cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cell transmission model for dynamic lane reversal with autonomous vehicles

Autonomous vehicles admit consideration of novel traffic behaviors such as reservation-based intersection controls and dynamic lane reversal. The authors present a cell transmission model formulation for dynamic lane reversal. For deterministic demand, the authors formulate the dynamic lane reversal control problem for a single link as an integer program and derive theoretical results. In reality, demand is not known perfectly at arbitrary times in the future. To address stochastic demand, the authors present a Markov decision process formulation. Due to the large state size, the Markov decision process is intractable. However, based on theoretical results from the integer program, the authors derive an effective heuristic. They demonstrate significant improvements over a fixed lane configuration both on a single bottleneck link with varying demands, and on the downtown Austin network.
Modeling the Earth Microbiome

Globally, microbial cells are 1 billion times more abundant than stars in the universe. Such numbers make it a daunting task to understand microbial complexity in useful ways. Because cataloguing this vastness does not immediately provide useful products, we should design surveys with specific questions that will help lead to specific products while also refining those questions.
FAST FLAIR TECHNIQUES IN MR IMAGING OF THE BRAIN

Fast FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) is a magnetic resonance imaging technique used primarily for neurological imaging of the brain. This technique uses an advanced software package that employs basic inversion recovery principles to help differentiate between pathology and normal brain parenchyma without interference from high-signal cerebral spinal fluid. This article reviews the applications of fast FLAIR techniques in MR imaging of the brain.
Effect of preemptive acetaminophen on postoperative pain scores and oral fluid intake in pediatric tonsillectomy patients.

Postoperative pain is a significant problem that continues to be undertreated in the pediatric population. Preemptive administration of analgesics has recently emerged as a method to enhance pain management associated with surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative pain scores, rescue analgesic use, and oral fluid intake in children who received acetaminophen preoperatively to children who received postoperative acetaminophen. The sample consisted of 28 children, 2-8 years of age, scheduled for elective tonsillectomy. Children were randomized into the control or the experimental groups. Anesthesia induction and maintenance were standardized. The experimental group received 15 mg/kg of oral acetaminophen preoperatively, and the control group received 20 mg/kg of rectal acetaminophen postoperatively. Pain was scored with the FLACC (faces, legs, activity, cry, consolability) behavioral assessment tool. Scores were significantly lower for the experimental group at 30 minutes after awakening and significantly lower for the control group at 240 minutes (P < .05). Eight patients (57%) in the control group and only 4 (28%) in the experimental group required rescue morphine postoperatively. Total postoperative morphine was not significantly different between groups. There were no differences in time to initial oral fluid intake and total oral fluid intake postoperatively. Incidence of nausea and vomiting was high in both groups (64-78%). These results provide evidence that preemptive acetaminophen may enhance analgesia in pediatric tonsillectomy patients. Preoperative acetaminophen is a safe, quick, and inexpensive intervention that can readily be incorporated into anesthesia practice.
A 10-year experience with subcutaneous mastectomy.

The use of subcutaneous mastectomy as a prophylactic cancer procedure will parallel the improvement of implant breast reconstruction. Whether this procedure will measurably reduce the mortality rate of carcinoma of the breast will, of course, take a generation to determine.
Effect of bilateral intrauterine devices on some pituitary and ovarian characteristics near the time of ovulation in Holstein heifers.

20 heifers were used in a study in which the effect of bilateral IUDs on pituitary gland gonadotropins and ovarian characteristics near the time of ovulation was investigated. The 10 animals in the treatment group were fitted with IUDs in the cranial portion of each uterine horn 60-72 hours after the detection of estrus; the other 10 remained as controls. The heifers were observed for at least 1 estrous cycle and were killed 26 hours after the detection of heat. Ovaries were examined and anterior pituitary glands were homogenized lyophilized and assayed for gonadotropin activity via administration to rats. Animals fitted with IUDs were observed to have shorter cycles smaller follicle sizes and a lesser proportion of ovulations. They had greater pituitary gland weights but slightly lower LH concentrations. An IUD-mediated interference in the secretion of gonadotropins was suggested.
Extraordinary Responsibility: Politics beyond the Moral Calculus

Careful attention to contemporary political debates, including those around global warming, the federal debt, and the use of drone strikes on suspected terrorists, reveals that we often view our responsibility as something that can be quantified and discharged. Shalini Satkunanandan shows how Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Weber, and Heidegger each suggest that this calculative or bookkeeping mindset both belongs to 'morality', understood as part of our ordinary approach to responsibility, and effaces the incalculable, undischargeable, and more onerous dimensions of our responsibility. These thinkers also reveal how the view of responsibility as calculable is at the heart of 'moralism' - the pettifogging, mindless, legalistic, excessively judgmental, or punitive policing of our own or others' compliance with moral duties. By elaborating their narratives of a difficult 'conversion' to the open-ended and relentless character of responsibility, Satkunanandan explores how we might be less moralistic and more responsible in politics. She ultimately argues for a political ethos attentive to how calculative thinking can limit our responsibility, but that still accepts a circumscribed place for calculation (and morality) in responsible politics.
Distribution of Urban Services

