cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Completion of the AAV Structural Atlas: Serotype Capsid Structures Reveals Clade-Specific Features.

The capsid structures of most Adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes, already assigned to an antigenic clade, have been previously determined. This study reports the remaining capsid structures of AAV7, AAV11, AAV12, and AAV13 determined by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction to 2.96, 2.86, 2.54, and 2.76 A resolution, respectively. These structures complete the structural atlas of the AAV serotype capsids. AAV7 represents the first clade D capsid structure; AAV11 and AAV12 are of a currently unassigned clade that would include AAV4; and AAV13 represents the first AAV2-AAV3 hybrid clade C capsid structure. These newly determined capsid structures all exhibit the AAV capsid features including 5-fold channels, 3-fold protrusions, 2-fold depressions, and a nucleotide binding pocket with an ordered nucleotide in genome-containing capsids. However, these structures have viral proteins that display clade-specific loop conformations. This structural characterization completes our three-dimensional library of the current AAV serotypes to provide an atlas of surface loop configurations compatible with capsid assembly and amenable for future vector engineering efforts. Derived vectors could improve gene delivery success with respect to specific tissue targeting, transduction efficiency, antigenicity or receptor retargeting.
Initial experience with 11C-acetate PET/CT in management of recurrent prostate cancer under an Expanded Access IND.

1558 Objectives The primary objective is to retrospectively relate our initial experience in the use of 11C-acetate under an FDA authorized Expanded Access IND in the management of prostate cancer patients presenting with suspected recurrence. Methods Seventy-seven patients previously diagnosed with primary prostate cancer and identified as having biochemical relapse after primary treatment were referred for whole-body 11C-acetate PET/CT imaging from June 2013 until present. Scans were obtained on a 128-slice time-of-flight Siemens mCT scanner after injection of an average dose of 35 (±5.5) mCi. CT contrast enhancement (CE) was achieved in all exams with Isovue 370 i.v. A subset of patients (26) also had a forty-minute delayed PET acquisition. A positive scan, indicative of recurrence, was defined as focal increased uptake corresponding to either: i) a lymph node that was in the appropriate drainage bed and, if comparisons were available, not stable in size, or ii) soft tissue in the prostate bed, that, if comparisons were available, was new/growing or enhancing on CECT. The PET findings were correlated with the results of biopsy or directly with bone scintigraphy, or conventional radiography, when available, as well as the concurrent CECT. Patient information including: demographics, prior therapy, PSA values, post scan therapy, and therapeutic outcomes were also collected on patients where available. Results In this communication we report the results of implementing a more rigid interpretation criteria that includes consideration of prior and current CECT findings; the relationship of a positive scan to lesion derived SUVbw as well as PSA and lesion size. Of the 77 patients referred for 11C-acetate PET/CT, 53 were identified as having a positive scan. 48/53 positive scans had lesions concerning for malignancy located within the pelvis. The average SUVbw for lesions considered to be malignant was 15.4 (±8.6) compared to 6.1 (±1.1) for benign lesions, and was statistically significant (p=0.04). The percentage of negative scans (58%) exceeded that of positive scans (28%) for PSA values ≤ 1.5. Only 9% of the lesions on positive scans suspected of being malignant were Conclusions In our experience 11C-acetate is effective in identifying the location of disease recurrence especially in patients with PSA > 1.5 and lesions larger than 5mm. The implementation of more rigid interpretation criteria that considers prior CECT findings as well as the concurrent CECT component of the PET/CT exam provided additional information to assist in confidently classifying focal tracer uptake as benign or malignant. 11C-acetate clearance as assessed by delayed imaging did not demonstrate improved differentiation of malignant versus benign lesions.
Localization of right ventricular non-apical lead position: comparison of three-dimensional echocardiography, computed tomography, and fluoroscopic imaging.

ObjectiveRight ventricular (RV) septal pacing is considered a better pacing procedure compared with traditional apical pacing. This study aimed to investigate agreement among computed tomography (C...
The Role of Wild-Type RAS in Oncogenic RAS Transformation.

The RAS family of oncogenes (HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS) are among the most frequently mutated protein families in cancers. RAS-mutated tumors were originally thought to proliferate independently of upstream signaling inputs, but we now know that non-mutated wild-type (WT) RAS proteins play an important role in modulating downstream effector signaling and driving therapeutic resistance in RAS-mutated cancers. This modulation is complex as different WT RAS family members have opposing functions. The protein product of the WT RAS allele of the same isoform as mutated RAS is often tumor-suppressive and lost during tumor progression. In contrast, RTK-dependent activation of the WT RAS proteins from the two non-mutated WT RAS family members is tumor-promoting. Further, rebound activation of RTK–WT RAS signaling underlies therapeutic resistance to targeted therapeutics in RAS-mutated cancers. The contributions of WT RAS to proliferation and transformation in RAS-mutated cancer cells places renewed interest in upstream signaling molecules, including the phosphatase/adaptor SHP2 and the RasGEFs SOS1 and SOS2, as potential therapeutic targets in RAS-mutated cancers.
Universal design for learning in higher education: A concept analysis

