cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secondhand Smoke Exposure at Home and/or in a Vehicle: Differences Between Urban and Non-Urban Adolescents in the United States, From 2015 to 2018.

INTRODUCTION Secondhand smoke exposure during adolescence is linked to increased risk for cigarette smoking susceptibility and initiation. Non-urban youth may encounter a disproportionate number social and environmental risk factors for secondhand smoke exposure. Research is needed to explore geographic disparities in secondhand smoke exposure. AIMS AND METHODS Four years of National Youth Tobacco Survey (2015-2018) data were pooled. Participants were 69 249 middle and high school students. Multivariable logistic regression examined the relationship between geographic region and secondhand smoke exposure (1) at home and (2) in a vehicle. A multivariable, multinomial logistic regression examined the relationship between geographic region and number of sources of secondhand smoke exposure (ie, 0, 1 source, 2 sources). Covariates included sex, race/ethnicity, grade level, past 30-day tobacco use, and living with a tobacco user. RESULTS From 2015 to 2018, ~28.4% of middle and high school students reported secondhand smoke exposure either at home, in a vehicle, or both. Non-urban youth had greater odds of reporting secondhand smoke exposure at home (Adj OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.38) and in a vehicle (Adj OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.35 to 1.65), compared with urban youth. Similarly, non-urban youth had greater odds of reporting secondhand smoke exposure via one source (RRR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.31) and two sources (RRR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.42 to 1.82), relative to no exposure, than urban youth. CONCLUSION Secondhand smoke exposure at home and/or in a vehicle varies across geographic region. Targeted interventions should be developed and implemented to reduce secondhand smoke exposure among at-risk youth. IMPLICATIONS Findings showcase the need to address secondhand smoke exposure in non-urban areas and how it impacts adolescents. Public health interventions and regulatory policies aimed at improving social norms and expanding health infrastructure in rural communities should be designed and implemented in order to prevent and reduce secondhand smoke exposure among non-urban youth.
A Breast Radiology Department-operated, Proactive Same-day Program Identifies Pathogenic Breast Cancer Mutations in Unaffected Women.

Rationale and Objectives Pathogenic mutations in some genes elevate women's breast cancer risk, necessitating risk-reduction strategies. Unfortunately, women are underscreened for cancer risk, and when identified as potentially high risk, women seldom pursue genetic counseling or testing. To improve cancer risk management, this project determined the feasibility of radiology-operated, proactive, same-day risk assessment and genetic testing programs to diagnose high-risk women undergoing breast imaging. Materials and Methods The Comprehensive Assessment, Risk & Education Program launched on June 5, 2019. Data was tracked through July 22, 2020. Women undergoing breast imaging completed questionnaires that calculated Tyrer-Cuzick risk and assessed genetic testing eligibility using National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria. To encourage eligible women's genetic testing adherence, pretest counseling and saliva sample collection occurred that same day in the imaging center. Samples were tested by a 34-multigene panel. Genetic counselors called women with positive results. Women with negative results or variants of uncertain significance were mailed notifications. Summary statistics were calculated. Results A total of 3345 women completed questionnaires. 1080 (32.3%) met genetic testing criteria. 468/1080 (43.3%) submitted genetic samples, and 416/1080 (38.5%) completed testing. Of 416 completed tests, 269 (64.7%) tested negative, 109 (26.2%) had variants of uncertain significance, and 38 (9.1%) diagnosed pathogenic mutations. 13/38 (34.2%) women with pathogenic mutations implemented risk-reduction strategies at our institution. Conclusion Breast imaging centers can operate same-day cancer risk assessment and genetic testing programs, identifying high-risk women that conventional risk assessment methods may not have diagnosed. These proactive programs add value to radiology departments’ cancer care beyond traditional imaging services.
The Role of 5-HT 2B Receptor on Aggression and Drugs of Abuse

Monoamines, particularly serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), have been extensively studied in the context of aggression. 5-HT is known to play a key role in the modulation of aggressive, impulsive, antisocial, and violent behavior. There are several hypotheses that intend to explain the underlying relationship between 5-HT and aggressive behavior. While normal levels of 5-HT have an inhibitory effect on brain regions involved in aggressive behavior, a reduction in 5-HT activity increases aggression. Genetic factors are involved in the relationship between 5-HT and aggressive behavior and several genetic variants that influence aggressive behavior have been identified. 5-HT effects are mediated by at least 14 receptor subtypes and grouped into seven 5-HT receptor families (5-HT1–5-HT7 receptor). In the brain, 5-HT receptors are distributed pre- and post-synaptically and it is believed that these different subtypes may exert opposing effects on aggressive behavior. Aggressive behavior is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including substance use. A high proportion of all crimes are committed under the influence of substances of abuse including alcohol, cannabis, cocaine. In this chapter, we will focus on 5-HT2B receptor and will discuss its role in the modulation of aggressive and impulsive behaviors as well as related traits such as drug abuse.
Characterization of ASES score pain and functional improvement after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty: a patient centered perspective.

