cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congenital Aortic Valve Disease: Evolving Management

It is with t repidat ion and humil i ty that I s tand at this podium, su r rounded by peers, many with talents that I have both admi red and a t t empted to emulate; I feel honored to have this oppor tuni ty to address you. I recognize that most of what I have been able to do as an academic surgeon has been accompl ished with the suppor t and help of my family, my associates, and the thoracic res idents with whom I have been pr iv i leged to work. I wish to dedicate this presenta t ion to m y family, the surgeons with whom I had the privi lege to train, the surgeons with whom | have worked and been par t of their t ra ining at the Universi ty of Oklahoma, and my mentors, many of whom are in this audience. The Southern Thoracic Surgical Associat ion has been very impor tan t in my surgical career; my first scientific presenta t ion to a nat ional meet ing was at the 1971 meeting of the STSA in Tampa, Florida. At that meeting, I was awakened rapid ly to some of our un iqueness when my co-author and Past Pres ident Dr Alex Hal ler became a contender for the Osier Abbot t Award by discussing the first seven papers of the program, including our paper . A few years later one of m y residents gave a presenta t ion on the surgical m a n a g e m e n t of aortic valve endocardit is;
Pyomo: modeling and solving mathematical programs in Python

We describe Pyomo, an open source software package for modeling and solving mathematical programs in Python. Pyomo can be used to define abstract and concrete problems, create problem instances, and solve these instances with standard open-source and commercial solvers. Pyomo provides a capability that is commonly associated with algebraic modeling languages such as AMPL, AIMMS, and GAMS. In contrast, Pyomo's modeling objects are embedded within a full-featured high- level programming language with a rich set of supporting libraries. Pyomo leverages the capabilities of the Coopr software library, which together with Pyomo is part of IBM's COIN-OR open-source initiative for operations research software. Coopr inte- grates Python packages for defining optimizers, modeling optimization applications, and managing computational experiments. Numerous examples illustrating advanced scripting applications are provided.
Degrees of freedom of will: An essential endless question in consumer behavior

Abstract Baumeister, Sparks, Stillman, and Vohs [Baumeister, R. F., Sparks, E. A., Stillman, T. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2008). Free will in consumer behavior: Self-control, ego depletion, and choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology ] provide new insights on consumer free will by linking it to self-regulation within the context of culture, the market system, and ego depletion. They imply that free will is strong and widespread, as consumers set their goals and budgets and choose products and brands according to self-interests. However, the article gives little attention to the forces that substantially constrain consumer free will. These include the structure and power of international corporations, the role of socioeconomic status and biography, and the 24/7, high-speed, multitasking, hyperchoice lifestyle of millions of people. I identify some consumer behaviors that appear higher in free will than brand choices per se. I then outline additional research on belief in free will, the experience of free will, the association between wisdom and free will, and the roles of nonconscious factors and marketplace metacognition in exercising free will.
Consumer attitude toward US versus domestic apparel in Taiwan

This study investigates whether or not consumer attitudes toward domestic- vs. US-made apparel differ among consumers in Taiwan. Variables to be examined include (1) apparel attributes; (2) self-concept; and (3) demographics. The Fishbein attitude model was used to measure consumer attitudes. The mall-intercept method was used to collect most data in four major cities of Taiwan. A total of 485 Taiwanese consumers completed and returned useable questionnaires. Results indicated that consumer attitudes toward Taiwan vs. US-made apparel differed significantly among consumers in Taiwan. Consumers had an overall more positive attitude towards US-made apparel compared with Taiwan-made apparel with regards to care instruction label, colour, quality, apparel fibre content, fashionableness, attractiveness, brand name, and comfort apparel attributes. For self-concept variables only modest/vain and thrifty/indulgent had a significant difference between consumers who preferred US- over Taiwan-made apparel. Demographic factors of age, gender, education, residence area, travelled abroad and country-of-origin preference had a significant relationship with consumer attitudes toward apparel. This study is aimed at understanding Taiwanese consumers’ attitudes toward foreign-made apparel. Overall, Taiwanese consumers preferred US-made apparel; however, the apparel attribute of size range needed improvement to increase customers’ satisfaction.
A Bio-Inspired Printed-Antenna Transmission-Range Detection System [Education Column]

A biologically inspired antenna system, based on the wasp's curved antennae, is presented. A stepped quarter-wave Chebyshev transformer was calculated to minimize the frequency-domain reflection and to maximize the power-transfer gain. The widths and separations of the coplanar strips were then computed to match the Chebyshev design, and smooth curves were fit to the computed steps. A portable transceiver, powered by batteries, was used, along with visual interface software, to automatically monitor the data transfer. A specific MAC address was assigned to verify the accuracy of the data.
Congruence between spokesperson and product type: A matchup hypothesis perspective

This study tested the matchup hypothesis regarding choice of celebrity spokesperson by examining the fit or congruence between image type and the product advertised from an Identification and Internalization viewpoint (Kelman, 1961). Spokesperson type (celebrity versus noncelebrity) was varied, aong with congruence between spokesperson image and product (higher versus lower congruence) in a 2x2 factorial design. Results showed that increased congruence for the spokesperson/product combination resulted in the perception of higher believability and attractiveness of the spokesperson and a more favorable product attitude. The implications of these and other findings for advertising and marketing strategy are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Blow-up for semilinear wave equation with boundary damping and source terms

