cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Providing comprehensive and consistent access to astronomical observatory archive data: the NASA archive model

Since the turn of the millennium a constant concern of astronomical archives have begun providing data to the public through standardized protocols unifying data from disparate physical sources and wavebands across the electromagnetic spectrum into an astronomical virtual observatory (VO). In October 2014, NASA began support for the NASA Astronomical Virtual Observatories (NAVO) program to coordinate the efforts of NASA astronomy archives in providing data to users through implementation of protocols agreed within the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA). A major goal of the NAVO collaboration has been to step back from a piecemeal implementation of IVOA standards and define what the appropriate presence for the US and NASA astronomy archives in the VO should be. This includes evaluating what optional capabilities in the standards need to be supported, the specific versions of standards that should be used, and returning feedback to the IVOA, to support modifications as needed. We discuss a standard archive model developed by the NAVO for data archive presence in the virtual observatory built upon a consistent framework of standards defined by the IVOA. Our standard model provides for discovery of resources through the VO registries, access to observation and object data, downloads of image and spectral data and general access to archival datasets. It defines specific protocol versions, minimum capabilities, and all dependencies. The model will evolve as the capabilities of the virtual observatory and needs of the community change.
Sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors based on location of EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR.

7523 Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations (M) define an important subgroup of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Most patients whose tumors harbor exon 19 deletions or L858R EGFR M have responses to reversible ATP-mimetic EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib and erlotinib. Exon 20 insertion M comprise ~5% of EGFR M, occur at the N-lobe of EGFR after its C-helix (AA M766), and nearly all NSCLCs with EGFR exon 20 insertion M display lack of responses to EGFR TKIs (Yasuda H. Lancet Oncol 2011). Methods: We have 1) compiled genotype-clinical outcomes of EGFR exon 20 insertion M NSCLCs to EGFR TKIs, 2) generated a comprehensive panel of exon 20 EGFR M constructs using site-directed mutagenesis and introduced them into Ba/F3 cells for in vitro analysis, and 3) compared NSCLC cell lines with EGFR M to a novel malignant pleural effusion-derived cell line. Results: The disease control rate of gefitinib or erlotinib was significantly higher in EGFR exon 20 insertion M located ...
Miller-Loudon-Snyder nitrile synthesis

Conversion of aldehydes to nitriles using hydroxyamine and p-nitrobenzonitrile sequentially.
Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Characteristics in Molecularly-Defined Patient Populations (S37.008)

Objective: To establish molecularly-defined relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patient populations and determine their association with clinical and radiological measures of disease activity, including relapses, disability progression, T2 and gadolinium-enhancing lesions. Background : RRMS is a heterogeneous disease, in regard to clinical presentation, disability progression and treatment response. Post-hoc analyses of clinical trial data may afford insights into the pathophysiology associated with this heterogeneity, facilitating better individual prognosis formulation and treatment decision-making. Design/Methods: Whole blood genome-wide expression from 570 RRMS placebo-treated patients from the simultaneous phase 3 studies DEFINE and CONFIRM were analyzed. Causal analysis was used to generate individual-specific putatively mechanistic disease profiles. Unsupervised clustering of patients by their mechanistic profiles was performed. Patient clusters were tested for associations with baseline clinical or MRI characteristics and on-study relapses or disability progression. Finally, we replicated the molecular profiling and clustering in a treated RRMS patient cohort at baseline and examined the potential for optimal therapeutic selection in the molecularly-defined patient groups. Results: Baseline mechanistic profiles from RRMS patients provided distinct molecularly defined patient groups. Distinct mechanisms included immune and inflammatory signals, oxidative stress, and differential B-cell and T- cell biology. Predicted molecular activities such as NFE2L2, IFNG and IL2 could distinguish among these patient groups. These prospectively defined patient groups exhibited distinct range of baseline and subsequent clinical and radiological variables with up to 20-fold differences between the extremes. Notably, “Time to relapse”, “Time to disability progression” and “Brain volume change" were found to significantly associate with specific patient groups. Conclusions:Utilizing data from two large prospective RRMS trials, we identified molecularly-distinct patient groups that correlated with mild and severe extremes of disease status and outcome. Mechanistic understanding of groups that were well differentiated within the extremes of the clinical and radiological covariates will be further evaluated to provide markers that distinguish such populations. Disclosure: Dr. Enayetallah has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen as an employee. Mr. Hosur has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Dr. Ransohoff has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Dr. Goyal has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee.
Two Approvals from the 1931 Athens Conference: Anastylosis and International Collaboration for Architectural Conservation: New Evidence

