cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community Mental Health Practice in the United States: Past, Present and Future

Similar to trends in Europe, approaches to mental illness in colonial America and recorded in early United States history were commonly characterized by incarceration and the removal of individuals from communities. In the mid-20 th century, a major shift began in which treatment was offered in the community with the aim of encouraging individuals to rejoin their communities. In this paper, we will provide a brief history of community mental health services in the United States, and the forces which have influenced its development. We will explore the early antecedents of community-based approaches to care, and then detail certain factors that led to legislative, peer and clinical efforts to create ‘Community Mental Health Centers.’ We will then provide an overview of current community mental health practices and evolving challenges through to the present day, including the development of services which remain focused on recovery as the ultimate goal.
Development is Not a Dinner Party: A Hurstian Perspective on Law and Growth in China

Much has been written, and remains to be written, about the many roles law has played in China’s economic development since 1978. Without minimizing the value of what has been written so far, this essay seeks to broaden the discussion by applying to China’s recent history certain ideas of the great historian of 19th Century American law and economic development, James Willard Hurst. The essay proceeds by providing a brief introduction to Hurst and his work on law and economic growth in the United States, then explores how those ideas might be applied to assist our understanding of what has happened in China.
A hybrid stochastic optimization framework for composite nonconvex optimization

We introduce a new approach to develop stochastic optimization algorithms for a class of stochastic composite and possibly nonconvex optimization problems. The main idea is to combine a variance-reduced estimator and an unbiased stochastic one to create a new hybrid estimator which trades-off the variance and bias, and possesses useful properties for developing new algorithms. We first introduce our hybrid estimator and investigate its fundamental properties to form a foundational theory for algorithmic development. Next, we apply our new estimator to develop several variants of stochastic gradient method to solve both expectation and finite-sum composite optimization problems. Our first algorithm can be viewed as a variant of proximal stochastic gradient methods with a single loop and single sample, but can achieve the best-known oracle complexity bound as state-of-the-art double-loop algorithms in the literature. Then, we consider two different variants of our method: adaptive step-size and restarting schemes that have similar theoretical guarantees as in our first algorithm. We also study two mini-batch variants of the proposed methods. In all cases, we achieve the best-known complexity bounds under standard assumptions. We test our algorithms on several numerical examples with real datasets and compare them with many existing methods. Our numerical experiments show that the new algorithms are comparable and, in many cases, outperform their competitors.
Essential effect of the electrolyte on the mechanical and chemical degradation of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathodes upon long-term cycling

Capacity fading during long-term cycling (>1500×) is still a critical challenge for Li-ion batteries that use Ni-rich layered oxides, e.g. LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA), as the cathode. Microcracks have been previously recognized as one of the primary reasons for the observed capacity fade. Although there exists a generally developed mechanical understanding of microcracks, the role of the electrolyte has not been clearly understood, especially after extended cycling and at the atomic scale. Here, we unveil the microstructural evolution of spherical NCA secondary particles after long-term cycling using scanning transmission electron microscopy accompanied with electron energy loss spectroscopy. We found that the microcracks initiated and grew through grain boundaries, which then serve as the pathway for electrolyte penetration into secondary NCA particles. Additionally, the rock-salt phase reconstruction is prone to occur at the (003) surfaces of the primary particles or the crack surfaces, largely due to electrolyte (LiPF6 EC/EMC) corrosion. Crack propagation within the NCA grains is primarily a joint consequence from electrolyte corrosion and mechanical strain during lithiation/delithiation. During extended cycling, due to the distinctive surface facets, the primary grains located in the center of the secondary particles experience more intensive electrolyte corrosion, leading to a reduced contact with nearby particles, impairing the overall capacity. These results establish the initiation and growth mechanism of microcracks and voids in NCA-based cathodes during cycling and point out the role of the electrolyte in affecting the degradation of NCA-based cathodes.
Pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis is not associated with post sphincterotomy bleeding after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Abstract Background/Aim Endoscopic sphincterotomy is considered high risk for post-procedure bleeding. Sphincterotomy in patients on therapeutic anticoagulation is avoided given increased bleeding risk. There is minimal data on the risk of post-sphincterotomy bleeding (PSB) among those on prophylactic anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis. Methods We performed a retrospective case control study of all inpatient endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (ERCPs) with a sphincterotomy at our institution between July 2016 to February 2020. Cases were divided into two groups based on administration of peri‑procedural pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis. The outcomes were the rates of PSB and VTE within 30-days of the ERCP. Results A total of 369 inpatient ERCPs with a sphincterotomy were identified. 151 cases received peri‑procedural pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis and 218 did not. The mean Padua score and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification were significantly greater in the prophylaxis group. PSB was statistically similar between both groups (3.3% vs. 5.5%, p=.32). VTE was statistically similar (0.7% vs. 0.5%, p=.79). Multivariate analysis did not reveal an association between PSB and peri‑procedural pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis. Conclusion Peri-procedural pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis is not associated with increased rates of PSB. These findings suggest that pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis can be safely continued in those undergoing an endoscopic sphincterotomy.
Bank Dividend-Cuts and the Stock Market Reaction Around the Great Recession

