cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Memory-enhancing effects of post-training dipivefrin and epinephrine: Involvement of peripheral and central adrenergic receptors

Abstract These experiments examined the effects, in mice, of post-training i.p. injections of dipivefrin (DPE), a lipophilic prodrug of epinephrine, and epinephrine (EPI) on 48-h retention assessed in inhibitory avoidance and Y-maze discrimination tasks. DPE, in doses of 0.3–10 μg/kg significantly facilitated retention: the effects were approximately 10-fold more potent than those of EPI obtained with similar experimental conditions. The α-adrenergic antagonists prazosin (α1; 3.0 mg/kg; i.p.), yohimbine (α2; 3.0 mg/kg; i.p.) and phentolamine (α1andα2; 3.0 mg/kg; i.p.) did not block the enhancement of retention induced by either DPE (10.0 μg/kg; i.p.) or EPI (0.1 mg/kg; i.p.). However, the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol (2.0 mg/kg; i.p.) attenuated the effects of both DPE and EPI. Sotalol (2.0 mg/kg; i.p.), a peripherally-acting β-adrenergic antagonist, attebuated the effects of EPI but not those DPE. These findings suggest the DPE-induced enhancement of memory involves central β- but not α-adrenergic mechanisms while EPI's effects are initiated by activation of peripheral β-adrenergic systems.
Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation for twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence.

Objective We report our experience in the treatment of patients with twin-reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence using radiofrequency ablation to stop perfusion to the acardiac twin and protect the pump twin. Study Design An IRB approved retrospective review of all patients (n = 29) who underwent percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of an acardiac twin, using ultrasound guidance and either a 14 or 17 gauge radiofrequency needle for twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence, from 1998 to 2005, was performed by review of hospital and outpatient medical records. Results The outcomes of all 29 of the patients treated with radiofrequency ablation are known. Twenty-six of the patients had monochorionic-diamniotic pregnancies, whereas 2 had monochorionic-monoamniotic pregnancies. One patient had a triplet pregnancy with a monochorionic-diamniotic pair with TRAP sequence. Overall, 25 of 29 pump twins survived (86%), delivering at a mean gestational age of 34.6 weeks. Survival was 24 of 26 (92%) in monochorionic-diamniotic pregnancies with a mean gestational age of 35.6 weeks. Two women in our early experience sustained thermal injuries from the site of grounding pads. Conclusion Radiofrequency ablation of the acardiac twin effectively protects the pump twin from high-output cardiac failure and death. Greater than 90% survival can be achieved in monochorionic-diamniotic pregnancies complicated by TRAP sequence with a mean gestation age at time of delivery close to term. Our limited experience in cases of monochorionic-monoamniotic TRAP sequence does not allow the determination of efficacy in this group.
3D track initiation in clutter using 2D measurements

In this paper we present an algorithm for initiating 3-D tracks using range and azimuth (bearing) measurements from a 2-D radar on a moving platform. The work is motivated by the need to track possibly low-flying targets, e.g., cruise missiles, using reports from an aircraft-based surveillance radar. Previous work on this problem considered simple linear motion in a flat earth coordinate frame. Our research extends this to a more realistic scenario where the earth’s curvature is also considered. The target is assumed to be moving along a great circle at a constant altitude. After the necessary coordinate transformations, the measurements are nonlinear functions of the target state and the observability of target altitude is severely limited. The observability, quantified by the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB), is very sensitive to the sensor-to-target geometry. The paper presents a Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimator for estimating the target motion parameters in the Earth Centered Earth Fixed coordinate frame from 2-D range and angle measurements. In order to handle the possibility of false measurements and missed detections, which was not considered in, we use the Probabilistic Data Association (PDA) algorithm to weight the detections in a frame. The PDA-based modified global likelihood is optimized using a numerical search. The accuracies obtained by the resulting ML-PDA estimator are quantified using the CRLB for different sensor-target configurations. It is shown that the proposed estimator is efficient, that is, it meets the CRLB. Of particular interest is the achievable accuracy for estimating the target altitude, which is not observed directly by the 2-D radar, but can be only inferred from the range and bearing observations.
Reflection and Emission Models for Deserts Derived from Nimbus-7 ERB Scanner Measurements

Broadband shortwave and longwave radiance measurements obtained from the Nimbus-7 Earth Radiation Budget scanner were used to develop reflectance and emittance models for the Sahara-Arabian, Gibson, and Saudi Deserts. The models were established by fitting the satellite measurements to analytic functions. For the shortwave, the model function is based on an approximate solution to the radiative transfer equation. The bidirectional-reflectance function was obtained from a single-scattering approximation with a Rayleigh-like phase function. The directional-reflectance model followed from integration of the bidirectional model and is a function of the sum and product of cosine solar and viewing zenith angles, thus satisfying reciprocity between these angles. The emittance model was based on a simple power-law of cosine viewing zenith angle.
Treatment of mixed urinary incontinence.