AbstractThe Athens Conference was an international meeting on architectural conservation, organized by the International Museums Office, an institution that belonged to the League of Nations, in October 1931. The discovery of official documents, such as the minutes and statements of participants, clarifies discussions for all nine sessions. This study addresses approvals of the restoration measure, anastylosis, and the worldwide safeguard for historic monuments. Furthermore, it argues that the Athens Conference was the first global meeting in the twentieth century to frame modern conservation principals in terms of a role model for archaeological interventions and global aids for architectural protection.
Abstract 032: Impaired Cardiac Autophagy In Metabolic Syndrome Despite Intact AMPK And mTOR Signaling

Objective: We previously reported that basal cardiac autophagy is lower in the setting of metabolic syndrome (MetS) (obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance) and is associated with attenuation of cardioprotection after ischemic preconditioning. To understand the underlying mechanisms and exclude effects of the extracellular milieu, we investigated the roles of two major cellular energy sensing pathways, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), using adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (ARVM) isolated from Sprague Dawley (SD) and Zucker obese (ZO) rats. Methods: ARVM were cultured overnight and subjected to nutrient deprivation (1 hr), or treated with 1µM phenformin (Ph), an AMPK activator, or 5µM rapamycin (Rap), an mTOR inhibitor. Immunoblotting was used to measure phosphorylation of AMPK, p70S6 kinase (a downstream target of mTOR), LC3-I, -II, and p62 (autophagic clearance). Results: In ARVM from SD rats, starvation or Ph increased p-AMPK and decreased p-p70S6K, accompanied by increased LC3-II and 50% reduction in p62. Rapamycin decreased phosphorylation of p70S6K, increased LC3-II and decreased p62. In ZO ARVM, Ph and Rap also activated AMPK and inhibited mTOR; however, LC3-II was unchanged (Fig.) and p62 clearance was blunted. Conclusions: Despite appropriate activation of AMPK and inhibition of mTOR, autophagy is impaired in ARVM from ZO rats. These cells retain the MetS phenotype, facilitating efforts to delineate the molecular basis of impaired autophagy and vulnerability to ischemia/reperfusion injury in MetS. This could lead to new approaches to myocardial protection in at-risk patients.
Proprioception and Its Contribution to Manual Dexterity

Publisher Summary The proprioceptive or kinesthetic sensory system is involved in processing information that arises both centrally and peripherally about limb movements, changes in limb position, and muscle force. During vibration, a limb can be perceived to be in an anatomically impossible position, which suggests that perceptually the limits of the sense of position are not set by the anatomical constraints of joint excursion, and that the cortical sensory centers will extrapolate. Following a digital nerve block in which both joint and cutaneous afferent input is eliminated, but the muscles in the forearm controlling flexion and extension movements of the fingers are unaffected, there is a loss of proprioceptive acuity. It is observed that when the proximal interphalangeal joint of the index finger is anesthetized by an intra-articular injection of a local anesthetic, the ability to match the position of the joint deteriorates. The greatest errors are associated with perceiving the location of the finger when it is positioned near the extremes of its range of joint motion. The analysis of surgical performance should provide a basis for evaluating the performance of microsurgical robotic systems, for which it is essential to know the accuracy and consistency with which various tasks are carried out by their human counterparts.
How the Rational Expectations Revolution Has Changed Macroeconomic Policy Research

The rational expectations hypothesis is by far the most common expectations assumption used in macroeconomic research today. This hypothesis, which simply states that people’s expectations are the same as the forecasts of the model being used to describe those people, was first put forth and used in models of competitive product markets by John Muth in the 1960s. But it was not until the early 1970s that Robert Lucas (1972, 1976) incorporated the rational expectations assumption into macroeconomics and showed how to make it operational mathematically. The ‘rational expectations revolution’ is now as old as the Keynesian revolution was when Robert Lucas first brought rational expectations to macroeconomics.
Near-field pressure waveform analysis of an excited Mach 0.9 jet:

This work explores the effects of axisymmetric, helical, and flapping mode perturbations over a range of Strouhal numbers on the near-field pressure of an axisymmetric Mach 0.9 jet with a Reynolds ...
Epidemic Models in Populations of Varying Size

We consider simple compartmental models for infectious diseases with exposed and infective periods of fixed length. In particular, we examine the effect of incorporating nonlinear population dynamics into such models on threshold phenomena and the stability of endemic equilibria.
Optic cup symmetry in normal newborn infants.

4. Hallett, E.: A study of intraocular tension during general anesthesia, Tr. Ophth. Soc. XXIV: 73, 1965. 5. Sampaolesi, R., Reca, R., and Carro, A.: Personal communication, Oct., 1967. 6. de Roetth, A., Jr. and Schwartz, H.: Aqueous humor dynamics in glaucoma: Effect of ganglionic blocking agents and thiopental sodium anesthesia on aqueous humor dynamics, Arch. Ophth. 55: 755, 1956. 7. Apt, L.: Personal communication, Oct., 1967.
Gamma Linoleic Acid and Trans Linoleic Acid Effects on Atherogenic Dieted Rabbit Tissue Sensitivity to Insulin

The effects of adding 5% Primrose oil-(PO) [ containing 9% Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA)] and/or 5% Soy Oil (SO) [containing 35% Trans Linoleic acid (TLA)] -to the Atherogenic Diet (AD) fed to rabbits...
A Leadership Framework for Implementation of an Organization's Strategic Plan.

