cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase Diagrams of Binary and Ternary Fluoride Systems

Investigations of the equilibrium phase diagrams of metal fluoride systems have existed as a classical scientific effort since Gibbs, Roozeboom, et al. made their major contributions to science around the turn of the century. It remained for the workers in the Oak Ridge Aircraft Reactor Program and later in the Molten Salt Reactor Program to develop the means to acquire definitive data in massive amounts from a variety of interrelated techniques before the complex phase diagrams pertaining to the materials aspects of the Program could be defined with rapidity and precision. Because of their success in developing the experimental methods for investigation of the fluoride systems, the Oak Ridge group is responsible for a considerable fraction of the binary and ternary systems of the metal fluorides for which detailed phase diagrams appear in the literature.
Evaluating the science-policy interface for climate change research

We propose a general method for evaluating, and possibly improving, the interface between scientific research and policy-making institutions. The method considers the adequacy of both institutional structures for incorporating research, and research for addressing institutional needs. It involves both interviews (with policy makers and scientists) and formal analyses of the links between the research and the decisions described in the interviews. A case study applies the method in analyzing the usefulness of climate change research for managing salmon runs in the Pacific Northwest. It shows these policy makers to be receptive to the research, which is, in principle, relevant to them. However, they are unable to use it because the research is not currently formulated in ways compatible with current decision-making models. For their part, these models are not comprehensive enough to capture the full range of potentially relevant environmental forcers, including climate change.
Molecular basis of fracture of latex blends of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate)

The molecular basis of fracture of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) homopolymers and their latex blends was investigated with a custom-built dental burr grinding instrument (DBGI). About a third of the chains were cut several times, the remainder not at all. The number of chain scissions in polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) was quantitatively interpreted by the microscopic parameters of craze fibrils and the energy balance between chain scission and chain disentanglement (chain pullout). The probability that a polymer strand in the craze fibrils is scissioned or disentangled was calculated from the fracture energy balance. In addition, the fracture energy of the latex blends of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) was studied. The large interface between the polystyrene and the poly(methyl methacrylate) did not lead to a small fracture energy, as initially expected. Rather, the latex blend of the two immiscible polymers primarily absorbs the fracture stress by strong co-continuous bulk phases.
Tau in Oligodendrocytes Takes Neurons in Sickness and in Health

Oligodendrocytes (OLGs), the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are lifelong partners of neurons. They adjust to the functional demands of neurons over the course of a lifetime to meet the functional needs of a healthy CNS. When this functional interplay breaks down, CNS degeneration follows. OLG processes are essential features for OLGs being able to connect with the neurons. As many as fifty cellular processes from a single OLG reach and wrap an equal number of axonal segments. The cellular processes extend to meet and wrap axonal segments with myelin. Further, transport regulation, which is critical for myelination, takes place within the cellular processes. Because the microtubule-associated protein tau plays a crucial role in cellular process extension and myelination, alterations of tau in OLGs have deleterious effects, resulting in neuronal malfunction and CNS degeneration. Here, we review current concepts on the lifelong role of OLGs and myelin for brain health and plasticity. We present key studies of tau in OLGs and select important studies of tau in neurons. The extensive work on tau in neurons has considerably advanced our understanding of how tau promotes either health or disease. Because OLGs are crucial to neuronal health at any age, an understanding of the functions and regulation of tau in OLGs could uncover new therapeutics for selective CNS neurodegenerative diseases.
Interpregnancy interval and singleton pregnancy outcomes after frozen embryo transfer.

Objective To describe the relationship between interpregnancy interval (IPI) and perinatal outcomes in singleton live births after frozen embryo transfer (FET). Design Retrospective analysis of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinical Outcome Reporting System cohort including patients with a history of live birth from ART who returned for an FET cycle between 2004 and 2013. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) A total of 19,270 singleton live births from FET subsequent to a live birth. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Odds for preterm delivery ( Result(s) Of 74,456 autologous FET cycles following an index live birth, 24,091 resulted in a repeat live birth, with 19,270 singleton live births. An IPI of Conclusion(s) In this nationally representative population, an interval from delivery to start of an FET cycle of
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TYPE VII ALL INTRA-EPIPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE LATERAL MALLEOLUS:

Background:Inversion-type ankle injuries are common in pediatric athletes, often resulting in lateral malleolar fractures (1). Ogden described the Type VII lateral malleolar physeal fracture as an ...
Knowledge of suicide history, current depressive symptoms, and future suicide risk within couples

