cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balancing Costs, Efficacy, and Side Effects

Drug approval processes in most developed countries generally do not provide the comparative information necessary for clinicians, patients or policymakers to make informed choices between similar agents, balancing efficacy and toxicity. These questions have been made exponentially more complex with the addition of cost as a third dimension to consider in making therapeutic choices. Application of cost-containment pressure in the absence of adequate data provides a poor foundation for optimal decision making. A systematic, disciplined process is needed for the comparison of similar drugs along each of the three dimensions of efficacy, safety, and cost. Such an inquiry will require use of several different methodologies, from conventional randomised controlled trials, to pharmacoepidemiological studies and cost-effectiveness analyses. Such information need not form the basis for drug registration, but instead would be made available to practitioners, patients, and payers to inform their therapeutic choices. The cost of such an ambitious research endeavour would be more than offset by the opportunity for enormously greater efficiencies in the rational use of cost-effective drug therapy.
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulates insulin-like growth factor I production by primary fetal rat osteoblasts

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive sensory nerve terminals infiltrate all tissues including bone, in which CGRP may play a local regulatory role. To initiate studies on the role of this neuropeptide in bone, osteoblasts were isolated from fetal rat calvariae, treated with CGRP, and analyzed for cAMP and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) production. CGRP alpha and -beta induced a cAMP accumulation in osteoblastic cells, suggesting that they express functional receptors for CGRP. CGRP induced an increase in both IGF-I transcripts and immunoreactive polypeptide. In contrast to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment, this increase was not accompanied by an augmentation in IGF binding proteins. Although PGE2 induced a more significant increase in IGF-I transcripts than did CGRP, the concentration of IGF-I polypeptide produced by osteoblasts was similar in response to both treatments. It is concluded from this study that CGRP has potent anabolic effects on osteoblasts, an observation which opens possibilities to study the potential therapeutic role of CGRP in osteoporosis.
The ABCs of Trait Anger, Psychological Distress, and Disease Severity in HIV

Trait anger consists of affective, behavioral, and cognitive (ABC) dimensions and may increase vulnerability for interpersonal conflict, diminished social support, and greater psychological distress. The concurrent influence of anger and psychosocial dysfunction on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease severity is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine plausible psychosocial avenues (e.g., coping, social support, psychological distress), whereby trait anger may indirectly influence HIV disease status. Three hundred seventy-seven HIV seropositive adults, aged 18–55 years (58 % AIDS-defined), completed a battery of psychosocial surveys and provided a fasting blood sample for HIV-1 viral load and T lymphocyte count assay. A second-order factor model confirmed higher levels of the multidimensional anger trait, which was directly associated with elevated psychological distress and avoidant coping (p < .001) and indirectly associated with greater HIV disease severity (p < .01) (comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.90, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.06, standardized root-mean-square residual (SRMR) = 0.06). The model supports a role for the ABC components of anger, which may negatively influence immune function through various psychosocial mechanisms; however, longitudinal study is needed to elucidate these effects.
Neuroblastoma—remembering the three physicians who described it a century ago: James Homer Wright, William Pepper, and Robert Hutchison

Neuroblastoma is often widespread at the time of diagnosis. Three physicians between 1900 and 1910 played an important role in the pathologic definition of neuroblastoma and its route of spread in relation to the age of the patient. These findings eventually led to the advances in treatment and decreased morbidity of today. In 1910 James Homer Wright was the first to recognize the tumor as being of primitive neural cell origin, calling it neuroblastoma and emphasizing the bundle of cells termed rosettes. While Wright recognized the neural nature of the tumor, the authors of previous reports had described its two distinct patterns of spread. In 1901 William Pepper published a series of infants with massive hepatic infiltration associated with adrenal tumors without spread to bone, and in 1907 Robert Grieve Hutchison reported his experience with a similar pathologic process in older infants and children who had orbital and skull metastases. Wright’s valuable unifying concept served to tie together the descriptions of Pepper and Hutchison. A century later the names of these physicians should be remembered—Wright, who defined the adrenal tumor as of primitive neural origin, Pepper for his clinically accurate report of massive liver involvement in the infant, and Hutchison for describing the propensity of the tumor to spread to bone in older children.
Traffic-Aware Inter-Domain Routing for Improved Internet Routing Stability

