cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laminar burning velocities and transition to unstable flames in H2/O2/N2 and C3H8/O2/N2 mixtures☆

Abstract Effects of positive flame stretch on laminar burning velocities, and conditions for transition to unstable flames, were studied experimentally for freely propagating spherical flames at both stable and unstable preferential-diffusion conditions. The data base involved new measurements for H2/O2/N2 mixtures at values of flame stretch up to 7600 s−1, and existing measurements for C3H8/O2/N2 mixtures at values of flame stretch up to 900 s−1. Laminar burning velocities varied linearly with increasing Karlovitz numbers—either decreasing or increasing at stable or unstable preferential-diffusion conditions—yielding Markstein numbers that primarily varied with the fuel-equivalence ratio. Neutral preferential-diffusion conditions, however, were shifted toward the unstable side of the maximum laminar burning velocity condition that the simplest preferential-diffusion theories associate with neutral stability. All flames exhibited transition to unstable flames: unstable preferential-diffusion coditions yielded early transition to irregular flame surfaces, and stable preferential-diffusion conditions yielded delayed transition to cellular flames by hydrodynamic instability. Conditions for hydrodynamic instability transitions for H2/O2/N2 mixtures were consistent with an earlier correlation due to Groff for propane/air flames, based on the predictions of Istratov and Librovich.
Light-Scattering Study of a Smectic- A Phase near the Smectic- A - Nematic Transition

From light scattered by director modes in the smectic-$A$ phase of cyanobenzylidene octyloxyaniline (CBOOA) and octyloxy cyanobiphenyl (80CB) we deduce that the restoring force for phase fluctuations in the smectic order parameter vanishes as ${({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)}^{0.33}$ as the nematic phase is approached. In CBOOA the force maintaining the molecules normal to the layers vanishes as ${({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)}^{0.50}$. We conclude that de Gennes's analogy between charged superfluids and the smectic-$A$ phase is not entirely correct.
Anaerobic mastoiditis: A report of two cases with complications†

Aerobic bacteria are responsible for most cases of suppurative otitis media/mastoiditis (OM/M). As many as 20-30% of middle ear aspirates in acute otitis media, however, are reported to be sterile on aerobic culture. Some of these cases may be due to anaerobic bacteria. Two cases of OM/M due to anaerobic bacteria are reported. The first patient had no antecedent ear disease and developed a large Bezold abscess caused by Fusobacterium varium. The second patient had attic retraction pouches bilaterally and a history of otorrhea. This patient developed labyrinthitis and meningitis due to B. fragilis. The clinical progression of disease in both cases indicates that anaerobic OM/M can follow a deceptively asymptomatic course. By contrast, complications of OM/M occur abruptly and extend rapidly in a manner typical of acute aerobic disease. Both cases required surgery for cure.
Parents' Response to Infant Crying: Contributing Factors of the Reciprocal Interaction

Infant crying is viewed as a normal and developmental behavior expressed by infants. However, this normal behavior can also be one of the most difficult and trying times for parents. Inconsolable crying is a precipitating factor of shaken baby syndrome. This study explored parents' thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and actions in response to inconsolable infant crying. Using a qualitative research approach, data were collected through participant observations, a questionnaire, and field notes. The results of the analysis identified three major themes: “I just go and pick him up”: Immediate response to crying; “I try everything”: Attempt to get a routine; and Walking and bouncing: Utilizing movement as a coping strategy. These findings suggest a link between parental thoughts and behaviors that potentially may influence the subsequent interaction or co-occupational experience. Such thoughts and behaviors can promote healthy co-occupations and help identify risk factors for unhealthy co-occupations.
Hole traps in germanium crystals

Abstract Hole trapping in lithium-drifted and high-purity germanium gamma-ray detectors are found consistently in crystals that show a certain kind of etch pit. These pits are shallow and featureless, and appear to be associated with the presence of silicon and oxygen in the melt during growth. A crystal containing as few as 10 6 of these defect sites per cm 3 will exhibit unacceptable hole trapping. No other correlation between these shallow pits and detector performance has been observed.
Morphology and Bond Strength of Copper Wafer Bonding

The morphology and bond strength of copper-bonded wafer pairs prepared under different bonding/annealing temperatures and durations are presented. The interfacial morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy while the bond strength was examined from a diesaw test. Physical mechanisms explaining the different roles of postbonding anneals at temperatures above and below 300°C are discussed. A map summarizing these results provides a useful reference on process conditions suitable for actual microelectronics fabrication and three-dimensional integrated circuits based on Cu wafer bonding. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
The processing of procollagen in cultures of human and mouse fibroblasts.

