cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water soluble copolymers: 46. Hydrophilic sulphobetaine copolymers of acrylamide and 3-(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanedimethylammonio)-1-propanesulphonate

Abstract The free radical copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) with 3-(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanedimethylammonio)-1-propanesulphonate (AMPDAPS) has been studied in the range from 99 to 25% AM in the feed. Copolymer compositions obtained by elemental analysis and 13C n.m.r. reflect the monomer feed concentrations. The value of r1r2 has been determined to be 0.60 for the AM-AMPDAPS pair. Copolymer microstructures, including run numbers and sequence distributions, were calculated from the reactivity ratios. Molecular weights for the series range from 3.0 × 106 to 21.5 × 106 g mol−1. Second virial coefficients decrease from 2.67 to 0.21 ml mol g−2 as charge density increases. Intrinsic viscosities decrease with increasing AMPDAPS content, but increase with increasing temperature (in the range of 25–60°C) and added electrolytes (NaCl and/or CaCl2). The solution behaviour of the homopolymer of AMPDAPS is independent of pH. The observed properties are consistent with the charge density of the polymers and the sulphobetaine structure of the AMPDAPS monomer.
Asymmetric hydroboration of [ E ]- and [ Z ]-2-methoxy-2-butenes. Synthesis of (−)-[2 R ,3 R ]-butane-2,3-diol in >97% ee

Abstract Asymmetric hydroboration of [ E ]- and [ Z ]-2-methoxy-2-butene, using (−)-diisopinocampheylborane at −25°C in THF solvent, followed by oxidation using H 2 O 2 /NaOH, gave (−)-[2 R ,3 R ]- and (+)-[2 R ,3 S ]-3-methoxy-2-butanols in >97 and 90% ee, respectively. (−)-[2 R ,3 R ]-3-Methoxy-2-butanol was converted to (−)-[2 R ,3 R ]-butane-2,3-diol (>97% ee, in an overall yield of 65%).
Explanation for Anomalous Readings during Monitoring of a Best Management Practice

The USEPA’s Urban Watershed Management Branch (UWMB) has monitored storm-water drainage and best management practices (BMPs) as part of its overall research program. As part of this effort, continuous monitoring equipment was deployed to measure both storm events and periods between storms in a BMP. Of particular concern were electrodes used to measure ammonium ( NH 4+ ) concentrations. During the third deployment of the electrode there were readings of concern for NH 4+ which exceeded expectations for drift or storm event response. The electrode indicated concentrations of NH 4+ exceeded 2 mg/L, with a sustained maximum concentration of 8 mg/L recorded. These observations occurred between December 5, 2003 and December 10, 2003 after snow events. This period was marked by increased measures of conductivity measured which were contrary to typically low conductivity readings especially after precipitation events. Deicers (sodium chloride) spread on the roadway most likely caused increased NH 4+ readings, as...
Anti-gravity treadmills are effective in reducing knee forces.

Lower body positive pressure (LBPP) treadmills permit significant unweighting of patients and have the potential to enhance recovery following lower limb surgery. We determined the efficacy of an LBPP treadmill in reducing knee forces in vivo. Subjects, implanted with custom electronic tibial prostheses to measure forces in the knee, were tested on a treadmill housed within a LBPP chamber. Tibiofemoral forces were monitored at treadmill speeds from 1.5 mph (0.67 m/s) to 4.5 mph (2.01 m/s), treadmill incline from � 108 to þ108, and four treadmill chamber pressure settings adjusted to decrease net treadmill reaction force from 100% to 25% of the subject's body weight (BW). The peak axial tibiofemoral force ranged from 5.1 times BW at a treadmill speed of 4.5 mph (2.01 m/s) and a pressure setting of 100% BW to 0.8 times BW at 1.5 mph (0.67 m/s) and a pressure setting of 25% BW. Peak knee forces were significantly correlated with walking speed and treadmill reaction force (R 2 ¼ 0.77, p ¼ 0.04). The LBPP treadmill might be an effective tool in the rehabilitation of patients following lower-extremity surgery. The strong correlation between tibiofemoral force and walking speed and treadmill reaction forces allows for more precisely achieving the target knee forces desired during early rehabilitation. 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Family Functioning Moderating the Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Memory Specificity

The main goal of this study was to investigate if adults sexually abused as children who were raised in a functional family are more able to generate specific autobiographical memories and suffer fewer depressive symptoms than sexually abused adults who were raised in a dysfunctional family. We found that abused males retrieved fewer specific memories than nonabused males, abused females, and nonabused females. The three latter groups did not differ from each other. Further, childhood sexual abuse did not predict depression among males and females. After accounting for family functioning, there were no group differences regarding memory specificity. Functional families appear to have beneficial effects on the adjustment of male victims of childhood sexual abuse.
Electron scattering studies of low-lying collective states of even Zn isotopes

