cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alignment tolerancing of free-space MCM-to-MCM optical interconnects

In order for optical interconnects to become a mature technology they must be amenable to electronic packaging technology. Two main obstacles to including free-space optical interconnects are alignment and heat dissipation issues. This paper presents work that studies the issues of alignment tolerancing over long distance (>10 cm) board-level interconnects. In this work we will demonstrate a computer-aided analysis procedure that permits one to determine the alignment tolerances needed to achieve some system level specification, such as yield or cost. The procedure that we employ relies upon developing a detailed design of the system to be studied in a standard optical design program such as CODE V. Using information from this model, we can determine the integrated power falling on the detector by performing Gaussian propagation and/or general Fresnel propagation (if significant vignetting occurs). With this computer-aided analysis technique, a sensitivity analysis of all the misalignments under study is made on a realistic system to find each misalignment's relative effects (with other misalignments being set to zero) on the power falling on the detector. This information is used to set initial tolerances for subsequent tolerancing analysis and design runs. An alignment tolerancing analysis using Monte Carlo techniques is applied to determine if the yield/cost (yield being defined as the percentage of systems that have acceptable system performance) is acceptable. By utilizing a technique called parametric sampling, a subsequent tolerancing design run can be applied to optimize this yield/cost with very little increase in computation. In this paper, we will study a realistic design example and show that all tolerances can be achieved with current technology.
Online Content Pricing: Purchase and Rental Markets

Digitization of content is changing how consumers and firms use purchase and rental markets. Low transaction costs make accessing content easier for consumers. Digital technology enables firms to create nondurable "rental" versions of their content and to restrict content to the purchasing consumer, effectively shutting down resale markets. To empirically analyze the interaction of purchase and rental markets, I design a preference measurement tool to recover consumers' intertemporal preferences through current-period choices alone. I then use these preferences to solve for a dynamic equilibrium between consumers and the firm. In the context of the online home video market, I find that when the firm is able to commit to holding prices fixed forever, providing content through the purchase market alone is sufficient. However, when the firm is unable to commit, it should serve both purchase and rental markets. Canonical theory models would predict exclusive rentals, but the purchase option enables indirect price discrimination in practice. I also find that when consumers place a premium on accessing new content, they are less likely to intertemporally substitute, thereby increasing the firm's pricing power. Consistent with theory, commitment to future prices increases profits considerably. This finding supports the rigid pricing structure of such retailers as Apple, despite studios' push toward more pricing flexibility.
Thermal Management of a Stacked-Die Package in a Handheld Electronic Device Using Passive Solutions

Various passive thermal management schemes are discussed for a high power component in a handheld electronic device. The validated package and system thermal model based on JEDEC standards and a cell phone mock-up testing were used for the extensive analysis. Also the empirical data was collected to validate thermal improvement predicted by computational fluid dynamics analysis. By using the validated thermal model, the design cycle and time-to-market can be significantly reduced.
2-Aminobenzimidazole derivatives strongly inhibit and disperse Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.

Bacteria can grow into surface-associated communities termed biofilms that are pervasive virtually everywhere on earth.[1] This mode of growth poses a significant obstacle to the successful treatment of infectious disease, with an estimated 80% of human infections in the biofilm state.[2] Biofilms are particularly problematic to clear due to their encasement in a protective and impermeable extracellular matrix,[3] which render biofilm-associated bacteria resistant to both host immune responses and standard antibiotic agents. Indeed, treatment with ~10-1000-fold higher doses of antibiotic is often required for biofilm clearance relative to planktonic bacteria.[2] Biofilm growth by the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa has attracted particular attention, as biofilms of this pathogen are the origin of the fatal chronic lung infections in most cystic fibrosis patients.[4] P. aeruginosa biofilm infections also plague burn victims, AIDS patients, and are endemic on the medical implants and devices universal in healthcare today.[5] As such, the development of new methods to attenuate bacterial biofilm growth is of significant importance and represents a major research area.[6] Small molecules capable of inhibiting the growth of or removing (i.e., dispersing) preformed biofilms would be extremely useful to combat bacterial infection and in a range of other applications in industry, agriculture, and the environment.[7] Molecules of this class, however, remain rare.[5-8] Here, we report our discovery of a chemical approach for the inhibition and dispersion of P. aeruginosa biofilms based on 2-aminobenzimidazoles.
Degrees of Freedom of the MIMO Interference Channel With Cooperation and Cognition