Abstract Many schools of nursing have employed strategic planning as resources have become limited and demands for organizational efficiency have increased. Although the process of developing a strategic plan has been described in the literature, there is little information about how to implement and evaluate a plan. In this paper, we provide an overview of one nursing school's strategic plan development and the implementation and evaluation processes. Our paper provides a detailed description of the leadership framework used to shape, implement and evaluate the plan and makes recommendations for their application to other schools engaging in strategic planning.
Establishing Transport Statistics: Results From the Medevac Transport Statistics Survey.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this article was to report the results of a national survey of medical transport programs to establish national estimates of critical care transports and use those results combined with other data sources to generate annual transport volume estimates. Methods An online survey was administered to collect transport statistics from medical transport programs registered in the Association of Air Medical Services Atlas and Database of Air Medical services in 2015. Results Roughly 20% of all registered programs participated. An estimated 640,000 critical care transports are conducted annually; an additional breakdown by mode of transfer is presented. Conclusion Low participation rates preclude establishing precise critical care transport statistics. Future participation is encouraged to enable more accurate data reporting to establish resources that can support research and policy initiatives.
Duodenal Iron Transport in Man During Intestinal Perfusion

ABSTRACT Duodenal iron transport was determined by the intestinal perfusion method in 10 normal subjects and 2 patients with iron deficiency anemia. Net absorption was significantly greater in women and was attributable to an increase in DmsFeThe percent lost back into the lumen, DsmFe, was similar in both sexes. Iron deficient patients absorbed significantly more iron than controls. This enhanced net absorption was due to both an increase in DmsFe and a decrease in DsmFe. The results of this study demonstrate that iron absorption can be reproducibly and reliably assessed by the perfusion technique.
Early Assessment and Tests for Adaptive Behavior

Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by significant impairments in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. Adaptive behavior is a collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills required by individuals to function in their everyday lives. With increased recognition that early intervention is crucial for remediating delays and improving treatment outcomes across skill domains, there has been increased research on the early assessment of intellectual and developmental delays. Tests for developmental and adaptive behavior have been designed to assess the level of developmental functioning and adaptive behavior throughout the lifespan, from infancy to adulthood. These scales measure developmental deficits across broad and specific skill domains and aid in the diagnosis of ID or other developmental disabilities. In addition, results from these behavior scales can be used to determine eligibility of support services, guide intervention planning, and monitor treatment progress. Commonly used developmental scales and tests for adaptive behavior will be reviewed in this chapter.
How wage structure and crop size negatively impact farmworker livelihoods in monocrop organic production: interviews with strawberry harvesters in California

Because organic certification standards institutionalized a product-based rather than process-based definition, certified organic produce can be grown on large-scale industrial monocrop farms. Besides toxicity of inputs, these farms operate in much the same way as conventional production. Scholars emphasize the fact that labor rights have been left out of certification criteria, and because of that, organic farms reproduce the same labor relations as conventional. Empirical studies of organic farm labor, however, rely primarily on the perspective of farmers. In this study, I ask the farmworkers themselves how harvesting on organic farms compares to conventional, and found that working in organic negatively impacts farmworker livelihoods. Qualitative interviews with 36 strawberry harvesters in Oxnard, California reveal that farmworkers make more money in conventional strawberry production because of the interaction between wage structure and size of the berry. Conventional strawberries are larger and therefore fewer of them fill up a box. Farmworkers routinely pick more boxes in conventional than in organic, thus earning more, since under the piece rate system, farmworkers are paid per box. With short-term economic survival rather than long-term occupational health concerns in mind, strawberry harvesters would rather work on conventional farms because “la fresa organica es mas chiquita” (organic strawberries are smaller).
Water properties in the La Plata River Estuary from VIIRS observations

Abstract In this study, observations from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) between 2012 and 2018 are used to characterize and quantify water optical properties in the La Plata River Estuary (or Rio de la Plata Estuary). Satellite-measured normalized water-leaving radiance spectra nLw(λ) are found to be similar with the peak at the 671 nm red band in the inner and mid estuaries, while nLw(λ) spectra peak at the 551 nm green band in the outer estuary. Remarkable seasonal and inter-annual variability are also observed in the La Plata River Estuary. The austral autumn (March–May) is found to be the most turbid season. An enhanced radiance ratio nLw(745)/nLw(671) is also found to occur during the austral autumn season in the inner and mid estuaries. The La Plata River Estuary had the most turbid water in 2012 in terms of the satellite-measured water diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm Kd(490) in the inner and mid estuaries. The low Kd(490) in the inner and mid estuaries during 2015–2016 coincided with the strong 2015–2016 El Nino event. The first and second empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes account for about 34.9% and 27.0% of the total Kd(490) variance in the La Plata River Estuary, respectively. In addition, the Kd(490) variation in the inner and mid estuaries is out of phase with that in the outer estuary. The winds, rainfall, and river discharge are attributed to the first and second EOF modes of the Kd(490) in the La Plata River Estuary.
Estimating the Production Function Under Input Market Frictions

