cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fourier Analysis on Groups, Random Walks and Markov Chains

In Chap. 1 it is explained that if p is a probability on a finite group G the group matrix XG(p) is a transition matrix for a random walk on G. If f is an arbitrary function on G the process of transforming XG(f) into a block diagonal matrix is equivalent to the obtaining the Fourier transform of f. This chapter explains the connections with harmonic analysis and the group matrix. Most of the discussion is on probability theory and random walks.
Publishing Revolution: Publishing Praxis in the Classroom

Drawing on queer and feminist Digital Humanities (DH) and Indigenous, antiracist, and intersectional approaches to publishing, this pedagogy piece reflects on a course designed and taught in Fall 2018 titled “Intersectional Feminist Journal Praxis.” Students read intersectional readings on publishing while creating their own journal through Open Journal Systems Software (OJS). Employing principles of collaboration and praxis, students worked in teams around specific tasks like a call for papers, peer review, copyediting, and introduction-writing while employing critical publishing practices such as remaining reflexive about, for example, accessibility and power inequalities in processes of knowledge production. Their end product was the publication of the first issue of the journal they themselves created by the name of Intersectional Apocalypse (https://journals.lib.sfu.ca/index.php/ifj). This piece discusses this pedagogical DH experiment, grounding it in histories of anti-oppressive publishing endeavors and in students’ own words and reflections on the course.
Vertical P-TFET With a P-Type SiGe Pocket

Among all material systems currently being exploited for tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) applications, silicon germanium (SiGe) is most likely to be adopted for the future low power very-large-scale integration (VLSI) technologies due to its VLSI-compatibility, mature synthesis techniques, and tunable bandgap. This article demonstrates experimentally the enhancement of the drive current ( ${I}_{ \mathrm{ON}}$ ) and the reduction in the subthreshold swing (SS) of vertical Si p-TFET by inserting a thin layer of boron-doped Si0.8Ge0.2 ( ${E}_{\text {G}}\sim {1}$ eV) between the source and the channel. Owing to the reduction in the tunneling barrier height and the increased lateral electric field, carrier transport across the tunneling junction is significantly enhanced. By improving the material quality, further enhancement in the device performance is observed. Simulation suggests that the proposed structure serves as an effective method to boost the device performance of TFETs.
School proximity and census tract correlates of e-cigarette specialty retail outlets (vape shops) in central Texas.

Abstract E-cigarettes are the most widely used tobacco product among middle and high school students in the United States. This study investigates the proximity of e-cigarette retail outlets (vape shops) to middle and high schools in Austin, Texas, as well as the sociodemographic determinants of outlet presence, at the census tract level. A proximity analysis was conducted using school geo-data derived from the Texas Education Agency and vape shop geo-data derived from a validated online search. Logistic regressions using 5-year estimates of the 2014 American Community Survey were performed to determine the correlates of vape shop presence in census tracts. Overall, 20% of the census tracts in Austin, Texas, had at least one vape shop. The proportion of vape shop-containing census tracts that met the criteria for classification as a “poverty area” (36.5%) was greater than that of vape shop-free census tracts (26.3%). Vape shops were more likely to be present in census tracts classified as poverty areas; however, the odds of vape shop presence declined as the percentage of the non-Hispanic Black population and the percentage of persons aged 10–14 years in census tracts increased. About 40% of the vape shops were located within 0.5 miles of a middle or high school. Sociodemographic disparities exist in the e-cigarette retail environment. In addition to the need to address the disparities identified in this study, our results showing the presence of vape shops within walkable distances of schools calls for tighter regulations and continued surveillance around the marketing practices of e-cigarette retailers.
An approach to data tag optimization base on self-attention generative adversarial nets

In order to solve the problem of low performance caused by errors and omissions in tags in the data resources, this paper proposes a tag optimization method based on self-attention generative adversarial nets(SAGAN). First use TF-IDF training to calculate the similarity between texts, then use the consistency between the similarity between texts and tag similarity to define the objective function. Second add correction terms to reduce the bias of user-provided tags before and after optimization. Finally, we propose to apply Self-Attention GAN to further improve the performance of tag optimization objective function, and the results are compared with the original tags. Compared with the original tag, the optimized tagging performance has been improved. The test results show that the tag is optimized and improved, and the performance problem in tag recommendation is solved.
Patient Transfer for Hand and Upper Extremity Injuries: Diagnostic Accuracy at the Time of Referral.

