cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathos and Orchestration in Elite Sport: The Experiences of NCAA DI Student-Athletes

Coaching is characterized by an inherent pathos between the goals coaches hope to accomplish and those that are realized (Jones & Wallace, 2005). Coaches can actively enhance the likelihood of optimal outcomes through orchestration, a process of incremental coping intended to create improvement in performance (Jones & Wallace, 2005). The current study explored to what extent pathos also manifests in the lives of elite athletes and whether they engage in processes consistent with orchestration. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes. Primarily deductive analysis of the qualitative data provided confirmation for four domains: (a) sources of ambiguity created by coaches, (b) other sources of ambiguity within student-athletes’ experiences, (c) attempted strategies for orchestrating the pathos, and (d) relationships are crucial for navigating the pathos. The findings potentially offer an approach to understanding the challenges athl...
Discovery of the oldest record of Nitellopsis obtusa (Charophyceae, Charophyta) in North America

Studies of the colonization and spread of invasive species improves our understanding of key concepts in population biology as well as informs control and prevention efforts. The characean green alga Nitellopsis obtusa (starry stonewort) is rare in its native Eurasian range but listed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as an aggressive invasive in North America. First documented in North America in 1978 from New York, United States, it has since been reported from numerous inland lakes from Minnesota to Vermont, and from Lake Ontario and inland lakes in southern Ontario, Canada. While the ecological impacts of N. obtusa are not clearly understood in its invasive range, initial results show negative environmental effects. We have discovered a liquid-preserved herbarium specimen that predates the 1978 records by at least 4 years, and is the first confirmed record of N. obtusa in Quebec.
Differences in urethral dosimetry between CT and MR imaging in multichannel vaginal cylinder brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose In image-based brachytherapy (IBBT), the dosimetry of small structures may be particularly sensitive to changes in contouring between imaging modalities. We therefore sought to characterize differences in urethral dosimetry in vaginal brachytherapy based on contouring on MRI vs. CT. Methods and Materials We retrospectively identified our most recent 15 patients treated with intracavitary brachytherapy for distal vaginal malignancies. On T2-weighted MRI, both the lumen and urethral wall were contoured. On CT, the urethral lumen alone was contoured, as the wall is indistinguishable from surrounding tissue. High-dose-rate (HDR) IBBT plans were generated for all patients. Results Mean urethral volume was higher on MRI than CT at 3.7 cc vs. 1.1 cc ( p D 0.1cc and D 0.5cc , as well as EQD2 D 0.1cc and EQD2 D 0.5cc when applied to a full course of treatment (45 Gy EBRT + 25 Gy IBBT). Conclusions We have quantified the expected differences in urethral volume and dosimetry when contoured on MRI vs. CT. Inclusion of the urethral wall on MRI, with its average thickness of 2.2 mm, likely more accurately reflects the true organ at risk and results in an increase in reported dose compared to CT.
Wisdom and Learning: Equity Crowdfunding’s Role in Reducing Information Asymmetries

Equity crowdfunding has become a popular method in the UK for new ventures to raise money by accessing a crowd of potential investors that contribute small amounts of capital in return for equity o...
Sleep assessment in aging adults with type 2 diabetes: agreement between actigraphy and sleep diaries

Abstract Objective Actigraphy and sleep diaries have been widely used to evaluate various sleep parameters. However, their agreement in diabetes patients remains unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the agreement between sleep outcomes measured by actigraphy and sleep diaries in aging adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods A convenience sample of 53 T2D adults (aged 50–76 years) were enrolled. Participants wore a wrist ActiGraph and filled out a daily sleep diary for eight days. Total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), sleep onset latency (SOL), and wake after sleep onset (WASO) were obtained from the actigraphy and sleep diaries. Bland–Altman plots were conducted to examine the agreement between each sleep outcome. Results The differences for TST and SE assessed by actigraphy and sleep diaries were 11.3 min (SD 65.3) and 0.2% (SD 10.5). Bland–Altman plots revealed wide limits of agreement between actigraphy- and diary-measured TST (95%CI: −139.3 min, 116.7 min) and SE (95%CI: −20.9%, 20.4%). Systematic biases were present for WASO and SOL: compared to actigraphy, sleep diaries underestimated WASO and overestimated SOL. As the SOL and WASO increased, the agreement became lower. Conclusion Overall, the agreement between actigraphy and sleep diaries is poor across all measures in aging adults with T2D patients. Findings from this study highlight the need for sleep researchers and clinicians to consider the method used for sleep assessment when developing interventions or interpreting study findings.
iArchive: An Assistant To Help Users Personalise Search Engines

In this paper we present a method to enhance search engine queries for applications that support the Boolean querying model. The implemented solution provides the casual search engine users with an interactive interface that suggests positive and negative keywords to expand their queries. The underlying idea is to expand a query with user specific positive and negative keywords prior to starting the process of searching. This is achieved by storing some text documents the users are interested in into a personalised repository that is used to perform an analysis of the content of these documents. The analysis consists of finding related keywords based on their occurrence in similar contexts.
Arthritis of recent onset.

