cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Images of Principals on Television and in the Movies

scholarly research into the work experiences of teachers has burgeoned in the last ten years (e.g., Jalongo and Isenberg 1995; Johnson 1990; Joseph and Burnaford 1994; Warren 1989), to the great benefit of both teachers and students. Unfortunately, research into the role of the principal has not proceeded at the same accelerated pace. Although some recent studies have tried to provide insight into what it means for a principal to "supervise" (e.g., Beck and Murphy 1993; Hartzell, Williams, and Nelson 1995; Marshall 1992; Webster 1995), much work still remains. Considering the dearth of literature about the work and experiences of principals, how does the lay public come to know and understand their work? What do teachers, students, and parents expect from principals? How do principals themselves understand their own role? What cultural forces influence our perception of the role of principals? My recent research' has led me to believe that our images and perceptions of principals are influenced largely by popular culture-in particular, movies and television. A cultural studies approach examines the dynamic interaction between cultural images of principals in film, for example, and the perception we have of them. My research indicates that those images-or, in the language of cultural studies, those "culturally shared cognitive models"-influence not only how principals are perceived by others, but how principals themselves understand their own professional identity. In my study, I surveyed over twenty television programs and films depicting principals. Data sources included video stores and cable television and visits to the Museum of Broadcasting and the Museum of Radio and Television in New York City. Research questions included "How are principals portrayed in film and television?" and "To what extent do principals contribute to the perpetuation of stereotyped images?" A cultural studies approach served as the primary perspective or theoretical framework for the analy-
Normal development of dental innervation and nerve/tissue interactions in the colony-stimulating factor-1 deficient osteopetrotic mouse

Dental innervation occurs concurrently with tooth development, eruption, and root formation and is suggested to interact with developing tissues. The purpose of the present study was to investigate dental innervation in osteopetrotic (op/op) mice, which carry a mutation of colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and demonstrate sparse macrophages and osteoclasts, failure of bone resorption, lack of tooth eruption, and poor root formation. Jaw tissues from 21 mice in different age groups (7 days, 18 days, 26 days, 5 weeks, and 3 months) were prepared for immunocytochemistry and light microscopy. Immunocytochemistry with the neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), macrophage marker F4/80, double-labeling with F4/80 and PGP 9.5, and histochemical analysis using tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAPase) were carried out in selected sections. Molar and incisor development were arrested in the op/op mouse, and both types of teeth had bony occlusion of the eruptive pathway and failure of root formation. Third molar development in the normal mouse is delayed until after birth; therefore, it encounters different bone barriers and jaw structures than are present when first and second molars and incisors begin to develop after the second embryonic week. All three molars, however, completed crown formation prior to eruption failure. Partial root formation was seen in several homozygous op/op mice, and, in those cases, there was partial development of the periodontal ligament. Innervation of dental tissues that successfully formed was essentially normal in the mutant mice despite phenotypic deficiencies in macrophages and osteoclasts. The periodontal ligament was innervated with PGP 9.5-immunoreactive Ruffini mechanoreceptive endings in those cases in which the ligament formed, and op/op mice had remarkably normal sensory innervation of molar and incisor pulp despite failure of bone resorption, failure of root development, and arrested eruption. This study shows that op/op mice develop normal innervation in dental tissues and that dental nerve development proceeds independently of bone abnormalities and root failure in this animal.
Homogeneous Cell-Based Fluorescence Polarization Assay for the Direct Detection of cAMP

A fluorescence polarization-based functional assay for cyclic AMP (cAMP) production in cells has been proven effective for the detection of agonist-stimulated cAMP production in a HEK 293 recombinant cell line expressing the corticotropin-releasing factor subtype 2alpha (CRF2alpha) receptor. Assays were completed in a single well of a 384-well microplate with no transfer, separation, or wash steps incurred. The assay performance is excellent for adaptation to the high throughput screening environment in terms of speed of analysis, magnitude of displaced signal, precision, and detection limits for cAMP quantitation. Relative potencies of agonists and antagonists are maintained with respect to radiometric assays. The assay withstands up to 5% DMSO and up to 10 microM concentrations of highly colored compound. These attributes suggest that accurate assessment of drug binding can be measured using this assay.
Discovery of high-affinity protein binding ligands--backwards.

