cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Something Rotten in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

In November 2014 the ICIJ published hundreds of privately negotiated advance tax agreements (ATAs) granted by tax authorities in Luxembourg to MNEs. The documents were leaked by two former employees of the PwC Luxembourg office. The documents revealed that by securing ATAs in Luxembourg, MNEs were able to avoid high tax liability in jurisdictions where they had real activity and instead pay a much smaller amount of tax to Luxembourg, where they had no or little activity. The affair, appropriately coined ‘‘LuxLeaks,’’ caused a major popular uproar. Several official investigations followed the leak. This article argues, however, that the discussion over the past two years missed the worst aspects of the LuxLeaks scandal. The article turns the focus away from the substance of the Luxembourg ATAs and instead explores how the ATAs were issued. The process exposed in LuxLeaks does not meet the standards one would expect from a developed democracy. Evidence suggests that Luxembourg issued ATAs without seriously reviewing taxpayers’ submissions or receiving (or even asking taxpayers to provide) necessary information, while ignoring a previous European Commission decision and Luxembourg’s own administrative guidance. These aspects of the Luxembourg rulings process in the relevant period puts to question Luxembourg’s argument that the process was legal.The article starts by describes some of the technicalities of Luxembourg’s ATAs, using debt-equity arbitrage as an example. After laying the necessary background, the article ponders the legality questions and summarizes the mounting evidence against the legality of Luxembourg ATAs exposed in LuxLeaks. Most importantly, it explains that the questions of legality extend well beyond the state aid issue (although state aid is probably the most salient because of the European Commission investigations in that regard) and raises serious concerns regarding the administrative process. The article then discusses the difficulty in obtaining facts about the role played by the individuals involved, in particular Marius Kohl and Jean-Claude Juncker. The article concludes with a call for a new international fact-finding mission with real investigative powers.
Hydrothermal synthesis of lead doped barium titanate

Lead doped barium titanate was synthesized hydrothermally at 363 K for 140 h. A molar formula of Ba(1−x)Pb x TiO3 was used, where x ranged between 0.025 and 0.75. The crystal structure, phase purity, and particle morphology was investigated by x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Under the synthesis conditions used, lead (Pb2+) was shown to incorporate into the perovskite structure when the dopant was kept below 20%. Above 20% Pb, other phases appeared and at 75% Pb no reaction to the perovskite structure took place. Unexpectedly, barium titanate containing from 2.5% Pb to 10% Pb appeared to be of orthorhombic symmetry. This was concluded by total pattern fitting of x-ray diffraction profiles and from splitting of the 222 reflection. The factors controlling the tendency for these materials to adopt orthorhombic symmetry as opposed to the more commonly observed tetragonal or cubic symmetries are briefly discussed.
The Bottom Boundary Layer

The oceanic bottom boundary layer extracts energy and momentum from the overlying flow, mediates the fate of near-bottom substances, and generates bedforms that retard the flow and affect benthic processes. The bottom boundary layer is forced by winds, waves, tides, and buoyancy and is influenced by surface waves, internal waves, and stratification by heat, salt, and suspended sediments. This review focuses on the coastal ocean. The main points are that (a) classical turbulence concepts and modern turbulence parameterizations provide accurate representations of the structure and turbulent fluxes under conditions in which the underlying assumptions hold, (b) modern sensors and analyses enable high-quality direct or near-direct measurements of the turbulent fluxes and dissipation rates, and
Elaboration of the Reciprocal-Engagement Model of Genetic Counseling Practice: a Qualitative Investigation of Goals and Strategies

As the genetic counseling field evolves, a comprehensive model of practice is critical. The Reciprocal-Engagement Model (REM) consists of 5 tenets and 17 goals. Lacking in the REM, however, are well-articulated counselor strategies and behaviors. The purpose of the present study was to further elaborate and provide supporting evidence for the REM by identifying and mapping genetic counseling strategies to the REM goals. A secondary, qualitative analysis was conducted on data from two prior studies: 1) focus group results of genetic counseling outcomes (Redlinger-Grosse et al., Journal of Genetic Counseling, 2015); and 2) genetic counselors’ examples of successful and unsuccessful genetic counseling sessions (Geiser et al. 2009). Using directed content analysis, 337 unique strategies were extracted from focus group data. A Q-sort of the 337 strategies yielded 15 broader strategy domains that were then mapped to the successful and unsuccessful session examples. Differing prevalence of strategy domains identified in successful sessions versus the prevalence of domains identified as lacking in unsuccessful sessions provide further support for the REM goals. The most prevalent domains for successful sessions were Information Giving and Use Psychosocial Skills and Strategies; and for unsuccessful sessions, Information Giving and Establish Working Alliance. Identified strategies support the REM’s reciprocal nature, especially with regard to addressing patients’ informational and psychosocial needs. Patients’ contributions to success (or lack thereof) of sessions was also noted, supporting a REM tenet that individual characteristics and the counselor-patient relationship are central to processes and outcomes. The elaborated REM could be used as a framework for certain graduate curricular objectives, and REM components could also inform process and outcomes research studies to document and further characterize genetic counselor strategies.
Cooling waves in pair plasma

