cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing linear and branched evolution given single-cell DNA sequencing data of tumors

Cancer arises from an evolutionary process where somatic mutations give rise to clonal expansions. Reconstructing this evolutionary process is useful for treatment decision-making as well as understanding evolutionary patterns across patients and cancer types. In particular, classifying a tumor’s evolutionary process as either linear or branched and understanding what cancer types and which patients have each of these trajectories could provide useful insights for both clinicians and researchers. While comprehensive cancer phylogeny inference from single-cell DNA sequencing data is challenging due to limitations with current sequencing technology and the complexity of the resulting problem, current data might provide sufficient signal to accurately classify a tumor’s evolutionary history as either linear or branched. We introduce the Linear Perfect Phylogeny Flipping (LPPF) problem as a means of testing two alternative hypotheses for the pattern of evolution, which we prove to be NP-hard. We develop Phyolin, which uses constraint programming to solve the LPPF problem. Through both in silico experiments and real data application, we demonstrate the performance of our method, outperforming a competing machine learning approach. Phyolin is an accurate, easy to use and fast method for classifying an evolutionary trajectory as linear or branched given a tumor’s single-cell DNA sequencing data.
Inhibition of microRNA turns back the CLOCK of hair follicle aging

A new study shows that increased microRNA-31 expression is associated with hair follicle aging. Genetic deletion of the microRNA or pharmacological inhibition of its downstream effectors suppresses hair follicle stem cell aging in mice.
A Novel Study Quantifying Intrinsic Dimensional Variation Among Glaucoma Drainage Devices.

Purpose Variation among aqueous humor outflow from venting slits performed on glaucoma drainage device tubing often occurs even when physician technique and equipment are held constant. Our hypothesis is that there are dimensional differences within the tubing, even among the same make and model of glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implants. Methods Prior to surgical implantation, excess glaucoma drainage tubing was collected for analysis. The tubing samples were sliced horizontally, and the external tube, internal lumen, and wall dimension measurements were collected microscopically. Groups were divided based upon brand and model and then statistically analyzed using an independent t-test. A total of 28 tubes were analyzed, consisting of 7 Molteno and 21 Baerveldt implants. Results The mean external diameter for the Molteno group was 656 ± 20µm, significantly larger than the Baerveldt external diameter of 620 ± 13µm (P<0.05). The mean internal diameter among Molteno lumens was 344 ± 13µm, also statistically larger than the mean internal diameter of 309 ± 18µm for Baerveldt tubes (P<0.05). The Molteno luminal wall width varied significantly less than the Baerveldt wall, 18% versus 28%, respectively (P<0.05). The tubings' wall widths variation translated into highly significant off-centered lumens among both brands. Conclusion Our findings suggest that there are significant variations among glaucoma implant dimensions between and within the multiple makes and models. The discrepancies among tubal wall thickness and off-centered lumens are undetectable to the naked eye. Importantly, this may result in significant aqueous humor outflow variation following the creation of venting slits secondary to the found irregular luminal diameters and tube wall thicknesses.
Nest-Site Characteristics of Burrowing Owls ( Athene Cunicularia ) in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area, Idaho, and Application to Artificial Burrow Installation

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) populations are declining in many portions of their range, and research and management efforts into stemming declines are underway. One tool with promise is the artificial burrow, which can supplement nesting opportunities and play a role in research, mitigation, translocation, and reintroduction studies. However, few studies directly assess important burrow and surrounding topographic features upon which owls choose sites and then construct and install artificial burrows accordingly. In this study we (1) measure physical, vegeta- tive, and topographic characteristics of Burrowing Owl nest sites in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conserva- tion Area (SRBPNCA); (2) compare used and unused burrows to determine features important in nest-site selection; and (3) use this information to help guide current and future construction and placement of artificial burrows in the SRBP- NCA. Owls nested in abandoned American badger (Taxidea taxus) burrows in areas with more than one burrow, close to roads and irrigated agricultural fields, and characterized by sparse and low vegetation dominated by nonnative plant species. Only one feature studied, tunnel entrance angle, corresponded with choice by owls; odds of burrow use decreased 17% with each 1° increase in slope of the tunnel entrance. Owls nesting near irrigated agricultural fields also had higher productivity. We discuss applications of our results to construction and placement of artificial burrows in the SRBPNCA and similar shrub-steppe environs in western North America.
Wave Front Stress Relaxation in Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials with Random Temperature Distributions.

Analytical and numerical solutions are presented for the statistical properties of the stress at the wave front in a suddenly loaded semi-infinite rod of a viscoelastic material with a stress power constitutive law. The temperature and accordingly the temperature sensitive material parameters are assumed to be random. A critical time is observed, where the mean solutions cross the deterministic solutions and the variance is a maximum.
Introduction: Why Should Second/Foreign Language Teachers Tune In To Instructed SLA?

