cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonacceptance of innervation by innervated neonatal rat muscle.

Abstract Denervated adult muscle accepts innervation and has high levels of extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) receptor, compared to innervated adult muscle. If the high receptor density or any externally oriented part of the receptor molecule permitted or triggered functional synaptogenesis, then innervated neonatal muscle, with its known high extrajunctional sensitivity, should also accept extra synapses from implanted motor nerves. This prediction was tested by implanting the common peroneal nerve into innervated lateral gastrocnemius muscle in 25 neonatal rats and studying the innervation achieved 1–8 weeks later. With one exception, zero or negligible twitch tensions were obtained when the implanted nerve was stimulated. Intracellular recording in two cases showed no evidence of subthresholdevoked potentials in surface muscle fibers. In contrast, when the original motor nerve was cut at the time of common peroneal nerve implantation, reinnervation occurred as soon as 4 days later, and substantial indirect twitches (most observed qualitatively) were invariably found 6–7 days after operation. Four to eight weeks after nerve implantation into denervated muscle, substantial twitch tensions were obtained upon stimulation of the implanted nerve. α-Bungarotoxin binding to extrajunctional ACh receptors per unit surface area was similar in innervated neonatal and denervated adult muscle. Therefore, nonacceptance of additional functional innervation in neonatal muscle implies that a high average density of extrajunctional ACh receptor is not sufficient to permit or trigger functional neuromuscular junction formation.
Short-wavelength laser calculations for electron pumping in carbonlike and heliumlike ions

A steady-state computer code has been used to compute population densities of excited terms in carbonlike and heliumlike ions. It is shown that an inversion between terms of the 1s22s22p3p and 1s22s22p3s configurations sufficient to produce observable laser gain can be obtained in high-density plasmas such as produced by laser irradiation of pellets or electromagnetically driven pinch discharges. Such inversions in elements of atomic number Z = 15–40 give rise to lasing in the 300–1200 A range. Shorter wavelength lasing (5–80 A) on 1s3s→1s2p transitions in heliumlike ions of Z = 10–40 is also modeled, but significant gain is probably not possible with current plasma devices.
A consistent pattern of RIN1 rearrangements in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines supports a breakage-fusion-bridge cycle model for 11q13 amplification.

Gene amplification is a common feature of tumors. Overexpression of some amplified genes plays a role in tumor progression. Gene amplification can occur either extrachromosomally as double-minute chromosomes (dmin) or intrachromosomally in the form of homogeneously staining regions (hsrs). Approximately one-half of our oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are characterized by amplification of band 11q13, usually as an hsr located entopically (occurring or situated at the normal chromosomal site, as opposed to ectopically). Using chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we confirmed the amplification of the cyclin D1 (CCND1/PRAD1) and fibroblast growth factor types 3 and 4 (FGF3/INT2 and FGF4/HSTF1) genes within the 11q13 amplicon in our series of primary OSCCs and derived cell lines. The human RIN1 gene was isolated as an RAS interaction/interference protein in a genetic selection in yeast and has been described as a putative effector of both the RAS and ABL oncogenes. We mapped RIN1 to 11q13.2. FISH analysis of 10 11q13-amplified OSCC cell lines revealed high-level RIN1 amplification in two cell lines. Three additional cell lines have what appear to be duplications and/or low-level amplification of RIN1, visible in both interphase and metaphase cells. The hybridization pattern of RIN1 on the metaphase chromosomes is particularly revealing; RIN1 signals flank the 11q13 hsr, possibly as a result of an inverted duplication. The gene amplification model of Coquelle et al. (1997) predicted that gene amplification occurs by breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycles involving fragile sites. Our data suggest that the pattern of gene amplification at 11q13 in OSCC cell lines is consistent with a BFB model. RIN1 appears to be a valuable probe for investigating the process of gene amplification in general and, specifically, 11q13 amplification in oral cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28:153‐163, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Geometrically deformed models: a method for extracting closed geometric models form volume data

We propose a new approach to the problem of generating a simple topologically-closed geometric model from a point-sampled volume data set. We call such a model a Geometrically Deformed Model or GDM. A GDM is created by placing a 'seed' model in the volume data set. The model is then deformed by a relaxation process that minimizes a set of constraints that provides a measure of how well the model fits the features in the data. Constraints are associated with each vertex in the model that control local deformation, interaction between the model and the data set, and the shape and topology of the model. Once generated, a GDM can be used for visualization, shape recognition, geometric measurements, or subjected to a series of geometric operations. This technique is of special importance because of the advent of nondestructive sensing equipment (CT, MRI) that generates point samples of true three-dimensional objects.
Invited Commentary: The 21st Century Epidemiologist—A Need for Different Training?