We consider structure and emission properties of a pair plasma fireball that cools due to radiation. At temperatures $T \geq 0.5 m_e c^2$ the cooling takes a form of clearly defined cooling wave, whereby the temperature and pair density experience a sharp drop within a narrow region. The surface temperature, corresponding to the location where the optical depth to infinity reaches unity, never falls much below $0.1 m_e c^2 \approx 50$ keV. The propagation velocity of the cooling wave is much smaller than the speed of light and decreases with increasing bulk temperature.
Phonation and laryngeal specification in American English voiceless obstruents

This study presents a detailed acoustic analysis of phonation in voiceless obstruents in American English (AE) to investigate the acoustic consequences of the laryngeal timing that has been reported in the literature. The current study examines the appearance of phonation in voiceless obstruents in a corpus of read speech with 37 AE speakers. Linguistic factors such as phrase and word position, stress, and the preceding phoneme are examined and are shown to condition the presence and degree of phonation during the constriction period of stops and fricatives. The amount of phonation present is further analyzed by characterizing where in the constriction interval phonation appears. Carryover phonation (or bleed) from a preceding sonorant is most common for stops, while a trough pattern (phonation that dies out and then begins again before the end of the closure) is more prevalent for fricatives. These acoustic patterns, together with previous reports of laryngeal articulation and air pressure measures, have implications for the representation of laryngeal timing in a gestural phonology framework.
Ethanol Exposure Causes Muscle Degeneration in Zebrafish

Alcoholic myopathies are characterized by neuromusculoskeletal symptoms such as compromised movement and weakness. Although these symptoms have been attributed to neurological damage, EtOH may also target skeletal muscle. EtOH exposure during zebrafish primary muscle development or adulthood results in smaller muscle fibers. However, the effects of EtOH exposure on skeletal muscle during the growth period that follows primary muscle development are not well understood. We determined the effects of EtOH exposure on muscle during this phase of development. Strikingly, muscle fibers at this stage are acutely sensitive to EtOH treatment: EtOH induces muscle degeneration. The severity of EtOH-induced muscle damage varies but muscle becomes more refractory to EtOH as muscle develops. NF-kB induction in muscle indicates that EtOH triggers a pro-inflammatory response. EtOH-induced muscle damage is p53-independent. Uptake of Evans blue dye shows that EtOH treatment causes sarcolemmal instability before muscle fiber detachment. Dystrophin-null sapje mutant zebrafish also exhibit sarcolemmal instability. We tested whether Trichostatin A (TSA), which reduces muscle degeneration in sapje mutants, would affect EtOH-treated zebrafish. We found that TSA and EtOH are a lethal combination. EtOH does, however, exacerbate muscle degeneration in sapje mutants. EtOH also disrupts adhesion of muscle fibers to their extracellular matrix at the myotendinous junction: some detached muscle fibers retain beta-Dystroglycan indicating failure of muscle end attachments. Overexpression of Paxillin, which reduces muscle degeneration in zebrafish deficient for beta-Dystroglycan, is not sufficient to rescue degeneration. Taken together, our results suggest that EtOH exposure has pleiotropic deleterious effects on skeletal muscle.
Santiago Pérez Triana (1898-1916) and the Pan-Americanization of the Monroe Doctrine

In recent years, historians have focused on efforts at the turn of the 20th century by Alejandro Alvarez, Luis Maria Drago, and Baltasar Brum (all Southern Cone diplomats) to foster continental cooperation by Pan-Americanizing the Monroe Doctrine. Overlooked in this endeavor are the remarkable activities of Colombian author, journalist, and diplomat, Santiago Perez Triana. Using primary and secondary sources, this article analyzes Perez Triana’s support of the Drago Doctrine at the 1907 Hague Convention, his speeches at the Pan-American Financial Conference in 1915, and his essays published in Hispania, a journal that he edited between 1912 and 1916, to show how he won the respect of American and European diplomats by emerging as an influential spokesman for Pan-Americanizing the Monroe Doctrine and for hemispheric unity.
Guts and Fibers

This chapter contains one of the main results of the manuscript, namely a calculation of the Euler characteristic of the guts of M A in Theorem 5.14. The calculation will be in terms of the number of essential product disks (EPDs) for M A which are complex, as in Definition 5.2, below.
Sensitivity Analysis and Concurrent Estimation

