cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Replicate Empirical Comparison between Pair Development and Software Development with Inspection

In 2005, we studied the development effort and effect of quality comparisons between software development with Fagan's inspection and pair development. Three experiments were conducted in Thailand: two classroom experiments and one industry experiment. We found that in the classroom experiments, the pair development group had less average development effort than the inspection group with the same or higher level of quality. The industry experiment's result showed pair development to have a bit more effort but about 40% fewer major defects. However, since this set of experiments was conducted in Thailand, the results may be different if we conducted the experiment in other countries due to the impact of cultural differences. To investigate this we conducted another experiment with computer science graduate students at USC in Fall 2006. Unfortunately, the majority of the graduate students who participated in the experiment were from India, a country in which the culture is not much different from Thailand. As a result, we cannot compare the impact of cultural differences in this paper. However, the results showed that the experiment can be replicated in other countries where the cultures are similar.
THE STRUCTURE AND EXISTENCE OF 2-FACTORS IN ITERATED LINE GRAPHS

We prove several results about the structure of 2-factors in it- erated line graphs. Specifically, we give degree conditions on G that ensure L 2 (G) contains a 2-factor with every possible number of cycles, and we give a sufficient condition for the existence of a 2-factor inL 2 (G) with all cycle lengths specified. We also give a characterization of the graphs G where L k (G) A spanning cycle in a graph G is called a hamiltonian cycle and if such a cycle exists, we say that G is hamiltonian. Similarly, a 2-factor in a graph G is a 2-regular spanning subgraph, or equivalently a partition of V (G) into cycles. Hamiltonicity and the existence of 2-factors in graphs have been widely studied. A good reference for the current state of such problems is (4). We say that two edges in a graph G are adjacent if they share an end-vertex. The line graph of G, denoted L(G) is the graph with V (L(G)) = E(G) and E(L(G)) = {eiej | ei and ej are adjacent in G}. We define the i th iterated line graph of G recursively with L 1 (G) = L(G) and L i+1 (G) = L(L i (G)). Chartrand (2) was one of the first to study properties of iterated line graphs, proving that for every graph G (with a few trivial exceptions), L k (G) is hamiltonian for k sufficiently large. Since this first paper, many cycle-structural properties of iterated line graphs have been studied, including when L k (G) is k-ordered (10), pancyclic (12)), k-ordered hamiltonian ((8)), and characterizations of G when L k (G) is hamiltonian ((11)). In this paper, we extend Chartrand's result by giving degree conditions on G to ensure that L 2 (G) contains a 2-factor with every possible number of cycles. We also give a sufficient condition for the existence of a 2-factor in L 2 (G) with all cycle lengths specified. Finally in section 5, we give a characterization of the graphs G where L k (G) contains a 2-factor. 2. Preliminaries In the majority of this paper, we consider only undirected, loopless graphs with- out multiple edges. The main results in the last section will consider multigraphs as well. We will use nk to denote the number of vertices in the k th iteration of the line graph, andk to denote �(L k (G)).
Hurleyella , a new genus of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera)

The new micro-dolichopodid genus Hurleyella and two new species, H. cumberlandensis and H. brooksi are described from the Nearctic. Hurleyella resembles the subfamily Medeterinae in having the legs bare of major setae, a depressed posterior mesonotum, and concave dorsal postcranium, but the complex male genitalia is unlike the relatively simple structure of traditional Medeterinae (e.g., Medetera, Thrypyicus, Corindia, etc.). Until the relationship of Hurleyella to other genera can be determined, and the limits of dolichopodid subfamilies refined, it should be considered as incertae sedis.
Electrical ground support equipment design for SABER

The SDL/USU is building a broadband earthlimb-viewing radiometer for the SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) instrument. The radiometer will be tested and calibrated before launch in a test chamber that closely simulates the in-flight operational environment of the instrument. SDL/USU has designed electrical ground support equipment (GSE) for this testing to optimize the monitor and control functions of the sensor and calibration sources, and to reduce data collection and processing time. This paper presents the electrical GSE hardware and software designs for the SABER instrument. Data collection, processing, and archival methods are given, as well as a description of the real-time displays that show instrument status and performance. Hardware and software used to control the instrument, test chamber, and calibration sources are presented. The integration of these control systems into a simple user interface is also described.
In-flight turbulence benefits soaring birds

ABSTRACT Birds use atmospheric updrafts to subsidize soaring flight. We observed highly variable soaring flight by Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus) and Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura) in Virginia, USA, that was inconsistent with published descriptions of terrestrial avian flight. Birds engaging in this behavior regularly deviated vertically and horizontally from linear flight paths. We observed the soaring flight behavior of these 2 species to understand why they soar in this manner and when this behavior occurs. Vultures used this type of soaring mainly at low altitudes (<50 m), along forest edges, and when conditions were poor for thermal development. Because of the tortuous nature of this flight, we describe it as “contorted soaring.” The primary air movement suitable to subsidize flight at this altitude and under these atmospheric conditions is small-scale, shear-induced turbulence, which our results suggest can be an important resource for soaring birds because it permits continuous subsidized flig...
Case Study: Digital Identity Interoperability and eInnovation