BACKGROUND Interpretation of anchor-based clinical differences in the context of pain and functional change remains undefined. The purpose of this study was to characterize ASES scores for patients after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty with minimum 1 year follow-up in terms of pain and change in each functional element on the ASES. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of a prospective institutional patient database of primary anatomic total shoulder arthroplasties from 2017-2020 with baseline and 1-year postoperative ASES scores. Three clinical outcome groups were established using an anchor-based global rating of change assessment: minimal clinically important difference (MCID), moderate clinical benefit (MCB) and, substantial clinical benefit (SCB). Pain and functional outcomes in each group where then characterized and compared. RESULTS A total of 67 patients were analyzed in terms of demographics and clinical outcomes. Two-thirds (65%) of patients achieved the SCB, 24% achieved the MCB, and 10% achieved the MCID. Washing, reaching for a shelf, and throwing were the most common functional deficits experienced preoperatively and accounted for the largest improvement in function postoperatively. Patients in the MCID group had higher preoperative VAS pain scores (7.1 ± 3.0) than MCB (5.8 ± 2.5) or SCB (5.8 ± 2.2) groups (p=0.0612). The MCID group had the least amount of preoperative functional deficits when compared to the MCB and SCB groups (p=0.041). Postoperative VAS pain scores improved by 5.1 in the SCB, 3.6 in the MCB, and 3.7 in the MCID groups. Functional change in each element of the ASES improved by 1.4/4 in the SCB, followed by 0.9/4 in the MCB group, and 0.05/4 in the MCID group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The MCID group had higher preoperative pain scores and the least amount of preoperative functional deficits when compared to the MCB and SCB groups. The MCID was realized through pain improvement only while the MCB and SCB consisted of meaningful improvements in pain and function.
A sodium channel signaling complex: modulation by associated receptorprotein tyrosine phosphatase |[beta]|

Voltage-gated sodium channels in brain neurons were found to associate with receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β (RPTPβ) and its catalytically inactive, secreted isoform phosphacan, and this interaction was regulated during development. Both the extracellular domain and the intracellular catalytic domain of RPTPβ interacted with sodium channels. Sodium channels were tyrosine phosphorylated and were modulated by the associated catalytic domains of RPTPβ. Dephosphorylation slowed sodium channel inactivation, positively shifted its voltage dependence, and increased whole-cell sodium current. Our results define a sodium channel signaling complex containing RPTPβ, which acts to regulate sodium channel modulation by tyrosine phosphorylation.
Human mononuclear phagocyte-associated antigens: I. Identification and characterization

Abstract Rabbit antisera were produced against a lymphokine-activated human macrophage cell line, U937 (αU937), and human peritoneal macrophages (αPEMO). After absorption with AB erythrocytes, pooled platelets, and B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, both antisera reacted by microcytotoxicity, indirect immunofluorescence (IF), and radioimmunoassay (RIA) with adherence-purified human peripheral blood monocytes, splenic and peritoneal macrophages, and leukemic myelomonoblasts. A panel of normal human T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and erythroid-myeloid or lymphoblastoid cell lines failed to react with both αU937 and αPEMO. Although both heteroantisera reacted against polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), after absorption with PMNs specific reactivity against mononuclear phagocytes remained. Absorption of αU937 and αPEMO with myelomonoblastic leukemia cells (AMML) removed IF and RIA activity against both PMNs and monocytes but not against splenic and peritoneal macrophages. In contrast, absorptions of both heteroantisera preparations with splenic macrophages abolished their IF and RIA reactivity not only to splenic and peritoneal macrophages but also to peripheral blood monocytes and leukemic myelomonoblasts. These results are consistent with (1) both antisera defining specific monocyte/macrophage-associated antigens(s) which are distinct from MHC-coded HLA-A,B,C, and DR antigens, and (2) expression of common monocyte/macrophage-associated antigen(s) and uniquely associated antigen(s) selectively expressed on tissue macrophages. These reagents will be useful in delineating human monocyte/macrophage differentiation as well as the immunological functions of mononuclear phagocytes.
Low testosterone in men predicts impaired arterial elasticity and microvascular function

Abstract Background A low testosterone level in men is associated with increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Whether low testosterone level is associated with arterial stiffness and endothelial and microvascular dysfunction remains unknown and was investigated in this study. Methods Serum testosterone was measured in 237 healthy men aged 50years (SD 12). Endothelial and microvascular function were assessed as brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and digital reactive hyperemia index (RHI), respectively. Arterial stiffness was evaluated by tonometry-derived pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central augmentation index (AIX). Results Mean total testosterone level was 16.3nmol/L (SD 6.11) and 25% of subjects had low levels ( Conclusion In men with few co-morbidities, lower serum testosterone level is associated with microvascular dysfunction and increased pulse wave reflections, mechanisms by which lower testosterone levels may confer increased cardiovascular risk. Whether normalization of low testosterone level improves vascular function needs further investigation.
Democratization and Foreign Aid Effectiveness in Developing Countries from 1970-2008

