cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of nanocapillary arrays into microfluidic devices for use as analyte concentrators

A nanocapillary array was integrated into a microfluidic device and its ability to concentrate analytes was characterized. Through the application of an electric field across the channel, large molecules were concentrated in front of the nanocapillary array, and a concentrated analyte band was ejected from the channel by reversing the polarity of the electric field. The effects of nanocapillary diameter, analyte charge, analyte concentration, analyte plug length, and analyte relative mobility were investigated. Concentration factors up to 300-fold were measured for fluorescein. By concentrating anionic FITC-labeled peptides, it was demonstrated that the magnitude of the electrophoretic mobility did not have a measurable effect on the concentration factor. Therefore, multiple analytes can be concentrated in front of the same nanocapillary array without adjusting the conditions, provided the analytes have the same net charge. In the presence of an electric field, a charge trapping effect was observed; small anionic molecules can be concentrated in front of nanocapillary array with channel diameters which are orders of magnitude above the molecular weight cut-offs for hydrodynamically driven systems. The concentrating process was found to be very efficient for fluorescein, as no leakage through the nanocapillary array or sorption of fluorescein to the nanocapillary array was observed. Due to their flexibility and efficiency, it is anticipated that nanocapillary arrays will find increased utility in electrokinetically driven microfluidic systems.
0060 Particle size distribution in aluminium manufacturing facilities

Objectives As part of exposure assessment for an ongoing epidemiologic study of heart disease and fine particle exposures in aluminium manufacturing, area particle samples were collected in smelters and fabrication facilities to assess instrument reliability and particle size distribution at different process areas. Method Personal Modular Impactors (PMI) and Minimicro-orifice uniform deposition impactors (MiniMOUDI) were used to collect samples. The coefficient of variation (CV) of collocated samples of the same type was used to evaluate the reproducibility of the impactors. PM 2.5 measured by PMI was compared to PM 2.5 calculated from MiniMOUDI data to assess the validity of using PMI to measure fine particles in personal sampling. Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was calculated to characterise particle size distribution at different locations. Results 62 MiniMOUDI and 71 PMI samples were collected at 44 production areas. Most of CVs were less than 30%. The slope of the liner regression of PMI_PM 2.5 versus MiniMOUDI_PM 2.5 was 1.12 mg/m 3 per mg/m 3 (± 0.05), with correlation coefficient of 0.97 (± 0.01). MMADs in fabrications were significantly smaller and less variable than those in smelters (p = 0.001). The fraction of PM 10 which was PM 1.0 or PM 0.56 was significantly higher in fabrications than in smelters (p Conclusions The reproducibility for impactors was moderate to high. PM 2.5 measured by PMI can be a valid measure for fine particle exposure in personal sampling. The concentrations of submicron and quasi-ultrafine particles were similar in fabrications and smelters. PM 2.5 is not a good surrogate for ultrafine particles in this setting.
Evolution and the Media

Journalists have been writing about evolution since Darwin first published the Origin of Species. Today, news about evolution comes in a dizzying diversity of venues. In this paper, I survey this diversity, observing its strengths and weaknesses for helping students learn about evolution.
Trading location and equity returns: Evidence from US trading of British cross-listed firms

Abstract Our study examines market sentiment and the importance of trading location in British American Depository Receipts (ADRs) traded in the US. Perfect integration between UK markets and UK ADRs is ruled out given that UK ADRs exhibit an intraday, U-shaped volatility curve. Both a variance decomposition analysis and an EGARCH model show that UK ADR returns are driven more by US market returns than US-traded UK ETF returns. These results indicate the existence of US market sentiment for UK ADRs and that trading location influences pricing behavior.
The "Withering Away" of the State: A Reconsideration

Marx and Engels rarely appear to differ in matters of theory. But with regard to the subject of this essay, namely, the Marxian design for the final disposition of the state, the collaborators occasionally seem to take irreconcilable positions. Inquiry indicates that the inconsistency looms larger in appearance than in substance, but the anomaly does pique the'student's curiosity. So does the fact that the virtually unquestioned interpretation of the theory of das Absterben des Staats-that the eventual goal of Marxism is Anarchism-broaches more questions than it resolves. The validity of this inveterate exegesis, however, was challenged more than two decades ago by the late Solomon F. Bloom, who, after a perusal of some of the available material, concluded that "the weight of the evidence is rather against an anarchistic interpretation of Marxism as that doctrine was defined by its principal author."' While Professor Bloom shed some light on the matter and provided more than one insight, his essay is somewhat misleading, and it leaves a number of questions unanswered. The most conspicuous of these is: Could Marx and Engels conceivably have held different views concerning this vital aspect of Marxism? A reexamination of all the evidence indicates that the views of Marx and Engels on this subject were identical, and that the following hypotheses, although iconoclastic, appear tenable: First, although Marx and Engels anticipated the demise of "politics" and "political power," the future communist society they envisioned was by no means anarchistic; the state was to be its one indispensable institution. Second, the fact that for a century Marxism has enjoyed the undeserved benefit of a certain mystique derived from its alleged anarchistic intentions is attributable partly to a few suggestive, and invariably misinterpreted, statements of Marx, but mainly to what seem to be the misrepresentations by both Marx and Engels
Impaired β-adrenergic receptor stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in human septic shock: Association with myocardial hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines

ObjectivesTo determine whether myocardial hyporesponsiveness to administered catecholamines occurs in human sepsis and whether this phenomenon is associated with impaired β-adrenergic receptor stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate.DesignProspective study.SettingMedical ICU in a university ho
Apoptosis and Secondary Damage After Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury does not happen all at once. After the initial impact to the cord, secondary injury processes proceed to destroy additional tissue and kill cells at the margins of the expanding lesion. This progression of damage has been thought to be due principally to the spread of necrotic, passive cell death by membrane destruction and release of chemicals that attack cells. Recent evidence suggests that apoptosis, a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs naturally during development and in the immune system, is involved in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) and other trauma to the CNS. Apoptosis occurs for many days and even weeks after injury, especially in the myelin-forming oligodendrocytes of the cord white matter. This may lead to demyelination and further dysfunction. Apoptosis of both neurons and oligodendrocytes represents a new target for pharmacological therapies that may be effective in the subacute as well as the acute stages of injury. In addition to progra...
SU-E-I-09: Patient Organ Doses from KV-CBCT Acquisitions as Function of Patient Size and Scan Protocols.

Purpose: To investigate the organdose dependence on patient size and position resulting from an image guidance procedures. Depending upon the degree of variability between patients, the feasibility tabulating the organdose based upon patient size and imaging acquisition procedure. Such tables could be useful in estimating and accounting for organdose resulting from imaging procedures. Methods: Monte‐Carlo methods were used to calculate radiationdose to the patient resulting from a kV CBCTimaging scan based upon CTimage data. A Python program was created to generate DVHs using the calculated 3D dose matrix and the DICOM‐RT Structure Set for the patient. A number of head and pelvic CT scans were used in the study, and the resulting DVHs were analyzed to determine the variation of organdose as a function of patient size. Results: For the head scans in supine position, the average of the mean doses for some organs, along with the standard deviation in those mean doses, are as follows:Brainstem: 0.25cGy +/− 0.02cGyBrain: 0.26cGy +/− 0.01cGyOptic Chiasm: 0.22 +/− 0.03cGyBone: 0.55 +/− 0.04cGyAnterior Skin: 0.13 +/− 0.05cGyPosterior Skin: 0.23 +/− 0.06cGyEye: 0.11cGy +/− 0.05cGyFor Pelvic scans, dose to organs such as rectum, have likewise been shown to have some variation between patients of different sizes. Conclusions: The results show that it is possible to express organdose as a function of imaging procedure, imaging device, scan location, body size, and orientation. For example, using a standard head scan on an OBI 1.4 system, the dose to the eye ranged from 0.05–0.20cGy, depending upon the patient size. Considering the amount of imagingdose compared to the therapeuticdose, this study indicates that organdose could be estimated by using tabulated values based upon the scan procedure and patient size.
The effect of sympathetic stimulation on auricular flutter.

Abstract Faradic stimulation of the right or left sympathetic nerves of the heart of the dog in situ leads to a distinct and often marked acceleration of auricular flutter caused by topical application of aconitine. Flutter is often transformed into fibrillation by this measure. Administration of atropine regularly changes auricular fibrillation into flutter or slows the rate of auricular flutter. Faradic stimulation of the sympathetic nerves or the injection of epinephrine, after atropinization, causes only a slight acceleration of the existing flutter rate; occasionally these measures remain without effect on the auricular rate despite the appearance of marked and typical changes of the RS-T segments. It is concluded that the more marked effect of sympathetic stimulation before atropinization is due to reflex increase in vagus tonus.
Ecological Transition Predictably Associated with Gene Degeneration

Gene degeneration or loss can significantly contribute to phenotypic diversification, but may generate genetic constraints on future evolutionary trajectories, potentially restricting phenotypic reversal. Such constraints may manifest as directional evolutionary trends when parallel phenotypic shifts consistently involve gene degeneration or loss. Here, we demonstrate that widespread parallel evolution in Penstemon from blue to red flowers predictably involves the functional inactivation and degeneration of the enzyme flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), an anthocyanin pathway enzyme required for the production of blue floral pigments. Other types of genetic mutations do not consistently accompany this phenotypic shift. This pattern may be driven by the relatively large mutational target size of degenerative mutations to this locus and the apparent lack of associated pleiotropic effects. The consistent degeneration of F3'5'H may provide a mechanistic explanation for the observed asymmetry in the direction of flower color evolution in Penstemon: Blue to red transitions are common, but reverse transitions have not been observed. Although phenotypic shifts in this system are likely driven by natural selection, internal constraints may generate predictable genetic outcomes and may restrict future evolutionary trajectories.
Isolation and Molecular Evolution of the Selenocysteine tRNA (Cf TRSP) and RNase P RNA (Cf RPPH1) Genes in the Dog Family, Canidae