INTRODUCTION Mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) is a prevalent condition and imposes a significant impact on a woman's quality of life. Treatment is often challenging, as a single modality may be inadequate for alleviating both the urge and stress component. MATERIALS AND METHODS A MEDLINE search was conducted regarding English-language literature pertaining to the pathophysiology, diagnosis of, and treatment for MUI. Non-English language articles were considered if they could be translated into English using GOOGLE translator. RESULTS The identification of an ideal single treatment has also been made more challenging by the poor characterization of the pathophysiology of MUI. Behavioral and lifestyle modification, as well as pelvic floor muscle therapy, should be considered first-line options for all women with MUI. Treatment of the urge component with anti-muscarinics is effective; however the stress component is likely to persist after therapy. Anti-incontinence surgery may have a positive impact on both the stress and urge components of MUI, with emerging evidence suggesting that transobturator MUS may be associated with lower rates of de novo and persistent urge component compared to other procedures. The presence of concomitant, preoperative detrusor overactivity has not been consistently associated with postoperative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The optimum treatment of MUI may often require multiple treatment modalities. While surgery may have a positive impact on both the urge and stress component, its implementation should be approached with caution and patients should be carefully selected. Detailed informed consent in women with MUI cannot be overstated.
Cyclic Di-GMP Phosphodiesterases RmdA and RmdB Are Involved in Regulating Colony Morphology and Development in Streptomyces coelicolor

Cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) regulates numerous processes in Gram-negative bacteria, yet little is known about its role in Gram-positive bacteria. Here we characterize two c-di-GMP phosphodiesterases from the filamentous high-GC Gram-positive actinobacterium Streptomyces coelicolor, involved in controlling colony morphology and development. A transposon mutation in one of the two phosphodiesterase genes, SCO0928, hereby designated rmdA (regulator of morphology and development A), resulted in decreased levels of spore-specific gray pigment and a delay in spore formation. The RmdA protein contains GGDEF-EAL domains arranged in tandem and possesses c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase activity, as is evident from in vitro enzymatic assays using the purified protein. RmdA contains a PAS9 domain and is a hemoprotein. Inactivation of another GGDEF-EAL-encoding gene, SCO5495, designated rmdB, resulted in a phenotype identical to that of the rmdA mutant. Purified soluble fragment of RmdB devoid of transmembrane domains also possesses c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase activity. The rmdA rmdB double mutant has a bald phenotype and is impaired in aerial mycelium formation. This suggests that RmdA and RmdB functions are additive and at least partially overlapping. The rmdA and rmdB mutations likely result in increased local pools of intracellular c-di-GMP, because intracellular c-di-GMP levels in the single mutants did not differ significantly from those of the wild type, whereas in the double rmdA rmdB mutant, c-di-GMP levels were 3-fold higher than those in the wild type. This study highlights the importance of c-di-GMP-dependent signaling in actinomycete colony morphology and development and identifies two c-di-GMP phosphodiesterases controlling these processes.
Noise gratings formed during the multiple exposure schedule in photorefractive media

We consider the noise gratings formed while writing angularly multiplexed holograms in photofractive media using a multiple exposure schedule. During the recording process of the pth exposure, the writing beams generate new gratings while erasing the previously stored gratings. In addition, diffraction occurs due to the readout of the previously stored gratings. In addition, diffraction occurs due to the readout of the previously stored gratings, even if they are Bragg-mismatched for the writing beams. The additional diffracted beams will interact with the writing beams and form noise gratings. We calculate the amplitude of noise gratings and discuss their effects on the signal-to-noise ratio.
The response of bacterial groups to changes in available iron in the Eastern subtropical Pacific Ocean

Abstract While it has been shown that phytoplankton productivity and community structure are influenced by the availability of Fe in several high nutrient–low chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the world's oceans, the influence of Fe on the bacterial community remains unresolved. Therefore, we sampled water from the Peruvian upwelling region of the equatorial Pacific Ocean and examined how bacterial community structure changes with Fe additions (1.5 nM, 0.5 nM above ambient) and sequestration, which was accomplished by additions of the fungal siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFB) (1.0 nM, 5.0 nM). We hypothesized that either 1) the bacterial communities are generally Fe-limited and thus show positive responses to Fe addition; or 2) that bacteria form the equivalent of response groups and show a limited number of responses to Fe addition; or else 3) that the bacterial communities show no response to Fe addition. Using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis, we found that the eubacterial community changed in response to Fe. Whereas the overall community shows little abundance and richness responses to Fe availability, bacteria can be arranged into response groups showing divergent responses to Fe addition. With validated cluster analysis, we found that the bacterial community consisted of four response groups. One group showed strong positive responses to increasing Fe availability, while another group showed strong negative responses. The abundance patterns of the final two groups showed no response to alterations in Fe availability, although one persisted at a high abundances and the other a low abundance. These results reveal that it may be difficult to describe a singular bacterial community response to changes in Fe availability, and that understanding the influence of Fe on bacteria dynamics may require an understanding of the different responses of individual sub-groups of bacteria within the microbial community.
Mössbauer study of the three-coordinate planar FeII thiolate complex [Fe(SR)3]- (R = C6H2-2,4,6-tBu3): Model for the trigonal iron sites of the MoFe7S9:Homocitrate cofactor of nitrogenase

