cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dihydrogen Bonds: Novel Feature of Hydrogen Bond Interactions

The term dihydrogen bond (DHB) describes two hydrogen atoms being usually in contact closer than the corresponding sum of van der Waals radii. One of the hydrogen atoms is negatively charged while the second has a positive charge. This type of interaction was found in the crystal structures of metal-organic compounds in the middle of 1990s. There has been a vast number of theoretical and experimental studies on DHBs. Generally, it is the interaction between the Lewis acid and the Lewis base, similarly as a hydrogen bond (HB). Numerous investigations show that the DHB can be considered as a special type of HB since the analyses of energetic, geometrical, and topological parameters show similarities between both types of interactions.
Path Analysis in Genetic Epidemiology

The method of path analysis evaluates the importance of genetic and familial environmental effects for explaining the variability in a trait. The method may be applied to data on simple families, twins and other extended families. Keywords: heritability; familial; twins; correlation
Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods including detection and quantification capabilities1: (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)

Abstract This IUPAC nomenclature document has been prepared to help establish a uniform and meaningful approach to terminology, notation, and formulation for performance characteristics of the chemical measurement process (CMP). Following definition of the CMP and its performance characteristics, the document addresses fundamental quantities related to the observed response and calibration, and the complement to the calibration function: the evaluation function. Performance characteristics related to precision and accuracy comprise the heart of the document. These include measures for the means or “expected values” of the relevant chemical quantities, as well as dispersion measures such as variance and standard error. Attention is given also to important issues involving: assumptions, internal and external quality control, estimation, error propagation and uncertainty components, and bounds for systematic error. Special treatment is given to terminology and concepts underlying detection and quantification capabilities in chemical metrology, and the significance of the blank. The document concludes with a note on the important distinction between the sampled population and the target population, especially in relation to the interlaboratory environment.
Reproducibility of a Standardized Actigraphy Scoring Algorithm for Sleep in a US Hispanic/Latino Population.

Study objectives While actigraphy is considered objective, the process of setting rest intervals to calculate sleep variables is subjective. We sought to evaluate the reproducibility of actigraphy-derived measures of sleep using a standardized algorithm for setting rest intervals. Design Observational study. Setting Community-based. Participants A random sample of 50 adults aged 18-64 years free of severe sleep apnea participating in the Sueno sleep ancillary study to the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Interventions N/A. Measurements and results Participants underwent 7 days of continuous wrist actigraphy and completed daily sleep diaries. Studies were scored twice by each of two scorers. Rest intervals were set using a standardized hierarchical approach based on event marker, diary, light, and activity data. Sleep/wake status was then determined for each 30-sec epoch using a validated algorithm, and this was used to generate 11 variables: mean nightly sleep duration, nap duration, 24-h sleep duration, sleep latency, sleep maintenance efficiency, sleep fragmentation index, sleep onset time, sleep offset time, sleep midpoint time, standard deviation of sleep duration, and standard deviation of sleep midpoint. Intra-scorer intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were high, ranging from 0.911 to 0.995 across all 11 variables. Similarly, inter-scorer ICCs were high, also ranging from 0.911 to 0.995, and mean inter-scorer differences were small. Bland-Altman plots did not reveal any systematic disagreement in scoring. Conclusions With use of a standardized algorithm to set rest intervals, scoring of actigraphy for the purpose of generating a wide array of sleep variables is highly reproducible.
Automatic registration of multisensor airborne imagery

In this paper, we propose a novel technique based on maximization of mutual information (MMI) and multiresolution that is capable of automatic registration of multisensor images captured using multiple airborne cameras by utilizing maximization of mutual information, In contrast to conventional methods that extract and employ feature points, MMI-based algorithms utilize the mutual information found between two given images to compute the registration parameters. These, in turn, are then utilized to perform inter and intra sensor registration. Wavelet based techniques are also used in a multiresolution analysis framework yielding a significant increase in computational efficiency for images captured at different resolutions. Our results indicate that the proposed algorithms are very effective in registering infrared images taken at three different wavelengths with a high resolution visual image of a given scene. The techniques form the foundation of a real-time image processing pipeline for automatic geo-rectification, target detection and mapping
Taking Grandparent Empowerment to Tanzania: A Pilot Project

For more than a decade, empowerment training programs have been used as an intervention for strengthening the parenting skills and well-being of custodial grandparents in the United States. This paper reports on a pilot project that transplanted one such training program to Tanzania. The curriculum was modified, translated into Swahili, and presented by the author to 13 grandparents in a small, rural village near the Tanzanian capital. The responses to the program were extremely positive. The participants reported that the child-rearing techniques, methods of communication, and tools for education were helpful and applicable in their daily lives. Moreover, they stated that they were readily sharing the information with others in the community. The results suggest that empowerment training may be an important intervention in communities similar to the one studied. In addition, the program reinforced the idea that personal empowerment may serve as an important component for empowerment in the community.
Countering Drug Resistance in the Developing World: An Assessment of Incentives Across the Value Chain and Recommendations for Policy Intervention

