cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Host shifts and signal divergence: mating signals covary with host use in a complex of specialized plant‐feeding insects

A combination of divergent natural and sexual selection is a powerful cause of speciation. This conjunction of evolutionary forces may often occur when divergence is initiated by ecological differences between populations because local adaptation to new resources can lead to changes in sexual selection. The hypothesis that differences in resource use contribute to the evolution of reproductive isolation by altering the nature of sexual selection predicts that: (1) differences in sexual traits, such as signals and preferences, are an important source of reproductive isolation between species using different resources; (2) there are identifiable sources of selection on sexual traits that differ between species using different resources; and (3) signals vary between populations using different resources to a larger extent than between populations using the same resource at different localities. Testing these predictions requires a group of closely-related species or populations that specialize on different resources and for which the traits involved in mate choice are known. The Enchenopa binotata species complex of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) are host plant specialists in which speciation is associated with shifts to novel host plants. Mating in this complex is preceded by an exchange of vibrational signals transmitted through host plant stems, and the signal traits important for mate choice have been identified. In the E. binotata complex, previous work has supported the first two predictions: (1) signal differences between species are important in mate recognition and (2) host shifts can alter both the trait values favoured by sexual selection and the evolutionary response to that selection. In the present study, we tested the last prediction by conducting a large-scale study of mating signal variation within and between the 11 species in the complex. We find that differences in host use are strongly associated with differences in signal traits important for mate recognition. This result supports the hypothesis that hosts shifts have led to speciation in this group in part through their influence on divergence in mate communication systems. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99, 60–72.
Kinetics of Spore Germination

McCormick, Neil G. (University of Virginia, Charlottesville). Kinetics of spore germination. J. Bacteriol. 89:1180–1185. 1965.—An empirically derived equation was developed which accurately describes the time-course of the decrease in optical density during spore germination. A method is described for calculating the final value, the inflection point, and the maximal velocity from knowledge of three experimental values and the initial value at time-zero. A number of germination curves were analyzed by application of the equation, and the effects of various environmental conditions on the parameters of the equation (k, c, and α) are noted. The constant c was found to be dependent upon the temperature and perhaps upon the degree of heat activation and the l-alanine concentration. The constants k and α appear to be more basic functions of the initial state of the spore suspension. Variation of the concentration of spores changes only the initial optical density, but does not change any of the three constants.
The schema questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas

Although schemas play a central role in cognitive conceptualizations of personality disorders, research devoted to the assessment of schemas has been scarce. This article describes the preliminary validation of a measure of schemas relevant to personality disorders. The Schema Questionnaire (SQ) was developed using five independent samples (N=1,564). In study 1, factor analyses using a student sample revealed 13 primary schemas. A hierarchical factor analysis revealed three higher-order factors. In study 2, factor analyses using a patient sample revealed 15 primary schemas. The patient and student samples produced similar sets of primary factors which also closely matched the rationally developed schemas and their hypothesized hierarchical relationships (Young, 1991). The primary subscales were found to possess adequate test-retest reliability and internal consistency. In study 3, the SQ was found to possess convergent and discriminant validity with respect to measures of psychological distress, self-esteem, cognitive vulnerability for depression, and personality disorder symptoms.
MEMBRANE AND TISSUE LEVEL CONTRIBUTIONS TO PURKINJE-VENTRICULAR INTERACTIONS: A MODEL STUDY

Purkinje-to-ventricular (P-to-V) propagation and electrotonic modulation of repolarization at discrete Purkinje-ventricular junctions (PVJs) depend on differences in the ionic currents and tissue structure of the P network and the V myocardium. We used computer simulations to assess these membrane and tissue level contributions to P-V interactions. At the membrane level, we used the DiFrancesco-Noble membrane equations to model P ionic kinetics and the Luo-Rudy dynamic membrane equations to model V ionic kinetics. At the tissue level, we modeled the P network as a layer of branching cables, and we modeled a single myocardial sheet with an anisotropic layer of excitable cells. P-to-V propagation was enhanced at the tissue level when multiple wavefronts in the branching P network collided at the PVJ. At the membrane level, P-to-V propagation was enhanced by a reduced transient outward current (Ito) in the P layer. Repolarization at the PVJ was also modulated by both membrane and tissue level contributions. ...
Regional deep-sea dynamic processes recorded by late Cenozoic sediments of the southeastern Indian Ocean

