cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pulsed ion deflection system for background reduction in 252CF-plasma desorption mass spectrometry

The use of an electrostatic particle guide (EPG) for background reduction in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer is described. Operating with reverse polarity, the EPG deflects ions radially from the beam axis, separating the ionic and neutral components of the beam. Use of the deflection EPG in a synchronized pulsed mode with a barrier disk aligned in the center of the beam axis eliminates up to 80% of the spectral background in the molecular ion region of an insulin spectrum obtained by 252Cf-plasma desorption mass spectrometry. The background eliminated is due to the neutral products of metastable fragmentation and to uncorrelated events. Although peak intensities are reduced when the pulsed deflection EPG system is used, the reduction in background achieved is greater, resulting in an overall improvement in peak-to-background ratios of up to a factor of three. A new large-area stop detector designed for use with the pulsed deflection EPG is described. The new hybrid detector, which utilizes the combination of a large (75-mm active diameter) microchannel plate (MCP) and a scintillation detector, provides greater sensitivity for high-mass ions than a conventional MCP chevron detector.
Quasi-projection-operator calculation of autoionization states of Li

Calculations of positions of the first three 2S, 2P autoionization states of lithium are reported. The results agree with experimental values (available in four of the six cases) to almost four-place accuracy. A comment is included concerning the current status of quasi-projection optical-potential scattering calculations for nonresonant e-He phase shifts.
Agarose gel electrophoresis of bacteriophages and related particles. III. Dependence of gel sieving on the agarose preparation

The sieving of different preparations of agarose has been measured during agarose gel electrophoresis, using as samples a spherical bacteriophage and two spherical bacteriophage-related particles with radii between 13.3 and 41.9 nm. Semilogarithmic plots of electrophoretic mobility as a function of agarose perentage (A) were linear for A ⩽ 0.85, but became progressively nonlinear as A increased above 0.85. The regions of linearity in these plots were used to measure gel sieving and to determine an effective gel fibre radius. The sieving of the different preparations increased in the order HGT[P] < ME < Seaplaque (hydroxyethylated) Isogel (additive containing) < SeaPrep 15/45 (hydroxyethylated) (trade names of preparations from Marine Colloids). However, the effective gel fibre radius did not differ significantly from 25 nm among HGT[P], ME, SeaPlaque and SeaPrep 15/45 agarose; for Isogel, this radius was 20 nm. These data have been interpreted to indicate that the comparatively high sieving of SeaPlaque, SeaPrep 15/45, and to some extent Isogel agarose was caused by a comparatively low agarose mass per fibre volume and high total fibre length per gel volume. For at least some particles smaller than those used here, it is likely that migration through the gel fibres detected here occurs during agarose gel electrophoresis.
Acoustic altimeter control of a free vehicle for near-bottom turbulence measurements

Abstract A 200 kHz acoustic altimeter was incorporated into the freely-falling High Resolution Profiler (Schmitt et al., 1988; Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 5, 484–500) for the control of weight release at dive-end for near-bottom approaches. The altimeter gave consistent returns within 100 m of the bottom. This has allowed controlled approaches to within 10 m of the bottom for the measurement of turbulence levels. Since near-bottom turbulence levels can be many orders of magnitude above those in the interior ocean, this capability permits study of the strongest mixing regions in the deep ocean.
Seating arrangement and state anxiety as related to performance on Digit Span and Digit Symbol of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

This research investigated the effects of dyadic seating arrangement as it related to performance on the Digit Span and Digit Symbol subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) and on anxiety as measured by the “Now” version of the Affective Adjective Check List. The WAIS—R subtests and the “Now” version of the check list were administered to 40 men and 40 women to determine correlation of seating arrangement with sex of subject and performance on the WAIS—R subtests and “Now” check list. Seating arrangement (subject seated face-to-face with a desk between, versus the corner of a desk between subject and experimenter) and sex of subject had no significant effect on WAIS—R subtest scores. State anxiety was unrelated to scores or dyad seating arrangement or sex of subjects.
Methodology in industrial health studies: Social security disability data and the medical care system

This paper is directed at the exploration and development of the Social Security data, in the ascertainment and evaluation of industrial health effects. The focus of the study is on disability data, as a national uniform means to identify illnesses and disease that occurred prior to death, that were not recorded on the death certificates. A cohort of employees of an industrial company was processed through the Social Security System to simultaneously identify the disability and death claims that were filed. The total number of white males that filed disability claims was 1,333 and for white females 278. The total number of claims filed for the white males was 1,734 and for white females 382. Comparisons were made of all causes of disability with all causes of death for white males and white females. A remarkably high percentage of causes of disability were not recorded or available by death certificate for ICD categories of diseases and specific cancer sites. The study also demonstrated that disability data contribute significantly to the confirmation of the diagnosis for the cancer sites. The development of the methodology linking Social Security data on disability, medical care, and mortality with industrial medical and environmental exposure data in epidemiological studies is discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differential effect of nitric oxide on thrombospondin-1-, PDGF- and fibronectin-induced migration of vascular smooth muscle cells

