cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy spectra associated with Long's model for steady finite amplitude flow over orography

Abstract The process of wave steepening in Long's model of steady, two-dimensional stably stratified flow over orography is examined. Under conditions of the long-wave approximation, and constant values of the background static stability and basic flow, Long's equation is cast into the form of a nonlinear advection equation. Spectral properties of this latter equation, which could be useful for the interpretation of data analyses under mountain wave conditions, are presented. The principal features, that apply at the onset of convective instability (density constant with height), are: i) a power spectrum for available potential energy that exhibits a minus eight-thirds decay, in terms of the vertical wavenumber k z -; ii) a rate of energy transfer across the spectrum that is inversely proportional to the wavenumber for large k z -; iii) an equipartition between the kinetic energy of the horizontal motion and the available potential energy, under the longwave approximation, although all the disturbance ene...
Characterization of granular flow of wet solids in a bladed mixer

In this study, we measure instantaneous, average, and fluctuating velocity fields at exposed surfaces for dry and wet grains in a vertical cylindrical mixer, agitated by four pitched blades. When the material is dry, the free surface of the granular bed deforms, rising where the blades are present, and falling between blade passes. Although average velocities are predominantly azimuthal, instantaneous velocities tracked in time reveal three-dimensional particle circulations, including significant periods of particle motion in the opposite direction to that of the blades, indicative of bed penetration. When moisture is added to the solid particles, the flow dynamics change from a regime dominated by the motion of individual grains to a regime controlled by the motion of small clumps that form as a result of the cohesive forces. This transition is characterized by a reduced particle–particle collision frequency and exhibits a sharp decrease in the granular temperature at the free surface. This transition is also characterized by an increase in bed porosity, which is attributed to increased cohesiveness arising from liquid bridges. A Fourier transform analysis conducted on the tangential component of the velocities (dominant flow) shows that a group of high frequencies exceeding the blade rotation frequency become significant with added moisture. These are characteristics of the large number of wet agglomerates flowing between successive blade passes. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Intravenous magnesium in the treatment of hydrofluoric acid burns in rats.

Study objective: To gather preliminary data on the safety and efficacy of IV magnesium in a rat model of hydrofluoric acid burns. Model: Forty-seven anesthetized male rats (200 to 300 g) received a standardized burn with 52% hydrofluoric acid. Interventions: Animals were anesthetized with 30 to 50 mg/kg ketamine IM and 1 to 3 mg/kg xylazine IM. A standardized chemical burn was created by topical application of 52% hydrofluoric acid. The rats were divided into four treatment groups: group 1 received no treatment; group 2 received intradermal injection of 10% calcium gluconate; group 3 received 80 mg/kg MgSO 4 IV; and group 4 received 160 mg/kg MgSO 4 IV. After the rats were killed, the burn lesions were excised and examined by a pathologist to determine the grade of burn (which was equal to the clinical degree of burn). Measurements and main results: Microscopic examination of the burns revealed differences among the four groups. Five of 13 group 1 rats (37%) died within 24 hours of burn initiation. Of group 1 survivors, 50% had grade 2 burns, and the other 50% had grade 3 burns. In group 2, eight of 11 rats (73%) had grade 3 burns. Twenty-five percent of group 3 rats (three of 12) had grade 3 burns, and only 9% of group 4 rats (one of 11) had grade 3 burns. Only the difference in the rates of grade 3 burns for groups 2 and 4 was statistically significant. Although not statistically significant, burns in groups 3 and 4 tended to be smaller in diameter than burns in groups 1 and 2. Conclusion: High-dose IV magnesium sulfate reduces the severity of hydrofluoric acid burn compared with conventional intradermal calcium gluconate therapy. Early deaths appeared to be prevented by both calcium and magnesium therapies.
Niche Search Engines: Expanding Information Discovery

Niche search engines, such as RefSeek, INFOMINE, Quintura, Wolfram Alpha, DOAJ, and OAIster, are valuable tools used to help novice researchers find resources. Niche engines have features similar to paid subscription databases, including preselected material, faceted searching, subjects and search tags, sorting, and the ability to save searches, but are free of charge and accessible to all users. Niche searching provides novice researchers with support or “scaffolding” as they learn more about their topic and evaluate their sources. These niche search engines increase the visibility of appropriate sources and decrease the number of invalid results that can hide useful sources.
A controlled study of concurrent therapy with a nonacetylated salicylate and naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis

