cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children hospitalized early and increased risk for future serious injury

Objective —To determine if infants hospitalized for any reason before 90 days of age are at increased risk for future serious injury. Setting —Washington State. Methods —A population based retrospective cohort study, using data from Washington State birth and death certificates linked to a statewide hospital discharge database for the years 1989 through 1997. Participants included healthy full term infants born in Washington State between 1989 and 1995. A total of 29 466 infants hospitalized Results —Among infants hospitalized early, 76/10 000 had a subsequent serious injury before age 2, compared with 47/10 000 infants without an early hospitalization (relative risk (RR) 1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 to 2.0). In a multivariate model including maternal age and parity, the adjusted RR for serious injury associated with early hospitalization was 1.5 (95% CI 1.2 to 1.8). Infants hospitalized early were three times as likely to be hospitalized between 3–24 months of age for intentional injury compared with infants not hospitalized early (RR 3.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 10.1). Conclusions —Infants hospitalized in the first three months of life for any reason were 50% more likely to have a subsequent serious injury compared with infants not hospitalized early and were also at increased risk of intentional injury. This identifiable group of infants might be suitable for targeted childhood injury prevention programs including those involving prenatal and postnatal visits.
A Cooling System with Water Recycle for Blanched Vegetables

A water conserving cooling system with water recycle for blanched vegetables was designed to complement a previously developed water recycling blancher. The two stage cooler consisted of an evaporative cooling section with forced air and water sprays and a flume cooler with water, which was both refrigerated and recycled. A pilot scale blanching and cooling system was constructed, and broccoli spears were processed. The cooling system was effective at lowering the product temperature rapidly while maintaining the quality of the product at a high level as determined by ascorbic acid concentration, percentage of total solids, percentage of retained chlorophyll, and microbial counts.
Corporate Social Responsibility and the Chief Executive Officer: determinants of a positive strategic intention towards Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved from mere social philanthropy to its present conceptualisation as a distinct organisational strategy. This study treats CSR as a strategic decision, and focuses on the sense-making process of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) with respect to pro-CSR intent. We consider collectively multiple structural determinants including personal values, stakeholder culture and environmental munificence and relate them to an intention by the CEO to act in a socially responsible manner.
Why have Educational Evaluators Chosen Not to Do Randomized Experiments

This article analyzes the reasons that have been adduced within the community of educational evaluators for not doing randomized experiments. The objections vary in cogency. Those that have most substance are not insurmountable, however, and strategies are mentioned for dealing with them. However, the objections are serious enough, and the remedies partial enough, that it seems hardly warranted to call experiments the “gold standard” of causal inference. Yet even if they are not perfect in research practice, this article shows how they are logically and empirically superior to all currently known alternatives. The article particularly addresses the objection that school personnel will not accept experiments. It shows that hundreds of them have been done there by researchers with backgrounds in psychology and public health who study the prevention of unhealthy behaviors. But experiments are much rarer among researchers trained in education who study changing academic performance. Reasons are adduced for th...
Power-Split Hybrid Electric Powertrain Design with Two Planetary Gearsets for Light-Duty Truck Applications

Abstract The goal of this paper is to study all feasible power-split hybrid electric powertrains with two simple planetary gearsets (PGs) that can meet light-duty truck requirements. The powertrains are explored and designed using a holistic approach, which includes automated system configuration search, automated static and dynamic equation derivation, practicality check, mode transitionability analysis, powertrain performance analyses including gradeability, launch torque, overtaking torque, 0-60mph time and fuel economy improvement potential. In the end, four two-mode power-split hybrid electric powertrains that meet all the requirements are identified.
Nano-carbon-based hybrids and heterostructures: progress in growth and application for lithium-ion batteries

Carbon nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerene have drawn great interest during the last decade due to their unique electrical, mechanical, thermal, and optical properties. By further combining these carbon nanomaterials with external nanocrystals of metal, semiconductor, ceramic, and/or quantum dot, it is possible to achieve the evolution of nanoscale hybrids and heterostructures with mutually improved performances and multi-functionalities. In this critical review, we summarize the state-of-the-art of recent researches on the development of nanoscale hybrids and heterostructures by incorporating carbon nanomaterials with foreign nanocrystals. The discussion is also focused on nanocomposites ranging from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional according to their fabrication approaches, structural properties, and applications. With respect to the practical applications of such nano-carbon-based hybrids and heterostructures, further review was presented on the recent development of carbon-tin based nanocomposites as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The behaviors of carbon materials and their interaction with tin components during the charging/discharging of such lithium-ion batteries are summarized in detail. This review article is to provide critical knowledge and inspiration for future development of nano-carbon-based hybrids and heterostructures and their application in energy conversion and storage devices.
The Political Context of Economic Cooperation in Asia: The Relation between Trade Integration and Security Rivalries:

This article lays out the overarching context of economic cooperation in Asia and discusses the two big questions: the strategic consequences of economic integration in Asia and the economic conseq...
The ASR Review Process

Because Professors Risman (2001, henceforward Risman) and Udry (2001, henceforward Udry) speculate about the ASR review process in their exchange, the current ASR Editors asked me to write a reply. They sent me copies of Risman's comment (but not the other two comments) and Udry's reply with the request that I once again describe the ASR review process (see Firebaugh 1997). The editors also sent me the files for Udry's manuscript so I could refresh my memory on how the ASR review procedures were followed in this particular case. Udry's manuscript was reviewed using the principles applied to all manuscripts submitted to ASR during my term, so I begin by describing the general procedures for selecting reviewers.' My criteria for selecting reviewers was dictated by my commitment to authors that I would work very hard to see that they receivedfair, fast, and helpful reviews.2 Of the three, it is the fairness principle that is the most pertinent to the points made in the exchange between Risman and Udry. The fairness principle (treat authors evenhandedly) implies several criteria. One criterion is that editors do not knowingly send manuscripts to authors' mentors, close friends, enemies, or sometime co-authors. A
Experiential Learning Laboratories In Business Schools: The WD-40 For Curriculum Innovation

The authors present a case analysis of how a business school brought about curriculum innovation.The school used something borrowed, specifically experiential learning laboratories, and something new to attain measureable curriculum change, with only modest investments.The authors urge that the nimbleness of a medium-size school committed to personal touch and with a strong bias to transform concepts into practice can have a natural advantage in providing unique learning experiences, compared to a highly leveraged program encumbered by size.These learning laboratories translate to experiential learning opportunities that are more like apprenticeships and professional mentoring.Given the difficult labor market, schools that can develop demonstrable job competencies in their coursework for students will add value as these students immediately seek employment and, more broadly, develop their career paths.
Health-related Needs and Quality of Life in Childhood Cancer Survivors

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the health-related needs and quality of life in childhood cancer survivors and to identify the relationship between health-related needs and quality of life. Methods: Data were collected from April 11 to May 30, 2014.The participants aged 18~35 years diagnosed with a childhood cancer had completed actual treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy) at least two years earlier. They were randomly selected from among childhood cancer survivors under follow-up management after cancer treatment at three general hospitals in Korea. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, the post-hoc Scheffe test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. Results: Among the 371 participants, 214 (57.7%) were male and the mean age was 22.5 years. The mean score for health-related needs was 2.72 out of 5. Positive self-motivation need had the highest mean score of domain. The mean score for quality of life was 5.92 out of 10. Health-related needs and quality of life were negatively correlated (r= - .70, p<.001). Conclusion: Health-related needs of childhood cancer survivors should be regularly assessed to meet their needs and improve the quality of life of childhood cancer survivors.
Flight distances of black-billed magpies in different regimes of human density and persecution

Vertebrate responses to human beings have both a learned and genetic component. The learned component is apparently influenced by both the number and outcome of individual human-bird interactions that occur within the animal's lifetime (e.g., Buitron 1983, Knight and Temple 1986). Some bird species have adjusted to high human density and have become "urbanized" (e.g., Cooke 1980). The ability of birds to coexist with humans is largely attributed to the absence of active persecution (e.g., shooting) (Knight et al. 1987). Outside of urban or protected areas, however, active persecution occurs, whether legally (e.g., hunting seasons) or illegally. In the presence of persecution it would be maladaptive to habituate to humans, and birds show avoidance behavior (Knight 1984, Knight et al. 1989). Terrestrial vertebrates may show variation to human intruders by altering flushing response and flight distance (Altmann 1958). Both are important behavioral attributes of organisms in that they affect survival and essential daily routines (e.g., foraging, social behavior). The Black-billed Magpie (Pica pica) is a common speies in Europe and western North America and has made the transition to an urban environment (Birkhead 1991). We examined two hypotheses pertaining to flushing response and flight distance in magpie populations in northeastern Colorado. First, in the absence of active persecution, we predicted that the flushing response and flight distance of magpies would correlate negatively with human density. Second, magpie flushing response and flight distance would be greater in areas with human persecution than in areas without persecution.
Expression and intracellular processing of the 58 kDa sterol carrier protein-2/3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase in transfected mouse L-cell fibroblasts.