Behind many production function estimators lies a crucial assumption that the firm's choice of intermediate inputs depends only on observed choices of other inputs and on unobserved productivity. T...
Detecting Subclones from Spatially Resolved RNA-Seq Data

Recently developed technologies allow us to view the transcriptome at high resolution while preserving the spatial location of samples. These advances are particularly relevant to cancer research, since clonal theory predicts that nearby cells are likely to belong to the same expanding subclone. Using this evolutionary hypothesis, we develop a statistical procedure which uses a test of local spatial association along with a graph-based approach to infer subclones from spatially resolved RNA-seq data. Our method is robust, scalable, and can be applied to data from any of the existing spatial transcriptomics technologies. On data from spatially resolved RNA-seq of breast cancer tissue, our method infers seven distinct subclones and identifies potential driver genes.
BRD9 is a critical regulator of androgen receptor signaling and prostate cancer progression

Switch/sucrose-nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complexes are critical regulators of chromatin dynamics during transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair. A recently identified SWI/SNF subcomplex termed GLTSCR1/1L-BAF (GBAF; or "noncanonical BAF", ncBAF) uniquely contains bromodomain-containing protein BRD9 and glioma tumor suppressor candidate region 1 (GLTSCR1) or its paralog GLTSCR1-like (GLTSCR1L). Recent studies have identified a unique dependency on GBAF (ncBAF) complexes in synovial sarcoma and malignant rhabdoid tumors, both of which possess aberrations in canonical BAF (cBAF) and Polybromo-BAF (PBAF) complexes. Dependencies on GBAF in malignancies without SWI/SNF aberrations, however, are less defined. Here, we show that GBAF, particularly its BRD9 subunit, is required for the viability of prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and for optimal xenograft tumor growth in vivo. BRD9 interacts with androgen receptor (AR) and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), and modulates AR-dependent gene expression. The GBAF complex exhibits overlapping genome localization and transcriptional targets as bromodomain and extraterminal domain-containing (BET) proteins, which are established AR coregulators. Our results demonstrate that GBAF is critical for coordinating SWI/SNF-BET cooperation and uncover a new druggable target for AR-positive prostate cancers, including those resistant to androgen deprivation or antiandrogen therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: Advanced prostate cancers resistant to androgen receptor antagonists are still susceptible to nontoxic BRD9 inhibitors, making them a promising alternative for halting AR signaling in progressed disease.
Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal vein and artery in siblings.

Cystic adventitial disease (CAD) is an uncommon condition in which mucoid cysts form within the adventitial layer of the arterial or venous wall. We have presented two cases in which two first-degree relatives (brother and sister) had acquired CAD ∼6 years apart, one involving the popliteal artery and the other involving the popliteal vein. We have reported a rare case of a possible familial association of CAD. We have discussed the etiology, diagnostic criteria, and imaging modalities between arterial and venous CAD to aid in the management and selection of optimal treatment strategies.
Introduction to Aerobiology

This chapter introduces the study of airborne microorganisms and their by-products, discusses indoor and anthropogenic outdoor sources of airborne microorganisms that affect human health and the environment, reviews the association of bioaerosols and indoor environmental quality, and briefly presents background information on airborne microorganisms as potential bioterrorism agents. The transport and ultimate settling of a bioaerosol are affected by its physical properties and by the environmental conditions that it encounters while airborne. The most important physical characteristics are the size, density, and shape of the droplets or particles, while the most significant environmental conditions are the temperature, relative humidity, and magnitude of air currents. Numerous anthropogenic activities serve as the origin of bioaerosols in outdoor environments, especially agricultural practices and wastewater treatment processes. In summary, interest in the populations of airborne microorganisms in agricultural and industrial settings, health care facilities, residences, offices, and classroom environments has increased in recent years. The threat of purposeful release of microorganisms as bioterrorism agents has prompted renewed interest in aerobiology, and research activity in this area of environmental microbiology has rapidly expanded.
An antibody to oxytocin.

