cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Instrumentally Oriented Factory Worker: Myth or Reality?

The factory worker has long been identified as instrumentally oriented to work (viewing work as a means to achieve economic ends), yet we still have relatively little understanding of what he or she values from work and why. With work orientation reconceptualized as the extent to which individuals value economic as well as intrinsic job rewards, the joint impact of personal and work-related properties on the extrinsic and intrinsic work values of factory workers are examined systematically. The survey results are consistent with theoretical arguments deriving from different perspectives: The extent to which such workers value each type of reward is affected partially by their general values and their perceptions of needs, which are a result of nonwork social position. In addition, the character of the job has an important impact, since people tend to value what is most available from work. These conclusions are buttressed by information from intensive interviews. The notion that factory workers are instru...
Sexual reproduction in the arum lily family, with emphasis on thermogenicity

Floral thermogenicity, which is found in several representatives of half a dozen angiosperm families, is most pronounced in the Araceae. It is based on the operation of an “alternative”, cyanide-resistant electron transport chain which, in contrast to the “classic” cytochrome oxidase system, produces little ATP; most of the energy originally locked up in the respiratory substrate usually starch — is therefore liberated in the form of heat. The biological function of this (biochemically wasteful) system is to release the heat to serve as a “volatilizer” for the floral odors (often containing aliphatic amines, indole and skatole) that attract the insect pollinators. This makes the survival value of thermogenesis (for the plant species) immediately clear. Thermogenicity is under tight biological control, as demonstrated by the fact that the same ceiling temperature is always reached, regardless of ambient temperature. In Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), which flowers very early in spring, that ceiling is about 20° C, in tropical forms such as Xanthosoma robustum and Philodendron selloum, it lies in the 42°–44° C range. In several instances, e.g., in Arum and in Sauromatum, the voodoo lily, thermogenicity manifests itself as a flare-up of only a few hours' duration, a “respiratory explosion” that can lead to rates of metabolism that compare favorably with those of a hovering hummingbird. The metabolic peak is always reached at a particular time of day, which is different for the different arum lily species, and thus reduces competition for pollinators. The odors that accompany the heat are also very characteristic, appealing to different pollinator classes and further reducing such competition. In the voodoo lily and in Arum, the primary site for the production of both heat and odor is the naked appendix of the inflorescence, which acts as a specialized “osmophore” or odor carrier. The first explosion may be followed by another one several hours later, which manifests itself in the floral chamber of the inflorescence and is under strict photoperiodic control. In Sauromatum, the first metabolic explosion is triggered by a plant hormone, originally referred to as “calorigen,” which originates in the primordia of the staminate flowers and moves from there into the appendix where it exerts its action after a lag-time of about a day — an indication that synthesis of new enzymatic protein (through unblocking of certain genes?) may well be involved. In 1987, calorigen was shown to be identical with salicylic acid. This compound was already known to induce flowering in certain duck-weeds, Lemnaceae, which until recently were regarded as belonging to the same family as arum lilies. In certain water lilies (Nymphaeaceae), thermogenicity is combined with a pollination syndrome very similar to that of Arum and Sauromatum but involving temporary trap flowers.
The incorporation of electrolyte byproducts into barrier anodic Al2O3 coatings

Abstract We have observed that substantial amounts of electrolyte byproducts are incorporated into barrier anodic Al 2 O 3 coatings during deposition. The electrolyte used for the process studied consisted of a solution of ammonium tartrate and water which was diluted to 1 part in 40 with ethanol. The tartrate concentration in this electrolyte decreases as a function of the amount of aluminum anodized. Fourier transform IR analysis indicates that the coatings produced by the process contain substantial amounts of carboxylates. Auger electron spectroscopy, transmission electron spectroscopy and other indirect evidence, e.g. Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, strongly suggest that the concentration of carboxylates increases with proximity to the outer surface of the coatings. Our results also indicate that these byproducts play a substantial role in inhibiting the crystallization of amorphous material present in the coatings. The results of this study support the hypothesis that incorporated electrolyte byproducts beneficially contribute to the dielectric properties of barrier anodic coatings. The depletion of tartrate ions from the electrolyte in conjunction with anodic film formation is accompanied by the appearance of acetate and formate. The concentrations of these ions increase rapidly and are then depleted together with tartrate late in the bath's life. This depletion of the anion species appears to define a practical limit to the area of aluminum which can be anodized in a given volume of the electrolyte without replenishment.
BUSINESS COMMUNITY STRUCTURES AND URBAN REGIMES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