BACKGROUND: Neointimal hyperplasia involves the migration of medial vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to arterial injury. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and fibronectin (Fn) induce VSMC migration. Nitric oxide (NO) limits VSMC migration. The hypothesis of this study is that NO would dose dependently inhibit TSP1-induced, PDGF-induced, and Fn-induced VSMC chemotaxis. METHODS: VSMCs were pretreated with serum free media or the NO donors diethylenetriamine NONOate or S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine. Chemotaxis to TSP1, PDGF, or Fn was determined. Analysis of variance with post hoc testing was done. P values .05 were considered significant. RESULTS: PDGF, TSP1, and Fn induced VSMC chemotaxis. NO donors inhibited chemotaxis of VSMCs to PDGF in a concentration-dependent manner. NO donors had a variable effect on TSP1induced chemotaxis. NO donors did not inhibit Fn-induced chemotaxis. CONCLUSION: The complex interactions of these proteins in vivo will need to be considered when developing NO-dependent therapies for neointimal hyperplasia. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Lessons from models of pancreatic β cells for engineering glucose-sensing cells

Abstract Mathematical models of pancreatic β cells suggest design principles that can be applied to engineering cells to sense glucose and secrete insulin. Engineering cells can potentially both contribute to future diabetes therapies and generate new insights into β-cell function. The focus is on ion channels, Ca2 + handling, and elements of metabolism that combine to produce the varied oscillatory patterns exhibited by β cells.
A Short Life Test for Comparing a Sample with Previous Accelerated Test Results

A statistical test for equality of the logarithmic means of two lognormal life distributions is presented for the situation where the information on the first distribution is obtained from a regression analysis of accelerated life test data obtained at various temperatures and the information on the second distribution is the time to the first failure in a sample tested at a particular temperature.
Metabolic activation of unsaturated derivatives of valproic acid. Identification of novel glutathione adducts formed through coenzyme A-dependent and -independent processes

The ability of 2-n-propyl-4-pentenoic acid (delta 4-VPA) and 2-n-propyl-2(E)-pentenoic acid ([E]-delta 2-VPA), two unsaturated metabolites of valproic acid (VPA), to form reactive intermediates, deplete hepatic glutathione (GSH) and cause accumulation of liver triglycerides was investigated in the rat. With the aid of ionspray liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), three GSH adducts were detected in the bile of delta 4-VPA-treated animals and were identified as 4-hydroxy-5-glutathion-S-yl-VPA-gamma-lactone, 5-glutathion-S-yl-(E)-delta 3-VPA and 3-oxo-5-glutathion-S-yl-VPA. A fourth conjugate was identified tentatively as 4-glutathion-S-yl-5-hydroxy-VPA. Quantitative analysis of the corresponding N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) conjugates in urine indicated that metabolism of delta 4-VPA via the GSH-dependent pathways accounted for approximately 20% of an acute dose (100 mg kg-1 i.p.). In contrast, when rats were given an equivalent dose of (E)-delta 2-VPA, only one GSH adduct (5-glutathion-S-yl-(E)-delta 3-VPA) was detected at low concentrations in bile. In vitro experiments with rat liver mitochondria demonstrated that delta 4-VPA undergoes coenzyme A- and ATP-dependent metabolic activation in this organelle via the beta-oxidation pathway to intermediates which bind covalently to proteins. When liver homogenates and hepatic mitochondria from rats injected with delta 4-VPA, (E)-delta 2-VPA or VPA were analyzed for GSH content, it was found that only delta 4-VPA depleted GSH pools significantly. Treatment of rats with delta 4-VPA and (to a lesser extent) VPA led to an accumulation of liver triglycerides, whereas (E)-delta 2-VPA had no measurable effect. It is concluded that delta 4-VPA undergoes metabolic activation by both microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent and mitochondrial coenzyme A-dependent processes, and that the resulting electrophilic intermediates, which are trapped in part by GSH, may mediate the hepatotoxic effects of this compound. In contrast, (E)-delta 2-VPA is not transformed to any appreciable extent to reactive metabolites, which thus accounts for the apparent lack of hepatotoxicity of this positional isomer in the rat.
Examining tactile spatial remapping using transcranial magnetic stimulation

Previous research has provided evidence for two stages of tactile processing (e.g., Azanon and Soto-Faraco, 2008; Groh and Sparks, 1996). First, tactile stimuli are represented in a somatotopic representation that does not take into account body position in space, followed by a representation of body position in external space (body posture representation, see Medina and Coslett, 2010). In order to explore potential functional and neural dissociations between these two stages of processing, we presented eight participants with TMS before and after a tactile temporal order judgment (TOJ) task (see Yamamoto and Kitazawa, 2001). Participants were tested with their hands crossed and uncrossed before and after 20 min of 1 Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS). Stimulation occurred at the left anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS, somatotopic representation) or left Brodmann Area 5 (BA5, body posture) during two separate sessions. We predicted that left aIPS TMS would affect a somatotopic representation of the body, and would disrupt performance in both the uncrossed and crossed conditions. However, we predicted that TMS of body posture areas (BA5) would disrupt mechanisms for updating limb position with the hands crossed, resulting in a paradoxical improvement in performance after TMS. Using thresholds derived from adaptive staircase procedures, we found that left aIPS TMS disrupted performance in the uncrossed condition. However, left BA5 TMS resulted in a significant improvement in performance with the hands crossed. We discuss these results with reference to potential dissociations of the traditional body schema.
Prospective evaluation of a new protocol for the provisional use of perfusion imaging with exercise stress testing