Background There is a pressing need for high-affinity protein binding ligands for all proteins in the human and other proteomes. Numerous groups are working to develop protein binding ligands but most approaches develop ligands using the same strategy in which a large library of structured ligands is screened against a protein target to identify a high-affinity ligand for the target. While this methodology generates high-affinity ligands for the target, it is generally an iterative process that can be difficult to adapt for the generation of ligands for large numbers of proteins. Methodology/Principal Findings We have developed a class of peptide-based protein ligands, called synbodies, which allow this process to be run backwards – i.e. make a synbody and then screen it against a library of proteins to discover the target. By screening a synbody against an array of 8,000 human proteins, we can identify which protein in the library binds the synbody with high affinity. We used this method to develop a high-affinity synbody that specifically binds AKT1 with a Kd<5 nM. It was found that the peptides that compose the synbody bind AKT1 with low micromolar affinity, implying that the affinity and specificity is a product of the bivalent interaction of the synbody with AKT1. We developed a synbody for another protein, ABL1 using the same method. Conclusions/Significance This method delivered a high-affinity ligand for a target protein in a single discovery step. This is in contrast to other techniques that require subsequent rounds of mutational improvement to yield nanomolar ligands. As this technique is easily scalable, we believe that it could be possible to develop ligands to all the proteins in any proteome using this approach.
A fuzzy logic programming environment for real-time control

Abstract Expert systems based on fuzzy logic inferencing have been shown to be effective in controlling complex processes. The experiences of human operators are naturally captured as linguistic fuzzy control rules. This paper describes a programming environment being developed to facilitate the implementation of fuzzy control systems that allow a user to easily describe a set of fuzzy rules, graphically edit the fuzzy variable definitions, and verify the rules through simulation. In an actual control system, the rules will reside in and be processed by a special-purpose chip for fuzzy logic inferencing. An object-oriented approach to the programming environment naturally models this hardware architecture. Each set of rules is associated with a chip object simulated in software. The content of the chip object is changed as the rules are modified. When the simulation results are satisfactory, the content of the simulated chip can be copied directly into the hardware chip for real-time applications. A complex controller that involves multiple domains of expertise can be developed by first focusing on component chip objects and then interconnecting the components. The ability to translate linguistic rules into practical implementations is a unique and useful feature of this environment.
Immunosuppressive networks in the tumour environment and their therapeutic relevance

It is well known that many tumours are potentially immunogenic, as corroborated by the presence of tumour-specific immune responses in vivo. Nonetheless, spontaneous clearance of established tumours by endogenous immune mechanisms is rare. Therefore, the focus of most cancer immunotherapies is to supplement essential immunogenic elements to boost tumour-specific immunity. Why then has tumour immunotherapy resulted in a generally poor clinical efficiency? The reason might lie in the increasingly documented fact that tumours develop diverse strategies that escape tumour-specific immunity.
Uncooled IR technology and applications

Uncooled infrared cameras have made dramatic strides recently. Very low cost, lightweight, low power cameras have been built. Also low cost high performance uncooled cameras have been built. A discussion of this technology to make this happen and the resulting new applications will follow.
Implications of particulate properties on electrostatic precipitator and fabric filter performance

Abstract The performance of fabric filters and electrostatic precipitators used to collect ash from the combustion of coal depends on bulk properties of the ash, such as cohesivity or electrical resistivity. These bulk properties are the result of fundamental physical and chemical interactions among the ash particles and between the particles and the combustion gases. We are conducting research to evaluate the mechanisms responsible for controlling or changing the key physical properties of ashes. This article is a summary of a review of literature conducted as part of this research, and it includes a discussion of how the bulk properties of ash can be modified to improve their collection.
Video compression with wavelets and random neural network approximations

Modern video encoding techniques generate variable bit rates, because they take advantage of different rates of motion in scenes, in addition to using lossy compression within individual frames. We have introduced a novel method for video compression based on temporal subsampling of video frames, and for video frame reconstruction using neural network based function approximations. In this paper we describe another method using wavelets for still image compression of frames, and function approximations for the reconstruction of subsampled frames. We evaluated the performance of the method in terms of observed traffic characteristics for the resulting compressed and subsampled frames, and in terms of quality versus compression ratio curves with real video image sequences. Comparisons are presented with other standard methods.
The Mosbeck Site: a paleoenvironmental interpretation of the late quaternary history of Lake Agassiz based on fossil insect and mollusk remains

The Mosbeck Site is in the southern part of the Lake Agassiz basin in northwestern Minnesota. The stratigraphic section at the site consists of seven lithologic units, which are from bottom to top (A) unsorted, pebbly, sandy, silty clay, (B) coarse gravel, (C) silty sand, (D) peat, (E) fine sand, (F) interbedded sand and gravel, and (G) unbedded dirty gravel. The lower few centimeters of unit E are unoxidized and contain black spruce and tamarack driftwood, which has been radiocarbon dated at 9940 ± 160 BP (I-3880). Units C-E contain numerous, well-preserved insect and mollusk remains. These fossils have been compared with modern species, and at least 76 insect and 15 mollusk taxa are present. Assuming that their ecological tolerances have changed little in the past 10,000 years, they provide valuable information about the environment of Lake Agassiz. Few of the insects are now found in the region, indicating that the environment has changed. With few exceptions the species present indicate that the climate and vegetation at the time were similar to the present-day climate and vegetation of southeastern Manitoba. The lithology and faunal contents of the sediment are interpreted as follows. Unit A is Late Wisconsinan glacial sediment. Unit B is a lag concentrate formed by wave action during a regressive phase of Lake Agassiz. Unit C is the sediment of a small body of water that formed when the level of Lake Agassiz had dropped below the site. The banks were covered with a spruce forest. Open water gave way to swampy conditions, and unit D was formed. Both units C and D were deposited during the low-water Moorhead Phase of Lake Agassiz. Units E and F are shoreline sediment deposited as the lake level rose, drowning the vegetation. Unit G is modern ditch spoil.
The use of a modular rotating hinge component in salvage revision total knee arthroplasty

Revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using a second-generation modular rotating hinge design was performed on 16 knees in 15 patients over a 5-year period. Follow-up of 2 to 6 years (mean, 51 months) was obtained in 14 knees in 13 patients. Indications for revision were aseptic loosening of a hinged prosthesis (8 knees), loosening and bone loss associated with chronic extensor mechanism disruption (2 knees), component instability with chronic medial collateral ligament disruption (3 knees), and comminuted distal femur fracture (1 knee). Clinical and radiographic results were reviewed and compared with 87 patients who underwent revision TKA using a standard condylar revision design during the same period. Early results showed comparable postoperative knee scores and range of motion between the 2 groups despite the use of the rotating hinge component in more complex revision cases. No patient has exhibited radiographic evidence of definite component loosening. Alignment of 5 degrees to 10 degrees of valgus in the frontal plane and within 2 degrees of neutral in the sagittal plane was achieved consistently. Short-term clinical and radiographic results are encouraging and suggest that a second-generation modular rotating hinge component can be used successfully in selected salvage revision cases.
The Inherited Basis of Human Radiosensitivity

Certain individuals cannot tolerate 'conventional' doses of radiation therapy. This is known to be true of patients with ataxia-telangiectasia and ligase IV deficiency. Although in vitro testing may not correlate completely with clinical radiosensitivity, fibroblasts and lymphoblasts from patients with both of these disorders have been clearly shown to be radiosensitive. Using a colony survival assay (CSA) to test lymphoblastoid cells after irradiation with 1 Gy, a variety of other genetic disorders have been identified as strong candidates for clinical radiosensitivity, such as Nijmegen breakage syndrome, Mre11 deficiency, and Fanconi's anemia. These data are presented and considered as a starting-point for the inherited basis of human radiosensitivity.
A cortical evoked potential that reflects the conditioned, positive incentive value of the stimulus. II. Drive motivation (Hunger)

Abstract It was shown that the late negative wave evoked in squirrel monkey cortex by tone cues signalling the availability of reward was smaller when the animal did not respond to the cue and often disappeared if the animal ignored many cues in succession. It decreased in amplitude as a test session progressed, and the rate of this decrease increased if the rate of reinforcement was increased. In some animals the size of the evoked wave was smaller if the animal was not fasted before a test session. In some animals the average size of the wave evoked by cues responded to had a significant positive correlation with the number of cues responded to and a negative correlation with the animal's average reaction time. It is concluded that the evoked wave is probably a reflection of the conditioned incentive value of the cue.
Performance testing of side chairs

Although a number of methods have been developed, both domestically and internationally, to evaluate the performance characteristics of side chairs, these tests, in general, do not provide quantitative measures of the strength and durability of the key structural elements and constructions which are needed for engineering design purposes. In addition, such tests also do not provide straightforward procedures for translating historical performance data into quantitative acceptance levels. This paper presents a series of performance tests for chairs which were developed to eliminate these shortcomings. Basically, these tests provide a means of determining the strength and durability of chairs in an unambiguous manner. Thus, they provide a rational means of determining the inherent strength characteristics of specific chair constructions. In addition, they provide a means of evaluating chairs with proven service histories and thereby establishing a database of service histories which can in turn be used to set up meaningful performance acceptance levels for chairs. Through the use of these tests, manufacturers are able to design and produce and consumers are able to select chairs with the strength and durability characteristics needed to survive in any specified service environment.
“Having an Ovary This Big Is Not Normal”: Physicians’ Use of Normal to Assess Wellness and Sickness During Oncology Interviews

During oncology interviews, physicians and patients routinely employ the term normal to describe patients’ condition and overall health status. Surprisingly prevalent but little understood, normal is recruited to achieve an array of social actions comprising a primal aspect of patient–provider interactions: determining, assessing, and treating patients’ health status as well and/or sick. Utilizing conversation analysis (CA) to examine a collection of 136 normal references across 61 oncology interviews, this article draws from a subsample of 101 instances to examine how physicians use normal to perform four specific sets of social actions: (a) invoking normal as a preferred range, (b) utilizing normal as evidence that does not explicitly label patients’ conditions, (c) treating the absence of normal as indicative of sickness, and (d) providing reassurance to patients in the presence of normal and not normal circumstances. Special attention is given to how oncologists make the case for wellness and/or sickn...
Inclusion body myositis with human immunodeficiency virus infection: four cases with clonal expansion of viral-specific T cells.

