cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RHist: adaptive summarization over continuous data streams

Maintaining approximate aggregates and summaries over data streams is crucial to handle the OLAP query workload that arises in applications, such as network monitoring and telecommunications. Furthermore, since the entire data is not available at all times the maintenance task must be done incrementally. We show that R(elaxed)Hist(ogram) is an appropriate summarization under data stream scenario. In order to reduce query estimation errors, we propose adaptive approaches which not only capture the data distribution, but also integrate independent query patterns. We introduce a workload decay model to efficiently capture global workload information and ensure that the query patterns from the recent past are weighted more than queries that are further in the past. We verify experimentally that our approach successfully adapts to continuously changing workload as well as data streams.
Monolithically integrated VCSELs and photodetectors for microsystem applications

Summary form only given. We have fabricated integrated resonated cavity photodetectors with selectively oxidized VCSELs by etching away a portion of the top distributed Bragg reflector mirror of nominally 850 nm VCSEL lasers.
Indomethacin and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced carcinogenesis in the hamster buccal pouch.

Indomethacin was not observed to produce any significant effect upon hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. No statistically significant difference in delayed hyper-sensitivity response to dinitrochlorobenzene was found between Indomethacin-treated, tumor-bearing and control groups.
Capillary Condensation and Surface Flow in Microporous Vycor Glass

Depending on the size of the pores and on the temperature and pressure of the fluid, flow in microporous materials can be through gas diffusion, surface diffusion, and viscous liquid flow driven by capillary forces or by hydraulic pressure. We have studied these flow regimes with toluene in untreated Vycor glass with a pore radius of 31 A and Vycor glass with a pore radius of 21 A whose pores were derivatized with C18H38. The observed increase in viscosity with decreasing pore size is ascribed to the attractive interaction of the monolayer adsorbed on the pore walls. The surface diffusion coefficient at 22°C is 5 × 10−5 cm2 s−1 for both the derivatized and underivatized Vycor, with an activation energy of 3 kcal in the temperature range 22–100°C.
Case study: MOSFET instability due to charging of remnant stringers from a disposable polysilicon spacer process

Incompletely etched polysilicon "stringers" can produce a wide range of failure mechanisms in advanced integrated circuits. Parasitic leakage paths are often the direct cause of failures, but stringers can also form unwanted implant masks, or even act as the conducting channels of parasitic thin film transistors. A failure analysis case study was presented in which remnant stringers from a disposable polysilicon LDD spacer process led to large scale product fallout during burn-in. As a first step in the investigation, a series of circuit and transistor level stress experiments were performed. These produced evidence of significant transistor instability as the likely failure mechanism. Next a detailed Cross-section Transmission Electron Microscopy (XTEM) analysis was performed in order to relate the microstructure of the transistors to the observed electrical performance. The XTEM images clearly showed very small (30-70 nm) remnant polysilicon stringers at the edge of the gate poly reoxidation, above the transistor source/drain regions. The stringers were attributed to incomplete removal of the sidewall spacer polysilicon. This was confirmed by XTEM images of devices pulled from the fab before spacer etch. Finally, additional transistor electrical tests were performed to prove that these stringers acted as parasitic floating gates, gradually charging under saturation bias conditions. It was shown that this trapped charge, located just above the drain region, had a profound effect on subsequent device operation.
An experimental solution of the general stochastic programming problem

After reviewing existing approaches to the general stochastic programming problem, an improved experi mental method is proposed. This method uses a va riety of mathematical programming algorithms and any desired pattern of parameter variation. Statistical analysis of the results allows decision-makers to make probabilistic statements about the values of the decision variables and of the objective function. Illustrative examples are given.
Effects of the surrounding medium on the optical properties of a subwavelength aperture

Influence of the refractive index of the surrounding material on the performance of a C-shaped subwavelength aperture is investigated. The changes in the spectral response (0.6 microm to 6 microm wavelength range) and power throughput of the aperture in an optically opaque silver (Ag) film are described for two configurations: one where the film with the aperture is immersed in an infinite dielectric slab and the other where the metallic layer is immediately adjacent to a semi-infinite dielectric substrate. It is shown that, while the resonant wavelengths increase monotonically with refractive index for both cases, the rates of these increases, as well as the behavior of the power throughput, depend not only on the configuration, but also strongly on the transmission mode. These findings have important implications for the design of subwavelength aperture-enhanced devices.
Single photon emission tomography measurement of benzodiazepine receptor number and affinity in primate brain : a constant infusion paradigm with [123I]iomazenil

Benzodiazepine receptor number and affinity were measured in vivo with single photon emission tomography (SPECT). Following an initial bolus injection, the radiotracer [123I]iomazenil was infused at a constant rate for 5 to 8 h. This procedure induced a state of sustained equilibrium at the receptor level. Nondisplaceable activity was measured after injection of a receptor saturating dose of flumazenil. Experiments performed at high and low specific activity permitted estimation of an equilibrium binding affinity constant of 0.47 nM and a maximum binding capacity of 127 nM in occipital cortex.
Global dynamics of an autoparametric spring–mass–pendulum system