In this paper, we explore the benefits, from the perspective of degrees of freedom (DOF), of user cooperation and cognitive message sharing for a two-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Gaussian interference channel with M 1, M 2 antennas at transmitters and N 1, N 2 antennas at receivers. For the case of user cooperation (including cooperation at transmitters only, at receivers only, and at transmitters as well as receivers), the sum DOF is min{M 1+M 2, N 1+N 2, max(M 1, N 2), max(M 2, N 1)} , which is the same as the sum DOF of the channel without cooperation. For the case of cognitive message sharing, the sum DOF is min{M 1+M 2, N 1+N 2, (1-1T2)((1-1R2) max(M 1, N 2) + 1R2 (M 1+N 2)) + 1T2(M 1+M 2), (1-1 T1)((1-1R1) middotmax(M 2, N 1) + 1R1 (M 2+N 1)) + 1T1(M 1+M 2)} where 1Ti = 1 (0) when transmitter i is (is not) a cognitive transmitter and 1Ri is defined in the same fashion. Our results show that while both techniques may increase the sum capacity of the MIMO interference channel, only cognitive message sharing can increase the sum DOF. We also find that it may be more beneficial for a user to have a cognitive transmitter than to have a cognitive receiver.
Retail oligopoly power, dairy compact, and Boston milk prices

This paper assesses the impacts of the Northeast Dairy Compact (NEDC) and retail oligopoly power on fluid milk prices in Boston. Empirical results reveal that price increases due to oligopoly power outweighed those caused by the NEDC by nearly seven times. In fact, markups are estimated at approximately 25% of the retail milk price, translating into approximately a little less than $0.75/gallon. We also estimated that only around two-thirds of the raw milk price changes were passed forward to consumers. This helps explain why consumer prices have come down only little after elimination of the NEDC. In fact, the new milk income-loss contract program, which basically provides partial price subsidies to farmers, has contributed to low raw milk prices that have generated substantial benefits to milk processors and retailers, modest benefits to farmers and consumers, all at the expense of taxpayers. [JEL classification: L66, L11, L13]. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 21: 477–491, 2005.
Relationship between alcohol intake and dietary pattern: findings from NHANES III.

AIM: To examine the association between macronutrient dietary patterns and alcohol consumption using the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey III. METHODS: A total of 9877 subjects (5144 males) constituted the study cohort. Dietary interviews were conducted with all examinees by a trained dietary interviewer in a mobile examination center (MEC). Subjects reported all foods and beverages consumed except plain drinking water for the previous 24-h time period. Physical examination and history of alcohol consumption were obtained. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the association of the levels of alcohol consumption and the percentage of energy derived from macronutrients. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed accounting for the study sampling weight to further explore the relationships between alcohol consumption and calories derived from each macronutrient. RESULTS: Subjects who drank were younger than non-drinker controls in both genders (P < 0.01). Alcohol intake was inversely associated with body mass index and body weight in women. Of all macronutrients, carbohydrate intake was the first to decrease with increasing alcohol consumption. In the multivariate analyses, the level of alcohol consumption was found to be an independent predictor associated with lower intake of other macronutrients. CONCLUSION: Our results show that there is an alteration in the daily dietary pattern with increasing alcohol consumption and that energy derived from alcoholic beverages substitutes that from other macronutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, and fat.
An approximate mathematical model for analysis of underwater acoustic sensor networks

This paper presents an approximate mathematical model that can provide assistance for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UW-ASN) in predicting mean propagation delay and mean response time over a geographical area. Therefore, a decision can be made based on the evaluation of all factors regarding the performance measures. In this paper, the case of a single sink is considered, which is responsible for all information requests, in a specific territory on a first come first served basis, and data is transmitted in peer-to-peer mode.
Two views of belief: belief as generalized probability and belief as evidence

Abstract Belief functions are mathematical objects defined to satisfy three axioms that look somewhat similar to the Kolmogorov axioms defining probability functions. We argue that there are (at least) two useful and quite different ways of understanding belief functions. The first is as a generalized probability function (which technically corresponds to the inner measure induced by a probability function). The second is as a way of representing evidence . Evidence, in turn, can be understood as a mapping from probability functions to probability functions. It makes sense to think of updating a belief if we think of it as a generalized probability. On the other hand, it makes sense to combine two beliefs (using, say, Dempster's rule of combination ) only if we think of the belief functions as representing evidence. Many previous papers have pointed out problems with the belief function approach; the claim of this paper is that these problems can be explained as a consequence of confounding these two views of belief functions.
Light beam switching and modulation using a built-in dielectric channel in LiNbO(3) planar waveguide.