Previous studies of combinations of nonsteroidal drugs used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have yielded conflicting results. We used standard methods to measure disease activity and high pressure liquid chromatography to measure plasma drug concentrations. We used doses of choline magnesium trisalicylate, adjusted to achieve therapeutic serum salicylate concentrations, and naproxen in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of full dose trisalicylate (CMT), full dose naproxen (N), full dose of both (CMT-N), and half dose of both (cmt-n) to examine their relative efficacy and toxicity in treating RA. CMT-N was statistically superior to all other treatments in only 1 of 12 efficacy variables, but was equal to N and better than CMT or cmt-n for 7 variables. There were minimal differences among treatments for the other 4 efficacy variables. The mean percentage difference for the efficacy variables between CMT-N and N was 3%, between CMT-N and CMT was 10.6%, and between CMT-N and cmt-n was 10.5%. Thirteen percent of patients manifested toxic reactions during the initial open dose-adjustment salicylate run-in phase. During the double-blind phases of the study, CMT-N was more toxic than N, CMT, or cmt-n (7.5% versus 3.4%, 1.8%, and 3.7%, respectively). Tinnitus was more common when full-dose CMT was used; N (N or CMT-N) was associated with increased skin toxicity. Gastrointestinal complaints were equally common with all regimens. CMT-N, although sometimes statistically superior to CMT, N, or cmt-n, showed no clinically important additive or synergistic effect versus N or CMT alone.
Protein trans-Splicing To Produce Herbicide-Resistant Acetolactate Synthase

Protein splicing in trans has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro by biochemical and immunological analyses, but in vivo production of a functional protein by trans-splicing has not been reported previously. In this study, we used the DnaE intein from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803, which presumably reconstitutes functional DnaE protein by trans-splicing in vivo, to produce functional herbicide-resistant acetolactate synthase II (ALSII) from two unlinked gene fragments in Escherichia coli. The gene for herbicide-resistant ALSII was fused in frame to DnaE intein segments capable of promoting protein splicing in trans and was expressed from two compatible plasmids as two unlinked fragments. Cotransformation of E. coli with the two plasmids led to production of a functional enzyme that conferred herbicide resistance to the host E. coli cells. These results demonstrate the feasibility of expressing functional genes from two unlinked DNA loci and provide a model for the design of nontransferable transgenes in plants.
Cultivation and characterization of coronary microvascular endothelial cells: a novel porcine model using micropigs.

Abstract Coronary microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) play an important role in many physiological processes. Porcine CMECs from large breed pigs have been isolated and successfully cultured. However, because micropigs offer research advantages over large breed pigs, micropig CMEC (MPCMEC) cultures may be useful as an alternative in vitro porcine model for cardiovascular studies. We isolated MPCMECs from six Panepinto micropigs using a simplified technique and developed a system for their successful culture. MPCMECs were isolated by collagenase digestion of left ventricular samples obtained using sterile techniques. Primary isolates of MPCMECs grew steadily in complete DMEM supplemented with 20% FBS, 4 mM MgSO 4 , and 500 μM dibutyryl cAMP and reached confluence in 7–10 days. Endothelial origin was demonstrated by rapid (4-h) uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein, immunostaining for the presence of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31), von Willebrand factor (vWf)-related antigen, vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and by positive staining using two fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled endothelial-specific lectins, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin and Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1. MPCMECs also exhibited immunostaining for α-smooth muscle actin. MPCMECs were successfully subcultured in the absence of dibutyryl cAMP and continued to express PECAM-1 and vWf, but not eNOS, to passage six. The typical morphology of subconfluent MPCMECs consisted of elongated cells that grew in a swirling, herringbone pattern.
Video-rate scanning two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy and ratio imaging with cameleons

A video-rate (30 frames/s) scanning two-photon excitation microscope has been successfully tested. The microscope, based on a Nikon RCM 8000, incorporates a femtosecond pulsed laser with wavelength tunable from 690 to 1050 nm, prechirper optics for laser pulse-width compression, resonant galvanometer for video-rate point scanning, and a pair of nonconfocal detectors for fast emission ratioing. An increase in fluorescent emission of 1.75-fold is consistently obtained with the use of the prechirper optics. The nonconfocal detectors provide another 2.25-fold increase in detection efficiency. Ratio imaging and optical sectioning can therefore be performed more efficiently without confocal optics. Faster frame rates, at 60, 120, and 240 frames/s, can be achieved with proportionally reduced scan lines per frame. Useful two-photon images can be acquired at video rate with a laser power as low as 2.7 mW at specimen with the genetically modified green fluorescent proteins. Preliminary results obtained using this system confirm that the yellow "cameleons" exhibit similar optical properties as under one-photon excitation conditions. Dynamic two-photon images of cardiac myocytes and ratio images of yellow cameleon-2.1, -3.1, and -3.1nu are also presented.
Associative changes with a random CS-US relationship.

