cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization techniques and analytical methods of carbon-based materials for energy applications

Abstract The necessity for energy conversion and storage has led us to find more efficient electrode materials applicable for advanced energy systems such as fuel cell, battery, supercapacitor, solar cell, thermoelectric, and sorption-based waste heat management systems. Together with innovation in materials fabrication techniques, proper characterization of those materials and the system level critical analysis are very essential for commercial success. In this chapter we present advanced techniques for characterization of electrode materials for efficient energy conversion and storage application including their theoretical and analytical aspects.
Counterion crossbridges enable robust multiscale elasticity in actin networks

This paper explores the role of counterion bridges in the mechanical properties of actin networks. The authors show that only modest bundling and network rearrangement is required to induce dramatic increases in the network elasticity and stiffness, while the bundles are resilient to nonlinear forcing.
Wildfire Policy, Climate Change, and the Law

In the face of climate change, the current wildfire problem will only worsen absent a comprehensive strategy designed to reuce the risk of catastrophic blazes and to restore fire-adapted ecosystems. The basic strategies must address both the growing fuel-load concern and the “wildland-urban interface” (WUI) zone expansion problem, which present very real cross-jurisdictional challenges that require a coordinated federal, state, and local response. While the short range goal necessarily entails protecting at-risk communities and critical resources, the long range goal must focus on restoring ecological resilience to our forests and grasslands in order to curtail the likelihood of even more disastrous wildfires. At the federal level, the existing law does not present an insurmountable hurdle to fashioning the necessary strategies for pursuing these policy goals. But at the state level, new laws and policies are required to better control construction in the WUI zone, to establish appropriate insurance requirements, and to address smoke abatement concerns. The critical question is not whether we need to take these necessary steps, but whether we have the will to do so.
Clinical manifestations of intravitreal bortezomib injection.

Abstract Purpose To describe the clinical presentation and ocular manifestations of intravitreal bortezomib. Observations Retrospective chart review of five patients who inadvertently received intravitreal injection of bortezomib, instead of bevacizumab, showed that all patients presented hyperacutely within 24–72 hours of the injection with pain and severe vision loss. Examination revealed a fibrinous anterior uveitis, corneal edema, and choroidal effusion associated with a shallow anterior chamber and secondary angle closure glaucoma. Significant vitritis was notably absent. Severe retinal vascular attenuation and optic atrophy, and sometimes even retinal infarction or detachment, followed. Four of the five patients rapidly progressed to no light perception vision. Vitreous gram stain and cultures were negative in all eyes. Conclusions and importance Intravitreal bortezomib is severely toxic to the eye. Special safeguards should be instituted for the dispensing of intravitreal medications.
Owner and Veterinarian Perceptions of Equine Euthanasia and Mortality Composting.

Abstract Challenges associated with burial, rendering, and cremation have forced horse owners to seek alternative mortality disposal methods. While equine mortality composting has been successfully demonstrated, industry-wide adoption has been limited. Therefore, evaluation of horse owners’ and veterinarians’ perceptions and experience with mortality composting is needed. Two surveys were developed to evaluate industry practices and decisive factors regarding equine euthanasia and mortality disposal methods. Each survey was designed for a separate audience: horse owners or veterinarians serving equines. The surveys were advertised as weblinks on relevant Facebook pages, e-newsletters, and email listservs. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate models for associations and factors influencing decisions surrounding composting. The surveys yielded 1,225 and 244 usable responses from horse owners and veterinarians, respectively. Respondent demographics were consistent with previous survey reports for horse owners and veterinarians in the United States with a majority being female between 41 and 60 years of age with long-term industry involvement. Horse owners (86%) and veterinarians (84%) that preferred chemical euthanasia tended to prefer burial (58% and 42%, respectively) over other mortality disposal methods. Only 12% of horse owner respondents had ever tried composting and only 25% of veterinarian respondents had ever recommended composting. Horse owner (47%) and veterinarian (67%) respondents indicated they would be more open to trying and recommending mortality composting if more scientific research were available. Equine mortality composting shows potential as a primary disposal method for the equine industry. Research and educational programs are key to industry-wide acceptance of equine mortality composting.
Curriculum mapping: A process to revise the path to achieving student competency