Previous literature suggests that myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) adds little to the prognosis of patients who exercise >10 metabolic equivalents (METs) during stress testing. With this in mind, we prospectively tested a provisional injection protocol in emergency department (ED) patients presenting for the evaluation of chest pain in which a patient would not receive an injection of radioisotope if adequate exercise was achieved without symptoms and a negative ECG response. All patients who presented to the ED over a 5-year period who were referred for stress testing as part of their ED evaluation were included. Patients considered for a provisional protocol were: exercise stress, age <65 years, no known coronary artery disease, and an interpretable rest ECG. Criteria for not injecting included a maximal predicted heart rate ≥85 %, ≥10 METs of exercise, no anginal symptoms during stress, and no ECG changes. Groups were compared based on stress test results, all-cause and cardiac mortality, follow-up cardiac testing, subsequent revascularization, and cost. A total of 965 patients were eligible with 192 undergoing exercise-only and 773 having perfusion imaging. After 41.6 ± 19.6 months of follow-up, all-cause mortality was similar in the exercise-only versus the exercise plus imaging group (2.6 % vs. 2.1 %, p = 0.59). There were no cardiac deaths in the exercise-only group. At 1 year there was no difference in the number of repeat functional stress tests (1.6 % vs. 2.1 %, p = 0.43), fewer angiograms (0 % vs. 4.0 %, p = 0.002), and a significantly lower cost ($65 ± $332 vs $506 ± $1,991, p = 0.002; values are in US dollars) in the exercise-only group. The radiation exposure in the exercise plus imaging group was 8.4 ± 2.1 mSv. A provisional injection protocol has a very low mortality, few follow-up diagnostic tests, and lower cost compared to standard imaging protocols. If adopted it would decrease radiation exposure, save time and decrease health-care costs without jeopardizing prognosis.
Pasteurella multocida infections

1. George Kristinsson, MD 1. New York University Medical Center New York, NY Pasteurella multocida. Stechenberg BW. In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler GJ, Kaplan SL, eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2004:1520– 1522 Pasteurella Infections. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Long SS, McMillan JA, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:487– 488 Bacteriologic Analysis of Infected Dog and Cat Bites. Talan DA, Citron DM, Abrahamian FM, Moran GJ, Goldstein EJC. The Emergency Medicine Animal Bite Infection Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340 :85– 92[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Bite Wounds. Ciorciari A, Touger M. In: Crain EF, Gershel JC. Clinical Manual of Emergency Pediatrics. 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003;664 Pasteurella sp are small, gram-negative coccobacilli that are pathogens primarily in animals but can cause a variety of infections in humans, usually as a result of a cat or dog bite. Of the Pasteurella sp known to infect humans, P multocida is the most important. Pasteurella sp are distributed worldwide as commensals or parasitic organisms in the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of domestic and wild animals and birds. P multocida is found in the oropharynx of 70% to 90% of domestic cats, 25% to 50% of dogs, and many other animals. Transmission to humans usually occurs by contact with saliva of colonized animals, the most common sources of infection being bites, scratches, and licks by cats or dogs. Respiratory infection with this organism has been described in veterinarians, farmers, milkmen, and persons employed in areas where animal tissues are processed. The possibilities of a … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DTalan%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D340%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D85%26rft.epage%253D92%26rft.atitle%253DBacteriologic%2BAnalysis%2Bof%2BInfected%2BDog%2Band%2BCat%2BBites%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJM199901143400202%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9887159%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJM199901143400202&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=9887159&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F28%2F12%2F472.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000078016200002&link_type=ISI
Caries control in the albino rat with chlorhextdine gluconate (Hibitane)

Abstract Varying concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate (Hibitane) were added to the drinking water of albino rats maintained on caries promoting diet MIT No. 200. Animals receiving chlorhexidine showed reductions in buccal caries scores ranging from 31 to 75 per cent. Animals receiving 0.2 per cent chlorhexidine were found to consume less liquid and exhibited an impaired ability to gain weight. Although sulcal caries scores in animals receiving chlorhexidine were lower than scores of controls, the effectiveness of chlorhexidine on sulcal caries did not seem as great as on buccal surface caries. An attempt to increase the animals' acceptance of chlorhexidine by adding sucrose to the liquid produced apparent changes in liquid intake, which could not be replicated, however. By the termination of the experiment, the animals consuming chlorhexidine displayed varying degrees of hair loss. In microscopic studies, some animals exhibited an enhanced translucency of the enamel. It is concluded that chlorhexidine gluconate effectively reduces the incidence of caries in the albino rat, but body weight and tissue changes suggest the need for additional toxicity studies.
One-pass heuristics for large-scale unconstrained binary quadratic problems

