cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Recognition of Neuromotor Disability in Infants of Low Birth weight

SUMMARY Children of low birthweight are specially liable to cerebral palsy, mental retardation and other disabilities. In trying to diagnose or foresee such disabilities in an infant, the motor signs and reflex findings should be assessed repeatedly and compared with those of normal infants of similar age, judged by the estimated time of conception. RESUME Diagnostic precoce et troubles neuro-moteurs chez les enfants de poids de naissance faible Les enfants de poids de naissance faible sont specialement exposes a presenter une infirmite motrice cerebrale, un retard mental et d'autres troubles varies. Pour essayer de diagnostiquer ou prevoir de telles perturbations chez un enfant, les signes moteurs et l'etat des reflexes devraient etre appreci^s de fagon reguliere et compares a ceux d'enfants normaux du meme age, apprecies d'apres l'age estime de la conception. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Fruherkennung neuromotorischer Storungen bei Kindern von geringem Geburtsgewicht Kinder von geringem Geburtsgewicht neigen besonders zu Cerebraler Kinderlahmung, geistiger Retardierung und anderen Storungen. In dem Versuch, solche Storungen im Kindesalter zu erkennen und voracuszusehen, sollten die motorischen Leistungen und Reflexe immer wieder gepriift und mit denen gleichaltriger Kinder, gemessen am Konzep-tionsalter, verglichen werden. RESUMEN Reconocimiento precoz de Disfuncion Neuromotora en lactantes con bajo peso al nacer Ninos con poco peso al nacer son especialmente propensos a sufrir paralisis cerebral, retardo mental y otras disfunciones. Al tratar de diagnosticar o prever tales disfunciones en el lactante, es preciso explorar, repetidamente los signos motores y los reflejos y com-pararlos con los de los lactantes normales de la misma edad, juzgada esta segiin el tiempo de concepci6n presumido.
Ecological modernization and the US Farm Bill: The case of the Conservation Security Program

Abstract This paper examines the debate surrounding the inception of the Conservation Security Program (CSP) under the 2002 US Farm Bill as a possible expression of ecological modernization by examining the discursive contributions made by official actors, social movement organizations, and producer organizations. Based on this analysis, the CSP embodies different expectations in terms of ecological modernization. Social movement actors view the program as a pragmatic solution to environmental problems created by productivist agriculture. Official actors and farm lobby representatives argue that the program should serve to create the pre-conditions for the eventual commodification of the natural resource benefits resulting from agricultural activity. These divergent discourses create multiple expectations of policies – reflecting both traditional productivist and post-productivist regimes. Using an ecological modernization framework allows us to see both the commonalities and differences in these approaches, and provides insight into the ways in which discourses surrounding global agri-environmental policies might play out in states' different political, social, economic, and ecological contexts.
Constructs of physical activity behaviour in children: The usefulness of Social Cognitive Theory

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among several Social Cognitive Theory ( Bandura, 2004 ) constructs (e.g., self-efficacy) and children’s physical activity behaviours. Design Children from six elementary schools ( N = 479) in grades 4th to 6th from five different school districts in the Southwestern USA participated in this study by completing a sociocognitive instrument as well as wearing a pedometer for five school days. Methods Previously validated scales were combined and administered to all children in order to examine the relationships among five constructs (self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social support, barriers, and goals) and physical activity participation was measured via pedometer. Data analyses included a two-step approach with confirmatory factor analysis followed by structural equation modelling. Results The confirmatory factor analyses indicated an adequate fit of the specified model. The structural model fit statistics also suggested that the data fit the specified model: χ 2 (8, N = 476) = 24.44, p = 0.00, χ 2 /df = 3.06, GFI = 0.98, AGFI = 0.96, CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.07. The model explained 15% of the variance in social support, 11% of the variance in goals, 11% of the variance in barriers, 9% of the variance in outcome expectations, and 2% of the variance in physical activity. Self-efficacy was a strong predictor of total social support, total number of barriers, and outcome expectations. Conclusions This study supports the use of Social Cognitive Theory in understanding the constructs of physical activity behaviour in children, however, very little variance in behaviours was explained. There is a need to also investigate environmental influences on children’s decisions to be physically active.
Probing the Selectivity and Protein⋅Protein Interactions of a Nonreducing Fungal Polyketide Synthase Using Mechanism-Based Crosslinkers

Protein·protein interactions, which often involve interactions among an acyl carrier protein (ACP) and ACP partner enzymes, are important for coordinating polyketide biosynthesis. However, the nature of such interactions is not well understood, especially in the fungal nonreducing polyketide synthases (NR-PKSs) that biosynthesize toxic and pharmaceutically important polyketides. Here, we employ mechanism-based crosslinkers to successfully probe ACP and ketosynthase (KS) domain interactions in NR-PKSs. We found that crosslinking efficiency is closely correlated with the strength of ACP·KS interactions and that KS demonstrates strong starter unit selectivity. We further identified positively charged surface residues by KS mutagenesis, which mediates key interactions with the negatively charged ACP surface. Such complementary/matching contact pairs can serve as "adapter surfaces" for future efforts to generate new polyketides using NR-PKSs.
A Database-Informed Approach to New Plant Shielding Design