Abstract Research on suicide prevention and intervention has overwhelmingly focused on the suicidal individual. However, suicidal individuals exist within interpersonal relationships. This study tests 1) how accurately members of romantic couples know each other's depression symptoms, suicide histories, and risk for future suicidal thoughts and behaviors and 2) whether couple-specific factors moderate those associations. Participants were 43 mixed-sex couples (N = 86 individuals) recruited for a larger study of National Guard or Reserves members and their partners. Participants reported on their own depression symptoms, suicide history and expectation of future suicide risk, as well as their perceptions of their partners' depression symptoms, suicide history and future suicide risk. Effects were tested for moderation by communication style and relationship satisfaction. Results suggest that many individuals knew about their partners' depression symptoms and past suicidal ideation (77%). In contrast, fewer were aware of their partners' future suicide ideation risk (44%) and the minority knew about past suicidal behavior (23%) or risk for future suicide attempt (14%). Associations were not moderated by positive or negative communication styles or relationship satisfaction. Taken together, these results suggest that while romantic partners share some parts of their suicide histories with each other, some aspects are kept private. Notably, regardless of communication style or relationship quality, results were consistent, suggesting that even couples in strong relationships may not be aware of each other's suicide history and risk. Implications for the development of couples-based suicide prevention interventions are discussed.
A Guide to Normal Values for Biofeedback

This article provides readers with a guide for evaluating physiological readings during biofeedback assessment and treatment, with the goal of facilitating treatment planning and tracking of treatm...
Lithologic and redox controls on hexavalent chromium in vadose zone sediments of California’s Central Valley

Abstract In agricultural regions of California where ultramafic sediments containing naturally occurring Cr(III) are present, correlations between Cr(VI) and nitrate in groundwater have been attributed to oxidation of Cr(III) in vadose sediments and mobilization by areal recharge, including irrigation return. However, the distribution of Cr and nitrate through the vadose zone have yet to be evaluated together to investigate the controls on geogenic Cr(VI) occurrence and resulting Cr(VI) production rates and export fluxes to groundwater. To develop a framework for evaluating geogenic Cr(VI) contamination, we analyze vadose zone sediment cores from the southwestern Sacramento Valley of California at high spatial resolution. In the sandy, oxic, ultramafic, Cr-rich Holocene alluvial sediment, Cr(III) is oxidized to Cr(VI), resulting in increasing Cr(VI) concentrations with depth up to 79 μg/kg. Oxidation is likely associated with μ-meter scale co-located Mn(IV)-oxides. Within the fine-grained Pleistocene sediments beneath the historic high water table (5–18 m), Cr(VI) concentrations decrease with depth to
Training van vervangende vaardigheden

Bij de overgang naar Stap 2 van het stepped-caremodel (zie fig. II.1 in de inleiding van deel II) worden de interventies complexer en indringender, omdat de zelfverwonding waarop de behandeling is gericht langduriger en problematischer is. Interventies in het kader van Stap 2 zijn bedoeld voor individuen bij wie zelfverwonding niet is afgenomen na de informele reacties uit H. 7, de evaluatiestrategieen uit H. 8 en 9 en het preventiemanagement uit H. 10. Bij individuen die Stap 2-interventies nodig hebben, is sprake van typische, laag-letale terugkerende zelfverwonding, waardoor hun behandeling uitgebreider en gerichter moet zijn.
PROFILING THE DISCORDANT VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUE – ECTOPIC LIVER FAT PHENOTYPE: RESULTS FROM THE DALLAS HEART STUDY

The accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and ectopic liver fat (ELF) generally parallel each other, but a proportion of individuals have discordant fat deposition. The cardiometabolic profile of individuals with a discordant phenotype is unknown. Among participants in the multiethnic
Close Amide NH···F Hydrogen Bonding Interactions in 1,8-Disubstituted Naphthalenes

In this note, we present a series of N-(8-fluoronaphthalen-1-yl)benzamide derivatives designed to maximize amide-NH···F hydrogen bond interactions therein. A combination of IR and NMR spectroscopy indicates a linear correlation between the high energy shift in NH stretching frequency and the electron withdrawing nature of the substituent, consistent with the trend predicted by DFT calculations. Additionally, a limiting case of hydrogen bonding is observed when the benzamide derivatives are replaced with trifluoroacetamide, causing an additional red shift of 44 cm-1 in the NH stretching frequency. Most importantly, 1H-19F coupling constants in this series are among the largest measured for amide-NH···F interactions. X-ray crystallography reveals face-to-face alignment of naphthalene rings in these derivatives resulting in part from the NH···F hydrogen bonds. This motif also dictates the formation of sheets composed of stacked naphthalene rings in the crystal structure as opposed to unfluorinated analogues wherein NH···OC hydrogen-bonding interactions force benzamide and naphthalene rings to engage in T-shaped π-π interactions instead. Additionally, the NH proton in the trifluoroacetamide derivative engages in extended H-bond interactions in its crystal structure.
Reflections on 7 Years of Strategy Instruction

Most investigations of literacy programs are relatively short-term endeavors. Here, we reflect on what we have learned in 7 years of studying a program to teach word-learning strategies. The progra...
Demonstrating the Principles of Aperture Synthesis with Table- Top Laboratory Exercises