The accompanying paper by Ogino et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(8):659-667) cogently suggests a need for including modern approaches like molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) in our research. However, Ogino et al. make an assumption that epidemiology has previously not included pathology or modern technologies in epidemiologic studies and that there is a unique need for the specialty of MPE. The new molecular pathology is yet another technique that can improve epidemiologic investigations. There is a long tradition of combining good pathology with epidemiologic research, especially in studies of cardiovascular disease. Large epidemiologic studies have successfully integrated specialty expertise in a collaborative and mutually beneficial approach to test specific hypotheses. The author is concerned that MPE techniques, whether they involve metabolomics, genomics, proteomics, or microarrays, will come to drive epidemiologic studies without any specific hypothesis-testing or unique population characteristics. The epidemiologist would then become little more than a collector of study subjects and a distributor of the various specimens to the laboratories.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CYTOCHROME P450-DEPENDENT AND GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE ACTIVITIES IN SV40-IMMORTALIZED UROEPITHELIAL CELL LINES: POSSIBLE ROLE IN TRANSFORMATION AND TUMOR FORMATION

An in vitro/in vivo transformation system has been developed as a model for bladder tumorigenesis. SV40-immortalized human uroepithelial cells are exposed to putative carcinogens and then implanted into athymic nude mice to testfortumorigenesis.Studieswith4-aminobiphenyl(4-ABP)demonstratedthat one cell line, SV-HUC-PC, was sensitive to chemical-induced transformation and another line, SV-HUC-BC, was refractory.Weare currently testing this system as a model to identify occupational carcinogens and develop biomarkers of exposure and effects of exposure. As part of this study, we examined P450- dependent metabolism, glutathione transferase, and the effects of chemicals on deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)synthesisandrepair inSV-HUC-PC andSV-HUCBC. Activities for CYP1A1/1A2, CYP3A, and CYP2B1/2B2 were estimated by determining o -dealkylation of ethoxy-, benzoxy-, and pentoxy-resorufin, respectively. Coumarin hydroxylase and p -nitrophenol hydroxylase were used to estimate CYP2A and CYP2E1, respectively. SV-HUC-PC mi...
Analyzing Proteomes and Protein Function Using Graphical Comparative Analysis of Tandem Mass Spectrometry Results

Although generating large amounts of proteomic data using tandem mass spectrometry has become routine, there is currently no single set of comprehensive tools for the rigorous analysis of tandem mass spectrometry results given the large variety of possible experimental aims. Currently available applications are typically designed for displaying proteins and posttranslational modifications from the point of view of the mass spectrometrist and are not versatile enough to allow investigators to develop biological models of protein function, protein structure, or cell state. In addition, storage and dissemination of mass spectrometry-based proteomic data are problems facing the scientific community. To address these issues, we have developed a relational database model that efficiently stores and manages large amounts of tandem mass spectrometry results. We have developed an integrated suite of multifunctional analysis software for interpreting, comparing, and displaying these results. Our system, Bioinformatic Graphical Comparative Analysis Tools (BIGCAT), allows sophisticated analysis of tandem mass spectrometry results in a biologically intuitive format and provides a solution to many data storage and dissemination issues.
Dynamic parallel tree contraction (extended abstract)

Parallel tree contraction has been found to be a useful and quite powerful tool for the design of a wide class of efficient graph algorithms. We propose a corresponding technique for the parallel solution of incremental problems. As our computational model, we assume a variant of the CRCW PRAM where we can dynamically activate processors by a forking operation.We consider a dynamic binary tree T of ≤ n nodes and unbounded depth. We describe a procedure, which we call the dynamic parallel tree contraction algorithm, which incrementally processes various parallel modification requests and queries:(1)parallel requests to add or delete leaves of T, or modify labels of internal nodes or leaves of T, and also(2) parallel tree contraction queries which require recomputingvalues at specified nodes. Each modification or query is with respect to a set of nodes U in T.Our dynamic parallel tree contraction algorithm is a randomized algorithm that takes O(log(|U|log n)) expected parallel time using O(|U|log n/log(|U|log n) processors. We give a large number of applications (with the same bounds), including:(a) maintaining the usual tree properties (such as number of ancestors, preorder, etc.),(b) Eulerian tour,(c) expression evaluation, (d) least common ancestor, and(e) canonical forms of trees. Previously, there where no known parallel algorithms for incrementally maintaining and solving such problems in parallel time less than T(log n).In deriving our incremental algorithms, we solve a key subproblem, namely a processor activation problem, within the same asymptotic bounds, which may be useful in the design of other parallel incremental algorithms. This algorithm uses an interesting persistent parallel data structures involving a non-trivial construction.In a subsequent paper, we apply our dynamic parallel tree contraction technique to various incremental graph problems: maintaining various properties, (such as coloring, minimum covering set, maximum matching, etc.). of parallel series graphs, outerplanar graphs, Helin networks, bandwidth-limited networks, and various other graphs with constant separator size.
Kinetic studies of the reduction of aromatic AZO compounds in anaerobic sediment/water systems

