cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nocturia in the Elderly

Nocturia is a part of life for most older persons, especially men, nearly 90% of whom experience at least one episode of nighttime voiding [1]. It is often cited as one of the most bothersome of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) [2, 3]. Unlike the other common LUTS, nocturia can cause significant morbidity and even mortality for elderly persons.
Water oxidation by mononuclear ruthenium complexes with TPA-based ligands.

The synthesis, characterization, and water oxidation activity of mononuclear ruthenium complexes with tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA), tris(6-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl)amine (Me3TPA), and a new pentadentate ligand N,N-bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine-6-methanamine (DPA-Bpy) have been described. The electrochemical properties of these mononuclear Ru complexes have been investigated by both experimental and computational methods. Using CeIV as oxidant, stoichiometric oxidation of water by [Ru(TPA)(H2O)2]2+ was observed, while Ru(Me3TPA)(H2O)2]2+ has much less activity for water oxidation. Compared to [Ru(TPA)(H2O)2]2+ and [Ru(Me3TPA)(H2O)2]2+, [Ru(DPA-Bpy)(H2O)]2+ exhibited 20 times higher activity for water oxidation. This study demonstrates a new type of ligand scaffold to support water oxidation by mononuclear Ru complexes.
Induced Fall Armyworm Resistance in Pearl Millet

In the greenhouse, a fall armyworm-resistant (intermediate-preference) cultivar (‘Gahi’) of pearl millet, Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and C. E. Hubb, was fertilized with a recommended rate of a complete (NPK) fertilizer and all component nutrient combinations. When larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) were fed the respective foliages, the insect‘s life cycle was affected significantly. Further, the cultivar as fertilized, also varied in growth vigor and expressed extremes of ranges of host plant resistance (for preference, antibiosis, and tolerance) to the insect. Data show that crop fertilizers induce various insect-control effects in pearl millet forage that must be considered in investigations of field-planted host-plant resistance.
Spatiotemporal Phytochrome Signaling during Photomorphogenesis: From Physiology to Molecular Mechanisms and Back

Light exposure results in distinct responses in specific seedling tissues during photomorphogenesis. Light promotes growth of cotyledons and leaves, as well as development and elongation of roots, whereas light inhibits elongation of hypocotyls. For distinct plant responses such as shade avoidance, far-red light or shifts in spectral light quality similarly have disparate impacts on distinct plant tissues, resulting in elongation of stems or petioles and a reduction in growth of leaf blades for many species. The physiological bases of such tissue- and organ-specific light responses were initially studied using localized irradiation of specific tissues and organs, or irradiation of dissected plant parts. These historical approaches were used to identify spatial-specific pools of photoreceptors responsible for regulating local, i.e., tissue- or organ-specific, or distal, i.e., interorgan, plant responses. The red/far-red responsive phytochromes have been the most widely studied among photoreceptors in this regard. Whereas, the spatial localization of photoreceptors regulating many tissue- or organ-specific light responses were identified, the underlying signaling networks responsible for mediating the observed responses have not been well defined. Recent approaches used to investigate the molecular bases of spatiotemporal light responses include selective irradiation of plants harboring mutations in specific photoreceptors, tissue-specific expression of photoreceptors, primarily in photoreceptor mutant backgrounds, or tissue-specific biochemical ablation of photoreceptor accumulation. Progressive integration of such approaches for regulating the availability of localized pools of phytochromes with the use of transcriptomic or proteomic analyses for assessing the genes or proteins which these spatially discrete pools of phytochrome regulate is yielding emergent insight into the molecular bases of spatiotemporal phytochrome signaling pathways responsible for regulating spatiotemporal light responses of which we have been aware of at the physiological level for decades. Here, I discuss historical and emerging approaches to elucidating spatiotemporal signaling mediated by phytochromes during photomorphogenesis.
Incidence of presumed iatrogenic graft failure in Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty.

PURPOSE To evaluate presumed iatrogenic graft failure (PIGF) in Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). METHODS Deidentified data were collected retrospectively from the Illinois Eye Bank between April 2007 and May 2010. PIGF was defined as cases in which a repeat corneal transplant was performed <8 weeks after an initial DSAEK. Data collected for each case included days between initial DSAEK and regraft, regraft type (DSAEK vs. penetrating keratoplasty), precut versus surgeon-cut tissue, and number of DSAEKs distributed to individual surgeons. Ninety-three cases of PIGF were identified for a group of 46 surgeons who received 2504 corneas. Nine PIGF cases from 4 surgeons in cornea fellowships were analyzed separately. Individual surgeon failure rate and overall failure rate were calculated. Analysis of the overall failure rate was conducted without cases performed by surgeons who train fellows. Effect of surgical experience on PIGF was analyzed. RESULTS Overall presumed iatrogenic DSAEK failure rate was 3.66% (84 PIGF cases divided by 2294 corneas). Within the group of 4 surgeons that trained fellows, the failure rate was 4.29% (9 cases PIGF divided by 210 corneas). Average time to regraft was 27.5 ± 17.4 days. Initial diagnoses included Fuchs dystrophy, pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, edema, and other disease states. Average donor and recipient ages were 54.3 ± 13.0 and 71.7 ± 11.3 years, respectively. Use of precut versus surgeon-cut tissue did not affect overall failure rates. Failure rates of less experienced surgeons (21.8% ± 10.8%) were higher than more experienced surgeons (1.5% ± 1.4%). CONCLUSIONS Overall, DSAEK failure rates improve as surgeons gain experience. Failure rates in cornea fellowship programs are not excessive.
Environmental variables, not Allee effects, drive patch vigor in exotic Phragmites australis stands invading the Saco River Estuary, Maine, USA

