cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Essential tensions in interdisciplinary scholarship: navigating challenges in affect, epistemologies, and structure in environment–society research centers

Scholars have enumerated unique challenges to collaborative interdisciplinary research, many of which evade prescriptive solutions. Some of these challenges can be understood as “essential tensions,” necessary and persistent contradictory imperatives in the scientific process. Drawing from interviews with internationally renowned interdisciplinary environment–society research center leaders primarily located in United States academic institutions, we identified three hierarchical tensions in collaborative interdisciplinary research: (1) an epistemic tension between knowledge generation processes that blend multiple approaches into one unified intellectual perspective versus pluralistic processes that maintain multiple, discrete intellectual perspectives, (2) a structural tension between organizations that provide stability to persist and build unified knowledge, while maintaining the flexibility to experiment with novel organizational arrangements that foster innovation, and (3) “affective” tensions for individual researchers between the security of working within cohesive research communities versus attraction to the creative challenges in new intellectual communities. Our results indicate that these tensions are interdependent, similar to previous observations that disciplinary and interdisciplinary knowledge productions are linked. Rather than attempt to resolve tensions between dueling directives, leaders of interdisciplinary research centers can manage essential tensions with purpose through process-oriented and self-reflective management of the unique epistemic culture of the research centers they lead.
Structural transformations, reactions, and electronic properties of fullerenes, onions, and buckytubes

Abstract We describe the results of extensive quantum molecular dynamics calculations of the properties of fullerenes and microtubules. The topics to be discussed include: (i) stability of C 60 isomers and barriers to isomerization; (ii) reactivity of C 60 and C 58 with C 2 and C 3 , and its implications on the formation and growth of fullerenes; and (iii) atomic and electronic structure and doping of semiconducting microtubules. We also discuss the structures, stabilities and atomic transformations of large multishell fullerenes and offer an explanation for the formation of spheroidal “onions” under high fluence electron irradiation conditions. The last results, which involved calculations for up to ∼ 15 000 atoms, were obtained using classical three-body potentials.
The effect of accounting procedure changes on CEOs' cash salary and bonus compensation

Abstract This paper examines the effect of accounting procedure changes on cash salary and bonus compensation to CEOs. We estimate whether there is an adjustment to the statistical relation between compensation and corporate earnings following changes that lower earnings (FIFO to LIFO inventory valuation) and that raise earnings (accelerated to straight-line depreciation). The results indicate that (1) subsequent to these changes salary and bonus payments are based on reported earnings, rather than earnings under the original accounting method, and (2) the potential compensation effect of the changes is small compared to the effect of economy- or industry-wide changes in compensation.
On Sandwich Beams with Laminate Facings and Honeycomb Cores Subjected to Hygrothermal and Mechanical Loads: Part III-Timoshenko Beam Theory

Following Timoshenko beam theory [4], the present problem of a sandwich beam with laminate facings is formulated in terms of a single angular parameter 4 that was first used in the Timoshenko beam equations, subsequently in the Mindlin equations for plates [4] and previously in equations for sandwich beams and plates [5,6]. The governing equations are obtained in terms of this new variable. Using energy principles and the Rayleigh-Ritz method, a new and general expression is obtained for the kinematic parameter X. It is shown that the earlier results obtained in References [1] and [2] are a particular case of the present formulation. In addition, the classical results are recovered from the present general results.
A Mass Transport Model for CVD Coating of Optical Fibers

Carbon coated optical fibers are produced by the chemical vapor deposition process which includes multi-species mass transport with chemical reactions. A proper numerical model of this process will help elucidate the basic mechanisms and optimize the process to improve coating quality. A heat transfer model has been developed in our research group. We are now developing an applicable chemical kinetics model to include mass transport with gas phase and surface reactions. Several different chemical reactor models have been tried, including a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) model, a plug flow reactor (PFR) model and a multi-component diffusion model with the Maxwell-Stefan approximations. We found that in reactor conditions with well-mixed or large mass Peclet number, the CSTR and PFR models validate well with experimental results. But a multi-component gas diffusion model is needed for low mass Peclet number conditions. The model has been extended to a wider range of temperatures necessary for this optical fiber coating process.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Integrating Nineteenth-Century Canadian and American Census Data Sets

The comparative use of census data is a useful way to study social characteristics across national boundaries. However, truly comparative demographic history is not possible without fully integrating separate census data, uniting multiple data files with a common set of comparably coded variables. This paper describes the integration of the 1871 Canadian census public use sample with similar samples of the 1850 and 1880 American censuses to form the Integrated Canadian-American Public Use Microdata Series (ICAPUMS). These data sets lent themselves well to integration because of their strong similarities in sampling design, data collection and data organization. Consistency in the availability and treatment of variables also eased integration of the samples, although the harmonization of occupation variables presented significant challenges. The ICAPUMS features a general household relationship variable which allows us to examine household structure across the two countries and three years. The paper concludes by proposing some general principles of census data set integration. This integrated data set is now available to researchers on the website of the University of Minnesota Historical Census Projects (www.hist.umn.edu/~ipums).
The endometrial cups and allantochorionic pouches in the mare with emphasis on the source of equine gonadotrophin.

