cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Landscapes, climate change & forager mobility in the Upper Paleolithic of northern Spain

Abstract Numerous studies have shown that the relative frequency of retouched pieces can help to distinguish forager mobility strategies amongst individual layers at a single site and, potentially, at multiple sites across regions (Riel-Salvatore & Barton, 2004; Riel-Salvatore et al., 2008; Barton & Riel-Salvatore, 2014). We use this proxy measure and other lines of evidence to evaluate Late Pleistocene human land-use practices from 47 Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic sites in northern coastal Spain. To monitor mobility strategies we examine the proportion of retouched pieces to total lithics, focusing on backed pieces which probably served mostly as replaceable inserts in organic armatures for hunting weapons. Kuhn (1995) argued that foragers at some distance from a residential base would have had to rely on replaceable elements for the tools and weapons they carried with them. Assemblages with low total lithic densities but a high proportion of backed pieces would most likely represent the remains of short-term camps where hunting weapons were repaired in the field, whereas those with high lithic densities and relatively few backed pieces would likely represent residential bases where hunting weapons were manufactured. The analysis also links variation in lithic assemblages to paleoclimate and topography and uses 951 radiocarbon dates to identify demographic ‘pulses’ under the assumption that – ceteris paribus – the density of dates and the density of population are at least roughly linearly correlated with one another (French & Collins, 2015). Increases and decreases in regional population density can be detected and compared to episodes of climate change measured by the GISP2 and NGRIP2 ice cores over the Pleniglacial, Tardiglacial (MIS 2) and the early Holocene. Data insufficiencies, incomparable typologies, and adequacy of reporting are also discussed.
Diversifying Design Imaginations

The act of designing technologies does not simply create functionality; it also offers possibilities for action, ways of looking at the world, and modes through which we can relate to one another. How we design technologies reflects what we value; who we think is important, and in what ways; which places, people and possibilities are in our imaginations, and which are not. Current ways of designing technologies frequently narrow these possibilities, in two ways. The first is that technology design is dominated by a narrow demographic: predominantly white and Asian, white collar, highly educated, urban. These designers' ways of imagining new technological worlds are shaped by the worlds they themselves know and value, which are only a small slice of global ways of being. The second is that even as technology design is being increasingly engaged in around the world by and for people outside this demographic, local adaptations are frequently judged and limited by what makes sense from the perspective of Silicon Valley and other urban high-tech centers. Supporting the rich diversity of human experience requires explicitly identifying and appreciating values and experiences outside of mainstream technology design logics.
Implications of Infant Vocalizations for Assessing Phonological Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the implications of infant vocalizations for assessing phonological disorders. The chapter discusses some of the methods that can be employed to study prelinguistic sound development to investigate what impact the study of infant vocalizations might have on the assessment of subsequent phonological development. To consider possible clinical implications of infant vocalizations, one must have some understanding of normal prelinguistic sound development. A variety of methods have been employed for studying normal vocalizations. Phonetic transcription has probably been used more frequently than other methods in attempting to describe sounds produced by young infants. However, spectrograms and other visual displays have also been employed to study acoustic properties of infant vocalizations. The more exposure that one has had to a variety of languages and the more extensive one's phonetic training is, the more likely it is that one's transcriptions will tend to accurately represent the sounds produced by the infant.
A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Study of Intranasal Oxytocin's Effect on Emotion Recognition and Visual Attention in Outpatients with Emotional Disorders

The current study used double-blind, placebo-controlled design to examine the effect of intranasal oxytocin (OT) on emotion recognition (ER) and visual attention in 60 outpatients presenting for assessment and treatment of emotional disorders. Our primary hypothesis was that OT would improve recognition of happy faces in depressed participants. The main effect of OT on ER accuracy, speed, and proportion of fixations in the eye region was not significant. Diagnostic group (i.e., presence/absence of a depressive disorder) moderated the effect of OT on ER, but not as expected: OT significantly slowed ER speed for all emotions in participants with anxiety disorders, but did not affect performance in participants with depressive disorders. Depressed participants fixated significantly less in the eye region of sad faces than anxious participants. Before OT can be used to target ER biases, additional research is needed to explicate the differential impact of OT on ER speed in patients with anxiety versus mood disorders.
Lesbian Stepmothers: Navigating Visibility

This study details a grounded theory research project that examined the lived experiences of 29 lesbians who partnered and cohabited with the biological, custodial mothers of children from previous heterosexual relationships. Participants' experiences within their familial relationships were explored and responses were coded. Categories emerged from the coding, and a core concept of navigating visibility and claiming place was identified. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Improving Dietary Protein Quality Reduces the Negative Effects of Physical Inactivity on Body Composition and Muscle Function