Correct early diagnosis of acute and recent-onset arthritis is important to prognosis. The erosive damage done by rheumatoid arthritis occurs earlier in the disease course than previously realized, and more specific therapies to minimize damage are becoming available. Also, arthritis may be the initial clue to a serious systemic disease. Determining whether one, several, or many joints are affected can narrow the diagnostic possibilities. Arthrocentesis and synovial fluid testing provide much information and should be done at initial evaluation if possible. The presence or absence of fever, rash, family history of joint disease, and exposure to infective organisms can further direct diagnostic studies and treatment. In general, to avoid masking clues, drug therapy should be delayed for mild symptoms until diagnosis is complete.
Ultra-Low Write Energy Composite Free Layer Spin–Orbit Torque MRAM

A highly efficient exchange-coupled free-layer spin–orbit torque (SOT) magnetic random access memory cell is proposed for ultra-high-density memory. By exploiting typically unrealized benefits of SOT—in particular, its compatibility with low-damping magnetic insulators and the energy efficiencies associated with exchange coupling of hard/soft composite structures—a write energy of 18 aJ/bit for 1 ns switching is achieved. Furthermore, high magnetocrystalline anisotropy materials such as L10-FePt or L10-FePd are employed not only to facilitate achievement of ultra-high-density memory but also to allow for reduction of heavy metal layer volume and a reduction in write energy not seen in previous CoFeB-based cells. This energy is within a factor 72 of the theoretical limit of $60~k_{B}T$ . It also represents a factor of >500 improvement relative to state-of-the-art DDR4 DRAM cells.
Experimental Analysis of the Role of Intracellular Calcium in the Activation of the Sea Urchin Egg at Fertilization

Publisher Summary This chapter presents experimental analysis of the role of intracellular calcium in the activation of the sea urchin egg at fertilization. The triggering of development of the sea urchin egg at fertilization results from two ionic events. The first is a transient rise in calcium which most probably triggers all of the early events. Some of these early events somehow result in the subsequent arousal or activation of metabolism. In the case of the sea urchin, the most important permanent change wrought in the cell during this period is the activation of the Na + –H + exchange system. This exchange results in a prodigious extrusion of hydrogen ions from the cell with a resultant increase in pH i from pH 6.8 to pH 7.2–7.3. There are two to three different mechanisms may be involved in determining whether calcium acts directly on the process of activation or through some intermediary molecule. NAD kinase is activated by micromolar levels of calcium in combination with calmodulin. The cortical exocytosis is initiated by micromolar levels of Ca +2 ; the role, if any, of calmodulin is unknown. Lipoxygenase activity is activated by 10 -7 M levels of calcium and activity is probably not calmodulin-mediated. It is possible that domains of differing calcium levels transiently occur in the cell during fertilization and that the activation resulting from the Ca +2 increases is through binding to different target molecules.
C. Earl Albrecht and the struggle against tuberculosis in Alaska.

This paper outlines the contributions of C. Earl Albrecht in tuberculosis control in Alaska during his term as Territorial Commissioner of Health from 1945 to 1956. Tuberculosis, called the "Scourge of Alaska," had spread by the end of World War II to every corner of Alaska, with especially devastating effects on the Alaska Natives. When Dr. Albrecht became commissioner, the epidemic was at its peak. With an obvious zest for battle, he organized a campaign on many fronts, with initial emphasis on case-finding, establishing a tuberculosis register, and making available hospital beds both for orthopedic and pulmonary tuberculosis. Later, BCG vaccination, ambulatory chemotherapy, and chemoprophylaxis were added to the battle plan. The results were strikingly successful. He became an eloquent spokesman and advocate for health in both Juneau and Washington, and was successful in obtaining greatly increased territorial and federal appropriations, not to mention surplus military buildings, ships, and supplies. He was also notably effective in bringing together into a functional team such diverse agencies as the U.S. Public Health Service, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Territorial Department of Health, and various voluntary health organizations.
Occurrence of severe hypoglycaemic events among US youth and young adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Objective Although severe hypoglycaemia (SH) can lead to adverse health outcomes, little is known about its occurrence and re-occurrence among youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Methods This study included 2740 participants aged <20 years at diabetes diagnosis and 5-14 years diabetes duration from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Cohort Study. Participants reported SH events in the past 6 months. Differences in SH events by demographic and clinical factors were tested using logistic regression models. Results Severe hypoglycaemia in the past 6 months was more common among youth with type 1 (7.0%, 168 of 2399) than with type 2 diabetes (2.6%, nine of 341) (P < 0.002). The median number of SH events per youth who had at least one SH event in the past 6 months was 1 for both type 1 type 2 diabetes. For youth with type 1 diabetes, those who reported SH events were older, were more likely to have obesity or to be physically active, and had lower HbA1c. After adjustments, one unit increase in HbA1c was associated with 16% lower likelihood (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.75, 0.94) and being physically active was associated with an 87% higher likelihood (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.23, 2.86) of reporting a SH event. There were too few SH events among youth with type 2 diabetes to analyse further. Conclusions In youth with diabetes, SH was common even within a short 6-month window. Better understanding the causes of SH may help prevent them from occurring.
Abnormal trip analysis of circuit breaker in 220kV substation