After going through all the previous chapters, it would be natural for readers to conclude that DES are inherently complex and hard to analyze, regardless of the modeling framework adopted. It would also be natural to wonder whether there are any properties at all in DES that we can exploit in our effort to develop mathematical techniques for analysis, design, and control.
Intergroup Communication in Online Forums: The Effect of Group Identification on Online Support Provision:

Guided by the frameworks of the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) and the intergroup sensitivity effect, this experiment examined whether and how group identification manifest...
Using hospital claims data to identify ovarian cancer recurrence: A validation study.

e15513 Background: The use of administrative hospital claims data in research studies offers a promising alternative to conducting expensive chart abstraction to assess utilization and health outco...
Horse (Why Is There Something Else Rather Than Something

The question of “is” as a shuffling of representational times. Horses mistaken for humans and hobby-horses in Sterne, Ruiz, and Nietzsche. Sociopaths troubling number and memory (revisiting Chapter 2’s themes of looping and pre-sequeling as variations on Roubaud’s interpolations and bifurcations). The contested “is-ness” or is-the-case-ness of character considered in a close reading of Godard’s film 2 or 3 Things I Know about Her, where numbers and words collide to fracture the narrative and representation of subject-hood and object-hood. A close reading of Kurosawa’s film Stray Dog in which the loaded signifier “gun” is an object of fascination as object, image, word, and idea. Followed by a coda in which a horse returns with its horseman thrown.
PARP inhibition in the ovarian cancer patient: Current approvals and future directions

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have transformed the therapeutic management of solid tumors, particularly ovarian cancer. Initially studied in BRCA deficient tumors, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) indications have expanded to include other homologous recombination deficient tumors as well as biomarker-wildtype tumors. They have also gained momentum not only as a treatment strategy, but as a maintenance strategy as well. While PARP inhibitors were initially ev aluated in the recurrent setting, they have now moved to frontline therapy. This review will discuss the current FDA indications of the clinically available PARP inhibitors for treatment and maintenance therapies. We will then review the recently completed and ongoing clinical trials which may inform future clinical approvals.
Hurricane Risk Assessment for Residential Buildings in the Southeastern US Coastal Region in Changing Climate Conditions Using Artificial Neural Networks

AbstractHurricanes cause severe damage along US coastal regions, which may be aggravated in changing climate conditions. This paper investigates the impact of climate change on the hurricane risk f...
A survey on medical image analysis in diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) represents a highly-prevalent complication of diabetes in which individuals suffer from damage to the blood vessels in the retina. The disease manifests itself through lesion presence, starting with microaneurysms, at the nonproliferative stage before being characterized by neovascularization in the proliferative stage. Retinal specialists strive to detect DR early so that the disease can be treated before substantial, irreversible vision loss occurs. The level of DR severity indicates the extent of treatment necessary - vision loss may be preventable by effective diabetes management in mild (early) stages, rather than subjecting the patient to invasive laser surgery. Using artificial intelligence (AI), highly accurate and efficient systems can be developed to help assist medical professionals in screening and diagnosing DR earlier and without the full resources that are available in specialty clinics. In particular, deep learning facilitates diagnosis earlier and with higher sensitivity and specificity. Such systems make decisions based on minimally handcrafted features and pave the way for personalized therapies. Thus, this survey provides a comprehensive description of the current technology used in each step of DR diagnosis. First, it begins with an introduction to the disease and the current technologies and resources available in this space. It proceeds to discuss the frameworks that different teams have used to detect and classify DR. Ultimately, we conclude that deep learning systems offer revolutionary potential to DR identification and prevention of vision loss.
What determines the order of adjectives in English? Comparing efficiency-based theories using dependency treebanks

We take up the scientific question of what determines the preferred order of adjectives in English, in phrases such as big blue box where multiple adjectives modify a following noun. We implement and test four quantitative theories, all of which are theoretically motivated in terms of efficiency in human language production and comprehension. The four theories we test are subjectivity (Scontras et al., 2017), information locality (Futrell, 2019), integration cost (Dyer, 2017), and information gain, which we introduce. We evaluate theories based on their ability to predict orders of unseen adjectives in hand-parsed and automatically-parsed dependency treebanks. We find that subjectivity, information locality, and information gain are all strong predictors, with some evidence for a two-factor account, where subjectivity and information gain reflect a factor involving semantics, and information locality reflects collocational preferences.
Lives of the dead poets: Keats, Shelley, Coleridge: by Karen Swann, New York, Fordham U P, 2019, 177 pp., $30.00 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0-8232-8417-7

The commemoration of romantic poets began early and has persisted for centuries. Indeed, as this distinguished study recalls, there was already an inherently retrospective, undead spirit in the cur...
Abstract 4645: Lifestyle and dietary oxidative balance scores and risk for incident colorectal cancer among older women: The Iowa Women's Health Study

