cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SOFTii: Soft Tangible Interface for Continuous Control of Virtual Objects with Pressure-based Input

We present SOFTii, a flexible input system for topography design and continuous control via external force. Our intent is to provide a tactile metaphor for pressure-based surface input. In this study, two prototypes of SOFTii have been fabricated: (a) The first prototype has one pressure surface for topography design with everyday tangible objects, (b) the second prototype, having two force input surfaces, performs as a deformable controller for video games and continuous shape modeling using a SVM algorithm. Both prototypes of SOFTii are constructed by layering Polymethylsiloxane (PDMS), ITO coated PET film, and conductive fabric and foam. The layer configuration allows the capturing of local pressure on the SOFTii surface via distributed electrodes. Here we further discuss the implementation of the device with possible usage scenarios.
Constitutive models for ductile solids reinforced by rigid spheroidal inclusions

Abstract We study the effective constitutive response of composite materials made of rigid spheroidal inclusions dispersed in a ductile matrix phase. Given a general convex potential characterizing the plastic “in the context of J2-deformation theory” behavior of the isotropic matrix, we derive expressions for the corresponding effective potentials of the rigidly reinforced composites, under general loading conditions. The derivation of the effective potentials for the nonlinear composites is based on a variational procedure developed recently by Ponte Castaneda (1991a, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 39, 45–71). We consider two classes of composites. In the first class, the spheroidal inclusions are aligned, resulting in overall transversely isotropic symmetry for the composite. In the second class, the inclusions are randomly oriented, and thus the composite is macroscopically isotropic. The effective response of composites with aligned inclusions depends on both the orientation of the loading relative to the inclusions and on the inclusion concentration and shape. Comparing the strengthening effects of rigid oblate and prolate spheroids, we find that prolate spheroids give rise to stiffer effective response under axisymmetric “relative to the axis of transverse isotropy” loading, while oblate spheroids provide greater reinforcement for materials loaded in transverse shear. On the other hand, nearly spherical “slightly prolaterd spheroids are most effective in strengthening the composite under longitudinal shear. Thus, the optimal shape for strengthening composites with aligned inclusions depends strongly on the loading mode. Alternatively, the properties of composites with randomly oriented spheroidal inclusions, being isotropic, depend only on the concentration and shape of the inclusions. We find that both oblate and prolate inclusions lead to significant strengthening for this class of composites.
Gas chromatography of nucleotides and nucleosides of cytosine

Abstract 3,N4-Etheno-O-persilyl derivatives of nucleotides and nucleosides of cytosine have been studied as derivatives for gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Ethenylation blocks further derivatization of the base and therefore precludes chromatographic problems associated with trimethylsilylation at position N4 of cytosine. The mixed derivatives exhibit satisfactory gas chromatographic properties and produce molecular ions of greater abundance than in the case of the corresponding trimethylsilyl derivatives. Relative retention times and mass spectral data from three nucleotides and three nucleotides are presented. Reaction with chloroacetaldehyde to form etheno derivatives is selective for cytosine and adenine bases, and so the reaction is potentically useful for characterization of nucleotides or nucleosides of unknown structure.
THE PREPARATION OF COMPLETELY COAGULATED HEMOGLOBIN

As a preliminary to the study of the reversal of the coagulation of hemoglobin several methods are described for the preparation of completely denatured and coagulated hemoglobin and the evidence is given that hemoglobin is a typical coagulable protein.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON THE KETOSIS PRODUCED IN RATS BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT1

IT WAS FIRST SHOWN by Fry (i) that removal of the adrenal cortex brings about a reduction of the ketonuria which occurs in fasting rats after the injection of anterior pituitary extract. Confirmatory reports have subsequently appeared from other laboratories (2, 3, 4). Several workers, however, who have employed blood acetone measurements to detect ketosis have reported good ketonemic responses in adrenalectomised rats (2–6). Neufeld and Collip, and Mirsky found a slightly higher average ketonemia in groups of injected adrenalectomised rats than in groups of injected control animals. If one assumes that the urinary excretion of acetone bodies is reduced after adrenalectomy, two alternative causative mechanisms can be proposed. Either the blood acetone body response isdiminished, or the renal threshold is elevated. In order to decide between these two alternatives, the present work was undertaken.
An extension of the block preventive maintenance policy for stochastically failing items

Abstract A generalized block replacement policy (GBRP) and associated cost model are put forward. This policy is an extension of existing policies, and yields generally better realized costs than other policies. The GBRP provides for re-installation of used, non-failed items under stochastically optimal conditions determined from the cost model. The renewal theory based cost model described is more realistic than other cost models.
Recovery of Pink Salmon Spawning Areas after the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Abstract Up to 70% of wild pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spawn in intertidal stream areas, many of which were contaminated by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. To assess recovery of salmon habitat after the spill, we analyzed sediment samples from stream deltas throughout Prince William Sound from 1989 to 1991 and 1995. In 1989, petroleum hydrocarbon concentration at 172 stream deltas (1–8 samples each) was bimodally distributed: 85 deltas had no detectable petroleum hydrocarbons (detection limit, 2 μg/g), whereas 87 deltas had a concentration of 2–90,000 μg/g. In 1995, petroleum hydrocarbons were still detected at eight of nine oiled streams that we resampled, with mean concentration up to 242 μg/g. The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fraction was also analyzed in 1995 to determine its origin, state of weathering, and toxic potential of the residual oil. The PAH fraction consisted mostly of the more toxic compounds with high molecular weight (e.g., phenanthrene...
Beyond the Riemann Problem, Part I