: Regime theorists often present business interests as coherent and unified communities with unitary interests. A central principle of regime theory, however, is that business elites tend to occupy privileged positions within regime coalitions because of the scope of resources and expertise they command and cities require for economic development and/or fiscal solvency. Cities are generally home to a wide range of business activities operating at various scales, and business elites representing various corporations in different economic sectors arguably command different kinds of resources and expertise that are functional to the economic activities with which they are affiliated. Various mixes of business elites representing different economic activities might therefore produce differentially biased input regarding urban policy-making and affect the types of regime coalitions that cities develop.Utilizing compilations of interlocking directorates among major organizations across three sectors, profiles of the corporate and social community structures of 24 U.S. cities are generated and a correlation matrix comprised of business and social organizational categories is produced. Factor analysis of the correlation matrix identifies three separate mixes of corporate and social organizational categories that generally conform to descriptions of developmental, caretaker, and progressive regime typologies. These three factors serve as prototypes of the three broad regime types and their corporate community structures. Correlations of the 24 cities with each of the three regime prototypes generally match their regime types as identified through previous case studies. Variations in regime types among cities might therefore be attributed to varying degrees of diversity in the kinds of corporations headquartered or located within them. Closer attention to the economic base of cities—the producers, after all, of local business elites—may reveal internal biases and/or material predisposition towards some urban policies over others by local business elites in relation to the economic activities with which they are linked.
Packing density of rigid aggregates is independent of scale

Large planetary seedlings, comets, microscale pharmaceuticals, and nanoscale soot particles are made from rigid, aggregated subunits that are compacted under low compression into larger structures spanning over 10 orders of magnitude in dimensional space. Here, we demonstrate that the packing density (θf) of compacted rigid aggregates is independent of spatial scale for systems under weak compaction. The θf of rigid aggregated structures across six orders of magnitude were measured using nanoscale spherical soot aerosol composed of aggregates with ∼ 17-nm monomeric subunits and aggregates made from uniform monomeric 6-mm spherical subunits at the macroscale. We find θf = 0.36 ± 0.02 at both dimensions. These values are remarkably similar to θf observed for comet nuclei and measured values of other rigid aggregated systems across a wide variety of spatial and formative conditions. We present a packing model that incorporates the aggregate morphology and show that θf is independent of both monomer and aggregate size. These observations suggest that the θf of rigid aggregates subject to weak compaction forces is independent of spatial dimension across varied formative conditions.
Plasma choline: its turnover and exchange with brain choline.

—The kinetics of plasma choline (Ch) and the uptake of plasma Ch into the brain were studied by means of intravenous infusion of [2H4]Ch at various rates into anaesthetized and conscious rats. [2H4]Ch levels in both arterial and venous plasma at steady state were linearly related to the infusion rate; however, unlabelled Ch levels were independent of infusion rate. [2H4]Ch levels were higher in the arterial plasma than in the venous plasma, while unlabelled Ch levels were higher in the venous plasma than in the arterial plasma. It was concluded that Ch is being generated in the brain and is released into the venous effluent. The supply of Ch to the plasma is not decreased if the plasma Ch level is increased. The clearance and turnover of Ch in the compartment of its initial distribution are 75 ml kg-1 min-1 and 716 nmol kg-1 min-1, respectively. The uptake of plasma Ch into the brain is not saturated even at very high levels of plasma Ch.
Tribalism as a socioeconomic formation in Iranian history

Historians have tended to ignore the structure of tribalism in writing the history of Iran. Numerous references to tribal leaders can be found in the literature (Turkoman, Bakhtiyari, and Qajar khans appear and reappear as important figures in Iranian political history), but the nomadic societies that produced these leaders and shaped and limited the contours of their actions have been left to the researches of anthropologists and other social scientists. While historians have undertaken detailed studies of urban and agrarian institutions, they have continued to ignore tribalism as a factor in Iranian history.
A logic programming perspective on decision table theory and practice

Abstract A theoretical foundation is presented aimed at reconciling the theory and practice of decision table (DT) processing with a family of relatable methodologies represented by logic programming (LP), Prolog, and relational databases. Formal DT definitions, based on ones promulgated by Codasyl's Decision Table Task Group in 1982 and modified in the paper, promote a balanced emphasis on functional and relational representations established in the theory and in prototype implementations. Implementations with term data organizations (constant, variable and function) adhere to the functional definition of DT's and their origins in a larger DT processing context and potential automatic interconnections are delineated. Implementations with predicate data organizations adhere to the relational definition of DT's and illustrate the impact of relational level processing on DT processing; interconnections among these implementations are also stipulated. Use and performance characteristics for the various methods are mentioned and, in order to highlight the contributions to DT theory and methodology, the attractiveness of the perspectives gained from LP is summarized and demonstrated. First, there are important DT properties obtained at little cost in extra coding: capturing of precepts on ordering within DT's and don't-care, facilitating DT updating and integrity constraints, and expediting implementation of table systems. Then, novel means of simulating policy maps, wide ranging DT accessing mechanisms, and a connection to relational database theory display efficacy of the approach by demonstrating how certain very desirable processing goals can be readily achieved within the purview provided. Culminating remarks indicate how LP and DT's constitute mutually supporting methodologies, i.e., together they offer prospects for enhancement and automation of whole lifecycle schemes, including aids for developing programs written in Prolog.
The Impact of Capital Spending on Municipal Operating Budgets