Abstract Cultures of normal human and mouse fibroblasts convert procollagen to tropocollagen at varying rates. The conversion rate cannot be predicted from the species of origin of the fibroblast nor from the age of the donor tissue. Procollagen is converted to tropocollagen in both the extracellular space of the cell layer and in the culture medium. The collagen fibers of the cell layer are formed mostly from tropocollagen molecules generated in situ .
Evidence for spatial structure in the cortical input to the monkey lateral geniculate nucleus

We combined visual stimulation of the corticogeniculate pathway with cryogenic blockade of area 17 to examine the visual spatial structure of the cortical influence on single macaque LGN cells. Excitatory central areas surrounded by inhibitory regions and vice versa were found with equal frequency. Unstructured influences were also seen. The structure of the influence suggests that modulation of the spatial parameter may be an important function for the corticogeniculate pathway.
Binding of scatter factor to epithelial cell membrane protein: identification of its receptor.

Abstract Binding of scatter factor (SF) to the surface protein of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was investigated. The factor has a specific affinity for membrane proteins of MDCK cells and could be purified 10–20-fold using a membrane protein-affinity chromatographic procedure. The binding was pH- and salt-dependent. The factor did not bind to columns prepared with membrane proteins from non responder cells or with bovine serum albumin. Further purification to homogeneity was achieved using reverse phase and immunoaffinity chromatography. The factor dissociated into 92, 62 and 34/32 kDa bands on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. A 230 kDa protein band, the receptor-SF complex, was observed when radiolabeled SF was crosslinked to surface proteins of MDCK cells and the complexes were subjected to electrophoresis. The binding of radiolabeled SF to the MDCK cells was decreased in presence of excess unlabeled SF. These observations suggest that the binding of SF to surface proteins of MDCK cells is specific and occurs predominantly to a 150 kDa protein.
Ecotypic differentiation of growth processes in Carex aquatilis along latitudinal and local gradients.

The genetic and environmental determinants of plant size, growth rate, reproduction, and survival were examined in five populations of Carex aqualtilis by reciprocal transplants to arctic, subarctic hot spring, subarctic muskeg, temperate alpine, and temperate subalpine sites. In the arctic and muskeg sites, only locally evolved populations survived 3 or more yr. In other sites, interpopulation differences in tiller density were due more to differential autumn or winter mortality than to differences in tillering rate. Shoot height of all populations was smaller when grown in arctic and alpine sites than in others. This small shoot size was genetically fixed in populations native to these sites. In contrast, the muskeg population showed compensatory adaptation to low soil temperature and produced taller shoots than the adjacent hot spring population when both were grown in any given site. All populations maintained similar numbers of green leaves, but through different mechanisms. This occurred through a h...
Curriculum mapping in higher education: a case study and proposed content scope and sequence mapping tool

Best practice in curriculum development and implementation requires that discipline-based standards or requirements embody both curricular and programme scopes and sequences. Ensuring these are present and aligned in course/programme content, activities and assessments to support student success requires formalised and systematised review and development processes. These processes are not always in play in higher education, however. Using a descriptive qualitative case study strategy, this article shares how policy outcomes within intermediate and superintendent certification, sixth-year and Ed.D. doctoral courses and programmes at a state university were reviewed, mapped and assessed using an evidence-based curriculum analysis model and tool that mapped standards and outcomes from course syllabus data. Strengths and weaknesses of this approach are discussed and it is suggested that the field might benefit from a curriculum mapping and analysis method that also considers content coverage. A Course-Level C...
A continuous, high-resolution record of late Pleistocene climate variability from the Estancia basin, New Mexico

Lake sediments that accumulated in the Estancia basin, central New Mexico, provide a detailed record of submillennial latest Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Sedimentologic, biologic, and geochemical proxies for changes in salinity and lake level were used to identify episodes of wet and dry climate that occurred between 24 and 12 k.y. B.P., as dated by 14C by means of accelerator mass spectrometry from shoreline and basin-center deposits. These dates determine the timing and duration of the episodes of wet and dry climate. The lake expanded and contracted repeatedly during the last glacial maximum and fluctuated near its highest elevation several times during the interval ca. 20 to 15 k.y. B.P. A pronounced lowstand lasting ∼1 k.y. occurred between ca. 15 and 14 k.y. B.P., followed by two more highstands of the lake between ca. 14 and 12.5 k.y. B.P. Desiccation of the perennial lake after 12 k.y. B.P. was followed by a final, poorly dated highstand at ca. 10 k.y. B.P. The record of lake-level fluctuations from the Estancia basin provides a high-resolution record of changes in water budget in a basin, the comparatively simple physiography and hydrogeology of which ensured a direct response to the strong climatic fluctuations that occurred during the last glacial maximum and termination.
The preparation and characterization of the metastable monoxides of thorium and uranium