We study investors’ reaction to dividend decreases and omissions in the US banking industry during the Great Recession of 2007 and 2008 and compare it to the reaction in the years before and after the crisis. Conducting standard event study approach, we find that investors didn’t react negatively to dividend-cuts in the years preceding the financial crisis and during the crisis as they did in the years following the crisis. Our results imply a shift in the perception of dividend cuts during the financial crisis. Dividend cuts were not perceived as a negative signal about the financial health of the banking firms during the Great Recession.
A Case Study of Code-Switching among Thai Waiters in a Cambridge, UK Restaurant

This study explores Thai bilingual speakers’ code-switching in a formal work setting. Although code-switching may appear to be random, there is an underlying choice which speakers decide upon when switching between languages: Language proficiency, the initial speaker’s language choice, the setting, and role relationships all contribute to these choices. This study investigates the factors contributing to code-switch decisions by participants within their specific work environment. The main findings show that adopting one language over the other depends on two main factors: first, the initial sequence of the interaction; second, the role relationship that the participants wish to maintain. This study has drawn upon the conversational approach and Auer’s sequential analysis to collect and interpret data from ethno-graphic observations, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews.
Prevalence of somatic and pain complaints and associations with sleep disturbance in adolescents with insomnia presenting to a behavioral sleep medicine clinic.

Study Objectives: Sleep problems are highly comorbid with pediatric pain, yet there is a dearth of research on how pain and somatic complaints impact adolescent insomnia presentation and response t...
Applications of microfluidization in emulsion-based systems, nanoparticle formation, and beverages

Abstract Background Microfluidization can produce highly stable and homogenous aqueous media, even when the sample consists of hydrophobic and nonpolar components, due to its combined forces like ultra-high-pressure, high-velocity impact, cavitation, and intense shear rate. The forces during microfluidization lead to transformation in material structure and conformation which result in modifications in the material characteristics and can be a base for new application areas. Scope and approach Although microfluidization is commonly known with its effects on particle size reduction, this innovative technique is also highly successful for formation of emulsion-based systems. Recently, a few new application areas have emerged, such as nanoparticle formation and treatment of beverages. Despite increasing interest of using microfluidization in new areas, there is not a comprehensive review of these studies in the literature. Therefore, in this paper, these studies have been reviewed and discussed in three main categories: 1) emulsion-based systems, including dairy products and lab-created emulsions, 2) nanoparticles, and 3) beverages. Also, the processing factors that need to be taken into consideration are outlined in this review. Key Findings and Conclusions Homogenizing milk with microfluidization significantly improved the physical properties of milk-derived products, especially textural properties. Microfluidization also provided better stability compared to conventional techniques and enabled production of new functional emulsions. Its liposome applications showed great potential to extend specific activities of substances. Microfluidization also improved bioavailability of food grade nanoparticles and helped eliminating cloudiness in beverages by significantly reducing particle size.
Provider perspectives on communication and dismissal policies with HPV vaccine hesitant parents

Abstract Parental vaccine hesitancy is a growing concern. Less is known about provider or practice characteristics that encounter HPV-specific vaccine-hesitant parents, the providers’ confidence in responding to HPV vaccine concerns, and the attitudes and use of vaccine dismissal policies (i.e., removing patients from the practice). North Texas providers completed an online survey. Dependent variables assessed: (1) percentage of HPV vaccine-hesitant parents encountered in practice defined as substantive, or high (≥11%, or among more than one out of ten adolescent patient encounters) versus low (≤10%) levels; (2) confidence in responding to 11 HPV vaccine concerns; (3) attitudes and use of vaccine dismissal policies. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were conducted. Among 156 providers, 29% reported high HPV vaccine hesitancy (≥11% of patient population). Overall, providers reported being “very confident” in addressing vaccine concerns (mean: 3.37 out of 4, SD: 0.57). Mean confidence scores were significantly higher for white (vs. non-white) providers and for pediatricians (vs. family practitioners). Providers were least confident in responding to parents’ religious/personal beliefs (69%). Some providers (25%) agreed with policies that dismissed vaccine-hesitant parents after repeated counseling attempts. More providers used dismissal policies for childhood (19%) than adolescent (10%) immunizations. Provider communication training should include parental religious/personal beliefs to effectively address HPV vaccine hesitancy. Other regions should examine their HPV-specific vaccine hesitancy levels to understand how the use of dismissal policies might vary between adolescent and childhood immunizations.
Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Genetic Testing in Siblings of Newborns With Cancer Susceptibility Gene Variants.

