cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Divisional Play Lead to More Pennant Races

A "pennant race" occurs in a sports league if the top two teams in a league finish within mI games of each other. We develop an analytical model that can be used to predict the probability that a sports league will have a pennant race. The model is then tested on data from the last 50 major league baseball seasons and is shown to do a remarkable job of predicting the number of pennant races that actually occurred. Finally, we give conditions which ensure that dividing a league of 2n teams into 2n-team divisions will increase the expected number of pennant races. As a corollary to this result we prove that the divisional structure which maximizes the expected number of pennant races must contain no divisions with 4 or more teams.
Parietal cortex lesions do not impair retention performance of rats in a 14-unit T-maze unless hippocampal damage is present.

Abstract Young male F-344 rats, pretrained in a straight runway to avoid shock, were then trained in a shock-motivated 14-unit T-maze. One day after maze acquisition, extensive parietal cortex lesions (PC) or sham operations (CON) were performed to assess possible involvement of parietal cortex in the age-related impairment previously observed in this task. Twelve days after surgery, a first 10-trial retention session in the 14-unit T-maze was conducted. One day later the vibrissae of half the rats in each group were clipped to examine involvement of the damaged barrel cortex field in maze performance of rats with PC lesions. The following day a second 10-trial retention session occurred. Finally, retention of the straight runway avoidance response was tested. Histological verification revealed a group with consistent parietal damage but also a subgroup with relatively small lesions to dorsal or lateral hippocampus in addition to parietal damage (PC+HIP). Behavioral results revealed virtually perfect maze retention for CON and PC rats. In contrast, PC+HIP rats were severely impaired in maze retention performance. Retention of the straight runway avoidance response was perfect in CON and PC rats but was impaired in PC+HIP rats. Vibrissae clipping did not affect error performance in the maze but led to a transitory increase in runtime. Overall, the results indicate that parietal lobe damage shortly after acquisition does not impair retention performance of young rats in the 14-unit T-maze, unless hippocampal damage is also evident. Thus, parietal lobe dysfunction alone would not appear to be involved in the age-related retention impairment previously observed in this task.
Bidrin: perinatal toxicity and effect on the development of brain acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in mice.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the perinatal toxicity of Bidrin and the effect of the insecticide on the developmental patterns of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc; EC 2.3.1.6) in mice. Bidrin (1, 2, 5 and 7· mg/kg) was given by ip injection to pregnant mice during organogenesis in teratology studies, while 5 mg Bidrin/kg was given ip on days 8–16 of gestation in AChE and ChAc developmental studies. AChE and ChAc were determined radiometrically. Bidrin caused no morphological anomalies at any doses and times of administration. Brain AChE levels of the embryo or foetus were depressed when measured 32 min after Bidrin administration to the mother in a dose of 5 mg/kg on day 11 or day 19 of gestation, but enzyme activity was fully recovered by day 19 of gestation after Bidrin had been given daily on days 8–16 of gestation. ChAc development patterns in embryos and foetuses were not changed after single doses or repeated Bidrin administration during gestation. Bidrin was concluded to have a low potential for induction of terata in mice, even though it transiently reduced embryonic or foetal AChE activity to 1·8% of control levels following acute administration on day 11 of gestation. Furthermore, prenatal exposure to Bidrin does not alter the development of AChE or ChAc.
The Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Dilute Gaseous Hydrogen from 15 to 5000 K.

Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dilute gaseous para and normal hydrogen at various temperatures
Fluorescence decay and radiative lifetimes of fluorinated aromatic molecules

The fluorescence decay times (τF) of C6H5F, C6HF5 and C6F6 observed in the gas phase decrease with increasing vibronic energy, and the variations in their radiative and nonradiative lifetimes (τr and τnr) are discussed.
On the Characterization of Semi-Insulating GaAs by Hall, Photo-Hall, Photoconductivity, and Photomagnetoelectric Measurements

The electrical properties of semi-insulating Cr-doped GaAs are quite sensitive to monochromatic light irradiation, and thus photoelectronic data are of great value in elucidating the nature of this material. In this paper we present a theoretical basis for the determination of the photocon-ductivity, photo-Hall, and photomagnetoelectric effects, measure these effects in typical GaAs:Cr crystals, and show how the results lead to useful information about substrate quality.
On conservation laws and boundary conditions for “short waves” equation

Abstract In this paper we study local conservation laws for the equation of short waves in the form of a variational problem. We analyze an infinite symmetry group of the equation and generate a finite number of conservation laws corresponding to given infinite symmetries through appropriate boundary conditions.
Psychoneuroimmunology and cancer: an integrated review