Many undergraduate radio astronomy courses are unable to give a detailed treatment of aperture synthesis due to time constraints and limited math backgrounds of students. We have taken a laboratory-based approach to teaching radio interferometry using a set of college-level, table-top exercises. These are performed with the Very Small Radio Telescope (VSRT), an interferometer developed at the Haystack Observatory using satellite TV electronics as detectors and compact fluorescent light bulbs as microwave signal sources. The hands-on experience provided by the VSRT in these labs allows students to gain a conceptual understanding of radio interferometry and aperture synthesis without the rigorous mathematical background traditionally required. The data are quickly and easily processed using a user-friendly data analysis Java package, VSRTI_Plotter.jar. This software can also be used in the absence of the equipment as an interactive computer activity to demonstrate an interferometer’s responses to assorted surface brightness distributions. The students also gain some familiarity with Fourier transforms and an appreciation for the Fourier relations in interferometry using another Java package, the Tool for Interactive Fourier Transforms (TIFT). We have successfully used these tools in multiple offerings of our radio astronomy course at Union College
Measuring health-care delays among privately insured patients with tuberculosis in the USA: an observational cohort study.

Summary Background A high index of suspicion is needed to initiate appropriate testing for tuberculosis due to its protean symptoms, yet health-care providers in low-incidence settings are becoming less familiar with the disease as rates decline. We aimed to estimate delays in tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment at the US national level between 2008 and 2016. Methods In this retrospective observational cohort study, we repurposed private insurance claims data provided by Aetna (Connecticut, USA), to measure health-care delays in tuberculosis diagnosis in the USA in 2008–16. Active tuberculosis was determined by diagnosis codes and the filling of anti-tuberculosis treatment prescriptions. Health-care delays were defined as the duration between the first health-care visit for a tuberculosis symptom and the initiation of anti-tuberculosis treatment. We assessed if delays varied over time, and by patient and system variables, using multivariable regression. We estimated household tuberculosis transmission and respiratory complications after treatment initiation. Findings We confirmed 738 active tuberculosis cases (incidence 1·45 per 100 000 person-years) with a median health-care delay of 24 days (IQR 10–45). Multivariable regression analysis showed that longer delays were associated with older age (8·4% per 10 year increase [95% CI 4·0 to 13·1]; p Interpretation In the USA, the median health-care delay for privately insured patients with tuberculosis exceeds WHO-recommended levels of 21 days (3 weeks). The results suggest the need for health-care provider education on best practices in tuberculosis diagnosis, including the use of molecular tests and the maintenance of a high index of suspicion for the disease. Funding US National Institutes of Health.
AFP 2021: Updates, New Fellow, Top 20 Articles, AFP Statistics, and Thanking Peer Reviewers.

American Family Physician (AFP) continues its annual tradition of updating our readers on changes in the journal, welcoming new members to our editing team, highlighting the top 20 articles from the prior year, sharing print circulation and website statistics, and thanking our peer reviewers.
Thermonuclear neutron emission from a sheared-flow stabilized Z-pinch

The fusion Z-pinch experiment (FuZE) is a sheared-flow stabilized Z-pinch designed to study the effects of flow stabilization on deuterium plasmas with densities and temperatures high enough to drive nuclear fusion reactions. Results from FuZE show high pinch currents and neutron emission durations thousands of times longer than instability growth times. While these results are consistent with thermonuclear neutron emission, energetically resolved neutron measurements are a stronger constraint on the origin of the fusion production. This stems from the strong anisotropy in energy created in beam-target fusion, compared to the relatively isotropic emission in thermonuclear fusion. In dense Z-pinch plasmas, a potential and undesirable cause of beam-target fusion reactions is the presence of fast-growing, “sausage” instabilities. This work introduces a new method for characterizing beam instabilities by recording individual neutron interactions in plastic scintillator detectors positioned at two different angles around the device chamber. Histograms of the pulse-integral spectra from the two locations are compared using detailed Monte Carlo simulations. These models infer the deuteron beam energy based on differences in the measured neutron spectra at the two angles, thereby discriminating beam-target from thermonuclear production. An analysis of neutron emission profiles from FuZE precludes the presence of deuteron beams with energies greater than 4.65 keV with a statistical uncertainty of 4.15 keV and a systematic uncertainty of 0.53 keV. This analysis demonstrates that axial, beam-target fusion reactions are not the dominant source of neutron emission from FuZE. These data are promising for scaling FuZE up to fusion reactor conditions.
Das Producer/Consumer-Modell in Feldbussystemen der nächsten Generation

