cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development of extraocular muscle calcium homeostasis parallels visuomotor system maturation.

Extraocular muscle is modulated by unique genetic and epigenetic factors to produce an atypical phenotype. As a prelude to regulation studies, we characterized the development of cation homeostasis in the predominately fast-twitch extraocular muscles. By atomic absorption spectroscopy, total muscle calcium content declined from birth to postnatal day 27 and, thereafter, stabilized at a low level in limb but increased dramatically in extraocular muscle (to 40x limb values). By ELISA, the slow isoform of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase predominated in neonatal eye muscle, but subsequently was largely replaced by the fast isoform. This replacement in eye muscle was completed later than in limb. Residual, slow Ca2+-ATPase likely resides in an unusual slow tonic fiber type characteristic of eye muscle. Maturation of the definitive extraocular muscle Ca2+-ATPase pattern paralleled myofiber Ca2+ and sarcoplasmic reticulum content. These data show that, like myosin heavy chain expression patterns, the development of cation homeostatic mechanisms in extraocular muscle parallels landmarks in the maturation of vision and eye movement control systems. Findings suggest that cation homeostasis in extraocular muscle may be susceptible to perturbations of the developing visual sensory system, as we have previously shown for myosin.
Evidence for chromatin structure as a regulatory determinant in HLA-DRαgene expression

We examined the possibility that one mechanism for controlling HLA-DR-α gene expression involves the alteration of chromatin structure. Chromatin structure was analyzed by measuring the susceptibility of DR α genes in intact nuclei to nuclease treatment. We first examined a somatic cell hybrid of a T-lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) and a B-LCL, since the DR αgene, which is inactive in the T-LCL parent, is expressed in the hybrid, thus providing a system to study DR αgene induction. The hybrid line 174 × CEM.T1 contains and expresses solely the DR αgene from the T-LCL parent, since the DR αgene from the B-LCL parent, 174, is deleted. Using cytoplasmic dot blot analysis and RNA-DNA Northern hybridization, we detected DR α-specific transcripts in the hybrid, but not in the parental lines, indicating activation of the DR αgene in the hybrid. The transcribed DR αgene from the hybrid was compared with the untranscribed gene from the T-LCL parental line, and an association between DR αgene expression and increased sensitivity to DNase I was observed. A switch in the chromatin structure of the DR αgene from a closed to an open configuration apparently occurred in this hybrid. Such a change is associated with DR αgene expression. Comparison of a DR-positive B-LCL and an isogenic DR-negative T-LCL also showed that the chromatin of the former is more sensitive to DNase I digestion. There were no restriction enzyme fragment length differences between the DR αgenes from 174 × CEM.T1 and CEMR, indicating that the process of somatic cell hybridization did not result in DNA rearrangement or translocation.
The Origin of Newton’s Doctrine of Essential Qualities

In the second edition of the Principia in 1713, there appeared for the first time the third ‘Rule of Philosophising’. This is the most important and significant of the Rules in the prefatory section of the Third Book. Its origin and its implications for Newton’s philosophy of nature have not been sufficiently analysed or appreciated. To this end lies the purpose of the present study.
Activation of phosphofructokinase from rat tissues by 6-phosphogluconate and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

6-Phosphogluconate activates phosphofructokinase from liver, adipose tissue, kidney, and skeletal muscle by decreasing the apparent S0.5 for fructose 6-phosphate without affecting the maximum velocity. The response of phosphofructokinase to 6-phosphogluconate is hyperbolic, with apparent activation constants similar to concentrations of 6-phosphogluconate in tissues. Phosphofructokinase from these tissues is also activated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, but the apparent activation constants are much less than the concentrations of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in tissues. Under most conditions, the effects of 6-phosphogluconate and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate are additive. However, with low concentrations of fructose 6-phosphate there is synergism between the effectors. Whereas fructose 2,6-bisphosphate overcomes the inhibition of phosphofructokinase by high concentrations of ATP, 6-phosphogluconate does not. Thus, the effectors probably act at different sites on the enzyme. The relative effect of 6-phosphogluconate is much greater on phosphofructokinase from the lipogenic tissues, adipose, and liver, than it is on the enzyme from kidney or skeletal muscle. Thus, the influence of 6-phosphogluconate on phosphofructokinase, which could coordinate the disposition of glucose 6-phosphate between the oxidative branch of the hexosemonophosphate pathway and glycolysis, may be important for lipogenesis.
The Effects of Frictional Stimulation on Mouse Ear Epidermis. I. Cell Proliferation

