cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inclusive Growth Analytics : Framework and Application

This paper argues that inclusive growth analytics has a distinct character focusing on both the pace and pattern of growth. Traditionally, applied country-specific poverty and growth analyses have been done separately. This paper describes the conceptual elements for an analytical strategy aimed to integrate these two strands of analyses, and to identify and prioritize country-specific constraints to sustained and inclusive growth. The authors apply the framework to the case of Zambia. The analysis suggests that income growth in Zambia is constrained by poor access to domestic and international markets, inputs, extension services, and information. High indirect costs - mostly attributable to infrastructure service-related inputs in production including energy, transport, telecom, water, but also insurance, marketing, and professional services - undermine Zambia's competitiveness, limit job creation, and therefore serve as a major constraint to inclusive growth. Improving the quality and access to secondary and tertiary education is essential if the poor are to benefit from future growth of the non-farm economy. Weak governance and, in particular, poor government effectiveness are factors behind the market coordination failures and the identified government failures, and are as such major obstacles to inclusive growth in Zambia.
The fragility of the terrestrial planets during a giant-planet instability

Many features of the outer solar system are replicated in numerical simulations if the giant planets undergo an orbital instability that ejects one or more ice giants. During this instability, Jupiter and Saturn's orbits diverge, crossing their 2:1 mean motion resonance (MMR), and this resonance-crossing can excite the terrestrial planet orbits. Using a large ensemble of simulations of this giant planet instability, we directly model the evolution of the terrestrial planet orbits during this process, paying special attention to systems that reproduce the basic features of the outer planets. In systems that retain four giant planets and finish with Jupiter and Saturn beyond their 2:1 MMR, we find at least an 85% probability that at least one terrestrial planet is lost. Moreover, systems that manage to retain all four terrestrial planets often finish with terrestrial planet eccentricities and inclinations larger than the observed ones. There is less than a ~5% chance that the terrestrial planet orbits will have a level of excitation comparable to the observed orbits. If we factor in the probability that the outer planetary orbits are well-replicated, we find a probability of 1% or less that the orbital architectures of the inner and outer planets are simultaneously reproduced in the same system. These small probabilities raise the prospect that the giant planet instability occurred before the terrestrial planets had formed. This scenario implies that the giant planet instability is not the source of the Late Heavy Bombardment and that terrestrial planet formation finished with the giant planets in their modern configuration.
Diesel Emission Control in Review

The paper summarizes the key developments in diesel emission control, generally for 2005. Regulatory targets for the next 10 years and projected advancements in engine technology are used to estimate future emission control needs. Recent NOx control developments on selective catalytic reduction (SCR), lean NOx traps (LNT) and lean NOx catalysts (LNC) are then summarized. Likewise, the paper covers important recent developments on diesel particulate filters (DPFs), summarizing regeneration strategies, new filter and catalyst materials, ash management, and PM measurement. Recent developments in diesel oxidation catalysts are also briefly summarized. Finally, the paper discusses examples of how it is all pulled together to meet the tightest future regulations.
Morphological Properties of PPNS: Mid-IR and HST Imaging Surveys

We will review our mid-infrared and HST imaging surveys of the circumstellar dust shells of proto-planetary nebulae. While optical imaging indirectly probes the dust distribution via dust-scattered starlight, mid-IR imaging directly maps the distribution of warm dust grains. Both imaging surveys revealed preferencially axisymmetric nature of PPN dust shells, suggesting that axisymmetry in planetary nebulae sets in by the end of the asymptotic giant branch phase, most likely by axisymmetric superwind mass loss. Moreover, both surveys yielded two morphological classes which have one-to-one correspondence between the two surveys, indicating that the optical depth of circumstellar dust shells plays an equally important role as the inclination angle in determining the morphology of the PPN shells.
Three‐body resonance overlap in closely spaced multiple‐planet systems

We compute the strengths of zeroth order (in eccentricity) three-body resonances for a co-planar and low-eccentricity multiple-planet system. In a numerical integration we illustrate that slowly moving Laplace angles are matched by variations in semimajor axes among three bodies with the outer two bodies moving in the same direction and the inner one moving in the opposite direction, as would be expected from the two quantities that are conserved in the three-body resonance. A resonance overlap criterion is derived for the closely and uniformly spaced, equal-mass system with three-body resonances overlapping when interplanetary separation is less than an order unity factor times the planet mass to the one quarter power. We find that three-body resonances are sufficiently dense to account for wander in semimajor axis seen in numerical integrations of closely spaced systems and they are likely the cause of instability of these systems. For interplanetary separations outside the overlap region, stability time-scales significantly increase. Crudely estimated diffusion coefficients in eccentricity and semimajor axis depend on a high power of planet mass and interplanetary spacing. An exponential dependence previously fit to stability or crossing time-scales is likely due to the limited range of parameters and times possible in integration and the strong power-law dependence of the diffusion rates on these quantities.
Could AGN outbursts transform cool core clusters

