cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D axon growth by exogenous electrical stimulus and soluble factors.

Abstract Axon growth and alignment are fundamental processes during nervous system development and neural regeneration after injury. The present study investigates the effects of exogenous stimulus of electrical signals and soluble factors on axon 3D growth, using a silk protein material-based 3D brain tissue model. Electrical stimulus was delivered via embedded gold wires positioned at the interface of the scaffold region and the center matrix gel-filled region, spanning the axon growth area. This setup delivered applied electrical field directly to growing axons, and the effects were compared to micro-needle assisted local delivery of soluble factors of extracellular (ECM) components and neurotrophins. Dissociated rat cortical neurons were exposed to an alternating field of 80 mV/mm at 0.5 Hz to 2 kHz or soluble factors for up to 4 days, and evaluated by of β III-tubulin immunostaining, confocal imaging and 3D neurite tracing. 0.5–20 Hz were found to promote axon growth, with 2 Hz producing the biggest effect of ∼30% axon length increase compared to control cultures. Delivery of ECM components of laminin and fibronectin resulted significantly greater axon initial length increases compared to neurotrophic factors, such as BDNF, GDNF, NGF and NT3 (all at 1 μM). Though axon lengths under 2 Hz stimulation and LN or FN exposure were statistically similar, significant AC-induced axon alignment was found under all frequencies tested. The effects included perpendicular orientation of axons trespassing an electrode, large populations of aligned axon tracts in parallel to the field direction with a few perpendicularly aligned along the middle point of the EF. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that an electrode in AC field could act as an alternating cathode that attracts the growing tip of the axon. These results demonstrate the use of alternating electric field stimulation to direct axon 3D length growth and orientation. Our study provides basis for further optimizing stimulation parameters, in conjunction of delivery of growth promoting soluble factors to direct axon growth in a brain mimetic 3D environment. This system provides a platform for studying the effects of exogenous signals on nervous system development and for testing neuromodulation approaches for neurological diseases.
Artificial neural networks for stiffness estimation in magnetic resonance elastography.

Purpose To investigate the feasibility of using artificial neural networks to estimate stiffness from MR elastography (MRE) data. Methods Artificial neural networks were fit using model-based training patterns to estimate stiffness from images of displacement using a patch size of ∼1 cm in each dimension. These neural network inversions (NNIs) were then evaluated in a set of simulation experiments designed to investigate the effects of wave interference and noise on NNI accuracy. NNI was also tested in vivo, comparing NNI results against currently used methods. Results In 4 simulation experiments, NNI performed as well or better than direct inversion (DI) for predicting the known stiffness of the data. Summary NNI results were also shown to be significantly correlated with DI results in the liver (R2 = 0.974) and in the brain (R2 = 0.915), and also correlated with established biological effects including fibrosis stage in the liver and age in the brain. Finally, repeatability error was lower in the brain using NNI compared to DI, and voxel-wise modeling using NNI stiffness maps detected larger effects than using DI maps with similar levels of smoothing. Conclusion Artificial neural networks represent a new approach to inversion of MRE data. Summary results from NNI and DI are highly correlated and both are capable of detecting biologically relevant signals. Preliminary evidence suggests that NNI stiffness estimates may be more resistant to noise than an algebraic DI approach. Taken together, these results merit future investigation into NNIs to improve the estimation of stiffness in small regions. Magn Reson Med 80:351-360, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Jenatsch's Axe: Social Boundaries, Identity, and Myth in the Era of the Thirty Years' War

This study meticulously traces the social boundaries that characterized seventeenth-century Europe - region, religion, social state, and kinship - by analyzing a distinctive life that crossed them all. During the turbulent events of Europe's Thirty Years' War, both ruthlessness and adaptability were crucial ingredients for success. In this engaging volume, Randolph C. Head traces the career of an extraordinarily adaptable and ruthless figure, George Jenatsch (1596-1639). Born a Protestant pastor's son, Jenatsch's career took him from the clergy to the military to the nobility. A passionate Calvinist in his youth, he converted to Catholicism and prudence as his power grew. A native speaker of the Romansh language, he crossed the boundaries of language and local loyalty in his service to France, Venice, and his own people. Violence marked every turning point of his life. After fleeing the 'Holy Massacre' of Protestants in the Valtellina in 1620, Jenatsch helped assassinate the powerful Pompeius von Planta, in 1621, using an axe. He killed his commanding officer in a duel in 1629, and his own life ended in a tavern in 1639 when he was murdered - with an axe - by a man dressed as a bear. After his death, myth took over. Rumors spread that Jenatsch was killed by the same axe that he had wielded on von Planta - and from there the story only got better, culminating in Conrad Ferdinand Meyer's celebrated 1876 novel, 'Jurg Jenatsch.' This study meticulously traces the social boundaries that characterized seventeenth-century Europe - region, religion, social state, and kinship - by analyzing a distinctive life that crossed them all. Professor Randolph C. Head teaches European history at the University of California, Riverside and is the author of 'Early Modern Democracy in the Grisons'.
Spray forming of ultra-fine SiC particle reinforced 5182 Al-Mg