To facilitate the definition and description of radiation dose rates in the numerous rooms and areas of a new nuclear power plant, a database approach was developed. This approach offers a number of benefits over more manual methods. A key benefit is that the selection of an appropriate shielding method to use in each area of the plant is greatly facilitated by virtue of the team’s improved ability to grasp the significance of each of the individual sources that are candidates for making a significant contribution to the dose rate in each area. By understanding the level of relevant contribution—if any—of each of these candidate sources, an analyst is able to select a method that will define the contribution without becoming enmired in a model representing inappropriately high degrees of accuracy and modeling time. This database method, by allowing for an evolving understanding of dose rates and sources in the neighboring rooms for each portion of the plant, leads to substantial reductions in the effort of characterizing a plant’s radiation environment. As an additional benefit, the database serves as a tool for documenting the shielding calculations themselves, automatically generating formatted sections including drawing and source term references, shielding calculation types, key dimensions, and results; these sections can form the starting point of a full calculation package. The approach offers a final project management benefit: estimating, tracking, and predicting the effort associated with the many calculations involved in such a project are greatly systematized, leading to more reliable manpower estimates.
Changing Roles of Teacher Education Students.

The roles of teacher education students in Professional Development Schools (PDS) are changing because P-12 education and teacher education are so closely linked. Schools are no longer just lab sites for teacher education students whose program is primarily based at the university. Teacher education students are no longer taking the majority of their program through university courses with a few projects and a semester of student teaching in a school and classroom. PDSs by definition emphasize teacher learning as strongly as student learning in the school setting. Any description of the features of a PDS includes statements of commitment to both the education of P-12 students and the education of teachers and teacher education students.
Velopharyngeal IncompetenceThe Need for Speech Standards

Speech-language pathologists are often involved in the diagnosis and treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI). Some speech-language pathologists have extensive educational and clinical experience with VPI; others have limited training and experience. Thus, the quality of speech-language services for people with VPI is heterogenous, and it ranges from poor to excellent. There are, as yet, no specific guidelines for speech-language pathologists providing services to people with VPI. Optimal services require specific guidelines for training and experience. The purpose of this article was to (a) review speech-language pathology standards and qualifications, (b) provide reasons for identifying qualified speech-language pathologists, and (c) identify strategies for reduction of risks involved in the delivery of speech-language services for people with VPI.
Réponse électro-encéphalographique traitée chez des patients opérés d'une endartériectomie carotidienne : Une étude pilote

Objectif L'un des risques de l'endarteriectomie carotidienne (EAC) est l'ischemie cerebrale resultant du clampage de l'artere carotide. Le Moniteur d'Etat Cerebral est l'un des moniteurs electro-encephalographique qui reflete le niveau de conscience des patients durant l'anesthesie. Le moniteur rapporte le niveau des consciences a l'aide du parametre empirique Index de Statut Cerebral (ISC) sur une echelle de 0 a 100. Dans cette etude pilote prospective cas temoins, nous avons compare l'ISC des hemispheres des patients temoins et controles ayant une EAC afin de determiner si ces parametres etaient affectes par les variations presumees du debit sanguin cerebral. Methodes Quinze patients consentants operes d'une EAC ont rejoint cette etude approuvee par l'institution. Nous avons connecte un Moniteur d'Etat Cerebral separe pour les cotes droit et gauche de la tete des patients et avons enregistre l'ISC au cours de l'intervention. Nous avons compare les donnees du cote controle avec celles du cote chirurgical. Resultats Le clampage a entraine une chute de l'ISC du cote chirurgical en dessous du niveau atteint par l'ISC du cote controle. La mise en place d'un shunt a conduit l'ISC a s'elever au dela du controle. La plus grande difference entre l'ISC du cote chirurgical et l'ISC du cote controle est survenue a la fin de la procedure d'EAC. Ces tendances observees non pas ete statistiquement significatives dans ce projet pilote. Conclusion Nos resultats preliminaires suggerent que l'ISC et probablement d'autres index similaires, pourraient indiquer des variations de debit sanguin cerebral survenant de maniere aigue durant l'EAC. Nos resultats rendent prometteuse l'utilisation nouvelle de ces types de moniteurs d'electro-encephalogramme, deja presents dans les salles operatoires actuellement.
An Investigation of Transmission-System Power Limits

Results of theoretical analysis, verified by miniature-system tests of the power limits of transmission systems, are discussed, among the major conclusions being the following: The criterion for stability under all conditions is the steady-state power limit. The charging kv-a. exercises marked detrimental effects on stability. The characteristics of synchronous terminal apparatus are of great importance. Improvements can be made by modifying present apparatus design. Automatic voltage regulators, suitable exciters and fast relays are essential. The mercury-arc rectifier, as an adjunct in excitation circuits, shows real advantages.
Alcohol Selectivity of β3-Containing GABAA Receptors: Evidence for a Unique Extracellular Alcohol/Imidazobenzodiazepine Ro15-4513 Binding Site at the α+β- Subunit Interface in αβ3δ GABAA Receptors