The new field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) studies the measurable interaction between psychological and physiological processes. Specifically, PNI is the study of the intricate interaction of consciousness (psycho), central nervous system (neuro), and the body's defence against external infection and abherrant cell division (immunology). Over the last 30 years, the body of knowledge in PNI has emerged and in the last 10 years has flourished. PNI has many implications for clinical nursing practice. This study provides supportive empirical evidence to systems theories, which have played a major role in nursing's attempt to comprehend the interaction between the mind and the body. Nurses are ideal candidates to take a lead in this new field because it reinforces the holistic perspective which is the essence and uniqueness of our discipline. Although a variety of clinical populations have been used in PNI research, the scope of this integrated review will be limited to PNI and cancer. Research studies addressing psychosocial variables' effect on aetiology, response to treatment, immunocompetence and overall survival in the oncology population will be examined.
Application of bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) in Staudinger-type N-glycopyranosyl amide synthesis

Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) reacts with pyranosyl azides derived from D-glucose and D-glucuronic acid in the presence of acid chlorides to yield the corresponding glycosyl amides. Reaction rates are comparable to those with triphenylphosphine, however, the byproduct phosphine oxide is easily removed from reaction mixtures using column chromatography. The simple and clean workup allows for the formation of collections of related compounds by parallel synthesis, and the method is also applicable to scaled-up reactions. The beta-stereochemistry of the glycosyl azide precursor is retained in all cases, which is supported by X-ray crystallography in several cases.
Ionospheric electron temperature at solar maximum

Langmuir-probe measurements made at solar maximum from the DE-2 satellite in 1981 and 1982 are used to examine the latitudinal variation of electron temperature at altitudes between 300 and 400 km and its response to 27-day variations of solar EUV. A comparison of these data with models based on solar-minimum measurements from the AE-C suggests that the daytime electron temperature does not change very much during the solar cycle except at low latitudes where a particularly large 27-day variation occurs. It is found that the daytime electron temperature near the F2 peak is more responsive to short-term variations in F10.7 than to any longer-term changes that may occur between solar minimum and maximum.
Oxidative Stress and ADHD: A Meta-Analysis

Objective: To clarify the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant activity in ADHD. Method: We examined the association of ADHD and oxidative stress by applying random effects meta-analysis to stu...
Adolescents' comprehension of televised sexual innuendos

Abstract This study assessed various determinants of adolescents' comprehension of televised sexual innuendos. Eighteen males and 18 females at each of three ages (12, 14, and 16 years) were asked to interpret a series of 24 TV excerpts, each of which contained either a sexual innuendo or a nonsexual filler joke. Based on adult ratings, the innuendos were systematically varied by the topic alluded to (intercourse, physical/sexual attributes, socially discouraged practices, and nonsexual) and the level of explicitness (high vs. low). Age of viewer and topic referenced significantly influenced the comprehension scores. Fourteen- and sixteen-year-olds yielded higher scores than twelve-year-olds. Innuendos referencing discouraged sexual practices were most adequately explained and those referencing intercourse were least adequately explained.
Efficient Ways to Compute the Vector Addition Theorem

Two efficient ways of calculating the vector addition theorem are presented. One is obtained by relating the coefficients of the vector addition theorem to that of the scalar addition theorem for which an efficient recurrence relation exists. The second way is to derive recurrence relations directly for the coefficients of the vector addition theorem. These new ways of calculating the coefficients are of reduced computational complexity. Hence, when the number of coefficients required is large, the present methods are many times faster than the traditional method using Gaunt coefficients and Wigner 3j symbols.
The Usefulness of SFAS No. 82 (Current Cost) Information in Discriminating Business Failure: An Empirical Study

This study examines the usefulness of current cost information (CC) provided to meet the requirements of SFAS No. 33 and SFAS No. 82, as compared to historical cost information (HC) in discriminating business failure. The study also examines the usefulness of CC data as supplement to HC data. Two multivariate statistical techniques, multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) and logistic regression analysis (LRA), are used to derive the ex-post classification results. Three functions are developed based on ratios computed with HC, CC, and the combined HCICC. The resulting functions are used to classify fifty-two firms as failed or nonfailed. The analysis is repeated for three time periods: one, two, and three years before bankruptcy. The main results of the various analyses indicate that the combined HCICC model has more discriminant power than does the HC model alone in each of the three years before bankruptcy. LRA has a better classification rate than MDA for the selected sample.
The polyploidy revolution then…and now: Stebbins revisited