The mitotic response of mouse ear epidermis to a controlled frictional stimulus produced by a rotating brush has been studied. A single application of friction resulted in an increased rate of cell proliferation judged by the number of Colcemid-arrested mitotic nuclei per unit length of epidermis. Maximum mitotic activity was found 48 hr after friction. Mitotic duration was apparently reduced in friction specimens. Daily application of friction for up to 35 days resulted in a high level of mitotic activity throughout the experimental period. The epidermal mitotic response to friction appears to be similar to the response to other forms of physical or chemical trauma.
Percutaneous versus open repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures

Controversy exists regarding the optimal treatment for acute Achilles tendon ruptures. Conservative and surgical treatments have been reported with variable results and complications rates. The purpose of this study is to compare the postoperative clinical and functional results of percutaneous versus open repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures. We present 34 patients with acute Achilles tendon ruptures treated with open and percutaneous surgical repair. There were 15 patients who had open surgical repair and 19 patients who had percutaneous repair. The mean follow-up was 22 months (range 10–24 months) for the open repair group and 20 months (range 9–24 months) for the percutaneous repair group; no patient was lost to follow-up. Postoperative rehabilitation was the same for both groups. Wound healing, complications, ankle range of motion, and patients’ return to work, activity level, weight-bearing, and subjective assessment of their treatment were recorded. No significant difference was observed with respect to any of the examined variables between the open and percutaneous repair groups. Tendon healing was observed in all patients of both groups by 7–9 weeks. The mean time of patients’ return to work was 7 weeks for the open repair group and 9 weeks for the percutaneous repair group. All patients were capable of full weight bearing by the 8th postoperative week time; the time to return to previous activities including non-contact sports was 5 months for both groups. All patients expressed satisfaction and graded their treatment as good. As expected, cosmetic appearance was significantly better in the percutaneous repair group. One patient who had open repair experienced skin incision pain and dysesthesia and graded his operation as fair. No patient experienced other complications such as re-rupture, infection, sural neuroma, or Achilles tendinitis within the period of this study. The present study showed similarly successful clinical and functional results after both open and percutaneous repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures are similar. Cosmetic appearance is superior in the group of patients who had a percutaneous treatment.
Optical ranging and communication method based on all-phase FFT

This paper describes an optical ranging and communication method based on all-phase fast fourier transform (FFT). This kind of system is mainly designed for vehicle safety application. Particularly, the phase shift of the reflecting orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol is measured to determine the signal time of flight. Then the distance is calculated according to the time of flight. Several key factors affecting the phase measurement accuracy are studied. The all-phase FFT, which can reduce the effects of frequency offset, phase noise and the inter-carrier interference (ICI), is applied to measure the OFDM symbol phase shift.
Comparisons Between Older Men and Women in the Trajectory and Burden of Disability Over the Course of Nearly 14 Years

Abstract Objectives Across the life span, women live longer than men but experience higher rates of disability. To more completely evaluate these gender differences, the current study set out to compare the trajectories and burden of disability over an extended period between older men and women. Design Prospective, longitudinal study with 13.5 years of follow-up. Setting Greater New Haven, Connecticut. Participants Participants were 754 persons, aged 70 years or older, who were initially community-living and nondisabled in their basic activities of daily living. Measurements Disability in 13 basic, instrumental, and mobility activities was assessed during monthly interviews, whereas demographic and clinical covariates were measured during comprehensive assessments every 18 months. Results Five distinct trajectories were identified over successive 18-month intervals: independent, mild disability, mild to moderate disability, moderate disability, and severe disability. Women were more likely than men to experience the moderate and severe disability trajectories, but were less likely to transition from the independent trajectory to a worse disability trajectory during the subsequent 18-month interval. Women were also less likely to die after each of the five trajectories, and these differences were at least marginally significant for all but the independent trajectory. Over the entire duration of follow-up, women suffered from a greater burden of disability than men, but these differences were greatly attenuated after adjustment for the baseline levels of disability. Conclusions Gender differences in disability over an extended period can be explained, at least in part, by the higher mortality experienced by older men and the higher initial levels of disability among older women. These results suggest the need to take a life-course approach to better understand gender differences in disability.
A simple numerical model of the apparent loss of eddy current conductivity due to surface roughness

Abstract In light of its frequency-dependent penetration depth, the measurement of eddy current conductivity has been suggested as a possible means to allow the nondestructive evaluation of subsurface residual stresses in shot-peened specimens. This technique is based on the so-called electro-elastic effect, i.e. the stress-dependence of the electrical conductivity. Unfortunately, the relatively small change in electrical conductivity caused by shot peening is often distorted, or even completely overshadowed, by the apparent conductivity loss caused by the accompanying surface roughness. This geometrical artifact is due to the fact that as the frequency increases, and therefore the penetration depth decreases, the path of the eddy current must follow a more tortuous route in the material, which produces a reduction in the observed conductivity. This paper addresses the apparent reduction of the near-surface electrical conductivity measured by the eddy current method in the presence of surface roughness. The rough surface is modeled as a one-dimensional sinusoidal corrugation using the Rayleigh–Fourier method. The apparent conductivity is determined from the resulting change in the plane-wave reflection coefficient of the conducting half-space at normal incidence. In spite of the simplicity of the suggested analytical model, the obtained theoretical results are found to be in good qualitative agreement with recently published experimental data from shot-peened copper specimens.
Sleep Disturbance and Risk Behaviors among Inner-City African-American Adolescents

