cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sonochemical degradation of aromatic organic pollutants.

Abstract This work examines the use of ultrasound to mineralize 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, [aryl-2H3]2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, 4-fluorophenol, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene in dilute aqueous solution. Mineralization rates were determined as a function of substrate structure and concentration, bulk phase temperature, pH and the presence of co-solutes such as detergents and humic acids. All substrates were found to degrade sonochemically, as evidenced by the release of Cl− and NO3−, respectively. Product analyses by GC–MS, HPLC, and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) indicated mineralization with little formation of organic byproducts, a significant advantage over other remediation methods. Chloride release from chlorophenols was approximately proportional to substrate total chlorine content, irrespective of structural differences, and reached 80% of the theoretical limit. Fluoride release from 4-fluorophenol was ca. 10-fold lower than that of chloride from 4-chlorophenol. Changes in the bulk phase temperature from 9.5 to 34 °C, and 12.5 to 30 °C, respectively, were of little consequence to observed mineralization rates for nitroaromatics and chlorophenols. A significant mineralization rate increase resulted from sonication of 4-chlorophenol in acidified media. Additions of amphiphilic co-solutes resulted in modest, but statistically significant, sonolysis enhancements.
The nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in organ transplantation: critical role in successful lung preservation

Reestablishment of vascular homeostasis following ex vivo preservation is a critical determinant of successful organ transplantation. Because the nitric oxide (NO) pathway modulates pulmonary vascular tone and leukocyte/endothelial interactions, we hypothesized that reactive oxygen intermediates would lead to decreased NO (and hence cGMP) levels following pulmonary reperfusion, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and leukostasis. Using an orthotopic rat model of lung transplantation, a porphyrinic microsensor was used to make direct in vivo measurements of pulmonary NO. NO levels measured at the surface of the transplanted lung plummeted immediately upon reperfusion, with levels moderately increased by topical application of superoxide dismutase. Because cGMP levels declined in preserved lungs after reperfusion, this led us to buttress the NO pathway by adding a membrane-permeant cGMP analog to the preservation solution. Compared with grafts stored in its absence, grafts stored with supplemental 8-Br-cGMP and evaluated 30 min after reperfusion demonstrated lower pulmonary vascular resistances with increased graft blood flow, improved arterial oxygenation, decreased neutrophil infiltration, and improved recipient survival. These beneficial effects were dose dependent, mimicked by the type V phosphodiesterase inhibitor 2-o-propoxyphenyl-8-azapurin-6-one, and inhibited by a cGMP-dependent protein kinase antagonist, the R isomer of 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate. Augmenting the NO pathway at the level of cGMP improves graft function and recipient survival following lung transplantation.
The Effects of Washing on the Hatchability of Hen Eggs

ABSTRACT PRODUCTION and management procedures are designed to insure a large percentage of eggs with clean dry shells, but no method is completely effective. Thus considerable interest and research have been centered on washing both table and hatching eggs. Stuart and McNally (1943) reported that the shell surface of a newly laid egg is sterile in most cases. Thus bacterial contamination on the shells of normally laid eggs can usually be attributed to contact with nesting material and the feet and body of the bird or to the subsequent handling procedures. Botwright (1953) observed that the litter, manure, and egg material on the shell of a soiled egg contained large numbers of organisms (bacteria and molds), many capable of causing spoilage. By the experimental smearing of the egg shell surface with cultures, or by the immersion of the entire egg into liquid suspensions of bacteria, it has been shown that the . . .
Experimental Cerebral Malaria Develops Independently of Endothelial Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1)

Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe clinical complication of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection and is characterized by a high fatality rate and neurological damage. Sequestration of parasite-infected red blood cells in brain microvasculature utilizes host- and parasite-derived adhesion molecules and is an important factor in the development of CM. ICAM-1, an alternatively spliced adhesion molecule, is believed to be critical on endothelial cells for infected red blood cell sequestration in CM. Using ICAM-1 mutant mice, we found that the full-length ICAM-1 isoform is not required for development of murine experimental CM (ECM) and that ECM phenotype varies with the combination of ICAM-1 isoforms expressed. Furthermore, we observed development of ECM in transgenic mice expressing ICAM-1 only on leukocytes, indicating that endothelial cell expression of this adhesion molecule is not required for disease pathogenesis. We propose that ICAM-1-dependent cellular aggregation, independent of ICAM-1 expression on the cerebral microvasculature, contributes to ECM.
New potentialities for international co-operation in the field of solar energy and its applications

The United Nations programs and activities in solar energy utilization are briefly summarized. It is concluded that the topics most suitable for international cooperation in solar energy can be classified in six categories: improvement of small solar devices; heating and cooling of buildings; production of bulk electric power; biological conversion; water storage of solar energy; and space applications. (WDM)
Defect Models in Electron-Irradiated N-Type GaAs