Objective Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), a common adult-onset myositis, is characterized by an antigen-driven inflammatory response and vacuolar degeneration. The cause is unknown. We report the association of sIBM with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and explore the clonality and viral specificity of the autoinvasive T cells. Methods Clinicopathological studies in four HIV-infected patients with IBM were performed. The clonal restriction of endomysial T cells, compared with peripheral blood, was examined by spectratyping. Immunohistochemical studies using human leukocyte antigen-A* 0201-gag tetramers and the most dominant Vb families were performed in serial muscle biopsy sections to examine whether clonally expanded autoinvasive T cells are viral specific and invade muscle fibers expressing the allele-specific monomorphic major histocompatibility complex class I antigen. Results Prominent clonal restriction of certain Vb families was noted among the endomysial T cells with evidence of in situ expansion. Approximately 10% of the autoinvasive CD8+ cells were human leukocyte antigen-A* 0201-HIV-gag specific and invaded muscle fibers expressing the specific human leukocyte antigen-A* 0201 allele. These cells belonged to restricted Vb families. The HIV gag antigen was present on several endomysial macrophages but not within the muscle fibers. Interpretation sIBM develops in patients who harbor HIV. In HIV-IBM, a subset of CD8+ T cells surrounding muscle fibers are viral specific and may play a role in the disease mechanism by cross-reacting with antigens on the surface of muscle fibers. This study provides a paradigm that a chronic viral infection in genetically susceptible individuals can trigger viral specific T cell clones that persist within the muscle and lead to development of sIBM. Ann Neurol 2007
The ultrastructural organization of the patch matrix compartments in the human striatum.

The mammalian striatum is a heterogeneous structure characterized by striosomes and matrix. The synaptic organization of the striatum has been described previously in various mammalian species including human; however, potential ultrastructural differences in striosomal organization have not been well studied. Samples (n = 7) of striatal tissue were obtained from the Maryland Brain Collection (mean age, 37.7 ± 9.4 years; and mean PMI, 5.3 ± 1.4 hours). Tissue was prepared for calbindin immunocytochemistry to identify striosomal (patch) and extrastriosomal matrix (matrix) compartments and subsequently prepared for electron microscopy. Synaptic density was determined, using stereologic methods, for all synapses combined and for various subsets of synapses such as asymmetric, symmetric, axospinous, axodendritic, and perforated in the patch and matrix of the caudate (CP, CM) and putamen (PP, PM). An ANOVA revealed significant between-group (CP, CM, PP, PM) differences (P < 0.05) for the following types of synapses: total combined, asymmetric, axospinous, and asymmetric axospinous. Each of these four types was significantly increased in density in the CP vs the PP, whereas the matrix (CM vs PM) showed no significant differences in density in these or other synapses. In the caudate (CP vs CM), the synaptic density of the types of synapses studied did not vary significantly between the patch and the matrix. In the putamen, the matrix (PM) had higher synaptic densities than that of the patches (PP) for total synapses, symmetric dendritic, and perforated. These data show that the patch and matrix compartments are heterogeneous at the ultrastructural level, imparting another level of complexity to the striatum—a fact that should be taken into consideration when studying diseases of this brain region at the electron microscopic level. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:128–138, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Decreased Reendothelialization and Increased Neointima Formation With Endostatin Overexpression in a Mouse Model of Arterial Injury

Background— Impaired endothelial regeneration contributes to arterial lesion formation. Endostatin is a specific inhibitor of endothelial cell growth and induces endothelial cell apoptosis. We examined the effect of endostatin overexpression on reendothelialization and neointima formation in a mouse model of arterial injury. Methods and Results— Mice underwent femoral arterial denudation and received recombinant adenovirus, expressing either murine endostatin (n=19) or control adenoviral vector (n=12), by jugular vein injection. Endostatin gene transfer resulted in high serum levels of endostatin. Strong adenoviral gene expression of β-galactosidase–expressing control vector was detected in liver tissue and was absent in the injured arterial wall at 1 week. Deposits of endostatin protein were detected along the denuded arterial wall and were not seen in the noninjured contralateral artery at 1 week. Endostatin deposits were also absent in the injured artery of control vector–treated animals. Overexpressio...
Isolation of detergent-solubilized monomers of bacteriorhodopsin by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Bacteriorhodopsin, an integral membrane protein of purple membranes, was solubilized with n-octylglucoside and isolated as intact monomeric micelles by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. It was shown that separation was obtained between these micelles and either those containing bacterio-opsin or retinal as well as bacterio-opsin in the aggregated state. Estimates of the apparent molecular weights and Stokes radii were obtained by comparison with water-soluble proteins with known properties. Thermal denaturation of the native protein micelle induced the formation of a denatured species, which was similar to that found from denaturation at 4°C.
Shape Optimization of Transonic Compressor Blades Using Quasi-3D Flow Physics

