cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying the Ca(++) signalling sources activating chloride currents in Xenopus oocytes using ionomycin and thapsigargin.

Abstract The calcium ionophore, ionomycin (IM), and the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (SER) calcium pump inhibitor, thapsigargin (TG), were used to study the roles of Ca ++ from different sources in regulating Ca ++ -dependent Cl − currents in Xenopus oocytes. The Ca ++ -dependent Cl − currents, Ic, were measured in voltage-clamped oocytes (Vc = −60 mV). In the presence of extracellular Ca ++ , both TG (0.1 to 10 μM) and IM (0.1 to 10 μM) induce release of Ca ++ from SER and activated capacitative Ca ++ entry (CCE) across the plasma membrane leading to activation of both “fast” and “slow” Cl − currents. The fast Ic was produced by Ca ++ release from SER while Ca ++ entry across the plasma membrane activated the slow Ic. Intracellular application of the calcium buffer, BAPTA, blocked activation of the slow Ic due to Ca ++ entry via CCE pathways, but not via IM-mediated movement across the plasma membrane. It is concluded that predominantly Ca ++ release from stores regulates a fast Ic while Ca ++ entry through CCE pathways regulates a slow Ic. Further, the CCE and slow Ic pathways must be located in spatially separated compartments since BAPTA can effectively abolish the effects of Ca ++ entry via the CCE pathway, but not by the IM-mediated entry pathway.
Le rôle de la spectroscopie IRM dans l'évaluation du cancer de la prostate

Resume La spectroscopie IRM (spectro-IRM) permet une evaluation non invasive des marqueurs metaboliques du cancer de la prostate et du tissu prostatique normal (en identifiant les metabolites choline et citrate). La spectro-IRM est acquise en meme temps que l’IRM conventionnelle haute resolution. Plusieurs etudes ont demontre le role additionnel de la spectro-IRM combinee a l’information anatomique de l’IRM pour la detection, le staging et l’evaluation de l’agressivite du cancer de la prostate. La spectro-IRM a aussi un role potentiel dans l’evaluation pre et post-therapeutique chez les patients avec un cancer non operable. Des developpements technologiques continus montrent aussi que la spectro-IRM peut etre potentiellement utilisee pour le guidage des biopsies et des traitements locaux (comme la brachytherapie et la cryoablation). D’autres avancees technologiques comme l’IRM 3 Tesla permettront d’ameliorer la resolution spectrale et par consequent d’ameliorer la detection et la caracterisation du cancer de la prostate.
Petrologic Implications of Plate Tectonics

Petrologists can make significant contributions to the plate tectonic concept. Fixing the stability fields of the principal rock types involved will provide the limits of pressure and temperature of the various environments. Experimental determination of the partition coefficients of the trace elements will be helpful. Studies of the partial melting behavior of possible parental materials in the absence and presence of water, especially the undersaturated region, will contribute to the understanding of magma production. Experimental observations on the rheological properties of the peridotites below and just above the solidus will lead to a better evaluation of the convective mechanism. Measurement of the fundamental properties of rocks, such as the density of solids and liquids at high pressures and temperatures, would contribute to understanding the concepts of diapiric rise, magma segregation, and the low-velocity zone. Broader rock sampling of the oceanic areas of all environments will do much to define the petrologic provinces. The field petrologist specializing in the Paleozoic regions and Precambrian shields can contribute by examining those regions for old plate boundaries and devising new criteria for their recognition.
Evidence that In Vitro Susceptibility of CD3+ T Lymphocytes to Equine Arteritis Virus Infection Reflects Genetic Predisposition of Naturally Infected Stallions To Become Carriers of the Virus

We investigated the correlation between in vitro susceptibility of CD3(+) T lymphocytes to equine arteritis virus (EAV) infection and establishment of persistent infection among 14 stallions following natural infections. The data showed that carrier stallions with a CD3(+) T lymphocyte susceptibility phenotype to in vitro EAV infection may be at higher risk of becoming carriers than those that lack this phenotype (P = 0.0002).
Iterative methods for solving boundary element equations

Abstract In this paper various iterative solution techniques are explored in conjunction with a self-adaptive h -refinement technique to solve the two-dimensional Laplace equations by the boundary element method on a micro-computer. Since the coefficient matrix of the boundary element equations are fully populated, the need for a reduction in storage on micro-computers makes iterative schemes an attractive alternate to the standard elimination methods. Iterative methods discussed include stationary and gradient techniques. In addition, symmetrization of the unsymmetric boundary element equations and line search methods are explored to see if the convergence rates can be improved. The clock time (operation count) and storage requirements are also compared for each iterative scheme.
Sparse Semiparametric Nonlinear Model With Application to Chromatographic Fingerprints

