cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro cellular responsiveness in multiple sclerosis patients to a purified measles virus nuclear core and to other viral antigens

Abstract The Clausen modification of the peripheral blood buffy coat leukocyte migration test was used to test patients with multiple sclerosis, normal subjects and patients with other neurologic diseases for cell-mediated immunity to commercial measles virus, purified nuclear core material from a human neurotropic strain of measles virus, as well as to commercial preparations of rubella, mumps and parainfluenza HA2. Leukocytes of multiple sclerosis patients showed significantly less mean inhibition of migration in the presence of both measles antigens, mumps and parainfluenza but no difference from controls when incubated with rubella. No correlation could be found between the degree of migration inhibition and concomitant serum anti-measles neutralization antibody titers to the same strain of virus. The use of purified viral antigens might result in more meaningful studies of the status of cell-mediated immunity to viral antigens in multiple sclerosis. The relationship of our findings to other studies in this area and to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is discussed.
Software maintenance and operations hybrid model: An IT services industry architecture simulation model approach

Since its beginnings in the late 1960s, the IT services industry has signed long-term (10 to 20 year) contracts to maintain software and operate a system for a fixed decreasing price. The motivation for this paper stems from forty years of watching software maintenance artifacts and operations artifacts continue to diverge down two separate paths filled with duplication and unused information. Occasionally, a well-annotated simulation model has been used effectively to bring these two artifact-paths together and efficiently maintain the software and operate the system within contracted performance goals, called service level agreements. This paper proposes an architecture simulation model hybrid, built from existing software development artifacts and operations artifacts, which can endure for the operational life of a system (an average of eighteen years). In order to show the relevance of the hybrid approach, the complete development and maintenance lifecycle of a large-scale customer order system case is studied. The services industry case high-lights the gaps contained in current simulation models and presents modeling extensions to fill the breaches.
The inheritance of resistance to Verticillium wilt caused by race 1 isolates of Verticillium dahliae in the lettuce cultivar La Brillante

Verticillium wilt of lettuce caused by Verticillium dahliae can cause severe economic damage to lettuce producers. Complete resistance to race 1 isolates is available in Lactuca sativa cultivar (cv.) La Brillante and understanding the genetic basis of this resistance will aid development of new resistant cultivars. F1 and F2 families from crosses between La Brillante and three iceberg cultivars as well as a recombinant inbred line population derived from L. sativa cv. Salinas 88 × La Brillante were evaluated for disease incidence and disease severity in replicated greenhouse and field experiments. One hundred and six molecular markers were used to generate a genetic map from Salinas 88 × La Brillante and for detection of quantitative trait loci. Segregation was consistent with a single dominant gene of major effect which we are naming Verticillium resistance 1 (Vr1). The gene described large portions of the phenotypic variance (R 2 = 0.49–0.68) and was mapped to linkage group 9 coincident with an expressed sequence tag marker (QGD8I16.yg.ab1) that has sequence similarity with the Ve gene that confers resistance to V. dahliae race 1 in tomato. The simple inheritance of resistance indicates that breeding procedures designed for single genes will be applicable for developing resistant cultivars. QGD8I16.yg.ab1 is a good candidate for functional analysis and development of markers suitable for marker-assisted selection.
On cosmic ray cutoffs

Cosmic ray cutoff in the stormer sense for high latitudes at which the geomagnetic field is approximately axisymmetric
Systemic administration of kainic acid produces elevations in TRH in rat central nervous system.

Abstract Several studies have suggested that the concentration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in the central nervous system (CNS) is influenced by the level of CNS activation. Hibernation in the ground squirrel and estivation in the lungfish result in region-specific decreases in TRH concentrations. Repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and amygdaloid kindling have been shown to result in elevations of TRH in limbic brain regions. In the present study, limbic seizures induced by systemic administration of kainic acid resulted in substantial increases in the TRH content of posterior cortex and of dorsal and ventral hippocampus, and in moderate elevations in anterior cortex, amygdala/piriform cortex and corpus striatum. Maximal elevations in TRH were observed 2–4 days after kainic acid administration, and by 14 days TRH levels were similar to control values, with the exception of the dorsal hippocampus, which exhibited more prolonged elevations in TRH levels. Prior exposure to limbic seizure activity attenuated the magnitude of TRH elevation in response to a second administration of kainic acid in the posterior cortex but in no other region. These results indicate that seizure-related processes or events influence TRH systems in the CNS. Neuronal populations involved in limbic seizure induced damage may be involved in the modulation of posterior cortical TRH levels.
Lost and found: Gorbachev's ‘new thinking’

Fifteen years ago, Gorbachev encouraged “new thinking,” a set of ideas that overturned the Leninist theory of international relations underpinning Soviet foreign policy. What happened to them? After September 11, are they coming back?
Complete phalloplasty with a prelaminated osteocutaneous fibula flap.

