cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interfacial reactions during sputter deposition of Ta and TaN films on organosilicate glass : XPS and TEM results

The evolution of the interface between organosilicate glass (OSG) and sputter deposited Ta or TaN films has been characterized by X-ray phototelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Cross-sectional TEM (XTEM) was also used to analyze Ta/OSG and TaN/OSG/interfaces for samples formed under different deposition conditions. XPS data show that Ta deposition onto OSG results in formation of an interphase between 1 and 2 nm thick composed of oxidized Ta and C. Metallic Ta is then formed on top of the interfacial region. In contrast, Ta-rich TaN formation occurs with some nitridation of the substrate, but with no significant interphase formation. The XPS data are consistent with the XTEM data. The XTEM results for Ta/OSG indicate a spatially irregular interface over a length scale of ∼2 nm, while results for TaN/OSG indicate a spatially abrupt region.
Enhancement of valley splitting in (100) Si MOSFETs at high magnetic fields

Abstract We report the density and magnetic field dependence of the valley splitting of two-dimensional electrons in (100) Si metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors, as determined via activation measurements in the quantum Hall regime. We find that the valley activation gap can be greatly enhanced at high magnetic fields as compared to the bare valley splitting. The observation of strong dependence of the valley activation gap on orbital Landau level occupancy and similar behavior of nearby spin gaps suggest that electron–electron interactions play a large role in the observed enhancement.
Controls on pore-fluid concentration of 4He and 222Rn and the calculation of 4He/222Rn ages

Abstract Controls governing the production of 4He and 222Rn in the solid phase as well as parameters and processes contributing to their transport into the pore fluid are discussed. 222Rn activity is used to quantify the uranium sources for 4He and the result is a simplified pore-fluid age equation which is virtually independent of the porosity, the water/rock ratio, the rock density and the uranium concentration, but does require a Th/U estimate. The crucial parameter is the ratio of the release factors for the two species, /GLRn//GLHe, which is discussed in terms of three possible release mechanisms: (1) recoil; (2) recoil followed by diffusion; and (3) weathering release of accumulated 4He. It was found that /GLRn//GLHe can vary over several orders of magnitude, but can be expressed in terms of the effective grain size r, and the diffusive half-length for 222Rn decay, re. 4He measurements are used to “date” gases from known gas fields and the agreement with the assumed source-rock age is good. Application of 4He/ 222Rn measurements to continental freshwater springs indicates that the weathering release of accumulated 4He dominates the input and results in a large overestimate of groundwater age. Measurement in the Lardarello geothermal field indicates that the 4He/222Rn method can indicate relative transport direction. Other possible applications in various geochemical fields are suggested.
Listener‐member perceptions of marketing strategies employed by public radio stations

This study measured the attitudes of public radio listener‐contributors regarding listener‐focused marketing strategies used by public radio stations. Four hundred forty‐two questionnaires from Northern Colorado and Central Michigan were returned. Overall, respondents expressed a positive attitude toward on‐air fund‐raising. Although they held a slightly negative opinion of on‐air pledge appeals, these negative responses were offset by positive responses about the perceived need for such fund‐raising. Respondents appreciated receiving direct mail from their radio station, but were strongly opposed to telephone contacts. They also agreed that underwriting announcements sound more like commercials than in the past.
Effects of farnesyltransferase inhibitors on cell cycle progression of human cancer cells

Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) represent a novel class of anti-cancer drugs with preferential effects on transformed cells. FTIs are currently evaluated in clinical trials. They are developed with the idea to inhibit farnesylation and membrane association of proteins such as Ras. In support of this idea, FTIs are effective in interfering with phenotypes due to H-ras activation, although K-ras activated events are resistant to FTIs. Recent studies on farnesylated proteins also raised the possibility that FTIs affect farnesylated proteins other than H-ras. To gain insight into this possibility, we have examined cellular effects of FTIs on human cancer cells. We, as well as others, have observed that FTIs cause enrichment of G0/G1-phase cells with a number of cancer cells. In addition, FTIs affect proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, such as retinoblastoma protein, p21Waf1/Cip1 and cyclins. With some cancer cell lines, FTI causes G2/M enrichment. Proteins, such as farnesylated Rho proteins and centromere binding proteins CENP-E/F may play roles in these cell cycle effects.
Teacher Learning in a Mathematics and Science Inquiry Professional Development Program: First Steps in Emergent Teacher Leadership.

This study investigates the role of an inquiry professional development institute in empowering middle school mathematics and science teachers to develop as teacher leaders. Teachers and coaches jointly attended content sessions and participated in practice teaching sessions with students. The coaches led reflection sessions following the practice teaching sessions. Using stages 1 and 2 of the Principles and Indicators for Mathematics Education Leaders Leadership Framework modified to include science as a data analysis tool, data from 16 teachers informed the study. Results showed that after teachers completed the professional development, they grew as teacher leaders, with 11 and 14 teachers reaching Stage 2 Leadership in each leadership area, respectively.
Dual effects of nitric oxide on meiotic maturation of mouse cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes in vitro.

