cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of large-scale genomic methods in orthopaedic disorders: insights from genome-wide association studies.

Genetic studies of orthopaedic conditions, particularly those of childhood onset, enjoyed many successes in the early days of disease gene discovery. Some of the earliest high-profile discoveries centered on diseases with skeletal manifestations, such as neurofibromatosis1,2, achondroplasia3,4, and brachydactyly5-8. These successes were largely attributable to the availability of extended families with multiple affected members. Multigenerational families were informative in linkage mapping, also called inheritance mapping (Table I). Linkage mapping is an unbiased approach that seeks to identify genomic regions and genes that are inherited or “linked” among all affected members of the family. Linkage mapping proved particularly powerful for solving diseases that (1) have Mendelian inheritance, being caused by a single mutation in a family; (2) display high penetrance, such that essentially all family members with the mutation show the disease; and (3) are prevalent enough to permit the identification of several extended families. Linking a disease to a specific region of the genome was an important milestone for many early genetic studies, with such highlights as the mapping of the neurofibromatosis-1 gene (NF1) to chromosome 17q11.2 and the achondroplasia gene (FGFR3, which encodes fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) to 4p16.3. Once linkage mapping focused attention on a particular genomic region, the next major step in discovery was analysis of the region to identify the culprit gene harboring a disease-causing mutation. This process was labor and resource-intensive because linked regions were typically large and poorly annotated and encoded numerous genes9. A now classic, and celebrated, example of the immense effort required to find a disease mutation is the almost ten-year search for the Huntington disease gene10. Nevertheless, the combination of linkage mapping and individual gene sequencing in families, traditionally called positional cloning, was highly …
Migration of small lymphocytes in adult mice demonstrated by parabiosis.

Parabiotic BALB/C mice were used to study the traffic of small lymphocytes in immunological mature but unchallenged mice. By giving 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) injections to only one member (A) of a pair by preventing the escape of the radioactive isotope to the other member (B), the kinetics of newly-formed cells was followed. Less than 10% labelled small lymphocytes were found in the peripheral lymphoid tissues of both A and B members, while the thymusses and bone marrows of A members showed labelling percentages up to 70% in this period. Hardly any labelled cells gained entrance into the thymus while a detectable number was found in the bone marrows of B members. Results from pairs set up to follow migration of long-lived lymphocytes revealed that labelled cells detected 4–5 weeks after injections were equilibrated between the peripheral tissues and the bone marrows of the partners. Very few labelled cells were seen in the thymic medulla and none were observed in the thymic cortex, germinal centres or medullary cords of lymph nodes from any B member. It was concluded that short-lived small lymphocytes are formed primarily in the thymus and bone marrow and the migration of these cells is limited in adult animals. Furthermore, the vast majority of long-lived small lymphocytes are freely recirculating, and these cells gain entrance to and are normal residents in the bone marrow.
The Rewarded, the Unrewarded, the Chosen, and the Unchosen

One object was presented alone for two trials and then paired with a second object for six trials. Next, the second object was paired with a third object for six trials, and then sometimes the third object was paired with a fourth object for six trials. Four such sequences were given to seven test-wise rhesus monkeys on each of five days. Retention tests involving pairing of the dicrimination objects with new objects occurred on three days. When a chosen correct or incorrect object was paired with a new object, there was high positive transfer. When an unchosen negative object was paired with a new object, there was a tendency to choose the former. Although there was somewhat better retention of positive than negative objects, this may be attributed to unequal selection in the learning trials.
Organic reagents for the identification of certain vesicants

Fifteen organic reagents are reported which give color reactions with lewisite and/or ethyl dichloroarsine. Test-papers prepared with them may be used in identifying these arsenical vesicants. Ten of the papers give colors with ethyl dichloroarsine which distinguish this agent from lewisite or from the mustard vesicants; of these, five will also differentiate lewisite from the other toxics. Two papers give identifying color reactions with lewisite alone. Three give identical tests with the two arsenicals but do not react with vesicants of the mustard type.
Effects of insulation on postflashover room fire

The effects of insulation on postflashover room fires were studied in a series of full scale room burn tests. Results show that the severity of the fire is not influenced by the presence of insulation in the walls.
Christian Higher Education: An Education that Liberates

In this wide-ranging review essay, the author engages Christian Higher Education: A Global Reconnaissance, a book edited by J. Carpenter, P. L. Glanzer, and N. S. Lantinga (2014). His remarks focus especially on the five chapters of the book that survey Christian higher education in nations where he has direct experience: Brazil, Kenya, India, South Korea, and the United States. An extended reflection, both philosophical and practical, is then offered on a common task of Christian higher education across many cultures: how to develop and sustain a holistic education that promotes Kingdom prospering, above and beyond national and commercial purposes. He makes the case for a liberating education that seeks to instill a dynamic combination of integrative thinking and character formation. The essay ends with practical advice as the author encourages fellow educators to focus their efforts on faculty development, general education, and cross-cultural partnerships as the keys to building and sustaining a libera...
Distribution and termination of spinoreticular afferents in the brain stem of sheep.