Newborn population-based genetic screening may reduce pediatric cancer deaths and could be cost-effective.1 Testing siblings of newborns with variants (ie, cascade testing) could further improve population health.2 Economic studies of cascade testing have focused on adults, although evidence suggests that cost-effectiveness improves for some cancer syndromes when surveillance is initiated in younger individuals.3 Our objective was to estimate the benefits and costs of cascade testing of siblings of newborns with cancer susceptibility gene variants.
Profile Refinement in Neutron Reflectivity and Grazing Angle Diffraction

Using modern high-speed computers, one can now model specular reflectivity experiments with unprecedented precision. For thin film and multilayer systems exhibiting large characteristic interfacial roughness or interdiffusion and for polymeric materials with unusual density profiles, a discrete layer-modeling scheme is required for an accurate and physically meaningful interpretation of the modeled profile. The incorporation of such a layer-generating algorithm into a non-linear least squares fitting routine can greatly increase the quality of the information available in reflectivity measurements. Applying these techniques to the modeling of grazing-angle diffraction data is particularly important for neutrons since the characteristic penetration depths are, in general, some four times larger than for x rays. We will outline the grazing-angle analogue of reflectivity profile analysis using the distorted-wave approximation and discuss possible applications.
Identifying and responding to problematic school psychology supervisees: The evaluation process and issues of impairment.

Abstract Identifying and responding to problematic supervisee behavior in a practice setting is a difficult challenge for clinical supervisors. This article identifies trainee transitions associated with shifting from an academic to a practice setting, as well as suggestions on how training personnel can address transition stresses. Then, several conceptual, procedural, and format considerations associated with the evaluation of school psychology trainees and postgraduate supervisees are described. Professional impairment is then defined and distinguished from problematic behavior. Setting expectations, trainee rights, and other due process considerations are then reviewed. Finally, issues associated with responding to impairment are described, including proactive measures designed to minimize difficulties with the evaluation process.
Numerical solutions and animations of group selection dynamics

Question: What is the best way to illustrate the dynamical process of group selection, and demonstrate its long-term characteristics? Approach: Numerically solve the dynamical equations for general two-level population processes, and then animate the results. Mathematical Methods: Numerical PDE, Numerical ODE, Stochastic Simulation. Key Assumptions: Group selection is properly characterized in terms of the long-term behavior of two-level population processes. Main Results: The dynamical process of group selection can be seen clearly in three different kinds of animations of the dynamical equations. The three kinds of animations, corresponding to different scalings of the basic model, highlight different aspects of the phenomenon. Group selection appears to be a potent evolutionary force under a variety of conditions, contrary to common belief. keywords: multi-level selection, group fissioning, group extinction, evolutionary birth-death process, population dynamics.
The Clicker Technique: Cultivating Efficient Teaching and Successful Learning

Summary The clicker technique is a newly developed system that uses frequent testing in the classroom to enhance students' understanding and provide feedback to students and teachers. Using a laboratory model of the clicker technique, Experiment 1 explored the effects of the clicker technique, via its potential for compressing learning time and its partially individualized instruction, on the acquisition, retention, and generalization of knowledge at immediate and delayed tests. Results supported the clicker technique as a viable method for instructors to promote generalizable learning and to conserve teaching time. Experiment 2 examined the clicker technique in terms of its components, studying and testing, to determine which components are crucial to its effectiveness. Results indicated that the combination of studying and testing promotes superior performance only during acquisition, relative to either studying or testing alone, and neither study, test, nor the combination of study and test led to a retention advantage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryptosporidium parvum metalloaminopeptidase inhibitors prevent in vitro excystation

Cryptosporidium parvum arginine aminopeptidase (RAP) was studied during in vitro excystation. Specific RAP inhibitors were identified by using C. parvum extracts. Amastatin, a series of alpha-aminoboronic acids, and the chelating agents EDTA and 1,10-phenanthrolene, but not endoproteinase inhibitors, blocked enzymatic activity. RAP inhibitors found to be effective in soluble enzymatic assays were then studied for their effect on in vitro excystation. 1,10-Phenanthrolene, amastatin, and H-boronorleucine (pinacol) inhibited excystation by 84, 57, and 61%, respectively, compared with solvent-treated control oocysts. Sporozoites remained viable within the oocyst as determined by propidium iodide and fluorescein diacetate dye uptake, suggesting that alpha-aminoboronic acids were not directly lethal to the parasite.
Robust topology control protocols