This paper describes the spray forming of SiC particle reinforced Al metal matrix composites (MMCs) with particular emphasis on microstructure characterization of SiC particle distribution. A 5182 Al-Mg alloy was used as matrix material, and SiC particles with a mean diameter of 1.2 μm and 2.0 μm as reinforcement. The reinforcing particle distribution and microstructural characteristics of MMCs were analyzed in the current study using TEM, SEM and optical microscopy. The distribution of SiC particles in the as-spray deposited and hot-extruded conditions was characterized. SEM results indicate that the SiC particles are homogeneously distributed although some clustering was evident in the matrix. TEM and OM examinations show that most of SiC particles are present intergranularly in the Al matrix. EDS analysis indicated that Mg tends to segregate and form oxide phases in the vicinity of SiC particles and that there is no compositional variation of Mg across grain boundaries in the Al matrix.
Online Nonlinear System Identification with Evolving Spatial-Temporal Filters

Identifying nonlinear models is a challenging problem. In this paper, we present an efficient online identification methodology with a composite local model structure. We introduce the concept of evolving spatial-temporal filters (STF) that dynamically decompose an incoming input-output data stream into a nonlinear combination of local models. The local models are weighed by a set of weights corresponding to the compatibility of the input-output data to a set of clusters of general shape that partition the input-output space. The filters exploit ellipsoidal-shape evolving clusters as function bases and a distance metric defined as a combination of Mahalanobis distance and local model prediction error. Parameters of the filters and local models are updated simultaneously online. The proposed identification methodology has a versatile structure that can work with arbitrary combinations of local models, e.g., a single point, linear model, Markov chain, and neural network. A detailed identification algorithm for an STF with local linear models is presented. A numerical example and a real-world fuel consumption prediction model are demonstrated to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
Reconstructing a Changing Religious Landscape: The Material Traces of Barbados Quakers, 1655–1800

Much has been written about the presence of Quakerism in slavery-era Barbados, but this body of work contains contradictions and broader trends in the development of this community remain obscure. Combining archaeological, historical, and cartographic information provides insight into the process of religious community formation and the relationship of Quakers to their Barbadian neighbors. Using ArcGIS, documentary records concerning the meetinghouses, burial grounds, and other material traces of the group are combined with a reconnaissance of the sites, high resolution satellite imagery, and contemporary maps. This synthesis aims to clarify and extend the written record, but more than just matters of historical interest, the identification of precise locations and layouts of these sites also offers keys to the group’s development, the archaeology of religious communities, and the social and physical landscape of the island.
Outcomes of Anatomic Repair in Patients with Congenitally Corrected Transposition of Great Arteries: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Introduction Anatomic repair of congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries (cc-TGA) has long held the promise of prevention of congestive heart failure by restoring the systemic ventricle function to the morphologic left ventricle. However data are limited and variable. We intended to perform a pooled analysis to try and delineate the outcomes after anatomic repair. Methods A comprehensive search of Medline and Scopus databases from inception through Dec 31, 2017 was conducted using predefined criteria. We included studies reporting anatomic repair of minimum 5 cc-TGA patients with a follow-up duration of 2 years or more. Meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive meta-analysis v3.0 software. Random effects modelling was used because of observational nature of pooled data. Results In 21 eligible studies, 895 patients underwent anatomic repair with a pooled follow-up of 5457.2 person-years (PY). There was an even split between patients treated with the double switch operation and the atrial switch / ventricular re-routing operation. Pooled estimate for operative mortality was 8.3% (95% CI: 6.0-11.4%). 0.2% (CI: 0.1-0.4%) patients required ECMO/LVAD postoperatively and 1.7% (CI: 1.1-2.4%) developed post-operative AV block requiring a pacemaker. Patients surviving initial surgery had a transplant free survival of 92.5%(CI: 89.5-95.4%) per 100 PY and a low rate of need for pacemaker (0.5% / year; CI: 0.2-0.8%). 84.7% patients (CI: 79.6-89.9%) were found to be in NYHA functional class I or II after 100 PY follow up. Total re-intervention rate was 5.3% per year (CI: 3.8-6.8%). Incidence of baffle stenosis, AV valve dysfunction, neo-aortic insufficiency and LVOT obstruction were estimated at 1.1% (CI: 0.8-1.5%); 0.3% (CI: 0.2-0.5%); 0.5% (CI: 0.2-0.9%) and 0.4% (CI: 0.1-0.6%) per year. Rate of development of LV dysfunction was 1.7%/ year (CI: 1.0-2.4%). Conclusions Despite a relatively high operative mortality, our study provides favorable updated estimates for follow-up outcomes after anatomic repair for cc-TGA patients. The pooled data suggests need for active monitoring over the long term for important complications including heart block and worsening ventricular dysfunction despite majority of patients being in NYHA class I/II.
An Education Model of Reasonable and Good-Faith Effort for Autonomous Systems