Objective: The objective of this study was to outline the process and results of a curriculum map revision. Methods: A revision process was developed for curricular competencies and measurable abilities (MAs). A crosswalk of the original MAs to the revised MAs and curriculum mapping reports for the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 academic years were evaluated. Results: The number of competencies decreased from 12 to 11 and MAs increased from 90 to 98. The MA word count decreased from 1719 to 1498 (12.9%); 25 were combined, 26 were deleted, seven were divided, and 47 were created. Course learning outcomes (CLOs) mapped to a mean of 139 and 39 MAs prerevision and postrevision, respectively. Prerevision, 86.9% of CLOs mapped to an MA. Postrevision, 100% of CLOs mapped to an MA. Conclusion: Our revision process reduced redundancy and complexity and addressed gaps. Institutions searching for a model to assist with curriculum mapping and revisions may find our process useful.
Severe bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis is primarily the result of airway injury and remodeling attributable to recurrent or chronic inflammation and infection. The underlying etiologies include autoimmune diseases, severe infections, genetic abnormalities, and acquired disorders. Recurrent airway inflammation and infection may also be the result of allergic or immunodeficiency states such as allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses or HIV/AIDS. Bronchiectasis should be included in the differentiation diagnosis of any patient with chronic respiratory complaints such as cough and sputum production. Early clinical manifestations may be subtle. Hallmarks of severe bron-chiectasis include fetid breath, chronic cough, and sputum production. The associated chronic respiratory infections and airway sepsis are punctuated by episodes of acute exacerbation. Prompt recognition and treatment of bronchiectasis may allow for prevention of disease progression and irreversible loss of lung function.
The challenges and pitfalls of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevalence studies.

The experienced team of researchers, McCarthy, Mukerjee, Fleming, Green, Clayton-Smith, Price, Allely, and Cook describe a well-designed and thoughtful study of the "Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) in Greater Manchester, UK." This paper is a contribution to the field, for it represents one of a handful of active case ascertainment (ACA) studies of FASD carried out among school children in Europe. McCarthy et al. report a minimal prevalence of FASD of 1.8% and an estimated rate of 3.4% if probable cases are included.
Pyridinophanes, pyridinocrowns, and pyridinocryptands

In general, the pyridinophanes, pyridinocrowns, and pyridinocryptands have been surveyed. The pyridinophanes have been limited to those containing carbon bridging units of two atoms or less. In these instances the pyridinophanes may be bridged at the 2,6-, 3,5-, or 2,5-positions. The pyridinocrowns discussed contain carbon and nitrogen heteroatoms or nitrogen and oxygen heteroatoms and are bridged at only the 2,6-positions. The pyridinocrowns containing only oxygen or sulfur have not been included in this discussion. The discussion of the pyridinocryptands has not been restricted, since there are currently only a limited number of cryptands of this type.
Design of Ultra-Low Power Scalable-Throughput Many-Core DSP Applications

We propose a system-level solution in designing process variation aware (PVA) scalable-throughput many-core systems for energy constrained applications. In our proposed methodology, we leverage the benefits of voltage scaling for obtaining energy efficiency while compensating for the loss in throughput by exploiting parallelism present in various DSP designs. We demonstrate that such a hybrid method consumes 6.27p- 28.15p less power as compared to simple dynamic voltage scaling over different workload environments. Design details of a prototype chip fabricated on 90nm technology node and its findings are presented. Chip consists of 8 homogeneous FIR cores, which are capable of running from near-threshold to nominal voltages. In our 20 chip population, we observe 7p variation in speed among the cores at nominal voltage (0.9V) and 26p at near threshold voltage (0.55V). We also observe 54p variation in power consumption of the cores. For any desired throughput, the optimum number of cores and their optimum operating voltage is chosen based on the speed and power characteristics of the cores present inside the chip. We will also present analysis on energy-efficiency of such systems based on changes in ambient temperature.
An Abstract Nonlinear Volterra Equation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses two problems concerning solutions of the abstract nonlinear Volterra equation u ( t ) + b * Au ( t ) ∈ F ( t ); (0 ≤ t ≤ T ) where T > 0 is arbitrary, A is an m -accretive operator in a real Banach space X , the given kernel b is a real absolutely continuous function on 0, T . In the first problem discussed, the question of existence, uniqueness, dependence on data, and regularity of solutions of the Volterra equation on 0, T is treated by means of a simple method; the results obtained for the discussed Volterra equation generalize and simplify considerably some earlier work on existence and uniqueness. In the second problem, a result is discussed giving conditions under which the solution u of the discussed Volterra equation preserves a closed convex cone in X ; this generalizes the classical results on the positivity of solutions of the heat equation. Preliminaries on evolution equations are presented in the chapter. Benilan's theorem about solutions of (Eg) is used to obtain some general results, concerning existence, uniqueness, dependence on data, and regularity of solutions of (FDE) of independent interest.
Reducing Physical Hazards: Encouraging Inherently Safer Production

It is now generally recognized that in order to make significant advances in accident prevention, the focus of industrial firms must shift from assessing the risks of existing production and manufacturing systems to discovering technological alternatives, that is, from the identification of problems to the identification and design of solutions. Encouraging the industrial firm to perform an inherent safety opportunity audit (ISOA) to identify where inherently safer technology is needed, and a technology options analysis (TOA) to identify specific inherently safer options, will advance the adoption and design of primary prevention strategies that will alter production systems so that there are fewer inherent safety risks. Successful approaches require both technological and managerial changes. Firms must have the willingness, opportunity, and capability to change. Keywords: physical hazards; safety; chemical production; safer production; safer chemicals; green chemistry
NEW EQUATIONS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOIL SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY USING THE VAN GENUCHTEN MODEL PARAMETERS AND EFFECTIVE POROSITY

