cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual Electron Uptake by Simultaneous Iron and Ligand Reduction in an N-Heterocyclic Carbene Substituted [FeFe] Hydrogenase Model Compound

An N-heterocyclic carbene containing [FeFe]H2ase model complex, whose X-ray structure displays an apical carbene, shows an unexpected two-electron reduction to be involved in its electrocatalytic dihydrogen production. Density functional calculations show, in addition to a one-electron Fe−Fe reduction, that the aryl-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene can accept a second electron more readily than the Fe−Fe manifold. The juxtaposition of these two one-electron reductions resembles the [FeFe]H2ase active site with an FeFe di-iron unit joined to the electroactive 4Fe4S cluster.
Phonetic Biases in Voice Key Response Time Measurements

Voice response time (RT) measurements from 4 large-scale studies of oral reading of English monosyllables were analyzed for evidence that voice key measurements are biased by the leading phonemes of the response. Words with different initial phonemes did have significantly different RTs. This effect persisted after contributions of nine covariables, such as frequency, length, and spelling consistency, were factored out, as well as when variance associated with error rate was factored out. A breakdown by phoneme showed that voiceless, posterior, and obstruent consonants were detected later than others. The second phonemes of the words also had an effect on RT: Words with high or front vowels were detected later. Phoneme-based biases due to voice keys were large (range about 100 ms) and pervasive enough to cause concern in interpreting voice RT measurements. Techniques are discussed for minimizing the impact of these biases.
Inelastic pion-nucleus scattering in distorted-wave impulse approximation

Abstract We have examined the inelastic scattering of pions using the distorted-wave impulse approximation formalism, with full inclusion of nucleon spin and isospin variables for the transition operator. A one-particle-one-hole model was used to describe the nuclear excitations, comprising both low-lying surface vibrations and higher-energy giant resonance states. A numerical solution of the Klein-Gordon equation with an appropriate form for the pion-nucleus optical potential generated the distorted pion waves. Numerical results for the cross sections are presented and the relevant dynamic selection rules are discussed.
Steps toward determination of the size and structure of the broad-line region in active galatic nuclei. 8: an intensive HST, IUE, and ground-based study of NGC 5548

We present the data and initial results from a combined Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/IUE/ground-based spectroscopic monitoring campaign on the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 that was undertaken in order to address questions that require both higher temporal resolution and higher signal-to-noise ratios than were obtained in our previous multiwavelength monitoring of this galaxy in 1988-1989. IUE spectra were obtained once every 2 days for a period of 74 days beginning on 1993 March 14. During the last 39 days of this campaign, spectroscopic observations were also made with the HST Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) on a daily basis. Ground-based observations, consisting of 165 optical spectra and 77 photometric observations (both CCD imaging and aperture photometry), are reported for the period 1992 October-1993 September, although many of the data are concentrated around the time of the satellite-based program. These data constitute a fifth year of intensive optical monitoring of this galaxy. In this contribution we describe the acquisition and reduction of all of the satellite and ground-based data obtained in this program. We describe in detail various photometric problems with the FOS and explain how we identified and corrected for various anomalies.
Leg weld fatigue cracks in anhydrous ammonia nurse tanks

Abstract In an accident in southwest Iowa, USA in 2012, an anhydrous ammonia nurse tank vented its entire cargo of 5500 L (1500 gallons) of liquid ammonia to the atmosphere. Follow-up study of the failed tank revealed a through-crack along a weld used to connect the tank to its running gear. Side-angle ultrasound examinations were performed on 532 used anhydrous ammonia nurse tanks to measure the locations, sizes, and orientations of flaw indications. The tanks examined had manufacture dates ranging from 1952 to 2011. A total of 83 indications were found in or near the leg welds of 50 of these 532 tanks. Several factors suggest that these indications are fatigue cracks, not the stress corrosion cracks more commonly detected in nurse tanks. These findings suggest that roughly 9% of the 200,000 nurse tanks in the U.S. nurse tank fleet may contain leg-weld fatigue cracks. Nurse tanks are the only large, pressurized packages for hazardous cargo that do not contain manways; thus, their interior walls cannot be inspected for flaws with magnetic particle or fluorescent dye penetrant methods. Since the tank interior is inaccessible, side-angle ultrasound is the only detection method capable of detecting cracks in nurse tanks initiating at both interior and exterior tank surfaces. For this reason, the authors recommend that side-angle ultrasound be considered for use in periodic nurse tank inspections.
Review: Oxidative Injury to the Vascular Endothelium

In recent years, increasing clinical and experimental data have provided compelling evidence that neutrophil-derived oxygen radicals and their metabolites are important mediators of vascular endothelial injury. In this review, attention is directed toward in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experimental studies contributing to current understanding of mechanisms of oxyradical mediated endothelial damage. Although these studies may have broad significance, they appear to have particular relevance to the pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome and other types of acute pulmonary dysfunction.
Facilic Supervision and Schematics: The Art of Training Psychiatric Residents and Other Mental Health Professionals How to Structure Clinical Interviews Sensitively

This article provides an introduction to "facilic supervision" an innovative method for training residents to gather comprehensive databases while creating a naturally flowing conversational feel to the interview. Facilic supervision allows residents to better understand what topics they choose to explore, how they go about exploring them, how they make transitions from topic to topic, and how they manage their time constraints. Facilic supervision includes a graphic system for visually tracking a trainee's structuring of an interview designed for both individual and group supervision. The article includes a brief programmed text for learning the system.
Amplitude and frequency dependence of spike timing: implications for dynamic regulation.

