cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wintertime Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation and their impacts on the Northern Hemisphere climate in E3SM

The characteristics of the wintertime Arctic Oscillation (AO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and their impacts on climate variability over the Northern Hemisphere are important metrics for evaluating a climate system model. Observational analyses reveal that the horizontal and vertical structures in the AO and NAO exhibit a meridional dipole and a large-scale barotropic pattern between the Arctic and mid-latitudes. Historical model simulations from the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM-HIST) are used to identify how well it captures these major climate modes. It is found that the simulated AO and NAO modes have spatial structures similar to the observed features. In addition, the observed frequency bands in the AO and NAO-related time variability are captured well in the E3SM-HIST simulation. Associated with the positive phase in wintertime AO and NAO, zonal flow and warm advection in mid-latitude continents are enhanced, along with stronger cold flow from enhanced northerly winds over high latitudes. These features are linked to the atmospheric circulation pattern reflected by lower SLP anomalies over the Arctic and higher SLP anomalies over the mid‐latitudes. In E3SM-HIST, these spatial associations and main structural features are analogous to those in observations. In the time-height evolution related to winter AO and NAO modes, it can also be seen that the simulations reproduce the downward propagating patterns in observations. Nevertheless, the vertical structures associated with AO and NAO in E3SM-HIST exhibit substantial biases in the lower stratosphere. The cause of these stratospheric biases is investigated using the strength of climatological stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) and wave activity fluxes. The results herein suggest that E3SM-HIST has a reasonable skill in reproducing the observed characteristics related to the winter AO and NAO, although there exist systematic biases in the associated climate variability.
Bone density and its relation to the development of acromial stress fracture following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

BackgroundPostoperative acromial stress fracture is a troublesome postoperative complication after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Our study aims to utilize routinely performed preoperative computed...
Panel: What COVID-19 is Teaching Professors: Pandemic-Level Changes in our Classrooms

With the swift appearance of COVID-19 in the U.S., colleges and universities were left scrambling to adjust courses while students went home to far-flung time zones. As faculty, we were left pondering questions, such as: How do we teach this subject online? Do the online skills we have apply to our traditional students?, Do we have to re-write our syllabi?, What technology is available to us immediately? Should we teach synchronously or asynchronously? And what is Zoom anyway? The panel will discuss and share changes in teaching and what worked (and what didn't) during our pandemic-era teaching.
Lying in Patient Care: Ethical and Moral Issues

The concept of informed consent in medical decision making is a relatively recent one; until the 1970s, paternalism, in which physicians used a “best interest” standard in order to guide medical decision-making, was the most commonly used practice in Western medicine. Now, shared decision making, in which physicians and patients come to an agreed-upon decision after the patient has been fully informed of available options, is the norm. Therapeutic privilege, which entails either lying or withholding information from patients, has generally been eschewed in light of an increased emphasis on patient autonomy. Are there ever instances, however, when therapeutic privilege may be appropriate? For example, is it appropriate when the intent is to protect the patient from physical or emotional harm? This chapter discusses possible appropriate uses of therapeutic privilege. Lying, either directly or indirectly (ie, lying to a third-party on behalf of a patient) for the ultimate goal of obtaining medical care that the physician thinks is necessary for the patient’s well-being, has also been advocated by some ethicists. This will also be discussed in the context of consequentialist and deontological arguments.
Impact of Random Phase Distribution in Ferroelectric Transistors-Based 3-D NAND Architecture on In-Memory Computing

Three-dimensional NAND architecture (3-D NAND) based on ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) is explored for in-memory computing. In ferroelectric Hafnia-based polycrystalline thin film, which is deposited on the gate of the FeFETs, the monoclinic (M), and orthorhombic (O) phases coexist. These two phases of positional distribution introduce a read-out current variation in the 3-D NAND of FeFETs. Herein, we employ TCAD simulations to quantify such variation and optimize bias conditions for improving the accuracy of in-memory computing. Furthermore, the array-level impact of the phase variation on vector-matrix multiplication has been investigated using a 3-D netlist with SPICE simulations, indicating sufficient read-out accuracy possible for analog-to-digital conversion.
Structural basis for carbapenam C-alkylation by TokK, a B12-dependent radical SAM enzyme

Cobalamin- or B12-dependent radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes acting during carbapenem antibiotic biosynthesis carry out radical-mediated methyl transfers that underlie the therapeutic usefulness of these essential medicines. Here we present x-ray crystal structures of TokK, which are representative of this functional class, containing its two metallocofactors and determined in the presence and absence of carbapenam substrate. The structures give the first visualization of a cobalamin-dependent radical SAM methylase that employs the radical mechanism shared by a vast majority of these enzymes. The structures provide insight into the stereochemistry of initial C6 methylation and suggests that substrate positioning governs the rate of each methylation event. One Sentence SummaryStructural insight into a cobalamin-dependent radical SAM methylase that performs three sequential radical-mediated methylations to install the C6 side chain of a carbapenem antibiotic.
A License to Plagiarize

This essay reflects on Creative Commons licenses and plagiarism norms. Among other things, it provides a model plagiarism tool that authors can use to indicate that they permit plagiarism of their works.
Effects of tumors on inhaled pharmacologic drugs: I. Flow patterns.

