cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of lithium elimination rates in a selected population of psychiatric patients.

Chronic treatment with conventional lithium carbonate was interrupted in a selected group of 40 psychiatric patients of mixed sex and race. All patients had normal renal function. Serum samples were taken 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after the last dose and lithium was assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Decay rates calculated for the 12–24 h and 36–48 h periods yielded different values. This was ascribed to the presence of an incomplete redistribution phase during the earlier period. The distribution of elimination rates determined during the later period gave a more symmetrical spread and approximated a normal distribution. The mode, median, mean and standard deviation of the lithium elimination half-lives were 12.5, 14, 18.2 and 7.3 h and 22.5, 24.5, 29.8 and 10.1 h for the two periods, respectively. The results contrast sharply with another report of the distribution spread of elimination half-lives in a much larger sample. The current values have implications for dosage prediction, serum level monitoring and dosage formulation, especially sustained-release preparations. The evidence was against the possibility that some individuals ‘retain’ lithium.
New Catalytic Cycle for Couplings of Aldehydes with Organochromium Reagents

[reaction: see text] A new catalytic cycle has been developed to effect all three subgroups of Cr-mediated couplings, i.e., (1) Ni/Cr-mediated alkenylation, alkynylation, and arylation, (2) Co/Cr-mediated 2-haloallylation, alkylation, and propargylation, and (3) Cr-mediated allylation. In the presence of chiral sulfonamide ligands, good asymmetric inductions can be achieved for some of the Ni/Cr-mediated alkenylation, Co/Cr-mediated 2-haloallylation and propargylation, and Cr-mediated allylation.
Medical therapy of Crohn's disease

There is no medical or surgical treatment that provides a permanent cure for Crohn’s disease (CD). However, an evolving understanding of the pathogenesis of CD has provided clinicians with a diversity of medical treatment options for the disease. The goal of therapy is to induce and maintain clinical remission. The efficacy of immune-modifying agents such as azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine and infliximab have supported a paradigm shift in CD treatment in which maintenance agents are introduced earlier in the disease course. At the same time, it is imperative to balance the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of medical therapy. Given the variable and relapsing clinical course of CD, the physician and patient should ideally develop an ongoing relationship that allows for individualization of treatment regimens, monitoring of response and side effects, and modification of the therapeutic strategy in the absence of improvement.
Program Automation Comes of Age

This paper will discuss the development of a new radio program automation system by Harris Corporation, Broadcast Products Division. System-90 is a departure for previous automation systems from several standpoints: first, it was approached as a totally integrated system; second, extreme attention was placed on the operators interface with the system; and third, the choice of a microprocessor as the control element.
Evaluation of Criteria Associated with Abdominal Fitness Testing.

Abstract The continued use of the timed sit-up as a measure of abdominal fitness has been challenged. This study complements earlier work by evaluating a new modified curl-up test (CUT) against a standardized modified sit-up test (SUT). Results show that there is almost 60% unexplained variance between SUT and CUT scores for young, active adults. The lack of association between SUT and CUT is attributed to predetermined differences in dynamic abdominal and hip flexor muscle activity and active range of motion differences in trunk flexion between each test. In addition, angular displacement of the trunk is greater for women than men in CUT. Evidence from this study provides further support for the use of CUT as an alternative to SUT in abdominal fitness testing.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of hydrophobic peptides

Hydrophobic peptides, especially those with acid-labile protecting groups, are difficult to characterize using mass spectrometric methods. We have developed a new procedure for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometric analysis of such samples. Hydrophobic peptides, which are insoluble in aqueous solutions, are dissolved in chloroform and combined with matrixes prepared in chloroform or chloroform/methanol solutions. The use of a common solvent for the matrix and the analyte improves the analyte isolation step in MALDI mass spectrometry. The lack of acidic solutions previously used for electrospray ionization or MALDI mass spectrometry of hydrophobic peptides extends this methodology to cyclic or protected hydrophobic peptides. Conventional peptide matrixes, such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and sinapinic acid, as well as 3-indoleacrylic acid are shown to be suitable for hydrophobic peptides. Cyclic hydrophobic peptides and linear hydrophobic peptides with b...
Excess enthalpies of binary mixtures of 2-methyl-1-pentanol with hexane isomers

Abstract Kimura, F. and Benson, G.C., 1982. Excess enthalpies of binary mixtures of 2-methyl-1-pentanol with hexane isomers. Fluid Phase Equilibria , 8:107-112. Molar excess enthalpies, measured in a flow microcalorimeter, are reported for binary mixtures of 2-methyl-1-pentanol with n -hexane and its four isomers. There is a roughly linear correlation between the results for equimolar mixtures and the mean number of gauche conformations of the isomer.
The MLPQ/GIS constraint database system