In this paper, a study of the global dynamics of an autoparametric four degree-of-freedom (DOF) spring–mass–pendulum system with a rigid body mode is presented. Following a modal decoupling procedure, typical approximate periodic solutions are obtained for the autoparametrically coupled modes in 1:2 internal resonance. A novel technique based on forward-time solutions for finite-time Lyapunov exponent is used to establish global convergence and domains of attraction of different solutions. The results are compared to numerically constructed domains of attraction in the plane of initial position and initial velocity for the pendulum. Simulations are also provided for a few interesting cases of interest near critical values of parameters. Results also shed some light on the role played by other modes present in a multi-DOF system in shaping the overall system response.
Obesity and Its Relationship to Addictions: Is Overeating a Form of Addictive Behavior?

Obesity is a major public health problem and notoriously difficult to treat. There are many parallels between obesity/overeating and addictions to alcohol and drugs. This paper discusses similarities between obesity and addictive disorders, including common personality characteristics, disruptive behavior syndromes, and brain mechanisms. Although there are important differences between overeating and other addictive behaviors, an addiction model of overeating may effectively inform prevention and treatment of obesity.
Teacher Assistance Teams: Five Descriptive Studies on 96 Teams

School-based teacher support teams are being established by many educational agencies in an effort to assist teachers in more effectively serving students with learning and behavior problems within the general classroom setting. This article addresses questions most frequently asked by educators who are interested in establishing or strengthening school-based teams. Data are summarized from five studies conducted on 96 teams in seven states with respect to intervention goals of teams, team impact on student performance and the special education referral process, reactions of classroom teachers to teams, factors related to team effectiveness or ineffectiveness, and recommendations for improving team effectiveness.
The Composition of Thoughts

Among the many innovations that mark Frege’s Begriffsschrift as a revolutionary work, perhaps the most important is its presentation of the first formal system of logic. Frege believed that the introduction of a new notation, especially for the expression of generality, was necessary if the logical relationships between contents were to be made apparent. This new notation made it possible, at least in an important range of cases, to establish that a given content could be inferred from certain other contents simply by examining the structure of the sentences that expressed those contents.1 In this regard, Frege’s great advance was that, in his system, the logical rules could be stated in purely formal terms, without any reference to the contents expressed by the sentences of his formal language, Begriffsschrift, the conceptual notation. But it is important to recognize that logic, according to Frege, is not ‘formal’ in any sense that would oppose form to content: The sentences of Begriffsschrift are not mere forms. Frege’s goal was “not. . . to present an abstract logic in formulas, but to express a content through written symbols in a more precise and perspicuous way than is possible with words” (AimCN, pp. 90–1). Frege’s formal system is intended to be one we can actually use in reasoning, that is, in inferring truths from other truths, which is to say that we can prove theorems in this system, where theorems are true contents.2 If so, the sentences of Begriffsschrift must express those contents. The point of presenting proofs in a formal system is thus not to empty mathematics of content (FTA, esp. opp. 97ff.),3
Intracellular calcium levels regulate the actions of nerve growth factor on calcium uptake in PC12 cells

The uptake of divalent cations and the intracellular concentration of calcium in PC12 cells were studied by flow cytometric analysis using the calcium-sensitive dye, Fluo-3, under a variety of conditions. In particular the actions of nerve growth factor were analyzed. The data show that nerve growth factor stimulates the uptake of divalent cations and increases the intracellular calcium levels of cells attached to collagen-coated plates. The data further indicate that nerve growth factor-dependent increases in the uptake of divalent cations become less pronounced as the intracellular concentration of calcium increases. Intracellular calcium levels increase upon detachment of the cells from the plates and also with increasing cell density. Studies on the uptake of 45calcium confirmed the influence of intracellular calcium levels on nerve growth factor-stimulated calcium uptake. Thus, the effect of nerve growth factor on the uptake of divalent cations is dependent on the calcium levels in the cells, perhaps explaining why previous studies in this field have provided inconsistent results. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multi-zone Control under Enterprise Optimi-zation: Needs, Challenges and Requirements

In the past 15-20 years, MPC technology has penetrated a signifi­cant portion of the process industries and harvested large economic benefits. In the next 5-10 years, we will see widespread use of MPC in two ways: standalone and integrated. We will also see the emergence of enterprise opti­mization, i.e., the cross-functional integration and optimization of the supply chain, the production process and the distribution channel. What is not so clear is how MPC technology will be effectively integrated into an enterprise optimization scheme.
No sexuality education is sexuality education.