Background: Basic science literature strongly supports a role of oxidative stress in colorectal cancer (CRC) etiology; however, in epidemiologic studies, associations of individual lifestyle and dietary anti- and pro-oxidant exposures with CRC have been largely inconsistent. However, recent epidemiologic evidence suggests that the collective effects of these exposures on oxidative balance and CRC risk may be substantial. Methods: From lifestyle and food frequency questionnaire data from the prospective Iowa Women9s Health Study (1986 - 2012), we calculated equal-weight, 4-component lifestyle and 11-component dietary oxidative balance scores (OBS), and investigated their separate and joint associations with incident CRC using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Of the 34,135 cancer-free women aged 55 to 69 at baseline, 1,635 developed CRC during follow-up. Among participants in the highest lifestyle and dietary OBS quintiles (higher anti-oxidant relative to pro-oxidant exposures) relative to the lowest, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were, respectively, 0.63 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.54-0.73; Ptrend Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a predominance of antioxidant over pro-oxidant lifestyle and dietary exposures–especially lifestyle separately and jointly with dietary exposures–may be inversely associated with CRC risk among older women. Citation Format: Ziling Mao, Anna E. Prizment, DeAnn Lazovich, David C. Gibbs, Roberd M. Bostick. Lifestyle and dietary oxidative balance scores and risk for incident colorectal cancer among older women: The Iowa Women9s Health Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4645.
Designing a microbiological monitoring program for compounding facilities.

PURPOSE We describe the evolution of a large multicenter health system's microbiological monitoring program to improve standardization of viable sample collection practices; results review, interpretation, and response; and record keeping. We also describe lessons learned and considerations for other organizations considering microbiological monitoring program enhancements. SUMMARY Developing a robust microbiological monitoring program requires policy and procedure development; training and education of staff involved in viable sample collection, results interpretation, and investigations; establishing a robust sampling plan; reviewing trend data; reviewing systems data; and conducting investigations. Well-defined policies and procedures ensure consistent response to "out of level" (ie, violative) sampling results. Staff education ensures staff involved in microbiological monitoring are educated on adequate sampling techniques and microbial contamination sources and mitigation strategies. Thorough record keeping is essential for microbiological monitoring sampling activities and ongoing systems monitoring. The records should include results, investigations, assessments, recommendations, and records of completed follow-up actions. CONCLUSION Facilities management requires a comprehensive microbiological monitoring and systems monitoring plan. In health systems with multiple sites, a centralized oversight and management program may be beneficial to standardize records, response planning, and overall control of controlled compounding environments.
Regge behavior of DIS structure functions in scalar theories

The Bethe-Salpeter formalism is used to incorporate the valence Regge behavior into the total DIS amplitude. For a special case of scalar quarks with massless scalar exchange, the model is solved both analytically and numerically and exact scaling is found for the valence quark contribution F2(x) ∼ (1/x)l(0)−1 which mimicks the ρ-trajectory term. The solution solves a long-standing problem by showing that the coefficient in the Regge pole expansion is indeed fine-tuned to give the expected scaling. The method allows for generalization to the region of nonzero momentum transfer and calculation of the DVCS amplitude.
Catalytic methods for chemical recycling or upcycling of commercial polymers

Polymers (plastics) have transformed our lives by providing access to inexpensive and versatile materials with a variety of useful properties. While polymers have improved our lives in many ways, their longevity has created some unintended consequences. The extreme stability and durability of most commercial polymers, combined with the lack of equivalent degradable alternatives and ineffective collection and recycling policies, have led to an accumulation of polymers in landfills and oceans. This problem is reaching a critical threat to the environment, creating a demand for immediate action. Chemical recycling and upcycling involve the conversion of polymer materials into their original monomers, fuels or chemical precursors for value-added products. These approaches are the most promising for value-recovery of post-consumer polymer products; however, they are often cost-prohibitive in comparison to current recycling and disposal methods. Catalysts can be used to accelerate and improve product selectivity for chemical recycling and upcycling of polymers. This review aims to not only highlight and describe the tremendous efforts towards the development of improved catalysts for well-known chemical recycling processes, but also identify new promising methods for catalytic recycling or upcycling of the most abundant commercial polymers.
Estimation of Road User Costs for Work Zones in Data-Limited or Time-Constrained Environments

AbstractThis paper considers the problem of estimating road user costs (RUCs), such as travel time and delays, for roadway construction projects under time and data limitations. RUCs measure the mo...
Comparing nurse leader and manager perceptions of and strategies for nurse engagement using a positive deviance approach: A qualitative analysis