The solid monoxides of thorium and uranium have been obtained by thermal decomposition of previously reported compounds in which the lower valence states (< + 4) of the metals are stabilized by HCl and H2O. The respective monoxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction and yield lattice constants of 5·302 ± 0·003 A for ThO(s) and 5·00 ± 0·01 A for UO(s). Both monoxides are shown to be thermodynamically unstable via disproportionation to the respective metals and dioxides. The molar volumes of these and higher actinide monoxides lie between those of the respective metals and dioxides and the calculated cationic radii are significantly larger than those in the monosulfides and the dioxides. Volatile chlorides including ThCl4(g) and UCl3(g) were observed mass-spectrometrically to vaporize during thermal decomposition. Ionization potentials of 12·7 ± 0·3, 11·0 ± 0·3, and 10·0 ± 0·5 eV, respectively, were measured.
An expert opinion on pharmacologic approaches to reducing the cardiotoxicity of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapies

Introduction: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common hematologic malignancy in children. Treatment-related cardiac damage is progressive and often difficult to reverse. Strategies to minimize cardiotoxicity during treatment are crucial to prevent severe lasting effects on health and quality of life. Areas covered: This comprehensive review covers the pathophysiology and various presentations, both clinical and subclinical, of treatment-induced cardiotoxicity and characteristics associated with increased risk of cardiac dysfunction in childhood ALL survivors. Additionally, contemporary prevention strategies such as limiting cumulative anthracycline dose, altering drug administration schedule, the use of anthracycline structural analogs, liposomal encapsulated anthracyclines, cardioprotective agents and nutritional supplements are critically analyzed. Finally, this review covers the management options of chemotherapy-induced damage and other treatment-related cardiotoxicity. Expert opinion: H...
Comment on “preparation of amorphous films of tin by quench condensation with impurities”

A recent paper by Buck [1] reported on a detailed investigation of quenchcondensed tin films with additions of various impurities. It was shown that the highest temperature to which an amorphous lattice order persisted scaled with the concentration of valence electrons, thus indicating that the amorphous state would be dependent on the electronic structure. Here, we show that the same crystallization temperatures also scale with the melting point of the impurity element in agreement with our previous observations [2], i.e. crystallization can be understood as due to the onset of impurity diffusion. It is also shown that the latter explanation, but not the former, can account as well for data on lead and thallium based compounds, indicating the more universal nature of the scaling of the crystallization temperature with the impurity element melting point.
Satellite-in situ measurement intercomparisons at wallops island, virginia

A field program was carried out at Wallops Island, Virginia in which a number of in situ soundings were made during February to May 1980 in conjunction with near overpasses of NOAA-6. A comparison of NOAA-6 measured and derived quantities with those of in situ instruments was made. Positive temperature biases (satellite warmer) were found to appear in the lower troposphere and tropopause regions; negative differences generally were found to appear in the middle and upper stratosphere. Average geopotential height differences were relatively small at all levels, but increasing rms errors showed decreasing reliability with height of satellite geopotential heights. Satellite-derived geostrophic winds were found to have less shear than in situ determined winds. Bias in the directional differences was found to range from less than 5 deg to about 20 deg, with rms differences apparently decreasing near the level of wind speed.
From patients to providers: changing the culture in medicine toward sexual and gender minorities

Equality for sexual and gender minorities (SGMs)-including members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities-has become an integral part of the national conversation in the United States. Although SGM civil rights have expanded in recent years, these populations continue to experience unique health and health care disparities, including poor access to health care, stigmatization, and discrimination. SGM trainees and physicians also face challenges, including derogatory comments, humiliation, harassment, fear of being ostracized, and residency/job placement discrimination. These inequities are not mutually exclusive to either patients or providers; instead, they are intertwined parts of a persistent, negative culture in medicine toward SGM individuals.In this Perspective, the authors argue that SGM physicians must lead this charge for equality by fostering diversity and inclusion in medicine. They posit that academic medicine can accomplish this goal by (1) modernizing research on the physician workforce, (2) implementing new policies and programs to promote safe and supportive training and practice environments, and (3) developing recruitment practices to ensure a diverse, competent physician workforce that includes SGM individuals.These efforts will have an immediate impact by identifying and empowering new leaders to address SGM health care reform, creating diverse training environments that promote cultural competency, and aligning medicine with other professional fields (e.g., business, law) that already are working toward these goals. By tackling the inequities that SGM providers face, academic medicine can normalize sexual and gender identity disclosure and promote a welcoming, supportive environment for everyone in medicine, including patients.
An Evaluation of the Role of Vitamins and Minerals in the Control of Caries

It has been possible to produce clear evidence that certain -vitamins and minerals are required for the formation of teeth of normal structure. It has been very difficult, however, to demonstrate that mature teeth require these nutrients in amounts greater than are needed to prevent gross and obvious signs of deficiency in other tissues. My first task will be to review the evidence in support of these statements. I shall, thereby, indicate why it appears that a mineral or vitamin deficiency must be present during the period of tooth formation if the tooth is to be affected in a manner which could lower its susceptibility to decay. As a sort of after-piece to the first topic, I shall attempt to present a summary of the somewhat controversial evidence which has been produced to show that single mineral or vitamin deficiencies are important causal factors in dental caries. The effects of inadequate diets on developing teeth cannot always be stated in quantitative terms. Our best device, at present, for indicating the importance of the effects produced by nutritional deficiencies on teeth is to compare these effects with those produced on another tissue, such as bone. When such comparisons are made, we shall see that in many circumstances, developing teeth appear to be less liable to alteration by metabolic abnormalities than is forming bone. We shall also see that mature teeth, in so far as any objective criteria are concerned, appear to be almost, if not entirely, removed from the direct influence of nutrition.
Lr41, Lr39, and a leaf rust resistance gene from Aegilops cylindrica may be allelic and are located on wheat chromosome 2DS