Abstract An antibody to oxytocin has been developed. It has been shown to be specific, and a reproducible immunologic method of quantitation has been illustrated. The biologic activity of this small hormone appears to have been inhibited by antibody, and localization of this octapeptide in tissue has been demonstrated by immunofluorescence.
Treatment options for acute decompensated heart failure

The benefits of nesiritide for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) are discussed. In order to understand the goals of ADHF therapy, it is important to recognize the complex interplay between hemodynamic and neurohormonal abnormalities in patients suffering from heart failure. Goals of therapy include improvement in hemodynamic parameters, relief of symptoms, and minimization of adverse effects. Until recently, therapy with diuretics, positive inotropes, and intravenous vasodilators was the standard of care for treating ADHF. Nesiritide is the newest agent available for treating ADHF and may offer several benefits over standard of care therapy. It is important to remember that therapy for ADHF should not replace chronic oral heart failure therapy, nor should focus on prevention of ADHF episodes be lost.
Transamerican Literary Relations and the Nineteenth-Century Public Sphere: Scattered traditions: the transamerican genealogies of Jicoténcal

In 1826 a small press in the northeastern United States released a novel whose historical themes suggested to its readership the influence of the British author Walter Scott. Writing about the novel the following year for the United States Review and Literary Gazette , William Cullen Bryant made lengthy reference to “the author of ‘Waverly’” and the political capacities of historical fiction before moving on to the specific background of the 1826 narrative he was reviewing. The novel revived the prenational American scene of an earlier century, drawing on the rhetoric and imagery of the New World Eden while treating a series of violent battles between European imperial and indigenous armies. Within various subplots coalescing around interindigenous conflicts and secret pacts, this historical narrative featured two women descended from Scott's archetypal fair and dark ladies, one pure and the other tainted, opposing symbolic moral registers of innocence and an imposed guilt. A story of interracial male alliances and cross-cultural struggles for possession of the fair lady, the novel's central focus upon the capture and potential violation of its female characters coincided with a popular interest throughout the United States in the theme of captivity. Yet the ultimate marriage of the fair lady to her appropriate male counterpart was secondary to the narrative's larger project: to document the alleged passing of a particular historical moment for indigenous America – and to recommend a clear political order for the future.
The distinction between basic pension and contributory pension: The paradoxes of the recent reform to the Greek pension scheme (Laws 3863 and 3865/2010)

Greece under severe financial and economic crisis has accepted the control of the World Monetary Fund and the European Union. Among other measures imposed on Greece is government funding to remain at 5 per cent of the GDP until 2030. In order to fulfill this obligation, Laws 3863 and 3865/2010 have been passed. With these laws, the distinction between basic pension and contributory pension is introduced. A theoretical mathematical model based on social security principles for calculating the aggregate pension (basic pension and contributory pension) is presented and compared to the model that corresponds to the recent reform to the Greek pension scheme. Apart from the social and economic merits of this reform, some paradoxes and shortcomings are pointed out.
Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis to Investigate Corrosion Problems in Plain Tinplate Food Cans and Examine Glass and Glass-Like Particles Found in Canned Food

Scanning Electro n Mic roscopy (SEM) and X· ray Mic ro· analys is (EOS) have been used to investigate product conwinc r interaction problems in plai n tinplate metal food containers and to examine glass and glass-like particles that we re found in canned food . Through the usc o f SEMEDS. it wa~ detemlined that: sulfa te contain ing panicles from the cannery cooling water reacted with exposed iron or tiniron alloy on the tinplate surface causing an ex terna l ruMing problem: sul fur diox ide was responsible for a conwi nc r d iscolora tion and n pitting corros ion problem in canned fruit nec ta r : hydrogen sulfide produced from the S02· tinp l;ttc reactio n was the cause of an assoc ia ted off·odor problem: copper. poss ibly from a side scam welding opera· tion. excessive headspacc mtygcn and a bead ing defect on the conwi nc r body wall helped ex pla in a dctinn ing and piuing cor· 10~ion problem in canned fr ic.:d appies. A quantitati ve SEM EDS method was used to mca~urc the compos it ion of glass pa rti cles in two alleged product tamper· ing case~ involving canned food . Glass· like particles from a tomato powder and can ned peas we re also examined . In it ial pape r r ece ived Ju ly 05, 1988 Manu sc rip t r eceive d November 25, 1988 Direc t inqu i r ies to J.E. Char bonneau Telep hone nu mb e r : 202 639 5972 Kc ~· \-\ "or ds : Scanning Electron Mic roscopy . X· ray Micro· analysis. Tinplate Food Cans, External Rusting . Inte rnal Can Corros ion. Glass. Glass· like Particles. Product Tamper ing.
The Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD): New Opportunities and New Facilities

This paper presents the status and the operation conditions of the 1.3 GeV storage ring at the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD). An overview of existing beamlines with their relevant parameters is given and four beamlines that came into operation over the last two years are discussed in some detail.
The case for dietary management of the older hypertensive