Traditional Chinese herbal medications (TCHMs) are composed of a multitude of compounds and the identification of their active composition is an important area of research. Chromatography provides a visual representation of a TCHM sample’s composition by outputting a curve characterized by spikes corresponding to compounds in the sample. Across different experimental conditions, the location of the spikes can be shifted, preventing direct comparison of curves and forcing compound identification to be possible only within each experiment. In this article, we propose a sparse semiparametric nonlinear modeling framework for the establishment of a standardized chromatographic fingerprint. Data-driven basis expansion is used to model the common shape of the curves, while a parametric time warping function registers across individual curves. Penalized weighted least-squares with the adaptive lasso penalty provides a unified criterion for registration, model selection, and estimation. Furthermore, the adaptive l...
Human information processing and decision-making

The papers summarized in this discussion reflect some of the characteristics of the human as an information processor and as a user of this processed information in a subsequent decision-making type of situation. In the first of the papers presented here reporting research carried out at the decision-making laboratories at the Pennsylvania State University, it is shown how the human adjusts his rate of responding to particular ratios of reinforcement to particular stimuli not only as a function of the reinforcement ratio but also as a function of the context of other reinforcement ratios he is learning at the same time. The second paper reviews the adaptation of the human information processor in learning and decision-making to programmed changes in variability of reinforcement ratios. These ratios range from zero change in material programmed for learning to small and large changes in the variability of the reinforcement ratios. During these changes overall mean proportions of reinforcement are constant. Of particular importance is the stability of the decision-maker in seemingly disregarding the rather gross changes in the programmed variability of the stimuli he is required to learn and on which he must base subsequent decisions. The third study summarized extends results described earlier. Unlike the earlier study, however, materials in the form of meaningful words are used here as stimuli. Of special importance is the rather "floating" characteristic of formerly neutral, or nonresponse-eliciting, stimuli as a function of the training schedule of un-related words.
Other sides of the astronomer

Nicholas Copernicus: Complete Works. Vol. Ill Minor Works. Edited by Paul Czartoryski. Translation from the Polish edition and commentary by Edward Rosen with the assistance of Erna Hilfstein. Macmillan, London: 1986. Pp.380. 60.
Verbal aggressiveness: An interpersonal model and measure

Verbal agressiveness is conceptualized as a personality trait that predisposes persons to attack the self‐concepts of other people instead of, or in addition to, their positions on topics of communication. This conception is positioned with respect to the trait structure of personality and also in relation to other aggressive personality traits: hostility, assertiveness, and argumentativeness. An interpersonal model is developed that specifies the types of verbally aggressive messages in interpersonal relations, their effects, and their causes. A rationale is developed for studying verbal aggression apart from other types of aggression, and several studies developing a Verbal Aggressiveness Scale are reported. Results indicate that the Scale is valid and reliable. Implications are discussed, especially in terms of understanding and controlling physical aggression.
Efficient Consumer Response meets the Industrialization of Agriculture

Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) is a grocery industry effort to reduce the cost of delivering food products to the consumer. Industrialization of Agriculture (IA) is a phenomenon whereby decisions at the front-end of the food supply chain are based on knowledge of consumers' wants and needs. ECR and IA have developed independently of each other; however, both efforts are focused on the consumer. Cross-application of ECR and IA strategies and technologies over the entire value-chain will be necessary in order to deliver the ultimate value to the consumer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A novel approach to the use of graph theory in structure–activity relationship studies. Application to the qualitative evaluation of mutagenicity in a series of nonfused ring aromatic compounds

A novel approach to the application of graph theory in structure-activity relationship studies is described. An information-theoretical topological index for the vertices of a molecular graph has been used for the qualitative evaluation of the mutagenic activity of a series of nonfused ring aromatic compounds. The use of a vertex index contrasts with the conventional approach of using a topological index for the entire molecule. The idea is to identify regions, or substructures in the molecules (molecular graphs) which may be used to determine certain biological activity of chemical compounds. The results obtained indicate that the present approach is capable of classifying the mutagenic activity of the compounds under consideration and may find useful application in structure-activity relationship studies of diverse bioactive compounds.
Simulation of free-field sound sources and its application to studies of cortical mechanisms of sound localization in the cat.

Abstract We synthesized a set of signals (clicks) for earphone delivery whose waveforms and amplitude spectra, measured at the eardrum, mimic those of sounds arriving from a free-field source. The complete stimulus set represents 1816 sound-source directions, which together surround the head to form a ‘virtual acoustic space’ for the cat. Virtual-space stimuli were delivered via calibrated earphones sealed into the external meatus in cats under barbiturate anesthesia. Neurons recorded in AI cortex exhibited sensitivity to the direction of sound in virtual acoustic space. The aggregation of effective sound directions formed a virtual space receptive field (VSRF). At 20 dB above minimal threshold, VSRFs fell into one of several categories based on spatial dimension and location. Most VSRFs were confined to either the contralateral (59%) or ipsilateral (10%) sound hemifield. Seven percent spanned the frontal quadrants and 16% were omnidirectional. Eight percent fit into no clear category and were termed ‘complex’. The size, shape, and location of VSRFs remained stable over many hours of recording. The results are in essential agreement with free-field studies. VSRFs were found to be shaped by excitatory and inhibitory interactions of activity arriving from the two ears. Some cortical neurons were found to preserve the spectral information in the free-field sound which was generated by the acoustical properties of the head and pinna, filtered by the cochlea and transmitted by auditory nerve fibers.
Religious Discrimination in Academia