In an effort to identify rapidly evolving nuclear sequences useful for phylogenetic analyses of closely related species, we isolated two genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III (pol III), the selenocysteine tRNA gene (TRSP) and an RNase P RNA (RPPH1) gene from the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). We focus on genes transcribed by pol III because their coding regions are small (generally 100-300 base pairs [bp]) and their essential promoter elements are located within a couple of hundred bps upstream of the coding region. Therefore, we predicted that regions flanking the coding region and outside of the promoter elements would be free of constraint and would evolve rapidly. We amplified TRSP from 23 canids and RPPH1 from 12 canids and analyzed the molecular evolution of these genes and their utility as phylogenetic markers for resolving relationships among species in Canidae. We compared the rate of evolution of the gene-flanking regions to other noncoding regions of nuclear DNA (introns) and to the mitochondrial encoded COII gene. Alignment of TRSP from 23 canids revealed that regions directly adjacent to the coding region display high sequence variability. We discuss this pattern in terms of functional mechanisms of transcription. Although the flanking regions evolve no faster than introns, both genes were found to be useful phylogenetic markers, in part, because of the synapomorphic indels found in the flanking regions. Gene trees generated from the TRSP and RPPH1 loci were generally in agreement with the published mtDNA phylogeny and are the first phylogeny of Canidae based on nuclear sequences.
NMR studies of protein interactions

Interactions of proteins with other macromolecules or small molecules play important roles in most biological processes. Often, such interactions are weak and transient, and the complexes do not easily crystallize. NMR spectroscopy has the unique ability to retrieve information about these interactions and is increasingly used. Recent methodological developments have helped characterize weak protein interactions, and have in particular been applied to the study of proteins that are mostly unfolded alone but form well-defined complexes upon interaction. In addition, NMR methods have been applied to the identification and characterization of small chemicals that inhibit protein function, a primary objective of rational drug design.
Role of microsurgery in orchiopexy

Abstract Intra-abdominal testes cannot be completely brought down into the scrotum by conventional methods. Four intra-abdominal testes in 3 patients underwent successful orchiopexy by dividing the spermatic artery and vein near their origin and anastomosing these vessels to the inferior epigastric vessels with the use of microsurgical technique.
Scattering in two dimensions

We consider a model theory in which space-time consists of two dimensions. The scattering amplitude is derived in the two-particle approximation, up to certain ambiguities. Conditions on the coupling strength are obtained in order that the solution should not have unwanted bound states. It is shown that the model satisfies Levinson’s theorem and certain properties of the resonances are established.
Electron Gun Design Study for the IUCF Beam Cooling System

The design of a low temperature electron beam cooling system for the Indiana University electron-cooled storage ring is in progress. The storage ring, which will accept the light ion beams from the existing k-200, multi-stage cyclotron facility, requires an electron beam variable in energy from about 7 to 275 keV. The electron beam system consists of a high perveance electron gun with Pierce geometry and a flat cathode. The gun and a 28 element accelerating column are immersed in a uniform longitudinal magnetic guide field. A computer modeling study of the system was conducted to determine electron beam density and transverse temperature variations as a function of anode region and accelerator column design parameters. Transverse electron beam temperatures (Et = mc2s2?(?H+?v)) of less than a few tenths of an electron volt at a maximum current density of 0.4 A/cm2 are desired over the full energy range. This was achieved in the calculations without the use of resonant focusing for a 2 Amp, 275 keV electron beam. Some systematics of the electron beam temperature variations with system design parameters are presented. A short discussion of the mechanical design of the proposed electron beam system is also given.
Similitude in electronics cooling: scaling and design of experiments

Summary form only given. A tutorial that establishes procedures that can be employed to identify the variables that are important to characterizing aero-thermal problems is summarized. The discussion ranged from a seat-of-the-pants manipulation of experimental data to a more rigorous derivation of the minimum number of variables required to describe a problem. Practical sample problems applied to electronics cooling geometries were presented as examples of the process of variable identification. >
Gauging quality and reliability assurance efforts in product development process

This paper proposes a process metric to measure quality and reliability assurance efforts in two dimensions: efficiency and effectiveness. The proposal is made in the context of standardised product development process and is based on quality assurance initiatives at a small automotive supplier, which went through the process of implementing a new product introduction methodology to be standardised across its US organisation. This proposed metric borrows much of its ideas from the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) approach developed by the Software Institute at Carnegie-Mellon University.
The public science base of US biotechnology: A citation-weighted approach