CATCHPOLE and Lyons (1934) were the first to suggest the placenta as the source of the gonadotrophin appearing in the blood of pregnant mares. They concluded from biological and histological studies that the chorionic epithelium was the most likely source of the hormone. Cole and Goss (1943) on the other hand, concluded that the hormone was produced b}’ specialized endometrial structures referred to as endometrial cups. They explained any apparent gonadotrophic activity of the chorion on the basis of a sticky material secreted by the cups and readily adhering to the chorion. Schauder (1912) described these cups and speculated that they were the precursors of the “pendulous hippomanes.” The “pendulous hippomanes” of Schauder will be referred to as allantochorionic pouches. Schauder concluded that the endometrial cups (Schleimhautkrater) invariably present at a certain stage of pregnancy, should not be considered as pathological but, rather, as normal structures having a physiological function to perform.
“Supermoms” of the Nineties Homemaker and Employed Mothers' Performance and Perceptions of the Motherhood Role

Mothers employed in full-time careers and full-time homemaker mothers were surveyed to examine relationships among their employment status, role behaviors as mothers, and perceptions of the mother role. Women in both groups were graduates of the same undergraduate liberal arts college, thus providing groups with similar sociodemographic characteristics. Although homemaker mothers devoted more hours to homemaking than did employed mothers, both groups reported the same range of household and child care activities within a 48-hour period. Both groups also perceived equally little choice in performing household tasks they had done. With regard to their perceptions of whether mothers in general typically performed the child care activities, full-time employed mothers perceived 5 of the 12 behaviors as less typical than did homemakers. Results suggest the importance of examining mothers' perceptions of the role along with their objective behaviors in studying employment effects.
Control of an electromechanical camless valve actuator

This paper addresses the modeling analysis and soft seating control of an electromagnetic actuator used in electromechanical camless valve-trains. Our mathematical modeling analysis reveals the instability of the actuator dynamics linearized around the seating position and zero velocity. This implies that an open loop pulse shaping alone cannot render repeatable valve closing and seating motions. Closed loop feedback control is necessary to generate repeatable motions that is insensitive to disturbances. A linear model is constructed based on a gray-box approach that combines mathematical modeling and system identification. Notch filtering and linear quadratic optimal control are designed and experimentally tested. The control performance is evaluated in terms of the closing time, valve seating velocity and seating tail-length, armature crossing velocity and armature seating velocity.
Improving energy efficiency and smart grid program analysis with agent-based end-use forecasting models

Electric utilities and regulators face difficult challenges evaluating new energy efficiency and smart grid programs prompted, in large part, by recent state and federal mandates and financial incentives. It is increasingly difficult to separate electricity use impacts of individual utility programs from the impacts of increasingly stringent appliance and building efficiency standards, increasing electricity prices, appliance manufacturer efficiency improvements, energy program interactions and other factors. This study reviews traditional approaches used to evaluate electric utility energy efficiency and smart-grid programs and presents an agent-based end-use modeling approach that resolves many of the shortcomings of traditional approaches. Data for a representative sample of utility customers in a Midwestern US utility are used to evaluate energy efficiency and smart grid program targets over a fifteen-year horizon. Model analysis indicates that a combination of the two least stringent efficiency and smart grid program scenarios provides peak hour reductions one-third greater than the most stringent smart grid program suggesting that reductions in peak demand requirements are more feasible when both efficiency and smart grid programs are considered together. Suggestions on transitioning from traditional end-use models to agent-based end-use models are provided.
Going beyond Clustering in MD Trajectory Analysis: An Application to Villin Headpiece Folding

Recent advances in computing technology have enabled microsecond long all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of biological systems. Methods that can distill the salient features of such large trajectories are now urgently needed. Conventional clustering methods used to analyze MD trajectories suffer from various setbacks, namely (i) they are not data driven, (ii) they are unstable to noise and changes in cut-off parameters such as cluster radius and cluster number, and (iii) they do not reduce the dimensionality of the trajectories, and hence are unsuitable for finding collective coordinates. We advocate the application of principal component analysis (PCA) and a non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) method to reduce MD trajectories and overcome the drawbacks of clustering. To illustrate the superiority of nMDS over other methods in reducing data and reproducing salient features, we analyze three complete villin headpiece folding trajectories. Our analysis suggests that the folding process of the villin headpiece is structurally heterogeneous.
Numeracy and the shortcomings of utility assessment in head and neck cancer patients.