Background Brief periods of physical inactivity can compromise muscle health. Increasing dietary protein intake is potentially beneficial but complicated by difficulties reconciling anabolic potential with a realistic food volume and energy intake. We sought to determine whether increasing dietary protein quality could reduce the negative effects of physical inactivity. Methods Twenty healthy, older men and women completed 7 days of bed rest followed by 5 days of rehabilitation. Volunteers consumed a mixed macronutrient diet (MIXED: N = 10; 68 ± 2 years; 1,722 ± 29 kcal/day; 0.97 ± 0.01 g protein/kg/day) or an isoenergetic, whey-augmented, higher protein quality diet (WHEY: N = 10; 69 ± 1 years; 1,706 ± 23 kcal/day; 0.90 ± 0.01 g protein/kg/day). Outcomes included body composition, blood glucose, insulin, and a battery of physical function tests. Results During bed rest, both groups experienced a 20% reduction in knee extension peak torque (p .05). Conclusions Improving protein quality without increasing total energy intake has the potential to partially counter some of the negative effects of bed rest in older adults.
Application of Machine Learning Algorithms for Visibility Classification

Visibility is one of the most important weather impacts on transportation systems. Due to the complexity of weather variables, classification and forecasting techniques for low visibility scenarios remain a challenge and a matter of interest and concern for transportation agencies nationwide. Florida is among the top-rated states with regards to safety issues due to low visibility and has suffered from multiple pileup accidents due to this issue. This paper presents an exploratory study of using machine learning (ML) algorithms to classify visibility conditions in three classes (i.e., low, moderate, and good) based on data obtained from weather stations, specifically in Florida. Five different ML classifiers were developed and spot-checked to determine the best suited for the visibility classification task. The classifiers showed promising results. The highest average accuracy score (89.71%) was achieved by an artificial neural network (ANN). The models were developed using Python.
Reporter gene imaging and its role in imaging-based drug development

Reporter gene imaging (RGI) is described as the methodology that involves imaging of the encoding proteins that can be used as surrogate markers when fused with regulatory regions of the gene of interest. It provides a means to indirectly monitor molecular processes that are implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases. The modalities utilized in RGI include MRI, PET, SPECT, as well as optical imaging modalities, such as bioluminescence and fluorescence. RGI provides a highly specific way to qualitatively and quantitatively assess cell targeting, transfection, protein expression and other intracellular processes, which are valuable for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assessment of cellular, gene and oncolytic viral therapeutics.
Spousal alcohol consumption and female hypertension status: evidence from Nepal

Abstract Objective Psychosocial factors, such as environmental stressors, can increase the risk of hypertension. This study examines the role of the household environment in hypertension outcomes by assessing the link between female hypertension status and spousal alcohol consumption in Nepal. Study design This is a cross-sectional study. Methods We used the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey to assess differences in hypertension outcomes in women aged 15 to 49 years whose husbands drink alcohol and in those whose husbands do not. We estimated a multinomial logistic model to obtain adjusted differences in the likelihood of being hypertensive between the two groups. We also examined several socio-economic conditions across the two groups to discuss various aspects of the association. Results After controlling for anthropometric and various sociodemographic attributes, we find that women whose husbands drink alcohol were 2.5 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.31, 5.31) more likely to be hypertensive than women whose husbands do not. They were also more likely to experience food insecurity, to experience spousal violence, and to consume tobacco products. Among women whose husbands became intoxicated (‘got drunk’) very often, the likelihood of being hypertensive was 4.0 percentage points (95% CI: −0.26, 7.67) higher than among women whose husbands do not drink alcohol. Conclusion Women whose husbands consume alcohol have an elevated risk of being hypertensive, illustrating the association between hypertension and the household environment. The findings document the added hypertension burden in socially vulnerable population groups and can inform initiatives to reduce alcohol consumption in Nepal.
The Challenges and Benefits of Unschooling

In this chapter, the challenges and benefits of unschooling according to research are discussed. Challenges include feelings of social pressure regarding the decision to unschool, practical considerations for parents including time, career, and income factors, the perceived socialization issue, and legal issues associated with unschooling. Benefits included increases in children’s learning and intrinsic motivation, increased family closeness, and improved family freedom of schedule.
Surgical Supply Cost Awareness Is Associated With Lower Costs: A Single-Center Experience.

Surgeons are often unfamiliar with the costs of surgical instrumentation and supplies. We hypothesized that surgeon cost feedback would be associated with a reduction in cost. A multidisciplinary t...
Decoding Debt: Can College Students Understand Student Loan Debt Letters?

