cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A method for discovering knowledge in texts

Abstract We discuss a more powerful probabilistic graphical model for discovering semantic patterns from sequential text data, such as sentences. It is developed based on the idea that each word (or each symbol) in a sentence itself might carry lexical, semantic, or syntactic information, which can be used to replace conditional dependences in existing methods. Hence, our method has fewer conditional independence assumptions in contrast to these existing probabilistic graphical methods, such as CRFs, HMMs, MEMMs and Naive Bayes. Moreover, our method does not need to employ dynamic programming and therefore the on-line time complexity and memory complexity are reduced. We test the method on discovering noun phrases, the meaning of an ambiguous word, and semantic arguments of a verb in a sentence. We find that the misclassification rate is smaller compared to previously published results on the same data sets. For example, the method achieves an average f-measure of 98.25% for recognizing noun phrases on WSJ data from Penn Treebank; an average accuracy of 81.12% for recognizing the six sense word line; an average f-measure of 93.61% for classifying semantic argument boundaries of a verb in a sentence on WSJ data from Penn Treebank and PropBank.
“It’s My Job Now, I Guess”: Biographical disruption and communication work in supporters of young adult cancer survivors

This study uses narrative interviews to describe how 25 young adult (YA) close supporters (i.e., romantic partners, siblings) experience an often invisible and uniquely burdensome biographical disr...
America’s Problem of Race: The Black and Latino Man Divided by a Common African Ancestry

What Michael Harrington prophesized in 1962 was only the manifestation of modern-day America’s problem of race. In the 1835 publication of Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville accurately pre...
Secondary applications of bioanthropological studies on South American Andean mummies

Most bioanthropological studies are initially performed in pursuit of the answer to a specific question. Integration of the findings into an archaeological database, however, often provides new and unanticipated applications to other questions, broadening the range of information that can be extracted by the study of an ancient culture. This publication demonstrates how the results of an otherwise unrelated group of studies, when focused secondarily on a specific question, made a significant contribution to the nature of the interactions between two ancient Andean populations.
Limited Attention as a Bounded on Rationality

A utility maximizing model of allocating limited attention between adopting new behaviors and adapting current behaviors generates an optimal policy that resembles commonly observed, and apparently irrational, behavioral rules in financial markets. The ability to update current behaviors implies an endogenous opportunity cost of adopting a new behavior. If this cost is sufficiently high, then behaviors are less than substantively rational. However, if this high cost of attention is ignored, then behaviors are less rational than if this cost is considered. This is because more rational behaviors are updated less frequently and so economize on attention in the future.
Phoebus: a system for extracting and integrating data from unstructured and ungrammatical sources

With the proliferation of online classifieds and auctions comes a new need to meaningfully search and organize the items for sale. However, since the seller's item descriptions are not structured and do not conform to a standard set of values (think "Chevy" versus "Chevrolet"), searching and organizing this data is difficult. This paper describes a working demonstration of the Phoebus system which uses both record linkage and information extraction to parse out the meaningful attributes of an item description and assign them standard values. This allows the data to be sorted, searched and linked to other data sources where standard values for the attributes are required to link the sources together.
Development of a Novel 3D Tumor-tissue Invasion Model for High-throughput, High-content Phenotypic Drug Screening

While much progress has been made in the war on cancer, highly invasive cancers such as pancreatic cancer remain difficult to treat and anti-cancer clinical trial success rates remain low. One shortcoming of the drug development process that underlies these problems is the lack of predictive, pathophysiologically relevant preclinical models of invasive tumor phenotypes. While present-day 3D spheroid invasion models more accurately recreate tumor invasion than traditional 2D models, their shortcomings include poor reproducibility and inability to interface with automated, high-throughput systems. To address this gap, a novel 3D tumor-tissue invasion model which supports rapid, reproducible setup and user-definition of tumor and surrounding tissue compartments was developed. High-cell density tumor compartments were created using a custom-designed fabrication system and standardized oligomeric type I collagen to define and modulate ECM physical properties. Pancreatic cancer cell lines used within this model showed expected differential invasive phenotypes. Low-passage, patient-derived pancreatic cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts were used to increase model pathophysiologic relevance, yielding fibroblast-mediated tumor invasion and matrix alignment. Additionally, a proof-of-concept multiplex drug screening assay was applied to highlight this model’s ability to interface with automated imaging systems and showcase its potential as a predictive tool for high-throughput, high-content drug screening.
Collaborative Speech Dereverberation: Regularized Tensor Factorization for Crowdsourced Multi-Channel Recordings