Background. Because survival differences between surgical and nonsurgical treatment for head and neck cancer (HNC) are hard to detect, increasing focus has been placed on quality of life (QOL) differences after treatment. Utility assessment provides insight into QOL. Evidence suggests that a patient's comfort with numerical concepts (numeracy) may influence utility measures. We hypothesize that patients who are nonnumerate provide inconsistent utility data in QOL studies. Methods. New HNC (n = 18) patients were recruited to participate. Patients completed a numeracy questionnaire, a utility assessment, and a global QOL questionnaire. Higher scores reflect better function. Interviewers rated the functional level of each patient. For both numerate and nonnumerate patients, utility scores were compared with global QOL (good vs poor) and observer-rated function. Results. Half of the patients were numerate. Numerate patients who rated their QOL as good had significantly higher utility scores than did patients with poor global QOL (0.95 vs 0.43, p =.03). In contrast, nonnumerate patients with good QOL had lower utility scores than did patients with poor QOL (0.45 vs 0.77, NS). Utility scores for numerate patients correlated well with observer-rated function (r= 0.41 to r= 0.57), whereas those of nonnumerate patients did not (r= -0.16 to r= 0.06). Conclusions. QOL evaluation through utility assessment may provide inaccurate and contradictory data about patient functioning for nonnumerate patients. This may confound QOL assessment when interpreting utility data.
Dominant-Negative Receptor Uncovers Redundancy in the Arabidopsis ERECTA Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor–Like Kinase Signaling Pathway That Regulates Organ Shape

Arabidopsis ERECTA, a Leu-rich repeat receptor-like Ser/Thr kinase (LRR-RLK), regulates organ shape and inflorescence architecture. Here, we show that a truncated ERECTA protein that lacks the cytoplasmic kinase domain (ΔKinase) confers dominant-negative effects when expressed under the control of the native ERECTA promoter and terminator. Transgenic plants expressing ΔKinase displayed phenotypes, including compact inflorescence and short, blunt siliques, that are characteristic of loss-of-function erecta mutant plants. The ΔKinase fragment migrated as a stable ∼400-kD protein complex in the complete absence of the endogenous ERECTA protein and significantly exaggerated the growth defects of the null erecta plants. A functional LRR domain of ΔKinase was required for dominant-negative effects. Accumulation of ΔKinase did not interfere with another LRR-RLK signaling pathway (CLAVATA1), which operates in the same cells as ERECTA but has a distinct biological function. Both the erecta mutation and ΔKinase expression conferred a lesser number of large, disorganized, and expanded cortex cells, which are associated with an increased level of somatic endoploidy. These findings suggest that functionally redundant RLK signaling pathways, including ERECTA, are required to fine-tune the proliferation and growth of cells in the same tissue type during Arabidopsis organogenesis.
Using inverse image frequency for perception-based color image quantization

The process of selecting a small number of representative colors from an image of higher color resolution is called color image quantization. A well-known problem in quantizing images is to select the best representative colors that not only reduce the quantization error, but also account for the perception of human vision. The technique we propose effectively handles this problem by using the variation of colors in different regions of an image, in addition to the use of the color histogram, for effective perception and quantization. We introduce the property of inverse image frequency (IIF) for computing the representative colors of an image. IIF is based on the observation that colors within a color subset having non-uniform frequency distribution across the different regions of an image have better discriminating properties than those having uniform distribution. Our approach to incorporate the information derived from IIF can be combined with any standard quantization algorithm. The results show that our approach quantizes an image more effectively than using just the well-known median cut algorithm.
System interconnect design exploration for embedded MPSoCs

This paper presents a new approach for system interconnect design exploration of application-specific multi-processor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs). As a novel contribution, we develop an analytical model for network-based communication design space exploration and generate fabric solutions with optimal cost-performance trade-offs, while considering various design constrains, such as power, area, and wirelength. For large systems, we also propose an efficient approach for obtaining competitive solutions with significant less computation time compared to the exhaustive approach. The accuracy of our analytical model is validated via SystemC simulation using several synthetic applications and an industrial SoC design.
Re-engineering library education