In previous research we examined the science base of US biotechnology utilizing several unique patent and scientific paper databases (McMillan et al., 2000). Our findings highlighted the importance of public science in this industry. In this current research effort, we extend that analysis to include the subsequent citations those biotechnology patents received. Our conclusions are that the reliance on public science is stable when adjusted for forward citations, but the impact of different funding sources does change when citation weights are added. The science policy implications of these findings and future research opportunities are discussed.
A four-quadrant CMOS analog multiplier for analog neural networks

A four-quadrant CMOS analog multiplier is presented. The multiplier uses the square-law characteristic of an MOS transistor in saturation. Its major advantage over other four-quadrant multipliers is its combination of small area and low power consumption. In addition, unlike almost all other designs of four-quadrant multipliers, this design has single ended inputs so that the inputs do not need to be pre-processed before being fed to the multiplier, thus saving additional area. These properties make the multiplier very suitable for use in the implementation of artificial neural networks. The design was fabricated through MOSIS using the standard 2 /spl mu/m CMOS process. Experimental results obtained from it are presented. >
Prolonged Butyrate Treatment Inhibits the Migration and Invasion Potential of HT1080 Tumor Cells

Butyrate, a normal constituent of the colonic luminal contents, is produced by the bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starches. It has been hypothesized that butyrate may inhibit the invasion of tumor cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of butyrate treatment on the growth, migration, and invasion characteristics of tumor HT1080 cells. HT1080 cells cultured in the presence of 0.5 and 1 mmol/L butyrate for 14 d exhibited an increase in the G(1) and G(2) fractions with a concomitant drop in the S-phase, thus showing slower cell growth. Interestingly, 0.5 and 1 mmol/L butyrate inhibited the migration and invasion rate of the tumor cells compared with the untreated (control) cells. The protein and mRNA levels of the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2 were significantly increased in HT1080 cells cultured with 0.5 and 1 mmol/L butyrate. Enzymatic activities and the mRNA level of the latent forms of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9, were also increased in HT1080 cells cultured with 0.5 and 1 mmol/L butyrate. In contrast, the active form of MMP-2 was detectable by zymographic analysis in control but not butyrate-conditioned media. Collectively, these results demonstrate that prolonged and low-dose butyrate treatment increases both prometastasis MMP-2, -9 and antimetastasis TIMP-1, -2 expression, and the net effect of these increases is the inhibition of pro-MMP-2 activation and of tumor cell migration/invasion potential.
Radiation from a slot antenna in a ground plane coated with a moving plasma sheath

The electromagnetic radiation from a slot antenna in a conducting plane coated with a moving isotropic cold plasma layer is considered. It is assumed that the direction of motion of the layer is across the slot, which is taken to be infinitely long. An integral representation for the field radiated through the plasma layer is obtained and evaluated asymptotically in the far zone by the method of steepest descents. The migration of the poles in the integrand of this integral representation as the speed of the slab is varied is discussed and related to several calculated radiation patterns. It is found that the motion of the plasma layer has the greatest effect on the radiation pattern when the wave frequency and plasma frequency are nearly equal.
The Effect of Revenue-Sharing Contracts on Welfare in Vertically-Separated Markets: Evidence from the Video Rental Industry

In this study I analyze the implications of contractual innovation in vertically-separated industries, using the example of the video rental industry. Prior to 1998, video stores obtained inventory from movie distributors using simple linear pricing contracts. In 1998, revenue-sharing contracts, which include inventory restrictions, were widely adopted. I investigate the effect of using revenue-sharing contracts on firms' products and consumer welfare, relative to linear pricing contracts. I analyze a new panel dataset of home video retailers that includes information on individual retailers' contract and inventory choices, weekly rentals and sales, and contract terms (prices and quantity restrictions) for 1,114 movie titles and 6,594 retailers in the U.S during each week of 1998 and 1999. A structural econometric model of rms' behavior is developed and estimated, and counterfactual experiments are performed. The results indicate that total upstream and downstream profits increase by three to six percent, and consumers benet substantially when revenue-sharing contracts are adopted. I also examine the effects of the observed quantity restrictions. I find that these restrictions serve to increase profits for upstream firms and decrease profits for downstream firms, relative to revenue-sharing contracts without inventory restrictions.
Abstract WP59: IV rt-PA Treatment Response of The STROKE100 Club: Systematic Technique for Risk and Outcome Measurements Using Key Elements Totaling 100.