The cofactor (M-center) of the MoFe protein of nitrogenase, a MoFe7S9:homocitrate cluster, contains six Fe sites with a (distorted) trigonal sulfido coordination. These sites exhibit unusually smal...
Experimental Validation of a 2D Bristle Friction Force Model

This paper describes an experimental effort designed to validate a general 2D bristle contact friction model. The model extends the 1D integrated bristle friction model to a 2D space by allowing the “bristle spring” to not only stretch along the direction of the bristle displacement but also rotate due to the instantaneous direction change of the velocity or motion trend in the common tangential plane of the contacting surfaces involved at the point of interest. The model is capable of simulating frictional behaviour in both sliding and sticking regimes occurring in general 3D rigid-body contact. With such an extension, the resulting friction model can be readily used to compute 3D contact friction forces in both sticking and sliding regimes. Two experiments were designed and implemented to validate the new 2D bristle model. The experiments were able to passively produce common frictional phenomena such as sliding, sticking, and stick-slip.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Endoscopic ureteroneocystostomy for complete obstruction at the ureterovesical junction.

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the technical and long-term success of endoscopic ureteroneocystostomy in patients with complete obstruction of the distal ureter.Materials and Methods: We treated 7 patients with complete obstruction at the ureterovesical junction via a combined antegrade and retrograde endoscopic approach (endoscopic ureteroneocystostomy). The etiology of obstruction included ureteroscopy for ureteral calculi in 3 patients and previous resection of bladder tumors or the prostate in 4. Six patients had proximal drainage with a percutaneous nephrostomy catheter at referral. An antegrade approach was used for localization, and a retrograde approach was used for direct visual ureteral meatotomy or ureterotomy with the endoscopic scissors or a cold-knife urethrotome.Results: Continuity at the ureterovesical junction was restored in all 7 patients, and 6 are currently stricture-free with followup of 14 to 64 months. The sole failure in this series was due to recurrent invasive transitional cell c...
The Challenge of Combining Credit and Savings: (Innovations Case Discussion: Jipange KuSave)

the essence of existing programs with something new whose utility is more than the sum of its parts. Jipange KuSave (JKS) seems to be such an initiative. JKS offers: • Both a credit and a savings product under the same rubric • Immediate connectivity to the M-PESA system • Significant flexibility in catering to the idiosyncratic needs of its clients JKS “lends to save.” To appreciate this seemingly contradictory notion, we must first appreciate the quite different but complementary properties of credit and savings. As Collins et al. have amply illustrated, the poor often have to make do with an income that is small, irregular, and uncertain. This makes saving up hard to do. The poor can and do save regularly, but this activity tends to be focused on meeting regular expenses that do not coincide with cash inflow, rather than on building savings for the long term or for emergencies. Moreover, even if building long-term savings is the intention, the overwhelming urgency of immediate needs often disrupts the discipline needed to accumulate a significant sum. Credit addresses that problem by providing funds up front and when needed, and imposing a greater degree of the discipline required to pay small amounts frequently over a set period of time. In a way, the client is “saving down,” repaying a loan that is essentially an advance against future savings. However, there is an underlying concern that credit often traps the poor into a repayment cycle in which they are constantly repaying loans taken to deal with unforeseen expenses, and never really saving in the true sense of the word. How is it possible to combine the features of the two? At its core, JKS emulates Rutherford’s pioneering work with SafeSave’s P9 program in Bangladesh. JKS holds in escrow a significant portion of the loan that is taken out, often between a third and half of the notional amount, and earmarks that as “savings” for the client. The client then first pays up the loan amount that was actually disbursed, and then pays up to replace the amount held in escrow with actual savings. In doing so, JKS, like P9, transfers the loan repayment to build up the client’s savings.
Evaluation and Treatment of Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease

Diverticular disease is more prevalent than suspected because majority of patients are asymptomatic. Symptoms develop due to an alteration in the bacterial milieu, fecal stasis, impaired mucosal barrier function, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Complications include free perforation, abscess, fistula and obstruction. Uncomplicated diverticular disease presents with less severe symptoms. Treatment modalities continue to evolve as the etiology of the disease has become clearer. The use of probiotics, rifaximin and mesalamine appear favorable but still lack adequate data. High fiber diet has uniformly been accepted to be beneficial and antibiotics still remain as the mainstay of therapy in uncomplicated disease. New studies on the natural history of recurrent diverticulitis suggest disease may not be as virulent as previously suspected and have challenged the indications for elective surgery. Age and number of recurrences are not necessarily strong indications for early surgery. Laparoscopic surgery has now become the standard approach for elective cases.
Re–evaluating the omnivory–stability relationship in food webs

Under equilibrium conditions, previous theory has shown that the presence of omnivory destabilizes food webs. Correspondingly, omnivory ought to be rare in real food webs. Although, early food web ...
Acute protection against arachidonate toxicity by hydrocortisone and dexamethasone in mice.