Abstract We evaluated the importance of Allee effects, defined as declines in individual fitness with low population density or size, in the spread of invasive Phragmites australis occupying a small riverine system in Maine. We also investigated the potential of hydrodynamic drivers of propagule dispersal to alleviate Allee effects. We used molecular markers to assess genotypic richness and its relationship with patch vigor, modeled as patch expansion rate, stem density, and stem height. We hypothesized that an Allee effect would create a positive relationship between genotypic richness and patch vigor, which would be bolstered under specific environmental conditions, specifically shoreline development and nutrient enrichment. Contrary to predictions, genotypic richness and patch vigor were unrelated, as were genotypic richness and seed viability. Genotypic richness varied positively with increasing low-level (i.e., residential) development, but only in the presence of vacant substrate, specifically barren sand. Genotypic richness was also positively correlated with the proximity of open freshwater. Patch vigor was driven by a combination of distance to the river mouth and available ammonium in the soil. Overall, we found relatively high genotypic richness (mean = 0.464), which suggests that the Phragmites invasion of the Saco River estuary may have already advanced beyond any early Allee effects, if they occurred in this riverine system.
Pay For Success And Population Health: Early Results From Eleven Projects Reveal Challenges And Promise

Pay for success (PFS) is a type of social impact investing that uses private capital to finance proven prevention programs that help a government reduce public expenditures or achieve greater value...
Pump Spectral Linewidth-Dependent Competition and Dynamic Behaviors of Stimulated Brillouin-, Raman-, and Kerr-Scattering in Carbon Disulfide

In this paper, we present systematical results of pump spectral linewidth dependence of the threshold, energy conversion (nonlinear reflectivity), dynamic behavior, and spectral structure of backward stimulated Brillouin-, Raman-, and Kerr-scattering in CS 2 liquid pumped by 532-nm and nanosecond-pulsed laser beams, with three largely different spectral linewidths. First, under a super-narrow linewidth (≤0.01 cm -1 ) pump condition, stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is the only predominant process that could provide a higher (≥30%) nonlinear reflectivity. Second, under a narrow line (~0.07 cm -1 ) linewidth pump condition, stimulated Kerr scattering (SKS) is the dominant process, accompanied by a much weaker SBS contribution, but the overall nonlinear reflectivity is drastically reduced to ≤1%. Third, under a moderate (~0.8 cm -1 ) linewidth pump condition, SKS is the only process to be observed. The self-termination phenomenon of SKS process has been found, it is caused by the thermal self-defocusing effect due to Stokes-shift energy conversion, and this effect severely restricts the efficiency of SKS generation.
Letters of Credit, Voidable Preferences and the 'Independence' Principle

When a creditor receives a letter of credit on antecedent debt just before a debtor's bankruptcy, courts have ruled that the letter of credit itself is not a transfer of "debtor" property. This is supposedly dictated by the well-known "independence" principle that governs letters of credit as a matter of state law. Instead, the creditor is held liable as the beneficiary of the issuing bank's security interest. The authors show that such reasoning is self-defeating. On Deprizio grounds, if the creditor is liable for the security interest, so is the bank (as "initial transferee"). The authors argue that only the repeal of the independence principle by the federal law of voidable preferences makes sense of standby letters of credit. The authors present a reconceptualization of the entire tripartite relation between issuing bank, account party and beneficiary, in order to assess the voidable preference risk creditors and banks face in light of the account party's bankruptcy.
The low-order wavefront control system for the PICTURE-C mission: preliminary testbed results from the Shack-Hartmann sensor

The Planetary Imaging Concept Testbed Using a Recoverable Experiment - Coronagraph (PICTURE-C) mission will directly image debris disks and exozodiacal dust around three nearby stars from a high-altitude balloon using a vector vortex coronagraph. We present experimental results of the PICTURE-C low-order wavefront control (LOWFC) system utilizing a Shack-Hartmann (SH) sensor in an instrument testbed. The SH sensor drives both the alignment of the telescope secondary mirror using a 6-axis Hexapod and a surface parallel array deformable mirror to remove residual low-order aberrations. The sensor design and actuator calibration methods are discussed and the preliminary LOWFC closed-loop performance is shown to stabilize a reference wavefront to an RMS error of 0.30 ± 0.29 nm.
Market Structure and Economic Performance

