cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Changing Role of Insecticides in Structural Pest Control

Publisher Summary This chapter expands on the use patterns of insecticides in and around structures to control the major urban insect pests. Environmental and health concerns have become an important consideration in urban pest management, especially as it relates to water quality issues. The detection of pesticides, particularly pyrethroids, in urban waterways has raised concerns about their use, especially for ant control. There has been an increased awareness of the potential hazards of pesticides in urban environments and demand for more integrated pest management (IPM) and so-called green pest control. Even though green pest control lacks a clear definition and is largely a marketing tool, it has generated considerable attention. It has revitalized urban IPM, especially strategies that utilize a smaller amount of insecticides, and has stimulated the development of several different training programs for pest management professionals (PMPs). There is an increasing database and public awareness of the medical importance and role of cockroaches and other arthropods in inducing asthma and related health issues. This development will likely result in major regulatory changes and use patterns of insecticides around urban structures and present challenges to the PMP and homeowner. The use of botanicals, fragrance oils, and inorganic compounds has increased dramatically. Other new chemistries such as the neonicotinoids, phenylpyrazoles, and pyrroles have largely replaced the organophosphate and some traditional uses of pyrethroid insecticides.
Administrative Narratives, Human Rights, and Public Ethics: The Detroit Water-Shutoff Case

This inquiry focuses specifically on administrative (local official) narratives that speak to contentious issue contexts of social conflict. Specifically, it draws upon a theoretical connection between hermeneutics and the sociology of knowledge to interpret narrative passages of local officials and others related to a contentious public action—the Detroit Water and Sewerage District’s stepped-up water-discontinuation efforts (2014 and 2015) that left thousands of inner-city residents with “delinquent” accounts and no access to water service. Selected narratives from this case are interpreted on the basis of their literary and social functions. The interpretations support a subsequent determination of whether and how the power and influence of administrative narrative assume significance as a matter of public ethics.
Delta-doped complementary heterostructure FETs with high Y-value pseudomorphic In/sub 1/Ga/sub 1-y/As channels for ultra-low-power digital IC applications

The authors report on the device and circuit performance of delta-doped complementary heterostructure insulated gate field effect transistors (C-HIGFETs) which make use of a high InAs mole fraction (y-value) pseudomorphic In/sub y/Ga/sub 1-y/As channel along with a sub-channel delta-doped Si layer to adjust the n-HIGFET and p-HIGFET threshold voltages. Results are presented showing that increasing the y value of the In/sub y/Ga/sub 1-y/As channel up to y=0.25 enhances both the n-HIGFET and the p-HIGFET device performance, as evidenced by the high transconductance values (i.e., G/sub m-n/>300 mS/mm and G/sub m-p/>70 mS/mm, respectively) for 1- mu m gate length devices. The authors present results from In/sub y/Ga/sub 1-y/As channel (y=0.25) C-HIGFET ring oscillators with less than 4- mu W/gate standby-power consumption. These C-HIGFET ring oscillators exhibit gate delays as low as 143 ps at a standby-power of 40 mu W/gate and a switching-power-delay product of 250 fJ. The authors also report on the first fully functional delta-doped C-HIGFET 1 K*4 SRAM operating at a 284-MHz clock frequency and consuming only 183 mW. >
Uncertainty quantification in LES of channel flow

Summary In this paper we present a Bayesian framework for estimating joint densities for Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) sub-grid scale model parameters based on canonical forced isotropic turbulence Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data. The framework accounts for noise in the independent variables and we present alternative formulations for accounting for discrepancies between model and data. To generate probability densities for flow characteristics, posterior densities for sub-grid scale model parameters are propagated forward through LES of channel flow and compared to DNS data. Synthesis of the calibration and prediction results demonstrates that model parameters have an explicit filter width dependence and are highly correlated. Discrepancies between DNS and calibrated LES results point to additional model form inadequacies that need to be accounted for. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Disparities in receipt of a laparoscopic operation for ectopic pregnancy among TRICARE beneficiaries

Background Racial disparities in receipt of a laparoscopic operation for ectopic pregnancy are attributed to inequalities in access to care. This study sought to determine if racial disparities in laparoscopic operation for ectopic pregnancy exist among a universally insured population. Methods Using 2006–2010 TRICARE (insurance for members of the United States Armed Services and their dependents) data, patients who received a laparoscopic operation or laparotomy for ectopic pregnancy were stratified into direct/military or purchased/civilian system of care. Odds of receipt of a laparoscopic operation in each racial group were compared adjusting for patient demographics, system of care, and severity of ectopic pregnancy. Results Among 3,041 patients in the study sample, 1,878 (61.7%) received laparotomy and 1,163 (38.2%) received a laparoscopic operation within 30 days of diagnosis. Overall, 42.4% of white women received a laparoscopic operation compared with 33.1% of Asian women and 34.9% of black women (P Conclusion Racial minority patients are less likely to receive a laparoscopic operation for ectopic pregnancy despite universal insurance coverage within civilian/purchased care. Further work is warranted to better understand the factors other than insurance access that may contribute to racial disparities in selection of operative approach.
CHARACTERIZATION OF 3H-β-ENDORPHIN BINDING IN RAT BRAIN