Polyploidy has long been considered a major force in plant evolution. G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr., an architect of the Modern Synthesis, elegantly addressed a broad range of topics, from genes to chromosomes to deep phylogeny, but some of his most lasting insights came in the study of polyploidy. Here, we review the immense impact of his work on polyploidy over more than 60 years, from his entrance into this fledgling field in the 1920s until the end of his career. Stebbins and his contemporaries developed a model of polyploid evolution that persisted for nearly half a century. As new perspectives emerged in the 1980s and new genetic tools for addressing key aspects of polyploidy have become available, a new paradigm of polyploidy has replaced much of the Stebbinsian framework. We review that paradigm shift and emphasize those areas in which the ideas of Stebbins continue to propel the field forward, as well as those areas in which the field was held back; we also note new directions that plant geneticists and evolutionists are now exploring in polyploidy research. Perhaps the most important conclusion from recent and ongoing studies of polyploidy is that, following Levin and others, polyploidy may propel a population into a new adaptive sphere given the myriad changes that accompany genome doubling.
Micromechanical properties of isolated nuclei and nuclear components

Deformation of the nucleus has been suggested to be a significant step in mechanotransduction. Additionally, many established and emerging technologies exploit the ability to isolate, transfer and physically manipulate nuclei. This study focuses on providing a fundamental understanding of the mechanical properties of isolated nuclei and nuclear components. Micropipette aspiration allows for relations of stresses to strains and was used to determine mechanical properties of nuclei isolated from Xenopus laevis oocytes. Preliminary results suggest that nuclear membranes can exhibit extensional strains of up to 100%. The elastic modulus of these nuclei appear to be an order of magnitude higher than previously studied cellular membrane systems, such as erythrocytes, suggesting a rigid underlying lamin network. Micropipette aspiration combined with fluorescence labeling allows for the visualization of individual components during deformation. Fluorescent labeling of DNA within isolated nuclei suggests that the cohesive forces are stronger than the forces holding the chromatin to the nuclear membrane. The deformation of the chromatin within the nucleus does not have any significant effect on the mechanical properties of the nuclear membrane. Fluorescent antibody labeling of nuclear pores of mammalian nuclei suggests that there is significant attachment of the pores to the underlying lamina network.
Systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors predict rapid progression of atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To estimate atherosclerosis progression and identify influencing factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods We used carotid ultrasound to measure intima-media thickness (IMT) in RA patients, and ascertained cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, inflammation markers and medications. A second ultrasound was performed approximately 3 years later. We calculated the progression rate by subtracting the baseline from the follow-up IMT, divided by the time between the two scans. We used logistic regression to identify baseline factors predictive of rapid progression. We tested for interactions of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) with CV risk factors and medication use. Results Results were available for 487 RA patients. The mean (SD) common carotid IMT at baseline was 0.571 mm (0.151). After a mean of 2.8 years, the IMT increased by 0.050 mm (0.055), p≤0.001, a progression rate of 0.018 mm/year (95% CI 0.016 to 0.020). Baseline factors associated with rapid progression included the number of CV risk factors (OR 1.27 per risk factor, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.61), and the ESR (OR 1.12 per 10 mm/h, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.23). The ESR×CV risk factor and ESR×medication product terms were significant, suggesting these variables modify the association between the ESR and IMT progression. Conclusions Systemic inflammation and CV risk factors were associated with rapid IMT progression. CV risk factors may modify the role of systemic inflammation in determining IMT progression over time. Methotrexate and antitumour necrosis factor agents may influence IMT progression by reducing the effect of the systemic inflammation on the IMT.
Networked Communication, Command, and Control of an Unmanned Aircraft System

Fullyautonomous,cooperative,multivehicleoperationrequiresthedevelopmentandintegration of various levels of intra- and intervehicle communication, sensing, control, and autonomy. This paper describes the Networked unmanned aircraft system Communication, Command, and Control (NetUASC3) architecture that combines meshed network intelligence, mission-level tasking information, and automatic flight control into an integrated unmanned aircraft system. The NetUASC3 architecture described includes: the University of Colorado at Boulder Ares unmanned aircraft, the onboard flight management architecture, and monitoring and command and control software that exploits the existing ad hoc Unmanned Aircraft System Ground network mesh network. Results from flight demonstration of the NetUASC3 architecture are provided to highlight the interplay between the various subsystems. Specific results demonstrate sensor-reactive and communicationreactive control, meshed network performance, atmospheric data collection, validation of radio-propagationmodels,anddeliveryofstreamingvideooveramultihopairborne‐ground network.
Lyme Disease in Maine: a Comparison of NEDSS Surveillance Data and Maine Health Data Organization Hospital Discharge data.