We propose a regularized nonnegative tensor factorization (NTF) model for multi-channel speech derestriction that incorporates prior knowledge about clean speech. The approach models the problem as recovering a signal convolved with different room impulse responses, allowing the dereverberation problem to benefit from microphone arrays. The factorization learns both individual reverberation filters and channel-specific delays, which makes it possible to employ an ad-hoc microphone array with heterogeneous sensors (such as multi-channel recordings by a crowd) even if they are not synchronized. We integrate two prior-knowledge regularization schemes to increase the stability of dereverberation performance. First, a Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) inner routine is introduced to inform the original NTF problem of the pre-trained clean speech basis vectors, so that the optimization process can focus on estimating their activations rather than the whole clean speech spectra. Second, the NMF activation matrix is further regularized to take on characteristics of dry signals using sparsity and smoothness constraints. Empirical dereverberation results on different simulated reverberation setups show that the prior-knowledge regularization schemes improve both recovered sound quality and speech intelligibility compared to a baseline NTF approach.
Zinc-Adeninate Metal-Organic Framework: A Versatile Photoluminescent Sensor for Rare Earth Elements in Aqueous Systems.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are strategically important for national security and advanced technologies. Consequently, significant effort has been devoted towards increasing REE domestic production,...
Heat Stable α- and Glucoamylase Performing Deep Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Starch to Fermentable Glucose

The temperature optimum for thermophilic strains, selected α-amylase producers has been studied in the cultural liquids obtained after their submerged cultivation in the temperature range 30-45°C, at 5 °C intervals. The temperature optimum of the strains was established to be within the range 68- 72 °C, making possible to use them in bio- and enzymatic technologies to diminish the pollution of the reaction medium while conducting the fermentation process at pasteurization temperature (65 °C). Consequently, the selection of stable, operable at pasteurization and higher temperatures amylase preparation is of great importance. Proposed technology is cost-effective, ecologically safe and competitive and provides deep hydrolysis of starch to fermentable sugar at the elevated temperature (68-72 °C) in one-step, by means of only one, stable amylase preparation. Exhaustive hydrolysis process of starch solutions of different concentrations (15, 30, and 40 %) with cultural liquid and technical preparation of Aspergillus niger p8-3 enzyme was studied. In case of low concentrations exhaustive hydrolysis of starch lasts 40-60 minutes, in case of high concentrations hydrolysis takes longer time. 98,6% Yield of glucose can be reached at incubation during 12 hours with enzyme cultural liquid and 8 hours incubationwith technical preparation of the enzyme at gradual increase of temperature from 50°C to 82°C during the first 20 minutes and further decrease of temperature to 70°C. Temperature setting for high yield of glucose and high hydrolysis (pasteurizing), optimal for activity of these strains is the prerequisite to be able to carry out hydrolysis of starch to glucose in one step, and, consequently, using one strain, what will be economically justified.
Intrinsic strain aging, Σ3 boundaries, and origins of cellular substructure in additively manufactured 316L

Abstract The observation of sub-grained cellular features in additively manufactured (AM)/selectively laser melted (SLM) 316L stainless steel components has remained an interesting, though incompletely understood phenomenon. However, the recently observed correlation linking the presence of these features with significantly enhanced mechanical strength in SLM 316L materials has driven a renewed interest and effort toward elucidating the mechanism(s) by which they are formed. To date, the dominant hypothesis, cellular solidification followed by dislocation-solute entanglement, remains incompatible with the ensemble of reported observations from multiple independent studies. This effort offers direct evidence of a previously unrecognized interaction of phenomena, that, when acting in concert, give rise to this commonly observed substructure. These phenomena include SLM-induced intrinsic strain-aging, Cottrell atmosphere formation, and twin-boundary enhanced mass diffusion to structural defects. Furthermore, evidence is provided to support the proposed theory that the observed chemical heterogeneity coincident with dislocation cell structures is actually the result of local, strain energy density induced solid state diffusion.
A bispecific antibody targeting the αv and α5β1 integrins induces integrin degradation in prostate cancer cells and is superior to monospecific antibodies

Fibronectin-binding integrins α5β1 and αv collaborate in prostate cancer–bone stromal interactions relevant to the colonization of the bone marrow microenvironment. Combinatorial inactivation of these integrins on prostate cancer cells was assessed. Monospecific antibodies to α5β1and αv integrins alone (MAb) and in combination (cMAb), and a bispecific antibody that simultaneously targets α5β1and αv integrins (BsAbα5β1/αv) were compared in assays of chemotaxis, clonogenic survival, and induction of endothelial migration. Cellular expression of integrins, their transcription, translation, and degradation fate was compared. The BsAbα5β1/αv was superior to MAbs and cMAbs in abrogating adhesion, migration, clonogenic survival, and induction of endothelial migration responses by prostate cancer cells. Integrin upregulation observed with MAbs or cMAbs was abrogated with the BsAbα5β1/αv. Loss of integrin expression was uniquely induced by the BsAbα5β1/αv and blocked by lysosomal inhibition. Implications: A novel and effective combinatorial strategy to target α5β1and αv integrins is defined for translational studies. Visual Overview: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/18/1/27/F1.large.jpg.
Parent Socialization of Coping and Child Emotion Regulation Abilities: A Longitudinal Examination.