Born in the late 1960s, second language acquisition (SLA) is a field of study that addresses how non-native languages are learned, either in naturalistic or instructed settings. As a “burgeoning subdomain” of SLA (Ortega, 2013, p. 5) that emerged in the 1980s, instructed second language acquisition (ISLA) focuses on the latter, attempting to unveil the effects of instructional intervention, i.e., second language (L2) pedagogy, on the process of L2 learning. As such, a rich body of theoretical and empirical works that bears direct relevance to the L2 classroom constitutes ISLA, distinguishing it from related sub-domains within the more general discipline of second language acquisition.
ODAR: an on-the-fly damage assessment and repair system for commercial database applications

This paper presents the design and implementation of an on-the-fly damage assessment and repair tool for intrusion tolerant commercial database applications, called ODAR. ODAR is a COTS-DBMS-specific implementation of a general on-the-fly damage assessment and repair approach developed by P. Ammann, S. Jajodia, and P. Liu in [8]. The general approach, given a set of malicious transactions reported by an intrusion detector, locates and repairs the damage caused by each malicious transaction on the database, along with the damage caused by any benign transaction that is affected, directly or indirectly, by a malicious transaction. The general approach locates and repairs damage on-the-fly without the need to periodically halt normal transaction processing. In this paper, the development of the first ODAR prototype, which is for Oracle Server 8.1.6, is discussed. ODAR uses triggers and transaction profiles to keep track of the read and write operations of transactions, locates damage by tracing the affecting relationships among transactions along the history, and repairs damage by composing and executing some specific UNDO transactions. ODAR is transparent to on-going user transactions and very general. In addition to Oracle, it can be easily adapted to support many other database application platforms such as Microsoft SQL Server, Sybase, and Informix. To our best knowledge, ODAR is the first tool that can do automatic on-the-fly damage assessment and repair for commercial database applications.
International Supplier Selection

In an era of global sourcing, the multinational firm′s success often hinges on the most appropriate selection of its foreign suppliers. International supplier selection, however, is very complicated and risky owing to a variety of uncontrollable and unpredictable factors affecting the decision. These factors may include political situations, tariff barriers, cultural and communication barriers, trade regulations and agreements, currency exchange rates, cultural differences, ethical standards, quality standards and so forth. Nevertheless, a vast majority of the purchasing literature still focuses on the domestic aspects and neglects international supplier selection research. Proposes multiple attribute utility theory which can help purchasing professionals to formulate viable sourcing strategies in the changing world marketplace.
H-norm bounds for ARE-based designs

Abstract This paper develops a new method for quick computation of H ∞ - norm bounds for stable systems designed using the algebraic Riccati equation (ARE). The method consists of rearranging the design ARE to show that a particular algebraic Riccati inequality is satisfied, which guarantees an H ∞ - norm bound. This method is used to derive new H ∞ - norm bounds for various H ∞ and LQ state-feedback designs.
Motivating Behavior Change: A Content Analysis of Public Service Announcements From the Let's Move! Campaign

Childhood obesity is an important issue facing our country and as a result, public health programs including the Let’s Move! campaign have been implemented to prevent this growing epidemic. The Let’s Move! campaign released a series of print, TV, radio and outdoor public service advertisements meant to influence publics and motivate behavior change. Through a content analysis of the print and TV PSAs from the Let’s Move! campaign, this study found that health messages were strategically communicated with a series of separate but cohesive PSA ads that displayed consistency in messages, logos and themes, ultimately creating a brand for the campaign that was easily recognizable to publics. Furthermore, messages were tactically targeted to parents and kids of different ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds for appeal across a broader audience. PSAs used techniques drawn from the social cognitive theory and health belief model to increase self efficacy by showing rather than telling target audiences how to make the requested action, influencing attitudes towards childhood obesity, and ultimately motivating behavior change.
Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus antibodies. II. Use of fractionated bovine antisera for improving the specificity of a "passive" hemagglutination test.

Because 7S immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies of low type specificity were present in mixtures with highly specific 19S IgM antibodies, many bovine antisera to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type A12, strain 119 cross-reacted with type O of FMDV and to some degree with type C in the passive hemagglutination (HA) test. After 19S IgM antibodies were separated by density gradient centrifugation or precipitated with 4% (w/v) polyethylene glycol, the antigen could be determined with “block” HA tests. Such tests used several antigen concentrations in the titration of each antiserum. Adding 4% (w/v) polyethylene glycol to the serum was especially convenient for rapid precipitation of 19S IgM antibodies for the test. Similar results were obtained with bovine 19S IgM antibodies to FMDV type O, subtype 1, strain Caseros and type C strain Rezende.
Fat in Skin of the Mouse During Cycles of Hair Growth1