Lung carcinomas are now the most common form of cancer. Clinical data suggest that tumors are found preferentially in upper airways, perhaps specifically at carina within bifurcations. The disease can be treated by aerosolized pharmacologic drugs. To enhance their efficacies site-specific drugs must be deposited selectively. Since inhaled particles are transported by air, flow patterns will naturally affect their trajectories. Therefore, in Part I of a systematic investigation, we focused on tumor-induced effects on airstreams, in Part II (the following article [p. 245]), particle trajectories were determined. To facilitate the targeted delivery of inhaled drugs, we simulated bifurcations with tumors on carinas using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package (FIDAP) with a Cray T90 supercomputer and studied effects of tumor sizes and ventilatory parameters on localized flow patterns. Critical tumor sizes existed; e.g., tumors had dominant effects when r/R > or = 0.8 for bifurcation 3-4 and r/R > or = 0.6 for bifurcation 7-8 (r = tumor radius and R = airway radius). The findings suggest that computer modeling is a means to integrate alterations to airway structures caused by diseases into aerosol therapy protocols.
The Similarities Between Mikahil Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita and Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses

After more than a year of silence and hiding since the publication of The Satanic Verses, Salman Rushdie spoke out in a 1990 article appearing in Newsweek: "The Master and Margarita and its author were persecuted by Soviet totalitarianism. It is extraordinary to find my novel's life echoing that of one of its greatest models." In this surprising claim, Rushdie not only links his novel with Bulgakov's masterpiece, but also joins his fate with that of the Russian author. For Rushdie, there is a clear parallel between Bulgakov's suffering under Stalinism and his own situation vis-a-vis the Muslim world. Concretely, Bulgakov survived in the dark basement in his Moscow apartment while Rushdie hides out in London.
Getting Personal: Head and Neck Cancer Management in the Era of Genomic Medicine

Background Genetic testing is rapidly becoming an important tool in the management of patients with head and neck cancer. As we enter the era of genomics and personalized medicine, providers should be aware of testing options, counseling resources, and the benefits, limitations, and future of personalized therapy. Methods This article offers a primer to assist clinicians treating patients in anticipating and managing the inherent practical and ethical challenges of cancer care in the genomic era. Results Clinical applications of genomics for head and neck cancer are emerging. We discuss the indications for genetic testing, types of testing available, implications for care, privacy/disclosure concerns, and ethical considerations. Hereditary genetic syndromes associated with head and neck neoplasms are reviewed, and online genetics resources are provided. Conclusion This article summarizes and contextualizes the evolving diagnostic and therapeutic options that impact the care of patients with head and neck cancer in the genomic era. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2250–E2258, 2016
Problem Solving Performance of First Semester Maintenance Trainees in Two Fault Diagnosis Tasks

Forty-eight first semester trainees in an FAA certificate program participated in an experimental study of trouble-shooting of two different types of graphically displayed networks. The effects of network size, redundancy, feedback, computer aiding, and training were considered. It was found that performance degraded as network size increased, degraded as the level of feedback was reduced, improved with the use of computer aiding, and that skills developed with computer aiding in one task were transferred to the other task.
Global anomalies on the surface of fermionic symmetry-protected topological phases in (3+1) dimensions

Quantum anomalies, breakdown of classical symmetries by quantum effects, provide a sharp definition of symmetry protected topological phases. In particular, they can diagnose interaction effects on the noninteracting classification of fermionic symmetry protected topological phases. In this paper, we identify quantum anomalies in two kinds of (3+1)d fermionic symmetry protected topological phases: (i) topological insulators protected by CP (charge conjugation $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ reflection) and electromagnetic $\mathrm{U}(1)$ symmetries, and (ii) topological superconductors protected by reflection symmetry. For the first example, which is related to, by CPT-theorem, time-reversal symmetric topological insulators, we show that the CP-projected partition function of the surface theory is not invariant under large $\mathrm{U}(1)$ gauge transformations, but picks up an anomalous sign, signaling a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ topological classification. Similarly, for the second example, which is related to, by CPT-theorem, class DIII topological superconductors, we discuss the invariance/noninvariance of the partition function of the surface theory, defined on the three-torus and its descendants generated by the orientifold projection, under large diffeomorphisms (coordinate transformations). The connection to the collapse of the noninteracting classification by an integer ($\mathbb{Z}$) to ${\mathbb{Z}}_{16}$, in the presence of interactions, is discussed.
Generic constraint logic programming and incompleteness in the analysis of software

