cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Treatment-Seeking Anorexics and Bulimics

Abstract Current and lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were compared in 229 female patients seeking treatment for current episodes of anorexia nervosa (N = 41), bulimia nervosa (N = 98) and mixed anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (N = 90). All subjects were interviewed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version, which was modified to include a section for DSM-III -R eating disorders, the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation, and the Structured Interview for DSM-III Personality Disorders. Seventy-three percent of the anorexia nervosa subjects, 60% of the bulimia nervosa subjects, and 82% of the mixed anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa subjects had a current comorbid Axis I diagnosis. Major depression was the most commonly diagnosed comorbid disorder. Low rates of alcohol and substances abuse disorder were diagnosed, and personality disorder occurred in a minority of the sample. The subjects with mixed disorder manifested a higher lifetime prevalence of kleptomania than either the anorexics or the bulimics. High levels of comorbidity were noted across the eating disorder samples. Mixed disorder subjects manifested the most comorbid psychopathology and especially warrant further study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1992, 31, 5:810–818.
Income Taxes and the Engineering Decision

Federal Income Tax (FIT) is one component of the total costs to be evaluated in an engineering decision. The revenue requirement for this component is described in a generalized equation. An engineer's selection of certain plant characteristics, such as average life, retirement dispersion, and net salvage, can reduce the revenue requirement for Federal Income Taxes. Also discussed are the many decisions beyond the engineer's control which affect Federal Income Taxes.
Transglutaminase bonds in neurofibrillary tangles and paired helical filament tau early in Alzheimer's disease.

Transglutaminase-catalyzed e(γ-glutamyl)lysine cross-links exist in Alzheimer's disease (AD) paired helical filament (PHF) tau protein but not normal soluble tau. To test the hypothesis that these cross-links could play a role in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), we used single- and double-label immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and immunoaffinity purification and immunoblotting to examine e(γ-glutamyl)lysine cross-links in AD and control brains. The number of neurons that are immunoreactive with an antibody directed at the e-(γ-glutamyl)lysine bond was significantly higher in AD cortex compared with age-matched controls and schizophrenics. PHF tau-directed antibodies AT8, MC-1 and PHF-1 co-localized with e(γ-glutamyl)lysine immunolabeling in AD NFT. Immunoaffinity purification and immunoblotting experiments demonstrated that PHF tau contains e(γ-glutamyl)lysine bonds in parietal and frontal cortex in AD. In control cases with NFT present in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, indicative of Braak and Braak stage II, e(γ-glutamyl)lysine bonds were present in PHF tau in parietal and frontal cortex, despite the lack of microscopically detectable NFT or senile plaques in these cortical regions. The presence of PHF tau with e(γ-glutamyl)lysine bonds in brain regions devoid of NFT in stage II (but regions, which would be expected to contain NFT in stage III) suggests that these bonds occur early in the formation of NFT.
Lowest electronic excited states of platinum(II) diimine complexes.

Absorption and emission spectra of Pt(diimine)L_2 complexes (diimine = 2,2‘-bipyridine (bpy) or 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine (dmbpy); L = pyrazolate (pz-), 3,5-dimethylpyrazolate (dmpz-), or 3,4,5-trimethylpyrazolate (tmpz-)) have been measured. Solvent-sensitive absorption bands (370−440 nm) are attributed to spin-allowed metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (^1MLCT) transitions. As solids and in 77 K glassy solution, Pt(bpy)(pz)_2 and Pt(dmbpy)(pz)_2 exhibit highly structured emission systems (λ_(max)≈ 494 nm) similar to those of the diprotonated forms of these complexes. The highly structured bands (spacings 1000−1400 cm^(-1)) indicate that the transition originates in a diimine-centered ^3(π→π*) (^3LL) excited state. The intense solid-state and 77 K glassy solution emissions from ^3MLCT[d(Pt)→π*(bpy)] excited states of complexes with dmpz- and tmpz- ligands occur at longer wavelengths (λ_(max) = 500−610 nm), with much broader vibronic structure. These findings are consistent with increasing electron donation of the pyrazolate ligands, leading to a distinct crossover from a lowest ^3LL to a ^3MLCT excited state.
Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy of microhollow cathode discharge plasmas

