cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telemetry tag effects on juvenile lingcod Ophiodon elongatus movement: a laboratory and field study

This study tested the behavioural effects of tagging subyearling and yearling lingcod Ophiodon elongatus with acoustic telemetry tags in laboratory tanks and in the natural environment (Puget Sound, WA). In the laboratory, tagged individuals showed less movement and feeding behaviour soon after tagging than untagged controls. The effect dissipated after c. 1 week, presumably as the tagged O. elongatus recovered from surgery or adjusted to the presence of the tags. This dissipation enabled a field study that compared early-tagged individuals with a long recovery period after tagging to recently-tagged individuals with a short recovery period after tagging. Consistent with findings from the laboratory experiment, recently tagged individuals showed less movement away from three release sites in Puget Sound than early-tagged individuals. Together, the laboratory and field results provide evidence of temporary tag effects on actual movement in the natural environment and provide a method for testing tag effects in the field. This study suggests that subyearling and yearling O. elongatus should be held for a recovery period before release. If holding after tagging is not an option, then movement data collected during the first week should be interpreted cautiously.
New grating designs for a CTIS imaging spectrometer

We present some new grating designs for use in a computed tomographic imaging spectrometer (CTIS) and discuss their differences with previous gratings. One of the advantages of the new designs is that they provide added flexibility for a tunable CTIS instrument, and we show some preliminary data illustrating this advantage.
Perception of glottalization and phrase-final creak.

American English has several linguistic sources of creaky voice. Two common sources are /t/-glottalization (where /t/ is produced as a glottal stop and/or with creaky voice, as in “button”) and phrase-final creak. Both /t/-glottalization and phrase-final creak have similar acoustic properties, but they can co-occur in English. The goal of this study is to determine whether /t/-glottalization and phrase-final creak are perceived distinctly. Sixteen English listeners were asked to identify words in a two-alternative forced choice task. The auditory targets were (near-) minimal pairs, in which one word could have /t/-glottalization (e.g., “button”) but the other could not (e.g., “bun”). Stimuli were presented with and without phrase-final creak. Listeners made few identification errors overall, even when /t/-glottalization co-occurred with phrase-final creak, suggesting that /t/-glottalization and phrase-final creak remain perceptually distinct to English listeners. This supports the view that creaky voice is not a single category, but one comprised of distinct voice qualities.
H on tungsten(110): Studied by angle resolved photoemission and inelastic electron scattering

We have investigated the system H adsorbed on W(110) using angle resolved photoemission (with synchrotron radiation) and high resolution inelastic electron scattering. The photoemission results show that most of the structure in the spectra (or difference curves) induced by the H adsorption is due to enhancement or diminution of clean surface electronic states. The most striking feature of the normal emission data is the reduction in the symmetry of the surface for a hydrogen coverage greater than 12 of a monolayer. The C2v symmetry of the surface is broken for these higher coverages indicating a change in the H bonding between low and high coverage. In contrast, the electron scattering data show a set of vibrational modes independent of coverage indicating a single site. A symmetry analysis of the mode intensities versus the azimuthal angle of the scattering plane allows us to determine the displacement direction of the mode parallel to the surface. We propose a model consistent with these data, where the H is bound in a bridge type site independent of coverage, but the layer undergoes an order-disorder conversion near 12 a monolayer.
Those dirty ads! Birth control advertising in the 1920s and 1930s

Birth control advertising proliferated in the 1920s and 1930s even though a federal obscenity law considered contraception and contraceptive advertising illegal. This article examines how the illegal advertisements conflicted with the arguments for birth control legalization. Specifically, the article applies Michel Bakhtin's grotesque and classical categories and Mary Douglas's pollution metaphors to analyze the language birth control advocates used to distinguish between medical and nonmedical birth control advertising and to construct birth control as scientific.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE THREE ISOMERS OF LITHIUM L-ASPARTATO(IMINODIACETATO)COBALTATE(III)1

Abstract The L-aspartato(iminodiacetato)cobaltate(III) complex ion has been prepared and separated into three optically active isomers by ion-exchange chromatography. These isomers were identified from their electronic absorption, circular dichroism and pmr spectra. Their spectra are compared to those of the three isomers of the bis(L-aspartato)-cobaltate(III) complex ion.
True directed forgetting in pigeons may occur only when alternative working memory is required on forget-cue trials

Results of directed-forgetting research with pigeons are difficult to interpret because of alternative nonmemorial accounts of performance decrements and important procedural differences from comparable research with humans. Prior research has noted the absence of directed forgetting when artifacts have been removed (e.g., nonreward following forget cues and differences in response patterns on remember and forget trials in training). In this article, it is argued that, in human directed-forgetting research, presentation of a forget cue allows for the reallocation of memory maintenance to items to be remembered. In the present experiment, true directed forgetting is found when nonmemorial performance decrements are eliminated and forget cues allow for the reallocation of sample memory to test-relevant cues.
Hall current as a source of the cross-tail current interruption, the asymmetric main phase field and the poleward expanding auroral bulge