GABAA receptors (GABARs) have long been the focus for acute alcohol actions with evidence for behaviorally relevant low millimolar alcohol actions on tonic GABA currents and extrasynaptic α4/6, δ, and β3 subunit-containing GABARs. Using recombinant expression in oocytes combined with two electrode voltage clamp, we show with chimeric β2/β3 subunits that differences in alcohol sensitivity among β subunits are determined by the extracellular N-terminal part of the protein. Furthermore, by using point mutations, we show that the β3 alcohol selectivity is determined by a single amino acid residue in the N-terminus that differs between GABAR β subunits (β3Y66, β2A66, β1S66). The β3Y66 residue is located in a region called “loop D” which in γ subunits contributes to the imidazobenzodiazepine (iBZ) binding site at the classical α+γ2- subunit interface. In structural homology models β3Y66 is the equivalent of γ2T81 which is one of three critical residues lining the benzodiazepine binding site in the γ2 subunit loop D, opposite to the “100H/R-site” benzodiazepine binding residue in GABAR α subunits. We have shown that the α6R100Q mutation at this site leads to increased alcohol-induced motor in-coordination in alcohol non-tolerant rats carrying the α6R100Q mutated allele. Based on the identification of these two amino acid residues α6R100 and β66 we propose a model in which β3 and δ containing GABA receptors contain a unique ethanol site at the α4/6+β3- subunit interface. This site is homologous to the classical benzodiazepine binding site and we propose that it not only binds ethanol at relevant concentrations (EC50–17 mM), but also has high affinity for a few selected benzodiazepine site ligands including alcohol antagonistic iBZs (Ro15-4513, RY023, RY024, RY80) which have in common a large moiety at the C7 position of the benzodiazepine ring. We suggest that large moieties at the C7-BZ ring compete with alcohol for its binding pocket at a α4/6+β3- EtOH/Ro15-4513 site. This model reconciles many years of alcohol research on GABARs and provides a plausible explanation for the competitive relationship between ethanol and iBZ alcohol antagonists in which bulky moieties at the C7 position compete with ethanol for its binding site. We conclude with a critical discussion to suggest that much of the controversy surrounding this issue might be due to fundamental species differences in alcohol and alcohol antagonist responses in rats and mice.
Effect of oxygen on the operation of a planar thermionic converter for isothermal and isoflux heating conditions

Abstract In this paper, the effects of oxygen on the performance of and the emitter material transport in a planar thermionic converter were investigated. The oxygen and cesium partial pressures in the interelectrode gap were varied parametrically, and their effects on the operational characteristics of the converter were quantified for both isothermal and isoflux emitter heating conditions. With isothermal heating, a significant increase in the electric power density in the presence of oxygen (by a factor of 3–10, depending on the emitter temperature and the initial composition of the collector surface) was predicted. The load voltages corresponding to the maximum output power were ∼0.3–0.5 V lower than those corresponding to the optimum efficiency. With an isoflux emitter heating of 20 W/cm 2 , the introduction of oxygen into the interelectrode gap of a converter with an initially pure tungsten collector increased the electric power density by only ∼19%; however, no improvement occurred for an initially oxidized tungsten collector.
Broad Autism Phenotype in Typically Developing Children Predicts Performance on an Eye-Tracking Measure of Joint Attention

We examined visual attention allocation during a set of social videos that are intended to elicit the coordination of attention with another person, compared to a control condition. Deficits in joint attention are a characteristic of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participants included a diverse sample of 50 typically developing school-aged children between 3 and 9 years of age (M = 6:3, SD = 1:8). Results demonstrated that gaze allocation differed significantly between the experimental and control condition. Further, individual differences in gaze allocation were significantly predicted by a parent-report measure evaluating features of the broad autism phenotype. This study contributes to a research program that aims to develop and validate an endophenotype measure of ASD.
Antagonism of non-NMDA receptors augments the neuroprotective effect of NMDA receptor blockade in cortical cultures subjected to prolonged deprivation of oxygen and glucose

A 30-60 min period of oxygen and glucose deprivation induced widespread degeneration of cultured murine neocortical neurons. Neuronal degeneration could be blocked by adding the selective NMDA antagonist MK-801 to the bathing medium; however, if the deprivation period was prolonged to 90-105 min, the neuroprotective effect of MK-801 was overcome. The non-NMDA antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) at 1-100 microM concentrations also failed to protect neurons against this prolonged insult, but the combination of CNQX with either MK-801 or D-APV produced marked neuroprotection. This synergistic action of CNQX was not due to enhanced blockade of NMDA receptors, as it was not mimicked by combining MK-801 with D-APV or 7-chlorokynurenate. These observations support the idea that combined NMDA and non-NMDA receptor blockade may have value in ameliorating the neuronal loss associated with prolonged ischemic insults in vivo.
Zur Mechanik des Radfahrens im Vergleich zu der des Laufens