Aims To understand nurse leader and manager perspectives on employee engagement and their own role to foster engagement. To examine differences between managers of units with high versus low engagement. Background Health systems recognize the impact of employee engagement, yet alignment of leader and frontline-manager perspectives remains unclear. Methods A qualitative study at the Veteran Affairs New England Healthcare System. Leaders at five facilities (N = 13) and managers of units with high and low nurse engagement (N = 31) were interviewed. Results Nurse leaders almost universally conceptualized staff engagement as involvement in quality improvement service, while managers defined engagement as either commitment to excellence in direct patient care or involvement in quality improvement efforts. Intra- and interprofessional attitude contagion, and organisational factors of staffing-time-workload and senior leadership support were most common to support or detract from nurse engagement. A variety of strategies were identified, including protecting nurses as people and professionals. Differences in perceived roles and constraints to engaging nurse staff exist between managers of units with high versus low engagement. Conclusion Nurse managers and leaders perceive engagement differently; strategies exist to facilitate engagement. Implications for nursing management Leader and manager partnerships are needed to provide clarity on and resources for engagement.
Meteorological Electromagnetics: Optical and Radar Measurements, Modeling, and Characterization of Snowflakes and Snow

We introduce the concepts, methodologies, and applications of meteorological electromagnetics with a focus on snow, which currently is the least understood component of the global water cycle. As "no two snowflakes are alike," the intricacies of snowflakes and snowfall are both truly fascinating and extremely challenging to measure, analyze, and predict. We describe a unique approach to the characterization of winter precipitation through the synergistic use of advanced optical instrumentation for in situ microphysical and geometrical measurements of ice and snow particles; image processing techniques to obtain the fall speed, size distribution, 3D shape (mesh), density, and effective dielectric constant of snowflakes; method of moments (MoM) scattering computations of precipitation particles; and state-of-the-art dualpolarization radars for the measurement of polarimetric scattering observables. We discuss the operations, observations, and analyses using this approach during a snow field campaign that took place in Colorado, United States, from 2014 to 2017, and we also introduce an international collaborative field program in association with the 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea. One goal of this article is to promote meteorological electromagnetics as an interdisciplinary field where nature, science, and technology meet in some of the most fascinating and rewarding ways and where many key areas of interest and endeavors of the antennas and propagation community play an indispensable role.
LC3-associated phagocytosis: molecular mechanisms and pathological consequences

Abstract Since its first description as a catabolic, survival mechanisms in 1963, our understanding and appreciation of autophagy has grown exponentially. No longer considered solely a nonselective recycling and degradation system triggered by nutrient deprivation, we now recognize that the autophagy machinery functions in a variety of noncanonical roles. What unifies these roles is not only their shared machinery, but their goal—the regulation of inflammation and preservation of homeostasis. While defects in the autophagic machinery have been linked with faulty host defense, hyperinflammation, and autoimmunity, recent work has demonstrated these phenomena are owed to defects not in canonical autophagy, but in noncanonical forms of autophagy. Here, we discuss the novel noncanonical autophagic pathway, LC3-associated phagocytosis, a process unique in its molecular mechanisms and physiological significances.
Meaningful Integration in Professional Communities: Examining User Behaviors in Catalyst

Online platforms have the potential to address the issue of world language teacher attrition by building professional learning communities. However, autonomous engagement is not guaranteed by the mere existence of said tools. In this article, we report findings from Catalyst user data analysis. Catalyst is an online professional development social portfolio that connects users to other professionals (in groups and as individuals). Specifically, we examine user behavior patterns in six areas-Group Membership, Goals, Evidence, Connections, Reflections, and Comments. Each feature was chosen because of its potential usefulness in facilitating meaningful and integrative participation in online professional platforms. Results reveal three behavior profiles: 1-Testers, 2-Dabblers, and 3-Embracers. Each profile exhibits unique behaviors of engagement with the portfolio. Users who did not join any group were much more likely to show the lowest level of activity (i.e., Testers), while those who were part of a group and had more connections (i.e., Embracers) demonstrated the highest level of activity. These results support the theoretical foundation for sociocultural approaches to professional learning for teachers (e.g., Kabilan et al., 2011; Kabilan & Kahn, 2012; Kitade, 2014) and highlight the critical, and mutually reciprocal, relationship between social engagement and cognitive development.
Alcohol use in adolescence across U.S. race/ethnicity: Considering cultural factors in prevention and interventions

Abstract Adolescence is a time of transition between childhood and adulthood characterized by numerous biological, psychological, and social changes that make this age group more susceptible to initiating and using alcohol. This chapter describes drinking behaviors that are typical during adolescence and the ways that race/ethnicity are associated with alcohol consumption during this development stage with a focus on U.S. Black/African American, Asian, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian/Alaska Native, and White youth. Intervention approaches that are effective with adolescents align with empirically supported mechanisms for reducing alcohol consumption. Tailoring these for diverse racial/ethnic populations is imperative given risk and protective factors that are differentially associated with adolescent drinking behaviors by race/ethnicity.
Interface structure of CoSi 2 and HoSi 2 epitaxies on silicon

