cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Gradation-Based Heavy Metal Mass Using Granulometric Indices of Snowmelt Particles

Urban activities, infrastructure, transportation, and vehicle/infrastructure interactions are sources of metals and particulates in the built environment. These constituents are dry deposited in surrounding aqueous, soil, or snow environments on a continual basis, wet deposited during rainfall–runoff or snowmelt events, and partition between dissolved, colloidal, and particulate phases. Once transported into the porous matrix of snow, particulates, and metals may remain in the matrix for residence times measured in days, potentially resulting in metal partitioning to the particulate-bound phase. This study examined snowmelt particulate (granulometric) and metal data from 10 similar urban land use sites separated by 26 km. Results indicate a power-law relationship between granulometric indices [mass or surface area (SA)] and particulate-bound metal mass can be established for particulates of similar granulometry, land-use conditions, loadings, and exposure. Power law models (PLMs) were developed to relate granulometric mass, particle number density, total SA and particulate-bound metal mass as a function of the sediment (>75 μ m) and settleable (75–25 μm) size gradation from 4750\u+ to 25 μm. Results indicate that a calibrated and physically based cumulative PLM, M\uM\ue=α(\iX/\iR)\Uβ\N can predict metal mass (\iM\uM\ue) from granulometric mass (\iX) or from SA, for a specific metal. Formulation of a predictive relationship is advantageous given the relative economy of measuring granulometric indices, from which calibrated relationships between mass and particulate-bound metal mass can be established, as compared to the expense of conventional measurement of metal mass across the size gradation. The study was further motivated based on the potential application of a PLM as a predictive tool utilized with structural controls such as particle-separation unit operations, nonstructural source controls, and mass trading or mass offsetting protocols designed to target portions of the particulate gradation where the predominance of the metal mass is associated.
A molecular view of the role of chirality in charge-driven polypeptide complexation

Polyelectrolyte molecules of opposite charge are known to form stable complexes in solution. Depending on the system conditions, such complexes can be solid or liquid. The latter are known as complex coacervates, and they appear as a second liquid phase in equilibrium with a polymer-dilute aqueous phase. This work considers the complexation between poly(glutamic acid) and poly(lysine), which is of particular interest because it enables examination of the role of chirality in ionic complexation, without changes to the overall chemical composition. Systematic atomic-level simulations are carried out for chains of poly(glutamic acid) and poly(lysine) with varying combinations of chirality along the backbone. Achiral chains form unstructured complexes. In contrast, homochiral chains lead to formation of stable β-sheets between molecules of opposite charge, and experiments indicate that β-sheet formation is correlated with the formation of solid precipitates. Changes in chirality along the peptide backbone are found to cause “kinks” in the β-sheets. These are energetically unfavorable and result in irregular structures that are more difficult to pack together. Taken together, these results provide new insights that may be of use for the development of simple yet strong bioinspired materials consisting of β-rich domains and amorphous regions.
A fast algorithm to find the region-of-interest in the compressed MPEG domain

We propose a fast, yet simple algorithm to find the region of interest (ROI) from a compressed MPEG video bitstream, with partial decoding. We have used the properties of the human visual system (HVS), applied in the DCT domain, to extract the ROIs. Though a lot of work has been done to obtain ROIs in images based on the HVS, all these systems work in the pixel domain. However, finding the ROIs in the compressed domain has wide applications such as emphasizing perceptually important regions while transrating, defining descriptors for encoded video (MPEG-7), changing image size to adapt to heterogeneous client displays, etc.
Improvement of System Compatibility through Coupling Reduction

This paper deals with various techniques in the form of modifications or additions which were developed to produce additional coupling reduction in existing systems. Although this has been the prime purpose, due consideration has been given to the effects of the different methods on the original objectives of the systems. Some of the techniques alter the radiation patterns and gains of the antennas involved. Consideration has been given to developing techniques which are operable over a broad band of frequencies in order not to restrict the operational requirements of the systems involved. Both analytical and experimental results are presented. Experiments were performed in convenient microwave frequency bands. However, by proper scaling with respect to frequency, it is possible to use the results given in this paper at other frequencies. One of the methods of coupling reduction described here is the compensating bridge. This bridge is formed with the addition of a cancellation link between two interfering systems. The bridge is balanced by adjusting the amplitude and phase of the power transmitted through the link to obtain high isolation. The distinct achievement here is the reduction of interference between two systems over a broad range of frequencies. This method is one of the most versatile since it can be readily extended to almost any frequency band. The use of corrugations in the form of circumferential trenches around the aperture of an antenna was found to offer a substantial reduction in coupling.
Long-term changes in unionid assemblages in the Rio Grande, one of the World's top 10 rivers at risk