Topology control protocols attempt to reduce the energy consumption of nodes in an ad-hoc wireless network while maintaining sufficient network connectivity. Topology control protocols with various features have been proposed, but they all lack robustness and are extremely sensitive to faulty information from neighbors. For example, the XTC protocol (R. Wattenhofer and A. Zollinger, XTC: A practical topology control algorithm for ad-hoc networks, WMAN 2004) can be forced to construct a disconnected network even if two nodes in the network receive slightly faulty distance information from one neighbor each. A key step in most localized topology control protocols is one in which each node establishes a total ordering on its set of neighbors based on information received from them. In this paper, we propose a metric for robustness of localized topology control protocols and define an r-robust topology control protocol as one that returns a correct output network even when its neighborhood orderings have been modified by up to r–1 adjacent swaps by a malicious adversary. We then modify XTC in a simple manner to derive a family of r-robust protocols for any r > 1. The price we pay for increased robustness is in terms of decreased network sparsity; however we can bound this decrease and we show that in transforming XTC from a 1-robust protocol (which it trivially is) into an r-robust protocol, the maximum vertex degree of the output network increases by a factor of $O(\sqrt{r})$. An extremely pleasant side-effect of our design is that the output network is both $\Omega(\sqrt{r})$-edge connected and $\Omega(\sqrt{r})$-vertex connected provided the input network is. Thus ensuring robustness of the protocol seems to give fault-tolerance of the output for free. Our r-robust version of XTC is almost as simple and practical as XTC and like XTC it only involves 2 rounds of communication between a node and its neighbors.
Wave propagation in bubbly liquids

Wave propagation in a bubbly liquid is studied from the point of view of determining the validity of two-fluid two-phase flow models and the values of various parameters appearing in them. At low frequencies, the speed of sound depends on the virtual mass coefficient. At higher frequencies, the results indicate the need for a virtual heat capacity.
Limit surface and moment function descriptions of planar sliding

The authors present two geometric descriptions of the frictional properties of a rigid body sliding on a planar surface. The limit surface from classical plasticity theory, is the boundary of the set of all possible frictional forces and moments that can be sustained by the frictional interface. Zhukovskii's moment function is the frictional moment as a function of the instantaneous center of rotation's location. Both of these descriptions implicitly contain the full relationship between slip motion and frictional load for an object that makes contact governed by a useful class of friction laws that includes Coulomb friction. These surfaces can be used to deduce results concerning the overall frictional motion behavior of rigid bodies, such as the existence of characteristic final slip motion directions. >
Dense Disparity Estimation via Global and Local Matching

A new divide-and-conquer technique for disparity estimation is proposed in this paper. This technique performs feature matching recursively, starting with the strongest feature point in the left scanline. Once the first matching pair is established, the ordering constraint in disparity estimation allows the original intra-scanline matching problem to be divided into two smaller subproblems. Each subproblem can then be solved recursively, or via a disparity space technique. An extension to the standard disparity space technique is also proposed to compliment the divide-and-conquer algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Heteroepitaxy of tungsten oxide films on sapphire and silicon for chemiresistive sensor applications

This work focuses on deposition of heteroepitaxial WO/sub 3/ films on sapphire and silicon substrates for use as chemiresistive sensing elements. The approach of using controlled heteroepitaxial growth leads to well defined nanostructured films that yield stable sensor response characteristics. Tetragonal, monoclinic, or hexagonal phase WO/sub 3/ films can be produced in pure form, and they can be modified with monolayer amounts of metal (Au, Ag) or metal oxide (CuO, SnO/sub 2/, TiO/sub 2/, SiO/sub 2/) surface catalysts to achieve selectivity towards different target gases. Structural control is achieved by using rf magnetron sputtering and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) oxygen plasma-assisted evaporation methods coupled with in situ RHEED monitoring of film structure. Phase, crystallography, and stoichiometry are strongly dependent on deposition temperature, growth rate, and plasma gas composition, as well as post-deposition annealing treatments. Highly polished and insulating r-cut and c-cut sapphire substrates provide a reproducible template consisting of well-defined step-terrace structures that promote heteroepitaxial oxide growth under appropriate growth conditions. Alternatively, heteroepitaxial WO/sub 3/ growth on Si [100] substrates can be realized using ultrathin [111] oriented insulating BaF/sub 2/ buffer layers.
Multichannel Regularized Iterative Restoration of Motion Compensated Image Sequences