Abstract Research has shown that the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework has significant potential for diverse learners in a variety of settings. Although UDL has been utilized in K-12 for some time, there are few publications utilizing this framework in academic nursing, staff development, or patient education. This concept analysis, using Rodgers' Evolutionary Concept Analysis, differentiated the surrogate terms, practical examples, antecedents, attributes and outcomes of UDL in higher education, based on 45 articles. The analysis represents an initial step in understanding how UDL application can further support nursing education and curricula design. Nursing students can directly benefit from two major aspects of UDL: (a) its emphasis on flexible curriculum, and (b) the variety of instructional practices, materials, and learning activities. As the student population in nursing continues to diversify, it is imperative to develop curricula that support diverse students effectively.
Racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE Emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic mechanism with relevance to the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of a wide range of clinically relevant outcomes. This study applied systematic review methods to summarize the existing literature examining racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation. METHODS We systematically searched four electronic databases (PsycINFO, Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL Plus) using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS Of the initial 1253 articles, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Findings for emotion regulation strategies generally provide evidence for racial/ethnic differences (71% of reviewed studies), with ethnoracial minorities largely exhibiting greater use of emotion regulation strategies. Whereas the results for emotion regulation potential were slightly more mixed (63% of reviewed studies found racial/ethnic differences), ethnoracial minorities were also largely found to report lower emotion regulation potential. CONCLUSION This review advances the literature by providing additional support for racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation.
A New Standard for Information Processing Systems for Manned Space Flight

Spaceborne information processing for manned missions, describing layered system with fault tolerance and onboard checkout
RNA synthesis in chinese hamster cells: III. Non-coordinate increases during interphase in synthesis rates for informosomal, polysomal and heterogeneous nuclear RNAs

Abstract Cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells were synchronized by mitotic selection. Relative synthesis rates for informosomal messenger-like RNA (mlRNA), polysomal messenger RNA (mRNA), and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA) were estimated from the amount of labeled adenosine or uridine incorporated into these species in early and late interphase. The amounts of uridine incorporated into HnRNA, mRNA, and mlRNA during a pulse administered 9.75–10.75 h post-mitosis were 3.48, 4.64, and 2.82 times the amounts incorporated 1.5–2.5 h post-mitosis. Adenosine incorporation values 9.5–11.0 h post-mitosis were 1.64 (HnRNA), 2.49 (mRNA), and 1.18 (mlRNA) times the 1.5–3.0-h values. The relative incorporation into mRNA of large polysomes corresponded to incorporation into mRNA of small polysomes. Thus, the synthesis rates of mRNA, mlRNA, and HnRNA increase during interphase in a non-coordinate fashion.
Magnetic structures and interplay between rare-earth Ce and Fe magnetism in single-crystal CeFeAsO

Neutron and synchrotron resonant x-ray magnetic scattering (RXMS) complemented by heat capacity and resistivity measurements reveal the evolution of the magnetic structures of Fe and Ce sublattices in a CeFeAsO single crystal. The RXMS of magnetic reflections at the Ce ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}$ edge shows a magnetic transition that is specific to the Ce antiferromagnetic long-range ordering at ${T}_{\mathrm{Ce}}\ensuremath{\approx}$ 4 K with short-range Ce ordering above ${T}_{\mathrm{Ce}}$, whereas neutron diffraction measurements of a few magnetic reflections indicate a transition at ${T}^{*}\ensuremath{\approx}$ 12 K with an unusual order parameter. Detailed order-parameter measurements on several magnetic reflections by neutrons show a weak anomaly at 4 K that we associate with the Ce ordering. The successive transitions at ${T}_{\mathrm{Ce}}$ and ${T}^{*}$ can also be clearly identified by two anomalies in heat capacity and resistivity measurements. The higher transition temperature at ${T}^{*}\ensuremath{\approx}$ 12 K is mainly ascribed to Fe spin reorientation transition, below which Fe spins rotate uniformly and gradually in the $ab$ plane. The Fe spin reorientation transition and short-range Ce ordering above ${T}_{\mathrm{Ce}}$ reflect the strong Fe-Ce couplings prior to long-range ordering of the Ce. The evolution of the intricate magnetic structures in CeFeAsO going through ${T}^{*}$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{Ce}}$ is proposed.
Incarcerated mothers and their children in foster care: The dilemma of visitation

While it is important to maintain contact between natural mothers and their children in foster care, and to involve those mothers in case planning, there are somewhat unique difficulties present in cases in which the mother is incarcerated. This article discusses some of these difficulties as well as the need for policy-directed research exploring the implementation of permanency planning with this client group.
Studies on the isolation of lymphocytes active in cell-mediated immune responses: II. Identification and recovery of an immunocompetent subpopulation of mouse thymocytes☆