Current logic programming systems, as typified by Prolog, contain limitations which restrict their usefulness during the specification, design, and testing of software. A major limitation is the inability to perform analysis in the presence of incomplete information. Three sources of incompleteness are discussed. The result of this analysis suggests an efficient algorithm for a special case. Furthermore, it partitions the problem for testing purposes into three classes: (1) those points which satisfy the special case; (2) those which satisfy the general case but not the special case; and (3) those points which do not satisfy either. Thus, the analysis has uncovered possible structure within the implementation including the case in which the implementation has failed to address class 2 correctly (error of omission) but handle classes 1 and 3 correctly. >
Reevaluation of mid-Pliocene North Atlantic sea surface temperatures

[1] Multiproxy temperature estimation requires careful attention to biological, chemical, physical, temporal, and calibration differences of each proxy and paleothermometry method. We evaluated mid-Pliocene sea surface temperature (SST) estimates from multiple proxies at Deep Sea Drilling Project Holes 552A, 609B, 607, and 606, transecting the North Atlantic Drift. SST estimates derived from faunal assemblages, foraminifer Mg/Ca, and alkenone unsaturation indices showed strong agreement at Holes 552A, 607, and 606 once differences in calibration, depth, and seasonality were addressed. Abundant extinct species and/or an unrecognized productivity signal in the faunal assemblage at Hole 609B resulted in exaggerated faunal-based SST estimates but did not affect alkenone-derived or Mg/Ca–derived estimates. Multiproxy mid-Pliocene North Atlantic SST estimates corroborate previous studies documenting high-latitude mid-Pliocene warmth and refine previous faunal-based estimates affected by environmental factors other than temperature. Multiproxy investigations will aid SST estimation in high-latitude areas sensitive to climate change and currently underrepresented in SST reconstructions.
Glacial water mass geometry and the distribution of δ13C of ΣCO2 in the western Atlantic Ocean

[1] Oxygen and carbon isotopic data were produced on the benthic foraminiferal taxa Cibicidoides and Planulina from 25 new piston cores, gravity cores, and multicores from the Brazil margin. The cores span water depths from about 400 to 3000 m and intersect the major water masses in this region. These new data fill a critical gap in the South Atlantic Ocean and provide the motivation for updating the classic glacial western Atlantic δ13C transect of Duplessy et al. (1988). The distribution of δ13C of ΣCO2 requires the presence of three distinct water masses in the glacial Atlantic Ocean: a shallow (∼1000 m), southern source water mass with an end-member δ13C value of about 0.3–0.5‰ VPDB, a middepth (∼1500 m), northern source water mass with an end-member value of about 1.5‰, and a deep (>2000 m), southern source water with an end-member value of less than −0.2‰, and perhaps as low as the −0.9‰ values observed in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (Ninnemann and Charles, 2002). The origins of the water masses are supported by the meridional gradients in benthic foraminiferal δ18O. A revised glacial section of deep water δ13C documents the positions and gradients among these end-member intermediate and deep water masses. The large property gradients in the presence of strong vertical mixing can only be maintained by a vigorous overturning circulation.
Community-Based Research, Race, and the Public Work of Democracy: Lessons from Whitman College.

This practice story tells of one professor’s discovery and conduct of community-based research (CBR) at a leading liberal arts college. Originating through collaborations with an immigrant meatpacking workers’ union, Whitman College’s program on The State of the State for Washington Latinos has earned national recognition since its founding in 2005. The program’s story speaks to the vital role CBR projects in the academy can play in addressing deeply rooted forms of racial injustice and cultural exclusion, from political under-representation to gaps in bilingual education. This narrative further highlights the importance of durable community partnerships that allow mutual trust to grow and flourish; the challenges faculty members face when institutions provide sparse infrastructure for CBR program development; the transformative effects of these endeavors on students; and the unusual success of Whitman’s State of the State program in matching rigorous research with an ambitious agenda of public outreach to enhance regional democracy.
Treatment of an Iatrogenic Infrarenal Aortic Dissection Using a Unibody Endograft.

embolized with 8–15-mm-diameter coils 1 week after TEVAR. The patient tolerated all the procedures well, and the 3-year follow-up was uneventful. CT obtained 2.5 years after TEVAR showed no growth in the diameter of the descending thoracic aorta and preservation of flow into the mesenteric and renal arteries. A type II endoleak through an intercostal artery was present (Fig 3). The maximum diameter of the descending thoracic aorta had remained at 48 mm, the same as the preoperative measurement. The efficacy of TEVAR for the treatment of chronic dissection is controversial (1). Although favorable remodeling and complete elimination of the false lumen is achievable with TEVAR in acute aortic dissection, remodeling is poor in some patients with chronic dissection (2). It is not uncommon that a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm develops even after TEVAR in such patients. Generally, development of a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm is attributed to the blood flow coming from the re-entry into the false lumen (1). In the patient described here, there was great concern about the development of a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm because a large reentry was intentionally created just above the proximal anastomotic site of abdominal aortic replacement. Another issue with TEVAR for chronic dissection is intimal injury at the distal end of the stent graft. As mentioned earlier, because remodeling of the true lumen can be poor in patients with chronic dissection, there is a potential risk of intimal injury (3). The minimum diameter of commercially available stent grafts is 21 mm, whereas the diameter of the true lumen of the descending thoracic aorta was 11–12 mm in the present patient. Therefore, oversizing of the stent graft would be approximately 200% in the case of normal TEVAR, and this was considered sufficiently large to create intimal injury. Landing of the device in the false lumen of the distal descending thoracic aorta may avoid the aforementioned problems associated with conventional TEVAR. Because the distal end of the device was placed in the false lumen, which potentially dilates, the possibility of developing of a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm still remains in the present patient. However,
A scheme for target tracking and pointing during small celestial body encounters