Abstract The inelastic electron scattering cross sections for the excitation of the low-lying collective states in the even Zn isotopes 64 Zn, 66 Zn, 68 Zn and 70 Zn have been measured in the momentum transfer region q = 0.3–1.1 fm −1 . Strong transitions to the first 2 + and 3 − states have been observed and the modified Tassie model with a two parameter Fermi charge distribution for the ground state was used to extract the values for the reduced transition probability B ↑ (E λ ). Besides the investigation of these states, which in the framework of the vibrational model are considered as one-phonon states, special effort was made to measure the transition to the 2 + two-phonon states in 64 Zn ( e = 1.80 MeV) and 70 Zn ( e = 1.76 MeV). We have applied the anharmonic vibrator model to these two nuclei and have extracted values for the static quadrupole moment of the first excited state.
Electrical and Optical Properties of Intermetallic Compounds. IV. Magnesium Stannide

Measurements of electrical and optical properties of this semiconductor have been made over a wide temperature range. Results from conductivity and Hall effect measurements as well as optical absorption data indicate an energy gap of 0.33 ev at $T=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. Mobility values were found to be ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{e}=320$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt-sec (for electrons) and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}=260$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt-sec (for holes) at room temperature. Both parameters are proportional to ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}2.2}$. Appreciable photoconductivity is observed at 85\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and at 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Ain single crystals

Abstract Single crystals of aluminum nitride up to 1 cm long and 0.3 in diameter have been grown by a sublimation-recondensation technique at about 2250°C. The starting material is prepared by the direct reaction of aluminum and nitrogen at 1850°C. The crystals are grown at a rate of 0.03 cm/hr. in sealed tungsten crucibes in an rf heated tungsten furnace. They are amber in color and have the wurtzite structure.
The Continuing Legacy Of September 11 For Americans' Health Priorities

T hi s i s the th ird in a series of brief essays about how Americans’ health and health care priorities have changed since 11 September 2001. The first two appeared on the Health Affairs Web site in November 2001 and January 2002.1 Since the last online publication, the U.S. budgetary surplus disappeared, there were numerous national terrorist alerts, the Middle East conflict moved to a crisis situation, the Bush administration raised the specter of a war with Iraq in the next year, and the Enron and WorldCom financial scandals began. In addition, the U.S. economy had not fully recovered from the recession. These events have been occurring during a period when U.S. health care costs are now growing at double-digit rates. A sizable health agenda before Congress now includes a prescription drug benefit for Medicare beneficiaries, extending coverage to some uninsured Americans, a patients’ bill of rights, increased nationwide efforts to reduce medical errors, and greatly increased funding for medical research. Here we address the implications of these events for the nation’s health priorities as we approach the anniversary of the September 11 attacks. Data Sources And Methods The survey data in this paper are derived from three main sources: (1) two Harvard School of Public Health/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation/International Communications Research polls, conducted 29 May–2 June 2002 and 31 May–4 June 2002; (2) two polling trends by Harris Interactive, 1993–2002; and (3) four polls from our previous essay.2
Effect of time-out from positive reinforcement on aggressive behavior in young children.

The effect of time-out from positive reinforcement on aggressive behavior was explored in 5-yr.-olds, 6 boys and 10 girls. Instrumental aggressive and nonaggressive doll-play were observed prior to and immediately following rime-out from CRF token reinforcement. The results indicated that, while time-out from positive reinforcement was not an effective antecedent of aggressive behavior for children in general, it did produce a notable increase in the over-all activity level of females. The fact that girls, and not boys, were aroused by the time-out procedure was discussed in terms of the relationship between activity-related cue properties of the doll-play apparatus and the normal activity of 5-yr.-old girls.
Does day and night sampling reduce spurious correlation between canopy photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration

Abstract It is necessary to partition eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide exchange into its offsetting gross fluxes, canopy photosynthesis, and ecosystem respiration, to understand the biophysical controls on the net fluxes. And independent estimates of canopy photosynthesis (G) and ecosystem respiration (R) are needed to validate and parametrize carbon cycle models that are coupled with climate and ecosystem dynamics models. Yet there is a concern that carbon flux partitioning methods may suffer from spurious correlation because derived values of canopy photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration both contain common information on net carbon fluxes at annual time scales. We hypothesized that spurious correlation among canopy photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration can be minimized using day–night conditional sampling of CO2 exchange; daytime fluxes are dominated by photosynthesis and nighttime fluxes are dominated by respiration. To test this hypothesis, we derived explicit equations that quantify the degree of spurious correlation between photosynthesis and respiration. Theoretically, day and night samples of net carbon exchange share a different common variable, daytime ecosystem respiration, and the degree of spurious correlation depends upon the variance of this shared variable. We then applied this theory to ideal measurements of carbon exchange of over a vigorous, irrigated, and frequently harvested alfalfa field in the sunny and windy region of California, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, where soil CO2 efflux is strong. In this case, we found that the correlation coefficient between canopy photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration was −0.79. This relatively high correlation between canopy photosynthesis and respiration was mostly real as the degree of spurious correlation was only −0.32. We then expanded this analysis to the FLUXNET database that spans a spectrum of climate and plant functional types. We found, on average, that the correlation between gross photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration, using day–night sampling, was close to minus one (−0.828 ± 0.130). For perspective, a large fraction of this correlation was real, as the degree of spurious correlation (Eq. (22)) was −0.526. We conclude that the potential for spurious correlation between canopy photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration across the FLUXNET database was moderate. Looking across the database, we found that the least negative spurious correlations coefficients (>−0.3) were associated with seasonal deciduous forests. The most negative spurious correlations coefficients (
A Glycol-Sodium Vermiculite Complex1