Three experiments examined conditioned magazine approach in rats when a positive unconditioned stimulus (US) bore a random relation to a conditioned stimulus (CS). Experiment 1 found that over the ...
Some Effects of Pregnancy on Body Weight and Paunch Girth

Abstract Weight of the uterus and its content was determined by Swett et al. (6) from over 100 cows slaughtered at varying stages of pregnancy. The best-fitting curve for growth of the fetus was log 10 weight (kg) = –8.596486 + 4.152249 log 10 days pregnant, after 150. The curve describing the collective increase in weight of fetal membranes, amniotic fluid, and empty uterus was log 10 weight (kg) = –2.793861 + 1.728121 log 10 days pregnant, after 150. Adjustment of the body weight of a pregnant cow for these extraneous factors can amount to almost 15% of the observed values. Gross increases in paunch girth associated with pregnancy in cattle 24 to 48 months of age varied from .075 to .080cm per day, after 150 days pregnant. It was estimated from changes in nonpregnant cows that true paunch growth varied from .020 to .030cm per day, between 24 and 48 months, under favorable conditions. The average net increase in paunch girth due to pregnancy alone, after 150 days, was from .047 to .057cm per day. Adjustments of paunch girth for pregnancy generally were of minor concern, and amounted to a maximum of approximately 5% of the observed values.
Emerging risks and outcomes of blood transfusion in surgery

Abstract Prior to 1900, blood transfusions were fraught with danger and often caused more complications than the underlying disease. Discovery of the ABO compatibility system in the early twentieth century opened the modern era of blood transfusion, yet ABO incompatibility—as a result of clerical error—remains a significant threat to the recipient today. The risk of disease transmission now includes new and emerging agents, such as Trepanosoma cruzii and West Nile Virus (WNV), as well as other existing pathogens. Transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) presents a further risk to recipient patients. Confounding these problems are shortages of safe blood and the accelerated rise in the cost of blood due to increased testing. Outcome data on transfusion therapy have not always been favorable, particularly in the areas of postoperative infection, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ failure (MOF), and mortality. Such data have generated extensive efforts to determine association versus underlying cause of post-transfusion complications. In addition, unprecedented global initiatives to minimize the use of allogeneic blood are on the way. Options may include, but are not limited to, the use of "blood substitutes," although validation of such products is still required. In the meantime, blood product conservation techniques should become part of routine transfusion medicine.
Development of Near-Infrared Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy for the Study of Biologically Active Macromolecules

General advantages and potential limitations of Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy using Nd:YAG laser excitation at 1064 nm have been considered for both routine analysis and specific biophysical applications. Optical design and operating parameters which affect the quality and reproducibility of the data are discussed. Moderately high resolution spectra (0.25 cm−1) of liquids are obtained with relative ease, and the results are compared with dispersive spectra. Particular emphasis has been placed on applications to biological systems where intrinsic fluorescence has traditionally limited the use of dispersive Raman spectroscopy. As an example of a biophysical study, we demonstrate the utility of FT-Raman spectroscopy in elucidating the interactions of polyene antibiotics with model membrane lipid bilayers as a means of understanding novel drug/membrane interactions at the molecular level.
J. J. Thomson and The Electron: 1897–1899 An Introduction

Three Seminal Papers of J. J. Thomson This being the 100th anniversary of J. J. Thomson’s discovery of the electron, the October 1897 paper in which he presented his case that cathode rays are streams of subatomic “corpuscles” is attracting a great deal of attention. Viewed from 100 years later, this paper stands out as the starting point for the research into the structure of the atom that has dominated 20th-century science. Viewed in its original historical context, however, this paper was but one of a group by Thomson and his Cavendish Laboratory research students and is matched in importance by his two ensuing papers: “On the Charge of Electricity carried by the Ions produced by Rontgen Rays” published in December 1898 and “On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures” published in December 1899. All three of these seminal papers, which appeared in the prestigious Philosophical Magazine, are included here, along with the published text of Thomson’s talk of April 30, 1897, in which he first put the subatomic proposal forward and George Fitzgerald’s commentary on this talk.
Psychometric validity of the parent’s outcome expectations for children’s television viewing (POETV) scale

TV and other screen use are common among elementary school aged children with both potential benefits and harms. It is not clear why some parents restrict their children’s screen use and others do not. Parent’s outcome expectations for allowing their child to watch TV and other screen media, i.e. the perceived ‘costs’ and ‘benefits,’ may be influential. Our objective was to develop a measure of Parent’s Outcome Expectations for Children’s TV Viewing (POETV) and test the psychometrics of the resulting instrument among parents with children 6-12 years old. An ethnically diverse sample (n = 311) of parents from Harris County, Texas completed measures for POETV, demographics, and parent and child TV viewing and other screen media use via an internet survey. The sample was randomly split and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted among the first half of the sample separately for Positive and Negative POETV. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed the fit of the resulting factors with the data in the second half of the sample. Internal reliabilities and Spearman partial correlations (controlling for confounders) of children’s TV and other screen use with the resulting POETV factors were calculated for the full sample. EFA identified two factors for Positive POETV (Parent Centered; Child Centered) and two factors for Negative POETV (TV & Content Exposure; Prevent Other Activities). Follow up CFA confirmed moderate to good psychometric properties for both factor structures with the addition of four correlated errors in the Positive POETV model. Internal reliabilities were appropriate (Cronbach’s alpha >0.7). Parent Centered Positive POETV and Child Centered Positive POETV were correlated with children’s TV viewing on weekdays (0.14, p < 0.05) and weekends (0.17, p < 0.01) respectively. Both also correlated with other screen media use on weekends (0.20 and 0.21, p < 0.001). Prevent Other Activities Negative POETV was negatively correlated with children’s TV viewing on weekdays (-0.16, p < 0.01), weekends (-0.14, p < 0.05) and other screen media on weekends (-0.14, p < 0.05). The Positive and Negative POETV scales offer a new tool to better define predictors of screen media parenting practices and child screen media use behaviors.
Using CSF as an internal quality assurance tool in diffusion tensor imaging studies of brain tumor