Protestant privilege in mainstream academia was corrected largely by privitization of religion. That led to overcorrection that discourages expression of religious viewpoints in academia and favors secular viewpoints. Self-selection plays a some role in the underrepresentation of traditionalist religioius viewpoints in academia, but discrimination against those who hold such viewpoints is well-documented. Often the discrimination is based on perceived conservatism on social and political issues among those who are religiously traditionalist. Political liberals should acknowledge that they, like other interest groups have their own discriminatory rules for membership and exclusion.
Time-Resolved Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study of Shear-Thickening Surfactant Solutions after the Cessation of Flow

Shear effects in dilute solutions of gemini surfactant solutions are studied by SANS in the shear-thickening regime. After the cessation of flow, the local anisotropy relaxes in about 102 s and we ...
Pyridine synthesis by [4 + 2] cycloadditions of 1-azadienes: hetero-Diels Alder and transition metal-catalysed approaches

Cycloaddition reactions are powerful tools in synthetic chemistry. Incorporation of a nitrogen-containing component via cycloaddition represents an attractive strategy for assembling aza-heterocycles. One approach takes advantage of [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of 1-azadiene derivatives and 2-carbon π-components to access pyridines, a particularly significant subset of aza-heterocycles. This highlight discusses two distinct modes of reactivity within this class: the thermal pericyclic or hetero-Diels Alder (hDA) reaction and the transition metal-catalysed formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction.
The meandering Gulf Stream as seen by the Geosat altimeter: Surface transport, position, and velocity variance from 73° to 46°W

Results are presented of an analysis of the surface geostrophic velocity field for the Gulf Stream region for the position, structure, and surface transport of the Gulf Stream for 2.5 yr of the Geosat altimeter Exact Repeat Mission. Synthetic data using a Gaussian velocity profile were generated and fit to the sea surface residual heights to create a synthetic mean sea surface height field and profiles of absolute geostrophic currents. An analysis of the model parameters and the actual geostrophic velocity profiles revealed two different flow regimes for the Gulf Stream connected by a narrow transition region coincident with the New England Seamount Chain. The upstream region was found to exhibit relatively straight Gulf Stream paths, long Eulerian time scales, and eastward propagating meanders. The downstream region had more large meanders, no consistent propagation direction, and shorter Eulerian time scales. A 25-percent reduction in surface transport occurred in the transition region, with a corresponding reduction in current speed and no change in Gulf Stream width.
Protein−Protein Interactions between the Photosystem I Reaction Center Core and the PsaC Subunit

The functional reconstitution of Photosystem I reaction center cores by wild-type and mutant PsaC subunits at high ionic strength indicated that hydrophobic interactions are dominant in stabilizing...
De Novo Femoropopliteal stenoses: Endovascular Gamma Irradiation Following Angioplasty-Angiographic and Clinical Follow-up in a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial

The authors studied the results of a randomized controlled trial in which patients who underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty either received centered endovascular gamma irradiation or were in a control group. Patients were evaluated at various time-points with intra-arterial angiography, duplex ultrasonography, treadmill tests, and were also interviewed and the results were analyzed. At baseline the two groups had similar characteristics. The rates of target lesion restenosis at 6 and 12 months were significantly lower in the irradiation group. The authors concluded that patients who had endovascular irradiation after angioplasty of de novo femoropopliteal stenosis had a significantly reduced degree of stenosis at 6 and 12. Target vessel retreatment was more frequent in the irradiation group.
Mechanism of the Colloidal Gold Reaction of Blood Serum in Liver Disease

SummaryThe addition of pure gamma globulin to normal blood serum produced a positive serum colloidal gold reaction. The purified fraction containing alpha and beta globulins produced no effect. Albumin inhibited the serum colloidal gold reaction. Since the most characteristic and consistent alteration of the serum proteins in liver disease is a decrease in serum albumin and a relatively large increase in gamma globulin it is suggested that the mechanism of the colloidal gold reaction in liver disease depends upon a relative increase in the gamma globulin of the blood.The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. Edwin J. Colin for supplying the purified protein fractions used in this study, which were prepared under contract with the Office of Scientific Research and Development upon reconimendation by the Committee on Medical Research.
The effect of child support enforcement on child support payments

