cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contemporary outcomes of traumatic popliteal artery injury repair from the popliteal scoring assessment for vascular extremity injury in trauma study.

Abstract Objective Traumatic popliteal artery injuries are associated with the greatest risk of limb loss of all peripheral vascular injuries, with amputation rates of 10% to 15%. The purpose of the present study was to examine the outcomes of patients who had undergone operative repair for traumatic popliteal arterial injuries and identify the factors independently associated with limb loss. Methods A multi-institutional retrospective review of all patients with traumatic popliteal artery injuries from 2007 to 2018 was performed. All the patients who had undergone operative repair of popliteal arterial injuries were included in the present analysis. The patients who had required a major lower extremity amputation (transtibial or transfemoral) were compared with those with successful limb salvage at the last follow-up. The significant predictors (P Results A total of 302 patients from 11 institutions were included in the present analysis. The median age was 32 years (interquartile range, 21-40 years), and 79% were men. The median follow-up was 72 days (interquartile range, 20-366 days). The overall major amputation rate was 13%. Primary repair had been performed in 17% of patients, patch repair in 2%, and interposition or bypass in 81%. One patient had undergone endovascular repair with stenting. The overall 1-year primary patency was 89%. Of the patients who had lost primary patency, 46% ultimately required major amputation. Early loss (within 30 days postoperatively) of primary patency was five times more frequent for the patients who had subsequently required amputation. On multivariate regression, the significant perioperative factors independently associated with major amputation included the initial POPSAVEIT (popliteal scoring assessment for vascular extremity injury in trauma) score, loss of primary patency, absence of detectable immediate postoperative pedal Doppler signals, and lack of postoperative antiplatelet therapy. Concomitant popliteal vein injury, popliteal injury location (P1, P2, P3), injury severity score, and tibial vs popliteal distal bypass target were not independently associated with amputation. Conclusions Traumatic popliteal artery injuries are associated with a significant rate of major amputation. The preoperative POPSAVEIT score remained independently associated with amputation after including the perioperative factors. The lack of postoperative pedal Doppler signals and loss of primary patency were highly associated with major amputation. The use of postoperative antiplatelet therapy was inversely associated with amputation, perhaps indicating a protective effect.
Rita James Simon

Abstract From her early days in Brooklyn, New York to her overflowing office at American University in Washington, DC, this paper traces the remarkable life of Professor Rita J. Simon. Rita Simon is considered one of the most accomplished, prolific, and respected sociologists today. She has authored twenty-six books, edited fourteen, and written over 230 articles on topics such as the jury system, immigration, public opinion, transracial adoption, and women and crime. Her scholarly contributions to the subject of women and crime have aided in our understanding of female criminal behavior, the types of crimes women commit, and the punishments they receive. Further, as the President of the Women's Freedom Network, she has worked toward celebrating and highlighting the achievements of women, but has steadfastly maintained that women do not need special protections or different standards of excellences philosophy that personifies Rita's life. In this biographical essay, the author outlines the early years, ac...
Performance of multiple pulse multiple delay modulated UWB signals in a multiple access indoor wireless channel

In this paper, the performance of a two user UWB multiple access (UWB-MA) system based on multiple-pulse multiple-delay (MPMD) modulation scheme in an indoor wireless channel is evaluated by computer simulations. The indoor multipart propagation channel model used in this study is based on the modified statistical Saleh-Valenzuela model proposed by Foerester and Li from Intel. The simulation results indicate that the multipath performance of MPMD modulated signals in a multiple access system outperforms the nonmultipath case as the number of autocorrelation function (ACF) sampling points increases for each user. This is an unusual but important result, since MPMD receiver exploits multipath phenomenon in indoor wireless channels to increase the BER performance, hence the transmission rate in a UWB-MA system.
On Solving Constrained Optimization Problems with Neural Networks: A Penalty Function Method Approach

This paper is concerned with utilizng analog circuits to solve various linear and nonlinear programming problems. The dynamics of these circuits are analyzed. A new nonlinear programming network and its circuit implementation is introduced which utilizes the nonlinearities to eliminate the problems encountered in previous circuit implementations.
Evaluation of Metabolic Stress between Jumping at Different Cadences on the Digi-Jump Machine

The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends that healthy adults achieve a minimum of thirty minutes of moderate intensity aerobic exercise five days per week. While cycling, walking, and jogging are commonly observed methods of achieving these recommendations, another option may be repetitive jumping. The purpose of this study was to examine the metabolic responses between repetitive jumping at a cadence of 120 jumps per minute (JPMs) vs. 100 JPMs when utilizing the Digi-Jump machine. Twenty-eight subjects completed two jumping trials, one at 120 JPMs and one at 100 JPMs. Subjects jumped until volitional exhaustion, or for a maximum of fifteen minutes. Oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed each minute of each exercise trial. RPE was differentiated, in that subjects reported perceived exertion of their total body, their upper-leg, and their lower leg. Results of this study indicated that there was no significant difference between the two trials for VO2, HR, or total body RPE. Differences were reported between trials for peak and average RER, with the 120 JPM trial eliciting a lower RER for both (peak: 1.08 ± .087 vs. 1.17 ± .1 p=.000; average: .99 ± .076 vs. 1.04 ± .098 p=.002), peak upper leg RPE (120: 15.29 ± 3.89 vs. 100: 16.75 ± 2.52 p=.022), and average lower leg RPE (120: 15.04 ± 2.55 vs. 100: 13.94 ± 2.02 p=.019). Also, there was a significant difference in exercise duration between the trials, with subjects able to exercise longer during the 120 JPM trial (12.4 ± 3.42 mins vs. 9.68 ± 4.31 mins p=.000). These data indicate that while the physiological stress may not be different between the two trials as indicated by VO2 and HR, the 120 JPM trial appears less strenuous as evidenced by RER values and by subjects’ ability to exercise longer at that cadence.
Proton therapy accelerators-a survey