If the expense or side effects of antihypertensive drug therapy become a serious problem, dietary therapy can be a worthwhile option. The dietary prescription for treatment of hypertension usually involves modifications in energy, fat, and minerals. Weight, blood cholesterol, and triglycerides should be controlled through dietary management. Sodium's effect on blood pressure is controversial and not clearly defined; however, sodium restriction is usually prescribed for hypertensive patients because of potential benefits. Other minerals that may affect blood pressure include potassium and calcium. Good dietary intake of both minerals has been associated with lowered blood pressure. An accompanying scenario illustrates the effectiveness of dietary management.
Energy consumption modeling and analyses in automotive manufacturing final assembly process

As an important part of a sustainability strategy, energy usage in an automotive manufacturing plant is an important topic that has recently gained significant attention. Researchers mostly focus on energy conservation through increasing the efficiency of such facilities, optimizing energy supplies, and scheduling efficient production sequences. However, attention is seldom focused on holistic energy modeling at the level of process assembly lines. In this study, the problem of energy consumption during the automotive vehicle final assembly (FA) process is discussed. An energy classification in the final assembly department is generated to give more transparent understanding of the energy consumption in each category. Typical energy models of every energy category are presented to demonstrate the potential energy savings through a combined approach. Finally, considering the current status of most manufacturing plant metering systems, a three-level metering system is proposed to support the hybrid (i.e., discrete and continuous, deterministic and stochastic) modeling approach.
Type, Extent and Coding of Updated Symbolic Information

This study concerned how information extraction and assimilation from dynamic visual displays are affected by three amounts of information presented (12, 18, or 24 units), three types of updating changes (“Adding”, “Moving,“ or “Removing“ units), three extents of changes (2, 4, or 6 units), and three ways of indicating updates (double-cue coding, single-cue coding and history hard copy.). Subjects were presented successive pairs of slides with the second slide containing the updates. Speed and accuracy of extracing and assimilating the updated information were recorded. It was found that: 1) Double-cue improved extraction 97%; assimilation 57%. 2) Single-cue coding improved extraction 68%, assimilation 47%. 3) Hard copy history did not aid extraction; improved assimilation only slightly. 4) Increasing the amount of information and extent of change degraded extraction and assimilation. 5) For assimilation, double-cue coding nullified the degrading effects of increasing amount of information. 6) In both tas...
Theoretical study of lithium cation interactions with hydrocarbon radicals

Abstract The nature of the interaction between lithium cations and hydrocarbon free radicals has been examined by electronic structure calculations at the HF/6–31 G** and MP2/6–31 G** levels. Bonding in the radical cation systems CH3Li+, C2H5Li+, 2-C3H7Li+, C2H3Li+, and C3H5Li+ closely resembles that between lithium cations and closed-shell molecules.
SUPEREXCHANGE VERSUS SEQUENTIAL LONG RANGE ELECTRON TRANSFER ; DENSITY MATRIX PATHWAYS IN LIOUVILLE SPACE

Abstract Two important issues in the theory of electron transfer: the competition between superexchange and sequential mechanisms, and the contributions of intermediate bridge states to the propagation from donor to acceptor are addressed by formulating the problem using the density matrix. The evolution of the density matrix allows the introduction of Liouville space pathways. By following the time dependence of the populations and coherences of the system (diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the density matrix), we identify the relevant pathways and the electron transfer mechanism.
An Investigation Of Computed Tomography (CT) Linearity

The linear dependence of Computed Tomography (CT) numbers on linear attenuation coefficients was investigated. CT numbers were fit to linear attenuation coefficients using the least squares method for energies from 55 to 80 keV. The variance was recorded. The energy representing the lowest variance was assumed to be the effective energy of the scanner. Six points were insufficient to unambiguously define the effective energy. Nine materials were used in all subsequent studies; unambiguous values were obtained. Linearity was determined as a function of field of view, phantom size from 10 cm to 30 cm diameter, and energy. Two plastics (polysulfone and acetal) are described which extend the linearity curve to 215 and 360 Houndsfield numbers respectively (scale is 1000). Practical applications were investigated.
Exploring the Efficacy of Support Groups for Men with Prostate Cancer

For the 180,000 men who will be diagnosed with prostate cancer this year, improvements in the disease’s medical management have prolonged life expectancy. Long-standing treatment side effects include bowel and urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction, which frequently are embarrassing and contribute to poor emotional well-being. Despite the popularity of support groups in alleviating emotional symptoms related to cancer and its treatment, few men participate in such groups. This article focuses on the reasons why men do not find support groups appealing and presents alternatives that may be more acceptable. Suggestions are made for clinical and research implications. (Geriatr Nurs 2000;21:250-3)
Digging deeper to find unique microbial communities: The strong effect of depth on the structure of bacterial and archaeal communities in soil