In this paper we propose a framework for conceptualizing and demonstrating a good-faith effort when developing autonomous systems. The framework addresses two fundamental problems facing autonomous systems: (1) the disconnect between human-mental models and machine-based sensors and algorithms; and (2) unpredictability in complex systems. We address these problems using a mix of education - explicitly delineating the mapping between human concepts and their machine equivalents in a structured manner - and data sampling with expected ranges as a testing mechanism.
Comment of the Global Antitrust Institute, George Mason University School of Law, on the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission's Digital Platforms Inquiry, Preliminary Report

This Comment is submitted to the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) for consideration in relation to its Digital Platforms Inquiry, Preliminary Report (2018). We detail several fundamental methodological shortcomings and analytical gaps in the Preliminary Report, which ultimately do not support the recommendations considered for implementation. The GAI Competition Advocacy Program provides a wide range of recommendations to facilitate adoption of economically sound competition policy.
US Military Nationalism and the Intimate Public Sphere: The Role of the Dog in US Militarism

In the context of the US ‘war on terror’, racialisation intensifies a porous boundary between the categories ‘human’ and ‘animal’. Dogs deployed within this war are folded symbolically and material...
Survey of Criminal Procedure — Alternative Dispositions of Defendants

The criminal justice system provides various alternatives for the disposition of criminal defendants. Three of these alternatives, pretrial intervention, drug treatment, and probation, were dealt with in recent New Jersey Supreme Court decisions. The court examined the substantive criteria and procedures used in assigning each disposition and focused primarily on the desire to provide rehabilitative opportunities for each defendant. This note will examine those decisions and the implications of the court's concentration on the goal of rehabilitation.
Abstract LB-179: Pre- and post-diagnosis body mass index, weight change, and prostate cancer-specific mortality among prostate cancer survivors in the US

Accumulating evidence suggests that excess body fatness is associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer. However, the roles of body mass index (BMI -kg/m 2 ), reported before and after diagnosis, and weight change in long-term prostate cancer survival remain unclear. Prospective data from men diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer between 1992 and 2013 were obtained from the American Cancer Society’s Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Weight was self-reported on surveys completed at enrollment into the Nutrition Cohort in 1992, in 1997, and every 2 years thereafter. Pre-diagnosis BMI was from the first survey completed >1 year before diagnosis and post-diagnosis BMI from the first survey completed > 2 years after diagnosis to allow for treatment completion. BMI was classified as ideal (18.5- 10 lbs. (HR=1.33, 95%CI: 0.99, 1.77) or lost > 10 lbs. (HR=1.33, 95%CI: 0.92, 1.92), but was similar among men who gained or lost 5-10 lbs. Our results suggest that post-diagnosis obesity and weight gain may be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality. The suggestion of an inverse association between weight loss and higher prostate cancer-specific mortality in our study should be interpreted with caution as it is unknown whether weight loss occurring was intentional or due to advanced disease. Citation Format: Alyssa N. Troeschel, Eric J. Jacobs, W. Dana Flanders, Victoria L. Stevens, Terryl J. Hartman, Lauren E. McCullough, Ted Gansler, Ying Wang. Pre- and post-diagnosis body mass index, weight change, and prostate cancer-specific mortality among prostate cancer survivors in the US [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-179.
Chapter 1 Contributions of Perceptual and Cognitive Processes to the Comprehension of Graphics

Abstract This chapter describes perceptual and cognitive processes that are involved in the organization, interpretation and comprehension of graphics. The notational symbol system of graphics provides an unambiguous one-to-one relationship between each symbol and a referent in the content domain as well as relatively clear indications of the relations among symbols. Perceptual processes, operating on these symbols and inter-symbol relations, allow the viewer to detect, discriminate among and configure graphic symbols into patterns. Cognitive processes, to some extent influenced by the organization imposed by perception, operate iteratively on information organized by perception leading to the identification, interpretation and comprehension of what has been perceived. Studies that illustrate the operation of these processes are described. Research questions for future study are offered as a conclusion. Resume Ce chapitre decrit les processus perceptifs et cognitifs qui sont impliques dans ľorganisation, ľinterpretation et la comprehension des graphiques. Le systeme de symboles notationnels des graphiques fournit aussi bien une relation terme a terme entre chaque symbole et un referent dans le domaine du contenu, que des indications relativement claires sur les relations parmi les symboles. Les processus perceptifs, operant sur ces symboles et sur les relations inter-symboles, permettent a la personne qui regarde de detecter, de discriminer et de configurer les symboles graphiques en patterns. Les processus cognitifs, influences jusqu'a un certain point par ľorganisation imposee par la perception, operent de facon iterative sur ľinformation organisee par la perception, aboutissant a ľidentification, ľnterpretation et la comprehension de ce qui a ete percu. Des etudes qui illustrent la mise en oeuvre de ces processus sont decrites. En conclusion, des questions de recherche sont proposees pour des etudes futures.
Pairing success of Kirtland's warblers in marginal vs. suitable habitat