The emergence and spread of drug resistance is draining available resources and threatening our ability to treat infectious diseases in developing countries. HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, diarrhea, and respiratory tract infections continue to be the leading causes of death in many developing countries, many of which have already been exacerbated by resistance. Countering drug resistance often involves complex tradeoffs between activities such as the development of new products; ensuring treatment heterogeneity; and guaranteeing quality and ensuring systemic availability, affordability, compliance, adherence and rational use of drugs and diagnostics. A careful understanding of all the players involved in the resistance problem and their incentives to engage in activities that counter drug resistance is crucial for policymakers and resource managers in a range of institutions and agencies. This paper presents results gathered through quasi-structured interviews to understand these incentives and develop recommendations to better align them with resistance-countering activities.
Compiler directed parallelization of loops in scale for shared-memory multiprocessors

Effective utilization of symmetric shared-memory multiprocessors (SMPs) is predicated on the development of efficient parallel code. Unfortunately, efficient parallelism is not always easy for the programmer to identify. Worse, exploiting such parallelism may directly conflict with optimizations affecting per-processor utilization (i.e. loop reordering to improve data locality). Here, we present our experience with a loop-level parallel compiler optimization for SMPs proposed by McKinley [6]. The algorithm uses dependence analysis and a simple model of the target machine, to transform nested loops. The goal of the approach is to promote efficient execution of parallel loops by exposing sources of large-grain parallel work while maintaining per-processor locality.We implement the optimization within the Scale compiler framework, and analyze the performance of multiprocessor code produced for three microbenchmarks.
Fish depth distributions in the lower Mississippi River.

A substantial body of literature exists about depth distribution of fish in oceans, lakes and reservoirs, but less is known about fish depth distribution in large rivers. Most of the emphasis on fish distributions in rivers has focused on longitudinal and latitudinal spatial distributions. Knowledge on depth distribution is necessary to understand species and community habitat needs. Considering this void, our goal was to identify patterns in fish benthic distribution along depth gradients in the Lower Mississippi River. Fish were collected over 14 years in depths down to 27 m. Fish exhibited non-random depth distributions that varied seasonally and according to species. Species richness was highest in shallow water, with about 50% of the 62 species detected no longer collected in water deeper than 8 m and about 75% no longer collected in water deeper than 12 m. Although richness was highest in shallow water, most species were not restricted to shallow water. Rather, most species used a wide range of depths. A weak depth zonation occurred, not as strong as that reported for deep oceans and lakes. Larger fish tended to occur in deeper water during the high-water period of an annual cycle, but no correlation was evident during the low-water period. The advent of landscape ecology has guided river research to search for spatial patterns along the length of the river and associated floodplains. Our results suggest that fish assemblages in large rivers are also structured vertically. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Some Ice-Age Aspects of a Calving Ice-Sheet Model

Further results and extensions of a simple northern hemispheric ice-sheet model are described for the Quaternary ice ages. The model predicts ice thickness and bedrock deformation in a north-south cross section, with a prescribed snow-budget distribution shifted vertically to represent the orbital pertur-bations. An ice calving parameterization is added, crudely representing proglacial lakes or marine incursions that attack the ice whenever the tip drops below sea level. With this extension the model produces a large 100 kyr response with complete de-glaciations, and agrees fairly well with the δ18 0 deep-sea core records.
Regional hemodynamic responses to central administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