1 MeV electron irradiation has been performed in degenerate, n‐type (n≂2×1017 cm−3), molecular beam epitaxial GaAs layers, and Hall effect measurements have been carried out during the irradiation in order to get accurate defect production data. The results have been fitted with statistical models, and are most consistent with the usual E1 (EC−0.045 eV) and E2 (EC−0.15 eV) levels being the (−/0) and (0/+) transitions of the As vacancy, respectively. Also, an acceptor well below EC−0.15 eV is produced at a much higher rate than that of E1 and E2.
Two-Tiered Constrained Relay Node Placement in Wireless Sensor Networks: Efficient Approximations

The sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network sense the environment and transmit data cooperatively over multiple hops to the base stations. To prolong network lifetime, researchers have proposed to deploy some relay nodes in the network such that the sensors transmit the sensed data to a nearby relay node, which in turn delivers the data to the base stations. In this paper, we study two-tiered constrained relay node placement problems, where the relay nodes can only be placed at some pre-specified candidate locations. To meet the connectivity requirement, we study the connected single-cover problem where each sensor node is covered by a relay node, and the relay nodes form a connected network with the base stations. To meet the survivability requirement, we study the 2-connected double-cover problem where each sensor node is covered by at least two relay nodes, and the relay nodes form a 2-connected network with the base stations. We propose novel polynomial time approximation algorithms for these problems. For the connected single-cover problem, our algorithms have O(1) approximation ratios. For the 2-connected double-cover problem, our algorithms have O(1) approximation ratios for practical settings and O(ln n) approximation ratios for arbitrary settings.
Sarcocystis, Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma, Brugia, Ancylostoma, and Trichinella spp.: A review of the intracellular parasites of striated muscle

Abstract Aspects of the relationship between some protozoan and helminth intracellular parasites of striated muscle and the host cell are reviewed. The first section of the article deals with the myoparasitic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, Sarcocystis spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and representatives of the order microsporidia. The second half of the paper considers the myoparasitic helminths Brugia spp., Ancylostoma spp., and Trichinella spiralis. A short description of the life cycle of each parasite is followed by consideration of the mechanisms utilized by the parasite to contact and penetrate the host myofiber. Parasite-induced structural and chemical alterations of the host cell are discussed. Nutrition, growth, and development of the parasite within the host myoenvironment are considered. Finally, conclusions concerning the relationship between the myoparasite and the host muscle fiber are presented.
Human Macrophages Utilize the Podosome Formin FMNL1 for Adhesion and Migration

Macrophages play a crucial role in detecting, regulating, and resolving immune crises, requiring migration through complex extracellular matrices. Unwarranted macrophage inflammatory activity potentiates kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and transplant rejection. Proper remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, especially at adhesion structures, is essential to the translocation of macrophages. Macrophages form actin-rich adhesions termed “podosomes”, giving them the capacity to make contacts with the substratum for traction through interstitial tissues. Macrophages express multiple formins, including FMNL1, Dia1, and Fhod1, with potential to impact actin remodeling involved in migration. Formins are a family of proteins that are best known for modifying the actin cytoskeleton via nucleation, elongation, bundling, and/or severing actin filaments. In this study we demonstrate that the formin FMNL1 is a key regulator of podosomes and is required for normal macrophage migration. Additionally, this is the first study to demonstrate defects in primary human cell migration resulting from specific formin silencing. Pharmacologic inhibition of all formin activity results in a significant decrease in podosome formation and normal macrophage migration. Furthermore, targeted suppression of FMNL1 results in decreases in macrophage migration similar to inhibition of all expressed macrophage formins. These novel findings suggest FMNL1 as a possible chemotherapeutic target to hinder macrophage migration, which could offer an innovative method for limiting unnecessary macrophage-mediated inflammation. We hypothesize that formins are required in podosome actin dynamics to support macrophage migration.
Lunar initial 143Nd/144Nd: Differential evolution of the lunar crust and mantle

The Sm-Nd evolution of Apollo 15 green glass is discussed. The ICE age (intercept with chondritic evolution) of 3.8 + or - 0.4 eons overlaps the range of reported (Ar-39)-(Ar-40) ages and implies a distinct source region for green glass, characterized by very low and unfractionated REE abundances. Evidence is presented that LINd (lunar initial Nd) is compatible with a 'chondritic'-type Nd isotopic evolution as observed in the Juvinas meteorite. This normalization is used to study the Sm-Nd system of various lunar rock types. The results obtained from a limited number of rocks clearly indicate differential Sm-Nd evolution for the lunar crust and mantle. High-Ti basalts returned by the Apollo 11 and 17 missions were derived from distinct source regions. The Nd-143 evolution in KREEP requires a source region which is clearly distinct from any mantle reservoir.
Macroeconomic policy, labour market institutions and employment outcomes:

The increase in income inequality and household debt of middle- and lower-income households in the USA over several decades led to increasingly fragile financial institutions and set the stage for the most serious recession in the last 60 years. The proximate cause of the economic crisis was the collapse of the housing bubble that caused both the recession that began at the end of 2007 and the financial crisis that erupted in 2008. The drop in GDP in the USA, while steep, was not more severe than in most of the other OECD countries and the macroeconomic policy response was better. Yet the increase in the US unemployment rate was among the steepest. This article examines this failure of US labour market institutions to respond to these policy initiatives and the implications of the analysis for economic policy.
THE EFFECT OF GESTATIONAL AGE, MATERNAL DIET, AND SAMPLING TIME ON HUMAN MILK MINERAL CONTENT

Mineral concentrations were determined in milk of mothers of preterm and term infants. Fore and hind milk samples were collected 3 times a day from 19 mothers of term and 15 mothers of preterm infants. Milk was collected at 3, 12, and 30 days postpartum and diet records were completed on all mothers for 2 days at 3, 12, and 30 days postpartum. Calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium concentrations were measured in milk samples and calculated from the diet records. Sodium concentration was significantly different between the term and preterm groups for all days (preterm: 3 days, 17.9±6.6 mg/dl; 12 days, 15.2±7.9; 30 days, 10.6±4.3; term: 3 days, 14.2±7.3 mg/dl; 12 days, 10.3±4.5; 30 days, 8.5±3.9) whereas calcium, potassium and phosphorus were different between groups for only one of the three days sampled. Calcium concentration of preterm milk and calcium and phosphorus concentration of term milk differed significantly between fore and hind milk samples (calcium: preterm fore: 25.9±5.1 mg/dl, hind: 24.5±5.7; term fore: 27.9±5.7 mg/dl, hind: 26.8±4.7). Calcium and sodium concentration of milk of mothers of term and preterm infants correlated for only one day with dietary intakes of the respective mothers. With the variation of milk mineral concentration due to gestational age, sampling times and diet, it remains difficult to quantitate the dietary calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium intakes of infants.
Solid Fuel Gasification for Gas Turbines

Gas turbines (GT) have emerged as the most efficient means of transforming heat into mechanical work and with efficient generators are serving as major components of new electricity generation systems. The CCTL research and development efforts are directed towards developing a low cost solid fuel (SF) cogasifier fed by low cost local feedstocks to be coupled with smaller GT systems. The benefits of such systems can be enhanced if valuable by-products are produced or additional community purposes are served. We consider cogasification of biomass with other domestic fuels as a long term strategy for effective utilization of biomass. Our theoretical and experimental work indicate that blending oxygenated fuels such as biomass, MSW, RDF and dried sewage sludge with carbonaceous fuels such as coals, coke and chars in a small cogeneration system will have technological, economic and environmental advantages.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Catheterization of branchial sinus tracts. A new method

The complete surgical extirpation of branchial cleft abnormalities is essential in avoiding recurrent disease. The most technically difficult maneuver is often the localization and excision of associated sinus tracts and fistulae. The authors communicate a simple yet effective technique for dealing with this difficulty utilizing the Fogarty embolectomy catheter.
Lower bounds for the complexity of reliable Boolean circuits with noisy gates

Proves that the reliable computation of any Boolean function with sensitivity s requires /spl Omega/(s log s) gates if the gates fail independently with a fixed positive probability. This theorem was stated by Dobrushin and Ortyukov (1977), but their proof was found by Pippenger, Stamoulis, and Tsitsiklis (1991) to contain some errors. >
Genetic Correction of Sickle Cell Anemia and β-Thalassemia: Progress and New Perspective

Gene therapy for β-globinopathies, particularly β-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia, holds promise for the future as a definitive corrective approach for these common and debilitating disorders. Correction of the β-globinopathies using lentivirus vectors carrying the β- or γ-globin genes and elements of the locus control region has now been well established in murine models, and an understanding of "what is required to cure these diseases" has been developed in the first decade of the 21st century. A clinical trial using one such vector has been initiated in France with intriguing results, while other trials are under development. Vector improvements to enhance the safety and efficiency of lentivirus vectors are being explored, while new strategies, including homologous recombination in induced pluripotent cells, for correction of sickle cell anemia have shown proof-of-concept in vitro. Here, a review is provided of the current substantial progress in genetic correction of β-globin disorders.
Feridex Preloading Permits Tracking of CNS-Resident Macrophages after Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion:

At this time, the pathophysiology of macrophage involvement and their role in stroke progression are poorly understood. Recently, T2- and T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), after intravenous administration of iron-oxide particles, have been used to understand the inflammatory cascade. Earlier studies report that image enhancement after stroke is from iron-laden macrophages; however, they do not account for potential blood-brain barrier disruption and nonspecific contrast enhancement. In this study, spontaneously hypertensive rats were preloaded with Feridex 7 days before stroke, permitting the labeling of bone-marrow-derived macrophages. Three-dimensional gradient-echo imaging showed average signal decreases of 13% to 23% in preloaded animals, concentrated on the lesion periphery and reaching a maximum on days 2 to 4 after stroke. Immunohistochemistry showed ED-2+, PB+, MHC-II+ and TNF-α+ perivascular macrophages (PVM), meningeal macrophages (MM), and choroid plexus macrophages (CPM). ED-1+ an...
The influence of between and within-person hope among emergency responders on daily affect in a stress and coping model