We compared pairing success of male Kirtland's Warblers (Dendroica kirtlandii) in different habitats to test the hypothesis that a lower proportion of males in marginal habitat are mated. Fewer than 60% of the males in marginal habitat were paired, but 95% of the males in suitable habitat were paired. We estimated the overall pairing success of the known breeding population at 85%. We could not estimate the number of females because the adult sex ratio is unknown, and an unknown proportion of Kirtland's Warblers are polygynous. The Kirtland's Warbler population was fairly constant from 1971 to 1983, despite markedly improved nest success resulting from cowbird control measures. If there are more males than females, or if many females fail to breed or must accept mated males or marginal habitat, population growth could be impeded. We combined reduced pairing success with an estimate of fledgling mortality, and revised the estimated number of fall immatures to between 369 and 471 birds--about 36% lower than the uncorrected estimate. Lower annual productivity of a static population implies higher annual survivorship of adults, yearlings, or both.
Providers' perspectives on substance use among solid organ transplant candidates in a pediatric hospital.

INTRODUCTION Substance use is prevalent among youth and often leads to impairment in multiple domains. Additionally, substance use may pose adverse health issues post-transplant. Yet, practices related to substance use among pediatric patients who require organ transplant remain inconsistent. In this study, providers were surveyed for their perspectives on substance use among solid organ transplant candidates within a pediatric hospital. METHODS An online survey was administered to providers on the heart, kidney, and liver transplant teams at one tertiary pediatric care center located in the intermountain region of the United States (N = 50, 42% response rate). Providers answered questions about the need for a hospital-wide policy across heart, liver, and kidney transplant teams within this transplant center, timing of substance use evaluation, types of substances eliciting concerns based on organ, and recommended interventions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Providers felt strongly about the need for a policy to guide recommendations for substance use among transplant candidates. Providers wanted a hospital-wide substance use policy (84%) and a standardized measure for assessing substance use (98%). Respondents (98%) indicated that substance use should be assessed during the pretransplant evaluation. Respondents expressed varied concerns based on substance and organ type, and recommended interventions for patients to cease substance use prior to transplant listing. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need for a clear, directive, hospital-wide policy and standardized procedure for evaluating substance use among adolescent solid organ transplant candidates nationally across pediatric transplant centers.
Correction for Dietz et al., "2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission".

Volume 5, no. 2, e00245-20, 2020, [https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00245-20][1]. After original publication of this article, the following changes were made. Page 5, first paragraph, line 18: HEPA filters are rated to remove at least 99.97% of particles down to 0.3 μm (51). Most residential and
Thomas Aquinas and Irenaeus on the Divine and Natural Law

Thomas’s account of the natural law owes a large debt to Aristotle and other early Greek philosophers back to Heraclitus. This debt has long been known and discussed. Largely unrecognized, however, are the crucial influences of the early Greek Fathers of the Church who mediated this classical philosophical heritage to the Christian world. They were the first to set out the relationship between the natural law, the Old Law, and grace which would have a decisive influence on Aquinas’s famous “treatise on law” in the Summa of Theology . In this paper, I analyze Thomas’s mature work on the natural law in STh I–II, qq. 90–108 and show how the roots of this view can be traced to the earliest Church, especially in the writings of the second century bishop and martyr, St. Irenaeus of Lyons. Of special interest is how Irenaeus transformed the Greek-Aristotelian notion of physis and “natural law” within the context of his discussion of the goodness of creation and the Mosaic Law, contrary to the popular Gnostic views of his day.
A versatile and low-cost chip-to-world interface: Enabling ICP-MS characterization of isotachophoretically separated lanthanides on a microfluidic device.

Abstract Microfluidics offer novel and state-of-the-art pathways to process materials. Microfluidic systems drastically reduce timeframes and costs associated with traditional lab-scale efforts in the area of analytical sample preparations. The challenge arises in effectively connecting microfluidics to off-chip analysis tools to accurately characterize samples after treatment on-chip. Fabrication of a chip-to-world connection includes one end of a fused silica capillary interfaced to the outlet of a microfluidic device (MFD). The other end of the capillary is connected to a commercially available CEI-100 interface that passes samples into an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). This coupling creates an inexpensive and simple chip-to-world connection that enables on-chip and off-chip methods of analyzing the separation of rare earth elements. Specifically, this is demonstrated by utilizing isotachophoresis (ITP) on a microfluidic chip to separate up to 14 lanthanides from a homogenous sample into elementally pure bands. The separated analyte zones are successfully transferred across a 7 nL void volume at the microchip-capillary junction, such that separation resolution is maintained and even increased through the interface and into the ICP-MS, where the elemental composition of the sample is analyzed. Lanthanide samples of varying composition are detected using ICP-MS, demonstrating this versatile and cost-effective approach, which maintains the separation quality achieved on the MFD. This simple connection enables fast, low-cost sample preparation immediately prior to injection into an ICP-MS or other analytical instrument.
The kiss of death – Unearthing conversations surrounding Chagas disease on YouTube