The results of light beam switching and modulation experiments utilizing electrooptic control of the refractive index of a built-in dielectric channel in a Y-cut LiNbO3 planar waveguide are reported. The resulting device is capable of simultaneously providing a combination of desirable characteristics.
Xsb: Extending prolog with tabled logic programming

The paradigm of Tabled Logic Programming (TLP) is now supported by a number of Prolog systems, including XSB, YAP Prolog, B-Prolog, Mercury, ALS, and Ciao. The reasons for this are partly theoretical: tabling ensures termination and optimal known complexity for queries to a large class of programs. However, the overriding reasons are practical. TLP allows sophisticated programs to be written concisely and efficiently, especially when mechanisms such as tabled negation and call and answer subsumption are supported. As a result, TLP has now been used in a variety of applications from program analysis to querying over the semantic web. This paper provides a survey of TLP and its applications as implemented in the XSB Prolog, along with discussion of how XSB supports tabling with dynamically changing code, and in a multi-threaded environment.
Focus optimization of the SPIRIT III radiometer

The spatial infrared imaging telescope (SPIRIT III) radiometer is the primary instrument aboard the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX), which was launched on April 24, 1997. The Space Dynamics Laboratory at Utah State University (SDL/USU) developed and implemented a ground-based procedure to optimize the focus of the SPIRIT III radiometer. The procedure used point source data acquired during ground measurements. These measurements were obtained with a calibration source consisting of an illuminated pinhole near the focus of a cryogenically cooled collimator. Simulated point source measurements were obtained at multiple focus positions by translating the pinhole along the optical axis inside and outside the optimum focus of the collimator. The radiometer was found to be slightly out of focus, and the detector focal plane arrays were moved to positions indicated by the test results. This method employed a single cryogenic cycle to measure both the distance and direction needed to adjust each array for optimal focus. The results of the SPIRIT III on-orbit stellar point source observation demonstrate the success of the technique. The method and hardware used to achieve focus optimization are described.
Search models and applied labor economics

1. Introduction Part I. Wages, Reservation Wages and Duration: 2. Estimation of wage offer distributions and reservation wages 3. An empirical job-search model, with a test of the constant reservation-wage hypothesis 4. Individual effects in a nonlinear model: explicit treatment of heterogeneity in the empirical job-search model Part II. Continuous-time Models of Duration: 5. Earnings, unemployment, and the allocation of time over time 6. Choice or chance? A structural interpretation of individual labor market histories 7. Layoffs and duration dependence in a model of turnover Part III. Applications: 8. Structural and reduced form approaches to analyzing unemployment durations 9. Wages and the structure of unemployment rates 10. How long is a spell of unemployment? Illusions and biases in the use of CPS data Part IV. Mobility and Contracting: 11. Employment risk and labor market diversification 12. A proposition and an example in the theory of job search with hours constraints 13. Interfirm mobility and earnings 14. Methods for analyzing employment contracts and other agreements Index.
Constraining effective quantum gravity with LISA

All modern routes leading to a quantum theory of gravity – i.e., perturbative quantum gravitational one-loop exact correction to the global chiral current in the standard model, string theory, and perhaps even loop quantum gravity – require supplementing the Einstein-Hilbert action with a parity-violating Chern-Simons term. Such a term leads to amplitude-birefringent gravitational wave propagation: i.e., one (circular) polarization state amplified with propagation while the other is attenuated. The proposed Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is capable of observing gravitational wave sources at cosmological distances, suggesting the possibility that LISA observations may place a strong bound on this manifestation of quantum gravity. Here we report on a calculation of the effect that spacetime amplitude birefringence has on the signal LISA is capable of observing from inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries at large redshift. We find that the birefringence manifests itself in the observations as an anomalous precession of the binary's orbital angular momentum as it evolves toward coalescence, whose magnitude depends on the integrated history of the Chern-Simons coupling over the worldline of radiation wavefront. We estimate that LISA could place bounds on Chern-Simons modified gravity that are several orders of magnitude stronger than the present Solar System constraints, thus providing a probe of the quantum structure of spacetime.
New buyers' arrival under dynamic pricing market microstructure: the case of group-buying discounts on the Internet

The current research studies the dynamics of one instance of dynamic pricing-group-buying discounts-used by MobShop.com, whose products' selling prices drop as more buyers place their orders. We use an econometric model to analyze changes in the number of orders for Mobshop-listed products over various periods of time. We find that the number of existing orders has a significant positive effect on new orders placed during each 3-hour period, indicating the presence of a positive participation externality effect. We also find evidence for expectations of falling prices, a price drop effect. Results also reveal a significant ending effect, as more orders were placed during the last 3-hour period of the auction cycles.
Effects of Some Modeling Parameters of Finite Element Models of Binder Forming

This paper studies the effects of some modeling parameters on the accuracy of finite element simulation in sheet-metal forming. A simple stepdie, which simulates binder forming, is used. In this two-dimensional case, a flat blank is bent into an S-shape, which has an exact solution. Four modeling parameters are studied. They are: die close speed, die gap, mass damping, and width of blank. One significant finding of this study reveals that in calculations using explicit finite elements, the simulation speed should be selected with care. The dynamic effects may be prevalent if the simulation speed is too fast. Numerical errors may accumulate and renders the results erroneous if it is too slow.
ACCRETION IN THE EARLY KUIPER BELT. I. COAGULATION AND VELOCITY EVOLUTION