Abstract Many significant advances have been made in recent years for solving unconstrained binary quadratic programs (UQP). As a result, the size of problem instances that can be efficiently solved has grown from a hundred or so variables a few years ago to 2000 or 3000 variables today. These advances have motivated new applications of the model which, in turn, have created the need to solve even larger problems. In response to this need, we introduce several new “one-pass” heuristics for solving very large versions of this problem. Our computational experience on problems of up to 9000 variables indicates that these methods are both efficient and effective for very large problems. The significance of problems of this size is that they not only open the door to solving a much wider array of real world problems, but also that the standard linear mixed integer formulations of the nonlinear models involve over 40,000,000 variables and three times that many constraints. Our approaches can be used as stand-alone solution methods, or they can serve as procedures for quickly generating high quality starting points for other, more sophisticated methods.
Kinetic energy disposal in the unimolecular IRMPD of methyl nitrite in a pulsed molecular beam

Abstract Methyl nitrite, CH 3 ONO, was dissociated by infrared laser pulses of well defined intensity under collision-less conditions in a pulsed molecular beam. Doppler-resolved laser-excited fluorescence spectroscopy determined the kinetic energy of the nitric oxide fragments formed in particular quantum states. The observed Doppler profiles were Gaussian over two e-foldings and, when converted to translational temperatures, corresponded to temperatures in the range of 260 to 350 K for states with 40 to 1308 cm −1 of rotational energy; no significant correlation was observed between rotational, spin-orbit or lambda doublet state and kinetic energy.
Antigenic profiles of Bacteroides nodosus strains isolated from sheep given a polyvalent commercial footrot vaccine

Abstract The 20 Bacteroides nodosus serotypes (I–XX) known to occur in the United States were compared by serum tube agglutination to the eight British serotypes (A–H) of B. nodosus contained in a commercial footrot vaccine. Fourteen of the U.S. serotypes reacted with antisera generated against the vaccine serotypes. There was no U.S. counterpart to type E. The vaccine was administered to a herd of sheep infected with footrot. B. nodosus isolates from vaccinated and non-vaccinated sheep were serotyped and compared to the vaccine serotypes. The four serotypes of B. nodosus identified in the herd (I, V, X and XV) were antigenically similar to, or identical with, four serotypes contained in the commercial vaccine (A, D, F and H). However, in the case of U.S. serotype X this relationship was only seen with the U.S. antigen and British antiserum, not the reciprocal reaction. This information implies that footrot vaccines for use in the U.S. could possibly be more efficacious if they were produced from U.S. serotypes rather than British serotypes.
Oxygen transfer reactions of aromatic amine N-oxides

OXYGEN TRANSFE!R EACTIONS OF AROMATIC AMINE N-OXIDES T. Koenig Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon (deceived 3 June 19651 ti revbed form 16 July 1965) Two reports (1,2) have recently appeared dealing with the reactions of aromatic amine N-oxides with phenylacetic anhydrides. We have also independently observed this reaction which stoichiometrically involves two equivalents of the N-oxide to one of the anhydride and which gives two equivalents of the corresponding amine and one each of carbon dioxide, phenylacetic acid snd benzaldehyde as products. The reaction proceeds readily with both pyridine N-oxide and &picoline N-oxide but only to a minor extent with 2-picoline N-oxide (3). Benza.ldehyde and carbon dioxide were formed in high yields (greater than 60s) in both of the former cases. We have measured the kinetic dependence of the reaction of kpicoline N-oxide with phenylacetic anhydride in acetonitrile with varying amounts of added phenylacetic acid. The data are summarized in Table I. The rates were followed by the decrease in infrared carbonyl adsorption of the anhydride. Linear rate plots for 60s reaction are obtained using the integrated rate expression corresponding to eq. 1.
PLLA-Nanodiamond Composites and Their Application in Bone Tissue Engineering