Modifications of the Kozeny–Carman approach (Ks = AΦB) for the determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks using the van Genuchten model parameters and the effective porosity Φe are presented in this study. Two models {a two-parametric Ks(a, Φe) and a three-parametric Ks(a, Si, Φe)} were developed for Ks determination. In the two-parametric model the power constant was replaced by the f factor (f = aΦe). The factor f includes the parameter a of the van Genuchten model, in order to describe its effect on the part of the pore size distribution which participates in the effective porosity Φe. The three-parametric model was improved by inclusion of the water retention curve slope Si at the inflection point. The models were calibrated and validated using two published data sets which cover the 12 USDA soil texture classes. The proposed models were also compared with other published models of Ks, which are based on the van Genuchten parameters and the Kozeny–Carman approach. The results indicated an adequate predictive accuracy of the models through a calibration and validation procedure using data sets from different sources and better performance compared to other models, setting a new approach for the indirect determination of Ks using only data from the water retention curve. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A kernel based Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy clustering for network forensics and intrusion detection

Malware or virus is one of the most significant security threats in internet. There are mainly two types of successful (partially) solutions available. One is anti-virus and other is back listing. This kind of detection generally depends on the existing malware or virus signature database. Cyber-criminals bypass defenses by generating variants of their malware program. Traditional approach has limitations such as unable to detect zero day threats or generate so many false alerts et al. To overcome these difficulties, a system is built based on Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy set (AIFS) theory based clustering method that takes care of these problems in a robust way. It not only raises an alert for new kind of malware but also decreases the number of false alerts. This is done by giving it decision making intelligence. There is not much work done in the field of network forensics using AIFS theory. This method clusters the malwares/viruses with high accuracy on the basis of severity. Experiments are performed on several pcap files with malware traffic to assess the performance and accuracy of the method.
Quality of Life and Psychosocial Outcomes in Long-Term Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Focus on African-American Women

Abstract Although the concerns of survivors of breast cancer have generated many studies, the research typically has included African-American samples that were too small and inadequate for separate statistical analyses. This article reports a descriptive study of a statewide convenience sample of 117 African-American women who were long-term survivors of breast cancer. The results indicated that the women relied on spiritual faith and family support to cope with their cancer. However, they also reported difficulty talking about the disease on the one hand and lack of adequate emotional and functional support on the other. The results also suggested that the socioecological and cultural contexts of the women's lives may need closer examination when investigating health-related quality of life outcomes after cancer. Typically, these variables are controlled for rather than studied. However, with the growing emphasis on culturally competent research that allows a better understanding of the cancer experienc...
The cost‐effectiveness of liver biopsy in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate

Objective. To assess the cost-effectiveness of liver biopsy in monitoring rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients for methotrexate (MTX)–induced cirrhosis. Methods. A decision analytic model was used to compare a strategy of no biopsy versus strategies of biopsy after 5 years or 10 years of MTX treatment. Results. Biopsy after 5 years of MTX treatment had a cost-effectiveness ratio of $1,891,830 per year of life saved, while biopsy after 10 years of treatment had a cost-effectiveness ratio of $52,374 per year of life saved. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the cost-effectiveness of biopsy was most dependent on the probability of cirrhosis. Conclusion. Liver biopsy to monitor for MTX-induced cirrhosis in RA patients is not cost effective after 5 years of treatment, and even biopsy after 10 years has a high cost.
Effects of acute alcohol intake on tolerance to hypotension.

The specific aim of this research was to test the hypothesis that intoxication with alcohol results in poor tolerance to hemorrhage. This was evaluated on the basis of blood pressure, cardiac output respiratory rate, blood flow to organs, and survival for 4 hr after hemorrhage. Four groups of six swine per group were used (control, intoxicated, hemorrhage, and intoxicated-hemorrhage). The results revealed that blood alcohol concentrations near 0.1% greatly reduced tolerance to hemorrhage. intoxicated animals subjected to hemorrhage were unable to maintain an adequate cardiac output, blood pressure, or respiratory rate to sustain life. Pigs tolerated higher blood alcohol concentrations, up to 0.35%, when not exposed to hemorrhage. Also, unintoxicated pigs were able to compensate for severe hemorrhage. Only one of the six pigs in the intoxicated-hemorrhage group survived for 4 hr after hemorrhage. In conclusion the body's ability to compensate and recover from hemorrhage was greatly reduced during intoxication. It is logical to assume that the ability to overcome numerous other stressors may also be reduced during intoxication.
How to promote physical activity in a community: research experiences from the US highlighting different community approaches