Im folgenden wird das Producer/Consumer-Netzwerkmodell vorgestellt und mit herkommlichen Systemen verglichen. Dabei werden die grundsatzlichen Neuerungen dieses Systems gezeigt. Die beim Producer/Consumer-Modell moglichen Datenauslosungsmechanismen ermoglichen eine schnelle Ubermittlung von zeitkritischen und nicht zeitkritischen Daten an einen oder mehrere Busteilnehmer und erhohen damit in erheblichem Mase die Leistungsfahigkeit eines Feldbussystems. Diese Leistungssteigerung wird mit Beispielen gezeigt und es wird ein Ausblick auf die nach diesem Prinzip entstandenen oder entstehenden Systeme gegeben.
Digital Radiographic Analysis of Single-Leg Separations (SLS) in the Outlet Struts of Björk-Shiley Convexo-Concave (BSCC) Heart Valves

An automated radiographic image processing technique has been developed for the identification of SLS in the outlet struts of BSCC heart valves. Clinical studies of explants and SLS valves implanted in sheep suggest that one leg of the outlet strut separates from the valve flange some time prior to the second leg breaking that results in sudden valve failure. Preliminary analysis of digitized (approximately 36.5 microns/pixel spatial resolution) 35 mm cineangiogrpahic data of BSCC mitral valves in the first 60 patients of a 300-patient study indicates that the analysis of differential pixel intensity along the long axis of the leg of the outlet strut is a sensitive measure of outlet strut integrity of these valves. A rapid automated evaluation technique is necessary in order to process the multi-frame cine data. The following criteria were considered in the development of the image processing software: 1) high-speed processing of multi-frame data, 2) minimal user interaction, 3) reproducibility, 4) ease of use, and 5) workstation platform independence.
Detection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli by Colony DNA Hybridization: Use of a Second Heat Stable Enterotoxin Gene Probe

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) pathogenic for humans and animals produce two classes of enterotoxins. The heat labile toxin (LT) is of high molecular weight, consists of two subunits, is functionally, structurally and genetically related to the enterotoxin of Vibrio cholerae, and is homologous among different strains of LT producing E. coli (5, 14). Its mechanism of action involves the activation adenylate cyclase (8). The heat stable toxin (ST) is of low molecular weight and acts by stimulating guanylate cyclase (9).
Everyday Attitudes About Euthanasia and the Slippery Slope Argument

This chapter provides empirical evidence about everyday attitudes concerning euthanasia. These attitudes have important implications for some ethical arguments about euthanasia. Two experiments suggested that some different descriptions of euthanasia have modest effects on people’s moral permissibility judgments regarding euthanasia. Experiment 1 (N = 422) used two different types of materials (scenarios and scales) and found that describing euthanasia differently (‘euthanasia’, ‘aid in dying’, and ‘physician assisted suicide’) had modest effects (≈3 % of the total variance) on permissibility judgments. These effects were largely replicated in Experiment 2 (N = 409). However, in Experiment 2, judgments about euthanasia’s moral permissibility were best predicted by the voluntariness of the treatment. Voluntariness was a stronger predictor than some demographic factors and some domain general elements of moral judgments. These results help inform some debates about the moral permissibility of euthanasia (e.g., the slippery slope argument) suggesting that some of the key premises of those arguments are unwarranted.
QoS-Based dynamic channel allocation for GSM/GPRS networks

Efficient channel allocation is important for meeting the quality of service (QoS) requirements of both GSM voice calls and GPRS packets in integrated GSM/GPRS networks. In this paper, we propose a new dynamic channel allocation scheme with guard channel, channel de-allocation/re-allocation for voice call and packet queue for GSM/GPRS networks. An analytic model with general GPRS channel requirement is developed to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. Numerical results demonstrate that the scheme can adapt to different QoS requirements of the system by adjusting the number of guard channels and the size of packet queue. Compared to some conventional schemes, the proposed scheme achieves better performance of QoS provisioning.
Respiration and pulmonary ventilation in normal nonpregnant, pregnant, and puerperal women

Abstract 1.1. The respiratory rate is increased slightly from the fourth lunar month of gestation to term. 2.2. The volume of tidal air and the minute volume of respired air increase progressively during pregnancy and return to normal during the second week after delivery. 3.3. The minute volumes of CO 2 produced and of O 2 absorbed increase gradually during pregnancy and approach the normal nonpregnant level from one to two weeks postpartum. 4.4. The ratio of the minute volume of respired air to the CO 2 expired is greater in pregnant than in nonpregnant women. One week after delivery this ratio is less than during pregnancy but still greater than in nonpregnant controls.
Computer Self-Efficacy, Anxiety, and Learning in Online versus Face to Face Medium.