Background: Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector borne disease in the United States and is a major public health concern in Maine. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Maine CDC) monitors Lyme disease through a passive surveillance system. In order to validate the Lyme disease surveillance system, Maine CDC was interested in comparing trends with a secondary data source. Specifically, Maine CDC was interested in comparing trends by age group, gender, geography, and timelines. Also, because hospitalization due to Lyme disease is rare, this analysis provided an opportunity to look at the diagnosis codes used for Lyme disease visits. The purpose of this paper is to compare the data acquired through surveillance to a secondary data source in order to evaluate the completeness of the data and verify trends. Methods: Surveillance data was extracted from Maine’s NEDSS Base System for the years 2008 – 2011. Only confirmed and probable cases were included in data analysis. The Maine Health Data Organization (MHDO) collects information on all hospital inpatient and outpatient data visits and was used for this comparison. MHDO inpatient and outpatient hospital encounters with a diagnosis of 08881 in any diagnosis field were extracted from the full dataset from 2008 – 2011. Results: Surveillance data showed the 5-14 year old age group had the highest rates of Lyme disease while outpatient data showed adults over the age of 45 to have the highest rates. Outpatient data showed a higher percentage of females with Lyme disease visits. Geographic trends did not match well between surveillance data and MHDO data which may be due to the hospital being used as proxy for the patient address. Timeliness trends were consistent between all sources, with the majority of Lyme disease occurring in the summer months of June, July and August. The majority of outpatient visits had Lyme disease listed as their primary diagnosis while the majority of inpatient visits had Lyme disease as a secondary or lower diagnosis. Conclusions: There were several limitations to this study including incomplete data, and the inability to differentiate between new and old Lyme diagnoses. There is reasonably good similarity in the trends of these two systems helping validate the usefulness of Maine’s Lyme disease surveillance system. Many of the discrepancies warrant further investigation, and may lead to future opportunities for education or improvement in Lyme disease surveillance.
Seville (sour) Orange Juice: Synephrine Content and Cardiovascular Effects in Normotensive Adults

The Seville orange extract Citrus aurantium contains m-synephrine (phenylephrine) and octopamine; it causes cardiac disturbances in animals and is used by humans for weight loss. Juice from the orange (Seville orange juice [SOJ]) is used to "knock out" intestinal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 in bioavailability studies. The purpose of this study was to determine synephrine and octopamine concentrations in SOJ and SOJ's cardiovascular effects in normotensive humans. Subjects consumed 8 ounces of SOJ and water in crossover fashion followed by a repeat ingestion 8 hours later. Hemodynamic (heart rate; systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure) measurements followed. Synephrine and octopamine were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hemodynamics did not differ significantly between water and SOJ groups. Mean synephrine concentration of SOJ samples was 56.9 +/- 0.52 microg/ml; octopamine was not detected. SOJ ingestion by normotensive subjects is expected to be safe. Individuals with severe hypertension, tachyarrhythmias, and narrow-angle glaucoma and monoamine oxidase inhibitor recipients should avoid SOJ consumption. Persons taking decongestant-containing cold preparations should also refrain from SOJ intake.
High energy radiation for research in biochemistry and microbiology

Abstract The applications of accelerators to biological problems were initiated some thirty years ago and have since been increasing at an ever-growing rate. Today they are useful for applications requiring anywhere from a few electron volts to a few billion electron volts. In fact, intense beams of particles of homogeneous composition and uniform LET are available only from accelerators and these are becoming more and more standard tools for chemists and biologists alike. Work during recent years has shown that an understanding of the enormously involved pattern of biochemical radiation effects may be obtained by approaching the subject indirectly through the study of the factors which modify radiation injury. It is this subject of parameters that are discussed to demonstrate the usefulness of high energy radiation as a research tool in biochemistry and microbiology. The factors that have been recognized to influence the radiation response of biochemical systems include: • Linear Energy Transfer (LET) • Dose Rate • Composition of Surrounding Medium • Atmosphere (Oxygen Effect) • Temperature • Chemical Modifiers These parameters can be classified rougly into two general groups; that is, those which are inherent to the radiation itself and those that are extraneous to the radiation but influence the radiation effect. All these parameters are discussed in detail.
Electromagnetic plane–wave response characteristics of non–axially excited slabs of dielectric thin–film helicoidal bianisotropic mediums

Thin–film helicoidal bianisotropic mediums (TFHBMs) are rotationally non–homogeneous mediums whose microstructure consists of parallel helical columns. We characterize here the plane–wave response of non–axially excited dielectric TFHBM slabs. The constitutive relations for the dielectric TFHBMs are substituted into the time–harmonic Maxwell curl equations, and a 4 × 4 matrix ordinary differential equation is obtained. The piecewise homogeneity approximation method is shown to be reasonably robust to solve the differential equation. Bragg reflection by non–axially excited dielectric TFHBM slabs is investigated, and transmission characteristics are examined. The effects of several key illumination and constitutive parameters on the response of non–axially excited dielectric TFHBM slabs are studied to elucidate trends in functional relationships. A TFHBM bilayer is presented as an example of a device based on non–axially excited dielectric TFHBMs.
Respiratory Symptoms in a Group of American Secondary School Students: The Overwhelming Association with Cigarette Smoking