Nanodiamond (ND) is an attractive nanomaterial for reinforcement of polymers [1] due to the ND’s superior mechanical and chemical properties, and low biotoxicity. A novel composite material has been produced for bone scaffolds utilizing the biodegradable polymer, poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), and octadecylamine-functionalized nanodiamond (ND-ODA) [2]. Composites were prepared by admixing to a PLLA/chloroform solution chloroform suspensions of ND-ODA at concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 (w/w). Dispersion of ND-ODA in the composites was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The lower-resolution TEM micrograph of 1% wt ND-ODA/PLLA film (Fig. 1a) shows nanodiamond particles dispersed in PLLA film on amorphous carbon support. Due to long hydrocarbon chains of ODA the ND-ODA particles have good wettability with the PLLA so there is no segregation of ND-ODA and PLLA, and the polymer completely surrounds the particles. The high-resolution TEM image (Fig. 1b) shows ND crystals with attached organic material that can be ODA or PLLA. Nanoindentation tests show that the mechanical strength of ND-ODA/PLLA composites improves upon addition of ND (Table 1). Even at low concentrations (1% wt) the ND-ODA increased the hardness of the composite by 60% and Young’s modulus by 20% over neat PLLA. Based on our preliminary observations, we conclude that further additions of ND-ODA resulted in smaller changes with subsequent saturation in the mechanical properties at ∼7% wt (see Table 1). ND is relatively novel nanomaterial. Establishing its biocompatibility requires further studies, especially for modified ND. We studied the biocompatibility of 5–10nm ND and ND-ODA in experiments with a murine osteoblast cell line (7F2, from ATCC). Incubation of a cultured osteoblasts with 1–100μg/ml of ND or ND-ODA particles for 4 hours did not show much influence on the cell viability (Fig. 2), as inferred from an alamarBlue™ assay. To test the feasibility of ND-ODA/PLLA as a matrix material supporting cell growth, osteoblasts were cultured on the composites for 6 days. The attactment and proliferation of 7F2 cells on the scaffolds were assessed, respectively, by fluorescent nuclear staining with Hoechst 33258 and the alamarBlueTM assay. Our results showed that the addition of ND-ODA had only a negligibly small effect on cell proliferation, which is indicative of good biocompatibility of the composites (Fig. 3). The morphology of 7F2 cells growing on all ND-ODA/PLLA composite scaffolds was assessed by SEM. The data (not shown) confirm that the osteoblasts spread on the scaffolds similar to their spreading on TCP (tissue culture plastic). To summarize, the improved mechanical properties of the PLLA/ND-ODA composites and their good biocompatibility suggest that these materials may be suitable for applications in musculoskeletal tissue engineering.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Sleep competing activities and sleep problems in minority college students

This study addressed health disparities in sleep duration, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness among African-American college students. To investigate evening behaviors promoting insufficient and inadequate sleep, we assessed electronic (e.g., computer and music) and nonelectronic (e.g., socializing) sleep competing activities (SCA). Students (N = 154) were recruited from a Historically Black College (HBCU). The results showed more dysfunction than has previously been reported in college populations, with HBCU students reporting very short sleep durations, high levels of daytime sleepiness, and poor sleep quality. These students engaged in many activities during the evening, and these activities predicted unhealthy sleep. Whereas electronic and nonelectronic activities significantly impacted sleep quality and sleep duration, only electronic activities were significantly related to sleep latency and only nonelectronic activities were significantly related to daytime sleepiness. We conclude that sleep is a major concern for college students and, in particular, racial minority college students. Understanding the role of SCA can help address the various environmental barriers for successful treatment of these young adults.
Impurity states in cobalt-doped silicon

Cobalt was diffused into p+ pn+ silicon structures at 900° and 1150°C for 2−4 hours followed by various quenching conditions. Four primary hole traps and two electron traps associated with cobalt in these devices were observed. The hole traps are labeled H1(Ev + 0.22 eV), H2(Ev + 0.29 eV), H3 (Ev + 0.40 eV) and H4(Ev + 0.45 eV) while the electron traps labeled E1 and E2 are located at Ec − 0.36 eV and Ec − 0.44 eV, respectively. The concentrations, thermal emission rates, and the capture cross sections for the majority carriers at these defects are reported. The behavior of these defects under heat treatment and the emergence of secondary defects, H5(Ev +0.22 eV) and H6 (Ev +0.34 eV), will be discussed.
Effect of bismuth on high-Tc cuprate superconductors: Electronic structure of Bi2Sr

The electronic structure of the new Bi-based high-temperature superconductor, with ${T}_{c}$ onsets above 110 K, is shown to be altered considerably from that of the other cuprate superconductors by the presence of Bi. There are Bi-O bands which cross the Fermi level, and the two-dimensional character of the bands is even greater than that of previous cuprates. Like the other cuprates, band critical points occur at the Fermi level.
INCIDENCE OF THE FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME IN OFFSPRING OF CHRONICALLY ALCOHOLIC WOMEN

A pattern of altered morphogenesis and function, referred to as the Fetal Alcohol syndrome, has recently been documented in children born to mothers who were chronic alcoholics. Records have been evaluated from the collaborative study of the National Institute of Neurologic Disease and Stroke of 23 offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers and the offspring of 2 non-alcoholic matched controls for each. For the alcoholic women, there was a perinatal mortality in their offspring of 17%, 32% of the survivors were considered to have the Fetal Alcohol syndrome and 44% had IQ's 79 and below at 7 years of age; as contrasted to a control perinatal mortality of 2%, none with indications of the Fetal Alcohol syndrome, and 9% with IQ's 79 and below at 7 years. This frequency of adverse outcome in the offspring of alcoholic women is sufficiently high to merit serious consideration of early pregnancy termination for the chronically alcoholic woman.
Hospice referral decisions: the role of physicians.