A design method for transonic compressor rotor blades is developed based on Navier-Stokes physics. The method is applied to optimize the blade sections at several span stations, and new three-dimensional blades are constructed by interpolating the geometry of the designed blade sections. The method is demonstrated with NASA Rotor 37, producing new rotor blades with improved adiabatic efficiency over a wide range of operating conditions. The results indicate that the developed design process can find improved designs at an affordable computational cost.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Glycation impairs high-density lipoprotein function

Aims/hypothesis. To examine the effects of incubation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) under hyperglycaemic conditions on several functions of HDL in vitro.¶Methods. Human HDL (5 mg protein) was incubated for 1 week at 37 °C in the presence or absence of 25 mmol/l glucose. Additional samples of human HDL were incubated in butylated hydroxytoluene to control for oxidation.¶Results. High-density lipoprotein incubated for 1 week in 25 mmol/l glucose had significant increases in the glycation product, fructoselysine and in the advanced glycation end product, Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)-lysine. High-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein AI and AII concentrations were not altered but glycated HDL had a 65 % reduction in paraoxonase enzymatic activity. Glycated HDL did not inhibit monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells in response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein in vitro (43 ± 4 monocytes bound vs 21 ± 2 monocytes for control HDL, p < 0.0001). Hepatic lipase-mediated non-esterified fatty acid release from HDL lipids was enhanced in glycated HDL compared with control HDL (25 ± 1 vs 16 ± 1 nmol non-esterified fatty acid hydrolysed/min, respectively, p < 0.0001). Direct glycation of purified paraoxonase protein by incubation in 25 mmol/l glucose caused a 40 % reduction in enzymatic activity. This glycated paraoxonase did not inhibit monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells in vitro (68 ± 3 monocytes vs 49 ± 2 monocytes bound for control paraoxonase, respectively, p < 0.001). We also measured a 40 % reduction in paraoxonase activity in patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and documented coronary artery disease compared with non-diabetic subjects, p < 0.0001.¶Conclusions/interpretation. Alterations in function of HDL caused by exposure to hyperglycaemic conditions could contribute to the accelerated atherosclerosis observed in Type II diabetes. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 312–320]
Nutritional status of Chinese-, Korean-, and Japanese-American elderly

Abstract Objective To examine the nutritional status of three major subgroups of Asian-American elderly. Subjects The sample consisted of 169 Chinese, 90 Korean, and 50 Japanese elderly who lived in five apartment buildings for senior citizens in Chicago, Ill. Main outcome measures Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were used to evaluate dietary intake. Anthropometric measures of height, weight, and triceps skinfold thickness were also obtained. Results Many Asian-American elderly consume an inadequate amount of dietary calcium. A large percentage of Korean elderly also consume inadequate amounts of protein and vitamins A and C. Underweight was more common than obesity among these ethnic elderly groups. Applications The information in this article provides valuable data to the Asian-American community for program planning as well as to health providers who work with individual Asian-American elderly to meet their nutrition needs.
TBM Motion Simulation: System Configuration, Motion Analysis and OpenGL Performer Based Realization

It’s necessary to apply numerical prototype technology in developing processes of a TBM, and the application of VR system can enormously enhance the simulation effect. In the article, hardware configuration of a VR system for TBM motion simulation was discussed and the module function was analyzed. According to the practical working condition, motion analysis of TBM key components was carried out, and motion model was formulated. A model processing method using Deep Exploration and Creator was introduced, for transforming numerical models from CAD software to VR environment, and for dealing with the accompanying data loss. The article also discussed scene graph constructing method based on OpenGL Performer and developed a TBM motion simulation program.
Synaptic proteins in rat taste bud cells: appearance in the Golgi apparatus and relationship to alpha-gustducin and the Lewis(b) and A antigens.

