cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work and Unemployment in the Time of COVID-19: The Existential Experience of Loss and Fear

This article explores the existential loss, anxiety, and terror that is evoked by the massive unemployment brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Growing inequality and marginalization in the workfor...
Developing a Serious Game to Support Disaster Management Preparedness - A Design Thinking Approach.

Disaster management is the organization, planning and application of measures preparing for, responding to and recovering from disasters. Disaster response is a complex activity where decision-makers and responders are faced with very demanding challenges. Preparedness is key to effectiveness and efficiency of response. With the increasing technological evolution observed in recent decades gamification gained new fields of application, besides entertainment. Serious games are an example of such applications. A Serious Game is a game designed with a purpose of educating or training the user in a specific domain, namely in disaster management. This paper discusses the initial stages of the development of a serious game aimed at supporting the preparedness of responders in a context of Disaster Management.
Statins Reduce Mortality in Multiple Myeloma: A Population-Based US Study.

Abstract Background We studied the effect of statins on mortality in a nationally representative sample of patients with multiple myeloma, and explored the benefit of statins in a subgroup of patients treated with novel agents. Methods Patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma between 2007 and 2013 were identified in the SEER-Medicare database using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-03 codes. ICD-9 and Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes were used to identify comorbidities and treatments. We assessed the association of statins with mortality in patients with multiple myeloma using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. For subanalysis, we used the same statistical technique to investigate the effect of statins on mortality in myeloma patients treated with novel agents. Results A total of 5922 patients were diagnosed with multiple myeloma within the study period. Use of statins was associated with 21% reduction in risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74-0.84) among all patients with multiple myeloma. Among the patents treated with novel agents (n = 3603), statins reduced mortality by 10% (aHR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.83-0.98). Conclusions Use of statins is likely associated with lower mortality in patients with multiple myeloma.
Statin Use, Heart Radiation Dose, and Survival in Locally Advanced Lung Cancer.

Abstract Purpose Patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) have a high prevalence of pre-existing coronary heart disease and face excess cardiac risk after thoracic radiation therapy. We sought to assess whether statin therapy is a predictor of overall survival (OS) after thoracic radiation therapy. Methods and Materials We performed a retrospective analysis of 748 patients with LA-NSCLC treated with thoracic radiation therapy, using Kaplan-Meier OS estimates and Cox regression. Results Statin use among high cardiac risk patients (Framingham risk ≥20% or pre-existing coronary heart disease; n=496) was 51.2%. After adjustment for baseline cardiac risk and other prognostic factors, statin therapy was associated with a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.91; P = .048) but not major adverse cardiac events (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.52-2.68; P = .69). Among statin-naive patients, mean heart dose ≥10 Gy versus Conclusions Among patients with LA-NSCLC, only half of statin-eligible high cardiac risk patients were on statin therapy, reflecting the highest cardiac risk level of our cohort. Statin use was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality but not major adverse cardiac events. Elevated mean heart dose (≥10 Gy) was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality in statin-naive patients but not among those on statin therapy, identifying a group of patients in which early intervention with statins may mitigate the deleterious effects of high heart radiation therapy dose. This warrants evaluation in prospective trials.
Intranodal lymphangiography with thoracic duct embolization for the treatment of chyle leaks after head and neck cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND Thoracic duct injury is a rare complication of head and neck surgery. Thoracic duct embolization (TDE) has been proposed to manage postoperative chyle leaks. METHODS Twelve patients who underwent lymphangiography for a chyle leak after head and neck surgery (M:F = 5:7, mean 55 years) were retrospectively reviewed. Lymphangiographic findings, technical success, complications, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS Chyle leak was identified and TDE attempted in 11 of 12 patients. Three patients required repeat TDE. Technical success of TDE was 86% (12/14). Clinical success for patients with technically successful TDE was 90% (9/10). Median time until drain removal was 2.1 days in nine patients with clinical success. Two major complications were encountered, chylothorax after initial TDE, requiring additional TDE and in one case surgical TD ligation. CONCLUSIONS TDE is a safe treatment for chyle leaks after head and neck surgery with high technical and clinical success rates.
The resolution of (xN,yN,zN,wN)

Abstract Let k be a field of characteristic zero, n N be positive integers, P be the polynomial ring k [ x , y , z , w ] , F be the homogeneous polynomial x n + y n + z n + w n , K be the ideal ( x N , y N , z N , w N ) , and P ‾ be the hypersurface ring P ‾ = P / ( F ) . We describe the minimal multi-homogeneous resolution of P ‾ / K P ‾ by free P ‾ -modules, the socle degrees of P ‾ / K P ‾ , and the minimal multi-homogeneous resolution of the Gorenstein ring P / ( K : F ) by free P-modules. Our arguments use Stanley's theorem that every Artinian monomial complete intersection over a polynomial ring with coefficients from a field of characteristic zero has the strong Lefschetz property as well as a multi-grading on P for which both ideals K and (F) are homogeneous. The resolution of P ‾ / K P ‾ by free P ‾ -modules is obtained from a Differential Graded Algebra resolution of P / ( K : F ) by free P-modules, together with one homotopy map. The multi-grading is used to prove that the resulting resolution is minimal.
“Lawful and Coercive”: Thinking about Abolitionism and Rosenzweig