In view of the abnormal tripping of a circuit breaker in 220 kv substation, according to the protection action, field inspection and test, the author preliminarily determines that the reason of the fault is the abnormal operation of the mechanical transmission mechanism of the circuit breaker. For the fault, it is put forward that the same type of circuit breaker and the same batch of mechanical transmission mechanism should be completely replaced, and B maintenance for this type of circuit breaker with longer operating life should be carried out to prevent similar faults from happening again.
The evolution of recombinant factor replacement for hemophilia

Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B are the most common of the severe bleeding disorders and are caused by a deficiency in blood clotting factor VIII or factor IX respectively. Factor replacement therapy has been the cornerstone of treatment to treat life threatening bleeds and prevent joint disease. The treatment of hemophilia has evolved tremendously over the past five decades from fresh frozen plasma as the only available therapy to more specific plasma-derived and recombinant-derived factor replacement. Now due to innovations in bioengineering, there are even more efficacious factor replacement options available to patients. Here we review these recent advancements and their impact on the treatment and management of hemophilia.
On the solution to every Lambert problem

Lambert’s problem is the two-point boundary value problem for Keplerian dynamics. The parameter and solution space is surveyed for both the zero- and multiple-revolution problems, including a detailed look at the stress cases that typically plague Lambert solvers. The problem domain, independent of formulation, is shown to be rectangular for each revolution case, making the elusive initial guess and the solution itself amenable for interpolation. Biquintic splines are implemented to achieve continuous derivatives and quick evaluation. Resulting functions may be used directly as low-fidelity solutions or used with a single update iteration without safeguards. A concise, improved vercosine formulation of the Lambert problem is presented, including new singularity-free and precision-saving equations. The interpolation scheme is applied for up to 100 revolutions. The domain considered includes all practically conceivable flight times, and every possible geometry except a small region near the only physical singularity of the problem: the equal terminal vector case. The solutions are archived and benchmarked for accuracy, memory footprint, and speed. For typical scenarios, users can expect $$\sim 6$$ or more digits of velocity vector accuracy using an interpolated solution without iteration. Using a single, unguarded iteration leads to solutions with near machine precision accuracy over the full domain, including the most extreme scenarios. Depending on desired resolution, coefficient files vary in size from $$\sim 3$$ to 65 MB for each revolution case. Evaluation runtimes vary from $$\sim 2$$ to 5 times faster than the industry benchmark Gooding algorithm. The coefficient files and driver routines are provided online. While the method is currently demonstrated on the vercosine formulation, the 2D interpolation scheme stands to benefit all Lambert problem formulations.
Computergraphical Description of the Dynamics of a Turbulence Model

In the recent years, the numerical simulation of fluid flows has been extensively undertaken by several investigators. The limited number of exact solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations, which describe the motion of a viscous incompressible fluid, can be readily expanded by means of numerical experiments. The major difficulties inherent in the numerical simulation of highly intricate unsteady flows are constituted by facility problems. A full-fledged numerical study of the three-dimensional turbulent field described by the Navier-Stokes equations, while simple in principle, would require computers with speeds and memories of some orders of magnitude larger than those of presently available computers.
Interactions of CO2 with cluster models of metal–organic frameworks