This paper develops and studies a traffic-aware inter-domain routing (TIDR) protocol, which drastically improves the stability of the BGP-based inter-domain routing system. TIDR is designed based on two important Internet properties-the Internet access non-uniformity and the prevalence of transient failures. In TIDR, a network prefix is classified at an AS as either significant or insignificant from the viewpoint of a neighboring AS, depending on the amount of traffic exchanged between the prefix and the neighbor (including transit traffic). While BGP updates of significant prefixes are propagated with a higher priority, the propagation of updates of insignificant prefixes is aggressively slowed down. In particular, TIDR tries to localize the effect of transient failures on insignificant prefixes instead of propagating it onto the whole Internet. Importantly, TIDR will not create traffic black-holes due to the localization of transient failures. In this paper we present the design of TIDR and perform simulation experiments to study the performance of TIDR. Our simulation results show that TIDR can greatly improve the stability of BGP and also outperforms other existing schemes including Ghost Flushing and EPIC.
Absolute femtosecond measurements of Auger recombination dynamics in lead sulfide quantum dots

Multiphoton excitation of hot carriers generates multiexcitons that are probed as a function of the absolute number of photons absorbed. Standard assumptions of Auger recombination analyses fail for an average of 2 excitations.
Cost-effectiveness of an Intervention to Prevent Depression in At-Risk Teens

Contact Depression is common in adolescent offspring of depressed parents and can be prevented, but adoption of prevention programs is dependent on the balance of their incremental costs and benefits. Objective To examine the incremental cost-effectiveness of a group cognitive behavioral intervention to prevent depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Design Cost-effectiveness analysis of a recent randomized controlled trial. Setting Kaiser Permanente Northwest, a large health maintenance organization. Participants Teens 13 to 18 years old at risk for depression. Interventions Usual care (n = 49) or usual care plus a 15-session group cognitive therapy prevention program (n = 45). Main Outcome Measures Clinical outcomes were converted to depression-free days and quality-adjusted life-years. Total health maintenance organization costs, costs of services received in other sectors, and family costs were combined with clinical outcomes in a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing the intervention with usual care for 1 year after the intervention. Results Average cost of the intervention was $1632, and total direct and indirect costs increased by $610 in the intervention group. However, the result was not statistically significant, suggesting a possible cost offset. Estimated incremental cost per depression-free day in the base-case analysis was $10 (95% confidence interval, −$13 to $52) or $9275 per quality-adjusted life-year (95% confidence interval, −$12 148 to $45 641). Conclusions Societal cost-effectiveness of a brief prevention program to reduce the risk of depression in offspring of depressed parents is comparable to that of accepted depression treatments, and the program is cost-effective compared with other health interventions commonly covered in insurance contracts.
How good is the evidence linking breastfeeding and intelligence

Background. We conducted a critical review of the many studies that have tried to determine whether breastfeeding has a beneficial effect on intellect. Design/Methods. By searching Medline and the references of selected articles, we identified publications that evaluated the association between breastfeeding and cognitive outcomes. We then appraised and described each study according to 8 principles of clinical epidemiology: 1) study design, 2) target population: whether full-term infants were studied, 3) sample size, 4) collection of feeding data: whether studies met 4 standards of quality— suitable definition and duration of breastfeeding, and appropriate timing and source of feeding data, 5) control of susceptibility bias: whether studies controlled for socioeconomic status and stimulation of the child, 6) blinding: whether observers of the outcome were blind to feeding status, 7) outcome: whether a standardized individual test of general intelligence at an age older than 2 years was used, and 8) format of results: whether studies reported an effect size or some other strategy to interpret the clinical impact of results. Results. We identified 40 pertinent publications from 1929 to February 2001. Twenty-seven (68%) concluded that breastfeeding promotes intelligence. Many studies, however, had methodological flaws. Only 2 papers studied full-term infants and met all 4 standards of high-quality feeding data, controlled for 2 critical confounders, reported blinding, used an appropriate test, and allowed the reader to interpret the clinical significance of the findings with an effect size. Of these 2, 1 study concluded that the effect of breastfeeding on intellect was significant, and the other did not. Conclusion. Although the majority of studies concluded that breastfeeding promotes intelligence, the evidence from higher quality studies is less persuasive.
Pediatric Hospitalist Research Productivity: Predictors of Success at Presenting Abstracts and Publishing Peer-reviewed Manuscripts Among Pediatric Hospitalists