Many new proton therapy facilities began operation in the 1990's, mostly in Europe and Japan. Protons of maximum energy around 250 MeV are delivered to the patient from an accelerator-a cyclotron or a synchrotron-via a fixed beam line or gantry. A future generation of proton therapy facilities will enable a continuous upgrade path to precision 3-D multi-field irradiation of cancerous tumors. The ultimate goal is to enable intensity modulation in beam delivery from many fields through an active scanning nozzle. This will result in ultra-low collateral radiation, compared to conventional X-ray therapy. Another goal is to fully exploit the imaging possibilities naturally provided by the use of 250 MeV protons. One imaging technique uses a gantry mounted PET camera for near real time dose verification, observing the decay of positron emitting isotopes created by nuclear collisions in a therapy session. A second technique uses new detector and software technologies to enable low dose in situ proton radiography, with millimeter resolution.
Porous-Media Flow Fields for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells II. Analysis of Channel Two-Phase Flow

Following the concept developed in Part I of this study [Y. Wang, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156, B1124 (2009)], this paper deals with the two-phase transport in the porous-media channel for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Two-phase flow in the channel plays a crucial role in both reactant supply and water removal for a high humidity operation. Based on the two-fluid description, we developed a two-phase transport model for the PEFC channel, and we further analytically obtained the profiles of the phase velocities, liquid/gas volume fractions, and pressures for both liquid and gas phases along the channel. We find that the impact of the capillary action can be neglected for the liquid transport along the channel. The prediction of liquid saturation profiles varies considerably when using different models of the relative permeabilities. A maximum liquid saturation of approximately 20% is predicted, which avoids the occurrence of a high transport resistance for gaseous reactants. Pores in the porous-media channel cannot be completely occupied by liquid due to the dominant interfacial forces among the phases. These benefits make the proposed porous channel approach superior to the traditional hollow channels in terms of two-phase transport characteristics.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibition enhances the antitumor effect of radiation in the treatment of squamous carcinoma xenografts.

This study tests whether the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), combines favorably with ionizing radiation (IR) in controlling squamous carcinoma tumor growth. Animals bearing FaDu and A431 xenografts were treated with L-NNA in the drinking water. IR exposure was 10 Gy for tumor growth and survival studies and 4 Gy for ex vivo clonogenic assays. Cryosections were examined immunohistochemically for markers of apoptosis and hypoxia. Blood flow was assayed by fluorescent microscopy of tissue cryosections after i.v. injection of fluorospheres. Orally administered L-NNA for 24 hrs reduces tumor blood flow by 80% (p<0.01). Within 24 hrs L-NNA treatment stopped tumor growth for at least 10 days before tumor growth again ensued. The growth arrest was in part due to increased cell killing since a combination of L-NNA and a single 4 Gy IR caused 82% tumor cell killing measured by an ex vivo clonogenic assay compared to 49% by L-NNA or 29% by IR alone. A Kaplan-Meyer analysis of animal survival revealed a distinct survival advantage for the combined treatment. Combining L-NNA and IR was also found to be at least as effective as a single i.p. dose of cisplatin plus IR. In contrast to the in vivo studies, exposure of cells to L-NNA in vitro was without effect on clonogenicity with or without IR. Western and immunochemical analysis of expression of a number of proteins involved in NO signaling indicated that L-NNA treatment enhanced arginase-2 expression and that this may represent vasculature remodeling and escape from NOS inhibition. For tumors such as head and neck squamous carcinomas that show only modest responses to inhibitors of specific angiogenic pathways, targeting NO-dependent pro-survival and angiogenic mechanisms in both tumor and supporting stromal cells may present a potential new strategy for tumor control.
Socialist and world market prices: An ingrowth?☆

Abstract This paper presents tests of the relationship between East-West trade prices and intra-Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) prices for transferable ruble transactions for two sets of Hungarian data. A special test on the significance of the introduction of the Moscow modification of 1975 is executed where feasible. This is relevant for more than half of the commodities studied. Well-behaved relationships between world and CMEA prices are obtained for the majority of commodities, but frequently the elasticities diverge significantly from unity. This suggests that changes in average East-West trade prices are transmitted into the CMEA price formula only partly. For those products for which the relationship is statistically weak, other determinants of CMEA prices should be explored.
Effects of ectopic expression of Drosophila DNA glycosylases dOgg1 and RpS3 in mitochondria

