cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of age at mating on the rate of egg laying in the cricket, Teleogryllus commodus

Abstract As female crickets, Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) age there is a progressive change in their ability to produce eggs as indicated by the number deposited. Virgin females lay very few eggs (11/week) when only one week old, but the number increases to an average value of 160/week by the age 3, 5 or 7 weeks post imago. There is essentially no change in the number of eggs oviposited when very young (1 week old) or senescent (7 weeks old) females are mated, but there is a dramatic increase in the long term production of eggs when females are mated at middle age (3 and 5 weeks old). The results are correlated with previously published data from this species on the JH III titres of virgin females and females mated at different ages. Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung des Alters zur Zeit der Begattung auf die Eiablagerate der Grille Teleogryllus commodus Das Altern von T. commodus-Weibchen bringt eine fortschreitende Veranderung in ihrer Eiproduktion mit sich, die sich in der Anzahl von abgelegten Eiern ausdruckt. Wahrend 1 Woche-alte, unbegattete Weibchen wenige Eier (11/Woche) ablegen, steigt ihre Zahl im Alter von 3, 5 oder 7 Wochen auf einen Durchschnittswert von 160/Woche an. Eine Begattung von jungfraulichen Weibchen im Alter von 1 Woche oder 7 Wochen andert die Anzahl der abgelegten Eier nicht, wogegen sich bei 3–5 Wochen alten Weibchen zu einem dramatischen Anstieg in der langfristigen Eiproduktion fuhrt. Die Ergebnisse sind mit fruher publizierten Daten an T. commodus korreliert, die unterschiedliche JH III Titer in unbegatteten und begatteten Weibchen aufzeigten.
Natural convection in porous media bounded by concentric spheres and horizontal cylinders

Abstract The present paper reports the results of an analytical investigation of natural convection in porous media completely enclosed by concentric spheres and horizontal cylinders. The steady, two-dimensional problem has been solved by the method of finite differences and the method of regular perturbations. The variations of the overall heat transfer with the modified Rayleigh number, the non-dimensional external heat-transfer coefficient, and the radius ratio have been assessed. Results indicate that a maximum value of the heat transfer occurs for the spherical and cylindrical geometries dependent solely upon the radius ratio for each geometry. The flow field has been examined and compared for the two geometries. An interesting feature is manifested by the occurrence of a relatively stagnant and stable cold region at the bottom of the enclosure if the inner bounding surface is considered to be heated, thus shifting the center of the gross circulation from the horizontal. Additionally, a possible qualitative analogy between the nature of the free convection when the enclosure is filled with a porous medium and when the enclosure is filled solely with a Newtonian fluid is scrutinized. Finally, some algebraic correlations of the data are set forth for the convenience of practical applications.
Analysis by liquid chromatography of desipramine in aqueous solutions and plasma application of dichlorotriazinylaminofluorescein (DTAF) as a pre-column fluorescent derivatising agent for selected secondary amines.

Abstract Dichlorotriazinylaminofluorescein (DTAF) has been proposed as a fluorescent derivatising agent for secondary aliphatic amines. In this report, its applicability as a pre-column reagent is demonstrated by its use in the analysis of aqueous solutions and plasma samples of the tricyclic antidepressant, desipramine. Samples were processed by liquid—solid extraction onto XAD-2 resin, followed by DTAF derivatisation of the fraction of the column effluent containing analyte. The reaction mixture was then subjected to HPLC using a dual column switching configuration that was designed to (a) separate excess DTAF from the reaction product, and to (b) achieve the necessary analytical resolution. Fluorometric detection of the analyte in column effluent afforded a sensitivity of 150 fmol of desipramine injected on-column, a 2–3 order of magnitude increase in sensitivity relative to previously described methods. DTAF appears to be a convenient reagent for fluorescence derivatisation of N-methyl secondary amines prior to their HPLC analysis.
Stimulation of VLF amplification in the magnetosphere

Among the various plasma instabilities that exert influence on the dynamic equilibrium state of the magnetosphere, the cyclotron-resonance interaction appears to be the most accessible to artificial stimulation. The strength of the interaction is sensitive to both the background magnetoplasma parameters and the hot energetic particle distribution. Thus, proper modification of one or more conditions can induce significant wave amplification at the expense of hot plasma energy density. Several methods of hot and cold plasma injection have been investigated with the linear theory to assess their effectiveness as a means of stimulating amplification. Only the interaction of VLF waves (3–30 kHz) with hot electrons (0.1–100 keV) is treated here. The injection of a dense jet of barium that travels upward along the geomagnetic field causes appreciable amplification when the jet is within 30° of the geomagnetic equator. Injection of a geosynchronous lithium cloud stimulates amplification of both VLF and ULF waves, but the magnitude depends critically on the state of geomagnetic activity. Conventional hot electron beams may also amplify narrow frequency bands, but the net wave energy is severely limited by the beam energy. Although the cyclotron-resonance is recognized as a dominant interaction in magnetospheric dynamics, its properties have never been confirmed quantitatively by appropriate spacecraft experiments. Controlled injections would provide important insight into this fundamental process because the induced amplification has a well-defined signature.
Aliphatic petroleum and biogenic hydrocarbons entering Narragansett Bay from tributaries under dry weather conditions