Much of the research investigating methods for promoting physical activity has occurred on an individual or group level of analysis. Yet, the substantial prevalence of physical inactivity in most developed countries coupled with the public health significance of becoming more regularly active provides a compelling rationale for expanding interventions to higher levels of impact. By targeting the community, the possibility of reaching a greater percentage of the underactive population with potentially lower costs per person becomes more likely. When the target of intervention becomes the community, as opposed to the individual, a shift in the methods by which the physical inactivity problem is both conceptualized and addressed is required. Successful intervention strategies that have occurred at each level of impact (i.e. personal/interpersonal, institutional, environmental, legislative/policy-level) are highlighted. Suggested future directions are summarized.
Metal dithiolenes as catalysts for quadricyclane reactions

Abstract The metal dithiolenes [(CF 3 ) 2 C 2 S 2 ] 3 Mo and [(CF 3 ) 2 C 2 S 2 ] 2 Ni are active catalysts for the conversion of quadricyclane to norbornadiene with the catalytic activity of the molybdenum complex being significantly higher than that of the nickel complex. The catalytic activity of these systems is destroyed by reduction to anions ( e.g. , [(CF 3 ) 2 C 2 S 2 ] 3 Mo 2− and [(CF 3 ) 2 C 2 -S 2 ] 2 Ni 2− ; z = 1 and 2), substitution of phenyl groups for trifluoromethyl groups ( e.g. , [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 C 2 S 2 ] 3 Mo and [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 C 2 S 2 ] 2 Ni), or replacement of even only one dithiolate ligand by tertiary phosphine ligands ( e.g. , [(CF 3 ) 2 -C 2 S 2 ] 2 Mo[(C 6 H 5 ) 2 PCH 2 CH 2 P(C 6 H 5 ) 2 ]). Furthermore, [(CF 3 ) 2 C 2 S 2 ] 3 Mo loses its catalytic activity for the conversion of quadricyclane to norbornadiene if the reaction is carried out in solvents such as pyridine or aqueous methanol, where reduction to the mono-anion occurs, as indicated by electronic spectra. The complex [(CF 3 ) 2 C 2 S 2 ] 3 Mo can also catalyze the polymerization of quadricyclane or norbornadiene as well as the addition of water to quadricyclane to give nortricyclanol. Evidence is presented to suggest that the catalytic activity of [(CF 3 ) 2 C 2 S 2 ] 3 Mo and [(CF 3 ) 2 C 2 S 2 ] 2 Ni for quadri-cyclane reactions involves pseudo 4 + 2 cyclo-additions to the sulfur atoms in the dithiodiketone form of the metal dithiolene.
Effect of Chloride and Soybean Cultivar on Yield and the Development of Sudden Death Syndrome, Soybean Cyst Nematode, and Southern Blight

Yields of irrigated soybean in Arkansas are threatened by two problems: chloride toxicity and sudden death syndrome (SDS). Soybeans are sensitive to chloride, which accumulates in the upper soil profile when water with high salt content is used for irrigation. Sudden death syndrome is a soilborne disease often associated with well-irrigated fields. Even though these problems both affect irrigated soybeans, there are no reports on the effect of chloride toxicity on SDS. To determine if there is an effect of chloride toxicity on SDS, a test was established at the Cotton Branch Station, Marianna, AR, in 1995 and 1996. Four cultivars were selected that were either susceptible to SDS (S) or resistant to SDS (R) and either translocated chloride to the leaves (includer, I) or confined chloride in the roots (excluder, E). The cultivars were Hartz 6686 (SE), Terra Vig 6653 (SI), Hartz 6200 (RE), and Asgrow 6297 (RI). Soil chloride concentrations were adjusted by the addition of KCl. Before planting, KCl was applied to achieve the recommended concentration of K over the entire field. At V4, chloride treatments were applied by either adding no additional KCl (low Cl) or adding 1,120 kg of KCl per ha (moderate Cl) or 2,240 kg of KCl per ha (high Cl). Soil samples were taken within the center two rows of each plot at planting, flowering (R2), and harvest and assayed for populations of Fusarium solani and Heterodera glycines. Soil chloride concentrations were determined at R2, and leaf chloride levels were determined at R3. Weekly disease ratings were made on SDS and converted to area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Plant lodging and the incidence of southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii) were determined during mid-reproductive growth. Leaf chloride concentrations were influenced by both chloride treatment and cultivar: elevated concentrations occurred with the includer cultivars in the moderate and the high Cl treatments. Soil concentrations of chloride reflected the chloride treatments in 1995, but not 1996. Soil populations of F. solani did not respond consistently to either chloride treatment or cultivar; however, H. glycines egg densities increased with increased soil chloride treatments in Hartz 6686 (SE) and Terra Vig 6653 (SI) at R2, but not at harvest. Increased soil chloride treatments increased SDS in both years with Hartz 6686 (SE), but did not affect this disease in the other cultivars. Higher soil chloride treatments decreased yield in all cultivars except Hartz 6200 (RE) in 1996. Although Terra Vig 6653 (SI) did not develop severe levels of SDS foliar symptoms, it did have increased lodging and significant increases in southern blight with moderate and high soil chloride treatments. These results indicate that growers with fields that have both elevated concentrations of soil chloride and SDS should select SDS-resistant excluder cultivars to minimize yield losses due to both problems.
The rise of oxygen in Earth’s early ocean and atmosphere