The reductive transformation of azobenzene and selected derivatives was investigated in anaerobic sediment/water systems. The azo compounds exhibited pseudo-first-order disappearance kinetics through at least three half-lives. The reduction kinetics of these compounds was studied as a function of their reduction potential and sediment/water distribution coefficient. There was no apparent correlation between the observed disappearance rate constant and reduction potential. In general, as the distribution coefficient increased, the rate of reduction decreased. Values for the pseudo-first-order rate constant for disappearance ranged from 5.11 × 10−3 min−1 for methyl red to 6.03 × 10−6 min−1 for 4,4′-dichloroazobenzene. Removal of the solid phase from the sediment/water samples gave a filtrate with little or no reactivity. Chemical sterilization of the sediment/water sample with formaldehyde and treatment with m-cresol, a dehydrogenase inhibitor, or sodium azide, a metabolic inhibitor, had little effect on the observed reduction rate constants for azobenzene, indicating an abiotic reduction process. Heat sterilization indicated that the reducing agent was heat labile. In studies with 4,4′-dimethoxyazobenzene, the observed rate constant for reduction increased with increasing sediment concentration. Based on the results of these studies, a model for the reduction process was developed that incorporates a nonreactive sorptive sink and a reactive site, both of which are associated with the sediment.
p-21 activated kinase 4 promotes proliferation and survival of pancreatic cancer cells through AKT- and ERK-dependent activation of NF-κB pathway

Identification of novel molecular targets and understanding the mechanisms underlying the aggressive nature of pancreatic cancer (PC) remain prime focus areas of research. Here, we investigated the expression and pathobiological significance of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4), a gene that was earlier shown to be amplified in a sub-set of PC. Our data demonstrate PAK4 overexpression in PC tissues and cell lines with little or no expression in the normal pancreas. PAK4 silencing in two PC cell lines, MiaPaCa and T3M4, by RNA interference causes suppression of growth and clonogenic ability due to decreased cell cycle progression and apoptosis-resistance. PAK4-silenced PC cells exhibit altered expression of proliferation- and survival-associated proteins. Moreover, we observe decreased nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in PAK4-silenced PC cells associated with stabilization of its inhibitory protein, IκBα. Transfection of PAK4-silenced PC cells with constitutively-active mutant of IKKβ, an upstream kinase of IκBα, leads to restoration of NF-κB activity and PC cell growth. Furthermore, we show that PAK4-induced NF-κB activity is mediated through activation and concerted action of ERK and Akt kinases. Together, these findings suggest that PAK4 is a regulator of NF-κB pathway in PC cells and can serve as a novel target for therapy.
Heart failure increases protein expression and enzymatic activity of heme oxygenase-1 in the lung.

Objective : Heart failure (HF) cell or siderophages are pulmonary macrophages that phagonicytize erythrocytes leaked from the congested capillaries due to HF. Degradation of erythrocytes and hemoglobin increases concentrations of heme in the lung. We hypothesized that the HF-induced increase in the concentration of heme up-regulates the expression and enzymatic activity of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in the lung. Methods : Using the aortocaval (AC) fistula model of HF, we examined the following parameters 8–10 weeks after the creation of the fistula: morphological changes in the lung by Prussian blue iron and immunohistochemical staining, HO-1 protein expression and activity in the rat lungs, and concentrations of nitrite/nitrate (NO x −) and cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophospate (cGMP) of the lung homogenates. Results : Iron-stained siderophages were observed only in the lungs of rats with AC fistula. Protein level and enzyme activity of HO-1 were significantly enhanced in the lung of HF rats. NO x − concentrations of the two groups were similar, but cGMP was elevated in the lung of AC fistula rats (0.34 ± 0.06 vs. 0.89 ± 0.20 pmol/mg protein, P =0.025). Staining of serial sections of the lung tissues demonstrated induction of HO-1 co-localized to iron-stained siderophages. Conclusions : HF causes increased pulmonary HO-1 expression and activity, which emanates largely from siderophages. Up-regulation of HO-1 may have pulmonary protective in HF.
Subcellular Localization of Oxidants and Redox Modulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been viewed as deleterious chemicals that lead to oxidative stress. More recently, ROS, especially the stable ROS hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), have been shown to have roles in normal physiological responses in vascular cells. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is dynamically targeted to plasmalemmal caveolae, and represents the principal enzymatic source of nitric oxide (NO • ) in the vascular wall. eNOS maintains normal vascular tone and inhibits the clinical expression of many cardiovascular diseases. Increases in oxidative stress are associated with eNOS dysfunction. In a paradigm shift in the conceptual framework linking redox biochemistry and vascular function, H2O2 has been established as a physiological mediator in signaling pathways, yet the intracellular sources of H2O2 and their regulation remain incompletely understood. The subcellular distributions of ROS and of ROS-modified proteins critically influence the redox-sensitive regulation of eNOS-dependent pathways. ROS localization in specific subcellular compartments can lead to selective oxidative modifications of eNOS and eNOS-associated proteins. Likewise, the dynamic targeting of eNOS and other signaling proteins influences their interactions with reactive nitrogen species and ROS that are also differentially distributed within the cell. Thus, the subcellular distribution both of eNOS and redox-active biomolecules serves as a critical basis for the control of the “redox switch” that influences NO • - and oxidant-regulated signaling pathways. Here we discuss the biochemical factors, cellular determinants, and molecular mechanisms that modulate redox-sensitive regulation of eNOS and NO • signaling under normal and pathological conditions. (Circ J 2012; 76: 2497 – 2512)
Atom-Centered Density Matrix Propagation (ADMP): Generalizations Using Bohmian Mechanics †