The temporal variability of hydrocarbon inputs from rivers discharging into Narragansett Bay under dry weather conditions, as well as the elucidation of the types and sources of hydrocarbons found in urban rivers, has been investigated. The rivers studied, the Blackstone, the Pawtuxet, the Moshassuck, and the Woonasquatucket, constitute the majority of river flow to the estuary. The unfiltered river water samples were extracted and analyzed for total aliphatic hydrocarbons, including natural and petroleum-derived species. The results of the year-long study revealed consistent oil pollution in all of the rivers sampled. Crankcase oil was ubiquitous, but the presence as well of fuel oils and, particularly in the Moshassuck River, gasoline (or kerosene), demonstrate that these rivers are subject to considerable oil pollution stress. The average concentration of hydrocarbons was ≈37 μg l−1 which, according to some toxicologists, indicates that sensitive organisms may be under stress. In addition, most samples showed evidence of small amounts of terrigenous plant wax hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon concentrations are comparable to those in other urban rivers but are higher than in rivers from rural areas; moreover, they did not vary in any systematic way with season. The mass transport of hydrocarbons in each of the rivers generally mimicked trends in river discharge, thereby emitting the lowest mass to the estuary in the summer and increasing throughout the remainder of the year. Moreover, due primarily to relative discharge differences, the Blackstone and Pawtuxet rivers constitute 90% of the total calculated flux of hydrocarbons from all four rivers. By combining the results from this investigation with those from previous studies, it was possible to obtain an estimate of the total annual inputs of these contaminants to Narragansett Bay. Total annual loads from rivers and wastewater treatment facilities were approximately 240 mt. When sources such as wet weather inputs were included, the total increased to 420 mt yr−1. This value represents direct current inputs to the system and is considerably lower than previously published estimates. The current direct input estimate, while indicative of an improving situation, differs from previous estimates in that the latter were based upon calculations that approximated the long-term loadings from the watersheds, most of which are likely accumulating above the fall-lines of rivers throughout the watershed. Nevertheless, the current loadings represent a significant chronic flux of hydrocarbons to Narragansett Bay. For example, this estimate indicates that an amount equal to approximately 43% of the oil discharged into Narragansett Bay from the recent World Prodigy oil spill enters the estuary from chronic sources every year.
Oxidation-reduction properties of the hemoglobin of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana.

Abstract 1. 1. Isolated opossum hemoglobin is found to be more susceptible to oxidation by several oxidizing agents than is human hemoglobin A. 2. 2. Opossum methemoglobin is found to be more susceptible to reduction by several reducing agents than is human hemoglobin A. 3. 3. These results are due to amino acid differences between the two hemoglobins, including the replacement of the distal histidine residue in the alpha chains of hemoglobin A by a glutamine residue in these subunits of opossum hemoglobin. 4. 4. Such differences also appear to be responsible for the ability of the opossum red cell NADH methemoglobin reductase to maintain opossum hemoglobin in the functional ferrous form.
The Global Response of Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 to UVA Stress, Assessed in a Temporal DNA Microarray Study

Cyanobacteria in nature are exposed not only to the visible spectrum of sunlight but also to its harmful ultraviolet components (UVA and UVB). We used Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 as a model to study the UVA response by analyzing global gene expression patterns using genomic microarrays. UVA exposure resulted in the statistically detectable differential expression of 573 genes of the 6903 that were probed, compared with that of the control cultures. Of those genes, 473 were up-regulated, while only 100 were down-regulated. Many of the down-regulated genes were involved in photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis, indicating a significant shift in this metabolism. As expected, we detected the up-regulation of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and the sunscreen, scytonemin. However, a majority of the up-regulated genes, 47%, were unassignable bioinformatically to known functional categories, suggesting that the UVA stress response is not well understood. Interestingly, the most dramatic up-regulation involved several contiguous genes of unassigned metabolism on plasmid A. This is the first global UVA stress response analysis of any phototrophic microorganism and the differential expression of 8% of the genes of the Nostoc genome indicates that adaptation to UVA in Nostoc has been an evolutionary force of significance.
Co-occurring posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms after sexual assault: A latent profile analysis