Over the past four decades, the speed and capacity of computing machinery, as well as the effectiveness of CFD algorithms, have all increased by about one order of magnitude per decade. We have become accustomed to, and learned how to Uve with, this giddy progress. The parallel revolution promises (perhaps, more appropriately, threatens) to raise the speed of computers by three orders of magnitude or even more during the decade to come. In consequence, three-dimensional calculations will become feasible in the time now required for two-dimensional ones. In addition, there will be available the power needed to resolve truly unsteady flows, and very complex configurations. More detail will be available, and adaptive meshes will be used to pursue it. Flow solvers will be coupled with optimizers to attempt design problems. Do we believe that our existing codes are capable of all this?
Pyelonephritis. 13. Effect of congenital hydronephrosis on treatment of experimental pyelonephritis.

SummaryTo determine the effect of hydronephrosis on treatment of pyelonephritis, 85 Slonaker-Addis rats with congenital right unilateral partial ureteral obstruction and 120 with two normal kidneys were infected intravenously with Streptococcus jaecalis. Two weeks after infection one-half of each group was treated with 25,000 units penicillin G twice daily for 3 weeks. Measurement of renal microbial population after therapy ended indicated that the efficacy of treatment was significantly impaired not only in the hydronephrotic (right) kidney, but also in the contralateral normal (left) kidney.
Theoretical study of carbonic anhydrase‐catalyzed hydration of co2: A brief review

Quantum mechanical calculations have been used to study the reaction mechanism of human carbonic anhydrase-catalyzed hydration of CO2. This reaction is responsible for fast metabolism of CO2 in the human body. For each of the reaction steps, possible catalytic effects of active site residues are examined. The pertinent results are as follows. (1) For CO2 binding, the experimentally observed 2.5 cm−1 frequency shift of the asymmetic stretching frequency between measurements taken in the aqueous solution and in the enzyme is reproduced in our theoretical calculations. Our results suggest that CO2 binds to the zinc ion within the hydrophobic pocket. (2) No energy barrier is found for the nucleophilic attack from Zn2+−bound OH− to C of CO2 to form Zn2+−bound HCO3−. (3) For the internal proton transfer within zinc-bound HCO3−, the barrier of 35.6 kcal/mol for the direct internal proton transfer is reduced to 3.5 and 1.4 kcal/mol, respectively, when one or two water molecules are included for proton relay. (4) Displacement of Zn2+−bound HCO3− by H2O is facilitated by the presence of the negatively charged Glu 106-Thr 199 chain and by the association and the subsequent ionization of a fifth water ligand. (5) For the intramolecular proton transfer between Zn2+-bound H2O and His 64, the Zn2+ ion lowers the pKa of Zn2+−bound water and repels the proton. His 64, or a similar proton receptor with a larger proton affinity than H2O, functions as proton receiver; and the active site water molecules visualized by x-ray crystallography are important for the proton relay function. In summary, it is demonstrated that in order to achieve effective catalysis, a sequence of precisely coordinated catalytic events among all participating catalytic elements in the enzyme's active site is essential.
Body composition changes in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Abstract Malnutrition characterized by weight loss and often extreme wasting generally develops when patients progress from infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to AIDS. There is evidence that before the development of AIDS, HIV-infected patients without weight loss show early signs of malnutrition, defined as an increase in the ratio of extracellular mass (ECM) to body cell mass (BCM). As part of a dietary intervention study, body composition measurements were obtained at baseline and after 6 wk in 18 patients with HIV infection and CD 4 counts between 140 and 740 cells/mm 3 . Only one patient had a prior weight loss (3.7 kg); patients gained 2 pounds after 3 wk of dietary supplementation of 500 kcal daily. Bioelectrical impedance was used to measure body compartments. The average ECM/BCM ratio (0.77 ± 0.13) was within the normal range (0.83 ± 0.16) indicating the absence of malnutrition by this criterion. Most measurements of BCM (kg) approximated normal values, while several for ECM (kg) exceeded normal. BCM (kg) correlated poorly with the ECM/BCM ratio ( r 2 = 0.08; P = 0.11) in contrast to ECM (kg), which was well correlated ( r 2 = 0.82; P = 0.00). In addition, there was a significant correlation of body mass index (BMI) with the ECM/BCM ratio ( r 2 = 0.38; P = 0.00) and with ECM ( r 2 = 0.244; P = 0.003) indicating that overweight patients may be more likely to be considered malnourished than normal weight patients using this ratio. Without use of bioelectrical impedance, these subtle changes might be missed. Once significant weight loss has occurred coupled with decreases in BCM (kg), the ECM/BCM ratio may be more reflective of malnutrition. These conjectures will require prospective evaluation, but for now it seems reasonable to include bioelectrical impedance as a potentially useful tool in the evaluation of malnutrition in this population.
Scope of the palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of organometallics with allylic electrophiles. Effect of the leaving group