The spike-time reliability of motoneurons in the Aplysia buccal motor ganglion was studied as a function of the frequency content and the relative amplitude of the fluctuations in the neuronal input, calculated as the coefficient of variation (CV). Measurements of spike-time reliability to sinusoidal and aperiodic inputs, as well as simulations of a noisy leaky integrate-and-fire neuron stimulated by spike trains drawn from a periodically modulated process, demonstrate that there are three qualitatively different CV-dependent mechanisms that determine reliability: noise-dominated (CV 0.35) where reliability depends on input frequencies greater than motoneuron firing rate. In the resonance-dominated regime, changes in the activity of the presynaptic inhibitory interneuron B4/5 alter motoneuron spike-time reliability. The increases or decreases in reliability occur coincident with small changes in motoneuron spiking rate due to changes in interneuron activity. Injection of a hyperpolarizing current into the motoneuron reproduces the interneuron-induced changes in reliability. The rate-dependent changes in reliability can be understood from the phase-locking properties of regularly spiking motoneurons to periodic inputs. Our observations demonstrate that the ability of a neuron to support a spike-time code can be actively controlled by varying the properties of the neuron and its input.
The diffusion of dichloroethane in phase-segregated polyurethanes

Abstract The sorption and diffusion of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) has been studied in a series of polyurethanes based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate and butanediol with 1000 and 2000 molecular-weight poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO). DCE is a strongly swelling solvent with solubilities as large as 450% in the commercial Estane sample (63% soft segment). The sorption isotherms for the Estane sample, determined on sorption and desorption cycles and for three sample thicknesses, coincide. Hysteresis is seen in the sorption isotherms of other samples with lower soft-segment content, the isotherm on desorption being higher than that on sorption. The sorption rate curves are generally Fickian at low concentrations but become sigmoidal at higher concentrations for sorption and desorption in the Estane and the PTMO-2000 sample with the highest soft-segment content (68%). For other samples the curves are two-stage for sorption but Fickian for desorption. Diffusion coefficients (D) were calculated by application of the analysis of coupled Fickian diffusion and first-order relaxation due to Joshi and Astarita. The resulting DversusC curves showed a maximum, attributable to the competing contributions of the solvent mobility and the thermodynamic factor. In addition, it was found that a correction to D for heating effects was required. There was evidence of significant solvent-induced structural relaxation in the higher hard-segment samples leading to higher than expected solubilities and diffusion constants. A pronounced thickness dependence of the diffusion constant could not be explained in terms of current diffusion models.
Training feedforward neural networks using multi-phase particle swarm optimization

The multi-phase particle swarm optimization algorithm (MPPSO) is a variant of the particle swarm optimization algorithm. It simultaneously evolves multiple groups of particles that change their search criterion when changing the phases, and also incorporates hill-climbing. This paper examines the applicability of MPPSO in training feedforward neural network.
The Effects of CS−Preexposure in Conditioned Taste Aversion: Enhanced Flavor Discrimination

Abstract Discrimination between two similar flavors in a conditioned taste aversion situation is generally difficult to establish due to generalization of aversion from conditioned stimuli to stimuli not paired with illness. The findings of experiment 1 demonstrate that this general difficulty may be overcome by preexposing subjects to a similar but non-target flavor prior to conditioning (the CS − Effect). Experiment 2 provided evidence that even limited experience with the CS − (one preexposure prior to conditioning) is sufficient to facilitate stimulus discrimination. Investigations of delay interval effects indicated that the CS − Effect is maintained when 14 days are inserted between conditioning and test (experiment 3) and when 10 days are inserted between preexposure and conditioning (experiment 4). An alternate interpretation of these results in terms of relative novelty of stimuli is discussed.
Thermal problems on high flux beam lines