Abstract Suspensions of mouse thymocytes were separated into subpopulations of cells by centrifugation on discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients. Nine bands or fractions of cells localized at the interfaces of the ten different concentrations of albumin used. The fractions were numbered from 1 through 9, beginning with least dense harvested at the 17/19% interface and thereafter counted sequentially to the most dense. Fraction 5 comprised at least 50% of the cell population while fractions 1–4 constituted approximately 20% of which 15–18% were in fraction 4. Each fraction was then evaluated individually to assess its reactivity. Five parameters of responsiveness were used: 1. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine in tissue culture and in vivo ; 2. Response to stimulation with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin ; 3. Homing or migratory potential to peripheral lymph nodes; 4. Ability to provoke a significant graft-versus-host reaction; and 5. Sensitivity to heterologous antilymphocyte serum. Fractions 2, 3 and 4 each possessed at least one of these attributes of thymus derived small lymphocytes, although others were lacking. Fraction 5 was inert in all systems tested. The striking depletion of bands 2–4 by ALS was reversible by the injection of marrow precursor cells obtained by differential centrifugation of syngenic marrow. Marrow cells from fractions 6–10 of marrow gradients did not replenish the depleted thymus. In whole organ perfusion culture fractions 2–4 were found to egress from the gland while the bulk of cells remained behind. It was concluded that there is a small active immunocompetent population of thymocytes within the thymus which undergoes sequential maturation and/or modulation, so that some surface changes may be necessary for circulation but not for competence.
Schnyder Crystalline Dystrophy Sine Crystals: Recommendation for a Revision of Nomenclature

Purpose: To determine the percentage of patients with Schnyder crystalline dystrophy who had corneal crystal deposition. Methods: Thirty-three patients with Schnyder crystalline dystrophy were identified by the author since 1987. Each patient had a complete ophthalmic evaluation, including slit-lamp examination by the author. Results: Only 51% (17 of 33) of patients with Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy actually had clinical evidence of corneal crystalline deposits. Conclusions: Because of the confusing nomenclature, many ophthalmologists presume that the presence of corneal crystals is an integral part of the diagnosis of Schnyder crystalline dystrophy. The clinician should be aware that despite the fact that the noncrystalline form of the dystrophy has been poorly recognized, it is equally common.
Mid-IR filamentation in dielectrics: 3-Octave-spanning supercontinuum generation and sub-2-cycle self-compression

We report on 3-octave supercontinuum generation from ZnS in the normal dispersion regime and self-compression of mid-IR pulses to sub-2-cycle in CaF 2 in the anomalous dispersion regime. Temporal characterization shows good agreement with 3D simulations.
misLeading Indicators: How To Reliably Measure Your Business by Philip Green and George Gabor

The coauthors of misLeading Indicators are Philip Green, president of Greenbridge Management, Inc., a management consulting firm based in Ontario, Canada, and George Gabor, a retired professor of s...
Surgical management of retroperitoneal and pelvic sarcomas

Management of retroperitoneal sarcomas presents technical and oncological challenges. Imaging is crucial for diagnosis and to define local tumor extent. Complete gross resection at initial presentation is the best chance for cure, but there is controversy as to how this can be best achieved. There is a long-term risk of local recurrence, which is best treated with repeat resection if feasible. The roles of radiation and chemotherapy remain undefined.
The Impact of the Mexican Revolution in Inter-American Politics: U.S.–Mexican Relations and U.S. Foreign Policy at the Fifth Pan-American Conference of 1923

This paper examines the overlooked influence of United States (U.S.)–Mexico relations and the Mexican Revolution in inter-American politics through a history of the Fifth Pan-American Conference of 1923. By 1923, the U.S. government had not recognised Mexico's revolutionary regime, which prevented Mexican participation in the preparatory meetings for the conference to be held in Santiago, Chile. When Mexico controversially refused to send a delegation, U.S.–Mexican politics inspired a debate over inter-American politics and U.S. foreign policy that played out at the conference. U.S.–Mexican relations opened a critical moment in which delegations with competing interests vis-a-vis the United States battled each other to try to influence U.S. foreign policy. Criticism of U.S. foreign policy hastened U.S. diplomatic recognition of Mexico's revolutionary government and produced discussions on multilateralism in the Americas. This article thus reveals the rich influence of the Mexican Revolution in the America...
Codes and Regulations: Radiation

Several govermental agencies regulate radiation and radioactive meterials, each having a difference perspective of the problems to be addressed. An interested party is well advised to cinsult the most current verions of the regulations, which nowadays can be found on-line. While particular regulations change very slowly in response to changing situations, the regulations as a whole change frequently. Regulations arise from recommendations from nationlal and international scientific and professional organizations, but are shaped by the governmental organization writing the regulation. A major division falls between regulations for ionizing and nonionizing radiations. For ionizing radiation, until currently, there was another division between radiation and radioactive materials generated by reactors and those from other accelerators, but the ssshape of the changes is yet to be seen. Many states have taken over much of the role of the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in their domain through agreements with that angency. Keywords: radiation regulations; ionizing radiation; non-ionizing radiation; u.s. nuclear regulatory commission; u.s. food and drug administration; u.s. department of transpottation; agreement states; u.s.occupational safety and health administration; conference of radiation control program disectors
Atomically detailed models of gas mixture diffusion through CuBTC membranes

