined by the Floquet multiplier.
ROLE OF AUTOMATED SYMBOLIC GENERATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION IN MECHANISM AND ROBOTICS EDUCATION

In recent years there has been a significant increase in the variety and complexity of Articulated-Multi-Body-Systems (AMBS) used in various applications. There is also increased interest in the model-based design-refinement and controller-development, which is critically dependent upon availability of underlying plant-models. Kinematic and dynamic plant-models for AMBSs can be formulated by systematic application of physics postulates. This process, in its various variants, forms the basis of various mechanisms/robotics courses. However, the type and complexity of the example systems is often limited by the tractability of first generating and subsequently analyzing complex equations-of-motion. Nevertheless, using simpler examples alone may sometimes fail to capture important physical phenomena (e.g. gyroscopic, coriolis). Hence, we examine the use of some contemporary symbolic- and numeric-computation tools to assist with the automated symbolic equation generation and subsequent analysis. We examine a host of examples beginning with simple pendulum, double pendulum; building up to intermediate examples like the four-bar mechanism and finally examine the implementation of 3-P RR and 3-R RR planar parallel platform mechanisms. The principal underlying philosophy of our effort is to establish linkage between traditional modeling approaches and use of these contemporary tools. We also try to make a case for use of automatic symbolic computation and manipulation as a means for enhancing understanding of both basic and advanced AMBS concepts. Lastly, we document our efforts towards creation of self-paced tutorials and case-studies that serve to showcase the benefits.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Reading-disabled children's conversational participation in dispute episodes with peers

One fertile site for exploring the intersection between language development and social cognition is children's ability to resolve social conflict. This study examined children's conversational participation during dispute episodes that occurred during a group decision-making task with peers. Triads of children in grades 1 and 2 were told to reach a group consenus about their ratings of possible gifts for their class. When disputes occurred, children with reading problems were less likely than normal readers to make the 'winning move,' i.e., their opinions were less likely to be accepted by their partners. The implica tions of these findings for children's conversational development and social acceptance are discussed.
Pretreatment with theophylline does not affect adenosine-induced thallium-201 myocardial imaging

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the effects of intravenous theophylline given before intravenous adenosine for thallium-201 imaging. Sixteen patients with known reversible thallium-201 defects were randomized to a double-blind crossover study of a 45-minute infusion of placebo or theophylline (given as the ethylenediamine salt, aminophylline, mean concentration 16.1 mg/L) before adenosine thallium-201 imaging. Adenosine was infused for 6 minutes at a rate of 140 μg/kg/min. Thallium-201 (2.5 to 3.0 mCi) was administered after 3 minutes of infusion. Blood pressure, heart rate, symptoms, and the electrocardiogram were monitored continuously. Planar thallium-201 imaging was obtained in three standard views and was interpreted using blinded segmental analysis and computerized quantitation. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure at baseline and during adenosine administration were similar following treatment with theophylline and placebo. The increase in heart rate observed during adenosine infusion was significantly reduced by theophylline pretreatment. Adenosine-induced symptoms (both cardiac and noncardiac) as well as ischemic electrocardiographic changes were significantly reduced after theophylline infusion ( p
Poincaré sphere representation of the fixed-polarizer rotating-retarder optical system

The trajectory of the polarization state of a monochromatic light beam after it passes through a fixed linear polarizer and a rotating linear retarder of arbitrary retardance Δ is determined on the Poincare sphere. The three-dimensional figure-8 contour is shown to be the line of intersection of a right-circular cylinder with the sphere. The cylinder is parallel to the polar (s3) axis, touches the sphere at the equator (at the point that represents the linear polarization transmitted by the fixed polarizer), and has a radius r=sin2(Δ/2). Projections of the trajectory in the coordinate planes of the normalized Stokes parameter space (s1, s2, s3) are also determined.
The Interaction of Narcotics and Conflict