@ for Datalog queries. For example, in Fig. 1 we loaded and displayed a constraint database that represents the midwest United States and loaded two contraint relations describing the movements of two persons. The query icon opened a dialog box into which we entered the query which finds (t, i) pairs such that the two people are in the same state i at the same time t.MLPQ/GIS can animate [2] spatio-temporal objects that are linear constraint relations over and t.Users can also display in discrete color zones (isometric maps) any spatially distributed variable z that is a linear function and For example, Fig. 2 shows the mean annual air temperature Nebraska. Animation and isometric map display can be combined.
BURYING BY RATS IN RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE AND NONAVERSIVE STIMULI

Previous investigations have shown that rats bury a variety of conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli. Such burying has been considered as a species-typical defensive reaction. In the present studies, rats buried spouts filled with Tabasco sauce, or condensed milk to which a taste aversion was conditioned, but did not bury water-filled spouts or spouts filled with a palatable novel food (apple juice) to which a taste aversion was not conditioned. However, in other experiments rats consistently and repeatedly buried Purina Rat Chow, Purina Rat Chow coated with quinine, and glass marbles. This indicates that a variety of stimuli, not all aversive or novel, evoke burying by rats. Whereas the behavior may reasonably be considered as a species-typical defensive behavior in some situations, the wide range of conditions that occasion burying suggests that the behavior has no single biological function.
Electrical charging of space platforms at low Earth orbit altitudes

Abstract We will adopt the definition that low-earth-orbit (LEO) altitudes span the range 270 – 1000 km above the surface of the Earth. In this altitude region, free charges exist in the form of the ionospheric plasma. At its lower boundary the plasma density is much lower than the neutral gas density, while at its upper boundary the plasma density exceeds the neutral density. The presence of the charged particles results in objects immersed in this region acquiring a net electrical charge either naturally, or as a result of active systems that modify the charged particle fluxes to the surfaces of these objects.
The wireless data drain of users, apps, & platforms

Cellular data consumption is an important issue for users and network operators. However, little is understood about data consumption differences between similar apps, smartphone platforms, and different classes of users. We examine data consumption behavior in the lab, comparing different apps of the same category, comparing the same top apps across different platforms, and comparing network APIs that apps use across different platforms. We also collect data from 387 Android users in India, where users pay for cellular data consumed, with little prevalence of unlimited data plans. Our findings can inform users on how their choice of platform and apps has a drastic impact on their data bill. Our findings can also inform operators on how to use incentives to induce desired data consumption.
A Fornberg-like conformal mapping method for slender regions

Abstract A method is presented for approximating the conformal map from the interior of an ellipse to the interior of a simply-connected target region. The map is represented as a truncated Chebyshev series. Conditions that the mapping function be conformal are transplanted from the ellipse to an annulus with the Joukowski map. The resulting conditions on the Laurent coefficients then give a system of equations for the Newton update of the approximate boundary correspondence. This system is a generalization of Fornberg's system for maps from the disk and is solved similarly in O(N log N) operations by the conjugate gradient method. Our numerical experiments demonstrate that the maps from the ellipse to a slender target region of similar aspect ratio can be constructed with far fewer mesh points than are required for maps from the disk, thus circumventing the ill-conditioning due to crowding in these cases.
Anisomycin, like other inhibitors of cerebral protein synthesis, impairs ‘long-term’ memory of a discrimination task

Abstract Anisomycin, an inhibitor of cerebral protein synthesis, impaired memory measured 1,7, or 14 days after training. Concurrent tests with cycloheximide indicated that the two drugs exerted identical effects on memory. Like cycloheximide, anisomycin had no effect on acquisition with brief training but impaired performance of mice during prolonged training. Anisomycin depressed spontaneous locomotor activity, but an analogue which shared this activity effect inhibited cerebral protein synthesis far less and had no amnesic effect. Anisomycin represents a third class of protein synthesis inhibitor, in addition to puromycin and cycloheximide, which impairs ‘long-term’ memory after discrimination training. These results considerably strengthen the contention that cerebral protein synthesis is required for ‘long-term’ memory.
Amino acid metabolism and cell volume regulation in the little skate, Raja erinacea. I. Oxidation

The capacity of isolated tissues of the little skate (Raja erinacea) to oxidize β-alanine, sarcosine, and taurine, and the role of amino acid oxidation in the modulation of intracellular free amino acid concentrations was investigated in vitro. Liver was found to be the primary site of β-alanine and sarcosine oxidation. Chronic acclimation of skates to half-strength sea water increased in vitro oxidation of β-alanine and alanine by liver slices. Taurine oxidation could not be detected in any of the tissues tested. In vivo studies showed that taurine is excreted intact and that excretion increases significantly following acute acclimation of skates to half-strength sea water.
Polychlorinated biphenyls and nutritional restriction: their effects and interactions on endocrine and reproductive characteristics of male white mice.