A large collection of USNS Eltanin deep-sea sedimentary cores and bottom photographs from the southeast Indian Ocean between long 70°E and 120°E, and between Antarctica and lat 30°S, were analyzed. Cores from the crest and flanks of the mid-ocean ridge are mostly late Quaternary in age, with only rare breaks in sedimentation. In great contrast, flanking this zone in deep basins immediately to the south of the ridge in the South Indian Basin and in a broad zone in the western sector of South Australian Basin, there are areas where bottom currents have systematically eroded or inhibited deposition of sediments ranging in age from Quaternary to Pliocene, and occasionally middle Tertiary. This regional deep-basin erosion extends northward between Broken Ridge and the Naturaliste Plateau to the Wharton Basin where sediments as old as Late Cretaceous are exposed. As indicated by disconformities, ocean-floor characteristics, and seismic-profile data, much of the shallower, north-trending Kerguelen Plateau has also undergone widespread erosion by bottom currents. The erosional disconformities in the deep basins have been created by general increase in velocities of Antarctic Bottom Water during the last 2.5 m.y., apparently with major separate pulses during the Brunhes epoch (t = 0.69 m.y. to present) and part of the Matuyama epoch (t = 2.43 to 0.69 m.y.). Extensive areas of manganese nodules have developed in conjunction with this bottom-current activity, most spectacularly as a vast pavement in the northwestern sector of the South Australian Basin. This feature, which we name the “Southeast Indian Ocean Manganese Pavement,” is approximately 106 km2 in area. The available evidence indicates long-term major erosion by the eastward-flowing Circumpolar Current across the central and southern parts of the Kerguelen Plateau. In the deep basins, high-velocity Antarctic Bottom Water flows eastward through the northern sector of the South Indian Basin, with important northward flow crossing the mid-ocean ridge at 110°E and 120°E into the South Australian Basin. This northward branch traverses the western sector of the South Australian Basin, the Southeast Indian Ocean Manganese Pavement, and then flows between Broken Ridge and Naturaliste Plateau into the Wharton Basin. Major Cenozoic to Late Cretaceous hiatuses in the Wharton Basin revealed by deep-sea drilling suggest that northward-flowing bottom water through this conduit has been a very long term feature.
Reprogrammed viruses as cancer therapeutics: targeted, armed and shielded

Virotherapy is currently undergoing a renaissance, based on our improved understanding of virus biology and genetics and our better knowledge of many different types of cancer. Viruses can be reprogrammed into oncolytic vectors by combining three types of modification: targeting, arming and shielding. Targeting introduces multiple layers of cancer specificity and improves safety and efficacy; arming occurs through the expression of prodrug convertases and cytokines; and coating with polymers and the sequential usage of different envelopes or capsids provides shielding from the host immune response. Virus-based therapeutics are beginning to find their place in cancer clinical practice, in combination with chemotherapy and radiation.
Actin participation in actomyosin contraction.

Abstract 1. 1. Pellicular fibers made of actin-free myosin show no ability to contract, at either pH 7.6 or 9.0. 2. 2. Fibers of actomyosin contract strongly and optimally at pH 7.6, but do not contract at pH 9.0. 3. 3. With increasing actin content, up to approximately 27%, the actomyosin fibers exhibit an increasing contractile activity. 4. 4. Fibers formed of actomyosin and of myosin hydrolyze ATP enzymically, the former at 7.6, the latter at pH 6.4 and 9.5. 5. 5. Myosin fibers, formed and maintained in the cold, do not contract when the temperature is raised in the presence of ATP, whereas actomyosin fibers under the same conditions, contract strongly with the rise in temperature. 6. 6. It is concluded that myosin without actin does not contract, and that actin is a specific requirement for contraction in the muscle protein model system.
Adaptive mesh refinement for storm surge

Abstract An approach to utilizing adaptive mesh refinement algorithms for storm surge modeling is proposed. Currently numerical models exist that can resolve the details of coastal regions but are often too costly to be run in an ensemble forecasting framework without significant computing resources. The application of adaptive mesh refinement algorithms substantially lowers the computational cost of a storm surge model run while retaining much of the desired coastal resolution. The approach presented is implemented in the GeoClaw framework and compared to ADCIRC for Hurricane Ike along with observed tide gauge data and the computational cost of each model run.
The Effects of Otolith Sampling Methods on the Precision of Growth Curves

Abstract Estimation of growth curves is a critical component of fish stock assessments. Two widely used otolith sampling methods, the age–length key (ALK) sampling method and the random otolith sampling (ROS) method, have problems that limit their utility for estimating growth curves. First, growth curves based on the ALK method are biased in that otolith samples obtained with the ALK are not selected via simple random sampling. Second, the precision and accuracy of growth curves based on the ROS method are often compromised because random sampling frequently results in a small number of older fish samples. In this study, bias in growth curves based on ALK data that were re-sampled from a simulated data set describing king mackerel Scomberomorus cavalla was corrected with a new reweighting technique. This technique reweighted the growth curves with the length-frequency distribution of randomly resampled fork length data. The resulting growth curves were compared with growth curves obtained from ROS data t...
Perceptions of breast cancer treatment among African-American women and men: implications for interventions.