Abstract In this paper, we consider the semilinear wave equation with boundary damping and source terms. This work is devoted to prove a finite time blow-up result under suitable condition on the initial data and positive initial energy.
A research agenda and developmental challenges

Abstract This article identifies a research agenda and developmental challenges based on the issues and programs discussed in the articles in this special issue. The research agenda includes demographic studies to further define the attributes of the participants, descriptive studies to clarify effects of designs and procedures on participants, and experimental/clinical studies to test different designs and procedures. Developmental challenges include redefining role and expanding leadership.
Control of linear dampers for large space structures

This paper addresses the problem of designing a control system for a linear proof-mass damper (actuator) for large space structures. Initially, a linear control law is developed for a self-contained damper. The linear control law shows that although adequate damping can be achieved at high frequencies, very little damping can be obtained at frequencies of 1 Hz or less, because stops must be set to limit the motion of the proof mass. To improve the actuator performance at low frequencies, this paper considers the limiting performance method and its application to control problems. In a preliminary study, the optimal response is calculated for a single-degreeof-freedom model of a cantilever beam controlled by a proof-mass damper using a limiting-performance/minimum-time formulation. It is shown that considerable damping can be achieved at low frequencies. Also, parameter identification is used to find a suboptimal feedback control law based on the limiting performance characteristics. There is an important difference in the way that the last two methods handle elastic impacts between the proof mass and the stops. The limiting-performance-method solution brings the relative motion to rest before impact occurs by applying the appropriate forces. However, in the suboptimal case, the proof mass can strike the stops since the dynamics of elastic impact are modeled.
140. Does migration of immune cells into the CNS play a role in HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment during antiretroviral therapy?

A substantial proportion of HIV + individuals suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (NCI). Likely pathogenic mechanisms include neurotoxicity from persistent immune activation during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). The investigation of activated, CNS-invading leukocytes in relation to HIV-associated NCI is in its infancy. We investigated lymphocyte migration into the CNS in 30 HIV + individuals with ( N = 14) and without NCI who participated in a CNS-penetrating antiretroviral therapy trial. Differentiation status of CD4 and CD8 memory T-cells (central memory, CM; effector memory, EM; CD45RA + EM, EMRA) and expression of chemokine receptor CXCR3 and integrin CD49d in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were compared using flow cytometry. NCI was defined by a global deficit score (GDS) ⩾0.5 obtained from a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. At baseline, greater proportions of highly differentiated and migration-marker-expressing memory T-cells were found in CSF compared to blood: higher %EM in CSF for CD4 and CD8 cells. Also, CSF-derived CD4 memory T-cells expressed greater levels of CXCR3 and CD49d ( p ’s p N = 16), %CD49d + CD4 EM changes in blood predicted the changes in GDS over time ( p
Tetrahedron based, least squares, progressive volume models with application to freehand ultrasound data

We present a new method for the modeling of freehand collected three-dimensional ultrasound data. The model is piecewise linear and based upon progressive tetrahedral domains created by a subdivision scheme which splits a tetrahedron on on its longest edge and guarantees a valid tetrahedrization. Least squares error is used to characterize the model and an effective iterative technique is used to compute the values of the model at the vertices of the tetrahedral grid. Since the subdivision strategy is adaptive, the complexity of the model conforms to the complexity of the data leading to an extremely efficient and highly compressed volume model. The model is evaluated in real time using piecewise linear interpolation, and gives a medical professional the chance to see images which would not be possible using conventional ultrasound techniques.
Total Cross Sections of Negative Pions in the Momentum Range 2 to 5 BeV/ c

Results are presented of pi /sup -/-p total cross section measurements in the momentum range 2 to 5 Bev/c using counter techniques. A comparison with the results of other experiments shows the data, as a whole, to be inconsistent. Cross sections of pi /sup -/-carbon scattering were measured at 3 and 4 Bev/c to investigate a discrepancy between the pi /sup +/-c cross sections previously measured by the authors and by Wikner. Estimations of total cross sections were extrapolated from the measured cross sections, and good agreement was found between the pi /sup +/ and pi /sup -/ results. (H.D.R.)
Completing the Series of +2 Ions for the Lanthanide Elements: Synthesis of Molecular Complexes of Pr2+, Gd2+, Tb2+, and Lu2+