Although many parents realize the importance of educating their children about sexuality many of them find themselves unable to address the subject comfortably. In addition to their own discomfort parents are concerned about how their children would feel about discussing sex with them. Parents who are unwilling or unable to discuss this important and sensitive part of life with their children present sexuality in a negative way and as a taboo rather than a natural part of being human. The author states that “no sexuality education is sexuality education” and the message received from this lack of education may be a negative one. As a consequence children who receive a negative message of sexuality from their parents are unlikely to turn to their parents to discuss sexual matters as they get older. On the other hand positive communication about sexual information with children leads to ongoing discussions as they mature. Establishing an environment conducive to open and comfortable communication is therefore highly critical. The following are some tips for parents when educating their children about sexuality: 1) be approachable 2) be accepting 3) discuss issues and answer questions simply and 4) discuss issues and answer questions honestly. Programs sponsored by local schools civic organizations or religious groups can help narrow the gap that exists between parents and their children concerning human sexuality.
Nanocharacterization of Surface and Interface of Different Epoxy Networks

The effect of network changes on the surface and interface properties of amine-cured epoxy has been investigated. Samples of different crosslinked epoxies are prepared by mixing stoichiometrically pure diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (n=0.03) with different ratios of 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane (terafunctional amine) and cyclohexylmethylamine (difunctional amine). All samples are cured in CO 2 -free air. Both the film surface in contact with air and that in contact with the silicon substrate (the interface) are analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoindentation. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements, are used to assist in the interpretation of AFM results. Substantial morphological and mechanical differences are observed between the surface and the interface for different crosslinked epoxies. The findings have strong implications on the wettablity, adhesion, and durability of amine-cured epoxies.
Enhancing the performance of nanofiltration membranes by modifying the active layer with aramide dendrimers.

The fully aromatic polyamide active layer of a commercial nanofiltration membrane was modified with three generations (G1, G2, and G3) of aramide dendrimers, all with oligoethylene glycol chains on their peripheries. Permeation experiments revealed that the rejection of Rhodamine WT, used as a surrogate for organic contaminants, improved 1–2 orders of magnitude for membranes modified with G2 and G3 dendrimers at loadings of 0.7–3.5 μg/cm2 (dendrimer layer thicknesses of ∼1–6 nm) compared to the performance of unmodified membranes. In contrast, the corresponding water permeability of dendrimer-modified membranes decreased by only ∼30%. Although an enhancement in the rejection of H3AsO3, NaCl, and BaCl2 was also observed for dendritic membranes, the effect was less pronounced than that for rhodamine WT. Characterization of membranes modified with 3.5 μg/cm2 dendrimers G2 and G3 by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry with the aid of heavy ion probes (Ag+ and Ba2+) revealed that accessibility of the larger...
354 MECHANISMS OF ENDOGENOUS SEX HORMONE MEDIATED NEUROPROTECTION IN THE AGING BRAIN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

Background There is substantial evidence to support that sex hormone (SH) activity in the brain may result in some degree of neuroprotection through a genomic mechanism. Furthermore, it has been postulated that a decline in plasma and CSF SH levels (as is seen with aging) can lead to the loss of neuro-protective factors in the CNS. The loss of these trophic and protective factors could enhance the risk for neural degeneration (ND) frequently seen in elderly patients. Therefore, the SH mediated neuroprotection pathways in brain can be important potential pharmacologic targets for treating or mitigating age-related ND. Lee and McEwen (2001) proposed four possible mechanisms of SH action: (1) direct genomic, (2) indirect genomic, (3) nongenomic, and (4) antioxidant. Objective To systematically review the literature to evaluate the evidence supporting each of the four proposed mechanisms of SH action in the CNS and to determine if any of these mechanisms provide neuroprotection to CNS cells. Methods A literature synthesis was conducted to evaluate the potential mechanisms of SH action in the CNS. Data Sources A database from 1966 to 2005 of published manuscripts was compiled using MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Register, and by manual search. Key words used in the search included SH, estrogen, testosterone, neuroprotection, neurodegeneration, brain, aging, steroid, and neurotrophic. Selection Criteria (1) Studies investigating either human or animal models, studying CNS neurons; (2) studies with quantitative data; (3) studies reporting sufficient methodological and descriptive information for systematic analysis; and (4) studies published in English. Data Synthesis Descriptive and quantitative outcome variables from 17 manuscripts published between 1994-2005 were systematically summarized and graphically displayed. In addition, animal and human CNS neuronal cell line models were incorporated into a meta-model. Conclusions The results of this review suggest that the direct genomic, indirect genomic and nongenomic mechanisms of SH action likely occur in vivo; however, there is little evidence to support that the antioxidant mechanism of SH action occurs endogenously. Further research is needed to determine if the indirect genomic and non-genomic mechanisms provide protection against toxic insults to CNS cells. Once this knowledge is obtained, it will provide insight for future research in targeted pharmacotherapy that can be designed to mimic endogenous SH concentrations to prevent/treat age-related ND.
The Chronology of Chao Shui-zhi