The occurrence of the defect structures in heteroepita. xies can be attributed to some low energy configuration of atoms at the interface which also result in specific orientation relationships between the epilayer and the substrate. Here we apply a generalized model to characterize the interfaces of CoSi2 and MoSi2 with silicon and compare the predictions of the models with TEM observations of the defect structure.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Credibility and computers

Credibility is important for the designers of persuasive technology. It is a perceived quality that has two dimensions—trustworthiness and expertise. Computing technology that is viewed as trustworthy or incorporating expertise has increased powers of persuasion. Both trustworthiness and expertise lead to credibility perceptions, the most credible sources are those that have high levels of trustworthiness and expertise. Credibility perceptions are not fixed; they can strengthen or weaken over time, but once lost, credibility may be hard to regain. This chapter describes four types of credibility, such as presumed—general assumptions in the mind of the perceiver; surface—simple inspection or initial firsthand experience; reputed—third-party endorsements, reports, or referrals; and earned—firsthand experience that extends over time. The chapter also discusses errors in credibility evaluations that are categorized as gullibility and incredulity.
Chapter 68 – Mucosal Injury and Immunopathology: An Overview

This chapter focuses on the unique aspects of the mucosal immune system and its role in maintaining normal homeostasis. By virtue of its surface area, the gastrointestinal tract is the largest lymphoid organ in the body, and its exposure to antigen is orders of magnitude greater than any systemic immune organ. These antigenic challenges can access the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) by distinct pathways. Antigens are altered by factors present in the lumen. There are both nonimmune and immune mechanisms of controlling antigen responses. An antigen-specific intestinal disorder includes food allergy. Foods can have multiple effects on the mucosal physiology as well as the mucosal immune system. One antigen can elicit many different forms of gastrointestinal pathology. Studies show that IgE presence in the lumen facilitate allergen transport across the epithelium by binding to CD23 and into the lamina propria, where the complex can bind to and trigger mucosal mast-cell degranulation.
Der genetische Code

Wie wir bereits mehrfach erwahnt haben, ist die Information fur die Aminosauresequenz eines Polypeptids in der Nukleotidsequenz der mRNA niedergelegt. Dieser genetische Code wurde 1961 von F. Crick und seinen Mitarbeitern „geknackt“. Wir wollen hier die Beweise fur die Natur des genetischen Codes besprechen.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of optic disc swelling: comparison with CSLO in idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

PURPOSE To determine the accuracy and reproducibility of ultrasonographic (US) readings of optic disc elevations in patients with papilledema compared with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (CSLO) measurements. METHODS One randomly selected eye of 22 patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and a variable degree of optic disc swelling underwent five and three repeated measurements of disc height using high-resolution ultrasonography (Biovision unit; Quantel Medical, Clermont-Ferrand, France) and CSLO (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph [HRT]; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), respectively. The same procedure was assessed in 14 subjects with variable degrees of physiologic optic disc cupping. US and HRT measurements from each group were individually compared with each other to estimate the accuracy of US readings in both disc conditions in comparison with HRT data. RESULTS Ultrasonographic readings were positively correlated with HRT measurements in both swollen (r = 0.62, P: = 0.002) and excavated disc (r = 0.84, P: < 0.0002). The 95% limits of agreement between the instruments were 0.24 +/- 0.59 mm (mean +/- 2 SD) and 0. 05 +/- 0.3 mm for swelling and cupping measurements, respectively. The coefficient of variation was 7.63% and 1.8% for swelling and 7. 93% and 5.91% for cupping, with US and HRT, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that US and CSLO readings are correlated i: both disc swelling and cupping conditions, but to a different extent because of a significant discrepancy in papilledema. US assessment can be considered highly reproducible. Combined US and HRT optic disc analysis may be recommended in papilledema evaluation as long as a better correlation can be demonstrated in further studies.
Older adults discharged from the hospital with delirium: 1-year outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To compare 1-year institutionalization and mortality rates of patients who were delirious at discharge, patients whose delirium resolved by discharge, and patients who were never delirious in the hospital. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of prospective cohort data from the Delirium Prevention Trial. SETTING: General medicine service at Yale New Haven Hospital, March 25, 1995, through March 18, 1998, with follow-up interviews completed in 2000. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred thirty-three patients aged 70 and older who were not delirious at admission. MEASUREMENTS: Patients underwent daily assessments of delirium from admission to discharge using the Confusion Assessment Method. Nursing home placement and mortality were determined at 1-year follow up. RESULTS: Of the 433 study patients, 24 (5.5%) had delirium at discharge, 31 (7.2%) had delirium that resolved during hospitalization, and 378 (87.3%) were never delirious. After 1 year of follow-up, 20 of 24 (83.3%) patients discharged with delirium, 21 of 31 (67.7%) patients whose delirium resolved, and 157 of 378 (41.5%) patients who were never delirious were admitted to a nursing home or died. Compared with patients who were never delirious, patients with delirium at discharge had a multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 2.64 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.60–4.35) for nursing home placement or mortality, whereas resolved cases had a HR of 1.53 (95% CI=0.96–2.43). CONCLUSION: Delirium at discharge is associated with a high rate of nursing home placement and mortality over a 1-year follow-up period. Interventions to increase detection of delirium and improvements in transitional care may help reduce these negative outcomes.
Language and Thought