The revolutionary changes in the educational curriculum for schools of library and information science being evinced by the exponential expansion of computer-based technologies require a reexamination of the skills and expertise needed to be acquired by the next wave of academic librarians. This is critical in order that they may continue to be able to provide information services and resources to the academic communities within which those librarians will practice their profession. In addition, it is important to meet emerging educational needs in terms of various multiculturalism and diversity issues that are arising today as well as a thorough understanding of research theory and practice. Implicit in these examinations is a need to review the way library school faculty will be teaching, using newer technologies including Web-delivery of courses, and how faculty should exhibit the skills needed in order to be able to deliver courses using the new technology-centered methods. Finally, this chapter will emphasize the importance of continuing education for future academic librarians and current professionals.
Particle Swarm Optimization with Quantum Infusion for the design of digital filters

In this paper, particle swarm optimization with quantum infusion (PSO-QI) has been applied for the design of digital filters. In PSO-QI, Global best (gbest) particle (in PSO star topology) obtained from particle swarm optimization is enhanced by doing a tournament with an offspring produced by quantum behaved PSO, and selecting the winner as the new gbest. Filters are designed based on the best approximation to the ideal response by minimizing the maximum ripples in passband and stopband of the filter response. PSO-QI, as is shown in the paper, converges to a better fitness. This new algorithm is implemented in the design of finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filter.
Robust Stationkeeping Control for Libration Point Quasi-Periodic Orbits

Libration orbit stationkeeping controls are designed based on selected reference quasi-periodic orbit trajectories. The baseline trajectory is designed to meet science requirements and in the same time achieve minimum fuel consumptions. The success of finding libration point reference orbits is based on accurate numerical computation, dynamics, and space environment modeling. The linear quadratic regulator controller has been developed widely for maintaining a spacecraft in such libration orbit reference trajectories as close as possible. However, any dynamics models, including the circular restricted three-body dynamics, space environment, sensor, and actuator, are only approximations of real physical systems. Any noise and uncertainties can cause spacecraft’ motion to diverge due to the high instability region around libration points. This study investigates the modeling and designing of a passive robust μ controller and an active adaptive linear quadratic regulator in libration point stationkeeping con...
Shaping the T cell repertoire.

Today immunologists are well aware of positive and negative selection of developing T cells. This was very different almost three decades ago when MHC-restricted Ag recognition by T cells represented an enormous puzzle in the absence of data on the molecular nature of Ag recognition by T cells. It
Holocene Paleoclimatology of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canadian High Arctic

Abstract A wide variety of evidence reflecting, in different ways, the changing climate of the Queen Elizabeth Islands during the Holocene is reviewed. All proxies pertain to summer conditions. Many sources of information provide weak or equivocal paleoclimatic signals, but a general pattern of events can be discerned. Temperatures in the early to mid-Holocene were highest (comparable with, or higher than, temperatures prevailing for much of this century). Although much evidence points to a mid-Holocene thermal maximum, there is also considerable evidence that conditions were warmer in the early Holocene, possibly related to orbitally-induced radiation anomalies. The apparent mid-Holocene thermal maximum may reflect lags in the response of the environment and of some proxies in recording paleoclimatic conditions; more direct indices point to warmest conditions in the early Holocene (before 7500 BP). Temperatures declined from ∼3000 BP, culminating in exceptionally low temperatures from 100–400 BP. This may have been the coldest period of the entire Holocene, resulting in glacier advances to post-glacial maximum positions. The period since 1925 has witnessed a pronounced increase in temperature, leading to negative mass balances on glaciers and ice sheets throughout the archipelago. This period is the warmest for at least 1000 years and perhaps for several thousand years. Modern climate in the Queen Elizabeth Islands may thus be characteristic of the early to mid-Holocene and atypical of conditions which prevailed for much of the last few thousand years.
Predictors of acceptability of medication abortion.

Abstract Objective We evaluated the sociodemographic and clinical factors, including expectations, associated with satisfaction with medication abortion. Methods Four sites enrolled 1080 subjects in a randomized trial of misoprostol 6–8 h versus misoprostol 24 h after mifepristone treatment for abortion at up to 63 days' gestation. Method acceptability was evaluated by preabortion and postabortion interviews and with visual analog scales examining subject factors, side effects, preferences and dislikes with the experience, pain, bleeding and stated as well as measured differences from expectations. Results Nulliparity and increasing gestational age (GA) were independently associated with experiencing more pain than expected. Higher GA was associated with heavier and longer bleeding than expected. Although 89.7% of the subjects would choose medication abortion again, only 58% rated the experience as positive. Independent predictors of a positive experience included older subject age, clinic site, efficacy and less pain and bleeding than expected. Significant predictors of not choosing medication abortion again were procedure failure and more pain and bleeding than expected. All outcomes were independent of the randomization group in the main study. Conclusions Satisfaction with medication abortion may be limited by differences between patients' expectations of pain and bleeding and their experienced symptoms. These differences between expectations and experience and the actual symptoms of pain and bleeding are associated with increasing GA and nulliparity. Pain, bleeding and method failure independently predict method dissatisfaction. More information regarding severity of symptoms should be incorporated into patient counseling.
Haptic Simulation for Micro/Nano-Scale Optical Fiber Assembly