Robin Kelley’s term “state thuggery” gives the theological-political problem a contemporary racial weight.1 In his analysis of state thuggery, Kelley invokes Thesis VIII of Walter Benjamin’s “These...
Computational Models for Lattice Structures

Lattice structures such as trusses are used frequently in engineering applications, so an important mathematical problem is finding approximate models which are suitable for computations. This paper considers the use of asymptotic methods for deriving such models and focuses on the problem of computing the eigenvalues for a truss. One way to describe a truss is to model each element as a beam, but such an approach clearly leads to intractable numerical difficulties. Instead, we consider the truss as a three-dimensional object with two dimensions small compared to the third. Thus, there is a naturally occurring small parameter in the problem. By letting this parameter tend to zero, we obtain, in place of the original three-dimensional problem, two “beam-like” equations describing the transverse motions of the truss and a second order equation for the axial motions. These equations have periodic coefficients, so homogenization techniques can be used to simplify the problem further.
Model Interpretation of Climate Signals: Application to the Asian Monsoon Climate

This is an invited review paper intended to be published as a Chapter in a book entitled "The Global Climate System: Patterns, Processes and Teleconnections" Cambridge University Press. The author begins with an introduction followed by a primer of climate models, including a description of various modeling strategies and methodologies used for climate diagnostics and predictability studies. Results from the CLIVAR Monsoon Model Intercomparison Project (MMIP) were used to illustrate the application of the strategies to modeling the Asian monsoon. It is shown that state-of-the art atmospheric GCMs have reasonable capability in simulating the seasonal mean large scale monsoon circulation, and response to El Nino. However, most models fail to capture the climatological as well as interannual anomalies of regional scale features of the Asian monsoon. These include in general over-estimating the intensity and/or misplacing the locations of the monsoon convection over the Bay of Bengal, and the zones of heavy rainfall near steep topography of the Indian subcontinent, Indonesia, and Indo-China and the Philippines. The intensity of convection in the equatorial Indian Ocean is generally weaker in models compared to observations. Most important, an endemic problem in all models is the weakness and the lack of definition of the Mei-yu rainbelt of the East Asia, in particular the part of the Mei-yu rainbelt over the East China Sea and southern Japan are under-represented. All models seem to possess certain amount of intraseasonal variability, but the monsoon transitions, such as the onset and breaks are less defined compared with the observed. Evidences are provided that a better simulation of the annual cycle and intraseasonal variability is a pre-requisite for better simulation and better prediction of interannual anomalies.
A FEM approach to simulate the electronic structure and optical property of InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dot

In this work, a new improved FEM approach is described for analyzing strain distributions, computing electronic structure, and simulating the optical property of InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dot. A window-based software FEMLAB has been employed for multiphysics simulation. This approach can be used as a guideline for fast quantum-dot device structure design, especially in quantum dot lasers and quantum dot infrared photodetectors. Furthermore, the proposed approach and model could be used to develop three-dimensional nano-device simulator with further specific device module.
The A1 and K**(1320) Phenomena-Kinematic Enhancements or Mesons?

In this article we discuss the similarity, down to some very fine details, between the well-known A 1 phenomenon and the more recently discovered K** (1320) phenomenon. We wish to point out that this similarity is truly remarkable and can hardly be coincidental.
PLEADING FOR PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE IN THE COURTS

By the time this article is published, the United States Supreme Court will likely have rendered its decisions in Vacca v. Quil/1 and Washington v. Glucksberg.2 Many predict that those decisions will reverse the Circuit Courts of Appeals for the Ninth and Second Circuits and will reinstate the New York and Washington assisted suicide statutes which those courts had held unconstitutional under the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. Some observers suggest that such a result will con­ firm the view that the question of whether and how physician-as­ sisted suicide is to be legalized should be left exclusively to state legislatures and that courts, in particular, have no proper role to play with respect to this issue. This is a mistaken view which rests upon a simplistic notion of the roles played by the various branches of government in the American law-making process. Courts and legislatures each have their strengths and weak­ nesses as law-making bodies. Indeed, the very qualities that consti­ tute their respective strengths often constitute their respective weaknesses as well. For example, it is both an advantage and a dis­ advantage of court-made common law that it cannot rely for its va­ lidity upon a vote by the people's elected representatives. Judges who make law must, in support of their adopted principles, demon­ strate a better justification than mere majority approval of the out­ come of the case. Moreover, since judge-made law, unlike legislation, applies retroactively, the court must convince the reader that its rule of law is so reasonable that it can, with justice, be ap­ plied after the fact. Another strength and weakness of judge-made law is that it is made in the context of individual cases. This restricts the generality
Temporal and acoustic accuracy of an implicit upwind method for ducted flows