1. Unter Annahme von konstanter Drehgeschwindigkeit der Pedale beim Radfahren werden die Veranderungen der kinetischen Energie der Beine fur verschiedene Stellungen der Beine errechnet. 2. Sofort nachdem die Pedale durch die wagrechte Stellung gegangen sind, erreicht die kinetische Energie ein Maximum. Mit Ausnahme von Geschwindigkeiten, die weniger als 47 Umdrehungen pro Minute betragen, ist die Vermehrung der kinetischen Energie groser als die gleichzeitige Verminderung der potentiellen Energie, welche gleichzeitig mit dem Maximum der kinetischen Energie der Beine ein Minimum erreicht. 3. Der Verlust der Beine an kinetischer Energie, nachdem das Maximum durchschritten ist, ist nicht zwecklos; er dient zur Beschleunigung des Rades. 4. Beim Radfahren mit maximaler Geschwindigkeit ist der Rhythmus der Beinbewegungen ungefahr derselbe wie beim Schnellauf. Jedoch sind die Winkelbewegungen der Beine beim Radfahren nur ungefahr 1/2 mal so umfangreich, und insbesondere betragt die wirkliche Verkurzung der in Anspruch genommenen zweigelenkigen Muskeln nur 1/10 der Verkurzung beim Laufen. Daher ist die Muskelviskositat beim Radfahren von geringerer Bedeutung als beim Laufen. 5. Die Angaben vonDickinson werden fur die kleineren Verkurzungsgeschwindigkeiten der Muskeln beim Radfahren korrigiert, und es stellt sich heraus, das die Verminderung des Fusdruckes auf die Pedale mit vermehrter Drehgeschwindigkeit groser wird als man allein durch Muskelviscositat erklaren kann. Ihre Resultate beruhen wahrscheinlich auf Verzogerungen, die die zentrale Koordination der geeigneten Muskelgruppen bei hoheren Geschwindigkeiten erleidet. 6. Bei einer Geschwindigkeit von 7,5 m pro Sekunde betragt der ausere Widerstand sowohl fur das Radfahren als fur das Laufen ungefahr 5 kg.
Antiplatelet medications in the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke

It is difficult to make general statements regarding choices in the medical management of patients with IS given its multiple mechanisms and individual patient variations. It is exceedingly important to manage all vascular risk factors in each patient, especially hypertension. Managing risk factors is as important as, or perhaps more important than, deciding on a prevention medication. Based on the previous discussion, I present my recommendations for antiplatelet secondary prevention of noncardioembolic IS.
Prenatal stress alters brain biogenic amine levels in primates

In this study, we assessed behavioral responses to social separation at 8 months of age and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of biogenic amines and metabolites at 8 and 18 months of age in 12 rhesus monkeys derived from either stressed or undisturbed pregnancies. Compared to controls from undisturbed pregnancies, prenatal stress-derived monkeys had higher concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in CSF than controls. Norepinephrine and MHPG response to stress were both correlated between 8 and 18 months of age. There were few group differences in behavior during social separation; however, several behavioral differences between groups were found when monkeys were reunited with cage mates. Prenatally stressed monkeys spent more time clinging to their surrogates and exploring (including eating and drinking), while controls showed more locomotion and social play with their cage mates. Collectively, our findings suggest that chronic unpredictable psychological stress during pregnancy has long-lasting effects on noradrenergic and dopaminergic activity and behavior in the offspring of gestationally stressed primate mothers.
Vortices and the low-temperature structure of the x-y model

An exact duality transformation is applied to the partition function Z for the x-y model in two and three dimensions. The fields which appear in the dual representation of Z are integer valued and represent the topological excitations, or vortices of the x-y model. Furthermore, this form of the partition function is particularly simple at low temperatures. In two dimensions, the dual representation of Z at low temperatures describes a two-dimensional Coulomb gas in which point charges are vortices. In three dimensions, the dual form of Z describes a locally invariant gauge theory, analogous to QED, and coupled to integer-valued conserved currents which represent the line vortices of the three-dimensional x-y model. Qualitative comments about the low-temperature behavior of the theories are made. The meaning of vortices on a lattice is also discussed.
Oxygen consumption during induction period of a photopolymerizing system

Based on a simple, general kinetic scheme for the inhibition reaction of a photopoly-merizing system, a solution is obtained for the differential equation which describes the oxygen concentration profile as a function of exposure time, light intensity, and absorption coefficient. The effect of the absorption coefficient on the oxygen concentration in a polymer slab is evaluated by numerical computation.
Experimental investigation of nanomechanics of the mineral-protein interface in nacre