We present a generalization for the atom-centered density matrix propagation (ADMP) approach to ab initio molecular dynamics that allows for a quantum-mechanical treatment of the nuclear degrees of freedom while adiabatically time-propagating the electronic degrees of freedom. This generalization uses the Bohmian approach to quantum mechanics. The regular ADMP equations are seen to arise in the special case of the ℏ → 0 limit of the current formalism. Semiclassical approximations are also discussed, and rigorous error estimates are provided to define the accuracy of the current formalism.
The Legitimacy of Management Science

One of the problems of management science is keeping the needs of management in balance with the requirements of science. Management needs to solve problems and, more fundamentally, to make decisions. Science requires not only rigorous methods, but also, more important in this context, the finding of some measure of “truth.” The purpose of management science is to improve decision making in the direction of organizational goals. The most general activity of management science is the building of models to achieve this purpose. The argument of this note is that: 1 improved decision making implies changed decision making, but not all changes in decision processes are improvements; 2 the definition of improvement is a matter of science; and 3 goal congruence between organizational and model objectives is a necessary condition for improvement.
Estimation of fracture zone geometry from steady-state hydraulic head data using iterative sequential cokriging

The hydrogeology of fractured crystalline rock is often controlled by a few highly conductive features such as faults and/or fractures zones. Accurate modeling of fluid flow and transport in these systems requires that the geometry of these conductive features be characterized explicitly. A new method for estimating the geometry of these features is presented. The method is an extension of the recently developed geostatistical technique of sequential cokriging. In this extension, the geometry of the fracture zone is iteratively updated until an update increases the discrepancy between the estimated and observed hydraulic heads. Results from two hypothetical examples demonstrate that the method can accurately estimate the geometry of highly conductive fracture zones.
Culinary arts students: an empirical study of career and ownership orientation.

This study is concerned with the career orientation and the desire for business ownership of culinary arts students in associate degree programs. Students were surveyed to determine their preferences as to type of position and type of establishment desired upon graduation, in three years and in five years. The results indicate that 59% of the students plan to seek initial positions in the food production area and 22% as management trainees. By the fifth year after graduation, over 38% wish to be in management and 38% in the food production area. Those enrolled in apprenticeship programs indicated somewhat greater interest in ownership than those not enrolled in apprenticeship programs. Many of the students indicated an interest in hotel/motel management.
Toward text message normalization: Modeling abbreviation generation

This paper describes a text normalization system for deletion-based abbreviations in informal text. We propose using statistical classifiers to learn the probability of deleting a given character using features based on character context, position in the word and containing syllable, and function within the word. To ensure that our system is robust to different and previously unseen abbreviations for a word, we generate multiple abbreviation hypotheses for a word using the predictions from the classifiers. We then reverse the mappings to enable recovery of English words from the abbreviations. Different knowledge sources are used to disambiguate word candidates: abbreviation likelihood, length, and language model scores. Our results show that this approach is feasible and warrants further exploration in the future.
The effect of hypoxia and stem cell source on haemoglobin switching

This study investigated whether relative changes that accompany the naturally occurring shifts in haematopoietic sites during human development play a role in haemoglobin (Hb) switching or whether Hb switching is innately programmed into cells. CD34(+)/Lineage(-) haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs) were isolated from human fetal liver (F-LVR), cord blood (CB), and adult bone marrow (ABM), and the Hb was characterized by flow cytometry on cultures that generated enucleated red cells. All feeder layers (stroma from F-LVR, ABM, and human fetal aorta) enhanced cell proliferation and erythropoiesis but did not affect Hb type. HSCs from CB and F-LVR generated the same Hb profile under normoxia and hypoxia. HSCs from ABM had single-positive HbA and double-positive HbA and HbF cells at normoxia and almost entirely double-positive cells at hypoxia. Further characterization of these ABM cultures was determined by following mRNA expression for the transcription factors erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF) and fetal Kruppel-like factor (FKLF) as a function of time in cultures under hypoxia and normoxia. The erythroid-specific isoform of 5-amino-levulinate synthase (ALAS2) was also expressed under hypoxic conditions. We conclude that Hb switching is affected by the environment but not all HSCs are preprogrammed to respond.
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome associated with coronary artery aneurysms: deficiency of central memory CD4+ T cells and expansion of effector memory CD4+ T cells.