Abstract It is suggested that the ionosphere plays an active role in many substorm processes by generating field-aligned currents associated with the Hall current. Various substorm phenomena, such as the cross-tail current interruption, the asymmetric main phase field and the poleward expanding auroral bulge, may be closely related to the closure of the Hall current circuits in the magnetosphere.
The Effects of National Culture and Anonymity on Flaming and Criticalness in GSS-Supported Discussions

Technologies for supporting collaborative work are often developed to improve various aspects of group performance such as idea generation and decision quality; however, less attention has been given to the effects that such technology has upon the nature of group communication. In this article, we examine the phenomena of flaming and comment criticalness in computer-mediated communication as they occur in group support systems (GSS) supported discussions. A 2 X 2 factorial experimental design was used to examine the effects of national culture (U.S. and Hong Kong) and anonymity (identified and anonymous pen name) on the number of comments classified as flames and on the number of comments classified as critical in 39 GSS discussions. Experimental results indicate that both national culture and anonymity influence the number of critical comments occurring in such discussions. However, the findings were not significant with respect to the number of comments categorized as flames.
Manifestations of morphology-dependent resonances in Mie scattering matrices

Lorenz-Mie computations of the extinction cross-section for monodisperse spheres show the existence of a very complex structure that includes extremely narrow peaks called morphology-dependent resonances (MDRs). The width and magnitude of the peaks are highly sensitive functions of the size parameter and the refractive index of the sphere. So far the MDRs have been calculated and observed mostly for the total optical cross-sections and the scattered intensity, though it has been clear that they should also exist in the scattering matrix elements. In this paper we use modern visualization techniques to study the manifestations of MDRs in the elements of the Stokes scattering matrix and their dependence on the refractive index. We show that within MDRs, the scattering matrix elements may drastically change not only their magnitude, but also their sign. Even weak absorption inside the particles strongly modifies and then completely destroys the polarization resonance effects.
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura in a Patient With Diabetic Nephropathy: Case Report and a Review of the Literature

A 61-year-old woman with a 20-year history of diabetes mellitus was admitted on May 24, 1990 with cellulitis of the left heel. Past history was notable for hypertension, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and arthritis. In December 1988, her blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels were normal and she had only I + protein in the urine. Her medications were insulin, captopril, diltiazem, furosemide, potassium chloride, isosorbide dinitrate, and warfarin. She had no history of drug allergies. On admission, she was febrile and had a 5X 6-cm area of erythema and swelling on her left heel. Laboratory data were unremarkable except for leukocytosis. There was no radiographic evidence of osteomyelitis. Wound culture from the foot grew Staphylococcus aureus; blood cultures were negative. She was given ticarcillin at 3.1 g every 6 hours. On day 5, she developed palpable purpuric non pruritic lesions on the right lower leg. Skin biopsy showed leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Ticarcillin and warfarin were discontinued, and prednisone was started at 60 mg/d. Over the next 3 days, the lesions spread to both legs and both hands, evolved into hemorrhagic bullae, then sloughed off leaving shallow erosions (Fig I). On day 7, she became oliguric and her BUN and creatinine increased from normal levels to 10.35 mmoljL (29 mg/dL) and 176.8 IlmoljL (2.0 mgjdL), respectively. Urinalysis showed 3+ protein, red blood cells (RBCs) and RBC casts,
The generation, characterization and applications of broadband isolated attosecond pulses

The generation of extremely short isolated attosecond pulses requires both a broad spectral bandwidth and control of the spectral phase. Rapid progress has been made in both aspects, leading to the generation of light pulses as short as 67 as in 2012, and broadband attosecond continua covering a wide range of extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray wavelengths. Such pulses have been successfully applied in photoelectron and photoion spectroscopy and recently developed attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to study electron dynamics in matter. In this Review, we discuss significant recent advances in the generation, characterization and applications of ultrabroadband, isolated attosecond pulses with spectral bandwidths comparable to the central frequency. These pulses can in principle be compressed to a single optical cycle. This review discusses significant recent advances in the generation, characterization and application of ultrabroadband isolated attosecond pulses with a spectral bandwidth comparable to the central frequency, which can in principle be compressed to a single optical cycle.
Influence of gravity on the directional solidification of indium antimonide