Abstract Wiggler and undulator magnets can provide very intense photon flux densities to beam line components. This paper addresses some thermal/materials consequences due to such impingement. The LBL/Exxon/SSRL hybrid-wiggler beam line VI [1] now nearing operation will be able to provide up to ∼ 7 kW of total photon power at planned SPEAR operating conditions. The first masks are located at 6.5 m from the source and may receive a peak power density (transverse to the beam) exceeding 20 kW/cm 2 . Significantly, this heat transfer rate exceeds that radiated from the sun's surface (7 kW/cm 2 ) and is comparable to that if welding torches. Clearly, cooling and configuration are of critical importance. Configurations for the first mask, the movable mask and the pivot mask on this beam line are presented together with considerations of thermal stress fatigue and of heat transfer by conduction to water-cooling circuits. Some preliminary information on the heating of crystals and mirrors is also presented. For the future, many additional intense wiggler/undulator beam lines are contemplated at several storage rings. The design of these beamlines would be enhanced by faster and more accurate computational techniques. LBL is developing a computer code which will be capable of giving photon power densities onto impinged surfaces for a wide range of source and beam line parameters. These include electron beam energy, current, emittance and orbit deviations; wiggler/undulator length, period and magnetic field; photon energy and angular distribution; reflection/absorption at intermediate impinged surfaces; defining apertures and focusing by mirrors. Three-dimensional computer programs for temperature, stress and strain have been available for some years, but “user friendly” versions are being sought. Other items to pursue are also suggested.
A simple device for the collection of cells sorted by flow cytometry

A simple device for the collection of cells sorted by flow cytometry under sterile and nonsterile conditions is described. Cells collected in this manner reflect a high recovery rate with superior preservation of viability and cytomorphology. Key terms: Cell sorting, cytomorphology, testing collection device.
Egg cannibalism in a gull colony increases with sea surface temperature

ABSTRACT Cannibalism occurs regularly across a broad range of taxa with a variety of ecological and evolutionary consequences. Rises in sea surface temperature (SST) have been linked to increased cannibalism in some species, including polar bears (Ursus maritimus), Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens), and Peruvian hake (Merluccius gayi peruanus), and might be expected in birds that depend on marine food webs for sustenance. Increased SSTs are associated with lowered ocean thermoclines and weakened upwellings. These changes, in turn, lead to decreased productivity in surface water and movement of surviving forage fish to deeper water, thereby food-stressing surface feeders such as gulls, diminishing energy intake and lengthening foraging bouts. While controlling for a suite of other environmental factors, we tested whether egg cannibalism and hatching success were independent of rises in local SST at a colony of Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) and Glaucous-winged × Western Gull (L. glaucescens ×...
Colorimetric method for the determination of lipoxygenase activity.

A colorimetic assay for lipoxygenase activity has been developed. The assay is based on the detection of the lipoxygenase reaction product, linoleic acid hydroperoxide, by the oxidative coupling of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone (MBTH) with 3-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid (DMAB) in a hemoglobincatalyzed reaction. This test reaction is rapid and sensitive, and it offers advantages over other methods for detecting lipoxygenase activity. The assay is capable of detecting activity in a number of crude vegetable homogenates and should be particularly useful where a rapid visual determination of lipoxygenase activity is desired.
ARITHMETIC MODULI OF GENERALIZED ELLIPTIC CURVES

The theory of generalized elliptic curves gives a moduli-theoretic compactification for modular curves when the level is a unit on the base, and the theory of Drinfeld structures on elliptic curves provides moduli schemes over the integers without a modular interpretation of the cusps. To unify these viewpoints it is natural to consider Drinfeld structures on generalized elliptic curves, but some of these resulting moduli problems have non-etale automorphism groups and so cannot be Deligne–Mumford stacks. Artin’s method as used in the work of Deligne and Rapoport rests on a technique of passage to irreducible fibers (where the geometry determines the group theory), and this does not work in the presence of non-etale level structures and non-etale automorphism groups. By making more efficient use of the group theory to bypass these difficulties, we prove that the standard moduli problems for Drinfeld structures on generalized elliptic curves are proper Artin stacks. We also analyze the local structure on these stacks and give some applications to Hecke correspondences.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF PROPHYLACTIC INDOMETHACIN IN VERY LOW-BIRTHWEIGHT PREMATURE INFANTS

The pharmacokinetics of indomethacin (I) was assessed in infants who received prophylactic (I) for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The first dose (0.2 mg/kg), given within 12 hours after birth, was followed by two q 12 hourly doses (0.1 mg/kg). The mean birth weight (BW) of these infants was 923 ± 134.0 gm (range: 730-1070gm) with a mean gestational age of 28.1 ± 2 wks (range:31-25 wks). None of the infants subsequently developed a significant PDA. Plasma (I) levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography at 1, 13, 36, 72, 96, 168 and 216 hours after the administration of the first dose. The mean plasma t 1/2 of (I) in these infants (71.3±39.1 hrs) was significantly prolonged when compared with previously reported values. Furthermore the mean plasma t 1/2 of (I) was significantly longer in the .250μg 7 days following (I). These data strongly suggest that previously recommended dosages of (I) for very low birth weight infants in the first 48 hrs. may result in very elevated and prolonged levels.
Thermochemical Stability, Electrical Conductivity, and Seebeck Coefficient of Sr-Doped LaCo0.2Fe0.8O3-δ