The link between armed conflict and the production and trafficking of illicit drugs has been frequently noted in the popular literature. Recent academic research on the matter has taken place mainly within the framework of studies of the role of natural resources in civil wars. These have tended to lump drugs together with other 'lootable' resources such as diamonds. The results have been mixed, with the main contribution so far being to show that drugs are not linked to the onset of conflict but appear to be linked to the duration of conflict. Yet, the specific dynamics and, in particular, the causal mechanisms of the linkage between narcotics and conflict remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, recent literature on terrorism and its link with organized crime provides important insights that are applicable to the relationship between narcotics and conflict. This review essay combines the economics and conflict literature with the crime-terror nexus, which provides useful insights as to the causal mechanism linking narcotics and conflict. Empirical cases indicate that where a pre-existing drug production exists, the conditions of armed conflict boost narcotics production and enable insurgents to become involved in the drug trade to finance their struggle, thereby increasing their capabilities and the challenge they pose to states. In some cases, involvement in the drug trade also seems to affect the motivational structures of insurgent groups, creating an economic function of war and vested interests in the continuation of armed conflict.
THE ROLE OF DIETARY PROTEIN SOURCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN RABBITS

Twenty-one male 4-week-old New Zealand white rabbits were assigned to one of three dietary treatments (seven rabbits/treatment) in which protein source was derived from varying casein to whey ratios (100:0, 80:20, 40:60). Blood was collected at 10, 14, 18, and 20 weeks and animals were killed at 24 weeks and blood, livers, and aortas were removed. From weeks 20 to 24, a 0.4% cholesterol diet was fed. Results showed that animals fed the 40:60 diet had highest blood cholesterol concentrations prior to the cholesterol challenge (P < 0.05). After the challenge, differences disappeared. Low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in 40:60 animals were also higher than in 80:20 animals until 20 weeks of age (P < 0.05). Total triglycerides were highest in 100:0 fed animals at 10 and 14 weeks of age (P < 0.05) and stayed highest in this group after the challenge (P < 0.05). Rabbits fed 40:60 diet had higher 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme. A reductase activities than the 100:0 rabbits (P < 0.05). Total liver lipids were also higher in the 40:60 than 100:0 group (P < 0.01), and fecal cholesterol content was higher in the 80:20 than 100:0 group (P < 0.05). Bile acid excretion and atherosclerotic plaque formation were not affected by dietary treatment. These results indicate that plasma lipids are influenced by dietary protein source during the postweanling period, but the mechanism for this response remains to be defined.
The changing needs of patients with cancer at home. A longitudinal view

Changes in the daily living needs of 629 patients with advanced cancer were investigated (1) during and (2) 3 to 6 months after a course of outpatient chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment. The analytic sample consisted of patients completing both baseline and follow-up interviews (n = 434). At both times, the point prevalence of need and unmet need for assistance with personal care, instrumental activities, transportation, and home health tasks was calculated. In addition, the prevalence of new need and unmet need at follow-up was determined as were the rates of resolution of baseline need. The prevalence of need for assistance with personal care increased from 7% at baseline to 16% at follow-up; the dynamic of need acquisition and resolution resulted in relatively constant prevalence rates in other task areas. Acquisition of need at follow-up was associated primarily with disease and treatment-related characteristics. Approximately one third of patients reporting need for assistance during at least one interview did not have enough help. New unmet need at follow-up was associated most strongly with patients' mobility and the ability of their informal support system to provide care. The apparently rapid fluctuation in patients' experience of need and unmet need suggests the necessity for ongoing appraisal of patients' physical condition and social situation.
Folding of fiber composites with a hyperelastic matrix

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study of the folding behavior of thin composite materials consisting of carbon fibers embedded in a silicone matrix. The soft matrix allows the fibers to microbuckle without breaking and this acts as a stress relief mechanism during folding, which allows the material to reach very high curvatures. The experiments show a highly non-linear moment vs. curvature relationship, as well as strain softening under cyclic loading. A finite element model has been created to study the micromechanics of the problem. The fibers are modeled as linear-elastic solid elements distributed in a hyperelastic matrix according to a random arrangement based on experimental observations. The simulations obtained from this model capture the detailed micromechanics of the problem and the experimentally observed non-linear response. The proposed model is in good quantitative agreement with the experimental results for the case of lower fiber volume fractions but in the case of higher volume fractions the predicted response is overly stiff.
Further studies on the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with cortisone. II. The effects of cortisone on sexual and somatic development, with an hypothesis concerning the mechanism of feminization.