As states across the United States implement laws to force colleges and universities to send their student borrowers debt letters, this study analyzes 24 debt letters to explore: the readability of the letters, the linguistic diversity of the letters, and the content of the debt letters. Results suggest most debt letters are not readable by the average first- or second-year college student, jargon differs between sectors (ex: public, private). Debt letters share many common elements, such as aggregate loan totals and interest rates, but many do not include contact information or any multimedia, even though letters were written to be delivered digitally. Implications for research, practice, and financial aid communication are addressed.
Abstract 304: Selective Targeting of a Novel Epsin-VEGFR2 Interaction Promotes VEGF-mediated Angiogenesis

Background: VEGF-induced binding of VEGFR2 to epsins 1 and 2 triggers VEGFR2 degradation and attenuates VEGF signaling. The epsin ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM) was shown to be required for the ...
Assessing the Returns on Investment in Data Openness and Transparency

This paper investigates the potential benefits for a country from investing in data transparency. The paper shows that increased data transparency can bring substantive returns in lower costs of external borrowing. This result is obtained by estimating the impact of public data transparency on sovereign spreads conditional on the country's level of institutional quality and public and external debt. While improving data transparency alone reduces the external borrowing costs for a country, the return is much higher when combined with stronger institutional quality and lower public and external debt. Similarly, the returns on investing in data transparency are higher when a country's integration to the global economy deepens, as captured by trade and financial openness. Estimation of an instrumental variable regression shows that Sub-Saharan African countries could have saved up to 14.5 basis points in sovereign bond spreads and decreased their external debt burden by US$405.4 million (0.02 percent of gross domestic product) in 2018, if their average level of data transparency was that of a country in the top quartile of the upper-middle-income country category. At the country level, Angola could have reduced its external debt burden by around US$73.6 million.
Structural Visual Guidance Attention Networks In Retinopathy Of Prematurity

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown great performance in medical diagnostic applications. However, because their black-box nature, clinicians are reluctant to trust CNN diagnostic outcomes. Incorporating visual attention capabilities in CNNs enhances interpretability by highlighting regions in the images that CNNs utilize for prediction. Clinicians can often provide domain knowledge on relevant features: e.g., to diagnose retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), structural information such as tortuosity of vessels aid clinicians in diagnosing ROP. We propose a Structural Visual Guidance Attention Networks (SVGA-Net) method, that leverages structural domain knowledge to guide visual attention in CNNs. Experiments on a dataset of 5512 posterior retinal images, taken using a wide-angle fundus camera, show that SVGA-Net achieves 0.987 and 0.979 AUC to predict plus and normal categories, respectively. SVGA-Net consistently results in higher AUC compared to visual attention CNNs without guidance, baseline CNNs, and CNNs with structured masks.
Effects of Losses on the Credit for Foreign Income Taxes

Under US tax law, a US resident (e.g., a domestic corporation) is allowed credit against US tax for foreign income taxes, but the credit may not exceed US tax, before credit, on income from foreign sources. This credit limitation is calculated separately for foreign income taxes on passive income, on the one hand, and other (general limitation) income, on the other. To preserve the long-run integrity of these separate limitations, Congress has adopted three sets of rules requiring recapture of losses. The underlying idea is that if loss in one category offsets income in another category, the loss should be recaptured by recharacterizing subsequent income of the loss category as income of the category offset by the loss. Each of the three loss rules is complex, but interactions of the three rules are stunningly complex. The Treasury, in December of 2007, issued regulations on the loss rules, devoting special attention to interactions among them. This paper explains and illustrates the new regulations.
Adversarial Planning in Networks

In this chapter, we discuss adversarial planning in networks and propose methods for detecting it. We show that the traces attackers leave follow a logical order that can be used to recognize attackers’ goals. The chapter studies three methods used by attackers to obfuscate their traces in order to make them difficult for analysis: dummy actions, decoy goals, and buffers. The chapter also presents a model for detecting cells in malicious networks. In order to detect cells, we search for coordination links between attackers and perform link analysis. The link analysis produces a coordination graph that includes all members of a cell. In addition, the chapter proposes a formal metric on coordination graphs that help identify the roles attackers play, and differentiate central from peripheral attackers.
A local limit theorem for attraction to the standard normal law: The case of infinite variance

Let ≏Xn≃ be a sequence of independent random variables each having a common dfF. Suppose thatF belongs to the domain of attraction of the standard normal law. Here we show that if the cf ofX1 is absolutely integrable in ther-th power for some integerr≧1, then for all largen, the df of the normalized sumZn ofX1,X2, ...,Xn is absolutely continuous with a pdffn such that asn→∞, $$\mathop {\sup }\limits_{ - \infty< x< \infty } (1 + |x|)^\beta |f_n (x) - \phi (x)| = o(1)$$ for every β<2 or β≦2 according asEX12=∞ orEX12<∞, π being the standard normal pdf.
Simultaneous Adoption of Herbicide-Resistant and Conservation-Tillage Cotton Technologies