Abstract This study reports on daily hope, coping, stress, and affect among 84 fire service members who completed a 21-day diary. Multilevel modeling showed that between-person hope was related to higher positive affect. Three-way interactions were found for within-person hope, stress, and daily coping in the prediction of daily affect. When under high stress and if low in hope, more emotion–expression coping predicted higher next day positive affect whereas if high in hope, more problem-focused coping predicted more positive affect. Within-person hope, stress, and emotion–expression coping interacted to predict negative affect. Findings for the prediction of negative affect necessitate further research to determine if the nature of coping under low hope and low stress is qualitatively distinct from high hope states.
54.1: Invited Paper: Structural Colors for Display and E-paper Applications

Light interacting with micro- and nano- structures can produce various optical phenomena. Such properties can be exploited to produce structural colors without using colorant pigments. Potential applications in energy-saving displays and e-papers can be envisioned by integrating with LCD or electrophoretic modulation schemes.
Pregnancy Attitudes, Contraceptive Service Utilization, and Other Factors Associated with Los Angeles Homeless Youths' Use of Effective Contraception and Withdrawal

Abstract Study Objective This study aims to understand the associations of contraceptive service utilization (ie, accessing condoms or birth control), pregnancy attitudes, and lifetime pregnancy history among male and female homeless youth in relation to use of effective contraception and withdrawal. Design, Setting, and Participants Between October 2011 and February 2012, homeless youth (14-27 years old) from 2 drop-in centers in Los Angeles (N = 380) were recruited and completed a questionnaire. The data in this paper are restricted to those who reported vaginal sex at last sex (N = 283). Main Outcome Measures Analyses examined history of foster care, sexual abuse, exchange sex, pregnancy, lifetime homelessness duration, current living situation, contraceptive service utilization, and pregnancy attitudes in predicting use of effective contraception and withdrawal at last sex. Results Over 62% of females and 43% of males report having ever been pregnant or impregnating someone. There are no gender-based differences in pregnancy attitudes; 21% agree they would like to become pregnant within the year. Additionally, there are no gender-based differences in reported contraceptive use at last vaginal sex. In the multivariable model, high school education, contraceptive service utilization (Relative Risk Ratio [RRR]: 4.0), and anti-pregnancy attitudes (RRR: 1.3) are significant positive predictors of using effective contraception; anti-pregnancy attitudes (RRR: 1.2) and gender (RRR: 0.3) are significantly associated with using withdrawal. Conclusions Health professionals should acknowledge that some homeless youth desire pregnancy; for those that do not, access to effective contraception is important. Programs must continue to promote pregnancy prevention, and include discussions of healthy pregnancy habits for pregnancy-desiring youth.
Origin of cristobalite formation during sintering of a binary mixture of borosilicate glass and high silica glass

It was shown previously1 that cristobalite precipitates out of a mixture of borosilicate glass (BSG) and high silica glass (HSG) when sintered at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1200 °C. In this paper, both direct and indirect evidences are presented to conclude that the formation of cristobalite originates in HSG. It is proposed that the cristobalite is formed as a result of dissolution of HSG in BSG and precipitation at heterogeneously nucleated sites. The process of dissolution and precipitation continues until the whole HSG particle is consumed.
The Impact of Religious Involvement on Migration

I drawfrom existing literature on migration decision-making theory and research on the importance and meaning of religion in individual lives to examine how religious involvement and membership affect the odds of migrating. In addition, I develop a concept called location-specific religious capital. Frequent church attendance and involvement in the social aspects of one's religious organization are proposed as forms of location-specific religious capital. Membership in strict and conservative religious organizations is viewed similarly for their requirement of large investments. As individuals invest more time and energy in the development and maintenance of location-specific religious capital, they will be increasingly hesitant to migrate out of their community and, thus, out of their church. The specific hypotheses are tested with data collected between 1980 and 1997from a U.S. national sample of adults. The results are complex and provide some support for the migration-discouraging influence of location-specific religious capital. Differences correlate with age and presence of children in the household.
Real‐time control of air pollution

The problem of determining real-time (episode) air pollution control strategies for an urban airshed is posed as selecting those control measures from among all possible such that air quality is maintained at a certain level over a given time period and the total control imposed is minimum. The real-time control is based on meteorological predictions made over a several-hour to several-day period. A computational algorithm is developed for solving the class of control problems that result. The theory is applied to a hypothetical study of the effect of implementation of the optimal control on September 29, 1969, in the Los Angeles basin.
Refill Adherence to Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Glycemic Control in Veterans