In our study, we collected and evaluated the opinions of physicians in the Lowcountry of South Carolina (Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties) regarding their referrals to hospice programs...
HISTORIOGRAPHY: A FIELD IN SEARCH OF A HISTORIAN?

Richard Kirkendall's collection of essays, The Organization of American Historians and the Writing and Teaching of American History, examines the history of the Organization of American Historians (OAH) from its founding to the present, using that history to illuminate how the writing of American history has changed over the last hundred years. The book provides coverage of all the major dimensions of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association's (MVHA) and the OAH's activities, ranging from the work of its scholarly publications, the Mississippi Historical Valley Review and the Journal of American History, to its role in promoting the teaching of American history. Overall, the essays in the volume tell a story of the organization's progress toward greater inclusion and democracy, falling prey to a Whig interpretation of historiography. In doing so, the book is part of a larger tendency in the way that historians have approached historiography, which in turn reflects their ambivalence about their relationship to the historical process. Thus, even as the very enterprise of historiography is premised on the recognition of how historians are themselves the products of the historical process, historians have revealed the limits to that recognition in their approach to the subject. This essay shows how deeply rooted this duality has been in the study of American historiography and illuminates some of its sources by placing Kirkendall's book in the context of how the MVHA and the OAH have treated historiography over the course of the organization's history.
Cocaine's effects on speech sound discriminations and reaction times in baboons.

Three adult baboons were trained using a psychophysical procedure to discriminate between different synthetic vowel sounds (/a/, /ae/, /ɛ/, /U/, and /⊃/). Baboons pressed and held a lever down to produce a pulsed train of a single reference vowel that served as the standard stimulus. Animals were trained to release the lever only when this standard vowel sound changed to one of the four remaining comparison vowels. A lever release within 1.5 s of this change in vowel sounds was defined as a correct detection of the change from the standard vowel to one of the comparison vowels, and was reinforced. All baboons readily learned the vowel discriminations and detected vowel changes at the 90–100% correct performance level. Acute IM administration of cocaine prior to test sessions (0.00032–3.2 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decrements in vowel discriminability. At the same time, cocaine shortened lever release latencies (reaction times) to the vowel stimuli in two of three baboons. The cocaine-induced decrements in vowel discriminability were correlated with the degree to which frequency differences occurred among the different vowels in that lower vowel discriminability scores were found for those vowels with smaller spectral differences from the standard vowel. Further, false alarm rates were not systematically affected by cocaine, indicating that the cocaine-induced decrements in vowel discrimination accuracy occurred in the absence of systematic changes in the reliability of the baboons' discrimination performances.
A new approach to inhomogeneous cosmologies: Intrinsic symmetries. I

After briefly discussing systematic ways of studying inhomogeneous cosmologies, we propose the technique of ’’intrinsic symmetries,’’ in which restrictions are placed on submanifolds of space–time. This leads to a broad classification of inhomogeneous cosmologies, and to an associated specialization diagram. By enforcing additional restrictions we obtain a further useful specialization.
Fluid bilayer structure determination by the combined use of x-ray and neutron diffraction. II. Composition-space refinement method

This is the second of two papers describing a method for the joint refinement of the structure of fluid bilayers using x-ray and neutron diffraction data. We showed in the first paper (Wiener, M. C., and S. H. White. 1990. Biophys. J. 59:162–173) that fluid bilayers generally consist of a nearly perfect lattice of thermally disordered unit cells and that the canonical resolution d/hmax is a measure of the widths of quasimolecular components represented by simple Gaussian functions. The thermal disorder makes possible a "composition space" representation in which the quasimolecular Gaussian distributions describe the number or probability of occupancy per unit length across the width of the bilayer of each component. This representation permits the joint refinement of neutron and x-ray lamellar diffraction data by means of a single quasimolecular structure that is fit simultaneously to both diffraction data sets. Scaling of each component by the appropriate neutron or x-ray scattering length maps the composition space profile to the appropriate scattering length space for comparison to experimental data. Other extensive properties, such as mass, can also be obtained by an appropriate scaling of the refined composition space structure. Based upon simple bilayer models involving crystal and liquid crystal structural information, we estimate that a fluid bilayer with hmax observed diffraction orders will be accurately represented by a structure with approximately hmax quasimolecular components. Strategies for assignment of quasimolecular components are demonstrated through detailed parsing of a phospholipid molecule based upon the one-dimensional projection of the crystal structure of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. Finally, we discuss in detail the number of experimental variables required for the composition space joint refinement. We find fluid bilayer structures to be marginally determined by the experimental data. The analysis of errors, which takes on particular importance under these circumstances, is also discussed.
Overnight Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Excretion in Normal Males

FSH and LH in acetone precipitates of timed overnight urine collections were measured by radioimmunoassay. FSH and LH urinary excretion extrapolated to 24 h was determined in 147 boys 3–16 years and 20 normal men. FSH and LH (2nd IRP-HMG) progressively increased with age from 1.8 ± 1.1 (FSH) and 2.1 ± 1.2 (LH) IU/24 h for the 3–4 year age group to 8.6 ± 3.2 (FSH) and 18.8 ± 9.0 (LH) IU/24 h for the 15–16 year age group. FSH and LH excretion increased progressively with stage of sexual development. The integration of several hours of FSH and LH secretion and the accuracy, simplicity and convenience of collecting a single urine sample are advantages of the timed overnight urine collection which should make this technique extremely useful in the evaluation of gonadotropin function.
A close look at early embryonic development with the high-frequency transvaginal transducer.

