cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionic interactions in aqueous electrolyte-polyelectrolyte mixtures: Comparisons with mixtures of sodium chloride with the model electrolyte sodiumpara-ethylbenzenesulfonate at 25°C

Osmotic coefficients for aqueous mixtures of sodium chloride with sodiumpara-ethylbenzenesulfonate NapEBS and lithiumpara-ethylbenzenesulfonate LipEBS with NapEBS obtained by the gravimetric isopiestic vapor pressure comparison method are interpreted with the Scatchard neutral-component and with the Pitzer ion-component equations. Ionic and mean ionic activity coefficients for Na+ and Cl− ions and for NaCl, respectively, were also determined with an electrochemical cell. The γ±(NaCl) values at constant unit ionic strength,I=1.00, were compared with those computed from osmotic-coefficient measurements. Strong anion-anion interactions were observed in the NaCl-NapEBS mixtures.
Endothelial denudation and myointimal thickening in the rat carotid artery induced by the passage of bubbles

A new technique for the selective removal of endothelium in the rat carotid artery has been developed, and subsequent events in the vascular wall have been examined. To achieve de-endothelialization, more than 2,000 bubbles of nitrogen in phosphate-buffered saline are passed through a temporarily isolated segment of rat carotid over a period of 3 min. Bubbles are generated by a simple apparatus, consisting of a pressurized tilting chamber and catheter. Endothelium is removed while subendothelial basement membrane and other subjacent structures remain intact. Platelets attach to the denuded surface within minutes after re-establishment of blood flow. Myointimal thickening is found at 5 weeks and 4 months after de-endothelialization. The method is quite reliable and will facilitate further studies of reactions to carotid endothelial injury in young adult rats.
2.3 The hybrid approach to demand modeling

Abstract This paper presents an engineering-economic approach for developing energy demand models. The approach combines the economic theory of production with engineering process data. We review the economic theory of production, the Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) function, and the Logit function. Using the Oak Ridge Industrial Model (ORIM) as a case study, we show how the Logit function can be used to specify a fuel share model and how the CES function can be used to specify an energy conservation model. Shephard's lemma is a key result of the economic theory of production. The lemma can be used to derive input-output coefficients from a cost function. We use CES cost functions because they have good global properties. To obtain more flexibility, we use nested CES cost functions. To identify the parameters in a nested CES structure, we assume that the multilevel cost function corresponds to a multistage production process. When input-output coefficients are derived from a cost function, the tradeoffs between the factors satisfy the law of diminishing returns. Energy conservation occurs when capital, labor, or materials are substituted for energy service. In most cases, the substitution obeys the law of diminishing returns. Thus, a CES cost function can be used to specify an energy conservation model. Normally, perfect substitutes do not obey the law of diminishing returns. Since we include all of the costs for each option (the options use fuel and provide energy service) in ORIM, the options are perfect substitutes and do not satisfy the law of diminishing returns. Since the options are perfect substitutes, we use the Logit function to specify the ORIM fuel share model.
Rapid, high temperature exchange assay for the hepatic glucocorticoid receptor.

Liver cytosol from adrenalectomized rats was prebound for 2 hr at 4°C with unlabeled 10−5 M corticosterone. After treatment of cytosol with dextran-coated charcoal to remove free steroid, samples were incubated at 15–25°C in the presence of 10 mM molybdate plus 5 mM dithiothreitol (followed by a 60 min incubation at 4°C). Essentially, complete exchange of [3H] dexamethasone for receptor-bound unlabeled steroid was observed after 120 min at 15°C, and near complete (80–95%) exchange occurred within 60 min at 25°C using these conditions. However in control, 5 mM dithiothreitol (alone) and 10 mM molybdate (alone) treated samples, less than 50% exchange was found. Using a similar protocol, only partial exchange was found in brain and kidney cytosols, suggesting at least partial specificity for the hepatic system. We have used this rapid, high temperature exchange assay to study the regulation of hepatic cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors under some experimental conditions.
Ophthalmomyiasis Interna Causing Visual Loss

Ophthalmomyiasis interna caused severe intraocular inflammation and loss of vision in two eyes. In the first eye, the organism was found in the vitreous and created a severe uveitis; a second-stage larva of Hypoderma lineatum was later removed from the anterior chamber. Phthisis bulbi ensued with loss of all vision. In a second eye, a subretinal maggot was observed to produce tracks in the pigment epithelium, with subretinal and vitreous hemorrhage. Severe uveitis and traction retinal detachment later developed. Despite successsul reattachment of the retina, visual acuity remained only light perception. These cases demonstrate that ophthalmomyiasis interna is not always a benign condition.
An Explanation for Intense Frontal Updrafts and Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainbands

Abstract Measurements with Doppler radar, and instrumented aircraft and towers, have revealed that surface cold fronts often have cross-frontal circulations organized on a scale of a kilometer or less. These circulations include intense updrafts (1 to 20 m s−1) that result in a narrow band of heavy rainfall. We used a nonhydrostatic model to investigate the mechanism for these updrafts and to isolate those characteristics of the prefrontal environment that result in intense updrafts and narrow bands of heavy rainfall. Our simulations were initialized with a cold reservoir in a manner analogous to that used to produce a gravity current. The similarity between the observations and our simulated frontal flows supports the hypothesis that the flow at the leading edge of surface cold fronts can sometimes be represented by gravity-current dynamics. We also found that the differences between frontal circulations and classical dry gravity currents can be explained by the effects of precipitation and vertical shea...
Short-Term Serum-Free Culture Reveals that Inhibition of Gsk3β Induces the Tumor-Like Growth of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Here, we present evidence that the tumor-like growth of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is suppressed by short-term serum-free culture, which is reversed by pharmacological inhibition of Gsk3β. Mouse ESCs maintained under standard conditions using fetal bovine serum (FBS) were cultured in a uniquely formulated chemically-defined serum-free (CDSF) medium, namely ESF7, for three passages before being subcutaneously transplanted into immunocompromised mice. Surprisingly, the mESCs failed to produce teratomas for up to six months, whereas mESCs maintained under standard conditions generated well-developed teratomas in five weeks. Mouse ESCs cultured under CDSF conditions maintained the expression of Oct3/4, Nanog, Sox2 and SSEA1, and differentiated into germ cells in vivo. In addition, when mESCs were cultured under CDSF conditions supplemented with FBS, or when the cells were cultured under CDSF conditions followed by standard culture conditions, they consistently developed into teratomas. Thus, these results validate that the pluripotency of mESCs was not compromised by CDSF conditions. Mouse ESCs cultured under CDSF conditions proliferated significantly more slowly than mESCs cultured under standard conditions, and were reminiscent of Eras-null mESCs. In fact, their slower proliferation was accompanied by the downregulation of Eras and c-Myc, which regulate the tumor-like growth of mESCs. Remarkably, when mESCs were cultured under CDSF conditions supplemented with a pharmacological inhibitor of Gsk3β, they efficiently proliferated and developed into teratomas without upregulation of Eras and c-Myc, whereas mESCs cultured under standard conditions expressed Eras and c-Myc. Although the role of Gsk3β in the self-renewal of ESCs has been established, it is suggested with these data that Gsk3β governs the tumor-like growth of mESCs by means of a mechanism different from the one to support the pluripotency of ESCs.
Characterization of flagella-templated silica nanotubes and their metallization

We demonstrate that the use of bacterial flagella as potential bio-templates allows for the generation of silica-mineralized nanotubes in an efficient manner. The process involved a well-controlled condensation and hydrolysis reaction with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). For the tunable thickness of the silica layer, we employed various concentration ratios of TEOS and reaction time. In addition, the silica-mineralized flagella nanotubes (SMFNs) were modified to multifunctional nanotubes by coating with gold, palladium, and iron oxide.
Grassmann algebras for proving a theorem on Pfaffians

Abstract The power of Grassmann algebra techniques is demonstrated by proving a theorem on Pfaffians due to Lieb.
Further evidence for linguistic operations in the analysis of class-membership statements

Ss comparing various pairs of linguistically unlike statements to ascertain their logical status-same or contrary—conformed in their behavior to a model which predicts the utilization of two operations to perform the task.
Phosphorylation of the chicken progesterone receptor

We have examined the phosphorylation of the chicken progesterone receptor in tissue slices and in vitro. The receptor is phosphorylated in tissue slices and this phosphorylation is stimulated by progesterone. As others have reported, partially purified receptor preparations contain a kinase activity which phosphorylates histones and receptor. We have shown that this activity can be separated from the receptor. The receptor is a substrate for several kinases, including the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and PPdPK, a polypeptide-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase results in an apparent increase in the molecular weight of the receptor when the receptor is analyzed by SDS-PAGE. These results are consistent with apparent changes in molecular weight observed for rabbit and human progesterone receptor upon treatment of tissue or cells with hormone.
Variation of Macrophage Tropism among HIV-1 R5 Envelopes in Brain and Other Tissues

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals frequently suffer from progressive encephelopathy, which is characterized by sensory neuropathy, sensory myelopathy, and dementia. Our group and others have reported the presence of highly macrophage-tropic R5 variants of HIV-1 in brain tissue of patients with neurological complications. These variants are able to exploit low amounts of CD4 and/or CCR5 for infection and potentially confer an expanded tropism for any cell types that express low CD4 and/or CCR5. In contrast to the brain-derived envelopes, we found that envelopes from lymph node tissue, blood, or semen were predominantly non-macrophage-tropic and required high amounts of CD4 for infection. Nevertheless, where tested, the non-macrophage-tropic envelopes conferred efficient replication in primary CD4+ T-cell cultures. Determinants of R5 macrophage tropism appear to involve changes in the CD4 binding site, although further unknown determinants are also involved. The variation of R5 envelopes also affects their sensitivity to inhibition by ligands and entry inhibitors that target CD4 and CCR5. In summary, HIV-1 R5 viruses vary extensively in macrophage tropism. In the brain, highly macrophage-tropic variants may represent neurotropic or neurovirulent viruses. In addition, variation in R5 macrophage tropism may also have implications (1) for transmission, depending on what role macrophages or cells that express low CD4 and/or CCR5 play in the establishment of infection in a new host, and (2) for pathogenesis and depletion of CD4+ T cells (i.e., do highly macrophage-tropic variants confer a broader tropism among CD4+ T-cell populations late in disease and contribute to their depletion?).
Extraction of fracture mechanics parameters from steady-state dynamic crack-tip fields