In order to ascertain the magnitude and consistency of the association between cigarette smoking and respiratory symptoms 12595 Rochester New York public high school students completed questionnaires in the spring of 1968. Boys reported more smoking than girls whites more than blacks and older children more than younger children. The amount of smoking reported reflected parental smoking especially among girls. Among boys there was a negative relationship between socioeconomic status and reported smoking but there was no comparable gradient among girls. There was school by school variation in reported smoking unexplained by age or socioeconomic status especially among girls. Current smoking was strongly associated with reported respiratory symptoms. Younger smokers had generally higher rates of symptoms but there were only minor differences between the sexes. Those with a past history of pneumonia reported an excess of recent lengthy chest illness. Among those not currently smoking blacks had much higher rates of symptoms than whites and children of lower socioeconomic status especially girls also reported a somewhat higher rate of some symptoms.
Comparison of Consumer Reactions to Price-Matching Guarantees in Internet and Bricks-and-Mortar Retail Environments

The present study investigates consumer responses to price-matching guarantees (PMGs) in the Internet environment and contrasts them with their responses in a traditional bricks-and-mortar retail environment. The effect of store reputation on consumer responses to price-matching policies is also investigated in both Internet and bricks-and-mortar retail settings. Two studies using a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects full factorial experimental design with two levels of PMG presence (PMG present, PMG absent), two levels of retail environment (Internet, bricks-and-mortar), and two levels of store reputation (no/low reputation, high reputation) were conducted. In study 1 reputation was manipulated using store names, while in study 2 the reputation was manipulated using store characteristics. The findings of two studies suggest that consumer reactions to price-matching guarantees, such as store price perceptions, postpurchase search intentions, and willingness to claim a refund if a lower competitive price is found, differ across the two purchase environments.
A novel method for activity monitoring in small non-human primates

Patterns of spontaneous activity are valuable reflections of well-being in animals and humans and, because of this, investigations have frequently incorporated some form of activity monitoring into their studies. It is widely believed that activity monitoring, alongside assessments of general behaviour, should be included in initial CNS safety pharmacology screening. As the number of marmoset studies having actimetry as their focus, or as an adjunct, is increasing, we wished to evaluate an alternative approach to those commonly used. The method is based on miniaturized accelerometer technologies, currently used for human activity monitoring. Actiwatch®-Minis were used to monitor the activity of two groups of differently housed marmosets for 14 consecutive days. Group A consisted of four mixed-sex pairs of animals and group B comprised eight group-housed males. Activity profiles were generated for weekday and weekend periods. The devices captured quantifiable data which showed differences in total activity between the two differently housed groups and revealed intragroup variations in the temporal spread of activity between weekdays and weekends. The Actiwatch®-Mini has been shown to generate retrospective, data-logged activity counts recorded from multiple animals in a single arena by means of non-invasive monitoring.
Animal-Assisted Therapy in Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure

Background Animal-assisted therapy improves physiological and psychosocial variables in healthy and hypertensive patients. Objectives To determine whether a 12-minute hospital visit with a therapy dog improves hemodynamic measures, lowers neurohormone levels, and decreases state anxiety in patients with advanced heart failure. Methods A 3-group randomized repeated-measures experimental design was used in 76 adults. Longitudinal analysis was used to model differences among the 3 groups at 3 times. One group received a 12-minute visit from a volunteer with a therapy dog; another group, a 12-minute visit from a volunteer; and the control group, usual care. Data were collected at baseline, at 8 minutes, and at 16 minutes. Results Compared with controls, the volunteer-dog group had significantly greater decreases in systolic pulmonary artery pressure during (-4.32 mm Hg, P = .03) and after (-5.78 mm Hg, P = .001) and in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during (-2.74 mm Hg, P = .01) and after (-4.31 mm Hg, P = .001) the intervention. Compared with the volunteer-only group, the volunteer-dog group had significantly greater decreases in epinephrine levels during (-15.86 pg/mL, P = .04) and after (-17.54 pg/mL, P = .04) and in norepinephrine levels during (-232.36 pg/mL, P = .02) and after (-240.14 pg/mL, P = .02) the intervention. After the intervention, the volunteer-dog group had the greatest decrease from baseline in state anxiety sum score compared with the volunteer-only (-6.65 units, P =.002) and the control groups (-9.13 units, P Conclusions Animal-assisted therapy improves cardiopulmonary pressures, neurohormone levels, and anxiety in patients hospitalized with heart failure.
The declining importance of natural resources: lessons from agricultural land

During the 20th Century a substantial decline in the economic importance of natural resources, especially farm land, has occurred. Views expressed by Schultz on the declining importance of land are emphasized. Grain yields in the United States were unchanged from 1800 to about 1940, but since then have increased dramatically. Increases in labor productivity occurred much earlier, starting in the early 19th Century and increasing much more rapidly than did land productivity.
Influence of dextran infusion on the pulmonary hypertensive effect of concentrated saline.