Phase stability, oxygen content, electrical conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient of La{sub 1-x}Sr{sub x}Co{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 0.8}O{sub 3-{delta}} (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4) were studied as a function of temperature and oxygen activity. The thermochemical properties of these compositions under a reducing atmosphere appear to follow the boundaries set between the two end members, LaFeO{sub 3} and LaCoO{sub 3}, but the electrical properties are closer to those of LaFeO{sub 3}. The Sr content (x {le} 0.4) does not seem to have a significant effect on the high-temperature phase stability. Dissociation of these compositions under a reducing atmosphere occurred gradually by the formation of transient compounds. The major transient compounds formed during dissociation could be represented by a general formula of (La, Sr) (Fe, Co)O{sub 4}. Upon further reduction, these oxides dissociated to La{sub 2}O{sub 3}, SrO, Co, and Fe.
Data centric multi-shift sensor scheduling for wireless sensor networks

A multi-shift sensor scheduling method is proposed to extend the operating lifespan of a wireless sensor network. Sensor nodes in the WSN are partitioned into N subnetworks and the operating schedule is partitioned into N shifts of equal duration. Exploiting spatial correlations among sensor nodes, data collected using each subnetwork can well approximate the data collected using original sensor network. Each sub-network also form a connected component to ensure proper data collection. This task is formulated as a NP-hard constrained subset selection problem. A polynomial time heuristic algorithm leveraging breath-first search and subspace approximation is proposed. Simulations using a real world data set demonstrate superior performance and extended lifespan of this proposed method.
Protein quantitation of as low as 10-ng/ml concentrations by competitive binding to polystyrene latexes

Abstract A protein quantitation method which offers protein detection as low as 10 ng protein/ml and accurate quantitation as low as 30–100 ng protein/ml, depending on the protein, has been designed. The assay, which is relatively quick and simple to perform, utilizes the strong, nonspecific adsorption of proteins onto polystyrene latexes. A competition is created between a marker enzyme and the analyte protein for a limited amount of latex surface area. Due to inactivation of the enzyme upon binding to a hydrophobic latex surface, measurement of enzyme activity allows determination of the bound/free enzyme ratio and thus the competing protein concentration. Considerations of sensitivity and simplicity are suggested to make this assay superior to others presently available.
Nature of Thrust Faulting in Southern Inyo Mountains, Southeastern California: ABSTRACT

East of Lone Pine, California, on the west flank of the Inyo Mountains, a series of imbricate thrust faults appears in a narrow belt that trends roughly N30°W for a distance of approximately 17 m. The faults cut rocks ranging in age from Late Cambrian to Middle Triassic(?) and are cut by plutonic rocks possibly as old as Early Jurassic. The pattern exhibited by these faults is similar to that of folded overthrust faults generated by Link in model experiments. The faults decrease from approximately 50° dip to flat-lying, with increasingly higher structural position. They do not cut and offset one another, but converge upward with attendant decrease in dip. Thrust faults of the southern Inyo Mountains are thought to be closely related to other extensive, essentially flat-lying thrust faults on the north and east, because of the similarity in time of emplacement and sense of movement of the allochthons involved. A general alignment of trend, considering some left-lateral offset north of Darwin, and other similarities suggest that thrust faults in the Darwin district are a southeastward continuation of thrust faults exposed in the southern Inyo Mountains. Thrust faults exposed farther north and east may represent higher structural positions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 788------------
Inferring air pollution by sniffing social media

The first step to deal with the significant issue of air pollution in China and elsewhere in the world is to monitor it. While more physical monitoring stations are built, current coverage is limited to large cities with most other places under-monitored. In this paper we propose a complementary approach to monitor Air Quality Index (AQI): using machine learning models to estimate AQI from social media posts. We propose a series of progressively more sophisticated machine learning models, culminating in a Markov Random Field model that utilizes the text content in social media as well as the spatiotemporal correlation among cities and days. Our extensive experiments on Sina Weibo data from 108 cities during a one-month period demonstrate the accurate AQI prediction performance of our approach.
“One Person's Apostate is Another Person's Convert”: What Terminology Tells Us about Pro-Religious Hegemony in the Sociology of Religion:

This paper analyzes terminology in the sociology of religion to illustrate proreligious hegemony and the construction of deviant identities for the non-religious. The paper begins by analyzing the ...
Friction damping of flutter in gas turbine engine airfoils

This paper investigates the feasibility of using blade-to-ground friction dampers to stabilize flutter in blades. The response of an equivalent one mode model in which the aerodynamic force is represented as negative viscous damping is examined to investigate the following issues: the range of amplitudes over which friction damping can stabilize the response, the maximum negative aerodynamic damping that can be stabilized in such a manner, the effect of simultaneous resonant excitation on these stability limits, and the determination of those damper parameters which will be the best for flutter control.
Transneuronal tracing of neural pathways controlling an abdominal muscle, rectus abdominis, in the ferret.