Abstract Microorganisms exist throughout the soil profile and those microorganisms living in sub-surface horizons likely play key roles in nutrient cycling and soil formation. However, the distributions of microbes through the soil profile remain poorly understood, as most studies focus only on those communities found in near-surface horizons. Here we examined how microbial community structure changes within soil profiles, whether these changes are similar across soils from different landscape positions, and how the community-level variation within individual soil depth profiles compares to the variation across surface soils from a wide range of biomes. We characterized changes in bacterial and archaeal community composition and diversity with depth through nine soil profiles located in a forested montane watershed in Colorado, USA. Microbial community composition was determined by barcoded pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene employing a primer set that captures both bacteria and archaea. Relative microbial biomass and soil carbon concentrations decreased exponentially with depth while soil pH increased in nearly all of the profiles examined. Bacterial diversity was typically highest in the top 10 cm of the profile; diversity typically dropped by 20–40% from the surface horizons to the deepest horizons sampled. Community composition was significantly affected by soil depth in all profiles, driven primarily by a decline in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes with depth and the peak in the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia between 10 and 50 cm. Microbial community composition across the nine pits was most variable in the surface horizons; communities at deeper soil depths were relatively similar regardless of landscape position. When compared to the microbial communities from 54 previously-analyzed surface soils collected across a wide range of biome types, we found that there was as much variation within individual soil pits as across surface soils from different biomes, emphasizing the importance of soil depth as an environmental gradient structuring soil microbial communities.
DR3 and nonDR3 associated complement component C4A deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract The molecular basis of complement component C4A deficiency in white U.S. and Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied. Genomic DNA from SLE patients and non-SLE controls was analyzed for restriction fragments using Hin dIII and a 5′ C4 cDNA probe. C4A gene deletion was recognized by the loss of a 15-kb restriction fragment and the appearance of a 8.5-kb fragment. Thirty-two selected U.S. SLE patients, 7 nonSLE controls, and 11 Mexican SLE patients and 9 relatives were studied. The deletion was recognized in all of the 14 HLA-B8; DR3 SLE patients with a C4A protein deficiency. Two SLE patients with DR3 but without B8 also had this gene deletion. None of the 3 U.S. SLE nonDR3, C4A protein deficient patients nor 20 C4A protein deficient Mexican individuals (11 SLE patients and 9 relatives; none had B8 and/or DR3) showed this deletion. Thus the C4A gene deletion failed to account for the C4A protein deficiency in all of the nonDR3 Mexicans and in some U.S. SLE patients. To determine whether gene conversion at the C4A locus would encode a C4B-like protein and be responsible for the C4A protein deficiency (in nonDR3 patients), the C4d region of the gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and subjected to Nla IV digestion, and restriction fragment analysis was performed using a C4d region-specific probe. The resulting restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern revealed no changes in the isotype-specific region of the gene as characterized by C4A-specific 276- and 191-bp fragments in DR3 or nonDR3 individuals. Thus, homoexpression of C4B at both loci was not responsible for C4A deficiency in nonDR3 SLE patients without C4A gene deletion.
Tuning the thermal conductivity of polymers with mechanical strains

The low thermal conductivity of polymers limits their heat spreading capability, which is one of the major technical barriers for the polymer-based products, especially electronics, such as organic light emitting diodes. It is highly desirable to enhance the thermal conductivity of polymer materials including polymer composites. Mechanical stretching could align polymer chains which are intrinsically low-dimensional material that could have very high thermal conductivity and thus enhancing the thermal conductivity of polymers. In this work, the all-atom model molecular-dynamics simulation is conducted to investigate the tuning of polymer thermal conductivity using mechanical strains. The simulation results show that the thermal conductivity of polymers increases with the increasing strain and the enhancement is larger when the polymer is stretched slower. Molecular weight also affects the thermal conductivity under the same stretching condition. More importantly, the thermal-conductivity enhancement could be exponentially fitted with the orientational order parameter which describes the chain conformation change. This study could guide the development of advanced reconfigurable and tunable thermal management technologies.
Cloning, expression and characterization of a cDNA encoding a lipase from Rhizopus delemar.