BACKGROUND: Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression frequently co-occur, but their distinctiveness following trauma remains unclear. We examined patterns of PTSD and depression symptoms after sexual assault to evaluate the extent to which assault survivors primarily reported symptoms of both disorders or whether there were meaningfully distinct subgroups with discordant PTSD and depression symptoms. METHODS: Latent profile analysis was used to examine self-reported PTSD and depression symptoms among 119 female sexual assault survivors at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-months post-assault. RESULTS: At all time points, a 4-class solution fit the data best, revealing four subgroups with low, low-moderate, high-moderate, and severe levels of both PTSD and depression symptoms. Within each subgroup, PTSD symptom severity co-occurred with comparable depression symptom severity. At no time point were there reliable subgroups with discordant PTSD and depression symptom severities. Emotional numbing, hyperarousal, and overall PTSD symptom severity reliably distinguished each class from the others. Class membership at 1-month post-assault predicted subsequent class membership and functional impairment. LIMITATIONS: Additional research is needed to evaluate predictors of class membership, temporal stability of classes, and generalizability to other trauma populations. CONCLUSIONS: Co-occurring and comparably severe PTSD and depression symptoms are pervasive among female sexual assault survivors. The absence of a distinct subset of individuals with only PTSD or depression symptoms suggests that PTSD and depression may be manifestations of a general posttraumatic stress response rather than distinct disorders after trauma. Integrated treatments targeting both PTSD and depression symptoms may therefore prove more efficient and effective. Language: en
Of Fans, Friends, and Followers: Methods for Assessing Social Media Outreach in Special Collections Repositories

Increasing adoption and implementation of social media applications suggests a cultural shift in the way special collections departments communicate with external constituents. Research shows many social networking tools are used successfully to connect with special collections patrons, but limited documentation exists to describe whether special collections departments receive demonstrable returns for the time, effort, and energy expended to sustain social media activity. This article provides the results of an empirical study that examined social media usage in special collections departments at 125 Association of Research Libraries member institutions. By analyzing publicly available data from profiles on a variety of social media platforms, the authors explore how special collections units employ social networking tools and whether it is possible to determine success in terms of benefits received by the department, such as increased dialogue between departments and supporters. By using return on inves...
Current advances in the surgical approach to abdominal trauma.

Summary The management of abdominal injury has changed dramatically during the past two decades.This review examines the historic perspectives and recent developments of diagnosis and treatment of liver injuries, splenic injuries, and pancreatic injuries. The incorporation of non-operative management for liver injuries has had a very positive effect on mortality. Likewise, splenic conservative therapy is routinely used. The early treatment of pancreatic injury has changed very little; however, the ability to recognize these difficult injuries has improved with higher quality CT scanning. The authors present their preferred treatment for these three common types of abdominal solid organ injury and present an illustrative case example.
Integration of New Technology for Research in the Emergency Department: Feasibility of Deploying a Robotic Assessment Tool for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Evaluation

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the effective deployment of a robotic assessment tool for the evaluation of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) patients in a busy, resource-constrained, urban emergency department (ED). Methods: Functional integration of new robotic technology for research in the ED presented several obstacles that required a multidisciplinary approach, including participation from electrical and computer engineers, emergency medicine clinicians, and clinical operations staff of the hospital. Our team addressed many challenges in deployment of this advanced technology including: 1) adapting the investigational device for the unique clinical environment; 2) acquisition and maintenance of appropriate testing space for point-of-care assessment; and 3) dedicated technical support and upkeep of the device. Upon successful placement of the robotic device in the ED, the clinical study required screening of all patients presenting to the ED with complaints of head injury. Eligible patients were enrolled and tested using a robot-assisted test battery. Three weeks after the injury, patients were contacted to complete follow-up assessments. Results: Adapting the existing technology to meet anticipated physical constraints of the ED was performed by engineering a mobile platform. Due to the large footprint of the device, it was frequently moved before ultimately being fully integrated into the ED. Over 14 months, 1423 patients were screened. Twenty-eight patients could not be enrolled because the device was unavailable due to operations limitations. Technical problems with the device resulted in failure to include 20 patients. A total of 66 mTBI patients were enrolled and 42 of them completed both robot-assisted testing and follow-up assessment. Successful completion of screening and enrollment demonstrated that the challenges associated with integration of investigational devices into the ED can be effectively addressed through a collaborative patient-oriented research model. Conclusion: Effective deployment and use of new robotic technology for research in an urban academic ED required significant planning, coordination, and collaboration with key personnel from multiple disciplines. Clinical Impact: A pilot clinical study on mTBI patients using the robotic device provided useful data without disrupting the ED workflow. Integration of this technology into the ED serves as an important step toward pursing active clinical research in an acute care setting.
Effect of pure O2-breathing on retinal blood flow in normals and in patients with background diabetic retinopathy.