Abstract Central administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) produces a marked increase in both mean arterial pressure and heart rate. These increases appear to be mediated almost exclusively by an activation of the sympathetic nervous system. We studied the hemodynamic mechanisms of the response by determining the contribution of the major vascular beds to the increase in arterial pressure. Experiments were done in conscious, freely moving, male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were prepared for measurement of regional blood flow using miniaturized pulsed Doppler flow probes placed on the renal, mesenteric and abdominal aortic arteries. Intracerebroventricular injection of CRF (28.5–570 pmol) produced a dose-dependent increase in both mean arterial pressure and heart rate. A significant increase in vascular resistance was observed in the mesenteric and renal but not in the hindquarter vascular bed at the highest dose of CRF. These data indicate that vasoconstriction in the renal and mesenteric circulations contributes to the centrally mediated pressor effect of CRF.
Pulmonary resection after curative intent radiotherapy (>59 Gy) and concurrent chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Background Pulmonary resection after chemotherapy and concurrent full-dose radiotherapy (>59 Gy) has previously been associated with unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. Subsequently neoadjuvant therapy protocols have used reduced and potentially suboptimal radiotherapy doses of 45 Gy. We report a series of 40 patients with locally advanced non–small-cell lung cancer who successfully underwent pulmonary resection after receiving greater than 59 Gy radiation and concurrent chemotherapy. Operative results and midterm survival follow-up are presented. Methods Data were reviewed from 40 consecutive patients who underwent lung resection after receiving high-dose radiotherapy and concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy between January 1994 and May 2000. The follow-up closing interval for this study was until August 2003 or time of death. Results Preoperative stage was IIb (7 patients), IIIA (21 patients), IIIB (10 patients), and IV (2 patients with isolated brain metastasis). Thirteen patients exhibited Pancoast tumors. Median time from completion of induction therapy to surgery was 53 days. Twenty-nine lobectomies and 11 pneumonectomies (7 right, 4 left) were performed. There were no postoperative deaths. Intercostal muscle flaps were used prophylactically in all but one pneumonectomy patient. Seven patients required perioperative transfusions. Median intensive care unit (ICU) time averaged 2 days and the total length of stay was 6 days. One patient exhibited postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema and a bronchopleural fistula developed in another patient (not receiving an intercostal muscle flap). Thirty-four of 40 patients (85%; 95% CI: 70%–94%) were downstaged pathologically, 33 out of 40 patients (82.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 67%–93%) indicated no residual lymphadenopathy, and 18 out of 40 patients (45%, 95% CI: 29%–61%) exhibited a complete pathologic response. Median follow-up was 2.8 years. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 92.4%, 66.7%, and 46.2%, respectively. Disease-free 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 73.0%, 67.2%, and 56.4%, respectively. Median disease-free survival has not been reached. Conclusions Pulmonary resection may be performed safely after curative intent concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy to greater than 59 Gy. High pathologic complete response rates and sterilization of mediastinal lymph nodes were observed accompanied by highly favorable survival rates. This experience, though promising, will require confirmation in a prospective multiinstitutional clinical trial.
Reliability and error estimations of mechanical shock recorders and impact indicators

There have been significant developments in the electronics industry over the past decade which have led to the development of a variety of electronic measuring devices that can be placed in packages to both record and save shock and vibration data related to shipment. Most of the earlier devices were purely mechanical in nature and used a paper graph or a visual indicator to quantify shock levels. There are many of these types of mechanical devices that are still being used today because of their low cost. This study was performed to determine the reliability and error for various types of commercial mechanical shock recorders and impact indicators. The results are presented in the form of mean per cent errors in measuring shock values. The study concluded that the Impact-O-Graph recorder measured shock values more accurately than the Impact Register and that the Omni-G, Mag 2000 and Shockranger were similar in accuracy and were better than the Shockwatch when used in a variety of packages judged to be typical for instrumented shipment.
107. Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders, self-regulation and pro-inflammatory state

What is the relationship between cognitive vulnerability to depression and immunity? Beginning to fill this knowledge gap, Strauman et al. (2004) demonstrated that idiographic feedback about motivationally significant goals affected natural killer cell numbers and activity differently for individuals based on their self-evaluation. This connection may provide an overarching explanation for the links between cognitive vulnerability and depression as well as depression and immunity. In a secondary analysis of IL-6 data, we sought to determine the effects of idiographic success or failure (i.e., priming self-congruency or discrepancy) during a writing task on IL-6 activation. Blood samples were collected after each of three priming feedback condition, stimulated in culture with LPS and also co-cultured with a gradient of dexamethasone doses. IL-6 levels and Dex inhibition gradients were correlated with depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), and with the impact of the success and failure manipulations on students who varied in their cognitive self-discrepancy. The primary hypothesis was that the cells from highly discrepant individuals would show greater release of IL-6 when their discrepancies were primed by the writing task. Further, we anticipated that there might be an association between IL-6 and depressive symptoms. These results broaden the application of the PNI perspective to include a cognitive/affective framework that is influential in psychological thought and help to bridge the known relationships between personality attributes, depression and immunity.
Acculturation and interrelationships between problem and health-promoting behaviors among Latino adolescents.

Abstract Purpose: To examine: (a) the effects of acculturation on a healthy lifestyle including problem behaviors (substance use and sex acts) and health-promoting behaviors (e.g., seat belt use, vitamin intake, hours of sleep per night) and (b) the interrelationships among problem and health-promoting behaviors among Latino adolescents. Methods: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with Latino adolescents ( n = 609) with questions covering the following areas: acculturation, sociodemographics, problem behaviors, and health-promoting behaviors. The participants ranged in age from 11 to 19 (mean = 15) years. Bivariate correlations and factor analyses were used to examine the relationship between problem and health-promoting behaviors. A combination of one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs), Chi-square tests, and Student's t -tests were used to analyze the effects of acculturation on problem and health-promoting behaviors. Results: Higher levels of acculturation were associated with an increased likelihood of exhibiting problem behaviors and a decreased likelihood of exhibiting certain health-promoting behaviors. Foreign-born Latinos were significantly less likely to engage in problem behaviors. Problem behaviors were likely to co-occur; however, the co-occurrence of health-promoting behaviors was not evident. The results also revealed the co-occurrence of problem behaviors with selected health-promoting behaviors. Conclusions: Among Latino adolescents, there seems to be evidence that problem behaviors and certain health-promoting behaviors do co-occur. To the extent that "healthy lifestyles" are conceptualized as the presence of health-promoting behaviors and the absence of problem behaviors, less acculturated Latino adolescents seem to fare better than those that are more acculturated. Interventions to promote "healthy lifestyles" among Latino adolescents should be tailored to take into consideration the effect of acculturation.
DPYD*2A mutation: the most common mutation associated with DPD deficiency