Abstract Various allyl alcohol derivatives containing OAlR2, OPO(OR)2, and OSiR3 groups, in addition to allylic halides and acetates, participate in the Pd-catalyzed coupling reaction with alkenyl- and arylmetals, such as those containing Al, Zn and Zr.to give the corresponding cross-coupled products, the order of their reactivity being: halogen, OAc > OAlR2 > OPO(OR)2 > OSiR3.
Optical coherence microscopy for nondestructive 3D imaging of femtosecond laser written structures

Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is used to image femtosecond laser direct written buried structures created within transparent media. Volumetric structures of optical damage and laser-induced refractive index change were produced in fused silica and borosilicate glass, respectively. Noninvasive 3D imaging of the structures was successfully demonstrated by a custom built OCM. High signal to noise ratio was obtained since the optical glasses have high transparency at the probe wavelength centered at 800 nm.
MoO3 and WO3 based thin film conductimetric sensors for automotive applications

Un-doped semiconducting oxides suitable for automotive gas sensor applications have been studied in this work. Thin films of MoO3 and WO3 were fabricated by ion beam deposition on alumina substrates with gold interdigitated electrodes. The process pressure inside the deposition chamber was 1.6 × 10−4 Torr. The oxygen to argon ratio in the secondary plasma was maintained at 5:5 sccm. A stabilization heat treatment of 500°C for 8 h was performed for each set of films that produced nanocrystalline structures. Gas sensing tests were carried out at 450°C with nitrogen dioxide/ammonia with synthetic air background similar to those realized in diesel automotive exhausts. XRD and electron microscopy studies were performed to understand the microstructure of the thin films following the sensing tests. The MoO3 films were selective to ammonia whereas the WO3 films showed high senstitivity towards NO2 with respect to NH3. An attempt is made to correlate the structural characteristics to the sensing behavior of the materials.
Refined and simplified methods of lateral load distribution for bridges with unequally spaced girders: I. Theory

Abstract A rational and refined analysis method is proposed for predicting the lateral distribution of vehicular live loads on unequally spaced I-shaped bridge girders. In part I of the paper, pertinent theory, modeling of bridge systems, verification of bridge models, and methods for determining live-load distribution factors are described. In part II, parametric studies involving a number of real bridges are discussed in detail.
Role of folate deficiency on erythropoietin resistance in pediatric and adolescent patients on chronic dialysis.

Unlike iron therapy, folate use is not a standard of care in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Despite iron repletion, poor response to erythropoietin (EPO) treatment is common. Theoretical evidence for folate deficiency (FD) includes chronic blood loss, inflammation, malnutrition, and nutrient loss during dialysis. Due to poor diagnostic standards, early studies failed to establish a role for FD in EPO resistance. Given that hematological response to therapeutic intervention is the gold standard for FD, its diagnosis was therefore based on composite scoring of RBC and/or folate indices. Fifteen subjects (8–20 years) on chronic HD were enrolled in this study. No folate supplement was given in the first six months. Thereafter, 5-mg folic acid was administered orally after HD sessions over a six-month period. Folate indices before and after treatment were compared using percentage differences and paired t-tests. After folate use, the mean Hb increased by 11.4%, while MCV and RDW were reduced. Similarly, 4 of the 15 subjects each had a ≥20% rise in Hb and a ≥5% reduction in MCV, while 46.7% had a ≥2.5% reduction in RDW. Mean RBC folate increased by 24%, while FD scores reduced from 3.8±1.2 to 0.4±0.7, and the EPO requirement by 90%. In contrast to previous studies, 26.7% of study subjects met the criteria for FD. Furthermore, the substantial (post-folate) reduction in the EPO requirement validates the need for therapeutic intervention, and therefore the presence of functional FD in the population.
Follow the bouncing universe.

The author examines the theory of loop quantum gravity (loop gravity), which presents an alternative to the big bang theory of universal creation. The history of loop gravity is examined, from the ways in which Albert Einstein's perception of spacetime influenced the theory to its modern applications in quantum mechanics. Also discussed is how concepts such as quantum-gravitational change and thermodynamics influence the theory. INSETS: Mirror, Mirror;REPLACING THE BANG;LOOKING QUITE REPULSIVE;THE THEORY JUST WENT BANG/
Biophysical mechanism of spike threshold dependence on the rate of rise of the membrane potential by sodium channel inactivation or subthreshold axonal potassium current.