Are policy analysts “hired guns”? Do they sell themselves to the highest bidder, and recommend whatever their clients desire? By the very nature of the craft, this task actually is not easy to do. Analysts, when asked to help solve a problem, are likely to reformulate it: this problem cannot be solved within our limitations, but here is one like it that we can do something about. By altering the means, the ends are altered, whether that is acknowledged or not.
Listen to your gut: Using adhesion to shape the surface of functionally diverse epithelia

ABSTRACTCell surface protrusions play central roles in the physiological function of a number of organ systems. Recent discoveries suggest that polarized cells in functionally diverse epithelia employ conserved cadherin-based adhesion complexes to shape, stabilize, and organize actin-based protrusions during differentiation. Below we discuss the implications of these findings for understanding human biology and disease, and highlight promising directions for future studies on this conserved mechanism for shaping the cell surface.
Introduction to Section Two: MOOCs, Psychological Constructs, Communication Behaviors

This issue of Online Learning also contains four articles outside the theme of learning analytics. This section contains papers investigating MOOCs, a comparison of anxiety levels and the “imposter phenomenon” between online and classroom students, and a qualitative analysis of information behaviors among online students.
Gadd45 Null Mice and Neutrophils/Macrophages Derived From the Bone Marrow of These Mice Exhibit Impaired Innate-Immune/Inflammatory Reponses.

Abstract Abstract 1350 Poster Board I-372 Stress sensor Gadd45 proteins modulate p38-NF-Kb and JNK signaling, which play major roles in leukocyte activation and innate immunity. We have previously documentedthat under conditions of hematological stress, notably acute stimulation with cytokines or inflammation, both gadd45a-deficient and gadd45b-deficient mice exhibited impaired inflammatory responses as indicated by lower percentages of Gr-1-positive cells in the BM and lower numbers of myeloid cells in peritoneal exudates (Gupta et. al Oncogene 25:5539-46, 2006). Recent evidence has implicated Gadd45 proteins in dendritic cell functions that influence effector Th1 responses to inflammation. However, whether gadd45 genes play a role in modulating the myeloid compartment, notably macrophage & granulocyte functions in response to inflammatory stress, remains largely unexplored. To this end, we have employed in vitro & in vivo models of inflammation using BM derived neutrophils and macrophages from WT, gadd45a and gadd45b null mice. The data obtained indicate that chemotaxis and transmigration to various chemo-attractants, including LPS and fMLP, as well as oxidative burst and phagocytic functions were impaired for both neutrophils and macrophages from mice lacking either gadd45a or gadd45b. Furthermore, upon stimulation with LPS, cytokine secretion, notably, but not exclusively IL-12 and TNFa, was significantly reduced in neutrophils and macrophages of gadd45a-/- and gadd455b-/- mice. Western Blot analysis of BM derived neutrophils lacking gadd45a and stimulated with LPS (500ng/mL) exhibited defects in p38 phosphorylation as compared to controls, suggesting a possible mechanism by which the innate response is impaired. P38 phosphorylation in gadd45b null granulocytes stimulated with LPS appeared comparable to what was observed in wt controls. This suggests that gadd45a and gadd45b utilize different signaling pathways to regulate innate-mmune/inflammtory responses. Interestingly, gadd45a, gadd45b & gadd45g null mice injected intraperitoneally with sublethal (25mg/kg body weight) doses of LPS were significantly more susceptible to septic shock compared to wt mice, as indicated by significantly increased morbidity through 5 days post LPS administration. Moreover, 18 hrs. post-injection, the spleens of KO mice were shown to have numerous apoptotic foci in the white pulp, confirmed to be tingible body macrophages ingesting dying cells by IH and IF for macrophage markers. These in vitro and in vivo data suggest a novel role for gadd45 family members in myeloid innate immune responses. Further elucidation of the signaling pathways involved is in progress and is expected to elucidate the molecular basis for the role Gadd45 proteins play in macrophage and granulocyte innate immune functions. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Genetic and immunohistochemical analysis of HSPA5 in mouse and human retinas.