Abstract Metal–organic frameworks are intriguing crystalline nanoporous materials that have potential applications in adsorption-based and membrane-based gas separations. We describe atomically detailed simulations of gas adsorption and diffusion in CuBTC that have been used to predict the performance of CuBTC membranes for separation of H2/CH4, CO2/CH4 and CO2/H2 mixtures. CuBTC membranes are predicted to have higher selectivities for all three mixtures than MOF-5 membranes, the only other metal–organic framework material for which detailed predictions of membrane selectivities have been made. Our results give insight into the physical properties that will be desirable in tuning the pore structure of MOFs for specific membrane-based separations.
Particle radiation alters expression of matrix metalloproteases resulting in ECM remodeling in human lens cells

Relatively low doses of space radiation have been correlated with an increased incidence and earlier appearance of cataracts in space travelers. The lens is a radiosensitive organ of the body with a very obvious late end point of radiation damage—cataract. However, many molecular changes occur in the lens soon after radiation exposure and long before the appearance of an opacification. The goal of our research is to elucidate early mechanisms associated with particle radiation-induced cataractogenesis, with the ultimate goal of developing countermeasures. Normal, cultured non-immortalized human lens cells were grown on matrix-coated plastic tissue culture vessels and irradiated with particle beams at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL) or at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at Brookhaven National Lab. Samples were harvested at different times after radiation exposure. Using a focused genetic approach, total RNA and protein extracts from control and irradiated samples were processed and probed for the expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteases. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have previously been studied in adult postmortem human lenses, in post-cataract intraocular lens (IOL) surgery capsular bags and with immortalized human lens cell cultures. Significant differences exist in the expression pattern with these various model systems. We have evidence for the cell stage-specific expression of MMP family of genes during lens fiber differentiation, and for radiation-induced alterations in the misregulation of MMP expression. Our data indicate that radiation exposure may lead to differences in the expression of radiation stress responses, which may impact selective ECM remodeling and cell differentiation
Spin dynamics and electronic states of N- V centers in diamond by EPR and four-wave-mixing spectroscopy

A new phase-modulation technique for nonlinear laser spectroscopy is applied with a relative resolving power in the sub-Hz range to measure fundamental relaxation processes of the N-V center in diamond. Complementary EPR experiments versus temperature establish the spin character of the ground state in the absence of optical illumination and show that spin-lattice decay occurs via two-phonon processes involving the dominant vibrational mode. The combined results permit deduction of reliable fine-structure assignments for three states of the center and accurate values for zero-field intersystem crossing and spin-lattice relaxation rates from linewidths of individual resonances in the four-wave-mixing spectrum.
A two tiered dynamic oligopoly model

Dynamic oligopoly models are used in industrial organization and the management sciences to analyze diverse dynamic phenomena such as investments in RD this is a prevalent market structure in many industries. In MPE each firm keeps track of all of its competitors' individual states, which for example, represent their quality level. In our approach each firm keeps track of the individual states of dominant firms only and of few aggregate statistics that summarize the state of fringe firms; this dramatically reduces the dimensionality of the equilibrium computation problem. We present an asymptotic result that provides a theoretical justification for our approach. We introduce an efficient algorithm to compute our equilibrium concept and report results from computational case studies that illustrate applications. Our results suggest that our approach greatly increases the applicability of dynamic oligopoly models and opens up the door to studying novel issues in industry dynamics.
Planning and online resource allocation for the multi-resource cloud infrastructure

Given the geographic complexity of the cloud infrastructure distribution, both offline data center dimensioning and link dimensioning as well as online resource allocation strategies play a significant role in enhancing end-to-end performance. In this paper, a three-step offline capacity assignment approach is proposed to select the data center locations, dimension the data centers and network links in an arbitrary mesh topology. Then the performance of the capacity assignment approach is investigated using a number of joint allocation strategies. Simulation results show that by using joint online resource allocation strategies, up to 50% higher load can be offered to the system at a given blocking probability. In addition, the combination of using both optimized capacity assignment approach and joint allocation strategy can reduce the link bandwidth over-provisioning. Results also show that the joint allocation strategy is more robust against sub-optimal offline capacity assignment.
Design of axially super-resolving phase pupil filter for high-numerical aperture applications

The method of generalized projection was used to design a phase pupil filter that super-resolves the axial point-spread-function (PSF) by 29% while holding the side-lobe intensities at below 52% of the peak intensity in the non-paraxial regime. The resulting phase filter has a binary 0/π eleven-zone rotationally symmetric profile. Although the filter's performance is theoretically satisfactory, it can be greatly compromised by imperfections introduced during experimental implementation. Such imperfections include fabrication errors, surface quality variation, and optical misalignment. A model based on vectorial diffraction was used to simulate and analyze quantitatively the effect of these imperfections on the superresolved PSF.
Intraseasonal Variability of the Zonal-Mean Tropical Tropopause Height