This study employed Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT), Health Belief Model (HBM) and a mix of techniques to highlight the important role of social media in health communication. A total of 602 co...
Dehorning - Effects on Performance and Economics:

There are many dehorning methods used today, from complete removal of the horn, to various degrees of tipping horns. The data presented in this paper will only deal with complete horn removal. When should we castrate calves? Because bull calves grow faster than steer calves, one might be led to believe that the longer we wait to castrate a calf, the quicker he will get to slaughter. Research data at Iowa showed that calves castrated at birth to 3 months of age reach slaughter 11.6 days earlier than calves castrated at weaning.
When the State Bar Exam Embraces Indian Law: Teaching Experiences and Observations

In 2002, New Mexico became the first state to place Indian law on the state bar exam. This decision made basic knowledge of Indian law part of the competency expected of all licensed attorneys. This result arose from the University of New Mexico School of Law's (UNM) significant role as the only law school in the state. In combination with the social and political history of the state these elements produced this historic result. This paper outlines the history of Indian law at UNM and discusses the formal process that placed Indian law on the state's bar exam. The discussion concludes with the immediate impact of this bar exam inclusion on the teaching of Indian law and the insights gained from the classroom experience. The perspectives offered herein are from the professor and a research librarian who was the tutor for the first course after the addition to the bar exam.
Wireless personal communications: emerging technologies for enhanced communications

Wireless Personal Communications: Emerging Technologies for Enhanced Communications presents a broad range of topics in wireless communications, including perspectives from both industry and academia. The book serves as a reflection of emerging technologies in wireless communications. Wireless Personal Communications: Emerging Technologies for Enhanced Communications is divided into six sections. The first five are devoted to the following topics: Smart Antennas and Diversity; Propagation; Interference Cancellation; Equalization; and Modulation, Coding and Networking. The contributions reflect current research thrusts as the wireless community strives to enhance the capabilities of wireless communications. The final section includes contributions on a variety of pertinent topics. Wireless Personal Communications: Emerging Technologies for Enhanced Communications serves as an excellent reference source and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.
Antibiosis as a Means to Enhance Nodulation Competitiveness by Rhizobium Inoculum Strains under Agricultural Conditions

This paper reviews our efforts to determine whether antibiosis can be used as a means to regulate strain nodule occupancy by root nodule bacteria in the field. Our model system has been a potent anti-rhizobial peptide that can be produced in any strain of Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, or Sinorhizobium upon addition the tfxABCDEFG cassette. This set of genes has been shown to enhance the nodulation competitiveness of root nodule bacteria under a variety of conditions including field conditions over two seasons. Most recently, we are testing the field efficacy of constructs that possess the TFX production and resistance genes as well as genes for a yield-enhancing phenotype.
Autophagy: a Fundamental Cytoplasmic Sanitation Process Operational in All Cell Types Including Macrophages

Autophagic degradation is a cell-autonomous mechanism for direct elimination of intracellular microbes, but also plays a broader role in innate and adaptive immunity and in general cytoplasmic homeostasis. The process of autophagy plays many functions, including feeding the cells under starvation conditions or upon withdrawal of growth factors. Autophagy plays both housekeeping and immune functions in macrophages and dendritic cells. The phagophore is enlarged by the addition of a new membrane that is of undefined origin but is suspected to come from the endoplasmic reticulum or a combination of sources including Golgi and endosomes. Most cells undergo baseline autophagy, removing protein aggregates and spuriously damaged mitochondria or other organelles, or adjusting the cellular biomass. The classical physiological inducers of autophagy are amino acid starvation or absence of growth factors. Recent studies examining effects on the redistribution of a sole integral membrane Atg protein, Atg9, have implicated ULK1 as the putative mammalian Atg1 ortholog. A classical physiological inducer of autophagy is amino acid starvation, in particular, withdrawal of leucine. In mammalian cells, the role of autophagy has been linked to immunological signals. In mice and humans it is under the control of cytokines and agonists regulating innate and adaptive immunity, such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 13 (IL-13), and CD40L-CD40.
Conflicts between Cattlemen and the Florida Panther: Insights and Policy Recommendations from Interviews with Florida Cattlemen