The leaf rust resistance gene Lr41 in wheat germplasm KS90WGRC10 and a resistance gene in wheat breeding line WX93D246-R-1 were transferred to Triticum aestivum from Aegilops tauschii and Ae. cylindrica, respectively. The leaf rust resistance gene in WX93D246-R-1 was located on wheat chromosome 2D by monosomic analysis. Molecular marker analysis of F2 plants from non-critical crosses determined that this gene is 11.2 cM distal to marker Xgwm210 on the short arm of 2D. No susceptible plants were detected in a population of 300 F2 plants from a cross between WX93D246-R-1 and TA 4186 (Lr39), suggesting that the gene in WX93D246-R-1 is the same as, or closely linked to, Lr39. In addition, no susceptible plants were detected in a population of 180 F2 plants from the cross between KS90WGRC10 and WX93D246-R-1. The resistance gene in KS90WGRC10, Lr41, was previously reported to be located on wheat chromosome 1D. In this study, no genetic association was found between Lr41 and 51 markers located on chromosome 1D. A population of 110 F3 lines from a cross between KS90WGRC10 and TAM 107 was evaluated with polymorphic SSR markers from chromosome 2D and marker Xgdm35 was found to be 1.9 cM proximal to Lr41. When evaluated with diverse isolates of Puccinia triticina, similar reactions were observed on WX93D246-R-1, KS90WGRC10, and TA 4186. The results of mapping, allelism, and race specificity test indicate that these germplasms likely have the same gene for resistance to leaf rust.
Re-Examining Factor Structure of the Attitudinal Items from TIMSS 2003 in Cross-Cultural Study of Mathematics Self-Concept.

The aims of this study were to examine the factor structure of the attitudinal questionnaire items from Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2003 and to investigate low‐ and high‐performing students’ mathematics self‐concept in East Asian societies and in the USA. The participants were 24,119 eighth‐graders, 4856 from Japan, 4972 from Hong Kong, 5379 from Taiwan and 8912 from the USA. Exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) were conducted revealing a same factor structure across the four societies. The MANOVA results showed that (1) the US students reported a statistically significant higher mathematics self‐concept than students in Hong Kong, Taiwan, or Japan; (2) across the four societies, high‐performing students had statistically significant higher self‐concept than low‐performing students; and (3) the US low‐performing students’ self‐concept was higher than Japanese high‐performing students’ self‐concept. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The Dose of Omeprazole Required to Achieve Adequate Intraesophageal Acid Suppression in Patients with Gastroesophageal Junction Specialized Intestinal Metaplasia and Barrett’s Esophagus

The mainstay of medical therapy for Barrett’s esophagus is normalization of esophageal acid exposure with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). However, the optimal dose and whether once daily or twice daily is required for acid suppression is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess whether adequate intra-esophageal acid suppression could be achieved with once daily versus twice daily omeprazole in patients with gastroesophageal specialized intestinal metaplasia (GEJSIM), short-segment (SSBE) and long-segment Barrett’s esophagus (LSBE). Patients with GEJSIM and Barrett’s esophagus underwent upper endoscopy with 48-h wireless pH capsule while on once daily 20 mg omeprazole for at least 1 week. If intra-esophageal acid was not adequately controlled, defined as pH value <4 for greater than 4.2 % of the time during the second 24-h period, omeprazole was increased to twice daily for 1 week and upper endoscopy with wireless pH capsule was repeated. A total of 36 patients completed the study (10 patients had GEJSIM, 16 patients had SSBE, and 10 patients had LSBE). Normalization of intraesophageal pH was achieved in 28 patients (78 %) with once daily PPI and eight patients required twice daily PPI. There was no significant difference between the three groups in the proportion of patients requiring high dose PPI (GEJSIM 10 %, SSBE 25 %, LSBE 30 %, p = 0.526). The majority of patients with Barrett’s esophagus were controlled with once daily low dose PPI and only a minority required twice daily dosing, regardless of the length of Barrett’s mucosa.
The Base-Promoted Rearrangements of Quaternary Ammonium Salts

The based-promoted rearrangements of quaternary ammonium salts can be divided into two categories. In the Stevens rearrangement one-alkyl group migrates from the quaternary nitrogen group to the alpha carbon atom of a second alkyl group. The Somelet-Hayser rearrangement involves migration to the ortho position of a benzyl quaternary ammonium salt. When structurally feasible, both rearrangements may occur simultaneously although experimental conditions markedly affect the competing pathways. Keywords: Sommelet-Hauser rearrangements; Stevens rearrangements; quaternary ammonium salts; competitive rearrangements. experimental conditions
End-of-Life Practices Among Tertiary Care PICUs in the United States: A Multicenter Study.