Abstract 1. 1. Pharmacologic doses of hydrocortisone sodium succinate (100 mg/kg) has a rapid protective action against arachidonate-induced mortality in mice when administered intravenously 5 to 60 min before intravenous infusion of arachidonate. 2. 2. Intravenous dexamethasone sodium phosphate (4 mg/kg) has a similar protective effect. 3. 3. The time course of the development of the protective effect of intravenous glucocorticoids suggests that DNA transcription and protein synthesis are not involved in the mechanism of this action. 4. 4. Longer pretreatment with glucocorticoids are required to reduce mortality when subcutaneous of intraperitoneal routes of administration of the steroids used.
Form errors in precision metrology: A survey of measurement techniques

This article presents an overview of foundational concepts and techniques used in metrology of form errors such as straightness, flatness, circularity, sphericity, and cylindricity.
Deoxycytidine therapy in two patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe immunodeficiency disease.

Abstract Two children with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency and combined immunodeficiency disease were given parenteral deoxycytidine in order to reverse the severe T-cell immunodeficiency associated with this disease. One patient received a total of three courses of parenteral deoxycytidine. On two occasions deoxycytidine (50 mg/kg/day) was infused intravenously continuously for 2 weeks. During one of the infusions she received the deoxycytidine deaminase inhibitor tetrahydrouridine (THU). Steadystate levels of plasma deoxycytidine increased 4-fold with THU. RBC dCTP dATP increased more than 10-fold after 48 hr of deoxycytidine infusion. Immunologic studies following the intravenous infusion of deoxycytidine showed transient improvement in T-cell immunity. The third course of deoxycytidine (50 mg/kg/day) was administered subcutaneously during a 10-hr night-time infusion. After 6 and 12 weeks of nightly subcutaneous infusions, there was minimal improvement in the in vitro immunologic studies and no clinical improvement. The second patient received a single 2-week course of continuous intravenous deoxycytidine (50 mg/kg/day) following which there was no significant change in T-cell immunity. This study defines some of the pharmacologic parameters of human deoxycytidine metabolism and suggests that some patients with ADA deficiency may respond to deoxycytidine therapy with improvement in T-cell-mediated immunity, although the changes are small and the effect on clinical status appears to be limited.
Linking HIV-positive Jail Inmates to Treatment, Care, and Social Services After Release: Results from a Qualitative Assessment of the COMPASS Program

Approximately 17% of individuals living with HIV/AIDS pass through the correctional system each year. Jails provide a unique opportunity to diagnose and treat HIV infection among high-risk, transient populations with limited access to medical services. In 2007, the US Health Resources and Services Administration funded a multi-site demonstration project entitled Enhancing Linkages to HIV Primary Care in Jail Settings that aims to improve diagnosis and treatment services for HIV-positive jail detainees and link them to community-based medical care and social services upon release. We performed an evaluation of the Rhode Island demonstration site entitled Community Partnerships and Supportive Services for HIV-Infected People Leaving Jail (COMPASS). Through in-depth qualitative interviews among 20 HIV-positive COMPASS participants in Rhode Island, we assessed how COMPASS impacted access to health care and social services utilization. Most individuals were receiving HIV treatment and care services upon enrollment, but COMPASS enhanced linkage to medical care and follow-up visits for HIV and other co-morbidities for most participants. Several participants were successfully linked to new medical services as a result of COMPASS, including one individual newly diagnosed with HIV and another who had been living with HIV for many years and was able to commence highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). While many individuals reported that COMPASS support prevented substance abuse relapse, ongoing substance abuse nevertheless remained a challenge for several participants. Most participants enrolled in one or more new social services as a result of COMPASS, including Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income, food assistance, and housing programs. The primary unmet needs of COMPASS participants were access to mental health services and stable housing. Intensive case management of HIV-positive jail detainees enhances access to medical and social support services and helps prevent relapse to substance abuse. Expanding intensive case management programs, public housing, and mental health services for recently released HIV-positive detainees should be public health priorities.
Upper urinary tract abnormalities in multiple sclerosis patients with urinary symptoms