Abstract A procedure for determining the fracture mechanics parameters of interest from full-field optical mechanics data is presented. Examples are presented for crack-tip stress fields recorded using dynamic photoelasticity. Stress-field representations in series form, when combined with local collocation procedures, are shown to be a powerful tool for reliable and accurate parameter determination. The methodology is illustrated and applied to two cases of dynamic crack propagation, one pertaining to opening-mode crack propagation and the other to a smoothly curving crack. Emphasis has been placed on giving guidance to a user on how best to approach implementation of the methodology from a practical standpoint.
Life tables for the koa seedworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) based on degree-day demography

The usefulness of demography performed on a degree-day scale is examined using laboratory studies on the koa seedworm, Cryptophlebia illepida (Butler). By using degree-day accumulations in fecundity tables, we show that direct comparisons between time-sensitive parameters is possible and helps to determine sensitivity of the organism to temperature variations. Degree-day demography resulted in life table parameters that were similar between temperatures compared with variation when demographic parameters were based on calendar days.
Corneal endothelial cells block t cell proliferation, but not t cell activation or responsiveness to exogenous IL-2

We previously reported that Ia+ monolayers of LEW rat corneal endothelial (CE) cells were unable to stimulate proliferation of MHC compatible T cell lines or IL-2 release from hybridomas, and inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporation when added to conventional lymphocyte proliferation assays. Our purpose was to further analyze the mechanism of the inhibitory activity of CE cells on T lymphocyte activation. Mitogen-induced proliferative responses of splenocytes were found to be as susceptible to inhibition by CE cells as previously reported for antigen-specific activation of T cell lines. Antigen presenting cell (APC) antigen pulsing experiments showed that CE cells did not inhibit antigen processing. Flow cytometry and microscopic observation of the co-cultures revealed that T cells became activated in the presence of antigen, APC and CE cells, exhibiting morphologic changes of blast cell formation, although they did not divide unless given exogenous IL-2. However, if T cells were preactivated in the absence...
Acoustic Pulse Measurements of Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter Properties

Spatially resolved measurement of waveguide birefringence and acoustic interaction strength in Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters is demonstrated using short acoustic pulses.
The Impacts of Diffusion Kernels on Recognition-Primed Multi-agent Decision Making

Novel perspectives on multiscale information analysis are highly demanded in several areas of multi-agent research, including large-scale agent organization and experience-based decision making. A recent breakthrough in harmonic analysis is diffusion geometry and diffusion wavelets, which offers a general framework for multiscale analysis of massive data sets. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of various diffusion kernel functions on the performance of solution synthesis in experience-based multi-agent decision making. In particular, we take a two-phase approach to conduct our experiment. In phase one (learning), we apply four commonly-used kernel functions on a data set including a large collection of battlefield decision experiences, identifying the kernel functions that can outperform the others. In phase two, we apply the kernels identified in phase one to an independent data set for testing. It is shown that Cosine exponential outperformed the other kernel functions. In general, this study indicates that, in order to achieve the best possible performance in diffusion multiscale analysis, it is critical to identify kernel functions that are applicable to the massive data set under concern.
Butyric acid suppression of the in vitro neoplastic state of Syrian hamster cells

BUTYRIC acid has been shown to induce morphological and biochemical differentiation in a variety of cells in culture1–8. Although the mechanism of action of this short chain fatty acid remains to be understood, changes induced toy butyric acid have included: (1) growth inhibition and morphological alterations in HeLa cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, and neuroblastoma cells2–4; (2) increases in tyrosine hydroxylase activity and adenylate cyclase activity in neuroblastoma cells1,5; (3) induction of erythroid differentiation in erythroleukaemic cells6; and (4) induction of functional β-adrenergic receptors in HeLa cells7,8. We reasoned that the induction of these differentiated functions might be associated with a concomitant suppression of neoiplastic properties. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of butyric acid on the aberrant morphology, anchorage-independent growth, and enhanced fibrinolytic activity of a highly tumorigenic Syrian hamster fibroblast cell line, BP6T (refs 9, 10). We have found that butyric acid causes reversible, specific suppression of each of these altered in vitro properties frequently associated with neoplasia. This system could be of value for the investigation of the mechanism of the cellular control of the neoplastic state.
Non-Linear Analysis of Voltage Clamp Data in the Investigation of Mechanisms of Inherited Arrhythmias