BACKGROUND While breast cancer mortality has declined in recent years, the mortality gap between African-American and white women continues to grow. Current strategies to reduce this disparity focus on logistical and information needs, but contextual factors, such as concerns about racism and treatment side effects, may also represent significant barriers to improved outcomes.
Measurement of the amount of mRNA for gonadotropins during an estradiol-induced preovulatory-like surge of LH and FSH in ovariectomized ewes

Abstract The amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) for luteinizing hormone β-subunit (LHβ), follicle-stimulating hormone β-subunit (FSHβ) and α-subunit was measured during estradiol-17β (E) positive feedback in ovariectomized (OVX) ewes. During the anestrous season, OVX ewes were given an i.m. injection of E (25 μ g: n=5) or oil (control; n=4) and hourly blood samples were collected for 16 hr. After blood collection, ewes were killed and anterior pituitary glands were removed for analysis of hormone and mRNA content. Preovulatory-like increases in serum concentrations of LH and FSH were measured in E-treated OVX ewes. In two E-treated OVX ewes the serum concentrations of LH and FSH were still increasing, whereas in the remaining three E-treated OVX ewes, serum concentrations of LH were on the decreasing portion of the E-induced preovulatory-like surge. Pituitary content of LH was lower (P .05) among all groups. The amount of mRNA for LHβ-subunit was similar (P>.05) in ewes in which serum concentrations of LH were increasing and in control ewes, but was lower (P .05) in the amount of mRNA for α-subunit among any groups. Thus, amounts of mRNA for the β-subunits of gonadotropins are reduced, while amounts of mRNA for α-subunit are unchanged during estradiol positive feedback in OVX ewes.
Magnocellular neuropeptidergic neurons in hypothalamus: Increases in membrane apposition and number of specialized synapses from pregnancy to lactation

Morphological changes which have been hypothesized to accompany functional alterations in magnocellular neuropeptidergic cells (MNCs) were studied in female rats. Direct soma-somatic appositions between the MNC profiles of two nuclear groups, the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and nucleus circularis (NC) were investigated at the ultrastructural level in 4 groups of animals: virgin females, immediately pre-partum pregnant rats, post-partum and 14-day lactating animals. The percentage of SON MNC profiles in soma-somatic apposition and the amount of membrane in direct contact significantly increased over control levels by the last day of pregnancy. Further significant increases in these measures were observed in lactating rats. MNCs in NC showed steady gradual increases on these measures with significant differences from controls occurring in the post-partum group. The percentage of SON cell profiles with double synapses (i.e., presynaptic terminals making synaptic contact with two postsynaptic neurons) was significantly elevated in lactating rats (approximately 10%) over the next highest group (approximately 1% for post-partum rats). In NC, approximately 10% of the cell profiles sampled had such synapses but no differences among treatments occurred. The changes during late pregnancy suggest that close appositions may serve to enhance the metabolic activity of MNCs at a time when there is a build-up of stored oxytocin. Further increases in cell-cell contact and the addition of double synapses on possibly electrotonically coupled MNCs during lactation may serve a synchronizing function, particularly in the oxytocin cells participating in the milk ejection reflex.
Fragmentation in 252Cf-plasma desorption mass spectrometry. 2. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons☆

Fine structure in the 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectra of 5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene (rubrene), pentacene, 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene, and perdeuterochrysene indicates that several types of ion are formed in the plasma. Cation radicals, M+·, are formed from all of these polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), but only rubrene yields a stable anion radical, M−·. Methine extrusion fragment cations (M − nCH)+, n < 8, are a characteristic feature of the positive ion spectra of the unsubstituted PAHs. All the PAHs show carbonaceous cations, (HxCn)+, x = 1, 2, 3 and 6 < n < 14. These are observed as a periodic sequence of triplet peaks in the positive ion spectra and are absent in the spectra of substrates of low aromaticity. Also identified in these spectra are oxygen adducts, (M + nO)±, n < 3, of either charge, dimer ions, M2, light carbonium ions, (CnH2n+x)+, n < 6, where x assumes odd values between +1 and −(2n − 3), and a diverse series of carbonaceous anions, (HxCn)−, x < 4, n < 24. Peaks in the positive and negative ion spectra of rubrene demonstrate that phenyl elimination is a very facile process for ion formation, which proceeds in combination with oxygen adduction, dimerization, or methine extrusion.
Interferon pretreatment enhances the sensitivity of Vero cells to Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin

Treatment of Vero (African green monkey kidney) cells with interferon (IFN) before the addition of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin (CPE) significantly increased the sensitivity of these cells to CPE. IFN pretreatment caused a subsequent two- to four-fold increase in CPE-induced membrane permeability alterations and also decreased the time of CPE treatment required before the onset of permeability alterations and morphologic damage. Enhancement of CPE activity was dependent on the amount of IFN added during pretreatment and on the duration of IFN pretreatment incubations. Potentiation of CPE activity was observed following pretreatment of Vero cells with natural human IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma or Roferon recombinant human IFN-alpha. However, pretreatment with mouse IFN did not affect CPE activity. IFN pretreatment did not grossly enlarge the size of the functional hole produced in plasma membranes by CPE. IFN pretreatment of Vero cells slightly increased CPE specific binding, but this effect occurred kinetically after the enhancement of CPE toxicity. These results suggest that IFN pretreatment enhances the action of CPE on IFN pretreated Vero cells by increasing the sensitivity of these cells to the action of CPE rather than by increasing CPE specific binding or by directly activating the CPE molecule. Additional studies are required to further clarify the mechanism by which IFN sensitized Vero cells to CPE.
Dynamic relationships between agribusiness sales and research

Agribusiness sales have been volatile, depending on such factors as agricultural exports, farm commodity prices, and government programs. While agribusiness sales are used to finance private sector research, the impact of volatility in sales on research expenditures has generally been ignored. The objective of this study is to determine whether dynamic relationships between agribusiness sales and research exist. Panel data for chemicals, machinery, and seed are analyzed using a vector autoregression model. Statistically significant dynamic relationships were identified. These results have important implications for public sector research policy and private sector research management.
External ophthalmoplegia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy

Among the many ophthalmologic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are various neuro-ophthalmic symptoms.1 With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) 15 years ago,2-4 there has been a substantial decrease in mortality of patients with HIV disease5 and a subsequent increase in recognition of previously unknown comorbidities, including iatrogenic syndromes. Recently, various forms of skeletal muscle dysfunction have been documented in patients with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy.6 These myopathic conditions have been attributed both to the virus itself (including HIV polymyositis, inclusion-body myositis, vasculitis, and myasthenic syndromes) and to HAART (including myopathies secondary to nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors).6 In addition, there are rare reports of HIV-infected patients presenting with ophthalmoplegia and ptosis.7,8 This study describes a series of HIV-infected patients who presented with bilateral external ophthalmoplegia and blepharoptosis. The purpose of the present investigation was to characterize the underlying etiology with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to compare the changes seen on MRI to those previously described in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO).9
Dispersal and establishment both limit colonization during primary succession on a glacier foreland

Plant colonization can be limited by lack of seeds or by factors that reduce establishment. The role of seed limitation in community assembly is being increasingly recognized, but in early primary succession, establishment failure is still considered more important. We studied the factors limiting colonization on the foreland of Coleman Glacier, Washington, USA, to determine the importance of seed and establishment limitation during primary succession. We also evaluated the effects of seed predation, drought, and existing vegetation on establishment. We planted seeds of seven species into plots of four different ages and found evidence that both seed and establishment limitation are strong in early succession. We also found that seed and establishment limitation both remained high in later stages of succession. Seed predation reduced establishment for most species and some evidence suggested that drought and existing vegetation also limit establishment. Because both dispersal and establishment failure restrict colonization in recently exposed habitat, late-seral forest species may have a difficult time migrating upward in response to global climate change.
A comparison of signal processing front ends for automatic word recognition

This paper compares the word error rate of a speech recognizer using several signal processing front ends based on auditory properties. Front ends were compared with a control mel filter bank (MFB) based cepstral front end in clean speech and with speech degraded by noise and spectral variability, using the TI-105 isolated word database. MFB recognition error rates ranged from 0.5 to 26.9% in noise, depending on the SNR, and auditory models provided error rates as much as four percentage points lower. With speech degraded by linear filtering, MFB error rates ranged from 0.5 to 3.1%, and the reduction in error rates provided by auditory models was less than 0.5 percentage points. Some earlier studies that demonstrated considerably more improvement with auditory models used linear predictive coding (LPC) based control front ends. This paper shows that MFB cepstra significantly outperform LPC cepstra under noisy conditions. Techniques using an optimal linear combination of features for data reduction were also evaluated. >
Managing the library labor gap: the role of bridge employment for the older library professional

Purpose – This paper seeks to provide librarians and library administrators with the necessary information to begin thinking about and perhaps preparing for the large number of retirements that are projected to take place in the library profession over the coming decade.Design/methodology/approach – The paper broadens the library literature related to the retention and recruitment of older employees with concepts derived from the relevant demographic, management, medical and personnel literature.Findings – The profession has not given this problem the time and research attention that is required to successfully manage through the projected “labor gap”. Librarians possess transferable skills and work habits that would be welcomed by corporations attempting to cope with their own labor shortages that are projected to cut across industry and occupational classes over the next decade. Therefore, library administrators should consider developing satisfactory bridge employment options that retain and attract th...
Effect of exercise on the diurnal variation in energy substrate use during a high-fat diet