Purpose: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an inherently quantitative imaging technique that measures the diffusivities of water molecules in tissue. However, the accuracy of DTI measurements depends on many factors such S/N ratio and magnet field strength. Therefore, before quantitative assessment of tumor progression based on DTI metric changes can be made with confidence, one have to assess the accuracy or variance in the DTI metrics. This is especially important for multi-institutional clinical trials or for large institutions where patients may be imaged on multiple MR scanners at multiple times in follow up studies. In this presentation, we studied the feasibility of using CSF as an internal QC marker for data acquisition and processing qualities. Method: ADC and FA of CSF for brain tumor patients' DTI studies (total of 85 scans over three years) were analyzed. In addition, a phantom was used to check the inherent variations of the MR systems. Results: The results show that the coefficient of variations for ADC and FA are 8.4% and 13.2% in CSF among all patients. For all DTI scans done on 1.5 T scanners, they are 7.4% and 9.1%, while for 3T they are 9.8% and 18% respectively. Conclusion: CSF can be used as an internal QC measure of the DTI acquisition accuracy and consistency among longitude studies on patients, making it a potentially useful in multi-institutional trials.
Autosomal trisomy and maternal use of multivitamin supplements

Recent reports suggest that women carrying certain polymorphisms of folate genes associated with suboptimal folate status might be at increased risk for having a child with Down syndrome or other autosomal trisomies, and hypothesized that maternal use of multivitamin supplements might reduce such risk. To evaluate this hypothesis, we examined data from a population-based case-control study, and contrasted cases of Down syndrome, trisomy 18, and trisomy 13, with unaffected controls. Periconceptional multivitamin use, compared to no such use, was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6-1.3) for having a pregnancy affected by an autosomal trisomy. The OR was 0.8 (95% CI, 0.5-1.3) for Down syndrome and 1.4 (95% CI, 0.5-3.6) for trisomies 13 and 18, with little variation by maternal race or age. Periconceptional multivitamin use was not associated with a major reduction in the risk for common autosomal trisomies.
Myocardial gene expression in dilated cardiomyopathy treated with beta-blocking agents.

Background Beta-blocker therapy may improve cardiac function in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. We tested the hypothesis that beta-blocker therapy produces favorable functional effects in dilated cardiomyopathy by altering the expression of myocardial genes that regulate contractility and pathologic hypertrophy. Methods We randomly assigned 53 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy to treatment with a β-adrenergic–receptor blocking agent (metoprolol or carvedilol) or placebo. The amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) for contractility-regulating genes (those encoding β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors, calcium ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and α- and β-myosin heavy-chain isoforms) and of genes associated with pathologic hypertrophy (β-myosin heavy chain and atrial natriuretic peptide) was measured with a quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in total RNA extracted from biopsy specimens of the right ventricular septal endomyocardium. Myocardial levels of β-adr...
Personality is Transcontextual A Reply to Veroff

Based on his experience with TAT measures, Veroff (1983) has proposed that personality must be defined within historical, developmental, and social contexts. Several alternative interpretations of his results are offered, and it is argued that contextual interpretations, though attractive, focus unwarranted attention on unreplicable results. Using reliable and valid measures of personality, recent longitudinal findings support the more parsimonious interpretation that personality is stable in adulthood and that relations between personality and important outcomes hold over a wide variety of contexts.
Aristotle and business

If one told a philosopher that Aristotle was anti business and anti-profit the philosopher would most likely nod his head in agreement. The evidence is obvious, isn't it? Aristotle scorned the practice of retail trade in ancient Greece. He opposed charging interest. Case closed!l I wish to re-open the case. Aristotle did reach these conclusions. However, to assume that Aristotle would support these views 2000 years later, as many philosophers seem to assume, requires a massive leap of faith. An even stronger argument can be made to demonstrate that Aristotle would be pro-business and pro-profit. It is my intention to systematize views expressed in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and Politics which could be interpreted in support of business and profits. Why undergo this process? Aristotle's conclusions toward business and profits has been retranslated over two millenniums to mean that entering busi ness in order to make a profit is equivalent to selling one's soul to the devil. A better understanding of Aristotle's view requires a better understanding of the environment in which he was writing. Once this is done, one can begin to reanalyze Aristotle's thought.
Discounting and Restitution