Low-molecular-weight dextran, which is known to prevent the sludging of blood cells seen in shock, has recently been reported to reduce the toxicity of concentrated radiopaque agents. Experiments have been performed to determine whether this latter effect applies to other hyperosmotic solutions. An attempt was made to delineate the mechanism involved. One ml./Kg. of 15 per cent NaCl was rapidly injected into dogs before and after infusion of 10 ml./Kg. of 15 per cent low-molecular-weight dextran. This treatment significantly reduced the usual pulmonary-hypertensive response. However, other dextran preparations, plasma, and blood were equally effective. Moreover, previous infusion of isotonic saline also conferred immunity when given at a rate sufficient to raise left-atrial pressure. Let't-atrial hypertension produced independently of changes in blood volume evoked similar amelioration. If this latter change was prevented by concurrent bleeding, none of the infusions was beneficial. Vice versa, a fall in ...
Synthesis and Structure of Cp*2TiH, Cp*2TiH2Li(tmed), and [Cp*2TiOLi(THF)]2

The solid-state crystal structure of the d1 hydride Cp*2TiH shows that it has a bent sandwich structure with an open Cp*(centroid)−Ti−Cp*(centroid) angle of 150°. The crystal structure contains two molecules in the asymmetric unit, and the hydridic hydrogen atom is located and refined with isotropic thermal parameters to a Ti−H distance of 1.69(5) and 1.84(4) A in each independent molecule; the average Ti−H distance is 1.76 A. In each molecule, the Ti−H vector lies on the idealized C2 axis of the bent metallocene. The addition of n-BuLi and Me2NCH2CH2NMe2 (tmed) in hexane to Cp*2TiH or the addition of [Li(tmed)]2C10H8 to Cp*2TiCl gives the anionic dihydride Cp*2Ti(μ-H)2Li(tmed). The hydride atoms are not located in the X-ray diffraction experiment, but electron paramagnetic resonance spectra show coupling to two equivalent hydrogen nuclei, AHiso = 9.6 G. In addition, coupling to 7Li, confirmed by the preparation of the 6Li isotopomer, shows that the unpaired electron couples with each hydridic hydrogen an...
South Africa: Increasing Opportunities for the Poor

As South Africa faces a new round of parliamentary elections in April 2009, the country confronts a host of difficult political challenges. These elections will test the country’s commitment to democratic institutions and peaceful political transitions. It will also test past public policies - policies that are criticized for falling short of delivering positive economic opportunities throughout the country - especially for the poor.In this Country Brief, Enterprise Africa! lead researcher Karol Boudreaux and program associate Johan van der Walt focus on three domestic policy issues that they believe are important to expanding opportunities for South Africa’s poor: employment, education, and security. In addition, they focus on three foreign policy issues that they believe are significant to leveraging South Africa’s unique position in international affairs: regional integration, good governance, and public and cultural diplomacy.The manner in which the country and the key political contenders - the African National Congress (ANC), the Congress of the People (COPE), and the Democratic Alliance (DA) - manage this period of transition will have a large impact on the political economy of South Africa and its surrounding region. With a new focus on expanding opportunity and good governance, the country can play an ever more meaningful role in the region, continent, and world.
Physiology of Seed and Fiber Development

The ovules of cotton are composed of the immature seed (embryo and seed coat) and developing fiber. By the coincidence of their proximity, fiber and seed are competing sinks fed through a common funiculus. Partitioning of photosynthate between fiber and seed has been altered by plant breeding. Selection for high yield has increased the thickness of the fiber wall, as indicated by increased micronaire readings (Bridge and Meredith, 1983; Wells and Meredith, 1984). Concomitantly, boll and seed size has decreased (Bridge et al., 1971). These changes are not without an agronomic cost. Small seeds have poorer germination and lower seedling survival. Post-harvest problems are caused by small seed as well: small seed will often pass through the gin with the fiber. The agronomic impact of small seed and the economic impact of fiber make a compelling argument for understanding the physiological relationships between fiber and seed development and the physiology associated with specific events of fiber development.
Isoflurane Preconditioning Affords Functional Neuroprotection in a Murine Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: Exposure to isoflurane gas prior to neurological injury, known as anesthetic preconditioning, has been shown to provide neuroprotective benefits in animal models of ischemic stroke. Given the common mediators of cellular injury in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, we hypothesize that isoflurane preconditioning will provide neurological protection in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).
Inelastic Analysis of Eccentrically-Loaded Columns

Theory by which collapse load of eccentrically loaded column can be rationally determined is presented; experimental verification of theory was obtained from tests made on aluminum alloy rectangular and T section columns; study of effect of time on magnitude of collapse load was also made using SAE 1020 steel columns.
Profit Motivated Airline Fleet Allocation and Concurrent Aircraft Design for Multiple Airlines