While there are very high industry demands on optical fiber, little research has been done on the modeling and simulation of the optical fiber assembly. In this paper, the interaction forces in the micro/nano joining step of the optical fiber assembly are modeled. Simulation of assembly in a virtual environment via a haptic device is performed, and experimental results are discussed, which could be used for designing leaning-based controller for automated micro/nano-scale optical fiber assembly.
Graduates' Perceptions of Strengths and Needs in Interdisciplinary Teacher Preparation for Early Childhood Education: A State Study

While the national growth of interdisciplinary early childhood education (ECE) and early childhood special education (ECSE) teacher preparation has been documented, research into these programs is scarce. This study was conducted to gather graduates' perceptions of their preparation in a statewide system of ECE/ECSE interdisciplinary teacher preparation programs. A southeastern state implemented the new approach to preparing teachers to work with infants, toddlers, and young children with and without disabilities, and their families, in 1992. As one of the first stand-alone blended teacher preparation licenses, the Birth through Kindergarten license in this state is a competency-based approach to licensure combining the NAEYC and DEC preparation standards. A mail survey of graduates from seven state- and NCATE-approved blended programs was conducted during the first year of employment. Participants were asked to rate their preparation in state licensure competencies. Perceived strengths were higher in are...
Benjamin Dann Walsh: pioneer entomologist and proponent of Darwinian theory.

▪ Abstract Many entomologists are generally unacquainted with the life and scientific contributions of Benjamin Dann Walsh, the first State Entomologist of Illinois and an early proponent of Darwinian theory. This historical oversight is unfortunate because Walsh was both a pioneer in entomology and the only entomologist of his and Darwin's generation to support and contribute to Darwin's revolutionary theory of species origin. In this review, I attempt to return Walsh to his rightful place among the more fascinating and progressive scientists of the nineteenth century. The review comprises three sections: the first provides a biographical sketch of Walsh's rich and varied life in England and the United States; the second considers his entomological endeavors and legacy; and the third argues for Walsh's prescient advocacy of, and contributions to, evolutionary theory. Also included are passages from some of Walsh's publications and excerpts from his correspondence with Darwin and notable entomologists.
Performance of an array receiver with a Kalman channel predictor for fast Rayleigh flat fading environments

We develop an approach for using an antenna array for tracking fast Rayleigh flat fading channels and suppressing cochannel interference. The fast flat fading process is assumed to be a general autoregressive (AR) process in order to characterize temporal variation of channels and evaluate its effect on the receiver structure and performance. The optimal array receiver structure that minimizes the probability of error for BPSK signals is derived, which includes a Kalman filter to predict the fading channels. A simple integral expression for the probability of error is also derived for the optimal receiver. In particular, we analyze the case with identical shaping filters. An irreducible probability of error is shown to exist due to the prediction error of multiple channels. Another interesting observation from the study is that the diversity gain with m antenna elements in the presence of k interferences is usually greater than (m-k), even in the presence of channel prediction error. Simulations are carried out to verify the theoretical analysis.
Peacocks, Porsches, and Thorstein Veblen: Conspicuous Consumption as a Sexual Signaling System

Conspicuous consumption is a form of economic behavior in which self-presentational concerns override desires to obtain goods at bargain prices. Showy spending may be a social signal directed at potential mates. We investigated such signals by examining (a) which individuals send them, (b) which contexts trigger them, and (c) how observers interpret them. Three experiments demonstrated that conspicuous consumption is driven by men who are following a lower investment (vs. higher investment) mating strategy and is triggered specifically by short-term (vs. long-term) mating motives. A fourth experiment showed that observers interpret such signals accurately, with women perceiving men who conspicuously consume as being interested in short-term mating. Furthermore, conspicuous purchasing enhanced men’s desirability as a short-term (but not as a long-term) mate. Overall, these findings suggest that flaunting status-linked goods to potential mates is not simply about displaying economic resources. Instead, conspicuous consumption appears to be part of a more precise signaling system focused on short-term mating. These findings contribute to an emerging literature on human life-history strategies.
Ernest Everett Just, Johannes Holtfreter, and the Origin of Certain Concepts in Embryo Morphogenesis