Abstract Restoration of image sequences is an important problem that can be encountered in many image processing applications, such as visual communications, robot guidance, and target tracking. The independent restoration of each frame in an image sequence is a suboptimal approach because the between-frame correlations are not explicitly taken into consideration. In this paper we address this problem by proposing a multichannel restoration approach. The multiple time-frames (channels) of the image sequence are restored simultaneously by using a multichannel regularized least-squares formulation of the problem. The regularization operator captures both within- and between-frame (channel) properties of the image sequence with the explicit use of the displacement vector field. We propose a number of different approaches to obtain the multichannel regularization operator, as well as an algorithm to iteratively compute the restored images. We present experiments that demonstrate the value of the proposed multichannel approach.
Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Nickel Based Alloys via Spark Plasma Sintering

Abstract Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) nickel based alloys were developed via mechanical milling and spark plasma sintering (SPS) of Ni–20Cr powder with additional dispersion of 1.2 wt% Y 2 O 3 powder. Furthermore, 5 wt% Al 2 O 3 was added to Ni–20Cr–1.2Y 2 O 3 to provide composite strengthening in the ODS alloy. The effects of milling times, sintering temperature, and sintering dwell time were investigated on both mechanical properties and microstructural evolution. A high number of annealing twins was observed in the sintered microstructure for all the milling times. However, longer milling time contributed to improved hardness and narrower twin width in the consolidated alloys. Higher sintering temperature led to higher fraction of recrystallized grains, improved density and hardness. Adding 1.2 wt% Y 2 O 3 to Ni–20Cr matrix significantly reduced the grain size due to dispersion strengthening effect of Y 2 O 3 particles in controlling the grain boundary mobility and recrystallization phenomena. The strengthening mechanisms at room temperature were quantified based on both experimental and analytical calculations with a good agreement. A high compression yield stress obtained at 800 °C for Ni–20Cr–1.2Y 2 O 3 –5Al 2 O 3 alloy was attributed to a combined effect of dispersion and composite strengthening.
Self-Assembled Monolayers of 6-Phenyl-n-hexanethiol and 6-(p-Vinylphenyl)-n-hexanethiol on Au(111): An Investigation of Structure, Stability, and Reactivity

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 6-phenyl-n-hexanethiol (PHT) and 6-(p-vinylphenyl)-n-hexanethiol (VHT) on Au(111) have been investigated by reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), ellipsometry, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Both molecules chemisorbed as thiolates. The packing order and structural changes of the PHT monolayer were investigated at room temperature and following annealing in ultrahigh vacuum. Three different stripe phases (δ, χ‘, and β), characterized by molecular axes oriented almost parallel to the surface plane, were observed by STM. In contrast, the VHT monolayer had a structure in which the average molecular tilt angle was close to the surface normal. Polymerization of the VHT SAM, as followed by RAIRS, was achieved by either UV-light irradiation or thermal treatment. Ultraviolet irradiation produced longer chain polymers with a maximum of ∼70% conversion, whereas annealing produced shorter chain polymers with CH3 as the end group. The UV-light polymerized fi...
A drill rotation formulation for geometrically exact shells

Abstract This paper considers the formulation of classical nonlinear shell models which incorporate an additional rotation degree of freedom called the drill rotation. This class of models correspond to convenient reformulations of classical shell theory, and not to higher order (Cosserat) theories. In the present context, the additional local equation for the drill rotation is a constraint condition which identifies the rotation of the mid-surface of the shell with the drill rotation. The remaining equations are those of the classical model. Proper account of the geometry of the mid-surface in a finite deformation setting makes the actual formulation of this additional equation nontrivial. A variational formulation of the shell equations incorporating drill rotation is constructed by introducing an additional Lagrange multiplier term. In sharp contrast with formulations based on the so-called Biot stress, here the Lagrange multiplier enforcing the constraint vanishes at equilibrium, allowing for a regularized variational principle which reproduces the proper set of shell balance equations for any value of the regularization parameter.
The infrared spectra of coordinated perchlorates

The infrared spectra of a series of copper(II) perchlorate complexes have been examined in the light of their known solid state structures and the spectroscopic predictions based on group theory. The spectra of complexes containing coordinated perchlorate are readily distinguished from those containing uncoordinated perchlorate by the presence of a second band near 650 cm−1. The mode of coordination of the perchlorate ion to a complex cation, however, is difficult to determine on the basis of infrared spectroscopy alone.
Ventricular Catheter Location and the Clearance of Intraventricular Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND There is no consensus regarding optimal position of an external ventricular drain (EVD) with regard to clearance of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). OBJECTIVE To assess the hypothesis that EVD laterality may influence the clearance of blood from the ventricular system with and without administration of thrombolytic agent. METHODS The EVD location was assessed in 100 patients in 2 Clot Lysis Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage (CLEAR IVH) phase II trials assessing the safety and dose optimization of thrombolysis through the EVD to accelerate the clearance of obstructive IVH. Laterality of catheter was correlated with clearance rates. RESULTS Clearance of IVH over the first 3 days was significantly greater when thrombolytic compared with placebo was administered regardless of catheter laterality (P < .005; 95% confidence interval, -14.0 to -4.14 for contralateral EVD and -24.7 to -5.44 for ipsilateral EVD). When thrombolytic was administered, there was a trend toward more rapid clearance of total IVH through an EVD placed on the side of dominant intraventricular blood compared with an EVD on the side with less blood (P = .09; 95% confidence interval, -9.62 to 0.69). This was not true when placebo was administered. Clearance of third and fourth ventricular blood was unrelated to EVD laterality. CONCLUSION It is possible that placement of EVD may be optimized to enhance the clearance of total IVH if lytic agents are used. Catheters on either side can clear the third and fourth ventricles with equal efficiency.
On the concept of organizational goal.