Soulevant la question juridique de la restitution et des reparations transgenerationnelles, l'A. mesure la pertinence de l'analyse economique des couts et benefices au regard de la determination du taux d'interet a travers les generations. Distinguant deux standards de restitution en fonction de la victime initiale du delit et du requerant actuel qui n'a subi aucun tort, l'A. montre que le veritable probleme est celui de la commensurabilite des preferences dans le temps, qu'il s'agisse d'une reconstruction contrefactuelle du passe ou d'une evaluation externe de la perte reelle
Synthesis of DL-tyrosine-4-14C

DL-tyrosine-4-14C has been synthesized with an overall yield 29.3 % based on phenol-1-14C as the starting material. Anisole-I-14C was prepared by methylation of phenol-1-14C with dimethyl sulfate. The radioactive anisole was then converted to p-anisaldehyde-4-14C by a modified Gattermann reaction and then condensed with hydantoin to give 5-(4-methoxybenzylidene-4-14C) hydantoin. The hydantoin was then converted into DL-tyrosine-4-14C.
Hormonal regulation of dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase I activity in cultured human fibroblasts

Human male fibroblasts, cell line GM2987, were grown in 10% Nu-Serum or fetal bovine serum. Dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase I (DAP-I) activity was higher in cells grown with Nu-Serum and cells grown in 10% fetal bovine serum purchased from Grand Island Biological Company (GIBCO) and lower in cells grown in 10% fetal bovine serum obtained from Sterile Systems, Inc. (Hyclone). The addition of 0.3 microM cortisol to all three types of sera resulted in cells that had similar levels of DAP-I activity (maximum of 800-900 nmol of beta-naphthylamine released from glycyl-L-phenylanine-beta-naphthylamine per hour per milligram of cellular protein). The addition of cortisol to Hyclone fetal bovine serum increased the DAP-I levels by up to threefold with a half-maximal response occurring at 30 nM cortisol. Triiodothyronine also could increase DAP-I levels, but only between 1.5- and 2.0-fold. Testosterone propionate increased DAP-I levels by 1.4-fold. These changes in growth media and hormones had little effect on other lysosomal enzymes or the growth characteristics of the cells.
Compton Scattering by Polarized Electrons as a Test of Quantum Electrodynamics

The pairlike cross section for Compton scattering from polarized electrons is derived, and shown to differ slightly from the cross section obtained from the conventional matrix elements. The differeuces may enable an experimental test of the existence of the fieldlike interaction. (auth)
Effect of Salinity on Germination and Seedling Growth of two Atriplex species (Chenopodiaceae)

Salinity is one of the environmental factors that has a critical influence on the germination of halophyte seeds and plant establishment. Salinity affects imbibition, germination and root elongation. However, the way in which NaCl exerts its influence on these vital processes, whether it is through an osmotic effect or a specific ion toxicity, is still not resolved. Dimorphic seeds of the halophytesAtriplex prostrataandA. patulawere treated with various iso-osmotic solutions of NaCl and polyethylene glycol (PEG). For each treatment, imbibition, germination rate, percent germination, germination recovery and nuclear area of root tip cells were compared. Higher concentrations of NaCl (-1.0 MPa) were more inhibitory to imbibition, germination and seedling root elongation than iso-osmotic PEG solutions. All seeds recovered from a pre-treatment with -2.0 MPa NaCl and PEG solutions, except large seeds ofA. prostratawhich failed to germinate following transfer from -2.0 MPa NaCl. NaCl caused a greater increase in nuclear volume than iso-osmotic PEG solutions. These data suggest that the influence of NaCl is a combination of an osmotic effect and a specific ion effect.
Water cavitation of hydrogels

Using the cavitation rheology (CR) technique developed in our labs, we show that fluids with negligible interfacial tensions with a surrounding material can be used to induce an elastic, cavitation instability in that material. We do this by changing the cavitation media from air, which was demonstrated to induce cavitation at the tip of a syringe needle in previous studies, to water, which has a negligible surface tension with the surrounding poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel material. In this case, the critical pressure in which this instability occurs can be directly related to the elastic modulus of the surrounding network and is shown to be nearly independent of length scale. This independence of size scale has important implications in the use of CR for the characterization of mechanical properties from molecularto macroscopic length scales.
The Hiroshima-Auschwitz Peace March and the Globalization of the ‘Moral Witness’

In January 1963, four Japanese men marched in front of a long procession from the Auschwitz main camp to the site of the death camp at Birkenau. This marked the eighteenth anniversary of the camp's liberation and was the highlight of a 10-month journey through numerous sites of death and suffering during World War II in dozens of countries. The Hiroshima-Auschwitz Peace March episode serves to illuminate the different ways the war and its horrors were remembered, used and abused in places as disparate as Hiroshima, Israel, Singapore and Poland. This march, however, was also a unique point of convergence between multiple national narratives of victimization. What was common between these different war memories was the figure of the survivor-witness. The Peace March illustrates the emergence of a shared discourse following the Eichmann trial and others, which agents like the marchers facilitated and which emerged from multiple Western and non-Western sources.
Plasmonic flow cytometry by immunolabeled nanorods