BACKGROUND:Although medication nonadherence may contribute to inadequate diabetes control, adherence is not routinely measured. Persistence, the continuous refill of medications, is one metric that could be integrated into clinical care if associated with glycemic control.OBJECTIVE:To characterize the association of persistence levels (non-, good, overpersistence) with hemoglobin A1c (A1C) over 1 year in newly medicated diabetics in the Veterans Administration.METHODS:Eligible veterans were ≥18 years and first filled a prescription for oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2002. The date the OHA was first dispensed was defined as the baseline date. Subjects must have filled at least 1 prescription for any drug, but no diabetes medications, during the 12 months preceding the baseline date. Persistence was measured in days supply of medication over 365 days and defined as non- ( 1.10) persistence. The main outcome measure was achieving ...
Analysis of camera movements in stereo vision-based vehicle tracking

In an outdoor navigational environment, cameras of an autonomous vehicle or robot are subjected to uncontrollable movements relative to the vehicle or robot body. In this paper, the effect of such camera movements in stereo vision-based vehicle tracking systems is analyzed. It is shown how the computation of the range and heading angle of a lead vehicle is affected as a result of camera movements. The parameter space of the stereo system is divided into a controllable subspace consisting of the baseline and an uncontrollable subspace consisting of relative camera movements and the coordinates of a tracked point on the lead vehicle. The optimal baseline value is found by employing the mini-max and minimum mean-squared error estimators. The mini-max estimator is used to obtain the worst case performance while the minimum mean-squared estimator to obtain the average performance. Based on this analysis, it is shown how an optimal imaging geometry for a stereo vision-based tracking system can be designed in order to have the least amount of range and heading angle errors. >
Imaging optically-thin hotspots near the black hole horizon of Sgr A* at radio and near-infrared wavelengths

Submilliarcsecond astrometry and imaging of the black hole Sgr A* at the Galactic Centre may become possible in the near future at infrared and submillimetre wavelengths. Motivated by the observations of short-term infrared and X-ray variability of Sgr A*, in a previous paper, we computed the expected images and light curves, including polarization, associated with a compact emission region orbiting the central black hole. We extend this work, using a more realistic hotspot model and including the effects of opacity in the underlying accretion flow. We find that at infrared wavelengths, the qualitative features identified by our earlier work are present, namely it is possible to extract the black hole mass and spin from spot images and light curves of the observed flux and polarization. At radio wavelengths, disc opacity produces significant departures from the infrared behaviour, but there are still generic signatures of the black hole properties. Detailed comparison of these results with future data can be used to test general relativity and to improve existing models for the accretion flow in the immediate vicinity of the black hole.
Design and finite element analysis of an ocean current turbine blade

A composite 3 meter ocean current turbine blade has been designed and analyzed using Blade Element Theory (BET) and commercial Finite Element Modeling (FEM) code, ANSYS. It has been observed that using the numerical BET tool created, power production up to 141 kW is possible from a 3 bladed rotor in an ocean current of 2.5 m/s with the proposed blade design. The blade is of sandwich construction with carbon fiber skin and high density foam core. It also contains two webs made of S2-glass for added shear rigidity. Four design cases were analyzed, involving differences in hydrodynamic shape, material properties, and internal structure. Results from the linear static structural analysis revealed that the best design provides adequate stiffness and strength to produce the proposed power without any structural failure. An Eigenvalue Buckling analysis confirmed that the blade would not fail from buckling prior to overstressed laminate failure if the loading was to exceed the Safety Factor.
End-of-Life Care Beliefs Among Muslim Physicians:

Objective:Physicians' religiosity affects their approach to end-of-life care (EOLC) beliefs. Studies exist about end-of-life care beliefs among physicians of various religions. However, data on Muslim physicians are lacking. This study explores the beliefs centering on aspects of end-of-life care among Muslim physicians in the US and other countries.Design:A 25 item, online survey was created and distributed via Survey Monkey®. The survey was targeted toward Muslim physicians in the US and other countries.Results:A total 461 Muslim physicians responded to our survey. The primary end point was if the Muslim physicians thought that making a patient DO NOT RESUSCITATE (DNR) is allowed in Islam?. Nearly 66.8 % of the respondents replied yes as compared to 7.38 % of the respondents who said no. Country of origin, country of practice, and if physicians had talked about comfort care in the past had the most impact on the yes vs. no response (p=0.0399, p=0.0092 and 0.0023 respectively).Conclusion:Muslim physician...
A Framework for Addressing Interoperability Issues

Interconnected electric power systems are composed of many businesses cooperating to deliver electricity to the consumer. Today's technology offers the ability to exchange information to enhance operational and financial effectiveness beyond the automation in present use. The incentive to exchange information electronically is a result of system and business processes that span organizations such as scheduling and coordinating electric supply and demand-side resources, detecting and correcting system problems, or providing settlement and billing information to market participants. The drivers for automating these information processes are evolving as industry policies, market rules, and technical capabilities mature. To facilitate information exchange, the GridWisetrade Architecture Council (GWAC) promotes a collaborative path forward to advance interoperability so that organizations can better connect their inter-business processes as they see fit now and as they evolve in the future. The GWAC aims to frame the debate on interoperability to advance an overriding strategic perspective. This paper introduces a context-setting framework that organizes concepts and terminology to identify and debate interoperability issues, articulate improvements, and prioritize and coordinate actions across the electric power community.
Exploration and Exploitation Alliances in Biotechnology: A System of New Product Development