This study examined the hypothesis that parent socialization of coping (SOC) would have a longitudinal relation with child emotion regulation abilities. Participants included a sample of 256 parents of 5- to 12-year-old children (child M age = 8.36, SD = 2.03, 54.7% male; parent M age = 34.49, SD = 6.20, 59% female). Data on demographic information, parenting behaviors, and child emotion regulation abilities were collected via online questionnaires at baseline and 12 months. Results from longitudinal structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses suggested that parent SOC, measured at baseline, predicted child adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation, measured 12 months later. More specifically, parental engagement coping suggestions predicted child's adaptive emotion regulation, whereas parental disengagement coping suggestions predicted child's maladaptive emotion regulation. Further, child gender emerged as a moderator in the longitudinal association between socialization of engagement coping and child adaptive emotion regulation: Whereas this association was small and marginally significant for girls, it was large and statistically significant for boys. Results highlight the importance of parent SOC as potentially contributing to emotion regulation abilities of 5- to 12-year-olds.
Common Method Variance in International Business Research: A Commentary

Common method variance (CMV) remains a long-standing conundrum in academic research. More than half a century and thousands of pages after Campbell and Fiske’s (Psychological Bulletin 56: 81–105, 1959) seminal article we are still debating whether CMV is a major problem or an urban legend. In our comment on Chang, van Witteloostuijn, and Eden’s (Journal of International Business Studies 41: 178–184, 2010) article we offer a somewhat contrarian perspective grounded in classical test theory and the recent recognition of uncommon method variance. We comment on emerging data sources and conclude by offering four guidelines that will help reviewers evaluate the extent to which CMV threatens the validity of a study’s findings.
Humility and instruction in Zephaniah 3.1-7:

The rapid and unmarked transition from the oracle against Assyria/Nineveh in Zephaniah 2.13-15 to the condemnation of Jerusalem in 3.1-7 rhetorically underscores the deep and troubling continuity b...
Dynamics and functional diversity of the smallest phytoplankton on the Northeast US Shelf

Picophytoplankton are the most abundant primary producers in the ocean. Knowledge of their community dynamics is key to understanding their role in marine food webs and global biogeochemical cycles. To this end, we analyzed a 16-y time series of observations of a phytoplankton community at a nearshore site on the Northeast US Shelf. We used a size-structured population model to estimate in situ division rates for the picoeukaryote assemblage and compared the dynamics with those of the picocyanobacteria Synechococcus at the same location. We found that the picoeukaryotes divide at roughly twice the rate of the more abundant Synechococcus and are subject to greater loss rates (likely from viral lysis and zooplankton grazing). We describe the dynamics of these groups across short and long timescales and conclude that, despite their taxonomic differences, their populations respond similarly to changes in the biotic and abiotic environment. Both groups appear to be temperature limited in the spring and light limited in the fall and to experience greater mortality during the day than at night. Compared with Synechococcus, the picoeukaryotes are subject to greater top-down control and contribute more to the region's primary productivity than their standing stocks suggest.
Benefits and costs of a utility-ownership business model for residential rooftop solar photovoltaics

The rapid growth of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems can pose a number of financial challenges for electric utility shareholders and their customers. One potential pathway to resolving these perceived challenges involves allowing utilities to own and operate rooftop solar systems. However, the financial benefits and costs of this business model are not well understood. Here we model the financial performance of a large-scale utility-owned residential rooftop solar programme. Over a 20 yr period, the programme increases shareholder earnings by 2–5% relative to a no-solar scenario, compared to a 2% earnings loss when an equivalent amount of rooftop solar is instead owned by non-utility parties. Such a programme could therefore be attractive from the perspective of utility investors. The impacts on utility customers, however, are more mixed, with average bills of non-solar customers increasing by 1–3% compared to the no-solar scenario, similar to the 2% increase under traditional, non-utility-ownership structures. Utility ownership of rooftop solar can potentially align utility financial interests with solar photovoltaic uptake, but the economic implications are not well understood. Now, G. Barbose and A. Satchwell evaluate the potential benefits of this model for utility shareholders and customers and show viability.
Applications of Min–Max Methods to Geometry

The existence of minimal surfaces in closed manifolds is a classical subject with a long history. This chapter presents some recent advances on the subject, motivated by Yau’s conjecture concerning the existence of infinitely-many ones. The main tools used here are a combination of techniques from Geometric Measure Theory and Minimal methods. The conjecture is proved for a large class of metrics and, via the concept of volume spectrum, a density result is also derived.
Eliminating Pairing Loss for Coded Caching with Three Erasure-Coded Servers