We describe planetesimal accretion calculations in the Kuiper Belt. Our evolution code simulates planetesimal growth in a single annulus and includes velocity evolution but not fragmentation. Test results match analytic solutions and duplicate previous simulations at 1 AU. In the Kuiper Belt, simulations without velocity evolution produce a single runaway body with a radius ri 1000 km on a timscale τr ∝ Me, where M0 is the initial mass in the annulus, e0 is the initial eccentricity of the planetesimals, and x ≈ 1–2. Runaway growth occurs in 100 Myr for M0 ≈ 10ME and e0 ≈ 10-3 in a 6 AU annulus centered at 35 AU. This mass is close to the amount of dusty material expected in a minimum-mass solar nebula extrapolated into the Kuiper Belt. Simulations with velocity evolution produce runaway growth on a wide range of timescales. Dynamical friction and viscous stirring increase particle velocities in models with large (8 km radius) initial bodies. This velocity increase delays runaway growth by a factor of 2 compared with models without velocity evolution. In contrast, collisional damping dominates over dynamical friction and viscous stirring in models with small (80–800 m) initial bodies. Collisional damping decreases the timescale to runaway growth by factors of 4–10 relative to constant-velocity calculations. Simulations with minimum-mass solar nebulae, M0 ~ 10ME, and small eccentricities, e ≈ 10-3, reach runaway growth on timescales of 20–40 Myr with 80 m initial bodies, 50–100 Myr with 800 m bodies, and 75–250 Myr for 8 km initial bodies. These growth times vary linearly with the mass of the annulus, τr ∝ M, but are less sensitive to the initial eccentricity than constant-velocity models. In both sets of models, the timescales to produce 1000+ km objects are comparable to estimated formation timescales for Neptune. Thus, Pluto-sized objects can form in the outer solar system in parallel with the condensation of the outermost large planets.
Information systems research with system dynamics

Catering to the growing community of scholars and practitioners who research information systems (IS) with system dynamics (SD), this article sketches IS research with SD as a genuinely transdisciplinary area that studies the design, implementation, management and effects of IS on people, organizations and markets. A preamble to a fascinating collection of five applied-research contributions to this System Dynamics Review (SDR) special issue, the article charts IS research and places these contributions in their proper context of IS research with SD. The article outlines criteria and themes for future high-quality IS research with SD, emphasizing the value of the SD modeling process for IS research. By integrating IS research with SD, this special issue might serve well as a prototype for future SDR special issues, which will further integrate SD with research and practice in other social sciences, and thereby help identify new, exciting opportunities for future research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximating the Bethe partition function

When belief propagation (BP) converges, it does so to a stationary point of the Bethe free energy F, and is often strikingly accurate. However, it may converge only to a local optimum or may not converge at all. An algorithm was recently introduced by Weller and Jebara for attractive binary pairwise MRFs which is guaranteed to return an e-approximation to the global minimum of F in polynomial time provided the maximum degree Δ = O(log n), where n is the number of variables. Here we extend their approach and derive a new method based on analyzing first derivatives of F, which leads to much better performance and, for attractive models, yields a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme (FPTAS) without any degree restriction. Further, our methods apply to general (non-attractive) models, though with no polynomial time guarantee in this case, demonstrating that approximating log of the Bethe partition function, log ZB = - min F, for a general model to additive e-accuracy may be reduced to a discrete MAP inference problem. This allows the merits of the global Bethe optimum to be tested.
Efficient deterministic approximate counting for low-degree polynomial threshold functions

We give a deterministic algorithm for approximately counting satisfying assignments of a degree-d polynomial threshold function (PTF). Given a degree-d input polynomial p(x) over Rn and a parameter e > 0, our algorithm approximates Pr [EQUATION] to within an additive ±e in time Od,e(1) · poly(nd). (Since it is NP-hard to determine whether the above probability is nonzero, any sort of efficient multiplicative approximation is almost certainly impossible even for randomized algorithms.) Note that the running time of our algorithm (as a function of nd, the number of coefficients of a degree-d PTF) is a fixed polynomial. The fastest previous algorithm for this problem [Kan12b], based on constructions of unconditional pseudorandom generators for degree-d PTFs, runs in time [EQUATION] for all c > 0. The key novel technical contributions of this work are • A new multivariate central limit theorem, proved using tools from Malliavin calculus and Stein's Method. This new CLT shows that any collection of Gaussian polynomials with small eigenvalues must have a joint distribution which is very close to a multidimensional Gaussian distribution. • A new decomposition of low-degree multilinear polynomials over Gaussian inputs. Roughly speaking we show that (up to some small error) any such polynomial can be decomposed into a bounded number of multilinear polynomials all of which have extremely small eigenvalues. We use these new ingredients to give a deterministic algorithm for a Gaussian-space version of the approximate counting problem, and then employ standard techniques for working with low-degree PTFs (invariance principles and regularity lemmas) to reduce the original approximate counting problem over the Boolean hypercube to the Gaussian version. As an application of our result, we give the first deterministic fixed-parameter tractable algorithm for the following moment approximation problem: given a degree-d polynomial p(x1,..., xn) over {--1, 1}n, a positive integer k and an error parameter e, output a (1±e)-multiplicatively accurate estimate to [EQUATION]. Our algorithm runs in time Od,e,k(1) · poly(nd).
Copper in parenteral nutrition.