Recovery of the Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) depends on habitat conservation on private rangelands. However, cattlemen-panther conflicts and lack of trust in wildlife agencies is undermining panther conservation efforts. Based on semi-structured interviews and group meetings with Florida cattlemen, we examine how cattlemen’s land stewardship practices support panther conservation, and causes of conflicts with the panther and wildlife agencies. Given the heterogeneous attitudes of cattlemen and their varying economic conditions, a complementary suite of programs is needed to achieve efficient conservation of the panther and panther habitat. Current and proposed government incentive programs are unlikely to attain the level of habitat conservation required to recover the Florida panther. We suggest that efforts should be made to build social capital and trust by engaging influential cattlemen in panther conservation actions, thereby lending credibility to conservation initiatives and improving the rate of uptake and levels of commitment by other cattlemen. Moreover, providing cattlemen with payments that are contingent on keeping lands as unimproved pasture or wildlife habitat without mandating particular land management practices may be an effective policy alternative.
The Making of Racial Sentiment: Conclusion: Captain Babo's cabin: racial sentiment and the politics of misreading in Benito Cereno

While giving some directions about setting a lower stu'n'-sail, suddenly Captain Delano heard a voice faithfully repeating his orders. Turning, he saw Babo, now for the time acting, under the pilot, his original part of captain of the slaves. This assistance proved valuable. Tattered sails and warped yards were soon brought into some trim. And no brace or halyard was pulled but to the blithe songs of the inspirited negroes. Herman Melville, Benito Cereno In the chapters above, I have been concerned with tracing the formation of a racialist common sense in American culture, and in particular with exploring the role of a particular strand of literary culture in this process. As a result, some readers may find it frustrating how little I have focused on the forms of resistance to, or critique of, this dominant position – a situation perhaps exacerbated by my emphasis on how some of the putatively “progressive” literary works themselves helped to produce a distinct and entrenched form of racialism characterized by the discourse of benevolence and sympathy. If I have thus represented a stifling kind of unanimity on the question of race, it is only because I have been at pains to explain in explicit detail the pervasive power of a dominant ideology. Having said that, there were of course many sites and types of resistance to dominant racial ideology in nineteenth-century America.
What Makes a Bacterial Species? When Molecular Sequence Data Are Used, Is rRNA Enough?

This chapter briefly introduces the presently recommended criteria for establishing species relationships for bacteria. The author surveys the methods that have been used for identifying and classifying prokaryotes, highlighting the ways in which these methods have been used to help construct a definition of a bacterial species. Since sequence analysis of molecules, in particular, 16S rRNA, is providing a powerful phylogenetic framework for the classification of organisms, the author discusses the methods involved in molecular sequence analysis. The advantages and limitations in using 16S rRNA sequence analysis in taxonomie studies and the importance of including analyses of other gene sequences in bacterial species circumscription are discussed and explored. The 16S rRNA molecule of bacteria has been used extensively for phylogenetic analysis. It allows a wide range of discrimination among organisms, and, within the expected range of resolution for various methods, there is generally a good agreement between relationships obtained using other taxonomic methods and those obtained using 16S rRNA analysis. It was recognized that there are some very promising new genomic technologies that should be further developed to help define inter- and intraspecies relationships, including sequence analysis of various housekeeping genes and DNA-typing methods, as well as DNA arrays and other technologies that take advantage of whole-genome sequence data.
Software engineering with B

1. Introduction 2. Structure of A Simple Machin 3. The Class Manager&csq.s assistan 4. Deferred Sets and Non-determinis 5. Constructing Large Machine 6. More Substitutions for Machine 7. Software Desig 8. Implementation 9. API-layer Machines and their Implementation 10. Refinement Appendix A - Review of Discrete Mathematic Appendix B - Summary Table Appendix C - Library Machines
The Ontogeny of Prehensile‐Tail Use in Cebus capucinus and Alouatta palliata

A study of the platyrrhine prehensile tail provides an opportunity to better understand how ecological and biomechanical factors affect the ability of primates to distribute mass across many different kinds of arboreal supports. Young individuals experience ontogenetic changes in body mass, limb proportions, and motor skills that are likely to exert a strong influence on foraging strategies, social behaviors, support use, and associated prehensile-tail use. In this research, I examine ontogenetic patterns of prehensile-tail use in Cebus capucinus and Alouatta palliata. I collected behavioral data on activity, positional context, support size, and prehensile-tail use in five age categories of white-faced capuchins and mantled howlers during a 12-month period at Estacion Biologica La Suerte in northeastern Costa Rica. Infant and juvenile howlers and capuchins were found to use their prehensile tails significantly more often than adults during feeding, foraging, and social behavior. Prehensile-tail use did not show predictable increases during growth. In both species, adults used their prehensile tails in mass-bearing modes significantly less often than juveniles. Despite differences in tail anatomy in Cebus and Alouatta, prehensile-tail use was observed to follow an increasing trajectory from infancy, peaking during juvenescence, and then decreasing in older juveniles and adults. In both species, it appeared that adult patterns of prehensile-tail use reflected the demands placed on young juveniles. Am. J. Primatol. 74:770-782, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Concentrations of condensation nuclei in the vicinity of jetstream maxima