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) enzyme is responsible for the elimination of approximately 80% of administered dose of 5-FU. DPD deficiency has been associated with severe 5-FU toxicity. Syndrome of DPD deficiency manifests as diarrhea, stomatitis, mucositis, and neurotoxicity and in some cases death. This is a true pharmacogenetic syndrome, with symptoms being unrecognizable until exposure to the drug. A 75-year-old patient with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma developed grade 4 thrombocytopenia, grade 3 coagulopathy, and grade 3 neurologic toxicity with a fatal outcome following administration of 5-FU. Due to pancytopenia, DPD activity could not be determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using a previously described radioassay. Therefore, screening and genotypic analysis of homozygous and heterozygous, known and unknown sequence variants, in the DPYD gene were performed using DHPLC as previously described. All DPYD sequence variants identified by DHPLC were confirmed by DNA sequencing using a dideoxynucleotide chain termination method and capillary electrophoresis on an ABI 310 Automated DNA Sequencer. Genotyping analysis of the DPYD gene revealed the presence of the heterozygous mutation, IVS14 + 1 G > A, DPYD*2A. Genotypic analysis using DHPLC can be employed to screen DPD deficiency in a patient with severe neutropenia. The mutation IVS14 + 1 G > A, DPYD*2A, is the most common mutation associated with DPD deficiency. A G > A base change at the splice recognition sequence of intron 14, leads to exon skipping and results in a 165-bp deletion in the DPD mRNA. We have previously demonstrated that a homozygote DPYD*2A genotype results in complete deficiency while the heterozygous DPYD*2A genotype results in partial deficiency of DPD.
Disturbance of biological soil crust increases emergence of exotic vascular plants in California sage scrub

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are comprised of soil particles, bacteria, cyanobacteria, green algae, microfungi, lichens, and bryophytes and confer many ecosystem services in arid and semiarid ecosystems worldwide, including the highly threatened California sage scrub (CSS). These services, which include stabilizing the soil surface, can be adversely affected when BSCs are disturbed. Using field and greenhouse experiments, we tested the hypothesis that mechanical disturbance of BSC increases emergence of exotic vascular plants in a coastal CSS ecosystem. At Whiting Ranch Wilderness Park in southern California, 22 plots were established and emergence of exotic and native plants was compared between disturbed and undisturbed subplots containing BSC. In a separate germination study, seed fate in disturbed BSC cores was compared to seed fate in undisturbed BSC cores for three exotic and three native species. In the field, disturbed BSCs had significantly (>3×) greater exotic plant emergence than in undisturbed BSC, particularly for annual grasses. Native species, however, showed no difference in emergence between disturbed and undisturbed BSC. Within the disturbed treatment, emergence of native plants was significantly, and three times less than that of exotic plants. In the germination study, seed fates for all species were significantly different between disturbed and undisturbed BSC cores. Exotic species had greater emergence in disturbed BSC, whereas native plants showed either no response or a positive response. This study demonstrates another critical ecosystem service of BSCs—the inhibition of exotic plant species—and underscores the importance of BSC conservation in this biodiversity hotspot and possibly in other aridland ecosystems.
Counsel to the aging dental patient

Abstract It is important for the modern dentist to be able to control dental and periodontal diseases so that their ravages will not cause such a loss of esthetics or efficiency which might invite emotional upheaval and make living miserable, even if the life span is increased. Complete dentures are to be delayed as long as possible by proper dental care. The extraction of the teeth and rapid conversion to complete dentures are to be avoided when possible because of the psychologic impact. When such a step must be taken, careful psychic readjusment should be brought about with careful consultation with the dentist. With such adjustment, happiness in the wearing of artificial dental appliances is possible.
The Antiquity and Evolutionary History of Social Behavior in Bees