According to the World Wildlife Fund, the Rio Grande is the most endangered river system in the North American continent and one of the World's top 10 rivers at risk, but is globally important for freshwater biodiversity. Unionid bivalves of the Rio Grande river basin used to be represented by a unique assemblage, including four endemic species (Truncilla cognata, Potamilis metnecktayi, Popenaias popeii, and Quadrula couchiana); however, surveys from 1998–2001 failed to recover any live endemic unionid species suggesting a sharp decrease in their populations and potential of extinction. Intensive surveys (162 sites sampled) conducted by the authors from 2001–2011 on the Rio Grande and its tributaries in Texas recovered live T. cognata, P. metnecktayi, and the largest population of P. popeii ever reported. Overall the unionid assemblage of the Rio Grande basin has changed considerably during the last century. Decline in species diversity, range fragmentation, local extirpations, and introduction of widespread common species were documented. Two species (Q. couchiana and Quincuncina mitchelli) are locally extinct. Potamilus metnecktayi and T. cognata have been extirpated from the Pecos River and their ranges in the Rio Grande have been reduced. Popenaias popeii has been extirpated from the Pecos River and Las Moras Creek along with the reduction and fragmentation of its range in the Devils River and Rio Grande. Among the environmental factors responsible for the degradation of unionid assemblages in the Rio Grande river basin, the most important are impoundments, habitat degradation, salinization, pollution, and over-extraction of water. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Six-Year Follow-up of a Case of Radiation Injury Following Treatment for Medulloblastoma

Recent reports in the literature have documented long-term sequelae of radiation treatment in children, the most notable of which are diminished endocrine functioning and decline in intellectual ability. A case is presented in which both these long-term effects were seen 7 years after radiation treatment for medulloblastoma. Growth hormone and thyroid hormone deficiencies were identified and treated. Full-Scale IQ dropped from the 79th percentile to the 3rd percentile, and neuropsychological functioning ranged from normal to impaired. However, magnetic resonance imaging reveals few direct imaging correlates of J.M.'s neuropsychological deficits. If identified, hormone deficiencies in such patients can be successfully treated; intellectual deficits may present more of a management problem. In this case, cognitive deficits have contributed to considerable difficulty in school; however, with special classes and modifications, the patient is making progress. Our findings indicate that the long-term outcome for children with radiation injury may be improved significantly with hormone therapy and appropriate academic intervention, and argue strongly for systematic, sequential follow-up of such children so that appropriate intervention can be implemented and continued as necessary.
The Résumé: What Value is there in References?:

This article reports the results of an empirical investigation of the preferences of personnel managers in Fortune 500 firms concerning the value of references on resumes. The study was conducted b...
Peginterferon α-2a for the treatment of HIV infection.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Novel approaches are urgently needed to achieve the next level of control of HIV infection beyond antiretroviral medications that will lead to the ultimate goal of curing HIV infection. Exploiting the innate immune system control of HIV is one possible component of that strategy with pegylated interferon α representing a well-characterized agent that is being applied to this effort.Areas covered: In this review, the authors summarize the history of interferon α treatment in the setting of HIV infection with a focus on clinical trials that examined the downstream effects on innate immune responses. More recently, clinical trials that administered pegylated interferon α-2a have demonstrated which interferon-stimulated genes are associated with its antiviral effects and which of these host-restriction factors may play a role in limiting the magnitude of the HIV reservoir.Expert opinion: The potential to exploit interferon α as part of a cure strategy is provocative. Whether key interfer...
In-situ observation of surface layer scalar profiles for characterizing Evaporative Duct properties

Marine atmospheric surface layer (MASL) is the lowest few tens of meters of the atmosphere immediately adjacent to the ocean surface. Because of surface evaporation, the MASL often consists of a surface trapping layer and hence a ducting layer for the propagation of electromagnetic Wave (EM) propagation often referred to as Evaporative Duct (ED). Such ducting conditions in the MASL are characterized through the temperature and humidity profiles and are affected by the surface layer wind profiles as well. These profiles are normally obtained by a MASL model based on the Monin-Obukhov Similarity theory (MOST) and input of measured quantities at a fixed level. However, MOST is based on the empirical dimensionless functions obtained over the land surfaces, the fidelity of bulk parameterization derived surface layer profiles are often debatable. Direct measurements of the MASL profiles of temperature and humidity are needed at high vertical resolution so that the gradients near the surface can be resolved. Such measurements should be done away from the immediate ship environment to avoid contamination by the ship structure.
The Belief in Free Will as a Biological Adaptation: Thinking Inside and Outside the Behavior Analytic Box

In general, people tenaciously believe they possess free will despite the overwhelming scientific consensus that all human behavior is determined by environmental stimuli. Skinner in particular has...
Formation of Highly Ordered Organic Molecular Thin Films on Deactivated Si Surfaces Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Low Energy Electron Diffraction