A “System of Systems” (SoS) approach is particularly beneficial in analyzing complex large scale systems comprised of numerous independent systems – each capable of independent operations in their own right – that, when brought in conjunction, o↵er capabilities and performance beyond that of the individual systems. The variable resource allocation problem is a type of SoS problem, which includes the allocation of “yet-to-be-designed” systems along with existing resources and systems. The work here uses an airline as a type of system of systems and a new passenger aircraft, whose design requirements are not yet defined, as the variable resource. The methodology presented here expands upon earlier work that demonstrated a decomposition approach to simultaneously design a new aircraft and allocate this new aircraft along with existing aircraft in an e↵ort to meet passenger demand at minimum fleet level operating cost for a single airline. The result of this describes important characteristics of the new aircraft. The ticket price model developed and implemented here enables analysis of the system using profit maximization studies instead of cost minimization. A multi-objective problem formulation determines characteristics of a new aircraft that maximizes the profit of multiple airlines to recognize the fact that aircraft manufacturers sell their aircraft to multiple customers and seldom design aircraft customized to a single airline’s operations. The route network characteristics of two simple airlines serve as the example problem for the initial studies. The resulting problem formulation is a mixed–integer nonlinear programming problem, which is typically di cult to solve. A sequential decomposition strategy is applied as a solution methodology by segregating the allocation (integer programming) and aircraft design (nonlinear programming) subspaces. After solving a simple problem considering two airlines, the decomposition approach is then applied to two larger airline route networks representing actual airline operations in the year 2005. Results from the profit maximization studies with the ticket pricing model developed here favor a smaller aircraft in terms of passenger capacity due to its higher yield generation capability on shorter routes.
Spiral-Wound Water-Gas-Shift Membrane Reactor for Hydrogen Purification

Water-gas-shift (WGS) membrane reactor is a promising approach to purify hydrogen produced by hydrocarbon or biomass reforming to fuel cell grade (<10 ppm CO). CO2-selective polymer membranes suitable for the above operation can potentially be fabricated into spiral-wound modules with catalyst packed on the feed side and sweep gas flowing on the permeate side. This paper presents a detailed model based on both mass and enthalpy balances as well as pressure drop to study this intricate reactive separation system. The kinetics of the WGS reaction was incorporated using a published rate expression for the commercial CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst. The resulting 1-D (cocurrent or countercurrent flow of feed and sweep streams) or 2-D (crossflow) system of differential equations was solved using COMSOL Multiphysics. The model was validated by comparing the predicted CO results with previously published experimental data for a lab-scale flat rectangular membrane reactor. The effects of the type of flow mode on concentra...
The Uncertain Legal Status of Free and Open Source Software in the United States

Normally in the United States, some provisions of Free and Open Source (FOSS) licenses will be construed as contractual covenants and some will be construed as waivers (or as waivers conditioned on certain actions by the licensee) of certain rights of the licensor under the Copyright Act. The distinction is of great importance – under contract law, remedies are normally limited to proven monetary damages, while under copyright law injunctive relief and statutory damages are normally available even if actual monetary damages cannot be proved.
Insulation control and management for power generation enterprises in Heilongjiang province

The paper analyzed the problems existing in insulation supervision in power generation enterprises after power grid enterprises and power generation enterprises separated in Heilongjiang province and proposed steps to solve them by carrying out planned insulation supervision and management by combining with 'Regulation of Technical Supervision and Service for Power Generation Enterprises in Heilongjiang' issued by Heilongjiang Economic Trade Commission in order to ensure power generation enterprises' operation in safety,stability,efficiency and better quality.
Rational development and protection of the groundwater in the alluvial plain of Shandong

A study of rational development and protection of the groundwater in alluvial plain is revealed in this paper. The natural feature and natural recharge regulation of the groundwater are discussed. The methods of protection of groundwater from salinization and pollution are proposed.
Pneumocephalus After Epidural Anesthesia (P4.117)