Copper is an essential nutrient for humans. Copper is a component of numerous enzymes that affect a wide variety of metabolic processes. Copper deficiency can result in anemia, neutropenia, skeletal abnormalities, and other clinical manifestations. There is no well-established laboratory measurement of body copper status. Copper supplementation is essential in parenteral nutrition to prevent an adverse effect of deficiency. Balance studies indicate that copper requirements in total parenteral nutrition amount to 0.3 mg/day in the adult. For children and infants, the estimated requirement is 20 μg/kg body wt/day. These amounts may have to be decreased in patients with cholestasis.
Skin Bleaching and the Prestige Complexion of Sexual Attraction

This article focuses on the sexual attraction motive for skin bleaching in Jamaica. Some captive Africans on plantations in Jamaica altered their complexion. These Africans modeled the British in the colony who bleached their skin to protect the “superior,” “sexy,” and ideal white skin from the “impurities” of interracial sex and the tropical climate. The beauty and sexual attraction accorded to light skin was also evident in skin bleaching newspaper ads in the 1950s. The ads told women that acquiring light complexion through skin bleaching would make them sexually attractive to men. The persistence of colorism and its most blatant expression—skin bleaching—is also evident in contemporary Jamaica as expressed in some dancehall songs which praise skin bleachers, and the explanatory narratives of skin bleachers that bleaching makes them pretty and sexually attractive to potential spouses. Similar themes are reflected in the criticism that the browning Dancehall Queen Carlene was deemed sexually attractive and choreographically talented only because of her brown physicality. Some spouses request that their partner acquire the bleached physicality because they find it sexually attractive similar to many male clients in “massage parlors” who only request female sex workers who bleach their skin.
Towards understanding and harnessing the potential of clause learning

Effcient implementations of DPLL with the addition of clause learning are the fastest complete Boolean satisfiability solvers and can handle many significant real-world problems, such as verification, planning and design. Despite its importance, little is known of the ultimate strengths and limitations of the technique. This paper presents the first precise characterization of clause learning as a proof system (CL), and begins the task of understanding its power by relating it to the well-studied resolution proof system. In particular, we show that with a new learning scheme, CL can provide exponentially shorter proofs than many proper refinements of general resolution (RES) satisfying a natural property. These include regular and Davis-Putnam resolution, which are already known to be much stronger than ordinary DPLL. We also show that a slight variant of CL with unlimited restarts is as powerful as RES itself. Translating these analytical results to practice, however, presents a challenge because of the nondeterministic nature of clause learning algorithms. We propose a novel way of exploiting the underlying problem structure, in the form of a high level problem description such as a graph or PDDL specification, to guide clause learning algorithms toward faster solutions. We show that this leads to exponential speed-ups on grid and randomized pebbling problems, as well as substantial improvements on certain ordering formulas.
luminous electrical phenomena associated with nocturnal tornadoes in Huntsville, Ala., 3 April 1974

Eyewitness accounts and pictures are presented of the luminous electrical phenomena occurring when severe tornadoes passed through Madison County, Ala.
Dynamic Agenda Setting

Abstract A party in power can address a limited number of issues. What issues to address—the party's agenda—has dynamic implications because it affects what issues will be addressed in the future. We analyze a model in which the incumbent addresses one issue among many and the remaining issues roll over to the next period. We show that no strategic manipulation arises without checks and balances and identify strategic manipulations in the forms of waiting for the moment, seizing the moment, steering, and preemption with checks and balances depending on how power fluctuates. We also discuss efficiency implications. (JEL C78, D72, D78)
Automation of Direct Josephson Voltage Standard Comparison and an Application