The origin of the bimodality in cluster core entropy is still unknown. At the same time, recent work has shown that thermal conduction in clusters is likely a time-variable phenomenon. We consider if time-variable conduction and active galactic nuclei (AGN) outbursts could be responsible for the cool-core (CC), non-cool-core (NCC) dichotomy. We show that strong AGN heating can bring a CC cluster to an NCC state, which can be stably maintained by conductive heating from the cluster outskirts. On the other hand, if conduction is shut off by the heat-flux-driven buoyancy instability, then the cluster will cool to the CC state again, where it is stabilized by low-level AGN heating. Thus, the cluster cycles between CC and NCC states. In contrast with massive clusters, we predict the CC/NCC bimodality should vanish in groups, due to the lesser role of conductive heating there. We find tentative support from the distribution of central entropy in groups, though firm conclusions require a larger sample carefully controlled for selection effects.
Characterization of Hydrogen Adsorption on Palladium and Pd/c Using a Radiotracer

Hydrogen adsorption on palladium black and palladium supported on activated carbon was characterized by the Temperature Programmed Desorption technique (TPD) using the radiotracer tritium. It is shown that there are five energetic desorbed hydrogens with peak maxima at —50, 35, 115, 350, and 580°C. An additional peak at — 120°C hydrogen desorbed from activated carbon was observed on Pd/C. An isotopic hydrogen separation experiment was designed to demonstrate that hydrogen only dissociatively adsorbed on palladium surfaces whereas it was associatively adsorbed on activated carbon.
Exact weak-coupling radius of the Holstein polaron in one, two, and three dimensions

Abstract The electron-phonon correlation function characterizing the shape of the Holstein polaron in D dimensions is computed exactly to leading order in the electron-phonon coupling constant for both isotropic and arbitrarily anisotropic cases, allowing the width of the polaron to be characterized along arbitrary directions.
Piezoresistivity in Polymer‐Ceramic Composites

Composite materials composed of randomly dispersed semiconducting ceramic particles in an insulating polymer matrix show a pronounced change in resistivity with pressure. Different amounts of iron oxide (Fe3O4) powder and antimony-doped tin oxide (SnO2:Sb) powder were dispersed in an epoxy polymer matrix to form pressure-sensitive composites. In each family of materials, an insulator-to-semiconductor transition is observed in agreement with percolation theory. Composites within a certain range of filler content showed substantial piezoresistive effect under both uniaxial and hydrostatic pressure in which sensitivity is controlled by the choice of filler material and the volume fraction. The effect of temperature on the piezoresistance effect was also examined. Piezoresistors made from Fe3O4 composites showed larger temperature changes than those filled with Sb-doped SnO2.
Multiple universes, cosmic coincidences, and other dark matters

Even when completely and consistently formulated, a fundamental theory of physics and cosmological boundary conditions may not give unambiguous and unique predictions for the universe we observe; indeed inflation, string/M theory, and quantum cosmology all arguably suggest that we can observe only one member of an ensemble with diverse properties. How, then, can such theories be tested? It has been variously asserted that in a future measurement we should observe the a priori most probable set of predicted properties (the 'bottom-up' approach), or the most probable set compatible with all current observations (the 'top-down' approach), or the most probable set consistent with the existence of observers (the 'anthropic' approach). These inhabit a spectrum of levels of conditionalization and can lead to qualitatively different predictions. For example, in a context in which the densities of various species of dark matter vary among members of an ensemble of otherwise similar regions, from the top-down or anthropic viewpoints—but not the bottom-up—it would be natural for us to observe multiple types of dark matter with similar contributions to the observed dark matter density. In the anthropic approach it is also possible in principle to strengthen this argument and the limit the number of likely dark matter sub-components. In both cases the argument may be extendible to dark energy or primordial density perturbations. This implies that the anthropic approach to cosmology, introduced in part to explain 'coincidences' between unrelated constituents of our universe, predicts that more, as-yet-unobserved coincidences should come to light.
An isomorphic version of the Busemann–Petty problem for arbitrary measures