If adoption of herbicide-resistant seed and adoption of conservation-tillage practices are determined simultaneously, adoption of herbicide-resistant seed could indirectly reduce soil erosion and adoption of conservation-tillage practices could indirectly reduce residual herbicide use and increase farm profits. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between these two technologies for Tennessee cotton production. Evidence from Bayes' theorem and a two-equation logit model suggested a simultaneous relationship. Mean elasticities for acres in herbicide-resistant seed with respect to the probability of adopting conservation-tillage practices and acres in conservation-tillage practices with respect to the probability of adopting herbicide-resistant seed were 1.74 and 0.24, respectively.
Molten rocks in motion

Evidence for tectonic activity under the ocean comes from molten rocks that erupt at mid-ocean ridges. Chemical differences between volcanic rocks found at the ridge and nearby support a passive model of mantle flow whereby magma rises to the surface in response to the plates moving apart.
Effects of Zinc Deficiency and Zinc Repletion During Pregnancy on Parturition in Two Strains of Rats

The effects on parturition of a low zinc diet during pregnancy and of three levels of zinc repletion late in pregnancy were compared in two strains of rats, Sprague Dawley and Long Evans. Long Evans rats had a higher hematocrit and higher plasma protein levels than did Sprague Dawley rats. Long Evans rats also had heavier mammary glands and tended to deliver somewhat later than the Sprague Dawley rats. Weight gains during pregnancy and weights of the liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and pups did not vary between strains. No differences were detectable in the degree of stress at parturition between the unsupplemented females of the two strains. Injection of 300, 600, or 900 microgram zinc on day 18 of pregnancy increased female weight gains, pup weight, and spleen and mammary gland weights, and decreased hematocrit level. Three females in the unsupplemented groups died about the expected time of parturition; none died in the supplemented groups. Although there were some differences between the strains, the effects of a low zinc diet and the requirement for zinc for normal parturition were the same in the two strains. An injection of 900 microgram zinc on day 18 resulted in normal parturition in both strains.
Do You See What I See? How We Use Video as an Adjunct to General Surgery Resident Education

Objective Preparation of learners for surgical operations varies by institution, surgeon staff, and the trainees themselves. Often the operative environment is overwhelming for surgical trainees and the educational experience is substandard due to inadequate preparation. We sought to develop a simple, quick, and interactive tool that might assess each individual trainee's knowledge baseline before participating in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Design A 4-minute video with 5 separate muted clips from laparoscopic procedures (splenectomy, gastric band removal, cholecystectomy, adrenalectomy, and inguinal hernia repair) was created and shown to medical students (MS), general surgery residents, and staff surgeons. Participants were asked to watch the video and commentate (provide facts) on the operation, body region, instruments, anatomy, pathology, and surgical technique. Comments were scored using a 100-point grading scale (100 facts agreed upon by 8 surgical staff and trainees) with points deducted for incorrect answers. All participants were video recorded. Performance was scored by 2 separate raters. Setting An academic medical center. Participants MS = 10, interns ( n = 8), postgraduate year 2 residents (PGY)2s ( n = 11), PGY3s ( n = 10), PGY4s ( n = 9), PGY5s ( n = 7), and general surgery staff surgeons ( n = 5). Results Scores ranged from −5 to 76 total facts offered during the 4-minute video examination. MS scored the lowest (mean, range; 5, −5 to 8); interns were better (17, 4-29), followed by PGY2s (31, 21-34), PGY3s (33, 10-44), PGY4s (44, 19-47), PGY5s (48, 28-49), and staff (48, 17-76), p Conclusions Not surprisingly, more experienced surgeons were able to relay a larger number of laparoscopic facts during a 4-minute video clip of 5 MIS operations than inexperienced trainees. However, even tenured staff surgeons relayed very few facts on procedures they were unfamiliar with. The potential differentiating capabilities of such a quick and inexpensive effort has pushed us to generate better online learning tools (operative modules) and hands-on simulation resources for our learners. We aim to repeat this and other studies to see if our learners are better prepared for video assessment and ultimately, MIS operations.
Comparing deficits following excitotoxic and contusion injuries in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord of the adult rat.

The majority of human spinal cord injuries involve gray matter loss from the cervical or lumbar enlargements. However, the deficits that arise from gray matter damage are largely masked by the severe deficits due to associated white matter damage. We have developed a model to examine gray matter-specific deficits and therapeutic strategies that uses intraspinal injections of the excitotoxin kainic acid into the T9 and L2 regions of the spinal cord. The resulting deficits have been compared to those from standard contusion injuries at the same levels. Injuries were assessed histologically and functional deficits were determined using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) 21-point open field locomotor scale and transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials (tcMMEPs). Kainic acid injections into T9 resulted in substantial gray matter damage; however, BBB scores and tcMMEP response latencies were not different from those of controls. In contrast, kainic acid injections into L2 resulted in paraplegia with BBB scores similar to those following contusion injuries at either T9 or L2, without affecting tcMMEP response latencies. These observations demonstrate that gray matter loss can result in significant functional deficits, including paraplegia, in the absence of a disruption of major descending pathways.
Exhumation of the UHP Tso Morari eclogite as a diapir rising through the mantle wedge

Ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks such as the coesite-bearing eclogites, occurring as boudins within felsic gneisses of the Tso Morari dome in northwestern Himalayas, originated through subduction of the northern continental margin of India during its early Eocene collision with the Kohistan–Ladakh arc. These rocks are believed to be exhumed through a low-viscosity channel along the top surface of the subducting slab. However, details of the exhumation mechanism are poorly known. We present new constraints on the P–T evolution of hydrous and carbonate-rich samples of the Tso Morari eclogite between 2.2–2.3 GPa/400–425 °C and ~0.4 GPa/450 °C using thermobarometry and calculated P–T– $${\text{M}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{ 2} }}$$ phase equilibria. Our results indicate that the eclogites were strongly heated at high pressures from 400–425 °C at 2.2–2.3 GPa to 670–720 °C at 1.8–1.9 GPa during the early stages of exhumation. Diffusion modeling of Ca variation across the core–rim interface of garnet indicates that the heating stage lasted only <0.1 Myr, in accordance with geochronological constraints and fast exhumation rates. Our P–T path is at odds with exhumation of the eclogites along a subduction channel as model calculations indicate that the intermediate P–T conditions of 1.8–1.9 GPa/670–720 °C are not achieved along the subducting slab. Instead, the constrained P–T conditions are consistent with heating within the mantle wedge overlying the subducting slab. Therefore, we conclude that the Tso Morari eclogites were possibly exhumed as part of a low-density, felsic diapir rising through the mantle wedge. Based on low viscosity values (1.7 × 1019–5.0 × 1019 Pa s) of mantle wedges associated with modern subduction zones, the calculated exhumation rate for the Tso Morari eclogite is extremely fast (29–147 mm/yr) and at par with that constrained for other northwestern Himalayan UHP rocks.
Making the switch to microsoft's live@edu services

In 2009, the University of Montana switched student email from a campus hosted system to Microsoft's Live@Edu, which we labeled UMConnect. During Fall Semester 2009, approximately 4800 students voluntarily signed up for UMConnect accounts. On February 22, 2010, UMConnect accounts were created for the remaining 10,000 students. What happened? What could have happened? What problems didn't we anticipate? At 8:00 AM Monday, we waited for the anticipated long lines of students asking for help, complaining or just being puzzled. Only 23 students came in that day and by week's end, there were less than 200 students needing activation help, despite the fact that over 6000 students had "Activated" their UMConnect accounts that first week.Why were we so successful? We spent many months coordinating IT and University resources to make the switch. IT administration, our Web team, Microsoft Exchange administrators, Client Support Services, IT Central Help Desk, IT Communications and UM administration all worked on this enormous project..What were the biggest issues? Most were with Microsoft's activation process. Numerous "Service not available" errors caused users to retry again and again. Several times, Windows Live@Edu was updated during our implementation. This resulted in new activation procedures and problems depending upon browser and/or operating system used. How we deal with this and what lessons we learn will be part of an ongoing process we expect to resolve in the coming months.
Organization of olfactory and multimodal afferent neurons supplying the calyx and pedunculus of the cockroach mushroom bodies

The mushroom bodies of neopteran insects are considered to be higher olfactory centers because their calyces receive abundant collaterals of projection neurons from the antennal lobes. However, intracellular recordings of mushroom body efferent neurons demonstrate that they respond to multimodal stimuli, implying that the mushroom bodies receive a variety of sensory cues. The present account describes new features of the organization of afferent neurons supplying the calyces of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Afferent terminals segment the calyces into discrete zones, I, II, III, and IIIA, which receive afferents from 1) two discrete populations of sexually isomorphic olfactory glomeruli, 2) two types of male-specific olfactory glomeruli, 3) the optic lobes, and 4) multimodal interneurons that originate in protocerebral neuropils. In addition, intracellular recordings and dye fills show that at least four morphologically distinct GABAergic elements link many regions of the protocerebrum to the calyces. A new type of touch-sensitive centrifugal neuron has been identified terminating in the pedunculus. The dendrites of this afferent reside in satellite neuropil, beneath the mushroom body's medial lobe, which is supplied by collaterals from medial lobe efferent neurons and by terminals from the central complex. The role of this centrifugal cell in odorant sampling is considered. Golgi impregnation identifies other afferents in proximal regions of the calyx (zone IIIA) that also originate from satellite neuropils, suggesting major reafference from the medial lobes channeled through this region. The relevance of multimodal supply to the calyx in odorant discrimination is discussed as are comparisons between mushroom body organization in this phylogenetically basal neopteran and other taxa. J. Comp. Neurol. 409:603–625, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Projectile Discrimination Using A Neutron Source And The Electron Drift High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Telescope