Objective: To identify factors associated with research productivity among pediatric hospitalists. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional online survey of pediatric hospitalists recruited from the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Hospital Medicine from May to August 2009. We used abstract presentations at a national meeting (intermediate outcome) and ≥2 first-author peer-reviewed manuscripts (primary outcome) to measure research productivity. Information was also collected on environmental and physician characteristics. Stepwise logistic regression was performed to identify independent associations with research productivity. Results: Two hundred fifteen pediatric hospitalists completed the survey. The respondents included 82% in an academic environment, 15% fellowship trained, 25% with additional degrees, and 67% with no protected time for research. Fifty-six percent presented an abstract, and 17% had 2 or more publications. After adjusting for potential confounders, pediatric hospitalists were more likely to have presented an abstract if they had fellowship training, an additional degree, were “very interested” or “interested” in performing research, or worked in a free-standing children’s hospital or children’s hospital within a hospital. Pediatric hospitalists were more likely to have 2 or more publications if they had an additional degree or had presented an abstract. Conclusions: Among pediatric hospitalists, obtaining an additional degree and presenting an abstract at a national meeting are associated with research productivity. A minority of this group of pediatric hospitalists had fellowship training, degree training, or 2 or more first-author manuscripts published even though the majority are in an academic environment. These results suggest that structured training and a focus on abstract presentations at meetings could be a programmatic solution.
Mission operations planning: beyond MAPGEN

The MAPGEN system was deployed in the Mars Exploration Rover mission as a mission-critical component of the ground operations system. MAPGEN, which was jointly developed by ARC and JPL, represents a successful mission infusion of planning technology. The MER mission has operated spectacularly for over two years now, and we have learned valuable lessons regarding application of mixed-initiative planning technology to mission operations. These lessons have spawned new research in mixed-initiative planning and have influenced the design of a new ground operations system, called ENSEMBLE, that is base-lined for the Phoenix and Mars Science Laboratory missions. This paper discusses some of the lessons learned from the MER mission infusion experience and presents a preliminary report on these subsequent developments.
Aitken nuclei measurements in the lower stratosphere

A report is presented on Aitken nuclei (AN) measurements between 6 km and 19 km with the new Stratospheric Aitken Nuclei Detection System (SANDS) which was installed in the nose section of the WB-57F aircraft. Measurements were made between 48°N and 9°S latitudes over the U.S.A., Gulf of Mexico, Central and South America between March, 1974, and February, 1975. Evaluation of 18 flights led to the following conclusion: The vertical profiles of AN concentration are similar to those found by Junge et al. (1961). However, the AN concentrations at altitudes above 17 km are higher by several tens of AN cm -3 . Horizontal flights showed a low AN concentration above 18 km over the tropical regions (below 20 AN cm -3 ), and an influence of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes Mountains on the AN measurements at 18 km altitude. Usually, several km above the tropopause, a negative correlation between AN, and ozone concentration was found. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1977.tb00715.x
Remove the memory wall: from performance modeling to architecture optimization

Summary form only given. Data access is a known bottleneck of high performance computing (HPC). The prime sources of this bottleneck are the performance gap between the processor and memory storage and the large memory requirements of ever-hungry applications. Although advanced memory hierarchies and parallel file systems have been developed in recent years, they only provide high bandwidth for contiguous, well-formed data streams, performing poorly for accessing small, noncontiguous data. Unfortunately, many HPC applications make a large number of requests for small and noncontiguous pieces of data, as do high-level I/O libraries such as HDF-5. The problematic memory wall remains after years of study and, in fact, is becoming the most important issue of HPC. We propose a new I/O architecture for HPC. Unlike traditional I/O designs where data is stored and retrieved by request, our architecture is based on a novel "server-push" model in which a data access server proactively pushes data from a file server to the compute node's memory or to it's cache directly based on the architecture design. Simulation results show that with the new approach the cache hit rates increase well above 90% for various benchmark applications that are notorious for poor cache performance. Performance evaluation is the driven force of the push-based model. Mechanisms of performance modeling, evaluation, and optimization are applied to data access pattern identification, prefetching algorithm design, data replacement strategy development, and architecture optimization to enable the "server-push" model. Our current success illustrates the power and unique role of performance evaluation in computing.
Memory enhancement by a semantically unrelated emotional arousal source induced after learning

It has been well established that moderate physiological or emotional arousal modulates memory. However, there is some controversy about whether the source of arousal must be semantically related to the information to be remembered. To test this idea, 35 healthy young adult participants learned a list of common nouns and afterward viewed a semantically unrelated, neutral or emotionally arousing videotape. The tape was shown after learning to prevent arousal effects on encoding or attention, instead influencing memory consolidation. Heart rate increase was significantly greater in the arousal group, and negative affect was significantly less reported in the non-arousal group after the video. The arousal group remembered significantly more words than the non-arousal group at both 30 min and 24 h delays, despite comparable group memory performance prior to the arousal manipulation. These results demonstrate that emotional arousal, even from an unrelated source, is capable of modulating memory consolidation. Potential reasons for contradictory findings in some previous studies, such as the timing of "delayed" memory tests, are discussed.
Fluvial Response to Late Quaternary Climatic Fluctuations, Central Kobuk Valley, Northwestern Alaska