The Busemann–Petty problem for an arbitrary measure $$\mu $$ with non-negative even continuous density in $${\mathbb R}^n$$ asks whether origin-symmetric convex bodies in $${\mathbb R}^n$$ with smaller $$(n-1)$$ -dimensional measure $$\mu $$ of all central hyperplane sections necessarily have smaller measure $$\mu .$$ It was shown in Zvavitch (Math Ann 331:867–887, 2005) that the answer to this problem is affirmative for $$n\le 4$$ and negative for $$n\ge 5$$ . In this paper we prove an isomorphic version of this result. Namely, if $$K,M$$ are origin-symmetric convex bodies in $${\mathbb R}^n$$ such that $$\mu (K\cap \xi ^\bot )\le \mu (M\cap \xi ^\bot )$$ for every $$\xi \in {\mathbb S}^{n-1},$$ then $$\mu (K)\le \sqrt{n}\ \mu (M).$$ Here $$\xi ^\bot $$ is the central hyperplane perpendicular to $$\xi .$$ We also study the above question with additional assumptions on the body $$K$$ and present the complex version of the problem. In the special case where the measure $$\mu $$ is convex we show that $$\sqrt{n}$$ can be replaced by $$cL_n,$$ where $$L_n$$ is the maximal isotropic constant. Note that, by a recent result of Klartag, $$L_n \le O(n^{1/4})$$ . Finally we prove a slicing inequality $$\begin{aligned} \mu (K)\le C n^{1/4} \max _{\xi \in {\mathbb S}^{n-1}} \mu (K \cap \xi ^\perp )\ \mathrm{vol}_{n}(K)^{\frac{1}{n}} \end{aligned}$$ for any convex even measure $$\mu $$ and any symmetric convex body $$K$$ in $${\mathbb R}^n,$$ where $$C$$ is an absolute constant. This inequality was recently proved in Koldobsky (Adv Math 254:33–40, 2014) for arbitrary measures with continuous density, but with $$\sqrt{n}$$ in place of $$n^{1/4}.$$
Convenient and Scalable Process for the Preparation of Bupropion Hydrochloride via Efficient Bromination of m-Chloropropiophenone with N-Bromosuccinimide

A convenient, scalable, and commercially viable process for the production of the antidepressant drug bupropion hydrochloride (1) is reported. The process relies upon an improved, large-scale synthesis of the key intermediate, m-chloro-α-bromopropiophenone (4). During process development, bromine was replaced with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in the presence of para-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA), for the bromination of m-chloropropiophenone (3), in either a very low volume of acetonitrile or under solvent-free conditions, to furnish 4. Intermediate 4 was further reacted with t-butylamine in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) to afford bupropion free base (5), followed by treatment with a saturated solution of hydrochloric acid in isopropyl alcohol (IPA-HCl) to afford bupropion hydrochloride (1). This improved process provides pure bupropion hydrochloride (1) in good yields and at considerably lower cost than existing processes, and it does not involve the use of hazardous reagents.
Gasification and shell characteristics in slurry droplet burning

Abstract The gasification process of the liquid component of freely falling carbon slurry droplets in a hot oxidizing environment is studied both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical model formulated describes droplet gasification as consisting of two periods: An initial period of regressing droplet size governed by the classical d2-law, and a subsequent d3-law period during which (a) the droplet size remains fixed by a right porous shell, (b) gasification takes place through the shell with a constant rate, (c) the diameter of the inner surface of the shell regresses, with a rate which varies cubically with time, and (d) an internal, expanding vapor cavity is formed whose diameter also varies cubically with time. The situations of both liquid- and vapor-saturated shells are analyzed. The experimental investigation involves quantitative determination of the temporal variations of the droplet diameter and composition, and examination of the characteristics of the shell agglomerate. A comparison between the theoretical and experimental results substantiates the sequential nature of the gasification process, and suggests that the shell is saturated with liquid while gasification progresses, that the shell porosity corresponds to that of the loosely-packed configuration, and that it requires about a three-particle layer thickness for the shell to become rigid.
Synthesis of carboranyl porphyrins: Potential drugs for boron neutron capture therapy

Abstract Amphiphilic carboranyl porphyrins were synthesised starting from commercially available hematoporphyprin for their potential use as boron neutron capture therapy agents.
Optical phase conjugation by backscattering in barium titanate

We demonstrate optical-beam phase conjugation by the process of two-beam coupling in photorefractive barium titanate. The incident, image-bearing beam causes exponential gain for counterpropagating waves, which are fed by noise and emerge with a power of the order of 10% of the incident beam and phase conjugate to it. This is expected from the calculated plane-wave gain plus the analogy to the theory of phase conjugation of complex wave fronts by stimulated Brillouin backscattering. We conjugate beams at either 515 or 488 nm at between 10- and 50-mW power, and find, as expected, no frequency shift (<1 Hz) in the process.
Space-time symmetries and vortices in the cosmos

By carefully studying the (1, 0) ⊕ (0, 1) representation space for massive particles we point to the existence of certain inherent tachyonic dispersion relations: E2 = p2 − m2. We put forward an interpretation that exploits these "negative mass squared" solutions; rotational invariance is spontaneously broken. Relevance of these results to the vortices in the cosmos is pointed out.
New Challenges in Critical Infrastructures : A US Perspective