The noninvasive Laser Doppler velocimetry technique was applied in normal volunteers and in patients with background diabetic retinopathy to determine retinal blood flow during pure oxygen breathin...
Approximation Algorithms for Cell Association and Scheduling in Femtocell Networks

Femtocells are recognized as effective for improving network coverage and capacity and for reducing power consumption due to the reduced range of wireless transmissions. Although highly appealing, a plethora of challenging problems need to be addressed for fully harvesting its potential. In this paper, we investigate the problem of cell association and service scheduling in femtocell networks. In addition to the general goal of offloading traffic from the macrobase station (BS), we also aim at minimizing the latency of service requested by the users, while considering both open and closed access strategies. We show that the cell association problem is NP-hard, and propose several near-optimal solution algorithms for assigning users to BSs, including a sequential fixing algorithm, a rounding approximation algorithm, a greedy approximation algorithm, and a randomized algorithm. For service scheduling, we develop an optimal algorithm to minimize the average waiting time for the users associated with the same BS. The proposed algorithms are analyzed with respect to performance bounds, approximation ratios, and optimality, and are evaluated with simulations.
Separation of buoyant particles from an aqueous dispersion of corn germ particles using a bubble column

Abstract Experiments were conducted to study the use of a bubble column to separate oil from dispersions of corn germ particles in buffered aqueous solution. Particles and aggregates as large as 1 mm which contained oil droplets about 1 – 2 μ m in size were suspended in the dispersions. The dispersion was subsequently heated, dosed with enzyme and pumped into a bubble column. Buoyant fine particles and aggregates were lifted through the 2.9 L of the dispersion in a column by nitrogen bubbles and were incorporated into a foam layer at the top of the liquid. The foam drained from the column through a port a few cm above the top of the dispersion and was collected and subsequently centrifuged to separate a free oil layer. The oil yields were comparable to those obtained by centrifuging entire dispersions churned in an incubator/shaker without the bubbling and foaming. With only endogenous surfactant present in the dispersion, the collected foam comprised a quarter of the dispersion mass and about 3 / 4 of the dispersion's oil (half as a separate oil layer after centrifugation). The rate of free oil collection was the same whether or not the dispersion was bubbled for several hours prior to foam collection.
Fundamental constants: a cool way to measure big G.

Published results of the gravitational constant, a measure of the strength of gravity, have failed to converge. An approach that uses cold atoms provides a new data point in the quest to determine this fundamental constant. See Letter p.518 The Newtonian gravitational constant G, also known as the universal gravitational constant or 'big G', is a fundamental physical constant that is used in the calculation of gravitational attraction between two bodies. There are several ways to measure G with high precision, but these measurements disagree, presumably because of the intervention of unknown errors in the different experiments. With the aim of identifying and ultimately removing the systematic errors that give rise to these discrepancies, Gabriele Rosi and colleagues have carried out a high-precision measurement of G using quantum interferometry with laser-cooled atoms, an experimental approach that differs radically from previous determinations. The authors obtain a value for G with a precision of ∼0.015% — approaching that of the traditional measurements, and with prospects for considerable further improvement. Although this result doesn't yet solve the problem of the discrepant measurements, the use of such a radically different technique holds promise for identifying the systematic errors that have plagued previous determinations.
From Text to Work: Digital Tools and the Emergence of the Social Text

The essay is a study of how critical editions work, whether in paper-based forms or in electronic forms. The first section – more than half the essay – gives a close examination to J. C. C. Mays’s superb recent (Bollingen) edition of Coleridge’s poetry. This analysis establishes the terms for investigating the opportunities that digital technology supplies for scholars pursuing a close study of the socio-historical character of literary works. This investigation pivots around the seminal work of D. F. McKenzie, whose theory of the social-text edition argues for a more comprehensive kind of editorial method. This essay argues that the method can be best realized through digital resources. It concludes with a discussion of The Rossetti Archive as a “proof of concept” experiment to test the social-text approach to editorial method.
Las rutas de señales de la insulina: mecanismos de integración de la homeostasis energética y la reproducción