OBJECTIVE To describe variability in end-of-life practices among tertiary care PICUs in the United States. DESIGN Secondary analysis of data prospectively collected from a random sample of patients (n = 10,078) admitted to PICUs affiliated with the Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network between December 4, 2011, and April 7, 2013. SETTING Seven clinical centers affiliated with the Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network. PATIENTS Patients included in the primary study were less than 18 years old, admitted to a PICU, and not moribund on PICU admission. Patients included in the secondary analysis were those who died during their hospital stay. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Two hundred and seventy-five (2.7%; range across sites, 1.3-5.0%) patients died during their hospital stay; of these, 252 (92%; 76-100%) died in a PICU. Discussions with families about limitation or withdrawal of support occurred during the initial PICU stay for 173 patients (63%; 47-76%; p = 0.27) who died. Of these, palliative care was consulted for 67 (39%; 12-46%); pain service for 11 (6%; 10 of which were at a single site); and ethics committee for six (3%, from three sites). Mode of death was withdrawal of support for 141 (51%; 42-59%), failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation for 53 (19%; 12-28%), limitation of support for 46 (17%; 7-24%), and brain death for 35 (13%; 8-20%); mode of death did not differ across sites (p = 0.58). Organ donation was requested from 101 families (37%; 17-88%; p < 0.001). Of these, 20 donated (20%; 0-64%). Sixty-two deaths (23%; 10-53%; p < 0.001) were medical examiner cases. Of nonmedical examiner cases (n = 213), autopsy was requested for 79 (37%; 17-75%; p < 0.001). Of autopsies requested, 53 (67%; 50-100%) were performed. CONCLUSIONS Most deaths in Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network-affiliated PICUs occur after life support has been limited or withdrawn. Wide practice variation exists in requests for organ donation and autopsy.
Teaching the techno-pitch: Taking student innovators beyond the elevator pitch

Student innovators need to learn to pitch their ideas online using electronic versions of the elevator pitch—to borrow a cliche—and to learn to craft a pitch that does not violate rules about the disclosure of potentially patentable ideas. Our social networks now provide electronic opportunities to pitch ideas in even shorter bits than the elevator pitch, and our student innovators need to be prepared to provide compelling pitches fewer than 50 words. This paper covers rules of disclosure; how to teach students to introduce themselves (and their ideas) on Twitter or Facebook; and, how to contribute to online conversations about their ideas.
Chemical Composition and Potential Health Effects of Prunes: A Functional Food?

Prunes are dried plums, fruits of Prunus domestica L., cultivated and propagated since ancient times. Most dried prunes are produced from cultivar d'Agen, especially in California and France, where the cultivar originated. After harvest, prune-making plums are dehydrated in hot air at 85 to 90 degrees C for 18 h, then further processed into prune juice, puree, or other prune products. This extensive literature review summarizes the current knowledge of chemical composition of prunes and their biological effects on human health. Because of their sweet flavor and well-known mild laxative effect, prunes are considered to be an epitome of functional foods, but the understanding of their mode of action is still unclear. Dried prunes contain approximately 6.1 g of dietary fiber per 100 g, while prune juice is devoid of fiber due to filtration before bottling. The laxative action of both prune and prune juice could be explained by their high sorbitol content (14.7 and 6.1 g/100 g, respectively). Prunes are good source of energy in the form of simple sugars, but do not mediate a rapid rise in blood sugar concentration, possibly because of high fiber, fructose, and sorbitol content. Prunes contain large amounts of phenolic compounds (184 mg/100 g), mainly as neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acids, which may aid in the laxative action and delay glucose absorption. Phenolic compounds in prunes had been found to inhibit human LDL oxidation in vitro, and thus might serve as preventive agents against chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, high potassium content of prunes (745 mg/100 g) might be beneficial for cardiovascular health. Dried prunes are an important source of boron, which is postulated to play a role in prevention of osteoporosis. A serving of prunes (100 g) fulfills the daily requirement for boron (2 to 3 mg). More research is needed to assess the levels of carotenoids and other phytochemicals present in prunes to ensure correct labeling and accuracy of food composition tables in order to support dietary recommendations or health claims.
The mitotic apparatus. Fine structure of the isolated unit.