Summary 3 H-β-Endorphin (βEP) binding was characterized in rat brain homogenates. It exhibits many characteristics of opiate binding, including stereospecificity, inhibition by sodium, and displacement by all opiate agonists and antagonists tested. Interesting differences from 3 H-naloxone binding include some discrepancies in the profile of regional distribution and a significantly slower rate of dissociation of βP. Enkephalin and βEP exhibit a 25-fold difference in relative potency depending on which 3 H-Ligand they are competing against. These results may prove useful in exploring differences between subtypes of opiate receptors.
Technique Tip: Use of an ACL Guide for Fixation or Fusion of Lisfranc Injuries

Lisfranc injury fixation or arthrodesis typically involves the reduction and fixation of several tarsometatarsal joints with either screws or a plate and screw constructs. A successful fixation or ...
Abstract 2332: Converging molecular effectors of airway lineage specification and metastasis in lung cancer

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a deadly and heterogeneous subtype of non-small cell lung cancer. During LUAD progression, the emergence of alternate epithelial lineage fates in primary tumors correlates with poor outcome. The underlying mechanisms and biological consequences of these phenomena are poorly understood. Using an integrated approach, we previously examined the molecular relationship between cell differentiation states, lung cancer subtypes, and clinical outcome, to discover a novel role for several lineage-restricted transcription factors in the pathogenesis of LUAD (1). Specifically, we identified the alveolar specification factor, HOPX, as an inhibitor of metastatic progression. Herein we show that down-regulation of its function in a subset of human tumors correlates with DNA hypermethylation, aberrant tumor differentiation, and relapses. HOPX restricts the metastatic potential of LUAD cells, by modulating converging transcriptional programs of airway epithelial differentiation, malignant invasion, and metabolic adaptation in response to the extracellular microenvironment. Mechanistically, HOPX mediates its functions in part through the regulation of previously uncharacterized long-intergenic long non-coding RNAs with potential roles in lung development. Our findings demonstrate that perturbation of intrinsic cell lineage pathways is a determinant of metastasis in specific lung cancers. The implications of these findings for the origin(s) and treatment of LUAD metastasis will be further discussed. (1) Cheung, W.K.C., Zhao, M., Liu, Z., Stevens, L.E., Cao, P.D., Fang, J.E., Westbrook, T.F., and Nguyen, D.X. (2013). Cancer Cell, 23 (6): 725-738. Citation Format: Don X. Nguyen. Converging molecular effectors of airway lineage specification and metastasis in lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2332. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2332
Riemann (1826–1866)

Like Mozart’s, Bernhard Riemann’s life was short but marvelously creative. He solved several of the most difficult problems in pure and applied mathematics, introduced entirely new concepts and techniques, and profoundly changed the way in which mathematicians, physicists, and philosophers view space.1
Removing phosphonate antiscalants from membrane concentrate solutions using granular ferric hydroxide

Abstract Phosphonate antiscalants are commonly used in membrane desalination to prevent fouling by mineral scale. In many circumstances, it is desirable to remove these compounds before concentrate disposal or further treatment. The goal of this research was to determine if the kinetics of phosphonate adsorption and desorption from granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) are sufficiently fast for GFH to be used in packed bed adsorption systems for antiscalant removal from membrane concentrate solutions. Well-stirred batch experiments were performed to investigate the adsorption kinetics of Permatreat 191 ® (PT191) and nitrilotri(methylphosphonic) acid (NTMP) onto GFH. Uptake of both compounds was slow and continued over the course of 6 days. Adsorption isotherms measured after 24 h elapsed showed initial concentration effects, whereby the isotherms were dependent on the initial adsorbate concentration in solution. This can be attributed to chemical adsorption reactions with faster rates of bond formation than bond breaking. Strong phosphonate adsorption in high pH solutions and high activation barriers for desorption resulted in slow kinetics for adsorbent regeneration by NaOH solutions. Desorption rates were bimodal, with 40–50% of the adsorbed phosphonate being released on a time scale of 10–24 h, while the remaining fraction was released approximately one order of magnitude more slowly. Complete regeneration could not be achieved, even after eluting the adsorbent columns with more than 300 bed volumes of 1.0 mol/L NaOH. The inability to regenerate the adsorbent in an efficient manner likely precludes its use for cost-effective antiscalant removal from membrane concentrate solutions.
Complicating moral messages through multimodal composition: wrestling with revenge and racism