Spike threshold filters incoming inputs and thus gates activity flow through neuronal networks. Threshold is variable, and in many types of neurons there is a relationship between the threshold voltage and the rate of rise of the membrane potential (dVm/dt) leading to the spike. In primary sensory cortex this relationship enhances the sensitivity of neurons to a particular stimulus feature. While Na+ channel inactivation may contribute to this relationship, recent evidence indicates that K+ currents located in the spike initiation zone are crucial. Here we used a simple Hodgkin-Huxley biophysical model to systematically investigate the role of K+ and Na+ current parameters (activation voltages and kinetics) in regulating spike threshold as a function of dVm/dt. Threshold was determined empirically and not estimated from the shape of the Vm prior to a spike. This allowed us to investigate intrinsic currents and values of gating variables at the precise voltage threshold. We found that Na+ inactivation is sufficient to produce the relationship provided it occurs at hyperpolarized voltages combined with slow kinetics. Alternatively, hyperpolarization of the K+ current activation voltage, even in the absence of Na+ inactivation, is also sufficient to produce the relationship. This hyperpolarized shift of K+ activation allows an outward current prior to spike initiation to antagonize the Na+ inward current such that it becomes self-sustaining at a more depolarized voltage. Our simulations demonstrate parameter constraints on Na+ inactivation and the biophysical mechanism by which an outward current regulates spike threshold as a function of dVm/dt.
Biochemical and molecular analyses of the Streptococcus pneumoniae acyl carrier protein synthase, an enzyme essential for fatty acid biosynthesis.

Abstract Acyl carrier protein synthase (AcpS) is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of fatty acids in all bacteria. AcpS catalyzes the transfer of 4′-phosphopantetheine from coenzyme A (CoA) to apo-ACP, thus converting apo-ACP to holo-ACP that serves as an acyl carrier for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and lipids. To further understand the physiological role of AcpS, we identified, cloned, and expressed the acpS and acpP genes ofStreptococcus pneumoniae and purified both products to homogeneity. Both acpS and acpP form operons with the genes whose functions are required for other cellular metabolism. The acpS gene complements an Escherichia coli mutant defective in the production of AcpS and appears to be essential for the growth of S. pneumoniae. Gel filtration and cross-linking analyses establish that purified AcpS exists as a homotrimer. AcpS activity was significantly stimulated by apo-ACP at concentrations over 10 μm and slightly inhibited at concentrations of 5–10 μm. Double reciprocal analysis of initial velocities of AcpS at various concentrations of CoA or apo-ACP indicated a random or compulsory ordered bi bi type of reaction mechanism. Further analysis of the inhibition kinetics of the product (3′,5′-ADP) suggested that it is competitive with respect to CoA but mixed (competitive and noncompetitive) with respect to apo-ACP. Finally, apo-ACP bound tightly to AcpS in the absence of CoA, but CoA failed to do so in the absence of apo-ACP. Together, these results suggest that AcpS may be allosterically regulated by apo-ACP and probably proceeds by an ordered reaction mechanism with the first formation of the AcpS-apo-ACP complex and the subsequent transfer of 4′-phosphopantetheine to the apo-ACP of the complex.
Enhancement of Oral Language in LEA: Improving the Narrative Form of Children with Learning Disabilities.

Details a procedure in which oral discussions can be enhanced to increase the written language abilities of students with learning disabilities
Common Materials for Emergency Respiratory Protection: Leakage Tests with a Manikin

In areas where respirators are not routinely used, emergencies (such as fires) may occur in which protection from airborne particles is necessary. The following readily available materials were tested on a manikin connected to a breathing simulator to determine the fraction of an approximately 2-µm diameter aerosol that would leak around the seal between the materials and the manikin's face: cotton/polyester shirt material, cotton handkerchief material, toweling (a wash cloth), a surgical mask (Johnson & Johnson Co., Model HRI 8137), and a NIOSH-approved disposable face mask (3M Corp., Model #8710). The leakage tests were done to supplement the measurements of penetration through the materials reported previously. Leakage fractions were determined by comparing the penetration of the same aerosol for the materials held to the face versus being fully taped to the face. At a breathing rate of 37 liters per minute, mean leakages for the materials ranged from 0.0 percent to 63 percent, depending on the materia...
Subcritical water extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography

Subcritical water has been successfully used as an environment-friendly extraction fluid for many classes of organic compounds. While only solvent trapping was used in previous subcritical water extractions, sorbent trapping has been tested for subcritical water extraction in this study. After subcritical water extraction, the sorbent trap (silica-bonded C18 column) was coupled to a HPLC system for analysis. The coupling technique of subcritical water extraction with HPLC eliminates the liquid−liquid extraction used in subcritical water extractions with solvent trapping and provides better sensitivity. Alkylbenzenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were extracted from sand and contaminated soils and then analyzed using this new coupling technique. The effects of volume, temperature, and pressure of water on organic recoveries are also discussed in this paper.
First year calculus students as in‐class consultants

We demonstrate how we use traditional text book calculus problems to involve first year calculus students as consultants. Students are asked to solve a ‘real world’ problem after interviewing ‘guest’ client—a printer. Students go through the initial steps of interviewing client, extracting information, ascertaining the problem, formulating the problem, solving the problem, and writing up two ‘solutions'—one is a step by step solution for the client and the second is a technical support document for the ‘senior consultant’. This description can serve as a model for further student involvement with fresh approaches to applications of the calculus.
Evaluation of urea ammonium polyphosphate (UAPP) I. Effectiveness of banded and seed‐placed UAPP on irrigated corn (Zea mays L.)