Abstract The present experiment used cultured mouse cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes (CEOs) and denuded oocytes (DOs) to study the function of nitric oxide (NO) in mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. Either positive or negative actions of NO on meiotic maturation has been observed when CEOs or DOs were cultured for 24 h in a medium containing 4 mM hypoxanthine (HX) to maintain meiotic arrest, or in maturation medium (without HX) supplemented with different doses of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor), N-omega-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME) or Nw-nitro- l -arginine ( l -NNA) (two inhibitors of NO synthase, NOS), and l- arginine (the only substrate of NOS). Both NOS inhibitors suppressed the formation of first polar body (PB1) of the oocytes in CEOs in a dose dependent manner, but no effect on germinal vesicle break down (GVBD) was observed. An optimal inhibitory effect was observed with either 10−3 M l- NAME (P l- NNA (P l- NAME or l- NNA on CEOs exhibited no effect on oocyte meiotic maturation of DOs. Treatments of low concentrations of SNP (10−7, 10−6, 10−5 M) stimulated significantly the oocyte meiotic maturation of CEOs which were inhibited with HX, but had no effect on DOs in the same culture medium. While, the treatment with high concentrations of SNP (0.1–4 mM) during the CEOs cultured in maturation medium resulted in a lower percentage of oocytes at PB1 stage and a higher percentage of atypical oocytes in a dose dependent manner compared with control. A dose of SNP at 1 mM exhibited significant inhibitory effect on the formation of PB1, but without effect on the number of atypical oocytes compared with control, while, this SNP dosage not only inhibited the oocyte PB1 formation but also increased the percentage of dead oocytes in DOs. Although oocytes of all groups underwent GVBD at the end of the culture in the spontaneous maturation medium, the results of the kinetics showed that the treatment of the optimal concentration of SNP (1 mM) could significantly delay GVBD during the first 5 h culture period. The concomitant addition of l- NAME with SNP did not reverse the inhibitory effect of SNP on CEOs. Similarly, neither pre-incubation nor illumination by ultraviolet ray could balance the inhibitory effect of SNP. Finally, when added alone at a concentration of 4 mM, l- arg caused extensive death of both CEOs and DOs. While, administration of 4 mM l- arg and 1 mM l- NAME to both CEOs and DOs simultaneously resulted in markedly reduced CEOs death percentage as compared with l- arg treatment alone, but not in DOs. These data support the idea that NO could act with a dual action (stimulation or inhibition) in mouse meiotic maturation depending on its concentration.
Over the Counter

Like the financial mart from which it derives its name, OVER THE COUNTER is designed for the types of exchanges not handled elsewhere. This feature has its origin in a demand among readers of business history for a place to compare ideas, voice comments on published articles and reviews, and publish research essays. Contributions are invited. The Editor and Advisory Board reserve the right to decide whether, on the basis of general interest, pertinence, and merit, such contributions will be published. OVER THE COUNTER will appear as often as the volume of contributions may dictate.
Induction of aldehyde dehydrogenases.

Abstract Rat liver contains two inducible aldehyde dehydrogenases in the cytosol. Previously it was found that the φ enzyme is maximally induced 30-fold by phenobarbital but only in genetically selected rats, while the τ enzyme is maximally induced 100-fold by tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in all rats tested. A number of other compounds have now been tested for their ability to induce one or the other of these enzymes in vivo. The decision as to which enzyme is induced by these compounds is made by a combination of genetic, kinetic, physical and immunological techniques. The major conclusions are that phenobarbital, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenylethane) (DDT), and dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuto[cd]pentalene (Mirex) induce only the φ enzyme significantly, TCDD induces only the τ enzyme, while 3-methylcholanthrene and polychlorinated biphenyl induce both enzymes. Neither the normal function of the enzymes nor the advantage of their induction is known yet.
Kelch encodes a component of intercellular bridges in Drosophila egg chambers

Abstract Oocyte maturation in Drosophila is supported by a cluster of 15 germline-derived nurse cells whose cytoplasm is transported into the oocyte through intercellular bridges called ring canals. Kelch was isolated as a female sterile mutation affecting cytoplasm transport. We have cloned the kelch gene and found that it encodes an unusual transcript containing two open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2) separated by a single UGA stop codon. At least two protein products are made from the kelch mRNA: a short protein from ORF1 and a longer protein from both ORF1 and ORF2 as a result of partial suppression of the UGA codon. The kelch ORF1 product is conserved, and antibodies directed against it are localized specifically to ring canals. Our results suggest that kelch produces a component of ring canals that regulates the flow of cytoplasm between cells.
Plantkon in James River Estuary, Virginia. I. Phytoplankton in Willoughby Bay and Hampton Roads