It is becoming amply evident that the cycles of hair growth in the mouse have a profound effect upon the entire skin. The thickness of all of the layers of the skin vary according to the specific phase of the hair growth cycle, the dermis and the adipose layer being about twice as thick during the periods of hair growth as during the quiescent state (Fig. 1) (3). The amounts of histologically detectable acid polysaccharides (6) and sulfhydryl groups (5) fluctuate and total skin glycogen rises and falls (9) during the hair growth cycles. Related with these changes is the fact that the skin of the mouse responds differentially to carcinogenic and other irritating agents according to the stage of hair cycle at the time these agents are applied (1, 2, 8). This paper adds one more detail to the knowledge of the skin of the mouse. It reports briefly the results of a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the fat of the skin of the mouse during each of the critical periods of the hair growth cycle.
Some Recent Results on Monitoring the Rate of a Rare Event

A growing number of applications involve monitoring with rare event data. The event of interest could be, for example, a nonconforming manufactured item, a congenital malformation, or an industrial accident. The most common approaches for monitoring such processes involve using an exponential distribution to model the time between the events or using a Bernoulli distribution to model whether or not each opportunity for the event results in its occurrence. The use of a sequence of independent Bernoulli random variables leads to a geometric distribution for the number of non-occurrences between the occurrences of the rare events. One surveillance method is to use a power transformation on the exponential or geometric observations to achieve approximate normality of the in-control distribution and then use a standard individuals control chart. We add to the argument that use of this approach is very counterproductive and cover some alternative approaches. We discuss the choice of appropriate performance metrics. The strong adverse effect of Phase I parameter estimation on Phase II performance of various charts is then summarized. In addition, the important practical issue of the effect of aggregation of counts over time, some generalizations of standard methods, and some promising research ideas are discussed.
Social capital predictors of children's school status in Mexico

This study explores whether family and community social capital variables influence children's school status in Mexico. Additional predictors related to human and financial capital were included as control variables. Two hundred and four mothers were interviewed as part of a larger study on the impact of social capital on children's street work in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Logistic regression results suggest that family and community protective factors associated with children's academic achievement include parental help with homework, mothers’ academic aspirations, extended family support and mothers’ social support networks. The author reports on family- and community-based predictors of children's school status and discusses the social work profession's role in strengthening families and communities to enhance children's academic achievement.
Micromixing effects in the nicolis—puhl reaction: numerical bifurcation and stability analysis of the IEM model

Abstract The Nicolis—Puhl reaction, an isothermal, two-component, autocatalytic reaction exhibiting bistability, oscillatory solutons, and Takens-Bogdanov points in a perfectly micromixed CSTR has been shown to be sensitive to the degree of micromixing under non-premixed feed conditions. These properties make it an interesting theoretical model for exploring the effect of micromixing on the dynamics of nonlinear chemical reactions; in particular, for examining whether micromixing effects suffice to produce complex dynamics in an otherwise two-dimensional dynamical system. Here, the reaction is studied in conjunction with the interaction-by-exchange-with-the mean (IEM) model of micromixing. Numerical bifurcation and stability analysis techniques applicable to the specific class of integro-differential equations to which this model belongs are employed to carry out the analysis. For various values of the reaction rates, the micromixing rate and the inverse residence time have been used as bifurcation parameters to construct two-dimensional bifurcation sets containing saddle-node and Hopf bifurcation curves whose locations are shown to be strongly dependent on the degree of micromixing. As is observed experimentally by lowering the stirring rate for some real chemical reactions in flow reactors, regions of bistability and oscillatory behavior are shown to be accessible, by decreasing the micromixing rate, from regions exhibiting a single steady state. Manifolds of Takens-Bogdanov points for finite micromixing rates have also been computed; however, it is shown that the dynamical dimension of the IEM model remains the same for all values of the micromixing parameter.
Surgical management of proximal bile duct cancers

Introduction Tumors arising from the proximal biliary tree remain particularly challenging with respect to their evaluation and treatment. Complete resection with negative histologic margins is the most effective treatment modality.
Travel Time Estimation Techniques for Traffic Information Systems Based on Intervehicle Communications

As traffic congestion continues to grow on our roadway systems, trip travel times are becoming less consistent and less predictable. To help travelers plan trips better, traffic information systems are becoming increasingly valuable. These traffic information systems can be used off board (e.g., on the Internet before trip departure) or on board; several navigation systems exist that can provide real-time traffic information. Most traffic information systems are based on a centralized architecture focused on a traffic management center (TMC) that collects, processes, and disseminates traffic data. As an alternative approach, there has been recent interest in decentralized traffic information systems, that is, those that are based on intervehicle communications (IVC). As IVC-equipped vehicles travel the roadways, they can share information on network traffic conditions, and regional traffic information can soon be established. Decentralized systems avoid potential single-point failures that a TMC-based sys...
Length Variation in Age-0 Westslope Cutthroat Trout at Multiple Spatial Scales