A long-standing controversy in bee social evolution concerns whether highly eusocial behavior has evolved once or twice within the corbiculate Apidae. Corbiculate bees include the highly eusocial honey bees and stingless bees, the primitively eusocial bumble bees, and the predominantly solitary or communal orchid bees. Here we use a model-based approach to reconstruct the evolutionary history of eusociality and date the antiquity of eusocial behavior in apid bees, using a recent molecular phylogeny of the Apidae. We conclude that eusociality evolved once in the common ancestor of the corbiculate Apidae, advanced eusociality evolved independently in the honey and stingless bees, and that eusociality was lost in the orchid bees. Fossil-calibrated divergence time estimates reveal that eusociality first evolved at least 87 Mya (78 to 95 Mya) in the corbiculates, much earlier than in other groups of bees with less complex social behavior. These results provide a robust new evolutionary framework for studies of the organization and genetic basis of social behavior in honey bees and their relatives.
What Grasps and Holds 8-Month-Old Infants' Looking Attention? The Effects of Object Size and Depth Cues

The current eye-tracking study explored the relative impact of object size and depth cues on 8-month-old infants' visual attention processes. A series of slides containing 3 objects of either different or same size were displayed on backgrounds with varying depth cues. The distribution of infants' first looks (a measure of initial attention switch) and infants' looking durations (a measure of sustained attention) at the objects were analyzed. Results revealed that the large objects captured infants' attention first, that is, most of the times infants directed their visual attention first to the largest object in the scene regardless of depth cues. For sustained attention, infants preferred maintaining their attention to the largest object also, but this occurred only when depth cues were present. These findings suggest that infants' initial attention response is driven mainly by object size, while infants' sustained attention is more the product of combined figure and background processing, where object sizes are perceived as a function of depth cues.
Thermal decomposition of dispersed and bulk-like NOx species in model NOx trap materials

Abstract The thermal decomposition of bulk Ba(NO 3 ) 2 , Ba(NO 3 ) 2 impregnated on γ-Al 2 O 3 , and the release of NO 2 stored on BaO/γ-Al 2 O 3 are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) as a function of baria loading. Two distinct weight loss events at ∼434 °C and ≥545 °C are observed on the γ-Al 2 O 3 supported samples, corresponding to the decomposition of dispersed and bulk-like Ba(NO 3 ) 2 to BaO, respectively. Decomposition of dispersed phase having a temperature of 150 °C lower than bulk Ba(NO 3 ) 2 is attributed to a strong interaction between dispersed BaO and alumina. Bulk-like phase shows a similar decomposition characteristics to bulk Ba(NO 3 ) 2 as BaO loading increases to 31.8%. The decomposition products vary from predominantly NO 2 at low temperature (≤434 °C) to NO at high temperature (≥545 °C), consistent with the trend expected from the NO 2 ↔ NO + 1/2O 2 thermal equilibrium. As the total baria loading is increased, the amount of dispersed phase saturates at a baria loading of 14% (w/w) while the bulk-like phase increases without reaching saturation. Both phases can be regenerated on 15 min exposure of corresponding BaO/Al 2 O 3 to NO 2 at room temperature. The release of these regenerated nitrates mimics the decomposition characteristics of impregnated Ba(NO 3 ) 2 on γ-Al 2 O 3 . X-ray powder diffraction and IR spectra show that the stored NO 2 species gradually convert to a crystalline, bulk-like Ba(NO 3 ) 2 phase when aged at room temperature. These results are useful for optimizing BaO loading strategies for lean NO x trap catalyst.
Modulated drug release using iontophoresis through heterogeneous cation-exchange membranes. 2. Influence of cation-exchanger content on membrane resistance and characteristic times

An implantable drug delivery method using iontophoresis through cation-selective membranes was further developed. Heterogeneous cation-exchange membranes (HCMs) were prepared by mixing conductive sulfonated polystyrene beads into a nonconductive silicone rubber matrix. The membrane resistivity and lag time to steady-state transport of two salts, (±)-phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (PPA) and NaCl, were evaluated during constant current iontophoresis at 37 °C as a function of the resin content in the HCMs. A continuous decline in membrane resistivity was observed as fractional resin content (l) was increased over the entire usable region (l = 0.29–0.52), a characteristic that could be described by a percolation scaling law (for an infinite lattice, 3-D geometry). Morphological analysis of the membranes before and after swelling strongly suggested that the conducting clusters of resin beads form during the swelling period prior to use. The response time to steady-state transport of PPA into NaCl during a 40 μA constant current (0.27 cm2) was found to increase with increasing l, but not without decreasing the permselectivity of the HCMs for the drug cation. The lag time effect could be explained in terms of an increasing number of fixed charge groups in the membrane available for transport (mfcA), which was derived from a macroscopic mass balance model. The values of mfcA were also found to be related to the characteristic time of diffusion in a homogenous transport projection of the HCM (or an effective medium), an essential parameter for future non-steady-state simulations. The characteristic time of diffusion was found to be invariant with changing resin content, suggesting that the membranes are fairly nontortuous (ca. seven beads thick). By assuming that the thickness of the HCM approaches the thickness of its homogeneous projection, an expression was derived to predict lag time to steady-state PPA transport requiring resistance measurements only (provided that the resin capacity is known). There was excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental lag time to steady-state transport of PPA (r = 0.96, p < 0.001), further implicating the role of membrane resistance in the bi-ionic system. These modeling approaches have already found utility in iontophoretic implant design for prevention of cardiac arrhythmias and may be valuable in future non-steady-state analysis to further develop on-line detection-implant response technology.
The effects of mortality salience on political preferences: The roles of charisma and political orientation

