cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methiozolin sorption and mobility in sand-based root zones.

BACKGROUND Methiozolin is a herbicide currently used for annual bluegrass control in golf course putting greens. Previous research indicates that maximum weed control efficacy requires root exposure; however, soil sorption and mobility of methiozolin have not been established. Research was conducted to investigate soil sorption and subsequent desorption by dilution of methiozolin, as well as soil mobility using batch equilibrium experiments and thin-layer chromatography in nine root zones. Evaluations focused on sand-based systems typical of many golf course putting greens. RESULTS Sorption coefficients (Kd values) ranged from 0.4 to 29.4 mL g−1 and averaged 13.8 mL g−1. Sorption was most influenced by organic matter content; conversely, soil pH had a negligible effect. Methiozolin desorption did not occur with a 0.01 M CaCl2 dilution. Methiozolin mobility was low; retardation factors (Rf values) were <0.05 for all media with ≥0.3% organic matter. Sand (0.1% organic matter) resulted in an Rf value of 0.46. CONCLUSION Approximately 24% of applied methiozolin is available for root uptake, and mobility is limited, suggesting resistance to loss through leaching displacement. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Vegetation associations in a rare community type – coastal tallgrass prairie

The coastal prairie ecoregion is located along the northwestern coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico in North America. Because of agricultural and urban development, less than 1% of the original 3.4 million ha of this ecosystem type remains in native condition, making it one of the most endangered ecosystems in North America. The objective of this study was to characterize the vegetation and environmental relationships in a relatively pristine example of lowland coastal prairie in order to provide information for use in conservation and restoration. The study area was a small, isolated prairie located near the southern boundary of the coastal prairie region. Samples were taken along three parallel transects that spanned the prairie. Parameters measured included species composition, elevation, soil characteristics, indications of recent disturbance, above-ground biomass, and light penetration through the plant canopy. Fifty-four species were found in the 107 0.25-m2 plots and a total of 96 species were found at the site. Only two non-native species occurred in sample plots, both of which were uncommon. Cluster analysis was used to identify six vegetation groups, which were primarily dominated by members of the Poaceae or Asteraceae. A conspicuous, natural edaphic feature of the prairie was the presence of `mima' mounds, which are raised areas approximately 0.5 to 1 m high and 5 to 10 m across. Indicator species analysis revealed a significant number of species that were largely restricted to mounds and these were predominately upland and colonizing species. Ordination was performed using nonmetric, multidimensional scaling. The dominant environmental influence on species composition was found to be elevation and a host of correlated factors including those associated with soil organic content. A secondary group of factors, consisting primarily of soil cations, was found to explain additional variance among plots. Overall, this prairie was found to contain plant associations that are now rare in the surrounding landscape. Within the prairie, plant groups were largely separated by a suite of environmental conditions associated with topography. These results suggest that conservation and restoration efforts will need to carefully consider local topographic influences in order to be successful.
Strong science challenges conventional wisdom: new perspectives on ovarian biology

(The Abstract is provided for the PubMed purposes only, and should not be associated with the MS file.)
A new robust method for 2-D sinusoidal frequency estimation

Summary form only given, as follows. A new one-dimensional (1-D) frequency estimation method for two-dimensional (2-D) sinusoidal signals is proposed. The received observations are assumed to be a sum of 2-D sinusoidal signals and additive white noise process. The distribution of the noise process is not necessarily Gaussian. Among the family of robust estimates, the M-estimate which is obtained by the minimization of a nonquadratic function of normalized residuals, is considered. It is shown that the new frequency estimates perform as well as a 2-D autoregressive (AR) model based method. Further, in the new estimation method the variance of resulting estimate is guaranteed to be O(N/sup -2/). Numerical simulation studies confirming the performance of the new estimation method are presented. >
Human-Computer Monitoring:

Attentional factors can influence user interaction with automated and semiautomated monitoring systems. Three aspects of human-computer monitoring are considered in this paper: (1) vigilance effect...
The effect of angiotensin II and indomethacin on immunoreactive prostaglandin “A” levels in man

Abstract The effect of angiotensin II on peripheral levels of immunoreactive prostaglandin A 2 (IR-PGA) was determined in 17 normal male volunteers. IR-PGA rose from 338 ± 65 (SE) pg/ml to 635 ± 142 in response to pressor infusions of angiotensin II ( p
Meteorological analyses of the March 1888 “Blizzard of '88”

Meteorological analyses of the legendary March 11–14, 1888, “Blizzard of '88” are reconstructed from original surface weather observations. The analyses depict the meteorological evolution of the blizzard, which devastated much of the northeastern United States with 25–125-cm snowfall accumulations over a 1–3-day period, high winds, and bitter cold. As shown by the surface weather charts, the storm was associated with a slow-moving cyclone that moved northeastward from the Carolinas to near New England and then performed a loop near southern New England before moving east over the Atlantic Ocean. The interaction of the cyclone with a stationary front that extended from the storm center northward through central New England, separating cool, moist maritime air over eastern New England from very cold Canadian air over western New England and the Middle Atlantic states, may have been crucial for the development of heavy snowfall. Since weather forecasters in 1888 were taken by surprise by the development of the storm, speculations are offered whether the advancements in weather prediction techniques and the generation of computer technology that have taken place over the century following the storm could be successful in forecasting a similar event today.
Performance of a large liquid argon shower detector used at Fermilab