Despite the fact that foreign aid has flowed from the West to the developing world for several decades, debate on aid effectiveness persists. In terms of governance, the literature suggests aid can affect internal political dynamics of recipient countries, but there is little consensus on whether aid can bring wholesale democratization. In this paper, I test whether all types of foreign aid can lead to future democratization in recipient countries. I first use the definition of democracy from Cheibub et al. (2010) then replicate and extend the multinomial logit model of Kalyvitis and Vlachaki (2010) using observations from 107 countries. I follow the general pattern in the literature of averaging data over five-year time periods, also testing on annual data to see whether aid can have a more immediate effect on democratization. In both cases, aid can bring about future democratization, although the effect is small. Using data from Freedom House (2011) to test for robustness, there is almost no support for Cheibub et al. (2010). I argue that Freedom House data is not be the most applicable for this research question. Finally, there is strong additional evidence that policymakers with access to foreign aid as a policy instrument would be wise to consider country specific cultural conditions that significantly affect the process of democratization.
Linking cranial morphology to prey capture kinematics in three cleaner wrasses: Labroides dimidiatus, Larabicus quadrilineatus, and Thalassoma lutescens

Cleaner fishes are well known for removing and consuming ectoparasites off other taxa. Observers have noted that cleaners continuously "pick" ectoparasites from the bodies of their respective client organisms, but little is known about the kinematics of cleaning. While a recent study described the jaw morphology of cleaners as having small jaw-closing muscles and weak bite forces, it is unknown how these traits translate into jaw movements during feeding to capture and remove ectoparasites embedded in their clients. Here, we describe cranial morphology and kinematic patterns of feeding for three species of cleaner wrasses. Through high-speed videography of cleaner fishes feeding in two experimental treatments, we document prey capture kinematic profiles for Labroides dimidiatus, Larabicus quadrilineatus, and Thalassoma lutescens. Our results indicate that cleaning in labrids may be associated with the ability to perform low-displacement, fast jaw movements that allow for rapid and multiple gape cycles on individually targeted items. Finally, while the feeding kinematics of cleaners show notable similarities to those of "picker" cyprinodontiforms, we find key differences in the timing of events. In fact, cleaners generally seem to be able to capture prey twice as fast as cyprinodontiforms. We thus suggest that the kinematic patterns exhibited by cleaners are indicative of picking behavior, but that "pickers" may be more kinematically diverse than previously thought.
Diffusion Under External Forces

This short chapter is devoted to the relation between diffusion and mobility. Indeed, until now, the process of mass redistribution was attributed to mixing on a microscale. We now ask what effects force fields can have on this redistribution, as they affect particle flows through a drift or mobility term, in addition to the usual diffusion term.
The Development and Implementation of Satellite Educational Programs in Hospitality/Tourism Management: A Working Model

According to the International Council on Hotel Restaurant Institutional Education (CHRIE), the growth of hospitality and tourism programs offering two-year and four-year degrees is well over 1,400 institutions (Guide to College Programs in Hospitality, Tourism, & Culinary Arts, 2002). This paper will take the form of a working case study model which will go into detail of an actual operating satellite hospitality/tourism training program within the state of Maryland. Following an introduction to the satellite program, strategies in distance education will be discussed along with the future challenges facing such an endeavor. The paper will conclude with a challenge and focus to offer similar satellite/distance programs in other states within the U.S.
ECCD for Advanced Tokamak Operations Fisch‐Boozer versus Ohkawa Methods

Current can be driven using electron cyclotron waves (ECW) by optimizing either the Fisch‐Boozer mechanism (ECCD) or the Ohkawa mechanism (OKCD). In ECCD, perpendicular heating due to ECW creates an asymmetric resistivity. In OKCD, current is generated by ECW‐induced asymmetric electron trapping. OKCD is a good candidate for off‐axis CD where the ECCD effectiveness is reduced due to trapped electrons. The two mechanisms are described using the kinetic, bounce‐averaged, Fokker‐Planck code DKE with a quasilinear ECW operator. Currents and CD efficiencies for the two methods are calculated and compared in different regions of an advanced tokamak plasma. Numerical results confirm the experimental observations that ECCD is best for central CD but becomes ineffective beyond a certain radial distance from the plasma center. On the low‐field side (LFS) of this outboard region, OKCD can very effectively generate localized currents. As it is optimized on the LFS, OKCD requires lower wave frequencies than ECCD — an advantage when considering ECW sources.
Sexuality, Intimacy, Power