pedicled skin flaps were used, followed by myocutaneous flaps. Recently microsurgical-free flaps were introduced in the mid 1980s.l While radical forearm flaps have provided an esthetically pleasing phallus, achieving rigidity with a prosthesis often leads to complications and failure.2.3 In addition the forearm flap donor site requires the loss of most of the skin of the forearm.4 In 1993 Sadove et a1 reported the first penile reconstruction with an osteocutaneous-free fibula flap.4 Results were excellent except for the development of a urethrocutaneous fistula in 2 of 3 patients in whom a neourethra had been constructed. In another patient a urethral stricture developed that required internal urethrotomy. We decribe total penile reconstruction using a prelaminated osteocutaneous-free fibula flap. The urethral reconstruction using a skin graft was tubularized and implanted in the lower leg skin before microvascular transfer. We report our modification of this technique using a prelaminated flap. Our modification uses a free gr& as the neourethra, which is transferred into a tunnel of the recipient flap on the lateral aspect of the lower leg. Three months later the neourethra and recipient flap are harvested en bloc to optimize blood supply to the neophallus and neourethra.
Improved MOSFET surface-wave detectors for monolithic analog signal processors

Improved sensitivity of N-channel MOSFETs will be discussed, citing new matched filter implementation techniques. Successful integration of MOS-LSI and acoustic surface-wave technologies is expected to have a large impact on signal processing in the VHF-UHF frequency range.
Induction of myogenesis in mesenchymal cells by MyoD depends on their degree of differentiation

Expression of a transfected MyoD gene induces myogenic differentiation of most cell types. In this study, we evaluated the ability of an exogenous MyoD gene to induce myogenic conversion in two pairs of matched cell lines with different degrees of differentiation within either the osteoblastic or chondrocytic lineage. We show that osteoblasts and chondrocytes are resistant to the myogenic effects of MyoD alone. However, in their less-differentiated cell line counterparts, MyoD induces expression of muscle-cell-specific markers. Less-differentiated osteoblasts can be made resistant to MyoD-induced myogenic conversion by induction of adipogenic differentiation using dexamethasone. Finally, a dominant positive form of MyoD, one which is tethered to a partner, E47, activates muscle-specific gene expression in osteoblasts. Our results suggest that the response of a cell to MyoD depends on its lineage and its degree of differentiation. Furthermore, commitment of cells to the osteoblastic or chondrocytic lineage may involve inhibition of alternative pathways, such as those leading to myoblastic differentiation. Finally, osteoblasts may express a protein(s) which interferes with the activity of MyoD by inhibiting its association with E proteins. This interference can be overcome by expression of the MyoD-E47 hybrid, suggesting that osteoblasts are otherwise competent to undergo myogenic conversion.
Response of medullary neurons to step changes in carotid sinus pressure.

Abstract Moderate amplitude step changes in carotid sinus pressure were found, in an open-loop baroreflex preparation, to produce equivalent step changes in the firing rate of a majority of the medullary neurons tested. The average firing rate remained constant so long as the pressure was held constant (up to 24 sec). No rate sensitivity was observed in 32 out of 33 neurons; however, a single neuron showed mean firing rate changes only during pressure transitions. The variety in the activity patterns of cells which, on the average exhibited stereotyped responses to a simple repetitive stimulus, suggests that afferent information may undergo considerable integration and restructuring within the sensory nucleus, rather than being ‘relayed’ intact to other regions.
Stimulation of fatty acid biosynthesis by preincubation with mitochondria

Abstract Preincubation of rat-liver mitochondria with isolated fatty acid-synthesizing systems from rat liver or adipose tissue stimulates long-chain fatty acid synthesis in a manner other than the provision of cofactors necessary for the enzymatic steps. This effect is similar to stimulation by citrate in (a) occurring at the same enzymatic site, (b) having similar requirements, and (c) having similar products. The identity of the stimulatory factor is under investigation.
Individuality in a long range vocalization of wild chimpanzees

Analysed sound-spectrographically 129 field tape-recordings of the pant-hooting vocalization of seven chimpanzees at the Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. Quantitative statistical comparisons revealed that each animal had distinctive differences, sufficient to permit observers and probably chimpanzees to identify individuals. A consistent sexual difference was found, as well as a possible ageclass difference.
Enhanced separation of DNA restriction fragments by capillary gel electrophoresis using field strength gradients.

The effect of electric field strength gradients on the separation of DNA restriction fragments was investigated. As reported in our earlier work, the mobility of different size double-stranded DNA molecules is a function of the applied electric field which suggests that the use of a nonuniform (time varying) electric field may increase the resolving power. We demonstrate that in capillary gel electrophoresis enhanced separation of DNA restriction fragments up to 1353 bases pairs (bp) in size can be achieved by employing the field strength gradient method
The Difficulty of the Linda Conjunction Problem Can Be Attributed to Its Simultaneous Concrete and Unnatural Representation, and Not to Conversational Implicature