The fine structure of the mitotic apparatus isolated from the sea urchin egg has been investigated. The isolation was accomplished by lysis of metaphase eggs in a 1 M solution of hexanediol, buffered at pH 6. The fine structure of the isolated apparatus was studied after fixation with osmium tetroxide directly in the isolation medium. The spindle is composed of fine fibrils, approximately 20 mµ in diameter, which appear tubular. Similar fibrils, radially oriented, are found in the aster. If the isolated mitotic apparatus is exposed to water at pH 6 before fixation, the structure is considerably modified. The most pronounced effects are an increase in the number of large membrane-bounded vesicles and in the amount of free granular material present. The conditions necessary for the fixation of the mitotic apparatus in dividing cells are discussed in the light of these observations on the isolated unit.
Truly Nonparametric Online Variational Inference for Hierarchical Dirichlet Processes

Variational methods provide a computationally scalable alternative to Monte Carlo methods for large-scale, Bayesian nonparametric learning. In practice, however, conventional batch and online variational methods quickly become trapped in local optima. In this paper, we consider a nonparametric topic model based on the hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP), and develop a novel online variational inference algorithm based on split-merge topic updates. We derive a simpler and faster variational approximation of the HDP, and show that by intelligently splitting and merging components of the variational posterior, we can achieve substantially better predictions of test data than conventional online and batch variational algorithms. For streaming analysis of large datasets where batch analysis is in-feasible, we show that our split-merge updates better capture the nonparametric properties of the underlying model, allowing continual learning of new topics.
Theory of planned behavior: Implications for an email-based physical activity intervention

Abstract Objectives A 3-week study was conducted to determine the effect of persuasive messages sent via email on psychological constructs associated with Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and exercise behavior in sedentary college students ( N =170). Methods Participants (105 M; 65 F; 94% Caucasian; 20.2±.9 years) completed the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) and self-report measures of the TPB. Participants received persuasive messages every other day for 2 weeks. One randomly assigned group received positively framed messages (PFM; n =57); the other received negatively framed messages (NFM, n =57); and the control group (CG; n =56) received none. Participants completed the GLTEQ and TPB questionnaires following the 2-week treatment phase and again 1 week later. Results ANCOVA results revealed that PFM reported higher exercise behavior levels than both NFM and CG at follow-up ( p p p p p p p p p NFM, NFM>CG, PFM>CG). Conclusions Only positively framed persuasive messages sent via email improved exercise behavior. Both types of messages affected attitude, and intention in sedentary young adults. This research provides useful information for creating interventions to enhance exercise adherence.
Comparing patient and parent recall of 90-day and 30-day migraine disability using elements of the PedMIDAS and an Internet headache diary.

AimThe aim of this article is to compare 90-day and 30-day recall of Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment (PedMIDAS) elements and headache frequency against daily entries from an Internet headache diary among pediatric patients and their parents.MethodsIn a prospective cohort study, patients aged 10–18 years with episodic migraine or probable migraine completed a 90-day Internet-based headache diary that incorporated PedMIDAS questions. Following the 90-day diary period, patients and parents completed modified PedMIDAS instruments to assess 90-day and 30-day recall. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to measure recall reliability. The Kruskal-Wallis and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests were used to explore recall accuracy as it relates to each participant’s self-reported confidence in recall and to patient age.ResultsFifty-two subjects completed 90 consecutive diary entries. Comparing 30-day to 90-day recall of PedMIDAS elements, ICC scores improved by 26.2% (patients) and 17.5% (paren...
A study of the effects of internal rib and channel geometry in rectangular channels. Part I. Pressure drop

Plexiglas models of rectangular channels were fabricated with various rib shapes to determine the effects of rib and channel geometry on the pressure drop. Pressure drops in twenty-four individual variations of channel geometry were investigated using plexiglas models. From this investigation, an empirical correlation for the pressure drop across the ribbed section of the channel was determined as a function of the linear fluid velocity and the geometric characteristics of the channels. This empirical correlation involves functions of seven geometric parameters of rib pattern and channel geometry. Ribbed section pressure drops for commercial plate heat exchanger channels were predicted using the geometric characteristics of the commercial plates with the empirical correlations developed from the plexiglas channel studies. The total pressure drop for commercial channels was predicted by adding an average entrance and exit pressure drop to the predicted ribbed section pressure drop. The correlations developed in this work allow one to determine the pressure drop in a ribbed rectangular channel from the geometric characteristics of the ribs and the channel in question.
Ontogeny of Hamster Haemoglobins Determined by Isoelectric Focusing in Polyacrylamide Gel

Haemoglobin ontogeny in an inbred strain of the golden hamster was determined from 12 days in gestation to adulthood. Haemoglobins, separated by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel in a linear pH gradient (7.0 to 8.0), were quantified by optical density scanning (420 nm) of the unstained gels. Three species ( adult haemoglobins) increase in proportion, one (15 % at 12 days gestation) becomes dominant (85 % in adults), and two (nearly absent at 12 days gestation) increase and exist as minor species in adults. Two species ( foetal haemoglobins) decrease rapidly, one (37 % at 12 days gestation) to trace levels, the other (24 % at 12 days gestation) to a persistent 3 % in adults. Isoelectric-focused haemoglobins were eluted individually and re-identified by isoelectric focusing, disk-gel electrophoresis, and vertical gel electrophoresis. Gel exclusion studies ruled out the possibility that any one haemoglobin species is a polymer of another. Haemoglobin proportions determined by the technique used here, isoelectric focusing, are very reproducible, both from sample to sample and from hamster to hamster of any specific age. The presence of a foetal haemoglobin fraction persisting at significant levels into adulthood suggests that this small laboratory animal is a suitable model for studies on foetal haemoglobin synthesis.
From Singularities to Algebras to Pure Yang–Mills with Matter