The James River and the Chesapeake Bay meet in the waters of Hampton Roads, Virginia. A study was made of the phytoplankton in Hampton Roads and adjoining Willoughby Bay from January 1964 to May 1965. The composition and seasonal variations of total phytoplankton and, major species are described for three stations in this area.
The effect of diltiazem on ST-segment elevation and myocardial blood flow distribution during pacing-induced ischemia.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if diltiazem can reduce the severity of pacing-induced ischemia independently of increases in overall and microregional ischemic blood flow. Sixteen anesthetized dogs were subjected to atrial pacing and had their left anterior descending coronary arteries (LAD) occluded until significant ST-elevation occurred. Cessation of pacing resulted in abolition of ST-segment elevation. ST-elevation as well as hemodynamics were measured during 5 min periods of pacing + LAD stenosis before, and 10, 40 and 70 min after treatment with intracoronary (i.c., just distal to the stenosis) diltiazem (1.8 μg/kg), i.v. diltiazem (180 μg/kg) or saline. Myocardial blood flow was measured using radioactive microspheres under baseline conditions, pacing, pacing + stenosis, and pacing + stenosis + drug (70 min post-drug). Both i.c. and i.v. diltiazem significantly and similarly reduced pacing-induced ST-elevation at 40 and 70 min post-drug with the highest measured reductions occurring for both at 70 min (50–60% reduction). Overall ischemic regional myocardial blood flow was unaffected by i.c. and i.v. diltiazem. Diltiazem given i.v. resulted in reduced flow in the lightly ischemic region and increased flows in the subepicardial half of the severely ischemic region. Diltiazem given i.c. resulted in a reduced subepicardial flow in the lightly ischemic region with no other changes occurring in the other regions. Thus, both i.c. and i.v. diltiazem can reduce the severity of pacing-induced ischemia and, in the doses given, in an equivalent fashion. Diltiazem also seems to be able to reduce severity of ischemia in a manner independent of increases in ischemic region flow and in fact can reduce flow in marginally ischemic tissue.
Localization of Constitutive Heterochromatin in the Chromosomes of Drosophila virilis

The proximal regions of the rod-shaped autosomes and the X-chromosome of Drosophila virilis were shown to be heterochromatic. The Y-chromosome appeared to be entirely heterochromatic while the tiny dot chromosomes showed no detectable heterochromatic regions.
DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENCE IN MANUFACTURING INFORMATION SYSTEMS

This paper describes an information system that was architected to enable front end distributed intelligence in a real manufacturing environment. By distributing intelligence to the most robust components of the system, data can be preserved at the cost of very real-time information. In order for the system as a whole to function this way, each software component was fitted with watchdog agent and granted system level access to the operating system so that it could detect and repair itself and other tasks in the event of a failure. During the repair process, the appropriate data collection processes were granted a level of autonomy that preserved data integrity. The paper is quite practical and designed as a case study rather than a theoretical research paper, although the techniques and principles applied are the result of much study.
Waldemar Cudny, Tomasz Michalski, and Rafal Rouba (Eds.), Tourism and the Transformation of Large Cities in the Post‐Communist Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Łòdz, Poland: Łòdzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and University of Łòdz, 2012).

The volume under review seeks to answer an intriguing question: What is the relationship between the development of tourism and the transition from a socialist to free market economy in the former ...
Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Product Planning: Using Stakeholder Knowledge to Achieve Corporate Responsibility

Many new products that were originally welcomed for addressing customer requirements and greater societal needs turn out to have severe negative consequences because product developers uncertain about or unaware of the of the far-reaching and indirect effects of their product designs on diverse stakeholders. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) aims to solve this problem by improving decision-makers knowledge about and empathy for stakeholder concerns. However, it does not provide systematic approaches for integrating and applying stakeholder knowledge into the product development process. To address this gap, this paper proposes a novel approach for bridging stakeholder engagement and product planning that is based on Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) modeling. The method helps product planners to systematically capture, understand, and assess stakeholder needs and their interdependencies. For illustration purposes, the method is used for planning alternative product concepts for renewable energy systems in an urban Eco District.
Franz Boas and the Culture Concept in Historical Perspective1

It has been argued that Franz Boas contributed little to the emergence of the culture concept in anthropology and in fact hindered its growth. In the context of an earlier re-evaluation of the role of E. B. Tylor, it is argued here that in the work of Boas the concept was in fact provided with much of the basis of its modern anthropological meaning. In developing his argument against racial mental differences, Boas proceeded by showing that the behavior of all men, regardless of race or cultural stage, was determined by a traditional body of habitual behavior patterns passed on through what we would now call enculturative processes and buttressed by ethically tainted secondary rationalizations. The behavioral significance of the older humanist-evolutionist idea of culture was thus inverted, and the basis laid for the notion of culture as a primary determinant of behavior. The fundamental concepts … in any of the disciplines of science are always left indeterminate at first and are only explained to begin with by reference to the realm of phenomena from which they were derived; it is only by means of a progressive analysis of the material of observation that they can be made clear and can find a significant and consistent meaning. Sigmund Freud (as quoted by Kroeber and Kluckhohn 1952:42) … this attachment to inherited names appears much stronger as soon as we consider realities of a less material order. That is because the transformations in such cases almost always take place too slowly to be perceptible to the very men affected by them. They feel no need to change the label, because the change of content escapes them. Marc Bloch (1961:159)
An evaluation of VC 1800 as a soft tissue replacement material.