Aerobic exercise increases 24-h fat oxidation following initiation of a high-fat diet. The objective of this study is to examine the time course of increased fat oxidation under exercise and sedentary conditions. Eighteen healthy subjects completed a randomized crossover design (sedentary and exercise visits) staying for five consecutive days in a metabolic chamber each visit. On day 1, 30% of energy intake was from fat; days 2–5 had 50% of energy as fat. During exercise, subjects rode on a stationary cycle at 45% of VO2max for 1 h in the mornings and evenings. Respiratory gases and urinary nitrogen were collected to calculate macronutrient oxidation and non-protein respiratory exchange ratio (NPRER). This data, collected continuously (24-h periods), were subsequently divided into three time segments: (1) exercise + recovery (1000–1200 hours, 2100–2200 hours), (2) sleep (2300–0645 hours), and (3) wake (all remaining hours). NPRER on exercise versus sedentary visits was lower for the sleep segment (0.77 ± 0.01 01 vs. 0.81 ± 0.01, p < 0.001), higher for the exercise + recovery segment (0.88 ± 0.01 vs. 0.86 ± 0.01, p < 0.001), and was not different for the wake segment. Fat oxidation was significantly higher for exercise versus sedentary treatments during sleep (41 ± 2 vs. 31 ± 2 g), wake (62 ± 3 vs. 51 ± 3 g), and exercise + recovery segments (33 ± 3 vs.16 ± 1 g), but so was fat intake by design (171 ± 8 vs. 128 ± 7 g/d). Although exercise showed greater fat oxidation during all segments, dietary fat intake was also higher. Therefore, based on NPRER, the time of day during which the exercise treatment increased the ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation was during sleep.
Explanation of Where and How Enantioselective Binding Takes Place on Permethylated β-Cyclodextrin, a Chiral Stationary Phase Used in Gas Chromatography

A computational study was undertaken to discern where and how chiral alkanes, alcohols, and acetates enantioselectively bind to permethyated β-cyclodextrin, the most commonly used chiral stationary phase in gas chromatography. We found that enantioselective binding data could be reproduced with standard molecular dynamics techniques if averages are taken over multiple trajectories of nanosecond simulation times each, while Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations using rigid body molecules are unable to reproduce chromatographic retention orders. Data extracted from the molecular simulations revealed the preferred binding site for small analytes to be the interior of the macrocycle, with rapid shuttling between the primary and secondary rims and low-energy excursions into and out of the host cavity. The dominant forces holding the host−guest complexes together are the short range dispersion forces. The enantiodiscriminating forces responsible for chiral recognition are also the short range van der Waals forces ...
Teaching smartphones programming using (Android Java): Pedagogy and innovation

Mobile devices are becoming indispensable tools for many students and educators. Mobile technology is starting a new era in the computing methodologies in many engineering disciplines. Students and scientists are becoming more interested in learning how to develop their own applications on mobile platforms. This paper presents an innovation in teaching and learning principals of Android-based Java programming. A course material is developed “Introduction to Programming Java on a Mobile Platform” to teach novice programmers how to create applications in shorter than traditional time. This work also provides techniques for instructors with modest programming background to teach cutting edge technology, which is smartphone programming. Techniques developed in this work minimize unnecessary information carried into current teaching approaches with hands-on practice. It also helps the students with minimal background requirements overcome the barriers that have evolved around computer programming. The motivation of this work is to create a tailored programming introductory course to teach Java programming on Android by incorporating selected efficient methods from extant literature. The proposed mechanism is to keep students motivated by an active approach based on student-centered learning with collaborative work. Teamwork through pair programming is adapted in this teaching process. Bloom's taxonomy, along with a knowledge survey, is used as a guide to classify the information and exercise problems. A prototype curriculum is a main deliverable of this work that is suitable for novice programmers-such as engineering freshmen students.
Market depth and efficiency in online auctions

Technological advancements have transformed the auction markets, where investing in collectibles, like rare coins, is more akin to buying and selling stocks. There can be market prices established, with investors scouring the online auctions, such as eBay, where millions of transactions occur daily. Just as with stocks, investors have the ability to purchase these collectibles without leaving their home or office, and can search, compare, buy, and sell collectibles. Also similar to the stock market, investors can look for inefficiencies to exploit. This multi-year exploratory study investigates the level of efficiency in online auctions over five years. We find evidence that efficiency is tied to the ratio of bidders to auctions, and that with a sufficient number of auctions, the online auction market can approach efficiency, affording purchasers some protection from overpaying. Our findings also suggest when investors can best search online auction markets looking for profitable inefficiencies to exploit.
Inhibitory action of vitamin A on a murine sarcoma

Abstract High doses of vitamin A decrease the incidence and severity of tumor development in mice inoculated with a murine sarcoma virus.
Reflections on the Pedagogy of Place in Planning and Urban Design