This study addresses questions such as: -- What is Digital ID, and what efforts are underway towards implementing interoperable Digital ID systems? -- What can be achieved by Digital ID interoperability, and at what likely cost to consumers and others? -- What paths to Digital ID interoperability are most likely to succeed? Assuming market actors continue on their current trajectory, one or a few interoperable Digital ID systems are likely to emerge through open standards processes and technological licensing; this has the potential to spur significant innovation if privacy and security concerns are adequately addressed. Available for download at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1070061
Exploiting Prior 2 Dimensional or 3 Dimensional Spatial Information for Diffuse Optical Imaging

We include x-ray images as priory information into the DOT image reconstruction.. The way of imposing the x-ray constraint is a variant of Tikhonov regularization in which spatial variance is allowed in the value of regularization parameter. The information of the spatial variance is based on the x-ray 3-D image. Simulations show the images’ resolution is improved with x-ray soft constraint.
Rearing of the Heliothis Sterile Hybrid with a Multicellular Larval Rearing Container and Pupal Harvesting

Modification of methods and of a multicellular larval rearing unit for production of Heliothis spp. pupae, particularly the backcross (BC) [BCn ♀ × H. virescens (F.) ♂] from the intercross [ H. virescens ♂ × H. subflexa (Guenee) ♀], are described. Essential components of the unit are a fiber glass tray, a polystyrene insert with 903 cells, and a polypropylene cover with 125-μm openings. More than 10 million BC pupae have been produced during the last 4 years in Stoneville with this unit. Optimum egg density was determined to be two to four eggs per cell. Neither benomyl nor folpet affected growth or development of BC larvae when incorporated into the larval diet at rates from 0.25 to 2.0 g/3.8 liter to control contaminants such as the mold Aspergillus niger (Van Tieghew). The pupal harvesting method collects pupae in a cushioned tray, separates pupae from large particles with a grating, and removes smaller, lighter particles with a highvolume blower.
Adrenal cortical control of adrenal medullary function.

SummaryHypophysectomy in the rat leads to a decrease in adrenal medullary concentrations of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion, in situ, of norepinephrine to epinephrine. Unlike the immediate decrease of glucocorticoids, this decrement takes several days (weeks) to occur. When ACTH is now given to such animals, not only is steroid synthesis resumed, but there is an immediate activation of PNMT and epinephrine synthesis.
Abstract 224: Novel potential precursor structures for BRCA1-associated breast cancer

Objectives: Female individuals with BRCA1 germline mutation have an 80-90% risk to develop breast cancer during their lifetime. BRCA1 cancers are distinct from sporadic breast cancers as they more frequently show high-grade histology and are typically estrogen receptor and HER2-negative. While sporadic breast ductal carcinoma is thought to be preceded by in-situ precursors, the presence of precursors is uncertain in BRCA1 cancers. To better understand breast carcinogenesis in BRCA1 patients, we developed an approach to perform unprecedently detailed structural analysis of breast tissue. Design: A prophylactic mastectomy product of a BRCA1 patient with history of contralateral breast cancer was obtained after routine pathological evaluation then trimmed into 0.3 × 1 x1.5 cm tissue blocks (n=94). Initial sections from each block were HE while after 3D reconstruction with 2D slides, they revealed in isolation from connection to regular anatomic epithelial structures and were entirely separated by mesenchymal tissue. Importantly, we report in detail an isolated tubular epithelial structure in association with an incidental millimeter-sized, BRCA1-deficient cancer focus. This structure is 2mm in length, mostly surrounded by myoepithelial cells, and remarkable for simultaneous development of lobular and ductal hyperplasia including flat epithelial hyperplasia. The transition zone into cancer is characterized by loss of myoepithelial cells and significant cytologic atypia. Conclusions: Our thorough examination of BRCA1 breast tissue allowed for the first time the identification of isolated epithelial structures. Our identification of one isolated epithelial structure in connection with the development of an infiltrating carcinoma focus strongly suggests that isolated epithelial structures are potential precursors for BRCA1 breast cancers. Analysis of these structures may lead to the discovery of new preventive and therapeutic targets. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 224. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-224
192 BEHAVIOR OF PORCINE MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS ON A COLLAGEN-GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN HYDROGEL SCAFFOLD FOR BONE AND CARTILAGE TISSUE ENGINEERING