The separation of large projectiles with heavy materials from decoys can be accomplished by using penetrating radiation that results in a characteristic photon emission spectra. In order for such a scheme to be successful it is necessary to develop a capable sensor of the photon emission. The UT-Dallas and UCLA groups are developing such a sensor (called the High Resolution Gamma Ray Telescope, HRGRT). This sensor uses electron drift techniques in liquid Argon and Xenon and promises to give the best angular resolution for a Compton telescope. The appropriate penetrating radiation will consist of neutrons from a pulsed isotropic source.
Process variation challenges and resolution in the negative-tone develop double patterning for 20nm and below technology node

Immersion based 20nm technology node and below becoming very challenging to chip designers, process and integration due to multiple patterning to integrate one design layer . Negative tone development (NTD) processes have been well accepted by industry experts for enabling technologies 20 nm and below. 193i double patterning is the technology solution for pitch down to 80 nm. This imposes tight control in critical dimension(CD) variation in double patterning where design patterns are decomposed in two different masks such as in litho-etch-litho etch (LELE). CD bimodality has been widely studied in LELE double patterning. A portion of CD tolerance budget is significantly consumed by variations in CD in double patterning. The objective of this work is to study the process variation challenges and resolution in the Negative Tone Develop Process for 20 nm and Below Technology Node. This paper describes the effect of dose slope on CD variation in negative tone develop LELE process. This effect becomes even more challenging with standalone NTD developer process due to q-time driven CD variation. We studied impact of different stacks with combination of binary and attenuated phase shift mask and estimated dose slope contribution individually from stack and mask type. Mask 3D simulation was carried out to understand theoretical aspect. In order to meet the minimum insulator requirement for the worst case on wafer the overlay and critical dimension uniformity (CDU) budget margins have slimmed. Besides the litho process and tool control using enhanced metrology feedback, the variation control has other dependencies too. Color balancing between the two masks in LELE is helpful in countering effects such as iso-dense bias, and pattern shifting. Dummy insertion and the improved decomposition techniques [2] using multiple lower priority constraints can help to a great extent. Innovative color aware routing techniques [3] can also help with achieving more uniform density and color balanced layouts.
Fertilization and early embryo development in reciprocal interspecific crosses of Phaseolus.

Fertilization and early embryo and endosperm development were examined in Phaseolus vulgaris x P. acutifolius, P. vulgaris x P. lunatus crosses and their reciprocals. The number and length of pollen tubes were not different between selfings and interspecific crosses. Fertilization was completed in all matings and the time of fertilization was maternally dependent which may reflect the degree of maturation of embryo sacs at pollination. A large difference between reciprocal crosses was found in the time of endosperm and embryo division in relation to the time of fertilization. When P. vulgaris was the female parent and P. acutifolius the male parent, endosperm division occurred at the same time as in P. vulgaris upon selfing, while in P. vulgaris x P. lunatus crosses the time of endosperm division was intermediate as compared with the two parents. The time lapse between fertilization and endosperm and embryo division in P. acutifolius x P. vulgaris crosses was longer than in either parent upon selfing. In P. lunatus x P. vulgaris crosses, endosperm division occurred in only 7–12% of the ovules at 72 hours after pollination. Embryo development in these ovules was limited to the four cell stage although the endosperm was at the free nuclei stage. The severe delay in embryo and endosperm divisions may be the major cause of early pod abscission in P. lunatus x P. vulgaris crosses.
The impact of sex, sex-role orientation, and construct type on vocational differentiation, integration, and conflict

Abstract Recent research has documented sex differences in vocational structure ( Brown, 1987 ; Neimeyer and Metzler, 1987 , Neimeyer and Metzler, 1987 ), but has been unsuccessful in determining the reasons underlying these differences ( Neimeyer, Metzler, & Bowman, 1988 ). This study tested the possibility that the type of construct (personally elicited or experimentally provided) and sex-role orientation of the subject (stereotyped or androgynous) might account for these sex differences. Results of a series of 2 (sex) × 2 (construct type) × 2 (sex-role orientation) ANOVAS supported and extended earlier research. In general, the findings replicated earlier results concerning men's higher level of differentiation, but lower levels of integration, vis-a-vis women. But these effects were qualified by interactions with sex-role orientation and construct type, suggesting important qualifications to earlier reports. The implications of these and other findings are discussed in relation to the growing literature on structural features of career decision schemas.
Shared antigenic determinants between rabbit antihuman brain and rabbit antihuman thymocyte sera: relationship to the lymphocytotoxic antibodies of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract Antibodies to human brain, liver, and choroid plexus were produced by immunization of rabbits with fresh autopsy material in Freund's complete adjuvant, and then were absorbed with human AB cells. Rabbit anti-human brain serum was cytotoxic for peripheral blood T cells using the two-stage microcytotoxicity assay. In the presence of complement, it prevented formation of E rosettes and reduced responsiveness to Con A, PHA-P, and allogeneic cells. In the absence of complement, it was strongly mitogenic, much like rabbit anti-human thymocyte sera. Similarly, rabbit anti-human-brain sera could be absorbed with human peripheral blood T cells, but not with B cells or liver. Rabbit anti-human-liver and choroid plexus sera did not exhibit such T-cell specificity. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were also studied in the cerebrospinal fluid of 11 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and of 31 neurologic disease controls. There was no correlation in SLE with presence of CNS disease and either titer or target cell specificity of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. In contrast, patients with multiple sclerosis or meningitis, possessing CSF lymphocytotoxic antibodies, had specificities directed only against T cells, suggesting their origin as autoimmunization with inflamed brain.
Behavioral Experience and Trait Judgnents about the Self