The first examples of crystallographically characterizable complexes of Tb(2+), Pr(2+), Gd(2+), and Lu(2+) have been isolated, which demonstrate that Ln(2+) ions are accessible in soluble molecules for all of the lanthanides except radioactive promethium. The first molecular Tb(2+) complexes have been obtained from the reaction of Cp'3Ln (Cp' = C5H4SiMe3, Ln = rare earth) with potassium in the presence of 18-crown-6 in Et2O at -35 °C under argon: [(18-crown-6)K][Cp'3Tb], {[(18-crown-6)K][Cp'3Tb]}n, and {[K(18-crown-6)]2(μ-Cp')}{Cp'3Tb}. The first complex is analogous to previously isolated Y(2+), Ho(2+), and Er(2+) complexes, the second complex shows an isomeric structural form of these Ln(2+) complexes, and the third complex shows that [(18-crown-6)K](1+) alone is not the only cation that will stabilize these reactive Ln(2+) species, a result that led to further exploration of cation variants. With 2.2.2-cryptand in place of 18-crown-6 in the Cp'3Ln/K reaction, a more stable complex of Tb(2+) was produced as well as more stable Y(2+), Ho(2+), and Er(2+) analogs: [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp'3Ln]. Exploration of this 2.2.2-cryptand-based reaction with the remaining lanthanides for which Ln(2+) had not been observed in molecular species provided crystalline Pr(2+), Gd(2+), and Lu(2+) complexes. These Ln(2+) complexes, [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp'3Ln] (Ln = Y, Pr, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er, Lu), all have similar UV-vis spectra and exhibit Ln-C(Cp') bond distances that are ~0.03 A longer than those in the Ln(3+) precursors, Cp'3Ln. These data, as well as density functional theory calculations and EPR spectra, suggest that a 4f(n)5d(1) description of the electron configuration in these Ln(2+) ions is more appropriate than 4f(n+1).
A modified bootstrap for branching processes with immigration

Abstract In this paper we consider bootstrap approximation to the sampling distribution of an estimator of the offspring mean m in a branching process with immigration. A modification of the standard parametric bootstrap procedure is shown to eliminate the invalidity of the standard bootstrap for the case m = 1, as reported in Sriram (1994). Furthermore, the modified bootstrap is shown to provide valid approximations for other values of m (≠ 1) as well. Thus, in this example, the modified bootstrap provides a unified solution while the form of the limit distribution of the estimator of m via classical asymptotic theory depends on m . It is argued that similar modifications will be useful more generally.
Improved outcomes, fewer cesarean deliveries, and reduced litigation : results of a new paradigm in patient safety

In a health care delivery system with an annual delivery rate of approximately 220,000, a comprehensive redesign of patient safety process was undertaken based on the following principles: (1) uniform processes and procedure result in an improved quality; (2) every member of the obstetric team should be required to halt any process that is deemed to be dangerous; (3) cesarean delivery is best viewed as a process alternative, not an outcome or quality endpoint; (4) malpractice loss is best avoided by reduction in adverse outcomes and the development of unambiguous practice guidelines; and (5) effective peer review is essential to quality medical practice yet may be impossible to achieve at a local level in some departments. Since the inception of this program, we have seen improvements in patient outcomes, a dramatic decline in litigation claims, and a reduction in the primary cesarean delivery rate.
On the method of Coleman and Chabauty

Let C be a curve of genus g >_ 2, defined over a number field K , and let J be the Jacobian of C. Coleman [C2], following Chabauty, has shown how to obtain good bounds on the cardinality of C(K) if the rank r of the Mordell-Weil group J(K) is less than g. The key to the method is to construct a logarithm on J(Kv), for some valuation v of K , whose kernel contains J(K), and whose restriction to C(Kv) is represented explicitly as the integral of a differential. This paper is an attempt to make the case, through a detailed examination of the case of Fermat curves, that this method can be fashioned into a quite precise tool for bounding rational points on curves. We show how to transform an element of the Selmer group of the Jacobian of a Fermat curve of degree 19 into a p-adic analytic function on the curve itself, whose zero set contains all the rational points. As a consequence, we prove the second case of Fermat's Last Theorem for regular primes, The method depends on the existence of a suitable element in the Selmer group; for the lack of a satisfactory theory of descent for Jacobians of Fermat curves, we can only show that this element exists in the case that p is regular. Of course, in that case, Kummer had already proved the whole of Fermat's Last Theorem. However, we believe the interest of this paper is in the method, not the theorem, and as such is independent of Kumaner, and also of the recent work of Wiles. Our method is different, and offers a development of the method of Coleman and Chabauty, many aspects of which are generalizable to arbitrary curves, although we do not attempt to make that generalization here. We now describe the contents of the paper in more detail. Let p be an odd prime, and let F be the pm Fermat curve, with projective equation
Temperature effects on metabolic rate, swimming performance and condition of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius

Critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and rate of oxygen consumption of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus acclimated to 4 and 11° C were determined to assess the influence of water temperature on performance. The physiological effect of exercise trials on fish held at two temperatures was also assessed by comparing haematocrit and plasma concentrations of cortisol, metabolites and ions collected from fish before and after testing. The Ucrit of fish acclimated and exercised at 4° C did not differ from those acclimated and exercised at 11° C [1� 07 body lengths (total length) s � 1 ]. While the standard metabolic rate of 11° C acclimated fish was 28% higher than that of 4° C fish, no significant difference was observed between fish acclimated at the two temperatures. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and lactate increased significantly from pre- to post-swim in both groups, yet only concentrations of cortisol differed significantly between temperature treatments. Higher concentrations of cortisol in association with greater osmoregulatory disturbance in animals acclimated at the lower temperature indicate that the lower water temperature acted as an environmental stressor. Lack of significant differences in Ucrit between temperature treatments, however, suggests that Pacific cod have robust physiological resilience with respect to swimming performance within temperature changes from 4 to 11° C.
Rate Equations for Clusters in Rare Earth-Doped Fibers