Abstract Aroclor 1254, a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), was fed to adult male white mice in an ad libitum diet at levels of 50 and 200 ppm and in a restricted diet (50% of the amount consumed ad libitum ) at levels of 100 and 400 ppm to compare effects and possible interactions of PCB ingestion and feed restriction on select endocrine and reproductive characteristics and barbiturate-induced sleeping times. The mice were maintained on the two nutritional levels for 30 days, whereas the PCB was incorporated into the diets during the final 15 days only. PCB ingestion significantly increased paired adrenal gland weights, liver weights, and plasma corticoid concentrations. In addition, PCB-fed mice exhibited reduced testicular spermatozoa concentrations and pentobarbital-induced sleeping times. PCB feeding did not affect final body weights or the weights of the reproductive organs. Feed restriction reduced the weights of the seminal vesicles, preputial glands, testes, and final body weights. Feed restriction increased adrenal weights, pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, and plasma corticoid concentrations. Liver weights and testicular spermatozoa concentrations were not affected by feed restriction. The PCB-associated reduction in sleeping time was greater in feed-restricted mice than in mice allowed food ad libitum . The effect on plasma corticoid concentrations was greatly intensified in mice subjected to PCBs and feed restriction simultaneously as compared to mice subjected to feed restriction or PCB feeding separately.
Effects of formulation variables on rheology of rigid PVC

The effects of lubricants, impact modifier, and process aid on the processing and physical properties of a rigid PVC compound have been modeled using a central composite designed experiment. Capillary rheology was used to evaluate the flow properties of the various formulations in the study. By modeling the rheological properties it is possible to optimize simultaneously the flow, extruder conditions, and final part properties.
Emotional Adjustment and School Functioning of Young Adolescents with Multiple Versus Single Learning Disabilities

Early adolescents (Grades 6-8) with multiple learning disabilities (LD; reading and math) in inclusive settings were compared to adolescents with single LD (reading or math) and typically achieving (TA) peers regarding their psychosocial functioning in two areas of adolescent well-being: emotional adjustment and school functioning. The Behavior Assessment System for Children (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1998) Self-Report of Personality for adolescents was used to determine well-being. One hundred twenty middle school students-15 boys and 15 girls in each group-were included in the current study. The results confirmed that adolescents with multiple LD (reading and math) reported poorer functioning (i.e., higher T scores) on school maladjustment, clinical maladjustment, emotional symptoms index, attitude to school, atypicality, and depression when compared to TA peers but not when compared to peers with a single LD (reading or math). All three groups differed from the TA group (but not from each other) on sense of inadequacy, with the multiple LD group reporting the highest T scores. Additional analyses indicated significant differences between girls and boys, regardless of disability status. Girls reported higher T scores on the emotional symptoms index, social stress, and depression, but boys reported greater school maladjustment and sensation seeking. Implications for practice and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Curiosity rover surveys Martian atmosphere and geology

Three months after its dramatic landing on the surface of Mars, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), known as Curiosity, is beginning to produce a variety of initial results, scientists reported at the Geological Society of America meeting in Charlotte, N. C., on 5 November. Curiosity landed on 6 August 2012 in Gale Crater, an impact crater 155 kilometers in diameter. During the next 2 years, the mission will characterize the geologic setting and search for signs of past habitable conditions. Curiosity project scientist John Grotzinger of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) noted that Curiosity's instruments have begun sampling the Martian atmosphere. On 2 November, NASA announced that the mission's first atmospheric measurements had not detected any clear evidence of methane in the Martian atmosphere.
The challenge of integrated care for mental health: leaving the 50 minute hour and other sacred things.

A growing body of research has demonstrated the effectiveness of integrating mental/behavioral healthcare with primary care in improving health outcomes. Despite this rich literature, such demonstration programs have proven difficult to maintain once research funding ends. Much of the discussion regarding maintenance of integrated care has been focused on lack of reimbursement. However, provider factors may be just as important, because integrated care systems require providers to adopt a very different role and operate very differently from traditional mental health practice. There is also great variability in definition and operationalization of integrated care. Provider concerns tend to focus on several factors, including a perceived loss of autonomy, discomfort with the hierarchical nature of medical care and primary care settings, and enduring beliefs about what constitutes “good” treatment. Providers may view integrated care models as delivering substandard care and passively or actively resist them. Dissemination of available data regarding effectiveness of these models is essential (e.g. timeliness of treatment, client satisfaction). Increasing exposure and training in these models, while maintaining the necessary training in traditional mental health care is a challenge for training at all levels, yet the challenge clearly opens new opportunities for psychology and psychiatry.
UNUSUAL ATRIAL T WAVES IN PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA.