To determine whether the high rate of conjunction errors (CEs) to the notorious Linda problem can be explained by the violation of implicit conversational rules, rather than by its concrete-unnatural representation, as proposed by cognitive-experiential self-theory, participants were given completely disclosing information. Although this procedure, directed toward a rational mode of information processing, reduced CEs, a majority of participants continued to make CEs. A graded series of problems designed to activate latent, intuitive knowledge, but not a procedure designed to provide additional information of a rational nature, additionally reduced CEs. The implications of the findings are discussed with respect to two independent, parallel modes of information processing: experiential-intuitive and rational-analytic. In certain situations the outcome of the experiential-intuitive mode is more compelling than that of the rational-analytical mode, even when the latter is equally accessible. Our findings indicate that the resistance of the Linda problem to a probabilistic solution is even greater than previously suspected.
Synthesis and Characterization of Dendrimer Templated Supported Bimetallic Pt−Au Nanoparticles

Bimetallic dendrimer-stabilized nanoparticles (DSNs) were used to prepare supported Pt−Au catalysts within the bulk miscibility gap for this binary system. Hydroxy-terminated generation 5 PAMAM dendrimers were used to prepare Cu0 nanoparticles (NPs). The Cu0 NPs were subsequently used to reduce K2PtCl4 and HAuCl4, preparing stabilized bimetallic Pt−Au NPs with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The stabilized NPs were adsorbed onto a high surface area silica support and thermally activated to remove the dendrimers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO showed that this preparation route resulted in NPs in which the two metals are intimately mixed and that the majority of the bimetallic NPs were smaller than 3 nm. Further, the bimetallic NPs were highly active for CO oxidation catalysis near room temperature and showed evidence of CO induced restructuring at ambient temperatures.
Bond length estimates for oxide crystals with a molecular power law expression

A molecular power law bond length regression expression, R(M–O) = 1.39(s/r)−0.22, defined in terms of the quotient, s/r, where s is the averaged Pauling bond strength for the bonded interaction comprising a given molecular coordination polyhedron and r is the periodic table row number for the M atom, serves to replicate the bulk of the 470 individual experimental M–O average bond lengths estimated with Shannon’s (Acta Crystallogr A 32(5):751–767, 1976) crystal radii for oxides to within 0.10 A. The success of the molecular expression is ascribed to a one-to-one deep-seated connection that obtains between the electron density accumulated between bonded pairs of atoms and the average Pauling bond strength. It also implies that the bonded interactions that constitute oxide crystals are governed in large part by local forces. Although the expression reproduces the bond lengths involving rare earth atoms typically to within ~0.05 A, it does not reproduce the lanthanide ionic radius contraction. It also fails to reproduce the experimental bond lengths for selected transition cations like Cu1+, Ag1+ and VILSFe2+ and for cations like IVK+, VIBa2+ and IIU6+.
Sketching With Derrida: An Ethnography of a Researcher/Erotic Dancer

This article is a playfully assembled amalgamation of reflections on field notes the author gathered in the early fall of 1992 while locating striptease dancers willing to be interviewed for her di...
Care coordination for patients with cirrhosis: A “win-win” solution for patients, caregivers, providers, and healthcare expenditures

We receive with great enthusiasm the recently published article by Morando and his colleagues from the University of Padova regarding their experience with a newmodel of care coordination in the setting of cirrhosis [1]. The burden of chronic disease is greater now than ever. In the absence of a coordinated effort to prevent, diagnose, and better manage chronic disease, we as a society will bear increasing socioeconomic costs over time. Almost one half of all Americans suffer from one or more chronic diseases [2]. Millions are diagnosed and millions more die annually from a chronic disease. This is a reflection of the changing demographics in the developed world, where mortality from communicable infectious diseases decreases and mortality from non-communicable chronic diseases continues to increase. Enormous scientific advancements in treatment have largely failed to curb this steady rise. Although current health care financing and delivery systems focus on the treatment of acute conditions, 78% of actual healthcare spending is spent on the treatment of chronic conditions [3]. The total burden of chronic diseases on the economy exceeds $1.3 trillion annually; of this amount, $277 billion is spent annually on treatment, with lost productivity totaling $1.1 trillion. At our current pace, by 2023 we can expect a 42% increase in the incidence of chronic disease, totaling $4.2 trillion annually in treatment costs and lost economic output [4]. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are leading causes of death in the United States and worldwide. In the United States, an estimated 30,000 new cases of cirrhosis are diagnosed each year, and cirrhosis overall accounts for over 150,000 annual hospitalizations [5]. Treatment costs associated with the sequelae of cirrhosis such as variceal bleeding, ascites, encephalopathy, and hepatocellular carcinoma exceed $4 billion annually, exclusive of estimates of lost economic output [6]. In stark contrast to most other malignancies, hepatocellular carcinoma is increasing in frequency, with associated expenditures doubling from 1988 to
Simultaneous malignant squamous metaplasia of the cervix and ovary.