The pig is an ideal species for use in tissue engineering studies of bone and cartilage defect repair. Novel collagen-glycosaminoglycan hydrogel (CG) scaffolds have shown promise for supporting bone and cartilage growth from mesenchymal stem cells. In order to determine the suitability of these scaffolds for use in porcine models for bone and cartilage tissue engineering, we have begun to investigate the behaviour of porcine mesenchymal stem cells on this material. The purpose of this study was to determine if mesenchymal stem cells from fat (ASC) or bone marrow (BMSC) displayed better adherence and penetration into the CG scaffold material. The BMSC and ASC isolated from young adult Yorkshire pigs were cultured in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum. The ASC and BMSC were then trypsinized and used to seed ~3 mm diameter CG scaffolds with 140,000 cells/scaffold. Scaffolds were then cultured for 10 days by 3 different methods: roller culture, free-floating non-adherent dishes (floating), or attached to tissue culture-treated dishes (static). At the conclusion of the incubation period, the scaffold pieces were then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded for cryosectioning, and sliced into 10 µm cryosections. Sections were stained for vimentin and 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) to label cells. Stained sections were observed on a Leica DMB4200 microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) and images acquired using ImagePro Plus software (Media Cybernetics Inc., Rockville, MD, USA). The DAPI-stained cells were counted to determine cell density and expressed as average number of nuclei per millimeter squared for each cell and culture type. Data were analysed by ANOVA utilising a post hoc Holm multiple comparison analysis. Samples from roller cultures did not display adhered cells for either BMSC or ASC. In contrast, floating and static culture allowed both ASC and BMSC to adhere to the scaffold and migrate to the centre of the scaffold equally well. However, significant differences in cell densities were noted between ASC and BMSC on CG scaffolds, with BMSC growing to higher densities than ASC in both floating and static culture. For floating cultures, BMSC-loaded scaffolds exhibited a cell density of 105.7 compared with 53.3 cells/mm2 for ASC (n = 4; P < 0.05). For static cultures, BMSC-loaded scaffolds exhibited a cell density of 128.3 compared with 36.8 cells/mm2 for ASC-loaded samples (n = 3; P < 0.01). Thus, BMSC grow to greater densities more rapidly than ASC and may be more efficient for use in forming bone and cartilage on these scaffolds. Current experiments underway will compare osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential of ASC and BMSC on CG scaffolds, and will attempt to engineer osteochondral interface tissue on CG scaffolds from co-cultures of chondrocytes and stem cells.
Fitness facilities still lack accessibility for people with disabilities.

Abstract Background Fitness facilities have potential to serve as places of ‘health enhancement’ for many underserved populations, particularly among people with physical/mobility disabilities where walking outdoors to meet recommendations for regular physical activity is not an option due to mobility or safety issues. Objective To examine the accessibility and usability of fitness facilities across the U.S. from a broader framework of physical and program access. Methods A convenience sample of 227 fitness facilities in 10 states were assessed by trained evaluators using the Accessibility Instrument Measuring Fitness and Recreation Environments (AIMFREE) tool. Non-parametric tests were performed to determine whether AIMFREE section scores were different by geographic region (urban, suburban), business type (nonprofit, for-profit), facility affiliation (fitness center/health club, park district/community center, hospital/rehabilitation facility, university/college), and facility construction date (pre/post passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA). Raw scores were converted to scaled scores with higher scores indicating better accessibility based on a criterion-referenced approach. Results Section scale scores (11/13) were low ( Conclusions There exists a strong and urgent need to encourage owners and operators of fitness facilities to reach a higher level of accessibility. Until then, many people with physical/mobility disabilities will continue to have limited access to programs, equipment, and services offered at these facilities.
Exploring CSI Chapter Leaders’ Development Toward Leadership Excellence

ABSTRACTThe authors used content analysis to explore the application of CSI’s Principles and Practices of Leadership Excellence (PPLE) to CSI chapter leadership through the voices of chapter leaders. With a sample of 50 student leaders, the authors found that CSI chapter leaders engage in behaviors consistent with the PPLE, albeit inconsistently. Implications for research and practice, including emphasis on intentional training to foster leadership excellence, are discussed.
When procedures discourage insight: epistemological consequences of prompting novice physics students to construct force diagrams

ABSTRACTOne aim of school science instruction is to help students become adaptive problem solvers. Though successful at structuring novice problem solving, step-by-step problem-solving frameworks may also constrain students’ thinking. This study utilises a paradigm established by Heckler [(2010). Some consequences of prompting novice physics students to construct force diagrams. International Journal of Science Education, 32(14), 1829–1851] to test how cuing the first step in a standard framework affects undergraduate students’ approaches and evaluation of solutions in physics problem solving. Specifically, prompting the construction of a standard diagram before problem solving increases the use of standard procedures, decreasing the use of a conceptual shortcut. Providing a diagram prompt also lowers students’ ratings of informal approaches to similar problems. These results suggest that reminding students to follow typical problem-solving frameworks limits their views of what counts as good problem solving.
Text messaging as an adjunct to a web-based intervention for college student alcohol use: A preliminary study

