cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simple Model for Estimating Blunt Impact Skull Force

We use open-literature test data on human skull impacted by a rigid projectile to estimate parameters of a skull/skin impact model. The model comprises a mass and three-parameter spring/dashpot system. We solve the resulting equation of motion after impact analytically and determine the model parameters by minimizing errors between the experimental data and model predictions. Next, we consider a non-lethal SIR-X projectile; we model it as a mass with a nonlinear spring in front and determine the spring parameters by utilizing SIR-X rigid wall impact data published in open literature. We observe that analyzing a rigid projectile impacting a human skull leads to a simplified procedure for determining parameters of the human skull model; similarly, using rigid wall impact data allows us to estimate properties of the projectile in a relatively simple manner. Finally, we calculate the impact force as a function of the SIR-X impact velocity and show how nonlinear spring properties of the projectile nose material could be modified to minimize the maximum impact force.
Predictors of increased melphalan exposure correlate with overall survival, nonrelapse mortality, and toxicities in patients undergoing reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation with fludarabine and melphalan.

The reduced-intensity conditioning regimen, fludarabine and melphalan 140 mg/m2 (FM140), is widely adopted in practice. Pharmacokinetic studies report 10-fold interpatient variability in melphalan ...
Association of blood pressure with cognitive function at midlife: a Mendelian randomization study

Whether high blood pressure has a causal effect on cognitive function as early as middle age is unclear. We investigated whether high blood pressure (BP) causally impairs cognitive function at midlife using Mendelian Randomization (MR). We applied a two-sample MR approach to investigate the causal relationship between BP and midlife cognitive performance measured by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and Stroop Interference test. We used a total of 109 genetic polymorphisms with established associations with BP as instrumental variables and estimated gene-cognitive function association in 1369 middle-aged adults (Mean age (SD): 50.8 (3.3), 54.0% women) from the CARDIA study. A 10 mmHg increment in genetically-predicted systolic, diastolic, or pulse pressure was associated with a 4.9 to 7.7-point lower DSST score (P = 0.002, SBP; P = 0.005, DBP and P = 0.008, PP), while a 10 mmHg increment in genetically-predicted SBP was associated with a 0.7 point lower RAVLT and a 2.3 point higher Stroop (P = 0.046 and 0.011, respectively). This MR analysis shows that high BP, especially SBP, is causally associated with poorer processing speed, verbal memory, and executive function during midlife. These findings emphasize the need for further investigation of the role and mechanisms of BP dysregulation on cognitive health in middle age and perhaps, more broadly, across the lifespan.
Modeling double-strand breaks from direct and indirect action in a complete human genome single cell Geant4 model.

The aim of this work is to develop and validate a computational model to investigate direct and indirect DNA damage by directly quantifying DNA strand breaks. A detailed geometrical target model was created in the Monte Carlo toolkit Geant4 to represent the nucleus of a single human cell with complete human genome. A calculation framework to simulate double-strand breaks (DSBs) was implemented using this single cell model in the Geant4-DNA extension. A detailed ellipsoidal single cell model was implemented using a compacted DNA structure representing the fibroblast cell in the G0/G1 phase of the cycle using a total of 6 Gbp within the nucleus to represent the complete human genome. This geometry was developed from the publicly available Geant4-DNA example (wholeNuclearDNA), and modified to record DNA damage for both the physical and chemical stages. A clustering algorithm was implemented in the analysis process in order to quantify direct, indirect, and mixed DSBs. The model was validated against published experimental and computational results for DSB Gy-1Gbp-1and the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values for 250 kVp and Co-60 photons, as well as 2-100 MeV mono-energetic protons. A general agreement was observed over the whole simulated proton energy range, Co-60 beam, and 250 kVp in terms of the yield of DSB Gy-1Gbp-1and RBE. The DSB yield was 8.0 ± 0.3 DSB Gy-1Gbp-1for Co-60, and 9.2 ± 0.2 DSB Gy-1Gbp-1for 250 kVp, and between 11.1 ± 0.9 and 8.1 ± 0.5 DSB Gy-1Gbp-1for 2-100 MeV protons. The results also show mixed DSBs composed of direct and indirect SSBs make up more than half of the total DSBs. The results presented indicate that the current model reliably predicts the DSB yield and RBE for proton and photon irradiations, and allows for the detailed computational investigation of direct and indirect effects in DNA damage.
Ammonium and potassium removal from undiluted and diluted hydrolyzed urine using natural zeolites