La reproduccion en las hembras de mamiferos es extremadamente sensible a la disponibilidad de combustibles metabolicos. Esta relacion entre la homeostasis energetica y la reproduccion ha sido reconocida durante decadas. Asi, la restriccion dietetica intensa, los estados catabolicos y el exceso del gasto energetico deterioran la fertilidad humana. Del mismo modo, la obesidad resultante de una mayor ingestion que la requerida por el cuerpo esta asociada con situaciones de infertilidad como en el sindrome de ovarios policisticos. Por ello, la reproduccion, la ingestion de alimento y la utilizacion de combustibles constituyen las respuestas homeostaticas reguladas por senales metabolicas. Asi, la capacidad reproductiva en organismos inferiores como el gusano y la mosca esta tambien influida por la disponibilidad de alimento y las reservas de energia. Sin embargo, el modo preciso de la regulacion de la actividad reproductiva por la nutricion y la energia metabolica continua siendo una cuestion sin resolver de la biologia moderna. Se postula que la insulina es la principal hormona reguladora del metabolismo de hidratos de carbono en el organismo y junto con las rutas de senales dependientes de ella, desempena un papel primordial en la homeostasis de combustibles metabolicos. Verificaciones recientes procedentes de modelos animales demuestran que la accion de la insulina tambien regula la ingestion de comida, el peso corporal y la capacidad de reproduccion, implicando a las rutas de senalizacion de la insulina como la conexion mecanistica entre el metabolismo y la regulacion neuroendocrina de la fertilidad. La delecion de IRS-2, uno de los principales sustratos del receptor de insulina, produce en el raton defectos tanto metabolicos como reproductivos. Las ratonas deficientes en IRS-2 demuestran una moderada intolerancia a glucosa, resistencia a insulina, hiperfagia y una discreta obesidad. Curiosamente, estos animales son infertiles debido a defectos en el ovario y/o en el eje hipotalamo-pituitario-ovarico. Aqui se revisan las perspectivas historicas del control metabolico de la reproduccion haciendo un especial enfasis en las contribuciones de la senalizacion de la insulina. Ademas, nuestra revision se centra en las observaciones recientes del modelo knockout de IRS-2, que nos ha proporcionado una evidencia directa de que la fertilidad requiere la integracion de senales metabolicas y reproductivas. Basandonos en el papel de las rutas de senalizacion de la insulina en la regulacion de la fertilidad, el metabolismo y la longevidad en C. elegans y Drosophila, nuestra hipotesis de trabajo es que las rutas de senales mediadas por IRS-2 representan un mecanismo conservado evolutivamente que comunica la homeostasis energetica con la fisiologia de la reproduccion.
Characterization of ceramic composite materials using terahertz reflection imaging technique

THz time-domain reflection imaging is performed to do non-destructive evaluation on ceramic composite materials in order to characterize changes in material properties due to mechanical and thermal strain.
Partner violence and survivors' chronic health problems: informing social work practice

Although most social work professionals may expect that women who experience partner violence will sustain acute physical injuries, social workers may be less knowledgeable about the chronic health problems with which violence survivors often struggle. To inform social work practice, we reviewed and synthesized the recently published research on health outcomes associated with partner violence victimization. We focused our review efforts on chronic physical and mental health conditions that social workers are likely to see in their practices. Using rigorous selection criteria, we selected 28 articles for review from over 3500 found in our search.The review showed that although women who experience partner violence are likely to seek health services, they have poor overall physical and mental health, and their health needs are not addressed sufficiently by current health and human service systems.We offer social work practice, policy, and research recommendations to encourage comprehensive services that promote women's health and safety.
Effect of He4 on exchange in h.c.p. solid He3

Abstract NMR measurements of the exchange-lattice relaxation time of h.c.p. solid He 3 containing He 4 impurity atoms show two time-constants. The frequency and temperature dependence of the first time-constant is characteristic of pure He 3 . The second time-constant is associated with impurity He 4 atoms and may be analysed to give an average increased exchange parameter, as well as the number of He 3 atoms influenced by each He 4 . A model previously proposed for b.c.c. He 3 can be used to explain these results, but certain inadequacies appear.
Thermodynamic Properties of Solids Containing Defects

Using thermodynamics and elasticity theory, a unified treatment of the changes in the properties of solids containing defects is given. The results are expressed in terms of temperature and pressure derivatives of the energy required to form a single defect. The procedure is most useful for defects described by elasticity theory, where it is shown that the required pressure and temperature dependence of the energy is given by the measured pressure and temperature dependence of the elastic constants appearing in the energy expression for zero pressure and temperature. Some results which would otherwise have to be obtained from lengthy and complicated finite-elasticity calculations, as well as other results not obtainable at all from elasticity theory, are given by simple derivatives of the free energy. The results are specialized to a number of particular defects by using various expressions for the defect energies. These calculations are compared with available measurements of the properties of real crystals. For dislocations, reliable expressions for the energy are most soundly based for this case. Unfortunately, there are relatively few measurements for these defects. A number of specific predictions are made, some of which are partially confirmed by the available data. On the other hand, for the discussion of the large volume of measurements available for point defects, there is no generally acceptable model for the defect energy. The extent to which the properties of crystals containing point defects can be correlated on the basis of several models for the defect energy is explored.
Cryoenzymology of β-Galactosidase: Effects of cryosolvents

Experimental support for the use of fluid aqueous organic solvent systems and subzero temperatures in mechanistic studies of β-galactosidase is presented. The enzyme was stable and retained catalytic activity and structural integrity in 50% aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide and 60% aqueous methanol at 0°C; at lower temperatures higher concentrations of cosolvent may be successfully used. The effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on the catalytic and structural properties of the enzyme were investigated in detail. For the β-galactoside-catalyzed h ydrolysis ofo-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside the value ofk cat decreased in a linear manner with increasing cosolvent concentration, whereasK m increased exponentially. The decrease ink cat paralleled the decrease in water concentration, consistent with rate-limiting hydrolysis of a galactosylenzyme intermediate. The increase inK m is attributed to less favorable partitioning of the substrate to the active site in the cryosolvent compared to aqueous solution. ThepH*-rate profile for this reaction at 0°C in 50% dimethyl sulfoxide was similar to that in aqueous solution, withpK*1=5.8 andpK*2=8.0. Linear Arrhenius plots, with energies of activation of 13.9 and 16.0 kcal mol−1, respectively, were obtained for the β-galactosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis ofo-nitrophenyl- andp-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactosides in 50% dimethyl sulfoxide at temperatures to −57°C. Examination of the intrinsic fluorescence and ultraviolet spectra of the enzyme as a function of increasing cosolvent concentration showed no evidence for structural perturbation up to and including 50% dimethyl sulfoxide at 0°C. We conclude that these cryosolvent systems are suitable for mechanistic investigations of β-galactosidase, in particular for trapping intermediates at subzero temperatures.
Measurement of the Elastic Modulus of a Multi-Wall Boron Nitride Nanotube