A three-server coded caching scheme was presented recently by Luo et al. that extends the single-server coded caching scheme by Maddah-Ali and Niesen. Forming user sets as in the single-server case, Luo et al. show that by "pairing" such user sets that satisfy certain conditions, the rate of the three-server scheme may be reduced to less than two-thirds of the rate of the single-server scheme. Yet, in some cases, the pairing is not perfect (i.e., some of the sets are left unpaired) and the requirements of the unpaired sets must then be satisfied by a sub-optimal scheme. This results in the so-called "pairing loss", leading to a transmission rate greater than one-half of the single-server scheme due to imperfect pairing.In this paper, it is shown that instead of just pairing user sets, groups of 2 and 6 user sets can be formed, enabling a more efficient organization. It is shown that within groups of size 6 (and 2), the user demands can be satisfied at a rate equal to one-half that of the single-server scheme. Then, through a specific example, a grouping algorithm is given that forms all user sets into such groups of size 2 or 6. Hence, the three-server rate may be uniformly reduced to exactly half the single-server rate, eliminating the pairing loss altogether.
Development of Phenotyping Algorithms for the Identification of Organ Transplant Recipients: Cohort Study.

Background Studies involving organ transplant recipients (OTRs) are often limited to the variables collected in the national Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database. Electronic health records contain additional variables that can augment this data source if OTRs can be identified accurately. Objective The aim of this study was to develop phenotyping algorithms to identify OTRs from electronic health records. Methods We used Vanderbilt's deidentified version of its electronic health record database, which contains nearly 3 million subjects, to develop algorithms to identify OTRs. We identified all 19,817 individuals with at least one International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code for organ transplantation. We performed a chart review on 1350 randomly selected individuals to determine the transplant status. We constructed machine learning models to calculate positive predictive values and sensitivity for combinations of codes by using classification and regression trees, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting algorithms. Results Of the 1350 reviewed patient charts, 827 were organ transplant recipients while 511 had no record of a transplant, and 12 were equivocal. Most patients with only 1 or 2 transplant codes did not have a transplant. The most common reasons for being labeled a nontransplant patient were the lack of data (229/511, 44.8%) or the patient being evaluated for an organ transplant (174/511, 34.1%). All 3 machine learning algorithms identified OTRs with overall >90% positive predictive value and >88% sensitivity. Conclusions Electronic health records linked to biobanks are increasingly used to conduct large-scale studies but have not been well-utilized in organ transplantation research. We present rigorously evaluated methods for phenotyping OTRs from electronic health records that will enable the use of the full spectrum of clinical data in transplant research. Using several different machine learning algorithms, we were able to identify transplant cases with high accuracy by using only ICD and CPT codes.
Pleasure During Adolescents' Most Recent Partnered Sexual Experience: Findings from a U.S. Probability Survey.

Compared to studies on sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy prevention, sexual pleasure has received limited attention in the adolescent sexual development literature. In the present study, we used data from 157 adolescents (66 females; 14 to 17 years old), with a partnered sexual experience in the past 12 months to explore adolescents’ sexual pleasure. First, we examined adolescents’ perceptions of pleasure during their most recent partnered sexual experience. We then used information about those sexual experiences to identify correlates of sexual pleasure. Adolescents’ reports of sexual pleasure were mixed. Although 17.8% reported their sexual experience was extremely pleasurable and 36.5% reported it was quite pleasurable, 26.6% indicated moderate pleasure, 13.1% a little pleasure, and 3.3% reported no pleasure. Sexual pleasure was primarily associated with aspects of sexual experiences that reflected socioemotional intimacy and desire. Specifically, cuddling with partners, emotional intimacy, and wantedness were all associated with greater sexual pleasure. Additionally, adolescents found sex more pleasurable when it occurred with a friend, but less pleasurable when it involved genital rubbing. Most sexual behaviors, having experienced orgasm, and the situational context of sexual experiences were not associated with sexual pleasure. Thus, specific sexual behaviors and orgasm may have less impact on sexual pleasure than feelings of emotional intimacy and desire. The diversity of perceived sexual pleasure and its associations with intimacy and desire suggest that, during adolescence, partnered sexual experiences are not primarily motivated by anticipated physical pleasure.
Adolescents’ willingness to vote for a woman for president:The effect of gender and race

During the past two decades there has been an increase in the number of women who campaign for and attain political office. This clearly has the potential to influence attitudes toward women in politics. In particular, it has the potential to influence the attitudes of adolescents, who, according to socialization theory, are especially affected by role models. In this study we used a quasiexperimental design to examine adolescents' attitudes toward female political candidates. We found that the junior and senior high school students we surveyed did not, as a group, use candidate sex as a voting cue. However, females were more willing than males and blacks were more willing than whites to vote for the female candidate.
Nuclear Matrix Acceptor Binding Sites for Steroid Hormone Receptors: A Candidate Nuclear Matrix Acceptor Protein