This article revisits the concept of place in planning and urban design and proposes a conceptual framework consisting of four ontological constructs of place as a set of visual attributes, product, process, and meaning. The article discusses the theoretical underpinnings of each concept and explores the advantages of a continuum between these terms to help bridge the gap between policy planning and physical design and to move toward a meaningful urban design. The study also examines the application of the proposed constructs of place to a sophomore-planning studio, focusing on the University of Cincinnati campus, which was offered at the School of Planning during the fall quarter of 2002.
Partitioning of U and Th during garnet pyroxenite partial melting: Constraints on the source of alkaline ocean island basalts

Uranium series disequilibria in ocean island basalts (OIB) provide evidence for the presence of garnet in their source region. It has been suggested that enriched OIB signatures derive from mantle lithologies other than peridotite, such as eclogite or pyroxenite, and, in particular, that silica-poor garnet pyroxenite is the source lithology for alkali basalts. To test the ability of such a source to produce the U–Th disequilibria observed in alkali OIB, we determined experimentally clinopyroxene-melt and garnet-melt partition coefficients for a suite of trace elements, including U and Th, at 2.5 GPa and 1420–1450 °C. The starting composition for the experiments was a 21% partial melt of a silica-poor garnet pyroxenite. Experimentally determined clinopyroxene-melt partition coefficients range from 0.0083 ± 0.0006 to 0.020 ± 0.002 for Th and from 0.0094 ± 0.0006 to 0.024 ±0.002 for U, and garnet-melt partition coefficients are 0.0032 ± 0.0004 for Th and 0.013 ± 0.002 for U. Comparison of our experimental results with partition coefficients from previous experimental studies shows that the relative compatibilities of U and Th in both garnet and clinopyroxene are different for different mineral compositions, leading to varying degrees of U/Th fractionation with changing lithology. For a given melting rate and extent of partial melting, mafic lithologies tend to produce larger 230Th excesses than peridotite. However, this effect is minimized by the greater overall extents of melting experienced by eclogites and pyroxenites relative to peridotite. Results from chromatographic, batch, and fractional melting calculations with binary mixing between partial melts of pyroxenite and peridotite, carried out using our new partitioning data for the pyroxenite component and taking into account variable productivities and different solidus depths for the two lithologies, suggest that OIB are not the product of progressive melting of a source containing a fixed quantity of garnet pyroxenite. Melting a peridotite with enriched signatures, and mixing those melts with melts of a depleted, “normal” peridotite, is an alternative explanation for the trends seen in Hawaiian, Azores and Samoan lavas.
Differentiation of F9 Teratocarcinoma Stem Cells to Primitive Endoderm Is Regulated by the Giα2/Gsα Axis via Phospholipase C and Not Adenylylcyclase

Morphogen-induced decline in Gialpha triggers F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells to progress to primitive endoderm via activation of protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase (Gao, P., and Malbon, C. C. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 9002-9008). Constitutive expression of Gialpha2 blocks, whereas expression of Gsalpha provokes, progression to primitive endoderm, permitting identification of the effectors of the response-utilizing chimera created between Gialpha2 and Gsalpha. N-terminal substitution of Gsalpha with Gialpha2 sequence to create chimera Gialpha2 (1-54)/Gsalpha produced a chimera that activated adenylylcyclase but abolished progression to primitive endoderm and activation of phospholipase C. C-terminal substitution of Gsalpha with Gialpha2 sequence to Gsalpha/Gialpha2 (320-355) enhanced the ability of Gsalpha to promote progression. The Q205L-activated mutant of Gialpha2 suppresses, whereas the G225T-activated mutant of Gsalpha strongly activates phospholipase C and progression in these cells. The N-terminal region of Gsalpha (residues 62-86) appears to act as a dominant switch for the Gsalpha- (activation) versus Gialpha2- (suppression) mediated control of phospholipase C and progression to primitive endoderm.
Les corporations, les « faux ouvriers » et le faubourg Saint-Antoine au XVIIIe siècle

Corporations, "false workers" and the faubourg Saint-Antoine. ; ; Operating outside the norms and controls of the corporate world, "false workers" were viewed by the guilds as socially illicit, politically seditious, morally cankered, and technically inept. Located in "hidden rooms" throughout Paris and concentrated especially in the so-called "privileged places" governed by seigneurial and religious jurisdictions, the "false workers" created a parallel world of work, seriously compromising corporate domination of the labor market (both by subverting and segmenting it) and the System of discipline that guaranteed social classification and stability. This study focuses on the genesis and developrnent of "false work" in the largest privileged place, the faubourg St.-Antoine, which was a laboratory of socioeconomic experimentation long before it became the revolutionary quarter par excellence. This article examines the impact of the faubourg on the organization of work, the structures of production, the governance of the guilds, and the political history of the capital.
Sources of prescription drugs for illicit use