It is difficult to introduce the concept of organizational goal without reifying the organization-treating it as something more than a system of interacting individuals. On the other hand, the concept of goal appears indispensable to organization theory. This paper proposes a definition of "organizational goal" that resolves this dilemma. The goal of an action is seldom unitary, but generally consists of a whole set of constraints the action must satisfy. It appears convenient to use the term "organizational goal" to refer to constraints, or sets of constraints, imposed by the organizational role, that have only an indirect relation with the personal motives of the individual who fills the role. More narrowly, "organizational goal" may be used to refer particularly to the constraint sets that define roles at the upper levels of the administrative hierarchy. In actual organizations, the decision-making mechanism is a loosely coupled, partially decentralized structure in which different sets of constraints may impinge on decisions at different organizational locations. Although the description of organizational goals is consequently complex, the concept of goal can still be introduced in an entirely operational manner.' Herbert A. Simon is professor of administration and psychology in the Graduate School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie Institute of Technology.
Psychosocial Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Extreme Obesity

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychosocial differences among obese pediatric patients, particularly those who are “extremely obese” as compared to “obese.” Information was collected for 249 subjects at a multidisciplinary treatment clinic for obese youth. A battery of measures was administered and demographic data and height/weight was obtained. The results showed positive correlations between degree of obesity, psychosocial functioning, and quality of life. Specifically, the “extremely obese” were significantly more depressed, more socially anxious, and had poorer quality of life than the “obese” group. Girls and Caucasians were more socially anxious than boys and African Americans, respectively. There is mounting evidence that children and adolescents who are extremely obese are most at risk for psychiatric and medical disorders. Thus, targeting this group for assessment and/or designing treatment options specific for “extremely obese” youth is critical for the successful management of this population.
Development of genetic approaches for the methane‐producing archaebacterium Methanococcus maripaludis

Methanococcus maripaludis is a strict anaerobe that utilizes H2 or formate as an electron donor for CO2 reduction to methane. Recent progress in development of genetic systems in this archaebacterium makes it an excellent model system for molecular and biochemical studies. This progress includes development of methods for growth on solid medium, enriching auxotrophic mutants, efficient transformation, and random insertional inactivation of genes. Genetic markers for both puromycin and neomycin resistance are available. Lastly, a shuttle vector has been constructed from a cryptic methanococcal plasmid. These technical advances made it possible to utilize genetic approaches for the study of autotrophic CO2 assimilation in methanococci.
Is Daniel 11:1-19 Based on a Ptolemaic Narrative?

AbstractDaniel 11 is considered an exceptional Biblical text because of its interest in and accuracy about historical and political events in the Hellenistic world. A recent theory suggests that the author was a former Seleucid scribe; another theory posits the use of a Ptolemaic propaganda document. The approach here will be inductive, reading out from the text to adduce evidence that the author of Daniel 11 either used or reflected the attitudes of Ptolemaic narrative, not necessarily because he was pro-Ptolemaic but because it suited his anti-Antiochene purpose.
Molecular genetic analysis of the role of GABAergic systems in the behavioral and cellular actions of alcohol

Recent studies implicate the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in many neurochemical actions of ethanol and a variety of behavioral responses to acute and chronic ethanol treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for genetic differences in initial neurochemical or behavioral sensitivity to ethanol, and adaptation following chronic or repeated ethanol administration, remain to be elucidated. Pharmacogenetic research will increasingly move toward mapping, cloning, identification, and functional analysis of the genes underlying the actions of ethanol. The approaches discussed here permit molecular analysis of both known and previously unknown genes regulating behavioral sensitivity to ethanol. The synthesis of molecular methods and behavioral genetics offers immediate hope for delineating the role of the GABAA receptor complex, and other determinants of GABAergic neurotransmission, in determining genetic variation in behavioral responses to ethanol.
Prediction of electron concentration reductions in re-entry flow fields due to electrophilic liquid and water injection.