Abstract Abdominal muscles participate in generating a large number of behaviors and reflex responses, including expiration, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, postural control, production of speech, straining, facilitation of venous return to the heart, and reaction to vestibular stimulation. However, the only premotor neurons that have been conclusively shown to influence abdominal motoneurons are located in nucleus retroambiguus, the expiratory region of the caudal ventral respiratory group. In the present study, the neural circuitry controlling the activity of one abdominal muscle, rectus abdominis, was mapped using the transneuronal tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) in the ferret. Injections of PRV into rectus abdominis labeled large presumed motoneurons in the ventral horn of T12–L4, and smaller presumed interneurons that were scattered in laminae VII, VIII, IX, and X of T4–L4. In addition, neurons in several areas of the medulla and caudal pons, including the retroambigual nucleus, medial and ventromedial reticular formation, nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, vestibular nuclei, and raphe nuclei, were infected by transynaptic passage of PRV from rectus abdominis motoneurons. Thus, the multifunctional roles of abdominal muscles appear to be coordinated by premotor neurons located in both the spinal cord and several regions of the brainstem.
Distributed Estimation Via Random Access

In this correspondence, the problem of distributed Bayesian estimation is considered in the context of a wireless sensor network. The Bayesian estimation performance is analyzed in terms of the expected Fisher information normalized by the transmission rate of the sensors. The sensors use a communication scheme known as the type-based random access (TBRA) scheme. Under a constraint on the expected transmission energy, an optimal spatio-temporal allocation scheme that maximizes the performance metric is characterized. It is shown that the performance metric is crucially dependent on the fading parameter known as the channel coherence index. For channels with low coherence indices, sensor transmissions tend to cancel each other, and there exists an optimal finite mean transmission rate that maximizes the performance metric. On the other hand, for channels with high coherence indices, there should be as many simultaneous transmissions as allowed by the network. The presence of a critical coherence index where the change from one behavior to another occurs is established.
A macrophage receptor for (mannose/glucosamine)-glycoproteins of potential importance in phagocytic activity.

Abstract Lung macrophages, in the absence of serum factors in vitro, strongly bound and ingested yeast cells ( Candida krusei and zymosan). Binding was temperature-and calcium-dependent, and was inhibited by the presence of D-mannose, D-glucosamine, horseradish peroxidase and beta-glucuronidase. Pretrypsinization of the macrophages also prevented binding of yeast cells. Binding was not affected by D-mannitol, D-glucose, D-galactose nor L-fucose. I suggest that macrophage binding of yeast cells is mediated by a mannose/glucosamine receptor on the cell membrane. This receptor may be responsible for opsosin-independent phagocytosis of activators of the alternative complement pathway and, as well, the phagocyte-dependent clearance of certain lysosomal enzymes.
Organization of the GAL1-GAL10 intergenic control region chromatin

A defined, "far upstream" promoter element, the Upstream Activator Sequence (UAS), which mediates the galactose dependent induction of expression of the GAL10 gene in yeast, is the locus of an anomalous, mainly expression independent chromatin structure. The UAS chromatin shows three symmetrical DNase I hypersensitive sites in brief digests, a loss of the 10 bp DNase I ladder pattern in more extensive digests and an enhanced staphylococcal nuclease sensitivity. This anomalous structure is confined to a small region of the UAS. The surrounding chromatin, including the TATA box regions shows a more typical, but expression dependent nucleoprotein, probably nucleosomal, organization. Such an arrangement may be a common feature of eukaryotic genes.
Genesis of host IgE competence: perinatal IgE tolerance induced by IgE processed and presented by IgE Fc receptor (CD23)-bearing B cells

A murine model for studying life-long IgE tolerance was previously developed in this laboratory by perinatal IgE injection into neonates. Herein, we demonstrated that normal and immortal CD23+ B cell lines presented processed IgE via CD23-mediated endocytic pathway and triggered perinatal IgE tolerance. The observations were as followed: (a) CD23 on normal B cells or B cell hybridomas mediated IgE-dependent perinatal IgE tolerance and total IgE deficiency; and lack of either antigen-specific IgE or total IgE did not correlate with elevated levels of autologous anti-IgE in individual mice; (b) IgE tolerance-inducing capacity of CD23+ B cell hybridomas was augmented by treatment with antigen-IgE complexes or interleukin 4, and significantly inhibited by anti-CD23 prior to IgE pulsing; (c) antigen-IgE complexes were endocytosed and degraded in acid hydrolases-containing vesicles; and IgE tolerance was abrogated by treating IgE-pulsed 17A11 at 4 degrees C or 20 degrees C followed immediately by fixation, and by treating IgE-pulsed 17A11 with metabolic inhibitors that elevated intracellular pH of the endocytic vesicles. In conclusion, this study suggested that one pivotal step of genetic control of IgE responses may be exercised at the early developmental stage of T cells of the IgE lineage, and that CD23 may facilitate capture of endogenously secreted IgE, and mediate endocytic processing and presentation of self IgE epitope(s), and thus contribute to the genesis of host IgE competence.
Peptides Signal Mitochondrial Stress

The unfolded protein response (UPRmt) rebalances mitochondrial protein homeostasis upon proteotoxic perturbations. Haynes et al. (2010) show that this retrograde stress signal is based on efflux of peptides derived from damaged proteins from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol; this initiates downstream protective responses in the nucleus to restore cellular balance.
Pyrimidine salvage pathways in Toxoplasma gondii