Abstract We present two rate equation models describing the effects of clusters on rare earth-doped silica fibers. The first one, valid for my cluster size, describes the interaction between clustered ions (cross relaxation) as a nonradiative process. The second model, valid only for large clusters, describes it as a cooperative upconversion process. These models are applied to both Nd- and Er-doped fibers. In the limit of large clusters, the two models predict comparable behavior, which provides the heretofore missing relationship between these two formalisms. Increasing the cluster size is found to significantly reduce the steady-state population of the metastable level and to introduce an increasingly faster and stronger fast component in its relaxation. The model is used to quantify the effect of clusters on the gain of fiber amplifiers and the threshold of fiber lasers. These results can be directly applied to study the impact of clusters of any size on doped fiber devices, as well as cooperative upconversion in highly doped materials.
Ultracytochemistry of the lung of Polypterus ornatipinnis.

Cytochemical similarities between the polypterine and mammalian lung are presented. The ultrastructural localization of reaction products from ruthenium red and tricomplex flocculation staining indicates that the epithelial surface is coated by saturated phospholipids and mucopolysaccharides. Utilization of various chemical markers demonstrates the epithelial cell to be physiologically active in the transport of certain substances. Evidence supporting the concept that the lamellar inclusion bodies are responsible for the surfactant lining is presented.
Anisotropy and metamagnetism in the RNi2Ge2 (R=Y, La–Nd, Sm–Lu) series

Abstract Single crystals of a complete series of the RNi 2 Ge 2 (R=Y, La–Nd, Sm–Lu) ternary intermetallics were grown and characterized by measurements of the anisotropic magnetization and in-plane resistivity in zero and applied magnetic field. The majority of moment-bearing members of the series order antiferromagnetically and have a series of transitions in zero applied magnetic field and there is a rough de Gennes scaling of Θ D and T N for the heavy rare-earth members of the series. Signatures of the metamagnetic transitions in the magnetically ordered state and magnetic transitions in zero field are observed for a number of the members of the series. TbNi 2 Ge 2 was studied in more details. Angular-dependent magnetization measurements support the hypothesis that the spins in the ordered states are confined to the c -axis. Complex H–T (H‖c) phase diagram for this material was derived from the magnetization measurements at different temperatures ( M ( H )) and applied fields ( M ( T )). It is suggested that TbNi 2 Ge 2 is a promising candidate for the `devil's staircase’ material. In addition, YbNi 2 Ge 2 is suggested to have strong 4f-conduction electron hybridization and is characterized as a 4f-hole analog of the previously studied CeNi 2 Ge 2 moderate heavy fermion compound.
Thermodynamic admissibility of irrotational flow of two immiscible viscous and heat conducting fluids rotating between two concentric cylinders

Abstract A thermodynamically admissible motion of two immiscible fluids rotating irrotationally between two concentric cylinders is presented. The analysis shows that the product of the velocity and the viscosity is continuous at the interface. Thus, slip exists at the interface whenever the fluids have different viscosities. Applying the second law jump condition to the interface, referred to as the Clausius-Duhem inequality, we find that the motion is thermodynamically admissible if the velocity of the outer fluid is smaller or equal to the velocity of the inner fluid. Vulnerability of the interface to Kelvin-Helmoltz instability is tested and the range of wavenumbers for which the fluid-fluid interface of an irrotational admissible motion is stable to small disturbances is determined. It is furthermore shown that if the condition of irrotationality is relaxed there exists a family of rotational admissible solutions satisfying the same boundary conditions at the solid boundaries as the irrotational solution.
Intracerebral haloperidol potentiates the dorsal immobility response in the rat.

Abstract The effects of intracerebral microinjections of 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanone (haloperidol) (1.0 μg, 0.5 μl) in five regions of the brain were tested on the duration of the dorsal immobility response (DIR) and the cling and bar catalepsy in the rat. The duration of the DIR was significantly potentiated (but not the cling and bar catalepsy) following 2-h postinjection of haloperidol in the caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, and globus pallidus but not in the substantia nigra pars compacta or cortex. These data further expand the previous evidence of regional variations in dopamine to the effects upon inhibitory behaviors.
Cloning and Expression of a Novel Mammalian Homolog ofDrosophila Transient Receptor Potential (Trp) Involved in Calcium Entry Secondary to Activation of Receptors Coupled by the Gq Class of G Protein