Hollow cathode discharge devices with hole dimensions in the range from 0. 1 —0.5 mm (microhollow cathode discharges or MHCDs) can be operated at high pressure (up to and exceeding atmospheric pressure). MHCDs are known to be efficient sources of non-coherent ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation when operated in rare gases, rare gas — halide mixtures, and gas mixtures containing rare gases and trace amounts of gases such as H2, 02, and N2. Highest internal efficiencies in direct current MHCD excimer sources of close to 10% were obtained in xenon at a pressure of 400 Ton. By applying nanosecond electrical pulses to the dc discharge the efficiency could be increased to approximately 20%. The radiative emittance which for dc discharges in xenon was measured as 1 .4 W/cm2 could be increased to over 15 W/cm2 through pulsed operation. In addition to rare gas and rare-gas halide excimer emission, intense, monochromatic atomic line emissions have been reported from high-pressure MHCD plasmas in pure rare gases and in rare gases admixed with trace amounts (less than 1 %) of H2, O2, and N2. . The atomic line emission is the result of a near-resonant energy transfer process involving the excimers and the diatomic molecules. For instance, Ne2* excimers in the bound 3?u state have enough energy to dissociate H2 and excite one of the H atoms to the n —2 state. The subsequent decay of the excited H atom results in the emission ofthe 121.6 nm H Lyman-? line. We discuss the results of dc and time-resolved emission spectroscopy in the UV and VUV to elucidate the microscopic mechanisms of the rare gas excimer formation and emission processes, the properties of the MHCD plasma, and microscopic details of the near-resonant energy transfer processes that lead to the emission of the intense atomic line radiation in the range 100 — 1 30 nm.
Problems and prospects in constructivist psychotherapy

Abstract Despite the impressive strides made by constructivist psychotherapies over the last decade, the field confronts problems as well as prospects. This paper addresses these difficulties, focusing on five limitations brought into focus by critics both internal and external to the field. These include constructivism's (a) level of abstraction, (b) paradigmatic coherence, (c) treatment of “power”, (d) contribution to psychotherapy research, and (e) organizational development. It is argued that constructivism possesses the resources to address and surmount each of these problems, if its adherents augment their efforts to elaborate their epistemological position with equally vigorous efforts to strengthen the field's practical, theoretical, empirical, and organizational foundations.
Phosphoinositide regulation of TRPV1 revisited

The heat- and capsaicin-sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ion channel (TRPV1) is regulated by plasma membrane phosphoinositides. The effects of these lipids on this channel have been controversial. Recent articles re-ignited the debate and also offered resolution to place some of the data in a coherent picture. This review summarizes the literature on this topic and provides a detailed and critical discussion on the experimental evidence for the various effects of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphayte [PI(4,5)P2 or PIP2] on TRPV1. We conclude that PI(4,5)P2 and potentially its precursor PI(4)P are positive cofactors for TRPV1, acting via direct interaction with the channel, and their depletion by Ca(2+)-induced activation of phospholipase Cδ isoforms (PLCδ) limits channel activity during capsaicin-induced desensitization. Other negatively charged lipids at higher concentrations can also support channel activity, which may explain some controversies in the literature. PI(4,5)P2 also partially inhibits channel activity in some experimental settings, and relief from this inhibition upon PLCβ activation may contribute to sensitization. The negative effect of PI(4,5)P2 is more controversial and its mechanism is less well understood. Other TRP channels from the TRPV and TRPC families may also undergo similar dual regulation by phosphoinositides, thus the complexity of TRPV1 regulation is not unique to this channel.
Characterization of bore pressure change effects on Matrimid® fiber performance in pervaporation of acetic acid and water mixtures

Abstract A mathematical model was used to account for the bore pressure change effects observed for Matrimid ® hollow fiber membranes to obtain the inherent water permeability and membrane selectivity in pervaporation of 20%wt acetic acid (HAc) and water mixtures. The modeled water flux was close to the experimental result for a large bore size fiber (bore size ∼ 350 μ m ) with 20 cm length due to its small bore pressure change. This indicated that the large bore size fiber can effectively minimize the water partial pressure change inside the bore and thus maximize the water driving force across the membrane. In addition to the large bore size, a short length fiber can also decrease the bore pressure change and improve all of the penetrant fluxes significantly; however, the short module is a less desirable option from the standpoint of practical module formation due to the need to form more modules for a given application. Experimentally, an unexpectedly decreased HAc flux was observed for the large bore size fiber with 20 cm length. Our analysis suggested that a reduced swelling effect was generated by the low HAc pressure change inside the large bore fiber. Based upon the modeled selectivity and permeability that accounted for the bore pressure change, the water permeability was found to be weakly HAc-concentration dependent, while the HAc permeability was strongly HAc-concentration dependent for 20%wt HAc/H2O feed streams.
Benefit analysis of administrative and clinical computerization of a large transplant center

Purpose—To evaluate the implementation of a computer system that fully integrates all activities of a transplant center and coordinates secure, live data across the continuum of care.Methods—Our center implemented a comprehensive patient tracking solution customized at each point of patient entry. Benefits were measured by provider, patient, and staff feedback; time study; and retrospective cost analysis. Results—Computerization of each patient file maintained current clinical information, which facilitated patient monitoring, expeditious evaluations and listings, marketing, automated correspondence, and regulatory reporting. Enhanced data have allowed for clinical analysis, which has improved outcomes. Data availability has promoted consistency in negotiations with commercial insurers to ensure profitability. Research capacity has been increased through standardized budgets, time study, and cost analysis and has facilitated patient recruitment. Conclusion—The need to integrate information is vital for da...
Social Communication in the Madagascar Hissing Cockroach: Features of Male Courtship Hisses and a Comparison of Courtship and Agonistic Hisses