Twenty rabbits were used in a study conducted to determine the soft tissue biocompatibility of vitreous carbon micro-balloons and spheres. Histologic observations were made at designated intervals of 24 hr; 4, 7, and 15 days; and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 months.The tissues were stained with hemotoxylin and eosin for microscopic observations. The findings showed that the implant material provoked minimal acute and chronic inflammatory response, which indicates that vitreous carbon is biocompatible and may serve as a soft tissue replacement material.No indication of the rejection phenomena was observed during the entire period of this implant study.
A systematic nomenclature for cascade polymers

Cascade (dendritic) polymers are discrete, highly branched, monodisperse polymers that possess branching patterns described by a mathematical progression. A systematic nomenclature that accurately represents these molecules is described. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Quest of the “Next Switch”: Prospects for Greatly Reduced Power Dissipation in a Successor to the Silicon Field-Effect Transistor

Reduced power dissipation relative to the field-effect transistor (FET) is a key attribute that should be possessed by any device that has a chance of supplanting the FET as the ubiquitous building block for complex digital logic. We outline the possible physical approaches to achieving this attribute, and illustrate these approaches by citing current exploratory device research. We assess the value of the key exploratory research objectives of the semiconductor industry-sponsored Nanoelectronics Research Initiative (NRI) in the light of this pressing need to reduce dissipation in future digital logic devices.
X-Ray Structures of the Hexameric Building Block of the HIV Capsid

The mature capsids of HIV and other retroviruses organize and package the viral genome and its associated enzymes for delivery into host cells. The HIV capsid is a fullerene cone: a variably curved, closed shell composed of approximately 250 hexamers and exactly 12 pentamers of the viral CA protein. We devised methods for isolating soluble, assembly-competent CA hexamers and derived four crystallographically independent models that define the structure of this capsid assembly unit at atomic resolution. A ring of six CA N-terminal domains form an apparently rigid core, surrounded by an outer ring of C-terminal domains. Mobility of the outer ring appears to be an underlying mechanism for generating the variably curved lattice in authentic capsids. Hexamer-stabilizing interfaces are highly hydrated, and this property may be key to the formation of quasi-equivalent interactions within hexamers and pentamers. The structures also clarify the molecular basis for capsid assembly inhibition and should facilitate structure-based drug design strategies.
Nutrition and Health Outcomes Associated with Food Insecurity and Hunger

This paper explores how food insecurity and hunger relate to health and nutrition outcomes in food-rich countries such as the United States. It focuses on two subgroups of the population for whom data are available: women of childbearing age and school-age children. Special consideration is given to examining how food insecurity relates to these outcomes independently of socioeconomic status and poverty. In a population-based sample of women of childbearing age, the least severe level of food insecurity (household food insecurity) was correlated with higher body mass index (BMI), controlling for other available and known influences on obesity including income level. In low income school-age children from two large urban areas of the U.S., risk of hunger and hunger were associated with compromised psychosocial functioning, controlling for maternal education and estimated household income. The nutrition and health consequences of food insecurity comprise a potentially rich area for future, socially relevant research in the field of nutritional sciences.
Structure in the Near Field of the Transverse Jet

Photographs of a jet issuing from a wall into a crossflow display the four types of vortical structures which exist in the near field: namely, the jet shear layer vortices, the nascent far field vortex pair, the near-wall horseshoe vortices, and a system of vortices in the wake of the jet. It is shown that the wake vorticity is not “shed” from the jet but is formed from vorticity which originated in the wall boundary layer. The sources of vorticity for the other types of structures are also briefly discussed.
A logic nanotechnology featuring strained-silicon

Strained-silicon (Si) is incorporated into a leading edge 90-nm logic technology . Strained-Si increases saturated n-type and p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) drive currents by 10 and 25%, respectively. The process flow consists of selective epitaxial Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ in the source/drain regions to create longitudinal uniaxial compressive strain in the p-type MOSFET. A tensile Si nitride-capping layer is used to introduce tensile uniaxial strain into the n-type MOSFET and enhance electron mobility. Unlike past strained-Si work: 1) the amount of strain for the n-type and p-type MOSFET can be controlled independently on the same wafer and 2) the hole mobility enhancement in this letter is present at large vertical electric fields, thus, making this flow useful for nanoscale transistors in advanced logic technologies.
Factors Associated with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Veterans and Military Personnel: A Systematic Review.