Prologue: A Personal Journey from Dualism to Multiplicity I. The Story So Far: Psychoanalysis, Feminism, and Politics 1. The Engagement Between Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Report from the Front 2. The Third Step: Freud, the Feminists, and Postmodernism II. Mind, Body, Culture: Psychoanalytic Studies 3. On "Our Nature," or Sex and the Single Narrative 4. The Body as Rorschach 5. Between Lust and Libido: Sex, Psychoanalysis, and the Moment Before 6. Deconstructing Difference: Gender, Splitting, and Transitional Space III. The Personal Is Political Is Theoretical: A Sampler 7. Power, Sexuality, and Intimacy 8. In the Zone of Ambivalence: A Feminist Journal of Competition 9. Perversion Is Us? Eight Notes Epilogue: Some Personal Conclusions
Low power state-parallel relaxed adaptive Viterbi decoder design and implementation

In this paper, we present an algorithm/architecture-level design solution for implementing state-parallel adaptive Viterbi decoders that, compared with their Viterbi counterparts, can achieve significant power savings and modest silicon area reduction, while maintaining almost the same decoding performance and throughput. The effectiveness of the proposed solution has been demonstrated using convolutional codes decoders as test vehicles, where Synopsys tools are used for synthesis, layout, and post-layout power estimation.
Nipple-Areola Tattoos: Making the Right Referral.

Purpose/objectives To examine oncology care providers' knowledge of tattooing options for patients who have elected to have breast reconstruction as part of their breast cancer treatment. . Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting A large metropolitan cancer center in New York and various locations across the United States . Sample 68 oncology care providers who work with women with breast cancer, distributed into two groups. Methods Descriptive statistics were used to summarize online survey responses for the two groups, with inferential comparisons made with logistic regression models . Main research variables Healthcare profession, discussion of reconstructive tattoo options with patients, knowledge of providers of reconstructive tattoos outside of traditional healthcare settings, and recommendations made to patients . Findings RNs were significantly less likely to recommend a professional tattoo artist to a patient than non-RNs, despite a similar proportion of both groups believing that a tattoo artist would provide the patient with a better tattoo than healthcare providers (HCPs). Conclusions Additional research is needed to identify education deficits in HCPs regarding tattoo reconstruction options. HCPs are recommending potentially substandard options for nipple-areola tattooing, even though many believe that tattoo artists, who are outside of the traditional healthcare setting, could provide better outcomes for patients. Implications for nursing Nurses and other HCPs require additional education about nipple-areola tattoo options for patients following breast cancer surgery .
A Hybrid Cost and Market-Based Estimator for Appraisal

Straightforward application of OLS to statistical mass appraisal models does not always produce defensible estimates due to debilitating levels of multicollinearity in the data as appraisers attempt to improve the predictive ability of their models through the inclusion of a long list of correlated property characteristics. The traditional cost approach does not suffer from this malady, but often does not predict market values well. An ideal assessment method would combine the predictive power of statistical appraisal models with the lack of cross-sectional error from the cost approach. This paper presents such a method and demonstrates its advantages both theoretically and empirically. The hybrid estimator, based upon a priori information and current market data is superior in prediction to standard OLS estimation under a variety of conditions. This superiority is demonstrated through cross-validation on random hold-out samples of various sizes.
Determination of reliability on MOCVD grown InGaP/GaAs HBT's under both thermal and current acceleration stresses

Conexant's reliability infrastructure was utilized to determine the reliability of next generation InGaP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT's). The investigated InGaP HBT's were subjected to stresses at three junction temperatures and three current densities, in order to extract both thermal and current acceleration factors. The primary failure mode we identified for all stress conditions is sudden Beta degradation characterized by an increase of base current over time. The thermal activation energy was extracted to be 0.97 eV for Beta degradation. The current acceleration of transistor lifetime is modeled as a power law relationship and we have extracted a square root dependence of lifetime on current density.
A linker that allows efficient formation of aliphatic CH bonds on polymeric supports

Abstract Alkyl group bearing polymer 10 was prepared by way of sulfide 8 and thiol 11 in high yields. Cleavage of the alkyl chain from the PEG polymer support was accomplished either by homolysis under radical conditions or by desulfurization using Raney nickel to yield the new carbon-hydrogen bond product 12 . The methodology developed will allow a variety of molecular scaffolds to be readily manipulated on a polymeric matrix.
Research in the journal Landscape Ecology , 1987–2005

This paper examined the types of research papers published in the journal Landscape Ecology. Based on the original six criteria developed by John Wiens in his 1992 study of the first five volumes, changes over time through Volume 20 were investigated. From this brief study, there was found some progress in diversifying landscape ecology. There was a modest increase in papers addressing sociological subjects, a more spread out distribution of study scales, more use of descriptive, methodological and GIS approaches, and more employment of mathematical and statistical approaches. The lack of experimental studies continued through Volume 20. A suggestion for further work is advanced.
Simultaneous measurement of marinobufagenin, ouabain, and hypertension-associated protein in various disease states.