Abstract A case is presented in which simultaneous malignant squamous metaplasia was identified in the cervix and both ovaries. It is suggested that this is a manifestation of a "field" response to an unknown carcinogenic stimulus in the upper genital canal.
Normativity in Neo-Kantianism : Its Rise and Fall

Abstract This article discusses the historical background to the concept of normativity which has a wide use in contemporary philosophy. It locates the origin of that concept in the Southwestern Neo‐Kantian school, the writings of Windelband, Rickert and Lask. The Southwestern school made the concept of normativity central to epistemology, ethics and the interpretation of German idealism. It was their solution to the threats of psycologism and historicism. However, Windelband, Rickert and Lask found difficulties with the concept which eventually forced them to abandon it. These difficulties might be of interest to contemporary philosophers who find the concept of normativity appealing.
Loculated Interlobar Air-Fluid Collection in Congestive Heart Failure

Two patients are described who had congestive heart failure with loculated interlobar air-fluid collections. Although pseudotumor (interlobar effusion) is a well-known finding in congestive heart failure, the additional presence of air is unique. Both are somewhat related to the underlying failure.
Fatty acid alterations during migration and early sea water growth of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta).

Lipid and fatty acid characteristics were examined in chum salmon fry (Oncorhynchus keta) in freshwater, at various stages in their early growth in sea water, and 7 days after their artificial introduction from freshwater into sea water. The average lipid content of salmon fry in freshwater decreased from 2.5% in newly emerged fry (30–40 mm fork length) to 1.7% in older fry (40–50 mm). Lipid content did not appear to change during migration, but steadily declined during the first 4–6 weeks of sea water growth to 1.7%. Within 7 days after artificial introduction into sea water, lipid content of the salmon had declined to 1.4%. Extended residence in freshwater, e.g., 2–3 weeks, resulted in a fatty acid pattern more characteristic of freshwater fish, whereas residence in sea water resulted in patterns more characteristic of marine fish. Salmon artificially introduced into sea water incurred substantial diminutions in polyunsaturated fatty acids. This response did not occur in wild fry in the marine environment and may therefore be due to the stresses of capture, handling, anesthesia, partial starvation and confinement to which the artificially reared fish were exposed.
Sedimentation equilibrium of DNA samples heterogeneous in density.

The problem of determining the molecular weight of DNA samples by sedimentation equilibrium in a buoyant-density gradient is considered for the case of DNA samples with density heterogeneity. By determining apparent molecular weights in two or more buoyant mediums, quantitative measure of the amount of density heterogeneity can be determined. This method may be employed to determine both the true molecular weight and the extent of base composition heterogeneity.
New phases and phase transitions observed in Li1−xCoO2 during charge: in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies

Abstract We have utilized synchrotron X-ray radiation to perform an ‘in situ’ X-ray diffraction study on a Li1−xCoO2 cathode in a Li|Li1−xCoO2 cell. The cell was charged at a C/10 rate from 3.5 to 5.2 V. In the composition range of x=0 to x=0.5, a new intermediate phase H2a was observed in addition to the two expected hexagonal phases, H1 and H2. In the region very close to x=0.5, some spectral signatures for the formation of a monoclinic phase M1 were also observed. Furthermore, in the x=0.8 to x=1 region, the formation of a CdI2 type hexagonal phase has been confirmed. However, this new phase originates from a CdCl2 type hexagonal phase, rather than from a monoclinic phase M2 as previously reported in the literature.
Proteolytic cleavage sites on α2-macroglobulin resulting in proteinase binding are different for trypsin and staphylococcus aureus V-8 proteinase

Summary The carboxyl and amino terminal sequences of the fragments of the α 2 -macroglobulin subunits resulting from the single proteolytic cleavage occurring upon formation of proteinase-α 2 -macroglobulin complexes have been compared following reaction with either trypsin or the Staphylococcus aureus V-8 proteinase. Trypsin cleaves a Lys-Leu bond whereas the V-8 proteinase cleaves a Glu-Gly bond. Thus, the cleavage site reflects the specificity of the proteinase rather than the presence of a certain labile bond.
Prophylactic Neuroprotection to Improve Stroke Outcome

The effort to develop therapies that improve outcome after acute ischemic stroke should bear fruit in the near future. The availability of effective, safe and economical neuroprotectants as a spin-off from this effort will lead to the evaluation of prophylactic neuroprotection in selectively targeted populations. We propose three types of prophylactic neuroprotection and patient groups that might be evaluated in appropriate clinical trials. We anticipate the identification of other patient groups and more effective neuroprotectants. The medical community which directs its efforts at stroke prevention and acute therapy will have to consider and evaluate prophylactic neuroprotection along with the other two therapeutic approaches of prevention and acute therapy. This prophylactic-neuroprotection hypothesis should be testable in the near future. We welcome further debate and suggestions.
Effects of subchronic administration of antidepressants and anxiolytics on levels of the α subunits of G proteins in the rat brain