Abstract Nacre, the inner layer of molluscan seashells is a model biomimetic nanocomposite system that has been an inspiration for design of novel composites. The organic phase present in nacre is believed to play an important role in enhancing the toughness of nacre. The understanding of the adhesion forces of the organic matrix on to the mineral phase is essential for the fundamental assessment of the toughening properties in nacre. Our prior work using molecular dynamics simulations revealed that a very large force is needed to pull the protein molecules when in close proximity with the aragonite phase. In the current work, we have experimentally described the mechanical response of the organic phase in proximity of aragonite using force mode atomic force microscopy. Our results indicate that a very large force is required (>5–6 nN) to pull the proteins away from the aragonite. Our experiments show that the molecular interactions at the organic–inorganic interface in nacre are substantial and may play a significant role on the overall toughness of nacre. Thus, molecular interactions albeit weak and non-bonded play a significant role on the mechanics of hybrid nanocomposite systems.
Identification of RACK1 and Protein Kinase Cα as Integral Components of the Mammalian Circadian Clock

At the core of the mammalian circadian clock is a negative feedback loop in which the dimeric transcription factor CLOCK-BMAL1 drives processes that in turn suppress its transcriptional activity. To gain insight into the mechanisms of circadian feedback, we analyzed mouse protein complexes containing BMAL1. Receptor for activated C kinase-1 (RACK1) and protein kinase C-alpha (PKCalpha) were recruited in a circadian manner into a nuclear BMAL1 complex during the negative feedback phase of the cycle. Overexpression of RACK1 and PKCalpha suppressed CLOCK-BMAL1 transcriptional activity, and RACK1 stimulated phosphorylation of BMAL1 by PKCalpha in vitro. Depletion of endogenous RACK1 or PKCalpha from fibroblasts shortened the circadian period, demonstrating that both molecules function in the clock oscillatory mechanism. Thus, the classical PKC signaling pathway is not limited to relaying external stimuli but is rhythmically activated by internal processes, forming an integral part of the circadian feedback loop.
Interpretive programming language for image algebra

Image Algebra (IA) was developed to provide a standard mathematical means of describing image processing algorithms. The goal of IA was to reduce the amount of programming code required in implementing an image processing algorithm. IA has been successful in expressing many linear and nonlinear image processing algorithms in a short and concise manner using a basic set of operators. When placed in a programming environment, IA enables the programmer to write image processing algorithms at a high level of abstraction and with a high degree of readability. IA functions have been developed for several programming languages such as ADA, FORTRAN, and C either as an external library or as a preprocessor.
Division of household labor and child care in dual-earner African-American families with infants.

This study examined 63 middle- to lower-middle income dual-earner African-American mothers' and fathers' involvement in child care with their infant and in household work, and the degree of support they received for child care. Although analysis revealed gender-differentiated patterns of involvement in care giving and household work along traditional lines, African-American fathers were far from being distant or uninvolved in these activities. Father involvement in child care and household activities did not vary as a function of whether mothers worked full time or part time. The data are discussed with respect to possible gender role convergence in child care and household work in African-American families.
Universality of the saturation scale and the initial eccentricity in heavy ion collisions

Recent estimates that color glass condensate initial conditions may generate a larger initial eccentricity for noncentral relativistic heavy ion collisions (relative to the initial eccentricity assumed in earlier hydrodynamic calculations) have raised the possibility of a higher bound on the viscosity of the qark gluon plasma. We show that this large initial eccentricity results in part from a definition of the saturation scale as proportional to the number of nucleons participating in the collision. A saturation scale proportional to the nuclear thickness function (and therefore independent of the probe) leads to a smaller eccentricity, albeit still larger than the value used in hydrodynamic models. Our results suggest that the early elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions (unlike multiplicity distributions) is sensitive to the universality of the saturation scale in high-energy QCD.
Energy bandgap and lattice constant contours of iii-v quaternary alloys of the form A x B y C z D or AB x C y D z

Energy bandgap and lattice constant contours are presented for the six quaternary alloys formed from Al, Ga, In and P, As, Sb, with compositions of the form Ax By C(1−y). D or ABx Cy D1−x−y . The quaternary bandgaps and lattice constants were obtained using an interpolation formula proposed by the present authors.
Evaluation of electro-optic phenomena in ferroelectric thin films using ellipsometric techniques

Reflection ellipsometry and computational modeling are used to examine electro-optic (EO) effects in a PZT (30/70) thin film. The combined influences of thin film etalon effects, the optical config...
Electrophoretic Effects of the Adsorption of Anionic Surfactants to Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Coated Capillaries

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is one of the most convenient materials to construct capillary electrophoresis microchips. Even though PDMS has many advantages, its use is often limited by its hydrophobicity. Although it is well-known that the surface properties of PDMS can be modified by anionic surfactants, very little is known regarding the driving forces or the electrophoretic consequences of the adsorption of anionic surfactants. In this work, the adsorption of alkyl surfactants on PDMS was studied by performing electroosmotic flow (μEOF) measurements. In order to mimic the behavior of PDMS microchannels, fused-silica capillaries were coated with PDMS and used for the μEOF measurements. This approach allowed using standard CE instrumentation and provided significant advantages over similar experiments performed on microchips. The change in the μEOF in the presence of surfactants was correlated to the surfactant adsorbed amount which, plotted versus surfactant concentration, gives an adsorption isotherm...
The derivation of minimal support basis functions for the discrete divergence operator