. Pyrimidine salvage enzyme activities in cell-free extracts of Toxoplasma gondii were assayed in order to determine which of these enzyme activities are present in these parasites. Enzyme activities that were detected included phosphoribosyltransferase activity towards uracil (but not cytosine or thymine), nucleoside phosphorylase activity towards uridine, deoxyuridine and thymidine (but not cytidine or deoxycytidine), deaminase activity towards cytidine and deoxycytidine (but not cytosine, cytidine 5′-monophosphate or deoxycytidine 5′-monophosphate), and nucleoside 5′-monophosphate phosphohydrolase activity towards all nucleotides tested. No nucleoside kinase or phosphotransferase activity was detected, indicating that T. gondii lack the ability to directly phosphorylate nucleosides. Toxoplasma gondii appear to have a single non-specific uridine phosphorylase enzyme which can catalyze the reversible phosphorolysis of uridine, deoxyuridine and thymidine, and a single cytidine deaminase activity which can deaminate both cytidine and deoxycytidine. These results indicate that pyrimidine salvage in T. gondii probably occurs via the following reactions: cytidine and deoxycytidine are deaminated by cytidine deaminase to uridine and deoxyuridine, respectively; uridine and deoxyuridine are cleaved to uracil by uridine phosphorylase; and uracil is metabolized to uridine 5′-monophosphate by uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. Thus, uridine 5′-monophosphate is the end-product of both de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and pyrimidine salvage in T. gondii.
Emergency medical residents' use of Google® for answering clinical questions in the emergency room

Emergency Department (ED) residents perceive Internet resources as reliable and regularly search the Internet to answer clinical questions in the ED. To determine the validity of the Internet and the Google® Search Engine, as a source for accurate information to answer clinical questions in ED, a single blinded prospective study was conducted. The search strategies used by Emergency Medical (EM) Residents and Internet resources most frequently visited to find answers to clinical questions were reviewed. Residents completed a PreTest consisting of questions that might routinely occur in ED, and were instructed to answer questions without outside resources, and if they were confident the information was suitable for patient care. Questions that EMR were unsure of, or had answered incorrectly on the PreTest, were used to create a Google® Test. On the pretest 32% of the questions that residents answered were correct, while 28% were incorrect. Residents were unsure of 40% of the questions that they responded to. On the Google® Test 59% of residents' responses were correct, 33% were incorrect and residents were unsure of 8%. Percent of unsure answers dropped significantly when residents searched Google®. Results indicated EM Residents are naive searchers who use single word or short phrase searches and derive query terms directly from the questions; advanced search features of Google® were not used; and websites frequently visited were designed for laypersons, sites for publishers, medical journals, and Google® Scholar and Google® Books. Results also indicated that while EM Residents often retrieved inaccurate information using Google® they believed the information was reliable enough to use in patient care. Findings have major implications for medical informatics, medical practice, and patient safety. Providing Internet access in ED should be carefully reviewed for reliability as a tool for teaching and clinical decision-making. Also, education of EM Residents should include training on Internet and database searching.
Quantitative analysis of microstructural effects on fatigue crack growth in widmanstätten Ti-6A1-4V and Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V

Abstract Analysis of fatigue crack growth behavior of five beta-annealed alloys indicates significant effects of microstructure upon the logarithmic plot of fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) vs stress-intensity range (ΔK). Each plot exhibits a bilinear form with a transition at ΔKT, the position of which lies between 18 and 31 MPa · m 1 2 for the five alloys. Comparison of mean Widmanstatten packet size to cyclic plastic zone size, as analyzed on the basis of different models, indicates their equality at ΔKT. Greater clustering of the packet size distribution about the mean value effects a decrease in hypertransitional exponent (mA) in the power law, da/dN = C(ΔK)m, and a simulataneous increase in the sharpness of transition. Hypertransitional exponents for the five alloys lie between 2.9 ≤ mA ≤ 4.7, whereas hypotransitional exponents lie between 5.9 ≤ mB ≤ 7.6. Hypotransitional growth rates vary inversely with mean packet size, with a 20-fold reduction in da/dN observed for a 3.5-fold increase in mean packet size.
Development of a hypoxanthine biosensor based on immobilized xanthine oxidase chemically modified electrode

An amperometric biosensor for hypoxanthine determination has been developed. The sensor uses a Nafion-paraquat chemically modified glassy-carbon electrode. It detects the oxygen consumed by the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by xanthine oxidase which is immobilized on the electrode surface. The sensor responds linearly to hypoxanthine over the concentration range of 1 × 10−6 M −2 × 10−4 M. The biosensor can be reused for more than 100 times without significant deterioration in performance. After 32 days storage at 3–5°C, the sensor response remains at 68% of the initial level. The high sensitivity, selectivity and stability of this biosensor demonstrates its practical applicability for a simple, rapid and economical determination of hypoxanthine in fish samples.
Adenosine and divalent cation effects on S-91 melanoma adenylate cyclase.