Undoped, Te-doped and Se-doped InSb were directionally solidified in the laboratory, in the KC-135 aircraft, and in two centrifuges. The melt never pulled away from the ampoule wall during solidification in the KC-135 aircraft during parabolic flight maneuvers designed to produce weightlessness. Gas bubbles on the wall moved slightly toward the solid when the freezing interface contacted them. An undoped ingot grown in the centrifuge at 9 g (g = 9.81 m/s2) consisted primarily of a single grain containing a number of twins. The microstructure of the ingots depended on the g level and on doping. With Se doping microcracks occurred about 7 g, but they never occurred without doping, with Te doping in the KC-135, or at 1 g. Impurity striations were not found in ingots solidified up to 10 g, indicating that the freezing rate did not fluctuate/Centrifuge processing almost completely eliminated the bubbles normally present on the outer surface of InSb ingots.
Expression of a Uracil DNA Glycosylase (UNG) Inhibitor in Mammalian Cells: Varicella-Zoster Virus Can Replicate in Vitro in the Absence of Detectable UNG Activity

Abstract Uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) functions as a DNA repair or proofreading enzyme. The UNG gene is present in nearly all prokaryotes and eukaryotes screened to date and is found in herpesviruses and poxviruses. Prior studies showed that viral UNG is essential for poxvirus replication. Although viral UNG is not required for herpesvirus replication, cellular UNG was thought to be essential for virus replication. To study the role of UNG in herpesvirus replication, we first showed that varicella-zoster virus (VZV) ORF59 encodes a functional UNG. We then constructed a VZV mutant with a deletion in the UNG gene and showed that the mutant was unimpaired for replication in vitro . Because cultured cells express their own endogenous UNG, we next inserted a bacteriophage UNG inhibitor UGI gene into the VZV genome. Infection of cells with VZV lacking viral UNG and expressing UGI completely abrogated detectable cellular UNG activity in vitro . Parental VZV, VZV lacking viral UNG, and VZV expressing UGI all grew to similar titers in cell culture, indicating that VZV can replicate in vitro in the absence of detectable viral or cellular UNG activity.
Casting a wider net: improving access to medical literature in developing countries.

Africa Partners Medical is a nonprofit organization of American and African physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals committed to improving medical care in Africa. It does so by sponsoring educational conferences in Africa and establishing long-term partnerships with African health care professionals. Its experience in providing annual continuing medical education courses in West Africa over the past several years has shown that a huge demand exists for current medical information and practical training in the concepts and skill sets necessary to provide high-quality health care. We present a proposal for an innovative way to improve the provision of educational materials to health care professionals in developing countries.
Harbor Shield: A new technique for inspection of vessels below the waterline

In 2007, the Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport RI, Battelle, and EdgeTech Marine demonstrated acoustic imaging of ships' underhulls from a fixed sensor while the ship was underway. This served as proof of concept for a maritime security development called “Harbor Shield.” At present, inspection by divers is the only way to detect and classify objects attached to ships' hulls. Harbor Shield, which inspects moving ships from a stationary portal instead of using mobile ROVs or divers to inspect stationary targets, may dramatically increase shipping inspection rates while reducing the commercial impact of inspections. The 2007 data was used to develop techniques to optimize image extraction from the single sensor then used. A developmental single transmitter/ multiple-receiver sonar system should allow three-dimensional imaging of the underhulls of ships while underway. Current efforts focus on development of a prototype portal to generate data needed to optimize design and operation.
Inhibition of STAT4 activation by lisofylline is associated with the protection of autoimmune diabetes.

: We investigated the signal transduction pathway of IL-12 and showed that lisofylline (LSF) inhibited the signal transducer and activator of transcription factor-4 (STAT4) activation. Interruption of IL-12-mediated STAT4 activation prevented autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice.
Evaluation of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Thresholds for Diagnosis of Medulloblastoma Using Diffusion-Weighted Imaging

We assess a diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) analysis technique as a potential basis for computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of pediatric posterior fossa tumors. A retrospective medical record search identified 103 children (mean age: 87 months) with posterior fossa tumors having a total of 126 preoperative MR scans with DWI. The minimum ADC (ADCmin) and normalized ADC (nADC) values [ratio of ADCmin values in tumor compared to normal tissue] were measured by a single observer blinded to diagnosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to determine the optimal threshold for which the nADC and ADCmin values would predict tumor histology. Inter-rater reliability for predicting tumor type was evaluated using values measured by two additional observers. At histology, ten tumor types were identified, with astrocytoma (n=50), medulloblastoma (n=33), and ependymoma (n=9) accounting for 89%. Mean ADCmin (0.54 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s) and nADC (0.70) were lowest for medulloblastoma. Mean ADCmin (1.28 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s) and nADC (1.64) were highest for astrocytoma. For the ROC analysis, the area under the curve when discriminating medulloblastoma from other tumors using nADC was 0.939 and 0.965 when using ADCmin. The optimal ADCmin threshold was 0.66 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s, which yielded an 86% positive predictive value, 97% negative predictive value, and 93% accuracy. Inter-observer variability was very low, with near perfect agreement among all observers in predicting medulloblastoma. Our data indicate that both ADCmin and nADC could serve as the basis for a CAD program to distinguish medulloblastoma from other posterior fossa tumors with a high degree of accuracy.
Origins of nanoscale damage to glass-sealed platinum electrodes with submicrometer and nanometer size