Taste receptor cells are continuously replaced during the life of the animal, but many of their sensory axons respond primarily to stimuli belonging to a single taste quality. This suggests that a newly arising taste cell must form a synapse with an appropriate sensory axon, requiring cell recognition that is likely to be mediated by surface markers. As an approach to studying this process, we attempted to locate synapses by immunolabeling taste buds of rats for proteins involved in neurotransmitter release. In taste bud cells of vallate papillae and nasoincisor ducts, double-labeling experiments showed that syntaxin-1, SNAP-25, synaptobrevin, and synaptophysin colocalized with the Golgi marker beta COP in elongated cytoplasmic compartments that extended from the perinuclear region into apical and basal processes of the cells. Labeled cells were spindle-shaped, identifying them as light cells. Syntaxin-1 appeared only in taste cells, but SNAP-25, synaptobrevin, and synaptophysin were also seen in nerve fibers. The synaptic vesicle glycoprotein SV2 appeared only in nerve fibers. Taste cells of fungiform papillae did not show immunoreactivity for presynaptic proteins or Golgi markers, but axonal labeling was similar to that in other regions. Taste cells with alpha-gustducin could express either presynaptic proteins or the carbohydrate blood group antigen Lewis(b), but not both. Therefore, Lewis(b) and presynaptic proteins are not expressed during the same period in the life of a taste bud cell. Most taste cells expressing syntaxin-1 (82%) also expressed the A blood group antigen, whether or not they expressed alpha-gustducin.
Implicit memory, the serial position effect, and test awareness

Separate groups of college students (n = 20 per group) were administered either an explicit memory task: (free recall, FR, or cued recall, CR) or an implicit memory task (word-stem completion, WSC) for a list of previously studied words. Primacy and recency effects were observed for the subjects performing the FR task. A recency effect, but not a primacy effect, was displayed for the subjects performing the CR and WSC tasks. Within the WSC condition, the test-aware subjects displayed a greater amount of priming than did the test-unaware subjects. Furthermore, the test-aware subjects in the WSC condition displayed a smaller amount of priming than the subjects in the CR condition.
XPS studies of polyhedral linkages in binary fluoride films

Abstract Amorphous thin films of the ZrF 4 PbF 2 binary composition system fabricated by thermal evaporation and studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The chemical shift of the F 1s peak is analyzed to yield the distribution of polyhedral linkages in terms of ZrFZr, PbFPb and ZrFPb bridges. The predominance of cross-species bridging suggests a large negative enthalpy of mixing between ZrF 4 and PbF 2 .
Stimulation of Mouse Osteopontin Promoter by v-Src Is Mediated by a CCAAT Box-binding Factor

Osteopontin is an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-containing cell adhesion protein, which is frequently expressed in transformed cells and is thought to play a role in tumorigenesis. v-Src is a transforming viral oncogene product encoded by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). We report that v-Src expression in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells significantly stimulates mouse osteopontin promoter activity. We also determined the v-Src response element in the osteopontin promoter as an inverted CCAAT box located at -53 to -49 from the transcription start site. Mutations of the CCAAT box disrupts protein-DNA interaction and diminishes both v-Src stimulation and basal promoter activity. A CCAAT box-containing fragment corresponding to -155 to -122 of RSV long terminal repeat competed with the -72 to -38 fragment of mouse osteopontin promoter for specific protein binding in the gel shift assay. A polyclonal antibody against CBF, a CCAAT box-binding factor, supershifted in gel shift assays the protein-DNA complex formed by nuclear extract of HT1080 with either the RSV CCAAT box fragment or with the osteopontin -72 to -38 fragment. Moreover, both osteopontin mRNA levels and enhancer activity of CCAAT box-containing -72 to -38 fragment were significantly elevated in v-src-transformed NIH 3T3 cells relative to parental cells. These findings suggest that the elevated osteopontin expression in transformed cells could be due, at least in part, to v-Src stimulation of the osteopontin promoter and that this effect is mediated by a CBF-like factor.
Was Newtown a Fort Ancient Progenitor

Petrography and powder x-ray diffraction show a technological continuity between Newtown and Fort Ancient pottery in the central Ohio River valley. Both Newtown and Fort Ancient pottery were manufactured from clays derived from Upper Ordovician shale and calcium carbonate temper. The initial use of calcium carbonate temper in the central Ohio River valley co-occurs with the appearance of maize in the Middle Woodland cultural period and may have been inspired by or related to the use of lime for the production of hominy, comparable to the process used ethnohistorically by Algonquian cultures.
Trade and the distribution of economic well-being in an economy with local public goods

Abstract This paper models a small open economy containing many identical communities and two types of workers, who are perfectly mobile across communities, but not internationally. Competitive firms produce two tradable private goods, and local governments provide residents with a single public good. Trade patterns differ across communities in equilibrium. This observation is used to prove a modified version of the Stolper–Samuelson theorem. Simply stated, workers who are relatively concentrated in those communities that export a given good gain from a rise in the relative price of this good, whereas the other workers lose.
Paul Dirac: Building Bridges of the Mind

Paul Dirac was a brilliant and original thinker. He used his physical intuition and his ideal of mathematical beauty to construct bridges between major areas of physics. This article discusses several such important works, including the bridge between quantum mechanics and relativity that led to his prediction of the existence of antimatter.
SU-E-J-133: Evaluation of Inter- and Intra-Fractional Pancreas Tumor Residual Motions with Abdominal Compression