Growing organic molecular films on inorganic substrates is crucial for organic electronics applications; however, it still remains a significant challenge to achieve long-range molecular ordering. Here we report the formation of highly ordered zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) thin films on the deactivated Si(111)-B √3 × √3 R30° surface characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). We find that for the initial submonolayer growth, access to the anisotropic step-flow growth mode yields a reduction in the substrate symmetry resulting in two dominant mirror-reflected domains. Upon further deposition, the ZnPc molecules are able to maintain a highly ordered configuration both laterally and vertically up to 40 monolayers even though the molecule–substrate interaction decreases as evidenced by the diminished moire pattern and a mild relaxation in the molecular packing. We attribute the formation of highly ordered organic molecular thin films to the delicate balance be...
Analysis on nitrite poisoning

Objective Laboratory chemical analysis on suspicious poisonous food and vomitus in a food poisoning case were made to find out the causes of poisoning.Methods Samples of suspiciously poisonous food and vomitus were ground and blended and added into protective reagent and pH adjustment reagent,in condition of subacidity,diazo reaction occurred and pureple compounds formed,and colorimetricassay was determined.Results In the suspiciously poisonous food and vomitus nitrite was detected.Conclusion Combined with the on-site hygienic survey and epidemiological survey and clinical diagnosis,excessive nitrite was the reason for the food poisoning.
“Emotions So Compounded of Pleasure and Pain”: Affective Contradiction in Jane Austen's PERSUASION

Writing about Jane Austen's Persuasion (1818), Harold Bloom asserts: “each time I finish a rereading of this perfect novel, I feel very sad [….] It is not [the heroine's] sadness we feel as we conc...
Clinical acute renal failure with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Under baseline euvolemic conditions, prostaglandins play little to no role in the minute-to-minute regulation of renal function. Where these compounds come to serve a major role is in the setting of a systemic or intrarenal circulatory disturbance. In the setting of a decreased absolute or effective circulatory volume, a number of vasoconstrictor effectors are stimulated whose function is to preserve the systemic circulation. At the same time, these compounds stimulate the synthesis of renal vasodilatory prostaglandins. In turn, prostaglandins oppose the vasoconstrictive effect of these effectors such that the renal circulation remains well-preserved while the rest of the circulation is clamped down. Predictably, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis would lead to unopposed renal vasoconstriction, resulting in a precipitous decline in renal function. Clinical conditions in which the renal circulation is critically dependent on the effect of vasodilatory prostaglandins include volume depletion, congestive heart failure, and cirrhosis. There are other conditions in which the circulatory volume is normal, but due to the intrarenal generation of vasoconstrictors, the kidney is similarly dependent on vasodilatory prostaglandins. Such conditions include glomerulonephritis and urinary tract obstruction.
Control of uterine and ovarian blood flow throughout the estrous cycle and pregnancy of ewes, sows and cows

Current investigations strongly indicate a relationship between the function of adrenergic (vasoconstrictor) nerves innervating uterine and ovarian arteries and local concentrations of estrogen and progesterone. During the estrous cycle of ewes, cows and sows, the higher the estrogen:progesterone ratio in systemic blood, the greater is the quantity of blood flowing through the uterine vascular bed. When converted to a catechol form, estrogen may reduce uterine vasoconstriction by binding to and suppressing perivascular alpha-adrenergic receptor activity. Progesterone, in contrast to estrogen, augments the responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle to norepinephrine. Lymphatic vessels, which are in close linear apposition to the adventitia of the uterine vasculature may serve to transport steroids to the periarterial nerves. Vasodilation associated with steroid-induced changes in autonomic function appears to be modulated and amplified by estrogen-dependent changes in prostaglandin biosynthesis. During early pregnancy in ewes, cows and sows, vasodilation, mediated by the conceptus, occurs in the luteal and (or) uterine vascular beds on days critical for continuation of pregnancy in each species. In cows and sows, this vasodilatory effect of the conceptus is associated with increased concentrations of estrogens in the uterine lumen, as well as the lymph and blood draining the uterus. After the initial increase in blood flow to the uterus during early pregnancy, changes in the estrogen:progesterone ratio in fetal and maternal fluids appear to be unrelated to changes in uterine blood flow (UBF). This lack of association between the estrogen:progesterone ratio and UBF may result from a progressive reduction in number of adrenergic nerves observed in the uterus throughout pregnancy. If one accepts that the estrogen:progesterone ratio controls UBF through alterations in the function of periarterial adrenergic nerves, the impaired function of the nerves during mid and late gestation may preclude the effects of these steroids.
Improving problem decomposition ability in CS1 through explicit guided inquiry-based instruction