The rapid increase of carbon dioxide concentration in Earth’s modern atmosphere is a matter of major concern. But for the atmosphere of roughly two-and-half billion years ago, interest centres on a different gas: free oxygen (O2) spawned by early biological production. The initial increase of O2 in the atmosphere, its delayed build-up in the ocean, its increase to near-modern levels in the sea and air two billion years later, and its cause-and-effect relationship with life are among the most compelling stories in Earth’s history.
Sequence repetition in the DNA of Nassaria (Ilyanassa) obsoleta

The reassociation kinetics of the DNA of Ilyanassa obsoleta have been studied in order to obtain a repetition frequency profile for the genome of this organism, a well known subject of embryological interest. At a criterion set about 25°C below the T_m, Ilyanassa DNA consists of about 38% nonrepetitive sequences; at least 12% of a repetitive sequence component averaging about 20 relatives per sequence; at least 15% of a repetitive sequence component averaging about 1000 relatives per sequence; and 18% of a component which reassociates extremely rapidly and either contains regions of internal homology or consists of a small number of extremely frequent sequences, or both.
Direct and indirect scaling of membership functions of probability phrases

Abstract A crucial issue in the empirical measurement of membership functions is whether the degree of fuzziness is invariant under different scaling procedures. In this paper a direct and an indirect procedure, magnitude estimation and graded pair-comparison, are compared in the context of establishing membership functions for probability phrases such as probable, rather likely, very unlikely , and so forth. Analyses at the level of individual respondents indicate that: (a) membership functions are stable over time; (b) functions for each phrase differ substantially over people; (c) the two procedures yield similarly shaped functions for a given person-phrase combination; (d) the functions from the two procedures differ systematically, in that those obtained directly dominate, or indicate greater fuzziness than do those obtained indirectly; and (e) where the two differ the indirectly obtained function may be the more accurate one. A secondary purpose of the paper is to evaluate the effects of the modifiers very and rather . Very has a general intensifying effect that is described by Zadeh's concentration model for 7 subjects and by a shift model for no one. The effects of rather are unsystematic and not described by any available model.
A LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR SOLVING COMPLEX 2‐PERSON ZERO‐SUM GAMES

Two‐person zero‐sum game theory has long been a popular topic of research in business and economics. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how to convert a two‐person zero‐sum game into a linear programming problem and to present a computer simulation model for solving large bilateral zero‐sum games problems.
The Kleeblattschdel syndrome—agrotesque form of hydrocephalus

Summary A rare form of cranial enlargement is described, characterized by a trilobed shape of the skull, displacement of the ears to a position parallel with the shoulders, deeply recessed nasal root, exophthalmos with erosion and clouding of the cornea, and roentgenologically, by a honeycombed appearance of the skull with absence of the squamous bones. Although not proved, hydrocephalus was probably also present. It has been referred to as the Kleeblattschadel (cloverleaf skull) syndrome.
The impact of a step stool on cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A cross-over mannequin study

Abstract Objective Shallow chest compressions and incomplete recoil are common during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and negatively affect outcomes. A step stool has the potential to alter these parameters when performing CPR in a bed but the impact has not been quantified. Methods We conducted a cross-over design, simulated study of in-hospital cardiac arrest. Rescuers performed a total of four 2-min segments of uninterrupted chest compressions, half of which were on a step stool. Compression characteristics were measured using a CPR-sensing defibrillator and subjective impressions were obtained from rescuer surveys. Paired analyses were performed to measure the impact of the step stool, taking into account rescuer characteristics, including height. Results Fifty subjects, of whom 36% were men, with a median height of 169.8cm (range 148.6–190.5) volunteered to participate. Use of a step stool resulted in an average increase in compression depth of 4mm ( p p p =0.006). Conclusions Using a step stool when performing CPR in a bed results in a trade-off between increased compression depth and increased incomplete recoil. Given the nonlinear relationship between the increase in compression depth and rescuer height, the benefit of a step stool may outweigh the risks of incomplete release for rescuers ≤167cm in height. The benefit is less clear in taller rescuers.
Digital simulation of the ventilatory response to CO2 inhalation and CSF perfusion

Abstract A model of the control of respiration during CO2 inhalation and perfusion of the surface of the medulla with mock cerebrospinal fluid having various PCO2 values is presented. Ventilatory transients in response to steps of CO2 in inspired air very closely match those of experimental data for a single central hydrogen ion sensor located approximately 280 μ beneath the surface of the medulla, corresponding to a position 77% of the way between cerbrospinal fluid PCO2 and deep brain tissue PCO2 gradient. Tidal volume and end-tidal PCO2 transients obtained by perfusion of the surface of the medulla with mock cerebrospinal fluid having a high PCO2 value appear to be similar in form to those obtained from chemoreceptor denervated cats. The effect of allowing the PCO2 at the surface of the chemosensitive areas to change more rapidly than in the center of the cisternal fluid is discussed. It was found that ventilatory transients from CO2 inhalation could be matched to experimental data at any number of sensor depths depending upon the rate at which the surface PCO2 was allowed to change. Sufficient data was not available to determine quantitatively the correct ventilatory transient from CSF perfusion at these various sensor depths.
Fear of Success: A Personality Trait or a Response to Occupational Deviance and Role Overload?.