Abstract Adenosine inhibits S-91 melanoma membrane adenylate cyclase. This inhibition is observed with all activators tested; α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, [norleucine 4 ]α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, prostaglandin-E 2 , and fluoride ion. This inhibition is also observed with the ribose modified adenosine analog adenine-9-β- d -arabinofuranoside. However, “R” site (stringent for the ribose moiety) analogs such as 2-chloroadenosine and 6-methyladenosine were without effect. Addition of manganous ion (Mn 2+ ), a potent activator of adenylate cyclase, markedly enhances the inhibition by adenosine. The nucleoside specificity, Mn 2+ requirement, and lack of reversal by the potent R-site antagonist, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, suggest that the S-91 melanoma membrane adenylate cyclase system contains only P-type (stringent for purine moiety) receptor sites.
Improving Practice through Updating Our Theoretical Base

If there is nothing more practical than a good theory, as Lewin indicated, then one of the best ways to improve practice is to update and codify our theoretical base. A half-dozen newer concepts needing integration into community health education theory include an "audience" oriented mass communication orientation, a problem-solver perspective, a more sophisticated notion of perception, a refocusing of the attitude/behavior change continuum, emphasis on "other-orientation," and an updated learning theory. These combine to re-emphasize the need for communities to be involved in and take charge of the learning process and to work on structural changes to avoid victim-blaming. Language: en
K x-ray yield from 100-MeV Pb+Pb collisions

Thick-target $K$ x-ray yields from Pb + Pb collisions have been measured at two bombarding energies near 100 MeV in order to determine cross sections. The latter fit into a new scaling law for $K$-vacancy production cross sections in symmetric heavy-ion collisions with $Zg10$.
Inverse scattering for the Laplace–Beltrami operator with complex electromagnetic potentials and embedded obstacles

We consider the direct and inverse obstacle scattering problem for the Laplace–Beltrami operator with complex-valued electromagnetic potentials where outside of some large ball the operator is simply the negative Laplacian. It is assumed there are an arbitrary number of impenetrable obstacles with various boundary conditions (including mixed boundary conditions, i.e., partially coated obstacles). We prove that given the scattering amplitude a(θ, ω, k) for all θ, ω Sn−1 and any fixed k > 0, the location of the obstacles and their respective boundary conditions are uniquely determined. In addition, we give a new proof of the asymptotic expansion of the Green's function in terms of distorted plane waves and, as an immediate corollary, prove the determination of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator from the scattering data.
Comparative processing practices of the world’s major oilseed crops

The major oilseed crops were domesticated primarily as sources of edible oil. However, in all cases, yields of by-products are greater than the oil fraction, and, in reality, all oilseed crops serve dual purposes as sources of oil and of protein for human food, animal feed, and industrial products. Each crop has special requirements for extraction and for processing of oil and meal, and each has limitations as to location and timing of production and as to processibility in oil mills originally designed for other crops. Further, each oilseed has unique cultural, economic and utilization characteristics; for example, rapeseed (Brassica) can be grown in cool climates with short growing seasons. Cottonseed (Gossypium) is a by-product of the more valuable fiber crop, and its availability is dictated by the profitability of growing cotton for the world market. Although peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) are used primarily as peanut butter and nuts in the United States, they are almost exclusively pressed for oil in other countries. In this paper, cultural practices and processing requirements of soybean (Glycine max), cottonseed, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), rapeseed, peanut, and sesame (Sesamum indicum) oils and byproducts are compared, as well as compositions of major oilmilling fractions, oils and proteins.
Global Ultraviolet Imager equatorial plasma bubble imaging and climatology, 2002–2007

[1] A comprehensive database of plasma bubble reconstructions is under development, with results reported here from more than 5 years of Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) data. Climatological statistics of plasma bubble occurrence from this database are presented, including the effects of longitudinal, seasonal, geomagnetic, and solar cycle variations on plasma bubble occurrence. The relationship between the latitudinal separation and peak electron density values of the equatorial arcs and plasma bubble occurrence is also discussed. Since its launch on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite in December 2001, GUVI has more than 7 years of observations of the nightside equatorial ionosphere. GUVI is capable of detecting and imaging plasma bubbles within the northern and southern equatorial arcs. An automated algorithm was developed to locate the peaks of the equatorial arcs and detect the presence of equatorial plasma bubbles. This algorithm was integrated with a tomographic imaging model and a statistical inversion technique to reconstruct electron density and produce multidimensional images of plasma depletion structures.
Estimation and control in the presence of uniform measurement noise

In this paper we develop the optimal estimation algorithm for linear systems having an arbitrary initial condition density function and uniform measurement noise. The feedback controller which minimizes a quadratic performance measure is also indicated Experiments have demonstrated improved performance relative to linear solutions using a Kalman filter.
The time-course of lexical and structural processes in sentence comprehension.