There is limited research comparing nutrient removal in concentrated and dilute waste streams. Accordingly, the goal of this research was to study the effect of dilution on ammonium and potassium removal from real hydrolyzed urine using natural zeolites. The performance of two natural zeolites, clinoptilolite and chabazite, was studied and compared using batch equilibrium experiments at four dilution levels defined as urine volume divided by total solution volume (expressed as a percent): 100%, 10%, 1% and 0.1%. The adsorption behavior of other exchangeable ions, namely sodium, calcium, and magnesium, in clinoptilolite and chabazite was studied to improve the understanding of ion exchange stoichiometry. Ammonium and potassium removals were highest in undiluted urine samples treated with clinoptilolite or chabazite. This is a key finding as it illustrates the benefit of collecting undiluted urine via source separation. High removal of ammonium and potassium by clinoptilolite and chabazite was also achieved in 10% urine solutions, which are representative of water-efficient flush systems and show that nutrient recovery is possible for diluted urine as well. Chabazite showed higher ammonium and much higher potassium removal than clinoptilolite. Finally, the results showed that clinoptilolite and chabazite demonstrated stoichiometric exchange between ammonium and potassium in urine solutions with mobile cations in the zeolites.
Spherical Photonic Nanostructures from High Molecular Weight Liquid Crystalline Brushlike Block Copolymers

We demonstrate sequential ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene bearing n-alkyloxycyanobiphenyl (NBCB12) and norbornene bearing poly(dl-lactide) (NBPLA) to synthesize low poly...
Investigation of the Stress and Sleep Physiology Correlates of Next-Day Memory for Details of a Social Stressor Testing Environment

Despite evidence which demonstrates that psychosocial stress interacts with sleep to modulate memory, research that has examined next-day memory for the stressful environment itself has not accounted for post-stressor sleep. Here, participants completed the Trier Social Stress Test or a matched control task with psychophysiological monitoring and stress hormone assays. After a 24-hour delay that included overnight polysomnographically-recorded sleep, memory for objects in the testing room was assessed by having participants draw the testing room from the previous day from memory. As expected, stressed participants mounted greater psychophysiological and stress hormone responses to the stressor than participants in the control condition. However, there was only weak evidence that stress reactivity and post-encoding sleep interacted to modulate memory for testing room details. Instead, NREM sleep physiology on the night following testing room encoding was positively associated with memory for testing room details, though this association occurred in the control, but not stressed, participants.
Psychiatric Aspects of Prophylactic Surgery in Adults

Interest in genetic testing and prophylactic surgery has increased in recent years. Going through a genetic test, making decisions following recommended guidelines, and prophylactic surgery are challenging for individuals. Psychiatric care and counseling for prophylactic surgery play a crucial role in the management of patients because of the high prevalence of mental disorders in the general population, and particularly, in individuals undergoing prophylactic surgery. Considering the high psychiatric comorbidity and its effect on decision-making, treatment, and outcome of prophylactic surgery patients, a comprehensive psychiatric assessment should be performed throughout the genetic counseling, pre, and postoperative setting. Screening patients for acute psychiatric disorders, observation of mental health status during genetic testing, decision-making, and in the pre and postoperative stages would support providing appropriate psychological and psychiatric services of persons at high-risk for psychological distress, identification of individuals with a co-occurring psychiatric disorder, and prevention of reoccurrence of a psychiatric disorder. We elaborate on these steps that would prevent complications and improve outcomes of patients undergoing prophylactic surgery.
The Socio-Economic Development of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Gender Inequality Index and Policy Recommendation

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is experiencing a dilemma since 2005. The dilemma is between the modernization of its social system underscoring the importance of gender equity in the community, particularly for women and girls, while facing the traditional, conservative norms and values that undermine the women's capacity to engage in society with men. Since 2005, Saudi Arabia has embarked on the modernization routes for its rules and policies to create more economic, social, and civil opportunities for women to be actively engaged in the community. In the paper, we will explore the relationship between the legal reforms that occurred in Saudi Arabia regarding women's rights and their impact on Saudi Arabia's Gender Inequality Index (GII). Understanding the relationship will build a comprehensive understanding of Saudi Arabia's capacity to achieve comprehensive sustainability for the society known by Saudi Arabia Vision 2030. The project relies on quantitative and qualitative meta-analyze research methods to assess data and build conclusions.
Cooperation, correlation and the evolutionary dominance of tag-based strategies

Cooperation in the prisoner’s dilemma is possible if interactions are sufficiently correlated. We show that when conditions favorable to the evolution of cooperation hold (rb > c) tag-based strategies dominate. Thus, well-meaning interventions aimed at promoting cooperation may succeed but will often lead to in-group favoritism and ethnocentric behavior. Exploring ways that promote cooperation but do not usher in tag-based strategies should be a focal point of future work on the evolution of cooperation.
Decreased vascular smooth muscle contractility in Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome linked to defective smooth muscle myosin heavy chain expression

Children with Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) suffer from multiple cardiovascular pathologies due to the expression of progerin, a mutant form of the nuclear envelope protein Lamin A. Progerin expression has a dramatic effect on arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and results in decreased viability and increased arterial stiffness. However, very little is known about how progerin affects SMC contractility. Here, we studied the LaminAG609G/G609G mouse model of HGPS and found reduced arterial contractility at an early age that correlates with a decrease in smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) mRNA and protein expression. Traction force microscopy on isolated SMCs from these mice revealed reduced force generation compared to wild-type controls; this effect was phenocopied by depletion of SM-MHC in WT SMCs and overcome by ectopic expression of SM-MHC in HGPS SMCs. Arterial SM-MHC levels are also reduced with age in wild-type mice and humans, suggesting a common defect in arterial contractility in HGPS and normal aging.
Venetoclax Combined With FLAG-IDA Induction and Consolidation in Newly Diagnosed and Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia

PURPOSESixty percent of newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukemia (ND-AML) receiving frontline therapy attain a complete response (CR), yet 30%-40% of patients relapse. Relapsed or refra...
The distribution of money balances and the nonneutrality of money

Recent monetary models with explicit microfoundations are made tractable by assuming that agents have access to centralized markets after one round of decentralized trade. Given quasi-linear preferences, this makes the distribution of money degenerate—which keeps the models simple but precludes the discussion of distributional effects of monetary policy. We generalize these models by assuming two rounds of trade before agents can readjust their money holdings to study a range of new distributional effects analytically. We show that unexpected, symmetric lump-sum money injections may increase short-run output and welfare, whereas asymmetric injections may increase long-run output and welfare.
Consistency of the Maximal Information Coefficient Estimator.

The Maximal Information Coefficient (MIC) of Reshef et al. (Science, 2011) is a statistic for measuring dependence between variable pairs in large datasets. In this note, we prove that MIC is a consistent estimator of the corresponding population statistic MIC$_*$. This corrects an error in an argument of Reshef et al. (JMLR, 2016), which we describe.
What’s So Special About General Verdicts? Questioning the Preferred Verdict Format in American Criminal Jury Trials

Criminal juries in the United States typically deliver their decisions through a “general verdict,” expressing only their ultimate conclusion of “guilty” or “not guilty,” rather than through a “special verdict” that identifies whether each element of the charged crime has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. American courts have broadly favored the use of general verdicts in criminal cases due to concerns that the special verdict will curtail the jury’s decision-making autonomy, including its power to nullify the law in favor of the defense, potentially undermining the criminal defendant’s constitutional right to trial by jury. This Article confronts the legal status quo on verdict format and its underlying, untested assumptions. Drawing upon prior psychology findings and legal professionals’ anecdotal observations, it questions whether the general verdict poses its own under-acknowledged threats to the rights of criminal defendants and the decision-making agency of jurors. While the more guided special verdict format is presumed to threaten nullifying acquittals, the unguided general verdict format might be enabling convictions that violate constitutional norms of due process, impartial adjudication, and equal protection. Given the high-stakes values potentially implicated in the choice of verdict format in criminal cases, it is time to put the conventional wisdom in favor of general verdicts to an empirical test. This Article therefore proposes a methodological framework for investigating whether the legal status quo accurately reflects (1) current stakeholders’ preferences and predictions, and (2) experimentally testable legal and cognitive effects of general versus special verdicts in lay determinations of criminal liability. A data-informed understanding is needed to assess whether the general verdict is optimizing the integrity, fairness, and constitutionality of criminal jury decision making.
Clinical Studies of Lymphoid Cell Lymphokines in 102 Patients with Malignant Solid Tumors

Immune responses, whether humoral or cellular, are subtly regulated and balanced by various subsets of lymphocytes. The latter, when stimulated, elaborate and release a variety of nonantibody molecules, named lymphokines (LK) by Dumonde, which act as mediators and regulators of various immune reactions. LK are especially important in so -called cell-mediated immunity, which is responsible for the rejection and destruction of foreign tissue. Malignant tumor cells are sensed by lymphocytes as “nonself” and should therefore be subject to immune attack. For poorly understood reasons this immune response to cancer cells is insufficient in most cases to either prevent the growth of the tumor or to help destroy it when already established. The possibility that the reinforcement of some aspects of the immune response by the administration of exogenously produced LK may help destroy in vivo tumor tissue has been considered by many.
Chapter 2 Steroid Alkaloids: The Veratrum Group

Publisher Summary Reviews on various aspects of chemistry of the Veratrum alkaloids have been written by Fieser and Fieser, Boit, Kupchan, and Narayanan. The logical names jerveratrum and ceveratrum proposed by Fieser and Fieser for the two distinct chemical groups of Veratrum alkaloids have been adopted. The jerveratrum alkamines contain only one to three atoms of oxygen, and are found in unliydrolyzed plant extracts, in part as the free alkamines and in part in combination, with one molecule of D-glucose as glucoalkaloids. The ceveratrum alkamines are highly hydroxylic and contain seven to nine atoms of oxygen; they usually occur esterified with various acids as ester alkaloids, but are in some instances unconjugated; they have never been found as glycosides. Another innovation has been the inclusion of the chemically related alkaloids that has been isolated from plants of the genus Fritillaria of the liliaceous family.
The Royal Flush Saga