This study clarifies the extent to which individuals' fear-of-success scores may vary with the presence or absence of occupational deviance and/or role overload in stimulus materials describing situations of female competitive success. Four TAT-type verbal cues describing female competitive success in situations of presence or absence of occupational deviance and/or role overload were administered to 60 males and 60 females, ages 30 to 60. Horner and colleagues' revised scoring system was employed. Results of planned comparisons showing no effect of sex of participant on scores, but significant effects of deviance and overload, are interpreted as support for a situational as opposed to motive interpretation of expressed fear of success.
Preparative methods for (Z)-2-methoxy-1-phenylthio-1,3-butadienes. Rearrangement during copper(I)-induced elimination of thiophenol from some γ,δ-unsaturated thioacetals

Abstract (Z)-2-Methoxy-1-phenylthio-1,3-butadienes which are substituted with an alkyl group at the 4-position are not preparable by copper(I)-induced elimination of thiophenol from 4-alkyl-2-methoxy-1,1-bis(phenylthio)-3-alkenes; a 2-step stereospecific synthesis of one such diene ( 18 ) is described.
Inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) by the antiviral compound, 2-vinylinosine monophosphate.

Abstract A new enzyme-mediated synthesis of 2-vinylinosine, a compound with broad-spectrum RNA antiviral activity, is described. In order to understand the mechanism of action of this compound, we synthesized its monophosphate and investigated the behavior of that compound toward the enzyme, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of nucleotides. 2-Vinylinosine monophosphate is a potent inhibitor of IMPDH with a K i of 3.98 μM ( k inact =2.94×10 −2 s −1 ). The antiviral activity of 2-vinylinosine may be explained by its cellular conversion to the monophosphate through the sequential action of PNP and HGPRT and subsequent inhibition of IMPDH by the cellularly produced 2-vinylinosine 5′-monophosphate.
Nitrogen inputs to stream water from forests along an elevational gradient in New Mexico

Abstract Studies of nitrogen inputs in precipitation and outputs in stream water for a number of terrestrial ecosystems support the hypothesis that undisturbed communities have the ability to reduce losses of nitrogen via stream water. In spite of different levels of biomass, productivity and stream discharge for these communities, net losses of nitrogen were similar. Maintaining nitrogen in an organic or cation form (NH 3 , NH 4 + ) is an important factor in minimizing loss. This may be accomplished by slow rates of mineralization, rapid plant uptake, and denitrification through the electron sink pathway. Denitrification by the dissimilatory pathway may also be important.
Microwave Scattering Due to Acoustic-Ion-Plasma-Wave Instability

An analysis is presented of an experimental study of microwave scattering from nonequilibrium plasmas in which the electrons had a large steady drift velocity ${v}_{d}$ with respect to the ions. According to theory, such plasmas must support "relatively undamped" acoustic-ion-plasma waves due to a two-stream instability type of mechanism. Measurements of the frequency-power spectrum of the scattered signal show agreement with theory. In particular, as predicted, the measured scattering cross sections were large in comparison with the Thomson cross section. The effects of collisions predicted by theory did not show up in the experimental results. As expected from theoretical considerations of nonlinear effects (such as the nonlinear coupling between the plasma modes of different wave numbers), the relative drift velocity and the electron-ion temperature ratio tend toward a saturation value as the plasma current is increased. The experimental results indicate that the nonlinear effects are relatively weak.
The Size of Molecular Rydberg States Revisited

Abstract The isotropic diameters, d vol , of several rare gases and molecules in their ground and electronically excited states are calculated from the volumes obtained using a Monte Carlo integration of the electronic wave function that covers >98% of the electron density. This method provides a more reliable estimate as compared with the root-mean-square value of the electronic displacement previously reported. d vol values for several molecular ground, intravalence, and Rydberg excited states are reported, and comparisons are made with experimental estimates of the increases in the molecular sizes of Rydberg states based on lineshape perturbations with Ar.
Generalizations of davidson's method for computing eigenvalues of large nonsymmetric matrices

Abstract Davidson's method for nonsymmetric eigenvalue problems is examined. Some analysis is given for why Davidson's method is effective. An implementation is given that avoids use of complex arithmetic. This reduces the expense if complex eigenvalues are computed. Also discussed is a generalization of Davidson's method that applies the preconditioning techniques developed for systems of linear equations to nonsymmetric eigenvalue problems. Convergence can be rapid if there is an approximation to the matrix that is both factorable and fairly accurate.
Parametric Study of Acoustic Excitation-Based Glycerol-Water Microsphere Fabrication in Single Nozzle Jetting

