cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation of Coherent Surface Optical Phonon Oscillations by Time-Resolved Surface Second-Harmonic Generation

We demonstrate a new time-domain surface phonon spectroscopy. We excite coherent surface optical phonons with an ultrashort laser pulse and probe the free-induction decay with time-resolved surface second-harmonic generation. For both clean GaAs (110) and (100) surfaces, the signals are remarkably large due to the highly localized electron-phonon interaction at the surface and the intrinsic surface sensitivity of second-harmonic generation. This work suggests that coherent oscillations of surface optical phonons may be used as probes of electron-phonon interactions at surfaces and to control or drive nonthermal surface chemical reactions.
Social Optimality of Cordon Area Congestion Pricing in an Monocentric City

Abstrak. Kemacetan lalu lintas merupakan epidemi global yang telah melumpuhkan banyak kota. Dari sudut pandang ekonomi mikro, kemacetan dapat dipandang sebagai eksternalitas negatif dimana diperlukan bea Pigovian sebagai solusi atas ekuilibrium yang kurang optimal tersebut. Eksternalitas ini dirasakan dalam bentuk tundaan perjalanan dan pembangunan kota yang rakus lahan. Meskipun teori mengenai ketepatgunaan bea kemacetan (congestion pricing) telah mapan sejak akhir 1970-an, penerapan dan implementasi kebijakan tertunda oleh kendala teknologi. Salah satu bentuk implementasi bayaran kemacetan yang sering dijumpai adalah bea lintas-kordon (cordon charging), dimana penglaju yang masuk ke wilayah pusat dibebani sejumlah biaya. Ketepatgunaan dari bea lintas-kordon telah dikaji secara empiris dan juga dengan simulasi numerik, namun penjelasan teoretis belum dilakukan secara tuntas. Penulis mengembangkan model kota monosentris untuk meneliti dampak kebijakan bea lintas-kordon pada kepadatan kota dan permintaan akan lahan kota (equilibrium rent). Bea lintas-kordon akan menaikkan harga lahan di pusat kota dan memperbesar gradien kurva tawaran-sewa (bid-rent curve). Namun yang lebih penting untuk diperhatikan adalah bahwa besaran ini ditentukan oleh parameter kordon. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa daya manfaat kebijakan ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh pilihan parameter kordon yang dibuat perencana. Kata kunci. kemacetan, bea lintas-kordon, kota monosentris, struktur kota Abstract. Traffic congestion is a global epidemic that at time has put cities to a state of paralysis. From a microeconomics point of view, congestion can be approached as a negative externality that merits a Pigovian tax to correct the suboptimal equilibrium. Externalities manifest in delays and wasteful urbanization. While the efficiency of congestion pricing has been well established since the late 1970s, policy adoption and implementation have been delayed due to technological constraints. One the most popular form of congestion pricing is cordon charging where inbound commuters are charged a certain fixed fee. The efficiency of cordon pricing has been explored by numerous empirical and simulation studies. However, theoretical explanations of results are largely missing. I consider a monocentric city model to explore the effect of cordon charging schemes on urban density and housing demand (equilibrium rent). Cordon pricing increases rents at the center and also the slope of the bid-rent curve. Most importantly, these quantities are functions of cordon parameters which suggest that efficiency is affected by planners’ choice of cordon parameters. Keywords. Congestion, cordon pricing, monocentric city, urban structure
A greedy approach for sparse angular aperture radar

We present a novel algorithm for radar imaging of point scatterers using a sparse number of spatially separated sensors. Such sparse sensing scenarios are prototypical of many applications wherein a limited number of sensors are distributed over a geographical area; or where environmental and/or systemic constraints enforce a sparse sampling of angular aperture. Our underlying assumption is that the image is sparse with respect to the Gabor basis set. We then introduce the concept of an orbit-viz. the locus of all projections made by a spatial basis-and formulate the radar imaging problem as that of sparsifying the number of orbits that comprise the radon measurements of the source. We demonstrate how our algorithm outperforms FFT-based and Compressive-sensing based reconstruction algorithms for point-scatterer images, describe relevant theoretical performance bounds of our algorithm, and point to future research arising from this work.
Extracellular Mg2+ Modulates Slow Gating Transitions and the Opening of Drosophila Ether-à-Go-Go Potassium Channels