Fluorescence-based flow cytometry measures multiple cellular characteristics, including levels of receptor expression, by assessing the fluorescence intensity from a population of cells whose cell surface receptors are bound by a fluorescently labeled antibody or ligand for that receptor. Functionalized noble metal nanoparticles provide a complementary method of receptor labeling based on plasmonics for population analysis by flow cytometry. The potential benefits of using plasmonic nanoparticles to label cell surface receptors in flow cytometry include scattering intensity from a single particle that is equivalent to fluorescence intensity of 105 fluorescein molecules, biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity, and nonquenching optical properties. The large spectral tunability of nanorods also provides convenient access to plasmonic markers with peak surface plasmon resonances ranging from 600 to 2,200 nm, unlike gold nanosphere markers that are limited to visible wavelengths. Gold nanorod-based plasmonic flow cytometry is demonstrated herein by comparing the scattering of cells bound to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-conjugated nanorods to the emission of cells bound to anti-EGFR-conjugated fluorescent labels. EGFR-expressing cells exhibited a statistically significant six-fold increase in scattering when labeled with anti-EGFR-conjugated nanorods compared with labeling with IgG1-conjugated nanorods. Large scattering intensities were observed despite using a 1,000-fold lower concentration of nanorod-conjugated antibody relative to the fluorescently labeled antibody. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Shape selectivity in embedded polar group stationary phases for liquid chromatography.

Seven columns with embedded polar functionality were evaluated for use in liquid chromatography with a focus on molecular shape recognition. Tests based on Standard Reference Material 869b Column Selectivity Test Mixture for Liquid Chromatography and the Tanaka test indicate that only two of the phases are slightly shape selective at 20 °C. The shape recognition characteristics of the phases appear to be directly related to the density of the embedded polar ligands and the temperature of the separation, consistent with trends observed with conventional hydrocarbon phases.
Notch signaling in pediatric malignancies

Notch signaling plays crucial roles in many developmental pathways, with Notch mutations linked to several developmental disorders. Because many pediatric malignancies arise from dysregulated development, roles for Notch signaling in these cancers are to be expected. Evidence to support this is now emerging as the Notch pathway is being explored in more pediatric cancers. Not surprisingly, Notch appears to play diverse roles in different malignancies, effecting differentiation, metastasis, cancer “stem cells,” and angiogenesis. As examples, although activating mutations of Notch1 are found in the majority of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases, Notch/HES1 signaling appears to play a tumor suppressor role in precursor B-cell ALL; although Notch/HES1 signaling appears to contribute to osteosarcoma metastasis, Notch signaling also promotes medulloblastoma “stem cell” survival and contributes to angiogenesis in neuroblastoma. Further understanding of the roles of Notch signaling in specific pediatric cancers will provide a rationale for Notch-based therapeutic strategies.
Folding and particle assembly are disrupted by single-point mutations near the autocatalytic cleavage site of Nudaurelia capensis ω virus capsid protein

Protein subunits of several RNA viruses are known to undergo post-assembly, autocatalytic cleavage that is required for infectivity. Nudaurelia capensis ω virus (Nω V) is one of the simplest viruses to undergo an autocatalytic cleavage, making it an excellent model to understand both assembly and the mechanism of autoproteolysis. Heterologous expression of the coat protein gene of Nω V in a baculovirus system results in the spontaneous assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) that remain uncleaved when purified at neutral pH. After acidification to pH 5.0, the VLPs autocatalytically cleave at residue 570, providing an in vitro control of the cleavage. The crystal structure of Nω V displays three residues near the scissile bond that were candidates for participation in the reaction. These were changed by site-directed mutagenesis to conservative and nonconservative residues and the products analyzed. Even conservative changes at the three residues dramatically reduced cleavage when the subunits assembled properly. Unexpectedly, we discovered that these residues are not only critical to the kinetics of Nω V autoproteolysis, but are also necessary for proper folding of subunits and, ultimately, assembly of Nω V VLPs.
Aggregation of a class of interconnected, linear dynamical systems

Abstract In this paper, we introduce the notion of a “meaningful” average of a collection of dynamical systems as distinct from an “ensemble” average. Such a notion is useful for the study of a variety of dynamical systems such as traffic flow, power systems, and econometric systems. We also address the associated issue of the existence and computation of such an average for a class of interconnected, linear, time invariant dynamical systems. Such an “average” dynamical system is not only attractive from a computational perspective, but also represents the average behavior of the interconnected dynamical systems. The problem of analysis and control of heirarchical, large scale control systems can be simplified by approximating the lower level dynamics of such systems with such an average dynamical system.
The relationship between tobacco mosaic virus and an accompanying abnormal protein.