The interactions between carbon dioxide and cluster models of coordinatively unsaturated metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were studied using a variety of ab initio methods. Three metal species and three organic linkers in four structures were considered in these models as a representation of the tunable nature of MOFs and the potential multireference character of such systems. Common single-reference methods, such as MP2 and CCSD(T), were compared with multireference methods based on complete active space self-consistent field theory, going as far as multireference configuration interaction with single and double excitations (MRCISD). Special consideration is taken to avoid issues of size inconsistency in the CI results, where an alternate reference is used in the interaction energy definition. The benchmark values are used to judge the adequacy of a selection of density functionals for the current systems. Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) decomposition was performed to elucidate the important effects that comprise the binding interactions. The systems proved to have very limited multireference character, and MP2 values were closer to the CCSD(T) benchmark than the more difficult MRCISD results. Though the SAPT total energies prove to be relatively poor approximations to the benchmark interaction energies, they reveal (in most cases) the correct trends with respect to the choice of the metal. The SAPT energy decompositions indicate that the CO2 binding is primarily driven by electrostatics, but induction and dispersion also provide sizable, and quite similar, attractive contributions. Importantly, the small diformate model provides a faithful representation of complexes with large aromatic linkers, both in terms of the total interaction energy and the SAPT decomposition.
Reviewing Basic Leadership Competencies--Emotional Intelligence

In this "New and Noteworthy" column, we highlight recent and basic publications pertaining to emotional intelligence, one of the 14 Foundational Competencies identified by LLAMA as being necessary for leaders and managers.
#Bias: The Opportunities and Challenges of Surveys That Recruit and Collect Data of Autistic Adults Online.

Internet-based online surveys are a crucial tool for researchers to learn about the understudied and often overlooked population of autistic adults. The recruitment and administration of online sur...
Obtaining optimal cutoff values for tree classifiers using multiple biomarkers.

In biomedical practices, multiple biomarkers are often combined using a prespecified classification rule with tree structure for diagnostic decisions. The classification structure and cutoff point at each node of a tree are usually chosen on an ad hoc basis, depending on decision makers' experience. There is a lack of analytical approaches that lead to optimal prediction performance, and that guide the choice of optimal cutoff points in a pre-specified classification tree. In this paper, we propose to search for and estimate the optimal decision rule through an approach of rank correlation maximization. The proposed method is flexible, theoretically sound, and computationally feasible when many biomarkers are available for classification or prediction. Using the proposed approach, for a prespecified tree-structured classification rule, we can guide the choice of optimal cutoff points at tree nodes and estimate optimal prediction performance from multiple biomarkers combined.
Economic Base Of Cooperation Development In Agrarian Product Market In Kyrgyz Republic

The paper aims to describe the potential in building up the economic base of agricultural cooperation development in the Kyrgyz Republic, to propose an organisational and economic mechanism of cooperative relations in the Kyrgyz Republic, taking into account the complex development of agricultural production, logistics infrastructure and cooperation. Cooperation is viewed as an efficient economic mechanism to integrate small agricultural producers into the commodity distribution systems in the domestic and international agricultural food markets. Building on a review of sources describing the potential of cooperation in the modern environment, analyses of the agrarian structure and assessments of the economic base of cooperation, the paper proposes an organisational structure to navigate through the development of an effective agrarian structure, logistics infrastructure and cooperation in the Kyrgyz Republic.The paper is based on the materials from international development organisations, the National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic and the findings of some researchers. The makings of the paper may be helpful summarising the international practice of development of cooperative relations, enhancement of institutional conditions and public policies of support of cooperation in the Kyrgyz Republic and should be of interest for a wide research audience in the area of agricultural cooperation.
HIV Pathogenesis in the Human Female Reproductive Tract

Women remain disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The primary mechanism for HIV acquisition in women is sexual transmission, yet the immunobiological factors that contribute to HIV susceptibility remain poorly characterized. Here, we review current knowledge on HIV pathogenesis in women, focusing on infection and immune responses in the female reproductive tract (FRT). We describe recent findings on innate immune protection and HIV target cell distribution in the FRT. We also review multiple factors that modify susceptibility to infection, including sex hormones, microbiome, trauma, and how HIV risk changes during women’s life cycle. Finally, we review current strategies for HIV prevention and identify barriers for research in HIV infection and pathogenesis in women. A complex network of interrelated biological and sociocultural factors contributes to HIV risk in women and impairs prevention and cure strategies. Understanding how HIV establishes infection in the FRT can provide clues to develop novel interventions to prevent HIV acquisition in women.
Brain correlates of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) during somatosensory and interoceptive attention: A functional MRI (fMRI) study.

e24095Background: Over half of patients receiving neurotoxic taxane, platinum, or bortezomib chemotherapy experience CIPN—a dose-limiting toxicity involving numbness and pain in the extremities. Th...
Are OSCE Standardized Patients with Actual Sickle Cell Disease More Believable and Beneficial Than Actors Portraying Same Scenarios