Ernest E. Just (1883-1941) is best known for his discovery of the "wave of negativity" that sweeps of the sea urchin egg during fertilization, and his elucidation of what are known as the fast and slow blocks to polyspermy. Just's contemporary Johannes Holtfreter (1901-1992) is known for his pioneering work in amphibian morphogenesis, which helped to lay the foundation for modern vertebrate developmental biology. This paper, after briefly describing the life and scientific contributions of Just, argues that his work and ideas strongly influenced two of the concepts for which Holtfreter is best known: tissue affinity and autoneuralization (or autoinduction). Specifically, this paper argues that, first, Just's experiments demonstrating developmental stage-specific changes in the adhesiveness of the blastomeres of cleavage embryos helped lay the foundation for Holtfreter's concept of tissue affinity and, second, Just's notion of the intrinsic irritability of the egg cell, which is evident in experimental parthenogenesis, strongly informed Holtfreter's concept of the nonspecific induction of neural tissue formation in amphibian gastrula ectoderm explants, a phenomenon known as autoinduction. Acknowledgment of these contributions by Just in no way diminishes the importance of Holtfreter's groundbreaking work. It does, however, extend the impact of Just's work into the area of embryo morphogenesis. It connects Just to Holtfreter and positions his work as an antecedent to embryo research that continues to this day.
Chromobacterium vaccinii sp. nov., isolated from native and cultivated cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) bogs and irrigation ponds.

A large number of Gram-negative, motile, mesophilic, violacein-producing bacteria were isolated from the soils and roots of Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. and Kalmia angustifolia L. plants and from irrigation ponds associated with wild and cultivated cranberry bogs in Massachusetts, USA. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences placed these isolates in a clade with Chromobacterium species, but the specialized environment from which they were isolated, their low genomic DNA relatedness with Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472T and C. subtsugae PRAA4-1T, significant differences in fatty acid composition and colony morphology indicate that the cranberry and Kalmia isolates comprise a separate species of Chromobacterium , for which the name Chromobacterium vaccinii sp. nov. is proposed. Strain MWU205T ( = ATCC BAA-2314T = DSM 25150T) is proposed as the type strain for the novel species. Phenotypic analysis of 26 independent isolates of C. vaccinii sp. nov. indicates that, despite close geographical and biological proximity, there is considerable metabolic diversity among individuals within the population.
How Well Does Distance Proxy for Freight Costs? Evidence from U.S. Railroads in 1914

Researchers often invoke distance as a proxy for freight costs when direct measures are unavailable, but evidence on the historical strength and nature of this relationship is generally absent. In this note, I provide evidence on the historical relationship between railroad freight rates and route distance. Using data on point-to-point railroad freight rates from a newly discovered historical compendium, I show that freight rates are approximately linear in distance but that the relationship between rates and distance is significantly different for short- and long-haul routes, with short-haul freight rates being relatively flat in distance up to a few hundred miles. I provide a point estimate on long-haul rates per ton-mile for Class 1 L.C.L. merchandise and discuss implications for research interpreting variation in distance as variation in prices.
Sex Differences in the Cardiovascular Consequences of Diabetes Mellitus A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing at a rapid rate. In the United States in 2012, 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3% of the population, had DM.1 Currently, ≈1 in 13 people living in the United States has DM, and 90% to 95% of these individuals have type 2 DM (T2DM).2 Overall, the prevalence of T2DM is similar in women and men. In the United States, ≈12.6 million women (10.8%) and 13 million men (11.8%) ≥20 years of age are currently estimated to have T2DM.2 Among individuals with T2DM, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and accounts for >75% of hospitalizations and >50% of all deaths.3 Although nondiabetic women have fewer cardiovascular events than nondiabetic men of the same age, this advantage appears to be lost in the context of T2DM.4,5 The reasons for this advantage are not entirely clear but are likely multifactorial with contributions from inherent physiological differences, including the impact of the sex hormones, differences in cardiovascular risk factors, and differences between the sexes in the diagnosis and treatment of DM and CVD.6 In addition, there are racial and ethnic factors to consider because women of ethnic minority backgrounds have a higher prevalence of DM than non-Hispanic white (NHW) women. This scientific statement was designed to provide the current state of knowledge about sex differences in the cardiovascular consequences of DM, and it will identify areas that would benefit from further research because much is still unknown about sex differences in DM and CVD. Areas that are discussed include hormonal differences between the sexes and their possible effects on the interaction between DM and CVD, sex differences in epidemiology, ethnic and racial differences and risk factors for CVD in DM across the life …
Sparse recovery and fourier sampling