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of upper urinary tract complications in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with urinary symptoms, and to determine if an association exists between degree of physical impairment and upper urinary tract complications. Design and Setting: A cohort study of MS patients seeking treatment at a freestanding, university-affiliated rehabilitation hospital. Participants: A referred sample of 48 patients with MS, exacerbation-free for 6 months with symptoms of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. For each patient, demographic data, disease characteristics, and urologic history was obtained. Using the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), participants were divided into a control (EDSS Intervention: Ultrasound examination of the upper urinary tract. Main Outcome Measure: Significant MS-related abnormalities of the upper urinary tract. Results: Ten of 48 patients (21%) had significant MS-related upper urinary tract abnormalities, which were evenly distributed between control and study groups. In the more disabled study group, abnormalities were associated with the symptom of urinary hesitancy ( p p Conclusion: Routine screening for upper urinary tract complications appears indicated in a select group of MS patients with urinary symptoms.
A longitudinal assessment of change in sales force turnover

The utility of salespeople’s job stress, perceived fairness, job satisfaction, thoughts of quitting, job comparison, and intention to quit for differentiating individuals who remained in the job from those who left was investigated by using a discriminant model, to anlayze data from two points in time. A model that employed residualized gain scores fromn=96 salespeople, was evaluated as were separate discriminant models for both data points. Change in salespeoples’ intention to quit discriminated effectively between sales force leavers and stayers. Intention to quit at the second time period was useful for classifying leavers and stayers. While the study design may account to some extent for the findings, these findings cast doubt upon the utility ofchanges in sales job incumbents’ job stress, job satisfaction, thoughts of quitting and job comparison predictors of voluntary turnover.
Application of molecular cytogenetic techniques in a case study of human cutaneous metastatic melanoma.

Abstract Consistent structural chromosome rearrangements have rarely been identified in adult solid tumors. The introduction of advanced molecular cytogenetic techniques has provided new ways of analyzing highly complex karyotypes commonly encountered in these malignancies. This study describes a detailed molecular cytogenetic analysis of a sporadic human cutaneous melanoma biopsy, M92-047, using a combination of G-banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), chromosome microdissection, and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). G-banding revealed that this tumor was composed primarily of closely related near-diploid and near-tetraploid cell subpopulations containing several clonal numerical and structural chromosome alterations. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using whole chromosome painting probes and chromosome arm painting probes, was employed to verify the rearranged chromosomes; dic(1;4), der(8)t(1;8), and der(15)t(6;15), whereas marker chromosomes dic(8;1;16), der(12)t(9;12), and der(17)t(13;17) were discerned by chromosome microdissection and subsequent reverse in situ hybridization (rev ish) analysis. Comparative genomic hybridization illustrated DNA copy number changes in good agreement with the karyotypic analysis. Although this line exhibits recurrent alterations representative of melanoma, two unique breakpoints—1p13 and 8p21—were identified in two different rearranged chromosomes, suggesting potentially important regions for further dissection by molecular genetic techniques. This report demonstrates the advantages of combining multiple techniques in order to obtain a detailed description of cytogenetic changes in melanoma.
Computing Lagrangian statistics from tracer observations and a model output

Abstract A stable method of low computational cost is suggested for estimating Lagrangian trajectories by combining observations of a continuously distributed conservative tracer and a circulation model output (background velocity field). A theoretical error analysis for a homogeneous flow is provided while for a more sophisticated synthetic flow the error is evaluated numerically. The reduction in error compared to the background varies in the range 1–34% depending on the flow structure. Finally, the method is applied for estimating the absolute and relative dispersion in a gyre perturbed by periodic or stochastic fluctuations.
Histochemistry LXXVIII. Ascorbic Acid in Normal Mast Cells and Macrophages and in Neoplastic Mast Cells.

SummaryAscorbic acid and the sum of ascorbic, dehydroascorbic and diketogulonic acids in the mast cell fraction (about 92% mast cells) from peritoneal washings of normal rats, and in mouse ascites tumor mast cells (about 98% mast cells), were determined per 106 cells and per μg protein-nitrogen. Ascorbic acid (551 mμg/106 cells) comprised about 87% of the sum of the acids in the normal cells and about 98% (271 mμg/106 cells) of the sum in the tumor cells. The concentrations of ascorbic acid in the normal and tumor cells were 13 and 10 mμg/μxg protein-nitrogen, respectively. The ascorbic acid per 106 cells in the rat macrophage cell fraction (96% macrophages) was 38% of that in the mast cell fraction, while the ascorbic acid per μg protein-nitrogen in the former was 1 1/3 times that in the latter.
Alpha-particle angular distributions with respect to spin direction

Angular distribution of alpha particles with respect to the spin direction of residual nuclei from fusion of 176-MeV $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ with $^{150}\mathrm{Nd}$ has been measured with the spin spectrometer. Below the Coulomb barrier, the ratio of the 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} yields with respect to spin direction increases with decreasing ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$. This effect is not shown by a statistical-model calculation using penetrabilities for spherical potentials, which suggests that the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-mitting nuclei are deformed with their longest axis perpendicular to the spin direction. If so, the deformation increases as the spin rises from \ensuremath{\sim} 34 to $64\ensuremath{\hbar}$.
The beam waveguide