The emergence of a larger spectrum of threats – terrorism, sabotage, local conflicts, political unrest, and natural disasters – combined with the growing globalisation of economic activities, makes networks highly vulnerable. Rethinking national vulnerabilities requires the creation and the improvement of long-term public-private partnerships. This article discusses the US Presidential initiative launched in 1996 –the first initiative world wide to put these issues on the top-level agenda– as well as the national structure of developed partnerships. It might constitute a starting point for other countries to develop their own national strategy, adapting it of course to their own national particularities. Terrorist attacks in 2001 show, however, that such an initiative is nothing but a first step in a general process to build preparedness nation wide; America still remains highly vulnerable. I conclude with a few myths that must be confronted to deal more efficiently with these new large-scale risks at an international level.
Asymptotic Behavior of the Stock Price Distribution Density and Implied Volatility in Stochastic Volatility Models

We study the asymptotic behavior of distribution densities arising in stock price models with stochastic volatility. The main objects of our interest in the present paper are the density of time averages of the squared volatility process and the density of the stock price process in the Stein-Stein and the Heston model. We find explicit formulas for leading terms in asymptotic expansions of these densities and give error estimates. As an application of our results, sharp asymptotic formulas for the implied volatility in the Stein-Stein and the Heston model are obtained.
Mn(III) promoted N-O bond reduction of N-hydroxy-2-azetidinones

Abstract Treatment of various N-hydroxy-2-azetidinones with Mn(III) acetate unexpectedly afforded the corresponding reduced N-unsubstituted-2-azetidinones in the presence of hydrogen donor solvents.
An efficient procedure for the regioselective monoprotection of 1,2-diols

Abstract Nucleophilic ring opening of isopropylidene ketals by trimethylaluminum is described. This reagent offers a new method for selective monoprotection of 1,2-diols. The regioselectivity of this reaction was studied with simple diols and with carbohydrates.
Temperature gradient and electric field driven electrostatic instabilities

The stability of electrostatic waves to thermodynamic and electric potential gradients was investigated. It is shown that thermodynamic gradients drive instabilities even when the internal electric field vanishes. Skewing of the distribution function is not included in the dielectric.
Incorporating security considerations into optimal product architecture and component sharing decision in product family design

Selecting the appropriate components to share in product family design is not a trivial decision; especially when a firm wants to protect the most sensitive information contained in their products from being exposed to users, third-party manufacturers, or undesirable agents. This article proposes tools to help designers identify sets of components containing sensitive information, as well as components that are candidates for sharing amongst the family. It also finds the most desirable component arrangement in each product that facilitates sharing while protecting the sensitive information that has been previously identified. The proposed framework is applied to three printers in which the architecture used for the ink cartridges and printheads are significantly different. Third-party manufacturers and remanufacturers offer their own alternatives for these subsystems (ink cartridges and printheads) since the customer for printer supplies is always looking for a cheaper alternative; meanwhile, the original...
Roll-yaw control at high angle of attack by forebody tangential blowing

The feasibility of using forebody tangential blowing to control the roll-yaw motion of a wind tunnel model is experimentally demonstrated. An unsteady model of the aerodynamics is developed based on the fundamental physics of the flow. Data from dynamic experiments is used to validate the aerodynamic model. A unique apparatus is designed and built that allows the wind tunnel model two degrees of freedom, roll and yaw. Dynamic experiments conducted at 45 degrees angle of attack reveal the system to be unstable. The natural motion is divergent. The aerodynamic model is incorporated into the equations of motion of the system and used for the design of closed loop control laws that make the system stable. These laws are proven through dynamic experiments in the wind tunnel using blowing as the only actuator. It is shown that asymmetric blowing is a highly non-linear effector that can be linearized by superimposing symmetric blowing. The effects of forebody tangential blowing and roll and yaw angles on the flow structure are determined through flow visualization experiments. The transient response of roll and yaw moments to a step input blowing are determined. Differences on the roll and yaw moment dependence on blowing are explained based on the physics of the phenomena.
Three-Dimensional Solutions for Inviscid Incompressible Flow in Turbomachines

A primitive variable formulation is used for the solution of the incompressible Euler’s equation. In particular, the pressure Poisson equation approach using a non-staggered grid is considered. In this approach, the velocity field is calculated from the unsteady momentum equation by marching in time. The continuity equation is replaced by a Poisson-type equation for the pressure with Neumann boundary conditions. A consistent finite-difference method, which insures the satisfaction of a compatibility condition necessary for convergence, is used in the solution of the pressure equation on a non-staggered grid. Numerical solutions of the momentum equations are obtained using the second order upwind differencing scheme, while the pressure Poisson equation is solved using the line successive over-relaxation method. Three turbomachinery rotors are tested to validate the numerical procedure. The three rotor blades have been designed to have similar loading distributions but different amounts of dihedral. Numerical solutions are obtained and compared with experimental data in terms of the velocity components and exit swirl angles. The computed results are in good agreement with the experimental data.Copyright © 1989 by ASME
Numerical failure analysis of a stretch-bending test on dual-phase steel sheets using a phenomenological fracture model