A history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is common among military members who served in Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND). We completed a systematic review to describe the cognitive, mental health, physical health, functional, social, and cost consequences of mTBI in Veteran and military personnel. Of 2668 reviewed abstracts, the 31 included studies provided very low strength evidence for the questions of interest. Cognitive, physical, and mental health symptoms were commonly reported by Veterans/military members with a history of mTBI. On average, these symptoms were not significantly more common in those with a history of mTBI than in those without, although a lack of significant mean differences does not preclude the possibility that some individuals could experience substantial effects related to mTBI history. Evidence of potential risk or protective factors moderating mTBI outcomes was unclear. Although the overall strength of evidence is very low due to methodological limitations of included studies, our findings are consistent with civilian studies. Appropriate re-integration services are needed to address common comorbid conditions, such as treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, headaches, and other difficulties that Veterans and members of the military may experience after deployment regardless of mTBI history. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–13)
Energy loading effects in the scaling of atomic xenon lasers

The intrinsic power efficiency of the atomic xenon (5d to 6p) infrared (1.73-3.65- mu m) laser is sensitive to the rate of pumping due to electron collision mixing of the laser levels. Long-duration pumping at moderate power deposition may therefore result in higher energy efficiencies than pumping at higher powers. The consequences of high energy deposition (hundreds of joules per atmosphere) during long pumping pulses (hundreds of microseconds) on the intrinsic power and energy efficiency and optimum power deposition of the atomic xenon laser are examined. The dominant effect of high energy loading, gas heating, causes an increase in the electron collision mixing of the laser levels. The optimum power deposition for a given gas density therefore shifts to lower values with increasing gas temperature. >
How category advertising norms and consumer counter-conformity influence comparative advertising effectiveness

Abstract Surprisingly little research examines whether and how category advertising norms influence the effectiveness of comparative advertising. To address this void, the present research investigates if the persuasiveness of a particular comparative advertisement depends on whether or not it is viewed as a typical tactic that conforms to category advertising norms. Results from experiments 1 and 2 indicate that a comparative advertisement used in violation of category norms results in a persuasion penalty that is evidenced by a reduction in the ad's impact on brand attitudes. This effect of category norms on persuasion is shown to be mediated by evaluations of the comparative advertisement's appropriateness in the product category. A final experiment confirms this persuasion penalty with respect to consumers holding conformity-based motives. However, this penalty is found to be reversed for individuals seeking counter-conformity in the marketplace, who respond more favorably to a comparative advertisement when it violates rather than conforms to category norms.
Response to Male Odours in Progestin Receptor- and Oestrogen Receptor-Containing Cells in Female Rat Brain

Sensory cues from male rats, such as odours and vaginal-cervical stimulation (VCS), play a modulatory role in female rat sexual behaviour. For example, exposure to male odours and VCS appears to be at least partially responsible for increases in sexual behaviour following repeated mating of oestradiol-primed female rats. Although there is evidence that VCS influences sexual behaviour via a ligand-independent progestin receptor (PR)-dependent mechanism, the mechanism by which odours influence sexual behaviour is not known. We tested the hypothesis that, similar to VCS, the effects of male odours on sexual behaviour are mediated by progestin receptors. Female rats were injected with the progestin antagonist, RU486, or oil vehicle and were then exposed to male-soiled bedding or clean bedding. Although exposure to male-soiled bedding resulted in higher levels of Fos immunoreactivity in brain areas associated with female sexual behaviour, the progestin antagonist did not reduce this effect. Furthermore, there was minimal coexpression of odour-induced Fos and progestin receptors in brain areas associated with female sexual behaviour. Together, these results suggest that the effects of male odours are not mediated by a PR-dependent mechanism. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that oestrogen receptor (ER)-containing cells are involved in the effects of olfactory cues. Although there was virtually no coexpression of ERbeta and odour-induced Fos in brain areas associated with female sexual behaviour, exposure to male odours slightly increased the number of cells coexpressing ER(alpha) and odour-induced Fos in the posterodorsal medial amygdala. Although, these results do not support the hypothesis that the effects of odours are mediated by a PR-dependent mechanism, they suggest that integration of male odours and hormonal cues may occur in ER(alpha)-containing cells in the posterodorsal medial amygdala.
Reflective Journal Writing: Deaf Pre-Service Teachers with Hearing Children.