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of subchronic administration of psychoactive drugs on the a subunits of G proteins in the rat brain, and also to determine if different classes of psychoactive drugs share a common property, i.e., of altering levels of these proteins. For this purpose, we selected the psychoactive drugs desipramine and phenelzine (antidepressants), lithium (antimanic), alprazolam and buspirone (anxiolytics), and meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (anxiogenic). The levels of α subunits of G proteins (Gs, Gi1/2, Gq/11) expressed in cortical, hippocampal, and cerebellar brain regions were studied by the Western blot technique. We observed that subchronic treatment with lithium significantly decreased, and with phenelzine significantly increased levels of Gi1/2α protein in the cortex and the hippocampus. On the other hand, buspirone significantly decreased levels of Gil/2α protein only in the cerebellum. Other psychoactive drugs, however, namely desipramine, meta-chlorophenylpiperazine, and alprazolam, did not alter levels of Gs, Gi1/2, or Gq/11α proteins in any of the brain regions studied. Since other studies have shown the involvement of G proteins in the mechanism of action of psychoactive drugs, our results demonstrate that expressed protein levels of the α subunit of G proteins are not altered by all the psychoactive drugs.
Esophageal atresia treated by electromagnetic bougienage and subsequent repair

Abstract There are some infants with esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula in whom the esophageal segments are too far apart to allow safe primary anastomosis without tension. During the past 20 yr the most widely used approach in these cases has been temporary marsupialization of the blindly ending upper esophagus to the neck, followed later by interposition of a segment of colon. 1 Howard and Myers 2 introduced manual bougienage for the upper pouch to elongate it and accomplish a delayed primary anastomosis. This technique was later used with some success in other institutions. 3 Rehbein 4 placed bougies in both esophageal segments and applied traction sutures threaded through the ends of the pouches that were pulled together slowly. This paper describes another method used in four infants with esophageal atresia. Metal bougies ("bullets") were placed into the two ends of the esophagus. An electromagnetic field was then used to pull the bullets together to elongate the esophageal ends in order to allow esophageal anastomosis, which had been impossible previously. Cases 1 and 2 were discussed in a previous report 5 and therefore will not be described in as much detail as Cases 3 and 4. Certain refinements in the method were developed in treating Cases 3 and 4. For example: (1) The sump suction tube attached to the upper-pouch bullet was brought out through a lateral pharyngotomy instead of the nose. (2) The stem of the lower-pouch bullet was brought through a small separate stab incision in the midline to direct it straight upward. Leakage around the gastrostomy site proved troublesome when it was brought through the same opening as the gastrostomy tube. (3) The lower-pouch bullet was placed "by feel" into the distal esophagus, not requiring anesthesia. Initially this was done under direct endoscopic visualization using anesthesia. (4) Placing of the lower-pouch bullet, which has a flexible steel stem, was accomplished by sliding a rigid metal tube over the flexible cable, using this as a handle to direct the bullet into the distal esophagus.
Interpreting Chicken-Scratch: Lexical Access for Handwritten Words

Handwritten word recognition is a field of study that has largely been neglected in the psychological literature, despite its prevalence in society. Whereas studies of spoken word recognition almost exclusively employ natural, human voices as stimuli, studies of visual word recognition use synthetic typefaces, thus simplifying the process of word recognition. The current study examined the effects of handwriting on a series of lexical variables thought to influence bottom-up and top-down processing, including word frequency, regularity, bidirectional consistency, and imageability. The results suggest that the natural physical ambiguity of handwritten stimuli forces a greater reliance on top-down processes, because almost all effects were magnified, relative to conditions with computer print. These findings suggest that processes of word perception naturally adapt to handwriting, compensating for physical ambiguity by increasing top-down feedback.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using Silver-Coated Porous Glass-Ceramic Substrates

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been studied using a silver-coated porous glass-ceramic material as a new type of substrate. The porous glass-ceramic is in the CaO-TiO2-P2O5 system prepared by controlled crystallization and subsequent chemical leaching of the dense glass-ceramic, leaving a solid skeleton with pores ranging in size from 50 nm to submicrometer. Silver was coated on the surface of the porous glass-ceramic by radio frequency (RF) sputtering or e-beam evaporation in vacuum. SERS spectra of excellent quality were obtained from several dyes and carboxylic acid molecules, including rhodamine 6G, crystal violet, isonicotinic acid, and benzoic acid, using this new substrate. This new substrate showed a good compatibility with these molecules. The porous glass ceramic with a nanometer-structured surface accommodated both test molecules and silver film. The absorbed molecules were therefore better interfaced with silver for surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
Interdependent group contingency and mystery motivators to reduce preschool disruptive behavior

Children exhibiting challenging and disruptive behaviors can require teachers to spend a substantial amount of time on classroom management. Disruptive behaviors in the classroom impact the learning process by taking time away from academic instruction. Further, preschoolers who are disruptive are more likely to continue displaying problematic behaviors throughout the remaining school years. Relative to other age groups, there is a paucity of interventions for preschool children with disruptive behavior. Additionally, children from lower economic backgrounds are at a greater risk for both learning and behavioral problems, as characterized by the preschoolers enrolled in Head Start. Group contingencies are practical, efficient, and teacher-friendly behavioral interventions that have been employed with older age groups to reduce disruptive behavior. An ABAB reversal design across 9 preschoolers enrolled in a Head Start classroom was employed to assess the effects of an interdependent group contingency with mystery motivators to reduce disruptive classroom behaviors. The present investigation revealed remarkable reductions of disruptive behavior across all 9 participants. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 53–63, 2007.
“A Plausible Tale”: William Godwin's Things As They Are