We have experimentally determined the elastic properties of an individual multi-wall boron nitride (BN) nanotube. From the thermal vibration amplitude of a cantilevered BN nanotube observed in a transmission electron microscope, we find the axial Young's modulus to be 1.22 ± 0.24 TPa, a value consistent with theoretical estimates. The observed Young's modulus exceeds that of all other known insulating fibers. Our elasticity results confirm that BN nanotubes are highly crystalline with very few defects.
A modified limiting nonlinear theory of eddy-current phenomena in solid iron

A modified limiting nonlinear representation of the magnetic characteristic of saturating ferromagnetic materials is employed in conjunction with the Maxwell field equations in the analysis of various types of problems that arise for time-varying magnetization processes of solid steel structures. The B-H relationship of the material is expressed by the broken-line representation: B = + Bk + ?H, H>0; B = ? Bk + ?H, H<0; ? Bk?B? + Bk, H = 0. (Bk and ? are constants; their choice may depend on the range of values of the field intensity arising in the specific problem.)
Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), Its Polyphenoloxidase, and Polyphenolics Affect In Vitro Iron Availability

In vitro iron availability (IA) from egg white meals was 14–17% of total meal iron. When mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) was added to egg white meals, IA decreased. The initially low IA from whey protein concentrate meals (<1% of meal iron) was enhanced by mushroom. Sodium benzoate or sodium bisulfite added to egg white/ mushroom meals increased IA. Addition of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and gallic acid to egg white meals decreased IA; however, gallic acid alone increased IA. Blanching mushrooms eliminated PPO activity and increased IA of egg white/mushroom meals, but it was still less than for egg white meals. Sodium bisulfite added to blanched mushroom/egg white meals increased IA above that for egg white meals. Results are consistent with the interpretation that enzymatic browning can decrease IA.
Heart rate turbulence and microvolt T-wave alternans in patients after myocardial infarction.

Sulimov et al .,1 in a study published online in the Journal on 31 July 2012, report on the predictive value of heart rate turbulence (HRT) and microvolt T-wave alternans (mTWA) measured in 24 h ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring, for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients after myocardial infarction (MI). The work is important because it focuses on patients with preserved or moderately impaired left ventricular function (who are the ones dying from SCD at higher absolute numbers than the patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≤35%), and considers HRT, mTWA, and a host of …
Explaining Wrongdoing in Professions

Distinguant les explications par le caractere et les explications sociales de l'injustice dans le domaine des affaires et dans le contexte professionnel, l'A. defend la validite des premieres, fondees sur le caractere de l'individu et sur la psychologie du jugement moral, d'une part, et demontre leur complementarite avec les secondes, fondees sur les influences et les structures des organisations sociales, d'autre part. Examinant l'exemple de la fraude scientifique en reference a J. C. Callahan et M. Davies, et revisant la definition des biens caracteristiques des professions et des intitutions chez MacIntyre, l'A. montre que les explications par le caractere aident a mieux comprendre comment les influences sociales affectent les individus dans leur pratique professionnelle, ouvrant la voie a une comprehension des motivations mixtes des agents dans le cadre d'une ethique de la vertu
Stimulation of protein phosphorylation in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells by human platelet derived growth factor

Abstract Purified human platelet derived growth factor stimulates the phosphorylation of an ⋍33,000 M.W. protein in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells. Phosphorylation can be detected 3 min after 32P-labelled cells are stimulated by PDGF and is marked after 10 min. The S0.5 of PDGF for phosphorylation is 3 ng/ml. Phosphoserine but not phosphotyrosine has been identified in hydrolysates of this ⋍33,000 M.W. protein.
Evaluating instructional software

This article describes a new model for evaluating instructional software. Also described is a study in which the new model was field tested. Unlike most such models, which focus on the instructional and technical characteristics of software, the model focuses on the extent to which students learn the skills a software package is intended to teach. It is argued that by using this approach, educators will be better able to reliably identify software that is instructionally effective.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for septic shock