Abstract Details of the construction and operation of a lead, liquid argon electromagnetic calorimeter used in Fermilab experiment E515 are presented. The system had an active projected area of 1.2×2.4 m 2 . Its performance in low intensity electron beams and in exposure to intense, high multiplicity 200 GeV/ c π − Be interactions are described.
Cognitive Complexity and Paranormal Beliefs

110 college students were given the Paranormal Belief Scale and a 10 (people) × 15 (constructs) form of Kelly's (1955) Role Construct Repertory Grid from which a measure of cognitive complexity (differentiation of the person's personal construct system) was derived. Contrary to hypothesis, no relationship was found between cognitive complexity scores and endorsement of paranormal beliefs.
Neurohypophyseal hormones in amphibia: A comparison of their actions and storage

Vasotocin was 40 to 50 times more active (on a mole basis) than oxytocin in promoting water retention in Bufo marinus. The latter peptide was five times as active as 8-Ile-oxytocin (mesotocin). Vasotocin was 200 times as active as either oxytocin or 8-Ile-oxytocin in increasing water transfer (hydro-osmotic response) across the toad bladder in vitro and 100 times as active as the other two peptides in stimulating sodium transport (natriferic response) across this tissue. Storage of active peptides in the neurohypophyses of terrestrial Amphibia was about 10−9–10−8M/kg body weight but in two aquatic amphibians it was 10 times less than this. The isolated skin of aquatic amphibians had a lower osmotic permeability than that of more terrestrial species. Vasotocin failed to increase water transfer across the skin of the three urodeles or the aquatic toad Xenopus. Sodium transport was stimulated by vasotocin in Xenopus as well as Bufo and Rana but not in the urodeles. The results are discussed in relation to the evolutionary adaption of Amphibia to terrestrial life.
K-band differential and quadrature digitally-controlled oscillator designs in SiGe BiCMOS technology

This paper presents the design of differential and phase-tunable quadrature K-band digitally-controlled oscillators (DCOs) utilizing a tunable-dielectric resonator structure, and preliminary measured results for the differential DCO. The prototype differential oscillator exhibits ∼1 GHz of tuning range with eight digitally controlled states. The quadrature oscillator design has 256-state (8-bit) frequency control and a simulated phase tuning authority of > 30 degrees to correct for wide process and operating temperature variability.
Distributed automated incident detection with VGRID

In this article, we study an ad hoc distributed automated incident detection algorithm for highway traffic using vehicles that are equipped with wireless communications, processing, and storage capabilities (referred to as VGrid vehicles). Each VGrid vehicle periodically broadcasts beacon messages with its speed, location, and lane information. Using these beacons, each VGrid vehicle builds and maintains information about different sections of the road. Using such information, each VGrid vehicle independently performs an anomaly detection algorithm based on the traffic density, speed, and the number of lane changes to identify incidents. The robustness of the detection is improved by a voting scheme in which a consensus, among participating VGrid vehicles, is achieved when a fixed number of votes are accumulated. We use a simulation tool called VGSim to study the performance of our detection algorithm in a highway scenario. The results show that our distributed incident detection algorithm has low false positive rate, zero false negative rate, and can still achieve incident detection with as little as 10 percent penetration of VGrid vehicles.
Fractures of the distal radius: postmanagement radiographic characterization.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe the management options available for the treatment of the distal radius fracture as well as potential associated complications. CONCLUSION. There are a wide variety of currently accepted and used treatment options for fractures of the distal radius, ranging from closed reduction with casting to various forms of invasive surgical management. The radiologist must be familiar with these various forms of management to recognize complications when present on follow-up radiographs.
Abstract 3865: HAS2 promotes tumor progression by stimulating interaction of cancer stem-like cells with tumor associated macrophage and stromal cells through a paracrine loop of growth factors in the bone.