Adolescents tend to experience more problems with sleep loss as a natural consequence of puberty, whereas teens from impoverished urban areas are likely to witness neighborhood violence and/or engage in risk behaviors that may affect sleep. Data from the Mobile Youth Survey, a longitudinal study of impoverished inner-city African-American adolescents (1998–2005; N = 20,716; age range = 9.75–19.25 years), were used to compare paired years of annual surveys elicited by questions about how sleep was affected when bad things happen to friends or family. Using a cross-lagged panel multivariate approach comparing reports for two sequential years and controlling for age/gender plus exposure to traumatic stress and violence, prior sleep disturbance was associated with carrying a knife/gun, brandishing a knife/gun, using a knife/gun, quick temperedness, warmth toward mother, worry, and belief in the neighborhood street code in the latter year. Conversely, seeing someone cut, stabbed, or shot, using alcohol, worry, and internalized anger were associated with sleep disturbance in a latter year. Although a limited measure of sleep disturbance was used, these findings support further research to examine sleep disturbance and risk behaviors among low-income adolescents.
High-performance liquid chromatography assay for the determination of the HIV-protease inhibitor tipranavir in human plasma in combination with nine other antiretroviral medications.

Abstract An accurate, sensitive and simple reverse-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitative determination of tipranavir with nine other antiretroviral drugs in plasma. A liquid–liquid extraction of the drugs in tert -butylmethylether (TBME) from 200 μL of plasma is followed by a reversed phase gradient HPLC assay with UV detection at 210 nm. The standard curve for the drug was linear in the range of 80–80,000 ng/mL for tipranavir; 10–10,000 ng/mL for nevirapine, indinavir, efavirenz, and saquinavir; and 25–10,000 ng/mL for amprenavir, atazanavir, ritonavir, lopinavir, and nelfinavir. The regression coefficient ( r 2 ) was greater than 0.998 for all analytes. This method has been fully validated and shown to be specific, accurate and precise. Due to an excellent extraction procedure giving good recovery and a clean baseline, this method is simple, rapid, accurate and provides excellent resolution and peak shape for all analytes. Thus this method is very suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Microstructural enhancement of mass transport through Nafion+Nuclepore composite membranes

Abstract Ionic transport through exchange membranes such as Nafion is controlled by the microstructure and charge of the ionomer. Transport and polymer morphology can be studied by restructuring the microenvironment of Nation by supporting it on Nuclepore polycarbonate membranes, which contain microdimensional cylinders, 0.015 to 0.6 μ m in diameter. Transport rates through the Nafion phase of the composites increase as the pore sizes decrease to 0.05 μ m. For 0.05 μ m pores, transport is an order of magnitude more facile than transport through unsupported (bulk) Nafion. The increased transport rates are ascribed to increased ordering of the microenvironment of Nafion and due in part to variation of extraction coefficients as the substrate pore sizes change
World trends and future prospects for the development of human resources

Abstract This article is concerned with governmental and societal responsibilities for development of human resources especially through educational, welfare, and health services. Based on a review of the literature on worldwide continuing trends, the authors identify six major forces operating on future developments of the human services: proliferating technology, increasing and shifting population, expanding information, shifting values and beliefs, and rising social expectations. All of these world forces are interdependent and present a complex picture of causation. The authors take one example, a rural development policy implemented in Costa Rica in recent years to show the interdependencies and social consequences and to raise questions about the special needs of the rural sector which comprises a majority of the populations of developing countries. Returning to the general discussion, they point out six dilemmas paralleling the world forces and raise questions about the directions of human resource development. They particularly emphasize the understanding of cultural values in determining the criteria used in decision making, and suggest that the emphasis on individualism in the United States may be associated with failures in appreciating social problems and inequality. Among implications for the human services, they illustrate the need for development of a knowledge base for intercultural future alternatives, training for future-thinking that is culturally aware and oriented toward a world behavioral ecology, and development of interculturally sensitive policy making. They end with a return to an opening question about pessimism toward the future and suggest the value of Boulding's analogy comparing our times with the end of adolescent physical growth and the beginning of mature growth in knowledge and generative relationships.
Novel method of monitoring electroencephalography at the site of microdialysis during chemically evoked seizures in a freely moving animal