This paper examines the effect of state child support enforcement legislation on child support received from absent fathers by ever-married women due support in 1978 or 1981. The analysis is based upon data from the 1979 and 1982 March/April Match files of the Current Population Survey, two nationally-representative surveys of the eligible child support population, combined with a data set assembled by the authors on child support enforcement techniques available in each state. Based upon probit estimates and OLS estimates corrected for sample selection bias, we find that expedited processes and liens (against real and personal property), as well as wage withholding laws in effect for at least three years, increased the amount of child support received in 1981. In general, enforcement is more effective at increasing the amount received than the probability of receiving something, and is more effective for Blacks than for nonBlacks.
Dynamic robot autonomy: investigating the effects of robot decision-making in a human-robot team task

Robot autonomy is of high relevance for HRI, in particular for interactions of humans and robots in mixed human-robot teams. In this paper, we investigate empirically the extent to which autonomy based on independent decision making and acting by the robot can affect the objective task performance of a mixed human-robot team while being subjectively acceptable to humans. The results demonstrate that humans not only accept robot autonomy in the interest of the team, but also view the robot more as a team member and find it easier to interact with, despite a very minimalist graphical/speech interface. Moreover, we find evidence that dynamic autonomy reduces human cognitive load.
DNA-PEDOT polymer thin film as semiconductor for BioFET

In this paper we investigate the electrical properties of DNA-PEDOT blends, with particular interest as semiconducting materials in thin film based Field Effect Transistors (FET) applications. We report the template polymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) using a biomacromolecule, DNA, as the polyelectrolyte. The obtained biocomposite stability is very dependent on the type of oxidant used in the chemical synthesis route. The resultant polymer system is water processable and undergoes the same redox processes as PEDOT alone. Films with thicknesses of 0.5 to 1 microns were drop cast from water based solution using different ratios EDOT to DNA.
Results of cataract surgery in previously vitrectomized eyes.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the difficulties and results of manual extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and phacoemulsification cataract surgery performed in previously vitrectomized eyes. Setting: Pecs University of Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Pecs, Hungary. Methods: This retrospective case-control study comprised a series of 84 cataract extractions with or without intraocular lens implantation. Forty-three patients had manual ECCE and 41, phacoemulsification. The intraoperative and postoperative complications and visual outcomes in the 2 groups were analyzed and compared. Results: Cataract extractions were performed a mean of 15.8 months (range 1 to 86 months) after the pars plana vitrectomy. The indications for vitrectomy were diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, giant retinal tear, macular hole, eye trauma, vitreous hemorrhage after central retinal vein occlusion, and uveitis. Primary posterior capsule fibrosis was the most common intraoperative complication, occurring in 24% of eyes. Posterior capsule rupture occurred in 5 eyes in the ECCE group and 3 in the phacoemulsification group. Zonulysis occurred in 2 and 1 eyes, respectively. A dropped nucleus occurred in 3 cases in the phacoemulsification group. Posterior capsule opacification and secondary glaucoma were the most common postoperative complications, occurring in 5 and 3 cases in the ECCE group, respectively, and in 3 and 4 cases in the phacoemulsification group. Visual acuity 6 weeks postoperatively improved or remained within 2 Snellen lines in 95% of eyes, which is comparable to data in the recent literature. Conclusions: Phacoemulsification gave better results than manual ECCE in previously vitrectomized eyes. Underlying retinal disease limited the final visual acuity.
Colon adenocarcinoma and B-16 melanoma grow larger following laparotomy vs. pneumoperitoneum in a murine model.

PURPOSE: Mouse mammary carcinoma tumors are established more easily and grow larger after sham laparotomy and open bowel resection than after CO2 pneumoperitoneum and laparoscopic-assisted bowel resection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether similar differences in tumor growth would be found when sham laparotomy and pneumoperitoneum were compared for the colon-26 mouse adenocarcinoma and B-16 mouse melanoma tumor lines. METHODS: In all three studies, a high-dose injection of tumor cells was used, which resulted in tumors in almost all control mice. In Study 1, female BALB/C mice (n=127) were injected intradermally in the dorsal skin with 106 colon-26 cells in a 0.1-ml volume before interventions. In Study 2, female C57 BL/6 mice (n=140) were inoculated similarly with 106 B-16 melanoma cells. Study 2 consisted of three separate trials conducted on different days. Study 3 was performed because considerable differences in mean tumor size were observed in each of these trials. In Study 3, the B16 experiment was repeated with a larger n (n=82) on a single day. In each study, after tumor cell injections, mice were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) anesthesia control (no procedure); 2) full laparotomy (4-cm midline incision × 20 minutes, staple closure); or 3) CO2 pneumoperitoneum (4–6 mmHg × 20 minutes). Tumors were excised and weighed on postoperative day 12. RESULTS: In Studies 1 and 3, mean tumor sizes of the laparotomy groups were significantly larger than both the control group and pneumoperitoneum group lesions (P values by Student'st-test). In Study 2, laparotomy group tumors, although significantly larger than control group lesions, were not significantly larger than pneumoperitoneum group tumors. For all three studies, there was no significant difference between mean tumor sizes of the pneumoperitoneum and control groups. CONCLUSION: Both colon-26 adenocarcinoma and B-16 melanoma tumors grow larger after laparotomy than after pneumoperitoneum in a murine model. The mechanism of these postoperative tumor growth differences remains to be elucidated.
Communication: Tracing phase boundaries via molecular simulation: An alternative to the Gibbs–Duhem integration method