In the preceding chapters we have largely ignored the output supply (and demand) side of the productive relationship, since our focus has been on the cost structure and its implications for productivity and economic performance. The quantity of outputs produced, and the resources used up in the process, determines returns to factors and ultimately the per capita product available for consumption. Analysis of the cost structure allows us to characterize optimum production, and thus real productivity.
Effect of Boron on Microstructure and Fracture of Sintered Ultrafine-Grained Tungsten

Ultrafine-grained tungsten shows strong potential for ballistic applications because of its increased strength, and higher propensity for strain localization compared with coarse-grained materials. However, tungsten typically exhibits poor ductility at room temperature and fractures by a brittle intergranular mechanism. This study evaluates the effects of boron as a sintering aid and grain-boundary strengthening additive for ultrafine-grained tungsten prepared by powder metallurgical methods. While boron did not improve the sinterability of nanocrystalline tungsten in this study, low concentrations of boron delivered a notable increase in strength, accompanied with a transition from intergranular to transgranular fracture. These significant changes in fracture behavior show promise for improving the low-temperature ductility of tungsten; however, the corresponding improvements to plastic strain to failure were less significant than anticipated.
A reactive language for analyzing cloud logs

Log analysis is required in many domains, and especially in the emerging field of cloud computing. Cloud applications are often built by composing diverse services. When something goes wrong, finding the root cause of the problem can be difficult. Many services are only reachable through their Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) with no possibility for live introspection. In this context, logs become an essential tool for monitoring and debugging. Cloud services typically generate very large quantities of log messages, with formats that may not be well specified and may vary over time. In this paper, we present CloudLens, a language for the analysis of semi-structured textual data as found in logs, and specify its formal semantics. CloudLens is a reactive language and views logs as streams of objects. Our objective is to facilitate exploring the contents of logs interactively and to write reusable analyses succinctly, using familiar constructs. We implemented an interpreter for the Apache Zeppelin notebook to provide an interactive IDE. Our prototype implementation is open source and we report on a detailed case study using logs from the Apache OpenWhisk project.
Digitization and Divergence: Online School Ratings and Segregation in America

We analyze whether widespread online access to school-performance information affected economic and social segregation in America. We leverage the staged rollout of GreatSchools.org school ratings from 2006--2015 to answer this question. Across a range of outcomes and specifications, we find that the mass availability of school ratings has accelerated divergence in housing values, income distributions and education levels as well as the racial and ethnic composition across communities. Affluent and more educated families were better positioned to leverage this new information to capture educational opportunities in communities with the best schools. An unintended consequence of better information was less, rather than more, equity in education.
Evaluation of the uncertainties in the source distribution for pressure vessel neutron fluence calculations

The methodology used to prepare the source for neutron fluence calculation at the reactor pressure vessel is examined, and its effect on the calculated cavity dosimeter reaction rate is evaluated. ...
The power of anger: How emotions predict information seeking and sharing after a presidential election

ABSTRACTThis study sought to understand the relationships between four specific emotions (anger, anxiety, enthusiasm, and hopefulness) and post-election information seeking and sharing behaviors. Y...
Behavioral Objectives in Mathematics: An Annotated Bibliography.

-. Instructional Objectives for a Junior College Course in College Algebra. 1969. Cited in Research in Education 5(3) :64-65. ERIC # ED 033 683* One of 39 courses in various major fields. States behavioral objectives and the degree of accuracy required by the student. -. Instructional Objectives for a Junior College Course in Geometry. 1969. Cited in Research in Education 5(3) :65. ERIC # ED 033 698*
Efficient Generation and Increased Reactivity in Cationic Gold via Broensted Acid or Lewis Acid Assisted Activation of an Imidogold Precatalyst.

Imido gold precatalysts activated by Broensted or Lewis acids are excellent catalysts applicable for most common gold-catalyzed reactions.
Combinatorial diversity of Syk recruitment driven by its multivalent engagement with FcεRIγ.

Both cis- and trans-oriented multivalent binding of Syk tandem SH2 domains to FceRIγ is predicted by computational simulations, and corroborated by calcium imaging experiments. The role of interdom...
Macrophages Promote Aortic Valve Cell Calcification Through STAT3 Splicing

Objective Macrophages have been described in calcific aortic valve disease, but it is unclear if they promote or counteract calcification. We aimed to determine how macrophages are involved in calcification using the Notch1+/- model of calcific aortic valve disease. Approach and Results Macrophages in wild-type and Notch1+/- murine aortic valves were characterized by flow cytometry. Macrophages in Notch1+/- aortic valves had increased expression of MHCII. We then used bone marrow transplants to test if differences in Notch1+/- macrophages drive disease. Notch1+/- mice had increased valve thickness, macrophage infiltration, and M1-like macrophage polarization regardless of transplanted bone marrow genotype. In vitro approaches confirm that Notch1+/- aortic valve cells promote macrophage invasion as quantified by migration index and M1-like polarization quantified by Ly6C and CCR2 positivity regardless of macrophage genotype. Finally, we found that macrophage interaction with aortic valve cells promotes osteogenic, but not dystrophic, calcification by decreasing abundance of the STAT3β isoform. Conclusions This study reveals that Notch1+/- aortic valve disease involves increased macrophage recruitment and polarization driven by altered aortic valve cell secretion, and that increased macrophage recruitment promotes osteogenic calcification through STAT3 splicing changes. Further investigation of STAT3 and macrophage-driven inflammation as therapeutic targets in calcific aortic valve disease is warranted.
Uncommon Mature T-Cell Lymphomas