Abstract Research has shown that mortality salience (MS) heightens liking for certain political candidates. Yet the particular qualities that make candidates more appealing after MS has been subject to debate. This study tested three possibilities: MS increases liking for charismatic candidates independent of participants’ or candidates’ political orientation; MS increases liking for conservative candidates independent of participants’ or candidates’ political orientation; and MS increases liking only for charismatic candidates who support the individual’s pre-existing political orientation, whether liberal or conservative. Following a MS manipulation, liberal and conservative participants evaluated two hypothetical gubernatorial candidates who differed both in their political orientation and level of charisma. MS heightened liking of charismatic candidates who shared the perceiver’s political orientation, whether liberal or conservative. In contrast, MS reduced liking for uncharismatic and opposing-orientation candidates. Results thus indicated that MS heightens regard for same-political orientation charismatic candidates, rather than just any charismatic candidate or conservative candidates. Implications for the influence of death-related concerns on political preference are briefly discussed.
Bernoulli Two-Armed Bandits with Geometric Termination

Abstract The standard Bernoulli two-armed bandit model is modified by terminating the choice problem after the first unsuccessful trial. Both terminal reward situations and instances in which payoffs accrue with each success are considered. For independent machines, the stay-on-a-winner rule holds in each of these instances. Moreover, for the terminal payoff case, staying on a winner is optimal with interdependent machines. Increased prior information concerning the properties of a machine decreases its attractiveness by diminishing the prospect for long-term survival.
Making Human Geography

1. Human Geography: The First Half Century 2. Long Live the Revolution! 3. Social Theory and Human Geography: Material Matters 4. Social Theory and Human Geography: Worlds of Meaning 5. New Understandings of Space 6. Methods in Question 7. Human Geography and How and Why Things Happen 8. Making Space for Human Geography in the Social Sciences 9. Making Sense of Human Geography, Past and Present Postscript
Testing the Reciprocal Effects of Campaign Participation

Questions persist regarding the robustness of cross-sectional estimates of effects of variables that are themselves endogenous to the participation process. On one hand, the consequences of working on a campaign have interesting implications for democratic society. Less benign, however, is the possibility that failure to control for reciprocal processes leads to biased estimates of the causes of campaign participation. I use a panel of Democratic and Republican contributors interviewed following each of the past three presidential elections (1996, 2000, and 2004) to explore the relationships between campaign participation and three variables typically parameterized as predictors of participation: receiving a contact, ideological extremism, and strength of party identification. The effect of strength of party identification on campaign participation proves robust; however, I find that nearly all of the associations between contacts and participation and ideological extremism and participation appear to extend from, not into, participation and past participation.
Striking it Rich by Data Mining

In this issue of Cell, Lamb et al. have used a combination of molecular genetics, DNA microarray, and data mining of human tumor expression databases to identify a cdk-independent mechanism by which the interaction of cyclin D1 with the transcription factor C/EBPβ may mediate tumorigenesis.
Incorporating hydrologic semantic information for interoperable GIS with hydrologic model

Component-based approach has been identified as an efficient way to integrate GIS and hydrologic models. Current existing specifications such as OpenGIS or IOS/TC 211 provide a vessel to achieve this goal. However, there is a gap between what is provided in these specifications and what is needed for GIS-hydrologic model integration. Existing specifications provide general semantics for spatial domain, while integration of GIS and hydrologic models requires encoding more specialized spatial domain used in hydrologic models. In this paper, we propose developing an information community-specific abstract data model that would be based on the OpenGIS abstract specification with the intent of achieving interoperability between GIS applications and hydrologic simulation models. Mapping results are presented.
Progressive dimensionality reduction for hyperspectral imagery

This paper develops to a new concept, called Progressive Dimensionality Reduction (PDR) which can perform data dimensionality progressive in terms of information preservation. Two procedures can be designed to perform PDR in a forward or backward manner, referred to forward PDR (FPDR) or backward PDR (BPDR) respectively where FPDR starts with a minimum number of spectral-transformed dimensions and increases the spectral-transformed dimension progressively as opposed to BPDR begins with a maximum number of spectral-transformed dimensions and decreases the spectral-transformed dimension progressively. Both procedures are terminated when a stopping rule is satisfied. In order to carry out DR in a progressive manner, DR must be prioritized in accordance with significance of information so that the information after DR can be either increased progressively by FPDR or decreased progressively by BPDR. To accomplish this task, Projection Pursuit (PP)-based DR techniques are further developed where the Projection Index (PI) designed to find a direction of interestingness is used to prioritize directions of Projection Index Components (PICs) so that the DR can be performed by retaining PICs with high priorities via FPDR or BPDR. In the context of PDR, two well-known component analysis techniques, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) can be considered as its special cases when they are used for DR.
Seeing is believing: imaging techniques to measure atherosclerosis progression