In this study, the authors examine the content of reflective journals written by six Deaf pre-service teachers during their student teaching in classrooms with hearing students. In doing so, the authors analyze and compare the journal entries to the established literature on student teaching. Results indicate that these student teachers focused on many of the same issues mentioned in the literature on reflective teaching with hearing student teachers—pedagogy, teaching strategies, and relationships with students—and these student teachers often did so by incorporating key elements of Deaf culture into these categories. Unlike most student teachers, this cohort placed a primary emphasis on pedagogy—but with a special visual consideration—and a secondary emphasis on classroom management. They also focused on their ability to think independently from their cooperating teachers. Implications for sociocultural perspectives in teacher education programs are discussed.
Stress-related immune suppression: Health implications

This study used a year-long prospective design to assess linkages among distress, immunity, and illness. Serial blood samples were collected from 40 first-year medical students at the first, third, and fifth examination periods, as well as 1 month before each. There were significant decrements in the production of gamma-interferon by concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes obtained at the time of examinations. Antibody titers to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) increased during examination periods, suggesting reactivation of latent EBV and therefore poorer cellular immune control of latent virus. We obtained data that suggest that T-cell killing by memory T lymphocytes of EBV transformed autologous B lymphocytes also declined during examination periods. The activity of a lymphokine, leukocyte migration inhibition factor, normally suppressed during recrudescence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infections, was altered during examination periods and an increase in both plasma and intracellular levels of cyclic AMP associated with examination stress was observed. An increase in the incidence of self-reported symptoms of infectious illness was also associated with examination periods. The data support the linkage between stress-related immunosuppression and health.
Adaptive phase-insensitive amplitude demodulator for noncoherent DSBSC signals

The authors introduce an application for adaptive signal processing in noncoherent AM (amplitude modulation) detection of double-sideband-suppressed carrier (DSBSC) signals. The algorithm takes advantage of the tracking capability of gradient methods. The technique relies on the availability of both the modulated carrier signal in DSBSC form and the noncoherent reference carrier. The coefficients of the adaptive structure track the amplitude of the carrier and its quadrature component. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effect of the sampling frequency, the carrier frequency, the message frequency, and additive noise on the performance of the algorithm. The proposed approach appreciably reduces the hardware requirements compared to classical implementations. The realization requires only four multipliers, two adders, and two subtractors. >
Lung T Lymphocyte Trafficking and Activation during Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury

Despite advances in renal replacement therapy, the mortality rate for acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unacceptably high, likely owing to extrarenal organ dysfunction. Kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) activates cellular and soluble mediators that facilitate organ crosstalk and induce caspase-dependent lung apoptosis and injury through a TNFR1-dependent pathway. Given that T lymphocytes mediate local IRI in the kidney and are known to drive TNFR1-mediated apoptosis, we hypothesized that T lymphocytes activated during kidney IRI would traffic to the lung and mediate pulmonary apoptosis during AKI. In an established murine model of kidney IRI, we identified trafficking of CD3+ T lymphocytes to the lung during kidney IRI by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. T lymphocytes were primarily of the CD3+CD8+ phenotype; however, both CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes expressed CD69 and CD25 activation markers during ischemic AKI. The activated lung T lymphocytes did not demonstrate an increased expression of intracellular TNF-α or surface TNFR1. Kidney IRI induced pulmonary apoptosis measured by caspase-3 activation in wild-type controls, but not in T cell-deficient (T(nu/nu)) mice. Adoptive transfer of murine wild-type T lymphocytes into T(nu/nu) mice restored the injury phenotype with increased cellular apoptosis and lung microvascular barrier dysfunction, suggesting that ischemic AKI-induced pulmonary apoptosis is T cell dependent. Kidney-lung crosstalk during AKI represents a complex biological process, and although T lymphocytes appear to serve a prominent role in the interorgan effects of AKI, further experiments are necessary to elucidate the specific role of activated T cells in modulating pulmonary apoptosis.
On the independence between two generalized second degree polynomial statistics and their covariance

The condition of independence between two generalized second degree polynomial statistics is worked out in this paper under the assumption that the covariance matrix of the underlying normal distribution may be singular. The covariance between two such forms is also worked out without the assumption of normality. The results are indicated in compact matrix form.
Cost Reduction, Competitive Balance, and the Scheduling of Back-to-Back Games in the NBA

The NBA league office states that the playing schedule is devised to ensure competitive balance while keeping an eye towards minimizing costs. This paper examines those claims. Three years of travel data were analyzed and the results imply that the use of back-to-back road games in the NBA schedule may assist with competitive balance and that back-to-back games indeed reduce team travel costs.
Partner Caregiving in Older Cohabiting Couples

Objectives. Despite the rapidly increasing prevalence of cohabitation among older adults, the caregiving literature has exclusively focused on formally married individuals. Extending prior work on intra-couple care, this study contrasts frail cohabitors’ patterns of care receipt from a partner to that of frail spouses. Methods. Using nationally representative panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006), we estimate random effects cross-sectional times series models predicting frail cohabitors’ likelihood of receiving partner care compared with their married counterparts’. Conditional on the receipt of intra-couple care, we also examine differences in marital and nonmarital partners’ caregiving hours and caregiving involvement relative to other helpers. Results. Net of sociodemographic, disability, and comorbidity factors, we find that cohabitors are less likely to receive partner care than married individuals. However, caregiving nonmarital partners provide as many hours of care as spouses while providing a substantially larger share of disabled respondents’ care than marital partners. Discussion. Cohabitation and marriage have distinct implications for older adults’ patterns of partner care receipt. This study adds weight to a growing body of research emphasizing the importance of accounting for older adults’ nontraditional union forms and of examining the ramifications of cohabitation for older adults’ well-being.
Decreased nitric oxide production following extremity ischemia and reperfusion