Abstract Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) are increasingly used in automotive industry due to their superior strength and substantial weight advantage. However, their compromised ductility gives rise to numerous manufacturing issues. One of them is the so-called ‘shear fracture’ often observed on tight radii during stamping processes. Since traditional approaches, such as the Forming Limit Diagram (FLD), are unable to predict this type of fractures, great efforts have been made to develop failure criteria that could predict shear fractures. In this paper, a recently developed Modified Mohr–Coulomb (MMC) ductile fracture criterion ( Bai and Wierzbicki, 2010 ) is adopted to analyze the failure behavior of a Dual Phase (DP) steel sheet during stretch-bending operations. The plasticity and ductile fracture of the present sheet are fully characterized by a Hill’48 orthotropic model and a MMC fracture model, respectively. Finite element models with three different element types (3D, shell and plane strain) were built for a Stretch Forming Simulator (SFS) test ( Shih and Shi, 2008 ), numerical simulations with four different R / t values (die radius normalized by sheet thickness) were performed. It has been shown that the 3D and shell element simulations can predict failure location/mode, the upper die load–displacement responses as well as wall stress and wrap angle at the onset of fracture for all R / t values with good accuracy. Furthermore, a series of parametric studies were conducted on the 3D element model, and the effect of tension level (clamping distance), tooling friction, mesh size and fracture locus on failure modes and load–displacement responses were investigated.
Techniques for replacing characters that are garbled on input

With the rapid increase in the availability of mass storage, we now find that there is an increasing need for massive data input. This input is requiring increasingly large volumes of data conversion to machine language. As this load expands, we find that we must pay more and more attention to the rigorous control of errors on data creation. This study reports the results of a computer technique to reduce errors of input data.
Modeling conversation policies using permissions and obligations

Both conversation specifications and policies are required to facilitate effective agent communication. Specifications provide the order in which speech acts can occur in a meaningful conversation, whereas policies restrict the specifications that can be used in a certain conversation based on the sender, receiver, messages exchanged thus far, content, and other context. We propose that positive/negative permissions and obligations be used to model conversation specifications and policies. We also propose the use of ontologies to categorize speech acts such that high level policies can be defined without going into specifics of the speech acts. This approach is independent of the syntax and semantics of the communication language and can be used for different agent communication languages. Our policy based framework can help in agent communication in three ways: (i) to filter inappropriate messages, (ii) to help an agent to decide which speech act to use next, and (iii) to prevent an agent from sending inappropriate messages. Our work differs from most existing research on communication policies because it is not tightly coupled to any domain information such as the mental states of agents or specific communicative acts. Contributions of this work include: (i) an extensible framework that is applicable to varied domain knowledge and different agent communication languages, and (ii) the declarative representation of conversation specifications and policies in terms of permitted and obligated speech acts.
Application of multiple grids topology to supersonic internal/external flow interactions

A multiblock grid with conservative interfacing is applied to compute supersonic Euler flow about and through a fighter airplane configuration. An efficient procedure called the "Ramshaw technique" is applied to conservatively transfer fluxes across discontinuous grid interfaces. The approach is called multiple grid and the numerical solution scheme is the finite-volume technique. Steady-state solutions are presented for Mach 2 at 0-, 3.79-, 7-, and 10-deg angles of attack. The results demonstrate that the multiple grid approach with conservative interfacing is capable of computing the flows about complex configurations. They further demonstrate the feasibility of generating independent grid blocks that can be patched together for flow computations.
Comments on the valuation of derivative assets

Abstract This paper presents an alternative approach to derive the Breeden-Litzenberger valuation formula, which expresses the price of an arbitrary derivative security in terms of call options' prices. This valuation formula follows from the observation that a continuous derivative security can be replicated by a portfolio including a bond and call options with all possible exercise prices. Discrete terms are added to the original Breeden-Litzenberger formula to reflect possible discontinuities of the call option price's derivative with respect to the exercise price. These discontinuities are subsequently shown to correspond to mass points of the probability distribution of the stock price. Several applications of the Breeden-Litzenberger valuation formula are demonstrated.
Finite-time consensus for multi-agent networks with unknown inherent nonlinear dynamics

The objective of this paper is to analyze the finite-time convergence of a nonlinear but continuous consensus algorithm for multi-agent networks with unknown inherent nonlinear dynamics. Due to the existence of the unknown inherent nonlinear dynamics, the stability analysis and the finite-time convergence analysis are more challenging than those under the well-studied consensus algorithms for known linear systems. For this purpose, we propose a novel comparison based tool. By using this tool, it is shown that the proposed nonlinear consensus algorithm can guarantee finite-time convergence if the directed switching interaction graph has a directed spanning tree at each time interval. Specifically, the finite-time convergence is shown by comparing the closed-loop system under the proposed consensus algorithm with some well-designed closed-loop system whose stability properties are easier to obtain. Moreover, the stability and the finite-time convergence of the closed-loop system using the proposed consensus algorithm under a (general) directed switching interaction graph can even be guaranteed by the stability and the finite-time convergence of some well-designed nonlinear closed-loop system under some special directed switching interaction graph. This provides a stimulating example for the potential applications of the proposed comparison based tool in the stability analysis of linear/nonlinear closed-loop systems by making use of known results in linear/nonlinear systems.
POLARIMETRY AT A FUTURE LINEAR COLLIDER — HOW PRECISE?