Several mutations in genes encoding cardiac ion channels render the heart at high risk of incidence of life-threatening arrhythmias. Although the genes, loci, and phenotypes have been identified, the mechanism by which these mutations lead to fatal arrhythmias is still poorly understood. Progress on this problem requires a thorough quantification of the phenomena involved over multiple scales. An aspect of this is the precise quantification of membrane current kinetics. Here, we present a methodology that addresses this problem and apply it to the testing of a hypothesis on the initiation of abnormal beats in LQT2 and LQT3 syndromes.We show that the traditional estimation of the functions of voltage composing the Hodgkin-Huxley model through non-linear least square fitting (NLLSF), has numerous limitations and present a novel non-linear method that overcomes these limitations.An important result is the demonstration that we can determine a-priori whether the voltage clamp data fully constrains the model in a given voltage range. Then, based on voltage clamp data gathered in two complementary protocols, we can evaluate the voltage dependence of the steady state through a sequence of non-linear transformations, i.e. an inversion. The voltage dependence of the time constants is obtained by inverting the model at each data point and applying constraints as well as continuity criteria on the inverted solution. Importantly, we show how the methodology allows us to derive experimental protocols constraining the model; thus allowing us to thoroughly test our hypothesis.In conclusion, we have presented a theory to perform a high quality non-linear analysis of voltage clamp data and applied it to provide credence to a plausible mechanism for the initiation of arrhythmias in LQT2 and LQT3 syndromes.
Enhanced reaction rates in NDP analysis with neutron scattering

Neutron depth profiling (NDP) makes accessible quantitative information on a few isotopic concentration profiles ranging from the surface into the sample a few micrometers. Because the candidate analytes for NDP are few, there is little interference encountered. Furthermore, neutrons have no charge so mixed chemical states in the sample are of no direct concern. There are a few nuclides that exhibit large probabilities for neutron scattering. The effect of neutron scattering on NDP measurements has not previously been evaluated as a basis for either enhancing the reaction rates or as a source of measurement error. Hydrogen is a common element exhibiting large neutron scattering probability found in or around sample volumes being analyzed by NDP. A systematic study was conducted to determine the degree of signal change when neutron scattering occurs during analysis. The relative signal perturbation was evaluated for materials of varied neutron scattering probability, concentration, total mass, and geometry. Signal enhancements up to 50% are observed when the hydrogen density is high and in close proximity to the region of analysis with neutron beams of sub thermal energies. Greater signal enhancements for the same neutron number density are reported for thermal neutron beams. Even adhesive tape used to position the sample produces a measureable signal enhancement. Because of the shallow volume, negligible distortion of the NDP measured profile shape is encountered from neutron scattering.
A comprehensive examination of hookah smoking in college students: Use patterns and contexts, social norms and attitudes, harm perception, psychological correlates and co-occurring substance use

The practice of waterpipe smoking (hookah) has rapidly increased in popularity among young adults yet burgeoning research suggests that its use is associated with nicotine dependence and other negative smoking-related health consequences. Moreover, descriptive studies indicate that consumers may hold the belief that hookah smoking is safer than smoking cigarettes. The current study extended previous work by conducting a comprehensive assessment of patterns and contexts of hookah use, psychological correlates of use, co-occurring substance use as well as social norms and health perceptions surrounding the practice. Participants were 143 ethnically diverse undergraduate students at a large urban US university. Approximately half of the sample (48%) reported life-time use of hookah and 22% reported use within the past 30days. Relative to cigarette smoking, hookah smoking was associated with less perceived harm and addiction potential and higher social approval. Participants who reported life-time hookah use, as compared to those who did not, perceived less associated harm, had a greater number of friends who had tried and approved of hookah, were more likely to use cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol and in higher frequencies and quantities and were at higher risk for problem tobacco and alcohol use. Among participants who were not current smokers, those with hookah experience were more likely to endorse intent to try a cigarette soon. Hookah users did not differ from non-users on measures of trait anxiety, depression and impulsivity though they were more likely to drink alcohol for coping, social and enhancement purposes than non-users. Implications are discussed for public health initiatives to educate young adults about the potential consequences of hookah smoking.
Are survival rates different for young and older patients with rectal cancer