An implicit, time-accurate method for ducted-flow aeroacoustics is presented. The method is unfactored, using line Gauss-Seidel relaxation and multiple axial sweeps for convergence of each time step.
Transferable skills analysis in vocational rehabilitation: Historical foundations, current status, and future trends

The analysis of transferable skills is a common procedure in the vocational assessment of individuals with disabilities who have work experience. Although the application of transferable skills analysis has gained broad acceptance within the rehabilitation profession, there is little research concerning its validity and utility. This article a) reviews the concepts which form the basis of transferable skills analysis and b) highlights the need for future research on this widely used approach to vocational assessment.
SOI and nanoscale MOSFETs

SOI may facilitate the fabrication of two attractive scalable MOSFET structures. Ultra-thin body FET has been demonstrated at 20 nm gate length, using low-barrier silicide S/D, with selectively deposited Ge raised S/D, on bulk substrate, or with Si-Ge channel. FinFET is a simple double gate FET with excellent performance and can be scaled to below 10 nm gate length-a candidate as the ultimate CMOS device. Adjusting the threshold voltage of a device with very thin body is challenging although several novel methods have been suggested.
A monitoring and diagnostics system for a plasma etching cell

A three-level process monitoring and diagnostics system has been developed for a plasma etching cell. The physical and logical layout of this system is designed to co-exist with a proposed hierarchical cell control system. The cell control system design incorporates generic cell controller concepts and some of the SEMI Generic Equipment Model (GEM) specifications. At the lowest level of the system, equipment and process parameter monitoring is achieved. An AT-compatible computer serves as an information collection/router agent as well as an interpreter (gateway) between the SECS/RS-232 formatted messages received from the equipment controller system and the higher-level expert systems commands. At the top of the hierarchy, an expert systems package that resides on a SUN SPARC station and operates on an X-Windows environment collects information on the equipment and process from the AT compatible. The many system capabilities that result include: (1) pseudo real-time equipment and process monitoring, (2) equipment diagnostics and alarm reporting, (3) alarm logging; and (4) real-time equipment control. >
Modeling Water Use for Sustainable Urban Design

Achieving sustainability on an urban scale is an overwhelming problem. We can address this by dividing the problem into manageable proportions. Environmental impacts of urban design fall into measurable categories, for example, air quality, biodiversity, solid wastes, water and wastewater, hazardous materials, and impacts of nonrenewable energy use. Such measures are incorporated into building rating systems as a way of codifying sustainability. In this chapter, to illustrate such codification, we examine water use as well as generated wastewater according to the requirements of a specific sustainable building rating system. Conventional calculations are coupled with building information modeling to illustrate the overall effects of parametrically selecting fixtures, systems and materials to control the use of potable water. We further demonstrate how this approach of combining parametric building information modeling with measures of their environmental impacts can be employed on an urban scale, thereby, guiding the design of sustainable urban spaces.
Ramón de Hoces el Sevillano: ¿personaje histórico en Don Quijote de la Mancha ?

In this study I focus on Ramon de Hoces el Sevillano, a secondary figure in Don Quixote. My intention is to make a review on what the critics have argued about it, and to clear up doubts on his so-called historicity. I conclude that so far De Hoces cannot be considered a historical figure with the data shown by the Cervantes scholars and researchers
Aging and Work: Issues and Implications in a Changing Landscape, edited by Sara J. Czaja & Joseph Sharit

Sara Czaja and Joseph Sharit have assembled and edited an impressive set of authors for this informative and timely book. Infused throughout the chapters are the significant social, demographic, an...
Distinguished Lecture on Economics in Government: Strengthening the Economy by Rethinking the Role of Federal and State Governments

This lecture brings together two subjects that are not often discussed together: national economic policy and the structure of American federalism. My thesis is that the policies needed to improve the health of the U.S. economy over the next decade or two require a new look at the division of responsibilit ies between the federal government and the states. In particular, I will argue that the states should have much clearer responsibility for most kinds of public investment, especially for improving the skills of the labor force and upgrading public infrastructure. The federal government should concentrate on a different set of missions, including interaction with the rest of the world, strengthening social insurance, and contributing to national saving by running a surplus in the unified federal budget. This line of reasoning suggests devolution to the states of federal spending programs for education, housing, training and most other types of investment —a move that would clarify which level of government is accountable for performance in these areas and make a federal surplus easier to achieve. The added responsibilities would require the states to find more effective ways of financing their activities. I will argue for a new approach to state taxation, called "uniform shared taxes." The idea is that the states, with the support of the federal government, should move toward greater uniformity in business and consumption taxation, by enacting one or more common taxes and sharing the proceeds on a formula basis.
Pasting Properties and Surface Characteristics of Starch Obtained from an Enzymatic Corn Wet-Milling Process