Precise simulation of phase transitions is crucial for colloid/protein crystallization for which fluid-fluid demixing may be metastable against solidification. In the Gibbs-Duhem integration method, the two coexisting phases are simulated separately, usually at constant-pressure, and the phase boundary is established iteratively via numerical integration of the Clapeyron equation. In this work, it is shown that the phase boundary can also be reproduced in a way that avoids integration of Clapeyron equations. The two phases are simulated independently via tempering techniques and the simulation data are analyzed according to histogram reweighting. The main output of this analysis is the density of states which is used to calculate the free energies of both phases and to determine phase coexistence. This procedure is used to obtain the phase diagram of a square-well model with interaction range 1.15σ, where σ is the particle diameter. The phase boundaries can be estimated with the minimum number of simulations. In particular, very few simulations are required for the solid phase since its properties vary little with temperature.
"If You Can'T Say Something Nice": A Variation on the Social Desirability Response Set

Analysis of several data sets suggests that when "don't know" is used as an option in an evaluation of others, the number of omitted items may correlate negatively with the summated evaluation. When present, this variation of social desirability or nonrandom tendency toward item nonresponse has the potential to bias results. Measures are suggested to both detect and control for this tendency.
Sequential and Parallel Algorithms for Partitioning Tree Task Graphs on Shared Memory Architecture

The problem of partitioning task graphs in its general form is known to be NP-complete and it is extremely difficult to come up with simple but effective and fast heuristics too. In this paper, the tree task graphs are considered which arise from many important programming paradigms such as divide and conquer branch and bound, etc. The target architecture considered is shared memory architecture as it typifies a wide range of research prototypes and commercial products of multiprocessors. Optimal sequential and parallel algorithms for partitioning tree task graphs such that the bottleneck is minimized "with minimum number of processors are developed. The bandwidth minimization problem is NP-complete even for trees. Three effective, simple 2-pass heuristics and their parallel versions are given. The effectiveness and efficiency of those heuristics are validated through extensive simulations.
A Technique for Quantifying Wrist Motion Using Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography: Approach and Validation

The wrist joint is an articulation consisting of many bones and ligamentous structures which, during normal function, allows complex motions while still maintaining stability. The wrist is the most frequently injured upper extremity joint, with wrist ligament injuries being subject to a high rate of misdiagnosis [1–3]. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for providing the most effective interventions that, if not implemented early enough, can lead to significant pain and suffering for patients and limit the spectrum of treatment options [4–8]. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cannot accurately detect rupture of the scapholunate interosseous ligament [9,10]. Further, since standard MRI and CT imaging are static in nature, only abnormal carpal bone position can be detected, without the possibility to analyze abnormal motion. These dynamic changes can be assessed occasionally with fluoroscopy [11–13], but more commonly, especially in patients with mild or early injuries, a definitive diagnosis is made during surgery. Prior investigations of carpal motion have focused on understanding normal and pathological motion patterns in vitro and in vivo. Considerable knowledge has been gained about basic biomechanics of wrist function including carpal bone motion [14–25], the effect of ligamentous constraints [26–33], and bilateral symmetry [17,34,35]. However, these studies have been limited by their inability to capture dynamic four-dimensional (4D) (three spatial dimensions + time) data during unconstrained movements in vivo. Recently, our research team and others [36–44] have noted the utility of four-dimensional (4D) CT image sequences as a visualization and clinical tool for assessing dynamic movements in various joints. 4DCT is an imaging technique whereby joint motion is acquired using a dynamic sequential scanning mode similar to CT perfusion. In this mode, images of a moving joint are continuously acquired. Therefore, it holds promise to detect injuries earlier when only subtle bony motion changes are occurring. Due to the complex geometry and motions, this data are best viewed volumetrically. Volume-rendered dynamic image sequences can be rotated and viewed with varying bone opacities to assist in clinical decision-making. The next step in successful clinical implementation of the tool is quantification and validation of measures from the 4DCT image sequences that will enable selection of appropriate and timely interventions for these patients. This includes quantification of measures that we call imaging biomarkers, including joint proximity which approximates the articular joint contact which is known to be affected by wrist instability and osteoarthritis. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe a 4DCT approach for quantifying wrist motion and validate the accuracy in two cadaveric specimens during motion induced using an in vitro wrist simulator.
WT1, monoclonal CEA, TTF1, and CA125 antibodies in the differential diagnosis of lung, breast, and ovarian adenocarcinomas in serous effusions