Chao Shui-zhi was an important scholar and writer in Song dynasty and played a important role in the academic and literary history of Song dynasty. His academic achievements and the processes of writing will contribute to study the literature and history of Song dynasty.
Electrocardiographic Predictors of Incident Atrial Fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is likely secondary to multiple different pathophysiological mechanisms that are increasingly but incompletely understood. Motivated by the hypothesis that 3 previously described electrocardiographic predictors of AF identify distinct AF mechanisms, we sought to determine if these electrocardiographic findings independently predict incident disease. Among Cardiovascular Health Study participants without prevalent AF, we determined whether left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), a prolonged QTC, and atrial premature complexes (APCs) each predicted AF after adjusting for each other. We then calculated the attributable risk in the exposed for each electrocardiographic marker. LAFB and QTC intervals were assessed on baseline 12-lead electrocardiogram (n = 4,696). APC count was determined using 24-hour Holter recordings obtained in a random subsample (n = 1,234). After adjusting for potential confounders and each electrocardiographic marker, LAFB (hazard ratio [HR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 3.9, p = 0.023), a prolonged QTC (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4 to 4.3, p = 0.002), and every doubling of APC count (HR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.3, p <0.001) each remained independently predictive of incident AF. The attributable risk of AF in the exposed was 35% (95% CI 13% to 52%) for LAFB, 25% (95% CI 0.6% to 44%) for a prolonged QTC, and 34% (95% CI 26% to 42%) for APCs. In conclusion, in a community-based cohort, 3 previously established electrocardiogram-derived AF predictors were each independently associated with incident AF, suggesting that they may represent distinct mechanisms underlying the disease.
Democracy and Human Rights: An Argument for Convergence

Two views prevail about the relationship between democracy promotion and human rights advancement in the United States, as Thomas Carothers of the Carnegie Endowment pointed out in 1994.1 One view, widely held by those in the democracy movement, is that the two policies are interlinked; that human rights—particularly political and civil rights, such as the rights to freedom of expression, association, and movement—are “defining elements of democracy.” By executing a policy that promotes democracy, therefore, a government simultaneously furthers the cause of human rights. The other view, widely held by those in the human rights movement, is that there is not necessarily any “complementarity” between democracy and human rights policies; that, in fact, democracy promotion programs sometimes take a negative toll on the realization of human rights and therefore should be regarded with skepticism. Some in this second camp point out, for example, that the U.S. embargo against the communist regime of Cuba restricts the free expression, association, and travel guaranteed by Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).2 Furthermore, they contend that the establishment of a democracy may not translate into protection of human rights: democratically elected regimes, such as that of Alexander Lukashenka in Belarus and Alberto Fujimori in Peru, sometimes ignore the constitutional limits on their power, depriving their citizens of basic rights and freedoms.3
A silicon anti-virus engine

This article consists of a single slide from the authors' conference presentation. The topics include: Growing Malware Threats; Limitations of Software Anti-Virus; Catching Seen Malware; and Catching Unseen Malware.
Resilient and Robust Control of Time-Delay Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Wind energy is the fastest growing and the most promising renewable energy resource. High efficiency and reliability are required for wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) to be competitive within...
Conceptualizing China and India’s Transforming Strategic Force Postures under the Essentials of Minimum Deterrence

AbstractAs China and India gradually rise and become the centre point of world politics in the 21st century, both these nuclear states tend to transform their strategic force postures to hide their vulnerabilities and ensure the credibility of their deterrence force. This article conceptualizes the gradual transformation of China and India’s strategic force postures under the essentials of minimum deterrence. In doing so, it examines the conceptualization of minimum deterrence, doctrinal use of deterrent forces and the modernization of strategic forces, though the perceptional aspects of these three imperatives may differ between these two nuclear states. This article attempts to find out whether or not these strategic imperatives, in relation to their transformation of strategic force postures, are consistent with the essentials of minimum deterrence conceived here. This article concludes that if China and India’s deterrence force modernization falls within these essential categories (i.e. modernization,...
Classifying day-ahead electricity markets using pattern recognition for demand response

In this paper, we model the Demand Response eXchange (DRX) as an entity that facilitates the trading of demand response (DR) in the existing bulk power market through DR aggregators (DRA). DR as a service is used by the independent system operator (ISO) only when the market is settled inefficiently. A simple threshold on locational marginal price (LMP) cannot be set as the market clearing price depends on various factors, such as the transmission network availability, weather, and available resources. To detect inefficiency in the day-ahead market, we use statistical pattern recognition and compare among the various available techniques to integrate the DRX into a fully deregulated day-ahead market clearing method. We use support vector machines (SVM) to detect market inefficiencies during market clearing using real-data from the PJM ISO, and validate on the IEEE 24-bus system. We show that the DRX can be integrated into the existing bulk power market, with the ISO using pattern recognition techniques to detect market inefficiencies and trigger the DRX during such hours.
Macro-scale assessment of demographic and environmental variation within genetically derived evolutionary lineages of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), an imperiled conifer of the eastern United States