Purpose Photoreceptor degenerative diseases are among the leading causes of vision loss. Although the causative genetic mutations are often known, mechanisms leading to photoreceptor degeneration remain poorly defined. We have previously demonstrated that the photoreceptor membrane-associated protein XAP-1 antigen is a product of the HSPA5 gene. In this study, we used systems genetic methods, statistical modeling, and immunostaining to identify and analyze candidate genes that modulate Hspa5 expression in the retina. Methods Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was used to map the genomic region that regulates Hspa5 in the cross between C57BL/6J X DBA/2J mice (BXD) genetic reference panel. The stepwise refinement of candidate genes was based on expression QTL mapping, gene expression correlation analyses (direct and partial), and analysis of regional sequence variants. The subcellular localization of candidate proteins and HSPA5 in mouse and human retinas was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Differences in the localization of extracellular HSPA5 were assessed between healthy human donor and atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) donor eyes. Results In the eyes of healthy mice, extracellular HSPA5 was confined to the area around the cone photoreceptor outer segments. Mapping variation in Hspa5 mRNA expression levels in the retina revealed a statistically significant trans-acting expression QTL (eQTL) on Chromosome 2 (Chr 2) and a suggestive locus on Chr 15. Sulf2 on Chr 2 was the strongest candidate gene based on partial correlation analysis, Pearson correlation with Hspa5, expression levels in the retina, a missense variant in exon 14, and its reported function in the extracellular matrix and interphotoreceptor matrix. SULF2 is localized to the rod and cone photoreceptors in both human and mouse retinas. In human retinas with no pathology, extracellular HSPA5 was localized around many cones within the macular area. In contrast, fewer HSPA5-immunopositive cones were observed in the retinas from AMD donors. Conclusions We identified Sulf2 as a candidate gene modulating the Hspa5 expression in the retina. The preferential loss of HSPA5 in the interphotoreceptor matrix around cone photoreceptors in atrophic AMD retinas opens up new avenues for exploring the changes in interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) that are associated with macular disease.
The Mutual Housing Experiment: New Deal Communities for the Urban Middle Class, by Kristin M. Szylvian

Given the home mortgage crisis that began in 2008, housing activists have proposed that more resources be assigned to noncommercial market options such as mutual housing associations (better known ...
Talking About Talk: Coordination in Large Online Communities

Social computing systems and online communities develop varying strategies for managing collaborative processes such as consensus building, task delegation, and conflict management. Although these factors impact both the ways in which communities produce content and the content they produce, little prior work has undertaken a large comparative analysis of coordination dynamics across linguistically diverse communities engaged in the same activity. We describe and model the coordination processes of Wikipedia editors across the 24 largest language editions. Our results indicate that language edition is associated with a difference in quantity of coordination activity, as measured by talk page posts, with increases as high as 60% when compared against pages in English.
Trump is the mask torn off of who we white people are and have been

AbstractCurrently, most white people seem to think that Trump and his values are some cruel, insane, accidental distortion of US society. In counterpoint to this view, I argue that he is not. Inste...
Pectoralis Major and Minor Strains and Tears

Pectoralis major or minor strains and tears can occur in individuals performing strong physical activities such as weightlifting and in those participating in contact sports such as football and hockey. The incidence rate of these injuries has risen in the last several years given the increasing popularity of recreational sports and bodybuilding. The diagnosis can occasionally be made based on history and physical examination, though MRI has become the imaging modality of choice. Conservative therapy is recommended for partial tears of both pectoralis major and minor tendons as well as in cases of complete pectoralis minor ruptures. However, surgical repair is recommended for complete tears of the pectoralis major tendon especially in young patients, athletes, and active individuals. Nonsurgical management is recommended only in proximal pectoralis major tears and in elderly or sedentary patients.
Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis and Cardiomyopathy in a Patient with Graves' Disease.

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) and cardiomyopathy are two established complications of thyrotoxicosis. Emergent management is essential as TPP and cardiac events secondary to thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy can be fatal. We report a unique case of a patient with Graves' disease presenting with symptoms secondary to both these complications. A 34-year-old Hispanic male, diagnosed with Graves' disease, non-compliant with his medications, presented to the emergency room (ER) with complaints of generalized weakness, palpitations, chest pain and multiple episodes of nausea and vomiting for one day. On presentation, the patient was tachycardiac, had a systolic flow murmur and decreased motor strength in all extremities. Blood work showed a potassium of 1.8 millimoles per liter, cardiac troponin of 0.04 nanograms per milliliter and a thyroid panel consistent with hyperthyroidism. Electrocardiogram showed atrial flutter. In the ER, Propranolol, Propylthiouracil and Hydrocortisone were administered to prevent thyroid storm. Potassium was repleted, and the patient developed rebound hyperkalemia. He was given calcium gluconate, insulin, sodium polystyrene and admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) for further management. Echocardiogram revealed severely decreased left ventricular systolic function and an ejection fraction of 26-30%. He was diagnosed with cardiomyopathy secondary to thyrotoxicosis. He was stabilized with Methimazole, Propranolol, Lisinopril and discharged on day nine with these medications and an outpatient follow-up appointment. Thyrotoxicosis can be life-threatening. This case shows a unique instance where a Hispanic patient presented with two complications of this phenomena. The pathogenesis of TPP involves increased responsiveness of the beta-adrenergic receptors, which leads to increased activity of the Sodium/Potassium (Na+/K+) ATPase pump and a transcellular shift of potassium into cells. The condition can resolve acutely with the administration of potassium. It is important to monitor the rate of potassium replacement as rebound hyperkalemia can occur, as this case demonstrates. Propranolol is an integral part of treatment as it is a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker and blocks the peripheral conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) in high doses. Thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy is one of the many cardiac complications that can be precipitated by Graves' disease. One probable cause is the chronic tachycardia that patients with hyperthyroidism develop. Treatment entails managing the hyperthyroidism by starting the patient on beta blockers and anti-thyroid drugs or radioactive iodine uptake. Diuretics can be started to manage patients with heart failure. It is important to identify and treat the condition immediately to prevent grave complications.
Big Data New Frontiers: Mining, Search and Management of Massive Repositories of Solar Image Data and Solar Events