We have characterized the effects of prepulse hyperpolarization and extracellular Mg2+ on the ionic and gating currents of the Drosophila ether-a-go-go K+ channel (eag). Hyperpolarizing prepulses significantly slowed channel opening elicited by a subsequent depolarization, revealing rate-limiting transitions for activation of the ionic currents. Extracellular Mg2+ dramatically slowed activation of eag ionic currents evoked with or without prepulse hyperpolarization and regulated the kinetics of channel opening from a nearby closed state(s). These results suggest that Mg2+ modulates voltage-dependent gating and pore opening in eag channels. To investigate the mechanism of this modulation, eag gating currents were recorded using the cut-open oocyte voltage clamp. Prepulse hyperpolarization and extracellular Mg2+ slowed the time course of ON gating currents. These kinetic changes resembled the results at the ionic current level, but were much smaller in magnitude, suggesting that prepulse hyperpolarization and Mg2+ modulate gating transitions that occur slowly and/or move relatively little gating charge. To determine whether quantitatively different effects on ionic and gating currents could be obtained from a sequential activation pathway, computer simulations were performed. Simulations using a sequential model for activation reproduced the key features of eag ionic and gating currents and their modulation by prepulse hyperpolarization and extracellular Mg2+. We have also identified mutations in the S3–S4 loop that modify or eliminate the regulation of eag gating by prepulse hyperpolarization and Mg2+, indicating an important role for this region in the voltage-dependent activation of eag.
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion of Intermediate Grade: Cytologic-Histologic Correlation and Comparison of Positive Predictive Values

s S51 categories were statistically significant (P<0.0001). The PPV for CIN 2+ for ASCUS (15%) was also dissimilar to that of SIL NOS (P<0.0001); in contrast, the PPV for ASC-H (35%) did not differ significantly (PZ0.18). The PPV for CIN 1 for SIL NOS (17%) was also intermediate between the PPVs for LSIL (35%) and HSIL (7%). Collectively, the PPVs for SIL NOS remained stable during the 2 consecutive years, with calculated values of 45%, 16%, and 39% in 2010, and 42%, 17%, and 41% in 2011, for negative, CIN 1, and CIN 2+ biopsies, respectively. Table 1 Abnormal Pap Smear Cytologic and Histologic Correlation (2010-2011) Cytologic Diagnosis No. Cases Histologic Diagnosis
A review of second-look laparotomy for ovarian cancer

One hundred twenty-seven patients underwent second-look laparotomies from July 1969 to June 1982. To be included in this report they must have met the following criteria: a documented ovarian neoplasm; previous surgery; adequate chemotherapy for cessation if no disease was found; and no X-ray, chemical, or clinical evidence of disease including an exam under anesthesia. Forty-one percent had residual disease at second-look laparotomy. The original stage and the percentage of tumor debulked at initial surgery were inversely related to the likelihood of finding residual disease. Age, histologic type and grade, and type of chemotherapy did not show a significant relationship with the likelihood of disease persisting. Recurrent tumor was subsequently detected in 16% of patients who had been found to be free of disease at second-look laparotomy. Of thirty stage III and IV patients treated with combinations containing cis-platinum, 10 (33%) had recurrences. This rate of recurrence was significantly greater than the 17.6% recurrence rate in 17 patients with Stage III and IV disease whose chemotherapy consisted of single alkylating agents or with combinations without cis-platinum. Twenty patients underwent a third-look laparotomy after completion of additional chemotherapy. Nine were found to have no residual disease. Two of the nine (22%) subsequently had recurrence of disease. Three of the eleven patients with persistent disease at the time of a third-look laparotomy underwent a fourth-look laparotomy. All were found free of disease and none have recurred. Six (55%) of those with persistent disease at the third-look laparotomy have died despite continued therapy. The ability to successfully treat some patients with persistent disease continues to be a justification for the use of a second-look laparotomy. However, the high rate of recurrence after cessation of treatment following the finding of no residual disease raises the question of whether it is appropriate to discontinue all therapy at this time.
Dynamical three-point correlations and quadratic response functions in binary ionic mixture plasmas

Nonlinear equilibrium fluctuation-dissipation relations are established for magnetic field-free binary ionic mixtures. These relations are derived from calculations of the second order partial current density response to perturbing fields which act on type A ions or on type B ions only. Our principal result connects asingle three-point dynamical structure function to a combination of quadratic partial density response functions. This kind of formulation makes it possible to obtain a more detailed description of three-point spectral correlations by evaluating the response functions from model-dependent kinetic equations. We carry out such an evaluation in the random phase approximation.
Down the Alleyway: Courtyard Tenements and Women’s Networks in Early Twentieth-Century Beijing:

This article examines the formation and operation of lower class women’s social network in the ghettoized courtyard neighborhood in early twentieth-century Beijing. Drawing evidence from criminal case files, the author argues that courtyard tenements provided a gendered urban space within which women formed, extended, and maintained a flexible and dynamic web of durable relationships. Motivated largely by individual circumstances and objectives, this neighborhood network remained personalized, individualized, and “ego-centered.” The network neither came into existence for any type of political movements nor did it entail wider female solidarity, but the physical geography of the courtyard tenements and the development of these neighborhood networks offered lower class women some immediate protections and buffers when they were under emotional, domestic, or economic crisis. This article argues that these interpersonal relationships forged within a complex urban space were an important resource to enable wo...
Structural Evidence for Functional Domains in the Rat Hippocampus