Although the sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP-2) gene encodes for two proteins, almost nothing is known of the function and potential processing of the larger transcript corresponding to the 58 kDa sterol carrier protein-2/3-oxo- acyl-CoA thiolase (SCP-x), in intact cells. L-cell fibroblasts transfected with cDNA encoding for the 58 kDa SCP-x pro- tein had a 4.5-fold increase in SCP-x mRNA transcript levels. Western blot analysis showed SCP-x protein expression reached 0.011% of total protein, representing a 4.1-fold in- crease over basal levels. Surprisingly, the 13.2 kDa SCP-2 protein also increased 2-fold in the transfected cells. This was consistent with part of the 58 kDa SCP-x being proteolyt- ically processed to 13.2 kDa SCP-2 as there was no evidence of an mRNA transcript corresponding to a 13.2/15.2 kDa gene product in the transfected L-cell clones. Confocal im- munofluorescence microscopy of transfected L-cells showed that SCP-x/SCP-2 co-localized in highest concentration with catalase in peroxisomes, but significant amounts appeared extra-peroxisomal. Overexpression of SCP-x significantly al- tered cholesterol uptake and metabolism. Uptake of exoge- nous ( 3 H)cholesterol and total cholesterol mass were in- creased 1.9- and 1.4-fold, respectively, in SCP-x expressors. Although cholesterol ester mass was unaltered, incorpora- tion of exogenous ( 3 H)cholesterol and ( 3 H)oleic acid into cholesteryl esters increased 2.3- and 2.5-fold, respectively. These results from intact cells suggest the 13.2 kDa SCP-2 can arise from the larger SCP-2 gene product and indicate a role for the 58 kDa SCP-x protein in cholesterol uptake and intracellular cycling. —Atshaves, B. P., A. D. Petrescu, O. Star- odub, J. B. Roths, A. B. Kier, and F. Schroeder. Expression and intracellular processing of the 58 kDa sterol carrier pro- tein-2/3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase in transfected mouse L-cell fi- broblasts. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 610-622.
Challenges and Pitfalls Associated with Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications of Functional Neuroimaging in Disorders of Consciousness

The diagnostic assessment of patients with disorder of consciousness is currently based on clinical testing at the bedside and prone to a high error rate in the assessment of the degree of conscious awareness. Investigation of more objective assessment strategies, such as the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to detect conscious awareness, are becoming increasingly popular in the research community. However, inherent challenges to the use of fMRI threaten its validity as a diagnostic tool and will need to be resolved prior to its integration into the clinical setting. These challenges, which range from the heterogeneity of the patient sample to factors influencing data acquisition and biases in interpretation strategies, are discussed below. Recommendations aimed at mitigating some of the limitations are provided.
Developmental Space Biology of Mammals

In the past decade, emerging concepts and methods for studying mammalian development under altered gravitational fields have led to a new generation of space biology research. Studies of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) provide unequivocal evidence that mammalian reproduction and ontogenesis can proceed under gravitational forces that deviate considerably from the constant force of the Earth’s 1 x g. Mammalian birth has not yet been attempted within the microgravity of space, however, pregnant and lactating rat dams and their progeny have flown onboard the NASA Space Shuttle. Collectively, spaceflight and ground-based research have led to identification of important requirements for supporting developing mammals in altered gravitational fields, particularly the necessity of preserving the coordinated interactions between mothers and offspring, the ontogenetic context within which development occurs. Developmental studies utilizing gravitational manipulations are yielding new information relevant to health and disease on Earth, especially forces that shape and maintain the vestibular, balance, and motor systems and contribute to our understanding of body-weight regulation, prenatal stress, and adaptation to environmental change. Major concepts, approaches, and methods for studying the developmental space biology of mammals and prospective contributions of this nascent yet fertile area of scientifi c query to contemporary concerns in biomedicine are described.
Fertility Preservation in the Pediatric Setting

Long-term effects of cancer therapy have gained significance with advances in childhood cancer treatment and rise in survival rates. Of the myriad of late effects, infertility is among the top concerns of survivors of childhood cancer. Surveys show that a majority of survivors of pediatric cancers express the desire to have children in the future. Although many patients and their parents are focused on survival at the time of diagnosis, for majority, fertility became an issue after treatment, especially as they became adults and their peers married and began families.
Risk Analysis and Management

Modern society is replete with risk. Information systems risk, and software failure risk in particular, are but two of the many risks organizations face. To understand how to deal with such risk, we begin by reviewing techniques and tools to deal with all risks in the environment, especially those in the information systems environment.
High purity Mn 5 O 8 nanoparticles with a high overpotential to gas evolution reactions for high voltage aqueous sodium-ion electrochemical storage