Abstract Two cases of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with block simulating atrial flutter are presented. In the first case, the use of carotid sinus pressure aided in defining the atrial mechanism as paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with block and unusual, abnormal atrial T waves. Further clarification of the mechanism was obtained by means of esophageal leads which proved that some of the atrial deflections originally thought to be P waves were in reality abnormal atrial T waves. In the second case, complete A-V block was present so that the full period of atrial activity could be studied; the presence of prominent abnormal atrial T waves was disclosed.
On the meaning of free software

To many who develop and use free software, the GNU General Public License represents an embodiment of the meaning of free software. In this paper we examine the definition and meaning of free software in the context of three events surrounding the GNU General Public License. We use a case involving the GPU software project to establish the importance of Freedom 0 in the meaning of free software. We analyze version 3 of the GNU General Public License and conclude that although a credible case can be made that the added restrictions are consistent with the definition of free software, the case requires subtle arguments. Strong arguments against the added restrictions are less subtle, and may therefore be more convincing to many users and developers. We also analyze the Affero General Public License and conclude that it is inconsistent with the definition of free software.
Intraventricular Dexmedetomidine Decreases Cerebral Blood Flow During Normoxia and Hypoxia in Dogs

We tested the hypothesis that a centrally administered alpha2-receptor agonist could alter the cerebrovascular response to hypoxia, without evidence of systemic absorption of the drug. Beagle dogs were anesthetized with 1.4% isoflurane and exposed to hypoxic hypoxia (PaO2 approximately 22 mm Hg) bef
Effects of a water exercise program for individuals with rheumatoid arthritis

The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of a water exercise program on the functional capacity of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thirty‐four subjects, classified functional class I or II RA, were randomly divided into an experimental (18) and control group (16) after a controlled minimization crossover procedure. The experimental group trained twice a week for 12 weeks in a water exercise program that emphasized muscle strength activity while the control group engaged in normal daily activity. Estimated aerobic power (VO2), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), muscle strength and endurance, and joint mobility were measured before and after the program. The results indicated that no significant change took place in estimated VO2 or in RPE. Muscle strength and endurance and joint mobility were grouped into two new variables. An ANOVA revealed significant muscle strength improvement (p ≤ 0.001) and joint mobility improvement (p ≤ 0.05). The findings suggest that individuals with RA ben...
Defining Resonance Raman Spectral Responses to Substrate Binding by Cytochrome P450 from Pseudomonas putida

Resonance Raman spectra are reported for substrate-free and camphor-bound cytochrome P450cam and its isotopically labeled analogues that have been reconstituted with protoheme derivatives that bear -CD3 groups at the 1, 3, 5, and 8-positions (d12-protoheme) or deuterated methine carbons (d4-protoheme). In agreement with previous studies of this and similar enzymes, substrate binding induces changes in the high frequency and low frequency spectral regions, with the most dramatic effect in the low frequency region being activation of a new mode near 367 cm−1. This substrate-activated mode had been previously assigned as a second “propionate bending” mode (Chen et al., Biochemistry, 2004, 43, 1798–1808), arising in addition to the single propionate bending mode observed for the substrate-free form at 380 cm−1. In this work, this newly activated mode is observed to shift by 8 cm−1 to lower frequency in the d12-protoheme reconstituted enzyme (i.e., the same shift as that observed for the higher frequency “propionate bending” mode) and is therefore consistent with the suggested assignment. However, the newly acquired data for the d4-protoheme substituted analogue also support an earlier alternate suggestion (Deng et al., Biochemistry, 1999, 38, 13699–13706) that substrate binding activates several heme out-of-plane modes, one of which (γ6) is accidentally degenerate with the 367 cm−1 propionate bending mode. Finally, the study of the enzyme reconstituted with the protoheme-d4, which shifts the macrocycle ν10 mode, has now allowed a definitive identification of the vinyl CC stretching modes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 1045–1053, 2008. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Adhesive Capsulitis: A New Management Protocol to Improve Passive Range of Motion

Objective To examine the short-term efficacy of a nonoperative shoulder protocol for the treatment of adhesive capsulitis. Design A retrospective chart review was used to collect data for a 3-year period. Setting Academic tertiary medical center. Patients 28 consecutive patients diagnosed as having adhesive capsulitis were identified and managed with a new protocol. Methods The protocol consisted of the administration of a suprascapular nerve block, the subsequent injection of an intra-articular steroid, and then the injection of an anesthetic agent with brisement normal saline volume dilation. The final step was manipulation of the shoulder. Results A paired t test was used to examine the difference in the preprocedure and postprocedure passive range of motion (flexion and abduction). The average shoulder abduction before the procedure was 89.5°; this improved by an average of 51.7° ( P P Conclusions This study suggests that this adhesive capsulitis management protocol is effective and produces a significant improvement in the passive range of motion immediately after the procedure.
On the distribution of energy between the Tm 3F4 and Ho 5I7 manifolds in Tm-sensitized Ho luminescence