What is the impact of capital spending for buildings, equipment, and other facilities on future operating expenditures of municipal governments? Because capital spending decisions are made independent of operating decisions in many larger municipalities, managers make long-term capital commitments without fully understanding the repercussions for operations. This implies the need for research that examines more closely the linkages between these budget cycles. This article develops a theory of the relationship between capital and operating expenditures, then uses data from the fortyeight largest U.S. cities to estimate both the magnitude of capital's impact and the time it takes for operating budgets to adjust. The study finds that five of six commonly provided municipal services were affected to varying degrees by past years' capital expenditures. Especially notable is the finding that the operating budgets of labor-intensive services, such as police and fire protection, are most sensitive to capital spending. For public managers, the findings point to the need for closer coordination between the capital and operating budget cycles, especially in those cases where capital outlays have clear, unambiguous positive implications for future operations.
Predicting Regional Lung Deposition of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Particles

Inhalation exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) particles may increase health risks, but only to the extent that the particles deposit in the respiratory tract. We describe a technique to predict regional lung deposition of environmental tobacco smoke particles. Interpretation of particle size distribution measurements after cigarette combustion by a smoking machine in a test room yields an effective emissions profile. An aerosol dynamics model is used to predict indoor particle concentrations resulting from a specified combination of smoking frequency and building factors. By utilizing a lung deposition model, the rate of ETS mass accumulation in human lungs is then determined as a function of particle size and lung airway generation. Considering emissions of sidestream smoke only, residential exposures of nonsmokers to ETS are predicted to cause rates of total respiratory tract particle deposition in the range of 0.4–0.7 μg / day per kg of body weight for light smoking in a well-ventilated resi...
High demands on cellular networks-High demands on Surge Protective Devices

The continuous utilisability of transmitting / receiving systems and switching centres is for mobile communications a particular importance. These influence the domain of private telecommunication directly by customer satisfaction, in the domain of professional mobile radio (PMR; e.g. public safety organisations), the continuous availability is in the foreground. Good radio prerequisites are necessary for the construction on exposed sites, like for example on elevations, tower buildings and on towers or poles. With increased expansion and due to the high danger potential lightning protection and thus over voltage protection is becoming more relevant for cost-intensive engineering and the demand for permanent availability of the network operation are making Surge Protective Devices (SPD) indispensable. The performance of such SPD has to fulfil the highest requirements. For use in cellular networks a lot of different mechanical and physical requirements are in demand. A combination of class I arresters, based on spark gap technology and class II arresters, based on MOV technology realise a protective device which combine a high absorption of energy and a fast response. This paper describes the requirements, which has to be fulfilled to realise an effective internal lightning protection system.
Orphanin FQ/nociceptin attenuates motor stimulation and changes in nucleus accumbens extracellular dopamine induced by cocaine in rats.

Rationale: Orphanin FQ (OFQ; also known as nociceptin), the endogenous ligand of the opioid receptor-like receptor, injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) decreases basal motor activity and basal extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (Nuc Acc) in rats. Objective: The present study was designed to determine if OFQ similarly attenuates cocaine-induced motor stimulation and to determine if this effect is dependent on attenuation of the increase in extracellular DA. Methods: After a 1-h adaptation period, rats were injected with either artificial cerebrospinal fluid or OFQ (3–30 nmol, i.c.v.) 5 min prior to cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or apomorphine (3 mg/kg, i.p.) administration and the total distance traveled was measured for a further 1 h. In a separate experiment, changes in extracellular DA were monitored by microdialysis following cocaine and OFQ treatment in anesthetized rats. Results: OFQ dose-dependently attenuated both basal and cocaine-induced motor stimulation. OFQ (30 nmol, i.c.v.) also attenuated both the basal and the cocaine-induced increase in extracellular DA in the Nuc Acc. OFQ, at the highest dose, also decreased the motor stimulation induced by apomorphine. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the modulatory effect of OFQ on locomotor activity is not solely due to its inhibitory action on extracellular DA in the Nuc Acc.
Quantitation of glycoproteins on electroblots using the biotin-streptavidin complex

Abstract A method for the detection and quantitation of glycoproteins on nitrocellulose electroblots is described. Protein mixtures may be solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate prior to labeling, which is especially useful when dealing with membrane proteins. Mild periodate oxidation produces aldehydes on the oligosaccharide moieties which are then specifically condensed with biotin aminocaproyl hydrazide. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transfer of proteins onto nitrocellulose membranes, biotinylated glycoproteins are detected with enzyme-linked streptavidin and quantitated by densitometric scanning. As little as 1 ng of α1-acid glycoprotein can be detected by this method. The use of mild oxidation conditions renders the method highly selective for the detection of sialic acid-containing glycoproteins.
Run-time parallelization and scheduling of loops