Background Local health care facilities are often unequipped to treat complex upper extremity injuries, and patients are therefore transferred to designated trauma centers. This study describes the characteristics of patients transferred to a Level I trauma center for hand and upper extremity injuries and to investigate the accuracy of the provided diagnosis at the time of referral. Methods Adult patients transferred from outside facilities to the authors' Level I trauma center by means of direct contract with the on-call fellow for the care of hand and upper extremity injuries were identified. Patient- and injury-related information was prospectively collected at the time of referral before patient transfer, and again following diagnostic evaluation by a hand surgeon at the authors' institution. Results Sixty-three patients were transferred to the authors' hand surgery service from outside facilities after direct contact with the on-call fellow. Most patients were referred by emergency medicine physicians [n = 47 (76 percent)], followed by midlevel emergency department providers (physician assistant or nurse practitioner) [n = 12 (19 percent)] or hand surgeons [n = 3 (5 percent)]. Six patients were transferred directly from a Level I trauma center. Twenty-one transferred patients (33 percent) had an inaccurate diagnosis at the time of referral. Factors associated with an inaccurate diagnosis included trauma level of the referring hospital and diagnoses of infection or dysvascularity. Conclusions The diagnostic accuracy for hand injuries transferred from outside facilities by means of provider-to-provider communication is imperfect, and some injuries are misdiagnosed. Hand surgeons should continue to improve the triage and transfer process for patients with acute hand surgery injuries. Clinical question/level of evidence Diagnostic, IV.
Urinary mutagenicity and oxidative status of wildland firefighters working at prescribed burns in a Midwestern US forest.

Objective Wildland firefighters (WLFFs) experience repeated exposures to wildland fire smoke (WFS). However, studies about WLFFs remain regionally limited. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of WFS exposure on urinary mutagenicity and cell oxidation among WLFFs who work at prescribed burns in the Midwestern USA. Methods A total of 120 spot urine samples was collected from 19 firefighters right before (pre-shift), immediately after (post-shift), and the morning (next-morning) following work shifts on prescribed burn days (burn days) and regular workdays (non-burn days). The levels of urinary mutagenicity, 8-isoprostane, malondialdehyde and oxidised guanine species (Ox-GS) were measured. Linear mixed-effect models were used to determine the difference of cross-shift changes in the concentrations of urinary biomarkers. Results Post-shift levels of creatinine-corrected urinary mutagenicity and 8-isoprostane were non-significantly higher than pre-shift levels (1.16× and 1.64×; p=0.09 and 0.07) on burn days. Creatinine-corrected Ox-GS levels increased significantly in next-morning samples following WFS exposure (1.62×, p=0.03). A significant difference in cross-shift changes between burn and non-burn days was observed in 8-isoprostane (2.64×, p=0.03) and Ox-GS (3.00×, p=0.02). WLFFs who contained the fire (performed holding tasks) had a higher pre-morning to next-morning change in urinary mutagenicity compared with those who were lighting fires during the prescribed burns (1.56×, p=0.03). Conclusions Compared with the other regions, WLFFs who worked in Midwestern forests had an elevated urinary mutagenicity and systemic oxidative changes associated with WFS exposure at prescribed burns.
Large-Cell Carcinoma

Large-cell carcinoma is usually peripheral, large, lobulated and/or well marginated, heterogeneously enhancing mass with central necrosis (central necrosis may be absent if size is small).
PET-Measured Longitudinal Flow Gradient Correlates with Invasive Fractional Flow Reserve in CAD

66 Objectives We aimed to evaluate whether a PET-determined longitudinal decrease in myocardial blood flow (MBF) or gradient, assumed as a more specific flow parameter for epicardial resistance, correlates with invasively measured fractional flow reserve (FFR) in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Methods In 29 patients with suspected or known CAD, myocardial perfusion and MBF in ml/g/min was determined with 13N-ammonia PET/CT during regadenoson stimulation and at rest, and corresponding myocardial flow reserve (MFR= MBF stress/ MBF rest) was calculated. In addition, MBF was also evaluated in the mid and mid-distal myocardium of the left ventricle (LV). A decrease in MBF from mid to mid-distal LV myocardium was defined as longitudinal MBF gradient. MBF parameters were assessed in the myocardial region with stress-related perfusion defect and with stenosis 蠅50% (region 1), without defect but with stenosis 蠅50% (region 2), or without stenosis 蠅50% (region 3). Results MFR progressively but non-significantly increased from region 1 to region 2 and 3, respectively [median and inter-quartile range: 1.97 (1.71, 2.36) vs. 2.02 (1.92, 2.41) vs. 2.23 (1.76, 2.37) ml/g/min, p=ns]. In region 2, invasively determined FFR was in the median 0.78 (0.74, 0.91) and an abnormal FFR ≤80 was seen in 16 (55%). Resting MBFs did not differ significantly between the mid-distal than mid LV myocardium in all three regions. Conversely, hyperemic MBFs were significantly lower in the mid-distal than in the mid-LV myocardium in region 1-3 [1.57 (1.24, 1.84) vs. 1.87 (1.61, 2.00), and 1.23 (1.11, 1.86) vs. 1.89 (1.80, 1.97), and 1.78 (1.48, 2.00) vs. 1.94 (1.84, 2.05) ml/g/min, p Conclusions The observed close correlation between a longitudinal MBF gradient during hyperemic flows and invasively measured FFR suggests the longitudinal flow gradient as an emerging non-invasive index of flow-limiting CAD.
Fundamental group and covering spaces

Notation. The letter I will henceforth denote the closed interval [0,1]. A map is a function; the two words will be used interchangeably.
Purification and specificity of cellobiose phosphorylase from Clostridium thermocellum.