The hippocampus has two major outputs: multisynaptic pathways to the cerebral cortex and a massive descending projection directly to the lateral septal part of the basal ganglia. Here it is shown that the descending output is organized in such a way that different hippocampal regions map in an orderly way onto hypothalamic systems mediating the expression of different classes of goal-oriented behavior. This mapping is characterized by a unidirectional hippocampo-lateral septal projection and then by bidirectional lateral septo-hypothalamic projections, all topographically organized. The connectional evidence predicts that information processing in different regions of the hippocampus selectively influences the expression of different classes of behavior.
Characterization of cobalt-diamond (100) interfaces: electron affinity and Schottky barrier

Abstract UV photoemission measurements were used to relate the electron affinity and Schottky barrier of thin Co layers on diamond (100) surfaces. Cobalt films of 2 A thickness were deposited on natural single crystal diamond (100) substrates by hot filament evaporation in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). The surfaces were characterized with auger electron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The study explores the properties of the cobalt-diamond interface as a function of different surface cleaning procedures. Prior to deposition the diamond samples have been cleaned by UHV anneals at either 500°C or 1150°C. Following either of these anneals a positive electron affinity was deduced from the ultraviolet photoemission measurements. The measurements indicate that the surface annealed at 500°C is terminated with oxygen while the surface annealed at high temperature is free of adsorbates. Upon deposition of Co on the surface heated to 1150°C, a negative electron affinity (NEA) was detected, and a Schottky barrier height of 0.35 eV was measured. However, for Co films deposited on substrates annealed to 500°C a positive electron affinity and a Schottky barrier height of 1.45 eV were observed. The results are discussed in terms of a model that relates the electron affinity to the metal workfunction and the Schottky barrier.
Real-time simulation on UHVDC coordinated control for transmitting large scale wind power

UHVDC link is one of the appropriate solutions to transmit large-scale renewable energy resources. An advanced real-time digital/analogue hybrid simulation platform is applied, which can accurately simulate both large-scale wind farms with digital models and UHVDC link with physical models. The UHVDC coordinated control for transmitting large scale wind power is researched in depth. According to the characteristics of the active power adjustments and equipment operating characteristics of UHVDC link, a novel type of active power control strategy is proposed to track the fluctuation of wind power. Combined with dynamic characteristics of power grid stability recovery, a reactive power coordinated control strategy of UHVDC link is put forward to improve the fault recovery and enhance the system stability when the wind farms are tripped out from power grid. The proposed coordinated control strategies are testified and verified by real-time digital/analogue hybrid simulation test. The study results provide an indispensable technical support to the application of large scale wind power transmission via UHVDC link.
Philanthropy and Corporate Reputation: An Empirical Investigation

This study investigates how two different forms of conditional corporate charitable support (purchase-based and profit-based) and two different forms of unconditional support (substantial and undisclosed amount) impact a firm’s reputation. Consumer participants were selected randomly by a professional marketing research firm that administered a telephone survey. The results indicate that consumers have favorable attitudes toward all types of corporate giving; however, more consumers have favorable attitudes toward firms that have non-purchase-based giving programs versus other forms of corporate charitable support. The study also found that more consumers have favorable attitudes toward companies that give based on profits as compared with companies that give based on purchases. In addition, if consumers believe that the firm’s primary motivation for the purchase-based giving was to benefit the charity, consumers are significantly more likely to evaluate the firm favorably.
Simultaneous Equation Systems for Query Processing on Continuous-Time Data Streams

We introduce pulse, a framework for processing continuous queries over models of continuous-time data, which can compactly and accurately represent many real-world activities and processes. Pulse implements several query operators, including filters, aggregates and joins, that work by solving simultaneous equation systems, which in many cases is significantly cheaper than processing a stream of tuples. As such, pulse translates regular queries to work on continuous-time inputs, to reduce computational overhead and latency while meeting user-specified error bounds on query results. For error bound checking, pulse uses an approximate query inversion technique that ensures the solver executes infrequently and only in the presence of errors, or no previously known results. We first discuss the high-level design of pulse, which we fully implemented in a stream processing system. We then characterise pulse's behavior through experiments with real data, including financial data from the New York Stock Exchange, and spatial data from the Automatic Identification System for tracking naval vessels. Our results verify that Pulse is practical and demonstrates significant performance gains for a variety of workload and query types.
Fertilization of hamster eggs in vitro at sperm:egg ratios close to unity.

Hamster epididymal spermatozoa were washed and preincu-bated at extremely low sperm concentrations (100/ml or less) in a culture medium containing naturally-occurring sperm motility-stimulating substances. These substances were partially purified “sperm motility factor” (SMF) derived from hamster adrenal glands and catecholamines (epinephrine or isoprotere-nol). After preincubation for three hours, a small number (5 or less) of washed, cumulus-free hamster eggs was added to each sperm suspension. Many of these eggs were undergoing fertilization when examined two to three hours later. Fertilization was accomplished in vitro at sperm:egg ratios approaching 1:1, a situation comparable to that believed to exist in vivo. It appears that this demonstration will considerably enhance the potential of in vitro fertilization studies for providing useful information on mammalian gamete interactions.
Dark adaptation and the rate of pigment regeneration.