Hormonal stimulation of Gq-protein coupled receptors triggers Ca2+ mobilization from internal stores. This is followed by a Ca2+ entry through the plasma membrane.Drosophila Trp and Trpl proteins have been implicated in Ca2+ entry and three mammalian homologues ofDrosophila Trp/Trpl, hTrp1, hTrp3 and bTrp4 (also bCCE) have been cloned and expressed. Using mouse brain RNA as template, we report here the polymerase chain reaction-based cloning and functional expression of a novel Trp, mTrp6. The cDNA encodes a protein of 930 amino acids, the sequence of which is 36.8, 36.3, 43.1, 38.6, and 74.1% identical to Drosophila Trp and Trpl, bovine Trp4, and human Trp1 and Trp3, respectively. Transient expression of mTrp6 in COS.M6 cells by transfection of the full-length mTrp6 cDNA increases Ca2+ entry induced by stimulation of co-transfected M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor with carbachol (CCh), as seen by dual wavelength fura 2 fluorescence ratio measurements. The mTrp6-mediated increase in Ca2+ entry activity was blocked by SKF-96365 and La3+. Ca2+ entry activity induced by thapsigargin was similar in COS cells transfected with or without the mTrp6 cDNA. The thapsigargin-stimulated Ca2+ entry could not be further stimulated by CCh in control cells but was markedly increased in mTrp6-transfected cells. Records of whole cell transmembrane currents developed in response to voltage ramps from −80 to +40 mV in control HEK cells and HEK cells stably expressing mTrp6 revealed the presence of a muscarinic receptor responsive non-selective cation conductance in Trp6 cells that was absent in control cells. Our data support the hypothesis that mTrp6 encodes an ion channel subunit that mediates Ca2+ entry stimulated by a G-protein coupled receptor, but not Ca2+ entry stimulated by intracellular Ca2+store depletion.
Vertebrates have conserved capping protein α isoforms with specific expression patterns

Capping protein (CP), a ubiquitous actin binding protein composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, is important for actin assembly and cell motility. Lower organisms have one gene and one isoform of each subunit. Chickens have two very similar alpha-subunit isoforms. To determine if vertebrates in general contain multiple alpha isoforms and if those alpha isoforms have conserved sequences, we isolated and analyzed alpha subunit cDNA's in mice and humans. Both mice and humans also have two alpha isoforms. Phylogenetic analysis of the alpha isoform sequences reveals that vertebrates have two highly conserved subfamilies, alpha1 and alpha2. The alpha1 and alpha2 subfamilies are very similar to each other but can be defined and distinguished from each other by a small number of key amino acid residues. In addition, 3' untranslated cDNA sequences are conserved within the isoform subfamilies. To investigate the function of the alpha isoforms, we examined their expression in mouse cells and tissues. Endothelial cells contain only the alpha2 isoform, and erythrocytes contain almost exclusively the alpha1 isoform. Most tissues have both alpha1 and alpha2 isoforms but the ratio of alpha1:alpha2 varies widely. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that the CP alpha isoforms have conserved, unique and essential roles in vertebrates.
Mean particle paths and streaklines from synoptic weather maps

Air pollution research has been confined to local, Eulerian point of view. There is an increased interest among nations to learn about atmospheric pollution at the global level. A method of analysis is proposed for obtaining mean pathlines and streaklines from hemispheric weather maps. Such an analysis can produce fast and accurate results when used in conjunction with optical‐electronic transcription of such maps on tape, followed by a computer oriented numerical analysis.
Carbonic anhydrase activity in kidney and lower intestine of the European starling.

A histochemical investigation of kidney and lower intestine of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) shows no carbonic anhydrase activity in proximal convoluted tubules, although activity is seen in similarly prepared sections of rat proximal tubules. Early distal tubule cells in the starling are stained throughout the cytoplasm and at the apical and highly infolded basolateral membranes. Late distal tubules lose apical activity and have reduced basolateral infolding, resulting in less intense staining. Darkly stained intercalated cells appear in the connecting tubules and cortical collecting ducts. Both of these segments also show intense basolateral staining. Medullary cones of the starling are highly organized, with central zones containing unstained thin descending limbs of loops of Henle, surrounded by both medullary collecting ducts with only scattered cells staining for enzyme, and by thick ascending limb segments. The latter contain many uniformly stained cells intermingled with occasional unstained cells. Scattered cells of the starling colonic villi demonstrate intense apical brush border membrane staining as well as cytoplasmic staining. Cells lining the cloaca stain less intensely. A biochemical assay for carbonic anhydrase was used to quantify enzyme activity in these tissues. Starling kidney contained 1.96 ± 0.33 (mean ± SEM) enzyme units/mg protein, less than half the activity seen in rat kidney. Stripped colonic epithelium contained 0.66 ± 0.15 enzyme units/mg protein. These quantitative results correlate well with the interpretations derived from the histochemical observations. The lack of proximal tubule carbonic anhydrase activity suggests that the avian kidney relies more on distal nephron segments to achieve net acidification of the urine.
The shape of rock particles, a critical review

Barrett's (1980) critical review of shape measures omitted any reference to a compound shape measure developed in 1963 (Janke, 1963, 1966). This measure formed the basis for the only published equations known to this author predicting settling velocities of a wide size- and shape-range of non-spherical particles over an appreciable range of settling velocities, through the Stokes regime to Reynolds numbers of about 100,000. The form factor of the measure was also shown to be useful in quantitatively representing shape aspects of sieving data (Janke, 1970),
Synthesis of terminal Si–H irregular tetra-branched star polysiloxanes. Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation with unsaturated epoxides. Polysiloxane films by photo-acid catalyzed crosslinking