IN a previous paper (1) we have reported the results of cortisone therapy in a series of 8 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, who were treated for periods varying from ten days to five months. Two of these patients have now been treated continuously for seventeen months, and 1 for fifteen months. Four of the series, who were treated for relatively short periods, and 4 new patients have subsequently begun continuous therapy. The present report deals with these 11 patients who now have received cortisone continuously for periods of from five to seventeenmonths. Studies comparing the minimal doses of oral and of intramuscular cortisone-necessary to maintain adrenal suppression, as determined by the excretion of 17-ketosteroids, are presented in another communication (2). This paper is concerned with the clinical effects of cortisone therapy, particularly the effects on sexual and somatic development. For the purpose of discussion, the patients are divided on the basis of their age and sex into thr...
Microsite conditions influence nutritive value characteristics of a tall fescue cultivar devoid of, or infected with a native, or a novel non-ergogenic endophyte

Abstract Tall fescue [ Lolium arundinaceum , Schreb., S.J. Darbysh.] productivity and persistence often benefits from association with Neotyphodium coenophialum [Morgan-Jones and Gams], Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin) endophyte. The influence of novel, non-ergogenic endophytes on nutritive value is unclear, especially when simultaneous stresses ( e.g. , defoliation and shading) are imposed on the association. We conducted a field experiment using Jesup tall fescue that had either a native or novel non-ergogenic fungal endophyte (AR542; referred to as MaxQ™), or that was endophyte free. Dry matter production and nutritive value including crude protein (CP), non-structural carbohydrates (TNC), ergo- and loline alkaloids, and phenolics were determined for plants stockpiled or clipped repeatedly in sites differing in the amount of light. Productivity varied less among sites when plants were infected with a native endophyte compared to novel or no endophyte. The trend suggests that native endophyte contributed to resilience of the host in this experiment. Leaf dry matter content was affected by host–endophyte association interacting with light availability suggesting differences in leaf composition could occur. Herbage CP increased, whereas TNC decreased with increasing shade. The concentration of loline alkaloids, irrespective of host–endophyte association, tended to increase in leaves with decreasing light availability and could be related to the relatively greater N concentrations in shade-grown leaves. Phenolics decreased in leaves, but increased in stembases as light availability decreased. The combination of increased loline alkaloids in leaves and phenolics in stembases, suggests that shade-grown tall fescue might have some competitive advantage based on the known anti-herbivory attributes of loline alkaloids and phenolic compounds.
High pressure study of fluorescence polarization in plyacrylamide

Abstract The fluorescence polarization behavior of a series of polyacrylamide—fluorescein conjugates in dilute aqueous solution was studied by lowering the temperature, and by isothermally increasing the pressure. The data are consistent with the previously proposed explanation that the relaxation process is the cooperative motion of a few monomeric units at the chain end.
Attenuation of Ultrasonic Waves in InAs at Low Temperatures

The attenuation $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ of ultrasonic waves propagating in the [110] direction of InAs has been measured by the pulse-echo technique between 1.5 and 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in the frequency range 150 to 510 MHz. Both transverse and longitudinal waves have been employed. At the lowest temperatures, the measured attenuation ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ was found to be independent of temperature and the type of wave propagated, but dependent on frequency. At higher temperatures, the increased attenuation was found to be the result only of interactions with the lattice. (Electronic or impurity-related effects do not appear to cause any measurable attenuation.) The temperature and frequency dependence of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ indicates that the interactions with the lattice which are responsible for absorption are the three-phonon collision processes between the low-energy phonons of the sound wave and the transverse thermal phonons of the lattice. This was found to be the case both for longitudinal and for slow transverse sound waves. The dependence on temperature for various modes and frequencies is compared with theoretical expressions derived by Maris for the attenuation of ultrasonic waves by the above processes.
Spatially resolved energy dispersive x-ray diffraction (EDXRD) as a tool for nondestructively providing phase composition depth profiles on cement and other materials