Transabdominal sonography has been, for the past two decades, used as an effective diagnostic and research tool in obstetrics. It is predominantly used in the second and third trimesters of gestation. Its use in the first trimester is relatively limited and mostly diagnostic in nature. The introduction of the higher frequency transvaginal transducer probe, with its higher resolution of the images, opens new possibilities to study early gestation. We studied embryonic development in 38 well-dated and normal pregnancies. A well-defined intrauterine gestational sac could be seen at 4 weeks and 1 to 4 days of menstrual age. The β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin level at this time was 450 to 750 mIUImI. Structures such as the yolk sac, membranes, ventricular system in the brain, musculoskeletal system, and cord were described and illustrated. Textbooks and atlases were used for comparative purposes. High-resolution transvaginal sonography will facilitate first-trimester perinatology.
Laboratory studies of heterogeneous reactions of SO2

Abstract The rates of removal of gaseous SO2 over solids commonly found in urban aerosols were measured in the laboratory. A tubular flow reactor, in which the walls of an inner, concentric cylinder were coated with the solid of interest, was used in these studies. Analysis of the data, using models that specifically accounted for mass transport in the laboratory system, yielded collision efficiencies or the fraction of gas-solid collisions that are effective in removing SO2. Experimentally measured collision efficiencies for fresh solid coatings range from As the time of SO2 exposure increased we found that the rates of SO2 removal gradually diminished until, with prolonged exposure, the solids completely lost their ability to remove this species from the gas phase. The relative humidity of the reaction mixture was found to be important in determining the total amount, but not the initial rate, of SO2 uptake, with SO2 uptake increasing at higher humidities. Overall, selected solids removed up to several tenths of a gram of SO2 per gram solid from humidified reaction mixtures. Further reaction could be induced by exposure to small amounts of ammonia. The saturation type of behavior observed on prolonged exposure to SO2 led to the suspicion that fly ash materials examined in this study, as received, may already have undergone substantial reaction with SO2, before or during collection. Further experiments on these materials, involving washing those as received materials with distilled water to remove soluble sulfates, supported this contention. Of the six fly ash materials examined, initial collision efficiencies for four of these materials were increased by factors ranging from 2 to > 300 by the water pretreatment. The other two materials exhibited high initial collision efficiencies (~10−4) that were unaffected, to within experimental error, by the water washing. Atmospheric projection of results from this study suggests that freshly emitted aerosols can be quite effective in converting gaseous SO2 to particulate sulfate. The capacity limited nature of the reactions suggests that these processes will be most important at or near emission sources, although further, non-source interactions can be induced by atmospheric ammonia.
Early Discharge of Newborns-Reply

In Reply —Drs Cass and Volk suggest that an NNT analysis is a necessary adjunct to the interpretation of our study. While we agree that this provides valuable information to physicians, health care organizations, and policymakers, interpretation of NNT results will also vary depending on one's viewpoint (patient, provider, or payer) and the outcome in question. With regard to inclusion of the intermediate discharge group, we elected not to include this group because their LOS overlapped with both early- and late-discharge groups. Given this misclassification, an estimate of the effect of "intermediate" discharge would be misleading. Cass and Volk are correct in pointing out the increased risk among newborns discharged the day following birth but within 24 hours. We believe that this highlights the importance of careful evaluation of newborns born late in the day who are discharged early the next morning. Furthermore, it illustrates the necessity of expanding the definition of
Exploring Fear of General and Gang Crimes among Juveniles on Probation: The Impacts of Delinquent Behaviors

This exploratory study examines fear of general and gang-related crime among juvenile probationers. Most had used alcohol and marijuana before, and many had committed at least one crime during the study period. Most were afraid of shooting and murder, and about one third were afraid of other crimes. More participation in drug use and delinquency behaviors was generally unrelated to fear.
Linear dependence of quotients of analytic functions of several variables with the least subcollection of generalized Wronskians

Abstract We study linear dependence in the case of quotients of analytic functions in several variables (real or complex). We identify the least subcollection of generalized Wronskians whose identical vanishing is sufficient for linear dependence. Our proof admits a straight-forward algebraic generalization and also constitutes an alternative proof of the previously known result that the identical vanishing of the whole collection of generalized Wronskians implies linear dependence. Motivated by the structure of this proof, we introduce a method for calculating the space of linear relations. We conclude with some reflections about this method that may be promising from a computational point of view.
Action individuation: a normative functionalist approach