ABSTRACT Recently, we reported the development of an enzymatic corn wet-milling process that reduces or eliminates sulfur dioxide requirements during steeping, considerably reduces steep time, and produces starch yields comparable to that of conventional corn wet-milling. The best results so far, using the enzymatic corn wet-milling procedure, were achieved when a particular protease enzyme (bromelain) was used. In this study, pasting properties and surface characteristics of starch obtained from six different enzyme treatments (three glycosidases [β-glucanase, cellulase, and xylanase] and three proteases [pepsin, acid protease, and bromelain]) using the enzymatic corn wet-milling procedure were evaluated and compared with those from starch obtained using the conventional corn wet-milling procedure. Significant effects from enzymatic milling were observed on all the three starch pasting properties (peak, shear thinning, and setback). The setback viscosities of starch from all enzyme treatments were signif...
Personal robots in CS1: implementing the Myro API in Java

Personal robots, where each student has access to her/his own robot to use both in and out of class, are becoming popular platforms to use in CS1 courses. The Myro API developed by the Institute for Personal Robots in Education (IPRE) is a Python-based API and curriculum used at many colleges and universities. This paper describes the author's implementation of the Myro API in Java.
Nurses' attitudes toward pain, pain assessment, and pain management practices in long-term care facilities.

Abstract This descriptive study was designed to identify attitudes regarding pain as well as pain assessment and management practices of nurses working with elderly residents in 10 long-term care facilities. Twenty-seven nurses from 10 facilities in the Midwest responded to a questionnaire. Findings indicate that more than half of the respondents reported that residents should be pain free ; however, only 5 respondents defined pain free as no pain . Others defined it as being comfortable or able to perform activities of daily living. Nurses reported assessing the following aspects of pain more than three fourths of the time: onset, frequency, location, severity/intensity, facial expression, contortions, and medication effectiveness. Changes in weight, recreational activity, and concentration, as well as coping skills were assessed less than half of the time. When first learning residents were in pain, nurses reported doing further assessments, offering medication, giving emotional reassurance, and changing the resident's position. They reported substantial familiarity with basic nonpharmacologic practices but only asked residents to try these interventions (in addition to medication) an average of 38% of the time. © 2001 by the American Society of Pain Management Nurses
Balancing workloads of service vehicles over a geographic territory

Autonomous vehicles (or drones) are very frequently used for servicing a geographic region in numerous applications. Given a geographic territory and a set of n fixed vehicle depots, we consider the problem of designing service districts so as to balance the workload of a collection of vehicles which service this region. We assume that the territory is a connected polygonal region, i.e. a simply connected polygon containing a set of simply connected obstacles. We give a fast algorithm, based on an infinite-dimensional optimization formulation, that divides the territory into compact, connected sub-regions, each of which contains a vehicle depot, such that all regions have equal area. We also show how we can use this algorithm to find better locations of the vehicle depots.
Heparin and low molecular weight heparin: background and pharmacology

The various LMWHs available for therapeutic use have multiple mechanisms of action, most of which are similar to the mechanisms of UH. The relative potencies of expression of the mechanisms differ between LMWH and UH and among specific LMWHs. The pharmacokinetics of LMWHs and UH are often measured according to the results of anti-Xa assays, although the correlation between anti-Xa levels and the antithrombotic activities of the drugs is questionable. Animal models of thrombosis give some information regarding the antithrombotic efficacy of different LMWHs when compared with UH and with other LMWHs, but the results are not directly applicable to human thrombosis. Unfortunately, no single measure of antithrombosis has been developed in humans whereby the potencies of LMWHs, UH, and other new anticoagulants can be directly compared. Large clinical outcome studies are expensive and difficult to carry out. Perhaps for this reason, different subcutaneous LMWHs have not been compared with each other in this format. Various LMWHs have demonstrated equivalent efficacy and safety when compared with intravenous UH and high-dose subcutaneous UH, and it is reasonable to assume that there would not be large differences in efficacy and safety among different agents. The superiority of one subcutaneous regimen over another can be confirmed (or refuted) only by the performance of well-planned clinical studies.
New Roles for Old Characters: An Educational Primer for Use with “Vps Factors Are Required for Efficient Transcription Elongation in Budding Yeast”

An article from Alan Hinnebusch’s laboratory in the March 2013 issue of GENETICS establishes an exciting new link between proteins with well-established roles in the endomembrane system and the process of transcription elongation. This Primer article provides tools needed for students to fully appreciate, analyze, and critically evaluate the experiments and interpretations of Gaur et al. (2013). The primer includes detailed descriptions of techniques used in the study, such as the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and assays for transcription elongation, and it provides a framework to facilitate an understanding of how a combination of genetic, biochemical, and cell microscopy experimental approaches were used by the authors to converge on a single major conclusion. Suggestions for using this Primer article in an undergraduate or graduate-level course in conjunction with the original article to promote student learning are also presented. Related article in GENETICS : Gaur, N. A., J. Hasek, D. G. Brickner, H. Qiu, F. Zhang et al. , 2013 Vps factors are required for efficient transcription elongation in budding yeast. Genetics 193: 829–851.
Thermal Cycling Effect on Mechanical Properties, Grain Size and Residual Stress in Alumina and Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia

Alumina and zirconia are important materials for energy and optical applications. In this study, the effect of thermal cycling on grain size and residual stress was reported. Residual stress was measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD) sin2ψ method for the as-received and the samples after thermal cycling up to 900 cycles. For alumina, the measured residual stress is approximately 96 MPa in tensile for the as-received material, and increases to its highest value of 480 MPa after 650 thermal cycles. The residual stress decreases from 480 MPa to 96 MPa in tensile with increased thermal cycling from 650 to 900 cycles. The crystallized grain size calculated from the diffraction pattern shows that the mean crystallized grain size is about 93 nm for the as-received and increases to 232 nm after 650 thermal cycles. This result is consistent with the enlarged grain size observed by scanning electron microscopy for the alumina after 650 thermal cycles reported earlier. With continued thermal cycling up to 900 cycles, the crystallized grain size is greatly reduced to 104 nm. It suggests that evolution of the crystallized grain size is correlated with the residual stress. For yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP), the mechanical properties at room temperature, are consistent with the property values provided by the manufacturer. The Young’s modulus of shows a non-linear inverse relationship with increasing temperature. The degradation of the Young’s modulus mostly occurs prior to 400 °C and to a less extent in the temperature range of 400 °C up to 850 °C. The Vickers hardness number for the as-received Y-TZP material decreases to a very small extent after 560 thermal cycles and increases approximately 2%, after 1200 thermal cycles. This is consistent with the trend of the Young’s modulus for thermal-cycled specimens.
HSV-1 enhances GvHR-associated parent anti-F1 alloreactivity in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract The present studies were performed to demonstrate whether concurrent HSV-1 infection could enhance the immune alterations and dysfunction associated with P → F1-induced graft-versus-host reactions. Examination of phenotypic and functional parameters revealed that Gv-HR-related immune abnormalities in the (C3H.SW X H-2bm 1)F1 recipient were dependent on the parental donor inoculum. Together with HSV-1 infection, virus was found to exacerbate the phenotypic changes and functional abnormalities induced in this GvHR model. In addition, the presence of concurrent HSV-1 was shown to augment the level of specific in vivo donor anti-host reactivity present in F1 recipient spleen cells. Moreover, in vitro studies demonstrated that HSV-1 also enhanced the levels of parent anti-F1 allospecific cytotoxic activity. In total, these findings support the hypothesis that viral exacerbation of GvHR is mediated by its enhancement of donor anti-host alloreactive responses.
Accelerated Decay of Glucose 6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Extract: Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EG. 1.1.1.49) (Glc-6-PD) activity was measured in the lcukocytes and red cells of three patients with the classic form of chronic granulomatous discase (CGD) and in controls. Leukocyte homogenates from all three children revealed a decreased Glc-6-PD activity. The activities in both white cells and red cells, measured at timed intervals under conditions of storage at 0° or heating at 38° revealed a more rapid rate of decay in cells of patients than that seen in cells of control subjects. Studies measuring the activities of Glc-6-PD in the presence of 10 μM NADP, or 14 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, or both, disclosed a stabilizing effect with these reagents. Measurement of activity of another NADP-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (EC. 1.1.1.43) (6-PGD), in leukocytes were within normal limits. A correlation coefficient of 0.86 (P < 0.01) was found between Glc-6-Pd activity and the quantitative nitrobluc tetrazolium (NBT) test used to diagnose CGD. Speculation: An increased rate of decay in activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was detected in the leukocytes and red cells of patients with one form of chronic granulomatous disease. The finding of a functional abnormality in an X-linked enzyme is consonant with the known X-linked recessive mode of transmission of this form of the entity. The metabolic derangement involving leukocyte Glc-6-PD activity may provide a basis for the study of other abnormalities of the leukocyte, the socalled neutrophil dysfunction syndrome [7].
Interviewing the terrorists: reflections on fieldwork and implications for psychological research

In social science research on terrorism, there is a continued lack of individual-level, data-driven evidence to test hypotheses, build reliable case studies, and support the emergence of new theories about the psychological process in the development of the terrorist. To help redress this deficiency, this article calls for explicit discussion of researchers' reluctance either to interview terrorists or share their experiences of having done so, as well as greater methodological transparency in their efforts. It identifies and explores a series of challenges in interviewing participants in political violence and argues for greater future engagement from social science researchers, and psychologists in particular. If both behavioral and interdisciplinary research on terrorism is to achieve its extraordinary potential, students and scholars of terrorism must do more than simply ‘talk’ to terrorists. They must be open to comparing experiences in an attempt to remove the novelty associated with research interv...
Secondary active transport mediated by a prokaryotic homologue of ClC Cl - channels