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationships between changes to computer self-efficacy (CSE) and computer anxiety and the impact on performance on computer-related tasks in both online and face-to-face mediums. While many studies have looked at these factors individu-ally, relatively few have included multiple measures of these factors concurrently and assessed the effects over a period of time in a realistic environment. Transactional Distance Theory and previous research are used to develop a theoretical model integrating these factors. Transactional distance can be viewed as an outcome of the culture within an educational environment. As such the three transactional distance variables -structure, dialogue, and learner autonomy -may be measured by certain aspects of that culture. Describing the two mediums in terms of transactional distance allowed us to explore the interrelationships between the changes in CSE, Anxiety, and Performance in face-to-face and online classes. Data are drawn from students in a junior level Management Information Systems (MIS) class at a medium-size public University in the Southeast U.S.A. Classes in both mediums completed a real life computer-based project in which previously validated instruments are used to longitudi-nally measure perceptions of computer self-efficacy (CSE), computer anxiety, and transactional distance. Partial Least Squares (PLS), a structural equation modeling technique, is used to com-pare the results of these factors on performance in both the face-to-face and online mediums. The results show transactional distance was indeed acting as an anxiety-reducing mechanism. A comparison of differences between mediums suggests that the various aspects of transactional distance influence each differently. The findings highlight the importance of structure and inno-vation in the online medium while aspects of dialog were shown to be important in the face-to-face medium. In effect, the interactive or emotive characteristics of transactional distance were more important in the face-to-face medium, while the structure and individual autonomy aspects were more influential in the online medium. Thus, one implication for face-to-face instructors is the need to continually maintain free-flowing dialog with the students to enhance learning. On the other hand, logical organization is very important in an online medium. Finally, the significance of the innovation component illustrates the importance of using new techniques and technologies to improve the interac-tion aspect of online education. Under-standing these differences and imple-menting measures to accommodate these differences could increase teach-ing effectiveness and ultimately result in improvements in performance on com-puter-related tasks.
A SIMPLIFIED GASTROINTESTINAL BIOPSY CAPSULE.

Summary A simplified capsule for obtaining multiple intestinal biopsy specimens in the office or at the bedside is described. The capsule consists of 2 stainless steel shells, like the halves of an ordinary gelatin capsule, attached to a fine plastic catheter. Holes in each of the shells are superimposed when the capsule is open. Mucosa sucked into the hole by a syringe is sheared off as the capsule telescopes shut with suction. A small mercury bag facilitates rapid passage through the pylorus and along the small bowel without fluoroscopic manipulation. Except for the capsule itself, all other parts (mercury bag, plastic tubing, and syringe) are easily replaced from common hospital supplies. Over 350 consecutive biopsy specimens have been obtained without any complications. The occurrence of complications, however, remains as a possibility with this instrument just as it does with others now in use.
Blood Pressure in Older Adults: The Importance of Frailty

The importance of high blood pressure (BP) and the effect of BP lowering in older adults remain controversial due to the mixed evidence in this population. Frailty status may resolve the apparently conflicting findings and identify subpopulations who share common risk. Emerging evidence demonstrates that low BP is associated with poor outcomes in older frail adults or those with poor functional status. In contrast, in non-frail older adults, low BP appears beneficial. Frail older adults may be at increased risk of hypotension, serious fall injuries, and polypharmacy. Additionally, peripheral BP may not be the best prognostic measure in this population. The majority of clinical practice guidelines give little recommendation for frail older adults, which is likely due to their systematic underrepresentation in randomized controlled trials. Future studies need to consider modifications to safely include frail older adults, and guidelines should consider inclusion of evidence beyond randomized controlled trials.
Controlled whole-body vibration training reduces risk of falls among community-dwelling older adults.

The primary purpose of this study was to systematically examine the effects of an 8-week controlled whole-body vibration training on reducing the risk of falls among community-dwelling adults. Eighteen healthy elderlies received vibration training which was delivered on a side alternating vibration platform in an intermittent way: five repetitions of 1min vibration followed by a 1min rest. The vibration frequency and amplitude were 20Hz and 3.0mm respectively. The same training was repeated 3 times a week, and the entire training lasted for 8 weeks for a total of 24 training sessions. Immediately prior to (or pre-training) and following (or post-training) the 8-week training course, all participants' risk of falls were evaluated in terms of body balance, functional mobility, muscle strength and power, bone density, range of motion at lower limb joints, foot cutaneous sensation level, and fear of falling. Our results revealed that the training was able to improve all fall risk factors examined with moderate to large effect sizes ranging between 0.55 and 1.26. The important findings of this study were that an 8-week vibration training could significantly increase the range of motion of ankle joints on the sagittal plane (6.4° at pre-training evaluation vs. 9.6° at post-training evaluation for dorsiflexion and 45.8° vs. 51.9° for plantar-flexion, p Language: en
Multi-scale structure of the electron diffusion region

[1] Kinetic simulations of magnetic reconnection indicate that the electron diffusion region (EDR) can elongate into a highly stretched current layer with a width on the electron scale and a length that exceeds tens of ion inertial lengths. The resulting structure has no fluid analogue and consists of two regions in the exhaust direction. The inner region is characterized by the locale where electrons reach a peak outflow speed near the electron Alfven velocity. Ions also approach ∼80% of their peak velocity in this inner region but remain sub-Alfvenic. There exists a large electrostatic potential that can temporarily trap electrons within this inner region. The electron frozen-in condition is violated over a wider outer region characterized by highly collimated electron jets that are gradually decelerated and thermalized. Reconnection proceeds continuously but the rate is modulated in time as the EDR elongates into an extended layer. The elongation of the EDR is controlled by the competition between the outward convection of magnetic flux and the non-ideal term involving the divergence of the electron pressure tensor. The occasional balance between these two terms leads to periods of quasi-steady reconnection. However, over longer time scales, a natural feature of the reconnection process appears to be frequent formation of plasmoids due to the instability of the elongated EDR which leads to larger variations in the reconnection rate. These new findings provide testable predictions and indicate the need to reconsider the diagnostics for identification of the diffusion region and interpretation of observational data.
Diverse modes of reproduction in the marine free-living ciliate Glauconema trihymene.