This work presents one of the many emerging research domains where big data analysis has become an immediate need to process the massive amounts of data being generated each day: solar physics. While building a content-based image retrieval system for NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory mission, we have discovered research problems that can be addressed by the use of big data processing techniques and in some cases require the development of novel techniques. With over one terabyte of solar data being generated each day, and ever more missions on the horizon that expect to generate petabytes of data each year, solar physics presents many exciting opportunities. This paper presents the current status of our work with solar image data and events, our shift towards using big data methodologies, and future directions for big data processing in solar physics.
The Clinical, Serologic, and Immunopathologic Heterogeneity of Cutaneous Leukocytoclastic Angiitis

Histologically identical cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis occurs in patients with different serologic markers for vasculitis. When categorized on the basis of serologic analysis for antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies and IgA fibronectin aggregates, categories of leukocytoclastic angiitis have many overlapping features; however, there are distinctive clinical and immunopathologic trends among the categories. When both serologic tests are negative, there is a low probability that systemic vasculitis is present. The presence of either serologic marker indicates a strong probability for the presence of extracutaneous vasculitis and/or glomerulonephritis.
A comparative analysis of National Institutes of Health research support for emergency medicine - 2008 to 2017.

Abstract Objectives We sought to compare National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding received by Emergency Medicine (EM) to the specialties of Family Medicine, Neurology, Orthopedics, Pediatrics and Psychiatry over the 10-year period from 2008 to 2017. Methods The NIH database of both submitted and funded NIH applications were queried and crossed with the departmental affiliation of the principal investigator. Research Grants were defined by the following activity codes: R, P, M, S, K, U (excluding UC6), DP1, DP2, DP3, DP4, DP5, D42 and G12. Derived data were further analyzed using information from the Association of American Medical Colleges to determine the relationship between the number of awards and the size of respective teaching and research faculty. Results From 2008 to 2017, there were a total of 14,676 funded grants across included specialties with total monetary support of $6.002 billion. Of these funded grants, 250 (1.7%) were from EM principal investigators which corresponded to total support of $89,453,635 (1.5% of overall dollars). There was an increase in total support after 2012 in EM, however when compared to the other specialties, EM investigators submitted relatively fewer grants and awarded grants were funded by a wider distribution of NIH Institutes and Centers (ICs). Conclusions Compared to other select specialties, EM investigators accounted for a small proportion of grants submitted and funded over the past decade. Though findings illustrate promising trends, to foster success, more submitted grant applications are needed from within EM along with systematic approaches to support faculty members in their pursuit of NIH funding.
Discrimination, Genocide, and Politicide:

The first generation of genocide scholars emphasized the role of discrimination in the onset of genocide and politicide. However, second-generation scholars discount such claims and have not found ...
Decoupling sex and intimacy: the role of dissociation in early AIDS prevention campaigns

This essay furthers scholarly investigations into how the dissociation of concepts works in actual argumentative contexts. It argues that in moments of biomedical controversy, dissociation can stab...
Prostate Transition Zone Fibrosis is Associated with Clinical Progression in the MTOPS Study

Purpose:Medications targeting androgen receptor activity (eg finasteride) or smooth muscle contractility (eg doxazosin) do not resolve lower urinary tract symptoms indicative of lower urinary tract...
How Linear Is a Linear System

Often, when testing structures, engineers assume the experimental system only exhibits linear behavior. This linear assumption means that the modal frequency and damping of the structure do not change with response level. In many assembled structures, components are connected through bolted joints. These systems behave in a weakly nonlinear fashion due to frictional contact at these interfaces, but often these structures are still treated linearly at low excitation levels. This work contains a case study where an assumed linear system exhibits nonlinear behavior. Because of this nonlinearity, if the force applied to the structure during linear testing is not sufficiently low then the test may capture a nonlinear frequency or damping instead of the true linear parameters. The errors associated with this linearization causes inaccuracy when simulating a system response. In particular, a linear substructuring problem is presented in which true linear frequencies and damping ratios are compared to slightly nonlinear counterparts to observe the error caused in the assembled response. This paper documents lessons learned and heuristics to be considered when capturing true linear parameters from a weakly nonlinear structure.
Biological Control of Invasive Weeds in Forests and Natural Areas by Using Microbial Agents