Objectives This exploratory study investigated the sources of four classes of abusable prescription medications (sleeping, sedative/anxiety, stimulant, and pain medications) that were used illicitly by undergraduate students in the past year. The relationship between these sources and other substance use was examined.
Direct measurement of the crystal field splitting of isolated J=1 impurities in solid parahydrogen

The crystal field splitting of single J=1 impurity orthohydrogen molecules in an otherwise pure J=0 parahydrogen crystal has been studied experimentally and theoretically over many years. We have measured this quantity directly from the fine structure of the Q3 (0) (v = 3← 0, J = 0← 0) overtone transition induced by J=1 hydrogen, in the near infrared using a Ti:sapphire laser. From our observed eight pairs of split spectral lines, we have determined the value Δ/k = [E(M=±1) − E(M=0)]/k = 0.0102 ± 0.0003 K including its sign. A straightforward numerical calculation based on ab initio calculations of the H2-H2 potential reproted by Mulder, van der Avoird, and Wormer gives Δ/k = 0.0116 K which is close to the experimental value. This suggests that the static and dynamic effects of phonons on the splitting may have been overestimated in the past.
Backaction evading measurements for quantum nondemolition detection and quantum optical tapping.

Backaction evading (BAE) measurements are described for optical parametric amplification with polarization mixing. Quantum correlations between the "signal" and "meter" outputs from the BAE device lead to an observed photocurrent variance 30% (1.5 dB) below the signal shot-noise level and to an inferred variance 44% below the vacuum-state level for determination of the signal field given the meter reading. Together with its efficient information transfer, this BAE detector functions as a quantum optical tap and is suitable for implementing quantum nondemolition detection.
Second order asymptotic and non-asymptotic optimality properties of combined tests

Abstract Let p independent test statistics be available to test a null hypothesis concerned with the same parameter. The p are assumed to be similar tests. Asymptotic and non-asymptotic optimality properties of combined tests are studied. The asymptotic study centers around two notions. The first is Bahadur efficiency. The second is based on a notion of second order comparisons. The non-asymptotic study is concerned with admissibility questions. Most of the popular combining methods are considered along with a method not studied in the past. Among the results are the following: Assume each of the p statistics has the same Bahadur slope. Then the combined test based on the sum of normal transforms, is asymptotically best among all tests studied, by virtue of second order considerations. Most of the popular combined tests are inadmissible for testing the noncentrality parameter of chi-square, t , and F distributions. For chi-square a combined test is offered which is admissible, asymptotically optimal (first order), asymptotically optimal (second order) among all tests studied, and for which critical values are obtainable in special cases. Extensions of the basic model are given.
Less membrane-associated actin in transformed versus normal rat kidney cells

Abstract Plasma membranes were isolated by adhering normal rat kidney cells (NRK) and their Kirsten viral transformants (442 cells) to a poly-L-lysine treated surface, and lysing them with hypotonic buffer. Scanning and transmission electron micrographs of substrate-adhered membranes verified the presence of a membrane-microfilament “lawn” attached to the substrate. These microfilaments bind heavy meromyosin in a uniform polarity which demonstrates that the microfilament network is composed primarily of actin, and that the spatial organization of the membrane was not disrupted during isolation. The actin to total protein ratio of the substrate-attached membrane was measured on one dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. Our results demonstrate that the membrane-associated actin to total membrane-associated protein ratio is significantly greater for NRK than for 442 cells. However, no unique changes in the 180 most prominent polypeptides could be detected by 2 dimensional gel electrophoresis.
A test-bed for optimizing high-resolution single particle reconstructions

Abstract It is becoming routine for cryoEM single particle reconstructions to result in 3D electron density maps with resolutions of ∼10 A, but maps with resolutions of 5 A or better are still celebrated events. The electron microscope has a resolving power to better than 2 A, and thus should not be a limiting factor; instead the practical limitations in resolution most likely arise from a combination of specimen preparation methods, data collection parameters, and data analysis procedures. With the aid of a highly automated system for acquiring images, coupled to a relational database to keep track of all processing parameters, we have taken a systematic approach to optimizing parameters affecting the resolution of single particle reconstructions. Using GroEL as a test-bed, we performed a series of 3D reconstructions where we systematically varied the number of particles used in computing the map, the accelerating voltage of the microscope, and the electron dose used to acquire the images. We also investigated methods for excluding unacceptable or “bad” particles from contributing to the final 3D map. Using relatively standard instrumentation (Tecnai F20, 4K × 4K CCD, side entry cold stage) and a completely automated approach, these approaches resulted in a map with a nominal resolution of 5.4 A (FSC0.5) in which secondary structure is clearly discernable and the handedness of some of the α-helices in the GroEL structure can be determined.
Parents and progeny: Inheritance and the transition to adulthood in colonial North Carolina, 1680–1759