The distinction between metastatic adenocarcinomas of lung (LAC), breast (BAC), and ovary (OAC) in serous effusions can be very difficult since they all can present as tight cell clusters. This is particularly challenging when the malignant effusion is the patient's initial presentation or when the patient has a history of more than one primary. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of WT1, monoclonal CEA (mCEA), TTF1, and CA125 antibodies in the differential diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma from the lung, breast and ovary in serous effusions. Forty-six samples of serous effusions with their corresponding cell blocks were retrieved from our hospital computer system, including 13 BACs, 13 LACs, and 20 OACs. The diagnoses were confirmed by the surgical resection. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded cell block sections were immunostained for WT1, mCEA, TTF1, and CA125. Two observers blindly reviewed the immunostained slides without knowledge of the previous clinical or histologic diagnoses. The staining intensity was graded semiquantitatively as negative, 0; weak, 1+; moderate, 2+; and strong, 3+. The percentage of positively staining cells was estimated. The distribution patterns of reactivity for WT1 and TTF1 were recorded as nuclear, and mCEA and CA125 as membranous stain. Metastatic OACs showed positive immunoreactivity to WT1 in 19/20 (95%) cases, CA125 in 20/20 (100%), and all showed negative reaction for both mCEA (0/20, 0%) and TTF1 (0/20, 0%). BAC showed positive reaction in 6/13 (46%) cases to CA125 and mCEA. Staining pattern was diffuse for CA125 and focal for mCEA. Only 2/13 (15%) were positive for WT1, while all of 13 BAC cases (0/13, 0%) were negative for TTF1. LAC showed positive immunoreactivity for TTF1 in 9/13 (69%) with a characteristic nuclear staining pattern, but only 3/13 (23%) were focally stained for WT1. In addition, 8/13 (62%) of LAC cases were positive for both CA125 and mCEA. Our results demonstrate that the WT1 stain is specific for metastatic carcinoma of ovarian primary, showing a high sensitivity. In addition, CA125 stain is very sensitive for OACs, but could be positive in about a half of LAC and BAC cases. An immunostaining pattern of positive mCEA as well as negative WT1 rules out OACs, raising the possibility of LACs and BACs. A positive TTF1 staining supports the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma originating from lung rather than breast, while a negative TTF1 favors the diagnosis of a breast primary. Immunohistochemical studies with WT1, TTF1, and mCEA antibodies are useful in the differential diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinomas of lung, breast, and ovary.
Decreasing Prevalence of Obesity Among Young Children in Massachusetts From 2004 to 2008

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the obesity prevalence is increasing, level, or decreasing among young US children (aged METHODS: We analyzed data from 108 762 well-child visits (36 827 children) at a multisite pediatric practice in eastern Massachusetts during 1999–2008. By using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 gender-specific growth charts, we defined obesity as weight-for-length ≥95th percentile for children aged RESULTS: From 1999 to 2003, the obesity prevalence was fairly stable among both boys and girls. From 2004 to 2008, the obesity prevalence substantially decreased among both boys and girls. The decline in obesity prevalence during 2004–2008 was more pronounced among children insured by non-Medicaid health plans than among those insured by Medicaid. CONCLUSIONS: Among children aged
Prevention of the generalized Shwartzman reaction and endotoxin lethality by polymyxin B localized in tissues

Pretreatment with multiple doses of polymyxin B and colistimethate was evaluated as to its ability to sequester sufficient antibiotic in tissues to neutralize the effects of endotoxin in three animal models. Animals were challenged with endotoxin 24, 48, or 72 h after the last dose of antibiotic when there was minimal or not detectable drug in serum. Pretreatment with polymyxin B was successful in preventing the generalized Shwartzman reaction in rabbits and reducing endotoxin lethality in mice; however, large doses (20 mg per kg per day for 2 or 4 days) were required. Prolongation by more than 24 h of the interval between the last dose of polymyxin B and endotoxin challenge resulted in reduction or loss of protection. Dogs were unable to tolerate the high polymyxin B dosage which was protective in the mouse and rabbit. Lower, nontoxic doses of polymyxin B in dogs did not prevent endotoxin shock and lethality, even when challenged as soon as 1 h after the last dose. Pretreatment with colistimethate was ineffective in all three animal models.
Carbon and nitrogen mineralization as affected by drying and wetting cycles

Drying and rewetting of soil is an important process in soil aggregation, soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, and nutrient cycling. We investigated the source of the C and N flush that occurs upon rewetting of dry soil, and whether it is from microbial death and/or aggregate destruction. A moderately well drained Kennebec silt loam (Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Cumulic Hapludoll) was sampled to a 10 cm depth. Soil under constant water content (CWC) was compared with soil subjected to a series of four dry‐wet (DW) cycles during the experimental period (96 d) and incubated at 25 8C. Mineralized C and N were measured during the drying and rewetting periods. Aggregate size distributions were studied by separating the soil into four aggregate size classes (O2000, 250‐2000, 53‐250, and 20‐ 53 mm) by wet sieving. Repeated DW cycles significantly reduced cumulative N mineralization compared with CWC. The reduction in cumulative mineralized C resulting from DW compared with CWC increased as the DW treatments were subjected to additional cycles. The flush of mineralized C significantly decreased with repeated DW cycles. There was no significant effect on aggregate size distributions resulting from to the DW cycles compared with CWC treatment. Therefore, the flush of mineralized C and N seemed to be mostly microbial in origin in as much as aggregate distribution was unaffected by DW cycles. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Concanavalin A‐affinity Molecular Variants of Rat AFP: Differences Among Amniotic Fluid, Fetal Serum, Newborn Serum and Maternal Serum