Abstract Intraseasonal variability of the zonal-mean tropical tropopause height is shown to be modulated by localized tropical convection. Most of this convective activity is identified as being part of the Madden–Julian oscillation. While the convection is highly localized over the Pacific warm pool, a large-scale circulation response to the convective heating rapidly warms most of the tropical troposphere and cools most of the lowest few kilometers of the tropical stratosphere. These changes in temperature fields raise the tropical tropopause at most longitudes within 10 days of the convective heating maximum.
Perceptions of carry‐over crowding in recreation environments

Abstract Anticipatory responding is an aspect of social interference and stimulus overload theories not previously used in recreation crowding research. The concept suggests that prior information about a setting will affect an individual's response to that setting. The hypothesis was tested that individuals’ perceptions of crowding in one recreation environment will influence perceptions of crowding in a subsequent environment. This can be considered a carry‐over crowding effect. Results indicate that there is evidence of such an effect. Density and perceived crowding during one phase of a recreation experience were directly and indirectly related to expectations and preferences for density and perceived crowding in a second phase of the experience.
Comparing Pure-, Pulsed, and Warbled Tone Thresholds in Adults at 3000 and 6000 Hz

Purpose Pulsed and warbled tones are suitable substitutions for pure tones in hearing threshold measurement according to the 2005 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association guidelines. These guid...
Investigation of the electromagnetic induction spatial response of two closely spaced targets

Current state-of-the-art electromagnetic induction (EMI) metal detector research systems have shown the potential to detect low metal content buried targets as well as discriminate the type of target as a mine or clutter. However, further research is needed to investigate metal target discrimination potential for closely spaced metal targets. A series of experiments designed to investigate the spatial and time decay responses of multiple metal targets were conducted using a spatial scanning, time-domain EMI metal detector. Time decay signatures were taken of two calibration targets placed over varying distances with the objective of analyzing target identification and spatial resolution. This paper presents results of these experiments.
Digital technology and methodological adaption: text on video as a resource for analytical reflexivity

As digital video technologies develop for recording, viewing, and organising data, it is useful to examine the relationship between technologies and analytical procedures. Accessible technology now enables researchers to mark, annotate, and compare digital video recordings. Such features encourage and facilitate a more comprehensive examination of the non-verbal components of interaction than text-centered approaches. Digital video editing software offers researchers the potential to modify analytical procedures in ways that enhance the use of recorded data and expand analytical concepts for the study of interaction. Video recordings of biology students, interacting as they work on a genetics assignment, are discussed in regard to the features of video editing software that enable constant and immediate access, in one computer window, to recorded data, transcript extracts, and analytical comments. Particular attention is paid to the use of timelines, video markers, and the placement of transcripts of students’ utterances and analysts’ comments on the video images. Such features supported analytical procedures that sustained an emphasis on the primary recorded data. This led to increased reflexivity among primary data, analytical categories, and transcripts, with the result of increased attention to the importance of pointing in the task-related discourse and the students’ understandings of genetics concepts.
A bidirectional ATRP-NMRP initiator : The effect of nitroxide size on the rate of nitroxide-mediated polymerization

An N-alkoxyamine macroinitiator bearing a polymeric nitroxide cap was synthesized and used to investigate the effect of nitroxide size on the rate of nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMRP). This macroinitiator was prepared from asymmetric double-headed initiator 9, which contains both an α-bromoester and an N-alkoxyamine functionality. Poly(methyl methacrylate) was grown by atom transfer radical polymerization from the α-bromoester end of this initiator, resulting in a macroinitiator (M n = 31,000; PDI = 1.34) bearing a nitroxide cap permanently attached to a polymer chain. The polymerization kinetics of this macroinitiator in NMRP were compared with known N-alkoxyamine initiator 1. It was found that the rate of polymerization was unaffected by the size of the macromolecular nitroxide cap. It was confirmed that NMRP using this macroinitiator is a "living" process.
Visits, crosses, and reversals for nondeterministic off-line machines

The different concepts involved in “reversal complexity”counting reversals (sweeps), visits to a square, or crossing sequences—are discussed for non-deterministic off-line Turing machines with one working tape and for preset Turing machines, a generalization of two-way checking automata. Restriction to finite reversals or visits or crosses yields the same family, NSPACE(log2n), for off-line one working tape Turing machines or for two-way checking automata. For each k, a k-reversal bounded machine has the power of a nondeterministic k-head finite automaton. Finite visit preset Turing machines with working tapes selected from context-free languages yield %plane1D;4AB;. For an arbitrary bounding function T(n), a T(n) reversal or visit bound on a nondeterministic off-line Turing machine corresponds to a T(n) log2 n space bound within a linear factor. However, there is no general linear speedup theorem for reversal bounds on a nondeterministic off-line Turing machine.
Can migraine headaches be modified by operant pain techniques

Abstract Migraine headaches are a common problem with many individuals and are usually treated by drug and/or biofeedback therapies. The following case history discussed the implementation of an operant approach to the modification of migraine headache, assumed to be associated with secondary gain and unresponsive to other treatment procedures. The operant program described below resulted in the elimination of head pain behaviours and a correlated increase in prosocial and well behaviors.
Importance of correlated motions on the low barrier rotational potentials of crystalline molecular gyroscopes.