Abstract Brief, web-based motivational interventions have shown promising results for reducing alcohol use and associated harm among college students. However, findings regarding which alcohol use outcomes are impacted are mixed and effects tend to be small to moderate, with effect sizes decreasing over longer-term follow-up periods. As a result, these interventions may benefit from adjunctive strategies to bolster students' engagement with intervention material and to extend interventions beyond initial contacts into student's daily lives. This study tested the efficacy of text messaging as an adjunct to a web-based intervention for heavy episodic drinking college students. Methods One-hundred and thirteen undergraduate student risky drinkers recruited from an introductory psychology class were randomly assigned to one of three conditions—assessment only (AO), web intervention (WI), and web intervention plus text messaging (WI + TXT). Heavy drinking episodes (HDEs), weekend quantity per occasion, and alcohol-related consequences were assessed at baseline and one month follow-up. Univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to assess the influence of condition assignment on 1-month outcomes, controlling for baseline variables. Results Planned contrasts showed that those in the WI + TXT condition showed significantly less weekend drinking than those in the AO and WI conditions. Although those in the WI + TXT condition showed significantly fewer HDEs compared to AO, it was not significantly different than the WI only condition. No differences were observed on alcohol-related problems. Discussion These findings provide partial support for the view that text messaging may be a useful adjunct to web-based interventions for reducing alcohol consumption among student drinkers.
Percutaneous Image-Guided Thermal Ablation for Multifocal Renal Cell Carcinoma: 10-Year Experience at a Single Center

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to assess the technical success, safety, and oncologic and renal function outcomes of CT-guided percutaneous thermal ablation for synchronous multiple rena...
Seamless Vision-assisted Placement Calibration for Wearable Inertial Sensors

Wearable inertial devices are being widely used in the applications of activity tracking, health care, and professional sports, and their usage is on a rapid rise. Signal processing algorithms for these devices are often designed to work with a known location of the wearable sensor on the body. However, in reality, the wearable sensor may be worn at different body locations due to the user's preference or unintentional misplacement. The calibration of the sensor location is important to ensure that the algorithms operate correctly. In this article, we propose an auto-calibration technique for determining the location of wearables on the body by fusing the 3-axis accelerometer data from the devices and three-dimensional camera (i.e., Kinect) information obtained from the environment. The automatic calibration is achieved by a cascade decision-tree-based classifier on top of the minimum least-squares errors obtained by solving Wahba's problem, operating on heterogeneous sensors. The core contribution of our work is that there is no extra burden on the user as a result of this technique. The calibration is done seamlessly, leveraging sensor fusion in an Internet-of-Things setting opportunistically when the user is present in front of an environmental camera performing arbitrary movements. Our approach is evaluated with two different types of movements: simple actions (e.g., sit-to-stand or picking up phone) and complicated tasks (e.g., cooking or playing basketball), yielding 100% and 82.56% recall for simple actions and for complicated tasks, respectively, in determining the correct location of sensors.
Board Monitoring and Firm Risk

An extensive finance literature has suggested that independent (outside) directors monitor firm management and thereby increase firm value. Monitoring by a firm's independent directors is, however, costly and the level of board monitoring should be endogenously determined as a function of firm characteristics. We show that a negative relationship between board monitoring and uncertainty is a direct implication of principal-agent models and arises because monitoring is less efficient in uncertain environments. Our model also shows that there is a positive relationship between the level of board monitoring and the output of the firm. We empirically examine the relationship between board monitoring and firm risk using a broad sample of firms over a five year period from 1997 to 2000. We find that board independence and monitoring is negatively related to firm risk and is positively related to output level. We also find a strong time trend with the level of board monitoring increasing over the sample period from 1997 to 2001. Firms, therefore, have responded to shareholder demands for increased board oversight even before the formal requirements imposed by the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002. In our empirical analysis we control for the CEO's bargaining power and the level of shareholder rights. We find that firms in which the CEO has longer tenure and greater equity ownership, have less board monitoring activity. We also find that board monitoring and shareholder rights are substitutes and there is a negative relationship between the level of board monitoring and shareholder rights. Overall, our theoretical and empirical results support the notion that the board of directors and its composition is endogenously determined as a function of firm characteristics.
GPR55 in the CNS

The identification of GPR55 as a possible cannabinoid receptor generated a flurry of interest as based on the hope that this receptor might explain some of the non-CB1/CB2/TRPV1 effects of cannabinoid compounds. However, it rapidly became clear that the pharmacology and signaling of GPR55 were quite complicated. Work over the last few years has found that lysophosphatidyl inositol is a major endogenous ligand for GPR55, with phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids having a lesser role. This review briefly summarizes our current understanding of GPR55 signaling and its role in the central nervous system.
Targeting Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling Pathway for Therapeutic Enhancement of Vascular-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy.

Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) selectively disrupts vascular function by inducing oxidative damages to the vasculature, particularly endothelial cells. Although effective tumor eradication and excellent safety profile are well demonstrated in both preclinical and clinical studies, incomplete vascular shutdown and angiogenesis are known to cause tumor recurrence after vascular-targeted PDT. We have explored therapeutic enhancement of vascular-targeted PDT with PI3K signaling pathway inhibitors because the activation of PI3K pathway was involved in promoting endothelial cell survival and proliferation after PDT. Here, three clinically relevant small-molecule inhibitors (BYL719, BKM120, and BEZ235) of the PI3K pathway were evaluated in combination with verteporfin-PDT. Although all three inhibitors were able to synergistically enhance PDT response in endothelial cells, PDT combined with dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 exhibited the strongest synergism, followed in order by combinations with pan-PI3K inhibitor BKM120 and p110α isoform-selective inhibitor BYL719. Combination treatments of PDT and BEZ235 exhibited a cooperative inhibition of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Mcl-1 and induced more cell apoptosis than each treatment alone. In addition to increasing treatment lethality, BEZ235 combined with PDT effectively inhibited PI3K pathway activation and consequent endothelial cell proliferation after PDT alone, leading to a sustained growth inhibition. In the PC-3 prostate tumor model, combination treatments improved treatment outcomes by turning a temporary tumor regrowth delay induced by PDT alone to a more long-lasting treatment response. Our study strongly supports the combination of vascular-targeted PDT and PI3K pathway inhibitors, particularly mTOR inhibitors, for therapeutic enhancement. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(11); 2422–31. ©2017 AACR.
Recurrent scarring papulovesicular lesions on sun-exposed skin in a 22-year-old man.

Key teaching points •Typical HV is a self-limited EBV-associated disorder of children and adolescents characterized by recurrent outbreaks of scarring papulovesicular lesions. The criterion standard diagnostic test is biopsy of an active lesion showing reticular degeneration and demonstrating EBV RNA (EBER positivity) in lymphocytes. •Avoiding sun exposure by using photoprotection can reduce outbreaks. •Patients typically have high levels of circulating EBV DNA, which is best detected from whole blood rather than from serum or plasma. •In patients with persistent skin disease activity, following EBV DNA levels in the blood can help assess for the development of aggressive systemic disease. •Severe HV disease associated with chronic active EBV may progress to lymphoproliferative disorders or lymphoma with increased mortality.
Traumatic brain injury, psychiatric diagnoses, and suicide risk among Veterans seeking services related to homelessness

ABSTRACTObjectives: To explore the differences in negative psychiatric outcomes (i.e. type and number of psychiatric diagnoses, suicide risk) among Veterans with and without a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) seeking homeless services.Methods: Observational design with data collected at one time-point. Veterans seeking homeless services from two Veteran Affairs (VA) Medical Centres completed study measures (n = 309; 282 with a history of TBI and 27 without a history of TBI). Veterans participated in structured clinical interviews regarding psychiatric and TBI histories.Results: Those with a history of TBI met the criteria for significantly more psychiatric diagnoses (p = 0.0003), and were more likely to be at risk for suicide (p = 0.007) than those without a history of TBI.Conclusions: Even among the high-risk cohort of homeless Veterans, those with a history of TBI were found to be at even greater risk for negative psychiatric outcomes. Further research is required to determine if and how the hist...
Design and simulation analysis of PDER: a multiple-load automated guided vehicle dispatching algorithm

Effective control strategies for automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are important to companies that operate flexible manufacturing systems in terms of maximizing productivity. In this paper, we design and analyze Pickup-or-Delivery-En-Route (PDER), a multiple-load AGV dispatching algorithm. PDER is a task-determination rule that enables a partially loaded vehicle traveling to a drop off destination to pickup and/or drop off loads that the vehicle would otherwise pass by en route to the original destination. We conduct a simulation-based experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the PDER algorithm. The results indicate that PDER can produce significant positive impacts on throughput and time in system in flexible manufacturing systems utilizing multiple-load AGVs.
Pediatric Lipid Management: An Earlier Approach

The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Expert Panel Integrated Guidelines promote the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events by encouraging healthy behaviors in all children, screening and treatment of children with genetic dyslipidemias, usage of specific lifestyle modifications, and limited administration of lipid pharmacotherapy in children with the highest CVD risk. These recommendations place children in the center of the fight against future CVD. Pediatric providers may be in a position to shift the focus of CVD prevention from trimming multiple risk factors to cutting out the causes CVD.
Applications of Hall Effect Devices in Space Technology