A total of 13 adult sheep where utilized in this study. The spinoreticular afferents were traced to the following nuclei of the brain stem and thalamus employing Guillery et al modification of the Nauta-Gygax silver impregnation technique: Nuclei supraspinalis, retroambigualis, medullae oblongatae centralis, lateralis reticularis, interfascicularis hypoglossi, raphe pallidus, Roller, parvocellularis, paramedium reticularis, tractus solitarii, gigantocellularis, pontis centralis caudalis and rostralis, subcoeruleus, central mesencephalic gray substance, reticularis thalami, centralis medialis, paracentralis, centralis lateralis and parafacicularis. The ascending spino-reticular afferents were observed to form a large medial fiberbundle terminating in the midline nuclei of bulbar recticular formation and a smaller lateral bundle terminating in the lateral ret cular nucleus.
Links and globally completely integrable vector fields on an open 3-manifold

Abstract For an oriented link L is an open oriented 3-manifold M, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a submersion ϑ:M → R 2 whose preimage ϑ−1(0) is L. Also, we prove there always exists a submersion ψ:M → R 2 such that the union of the compact components of the preimage ψ−1(0) is L for any link L in M.
Artifacts in measuring absorption spectra of phytoplankton collected on a filter

I show a conventional filter technique for measuring absorption spectra of phytoplankton may be subject to errors arising from rapid decomposition of pigments collected on the filter. Incorrect values of spectral absorption indicating a higher proportion of degraded pigments relative to their actual cellular concentration can be measured by this method. The sensitivity of the method to these errors appears to be species specific. A simple refinement, incorporating chemical fixation of microorganisms before filtration, is proposed as a possible means to overcome these artifacts. Inadequacy of glass-fiber filters for retaining all absorbing particles is also suggested as a potential source of underestimation in particulate absorption measured traditionally on samples collected by filtration.
Expansion dynamics of ultrafast laser produced plasmas in the presence of ambient argon

We investigated the expansion dynamics of fs laser ablated brass plasma in Ar at various pressure levels ranging from 10−5 Torr to atmospheric conditions using time-resolved and spectrally resolved two-dimensional imaging. Significant changes in plume morphology were noticed at varying pressure levels which included free expansion, spherical to cylindrical geometry changes, sharpening, and confinement. The temporal evolution of excited Cu and Zn species in the plume were imaged using narrow band-pass interference filters, and their hydrodynamic expansion features were compared. 2D imaging coupled with monochromatic line selection showed velocity differences, uneven distribution, and aspect ratio differences among the plume species. Plume morphological changes were found to be significant at intermediate pressure levels (∼10 Torr) where plasma emissivity was found to be maximum. The expansion features of plume were compared with various models and found to be generally in good agreement.
Knowledge-based classification of ill-defined categories.

In this paper, I report an exploratory study which investigated the role that prior knowledge plays in influencing classification learning. Under neutral or knowledge-imposing instructions, subjects learned to classify exemplars into categories that either were or were not linearly separable. Linearly separable categories are those categories whose members can be correctly classified based on an additive summation of weighted attribute information. Following category learning, the subjects were given transfer tests. A major finding was that knowledge facilitated the learning of linearly separable categories but interfered with the learning of not linearly separable categories. Quantitative analyses revealed that the knowledge facilitated category learning of the linearly separable categories by influencing the storage and reliance on both prototypical and exemplar information.
A Drunk and Her Dog: An Illustration of Cointegration and Error Correction

Abstract If there exists a stationary linear combination of nonstationary random variables, the variables combined are said to be cointegrated. A humorous example of a drunk and her dog illustrates...
Evaluating decision making performance in the GDSS environment using data envelopment analysis

We provide a framework to evaluate decision making performance with Group Decision Support Systems (GDSSs) using an overall performance indicator. The indicator is constructed using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which measures the economic efficiency of a decision-making process, or how efficiently a GDSS user converts decision resources into decision outcomes. To illustrate how our framework can be applied, we conduct an experiment that manipulates three contextual factors: communication mode, incentive structure, and group leadership. Within these contexts, we obtain an individual DEA decision efficiency score during the GDSS decision process, where participants are engaged in a mixed-motive task. We find that the communication mode, incentive structure, and interaction between the two significantly influence decision efficiency within this GDSS setting. However, the leadership structure does not have a significant impact on decision efficiency. The current study presents the first application of DEA in the area of GDSS. We illustrate how DEA is useful for evaluating GDSS-supported decision efficiency. The results suggest implications that guide the design of the next generation GDSS to support individuals within collaborative work groups involved in mixed-motive tasks.
The amber theory of Lyme arthritis: initial description and clinical implications