A complex of vermiculite with ethylene glycol was prepared by repeated boiling of a sodium-saturated cleavage flake in dry ethylene glycol. A stable product with a c period of 12.9 A afforded 15 terms for a one-dimensional Fourier synthesis. A model composed of glycol molecules with the plane of the zigzag normal to the silicate face is found to be consistent with the observed diffraction data. The complex apparently conforms to a stoichiometric ratio of two molecules per unit cell per layer of vermiculite.
Continuous positive airway pressure in patients with congestive heart failure and Cheyne-Stokes respiration with central sleep apnea.

To the Editor: The article by Sin et al1 on the effect and outcome of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) who have Cheyne-Stokes respiration with central sleep apnea (CSR-CSA) is one more step toward further defining the role of treatment for sleep-disordered breathing in CHF. The authors conclude that CPAP improves short-term left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and may improve mortality and transplant-free survival in patients with CSR-CSA but not in patients without it. A few features of the study merit further observation. The authors demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in LVEF at 3 months, but they did not establish that the initial benefit was sustained. Repeat measurements of LVEF at 18 months (the mean long-term follow-up period) would have been useful. This would further corroborate the observed trend toward improved mortality and transplant-free survival. In this study, all the patients with CSR-CSA who were compliant with CPAP benefited in terms of the above …
Preoperative serum level of inhibin A is an independent prognostic factor for the survival of postmenopausal women with epithelial ovarian carcinoma

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of preoperative serum inhibin and activin levels in postmenopausal women with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) by correlating serum levels with disease parameters, including tumor stage and grade and patient age. METHODS Serum levels of inhibin A, inhibin B, pro-alpha C, activin A, and activin B were quantitated with sensitive and specific two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in samples collected from 44 postmenopausal women diagnosed with EOC. Serum was obtained within 14 days prior to primary tumor reductive surgery and stored at −55°C. All patients underwent definitive surgical staging and cytoreduction at Mayo Clinic and were followed for at least 5 years or until death. Postoperative adjuvant therapy was selected based on stage of disease. Demographics included 5 Stage I, 2 Stage II, 33 Stage III, and 4 Stage IV tumors, and the predominant histology was serous subtype and poorly differentiated grade. RESULTS Inhibin A was detected in 98% of the serum samples (range, 0–12.18 pg/mL). Univariate analysis was used to demonstrate an association between patients with serum inhibin A levels exceeding the median (1.21 pg/mL) and compromised disease free (P = 0.025) and overall (P = 0.006) survival. While the 5 year disease free survival (DFS) for the entire population was 32%, the corresponding DFS rates for patients with inhibin A levels above and below the median were 10% and 43%, respectively. Similarly, the 5-year overall survival (OS) for the entire population was 35%, compared with 16% for patients above and 47% for patients below the median inhibin A level. Stepwise regression analysis that incorporated age, stage, grade, and inhibin A levels identified serum inhibin A levels above the median to be the most cogent predictor of DFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative serum inhibin A levels provided valuable prognostic information independent of age, stage, and grade in a postmenopausal cohort given standardized treatment for EOC. Cancer 1999;85:465–71. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Regional input into centralized economic planning: The case of Soviet Central Asia

This article uses the case of the Soviet Union to demonstrate that in centrally planned economies there remain both incentives and channels for regional administrators to express local interests to the center and have these interests reflected in national policy decisions. Debate over future economic development in Soviet Central Asia is fascinating in what it reveals concerning the nature of center-periphery relations in the USSR and the limitations these relations impose on centrally planned economies. The debate shows that even in a system which so highly values centralized economic planning, regional planners often give priority to local over national economic needs in their policy proposals and are able to affect policy decisions made in Moscow. The findings are relevant to all centrally planned economies and must be considered in any evaluation of this economic model.
Secondary Mania as a Possible Neuropsychiatric Complication of Dengue Fever