Although it is generally believed that young patients with rectal cancer have worse survival rates, no comprehensive analysis has been reported. This study uses a national-level, population-based cancer registry to compare rectal cancer outcomes between young vs. older populations. All patients with rectal carcinoma in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer database from 1991 to 1999 were evaluated. Young (range, 20–40 years; n = 466) and older groups (range, 60–80 years; n = 11,312) were compared for patient and tumor characteristics, treatment patterns, and five-year overall and stage-specific survival. Cox multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of survival. Mean ages for the groups were 34.1 and 70 years. The young group was comprised of more black and Hispanic patients compared with the older group (P < 0.001). Young patients were more likely to present with late-stage disease (young vs. older: Stage III, 27 vs. 20 percent respectively, P < 0.001; Stage IV, 17.4 vs. 13.6 percent respectively, P < 0.02). The younger group also had worse grade tumors (poorly differentiated 24.3 vs. 14 percent respectively, P < 0.001). Although the majority of both groups received surgery (85 percent for each), significantly more young patients received radiation (P < 0.001). Importantly, overall and stage-specific, five-year survival rates were similar for both groups (P = not significant). Although previous studies have found young rectal cancer patients to have poorer survival compared with older patients, this population-based study shows that young rectal cancer patients seem to have equivalent overall and stage-specific survival.
COPD-Related ED Visits in North Carolina: Hospitalizations and Return Visits

COPD is a prevalent chronic disease among older adults, responsible for substantial healthcare utilization. We used the NC DETECT surveillance system to investigate patterns of hospitalizations and short-term return visits resulting from COPD-related ED visits. We found a high prevalence of hospital admissions and return ED visits, including many repeat hospitalizations. We also provide new information about the impact of age, sex, and insurance status on these short-term outcomes.
The Design and Modeling of a Liquid-Propellant-Powered Actuator for Energetically Autonomous Robots

This paper describes the design of a liquid-propellant-powered hot-gas actuator appropriate for human-scale power-autonomous robots. The motivation for this work is the development of a lightweight actuation system with system energy and power densities significantly greater than a DC motor and battery combination. The proposed design of a liquid-fueled actuator is presented, followed by a thermodynamic model of the system. A single-degree of freedom manipulator prototype is presented, and closed-loop tracking control of the liquid-fueled actuator is demonstrated. The measured energy density of the system is presented, and this experimental result is followed by a discussion that correlates the theoretical energy density predicted by the model with the measured energy density of the prototype. The analysis presented in the discussion section indicates that heat flow in the uninsulated experimental prototype constitutes a significant loss of energy, and that if properly insulated, the system should demonstrate an energy density approaching the theoretically predicted case.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
AIDS Vaccines: Are We Ready for Human Efficacy Trials?

Worldwide, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has already infected 10 million to 15 million people. With an estimated 5000 to 10 000 new infections occurring each day, 30 million to 40 million people will be infected by the year 2000. 1 In developing countries, where more than 80% of new infections are occurring, the virus is predominantly transmitted heterosexually and is broadly dispersed in general populations. Vaccines that will prevent HIV-1 disease and abrogate virus transmission must be viewed as critical components of a comprehensive public health strategy designed to combat the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and slow the global spread of HIV-1 infection. See also p 475. Although most effective viral vaccines are based on either live attenuated (eg, measles) or inactivated (eg, influenza) virus products, research strategies for HIV-1 vaccine development have focused primarily on the viral envelope glycoproteins gp 120 and gp 160. This focus
Spin Dimer Analysis of the Anisotropic Spin Exchange Interactions in the Distorted Wolframite-Type Oxides CuWO4, CuMoO4-III, and Cu(Mo0.25W0.75)O4

The distorted wolframite-type oxides CuWO4 and CuMoO4-III have a structure in which CuO4 zigzag chains, made up of cis-edge-sharing CuO6 octahedra, run along the c-direction and hence exhibit low-dimensional magnetic properties. We examined the magnetic structures of these compounds and their isostructural analogue Cu(Mo0.25W0.75)O4 on the basis of the spin−orbital interaction energies calculated for their spin dimers. Our study shows that these compounds consist of two-dimensional (2D) magnetic sheets defined by one superexchange (intrachain Cu−O−Cu) and three super-superexchange (interchain Cu−O···O−Cu) paths, the strongly interacting spin units of these 2D magnetic sheets are the two-leg antiferromagnetic (AFM) ladder chains running along the (a + c)-direction, and the spin arrangement between adjacent AFM ladder chains leads to spin frustration. The similarities and differences in the magnetic structures of CuWO4, CuMoO4-III, and Cu(Mo0.25W0.75)O4 were discussed by examining how adjacent AFM ladder ch...
A general geometric construction of coordinates in a convex simplicial polytope

Barycentric coordinates are a fundamental concept in computer graphics and geometric modeling. We extend the geometric construction of Floater's mean value coordinates [Floater, M.S., Kos, G., Reimers, M., 2005. Mean value coordinates in 3d. Computer Aided Geometric Design 22 (7) (2005) 623-631; Ju, T., Schaefer, S., Warren, J., 2005a. Mean value coordinates for closed triangular meshes. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2005] to a general form that is capable of constructing a family of coordinates in a convex 2D polygon, 3D triangular polyhedron, or a higher-dimensional simplicial polytope. This family unifies previously known coordinates, including Wachspress coordinates, mean value coordinates and discrete harmonic coordinates, in a simple geometric framework. Using the construction, we are able to create a new set of coordinates in 3D and higher dimensions and study its relation with known coordinates. We show that our general construction is complete, that is, the resulting family includes all possible coordinates in any convex simplicial polytope.
Alteration of virulence of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus after passage in L cell cultures and in mice.