Abstract Standardized patients (SPs) and “objective structured clinical examination” (OSCE) have been utilized to teach medical and allied health professional students how to interview and examine patients for decades. As the adult population of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) is expected to increase, more care givers will needed. SPs in OSCE settings may be an important training tool for primary care providers to better care for patients with SCD. To assess if SPs with actual chronic disease or actors offer a better learning experience, internal and family medicine resident perceptions during objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE) sessions were evaluated using SPs with and without chronic diseases portrayed. Two case studies focused on complications of SCD and multiple sclerosis (MS). Four SPs were trained about these two chronic illnesses; one each with actual SCD or MS, and one each without. Family and internal medicine residents were randomly asked to examine SPs portraying either SCD or MS without being informed if the SP was with or without the corresponding disease. Residents were asked to complete a 6 item questionnaire: if residents thought the SP had the actual disease based on history, general appearance or physical examination. Likert scale scores assessed believability and how beneficial resident thought SPs with disease (SPWD) or without disease (SPWOD) were. Of the 40 resident assessment included in the analysis, 81.8% (18/22) of residents correctly identified the SPWDs that had actual disease, compared to 50.0% (9/18) of the SPWODs (p=0.046). The believability score for SP portraying SCD was higher for SPWD compared to SPWOD (mean=4.4, +/- 0.7 vs 3.5 +/- 0.9, p=0.032). Amongst residents examining SPWDs, those examining the SP with MS were significantly more likely to say that SPWD were beneficial compared to those examining the SP with SCD (mean=4.7 +/- 0.5 vs 3.8 +/- 0.6; p=0.017). Multivariate analysis is presented in table. This pilot study suggests that resident perception during chronic disease management OSCE may vary depending whether SPs have actual disease, type of disease portrayed and presence or absence of physical findings. A complex chronic disease like SCD may not be easily mimicked even by well-trained actors. Using actual patients may be of benefit even in the absence of overt clinical findings. OSCE may also serve as a research tool to examine, in controlled settings, attitudes of health care professionals towards individuals affected by chronic diseases such as SCD. Download : Download high-res image (190KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A multi-attribute shot segmentation algorithm for video programs

This paper describes a new algorithm for detecting cuts, thereby segmenting a video into shots. Our Web?based video library contains a large volume of news and documentary material; most of the transitions between shots in that type of programming are cuts, rather than dissolves or other complex transitions. We have developed an accurate multi?attribute algorithm for detecting cuts in video programs. The algorithm uses a motion metric to identify a set of cuts, then uses luminance histograms to eliminate false cuts. Our experimental results show that this algorithm is more accurate than previous motion?based transition detection algorithms.
Affiliated and independent banks

This paper extends recent work on the banking structure. Earlier studies have found different capitalization levels and rates of capital growth, which have been explained as a consequence of the regulatory environment, differential risk tolerance, and portfolio diversification effects. This paper corroborates these earlier efforts and extends the analysis to two further important areas of bank management: dividend behavior and operating policies. Systematic and statistically significant differences between the two classes of banks are found, helping to explain the previously observed differences in capital management. The major differences in dividend, operating, and capital management behavior lead to the conclusion that the two banks belong to two behavioral regimes. This view has important implications for regulation and future empirical research.
Sequence-based discovery of ecological diversity within Legionella

Understanding the ecological diversity within Legionella may help in identifying all environmental reservoirs that can sustain the different potential Legionella pathogens. Here the authors apply the community phylogeny method to demarcate the ecologically distinct populations within the genus Legionella, based on the sequence of the macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene from 496 Legionella isolates, obtained from Rodney M. Ratcliff, representing all characterized species within Legionella, as well as many uncharacterized groups. The community phylogeny analysis evaluates different sets of parameter values for their likelihood of yielding a phylogeny consistent with the observed clade sequence diversity of the group. This chapter provides a broad overview of the maximum likelihood approach for finding the trio of parameter values best fitting the observed curve of clade sequence diversity for Legionella, given the number of sequences sampled. The community phylogeny analysis provides an objective and theory-based method for identifying sequence clusters that are likely to correspond to ecotypes with a long history of coexistence. When a putative ecotype identified by community phylogeny is shown to be ecologically distinct in nature, it will have demonstrated the attributes of species. The authors hope that a more precise taxonomy, giving names to all the long-coexisting and ecologically distinct groups within a named species, will allow ecologists and epidemiologists to better predict the properties of newly isolated strains.
Surface immunoglobulin on rabbit lymphoid cells. I. Ultrastructural distribution and endocytosis of b4 allotypic determinants on peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Abstract Immunoglobulin (Ig) b4 allotypic determinants are detected on the surface membrane of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes by an indirect immunoferritin labeling technique. Cells coated with antiallotype antibodies are labelled with soluble complexes of ferritin and rabbit antiferritin of a given allotype. At 0 °C a patchy distribution of labeled surface immunoglobulin is visualized on 80% of the lymphocytes examined. Warming of the cells for 1–5 min at 37 °C causes rapid endocytosis of surface label in a perinuclear fashion. Cap formation is not observed. Cross-linking of immunoferritin labelled surface determinants with sheep anti-rabbit Ig (SARG) inhibits endocytosis and promotes aggregation of small surface patches. Indirect evidence suggests that sloughing and/or stripping of labelled surface Ig can occur after this aggregation. These surface changes may be the first step in the induction of lymphocyte activation.
The Confluence of Mythic, Historical, and Narrative Impulses in Ivan Ângelo's A festa