Background Most free-living ciliates reproduce by equal fission or budding during vegetative growth. In certain ciliates, reproduction occurs inside the cyst wall, viz. reproductive cysts, but more complex reproductive strategies have generally been thought to be confined to parasitic or symbiotic species, e.g. Radiophrya spp.
Pristane retards clearance of particulate materials from the peritoneal cavity of laboratory mice

Abstract The effect of intraperitoneal pristane on the movement of India ink particles and water-based radio-opaque dye injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice was examined. There was a marked difference between pristane-treated mice and unmanipulated controls in terms of particle retention; unmanipulated mice cleared India ink particles via lymphatic drainage within 24 h following injection, whereas pristane-treated mice retained particles for as long as 22 days post-injection. In contrast, all mice displayed similar kinetics of removal of radio-opaque dye, We conclude that the movement of particulate matter from the peritoneal cavity is retarded in pristane-treated mice whereas removal of water-based materials is unaffected. The implications for generation of ascites using hybridoma cells in pristane-primed mice is discussed.
The ionization potential and ground state cation vibrational structure of 1,4-dioxane

Abstract The Mass Analyzed Threshold Ionization (MATI) spectrum of 1,4-dioxane has been collected using a one-photon vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) excitation scheme that is produced via four-wave difference mixing of two pulsed dye lasers. The ionization potential (IP) is 73 062±4 cm −1 , approximately 575 cm −1 lower than previously reported values. The vibrational structure seen in the cation ground state agrees very well with the ab initio line positions, as determined by density functional theory calculations. Only vibrations of a g symmetry are seen in this spectrum, in line with expectations derived from consideration of orbital symmetries.
Resistance of solid HD polarized-proton targets to damage from high-energy proton and electron beams

Abstract Solid HD samples, suitable for use as polarized proton targets by virtue of their low ortho-H2 and para-D2 impurity concentrations and consequently long proton spin-lattice relaxation times, T1H, were irradiated in the 10.4 GeV external beam of the Cornell electron synchrotron and in the 28 GeV extracted proton beam of the AGS synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory. No direct beam-induced depolarization of the protons in HD was observed for integrated particle fluxes up to 1013/cm2. The proton beam exposure resulted in a spin-lattice relaxation rate, (T1H)rad−1, of 0.9 × 10−16 s−1 per unit integrated flux (i.e. per particle/cm2), and the electron beam exposure led to a value about 30% higher, due mostly to the production of secondaries. The T1H recovers nearly to its original long value when the sample is melted and refrozen after irradiation, indicating that the principal contribution to (T1H)rad− comes from radicals such as atomic H or D and not from symmetry species conversion induced by the beams. After irradiation, annealing of the damage centers was observed at 4.2 K and 4.7 K by monitoring (T1H)rad−1 as a function of time. These experiments support the proposed usage, at temperatures between 1 and 4 K, of pure solid HD with long T1H as a metastably highly polarized proton target for high energy physics experiments at particle fluxes up to about 107 particles/cm2 s.
Discrete particle effects in whistler simulation

Abstract A particle code was written using weighted particles and a quiet start technique to simulate the nonlinear propagation of whistler waves parallel to an external magnetic field. The algorithm is derived from the Daewin Lagrangian by a variational method and two versions of the code are considered, using linear and quadratic splines. Numerical effects due to the discrete initial loading of the particles in parallel velocities, perpendicular velocity phase angles and positions are analyzed; and the performance of the linear and quadratic versions of the code are compared.
How useful is adaptive action

Channels with action-dependent states, as defined in [1], are considered. While [1] investigated the scenario of message dependent non-adaptive action sequences, this work focuses on adaptive action sequences, where the action is a strictly causal function of the message and the state sequences. The capacity of such a channel is characterized for the case when the state information is available non-causally at the channel encoder and it is shown that the adaptive action is not useful in increasing the capacity. The capacity of the action-dependent additive Gaussian channel, which was left open in [1], is then characterized by showing the equivalence of the current setting to the problem of the cooperative multiple access channel (MAC) with asymmetric state information at the encoders [2]. The problem setting is then extended to characterize the rate-distortion region of the source coding dual of the adaptive action-dependent channel coding setup, where a source is to be communicated with some fidelity to a decoder with adaptive action-dependent side information. In this setting adaptivity offers no help in enlarging the rate-distortion region.
Wire perturbations in the Saffman-Taylor problem.