Abstract A λgt11 cDNA library was constructed in Escherichia coli using poly(A)-selected mRNA from the fungus, Rhizopus (Rp.) delemar. Lipase-producing members of the library were identified by means of a phenotypic score wherein the release of fatty acids by lipase causes a characteristic color change in the growth medium. One such isolate contained a 1287-bp insert (LIPcDNA) which hybridizes to 1.25- to 1.35-kb mRNA species from Rp. delemar. The lipase produced in E. coli containing the LIPcDNA exhibits the same substrate selectivity as the authentic fungal enzyme, hydrolyzing ester bonds at the stereospecific numbering (sn) sn-1 and sn-3, but not the sn-2, positions of triglycerides. The complete nucleotide sequence of the LIPcDNA was determined. By reference to the N-terminal sequence of authentic Rp. delemar lipase, the lipase-encoding region was identified within this fragment. The LIP cDNA encodes a putative preprolipase consisting of a 26-amino-acid(aa) signal sequence, a 97-aa propeptide, and a 269-aa mature enzyme. The predicted mature lipase has the same molecular weight and aa composition as that of Rp. delemar, is highly homologous to that produced by the fungus Rhizomucor miehei, and contains the consensus pentapeptide (Gly-Xaa-Ser-Yaa-Gly) which is conserved among lipolytic enzymes. It is concluded that the LIP cDNA is an essentially full-length analogue of the lipase-encoding gene of Rp. delemar. The lipase encoded by the LIP cDNA occupies a cytoplasmic location when synthesized in E. coli. Unprocessed forms of the lipase accumulate in E. coli.
Electron impact mass spectrometry of nuphar alkaloids. II—Thiohemiaminals

The appearance of m/e 228 and 176 ions, useful in ascertaining the presence of the hemiaminal hydroxyl, are discussed for six thiaspirane-type hemiaminals isolated from Nuphar luteum and three epimeric pairs of α-thiohemiaminals derived from (–)-deoxynupharidine. Other groups of ions useful in ascertaining stereochemical differences of the sulfur moiety in α-thiohemiaminals are discussed for the same compounds. One such group of ions is comprised of 248, 246 and 231; a second is 192 and 191.
Water availability and its influence on the structure and dynamics of a savannah large mammal community

Summary The Amboseli ecosystem is in a semi-arid savannah environment in which water availability is highly seasonal, a feature which has an important bearing on the structure and efficiency of the large mammal community. Data are presented to show that the seasonal movements, a wet season dispersal and dry season concentration of water-dependent species (obligate drinkers) can be related to the seasonality of rainfall and water availability, but that similar patterns do not prevail in the water-independent species. Evidence suggests that water availability is a crucial parameter in calculating the carrying capacity of a range, and that the duration of ephemeral supplies, which reflect rainfall seasonality, evapotranspiration, and soil water storage capacity, is equally important. A simplified model is presented which calculates the carrying capacity of water-bound communities–taking into account these two limiting factors. There appears to be a physiological barrier to a heavy utilization of the low water content grasses beyond reach of the water-dependent species, since most water-independent species select high water content browse in order to maintain a positive water balance. Significantly, while the water-independent community is almost exclusively composed of browsers, most water-dependent species are grazers. The biomass density of large mammals beyond 15 km from water, a radius which encloses 99-5% of the biomass of water-dependent species, is extremely low compared to areas within 10 km of water. As a consequence of the physiological barrier to a heavy utilization of low water content forage in water-deficient areas, the food chain efficiencies are appreciably lower than those with permanent water sources. Livestock development programmes have long appreciated this constraint and employed water development schemes to increase range-carrying capacity. Seasonality in the movement patterns of Amboseli is compared to other large mammal communities and management implications are discussed.
Toward an Understanding of Gender Differences in Written Business Communications: A Suggested Perspective for Future Research

Empirical studies of gender-based language differences have provided con flicting, discreet conclusions that have little relevance for business- communications instruction. This paper presents info...
Science and technology roadmaps

Science and technology (ST ST enhancing communications among researchers, technologists, product managers, suppliers, users, and other stakeholders; identifying gaps and opportunities in ST and identifying obstacles to rapid and low-cost product development. S&T managers also use roadmaps to help identify those S&T areas that have high potential promise, and to accelerate the transfer of the S&T to eventual products. However, there has been little attention paid to the practice of roadmapping in the published literature. This paper is a first attempt to bring some common definition to roadmapping practices and display the underlying unity of seemingly fragmented roadmap approaches. The paper begins with generic roadmap definitions, including a taxonomy of roadmaps that attempts to better classify and unify the broad spectrum of roadmap objectives and uses. Characteristics of retrospective and prospective roadmaps are then identified and analyzed, as well as summary characteristics of bibliometric-based S&T mapping techniques. The roadmap construction process, including fundamental principles for constructing high-quality roadmaps, is presented in detail.
On the Space Distribution of Slow Neutrons

The behavior of the neutron density about a plane- or point-source of fast neutrons within a homogeneous slowing-down medium has been re-investigated. For the case of constant mean free path a known analytical expression for the neutron density has been reduced to a form, which is valid for slow neutrons and for any distance from the source. The feasibility of a numerical evaluation of the formula is demonstrated for $M=1$ (hydrogen). In particular, the asymptotic behavior at very large distances has been studied. For the more realistic example of a medium in which the mean free path decreases with decreasing energy of the neutrons, formulae are presented describing the asymptotic density and the asymptotic energy spectrum at large distances from the source.