ABSTRACTThis study is an exploratory analysis of the multimodal composition practices of adolescents and young adults in a free after-school drop-in programme called the Workshop, and the moral development opportunities afforded by these practices. Pasupathi and Wainryb’s [(2010). “Developing Moral Agency Through Narrative.” Human Development 53: 55–80. doi:10.1159/000288208] theory of narrative moral agency is invoked to interpret participants’ compositions. Through a process of multimodal design, participants illustrated the cognitive process of reconciling one’s moral beliefs with actions in the real world. Switching between modes of expression allowed the focal participants to showcase their nuanced moral positions on justice-related issues, such as complicating a desire for revenge with advocating for peace. The literary, technological, and performance opportunities of the Workshop serve as an example for how social, aesthetic, and moral goals can be achieved in classrooms and contribute to students’...
The effect of risk factor misclassification on the partial population attributable risk

The partial population attributable risk (pPAR) is used to quantify the population-level impact of preventive interventions in a multifactorial disease setting. In this paper, we consider the effect of nondifferential risk factor misclassification on the direction and magnitude of bias of pPAR estimands and related quantities. We found that the bias in the uncorrected pPAR depends nonlinearly and nonmonotonically on the sensitivities, specificities, relative risks, and joint prevalence of the exposure of interest and background risk factors, as well as the associations between these factors. The bias in the uncorrected pPAR is most dependent on the sensitivity of the exposure. The magnitude of bias varies over a large range, and in a small region of the parameter space determining the pPAR, the direction of bias is away from the null. In contrast, the crude PAR can only be unbiased or biased towards the null by risk factor misclassification. The semiadjusted PAR is calculated using the formula for the crude PAR but plugs in the multivariate-adjusted relative risk. Because the crude and semiadjusted PARs continue to be used in public health research, we also investigated the magnitude and direction of the bias that may arise when using these formulae instead of the pPAR. These PAR estimators and their uncorrected counterparts were calculated in a study of risk factors for colorectal cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, where it was found that because of misclassification, the pPAR for low folate intake was overestimated with a relative bias of 48%, when red meat and alcohol intake were treated as misclassified risk factors that are not modified, and when red meat was treated as the modifiable risk factor, the estimated value of the pPAR went from 14% to 60%, further illustrating the extent to which misclassification can bias estimates of the pPAR.
Biocompatible Magnetic Nanocomposite Microcapsules as Microfluidic One-way Diffusion Blocking Valves with Ultra-low Opening Pressure.

Abstract A one-of-a-kind biocompatible magnetic nanocomposite microcapsule is developed as an in-line passive valve that can be integrated with micropumps and microfluidics. The magnetic nanocomposites act as the core for building a valve that utilizes the magnetic force attraction for sealing the microfluidic channels. The nanocomposites, molded with commercial microtubings, are prepared by incorporating Fe3O4 nanoparticles into polyethylene-glycol (PEG). Parylene-C provides a flexible, biocompatible shell and moisture barrier for the microcapsule that enables deformation and sealing to the microfluidic channel wall. The highly customizable valve design offers easy scalability and simplicity for integration into microfluidic systems. The presented magnetically-responsive microcapsule demonstrates reliable performance as a passive one-way valve that exhibits unique features and capabilities including effective flow-rectification with steady flows, extremely low leakage flows from backpressures at a rate of 4.7 nL/min kPa−1, successfully blocking 99.96% of the diffusion, and extremely low inlet flow opening pressure of 2.1 kPa.
Comparisons of NF3 plasma-cleaned Y2O3, YOF, and YF3 chamber coatings during silicon etching in Cl2 plasmas

Optical emission spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of Y2O3, YOF, and YF3 chamber wall coatings on the relative number densities of gaseous species during etching of Si in Cl2/Ar inductively coupled plasmas. Etching plasmas were alternated with NF3/Ar plasma chamber-cleaning steps. Small differences were found for the three materials. Si-to-Cl emission ratios were similar for Y2O3 and YOF, and somewhat larger for YF3. SiClx=1–3 emissions were similar for the Y2O3 and YOF-coated liners, but significantly less stable with time for YF3. Compared with Cl2/Ar plasmas, Cl2/O2/Ar plasmas produced nearly time-independent and much more consistent Cl number densities during etching. This takes place despite a consistent upward drift in SiClx=0–3 emissions for all three materials. A conditioning procedure for the YOF coating was shown to reduce drift during Si etching in Cl2 plasmas. Specifically, a Cl2/O2/Ar plasma pretreatment was briefly operated with substrate bias, generating SiClx etching products that rapidly remove F from the liner surface. When the O2 flow was extinguished, etching continued with much less changes in Cl and SiClx relative number densities.
Pernicious P-Values: Statistical Proof of Not Very Much