Zocchi et al. (1987) discovered that when two wires are symmetrically placed along the center of a Hele-Shaw cell, symmetric but narrow fingers of dimensionless width lambda less than 0.5 develop. The value of lambda decreases as the pushing velocity increases, but at a certain critical finger width the finger suddenly undergoes a transition to the asymmetrical state. A simple theory to predict this critical finger width as a function of D, the dimensionless distance between two wires is developed by assuming that the finger opens up a negative angle at the contact point.
A Simple Model for Amphiprotic Water and Proton Transfer Reactions

Proton transfer is important for chemistry in general and for protein function in particular. Water is often involved as a donor, a receptor, or an element in a chain of concerted transfers. Recently we have shown that the amphiprotic behavior of water can be captured by a simple model that is inspired by the traditional Lewis construct. The model comprises explicit and fully charged oxygen cores, valence electron pairs, and protons, all interacting via pair-wise pseudo-potentials that reflect Heisenberg uncertainty and Pauli exclusion. These independently mobile particles produce stable neutral, protonated and deprotonated water clusters. They also exhibit transport of protons and proton-holes through water chains. A self-consistent extension of the model to nitrogen hydrides provides a description of ammonia that forms hydrogen bonds and transports protons. Further generalization to include carbon allows us to build “Lewis” amino acids. In in vacuo simulations, initially zwitterionic forms of the amino acids evolve to non-ionic forms via an intramolecular proton transfer. The intermediate in this process is a 5-member ring with the migrating hydrogen bridging the amine nitrogen and a carboxyl oxygen (see figure).View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
An Introduction to Empirical Bayes Data Analysis

Abstract Empirical Bayes methods have been shown to be powerful data-analysis tools in recent years. The empirical Bayes model is much richer than either the classical or the ordinary Bayes model and often provides superior estimates of parameters. An introduction to some empirical Bayes methods is given, and these methods are illustrated with two examples.
Measurement and application of the rheological parameters of aerated fine powders — a novel characterization approach to powder flow properties

Abstract A novel measurement method is developed and proposed in this work to define the rheological properties of aerated fine powders without bubbles, i.e. at the gas velocity U between the minimum fluidization (Umf) and minimum bubbling (Umb) points, at which well-defined powder packing structures can be attained. Two important rheological parameters, the plastic deformation coefficient Y and the fracture strength σf of the fine powder's packing structure under aerated conditions, are defined theoretically and measured experimentally, using spent FCC (fluid catalytic cracking catalyst for high octane gasoline production), glass beads, carbon black and special starch A and B as representative fine powders. The experimental values of Y were in the range 0.022–1.276 Pa, and those of σf in the range 0.006–0.130 Pa. The proposed method is particularly useful to measure these rheological parameters of fluidizable fine powders quantitatively. The σf parameter can be used as a flow index. The parameter Y can also be used as a volumetric expansion index of the aerated powders. There is an interesting relationship between these two rheological parameters: Y and σf can be expressed approximately as σf=0.11Y0.70, which holds true for all the experimental data of the sample fine powders, regardless of their kinds and properties. Finally, another application of these rheological parameters is their qualitative relationship with bubbling characteristics. The bubbling characteristics of four different sample powders were recorded by video equipment in a freely bubbling two-dimensional fluidized bed under a specific fluidization condition, U/Umb=12. The pictures indicated clearly, although qualitatively, that the bubble characteristics are significantly different, in accordance with their considerably different rheological parameters. This bubble image difference is especially strong between starch A and spent FCC.
Prospective memory in preschool children: influences of agency, incentive, and underlying cognitive mechanisms.

Abstract Prospective memory (PM) is remembering to perform an action in the future and is crucial to achieving goal-directed activities in everyday life. Doing so requires that an intention is encoded, retained during a delay interval, and retrieved at the appropriate time of execution. We examined PM ability in preschool children by manipulating factors related to agency and incentive. We further explored how metacognition, executive functioning, and theory of mind—factors known to account for individual differences in PM—influenced performance on these PM tasks. A sample of 31 preschool children were asked to carry out a delayed intention or to remind an adult to carry out an intention that was of high or low incentive to the children. Findings indicated that individual differences in theory of mind were related to individual differences in preschoolers’ performance on low-incentive PM tasks, independent of executive functioning contributions, whereas individual differences in executive functioning were related to performance on the high-incentive tasks. These findings suggest that changes in theory of mind and executive functioning are important to consider in models of PM and that different PM tasks (e.g., high vs. low incentive) may involve different cognitive requirements for young children.
Auditor efficiency and effectiveness with diagrammatic and linguistic conceptual model representations