Developing electrodes with high specific energy by using inexpensive manganese oxides is of great importance for aqueous electrochemical energy storage (EES) using non-Li charge carriers such as Na-or K-ions. However, the energy density of aqueous EES devices is generally limited by their narrow thermodynamic potential window (~1.23 V). In this paper, the synthesis of high purity layered Mn5O8 nanoparticles through solid state thermal treatment of Mn3O4 spinel nanoparticles, resulting in a chemical formula of [Mn 2 2+ ] [Mn 3 4+ O82–], evidenced by Rietveld refinement of synchrotron- based X-ray diffraction, has been reported. The electro-kinetic analyses obtained from cyclic voltammetry measurements in half-cells have demonstrated that Mn5O8 electrode has a large overpotential (~ 0.6 V) towards gas evolution reactions, resulting in a stable potential window of 2.5 V in an aqueous electrolyte in half-cell measurements. Symmetric full-cells fabricated using Mn5O8 electrodes can be operated within a stable 3.0 V potential window for 5000 galvanostatic cycles, exhibiting a stable electrode capacity of about 103 mAh/g at a C-rate of 95 with nearly 100% coulombic efficiency and 96% energy efficiency.
Semantic Processing to Enhance Retrieval of Diagnosis Citations from Medline

We investigate the use of natural language processing (NLP) for enhancing precision when retrieving Medline citations on diagnostic procedure. Inter-annotator agreement is described as part of the evaluation method, and preliminary results are presented.
Identifying Iliac Vein Stenosis with Duplex Ultrasonography

Introduction.—Deep vein thrombosis should be considered as one of the differential causes of unilateral lower-extremity swelling. When the lower-extremity venous duplex ultrasound is negative for a...
Assessing fiscal sustainability in Swaziland

Background: Understanding and assessing fiscal sustainability is essential in ensuring financial and macro-economic stability. Fiscal sustainability has emerged as an important subject for Swaziland given the increasingly volatile government revenues especially those coming through the South African Customs Union (SACU), which threw the country into a severe fiscal crisis between 2010 and 2012, as well as the pressures on increased government spending in the post-fiscal crisis era. Aim: This article primarily focuses on studying whether Swaziland’s fiscal policy remains on a sustainable path or whether corrective measures would be required. Setting: Study focuses on Swaziland, a small open economy that is vulnerable to external shocks. The country also relies heavily on South African Customs Union (SACU) revenues. Methods: The study employs a broad approach to assessing fiscal sustainability in Swaziland covering both deterministic and stochastic analysis. On the deterministic analysis, the article studies the evolution of debt given macro-economic variables and further estimates fiscal sustainability indicators such as the primary gap and tax-gap. From a stochastic analysis, the article uses the Trehan and Walsh Methodology as well as Hakkio and Rush Methodology. Results: Fiscal sustainability indicators reflected that the country is on an unsustainable path with a primary gap and tax-gap of about 7% of gross domestic product (GDP) that has to be corrected. The econometric results also portray an evidence of ‘weak-form’ sustainability in the long-run. This is because public expenditures are rising at a faster pace than revenues thereby rendering government deficits unsustainable in the medium term. The econometric results also suggest a tax-spend hypothesis in the long-run, while short-run developments point to a spend-tax hypothesis. In both instances the correction measure is cutting expenditure, mainly recurrent expenditure. Conclusion: The study recommends corrective measures (mainly cuts in government expenditure) for fiscal policy to be brought back into a sustainable path without which a fiscal crisis is imminent. The recommendations are mainly based on the fiscal sustainability indicators as they are more forward looking for the short to medium term. The article suggests fiscal rules based on these indicators.
Grief and Terminal Illness

In years past man has devoted considerable time to studying birth and the life cycle, but until very recently relatively little has been done to investigate the process of dying and the ways in which individuals cope with loss and grief. Within the past decade, however, considerable time and research has been devoted to the study of loss, dying and death. From this newly derived knowledge have come insights which can significantly improve the care of terminally ill patients and their families. In this chapter we will review typical patient and family responses to terminal illness, fears commonly associated with death, characteristic findings of normal and pathological grief reactions, and therapeutic interventions which can be used to help dying and grieving persons.
An Improved Supervised Isomap Method Using Adaptive Parameters

In this paper, to deal with the problem that nearest neighbor graph is hard to be connected in the original Isomap, a new supervised Isomap method (SS-Isomap) with adaptive parameters is proposed. This method considers the density of intra-class data points and proposes an adaptive function. The experiment results based on UCI datasets show that SS-Isomap has a better discriminant ability.
Disclosure and Consent

In my admittedly limited reading on genetic counseling, I have been struck by genetic counselors’ preoccupation with the question of how much authority they should exercise in the counseling process; similar concerns rarely surface in the literature of other professions. Most striking is the debate over whether genetic counselors should provide only “information” to their counselees, allowing the latter to decide what course of action to follow, or whether counselors should guide in a variety of ways the decision-making process. At least in theory, the prevailing climate of opinion among genetic counselors seems to favor the former position, influenced to a considerable extent by second thoughts over earlier eugenic practices of proselytizing for “improvements” in society’s genetic stock. Such strictures on guidance-persuasion are quite revolutionary, particularly when contrasted with traditional medical beliefs that patients should trustingly follow doctors’ orders.
Connecting Pressure-Dependent Dynamics to Dynamics under Confinement: The Cooperative Free Volume Model Applied to Poly(4-chlorostyrene) Bulk and Thin Films