The molecular mechanism of metastatic progression, particularly the roles of microenvironment of the metastasized organs, is as yet poorly understood. In this study, we have isolated cancer stem cell-like cells (CSC) from human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB231, MDA231BoM and MDA231BrM. CSC were isolated from each line using surface markers (CD24-, CD44+, ESA+) and their tumor initiating abilities were tested in animal. We then performed an analysis of global expression profile for these CSCs using the Affymetrix expression array and found that among all up-regulated genes, two genes (HAS2 and MMP1) were significantly correlated with overall- and metastasis-free survival when they were cross-examined in GEO database. To further examine the role of HAS2 in tumor metastasis in vivo, we prepared CSC from MDA231BoM with or without carrying a shRNA expression vector for HAS2. The CSC were then implanted into nude mice by intra-cardiac injection followed by oral administration of 4MU, a specific inhibitor of HAS genes. We found that the injection of CSC of MDA231BoM which expresses shRNA to HAS2 significantly improved the survival rate of animals. In addition, administration of 4MU significantly suppressed tumor metastasis of CSC, suggesting that inhibition of HAS2 can indeed reduce the incidence of metastasis in vivo. We also examined the effect of tumor associated macrophage (TAM) on growth of CSC in animals by injecting CSC of MDA231-BoM with or without TAM into the tibial bone. We found that co-injection of TAM with CSC significantly augmented the growth of tumor in their legs. Moreover, the interaction between cancer cell and TAMs enhanced secretion of PDGF-BB from TAMs which then activated stromal cells and in turn enhanced self-renewal of CSCs by secretion of FGF9 and FGF7. We also found that treatment of bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) with PDGF followed by co-culture of CSC significantly promoted proliferation of CSC. Collectively, our results suggest that TAM and BMSC promote self-renewal of CSC in bone microenvironment via direct interaction between hyaluronan and CD44. Our results also provide strong rationale to target HAS2 by using 4MU in order to block the metastatic progression of CSC in breast cancer. Citation Format: Sambad Sharma, Hiroshi Okuda, Fei Xing, Aya Kobayashi, Misako Watabe, Puspa R. Pandey, Sudha K. Pai, Wen Liu, Koji Fukuda, Megumi Iiizumi, Kounosuke Watabe. HAS2 promotes tumor progression by stimulating interaction of cancer stem-like cells with tumor associated macrophage and stromal cells through a paracrine loop of growth factors in the bone. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3865. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3865
Total skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: an evolution of technique and assessment of outcomes.

Total skin-sparing mastectomy (TSSM) with preservation of the breast and nipple-areolar complex (NAC) skin was developed to improve aesthetic outcomes for mastectomy. Over time, indications for TSSM broadened and our technique has evolved with a series of systematic improvements. We reviewed all cases of TSSM with immediate breast reconstruction performed from 2005 to 2012. Patient comorbidities, treatment characteristics, postoperative complications, and outcomes were obtained prospectively and through medical chart review. Locoregional recurrences, distant recurrences, and patient survival were analyzed with Kaplan–Meier methods. During this 8-year period, 633 patients (981 cases) underwent TSSM with median follow-up time of 29 (interquartile range 14–54) months. Immediate breast reconstruction was performed with tissue expander placement (89 %), pedicle TRAM (5 %), free flap (5 %), permanent implant (0.3 %), or latissimus flap (0.2 %). The incidences of postoperative complications decreased significantly over time. In 2012, these were down to 3.5 % for superficial nipple necrosis, 1.0 % for complete nipple necrosis, 3.0 % for minor skin flap necrosis, 4.4 % for major skin flap necrosis, 13.3 % for infections requiring oral antibiotics, 9.9 % for infections requiring intravenous antibiotics, 3.4 % for infections requiring operative intervention, and 8.5 % for expander/implant. Overall 5-year cumulative incidences of recurrence were 3.0 % (locoregional) and 4.2 % (distant), and there were no recurrences in the NAC skin. Systematic changes in our technique of TSSM and immediate breast reconstruction have decreased postoperative complications over time. Oncologic outcomes of locoregional and distal recurrences remain similar to skin-sparing mastectomy techniques.
Optimum fin shape

Abstract Using the steady-state nonlinear differential equation which controls the temperature distribution in a fin of variable cross-section that is exchanging heat with the surroundings by convection and radiation, and an assumed form of the temperature distribution, an expression for the half fin height is developed, and the volume of the resulting fin is found. The total volume of the fin is optimized with respect to the temperature distribution parameter, and the half fin height thus found yields a minimum volume fin. The general solution yields the Schmidt solution for a simple convection fin, and the Wilkens solution for a simple radiation fin. An example problem is solved to find the half fin height for a minimum volume fin that is exchanging heat with the surroundings by convection and radiation.
Mississippi prodelta crusts: A clay fabric and geotechnical analysis

Abstract "Crust”; zones, as defined by shear strength profiles, have been delineated in Mississippi prodelta sediments since the advent of the remote wire‐line probe. Attempts to map the distribution of the “crust”; on the prodelta have been hampered by sparsity of in situ measurements and its apparent lateral discontinuity. Evidence based on clay fabric, geotechnical properties, and the location of selected cores within certain geomorphic zones, suggests the “crusts”; are associated with zones of shearing during an episode of submarine sediment movement on the prodelta. The clay fabric within the “crust”; zone differs from that found above and below in the high‐porosity sediments. A noticeable degree of clay platelet preferential alignment is characteristic of sediments within the “crust.”; This preferred orientation occurs as localizations rather than as an overall alignment of all the particles. The clay fabric of the higher‐porosity sediments above and below the “crust”; is typified by randomly arrang...
Transverse beam stability measurement and analysis for the SNS accumulator ring