Glass-sealed Pt electrodes with submicrometer and nanometer size have been successfully developed and applied for nanoscale electrochemical measurements such as scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). These small electrodes, however, are difficult to work with because they often lose a current response or give a low SECM feedback in current–distance curves. Here we report that these problems can be due to the nanometer-scale damage that is readily and unknowingly made to the small tips in air by electrostatic discharge or in electrolyte solution by electrochemical etching. The damaged Pt electrodes are recessed and contaminated with removed electrode materials to lower their current responses. The recession and contamination of damaged Pt electrodes are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. The recessed geometry is noticeable also by SECM but is not obvious from a cyclic voltammogram. Characterization of a damaged Pt electrode with recessed geometry onl...
Nanoscale characterization and local piezoelectric properties of lead-free KNN-LT-LS thin films

We report the observation of domain structure and piezoelectric properties of pure and Mn-doped (K0.44,Na0.52,Li0.04)(Nb0.84,Ta0.1,Sb0.06)O3 (KNN-LT-LS) thin films on SrTiO3 substrates. It is revealed that, using piezoresponse force microscopy, ferroelectric domain structure in such 500 nm thin films comprised of primarily 180° domains. This was in accordance with the tetragonal structure of the films, confirmed by relative permittivity measurements and x-ray diffraction patterns. Effective piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of the films were calculated using piezoelectric displacement curves and shown to be ~53 pm V−1 for pure KNN-LT-LS thin films. This value is among the highest values reported for an epitaxial lead-free thin film and shows a great potential for KNN-LT-LS to serve as an alternative to PZT thin films in future applications.
Reaction Dynamics in a Parallel Flow Channel PEM Fuel Cell

The spatiotemporal dynamic response of a segmented anode parallel channel polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell was monitored following changes in flow rate, temperature and load resistance. Autohumidified operation with dry feeds at 1 bar pressure was achieved at temperatures below 70°C, where the convective transport of water vapor was less than the water production by the fuel cell current. The current could be "ignited" by a single injection of water into the anode feed, or by reducing the temperature and external load resistance. Co-current flow of the hydrogen and oxygen resulted in current ignition at the outlets of the flow channels, followed by a wave of high current density propagating toward the inlets. Counter-current flow of the hydrogen and the oxygen resulted in ignition near the center of the flow channels; over time the ignition front fanned out. The spatio-temporal dynamics of the current ignition along the flow channels can be effectively predicted from a model of a set of coupled differential fuel cells in series. Liquid water condensing in the flow channels gives rise to complex spatio-temporal variations in the current density; these variations are strongly dependent on orientation of the fuel cell with respect to gravity.
Post-receptor signal transduction and regulation of 14(R),15(S)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-EET) binding in U-937 cells

14(R),15(S)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-EET), a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase (epoxygenase) metabolite of arachidonic acid has been reported to induce adhesion of a monocyte cell line (U-937) to cultured endothelial cells. In this study, we identified a population of specific, high affinity binding sites for 14(R),15(S)-EET in U-937 cell surface with Kd of 13.84±2.58 nM and Bmax of 3.54±0.28 pmol/106 cells. The specific binding of [3H]-14,15-EET on U-937 cells is more effectively displaced by 14(R),15(S)-EET than the 14(S),15(R)-isomer thus indicating stereospecificity. The binding was sensitive to various protease treatments suggesting the binding site is protein in nature. 14,15-EET binding in U937 cells is attenuated by cholera toxin (CT) and dibutyryl cAMP. Mean binding site density (Bmax) decreased 31.61% and 34.8% by the pretreatment with cholera toxin (200 μg/ml) and dibutyryl cAMP (300 nM), respectively, without affecting the dissociation constant. Under similar conditions, pertussis toxin (20–200 ng/ml) was less effective as compared to CT and dibutyryl cAMP. The down regulation of 14,15-EET binding caused by dibutyryl cAMP in U-937 cell was reversed by a specific protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H-89, but not by the PKC inhibitor K252a. Thus, the results suggest that the specific binding site of 14,15-EET in U-937 cells is associated with a receptor that could be down regulated through an increase in intracellular cAMP and activation of a PKA signal transduction mechanism. We propose that the signal transduction mechanism of 14,15-EET begins with the binding of the receptor, which leads to the increase of intracellular cAMP levels and the activation of PKA, and finally with the down regulation of 14,15-EET receptor binding.
Scalar-Transverse Separation for Single π + Electroproduction

We report measurements of the exclusive electroproduction reaction $e+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+n$ for pions produced near 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the virtual-photon-proton center-of-mass system with values of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ in the range $0.35l\ensuremath{\epsilon}l0.45$. Combination with data taken at $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ near 1 allows us to separate the contributions from transversely polarized and scalar photons in the range $1.2 {\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}l{Q}^{2}l3.3 {\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$.
Notes from the Book Review Editor