Male Madagascar hissing cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) produce acoustic sounds or 'hisses' during courtship interactions with females. G. portentosa males also hiss during agonistic interactions with other males. In this study we documented intra- and inter- individual variation in male courtship hisses, addressed the possible role of hissing as an indicator of male rank, size or mating success, and determined if individual males produce different hisses during courtship and agonistic interactions. We found inter-individual variation in courtship hisses in dominant frequency and duration. Within males, these characteristics of the courtship hiss were repeatable within a day. Characteristics of courtship hisses and mating success were not related to male rank. However, courtship hisses may convey information about the size of the male: larger males had longer, lower frequency hisses than smaller males. There was a trend for males that mated to be larger than males that did not mate. However, characteristics of the' courtship hiss were not significantly related to mating success after controlling for differences in male weight. Finally, we found that the dominant frequency and duration of courtship and agonistic hisses of males did not differ suggesting that males are using similar signals during both courtship and agonistic interactions. We interpret these results in light of the possible functions of hissing, male-male competition, and female discrimination during courtship interactions.
Tritium diffusion in zircaloy-2 in the temperature range −78 to 204° C

Abstract Tritium diffusion measurements in Zircaloy-2 were carried out over the temperature range −78 to 204 °C by direct measurement of tritium diffusion gradients. The 6Li (n, α)3H reaction was used to inject tritium into the specimens and to produce initial tritium concentration in the range 0.0065 ppm to 0.013 ppm 3H by weight. Two diffusion components were identified from the concentration profiles: a surface trapping region approximately 5 μm thick and a normal diffusion profile characteristics of bulk diffusion. Surface release measurements of tritium verified the existence of a surface trapping layer. The bulk diffusion component was consistent with classical diffusion solutions and was given by: D = 0.00021−0.00018+0.005 exp−(8500 ± 200 cal/RT) cm2 · sec−1. The surface trapping was attributed to oxide films formed on the Zircaloy-2 at room temperature. The apparent diffusion coefficients for the surface region were consistent with: D = 4.0−3.3+19.7 × 10−14 exp−(7200 ± 1500 cal/RT) cm2 · sec−1 over the temperature range 25 to 411°C.
Treatment of Her2-Positive Breast Cancer: What’s on the Horizon

Almost 30% of all breast cancers are noted to overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2), an epidermal growth factor receptor that is part of the HER family of tyrosine kinases. Her2 exerts its effect by forming heterodimers with other HER family members, resulting in the activation of a number of signaling pathways that are important for tumor progression and survival. Her2 overexpression has been linked with a more aggressive breast cancer phenotype and with decreased survival in patients with Her2-positive tumors. Trastuzumab and lapatinib are approved targeted agents for treatment of Her2-overexpressing breast cancer. The use of trastuzumab in this patient population resulted in phenomenal responses and paved the way for use of molecularly targeted therapies in the treatment of many other cancers. However, despite the tremendous progress attained, disease progression, even with trastuzumab and lapatinib treatment, is inevitable in metastatic breast cancer. Thus, research efforts have focused on finding alternative therapies to trastuzumab and lapatinib for the treatment of Her2-positive breast cancer. Efforts aimed at understanding the mechanism of action of trastuzumab and lapatinib and the causes of resistance have led to the identification of several promising agents for the treatment of patients with Her2-positive breast cancer.
Tackling “Uneven Development” To Provide Effective Multi‐agency Provision

The third in a series on the difficulties encountered in the fragmentation of the health service and private contracts, addresses the problems of communication and uneven development of different services. Considers the dangers involved in determining common standards and proposes the use of total quality multi‐agency provision (TQMAP) to reach a shared focus. Illustrates this method with some models of “catching up”, and concludes that co‐operation is reliant on others.
Relevance of torsional effects to the conformational equilibria of 1,5-diaza-cis-decalins: a theoretical and experimental study.

1,5-Diaza-cis-decalin populates two conformations in which the nitrogen atoms are either gauche (N-in) or anti (N-out) to one another. The equilibrium mixture of the two conformers depends on the substituents at the nitrogen atom, as well as the reaction conditions. Ab initio (HF/6-31G*, B3LYP/6-31+G*) and molecular mechanics (Amber*) calculations have been performed to examine the possible role of stereoelectronics and steric effects in controlling the equilibrium of substituted 1,5-diaza-cis-decalins. In the present study, N,N‘-diethyl- and N,N‘-bistrifluoroethyl-1,5-diaza-cis-decalins have been synthesized, and the equilibrium mixtures have been measured using 1H and 13C NMR experiments. Steric effects appear to control the equilibria between the two conformational isomers of 1,5-diaza-cis-decalin while torsional effects appear to dominate the equilibria for the N,N‘-dialkyl derivatives.
Cellular activation of latent transforming growth factor beta requires binding to the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor type II receptor.