Microspheres or droplets are increasingly finding various biomedical applications as drug microspheres and multicellular spheroids. Single nozzle-based continuous jetting with the help of acoustic excitation and/or carrier stream is a basic process for mono-disperse microsphere fabrication. Precise control of microsphere size and size distribution in single nozzle jetting is still of great manufacturing interest. The objective of this study is to numerically model a glycerol-water microsphere fabrication process during acoustic excitation-based single nozzle continuous jetting. Using a volume of fluid method, this study has investigated the effects of material properties and fabrication conditions such as the acoustic excitation frequency and amplitude and the carrier stream velocity on the size of microspheres fabricated. (1) The microsphere diameter decreases as the glycerol volume percentage increases. (2) The excitation frequency and pressure have a pronounced effect on the microsphere size. The microsphere diameter decreases as the excitation frequency increases, and the microsphere diameter increases with the excitation pressure amplitude. (3) The microsphere size decreases as the carrier stream velocity increases. [DOI:10.1115/1.4002187]
Designing an E-mentoring application for facebook

Facebook is the most popular social networking site, with more than 500 million active members. It has brought new opportunities for the learning and career development of students that live with technology and networked communications. This study explores the design of an e-mentoring Facebook application intended to bring together students, faculty, and Information Technology (IT) professionals as mentors and mentees.
Treatment of acute staphylococcic suppurative arthritis

Abstract 1. 1. The plan of treatment of a case of acute suppurative arthritis must be based upon certain fundamental requirements. 2. 2. These requirements are listed and discussed. 3. 3. A case is reported which illustrates the application of these principles.
Business Faculty Perceptions and Actions Regarding Ethics Education

This paper examines faculty perceptions regarding ethical behavior among colleagues and students, and faculty practices with regard to teaching ethics in three institutions over a 4-year period. Faculty reported an uneven pattern of unethical behavior among colleagues over the period. A majority of business courses included ethics, however as both a specific topic on the syllabus and within course discussions. The percentage of courses with ethics discussions increased in 2006, however, the time allocated to these discussions decreased. These results suggest that faculty are approaching ethics instruction less formally, raising concerns over the success of curriculum integration.
Association of unstable angina guideline care with improved survival.

Background An unstable angina guideline was published in 1994 by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Bethesda, Md. However, the relationship between guideline-concordant care and patient outcomes is unknown. Objective To determine whether guideline-concordant care is associated with improved outcomes. Methods The study sample consisted of 275 consecutive nonreferral patients hospitalized with primary unstable angina. One-year survival and survival free of myocardial infarction were compared between patients who received care concordant with 8 selected guideline recommendations and patients who received discordant care. Results Care concordant with the 8 key guideline recommendations was associated with improved 1-year survival (95% vs 81%; log-rankP Conclusions Care as outlined in the unstable angina clinical practice guideline is associated with improved 1-year outcomes. Subgroups of patients at highest risk and recommendations firmly based on randomized clinical trial data were most strongly associated with better outcomes. These findings support the use of an evidence-based approach to guideline development and assessment of quality of care in patients with primary unstable angina.
An optical measurement of the population inversion of the ground state Lambda doublet of interstellar CH

We have performed very high signal-to-noise ratio optical observations of interstellar CH toward three stars and have measured an inversion temperature of -1.30 +- 0.4 K for the ground-state ..lambda.. doublet levels leading to the 9 cm radio emission of CH toward zeta Per. This result is consistent with the inversion indicated by the radio measurements in this direction.
Traumatic brain injury in the elderly: increased mortality and worse functional outcome at discharge despite lower injury severity.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare data obtained from a statewide data set for elderly patients (age > 64 years) that presented with traumatic brain injury with data from nonelderly patients (age > 15 and < 65 years) with similar injuries.Methods The New York State Trauma Registry fr
Modeling the role of infections in the etiology of mental illness

Abstract There are numerous psychiatric disorders of unknown etiology that have been tentatively linked with microbial pathogens, particularly viruses. These include autism, major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and chronic fatigue syndrome. These disorders likely have multiple contributing etiologies, and viruses or bacteria may be tapping into pathophysiological pathways that are shared by other environmental triggers. Animal models have been important for elucidating such pathways. Experiments in animals have demonstrated that infections can influence neurotransmission, cause neurobehavioral abnormalities, and produce developmental changes in the brain that become manifested latently, i.e. after sexual maturity. Animal models are helping to clarify the role of cytokines in sickness behavior, which could be relevant to major depression and chronic fatigue syndrome. Cytokines may also hold a central position in the neurodevelopmental origin for schizophrenia since there is emerging evidence that elevations in cytokines are associated with non-infectious obstetric complications (e.g. hypoxia) that have likewise been implicated as antecedents of schizophrenia. Nevertheless, infectious disease models in psychiatry have not come fully to fruition, and to realize their potential, they must continually incorporate new data from in vitro and human studies.
Discrete diffusion models to study the effects of Mg2+ concentration on the PhoPQ signal transduction system