Miranda Genet was the daughter of my next-door neighbor. She was a beauty. There's no other way to say it. Seventeen, blond hair, a round, young face so quick to smile. Twinkling eyes a color that makes me think of the ice on Lake Superior where Jigger and I used to go fishing every winter. When I was younger, I would have been smitten. But, geezer that I am (sixty next January), it was impos sible for me to see her as anything but a child. She was the sort of young person who makes you smile when you see her. Bright, ambitious, and good-looking, undoubtedly the cream of the somewhat stunted crop we produce in what we call the "north country," the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Her father, Jack Genet, would sometimes tell me, his voice swelling with pride, how she got top marks in math, how she planned to take the Advanced Placement test for French, or how she was reading The Odyssey, not even for a school assignment, just for fun. I had a firsthand demo of how smart she was when she showed me how to use the secondhand computer I'd bought so Jigger could send me e-mails from Iraq. Her father was the town doctor, but Miranda's love was music. At odd times of the day you would hear the sound of a piano drift ing from her house. The classical stuff I recognized vaguely from Interlochen Public Radio as Shubert or Chopin or one of those guys. Or there'd be jazz standards like "Ain't Misbehavin'" or "St. Louis Blues," tunes she would "just throw together," she told me one time, because she never played them the same way twice. "Hi, Mr. Nelson," she'd yell from her porch when she saw me drive the oP septic truck into my driveway after a day of pumping tanks, and when I waved back she took it as an invitation to tell me about
A Discourse on Educational Leadership: Global Themes, Postmodern Perspectives

Epistemology mirrors reality but notperfectly, and in the process molds reality butnot exactly as intended or anticipated. Horizontal interconnections also exist betweenand among epistemology, ideology, theory andpraxiology. However, these relations areneither deductive nor deterministic in naturebut are merely resonant, and then unclear,ambiguous and confounded. In this paper, thepoint is made that we need a grand reflectionon both our paradigms of reality and ourpredicaments of life as lived, to deal with thediscontent of humanity at this moment of thehistory of our civilization, and to engage inpraxis ``to act on our world and to reconstructit'' to make it moral, just and more humane. Toundertake such a grand reflection, we need apractical philosophy of knowledge – that is, apractical epistemology – to bridge across themultiple epistemological approaches nowcrowding our discussions. An epistemictriangle formed by systems thinking,constructivist thinking, and dialecticalthinking is offered to serve as the startingpoint of crystallization for building a commonground for epistemologies. It is shown how suchan epistemological diagram could be first usedto develop a minimum ideological consensus andthen to bring orderliness to the chaos ofcontemporary themes of our civilization andissues of education and culture within andacross nations. Finally, an agenda foreducational leadership for educational practiceis offered to fit the needs of the globalcommunity of nations as we enter thetwenty-first century.
N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenosine: The regulatory effects of a cytokinin and modified nucleoside from tRNA on human lymphocytes

Abstract We have studied the effects of N 6 -(Δ 2 - isopentenyl)adenosine and related cytokinin analogs on the stimulation and inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-induced growth of human lymphocytes. We have found that N 6 -(Δ 2 - isopentenyl)adenosine exerts inhibitory effects on RNA synthesis, uridine transport and uridylate kinase synthesis. On the basis of the interaction of N 6 -(Δ 2 - isopentenyl)adenosine with cyclic AMP in this system, we propose that the observed stimulatory and inhibitory effects may be due to the involvement of N 6 -(Δ 2 - isopentenyl)adenosine in cyclic AMP metabolism.
Assay and isolation of a cyanide-binding protein of rat liver microsomes.

Abstract An assay of a cyanide-binding protein of rat liver microsomes has been developed based on a cyanide-induced difference spectrum between λmax of 443 nm and λmin of 405 to 410 nm (K = 0.5 mm). The cyanide-binding protein has been isolated by chromatography of deoxycholate-treated microsomes on diethylaminoethylcellulose. Chromatography of a preparation of Nagarse-treated microsomes yielded the cyanide-binding protein free from cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5. The absolute spectrum of the purified cyanide-binding protein suggests that the substance is a cytochrome (λmax 410 nm, oxidized; λmax 418, 524, 555 nm, reduced). Preliminary evidence relating the cyanide-binding protein to mixed function oxidation of methyl sterols and stearyl coenzyme A suggests that the protein may function as a component of these oxidases.
A media enhanced introductory programming class

A traditional classroom introductory programming class has been enhanced into a hybrid class with strong classroom and Internet components. The course no longer has a textbook, but relies on a course management system developed from a MOO as an alternate information source. The MOO provides many of the facilities of a course management system but excels in its ability to be customized in a more fundamental way. This allows it to provide services not usually associated with course management software.There is something of a controversy between the proponents of classroom instruction and online learning. The classroom activities of this course and its online system complement each other with differing strengths and weaknesses. The result is a course that has the best of both worlds.
Peri-implant bone strains and micro-motion following in vivo service: A postmortem retrieval study of 22 tibial components from total knee replacements