Lyme arthritis differs in many respects from other bacterial causes of arthritis. Based on an observation made for a patient with Lyme arthritis, we propose that the pathogenesis of joint swelling in Lyme arthritis is due to the introduction into the joint space of non-viable spirochetes or more likely spirochetal debris enmeshed in a host-derived fibrinous or collagenous matrix. This "amber" hypothesis can account for the clinical and laboratory features of Lyme arthritis and is amenable to experimental validation. Validation would directly impact the clinical management of patients with Lyme arthritis.
Analyzing sub-population profiles and risk factors for school bullying

Drawing from a local sample of 1822 7th and 8th grade students, this study used Latent Class Analysis (LCA) and Latent Class Regression Analysis (LCRA) to identify sub-population profiles and risk factors for school bullying. Four sub-population profiles of school bullying risk were yielded from this approach. These profiles included students who presented little need for formal services as well as students who manifested needs for wrap-around support. Importantly, additional regression analyses related student membership in particular risk profile groups to the support they receive from peers, teachers, and parents. Several significant practice implications for bullying prevention and Response-to-Intervention (RTI) frameworks accompany the findings. Above all, school bullying interventions should be implemented with prudence because even the best intended ones carry the potential for harm.
Perfume and lipstick in the boonies: Red Cross SRAO and the Vietnam War

This essay examines the Red Cross Supplemental Recreational Activities Overseas (SRAO) program, focusing on the women who participated in it in Vietnam. Beginning in 1965, the Defense Department commissioned SRAO teams to work as “morale boosters” with US troops. The author argues that although SRAO embodied the ideology of Cold War domesticity, the experiences of SRAO women and the soldiers they served revealed the breakdown of the Cold War values the US purported to defend.
Modulation of tumor oxygenation and radio sensitivity by a perfluorooctylbromide emulsion

The effect of a concentrated perfluorooctylbromide emulsion (Oxygent) on the radiosensitivity and oxygenation of solid tumors was examined using EMT6 mammary tumors in BALB/c mice and BA1112 rhabdomyosarcomas in WAG/rij rats. Treatment with Oxygent plus carbogen or oxygen breathing increased the radiosensitivity of both tumors. Analysis of tumor cell survival data and polarographic measurements of intratumoral pO2 indicated that this potentiation reflected an increase in the proportion of well-oxygenated tumor cells. Treatments with carbogen breathing alone, with Oxygent plus air-breathing, or with a vehicle emulsion containing all the components except the perfluorocarbon did not produce comparable improvements in tumor radiosensitivity. Concentrated perfluorooctylbromide emulsions appear to warrant further development and preclinical testing as adjuncts to cancer therapy.
The origin of Neptune

Abstract The mean densities and atmospheric compositions of Neptune and Uranus indicate that they were accreted from planetesimals after much of the gaseous nebula had been lost, but not all. Compositional indications are that the ice: rock ratios of these planetesimals were considerably less than solar, and hence satisfying the mean densities of Neptune and Uranus requires incorporation of appreciable H+He. The heat flows, radial structure, and rotations of Neptune and Uranus indicate that the planetesimals were rather massive. The impacting planetesimals were a minor portion of the population, most of it having been ejected by encounters with the planets, mainly Jupiter. The mass of the population must have been many times that estimated for the comets: 10–100 earth masses in the Oort cloud plus the Kuiper Belt. Hence Neptune and Uranus may have migrated appreciably in the formation process, and the wide spacing of the major planets may arise largely from the shifting of resonance effects with the loss of planetesimal mass. Not yet well understood are the apparent efficiencies of planetary accretion and clear out of the final planetesimals from between the planets.
Characterizing the dynamic behavior of nano-TiO 2 agglomerates in suspensions by photocorrelation spectroscopy

Metal oxide nanoparticles are small but easily form agglomerates in suspension, depending on the strength of particle–particle and particle–media interactions. To understand the agglomeration behavior of nanoparticles in media and relate to it to product performance testing, measurement methods are desired to characterize highly scattering metal oxide nanoparticle suspensions without dilution. In this article, we describe the advantages of using photocorrelation spectroscopy (PCS) in a backscattering detection configuration to carry out a realistic agglomerate size measurement in multiple scattering media found in most metal oxide nanoparticle suspensions. The dynamic behavior of nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles in buffer solutions of different chemical composition and pH values was investigated as a sample system using PCS. The resulting autocorrelation functions (AFs) at different time intervals, particle concentrations, and pH values were measured at several detection angles. The AF exhibits a multi-mode relaxation time feature and the calculated hydrodynamic diameters strongly depended on media composition and detection angle. This result indicates that the size and dispersion of nano-TiO2 agglomerates are significantly affected by solution media. A measurement protocol for determining size and dispersion of metal oxide particles in media is proposed and related to a performance test found in industry.
The Proto-oncogene c-myc Acts through the Cyclin-dependent Kinase (Cdk) Inhibitor p27Kip1to Facilitate the Activation of Cdk4/6 and Early G1Phase Progression