This paper covers the design, development and operation of a novel piece of equipment, based around the CMA/12 guide probe (Carnegie Medicin, Sweden), which offers a low cost alternative for monitoring EEG at the site of microdialysis in a freely moving animal. This equipment is entirely based on commercially available parts, and thus can be easily replicated. Moreover, it is less intrusive than earlier models, offering advantages for experiments in which behavioural testing or chronic monitoring is required. We illustrate its use in a study of changes in electrical seizure activity, in both cortex and basal nuclei, evoked by the administration of the chemoconvulsant soman. The inference from the many experimental paradigms looking at the mechanisms of chemoconvulsants is that paroxysmal discharges are a better correlate of seizure activity than behavioural signs. The correlation of the EEG with extracellular neurotransmitter data, over a period of hours post-injection of chemoconvulsant, allows the determination of whether extracellular neurotransmitter changes are a cause or consequence of the evoked electrical activity.
Managerial talent, pay, and age

Abstract The present investigation examines the types of traits managers manifest which firms reward with higher pay, and whether age moderates the relationship between managerial talent and pay. Two hundred ninety-three middle managers, drawn from five large corporations, were assessed on the traits of intelligence, supervisory ability, initiative, self-assurance, and achievement. It was found that all five of the managerial traits were differentially rewarded depending on the age of the managers. The relationships between pay and measures of managerial talent were generally positive for younger managers, and gradually became lower and finally turned negative for older managers. The results are discussed in terms of organizational reward structures.
Idiopathic acute transverse myelitis in children: an analysis and discussion of MRI findings

Background:There is lack of reported magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of idiopathic acute transverse myelitis (ATM) in children.Objective:To describe the imaging features of idiopathic ATM in children.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the spinal MRI findings of children diagnosed with ATM. The anatomic regions, vertebral segmental length, gray or white matter involvement, cord expansion and gadolinium enhancement were examined.Results:A total of 27 children were diagnosed with isolated monophasic ATM with a mean follow-up of 5.2 years. Two children later diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica were excluded from the pediatric ATM cohort. None of the patients had a subsequent diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The mean age of onset was 9.5 years (0.5–16.9 years). Spinal MRIs were abnormal in 21 (78%). The mean interval between symptom onset and the MRI was 1.7 days (0–19 days). Central cord hyperintensity involving gray matter was seen in all patients. A majority (67%) of the patients demonstrated long...
Geostationary imaging Fabry-Perot spectrometer (GIFS): measurement of clouds and trace gases

ABSTRACT Long-term measurements of the global distributions of clouds, trace gases, and surface reectance are needed forthe study and monitoring of global change and air quality. The Geostationary Imaging Fabry Perot Spectrom-eter (GIFS) instrument is an example of a next-generation satellite remote sensing concept. GIFS is designedto be deployed on a geostationary satellite, where it can make continuous hemispheric imaging observations ofcloud properties (including cloud top pressure, optical depth, and fraction), trace gas concentrations, such as tro-pospheric and boundary layer CO, and surface reectance and pressure. These measurements can be made withspatial resolution, accuracy, and revisit time suitable for monitoring applications. It uses an innovative tunableimaging triple-etalon Fabry Perot interferometer to obtain very high resolution line-resolved spectral images ofbackscattered solar radiation, which contains cloud and trace gas information. An airborne GIFS prototype andthe measurement technique have been successfully demonstrated in a recent eld campaign onboard the NASAP3B based at Wallops Island, Virginia. In this paper, we present the preliminary GIFS instrument design anduse GIFS prototype measurements to demonstrate the instrument functionality and measurement capabilities.Keywords: Fabry Perot, high-resolution, spectroscopy, cloud properties, trace gases, geostationary
The Ten Commandments of Pain Assessment and Management in Preterm Neonates

Despite advances in pain assessment and management, nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic analgesic therapies continue to be underutilized in managing both acute and procedural pain in preterm neonates. Untreated acute, recurrent, or chronic pain related to disease or medical care may have significant and lifelong physiologic and psychological consequences. Painful procedures in the NICU may be unavoidable, so it is vital that caregivers balance the painful, medically necessary care with evidence-based nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic strategies to relieve pain and stress. We present Ten Commandments of pain assessment and management in preterm neonates to promote the use of best practices and compassionate care in the NICU.
Social-desirability responding in the assessment of social skill and anxiety.

The present study examines the relationship between social-desirability responding and both self-report and behavioral measures of assertion, conversational skill, and social anxiety. With one exce...
The absolute monocyte and lymphocyte prognostic index for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who receive R-CHOP.