Background Nitric oxide (NO), the endogenous vasodilator, is an important regulator of vascular tone. We investigated NO production following lower extremity ischemia. Methods Rabbits underwent 6 hours of bilateral leg ischemia followed by unrestricted reperfusion. Physiologic parameters were continuously measured and blood was assayed for NO 2 and NO 3 . Results Acute ischemia of the lower extremities produced an immediate increase in mean arterial blood pressure while later reperfusion induced a significant decrease ( P 2 / NO 3 concentrations decreased significantly to 89% of baseline values after ischemia and 77% after 1 hour of reperfusion ( P 2 /NO 3 concentrations. Conclusions Nitric oxide appears to be a regulator of regional blood flow during reperfusion following extremity ischemia. Decreased NO production may contribute to impaired regional blood flow and mortality.
Ten commandments for effective clinical decision support for imaging: enabling evidence-based practice to improve quality and reduce waste.

OBJECTIVE. We describe best practices for effective imaging clinical decision support (CDS) derived from firsthand experience, extending the Ten Commandments for CDS published a decade ago. Our collective perspective is used to set expectations for providers, health systems, policy makers, payers, and health information technology developers. CONCLUSION. Highlighting unique attributes of effective imaging CDS will help radiologists to successfully lead and optimize the value of the substantial federal and local investments in health information technology in the United States.
Quantification of sickle cells in the peripheral smear as a marker of disease severity

Blinded readers examined peripheral smears of 108 children with steady sickle cell (SC) disease and controls by counting ten 100× microscope fields and calculating percent of irreversible and reversible SC from total red cell population SC index (SCI). SCI was correlated to disease severity, and transfusion, hydroxyurea, or neither. Controls had a mean of 0.28% SC (range 0–0.64). Children with hemoglobin SS had a mean SCI of 5.12% ± 5.37 (range 0–30). SCI increased 0.33% with each increasing year (p 0.64 were 3.32 times as likely to experience clinical complications (p = 0.0124). Although blood transfusions and hydroxyurea decreased percent of SC, 72% treated patients had SCI >0.64, correlating with persistent sickling. This standardized method quantifies SC in peripheral smears. Percent of SC increased with age and correlated with disease severity, especially hemolytic complications, providing readily available information with minimal or no extra cost.
Cyclohexenyl- and dehydropiperidinyl-alkynyl pyridines as potent metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGlu5) receptor antagonists

Structure-activity relationship studies leading to the discovery of novel mGlu5 receptor antagonists are described. These compounds show high in vitro potency, have good in vivo receptor occupancy, and a reasonable intravenous pharmacokinetic profile.
Architectural Constraints to Attain 1 Exaflop/s for Three Scientific Application Classes

The first Teraflop/s computer, the ASCI Red, became operational in 1997, and it took more than 11 years for a Petaflop/s performance machine, the IBM Roadrunner, to appear on the Top500 list. Efforts have begun to study the hardware and software challenges for building an exascale machine. It is important to understand and meet these challenges in order to attain Exaflop/s performance. This paper presents a feasibility study of three important application classes to formulate the constraints that these classes will impose on the machine architecture for achieving a sustained performance of 1 Exaflop/s. The application classes being considered in this paper are -- classical molecular dynamics, cosmological simulations and unstructured grid computations (finite element solvers). We analyze the problem sizes required for representative algorithms in each class to achieve 1 Exaflop/s and the hardware requirements in terms of the network and memory. Based on the analysis for achieving an Exaflop/s, we also discuss the performance of these algorithms for much smaller problem sizes.
Epidemiology of Sarcoidosis 1946-2013: A Population-Based Study.