Progression through the early G1 phase of the cell cycle requires mitogenic stimulation, which ultimately leads to the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (Cdk4/6). Cdk4/6 activity is promoted by D-type cyclins and opposed by Cdk inhibitor proteins. Loss of c-myc proto-oncogene function results in a defect in the activation of Cdk4/6. c-myc−/− cells express elevated levels of the Cdk inhibitor p27Kip1 and reduced levels of Cdk7, the catalytic subunit of Cdk-activating kinase. We show here that in normal (c-myc+/+) cells, the majority of cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complexes are assembled with p27 and remain inactive during cell cycle progression; their function is presumably to sequester p27 from Cdk2 complexes. A small fraction of Cdk4/6 protein was found in lower molecular mass catalytically active complexes. Conditional overexpression of p27 in c-myc+/+ cells caused inhibition of Cdk4/6 activity and elicited defects in G0-to-S phase progression very similar to those seen in c-myc−/− cells. Overexpression of cyclin D1 in c-myc−/− cells rescued the defect in Cdk4/6 activity, indicating that the limiting factor is the number of cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complexes. Cdk-activating kinase did not rescue Cdk4/6 activity. We propose that the defect in Cdk4/6 activity in c-myc−/− cells is caused by the elevated levels of p27, which convert the low abundance activable cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complexes into unactivable complexes containing higher stoichiometries of p27. These observations establish p27 as a physiologically relevant regulator of cyclin D-Cdk4/6 activity as well as mechanistically a target of c-Myc action and provide a model by which c-Myc influences the early-to-mid G1 phase transition.
The design and operation of a lunar dust seal testing system

Depending on your perspective, the need to accommodate shaft seals to mitigate lunar dust hazards is either an interesting mechanical engineering problem or a highly critical technology not yet proven. Due to the unique environment and the inability to test “true” solutions on Earth, the authors consider the solutions to critical seal design and testing as an ‘unproven’ technology hurdle that can result in years of delay and significant cost risk. Apollo attempted to mitigate dust effect…and did not succeed. Working with University of Arizona students, Paragon has specified, design and initially tested a “lunar dust seals test apparatus” that allows for the testing of multiple seals under simulated vacuum conditions using lunar dust simulant. This apparatus is being used to test sealing solution innovations conceived by Paragon engineers. However, it is true that NO testing apparatus on Earth can test seals in a true “lunar” environment and, ultimately, testing will need to be done. 12
Generalized projection based M-estimator: Theory and applications

We introduce a robust estimator called generalized projection based M-estimator (gpbM) which does not require the user to specify any scale parameters. For multiple inlier structures, with different noise covariances, the estimator iteratively determines one inlier structure at a time. Unlike pbM, where the scale of the inlier noise is estimated simultaneously with the model parameters, gpbM has three distinct stages–scale estimation, robust model estimation and inlier/outlier dichotomy. We evaluate our performance on challenging synthetic data, face image clustering upto ten different faces from Yale Face Database B and multi-body projective motion segmentation problem on Hopkins155 dataset. Results of state-of-the-art methods are presented for comparison.
Thyroxine in Early Strobilation in Aurelia aurita

Radiochromatographic studies of 131I-treated Aurelia polyps revealed synthesis of three compounds tentatively identified as monoiodotyrosine (MIT), diiodotyrosine (DIT), and thyroxine (T4). One compound, MIT, is found within 8 hr after 131I administration, before the detection of DIT or T4 which appear within 24 hr. T4 is not usually detected after 48 hr although MIT and DIT were found up to the segmentation period. None of the compounds were detected in ephyrae treated with 131I for 24 hr. Administration of low dosages of the goitrogens, thiourea,, propylthiouracil, and potassium thiocyanate, in conjunction with iodide, prevented strobilation induction. Radiochromatography of jellyfish given the goitrogens and 131I revealed a reduced uptake of iodide and an impairment of the synthesis of the iodinated compounds. Jellyfish use thyroxine directly for strobilatioa induction as demonstrated by 131I - labeled T4 administration. The T4 was detected in the polyps up to the 48-hr period of strobilation during which time some of the T4 was excreted into the medium, as was some 131I. The fact that T4, synthesis has thus far been found only in strobilating forms of Aurelia suggests that T4 is involved primarily with the differentiation of new structures which occurs during strobilation.
Ethanol exhibits specificity in its effects on differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors.