This essay examines William Godwin's ambiguous attitude to the rhetoric and contingency of truth claims in his 1794 novel Things As They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams, situating its preoccupation with narrative plausibility in relation to the classical rhetorical tradition, specifically Cicero's De Inventione. From that vantage, the novel is presented as a key moment of transformation in Godwin's thinking about the relationship between truth and its linguistic construction. Focusing on Caleb's oral and written attempts to vindicate his reputation, the essay argues that despite Godwin's commitment to absolute sincerity in interpersonal and institutional relations, the novel shows rhetoric to be necessary and potentially compatible with the principles of truth and justice. The essay ultimately offers a new perspective on the novel's two endings as radically different culminations of Caleb's rhetorical education, while also suggesting that the more conciliatory attitude to rhetoric they evince ha...
Iluminação artificial no desempenho de leitões na fase de creche

Artificial illumination on performance of piglets at the nursery phase. To evaluate the influence of artificial illumination on daily weight gain (DWG) in piglets in nursery phase, the present trial was carried out at Embrapa - National Swine and Poultry Research Center. The treatments were related to the illumination of the room, where a different treatment was applied to each room: Program NI - Natural Illumination (control); Program 16L: 8E - Artificial illumination program consisting of 16 hours per day with illumination and eight hours in the dark as well as solar lighting from the windows; Program 23L:1E - Artificial Illumination program consisting of 23 hours per day of illumination and one hour in the dark and well as solar light from the window. The variables daily feed intake and daily weight gain (DWG) in piglets were collected daily on the first week and every seven days after this period in the nursery phase. In every studied week, the illumination programs presented different (p < 0,05) lux values. Only in first week, the piglets that received artificial illumination they presented larger (p < 0,05) performance. The illumination programs evaluated didn't present improvement in the performance of the piglets that that justifies its use.
Why econometricians don't replicate (although they do reproduce)

This article attempts to give a more formal statement of the model of the problem of replication given in Harry Collins' Changing order, and to apply the model to a recent controversy over the lack of replication of econometric research in the economics literature. This paper shows that due to problems in defining ‘asymptotically satisfactory replication’ in conjunction with strong incentives to ‘reproduce’ (i.e., to extend any empirical result in a ‘constructive’ manner), it is highly unlikely that scientists will engage in replication behaviour. We conclude with some observations on the need to restructure the social structures of science in order to encourage a higher level of replication.
Electron microscopic autoradiographic studies of gliogenesis in rat optic nerve. II. Time of origin

The time of origin for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in rat optic nerve was studied by 3H-thymidine autoradiographic techniques similar to those used in dating the time of origin for neurons. This study shows that astrocytes are formed throughout late embryonic and all of postnatal development, while oligodendrocytes are generated only during the postnatal period. A few astroglia undergo their final cell division as early as 15.5 days of gestation, but most astrocytes are not generated until the first week of postnatal development. Although the final cell division for more than half of the astrocytes takes place before the end of the first postnatal week, fully mature, fibrous astrocytes are not observed in electron micrographs until after 14 days of age. This time lag implies that the differentiation of these early generated cells takes place gradually over a 2-to 3-week interval. Oligodendroglia begin their final division a day or two before the onset of myelination (6–7 days postnatal), but the vast majority are produced during the period of myelinogenesis. After almost all of the axons have been myelinated, oligodendrocytes are still being generated in small numbers. These late forming cells are generally less differentiated in appearance than those formed earlier; this suggests that the degree of differentiation of oligodendrocytes may be dependent upon the number of axons available for myelination. As with astrocytes, oligodendrocytes show a lag of about two weeks from the time of final cell division until they transform into morphologically differentiated cells. In transverse sections of the optic nerve heavily labeled neuroglia are randomly distributed, indicating there are no temporal-radial gradients for the individual cell types. This observation taken together with the other information obtained from the present and the previous study (Skoff et al., '76) strongly suggest that the factors controlling gliogenesis are different from those governing neuronogenesis.
A dual diagnosis typology to improve diagnosis and treatment of dual disorder patients.