Steroid/nuclear-hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that have been localized to the nuclear matrix. The classic model of hormone action suggests that, following activation, these receptors bind to specific „steroid response elements” on the DNA, then interact with other factors in the transcription initiation complex. However, evidence demonstrates the existence of specific chromatin proteins that act as accessory factors by facilitating the binding of the steroid receptors to the DNA. One such protein, the „receptor binding factor (RBF)-1 ”, has been purified and shown to confer specific, high-affinity binding of the progesterone receptor to the DNA. Interestingly, the RBF-1 is localized to the nuclear matrix. Further, the RBF-1 binds specifically to a sequence of the c-myc proto-oncogene that has the appearance of a nuclear matrix attached region (MAR). These results, and other findings reviewed here, suggest that the nuclear matrix is involved intimately in steroid hormone-regulated gene expression.
Child Health and Social Status

Available evidence regarding the relationship between socioeconomic status and health in childhood has been summarized. Only studies that used income, education, or occupation as measures of socioeconomic status and provided data obtained subsequent to legislation facilitating access to care have been cited. Data are presented on the prevalence and severity of illness (mortality, acute conditions as a group, chronic conditions as a group, and hospitalization), sequelae of prematurity, and specific common health problems and their sequelae. These specific health problems are lead poisoning, vision problems, otitis media and hearing loss, cytomegalic inclusion disease, asthma, psychosocial and psychosomatic problems, and iron deficiency anemia. All of the above (with the possible exception of asthma) are more prevalent among poor children than among nonpoor children. Even more striking is the evidence for consistently greater severity of problems or likelihood of sequelae among poor children. Although causality cannot be inferred from these data, the findings suggest a need for more basic research on the social correlates of disease, on the effect of social progress on disease prevalence and severity, and on the effect of medical care in overcoming the disadvantage associated with low socioeconomic status.
Factors Affecting the Sensitivity of Different Viruses to Interferon

Abstract When the sensitivities to interferon of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were compared by the plaque reduction method in chick embryo cell cultures, NDV was found to be 45-fold more resistant than VSV. This difference was exaggerated when a multiple-cycle yield inhibition method was employed. In marked contrast, when the same viruses were tested by a single-cycle yield inhibition method, the difference in sensitivity to interferon of the two viruses was virtually eliminated. Further investigation showed that, in chick embryo cells exposed to interferon, the resistance to NDV decayed more rapidly than resistance to VSV. This finding explained the divergent results obtained with the two viruses when single- or multiple-cycle replication techniques were employed. Experiments carried out with L cells showed that cellular antiviral resistance decayed much more slowly in these cells than in chick embryo cells. Consequently, when measured by the plaque reduction method in L cells, no difference was observed in the sensitivity to interferon of VSV and NDVpi, a mutant of NDV which replicates efficiently in L cells. A procedure is suggested for determining the relative sensitivities to interferon of different viruses under conditions which minimize the role of decay of antiviral resistance in the host cells.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in clinical practice in the United States: results from 224 patients.

Our objectives were to define treatment success, compliance, and side effects for treatment of Helicobacter pylori in clinical practice. In all, 224 consecutive patients received Helicobacter pylori treatment: 97 received two weeks of bismuth subsalicylate, metronidazole, tetracycline four times a day with a H2-receptor antagonist twice a day (BMT); 89 received one week of metronidazole, lansoprazole, and clarithromycin twice a day (MLC); and 38 received one week of BMT with lansoprazole twice a day (BMT-PPI). Cure rates were: BMT 81% (95% CI 74–89%), MLC 90% (95% CI 84–96%) BMT-PPI 87% (95% CI 81–92%). More patients prescribed a bismuth-based regimen discontinued medications due to side effects compared to MLC (P = 0.049). Nausea was more common for BMT compared to MLC (P = 0.04). In conclusion, treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection with a one-week course of MLC achieves a high rate of cure in clinical practice. Significantly fewer patients prescribed PPI-based therapy discontinue medications due to side effects as compared to bismuth-based triple therapy.
Signs of positive selection of somatic mutations in human cancers detected by EST sequence analysis.

Background Carcinogenesis typically involves multiple somatic mutations in caretaker (DNA repair) and gatekeeper (tumor suppressors and oncogenes) genes. Analysis of mutation spectra of the tumor suppressor that is most commonly mutated in human cancers, p53, unexpectedly suggested that somatic evolution of the p53 gene during tumorigenesis is dominated by positive selection for gain of function. This conclusion is supported by accumulating experimental evidence of evolution of new functions of p53 in tumors. These findings prompted a genome-wide analysis of possible positive selection during tumor evolution.
Marihuana Extract in Chimpanzees: Absence of Long-Term Effects on Operant Behavior

6 chimpanzees were given 37 doses of marihuana extract over a 7-mo. period. No long-term effects on baseline operant responding were observed in these animals when compared with the behavior of non-drug control chimpanzees.
Magnetoplasma absorption of intense electromagnetic waves: Numerical results

Numerical methods are used to investigate absorption of either intense or weak electromagnetic waves obliquely incident on a nonuniform plasma with and without the presence of a dc magnetic field. The numerical formulation includes the full set of Maxwell's equations and three moments of the Boltzmann equation with a ponderomotive-force description. The investigation includes a study of the reflection and absorption of the incident wave as a function of angle of incidence as well as the complex electric and magnetic fields, electron-flow, dc magnetic field generation, and kinetic energy gained by resonant electrons within the plasma. Selected field snapshots are directly compared to particle-simulation predictions where a thousandfold reduction in computation time allows a detailed investigation of the wave-plasma interaction for laser wavelengths.
Mathematical representation of the mechanical properties of the heart muscle.