Abstract The physiologic role of nitric oxide (NO) in the maintenance of vasomotor tone is firmly established in both humans and animals. Evidence that excessive NO production plays a key role in the cardiovascular manifestations of septic shock also exists. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors have been used in both experimental and human sepsis as a means of raising blood pressure and restoring vasomotor tone. The use of NOS inhibitors in the treatment of septic shock is based on the following: the cardiovascular manifestations seen in septic shock are caused by an overproduction of NO, the increase in NO contributes to mortality, and NOS inhibitors are safe. This article discusses the evidence to support the use of NOS inhibitors in septic shock. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Microbial diseases of cultured lobsters: A review

Abstract Six microbial diseases of cultured American lobsters (Homarus americanus) determined to be of significant concern to commercial aquaculture are discussed in relation to present knowledge of characteristics of the causative microorganisms, lobster susceptibility, environmental influence, severity, gross and microscopic recognition, physiological changes, contagion and control. The diseases reviewed here include shell disease, Gaffkemia, microbial epibiont disease, Lagenidium disease, Haliphthoros disease, and Fusarium disease.
Genome and Nation: Iceland's Health Sector Database and its Legacy

North Atlantic between the continents of Europe, America, and the Arctic. Although it may seem an unlikely place for innovation of global significance, the small island nation of Iceland has assumed near iconic status in one field in particular: genomics. Aided by recent advances in genetic technologies and by a bold entrepreneurial vision, Iceland’s genomic innovations have helped transform medical and genealogical information into a new type of global commodity. Furthermore, these innovations—or more precisely, the controversies they have spawned—have helped precipitate the development of global norms governing the relationship between citizens, medical information, markets, and the state. Iceland’s public–private partnership has become a common reference point for other major population genomics initiatives—such as those in Sweden, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States—but there is often an intriguing gap between what it stands for and what it has become. A November 2005 perspective piece in the New England Journal of Medicine is a good example of how in many accounts of Iceland, important details get lost. In this article, the authors argue that generating the next round of genetic discoveries will require a large number of “health information altruists” to supply health and DNA data and DNA. And they cite the Icelandic government’s ability to construct a “national genomic databank,” in collaboration with deCODE Genetics Inc., as an example of the public’s altruism. This sort of statement is not uncommon in articles written about Iceland, but one problem remains: the country’s Health Sector Database, an international symbol of the new state-led genomics and the biotechnological frontier, was never built. Ten years ago, Kari Stefansson, an Icelandic neurologist turned biotech entrepreneur, co-founded deCODE Genetics and began operating in the suburbs of Iceland’s capital. Eight years ago, Iceland passed the Health Sector Database (HSD) Act, which authorized the construction of the national database. Today, although deCODE continues to announce discoveries, the controversial idea to allow the David E. Winickoff
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote beiging of white adipose tissue and limit obesity

Obesity is an increasingly prevalent disease regulated by genetic and environmental factors. Emerging studies indicate that immune cells, including monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes, regulate metabolic homeostasis and are dysregulated in obesity. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) can regulate adaptive immunity and eosinophil and alternatively activated macrophage responses, and were recently identified in murine white adipose tissue (WAT) where they may act to limit the development of obesity. However, ILC2s have not been identified in human adipose tissue, and the mechanisms by which ILC2s regulate metabolic homeostasis remain unknown. Here we identify ILC2s in human WAT and demonstrate that decreased ILC2 responses in WAT are a conserved characteristic of obesity in humans and mice. Interleukin (IL)-33 was found to be critical for the maintenance of ILC2s in WAT and in limiting adiposity in mice by increasing caloric expenditure. This was associated with recruitment of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)(+) beige adipocytes in WAT, a process known as beiging or browning that regulates caloric expenditure. IL-33-induced beiging was dependent on ILC2s, and IL-33 treatment or transfer of IL-33-elicited ILC2s was sufficient to drive beiging independently of the adaptive immune system, eosinophils or IL-4 receptor signalling. We found that ILC2s produce methionine-enkephalin peptides that can act directly on adipocytes to upregulate Ucp1 expression in vitro and that promote beiging in vivo. Collectively, these studies indicate that, in addition to responding to infection or tissue damage, ILC2s can regulate adipose function and metabolic homeostasis in part via production of enkephalin peptides that elicit beiging.
A comparison of variation between a MHC pseudogene and microsatellite loci of the little greenbul (Andropadus virens).