The energetic and structural changes taking place upon rotation of the central phenylene of 1,4-bis(3,3,3-triphenylpropynyl)benzene in the solid state were computed using molecular mechanics calculations. Pseudopolymorphic crystals of a benzene clathrate (1A) and a desolvated form (1B) were analyzed with models that account for varying degrees of freedom within the corresponding lattices. The calculated rotational barriers in a rigid lattice approximation, 78 kcal/mol for 1A and 72 kcal/mol for 1B, are about 5 times greater than those previously measured by variable-temperature 13C CPMAS NMR and quadrupolar echo 2H NMR line-shape analysis: 12.8 kcal/mol for 1A and 14.6 kcal/mol for 1B. The potential energy barriers calculated with a model that restricts whole body rotation and translational motions but allows for internal rotations give results that are near the experimental free-energy barriers. The calculated barriers for 1A and 1B are 15.5 and 16.2 kcal/mol, respectively. The differences between the r...
Parallel p -adic method for solving linear systems of equations

Abstract We present a parallel algorithm for an exact solution of an integer linear system of equations using the single modulus p -adic expansion technique. More specifically, we parallelize an algorithm of Dixon, and present our implementation results on a distributed-memory multiprocessor. The parallel algorithm presented here can be used together with the multiple moduli algorithms and parallel Chinese remainder algorithms for fast computation of the exact solution of a system of linear equations with integer entries.
Enhanced Production of Oxygen Radicals in Nocturnal Asthma

Although the mechanisms of nocturnal worsening of pulmonary function in asthmatics have not been entirely established, airway inflammation is felt to be a major factor in disease severity. Consequently, to determine whether changes in branchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cellular components and their functions are related to nocturnal airway obstruction, we performed BAL at 4:00 a.m. and at 4:00 p.m. in asthma subjects with (n = 5) and without (n = 10) nocturnal asthma. No significant changes were observed from 4:00 p.m. to 4:00 a.m. in the concentration of total cells or the percentage or concentration of eosinophils or neutrophils in BAL fluid from subjects with or without nocturnal asthma. However, superoxide anion generation by air-space cells from subjects with nocturnal asthma was significantly greater at 4:00 a.m. than at 4:00 p.m. (6.9 ± 1.7 versus 1.8 ± 0.5 nmol/500K cells/h, p < 0.05). Moreover, superoxide production at 4:00 a.m. was greater in subjects with than in those without nocturnal asthma ...
Spin-free quantum chemistry. XIV. The infinite interaction range model for ferromagnetism

The infinite interaction range model (IIRM) for ferromagnetic systems is presented in its spin-free formulation. In this formulation the states are labelled by partitions which provide a natural variable for thermodynamic computation. We have extended the calculations of Kittel and Shore by computing to a practical thermodynamic limit (N ∼ 100,000). The heat capacity, magnetic susceptibility and the magnetization of the first two functions exhibit a critical temperature while the magnetization is zero at zero field for all temperatures. Spontaneous magnetization is obtained by linear extrapolation from high field or equivalently by a polarized partition function. Relationships are explored among IIRM, the Heisenberg model and the mean field model. Application to IIRM of the Yang-Lee condition for a phase transition yields a critical temperature identical to that obtained by the direct calculation.
Exciton Dynamics in thin wires

Abstract When are molecular wires thin enough to show one-dimensional exciton kinetics? What are the characteristics of one-dimensional kinetics? What applications are there? Cylindrical naphthalene wires (5–5000 nanometer radius) show a definite one-to three-dimensional transition (about 25 nm for triplet excitons at 4 K; 40 nm at 77k). Nuclear channel pore membranes (polycarbonate) serve as templates and calibrators. Monte Carlo simulations on finite-width wires are consistent with the experiments. Vycor glass pores are effectively one-dimensional. A new experimental criterion is based on excitation pulse width. It gives both topological and stochastic information (i.e. dimensionality and hopping rate). Its applicability to ultrathin wires and porous glass is demonstrated via simulations and experiments. The triplet exciton migrat (multiple hopping) length is 50-2-100 molecules for all samples.
Motivations for slum dweller social movement participation in urban Africa: a study of mobilization in Kurasini, Dar es Salaam