Abstract The activation of latent transforming growth factor beta (LTGF-beta) normally seen in cocultures of bovine aortic endothelial and bovine smooth muscle cells can be inhibited by coculturing the cells with either mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) or antibodies directed against the cation-independent Man-6-P/insulin-like growth factor type II receptor (anti-Man-6-PR). This result was established by measuring the ability of coculture conditioned medium (formed with or without Man-6-P or anti-Man-6-PR) to suppress bovine aortic endothelial cell migration and protease production, activities previously shown to be related to transforming growth factor beta activity. The inhibition by Man-6-P is dose dependent, with maximal inhibition seen at 100 microM and is specific because mannose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate do not interfere with activation of LTGF-beta. The inhibitory effect of anti-Man-6-PR is also specific and dose dependent; maximal inhibition of activation occurs at 400 micrograms/ml. Control experiments indicate that Man-6-P and anti-Man-6-PR do not interfere with the basal level of migration of bovine aortic endothelial cells, the migration observed when exogenous transforming growth factor beta is added, the activation of transforming growth factor beta by plasmin or transient acidification, and the release of LTGF-beta. Thus, binding to the cation-independent Man-6-P/insulin-like growth factor type II receptor appears to be a requirement for activation of LTGF-beta.
A restriction map of the bacteriophage T4 genome.

We report a detailed restriction map of the bacteriophage T4 genome and the alignment of this map with the genetic map. The sites cut by the enzymes BglII, XhoI, KpnI, SalI, PstI, EcoRI and HindIII have been localized. Several novel approaches including two-dimensional (double restriction) electrophoretic separations were used.
Genome-wide linkage scan for loci associated with epilepsy in Belgian shepherd dogs

Idiopathic epilepsy in the Belgian shepherd dog is known to have a substantial genetic component. The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with the expression of generalized seizures in the Belgian Tervuren and Sheepdog. DNA from 366 dogs, of which 74 were classified as epileptic, representing two extended families were subjected to a genome-wide linkage scan using 410 microsatellite markers yielding informative coverage averaging 5.95 ± 0.21 Mb. Though previous studies based on pedigree analyses proposed a major gene of influence, the present study demonstrated the trait to be highly polygenic. Studies of complex disorders in humans indicate that a liberal composite evaluation of genetic linkage is needed to identify underlying quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Four chromosomes yielded tentative linkage based upon LOD scores in excess of 1.0. Possible QTLs within these regions were supported also by analyses of multipoint linkage, allele frequency, TDT, and transmission of haplotype blocks. Taken together the data tentatively indicate six QTLs, three on CFA 2, and one on each of CFA 6, 12, and 37, that support fine mapping for mutations associated with epilepsy in the Belgian shepherd. The study also underscores the complexity of genomic linkage studies for polygenic disorders.
Intravenous 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol corrects glucose intolerance in hemodialysis patients.

Intravenous 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol corrects glucose intolerance in hemodialysis patients. The effects of intravenous 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol [(OH) 2 D 3 ] on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were studied in eleven uremic patients on regular hemodialysis and compared with eleven healthy controls. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were used to assess glucose tolerance, and the hyperglycemic clamp technique was used to quantitate endogenous insulin secretion. Three days after they had discontinued oral 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , the dialysis patients were then studied with (+D) and without (-D) a single intravenous dose of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 at 2 μg/m 2 , given two hours before the IVGTT or clamp studies. During the -D studies, the uremic patients were glucose intolerant but not hyperinsulinemic. Intravenous 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in dialysis patients increased glucose uptake (K values) during IVGTT by 38% (P 2 D 3 , the dialysis patients became hyperinsulinemic and regained glucose tolerance. Intravenous 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 did not change the K values during IVGTT nor the insulin secretion during hyperglycemic clamps in the control subjects. During the -D studies, serum concentrations of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 were significantly lower in uremic patients compared with controls. Serum 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 during the +D studies increased to supraphysiological levels in both uremic patients and controls. Serum concentrations of intact parathyroid hormone, total and ionized calcium, magnesium, potassium, urea nitrogen and creatinine were not different between the +D and -D studies in neither the uremic patients nor the controls. These results suggest that 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 deficiency, independent of parathyroid hormone and calcium, may contribute to the abnormalities in glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in dialysis patients.
Utilizing mechanical strain to mitigate the intrinsic loss mechanisms in oscillating metal nanowires.

We utilize classical molecular dynamics to study energy dissipation (the $Q$ factors) of doubly clamped copper nanowire nanoresonators undergoing flexural oscillations. We find that the application of tensile strain effectively mitigates both the intrinsic surface and thermal losses, with improvements in $Q$ by a factor of 3--10 across a range of operating temperatures. We also find that the nanowire $Q$ factors are not dependent on the surface area to volume ratio, but instead their aspect ratio, and that the $Q$ factors exhibit a $1/{T}^{0.70}$ dependence on the temperature $T$ that is independent of strain.
Regulation of receptor function by protein phosphorylation

Abstract Most, if not all, membrane receptors appear to be regulated by protein phosphorylation . Richard Huganir and Paul Greengard describe the range of mechanisms that are involved in these modifications and propose a new scheme for classification of receptor regulation based upon the protein phosphorylation mechanisms involved .
Palliative treatment of advanced cancer using multiple nonconfluent pencil beam radiation. A pilot study.