We have previously demonstrated that a 12 kD hypertension-associated protein (HAP) is elevated in essential hypertension and that this protein has the characteristics of natriuresis, inhibition of Na-K-ATPase, displaces 3H-ouabain from binding sites, and is vasoconstrictive invitroIn the present study, plasma from 101 patients were examined [25 normals (N) age 50, 7 with acute congestive heart failure (CHF), 24 with chronic renal failure (CRF), on dialysis, 5 with idiopathic hyperaldoateronism (PA) and 27 with essential hypertension, untreated (EHT)]. Plasma was extracted with 32% acetonitrile, then analyzed by DELFIA for marinobufagenin and ouabain. In addition, from 32 patients (6 N 50, 5 CHF, 5 CRF, 6 EHT, and 4 PA) SDS gradient gels were obtained. The 12 kD bands were extracted, analyzed for Na-K-ATPase inhibition, marinobufagenin and ouabain, and compared to 14 kD and 21 kD bands. Marinobufagenin was found to be elevated in CRF, EHT, PA and CHF. Ouabain was increased only in P...
Square Roots and Inverses in E-Rings

An e-ring is a pair (R, E) consisting of an associative ring R with unity l together with a subset E ⊆ R of elements, called eflects, with properties suggested by the so-called effect operators on a Hilbert space. Examples are given in which R is a unital C*-algebra, the ring of finite elements in an ordered field, the ring of continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space, or the ring of measurable functions on a Borel space. We review the basic facts about e-rings and give a structure theorem for the case in which E satisfies the descending chain condition. Motivated by the notion of sequential observation of effects in quantum mechanics, we study the existence and uniqueness of square roots in an e-ring, we apply some of the same techniques to give conditions for the existence of multiplicative inverses, and we make contact with the theory of Jordan algebras.
Registration of 'Bailey' Peanut

‘Bailey’ (Reg. No. CV-111, PI 659502) is a large-seeded virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) with partial resistance to fi ve diseases that occur commonly in the Virginia-Carolina production area: early leaf spot (caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori), late leaf spot [caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Deighton], Cylindrocladium black rot [caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Alfenas], Sclerotinia blight ( caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger), and tomato spotted wilt (caused by Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus). It also has partial resistance to southern stem rot (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.). Bailey was developed as part of a program of selection for multiple-disease resistance funded by growers, seedsmen, shellers, and processors. Bailey was tested under the experimental designation N03081T and was released by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS) in 2008. Bailey was tested by the NCARS, the Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station, and fi ve other state agricultural experiment stations and the USDA-ARS units participating in the Uniform Peanut Performance Tests. Bailey has an alternate branching pattern, an intermediate runner growth habit, medium green foliage, and high contents of fancy pods and medium virginia-type seeds. It has approximately 34% jumbo and 46% fancy pods, seeds with tan testas and an average weight of 823 mg seed −1 , and an extra large kernel content of approximately 42%. Bailey is named in honor of the late Dr. Jack E. Bailey, formerly the peanut breeding project’s collaborating plant pathologist.
Crystallization and Atomic Resolution X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Antichymotrypsin Variants

Abstract Crystals of two recombinant antichymotrypsin (rACT) variants have been prepared:variant rACT-T345R crystallizes in space group P2 1 (a = 109.2 A, b = 79.4 A, c = 111.9 A, β = 116.3°, with 2 molecules in the asymmetric unit), and variant ACT′ crystallizes in spacegroup P2 1 22 1 (a = 69.7 A, b = 77.2 A, c = 83.8 A, with one molecule in the asymmetric unit). The latter variant is an engineered dimer having the P3-P3′ hexapeptide sequence of the related serpin, α 1 -proteinase inhibitor, substituted for the corresponding wild-type sequence. Crystals of each variant diffract to a limiting resolution of 2.5 A, which represents the best diffraction yet achieved for a crystalline, inhibitory serpin. The exceptional quality of ACT′ crystals probably arises from favorable protein-protein interactions as well as a stabilizing disulfide crosslink engineered between the monomers.
Six-Month Outcomes from a Randomized Controlled Trial to Prevent Perinatal Depression in Low-Income Home Visiting Clients

Perinatal depression (PD) has negative consequences for mothers and children and is more prevalent among women of low socioeconomic status. Home visitation programs serve low-income pregnant women at risk for PD. This study tested the efficacy of a group-based cognitive behavioral intervention (Mothers and Babies Course; MB) in reducing depressive symptoms and preventing the onset of perinatal depression among low-income women enrolled in home visitation. A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Seventy-eight women who were pregnant or had a child less than 6 months of age and who were assessed as at risk for PD were randomized to the MB intervention or usual home visiting services. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and 1-week, 3- and 6-months post-intervention; depressive episodes were assessed with a clinical interview at the 6-month follow-up. Depressive symptoms declined at a significantly greater rate for intervention participants than usual care participants between baseline and 1-week, 3 and 6 months post-intervention. At the 6-month follow-up, 15 % of women who received the MB intervention had experienced a major depressive episode as compared with 32 % of women receiving usual care. Integrating mental health interventions into home visitation appears to be a promising approach for preventing PD. Cognitive behavioral techniques can be effective in preventing depression in perinatal populations and treating it.
Social mobility and the educational choices of Asian Americans