As Goubau has already pointed out, the transfer of power between a source and collector by means of electromagnetic wave beams can be accomplished if there are beams whose (phase and amplitude) distribution in a transverse plane repeats itself at periodic intervals. That such beams exist had been theorized, and that they may be approximated in practice has been demonstrated in the last few years. The important work in this area was that of Goubau, who reported the invention of the beam mode waveguide in 1959.23 Since 1960, this work has been independently confirmed and extended by many others, notably workers at the Bell Telephone Laboratories. Confirmation of the theoretical results in the millimeter range (23 Gc/s) by the construction of a beam-mode transmission line was reported in 1961 by Goubau and Christian,21 while Brown and Heenan2 have transferred power utilizing these principles both in the millimeter range (36.5 Gc/s) in 1962 and in the S band (2400–3100 Mc/s) in 1963.
Glandular stomach hemorrhage induced by high dose saccharin in young rodents.

Abstract In studies primarily designed to evaluate the effects of saccharin and silicate on the urinary bladders of rodents, hemorrhage of the glandular stomach was observed in high incidence. It occurred in young rats with high doses of saccharin (7.5% sodium saccharin; 6.3% acid saccharin), with no difference between male and female F344 rats fed during ages 5 to 15 weeks, no difference between sodium saccharin and acid saccharin, and was reversible, even with continued saccharin administration. Sodium silicate (0.38, 1.13, 2.26% of the diet) had no influence on gastric hemorrhage. Iron deficiency anemia has been observed in young rats fed high dietary levels of saccharin, and the present results suggest that gastric hemorrhage contributes to its etiology.
Nanogram level quantitation of oxycodone in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography using nitrogen—phosphorus selective detection

Abstract A sensitive and specific capillary gas chromatographic assay is reported for the quantitation of oxycodone in human plasma. The technique involves a single extraction of oxycodone and internal standard (hydrocodone) from plasma by toluene containing 1% isopropanol. Separation is achieved on a methyl silicone (HP-1) fused-silica capillary column (25 m × 0.2 mm I.D., 0.33 μm film thickness) and detection is by nitrogen—phosphorus selective mode. The minimum quantifiable limit is 1.8 ng/ml using 2 ml of plasma. The method is applicable to characterize the plasma profile of oxycodone in humans after a single oral 5-mg oxycodone hydrochloride tablet.
Clay-epoxy nanocomposites: Processing and properties

The work described in this paper is focused on evaluating the effect of the processing method and nanoclay (montmorillonite) content on the tensile, compressive, and impact properties of clay-epoxy nanocomposites. Nanocomposites are synthesized by two methods: mechanical mixing and shear mixing. Both these methods are capable of producing bulk quantities of clay-epoxy nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the nanoclay has exfoliated in the mechanically mixed specimens. Results show that as nanoclay content increases the tensile modulus increases for both mechanically and shear mixed specimens, while the compressive modulus remains largely unchanged. The total energy absorption under impact loading is found to be higher in mechanically mixed specimens.
Binding of physostigmine to rat and human plasma and crystalline serum albumins.

Abstract The binding of 3 H-physostigmine ( 3 H-Ph) to human and rat plasma proteins and crystalline serum albumin was studied by ultrafiltration technique. This study showed that the percentage of 3 H-Ph bound to rat plasma slightly decreased from 49% to 41% whereas human plasma showed an increase in binding from 29% to 43% over a 50-fold increase in drug concentration. Human plasma samples which were collected in a bag coated with citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 solution bound 50% less 3 H-Ph than samples collected with EDTA indicating a drug-drug interaction between 3 H-Ph and anticoagulants. No significant change in binding was observed if the samples were frozen prior to use. Scatchard plots for binding of 3 H-Ph resulted in a positive slope for human plasma and a negative slope for rat plasma; whereas curvilinear Scatchard plots with negative slopes were obtained for binding to human and rat crystalline serum albumin.
Effect of micropulse duration on tissue ablation using a stretched free electron laser pulse train

The pulse train from a Mark III FEL tuned to a wavelength of 6.45 microns has been shown to be efficient at ablating soft tissue with minimal collateral damage. This laser has a unique pulse structure consisting of a train of 1ps micropulses spaced 350ps apart, which is maintained for 4-5 microseconds (the macropulse) and is repeated at 1-30Hz. We are investigating the role of the pulse structure in the ablation mechanism. In order to determine the importance of non-linear effects potentially induced by the high peak power of the micropulses, we are using a grating pulse stretcher optimized for 6.45 microns to vary the micropulse duration while maintaining the macropulse duration and micropulse frequency. The technique allows use of the same pulse energy and average power with widely variable peak power. Ablation thresholds were measured using PROB-IT analysis and crater depths were measured using OCT imaging. In water, gelatin, and mouse dermis, we have found no statistically significant difference in the ablation threshold of pulses having widths of 1, 30, 60, and 100ps. The measured ablation efficiency of mouse dermis also showed no significant difference over the same range of pulse widths. This data suggests that the ablation characteristics obtained with the FEL at 6.45 microns are independent of the micropulse duration and do not rely on the high peak power of the FEL pulse train.
Application of Integral Equation Joined with the Chain Association Theory to Study Molecular Association in Sub- and Supercritical Water