Since the advent of dualities in string theory, it has been well-known that codimension 4 orbifold singularities that appear in extra-dimensional spaces, such as Calabi–Yau or G 2 spaces, may be interpreted as ADE gauge theories. As to orbifold singularities of higher codimension, there has not been an analog of this interpretation. Here we show how the search for such an analog led us from the singularities to the creation of Lie Algebras of the Third Kind (“LATKes”). We introduce an example of a LATKe that arises from the singularity C 3 ∕ Z 3, and prove it to be simple and unique. We explain that the uniqueness of the LATKe serves as a vacuum selection mechanism. We also show how the LATKe leads to a new kind of gauge theory in which the matter field arises naturally and which is tantalizingly close to the Standard Model of particle physics.
Tin/silver/copper alloy nanoparticle pastes for low temperature lead-free interconnect applications

Chemical reduction methods were used to synthesize tin/silver/copper (SnAgCu) alloy nanoparticles with various sizes. The thermal properties of the SnAgCu alloy nanoparticles were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Both the particle size dependent melting temperature and latent heat of fusion have been observed. The as-synthesized SnAgCu alloy nanoparticles were dispersed into an acidic type flux to form the nano solder pastes. Their wetting properties on the cleaned copper surface were studied. It was found that the nanoparticle pastes completely melted and wetted on the copper surface and the tin and copper intermetallic compounds formed. These low melting point SnAgCu alloy nanoparticles could be used for low temperature lead-free interconnect applications.
Identification of an additional member of the secretin superfamily of proteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is able to function in type II protein secretion

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a prolific exporter of virulence factors and contains three of the four protein secretion systems that have been described in gram-negative bacteria. The P. aeruginosa type II general secretory pathway (GSP) is used to export the largest number of proteins from this organism, including lipase, phospholipase C, alkaline phosphatase, exotoxin A, elastase and LasA. Although these exoproteins contain no sequence similarity, they are specifically and efficiently transported by the secretion apparatus. Bacterial homologues of XcpQ (GspD), the only outer membrane component of this system, have been proposed to play the role of gatekeeper, by presumably interacting and recognizing the exported substrates to allow their passage through the outer membrane. While determining the phenotype of nonpolar deletions in each of the xcp genes, we have shown that a deletion of the P. aeruginosa strain K xcpQ does not completely abolish protein secretion. As the proposed function of XcpQ should be requisite for secretion, we searched for additional factors that could carry out this role. A cosmid DNA library from a PAK strain deleted for xcpP-Z was tested for its ability to increase protein secretion by screening for enhanced growth on lipid agar, a medium that selects for the secretion of lipase. In this manner, we have identified an XcpQ homologue, XqhA, that is solely responsible for the residual export observed in a deltaxcpQ strain, although it is not required for efficient secretion in wild-type P. aeruginosa. We have also demonstrated that this protein is capable of recognizing all of the exoproteins of P. aeruginosa, arguing against the proposed role of members of the secretin family as determinants of specificity.
Fast pattern matching with time-delay neural networks

We present a novel paradigm for pattern matching. Our method provides a means to search a continuous data stream for exact matches with a priori stored data sequences. At heart, we use a neural network with input and output layers and variable connections in between. The input layer has one neuron for each possible character or number in the data stream, and the output layer has one neuron for each stored pattern. The novelty of the network is that the delays of the connections from input to output layer are optimized to match the temporal occurrence of an input character within a stored sequence. Thus, the polychronous activation of input neurons results in activating an output neuron that indicates detection of a stored pattern. For data streams that have a large alphabet, the connectivity in our network is very sparse and the number of computational steps small: in this case, our method outperforms by a factor 2 deterministic finite state machines, which have been the state of the art for pattern matching for more than 30 years.
Pressure-temperature phase diagrams for several modified lead zirconate ceramics

Abstract Using dielectric constant and loss measurements we have determined the pressure-temperature phase diagrams of four ferroelectric ceramics based on lead zirconate (PbZrO 3 ). The materials chosen for study all have pressure-induced ferroelectric to antiferroelectric transitions at ∼0.3 GPa. In all four materials, five phases were identified by comparing our results with studies, previously published by other workers, of the phase behavior of modified PbZrO 3 materials as a function of composition and temperature. The observed phases are the ideal cubic perovskite paraelectric phase, two rhombohedral ferroelectric phases, and two antiferroelectric phases, one orthorhombic and one pseudotetragonal. Comparison is made with previous temperature-composition studies of modified PbZrO 3 materials.
Conceptual discontinuity involves recycling old processes in new domains