At a future linear collider, a polarized electron beam will play an important role in interpreting new physics signals. Backgrounds to a new physics reaction can be reduced by choice of the electron polarization state. The origin of a new physics reaction can be clarified by measuring its polarization-dependence. This paper examines some options for polarimetry with an emphasis on physics issues that motivate how precise the polarization determination needs to be. In addition to Compton polarimetry, the possibility of using Standard Model asymmetries, such as the asymmetry in forward W-pairs, is considered as a possible polarimeter. Both e+e- and e-e- collider modes are considered.
Interstitials and Vacancies in α Iron

Tile migration energies and atomic configurations for mono- and di-interstitials and mono- and di-vacancies in α-iron have been calculated using a classical model. About 530 atoms surrounding the defect were treated as individual particles, each with three degrees of freedom, while the remainder of the crystal was treated as an elastic continuum with atoms imbedded in it. A two-body central force was devised which matched the elastic moduli, was sharply repulsive at close separation, and which went to zero midway between the second and third neighboring atoms. Configurations were found by choosing a starting configuration roughly approximating the situation under consideration and successively adjusting the value of each variable occurring in the energy equation so that the magnitude of the generalized force associated with it was zero until equilibrium was reached. Tile energy calculations include changes in bond energy in the discrete region, energy in the elastic field, and work done against cohesive forces, but neglect changes due to the redistribution of electrons. Calculated activation energies for motion of mono- and di-interstitials and mono- and di-vacancies were 0.33 eV, 0.18 eV, 0.68 eV and 0.66 eV respectively, and binding energies of di-interstitials and di-vacancies were 1.08 eV and 0.20 eVmore » respectively. The stable interstitial was a split configuration in which two atoms were symmetrically split in a (110) direction about a vacant normal lattice site, and the stable di-interstitial consisted of two parallel split interstitials at nearest neighbor lattice sites.with their axes perpendicular to the line joining their centers. In the vacancy configuration an atom was missing from a normal lattice site, and the di-vacancy consisted of two vacancies at second nearest neighbor lattice sites. (auth)« less
Primitive vectors in induced supermodules for general linear supergroups

Abstract The purpose of the paper is to derive formulas that describe the structure of the induced supermodule H G 0 ( λ ) for the general linear supergroup G = GL ( m | n ) over an algebraically closed field K of characteristic p ≠ 2 . Using these formulas we determine primitive G ev = GL ( m ) × GL ( n ) -vectors in H G 0 ( λ ) . We conclude with remarks related to the linkage principle in positive characteristic.
Detection of Code Spread OFDM based on 0–1 Integer Quadratic Programming

In this paper we introduce Integer Quadratic Programming (IQP) approach to detect QPSK Code Spread OFDM (CSOFDM) signal by formulating the problem as a combinatorial optimization problem. The Branch and Bound (BB) algorithm is utilized to solve this integer quadratic programming problem. Furthermore, we propose preprocessing procedures that can be applied prior to BB so that the computational complexity of the optimum receiver is reduced. The basic idea of the proposed preprocessing is to introduce a good choice of upper bound for the BB search tree and/or reduce the search space of the BB problem. Performance and complexity computations of these preprocessing are investigated. Simulation results show that the proposed preprocessing when applied prior to BB provides optimal or near optimal performance with a significantly reduced computational complexity.
Amicus Coalition Heterogeneity and Signaling Credibility in Supreme Court Agenda Setting

What makes lobbying coalitions successful? We contend that greater preference heterogeneity among members of a lobbying coalition enhances the credibility of its signals to a target audience. To test this theory, we analyze the relationship between the preference heterogeneity of state amicus coalitions at the agenda setting stage and the probability of the U.S. Supreme Court granting review in state-filed cases. The results suggest that petitions are more likely to be granted as the preference heterogeneity among members of amicus coalitions increases. Our theoretical and empirical approaches are easily adapted to the study of lobbying influence in other institutional contexts.
Process Development and Reliability Evaluation of Electrically Conductive Adhesives (ECA) For Low Temperature SMT Assembly

Conductive adhesives have been widely used in die mounting and component terminal bonding in certain types of hybrid circuits for a number of years. ECA (Electrically conductive adhesive) is an alternative to lead-free solder for certain specific applications in electronic products. Low processing temperature, fine pitch, flexible process steps, and no flux residues are some of the major advantages when using ECA for electrical interconnection between SMDs (surface mount devices) and the printed circuit board (PCB) in SMT (surface mount technology). ECA use a polymer matrix (such as epoxy) filled with conducting fillers (such as copper or silver); silver is used commonly due to its high conductivity and wide availability. The particle size (typically less than 40 microns) is controlled by the screen mesh used to sort the fillers. The study results indicated that it is feasible to incorporate ICA into current SMT production lines and can provide an alternative for solder replacement for specific product applications.
Anyon Superconductivity and the Fractional Quantum-Hall Effect