The main purpose of this study was to determine whether enhancement of repair capacity would attenuate mitochondrial DNA oxidative damage and result in greater cell survival under stressful conditions. The repair of oxidative damage is initiated by DNA glycosylases, which catalyze the excision of oxidized bases, such as 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). Drosophila DNA glycosylases, dOgg1 and RpS3, were ectopically expressed within the mitochondrial matrix in Drosophila S2 cells, causing a severalfold decrease in the levels of 8-oxodG in mitochondrial DNA. Unexpectedly, cells did not show increased resistance to oxidative stress, but instead became more susceptible to treatment with hydrogen peroxide or paraquat. Even in the absence of oxidative challenge, cells expressing RpS3 or dOgg1 in mitochondria exhibited increased apoptosis relative to controls, as determined by flow-cytometric analysis of Annexin V and DNA degradation measured by the Comet assay. Another notable finding was that ectopic expression of either dOgg1 or RpS3 in mitochondria increased cell survival after exposure to the nitric oxide donor SNAP. These results suggest that ectopic expression of one of the constituents of the DNA repair system in mitochondria may cause a perturbation in the base excision repair pathway and lower, rather than enhance, survivability.
Replacement of the cervical segment of the esophagus with an aortic homograft.

Abstract 1. 1. A review of our total experience with cancer of the cervical segment of the esophagus, both primary and metastatic, has been presented. 2. 2. A successful replacement of the cervical esophagus with an aortic homograft is recorded. This is the first case of this type of which we are aware. 3. 3. An unsuccessful example of a similar procedure is included. It exemplifies that the graft should be sutured only to living tissue, not to itself. 4. 4. The procedure has the advantage of being performed in one stage.
Runoff and sediment loss from three tillage systems under simulated rainfall

Certain agricultural soils of the Piedmont region in the southern USA are prone to sealing and crust formation and consequently require appropriate tillage/residue management systems to conserve soil and water. The objective of this research was to assess runoff and sediment loss from a Pacolet sandy clay loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Kanhapludult) in a 2-year field experiment. Conventional tillage (CT) corn (Zea mays L.) for grain, no-tillage grain production with surface residue (NTG), and no-tillage silage production without surface residue (NTS) were compared under simulated rainfall of 12.7 and 50.8 mm h−1. In addition to runoff determinations, selected soil physical properties were measured in the plant row, and trafficked and untrafficked interrow. Residue cover was > 90% in NTG plots, 41% in NTS, and < 10% in CT. While sediment loss (NTG < NTS < CT) was associated with residue cover, no-tillage runoff exceeded CT on all but one date. Average first event runoff in both years (% of water applied) was 40% for NTG, 44% for NTS, and 22% for CT. Runoff doubled with CT on the second event each year, suggesting soil surface seal development. Soil physical properties were affected less by tillage system than position. Bulk density was 1.60 vs. 1.41 g cm−3 in 1990 and 1.65 vs. 1.44 g cm−3 in 1991 for trafficked versus untrafficked positions. Macroporosity was 50% less in trafficked areas. Although saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) was variable, untrafficked Ksat was 22–38 times and temporal rainfall patterns are important factors governing runoff potential.
Arthroscopic Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior Repair

Superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) tears were likely underappreciated before the advent of shoulder arthroscopy and contemporary magnetic resonance imaging techniques. A body of literature exists that guides both the diagnosis and treatment of SLAP lesions. This article summarizes our current knowledge of the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of SLAP lesions. We describe, in detail, our arthroscopic SLAP repair technique for type I through type IV SLAP lesions.
Binding energies of alkali metal halide cluster ions: calculated by electrostatic models and measured by the kinetic method

Abstract Experimental measurement of the binding energy of gaseous alkali halide clusters has been difficult. Recently, Chen and Cooks (J. Mass Spectrom. 1997;32:1258) reported the application of the kinetic method to the measurement of relative bond dissociation energies via competitive fragmentation of mixed ionic clusters [M 1 XM 2 ] + generated in a mass spectrometer. In this study the binding energies of various alkali metal halide cluster ions of the form [M 1 XM 2 ] + or [X 1 MX 2 ] − have been calculated using both the rigid-ion model and the polarizable-ion model. The kinetic method was employed to measure the dissociation energies of triatomic cluster ions consisting of different alkali metal ions and halides. Good correlations between the calculated and measured differences in competitive dissociation energies were found for both positively and negatively charged cluster ions. Results further demonstrate the applicability of the kinetic method to measuring the relative bond dissociation energies for ionic compounds. However, it is noted that the kinetic method does not measure the absolute bond dissociation energy between a cation and an anion in the initial state of the tri-atomic cluster ion.
PROOF: a parallel object-oriented functional computation model