Virus strain.?The virus was obtained from a donkey with encephalitis and was subsequently passed in embryonated eggs and prepared for use as a stock parent egg seed (PES) (Hardy, 1959) Cultivation of virus in cell cultures.?Prior to infection with virus, the medium of L cell (Sanford et al, 1948) monolayer cultures in T-60 flasks was removed and the cultures then inoculated with dilutions of PES in 0.1 ml volumes (Hardy, 1959; Hearn, 1960). Adsorption was allowed to proceed for 15 minutes at room temperature after which time 12 ml of medium 199 (Morgan et al, 1950) supplemented with 20% horse serum (pH 7.0) was added to the flasks. The cells were examined daily for 7 days for evidence of a cytopathic effect (CPE), usually manifested as granulation, rounding, lysis and cell sloughing. Fluid samples were taken daily for 5 days after inoculation, sealed in glass ampoules, and frozen in a dry ice chest until titrated. Chronically infected cell culture.?Five days after inoculation of PES onto L cell monolayers
Violence Exposure and Early Adolescent Alcohol Use: An Exploratory Study of Family Risk and Protective Factors

In this short-term longitudinal exploratory interview study, the relations between exposure to community violence and subsequent alcohol use were examined, with a focus on caregiver and family variables as moderators. Maternal caregivers and their children (N =101 families; 98% African American; M child age = 11.2 yrs) were interviewed separately and completed measures of violence exposure, caregiver and child adjustment, including substance use, and family functioning. Family interaction was also videotaped and coded. Child alcohol use at Time 2 was positively associated with all forms of violence exposure, and was negatively related to felt acceptance from caregiver, but was not associated with caregiver-rated family competence, observer-rated family interaction, maternal problems with alcohol, or maternal psychopathology. Logistic regression analyses predicting child alcohol use at Time 2 indicated that exposure to community violence increased risk of alcohol use, and felt acceptance from the caregiver decreased the likelihood of alcohol use, but did not buffer the effects of violence exposure on alcohol use. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Nojirimycin-a potent inhibitor of purified lysosomal alpha-glucosidase from human liver.

Summary Kinetic inhibition constants indicated the antibiotic nojirimycin to be, in general, three orders of magnitude more potent an inhibitor of purified lysosomal alpha-glucosidase than the classical disaccharide inhibitor, tura-nose. When the source of enzyme was whole human liver homogenate, nojirimycin was observed to specifically inhibit the hydrolysis of alpha-linked glucose and exhibited no inhibitory effect on hydrolysis of beta-linked glucose. Furthermore, the assay of fresh rat liver indicated nojirimycin to inhibit only the acidic glucosidase resident in rat liver and had no effect on neutral alpha-glucosidase activity.
New novolak-based positive EB resist, EBR-900 M-1

For the fabrication of 64 M and 256 MDRAM reticles, EB resists which have both high resolution and excellent dry etch resistance will be required. It is also particularly important to have high dry etch resistance for the manufacture of phase shift masks. For the development of traditional EB resists, organic solvents are typically used. However from the safety standpoint aqueous developers would be preferred. To meet these requirements a new positive type, aqueous developable EB resist, named EBRTM-900 M-1, has been developed. EBRTM-900 M-1 shows resolution down to 0.3 micrometers , good sensitivity, 1.6 - 5 (mu) C/cm2 (10 kV) for practical use, excellent dry etch durability same as positive optical resists, and can be developed by aqueous alkaline developers. This resist is not a chemically amplified type and shows excellent post exposure stability and no delay effect. The sensitivity of the coated film does not change in 50 days and the exposed films shows practically no change for up to 7 days in air and 2 days in vacuum. This resist has high sensitivity, not only for E-Beam, but also for argon-ion laser, 363.8 nm. Field data using production EB exposure systems will be presented. The lithographic properties using a CORE- 2564 scanned laser system, are also studied.
Risk-Based Decision-Making for Managing Resources During the Design of Complex Space Exploration Systems

Complex space exploration systems are often designed in collaborative engineering environments where requirements and design decisions by various subsystem engineers have a great impact on the overall risk of the mission. As a result, the system-level management should allocate risk mitigation resources (e.g., capital to place additional sensors or to improve the current technology) among various risk elements such that the main objectives of the system are achieved as closely as possible. Minimizing risk has been long accepted as one of the major drivers for system-level decisions and particularly resource management. In this context, Risk-Based Decision Making refers to a process that allocates resources in such a way that the expected risk of the overall system is minimized. This paper presents a new risk-based design decision-making method, referred to as Risk and Uncertainty Based Concurrent Integrated Design Methodology or RUBIC Design Methodology for short. The new approach is based on concepts from portfolio optimization theory and continuous resource management, extended to provide a mathematical rigor for risk-based decision-making during the design of complex space exploration systems. The RUBIC design method is based on the idea that a unit of resource, allocated to mitigate a certain risk in the system, contributes to the overall system risk reduction in the following two ways: (1) by mitigating that particular risk; and (2) by impacting other risk elements in the system (i.e., the correlation among various risk elements). RUBIC then provides a probabilistic framework for reducing the expected risk of the final system via optimal allocation of available risk-mitigation resources. The application of the proposed approach is demonstrated using a satellite reaction wheel example.
Human Simulation in Emergency Nursing Education: Current Status