The class of problems that can be effectively compiled by parallelizing compilers is discussed. This is accomplished with the doconsider construct which would allow these compilers to parallelize many problems in which substantial loop-level parallelism is available but cannot be detected by standard compile-time analysis. We describe and experimentally analyze mechanisms used to parallelize the work required for these types of loops. In each of these methods, a new loop structure is produced by modifying the loop to be parallelized. We also present the rules by which these loop transformations may be automated in order that they be included in language compilers. The main application area of the research involves problems in scientific computations and engineering. The workload used in our experiment includes a mixture of real problems as well as synthetically generated inputs. From our extensive tests on the Encore Multimax/320, we have reached the conclusion that for the types of workloads we have investigated, self-execution almost always performs better than pre-scheduling. Further, the improvement in performance that accrues as a result of global topological sorting of indices as opposed to the less expensive local sorting, is not very significant in the case of self-execution.
Developing practical filters for non-linear systems using a new approach

Practical filters for non-linear system, in the sense of having- finite dimensional equations, are treated through a new approach which combines the model simplification and filtering aspects of the problem. Three filters are derived, the first extended filter (E1F), the second extended filter (E2F), and the second extended non-linear filter (E2NF). The EIF enjoys the accuracy of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the computational simplicity of the Kalman filter (KF). The E2F and the E2NF have structures similar to the KF and the EKF respectively, with with new formulae for the filter gain. The gain formula for the E2F and the E2NF provide an explanation as to the effect of the system non-linearities. Numerical results comparing the performance of the developed filters to those of other known filters like KF, EKF, and the modified second order filter (M2F) using the van der Pol equations are given.
An integrated single cell optofluidic platform based on phototransistor optoelectronic tweezers

We present a novel single cell manipulation platform based on phototransistor optoelectronic tweezers. This new platform integrates the functionalities of phOET for parallel cell manipulation in highly conductive culture media with a commercial microfluidic device.
Research on Fuzzy Control of the Hydraulic System for Continuously Variable Transmission

Velocity ratio control is one of the key techniques of vehicle metal V-belt type CVT. In this paper, the working principle and hydraulic control system principle of the metal V-belt type CVT were introduced; the mathematic model and fuzzy self-adaptation PID control model of the velocity ratio electrohydraulic proportional control system were established and simulated. It was found that, fuzzy self-adaptation PID control system makes actual velocity ratio change as it was expected with good steady-state characteristics and dynamic response characteristics.
Cages and Feed Troughs for Individual Broiler Feed Consumption Experiments

Abstract A system for measuring individual broiler feed consumption of chickens is described. The system consisted of modified Chucker quail breeding cages and feeders constructed from milk cartons. The system is inexpensive, ($6.34/bird) has virtually no feed wastage, and requires minimal labor.
Oxytocin receptors in human uterus.

ABSTRACT [3H]oxytocin ([3H]OT) was bound in vitro to the 20,000 × g particulate fraction prepared from the myometrium of 2 women, 14–16 weeks pregnant. The apparent dissociation constants for oxytocin binding in preparations of the two uteri were 1.99 ± 0.18 (se) × 10−9 m (n = 9) and 2.81 ± 0.26 × 10−9 m (n = 10), respectively. A single class of binding sites was apparent within the range of OT concentrations examined, 0.6 to 2.2 nm. About 1.8 × 10−13 moles of OT were bound per mg of particulate protein. The competition for [3H]OT binding sites by synthetic analogues of OT was specific: [desamino]OT > [8-valine]OT ⋝ [4-threonine]OT > OT > [8-lysine]vasopressin > desaminotocinol > [4-proline]OT. The OT binding sites appear to be part of the uterine receptor because of their high affinity and ligand specificity.
Carbon isotope dynamics of free-air CO2-enriched cotton and soils

Abstract A role for soils as global carbon sink or source under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations has been speculative. Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiments with cotton, conducted from 1989 to 1991 at the Maricopa Agricultural Center in Arizona, maintained circular plots at 550 μmol mol−1 CO2 with tank CO2 while adjacent ambient control plots averaged about 370 μmol mol−1 CO2. This provided an exceptional test for entry of carbon into soils because the petrochemically derived tank CO2 used to enrich the air above the FACE plots was depleted in both radiocarbon (14C content was 0% modern carbon (pmC)) and 13C ( δ 13 C ≈ −36‰ ) relative to background air, thus serving as a potent isotopic tracer. Flask air samples, and plant and soil samples were collected in conjunction with the 1991 experiment. Most of the isotopic analyses on the plants were performed on the holocellulose component. Soil organic carbon was obtained by first removing carbonate with HCl, floating off plant fragments with a NaCl solution, and picking out remaining plant fragments under magnification. The δ13C of the air above the FACE plots was approximately −15 to −19‰ , i.e. much more 13C depleted than the background air of approximately −7.5‰ . The δ13C values of plants and soils in the FACE plots were 10–12‰ and 2‰13C-depleted, respectively, compared with their control counterparts. The 14C content of the FACE cotton plants was approximately 40 pmC lower than tha tof the control cotton, but the 14C results from soils were conflicting and therefore not as revealing as the δ13C of soils. Soil stable-carbon isotope patterns were consistent, and mass balance calculations indicate that about 10% of the present organic carbon content in the FACE soil derived from the 3 year FACE experiment. At a minimum, this is an important quantitative measure of carbon turnover, but the presence of 13C-depleted carbon, even in the recalcitrant 6 N HCl resistant soil organic fraction (average age 2200 years before present (BP)), suggests that at least some portion of this 10% is an actual increase in carbon accumulation. Similar isotopic studies on FACE experiments in different ecosystems could permit more definitive assessment of carbon turnover rates and perhaps provide insight into the extent to which soil organic matter can accommodate the ‘missing’ carbon in the global carbon cycle.
Oxidation Behavior Of Cr2N, CrNbN, and CrTaN Phase Mixtures Formed on Nitrided Cr And Laves-Reinforced Cr Alloys