This paper examines what motivates the participation of African slum(1) dwellers in urban social movement activities. This issue is analyzed through a case study of grassroots mobilization around evictions in Kurasini ward, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The paper uses an analytic narrative approach to account for patterns in participatory behaviour, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data gathered through interviews with 81 slum dwellers. The study shows that, contrary to the expectations of movement leaders, property owners were significantly more likely than renters to participate in a risky and time-consuming mobilization effort. The study identifies three factors that favoured owner participation: the nature of expected payoffs from participation; greater belief in their efficacy of action; and greater connection to place.
Do gait adaptations during stair climbing result in changes in implant forces in subjects with total hip replacements compared to normal subjects

Abstract Background The study objective was to identify gait abnormalities and their relationships to hip loading during stair climbing after total hip replacement. Hypotheses: (1) total hip replacement subjects would have significantly lower dynamic hip range of motion and peak external moments during stair climbing compared to normal subjects and (2) the peak twisting moment about the long axis of the implant and peak hip forces would be significantly reduced in subjects with total hip replacements compared to normal subjects. Methods Gait parameters during a stair climbing task were measured for 15 total hip replacement subjects and 15 matched normal subjects. Forces were predicted using an analytical model. Findings The peak external adduction moment for the total hip replacement subjects was 25% less than normal ( P = 0.001). The external rotation moment was 26% less than normal ( P = 0.029) but the extension moment was 77.5% higher in the total hip subjects than in normal subjects ( P = 0.004). The peak twisting moment and first peak contact force were 18% and 14% lower in the total hip group compared to normal ( P = 0.090 and P = 0.055, respectively). The second peak force was nearly equal ( P = 0.424) between the two groups. Interpretation Stair climbing biomechanics differ from normal in subjects with total hip replacements, however these unconscious alterations do not abnormally increase the hip loads during this activity. More work is necessary to determine exactly what constitutes optimal stair climbing biomechanics for patients with total hip replacements.
UXO Detection And Prioritization Using Combined Airborne Vertical Magnetic Gradient And Time-Domain Electromagnetic Methods

In January 2008, low-altitude (~1-3 meters above ground level) airborne geophysical surveys were carried out at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC), near Twentynine Palms, California. The primary goal of the surveys was to assess the viability of airborne magnetic or electromagnetic geophysical surveys at MCAGCC for detection and mapping of unexploded munitions. Due to high magnetic content in the rocks and soils at MCAGCC magnetic methods had been shown in the past to have limited usefulness. The background magnetic conditions made this site a good candidate for the use of a new 8channel Time-domain Electromagnetic system (TEM8) developed by Battelle. The first phase of the project was an assessment of the efficacy of TEM8 and vertical magnetic gradient (VG-22) technologies, based on results from surveys of two 8 hectare areas and a 2 hectare geophysical prove out (GPO) area. This demonstration showed that both VG-22 and TEM8 were useful at this site, but the combination of the two datasets is more effective than either dataset used singularly for target prioritization.
Continuous reactors in free radical polymerization with branching—II experimental results on vinyl acetate polymerization

Abstract Continuous stirred tank polymerisation of vinyl acetate has been investigated under conditions that promote branching and broadening of the molecular weight distribution. T-butanol and azobis-isobutyronitrile were the solvent and initiator respectively. Residence times ranged from 1·5 to 8·3 hr, conversions of monomer to polymer from 13 to 63 per cent. In accordance with theoretical calculations, the distributions of polymers from continuous stirred reactors are broader than those from batch reactors, and are also more highly branched. Although the residence time distribution was exponential, the molecular weight data implied a high degree of segregation in the reactor. Molecular weights were lower in continuous polymerization than in batch, a result attributed to the presence of trace impurities in the feed mixture. Pre-polymerization of the feed raised the molecular weight to the predicted levels.
AJOB 2.0: Taking bioethics to a new level.

Since its inception nearly 15 years ago, the vision behind the American Journal of Bioethics was to create a premier bioethics journal that would engender spirited academic debate and invite broade...
Alteration in brain glucose metabolism induced by hypoglycaemia in man.

Glucose is the usual fuel of brain tissue. As hypoglycaemia develops, a level of glycaemia is reached where glucose transport from the circulation is no longer sufficient to meet metabolic demands, and the brain signals for peripheral counter-regulatory responses and symptoms of hypoglycaemia ensue. The glycaemic threshold for these events can be shifted to lower glucose concentrations following a single episode of hypoglycaemia, and compensating central nervous system adaptations have been postulated in man. In nondiabetic subjects, rates of brain glucose uptake are initially impaired at a systemic glucose concentration of 3.6 mmol/l; whereas after 56 h of intermittent hypoglycaemia (3.0 mmol/l) brain uptake is preserved at normal rates even at 2.5 mmol/l. Increments in counter-regulatory hormones and symptoms are also triggered at lower glucose concentrations following recurrent hypoglycaemia. In 24 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes stratified into three equal groups by HbA1 c value, those in the lowest third of HbA1 c range had rates of brain glucose uptake at 3.0 mmol/l that were equivalent to rates measured at 5.3 mmol/l. Patients in the other HbA1 c groups had rates of brain glucose uptake during hypoglycaemia that were reduced by 30 % relative to normoglycaemia – comparable to reductions seen in non-diabetic subjects. Thus, alterations in glucose uptake occur in the brain in order to maintain normal brain metabolism following experimental and clinical hypoglycaemia. Because of this enhanced glucose uptake, the brain has no need to signal for counter-regulatory responses and hypoglycaemia unawareness occurs. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: S 69–S 74]
Interpretation of yield drops induced by stress-aging treatments of polymers