ABSTRACT Much of northwestern Alaska remained unglaciated during the Pleistocene and thus offers a favorable setting for examining long-term records of high-latitude geological and biological change. Epiguruk, a large cut bank 3.5 km long and up to 36 m high on the Kobuk River south of the Brooks Range in eastern Beringia, exposes complex sedimentary successions representing cycles of upper Quaternary alluviation and eolian sedimentation, downcutting, and soil formation. A rich record of plants and mammals is also preserved in the section. Deposits of fluvial channels and flood plains, eolian dunes, sand sheets, loess, and ponds, as well as organic soils (Histosols) are represented. Parallel-bedded fine sand and coarse silt couplets that commonly contain root structures, ripple cross-laminatio , and silt drapes are flood-plain sediments apparently deposited at the interface of fluvial and eolian environments. Multiple fluvial-to-eolian depositional sequences were caused by influx of eolian sediment to the river from intermittently active dune fields south of the Kobuk River. Alluviation in the Kobuk Valley was coeval with glaciation in the Brooks Range, whereas downcutting occurred during interstadials when dune stabilization limited sediment supply. The depositional model developed at Epiguruk may be useful in interpreting some of the widespread subhorizontally stratified late-glacial deposits of Europe and North America.
Modeling prosody automatically in concept-to-speech generation

A Concept-to-Speech (CTS) Generator is a system which integrates language generation with speech synthesis and produces speech from semantic representations. This is in contrast to Text-to-Speech (TTS) systems where speech is produced from text. CTS systems have an advantage over TTS because of the availability of semantic and pragmatic information, which are considered crucial for prosody generation, a process which models the variations in pitch, tempo and rhythm. My goal is to build a CTS system which produces more natural and intelligible speech than TTS. The CTS system is being developed as part of MAGIC (Dalal et al. 1996), a multimedia presentation generation system for health-care domain. My thesis emphasizes investigation and establishment of systematic methodologies for automatic prosody modeling using corpus analysis. Prosody modeling in most previous CTS systems employs handcrafted rules, with little evaluation of the overall performance of the rules. By systematically employing different machine learning techniques on a speech corpus, I am able to automatically model prosody for a given domain. Another focus of my thesis is on system architecture. There are two concerns when designing a CTS system: modularity and extensibility. The goal is to design a flexible CTS system so that new prosody generators, natural language generators and speech realization systems can be incorporated without requiring major changes to the existing system. Designing a CTS system to facilitate multimedia synchronization is another focus of this research. I have conducted initial investigations on different prosody models using a speech corpus collected from a medical domain. Different machine learning techniques were explored. For example, a classification based rule induction system and a generalized linear model are used in identifying and combining salient prosody indicators. Hidden Markov Models are also used to automatically derive probability models to predict a sequence of prosodic features from a sequence of language features. Preliminary results (Pan and McKeown 1998)
Short-term treatment with transdermal nicotine affects the function of canine saphenous veins.

Experiments were designed to determine the effects of nicotine treatment on the func- tions of saphenous veins used for coronary artery bypass grafts in dogs. Dogs received either no treatment or transdermal nicotine for 5 weeks at doses of 11 mg, 22 mg or 44 mg/day. Saphenous veins were removed and suspended for the measurement of isometric force in organ chambers. Endothelium was removed mechanically from some rings. N G -mono-methyl- l-arginine (l-NMMA; 10 -4 M) was used to inhibit the production of nitric oxide. Contractions to alpha2-adrenergic stimulation were decreased in veins from dogs treated with a 22-mg/day dose of transdermal nicotine. In addition, endothelium-dependent relaxations to adenosine- diphosphate (10 -8 -10 -4 M) and the calcium ionophore A23,187 (10 -8 -10 -6 M) were decreased in veins from dogs with a 22-mg/day dose and increased in veins from dogs treated with a 44- mg/day dose. These relaxations were inhibited by l-NMMA. Plasma concentrations of oxidized products of nitric oxide were decreased only in dogs treated with 22 mg/day of nicotine. The relaxation of rings without endothelium (direct response on the smooth muscle) to nitric oxide were not altered by nicotine treatment. These results suggest that the short-term treatment of dogs with intermediate (22 mg/day) but not low (11 mg/day) or high (44 mg/day) doses of transdermal nicotine decreases the endothelial function of veins used for coronary artery bypass grafts. Therefore, changes in plasma products of nitric oxide and endothelium-depen- dent relaxations mediated by nitric oxide are related to the dose of nicotine treatment.
Electrical hazards in the high energy laboratory