Abstract Acid catalyzed insertion of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D 4 ) into the Si–O bonds of tetrakis(dimethylsiloxy)silane leads to irregular tetra-branched star polymers—tetrakis(ω-dimethylsiloxy)poly(dimethylsiloxy)silane ( I ). The terminal Si–H bonds of I have been modified by Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation with 4-vinylcyclohexane-1,2-epoxide to yield a tetra-branched star polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) with terminal 2′-ethyl-4-cyclohexanyl-1,2-epoxide groups (II). Solutions of this material and a catalytic amounts of diaryl iodonium hexafluoroantimonate, a photo-acid catalyst, were cast onto glass slides and subsequently irradiated. This results in formation of crosslinked PDMS films ( V ). The soluble tetra-branched PDMS stars have been characterized by 1 H, 13 C, and 29 Si NMR as well as by IR spectroscopy. Their molecular weight distributions have been determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), and end groups analysis. Their viscosities were measured with a Brookfield viscometer. The thermal stability of the polymers and the crosslinked films were determined by TGA. The glass transition temperatures ( T g )s of the polymers were determined by DSC. The loss ( G ″) and storage ( G ′) shear moduli of the films were determined by DMTA. Surface properties of the films were determined by measurement of static contact angles. Similar star polymers, tetrakis(dimethylsiloxy)poly[3′,3′,3′-trifluoropropylmethylsiloxyl]silanes ( III ) were prepared by acid catalyzed equilibration of tetrakis(dimethylsiloxy)silane with 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-tris(3′,3′,3′-trifluoropropyl)cyclotrisiloxanes (D 3 F ). These were, likewise, modified by Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation with 4-vinylcyclohexane-1,2-epoxide. Films ( VI ) of this material were similarly prepared by photo-acid catalyzed crosslinking.
A plant breeder's experience with ideotype breeding

Abstract This paper provides an account of my research experience with ideotype traits, including discussion of challenges and opportunities afforded by ideotype breeding. Research findings are presented for two ideotype traits, multiple awn and stomatal frequency, that appear to afford little opportunity for making field gains, and for four traits (short stature, kernel number, kernel weight and leaf angle) that show good promise. A barley ideotype consisting of 14 traits is presented, as well as reasons for choosing the specified phenotypes. The proposed ideotype has large stems, leaves, and heads, and hence is a large competitive plant having morpho-symmetry. This ideotype is contrasted with Donald's wheat ideotype, which lacks morpho-symmetry and is intended to be a weak competitor with its neighbors. Reasons are given for postulating ideotypes for each crop/ecological area, as well as alternative models within each ecological area, and for substantially increasing the breeding effort devoted to ideotype traits.
Refractive error changes in mixed astigmatism

The purpose of this note is to examine refractive error changes in children who change from mixed astigmatism to myopic astigmatism. Data were collected for 16 children who changed from mixed astigmatism to simple myopic or compound myopic astigmatism. Children with mixed astigmatism showed minimal refractive changes until they converted to myopic astigmatism, at which time refractive changes increased.
A Critical Comparison of Ar and Ar-N 2 Inductively Coupled Plasmas as Excitation Sources for Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Ar-N2 plasmas generated by introducing N2 into the outer and the aerosol carrier gas flows were investigated using a 5 kW, 27.12 MHz crystal-controlled rf generator. The dependence of plasma geometry, plasma background intensity, net analyte emission intensity, signal/background ratio, signal/noise ratios, and the detection limits on forward power (1000 to 4000 W), the outer gas flow (15 to 50 liters/min) and aerosol carrier gas flow (1 to 2.5 liters/min), sample uptake rate (1 to 5 ml/min), and gas composition (0 to 100% N2) were studied for observation heights of 5 to 40 mm. Measurements were conducted simultaneously for 20 ion and neutral atom spectral lines. Ultrasonic nebulization, with aerosol desolvation, was employed. Except for the observation height, which was 10 mm, the optimum conditions for Ar-N2 plasmas containing 5 to 15% N2 in the outer gas flow were roughly identical to those of a conventional Ar plasma. When pure N2 was used in the outer flow, two sets of optimum conditions, quite different than the optimum conditions for the conventional Ar plasma, were found for the high and medium excitation energy lines. Detection limits and signal/background ratios of ion and neutral atom lines of the high excitation energies, excited in a pure Ar plasma, were superior to the results obtained in the Ar-N2 plasma when pure N2 was used in the outer flow. The opposite trend was observed for neutral atom lines of medium excitation energies. The use of N2 aerosol carrier gas, when the outer gas flow was pure Ar, deteriorated the detection limits of all elements.
Protein - calorie malnutrition does not predict subtle vitamin K depletion in hospitalized patients

Protein–calorie malnutrition does not predict subtle vitamin K depletion in hospitalized patients
Quantifying Engagement: Measuring Player Involvement in Human-Avatar Interactions.