Abstract Background The baseline absolute monocyte count and absolute lymphocyte count were used to generate a prognostic index (the AMLPI) for survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Methods Data from 245 patients with DLBCL who were treated with standard R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, prednisone) were reviewed. By using the values previously reported for the AMLPI, its prognostic value was examined in our population. Results After a median follow-up of 22 months for censored observations, the 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates for the international prognostic index (IPI) 0-2 and 3-5 risk groups were 73% and 58%, respectively ( P = .0004); comparable overall survival (OS) rates were 88% and 68%, respectively ( P P = .022); comparable 1-year OS rates were 96%, 95%, and 80%, respectively ( P = .049). By multivariate analysis, with the adjustment of IPI in the model, AMLPI effects (low- vs. high-risk groups) on PFS and OS rates were significant, with P = .046 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.402 [95% CI, 0.164-0.986] and P = .052 (HR 0.325 [95% CI, 0.104-1.011]), respectively. Conclusions The absolute monocyte and lymphocyte counts prognostic index (the AMLPI) may add prognostic value beyond that of the IPI for patients with DLBCL who receive R-CHOP.
E.S.R. spectrum of BH3 -· in gamma-irradiated tetramethylammonium borohydride

(1971). E.S.R. spectrum of BH3 -· in gamma-irradiated tetramethylammonium borohydride. Molecular Physics: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 375-378.
Racial differences in breast carcinoma survival.

BACKGROUND Survival after breast carcinoma diagnosis is significantly worse among African American women for reasons unknown. The purpose of this study was to update reports on the National Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program and to examine the effect of race on breast carcinoma survival. METHODS Subjects were 135,424 women diagnosed with primary breast carcinoma between 1988–1995. Patient age, tumor stage at the time of diagnosis, hormone receptor status, tumor histology, menopausal status, and survival were compared by race category. RESULTS African American women diagnosed with breast carcinoma (n = 11,159) had a significantly increased risk of death from breast carcinoma and from all cancers compared with white women (n = 124,265), independent of the effects of other predictor variables. African American women were significantly younger at the time of diagnosis, with approximately 33% of the population age ≤ 50 years, compared with slightly <25% of the white women belonging to that younger age group. African American women were significantly more likely to present with advanced stages of breast carcinoma and, within each stage category, had significantly poorer survival compared with white women. African American women were significantly less likely to have tumors positive for estrogen or progesterone receptors, as well as histologically confirmed lobular and tubular carcinomas, whereas they were more likely to have inflammatory, medullary, and papillary histology compared with white women. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study show that race is an independent predictor of survival from breast carcinoma. These findings are consistent with other large, population-based studies of racial differences in breast carcinoma survival and have been comported by studies of racial differences in the molecular biology of breast carcinoma, thus providing support for the epidemiologic credibility of the independence of the association. Cancer 2000;88:114–23. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Use of format models and generic outlines to develop source material

This paper describes how format models and generic outlines were used to produce macro and system logic descriptions for the first release of IBM's Distributed Processing Programming Executive (DPPX) during the system's development. Because models and outlines were created and adopted early in the system's development cycle and because project control of both the information and information-developing process were enforced, initial documentation available to system developers was in the same format and of the same quality as the descriptions made available to users after the system was released. The process resulted in higher quality descriptions and less last-minute rework.Format models and generic outlines provide a standard description of how the system should be described. In the case of macros, the format model tells the developer how the macro will be described in customer publications and identifies the required information and information formats to be used in the macro's initial description. Following the format ensures that all required information will be included in the initial descriptions of all system macros and that the descriptions of all the system macros will be in the form needed to produce the final descriptions. In the case of system logic descriptions, the generic outline helps ensure that all areas of the system are described in a complete, consistent manner and that there is as little overlap as possible in the system's descriptions.Generic outlines and format models help ensure that:• Source material will adhere to a specified format.• Developers can produce better source material with less effort.• Less rewriting is required to convert the source material to final copy.• Less review is required to ensure accuracy of the final copy.• Developers have final-quality information for their own use.• Drafts for review can be produced more quickly and more easily.When a new macro or system component is approved for inclusion in the system, its description is added to the project's internal information data base. The description is modified, if necessary, to fit the required format and is placed in the data base and an entry for it is placed in the data base's table of contents. The description is then available for review, use, and update by all members of the project.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with concurrent acute parvovirus b19 infection in a heterozygous for sickle cell patient and literature review.

Parvovirus B19 presents with erythema infectiosum, hydrops fetalis, and anemia in patients with thalassemia, sickle cell disease (SCD), or hereditary spherocytosis. Indeed, it is implicated in auto...
Influence of X irradiation on potassium retentivity by Escherichia coli.