Hall effect devices have found important applications in space technology. Artificial magnetic hysteresis damping of the attitude motion of the DODGE and RAE-A satellites was achieved with Hall effect devices. They are used to measure the magnet strength in the trim magnet systems for NIMBUS, LANDSAT, SAS-A, and SAS-B satellites. They are used to provide commutation of DC power for brush-less DC motors for SATCOM, DMSP, and the Atmosphere Explorer satellites. The drag-free sensing system (called DISCOS) for the NOVA satellites requires a very slender magnet for damping proof-mass motions. The uniformity of magnetization of this magnet is critical. A Hall effect detector was used to measure the magnet strength and confirm the required uniformity on the magnets for flight.
Spin-liquid model of the sharp drop in resistivity in superconducting La 1.85 Ba 0.125 CuO 4

We use the phenomenological model proposed in our previous paper [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 98}, 237001 (2007)] to analyse the magnetic field dependence of the onset temperature for two-dimensional fluctuating superconductivity $T^{**} (H)$. We demonstrate that the slope of $T^{**} (H)$ progressively goes down as $H$ increases, such that the upper critical field progressively increases as $T$ decreases. The quantitative agreement with the recent measurements of $T^{**} (H)$ in $La_{1.85}Ba_{0.125}CuO_4$ is achieved for the same parameter value as was derived in our previous publication from the analysis of the electron self energy.
Deep-Tillage Study—Northwest Research Farm

A deep-tillage study was started during the fall of 2003 to evaluate the effects of deep (~20 in.) preplant tillage on corn and soybean yields.
Cutting Plane Algorithm for Convex Generalized Disjunctive Programs

In this work, we propose a cutting plane algorithm to improve optimization models that are originally formulated as convex generalized disjunctive programs. Generalized disjunctive programs are traditionally reformulated as mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problems using either the big M (BM) or the hull reformulation (HR). The former yields a smaller MILP/MINLP problem, whereas the latter yields a tighter one. The HR can be further strengthened by using the concept of basic step from disjunctive programming. The proposed algorithm uses the strengthened formulation to derive cuts for the big-M formulation, generating a stronger formulation with small growth in problem size. We test the algorithm with several instances. The results show that the algorithm improves generalized disjunctive programming convex models, in the sense of providing formulations with stronger continuous relaxations than the BM formulation, with few additional constraints. In general, the algorithm also leads to a reductio...
COMPUTERESE AND THE INFORMATION BARRIER

As more scholars outside of the field of computer science begin to use the computer, the communication problem worsens. Scholars outside of technical disciplines especially encounter a jargon barrier that prevents them from getting the information necessary for completing their tasks. The reactions of these scholars to what they perceive as a hopeless mire of technical terminology is examined.
Hexagonal close-packed high-entropy alloy formation under extreme processing conditions

We assess the validity of criteria based on size mismatch and thermodynamics in predicting the stability of the rare class of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) that form in the hexagonal close-packed crystal structure. We focus on nanocrystalline HEA particles composed predominantly of Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, and Pd along with Ag, Cd, and Te, which are produced in uranium dioxide fuel under the extreme conditions of nuclear reactor operation. The constituent elements are fission products that aggregate under the combined effects of irradiation and elevated temperature as high as 1200 °C. We present the recent results on alloy nanoparticle formation in irradiated ceria, which was selected as a surrogate for uranium dioxide, to show that radiation-enhanced diffusion plays an important role in the process. This work sheds light on the initial stages of alloy nanoparticle formation from a uniform dispersion of individual metals. The remarkable chemical durability of such multiple principal element alloys presents a solution, namely, an alloy waste form, to the challenge of immobilizing Tc.
Potentially Inappropriate Medication Prescriptions for Older Adults with Painful Conditions and Association with Return Emergency Department Visits

OBJECTIVES To describe the frequency and risk of return visit to the emergency department (ED) by older adults after prescription of any of four potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) classes included in the 2015 Beers Criteria commonly used for the relief of acute pain in the ED. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Large urban academic ED from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2015. PARTICIPANTS Patients age 65 and older discharged from the ED with an initial pain score of 1 or higher (11 822 visits). MEASUREMENTS Prescriptions for PIM classes were collected from the medical record: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), benzodiazepines, skeletal muscle relaxants, and opioids. The proportion of patients with ED returns within 9 days were compared by medication class and pain severity (mild, moderate, or severe). Multivariable logistic regression was performed for each pain category to determine adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of ED return. RESULTS Of 11 822 included patients, PIMs were prescribed in 3392 (28.7%): 2550 (21.6%) opioids, 826 (7.0%) NSAIDs, 277 (2.3%) benzodiazepines, and 68 (0.6%) nonbenzodiazepine skeletal muscle relaxants. Total 9-day ED returns were 1125 (9.5%): mild 7.0%, moderate 8.3%, and severe pain 11.7%. Opioids were not associated with more frequent ED returns for mild or moderate pain, and they were associated with less frequent ED returns for severe pain (9.2% vs 12.7%; p < .001; aOR 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.54-0.87). Benzodiazepines were associated with more frequent ED returns for patients with moderate pain (15.5% vs 8.2%; p < .01; aOR = 2.01; 95%CI = 1.10-3.70). CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with recommendations to limit benzodiazepine prescriptions for older adults and that among older adults with severe pain, opioid prescribing is associated with less frequent ED visits within 9 days of discharge. However, this study was not designed to evaluate safety, adverse events, or other important patient-centered outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:719-725, 2019.
A High-Throughput Platform to Identify Small-Molecule Inhibitors of CRISPR-Cas9.