We apply our cooperative free volume (CFV) rate model for pressure-dependent dynamics to describe the relaxation times for poly(4-chlorostyrene) (P4ClS) bulk and thin films. The CFV model expresses segmental relaxation times, τ, as a function of temperature, T, and thermodynamic free volume, Vfree = V – Vhc, where the limiting hard core volume, Vhc, is obtained via analysis of a polymer’s experimental PVT data using the locally correlated lattice (LCL) model equation of state. In adapting CFV to describe thin films, we assume that the main effect of confinement is that the interface serves to change the average free volume (average density) compared to bulk. We formulate a simple weighted average expression (involving just a single interface related parameter) to describe the free volume of a film as a function of thickness, h, and use this h-dependent Vfree within the CFV model expression. Using just ambient pressure relaxation time data on bulk P4ClS, along with PVT data, we parametrize the CFV model, w...
Inclined massive planets in a protoplanetary disc: gap opening, disc breaking, and observational signatures

We carry out three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations to study planet-disc interactions for inclined high mass planets, focusing on the disc's secular evolution induced by the planet. We find that, when the planet is massive enough and the induced gap is deep enough, the disc inside the planet's orbit breaks from the outer disc. The inner and outer discs precess around the system's total angular momentum vector independently at different precession rates, which causes significant disc misalignment. We derive the analytical formulae, which are also verified numerically, for: 1) the relationship between the planet mass and the depth/width of the induced gap, 2) the migration and inclination damping rates for massive inclined planets, and 3) the condition under which the inner and outer discs can break and undergo differential precession. Then, we carry out Monte-Carlo radiative transfer calculations for the simulated broken discs. Both disc shadowing in near-IR images and gas kinematics probed by molecular lines (e.g. from ALMA) can reveal the misaligned inner disc. The relationship between the rotation rate of the disc shadow and the precession rate of the inner disc is also provided. Using our disc breaking condition, we conclude that the disc shadowing due to misaligned discs should be accompanied by deep gaseous gaps (e.g. in Pre/Transitional discs). This scenario naturally explains both the disc shadowing and deep gaps in several systems (e.g. HD 100453, DoAr 44, AA Tau, HD 143006) and these systems should be the prime targets for searching young massive planets ($>M_J$) in discs.
Differential Effects of Internal and External Constraints on Sustainability Intentions: A Hierarchical Regression Analysis of Running Event Participants by Market Segment

There are immediate calls to action across all business sectors to address the adverse effects of climate change. The sport industry is not immune to these calls—practitioners have engaged participants to further the environmental initiatives of their events through creative messaging campaigns with mixed success. We examine the differential effects of internal and external constraints on sustainability intentions by market segment of a running event’s participants. This furthers our understanding of how to engage sport participants in sustainable behaviors at a sport event and improves the sustainable behavior outcomes of messaging campaigns. Our results support the principles of constraint theory and that internal constraints need to be addressed before external constraints are relevant. Internal constraints, such as lack of knowledge and lack of worth, predict variance in intentions to act sustainably (i.e., to dispose of waste correctly). After controlling for internal constraints, the external constraints of lack of interest by others to act sustainably, and lack of access and time, explain additional variance in sustainability intentions. We also found that each market segment varies on the impact of constraints that inhibit sustainability intentions, with the amount of variance in sustainability intention explained by such constraints varying from as low as 11.4% in one segment to as high as 33.1% in another. We then provide specific recommendations for future research and discuss how practitioners can use these results to ameliorate these constraints and increase sustainability intentions.
Cybersecurity is Not a Fad: Why Cyber is a Game Changer for Computer Science Education

First, the bad news - Cybersecurity is here to stay. Threats are escalating and organizations are increasingly vulnerable. Hackers are smarter, there are more of them, and they continue to wreak havoc across critical infrastructure systems. There is a huge, growing shortfall of cyber talent. All students, and especially computer science students, need to learn cyber, but there is an acute shortage of cybersecurity faculty. The good news - Cybersecurity is here to stay. We continue to need skilled cyber workers. Students like cyber. Cyber can draw more students to Computer Science and create opportunities for Computer Science faculty. Dr. Blair Taylor will share her experiences building cyber curriculum from the classroom perspective and from her experience working with NSA to build a National Cybersecurity Curriculum Program.
Sustainability and tourism: the effect of the United States’ first offshore wind farm on the vacation rental market