The divergence free finite element method (DFFEM) is a method to find an approximate solution of the Navier-Stokes equations in a divergence free space. That is, the continuity equation is satisfied a priori. DFFEM eliminates the pressure from the calculations and significantly reduces the dimension of the system to be solved at each time step. For a low order and nonconforming element, we construct a basis for the divergence free subspace such that basis functions have smallest nonzero support.
Bonding Forces in Short Hydrogen Bonds. Crystal Structure of PdII(dpgH)2

An analysis of the structures of 16 square-planar metal(II)−diglyoxime compounds was undertaken to determine the bonding forces which might alter the O···O distance observed for strong, low-barrier hydrogen bonds. This series of structures includes the X-ray diffraction structure of PdII(dpgH)2 (dpg = diphenylglyoxime), with data collected at 158 K. This compound crystallizes in the space group Ibam with a = 15.324(2) A, b = 22.634(3) A, c = 6.8811(7) A, V = 2386.6(5) A3, Z = 4, and R = 4.89% for the 1105 reflections with |Fo| > 4σ(F) and 7.91% for all 1490 reflections. The observed Pd−N bond distances are 1.958(6) and 1.959(6) A. The distance between the two oxygen atoms that participate in the short hydrogen bond is 2.550(10) A; this distance is the shortest thus far reported for a palladium−diglyoxime compound. The hydrogen atom appears to be nearly centered, with refined O−H distances of 1.32(22) and 1.39(23) A in the O··H··O system; this interpretation of the hydrogen position is supported by nearly ...
Carbon constrained integrated inventory control and truckload transportation with heterogeneous freight trucks

Abstract This paper analyzes an integrated inventory control and transportation problem with environmental considerations. Particularly, explicit transportation modeling is included with inventory control decisions to capture per truck costs and per truck capacities. Furthermore, a carbon cap constraint on the total emissions is formulated by considering emission characteristics of various trucks that can be used for inbound transportation. Due to complexity of the resulting optimization problem, a heuristic search method is proposed based on the properties of the problem. Numerical studies illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method. Furthermore, numerical examples are presented to show that both costs and emissions can be reduced by considering heterogeneous trucks for inbound transportation.
Neural changes after training to perform cognitive tasks

Cognitive operations requiring working memory rely on the activity of neurons in areas of the association cortex, most prominently the lateral prefrontal cortex. Human imaging and animal neurophysiological studies indicate that this activity is shaped by learning, though much is unknown about how much training alters neural activity and cortical organization. Results from non-human primates demonstrate that prior to any training in cognitive tasks, prefrontal neurons respond to stimuli, exhibit persistent activity after their offset, and differentiate between matching and non-matching stimuli presented in sequence. A number of important changes also occur after training in a working memory task. More neurons are recruited by the stimuli and exhibit higher firing rates, particularly during the delay period. Operant stimuli that need to be recognized in order to perform the task elicit higher overall rates of responses, while the variability of individual discharges and correlation of discharges between neurons decrease after training. New information is incorporated in the activity of a small population of neurons highly specialized for the task and in a larger population of neurons that exhibit modest task related information, while information about other aspects of stimuli remains present in neuronal activity. Despite such changes, the relative selectivity of the dorsal and ventral aspect of the lateral prefrontal cortex is not radically altered with regard to spatial and non-spatial stimuli after training. Collectively, these results provide insights on the nature and limits of cortical plasticity mediating cognitive tasks.
Utopia and its Enemies by George Kateb

(1971). Utopia and its Enemies by George Kateb. The Philosophy Forum: Vol. 10, No. 3-4, pp. 317-328.
Partial replacement of cardiac troponin I with a non-phosphorylatable mutant at serines 43/45 attenuates the contractile dysfunction associated with PKCε phosphorylation

Abstract We have previously reported a transgenic mouse that over-expresses constitutively active PKCe in the myocardium and exhibits a steady progression to heart failure. Associated with the decline in function was an increased phosphorylation of sarcomeric proteins including cardiac troponin I (cTnI). To determine whether PKCe phosphorylation of cTnI is sufficient to induce cardiac maladaptation, we have generated a double transgenic mouse (DbTG) that expresses constitutively active PKCe and cTnI harboring non-phosphorylatable mutations in the putative PKC phosphorylation sites (S43A, S45A). We compared the hemodynamic and biochemical properties of the hearts from the DbTG mice to the non-transgenic and single transgenic lines at both 3 and 12 months of age. While no significant differences in LV function were noted in 3-month groups, the depression of function in the PKCe mice was attenuated in the double transgenic mice at 12 months. The improvement in cardiac function was correlated with decreased β-myosin heavy chain and ANF mRNA expression in the 12m DbTG mice. The extent of cTnI phosphorylation was determined using a novel one-dimensional, non-equilibrium isoelectric focusing technique. At 3 months the migration of cTnI phospho-species was different in the PKCe mice and to a lesser degree in the DbTG compared to all other groups. At 12 months additional phospho-species were observed in both the PKCe and DbTG samples, along with an overall shift in the distribution of phospho-species in all groups due to age. These results suggest that phosphorylation of cTnI by PKCe is associated with contractile dysfunction and partial replacement of serines 43/45 improves cardiac performance. Therefore, we conclude that phosphorylation of cTnI at Ser 43 and 45 may contribute to the progression of failure.
The Karl Fischer Titration of Water