“Null hypothesis significance testing” (“NHST”) is central to many discrimination cases. It compares the employer’s workforce to the workforce that would be statistically “expected” if the employer were selecting randomly with respect to race, sex, etc. The difference allows computation of a “p-value,” which is the probability that a randomly selected employer would have so great a disparity if the “null hypothesis” (that the employer is selecting randomly) is true. Unfortunately, courts routinely misinterpret the p-value as the probability of random selection–that is, the probability that the null hypothesis is true. This is an instance of the “transposition fallacy”–equating the probability of the data given the hypothesis with the probability of the hypothesis given the data. Because the p-value is calculated assuming that the null hypothesis is true, it cannot provide a probability that it is false. By engaging in the transposition fallacy, courts accord the p-value far greater weight than is warranted, sometimes explicitly linking it with the preponderance-of-evidence standard. In fact, the p-value provides virtually no useful information and should be excluded from trial. The ubiquitous transposition fallacy is not the only problem with NHST. Indeed, there is increasing dissatisfaction with NHST in the social sciences. Among its other flaws are that it relies on the null hypothesis of “no difference” between the compared groups, which is unlikely a priori; that it leads to conflation of statistical and practical significance, resulting in statistical disparities’ being accorded excessive weight; that it assumes a perfectly specified model (an assumption that is seldom met, even approximately); and that the alternative substantive hypothesis (that the employer is discriminating) does not satisfy the requirement that the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis be exhaustive and mutually exclusive, since there are many alternative hypotheses that are consistent with rejection of the null. Thus, as with p-values themselves, use of NHST in discrimination trials should be eliminated, or, at a minimum, limited to circumstances in which the identified problems are avoided.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 induce rapid phosphorylation and activation of the proto-oncogene Raf-1 in a human factor-dependent myeloid cell line.

RANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE colony-stimulatG ing factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-3 (IL-3) are members of a family of growth factors that stimulate the proliferation, differentiation, and function of hematopoietic ~e1ls.l’~ The action of both factors is known to be mediated through binding to specific, high-affinity, cell surface receptors. However, the postreceptor signal transduction pathways are largely unknown. In both human and murine myeloid cell lines, GM-CSF and IL-3 have been shown to stimulate protein tyrosine kinase activity resulting in rapid phosphorylation of several unidentified membrane and cytoplasmic proteins?” For example, we have previously shown that both GM-CSF and IL-3 activate a tyrosine kinase in the human factor-dependent megakaryoblastic cell line, M07, resulting in phosphorylation of substrates of apparent Mr = 150,000, 125,000, 93,000, 70,000, 55,000, 42,000, and 36,000.12 Identification of these substrates is likely to be important in elucidating the mechanism of GM-CSF and IL-3 signal transduction. In preliminary experiments, we noted that the 70-Kd protein observed after GM-CSF or IL-3 treatment of M07 cells comigrated with the product of the c-raf-1 protooncogene, Raf-1. In murine 3T3 fibroblasts, Raf-1 has been shown to be rapidly phosphorylated on serine and tyrosine in response to platelet-derived growth factor.I3 Raf-1 is itself a serinehhreonine kinase, and its kinase activity may be activated by phosphorylation in some ~ituations,’~,~~ suggesting that phosphorylation of Raf-1 may be a common intermediate step in signal transduction from growth factor receptors. Therefore, we examined the expression and state of phosphorylation of Raf-1 in M07 cells in response to GM-CSF or IL-3 stimulation.
Academic science and the business of vaccines.

There are many elements of the global medical research and development enterprise that contribute to the discovery, development, manufacture, distribution and regulation of vaccines. These include academic scientists, government funding and regulatory agencies, commercial vaccine manufacturers in the western world and essentially generic vaccine manufacturers in the developing world. The central tenets of our system as it exists today are 1) that public health need will drive fundamental research supported by government at academic institutions, and 2) that the resulting discoveries will be translated into useful products, because public health need can be converted into an economic return for the vaccine industry and its shareholders. In those instances where public health need exists in parallel with potential economic return, the system works surprisingly well.
Basics of Classical Lie Groups: The Exponential Map, Lie Groups, and Lie Algebras

The inventors of Lie groups and Lie algebras (starting with Lie!) regarded Lie groups as groups of symmetries of various topological or geometric objects. Lie algebras were viewed as the “infinitesimal transformations” associated with the symmetries in the Lie group. For example, the group SO(n) of rotations is the group of orientation-preserving isometries of the Euclidean space \( \mathbb{E}^n \) . The Lie algebra so (n,ℝ) consisting of real skew symmetric n × n matrices is the corresponding set of infinitesimal rotations. The geometric link between a Lie group and its Lie algebra is the fact that the Lie algebra can be viewed as the tangent space to the Lie group at the identity. There is a map from the tangent space to the Lie group, called the exponential map. The Lie algebra can be considered as a linearization of the Lie group (near the identity element), and the exponential map provides the “delinearization,” i.e., it takes us back to the Lie algebra. These concepts have a concrete realization in the case of groups of matrices, and for this reason we begin by studying the behavior of the exponential maps on matrices.
Abstract 1469: T-oligo mediates DNA damage responses by modulating telomere associated proteins and telomerase