Abstract Phenotypic diversity provides ecological and evolutionary functions, stabilizing populations in variable environments. Although benefits of larger body size in juvenile fishes are well documented, size variation may have value as well. We explored the distribution of length and length variation in age-0 westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi at three spatial scales: area (102 km2), stream (101 km2), and site (100 km2). In addition, we examined relationships between length variables (mean length and interquartile range of length) and instream (temperature and conductivity) and landscape (aspect, elevation, headwater distance, and valley width) variables that were expected to be associated with fish size. Conductivity was included as a surrogate for productivity. Most variation in mean length and interquartile range of fish length was found among areas (62.2% and 62.6%, respectively). Mean length also varied among streams and sites (21.9% and 15.8%, respectively). Similarly, interqua...
Detection in networked radar

The potential applicability of multiple-channel coherence estimation in situations where one channel contains a noise-free signal replica (as in active radar) or a high-SNR reference signal (as in passive coherent radar) has been proposed in recent work. Invariance of the distribution of M-channel coherence estimate statistics, including recently derived variants optimized for detection of signals having known rank, to the presence of a strong signal on one channel provided all channels are independent and the other M 􀀀 1 channels contain only noise enables the desired use of these statistics without altering detection thresholds designed to provide desired false-alarm probabilities. Traditionally, multiple-channel detection using coherence estimates has assumed that time series data from all channels are aggregated at a fusion center. Mitigation of this requirement to demand global aggregation of only scalar statistics that can be computed locally by sharing of data between pairs of nodes has been explored, and the use of maximum-entropy methods to provide surrogate statistics for pairs of nodes that are not in direct communication within a network has been proposed for traditional passive detection problems. This paper examines the applicability of this idea in the presence of a strong reference channel with particular attention to ascertaining relationships between network topology and detection performance.
The differentiation of prospective thigh mesoderm grafted beneath the apical ectodermal ridge of the wing bud in the chick embryo

Abstract Ectoderm-free isolates of prospective thigh mesoderm from chick embryos of stages 17 to 27 were grafted subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge of the wing bud of host embryos in stages 18 to 23. Grafts from donor embryos of stages 17 to 19 developed terminally on the wing in a high percentage of the cases, forming typical foot parts, covered with warty and overlapping scales and armed with large claws. Foot parts were found less frequently when donors of stages 20 to 25 were employed, but in a number of cases thigh feathers were induced at wing levels proximal to the wrist. Among cases in which embryos of stages 26 and 27 provided the graft, leg-specific structures were found in only one of 33 cases (one case showing thigh feathers). These effects of donor age have been correlated with the relationships established between the graft and the apical ectodermal ridge of the wing bud. Densely cellular, pliable tissues from younger donors readily conform to the contours of the mesodermal apex of the wing bud and achieve intimate contact with the apical ridge. It has been suggested that they contribute factors which maintain the ridge in an inductively active configuration and are then induced by it to form terminal leg parts. Prospective thigh tissues from older donors contain considerable intercellular matrix, are less flexible, and are more readily displaced from contact with the apical ridge by encroaching wing mesoderm; thus, foot parts are less frequently formed and sometimes thigh feathers are induced proximally on the wing. Now and again, however, with increasing age, prospective thigh tissues do remain in contact with the apical ridge of ectoderm, but, in these cases, the latter loses its normal configuration and no foot parts are formed. Possibly these grafts are unable to supply factors which are necessary to maintain the inductive activity of the apical ectoderm. These results and their interpretation are discussed with respect to recent reports which suggest a contrary interpretation of the role of the apical ectodermal ridge for the growth of terminal limb parts.
Regulation of the Escherichia coli l-arabinose operon studied by gel electrophoresis DNA binding assay☆

DNA binding properties of the proteins required for induction of the Escherichia coli L-arabinose operon were measured using a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay. The mechanisms of induction and repression were studied by observing the multiple interactions of RNA polymerase, cyclic AMP receptor protein and araC protein with short DNA fragments containing either the araC or araBAD promoter regions. These studies show that binding of araC protein to the operator site, araO1, directly blocks RNA polymerase binding at the araC promoter, pC. We find that cyclic AMP receptor protein and araC protein do not bind co-operatively at their respective sites to linear DNA fragments containing the pBAD promoter. Nevertheless, both these positive effectors must be present on the DNA to stimulate binding of RNA polymerase. Additionally, binding of the proteins to the DNA is not sufficient; araC protein must also be in the inducing state, for RNA polymerase to bind. Equilibrium binding constraints and kinetics were determined for araC protein binding to the araI and the araO1 sites. In the presence of inducer, L-arabinose, araC protein binds with equal affinity to DNA fragments containing either of these sites. In the presence of anti-inducer, D-fucose, the affinity for both sites is reduced 40-fold. The apparent equilibrium binding constants for both states of the protein vary in parallel with the buffer salt concentration. This result suggests that the inducing and repressing forms of araC protein displace a similar number of cations upon binding DNA.
Drugs in the Classroom: Using Pharmacokinetics to Introduce Biomathematical Modeling