CS1 students are often expected to learn to clarify a problem, decompose it into subproblems, solve and test these subproblems as units, and then recompose the tested units into an overarching solution. As other researchers have noted, problem decomposition is often taught only implicitly, but it is an important skill which benefits from both explicit instruction and practice. This paper describes our efforts to improve student problem decomposition ability by utilizing explicit guided inquiry-based instruction in problem decomposition. We applied a problem decomposition rubric adapted from an Association of American Colleges and Universities VALUE rubric to final course projects in two CS1 sections, a CS1 section with explicit instruction on problem decomposition compared against a CS1 section without the explicit instruction. Students in the section with the explicit instruction realized significant gains in problem decomposition ability and also seeming gains in the elective use of unit tests.
The Impact of Cardiac Motion on Aortic Valve Flow Used in Computational Simulations of the Thoracic Aorta

Advancements in image-based computational modeling are producing increasingly more realistic representations of vasculature and hemodynamics, but so far have not compensated for cardiac motion when imposing inflow boundary conditions. The effect of cardiac motion on aortic flow is important when assessing sequelae in this region including coarctation of the aorta (CoA) or regurgitant fraction. The objective of this investigation was to develop a method to assess and correct for the influence of cardiac motion on blood flow measurements through the aortic valve (AoV) and to determine its impact on patient-specific local hemodynamics quantified by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A motion-compensated inflow waveform was imposed into the CFD model of a patient with repaired CoA that accounted for the distance traveled by the basal plane during the cardiac cycle. Time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) values were compared with CFD results of the same patient using the original waveform. Cardiac motion resulted in underestimation of flow during systole and overestimation during diastole. Influences of inflow waveforms on TAWSS were greatest along the outer wall of the ascending aorta (AscAo) (∼30 dyn/cm2). Differences in TAWSS were more pronounced than those from the model creation or mesh dependence aspects of CFD. TKE was slightly higher for the motion-compensated waveform throughout the aortic arch. These results suggest that accounting for cardiac motion when quantifying blood flow through the AoV can lead to different conclusions for hemodynamic indices, which may be important if these results are ultimately used to predict patient outcomes.
Thermal Decomposition Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Diminished Magnetic Dead Layer by Controlled Addition of Oxygen

Decades of research focused on size and shape control of iron oxide nanoparticles have led to methods of synthesis that afford excellent control over physical size and shape but comparatively poor control over magnetic properties. Popular synthesis methods based on thermal decomposition of organometallic precursors in the absence of oxygen have yielded particles with mixed iron oxide phases, crystal defects, and poorer than expected magnetic properties, including the existence of a thick “magnetically dead layer” experimentally evidenced by a magnetic diameter significantly smaller than the physical diameter. Here, we show how single-crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles with few defects and similar physical and magetic diameter distributions can be obtained by introducing molecular oxygen as one of the reactive species in the thermal decomposition synthesis. This is achieved without the need for any postsynthesis oxidation or thermal annealing. These results address a significant challenge in the synthesi...
NYMPHAEA REVISITED: A PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION

ABSTRACT A number of pollination syndromes within the genus Nymphaea are examined. Adaptive radiation has created a wide range, from beetle-pollination with production of solid food bodies for the visitors to pollination by small Hymenoptera and syrphid flies with production of a pool of stigmatic fluid in which, on the first day of anthesis when the flower is functionally pistillate, pollinators drown. In the latter category, there is striking sophistication in the features that ensure proper deposition and germination of the pollen grains. In the tropical water lilies examined, the sugar level of the stigmatic fluid was 1%-1.5% which is well below the threshold of perception for honeybees regardless of the nature of the sugar; fructose and glucose were present in roughly equal concentrations. In Nymphaea odorata, a temperate zone water lily, the sugar concentration was about 3%, a considerable part of which was sucrose; glucose and fructose were again present in almost equal concentrations. No obvious b...
Factors affecting sound energy absorbance in acute otitis media model of chinchilla.