I review the concept of statistics transmutation in two dimensions and apply it to the understanding of Fractional quantum-Hall effect and anyon superconductivity. A contrast of the electromagnetic properties of an ordinary 2D superconductor, a quantum-Hall liquid and an anyon superconductor is presented. The relevance of the anyon model to copper-oxide superconductors is also discussed.
Performance of on-line chemical property estimation methods with TSCA premanufacture notice chemicals

CHEMEST is an interactive on-line system for estimating chemical properties important in environmental fate assessment. In 1988 we described an extensive validation study of CHEMEST. That study showed that for existing chemicals, most properties could be estimated with accuracy sufficient for screening-level assessment. Reported here are the results of a study of system performance with "new" chemicals, for which Premanufacture Notices (PMNs) must be submitted under the Toxic Substances Control Act. Measured values of key properties were retrieved for more than 300 PMN chemicals having discrete structures, which represented the majority of notices with submitted data that were received by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency during the period 1979-1990. The measured values were compared to estimates from AUTOCHEM, an automated version of CHEMEST. Errors were generally greater than those for existing chemicals, as expected. Water solubility and the octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) were estimated with acceptable accuracy, but the results for melting point and boiling point indicate that additional effort is needed to improve the estimation methods.
Nanowire Volatile RAM as an Alternative to SRAM

Maintaining benefits of CMOS technology scaling is becoming challenging, primarily due to increased manufacturing complexities and unwanted passive power dissipations. This is particularly challenging in SRAM, where manufacturing precision and leakage power control are critical issues. To alleviate these challenges, we proposed a novel volatile memory alternative to SRAM called nanowire volatile RAM (NWRAM). Due to NWRAM's regular grid-based layout and innovative circuit style, manufacturing complexities are reduced and, at the same time, considerable benefits are attained in terms of performance and leakage power reduction. In this article we elaborate NWRAM's circuit aspects and manufacturability, and quantify benefits at 16nm technology node through simulation against state-of-the-art 6T-SRAM and gridded 8T-SRAM designs. Our results show that when lower bounds in design rules are considered, 10T-NWRAM's read and write time are 1.38x and 2x faster, and the leakage power is 14x better in comparison to high-performance 6T-SRAM. Similarly the 10T-NWRAM achieves 1.3x and 1.9x read and write performance, and 35x leakage power improvements compared to high-performance 8T-SRAM. 10T-NWRAM's density is comparable to 6T-SRAM and 8T-SRAM for lower bounds, but exhibits higher active power in similar comparisons. This article details all benchmarking results and provides thorough analysis of NWRAM's evaluations.
Application of Capacitance Sensor for Displacement Measurement in High Temperature Environment

based on the analysis of the production technology and present status of online glass coating production, a non-contact measurement capacitance sensor, which is adaptive to the high temperature condition and enjoys a novel structure, is proposed in the paper. The online measurement of molten tin surface position in the CVD coating production process under the condition of 700°C can be realized with the sensor. The reliability and feasibility of the dynamic measuring system have been proved by the experiment. The dynamic accuracy is better than 0.1mm within the effective range of 25mm.
Radiation zeros and scalar particles beyond the standard model

Abstract Standard radiation zeros arise from the factorization properties of tree-level amplitudes involving a massless photon and can occur when all charged particles in the initial and final state have the same sign. We investigate how several different processes involving new scalar particles beyond the standard model may exhibit radiation zeros and how this structure might be exploited to probe their electromagnetic structure. We focus on (i) unnoticed aspects of angular zeros in the process e − + e − → Δ −− + γ for doubly charged Higgs boson (or any bilepton) production and (ii) the process γ + e − → q + S / V for scalar ( S ) or vector ( V ) leptoquarks (LQs). We also discuss how factorized amplitudes and radiation zeros may appear in the gauge boson fusion production of non-conjugate leptoquark pairs via γ+W ± →S i +S j ∗ in high energy e ± e ± reactions and how the zeros affect the production cross-sections for various types of scalar leptoquarks.
Representation of Simple Symmetric Operators with Deficiency Indices (1, 1) in de Branges Space

Recently it has been shown that any regular simple symmetric operator with deficiency indices (1, 1) is unitarily equivalent to the operator of multiplication in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space of functions on the real line with the Kramer sampling property. This work has been motivated, in part, by potential applications to signal processing and mathematical physics. In this paper we exploit well-known results about de Branges–Rovnyak spaces and characteristic functions of symmetric operators to prove that any such a symmetric operator is in fact unitarily equivalent to multiplication by the independent variable in a de Branges space of entire functions. This leads to simple new results on the spectra of such symmetric operators, on when multiplication by z is densely defined in de Branges–Rovnyak spaces in the upper half plane, and to sufficient conditions for there to be an isometry from a given subspace of \({L^2 (\mathbb{R}, d\nu)}\) onto a de Branges space of entire functions which acts as multiplication by a measurable function.
Theoretical studies of regioselectivity of Ni- and Rh-catalyzed C–C bond forming reactions with unsymmetrical alkynes