A direct comparison between two Josephson voltage standard (JVS) systems has been used in the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures key comparisons or regional supplementary comparisons to ensure the uniformity of the representation of the volt based on KJ - 90 with a relative uncertainty of a few parts in 1010 at a nominal voltage of 10 V. Most direct JVS comparisons are manually operated. Hardware and protocol for an automatic direct JVS comparison have been developed to verify the performance of a JVS while retaining the same level of uncertainty attained by a manual comparison. The automatic JVS direct comparison significantly improves the efficiency of the data acquisition. A case study examining the offset related to the digital voltmeter polarity in an automatic direct JVS comparison is presented.
High gestational weight gain does not improve birth weight in a cohort of African American adolescents

Because pregnant African American women and teens are at risk of low birth weight they are frequently counseled to strive for gestational weight gains at the upper limits of the Institute of Medicines recommended ranges. The objective was to examine whether such weight gains improve birth outcomes in a cohort of disadvantaged African American adolescents of low ( 26) prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2). Data were extracted from the medical charts of 1120 African American adolescents who received prenatal care at an innercity maternity clinic between 1990 and 2000 and analyzed by using analysis of covariance and multivariate regression methods. Data were available for 815 adolescents 711 of whom delivered at term (= 37 wk). Fifty-eight percent (n=409) of all term deliveries and 74% of the high-BMI adolescents (n=126) had gains in the upper half of or above the recommended ranges. For all BMI groups the most significant differences in birth outcomes were found in comparisons of teens who gained below the recommended ranges with those who gained in the lower half of the recommendation range. Further gains were not clearly beneficial particularly for infants of high-BMI mothers. African American adolescents entering pregnancy underweight or at average weight should be counseled to gain within the recommended ranges whereas overweight adolescents need support to avoid excessive gestational weight gain. Such advice would be prudent in light of the known associations between obesity and the increased likelihood of chronic diseases. (authors)
2-(2-[3-(pyridin-3-yloxy)phenyl]-2H-tetrazol-5-yl) pyridine: a highly potent, orally active, metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGlu5) receptor antagonist.

Abstract Structure–activity relationship studies on 3-(5-pyridin-2-yl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)benzonitrile 2 led to the discovery of 2-{2-[3-(pyridin-3-yloxy)phenyl]-2H-tetrazol-5-yl}pyridine (10)—a highly potent and selective mGlu5 receptor antagonist with good brain penetration and in vivo receptor occupancy in rat and cross-species oral bioavailability.
Can the Major Public Works Policy Buffer Negative Shocks in Early Childhood? Evidence from Andhra Pradesh, India

AbstractThe study examines the role of the largest public works program in the world—the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS)—in buffering the negative effects of early childhood exposure to rainfall shocks on long-term health outcomes. Exploiting the spatial and temporal variation in NREGS coverage, the study estimates the extent to which nutritional shocks in early childhood can be offset by access to the program. The study employs a unique identification strategy by integrating detailed administrative records of drought shock and phased rollout information of NREGS with household-level panel data—the Young Lives survey—conducted over three waves (2002, 2007, and 2009–10) in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Using individual fixed effects estimation, the study finds that while the policy does not help correct for long-term past health deficiencies it is useful in buffering recent drought shocks, which vary by policy relevant subgroups.
Packing morphology of wavy nanofiber arrays

Existing theories for quantifying the morphology of nanofibers (NFs) in aligned arrays either neglect or assume a simple functional form for the curvature of the NFs, commonly known as the NF waviness. However, since such assumptions cannot adequately describe the waviness of real NFs, errors that can exceed 10% in the predicted inter-NF separation can result. Here we use a theoretical framework capable of simulating >10(5) NFs with stochastic three-dimensional morphologies to quantify NF waviness on an easily accessible measure of the morphology, the inter-NF spacing, for a range of NF volume fractions. The presented scaling of inter-NF spacing with waviness is then used to study the morphology evolution of aligned carbon nanotube (A-CNT) arrays during packing, showing that the effective two-dimensional coordination number of the A-CNTs increases much faster than previously reported during close packing, and that hexagonal close packing can successfully describe the packing morphology of the A-CNTs at volume fractions greater than 40 vol%.
Cortical thickness in fusiform face area predicts face and object recognition performance

The fusiform face area FFA is defined by its selectivity for faces. Several studies have shown that the response of FFA to nonface objects can predict behavioral performance for these objects. However, one possible account is that experts pay more attention to objects in their domain of expertise, driving signals up. Here, we show an effect of expertise with nonface objects in FFA that cannot be explained by differential attention to objects of expertise. We explore the relationship between cortical thickness of FFA and face and object recognition using the Cambridge Face Memory Test and Vanderbilt Expertise Test, respectively. We measured cortical thickness in functionally defined regions in a group of men who evidenced functional expertise effects for cars in FFA. Performance with faces and objects together accounted for approximately 40% of the variance in cortical thickness of several FFA patches. Whereas participants with a thicker FFA cortex performed better with vehicles, those with a thinner FFA cortex performed better with faces and living objects. The results point to a domain-general role of FFA in object perception and reveal an interesting double dissociation that does not contrast faces and objects but rather living and nonliving objects.
Exercise Capacity and Response to Training Quantitative Trait Loci in a NZW X 129S1 Intercross and Combined Cross Analysis of Inbred Mouse Strains