Abstract Objective To characterize the epidemiology of sarcoidosis from 1946 through 2013. Patients and Methods An inception cohort of patients with incident sarcoidosis from January 1, 1976, through December 31, 2013, in Olmsted County, Minnesota, was identified based on comprehensive individual medical record review. Inclusion required physician diagnosis supported by histopathologic confirmation, radiologic features of intrathoracic sarcoidosis, and a compatible clinical presentation. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, laboratory investigations, and mortality. The data were augmented with a previously identified cohort of Olmsted County residents diagnosed as having sarcoidosis in 1946-1975. Incidence rates were age and sex adjusted to the 2010 US white population. Results A total of 448 incident cases of sarcoidosis were identified (mean age, 44.2 years; 52% women). The annual incidence of sarcoidosis was 10.0 per 100,000 population. The incidence of sarcoidosis increased in women from 1950 to 1960, but otherwise there were no significant calendar year trends. However, the peak age at incidence for women shifted from 40 to 59 years in 1950 to 50 to 69 years in 2010. Similarly, the peak age at incidence for men shifted from 30 to 49 years in 1950 to 40 to 59 years in 2010. Ninety-seven percent of patients had intrathoracic involvement, but only 43% had respiratory symptoms. The overall mortality of patients with sarcoidosis was not different from that of the general population (standardized mortality ratio=0.90; 95% CI, 0.74-1.08). Conclusion Sarcoidosis occurred in approximately 10 persons per 100,000 per year. Most of the patients had intrathoracic involvement, although less than half had respiratory symptoms. Overall mortality was not different from that of the general population.
Conformability of a Thin Elastic Membrane Laminated on a Soft Substrate With Slightly Wavy Surface

When laminating a thin elastic membrane on a substrate with surface roughness, three scenarios can happen: fully conformed (FC), i.e., the membrane completely follows the surface morphology of the substrate without any interfacial gap, nonconformed (NC), i.e., the membrane remains flat if gravity is not concerned, and partially conformed (PC). Good conformability can enhance effective membrane-to-substrate adhesion strength and can facilitate signal/heat/mass transfer across the interface, which are of great importance to soft electronics laminated on rough bio-tissues. To reveal governing parameters in this problem and to predict conformability, energy minimization is implemented after successfully finding the substrate elastic energy under partially conformable contact. Four dimensionless governing parameters involving the substrate roughness, membrane thickness, membrane and substrate elastic moduli, and membrane-to-substrate intrinsic work of adhesion have been identified to analytically predict the conformability status and the area of contact. The analytical prediction has found excellent agreement with experimental observations. In summary, an experimentally validated quantitative guideline for the conformability of elastic membrane on soft corrugated substrate has been established in the four-parameter design space.
Do online instructor lessons complement on-campus teaching?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of online video mini-lectures, intended to complement in-class teaching by allowing students to review the more technical aspects of the course. Design/methodology/approach – Online video mini-lectures/tutorials, covering the technical components of the course, were introduced two-thirds of the way through a Principles of Microeconomics course. This methodology allows for the estimation of the impact of incorporating this technology on student performance. In addition, comparisons using results from previous terms, in which these videos were not available at any point during the course, allow for an examination of the overall impact of this technology on student performance in the last portion of the course. Findings – The results point to online lectures improving student achievement, but that this improvement is mostly achieved by the lower achieving students, and exhibits significant diminishing returns to the number of times the videos are watc...
Directional ringlet intensity feature transform for tracking

The challenges existing for current intensity-based histogram feature tracking methods in wide area motion imagery include object structural information distortions and background variations, such as different pavement or ground types. All of these challenges need to be met in order to have a robust object tracker, while attaining to be computed at an appropriate speed for real-time processing. To achieve this we propose a novel method, Directional Ringlet Intensity Feature Transform (DRIFT), that employs Kirsch kernel filtering and Gaussian ringlet feature mapping. We evaluated the DRIFT on two challenging datasets, namely Columbus Large Image Format (CLIF) and Large Area Image Recorder (LAIR), to evaluate its robustness and efficiency. Experimental results show that the proposed approach yields the highest accuracy compared to state-of-the-art object tracking methods.
Effects of different protosilencers on gene silencing

Objective To study the effects of different protosilencers on gene silencing and the reasons of differences of gene silencing.Methods HML-I silencer was replaced by different protosilencers.The expression level of reporter gene and the structure of chromosome were compared with or without HML-E.Results After deleting HML-E silencer and replacing HML-I with RAP1p,ORC and Abflp respectively,the cells grew similarly in SC-ura and SC+FOA plate.When HML-E exited,the cells grew similarly on SC-ura plate after replacing HML-I with RAP1p,ORC and ABF1 respectively.The cells were unable to grow on FOA plate when HML-I was replaced with Raplp,However,the cells grew on FOA plate when HML-I was replaced with ORC or ABF1.The micrococcal nuclease digestion data showed that the cells which HML-I was replaced with ORC or ABF1 presented similar specific bands to which HML-I was replaced by HMR-E.Conclusion Protosilencers can't silence gene in activated and basal expression independently,but it can do it with the help of silencer protosilencer.The differences in chromatin structure might be the reason for the difference of gene silencing.
The Daily Relationship Between Aspects of Food Insecurity and Medication Adherence Among People Living with HIV with Recent Experiences of Hunger

Background Limited access to resources can significantly impact health behaviors. Previous research on food insecurity and HIV has focused on establishing the relationship between lacking access to nutritious food and antiretroviral (ARV) medication non-adherence in a variety of social contexts.