Dengue fever is an arboviral illness transmitted by the Aedes mosquito and caused by a flavivirus. Endemic to Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, Central America, and the Caribbean, it is a potentially lethal infection on the rise, both in these endemic areas and in regions previously minimally affected by it. Climate change and rapid urbanization are thought to be partly responsible for the increases. Moreover, travelers from the United States and Canada who go abroad are increasingly bringing the infection back to their home cities. Although rarely diagnosed in most US hospitals, it is likely more prevalent than formally acknowledged. Some estimates suggest between 110,000 and 200,000 new infections annually in this country. Dengue is increasingly acknowledged as the cause of significant neurologic sequelae, at least in the acute phase. It has recently been demonstrated to be a neurotrophic virus with possible neurologic sequelae including Guillain-Barre syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, isolated nerve palsies, and encephalopathy. However, it is little known to be a cause of neuropsychiatric symptoms and typically goes unrecognized by psychiatrists seeing patients in acute care settings or consultation-liaison services. This lack of familiarity may result in misdiagnosis as a primary bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder, or nonspecific delirium and consequently to inappropriate treatment. We present a case of apparent manic reaction after dengue fever and conduct a literature review for similar cases. This is the first case of mania following dengue documented in the American literature and the first in the literature to
The Values of Public Administrators: a Comparison With Lawyers, Social Workers, and Business Administrators:

This pilot study compares the professional values of public administration students and alumni with a similar group of social workers, business administrators, and lawyers. It reflects the belief that professional values and value patterns strongly influence the way that professionals define and resolve problems. The authors hypothesized that value differences would be found among the four groups surveyed and that the public administrators would hold a distinctive value pattern. They constructed a questionnaire containing value scales plus a small number of demographic items which were administered to the members of the four groups. A factor analysis of the Professional Value Scale was conducted. Examination of this analysis revealed significant differences between members of the four groups in their value preferences. On the basis of their study, the authors conclude that the value conflicts and ambiguities found suggest significant underlying differences in the decision premises of the professional grou...
Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on a hyperglycemic rat model of reversible focal ischemia: detection of excitatory amino acids release and hydroxyl radical formation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), is neuroprotective in the hyperglycemic rat model of 2 h of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion (MCAO/R). The salicylate trapping method was used in conjunction with a microdialysis technique to continuously estimate hydroxyl radical (.OH) formation by measurement of the stable adducts 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA). Extracellular excitatory amino acids (EAAs) were detected from the same microdialysis samples. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques were used to measure neuronal and cerebrovascular injury. The magnitude of EAA release correlated with the levels of the .OH adducts. Treatment with L-NAME (3 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 min before MCAO, and again 1 min before reperfusion, reduced the levels of DHBA by 46. 4% and glutamate by 50.5% in the hyperglycemic rats compared to untreated hyperglycemic controls. MRI indicated that L-NAME reduced the no-reflow zone and the cytotoxic lesion volume to 22.5% and 21. 0%, respectively, that of hyperglycemic controls. Co-treatment with the nitric oxide (NO) donor L-arginine completely eliminated the protective effects of l-NAME with respect to .OH and EAA levels as well as MRI lesion volume. Our data suggest that hyperglycemic MCAO/R results in excessive glutamate excitotoxicity, leading to enhanced generation of .OH via a NO-mediated mechanism, in turn resulting in severe ischemia/reperfusion brain injury.
Self-Identity Modification and Intent to Return: Baby Boomers Reinvent Themselves Using the Community College

This study examines the value importance to baby boomers of the community college as a means to reinvent or modify self-view and how value importance influences intent to return to the college for ...
Silencing of Cav1.2 gene in Rat Neonatal Cardiomyocytes by Lentiviral delivered shRNA

Background: Two types of L-type Ca Channels are expressed in the heart: Cav1.2 (α1C) and Cav1.3 (α1D). In contrast to α1C, α1D Ca channel is highly expressed in the sinoatrial node and atria, and is involved in the impulse generation and propagation through the AV node. Deletion of the α1C gene results in embryonic lethality before E14.5 and there are no pharmacological or biophysical means to separate α1D from α1C Ca currents. The aim of this study was to establish a model to characterize α1D Ca current using the novel technology of RNA interference.Methods and Results: Rat neonatal cardiomyocytes (RNC) were transfected with α1C specific siRNA using lipofectamine which resulted in 50% silencing at the mRNA/protein level. Limited by the low transfection effieciency (50%) in the RNC, we cotransfected α1C siRNA with cy3 labeled Human GAPDH siRNA and sorted out the fluorescent cells using FACS to separate tranfected and non-transfected cells. The level of silencing of α1C in enriched transfected cells reached only 65% efficiency. To achieve higher transfection efficiency, we generated and infected RNC with a lentivirus construct carrying the α1C siRNA sequence under a U6 promoter. Using this model, we achieved 100% transfection efficiency, and more than 90% silencing of the α1C gene confirmed by real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunoflourecence. These biochemical results were confirmed electrophysiologically by measurements of total L-type Ca current which was reduced by 80% in transfected cells.Conclusion: Lentiviral shRNA is an efficient model for post-transcriptional gene silencing of ion channels in primary cardiomyocytes. This novel approach provides a valuable mean for assessing the differential roles of α1C and α1D Ca channels in native cardiomyocytes and could be used to examine their roles in physiological and pathological settings.
Path-integral Monte Carlo study of low-temperature 4He clusters.