We dispute Carey's assumption that distinct core cognitive processes employ domain-specific input analyzers to construct proprietary representations. We give reasons to believe that conceptual systems co-opt core components for new domains. Domain boundaries, as well as boundaries between perceptual–motor and conceptual cognitive resources may be useful abstractions, but do not appear to reflect constraints respected by brains and cognitive systems.
Shape from shading with a linear triangular element surface model

The authors propose to combine a triangular element surface model with a linearized reflectance map to formulate the shape-from-shading problem. The main idea is to approximate a smooth surface by the union of triangular surface patches called triangular elements and express the approximating surface as a linear combination of a set of nodal basis functions. Since the surface normal of a triangular element is uniquely determined by the heights of its three vertices (or nodes), image brightness can be directly related to nodal heights using the linearized reflectance map. The surface height can then be determined by minimizing a quadratic cost functional corresponding to the squares of brightness errors and solved effectively with the multigrid computational technique. The proposed method does not require any integrability constraint or artificial assumptions on boundary conditions. Simulation results for synthetic and real images are presented to illustrate the performance and efficiency of the method. >
Sexual Strategies Across Sexual Orientations

Abstract The psychological intersection of biological sex, personality, and sexual orientation represents a unique prospect for investigating the evolution of human mating strategies. Evolved sex differences in human psychology may encounter different mating environments within homosexual and heterosexual contexts. The personality traits of homosexuals, if different from heterosexuals, may influence human mating dynamics in revealing ways. In the current study, 5,310 men (5,083 heterosexuals, 131 homosexuals, and 96 bisexuals) and 7,589 women (7,240 heterosexuals, 143 homosexuals, and 206 bisexuals) across four major world regions completed personality and sexuality self-report surveys. Consistent with previous research, sociosexual behavior (e.g., number of one-night stands) and personality traits (e.g., masculinity and openness to experience) varied across sexual orientation. In addition, personality traits were predictably related to sociosexual behavior. However, variability in personality traits did ...
On Space-Time Block Codes from Complex Orthogonal Designs

Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs recently proposed by Alamouti, and Tarokh-Jafarkhani-Calderbank have attracted considerable attention due to the fast maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding and the full diversity. There are two classes of space-time block codes from orthogonal designs. One class consists of those from real orthogonal designs for real signal constellations which have been well developed in the mathematics literature. The other class consists of those from complex orthogonal designs for complex constellations for high data rates, which are not well developed as the real orthogonal designs. Since orthogonal designs can be traced back to decades, if not centuries, ago and have recently invoked considerable interests in multi-antenna wireless communications, one of the goals of this paper is to provide a tutorial on both historical and most recent results on complex orthogonal designs. For space-time block codes from both real and (generalized) complex orthogonal designs (GCODs) with or without linear processing, Tarokh, Jafarkhani and Calderbank showed that their rates cannot be greater than 1. While the maximum rate 1 can be reached for real orthogonal designs for any number of transmit antennas from the Hurwitz–Radon constructive theory, Liang and Xia recently showed that rate 1 for the GCODs (square or non-square size) with linear processing is not reachable for more than two transmit antennas. For GCODs of square size, the designs with the maximum rates have been known, which are related to the Hurwitz theorem. In this paper, We briefly review these results and give a simple and intuitive interpretation of the realization. For GCODs without linear processing (square or non-square size), we prove that the rates cannot be greater than 3/4 for more than two transmit antennas.
United States—Academic Medicine: Where Have We Been?

To understand the rise of physicians’ interest in academic medicine, it is necessary to outline the forces that drove them there.
The Intersection of Mental Health and Juvenile Justice for Youth with and without Trauma

The high rates of both mental health disorders and exposure to trauma among the juvenile justice population highlights the importance of understanding whether and under what conditions mental health services can prevent further justice system involvement among youth with previous juvenile justice encounters. The relationship between mental health treatment and juvenile justice recidivism is examined for youth distinguishing between those who have experienced trauma and those who have not. This article examines whether mental health treatment reduces the likelihood of juvenile justice recidivism among youth with several risk factors associated with adverse outcomes.
Gastro-oesophageal reflux and asthma in children - comorbidity or coincidence? : review article

Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) is commonly associated with asthma and is cited as an aggravating factor for poorly controlled asthma in adults and children. Children with GOR may present with respiratory symptoms such as cough rather than with heartburn. Studies estimate the prevalence of GOR in asthmatic children to be between 19.3% and 80%. Acid suppression does not usually improve asthma control, a result borne out by a study of lansoprazole in which lung function, quality of life and poor asthma control did not improve. Adverse events, notably respiratory infections and activity-related bone fractures, were more common in the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treated group. Severe asthmatics with poor control or with symptoms of GOR may warrant a trial of PPI therapy, but this therapy should be used with caution.