There is now an abundance of research on the relative ages of transition to adulthood in colonial America, but, unfortunately, we are still not in a position to offer many generalizations from these myriad historical case studies. There are two reasons for this inconsistency. Some historians have been content to use parental mortality as a proxy for property transfer and we have been reluctant to consider marriage and child-bearing as events that involve, at a minimum, pairs of men and women. Instead, some historians have been content to examine these life course transitions as individual affairs. The article demonstrates the importance of these two points. Direct linkage of intergenerational property transfer has been found to be a powerful predictor of the transition to adulthood and the individual perspective has been found to be an insufficient level of analysis for understanding the social forces underlying the distribution of wealth and, consequently, the transition to adulthood.
Syntheses of dinuclear gold(I) ring complexes containing 1,1-dicyanoethene-2,2-dithiolate-S, S and bis(diphosphines) as bridging ligands. X-ray crystal structure of [Au2μ-(i-MNT)μ-(dppee)]

The reaction of [Au2μ-bis(diphosphine)Cl2] with potassium 1,1-dicyanoethene-2,2-dithiolate [K2(i-MNT)], yields the heterobridged complexes: [Au2μ-(i-MNT)μ-(dppee)] (1) (dppee=bis(diphenylphosphinoethylene)), [Au2μ-(i-MNT)μ-(dppe)] (2) (dppe=bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane), [Au2μ-(i-MNT)μ-(dppb)] 3) (dppb= bis(diphenylphosphino)butane), [Au2μ-(i-MNT)μ-(dppAs)] (4) (dppAs=(diphenylarsino)(diphenylphosphino)- ethane). The molecular structure of 1 is described. Complex 1 crystallized in the triclinic space group P1 with a=10.451(2), b=11.774(1), c=13.432(2) A, α=65.40(1), β=82.30(1), γ=77.75(1)° and V=1466.6(4) A3. The structure features two linear two-coordinate gold(I) centers bridged by the i-MNT ligand on one side and by a bis(diphosphine) ligand on the other forming a dinuclear complex with an Au···Au distance of 2.867(1) A in a twisted nine-membered ring structure.
Evaluating the spoken English proficiency of graduates of foreign medical schools.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to gather additional evidence for the validity and reliability of spoken English proficiency ratings provided by trained standardized patients (SPs) in high-stakes clinical skills examination. Method Over 2500 candidates who took the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates’ (ECFMG) Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA) were studied. The CSA consists of 10 or 11 timed clinical encounters. Standardized patients evaluate spoken English proficiency and interpersonal skills in every encounter. Generalizability theory was used to estimate the consistency of spoken English ratings. Validity coefficients were calculated by correlating summary English ratings with CSA scores and other external criterion measures. Mean spoken English ratings were also compared by various candidate background variables. Results The reliability of the spoken English ratings, based on 10 independent evaluations, was high. The magnitudes of the associated variance components indicated that the evaluation of a candidate’s spoken English proficiency is unlikely to be affected by the choice of cases or SPs used in a given assessment. Proficiency in spoken English was related to native language (English versus other) and scores from the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). Discussion The pattern of the relationships, both within assessment components and with external criterion measures, suggests that valid measures of spoken English proficiency are obtained. This result, combined with the high reproducibility of the ratings over encounters and SPs, supports the use of trained SPs to measure spoken English skills in a simulated medical environment.
Compelling Family Processes

This article introduces the idea of family process research and asserts that the study of family processes is an indispensable component of any effort to conceptualize and measure family life. Within this article the family process approach is defined through the use of several domains that categorize core constructs. Further, several key assumptions are identified that form the foundation this family process approach. A related objective of this article advances the notion that family process–oriented research has grown increasingly sophisticated over the years, often in ways that have helped to shape and define the discipline of family science. This article instructs readers about using a family process approach, especially within the context of employing a large national data set such as the NLSY97.
Understanding the role of free-choice environmental education in 'green' consumption behaviour: an empirical investigation

Threats to the natural environment have prompted increasing numbers of people to become educated about environmental issues and to take actions that reflect their concern. One way that individuals try to contribute to the conservation and improvement of the environment is through the purchase of environmentally-friendly or 'green' products. The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between five different sources of informal environmental education and 'green' consumption behaviour. Using a sample of 236 college students, the study found that a positive, significant relationship exists between the use of informal environmental education and green consumption behaviour. In addition, the findings suggest that use of the five sources of informal environmental education serves as an accurate predictor of the extent to which consumers engage in green consumption behaviour (i.e., none, light, moderate, or heavy). The paper draws conclusions and discusses implications for practice that are relevant to non-government organisations (NGOs), governments, businesses, educational institutions and individuals.