Ozone and condensation nuclei were measured on March 29, 1977 (and March 30, GMT) from a Sabreliner in a frontal zone south of Denver, Colo. The ozone served as a tracer for stratospheric air and the condensation nuclei as a tracer for tropospheric air. Both the Langer condensation nucleus counter and the Rich-100 counter can be used to measure condensation nucleus concentrations in the vicinity of the tropopause. However, the former counter is more sensitive to low concentrations. The nuclei measured were found to be almost entirely larger than 0.005 micron in radius, consisting of thousands of molecules. The mesostructure of the ozone and condensation nucleus concentrations agreed well with a double structure of the frontal zone that became apparent from a detailed analysis of radiosonde data.
EXPLICIT STRATEGY INSTRUCTION AND EXTENSIVE ACADEMIC READING: REEXAMINING THE JUST-IN-TIME MODEL FOR AUTONOMOUS LEARNERS

The current trend for extensive reading strategy instruction is through curricular integration with teacher modeling over time. Autonomous learners, however, cannot benefit from this form of ongoing strategy instruction. This article presents a two-hour workshop model for explicit, academic reading strategy instruction as just-in-time learning designed for 23 undergraduate EFL students participating in a five-week research intensive study-abroad program. Workshop activities presented a series of metacognitive, cognitive, and memory strategies. Participants' reported key learning points, including awareness raising of reading strategies, annotation, and reverse outlines. The findings offer evidence that there is significant value in just-in-time learning for explicit reading strategy instruction. Recommendations are made for workshop adaptation and future research.
Experimental measurements of zircon/melt trace-element partition coefficients

Abstract Zircon was grown from trace-element doped hydrous peralkaline rhyolite melts with buffered oxygen fugacities in cold-seal experiments at 0.1 and 0.2 GPa and 800 °C and piston-cylinder experiments at 1.5 GPa and 900–1300 °C. Zircon and glass were present in all run products, and small monazite crystals were present in eight of the 12 experiments. Average diameters of zircon crystals ranged from 5 to 20 μm at 800 °C to 30–50 μm at 1300 °C. Zircon crystals have thin rims, and adjacent glass has a narrow (∼1 μm thick) compositional boundary layer. Concentrations obtained through in-situ analysis of cores of run product zircon crystals and melt pools were used to calculate trace-element partition coefficients Dzircon/melt for P, Sc, Ti, V, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Ho, Yb, Lu, Hf, Th, and U. In most cases Lu was the most (D 12–105) and La the least (0.06–0.95) compatible elements. D values from this study fall within the range of previously measured values for Rare Earth Elements (REE). However, D values measured experimentally show less fractionation than those recently measured using natural phenocryst/matrix pairs. For example, DLu/DLa measured experimentally in this study range between 27 and 206 compared to a value of 706,522 for a natural zircon/dacite pair [Sano, Y., Terada, K., and Fukuoka, T. 2002 High mass resolution ion microprobe analysis of rare earth elements in silicate glass, apatite and zircon: lack of matrix dependency. Chem. Geol. 184, 217–230]. Although D values from this study show good agreement with the lattice strain model, D values from natural phenocryst/matrix pairs combined with measured zircon compositions better reproduce host-rock (magma) compositions of igneous rocks. They also yield more reasonable estimates of magma compositions when combined with compositions of ‘‘out-of-context” zircons. For example, compositions of the Hadean detrital zircons from Jack Hills, Australia yield LREE-enriched magmas when combined with D values from phenocryst/matrix pairs yields, but yield LREE-depleted magmas when experimentally determined D values are used. We infer that experimentally measured Dzircon/melt values represent disequilibrium partitioning resulting from rapid zircon growth during short laboratory timescales. Rapid growth causes development of observed diffusive boundary layers in the melt adjacent to zircon crystals. D values from phenocryst/matrix pairs are therefore recommended for petrogenetic modeling.
Partial nephrectomy for a large renal lymphatic malformation in a child presenting with hypertension

A 9-year-old girl had hypertension (systolic blood pressure of 125 mm Hg) noted at an annual well child visit. An ultrasound study demonstrated a large right renal cystic mass. A partial nephrectomy was performed. The surgical specimen was 9.7 × 9.4 × 6.4 cm and weighed 413.2 g. The tumor stained diffusely positive for smooth muscle actin and focally positive for factor VIII. Final histologic diagnosis was primary intrarenal lymphatic malformation. The case is unusual because of the presentation, size of the mass, as well as the therapeutic approach of partial nephrectomy.
Long-term risk of cardiovascular events across a spectrum of adverse major plasma lipid combinations in the Framingham Heart Study