The regeneration of visual pigmentsin vivo closely follows a monomolecular time course, consequently the regeneration rate is proportional to the quantity of bleached pigment at each moment. The psycho-physical dark adaptation curve follows this same time course, thus log threshold might be raised either by the quantity of pigment still bleached, or by the rate at which regeneration was proceeding. The regeneration after a 5-sec full bleach starts much faster than after a 2-min full bleach, thus the log threshold should be much higher if it is proportional to rate. The pigment regeneration was measured by densitometry and dark adaptation by psycho-physical thresholds after the same bleaches in the same conditions. The log threshold does not follow the rate of regeneration but rather closely the state of regeneration. However there is clearly a second threshold-raising factor which is discussed.
Potassium transport and intracellular potassium activities in rabbit gallbladder.

Intracellular K activities, (K) c , in rabbit gallbladder were determined using conventional and ion-selective microelectrodes. (K) c averaged 73mm and was 1.5 times that predicted for an equilibrium distribution of the ion across both apical and basolateral membranes. Thus, K must be actively transported into the cell, and the responsible mechanism is almost certainly the Na−K exchange pump in the basolateral membrane.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced gastroduodenal injury in children

Objective. To determine the incidence of abdominal pain and gastroduodenal injury in children with arthritis taking nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Methods. A retrospective review of the records of all children (570 patients) receiving followup care in an academic rheumatology clinic between 1991 and 1993 was performed. Results. There were 344 patients who used NSAIDs during the study period. Abdominal pain was recorded in 27.9% of patients taking NSAIDs and 14.6% of patients not taking NSAIDs. Abdominal pain in 47 patients (49%) taking NSAIDs and 14 patients (42%) not taking NSAIDs was evaluated radiographically and/or endoscopically. Among those patients evaluated, gastric or duodenal injury was found in 16 (34.0%) who were taking NSAIDs and 1 (7.1%) who were not. This represented a relative risk for gastroduodenal injury of 4.8 for patients taking NSAIDs (P = 0.09). The incidence of injury did not change when analyses were controlled for prednisone or slow-acting antirheumatic drug use. None of the children were hospitalized or died as a result of gastroduodenal injury during the 3-year period. Conclusion. We conclude that NSAID use in children with arthritis frequently leads to gastroduodenal injury, with an estimated incidence and relative risk that are comparable to the rates found in adults with arthritis taking NSAIDs, but that hospitalization or death as a result of this injury is uncommon.
LABOURING IN THE MIDST OF WOLVES: READING A GROUP OF FAUVEL MOTETS

Il finera car touz iourz vivreNe pourra pas.(He will meet his end, for he cannot live for ever)The ensemble of texts brought together in the celebrated MS 146 of the fonds francais in the Bibliotheque nationale de France, Paris, makes up a complex and many-sided essay on government and kingship, one directed to the French monarch Philip V (1317–22) at or near the beginning of his reign. Its various elements reflect on the problem-laden final years of the rule of his father, Philip IV ‘le Bel’ (1285-1314), and the troubled succession that followed in 1315 and 1316. Each fascicle of the manuscript, the so-called Roman de Fauvel, the dits of Geffroi de Paris, the collection of songs and dits ascribed to Jehannot de Lescurel, and the anonymous verse chronicle of the years 1300–16, interacts with the others in myriad ways and on many levels to yield a collective commentary on the state of the monarchy and the realm, and an admonitio on wise rule.
Removal of Dissolved Heavy Metals from Acid Rock Drainage Using Iron Metal

The chemical and microbial activity of corroding iron metal is examined in the acid rock drainage (ARD) resulting from pyrite oxidation to determine the effectiveness in neutralizing the ARD and reducing the load of dissolved heavy metals. ARD from Berkeley Pit, MT, is treated with iron in batch reactors and columns containing iron granules. Iron, in acidic solution, hydrolyzes water producing hydride and hydroxide ion resulting in a concomitant increase in pH and decrease in redox potential. The dissolved metals in ARD are removed by several mechanisms. Copper and cadmium cement onto the surface of the iron as zerovalent metals. Hydroxide forming metals such as aluminum, zinc, and nickel form complexes with iron and other metals precipitating from solution as the pH rises. Metalloids such as arsenic and antimony coprecipitate with iron. As metals precipitate from solution, various other mechanisms including coprecipitation, sorption, and ion exchange also enhance removal of metals from solution. Corrodin...
LMP1 regulates periodontal ligament progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation

LMP1 is an intracellular scaffold protein that contains a PDZ domain and three LIM domains. LMP1 has multiple functions including regulating mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) osteogenesis. Gene delivery of LMP1 induces bone formation in vivo in heterotopic and orthotopic sites. However, little is known about the physiological function and gene regulatory mechanisms of LMP1 in MSCs at the molecular level. Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are a unique progenitor cell population that can differentiate into multiple cell types, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, or chondrocytes. This study sought to determine the physiological function and gene regulatory mechanisms of LMP1 in PDL cells at the molecular level. We show that LMP1 is upregulated in early stage of PDL cell osteogenic differentiation. Stable gene knockdown of LMP1 by shRNA inhibits DNA synthesis and corresponding cell proliferation in PDL cells, and further leads to decreased mineralization in vitro. Overexpression of LMP1 increases cell proliferation, and PDZ and ww-interacting domains are not sufficient to mediate this effect. Further, we found that in PDL cells, LMP1 is a downstream target gene of TGF-β1 that is an early signal critical in preosteoblast proliferation and differentiation. TGF-β1 stimulates PDL cell proliferation, however, this effect is compromised when LMP1 is knocked down. We further identified that the activation of TAK1-JNK/p38 kinase cascade is involved in the LMP1 gene regulation by TGF-β1. We conclude that LMP1 is a downstream gene of TGF-β1, involved in PDL cell proliferation. Our findings advance the understanding of the physiological function of LMP1 and define a regulatory mechanism of LMP1 in PDL progenitor cells and other MSCs.
Physical characterization of electrosurgical coagulation.

Abstract New critical applications for electrosurgery are placing demands beyond the current state of understanding of the molecular-level mechanisms inherent to electrosurgical coagulation. The objective of this study is to correlate the time evolution of histomorphological changes in tissue subjected to electrosurgical coagulation with the time evolution of certain physical properties, e.g., electrical impedance and temperature. Our techniques have the potential of relating changes in cellular ultrastructure to measured physical properties. We have compared the temporal and spatial profiles of tissue damage induced by a blade electrode with damage produced by a uniform electric field in a model parallel plate electrode configuration. Calculation of the electric field near the real blade electrode enabled us to correlate tissue damage due to the blade with that produced in the model electrode system. In the latter system, a computer-automated, real-time measurement of tissue impedance and temperature was made during the coagulation process. The results are interpreted with respect to the observed time sequence histological changes. These results provide an indication of certain cellular and ionic processes involved in the electrocoagulation process, and also suggest that certain changes in molecular conformation may be quantified by means of such physical measurements.
Refractory effects in neural counting processes with exponentially decaying rates

The effect of nonparalyzable dead time on Poisson point processes with random integrated rates is studied. The case of exponentially decreasing rate, plus background (pedestal), with a uniformly uncertain starting time is explicitly presented. The decay time is considered to be slow compared to the refractory time. No constraints on the sampling time are imposed for calculating the mean and variance, though for the counting distribution, the sampling time must be short compared to the decay time. The results are expected to be useful in neurobiology, neural counting, psychophysics, photon counting, nuclear counting, and radiochemistry.
Photoinduced electron transfer and energy transfer reactions of hydroxo-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) platinum(II)

Abstract The luminescent complex [Pt(terpy)OH]BF 4 undergoes photoinduced electron transfer reactions with phenyl amine electron donors and nitrophenyl electron acceptors. Stern–Volmer analysis of the quenching of metal-to-ligand charge transfer phosphorescence ( 3 MLCT) was used to calculate bimolecular rate constants for electron transfer. Rate constants vary from 10 8 to >10 10 M −1 s −1 , depending on the thermodynamic driving force of the electron transfer reaction, with rate constants indicating that [Pt(terpy)OH]BF 4 * is a powerful photo-oxidant. Aromatic triplet energy acceptors can also quench the 3 MLCT emission.
Muscimol injections into the median raphe nucleus increase serum ACTH and corticosterone concentrations via a nonserotonergic mechanism.

Abstract Midbrain raphe serotonin (5-HT) neurons can influence the pituitary-adrenal axis. The midbrain raphe nuclei also contain a number of non-5-HT neurons, including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons which can modulate 5-HT neuronal activity. We investigated the effects of intraraphe injections of the GAB A agonist, muscimol, on serum adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone concentrations. Rats were infused with muscimol (0, 25, 50, and 100 ng in 0.5 μl saline) into the median raphe nucleus (MR). The animals were killed 30 min later, and trunk blood was collected for measurement of serum concentrations of ACTH and corticosterone by radioimmunoassay. Muscimol dose dependently increased plasma concentrations of these two pituitary-adrenal hormones. In order to determine the role of MR 5-HT neurons in these effects, separate groups of implanted animals were infused with either the serotonergic neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or ascorbic acid vehicle into the MR. Two weeks later, the animals were infused with muscimol (100 ng in 0.5 μl) and sacrificed as above. Treatment with 5,7-DHT, which markedly reduced hippocampal concentrations of 5-HT (−83%) and 5-HIAA (−73%), did not block intra-MR muscimol-induced elevations in ACTH and corticosterone. Thus, 5-HT neurons within the MR apparently do not mediate the increased activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis produced by stimulation of MR GABA A receptors.
Power balance and scaling of the radiated power in the divertor and main plasma of Alcator C-Mod