Abstract Ethanol is a known teratogen but the mechanisms by which this simple compound affects fetal development remain unresolved. The goal of the current study was to determine the mechanism by which ethanol affects lymphoid differentiation using an in vitro model of ethanol exposure. Primitive hematopoietic oligoclonal–neonatal–progenitor cells (ONP), with the phenotype Lin − HSA lo CD43 lo Sca-1 − c-Kit + that are present in neonatal but not adult bone marrow were sorted from the bone marrow of 2-week-old C57BL/6J mice and cultured under conditions that favor either B cell or myeloid cell differentiation with or without addition of ethanol. The overall growth of the ONP cells was not significantly affected by inclusion of up to 100 mM ethanol in the culture medium. However, the differentiation of the progenitor cells along the B-cell pathway was significantly impaired by ethanol in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure of ONP cells to 100 mM ethanol resulted in greater than 95% inhibition of B cell differentiation. Conversely, ethanol concentrations up to and including 100 mM had no significant effect on differentiation along the myeloid pathway. The effect of ethanol on transcription factor expression was consistent with the effects on differentiation. ONP cells grown in 100 mM ethanol failed to upregulate Pax5 and EBF, transcriptional regulators that are necessary for B cell development. However, ethanol had no significant effect on the upregulation of PU.1, a transcription factor that, when expressed in high concentration, favors myeloid cell development. Taken together, these results suggest that ethanol has specificity in its effects on differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors.
A Reply to Zax's (2002) Critique of Grofman and Migalski (1988): Double-Equation Approaches to Ecological Inference When the Independent Variable Is Misspecified

The authors reply to Zax's critique of the double-equation method for ecological regression and of the specific extension to it proposed by Grofman and Migalski. Although Zax does correct two minor errors in Grofman and Migalski's statement of the double-equation approach, neither of those errors affected the final calculations reported in their article. Furthermore, nothing Zax reports affects their fundamental conclusion that double-equation methods can be superior to single-equation techniques if there is substantial error in the measurement of the independent variable. In particular, by analyzing an election for which, from exit polls, the ``true'' parameters of Hispanic and non-Hispanic levels of political cohesion are known, the authors show that double-equation ecological regression estimates derived from registration data are highly accurate in reproducing the true individual-level behavioral parameters (group means).
A NOTCH1 gene copy number gain is a prognostic indicator of worse survival and a predictive biomarker to a Notch1 targeting antibody in colorectal cancer

Dysregulation of the Notch1 receptor has been shown to facilitate the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and has been identified as an independent predictor of disease progression and worse survival. Although mutations in the NOTCH1 receptor have not been described in CRC, we have previously discovered a NOTCH1 gene copy number gain in a portion of CRC tumor samples. Here, we demonstrated that a NOTCH1 gene copy number gain is significantly associated with worse survival and a high percentage of gene duplication in a cohort of patients with advanced CRC. In our CRC patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) model, tumors harboring a NOTCH1 gain exhibited significant elevation of the Notch1 receptor, JAG1 ligand and cleaved Notch1 activity. In addition, a significant association was identified between a gain in NOTCH1 gene copy number and sensitivity to a Notch1-targeting antibody. These findings suggest that patients with metastatic CRC that harbor a gain in NOTCH1 gene copy number have worse survival and that targeting this patient population with a Notch1 antibody may yield improved outcomes.
Utilization of regression analysis for conductance catheters: considerable improvement in volume estimation

Error in a simulated conductance catheter volume system was reduced over 60% by statistically incorporating a priori information through training. The conventional deterministic model uses a specific cylindrical geometry but does not otherwise incorporate the relationship between potentials and volume. The statistical model uses a weighted sum of inverse differences of potentials, the weights determined through training. With a 288 point set of volume/potential training data a mean absolute root-mean-square error of 2.44% was obtained, while the conventional method gave 17.5% error. The conventional method underestimated the volume and exhibited an offset due to violations of the cylindrical model assumptions. The regression method yielded a substantial improvement in performance. >
CUDACL+: a framework for GPU programs

Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) provide an excellent execution platform for several classes of computation intensive problems. Even though there are vendor-specific Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for GPU programming, they all share a high-level of similarity. In this extended abstract, we introduce a transformation frame-work through which sequential programs from legacy systems can be executed in any of the two common GPU programming APIs: OpenCL and CUDA. Our study shows that blocks of independent sequential code can be converted automatically to an equivalent representation in OpenCL and CUDA. In some cases, the transformation requires additional information from the programmer regarding the specific computation and the GPU configuration. Our approach provides the design decisions for a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) to specify the additional information.
Tibiofemoral contact stress and stress distribution evaluation of total knee arthroplasties