A scheme has been developed and simulated for closed-loop tracking and pointing space-borne science instruments at small celestial bodies such as comets and asteroids during high-velocity encounters. To overcome ephemeris uncertainties for these bodies, the scheme involves sequential estimation of flyby model parameters. The design consists of a two-axis gimbaled platform mounted on a three-axis stabilized spacecraft. A platformmounted optical tracker provides target direction measurements, while precision microstep actuators enable high-rate platform slewing. For comet missions which involve dust particle impact disturbances, a dual-mode attitude control scheme is presented for minimizing transient response time.
Microanalysis to nanoanalysis: analytical techniques for chemical characterization of micrometer- to nanometer-scale structures

Natural and synthetic microstructures with micrometer- to nanometer-scale features present a significant challenge to chemical analysis techniques. As the dimensions of features are reduced, the number of atoms and molecules to be analyzed becomes so small that useful analytical signals can only be obtained through optimization of the entire measurement process: e.g., the use of high brightness radiation sources, high efficiency spectrometers, and long counting times. Techniques based upon beams of electrons, photons, ions, and neutrons and generally incorporating some form of microscopy are available. The suite of characterization techniques can provide a wide variety of information on elemental and molecular composition, morphology, and crystal structure on a scale ranging from micrometers to nanometers.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An insertion technique for one-sided height-balanced trees

A restriction on height-balanced binary trees is presented. It is seen that this restriction reduces the extra memory requirements by half (from two extra bits per node to one) and maintains fast search capabilities at a cost of increased time requirements for inserting new nodes.
Primary endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor of the liver. First reported case

A primary endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor of the liver occurring in an 18-month-old boy is described. Although several examples of extragonadal endodermal sinus tumors have occurred in other sites, this is believed to be the first reported instance of origin in the liver. An additional important feature was the detection of alpha-fetoprotein in a preoperative serum sample. Although no metastases were identified at the time of celiotomy, widespread metastases developed, and he died 6 1/2 months after an extended right hepatectomy was performed. Neither triple chemotherapy nor radiation therapy appeared to deter progressive spread of the neoplasm, although the metastases exhibited some radiosensitivity.
New patterns of industry-government partnership

The character of our American society has changed slowly over the past 50 to 100 years, but peoples' aspirations, both in the United States and abroad, have changed abruptly in just the last 5 to 10 years and are still constantly changing. We haven't seen anything yet; mankind's aspirations are going to soar to new heights. Furthermore, technology provides the power with which society can meet these new, higher aspirations, if we but put our minds to it. Whether we can, in 5 years, or 50, or 100, attain such social goals as eliminating poverty, disease, and ignorance from the United States and spreading literacy, freedom, and governmental stability throughout the now less-developed areas of the world rests chiefly on social decisions. These social decisions must be made soon. To make them intelligently? in fact, to make any decisions at all?will require new patterns of industry-government partnership.
Yeast sex: surprisingly high rates of outcrossing between asci.

Background Saccharomyces yeasts are an important model system in many areas of biological research. Very little is known about their ecology and evolution in the wild, but interest in this natural history is growing. Extensive work with lab strains in the last century uncovered the Saccharomyces life cycle. When nutrient limited, a diploid yeast cell will form four haploid spores encased in a protective outer layer called the ascus. Confinement within the ascus is thought to enforce mating between products of the same meiotic division, minimizing outcrossing in this stage of the life cycle.
Words and Works in the History of Alchemy

ABSTRACT This essay considers the implications of a shift in focus from ideas to practices in the history of alchemy. On the one hand, it is argued, this new attention to practice highlights the diversity of ways that early modern Europeans engaged alchemy, ranging from the literary to the entrepreneurial and artisanal, as well as the broad range of social and cultural spaces that alchemists inhabited. At the same time, however, recent work has demonstrated what most alchemists shared—namely, a penchant for reading, writing, making, and doing, all at the same time. Any history of early modern alchemy, therefore, must attend to all of these practices, as well as the interplay among them. In this sense, alchemy offers a model for thinking and writing about early modern science more generally, particularly in light of recent work that has explored the intersection of scholarly, artisanal, and entrepreneurial forms of knowledge in the early modern period.
Philo on Human Perfection