In the era of orthovoltage radiation, multiple nonconfluent pencil beam radiation (GRID) therapy was utilized to minimize superficial normal tissue damage while delivering tumorcidal doses at specified depths in tissues. The success of GRID therapy was based on the fact that small volumes of tissues could tolerate high doses of radiation. Since the development of megavoltage radiation and skin sparing, GRID therapy has been abandoned. In a pilot study, the authors adapted the principles of GRID therapy to megavoltage photon beams to treat patients with massive tumors or recurrent tumors after tolerance doses of radiation. Twenty-two patients have been entered in the study. All patients were symptomatic and had exhaustive conventional surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy approaches to treatment. A 50:50 GRID (open to closed areas) was utilized, and a prescribed dose of 1000 to 1500 cGy to the open areas was given using a single photon field. In four patients, a second GRID treated was delivered at a split course interval of 4 weeks. The follow-up in these patients ranges from 1 month to 18 months. The results of treatment have been remarkable with 20 of 22 patients achieving dramatic relief of severe symptoms, and several patients showing significant objectivemore » regression. No acute effects have been observed, including those patients having large volumes of the abdomen irradiated. No unusual skin or subcutaneous early or late damage has been observed in follow-up.« less
Penalty finite element analysis of free surface flows of power-law fluids

Abstract The penalty function method is used to formulate the finite element model of the free surface flows of incompressible, viscous, power-law fluids in plane and axisymmetric situations. Two different procedures of obtaining the free surface are presented, and application of the present finite element model to die-swell problems is discussed. The numerical results are compared with available experimental data and numerical results obtained by others.
Normative Warrant in Diagnostic Criteria: The Case of DSM-IV-TR Personality Disorders

This article focuses on the kinds of evaluative judgments made when applying DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria within the diagnostic interview between clinician and patient. The authors name these kinds of value judgments in diagnosis "normative warrant" because they involve one or more justifications (warrants) for standard-bearing (normative) elements involved in applying diagnostic criteria to actual patients. Seven types of normative warrant judgments are described (Type 1, Semantic-Phenomenal Matching; Type 2, Solicitation Choice; Type 3, Sociocultural Context; Type 4, Performance-Context Matching; Type 5, Deviance Threshold; Type 6, Threshold Characterization; Type 7, Disvalue characterization) and the typology is illustrated by applying it to various DSM-IV-TR personality disorder criteria. A research and clinical understanding of normative warrant may well contribute to the refinement of criteria sets as well as the refinement of the clinical use of criteria sets.
Characterization of acetylation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae H2B by mass spectrometry

Abstract Following the identification of histone H3 modifications in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [K. Zhang, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 269 (2008) 101–111], here, we report a detailed characterization of post-translational modifications by LC/MS/MS analysis of tryptic and Glu-C digests of H2B proteins isolated from S. cerevisiae. We show that both H2B.1 and H2B.2 are acetylated at K6, K11, K16, K21 and K22 while H2B.2 has an additional acetylation site at K3. All the acetylation sites of yeast H2B except K3 of H2B.2 are located at the same positions on aligned protein sequences of Arabidopsis H2B variants that were reported previously to be acetylated at K6, K11, K27, K32, K38 and K39. A unique acetylation motif AEK is observed in the H2B variants of these two species, indicating a plant/yeast H2B specific acetyltransferase may exist.
Reduced Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Synthase Activity in the White Blood Cells of Alcoholics

PURPOSE Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), esterification products of ethanol and fatty acids, have been implicated as mediators of ethanol-induced organ damage. It has been shown that FAEE synthase, the enzyme responsible for the formation of FAEE, is present selectively in the organs commonly damaged by ethanol abuse. Recently, we have made the observation that FAEEs are also present in the serum after ethanol ingestion. The current study was performed to determine whether cellular elements of the blood and/or plasma are capable of synthesizing FAEEs from fatty acids and ethanol. MATERIALS AND METHODS Heparinized blood samples were collected from 10 healthy volunteers, and the red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and several white blood cell populations were assayed for FAEE synthase activity. Blood samples from control subjects and individuals admitted to an alcoholic detoxification unit at a local hospital were also assayed for FAEE synthase activity. RESULTS We observed that the FAEE synthase activity is present in whole blood, primarily within white blood cells. Fractionation of the white blood cells revealed that the lymphocyte-monocyte fraction isolated using Ficoll-hypaque contained approximately 3.5-fold higher activity than the granulocyte fraction. The cell type that contained the highest FAEE synthase activity (1220 pmol/hr/10(6) cells) was the natural killer (NK) cell population. B cells contained approximately 40% of the enzyme activity found in NK cells, and the B-cell activity was slightly greater than that found in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Having shown that FAEE synthase exists in a blood cell, we subsequently demonstrated that alcoholic individuals have approximately half the white blood cell FAEE synthase activity of that found in normal controls. We also demonstrated that white blood cell FAEE synthase could be induced nearly 2-fold upon ingestion of 2 oz of scotch whiskey for 6 days. The enzyme activity returned to baseline levels despite ingestion of 2 oz of scotch whiskey/day for 3 additional days. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that ethanol ingestion results in increased FAEE production, particularly by NK cells. FAEE synthesis after ethanol ingestion may explain the presence of FAEE in the serum. The lower enzyme activity observed in white blood cells of alcoholics from a detoxification center may be the result of years of ethanol abuse or it may be that alcoholics congenitally have low levels of FAEE synthase. If the latter is true, this finding may explain in part the genetic predisposition of many alcoholic individuals to ethanol abuse.
Schematic concept formation: Demonstration in a free sorting task