Abstract One concern with offshore wind energy development is a negative impact to tourism. In this paper we assess this concern by examining how the Block Island Wind Farm, the first of its kind in the United States, has impacted the vacation rental market. Using data from AirBnb, we estimate a difference-in-differences model that compares Block Island to three nearby tourist destinations in Southern New England before and after construction. Our results suggest that construction of the Block Island Wind Farm caused a significant increase in nightly reservations, occupancy rates, and monthly revenues for AirBnb properties in Block Island during the peak-tourism months of July and August, but had no effect in other months. The findings indicate that offshore wind farms can act as an attractive feature of a location, rather than a deterrent.
The VIPs of Wolf Conservation: How Values, Identity, and Place Shape Attitudes Toward Wolves in the United States

Attitudes toward wildlife shape support for and opposition to myriad conservation actions worldwide. Scholars have long debated what are the most critical factors shaping these attitudes, and research on carnivores has often treated important factors such as values, identity, and place, as independent of one another. To better integrate these factors in the context of explaining attitudes toward wolves (Canis lupus), we explore the effect of: (i) region of the U.S. (Northern Rocky Mountains, Western Great Lakes, and the remainder of the country), (ii) sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, income, urban/rural residency, and education), (iii) indicators of one's social identity (hunter, farmer, environmentalist, and animal rights advocate), and (iv) wildlife value orientations (mutualism and domination). Using one-way analysis of variance tests and hierarchical regression analyses, we found that attitudes do not statistically differ across regions with wolves (compared to regions without wolves), yet the people who identify with interest groups most likely to directly impact or be impacted by wolf populations, such as farmers/ranchers, are less tolerant of wolves when they live closer to them (i.e., in the Northern Rocky Mountains and Western Great Lakes) even when accounting for individual-level values. By examining attitudes toward wolves at a spatial scale not commonly assessed, this study seeks to enhance current understandings of the impact of values, identity, and place, while serving as a guide to inform future research and policies regarding carnivore management.
Candidate mechanisms linking insomnia disorder to Alzheimer’s disease risk

Recent meta-analyses suggest that insomnia specifically confers risk for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD); however, the precise mechanisms by which this occurs are not well understood. In this review, we discuss candidate mechanisms linking insomnia features to AD neuropathophysiology, potentially driving increased AD risk in insomnia patients. First, we discuss epidemiological evidence tying insomnia to AD and summarize the behavioral and neurobiological features of insomnia, as well as AD pathologies. We propose that facets of hyperarousal, a central etiological feature of insomnia, act upon underlying mechanisms contributing to AD pathogenesis. Additionally, we outline how objective short sleep duration and circadian dysregulation, other key aspects of insomnia, may act as compounding pathways to exacerbate disease expression. We close with recommendations for future studies.
The Slow Rise of Social Movement Organizations for Memorialization in Haiti: Lutte Contre Impunite, Devoire de Memoire-Haiti and Digitizing the Record on Atrocities

Two nongovernmental organizations led the initiative to hold Jean-Claude Duvalier and his key supporters accountable for their crimes against humanity, torture, and illicit corruption. Devoire de Memoire d’Haiti (Memory’s Duty) and the Collectif contre l’impunite (Collective against Impunity) successfully had him prosecuted because the statute of limitations do not apply to crimes against humanity. DDM has held commemorations with victims’ survivors at massacre sites and grew to supporting the Duvalier litigation, as well as taking witness testimonies, providing traveling exhibits, educating students, and establishing a National Day of Remembrance. The Collectif collaborated with several international NGOs before the Haitian Court and the Interamerican Commission on Human Rights. Both have used digital platforms to document and educate on their activities and findings for the public.
A two-stage Generalized Method of Moments model for feedback with time-dependent covariates:

Correlated observations in longitudinal studies are often due to repeated measures on the subjects. Additionally, correlation may be realized due to the association between responses at a particular time and the predictors at earlier times. There are also feedback effects (relation between responses in the present and the covariates at a later time), though these are not always relevant and are often ignored. All these cases of correlation must be accounted for as they can have different effects on the regression coefficients. Several authors have provided models that reflect the direct and delayed impact of covariates on the response, utilizing valid moment conditions to estimate the relevant regression coefficients. However, there are applications when one cannot ignore the effect of the responses on future covariates. A two-stage model to account for the feedback, modeling the direct as well as the delayed effects of the covariates on future responses and vice versa is presented. The use of the two-stage model is demonstrated by revisiting child morbidity and its impact on future values of body mass index using Philippines health data. Also, obesity status and its feedback effects on physical activity and depression levels using the Add Health dataset are analyzed.
Learning from Law Professors: An Analysis of What the Best Law Teachers Do