Background Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by elevated IgE levels, recurrent infections, pruritic rash, and skeletal and dental abnormalities. Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sporadic forms have been described. Coronary artery aneurysms and analysis of central (TCMs) and effector (TEMs) memory T cells have not been previously reported with this syndrome. Objective To describe a 30-year-old woman with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome who was found to have coronary artery aneurysms, deficiency in CD4 + TCMs, and expansion of CD4 + TEMs expressing CD45RA antigen (TEMRAs). Methods The patient presented to the clinic after hospitalization for chest pain. Coronary angiogram performed during the hospitalization revealed aneurysms in multiple coronary arteries with thrombus formation. In addition, she had a history of recurrent pneumonia, staphylococcal skin abscesses, and a pruritic facial rash. An extensive immunologic evaluation was performed. Results Immunologic studies revealed increased serum IgE levels (13,434 IU/dL), decreased proliferative responses to the soluble recall antigens tetanus toxoid and Candida albicans , and normal responses to mitogens. Analysis of lymphocyte subsets showed a deficiency of CD4 + TEMs and an increase in CD4 + TEMRAs. In addition, a decreased proportion and number of memory B cells and a deficiency in antibody response to pneumococcal antigens were observed. Conclusion Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome may be associated with coronary artery aneurysms and with deficiency in CD4 + TEMs and expansion of CD4 + TEMRAs. Comprehensive immunologic evaluation should be performed in patients with this syndrome.
Enhancing the robustness of distributed real-time middleware via end-to-end utilization control

A key challenge for distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) middleware is maintaining both system reliability and desired real-time performance in unpredictable environments where system workload and resources may fluctuate significantly. This paper presents FC-ORB, a realtime object request broker (ORB) middleware that employs end-to-end utilization control to handle fluctuations in application workload and system resources. The contributions of this paper are three-fold. First, we present a novel utilization control service that enforces desired CPU utilization bounds on multiple processors by adapting the rates of end-to-end tasks within user-specified ranges. Second, we describe a set of middleware-level mechanisms designed to support end-to-end tasks and distributed multi-processor utilization control in a real-time ORB. Finally, we present extensive experimental results on a Linux testbed. Our results demonstrate that our middleware can maintain desired utilizations in face of uncertainties and variations in task execution times, resource contentions from external workloads, and permanent processor failure. FC-ORB demonstrates that the integration of utilization control, end-to-end scheduling and fault-tolerance mechanisms in DRE middleware is a promising approach for enhancing the robustness of DRE applications in unpredictable environments
Fluoride in Human Parotid Saliva

Fluoride (F) concentration in stimulated human parotid saliva was independent of flow rate. The F level in unstimulated saliva was significantly higher than in the stimulated secretion and increased almost tenfold after oral administration of 10 mg F. A significant increase in F level persisted even after 24 hours. Maintenance of increased levels of F in saliva for such periods could serve as a protective function for the teeth.
A Comprehensive Technique to Determine the Broadband Physically Consistent Material Characteristics of Microstrip Lines

This paper describes a method to extract the relative complex dielectric permittivity from propagation coefficient measurements on microstrip lines. The material characteristics of microstrip lines fabricated on two different types of substrates commonly used in microwave circuit and printed circuit boards are investigated. The mechanisms that cause the effective permittivity of microstrip lines to be dispersive are explored. The technique includes creating closed-form effective permittivity equations to relate the effective permittivity of the microstrip lines to the real part of the dielectric permittivity of the substrate. Curve-fitting methods are used to create causal dielectric material models that relate the imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity to its real part. The methods developed in this paper can be used to characterize low-loss dielectric materials whose polarization is dominantly dipolar within the microwave frequency range in high-speed packaging applications.
FACTORS AFFECTING IMPLEMENTATION OF RECOVERY PLANS