In the last decade a broad literature has arisen studying sparse recovery, the estimation of sparse vectors from low dimensional linear projections. Sparse recovery has a wide variety of applications such as streaming algorithms, image acquisition, and disease testing. A particularly important subclass of sparse recovery is the sparse Fourier transform, which considers the computation of a discrete Fourier transform when the output is sparse. Applications of the sparse Fourier transfuse include medical imaging, spectrum sensing, and purely computation tasks involving convolution. This thesis describes a coherent set of techniques that achieve optimal or near-optimal upper and lower bounds for a variety of sparse recovery problems. We give the following state-of-the-art algorithms for recovery of an approximately k-sparse vector in n dimensions: • Two sparse Fourier transform algorithms, respectively taking O(klognlog(n/k)) time and O(klog n logc logn) samples. The latter is within logc log n of the optimal sample complexity when k < n1-s. • An algorithm for adaptive sparse recovery using O(klog log(n/ k)) measurements, showing that adaptivity can give substantial improvements when k is small. • An algorithm for C-approximate sparse recovery with O(klog c (n/k) log*k) measurements, which matches our lower bound up to the log*k factor and gives the first improvement for 1 « C «ns. In the second part of this thesis, we give lower bounds for the above problems and more. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, libraries.mit.edu/docs - docs@mit.edu)
Enhancing rhizobial colonization in the rhizosphere of legumes by a systemic fungicide

Inoculated rhizobia and bradyrhizobia do not extensively colonize the rhizosphere of legumes. To become established, rhizobia must compete with the indigenous rhizosphere microflora. A study was designed to find means to enhance colonization of the legume rhizosphere by using a basipetally translocated fungicide, aliette.
Physical Mechanisms for Atomization of a Jet Spray: A Comparison of Models and Experiments

Because combustion in direct injection engines is strongly influenced by the details of the fuel spray in these engines, we have begun a broad research effort of jet breakup experiments and modelling of these high pressure sprays. The main objective of this effort is to better understand fuel injection from the study of the spray-jet breakup process and the associated fuel-oxidant mixing. The focus of this paper is the development of specific models for atomization of the spray-jet
Flow and Acoustics of Clustered Rockets During Startup

The plume produced by a cluster of two large-area-ratio thrust-optimized parabolic contour nozzles is visualized over a range of nozzle pressure ratios by way of retroreflective shadowgraphy. Both nozzles exhibit free-shock separated flow, restricted-shock separated flow, and an end-effects regime before flowing full. Transient (startup) operations of the nozzles are studied, with the primary focus being the pulsations that form during the end-effects regime. This occurs at a pressure ratio of 37 for these nozzles and is associated with elevated sound levels in the immediate vicinity of the nozzles and vehicle. The shadowgraphy images reveal the formation of turbulent large-scale structures, on the order of the nozzle diameter, during the end-effects regime. These large-scale structures are driven by the intermittent opening of the last trapped annular separation bubble to the ambient and grow rapidly within the first two nozzle diameters.
E-037 Single Center Comparison of Ophthalmic Aneurysm Treatment Using Pipeline Embolization Device Versus Coil Embolization

Introduction/purpose Aneurysms arising from the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) account for approximately 5% of all intracranial aneurysms. The Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) is a relatively new device available for treatment of these aneurysms. Here, we compare our experience with PED versus coil embolization in the treatment of unruptured ophthalmic artery aneurysms. Materials and methods A review of our prospectively collected patient log identified 106 patients who had undergone endovascular treatment of an unruptured ophthalmic artery aneurysm. Blinded to outcome, PED and coil patients were matched in a 1:2 fashion, respectively, based on aneurysm size. Matched analysis was carried out with marched t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and McNamara’s test as appropriate. P-values of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was carried out with Stata 10.0 (College Station, TX). Results After matching the patients in a 1:2 fashion, there were 20 patients treated with PED and 40 treated by coil embolization. There were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, average aneurysm diameter, or maximum aneurysm diameter. There were significant differences between the two groups in length of follow up, phase of treatment, baseline mRS, presentation, and neck size. Morbidity was 2.5% in the coiled cohort and 10% in the PED cohort (p = 0.255). Note, however, that in 1 of the 2 complications in the PED group, the patient was not compliant with their dual anti-platelet therapy. Immediate occlusion rates favored coil embolization as would be expected. However, recurrences were more frequent in the coiled group (22 vs 0%, p = 0.046). Conclusions This study suggests that complications may be more frequent with PEDs, but treatment may be more permanent as evidenced by the lower recurrence rate. Disclosures C. Durst: None. R. Starke: None. J. Gingras: None. H. Hixson: None. K. Liu: None. R. Crowley: None. M. Jensen: 2; C; Covidien. A. Evans: 2; C; Covidien, Stryker. J. Gaughen: 2; C; Covidien, Stryker, Microvention.
Survival of Listeria innocua in Rainbow Trout Protein Recovered by Isoelectric Solubilization and Precipitation with Acetic and Citric Acids