Path-integral Monte Carlo calculations have been used to study $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ clusters at low temperatures. We develop a fluctuation formula for the superfluid fraction in terms of a projected area swept out by a path. Manifestations of superfluid behavior are shown to exist in a cluster of 64 atoms and a remnant of the \ensuremath{\lambda} transition persists in a cluster of 128 atoms. The temperature dependence of the superfluid fraction is similar to that observed in the liquid.
Comparison of Airbus, Boeing, Rolls-Royce and AVITAS market forecasts

Abstract Forecasts of future world demand for commercial aircraft are published fairly regularly by Airbus and Boeing. Other players in the aviation business, Rolls Royce and AVITAS, have also published forecasts in the past year. This article analyses and compares the methods used and assumptions made by the several forecasters. It concludes that there are wide areas of similarity in the approaches used and highlights the most significant area of divergence.
Neutral Buoyancy Salinity of Pacific Halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis Eggs and Larvae

Samples of halibut eggs in nature have led to theories that development occurs near the sea bed and, alternatively, well up in the water column. Resolution of the conflicting theories and information which should assist culturists in providing the proper environmental conditions for egg development and hatching were the subjects of this study. The neutral buoyancy salinity (NBS) of Pacific halibut eggs and larvae ranged between 29.8–34%. Eggs and larvae with higher NBS (> 35%) were usually abnormal or stressed. Thus, eggs found near the seabed may be nonviable.
Mission informed discursive tactics of British mental health service-user/survivor movement (BSUSM) resistance to formalization pressures accompanying contractual relationships with purchasing authorities

Background: Deinstitutionalization/public services consumerism coincided with the growth of user/survivor-led voice groups from 23 (1987) to 896 (over 77% public funded 2001). Whether these opportunities are an unqualified plus for the movement was recently explored (Armes, ).Aims: Exploring contradictory potential of community care policy in formal relationships between purchasing authorities and user/survivor-led groups:Methods: Semi-structured one-to-one interviews with BUSM pioneers (n = 8). Three discussion groups with a range of BUSM activists (n=13). Discourse analysis focussing on Foucauldian relationship between power and resistance within user/survivor standpoint.Results: Four discursive resistance tactics for coping with pressures to formalize BUSM activities (reformism, rationalization, professionalization, pride) identified from pioneers who discussed how tactics relate to each other. Discussion group evidence of pioneer tactics existing in wider movement led to an amended model indicating ov...
The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020

Aim: To estimate the number of people with open angle (OAG) and angle closure glaucoma (ACG) in 2010 and 2020. Methods: A review of published data with use of prevalence models. Data from population based studies of age specific prevalence of OAG and ACG that satisfied standard definitions were used to construct prevalence models for OAG and ACG by age, sex, and ethnicity, weighting data proportional to sample size of each study. Models were combined with UN world population projections for 2010 and 2020 to derive the estimated number with glaucoma. Results: There will be 60.5 million people with OAG and ACG in 2010, increasing to 79.6 million by 2020, and of these, 74% will have OAG. Women will comprise 55% of OAG, 70% of ACG, and 59% of all glaucoma in 2010. Asians will represent 47% of those with glaucoma and 87% of those with ACG. Bilateral blindness will be present in 4.5 million people with OAG and 3.9 million people with ACG in 2010, rising to 5.9 and 5.3 million people in 2020, respectively. Conclusions: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, disproportionately affecting women and Asians.
Aerosol sizing with a slotted virtual impactor

A theoretical analysis of a two-dimensional jet of ideal fluid impinging normally upon a void has been extended to include fluid deflecting plates of finite length inclined at arbitrary angles to the incident jet. Particle trajectories were numerically simulated for various theoretically admissible instrument geometries. Salient features of the particle sizing effectiveness of the device were determined for a range of void space openings h/w > 1 combined with jet-to-plate spacings s/w ranging from 0 to 2, at two fluid deflecting plate angles ..beta.. = 60, 90/sup 0/. It was found numerically that internal particle losses were substantially reduced when the void h/w tends toward h/sub lim//w, its theoretical limiting value, and that instrument performance in general improved at smaller ..beta...
Helping Student Nurses to Become Involved