Background Blood levels of high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high triglycerides (TG), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The long-term comparative CVD risk associated with these 3 major lipid classes in various combinations is, however, unknown. Methods A total of 3,501 participants of the Framingham Offspring Study (mean age 51 ± 10 years, 56% women) without CVD at baseline were followed up for incident CVD between 1987 and 2011. Participants were grouped according to baseline lipid values into 8 distinct categories to compare the prognostic significance of values within an optimal range to Third Report of the National Cholesterol Educational Program–defined high LDL-C (>130 mg/dL), high TG (>150 mg/dL), and/or low HDL-C ( Results On follow-up (median 20.2 years), 724 (21%) had new-onset CVD. Adjusted for confounders and compared with the group with optimal lipid values, hazards ratios and population-attributable risks (PARs) were as follows: isolated low HDL-C, 1.93 (95% CI 1.37-2.71), PAR = 3.1%; isolated high LDL-C, 1.28 (1.03-1.59), PAR 6.4%; isolated high TG, 1.35 (0.91-1.98), PAR = 1.1% (not significant); low HDL-C and high LDL-C, 1.82 (1.33-2.49), PAR = 3.9%; low HDL-C and high TG, 1.74 (1.28-2.37), PAR = 3.9%; high LDL-C and high TG, 1.52 (1.12-2.07), PAR = 6.4%; and high LDL-C, high TG and low HDL-C 2.28 (1.73-3.02), PAR = 7.5%. Conclusions Aside from isolated hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL-C, high levels of LDL-C, and high levels of TG in any combination were associated with increased risk of CVD.
Spectral sensitivities of the human cones

Transient chromatic adaptation produced by an abrupt change of background color permits an easier and closer approach to cone isolation than does steady-state adaptation. Using this technique, we measured middle-wave-sensitive (M)-cone spectral sensitivities in 11 normals and 2 protanopes and long-wavelength-sensitive (L-) cone spectral sensitivities in 12 normals and 4 deuteranopes. Although there is great individual variation in the adapting intensity required for effective isolation, there is little variation in the shape of the M- and L-cone spectral-sensitivity functions across subjects. At middle and long wavelengths, our mean spectral sensitivities agree extremely well with dichromatic spectral sensitivities and with the M- and L-cone fundamentals of Smith and Pokorny [Vision Res. 15, 161 (1975)] and of Vos and Walraven [Vision Res. 11, 799 (1971)], both of which are based on the CIE (Judd-revised) 2 degrees color-matching functions (CMF's). But the agreement with the M-cone fundamentals of Estevez [Ph.D. dissertation, Amsterdam University (1979)] and of Vos et al. [Vision Res. 30, 936 (1990)], which are based on the Stiles-Burch 2 degrees CMF's, is poor. Using our spectral-sensitivity data, tritanopic color-matching data, and Stile's pi 3, we derive new sets of cone fundamentals. The consistency of the proposed fundamentals based on either the Stiles-Burch 2 degrees CMF's or the CIE 10 degrees large-field CMF's with each other, with protanopic and deuteranopic spectral sensitivities, with tritanopic color-matching data, and with short-wavelength-sensitive (S-) cone spectral-sensitivity data suggests that they are to be preferred over fundamentals based on the CIE 2 degrees CMF's.
Fine Structure of the Macronuclei and Micronuclei in Five Hypotrichs

Summary The ultrastructure of macronuclei, including replication bands, and of micronuclei are described for 5 hypotrieh species, Urostyla cristata, Holosticha sp., Styx sp., Euplotes eurystomus , and E. crassus . Macronuclei contain three major components: dispersed chromatin, condensed chromatin, and nucleoli. The dense chromatin represents the aggregation of at least most of the millions of gene-sized DNA molecules in hypotrieh macronuclei. The micronuclei in all 5 species have basically the same structure, i.e. a network of tightly packed, dense chromatin. The structure of macronuclear replication bands is similar in all 5 species. The forward zone contains tightly packed fibers ∼40 nm in diameter formed by dramatic reorganization of the chromatin at the leading border of the forward zone. An intermediate between chromatin and fibers is seen in U. cristata , consisting of finely divided particulate/fibrous material. The rear zone, in which DNA replication occurs, contain fibers ∼10 nm in diameter. Behind the rear zone the newly replicated DNA is aggregated into dense chromatin. Nucleoli remain intact as they pass through replication bands.
Modelling of protein adsorption on polymeric surfaces.

A new method of calculation of protein adsorption on polymeric surfaces is presented. The method considers the thermodynamic equilibrium of a three-component system-water, protein, and polymer surface-and describes the protein concentration profile based on the interaction energy parameters for protein-polymer, water-polymer, and protein-water contacts. Calculation of these parameters calls for introduction of the energies arising from the dispersive forces, the hydrophobic effect, and the Drago et al. (1971) electron donor-acceptor interactions. Comparison with experimental results of protein adsorption on various polymeric surfaces gave satisfactory agreement.