Biographical Directory of the American Congress. Washington, DC: CQ Staff Directories, 1997. Pp. xii, 2,108. $295, hardbound. Metz, Allan, ed. National Service and AmeriCorps: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997. Pp. xi, 269. $69.50, hardbound. Sharp, Michael, ed. Directory of Congressional Voting Scores and Interest Croups Ratings, 2nd ed., 1996. Washington, DC: CO Press. 2-volume set, 1,542 pages. $269, hardbound. Dodd, Lawrence C, and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. Congress Reconsidered, 6th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1997. Pp. xix, 450. $32.95, softbound. Foley, Michael, and John E. Owens. Congress and the Presidency: Institutional Politics in a Separated System. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1996. Pp. xiv, 432. $74.95, hardbound; $29.95 softbound. Reischauer, Robert D., ed. Setting National Priorities: Budget Choices for the Next Century. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1997. Pp. xiii, 316. $42.95, hardbound; $14.95, softbound. Sundquist, James L. Back to ...
Psychological and thyroid-stimulating hormone changes after thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal women: antagonism by pretreatment with thyroid hormones.

Abstract In a double-blind crossover design we treated 20 normal women with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 0.5 mg i.v., abd saline in random sequence. Both injections were preceded, 48 hours before, by a single dose of oral thyroid hormones (TH). TRH caused a shift toward mild euphoria, both on objective and subjective ratings. Although statistically significant, the effect was less than that observed in a previous study of normal women in which TH pretreatment was not used. Thus, TH pretreatment appeared partly to block psychological response to TRH. As expected, TH pretreatment also partly blocked thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) responses to TRH. Nevertheless, just as in our previous study, psychological responses were significantly negatively correlated with TSH responses. TH appears to exert two independent negative feedback effects: one on the brain (diminished psychological response); and one on the anterior pituitary (diminished TSH response).
Experimental Determination of the Tension-Softening Relations for Cementitious Composites

Abstract A novel experimental technique based on the J-integral is employed to experimentally determine the tension-softening (σ-δ) relations in cementitious composites. The σ-δ relation provides information on fracture resistance and could be used for numerical simulations of crack formation and propagation in structures constructed from materials which exhibit “tension-softening” behavior. With this method, no complicated modifications to testing machines are required. In the experiment, two pre-cracked specimens with slightly different notch lengths are used. The corresponding values of load, load point displacement and crack tip separation are simultaneously recorded. From this experimental data, the J-integral as a function of crack tip separation as well as the tension-softening curve can be deduced. These curves also provide a measure of the critical energy release rate. The experimental technique has been applied to mortar. It is suggested that the relatively simple technique can provide reliable material parameters for characterization of fracture resistance in plain and fiber reinforced cementitious composites independent of specimen geometry, size and loading configurations.
Enhancing the Activity of Fuel-cell Reactions by Designing Three-dimensional Nanostructured Architectures: Catalyst-modified Carbon−Silica Composite Aerogels

We have developed highly active electrocatalytic nanostructured architectures constructed from carbon−silica composite aerogels in which the carbon is modified with nanoscopic electrocatalysts. Our procedure is general and can be applied to any preformed catalyst-modified carbon powder. The aerogel architecture locks in an electronic path through the carbon guest as well as a continuous, three-dimensional mesoporous transport path for fuel molecules, solvent, and ions. The electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation at colloidal-Pt-modified carbon−silica composite aerogels increases by 4 orders of magnitude per gram of Pt over that at native Pt-modified carbon powder. Supported catalysts derived from direct adsorption of colloidal Pt too large to enter the micropores of the carbon are more active per gram of Pt than those prepared using impregnation techniques. A further improvement in mass-normalized activity is achieved by appropriately annealing (temperature and atmosphere) Pt-modified carbon−sili...
Pore diffusion-limited metallurgical extraction from ground ore particles

An equation describing the extraction from quasispherical ore particles into a fluid phase when diffusion within the particle is rate limiting is coupled with the particle size distribution resulting from comminution to compute extraction efficiency curves. The fraction extracted is given as a function of a dimensionless time involving the effective diffusion coefficient and the largest particle radius in the comminuted feed. Extraction efficiency curves were computed for batch, plug flow, and single and multistage back-mix flow (continuous stirred tank) reactors. For the appropriate hydrometallurgical and vapometallurgical extraction processes these curves can be used by designers to size process reactors to yield the desired extraction efficiency.
Alcohol embolization of carotid-cavernous indirect fistulae.