AbstractThe Karl Fischer method for the determination of water is briefly reviewed. The chemistry of the reaction of Karl Fischer reagent with water is discussed, and modifications in the reagent composition are summarized. Some of these modifications result in more stable reagents. The visual, spectrophotometric, and electrometric forms of the Karl Fischer titration are described and compared.
Off-normal CO2 desorption from the photooxidation of CO on reduced TiO2(110)

Photoinduced reactions between O2 and CO on reduced rutile TiO2(110) are studied at low temperature (∼30 K). Photon-stimulated desorption (PSD) of O2, CO2, and CO is observed with comparable yields. Isotope labeling experiments indicate that O2 chemisorbed in a vacancy is more active for photooxidation than O2 chemisorbed on a Ti5c site. The angular distribution for the desorbing CO2 is peaked at ∼40° with respect to the surface normal in the [110] azimuth (i.e., perpendicular to the bridging oxygen rows), suggesting that CO2 is produced from O2 occupying an oxygen vacancy and CO adsorbed on a Ti5c site next to it. The experimental results are consistent with CO2 being produced from a transition state that has been predicted theoretically. The CO PSD from TiO2(110) is enhanced dramatically by the presence of chemisorbed O2, suggesting that it is a byproduct of the CO photooxidation process.
Surgical resection following radiation therapy with concurrent gemcitabine in patients with previously unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

The combination of gemcitabine with concurrent radiation therapy (Gem/RT) is a promising new approach that is being investigated in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. However, substantial toxicity with this combination has also been observed. This review was conducted to determine whether Gem/RT could be safely delivered in the neoadjuvant setting, based on our experience with this combined therapy in a cohort of patients with previously unresectable pancreatic cancer, who subsequently underwent surgical resection. Between July 1996 and June 2001, a total of 67 patients with locally unresectable pancreatic cancer, without distant metastatic disease, received Gem/RT at our institution. Seventeen patients (25%) underwent exploratory surgery following Gem/RT, and nine underwent standard Whipple resection. Thus 9 (52%) of 17 patients who had exploratory operations or 9 (13%) of 67 patients, underwent surgical resection. Thirty-day mortality after resection was 0%, and there were no major surgical complications. Median length of hospital stay was 14 days (range 11 to 19 days). With a median follow-up of 32 months, median survival for the resected patients was 17.6 months (95% confidence interval 12.6 to 37.3 months). Median survival for the remaining 58 patients was 11.9 months (95% confidence interval 9.6 to 14.7 months, P = 0.013). We conclude that surgical resection may be safely performed after Gem/RT in a select group of patients initially considered to have unresectable pancreatic cancer. The use of Gem/RT in a neoadjuvant setting is currently being investigated in a multi-institutional phase II trial.
A Combined VUV Synchrotron Pulsed Field Ionization-Photoelectron and IR-VUV Laser Photoion Depletion Study of Ammonia†

The synchrotron based vacuum ultraviolet-pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (VUV−PFI−PE) spectrum of ammonia (NH3) has been measured in the energy range 10.12−12.12 eV using a room-temperature NH3 sample. In addition to extending the VUV−PFI−PE measurement to include the v2+ = 0, 10, 11, 12, and 13 and the v1+ + nv2+ (n = 4−9) vibrational bands, the present study also reveals photoionization transition line strengths for higher rotational levels of NH3, which were not examined in previous PFI−PE studies. Here, v1+ and v2+ represent the N−H symmetric stretching and inversion vibrational modes of the ammonia cation (NH3+), respectively. The relative PFI−PE band intensities for NH3+(v2+=0−13) are found to be in general agreement with the calculated Franck−Condon factors. However, rotational simulation indicates that rotational photoionization transitions of the P-branches, particularly those for the lower v2+ PFI−PE bands, are strongly enhanced by forced rotational autoionization. For the synchrotron base...
The Effects of Excess Zinc on Water Consumption in Chickens

Abstract Zinc poisoning has been reported in humans and other mammals (Goodman and Gilman, 1955), but rarely in poultry. Hare and Orr (1945) described cases of toxicity in geese and chickens from zinc phosphide which they believed resulted from phosphide rather than from the zinc. Pensack and Klussendorf (1956), who fed zinc chloride and zinc proteinates at levels of 30 to 3,000 parts per million (ppm.) to chickens for many months, reported no ill effects except at the higher levels. This report concerns the effect of excess zinc in the drinking water on chickens. Water-soluble zinc sulphate, at the level of 1 percent (2,320 ppm. of pure zinc) was added to the drinking water of six laying White Leghorns on April 12, 1955. Water consumption, egg production, and body weights were recorded over a period of 20 days. Water consumption decreased from a normal level of 9.0 ml. per bird per…
Effect of electrolytically absorbed hydrogen on Young’s modulus of structural steel