Objective: Pneumocephalus is a rare but serious complication of epidural anesthesia. Even with low suspicion for it, priority should be given to obtain head imaging. Furthermore the treatment depends on the severity of symptoms. Background: Epidural anesthesia is often utilized in the peri-partum period as a technique to provide anesthesia. Although quite safe, it may be associated with complications like nausea, vomiting, pruritus, post dural puncture headache and pneumocephalus. Pneumocephalus is defined as introduction of air into the CSF during placement of neuro-axial block. This is more likely to occur when loss of resistance (LOR) to air is used instead of saline. Methods: N/A Results: 28-year-old pregnant female presented with decreased fetal movements since 3 days. Labor was induced and she received epidural anesthesia using the LOR to air technique. Four hours after the delivery she complained of headache. It was sudden in onset, described as pressure and pounding type and was localized to the vertex and bi-frontal region, worse on the left side, with a severity of 10/10 and a postural component. The patient received an epidural blood patch with some improvement and was discharged home. She returned the following day with complaints of a similar headache. She received a second epidural blood patch without any relief. Hence a head CT was obtained that revealed air in the ventricles and the cisterns. The patient was closely monitored while receiving 2 L of oxygen via nasal cannula and symptomatic treatment of her headache with NSAIDs. On the 5th day her headache had resolved and a repeat CT of the head showed no residual air. Conclusions: Every headache that occurs in the setting of epidural anesthesia should not be labeled as post dural puncture headache and low suspicion should be kept for seeking neurology consult and obtaining an emergent head CT. Disclosure: Dr. Ohri has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khurana has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pillai has nothing to disclose.
The role of repeat computed tomography scan in the evaluation of blunt bowel injury.

The precise role of repeat abdominal computed tomography (CT) imaging in the diagnosis and management of bowel injury is unclear. We reviewed 540 patients with blunt abdominal trauma managed at a L...
Using structural equation modeling to link human activities to wetland ecological integrity

The integrity of wetlands is of global concern. A common approach to evaluating ecological integrity involves bioassessment procedures that quantify the degree to which communities deviate from historical norms. While helpful, bioassessment provides little information about how altered conditions connect to community response. More detailed information is needed for conservation and restoration. We have illustrated an approach to addressing this challenge using structural equation modeling (SEM) and long-term monitoring data from Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP). Wetlands in RMNP are threatened by a complex history of anthropogenic disturbance including direct alteration of hydrologic regimes; elimination of elk, wolves, and grizzly bears; reintroduction of elk (absent their primary predators); and the extirpation of beaver. More recently, nonnative moose were introduced to the region and have expanded into the park. Bioassessment suggests that up to half of the park's wetlands are not in reference condition. We developed and evaluated a general hypothesis about how human alterations influence wetland integrity and then develop a specific model using RMNP wetlands. Bioassessment revealed three bioindicators that appear to be highly sensitive to human disturbance (HD): (1) conservatism, (2) degree of invasion, and (3) cover of native forbs. SEM analyses suggest several ways human activities have impacted wetland integrity and the landscape of RMNP. First, degradation is highest where the combined effects of all types of direct HD have been the greatest (i.e., there is a general, overall effect). Second, specific HDs appear to create a “mixed-bag” of complex indirect effects, including reduced invasion and increased conservatism, but also reduced native forb cover. Some of these effects are associated with alterations to hydrologic regimes, while others are associated with altered shrub production. Third, landscape features created by historical beaver activity continue to influence wetland integrity years after beavers have abandoned sites via persistent landforms and reduced biomass of tall shrubs. Our model provides a system-level perspective on wetland integrity and provides a context for future evaluations and investigations. It also suggests scientifically supported natural resource management strategies that can assist in the National Park Service mission of maintaining or, when indicated, restoring ecological integrity “unimpaired for future generations.”
Oliver Twisted, or The Parish Boy's Visual Progress

The image is so ubiquitous that it scarcely needs describing. Indeed, the mere mention of Oliver Twist brings it to mind instantly. The young and innocent orphan – worn down by the hard labour of the workhouse, emaciated from malnutrition, reaching out with his empty bowl, and asking for more. This essay asks how this image, which I call the ‘Oliver icon’, came to be so firmly embedded within our contemporary consciousness and how it has shaped the popular and critical afterlives of Dickens's novel. By tracing how the scene moved from page to screen, the essay attends to the subtle, yet significant, differences between Cruikshank's illustration and its current, more iconic form – namely that Oliver is presented in profile in the former and face-on in the latter. I argue that this perspectival ‘twist’ allows the viewer to aestheticise Oliver's upturned face and thereby invest in his transformation from exchangeable object into consuming subject. Demonstrating how this particular mode of shaping Oliver's na...
Scaling and Distributional Properties of Precipitation Interamount Times

AbstractThe scaling and distributional properties of precipitation interamount times (IATs) are investigated using 10 years of high-resolution rain gauge observations from the U.S. Climate Reference Network. Results show that IATs above 200 mm tend to be approximately uncorrelated and normally distributed. As one moves toward smaller scales, autocorrelation and skewness increase and distributions progressively evolve into Weibull, Gamma, lognormal, and Pareto. This procession is interpreted as a sign of increasing complexity from large to small scales in a system composed of many interacting components. It shows that, as one approaches finer scales, IATs take over more of the characteristics of power-law distributions and (multi)fractals. Regression analysis on the log moments reveals that IATs generally exhibit better scaling, that is, smaller departures from multifractality, than precipitation amounts over the same range of scales. The improvement is attributed to the fact that IATs, unlike rainfall rat...