Recovery plans for endangered and threatened species will not benefit conservation efforts unless prescribed tasks are actually implemented. We analyzed data collected on task implementation in early 1999 and found that an average of 70.3% of recovery tasks were either partially or completely implemented, although they ranged from 0% to 100% implemented. Plans approved in 1990 or earlier had relatively uniform task implementation, whereas implementation of more recent plans varied with plan and species attributes. Among plans approved after 1990, multi-species plans had lower task implementation than single-species plans. Recovery plans for plants, terrestrial species, and insular species had a lower degree of task implemention than those for animals, aquatic species, and continental species, respectively. Analyses further indicated that species with: (1) critical habitat designation, (2) conflict designation, (3) revised recovery plans, (4) a recovery coordinator, and (5) a dedicated database had greater task implementation than species lacking these management features. These results suggest that multi-species plans are implemented more slowly than single-species plans, and that recovery plans for species with greater public or agency profiles (as evidenced by critical habitat designation, conflict designation, and plan revision) are implemented at a higher rate. The effect of administrative strategies on higher rates of task implementation indicate that recovery efforts should include a recovery coordinator and database whenever possible. When developing recovery plans, responsible agencies should explicitly consider attributes of species and plans that influence task implementation.
Active Ingredients of Treatment and Client Mechanisms of Change in Behavioral Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorders: Progress 10 Years Later

Background The current review revisits the article entitled: “Active Ingredients: How and Why Evidence-Based Alcohol Behavioral Treatment Interventions Work” published in Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. This work summarized proceedings from a 2004 Symposium of the same name that was held at the Annual Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism (RSA). A decade has passed, which provides occasion for an evaluation of progress. In 2014, an RSA symposium titled Active Treatment Ingredients and Client Mechanisms of Change in Behavioral Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorders: Progress 10 Years Later did just that. Methods The current review revisits state-of-the-art research on the 3 treatments examined 10 years ago: cognitive behavioral therapy, alcohol behavior couples therapy, and 12-step facilitation. Because of its empirically validated effectiveness and robust research agenda on the study of process outcome, motivational interviewing has been selected as the fourth treatment modality to be discussed. For each of these 4 treatments, the reviewers provide a critical assessment of current theory and research with a special emphasis on key recommendations for the future. Results Noteworthy progress has been made in identifying active ingredients of treatments and mechanisms of behavior change in these 4 behavioral interventions for alcohol and other drug use disorders. Not only have we established some of the mechanisms through which these evidence-based treatments work, but we have also uncovered some of the limitations in our existing frameworks and methods. Conclusions Further progress in this area will require a broader view with respect to conceptual frameworks, analytic methods, and measurement instrumentation.
THE MYTHOLOGY OF THE SHASTA‐ACHOMAWI1

The Shasta-Achomawi occupy an irregular strip running northwest and southeast across the northern end of California, about forty miles or so in average width, and extending from near the western edge of Siskiyou county to the Nevada line. Until recently they have been regarded as two distinct linguistic families, but in a recent note' I have tried to show that, from linguistic grounds, they may be regarded as probably related members of a single stock, though in many respects quite distinct. Although the linguistic relations which these two members bear to each other and to the surrounding stocks are of much interest, and will, I believe, eventually shed some light on the larger problems of Californian. ethnology, the general cultural features of the stock are no less important in this regard. As has been clearly pointed out by Dr Kroeber, in a recent publication of the University of California, we may distinguish broadly three contrasted culture areas in California the northwestern, occupying the northern coast from about the southern portion of Humboldt county to beyond the Oregon line, and extending inland some forty or fifty miles; the southwestern, including the southern coast counties from Monterey southward; and the central, occupying all the remainder of the state excepting its southern border. These are the main broad divisions, but immediately one looks closer he finds each of these major divisions broken up into a number of minor subdivisions which may be more or less clearly distinguished one from the other. This is particularly true in the case of the large central area. This brings us face to face with the fundamental characteristic of California ethnology its diversity. In other parts of the North
Filtering Partially Observed Multiscale Systems with Heterogeneous Multiscale Methods-Based Reduced Climate Models

AbstractThis paper presents a fast reduced filtering strategy for assimilating multiscale systems in the presence of observations of only the macroscopic (or large scale) variables. This reduced filtering strategy introduces model errors in estimating the prior forecast statistics through the (heterogeneous multiscale methods) HMM-based reduced climate model as an alternative to the standard expensive (direct numerical simulation) DNS-based fully resolved model. More importantly, this approach is not restricted to any analysis (or Bayesian updating) step from various ensemble-based filters. In a regime where there is a distinctive separation of scales, high filtering skill is obtained through applying the HMM alone with any desirable analysis step from ensemble Kalman filters. When separation of scales is not apparent as typically observed in geophysical turbulent systems, an additional procedure is proposed to reinitialize the microscopic variables to statistically reflect pseudo-observations that are co...
Regulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte apoptosis: role of lung endothelium-epithelium bilayer transmigration.