The concanavalin A-affinity molecular variants of rat alpha-fetoprotein were measured in amniotic fluid, fetal serum, newborn serum and maternal serum. During the last 6 days of gestation, 54% ± 2% (mean ± S.E.M.) of the amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein does not react with concanavalin A. At 17 days gestation, 54% ± 4% of the fetal serum alpha-fetoprotein does not react with concanavalin A. Between 18 and 21 days gestation the percentage of the concanavalin A-nonreactive molecular variant of fetal serum alpha-fetoprotein decreases to 43% and remains at 43% ± 0.4% through the 28-day newborn period studied. Following day 18 of gestation the proportions of the alpha-fetoprotein concanavalin A-affinity molecular variants in serum and in amniotic fluid are different (p<0.001). On day 21 of gestation, 41% of the alpha-fetoprotein present in maternal serum does not react with concanavalin A. These results suggest that during late gestation yolk sac and fetal liver synthesize different patterns of alpha-fetoprotein concanavalin A-affinity molecular variants and that on day 21 of gestation the major portion of the maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein is derived from fetal serum.
A Case Study of the Interaction of the Summertime Coastal Jet with the California Topography

Coast-parallel low-level jets are commonplace in the marine boundary layer off the west coast of the United States during summer. A field study was conducted in early summer of 1997 to document the forcing of boundary layer winds in the near-coastal environment off California. On 8 June 1997 the Wyoming King Air collected data along a 350-km stretch of coastal margin from Cape Mendocino to San Francisco in order to examine the interaction between the coastal topography and the low-level jet. During the course of the flight, 32 soundings were conducted. The maximum speed of the coastal jet was found near the top of the marine boundary layer at altitudes from 200 to 600 m. Analysis of the data revealed a westward increase in the height of the marine boundary layer and maximum jet wind speeds. Strongest jet winds were observed southwest of Cape Mendocino with a maximum speed of 28 m s21. The coastal jet was characterized by a broad horizontal extent. Wind maxima were found at distances approximately 30 km to more than 100 km offshore. Hydraulic features such as jumps and expansion fans have previously been observed downwind of coastal capes and points along the California coast. The flow upwind of Cape Mendocino and Point Arena was found to be supercritical, but the King Air data showed that accelerations associated with possible expansion fan phenomena were minimal. It is proposed that the sloping inversion at the top of the marine boundary layer and attendant coastal jet are fundamentally the result of a geostrophic adjustment process arising because of the horizontal temperature contrast between the cool ocean and warm continent. This view emphasizes that the coastal jet is a ubiquitous, large-scale feature of the summertime coastal environment. Terrain-induced wind speed variations associated with expansion fans and hydraulic jumps only modulate the primary jet structure.
Adrenergic Blockade of Hypocapnic Cerebral Arterial Constriction

Hypocapnic constriction of the basilar and vertebral arteries was produced and pharmacologically modified (by intrathecal administration) in nine Rhesus monkeys. The arteries were then removed and studied with a catecholamine fluorescent technique. Alterations in P COCO2 were associated with significant changes in the caliber of large arteries. Mere depletion of the periarterial norepinephrine stores did not prevent hypocapnic vasoconstriction. The latter was reversed, however, by alpha adrenergic blockade (phenoxybenzamine). The alpha adrenergic receptor appears to be a mediating site for hypocapnic constriction of the intracranial vessels. We have proposed that the alpha receptor may be H + sensitive so that changes in pH alter the responsiveness of the adrenergic receptor to transmitter substances.
Demodulator Statistics for Channel Access and Adaptive Spreading in Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Packet Radio Networks

New distributed protocols for channel access and adaptive spreading are described and evaluated for use in direct-sequence spread-spectrum packet radio networks that have no central controllers, access points, or base stations. The protocols rely on demodulator statistics to provide the information needed for efficient sharing of the frequency band and compensation for changes in the communications environment in a network of half-duplex radios for which simultaneous two-way communications is not possible.
Susceptibility of Lewis and Fischer rats to stress-induced worsening of TNB-colitis: protective role of brain CRF