Abstract A nonspecific cellobiose phosphorylase from Clostridium thermocellum, which has been purified over 100-fold, is active on 10 different glucosyl acceptors, d-glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, 6-deoxyglucose, d-glucosamine, d-mannose, d-altrose, l-galactose, l-fucose, d-arabinose, and d-xylose. Following electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, the activity with various acceptors occurs at the location of the major protein component, indicating that a single enzyme catalyzes these reactions. The pH optimum is about 6.5 with d-xylose as an acceptor. The relative Vmax and apparent Km values are 202 and 9.2 mm for 6-deoxyglucose, 100 and 35 mm for d-xylose, 53 and 73 mm for 2-deoxyglucose, 31 and 9.5 mm for d-glucosamine, 22 and 85 mm for d-mannose, 9 and 240 mm for d-arabinose and 8 and 160 mm for l-fucose. The Ki for d-glucose is 1.2 mm. The apparent Km value is 7.3 mm for cellobiose and 2.9 mm for Pi.
Pathogenicity Islands and Host Adaptation of Salmonella Serovars

The term ‘pathogenicity island’ was coined in reference to large (70–190kb), unstable genomic regions encoding hemolysin and fimbrial adhesins present in uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains but absent from nonpathogenic isolates, such as the K-12 strain (Blum et al. 1994; Hacker et al. 1983, 1990; Hughes et al. 1987; Knapp et al. 1986; Ritter et al. 1995). The concept helped to explain, in genetic and evolutionary terms, why closely related strains of E. coli may differ substantially in their pathogenic potential. E. coli contains commensal organisms that are part of our normal intestinal flora as well as a number of intestinal and extraintestinal pathogens (Caugant et al. 1983; Nataro and Kaper 1998; Ochman and Selander 1984). In general terms, pathogenicity islands are quintessentially large DNA regions conferring a virulence trait which is absent from a closely related, nonpathogenic, reference species or strain. Analysis of pathogenicity islands in a variety of animal and plant pathogens has revealed a number of common features (Hacker et al. 1997). Pathogenicity islands are often (a) large (> 30kb), (b) inserted in tRNA genes, (c) associated with inverted repeats, transposases, integrases, or plasmid origin of replication, and (d) have a G + C content that is atypical for the pathogen’s genome. In practice, many or none of these may be features of a pathogenicity island.
Examining sexual dysfunction in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of cross-sectional mixed-methods research

Introduction More than 70,000 new cases of bladder cancer are diagnosed in the United States annually; with 75% being non-muscle-invasive (NMIBC). Research examining sexual dysfunction in bladder cancer survivors is limited, and previous studies have focused on cystectomy patients. Aims To evaluate the impact of sexual dysfunction on NMIBC survivors. Methods Mixed-methods data collection integrated a quantitative survey (Study 1; n = 117) and semi-structured qualitative interviews (Study 2; n = 26) from a non-overlapping sample of NMIBC survivors. We performed descriptive and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses of survey data and qualitative analysis of interviews. Main Outcome Measures Self-reported sexual activity, interest in sex, and physiologic symptoms (e.g., male erectile/ejaculatory difficulties, female vaginal dryness) over the previous 4 weeks; partner communication about sexuality; contamination concerns; illness intrusiveness. Results Participants in these studies averaged 65 years of age (mean and median) and were male (77%), white (91%), and married (75%). Survey (Study 1) results linked NMIBC treatment to sexual symptoms and relationship issues. Many participants reported sexual inactivity (38.8%). Sexually active participants reported erectile difficulties (60.0%), vaginal dryness (62.5%), and worry about contaminating partner with treatment agents (23.2%). While almost one-half reported the usefulness of talking with partners about sexual function, only one-fifth of participants reported sharing all concerns with their partners. CART analysis supported the importance of communication. One-half of interviewees (Study 2) reported sexual dysfunction. Two-thirds reported negative impacts on their relationships, including perceived loss of intimacy and divorce; over one-third were sexually inactive for fear of contaminating their partner or spreading NMIBC. Conclusions Survivors' sexual symptoms may result from NMIBC, comorbidities, or both. These results inform literature and practice by raising awareness about the frequency of symptoms and the impact on NMIBC survivors' intimate relationships. Further work is needed to design symptom management education programs to dispel misinformation about contamination post-treatment and improve quality of life. Kowalkowski MA, Chandrashekar A, Amiel GE, Lerner SP, Wittmann DA, Latini DM, and Goltz HH. Examining sexual dysfunction in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Results of cross-sectional mixed-methods research. Sex Med 2014;2:141–151.
A technique for constructing an initial point for solving a system of linear equations by iterative methods

Iterative methods for solving systems of linear equations are attractive because of their simplicity. A fundamental problem of iterative solution methods is the requirement of an initial guess as a starting point. A technique is described for constructing a nontrivial initial point to accelerate the convergence of iterative methods. >
Digital asset pricing in the textbook market