This paper is an inquiry into Philo's ideas about human perfection: for Philo, what qualities and/or activities constitute a ‘perfect’ life, and how are we to live our lives to achieve it? Philo's model of ideal perfection, I argue, is exemplified by the life of Moses. Moses, however, is so perfect that he is inimitable; ordinary human beings must, rather, follow the paths to perfection exemplified by the three biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Each heuristically represents a distinct path to perfection: Abraham, the first philosopher, exemplifies a life of contemplation, teaching, and inquiry; Isaac exemplifies natural perfection; and Jacob a life made perfect through righteous action. For Philo, the Essenes and the Therapeutae further represent historical communities that exemplify the pursuit of human perfection, the Essenes in the path of Jacob and the Therapeutae in that of Abraham. Most of us, however, are neither Essenes nor Therapeutae, and Philo discusses the possibilities, and challenges, that ordinary mortals face as we pursue human perfection.
Selective Age Effects on Visual Attention and Motor Attention during a Cued Saccade Task.

Objective. Visual information is often used to guide purposeful movement. However, older adults have impaired responses to visual information, leading to increased risk for injuries and potential loss of independence. We evaluated distinct visual and motor attention contributions to a cued saccade task to determine the extent to which aging selectively affects these processes. Methods. Nineteen healthy young (18–28 years) and 20 older (60–90 years) participants performed a cued saccade task under two conditions. We challenged motor attention by changing the number of possible saccade targets (1 or 6). Results. Older adults had difficulty in inhibiting unwanted eye movements and had greater eye movement inaccuracy in the hard condition when compared to the younger adults and to the easy condition. Also, an inverse relation existed between performance on the visual and motor components of the task in older adults, unlike younger adults. Conclusions. Older adults demonstrated difficulty in both inhibiting irrelevant saccade targets and selecting correct saccade endpoints during more complex tasks. The shift in relations among attention measures between the younger and older participants may indicate a need to prioritize attentional resources with age. These changes may impact an older adult's ability to function in complex environments.
Linguistic assimilation in two variables

This article examines the type of relatively rapid speech modification sometimes called “accommodation” (Trudgill, 1986). In this case, we track change on the part of speakers of Honduran Spanish newly resident among speakers of Northern Mexican Spanish. The two variables investigated are final /n/ velarization and spirantization, both of which differ in the two dialects. (Honduran Spanish velarizes final /n/, while Northern Mexican Spanish does not; Honduran Spanish conserves stops l, r, s and glides, whereas Northern Mexican Spanish produces fricatives.) It is found that, although there is change in the direction of local norms in both variables, velarization shows greater change. In addition, the degree of contact with local speakers also leads to greater change for velarization only. Reasons for the different behavior are considered.
Laboratory Evaluation Of An Optimized Mammographic Imaging System

The application of numerical multiparameter optimization techniques tolthe design of improvqd mammographic imaging systems has been discussed by Jafroudi et al., and by Muntz et al.. The approach taken requires the specification of a reference system for dios/p and imaging performance comparisons. The optimized designs that have been reported are based on a reference system without a grid. Since those designs were developed, it has become common practice to use grids in mammography. Accordingly, the optimization has been repeated with a current state-of-the-art system, including a grid, as the reference. An approximation to the revised optimized design has been assembled and compared to a Thomson-CGR Senographe 500T mammography unit equipped with a grid. When the optimized system is operated under conditions that produce imaging performance comparable to that of the Senographe, the average glandular dose delivered by the optimized system is about 1/3 the dose delivered by the Senographe.
Development of lethal yellow (Ay/Ay) mouse embryos in vitro

Preimplantation embryos from matings between mice heterozygous for the yellow allele (Ay) of the agouti locus were cultured in vitro and their development was compared with embryos from control matings (Ay/a × a/a). No morphological abnormalities were consistently observed at the eightcell stage, but after 24 hours of culture there were abnormalities in 16.8% of embryos from Ay/a × Ay/a matings. The abnormalities, which consisted primarily of arrest of several blastomeres and their exclusion from the embryo, were also present in 23.9% of embryos removed from the uterus as morulae and blastocysts. Those embryos that became abnormal during preimplantation stages were presumed to be the Ay/Ay homozygotes because their frequency approximated the Mendelian expectation of 25% in Ay/a × Ay/a matings but not in control matings. The morphological abnormalities indicated an effect of the Ay allele as early as the fourth cleavage division. Presumed Ay/Ay early blastocysts collapsed and died without hatching when cultured for five days under conditions that allowed normal embryos to hatch and grow out on the substrate. If the zona pellucida was removed from these blastocysts before culture, limited trophoblastic outgrowth occurred, but the outgrown cells were few and small and the inner cell mass disintegrated entirely. The Ay allele in the homozygous condition thus appears to be a cell lethal that allows growth up to the early blastocyst stage but prevents the normal postblastocyst growth and differentiation of either trophoblast or inner cell mass.
The effect of calcium antagonists on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the piglet.