Biological adaptation following placement of a total knee replacements (TKRs) affects peri-implant bone mineral density (BMD) and implant fixation. We quantified the proximal tibial bone strain and implant-bone micro-motion for functioning postmortem retrieved TKRs and assessed the strain/micro-motion relationships with chronological (donor age and time in service) and patient (body weight and BMD) factors. Twenty-two tibial constructs were functionally loaded to one body weight (60% medial/40% lateral), and the bone strains and tray/bone micro-motions were measured using a digital image correlation system. Donors with more time in service had higher bone strains (p = 0.044), but there was not a significant (p = 0.333) contribution from donor age. Donors with lower peri-implant BMD (p = 0.0039) and higher body weight (p = 0.0286) had higher bone strains. Long term implants (>11 years) had proximal bone strains 900 µϵ that were almost twice as high as short term (<5 years) implants 570 µϵ. Micro-motion was greater for younger donors (p = 0.0161) and longer time in service (p = 0.0008). Increased bone strain with long term in vivo service could contribute to loosening of TKRs by failure of the tibial peri-implant bone. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:355–361, 2014.
Thermal Energy Storage for the Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle

This paper examines the operation of a simple sensible thermal energy storage (TES) unit for use in concentrated solar power (CSP) plant applications using supercritical CO2 (sCO2) as the heat transfer fluid. The heat transfer characteristics of the system are described and it is shown that an advancing heat front, with a very high temperature gradient, is achieved through proper design. Typical charge and discharge times of 6 hours are studied to show how this method can be used in practical applications. It is shown that the TES can be effectively matched to a conceptual CSP plant to allow it to operate at night or during periods of reduced sunlight.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Temporal pattern generation based on anticipation

A neural network model of complex temporal pattern generation is proposed and investigated analytically and by computer simulation. Temporal pattern generation is based on recognition of the contexts of individual components. Based an its acquired experience the model actively yields system anticipation, which then compares with the actual input flow. A mismatch triggers self-organization of context learning, which ultimately leads to resolving various ambiguities in producing complex temporal patterns. We show analytically that the network model can learn to generate any complex temporal pattern. Multiple patterns can be acquired sequentially by the system, manifesting a form of retroactive interference. The model is consistent with cognitive studies of sequential learning. >
Adenovirus E1A-mediated negative control of genes activated during F9 differentiation.

Abstract The phenotype of a differentiated cell results from the expression of a unique set of genes in that cell. The differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma cells in response to retinoic acid and cyclic AMP is an excellent example of this process, as the appearance of several gene products during the course of the differentiation process has been documented. In principle, the activation of gene expression could be due to the appearance of positive-acting factors, the loss of negative-acting factors, or a combination of both. Since F9 cells have been shown to express a cellular E1A analog whereas differentiated F9 cells do not, and it is known that the viral E1A gene exerts a negative effect on transcription of both viral and cellular genes, we determined whether the cellular genes activated during F9 cell differentiation are subject to E1A negative control. We found that infection of differentiated F9 cells with wild-type adenovirus resulted in a decline in the levels of collagen type IV mRNA and plasminogen activator mRNA, both of which are induced by differentiation. At least for the collagen gene, this phenomenon appears to involve a transcriptional repression.
Maintenance of genetic variability under the pressure of neutral and deleterious mutations in a finite population.

In order to assess the effect of deleterious mutations on various measures of genic variation, approximate formulas have been developed for the frequency spectrum, the mean number of alleles in a sample, and the mean homozygosity; in some particular cases, exact formulas have been obtained. The assumptions made are that two classes of mutations exist, neutral and deleterious, and that selection is strong enough to keep deleterious alleles in low frequencies, the mode of selection being either genic or recessive. The main findings are: (1) If the expected value (q) of the sum of the frequencies of deleterious alleles is about 10% or less, then the presence of deleterious alleles causes only a minor reduction in the mean number of neutral alleles in a sample, as compared to the case of q = 0. Also, the low- and intermediate-frequency parts of the frequency spectrum of neutral alleles are little affected by the presence of deleterious alleles, though the high-frequency part may be changed drastically. (2) The contribution of deleterious mutations to the expected total number of alleles in a sample can be quite large even if q is only 1 or 2%. (3) The mean homozygosity is roughly equal to (1—2q)/(1+θ1), where θ1 is twice the number of new neutral mutations occurring in each generation in the total population. Thus, deleterious mutations increase the mean heterozygosity by about 2q/(1+θ1). The present results have been applied to study the controversial problem of how deleterious mutations may affect the testing of the neutral mutation hypothesis.
High performance, room temperature, broadband II-VI quantum cascade detector

We report on the experimental demonstration of a room temperature, II-VI, ZnCdSe/ZnCdMgSe, broadband Quantum Cascade detector. The detector consists of 30 periods of 2 interleaved active-absorption regions centered at wavelengths 4.8 μm and 5.8 μm, respectively. A broad and smooth photocurrent spectrum between 3.3 μm and 6 μm spanning a width of 1030 cm–1 measured at 10% above baseline was obtained up to 280 K, corresponding to a ΔE/E of 47%. Calibrated blackbody responsivity measurements show a measured peak responsivity of 40 mA/W at 80 K, corresponding to a detectivity of about 3.1×1010 cmHz/W. Bias dependent photocurrent measurements revealed no significant change in the spectral shape, suggesting an impedance matched structure between the different active regions.
Community Use of Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Stroke Results of the Brain Matters Stroke Management Survey