Abstract A theory on the distribution of energy between the Tm 3 F 4 and Ho 5 I 7 manifolds in Tm-sensitized Ho materials is presented. A rate equation approach is utilized to arrive at an expression for the temperature-dependent equilibrium constant, Θ. Experimental support for this calculation is obtained by two different experimental procedures. Approximations used in the theory and the limits of applicability are also discussed. In the course of the development of the theory, a distinction is made between low and high excitation regimes, and criterion for applicability are given. Equations for the fractional population of Tm and Ho ions of the total excited state population in the low excitation density limit are derived in the context of the present theory, which differ from those widely used in the literature.
Genomic Landscape of Developing Male Germ Cells

Spermatogenesis is a highly orchestrated developmental process by which spermatogonia develop into mature spermatozoa. This process involves many testis- or male germ cell-specific gene products whose expressions are strictly regulated. In the past decade the advent of high-throughput gene expression analytical techniques has made functional genomic studies of this process, particularly in model animals such as mice and rats, feasible and practical. These studies have just begun to reveal the complexity of the genomic landscape of the developing male germ cells. Over 50% of the mouse and rat genome are expressed during testicular development. Among transcripts present in germ cells, 40% - 60% are uncharacterized. A number of genes, and consequently their associated biological pathways, are differentially expressed at different stages of spermatogenesis. Developing male germ cells present a rich repertoire of genetic processes. Tissue-specific as well as spermatogenesis stage-specific alternative splicing of genes exemplifies the complexity of genome expression. In addition to this layer of control, discoveries of abundant presence of antisense transcripts, expressed psuedogenes, non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) including long ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and retrogenes all point to the presence of multiple layers of expression and functional regulation in male germ cells. It is anticipated that application of systems biology approaches will further our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of spermatogenesis.
Inhalation Toxicology of ρ-Nitrobenzylchloride

Abstractρ-Nitrobenzylchloride (p-NBC, G4S no. 700–74–7) was tested for its inhalation toxicity to rats following both single and repeated exposures. One of 6 rats exposed a single time to 280 mg/m3 died, as did 4 of 6 exposed to 7300 mg/m3. The material is considered moderately toxic following acute inhalation. The only adverse response in rats exposed to 6 mg/m3, 6 h/day, 5 days/wk for 2 wk was irritation to the nasal epithelium. Rats exposed to 20 mg/m3 showed decreased rate of weight gain, altered liver enzyme activity without anatomic pathology, and irritation of the nasal cavity. Rats exposed to 60 mg/m3 did not tolerate the exposure regimen, with 2 of 10 rats dying. The number of exposures in this group was reduced from 70 to 7. These rats showed evidence of distress (weight loss, lethargy, breathing difficulties) as exposures continued. The target tissues at this concentration were the nasal and tracheal epithelium, with the lesions being more pronounced than seen at the lower concentrations tested...
SU-DD-A2-03: Influence of Equipment Variables Upon Cardiac Radiation Levels

Purpose: The main goal is to demonstrate the effects of varying imaging equipment parameters have upon patient radiation dose in modern cardiac catheterization x‐ray systems. The parameters examined include: pulse rate, Field‐of‐View (FoV), patient thickness, fluoroscopy versus record mode, SID settings and ABC programs. Method and Materials: A Siemens flat panel Axion Artis FC cardiac unit was used. The patient was simulated by sheets of acrylic varying in thickness from 10 cm to 30 cm. The exposure rate was measured at the entrance surface of the acrylic with an ionization chamber. Results: The entrance exposure rate varied with the (FoV)N where −2 <N< −3. The exposure rate varied directly with pulse rate in both fluoroscopy and record mode; in comparison to continuous or 30 pps, 15 pps reduced the radiation levels by 50%. The plus mode increased radiation levels by 40–50% and the minus mode reduced the levels by 40–50%. One minute of record imaging is equivalent to about 10 minutes of fluoroscopy. For both modes, the radiation levels increase approximately as an exponential function of thickness with an HVL in acrylic of about 2.8 cm. Maximum exposure rates for large patients can be 10 – 20 R/min in fluoroscopy and over 100 R/min in record mode. Conclusions: Although typical cardiac catheterization radiation levels are available for image intensifier and cine film systems, these data provide information related to a modern flat panel and digital recording system. Data about the relative effects permit significant dose savings to be realized by judicious selection of settings. In comparison to older equipment without these modern features, utilization of all the dose reduction steps can result in a dose savings of over 90%. Conflict of Interest: Some free software upgrades to equipment were provided during evaluations; no other financial conflicts exist.
A Feminist Comparative Economic Systems