The Fuji film (Itochu, Los Angeles, CA) area analysis technique demonstrates that a more accurate assessment of tibiofemoral contact stresses is possible when the film is used at 37 degrees C and at the upper end of its sensitivity range (in this case, a 2,000-N load). An AMK with a regular and Hylamer-M insert (DePuy, Warsaw, IN), an MG II (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN), an Omnifit (Osteonics, Allendale, NJ), an Ortholoc III (Dow Corning Wright, Midland, MI), a PCA II (Howmedica, Rutherford, NJ), and a PFC (Johnson & Johnson Orthopaedics, Raynham, MA) had average contact stresses that varied only 12% at 60 degrees flexion. At 0 degrees, 15 degrees and 60 degrees flexion, stresses ranged from 13 to 25 MPa. Contact area distribution ratios, which were smaller at 37 degrees C than at 24 degrees C, provide a quantitative means of grouping implants according to the shape of the tibiofemoral contact area. The Omnifit, MG II, PCA II, and PFC had small ratios (symmetric areas). The AMK and Ortholoc III had large ratios (asymmetric contact areas). If the impression is reflective of wear, it would be expected to be focal in knees with small ratios and contact areas, and uniform in knees with large ratios and contact areas, whereas large ratios and small areas would imply a linear wear pattern. Calibrated electrical resistance contact stress measurements indicated that the Fuji film measurements underestimated the magnitude of contact stresses. They also provided a means of quantifying the rate of area increase during initial loading of the knees, with the highest area increase noted for the knee with the roughest insert (Ortholoc III) and the lowest area increase for the knee with the smoothest insert (PCA II).
Wideband negative permeability metamaterial with non-Foster compensation of parasitic capacitance

The analysis and simulation of negative effective permeability of a magnetic metamaterial is presented, including parasitic effects. Beyond known issues of non-Foster circuit stability, such parasitics can limit bandwidth improvement. Based on the analysis, ideal non-Foster elements are added to split rings to achieve broadband negative effective permeability while compensating parasitic effects. Results indicate that both a negative capacitance and negative inductance are needed to achieve negative permeability from 0.5 to 4.5 GHz.
Application of Space Station Freedom (SSF) DMS technology to fault tolerant avionics systems

The Space Station Freedom (SSF) is developing a space-qualified Data Management System (DMS) packaged with standard modules and backplanes as well as Ada software capabilities. The SSF architecture must be augmented with tight processor synchronization and cross-strapped input/output capabilities to implement N-modular redundant (NMR) system voting. There are many architectural variations available to implement NMR. A fault-tolerant testbed (FTTB) is being used at IBM to evaluate which architectures have the least impact on the SSF technology base. Developments in the FTTB thus far support the conclusion that the SSF technology can be a cost-effective point of departure for implementation of future fault-tolerance avionics architectures since it offers a standard hardware and software base. >
Constitutive degradation of IκBα in human T lymphocytes is mediated by calpain

Background Activation-induced induction of transcription factor NFκB in T lymphocytes is regulated by its inhibitor IκBα. NFκB activation has been demonstrated to occur either by phosphorylation on serine residues 32 and 36 of the inhibitor, IκBα, followed by ubiquitination and degradation of the inhibitor by the 26S proteasome, or by a proteasome-independent mechanism involving tyrosine phosphorylation, but not degradation. However, the mechanism underlying constitutive regulation of the levels of the inhibitor, IκB, in primary human T lymphocytes, remains to be fully delineated.
Leukocyte recruitment at sites of tumor: dissonant orchestration.

Biopsies of tumors responding to inter- leukin 2 (IL-2) based immunotherapy have been reported to show a leukocytic infiltration. Clinical responses to IL-2-based immunotherapy, however, are limited, suggesting a failure of leukocyte local- ization at tumor sites. Leukocyte infiltration at in- flammatory sites requires local activation of leuko- cytes and endothelial cells in a coordinated and defined temporal sequence. There is evidence sup- porting the theory that infiltration of leukocytes at tumor sites is suboptimal due to a failure of coor- dination of these localizing events. In this review, factors involved in leukocyte recruitment at sites of inflammation and the coordination of these factors in a successful model of inflammation, i.e., wound healing, are discussed. This example is contrasted with events at tumor sites where alterations in ex- pression of cell adhesion molecules or in the pro- duction of activating agents may be present. Addi- tionally, the systemic administration of an activat- ing cytokine such as IL-2 may fail to duplicate events that normally occur within a local environ- ment. These observations may facilitate the design of future immunotherapy trials. J. Leukoc. Biol. 70: 171-184; 2001.
Nascent proteomes of ischemic-injured and ischemic-tolerant neuronal cells

In a recent study on ischemic rodent brains, we quantitatively characterised and compared brain proteomes under ischemic-preconditioned or injured or tolerant conditions. We discovered an enriched presence of repressive transcriptional regulator proteins with essential roles as epigenetic regulators in ischemic-tolerant brains (Stapels et al., 2010). We further showed their robust, dynamic and differential changes under different ischemic conditions in brains and in cultured neuronal cells. In the present work, using neuronal cell cultures, we aimed to characterise the nascent proteome, the proteome that presents early when the cells receive an ischemic insult. These would be the proteomic changes of newly synthesised proteins. Identification of effectors of this phase of response to ischemia bears the best promise of identifying therapeutic targets for treating acute stroke when patients present to hospital. We compared these nascent proteomes across different ischemic conditions using bioinformatic tools.
Single‐Source III/V Precursors: A New Approach to Gallium Arsenide and Related Semiconductors