The presence of sulfates in water or soils surrounding portland cement concrete structures leads to progressive degradation. Spatially resolved energy dispersive diffraction (EDXRD) in combination with computed microtomography (μCT) and mechanical measurements can provide the information needed to understand, in detail, the degradation mechanisms that are associated with sulfate attack and to validate accelerated test methods used to evaluate the sulfate resistance of cements. Highly penetrating, high-energy X-rays from synchrotron sources allow the use of EDXRD to nondestructively determine depth profiles for the crystalline phases in the cement paste specimens several millimeters below the sample surface. These depth profiles, and how they vary with sulfate exposure conditions and duration, can be correlated with mechanical changes and the crack patterns seen in the microtomographs. Spatially resolved EDXRD is in principle useful for phase composition mapping and depth profiling in a wide range of materials where the attenuation of high energy x-rays is not extreme. Suitable materials include many ceramic compositions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
X-Ray Resist Characterization With Monochromatic Synchrotron Radiation

The first monochromatic resist exposures in the photon energy range 1 to 3.5 keV were completed at the in-vacuum lithogrpaphy beam line at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL). Layered synthetic microstructures (LSM) were used as monochromators. The exposure times of 200 k Poly(chloromethylstyrene) (PCMS) through a boron nitride supported gold absorber mask were below 20 minutes. The sensitivity increase of PCMS at the chlorine edge was clearly observed. A considerable non-uniformity of the beam image in the 10 -20 um range was related to imperfections in the LSM substrate.
Chicken cerebrospinal fluid: Insulin-like activity

Abstract 1. 1. 14 C-inulin passage across the avian blood-brain barrier was facilitated by beef insulin. 2. 2. Insulin-like activity of normal chicken cerebrospinal fluid was determined by the rat diaphragm method and equated to beef insulin standards. 3. 3. Intravenous insulin did not alter cerebrospinal fluid-insulin-like activity levels; tolbutamide increased the insulin-like activity 5 min after injection and possibly again 60 min later.
Noninvasive Transcutaneous Monitoring of Arterial Blood Gases

Valuable clinical and physiological data concerning the function of the cardiopulmonary system can be obtained from continuous monitoring of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2), oxygen tension (PO2), and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) in blood. While periodic blood sampling is still used clinically to determine arterial blood gases, it is becoming apparent that the recent introduction of continuous noninvasive monitoring of blood gases can offer many advantages. This paper discusses the historical development and significant accomplishments of various techniques available for transcutaneous blood gas monitoring. Four major areas are reviewed: electrochemistry, spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography. For each of these techniques, the theoretical basis, instrumentation, and clinical applications are discussed.
Unimolecular, Soluble Semiconductor Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors for Thrombin Using Charge/Electron Transfer