Abstract A dual diagnosis typology was developed with three subtypes. Type I is a primary psychiatric disorder with substance use only when psychiatrically symptomatic (self-medication). Type II is a primary substance use disorder with substance-induced psychiatric symptoms. Type III is psychiatric and substance use disorders of long duration that are co-occurring or present at different times. Type III is considered the “true” dual disorder state. This typology was found to be reliable and have consensual validity. It was used with a standardized interview and clinical interview plus questions designed to determine the subtype with patients in psychiatric and substance abuse outpatient programs and with state hospital inpatient dual disorder patients. The dual disorder subtypes found in the psychiatric outpatient programs were: Type I, 21%; Type II, 9%; and Type III, 70%. In the substance abuse programs were found: Type I, none; Type II, 37%; and Type III, 63%. The subtypes in the state psychiatric patie...
High-Density Lipoprotein and Cardiovascular Risk

Low serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are commonly encountered in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). An example of this type of patient is a 42-year-old white man with a history of sudden-onset angina secondary to a 90% obstructive lesion along the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. The family history was significant for his father, who died of a myocardial infarction (MI) at age 44 years. The patient underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stenting but developed in-stent restenosis. He underwent cutting balloon angioplasty and brachytherapy and was asymptomatic for approximately 6 months. The stent then developed a high-grade occlusion with recurrence of angina, and the patient required single-vessel bypass surgery. The patient’s baseline serum lipid profile revealed low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 128 mg/dL, HDL 27 mg/dL, and triglycerides 92 mg/dL. His lipoprotein(a), C-reactive protein, and homocysteine levels were normal. He was not hypertensive, had no impairment of glycemic control, and did not smoke. With a combination of simvastatin 40 mg and niacin (Niaspan; Kos Pharmaceuticals) 1000 mg daily, the patient’s lipid profile improved, with LDL 78 mg/dL, HDL 43 mg/dL, and triglycerides 60 mg/dL. Follow-up stress testing demonstrated normal myocardial perfusion, and the patient has been asymptomatic for 2 years. With few exceptions, low HDL is an independent risk factor for CAD in case-control and prospective observational studies. In contrast, high HDL levels are associated with longevity and are protective against the development of atherosclerotic disease. In the Framingham Study, risk for CAD increases sharply as HDL levels fall progressively below 40 mg/dL.1 In the Quebec Cardiovascular Study, for every 10% reduction in HDL, risk for CAD increased 13%.2 Many clinicians believe that low HDL is associated with increased CAD risk because it is a marker for hypertriglyceridemia and elevated remnant particle concentrations. The Prospective Cardiovascular Munster …
Myocardin: Dominant Driver of the Smooth Muscle Cell Contractile Phenotype

A distinguishing feature of the smooth muscle cell (SMC) lineage is its remarkable plasticity required for maintenance and adaptation of the cardiovascular system. The biological properties of SMCs are ultimately determined by the orchestrated expression of genes encoding contractile and cytoskeletal proteins, intracellular enzymes, and cell surface ligands and receptors (for review see1,2⇓). In the postnatal vasculature, medial SMCs exit the cell cycle and assume a “contractile” phenotype required for regulation of vascular tone.3,4⇓ However, in response to vascular injury, SMCs reenter the cell cycle, downregulate expression of contractile proteins, and assume a “synthetic” phenotype resembling a fibroblast.3,4⇓ The modulation of vascular SMC phenotype has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular proliferative syndromes including atherosclerosis, restenosis, pulmonary hypertension, and transplant arteriopathy (for review see5). See accompanying article on page 1505 Myocardin ( Myocd ) is a recently discovered SMC-restricted transcriptional coactivator that physically associates with the MADS box transcription factor, SRF, to synergistically activate transcription of genes encoding SMC-restricted cytoskeletal and contractile proteins.6 Forced expression of myocardin transactivates multiple SMC-restricted transcriptional regulatory elements.6–8⇓⇓ Remarkably, forced expression of myocardin in embryonic stem (ES) cells induces expression of multiple endogenous SMC genes including SM22α, SM-MyHC, and SM-α-actin.7 In response to vascular …
To What Extent Can We Predict Prostate Cancer Lymph Node Involvement

In this issue of European Urology, Godoy et al from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) validate a previously developed preoperative nomogram to predict lymph node involvement (LNI) of prostate cancer at pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) during radical prostatectomy (RP) [1]. These earlier datawere derived from six institutions between 1985 and 2000 [2] and consisted of >5000 men, as opposedto thecurrent studydata,whichareexclusively from MSKCC during 2000–2008 and include >3000 men. The accuracy of the original nomogram was 76% (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.76) compared to a level of 74% (AUC: 0.74) using the Partin tables [2]. Bothmodels use prostate-specific antigen (PSA), biopsy Gleason score, and clinical T stage. Is this 2% difference clinically significant? There is really not a great answer other than to say it is more accurate. Perhaps it does matter if you prefer to use a tool akin to a slide rule or something like marking a box for bingo. In earnest, these investigators were pioneers in developing predictionmodels to be used in the clinic for prostate cancer management and the recent submission uses elegant statistical modeling. The comments in this editorial will not focus on the merits of a nomogram over other prediction models. This has recently been covered in this journal [3]. Moreover, I will not try to answer the question of whether any prediction model for LNI has played a meaningful role in the outcome of men with LNI. The concept of a PLND in prostate cancer and its nuanceswere recently reviewed by a multi-institutional collaboration in this journal and salient features related to this new article could be found there [4]. The original LNI nomogram predicted the absence of LNI [2]. The current study aimed to validate the original nomogram or develop a new one that pertains to the use of a standard PLND as opposed to the former, limited PLND.
Effect of presentation modes on paired-associate learning of retardates

Eighteen male retardates were presented individually with a multiple-choice paired-associate task, using one of the following modes of presentation: tutorial or teaching machine. The results clearly indicated that the tutorial mode was superior on the following measures: trials to criterion, number of correct responses during original learning, and absolute retention values after a 1-week interval had elapsed. Further research is needed to determine if the actual presentation procedure or type of feedback is responsible for the differences in these two methods.
Activity-dependent serotonergic excitation of callosal projection neurons in the mouse prefrontal cortex.