Laura T. Gant is Assistant Professor and Executive Director of Learning Technologies and Labs, East Carolina University School of Nursing, Greenville, NC. For correspondence, write: Laura T. Gant, RN, PhD, CEN, CNA, BC, 2137 Library, Allied Health and Nursing Building, East Carolina University School of Nursing, Greenville, NC 27858; E-mail: ganttl@ecu.edu. J Emerg Nurs 2007;33:69-71. Available online 6 December 2006. 0099-1767/$32.00 Copyright n 2007 by the Emergency Nurses Association. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2006.09.010
Cognitive Versus Reinforcement Views of Intrinsic Motivation

The research of Deci and associates regarding the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation has stimulated controversy among cognitive and reinforcement theorists. Theoretical roots of cognitive and reinforcement theories are traced, and the controversy over Deci's research is examined, particularly with regard to Scott's recent critique. Implications of these discrepant positions and potential areas of research and application in work organizations are discussed.
DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND LEAF ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF RAMBUTAN GROWN ON AN ACID ULTISOL

Little is known about the adaptability of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) to highly acidic soils rich in aluminum (Al). A 2-yr field study was conducted to determine the effects of various levels of soil Al on dry matter production, plant growth, and nutrient concentration in the leaves of four cultivars of rambutan. Cultivars and the cultivar x year interaction were not statistically significant for most variables measured in the study. Total, leaf, petiole, stem and root dry weights significantly increased at soil Al concentrations ranging from 0.67 cmol kg −1 to 11.0 cmol kg −1 .A t this range of soil Al, the concentrations of Al and manganese (Mn) in leaf tissue declined sharply. The results of this study demonstrate that rambutan is highly tolerant to acid soils and that tolerance may involve an Al- and Mn- exclusion mechanism.
Cytologic changes in cervical smears associated with prolonged use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate†

Cellular changes associated with long-term depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) administration were evaluated along with their impact on cytologic diagnosis. The subjects were 54 women who were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 29 DMPA users with an average age of 35.9 years and who had been amenorrheic for 5-72 months; the second group consisted of 25 noncontraceptive users with an average age of 31.9 years. It has been reported that in addition to irregular bleeding--the most frequent side effect--long-term users of DMPA develop amenorrhea. For this reason the duration of amenorrhea was the measure of chronicity of hormone usage in this study. The maturation values (MVs) were calculated for both groups and cellular findings were evaluated. The degree of inflammation was similar for both groups (1.69 in users vs. 1.56 in nonusers). However comparison of MVs for users and nonusers showed a markedly lower average among users (38.45) than nonusers (64.60). The number of abnormal smears among users was 6 out of 29 (21%) while for nonusers it was 4 out of 25 (16%). Among users 1 case of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) was biopsy-confirmed but 2 cases of high-grade SIL and 3 smears of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) had a negative Pap smear and/or biopsy follow-up; among nonusers there were 2 patients with high-grade SIL smears with positive biopsy or Pap smear follow-up--1 with an ASCUS smear gave a negative Pap smear follow-up and 1 with a low-grade SIL was lost to follow-up. It was concluded that the cellular changes brought about by the chronic use of DMPA only complicate cytologic diagnosis and may result in greater diagnostic uncertainty in the interpretation of both squamous and glandular cells.
On the latency bound of deficit round robin

The emerging high-speed broadband packet-switched networks are expected to simultaneously support a variety of services with different quality-of-service (QoS) requirements over the same physical infrastructure. Fair packet scheduling algorithms used in switches and routers play a critical role in providing these QoS guarantees. Deficit round robin (DRR), a popular fair scheduling discipline, is very efficient with an O(l) dequeuing complexity. Using the concept of latency-rate (/spl Lscr//spl Rscr/) servers introduced by Stiliadis and Varma (1996), we obtain an upper bound on the latency of DRR and prove that our bound is tight. Our upper bound is lower than the previously known upper bound. This illustrates that the DRR scheduler has better performance characteristics than previously believed, especially for real-time applications where the latency plays a role in the size of the playback buffer required.
The capacitated newsboy problem with revenue sharing