Abstract Acute otitis media (AOM) is a rapid-onset infection of the middle ear which results in middle ear pressure (MEP), middle ear effusion (MEE), and structural changes in middle ear tissues. Previous studies from our laboratory have identified that MEP, MEE, and middle ear structural changes are three factors affecting tympanic membrane (TM) mobility and hearing levels (Guan et al., 2014, 2013). Sound energy reflectance or absorbance (EA) is a diagnostic tool increasingly used in clinical settings for the identification of middle ear diseases. However, it is unclear whether EA can differentiate these three factors in an AOM ear. Here we report wideband EA measurements in the AOM model of chinchilla at three experimental stages: unopened, pressure released, and effusion removed. These correspond to the combined and individual effects of the three factors on sound energy transmission. AOM was produced by transbullar injection of Haemophilus influenzae in two treatment groups: 4 days (4D) and 8 days (8D) post inoculation. These time points represent the relatively early and later phase of AOM. In each group of chinchillas, EA at 250–8000 Hz was measured using a wideband tympanometer at three experimental stages. Results show that the effects of MEP, MEE, and tissue structural changes over the frequency range varied with the disease time course. MEP was the primary contributor to reduction of EA in 4D AOM ears and had a smaller effect in 8D ears. MEE reduced the EA at 6–8 kHz in 4D ears and 2–8 kHz in 8D ears and was responsible for the EA peak in both 4D and 8D ears. The residual EA loss due to structural changes was observed over the frequency range in 8D ears and only at high frequencies in 4D ears. The EA measurements were also compared with the published TM mobility loss in chinchilla AOM ears.
Hospital-level Variation in Utilization of Surgery for Clinical Stage I-II Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.

Objective:To (1) evaluate rates of surgery for clinical stage I-II pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), (2) identify predictors of not undergoing surgery, (3) quantify the degree to which patient- and hospital-level factors explain differences in hospital surgery rates, and (4) evaluate the asso
Historical forcings as main drivers of the Atlantic multidecadal variability in the CESM large ensemble

Previous studies suggest that internal variability, in particular the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), drives the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMV), while external radiative forcing only creates a steady increase in sea surface temperature (SST). This view has been recently challenged and new evidence has emerged that aerosols and greenhouse gases could play a role in driving the AMV. Here we examine the drivers of the AMV using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble and Last Millennium Ensemble. By computing the ensemble mean we isolate the radiatively forced component of the AMV, while we estimate the role of internal variability using the ensemble spread. We find that phase changes of the AMV over the years 1854–2005 can be explained only in the presence of varying historical forcing. Further, we find that internal variability is large in North Atlantic SST at timescales shorter than 10–25 years, but at longer timescales the forced response dominates. Single forcing experiments show that greenhouse gases and tropospheric aerosols are the main drivers of the AMV in the latter part of the twentieth century. Finally, we show that the forced spatial pattern of SST is not distinct from the internal variability pattern, which has implications for detection and attribution.
Using expert knowledge to guide covering and mutation in a michigan style learning classifier system to detect epistasis and heterogeneity

Learning Classifier Systems (LCSs) are a unique brand of multifaceted evolutionary algorithms well suited to complex or heterogeneous problem domains. One such domain involves data mining within genetic association studies which investigate human disease. Previously we have demonstrated the ability of Michigan-style LCSs to detect genetic associations in the presence of two complicating phenomena: epistasis and genetic heterogeneity. However, LCSs are computationally demanding and problem scaling is a common concern. The goal of this paper was to apply and evaluate expert knowledge-guided covering and mutation operators within an LCS algorithm. Expert knowledge, in the form of Spatially Uniform ReliefF (SURF) scores, was incorporated to guide learning towards regions of the problem domain most likely to be of interest. This study demonstrates that expert knowledge can improve learning efficiency in the context of a Michigan-style LCS.
Bayesian and frequentist prediction limits for the Poisson distribution

Prediction limits for Poisson distribution are useful in real life when predicting the occurrences of some phenomena, for example, the number of infections from a disease per year among school chil...
Open-source algorithm for detecting sea ice surface features in high-resolution optical imagery

Abstract. Snow, ice, and melt ponds cover the surface of the Arctic Ocean in fractions that change throughout the seasons. These surfaces control albedo and exert tremendous influence over the energy balance in the Arctic. Increasingly available meter- to decimeter-scale resolution optical imagery captures the evolution of the ice and ocean surface state visually, but methods for quantifying coverage of key surface types from raw imagery are not yet well established. Here we present an open-source system designed to provide a standardized, automated, and reproducible technique for processing optical imagery of sea ice. The method classifies surface coverage into three main categories: snow and bare ice, melt ponds and submerged ice, and open water. The method is demonstrated on imagery from four sensor platforms and on imagery spanning from spring thaw to fall freeze-up. Tests show the classification accuracy of this method typically exceeds 96 %. To facilitate scientific use, we evaluate the minimum observation area required for reporting a representative sample of surface coverage. We provide an open-source distribution of this algorithm and associated training datasets and suggest the community consider this a step towards standardizing optical sea ice imagery processing. We hope to encourage future collaborative efforts to improve the code base and to analyze large datasets of optical sea ice imagery.
Fitting Johnson's SB and SU Systems of Curves using the Method of Maximum Likelihood