A series of single-phase Cr(X), single phase Cr 2X Laves phase, and two-phase Cr(X) + Cr2 X alloys (X = Nb or Ta) were thermally nitrided for 24 hr at 1100°C in N2--4H2 and then oxidized for 2 hr at 1100°C in air. The Cr(X) phase nitrided to form Cr2N while the Cr2X phases nitrided to form a complex local mixture of Cr2N/Cr and CrNbN/CrTaN, Cr3Nb3N/Cr3Ta3N phases depending on the depth in the nitrided zone. The Ta only slightly increased the isothermal oxidation rate of nitrided Cr(Ta) and Cr2Ta-reinforced Cr alloys, compared with nitrided, unalloyed Cr. Further, the nitrided two-phase alloys Cr--9.5Ta and Cr--20Ta exhibited improved Cr2O3 scale adherence relative to nitrided unalloyed Cr and Cr--1Ta. In contrast, Nb was detrimental to the oxidation resistance of the nitrided Cr(Nb) and Cr2Nb-reinforced Cr alloys, resulting in the formation of nonprotective Cr--Nb oxides rather than continuous Cr2O3. A phenomenological explanation for these effects based on phase chemistry and microstructural distribution is presented. Implications of these results for understanding the oxidation behavior of developmental high-temperature, Laves-strengthened Cr alloys, as well as possible applications as oxidation and wear-resistant coatings are discussed.
γc Cytokine signaling: graduate school in thymic education.

In this issue of Blood, Rafei et al assess the requirement for γc cytokine signaling in postselection thymocytes and uncover distinct but nonredundant effects of several γc cytokines during CD8 lineage differentiation in vitro.1
Directly measuring the spatio-temporal electric field of focusing ultrashort pulses

We present the first technique for directly measuring (without assumptions) the spatio-temporal intensity and phase of a train of ultrashort pulses at and near a focus. Our method uses an experimentally simple and high-spectral resolution variant of spectral interferometry (SEA TADPOLE). To illustrate our technique, we measured the spatio-temporal electric field in and around the foci of several different types of lenses. To confirm our results, we also simulated these measurements by numerically propagating a pulse through each of the lenses used. From one set of measurements, we made a movie showing a focusing pulse with severe chromatic aberration.
Behavioral response of Graminella nigrifrons (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) to experimentally manipulated vibrational signals

Mate recognition for the leafhopper Graminella nigrifrons(Forbes) occurs when a male spontaneously emits a multisectional vibrational calling song to which females respond by emitting simple pulses. Significant differences were found among males in the duration, number of chirps, and chirp rate within sections of the song and the total song. Repeatability (proportion of total variation due to differences among males) of call features ranged from very low (0.04 for total chirps in song) to high (0.67 for section 3 chirp rate). However, song modification and playback experiments revealed that the variation in the measured song features was not important in determining whether a female will respond. Rather, female response depended only on the presence of two of the three types of pulses which comprise a chirp. These “essential” pulses were found within chirps of all call sections that contain chirps. Manipulation of chirp rates from 0.58 to 2.70 times the normal rate did not affect female response, nor did changing the period of silence between the “essential” pulse types from 0.25 to 1.75 times the normal period. These results suggest that components of the male calling song function in mate recognition but are not used by females to discriminate among conspecific males.
Numerical solution of the dynamic equation for particulate systems

Abstract The method of collocation using two finite element techniques is applied to the solution of the general population balance equation for particulate systems. Numerical solutions by both techniques are obtained in six cases for which analytical or asymptotic solutions are available. Errors associated with solving the equation on a finite particle size domain are analyzed. The results indicate that, for simulating particulate system dynamics, both techniques are highly accurate and efficient.
Secondary organic aerosol 1. Atmospheric chemical mechanism for production of molecular constituents