How do people determine whether a trait is self-descriptive? The authors recently proposed and tested a "mixed" model of the trait self-judgment process that asserts that two types of self knowledge abstract trait summaries and specific behavioral exemplars-are used to make trait judgments about the self, and that the relative importance of each is determined by the amount of behavioral experience one has with the trait being judged. The present article addresses a potential limitation in previous tests of this model. Findings offer strong support for a mixed-model interpretation of trait self-judgments.
The association of short sleep after acute coronary syndrome with recurrent cardiac events and mortality.

Although most patients survive an acute coronary syndrome [ACS myocardial infarction (MI) or unstable angina (UA)], within 5 years 22% will be re-hospitalized and more than 1 in 3 will die.1 Thus, identifying modifiable risk factors for ACS recurrence and mortality is critical. Short sleep duration (less than 7 hours per night), is associated with a range of physiologic responses (eg, inflammation, impaired glucose tolerance, reduced insulin sensitivity, and appetite regulation), health behaviors, and comorbidities (eg, poor diet, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and hypertension) that increase risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).2-6 A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies found that self-reported short sleep was associated with a 48% increased risk of incident CHD.5 Short sleep is also common among post-ACS patients.7,8 However, no study has examined whether short sleep is associated with risk in ACS patients. We hypothesized that ACS patients who report short sleep duration in the month after ACS would be at increased risk for 1-year ACS recurrence and mortality relative to those who report sleeping 7 hours or more per night.
Rate‐Limiting Steps of Gluconeogenesis in Liver Cells as Determined with the Aid of Fluoro‐Dicarboxylic Acids

Fluoromalate (an inhibitor of malate dehydrogenase and the malate carrier) or difluorooxaloacetate (an inhibitor of aspartate aminotransferase) inhibited gluconeogenesis from both pyruvate and lactate, but had no effect on glucose formation from fructose or endogenous substrates. When cells were incubated with both fluorocarboxylic acids simultaneously, an additive effect on the inhibition of glucose formation from lactate was observed, but the inhibition was not additive when pyruvate was the glucogenic precursor. Pyruvate removal was reduced 15% by difluorooxaloacetate and 44% by fluoromalate. Lactate production from pyruvate was inhibited 36% by fluoromalate but was almost unaffected by difluorooxaloacetate. The results suggest that both malate-oxaloacetate and glutamate-aspartate shuttles participate, but to different extents, in glucose formation from either pyruvate or lactate. The malateoxaloacetate shuttle predominates during gluconeogenesis from pyurvate whereas the glutamateaspartate shuttle is of greater importance when lactate is the gluconeogenic precursor. However, the inhibition by fluoromalate of glucose formation from lactate indicates that not all the reducing equivalents arising during lactate oxidation are directly available for the reductive step of gluconeogenesis. Neither of the two shuttles seems to compensate for inhibition of the alternative system. This lack of compensation implies that each shuttle is working close to or at its maximal capacity. Hence, transfer processes between mitochondria and cytoplasm must be considered as potential rate-limiting and regulatory sites for gluconeogenesis. The failure of fluoromalate to inhibit ethanol oxidation suggests that alternatives to the malate-oxaloacetate shuttle exist for the transfer to the mitochondria of reducing equivalents generated in the cytoplasmic compartment.
Modeling a dynamically varying mixed sediment bed with erosion, deposition, bioturbation, consolidation, and armoring