The U.S. college textbook market is in the midst of a seismic shift: publishers are creating new products, students are demanding more sophisticated digital content and instructors are just beginning to experiment with easily customizable, low-cost “open” textbooks. Although this industry has been picking up digital content in various forms for decades, their main revenue driver has always been print titles, a basic business fact that is poised to change permanently by 2020. The ongoing changes in product, profitability and market expectations drive home the importance of digital asset pricing in the textbook market. Textbook publishers are now grappling with the challenge of developing untested products at uncertain costs in ambiguous markets while their bread-and-butter print sales are expected to decline, and overall profit margins rapidly shifting below their feet. Changes in this market - both at the supplier and consumer level - can affect educational quality worldwide. Recognizing this fact, this thesis explores the conditions of the textbook market, both historically and in the present day, and the implications of certain market changes over the course of time. It also examines current pricing trends for digital assets based around single “source” textbook products (complete e-textbooks compared to their print-version counterparts). Using this information, with an eye on changing adoption trends and a focus on revenue management, it offers pricing and product recommendations to help publishers think ahead about how to maximize revenue over a product’s life cycle as digital goods approach and eventually usurp new print sales.
N-allylnormorphine: an antagonist to neonatal narcosis produced by sedation of the parturient.

Abstract 1. 1. The use of n-allylnormorphine in the prevention of asphyxia neonatorum due to opiates has been investigated in a series of 1,100 parturients. 2. 2. When 10 mg. of this drug was injected intravenously into mothers prior to delivery there was no depression of the infants in the control group. There was, however, a significant reduction in the need for resuscitation and times required to gasp and breathe in infants born of mothers who had opiate sedation. 3. 3. The efficacy of the drug was reduced when the mothers received nitrous oxide anesthesia, but there was still a significant shortening of time to gasp and to breathe as well as a decreased incidence of the need for resuscitation in infants born of mothers clinically classified as moderately or deeply depressed. 4. 4. The opiate antagonistic effects of normorphine are not apparent in infants born of mothers who had ether anesthesia. 5. 5. One-tenth to 0.2 mg. of the drug was injected into the umbilical cord vein of 12 infants apneic 5 to 10 minutes after delivery. The result in 11 was a prompt institution of respiration, improvement in color and muscular tone, followed by sustained crying.
Instruction of Translating Ribosome by Nascent Peptide

Expression of the tryptophanase operon of Escherichia coli is regulated by catabolite repression and tryptophan-induced transcription antitermination. An induction site activated by l-tryptophan is created in the translating ribosome during synthesis of TnaC, the 24-residue leader peptide. Replacing the tnaC stop codon with a tryptophan codon allows tryptophan-charged tryptophan transfer RNA to substitute for tryptophan as inducer. This suggests that the ribosomal A site occupied by the tryptophanyl moiety of the charged transfer RNA is the site of induction. The location of tryptophan-12 of nascent TnaC in the peptide exit tunnel was crucial for induction. These results show that a nascent peptide sequence can influence translation continuation and termination within a translating ribosome.
Linking resources with demography to understand resource limitation for bears

Summary 1 Identifying the resources that limit growth of animal populations is essential for effective conservation; however, resource limitation is difficult to quantify. Recent advances in geographical information systems (GIS) and resource modelling can be combined with demographic modelling to yield insights into resource limitation. 2 Using long-term data on a population of black bears Ursus americanus, we evaluated competing hypotheses about whether availability of hard mast (acorns and nuts) or soft mast (fleshy fruits) limited bears in the southern Appalachians, USA, during 1981–2002. The effects of clearcutting on habitat quality were also evaluated. Annual survival, recruitment and population growth rate were estimated using capture–recapture data from 101 females. The availability of hard mast, soft mast and clearcuts was estimated with a GIS, as each changed through time as a result of harvest and succession, and then availabilities were incorporated as covariates for each demographic parameter. 3 The model with the additive availability of hard mast and soft mast across the landscape predicted survival and population growth rate. Availability of young clearcuts predicted recruitment, but not population growth or survival. 4 Availability of hard mast stands across the landscape and availability of soft mast across the landscape were more important than hard mast production and availability of soft mast in young clearcuts, respectively. 5 Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that older stands, which support high levels of hard mast and moderate levels of soft mast, should be maintained to sustain population growth of bears in the southern Appalachians. Simultaneously, the acreage of intermediate aged stands (10–25 years), which support very low levels of both hard mast and soft mast, should be minimized. The approach used in this study has broad application for wildlife management and conservation. State and federal wildlife agencies often possess long-term data on both resource availability and capture–recapture for wild populations. Combined, these two data types can be used to estimate survival, recruitment, population growth, elasticities of vital rates and the effects of resource availability on demographic parameters. Hence data that are traditionally used to understand population trends can be used to evaluate how and why demography changes over time.
HDL driven chip layout within the FHDL design framework

Techniques of automatically generating layout from Florida Hardware Design Language (FHDL) specifications are presented. These techniques allow for the automated layout of read-only memories (ROMs) and programmable logic arrays (PLAs), and they allow for the user-assisted automatic layout of standard-cell blocks. Adaptations of the FHDL and its framework to permit layout synthesis are presented. Cell generation is discussed. Adapting the simulation framework and primitive simulation modelling are discussed. >
Residential Selling Price Performance In and Next to Historic Districts: A Case Study of Savannah, Georgia