Delayed polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) apoptosis exacerbates acute lung injury. To reach the alveolar spaces, PMNs must migrate across both pulmonary endothelial and epithelial cell layers. We h...
Domains of learning

Categories of learning process are proposed and described, as follows: motor skills, verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, attitudes. Research evidence on school learning suggests that generalizations about critical learning conditions and outcomes can be validly made within these categories, but not across them. Implications of this proposition are examined for several instances of school learning, and more extensively for an example of age differences in learning.
General Framework for Single Event Effects Rate Prediction in Microelectronics

A comprehensive mathematical framework is established that encompasses both Monte Carlo single event effects (SEE) rate prediction and analytical approximations based on a single rectangular parallelepiped (RPP). Criteria derived from consideration of multiple devices and technologies are presented that are useful in identifying situations where RPP-model predictions of SEE rates may not be appropriate and should be augmented or replaced by advanced physical modeling.
Structures of Escherichia coli DNA adenine methyltransferase (Dam) in complex with a non-GATC sequence: potential implications for methylation-independent transcriptional repression

DNA adenine methyltransferase (Dam) is widespread and conserved among the γ-proteobacteria. Methylation of the Ade in GATC sequences regulates diverse bacterial cell functions, including gene expression, mismatch repair and chromosome replication. Dam also controls virulence in many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. An unexplained and perplexing observation about Escherichia coli Dam (EcoDam) is that there is no obvious relationship between the genes that are transcriptionally responsive to Dam and the promoter-proximal presence of GATC sequences. Here, we demonstrate that EcoDam interacts with a 5-base pair non-cognate sequence distinct from GATC. The crystal structure of a non-cognate complex allowed us to identify a DNA binding element, GTYTA/TARAC (where Y = C/T and R = A/G). This element immediately flanks GATC sites in some Dam-regulated promoters, including the Pap operon which specifies pyelonephritis-associated pili. In addition, Dam interacts with near-cognate GATC sequences (i.e. 3/4-site ATC and GAT). Taken together, these results imply that Dam, in addition to being responsible for GATC methylation, could also function as a methylation-independent transcriptional repressor.
What Is the Optimal Approach to Ablation of Para-Hisian Atrial Tachycardias?

Focal atrial tachycardias (ATs) that arise near the atrioventricular (AV) node, so-called para-Hisian ATs, have challenged electrophysiologists to understand the mechanism of these arrhythmias and design safe and effective ablative strategies. These ATs are defined through biatrial maps as those
Stability of pneumococcus types in sterile abscesses

We have shown 1 that relative inagglutinability of Bact. typhosum and of B. pestis-caviae could be induced by growing these organisms in sterile gum tragacanth abscesses in mice. Experiments by one of us (Ecker) demonstrated that relative inagglutinability of Bact. typhosum could also be induced by growth in 20% sterile normal human serum broth (6 transfers), and that the serum of the atypical typhoid patient described by Blankenhorn, Ecker and King2 produced a similar alteration of a normal strain to the same degree. The strain isolated in this case, however, remained inagglutinable under the same conditions and was not made more agglutinable by growth in convalescent typhoid serum, while the ordinary laboratory strain sedimented out in dilutions from 1: 80-5,000 in fine floccules following 6 transfers in this serum broth.
Production of dietary vit. K deficiency in the rat.

SummaryA diet is described which produces a severe Vit. K deficiency in the rat in less than 10 days. The deficiency was manifested by prolonged plasma prothrombin times and hemorrhages. Daily menadione supplementation protected rats from the deficiency. Coprophagy appeared to be the means by which Vit. K synthesized by the intestinal microflora becomes available to the rat.
Simulation of Supersonic Jet Noise with Nonlinear CFD and Kirchhoff Surface Integral

AbstractAn acoustic prediction capability for supersonic axisymmetric jets was developed on the basis of the OVERFLOW Navier-Stokes CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code. Reynolds-averaged turbulent stresses in the flow field are modeled with the aid of Spalart-Allmaras one-equation turbulence model. Appropriate acoustic and outflow boundary conditions were implemented to compute time-dependent acoustic pressure in the nonlinear source-field. Based on the specification of acoustic pressure, its temporal and normal derivatives on the Kirchhoff surface, the near-field and the far-field sound pressure levels are computed via Kirchhoff surface integral, with the Kirchhoff surface chosen to enclose the nonlinear sound source region described by the CFD code. The method is validated by a comparison of the predictions of sound pressure levels with the available data for axisymmetric turbulent supersonic perfectly expanded jets.
Dynamics of Flexible Launch Vehicles with Variable Mass

*† The present study established an approach to incorporate flexibility and variable mass effects in the dynamic analysis of a freely flying, flexible rocket. General differential equations of motion for a flexible rocket with variable mass in three-dimensional flight in a vacuum are derived by using Lagrange’s equations and are characterized by a mean axis body frame. The assumed modes method is used to express the elastic deformations of the flexible symmetric rocket. Equations of motion transformed to the body frame are presented. Some of the mass integrals and their derivatives arising in this approach are evaluated. An important complication, the moving center of mass created by the changing of boundary of the propellant volume due to mass depletion, is considered. Integration of propellant volume for a special case of cylindrical liquid propellant tank is presented in detail for illustration. Treatment of the mean axis conditions when mass distribution is variable is also presented. An algorithm is described to illustrate the sequence of computations.
Digestive and nutritional consequences of pancreatic resections. The classical vs the pylorus-sparing procedure.