In this report, the Percus-Yevick and the Ornestein-Zernike integral equations are solved simultaneously for the radial distribution functions of water at various state conditions, including sub- and supercritical states. The intermolecular potential function used in this study consists of an effective Kihara potential, which is derived for associated fluids. For derivation of the effective potential function, water is considered as a mixture of associated species due to hydrogen bonding. The contribution of hydrogen bonding is considered in the formulation of the effective Kihara potential parameters through the application of the analytic chain association theory. There is a good agreement between the present calculations and the experimental data in predicting the oxygen-oxygen radial distribution function near the critical point and at supercritical conditions for which experimental data are available. It is also concluded that at supercritical conditions a considerable degree of hydrogen bonding may be still present in the form of linear chain association. Therefore, the chain association model is valid near the critical point and at supercritical conditions instead of other structure models for the investigations on molecular structure of water.
New method for the calculation of light-scattering intensities; application to depolarized scattering from simple fluids

A new method is developed for calculating light-scattering intensities. It is shown how the dielectric constant, and the concept of a ‘primary variable’, whose fluctuations cause the scattering of light, may be built into formal scattering theory. An approximation, the resumed fluctuation expansion, which has some extremely desirable and previously unattainable attributes, is proposed. Using this approximation, an integral equation is derived, through which the light-scattering source may be iterated in powers of a ‘generalized Einstein-Smoluchowski’ source, which is proportional to a non-equilibrium dielectric tensor. To linear order, the theory reproduces the theory of Keyes, Kivelson, and McTague. The theory is analysed to second order, and the intensity of depolarized light scattered from simple fluids, due to non-uniform density fluctuations, is calculated. The calculated intensity is a function of the true dielectric constant, and contains the effect of short-ranged fluid structure on closely spaced...
Characteristic x-ray production by electron bombardment of argon, krypton, and xenon from 4 to 10 keV

As part of an experiment to study atomic-field bremsstrahlung produced by electron bombardment of rare-gas atoms in the 4- to 10-keV energy range, we have determined the characteristic x-ray production cross section for the $K$ shell of argon and the $L$ shells of krypton and xenon. We compare our results for the inner-shell ionization cross section with the Bethe theory, the plane-wave Born approximation of McGuire, and the classical binary encounter theory as well as with previous experiments. Using the observed validity of classical scaling over this energy range, and the known average $K$-shell fluorescence yield for argon, we have determined the average $L$-shell fluorescence yield for xenon and krypton.
Transforming the fashion and apparel curriculum to incorporate sustainability

The issue of sustainability is unprecedented in both magnitude and complexity. It presents one of the major challenges faced by modern society. Fashion and apparel educators have an opportunity to adopt a paradigm that can prepare professionals to move away from just profit and performance centred approaches to a balance of economic, environmental and societal considerations. This article explores the concept of sustainability as it relates to fashion; discusses rationale for working definitions of sustainability focusing on complexities involved; prepares a theoretical background for the importance of teaching the concept of sustainability; and presents a model that represents three interlocked teaching strategies used to infuse the concept of sustainability throughout the fashion and apparel program at a liberal arts university.
Patients' characteristics and providers' attitudes: predictors of screening pregnant women for illicit substance use.

OBJECTIVE: This study's aim was to determine how patients' and providers' characteristics affect hospital providers' decisions to screen pregnant and postpartum women for illicit substances. METHODS: A retrospective design was used. Participants included all low-income women (N = 1,100) who delivered at an urban teaching hospital over a 12-month period and the providers (N = 40) who provided prenatal and delivery care for these women. The medical records of the women were abstracted to obtain demographic, medical, social, and substance use information. Providers were interviewed to obtain data on their attitudes. The outcome was a dichotomous indication of whether patients were screened for illicit substances. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that women who were single (OR = 7.1), Black (OR = 1.9), received prenatal care at the prenatal clinic (OR 5.6), saw fewer providers (1.1), or had a placental abruption (OR 15.8), preterm labor (OR = 3.0), inadequate prenatal care (OR = 4.9), a history of involvement with Child Protective Services (OR = 3.9), a high social/Mental Health Risk Factor Score (OR = 1.4), a past or present history of illicit drug use (OR = 6.7), or a present history of tobacco use (OR = 1.7) were more likely to be screened than women without these characteristics. Women whose providers scored medium (OR = 2.5) or high (OR = 2.5) on the Professionalism Scale were more likely to be screened than women whose providers scored low on this scale. CONCLUSIONS: Providers' decisions to screen pregnant women for illicit substance use are influenced by both patients' characteristics and providers' personal attitudes. Hospital protocols might help reduce the potentially biased impact of attitudes on screening decisions. Language: en
Specificity of the induction of ferritin synthesis by hemin.