Abstract This study proposes that feminist research be integrated into the field of comparative economic systems (CES) and that CES return to its traditional institutionalist methodologies to facilitate more complete analyses of economic systems and feminist alternatives to these systems and institutions. The study describes the evolution of CES, drawing attention to an increasing reliance on econometric modeling that reflects a shift in focus away from systems. An inventory of research on women and gender that has appeared in CES journals and textbooks finds little on topics other than formal labor markets in transition economies. The study contrasts this literature on women and gender in transition economies to research on this topic by women from transition economies, a literature that CES journal authors do not reference. It concludes by proposing a feminist economics approach that focuses on gender-differentiated impacts of economic systems, analyses of households, and equity as a measure of progress.
Management and combustion of hazardous wastes

Hazardous wastes, which are the essential by-products of any industrialized society, are becoming of immense concern and importance because of their harmful effects on human health and environment. Before irrepairable damage is done, these wastes need to be managed and disposed of in a safe and secure manner. In this overview, the various aspects of hazardous waste combustion and management are briefly discussed. How a hazardous waste is defined and what procedures are employed to identify it are described. A brief account of the various acts developed to regulate the hazardous wastes is given. For a secure disposal of hazardous wastes it is imperative that the wastes must be first treated to render it less toxic or nonhazardous. For this purpose the various thermal, physical, chemical and biological treatment technologies developed to-date are enumerated. In view of the developed nature of incineration and its promising potential use for the destruction of hazardous wastes, this combustion technology is described in detail. Treatment technologies are invariably followed by disposal techniques involving landfilling, landfarming, deep-well injection and ocean dumping and hence these are also briefly described. The United States Environmental Protection Agency have suggested six options for hazardous waste management. These have been presented because considerable research and development efforts will find their way related to these options in the years to come. Some of the areas where concerted efforts are needed to improve the art of hazardous waste management are outlined.
Implementation studies of a biologically based controller for a shallow water walking machine

Crusteans have been engineered by evolution to adapt and survive in a shallow water hydro- dynamic environment. We have formed a partnership between biology and engineering to explore how crusteans navigate in shallow waters and we are continuing studies to reverse- engineer the biological system. In particular, we are studying the neural control mechanisms of the American lobster, and applying the resultant neurophysiological models to robot control. Our robot is based on a central pattern generation model rather than a reflex chain model of the underlying mechanisms. We have formalized the basic structure of this model in terms of central pattern generators, command, and coordinating systems. The central pattern generator controls the motion of the leg appropriate to walking in all directions with and without sensory feedback. The coordinating system controls the gait pattern of the legs. Proprioceptive reflexes are used to alter the path of a leg due to obstacles and exteroceptive reflexes alter the patterns of several legs to achieve overall motions of the lobster. We have built a simulator which models the central pattern generator and coordination and load compensation. It demonstrates basic walking motions in any direction and at multiple speeds. If additional loads are applied while walking, the neural activity is increased (recruitment) and the leg pattern slows to reflect the additional load. We are currently building an eight legged terrestrial walking machine based on the morphology of the lobster to demonstrate the results of our simulation. In the future we will add more sensors, reflexes, and taxis to our simulator and robot. We plan to implement an underwater version of this robot.
Soil Ca, Al, acidity and penetration resistance with subsoiling, lime and gypsum treatments

. Crop growth on strongly weathered soils is often limited by soil compaction in addition to aluminium toxicity and/or calcium deficiency. This study examines the effects of subsoiling, lime and gypsum on penetrometer resistance, acidity, aluminium and calcium levels and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) root growth on soils transitional between Cecil and Appling series (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults) in the Piedmont region of Georgia, USA. The main plots were subsoiled to depths of 0.35 or 0.80 m or untreated. Dolomitic limestone (0 or 4.03 t per hectare on subplots) and phosphogypsum (0 or 10 t per hectare on sub-subplots) were incorporated into the surface soil (0.15 m). Deep subsoiling (0.80 m depth) decreased penetrometer resistance at 0.3–0.5 m depth and increased yield in two of three years, but there was no response to shallow subsoiling (0.35 m depth). Lime increased yield when surface soil water pH prior to amendment was less than a Cate-Nelson critical value of 4.6. Gypsum moved downward much more rapidly than lime, increasing soil solution calcium ion activity to a depth of 0.8 m within 5 months of application. There were differences in clay content between replicate plots and calcium movement was faster where the clay content was less. Yield responses to gypsum in 1986 were attributed to increased root growth below 0.2 m resulting from the increased calcium ion activity. Yield response to gypsum in limed sub-subplots was significant only in 1986.
Image transmission through self-defocusing photonic lattices

We demonstrate that self-defocusing photonic lattices support various shapes of soliton states (such as Y-shape and H-shape) which remain robust during propagation. Based on this finding, we propose to transmit images through these self-defocusing photonic lattices.
Creating an institutional repository at a challenged institution