Summary The precise control of CRISPR-Cas9 activity is required for a number of genome engineering technologies. Here, we report a generalizable platform that provided the first synthetic small-molecule inhibitors of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) that weigh
Estimating extreme precipitation using multiple satellite-based precipitation products

Abstract With the advent of remote sensing, monitoring of the temporal and spatial variability of precipitation, and frequency of extremes, is now possible at global scale. Since satellite-based precipitation products (SPP) represent indirect measurements, their reliability for assessing hydroclimatic hazards has to be verified. In this chapter, we evaluate six global-scale high-resolution SPP in terms of extreme values (>90th quantile) using more than 6 years (within the period 2000–15) of reference precipitation data from rain gauge networks in nine mountainous regions: Eastern Italian Alps, Swiss Alps, Western Black Sea of Turkey, French Cevennes, Peruvian Andes, Colombian Andes, Himalayas over Nepal, Blue Nile in East Africa, Taiwan, and the US Rocky mountains. The following products are evaluated at daily accumulations and on a 0.25° regular grid: Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis, Integrated MultisatellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) (IMERG), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Climate Prediction Center Morphing Method, Precipitation Estimation from Remote Sensing Information using Artificial Neural Network, and Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP). Across all regions all products exhibit strong underestimation [mean relative errors (MREs) up to 80% underestimation], which is typically attributed to the occurrence of shallow, but high accumulation, precipitation resulting from warm-rain processes. The chapter also shows that recent improvements to the SPP algorithms based on GPM (i.e., IMERG and GSMaPV07) have improved MREs by 0.1–0.4 and centralized root mean square errors by 0.4–1.5.
Quantum Teichmüller spaces and Kashaev’s 6j–symbols

The Kashaev invariants of 3‐manifolds are based on 6j ‐symbols from the representation theory of the Weyl algebra, a Hopf algebra corresponding to the Borel subalgebra of Uq.sl.2;C//. In this paper, we show that Kashaev’s 6j ‐symbols are intertwining operators of local representations of quantum Teichmuller spaces. This relates Kashaev’s work with the theory of quantum Teichmuller space, which was developed by Chekhov‐Fock, Kashaev and continued by Bonahon‐Liu. 57R56; 20G42
Formation and interaction of multiple secondary flow vortical structures in a curved pipe: transient and oscillatory flows

Transient, steady and oscillatory flows in a vortex ID are used to explain the temporal and spatial evolution of vortices in the curved pipe. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the velocity gradient tensor are calculated for the swirling strength vortex ID method, which also determines vortex axis orientation. The classical Lyne vortex in oscillatory flow with an inviscid core is also revisited and its results are compared with the transient and steady flows. These in-depth analyses provide a better understanding and characterization of vortical structures in the curved pipe flow. Our findings show that, although there are some visual similarities between cross-sectional views of steady/transient flows and oscillatory flows, the structure herein designated as Lyne-type vortex detected in the cross-sections (under steady, transient and pulsatile flows) is not the same as the classical Lyne vortex pair (in oscillatory flows).
Microarrays for the screening and identification of carbohydrate-binding peptides