Abstract The differences in efficiency, effectiveness, ease of use, and user satisfaction among auditors using diagrammatic and linguistic conceptual model representations were investigated. The diagrammatic conceptual model was the entity–relationship (ER) model [Batini C, Ceri S, Navathe SB. Conceptual database design: an entity relationship approach. Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, 1992.]. The linguistic conceptual model was an informationally equivalent Backus–Naur Form (BNF) grammar (as described in Batini et al., 1992). The conceptual model representation was manipulated in an experiment containing three types of tasks: search, recognition, and inference. Participants in the study were 46 first year auditors employed by a Big 5 accounting firm, who were enrolled in an accounting information systems course in a graduate accounting degree program. Results indicate that participants considered the ER model easier to use, used it faster, and were more satisfied with it, than the BNF grammar. However, there were no significant differences between representations with respect to accuracy.
Laser neutralization of surface and buried munitions

In recent years NVESD has been investigating laser-based neutralization of buried mines and minelike targets. This paper covers the most recent efforts in this area. A field-test was conducted to demonstrate the state-of-the-art capability for standoff laser neutralization of surface and buried mines. The neutralization laser is a Ytterbium fiber laser with a nominal power output of 10 kW and a beam quality of M 2 ≈ 1.8 at maximum power. Test trials were conducted at a standoff range of 50 meters with a 20° angle of attack. The laser was focused to a submillimeter spot using a Cassegrain telescope with a 12.5 inch diameter primary mirror. The targets were 105 mm artillery rounds with a composition B explosive fill. Three types of overburden were studied: sand, soil, and gravel. Laser neutralization capability was demonstrated under these conditions for live rounds buried under 7 cm of dry sand, 4 cm of soil, and 2 cm of gravel.
The Kabbalah Centre and Contemporary Spirituality

This paper focuses on the Kabbalah Centre, an international new religious movement that popularizes formerly esoteric Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) and attempts to spread it to a universal audience. Like many new religious movements, its cultural and social nonalignment fosters intense opposition as well as attraction, the latter most notably from celebrity followers such as Madonna. I summarize portions of my ethnographic and historical research to illumine some basic aspects of the movement: its connection to Jewish and Christian Kabbalah, its postmodern social structure, and its appeal to both people seeking a spiritual outlook and practice seemingly unconnected to normative, organized religion.
Illusory contours: on the efficacy of their need for expression.

When an illusory-figure pattern is presented against a physical lightness gradient, the illusory figure’s lightness relative to the surround is often the reverse of the usual effect, a fact that suggests that, rather than the figure’s depending upon illusory lightness, real lightness differences can be utilized in its expression. A second demonstration suggests that the apparent strength of the lightness effect may be greater where there is relatively less physical expression of the contour. Again, the establishment of the contour seems to involve more than merely “capturing” illusory lightness.
Representation for multiple right-hand sides

We are given finitely many polyhedra defined by linear constraints, using the same constraint matrix and different right-hand sides. We consider a simple constraint system and give necessary and sufficient conditions for this system to define the union of the polyhedra. We also show that deciding whether the system does define the union is NP-hard.
Body height and romantic attraction: A meta-analytic test of the male-taller norm

Two meta-analyses were conducted to assess whether females desire male romantic partners who are as tall or taller than themselves more so than males desire female romantic partners who are of equal or shorter stature than themselves. A directional significance test of the difference between the weighted mean effect sizes ( rs ) for males and females showed that the strength of the effect of body height on dating/mating preference was greater for females evaluating males ( r = .41) than for males evaluating females ( r = .36). Homogeneity tests indicated, however, that the height effect was not consistent across studies included in each of the analyses. Overall, the findings render support for the male-taller norm in romantic attraction. Directions for future research based on potential moderators of the relationship between body height and dating/mating preference are provided.
Strain differences in distribution of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity from rat brain and adrenal gland.

Abstract Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity was measured in adrenal glands and medulla oblongata from 4 inbred rat strains, Fischer 344, Buffalo, Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats. Adrenal enzyme activity was markedly different among the strains with the highest in Fischer, followed by Sprague-Dawley, Lewis and Buffalo rats in decreasing order. In medulla oblongata, the PNMT activity of Buffalo rat was the lowest being about one half of that of the other strains. Despite differences in the enzyme activity, immunotitration results indicate that there is no immunochemical difference between adrenal or medulla oblongata PNMT among the strains. Furthermore, the strain differences in the activity are not due to presence of an inactive enzyme, but to the amount of the enzyme. Our preliminary findings by dot blot hybridization, using a 32 P-labeled cDNA probe for PNMT suggest that differences in adrenal and medulla oblongata PNMT activity between Fischer and Buffalo rats are partially due to differences in the amount of PNMT mRNA present.
A Power Factor Standard Using Digital Waveform Generation

A measurement technique is described which uses the adjustable linear phase relationship between two digitally generated waveforms to establish power factor with an uncertainty of less than 50 ppm. Results of comparisons with thermal, electrodynamic and electronic wattmeters are summarized.