Pharmacokinetics is an excellent way to introduce biomathematical modeling at the sophomore level. Students have the opportunity to develop a mathematical model of a biological phenomenon to which they all can relate. Exploring pharmacokinetics takes students through the necessary stages of mathematical modeling: determining the goals of the model, deciphering between the biological aspects to include in the model, defining the assumptions of the model, and finally, building, analyzing, using, and refining the model to answer questions and test hypotheses. Readily accessible data allows students to use the model to test hypotheses that are meaningful to them on an individual level. Students make interdisciplinary connections between this model and their previous personal, mathematical, and other classroom experiences. By beginning with a simple model involving the half-life of a drug, students take advantage of their mathematical abilities to explore the biology. They can then use the new knowledge gained from analyzing the simple model to create more complicated models, thus gaining mathematical and modeling maturity through improving the biological accuracy of the model. Through this experiences, students actually get to do applied mathematics, and they take ownership of the model.
Effects of B20 on Emissions and the Performance of a Diesel Particulate Filter in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine

This paper compares 20% bio-diesel (B20-choice white grease) fuel with baseline ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel on the emissions and performance of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF) coupled to a light-duty 4-cylinder 2.8-liter common-rail DI diesel engine. The present paper focuses on the comparison of the fuel effects on loading and active regeneration of the DPF between B20 and ULSD. B20, in general, produces less soot and has lower regeneration temperature compared to soot loaded with ULSD. NO2 concentrations before the DPF were found to be 6% higher with B20, indicating more availability of NO2 to oxidize the soot. Exhaust speciation of the NO2 availability indicates that the slight increase in NOx from B20 is not the dominant cause for the lower temperature regeneration and faster regeneration rate but the reactivity of the soot that is in the DPF. Formaldehyde concentrations are found to be higher with B20 during regeneration due to increased oxygen concentrations in the exhaust stream. Finally the oil dilution effect due to post injection to actively regenerate the DPF is also investigated using a prototype oil sensor and FTIR instrumentation. Utilizing an active regeneration strategy accentuates the possibility of fuel oil dilution of the engine oil. The onboard viscosity oil sensor used was in good agreement with the viscosity bench test and FTIR analysis and provided oil viscosity measurement over the course of the project. Operation with B20 shows significant fuel dilution and needs to be monitored to prevent engine deterioration.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A Solid-Phase Synthetic Strategy for Labeled Peptides: Synthesis of a Biotinylated Derivative of the δ Opioid Receptor Antagonist TIPP (Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH)

A general solid-phase synthetic strategy for labeled peptides was developed and used to prepare a biotinylated derivative of the δ opioid receptor antagonist TIPP (Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH). A monoprotected hydrophilic diamine linker was attached to an aldehyde-containing solid-phase resin by reductive amination, followed by introduction of biotin and peptide synthesis to yield Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-Asp-NH(CH2CH2O)2CH2CH2NH-biotin (2). The high δ receptor affinity and selectivity of 2 demonstrate the applicability of this design approach for labeled peptide derivatives.
Incidence and treatment of fractures in thalassemia.

Thalassemia major, a disorder of hemoglobin synthesis, contributes to skeletal deformities, marked osteopenia, and frequent fractures. Hypertransfusion therapy in the last 20 years has prolonged the life expectancy of thalassemics and decreased the orthopaedic manifestations of the disease. This study examines the incidence and treatment of fractures in hypertransfused thalassemics in whom the hemoglobin is kept above 8 g/dl. Over a 5-year period, there were eight fractures in 38 patients, which yields an incidence that is approximately 70% above the fracture rate in the general population. With the exception of one patient, all of the fractures healed in the expected time utilizing nonoperative treatment. The results of this study indicate that, although thalassemics are at moderately high risk for sustaining fractures, they respond well to standard casting methods. However, the iron overload found in thalassemia can deplete the body of vitamin C, which can subsequently retard fracture healing. Attention must, therefore, be paid to replenishing vitamin C very cautiously in order to avoid this complication. Language: en
Modification of the distribution of receptive field orientation in cats by selective visual exposure during development.