Common T-cell leukemias/lymphomas frequently involving the spleen and liver include entities such as T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, aggressive NK-cell leukemia, and hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma. The involvement of the spleen and liver by other nodal or extranodal T-cell or NK-/T-cell lymphomas is less common and mostly as part of disseminated disease. The clinicopathologic features of these uncommon mature T-cell lymphomas in the spleen and liver, including peripheral T-cell lymphoma, NOS, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, ALK-positive and ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and extranodal NK-/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, are discussed in this chapter. Spleen and liver biopsies are typically not obtained in these lymphomas, as diagnosis is typically made on lymph node or other primary sites of involvement.
Associations Between Variations in Breast Anatomy and Early Breastfeeding Challenges.

BackgroundMothers with anatomic variability (e.g., shorter, wider nipples; denser areolas) may experience breastfeeding challenges disproportionately.Research aimTo examine whether variations in br...
Zonal regulation of collagen-type proteins and posttranslational modifications in prostatic benign and cancer tissues by imaging mass spectrometry

Background The emergence of reactive stroma is a hallmark of prostate cancer (PCa) progression and a potential source for prognostic and diagnostic markers of PCa. Collagen is a main component of reactive stroma and changes systematically and quantitatively to reflect the course of PCa, yet has remained undefined due to a lack of tools that can define collagen protein structure. Here we use a novel collagen-targeting proteomics approach to investigate zonal regulation of collagen-type proteins in PCa prostatectomies. Methods Prostatectomies from nine patients were divided into zones containing 0%, 5%, 20%, 70% to 80% glandular tissue and 0%, 5%, 25%, 70% by mass of PCa tumor following the McNeal model. Tissue sections from zones were graded by a pathologist for Gleason score, percent tumor present, percent prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and/or inflammation (INF). High-resolution accurate mass collagen targeting proteomics was done on a select subset of tissue sections from patient-matched tumor or nontumor zones. Imaging mass spectrometry was used to investigate collagen-type regulation corresponding to pathologist-defined regions. Results Complex collagen proteomes were detected from all zones. COL17A and COL27A increased in zones of INF compared with zones with tumor present. COL3A1, COL4A5, and COL8A2 consistently increased in zones with tumor content, independent of tumor size. Collagen hydroxylation of proline (HYP) was altered in tumor zones compared with zones with INF and no tumor. COL3A1 and COL5A1 showed significant changes in HYP peptide ratios within tumor compared with zones of INF (2.59 ± 0.29, P value: .015; 3.75 ± 0.96 P value .036, respectively). By imaging mass spectrometry COL3A1 showed defined localization and regulation to tumor pathology. COL1A1 and COL1A2 showed gradient regulation corresponding to PCa pathology across zones. Pathologist-defined tumor regions showed significant increases in COL1A1 HYP modifications compared with COL1A2 HYP modifications. Certain COL1A1 and COL1A2 peptides could discriminate between pathologist-defined tumor and inflammatory regions. Conclusions Site-specific posttranslational regulation of collagen structure by proline hydroxylation may be involved in reactive stroma associated with PCa progression. Translational and posttranslational regulation of collagen protein structure has potential for new markers to understand PCa progression and outcomes.
Environmental history of the Amazon Basin

Clearly many data are needed before reliable climatic histories of the Amazon Basin can be constructed. The principal watersheds drain the different climatic regions bordering on the Amazon Basin. But the hypothesis of equatorial aridty rests also on observations for aridity in glacial times elsewhere in the tropics, and on landform data suggesting local aridity within parts of the Amazon Basin at unknown times in the past. Were it not for the attraction of the refugial hypothesis put forward by Haffer, these circumstantial data could scarcely have led to the aridity hypothesis. For Quaternary scientists the refugial hypothesis will have widespread interest only to the extent that it can be tested with independently dated evidence for past climates. At least one of the climatic systems impinging on the Amazon Basin, therefore, has been shown to be capable of wide fluctuation within the Holocene.
The behavioral sciences and health education: Disciplines with a compatible interest?