Resume Les methodes recommandees par l'auteur sont basees sur le recours a des experiences de travail et de therapie de groupe associees aux techniques de sensibilite, d'action et de reaction psychodramatique. Les eleves participent a une serie de lecons axees sur le patient ou sur la famille et concentrees sur les contacts interpersonnels qu'elles ont regulierement avec leurs patients. L'expression des sentiments est sollicitee apres l'etablissement d'une relation de confiance. On s'applique continuellement a aider les eleves a definit les limites de leur propre identite et de leur propre moi. Un climat de chaleur, non derogatoire, est le modele vise. L'article decrit certains cas afin d'illustrer le procede. L'eleve doit etre libre de participer au travail de groupe afin d'acquerir le “Gemeinschaftsgefuhl”, sentiment de participation et de communication dans le courant principal des vies de sa famille. Les patients arrivent alors, en retour, a sentir qu'elle est engagee et a se liberer de l'aphasie nominale qui caracterise si souvent leur existence. L'auteur decrit l'empathie telle qu'elle est commentee dans la bibliographie (Reik, Katz et autres) et complete cette description par un expose rationnel destine a aider les eleves-infirmieres a developper leur identite en tant qu'etres emphathiques. Comme ilfaut beaucoup de courage pour ETRE (Tillich), les eleves ont besoin de ce type d'enseignement, qui rendra effectif ce mode de comportement actif. Les infirmieres qui ont peur de s'engager et auxquelles les qualites empathiques font defaut, ne satisfont qu'aux aspects mecaniques et techniques de leur profession et refusent a leurs patients e a elles-memes une experience plus riche de la vie. L'occasion de beneficier de la relation de moi a toi, telle qu'elle est decrite par Martin Buber, est offerte a l'eleve-infirmiere si le professeur peut creer un climat ou elle trouvera la liberte de faire confiance et de gagner la confiance. L'aptitude a depasser l'approche purement professionnelle, froide et objective, et a reduire la distance entre les infirmieres et leurs patients depend de la relation formee en salle de cours.
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in the treatment of central venous catheter occlusion in children

Tissue plasminogen activator was used to treat 228 children with 320 central venous catheter (CVC) occlusion events. Patency was restored in 91% of CVCs after 1 to 3 treatments, with no adverse events. Tissue plasminogen activator is effective in restoring patency to occluded CVCs and is a viable alternative to CVC removal or urokinase treatment.
The effects of cholesterol supplementation on plasma lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in rats fed diets deficient in vitamin e and/or selenium

Abstract Rat plasma lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were measured in male Fischer-344 rats fed a vitamin E and selenium deficient basal diet containing 1% cholesterol (B+cho) or identical diets to which vitamin E (B+E+cho), selenium (B+Se+cho) or both micronutrients were added (B+E+Se+cho). In each of these dietary groups, cholesterol supplementation caused an increase in plasma-cho and low density lipoprotein-cho (LDL-cho) but a decrease in high density lipoprotein-cho (HDL-cho) compared with values previously measured (1) in rats red corresponding cholesterol-free diets. Selenium deficiency (B+cho and B+E+cho) was found to be an important factor (P
Diagnosis and chronic mental illness.

This paper describes the occurrence of chronicity in varying psychiatric illnesses. There is not an unequivocal definition of chronicity, but with the exception of the illnesses that will be described below and that lead directly or indirectly to death from CNS complications of the illness, chronicity will require a duration of a minimum of five years without a significant remission. Ghronicity is further differentiated into four different kinds of chronicity: chronic—death, chronic—self-limited, chronic—remission, and chronic—recurrent. The illnesses that may be considered as possibly fulfilling the criteria for chronic will be noted and a method for deciding whether an illness qualifies will be outlined.
Artificial ommatidia by self-aligned microlenses and waveguides.

We report the fabrication of artificial ommatidia, the imaging units of insects’ compound eyes, by use of polymer integrated optics. These biomimetic structures are obtained by configuring microlenses to play dual roles for self-writing of waveguides (during the fabrication) and collection of light (during the operation). The artificial ommatidium, consisting of a microlens, a spacer, and a waveguide, directly resembles the structure of its biological counterpart. Optical characterizations reveal single-peak angular sensitivity with a ±0.75° acceptance angle that is comparable to those found in nature. Using geometric and physical optics, we also investigate the relationship between angular sensitivity and the geometry of artificial ommatidia.
Cause of microbial death during freezing in a soft-serve ice cream freezer.

Abstract Death of microbial suspensions during freezing with agitation was studied by following the optical density changes of yeast suspensions in frozen-thawed sucrose solutions; and by cytological examination of frozen-thawed yeast suspensions using a light microscope, and frozen-thawed suspensions of Escherichia coli with an electron microscope. Changes in the optical density values of frozen-thawed yeast suspensions with duration of freezing, and in the supernatant liquid of these suspensions after centrifugation, suggested changes in the size distribution of the suspended cells and the presence of cytoplasmic materials in the supernatant layer. Photomicrographs established that disintegration of yeast cells occurred during freezing with agitation. Electron micrographs revealed the disintegration of cells of E. coli .
Reversal mechanism in copper-modified cobalt-rare-earths