T-oligo, a guanine-rich oligonucleotide (GRO) homologous to the 3′ overhang of telomeres, elicits potent DNA-damage responses (DDRs) in cancer cells. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of T-oligo in cancer cells remains elusive. Recent studies confirmed that T-oligo can form intermolecular G-quadruplexes (G4), which are stabilized by hydrogen bonding of guanine residues, and cause disruption of the protective shelterin complex of telomeres. We hypothesize that single-stranded (SS) T-oligo and G4 T-oligo may modulate the shelterin proteins TRF2 and POT2 and thus induce DDRs. In this study, we utilized a pull-down assay using T-oligo, showing that T-oligo is co-localized with TRF2 and POT1 and indicating that T-oligo may interact with these telomeric proteins. We further investigated the modulation of these proteins by western blotting, showing that T-oligo treatment upregulates TRF2 by 2.2 and 3.0-fold (p Using qRT-PCR, we found that T-oligo inhibited mRNA expression of hTERT, a catalytic subunit of telomerase, by 50%. It has been suggested that JNK activation may lead to downregulation of hTERT, hence we investigated the effect of the JNK inhibitor SP600125 on hTERT expression and found that treatment with SP600125 in presence of T-oligo partially reversed the downregulation of hTERT. We found a 16% decrease in hTERT expression in comparison to 50% reduction by T-oligo treatment alone. Recently, it has been reported that the novel drug 6-Thio-29-Deoxyguanosine (6-thio-dG), a nucleoside analogue of the approved drug 6-thioguanine, inhibits growth of cancer cells by its incorporation into the telomere via telomerase followed by subsequent shelterin disruption. Furthermore, this study aims to investigate the potential of 6-thio-dG in combination with T-oligo as an anticancer therapeutic. We first studied the concentrations of 6-thio-dG that are effective in inhibiting the growth of melanoma cells. We found that 1.25μM and 2.5μM 6-thio-dG significantly inhibited growth of melanoma cells by 1.6 and 3.8-fold, respectively (p Citation Format: Nabiha Haleema Khan, Zachary Schrank, Joseph Kellen, Sanjana Singh, Chike Osude, Neelu Puri, Gagan Chhabra. T-oligo mediates DNA damage responses by modulating telomere associated proteins and telomerase [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1469.
Entropic Proximal Operators for Nonnegative Trigonometric Polynomials

Signal processing applications of semidefinite optimization are often rooted in sum-of-squares representations of nonnegative trigonometric polynomials. Interior-point solvers for semidefinite optimization can handle constraints of this form with a per-iteration-complexity that is cubic in the degree of the trigonometric polynomial. The purpose of this paper is to discuss first-order methods with a lower complexity per iteration. The methods are based on generalized proximal operators defined in terms of the Itakura–Saito distance. This is the Bregman distance defined by the negative entropy function. The choice for the Itakura–Saito distance is motivated by the fact that the associated generalized projection on the set of normalized nonnegative trigonometric polynomials can be computed at a cost that is roughly quadratic in the degree of the polynomial. The generalized projection is the key operation in generalized proximal first-order methods that use Bregman distances instead of the squared Euclidean distance. The paper includes numerical results with Auslender and Teboulle's accelerated proximal gradient method for Bregman distances.
Insisting on complicity

Contemporary conceptions and practices regarding complicity have led to the surprising emergence of citizens who seek rather than flee complicity. The purpose of this is to gain standing to challenge controversial state practices. As in the recent Hobby Lobby decision, such attempts to demonstrate complicity are not motivated by a desire to take ownership over state actions, but to justify institutional reforms or individual opt-outs that would not be legitimized absent such a finding of complicity. This article highlights the danger posed by the proliferation of claims of this sort and works to unpack and critique the logic of such efforts to demonstrate complicity. Such claims rely upon implied political meanings of complicity, which affirm a strong connection between complicity, standing, and sovereignty. These political meanings of complicity are embedded in familiar conceptions of liberal democratic citizenship, but upon examination prove to be in tension with core liberal principles. By bringing to the surface the connection between complicity, standing, and sovereignty, this logic may be reformulated in such a way as to contribute to healthier modes of democratic participation.
Adult literacy: a perspective from the United States

Although low adult literacy has a long history in the United States, it continues to be very prevalent. Low literacy skills impact adults’ abilities to read, write, compute, use technology, and successfully engage in functional areas such as health. Adults in the United States who have literacy difficulties are a heterogeneous group. As an example of a skill considered difficult by those who struggle with literacy, health literacy is discussed. This article describes the landscape of adult literacy in the United States, with a highlighted focus on health literacy. It concludes with the notion that more research is needed in all areas of literacy to better understand how to interact with and teach adults in the United States who have low literacy skills.
Lipids and Carbohydrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