Abstract A field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based transverse feedback damper system was implemented in the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accumulator ring with the intention to stabilize the electron–proton (e–p) instability in the frequency range of 1–300 MHz. The transverse feedback damper could also be used as a diagnostic tool by measuring the beam transfer function (BTF). An analysis of the BTF measurements provides the stability diagram for the production beam at SNS. This paper describes the feedback damper system and its setup as the BTF diagnostic tool. Experimental BTF results are presented and beam stability is analyzed by use of the BTF measurements for the SNS accumulator ring.
Nondifferentiability of the Ruler Function

titioning the torus into a disjoint union of countably many geometrically congruent sets Ak. We begin with the subsets in the plane that consist of those parts of the translates (cosets) of L that lie in the strip between Mk and Mk+l. The sets Ak are the corresponding sets in the torus. They can be visualized as the portions of each coil pJ(L) starting and ending at M (see FIGURE 3).The details are as follows. For each integer k in Z, define the set
Life-sustaining treatment decisions in the ICU for patients with ESLD: A prospective investigation†

We conducted a prospective study in the ICU of life-sustaining treatment and comfort care decisions over time in patients with end-stage liver disease from the perspectives of patients, family members, and health care professionals. Six patients with end-stage liver disease, 19 family members, and 122 professionals participated. The overarching theme describing the decision-making process was “on the train.” Four sub-themes positioned patients and family members as passengers with limited control, unable to fully understand the decision-making process. Findings suggest that including patients and family members in non-immediate lifesaving decisions and verifying early on their understanding may help to improve the decision-making process.
Evaluation of onscreen precompensation algorithms for computer users with visual aberrations

In this paper, we present statistical results from testing our precompensation algorithms with 20 human subjects. A factorial experiment was designed and tested to evaluate the significance that the method, icon size, and subject group have on the ability of users to identify icons. These results reinforce software and "artificial eye" test findings indicating that the methods used for precompensation provide a significant increase in retinal image quality for users that have visual aberrations present in the optical systems of their eyes. Significant interactions were also found that reveal circumstances under which the method may perform best.
IDENTIFICATION OF STREPTOMYCES VIOLACEORUBER TU22 GENES INVOLVED IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF GRANATICIN

A 50 kb region of DNA fromStreptomyces violaceoruber Tu22, containing genes encoding proteins involved in the biosynthesis of granaticin, was isolated. The DNA sequence of a 7.3 kb fragment from this region, located approximately 10 kb from the genes that encode the polyketide synthetase responsible for formation of the benzoisochromane quinone skeleton, revealed five open reading frames (ORF1-ORF5). The deduced amino acid sequence of GraE, encoded by ORF2, shows 60.8% identity (75.2% similarity) to a dTDP-glucose dehydratase (StrE) fromStreptomyces griseus. Cultures ofEscherichia coli containing plasmids with ORF2, on a 2.1 kbBamHI fragment, were able to catalyze the formation of dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose from dTDP-glucose at 5 times the rate of control cultures, confirming that ORF2 encodes a dTDP-glucose dehydratase. The amino acid sequence encoded by ORF3 (GraD) is 51.4% identical (69.9% similar) to that of StrD, a dTDP-glucose synthase fromStreptomyces griseus. The amino acid sequence encoded by ORF4 shares similarities with proteins that confer resistance to tetracycline and methylenomycin, and is suggested to be involved in transporting granaticin out of the cells by an active efflux mechanism.
Fever evoked by macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) injected into preoptic or ventral septal area of rats depends on intermediary protein synthesis

Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1), a novel cytokine composed of alpha/beta subunits, is released from macrophages during infection. MIP-1 injected intravenously in the rabbit or into the anterior hypothalamic, preoptic area (AH/POA) of the rat causes an intense fever, which is not blocked by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, ibuprofin or indomethacin, respectively. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of de novo protein synthesis on the fever evoked by MIP-1 applied to thermosensitive cells of the AH/POA. Guide cannulae were implanted bilaterally above the AH/POA or ventral septal area (VSA) and medially above the third cerebral ventricle in each of 11 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Following postoperative recovery, body temperature (Tb) was monitored by a colonic thermistor probe. The bilateral microinjection of MIP-1 in a dose of 14 pg per 0.5 microliters into the AH/POA caused a biphasic elevation in Tb to 0.9 +/- 0.2 degrees C within 1.0 h, which reached 1.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C within 3.0 h, and persisted for over 6.0 h. An identical injection of MIP-1 into the VSA increased Tb biphasically to 0.1 +/- 0.1 degrees C within 1.0 h and to 0.8 +/- 0.3 degrees C within 3.0 h. The infusion into the third ventricle of 80 micrograms/10 microliters of the inhibitor of protein synthesis, anisomycin, either 10 or 30 min before the microinjection of MIP-1 into the AH/POA, attenuated significantly the rise in Tb for 1.0 to 3.0 h or 2.5 to 3.0 h, respectively. These results coincide with the earlier finding that anisomycin inhibits both endotoxin- and IL-1 beta-induced fevers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography‐mass spectrometry

Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography and its combination with mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) is an important analytical methodology for the analysis of thermally labile and high molecular weight compounds. The mass spectrometer provides sensitive and highly selective detection for the chromatographic effluent. The same physical-chemical properties of supercritical fluids that provide important chromatographic advantages are also important for the transport and gas phase introduction of analyte molecules into the mass spectrometer. The low mobile phase flow rates of small diameter (< 100 μm i.d.) capillary columns allow the total chromatographic effluent to be introduced with conventional, but often slightly modified, ion source configurations for quadrupole mass spectrometers with either electron impact (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) detection. The full range of CI reagents can also be used to obtain additional selectivity and complementary structural data. The instrumentation and operating parameters for capillary SFC-MS methods are described. The applicability and usefulness of various SFC-MS analysis methods are demonstrated using a variety of samples.
Origins of surface induced magnetic structures

Surface anisotropy and the surface-bulk exchange interaction may induce surface magnetic structures (SMS). SMS can reduce coercivity and must be taken into account when interpreting surface magnetic measurements. Fe(100) very likely exhibits SMS. In 3d-4f alloys, SMS occur naturally and can be characterized with few parameters.
Calculations on crystal packing of a flexible molecule, Leu-enkephalin

Abstract Crystal packing calculations have been carried out on a substantial number of conformations of Leu-enkaphalin; namely, those obtained both from crystal structures and from energy minimizations on isolated molecules, and with and without waters of crystallization. The known crystal structures represent the most energetically stable packings found. The conformations of the enkephalin molecules in the crystal are not the most stable for an isolated molecule; i.e. intermolecular interactions force the isolated molecule to change conformation in order to achieve a small packing volume and an optimal packing energy in the crystal. It is found that the packing energy of an enkephalin molecule is a reasonably smooth function of its molecular volume in the unit cell, if structures with intermolecular hydrogen bonding are excluded, and is substantially independent of other details of the molecular conformation or of the crystal packing. Hydrogen bonding provides additional stabilization of the crystal structure, and would likely permit crystallization of the system if it is sufficiently dense. Solvent molecules further stabilize the structure when they can also provide intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Integrin Expression in Early Amphibian Embryos: cDNA Cloning and Characterization of Xenopus β1, β2, β3, and β6 Subunits

Abstract During embryogenesis cells modulate their adhesion to other cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix, in part, through the combination of integrins they express. In order to identify integrins that may mediate morphogenetic cell movements in the early Xenopus embryo, we have used polymerase chain reaction methods to isolate cDNAs encoding Xenopus integrin β subunits. Based on deduced amino acid sequence, they are identified as homologs of human integrins β1, β2, β3 and β6. We also report the cloning and sequencing of cDNAs covering the complete coding region of Xenopus β3. Embryonic patterns of expression for these integrin β subunit mRNAs have been examined both by RNase protection analysis and by whole mount in situ hybridization. In the early embryo the β1 subunit is encoded by a maternally transcribed mRNA expressed in all cells, but is most abundant in ectoderm and mesoderm. In contrast, Xenopus β3 mRNA is detected in the epidermis, bottle cells of the neural groove, and a subset of cells arising from the ventral blood islands. The β2 and β6 mRNAs are expressed at high levels in late tailbud stages, although very low levels of β6 are also detected in eggs and early embryos. These data provide evidence that multiple integrins are expressed at the earliest stages of vertebrate development coincident with the onset of morphogenesis.
Improving polyketide and fatty acid synthesis by engineering of the yeast acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Polyketides and fatty acids are important in the production of pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, and biofuels. The synthesis of the malonyl-CoA building block, catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc1), is considered a limiting step to achieving high titers of polyketides and fatty acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Acc1 is deactivated by AMP-activated serine/threonine protein kinase (Snf1) when glucose is depleted. To prevent this deactivation, the enzyme was aligned with the Rattus norvegicus (rat) Acc1 to identify a critical amino acid (Ser-1157) for phosphorylation and deactivation. Introduction of a S1157A mutation into Acc1 resulted in 9-fold higher specific activity following glucose depletion. The enzyme was tested in yeast engineered to produce the polyketide 6-methylsalisylic acid (6-MSA). Both 6-MSA and native fatty acid levels increased by 3-fold. Utilization of this modified Acc1 enzyme will also be beneficial for other products built from malonyl-CoA.
Performance of a low voltage ion trap