Abstract Heart muscle has been subjected to many experiments in many laboratories, and many reports are conflicting with each other. To unify the picture, resolve the conflicts, and describe the complex phenomenon in a compact set of equations, a mathematical formulation of the mechanical properties of the heart muscle is presented on the basis of the sliding-element theory and Hill's model. It is proposed that the tensile stress in the parallel and series elements. P and S respectively, can be represented in the form P=(P ∗ + β )e α (L−L ∗ ) − β S=(S ∗ +β)e α (η−η ∗ ) −β in which L is the muscle length, η is the extension of the series elastic element, α, α , β, β , P ∗ , L ∗ , S ∗ , η ∗ are physiological constants. The total tensile stress τ is the sum of tensile stresses in the parallel and series elements τ=P+S The length is related to the lengths of myosin M, actin C, the ‘insertion’ of actin and myosin Δ, and the series elastic element extension η by the relation L=(M+2C)−Δ+η The contractile element velocity seems best represented by the equation d Δ d t = b(L)sgn S 0 λ sin Π 2 t+t 0 t m −S n a(L)+S in which a(L), b(L) are functions of L, S0 is the peak tensile stress arrived in an isometric contraction at length L, n is an exponent whose value lies between 0 and 1·0, λ sin π (t 0 + t) 2t m is a function describing the active state of the contractile element, t is the time after stimulation, t0 is a phase shift related to the initiation of active state at stimulation, tm is the half-time to peak activity, λ is an amplitude factor, sgn stands for the ± sign of the quantity S 0 λ sin [π. (t + t 0 ) 2t m ] − S . If the time to reach the peak isometric tension is tip, and if the level of activity at that instant is arbitrarily set as 1, then 1 λ = sin π 2 t ip +t 0 t m . If experiments are done in the neighborhood of maximum active state, then our equation reduces to the modified Hill's equation υ= d Δ d t = b[S 0 −S] n γS 0 +S The meaning and justification of these formulas are discussed in the paper. Isotonic and isometric processes, the active state and the relaxation law are analyzed. Necessary corrections to the procedures for measuring the elasticity of series element are discussed; and methods for determining the dependence of series elasticity on the length of the muscle are described.
Physical optics analysis of four-reflector antenna

A four-reflector physical optics analysis procedure is presented. Theoretical characteristics of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA/JPL) 64 m antennas computed from this procedure were found to be in excellent agreement with experimental observations. The S -band horn fields will subsequently be carried through all four reflectors (resulting in a transmission viewpoint of final antenna system beams) to account fully for all nearfield, cross polarization, and higher order mode generation effects caused by various intentional asymmetries in geometry. This appears to be the first time such a complete and rigorous analysis has been performed on such a complex antenna system. The analysis techniques presented are useful in many ongoing ground station antenna research and development efforts, including high-efficiency shaped reflector and beam waveguide feed designs and microwave metrology (holography) applied to large reflector surface measurements.
Diffusion flame structure of a laminar vortex ring under microgravity conditions

Experimental results are presented for the roll-up and burning of a diffusion flame in a laminar vortex ring formed by impulsively issuing fuel from a round nozzle into an oxidizer environment under microgravity conditions. The resulting elementary flame-vortex interaction produces very strong coupling, in both directions, between the flame and the flow. Many fundamental features normally associated with nonburning vortex rings are radically altered by the effects of combustion heat release. Results for pure propane fuel over a range of ring circulations and fuel volumes show a clear effect of the fuel volume on the flame structure and burnout time for rings that do not exceed the overfill limit. The ring overfill limit agrees well with results from nonburning rings. Nitrogen dilution of the propane leads to a reduction in the flame luminosity and burnout time, as well as changes in details of the formation and dissipation of the luminous cap, with little change in the primary structure or dynamics of the interaction. A simple diffusion-limited estimate for the burnout time correctly predicts the effects of fuel volume and dilution. The present results are compared with the analytical work of Karagozian and Manda (1986) and Manda and Karagozian (1988) for a vortex pair. The highly symmetric results obtained in microgravity are well suited for comparison with detailed numerical simulations.
Button - Down Collar Culture: A Study of Undergraduate Life at a Men's College