Abstract Techniques that enable the accurate and reproducible detection and measurement of the pathophysiological changes occurring in atherosclerosis, particularly early on in the disease process, will help to identify those subjects who are at highest cardiovascular risk. It is well established that the extent and composition of atheromatous plaque, rather than the degree of stenosis, determines the risk of plaque disruption and, therefore, has most impact on patient outcome. Traditional techniques that only provide information about lumen size, such as angiography, are therefore of limited value in predicting clinical events. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), developed over the past decade, provides unique advantages that have already impacted on the assessment and understanding of coronary atherosclerosis. Several ongoing trials are evaluating the application of IVUS to the study of atherosclerosis progression or regression. These studies, using IVUS, will further increase our understanding of the impact of hyperlipidemia and hypertension on the progression of atherosclerosis, and may help to establish the optimal means of reducing atherosclerotic burden.
Node of Ranvier formation on motoneurons in vitro

One of the most significant interactions between Schwann cells and neurons is myelin sheath formation. Myelination is a vertebrate adaptation that enables rapid conduction of action potentials without a commensurate increase in axon diameter. In vitro neuronal systems provide a unique modality to study both factors influencing myelination and diseases associated with myelination. Currently, no in vitro system for motoneuron myelination by Schwann cells has been demonstrated. This work details the myelination of motoneuron axons by Schwann cells, with complete Node of Ranvier formation, in a defined in vitro culture system. This defined system utilizes a novel serum-free medium in combination with the non-biological substrate, N-1[3 (trimethoxysilyl) propyl] diethylenetriamine (DETA). The myelinated segments and nodal proteins were visualized and quantified using confocal microscopy. This defined system provides a highly controlled, reproducible model for studying Schwann cell interactions with motoneurons as well as the myelination process and its effect on neuronal plasticity. Furthermore, an in vitro system that would allow studies of motoneuron myelination would be beneficial for understanding peripheral demyelinating neuropathies such as diabetes induced peripheral neuropathy and could lead to a better understanding of CNS demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis, as well as neuromuscular junction maturation and maintenance.
Fundamental theorems of nondominated solutions associated with cones in normed linear spaces

Abstract Essential properties of multiobjective programming in real normed linear spaces are studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions for nondominated solutions under regularity and Frechet differentiability assumptions are developed.
Eye pathology associated with measles encephalitis in hamsters.

Measles encephalitis was produced in 41 hamsters by intracerebral injection of the hamster-neuroadapted Mantooth HBS viral strain. Group I (n=10) included 2-day old (newborn) hamsters, each inoculated with 0.02 ml of 1:20 diluted virus. This group was sacrificed 4 days postinoculation (DPI). Group II (n=31) included 25-day old hamsters, each inoculated with 0.03 ml of 1:10 diluted virus. This group was sacrificed 6, 13, 17, and 31 DPI. Clinical and histological evidence of measles encephalitis was present in all infected hamsters. Retinal lesions varied with the age of the animals at the time of inoculation. Retinal folds were observed in the 2-day old group and represented one form of retinal dysplasia. In the 25-day old group, however, earliest retinal involvement was in the form of hemorrhages, followed by focal retinitis in animals sacrificed 6–17 DPI. Measles keratitis was noted only in animals sacrificed 6 DPI. In 25-day old hamsters, measles keratitis and retinal hemorrhages represented the acute manifestations, whereas retinitis occurred later. However, ocular involvement did not correlate with the degree of severity of measles encephalitis.
Soil dynamics and cropping systems

Abstract Any mechanical manipulation that changes the soil condition may be considered as tillage. Most often machines are used to apply forces to the soil to effect this change. Soil dynamics includes a description of the behavioral response of soil to applied forces and a description of soil-machine behavior. The state of development of soil dynamics (quantitative descriptions of soil behavior, soil-machine behavior, and resultant soil condition) is explored. Research needs and directions in soil dynamics related to tillage and to prediction of the resultant soil condition are discussed. The wisdom and vision of Professor Henk Kuipers are embodied in this discussion.
Frequency spectra of disordered chains with short-range order

The frequency spectra of five binary chains with equal atomic concentrations but various strengths of short range order are computed using Wu's approximate method. The configurations associated with the pseudolocalized resonance and localized modes are identified and the probabilities of their appearance are correlated to the short range order parameter Pij. Die Frequenzspektren von funf binaren Ketten mit gleichen Atomkonzentrationen aber unter-schiedlichen Nahordnungskraften werden mit der Naherungsmethode von Wu berechnet. Die Konfigurationen, die mit pseudolokalisierten Resonanzmoden und lokalisierten Moden verknupft sind, werden identifiziert und die Wahrscheinlichkeit ihres Auftretens wird mit dem Parameter Pij der Nahordmmg korreliert.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of individual molecules: beyond imaging