Abstract Reduced power operation of a mass analyzer with minimum loss of spectral resolution and mass range is desirable in portable instruments. Miniaturizing quadrupole-based ion traps can be especially worthwhile since the RF amplitude necessary for mass analysis scales with the square of the analyzer dimensions. The performance of a miniature, stainless steel, rectilinear ion trap (RIT) with dimensions of 1.66 mm × 1.43 mm (x0 and y0 respectively) is characterized by sampling externally generated ions and performing mass analysis without benefit of differential pumping to simulate conditions in a miniature system. This system is capable of detecting analyte ions of up to m/z 1250 at operating voltages of 610 V0-p (drive frequency of 1.105 MHz), and with spectral resolution on the order of 2 Th (FWHM) across the entire mass range. The ability to acquire structural information through tandem MS is also demonstrated.
Gringas, Ghouls and Guatemala: The 1994 Attacks on North American Women Accused Of Body Organ Trafficking

This article compares Guatemalans' use of the term gringa in their response to 1) the 1994 child-stealing scare and 2)Jennifer Harbury's (the U.S. lawyer) search for her guerilla husband. As an "anti�kin" ghoul reproduced at the unstable intersection of North/South and male/female hierarchies, the gringa embodies boundaries, and elusive, tantalizing border�crossing possibilities. The gringa is differently constituted by ladino elites and by peasants. Both narratives interweave in today's competition for fatherhood between military and civilian governments.
Rationing on the fly: the opportunity cost of clinical guidelines.

### Time as a Limited Resource Clinical guidelines translate research findings and expert opinion into recommendations for management of a specific disease, disease group, or health risk. There are thousands of guidelines in the National Guideline Clearinghouse, and updated and new ones are
Attenuation of second sound in bulk flowing He II

New measurements of second sound attenuation in bulk flowing He II are reported which extend to a region of higher Reynolds number. An expression for the attenuation explicitly containing the quantum vortex line density is developed which allows comparison with vortex line density data taken by other means. A bellows driven experimental apparatus is used to produce bulk flow velocities of 0 to 1 m/sec in a channel of 4.064 mm square internal cross section. Second sound pulses are produced by applying a square voltage pulse 200 Μs width and variable height to a strain gauge heater. The second sound pulses are detected with thin film sensors mounted 56 and 119 mm downstream. The velocity-dependent attenuation, measured as a function of bulk flow velocity at 1.5, 1.8, and 2.0 K, is compared with data from other researchers. The attenuation, and thus the vortex line density, appears to follow a gradual transition from laminar to turbulent behavior. Current theories do not account for the presence of quantized vortices in bulk flowing He II, where (vn−vs), and thus do not explain the observed second sound attentuation in this regime.
On the determination of availability of ligand binding sites in steady-state systems.

Abstract Systematic analyses of dose-effect relationships of inhibitors in the presence of substrates in enzyme catalyzed reactions with different reaction mechanisms and different types and mechanisms of inhibition have yielded equation (A), f t = 1 [1+( I 50 I )] , where ft is fractional inhibition and I50 is the concentration of inhibitor, I, that is required to produce a median-effect. Equation (A) has the same form as the Michaelis-Menten equation, v V max = 1 [1+( K m S )] , and thus share the common geometric properties. However, equation (A) is mechanism independent, contains no explicit kinetic constant, and the effect is expressed with respect to the control velocity rather than the maximal velocity. The relationship depicted by equation (A) has the following applications in analyzing experimental data, (i) The median-effect concentration and the apparent kinetic order of interaction can be conveniently determined by graphical methods which transform the dose-effect relationships into linear forms, (ii) The method described by Dixon (1972) for determining the distribution of enzyme species in single-substrate reactions in the presence of a tightly binding inhibitor can be extended to multiplesubstrate reactions with different mechanisms, (iii) The median-effect principle provides an alternative simple way to derive a variety of equations of the mass-action law including the equilibrium binding equation of Scatchard (1949) . It is also shown that by determining the ratios of Kt and I50 of different inhibitors under the same experimental conditions, it is possible to determine whether the inhibitors bind to the same fraction of the total enzyme.
Vitamin E protects nerve cells from amyloid βprotein toxicity

The amyloid beta protein (ABP) is a 40 to 42 amino acid peptide which accumulates in Alzheimer's disease plaques. It has been demonstrated that this peptide and a fragment derived from it are cytotoxic for cultured cortical nerve cells. It is shown here that ABP and an internal fragment encompassing residues 25 to 35 (beta 25-35) are cytotoxic to a clone of PC12 cells at concentrations above 1 x 10(-9)M and to several other cell lines at higher concentrations. Between 10(-9) and 10(-11) M beta 25-35 protects PC12 cells from glutamate toxicity. The antioxidant and free radical scavenger vitamin E inhibits ABP induced cell death. These results have implications regarding the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Antioxidant Determinations by the Use of a Stable Free Radical

METHODS for measuring antioxidants and appraising antioxidant activity appear to be of two general types. If the chemical nature of the antioxidant is known, one may strive for a test specific for the compound or group of interest; for example, the nitroprusside test for sulphydryl groups. Alternatively one may observe the inhibition of some natural oxidative process such as the β-oxidation of fats, as a function of the added antioxidant.
Visual search of common scenes