Discussion of an analytical model which leads to predictions of reductions in electron concentrations in reentry flow fields due to the injection of electrophilic liquids and water. The processes incorporated into the model are: penetration and breakup of the liquid jet, droplet acceleration and vaporization, expansion of the liquid spray due to droplet vaporization, electrophilic vapor diffusion, heterogeneous and homogeneous charged species recombination kinetics and homogeneous electron attachment kinetics. Spray boundary calculations are shown to be in good agreement with photographic observations of water and Freon E-3 sprays in wind tunnel tests of a scale model RAM C-III flight vehicle. Fixed-bias electrostatic probe data taken during the RAM C-III flight are interpreted in terms of effective jet penetration distances - which are shown to be consistent with calculations using the present model.
Temporally changing patterns of hippocampal cerebral glucose utilization following sensorimotor cortical contusion in rats

Abstract Unilateral sensorimotor cortical contusion significantly decreased ipsilateral hippocampal cerebral metabolic rates of glucose utilization (CMREglu) compared to sham controls at 2 and 16 days post injury. In contrast, hippocampal CMRglu was transiently increased at 6 days post injury. Both the increased and decreased CMRglu were predominantly localized to the hippocampal CA3 subfield ipsilateral to injury and were significantly different from sham controls in the dorsal but not ventral hippocampal formation.
Note on error analysis for the spectral synthesis method with interfaces

In a recent paper Meyer and Nelson [1] obtained error estimates for the Galerkin type spectral synthesis method relative to the continuous-energy, continuous-space, time independent neutron diffusion equation. These estimates were obtained under a coercivity condition which is not easily verifiable. The aim of this note is to replace that condition by a readily verifiable one.
Thermomechanical and viscoelastic behavior of a no-flow underfill material for flip-chip applications

Abstract No-flow underfill is an alternative material technology for packaging high-speed flip-chip assemblies in microelectronics industry. In this study, the thermal expansion behavior of a cured no-flow underfill material was examined by thermomechanical analysis (TMA), and the dynamic mechanical behavior was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) at a fixed frequency of 1 Hz. In addition, because the no-flow underfill material is polymer-based and its mechanical properties are influenced by both temperature and time, it is important to consider its viscoelastic behavior. This was accomplished by conducting the time–temperature superposition (TTS) experiments using DMA. From the TTS results, master curves were constructed for both the storage ( E ′) and the loss moduli ( E ″) as a function of frequency at a pre-selected reference temperature. The shift factors along the frequency axis were also determined as a function of temperature, and they can be fitted using the Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) equation. Based on the master curves for E ′ and E ″, one can obtain the relaxation modulus, E ( t , T ), as a function of time and temperature. The measured thermomechanical and viscoelastic properties of the no-flow underfill material provided crucial material properties for accurately modeling the package stress.
Experimental investigation of vapor bubble growth during flow boiling in a microchannel

Abstract Experiments were conducted to analyze flow boiling characteristics of water in a single brass microchannel of 25 mm length, 201 μm width, and 266 μm depth. Different heat flux conditions were tested for each of two different mass flow rates over three different values of inlet fluid temperature. Temporal and spatial surface temperature profiles were analyzed to show the relative effect of axial heat conduction on temperature rise along the channel length and the effect of flow regime transition on local surface temperature oscillation. Vapor bubble growth rate increased with increasing wall superheat. The slower a bubble grew, the further it was carried downstream by the moving liquid. Bubble growth was suppressed for increased mass flux while the vapor bubble was less than the channel diameter. The pressure spike of an elongating vapor bubble was shown to suppress the growth of a neighboring bubble by more than 50% of its volume. An upstream progression of the Onset of Bubble Elongation (OBE) was observed that began at the channel exit and progressed upstream. The effects of conjugate heat transfer were observed when different flow regime transitions produced different rates of progression for the elongation sequence. Instability was observed at lower heat fluxes for this single channel experiment than for similar studies with multiple channels.
Spinal motor control differences between the sexes

Activity-related knee joint dysfunction is more prevalent in females than males. One explanation for the discrepancy is differences in movement patterns between the sexes. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these differences remain unidentified. This study tested spinal motor control mechanisms influencing motor neuron pool output and subsequent muscle activation in 17 males and 17 females. The following variables were assessed at the soleus: the gain of the unconditioned H-reflex, gain of both intrinsic pre-synaptic inhibition (IPI) and extrinsic pre-synaptic inhibition (EPI), the level of recurrent inhibition (RI), the level of supraspinal drive determined by the ratio of the Vmax:Mmax (V-wave), electromechanical delay (EMD) and the rate of force development (RFD). The Wilks Lambda multivariate test of overall differences among groups was significant (p = 0.031). Univariate between-subjects tests revealed males had greater RI (p = 0.042). However, the sexes did not differ on any of the other variables tested. In conclusion, the sexes differ on modulation of spinal motor control. Specifically, RI, a post-synaptic regulator of force output, was greater in males.
A critical developmental switch defines the kinetics of kidney cyst formation after loss of Pkd1