The unique electrical hazards that are found in a high-energy research laboratory, such as those studying fusion energy, high-power lasers, or particle accelerators, are described. Hazards due to high voltages, high currents, or large amounts of stored energy-such as chemical, mechanical, inductive, or capacitive-are discussed. Hazards associated with grounding, static electric charges and electromagnetic fields are also briefly considered. Secondary hazards, i.e., those hazards other than shock that result from or are present in conjunction with the use of electrical energy, are not covered in detail but are simply listed along with how each might be produced in a high-energy laboratory. Issues related to training, engineering controls, and administrative controls used in controlling electrical hazards in the laboratory are considered. >
Eye infections with herpes simplex viruses in neonates

A newborn with severe ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 infection acquired in utero is presented to exemplify problems in diagnosis and management. A review of 297 newborns with HSV type 1 or type 2 infection reveals that about one-fifth demonstrate ocular involvement including one or more of the following: microphatalmia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis and cataracts.
The Causal Effects of Elite Position-Taking on Voter Attitudes: Field Experiments with Elite Communication

Influential theories depict politicians as, alternatively, strongly constrained by public opinion, able to shape public opinion with persuasive appeals, or relatively unconstrained by public opinion and able to shape it merely by announcing their positions. To test these theories, we conducted unique field experiments in cooperation with sitting politicians in which U.S. state legislators sent constituents official communications with randomly assigned content. The legislators sometimes stated their issue positions in these letters, sometimes supported by extensive arguments but sometimes minimally justified; in many cases, these issue positions were at odds with voters’. An ostensibly unrelated survey found that voters often adopted the positions legislators took, even when legislators offered little justification. Moreover, voters did not evaluate their legislators more negatively when representatives took positions these voters had previously opposed, again regardless of whether legislators provided justifications. The findings are consistent with theories suggesting voters often defer to politicians’ policy judgments.
Using synthetic test suites to empirically compare search-based and greedy prioritizers

The increase in the complexity of modern software has led to the commensurate growth in the size and execution time of the test suites for these programs. In order to address this alarming trend, developers use test suite prioritization to reorder the test cases so that faults can be detected at an early stage of testing. Yet, the implementation and evaluation of greedy and search-based test prioritizers requires access to case study applications and their associated test suites, which are often difficult to find, configure, and use in an empirical study. This paper presents two types of synthetically generated test suites that support this process of experimentally evaluating prioritization methods. Using synthetic test suites affords greater control over test case characteristics and supports the identification of empirical trends that contradict the established wisdom about search-based and greedy prioritization. For instance, we find that the hill climbing algorithm often exhibits a lower time overhead than the greedy test suite prioritizer while often producing test orderings with comparable effectiveness scores.
Synthesis and functions of the -C-C-A terminus of transfer RNA.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the established central role of tRNA in the biosynthesis of proteins. Numerous sequence analyses in the past several years have confirmed the existence of this terminal sequence in all tRNA molecules specific for most amino acids, independent of their biological sources. In fact, the sequence determination of a tRNA involved exclusively in cell wall synthesis revealed that the -C-C-A terminus is present in molecules used for processes other than protein synthesis. It reviews the studies dealing with the synthesis and function of the -C-C-A terminus of tRNA. Currently, other than the anticodon, the only part of the tRNA molecule assigned a specific function is the 3'-terminus. This region of tRNA is particularly amenable to study as it is possible to modify its structure without affecting the rest of the nucleic acid chain by use of the enzyme tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. This enzyme is itself of interest and is discussed, because its mode of action is particularly pertinent to an understanding of nucleic acid recognition and to the mechanism of phosphodiester bond synthesis.
Many Pathways to Destruction: The Role of the Centrosome in, and Its Control by Regulated Proteolysis

Centrosome duplication must be precisely regulated to ensure the production of a bipolar mitotic spindle. As with other cell cycle events, irreversible protein destruction is critical for the fidelity of centrosome duplication, and the failure to properly destroy any of several critical centrosome regulators leads to the production of excess centrosomes that interfere with bipolar spindle assembly. Many pathways that regulate the degradation of these critical regulators are found at centrosomes, and in some cases the destruction occurs at the centrosome. This chapter discusses the various degradation machineries found at centrosomes, and some of the many aspects of centrosome biology that are controlled by protein degradation.
Mechanisms of Action for Somatotropin in Growth