This research investigated the merits of using an established system for rating behavioral cues of involvement in human dyadic interactions (i.e., face-to-face conversation) to measure involvement in human–avatar interactions. Gameplay audio–video and self-report data from a Feasibility Trial and Free Choice study of an effective peer resistance skill building simulation game (DRAMA–RAMA™) were used to evaluate reliability and validity of the rating system when applied to human–avatar interactions. The Free Choice study used a revised game prototype that was altered to be more engaging. Both studies involved girls enrolled in a public middle school in Central Florida that served a predominately Hispanic (greater than 80%), low-income student population. Audio–video data were coded by two raters, trained in the rating system. Self-report data were generated using measures of perceived realism, predictability and flow administered immediately after game play. Hypotheses for reliability and validity were supported: reliability values mirrored those found in the human dyadic interaction literature. Validity was supported by factor analysis, significantly higher levels of involvement in Free Choice as compared to Feasibility Trial players, and correlations between involvement dimension sub scores and self-report measures. Results have implications for the science of both skill-training intervention research and game design.
A HOSPITAL POPULATION OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PATINETS UNDERGOING CHANGE

From a census investigation in 1953 at the Aarhus Psychiatric Hospital, 393 schizophrenic patients were selected (Population 53, P53) and compared with 282 schizophrenics from the 1962 census at the hospital (Population 62, P62). Through hospital records and the central psychiatric register in Denmark, the population from 1953 was followed for 18 years, the 1962 population for 9 years. At admission it appeared that few of the patients had ever married. This was patriculary so for the males. The males were also found to belong to a lower social group than would have been the case in a sample from the general Danish population. In 1962 more patients had obtained State Disability Pension before admission than the 1953 population. More than two-thirds of all admitted schizophrenic patients were in psychiatric hospital within 3 months after onset of illness. Around two-thirds were admitted upon the request of relatives. In the investigated period the expenses for medicine per patient had increased eightfold, whereas expenses for food had less than doubled. Only 15% of the schizophrenic patients in the investigated populations were discharged to their homes. Four per cent were discharged to a nursing home; 22% had died. Of the 15% discharged to their homes, about 50% were readmitted for some time at a later period. In 1962, however, many more patients were discharged after less than 2 years of hospital stay than was the case for the 1953 population. The readmission rates increased from 38% in the 1953 population to 62% in the 1962 population.
Clinical implications of nosocomial gram-positive bacteremia and superimposed antimicrobial resistance

The coexistence of a pathogen population with an ever-increasing resistance to many antibiotics and a patient population characterized by increasingly complex clinical problems has contributed to an increase in the bloodstream infections associated with gram-positive bacteria. This serious therapeutic challenge has already been associated with an increase in infection-related morbidity and mortality, a prolongation of hospital stays, and an escalation of healthcare costs. Vancomycin resistance, long prevalent among the enterococci, has emerged in strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Several cases of infection caused by S. aureus strains with intermediate-level resistance to vancomycin (MIC = 8 μg/mL) have recently been reported. As glycopeptide resistance accelerates among the gram-positive bacteria, so does the potential for adverse clinical consequences associated with bloodstream infections caused by these pathogens. The patients least able to tolerate the effects of uncontrolled bloodstream infections are also those at the highest risk for the development of infections caused by glycopeptide-resistant pathogens. In this at-risk population, a poor outcome may be anticipated if effective antibiotic therapy is unavailable. Appropriate rationing of vancomycin and other antimicrobial agents that increase the selection of antibiotic-resistant strains of gram-positive bacteria and the rapid development of novel antimicrobial agents with reliable gram-positive activity must be immediate priorities if the threat posed by glycopeptide-resistant gram-positive pathogens is to be countered.
Detection and characterization of Salmonella typhimurium from a dairy herd in North Dakota.

Nasal secretions, faecal samples and buffy coats were obtained from 102 cattle from a North Dakota dairy herd with a history of calf scours. Treated buffy coats, faecal samples and nasal secretions were inoculated into tetrathionate broth (TB), incubated at 37°C overnight, and plated onto brilliant green agar medium with novobiocin (BGAN). The TB was left at room temperature for 5 days and then used to inoculate fresh TB. The fresh TB was incubated at 37°C over night and plated onto BGAN medium. All the plates were incubated at 37°C over night and observed forSalmonella-like growth. Suspect colonies were further tested andSalmonella isolates were serotyped by the National Veterinary Services laboratory. Twenty-two of the 36 calves sampled harbouredS. typhimurium in their faeces, but no samples from cows were positive. NoSalmonella were isolated from the buffy coats, but 4 calves were shown to haveSalmonella in their nasal secretions. Extended enrichment of the faecal cultures in TB resulted in a significant increase inSalmonella isolations, although 2 samples were positive following the initial enrichment period and not after secondary enrichment. The typicalSalmonella isolate detected from this herd contained a transmissible R-plasmid encoding resistance to tetracycline, kanamycin, sulphisoxazole and ampicillin. This study confirmed that delayed secondary enrichment in TB is superior to primary enrichment for detection ofSalmonella from cattle.
Analytical properties and sensor size effects of a micrometer-sized optical fiber glucose biosensor.