Presented with a set of patterns containing two schema-defined categories, Ss were asked to sort the patterns into two categories. No instructions about relevant attributes were given, and no feedback was provided. A significant number of Ss used the schema-defined categories in sorting.
Thermal Shock: Catastrophic Damage To Transmassive Optical Components In High Power Continous Wave And Repetitive Pulsed Laser Environment

The direction of this paper is to set out the analytical expressions which may be used to approximate the maximum flux density, or fluence, which will be required to cause thermal shock catastrophic damage to various and sundry transmissive optical components. The equations will describe the temperature, and subsequent stress gradients that are engendered, to cause the transmissive optic to reach the Modulus of Rupture and, self destruct in tension. Because of the nature of absorption on the surface, vis-a-vis, the bulk absorption, the surfaces of transmissive optics are very susceptible to substantial thermal gradients. The absorption on the surfaces of optics has been shown to be several times to hundreds of times greater than the bulk. If the optics are of the production line type, the absorption can be expected to be substantially more than those optics which are prepared for use in the laboratory environment Assembly line manufactured optics appear to be more greatly affected by defects, scratches, and residues which lead to greater surface absorption and are, subsequently, more susceptible to thermal shock catastrophic damage. We will look at the impact of Continuous Wave, Single Pulse, and Repetitive Pulsed laser environments on an optic which is transparent at some wavelengths, and not transparent at others. We will look at the equations that describe the temperature gradients developed in real time for both the non-transparent and transparent case. Damage flux density, and fluence thresholds are provided for a number of common materials used for windows and domes on optical systems that have no forced or free convection and those that are used in high velocity flow, forced convection, environments.
Priorities in K-12 Distance Education: A Delphi Study Examining Multiple Perspectives on Policy, Practice, and Research

The Delphi Method of group communication was used with experienced distance education stakeholders in the United States from the areas of research, policy, and practice to identify priorities in K–12 distance education over the next five years. Data from the three rounds of this study were organized and compared using descriptive statistics. The results of the analyses by statement and by subscale indicated no significant differences among the policy, research, and practice subgroups (p > .05), indicating that experts identified common priorities. Delphi panel members advocated the following priority areas for K–12 distance education over the next five years (in order of importance): 1) evaluation of course design and delivery, 2) best practice, 3) accountability, 4) access, 5) online learning/learners, 6) professional development, 7) accreditation/standards, 8) funding, and 9) technology. Results of this study provide a framework of specific priority areas to be addressed by those engaged in all facets of K–12 distance education.
In Vitro Activities of a New Ketolide, ABT-773, Alone and in Combination with Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, or Tetracycline against Helicobacter pylori

The in vitro activity of ABT-773, a new ketolide, was compared with those of clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, and tetracycline against 15 strains of Helicobacter pylori. The MIC of ABT-773 at which 90% of isolates were inhibited was 0.25 μg/ml, which was 3 dilutions higher than that of the most active agent, clarithromycin. Synergy and antagonism were not seen with any combinations. Additive activity was seen with tetracycline, metronidazole, and amoxicillin in 100, 60, and 40% of the combinations, respectively.
Towards a Tool for Rigorous, Automated Code Comprehension Using Symbolic Execution and Semantic Analysis

This paper presents an implementation and critical analysis of a technique for automated, rigorous scientific program comprehension and error detection. The procedure involves taking a user's existing code, adding semantic declarations for some primitive variables, symbolically executing the user's code, and recognizing semantic concepts from the symbolic expressions generated. This analysis provides high-level, semantic information and detects errors in a user's code. Symbolic execution of a 5k line of code (LOC) scientific code demonstrates implementation of a practical symbolic execution/semantic analysis tool. Despite the promise of this technique, one key challenge is examined, namely ensuring reliability during the symbolic execution/semantic analysis procedure
Reliable Prediction of Insulin Resistance by a School-Based Fitness Test in Middle-School Children