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) occupies a large swath of eastern North America and has historically undergone range expansion and contraction resulting in several genetically separate lineages. This conifer is currently experiencing mortality across most of its range following infestation of a non-native insect. With the goal of better understanding the current and future conservation potential of the species, we evaluate ecological differences among populations within these genetically defined clusters, which were previously inferred using nuclear microsatellite molecular markers from 58 eastern hemlock populations. We sub-divide these clusters into four genetic zones to differentiate putative north-central, north-east and southeast (SE) and southwest evolutionary lineages in eastern hemlock. We use demographic data (relative abundance, mortality, and seedling regeneration) from the Forest Inventory Analysis program in conjunction with environmental data to model how these lineages respond to current and future climatic gradients. Ecologically meaningful relationships are explored in the intraspecific context of hemlock abundance distribution and then related to genetic variation. We also assess hemlock's colonization likelihood via a long distance dispersal model and explore its future genetic and ecological conservation potential by combining the future suitable habitats with colonization likelihoods. Results show that future habitats under climate change will markedly
Local Variation in Egg-Capsule Size in New England Populations of Nucella lapillus (Atlantic Dogwhelk)

Nucella lapillus (Atlantic Dogwhelk) deposits egg capsules on solid, intertidal substrates across the North Atlantic. This study investigated whether regional geographic variation or local wave-exposure affect the size of Dogwhelk egg capsules. Over 3 years, we evaluated whether Dogwhelks from wave-exposed and wave-protected sites in Massachusetts and mid-coast Maine differed in their egg-capsule size. Our results indicate that egg capsules collected from wave-exposed sites in Maine were smaller than egg capsules from wave-protected sites in Maine, but the size of egg capsules from Massachusetts did not vary with wave-exposure. These patterns in egg-capsule size coincide with Dogwhelk size from the same sites. Despite the positive correlation between the sizes of adult Dogwhelks and the egg capsules collected, wave-protected Dogwhelks from Massachusetts showed plasticity in the size of egg capsules produced but those from Maine did not. The Massachusetts Dogwhelk's greater plasticity in egg-capsule size highlights important local variation in control of reproductive investment and may accommodate fluctuations in desiccation stress and future climate change.
Coagulation Factors in Ischemic Heart Disease: Answers From a Mendelian Randomization Study Inspire Further Questions.

See Article by Zhao and Schooling In recent years, Mendelian randomization (MR) became the causal inference tool de rigueur in observational epidemiology. Originally proposed more than 3 decades ago,1 MR has risen in popularity because the evidence of spurious associations in observational studies emerged as a critical challenge to the validity of most epidemiological findings. Canonically, this problem has been illustrated by examples such as the Women’s Health Initiative, in which observational associations failed to reproduce in a randomized trial because of residual confounding and other forms of bias.2 MR promises to estimate unconfounded associations without requiring an actual randomized experiment, thus obviating many ethical and logistical hurdles—but relying on its own set of assumptions. In this issue of Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine , Zhao and Schooling3 used MR to explore potential causal associations between several coagulation factors and the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) using data from the CARDIoGRAM consortium (Coronary Artery Disease Genome Wide Replication and Meta-Analysis). Understanding the biology of thrombotic risk in patients with IHD has significant implications for clinical practice. Recently, the large-scale COMPASS trial (Cardiovascular Outcomes for People Using Anticoagulation Strategies) (NCT01776424) demonstrated that an enhanced antithrombotic regimen that included addition of the factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban in patients with stable atherosclerotic vascular disease (90% of whom had a history of IHD) reduced the composite of cardiovascular death, stroke, or myocardial infarction by 24% relative to aspirin alone.4 However, the regimen also increased the …
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC LEFT VENTRICULAR GLOBAL LONGITUDINAL STRAIN IN U.S. HISPANICS/LATINOS: HCHS/SOL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF LATINOS

Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain (LV-GLS) with speckle-tracking echocardiography carries incremental prognostic value to traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and standard echocardiography. LV-GLS has not been described in a large representative population of US Hispanics/Latinos
The Catholic Elementary School Curriculum: Elements of Coherence