As a community and economic development tool, the historic designation of districts can bring multiple benefits, including a premium to the selling price of homes in designated districts. This study examines fluctuations in property values in seven historic districts and 12 adjacent non-historic neighborhoods in Savannah, Georgia, across a nine-year period (2002-2010) that includes the mid-2000s bubble in real estate prices and the late-2000s financial crisis. We investigate a geographic perspective to residential selling price performance , using a comparison of historic and non-historic districts, and reveal that residential properties in designated historic districts resisted price depreciation better than properties in non-historic neighborhoods.
A kinematic model for the formation of the Siletz-Crescent forearc terrane by capture of coherent fragments of the Farallon and Resurrection plates

[1] The volcanic basement of the Oregon and Washington Coast ranges has been proposed to represent a pair of tracks of the Yellowstone hotspot formed at a mid-ocean ridge during the early Cenozoic. This interpretation has been questioned on many grounds, especially that the range of ages does not match the offshore spreading rates and that the presence of continental coarse clastic sediments is difficult to reconcile with fast convergence rates between the oceanic plates and North America. Updates to basement geochronology and plate motion history reveal that these objections are much less serious than when they were first raised. Forward plate kinematic modeling reveals that predicted basement ages can be consistent with the observed range of about 55–49 Ma, and that the entire basement terrane can form within about 300 km of continental sources for clastic sediments. This kinematic model indicates that there is no firm reason to reject the near-ridge hotspot hypothesis on the basis of plate motions. A novel element of the model is the Resurrection plate, previously proposed to exist between the Farallon and Kula plates. By including the defunct Resurrection plate in our reconstruction, we are able to model the Farallon hotspot track as docking against the Oregon subduction margin starting about 53 Ma, followed by docking of the Resurrection track to the north starting about 48 Ma. Accretion of the Farallon plate fragment and partial subduction of the Resurrection fragment complicates the three-dimensional structure of the modern Cascadia forearc. We interpret the so-called “E” layer beneath Vancouver Island to be part of the Resurrection fragment. Our new kinematic model of mobile terranes within the Paleogene North American plate boundary allows reinterpretation of the three-dimensional structure of the Cascadia forearc and its relationship to ongoing seismotectonic processes.
Mobile Applications Modelling and Security Handling in Cloud-Centric Internet of Things

The Mobile Internet of Things (IoT) applications are already a part of technical world. The integration of these application with Cloud can increase the storage capacity and help users to collect and process their personal data in an organized manner. There are a number of techniques adopted for sensing, communicating and intelligently transmitting data from mobile devices onto the Cloud in IoT applications. Thus, security must be maintained while transmission. The paper outlines the need for Cloud-centric IoT applications using Mobile phones as the medium for communication. Overview of different techniques to use Mobile IoT applications with Cloud has been presented. Majorly four techniques namely Mobile Sensor Data Processing Engine (MOSDEN), Mobile Fog, Embedded Integrated Systems (EIS) and Dynamic Configuration using Mobile Sensor Hub (MosHub) are discussed and few of the similarities and comparisons between them is mentioned. There is a need to maintain confidentiality and security of the data being transmitted by these methodologies. Therefore, cryptographic mechanisms like Public Key Encryption (PKI)and Digital certificates are used for data mechanisms like Public Key Encryption (PKI) and Digital certificates are used for data management (TSCM) allows trustworthy sensing of data for public in IoT applications. The above technologies are used to implement an application called Smart Helmet by us to bring better understanding of the concept of Cloud IoT and support Assisted Living for the betterment of the society. Thus the Applications makes use of Nordic BLE board transmission and stores data onto the Cloud to be used by large number of people.
Laser light-scattering measurements of viscoelastic monomolecular films

Abstract Laser light-scattering measurements of the capillary wave motion of aqueous surfaces covered with fatty acid and lecithin monomolecular films are reported. An improved measuring technique allowed quantitative determination of both film dilational elasticity and film dilational viscosity. Fluctuating capillary wave properties were observed with surface films in the gaseous—liquid two-phase region. For monolayers in the liquid-expanded state, the elasticity determined by light-scattering measurements is the same as that obtained by film-balance measurements at higher surface concentrations but not at lower concentrations. The well-known transition between liquid-expanded and liquid-condensed films does not show up in the measured elasticity. This result can be expected from reported observations of finite speed, stepwise barrier-compressed pentadecanoic acid films. The viscosities measured by the light-scattering technique are smaller than one surface millipoise and are comparable in magnitude to surface viscosity values obtained with mechanical surface (shear) viscometers.
A full 3-D finite element analysis of tunneling–adjacent structures interaction

Abstract This paper concerns a study of the interaction between tunneling in soft soils and adjacent structures. Analysis is performed using a full three-dimensional finite element model, which takes into consideration the presence of the structure during the construction of the tunnel. The soil behavior is assumed to be governed by an elastic perfectly-plastic constitutive relation based on the Mohr–Coulomb criterion with a non-associative flow rule. The paper is composed of three parts. The first part describes the numerical model used in this study, the second part concerns a full three-dimensional analysis of the construction of a shallow tunnel close to a two level building. The last part includes comparison between the full 3D analysis and a simplified approach, which neglects the influence of the presence of the structure in the determination of the tunneling-induced ground movement.
Coccidioidomycosis in liver transplantation

Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic fungal infection in the southwestern United States. It causes morbidity and mortality among solid organ transplant recipients who reside in or visit the endemic area or who receive organs from donors infected with the fungus. This paper reviews current literature addressing these infections in liver transplantation programs, including risk factors, clinical manifestations in persons with cirrhosis or who have had a liver transplantation, prophylaxis, treatment, and outcomes.
Deuterium isotope effects on the ultrafast solvent relaxation of formamide and n,n-dimethylformamide

We present the results of our study on the ultrafast solvent dynamics of the amides formamide (FA), N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and their deuterated analogs HCOND[sub 2] (d[sub 2]-FA) and DCON(CD[sub 3])[sub 2] (d[sub 7]-DMF) us femtosecond optical-heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (OHD-RIKES). As nearly transform-limited 50 fs optical pulses and the Fourier-transform relationship, we have studied liquid dynamics in the frequency range from 0.6 to 400 cm[sup [minus]1]. In comparison to the depolarized Rayle spectroscopy technique. OHD-RIKES is shown to provide more accurate and detailed information about low-frequency region that includes the rotational reorientation, librational and collision-induced dynamic. The effect of deuterium isotope substitution on the inertial as well as diffusive reorientational dynamics these amide liquids is discussed. 91 refs., 9 figs., 4 tabs.
Recent Validation Efforts for a Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model

Mobile source emissions estimation techniques play a critical role for regional planning and development of emission control strategies. The primary models for mobile source emissions estimation have been the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's MOBILE model and the California Air Resources Board's EMFAC model. These models work well for large regional areas but are not as well suited for "microscale" evaluation. Over the last several years, the College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) has been evaluating in-use, light-duty vehicles as part of NCHRP Project 25-11, resulting in the development of a Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model (CMEM). An essential part of any model development process is validating the model. Various validation techniques have been applied to CMEM. This paper describes some of the latest validation work carried out in comparing CMEM results to independent emission testing results (independent in both vehicles and driving cycles). Further, C...
Effects of gamma hydroxybutyric acid on inhibition and excitation in rat neocortex.

Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has multiple roles as a putative neurotransmitter (Maitre, 1997), a widely used drug of abuse (Miotto et al., 2001) and a therapeutic agent in conditions such as narcolepsy and alcohol abuse (Wong et al., 2003). The specific receptors involved in all of its actions are not entirely clear although most of the behavioral and electrophysiological effects seen after high doses in experimental animals appear to be mediated by the GABAB receptor (Wong et al., 2004a; Carai et al., 2005;Xie and Smart, 1992;Jensen and Mody, 2001) with notable exceptions (Berton et al., 1999;Cammalleri et al., 2002). The bulk of the data suggest that the GABAB receptor may mediate many of GHB effects seen clinically during abuse of the drug (Kaupmann et al., 2003). A recent report suggested that GABAB receptors are actively involved in GHB induced physical dependence (Weerts et al., 2005). Given this evidence, it has been unclear why the GABAB agonist baclofen does not have the abuse potential that is seen with GHB, although recent evidence that GHB and baclofen may have differing effects on ventral tegmental neurons (Cruz et al., 2004) may help to explain this paradox. GHB reduces both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission in the hippocampus (Xie and Smart, 1992;Berton et al., 1999;Cammalleri et al., 2002) and midbrain (Madden and Johnson, 1998;Brancucci et al., 2004b;Brancucci et al., 2004a), but less is known about its effects in the cortex (Jensen and Mody, 2001;Godbout et al., 1995). Its clinical effects of lethargy, sleep, disinhibited behavior and ultimately coma suggest depression of excitatory transmission. Furthermore, the prominence of anterograde amnesia in GHB abusers (Schwartz et al., 2000;Varela et al., 2004) suggests the hypothesis that GHB may potently depress cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor mediated neurotransmission. The experiments described below were designed to investigate the effects of GHB on excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents in pyramidal neurons of layers II/III of rat neocortical slices. We observed that GHB reduces polysynaptic GABAA inhibition much more than monosynaptic GABAA inhibition and that the effect on polysynaptic inhibition may be due to GHB depression of both NMDA and AMPA receptor mediated excitatory transmission. Finally, even though GHB appeared to be acting at presynaptic GABAB receptors, its effects differed from the classical GABAB agonist baclofen. GHB more potently depressed NMDA receptor mediated responses whereas baclofen more potently depressed AMPA receptor mediated responses. Therefore, although GHB effects can be blocked by GABAB receptor antagonists, there remain subtle unexplained differences in the presynaptic effects of GHB and baclofen suggesting that these two ligands might indeed act at slightly different sites. Such differences may contribute to our understanding of the differing abuse potential of GHB vs. the traditional GABAB agonist, baclofen.
Comparative Action of Aureomycin, Chloromycetin, Neomycin, Q-19, and Polymyxin B Against Gram Negative Bacilli