Abstract A formula relating the upper yield stress δ y, following stress aging, in a constant strain rate test to the delay time for yield td([sgrave]r) at a constant nominal reference stress δ r has been derived, viz., where ∊ is the imposed strain rate, E is Young's modulus of the polymer, V∗ is a shear activation volume, kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. Measurements of the upper yield stress following stress aging are reported, which, together with previous measurements of delay times, confirm the form of this equation. It is also demonstrated that stress aging cannot be due to a change in the shape of the shoulder of the neck. Ringing and oscillation of the stress after stress aging are shown to be the result of alternate cycles of thermal runaway of the neck, which causes rapid stress drops, and of further stress aging during reloading, which causes yield points.
Postmortem activity of respiratory enzymes in human brain

Post-mortem changes in the activity of various cerebral dehydrogenases have been investigated in 41 human brains. Histoenzymatic examinations were conducted 1, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after clinically established death. The results have shown that the individual dehydrogenase become inactivated by the post-mortem processes at different rates. Succinate and lactate dehydrogenase activities were lost at first rate, followed by glucose-6-phosphate and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and then by isocitrate and NADH and NADPH dependent reductases, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase remained active for the longest period after death. The structural sequence of the post mortem loss of respiratory enzymes in the human brain was opposite to that at which these enzymes appeared during ontogenic development. The topography of the post mortem inactivation of cerebral dehydrogenases instead was adverse to the order of constitution of the individual parts of the CNS in the course of phylogenetic development.
Analytical missile guidance laws with a time-varying transformation

Conclusions An approximate method for computing near-optimal, minimumfuel, planar lunar trajectories for low-thrust spacecraft has been developed. Our method approximates the long-duration powered Earth-escape and moon-capture spirals with curve fits from universal low-thrust trajectory solutions and numerically computes the translunar coasting trajectory between the curve-fit boundaries using the restricted three-body problem dynamics. The approximate method requires only four optimization variables, and solutions are readily obtained by using sequential quadratic programming. Nearoptimal solutions for a wide range of initial thrust-to-weight ratios and initial and terminal circular orbit altitudes are obtained both quickly and with little computational load. The performance and orbit transfer characteristics of the near-optimal solutions exhibit a very close match with published optimal lunar trajectory solutions. This method would be a useful preliminary design tool for spacecraft and mission designers.
Identification of selenium species in urine by ion-pairing HPLC–ICP–MS using laboratory-synthesized standards

This study focused on the detection/identification of possible selenium metabolites in human urine. Organoselenium compounds not commercially unavailable were synthesized and characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry. Separation of selenomethionine, methylselenomethionine, trimethylselonium, selenoethionine, and selenoadenosylmethionine was achieved by ion-pairing HPLC with a mobile phase of 2 mmol L(-1) hexanesulfonic acid, 0.4% acetic acid, 0.2% triethanolamine (pH 2.5), and 5% methanol. The column effluent was introduced on-line to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for selenium-specific detection ((77)Se and (78)Se). For selenium speciation in urine, solid-phase extraction was carried out using C(18) cartridges modified with hexanesulfonic acid. Selective retention of cationic species was observed from acidified urine (perchloric acid, pH 2.0). After elution with methanol, evaporation, and dissolution in the mobile phase, the sample was introduced to the HPLC-ICP-MS system and the chromatographic peaks were assigned by adding standards. The species identified in urine were selenomethionine, trimethylselonium ion, and selenoadenosylmethionine. The last species was detected for the first time and our results suggest that selenomethionine might enter the metabolic pathway of its sulfur analog in the activated methylation cycle.
Selective Freezing of a Dilute Salt Solution on a Cold Ice Surface

The growth of a solid-liquid, two-phase region during selective freezing of a dilute, eutectic-forming, salt solution over a subcooled ice slab is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The morphology of the two-phase region and the kinetics of the solid-liquid interface observed for a NaCl-H/sub 2/O system are described photographically. The motion of the two-phase, liquidus front, recorded by a telescopic device that amplifies the local phenomena of the two-phase region is presented along with the measured transient temperature distribution of the system. Based on the assumption that the solution element of the two-phase region is in local thermodynamic equilibrium with the solid phase, a similarity model is developed to predict the dependence of the freezing rate on various controlling parameters of the system. Transient heat conduction in the ice slab is also included in the model to study the effect of the wall. Comparison is made between the analytical and the experimental results and found to be good.