Digestive and nutritional alterations are a common occurrence after pancreatic resections. The authors report the results of a multiparametric evaluation performed in a group of 26 patients submitted to total or cephalic pancreatectomy. Patients were divided into two groups according to the surgical procedure; group A(n=13) included gastroresected patients and group B (n=13) included those submitted to pylorus-sparing pancreatic resection. Subclinical digestive and absorptive impairment has been found in 61.5% of group A patients; the nutritional status was clinically poor in four cases from the same group. Digestive alterations have also been found in 69.2% of group B cases, but nutritional status was always satisfactory in the whole group. The more positive results obtained with the pylorus-sparing technique encourage wider adoption of this procedure.
Beta-adrenergic blockade in clinical practice.

Although all beta-blocking agents have similar pharmacologic effects, they have vastly different pharmacokinetic properties, which can influence the clinical usefulness of a given beta blocker in an individual patient. The efficacy of these drugs in a host of disorders—both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular—and their modes of action in these clinical contexts are examined and discussed.
Risk drivers pose to themselves and other drivers by violating traffic rules.

ABSTRACTObjective: Violation of traffic rules is a major contributing factor in both crashes and fatalities in the United States. This study aims at quantifying risk that drivers pose to themselves and other drivers by violating traffic rules.Method: Crash data from 2010 to 2013 were gathered for the state of North Carolina. Descriptive analysis was carried out to identify frequent traffic violations and who were committing the traffic violations that resulted in crashes. A multinomial logit model was then developed to examine the relation between different traffic violations and driver injury severity. Additionally, odds ratios were estimated to identify the likelihood (probability) of severe or moderate injury to the driver and other drivers due to a driver violating a traffic rule that led to a crash.Results: Exceeding the speed limit is more likely to result in severe injury compared to disregarding traffic signals. However, going the wrong way is more likely to result in severe injury to other driver...
Demonstration of a 10-Hz, femtosecond-pulse-driven XUV laser at 41.8 nm in Xe IX

We recently demonstrated a new class of XUV lasers in which an intense circularly polarized femtosecond laser pulse is used to tunnel ionize a gaseous target species while simultaneously producing the hot electrons necessary to collisionally excite the species.1 The first specific systems collisionally excited in this way were proposed by Lemoff et al.,2 who gave calculations for lasing in Ar IX(Ne-like), Kr IX(Ni-like), and Xe IX(Pd-like).
Methanol and hydrogen from biomass for transportation

Methanol and hydrogen produced from biomass via indirectly heated gasifiers and their use in fuel cell vehicles would make it possible for biomass to be used for road transportation, with zero or near-zero local air pollution and very low levels of lifecycle CO2 emissions, if the biomass feedstock is grown sustainably. Moreover, because this approach to using biomass for transport fuels involves such an efficient use of land, it offers the potential for making major contributions to reducing dependence on insecure sources of oil in transportation. Biomass-derived methanol and hydrogen would be roughly competitive with these fuels produced on a much larger scale (to exploit scale economies) from coal, with relatively high biomass feedstock prices. While biomass-derived methanol and hydrogen would not be able to compete with the production of these fuels from natural gas in the near term, natural gas prices are expected to rise substantially over the next decade or so. With natural gas prices expected by the year 2010, biomass would be nearly competitive with natural gas in the production of these fuels. A carbon tax that would increase the cost of owning and operating vehicles by less than 2% would be adequate to tip the economic balance in favor of biomass. The production of methanol for export in developing regions could provide sustainable new income streams for rural areas in these regions while bringing competition and fuel price stability to world markets in transport fuels.
Autoinflammatory Diseases Affecting Predominantly the Skin

Autoinflammation of the skin is seen in a variety of congenital disorders. Recent genetic discoveries have expanded this group of diseases. These include PLAID (PLCG2 associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation), caused by PLCG2 deletions; APLAID (autoinflammatory PLCG2 associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation), caused by PLCG2 point mutations; and DITRA (deficiency of the IL-36 receptor antagonist,) caused by IL36RN mutations. The skin manifestations are quite variable – from transient cold-induced urticaria and fixed granulomata in PLAID, to recurrent sterile cellulitis in APLAID, to flares of pustular psoriasis in DITRA. These phenotypes are also associated with other local and systemic symptoms. While management is largely symptomatic and/or via systemic immune suppression, identification of the genetic lesions in these disorders opens the possibility to prevent symptoms via inhibition of the specific pathophysiologic pathways.