ClC Cl- channels make up a large molecular family, ubiquitous with respect to both organisms and cell types. In eukaryotes, these channels fulfill numerous biological roles requiring gated anion conductance, from regulating skeletal muscle excitability to facilitating endosomal acidification by (H+)ATPases. In prokaryotes, ClC functions are unknown except in Escherichia coli, where the ClC-ec1 protein promotes H+ extrusion activated in the extreme acid-resistance response common to enteric bacteria. Recently, the high-resolution structure of ClC-ec1 was solved by X-ray crystallography. This primal prokaryotic ClC structure has productively guided understanding of gating and anion permeation in the extensively studied eukaryotic ClC channels. We now show that this bacterial homologue is not an ion channel, but rather a H+-Cl- exchange transporter. As the same molecular architecture can support two fundamentally different transport mechanisms, it seems that the structural boundary separating channels and transporters is not as clear cut as generally thought.
Doubly-Selective Channel Estimation Using Data-Dependent Superimposed Training and Exponential Bases Models

Channel estimation for single-user frequency-selective time-varying channels is considered using superimposed training. The time-varying channel is assumed to be well-approximated by a complex exponential basis expansion model (CE-BEM). A periodic (non-random) training sequence is arithmetically added (superimposed) at a low power to the information sequence at the transmitter before modulation and transmission. In existing first-order statistics-based channel estimators, the information sequence acts as interference resulting in a poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper a data-dependent superimposed training sequence is used to cancel out the effects of the unknown information sequence at the receiver on channel estimation. We extend recent time-invariant channel results to CE-BEM-based doubly-selective channels using a block transmission approach. A performance analysis is presented. An illustrative computer simulation example is also presented.
Online kinematic regulation by visual feedback for grasp versus transport during reach-to-pinch.

Purpose This study investigated novel kinematic performance parameters to understand regulation by visual feedback (VF) of the reaching hand on the grasp and transport components during the reach-to-pinch maneuver. Conventional metrics often signify discrete movement features to postulate sensory-based control effects (e.g., time for maximum velocity to signify feedback delay). The presented metrics of this study were devised to characterize relative vision-based control of the sub-movements across the entire maneuver.
On the expression of uncertainty intervals in engineering

The paper summarizes the terminology of the statistics and probability disciplines as they pertain to uncertainty quantification in engineering.
The morphology of optic tract axons arborizing in the superior colliculus of the hamster.

Single axons innervating the superficial layers of the hamster's superior colliculus (SC) were visualized using an HRP-filling technique. Five types of axons were distinguished. Experiments involving the removal of retinal and/or cortical input showed that three of these axon types originated in the contralateral retina with the fourth type most likely originating in the visual cortex. The origin of the fifth type, a widely branched varicose axon, is apparently subcortical. The two major types of presumed retinotectal axons (types U and L1) project to the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) in a bilaminar pattern. Type U axons take relatively direct paths from the layer of optic fibers to form dense terminal arbors in the upper half of the SGS. Terminal fields for type U fibers showed fairly consistent dimensions. Their rostrocaudal extent ranged from 90 μm to 190 μm, averaging about 120 μm. Type L1 axons were thicker than type U axons and terminated in deeper regions of the SGS and in the stratum opticum (SO). Single axons of this type often gave rise to multiple branches which took separate, circuitous paths to a common terminal field. Terminal fields for type L1 axons varied more in extent than did type U fields, but 58% of them had fields 90–150 μm in extent. Each of the axon types found can be related to previous studies of populations of tectal afferents. The two major types of retinofugal axons fit a scheme of parallel ascending pathways. The findings also have interesting implications for the study of axonal development.
Theory and history in marketing: Reply

∗ From Managerial and Decision Economics, 6:3, September 1985, 186–188. See J. H. Runde, “Theory and History in Marketing: a Comment,” Ibid., 183-85, which preceded this Reply, and Runde, “Theory and History in Marketing: Rejoinder,” Ibid., 189-90, which followed. In essence, my article ‘Theory and History in Marketing' (Kirkpatrick, 1983), which Professor Runde now challenges, states the following:
TNF‐α, IL‐8, soluble ICAM‐1, and neutrophils in sputum of cystic fibrosis patients

The cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) have important roles in regulating neutrophil migration and the inflammatory response. To determine whether the concentration of these cytokines and soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) in sputum was increased in patients with cystic fibrosis during acute exacerbations, we conducted (1) a cross-sectional study of 40 patients, 22 who were clinically well and 18 with acute pulmonary exacerbations; and (2) an 11 months longitudinal study of 16 patients. Significant differences in clinical scores, pulmonary function, and sputum neutrophil density were found between the acutely ill and the well group. There was a strong linear relationship (P < 0.0005) between TNF-α and IL-8 concentrations in sputum, but no association between clinical status and cytokine concentrations. The concentration of sICAM-1 was lower in acutely ill compared with well patients in the cross-sectional study. Recovery of exogenous IL-8 added to sputum was complete, while recovery of TNF-α averaged 70%. Recovery of exogenous sICAM-1 was only 43%, and the recoveries were lower in sputum samples from acutely ill patients than those from stable patients (P = 0.018). These data indicate that in cystic fibrosis patients, sputum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-8 are not increased during acute exacerbations of pulmonary inflammation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996; 21:11–19. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Epiisocomenes VIA Hydrogenation of “Chatterjee's Ketone”

Abstract Dienic acid 5 was transformed into tricyclic ketone 6 in four steps using the cyclopentene annulation of dienic diazoketones. Hydrogenation of 6 under several conditions yielded ketone 7a which was further transformed into β-epiisocomene 4 and epiisocomene 3, contrary to the results previously reported by Samir Chatterjee.
Surface Sensitive Fe 2p Photoemission Spectra for alpha-Fe₂O₃ (0001) - The Influence of Symmetry and Crystal-Field Strength

We have measured high-energy-resolution Fe 2p photoelectron spectra for α-Fe₂O₃/α-Al₂O₃(0001) grown by oxygen-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy at emission angles chosen to enhance bulk and surface contributions. We quantitatively reproduce the subtle lineshape differences in these spectra by taking into account the break in symmetry and change in crystal field splitting generated by the presence of the surface.
An algebraic expression to count the number of chips on a wafer

Most chip-counting algorithms use the Pythagorean theorem; in effect, a grid of chips is superimposed over the wafer, and the radial distance from the center of the water to the outermost vertex of each potential chip site is computed. Only those chips are counted for which this radial distance is less than the effective radius of the wafer. To minimize edge-related chip loss, chip fabrication is usually restricted to the area of the wafer that lies within a containment circle of a radius 1-2 mm than the actual wafer radius. A simple and reasonably accurate algebraic expression is presented that explicitly relates the number of chips per wafer to the wafer diameter and to the geometric parameters that characterize the chip, i.e. the edge-length, the kerf plus pad cage dimension and the aspect ratio. The expression is applied to determining the size of chip for which the product of chips per wafer and circuits per chip is maximized for a given wafer diameter. >
Vibrational correction to the electron scattering intensity of the H2 molecule

Abstract Recently the electron scattered intensity for the H 2 molecule has been calculated in the first Born approximation utilizing a ten term configuration interaction (CI) wavefunction. In this paper the vibrational correction to this intensity is carried out using a five term CI wavefunction instead of the 10 term CI wavefunction due to the unavailability of the 10 term wavefunction at internuclear distances other than the equilibrium value. The vibrational correction to the binding energy is approximately equal to the zero point vibrational energy obtained from diatomic spectra. Comparison with available experimental data, indicates that more accurate experiments must be carried out before vibrational effects can be adequately documented. In addition, the sensitivity of the scattered electron intensity for the H 2 molecule to the choice of the wavefunction is shown.
Nonlinear Dynamics and Bifurcations in Postural Control on Rigid Surfaces and Rotational Balance Boards

A balance board is an unstable platform which is currently used for training and rehabilitation to stabilize an individual’s upright posture. Models that examine how individuals remain upright while standing on an unstable surface are therefore needed to understand the mechanisms behind balance improvements. Most research in this area has focused on the fluctuations in posture about a static upright equilibrium using single-degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) inverted pendulum models [1–2]. While conceptually simple, these models nonetheless capture the stochastic, nonlinear and multiple timescale behavior of the fluctuations that are known to occur in human posture [1–3].© 2012 ASME
Psychophysical studies of cone optical bandwidth in patients with retinitis pigmentosa

Estimates of variation in the alignment of cones with the pupil were obtained from the fovea and parafovea in normal subjects and in patients with retinitis pigmentosa known to have reduced directional sensitivity. The degree of cone disarray was inferred from differences in sensitivity between Stiles-Crawford functions obtained with a stimulus alone and with the stimulus superimposed on a background entering the pupil at a point corresponding to the peak of the Stiles-Crawford function. The magnitude of the selective effect of the background in normals was consistent with previous estimates of variations in photoreceptor alignment in the macula. In contrast, the selective adaptation effect was not present in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. These results exclude increased disarray among cones with normal optical bandwidths, but rather, suggest that morphological abnormalities increasing the optical bandwidths of individual cones underlie reduced directional sensitivity in these patients.
Comparison of antigen expression of human renal cancers in vivo and in vitro.