Duplex DNA was attached to semiconductor nanoparticles providing selective detection of thrombin. Using the method reported here, semiconductor nanoparticles can have selective sensory functions for a host of additional analytes in the future. The system uses one DNA strand that selectively binds an analyte (thrombin), while the complementary DNA strand contains a redox-active metal complex. The accessibility of the metal complex to the nanoparticle surface is increased upon thrombin binding due to unravelling of the duplex DNA secondary structure. Increased interactions between the metal complex and the nanoparticle surface will decrease nanoparticle emission intensity, through charge transfer. Initially, water-soluble nanoparticles with carboxylate-terminated monolayers showed thrombin-specific responses in emission intensity (-30% for 1:1 nanoparticle to DNA, +50% for 1:5). Despite the selective responses, the thrombin binding isotherms indicated multiple binding equilibria and more than likely nanoparticle aggregation. The need for a nonaggregative system comes from the potential employment of these sensors in live cell or living system fluorescence assays. By changing the nanoparticle capping ligand to provide an ethylene glycol-terminated monolayer, the binding isotherms fit a two-state binding model with a thrombin dissociation constant of 3 nM in a physiologically relevant buffer. This article demonstrates the need to consider capping ligand effects in designing biosensors based on semiconductor nanoparticles and demonstrates an initial DNA-attached semiconductor nanoparticle system that uses DNA-analyte binding interactions (aptamers).
Developmental Aspects of the Intracerebral Microvasculature and Perivascular Spaces: Insights into Brain Response to Late Life Diseases

The development of the microvasculature of the human cerebral cortex offers insight into the response of the cerebral cortex to later-life brain injury. We describe the 3 basic and distinct components of the developmental anatomy of the cerebral cortical microvascular system. The first compartment is meningeal and, therefore, extracerebral. In addition to the major venous sinuses, arachnoidal arteries and veins, the pial anastomotic capillary plexus that covers the surface of the developing and adult cerebral cortex represents the source of the penetrating vessels that become the second component, the intracerebral extrinsic microvascular compartment. During embryogenesis, sprouting vascular elements from pial capillaries pierce the brain external glial limiting membrane and penetrate the cortex. These vessels, which eventually differentiate into arterioles and venules, are separated from the cortical tissue by the extravascular Virchow-Robin compartment (V-RC) formed between the internal vascular and the external glial basal laminae. The V-RC remains open to the meningeal interstitial spaces and outside of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and acts as a prelymphatic drainage system for removal of substances that cannot be transported into the blood or catabolized intracellularly. The third element is the dense intracerebral intrinsic microvascular compartment. Intracerebral capillary vessels sprout from the perforating vessels, penetrate through the Virchow-Robin glial membrane and enter the neuropil. Intracerebral capillaries lack smooth muscle and a V-RC and consist only of endothelial cells separated from the intracerebral space by a basal lamina. Their role as the physiological BBB is the exchange of oxygen, glucose and small molecules. This developmental perspective highlights 3 principles: (a) the V-RC is intimately related to the cortical penetrating arterioles and venules and represents an inefficient proto-lymphatic system that lacks the anatomic and physiological constituents found in lymphatic beds elsewhere in the body; (b) the anatomic contiguity of the V-RC and the penetrating vascular compartment (arterioles and venules) implies that pathology in 1 compartment could lead to dysfunction in the others; and (c) the anatomic localization of the immunological BBB at the level of the penetrating venules might impose constraints on immunologically-mediated transport involving the V-RC.
Annotating Expressions of Opinions and Emotions in Language

This paper describes a corpus annotation project to study issues in the manual annotation of opinions, emotions, sentiments, speculations, evaluations and other private states in language. The resulting corpus annotation scheme is described, as well as examples of its use. In addition, the manual annotation process and the results of an inter-annotator agreement study on a 10,000-sentence corpus of articles drawn from the world press are presented.
Dual isotope analyses indicate efficient processing of atmospheric nitrate by forested watersheds in the northeastern U.S.