Background and Purpose—Little is known of neurologists’ viewpoints regarding intravenous tPA use or institutional readiness to evaluate potential thrombolytic candidates. Methods—Surveys were distributed at the Brain Matters Stroke Management Workshops held in 16 cities in the United States. Results—Intravenous tPA was administered by 46.9% of responding neurologists. Almost 30% (29.9%) of surveyed neurologists were “very convinced” of its efficacy, whereas 61.6% were “very concerned” about the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Only half of the respondents believed their institutions could meet all NINDS-recommended stroke-evaluation time targets. Conclusions—Neurologists’ enthusiasm for the efficacy of intravenous tPA is tempered by their concern about intracranial hemorrhage. Institutional readiness for evaluating acute stroke patients is not optimized.
Partial purification and properties of l-asparagine synthetase from mouse pancreas.

l-Asparagine synthetase was partially purified from mouse pancreas to a final mean specific activity of 0.10 unit/mg of protein. The enzyme exhibited an l-glutaminase activity which was not affected by l-asparate, NH(4)Cl, ATP-MgCl(2), l-glutamate, AMP (sodium salt) or sodium pyrophosphate. The l-glutamine-dependent l-asparagine synthetase activity of the partially purified enzyme from mouse pancreas was markedly decreased by freezing for 7 days at -87 degrees C in the presence of 1mm-dithiothreitol, but effectively protected from inactivation by high concentrations (10mm) of the thiol reagent. The l-glutaminase activity of the enzyme was inhibited by antagonists of l-glutamine (e.g. 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine, 5-chloro-4-oxo-l-norvaline, 5-diazo-4-oxo-l-norvaline and NSC-163501) and thiol-reactive compounds (e.g. 2-amino-4-arsenophenol hydrochloride, maleimide, mucochloric acid and ZnCl(2)), but not by aminomalonic acid, the next lower homologue of l-aspartate, nor by l-homoserine beta-adenylate, an analogue of the presumed transitory covalent intermediate. The complete forward reaction catalysed by l-asparagine synthetase from mouse pancreas appears to be irreversible and essentially stoicheiometric under the conditions examined. Mouse pancreas contains a proteolytic inhibitor of l-asparagine synthetase separable from the enzyme by ion-exchange column chromatography. The inhibitor is activated by incubation at 4 degrees C for 110h and inactivated by soya-bean trypsin inhibitor, di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate and boiling.
Regional myocardial dysfunction following Norwood with right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Background Improved early survival has led many centers to use the right ventricle–to–pulmonary artery (RVPA) conduit instead of the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt for Norwood palliation of hypoplastic left-heart syndrome. However, there is concern regarding the potential deleterious effects of the required right ventriculotomy for placement of the RVPA conduit on global and regional right ventricular (RV) function. The purpose of this study was to investigate global and regional RV wall motion abnormalities after Norwood palliation with RVPA conduit using Velocity Vector Imaging (VVI). Methods Thirty consecutive patients with hypoplastic left-heart syndrome who underwent stage 2 palliation between January 2007 and December 2009 were identified from the surgical database. VVI was performed on two-dimensional echocardiographic images obtained before second-stage palliation. Peak systolic circumferential and radial velocity, strain, and strain rate were measured from parasternal short-axis and apical four-chamber views. RV ejection fraction was measured using the biplane modified Simpson's rule. Regional RV systolic deformations were compared between different RV segments. VVI measures were also compared with RV systolic function. In a subgroup ( n = 14), VVI was repeated on follow-up after stage 2 palliation to evaluate changes in regional and global RV deformation. Results A total of 30 patients (20 males) were studied. The median age at the time of interstage echocardiography was 12 weeks (range, 8–18 weeks). In the short axis, average peak systolic circumferential strain values for the anterior, posterior, septal, and RV free wall segments were 3.79 ± 2.52%, 11.4 ± 5.2%, 13.3 ± 6.5%, and 11.1 ± 5.0%, respectively. From the short-axis view, the anterior RV segment (ventriculotomy site) exhibited significantly reduced circumferential velocity, peak systolic strain, and strain rate ( P Conclusions In patients with hypoplastic left-heart syndrome after Norwood palliation with RVPA conduit, RV myocardial deformation was significantly reduced at the ventriculotomy site, which persisted after stage 2 palliation. VVI-derived measures demonstrating impairment of global systolic myocardial deformation were correlated with RV systolic function. Long-term multicenter studies to evaluate the effects of ventriculotomy scar on single systemic right ventricle are required.
Post-failure behavior of a granite and diabase