Until recently, the production of gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, and related compound semiconductors has fallen in the domain of the materials scientist and the electrical engineer. By clever use of classical chemistry, exemplified by the thermal reaction of Me3Ga and AsH3, it is possible to make semiconductors on a commercial scale. However, there are some drawbacks associated with the existing methodology, including the environmental and health hazards of handling pyrophoric and toxic starting materials as well as stoichiometry control problems and undesirable side reactions. Can the synthetic inorganic and organometallic chemist play a useful role in this important area by designing and developing new reagents for the production of semiconductor materials? We believe the answer is yes, and in this article we discuss a new approach to the preparation of GaAs and InP thin films based on single-source precursors. These compounds feature strong σ-bonding between the group III and V elements, together with substituents that are capable of facile thermal elimination. The III/V precursors are more stable toward air and moisture and considerably less toxic than either adducts or mixtures of group III and V compounds.
Obstacles and advocacy in children's mental health services: managing the Medicaid maze

Of federal programs available, Medicaid offers the greatest potential for serving children's mental health needs. Obstacles to children receiving services through Medicaid are largely determined by a state's policy of regulating services. State policies affect the delivery of mental health services for children in two ways: first, by determining which services to make available, and second, by specifying the conditions of access to those services. Accordingly, this article focuses on obstacles within states' policies that prevent effective utilization of services by children. Specifically, states' choices of eligibility criteria, services, and the procedural obstacles present within payment options are examined. Suggestions for future research are made.
Correlation of macroscopic aggregation behavior and microscopic adhesion properties of bacteria strains using a dimensionless Tabor’s parameter

Macroscopic adhesion–aggregation, floc formation, and subsequent transportation of microorganisms in porous media are closely related to the microscopic behavior and properties of individual cells. The classical Tabor’s parameter in colloidal science is modified to correlate the macroscopic aggregation and microscopic adhesion properties of microorganisms. Seven bacterial strains relevant to wastewater treatment and bioremediation were characterized in terms of their macroscopic aggregation index (AI) using an optical method, and their microscopic coupled adhesion and deformation properties using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Single cells were indented to measure the range and magnitude of the repulsive–attractive intersurface forces, elastic modulus, thickness and density of the cellular surface substances (CSS). The strong correlation suggests that cost and time effective microscopic AFM characterization is capable of making reliable prediction of macroscopic behavior.
The Effects of Disagreement on the Continuation of an Interpersonal Relationship

A laboratory procedure for developing a positive relationship between strangers is introduced for the purpose of examining the effects of a cost, in the form of a disagreement, on the continuation of that relationship. It is hypothesized that after a disagreement subjects will select fewer and less intimate topics to discuss with their partner and speak for a shorter duration than subjects who agree. Furthermore, subjects disagreeing on an intimate issue will withdraw more than subjects disagreeing on a superficial issue. Sixty female undergraduates and a female confederate exchanged information about themselves over eight trials that became increasingly intimate. The confederate then agreed or disagreed with the subject on a superficial or intimate issue. The subject again selected topics to discuss with the confederate. Disagreeing subjects selected significantly fewer topics than did agreeing subjects. No other significant effects were found.
Ciclosporin use in multi‐drug therapy for meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ciclosporin therapy alone or in combination with corticosteroids and/or ketoconazole in dogs with diagnosis of meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology. METHODS: Medical records of 10 dogs diagnosed with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology and treated with ciclosporin therapy alone or in combination with corticosteroids and/or ketoconazole were reviewed at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Laboratory abnormalities, side effects, clinical and cerebrospinal fluid responses to treatment and association between blood ciclosporin level and response to treatment were evaluated. Histopathological diagnosis was available in three patients. RESULTS: No significant abnormalities were detected on serial complete blood count and serum chemistry panel in any of the dogs. Side effects of ciclosporin therapy included excessive shedding, gingival hyperplasia and hypertrichosis. Overall median survival time for all dogs in the study was 930 days (range, 60 to more than 1290 days). In all dogs, serial cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed a marked improvement in the inflammation. CLINICALSIGNIFICANCE:Resultssuggest thatciclosporin eitheralone or in combination with ketoconazole may be a safe and effective treatment for meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology in dogs.
Unintended Pregnancy and Depressive Symptoms Among First-Time Mothers and Fathers

The consequences of unintended first pregnancy on the mental health of cohabitating couples (N = 124) were examined in the third trimester of pregnancy and at four months postpartum. Results indicated that the influence of unintended pregnancy on parental depressive symptoms is complex and via different mechanisms for men and women. Pregnancy viewed as unintended by males and intended by their partners appeared to pose the greatest risk for postpartum depressive symptoms, particularly in women.
A Test for an Abrupt Change in Weibull Hazard Functions with Staggered Entry and Type I Censoring