Abstract Field trials were established on an irrigated loamy sand using corn as a test crop. Row fertilizer was placed with the seed (seed‐placed) or in the conventional side placement position (side‐placed). The side‐placed treatments consisted of two carriers of UAPP (28–28–0 and 36–18–0), diammonium phosphate (DAP, 18–46–0) plus ammonium nitrate (AN, 33–0–0), and a control treatment. Two rates of application were used for each carrier. Seed‐placed treatments consisted of two carriers of UAPP (28–28–0 and 36–18–0), concentrated superphosphate (CSP, 0–45–0) plus AN, CSP, AN, and a control treatment. Two rates of application were used for each carrier, except AN, which was used at three rates. High rates of side‐placed UAPP delayed emergence of corn and lowered the final population. Early season N concentration in corn seedlings was not affected by rate or carrier of side‐placed N. Early season P concentration in the corn seedlings was greater for AN + DAP than UAPP treatments at all rates of P, presumabl...
A General Class of Closed Fork and Join Queues with Subexponential Service Times

For a general class of closed feed-forward fork and join queueing networks, we derive the tail asymptotics of transient cycle times and waiting times under the assumption that the service time distribution of at least one station is subexponential. We also argue that under certain conditions, the asymptotic tail distributions remain the same for stationary cycle times and waiting times.
Post-translational heterogeneity of the human vitamin D-binding protein (group-specific component)

Abstract The vitamin D-binding protein in human serum (the group-specific component) is an α 2 -globulin which is genetically polymorphic in all populations studied. Previous work ( J. Svasti and B. H. Bowman (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253 , 5188–5194 , and J. Svasti, A. Kurosky, A. Bennett, and B. H. Bowman (1979) Biochemistry 18 , 1611–1617 ) has shown that the electrophoretic variations of the proteins controlled by two allelic genes, Gc 1 and Gc 2 , are due to at least three amino acid substitutions between Gc1 and Gc2 ( Svasti et al. (1979) ) and to heterogeneity in the Gc1 phenotype arising from carbohydrate dissimilarities. Gc1 migrates electrophoretically as two protein bands, while Gc2 migrates cathodally as a single band. This study demonstrates a post-translational glycosylation difference occurring in a single area of the Gc1 sequence which accounts for the heterogeneity observed previously. The glycosylation site, a threonine residue, appears to be in a sequence which differs between Gc1 and Gc2. The O -glycosidic bond, which is typical of mucins, is rare in plasma proteins. The cyanogen bromide fragment containing the galactosamine-containing carbohydrate in Gc1 was partially sequenced through 20 residues from the amino terminus. No detectable galactosamine could be found in the homologous cyanogen bromide fragment in Gc2. A new purification procedure for the vitamin D-binding protein in human plasma has been developed. Three chromatographic steps provide purified protein.
The synthesis and uptake of haemolymph storage proteins by the fat body of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (L.)

Abstract The four storage proteins of Galleria mellonella (L.) exhibit stage-dependent alterations in distribution between haemolymph and fat body during the final larval instar. Autoradiograms of newly synthesized fat body proteins separated on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels demonstrated that this tissue both synthesizes and releases all four storage proteins until pharate pupal development. Although the capacity for protein biosynthesis by fat bodies fluctuated during this period of development, qualitative alterations in the synthesis of the storage proteins were not found. Fat body from wandering through to spinning stage larvae sequestered radiolabelled storage proteins which had been injected into the haemolymph. This provides evidence for the direct resorption of haemolymph storage proteins by fat body; however, it may only in part account for the storage protein pool accumulated by pharate pupal and pupal fat body tissues.
Use of c7E3 Fab in conjunction with primary coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarctions complicated by cardiogenic shock

Although use of thrombolytic therapy during primary angioplasty is controversial, the development of a monoclonal antibody (c7E3 Fab) to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor has been a tremendous breakthrough in the field of interventional cardiology. Use of the antibody during high-risk angioplasty or atherectomy procedures has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of death, MI, or emergent repeat revascularization. We describe four cases in which c7E3 Fab was used as an adjunct to coronary stenting in the peri-infarct period in patients with cardiogenic shock. To our knowledge, no other reports have addressed the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors with coronary stent implantation. Our experience in this small population suggests that coronary stenting for myocardial infarctions may be a feasible option in selected patients to allow maximal luminal dilation and successful reperfusion. We emphasize that our results are preliminary, and we eagerly await the results of the EPILOG study which will provide more definitive data on the safety and efficacy of c7E3 Fab and coronary stenting from the perspective of a large, randomized trial. © 1996 Willey-Liss, Inc.
A Simulation of the Development of Successive Cells Along a Cold Outflow Boundary