Online sentence comprehension involves multiple types of cognitive processes: lexical processes such as lexical access, which call on the user's knowledge of the meaning of words in the language, and structural processes such as the integration of incoming words into an emerging representation. In this article, we investigate the temporal dynamics of lexical access and syntactic integration. Unlike much previous work that has relied on temporary ambiguity to investigate this question, we manipulate the frequency of the verb in unambiguous structures involving a well-studied syntactic complexity manipulation (subject- vs. object-extracted clefts). The results demonstrate that for high-frequency verbs, the difficulty of reading a more structurally complex object-extracted cleft structure relative to a less structurally complex subject-extracted cleft structure is largely experienced in the cleft region, whereas for low-frequency verbs this difficulty is largely experienced in the postcleft region. We interp...
Guidelines for Implementation of Cable Median Barrier

A detailed examination of accidents in Kansas evaluated the need for a cable median barrier. Hard copies of all accident reports from Kansas controlled-access freeways from 2002 to 2006 were reviewed. A total of 525 cross-median events and 115 cross-median crashes were identified. Cross-median encroachment rates were linearly related to traffic volume and cross-median crash rates appeared to have a second-order relationship to volume. Cross-median crashes were much more frequent in winter months and the severity of wintertime crashes was lower. This finding indicates that median barrier warranting criteria may need to be adjusted to accommodate regional climate differences, especially for warranting guidelines based on cross-median crash rates. A relationship was found between cross-median crash rate and traffic volume for Kansas freeways with median widths of 60 ft (18.3 m). This relationship was combined with encroachment rate and lateral extent of encroachment data from the Roadside Safety Analysis Program to develop general guidelines on the use of cable median barriers along Kansas freeways.
Routing and Spectrum Allocation in Spectrum-Sliced Elastic Optical Path Networks

Recently, the OFDM-based Spectrum-sliced Elastic Optical Path (SLICE) network attracts significant interests due to its elastic band-width allocation. The OFDM technology, on one hand, enables both sub-wavelength and super-wavelength traffic accommodation by allocating appropriate number of sub-carriers. On the other hand, it can provide high signal quality by overcoming various impairments. In SLICE networks, one fundamental problem is to establish spectrum paths by allocating sub-carriers along the corresponding route to accommodate traffic demands. This is referred to as the routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) problem. The optimal RSA problem is NP-Hard and different from the traditional routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem in WDM networks. In this work, we formulate the RSA problem using the Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulations to achieve different optimization objectives. We then analyze the lower/upper bounds for the sub-carrier number in a SLICE network. We also propose two efficient heuristic algorithms to minimize the required sub-carrier number in a large SLICE network when the ILP model becomes intractable. The results show that the proposed algorithms can match the analysis and approximate the optimal solutions from the ILP model.
Deconstructing the surrogate species concept: a life history approach to the protection of ecosystem services.

The use of the surrogate species concept is widespread in environmental risk assessment and in efforts to protect species that provide ecosystem services, yet there are no standard protocols for the choice of surrogates. Surrogates are often chosen on the basis of convenience or vague resemblances in physiology or life history to species of concern. Furthermore, our ability to predict how species of concern will fare when subjected to disturbances such as environmental contaminants or toxicants is often based on woefully misleading comparisons of static toxicity tests. Here we present an alternative approach that features a simple mathematical model parameterized with life history data applied to an assemblage of species that provide an important ecosystem service: a suite of parasitoid wasps that provide biological control of agricultural pests. Our results indicate that these parasitoid wasp species have different population responses to toxic insult—that is, we cannot predict how all four species will ...
A Review of the Automated Detection of Change in Serial Imaging Studies of the Brain

Serial imaging is frequently performed on patients with diseases of the brain, to track and observe changes. Magnetic resonance imaging provides very detailed and rich information, and is therefore used frequently for this application. The data provided by MR can be so plentiful; however, that it obfuscates the information the radiologist seeks. A system which could reduce the large quantity of primitive data to a smaller and more informative subset of data, emphasizing change, would be useful. This article discusses motivating factors for the production of an automated process to this effect, and reviews the approaches of previous authors. The discussion is focused on brain tumors and multiple sclerosis, but many of the ideas are applicable to other disease processes, as well.
Extreme points and isometries on vector-valued Lipschitz spaces

Abstract For a Banach space E and a compact metric space ( X , d ) , a function F : X → E is a Lipschitz function if there exists k > 0 such that ‖ F ( x ) − F ( y ) ‖ ⩽ k d ( x , y ) for all x , y ∈ X . The smallest such k is called the Lipschitz constant L ( F ) for F. The space Lip ( X , E ) of all Lipschitz functions from X to E is a Banach space under the norm defined by ‖ F ‖ = max { L ( F ) , ‖ F ‖ ∞ } , where ‖ F ‖ ∞ = sup { ‖ F ( x ) ‖ : x ∈ X } . Recent results characterizing isometries on these vector-valued Lipschitz spaces require the Banach space E to be strictly convex. We investigate the nature of the extreme points of the dual ball for Lip ( X , E ) and use the information to describe the surjective isometries on Lip ( X , E ) under certain conditions on E, where E is not assumed to be strictly convex. We make use of an embedding of Lip ( X , E ) into a space of continuous vector-valued functions on a certain compact set.