Abstract Despite the rapid development of parallel computer architectures in recent years, software development technology for parallel processing systems is still largely inadequate. An integrated object-oriented and functional computation model, called PROOF, is developed to facilitate the effective development of software for parallel processing systems. It will fully explore the parallelism in software systems and reduce the development effort by supporting software engineering principles, such as information hiding, modularity, modifiability, and reusability. In PROOF, we achieve the coherent integration of (1) parallelism and inheritance of objects and (2) referential transparency and history sensitivity of functions. The major features and the semantics of PROOF are presented. A parallel programming language and a software development approach based on PROOF are under development. Implementation issues are also discussed.
Form Factors and Vector Mesons

The 2π and 3π resonances are re-examined from the point of view that they are vector mesons coupled to conserved currents. The theory of unstable mesons is discussed and formulas are then derived for the emission and propagation of these mesons. The connection with electromagnetic form factors is then given, particularly for the simple case of infinite bare mass. The results are very similar to those of the dispersion method. Experimental manifestations of universality (connected with the conserved vector current) are discussed. Applications are then made to the decay of π0 and a group of related phenomena, including several "pole" experiments. Also, the contribution of the 2π resonance to π-N scattering is discussed briefly from the vector meson point of view. Finally, we compare the vector meson approach to the alternative method using dispersion relations applied to presumably dynamical resonances. We conclude that the dynamical picture is an interesting special case of the vector meson theory with infinite bare mass, a case in which the mass and coupling constant are determined and the behavior at high energies is less singular. The methods we develop are applicable to the dynamical case.
VIRAL HEPATITIS IN MICE: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY.

Abstract The lesions of murine viral hepatitis have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Nuclear and cytoplasmic swelling was seen early in both parenchymal and Kupffer cells. In the initial phase of the infection, Kupffer cell lesions seemed to be slightly more advanced than those of parenchymal cells. Some Kupffer cells later developed trabecular edema, but the transformation of Kupffer cells into acidophilic bodies has not been observed. Swelling and hyalinization were the chief parenchymal cytoplasmic lesions. Electron microscopy indicated that dilatation of the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum corresponded to swelling of parenchymal cells and loss of ribosomes, mitochondrial damage, lipid accumulations, and smooth membrane proliferation to hyalinization. Mitochondrial swelling followed changes in the ergastoplasm. Fragmentation and increased density of some mitochondria occurred subsequently. Many moderately dense lipid-containing vesicles with single membranes developed in parenchymal cells. In the later stages of the infection some of these vesicles were engulfed by dense bodies. At first there was depletion of glycogen and later the formation of rosettes of particulate glycogen. Other changes included prominence of the Golgi apparatus and dilatation of bile canaliculi. Viruslike particles measured about 100 mμ in diameter. They were best seen in that part of the parenchymal cells which borders the space of Disse.
Equity perceptions as a deterrent to software piracy behavior

Software piracy is a problem for the software industry. An estimated world-wide piracy rate of 35%, representing approximately a $31 billion dollar loss in 2004 was reported by the second annual Business Software Alliance (BSA) and International Data Corporation (IDC) piracy study. This high rate shows piracy to be a significant global problem. Both BSA and the Software and Information Industry Association consider the impact of piracy to be a critical issue and have established web links to allow anonymous reporting of software piracy. Deterrents have been welcomed by software producers and others. Equity theory offers a possible explanation of software piracy behavior but no models have been shown to link equity constructs as having a direct influence on software piracy. We investigated the use of equity theory (fairness) as a deterrent to software piracy. Our results identified equity components that significantly influenced equity in the context of software piracy and further indicated that equity significantly influenced software piracy.
PHOTOPRODUCT FORMATION IN DNA AT LOW TEMPERATURes.

— The temperature dependence of thy mine photoproduct formation in Escherichia culi DNA dissolved either in water or in a 50 per cent ethylene glycol solution was studied at temperatures between + 25 and — 196°C. At low temperatures, the formation of thymine dimer was strongly inhibited. A dose of 1 × 104 ergs/mm2 at 280 nm converted 2 per cent of the thymine to dimer at 25°C as compared with 0.2 per cent at — 196°C. In addition, a new thymine photo-product which was both nonphotoreversible and nonphotoreactivable was found at low temperatures. On the basis of its chromatographic mobility, this new photoproduct was assumed to be the same as that isolated from irradiated spores of Bacillus megaterium. Extensive irradiation at 254 nrn of DNA at — 120°C resulted in a yield of > 23 per cent for the ‘spore-type’ photoproduct as compared with 6 per cent for the thymine dimer. In poly d(AT), irradiated at low temperature, no spore-type photoproduct was found; this suggests that adjacent thymine residues are necessary for the formation of the spore-type photoproduct.
Prostaglandin and the osmoregulatory role of prolactin in a teleost

Abstract Prolactin stimulates elevation of plasma chloride concentrations in Fundulus grandis . Treatment of fish with inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis (indomethacin or aspirin) prevents elevation of plasma chloride following prolactin injection. Prostaglandin E 1 stimulates increased plasma chloride concentrations in either indomethacin- or aspirin-treated fish. We theorize from these results that at least some of prolactin's actions with regard to teleostean osmoregulation are mediated by stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis.
Analysis of Heterogeneous NADH Fluorescence in Live Cells During Hypoxia