A visual search reaction time task was used to examine the relationships among encoding, comparison, and search processes. Targets, either pictures of objects or their names, were briefly presented and followed, at stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) ranging from 200 to 2000 ms, by pictorial scenes having a 50% probability of containing the target. Generally, subjects responded more rapidly with picture than word targets, this difference diminishing at longer SOAs. Searches appeared to be restricted to certain portions of the scene depending on the congruency between the target and the scene. The sequence of decisions in the search task was discussed.
‘Cristiano Ronaldo is cheap chic, Twilight actors are special’: young audiences of celebrities, class and locality

Taking a broad perspective on the audiences of celebrity culture, this article investigates the ways in which Portuguese young people participate in the social construction of celebrity, their own identities and ultimately their country’s place in global culture. Looking at the negotiation processes that occur among young people aged 12–17 around local and global celebrities, mostly from entertainment and sports, the respondents held different perceptions depending largely on the celebrities’ cultural origins. The relationships that young people establish with celebrities also help them to project a social position and negotiate their ambitions. While perceptions of class are more accentuated among general audiences and enthusiasts regarding local celebrities, there is a more dramatised view of the life narratives of teen stars and global celebrities, which is even stronger among fans. The discussion surrounding Cristiano Ronaldo, a local celebrity turned global, showed that the meanings they attribute to...
Direct Measurement of the Poisson’s Ratio of Human Patella Cartilage in Tension

Articular cartilage has been shown to exhibit large transverse contractions when loaded in tension, suggesting the existence of large values for the Poisson's ratio. Previous studies have suggested that this effect is dependent on amplitude of applied strain, so that a single Poisson's ratio may not be sufficient to describe cartilage behavior. In this study, the Poisson's ratio (v), toe region modulus (Eo), and linear region modulus (E) of human patellar articular cartilage were calculated in simple tension tests from optical analysis of the two-dimensional strain fields at equilibrium. The Poisson's ratio was found to be independent of strain due to the absence of viscoelastic effects during testing. The Poisson's ratio was found to be significantly higher in the surface zone (1.87 +/- 1.11, p<0.01) than in the middle zone (0.62 +/- 0.23), with no significant correlation of v with age of the cartilage. In general, values for Poisson's ratio were greater than 0.5, suggesting cartilage behavior in tension deviates from isotropy. Reported values for the Poisson's ratio of cartilage in compression have been much lower than values measured here in tension, reflecting a mechanical contribution of the collagen fibers to anisotropy in tension but not compression. The toe-region modulus (Eo) was significantly higher in the surface zone (4.51 +/- 2.78 MPa, n=8) compared to the middle zone (2.51 +/- 1.93 MPa, n=10). In addition, the linear-region modulus (E) in the surface zone, but not middle zone (3.42 +/- 2.17 MPa, n=10), was found to correlate with age (R=0.97, p<0.02) with values of surface zone E equal to 23.92 +/- 12.29 MPa (n=5) for subjects under 70 yr of age, and 4.27 +/- 2.89 MPa (n=3) for subjects over 70 yr. Moduli values and trends with depth were consistent with previous studies of human and animal cartilage. From direct measures of two independent material properties, v and E, we calculated a shear modulus, G, which had not been previously reported for cartilage from tensile testing. Calculated values for surface zone G were 3.64 +/- 1.80 MPa for subjects under 70 yr old and 0.96 +/- 0.69 MPa for subjects over 70 yr old, and were significantly higher in the surface zone than in the middle zone (1.10 +/- 0.78 MPa). This study provides an intrinsic measure for the Poisson's ratio of articular cartilage and its dependence on depth which will be important in understanding the nonlinear tension-compression and anisotropic behaviors of articular cartilage.
Development of a multichannel fiber-to-fiber connector for the D-Zero upgrade tracker

A tracking detector using 2.5-m-long scintillating fibers is being developed for the D-Zero collaboration at Fermilab. The scintillating fibers will be coupled to 11-m-long clear fibers that will transport light to the photodetectors. We have developed connectors which couple the two types of fibers. The first 128-channel prototypes were machined using Delrin plastic to have v-shaped grooves that position fibers in the connector. Fibers were glued into the grooves and their ends were finished with diamond fly-cut tools. Mating connectors were optically coupled by General Electric optical grease. Using a green light-emitting diode and a silicon photodiode, we measured average light transmission between 97% and 99%. The transmissions were monitored for a period of nine months and were found to be stable over that period. We investigated two arrangements; one where the clear fiber was slightly larger than the scintillating fiber and the other where both were the same size. We found the percentages transmitted essentially the same in both cases. The later arrangement, however, would make the detector simpler to fabricate. We are also actively searching for a nonfluid optical couplant which will remain stable for many years during the expected life of the detector. Recently versions of the v-groove connectors were made of acrylonitrile-butadiene- styrene plastic by injection molding and were found, in the case of coupling equal diameter fibers, to have light transmissions between 94% and 96%.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Seizure-Sensitivity in Drosophila Is Ameliorated by Dorsal Vessel Injection of the Antiepileptic Drug Valproate