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to show how an institutional repository can be successfully created by university libraries with limited financial and technological resources.Design/methodology/approach – In this paper the library's experience creating an institutional repository despite financial and technological limitations is recounted.Findings – The paper finds that a serviceable repository may be created by focusing on its critical elements, and adapting existing resources, including a proprietary system currently used for other digital resources.Practical implications – The paper shows that librarians should not assume that open‐source systems are the only vehicles for providing institutional repositories, or that such a service is necessarily beyond their capabilities.Originality/value – Academic libraries do not have to follow an involved, idealized process to create an institutional repository based upon open‐source software. Systems already at hand, even if proprietary, may be adapted and...
Economies of scale and scope in the securities industry

Abstract Economies of scale and scope for the securities industry are estimated for the first time using previously unavailable survey data and employing the translog multiproduct cost function model. The results reveal economies of scale for smaller specialized firms and diseconomies of scale for larger more diversified firms. Economies of scope do not appear to be important in the industry. If the Glass-Steagall restrictions are relaxed, the results suggest that banks can enter the securities industry with a brokerage division of moderate scale of about $30 million in revenues. The five million in new equity required suggests that only banks with assets over $1 billion and over $60 million in capital can enter the industry with a relatively modest investment. There are, however, a substantial number of banks with over $1 billion in assets who can be considered as potential entrants.
Impact of combined prenatal ethanol and prenatal stress exposures on markers of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in rat dentate gyrus

Abstract Prenatal ethanol exposure and prenatal stress can each cause long-lasting deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and disrupt learning and memory processes. However, the mechanisms underlying these perturbations following a learning event are still poorly understood. We examined the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure and prenatal stress exposure, either alone or in combination, on the cytosolic expression of activity-regulated cytoskeletal (ARC) protein and the synaptosomal expression of AMPA-glutamate receptor subunits (GluA1 and GluA2) in dentate gyrus of female adult offspring under baseline conditions and after 2-trial trace conditioning (TTTC). Surprisingly, baseline cytoplasmic ARC expression was significantly elevated in both prenatal treatment groups. In contrast, synaptosomal GluA1 receptor subunit expression was decreased in both prenatal treatment groups. GluA2 subunit expression was elevated in the prenatal stress group. TTTC did not alter ARC levels compared to an unpaired behavioral control (UPC) group in any of the 4 prenatal treatment groups. In contrast, TTTC significantly elevated both synaptosomal GluA1 and GluA2 subunit expression relative to the UPC group in control offspring, an effect that was not observed in any of the other 3 prenatal treatment groups. Given ARC's role in regulating synaptosomal AMPA receptors, these results suggest that prenatal ethanol-induced or prenatal stress exposure-induced increases in baseline ARC levels could contribute to reductions in both baseline and activity-dependent changes in AMPA receptors in a manner that diminishes the role of AMPA receptors in dentate gyrus synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-sensitive learning.
Commentary: Rantosomes and Ravosomes

AbstractThose who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.—George SantayanaI am fortunate to have entered the liposome research field in its infancy. In that “golden age” of liposome research, scientific advances related to lipid vesicles appeared in the literature on a regular basis and there was little danger of repeating a study because there was so little published. Many of the potential uses of liposomes in drug delivery that have come to be, were discussed in two creative and prescient articles published in 1976 in the New England Journal of Medicine by Gregory Gregoriadis (1). At liposome/ drug carrier meetings, discussions raged over materials, mechanisms, models, methods and structures. My colleagues and I published a few papers dealing with liposome preparation and extrusion through polycarbonate membranes to form defined diameter populations of liposomes (2-4). The extrusion method is widely used and like the original Bangham method (5) for making MLV, it has become so a part of mak...
Reduced Order Models for Prediction of Groundwater Quality Impacts from CO2 and Brine Leakage

Abstract A careful assessment of the risk associated with geologic CO2 storage is critical to the deployment of large-scale storage projects. A potential risk is the deterioration of groundwater quality caused by the leakage of CO2 and brine leakage from deep subsurface reservoirs. In probabilistic risk assessment studies, numerical modeling is the primary tool employed to assess risk. However, the application of traditional numerical models to fully evaluate the impact of CO2 leakage on groundwater can be computationally complex, demanding large processing times and resources, and involving large uncertainties. As an alternative, reduced order models (ROMs) can be used as highly efficient surrogates for the complex process-based numerical models. In this study, we represent the complex hydrogeological and geochemical conditions in a heterogeneous aquifer and subsequent risk by developing and using two separate ROMs. The first ROM is derived from a model that accounts for the heterogeneous flow and transport conditions in the presence of complex leakage functions for CO2 and brine. The second ROM is obtained from models that feature similar, but simplified flow and transport conditions, and allow for a more complex representation of all relevant geochemical reactions. To quantify possible impacts to groundwater aquifers, the basic risk metric is taken as the aquifer volume in which the water quality of the aquifer may be affected by an underlying CO2 storage project. The integration of the two ROMs provides an estimate of the impacted aquifer volume taking into account uncertainties in flow, transport and chemical conditions. These two ROMs can be linked in a comprehensive system level model for quantitative risk assessment of the deep storage reservoir, wellbore leakage, and shallow aquifer impacts to assess the collective risk of CO2 storage projects.
Effects of lead exposure on proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells derived from different regions of embryonic rat brain