OBJECTIVE: Carotid-cavernous fistulae (CCFs) are abnormal communications between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus that may present with rapid visual deterioration and extraocular paresis as a result of increasing intraocular pressure requiring emergent treatment to preserve vision. We present a technique of balloon-assisted ethanol embolization of the cavernous carotid artery supply to indirect CCFs providing immediate reduction in intraocular pressure with symptomatic improvement. METHODS: We reviewed clinical and angiographic data and present a retrospective case series illustrating six patients who underwent endovascular embolization because of worsening visual acuity and extraocular motility disorder caused by CCFs. Cerebral angiography revealed significant blood supply from the cavernous carotid artery to these CCFs. We performed ethanol embolization of these branches with distal balloon protection. RESULTS: Five of the six patients experienced immediate and sustained (mean follow up, 21 mo) decreases in intraocular pressure, with significant symptom improvement. One patient experienced cavernous sinus thrombosis after conclusion of embolization, which caused a temporary worsening of symptoms that improved gradually over time. CONCLUSION: Many surgical and endovascular options are available to treat indirect CCFs. Absolute ethanol is a liquid agent that causes immediate vessel sclerosis and occlusion, which makes it a dangerous but potent liquid embolic agent. With distal temporary balloon protection to prevent migration of ethanol, we achieved excellent clinical and angiographic results using absolute ethanol to embolize the cavernous carotid supply to indirect CCFs. This represents a safe and effective method of endovascular management of this complex vascular anomaly.
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships and activity predictions of human TRPV1 channel antagonists: comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity index analysis of cinnamides.

3D-QSAR models for human TRPV1 channel antagonists were developed based on comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity analysis (CoMSIA), using a training set of 61 cinnamide TRPV1 antagonists and tested on an independent test set of 47 antagonists. Molecular alignment procedure included weights for both internal energy and atom-to-atom matching against a reference or probe. Sensitivity of results on partial charge assignments was explored using multiple charge sets. AM1-BCC charge assignments gave better results for both CoMFA and CoMSIA models. For the best CoMFA model, the statistics are, r2 = 0.96, q2 = 0.58, n = 61 for the training set and r2 = 0.50, n = 47 for the test set. For the best CoMSIA model, the statistics are r2 = 0.95, q2 = 0.57, n = 61 for the training set and r2 = 0.48, n = 47 for the test set. These models are consistent with the proposed binding modes and interactions of known activators of the TRPV1 channel such as capsaicin, in a structural mode...
Rigorous classical-mechanical derivation of a multiple-copy algorithm for sampling statistical mechanical ensembles

We derive a rigorous, multiple-copy simulation algorithm that is formally equivalent to conventional classical molecular dynamics for an ensemble of systems, but may be used for rapid geometry optimizations. The derivation is accomplished by starting from an ensemble of copies of the entire system and applying a point coordinate transformation to a large subsystem defined as the bath. After the transformation, each atom of the bath is described by one ''major'' set of coordinates located at the average position of the ensemble of equivalent atoms and a set of ''minor'' coordinates that when combined with the ''major'' coordinates represent exact dynamics. Neglecting the ''minor'' set of coordinates results in a Hamiltonian and a probability density equivalent to those used in existing multiple-copy methods. Neglecting Hamilton's equations of motion for the minor variables gives the equations of motion for locally enhanced sampling. Numerical tests indicate that the algorithm can recover exact molecular dynamics of the ensemble, conventional multiple-copy dynamics, or results of intermediate accuracy. Thus, the algorithm provides a rigorous basis for multiple-copy dynamics, resolves many of the uncertainties associated with their current implementations, and offers the potential for calculating ensemble average properties in conjunction with finding a system's global minimummore » energy geometry.« less
Effect of an integrated scramjet installation on the subsonic performance of an aircraft designed to Mach 6 cruise

Various factors contributing to the high drag caused by the installation of a six-module scramjet engine were determined from wind tunnel tests at Mach numbers from 0.2 to 0.7. Methods for alleviating this drag were also explored. The external exhaust nozzle, required for good cruise performance, was a major contributor. Of the drag produced by the engine modules, a significant fraction was attributable to wall divergence in the combustor. Good drag simulation could be achieved by using a single fuel injection strut having approximately the same cross-sectional area as the three used on the full-scale engine. External exhaust nozzle fences had a small but beneficial effect on maximum L/D and a flap which diverted the flow away from the inlet was effective in decreasing drag but only at low angles of attack.
More on simulation gaming

This is the fourteenth in a series of profiles documenting experiences with the use of instructional technology at two dozen colleges and universities. A look at what has been learned at these places may benefit others considering new ways to teach. This report is a sequel to a story in the previous issue of Planning called, "Games? They're a Serious Approach to Learning," which dealt with the value of gaming as an instructional technique, with classroom uses of simulation games, and with "street corner" suggestions on how to introduce them into your own institution. In this continuation, the way an entire course can be shaped around a single game is described. Projects established to promote and support gaming, and sources for more information on the subject, are also presented. Don H. Coombs is Director, School of Communication, University of Idaho, and the editor of Simulation/Gaming/News. The reports in this series are supported by a special grant to EFL from The Ford Foundation.
Status of HgCdTe/Si technology for large format infrared focal plane arrays