AbstractDrosophila is a powerful model organism that can be used for the development of new drugs directed against human disease. A limitation is the ability to deliver drugs for testing. We report on a novel delivery system for treating Drosophila neurological mutants, direct injection into the circulatory system. Using this method, we show that injection of the antiepileptic drug valproate can ameliorate seizure-sensitive phenotypes in several mutant genotypes in the bang-sensitive (BS) paralytic mutant class, sda, eas, and parabss1. This drug-injection method is superior to drug-feeding methods that we have employed previously, presumably because it bypasses potent detoxification systems present in the fly. In addition, we find that utilizing blood-brain barrier mutations in the background may further improve the injection results under certain circumstances. We propose that this method of drug delivery is especially effective when using Drosophila to model human pathologies, especially neurological sy...
Fate of diethylene glycol dinitrate in surface waters

Abstract The environmental fate of diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN) in surface waters is dominated by photolysis with surface half-lives ranging from 15 days in summer to 59 days in winter at 40°N. The environmental quantum yield is 0.18. Photolysis of DEGDN initially forms nitrate ion and 2-hydroxyethyl nitratoacetate; the latter photolyzes further to 1- and 2-carbon acids and additional nitrate. DEGDN biotransforms with a second-order rate constant of 3.9 × 10−11 mL cell−1 h−1, corresponding to a half-life of about 2 years in a typical surface water. Intermediate biotransformation products were observed but were further transformed and did not accumulate. DEGDN is expected to move readily through soils because it had low soil sorption coefficients Kp of 2 and 0.8 g mL−1 on EPA-5 and EPA-18 sediments, respectively. Abiotic reduction occurred rapidly in lake and river sediments but the importance of this process for overall fate is difficult to quantitate. Other fate parameters measured at 25°C were a water solubility of 3900 mg L−1, octanol/water partition coefficient of 9.6 (dimensionless), Henry's constant of
Panic disorder and suicidality: Prevalence and risk factors

Abstract Recent epidemiological research describes an increased risk of suicidal behavior in patients with panic disorder. In direct contrast, retrospective file reviews do not reveal significant suicidality among panic patients. The current study was designed to provide an initial rapproachment between these different methods and contradictory findings by assessing directly the parameters of suicidal behavior in a sample of 50 patients with panic disorder. Twenty-six percent of the sample endorsed suicidal ideation because of their panic attacks, and four percent of the total sample reported attempts due to their panics. Panickers with suicidal ideation reported specific methods, with a range of lethality. Their rationales tended to cluster into ending attacks and preventing future attacks. In comparison to nonideating panickers, ideators were younger, had earlier age of onset of panic disorder, were rated as having somewhat more severe panic, and reported significantly greater levels of distress and psychopathology across a variety of psychometric instruments. These initial results are discussed in terms of supporting the epidemiology of and the identification of risk factors for suicidality in panic samples.
The Role of Psychological Flexibility in the Relationship Between Parent and Adolescent Distress

Every day, parents must navigate a role that is at the same time both very rewarding and very stressful. Coping with the balance between stress and reward can have immediate and long-term effects for both parents and children, including ineffective parenting strategies. Emotional difficulties, such as anxiety and depression, increase the risk for these ineffective parenting strategies. The impact of parental distress on family functioning is further complicated by the relatively high correlation between parent distress and child distress. The literature seems to suggest that a lack of openness to experience and difficulties with goal-directed behavior may moderate this relationship. From a functional contextual perspective, psychological flexibility, or the ability to adapt to emotional and situational demands in the service of chosen values, may play a role in this phenomenon. More specifically, we hypothesized that parenting flexibility, or flexibility specifically within the context of parenting, would moderate the relationship between parent and child distress. Parents (n = 71) and adolescents (n = 21) completed online surveys assessing their distress and psychological flexibility, and parents completed an additional measure of parenting flexibility. Results demonstrate a trend toward parenting flexibility as a possible moderator in the relationship between parent and child distress, and a clear need for additional research in this area. Implications for targeting inflexibility in interventions for children and families are discussed.
Immunocytochemical localization of tubulin with colloidal gold in cilia of rabbit tracheal epithelial cultures.

Abstract Ciliated tracheal epithelia cell cultures were investigated immunocytochemically with anti-tubilin and colloidal gold. When rabbit tracheal cultures were fixed in paraformaldehyde, treated with acetone, anti-tubilin and a second antibody coupled to FITC, fluorescence was associated with cytoskeletal and axonemal microtubules. Cilia covering the apical surface of the ciliated tracheal cells fluoresced very brightly thus facilitating identification of this cell type. Electron microscopy of tracheal cultures fixed as above, treated with Triton-X 100 and incubated in anti-tubilin and protein A coupled to colloidal gold resulted in the highly specific localization of tubulin in ciliary axonemes and basal bodies. Omission of primary or secondary antibody resulted in extremely low levels of fluorescence while no colloidal gold particles could be detected in cultures at the electron microscopy level when rabbit anti-tubulin was omitted.