This is a review of the book What the Best Law Teachers Do. While it focuses on law school teachers, nearly all of the book is applicable to teaching undergraduate business law classes. The book is the result of extensive interviews with teachers and students that identify the top traits and practices of twenty-six of the country’s top law school teachers. This review is divided into praise for and mild criticism of the book. I occasionally mention my personal experience with the book’s topics as pertaining to the business law classroom. The review concludes with an alternative reading suggestion.
Strongly Rationalizable Virtual Implementation in Social Environments With Evidence

This article investigates rationalizable implementation in social environments where agents can provide hard evidence on the private information they possess. Specifically, we study necessary and sufficient conditions for virtual implementation using a notion of Rationalizability that captures forward-induction thinking. Our results non-trivially strengthen those from previous contributions to Rationalizable Implementation with dynamic mechanisms. In particular, we prove that, under a mild economic condition, dynamic mechanisms that rely on evidence can strategically distinguish all agents' information types endowed with different type-dependent messages. Thus, in a large class of social environments, if agents' evidence technologies are responsive, i.e., different types are endowed with different evidence, preference interdependence no longer plays a role in determining which class of Social Choice Functions can be rationalizably virtually implemented.
Temperature-Programmed Cooking of Cottage Cheese, , ,

Summary An automatic temperature-programmed procedure for cooking Cottage cheese curd was developed. The procedure worked equally well for small or large curd Cottage cheese. Cutting acidities of 0.60 to 0.62% for 10.25% solids skimmilk were necessary to prevent matting of the curd and to obtain maximum yield of Cottage cheese per pound of skimmilk solids. The rapid cooking procedure was used to produce Cottage cheese which was comparable to Cottage cheese produced using conventional cooking procedures. This method of standardized cooking of Cottage cheese should save labor and improve the uniformity of the product.
An outer approximation approach to reliability-based optimal design of structures

We present a new formulation of the problem of minimizing the initial cost of a structure subject to a minimum reliability requirement, expressed in terms of the so-called design points of the first-order reliability theory, i.e., points on limit-state surfaces that are nearest to the origin in a transformed standard normal space, as well as other deterministic constraints. Our formulation makes it possible to use outer approximations algorithms for the solution of such optimal design problems, eliminating some of the major objections associated with treating them as bilevel optimization problems. A numerical example is presented that illustrates the reliability and efficiency of the algorithm.
Diversity in children's understanding of death.

Rosengren, Miller, Gutierrez, Chow, Schein, and Anderson have written a powerful and important monograph focused on the fascinating topic of children's understanding of death. Combining multiple methods, converging data sources, and diverse theoretical approaches, their findings tell us that children may know more about death than their parents expect, that even children within a given community vary a great deal in their access to information about death, and that children's reasoning about life and death is related to the views of those around them. Their work highlights children's active role in their own cognitive development while showing how children's thinking is embedded in both cultural practices and religious ideas. This commentary discusses four topics highlighted in the monograph: the value of taking a sociocultural approach to studying development, the relative avoidance of religion in cognitive developmental research, potential pitfalls of cultural comparison, and the generative notion that conflicting ideas on a topic are likely to coexist in the same minds. The discussion highlights positive contributions of this monograph, raises critical concerns, and suggests future research directions.
The Influence of the Firm’s Career-Website on Job-Seekers’ Intentions to the Firm

Currently organizations rely on its websites to engage and inform job-seekers, and as the primary method for job-seekers to submit applications for screening (Thompson, Braddy & Wuensch, 2008). Therefore a website must be able to influence job-seekers to react positively to perform behaviors such as submitting an application, returning to the site, recommending the company or site to others, and to engage the organization by transitioning to the organization’s social-media sites. Whether or not a job-seeker performs these behaviors is largely a function of the experience with the website. Understanding the website-related factors affecting a job-seeker’s intentions and subsequent behavior is, therefore, critical to the firm. The sample consisted of 199 usable responses and the results show website aesthetics, content and ease of use influence respondents’ intentions, indirectly, through perceived usefulness of the site. Social norms toward the firm have a significant, positive influence on respondents’ intentions.
Mouse skin passage of a Streptococcus pyogenes Tn917 mutant of sagA/pel restores virulence, beta-hemolysis and sagA/pel expression without altering the position or sequence of the transposon