In this paper we consider a single inventory (newsboy) problem in which the vendor has a limited amount of funds to purchase items to sell. We assume that the manufacturer will either sell the items to the vendor outright or oer the items to the vendor on a revenue sharing (consignment) basis. In the latter case, that amount of money the vendor pays per unit is less than if the items are purchased from the vendor, but the vendor must share some of the revenue with the manufacturer. The purpose of our analysis is to investigate under what circumstances, it would pay for the vendor to only purchase the items from the manufacturer, only take the items on consignment from the manufacturer, or both purchase and take consignment shipments form the manufacturer.
Efficient transparent optimistic rollback recovery for distributed application programs

A transparent rollback-recovery method that adds very little overhead to distributed application programs and efficiently supports the quick commit of all output to the outside world is introduced. Each process can independently choose at any time either to use checkpointing alone (as in consistent checkpointing) or to use optimistic message logging. The system is based on a new commit algorithm that requires communication with and information about the minimum number of other processes in the system, and supports the recovery of both deterministic and nondeterministic processes. >
Mumps Antibody Response in Young Adults After a Third Dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine

Mumps is an acute viral disease that classically presents with parotitis. Serious complications include orchitis, deafness, and encephalitis [1]. A monovalent mumps vaccine was licensed in 1967, and in 1977, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended universal childhood vaccination with 1 dose [2]. In 1989, the ACIP recommended that school-aged children receive 2 doses of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine for improved measles control, with the first dose at age 15 months (high-risk areas) or 12 months (non-high-risk areas) and the second dose at age 4–6 years [3]. Vaccine coverage against mumps increased, which was associated with a >99% decline in disease incidence compared with the prevaccine era [4]. Following this success, the Healthy People 2010 goal of mumps elimination was established [5]. However, unlike measles [6] and rubella [7], mumps elimination in the United States was never documented. The current Healthy People 2020 mumps goal is to reduce the number of US-acquired cases, rather than elimination [8]. Between 2006 and 2013, several large mumps outbreaks occurred in the United States and abroad, primarily among 2-dosed vaccinated school-aged children and young adults in high-contact settings [9–16]. Although current MMR vaccination recommendations are for the first dose at age 12–15 months and the second dose at 4–6 years [17], a third dose of MMR vaccine (MMR3) was offered at school-based immunization clinics during 2 of these outbreaks as part of a public health response [10, 11]. However, serologic response was not measured. Although attack rates declined after administering MMR3 in both school-based studies, in one study, statistical significance could not be established due to the small number of cases, and in both studies, the possibility of the declines being unrelated to the intervention could not be excluded [10, 11]. A third dose of mumps-containing vaccine is also administered in some nonoutbreak settings. Healthcare personnel, military recruits, international travelers, and college students who may have been vaccinated as children but who lack documentation are routinely given an additional dose, which is often the third dose [17–19]. Pregnant women with a negative rubella titer are revaccinated after delivery even if they have had 2 previous MMR doses [20]. Despite mumps outbreaks occurring in communities with high 2-dose MMR vaccine coverage and third doses being routinely administered in some settings, data on the immunogenicity of MMR3 are limited [21, 22]. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude and duration of aggregate mumps virus neutralizing antibody responses after MMR3 in a healthy, young adult population.
Traveling Architecture. East German Urban Designs in Vietnam

Scholars have long been interested in architecture and urban planning as a cultural battleground during the Cold War. What is less known, however, is how the ideological conflict over urban practices played out beyond the frontlines of Europe on other battlefields abroad. This paper transcends entrenched East/West binaries to examine socialist architectural forms and principles of urban planning that traveled overseas to create experimental cities with new urban morphologies. Based on long-term research in Vietnam and Germany, I focus on the city of Vinh in north central Vietnam, rebuilt after its destruction by US air raids as a "model" socialist city with the assistence of East Germany. My goal is twofold: to examine how GDR utopian designs were applied transnationally to build new urban futures in other geographies, and to examine how local cultural understandings of the city served to reconfigure GDR housing typologies and ideas of "socialist modernity" .
The person as moralist account and its alternatives

The commentators offer helpful suggestions at three levels: (1) explanations for the particular effects discussed in the target article; (2) implications of those effects for our understanding of the role of moral judgment in human cognition; and (3) more theoretical questions about the overall relationship between ordinary cognition and systematic science. The present response takes up these three issues in turn.
Afghan Refugees in Pakistan: Not All Refugees, Not Always in Pakistan, Not Necessarily Afghan?

In 2001 there were estimated to be two million Afghan refugees in Pakistan. In the past six years however over 3.5 million refugees have returned and recent census data show that nearly 2.5 million still remain in Pakistan. Three straightforward explanations for this monumental discrepancy have been posited: Afghans high birthrates their history of cross-border migration and increasing levels of urbanization in Pakistan. Yet the fact that none of these processes comes as a surprise to researchers familiar with the history of Afghan refugees begs a still deeper question: how and why were these processes so utterly overlooked in 2001? The answer it is argued is a fundamental confusion not only in how we count refugees but in how we conceptualize them. The dichotomous distinction between refugees and non-refugees while possessing a certain legal clarity does a poor job of describing the reality of individuals whose movements are influenced by numerous social political and economic factors. (authors)