Physiological processes such as growth are carefully orchestrated and controlled by complex interactions among a multiplicity of hormones (Bell et al., 1987). Somatotropin (ST) is a key somatotropic hormone and homeorhetic control. It exhibits regulatory effects on metabolism and consequently affords control over how absorbed nutrients are partitioned for growth and lactation. ST plays a pivotal role in metabolism not only during nutrient adequacy, but also during periods where nutrients are severely deficient or poorly utilized (e.g., starvation, diabetes). The metabolic and endocrine “axis” for determining how ST effects are manifested, in the two extremes cited, is the subject of an excellent review by Phillips (1986). This chapter assumes relative nutrient adequacy, commensurate with the needs for normal growth in farm animals.
Eager Reclamation

Reclamation policies are presented which permit the reuse of storage for procedure instances before the procedures terminate. These eager reclamation policies are applicable under certain conditions and can reduce the total amount of memory needed for the execution of a program. The policies essentially differ in the amount of run-time checks needed and the reclamation opportunities. This eager reclamation strategy would be particularly useful when instances are implemented using register banks or in a microprocessor environment.
Experimental evidence for the alteration of the Fe3+/ΣFe of silicate melt caused by the degassing of chlorine-bearing aqueous volatiles

The temporal evolution of the redox conditions undergone by degassing magmas has petrologic implications for magmatic phase equilibria. We present new experimental data that demonstrate that a Cl-bearing magmatic volatile phase may affect the concentration and activity of ferrous iron in silicate liquid via the preferential mass transfer of Fe 2+ into the volatile phase. The data are consistent with a model wherein the exsolution of a Cl-bearing volatile phase from the melt modifies the MgO/FeO ratio of the residual degassed melt, increasing the Fe 3+ /∑Fe ratio of the melt. Degassing-induced alteration of the melt may cryptically affect the phases that constitute the hypersolidus crystallizing assemblage. The new results indicate that a low- to moderate-salinity magmatic volatile phase may contain several weight percent iron, present as FeCl 2 . As such, passive degassing over geologically plausible, protracted periods has the potential to extract significant quantities of Fe 2+ , resulting in a residual melt depleted in FeO relative to Fe 2 O 3 . Notably, preferential mass transfer of Fe 2+ from the melt to the fluid results in self-oxidation of the melt, driving the oxygen fugacity of the melt across the phase boundary that demarcates the stability fields of sulfide and sulfate phases, stabilizing sulfate at the expense of sulfide. Such a process has significant implications for the remobilization of chalcophile metals during the evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal systems.
Epitaxial Growth of Ni on Si by Ion Beam Assisted Deposition

Epitaxial Ni films were grown on Si(111) substrates to a thickness of about 500 nm by ion beam assisted deposition at room temperature. The films were grown using 25-keV-Ni ions and electron-beam evaporation of Ni at a relative arrival ratio of one ion for every 100 Ni vapor atoms. The ion beam and evaporant flux were both incident at 45° to the sample surface. Standard θ-2θ X-ray diffraction scans revealed the extent of crystallographic texture, while Ni {220} pole figure measurements identified the azimuthal orientation of Ni in the plane of the film. Films grown without the ion beam consisted of nearly randomly oriented fine grains of Ni whereas with bombardment the Ni (111) plane was found parallel to the Si (111) plane. In all the epitaxial cases the Ni [110] direction was perpendicular to the axis of the ion beam, suggesting that the azimuthal orientation of the film was determined by channeling of the ion beam down {110} planar channels in the Ni film. Additional experiments with different ions, energies, and substrates revealed their influence on the degree of epitaxy obtained.
Development of a Program for Sleep Disorders

Difficulties with sleep are very common in our time. Survey results from several large sample studies (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kales, & Healey, 1979;Karacan, Thornby, & Williams, 1983;Welstein, Dement, Redington, Guilleminault, & Mitler, 1983) show that the rate at which persons report having difficulty getting to sleep, or staying asleep long enough to be rested the following day, on a chronic basis, runs between 20% and 30%. Not all of these persons think of themselves as patients, nor do they complain to their physician. Nonetheless, according to a study by the Institute of Medicine (1979), the sale of over-the-counter sleep aids and of health food products claiming to facilitate sleep is so high as to confirm that there are many who attempt to treat themselves. In increasing numbers, these patients are now finding their way to the new specialized sleep centers.
The Emergence of Overhead Costs

In December 1923, Clark published his Studies in the Economics of Overhead Costs.1 His interest in the nature of costs was first seen during graduate work at Columbia University, especially with his dissertation Standards of Reasonableness in Local Freight Discriminations (1910).2 In order to better understand the genesis and framework of Overhead Costs, it is necessary to examine Clark’s dissertation.
Numerical simulation of two-dimensional flow over a heated carbon surface with coupled heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions

For a range of flow and chemical timescales, numerical simulations of two-dimensional laminar flow over a reacting carbon surface were performed to understand further the complex coupling between heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions. An open-source computational package (OpenFOAM®) was used with previously developed lumped heterogeneous reaction models for carbon surfaces and a detailed homogeneous reaction model for CO oxidation. The influence of finite-rate chemical kinetics was explored by varying the surface temperatures from 1800 to 2600 K, while flow residence time effects were explored by varying the free-stream velocity up to 50 m/s. The reacting boundary layer structure dependence on the residence time was analysed by extracting the ratio of chemical source and species diffusion terms. The important contributions of radical species reactions on overall carbon removal rate, which is often neglected in multi-dimensional simulations, are highlighted. The results provide a framework for future dev...
Colorectal cancer patient utilization of an internet based clinical trials matching system

3624 Background: Colorectal cancer patients are increasingly looking to the Internet for information on clinical trials; however, services offering clinical trials recruitment have not been well defined. This study describes one of the first web-based cancer clinical trials matching resources and the demographics of the colorectal cancer patient user base. Methods: Oncolink (http://www.oncolink.org) is the web-based educational resource at the University of Pennsylvania and serves between 1.5–2 million pages per month to over 385,000 unique IP addresses. Oncolink, in conjunction with EmergingMed (New York, NY), launched one of the first clinical trials matching resources on the Internet. Patients input demographic and tumor-specific information via secure Internet-only registration or via the Internet with assistance from a call center, to match to trials. As of 12/2005, there were 112 total colorectal trials in the database. Results: Between 12/2000 and 9/2005 a total of 41,970 individual profiles were c...
Current child, but not maternal, snoring is bi-directionally related to adiposity and cardiometabolic risk markers: A cross-sectional and a prospective cohort analysis

Abstract Purpose Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), typically manifested as snoring, is closely associated with obesity. However, the directionality of associations of OSA with cardiometabolic risk markers is unclear, as obesity increases risk for OSA, and OSA results in excess weight gain and its metabolic consequences. Less is known about how obesity and OSA may relate in children and adolescents and whether maternal OSA may influence the development of obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction in offspring. Basic Procedures Among 1078 children from the Project Viva cohort, we examined cross-sectionally and prospectively associations of parent-reported child or maternal snoring with cardiometabolic outcomes, including adiposity, adipokines, and insulin resistance. Main Findings Cross-sectionally, child snoring was related to adiposity and metabolic risk, particularly body mass index (BMI; β 0.61 kg/m 2 , 95% CI 0.33, 0.89; p 2 , CI 0.12, 0.34; p Conclusions Child but not maternal snoring, was related to child adiposity and cardiometabolic outcomes. Adiposity and child snoring are associated with each other cross-sectionally and are each predictive of the other among children/adolescents prospectively. These results suggest similar mechanisms in pediatric/adolescent populations as in adults for the development of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep apnea that will need to be confirmed in randomized clinical trials. Importantly, this research points to the need to target both sleep and obesity in order to break this vicious cycle.
An investigation into the use of software defined networking controllers in aerial networks

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is rapidly gaining acceptance and use in terrestrial networks but little research has been done to apply it to aerial networks. This paper describes an investigation into five open-source controllers using a specific set of criteria based on the characteristics of these networks. A preliminary qualitative investigation compares the controllers based on their state handling and failure recovery mechanisms, resulting in the selection of two controllers for further investigation. Further quantitative tests were performed on these controllers to determine which was more suitable for deployment in an airborne environment. Key aspects such as controller failure recovery and the resultant generated traffic were analyzed and quantified. Due to the much lower bandwidth in aerial networks when compared to terrestrial networks, a low-bandwidth solution with high recovery speed and adaptability is required. This investigation takes these factors into account and gives insight into which open-source controller would be best as a starting point for use in this highly constrained environment.
The political economy of Black Panther’s Wakanda

Black Panther is the hereditary leader of the African nation of Wakanda, a small, natural resource-rich country, which lacks access to the sea. Historically Wakanda’s political leadership has tried to hide its existence from other countries, which has limited its economic integration with the rest of the world. The fictional land of Wakanda has managed to achieve something many real-world countries have not: combine a rich endowment of natural resources (in this case, the rare fictional ore called vibranium) with technological development and innovation. This chapter explores the political economy of Wakanda and the background of its leader, Black Panther. After explaining the origins of Black Panther, the chapter turns to the economic puzzle of Wakanda by exploring the geographic and economic implications of isolation. This is followed by an investigation of how Wakanda has avoided the resource curse that has plagued so many other countries. That leads into a comparison between Wakanda and the real-life African nation of Botswana, including their contrasting forms of government, a discussion of the problems of economic and technological development under a dictatorship, and how a recent transition to democracy in Wakanda might affect its economic and technological development.
Supporting Information Task Accomplishment: Helpful Systems and Their Features