Abstract 1. 1. Experiments are reported in which the rate of assimilation of isotopic ammonium ion into various protein containing of TMV-infected leaves was followed. Particular attention was given to an abnormal nucleic acid-free protein accompanying infection. 2. 2.The protein sedimented by 80, 000 × g. at pH 4.7, termed P5, and corresponding to the protein “X” of Takahashi and Ishii , is the major abnormal protein other than the virus accompanying infection. 3. 3. A close correspondence in isotope content appears to exist between the precursors of this protein and TMV. 4. 4. Earlier observations on the metabolic stability of the bulk of TMV in the host cell are substantiated. The abnormal protein also appears to be relatively stable in vivo. 5. 5. The extracted abnormal protein,P5, cannot be a representative sample of a precursor of TMV, but the possibility of the same protein at the sites of synthesis being precursive is not excluded. 6. 6. It is highly unlikely that the abnormal protein is a degradation product of TMV resulting from the extraction procedure, but the possibility is not excluded that the protein may result from an in vivo fragmentation of a specific portion of the total virus. 7. 7. Isotopic ammonium ion is incorporated more slowlyu into the nucleic acid moiety of TMV than into the protein moiety. 8. 8. The high activity of the particulate fractions in the incorporation of labelled nitrogen makes them suspect as the sites of virus synthesis.
Prehospital Assessment and Management of Patients with Ventricular-Assist Devices

Advances in the management of heart failure have led to an increasing number of patients living outside the hospital with a variety of ventricular-assist devices (VADs). These implantable pumps may be placed temporarily as a bridge to cardiac transplantation or resolution of a reversible condition, or as destination therapy for the rest of the patient's life. Emergency medical services (EMS) providers may be called to care for such patients experiencing an emergency related to the device itself, the underlying cardiac condition, or a totally unrelated medical or traumatic issue. Providers should have a basic knowledge of how these devices work and what sort of complications VAD patients may experience. In addition, they should know how to troubleshoot the devices if they alarm or malfunction, what emergency interventions can and cannot be performed, and where to turn for guidance if needed. Challenges related to management of patients with VADs include their poor baseline medical status, limitations of traditional prehospital assessment techniques, the relative infrequency with which these patients are encountered, and the rapidity with which device technology is evolving. This article presents a brief history of VADs, with an emphasis on left ventricular-assist devices (LVADs), reviews the relevant anatomy and pathophysiology, and describes the types of devices currently in clinical use. It discusses patient-specific and device-specific complications that may be encountered and concludes with an approach to prehospital patient assessment and care.
Double‐J ureteral catheters in gynecologic surgery

When ureteral injury is identified and properly managed, the gynecologic surgeon can expect good surgical and functional results with little or no patient discomfort or morbidity. The double-J silicone ureteral catheter is a useful surgical tool in this situation. The diameter of the ureteral catheter should be 7 or 8 French in most gynecologic surgical settings. It is better to select a length that is several centimeters too long. Intraoperative and postoperative care, including extraperitoneal drainage of the operative site, antibiotics, transurethral bladder drainage, and selection of the duration of urinary diversion, is important for a good outcome.
Simulation of gas dynamics and radiation in volcanic plumes on Io

Abstract Modeling results of volcanic plumes on Jupiter’s moon Io are presented. Two types of low density axisymmetric SO2 plume flows are modeled using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Thermal radiation from all three vibrational bands and overall rotational lines of SO2 molecules is modeled. A high resolution computation of the flow in the vicinity of the vent was obtained by multidomain sequential calculation to improve the modeling of the radiation signature. The radiation features are examined both by calculating infrared emission spectra along different lines-of-sight through the plume and with the DSMC modeled emission images of the whole flow field. It is found that most of the radiation originates in the vicinity of the vent, and non-LTE (non-local-thermodynamic equilibrium) cooling by SO2 rotation lines exceeds cooling in the v2 vibrational band at high altitude. In addition to the general shape of the plumes, the calculated average SO2 column density (∼1016 cm−2) over a Pele-type plume and the related frost-deposition ring structure (at R ∼ 500 km from the vent) are in agreement with observations. These comparisons partially validate the modeling. It is suggested that an observation with spatial resolution of less than 30 km is needed to measure the large spatial variation of SO2 near a Pele-type plume center. It is also found that an influx of 1.1 × 1029 SO2 s−1 (or 1.1 × 104 kg s−1) is sufficient to reproduce the observed SO2 column density at Pele. The simulation results also show some interesting features such as a multiple bounce shock structure around Prometheus-type plumes and the frost depletion by plume-induced erosion on the sunlit side of Io. The model predicts the existence of a canopy shock, a ballistic region inside the Pele-type plume, and the negligible effect of surface heating by plume emission.
Phytoplankton biomass and nutrient distributions in the Amazon River plume: Environmental correlates