Ivan Ângelo, one of contemporary Brazil's foremost writers, published his most important novel A festa (The Celebration), in 1976. Angelo's novel reflects the tension created between the individual lives of history's victims and the broader historical context in which they live. A festa, through its skillful use of mythic and narrative impulses, portrays the underlying quotidian realities that evoke and define true history. The Brazilian critic and teacher Janete Gaspar Machado in evaluating recent Brazilian writings, concludes, "A festa has been one of the most important novels . . . of the 1970s." The following study is a critical exploration of Angelo's synthesis of aesthetic and mythic elements and their application to A festa's central question of human suffering, responsibility, and culpability.
Analysis of ground penetrating radar data using hierarchical Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method used in highway maintenance to determine subsurface conditions within the right-of-way. GPR operates by using short-pulse radiation of radio-frequency electromagnetic energy to record dissimilarities in electrical properties of subsurface materials. As such, GPR results are susceptible to the transmission frequency used and the inherent properties of different subsurface materials. Uncertainty due to these susceptibilities can lead to ambiguity in the interpretation of GPR data. To distinguish heterogeneity from uncertainty, this paper modeled GPR data on pavement layer thickness using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. MCMC is able to model heterogeneity within a given dataset and was employed to estimate and predict layer thicknesses obtained from GPR data. Simulated results were consistent with field data and provided statistical estimates of missing values in the original dataset. This analysis will aid relevant stakeholders to verify and...
Metabolism of (75Se)selenite by rhesus monkeys

The metabolism of (75Se)selenite was studied in rhesus monkeys. In blood samples taken various times after injection, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration revealed that the majority of the 75Se was associated with hemoglobin and low-molecular-weight compounds in erythrocytes up to 24 hours after selenium injection. Subsequently a gradual increase of 75Se occurred in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) with a concurrent decrease of label with hemoglobin. In contrast to the erythrocytes, over 80% of the labeled selenium in plasma was associated with one peak 3 hours and later after injection. This major protein eluted at a position similar to GSH-Px on gel filtration, but subsequent chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Sephacel separated the radiolabeled protein from GSH-Px. Gel filtration of heart, muscle, brain and pancreas cytosol revealed two major selenium-containing proteins, whereas one was predominant in liver and kidney. The major selenium peak was associated with GSH-Px in liver but not in the kidney. GSH-Px activity with either organic or inorganic peroxides as substrates and glutathione transferase activity were higher in liver than kidney.
Static Analysis of Mega-Programs

As imperative programs get larger and larger, many interprocedural analyses produce progressively poorer results, even as the (usually) polynomial cost hurts more and more. The problem is not just program size, but that larger programs contain analysis defeating idioms (e.g., manual persistence methods and dispatch vectors) and deeper levels of procedural abstraction. In this talk, I will discuss what my group has learned about analyzing mega-programs (applications exceeding one million lines of non-blank, non-comment source lines). I will report on our approaches that have and haven't worked, our attempts to get meaningful information from analyses with near-linear complexities, engineering issues that must be resolved when dealing with mega-programs, and our best guesses regarding the eventual feasibility of routinely performing static analysis on mega-programs.
Activation of SV40 genome by 72-base pair tandem repeats of Moloney sarcoma virus

The simian virus 40 (SV40) 72-base pair (bp) tandem-repeated sequences have a crucial role as an activator element in viral gene expression. We replaced the SV40 72-bp repeat with a 72-bp repeat derived from the long terminal repeat (LTR) of cloned Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) DNA. Although there is no detectable sequence homology to SV40, the MSV repeats can substitute functionally for the SV40 repeats and generate a viable virus in monkey kidney cells.
An Open‐Framework Germanate with Polycubane‐Like Topology

Body-centered Ge9 parallelepiped building blocks form the basis of the structure of [Ge9 O18 (OH)4 ]⋅2 (H2 ppz)⋅0.5 (H2 O) (ASU-14, ppz=piperazine). In this new structure type for an open-framework germanate (see picture for a section of the structure) the building blocks are linked together at each of their eight vertices to give the rare polycubane topology with an intersecting channel system of ten- and eight-membered rings (pore sizes 5×6 and 4×4 A2 , respectively) in which the piperazinium cations and water molecules reside.
Effect of Temperature on in vitro and in vivo Reactions of Diethyl Sulphate

RECENT work1–3 has established that diethyl sulphate has characteristics which are of special interest to geneticists in many fields of research. These special characteristics include the induction of a high frequency of mutations accompanied by a high survival of the treated population and a low frequency of visible chromosome aberrations1. Similar properties have been found for ethyl methane sulphonate, a related alkylating compound4–6.
A view of air traffic control in future terminal areas.