Potassium efflux from stationary-phase cells of Escherichia coli takes place readily in the presence of ammonium ions. Hence, through the use of ammonium phosphate buffer, K/sup +/ efflux was studied at a set value of pH. Sodium ions, on the other hand, retard K/sup +/ efflux, a finding that has been used to advantage when sodium phosphate is uscd as buffer in delaying efflux measurement. Potassium efflux from E. coli incrsases as a result of x irradiation. Amount of x-ray damage to K/sup +/ retention mechanism varies inversely with cell concentration during irradiation. E. coli strain B is much more susceptible to this radiation damage than is its mutant B/r. (auth)
Effect of varying fibrinogen and hematocrit concentrations on magnetic resonance relaxation times of thrombus.

OBJECTIVES The authors assessed the effects of varying one extracellular component (fibrinogen concentration) and one cellular component (hematocrit) on magnetic resonance (MR) T1 and T2 relaxation times of in vitro blood clots. METHODS Blood from six male subjects was collected into sodium citrate anticoagulant (3.8%) and the whole blood was separated into platelet-rich plasma and packed erythrocytes. Subsequently, in vitro blood clots were made from varying concentrations of fibrinogen (1, 10, and 100 microM) in Tyrode's solution and washed, packed erythrocytes (hematocrit levels: 0%, 10%, 40%, and 80%). T1 and T2 measurements were completed at 20 MHz within 8 hours of initiating clotting. RESULTS Significant shortening of MR relaxation times occurred with increasing fibrinogen concentration for hematocrit values of 0% and 10%. Extracellular fibrinogen concentration did not contribute significantly to variation in relaxation times at hematocrit values of 40% and 80%. For any given fibrinogen level, significant shortening occurred in T1 and T2 values for each successive increase in hematocrit values. CONCLUSIONS Both extracellular (fibrinogen) and cellular (erythrocyte concentration) factors are significant determinants of thrombus T1 and T2 relaxation times.
Computation of two-dimensional blocked flow normal to a flat plate

Abstract A commercial CFD code (FIDAP) is used to compute two-dimensional blocked flow normal to a flat plate. Both quasi-steady and transient computations were performed using a variety of turbulence models. The quasi-steady computations underpredict drag and are not sensitive to the choice of turbulence model, but provide excellent prediction of the effects of blockage on drag. The transient simulations do a very good job of predicting the actual value of the drag, and are sensitive to the choice of turbulence model. The application of CFD to separated flow aerodynamics is discussed.
The role of NCHS data systems in the evaluation of intervention and prevention strategies.

Intervention and prevention strategies for the U.S.A. for the year 2000 have been broadly defined into 22 priority areas encompassing 332 health objectives. NCHS and its data systems have the major responsibility for providing the data for half of these objectives and assisting in a wide array of other data programmes both within and outside of CDC. This paper describes the process used to arrive at these objectives, highlights a few of them, and presents four examples of objectives NCHS is engaged in tracking: breast cancer mortality, breast examinations, infant mortality and cholesterol levels.
60-Cycle induction heating of steel

The need for faster heating methods in the steel industry can be met by low-frequency induction heating. So that full advantage of this type of heating can be taken, the heating cycle is discussed as well as the suitability of specific sizes of steel sections.
Histiocytic medullary reticulosis. The role of phagocytosis in pancytopenia.

Three patients presented with histiocytic medullary reticulosis. A review of 49 additional patients allowed an evaluation of the hematological aspects of this disease. Hemolytic anemia, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia commonly observed in this disorder may result from excessive phagocytosis of blood cells by abnormal histiocytes within medullary centers of bone and lymphoid tissue. In addition, these histiocytes may serve as a repository for sequestered erythrocytic iron and cholesterol.
local and extra-local perceptions of national parks and protected areas

Abstract There has been a significant increase in numbers and in land areas of national parks and other protected landscapes during the past 10–15 years. A review of the literature reveals a predominant emphasis on landscape resources and tourism, and a paucity of information on the relationships of local populations with protected areas. Nevertheless, there are increasing reports of conflicts between park management goals and local interests. Several examples of such conflicts are cited, suggesting that they are found in both developed and lesser-developed countries. Problems associated with the failure to consider local interests in the planning, development and management of protected landscapes are described and related research issues are identified.
Worst-case mean square error (MSE) transceiver design for imperfect estimate multi-input-multi-output communication channels

The authors consider the worst-case transceiver design problem under spectrum bounded channel uncertainty matrices. Their design aims to minimise the trace and the determinant of the estimate error covariance matrix, respectively. The authors relax the formulated problem into an optimisation problem with bilinear matrix inequality constraints (i.e. BMI problem), from which a local optimal solution is obtained by applying semi-definite programming. Furthermore, the authors consider norm bounded source symbols and extend their approach to design the worst-case transceiver with respect to both channel uncertainties and norm bounded source symbols.
Monitoring gentamicin dosages in premature neonates