The distribution of phytoplankton biomass in the plume of the Amazon River over the Brazilian continental shelf is analyzed by the use of multiple regression. Previous attempts to assess how different parameters control phytoplankton biomass have used pairwise correlations. A multiple regression approach, however, allows the elucidation of collinearity between these parameters. This approach reveals that phytoplankton biomass may be predicted largely by the following three groups of collinear variables that resemble the “factors” of factor analysis: suspended-sediment concentration and transparency (which generally describe irradiance availability), salinity and temperature (which describe vertical stratification, a measure of water-column stability), and the ambient concentrations of nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicic acid, and nitrite). The effects of water clarity and nutrients have been previously described, but the importance of vertical stability has never been separated from the other two. Additional important single variables were oxygen, ammonia, and urea. The strength of the contribution of particular variables to a regression model depends on the season of the cruise and hence on the volume of riverine discharge.
Electronic or paper journals? Budgetary, collection development, and user satisfaction questions

The escalating price of the rapidly growing number of electronic journals, databases, indexes, and books, along with traditionally published print subscriptions and monographs, will soon force library administrators and collection development officers to make decisions between electronic or print products in the new millennium. The increasing costs of the dual format subscriptions or indexes are unfeasible and perhaps even unnecessary from the users’ point of view in the disciplines of political science and economics. The researcher compared the annual subscription prices and the percentage increases of the 203 core printed journals with their electronic counterparts in the disciplines of political science and economics during the 1998‐2000 academic years. The complete list of electronically available titles was identified and priced, then titles costing greater than $500 were separated. The electronic use statistics were examined for the expensive serials, based upon the numbers of hits cumulated by user...
Too Soon Too Late: History in Popular Culture

What good is history to cultural studies? Who wants history, anyway? What can ohistoryO mean to the study of aesthetics in everyday life, and how can feminist cultural criticism participate in major public, political struggles over the meaning of the past? In this book, Meaghan Morris rejects the amnesiac model of postmodern culture: she takes issue both with currents of contemporary cultural theory that imagine a world obeyondO history, and with feminist approaches to culture that minimise questions of economy, class, and nation. Setting aside the study of historical narratives in media texts, she looks at struggles over ohistoryO in social settings created by capitalism: in tourist landscapes, and in television time. The materials of her analysis areNtowers, motels, shopping malls, beach scenes, local political combat zones. She focuses on history and cultural heritage as intensely conflicted issues for white working class and poor heritage as intensely conflicted issues for white working class and poor suburban communities, as well as for urban cultural elites. However, the popular cultures creating history in these spaces is never simply onationalO in scale or force. As local, regional, and global economic pressures and cultural influences interact in different places, enduring new forms of politics are emerging that cultural theorists need to take time to understand. Too Soon Too Late builds on Claire JohnstonOs early work in feminist film history to ask how critics can learn more responsively to see history in popular culture.
A J-integral method for calculating steady-state matrix cracking stresses in composites

A general expression for the steady-state matrix cracking stress in reinforced brittle matrix composites is derived using a J-integral analysis. The result is expressed in terms of the stress-displacement relation that characterizes the stretching of crack bridging ligaments. The influence of residual stress is assessed and a condition for spontaneous matrix cracking due to residual tensile stress in the matrix is evaluated. Results of the analysis are compared with independent solutions for composites containing unbonded reinforcing fibers.
Judgment of the Social Validity of Instructional Strategies Used in Community-Based Instructional Sites:

This study examined differences in attitude toward the social acceptability of training techniques commonly used in community-based sites (skill acquisition, reduction of inappropriate behaviors, and data collection techniques). The subjects (N = 178) in this investigation were volunteers and members of one of the following four groups: sheltered workshop staff, job coach staff, fast food restaurant staff, and business students. These groups of respondents represented individuals with a current or future involvement with persons having severe disabilities in community sites. Respondents were asked to complete the Survey of Community-based Training Procedures (SCTP) scale, which measured attitudes toward the social acceptability of antecedent, consequence, and data collection techniques. Results of the study indicated that groups of respondents differentially rated the social acceptability of training techniques. Factors affecting ratings of social acceptability are discussed and implications for future re...
Do the world’s largest cities follow Zipf’s and Gibrat’s laws?

We examine whether the size distribution and the growth process of the world’s largest cities follow Zipf’s law and Gibrat’s law. The parametric results of the size distribution analysis reject Zipf’s law for all sample sizes and also show the Zipf exponent systematically declines as the sample size increases. The growth process analysis confirms Gibrat’s law and yields a local Zipf exponent of one for cities with a normalized population less than 0.53%, which includes about 95% of the total observations. The deviations from Zipf’s law occur at the extreme upper tail and are likely a result of restricted mobility of population across countries. However, given that Gibrat’s law holds, we can expect the size distribution to converge to Zipf’s law with a decline in the barriers to immigration.