This study investigates those characteristics of the written curricula for selected diocesan elementary schools that distinguish the curricula as uniquely Catholic. Findings from the study indicate the presence of three values that serve as common themes: 1) acquiring Catholic faith knowledge; 2) engaging in Catholic faith practices; and 3) recognizing from a holistic perspective the multiple needs of students. The different approaches or “looks” of the curricula examined represent a variety of curriculum development approaches on a continuum of centralization/decentralization.
Gastrointestinal pathophysiology and nutrition in cystic fibrosis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a severe, progressive, multisystemic disease that is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. Optimizing nutrition is critical, as higher growth parameters are associated with better pulmonary function and outcomes, but unfortunately patients with this disease are prone to malnutrition, growth failure, and vitamin deficiencies. The purpose of this review is to provide a timely highlight of the physiologic processes and outcome data to support today’s management strategies, as well as review these principles themselves.Areas covered: This review covers the background of the importance of vigilant attention to nutrition and growth in these patients, the underlying physiology leading to an abnormal gastrointestinal tract and its role in CF malnutrition, and current evaluation and management strategies to address nutrition in CF. Analysis of up-to-date relevant literature was performed using PubMed.Expert commentary: Adv...
Pediatric Toxidrome Simulation Curriculum: Liquid Nicotine Overdose.

Introduction Liquid nicotine exposure is becoming more common in the pediatric population. Toxicity may occur with exposure to small quantities given the high concentrations in solutions available ...
Human Tissue-Engineered Model of Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major, but potentially preventable contributor to the final tissue damage after an acute myocardial infarction. Many therapies have demonstrated successful re...
Machine learning assisted evaluation of interstitial lung diseases

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an inflammatory condition encompassing greater than 200 different chronic disorders that often lead to pulmonary fibrosis and the attendant morbidity and mortality. Distinguishing one ILD from another can be challenging even for experts given similar clinical manifestations. However, firm diagnosis is important for management, counseling, and surveillance. Computer-Aided Lung Informatics for Pathology Evaluation and Ratings (CALIPER, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA), a machine learned image analysis tool for characterizing and quantifying diffused lung diseases on CT, has been shown to correlate with ILD mortality such as for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The CALIPER assessment of ILD is not influenced by confounding conditions such as emphysema or pulmonary hypertension that may affect pulmonary function measurements. Moreover, CALIPER can provide more reproducible results with less inter- and intraobserver variability compared to the conventional subjective visual assessment of CT scans by radiologists. Herein, we aim to provide an overview of ILD and discuss CALIPER evaluation of ILD.
Pragmatic Mood Variation in Bilingual and Monolingual Yucatec Spanish

While linguists (e.g. Michnowicz 2009, 2012; Solomon 1996, 1999; Klee 2009) have described some of the unique features of Yucatec Spanish related to the lexicon , the phonetic system, and syntactic structure, but no work has focused on pragmatics in this variety. The current study utilizes semantic/pragmatic interviews to investigate four cases of pragmatic mood alternation: Suspended Assertion, Reportative Distance, Individualized Reference, and Reactional Assertions. The results examined suggest important differences between monolingual and bilingual speaker reaction to pragmatic triggers. The bilingual Yucatec Maya/Spanish speakers’ perception of pragmatic change in mood varies between the four groups of pragmatic effects; the bilingual speakers were sensitive to Reactional Assertions and Reportative Distance but not sensitive to changes in Suspended Assertion or Individualized Reference. This demonstrates a difference in pragmatic sensitivity to mood selection between bilingual and monolingual speakers of this contact variety. Specifically, bilingual speakers select mood that patterns with monolingual speakers when it is syntactically motivated, but their mood selection differs in areas where this selection pragmatically motivated.
Decoding of Code-Multiplexed Coulter Sensor Signals via Deep Learning

Code-multiplexed Coulter sensors can easily be integrated into microfluidic devices and provide information on spatiotemporal manipulations of suspended particles for quantitative sample assessment. In this paper, we introduced a deep learning-based decoding algorithm to process the output waveform from a network of code-multiplexed Coulter sensors on a microfluidic device. Our deep learning-based algorithm both simplifies the design of coded Coulter sensors and increases the signal processing speed. As a proof of principle, we designed and fabricated a microfluidic platform with 10 code-multiplexed Coulter sensors, and used a suspension of human ovarian cancer cells as a test sample to characterize the system. Our deep learning-based algorithm resulted in an 87% decoding accuracy at a sample processing speed of 800 particles/s.
Internal motivation to respond without prejudice fosters respectful responses in interracial interactions.

As society becomes increasingly racially diverse, fostering positive interracial interactions is more important than ever. Unfortunately, previous work suggests that there are barriers to positive interracial interactions including White people’s concerns about being liked and being seen as nonprejudiced and Black people’s concerns about being respected and being seen as competent (Bergsieker, Shelton, & Richeson, 2010). The current work tested the hypothesis that these seemingly divergent impression management concerns do not always lead White people to have an approach to interracial interactions that is “incompatible” with Black interaction partner’s concerns about being respected. We argue that White people who are internally motivated to respond without prejudice (Plant & Devine, 1998) are aware that Black interaction partners want to be respected, are concerned about showing this respect, and demonstrate this respect by focusing on getting to know and engaging with Black interaction partners during interracial interactions. On the other hand, White people who are externally motivated to respond without prejudice are focused on their own concerns about appearing prejudiced and focus on themselves and their own experience rather the needs of Black interaction partners. The results of six studies supported our predictions. Overall, the current work provides an important link between research on impression management concerns and motivations to respond without prejudice and suggests that the key to cultivating positive interracial interactions may be to increase White people’s internal motivation and knowledge that Black people want to be respected. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Witnessed apneas are associated with elevated tau-PET levels in cognitively unimpaired elderly.