This series of three papers addresses the representation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in atmospheric models. SOA forms when gas-phase organic species undergo oxidation, leading to products of sufficiently low vapor pressure that can partition between the gas and aerosol phases. The present paper, part 1, is devoted to the development of a gas-phase atmospheric chemical mechanism designed to represent ozone chemistry as well as formation of individual organic oxidation products that are capable of forming SOA. The ozone chemistry in the mechanism draws upon the recent work of Stockwell et al. [1997] and Jenkin et al. [1997] and SAPRC-97 and SAPRC-99 (available from W.P.L. Carter at http://helium.ucr.edu/~carter/). The mechanism is evaluated in the three-dimensional California Institute of Technology (CIT) model [Meng et al., 1998] by simulating gas-phase concentrations in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) of California over the period 27–29 August 1987. Total predicted concentrations of gas-phase SOA compounds are compared with levels of SOA that have been inferred on the basis of ambient organic aerosol measurements during this period. These predicted concentrations indicate that the total gas-phase potential of SOA-forming compounds can account for observed aerosol concentrations. Part 2 develops a thermodynamic gas–aerosol partitioning module, and part 3 presents a full three-dimensional simulation of gas and aerosol levels in the SoCAB during a 1993 episode.
Effect of maternal glucose concentration on uteroplacental glucose consumption and transfer in pregnant sheep.

The present study was designed to measure the relationships between ma- ternal arterial glucose concentration ((GI),) and fetal arterial glucose concentration ((GI).), uteroplacental glucose consumption (UPGC), and the rate of uteroplacental glucose transfer to the fetus (UPGT) in pregnant sheep in late gestation. (GI), was controlled by a glucose clamp technique and the glucose flux rates of the uteroplacenta were quantified by the Fick principle. (GI), varied from 1.81 to 154.7 mg/dl; (GI). was directly related to (GI),: (GI). = 0.374 (GI), + 1.81, r = 0.873, P c 0.001. Fetal arterial blood oxygen content decreased with (GI), (P c 0.05) and fetal arterial blood lactate concentration increased with (GI), (P c 0.001). There was no significant effect of (GI), on the rates of uteroplacental lactate production, uteroplacental oxygen consumption, fetal oxygen consumption, or uterine or umbilical blood flow. Both UPGC and UPGT were directly related to (GI),: UPGC = -2.221 x x2 + 0.646 x -6.016, r = 0.80; UPGT = -1.208 x x2 + 0.405 x -2.416, r = 0.90. UPGC and UPGT were approximately parallel over the range of (GI), studied (UPGC = 1.19 UPGT + 3.79, r = 0.764). These results demonstrate the importance of UPGC to maternal-fetal glucose homeostasis and indicate that factors regulating uteroplacental glucose consumption and transfer to the fetus become limiting at comparable levels of (GI), and (GI).. The estimated kinetic constants for UPGC represent the metabolism of glucose by the uteroplacental tissues, but the estimated kinetic constants for UPGT represent the metabolism of glucose by the fetus as well as the transfer of glucose by the uteroplacenta to the fetus. (P.S.E.B.M. 1989, Vol 1901
THE ELECTORAL POLITICS OF THE FRENCH PEASANTRY: 1946–1978*

. . Past research has concluded that French peasants differ politically from their counterparts in other nations, because they are highly participative and exhibit no pattern of class voting. This analysis, in contrast, demonstrated that the peasantry is less involved in electoral politics than any other occupational group in French society. Moreover, they are distinctly anti-Left in their political preferences, forming a ‘supporting class of the bourgeoisie’. These rather traditional behaviours are regularly observed in surveys across the post-war period, persisting despite the substantial modernization of French agriculture.
Compositional profiling of solution-deposited lead zirconate–titanate thin films by radio-frequency glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy (rf-GD-AES)

Abstract Depth-resolved elemental analysis of perovskite thin films based on lead zirconate–titanate (PZT) is performed by a relatively new technique; radio-frequency glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy (rf-GD-AES). The technique provides in-depth composition information for the PZT layer, and underlying layers within the device architecture. Total film thicknesses of ∼1 μm are profiled in
Correction to “Energy Transfer Observed in Live Cells Using Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy”

In a recent publication, we made an error while producing final figures for publication.1 The coherence frequency axis, ωτ, and the rephrasing frequency axis, ωt, were exchanged. This error appears in figure 3 and supporting figures S3, S4, and S5; the error does not affect any conclusions drawn in the paper. Corrected figures are included in supporting information to this correction. We apologize for any inconvenience these errors may have caused our readers.
145. A neonatal piglet model for investigating brain and cognitive development in small for gestational age human infants

The piglet was investigated as a model for studying brain and cognitive deficits associated with being born small for gestational age (SGA). Naturally farrowed SGA (0.7–1.0 kg BW) and average for gestational age (AGA, 1.3–1.6 kg BW) piglets were obtained on postnatal day (PD) 2, placed in individual cages, and provided a nutritionally adequate milk replacer (285 ml/kg/d). At PD14, performance in a spatial T-maze was assessed. At PD28, piglets underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to assess brain structure (voxel-based morphometry), connectivity (diffusion-tensor imaging) and metabolites in the hippocampus and corpus callosum (proton MR spectroscopy).Within the maze, SGA took longer to reach criterion than AGA ( p p p p p p p Supported by the University of Illinois CNLM and HD069899.
Activation Energy for Annealing Single Interstitials in Neutron-Irradiated Graphite and the Absolute Rate of Formation of Displaced Atoms