We study the influence of electrolytically absorbed hydrogen on the Young’s modulus of a rod 12 mm in diameter made of low-carbon steel by the method of measuring the time of passage of elastic waves. It is shown that both the velocity of propagation of elastic waves and the modulus of elasticity of the material increase as a result of hydrogenation of the specimen. The analysis of the accumulated results shows that this is most likely explained by the redistribution of stresses in the rod.
Weight function based Dugdale model for mixed-mode crack problems with arbitrary crack surface tractions

Abstract Weight function theory states crack surface displacements can be found for any arbitrary distribution of mode I, or mixed-mode crack face tractions via that geometry’s weight functions. This statement is validated via finite element analysis of the infinite center-cracked plate for various mixed mode loadings. An elastic-perfectly plastic material is considered using a Dugdale approach and compared to elastic–plastic finite element simulations. The weight function method in all cases agrees well with the finite element simulations for small scale yielding at the crack tip. As the maximum traction value approaches one-half the yield strength discrepancies become larger due to violation of small scale yielding.
Debunking Myths and Urban Legends About Meta-Analysis

Meta-analysis is the dominant approach to research synthesis in the organizational sciences. We discuss seven meta-analytic practices, misconceptions, claims, and assumptions that have reached the status of myths and urban legends (MULs). These seven MULs include issues related to data collection (e.g., consequences of choices made in the process of gathering primary-level studies to be included in a meta-analysis), data analysis (e.g., effects of meta-analytic choices and technical refinements on substantive conclusions and recommendations for practice), and the interpretation of results (e.g., meta-analytic inferences about causal relationships). We provide a critical analysis of each of these seven MULs, including a discussion of why each merits being classified as an MUL, their kernels of truth value, and what part of each MUL represents misunderstanding. As a consequence of discussing each of these seven MULs, we offer best-practice recommendations regarding how to conduct meta-analytic reviews.
On applications of Little's formula

In classical Little's formula L=&#955;W used in queueing, the parameter &#955; serves as the intensity of the input process. In various applications this parameter may not be known. The author discusses important classes of modulated input processes, where this parameter can be found.
Natural and Sun-Induced Aging of Human Skin

With worldwide expansion of the aging population, research on age-related pathologies is receiving growing interest. In this review, we discuss current knowledge regarding the decline of skin structure and function induced by the passage of time (chronological aging) and chronic exposure to solar UV irradiation (photoaging). Nearly every aspect of skin biology is affected by aging. The self-renewing capability of the epidermis, which provides vital barrier function, is diminished with age. Vital thermoregulation function of eccrine sweat glands is also altered with age. The dermal collagenous extracellular matrix, which comprises the bulk of skin and confers strength and resiliency, undergoes gradual fragmentation, which deleteriously impacts skin mechanical properties and dermal cell functions. Aging also affects wound repair, pigmentation, innervation, immunity, vasculature, and subcutaneous fat homeostasis. Altogether, age-related alterations of skin lead to age-related skin fragility and diseases.
Validity of neuroelectric variables in predicting the average evoked potential.

In this experiment an attempt was made to determine which of a number of neuroelectric variables best predict the amplitude of the average evoked potential (AEP). Several EEG parameters derived from period analysis and amplitude integration of the primary trace, as well as the amplitude and latencies of single sensory evoked potentials, were treated with a stepwise multiple regression procedure. The amplitudes of certain components of the AEP were tested against the battery of independent variables (predictors) as separate criteria. The results of these analyses revealed that the amplitude of the single EPs accounted for the greatest proportion of variance in the AEP (each component measured). These data suggest that the size of the AEP is not dependent on spontaneous EEG fluctuations.
Feeding performance of the Hawaiian sleeper, Eleotris sandwicensis (Gobioidei: Eleotridae): correlations between predatory functional modulation and selection pressures on prey

The eleotrid fish Eleotris sandwicensis inhabits lower reaches of streams in the Hawaiian Archipelago, where it feeds on juveniles of native amphidromous gobiid fishes migrating upstream from the ocean. Using high-speed video and geometric modelling, we evaluated the feeding kinematics and performance of E. sandwicensis on free swimming prey, including two species with juveniles of different characteristic sizes, and compared successful and unsuccessful strikes. With fast jaw movements and a highly expansive buccal cavity, E. sandwicensis achieves high suction performance that enables the capture of elusive prey. Our analyses indicated that the species with larger juveniles (Sicyopterus stimpsoni) could be captured from a distance of up to 18.6% of the predator's body length (BL), but capture of the smaller species (Awaous guamensis) required a closer distance (12.2% BL). Predator–prey distance appears to be the predominant factor determining strike outcome during feeding on juvenile A. guamensis. However, during feeding on juvenile S. stimpsoni, E. sandwicensis shows modulations of strike behaviour that correlate with capture success. Moreover, the ability of E. sandwicensis to capture larger prey fish from longer distances suggests a potential biomechanical basis underlying observations that predation by eleotrids imposes significant selection against large body size in juvenile gobies. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 111, 359–374.