Background: Advanced age and high NIHSS are independent predictors of poor AIS outcome. While not excluded from IV rtPA, response is debated in these groups. Patients in the “STROKE 100 Club” (AIS with any combination of age + NIHSS ≥100) have worse outcome without increased sICH. Treatment response has not been evaluated. We evaluated 90 day outcome in the “STROKE 100 Club” with or without rt-PA. Methods: The UCSD SPOTRIAS prospectively collected database was analyzed for “STROKE 100 Club” patients, and all AIS patients either ≥ 80 years old or with NIHSS ≥ 20. Multivariable regression models were used with treatment group as independent variable. Models were adjusted for pre-specified covariates: pre-stroke mRS, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation. Results: We identified 82 STROKE 100 Club patients; 24 were untreated, 58 received IV rtPA. IV tPA treated patients were less likely to have prior history of stroke (22.8% vs 54.2%, p=0.0089). No treatment difference was seen in discharge destination, death, or poor outcome (mRS 3-6) at 90 days. In patients either ≥ 80 years old or with NIHSS ≥ 20, no difference was seen in 90 day outcomes between IV tPA and untreated patients, controlling for baseline variables. In patients ≥ 80 years old, poor outcome was associated with higher NIHSS (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.09-1.24, p Conclusions: Prognosis remains a concern in patients with various permutations of stroke severity and advanced age. Patients ≥80 with higher NIHSS had worse outcome, confirming our prior findings in the STROKE 100 club. Interestingly, IV tPA in the STROKE 100 Club did not lead to worse outcome. IV rtPA remains a safe treatment option for patients in the STROKE 100 club. Ongoing analyses may identify subgroups at greater or lesser benefit of thrombolysis. Planned analyses include assessment in a larger NIH-SPOTRIAS cohort.
Individually tunable liquid lens arrays using transparent graphene for compound eye applications

For the first time, this paper reports a tunable liquid lens array that can be individually controlled by electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) and pneumatic pressure. Flexible and transparent graphene electrodes are fabricated on a highly deformable membrane made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and parylene. The design has many advantages for compound eye applications, including a large field of view (FOV), a compact size and fast responses. Potassium chloride (KCl) and ionic liquid have been tested as liquid lenses with the tunable ranges of focal length between 3 and 8mm. Their optical performancees including, enlargement of FOV and the tuning of focal length of individual lens have been demonstrated.
Detergent effects upon the isozymes of cytoplasmic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract The effect of detergents upon the catalytic activity of purified rabbit liver and muscle forms of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) was studied. Representative compounds from four different classes of detergents were examined and found to have different effects on the two isozymes. The liver enzyme was either activated or unaffected by all of the detergents studied except Triton X-100 and deoxycholate. Lysolecithin was found to be a strong activator of the liver form but was without effect on the muscle form of the enzyme. In the presence of any of the detergents studied, the relative activity of the liver enzyme was greater than that of the muscle enzyme. These differences in detergent interaction appear to demonstrate differences in the overall structure of the two isozymes.
Is There Enough Poison Gas to Kill the City?: The Teaching of Ethics in Mathematics Classes

ii .... ..Bonnie Jean Shulman (bshulman @abacus.bates.edu) !@7~""j ~ received her Ph.D. (1991) in mathematical physics from the University of Colorado, Boulder. She is associate professor of mathematics at Bates College, and has also chaired the Program in Women and Gender Studies. When not busy teaching or pursuing her passion for history and philosophy of mathematics, she enjoys biking on back country roads and practicing t'ai chi on the deck of her geodesic dome in Poland, Maine.
Fault diagnosis of automotive transmission with wavelet de-noising and AR spectrum technology

In order to trackel the problem that traditional spectrum analysis w as unable to extract the vibration features of transmission easily,was introduce d the method of extracting characteristic information of vibration sign al of automotive transmission shaft by applying wavelet de-noising and AR spect r um. Based on these discussions, it can be seen that the imbalanc e energy was very obvious on the base frequency's half frequency and double frequency wh en the shaft of automotive transmission was imbalanced. Wavelet de-noising can re move and restrain all kinds of noises from shaft of automotive transmission effe ct ively. Combining it with AR Spectrum, it can provide the reliable basis for extracting the features of vibration signal.
The Retrospective Analysis of Kawasaki Disease in Infants

Objective Kawasaki disease is an acute systemic vasculitis with unknown cause,predominantly affecting children under 5 years old. This study aims to review the incidence of Kawasaki disease in infants less than one year,as well as the clinical diagnosis,treatment and prognosis in this age period. Methods Infants with Kawasaki disease treated at the cardiology department from January 2006 to Decmber 2006 were included in this study. The clinical data were retrospectively reviewed. The items under investigation include:basic characteristics,clinical,laboratory and echocardiographic and follow-up data. Results A total of 27 infants were included in this study(male/female=1.7∶1). The frequency of 5 principle clinical presentations was as following: Bilateral bulbar conjunctival injection(81%), Mucosal change of oropharynx(70%),Skin rash(67%),Extremities change(60%) and Lymphadenopathy(52%). Six patients showed the coronary involving:bilateral coronary artery dilatation was found in all 6 children and one infant developed to have small aneurysm. Twelve infants were diagnosed with incomplete Kawasaki disease. Conclusion Infants with Kawasaki disease can not present all the principle symptoms and it is difficult to differentiate in the early phase. Early diagnosis and treatment will reduce the coronary artery lesions in infants.
Impact of vicinal GaAs(001) substrates on Bi incorporation and photoluminescence in molecular beam epitaxy-grown GaAs1−xBix