Abstract In this paper, we propose a synthetic framework, “strategic adaptation,” for understanding the social mobility process of Asian Americans. We argue that Asian Americans consciously choose occupations where they can effectively cope with potential discrimination and other disadvantages by achieving marketable credentials. Our empirical analyses are primarily based on data from the 1988–1994 National Educational Longitudinal Survey. There are four main findings from our study. First, Asian American youth tend to choose occupations with a high representation of Asian workers and high average earnings/education, relative to whites, even after controlling for socioeconomic background and academic performance. Second, Asians are more likely than whites to expect to enter college and to major in fields that have high financial payoffs. Third, a large fraction of this racial gap is attributable to occupational expectation. Finally, Asians are more likely than are whites to actually enroll in college and to pursue high-earning majors, and these racial differences are attributable to both educational expectation and occupational expectation.
An Efficient Biomimetic Synthesis of Some Marine Sponge Tyrosine Metabolites

Abstract The oxidation of tyrosine ethyl ester and O-benzyl protected o-tyrosine methyl ester with either sodium tungstate/hydrogen peroxide or DMD gave the corresponding tyrosine oximes in high yields. Controlled bromination of the aromatic ring gave either the monobromo oxime, the dibromo oxime, or the spiroisoxazoline depending upon reaction conditions. The bromo tyrosine oximes were further transformed into the naturally occurring nitriles by base hydrolysis of the oximino esters and decarboxylation of the resulting oximino acids with trifluoroacetic acid in CP2Cl2.
Ovarian cryopreservation with transposition of a contralateral ovary: a combined approach for fertility preservation in women receiving pelvic radiation.

Objective To describe a technique of fertility preservation by ovarian transposition combined with ovarian cryopreservation in the setting of oncologic pelvic radiation for a reproductive age woman. Design Case report. Setting IVF center at a tertiary care hospital. Patient(s) Thirty-year-old nulligravid women who previously underwent lumbar spinal cord tumor debulking requested fertility preservation before pelvic radiation. Intervention(s) Laparoscopic ovarian transposition with cryopreservation of the contralateral ovary. Main Outcome Measure(s) New technique in fertility preservation. Result(s) Laparoscopic surgery was used to evaluate, select, and remove a single ovary that then underwent cryopreservation. Transposition of the remaining ovary was subsequently successfully performed, placing it of out of the pelvis. Conclusion(s) The combination of ovarian cryopreservation and ovarian transposition may maximize future fertility options for women facing pelvic irradiation. This combined approach should be included among the options offered to reproductive age women before pelvic radiation.
Description of new species of Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 from the Western Ghats of India with the redescription of Stenaelurilluslesserti Reimoser, 1934 and notes on mating plug in the genus (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae).

A new species of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886, Stenaelurillus albus sp. n., is described from the Western Ghats of India, one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world. Detailed morphological descriptions, diagnostic features and illustrations of copulatory organs of both sexes are given. Detailed redescription, diagnosis and illustration of Stenaelurillus lesserti Reimoser, 1934 are provided. The occurrence of a mating plug in the genus is reported.
A brief, effective method for teaching children to swallow pills

A modeling and shaping procedure was used to teach 6- to 14-year-old children to swallow pills and/or capsules. Using a multiple baseline across subjects design, five of the six subjects learned the skill in one 30- to 60-min training session. High rates of success were attained at 3-month follow-up.
Assay of quinacrine hydrochloride

Comparison of USP method for the assay of quinacrine hydrochloride involving precipitation of the dichromate salt and determination of the excess dichromate with the nonaqueous titration using a visual end point and a proposed nonaqueous titration with a potentiometric end point, shows that all three methods give the same results, with the nonaqueous methods superior in reproducibility and rapidity. The proposed method is also satisfactorily applied to the assay of quinacrine hydrochloride tablets.
Cost-utility analysis of botulinum toxin type A products for the treatment of cervical dystonia.

Purpose A cost-utility analysis of botulinum toxin type A products for the treatment of cervical dystonia (CD) was conducted. Methods A cost-utility analysis of botulinum toxin type A products was conducted from the U.S. government perspective using a decision-analysis model with a one-year time horizon. Probabilities of the model were taken from several studies using the three botulinum type A products approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of CD: onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox), abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport), and incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin). The main outcome measurement was successful treatment response with botulinum toxin type A, measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Response was defined as a patient who experienced improvement of CD symptoms without a severe adverse event. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted to test robustness of the base-case results. Results All three botulinum toxin type A agents were cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY. Xeomin was the most cost-effective with a cost-effectiveness ratio of $27,548 per QALY. Xeomin was dominant over the alternative agents with equivalent efficacy outcomes and lower costs. Dysport had the second lowest cost-effectiveness ratio ($36,678), followed by Botox ($49,337). The probabilistic sensitivity analysis supported the results of the base-case analysis. Dysport was associated with the lowest wastage (2.2%), followed by Xeomin (10%) and Botox (22.9%). Conclusion A cost-utility analysis found that Xeomin was the more cost-effective botulinum toxin type A product compared with Botox and Dysport for the treatment of CD. Wastage associated with the respective products may have a large effect on the cost-effectiveness of the agents.
Correlations between the interfacial chemistry and current‐voltage behavior of n‐GaAs/liquid junctions