Nitrogen from atmospheric deposition serves as the dominant source of new nitrogen to forested ecosystems in the northeastern U.S. By combining isotopic data obtained using the denitrifier method, with chemical and hydrologic measurements we determined the relative importance of sources and control mechanisms on nitrate (NO3−) export from five forested watersheds in the Connecticut River watershed. Microbially produced NO3− was the dominant source (82–100%) of NO3− to the sampled streams as indicated by the δ15N and δ18O of NO3−. Seasonal variations in the δ18O–NO3− in streamwater are controlled by shifting hydrologic and temperature affects on biotic processing, resulting in a relative increase in unprocessed NO3− export during winter months. Mass balance estimates find that the unprocessed atmospherically derived NO3− stream flux represents less than 3% of the atmospherically delivered wet NO3− flux to the region. This suggests that despite chronically elevated nitrogen deposition these forests are not nitrogen saturated and are retaining, removing, and reprocessing the vast majority of NO3− delivered to them throughout the year. These results confirm previous work within Northeastern U.S. forests and extend observations to watersheds not dominated by a snow-melt driven hydrology. In contrast to previous work, unprocessed atmospherically derived NO3− export is associated with the period of high recharge and low biotic activity as opposed to spring snowmelt and other large runoff events.
Report of a successful delivery after nonsurgical management of a choriocarcinoma-related pelvic arteriovenous fistula

A case of a pelvic arteriovenous fistula is described 5 years after treatment of trophoblastic disease. Hypogastric embolization, rather than an operation, was used to obliterate the fistula. Pregnancy occurred 1 year later and a healthy infant was delivered. This is the first report of a delivery after angiographic management alone.
Student technology consultants: they're not lab monitors anymore

Since the advent of public access computing labs, Colleges and Universities have been employing students as "lab monitors". As access to and knowledge about technology and its' viable use in teaching, learning and research, Hamilton realized a need to provide a higher level of service and support to our users in our public labs. By adapting the Student Technology Consultant (STC) model from William Paterson University, Hamilton's STC program provides the Campus with four core public support initiatives; General Lab Support, Multimedia Support, Technology Enhanced Classroom Support & Maintenance and Event & Presentation Support. Before the start of the each academic year, all STCs are required to attend an intense weeklong training program, which includes basic job responsibilities, hardware & software maintenance, operating system differences, customer service, lectern training and standard software packages, including the use of multimedia applications for a variety of purposes. The main focus is on the creation of a "digital portfolio" using tools available to them in our Multimedia Presentation Center. This portfolio exhibits their competency in shooting digital video, editing and compression, scanning and manipulating graphics, and integrating media into various web formats, thus enabling them to provide the Hamilton Community with a higher level of public lab support then ever before.
Periodic forcing of microbial cultures: A model for induction synchrony.

Periodic environmental shifts have been used to induce synchrony in many different microbial populations. In this article, the induction synchrony phenomenon is analyzed using an age distribution model in which the age at which the cells divide is subjected to periodic forcing. It is found that synchrony will occur whenever the period of the forcing lies in the interval between the youngest and the oldest division age that occur in the population during the forcing. The analysis also predicts that under certain conditions it should be possible to obtain a multimodal synchrony in which cells in the population are distributed among a set of discrete, synchronized cell lines. The behavior of the age distribution when the conditions for synchrony are not satisfied is briefly explored. It is found that the age distribution model is able to exhibit a very rich spectrum of possible dynamic behavior. Many of the phenomena observed can be thought of in terms that are familiar from nonlinear analysis, such as stable and unstable limit cycles, period doubling, halving, and chaos. The richness of dynamic behavior opens the possibility that environmental shifts or periodic forcing could be used as a powerful tool in discriminating models of microbial kinetics and cell cycle control.
Intergroup Competition, Attitudinal Projection, and Opinion Certainty: Capitalizing on Conflict:

Competitive or cooperative relations were imposed between the two experimentally created art discussion groups in each session. Group members indicated their own attitudes and estimated the positions held either by other in-group members or by out-group members in order to assess the effects of target of projection on attitude certainty. As expected, participants assumed greater attitudinal disagreement with competitive compared to cooperative out-groups on the 10 art appreciation issues relevant to their group task. They also assumed more similarity to in-group than to out-group members. Assumed similarity/dissimilarity mediated the effect of projection target on mean increments in attitude certainty, which were greatest in the competitive out-group target condition regardless of issue importance.
The response of blood flow to altered perfusion pressure in canine adipose tissue.