Abstract A three-dimensional numerical simulation is presented in which five new cells (clouds) develop in succession over a 4 h period. The cells that develop have common characteristics including a lifetime of ∼40 min. They form at 30 min intervals in a convergent region along the cold outflow boundary that is established by previous cells. The propagation of the cloud system is several meters per second faster than individual cell movement due to the discrete development of new cells on the right flank of previous ones. Analysis of the simulation indicates that the most pronounced changes near the surface are due to downdraft development. In contrast, there is only a weak signature of new updraft development near the surface in the convergence field. Each new updraft develops along the cold outflow boundary which moves slowly away from the previous cell. The air participating in the generation of a new cell appears to have originated 1–1.5 km below cloud base (2.6 km). As the cell grows and rain begins...
On the Finite Extension of a Viscoelastic Two-Ply Filament Yarn

The finite creep deformation of a two-ply filament yarn subjected to axial forces and twisting moments at both ends has been investigated. Each filament in the yarn is treated as a linearly viscoelastic slender curved rod. Analysis is based on the theory of finite deformation of slender curved rods. The extensional relaxation modulus of the filament is derived from a model of a three-element solid. Poisson's ratio is regarded as constant., Geometrical nonlinearity is introduced by reductions in the helical angle and cross section of the filament. Two problems have been considered— namely, the extension of a yarn with fixed ends, and the extension of a yarn with free ends. Effects of initial helical angle and of the superposition of a twisting moment on the axial extension of the yarn have also been included in the study.
Psychometric assessment of the Behavior and Attitudes Questionnaire for Healthy Habits: measuring parents’ views on food and physical activity

Objective To assess parents’ perspectives of their home environments to establish the validity of scores from the Behavior and Attitudes Questionnaire for Healthy Habits (BAQ-HH). Design In the present descriptive study, we surveyed a cross-sectional sample of parents of pre-school children. Questionnaire items developed in an iterative process with community-based programming addressed parents’ knowledge/awareness, attitudes/concerns and behaviours about healthy foods and physical activity habits with 6-point rating scales. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to psychometrically evaluate scores from the scales. Setting English and Spanish versions of the BAQ-HH were administered at parent–teacher conferences for pre-school children at ten Head Start centres across a five-county agency in autumn 2010. Subjects From 672 families with pre-school children, 532 parents provided responses to the BAQ-HH (79 % response rate). The majority was female (83 %), Hispanic (66 %) or white (16 %), and ages ranged from 20 to 39 years (85 %). Results Exploratory and confirmatory analyses revealed a knowledge scale (seven items), an attitude scale (four items) and three behaviour subscales (three items each). Correlations were identified between parents’ perceptions of home activities and reports of children's habits. Differences were identified by gender and ethnicity groupings. Conclusions As a first step in psychometric testing, the dimensionality of each of the three scales (Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours) was identified and scale scores were related to other indicators of child behaviours and parents’ demographic characteristics. This questionnaire offers a method to measure parents’ views to inform planning and monitoring of obesity-prevention education programmes.
IV---The Use of the Dynamometer Wattmeter for Measuring the Dielectric Power Loss and Power Factor of the Insulation of High-Tension Lead-Covered Cables

The use of the dynamometer wattmeter for measuring the dielectric power loss and power factor of cable and capacitor insulation is not new, but dates from about 1890. Dynamometer wattmeters as available today are suitable for making these measurements. Care and attention must be given to their application. The usual methods of application are: 1. Compensated dynamometer wattmeter method, with air capacitor, 2. Inductance variation method (phase-defect compensation method), with air capacitor, 3. Series resistor and wattmeter method, 4. Resonance wattmeter method. Comparative measurements of dielectric power loss and power factor of cable samples indicate that results are being obttained with the dynamometer wattmeter wherein the probable departure from the true value is within from 10 to 20 per cent. There is need for an effective means of standardizing any measuring equipment. Study of the calorimeter method for this purpose seems desirable.
Infrared microspectroscopy of cells and tissue : Infrared spectral maps of liver tissue

IR microspectral maps of healthy an diseased live tissue are reported, along with the methodology for obtaining such maps and methods for their interpretation. The result suggest that present technology permits maps to be collected that contain useful pathological information.
A Computational Study of H-Ras Nanoclusters in Membrane Domains