Biological control of forest weeds by using microbial plant pathogens has been tried in a few cases with some notable success. Diverse weed targets such as broad-leaved exotic invasive tree species, native tree and shrub species that recolonize following clearcutting, and invasive shrubs, annual and perennial herbs, and vines have been targeted. Examples of several programs, some highly successful and others with outcomes still uncertain, are described including the control of Acacia saligna by the introduced rust fungus Uromycladium tepperianum in South Africa, broad-leaved tree species by Chondrostereum purpureum in the Netherlands and Canada, Clidemia hirta in Hawaii by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. clidemiae, Ageratina riparia by the foliar smut fungus Entyloma ageratinae in Hawaii and New Zealand, Hedychium gardnerianum by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum in Hawaii, Passiflora tarminiana by Septoria passiflorae in Hawaii, Imperata cylindrica, an exotic invasive grass in the southeastern USA, by Bipolaris sacchari and Drechslera gigantea, Eichhornia crassipes by fungal pathogens in integration with arthropods, and Solanum viarum by Tobacco mild green mosaic tobamovirus (TMGMV). This list of examples is not complete but it is meant to illustrate the classical vs. bioherbicide strategies, integrated control using pathogens and insects, and different types of pathogens (biotrophic vs. necrotrophic fungi, a bacterium, and a virus). Pathogens that are easily disseminated from initial release sites through rapid buildup of secondary disease cycles have produced some of the highly successful programs compared with pathogens that require postrelease augmentation in the form of multiple releases, inundative applications, or technological aids.
“O beijo no rosto morto”: A iminência da morte e os sentidos do eu em Um sopro de vida

Este ensaio examina a gradual aproximacao de Clarice Lispector—e das inumeras narradoras e personagens em que ela se desdobra—a coisa-eu-que-morre . Para acercar-me ao tema, referir-me-ei brevemente a diversas pistas deixadas pela autora sobre a interseccao entre a consciencia da morte e a construcao do individuo em conversas e entrevistas, assim como em sua ficcao, em geral. Em seguida, focarei especificamente o romance-pulsacoes Um sopro de vida (1978), com o objetivo de melhor vislumbrar a relacao entre a inevitabilidade da morte e a estruturacao de uma imagem de eu e de um plano de vida para as personagens clariceanas.
Prevention of thrombosis

Abstract Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and fondaparinux have replaced unfractionated heparin for the prevention of thromboembolism. They are begun 4–6 hours after orthopedic surgery and continued for up to four weeks after hip arthroplasty or hip fracture surgery, 9–11 days after knee arthroplasty, and are indicated after traumatic injuries associated with lower limb immobilization. Anticoagulants are prescribed after major abdominal surgery and continued for up to 4 weeks if cancer is discovered. They are also given after cardiac surgery, but usually unnecessary after coronary artery bypass grafting. Anticoagulants are used in high-risk neurosurgical patients such as those with paralytic spinal cord injury. LMWH or fondaparinux is recommended for medical inpatients with restricted mobility, during chemotherapy, and to reduce the incidence of left ventricular mural thrombi following myocardial infarction. LMWHs are given during pregnancy/postpartum because of inherited thrombophilia or a prior unprovoked or estrogen-related thrombosis.
Development of a Host-Based Intrusion Detection and Control Device for Industrial Field Control Devices

Industrial control systems contain a multitude of devices deployed into the field to observe and control a physical process. Currently, most of these devices lack common host-based cybersecurity features, which can lead them to be seen as vulnerable targets. The Cymbiote device was developed to address this problem by examining multiple streams of data to determine what might indicate a potential threat, and to evaluate and execute appropriate response actions. This paper discusses the evolution of the Cymbiote device in response to evaluation and testing done on real-world hardware. Experimental results are discussed, as are the new developments that have been made to the device in response to the findings. In addition, we describe future research directions for this approach along with the experimental setup changes in response to the requirements for statistical rigor.
A Comparison of Kriging and Cokriging for Estimation of Underwater Acoustic Communication Performance

Mobile underwater communication network nodes, such as autonomous underwater vehicles, can use estimates of underwater acoustic communication performance to anticipate where they are likely to be connected to the communication network. In this paper, we consider the challenge of estimating a spatial field that represents underwater acoustic communication performance from a set of measurements. Kriging, which is widely used in geostatistics, has been previously used to estimate the communication performance at unknown locations, by performing spatial extrapolation. We compare kriging to cokriging where the latter is a bivariate estimation method. The methodology yields estimates of communication performance at desired locations based on measurements acquired at other locations. Moreover, a variance measure is provided that characterizes the uncertainty of the estimation. We present the structure of the proposed estimation technique and its computational complexity. We evaluate the efficacy of the technique by considering an approximate linear-log model of the communication performance, environmental noise, and a direct comparison of kriging and cokriging results. We provide two sets of simulations in which the proposed multivariate cokriging framework outperforms the univariate kriging in the estimation process.
Levels in Ni 57 from the Ni 58 ( He 3 , α ) Ni 57 Reaction