The magnetization reversal in copper-containing cobalt-rare-earth permanent magnet materials can be completely dominated by pure bulk wall-pinning. This is shown by the form of hysteresis loops in varying magnetizing fields, whose appearance is in extreme contrast to those of unmodified cobalt-rare earths, in which nucleation is the dominant factor in magnetization reversal. In some copper-modified materials it is possible to show both kinds of behavior in the same sample, with a sudden transition at a particular value of magnetizing field.
Design of a plastic minicolpostat applicator with shields

Abstract A plastic intracavitary applicator system for the treatment of cancer of the uterine cervix is described. This applicator has a minicolpostat and a mechanism for mixing the tandem to the colpostats. Traditional after-loading refers only to the radioactive source. Both the source and the ovoid shield are afterloaded together in this applicator in contrast to traditional afterloading systems which afterload the source alone. A potential advantage of our applicator system is that it allows high quality CT localization because the sources and shields can be removed and the applicator is made of plastic. The advantages and disadvantages of this variation to the Fletcher system as well as other aspects of applicator design are discussed. An experimentally verified dose calculation method for shielded sources is applied to the design problems associated with this applicator. The dose distribution calculated for a source-shield configuration of the plastic applicator is compared to that obtained with a commercial Fletcher-Suit-Delclos (FSD) applicator. Significant shielding improvements can be achieved for the smallest diameter ovoid, that is, in the minicolpostat. The plastic minicolpostat dose distributions are similar to those produced by the conventional larger diameter colpostats. In particular, the colpostat shielding for rectum and bladder, which is reduced in the metal applicator's minicolpostat configuration, is maintained for the plastic minicolpostat. Further, it is shown that, if desired, relative to the FSD minicolpostat, the mucosa dose can be reduced by a suitable change of the minicolpostat source position.
Application of Computer Graphics to Undergraduate Instruction in Agricultural Economics

This article outlines are experience in building a freshman-level course in agricultural economics employing computer graphics imaging. Lecture material is displayed with a computer connected to a large-screen projector producing high-resolution graphics. The complete course consists of approximately 1,200 computer-generated text, chart, or graphics images. An evaluation of the new method was conducted. Results indicate that most students prefer lectures that employ computer graphics to those that use a chalkboard or an overhead projector. Evidence supports the hypothesis that students perform better on exams when the innovations described in this paper are adopted.
A hybrid spinner and a new reference material for magic angle C-13 NMR spectroscopy

The combined use of high-power proton decoupling and magic angle sample spinning (MAS) provides high-resolution C-13 NMR spectra for solids. In our laboratory we use these techniques to characterize polymeric materials. Magic angle sample spinning at high speeds reduces the intensity of first-order sidebands as the inverse square of the angular velocity of the rotor. The rotor speed depends on the design and the material of the spinner. Various rotor designs are being used for spinning at the magic angle (54.7°) with respect to the static magnetic field. These include the Andrew-Beams design and a cylindrical design with two bearings for both electromagnets and superconducting magnets. It has been noted that Delrin (polyoxymethylene) and Kel-F (polytrifluorochloroethylene) are suitable materials for the rotor. These rotors must be very stable and should have a long life for routine use. Our experience with Kel-F spinners shows that they wear quickly on the edges. The Delrin rotor spins faster and is stronger than the Kel-F rotor, but it also has a drawback in that the polyoxymethylene C-13 resonance appears at 89.1 ppm downfield from TMS in the NMR spectra. This resonance may interfere with the resonances of the solid polymers of interest. Slow speed may complicate the spectra with sidebands for some resonances. Here, we report some modifications of the Andrew-Beams-type spinner to overcome the above-mentioned difficulties. The modified spinners are stable and have a longer life compared with the Kel-F rotors. We also report a solid methylsilsesquioxane as a useful chemical shift reference compound.
Application of electrostatic force microscopy on characterizing an electret fiber: Effect of tip to specimen distance on phase shift

The application of Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM) on characterizing a corona charged polypropylene fiber by phase measurements was studied. Electrostatic force gradient images were obtained from the phase shifts with varied EFM tip bias voltages at a constant tip-to-sample distance, and with varied tip-to-sample distances at a constant tip bias voltage. Mathematical expressions were introduced to interpret the phase measurements in terms of the tip bias voltage and the tip-to-specimen distance. The phase measurements from EFM appeared feasible to provide the qualitative information of electrical properties of charged polymeric materials. The fit of mathematical expressions to the experimental measurements was discussed with regards to the effect of tip geometry on the interaction between the tip and the specimen.
Arc length tests for equivalent autocovariances

This paper presents a new test for discerning whether or not two independent time series have the same dynamics. Several methods in the time and spectral domain have previously been devised to conduct such a test. Here, we explore a new approach to the problem by comparing sample arc lengths (ALs) of the two series. Because sample ALs are derived from first-order differences in the series, the proposed methods work for both stationary autoregressive moving average and non-stationary autoregressive integrated moving average processes. This robustness is advantageous when one is unsure about unit root properties in the underlying series.
Using Manager Reports of Employee Behavior to Investigate the Relationship Between Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Customers' Perceptions of Service Quality