This chapter presents a broad structural definition of complex mycobacterial lipids such as mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex (mAGP), lipoarabinomannan (LAM), lipomannan (LM), phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannoside (PIM), sulfatide (SL), trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor), other acylated trehaloses, phenolic glycolipid, lipooligosaccharides, and attenuation indicator lipid. It then discusses the possible roles of the lipids found within Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A lipid apparently not present in other actinomycetes was isolated from M. tuberculosis by Noll and was degraded by lithium aluminum hydride to yield two products. The phospholipids found within mycobacterial species are almost invariably phosphodiacylglycerols based on phosphatide acid. Researchers observed that M. tuberculosis grows in the form of serpentine cords and also that avirulent and saprophytic species could be distinguished by an ability to absorb the cationic phenazine dye natural red. The development of thin-layer chromatographic systems has proved invaluable for the assignment of superficial mycolate patterns. Mycolates could be separated by their polar functions, giving rise to multispot thin-layer chromatograms. The most characteristic feature of the mycobacterial cell wall is the chemotype IV peptidoglycan, which is composed of substantial quantities of meso-diaminopimelic acid. A more comprehensive study of the L forms of mycobacteria may provide additional information concerning both the physical characterization and the biological functions of the complex carbohydrates and lipids of M. tuberculosis.
Prognostic Implications of Arginase and Cytokeratin 19 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Curative Hepatectomy: Correlation With Recurrence-Free Survival.

Background The prognostic value of arginase expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been evaluated previously. However, no clear distinction exists yet on the role of arginase-1 as a predictor of recurrence in HCC. Cytokeratin 19 (CK19), a cholangiocytic marker, is occasionally expressed in HCC, but the combination of arginase-1 and CK19 expression has never been evaluated. The aim of the study was to investigate the usefulness of arginase-1 and CK19 expression alone and in combination for prognosticating HCC tumor recurrence after surgical resection. Methods Tissue sections from 112 HCCs were immunostained using an automated method and the mouse monoclonal arginase-1 and mouse monoclonal CK19 antibodies. The clinicopathologic variables, including alpha-fetoprotein levels, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, tumor size, grade and number, vascular invasion, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, and tumor recurrence and survival, were obtained from each patient's medical records. The variables were assessed for correlation with the immunochemical results. Comparisons of recurrence-free and overall survival were performed using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. A P-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results High arginase-1 expression was detected in the HCCs of 93 patients (83%), whereas CK19 was positive in the HCCs of only 19 patients (17%). In the univariate analyses, CK19 positivity in HCC was associated with decreased recurrence-free survival compared with CK19-negative HCC (P = 0.0002). Arginase-1 expression was associated with decreased recurrence-free survival when patients were stratified over advanced TNM stage and presence of vascular invasion. The combination of arginase-1 and CK19 expression was a better predictor of decreased recurrence-free survival (P = 0.00008). Arginase-1/CK19 expressions when combined with multiple tumors, TNM stage and vascular invasion were also associated with decreased recurrence-free survival. In the multivariate analysis, tumor grade, CK19 and arginase-1/CK19 expressions were identified as independent prognostic indicators for decreased recurrence-free survival. Conclusion Arginase-1 and CK19 combination immunoreactivity is a potential biomarker of adverse prognosis in HCC, correlating with the presence of multiple tumors, vascular invasion and advanced stage.
The Practice of Labeling: Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Labeling (But Were Afraid to Ask)

Many data intensive applications that use machine learning or artificial intelligence techniques depend on humans providing the initial dataset, enabling algorithms to process the rest or for other humans to evaluate the performance of such algorithms. There are, however, practical issues with the adoption of human computation and crowdsourcing at scale in the real world. Building systems data processing pipelines that require crowd computing remains difficult. In this tutorial, we present practical considerations for designing and implementing tasks that require the use of humans and machines in combination with the goal of producing high quality labels.
High-throughput fitness profiling of Zika virus E protein reveals different roles for N-linked glycosylation during infection of mammalian and mosquito cells

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes Guillain-Barre syndrome and severe birth defects. ZIKV envelope (E) protein is the major viral protein involved in cell receptor binding and entry and therefore considered one of the major determinants in ZIKV pathogenesis. Here, we report a gene-wide mapping of functional residues of ZIKV E protein using a mutant library with changes covering every nucleotide position. By comparing the replication fitness of every viral mutant between mosquito and human cells, we identified that mutations affecting N-linked glycosylation at N154 position display the most divergence. Through characterizing individual mutants, we show that, while ablation of N-linked glycosylation selectively benefits ZIKV infection of mosquito cells by enhancing cell entry, it either had little impact on ZIKV infection on certain human cells or decreased infection through entry factor DC-SIGN. In conclusion, we define the roles of individual residues of ZIKV envelope protein, which contribute to ZIKV replication fitness in human and mosquito cells.
Costs and cost-drivers of a diagnosis of depression among adults with epilepsy in the United States