Abstract Measurements have been made of the radiation in the main plasma and divertor of Alcator C-Mod using bolometer arrays. It is found that the power radiated from the main plasma is Prad,main/Pohmic ≈ 0.3–0.4 over the range 0.2 × 10 20 ≤ n e ≤ 2.5 × 10 20 m −3 . There is significant radiated power coming from the divertor region; Prad,divertor/Pohmic ≈ 0.4. The radiated power in the main plasma and divertor scales linearly with density. When divertor detachment occurs, the power flow to the divertor plates in the region near the strike points is suddenly reduced, the fraction of the input power radiated from the main plasma and divertor increases, and the radiation in the divertor region is spatially rearranged.
Arizona's SB1070, Latino immigrants and the framing of anti-immigrant policies

In April 2010, Arizona launched SB1070. The primary purpose of SB1070 was to constrain the movement and presence of undocumented immigrants, especially Mexican immigrants, in Arizona. However, SB1070 has resulted in the homogenization of all Mexicans in Arizona as undocumented immigrants and narco-terrorists. A premise in this article is that the ballot initiative process serves as a vehicle for promoting anti-immigrant legislation. Also, the ballot initiative process is driven by the public's enhanced perception that Latino immigrants are a threat to the social and cultural fabric of US society.
A Sequential Sampling Plan for Treatment Decisions on the Cabbage Looper on Cabbage

A sequential-sampling plan was developed for making treatment decisions for Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) on cabbage in central Florida. Intensive and scquential samples were taken weekly from randomized replicated plots at different intervals to allow estimation from different population levels. Agreement between intensive and sequential sampling was found in 171 of 178 data sets. A savings of 4 insecticide applications resulted from treatment decisions using the sequential model in a commercial, 2.43– hectare field of cabbage during high looper infestations.
Increased "default mode" activity in adolescents prenatally exposed to cocaine.

Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is associated with attention/arousal dysregulation and possible inefficiencies in some cognitive functions. However, the neurobiological bases of these teratogenic effects have not been well characterized. Because activities in the default mode network (DMN) reflect intrinsic brain functions that are closely associated with arousal regulation and cognition, alterations in the DMN could underlie cognitive effects related to PCE. With resting-state and task activation functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this study investigated the possible PCE related changes in functional brain connectivity and brain activation in the DMN. In the resting state, the PCE group was found to have stronger functional connectivity in the DMN, as compared to the nonexposed controls. During a working memory task with emotional distracters, the PCE group exhibited less deactivation in the DMN and their fMRI signal was more increased by emotional arousal. These data revealed additional neural effects related to PCE, and consistent with previous findings, indicate that PCE may affect behavior and functioning by increasing baseline arousal and altering the excitatory/inhibitory balancing mechanisms involved in cognitive resource allocation. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Low-probability punchthrough in Josephson junctions

Punchthrough in latching Josephson junctions is the apparently random failure to reset to the zero-voltage state when the drive current passes through zero as it changes polarity. This phenomenon has previously been analyzed for probabilities approaching unity. This paper extends the analysis and compares derived expressions with numerical simulations for probabilities as low as 10-7. A linearized analysis indicates that the presence of noise currents has only a minor effect on punchthrough. This is confirmed by simulation. Design curves are presented, relating device capacitance, resistance, critical current, and clock transition time to punchthrough probability. Preliminary results for interferometers are shown.
Steel to heal? MPD surgical conundrums

In this issue of Blood, Ruggeri and colleagues highlight the high risk of vascular events in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera undergoing operative procedures even with current “optimal” surgical prophylaxis.
Two-category place representations persist over body rotations

We explored a system that constructs environment-centered frames of reference and coordinates memory for the azimuth of an object in an enclosed space. For one group, we provided two environmental cues (doors): one in the front, and one in the rear. For a second group, we provided two object cues: a front and a rear cue. For a third group, we provided no external cues; we assumed that for this group, their reference frames would be determined by the orthogonal geometry of the floor-and-wall junction that divides a space in half or into multiple territories along the horizontal continuum. Using Huttenlocher, Hedges, and Duncan’s (Psychological Review 98: 352-376, 1991) category-adjustment model (cue-based fuzzy boundary version) to fit the data, we observed different reference frames than have been seen in prior studies involving two-dimensional domains. The geometry of the environment affected all three conditions and biased the remembered object locations within a two-category (left vs. right) environmental frame. The influence of the environmental geometry remained observable even after the participants’ heading within the environment changed due to a body rotation, attenuating the effect of the front but not of the rear cue. The door and object cues both appeared to define boundaries of spatial categories when they were used for reorientation. This supports the idea that both types of cues can assist in environment-centered memory formation.
Peer review: studying the major otolaryngology journals.