Correlations between the surface chemistry of etched, (100) oriented n-GaAs electrodes and their subsequent photoelectrochemical behavior have been probed by high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. GaAs photoanodes were chemically treated to prepare either an oxide-free near stoichiometric surface, a surface enriched in zero-valent arsenic (As0), or a substrate-oxide terminated surface. The current-voltage (I-V) behavior of each surface type was subsequently monitored in contact with several electrolytes.
Percutaneous approaches to enteral alimentation

Feeding gastrostomy and jejunostomy provide effective access for long-term enteral nutrition. Traditional operative techniques for the performance of these procedures requires laparotomy and often, general anesthesia. This report describes our experience with two relatively new methods, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy. Results of percutaneous gastrostomy and jejunostomy to date in 323 cases include a morbidity of 5.9 percent and a 0.3 percent operative mortality. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and jejunostomy should become the procedures of choice for the establishment of enteral access in patients requiring long-term enteral alimentation.
Why do we do as we do

Patterns, Thinking, and Cognition: A Theory of Judgment. By Howard Margolis. University of Chicago Press: 1988. Pp.332. Hbk$45, £35.95; pbk$15.95, £12.95.
Progress on a 250 GHz photonic band gap gyrotron traveling wave tube

The design of a 250 GHz gyro-TWT for nanosecond pulse amplification with gain exceeding 50 dB is presented. The amplifier uses a novel PBG interaction circuit that confines a TE 03 -like mode while providing lower-order mode suppression. Ongoing experimental installation and cold test results for the photonic structure will be discussed.
Estimates of biomechanical forces in Magnaporthe grisea.

Abstract The mechanical actions of the fungus Magnaporthe grisea raise many intriguing questions concerning the forces involved. These include: (1) the material properties of the appressorial wall; (2) the strength of the adhesive that keeps the appressorium anchored to the rice leaf surface; and (3) the forces involved in the penetration process whereby a peg is driven through the host cell wall. In this paper we give order of magnitude estimates for all three of these quantities. A simple Young-Laplace law type argument is used to show that the appressorial wall elastic modulus is of order 10–100 MPa; and an adaptation of standard adhesion theory indicates a lower bound on the strength of the appressorial adhesive to be of the order 500 J/m 2 . Drawing on ideas from plasticity theory and ballistics, estimates of the penetration force raise interesting questions about experiments performed on the penetration of inert substrates by the fungus.
Microheterogeneity in Dye-Doped Silicate and Polymer Films

Single molecule confocal microspectroscopic methods are used to characterize individual molecular-scale environments in silicate thin films for the first time. Rhodamine dyes doped into the materia...
Chlorinated ethenes from groundwater in tree trunks

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether tree-core analysis could be used to delineate shallow groundwater contamination by chlorinated ethenes. Analysis of tree cores from bald cypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich], tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.), sweet gum (Liquidambar stryaciflua L.), oak (Quercus spp.), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) growing over shallow groundwater contaminated with cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) showed that those compounds also were present in the trees. The cores were collected and analyzed by headspace gas chromatography. Bald cypress, tupelo, and loblolly pine contained the highest concentrations of TCE, with lesser amounts in nearby oak and sweet gum. The concentrations of cDCE and TCE in various trees appeared to reflect the configuration of the chlorinated-solvent groundwater contamination plume. Bald cypress cores collected along 18.6-m vertical transects of the same trunks showed that TCE concentrations decline by 30--70% with trunk height. The ability of the tested trees to take up cDCE and TCE make tree coring a potentially cost-effective and simple approach to optimizing well placement at this site.
El Niño teleconnections in CMIP5 models

Teleconnections associated with warm El Nino/southern oscillation (ENSO) events in 20 climate model intercomparison project 5 (CMIP5) models have been compared with reanalysis observations. Focus has been placed on compact time and space indices, which can be assigned a specific statistical confidence. Nearly all of the models have surface temperature, precipitation and 250 hPa geopotential height departures in the Tropics that are in good agreement with the observations. Most of the models also have realistic anomalies of Northern Hemisphere near-surface temperature, precipitation and 500 hPa geopotential height. Model skill for these variables is significantly related to the ability of a model to accurately simulate Tropical 250 hPa height departures. Additionally, most models have realistic temperature and precipitation anomalies over North America, which are linked to a model’s ability to simulate Tropical 250 hPa and Northern Hemisphere 500 hPa height departures. The skills of temperature and precipitation departures over the Northern Hemisphere and North America are associated with the ability to realistically simulate realistic ENSO frequency and length. Neither horizontal nor vertical resolution differences for either the model atmosphere or ocean are significantly related at the 95 % level to variations in El Nino simulation quality. Overall, recent versions of earlier models have improved in their ability to simulate El Nino teleconnections. For instance, the average model skills of temperature and precipitation for the Tropics, Northern Hemisphere and North America for 11 CMIP5 models are all larger than those for prior versions.
Differential expression of cytokines in breast cancer patients receiving different chemotherapies: implications for cognitive impairment research