We assessed the role of central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in stress-induced worsening of colitis in inbred rat strains with hypo (Lewis/N) and hyper (Fischer344/N) CRF responses to stress. Intracolonic administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNB) induced colitis of similar severity in both strains as assessed on day 7 by macroscopic scoring, histological evaluation, tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and decrease in food intake and body weight. Colitis was inhibited by daily intracerebroventricular injections of CRF in both strains. Chronic stress (3 h/day, water avoidance or wrap restraint on alternate days for 6 days) aggravated colitis more in Lewis than Fischer rats (71 and 22% further increase in MPO activity, respectively). The CRF antagonist astressin injected intracerebroventricularly enhanced the colitis response to stress and caused mortality in both strains. Fischer rats had higher plasma corticosterone levels 20 min after stress alone on day 1 and after TNB plus stress on days 1 and 3 compared with Lewis. These data show that central CRF restrains the proinflammatory action of stress in experimental colitis.
Technology development & design for 22 nm InGaAs/InP-channel MOSFETs

Because of the low electron effective mass and the high resulting carrier velocities, we are developing InGaAs/InP MOSFETs for potential application in VLSI circuits at scaling generations beyond 22 nm. We will report device design, review gate dielectric growth processes, and describe in detail the development of process modules for fabrication of fully self-aligned enhancement-mode devices. Key design challenges include the effect of the low density of states upon drive current and the effect of the low carrier mass on vertical confinement. Target electrical parameters include ~5 mA/mum drive current and ~7 mS/mum2 transconductance. Key fabrication challenges include formation of self-aligned N+ source and drain contacts with < 15 Omega-mum and < 1 Omega-mum2 resistivity, and the formation and patterning of the gate metal and dielectric without damage to the thin underlying 4-6 nm channel layer.
Designing Analog Circuits with Reduced Biasing Power

A new method is presented for the reduction of DC biasing power in nonlinear analog circuits. The key concept in this methodology is to remove the general biasing and replace it with "local biasing" of the individual devices in the circuit. The procedure limits the DC power consumption only to nonlinear devices for biasing purposes. The procedure makes these devices to respond to AC signals very much like linear components. It allows the circuit designer to chose his/her desired operating points for each device, independently and unaffected by the rest of the circuit.
Optical tweezers with resonant particles

Optical tweezers are typically used on transparent dielectric particles. Particles with optical resonances would experience larger trapping forces and allow trapping of smaller particles. We present a study of increased trapping forces on such particles.
A coincident-select MOS storage array

Utilization of MOS monolithic storage arrays in random access memory offers low cost with high performance. An approach is described using a 64-bit coincident-select MOS storage device as the fundamental building block to achieve the low-cost high-performance goals. Device and circuit descriptions as well as cross-talk models are discussed.
Toward a Process Theory of Groupthink

Two decades after the introduction of groupthink, the nature of that theory remains unclear Is groupthinka variance or is ita process theory? This article depicts groupthinkas aprocess model that s...
Remotely powered wireless strain telemeter

This paper presents a wirelessly powered strain telemeter for mechanical health monitoring applications. The telemter is integrated with a rectenna tuned at 2.4 GHz. The rectenna is comprised by a resonant printed dipole antenna, microstrip transmission line filters and commercially available high-frequency diodes. The experimental results demonstrate that the rectenna is able to deliver 8 mW of DC power to the wireless telemeter when illuminated by a 10-W Yagi transmitter with a gain of 15 dB placed at a distance of over 2.5 m.
Role of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 in Neurogenesis and Radial Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex

Transcription factors play key roles in the formation of a multilayered cerebral cortex consisting of neurons and glial cells. Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is expressed in neural stem cells and controls axonal regeneration. Its dysregulation leads to hydrocephalus in postnatal mouse brains. Here, we further show that KLF4 regulates neurogenesis and radial migration of neurons in the developing cerebral cortex. Neural progenitors with constitutive expression of KLF4 fail to migrate and develop into mature neurons but, rather, form cells with a glial identity. Notably, the JAK-STAT pathway is altered by KLF4, with increased phosphorylation of STAT3 at tyrosine 705. Blocking STAT3 activation with a dominant negative form can rescue the migration defect induced by constitutive KLF4 expression. Furthermore, downregulation of endogenous KLF4 significantly promotes radial migration and the transition of newly born migrating neurons from multipolar to bipolar morphology. Together, these results suggest that precise regulation of KLF4 expression is critical to neuronal differentiation and migration during the formation of a cerebral cortex.
Optimized wireless power transfer to RFID sensors via magnetic resonance

Wireless powering of sensors through the strongly coupled magnetic resonance (SCMR) method at the RFID frequency of 27.2 MHz is studied here. The proposed system comprises of two single resonant loops and two self-resonant helical coils, in contrast to the two resonant loops traditionally used in RFID systems. The system is designed using simulation software and is validated by measurements. We illustrate that this design exhibits large efficiency at the desired frequency, which is significantly larger than the efficiency achieved by two conventional RFID loops. This is due to the large quality factor of the two single resonant loops as well as the inductively coupled pair of self-resonant helices employed in this SCMR power scheme.