Purpose: Abdominal compression (AC) has been widely used to reduce pancreas motion due to respiration for pancreatic cancer patients undergoing stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). However, the inter-fractional and intra-fractional patient motions may degrade the treatment. The purpose of this work is to study daily CBCT projections and 4DCT to evaluate the inter-fractional and intra-fractional pancreatic motions. Methods: As a standard of care at our institution, 4D CT scan was performed for treatment planning. At least two CBCT scans were performed for daily treatment. Retrospective studies were performed on patients with implanted internal fiducial markers or surgical clips. The initial motion pattern was obtained by extracting marker positions on every phase of 4D CT images. Daily motions were presented by marker positions on CBCT scan projection images. An adaptive threshold segmentation algorithm was used to extract maker positions. Both marker average positions and motion ranges were compared among three sets of scans, 4D CT, positioning CBCT, and conformal CBCT, for inter-fractional and intra-fractional motion variations. Results: Data from four pancreatic cancer patients were analyzed. These patients had three fiducial markers implanted. All patients were treated by an Elekta Synergy with single fraction SBRT. CBCT projections were acquired by XVI. Markers weremore » successfully detected on most of the projection images. The inter-fractional changes were determined by 4D CT and the first CBCT while the intra-fractional changes were determined by multiple CBCT scans. It is found that the average motion range variations are within 2 mm, however, the average marker positions may drift by 6.5 mm. Conclusion: The patients respiratory motion variation for pancreas SBRT with AC was evaluated by detecting markers from CBCT projections and 4DCT, both the inter-fraction and intra-fraction motion range change is small but the drift of marker positions may be comparable to motion ranges.« less
Conflict, identity, and resilience: Negotiating collective identities within the Israeli and Palestinian diasporas

Collective identities serve many important psychological and practical functions in group life, but under conditions of protracted conflict, such identities can become a primary obstacle to peace. This article presents a program of exploratory research and model-building on collective identity negotiation with members of the Palestinian and Israeli diasporas during a high-intensity phase of the conflict..
Cross-relational clustering with user's guidance

Clustering is an essential data mining task with numerous applications. However, data in most real-life applications are high-dimensional in nature, and the related information often spreads across multiple relations. To ensure effective and efficient high-dimensional, cross-relational clustering, we propose a new approach, called CrossClus, which performs cross-relational clustering with user's guidance. We believe that user's guidance, even likely in very simple forms, could be essential for effective high-dimensional clustering since a user knows well the application requirements and data semantics. CrossClus is carried out as follows: A user specifies a clustering task and selects one or a small set of features pertinent to the task. CrossClus extracts the set of highly relevant features in multiple relations connected via linkages defined in the database schema, evaluates their effectiveness based on user's guidance, and identifies interesting clusters that fit user's needs. This method takes care of both quality in feature extraction and efficiency in clustering. Our comprehensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of this approach.
Phenoloxidase‐Mediated Interactions of Phenols and Anilines with Humic Materials

Phenoloxidases present in terrestrial systems may contribute to the formation of humus through random coupling of a variety of aromatic compounds, including xenobiotic chemicals. Because of their structural similarity to natural substrates originating mainly from lignin decomposition, xenobiotic phenols and anilines can be readily incorporated into the soil organic matter, a phenomenon referred to as binding. The underlying mechanism of binding involves oxidation of the xenobiotic substrates to free radicals or quinone products that subsequently couple directly to humus or to naturally occurring phenols that also are subject to oxidation. The oxidation can be mediated by soil phenoloxidases as well as by abiotic catalysts. The ability of the enzymes to mediate the oxidation was demonstrated in a number of model studies, in which selected pollutants were incubated with humic monomers or natural humic acids in the presence of different phenoloxidases (laccase, peroxidase, tyrosinase). Analysis of the formed complexes by mass spectrometry and {sup 13}C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy left no doubt about the formation of covalent bonds between the pollutants and humic materials. Some bonds were formed at the chlorinated sites, leading to partial dehalogenation of the aromatic contaminants. Experimental data indicated that bound phenols and anilines were unlikelymore » to adversely affect the environment; their release from humic complexes by soil microorganisms was very limited and once released, they were subjected to mineralization. For those reasons, phenoloxidases, which proved capable of mediating the underlying reaction, are currently considered as a tool for enhancing immobilization phenomena in soil.« less
Climate change, habitat loss, protected areas and the climate adaptation potential of species in Mediterranean ecosystems worldwide