Objectives. (1) Determine the predictive value of a school-based test of cardiovascular fitness (CVF) for insulin resistance (IR); (2) compare a "school-based" prediction of IR to a "laboratory-based" prediction, using various measures of fitness and body composition. Methods. Middle school children ( ) performed the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER), a school-based CVF test, and underwent evaluation of maximal oxygen consumption treadmill testing ( max), body composition (percent body fat and BMI z score), and IR (derived homeostasis model assessment index [ ]). Results. PACER showed a strong correlation with max/kg ( = 0.83, ) and with ( = , ). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that a school-based model (using PACER and BMI z score) predicted IR similar to a laboratory-based model (using max/kg of lean body mass and percent body fat). Conclusions. The PACER is a valid school-based test of CVF, is predictive of IR, and has a similar relationship to IR when compared to complex laboratory-based testing. Simple school-based measures of childhood fitness (PACER) and fatness (BMI z score) could be used to identify childhood risk for IR and evaluate interventions.
The ecology of bipolar disorder: The importance of sleep.

Although much of the emphasis in treating Bipolar Disorder patients is on pharmacotherapy, sleep loss is an important trigger for mania and plays an important role in the condition. The purpose of this paper is to fully explore the chronobiological, environmental, social, and genetic factors that contribute to the sleep disruption that is characteristic of mania and bipolar disorder. This review is important because sleep, chronobiology, and genetics are under-emphasized content areas in nursing education. As a result, many practicing nurses are unaware of the importance of sleep for mental health or what to teach patients to improve both the quality of their sleep and the management of their condition.
PRISONER'S MISTRUST

The standard, non-repeated prisoner's dilemma poses no true dilemma about rationality, we argue. What the prisoners ought rationally to do, unless they are selfless, depends on the relationship of trust that they have or lack with one another. This helps to diffuse the apparent conflict between individual and collective rationality. If the prisoners have reason to trust one another, pursuing a joint strategy would be rational for them. In the absence of trust, pursuing an individual strategy would be rational. The solution that is supposed to be puzzling – because each prisoner confessing is worse for both than the alternative on which both remain silent – is simply the rational solution for persons who have no reason to trust one another. Philosophers have been misled by the apparent availability of the better alternative. Collective rationality is not relevant for persons who do not stand in a trusting relationship. When they do, there is no unresolved conflict between their individual and collective points of view.1
The Resource Based View of IT Business Value: Complementary Investments or Embedded Knowledge?

This paper tests a primary postulate of the Resource-Based View (RBV) of Information Technology (IT) business value. From this perspective, IT is not rare but pervasive, and it is only the combination of investments with other resources that makes the investment inimitable. Therefore, the effect of IT on firm performance cannot be direct effects, but rather firm performance can only be affected when IT expenditures are combined with other investments. This study tests this theory using panel data of large firms spanning seven years. Firm-level data is gathered from Compustat and matched to Information Systems (IS) Budget data. The results do not support the RBV postulate that IT Expenditure cannot have direct competitive advantage but must be combined with expenditure on other assets to effect firm performance. Instead, the results support the opposing hypotheses: IT expenditure and capital expenditures have independent, direct effects on firm revenue as well as firm profit, even in the presence of the interaction variable. The results imply that IT investments may be a source of direct competitive advantage, unlike the postulate of the RBV theorists. This may be because an IT system has embedded knowledge and creates knowledge, making it rare and imperfectly imitable. Rather than investing in generic IT systems and trying to obtain uniqueness from investments in complementary resources, firms can try embedding firm-specific knowledge when designing or modifying their systems and using their systems to create knowledge. This is the first study to test the RBV postulate that value from IT comes only with the combination of IT investments and investments in other assets and not from direct effects. By disproving this postulate, this study opens the door to new hypotheses based on knowledge in and from IT systems.
Sinorhizobium meliloti SyrA Mediates the Transcriptional Regulation of Genes Involved in Lipopolysaccharide Sulfation and Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis

Sinorhizobium meliloti is a gram-negative soil bacterium found either in free-living form or as a nitrogen-fixing endosymbiont of leguminous plants such as Medicago sativa (alfalfa). S. meliloti synthesizes an unusual sulfate-modified form of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A recent study reported the identification of a gene, lpsS, which encodes an LPS sulfotransferase activity in S. meliloti. Mutants bearing a disrupted version of lpsS exhibit an altered symbiosis, in that they elicit more nodules than wild type. However, under free-living conditions, the lpsS mutant displayed no change in LPS sulfation. These data suggest that the expression of lpsS is differentially regulated, such that it is transcriptionally repressed during free-living conditions but upregulated during symbiosis. Here, I show that the expression of lpsS is upregulated in strains that constitutively express the symbiotic regulator SyrA. SyrA is a small protein that lacks an apparent DNA binding domain and is predicted to be located in the cytoplasmic membrane yet is sufficient to upregulate lpsS transcription. Furthermore, SyrA can mediate the transcriptional upregulation of exo genes involved in the biosynthesis of the symbiotic exopolysaccharide succinoglycan. The SyrA-mediated transcriptional upregulation of lpsS and exo transcription is blocked in mutants harboring a mutation in chvI, which encodes the response regulator of a conserved two-component system. Thus, SyrA likely acts indirectly to promote transcriptional upregulation of lpsS and exo genes through a mechanism that requires the ExoS/ChvI two-component system.
A simple algorithm to achieve desired patterns for arbitrary arrays