The controlled incorporation of Bi into GaAs is a key challenge to synthesizing dilute Bi materials. This work reveals the importance of the surface step density and direction on Bi incorporation. Steps in the [110] direction are demonstrated to enhance Bi incorporation, but at the cost of reduced photoluminescence intensity at a red-shifted peak position, while steps in the [1¯10] direction yield the opposite behavior. A qualitative model based on the competitive incorporation of As and Bi at different step edges is used to rationalize the observed differences in Bi incorporation.
Phytobenthic Ecology and Regulated Streams

Phytobenthos, the photosynthetic component of benthic ecosystems, plays a fundamental role in lotic food webs. Although the importance of allochthonous energy sources has been established for smaller streams of the first through third orders (Scott, 1958; Hynes, 1963; Cummins, 1975), phytobenthos is of major importance in medium-sized rivers (Blum, 1956, 1957; Cummins, 1975; Pryfogle and Lowe, in press; Reid, 1961; Gale et al., in press). The most important algal members of the phytobenthos are usually from one of three divisions, Bacillariophyta (diatoms), Chlorophyta (green algae), and Cyanophyta (blue-green algae). Mosses and liverworts (Bryophyta) reach maximum importance in small, swift streams having stony substrates (Haslam, 1978). Aquatic vascular plants, often referred to as aquatic macrophytes, will be referred to as higher plants in this paper. They belong to several plant families and their occurrence is usually regulated by such chemical and physical parameters as flow, turbulence, light, substrate, and dissolved chemicals (Haslam, 1978).
Systematic Studies on RE2Hf2O7:5%Eu3+ (RE = Y, La, Pr, Gd, Er, and Lu) Nanoparticles: Effects of the A-Site RE3+ Cation and Calcination on Structure and Photoluminescence

A series of 5 mol % Eu3+-doped rare earth (RE) hafnium oxide RE2Hf2O7 (RE = Y, La, Pr, Gd, Er, and Lu) nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized, calcinated, and systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and optically excited luminescence. Effects of the A-site RE3+ cation and calcination on the crystal structure of the RE2Hf2O7:5%Eu NPs were distinguished using XRD and Raman studies. Spectroscopic analysis showed that the La2Hf2O7:5%Eu3+ and Pr2Hf2O7:5%Eu3+ possessed ordered pyrochlore structures while the RE2Hf2O7:5%Eu3+ compositions (RE = Y, Er, and Lu) possessed disordered fluorite structure and were thermodynamically stable up to the highest calcination temperature employed in this study (1500 °C); however, a disordered–ordered transition observed in the Gd2Hf2O7:5%Eu3+ composition indicated that it was not thermodynamically stable. Detailed photoluminescence (...
Implementation of a Basic Income by a Negative Income Tax

This chapter provides evidence that the concept of a negative income tax (NIT) is well suited for implementing a minimum income from an economic point of view. A NIT-scheme does not only feature a guaranteed basic income for everyone but also increases the transparency of the tax-and-transfer system. However, by accumulating most (or all) social transfers in a new tax-and-transfer scheme, transfer payments cannot be sensitive to the individual’s specific situation anymore due to the general characteristics of the income tax.The chapter begins by clarifying the overall concept of a negative income tax. It is then shown that – from an economic perspective – a NIT-scheme is similar to the original idea of an unconditional basic income. Different types of NIT-schemes such as social-dividend-type and poverty-gap-type models are discussed and compared afterwards. The chapter ends with an overview of the few empirical studies that exist with regard to negative income tax plans.
The roles automation and robotics can play in resolving global energy issues

The energy issues that face the wodd seem very complex and intractable. Complicating the energy supply issues is the intersecting issue of carbon emissions and the potential role it can play in global climate change. However, the problems can be expressed quite simply, particularly in the context of the United States, as the dependence on oil and maintaining a reliable supply of electricity. While the scope of these problems is large there are technological approaches that can truly make a difference. For instance, vehicles that are powered by electricity, vehicles that are lighter in weight and more fuel efficient can lessen the dependence on petroleum. Breakthroughs in renewable energy technology such as solar, and wind as well as revitalizing nuclear power can provide carbon free electricity. To make these technologies cost effective application of advanced automation and robotic technologies will be needed. This talk discusses the opportunities that automation and robotics can play in making energy technologies more affordable and efficient.
Signaling Strength And The Announced Size Of An Open-Market Repurchase

An open question exists as to whether the announced size of an open-market repurchase (OMR) possesses positive signaling effects. Relying on short sales that occur during the five trading days that follow an OMR announcement as an indication of the signaling effect of the size of the OMR program, I find that post-announcement short sales tend to decrease with positive returns surrounding OMR announcements but that post-announcement short sales do not decrease with the announced size of an OMR program. Therefore, I conclude that while announcements of OMR programs serve as positive signals, in general, the announcement of a larger OMR program does not possess a stronger positive signal.
Theoretical optimization of a cylindrical body of rotation using Magnus effect lift