How or in virtue of what does any one particular action differ from another? Available views on the issue of action individuation tend to emphasize the descriptive features of actions, such as where and when they occur, or what they cause or are caused by. I contend instead that actions are individuated by their normative features, such as what licenses them and what they license in turn. In this essay, deploying a suggestion from Sellars and Brandom, I argue specifically that actions are individuated by their normative function or role.
On Hill's general method of analysis for metal-working processes

Abstract The analyses of ring compression with barreling, spread in Steckel rolling, and thickness change in tube sinking were carried out in an attempt to explore Hill's general method for the analysis of metal-working processes. The results were compared with those by other theories and with experiments. It was shown that the results are good, but as applied to our three particular problems the method yielded “little improvement in values calculable by other methods”.
The role of Ca2+ and cyclic nucleotides in progesterone initiation of the meiotic divisions in amphibian oocytes

Abstract Progesterone appears to be the physiological inducer of the resumption of the meiotic divisions in amphibian oocytes. Within minutes following exposure to progesterone there is a release of Ca 2+ and a transient rise in [cAMP] i followed by a fall in [cAMP] i and rise in [cGMP] i over the next 1–3 h. Agents that induce a fall in [cAMP] i induce meiosis whereas those that prevent the fall and/or elevate [cAMP] i block meiosis. A comparison of the conversion of injected [ 3 H]-ATP to [ 3 H]-cAMP and rate of hydrolysis of injected [ 3 H]-cAMP following exposure to meiotic agonists and antagonists indicates that adenylate cyclase and not phosphodiesterase is the rate-limiting step in regulating [cAMP] i in the oocyte. These findings are consistent with a model in which progesterone initiates the resumption of the meiotic divisions by down-regulation of membrane adenylate cyclase via Ca 2+ release from specific membrane sites and that a translocation of Ca 2+ produces a coordinate activation of guanylate cyclase.
Intel Atom C2000 Processor Family: Power-Efficient Datacenter Processing

The Intel Atom C2000 Microserver, codenamed Avoton and Rangeley, is a complete server and embedded processor system on chip (SoC) that provides up to seven times greater performance and six times the energy efficiency versus the prior-generation processor. Leveraging the Atom Silvermont microarchitecture, Intel's 22-nm tri-gate manufacturing process and a robust set of integrated I/O, Intel is expanding its reach into datacenter computing.
A LONGEVITY RECORD FOR CANADA LYNX, LYNX CANADENSIS, IN WESTERN MONTANA

The Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) was listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act (USDI Fish and Wildlife Service 2000) in 2000 and is a species of conservation concern in the United States. New insights into the basic demography of southern lynx populations are needed. Data describing population age structures, including maximum ages, will allow biologists to better evaluate how well spatially isolated lynx populations can withstand cyclic or stochastic environmental variations, which may temporarily depress reproduction. Longevity data may also allow researchers to determine the probability that lynx will successfully recolonize unoccupied habitat patches. Little is known about the maximum ages of
Subunit structure of wheat germ agglutinin

Summary Wheat germ agglutinin was found to have a molecular weight of 36,200 ± 5% at pH 7.2 by high-speed sedimentation equilibrium. At this pH, the protein had a sedimentation coefficient of 3.5 S. These data indicate that the native agglutinin consists of dimers of the 18,000-dalton subunits observed upon sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Agglutinin treated with 0.05 N HCl, in which it sedimented at 2.1 S, and then dialyzed back to pH 7.2 sedimented as the native protein, suggesting reversible denaturation of the protein or dissociation of subunits.
Synthesis of deuterium labeled C19-Δ16 steroids

Deuterium labeled forms of 5α-androst-16-en-3-one, 3α-hydroxy-5α-androst-16-ene, 3β-hydroxy-5α-androst-16-ene, 3β-hydroxy-5, 16-androstadiene and 4, 16-androstadien-3-one were prepared to serve as internal standards in quantitative analysis of C19-Δ16 steroids by mass spectrometric reverse isotope dilution. In general, the methods used employed deuterium exchange of activated hydrogens adjacent to carbonyl carbons followed by reaction steps which isolated the newly incorporated deuterium. Removal of any remaining exchangeable deuteriums was the final step in each reaction sequence.
DNA bending by asymmetrically tethered cations: influence of tether flexibility

Abstract Background: We have been studying the proposal that laterally asymmetric charge neutralization along the DNA double helix can induce collapse toward the neutralized surface. Results of previous experiments implied that such a phenomenon can occur, suggesting a role for local interphosphate repulsive forces in DNA shape and rigidity. Results: We now show that, whereas six ammonium ions tethered to one DNA face on flexible propyl chains can induce detectable DNA curvature, tethering of ammonium ions on rigid propynyl tethers does not induce DNA curvature. Molecular modeling indicates differing propensities for phosphate salt bridge formation between propyl- and propynyl-tethered ammonium ions. Conclusions: Ammonium ion localization is suggested as a key factor in induced bending. Rigidification of the double helix by stacking of propyne groups cannot be excluded.