Layer 5 pyramidal neurons (L5PNs) in the mouse prefrontal cortex respond to serotonin (5-HT) according to their long-distance axonal projections; 5-HT1A (1A) receptors mediate inhibitory responses in corticopontine (CPn) L5PNs, while 5-HT2A (2A) receptors can enhance action potential (AP) output in callosal/commissural (COM) L5PNs, either directly (in “COM-excited” neurons), or following brief 1A-mediated inhibition (in “COM-biphasic” neurons). Here we compare the impact of 5-HT on the excitability of CPn and COM L5PNs experiencing variable excitatory drive produced by current injection (DC current or simulated synaptic current) or with exogenous glutamate. 5-HT delivered at resting membrane potentials, or paired with subthreshold depolarizing input, hyperpolarized CPn and COM-biphasic L5PNs and failed to promote AP generation in COM-excited L5PNs. Conversely, when paired with suprathreshold excitatory drive generating multiple APs, 5-HT suppressed AP output in CPn L5PNs, enhanced AP generation in COM-excited L5PNs, and generated variable responses in COM-biphasic L5PNs. While COM-excited neurons failed to respond to 5-HT in the presence of a 2A receptor antagonist, 32% of CPn neurons exhibited 2A-dependent excitation following blockade of 1A receptors. The presence of pharmacologically revealed 2A receptors in CPn L5PNs was correlated with the duration of 1A-mediated inhibition, yet biphasic excitatory responses to 5-HT were never observed, even when 5-HT was paired with strong excitatory drive. Our results suggest that 2A receptors selectively amplify the output of COM L5PNs experiencing suprathreshold excitatory drive, while shaping the duration of 1A-mediated inhibition in a subset of CPn L5PNs. Activity-dependent serotonergic excitation of COM L5PNs, combined with 1A-mediated inhibition of CPn and COM-biphasic L5PNs, may facilitate executive function by focusing network activity within cortical circuits subserving the most appropriate behavioral output.
Active Source Monitoring of Cross-Well Seismic Travel Time for Stress-Induced Changes

We have conducted a series of cross-well experiments to continuously measure in situ temporal variations in seismic velocity at two test sites: building 64 (B64) and Richmond Field Station (RFS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. A piezoelectric source was used to generate highly repeat- able signals, and a string of 24 hydrophones was used to record the signals. The B64 experiment was conducted utilizing two boreholes 17 m deep and 3 m apart for � 160 h. At RFS, we collected a 36-day continuous record in a cross-borehole facility using two 70-m-deep holes separated by 30 m. With signal enhancement techniques we were able to achieve a precision of � 6.0 nsec and � 10 nsec in delay-time esti- mation from stacking of 1-hr records during the � 7- and � 35-day observation pe- riods at the B64 and RFS sites, which correspond to 3 and 0.5 ppm of their travel times, respectively. Delay time measured at B64 has a variation of � 2 lsec in the 160-hr period and shows a strong and positive correlation with the barometric pres- sure change at the site. At RFS, after removal of a linear trend, we find a delay-time variation of � 2.5 lsec, which exhibits a significant negative correlation with baro- metric pressure. We attribute the observed correlations to stress sensitivity of seismic velocity known from laboratory studies. The positive and negative sign observed in the correlation is likely related to the expected near- and far-field effects of this stress dependence in a poroelastic medium. The stress sensitivity is estimated to be � 10 6 / Pa and � 10 7 /Pa at the B64 and RFS site, respectively.
An actively cooled 120 kW coaxial winding transformer for fast charging electric vehicles

A 120 kW coaxial winding transformer has been built and tested to verify previous indications that a high power transformer is feasible with the key attributes of this novel design, namely: low leakage inductance, minimal effect of leakage field on core losses, low copper losses, and a convenient "nesting" structure well suited for separability of the findings. The power transfer capability is more than double that of any previously published result for coaxial winding transformers. The application chosen for the fabricated transformer was an inductive coupler for fast charging of electric vehicles. Presented are the key parametric decisions, their impact on transformer fabrication and characteristics, and the results of these design choices as observed in the experimental data. The final design has active cooling to facilitate high power density and a separable core to allow the primary and secondary windings to be coupled and uncoupled. The experimental data shows performance better than expected, with a magnetizing to leakage inductance ratio of 1000:1, efficiency well over 99% and power density of 25 kW/kg.