(1981). The Behavioral Sciences and Health Education. Health Education: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 4-7.
Investigation of gender differences in multivariate associations between physical activity and psychological distress

The study examined gender differences in the relationship between physical activity (PA) and psychological distress in college students. Participants: The participants were recruited at a universit...
Neonates with congenital GI anomalies have growth delays that persist beyond the neonatal intensive care unit

Background: Infants with gastrointestinal (GI) disorders have increased survivorship with advances in intensive care. This population requires a prolonged hospital stay secondary to surgeries and an increased risk for sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). These complications lead to chronic exposure to inflammation and malnutrition that cause serious growth delays that may have far-reaching consequences. Literature on this population has been limited by small sample sizes and short-term follow up. Objective: This study’s aim was to investigate long-term growth among neonates with of GI anomalies or complications during the …
Importance of Assessing Wellbeing for United States Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations.

* Abbreviation: USPSTF — : US Preventive Services Task Force Child health care providers spend a large portion of their time practicing preventive medicine. This includes screening, providing anticipatory guidance and counseling, and, less commonly, prescribing preventive medications.1 The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) makes recommendations on the basis of a systematic evaluation of scientific evidence that assesses the impact of clinical preventive services on child health, taking into account both the benefits and harms of preventive services.2 The USPSTF does not use expert opinion or clinical judgement when developing recommendations. Because the USPSTF follows a strict evidence-based approach, it frequently finds insufficient evidence to support preventive services.3 The USPSTF issues “I statements” when it judges the scientific evidence underlying a preventive service to be insufficient to assess the overall balance of benefits and harms. An I statement does not signify that the preventive service is or is not beneficial but, rather, that the evidence base has gaps that preclude a definitive recommendation. Of the USPSTF’s 45 recommendations relevant to children and adolescents, nearly half are I statements, including screening for speech and language delay,4 autism spectrum disorder,5 and elevated blood lead levels6 and counseling or other interventions to prevent illicit or nonmedical drug use.7 Although each I statement has a unique set of reasons for why the relevant evidence is judged to be insufficient, the most common include a lack of data for the effect of the preventive service on ultimate health outcomes, including length or quality of life, and the inability to extrapolate evidence derived from research in symptomatic populations to screen-detected populations identified in primary care. … Address correspondence to Michael Silverstein, MD, MPH, Boston Medical Center, 1 Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA 02118. E-mail: michael.silverstein{at}bmc.org
Accounting for sample morphology in correlative X-ray microscopy via ray tracing

The correlations in multi-modal microscopy data can be systematically reduced by the distinct probe-sample interactions and signal collection geometry for each modality. Extracting scientific insights from correlative datasets thus requires careful consideration of the mode-specific, and often non-overlapping, sampling volume used in the correlative microscopy. Here we describe a pencil beam, ray tracing method that accounts for the finite extent and roughness of thin-films and nanomaterials in synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy measurements, creating a first approximation of the probe-sample interaction for each modality that tightens correlations in multi-modal X-ray nanoprobe characterization. As a demonstrative example we analyze structure–function correlations in sequential microscopy data acquired for a Eu:CsPbBr3 halide perovskite thin-film crystal across three distinct measurement modes. Our ray-traced corrections account for local fluorescence matrix effects and sampling volume discrepancies and unveil structural, compositional, and optoelectronic relationships hidden in the raw data.
Can high antimüllerian hormone mitigate some of the age-related decline in live birth rates? The association between antimüllerian hormone and live birth among women over 40 undergoing in vitro fertilization

Objective To examine the association between serum antimullerian hormone (AMH) and live birth among women aged ≥41 years undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Design Retrospective cohort study using the 2012–2014 Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System database. Setting Fertility clinics reporting to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Patient(s) The analysis included 7,819 patients aged ≥41 years who underwent a first fresh, autologous IVF cycle during the study period. Cycles with preimplantation genetic testing were excluded. Intervention(s) None. Main outcome measure(s) Live birth rate. Result(s) The empirical distribution of AMH was examined, and extreme values were observed. Therefore, the natural logarithm transformation of AMH (log-AMH) was used in all analyses. Before adjustment for covariates, a one-unit increase in log-AMH was associated with doubling of the odds of live birth up to a log-AMH of −0.34 (equivalently, AMH, 0.71 ng/mL; odds ratio [OR], 2.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.66–2.46). Above an AMH level of 0.71 ng/mL, the odds of live birth increased by only 40% with each unit increase in log-AMH (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.22–1.61). After adjusting for covariates, the odds of live birth increased by 91% with each unit increase in log-AMH up to −0.34 (AMH, 0.71 ng/mL; OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.56–2.34). Above an AMH level of 0.71 ng/mL, the odds of live birth increased by only 32% with each unit increase in log-AMH (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.15–1.53). Conclusion(s) Among women aged ≥41 years undergoing fresh, autologous IVF, the odds of live birth significantly increase with increasing serum AMH level. As the AMH level increases above 0.71 ng/mL, the association maintains statistical significance, but the effect size is diminished.
Systemically Evaluating the Robustness of ML-based IoT Malware Detectors