A novel procedure was used to rear kittens under conditions of controlled visual experience: one eye was exposed only to vertical lines while the other eye, simultaneously, was exposed only to horizontal lines. Stimuli were presented in a mask which the animals wore whenever they were in a lighted environment. At the conclusion of the rearing period elongated receptive fields of units recorded from the visual cortex of these animals were oriented either horizontally or vertically. This is in contrast to the full complement of receptive field orientations found in normal cats. Furthermore, units with vertically oriented fields were predominantly or exclusively activated by the eye which had been exposed to vertical lines, while neurons with horizontally oriented fields were predominantly or exclusively activated by the eye which had been exposed to horizontal lines. Normally, 80–90% of the neurons in the visual cortex of the cat are activated by both eyes. The consequences of this controlled visual experience provide evidence for highly selective modification of neuronal connectivity by environmental conditions prevailing during development. Sufficient control of the visual environment was achieved to allow direct comparison between single unit response characteristics and the specific stimuli presented during rearing.
National survey to assess the content and availability of difficult-airway carts in critical-care units in the United States

We have surveyed the availability of equipment, content of difficult-airway carts (DAC), and training in the use of such equipment in intensive-care units (ICU). We devised a set of proposals regarding what constitutes the ideal DAC. We surveyed 300 ICU in the United States. The survey was conducted to inquire about the presence and content of a DAC. Only 70% of respondents had a DAC in their unit. 82% of units surveyed checked the contents of the cart daily. 80% of directors were aware of its location. 80% of units had an attached list of contents and 51% had an attached algorithm for management of a difficult airway. LMA was present in 80% followed by 35 and 30% for Combitube and pre-assembled needle cricothyroidotomy set. Under non-invasive airway devices, video laryngoscope with 48% was ahead of fibreoptic bronchoscope (38%) and lighted stylet (15%). 80% of units had a CO₂-detection device immediately available. Limited data are available on the impact of DAC in airway management in the ICU. It is strongly recommended that a DAC be present. What constitutes the ideal contents of a DAC is open to questions. We hope discussion will lead to consensus of what should or should not be included on the cart.
Achieving the Impossible Dream: HOW JAPANESE AMERICANS OBTAINED REDRESS

"Nearly fifty years after being incarcerated by their own government, Japanese American concentration camp survivors succeeded in obtaining redress for the personal humiliation, family dislocation, and economic ruin caused by their ordeal. An inspiring story of wrongs made right as well as a practical guide to getting legislation through Congress, "Achieving the Impossible Dream" tells how members of this politically inexperienced minority group organized themselves at the grass-roots level, gathered political support, and succeeded in obtaining a written apology from the president of the United States and monetary compensation in accordance with the provisions of the 1988 Civil Liberties Act."
Keys to the cockroaches of central panama part II: Flightless species

Abstract This key to the flightless species of cockroaches in Panama, 19 species in 14 genera, supplements the keys to flying species in an earlier publication.
Cilia in the accessory hyperstriatum of the domestic fowl

Numerous neurons and glia in the accessory hyperstriatum of the domestic fowl contain a cilium that is attached to a basal body. The accessory centriole is in the vicinity of the basal body and in some instances a connection between the two centrioles is noted. Cross-striated rootlets are associated with the basal body and the accessory centriole, however, some rootlets are found distant to centrioles. Cross sections of cilia show that most accessory hyperstriatal cilia have an 8+1 fiber pattern. Several proposed functional roles of neuronal cilia are discussed.
Isolation and X-ray Structure of Chloroarenium Cations as Wheland Intermediates in Electrophilic Aromatic Chlorination

Cationic σ-complexes (or benzenium ions) of aromatic hydrocarbons with various electrophiles are commonly accepted as transient (Wheland) intermediates in electrophilic aromatic substitutions.1 Olah and co-workers were the first to obtain nearly 30 years ago2 the direct spectroscopic (NMR) evidence for the existence of the NO2 and Cl+ complexes in magic acid solutions at -70 °C by using hexamethylbenzene as the prototypical aromatic donor. However, the isolation of these highly labile cations as crystalline salts for definitive structural characterization by X-ray crystallography has remained an experimental challenge. As such, we now report that the low-temperature chlorination of hexamethylbenzene (1) with antimony pentachloride in dichloromethane (under an argon atmosphere) leads to a bright yellow solution, which upon the addition of cold (-78 °C) hexane affords a highly unstable precipitate according to the stoichiometry in eq 1.3
Cell cycle compartments of adult mouse hepatocytes identified by flow cytometric analysis of total cellular and nuclear RNA content: Effect of aging on G1 substates

A model of the hepatocyte cell cycle was computer-constructed using two-parameter cytochemical data obtained by flow cytometric measurements of the RNA and DNA content of individual liver cells (or isolated liver cell nuclei). In young mice (under 10 weeks post-partum), the diploid (2C DNA) G1 phase was resolved into 3 distinct subpopulations of liver cells distinguishable on the basis of RNA content. These substates were conventionally designated G1Q (quiescent non-cycling cells; lowest RNA content), G1A (cells of the indeterminate phase; do not directly enter the DNA synthetic compartment; intermediate RNA content) and G1B (immediate pre-DNA synthetic cells; highest G1 RNA content). An early G1-associated event during postnatal aging of the mouse liver (pre-10 weeks post-partum) involved a shift from a predominant G1A/B substate to a predominant G1Q substate. Later stages in aging were characterized by a gradual decline in the percentage of G1A/B cells in the 2C G1 compartment. Greater than 80% of the total 2C G1 liver cell population of animals approaching 2 years of age consisted of GIQ hepatocytes. This increase in the quiescent cell population (G1Q) and decrease in the cycling G1 substates (G1A/B) within the mouse liver as a function of age may be involved in the aging-associated diminution of the hepatic compensatory regenerative response in mammals.
Genetic variability in the immune-inflammatory response after major burn injury.