Levels in ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{57}$ were studied by detecting the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles from the ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}({\mathrm{He}}^{3}, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Ni}}^{57}$ reaction in a 24-in. diam scattering chamber using surface-barrier solid-state detectors. The $Q$ value of the reaction was measured to be 8.40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 MeV. Excited levels in ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{57}$ at 0.75, 1.05, 2.55, 3.25, 3.70, 3.85, 4.25, 4.55, 4.95, 5.25, 5.57, 5.85, 6.05, 6.97, 7.15, 7.85 MeV were observed. Angular distributions of elastically scattered ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, as well as those of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles leading to ground, 0.75-, 1.05-, 2.55-, 3.25-, 5.25-, 5.57-, and 6.05-MeV states have been measured. $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays, in coincidence with the reaction $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles, have also been observed with a 3 in.\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4 in. NaI(Tl) crystal and analyzed with a 2-parameter pulse-height analyzer to study the decay scheme of the excited states. Distorted-wave analysis, using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Julie computer code, yielded the following spin assignments: ground state, $l=1$; 0.75-MeV state, $l=3$; 1.05-MeV state, $l=1$; 2.55-, 3.25-, 5.25-, 5.57-MeV states, all $l=3$; 6.05-MeV state, either $l=2$ or $l=3$. Relative spectroscopic factors of these states have been extracted.
Clinical application of multi-slice spiral CT in diagnosis of malignant obstruction within the lower segment of bile duct

Objective To investigate the value of multi-slice spiral CT imaging in the differential diagnosis of malignant low level biliary obstructive diseases of different tissue origins. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of clinical data of 30 patients with malignant low level biliary obstruction confirmed by surgery or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography from March 2015 to December 2017 at Children's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The imaging findings of cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic head cancer, and ampullary carcinoma diagnosed by multi-slice spiral CT were compared with pathological biopsy results, and the Kappa test was used to judge the consistency of preoperative diagnosis and postoperative pathology. Results Multi-slice spiral CT in 30 patients can clearly show the dilatation of the biliary system, thickening of the bile duct wall, and stenosis of the distal obstruction. Cholangiocarcinoma was characterized by moderate-to-severe dilatation of the intrahepatic bile duct, the distal bile duct had a ″cut-off sign″, and the soft tissue density of the obstructed area can grow along the side wall of the bile duct. The common bile duct and pancreatic duct of ampulla cancer patients were expanded, showing a typical "double tube sign". In patients with pancreatic head cancer, the density of tumor was uneven, the boundary was unclear, the enhancement was not obvious, the density was relatively low, and the tail of the pancreas often shrank. Compared with the results of surgery and pathological diagnosis, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of MSCT for diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic head cancer, and ampullary carcinoma were 88.9%, 88.9%, and 83.3%, 75.0%, 85.7%, and 91.3%, and 75.0%, 60.0%, and 96.0%, respectively. MSCT diagnosis and pathological examination had a good consistency (κ=0.70, P<0.01). Conclusions MSCT has a great consistency with pathology in preoperative diagnosis of ampullary tumors, and it can be used as a conventional radiographic means for diagnosis of ampullary tumors. CT imaging can clearly display tumor location, size, and the relationship with the surrounding tissue structure. Key words: Cholangiocarcinoma; Ampullary carcinoma; Pancreatic head cancer; X-ray computed tomography
Improving Engagement in ADHD Care

* Abbreviations: ADHD — : attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder PCC — : primary care clinician Optimal treatment of a child or adolescent with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) begins by establishing a collaborative care team consisting of the family, school personnel, primary care clinician (PCC), mental health and subspecialty clinicians, and other adults, such as tutors and coaches.1 To facilitate communication among care team members, a standardized, reliable system should be established to securely collect and share information about the child’s ADHD symptoms and functioning, medication side effects, receipt of ADHD treatments, family treatment preferences and goals, and educational resources.1 Unfortunately, the fragmentation of ADHD care across health care, mental health, and education sectors is a substantial barrier to communication and collaboration among care team members.1,2 Each sector has its own rules and policies regarding confidentiality and privacy, and individual daily schedules are typically incompatible, making a meaningful, timely, and efficient exchange of information, whether synchronous (eg, phone call) or asynchronous (eg, e-mail), extremely challenging. In many quality improvement efforts to implement the ADHD guidelines, team communication and collaboration have been addressed, most commonly by focusing on improving … Address correspondence to: Eugenia Chan, MD, MPH, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, BCH 3217, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: Eugenia.chan{at}childrens.harvard.edu
Accumulated Puʻu ʻŌʻō magma fed the voluminous 2018 rift eruption of Kīlauea Volcano: evidence from lava chemistry