Purpose Altered levels of cytokines and chemokines may play a role in cancer- and cancer treatment-related cognitive difficulties. In many neurodegenerative diseases, abnormal concentrations of cytokines and chemokines affect neuronal integrity leading to cognitive impairments, but the role of cytokines in chemotherapy-related cognitive difficulties in cancer patients is not well understood. Patients receiving doxorubicin-based (with cyclophosphamide, or cyclophosphamide plus fluorouracil; AC/CAF) chemotherapy or cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil (CMF) chemotherapy report experiencing cognitive difficulties; because these regimens work by different modes of action, it is possible that they differentially affect cytokine levels.
New Applications a Recent Research

Hughes Aircraft Company is developing a fiber optics communications system for the US Army that will enable a safely concealed gunner to remotely direct a guided missile to a battlefield target. Hughes and its principal subcontractor, ITT Electro-Optical Products Division, are working on techniques to enable communication between an airborne missile and a gunner at the launch site via a fine fiber-optic thread. Program officials say the system has the potential to provide the basis for a lowcost lock-on-after-launch anti-armor missile with extended range and immunity to enemy countermeasures.
Enumeration of Viral Capsid Assembly Pathways: Tree Orbits Under Permutation Group Action

This paper uses combinatorics and group theory to answer questions about the assembly of icosahedral viral shells. Although the geometric structure of the capsid (shell) is fairly well understood in terms of its constituent subunits, the assembly process is not. For the purpose of this paper, the capsid is modeled by a polyhedron whose facets represent the monomers. The assembly process is modeled by a rooted tree, the leaves representing the facets of the polyhedron, the root representing the assembled polyhedron, and the internal vertices representing intermediate stages of assembly (subsets of facets). Besides its virological motivation, the enumeration of orbits of trees under the action of a finite group is of independent mathematical interest. If G is a finite group acting on a finite set X, then there is a natural induced action of G on the set \(\mathcal{T}_{X}\) of trees whose leaves are bijectively labeled by the elements of X. If G acts simply on X, then |X|:=|Xn|=n⋅|G|, where n is the number of G-orbits in X. The basic combinatorial results in this paper are (1) a formula for the number of orbits of each size in the action of G on \(\mathcal{T}_{X_{n}}\), for every n, and (2) a simple algorithm to find the stabilizer of a tree \(\tau\in\mathcal{T} _{X}\) in G that runs in linear time and does not need memory in addition to its input tree. These results help to clarify the effect of symmetry on the probability and number of assembly pathways for icosahedral viral capsids, and more generally for any finite, symmetric macromolecular assembly.
An Aspect of Political Socialization of Student Movement Participants in Korea

This article tests hypotheses from two perspectives, lineage socialization and generation unit, on Korean student protest participation, using 360 self-administered questionnaires collected at thre...
Survival of spinach-associated Helicobacter pylori in the viable but nonculturable state

The environmental reservoir and mode of transmission of Helicobacter pylori is currently unknown due to difficulties in isolating H. pylori from non-human sources. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of H. pylori to survive in a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state when in association with spinach. H. pylori cells rapidly became non-detectable by plating, however mRNA transcripts were detected 6 days after the cells were introduced to the spinach. It was found that exposure to white light rapidly induced the VBNC state in H. pylori, suggesting sunlight may be a factor in loss of culturability of this pathogen. Our study indicates that spinach-associated H. pylori cells can remain viable and virulent despite their lack of culturability, which may help explain the lack of culturability from environmental sources.
GENETIC BASIS OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIES IN HETEROBASIDION ANNOSUM: MENDELIAN DETERMINANTS

Mating experiments were conducted to determine the existence of biological species (intersterility groups) of the root-rotting fungus, Heterobasidion annosum (Basidiomycotina, Homobasidiomycetes) i...
Path integrals without lattices

Abstract One can approximate path integrals by expanding the fields in terms of a complete set of functions, by truncating the expansion, and by using Monte Carlo techniques to evaluate the resulting finite-dimensional integrals. The errors introduced by these approximations are quite small, at least for the harmonic and anharmonic oscillators.
The Influence of Culture on Anxiety in Latino Youth: A Review

This article reviews the literature on how culture influences anxiety in Latino youth. First, a review of cross-cultural variations in prevalence and measurement is presented. Then, the article focuses on how culture impacts the meaning and expression of anxiety. Specifically, we discuss the meaning and expression of anxiety, the impact of culture on anxiety at a societal level and through its effect on family and cognitive processes, and the influence of immigration and acculturation on anxiety. Finally, we propose recommendations on how to advance the literature in this area building on existing knowledge.