Objective To assess whether informant-reported apneas during sleep (witnessed apneas) in cognitively unimpaired (CU) elderly persons are associated with higher levels of brain tau. Methods From the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, we identified 292 CU elderly ≥65 years of age with both AV-1451 tau-PET and Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)-PET scans and whose bed partners and close relatives had completed a questionnaire that assessed whether participants had witnessed apneas during sleep. For this cross-sectional analysis, we selected the entorhinal and inferior temporal cortices as our regions of interest (ROIs) because they are highly susceptible to tau accumulation. PET signal was scaled to the cerebellum crus to calculate standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR). We fit linear models to assess the association between regional tau and witnessed apneas while controlling for age, sex, years of education, body mass index, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, reduced sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, and global PiB. Results Forty-three participants (14.7%) were found to have witnessed apneas during sleep. The report of witnessed apneas was associated with higher tau-PET SUVR elevation in our ROIs: 0.049 SUVR (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.010–0.087, p = 0.015) in the entorhinal cortex and 0.037 SUVR (95% CI 0.006–0.067, p = 0.019) in the inferior temporal cortex after controlling for confounders. Conclusion We identified a significant association between witnessed apneas in CU elderly and elevated tau-PET signal in tau-susceptible brain regions. These results suggest a plausible mechanism that could contribute to cognitive impairment and the development of Alzheimer disease. Longitudinal observations are necessary to determine direction of causality.
Pediatric Modification of the Medically Necessary, Time-Sensitive Scoring System for Operating Room Procedure Prioritization During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic forced surgeons to reconsider concepts of “elective” operations. Perceptions about the time sensitivity and medical necessity of a procedure have taken on greater significance during the pandemic. The evolving ethical and clinical environment requires reappraisal of perioperative factors, such as personal protective equipment conservation; limiting the risk of exposure to COVID-19 for patients, families, and healthcare workers; preservation of hospital beds and ICU resources; and minimizing COVID-19-related perioperative risk to patients. Study Design A scaffold for the complex decision-making required for prioritization of medically necessary, time-sensitive (MeNTS) operations was developed for adult patients by colleagues at the University of Chicago. Although adult MeNTS scoring can be applied across adult surgical specialties, some variables were irrelevant in a pediatric population. Pediatric manifestations of chronic diseases and congenital anomalies were not accounted for. To account for the unique challenges children face, we modified the adult MeNTS system for use across pediatric subspecialties. Results This pediatric MeNTS scoring system was applied to 101 cases both performed and deferred between March 23 and April 19, 2020 at the University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital. The pediatric MeNTS scores provide a safe, equitable, transparent, and ethical strategy to prioritize children's surgical procedures. Conclusions This process is adaptable to individual institutions and we project it will be useful during the acute phase of the pandemic (maximal limitations), as well as the anticipated recovery phase.
Intravenous tranexamic acid vs. topical thrombin in total shoulder arthroplasty: a comparative study.

ABSTRACT Background Blood loss and transfusions have been highlighted as a significant predictor of postoperative morbidity. Tranexamic acid has been shown to decrease blood loss and transfusion in shoulder arthroplasty. However, the utility of topical thrombin in total shoulder arthroplasty is unknown. The purpose of this study is to assess the utility of topical thrombin in TSA, and compare the effectiveness of topical thrombin to intravenous tranexamic acid. Methods An institutional database was used to query shoulder arthroplasty patients from January 2017 to July 2019. Patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) were identified with CPT code (23742). After excluding RSA, arthroplasty for fracture or revision, the study groups were stratified based on intervention with IV TXA, topical thrombin or neither. Patient demographics, ASA, baseline coagulopathy, preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin, operative time, transfusion, length of stay (LOS) and 90-day readmission for each treatment group was obtained. Results 283 TSA cases were included for final analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in the baseline characteristics with age, BMI or ASA. Postoperative Hgb (mg/dL) was higher in the group that received either IV TXA or thrombin compared to no hemostatic agents (p=0.001). Calculated blood loss in TSA was significantly higher in the group without hemostatic agents, 369.8 ml (59.5 SD) compared to IV TXA or topical thrombin, 344.3 ml (67.1 SD) and 342.9 ml (65.6 SD) (p=0.03). Operative time was highest in the group that received no hemostatic agents, 2.3 hours (0.6 SD) (p=0.01). Transfusion rate for TSA treated with IV TXA or topical thrombin was equivalent (2.2%) but significantly lower than no intervention group (12%) (p=0.01). Odd’s ratio for transfusion with IV TXA was 0.16 (95% CI 0.07-0.40, p = 0.001), and topical thrombin was 0.1 (95% CI 0.02-0.42, p = 0.02). Conclusion Topical thrombin is an effective adjunct to reduce blood loss and transfusion risk after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and a reasonable intraoperative alternative for TXA for patients with contraindication to IV TXA. Level of evidence Level III; Retrospective Cohort Comparison; Treatment Study
The Distribution of [O II] Emission-Line Widths of Las Campanas Redshift Survey Galaxies