ABSTRACT- Thermal injury induces immune dysfunction and alters numerous physiological parameters. Studies have proposed that genetics influence the outcome after traumatic injury and/or sepsis, however, the contribution of genetics to the immune-inflammatory response postburn has not been investigated. In this study, mice of three distinct genetic backgrounds (C57BL/6NCrlBR, BALB/cAnNCrlBR, and 129S6/SvEvTac) were subjected to thermal injury or a sham procedure, and 3 days later, blood and splenic immune cells (splenocytes and macrophages) were isolated for analysis. Splenocytes from the C57BL/6NCrlBR strain displayed suppressed splenic T cell proliferation postinjury, whereas the other strains were unaffected. Burn injury also induced a shift toward a Th2-type T-cell response (suppressed IFN-γ production) in the C57BL/6NCrlBR strain, but not in the other strains. Macrophages from C57BL/6NCrlBR and 129S6/SvEvTac mice were highly proinflammatory with elevated productive capacity for TNF-α and nitric oxide, whereas no such changes were observed in macrophages for BALB/cNCrlBR mice. C57BL/6NCRLBR macrophages produced increased IL-10 levels postburn, and BALB/cNCrlBR macrophages had suppressed IL-10 production postinjury. No differences in fasting blood glucose and insulin were observed after thermal injury. However, significant postburn weight loss was observed in the BALB/cNCrlBR and 129S6/SvEvTac strains, but not in the C57BL/6NCrlBR strain. In summary, these findings support the concept that the immune-inflammatory response postburn is influenced by genetic make-up. Further elucidation of the influence of genetics under such conditions is likely to contribute to the improvement in existing, and development of new, therapeutic regimes for burn patients.
Theoretical Interpretations of the Growth in Organic Agriculture: Agricultural Modernization or an Organic Treadmill?

Ecological modernization theory and treadmill of production theory offer competing interpretations of the direction of environmental practices in capitalist democracies. These theoretical perspectives are applied to the growth and institutionalization of organic agriculture in the United States. From the perspective of ecological modernization theory, the growing popularity of organic agriculture and its institutionalization in the form of federal standards follow a pattern of social processes in which social movements, entrepreneurs, market forces, and the state act together to advance ecological sustainability. Yet treadmill theory suggests that social processes innate to capitalist democracies will undermine any potential environmental benefits derived from the organic movement. Support is found for both theoretical perspectives. While economic processes identified by treadmill theorists indicate that environmental gains are often lost over time, the adoption of more environmentally sound methods in th...
Hydrogen purification using a SAPO-34 membrane

Abstract A SAPO-34 membrane separated CO 2 /H 2 and H 2 /CH 4 mixtures at feed pressures up to 1.7 MPa. Strong CO 2 adsorption inhibited H 2 adsorption and decreased H 2 permeances significantly, especially at low temperatures, so that CO 2 preferentially permeated and CO 2 /H 2 selectivities were higher at low temperatures. At 253 K, CO 2 /H 2 separation selectivities were greater than 100 with CO 2 permeances of 3 × 10 −8 mol m −2 s −1 Pa −1 . The CO 2 /H 2 separation exceeded the upper bounds (selectivity–permeability plot) for polymer membranes. The SAPO-34 membrane separated H 2 from CH 4 because CH 4 is close to the SAPO-34 pore size and has a lower diffusivity than H 2 . The H 2 /CH 4 separation selectivity had a small maximum with temperature, and decreased slightly with feed pressure and CH 4 feed concentration.
Chemical evidence for the formation of an acidic Mo(100) surface by adsorbed oxygen

The adsorption of carbon dioxide, a Lewis acid, and trimethylamine, a Lewis base on the clean and partially oxidized molybdenum (100) crystal face was followed by LEED and Auger electron spectroscopy. CO2 adsorbs dissociatively on clean Mo(100) but does not adsorb on the oxidized surface. N(CH3)3 adsorbs dissociatively on the clean Mo(100) surface but chemisorbs in molecular form on the oxidized surface. The difference in adsorption behavior is attributed to an alteration in the surface electronic structure caused by charge transfer from the metal atoms to the oxygen.
Diamagnetism of Thin Films of Bismuth