A micrometer-sized fiber-optic fluorescence biosensor for glucose has been fabricated. The sensor is 100 times smaller than existing glucose optodes. It is based on the enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide while consuming oxygen. Tris(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium chloride, an oxygen indicator, is used as a transducer. The ruthenium complex and glucose oxidase are incorporated into acrylamide polymer that is attached covalently to a silanized optical fiber tip surface by photocontrolled polymerization. A study of the dependence of the fluorescence intensity on sensor size shows that, under normal operating conditions, the signal decreases with the sensor diameter rather than its volume. Also, the response of micrometer-sized sensors is improved by about 20% compared to that of larger fiber-optic glucose sensors. Due to its small size and the lack of membrane support, the response time of the sensor is only 2 s. An absolute det...
Supernanny's Solutions for Families: An Ethnographic Content Analysis of Parenting Messages on Reality Television

Parenting messages in 15 episodes of the television show Supernanny were investigated through an ethnographic content analysis. Using feminist, social learning, and cultivation theories, nine themes emerged: Children are Misbehaving, Parents Need Help, Maintain Control, Don't Be Harsh, Be a Couple, Engage with Kids, Techniques and Skills, Change Takes Work, and It Works. Results showed that mothers were frequently being told to seize control of their children and employ certain parenting techniques. Fathers were encouraged to help with housework, engage with their children, and not be harsh. Issues related to the themes, as well as implications of the study for parent educators and clinicians, are discussed.
Studies of high latitude mesospheric turbulence by radar and rocket. I - Energy deposition and wave structure

The origin of wintertime mesospheric echoes observed with the mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere radar at Poker Flat, Alaska, was studied by probing the mesosphere with in situ rocket measurements during echo occurrences in the early spring, 1985. Within the height range 65-75 km, the structure of the large scale wave field was identified. In this region, a gravity wave with a vertical wavelength of about 2 km was found superimposed on a wave with a larger amplitude and a vertical wavelength of about 6.6 km. Because of the close correlation between the smaller amplitude wave and the modulation observed in the S/N profiles, it is concluded that the smaller wave was dominant in generating turbulence within the middle atmosphere.
Third surface: an augmented world wide web for the physical world

The ubiquitous use of Augmented Reality (AR) applications is dependent on an easy way of authoring and using content. Present systems depend on specific authoring tools or content delivery systems that provide a limited amount of freedom and content ownership to the author compared to the possibilities of the World Wide Web (WWW). Third Surface is a system that allows the user to publish and use WWW content saved on personal HTTP servers for augmented reality applications in the physical environment. The contribution of this work is a system that allows a web developer to post location-based augmented reality content and AR marker on one's own HTTP server. A Global Location Service (GLS) provides a browsing application with location-based URLs that link the browsing application to content, AR markers, and data for the right positioning of content in the augmented reality interface. The Third Surface has three advantages compared to other concepts. It is globally scalable able to millions of users. The interactive possibilities for developers and users are the same as for the WWW. The developers are in charge of their own content distribution.
The asymptotic behavior of constant-coefficient Riccati differential equations

A simple and self-contained proof is given of a general theorem on the convergence of a constant coefficient Riccati differential equation to a unique limiting value. In particular our result, which includes (strictly) previous results, does not require any analysis of the algebraic Riccati equation.
Dibromomethane–Zinc/Copper Couple

(CH2Br2) [74-95-3] CH2Br2 (MW 173.83) InChI = 1S/CH2Br2/c2-1-3/h1H2 InChIKey = FJBFPHVGVWTDIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (Zn) [7440-66-6] Zn (MW 65.39) InChI = 1S/Zn InChIKey = HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent combination for cyclopropanations) Alternate Name: bromomethylzinc bromide. Physical Data: CH2Br2: mp −52 °C; bp 96–98 °C; d 2.477 g cm−3. Zn: mp 419.5 °C; d 7.140 g cm−3. Solubility: sol Et2O, THF. Preparative Methods: the original method for the preparation of a Zinc/Copper Couple that will react with Dibromomethane calls for the formal preparation of the Zn/Cu couple from 30-mesh granular Zinc instead of zinc dust.2 In this procedure, 35 g of granular zinc (30 mesh) is added to a hot solution of 50 mL of acetic acid containing 0.5 g of CuOAc·H2O (see Copper(I) Acetate). The mixture is kept hot and shaken for 1–3 min. The acetic acid is carefully decanted from the couple. The couple is then washed with 50 mL of acetic acid and three 50 mL portions of Et2O. The couple is shaken for 1 min with each washing. The Et2O moistened couple is ready for use or can be dried with a stream of nitrogen. More recently a number of different methods for activation of the Zn/Cu couple have appeared. These newer modifications include the use of ultrasound3 or catalytic amounts of Titanium(IV) Chloride4 or Acetyl Chloride.5 They require no prior preparation of the couple. The couple is prepared in situ by reaction of zinc dust and Copper(I) Chloride.6 The method of choice appears to be the acetyl chloride method. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: CH2Br2 is toxic. Zn is a moisture-sensitive, flammable solid. When the reactions are complete, the reaction mixture is filtered from the zinc residue. It is recommended that the residue be wetted with water prior to disposal.