The challenge today is to develop a modeling and simulation paradigm that integrates structural, molecular and genetic data for a quantitative understanding of physiology and behavior of biological processes at multiple scales. This modeling method requires techniques that maintain a reasonable accuracy of the biological process and also reduces the computational overhead. This objective motivates the use of new methods that can transform the problem from energy and affinity based modeling to information theory based modeling. To achieve this, we transform all dynamics within the cell into a random event time, which is specified through an information domain measure like probability distribution. This allows us to use the “in silico” stochastic event based modeling approach to find the molecular dynamics of the system. In this paper, we present the discrete event simulation concept using the example of the signal transduction cascade triggered by extra-cellular Mg2+ concentration in the two component PhoPQ regulatory system of Salmonella Typhimurium. We also present a model to compute the information domain measure of the molecular transport process by estimating the statistical parameters of inter-arrival time between molecules/ions coming to a cell receptor as external signal. This model transforms the diffusion process into the information theory measure of stochastic event completion time to get the distribution of the Mg2+ departure events. Using these molecular transport models, we next study the in-silico effects of this external trigger on the PhoPQ system. Our results illustrate the accuracy of the proposed diffusion models in explaining the molecular/ionic transport processes inside the cell. Also, the proposed simulation framework can incorporate the stochasticity in cellular environments to a certain degree of accuracy. We expect that this scalable simulation platform will be able to model more complex biological systems with reasonable accuracy to understand their temporal dynamics.
Physiological studies on supercooled killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). IV. Carbohydrate metabolism in hypophysectomized killifish at subzero temperatures.

Intact Fundulus heteroclitus, acclimated to −1.5°C in sea water, showed increased levels of serum glucose, decreased levels of hepatic glycogen and unchanged levels of serum non-glucose free carbohydrates and muscle glycogen when compared with controls at 20°C. In hypophysectomized killifish, acclimation to subzero temperatures was accompanied by hyperglycemia, increased concentrations of muscle glycogen and increased levels of serum non-glucose free carbohydrates. Hepatic glycogen concentration as mg/g of liver was unchanged in cold-acclimated hypophysectomized fish, but liver size increased so that total hepatic glycogen (mg/g of fish) was markedly elevated. The pituitary gland was not involved in eliciting the cold-induced hyperglycemia but was important in regulating other aspects of carbohydrate metabolism.
Bulk universality holds in measure for compactly supported measures

Let µ be a measure with compact support, with orthonormal polynomials {p n } and associated reproducing kernels {K n }. We show that bulk universality holds in measure in {ξ: µ′(ξ) > 0}. More precisely, given ɛ, r > 0, the linear Lebesgue measure of the set {ξ: µ′(ξ) > 0} and for which $$\mathop {\sup }\limits_{\left| u \right|,\left| v \right| \leqslant r} \left| {\frac{{K_n (\xi + u/\tilde K_n (\xi ,\xi ),\xi + v/\tilde K_n (\xi ,\xi ))}} {{K_n (\xi ,\xi )}}} \right. - \left. {\frac{{\sin \pi (u - v)}} {{\pi (u - v)}}} \right| \geqslant \varepsilon$$ approaches 0 as n → ∞. There are no local or global regularity conditions on the measure µ.
A change detection system for unordered XML data using a relational model

The dramatic increase in the evolution of XML data available on the Internet requires a change detection system to keep track of important changes occurring during their life time. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach of detecting changes between two versions of unordered XML data stored in a traditional relational database using approaches like XRel. Most of the existing work in the area of XML change detection is mainly focused on detecting changes between two versions of XML data by constructing their Document Object Model (DOM) trees and then comparing these two tree structures based on Longest Common Sequence (LCS) using minimum edit distances. The basic tree comparison approach is not efficient in handling large XML files due to the fact that (1) an equivalent XML DOM tree will be twice as large as the original document and (2) the entire trees of both versions have to be memory resident during the comparison process. These two issues are constrained by the available main memory. In addition, existing approaches fail to detect changes among versions of XML data stored in relational databases as reverse mapping is not loss-less. We propose an efficient algorithm (XRel_Change_SQL) for detecting unordered changes between two XML data files stored in XRel as the underlying relational data model, using Structured Query Language (SQL). We compare the efficiency and quality of our change detection algorithm with existing XML change detection tools like X-Diff, DeltaXML and XANDY. We provide an experimental evaluation of the results obtained from the benchmark datasets as well as some synthetic datasets to show that our approach is highly scalable, and results in a much better efficiency and delta quality than the aforementioned approaches and tools.
Passage of serum albumins from the mother to the foetus.

IT has long been recognized that mammals transmit antibodies to their young before the latter are capable of making their own. In current opinion, antibodies are accorded a special status denied to other proteins, and indeed to macromolecules generally, for only antibody protein is generally conceded to pass through the layers of cells separating the maternal and fœtal circulations without undergoing metabolic degradation.