The activation energy for the process of annealing single interstitials in neutron-irradiated graphite and the absolute rate of formation of displaced atoms have been determined experimentally from both the dimensional expansions and $c$-axis expansions of graphite irradiated at temperatures between 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 490\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The activation energy obtained is 0.068 to 0.074 eV and lies between the value of 0.1 eV estimated by Dienes and the value of 0.016 eV calculated by Iwata, Fujita, and Suzuki for the migration energy of a single interstitial.The absolute rate of formation of displaced atoms corresponds to the rate of displacement when no annealing occurs during the irradiation process. The value obtained (5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$% displaced atoms/MWD), is 2.5 times the rate of displacement at 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and is in excellent agreement with theoretical estimates.The dimensional changes occurring during the first irradiation of graphite are the result of the three processes: $(1) \ensuremath{\varphi} (\mathrm{fast}\mathrm{neutron})+{\mathrm{C}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{C}}_{1}+\mathrm{vacancy},$ $(2) {\mathrm{C}}_{1}+{\mathrm{C}}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{C}}_{2},$ $(3) {\mathrm{C}}_{1}+\mathrm{trap}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{C}}_{1}T.$ Reaction (1) corresponds to the displacement of a single interstitial by collision of a fast (high-energy) neutron and the graphite lattice. This reaction is temperature independent. Reaction (2) represents the collision of two interstitials to form a stable ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ complex. The dimensional changes (rate of growth) occurring in graphite are due to the constant (zero-order) rate of formation of ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$. Some of the single interstitials anneal (without causing dimensional changes) by being trapped at pores, edge atoms, etc. Reaction (3) describes this process. The rate-determining step for both reaction (2) and reaction (3) is the rate of migration of the single interstitial.
Almost global existence in the plane wave- nonlinear dielectric interaction problem

Abstract The problem of the time evolution of the electromagnetic field in a plane wave propagating into a nonlinear dielectric, with nontrivial conduction vector governed by a nonlinear Ohm's law is considered. For the relevant, associated, inhomogeneous quasilinear hyperbolic system of balance laws, with associated periodic initial data, we establish the following result on almost global existence, in time, for solutions of the initial-value problem: either for sufficiently small initial data the maximal time of existence t ∞ of a C 1 solution is infinitely large or, for ∞ finite, no matter how small, but finite, the initial data is taken, for all initial data which are sufficiently small, t ∞ is bounded below by a function of the initial data which increases without bound as the magnitude of the data goes to zero.
Hybrid Male Sterility in Mimulus (Phrymaceae) is Associated with a Geographically Restricted Mitochondrial Rearrangement

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and nuclear fertility restoration (Rf) involves intergenomic coevolution. Although male-sterile phenotypes are rarely expressed in natural populations of angiosperms, CMS genes are thought to be common. The evolutionary dynamics of CMS/Rf systems are poorly understood, leaving gaps in our understanding of mechanisms and consequences of cytonuclear interactions. We characterized the molecular basis and geographic distribution of a CMS gene in Mimulus guttatus. We used outcrossing M. guttatus (with CMS and Rf) to self-fertilizing M. nasutus (lacking CMS and Rf) to generate hybrids segregating for CMS. Mitochondrial transcripts containing an essential gene (nad6) were perfectly associated with male sterility. The CMS mitotype was completely absent in M. nasutus, present in all genotypes collected from the original collection site, but in only two individuals from 34 other M. guttatus populations. This pattern suggests that the CMS likely originated at a single locality, spread to fixation within the population, but has not spread to other populations, indicating possible ecological or genetic constraints on dispersal of this CMS mitotype between populations. Extreme localization may be characteristic of CMS in hermaphroditic species, in contrast to geographically widespread mitotypes commonly found in gynodioecious species, and could directly contribute to hybrid incompatibilities in nature.
Residual Stress And Lattice Distortion Mapping Of Patterned Devices Which Failed Electromigration Testing Using The Microbeam X-Ray Diffraction (MXRD) Technique