Abstract The Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) framework describes employee behaviors that have the potential to enhance organizational effectiveness and thus enhance customer perceptions of service quality. This paper uses the conceptual model of service quality and the OCB conceptual framework to empirically test the relationship between manager reports of employees' organizational citizenship behaviors and customer perceptions of service quality. The results demonstrate that higher levels of organizational citizenship behaviors among an organization's employees are associated with higher levels of service quality perceptions among the organization's customers. Furthermore the results of this research demonstrate that measurements of employee organizational citizenship behaviors using managers' reports were both reliable and valid. Thus, the framework of organizational citizenship behavior provides managers of service businesses with a diagnostic evaluation system for connecting employee behavio...
An O ( n 3 (log log n /log n ) 5/4 ) Time Algorithm for All Pairs Shortest Path

We present an O(n 3(log log n/log n)5/4) time algorithm for all pairs shortest paths. This algorithm improves on the best previous result of O(n 3/log n) time.
Jacobian---Free Newton---Krylov Methods for the Accurate Time Integration of Stiff Wave Systems

Stiff wave systems are systems which exhibit a slow dynamical time scale while possessing fast wave phenomena. The physical effects of this fast wave may be important to the system, but resolving the fast time scale may not be required. When simulating such phenomena one would like to use time steps on the order of the dynamical scale for time integration. Historically, Semi-Implicit (SI) methods have been developed to step over the stiff wave time scale in a stable fashion. However, SI methods require some linearization and time splitting, and both of these can produce additional time integration errors. In this paper, the concept of using SI methods as preconditioners to Jacobian---Free Newton---Krylov (JFNK) methods is developed. This algorithmic approach results in an implicitly balanced method (no linearization or time splitting). In this paper, we provide an overview of SI methods in a variety of applications, and a brief background on JFNK methods. We will present details of our new algorithmic approach. Finally, we provide an overview of results coming from problems in geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD) and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD).
Synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol) containing asymmetric nucleic acid base derivatives as grafted pendants

The preparations of new model polymers of polynucleotides with stereoregular poly(vinylamine) (PVAm) backbones and an optically active nucleic acid base derivative as a pending side chain are described. The grafting of (±)-, (+)-, and (−)-2-(thymin-1-yl) propionic acid to linear PVAm prepared either by hydrolysis of poly(vinyl acetamide) or poly(vinyl-t-butyl carbamate) has proven to be more difficult than the case of polyethyleneimine. This may be due to a combination of the low solubility and steric factors of PVAm. PVAm formed a complex with oximes such as ethyl-2-hydroxyimino cyanoacetate (EHICA), which activates the amino group of PVAm; it became soluble in polar solvents and gave higher percent graft. These carboxylic acid derivatives were grafted onto PVAm through amide bonds by direct coupling with sulfonic acid esters of hydroxybenzotriazoles to give optically active graft polymers. These coupling agents were found to be much superior reagents than DEPC regarding racemization. The related monomer and dimer model compounds were also prepared by the same method from 3-aminopentane and (−)-, (+)-, and meso-2,4-diaminopentane, respectively. The dimer models were separated and purified by HPLC to give models for isotactic, heterotactic, and syndiotactic polymer models. The enantiomeric purity of the optically active monomer model was determined by 360-MHz NMR spectroscopy using optically active shift reagents.
Myocardial contrast echocardiography versus Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction score in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain and a nondiagnostic electrocardiogram.

Objectives We hypothesized that regional function (RF) and myocardial perfusion (MP) are superior to the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) score for diagnosis and prognostication in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain (CP) and a nondiagnostic electrocardiogram. Background Rapid diagnosis and prognostication is difficult in patients presenting to the ED with suspected cardiac CP. Methods Contrast echocardiography was performed to assess RF and MP on 957 patients presenting to the ED with suspected cardiac CP and a nondiagnostic electrocardiogram. A modified TIMI (mTIMI) score was calculated from six immediately available variables. A full TIMI score also was derived after troponin levels were able to be accessed adequately. Follow-up was performed for early (within 24 h), intermediate (30 day), and late primary (death and myocardial infarction) or secondary (unstable angina and revascularization) events. Results The mTIMI score was unable to discriminate between intermediate- compared to high-risk patients at any follow-up time point, whereas only 2 of 523 patients with normal RF had an early primary event. Regional function provided incremental prognostic value over mTIMI scores for predicting intermediate and late events. In patients with abnormal RF, MP further classified patients into intermediate- and high-risk groups. The full TIMI score could not improve upon these results at any follow-up time point. Conclusions Contrast echocardiography can rapidly and accurately provide short-, intermediate-, and long-term prognostic information in patients presenting to the ED with suspected cardiac CP even before serum cardiac markers are known. Integrating contrast echocardiography into the ED evaluation of CP may improve the risk stratification of such patients.