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the amount of direct costs associated with occurrence of depression in people with epilepsy. Methods The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Components (MEPS-HC) served as data source to identify adults (≥ 18 years) with epilepsy from 2003 to 2014, using the Clinical Classification Code CCC-83. Annual unadjusted per person total healthcare expenditures and individual cost components (inpatient, outpatient, prescription, emergency room, and home health) were compared between people with epilepsy and depression vs. without depression. A two-part model estimated the adjusted incremental direct cost of depression (total and individual cost components) among adults with epilepsy. The model was adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, insurance status, census region, income, Charlson Comorbidities index (CCI), and year trend. Results Out of a weighted 1,942,413 US adults with epilepsy, 675,037 (34.7%) had a diagnosis of depression. Annual total unadjusted per person direct cost of depression was $5290 higher in people with epilepsy vs. without [$18,776 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16,241–21,311) vs. $13,486 (95%CI: 9780–17,191)]. Costs for outpatient and prescriptions were higher among people with epilepsy plus depression vs. without depression, but no differences were observed for inpatient, emergency room, and home health costs. In the adjusted model, total costs [$2523 (95%CI: 62–4984)], incremental annual direct costs per person for outpatient [$1940 (95%CI: 1266–2613)], prescriptions [$1285 (95%CI: 772–1798)], and emergency room [$191 (95%CI: 20–361)] were significantly higher for people with epilepsy plus depression. Unadjusted and adjusted incremental total aggregate annual direct costs of depression for people with epilepsy were $3.5 billion and $1.7 billion respectively. Conclusion Costs of epilepsy with presence of depression in the US are high, and primarily driven by outpatient, prescriptions, and emergency room costs.
Observation of Fast Two-Dimensional NMR Spectra during Protein Folding Using Polarization Transfer from Hyperpolarized Water.

Nuclear spin hyperpolarized water is utilized to obtain protein spectra not only in the folded state but also during the refolding process. Polarization transfer to Ribonuclease Sa through proton e...
A Family of Almost Invertible Infinite Matrices

An algebraic analogue of the family of Fredholm operators is introduced for the family of row and column finite matrices, dubbed "Fredholm matrices." In addition, a measure is introduced which indicates how far a Fredholm matrix is from an invertible matrix. It is further shown that this measure respects multiplication, is invariant under perturbation by a matrix from $M_\infty(K)$, and is invariant under conjugation by an invertible row and column finite matrix.
Discovering generalized design knowledge using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with generalization operators

Abstract The early-phase design of complex systems is a challenging task, as a decision maker has to take into account the intricate relationships among different design variables. A popular way to help decision makers easily identify important design features is to use data mining. However, many of the existing algorithms output design features that are too complex (e.g., conjunction of many literals with unrelated predicates), making it difficult for a user to understand, remember, and apply these features to find better designs. In this paper, we introduce a new data mining method that extracts compact design features through knowledge generalization. The proposed method performs a search over the space of features using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm that contains a set of generalization operators in addition to conventional evolutionary operators. Both variables and feature types are generalized by using an ontology defining a set of domain-specific concepts and relationships. Generalization leads to more compact and insightful features, as generalized knowledge encompasses wider concepts. A comparative experiment is conducted on a real-world system architecting problem to demonstrate the gain in compactness of the extracted features without significant reductions in predictive power.
The Effects of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Performance in Cognitively Healthy Older Adults.

Objective The current study investigated the differential impact cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) on Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) performance in a large, cognitively healthy, older adult sample across 4 years. Method Participants were 486 individuals recruited through a longitudinal aging research study in the southeastern United States. Participants were 69.3% female, an average of 69.96 years old (SD = 6.58), 16.32 years of education (SD = 2.27), and Mini-Mental Status Exam score of 29.12 (SD = 1.16). Participants completed the RBANS at baseline and yearly thereafter, as well as the Uniform Data Set demographic and health questionnaires and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Results Multilevel modeling was conducted using standardized RBANS index scores. Overall, across indices, performance generally improved across time consistent with practice effects from repeated testing. Some CVRFs were associated with worse performance over time. For example, individuals with hypertension performed more poorly on immediate memory over time (t = -2.06, p .05). Conclusions CVRFs differentially affect RBANS performance over time. These results extend previous cross-sectional findings regarding the impact of different cardiovascular health risks to a large, cognitively healthy, longitudinal sample.
Modern Machine Learning for Cyber-Defense and Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks

In computer networks, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks attempt to make computers or network resources unavailable for their intended use. DoS attacks are difficult to detect and mitigate since they normally do not attempt to access the private data of their intended victim, but rather intend to disrupt the publicly available resources their victims provide. This article discusses methods for detecting and mitigating DoS attacks with a focus on techniques that leverage machine learning algorithms. Such algorithms promise to: (a) detect when computer services are being used in an adversarial fashion, (b) separate network traffic into nominal and anomalous components, and (c) provide opportunities for mitigating the attacks while maintaining the integrity of the effected services. The key ingredient of the ideas presented here is the use of correlations and dependencies in computer access patterns, and the larger context in which they exist, to separate the “wheat” – the real users of the services – from the “chaff” –the perpetrators who are attempting to disrupt the services.
Experimental investigation of structural steel beams subjected to localized fire

Abstract This paper presents an experimental behavior of unprotected W16 × 26 steel beams subjected to localized fire. Beam specimens were either simply supported or connected to steel columns via all bolted double angle connections. Two test fires, steady or transient heating, were produced using a natural gas fueled burner located below the center of the beams. Thermal and structural responses of the steel beams as well as the heat release rate and applied forces were measured. The tests showed that all specimens failed by lateral-torsional buckling regardless of fire loading and end support conditions. The results highlight that the heating conditions and end restraints influence the behavior of steel beams under localized fire. The experimental results presented can be used for validation of predictive models in order to improve deign methods for localized fire conditions.
Cooperative responses in rats playing a 2 × 2 game: Effects of opponent strategy, payoff, and oxytocin.

Abstract The present study tested cooperation in rats playing a 2 × 2 game (2 players, 2 responses) in an operant chamber, where players choose to cooperate or defect without knowledge of their partner's choice. We evaluated cooperative responses in rats (Subjects) playing different games [iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD), Stag Hunt] with a Stooge partner utilizing different response strategies [Tit-for-tat (TFT), Win-stay, Lose-shift (WSLS), Random], and we determined the effects of oxytocin (OT). IPD trial outcomes and payoffs included mutual cooperation (reward, R, 3 sugar pellets each), mutual defection (punishment, P, 1 pellet each), or unilateral defection (temptation, T, 5 pellets) and cooperation (sucker, S, 0 pellets). Stag Hunt was similar, except that T = 2 pellets. We hypothesized that Subjects would make more cooperative responses when playing Stag Hunt vs IPD, when playing IPD with a Stooge using TFT vs WSLS or Random, and when treated with OT. At baseline, Subjects’ overall likelihood of cooperation was unaffected by the game (IPD vs SH) or by the Stooges’ response strategy (TFT, WSLS, Random). Cooperative responses earned Subjects more pellets, except when playing with a Stooge using a random strategy. Trial outcomes (R, T, S or P) also varied by game and strategy, although the mutual defection (P) was the most common. Systemic pretreatment with OT increased Subjects’ cooperative responses, resulting in fewer P and more R outcomes. In particular, IPD-Random Subjects were more cooperative, even at the expense of earning fewer pellets. These results demonstrate that OT increases cooperative behavior in rats playing 2 × 2 games.
Review of Eli Clare, Brilliant Imperfection: Grappling with Cure (2017)

Brilliant Imperfection continues the discussion of how the violent and repressive medical and legal systems in the U.S. produce pain and shame.
The Great Human Capital Reallocation: A Study of Occupational Mobility in Transitional Russia

This paper employs the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, a nationwide panel, to inquire into the magnitude, determinants, and consequences of occupational mobility in Russia from 1985 to 1998. We show that the restructuring process increases the rate of occupational reallocation. Structural changes account for a substantial part of the increase in gross occupational flows. A model built in the paper outlines the major explanatory factors of increased mobility during transition. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the destruction of existing jobs and occupations and the creation of new opportunities are important explanations for increased occupational mobility in transitional Russia. The econometric results also indicate that the local outside opportunities and the scale of structural change largely determine the probability of occupational switching.
Bödewadt flow of Bingham fluids over a non-isothermal permeable disk with viscous dissipation effects

Abstract Present analysis is conducted for Bodewadt flow along a permeable plane surface immersed in a Bingham fluid, which represents a class of non-Newtonian fluids exhibiting yield stress. The resulting heat transfer phenomenon is analyzed in the existence of viscous dissipation. After implementing boundary layer approximations, von-Karman substitutions are employed resulting in a coupled non-linear system. For the numerical solution, a reliable numerical routine bvp4c based on collocation method, is adopted. Flow model contains a parameter Bn , measuring the relative importance of fluid yield stress. Boundary layer is markedly risen as a consequence of fluid yield stress. Viscous dissipation also remarkably influences the resulting heat transfer process. Subtle fluid dynamics quantities including normalized skin friction, disk cooling rate and volumetric flow rate are scrutinized under the influence of fluid yield stress. The results predict a deceleration in entrained flow whenever fluid exhibits yield stress.