The Ras family of enzymes are guanine triphosphatases (GTPases) that function as molecular switches by cycling between GDP-bound off and GTP-bound on conformational states. Malfunction of Ras proteins due to somatic mutations accounts for about 30% of human tumors. The signaling function of Ras proteins is highly related to their ability to form protein-lipid nanodomains (termed nanoclusters) on the plasma membrane. However, the molecular basis for the formation and distribution of Ras nanoclusters has not been determined. We attempt to address this fundamental issue by studying H-Ras proteins in model membranes and focusing on (1) how multiple Ras proteins oligomerize on the membrane surface, (2) how nanoclustering might be affected by conformational variations, and (3) how nanoclusters might affect the host membrane.To achieve these goals, we performed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of full-length GDP- and GTP-bound H-Ras in a model membrane. We found that variation in the initial conformation of these two states of H-ras leads to nanoclusters that exhibit different dynamic behaviors. Analysis of protein-protein contacts in the clustered proteins allowed us to map the residues involved in aggregation. By zooming in on the individual residues involved in protein-protein interactions, we found that the two states of H-ras significantly differ in the accessibility and availability of the structural elements that are required for effector binding. Another important observation is that nanoclusters generate positive curvatures on both layers of the membrane. To investigate the mechanisms of these membrane deformations, we performed three dimensional pressure field analyses and determined the surface tension and elastic bending modulus of each monolayer. These results highlight the intricacies of Ras nanocluster formation, which involve both protein-membrane and protein-protein interactions, and pave the way for a better understanding of signal transduction events mediated by Ras clusters.
Inelastic scattering of 61 MeV protons from 89Y and the associated reaction mechanisms

Abstract The differential cross sections for the excitation of the first seven resolved excited states of 89 Y by 61.2 MeV protons have been measured over the angular range 17°–120°. One of these is the weakly excited state at 2.62 MeV. The inelastic scattering data are analysed using the collective model and a microscopic model including both core polarization and a central spindependent effective interaction.
Use of a variable tracer infusion method to determine glucose turnover in humans.

The single-compartment pool fraction model, when used with the hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp technique to measure rates of glucose turnover, sometimes underestimates true rates of glucose appearance (Ra) resulting in negative values for hepatic glucose output (HGO). We focused our attention on isotope discrimination and model error as possible explanations for this underestimation. We found no difference in [3-3H] glucose specific activity in samples obtained simultaneously from the femoral artery and vein (2,400 +/- 455 vs. 2,454 +/- 522 dpm/mg) in 6 men during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp study where insulin was infused at 40 mU.m-2.min-1 for 3 h; therefore, isotope discrimination did not occur. We compared the ability of a constant (0.6 microCi/min) vs. variable tracer infusion method (tracer added to the glucose infusate) to measure non-steady-state Ra during hyperinsulinemic clamp studies. Plasma specific activity fell during the constant tracer infusion studies but did not change from base line during the variable tracer infusion studies. By maintaining a constant plasma specific activity the variable tracer infusion method eliminates uncertainty about changes in glucose pool size. This overcame modeling error and more accurately measures non-steady-state Ra (P less than 0.001 by analysis of variance vs. constant infusion method). In conclusion, underestimation of Ra determined isotopically during hyperinsulinemic clamp studies is largely due to modeling error that can be overcome by use of the variable tracer infusion method. This method allows more accurate determination of Ra and HGO under non-steady-state conditions.
Elastic Dislocations in a Layered Half-Space—I. Basic Theory and Numerical Methods

Summary This paper is the first of a series that will examine the effect of earth structure on earthquake displacement, strain and tilt fields at the Earth's surface. Its purpose is to develop the numerical techniques to be applied in the papers that foliow. A general computational procedure for the evaluation of the integral expressions for the surface displacements due to an arbitrary point dislocation source in a layered medium is described. It is shown to be rapid and inexpensive to use, and its accuracy appears to be entirely adequate for practical purposes.
Linear and non-linear mechanisms in boundary layer turbulence

The different stages of bursting and evolution of the fluctuation field in a turbulent boundary layer are governed by mechanisms that may be identified as either predominantly linear, i.e. governed by linear interaction with the mean shear flow, or non-linear, i.e. with interaction between the fluctuation components also being important. Wave number-frequency spectra reveal the presence of damped wave modes that may be modelled from the Orr-Sommerfeld equation. Conditional sampled experimental data for streamwise velocity fluctuations in the wall layer obtained using the variable interval time averaging (VITA) method scale with the threshold level in a manner consistent with linearity. High-amplitude wall pressure peaks show an approximately linear relationship with the associated vertical velocity fluctuations. Non-linearity acts primarily in the near-wall region where the fluctuation velocity is relatively the highest.
iPathCase KEGG : An iPad interface for KEGG metabolic pathways

Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) is an online and integrated molecular database for several organisms. KEGG has been a highly useful site, helping domain scientists understand, research, study, and teach metabolisms by linking sequenced genomes to higher level systematic functions. KEGG databases are accessible through the web pages of the system, but the capabilities of the web interface are limited. Third party systems have been built over the KEGG data to provide extensive functionalities. However, there have been no attempts towards providing a tablet interface for KEGG data. Recognizing the rise of mobile technologies and the importance of tablets in education, this paper presents the design and implementation of iPathCaseKEGG, an iPad interface for KEGG data, which is empowered with multiple browsing and visualization capabilities. iPathCaseKEGG has been implemented and is available, free of charge, in the Apple App Store (locatable by searching for “Pathcase” in the app store). The application provides browsing and interactive visualization functionalities on the KEGG data. Users can pick pathways, visualize them, and see detail pages of reactions and molecules using the multi-touch interface of iPad. iPathCaseKEGG provides a mobile interface to access KEGG data. Interactive visualization and browsing functionalities let users to interact with the data in multiple ways. As the importance of tablets and their usage in research education continue to rise, we think iPathCaseKEGG will be a useful tool for life science instructors and researchers.
Normobaric hyperoxia protects the blood brain barrier through inhibiting Nox2 containing NADPH oxidase in ischemic stroke

Normobaric hyperoxia (NBO) has been shown to be neuro- and vaso-protective during ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Activation of NADPH oxidase critically contributes to ischemic brain damage via increase in ROS production. We herein tested the hypothesis that NBO protects the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via inhibiting gp91phox (or called Nox2) containing NADPH oxidase in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Wild-type C57/BL6 mice and gp91phoxknockout mice were given NBO (95% O2) or normoxia (21% O2) during 90-min MCAO, followed by 22.5 hrs of reperfusion. BBB damage was quantified by measuring Evans blue extravasation. The protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tight junction protein occludin and gp91phox were assessed with western blot. Gel zymography was used to assess the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9. In the wild type mice, cerebral ischemia and reperfusion led to remarkable Evans blue extravasation, significantly increased gp91phox and MMP-9 levels and decreased occludin levels in the ischemic brain tissue. In gp91phox knockout mice, the changes in Evans blue extravasation, MMP-9 and occludin were at much smaller magnitudes when compared to the wild type. Importantly, NBO treatment significantly reduced the changes in all measured parameters in wild type mice, while did not cause additional reductions in these changes when gp91phox was knocked out. These results indicate that activation of Nox2 containing NADPH oxidase is implicated in the induction of MMP-9, loss of occludin and BBB disruption in ischemic stroke, and inhibition of Nox2 may be an important mechanism underlying NBO-afforded BBB protection.
Non-destructive subharmonic imaging

Ultrasound contrast agents provide the ability to estimate microvascular density and flow rate. These small microbubbles can be readily destroyed with sufficient acoustic pressure, typically at a frequency in the low megaHertz range. Capillary flow rate may be estimated by destroying the contrast agent in a vascular bed, and estimating the rate of flow of contrast agents back into the vascular bed. In order to accurately assess the flow rate, it is important to monitor the flow without again destroying the contrast agent, and typically a lower acoustic pressure and higher transmitted frequency are required. Subharmonic imaging is investigated here as a method for nondestructive imaging, since a higher transmitted frequency can be employed. Optical observation of the contrast agent during insonation, in conjunction with a modified Rayleigh-Plesset analysis, provides insight into the mechanisms of subharmonic frequency generation. Two operating modes are considered: one in which the transmitted center frequency is equal to the resonance frequency of the bubble; and one in which the transmitted frequency is twice the resonance frequency. A transmission frequency equal to the resonance frequency of the bubble destroys ultrasound contrast agents at pressures too low to produce a subharmonic echo. A transmission frequency that is twice the resonance frequency of the bubble results in a subharmonic echo while minimizing bubble instability.
Characterization of an Autonomously Activated Plant ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in starch biosynthesis in plants and changes in its catalytic and/or allosteric properties can lead to increased starch production. Recently, a maize (Zea mays)/potato (Solanum tuberosum) small subunit mosaic, MP [Mos(1-198)], containing the first 198 amino acids of the small subunit of the maize endosperm enzyme and the last 277 amino acids from the potato tuber enzyme, was expressed with the maize endosperm large subunit and was reported to have favorable kinetic and allosteric properties. Here, we show that this mosaic, in the absence of activator, performs like a wild-type AGPase that is partially activated with 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). In the presence of 3-PGA, enzyme properties of Mos(1-198)/SH2 are quite similar to those of the wild-type maize enzyme. In the absence of 3-PGA, however, the mosaic enzyme exhibits greater activity, higher affinity for the substrates, and partial inactivation by inorganic phosphate. The Mos(1-198)/SH2 enzyme is also more stable to heat inactivation. The different properties of this protein were mapped using various mosaics containing smaller portions of the potato small subunit. Enhanced heat stability of Mos(1-198) was shown to originate from five potato-derived amino acids between 322 and 377. These amino acids were shown previously to be important in small subunit/large subunit interactions. These five potato-derived amino acids plus other potato-derived amino acids distributed throughout the carboxyl-terminal portion of the protein are required for the enhanced catalytic and allosteric properties exhibited by Mos(1-198)/SH2.