ABSTRACT HgCdTe offers significant advantages over other semiconductors which has made it the most widely utilized variable-gap material in infrared focal plane array (FPA) technology. However, one of the main limitations of the HgCdTe materials system has been the size of lattice-matched bulk CdZnTe substrates, used for epitaxially-grown HgCdTe, which are 30 cm 2 in size for production and have historically been difficult and expensive to scale in size. This limitation does not adequately support the increasing demand for larger FPA formats which now require sizes up to and beyond 2048u 2048 and only a single die can be printed per wafer. Heteroepitaxial Si-based substrates offer a cost-effective technology that can be more readily scaled to large wafer sizes. Most of the effort in the IR community in the last 10 years has focused on growing HgCdTe directly on (112)Si substrates by MBE. At Raytheon we have scaled the MBE (112)HgCdTe/Si process originally developed at HRL for 3-in wafers, first to 4-in wafers and more recently to 6-in wafers. We have demonstrated a wide range of MWIR FPA formats up to 2560 u 512 in size and have found that their performance is comparable to arrays grown on bulk CdZnTe substrates by either MBE or LPE techniques. More recent work is focused on extending HgCdTe/Si technology to LWIR wavelengths. The goal of this paper is to review the current status of HgCdTe/Si technology both at Raytheon and the published work available from other organizations. Keywords: HgCdTe, HgCdTe/Si, infrared detectors, FPA, heteroepitaxy, MBE, Si, MWIR, LWIR
Writing a research proposal: The role of library anxiety, statistics anxiety, and composition anxiety

This study examines the anxiety experienced by 81 graduate students from non-statistical disciplines, who wrote research proposals in an introductory research methodology course. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of reflexive journals, anxiety questionnaires, and the students' research proposals revealed that research proposal writing anxiety (RPW) includes four components: library anxiety (comprising Interpersonal Anxiety, Perceived Library Competence, Perceived Comfort with the Library, Location Anxiety, Mechanical Anxiety, and Resource Anxiety); statistics anxiety (consisting of Perceived Usefulness of Statistics, Fear of Statistical Language, Fear of Application of Statistics Knowledge, and Interpersonal Anxiety); composition anxiety (comprising Content Anxiety, Format and Organizational Anxiety, Mechanical Anxiety, and Fear of Negative Evaluation); and research process anxiety (consisting of Fear of Research Language, Fear of Application of Research Knowledge, and Interpersonal Anxiety).
An empirical study of the effects of socioeconomic development on fertility rates

Recent studies by Adelman and by Friedlander and Silver, which have investigated whether regression equations derived from cross-section data can be used to predict the impact of socioeconomic development on changing levels of fertility, are reviewed critically. Regression analyses based on data for 57 countries c. 1960 show that fertility (gross reproduction rate) varies cross-sectionally with region as well as with level of development (as measured by per capita income, percent labor force in primary sector, expectation of life, illiteracy rate). Using equations derived from the cross-section study and time-series data for five European countries during the period that their fertility rates fell, it is shown that predictions about past fertility changes are in error. The results suggest caution in the use of cross-section relations to predict the course of fertility in developing countries.
Larger Aspects of Natural Selection

THE brilliant researches of Harrison and Garrett, wherein they succeeded in producing heritable modifications in geometrid moths by the use of lead nitrate and manganese sulphate, suggest some reflections on the relation of these phenomena to natural selection. In 1908 I wrote (Popular Science Monthly, Dec. 1908, p. 547): “Speaking philosophically, progressive or orthogenetic evolution— the existence of which no naturalist has any ground for doubting—must have a cause external to itself. All probability favours the idea that this did not operate once for all, but has continued in action throughout the ages. It may be found, perhaps, in the susceptibility of the hereditary mechanism to environmental influences of particular kinds, the nature of which remains for the present obscure. These reactions would fall under the operation of natural selection from the very beginning; thus a too susceptible organism would quickly be thrown out of gear and would perish; a too conservative one, unless adapted to practically unchanging types of life, would equally perish. There would be a certain optimum susceptibility, which would be preserved, and would differ for different groups. More than this, certain kinds of susceptibility would be favoured, and being once developed might, like bad habits, become harmful through the accumulation of results, resulting in extinction.”
Adult BM stem cells regenerate mouse myocardium.