ABSTRACT: Cardiovascular responses to the calcium antagonists verapamil and nifedipine were evaluated in a piglet model of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. All animals were mechanically ventilated and paralyzed. Cardiac output (CO), pulmonary artery (Ppa) and aortic blood pressure (AoP), pulmonary wedge pressure, right atrial pressure (Pra), and arterial blood gases were measured prior to and after pulmonary hypertension was induced by hypoxia and after administration of calcium-blocking agents. Results were compared to a control group of piglets subjected to a similar period of hypoxia. Verapamil infusion (0.15 mg/kg) resulted in a rapid decrease in Ppa, AoP and pulmonary vascular resistance (p < 0.05) which returned to baseline values by 15 min. Nifedipine (100 μg/kg) resulted in a decrease in Ppa at 1 min (p < 0.05) which remained significantly lower than controls throughout the study period. AoP declined precipitously during the same time period (p < 0.01). No significant change in Ppa was noted when nifedipine was administered at a dose of 10 μg/kg. For the most part, these drugs have a transient vasodilatory action on pulmonary as well as systemic circulation in this animal model; however, they might in higher doses be associated with significant systemic hypotension. For this reason, the use of these drugs in the treatment of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the neonate should be approached with caution.
Vacuum arc plasma guns and ion sources

Vacuum arc plasma can be formed using particularly uncomplicated hardware, providing a means for laboratory scale formation of dense and highly-ionized metal plasma. The simplicity and versatility of the approach has led to its widespread use in recent times for both fundamental and technological applications. When embodied in a plasma gun configuration, the source can provide a valuable tool for plasma deposition of metal and metal-containing thin films, including in plasma immersion configurations. When embodied in an ion source configuration, high current beams of metal ions can be formed, and such beams have found good use for ion implantation and particle accelerator injection. Here we briefly review vacuum arc plasma guns and ion sources, outlining some of the hardware embodiments that have been developed at Berkeley and used for various materials modification applications.
H2O storage capacity of olivine at 5–8 GPa and consequences for dehydration partial melting of the upper mantle

Abstract The H2O storage capacities of peridotitic minerals place crucial constraints on the onset of hydrous partial melting in the mantle. The storage capacities of minerals in equilibrium with a peridotite mineral assemblage (“peridotite-saturated” minerals) are lower than when the minerals coexist only with fluid because hydrous partial melt is stabilized at a lower activity of H2O. Here, we determine peridotite-saturated olivine H2O storage capacities from 5 to 8 GPa and 1400–1500 °C in layered experiments designed to grow large (∼100–150 μm) olivine crystals in equilibrium with the full hydrous peridotite assemblage (melt+ol+opx+gar+cpx). The peridotite-saturated H2O storage capacity of olivine at 1450 °C rises from 57±26 ppm (by wt.) at 5 GPa to 254±60 ppm at 8 GPa. Combining these with results of a parallel study at 10–13 GPa ( Tenner et al., 2011 , CMP) yields a linear relation applicable from 5 to 13 GPa for peridotite-saturated H2O storage capacity of olivine at 1450 °C, C H 2 O olivine ( ppm ) = 57.6 ( ± 16 ) × P ( GPa ) − 169 ( ± 18 ) . Storage capacity diminishes with increasing temperature, but is unaffected by variable total H2O concentration between 0.47 and 1.0 wt%. Both of these are as predicted for the condition in which the water activity in the melt is governed principally by the cryoscopic requirement of melt stability for a given temperature below the dry solidus. Measured olivine storage capacities are in agreement or slightly greater than those predicted by a model that combines data from experimental freezing point depression and olivine/melt partition coefficients of H2O ( Hirschmann et al., 2009 ). Considering the temperature along the mantle geotherm, as well as available constraints on garnet/olivine and pyroxene/olivine partitioning of H2O ( D H 2 O gar / ol , D H 2 O px / ol ), we estimate the peridotite H2O storage capacity in the low velocity zone. The C H 2 O required to initiate melting between 150 and 250 km depth is between 270 and 855 ppm. We conclude that hydrous partial melting does not occur at these depths for H2O concentrations (50–200 ppm) typical of the convecting upper mantle sampled by mid-ocean ridge basalts.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with exotic pine plantations induce soil carbon depletion

Abstract Exotic pine plantations are promoted for their presumed capacity to provide a net sink of atmospheric C. Millions of hectares worldwide will be subjected to conversion into plantations during the next decades. However, pine introductions are known to result in a marked depletion of soil C, a phenomenon which has remained unexplained. We studied plantations in paramo grasslands of Ecuador, where the effect of the exotic introduction of radiata pines ( Pinus radiata ) and their accompanying ectomycorrhizal fungi can be studied in isolation from other ecosystem disturbances. We suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungi can extract C previously accumulated by paramo grasslands based on (a) a drastic simplification of the ectomycorrhizal community shown by direct DNA identification, (b) a loss of up to 30% soil C within 2 levels.
WWW access to legacy client/server applications