SummaryIt is concluded that subcutaneous adipose tissue autoregulates its blood flow only weakly or not at all in the range of perfusion pressures employed in our studies. Instead, these experiments demonstrate that when perfusion pressure is altered in the fat pad, vascular resistance must change in an opposite direction since there is little tendency for the flow to return to control values. Therefore, the vascular bed is responding passively. Furthermore, there was little evidence of autoregulation in denervated tissues indicating that the extrinsic neural control does not mask an underlying ability to modulate flow.
A rapamycin-releasing perivascular polymeric sheath produces highly effective inhibition of intimal hyperplasia.

Intimal hyperplasia produces restenosis (re-narrowing) of the vessel lumen following vascular intervention. Drugs that inhibit intimal hyperplasia have been developed, however there is currently no clinical method of perivascular drug-delivery to prevent restenosis following open surgical procedures. Here we report a poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) sheath that is highly effective in preventing intimal hyperplasia through perivascular delivery of rapamycin. We first screened a series of bioresorbable polymers, i.e., poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLLA), PCL, and their blends, to identify desired release kinetics and sheath physical properties. Both PLGA and PLLA sheaths produced minimal ( 90days) as evidenced in both scanning electron microscopy and subcutaneous embedding experiments. Moreover, a PCL sheath deployed around balloon-injured rat carotid arteries was associated with a minimum rate of thrombosis compared to PLGA and PLLA. Morphometric analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed that rapamycin-loaded perivascular PCL sheaths produced pronounced (85%) inhibition of intimal hyperplasia (0.15±0.05 vs 1.01±0.16), without impairment of the luminal endothelium, the vessel's anti-thrombotic layer. Our data collectively show that a rapamycin-loaded PCL delivery system produces substantial mitigation of neointima, likely due to its favorable physical properties leading to a stable yet flexible perivascular sheath and steady and prolonged release kinetics. Thus, a PCL sheath may provide useful scaffolding for devising effective perivascular drug delivery particularly suited for preventing restenosis following open vascular surgery.
An evolved ribosome for genetic code expansion

Directed evolution of an orthogonal ribosome improves the efficiency of unnatural amino acid incorporation in vivo.
Radio frequency interference observations using an L-Band direct sampling receiver during the SMAPVEX12 airborne campaign

Radio frequency interference observations during the SMAP Validation Experiment 2012 (SMAPVEX12) airborne campaign are reported in this study. The campaign was conducted in Summer 2012 near Winnipeg, Canada with additional flights over Denver, CO. The Passive Active L-Band Sensor (PALS) radiometer of Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) was used with a full bandwidth direct sampling receiver (called IBOB) to measure and store data fully resolved in time and frequency. In this paper, an overview of the campaign, hardware details, signal processing, and RFI detection are explained. Finally, properties of the observed RFI and future work are discussed.
The Sanitized Sensorium

Based on 24 months of fieldwork in Pakistan and Canada with Pakistani women who migrated for work, this article examines the politics of multiculturalism and the construction of the “sanitized body.” I found two contradictory strains of multicultural practice in Canada: on the one hand, the erasure of “difference” with regard to immigrant bodies, on the other, the simultaneous recognition of that very difference. Public discourse in Canada on multiculturalism describes a relinquishing of cultural imperialism and a celebration of “multiness” as demonstrated by cultural festivals or other public celebrations, yet I found an imposition of a dominant culture through government‐funded settlement services that institute new ideals of bodily comportment on immigrants by teaching them how to dress and act. This dual mode of interpellation puts immigrants in an impossible situation in which they must sometimes suitably display their Otherness, and at other times efface their cultural difference.
The localization of invertase in the yeast cell with low voltage electrons.

Abstract The invertase activity of yeast cells was measured after irradiation with low voltage electrons of several energies. The activity-electron range function so obtained was compared with theoretical functions based on an ellipsoidal shell model for the enzyme in the cell. The invertase zone was radially bounded with the outer bound at about 500 A. depth and the inner bound at a depth not greater than 1000 A.