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is an important cause of end-stage renal disease, for which there is no proven therapy. Mutations in PKD1 (the gene encoding polycystin-1) are the principal cause of this disease. The disease begins in utero and is slowly progressive, but it is not known whether cystogenesis is an ongoing process during adult life. We now show that inactivation of Pkd1 in mice before postnatal day 13 results in severely cystic kidneys within 3 weeks, whereas inactivation at day 14 and later results in cysts only after 5 months. We found that cellular proliferation was not appreciably higher in cystic specimens than in age-matched controls, but the abrupt change in response to Pkd1 inactivation corresponded to a previously unrecognized brake point during renal growth and significant changes in gene expression. These findings suggest that the effects of Pkd1 inactivation are defined by a developmental switch that signals the end of the terminal renal maturation process. Our studies show that Pkd1 regulates tubular morphology in both developing and adult kidney, but the pathologic consequences of inactivation are defined by the organ's developmental status. These results have important implications for clinical understanding of the disease and therapeutic approaches.
A bridge for functions between even and odd

Some functions are odd, some are even, but what about functions that are neither? For those functions, an even–odd coefficient is created to measure the degree of evenness or oddness. With this coefficient, any function now has a place somewhere along the spectrum from even to odd. In addition to that novelty, such a characterization is useful in the design of certain electrical circuits in which odd or even harmonics are desired.
On the large deviations behavior of acyclic networks of $G/G/1$ queues

We consider a single class, acyclic network of $G/G/1$ queues. We impose some mild assumptions on the service and external arrival processes and we characterize the large deviations behavior of all the processes resulting from various operations in the network. For the network model that we are considering, these operations are passing-through-a-single-server-queue (the process resulting from this operation being the departure process), superposition of independent processes and deterministic splitting of a process into a number of processes. We also characterize the large deviations behavior of the waiting time and the queue length observed by a typical customer in a single server queue. We prove that the assumptions imposed on the external arrival processes are preserved by these operations, and we show how to apply inductively these results to obtain the large deviations behavior of the waiting time and the queue length in all the queues of the network. Our results indicate how these large deviations occur, by concretely characterizing the most likely path that leads to them.
Effects of Automation Reliability on Human Monitoring Performance

Human decisions to rely on automation of a simulated flight task were monitored in the present study. Participants performed the Multi Attribute Task (MAT) battery previously developed by Comstock and Arneguard (1990). Twenty-eight participants were tested for 7 different reliability levels. Decision accuracy, false alarm rates, and reaction time to simulated automation failures were collected for each participant over nine 10-minute sessions. The results indicated that the rate of automation failures detected varied inversely with automation reliability level. As automation level increased, detection rate decreased thereby indicating automation-induced monitoring inefficiency. However, the mean reaction time of correct detection rate decreased as automation reliability level increased. No significant effect of reliability was obtained for the false alarm rate data. The implications for training and systems design are also outlined.
Cdc14B depletion leads to centriole amplification, and its overexpression prevents unscheduled centriole duplication.

Centrosome duplication is tightly controlled in coordination with DNA replication. The molecular mechanism of centrosome duplication remains unclear. Previous studies found that a fraction of human proline-directed phosphatase Cdc14B associates with centrosomes. However, Cdc14B's involvement in centrosome cycle control has never been explored. Here, we show that depletion of Cdc14B by RNA interference leads to centriole amplification in both HeLa and normal human fibroblast BJ and MRC-5 cells. Induction of Cdc14B expression through a regulatable promoter significantly attenuates centriole amplification in prolonged S phase–arrested cells and proteasome inhibitor Z-L3VS–treated cells. This inhibitory function requires centriole-associated Cdc14B catalytic activity. Together, these results suggest a potential function for Cdc14B phosphatase in maintaining the fidelity of centrosome duplication cycle.
Chemical studies on Clq; A modulator of immunoglobulin biology

Summary Complete amino acid analyses of purified Clq from human serum indicate that this glycoprotein has an unusual composition for a serum protein, which includes hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and high levels of glycine. A majority of the hydroxylysine residues are resistant to periodate oxidation; presumably they are protected by linkages to carbohydrate groups. In addition the total carbohydrate content is 7.7%, consisting primarily of glucose and galactose in equimolar amounts. Smaller quantities of sialic acid, fucose, mannose, galactosamine and glucosamine were also found. Thus, the data indicate that Clq has a structural similarity to collagen and collagen-like proteins.