Objective: To determine if the otolaryngology literature is comparable to other surgical specialty journals with respect to quality and types of articles published. Methods: The four major otolaryngology journals-Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Laryngoscope, and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery-were studied for 6-months and examined for the following variables: 1) proportion of clinical or basic science research, 2) proportion of prospective or retrospective studies, 3) types of statistics used, 4) sample sizes of the studies, and 5) proportion of single case reports. A composite group of surgical specialty journals consisting of Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Neurosurgery, and Ophthalmology was also studied for the same time period. The otolaryngology journals and other specialty journals were compared with respect to each of these variables, after which the comparison was conducted within the group of otolaryngology journals. Results: Analysis of 905 articles, comprising 508 articles from the four major otolaryngology journals and 397 articles from the composite of the other specialty journals, was conducted. No significant difference in the proportion of single case reports between the otolaryngology journals (15.0%) and the other specialty journals (12.8%) was noted (P = .364). The otolaryngology journals had a significantly higher proportion of basic research than the other specialty journals (27.4% vs. 14.5%, P < .001) as well as a higher percentage of prospective studies (62.1% vs. 49.0%, P = .001). The studies in the otolaryngology journals had a much lower mean sample size than those in the other specialty journals (70.2 vs. 373.8, P = .010). No difference between the two groups was found in the use of statistics (P = .228). Among the otolaryngology journals, Laryngoscope was found to publish fewer single case reports than the other three journals, and Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology had the highest proportion of prospective studies (P = .031 and .012, respectively). No differences were found for sample sizes and use of statistical analysis (P = .266 and P .710, respectively) among the otolaryngology journals. Conclusions: The otolaryngology literature compares quite favorably with the literature of other surgical specialties, excelling in prospective studies and basic science research. It only lags with respect to sample size. The study composition among the different major otolaryngology journals is largely similar with respect to basic study parameters, suggesting comparable quality among the journals.
Evaluation of Friction Stir Welds

An Image correlation technique to evaluate the structural properties and behavior of the Friction Stir Welds (FSW) is presented. The technique used is Sub-Pixel Digital Image Correlation (SPDIC). Four weld samples made of Al-2219 and Al-2195 alloys but different surface treatments are tested under tensile loads and the digital images of these samples are correlated using SPDIC. Stress-strain graphs and strain contours are obtained from the results. From the stress-strain graphs the structural properties and the behavior of the weld material are determined. The results indicate that SPDIC is a steadfast tool to determine the structural behavior and material properties of the weld samples.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Report from the trenches – the 8th International Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Workshop

Recounts the 8th International Dublin Core Metadata Workshop held in Ottawa, Canada, October 4‐6, 2000. It provides overviews of the working group process, and developments within the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI). NISO standardization, Dublin Core qualifiers, application profiles, administrative metadata, agent qualifiers, DC‐Education, DC‐Registries, DC‐Citation progress, and Extensible Open RDF Toolkit were main discussion topics of this workshop. This article also describes future goals of the DCMI, including additional qualifiers, multi‐lingual issues, and documentation policies.
Political Issues and Trust in Government: 1964–1970.

National survey data demonstrate that support of the federal government decreased substantially between 1964 and 1970. Policy preference, a lack of perceived difference between the parties, and policy dissatisfaction were hypothesized as correlates of trust and alternative explanations of this decrease. Analysis revealed that the increased distrust in government, or cynicism, was associated with reactions to the issues of racial integration and U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war. A curvilinear relationship was found between policy preference on these and other contemporary social issues and political cynicism. The minority favoring centrist policies was more likely to trust the government than the large proportion who preferred noncentrist policy alternatives. This complex relationship between trust and policy preference is explained by dissatisfaction with the policies of both political parties. The dissatisfied noncentrists formed highly polarized and distinct types: “cynics of the left,” who preferred policies providing social change, and “cynics of the right,” who favored policies of social control.
CORRELATION OF STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE SCORES WITH VARIOUS OTHER MEASURES USED TO SCREEN AND IDENTIFY INTELLECTUALLY GIFTED STUDENTS

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale IQs were compared with California Achievement Test scaled scores, Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test IQs, Short-Form Test of Academic Aptitude percentiles, Raven Standard Progressive Matrices percentiles, and the Wide Range Achievement Test scaled scores for 439 intellectually gifted students. Some statistically significant relationships were observed.
Postmortem screening for fatty acid oxidation disorders by analysis of Guthrie cards with tandem mass spectrometry in sudden unexpected death in infancy

A protocol was developed for the detection of fatty acid oxidation disorders (FOD) in cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI). Tandem mass spectrometry blood acylcarnitine analysis of Guthrie card blood spots was performed. In the first 5 years, 1.2% of Oregon's 247 SUDI cases were identified with FOD, 2 with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, and one with very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Turbulence structure in a Taylor–Couette apparatus