Abstract This review highlights our theoretical studies of regioselectivities of Rh-catalyzed (5 + 2) cycloadditions, Ni-catalyzed reductive alkyne–aldehyde couplings, and Rh-catalyzed hydrogenative couplings of diynes and carbonyl partners. Factors that control the regioselectivities in these reactions are analyzed; these include steric repulsions involving the substrate and ligands, electronic effects dictated by metal–substrate interactions, and directing effects of conjugated alkenyl and alkynyl groups involving coordination to the metal.
Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: a meta‐analysis

The purpose of this study was to quantify which dietary supplements augment lean mass and strength gains during resistance training. Peer-reviewed studies between the years 1967 and 2001 were included in the analysis if they met a predetermined set of experimental criteria, among which were at least 3-week duration and resistance training two or more times a week. Lean mass and strength were normalized for meta-analysis by conversion to percent change per week and by calculating the effect size for each variable. Of the 250 supplements examined, only six had more than two studies that met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Creatine and β-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) were found to significantly increase net lean mass gains of 0.36%/week and 0.28%/week and strength gains of 1.09%/week and 1.40%/week (P<0.05), respectively. Chromium, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and protein did not significantly affect lean gain or strength. In conclusion, two supplements, creatine and HMB, have data supporting their use to augment lean mass and strength gains with resistance training.
Runtime Support for Parallelization of Data-Parallel Applications on Adaptive and Nonuniform Computational Environments

In this paper we discuss the runtime support required for the parallelization of unstructured data-parallel applications on nonuniform and adaptive environments. We describe several optimization techniques for fast remapping of data and for reducing the amount of communications between machines when the computational load on the machines changes during the execution of data-parallel applications. The approach presented is reasonably general and is applicable to a wide variety of regular as well as irregular applications. We present performance results for the solution of an unstructured mesh on a cluster of workstations.
Sonographic evaluation of fetal abdominal growth: predictor of the large-for-gestational-age infant in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus.

Serial ultrasound examinations were performed during the third trimester in 79 pregnant women with diabetes to establish the onset of accelerated fetal growth. At least three ultrasound examinations were performed, with a minimum scan interval of 2 weeks. Growth curves constructed for femur length and head circumference were similar for fetuses appropriate for gestational age ( n = 48) and fetuses large for gestational age ( n = 31). The mean changes in femur length and head circumference (expressed as centimeters per week during the early and late third trimesters) did not differ statistically between these two groups. Abdominal circumference growth was clearly accelerated at 32 weeks' gestation in the large for gestational age group (mean ± SD, 1.36 ± 0.16 cm/wk) compared with the appropriate for gestational age group (0.901 ± 0.21 cm/wk, p
The economic value of reducing the stigma of HIV/AIDS.

Stigma can be defined as assigning a mark of shame or discredit to a person or his/her behavior. HIV/AIDS stigma has led to many adverse consequences as those with the disease try to avoid the shame by not disclosing their HIV-positive status and this leads to the unnecessary infection of others and also to a failure to access treatment when otherwise it would be available. In fact, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon has stated that stigma is a chief reason why the AIDS epidemic continues to devastate societies worldwide.
Emergence of long wavelength pion oscillations following a rapid QCD phase transition

To model the dynamics of the chiral order parameter in a far from equilibrium QCD phase transition, we consider quenching in the O(4) linear sigma model. We summarize arguments and numerical evidence which show that in the period immediately following the quench arbitrarily long wavelength modes of the pion field are amplified. This results in large regions of coherent pion oscillations, and could lead to dramatic phenomenological consequences in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions. My talk was a description of work done with Frank Wilczek. In these proceedings, I sketch our central results, emphasizing several points that were raised in discussions at the conference.
Formation of H and D atoms in pyrolysis of 1,3‐butadiene and 1,3 butadiene‐1,1,4,4,‐d4 behind shock waves

Highly dilute mixtures of 1,3-butadiene and 1,3-butadiene-1,1,4,4-d4 were pyrolyzed behind reflected and incident shock waves, respectively. Concentrations of H and D atoms were measured by resonance absorption spectroscopy. In the early stages of the reaction, nearly equal amounts of H and D were formed from CD2CHCHCD2, indicating that loss of H from C2 followed by loss of D from C1 is a more important reaction than breaking of the central CC bond. Overall, rate constants for atom-forming reactions are much slower than rate constants for disappearance of butadiene in earlier experiments, suggesting that most of the butadiene disappears by processes that do not involve H or D atoms or by radicals that produce them rapidly.