The majority of solid cancers contain poorly oxygenated areas. Cells react to oxygen limitation by genetic and biochemical reprogramming that decrease mitochondrial functions and drives glucose utilization for energy production. Louis Pasteur observed the effects of oxygen availability on the balance between oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis more than a century ago. Normal mitochondrial function is a critical factor in maintaining cellular homeostasis in various organs of the body. Due to the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in many pathological states, the real-time in-vitro monitoring of the mitochondrial metabolic state is crucially important. Hypoxia is one of the features of poorly vascularized areas of solid tumors but cancer cells can survive in these areas despite the low oxygen tension. The adaptation to hypoxia requires both biochemical and genetic responses that culminate in a metabolic rearrangement to counter-balance the decrease in energy supply from mitochondrial respiration. The understanding of metabolic adaptations under hypoxia could reveal novel pathways that, if targeted, would lead to specific death of hypoxic regions. Deprivation of oxygen reduces oxidative phosphorylation and rapidly causes an increase in cellular NADH, which can be monitored by multiphoton microscopy imaging. Previous studies using fluorimetry have been established that increases in NADH fluorescence accurately reflect the impairment in oxidative phosphorylation during brief periods of acute hypoxia. However, the potential usefulness of multiphoton imaging for following longer, clinically relevant periods of ischemia has not been explored. We studied changes in NADH fluorescence in live HeLa cells perfused with only 10% of oxygen creating a hypoxia microenvironment for periods as long as 1 min, 15min and 30minutes respectively. This type of monitoring in live cell models provides real-time data that can help interpret experimental results and understand better understanding of metabolism of cells under hypoxia conditions.
Facilitation of copulatory performance in male rats by naloxone: Effects of hypophysectomy, 17 α-estradiol, and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone

Abstract Three experiments were performed to explore the mechanism whereby systemic administration of the opiate receptor antagonist, naloxone hydrochloride (20 mg/kg) causes reductions in the frequency of intromissions preceding ejaculation and latency to ejaculation in sexually experienced male rats. Administration of naloxone to male rats which were hypophysectomized in addition to being castrated and implanted SC with 30 mm silastic capsules containing testosterone caused such behavioral changes, suggesting that these behavioral effects of naloxone do not result from interference with the binding of endorphin of pituitary origin. Surprisingly, a significant facilitatory effect of naloxone on sexual performance was absent in castrated controls bearing 30 mm testosterone implants. Recent evidence suggests that 17α-hydroxylated estrogens, which may be produced in gonadally intact males, possess appreciable affinity for opioid receptors. However, daily administration of 17α-estradiol (50 μg) to castrated, testosterone-implanted males failed to make them as behaviorally responsive to naloxone as gonadally intact animals. Administration of LHRH (1 μg given SC 1.5 hr prior to testing) caused a significant reduction in ejaculation latency in gonadally intact males but not in castrated males bearing 30 mm testosterone implants. It is suggested that the facilitatory effect of naloxone on masculine sexual performance results, in part, from a drug-induced release of LHRH.
SU‐E‐I‐94: Automated Image Quality Assessment of Radiographic Systems Using An Anthropomorphic Phantom

Purpose: In a large, academic medical center, consistent radiographic imaging performance is difficult to routinely monitor and maintain, especially for a fleet consisting of multiple vendors, models, software versions, and numerous imaging protocols. Thus, an automated image quality control methodology has been implemented using routine image quality assessment with a physical, stylized anthropomorphic chest phantom. Methods: The “Duke” Phantom (Digital Phantom 07-646, Supertech, Elkhart, IN) was imaged twice on each of 13 radiographic units from a variety of vendors at 13 primary care clinics. The first acquisition used the clinical PA chest protocol to acquire the post-processed “FOR PRESENTATION” image. The second image was acquired without an antiscatter grid followed by collection of the “FOR PROCESSING” image. Manual CNR measurements were made from the largest and thickest contrast-detail inserts in the lung, heart, and abdominal regions of the phantom in each image. An automated image registration algorithm was used to estimate the CNR of the same insert using similar ROIs. Automated measurements were then compared to the manual measurements. Results: Automatic and manual CNR measurements obtained from “FOR PRESENTATION” images had average percent differences of 0.42%±5.18%, −3.44%±4.85%, and 1.04%±3.15% in the lung, heart, and abdominal regions, respectively; measurements obtained from “FOR PROCESSING” images had average percent differences of -0.63%±6.66%, −0.97%±3.92%, and −0.53%±4.18%, respectively. The maximum absolute difference in CNR was 15.78%, 10.89%, and 8.73% in the respective regions. In addition to CNR assessment of the largest and thickest contrast-detail inserts, the automated method also provided CNR estimates for all 75 contrast-detail inserts in each phantom image. Conclusion: Automated analysis of a radiographic phantom has been shown to be a fast, robust, and objective means for assessing radiographic image quality. The method reduces the burden of manual measurements and provides a means by which to monitor and compare radiographic system performance.
Temperature-independent unassisted pyrolytic MOCVD growth of cadmium telluride at 250°C using 2,5-dihydrotellurophene