Abstract We have previously reported that hemin derepresses ferritin mRNA translation in vitro. As noted earlier, pre-incubation of a 90 kDa ferritin repressor protein (FRP) with hemin prevented subsequent repression of ferritin synthesis in a wheat germ extract. The significance of this observation has been investigated further. Evidence is presented here that this inactivation of FRP is temperature dependent. Neither FeCl 3 , Fe 3+ chelated with EDTA, nor protoporphyrin IX caused significant inactivation of FRP under comparable conditions, whereas Zn 2+ -protoporphyrin IX produced an intermediate degree of inhibition. The presence of a glutathione redox buffer (GSB), which was previously shown to minimize non-specific side-effects of hemin, was not necessary for the derepression reaction. Inclusion of mannitol, a free radical scavenger, did not alter the inactivation caused by hemin. Calculation of the expected ratio of hemin monomers to dimers suggests that the active species is the monomer.
Effects of cooking methods and processing stages on vitamin C in traditional Lebanese meals

Purpose – Lebanese meals rich in vitamin C are taken for granted to contain this vitamin without consideration of its losses during the cooking and storing processes. This paper aims to examine the impact of different cooking pots, refrigeration and conventional reheating or via microwaving (MWR) on vitamin C depletion.Design/methodology/approach – Two samples of three meals rich in vitamin C (AB: Aadas Bhamoud made of lentils and Swiss chard; CS: cauliflower stew; ML: Meloukhieh made of Jew's mallow) were analyzed in triplicates when they were raw, cooked in double based stainless steel (DBSS) or pressure cookers (PCs), refrigerated at 4 ○C for 48 h, and when reheated in an open pot or in a microwave reaching 70 ○C. The titration with 2,6‐dichlorophenolindophenol method was used for vitamin C analysis.Findings – Relative vitamin C losses throughout the processing stages were 37.64, 65.43 and 79.00 percent for ML, CS and AB, respectively. DBSS tended to deplete vitamin C less than PC. AB lost 34.4 and 49....
Study of fenfluramine in outpatients with the syndrome of autism

Fenfluramine was administered to 14 outpatient children with the syndrome of autism to determine whether previously produced decreases in blood serotonin concentrations and clinical improvements could be reinstituted. A double-blind medication-placebo crossover design was used. Each patient received fenfluramine 1.5 mg/kg daily (0.75 mg/kg twice daily) for 8 months, followed by placebo for 2 months. Blood serotonin levels promptly fell approximately 49% regardless of baseline levels. Clinical improvement returned, and on some scales gains after 8 months exceeded those noted after only 4 months of treatment. Significant correlations emerged among the amount of clinical response, initially high verbal IQs, and low blood serotonin concentrations. Compliance was excellent, and no clinically relevant side effects or weight changes occurred. It appears that fenfluramine is effective in ameliorating specific symptoms in certain autistic patients. The extent and mechanism of its action remain to be discovered.
The Role of Attention in the Development of Short-Term Memory: Age Differences in the Verbal Span of Apprehension

In previous studies of memory span, participants have attended to the stimuli while they were presented, and therefore have had the opportunity to use a variety of mnemonic strategies. In the main portion of the present study, participants (first- and fourth-grade children, and adults; 24 per age group) carried out a visual task while hearing lists of spoken digits and received a post-list digit recall cue only occasionally, for some lists. Under these conditions, list information presumably must be extracted from a passively held store such as auditory sensory memory. The results suggest that each individual has a core memory capacity limit that can be observed clearly in circumstances in which it cannot be supplemented by mnemonic strategies, and that the capacity limit appears to increase with age during childhood. Other, attention-demanding processes also contribute to memory for attended lists.
Design and fabrication of a multilayer micro-/nanofluidic device with an electrically driven nanovalve

A device containing microfluidic and nanofluidic channels was designed and fabricated to study the performance of an electrically driven nanovalve controlled by induced polarization of a ferroelectric substrate. The microfluidic component was fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane and designed to provide adequate driving pressure and flow rate for fluid flow in the nanofluidic component using only a common syringe pump. The nanofluidic component was fabricated on a glass substrate, coated with a thin film of lead-zirconium-titanate (PZT) substrate, and integrated with nanoelectrodes to induce surface polarization. The experimental concept is to use the polarizable surface of the PZT layers to control the motion of a nanovalve made of charged nanowires or biological molecules. The function of the nanovalve would be demonstrated by observing the fluid mixing behavior variation in the nanofluidic channels before and after the polarization of the PZT substrate. A successful device will prove useful for many applications including laboratory on a chip and release-on-demand drug delivery systems. This device can also be used to study the basic science of fluid flow and heat transfer at the nanoscale with the purpose of improvement in flow and heat transfer efficiency in nanoscale devices.