Streptolysin S (SLS), the oxygen-stable hemolysin of Streptococcus pyogenes, has recently been shown to be encoded by the sagA/pel gene. Mutants lacking expression of this gene were less virulent in a dermonecrotic mouse infection model. Inactivation of the sagA/pel gene affect the expression of a variety of virulence factors in addition to the hemolysin. Insertion of a Tn917 transposon into the promoter region of the sagA/pel gene of S. pyogenes isolate CS101 eliminated expression of SLS, as well as decreased expression of the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B, streptokinase and M protein. In this study a mouse skin air sac model was utilized to analyze the effect of biological pressures on expression of SLS and other sagA/pel regulated gene products. The insertion delayed the lethal effect of S. pyogenes in a mouse skin infection model. Despite this, bacteria could be cultured from the kidneys 72 hours post infection. These kidney-recovered isolates were β-hemolytic despite the transposon being present in its original location and had equivalent virulence to the wild type isolate when re-injected into naive mice. Northern blot analysis of the kidney-recovered isolates confirmed that transcription of sagA/pel was restored; however the expression of all sagA/pel regulated genes was not restored to wild type levels. These results show that biological pressure present in the mouse can select for variants with altered expression of key virulence factor genes in S. pyogenes.
Disruptions in the Supply of Medications Used in Transplantation: Implications and Management Strategies for the Transplant Clinician

Drug shortages are a threat to patient care and public health, and the number of drugs on shortage is growing at an exponential rate. The major therapy areas affected by these shortages are oncology, anti-infective, cardiovascular and central nervous system. However, drugs utilized in the transplant patient population have not been exempt, and can have significant influence on posttransplant outcomes. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current and historical solid organ transplant-related disruptions in the supply of medications and implications on patient care and safety. Transplant centers should be armed with an implementation plan when imperative transplant-related drugs such as tacrolimus, mycophenolate, or antithymocyte globulin go on shortage. This plan should provide steps to manage the shortage, and provide effective therapeutic alternatives.
Influence of Ischemic Preconditioning on Intracellular Sodium, pH, and Cellular Energy Status in Isolated Perfused Heart

The possible relationships between intracellular Na+ (Na1+), bioenergetic status and intracellular pH (pH1) in the mechanism for ischemic preconditioning were studied using 23Na and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in isolated Langendorff perfused rat heart. The ischemic preconditioning (three 5-min ischemic episodes followed by two 5-min and one 10-min period of reperfusion) prior to prolonged ischemia (20 min stop-flow) resulted in a decrease in ischemic acidosis and faster and complete recovery of cardiac function (ventricular developed pressure and heart rate) after 30 min of reperfusion. The response of Na1 during ischemia in the preconditioned hearts was characterized by an increase in Na+1 at the end of preconditioning and an accelerated decrease during the first few minutes of reperfusion.During post-ischemic reperfusion, bioenergetic parameters (PCr/P1 and βATP/P, ratios) were partly recovered without any significant difference between control and preconditioned hearts. The reduced acidosis du...
Membrane modeling of pull-in instability in MEMS sensors and actuators

The pull-in behavior of a conductive elastic membrane over a rigid ground electrode as a prototype of MEMS pressure sensors or MEMS microvalves is studied. Elastic membrane theory is used to describe the deformation of the membrane, which together with electric loading forms a nonlinear electromechanical coupling problem. A closed-form solution on the deflection of the membrane has been obtained, in which both equilibrium and non-equilibrium states are observed The transition from the equilibrium state to the non-equilibrium state is related to the stiction failure mode occurring in the operation of MEMS devices. Defined as the electric potential difference between the membrane and the electrode at which the snap-through of the membrane to the electrode occurs, the pull-in electric voltage is derived in a closed form. It is proportional to the square root of the tensile force created in the stretch of the membrane and inversely proportional to the length of the membrane.
Development of Geographic Information System-Based Pavement Management System for Salt Lake City

Over the past 3 years, a major effort has been made toward making a pavement management system (PMS) functional in Salt Lake City, Utah. As part of this effort, a geographic information system (GIS) was developed to enhance the existing PMS. The GIS-based PMS (G-PMS) developed for Salt Lake City is presented. G-PMS was written in Map-Basic, the programming language of MapInfo, to provide pavement engineers at Salt Lake City with customized menus and pavement management functions. The G-PMS reads in the unified crack indexes based on the digital image processing algorithm, recommends the most appropriate maintenance strategies, and displays those strategies on a digital map. It also provides the functions to report estimated costs for each maintenance activity and conduct financial planning. The design and function of G-PMS are discussed in detail. G-PMS is being implemented for the public works department of Salt Lake City.
Real business cycles and sunspot fluctuations are observationally equivalent

Abstract This paper points out that real business cycle models are observationally equivalent to externality models, which we define as models with externalities and sunspots but without productivity shocks. As far as standard first-order systems are concerned, however, externality models turn out to be more flexible than RBC models. This explains, at least partly, why previous studies have found that externality models perform better than standard RBC models at generating realistic business cycle behavior. Our results cast doubt on the arguments of Farmer and Guo (1994) and Caballero and Lyons (1992).