Mediterranean climate is found on five continents and supports five global biodiversity hotspots. Based on combined downscaled results from 23 atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) for three emissions scenarios, we determined the projected spatial shifts in the mediterranean climate extent (MCE) over the next century. Although most AOGCMs project a moderate expansion in the global MCE, regional impacts are large and uneven. The median AOGCM simulation output for the three emissions scenarios project the MCE at the end of the 21st century in Chile will range from 129–153% of its current size, while in Australia, it will contract to only 77–49% of its current size losing an area equivalent to over twice the size of Portugal. Only 4% of the land area within the current MCE worldwide is in protected status (compared to a global average of 12% for all biome types), and, depending on the emissions scenario, only 50–60% of these protected areas are likely to be in the future MCE. To exacerbate the climate impact, nearly one third (29–31%) of the land where the MCE is projected to remain stable has already been converted to human use, limiting the size of the potential climate refuges and diminishing the adaptation potential of native biota. High conversion and low protection in projected stable areas make Australia the highest priority region for investment in climate-adaptation strategies to reduce the threat of climate change to the rich biodiversity of the mediterranean biome.
Impaired Male Sexual Development in Perinatal Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans Hooded Rats Exposed in Utero and Lactationally to p,p′-DDE

Although the pesticide DDT has been banned in the United States for decades, it remains at low levels in the environment. p,p'-DDE, a metabolite of DDT, was recently shown to inhibit the binding of androgens to the androgen receptor and to exert antiandrogenic effects in perinatal Long-Evans (LE) rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day administered to pregnant dams. In this study, we compared the effects of p,p'-DDE on male sexual development in offspring of Sprague-Dawley (SD) and LE rats. The chemical was dosed by gavage to pregnant dams at 10 or 100 mg/kg body wt from gestation day 14 to 18. The developing male rats were examined for sexual developmental landmarks, while the effects of p,p'-DDE on androgen receptor expression were evaluated in the testis and other reproductive organs. The tissue dosimetry of p,p'-DDE was also determined at different stages of development following in utero and lactational exposures. The higher p,p'-DDE dose induced a reduction in the male anogenital distance, an increase in retention of male thoracic nipples and alterations in expression of the androgen receptor in either one or both strains. A much weaker response was seen in the lower dose groups. Tissue and body fluid concentrations of p,p'-DDE were similar in the two strains in some tissues but dissimilar in others, particularly in the serum levels. Higher serum p,p'-DDE levels in the LE strain during pregnancy corresponded with an overall greater sensitivity of the LE strain to the antiandrogenic effects of p,p'-DDE. These results support the previous findings of p,p'-DDE antiandrogenicity in LE rats, extend the findings to SD rats, and suggest that the developmental effects of p,p'-DDE on male rat sexual differentiation are minimal at maternal doses below 10 mg/kg/day.
Cell biology: Ripping up the nuclear envelope

During cell division, the membranes that surround the nucleus must be dismantled to allow the DNA housed inside the nucleus to be partitioned into two daughter cells. New work shows how this happens.
Direct immunofluorescence findings in peripheral nerve from patients with diabetic neuropathy

Direct immunofluorescence examination was performed on peripheral nerve from 16 patients with diabetes mellitus and 53 additional patients with peripheral neuropathy of diverse cause. Six nerves from patients with diabetes mellitus yielded positive findings: 4 had grandular and lamellar deposition of IgM within the perineurium (of which 2 also had fibrinogen, IgA, C3, and albumin and I also had IgG); 1 had IgM, C3, and C4, and perineurial fibrinogen; the sixth contained linear perineurial C3 and fibrinogen. These 6 nerves contained axonal degeneration (3), axonal degeneraion with chornic demyelination (1), microvasculitis with wallerian degeneration (1), and no pathological change (1). Sixteen of 53 nerves from nondiabetics yielded positive findings with immunofluorescence, possibly as a result of vascular leakage or as a manifestation of impaired removal of plasma proteins. The deposition of immunoreactants, as well as other plasma proteins, in peripharal nerve from patients with diabetes mellitus probably represents a “trapping” phenomenon reflecting altered basement membrane permeability. Alternatively, the changes could reflect a defect in the blood-nerve barrier in diabetic microangiopathy.
A constitutive description of the deformation of copper based on the use of the mechanical threshold stress as an internal state variable

Abstract The axisymmetric deformation behavior of 0.9999 Cu is investigated at strain rates from 10−4 to 104 s−1. The variations of the flow stress and of the mechanical threshold stress (the flow stress at 0 K), which is used as an internal state variable, with strain rate and strain are measured. The experimental results are analyzed using a model proposed by Kocks and Mecking: results at constant structure are described with thermal activation theory; structure evolution (strain and strain rate evolution of the mechanical threshold stress) is treated by the sum of dislocation generation and dynamic recovery processes. A significant result is that the athermal dislocation accumulation rate, or Stage II hardening rate, becomes a strong function of strain rate at strain rates exceeding 103 s−1. This leads to the apparent increased strain rate sensitivity seen in a plot of flow stress at a given strain vs the logarithm of strain rate. An explanation is proposed for the strain rate dependence of this initial strain hardening rate based on the limiting dislocation velocity and average distance between obstacles.