Tissue culture lines have become widely utilized in the study of human cancer. Legitimate questions arise as to the degree of similarity between the in vitro cells and their in vivo counterparts. The author has used eleven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of defined specificities to compare antigen (Ag) expression of human renal cancers in vivo and in vitro. Nine of the eleven Ags defined by these mAbs have been previously immunochemically characterized. These mAbs were generated by immunizing mice with human cancer cell lines. Nephrectomy specimens from six patients with adenocarcinoma were available for study as both frozen sections (in vivo) and tissue culture lines (in vitro). Frozen sections were typed by an indirect immunoperoxidase assay while established cell lines were typed by an anti-mouse immunoglobulin rosette assay. Antigens were scored either positive (+) or negative (-). Results revealed three patterns of antigenic expression: (1) consistent expression in vivo and in vitro (gp160, gp115, gp120r, gp120nr, GD3, B2.6, HLA-DR); (2) in vivo (-):in vitro (+) (AJ2, gp40, gp130); and (3) in vivo (+):in vitro (-) (S25). These results suggest that while most antigens (Ags) are consistently expressed or repressed when cells adapt to tissue culture, some Ags, e.g., AJ2, gp40 and gp130, appear to be induced and others, e.g., S25, are suppressed in their new milieu. Moreover, expression of these 11 Ags did not change with up to 40 passages in tissue culture. The demonstrated similarities between in vivo and in vitro cells coupled with the logistic advantages offered by cell lines makes an in vitro system a worthwhile approach to the study of human cancer. However, the fact that differences exist between the two systems underscores the need to extend interesting in vitro findings to the in vivo system prior to making a priori extrapolations or assumptions.
Alternative Splicing of Arabidopsis IBR5 Pre-mRNA Generates Two IBR5 Isoforms with Distinct and Overlapping Functions

The INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID RESPONSE5 (IBR5) gene encodes a dual specificity phosphatase that regulates plant auxin responses. IBR5 has been predicted to generate two transcripts through alternative splicing, but alternative splicing of IBR5 has not been confirmed experimentally. The previously characterized ibr5-1 null mutant exhibits many auxin related defects such as auxin insensitive primary root growth, defective vascular development, short stature and reduced lateral root development. However, whether all these defects are caused by the lack of phosphatase activity is not clear. Here we describe two new auxin insensitive IBR5 alleles, ibr5-4, a catalytic site mutant, and ibr5-5, a splice site mutant. Characterization of these new mutants indicates that IBR5 is post-transcriptionally regulated to generate two transcripts, AT2G04550.1 and AT2G04550.3, and consequently two IBR5 isoforms, IBR5.1 and IBR5.3. The IBR5.1 isoform exhibits phosphatase catalytic activity that is required for both proper degradation of Aux/IAA proteins and auxin-induced gene expression. These two processes are independently regulated by IBR5.1. Comparison of new mutant alleles with ibr5-1 indicates that all three mutant alleles share many phenotypes. However, each allele also confers distinct defects implicating IBR5 isoform specific functions. Some of these functions are independent of IBR5.1 catalytic activity. Additionally, analysis of these new mutant alleles suggests that IBR5 may link ABP1 and SCFTIR1/AFBs auxin signaling pathways.
Characteristics of a Proteolytic Enzyme in the Submaxillary and Sublingual Glands of the Albino Rat

SALIVARY glands have long been known to produce amylase and mucin. Saliva, on the other hand, has been known to contain mucin and amylase, and also to show some proteolytic activity.5 Protease activity of the salivary glands had not been demonstrated until Junqueira, Fajer, Rabinovitch, and Frankenthal2 showed that extracts of the submaxillary glands of mice could degrade casein. A preliminary study showed that the submaxillary gland of the rat also had proteolytic activity. The present investigation is concerned with the characteristics of this enzyme system.
DNA synthesis in human fibroblasts: stimulation by insulin and by nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S).

ABSTRACT The effects of acid-soluble nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) and insulin on DNA synthesis by cultured human fibroblasts have been compared. NSILA-S and insulin, like serum, stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA after an 8- to 10-hour lag, reaching maximum levels after 16 to 20 hr. Insulin was effective only at high concentrations, 0.02 μg/ml or greater, whereas NSILA-S was active at concentrations that have been reported in human serum. Combined addition of maximally effective concentrations of insulin and NSILA-S failed to give additive stimulation, suggesting that the two polypeptides act by a common mechanism. In contrast, combined addition of insulin and serum, or NSILA-S and serum, gave additive responses.
Growth hormone responses to GABAB receptor challenge with baclofen and impulsivity in healthy control and personality disorder subjects

Background The role of abnormal GABAergic neural transmission in impulsive aggression is not well understood. We have previously shown that central levels of GABA are positively correlated with impulsivity in adult humans with and without personality disorder. An important regulator of GABAergic function is the GABAB receptor, a presynaptic autoreceptor and heteroreceptor. GABAB receptor sensitivity may be tested by measuring the growth hormone response to the receptor-agonist baclofen. The purpose of this investigation is to test the hypothesis that dimensional measures of impulsivity and impulsive aggression are negatively correlated with growth hormone response.