Abstract We discuss several concepts of handling molecule-adsorbent and hetero-molecular structures on an individual molecular basis. Molecular recognition using scanning tunneling microscopy underpins the fundamental progress made. “Beyond imaging” implies repositioning, patterning, and exploring the functionality of individual molecules. Using porphyrin- and fullerene-based systems, we discuss issues such as conformational analysis, supramolecular systems, patterning, and the fabrication of a molecular adding machine. These examples form the beginnings of a bottom-up approach to fabrication and “sciengineering” from a molecule-by-molecule perspective.
The spiral structure of the outer milky way in hydrogen

We produce a detailed map of the perturbed surface density of neutral hydrogen in the outer Milky Way disk, demonstrating that the Galaxy is a non-axisymmetric multiarmed spiral. Spiral structure in the southern half of the Galaxy can be traced out to at least 25 kiloparsecs, implying a minimum radius for the gas disk. Overdensities in the surface density are coincident with regions of reduced gas thickness. The ratio of the surface density to the local median surface density is relatively constant along an arm. Logarithmic spirals can be fit to the arms with pitch angles of 20° to 25°.
Pretravel compensation for vertically oriented touch-trigger probes with straight styli

Abstract Touch-trigger probes are commonly used on coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) and machine tools for dimensional measurements in modern manufacturing environments. Pretravel is a highly repeatable error occurring in touch-trigger probe applications. Advances in machine accuracy and tighter part tolerances have resulted in pretravel being one of the major error sources in dimensional measurement processes on CMMs and machine tools. This paper presents a pretravel model for vertically oriented touch-trigger probes with straight styli. A triggering force model based on principles of mechanics was derived and used as the basis to develop the pretravel model. Experimental probing data were used to show that the model can effectively predict probe pretravel in various probe approach directions. In applying the model to predict probe pretravel, only one model parameter needs to be calculated from the probe calibration data. Furthermore, only 24 points of experimental probe calibration data are needed to identify the model parameter and to perform effectively the prediction. The pretravel model presented in this paper is robust and can be used to reduce probe pretravel in vertical probe applications. The pretravel model can be implemented by means of a software correction module which can be incorporated into machine systems.
Several Asparagine Residues Flanking a Hydrophobic Helix are required to Block Interconversion between Transmembrane and Non-Transmembrane Configurations

Proteins that are embedded in cellular membranes include polar residues at both ends of their transmembrane (TM) helices or in loops that connect their TM helices. These polar residues can prevent the interconversion of these helices from the TM state to a non-TM configuration, with the helices located near the water-lipid interface. The energetic cost of segment movement containing polar residues through the hydrophobic membrane is thought to be too large to allow rapid TM to non-TM interconversion. We have investigated how TM/non-TM interconversion is influenced by an increasing number of asparagine residues in the juxta-membrane regions flanking both sides of simple hydrophobic helical peptides. The central hydrophobic region of these peptides includes a Trp whose fluorescence reflects the configuration of the peptide in the bilayer, and an Asp residue whose protonation state can be controlled via pH. The ends of the helices contained two Lys as well as a variable number of asparagine residues. At low pH the Asp was uncharged and the TM configuration of the helix was favored, while at high pH the uncharged Asp favored the non-TM configuration of the helix. We find six asparagine residues block non-TM to TM interconversion (insertion) for at least 30 minutes, but do not block the reverse which takes on the order of seconds. However, two asparagines allowed interconversion between TM and non-TM states, in either direction, on the order of seconds. This shows that a significant number of polar residues is needed to block interconversion between the TM and non-TM state, and from the difference in behavior when Asp is charged or uncharged implies that the hydrophobic sequence of the peptide is likely to influence this process.
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN SCENEDESMUS COMMUNIS (CHLOROPHYCEAE). I. RELATIONSHIP OF S. COMMUNIS TO S. KOMAREKII1

When Scenedesmus communis Hegew. (UTEX 76) was transferred daily in dilute media and a low cell density was maintained (ca. 1000 cells.mL -1 ), up to 30% unicells were produced in that population. Unlike previously described unicell-coenobium-unicell transformations with other species, these unicells never produced S. communis coenobia (large coenobium type, LCT) but rather small coenobium types (SCT) resembling S. komarekii Hegew. Growth and morphological development of the paratype strain of S. komarekii (UTEX 1236) was compared with an isolated SCT strain (SCT 76-8). SCT 76-8 never produced LCTs and grew significantly faster than UTEX 1236. Both SCT 76-8 and UTEX 1236 produced unicells at low cell densities (...)