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices is paralleled by them being on the front-line of malicious attacks caused by malicious software. Machine learning (ML) algorithms, alongside the traditional signature-based methods, are typically used to detect malicious activities and behaviors. However, they are susceptible to malware evolution and sophistication, making them limited to the patterns that they have been trained upon. In this work, we systematically examine the state-of-the-art malware detection approaches using various representations, under a range of adversarial settings. Our preliminary analyses highlight the instability of the learning algorithms in learning patterns that distinguish the benign from the malicious. Our mutations with functionality-preserving operations, e.g., software stripping and binary padding, significantly deteriorate the accuracy of malware detectors.
Diagnostic Techniques in Clinical Practice – OCT, FA, Ultrasound

If one follows the assumption that management of patients with diabetic retinopathy begins with an appropriate history and clinical examination then the purpose of ancillary diagnostic testing should be to add value to evaluation of the patient. Examples of such value may be to provide patient education to gain compliance with treatment recommendations (blood sugar control); to decide when additional intervention is beneficial either at baseline (detection of diabetic macular edema) or follow-up (response of diabetic macular edema to therapy); and to help establish prognosis such that appropriate follow-up schedules can be mutually agreed upon. In a research setting, there are additional purposes for ancillary testing but the emphasis in this chapter is on clinical care of patients with diabetic retinopathy.
Mastering Communication with Seriously Ill Patients: Balancing Honesty with Empathy and Hope

1. Taking your skills to the next level 2. Getting a good start 3. Talking about serious news 4. Making treatment decisions 5. Discussing prognosis 6. Between the big events 7. Conducting a family conference 8. Dealing with conflicts 9. Transitions to end of life care 10. Talking about dying 11. Cultivating your skills.
Discrete State Models of Information Processing

Discrete-state models for information processing tasks assume that overt responses to stimulus inputs are probabilistically determined by a small set of latent mental states. The earliest examples were in signal detection and mathematical learning theory. Later, the class of multinomial processing tree (MPT) models was developed. MPT models assume that stimulus inputs probabilistically select processing branches in a tree structure, where each branch is a possible sequence of latent cognitive acts leading to an overt response. MPT models have been developed for many information processing tasks, and their statistical theory is well developed at the class level.
Maximum torque control of induction machine in deep flux weakening region

In modern motor drive system, the maximum torque-speed range of the induction machine is limited by the allowable phase current and the DC bus voltage. When the induction machine speed increases, the machine eventually enters deep flux weakening region and the DC bus voltage becomes the only limitation to the torque production capability of the machine. The maximum torque in the deep flux weakening region can be achieved by supplying the optimal current to the stator windings. In this paper, the method to determine the optimal stator current is proposed. It is shown that the maximum torque is higher than the pull-out torque of the machine in deep flux weakening region.
Neural synthesis of firing decisions in the brain

The brain generally miniaturizes its perceptions into what may be regarded as a model of what happens outside. We experience the world according to the capacity of our nervous system to register the stimuli we receive. In order to understand and control the environment there needs to be proportionality between the measurements represented in the miniaturized model that arises from the firings of our neurons, and the actual measurements in the real world. Thus our response to stimuli must satisfy the fundamental functional equation F(ax) = bF(x). In other words, our interpretation of a stimulus as registered by the firing of our neurons is proportional to what it would be if it were not filtered through the brain. This equation is the homogeneous part of the inhomogeneous equation F(ax) – bF(x) = G(x) with the forcing function G(x). What interests us here is the mode of operation of the (firing) system that needs to always satisfy the homogeneous part.
Upper Limit of Hydrogen and Helium Concentrations on Titan

The satellite Titan is commonly quoted as possessing an atmosphere consisting of at least 2 × 104 cm atm of methane. Plausible additional atmospheric constituents like hydrogen and helium are assumed to have completely escaped from the satellite. However, the employment of recent techniques to the upper atmosphere of Titan permits an improved estimate of the upper limits of the hydrogen to methane and helium to methane mixing ratios existing in the lower atmosphere of Titan, namely 10-6±1 and 10-3.5±0.5.
Metabolic Pathways in Methanococcus jannaschii and Other Methanogenic Bacteria

Eleven strains of methanogenic bacteria were divided into two groups on the basis of the directionality (oxidative or reductive) of their citric acid pathways. These pathways were readily identified for most methanogens from the patterns of carbon atom labeling in glutamate, following growth in the presence of [2-13C]acetate. All used noncyclic pathways, but members of the family Methanosarcinaceae were the only methanogens found to use the oxidative direction. Methanococcus jannaschii failed to incorporate carbon from acetate despite transmembrane equilibration comparable to other weak acids. This organism was devoid of detectable activities of the acetate-incorporating enzymes acetyl coenzyme A synthetase, acetate kinase, and phosphotransacetylase. However, incorporation of [1-13C]-, [2-13C]-, or [3-13C]pyruvate during the growth of M. jannaschii was possible and resulted in labeling patterns indicative of a noncyclic citric acid pathway operating in the reductive direction to synthesize amino acids. Carbohydrates were labeled consistent with glucogenesis from pyruvate. Leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, lysine, formate, glycerol, and mevalonate were incorporated when supplied to the growth medium. Lysine was preferentially incorporated into the lipid fraction, suggesting a role as a phytanyl chain precursor.
Modularity of a Certain Calabi-Yau Threefold