The 2018 rift eruption of Kīlauea Volcano presents a superb opportunity to decipher the underlying role of magmatic processes on the behavior and hazards of basaltic volcanoes. Here, we examine the petrogenetic history of the most MgO-rich lavas (~ 7.7–8.7 wt.%) from the voluminous (> 0.8 km3) main phase of this eruption on the volcano’s lower East Rift Zone (LERZ). Our results show that these lavas are compositionally homogeneous, but distinct from recent samples of the Puʻu ʻŌʻō eruption on the middle ERZ (MERZ) and the summit lava lake within Halemaʻumaʻu pit crater. The MgO-rich 2018 LERZ lavas have relatively high K2O and TiO2 abundances at a given MgO value, high Nb/Y ratios, and low CaO/TiO2 and Sr/Zr ratios. These observations preclude a simple hypothesis that the collapse of the caldera in 2018 forced magma from the summit reservoir to erupt directly on the LERZ. Instead, the distinctive chemistry of the MgO-rich 2018 LERZ lavas supports a new model of mixing between three components: (1) olivine-controlled magma, derived from the summit reservoir via Puʻu ʻŌʻō, (2) differentiated magma similar to the earliest lavas from the 2018 rift eruption, and (3) olivine. The differentiated magma was stored within the ERZ since the 1960s. The summit-derived magma (~ 91–95%) accumulated downrift of Puʻu ʻŌʻō and mixed with the differentiated magma (~ 5–9%) over ~ 10 years prior to 2018. This process created a large (> 0.8 km3) magma body within the MERZ that was the direct source of the MgO-rich 2018 LERZ lavas. The magma that was removed from the summit reservoir during the 2018 caldera collapse (up to ~ 0.8 km3) remains within the ERZ, along with any leftover magma from the Puʻu ʻŌʻō and 2018 rift eruptions. The summit reservoir has likely been replenished with magma based on recent lava lake activity within Halemaʻumaʻu from December 2020 to May 2021. Thus, Kīlauea’s plumbing system from the summit to the LERZ may now be flush with magma and primed for a new era of frequent and/or large eruptions.
Rewarding Quality and Innovation: Awards, Charters, and International Standards as Catalysts for Change

In the competitive, downsized, and mission-driven global service economy of the early 21st century, all organizations search for models to encourage innovation, measure performance, and raise customer service quality standards. Competition for an award can be a cost effective strategy to identify processes needing improvement, conduct self-assessments, receive objective feedback, and motivate employees to meet higher performance goals. Numerous international, federal, state, local, regional, and private award programs now use similar criteria and methodology to recognize and transfer information about the most effective processes, methods, systems, and results. Awards can advance knowledge about management and organizational learning theory, standardize processes, and assist public, private, and non-profit sector managers in determining which strategies are best suited for their organizations. This paper describes various quality award programs worldwide and reports the preliminary results of an empirical study analyzing the impact of awards on improving service quality in the United States (Survey, 2002).
Irritational or reparative dentin: A challenge of nomenclature

Abstract The authors present a definition of the various types of dentin. Further, they challenge the term reparative dentin as misleading and inaccurate, particularly when it is implied that the dentin is impervious and protective. The older and more accurate term, irritation dentin , is proposed as more appropriate on a histologic and clinical basis.
A nanoscale vertical-tunneling FET

Simulates silicon-based FETs having a radically new architecture, one which could eventually permit scaling of overall device dimensions to 500A or less while simultaneously eliminating the large-area contacts and isolation required in conventional MOSFETs. This approach assumes that it will be possible to selectively pattern epitaxial films into the silicon substrate at nanometer resolution, and to subsequently overgrow these patterns with heterolayer structures. Selective epitaxial metallization of this type can potentially provide the basis for a wide variety of nanoscale devices in which transport occurs through appropriately designed heterolayers in the vertical (growth) direction under control of a gate electrode.
Aspects of the traveling salesman problem

For fifty years the traveling salesman problem has fascinated mathematicians, computer scientists, and laymen. It is easily stated, but hard to solve; it has become the prototypical hard problem in theoretical computer science. A large part of the extensive research conducted by IBM in the broad area of optimization, or mathematical programming, contributed to or was inspired by aspects of this challenging problem. This article reviews some of that work as well as recent developments in techniques that were used on the largest traveling salesman problem ever solved.
Benefits of High-Intensity Intensive Care Unit Physician Staffing under the Affordable Care Act

The Affordable Care Act signed into law by President Obama, with its value-based purchasing program, is designed to link payment to quality processes and outcomes. Treatment of critically ill patients represents nearly 1% of the gross domestic product and 25% of a typical hospital budget. Data suggest that high-intensity staffing patterns in the intensive care unit (ICU) are associated with cost savings and improved outcomes. We evaluate the literature investigating the cost-effectiveness and clinical outcomes of high-intensity ICU physician staffing as recommended by The Leapfrog Group (a consortium of companies that purchase health care for their employees) and identify ways to overcome barriers to nationwide implementation of these standards. Hospitals that have implemented the Leapfrog initiative have demonstrated reductions in mortality and length of stay and increased cost savings. High-intensity staffing models appear to be an immediate cost-effective way for hospitals to meet the challenges of health care reform.
“Soft” Versus “Hard” Psychological Science: Biased Evaluations of Scientific Evidence That Threatens or Supports a Strongly Held Political Identity

Perceptions of the quality of two kinds of psychological methods—brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cognitive testing—were assessed in response to a scenario in which an expert's opinion rendered a politician incompetent to continue in his elected position. Participants evaluated the quality of MRI evidence more favorably than cognitive testing evidence, an effect that was particularly pronounced among participants motivated to disbelieve the evidence (strong partisans of the same party as the politician). This study is among the first to underscore the potential real-world implications of layperson's perceptions of psychological methods and to highlight that evaluations of “softer” methods may be more malleable than the “harder” ones.
Flow perfusion co-culture of human mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells on biodegradable polymer scaffolds