The development of carbohydrate-binding ligands is crucial for expanding knowledge on the glycocode and for achieving systematic carbohydrate targeting. Amongst such ligands, carbohydrate-binding peptides (CBPs) are attractive for use in bioanalytical and biomedical systems due to their biochemical and physicochemical properties; moreover, given the biological significance of lectin-carbohydrate interactions, these ligands offer an opportunity to study peptide sequence and binding characteristics to inform on natural target/ligand interactions. Here, a high-throughput microarray screening technique is described for the identification and study of CBPs, with a focus on polysialic acid (PSA), a polysaccharide found on neural stem cells. The chemical and biological uniqueness of PSA suggests that an ability to exclusively target this glycan may promote a number of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. PSA-binding peptides from phage display screening and from epitope mapping of an scFv for oligosialic acid were screened in an optimized microarray format with three ligand density conditions. Hypothesis-driven mutations were additionally applied to select peptides to modulate peptide affinity and selectivity to PSA. Peptide compositional and positional analyses revealed the significance of various residues for PSA binding and suggested the importance of basic residue positioning for PSA recognition. Furthermore, selectivity studies performed directly on microarrays with chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A) demonstrated the value of screening for both affinity and selectivity in the development of CBPs. Thus, the integrated approach described, with attention to design strategy, screening, and peptide characterization, successfully identified novel PSA-binding ligands and offers a platform for the identification and study of additional polysaccharide-binding peptides.
Association Between Breastfeeding and Postpartum Multiple Sclerosis Relapses: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Importance Multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses may be increased in the postpartum period, and whether breastfeeding is associated with reduction in the risk of postpartum relapses remains controversial. Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate whether breastfeeding is associated with reduction in postpartum MS relapses compared with not breastfeeding. Data Sources PubMed and Embase were searched for studies assessing the association between breastfeeding and MS disease activity published between January 1, 1980, and July 11, 2018, as well as reference lists of selected articles. Study Selection All study designs assessing the association between breastfeeding and postpartum relapses in MS relative to a comparator group were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis Study eligibility assessment and extraction of study characteristics, methods, and outcomes, were performed independently by 2 reviewers following PRISMA guidelines. Risk of bias was evaluated by 2 independent reviewers with the ROBINS-I tool for nonrandomized, interventional studies. Findings from studies with data available for the number of women with postpartum relapses in the breastfeeding and nonbreastfeeding groups were combined with a random-effects model. Main Outcomes and Measures Postpartum MS relapse. Results The search identified 462 unique citations, and 24 (2974 women) satisfied eligibility criteria and were included, of which 16 were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. The pooled summary odds ratio for the association of breastfeeding with postpartum relapses was 0.63 (95% CI, 0.45-0.88;P = .006) compared with a reference of nonbreastfeeding. Pooled adjusted hazard ratio across 4 studies that reported this finding was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.38-0.85;P = .006). There was moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 48%), which was explained by variable prepregnancy relapse rate, postpartum follow-up duration, and the publication year. A stronger association was seen in studies of exclusive rather than nonexclusive breastfeeding, although both demonstrated an association. Studies were rated at moderate and serious risk of bias, with concern for residual confounding, although sensitivity analysis including only moderate quality studies was consistent with a protective outcome of breastfeeding. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that breastfeeding is protective against postpartum relapses in MS, although high-quality prospective studies to date are limited and well-designed observational studies that aim to emulate a randomized trial would be of benefit.
Predictors of oxylipins in a healthy pediatric population.

Background Oxylipins are formed from oxidation of omega-6 (n6) and omega-3 (n3) fatty acids (FAs). Evidence for inflammatory effects comes mostly from adults. Methods Oxylipins from n6 FA (27 n6-oxylipins) and n3 FA (12 n3-oxylipins) were measured through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in plasma from 111 children at risk of type 1 diabetes (age 1-17 years) studied longitudinally. Oxylipin precursor FAs (arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid) were measured in red blood cell (RBC) membrane and plasma. Precursor FAs dietary intake was measured through food frequency questionnaire and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) through questionnaires. Linear mixed models were used to test oxylipins with predictors. Results Age associated with 15 n6- and 6 n3-oxylipins; race/ethnicity associated with 3 n6- and 1 n3-oxylipins; sex associated with 2 n6-oxylipins. ETS associated with lipoxin-A4. Oxylipins associated with precursor FAs in plasma more often than RBC. RBC levels and dietary intake of precursor FAs more consistently associated with n3-oxylipins than with n6-oxylipins. Conclusions In healthy children, oxylipin levels change with age. Oxylipins associated with precursor FAs more often in plasma than RBC or diet, suggesting that inflammatory regulation leading to FA release into plasma may also be a determinant of oxylipin generation. Impact This is the first study to examine predictors of oxylipins in healthy children at risk of type 1 diabetes.In healthy children at risk of type 1 diabetes, many oxylipins change with age, and most oxylipins do not differ by sex or race/ethnicity.Environmental tobacco smoke exposure was associated with the presence of lipoxin A4.Omega-6- and omega-3-related oxylipin levels were consistently associated with their respective precursor fatty acid levels measured in the plasma.Proportionally more omega-3 compared to omega-6 oxylipins were associated with dietary intake and red blood cell membrane levels of the respective precursor fatty acid.
Stress Evolution in Na-Ion Battery Anode during Electrochemical Cycling

A large amount of literature exists on the electrochemical characterization of various high capacity sodium-ion battery electrodes; however, their mechanical behavior has not been characterized before. In this study, evolution of stress in sodium-ion battery electrode has been measured in real-time using an optical-based substrate curvature measurement apparatus. A 100 nm Ge thin film, as working electrode, was cycled against sodium reference/counter electrode with 1 M sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) in propylene carbonate (PC) as electrolyte. Electrochemical and stress response of the electrodes to the prescribed electrochemical cycling conditions were measured simultaneously. Further, the sodiated Ge samples were analyzed using SEM, XRD, and AFM techniques to understand the microstructural changes. It was observed that sodiation of Ge films resulted in distinctly different mechanics and electrochemical phenomenon compared to that of lithiated Ge films. These observations and implications will be further discussed in the talk.