Dosages of I.V. gentamicin (G) seek to maintain peak serum levels of 4-12 mcq/ml. Recommendations are that pre-dose (PrD) levels remain below 2 mcq/ml to avoid nephrotoxicity. We obtained serum G levels in premature and stressed neonates with gestational ages (GA) from 24-40+ weeks following IV infusion of standard dosages (2.5 mg/kg). G. Was administered by IV or IA infusion over 20 minutes PrD levels were obtained by heel puncture one half hour before the next dose (ie after 5 calculated half lives (t 1/2). T 1/2 of G was calculated for each infant using standard pharmacokinetic formulae. Post dose levels were obtained 20 minutes following completion of the infusion. Results are listed in the table grouped by G.A. The percentage figures reflect the incidence of PrD levels greater than 2 mcq/ml. All post dose levels were within acceptable limits. Our findings confirm that dosage intervals frequently need altering in premature and stressed neonates of all G.A., if PrD are to be kept below 2 μg/ml. Schedule alterations should be based upon each infants pharmacokinetic parameters.
Using a health informatics system to assess effect of a federal cigarette tax increase on readiness to quit among low-income smokers, Louisiana, 2009.

Introduction Health informatics systems are a proven tool for tobacco control interventions. To address the needs of low-income groups, the Tobacco Control Initiative was established in partnership with the Louisiana State University Health Care Services Division to provide cost-effective tobacco use cessation services through the health informatics system in the state public hospital system.
An Economic Analysis of Anemia Prevention during Infancy

Objective To compare the cost-benefit profile of reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) with hemoglobin (Hb) alone and Hb as a component of the complete blood count (CBC) for detection and treatment of iron deficiency in 9- to 12-month-old infants. Study design Cohort simulations were used to compare CHr with Hb from a societal perspective. Assumptions included a 9% prevalence of iron deficiency and testing characteristics/costs of CHr, Hb, and CBC (CHr Results Under current market conditions, the incremental cost to diagnose and treat iron deficiency, compared with diagnosing and treating anemia by Hb, was only $22 per patient screened ($440 per case of anemia prevented; number needed to treat = 20). With a 10-year time horizon incorporating risks and costs of neurocognitive delays associated with untreated iron deficiency, the cost of the CHr strategy was $280 per case of anemia prevented. Conclusions CHr is an affordable strategy to prevent anemia in infants with possible iron deficiency.
A New Look at Motivated Inference: Are Self-Serving Theories of Success a Product of Motivational Forces?

People construct idiosyncratic, self-serving models of excellence or success in social domains, in part, to bolster self-esteem. In 3 studies, participants tended to articulate self-serving theories of success under experimental conditions in which pressures to maintain self-esteem were present, but not under conditions in which such pressures were absent. Participants assigned to role-play being a therapist were more self-serving in their assessments of the characteristics needed to be a successful therapist than were participants assigned to observe the role play (Study 1). Participants failing at an intellectual task articulated self-serving theories about the attributes crucial to success in marriage (Study 2) and evaluated targets similar to themselves more favorably than they did dissimilar targets (Study 3),tendencies not observed for participants succeeding at the task. Discussion centers on issues for future research suggested by these findings.
Effect of geometry on magnetic domain structure in Ni wires with perpendicular anisotropy: A magnetic force microscopy study

We investigated the magnetic domain structure of thermally evaporated nickel wires with perpendicular anisotropy as a function of width and geometry. Magnetic force microscope images revealed the presence of stripe domains, which tended to orient themselves either perpendicular or parallel to the edges of the wires. This is in agreement with the result of the minimization of the total magnetic energy of a wire near an edge, which predicts the minima of energy in these two particular cases. The general orientation of the stripes in wider wires can be manipulated by using an in-plane external field, but the stripe orientation in the vicinity of the edge stays unaffected. A rough edge forces the stripe domains to orient themselves perpendicular to the edge, rather than parallel to it. In narrow wires, the stripe domains are parallel to the edge, and the width of the domain increases as the width of the sample is decreased in order to fit an integer number of domains in the wire.
An electrophysiological study of the postnatal development of the autonomic innervation of the rat submandibular salivary gland

The development of the functional relationship between the autonomic nerves that regulate secretion and the acini of the gland (SMG) was studied. Electrophysiologic studies indicated that stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves at birth caused the secretion of fluid from the duct system but did not cause protein secretion from the developing acini or terminal tubules. Stimulation of the sympathetic innervation (superior cervical ganglion) did not cause protein secretion from developing acini or terminal tubules until 5 days after birth. The amount of protein released progressively increased in response to electrical stimulation of the cervical ganglion as the animals aged. This increased secretory response was correlated with the appearance of increasing numbers of catecholamine-containing neurones in the gland parenchyma.
A framework-based approach to building private trading exchanges