The Langlands program predicts that certain Calabi-Yau threefolds are modular in the sense that their L-series correspond to the Mellin transforms of weight 4 newforms. Here we prove that the L-function of the threefold given by is , the unique normalized eigenform in .
KSHV wages a 2-front war on PECAM/CD31

Comment on Mansouri et al, page [1932][1] In this issue of Blood , Mansouri and colleagues show that in addition to suppressing expression of histocompatibility complex class I molecules, the K5 gene product of KSHV also targets CD31. It does this by 2 separate mechanisms, one that targets newly
POLITICAL DECENTRALIZATION, MUNICIPAL FRAGMENTATION, AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT IN CARACAS, VENEZUELA

During the past decade, governments throughout the developing world have implemented policies promoting political and economic decentralization. To date, the study of decentralization has focused on political issues, while the consequences of these policies for geographical patterns of development have been largely ignored. This paper explores the geographical impacts of political decentralization with a study of changing patterns of real estate development in the metropolitan area of Caracas, Venezuela. In Venezuela, decentralization policies have created incentives for the fragmentation of the metropolitan area into a number of municipal governmental units, each pursuing its own developmental strategy. Resulting changes in the geographical patterns of real estate investment are examined. Particular consideration is given to development of a socially exclusive, multifunctional enclave within the city, that both divides and reorders the spatial structure of Caracas. [Key words: decentralization, municipal...
Early postnatal Purkinje cells from staggerer mice undergo aberrant development in vitro with characteristic morphologic and gene expression abnormalities.

The staggerer (sg) mutant mouse shows an early block in Purkinje cell (PC) development due to a truncation of the transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα). Cerebellar cultures from neonatal sg mice recapitulate many in vivo postnatal changes in PCs and allow for detailed observation of sequential dendritic outgrowth and gene expression changes. In addition, this in vitro system provides a tractable basis for RORα replacement studies.
An overview of techniques for the measurement of calcium distribution, calcium fluxes, and cytosolic free calcium in mammalian cells.

An array of techniques can be used to study cell calcium metabolism that comprises several calcium compartments and many types of transport systems such as ion channels, ATP-dependent pumps, and an...
Gene knockout approach to adenosine A2A receptors in Parkinson's disease

Recently, the adenosine A 2A receptor (A 2A R) has emerged as an attractive target for Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment by virtue of its coexpression with the dopamine D 2 receptor (D 2 R) in the striatum and its modulation of dopamine receptor-mediated functions. Moreover, the adenosine antagonist, caffeine, has recently been linked to a reduced risk of developing PD in large prospective epidemiological studies, raising the possibility that caffeine and more specific adenosine antagonists may protect against dopaminergic neuron death. Recently, we and others have developed a series of A 2A R and D 2 R knockout (KO) mouse models. These mutant mouse models with complete, specific genetic inactivation of A 2A Rs and D 2 Rs overcome some of the intrinsic limitations of A 2A antagonists and provide an opportunity to investigate A 2A R's role in the development and treatment of PD. First, we used D 2 as well as A 2A R KO mice to dissect the molecular mechanism of the A 2A R's action by determining the dependence of A 2A R function on D 2 receptors. The A 2A antagonist (CSC) and the nonspecific antagonist caffeine induced motor stimulation in naive and reserpinized mice deficient in D 2 receptor. These results suggest that A 2A R antagonists enhance motor function at least partially independent of D 2 receptors. Second, we explored the role of A 2A Rs in the development of L-dopa-induced behavioral sensitization in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned mice, an animal model of the behavioral and neurochemical features of dyskinesia in PD. Genetic inactivation of A 2A Rs markedly attenuated the development and persistence of L-dopa-induced rotational behavioral sensitization and attenuated induction of dynorphin mRNA in the striatum. The results suggest that A 2A R plays a critical role in the development of persistent maladaptive dyskinetic responses to chronic L-dopa treatment in PD. Finally, we showed that genetic inactivation of A 2A Rs attenuates MPTP-induced depletion of dopamine and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Together, these results obtained with genetic approaches demonstrate that A 2A R inactivation may have multiple therapeutic benefits for PD: motor enhancement through a partial D 2 -independent mechanism, prevention of L-dopa-induced behavioral sensitization, and attenuation of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. The generation of tissue-specific and inducible A 2A KO mouse models will further refine our understanding of the A 2A receptor's role in the development and treatment of PD.
A new criterion for the glass-forming ability of liquids