T Magnus effect is the phenomenon whereby a rotating body experiences an asymmetric force due to its rotation. Historically researchers (Benjamin Robins and Gustav Magnus) investigated this effect using spherical bodies. A simplified investigation later followed by limiting attention to two dimensions, reducing the sphere to a circle was performed. Potential flow theory was capable of describing this situation by superposing a uniform stream upon a collocated doublet/vortex flow. Integrating Euler’s equation along the surface of the resulting “rotating” circle yielded an asymmetric force. Experimental verification of this theoretical result was undertaken by approximating the two dimensional circle by a circular cylinder that spanned either a water or wind tunnel. Potential flow theory was taken by Ludwig Prandtl and expanded to describe the lifting flow about a three dimensional surface. Prandtl and his colleague Max Munk used this theory to derive the optimum distribution of vortex flow (hence, circulation) along the span of a lifting body. The elliptical distribution is the optimum in order to reduce induced drag. Given that optimum, Munk was able to solve for the optimum chord distribution for a fixed wing. The extension from two dimensional to three dimensional investigation for airfoils/fixed wings has outpaced that for rotating bodies. The majority of the work on rotating bodies to date has remained two dimensional. The author has taken the optimum circulation distribution and applied it to a rotating cylindrical body. The theoretically optimum three dimensional geometry has been derived and will herein be described.
Sensitivity of M=0 Growth to EOS and Other Material Properties

Instabilities can affect the quality of flux compression and other high current experiments. The modeling of such experiments involves a number of numerical difficulties. One such difficulty is the selection of proper material property models. This work investigates the effect of different EOS and other material property models on the development of the m=0 instability on a single cylindrical conductor driven by a current typical of the Atlas generator. The nonlinear development of this magnetohydrodynamic instability can lead to current disruption. An important challenge for modeling is to predict the maximum magnetic field on the rod surface that can be obtained prior to disruption. This problem can also be generalized to the more complicated moving liner problem. A series of 2-D magnetohydrodynamic simulations are performed with the state-of-the-art MHRDR code to conduct a sensitivity study.
Partial prostatectomy: technically feasible, but patient selection is paramount.

The goal of treating localized prostate cancer is to eradicate clinically significant cancers while maximizing preservation of urinary and sexual function. Many types of ablative therapy have emerged over the past several years, with the hope of minimizing morbidity, but with variable oncologic outcomes (1). As a consequence, new therapies are continually being evaluated. Villers and colleagues recently reported on a case series of patients with low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer than underwent anterior partial prostatectomy (APP) (2). With a median follow-up of 30 months, the authors demonstrated excellent function outcomes with 100% continence and 83% potency rates. Surgical innovation should never be disparaged, especially when performed rigorously and on protocol, and the authors should be commended for identifying a need for a focal therapy option for anterior tumors, devising a novel technique to treat it, and studying the outcomes of their therapy. On the other hand, even in the experimental setting, appropriate patient selection is critical to ensure that neither undertreatment nor overtreatment occur.
Abstract C38: Racial and ethnic disparity in presentation and outcomes in gastric adenocarcinoma: A national study

Introduction: Patient presentation, management, and outcomes in gastric cancer are variable. This study explores the impact of race and ethnicity on differences in presentation, treatment utilization, and survival among patients with gastric adenocarcinoma in a national cohort. Methods: A total of 96,976 adult patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were identified in the National Cancer Data Base between 2006 and 2013. Facility information as well as patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment modalities were compared among whites, African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. Risk adjusted treatment utilization, namely operative resection, systemic chemotherapy, neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy, as well as palliative care, were examined. Overall survival was compared among ethnicities. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify predictors of overall survival; the reference group was white patients unless otherwise noted. Results: The dataset included 60,647 (66%) whites, 14,126 (15%) African-Americans, 10,054 (11%) Hispanics, and 6,275 (7%) Asians. Hispanics presented at an earlier age; 24% were diagnosed before the age of 50. Hispanic patients were more likely to present with metastatic disease (39%, P Conclusions: Race and ethnicity were associated with tumor presentation, treatment utilization, and survival. Disparity in survival among racial and ethnic groups was not completely accounted for by differences in tumor features and treatment. Citation Format: Ali A. Mokdad, Sam C. Wang, Matthew R. Porembka. Racial and ethnic disparity in presentation and outcomes in gastric adenocarcinoma: A national study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr C38.
On the Complexity of Shortest Path Problems on Discounted Cost Graphs

Discounted Cost Register Automata (DCRA) associate costs with strings in a regular manner using the operation of discounted sum. The min-cost optimization problem for DCRAs corresponds to computing shortest paths in graphs with more general forms of discounting than the well-studied notion of future discounting. We present solutions to two classes of such shortest path problems: in presence of both past and future discounting, we show the decision problem is NP-complete, but has a polynomial-time approximation scheme; in presence of two future discounting criteria that are composed in a prioritized manner, we show that the problem is solvable in Nexptime.
Monitoring for Seizures in Rodents