Abstract The molecule 2,5-dihydrotellurophene (DHTe) was identified, synthesized and tested to determine its potential as a Te source for unassisted pyrolytic MOCVD growth of Hg x Cd 1- x Te at substrate temperatures ⋍ 300°C. Experiments were concentrated on unassisted pyrolytic growth of CdTe using DHTe and dimethylcadmium (DMCd) as a Cd source. The long-term stability of DHTe far exceeded theoretical expectations. Cadmium telluride growth rates were a linear function of the DHTe flow rate and independent of substrate temperature at or above 250°C. The maximum CdTe growth rate measured, 4 μm/h, was obtained by flowing 800 SCCM H 2 through the DHTe sublimer (sublimer temperature 10°C). All CdTe layers grown on high-resistivity CdTe substrates were p-type, with carrier concentrations between 6.2×10 15 and 4.2×10 16 cm -3 . The best electrical properties were obtained at a growth temperature of 250°C, where the p-type carrier concentration was 6.2×10 15 cm -3 and the Hall mobility was 80 cm 2 /V·s.
Replacing/rebuilding individual/institutional memories to create a wireless world

Wireless communication, comprising telecommunication industry products and services which move voice, video, data, and graphics at the speed of the electron, is the back bone of the Internet. We have today a wireless world which two Chief ‘Ntrepreneur Officers (CNOs)‐American Sam Ginn (AirTouch) and Britisher Chris Gent (Vodafone)‐created by their Memory Management during the 16 years between Olympics in Los Angeles (1984) and Olympics in Sydney (2000).
Investigation of surface bombardment damage by leed

Abstract Atomically clean and annealed Mo(001) and (110) and W(110) surfaces were bombarded with Ne+, Ar+, Kr+ or Xe+ ions and the effects were observed by LEED. Degradations determined from peak intensities were observed as a function of ion dosage and energy in the range 25eV to 1000eV. Only beams characteristic of the bulk spacings were observed from the clean annealed surfaces. As is generally the case, the number of diffraction peaks in these beams exceeded the number which can be associated with Bragg reflections from crystal planes, the extra peaks being generally less intense. Some of the major peaks fell below the voltages of the Bragg reflections, while others fell at or near these values. The 112 peak from (001) Mo and 211 peak from (110) Mo were absent or very weak for the clean annealed surfaces. These peaks at the Bragg voltages were developed remarkably by ion bombardment. The minor peaks were degraded more rapidly by bombardment than the major peaks. Some major peaks occurring below the Bragg voltages appeared to be shifted toward these voltages as they became degraded by bombardment. Others became degraded with little or no shift in voltage, while adjacent peaks at the Bragg voltages became relatively more intense. Thus some peaks were present after saturation dosages. None of the peaks remaining after bombardment indicated faceting parallel to other planes. That these peaks resulted from a roughening of the surface is indicated by the observation that the intensity distribution produced by ion bombardment was similar to that obtained by heating an oxygen covered surface. In the latter case the evaporation of a molybdenum oxide caused a roughened surface. Using the procedure of Jacobson and Wehner, the mean area of damage per incident ion was observed to be approximately 0.6 × 10−15 cm2/ion at 50eV for both Ne+ and Xe+ and at 1000eV, 25 × 10−15 cm2/ion for Ne+ and 9 × 10−15 cm2/ion for Xe+. Bombardment of (001) Mo with N+ ions caused a more rapid extinction of all beams than that caused by bombardment with inert gas ions. Patterns from both surfaces of bombarded Mo were restored by heating at 600 to 650°C, independent of bombardment energy and dosage.
Impact of a Series of Drug Information Interventions on Pharmacy Staff

Purpose: A performance-improvement service project consisting of a series of drug information interventions was developed for pharmacy staff to improve the quality and consistency of drug information provided by clinical pharmacists at a university medical center. The impact of interventions was primarily assessed by attendee satisfaction; a secondary measurement was the use of the Stanford Drug Information Center (the center).Methods: Five interventions reviewing different electronic drug-information references were presented in September and October 2005. The 1 hour presentations consisted of live demonstrations to pharmacy staff. A handout with step-by-step instructions on how to access and search each reference was created and distributed along with a follow-up evaluation. At the end of the interventions, all of the handouts were compiled into a permanent drug-information resource manual. In addition, data regarding inhouse pharmacist call volume to the center and the type of questions asked by inhous...
Efficient Local Statistical Analysis via Integral Histograms with Discrete Wavelet Transform