In this study, we investigated the effect of flow perfusion culture on the mineralization of co-cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Osteogenically precultured hMSCs were seeded onto electrospun scaffolds in monoculture or a 1:1 ratio with HUVECs, cultured for 7 or 14 days in osteogenic medium under static or flow perfusion conditions, and the resulting constructs were analyzed for cellularity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium content. In flow perfusion, constructs with monocultures of hMSCs demonstrated higher cellularity and calcium content, but lower ALP activity compared to corresponding static controls. ALP activity was enhanced in co-cultures under flow perfusion conditions, compared to hMSCs alone; however unlike the static controls, the calcium content of the co-cultures in flow perfusion was not different from the corresponding hMSC monocultures. The data suggest that co-cultures of hMSCs and HUVECs did not contribute to enhanced mineralization compared to hMSCs alone under the flow perfusion conditions investigated in this study. However, flow perfusion culture resulted in an enhanced spatial distribution of cells and matrix compared to static cultures, which were limited to a thin surface layer.
Interfacial interactions in edible emulsion films from whey protein isolate

Interfacial interactions between protein and lipid in edible emulsion films are thought to reduce water vapor permeability (WVP). Films were prepared from whey protein isolate, glycerol and emulsified lipid (triolein or tripalmitin/butterfat blend). The interfacial composition was varied using sodium dodecyl sulfate. Particle size and WVP were determined by laser light scattering and gravimetric methods respectively. Shear treatment significantly reduced the WVP of the protein phase. Interfacial interactions were small in triolein films and were not detected in tripalmitin/butterfat films. WVP did not depend strongly on the physical state of the dispersed phase. The distribution of the lipid droplets within the film is the primary determinant of WVP in the systems studied.
Oxidative N-demethylation of N,N-dimethylaniline by purified isozymes of cytochrome P-450

The metabolism of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) by rabbit liver microsomes results in the formation of N-methylaniline (NMA) and formaldehyde. The N-oxide of DMA (DMA N-oxide) has been suggested as an intermediate in the cytochrome P-450-catalyzed demethylation reaction. The role of DMA N-oxide as an intermediate in demethylation has been investigated in a reconstituted system consisting of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, phospholipid, and several different purified isozymes of cytochrome P-450. The abilities of several cytochrome P-450 isozymes from rabbit liver (P-450 form 2 and P-450 form 4) and rat liver (P-450b and P-450c) to catalyze N-oxide formation and their abilities to catalyze demethylation of the N-oxide were determined and compared with their abilities to catalyze the demethylation of DMA. The metabolism of DMA by the purified isozymes of cytochrome P-450 in the reconstituted system did not result in the formation of measurable amounts of the N-oxide. The turnover numbers for the metabolism of DMA and DMA N-oxide to formaldehyde by the reconstituted system containing cytochrome P-450 form 2 were 25.6 and 3.4 nmol/min/nmol cytochrome P-450, respectively. The three other isozymes (P-450 form 4, P-450b, and P-450c) also exhibited significantly greater rates for the demethylation of DMA than for the N-oxide. If the N-oxide were an intermediate in the demethylation reaction, it should be metabolized at a rate greater than or at least equal to DMA. Therefore, these data, along with the inability to detect N-oxide formation during the cytochrome P-450-catalyzed demethylation of DMA, suggest that the N-oxide of DMA is not an intermediate in demethylation of DMA by these forms of cytochrome P-450 and that DMA N-oxidase activity is not associated with these isozymes.
On Scholarship and Professional Service: The Modern Language Journal Turns Seventy‐Five

Journal's seventy-fifth consecutive year of publication, special note of which is made on the cover of this issue, reflection is fitting about the accomplishments of this periodical, its missions, if such they may be called, and the ways in which we see it continuing to develop. In early 1980, through no fault of the previous or present editorial staff, this periodical was heavily in debt. Good fortune, creativity, and hard work not only erased that indebtedness, but enabled the MLJ to develop a small surplus. Fully cognizant of its mission as a nonprofit educational organization, the Executive Committee of the National Federation of Modern Language Teachers Associations (NFMLTA), the owner of the MLJ, decided that it would henceforth use MLJ profits in three ways: 1) to continue to improve both the MLJso as to serve the readership and its circulation; 2) to support continued research into second language acquisition, its publication, and the application of its results in the classroom; and 3) to help provide for the future of the profession by becoming a full partner in the Joint National Council for Languages (JNCL) and The National Council on Languages and International Studies (NCLIS). In the years subsequent to that decision, we have attempted to meet those objectives in the following ways. First, the design of the publication was changed internally and externally, the review section was consolidated, and the standards for acceptance of manuscripts for publication were strengthened. In addition, the editorial staff has followed and will continue