DR. C. T. LANE has published in NATURE1 observations which seemingly contradict previous results on the subject of the size dependence of the susceptibilities of bismuth, antimony, and graphite obtained by different observers working under Sir C. V. Raman at Calcutta2,3. Since we undertook a series of experiments on the same subject some time ago which, however, are not yet ready for detailed publication, but support definitely the findings of the latter authors, the following short note may explain the discrepancy of the results of Dr. Lane.
Metallic-glass-coated optical fibers as magnetic-field sensors

MetglasTM 2605 SC cast alloy was deposited directly onto single-mode optical fibers. Very thick amorphous films of 5 to 15 micrometers thickness were produced by triode-magnetron sputtering. The coated fibers were used as magnetic field sensing elements in one arm of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In the reference arm a section of fiber was wound around a piezoelectric (PZT) cylinder which was driven by a feedback correction signal to keep the sensor operating at quadrature. The sensing element was placed inside a chamber containing Helmholtz coils which produced both a dc field and an ac dither field. The magnetostructure response of the coating and the resulting phase shift in the optical fiber are dependent upon both of these fields. The phase shifts were measured as a function of the magnitudes of the dc and ac fields and the frequency of the ac field. The magnetostrictive responses had maximum values at discrete resonance frequencies. Experimental values of the magnetostriction parameter were obtained using experimental values of the phase shifts along with theoretical calculations of the magnetostrictive response. These calculations were based on a model of coherent rotation of magnetization and also an elastic model of the magnetostrictive strains for a cylindrical geometry. The maximum values of the magnetostriction parameter for the coated- fiber FOMS at resonance was estimated to be 10-5/Oe2 in comparison with non-resonant values of 5X10-5/Oe2 and 1X10-6/Oe2 for amorphous metal wire transducers and Metglas strip transducers, respectively, and 5X10-6/Oe2 for resonant Metglas cylindrical transducers.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using stochastic learning automata for job scheduling in distributed processing systems

Abstract A stochastic model for decentralized control of job scheduling in distributed processing systems is presented. The basic decisionmaker of this model, replicated at each host, consists of a Stochastic Learning Automaton (SLA). Because of the environment under consideration, various practical enhancements to the basic SLA model are developed. It is shown by simulation that the overall performance of the system improves over the basic SLA model. Comparisons to some known analytical models and other algorithms are also made. These comparisons illustrate that the SLA based system performs much better than the M/M/1 and Fractional Assignment analytical models and is reasonably close to the best analytical bound. The range of effectiveness of the SLA algorithm with respect to several others is noted. What is significant about this work is that we have illustrated that it is possible to design a learning controller that is able to dynamically acquire relevant job scheduling information by a process of trial and error, and use that information to provide good performance. Other advantages of the algorithm are its low execution overhead, its potential reliability because it is decentralized, and its ability to recover gracefully from random events such as surges of new jobs entering the system. It is important to note that almost all other scheduling algorithms are tested only under equilibrium conditions.
Paraganglioma: not just an extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma

Pheochromocytoma (PCC) and paraganglioma (PG) are evaluated and treated similarly. This study evaluates the hypothesis that tumor characteristics and outcome of patients with PCC and PG are equivalent. Records of patients from a single institution undergoing resection of PCC or PG from 1999 to 2010 were reviewed. Data were collected for demographics, operative records, laboratory and pathologic results, adjuvant and palliative therapy given, recurrence, and length of survival. Descriptive statistics were used to describe differences between patients with benign and malignant PCC and PG. Analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test with p = 0.05 considered as significant. One hundred fifteen patients were identified (106 PCC and nine PG). Of the tumors, 5.2% were bilateral and 10.4% were malignant. Forty-three of the 115 patients underwent genetic testing; 21out of 37 (56.8%) PCC and five out of six (83.3%) PG had a genetic mutation. Twelve patients (seven PCC and five PG) had malignant tumors. Malignant PG (mPG) exhibited more invasive pathologic characteristics. The median sizes of benign and malignant PCC (mPCC) were 4.0 (0.7–14 cm) and 5.5 cm (3.7–11.2 cm), respectively, p = 0.03. The median sizes of benign and mPG were 4.1 (2.7–5.4 cm) and 5.8 cm (4–6.2 cm), respectively, p = 0.11. Sites of recurrence were similar between the groups. Patients with mPG received chemotherapy more often than those with mPCC. With a median follow-up of 54.7 months (2.0–185.3), two out of five mPG and zero out of seven mPCC had died of the disease. Tumor size does not appear to correlate with malignancy in a clinically significant manner. Malignant paraganglioma may be more aggressive than malignant pheochromocytoma and is frequently offered more adjuvant therapy. PCC and PG should be evaluated separately in future analyses of these diseases.
Low-energy baryosynthesis

Abstract We consider general constraints on baryosynthesis in low-energy SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) theories. We find in general that phenomenologically acceptable models exist, which are unifiable at higher energies-but which all require exotic fermion content.