Histograms computed from local regions are commonly used in many visualization applications, and allowing the user to query histograms interactively in regions of arbitrary locations and sizes plays an important role in feature identification and tracking. Computing histograms in regions with arbitrary location and size, nevertheless, can be time consuming for large data sets since it involves expensive I/O and scan of data elements. To achieve both performance- and storage-efficient query of local histograms, we present a new algorithm called WaveletSAT, which utilizes integral histograms, an extension of the summed area tables (SAT), and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Similar to SAT, an integral histogram is the histogram computed from the area between each grid point and the grid origin, which can be be pre-computed to support fast query. Nevertheless, because one histogram contains multiple bins, it will be very expensive to store one integral histogram at each grid point. To reduce the storage cost for large integral histograms, WaveletSAT treats the integral histograms of all grid points as multiple SATs, each of which can be converted into a sparse representation via DWT, allowing the reconstruction of axis-aligned region histograms of arbitrary sizes from a limited number of wavelet coefficients. Besides, we present an efficient wavelet transform algorithm for SATs that can operate on each grid point separately in logarithmic time complexity, which can be extended to parallel GPU-based implementation. With theoretical and empirical demonstration, we show that WaveletSAT can achieve fast preprocessing and smaller storage overhead than the conventional integral histogram approach with close query performance.
Successful Endovascular Treatment of Aortoenteric Fistula Secondary to Eroding Duodenal Stent

Aortoenteric fistulas are characterized as either primary or secondary on the basis of their cause. Most aortoenteric fistulas occur between the aorta and duodenum and are a rare but well-known cause of catastrophic gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Conventional treatment of aortoenteric fistulas uses bypass grafting and aortic ligation, but endovascular treatments have become more common. The authors describe the successful endovascular repair of a primary aortoenteric fistula caused by eroding duodenal stent.
WIND DIESEL ENERGY-SYSTEMS - REVIEW OF DESIGN OPTIONS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Abstract The combination of wind turbine generators with diesel engine-generator sets offers a potentially cost effective hybrid electric system that has many stand-alone and small girl-connected applications. This article reviews wind/diesel systems and the current status of worldwide research and development on such systems. Included is a detailed summary of the modes of operation and types of wind/diesel systems, as well as a review of recent improvements in system components and analysis. Included with a discussion of general applications is a case study summary of a village-scale wind/diesel systems' generating and economic performance. A design methodology for these types of systems is presented.
The municipality, communism and scientific management: management legacies in context

Discusses the fact that scientific management′s character and Taylor′s legacy are often treated as ideology and technology for controlling labour. However, proposes that scientific management be located in the conflicts and institutionalized accomodations of market, democracy, rule of law, professional administration, and interrelated forms of culture and applied knowledge. Proposes that scientific management was shaped by and, in turn, helped to shape, the dynamic structure of modern capitalism′s core organizing modes. Illustrates this by discussing late‐nineteenth century changes in American municipal administration. Examines the Soviet attempt to appropriate scientific management without the core regimes which shaped it in the West. Argues that scientific management′s abiding character and Taylor′s legacy are found in the institutional evolution of modern capitalist societies, not in the rise and fall of command economies.
Color-mapping techniques for computer-aided design and verification of VLSI systems

Abstract Color raster-scan displays are often equipped with hardware for color transformation. Because the transformation can be redefined much more quickly than a full image can be computed (in a host) and subsequently displayed, it is preferable when possible to perform image operations by simply changing the mapping. Here an interactive layout system for NMOS VLSI is described which gives immediate feedback in color. Viewing modes are emphasized; opaque and translucent modes are discussed which allow the flexibility required for efficient understanding of the design by the designer. The color table is also used to help the designer detect violations of design rules; design rule violations can be readily detected when the transformation unit is used to highlight overlaps of selected VLSI layers or fringe structures derived from them. These color-mapping methods for man-machine interaction promise to enhance the productivity of the designer considerably, and they point the way to VLSI design systems of the future.
SI and Gaussian CGS units, conversions and equations for use in geomagnetism

Abstract A resume is given of the fundamental equations and units of electromagnetism, and their conversion from CGS to SI equivalents.
Abductive learning of quantized stochastic processes with probabilistic finite automata

We present an unsupervised learning algorithm (GenESeSS) to infer the causal structure of quantized stochastic processes, defined as stochastic dynamical systems evolving over discrete time, and producing quantized observations. Assuming ergodicity and stationarity, GenESeSS infers probabilistic finite state automata models from a sufficiently long observed trace. Our approach is abductive; attempting to infer a simple hypothesis, consistent with observations and modelling framework that essentially fixes the hypothesis class. The probabilistic automata we infer have no initial and terminal states, have no structural restrictions and are shown to be probably approximately correct-learnable. Additionally, we establish rigorous performance guarantees and data requirements, and show that GenESeSS correctly infers long-range dependencies. Modelling and prediction examples on simulated and real data establish relevance to automated inference of causal stochastic structures underlying complex physical phenomena.
Mechanical properties of silicon ion implanted and annealed sapphire and polycrystalline alumina

Ion implantation of silicon ions into sapphire and polycrystalline alumina followed by heat treatment resulted in the precipitation of mullite. A dose of 1 × 1018 Si+ /cm2 followed by a heat treatment at 1400‡ C produced an interlocking mullite surface layer with a needle morphology which was identifiable by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The lower thermal expansion coefficient of mullite compared to alumina produces a compressive surface layer on cooling from the annealing temperature and is evidenced by observations of Vickers indentations. Annealing at 1400‡ C resulted in a 30% increase in fracture toughness for sapphire and more importantly, an increase of 30% was also observed for polycrystalline alumina substrates. The effect of silicon implantation on the microhardness of sapphire and on the modulus of rupture of implanted polycrystalline alumina was also measured and is reported.
An asymptotic analysis of a generalized Langevin equation