Abstract We describe a method for accessing Client/Server applications from standard World Wide Web browsers. An existing client for the system is modified to perform HTTP Proxy duties. Web browser users simply configure their browsers to use this HTTP Proxy, and can then access the system via specially encoded URLs that the HTTP Proxy intercepts and sends to the legacy server system. An example implementation using the Oz Process Centered Software Development Environment is presented.
Arnold van Gennep: The Hermit of Bourg-la-Reine

Arnold van Gennep was a leader in the field of French folklore and ethnology. His life was one of prolific publication, constant intellectual growth, and incisive criticism of the French social sciences. Yet he remained an outcast from the French academic life. From a survey of his writings and those of members of L'Annee Sociologique, the lines of tension which resulted in van Gennep's exclusion from academe are traced. [Arnold van Gennep, Emile Durkheim, history of anthropology and folklore, French folklore, French sociology]
The cloud–ionosphere discharge: A newly observed thunderstorm phenomenon

This paper deals with a luminous electric discharge that forms in the mesospheric region between thundercloud tops and the ionosphere at 90-km altitude. These cloud–ionosphere discharges (CIs), following visual reports dating back to the 19th century, were finally imaged by a low-light TV camera as part of the “SKYFLASH” program at the University of Minnesota in 1989. Many observations were made by various groups in the period 1993–1996. The characteristics of CIs are that they have a wide range of sizes from a few kilometers up to 50 km horizontally; they extend from 40 km to nearly 90 km vertically, with an intense region near 60–70 km and streamers extending down toward cloud tops; the CIs are partly or entirely composed of vertical luminous filaments of kilometer size. The predominate color is red. The TV images show that the CIs usually have a duration less than one TV field (16.7 ms), but higher-speed photometric measurements show that they last about 3 ms, and are delayed 3 ms after an initiating cloud–ground lightning stroke; 95% of these initiating strokes are found to be “positive”—i.e., carry positive charges from clouds to ground. The preference for positive initiating strokes is not understood. Theories of the formation of CIs are briefly reviewed.
Using Polarization Shaped Optical Vortex Traps for Single-Cell Nanosurgery

Single-cell nanosurgery and the ability to manipulate nanometer-sized subcellular structures with optical tweezers has widespread applications in biology but so far has been limited by difficulties in maintaining the functionality of the transported subcellular organelles. This difficulty arises because of the propensity of optical tweezers to photodamage the trapped object. To address this issue, this paper describes the use of a polarization-shaped optical vortex trap, which exerts less photodamage on the trapped particle than conventional optical tweezers, for carrying out single-cell nanosurgical procedures. This method is also anticipated to find broad use in the trapping of any nanoparticles that are adversely affected by high-intensity laser light.
Integrated silicon photonics links for high bandwidth data transportation

We review the technology development of integrated silicon photonics CWDM links, and demonstrate the transmission of 25Gb/s signals from integrated silicon photonics transceivers over a record 820m MMF optimized for high modal bandwidth at 1310 nm.
The diffusion analogy for solvent flow in paper

The mathematics of diffusion have been found valid in the description of the flow of liquids in paper. Cases of linear and radial flow have been observed experimentally for several solvent-paper systems. The dependence of the diffusion coefficient on concentration for various systems has been determined and these relations have been used in the numerical calculation of the flow rate and concentration profiles. The agreement of theory and experiment is, in all cases, satisfactory, indicating the validity of the diffusion analogy.
Consistency Considerations for Integrated Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Instruction

As a result of mechanical engineering curriculum revision at the United States Military Academy at West Point, separate courses in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics were integrated into a two-course sequence, Thermal-fluid Systems I and II, in academic year 2005–2006. After four years of instruction using available text books from publishers, the mechanical engineering faculty developed a text tailored specifically to the integrated two-course sequence. The experience in writing a text that integrates concepts in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics highlights the need for consistency between the two disciplines. Issues identified include logical organization of topics, selection of appropriate variables, consistent use of sign convention throughout all topics, recognition of various forms of the same fundamental principle, and definition of performance parameters. This paper explores these issues and how they were addressed for integrated instruction of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics.
Revision of the Neotropical genus Acanthoscelio (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