Post-Failure Behavior of a Granite and Diabase Compression experiments have been performed on Westerly granite and Frederick diabase at a mean strain rate of 0 (10−5) sec.−1. In such tests Westerly granite and Frederick diabase exhibit Class II failure behavior between zero and 22000 psi and between 500 psi and 2200 psi, confining pressure respectively. In order to control brittle failure in these rocks, therefore, energy must be extracted from the samples. Complete stress-strain curves for Westerly granite can be divided into a number of characteristic regions. Each of these regions can be described in terms of distinct fracture patterns. In Westerly granite in uniaxial compression and at less than 2 900 psi confining pressure, the fracture patterns consist of local cracks predominantly parallel to the direction of greatest compression, slabs and narrow intensely crushed shear zones. At greater 2 900 psi confining pressure the fracture patterns consist of local cracks predominantly inclined to the direction of greatest compression and of macroscopic shear fractures. At high confining pressure, local cracks tend to propagate in their initial plane. The fracture patterns in Frederick diabase are sensibly the same as those in Westerly granite at 22000 psi confining pressure. The ultimate strength of Westerly granite above 22000 psi confining pressure and in Frederick diabase is controlled by faulting. At lower confining pressure faulting in granite occurs only in the post-failure region beyond the peak of the stress-strain curves. Preliminary experiments suggest that creep in Westerly granite under high and constant stress produces the same fracture patterns that occur in the post-failure region in continuous-deformation tests. In uniaxial compression creep terminates in macroscopic fracture near the intersection of the constant stress-strain path of a creep sample with the post-failure branch of the stress-strain curve of a quasi-statically loaded specimen. A comparison of all fracture patterns suggests that the fracture mechanisms in rock depend upon confining pressure, mineral composition and grain size of the rocks tested. It is unlikely, therefore, that rock failure in compression can in general be described by a single failure criterion.
X-Ray diffraction study of tensile deformation in a bulk polycrystalline Ag-30 at. % Cd alloy

X-ray diffraction techniques have been used to study plastic deformation in a polycrystalline Ag-30 at.% Cd alloy under tensile load. The positions and shapes of all (hkl) reflections were recorded using a parafocusing arrangement up to a maximum true strain of 0.265. The effects on the peak displacements caused by stacking faults and by macroscopic strains normal to the surface were distinguished. The longitudinal true stress in the surface layer evaluated by least square analysis was smaller than the macroscopic flow stress by an approximately constant amount over the whole range of strain (in accord with previous observations of a stress gradient near a free surface); the apparent rate of work hardening in the surface was equal to that for the specimen as a whole. The stacking fault probability α was approximately a linear function of strain and attained a maximum value of 7×10−3.
Dynamic Imaging with High Resolution Time-of-Flight PET Camera - TOFPET I

One of the major design goals of the TOFPET I positron camera was to produce a high resolution whole body positron camera capable of dynamically imaging an organ such as the heart. TOFPET I is now nearing completion and preliminary images have been obtained to assess its dynamic and three dimensional imaging capabilities. Multiple gated images of the uptake of Rubidium in the dog heart and three dirensional surface displays of the distribution of the Rubidium-82 in the myocardium have been generated to demnstrate the three dimensional imaging properties. Fast dynamic images of the first pass of a bolus of radio-tracer through the heart have been collected with 4 second integration time and 50% gating (2 second equivalent integration time) with 18 mCi of Rb-82.
A comment on the extractions of V ub from radiative decays

Abstract We present a model independent closed form expression for |V ub | 2 /|V tb V ts ∗ | 2 , which includes the resummation of large endpoint logarithms as well as the interference effects from the operators O 2 and O 8 . We demonstrate that the method to extract | V ub | presented by the authors in hep-ph/9909404, and modified in this Letter to include interference effects, is not just a refinement of the method introduced in hep-ph/9312311. We also discuss the model dependence of the latter proposal. Furthermore, we show that the resummation is not negligible and that the Landau pole does not introduce any significant uncertainties.
A NEW LEASE OF LIFE FOR 71 MISSING FELLOWS

The Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons , edited by Christine S. Nicholls, was published on 28 January 1993 by the Oxford University Press. The volume covers the lives of 1086 individuals who were omitted from the original D.N.B. and subsequent supplements, from 1885 to 1985. In the new volume I have traced 71 Fellows of the Royal Society: one of them, John Milne, takes on a double life after being accidentally duplicated from the 1901-1930 D.N.B. volume. The following list of these ‘missing’ Fellows gives their dates, the year of their election and their occupations, as indexed in the Dictionary , representing 13 of the 27 categories supplied. For convenience, the occupations have been keyed alphabetically (letters A-M) to a table (at the end of the list) showing the names in each occupational group.
RATES OF ATTEMPTED SUICIDE AND OF COMPLETED SUICIDE IN EUROPEAN NATIONS

Estimated rates of attempted suicide in 12 European nations were significantly associated with official rates of completed suicides in those nations.
Experimental evidence for magnetic or electric field effects on phase transformations