The notion that the language we speak impacts the thoughts we think is known as the Whorfian hypothesis. This hypothesis is typically tested by, first, describing two languages that differ systematically on a lexical or grammatical dimension and, second, comparing speakers of the two languages on a cognitive skill that might be expected to depend on that dimension. Whether or not we find support for the Whorfian hypothesis depends on how we define language, how we define thought, and what we take as evidence for “impact.” Another, more recent way of testing the hypothesis is to explore patterns of thought in human and nonhuman primates who do not have language––rather than compare cognition in speakers of language 1 versus language 2, we can compare cognition in individuals who have language versus those who do not. We can also explore whether language is special in the impact it has on thought by asking whether other conventional symbol systems shape cognition (e.g., does mental abacus affect thinking beyond numerical calculation? does map reading affect thinking about space more broadly?). If it turns out that the effect language has on thought is special, we need to determine which aspects of language make it special (e.g., do we need to explicitly recognize our behaviors as communicative in order for them to have an effect? do the gestures we produce when we talk shape the way we think?). There is much yet to learn about if, when, and how language shapes thought. Keywords: language; thought; Whorfian hypothesis; homesign; pitch perception; spatial frames of reference; large exact numbers; spatial relationships; gesture; linguistic relativity
Safe, Convenient Pipetting Station

A simple convenient pipetting station is described that eliminates the need for mouth pipetting. Necessary components, fabrication procedures, and operating techniques are given.
What Predicts the Actions Taken Toward Observed Child Neglect? The Influence of Community Context and Bystander Characteristics†

Objective: Using data from a sample of 3,679 respondents in 50 rural and urban communities in a midwestern state, the authors explore the relationship between individual and community characteristics and the provision of helping behavior when child neglect is observed. Method: Telephone surveys of community residents were analyzed in a series of logistic regression models. Results: At the individual level, age, gender, place of residence, and sentinel status were all found to have a significant effect. The level of role overlap, cohesion, comfort, and belongingness perceived to exist in the community were found to be important community-level predictors. Conclusion: Individual and contextual characteristics affected observation of a case of child neglect and the action taken.
Condiciones sistémicas asociadas con periodontitis en la infancia y la adolescencia: Una revisión de las posibilidades diagnósticas

The term periodontitis is used to describe a group of multifactorial diseases that result in the progressive destruction of the structures that support the teeth within the jaws, the so-called attachment apparatus, which includes the periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. If left untreated, this process can ultimately lead to tooth loss. The pathogenesis of these diseases involves the initial colonization of the gingival microenvironment of a susceptible host by pathogenic bacteria found in dental plaque. Subsequently, much of the tissue destruction characteristic of periodontitis is a , by-product, of the host response directed against these organisms. One of the major factors that appear to modulate disease severity is systemic health. Severe periodontitis in young individuals can therefore be a manifestation of an underlying systemic disease. In this review we will discuss the most important systemic diseases that should be considered in a differential diagnosis when evaluating a pediatric patient presenting with periodontitis.
Synthesis of 2,5-bis(phosphinoylmethyl)- and 2,5-bis(thiophosphinoylmethyl)-thiophenes

The 2,5-bis(phosphinoylmethyl)-thiophenes ((Oct)(EtO)P(O)CH2)2C4H2S and ((Ph)(EtO)P(O)CH2)2C4H2S are obtained from the appropriate phosphites, RP(OEt)2 (R=Oct, Ph) and (BrCH2)2C4H2S by using Arbusov reaction conditions. The analog ((Oct)2P(O)CH2)2C4H2S is more conveniently obtained via the reaction of the phosphono-Grignard reagent (Oct)2P(O)MgBr and (BrCH2)2C4H2S. An improved alternate Arbusov synthesis of the known (Ph2P(O)CH2)2C4H2S is described along with its conversion to (Ph2P(S)CH2)2C4H2S via Lawesson chemistry. The new compounds are characterized by MS, IR and NMR methods, and the molecular structures of (Ph2P(O)CH2)2C4H2S and (Ph2P(S)CH2)2C4H2S have been confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods.
NATURALLY OCCURRING ENZYME ACTIVITY VARIATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. II. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENZYMES

This report describes an investigation of the specificities of the genetic effects, caused by whole chromosome substitution, on the activities of 23 enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster. Two types of correlation estimates are examined, the product-moment correlation over the chromosome substitution line means and the corresponding correlation of line effects, which is a standardized covariance component estimate. The two types of correlations give very similar results. Although there is ample evidence for specific line effects on individual enzyme activities, there are extensive intercorrelations among many of the enzymes for both second- and third-chromosome substitution lines. The pattern of correlations with respect to the metabolic functions or other properties of the enzymes is difficult to visualize by inspection of the correlation matrix, so a multivariate graphical technique, the biplot (Gabriel 1971), was employed to obtain a two-dimensional view of relationships among the enzyme activities. The second and third chromosome lines show similar patterns. Four of the five mitochondrial enzymes form one highly intercorrelated group whereas another highly intercorrelated group contains several cytosolic enzymes. Within the cytosolic group, particularly high correlations are observed between enzymes that have glucose 6-phosphate as a substrate or product and between enzymes that are NADP-dependent. Although the pattern of intercorrelations is not clearly explicable in terms of metabolic relationships among the enzymes, there is some tendency for enzymes that catalyze sequential reactions or share a substrate or product to have correlated activity levels.
Étude de l'hydrogénation du glucose en présence d'un échangeur d'anions

By hydrogenating glucose in the presence of an anion exchanger instead of caustic soda the undesirable CANNIZZARO reaction is limited to a considerable extent.
Ambiguous Belonging and the Challenge of Inclusion: Parent Perspectives on School Membership.

Boundary ambiguity occurs when members of a family are confused or uncertain regarding roles, responsibilities and subsystem configurations within the family. Research suggests that perception of boundary ambiguity is associated with family stress despite internal and external resource availability. It has been suggested that research on family boundary ambiguity be broadened beyond the family unit to the interface between family and community. This study utilised boundary ambiguity, and paradoxical dilemma as sensitising concepts to guide a secondary analysis of narrative data from interviews conducted with 28 parents of children with a range of disabilities pertaining to the interface between home and school. Findings confirmed evidence of boundary ambiguity and boundary intrusion in parents’ perception of whether the child and family were considered valued members of the school community, and in ambiguous parental role assignments, such as information gatherer, child advocate and teacher. In addition, ...
Particle dynamics and particle heat and mass transfer in thermal plasmas. Part III. Thermal plasma jet reactors and multiparticle injection

Thermal plasma processing involves complex interactions of particulates with plasmas. In previous studies (see Parts I and II of this series), an assessment of different effects has been made considering the dynamics and heat and mass transfer of a single particle immersed into a thermal plasma. The last paper of this sequence is concerned with the simulation of thermal plasma jet reactors and the effects caused by multiparticle injection. A mathematical model is proposed for the simulation of thermal plasma jet reactors, including the mixing phenomena between the jet and the surrounding gases by generalizing the governing equations for simple mixing flows. Also included is the density fluctuation effect by extending the K-ɛ model to a four-equation turbulence model combined with a probability density function. This model is internally consistent covering additional physical phenomena which are not covered by existing models. Unfortunately, its expected higher accuracy cannot be proven because of the present uncertainties associated with the input. For multiparticle injection, the simulation repeats calculations for single-particle injection, but with different initial conditions correcting the solutions by considering the coupling effects between particles and the plasma. The results indicate that (i) thermal plasmas show different mixing behavior in different gases; (ii) the density fluctuation effect is important since it causes large differences between the mass-weighted and unweighted time-averaged temperatures of thermal plasma jets; (iii) coupling effects become important when the particle loading rate exceeds half of the plasma mass flow rate; (iv) there are 16 constraints imposed on the modeling work which have to be considered for establishing a base for comparison with future experimental studies.
Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling of Zymomonas mobilis during aerobic and anaerobic fermentations

Background Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 (ZM4) produces near theoretical yields of ethanol with high specific productivity and recombinant strains are able to ferment both C-5 and C-6 sugars. Z. mobilis performs best under anaerobic conditions, but is an aerotolerant organism. However, the genetic and physiological basis of ZM4's response to various stresses is understood poorly.
A Comparison of Predictors of Ethical and Unethical Behavior among Corporate and Agency Advertising Managers

This study explores the organizational environments and interorganizational network which potentially influence ethical/unethical behavior of advertising decision-makers. Questions explored are: Do advertising agencies and their client corporations have similar standards of ethical behavior? Are the influences on un/ethical behavior for these two types of organizations similar? Corollary to this second question, the researchers wish to determine if the differential association model of un/ethical behavior reported in "Predicting Unethical Behavior Among Marketing Practitioners" (Zey-Ferrell, Weaver, and Ferrell 1979) would be validated with samples of advertising practitioners. Through the investigation of these questions, the consequences of the environment for un/ethical decisions are explored. Additional research is suggested and implications for structural improvements in the environment for un/ethical decisions including public policy considerations are discussed.