On trouvera ici la revision du genre neotropical Acanthoscelio Ashmead. Nous reconnaissons huit especes reparties du Costa Rica jusqu'au Paraguay et au sud du Bresil. Acanthoscelio americanus Ashmead (Bresil) et A. flavipes Ashmead (Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela et Trinidad) font l'objet de nouvelles descriptions sont decrits de nouveau et six nouvelles especes sont decrites egalement: A. acutus sp.nov. (Costa Rica, Colombie, Venezuela, Trinidad, Equateur, Perou et Bresil), A. latens sp.nov. (Equateur), A. nimbosus sp.nov. (Colombie, Equateur, Perou, Bresil et Bolivie), A. prolatus sp.nov. (Colombie et Equateur), A. punctatus sp.nov. (Costa Rica, Panama, Colombie et Equateur) et A. radiatus sp.nov. (Colombie, Equateur, Perou, Bresil et Guyane francaise). Une cle permettra l'identification des especes.
Marketing the Third World: The Contradictions of Portfolio Investment in the Global Economy

Abstract While international portfolio investment (PI) in emerging markets has flourished during the 1990s, the macroeconomic and political dilemmas introduced into these site economies by this development have not been adequately explored. This paper presents a Keynesian analysis of the effects of these inflows. The paper argues that a dependence on PI can constrain the autonomy of macroeconomic policy and introduce increased risk in site economies. The paper then applies this framework to recent Mexican experience. The paper concludes with a call for aggressive management of portfolio investment, and outlines some measures toward this end.
Succession Planning: Multilevel Organizational Strategies for the New Workforce

Succession planning for staff and managers starts with a clear vision and strategic plan. It includes hiring, developing, and coaching all employees to meet new competencies. The implementation of succession planning requires commitment, vigilance, and engagement by all members of the nursing department. Partnerships with human resources and the education department are key for success. The author shares one medical center's experience with succession planning and ongoing strategies for success.
Corruption as power: Caste and the political imagination of the postcolonial state

In this article, I examine the ways in which a politics of caste empowerment that became central to democratic politics in much of north India in the early 1990s altered the ways in which the state was popularly imagined. Many people began to perceive state institutions as inherently corrupt sources of political patronage that, having long served to perpetuate upper-caste dominance, could now be used in the same way by a new class of political leaders to empower lower-caste groups. Within this context, corruption was tolerated, sometimes even celebrated, as a means to lower-caste empowerment.
Collagen self-assembly in the presence of nano-carbons: A structure-property relationship

A gel-spinning approach was used to form collagen-based fibers with loadings of both single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and carbon nano-chips (CNC) (i.e., short few-wall carbon nanotubes). Upon formation the fibers were dried and tested to analyze the influence of the nano-carbons on collagen self-assembly. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) studies show that the presence of the nano-carbon does not hinder collagen fibril formation. However, based on small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis, collagen alignment is influence by the type of nano-carbon, and also indicates that dispersion quality of the nano-carbons plays a role on fibril alignment. Mechanical properties of all fibers are upwards of 4 GPa for the Young's Modulus and 0.2 GPa for the ultimate tensile strength. The nano-carbons are also found to provide additional mechanical reinforcement to the collagen.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE HELIUM ATOM SCHRODINGER EQUATION INTO INTEGRAL FORM

Abstract We define the Green's function for two identical particles moving in a Coulomb field. We use this Green's function as a basis for deriving an integral equation of the helium atom Schrodinger equation by treating the electron repulsion term as a perturbation. The two-particle Green's function is further simplified by means of a contour integration. An additional transformation does not lead to further simplification of the result.
Problems of Applied Ecology: Perceptions, Institutions, Methods, and Operational Tools

Beyond the very limited milieu of professional and amateur ecologists there is widespread skepticism concerning the practical value of ecological concepts. This doubt is shared by some ecologists, who perceive their function as investigation rather than prescription. They would contend that the task of building a valid science of environmental relationships is so formidable and so far from realization
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for treatment of bleeding ectopic varices with portal hypertension

PURPOSE: In the setting of hepatic failure and portal hypertension, hemorrhage from stomal and rectal varices is a well-described problem. It has recently been suggested that transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting may be useful in the therapy of bleeding from parastomal or anorectal varices in patients unresponsive to conservative therapy. METHODS: We retrospectively review our institution's experience of five patients with parastomal varices and seven patients with anorectal varices who underwent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting for hemorrhage refractory to conservative management between 1994 and 1998. RESULTS: The study group consisted of four Child's A, five Child's B, and three Child's C patients. The mean age of the patients was 60.3 (range, 37–85) years. Mean follow-up was 15 (range, 5–27) months. The mean portosystemic pressure gradient before transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting was 17.4±3.1 mmHg. After transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting, the mean portosystemic pressure gradient was reduced to 5.8±1.8 mmHg (P<0.05). Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting were successful in complete resolution of bleeding in all patients. Three patients had encephalopathic changes after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting. Two patients died within 30 days of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting of causes unrelated to the procedure. Four patients required shunt revision within one year of placement. CONCLUSION: The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting procedure is an effective modality in the therapy of cirrhotic patients with bleeding stomal or anorectal varices unresponsive to conservative management. There is an acceptable procedure-related morbidity and mortality.