A view of the nature of future terminal-area ATC operations is proposed by reasoned consideration of the FAA's ten year plan. The crucial, decision-making role of the air traffic controller in this environment is investigated. An analytical model of the ATC-pilot-aircraft control loop is presented and shown to meet certain a priori requirements of such a model. Application of the model indicates several characteristics of aircraft flow.
How does plant population density affect the yield, quality, and canopy of native bluestem (Andropogon spp.) forage?

The density at which a crop is grown is known to affect its growth and quality, but little is known about how plant density affects the growth of native perennial forage grasses. The objectives were to investigate the effects of plant population density on the forage yield, forage quality, and plant canopy structure of two native bluestem species. Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and sand bluestem (A. hallii Hack.) were established at six plant densities (1.2, 1.8, 2.7, 3.6, 5.4, and 10.8 plants m -2 ) in a split plot experiment with whole plots in four randomized blocks. Plant density was the main plot and bluestem species was the split plot. Data were analyzed with a mixed model analysis of variance with blocks within year as random effects and year as a repeated measure. The optimum plant density for forage production was between 3.6 and 5.4 plants m -2 . However, the optimum for crude protein (CP) concentration occurred at 1.2 and 10.8 plants m -2 and followed a quadratic response as plant density increased. The greatest leaf area index (LAI; leaf area per square meter) was at 10.8 plants m -2 . At 10.8 plants m -2 , the average yield loss from maximum was about 8.5% dry matter (DM). Also, the CP concentration was 8.5% greater for plants grown at 10.8 plants m - 2 than for those grown at 3.6 to 5.4 plants m -2 . A plant density of 10.8 plants m -2 would produce high quality forage with only slight reductions in DM yield as compared with plants grown at 3.6 to 5.4 plants m -2 .
Seasonal and interannual dynamics of Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of Maine (Northeastern US shelf) with reference to the North Atlantic Oscillation

Abstract The Continuous Plankton Recorder and the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set were used to study the temporal dynamics over 30 years of the Calanus finmarchicus surveys in the Gulf of Maine. Changes in Calanus abundance were compared to those in the sea-surface temperature in the Gulf of Maine and in the North Atlantic Oscillation index. Three major components of temporal dynamics were analyzed: seasonal cycle, interannual, and interdecadal variability. Seasonal cycles of C. finmarchicus abundance were different in high versus low NAO years, with higher overall abundance and a more pronounced annual signal during high NAO years. Interannual fluctuations of C.f. abundance and NAO index were also positively correlated, with abundance “responding” to the NAO index with a lag of 4 years. The NAO index was also positively correlated to the winter SST, leading it by 2 years. SST, on the other hand, was positively correlated with Calanus finmarchicus (leading it by 2 years). Over the past three decades, C. finmarchicus abundance in the Gulf of Maine showed an increasing trend, a phenomenon seen also in the sea surface temperature of the Gulf of Maine and in the NAO index. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that in the Gulf of Maine changes in the water column (as indicated by SST) are related to changes in the atmospheric system (as indicated by the NAO index) so that positive anomalies in the index favor changes in the water column (still to be investigated), which correspond to conditions favorable to increases in abundance of Calanus finmarchicus.
The linkage effects of raw material processing in economic development: A survey of modeling and other approaches☆

Abstract Processing of primary raw materials has become an important and widely recommended strategy for economic development. Yet, even as the councils of many LDCs call for primary commodity producers to gain greater participation in downstream activities, there remain doubts on fundamental questions: What comparative advantage and what disadvantages do processing activities have in the LDCs? What linkages do processing activities offer? What is the potential contribution of processing to economic goal attainment in the LDCs? In this article we survey the material on processing, particularly with respect to modeling direct and indirect linkages between processing and the LDC economies. The article examines the following topics: (1) the literature on processing in economic development; (2) modeling processing linkages; and (3) outstanding questions regarding processing linkages. We focus on quantifiable linkages between the processing industry and the rest of the economy. There is also the possibility of other linkages, such as the development of entrepreneurship and management talent and technology, that are more difficult to quantify. It is important to distinguish between micro linkages, which refer to the direct impact on supplier and user sectors, and macro linkages, which include indirect general economic effects transmitted through government revenue and expenditures, the money supply, and foreign exchange availabilities.
The electrodermal response: biofeedback and individual difference studies