Abstract There are a growing number of animal models of epilepsy with spontaneous seizures. Identifying the seizures and determining their neurophysiology, functional anatomy, and natural history requires prolonged monitoring with synchronized EEG and video. This chapter outlines the different ways to record EEG in rodents, and how to tailor the recording system to fit the needs of the investigator. The pros and cons of wired and wireless systems are presented, and practical issues are presented. In addition to recording technology, there is also a discussion on housing requirements, and how to design housing to allow monitoring for prolonged periods of time.
Utilis: Designing, Producing, and Selling Rapid Deployment Shelters for a Troubled World

How can a company that supplies disaster response and humanitarian agencies best handle the intrinsically unpredictable and highly volatile demand for its products? Utilis is a French supplier of rapid-deploy high-end tent solutions for civilian and military uses (such as camps and field hospitals). In 13 years, it developed from a start-up garage business into a successful firm of global reach and reputation. In 2010 its founder and CEO Philippe Prevost must decide the product and market strategy for the next phase of development allowing the company to remain competitive in terms of price and cutting edge products. Should they outsource some of their production to Eastern Europe? Market their products to new customers like non-governmental organizations? Diversify into new shelter product areas? So far their small size and nimbleness had allowed the company to thrive -- but would their deeper penetration into the market of disaster and emergency response (where contracts were smaller and peaks and troughs in demand larger) still be compatible with their business model?Learning Objective: To discuss how a small entrepreneurial company can thrive and grow in an industry characterized by fluctuating demands.
Defect structure, thermodynamic and transport properties of SrCo0.9Nb0.1O2.5+δ: A combined experimental and defect chemistry approach

Abstract In this work, a new methodology is presented to derive the thermodynamic and transport properties of 10 mol% Nb-doped SCO (SCN10) system by combining a new defect chemistry model with experimental electrical conductivity and oxygen nonstoichiometry data. Built on a perfect Brownmillerite SrCoO2.5 reference framework, the defect model features oxygen interstitials at tetrahedral sites and oxygen vacancies at octahedral sites as the ionic point defects, and electrons and holes as the electronic point defects. The thermodynamic properties of the oxygen incorporation, Frenkel lattice oxygen exchange and cobalt disproportionation reactions are obtained from oxygen nonstoichiometry data δ(T, PO2). The concentration contours of all the ionic and electron defects are mapped out on the T-PO2 domain. The partial/integral molar thermodynamic properties as well as thermodynamic factor of the SCN10 solid solution are also determined. Furthermore, by combining the concentrations of point defects and the experimental electronic conductivity, mobilities of electrons and holes are obtained as a function of temperature. We expect that the method developed in this study is applicable to other types of mixed conducting complex oxides.
Acute Heart Failure at the Time of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Does Not Increase Mortality.

ObjectivePatients presenting for transcatheter aortic valve replacement are often in acute on chronic heart failure, as indicated by elevated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. Many believe...
Leverage in a Tight Space: Zimbabwean Foreign Policy in International Organizations

This chapter explores the foreign policy of the Mugabe regime in Zimbabwe, with a particular focus on the government’s use of international organizations (IOs). By providing access to support and funds, making it difficult for opposition groups to challenge the status quo, and helping the government to limit international criticism, many IOs have shown themselves to be useful tools in the ZANU–PF arsenal. Using them in this way is not without its challenges, however, and this chapter highlights the skill with which Mugabe uses the leverage he has to try and push his agenda within and through such organizations.
Development of polydisperse aerosol generation and measurement procedures for wind tunnel evaluation of size-selective aerosol samplers

Accurate development and evaluation of inlets for representatively collecting ambient particulate matter typically involves the use of monodisperse particles in aerosol wind tunnels. However, the r...
Optical second-harmonic generation in transmission with long-range surface plasmons

We report the observation of enhanced optical second-harmonic generation in transmission that is due to excitation of the fundamental long-range surface-plasmon mode on both surfaces of a thin silver film bounded by a nonlinear X-cut quartz crystal and an index-matched liquid. The coherent harmonic generation that is observed leaving the polished side face of the nonlinear crystal is 3 orders of magnitude larger than that generated from a Z-cut quartz crystal in a Maker experiment.
Acoustic modal analysis of unique fused-silica fibers for passive non-destructive structural monitoring

The goal of non-destructive acoustic sensing is to passively monitor innate structural parameters such as temperature, strain, and pressure. Intended for use in harsh structural environments, a distributed acoustic sensing system has been created using a single mode, radiation hardened, fused-silica core rod and a high-resolution acoustic sensor. This study aims to enhance the capabilities of the acoustic sensor by manipulating the fused-silica core rod, geometrically, to induce and control additional acoustic reflections. Here, two geometries are demonstrated to markedly improve upon previous fiber designs and result in a consistent acoustic profile.