The computer program listed fits either a Johnson SB or SU curve to grouped data. This gives the user a general procedure for fitting a wide range of data. The routine utilizes the Nelder-Mead simp...
Evaluating Various Water Stress Calculations in RZWQM and RZ-SHAW for Corn and Soybean Production

Better understanding of water stress calculation is needed to improve crop production simulation. In this study, the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) and RZWQM-SHAW (Simultaneous Heat And Water) (RZ-SHAW) Hybrid Model were evaluated for simulating corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and water use under a range of water conditions in the Central Great Plains. In both models, a water stress index (WSI) was calculated as a nonlinear form of the ratio between actual transpiration (AT) and potential transpiration (PT) [WSI 5 (AT/PT) a ,0 , a , 1]. Evapotranspiration(ET)wascalculatedusingtheShuttleworth–Wallace approach on a daily basis (ETSW-DAY) in RZWQM and using either the Shuttleworth–Wallace approach on hourly basis (ETSW-HR) or the SHAW approach (ETSHAW) in RZ-SHAW. Results showed that RZWQM using ETSW-DAY provided similar simulation for both corn andsoybeanproductionasRZ-SHAWusingtheETSW-HRoption,given that the same plant parameters were used. However, RZ-SHAW with ETSHAW provided less accurate simulations for corn and soybean growth.Thisstudydemonstratedthat,whenRZ-SHAWisusedforplant simulation, AT and PT should be calculated the same way as in RZWQM to preserve the plant parameters. Otherwise, recalibration of plant growth parameters is needed. This study also showed that the a value varied from crop to crop and among ET calculations. Based on the results, it is suggested to use a 5 0.75 for corn and a 5 0.5 for soybean in RZ-SHAW with the ETSW-HR option.
Inertial Machine Monitoring System for Automated Failure Detection

Smart manufacturing technologies are emerging which combine industrial equipment with Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors to monitor and improve productivity of manufacturing. This allows for new opportunities to explore algorithms for predicting machine failures from attached sensor data. This paper presents a solution to non-invasively upgrade an existing machine with an Inertial Machine Monitoring System (IMMS) to detect and classify equipment failure or degraded state. We also provide a strategy to optimize the amount, placement locations, and efficiency of the sensors. In experiments, the system collected data from 36 inertial sensors placed at multiple locations on a 3D printer. Normal operation vs. 10 types of realworld abnormal equipment behavior (loose belt, failures of machine components) were detected and classified by Support Vector Machines and Neural Networks. Using under 1 minute of recording while running a test print, a recursively discovered best subset of 4 to 9 sensors yielded 11-way classification accuracy over 99%. Our results suggest that even a small sensor network and short test program can yield effective detection of machine degraded state and can facilitate early remediation.
Resistivity size effect in epitaxial Ru(0001) layers

Epitaxial Ru(0001) layers are sputter deposited onto Al2O3(0001) substrates and their resistivity ρ measured both in situ and ex situ as a function of thickness d = 5–80 nm in order to quantify the resistivity scaling associated with electron-surface scattering. All layers have smooth surfaces with a root-mean-square roughness <0.4 nm, exhibit an epitaxial relationship with the substrate: Ru[0001]||Al2O3[0001] and Ru [101¯0]||Al2O3 [112¯0], and show no resistance change upon air exposure, suggesting negligible resistivity contributions from geometric surface roughness and grain boundary scattering and negligible changes in the surface scattering specularity p upon oxygen exposure. The room temperature ρ vs d data are well described by the semiclassical Fuchs-Sondheimer (FS) model, indicating a bulk electron mean free path λ = 6.7 ± 0.3 nm. However, the measured ρo × λ product at 77 K is 43% lower than at 295 K, suggesting a breakdown of the FS model and/or a thickness-dependent electron-phonon coupling and/or a temperature- or environment-dependent p. Transport simulations employing the ruthenium electronic structure determined from first-principles and a constant relaxation time approximation indicate that ρ is strongly (by a factor of two) affected by both the transport direction and the terminating surfaces. This is quantified with a room temperature effective mean free path λ*, which is relatively small for transport along the hexagonal axis independent of layer orientation (λ* = 4.3 nm) and for (0001) terminating surfaces independent of transport direction (λ* = 4.5 nm), but increases, for example, to λ* = 8.8 nm for (112¯0) surfaces and transport along [11¯00]. Direct experiment-simulation comparisons show a 12% and 49% higher λ from experiment at 77 and 295 K, respectively, confirming the limitations of the semi-classical transport simulations despite correct accounting of Fermi surface and Fermi velocity anisotropies. The overall results demonstrate a low resistivity scaling for Ru, suggesting that 10 nm half-pitch Ru interconnect lines are approximately 2 times more conductive than comparable Cu lines.
Toward an Atomistic Understanding of Solid-State Electrochemical Interfaces for Energy Storage