Every group existing through time comes to develop its own way of life or culture. Its members tend to do the same things in similar ways and to think similarly about what they and others do. The term culture patterns refers to such consensus of opinion and behavior. Because of such consensus, the individual not only comes to know how to behave in different situations and how to expect others to behave in those situations, but also is afforded a standard against which to measure his own behavior. If his behavior is in accordance with the behavior of others, he is secure in his status as a group member and the group solidarity is correspondingly strengthened, since, in this instance, the group is not faced with the problem of deviancy which must be resolved somehow so as not to disrupt its normal life. In short, a system of rewards and punishments is built into the way of life of the group. The culture functions as a "rule book" which defines the situation for the individual in terms of how he is expected ...
A generalized inverse ∈-algorithm for constructing intersection projection matrices, with applications

Givenk linear manifolds ?1, ..., ? k and corresponding perpendicular projection matricesP 1, ...,P k , a closed formula is derived for[Figure not available: see fulltext.] the perpendicular projection matrix with range[Figure not available: see fulltext.]. The derivation uses results taken from the theory of generalized inverses together with an application ofWynn's ?-Algorithm to a convergent sequence of matrices. A variant of this formula is then used in solving arbitrary complex linear systems by iteration and in computing generalized inverses; the latter application provides a solution to least squares linear regression problems.
Megapixel detector arrays: visible to 28 μm

Large infrared detector arrays are now available that meet the demanding requirements of the astronomy and civil space communities. This paper describes arrays with more than one million detector elements developed by Raytheon Vision Systems for these low-background applications. These detector arrays have 1024 x 1024 and 2048 x 2048 formats with element spacing ranging from 20 to 27 μm. Arrays of this size have been demonstrated with a variety of deteector materials: Si PIN, HgCdTe, InSb, and Si:As IBC. The performance of each of these materials on arrays with more than one million detector elements is discussed. All of these detector materials have demonstrated low noise and dark current, high quantum efficiency, and excellent uniformity. All can meet the high performance requirements for low-background within the limits of their respective spectral and operating temperature ranges. Features of the readout integrated circuits that mate to these detector arrays are also discussed. Companion papers in these SPIE proceedings that discuss several of these arrays in more detail are: 1. "Large-format 0.85 and 2.5 μm HgCdTe detctor arrays for low-background applications", P.J. Love, A. W. Hoffman, D. L. Gulbransen, K. J. Ando, M. P. Murray, N. J. Therrien 2. "James Webb Space Telescope characaterization of flight candidate NIR InSb array", C. W. McMurtry, W. J. Forrest, J. L. Pipher, A. C. Moore 3. "Orion II: the second-generation readout multiplexer for largest infrared hybrid focal plane", K. M. Merrill, A. M. Fowler, W. Ball, A. Henden, F. J. Vrba, C. McCreight 4. "Interpixel capacitance in nondestructive focal plane arrays" A. C. Moore 5. "Radiation environment performance of JWST prototype FPAs", M. E. McKelvey, K. A. Enico, R. E. McMurray Jr., R. A. Reed, C. R. McCreight 6. "Independent testing of JWST detector prototypes," D. F. Figer, B. Rauscher, M. W. Regan, J. Balleza, L. Bergeron, E. Morse, H. S. Stockman.
First Admission (1846) of Hypnotic Testimony in Court

Abstract The record of an 1846 trial for murder in New York state was reviewed. This was the first case in which testimony based on hypnosis (mesmerism) was admitted without objection in an American court of law. The allegations against the defendant were not supported by the evidence offered, and a verdict of not guilty was rendered.
Lysophosphatidic acid induces increased BACE1 expression and Aβ formation.

The abnormal production and accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), which is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the sequential actions of β-secretase and γ-secretase, are thought to be the initial causative events in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accumulating evidence suggests that vascular factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, studies have suggested that one vascular factor in particular, oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL), may play an important role in regulating Aβ formation in AD. However, the mechanism by which oxLDL modulates Aβ formation remains elusive. In this study, we report several new findings that provide biochemical evidence suggesting that the cardiovascular risk factor oxLDL may contribute to Alzheimer's disease by increasing Aβ production. First, we found that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), the most bioactive component of oxLDL induces increased production of Aβ. Second, our data strongly indicate that LPA induces increased Aβ production via upregulating β-secretase expression. Third, our data strongly support the notion that different isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) may play different roles in regulating APP processing. Specifically, most PKC members, such as PKCα, PKCβ, and PKCe, are implicated in regulating α-secretase-mediated APP processing; however, PKCδ, a member of the novel PKC subfamily, is involved in LPA-induced upregulation of β-secretase expression and Aβ production. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the cardiovascular risk factor oxLDL is involved in Alzheimer's disease.
Failure of Bogoliubov's Functional Assumption

In this paper we investigate the mathematical validity of Bogoliubov's functional assumption. For this purpose, we analyze a model for a system in which light particles scatter against fixed centers. We compare the exact solution for the one-body distribution function and two-body correlation function with the results given by Bogoliubov's method. We find that Bogoliubov's functional assumption is too restrictive to allow proper initialization for both functions. As a consequence, the Bogoliubov result for the two-body correlation departs drastically from the exact solution. The results obtained here are fully consistent with previous asymptotic analysis of the one- and two-body equations of the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarcy.
Atmospheric chlorofluoromethanes in the deep equatorial Atlantic