Abstract The motion of a particle in a nonhomogeneous turbulent flow can be described on two levels: either as a Markov displacement process or as a joint velocity, displacement Markov process. This paper investigates a method of deriving the first process from the second by a direct expansion of the stochastic integral equation. The generalized Langevin equation (defined in the Itǒ sense), dV ƞ =−ƞ 2 α ƞ (Z ƞ ,ƞs)V ƞ ds+dW ƞ , V ƞ (s 0 =v 0 ; dZ ƞ =ƞV ƞ ds, Z ƞ (s 0 )=z 0 is often used as a model of the velocity, V η , of a particle suspended in a turbulent medium. Here, dW ƞ = ƞλ ƞ (Z ƞ , ƞs) dω + ƞβ ƞ (Z ƞ , ηs) ds and ω(s) is a Wiener process with zero that as ƞa∞, the displacement, Z ƞ , converges uniformly in mean square to the process Z that satisfies dZ=σ(Z,s) dΩ+γ(Z,s) ds, Z(s 0 )=z 0 ; where σ = λ / α , γ = β / α - 1−( λ 2 / α 3 ) ∂α / ∂z and α ƞ , ∂α ƞ /∂ z , λ ƞ and β ƞ converge ∂α/∂ z , λ and β, respectively. That is, the displacement process Z ƞ approximates a diffusion as ƞ tends to infinity.
Experimental Ground Equipment to Apply Concentrated Dust and Liquid Pesticides for Insect Control on Sweet Corn

Use of concentrated dust pesticides (¼-2 pounds per acre, 50–80% active material) resulted in better insect control on sweet corn than ultra-low-volume (ULV) and conventional spraying. Insect control was not improved conclusively by use of electrostatic charges on the dust. The experimental ground equipment for applying the concentrated dusts and ULV sprays worked satisfactorily. However, additional refinements are needed for commercial use.
Ablation of Single Crystal MgO by UV Excimer Irradiation

The ablation of single crystal MgO irradiated with 248 nm excimer laser light is studied by means of time resolved spectroscopy and quadrupole mass spectrometry. Luminescence spectra and SEM observations indicate that repeated laser bombardment gradually increases the density of potentially absorbing defects. In polished samples, this progressive growth is preceded by an initial clean-up (reduction) of surface damage. Unlike many wide band gap materials, defect production in MgO by electronic mechanisms is not likely. Chemical etch techniques indicate the presence of high dislocation densities in regions etched by the laser, suggesting that point defect production by dislocation motion is important. The ablation plume is composed of charged particles, including cluster ions, as well as a high density of excited neutrals. The growth of the plume with repeated bombardment correlates with defect formation as indicated by luminescence intensities.
INDUSTRY, ACADEME, AND THE VALUES OF UNDERGRADUATE ENGINEERS

This paper contributes to research about organizational effects on the socialization of undergraduates and the formation of engineers' values by examining the effects of exposure to academic and industrial work, in the form of cooperative employment and undergraduate research, on the educational experiences, job values, and life objectives of engineering students. Using data from a questionnaire survey conducted in the spring of 1990, we found that both programs strongly influenced participants' skills, job values, and life objectives, even when social background, academic performance, reasons for attending college, parental socialization, and other collegiate and noncollegiate variables were controlled. Cooperative employment more strongly influenced students' skills and had a greater effect on their career decisions, but research experience had a surprisingly powerful influence on values and life objectives, particularly the value placed on receiving peer recognition and influencing the political structure.
Conditions associated with large rain-field areas for tropical cyclones landfalling over Florida

To adequately warn the public about the potential for heavy rainfall, it is important to understand the conditions associated with large rain fields as tropical cyclones (TCs) move over land. This study examines rain-field areas during 29 landfalls over Florida utilizing data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission’s 3B42 product. A GIS was used to calculate the areas of regions delineated by 5 mm h−1 rain rates occurring within 48 h pre- or post-landfall. Thirteen conditions were evaluated, including intensity, motion, vertical wind shear, cause of demise, month, and time of day. After dividing observations into groups for each condition, Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests determined that statistically significant differences existed among the groups for 11 conditions. The largest rain fields belonged to TCs that occurred in October or November, followed by those that were hurricanes and/or were intensifying at landfall. TCs nearing the end of an extratropical transition as well as those observ...
A note on the Lorentz-Lorenz formula and the Ewald-Oseen extinction theorem☆

Abstract A new and a relatively simple derivation of two important results of classical electromagnetic theory — the Lorentz-Lorenz formula and the Ewald-Oseen extinction theorem — is presented. The form of the extinction theorem derived here is somewhat different from that usually given. It is shown that, in the absence of matter, the new form of the Ewald-Oseen theorem reduces to the Helmholtz-Kirchoff integral theorem of classical wave theory.