We investigated genetic variation of a major histcompatibility complex (MHC) pseudogene (Anvi-DAB1) in the little greenbul (Andropadus virens) from four localities in Cameroon and one in Ivory Coast, West Africa. Previous microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses had revealed little or no genetic differentiation among Cameroon localities but significant differentiation between localities in Cameroon and Ivory Coast. Levels of genetic variation, heterozygosity, and allelic diversity were high for the MHC pseudogene in Cameroon. Nucleotide diversity of the MHC pseudogene in Cameroon and Ivory Coast was comparable to levels observed in other avian species that have been studied for variation in nuclear genes. An excess of rare variants for the MHC pseudogene was found in the Cameroon population, but this excess was not statistically significant. Pairwise measures of population differentiation revealed high divergence between Cameroon and Ivory Coast for microsatellites and the MHC locus, although for the latter distance measures were much higher than the comparable microsatellite distances. We provide the first ever comparison of variation in a putative MHC pseudogene to variation in neutral loci in a passerine bird. Our results are consistence with the action of neutral processes on the pseudogene and suggest they can provide an independent perspective on demographic history and population substructure.
Is There a Cerebral Lymphatic System

The brain is unique among virtually all somatic organs in its lack of a conventional lymphatic vasculature.1–3 In the periphery, the lymphatic circulation facilitates the clearance of extracellular proteins and excess fluid from the interstitium, a role critical to tissue homeostasis and function.4,5 Yet within the brain, despite its complex architecture and high metabolic activity and neural cells’ sensitivity to changes in the extracellular environment, no specialized organ-wide anatomic structure has yet been identified that facilitates the efficient lymphatic clearance of extracellular solutes and fluid from the brain parenchyma. For small molecules and hydrophobic compounds, efflux across the blood–brain barrier is relatively unrestricted. Molecules that are substrates for specific blood–brain barrier transporters are also readily cleared from the brain.6,7 Other compounds must be cleared from the brain interstitium to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment, where they are ultimately eliminated to the blood stream via arachnoid granulations or to peripheral lymphatics along cranial nerves.1,8,9 However, the distances between much of the brain tissue and the CSF compartments are too great for efficient clearance by simple diffusion, particularly for large molecules (such as peptides and proteins) with low diffusion coefficients.6 Rather, the clearance of these interstitial solutes from the brain is attributed to bulk flow, by which convective currents of interstitial fluid (ISF) sweep solutes along at a high rate that is largely independent of molecular size.1,2,6,7 In a controversial series of studies, Grady et al10,11 suggested that brain ISF may exchange with CSF along paravascular routes surrounding cerebral blood vessels. Because these findings seemed to be subsequently refuted by Cserr et al,12,13 such retrograde movement of CSF into the brain parenchyma is now thought to …
Frequency of Susceptibility Testing for Patients with Persistent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia

ABSTRACT Currently, no standards exist for determining the optimal frequency of repeat antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) when an organism is recurrently isolated from the same specimen source. Although testing every 2 to 5 days is thought sufficient, we present three cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia where current laboratory protocol for repeating AST every 5 days was inadequate to identify resistant organisms.
Characterization of Metallized Plastic MEMS

Metallization of plastic devices is of interest to newer non-silicon based MEMS which are being developed for biomedical and other applications. The electrical properties of the metallization will depend, in part, on the material on which they are patterned, and the method of deposition. Of interest are the electrical characterizations during usage which must be studied to allow plastic MEMS designs to proceed wisely. Flexible microdevices may develop open circuits or shorts after excessive bending; joule heating may adversely affect the plastic substrates, leading to failure. We present some experimental studies on electrical characterization of metallized plastics as it relates to various processing conditons and usage scenarios.
Efficient metallic carbon nanotube removal readily scalable to wafer-level VLSI CNFET circuits

We experimentally demonstrate, for the first time, a new metallic carbon nanotube (CNT) removal technique that can be readily scaled to full-wafer-scale. Existing metallic CNT removal techniques either do not remove enough metallic CNTs, or are not VLSI-compatible, or impose very large area costs when applied to wafer-scale VLSI (up to 200%). In contrast, our new technique retains VLSI-compatibility, achieves high I on /I off of up to 106 and, at the same time, is readily scalable to full-wafer-level with < 1% area cost. Using our new technique, we demonstrate cascaded CNFET logic circuits immune to CNT imperfections such as mis-positioned and metallic CNTs.
Construction and characterization of an SV40 mutant defective in nuclear transport of T antigen

An SV40-adenovirus 7 hybrid virus, PARA(cT), has been described that is defective for the nuclear transport of SV40 large tumor antigen. An SV40(cT) mutant was constructed using SV40 early and late region DNA fragments derived from PARA(cT) and wild-type SV40 respectively. The SV40(cT)-3 construct is defective for viral replication, but can be propagated in COS-1 cells. T antigen induced by SV40(cT)-3 is localized in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The cT mutation also inhibits the transport of wild-type T antigen; COS-1 cells lose their constitutive expression of nuclear T antigen after infection with SV40(cT)-3. Sequence analysis revealed that the cT mutation results in the replacement of a positively charged lysine in wild-type T antigen with a neutral asparagine at amino acid number 128, demonstrating that the alteration of a single amino acid is sufficient to abolish nuclear transport. Implications of the cT mutation on possible mechanisms for the transport of proteins to the nucleus are discussed.
Top 10 Reasons for Quality Physical Education

(2006). Top 10 Reasons for Quality Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 77, No. 6, pp. 44-53.