Spatially resolved residual stress and lattice distortion measurements have been made on experimental RF NPN devices which failed electromigration testing. The experimental devices underwent a steady state long term life test for 38272 hours at a die temperature of 100 degrees Celsius and device emitter currents of 100 mA. Residual stress contour maps of the Au interconnect metallurgy of these patterned devices were constructed with spatial resolution approaching 13 microns. The stress contour maps clearly show areas of the Au interconnect emitter lines, approximately 17 microns wide, which buckled when the local stresses exceeded the adhesion limits of these films. A stress gradient was observed going along the Au line from the emitter to the wire bonded pad which went from slightly compressive near the emitter to tensile approaching the wire bonded lead, and consistent with electromigration failures. In addition, lattice distortions as determined by integral line breadths, which were least square fitted by a gaussian*lorentzian convolution of the instrument function, show a large continuous increase along the Au interconnect line in going from the emitter to the wire bond pad. The data was acquired using a 4-circle x-ray diffractometer which was specifically constructed to study electromigration issues in-situ. The diffractometer has a very low sphere of confusion (< 5 microns) and is equipped with tapered glass capillary optics, a mechanical, electrical, and thermal stressing stage and various energy dispersive (EDX) or position sensitive (PSD) detectors.
GLI2-dependent c-MYC upregulation mediates resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1

JQ1 and I-BET151 are selective inhibitors of BET bromodomain proteins that have efficacy against a number of different cancers. Since the effectiveness of targeted therapies is often limited by development of resistance, we examined whether it was possible for cancer cells to develop resistance to the BET inhibitor JQ1. Here we show that pancreatic cancer cells developing resistance to JQ1 demonstrate cross-resistance to I-BET151 and insensitivity to BRD4 downregulation. The resistant cells maintain expression of c-MYC, increase expression of JQ1-target genes FOSL1 and HMGA2, and demonstrate evidence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, reverting EMT fails to sensitize the resistant cells to JQ1 treatment. Importantly, the JQ1-resistant cells remain dependent on c-MYC that now becomes co-regulated by high levels of GLI2. Furthermore, downregulating GLI2 re-sensitizes the resistant cells to JQ1. Overall, these results identify a mechanism by which cancer cells develop resistance to BET inhibitors.
May-Thurner Syndrome: A Case Report

May-Thurner Syndrome (MTS) or iliac vein compression syndrome is caused by compression of the left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery. This obstruction may cause leg swelling, varicosities, deep venous thrombosis, chronic venous stasis ulcers, or more serious complications, such as pulmonary embolism. Iliac vein compression can be assessed with computed tomography (CT) and iliac venography. The goals of treatment are to reduce symptoms and to reduce the risk of complications. Stent placement is an alternative method to a direct surgical approach. We present a case of MTS, treated with stent placement.
Case study: visualization of mesoscale flow features in ocean basins

Environmental issues such as global warming are an active area of international research and concern today. This case study describes various visualization paradigms that have been developed and applied in an attempt to elucidate the information provided by environmental models and observations. The ultimate goal is to accurately measure the existence of any long term climatological change. The global ocean is the starting point, since it is a major source and sink of heat within our global environment.
The timely completion of objective assessment tools for evaluation of technical skills

Objectives/Hypothesis: To this date the effect of the time taken to complete an evaluation on the psychometric properties of the instrument has not been reported. The goal of our study was to assess the effect of time taken to complete an evaluation on its validity. Study Design: Cross-sectional validation study. Methods: The global and checklist parts of tonsillectomy, mastoidectomy, rigid bronchoscopy, and endoscopic sinus surgery were used in the operating room by the otolaryngology faculty to evaluate the surgical skills of the residents. We categorized evaluations into two groups depending on the time taken to complete an evaluation (group A ≤6 days, group B >6 days). Construct validity was calculated for both groups by comparing the mean global and checklist scores of the residents across advancing postgraduate year levels. Results: A total of 468 evaluations, consisting of global and checklist parts, were completed for 29 residents by 32 evaluators. Mean number of days taken to complete an evaluation was 7.7 days. For all the evaluations completed within a 6-day time period, the construct validity was significant for both global and checklist parts of the four instruments. In cases of the evaluations completed after 6 days, the construct validity was significant for the tonsillectomy instrument only. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the time taken to complete an evaluation has a significant effect on the construct validity of the objective instrument. In the future, efforts should be focused on faculty development to ensure timely completion of the evaluation for a more valid assessment process. Laryngoscope, 2012
Social contracts and multinational corporations: knowledge tools to promote sustainable civilization

Presents the argument that materials may be found in a study of the history of political philosophy that provide a solid foundation for the establishment of standards of environmental sustainability, labour and human rights that are binding upon multinational corporations. Social contract theories of government are founded upon natural laws binding upon all rational individuals, and contracts among individuals intended for their mutual benefit. If the rational basis of government is appropriately interpreted in these terms, and if corporations can be shown to be individuals of the appropriate sort that stand to benefit from government, then corporations take their place among participants in social contracts. Consequently, the officers of national corporations ought to be compelled to act in accord with the laws of the nations in which the corporations reside (an unsurprising result), and the officers of multinationals ought also to act in accord with broader international standards that are suggested by natural law (a more surprising result). Multinational entities are rationally compelled to adhere to such standards because of their unique ability to enact the social contract multinationally. The standard of natural law applied internationally suggests that multinational corporations should be required to maintain standards that represent a regard for globally sustainable society, and not merely the standards maintained by the countries in which specific business processes occur.