During mechanical fish processing, a substantial amount of protein is discarded as by-products. Isoelectric solubilization and precipitation (ISP) is a process that uses extreme pH shifts to solubilize and precipitate protein from by-products to recover previously discarded protein. Typically, strong acids are used for pH reduction, but these acids do not have a pasteurization effect (6 log reduction) on bacterial load; therefore, organic acids were used during ISP processing to test the impact on Listeria innocua concentrations. Headed and gutted rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were inoculated with L. innocua, homogenized, and brought to the target pH with granular citric acid (pH 2.0 and 2.5) or glacial acetic acid (pH 3.0 and 3.5). Proteins were solubilized for 10 min at 4°C, and insoluble components (e.g., skin and insoluble protein) were removed by centrifugation. The remaining solution was pH shifted to the protein isoelectric point (pH 5.5) with sodium hydroxide, and precipitated protein was separated from the water. Microbial cells for each component (proteins, insolubles, and water) were enumerated on modified Oxford agar (MOX) and tryptic soy agar with 6% yeast extract (TSAYE). The sums of the surviving cells from each component were compared with the initial inoculum levels. No significant differences were observed between results obtained from TSAYE and from MOX (P > 0.05). Significant reductions in microbial populations were detected, regardless of pH or acid type (P < 0.05). The greatest reduction was at pH 3.0 with glacial acetic acid, resulting in a mean reduction of 6.41 log CFU/g in the recovered protein and 5.88 log CFU/g in the combined components. These results demonstrate the antimicrobial potential of organic acids in ISP processing.
Adaptive compensation scheme of capacitance current to differential protection in UHV lines

The traditional capacitance current compensation is influenced by different fault locations and has lower sensitivity when internal faults occur in one end.An improved adaptive compensation scheme is proposed in this paper.The scheme combines the traditional compensation with compensation utilizing fault distance.The performances of two compensations are compared in the analytical way,showing that,when they have same security on external faults,the improved one has higher sensitivity when internal fault in one end.According to the simulations on the faults and the two compensations in a 1000 kV line,the results verify that the proposed method has achieved a great improvement on sensitivity of internal faults.It is a proper capacitance current compensation scheme for UHV transmission lines.
362 ROLE OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN PSYCHOSTIMULANT ADDICTION.

Background The basal ganglia play an important role in drug dependence. Excitatory glutamatergic projections from the cerebral cortex innervate the basal ganglia at the striatal medium spiny neuron, which also receives modulatory dopaminergic and cholinergic projections. This anatomical relationship suggests that chronic elevation of dopamine by METH may disrupt the release of both glutamate and acetylcholine (ACh). Investigations in our laboratory have demonstrated that treatment of mice with chronic METH results in a long-lasting depression of glutamate release from cortical terminals during withdrawal that is dependent on ACh. In this study, we determined how chronic METH treatment in mice changes the synthesis and activation of striatal cholinergic interneurons. Study Design and Methods Adult C57B1/6 mice were treated with METH (20 mg/kg i.p.) or saline for 10 days. On withdrawal days 1 and 10, brain sections were immunolabeled for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and c-Fos. Labeled cells from three rostrocaudal levels were quantified in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum and in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Results On withdrawal day 1, sections from METH-treated mice demonstrated only rare and poorly fluorescent ChAT immunolabeled cells. Compared to controls, c-Fos immunoreactivity was largely absent from the striatum, suggesting that chronic METH results in the depression of immediate early gene expression in both cholinergic and medium spiny neurons. On withdrawal day 10, the number of ChAT-immunostained cells in the striatum had increased but remained depressed compared with controls. Persistent depression was most prominent in the caudal striatum where ChAT-immunolabeled cells were reduced by 16.8% ± 1.6% compared to controls (p = .014). The number of immunolabeled cells for both ACh and c-Fos were also reduced in all striatal regions. This reduction was more pronounced in the caudal NAc (p = .08) and dorsolateral striatum (p = .09), but high variability between mice prevented reaching statistical significance. Conclusion Our data suggest that chronic METH reduces both ACh synthesis and cholinergic activation. This reduction is likely mediated by persistent stimulation of dopamine receptors on cholinergic interneurons, ultimately leading to a reduction in striatal excitation. Future experiments will examine the effect of a drug challenge on ACh production and cholinergic activation.
Greedy structure search for sum-product networks

Sum-product networks (SPNs) are rooted, directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) of sum and product nodes with well-defined probabilistic semantics. Moreover, exact inference in the distribution represented by an SPN is guaranteed to take linear time in the size of the DAG. In this paper we introduce an algorithm that learns the structure of an SPN using a greedy search approach. It incorporates methods used in a previous SPN structure-learning algorithm, but, unlike the previous algorithm, is not limited to learning tree-structured SPNs. Several proven ideas from circuit complexity theory along with our experimental results provide evidence for the advantages of SPNs with less-restrictive, nontree structures.