We link the exploration–exploitation framework of organizational learning to a technology venture's strategic alliances and argue that the causal relationship between the venture's alliances and its new product development depends on the type of the alliance. In particular, we propose a product development path beginning with exploration alliances predicting products in development, which in turn predict exploitation alliances, and that concludes with exploitation alliances leading to products on the market. Moreover, we argue that this integrated product development path is moderated negatively by firm size. As a technology venture grows, it tends to withdraw from this product development path to discover, develop, and commercialize promising projects through vertical integration. We test our model on a sample of 325 biotechnology firms that entered 2565 alliances over a 25-year period. We find broad support for the hypothesized product development system and the moderating effect of firm size. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective study of medical and urgent surgical therapy in randomizable patients with unstable angina pectoris: Results of in-hospital and chronic mortality and morbidity

At the Massachusetts General Hospital, all 190 patients who presented with the clinical and ECG criteria of the National Unstable Angina Pectoris Study (NUAPS) for unstable angina pectoris (UAP) were prospectively evaluated from their entrance between 1972 and 1976 (the entry period for NUAPS). Coronary angiography was performed in 166 patients. Of these, 83 patients (50%) were not eligible for randomization because of obstruction in the left main coronary artery (4%), inoperable diffuse coronary disease (11%), failure of initial medical therapy (20%), minimal coronary disease (13%), or other reasons (2%). The other 83 patients (50%) were eligible for randomization by NUAPS criteria; 39 received medical therapy and 44 underwent urgent coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). The medical disease. In-hospital (3% medical and 2% surgical) and late (5% medical and 5% surgical) mortality were similar over a mean follow-up period of 46 months. Myocardial infarction rate was statistically similar in-hospital (5% medical and 11% surgical) and during chronic evaluation (5% medical and 14% surgical). However, late severe angina (NYHA class III or IV) occurred in a significantly higher percentage of medical patients (28% medical versus 9% surgical; p
Defining a New Role for the National Cancer Institute Cooperative Groups: More Science, Fewer Trials

In the context of major changes, it is likely that the National Cancer Institute’s Cooperative Groups will not have the resources to perform many of the traditional, definitive, randomized phase III trials of the past; industry will have to play a greater role in refining drug sequences or combinations. The new National Clinical Trials Network will have an opportunity to produce results with a major impact on cancer drug development.
ACE: a resource-aware adaptive compression environment

We present an adaptive compression environment (ACE) that uses both underlying resource performance (network and CPU) predictions and the compressibility of the data stream to perform on-the-fly compression. ACE couples technologies from computational grid computing and dynamic compilation research to predict the efficacy of using compression and to intercept and compress socket-based communication transparently. Our results show that ACE is able to accurately determine when to compress and not to compress. Over all file formats studied, ACE enables significant improvements over solely performing compression or no compression.
Comparative Mapping of Arabidopsis Thaliana and Brassica Oleracea Chromosomes Reveals Islands of Conserved Organization

The chromosomes of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea have been extensively rearranged since the divergence of these species; however, conserved regions are evident. Eleven regions of conserved organization were detected, ranging from 3.7 to 49.6 cM in A. thaliana, spanning 158.2 cM (24.6%) of the A. thaliana genome, and 245 cM (29.9%) of the B. oleracea genome. At least 17 translocations and 9 inversions distinguish the genomes of A. thaliana and B. oleracea. In one case B. oleracea homoeologs show a common marker order, which is distinguished from the A. thaliana order by a rearrangement, indicating that the lineages of A. thaliana and B. oleracea diverged prior to chromosomal duplication in the Brassica lineage (for at least this chromosome). Some chromosomal segments in B. oleracea appear to be triplicated, indicating the need for reevaluation of a classical model for Brassica chromosome evolution by duplication. The distribution of duplicated loci mapped for about 13% of the DNA probes studied in A. thaliana suggests that ancient duplications may also have occurred in Arabidopsis. The degree of chromosomal divergence between A. thaliana and B. oleracea appears greater than that found in other confamilial species for which comparative maps are available.
Developmental Immunotoxicity (DIT): The Why, When, and How of DIT Testing

Developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) has emerged as a serious health consideration given the increases in the prevalence of many immune-based childhood diseases and conditions, including allergic diseases and asthma, recurrent otitis media, pediatric celiac disease, and type 1 diabetes. As a result, the use of DIT testing to identify potential environmental risk factors contributing to these and other diseases has become a higher priority. This introductory chapter considers: (1) the basis for an increased and earlier use of DIT testing in safety evaluations and (2) the general features of DIT testing strategies designed to reduce health risks.
Tc99m-annexin V-128 SPECT imaging of listeriosis in mice