We present a simple functional form for the joint distribution of R-band luminosity and [O II] λ3727 emission-line equivalent widths of galaxies and show that this form is a good fit to the galaxies in the Las Campanas Redshift Survey. We find a relationship between [O II] equivalent width W and R-band luminosity LR of the approximate form W ≈ (10 A)(LR/LR, *)-1/2, where LR, * is the characteristic luminosity in the Schechter function. Because this joint distribution yields information about the relationship between stellar mass in a galaxy and its recent star formation rate, it can be useful for testing theories of galaxy formation. Furthermore, understanding this joint distribution locally will make it easier to interpret the evolution of [O II] emission-line widths to higher redshifts.
Efficacy of an Educational Intervention for Improving the Hydration Status of Female Collegiate Indoor-Sport Athletes

CONTEXT Research focusing on improving hydration status and knowledge in female indoor-sport athletes is limited. Investigators have demonstrated that hydration education is an optimal tool for improving the hydration status of athletes. OBJECTIVE To assess the hydration status and fluid intake of collegiate female indoor-sport athletes before and after a 1-time educational intervention. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING Collegiate women's volleyball and basketball practices. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 25 female collegiate volleyball and basketball athletes (age = 21 ± 1 years, height = 173.5 ± 8.7 cm, weight = 72.1 ± 10.0 kg) were assessed during 6 days of practices. INTERVENTION(S) Participants' hydration status and habits were monitored for 3 practice days before they underwent a hydration educational intervention. Postintervention, participants were observed for 3 more practice days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Change in body mass, fluid consumed, urine specific gravity (Usg), urine color (Ucol), and sweat rate were recorded for 6 practice days. Participants completed a hydration-knowledge questionnaire before and after the intervention. RESULTS Three-day mean Usg and Ucol were considered euhydrated prepractice (Usg = 1.015 ± 0.006, Ucol = 4 ± 1) and remained euhydrated postpractice (Usg = 1.019 ± 0.005, Ucol = 5 ± 2) during the preintervention period. Decreased prepractice Ucol (P < .01) and increased hydration knowledge (P < .01) were present postintervention. Basketball athletes had greater body mass losses from prepractice to postpractice than did volleyball athletes (P < .001). Overall increases were evident when we compared prepractice and postpractice measures of Usg and Ucol in the preintervention (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively) and postintervention (P = .001 and P < .001) period, respectively. No correlation was found between hydration knowledge and physiological indices of hydration and fluid intake. CONCLUSIONS Overall, female collegiate indoor-sport athletes were hydrated and knowledgeable on hydration. However, our variable findings indicated that further research on these athletes is needed; clinically, attention should be given to the individual needs of each athlete. More examination will demonstrate whether a 1-time educational intervention may be an effective tool for improving hydration status in this population.
Effective Cancer Subtype and Stage Prediction via Dropfeature-DNNs.

Precise cancer subtype and/or stage prediction is instrumental for cancer diagnosis, treatment and management. However, most of the existing methods based on genomic profiles suffer from issues such as overfitting, high computational complexity and selected features (i.e., genes) not directly related to forecast precision. These deficiencies are largely due to the nature of "high-dimensionality-small-sample (HDSS)" inherent in molecular data, and such a nature is often deemed as an obstacle to the application of deep learning to biomedical research. In this paper, we propose a DNN-based algorithm coupled with a new embedded feature selection technique, named Dropfeature-DNNs, to address these issues. We formulate Dropfeature-DNNs as an iterative AUC optimization problem when training DNNs. As such, an "optimal" feature subset that contains meaningful genes for patient stratification can be obtained when the AUC optimization converges. Since the feature subset and AUC optimizations are synchronous with the training of DNNs, model complexity and computational cost are simultaneously reduced. Rigorous feature subset convergence analysis and error bound inference provide a solid theoretical foundation for the proposed method. Extensive empirical comparisons to benchmark methods further demonstrate the efficacy of Dropfeature-DNNs in cancer subtype and/or stage prediction using HDSS gene expression data from multiple cancer types.