Biofeedback is often regarded as a discrete discovery emerging de novo in the mid-1960s from the work of a small number of intrepid investigators and then rapidly diffusing into public and scientific consciousness. Yet this view more likely reflects the journalistic exploitation of an admittedly dramatic development than the true state of affairs. Future historians will undoubtedly describe the biofeedback movement as a predictable outcome of a Zeitgeist formed by a variety of theoretical and technical developments extending many years backward in time. For example, biofeedback research would have been unthinkable without the prior development from EEG technology of stable, high-gain amplifiers and associated sensors, packaged into commercially available polygraphs, for the simultaneous recording of multiple physiological events in the intact human subject. Nor is it likely that American psychologists would have attempted early biofeedback studies without the intellectual goading of prior developments in learning theory, especially the so-called two-factor theory of learning. This generalization, which had acquired the status of doctrine, held that visceral responses were modifiable only under Pavlovian conditioning regimes and skeletal responses only by instrumental conditioning methods (for example, Kimble, 1961). The virtual absence of supporting documentation was a clear invitation to apply feedback and reward techniques to by-then easily recordable visceral activity. As a minor contribution to this history, I would like to indicate how early studies of the instrumental modification of electrodermal activity by my colleagues and me depended greatly on a prior distinction made by Lacey and Lacey (1958) between elicited and emitted electrodermal responses. Following a brief review of the logic of these instrumental conditioning studies and their significance for the broader biofeedback movement, I will discuss recent research on the related problem of the correlates of individual differences in electrodermal activity, an issue which also stems from the seminal work of Lacey and Lacey (1958).
Imaging pulmonary blood flow and perfusion using phase-sensitive selective inversion recovery.

A technique is described for imaging pulmonary blood flow using a phase-sensitive selective inversion recovery (PS-SIR) sequence. PS-SIR image reconstruction provides excellent contrast, differentiating fully relaxed inflowing blood from inverted blood and lung tissue. The magnetization of the inverted tissues remains negative at any inversion delay less than that at which the magnetization of the lung tissue is nulled, whereas that of the fully relaxed inflowing blood is always positive. Pulmonary blood flow can be observed by tracking the propagation of the pixels with positive values. Five healthy volunteers were imaged. The normal pattern of blood flow advancing from the central arteries toward the peripheries and into the lung parenchyma with return toward the center via draining veins was depicted. The method offers promise for evaluating pulmonary blood flow without the need for image subtraction or contrast administration. Magn Reson Med 43:793-795, 2000.
Service Load Effective Compression Flange Width in Fiber Reinforced Polymer Deck Systems Acting Compositely with Steel Stringers

This paper reports on the field study of a steel stringer-fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) deck composite bridge in Pennsylvania. The objective of the study is to assess the effective compression flange width in the FRP deck and floor systems when they act compositely with underlying steel girders at service conditions. The research results reported herein support the notion of employing a design approach, for both interior and exterior girders of a composite floor system, that is philosophically consistent with current practice related to steel girders acting compositely with concrete decking. It appears from the results presented herein that FRP decks and floors acting compositely with underlying steel girders exhibit an effective width that is close to the actual girder spacing for interior beams, and approximately one-half this value for exterior beams.
The copper centers of tyramine β-monooxygenase and its catalytic-site methionine variants: an X-ray absorption study.

Tyramine β-monooxygenase (TBM) is a member of a family of copper monooxygenases containing two noncoupled copper centers, and includes peptidylglycine monooxygenase and dopamine β-monooxygenase. In its Cu(II) form, TBM is coordinated by two to three His residues and one to two non-His O/N ligands consistent with a [CuM(His)2(OH2)2–CuH(His)3(OH2)] formulation. Reduction to the Cu(I) state causes a change in the X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) spectrum, consistent with a change to a [CuM(His)2S(Met)–CuH(His)3] environment. Lowering the pH to 4.0 results in a large increase in the intensity of the Cu(I)–S extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) component, suggesting a tighter Cu–S bond or the coordination of an additional sulfur donor. The XAS spectra of three variants, where the CuM Met471 residue had been mutated to His, Cys, and Asp, were examined. Significant differences from the wild-type enzyme are evident in the spectra of the reduced mutants. Although the side chains of His, Cys, and Asp are expected to substitute for Met at the CuM site, the data showed identical spectra for all three reduced variants, with no evidence for coordination of residue 471. Rather, the K-edge data suggested a modest decrease in coordination number, whereas the EXAFS indicated an average of two His residues at each Cu(I) center. These data highlight the unique role of the Met residue at the CuM center, and pose interesting questions as to why replacement by the cuprophilic thiolate ligand leads to detectable activity whereas replacement by imidazole generates inactive TBM.