We consider a test for an abrupt change in a Weibull hazard function with unknown scale parameter when the data are subject to staggered entry and Type I censoring. We formulate the profile log-likelihood ratio test statistic as a function of the change point and show that it converges weakly to an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. We determine critical values from an approximation to the tail probability of the supremum of the process. We study the power of the test through simulation, and demonstrate its applicability using real data from a clinical study for the treatment of chronic granulomatous disease.
Landing a Helicopter on a Moving Target

We present the design of an optimal trajectory controller for landing a helicopter on a moving target. The trajectory planner is based on the variational Hamiltonian and Euler-Lagrange equations. We use a kinematic model of the helicopter to derive an optimal controller that is able to track an arbitrarily moving target and then land on it. Simulations are shown to verify the performance of the optimal trajectory controller. Data from real flight trials is presented to validate the inputs obtained from the trajectory planner to track a desired trajectory. We present initial trials in simulation for landing the helicopter autonomously on a moving target.
The Beam Line VI REC-Steel Hybrid Wiggler for SSRL

A wiggler magnet with 27 periods, each 7 cm long which reaches 1.21 T at a 1.2 cm gap and 1.64 T at 0.8 cm gap has been designed and is in fabrication. Installation in SPEAR is scheduled for mid 1983. This new wiggler will be the radiation source for a new high intensity synchrotron radiation beam line at SSRL. The magnet utilizes rare-earth cobalt (REC) material and steel in a hybrid configuration to achieve simultaneously a high magnetic field with a short period. The magnet is external to a thin walled variable gap stainless steel vacuum chamber which is opened to provide beam aperture of 1.8 cm gap at injection and then closed to a smaller aperture (< 1.0 cm). Five independent drive systems are provided to adjust the magnet and chamber gaps and alignment. Magnetic design, construction details and magnetic measurements are presented.
Adoption of Transradial Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Outcomes According to Center Radial Volume in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Insights From the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking (CART) Program

Background—Studies examining the association between radial approach and post–percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) bleeding and mortality have reached conflicting conclusions. There are no current data about the use and outcomes of transradial PCI (r-PCI) in the Veterans Affairs system. Methods and Results—Consecutive veterans (n=24 143 patients) undergoing PCI in the Veterans Affairs between 2007 and 2010 were examined. On the basis of propensity to undergo r-PCI, 3 cohorts matched with veterans undergoing transfemoral access were constructed among sites performing ≥1 r-PCI, ≥50 r-PCI (high volume), and <50 r-PCI (low volume). Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the association between PCI access site, blood transfusion, and mortality. The prevalence of r-PCI increased over time (2007=2.1%; 2010=8.8%). Overall, there was no difference in procedure success between matched groups (r-PCI 97.3% versus transfemoral PCI 96.6%; P=0.182), or in the risk of postprocedure transfusion or morta...
Mitochondrial Gene Markers for the Hybridizing Toads Bufo microscaphus and Bufo woodhousii in Arizona

Abstract Three restriction site markers from the mitochondrial genome are described for the toads Bufo microscaphus and B. woodhousii. Markers were resolved from DNA sequence data representing segments of cytochrome b (cytb) and 16S ribosomal genes. Two diagnostic restriction sites (BsmA I; SfaN I) characterize B. microscaphus for cytb, whereas a third restriction site (Tsp509 I) distinguishes B. woodhousii for 16S. Restriction digests of PCR-amplified cytb and 16S segments provide an economical, nondestructive assay with which to identify mtDNA haplotypes for these toads and their hybrids. The mtDNA markers complement diagnostic allozyme and call characters, offering an additional approach to examine hybridization between the two species in central Arizona.
Solid Organ Injury Grading in Trauma: Accuracy of Grading by Surgical Residents:

The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma developed an Organ Injury Scale for management of patients with splenic, kidney, or liver injuries. Despite widespread use of the guidelines, the person who determines the injury grade varies among institutions. Our purpose was to determine the accuracy and interobserver agreement between surgical residents and a radiologist in grading solid organ injuries. We retrospectively reviewed patients with solid organ injuries from January 2009 to May 2010 and compared the grade of solid organ injuries by a single resident with grades by a single blinded radiologist using a paired t test, analysis of variance, or Kruskal-Wallis. Computed tomography scans of 58 patients with splenic injuries, 43 with liver injuries, and 16 with kidney injuries were reviewed. Average grades for splenic injuries were 2.5 and 2.4 (radiologist/resident); liver injuries, 2.6 and 2.1; and kidney injuries, 2.7 and 2.8. There were no significant differences in grading by the radiologist and resident for splenic and kidney injuries; however, equal values were only achieved in 43 and 38 per cent, respectively. There was a significant difference (average rating difference 0.54, P = 0.0002) in grading between the radiologist and resident for liver injuries with only 35 per cent having equal values and the radiologist grading on average 0.5 points higher than the resident. No demographic, injury, or outcome variables were significantly associated with interobserver variability (P > 0.05). Despite a significant difference for liver injury grading, interobserver agreement between residents and a single radiologist was low. Clinical implications and the impact on outcomes related to interobserver variations require further study. Language: en