We investigated systems and their features that help people use retrieved information to accomplish their information tasks. Participants were 32 college students who first recalled a recently accomplished task, and then worked on a task that they would need to finish. They answered questionnaire questions about what systems and features are helpful for task accomplishment. Our results discovered multiple helpful systems and features, which have implications on designing search systems for better helping accomplish tasks.
Underwater acoustic source localization using unimodal-constrained matrix factorization

This paper studies simultaneous multiple source localization based on a modest number of energy measurements in different locations, while no specific knowledge of the source signature is assumed, nor does it exploit a particular energy decay model, except for a general unimodal structure. The localization problem is modeled as a matrix factorization problem to recover the column-wise unimodal structure that corresponds to the signatures of the sources. Two practical challenges are addressed. First, a fast unimodal projection algorithm is developed, which is demonstrated to significantly reduce the computational time. Second, convergence enhancement of the factorization algorithm is studied and a method based on optimizing the coordinate system for the sample matrix is developed. Numerical results demonstrate good localization performance in spite of the original factorization problem being non-convex.
Metalloproteinases and Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture

Over the past decade, epidemiologic, pathologic, and clinical studies have demonstrated that the abrupt transition of stable vascular syndromes to acute ischemia is not a random, inevitable event in the natural history of the atheroma. Instead, we now realize that not all atherosclerotic lesions are destined to undergo acute plaque rupture and thrombosis, and that understanding the differences between stable and unstable lesions may provide novel strategies for prevention of acute myocardial infarction. In addition, emerging evidence implicates plaque rupture as an important component of acute stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and even in the asymptomatic progression of atherosclerosis [1]. Thus, strategies to prevent plaque rupture may have far reaching benefits beyond prevention of acute myocardial infarction.
Organizational Justice: Why Does It Matter for HRD

An effective system of organizational justice forms the foundation for an organizational culture which promotes inclusion and diversity, and therefore an important topic for human resources development (HRD) practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of organizational justice from the existing literature. Based on previous research, this review hypothesized the employees’ perceptions of organizational justice and investigated the four different dimensions (distributive, procedural, interactional and informational justice) of organizational justice as evident in existing literature. This review attempts to analyze the current state of organizational justice research with emphasis on the field of human resources development. The review also attempt to suggest some implications for practice and future directions for HRD scholars and researchers.
Evaluating spatiotemporal variation in water chemistry of the upper Colorado River using longitudinal profiling

Stream water chemistry is traditionally measured as variation over time at fixed sites, with sparse sites providing a crude understanding of spatial heterogeneity. An alternative Lagrangian reference frame measures changes with respect to both space and time as water travels through a network. Here, we collected sensor‐based measurements of water chemistry at high spatial resolution along nearly 500 km of the Upper Colorado River. Our objective was to understand sources of spatiotemporal heterogeneity across different solutes and determine whether longitudinal change manifests as smooth gradients as suggested by the River Continuum Concept (RCC) or as abrupt changes as suggested by the Serial Discontinuity Concept (SDC). Our results demonstrate that Lagrangian sampling integrates spatiotemporal variation, and profiles reflect processes that vary in both space and time and over different scales. Over each day of sampling, water temperature (T) and dissolved oxygen (DO) varied strongly in response to diel solar cycles, with most of the variation driven by sampling time rather than sampling location. Equilibration of T and DO with the atmosphere limited small scale spatial heterogeneity, with variation at the entire profile scale driven by regional climate gradients. As such, T and DO profiles more closely approximated the smooth gradients of the RCC (though including temporal sampling artefacts). Conversely, variation in specific conductance and nitrate (NO₃‐N) was largely driven by spatial patterns of lateral inflows such as tributaries and groundwater. This resulted in discrete shifts in the profiles at or downstream of discontinuities, appearing as the profiles expected with the SDC. The concatenation of spatiotemporal variation that produces observed Lagrangian profiles presents interpretive challenges but also augments our understanding of where, how, and critically why water chemistry changes in time and space as it moves through river networks.
Understanding intra-urban human mobility through an exploratory spatiotemporal analysis of bike-sharing trajectories

In this paper, we present a data-driven framework to support exploratory spatial, temporal, and statistical analysis of intra-urban human mobility. We leveraged a new mobility data source, the dock...