Summary and CnclusionsTwenty strains each of E. Coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas, and Proteus vulgaris were tested for sensitivity to neomycin, Q-19, aureomycin, chloromycetin, and Polycyxin B. Q-19 and polymyxin B were particularly effective against Pseudomonas. Neomycin and chloromycetin were most effective against Proteus. Only 5 of the 80 strains tested were not sensitive to 31.2 μg or less of neomycin.The degree of resistance possessed by variants exposed to Q-19 and neomycin is low. These variants display the “penicillin” rather than the “streptomycin” type of drug resistance.Q-19 and neomycin are bactericidal in a concentration equal to or only slightly higher than that in which they are bacteriostatic.
Surface acoustic waves of sagittal and shear-horizontal polarizations on large-amplitude gratings

SUMMARY By numerical solution of the corresponding dispersion relations we obtain the dispersion curves for acoustic waves of sagittal and shear-horizontal polarizations propagating normally to the grooves and ridges of a large-amplitude, periodically corrugated, stress-free surface of a semi-infinite, isotropic elastic medium. In the case of a surface defined by the equation x3 = <(, cos (2nx,/d), it is found that when the ratio &,/d becomes sufficiently large the dispersion curves for surface acoustic waves of both polarizations acquire new, higher frequency, branches in addition to those obtained in earlier theoretical determinations of these dispersion curves. In the case of surface acoustic waves of shear-horizontal polarization, this conclusion confirms the same result obtained recently for surface acoustic waves propagating across a lamellar grating. The present calculations are based on the Rayleigh hypothesis, and the results obtained indicate that this method can in fact be used successfully in the study of the propagation of surface acoustic waves across periodically corrugated surfaces that are significantly rougher than those to which it has been applied in the past. A possible origin of the additional branches is briefly discussed.
SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTIC AGENTS

Antimicrobial agents play an important role in dermatologic practice. An ever-changing spectrum of newer systemic antimicrobial agents as well as the continued introduction of new antimicrobial agents and ever-changing resistance patterns make knowledge of these factors of great importance. The dermatologist must be aware of the side effects of antimicrobial agents as well as various drug interactions that may influence the choice of a drug and specific dosing schedules. With a better understanding of the antimicrobial agents presently available (Table 1), more appropriate use of these agents is possible.
13C, 2H, 1H n.m.r. and gpc study of structural evolution of a subbituminous coal during treatment with tetralin at 427 °C

Abstract Subbituminous Kaiparowitz coal was treated with 1,1-d2-tetralin or tetralin in sealed tubes at 427 °C and 500 °C for varying periods of time and rates of temperature rise (15 °C/s, 3 °C/s, and 1 °C/s). The time dependence of yields, average molecular weights, molecular-weight distributions and changes in hydroxyl-group content and elemental composition were determined. Deuterium FT n.m.r. was used to monitor the incorporation of deuterium from 1,1-dideuteriotetralin into aliphatic and aromatic structures in the fractionated products. The exchange of 2H with phenol in the presence of the coal was examined to aid in the interpretation of 2H n.m.r. results. 13C and 1H FT n.m.r. and i.r. spectroscopy were used to monitor the fractionated products over time. The ultimate obtainable yields of THF-soluble product were not significantly altered by the shorter temperature-rise times. The highoxygen-containing subbituminous coal undergoes an extremely rapid loss of about 20% of its oxygen by dehydration, and was found to enhance the rate of reduction of acetophenone and the scrambling of deuterium label in tetralin. The growth of benzylic aliphatic hydrogen at the expense of β (ArCH2C H 2) hydrogen was rapid in the early stages of reaction. In spite of apparently labile aliphatic structures, the preasphaltenes exhibited products above MW 1200 that were stable for more than 2 h at 500 °C.
Deletion of ENTPD3 does not impair nucleotide hydrolysis in primary somatosensory neurons or spinal cord.

Ectonucleotidases are membrane-bound or secreted proteins that hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides. Recently, we identified three ectonucleotidases that hydrolyze extracellular adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine in primary somatosensory neurons. Currently, it is unclear which ectonucleotidases hydrolyze ATP and ADP in these neurons. Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (ENTPDs) comprise a class of enzymes that dephosphorylate extracellular ATP and ADP. Here, we found that ENTPD3 (also known as NTPDase3 or CD39L3) was located in nociceptive and non-nociceptive neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and in free nerve endings in the skin. To determine if ENTPD3 contributes directly to ATP and ADP hydrolysis in these tissues, we generated and characterized an Entpd3 knockout mouse. This mouse lacks ENTPD3 protein in all tissues examined, including the DRG, spinal cord, skin, and bladder. However, DRG and spinal cord tissues from Entpd3 -/- mice showed no reduction in histochemical staining when ATP, ADP, AMP, or UTP were used as substrates. Additionally, using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), adenosine production was not impaired in the dorsal spinal cord of Entpd3 -/- mice when the substrate ADP was applied. Further, Entpd3 -/- mice did not differ in nociceptive behaviors when compared to wild-type mice, although Entpd3 -/- mice showed a modest reduction in β-alanine-mediated itch. Taken together, our data indicate that deletion of Entpd3 does not impair ATP or ADP hydrolysis in primary somatosensory neurons or in dorsal spinal cord. Moreover, our data suggest there could be multiple ectonucleotidases that act redundantly to hydrolyze nucleotides in these regions of the nervous system.
The use of antinucleoside antibodies to probe the organization of chromosomes denatured by ultraviolet irradiation.

Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation of methanol: acetic acid-fixed human and mouse metaphase chromosomes rendered them capable of binding antibodies specific for purine or pyrimidine bases. Since these antibodies react with single-stranded but not with native DNA, our results indicate that UV irradiation generated single-stranded regions in chromosomal DNA. Using an indirect immuno-fluorescence technique to detect antibody binding, highly characteristic, nonrandom patterns of antibody binding were observed. Antibodies to adenosine (anti-A) and thymidine (anti-T) produced identical patterns of binding which in most respects matched the chromosome banding patterns produced by quinacrine. However, additional foci of intense fluorescence were seen in the paracentromeric regions of constitutive heterochromatin on chromosomes 1, 9 and 16, regions which had been shown by in situ DNA-RNA hybridization to be the locations of AT-rich human satellite DNA. Antibodies to cytidine also bound to the same region of chromosome 9. In mouse chromosome preparations, both anti-A and anti-T produced bright fluorescence of the region containing centromeric heterochromatin, which had been shown to be the location of the AT-rich satellite DNA of this species.
Centers of control: Revealing elites among the Ancestral Pueblo during the “Chaco Phenomenon”

The use of violence as a means of social control among higher status members of the Ancestral Pueblo is explored by using data derived from the burials and the burial context of several sites between AD 850 and 1300. High-status burials, while relatively rare in the archeological record, are of interest because of the role the individuals are assumed to have played in the culture. It has been suggested that there were "elites" among the Ancestral Pueblo during a particularly volatile period that corresponds with the growth, development, and decline of Chacon Canyon and to a lesser extent Aztec Ruins, two major political and ritual centers. Using a bioarchaeological approach that integrates the human remains with the archeological context, burials from Chaco Canyon were compared with burials from other sites in the region based on demographic (age and sex), nutritional (stature), activity (robusticity and entheses), health (pathological conditions), violence (cranial trauma), and cultural (mortuary pattern) patterns. Crucial for expanding our understanding of the role of hierarchy and social control in the Pueblo world, these data suggest that there were high-status individuals who functioned as political and ceremonial leaders.
Linking mechanical properties of silanes to their chemical structure: an analytical study of γ-GPS solutions and films

The effects of hydrolysis and condensation processes on the molecular structure of γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-GPS) in aqueous solutions were investigated using Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopy. Hydrolysis was characterized by monitoring the production of methanol and the decrease in concentration of SiOCH3 groups in 1% solutions of deuterium oxide using proton NMR. Hydrolysis was found to be a very rapid process, whose rate could be increased or decreased by altering the pH of the solution. NMR spectroscopy showed that hydrolysis was completed in a 1% γ-GPS solution in deuterium oxide after 34 minutes. Condensation, on the other hand, took a relatively long time to occur. In the NMR spectra, condensation was observed by the broadening of peaks due to the protons on the carbon atom adjacent to the silicon atom. In addition to proton NMR, Si-29 NMR was used to characterize the siliane in 10% solutions of γ-GPS in water. The Si-29 NMR showed oligomer growth with respect to time . The oligomer growth was correlated to mechanical test results. Infrared spectroscopy was used to characterized the structure of the γ-GPS as a deposited film on aluminium during drying cycles at elevated temperature. The drying cycles caused increased oligomerization in the silane network and oxidation of the epoxide groups in the film.
Influence of matric suction on geotextile reinforcement-marginal soil interface strength

Abstract This paper presents descriptions and results of multi-scale pullout and interface shear tests on a woven polypropylene (PP) geotextile reinforcement material in a marginal quality soil. A main objective of these tests was to develop a moisture reduction factor (MRF) for the pullout resistance equation in the currently available design guidelines. The tests were carried out at different overburden pressure and gravimetric water content (GWC) values. The differences in the soil-geotextile interface strength among the cases with different GWC values were used to determine the corresponding MRF values. Results of the study indicate that the reinforcement interface strength and pullout resistance could decrease significantly as a result of the loss in the matric suction (e.g. by 42% between the cases of 2% dry and 2% wet of the soil optimum moisture content). It is concluded that wetting of the soil-geotextile interface during construction or service life of a reinforced soil structure can measurably reduce the interface strength and pullout resistance of the geotextile reinforcement which needs to be accounted for in design. Results of the study will be also useful to estimate the difference in the pullout capacity of geotextile reinforcement in a marginal soil when placed at different GWC values during construction. The methodology described in the paper could be used to expand the database of MRF results to include a wider range of soil types and geotextile reinforcement for practical applications.