Correspondence to : D Orlic, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892–4442, USA Introduction Stem cells that emerge during late embryonic and fetal development and survive in adult tissues are thought to be restricted in their developmental potential. However, recent reports suggest that adult stem cells may have the ability to differentiate into cell types other than those of the tissue in which they reside (Figure 1). If the traditional paradigm of adult stem cell commitment can be dispelled, we may enter a phase in stem cell biology with tremendous promise for regenerative medicine. Adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) provide longterm reconstitution of the entire hematopoietic system. They accomplish this by self-renewal and differentiation into short-term reconstituting progenitor cells [1,2]. Human CD34 and mouse c-kit BM cells include both HSC and progenitor cells. Hence the term ‘BM stem cells’ (BMSC) as used in this review will include both shortand long-term reconstituting stem cells.
Differential effects of interleukin-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, indomethacin, hydrocortisone, and macrophage co-culture on the proliferation of human fibroblasts and peritoneal mesothelial cells.

We sought to determine whether human fibroblasts and peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMC) are under comparable proliferative controls. Human PMC and human fibroblasts were obtained from primary culture of excised explants from infertile women. The proliferation of PMC, as determined by tritiated thymidine incorporation, was compared with that of fibroblasts in the presence of human peritoneal macrophages, interleukin-1α (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), indomethacin, and hydrocortisone. Data were analyzed by one-way and multifactorial analyses of variance, with Bonferroni adjustments for multiple comparisons. Disparate proliferation was observed between fibroblasts and mesothelial celts with the additives studied. Proliferation of fibroblasts was inhibited (P <.001) when co-cultured with macrophages, IL-1, and TNF. Indomethacin and hydrocortisone overcame the inhibitory effects of macrophage co-culture. By contrast, PMC increased proliferation when cultured with macrophages (P <.001) but were unaffected by IL-1 or TNF and were not altered when indomethacin or hydrocortisone was added to the macrophage co-culture. Human PMC and fibroblasts differentially proliferate in response to putative regulatory controls. This suggests that these cells, which play critical roles in peritoneal wound repair, should be considered separately in developing medical strategies to prevent postsurgical adhesions.
Measuring the effectiveness of competition in defense procurement: A survey of the empirical literature

This article surveys the empirical literature that has attempted to measure the effects of competition in defense procurement. Its focus is on the conceptual underpinnings of the empirical models rather than on the technical aspects of the estimation procedures. While the empirical studies provide some valuable insight, the studies are flawed because they assume an implicit model of the procurement environment that is inconsistent with reasonable economic behavior on the part of defense contractors and seems to be contradicted by the evidence. In general, the predictive power of the empirical models is also limited by a program-by-program estimation approach in which only a handful of data points are available to estimate two or more parameters. These empirical models could be improved by the use of structural models that assume reasonable economic behavior and provide a theoretical basis for cross-program analyses.
Stability Constants of Calcium, Magnesium and Zinc Gallate Using A Divalent Ion-Selective Electrode

Abstract A divalent ion-selective electrode in combination with a single junction reference electrode was used to determine the stability constants of calcium, magnesium and zinc gallate. All measurements were carried out at 25[ddot]C, constant ionic strength of 0.1M and with the pH adjusted to pH8 using a Tris-HCl buffer. Direct potentiometric titration of the metal ion solution with solutions of gallic acid showed a break when the metal-ligand ratio was 2:1. Using the concentration of free metal ion determined by direct measurements, the experimental results indicated binuclear complex formation. Conditional stability constants were calculated. From the experimentally determined dissociation constants for gallic acid (pK14.4, pK28.6, pK311.2, pK412) the calculated stability constants for the metal gallate complexes gave the following log K values: Ca 11.45: Mg 10.70: Zn 11.38. The ion-selective electrode provides a Convenient and accurate method for the determination of stability constants in aqueous so...
United States Trends and Regional Variations in Lumbar Spine Surgery: 1992–2003

Study Design Repeated cross-sectional analysis using national Medicare data from the Dartmouth Atlas Project.
Acute chest syndrome is associated with single nucleotide polymorphism-defined beta globin cluster haplotype in children with sickle cell anaemia.

Summary Genetic diversity at the human β-globin locus has been implicated as a modifier of sickle cell anaemia (SCA) severity. However, haplotypes defined by restriction fragment length polymorphism sites across the β-globin locus have not been consistently associated with clinical phenotypes. To define the genetic structure at the β-globin locus more thoroughly, we performed high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mapping in 820 children who were homozygous for the sickle cell mutation (HbSS). Genotyping results revealed very high linkage disequilibrium across a large region spanning the locus control region and the HBB (β-globin gene) cluster. We identified three predominant haplotypes accounting for 96% of the βS-carrying chromosomes in this population that could be distinguished using a minimal set of common SNPs. Consistent with previous studies, fetal haemoglobin level was significantly associated with βS-haplotypes. After controlling for covariates, an association was detected between haplotype and rate of hospitalization for acute chest syndrome (ACS) (incidence rate ratio 0·51, 95% confidence interval 0·29–0·89) but not incidence rate of vaso-occlusive pain or presence of silent cerebral infarct (SCI). Our results suggest that these SNP-defined βS-haplotypes may be associated with ACS, but not pain or SCI in a study population of children with SCA.