Veronica Augustyn is an Assistant Professor of Materials Science & Engineering at North Carolina State University. She received her PhD from the University of California, Los Angeles (2013) and was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Texas at Austin (2013–2015). Her research is focused on the synthesis and characterization of materials operating at electrochemical interfaces, and in particular the relationships between material composition, structure, and morphology and the resulting electrochemical mechanisms. Recently, she was the recipient of a 2017 NSF CAREER Award and is a Scialog Fellow in Advanced Energy Storage at the Research Corporation for Science Advancement. Matthew McDowell is an assistant professor in the G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He received his PhD from Stanford University (2013) and was a postdoctoral scholar at Caltech from 2013 until 2015. His research is focused on understanding structural and chemical transformations in materials and at interfaces within electrochemical and electrical devices through the use of in situ and operando techniques. He has received the NSF CAREER Award, the AFOSR YIP Award, and the NASA Early Career Faculty Award and is a Scialog Fellow in Advanced Energy Storage. Aleksandra Vojvodic is Skirkanich Assistant Professor of Innovation in Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at University of Pennsylvania. She received her PhD from Chalmers University of Technology, was Postdoc at Technical University of Denmark and Stanford University, and was Staff Scientist at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Her research focuses on computational-driven materials design including studies of surfaces and interfaces of materials for chemical transformations, energy conversion, and storage. She received the 2017 European Federation of Catalysis Societies Young Researcher Award and the MIT Technology Review 35 Award 2016. She is a CIFAR Bio-Inspired Solar Energy fellow and a Scialog Fellow in Advanced Energy Storage.
The Effects of Perceived Neighborhood Immigrant Population Size on Preferences for Redistribution in New York City: A Pilot Study.

An extensive literature exists hypothesizing a negative association between immigration and a multitude of social goods issues. Recent analyses, however, have established that the perception of the size of the immigrant population may be more relevant than the actual size of the population in shaping attitudes, and that the effect of immigration on social policy attitudes may be more salient at the local- or even neighborhood-level than at the country-level. In extending this work, we examine how perceptions and misperceptions about the size of the immigrant population affect attitudes about redistribution and social policies within one of the most diverse and ethnically heterogeneous immigrant cities in the world, New York City. We analyzed data from a diverse sample of 320 NYC residents recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk who responded to a series of questions regarding their perceptions of the size of the immigrant population of their neighborhood before indicating their redistributive and social policy preferences. We found that about a quarter of New Yorkers overestimated the size of the non-citizen population, though the proportion was lower than those in studies of other geographic units. In addition, those that perceived a lower citizen proportion or overestimated the size of the non-citizen population were the least supportive of redistribution and social policies. Implications for the existing research on the relationship between immigration and social policy preferences are discussed.
Development of Acid-Mediated H2S/COS Donors That Respond to a Specific pH Window.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a biologically relevant molecule, and recent efforts have focused on developing small molecular donors that deliver H2S on demand. Acid-activated donors have garnered significant interest due to the potential application of such systems in myocardial ischemia injury or for suppressing tumor growth. In this work, we report a new strategy for tuning H2S delivery to a specific pH window. Specifically, we utilize self-immolative thiocarbamates with an imine-derived triggering group. After imine hydrolysis, the self-immolative decomposition releases carbonyl sulfide (COS), which is quickly hydrolyzed to H2S by carbonic anhydrase. Although acid-mediated hydrolysis results in imine cleavage, environments that are too acidic result in protonation of the aniline intermediate and results in inhibition of COS/H2S release. Taken together, this mechanism enables access to donor motifs that are only activated within specific pH windows. Here, we demonstrate the design, preparation, and pH eval...
Article 30 of the CRPD as a Vehicle for Social Transformation: Harnessing the CRPD’s Potential for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities

Matthew Smith and Michael Ashley Stein explore through a discussion of Article 30—Participation in cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport, of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD 2006), how theatre can be used particularly by persons with intellectual disabilities to provide unique opportunities for (re)negotiating their rights-holder status with society at large and to politically engender and support the social transformative change promised by the CRPD. The chapter discusses how three theatre groups in Bangladesh, the United States and Switzerland, create spaces for dialogue that empower theatre performers with intellectual disabilities to convey political messages to their audiences. Smith and Stein argue that Article 30 if fully harnessed provides powerful opportunities for persons with intellectual disabilities and that human rights practitioners would do well to follow such theatre groups’ lead and direct more attention to the role of theatre in the CRPD’s implementation.
The longitudinal associations between motivation, self-regulatory capacities, and future-oriented cognition and behavior among serious young offenders.