Genetic factors determining exercise capacity and the magnitude of the response to exercise training are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with exercise training in mice. Based on marked differences in training responses in inbred NZW (-0.65 ± 1.73 min) and 129S1 (6.18 ± 3.81 min) mice, a reciprocal intercross breeding scheme was used to generate 285 F2 mice. All F2 mice completed an exercise performance test before and after a 4-week treadmill running program, resulting in an increase in exercise capacity of 1.54 ± 3.69 min (range = -10 to +12 min). Genome-wide linkage scans were performed for pre-training, post-training, and change in run time. For pre-training exercise time, suggestive QTL were identified on Chromosomes 5 (57.4 cM, 2.5 LOD) and 6 (47.8 cM, 2.9 LOD). A significant QTL for post-training exercise capacity was identified on Chromosome 5 (43.4 cM, 4.1 LOD) and a suggestive QTL on Chromosomes 1 (55.7 cM, 2.3 LOD) and 8 (66.1 cM, 2.2 LOD). A suggestive QTL for the change in run time was identified on Chromosome 6 (37.8 cM, 2.7 LOD). To identify shared QTL, this data set was combined with data from a previous F2 cross between B6 and FVB strains. In the combined cross analysis, significant novel QTL for pre-training exercise time and change in exercise time were identified on Chromosome 12 (54.0 cM, 3.6 LOD) and Chromosome 6 (28.0 cM, 3.7 LOD), respectively. Collectively, these data suggest that combined cross analysis can be used to identify novel QTL and narrow the confidence interval of QTL for exercise capacity and responses to training. Furthermore, these data support the use of larger and more diverse mapping populations to identify the genetic basis for exercise capacity and responses to training.
A hybridized formulation for the weak Galerkin mixed finite element method

Abstract This paper presents a hybridized formulation for the weak Galerkin mixed finite element method (WG-MFEM) which was introduced and analyzed in Wang and Ye (2014) for second order elliptic equations. The WG-MFEM method was designed by using discontinuous piecewise polynomials on finite element partitions consisting of polygonal or polyhedral elements of arbitrary shape. The key to WG-MFEM is the use of a discrete weak divergence operator which is defined and computed by solving inexpensive problems locally on each element. The hybridized formulation of this paper leads to a significantly reduced system of linear equations involving only the unknowns arising from the Lagrange multiplier in hybridization. Optimal-order error estimates are derived for the hybridized WG-MFEM approximations. Some numerical results are reported to confirm the theory and a superconvergence for the Lagrange multiplier.
Socially responsible products: what motivates consumers to pay a premium?

ABSTRACTThe motivation to pay a premium for socially responsible products is partly an expression of consumer concern for the well-being of those involved in the production process. Buying a product with a socially responsible label, and donating to a charity are similarly motivated actions. While there is an extensive literature on the economics of charitable giving that examines motivations to donate as well as on the impacts of labelling on consumer demand, there is little overlap between the two literatures. We bridge these two literatures by investigating whether consumers have heterogeneous motivations for paying a premium. Through a laboratory experiment that auctions coffee with hypothetical socially responsible labels that put different weights on in-kind versus cash transfers, we find that those consumers who prefer an in-kind transfer (paternalistic altruists) are willing to pay a 52.5% price premium over standard coffee. Those who prefer that most of the premium is paid as cash (strong altruis...
Stable alliance formation in distributional conflict

Abstract This paper develops a positive analysis of alliance formation, building on a simple economic model that features a “winner-take-all” contest for control of some resource. When an alliance forms, members pool their efforts in that contest and, if successful, apply the resource to a joint production process. Due to the familiar free-rider problem, the formation of alliances tends to reduce the severity of the conflict over the contestable resource. Despite the conflict that arises among the winning alliance's members over the distribution of their joint product, under reasonable conditions, this effect alone is sufficient to support stable alliance formation in a noncooperative equilibrium.
Before and after the global financial crisis : evaluating the Caribbean's synchronization with global engines of growth