Waters that leave the surface of the ocean and enter the subsurface circulation contain concentrations of CCl3F (fluorocarbon-11) and CCl2F2 (fluorocarbon-12), which reflects the temporal increases of these industrially produced compounds in the atmosphere. These chlorofluoromethanes (CFMs) are extremely stable in the troposphere and in natural waters, they have no known natural sources, and their histories of release to the atmosphere are fairly well known1. The atmospheric distributions of CCl3F and CCl2F2 are not strongly dependent on latitude2,3, and their surface water concentrations can be expected to come into relatively rapid solubility equilibrium with the atmosphere4. Recent advances in analytical techniques5,6 have made possible the routine use of these CFMs as oceanic tracers on a decadal timescale. The results we report here are from the first detailed surveys of CCl3F and CCl2F2 distributions in the northern and tropical Atlantic Ocean. They show that CFM-bearing waters originating in the region of the Labrador Sea have reached the Equator in a well-defined western-boundary undercurrent located at a depth of about 1.6 km, in the Upper North Atlantic Deep Water. Using a simple dilution model, we calculate that this water has taken about 23 yr to reach the equatorial region, and has been diluted about five-fold by CFM-free waters.
Impact of absorption and transport on intelligent therapeutics and nanoscale delivery of protein therapeutic agents

The combination of materials design and advances in nanotechnology has led to the development of new therapeutic protein delivery systems. The pulmonary, nasal, buccal and other routes have been investigated as delivery options for protein therapy, but none result in improved patient compliances and patient quality of life as the oral route. For the oral administration of these new systems, an understanding of protein transport is essential because of the dynamic nature of the gastrointestinal tract and the barriers to transport that exist. Models have been developed to describe the transport between the gastrointestinal lumen and the bloodstream, and laboratory techniques like cell culture provide a means to investigate the absorption and transport of many therapeutic agents. Biomaterials, including stimuli-sensitive complexation hydrogels, have been investigated as promising carriers for oral delivery. However, the need to develop models that accurately predict protein blood concentration as a function of the material structure and properties still exists.
A note on solving nonlinear minimax problems via a differentiable penalty function

The note demonstrates that modeling a nonlinear minimax problem as a nonlinear programming problem and applying a classical differentiable penalty function to attempt to solve the problem can lead to convergence to a stationary point of the penalty function which is not a feasible point of the nonlinear programming problem. This occurred naturally in an application from statistical reliability theory. The note resolves the problem through modification of both the problem formulation and the iterative penalty function method.
The effect of the acrosome reaction on the respiratory activity and fertilizing capacity of echinoid sperm.

Abstract We have examined the relationship between the acrosome reaction, sperm respiration, and fertilization using gametes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The results indicate that when sperm are exposed to jelly coat isolated from homologous eggs, the following sequence of events occurs: (1) Sperm undergo the acrosome reaction within 30 sec with little or no loss in their capacity to fertilize eggs; (2) by 60 sec there is a dramatic decrease in fertilizing capacity which stabilizes after 4 or 5 min at a greatly reduced level; (3) by 1.5 to 2 min a progressive decrease in the rate of mitochondrial respiration becomes detectable and continues for 8 to 10 min, finally stabilizing at a greatly reduced rate. This decrease in respiration rate is paralleled by a decline in sperm motility. The effects of jelly coat on the acrosome reaction, sperm respiration, and motility are species specific. From these results we conclude that sperm which have undergone the acrosome reaction retain full fertilizing capacity for a very short time. The rapid decline in fertilizing capacity is followed by a decrease in respiration rate and motility.
Pantograph mechanism as a non-traditional manipulator structure

Abstract This paper presents a study on the design, motion and force transmission characteristics of a non-traditional robot structure, the pantograph mechanism. Although the pantograph mechanisms has been known for about four hundred years, the comprehensive study of its potential advantages and limitations when used as a robot is believed to be new. In this paper, the kinematic linearity and dynamic nonlinearity between inputs and outputs are investigated. It is also proven that the two rectilinear input motions which exist in a pantograph structure are not coupled, and therefore are suitable for being adopted as generalized coordinates in control. In addition, a set of physically meaningful dimensionless parameters has been identified. Based on these parameters, kinematic properties for obtaining optimum motion range and workspace are suggested.
Spatial language experiments for a robot fetch task

This paper outlines a new study that investigates spatial language for use in human-robot communication. The scenario studied is a home setting in which the elderly resident has misplaced an object, such as eyeglasses, and the robot will help the resident find the object. We present results from phase I of the study in which we investigate spatial language generated to a human addressee or a robot addressee in a virtual environment.