Abstract Based on theoretical calculations using the fragility concept and the nucleation theory for a model glass-forming system, we propose a dimensionless criterion, ϕ, expressed by Trg(ΔTx/Tg)a, with Trg, the reduced glass-transition temperature, ΔTx, the width of the supercooled liquid region when heating a glass, Tg, the glass transition temperature, and a, the exponent. The application of this simple criterion to various glasses, including network, metallic, and molecular glasses (except pure water), indicates an excellent correlation between the critical cooling rate Rc and ϕ in a Log Rc–ϕ single master plot with a = 0.143.
INFRARED DETERMINATION OF PRECIPITABLE WATER VAPOR IN A VERTICAL COLUMN OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE

Abstract The transmission of the water-vapor absorption bands at 0.96, 1.1 and 1.4 microns is used as the determinant of the total precipitable water vapor in the path of solar radiation. The method was originated by Fowle, and the calibrations established by him are the bases of the present work. Two methods of calibration were employed by Fowle, one using the transmission of the entire area of an absorption band, the other employing the transmission at a single wavelength in the absorption band. The latter method (ordinate method) is much the simpler and yields results of greater consistency than does the area method. The ordinate method of water-vapor determination is less affected by fluctuations in the spectrum envelope created by atmospheric effects than is the area method. Extensive comparison with radiosonde data is made, and a calibration is established for the ordinate method of water-vapor determination in the solar-radiation path by means of the 1.1-µ absorption band. Values of precipitable wa...
5' C-rich telomeric overhangs are an outcome of rapid telomere truncation events.

A subset of human tumors ensures indefinite telomere length maintenance by activating a telomerase-independent mechanism known as Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). Most tumor cells of ALT origin share a constellation of unique characteristics, which include large stores of extra-chromosomal telomeric material, chronic telomere dysfunction and a peculiar enrichment in chromosome ends with 5′ C-rich overhangs. Here we demonstrate that acute telomere de-protection and the subsequent DNA damage signal are not sufficient to facilitate formation of 5′ C-overhangs at the chromosome end. Rather chromosome ends bearing 5′ C-overhangs are a by-product of rapid cleavage events, processing of which occurs independently of the DNA damage response and is partly mediated through the XRCC3 endonuclease.
High performance computing issues for model reduction/expansion

Abstract Several methods are investigated for finite element model expansion, with particular attention paid to the role of high performance computing for this problem in the area of structural dynamics. Model expansion is used in model updating, which concerns itself with fine tuning finite element models so that they agree with experimentally obtained modal data. Three popular methods are explored: static expansion, dynamic expansion and Improved Reduced System. Beam and plate examples are used to investigate the performance of these methods on an Intel Paragon when faced with large problems and very few measurement data.
Intrinsic Properties and Combinatorial Principles

Three objections have recently been levelled at the analysis of intrinsicness offered by Rae Langton and David Lewis. While these objections do seem telling against the particular theory Langton and Lewis offer, they do not threaten the broader strategy Langton and Lewis adopt: defining intrinsicness in terms of combinatorial features of properties. I show how to amend their theory to overcome the objections without abandoning the strategy.
Portrait of transcriptional responses to ultraviolet and ionizing radiation in human cells

To understand the human response to DNA damage, we used microarrays to measure transcriptional responses of 10 000 genes to ionizing radiation (IR) and ultraviolet radiation (UV). To identify bona fide responses, we used cell lines from 15 individuals and a rigorous statistical method, Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM). By exploring how sample number affects SAM, we rendered a portrait of the human damage response with a degree of accuracy unmatched by previous studies. By showing how SAM can be used to estimate the total number of responsive genes, we discovered that 24% of all genes respond to IR and 32% respond to UV, although most responses were less than 2-fold. Many genes were involved in known damage-response pathways for cell cycling and proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair or the stress response. However, the majority of genes were involved in unexpected pathways, with functions in signal transduction, RNA binding and editing, protein synthesis and degradation, energy metabolism, metabolism of macromolecular precursors, cell structure and adhesion, vesicle transport, or lysosomal metabolism. Although these functions were not previously associated with the damage response in mammals, many were conserved in yeast. These insights reveal new directions for studying the human response to DNA damage.
Renal hypoplasia and dysplasia in an American miniature foal

Diagnostic imaging, including computed tomography, of a two-month-old foal with renal failure indicated that its right kidney was probably absent and that its left kidney was abnormal in shape. The foal was stabilised and released, but three days later its clinical signs recurred. Postmortem examination revealed renal hypoplasia and dysplasia, the first reported case of this condition in an American miniature horse.
Magnetic field investigations on low cost missions

Abstract Magnetic fields pervade all of space and provide important diagnostic information on the nature of processes occurring within and around solar system objects. Thus magnetic investigations are frequently included on planetary missions. Since spacecraft subsystems can generate magnetic fields that may interfere with the measurement of the ambient field, magnetic cleanliness programs are usually instituted to minimize such extraneous magnetic field sources. These programs need not require significant cost since magnetic control issues are now well understood but they do require early educational efforts and good communication with all hardware providers. Recent experience with the Small Explorer program, FAST, and plans for the proposed Hermes Discovery mission are discussed.