In spite of the United States' recovery, most Caribbean nations are still struggling in the aftermath of the 2007–08 global financial crisis. This paper examines this slow growth recovery through the analysis of how the Caribbean's growth relates to that of key drivers of the global economy. The paper explores whether the region's links with some important global partners could be behind the sluggish post-crisis recovery. The paper analyzes the economic growth of Caribbean countries as a function of the growth in key global partners and of country-specific characteristics. The findings attribute an important role to the European Union and the United States in the outcomes for the region, especially in services-oriented economies. The findings show that when these nations grow, or when they are in an expansionary cycle, the Caribbean's growth responds positively but less than proportionally. Consequently, the slow recovery in the Caribbean region is attributed to the persistent sluggishness in the European Union and the fact that the U.S. recovery is still nascent and not quite robust.
On the analytic and Cauchy capacities

We give new sufficient conditions for a compact set E ⊆ C to satisfy γ(E) = γc(E), where γ is the analytic capacity and γc is the Cauchy capacity. As a consequence, we provide examples of compact plane sets such that the above equality holds but the Ahlfors function is not the Cauchy transform of any complex Borel measure supported on the set.
Nanopublication beyond the Sciences

The information expressed in humanistic datasets is inextricably tied to a wider discursive environment that is irreducible to complete formal representation. Humanities scholars must wrestle with this fact when they attempt to publish or consume structured data. The practice of “nanopublication”, which originated in the e-science domain, offers a way to maintain the connection between formal representations of humanistic data and its discursive basis. In this paper we describe nanopublication, its potential applicability to the humanities, and our experience curating humanities nanopublications in the PeriodO period gazetteer.
The Welfare Cost of Inflation and the Regulations of Money Substitutes

This paper studies the possibility of using financial regulation that prohibits the use of money substitutes as a tool for mitigating the adverse effects of deviations from the Friedman rule. When inflation is not too high regulation aimed at eliminating money substitutes improves welfare by economizing on transaction costs. The gains from regulation depend on the distribution of income and the level of direct taxation. The area under the demand for money curve is equal to the welfare cost of inflation only when there are no direct taxes and no proportional intermediation cost: otherwise, the area under the demand curve overstates the welfare cost of inflation when money substitutes are not important and understates the welfare cost when money substitutes are important.
Modeling Criteria and Air Toxic Pollutants in Light-Duty Biodiesel Exhaust

Biodiesel fuel use is more widespread, but studies of the fuel’s effects on air toxic emissions, especially from light-duty diesel engines, are largely insufficient for understanding the air quality effects of biodiesel use. This study applied steady-state and transient cycle data on air toxics and criteria pollutant exhaust emissions from a light-duty diesel engine running on biodiesel fuel blends to develop models for pollutant emission rates. Using second-by-second Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data on formaldehyde, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen monoxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions from waste vegetable oil and soybean biodiesel blends, statistical analyses examined how engine operating conditions, biodiesel fuel content, and biodiesel feedstock affected steady-state emissions. Each factor had a significant effect on emissions of all five species. Transient cycle emissions data were used to develop multiple linear regression models for each pollutant on th...
REMOVING WELL FIXED CEMENTED COMPONENTS: HOME IN TIME FOR DINNER

Over a four year period of time, 142 consecutive hip revisions were performed with the use of an extended proximal femoral osteotomy. Twenty patients had insufficient follow-up or were followed elsewhere and were excluded from the review. The remaining 122 revisions included 83 women and 39 men. Average age at time of revision was 63.8 (26–84) years. Indications for revision were aseptic loosening (114), component failure (4), recurrent dislocation (2), femoral fracture (1) and second stage re-implantation for infection (1). The extended proximal femoral osteotomy gave easy access to the distal bone-cement or bone prosthesis interface in all cases. It allowed neutral reaming of the femoral canal and implantation of the revision component in proper alignment. Varus remodeling of the proximal femur secondary to loosening was handled with relative ease implementing the osteotomy. Average time from the beginning of the osteotomy procedure to the complete removal of prosthesis and cement was 35 minutes. There were no non-unions of the osteotomised fragments at an average post-operative follow-up of 2.6 years with no cases of proximal migration of the greater trochanteric fragment greater than 2 mm, there was evidence of radiographic union of the osteotomy site in all cases by 3 months. Stem fixation with bone ingrowth was noted in 112 (92%) of 122 hips, stable fibrous fixation was seen in 9 (7%) and 1 stem was unstable and was subsequently revised. However, there was an incidence of 7% perforation rate of the femoral canal distal to the osteotomy site during cement removal. This was most prevalent where there was greater than 2 cm of cement plug present which was well bonded. When OSCAR was used instead of hand tools or power reamers, there were no perforations in 51 cases. There has been no failure of fixation with fully porous coated stems inserted in the canals where OSCAR had removed cement. Also, the use of OSCAR has allowed us to shorten the osteotomy, thus allowing a longer, intact isthmus to remain so that shorter stems can be used. We highly recommend the use of OSCAR in conjunction with the extended osteotomy for removal of well-fixed distal cement beyond the extended osteotomy site.