OBJECTIVES The present study examined how changes in a set of motivational/self-regulatory factors were associated with subsequent change in future-oriented cognition and behavior. HYPOTHESES We hypothesized that within-individual changes in aspirations, expectations, emotion regulation, resistance to peer influence, and impulse control would be positively associated with later change in future-oriented cognition and behavior. We also predicted that between-individual effects would be larger in magnitude than within-individual effects. METHOD Serious young offenders (N = 1,318; M age = 16.04; 86% male) were followed over a 7-year period from adolescence to young adulthood during the Pathways to Desistance study. The analytical strategy incorporated both fixed and hybrid effects regression models to assess the time-ordered correlates of future-oriented cognition and behavior. RESULTS Net of controls, within-individual changes in aspirations and expectations about the future, emotion regulation, and impulse control had statistically significant, positive associations with subsequent change in future-oriented cognition and behavior; however, between-person effects were much larger in magnitude than within-individual effects. CONCLUSIONS Motivation and aspects of self-regulation are potentially important targets for correctional treatment and prevention efforts. Future orientation is an intermediate treatment mechanism worthy of further study. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Seismic data interpolation using deep learning with generative adversarial networks

ABSTRACT We propose an algorithm for seismic trace interpolation using generative adversarial networks, a type of deep neural network. The method extracts feature vectors from the training data using self‐learning and does not require any pre‐processing to create the training labels. The algorithm also does not make any prior explicit assumptions about linearity of seismic events or sparsity of the data, which are often required in the traditional interpolation methods. We create the training labels by removing traces from different receiver indices of the original datasets to simulate the effect of missing traces. We adopt the framework of the generative adversarial networks to train the network and add additional loss functions to regularize the model. Numerical examples using land and marine field datasets demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach. With minimal computational burden and proper training, the proposed method can be applied to three‐dimensional seismic datasets to achieve accurate interpolation results.
Are Financial Payments From the Pharmaceutical Industry Associated With Physician Prescribing? : A Systematic Review.

Background Financial payments from the drug industry to U.S. physicians are common. Payments may influence physicians' clinical decision making and drug prescribing. Purpose To evaluate whether receipt of payments from the drug industry is associated with physician prescribing practices. Data sources MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EconLit were searched without language restrictions. The search had no limiting start date and concluded on 16 September 2020. Study selection Studies that estimated the association between receipt of industry payments (exposure) and prescribing (outcome). Data extraction Pairs of reviewers extracted the primary analysis or analyses from each study and evaluated risk of bias (ROB). Data synthesis Thirty-six studies comprising 101 analyses were included. Most studies (n = 30) identified a positive association between payments and prescribing in all analyses; the remainder (n = 6) had a mix of positive and null findings. No study had only null findings. Of 101 individual analyses, 89 identified a positive association. Payments were associated with increased prescribing of the paying company's drug, increased prescribing costs, and increased prescribing of branded drugs. Nine studies assessed and found evidence of a temporal association; 25 assessed and found evidence of a dose-response relationship. Limitation The design was observational, 21 of 36 studies had serious ROB, and publication bias was possible. Conclusion The association between industry payments and physician prescribing was consistent across all studies that have evaluated this association. Findings regarding a temporal association and dose-response suggest a causal relationship. Primary funding source National Cancer Institute.
Using a machine learning approach to investigate factors associated with treatment-resistant depression among adults with chronic non-cancer pain conditions and major depressive disorder

Presence of chronic non-cancer pain conditions (CNPC) among adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) may reduce benefits of antidepressant therapy, thereby increasing the possibility of treatmen...
A large portion of the astrocyte proteome is dedicated to perivascular endfeet, including critical components of the electron transport chain:

The perivascular astrocyte endfoot is a specialized and diffusion-limited subcellular compartment that fully ensheathes the cerebral vasculature. Despite their ubiquitous presence, a detailed understanding of endfoot physiology remains elusive, in part due to a limited understanding of the proteins that distinguish the endfoot from the greater astrocyte body. Here, we developed a technique to isolate astrocyte endfeet from brain tissue, which was used to study the endfoot proteome in comparison to the astrocyte somata. In our approach, brain microvessels, which retain their endfoot processes, were isolated from mouse brain and dissociated, whereupon endfeet were recovered using an antibody-based column astrocyte isolation kit. Our findings expand the known set of proteins enriched at the endfoot from 10 to 516, which comprised more than 1/5th of the entire detected astrocyte proteome. Numerous critical electron transport chain proteins were expressed only at the endfeet, while enzymes involved in glycogen storage were distributed to the somata, indicating subcellular metabolic compartmentalization. The endfoot proteome also included numerous proteins that, while known to have important contributions to blood-brain barrier function, were not previously known to localize to the endfoot. Our findings highlight the importance of the endfoot and suggest new routes of investigation into endfoot function.