Turbulence measurements were made in a Taylor–Couette apparatus as a basis for future flame propagation studies. Results of the present study extend that of earlier work by more complete characterization of the featureless turbulence regime generated by the Taylor–Couette apparatus. Laser Doppler Velocimetry was used to measure Reynolds stresses, integral and micro time scales and power spectra over a wide range of turbulence intensities typically encountered by turbulent pre-mixed hydrocarbon–air flames. Measurements of radial velocity intensities are consistent with earlier axial and circumferential velocity measurements that indicated a linear relationship between turbulence intensity and the Reynolds number based on the average cylinder rotation speed and wall separation distance. Measured integral and micro time scales and approximated integral length scales were all found to decrease with the Reynolds number, possibly associated with a confinement of the largest scales (of the order of the cylinder wall separation distance). Regions of transverse isotropy were discovered in axial–radial cross correlations for average cylinder Reynolds numbers less than 6000 and are predicted to exist also for circumferential cross correlations at higher average Reynolds numbers, greater than 6000. Power spectra for the independent directions of velocity fluctuation exhibited � 5/3 slopes, suggesting that the flow also has some additional isotropic characteristics and demonstrating the role of the Taylor–Couette apparatus as a novel means for generating turbulence for flame propagation studies. 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
State-related changes in cerebral white matter may underlie psychosis exacerbation

Previous reports have described accelerated loss of cerebral white matter in schizophrenia. Others have reported changes of ventricle volumes in schizophrenic patients, with greatest increases following remission of psychotic symptoms. In this study changes in cerebral white matter volumes and psychotic symptoms were measured in 16 recently decompensated schizophrenic patients from neuroleptic-free baseline to 4 weeks later during treatment with antipsychotics. Serial white matter assessments were also performed in eight controls at similar intervals. Thirteen of 16 patients showed reduction of psychotic symptoms (reduction of SAPS scores by 24.4+/-12.6) during treatment. Three patients failed to respond (increase of SAPS scores by 15.7+/-13.8). Serial volumetric studies of cerebral white matter during the 4-week period showed a decrease of white matter volume in the responders by 8.2+/-8.2 cm(3) (P=0.003). Patients who failed to respond showed a non-significant increase in white matter during the same period by 11.4+/-11.7 cm(3). Absolute and percentage changes change in white matter volumes during the 4-week period were positively correlated with changes in SAPS scores (both P<0.01). Cerebral white matter, composed of myelin-containing oligodendrocytes, is highly sensitive to excitotoxicity. Swelling of myelin and of white matter, associated interference with the speed of neurotransmission through myelinated axons, and dyssynchrony of information processing by subcortical and cortical networks may be associated with psychosis exacerbation. Partial remission of symptoms may mark temporary reduction of an active, toxic process that interferes with information processing.
Pharmacological evidence for the involvement of GABA-ergic system in the locomotor stimulation produced in mice by 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane (D-145).

Abstract Both 1.3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane (D-145) and d -amphetamine produced locomotor stimulation in mice. Pimozide was more effective in blocking the effect of d -amphetamine than that of D-145. Reserpine treatment blocked the D-145-induced stimulation, but did not modify the effect of d -amphetamine. The influence of α-methyl- p -tyrosine was opposite to that of reserpine. Phenoxybenzamine did not significantly modify the response of either of these stimulants. It was concluded that both these drugs preferentially stimulate the dopaminergic areas of brain, and that D-145 acts by releasing the granular stores of dopamine. In mice pretreated with either aminooxyacetic acid or lioresal, D-145 failed to produce locomotor stimulation, but such pretreatments did not modify the response to d -amphetamine. It seems that D-145 acts as a GABA antagonist and that the removal of the inhibitory effect of the GABA system over the dopaminergic pathways by D-145 results in the activation of the latter, leading to locomotor stimulation. The d -amphetamine-induced stimulation does not involve the GABA system. 1,3-Dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane is the first locomotor stimulant drug that seems to act primarily via the GABA system.
Sentinel lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor in patients with melanoma of the scalp

Objectives/Hypothesis To compare clinicopathologic and prognostic factors associated with scalp melanomas and nonscalp melanomas of the head and neck (H&N). Study Design Post hoc analysis of the database from a multi-institutional, prospective, randomized study. Methods Clinicopathologic factors were assessed and correlated with survival and recurrence. Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors affecting disease-free survival and overall survival were performed. Results Of 405 patients with HN 25% had signs of ulceration. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) positivity was seen in 20.9% of scalp melanoma patients, and was more likely in younger patients (44.7 vs. 50.8 years, P = .04) and in those with a Breslow thickness of 2 to 4 mm (P = .005). The incidence of locoregional and distant recurrence were similar. Overall survival for scalp melanoma patients was significantly impacted by SLN positivity (P = .03), whereas Breslow thickness and ulceration status predicted poorer survival in nonscalp melanoma patients (P = .005, P < .0001, respectively). Conclusions In the Sunbelt Melanoma Trial, SLN status was the strongest predictor of overall survival in scalp melanoma. Tumor thickness and ulceration correlated with poorer overall survival in nonscalp H&N melanoma. The prognostic significance of SLN status in the H&N may vary with the melanoma site. Level of Evidence 2c.