A simple iterative algorithm which can be used to find array weights that produce array patterns with a given look direction and an arbitrary sidelobe specification is presented. The method can be applied to nonuniform array geometries in which the individual elements have arbitrary (and differing) radiation patterns. The method is iterative and uses sequential updating to ensure that peak sidelobe levels in the array meet the specification. Computation of each successive pattern is based on the solution of a linearly constrained least-squares problem. The constraints ensure that the magnitude of the sidelobes at the locations of the previous peaks takes on the prespecified values. Phase values for the sidelobes do not change during this process, and problems associated with choosing a specific phase value are therefore avoided. Experimental evidence suggests that the procedure terminates in remarkably few iterations, even for arrays with significant numbers of elements. >
Current standards of care and future directions for “high-risk” pediatric renal tumors: Anaplastic Wilms tumor and Rhabdoid tumor

'High risk' renal tumors of childhood generally includes anaplastic Wilms tumor, rhabdoid tumor, and metastatic renal sarcomas and carcinomas. In this review, the epidemiology, biology, treatment and prognosis of anaplastic Wilms tumor and rhabdoid tumor are presented. Future directions related to management of such cancers are discussed, with insights provided into possible clinical trials in development that consider integration of novel targeted therapies.
Remotely pumped and high splitting ratio (1:512) intra-PON flow transmission via a distantly powered quasi-passive reconfigurable (QPAR) node

We experimentally demonstrate high splitting ratio (up to 1:512) and adaptive Intra-PON transmission with a remotely pumped EDFA (R-EDFA) and distantly powered QPAR node. 75 dB power budget at BER of 10−3, and 3.5 ms remote switching time are obtained.
The Effectiveness of a Risk Stratification Protocol for Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background This study's purpose was to present our institution's experience with the use of a risk stratification protocol for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in joint arthroplasty in which "routine" risk patients receive a mobile compression device in conjunction with aspirin and "high"-risk patients receive warfarin for thromboprophylaxis. Methods This was a prospective study of patients undergoing primary or revision knee or hip arthroplasty. Exclusion criteria were patients with a current deep vein thrombosis, history of pulmonary embolism, chronic warfarin therapy, planned multiple surgeries, and prolonged postoperative immobilization. Patients were stratified as either routine or high risk. Routine risk patients received mobile compression devices for 10 days and aspirin twice daily for 6 weeks, whereas high-risk patients received warfarin for 4 weeks and compression stockings for 6 weeks. Results A total of 3143 total joint arthroplasties were enrolled (2222, 70.7% "routine"; 921, 29.3% "high risk"). The rate of symptomatic VTE within 6 weeks postoperatively was 0.7% (95% CI 0.3%-1.0%) in the standard vs 0.5% (95% CI 0.01%-1.0%) in the high-risk cohort ( P = .67), and within 6 months postoperatively was 0.6% (95% CI 0.3%-1.0%) in the standard vs 1.1% (95% CI 0.4%-1.8%) in the high-risk cohort ( P = .23). The rate of major bleeding events was significantly lower in the routine (0.4%; 95% CI 0.1%-0.6%) vs high-risk (2.0%; 95% CI 1.0%-3.0%; P Conclusions This study demonstrates that use of a risk stratification protocol allowed the avoidance of more aggressive anticoagulation in 70% of patients while achieving a low overall incidence of symptomatic VTE.
The HIV Epidemic in New York City; Statistical Methods for Projecting AIDS Incidence and Prevalence

Projections of the incidence and prevalence of diagnosed AIDS cases in New York City through 1995 make use of information from the New York City AIDS Surveillance Registry. The projections are done in three steps: First, adjustment of historic incidence data for observed delays in reporting. Second, estimation of the incidence of HIV infection in New York City during the past several years, based on the adjusted incidence data and external estimates of the latency distribution. Third, projection of future incidence of AIDS based on the estimated incidence of HIV infection. Survival after AIDS diagnosis is estimated from dates of diagnosis and death; these survival estimates are combined with estimated AIDS incidence to project prevalence of AIDS. Because little is known of the incidence of HIV infections since 1986, three alternative scenarios are explored: no new infections since 1986, 5,000 new infections per year, and 10,000 new infections per year. These represent the lower bound and two plausible alternative infection rates.
Athenian Military Performance in the Archidamian War: Thucydides on Democracy and Knowledge

Athenian military success in the Archidamian war is attributed by the Corinthians in book 1 of Thucydides to an inherent national character. Although the Athenians do manifest the characteristics of agility, speed, and common-good seeking that the Corinthians attribute to the Athenians, the source of Athenian exceptionalism is better sought in the development of democratic institutions and associated patterns of behavior. Athens did well in military operations because of its superior management of useful knowledge. Likewise, breakdown in knowledge management is a key reason for Athenian military failures in the latter part of the war.