Abstract This review presents examples of the effects of magnetic or electric fields on phase transformations in a variety of materials. Magnetic fields have been shown to influence phase stability and, for example, induce martensite in iron–base alloys. Application of a magnetic field during the growth of some phases can produce an alignment with the field and an optimized microstructure for certain properties. Electric fields can modify phase transformations by their enhancement of atomic diffusivity, as, for example, their influence on diffusion-controlled transformations such as eutectoidal decomposition of steel or age hardening of aluminum alloys. Electric fields can also bias phase transformations toward phases which have higher dielectric constants than the parent phase. Much more research is needed to fully exploit magnetic/electric fields as another tool to control structure, and therefore properties of materials.
Tuning the properties of transparent oxide conductors. Dopant ion size and electronic structure effects on CdO-based transparent conducting oxides. Ga- and in-doped CdO thin films grown by MOCVD

A combined experimental and theoretical/band structure investigation is reported of Ga-doped CdO (CGO) and In-doped CdO (CIO) thin films grown on both amorphous glass and single-crystal MgO(100) substrates at 410 °C by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Film phase structure, microstructure, and electrical and optical properties are systematically investigated as a function of doping stoichiometry and growth conditions. XRD data reveal that all as-deposited CGO and CIO thin films are phase-pure and polycrystalline, with features assignable to a cubic CdO-type crystal structure. Epitaxial films grown on single-crystal MgO(100) exhibit biaxial, highly textured microstructures. These as-deposited CGO and CIO thin films exhibit excellent optical transparency, with an average transmittance of >80% in the visible range. Ga and In doping widens the optical band gap from 2.85 to 3.08 and 3.18 eV, respectively, via a Burstein–Moss shift. On MgO(100), room temperature thin film conductivities of 11 500...
Ophthalmically Administered β Blockers and Their Cardiopulmonary Effects

Early clinical studies revealed that timolol and other topical β blockers were effective in reducing intra-ocular pressure, without the side effects associated with other antiglaucoma agents. However, because persons with cardiovascular or respiratory diseases were generally excluded from many of these early studies, the risk of serious cardiovascular and respiratory side effects was seriously underestimated. Once these drugs were made available to the general population, reports of systemic side effects began to proliferate. Very quickly, adverse effects from topical β blockade became “old news.” Despite this recognition, many treating physicians remained unaware of the potential for systemic β blockade from topically applied β blockers. A significant portion of a topically administered dose of a β blocker can be absorbed and thereby affect systemic β blockade. Sensitivity to systemic β blockade can be quite dramatic in certain highly susceptible patients, particularly those with either cardiac or pulmonary abnormalities. Careful review of patients' medications will generally lessen, but not completely eliminate, the risk of undesired complications attributable to topical P blockade.
Interdependency of food and water intake in humans

The temporal and quantitative relationship between food and water intake and the effect of fluid restriction on voluntary food intake were studied in 20 male subjects over two 48-h periods. Food intake was limited to specific mealtimes, but subjects could eat as much as they wanted during these times. Drinking was ad libitum in one condition, and limited by about 40% of ad libitum drinking in the other condition. Approximately 68% of all drinking occurred when food was available at mealtimes when drinking was ad libitum. When fluid intake was limited, subjects voluntarily reduced their food intake. Food acceptability, as measured by hedonic ratings, was not significantly affected by fluid restriction even though food intake was significantly reduced. The intensity rating of thirst was negatively correlated with food intake. Indirect comparisons are drawn with eating and drinking relationships in non-human species.
Late-diagnosed seat-belt syndrome: A second Chance?

A7-year-oldmale,rearseatpassengerrestrainedbya 2-point seat-belt, was involved in a head on roadtrafﬁc accident. The driver, also restrained, col-lapsed and died at the scene. The child was takento the nearest accident and emergency departmentwhereprimarysurveyfoundhimtobeconsciousandhaemodynamically stable. The trauma series ofradiographs consisted of lateral cervical spine, APchest, abdomen and pelvic ﬁlms. A CT scan of hishead was requested for reasons of headache andvomiting,andthiswasextendedtoincludethoracic,abdominal and pelvic regions, to rule-out otherinjuries. The only abnormality noted was cerebraloedema. The patient was transferred to the inten-sive care unit of our hospital for monitoring of hishead injury. Three days post-injury, he developedsigns of an acute abdomen and underwent emer-gencylaparotomy.Thisrevealedamesentericvesselinjury and ischaemic segment of jejunum. A resec-tion and primary anastamosis was performed. Tendays post-operatively the patient was reluctant tomobilize complaining of back pain and left leg pain.Examination revealed abdominal wall ecchymosesat the level of the umbilicus (Fig. 1), tendernesslocalized to the L2 vertebra and symptoms of painradiating down the distribution of the left L2 der-matome. Neurological examination was otherwisenormal. Plain AP and lateral radiography of thelumbar spine revealed a Chance fracture of the L2vertebra (Fig. 2). MRI scan of the lumbar spine out-ruled any signiﬁcant spinal cord lesion. The patientwas treated with a hyper-extension Risser jacket.This was removed after 6 weeks where clinical andradiographic examination suggested fracture union.Long-term follow-up has conﬁrmed full recoveryfrom his cerebral, abdominal and spinal injuries,though the patient has a traumatic hernia throughhis oblique abdominal wall musculature caused bythe seat-belt injury.