Lead is a potent neurotoxin, causing brain damage and cognitive deficits in children even at low exposure levels. Although lead neurotoxicity can occur after prenatal or postnatal exposure, little is known of the effects of lead on embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) or the extent to which NSCs originating in different brain regions may be differentially sensitive to the effects of lead exposure. The present study examined the effects of lead on proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) originating from E15 rat cortex (CX), striatum (ST) or ventral mesencephalon (VM). Free-floating neurospheres were grown under standard conditions or in lead (0.01-100 microM)-containing conditioned media for 5 days and proliferation assessed by 3H-thymidine uptake. In other studies, control and lead-exposed neurospheres were collected, dissociated and re-plated in control or lead-containing differentiation media for 7 days. Cells were immunostained for visualization of mature neural and glial markers and counted. Lead exposure (0.01-10 microM) had no effect on neurosphere viability but caused a significant dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation in VM and ST but not CX neurospheres. The number of MAP2 positive neurons differentiated from lead-exposed neurospheres of VM and ST origin (but not CX) was significantly decreased from control as were the number of oligodendrocytes obtained, regardless of their region of origin. In contrast, lead exposure significantly increased the number of astrocytes obtained regardless of site of origin. These data suggest that even low levels of lead can differentially affect proliferation and differentiation of embryonic NSCs originating from different brain regions and supports the need for prevention of prenatal lead exposure.
An anthropologically based model of the impact of asymptomatic cases on the spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) remains a serious burden in many high-sexualactivity, undertreated populations. Using empirical data from a 2009 study of GC burden among pastoralists in Kaokoveld, Namibia, we expand the standard gonorrhoea transmission model by using locally derived sexual contact data to explore transmission dynamics in a population with high rates of partner exchange and low treatment-seeking behaviour. We use the model to generate ball-park estimates for transmission probabilities and other parameter values for low-level (i.e. less than approx. 1200 copies/20 m lP CR reaction) asymptomatic infections, which account for 74% of all GC infections found in Kaokoveld in 2009, and to describe the impact of asymptomatic, lowlevel infections on overall prevalence patterns. Our results suggest that GC transmission probabilities are higher than previously estimated, that untreated infections take longer to clear than previously estimated and that a high prevalence of low-level infections is partially due to larger numbers of untreated, asymptomatic infections. These results provide new insights into the natural history of GC and the challenge of syndromic management programmes for the eradication of endemic gonorrhoea.
Controversial advertisement executions and involvement on elaborative processing and comprehension

Previous explorations of the effect of controversial/shock appeals in advertising have been confounded by using different advertisements in controversial and non‐controversial execution conditions or by not controlling the influence of attitude toward the advertisement. Therefore, the experiment presented here seeks to determine the effect that a controversial advertisement execution has on elaborative processing and brand message comprehension when potential contaminating influences are held constant in the controversial and non‐controversial execution conditions. Results demonstrate that controversial advertisement executions increase elaboration (i.e. the number of cognitive responses and ratings of elaborative processing) regardless of the level of product involvement. A cross‐over interaction reveals that higher product involvement subjects better comprehend a controversial advertisement execution, but lower product involvement subjects better comprehend a non‐controversial advertisement execution. C...
Solid solution strengthening of stainless steel surface layers by rapid, high-dose, elevated temperature nitrogen ion implantation

Abstract Extremely strong and wear-resistant surfaces of AISI 304 and 310 stainless steels have been produced by rapid, high-dose nitrogen ion implantation at elevated temperatures. X-ray diffraction, conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy reveal that this behavior is due to thick layers (> 1 μm) of austenite which contain as much as 20 at% N in solid solution after implantation of 2 × 1018 N atoms/cm2 into samples held near 400°C. Much larger retained doses are obtained at the elevated temperatures.
Sodium depletion in patients in clinical trials may account for the increased cardiovascular risk of dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system.

Makani and colleagues’ meta-analysis of clinical trials of cardiovascular patients found that giving one renin-angiotensin system blocker reduces cardiovascular mortality but adding a second fails to reduce mortality and increases the frequency of hypotension, hyperkalaemia, and renal failure.1 We suspect that most adverse events occurred in sodium depleted patients who reactively increase plasma renin levels to vasoconstrict arterioles to …