The private trading exchange (PTX) is emerging as the cornerstone of business-to-business e-commerce. At its core, a private trading exchange involves interenterprise integration and collaboration. Our main objective in this paper is to introduce a versatile application platform for building private trading exchanges. This platform supports the management and execution of multienterprise business processes and collaborations in the context of these processes. We review the business requirements of PTX-based systems and the technical challenges in developing such systems. We then examine and categorize the main interaction patterns between the private trading exchange and its participants. These patterns lead to the design of a component framework for process brokering and content aggregation. This framework is the foundation of our application platform for building PTX solutions. We describe the platform and discuss how to use it to implement a PTX solution.
Divergent mechanisms of insulin-like growth factor I and II on rat hepatocyte proliferation

Insulin-like growth factors I and II are peptides with a structural homology for proinsulin, and are involved in hepatocyte proliferation. IGF-I and IGF-II, however, have different metabolic roles, and their mechanisms of action are incompletely known. We hypothesized that IGF-I and IGF-II act by different signal transduction pathways. To test this hypothesis, hepatocytes from 200 g male Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated by a two-step collagenase perfusion technique and plated at a density of 10(5) cells/16 mm Primaria plate. Proliferation was measured by [3H]thymidine ([3H]thy) incorporation into DNA, and an autoradiographic nuclear labeling index (LI). To analyze signal transduction, cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels were measured 5 min after addition of reagents by a radioimmunoassay. Reagents (doses) used were: IGF-I (2 nM), IGF-II (2 nM), the inhibitory peptide somatostatin-14 (SS14) (10 nM), and the adenylyl cyclase antagonist dideoxyadenosine (DDA) (10 microM). A summary of the findings is as follows: (1) IGF-I stimulates [3H]thy, LI and cAMP accumulation. (2) IGF-II stimulates [3H]thy and LI but not cAMP; (3) IGF-I but not IGF-II effects are inhibited by SS14 and DDA. We conclude that the hepatotrophic effects of IGF-I and IGF-II occur by different mechanisms: IGF-I is cAMP-dependent, IGF-II is cAMP-independent.
Mathematical modeling of growth of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in raw ground beef

: The objective of this study was to investigate the growth of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC, including serogroups O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) in raw ground beef and to develop mathematical models to describe the bacterial growth under different temperature conditions. Three primary growth models were evaluated, including the Baranyi model, the Huang 2008 model, and a new growth model that is based on the communication of messenger signals during bacterial growth. A 5 strain cocktail of freshly prepared STEC was inoculated to raw ground beef samples and incubated at temperatures ranging from 10 to 35 °C at 5 °C increments. Minimum relative growth (<1 log10 cfu/g) was observed at 10 °C, whereas at other temperatures, all 3 phases of growth were observed. Analytical results showed that all 3 models were equally suitable for describing the bacterial growth under constant temperatures. The maximum cell density of STEC in raw ground beef increased exponentially with temperature, but reached a maximum of 8.53 log10 cfu/g of ground beef. The specific growth rates estimated by the 3 primary models were practically identical and can be evaluated by either the Ratkowsky square-root model or a Bělehradek-type model. The temperature dependence of lag phase development for all 3 primary models was also developed. The results of this study can be used to estimate the growth of STEC in raw ground beef at temperatures between 10 and 35 °C. Practical Application: Incidents of foodborne infections caused by non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have increased in recent years. This study reports the growth kinetics and mathematical modeling of STEC in ground beef. The mathematical models can be used in risk assessment of STEC in ground beef.
ATP-dependent calcium storage in presynaptic nerve terminals

CALCIUM ions, which enter presynaptic nerve terminals during depolarisation, trigger transmitter release from the terminals of both peripheral1 and central2 neurones. The subsequent disposition of the entering Ca is not entirely settled. Although this Ca must eventually be extruded in order for the neurones to return to the steady state, some of it may be temporarily retained and sequestered in intra-terminal organelles. We now present evidence for an intraterminal, ATP-dependent Ca storage system which may help to regulate internal ionised Ca concentrations. This latent Ca sequestering system has been revealed by lysis of pinched-off presynaptic nerve terminals (“synaptosomes”) in hypotonic media, followed by measurements of ATP-dependent Ca uptake from media containing mitochondrial inhibitors. These observations provide an alternative to the suggestion3,4 that intraterminal mitochondria may be the primary Ca storage sites.
Myelin basic protein: a substance that releases immunoreactive growth hormone in vitro.

Abstract A protein has been isolated from ovine hypothalamus on the basis of its ability to stimulate release of growth hormone by in vitro cultures of dispersed pituitary cells. This protein has been identified as being myelin basic protein. With no similar biological activity in vivo , myelin basic protein is thus to be recognized as a potentially interfering substance in any search for the physiological growth hormone releasing factor using in vitro assay systems.