1224 Objectives Ultrasound, CT, and MRI, currently the preferred imaging modalities to localize sites of infection, have low sensitivity and specificity in the setting of systemic bacterial disease. Here, we evaluate Tc99m annexin V-128, an in vivo marker of apoptosis, for SPECT imaging of disseminated bacterial infection, using a well-described mouse model that employs bioluminescent Listeria monocytogenes. Methods Mice were inoculated intravenously with bioluminescent Listeria, and in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was used to assess the location and extent of infection. Tc99m-annexin V-128 was then injected for SPECT imaging, and the two sets of images were correlated. Splenocytes of infected and uninfected mice were characterized for annexin binding by flow cytometry. In addition, treatment of the infection with ampicillin was imaged with BLI and Tc99m annexin V SPECT. Results Signals from BLI and Tc99m-annexin V-128 SPECT co-localized within the spleen and other organs. Decreases in Tc99m-annexin V-128 uptake and BLI signal within the spleen directly reflected the reduction of bacterial infection by ampicillin treatment [median spleen/median renal uptake of Tc99m-annexin V-128; low bacterial inoculum = 0.404 ± 0.053 (n = 7) vs. Rx = 0.225 ± 0.141 (n = 3), *p = 0.0153; high bacterial inoculum = 0.847 ± 0.301 (n = 5) vs. Rx = 0.291 ± 0.076 (n = 4), **p = 0.0093; control spleen = 0.104 ± 0.047 (n = 6)]. Autoradiography of spleens excised from the imaged mice revealed multifocal patterns of Tc99m-annexin V-128 uptake. Granulocytes and macrophages exhibiting IAF-annexin V-128 binding were increased in number in the infected spleen. In addition to the spleen, there were several other anatomic sites where a correlation between BLI and annexin V SPECT signals was observed. Conclusions Tc99m-annexin V-128 SPECT allowed for the detection and monitoring of disseminated bacterial infection and treatment in mice. Tc99m-annexin V-128 may be of use for the assessment of bacterial spread in sepsis or other disseminated bacterial infections. Research Support Gift funding from Atreus Pharmaceuticals/Ottawa Canada
Cardiac arrhythmias after traumatic amputation.

Scenario: This is a single-lead rhythm strip from a 38-year-old healthy man who suffered a traumatic amputation of his right upper arm during a farming accident. He was resuscitated and transported to the regional trauma center by Mercy flight. After surgical debridement of his wound, the patient remained sedated and intubated in the trauma intensive care unit. He was hemodynamically stable until the central monitor alarmed for ventricular tachycardia. A regular feature of the American Journal of Critical Care, the ECG Puzzler addresses electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation for clinical practice. To send an eLetter or to contribute to an online discussion about this article, visit www.ajcconline.org and click “Respond to This Article” on either the full-text or .pdf view of the article. We welcome letters regarding this feature.
Another role for CO with nitrogenase? CO stimulates hydrogen evolution catalyzed by variant Azotobacter vinelandii Mo-nitrogenases.

A likely entry/exit path for nitrogenase substrates, products, and/or protons involves residues α277Arg, α192Ser, and α356Gly, all of which are highly conserved among MoFe proteins from different organisms. The α192Ser and α277Arg residues form part of a hydrogen-bonded network that also involves α195His, which interacts with a FeMo cofactor-based sulfide. The terminal amino groups of α277Arg are also hydrogen-bonded directly to α281Tyr, which resides at the surface of the MoFe protein. Individual amino acid substitutions placed at position α277 or α192 resulted in a variety of effects on the catalytic and/or spectroscopic properties of the resulting variant MoFe protein. Of particular interest was the effect of CO on H2 evolution catalyzed by three MoFe protein variants, α277Cys, α192Asp, and α192Glu. All three variants exhibited CO stimulation of H2 evolution under high-electron flux conditions but not under low-electron flux conditions. This observation is best explained by these variants being redox-c...
Ocular Activity as a Measure of Mental and Visual Workload

The mental workload construct is examined along with visual workload in order to discriminate the relationship between the converging constructs. Six ocular activity variables were measured in order to test convergent and discriminant properties with regards to visual and mental workload. Three pilot crews flew six flight scenarios in which subjective and physiological mental workload measures were analyzed across task difficulty and task differences (pilot on-controls versus pilot off-controls). Results indicate less subjective mental workload for the hover task compared to the action on contact task and greater ocular fixation duration variability for the lower difficulty task. Blink interval was greater for the pilot on-controls and saccadic extent was greater for the pilot off-controls. Data suggest that blink interval and saccadic extent are diagnostic of different aspects of visual workload, whereas fixation duration variability is sensitive to mental workload.
Immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide in neuronal and glial cells of spontaneously hypertensive rat brain