Erosion and deposition of bottom sediments reflect a continual, dynamic adjustment between the fluid forces applied to a sediment bed and the condition of the bed itself. Erosion of fine and mixed sediment beds depends on their composition, their vertical structure, their disturbance/recovery history, and the biota that inhabit them. This paper presents a new one-dimensional (1D), multi-layer sediment bed model for simulating erosion and deposition of fine and mixed sediments subject to consolidation, armoring, and bioturbation. The distinguishing characteristics of this model are a greatly simplified first-order relaxation treatment for consolidation, a mud erosion formulation that adapts to both Type I and II erosion behavior and is based directly on observations, a continuous deposition formulation for mud that can mimic exclusive erosion and deposition behavior, and straightforward inclusion of bioturbation effects. Very good agreement with two laboratory data sets on consolidation effects is achieved by adjusting only the first-order consolidation rate r"c. Full model simulations of three idealized cases based on upper Chesapeake Bay, USA observations are presented. In the mud only case, fluid stresses match mud critical stresses at maximum erosion. A consolidation lag results in higher suspended sediment concentrations after erosional events. Erosion occurs only during accelerating currents and deposition does not occur until just before slack water. In the mixed mud and sand case without bioturbation, distinct layers of high and low sand content form and mud suspension is strongly limited by sand armoring. In the mixed mud and sand case with bioturbation, suspended mud concentrations are greater than or equal to either of the other cases. Low surface critical stresses are mixed down into the bed, constrained by the tendency to return towards equilibrium. Sand layers and the potential for armoring of the bed develop briefly, but mix rapidly. This model offers a relatively simple and robust tool for simulating the complex interactions that can affect muddy and mixed sediment bed erodibility.
A new perspective on Twitter hashtag use: diffusion of innovation theory

Twitter is a fast growing real-time social media tool. As Twitter evolves, more and more people are partaking in sharing what is happening around the world through various Twitter applications. Hashtag use has become a unique tagging convention to help associate Twitter messages with certain events or contexts. Prefixed by a # symbol with a keyword, a Twitter hashtag serves as a bottom-up user-proposed tagging convention. It also embodies user participation in the process of hashtag innovation, especially as it pertains to information organization tasks. Diffusion of innovation (DoI) is a theory that helps to explain the adoption process of an innovation by modeling its entire life cycle according to the aspects of communications and human information interactions. Hence, diffusion theory offers valuable insights into interface design that supports Twitter hashtag use and access. It also assists in evaluating hashtag life cycles and thus offering information required for decision-making, in regard to hashtag management.
Range and endurance of turboprop, turbofan, or piston–propeller aircraft having wings with or without camber

Abstract New analytic expressions, based on the exact performance relationships without making the approximations on which the classical Breguet equation is based, are developed to predict cruising range and endurance of turboprop, turbofan, or piston–propeller aircraft at constant speed and altitude. Also, the optimal cruising speed to achieve maximum range is determined.
Allozyme genotype and time to death of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) during acute toxicant exposure: a comparison of arsenate and inorganic mercury

Abstract Genotypic frequencies at 8 enzyme loci were examined in a population of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) during acute arsenate exposure. Genotypes at 2 loci (fumarate hydratase and glucose-phosphate isomerase-2) and multiple locus heterozygosity (male fish) were significantly correlated with time to death (TTD). The results from arsenate exposures were contrasted with those reported earlier for acute inorganic mercury exposure. Earlier TTD were associated with a rare homozygous genotype for the Gpi -2 locus in both arsenate and inorganic mercury exposures; however, no other single locus effect-on TTD was common to both toxicants. The results of acute exposures of mosquitofish to mercury and arsenate suggest that most of the effects of multiple locus heterozygosity can be attributed to the summation of single locus effects.
Left ventricle motion modeling and analysis by adaptive-size physically based models

This paper presents a new physically based modeling method which employs adaptive-size meshes to model left ventricle (LV) shape and track its motion during cardiac cycle. The mesh size increases or decreases dynamically during surface reconstruction process to locate nodes near surface areas of interest and to minimize the fitting error. Further, presented with multiple 3-D data frames, the mesh size varies as the LV undergoes nonrigid motion. Simulation results illustrate the performance and accuracy of the proposed algorithm. Then, the algorithm is applied to the volumetric temporal cardiac data. The LV data was acquired by the 3-D computed tomography scanner. It was provided by Dr. Eric Hoffman at University of Pennsylvania Medical school and consists of 16 volumetric (128 by 128 by 118) images taken through the heart cycle.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Posterior chamber intraocular lens insertion during pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy

We inserted posterior chamber lenses into 21 eyes with complications of diabetic retinopathy upon completion of pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy in a single session. After the original surgery, two eyes developed retinal detachments and underwent vitrectomy revisions with scleral buckling, one eye had a fluid-gas exchange for residual vitreous cavity blood, one eye had supplemental laser treatment, and one eye had intraocular antibiotics for endophthalmitis. Six months later, postoperative vision was better in 16 of the 21 eyes (76%), the same in four eyes (19%), and worse in one eye (5%). In 16 eyes visual acuity was 20/200 or better, and in six eyes it was 20/40 or better postoperatively. Decreased vision was caused by preexisting macular disease; two eyes had corneal edema with iris neovascularization associated with residual retinal detachment. The procedure and lenses were well tolerated and provided good Pseudophakic vision.