Neuronal and glial cultures from the hypothalamic-brain stem areas of 1-day-old normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat brains stained positively with atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-specific antibodies. The endogenous levels of the ANP immunoreactivity in WKY neuronal and glial cultures were 17.0 +/- 2.2 and 14.3 +/- 2.7 pg/mg, respectively. Comparable neuronal and glial cultures from SH rat brains contained a 48 to 70% decrease in the endogenous ANP immunoreactivity levels. Culture media from both brain cell types also contained ANP immunoreactivity, the levels of which are significantly higher than those found in the cells. However, similar to endogenous levels, the media levels of immunoreactive ANP in SH neuronal and glial cultures were significantly reduced compared with WKY brain cultures. These observations demonstrate that endogenous ANP-like immunoreactivity is found in neuronal and glial cells and is released into the media. The levels of peptide are reduced in cultures of SH compared with WKY cultures, suggesting a genetically controlled difference between the hypertensive and normotensive rat strains long before hypertension develops.
Confocal imaging of living cells in intact embryos.

How individual cells and tissues organize and coordinate to form the structure of a developing embryo is a major question in developmental biology. Equally intriguing is how cells in adult tissue respond during wound healing and tissue regeneration. In these morphogenetic processes there can be a wide variety of cell behaviors: individual cells may change shape or divide, migrate to different areas, or differentiate to form a pattern. Entire tissue layers can spread across a surface, fold up or cavitate to form a three-dimensional structure. For example, during formation of the neural tube in chick embryos, the neural epithelium folds up from a flat sheet of cells to form a tube with a hollow lumen. As the neural tube becomes shaped into various regions of the nervous system, the neural crest cells emerge from the dorsal midline of the neural tube and migrate to pattern the peripheral nervous system. A main theme in these examples is that the cell and tissue events are dynamic, on a time scale from minutes to days, covering spatial regions ranging in size from microns to millimeters.
Development conflicts and changing mortuary practices in a New Guinea mining area

In the Porgera valley of highlands Papua New Guinea, burial practices have undergone rapid transformations with the coming of Christianity in the 1960s and large-scale mining development in the 1990s. In this article, I examine the changes in mortuary practices and situate these novel practices in theories about the production of space to explore conflicts over land in an era of resource development. Graves, which shifted from remote rain forest lands to the edges of roads and public spaces, now serve as visual public reminders of past conflicts and killings in the development context. The promises of development were supposed to increase social mobility in Porgera, but conflicts constrain mobility in complex ways highlighting the tensions between development, social space and conflict in Porgera.
Diagenetic Origins of the Calcite Microcrystals That Host Microporosity In Limestone Reservoirs

Abstract Micron-size pores are common in limestones, and they host significant hydrocarbon reserves in conventional and unconventional plays worldwide. Previous studies have shown that the vast majority of micropores in limestones occur in the interstices between micron-size calcite crystals that are present in nearly all depositional environments and burial depths throughout the Phanerozoic. In an effort to elucidate the genetic history of these calcite microcrystals, a geochemical study was undertaken to investigate a global dataset collected from seven new subsurface microporous reservoirs as well as data from 21 previous studies. Bulk elemental analyses indicate that the vast majority of microcrystals are composed of low-Mg calcite (average 14 mmol/mol, range 1.6–90, Mg/Ca). Microcrystal Sr/Mg ratios are consistent with abiotic calcite cements, though overall Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca are lower than modern abiotic calcite cements reported in the literature. Higher Sr/Ca observed in depositional chalks implies a biotic, though probably not aragonitic, precursor. Most calcite microcrystals have oxygen isotope compositions that are 0 to 4‰ more negative, and carbon isotope compositions just slightly more negative (< 1‰), than contemporaneous abiotic marine calcite. Most stable oxygen and carbon isotopic data plot either along a burial trend anchored at its most positive end in the age-equivalent marine-calcite composition or parallel to that trend with an offset in δ13C. Assuming that δ13C offsets are due to marine carbon isotopic excursions, the isotopic data are consistent with shallow-burial diagenesis as the dominant diagenetic pathway for most calcite microcrystals. For samples with information on porosity and depth, more negative δ18O (ca. 1–4‰) is associated with increased depth and reduced porosity, implying that progressive overgrowth of calcite microcrystals is modifying bulk chemistry and rock properties of the reservoir during burial diagenesis. A meteoric calcite line was evident only in two datasets. This demonstrates that evidence of meteoric diagenesis can be preserved in the chemistry of calcite microcrystals, but that its occurrence is rare in comparison with evidence for diagenesis during shallow-burial. Geochemical data from calcite microcrystals are bulk samples, i.e., measurements averaged over many, many calcite microcrystals which themselves may have zoned chemistries. As such, microcrystal data require additional interpretation compared to samples from calcite macrocrystals where superposition puts samples into clear chronological order and produces diagenetic trends on, for example, δ18O–δ13C plots. Bulk samples of calcite microcrystals should show mixing between phases on diagenetic trends. With this model in mind, the assembled database suggests that most samples are mixes of primary marine and burial calcite.