cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hydrodynamic Theory for Spatially Inhomogeneous Semiconductor Lasers: Microscopic Approach

Starting from the microscopic semiconductor Bloch equations (SBEs) including the Boltzmann transport terms in the distribution function equations for electrons and holes, we derived a closed set of diffusion equations for carrier densities and temperatures with self-consistent coupling to Maxwell's equation and to an effective optical polarization equation. The coherent many-body effects are included within the screened Hartree-Fock approximation, while scatterings are treated within the second Born approximation including both the in- and out-scatterings. Microscopic expressions for electron-hole (e-h) and carrier-LO (c-LO) phonon scatterings are directly used to derive the momentum and energy relaxation rates. These rates expressed as functions of temperatures and densities lead to microscopic expressions for self- and mutual-diffusion coefficients in the coupled density-temperature diffusion equations. Approximations for reducing the general two-component description of the electron-hole plasma (EHP) to a single-component one are discussed. In particular, we show that a special single-component reduction is possible when e-h scattering dominates over c-LO phonon scattering. The ambipolar diffusion approximation is also discussed and we show that the ambipolar diffusion coefficients are independent of e-h scattering, even though the diffusion coefficients of individual components depend sensitively on the e-h scattering rates. Our discussions lead to new perspectives into the roles played in the single-component reduction by the electron-hole correlation in momentum space induced by scatterings and the electron-hole correlation in real space via internal static electrical field. Finally, the theory is completed by coupling the diffusion equations to the lattice temperature equation and to the effective optical polarization which in turn couples to the laser field.
Empowering the eyes and ears of hospice: The Aide Specialist program.

Home aides are the critical link between the goals of hospice and their implementation. They spend greater periods of time in the home than other hospice team members, and often enjoy a privileged relationship of trust and openness with the patient and family. In order to optimize the contribution hospice aides can make, The Hospice of Central New York developed a program designed to improve hospice care quality by enhancing the skills, sensitivity, and self-esteem of the home health aides who most regularly provide this care. This article describes the components of a successful hospice aide training and support program, discusses the techniques used and the evaluation measures employed, and summarizes the benefits, limitations and challenges of initiating and maintaining a program of this kind.Typically the lowest-paid and least educated of health care workers,1 the home health aide (HHA) is often the most isolated member of the hospice interdisciplinary team, and may be marginalized in the staff develo...
Free recall of intra-list items as a function of serial position and association value

The present study was undertaken to extend the findings of a previous investigation by King, Reid, & Roberts (1966). Eight lists of nonsense syllables were developed, each list containing four low and four high-association value syllables. In four lists, a L, H, L, H alternation scheme was used, while the opposite arrangement was utilized in the other four lists. The two alternation patterns produced different serial position curves. This finding was essentially in agreement with the earlier study.
Building More Just Energy Infrastructure: Lessons from the Past

The proposed Keystone XL Pipeline has recently become a major political issue. Many argue that building the pipeline from the Canadian tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast will create needed j...
Production and perception of situationally variable alarm calls in wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus)

Many mammalian and avian species produce conspicuous vocalizations upon encountering a predator, but vary their calling based on risk urgency and/or predator type. Calls falling into the latter category are termed “functionally referential” if they also elicit predator-appropriate reactions in listeners. Functionally referential alarm calling has been well documented in a number of Old World monkeys and lemurs, but evidence among Neotropical primates is limited. This study investigates the alarm call system of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) by examining responses to predator and snake decoys encountered at various distances (reflecting differences in risk urgency). Observations in natural situations were conducted to determine if predator-associated calls were given in additional contexts. Results indicate the use of three call types. “Barks” are elicited exclusively by aerial threats, but the call most commonly given to terrestrial threats (the “hiccup”) is given in nonpredatory contexts. The rate in which this latter call is produced reflects risk urgency. Playbacks of these two call types indicate that each elicits appropriate antipredator behaviors. The third call type, the “peep,” seems to be specific to terrestrial threats, but it is unknown if the call elicits predator-specific responses. “Barks” are thus functionally referential aerial predator calls, while “hiccups” are better seen as generalized disturbance calls which reflect risk urgency. Further evidence is needed to draw conclusions regarding the “peep.” These results add to the evidence that functionally referential aerial predator alarm calls are ubiquitous in primates, but that noncatarrhine primates use generalized disturbance calls in response to terrestrial threats.
Opiate receptors in highly purified neuronal cell populations isolated in bulk from embryonic chick brain.

Abstract A bulk isolation procedure was used to obtain neuronal and non-neuronal cell populations from embryonic chick brain. The procedure utilizes the differences in cell-substrate adhesiveness of the two populations and the ability of the former to form homotypic aggregates in the presence of intermittent mechanical agitation. [3H]-Thymidine incorporation, semi-quantification of S-100 protein, and recycling of radioactively labelled putative non-neuronal cells through the isolation procedure indicate that the neuronal fraction contained less than 1% of non-neuronal cells. The binding of [3H]-naloxone to the isolated neuronal cells was characterized. These cells were found to have opiate receptors which are very similar to those found in adult rat brain with respect to stereospecificity of [3H]-naloxone binding, the ability of several opiate agonists and antagonists of varying analgesic activity to displace bound [3H]-naloxone, and the differential response of these drugs to Na+. Isolated non-neuronal cells, in contrast, had no specific opiate binding activity. Total binding activity of both populations of cells was greatly increased after 24 hr in culture. However, while a major portion of the activity of the neuronal cells was of the specific type, all of the activity in the non-neuronal cells remained nonspecific.
PREVENTING REDUNDANT SOLUTIONS IN PARTIAL ENUMERATION ALGORITHMS

Many algorithms for discrete problems use a variation of the tree-search enumeration technique as a basis for the algorithm. If a solution is the assignment of an attribute from a set ofm attributes to every variable in a set ofn variables, then redundant solutions can be generated if either the attributes or the variables contain some indistinguishable elements. A series of necessary and sufficient techniques are developed to eliminate the production of redundant solutions during enumeration. These techniques can be used to form the foundation of any partial enumeration algorithm where redundant solutions can be produced.
A new method for accelerated shelf-life prediction for frozen foods

Shelf-life estimation for frozen foods can be a long process because of the long duration of shelf-life at the lower temperatures of storage. A variety of rapid procedures have been proposed to suggest whether products will have acceptable shelf-lives at low storage temperatures. These all have limitations. In this paper a new procedure is proposed which involves direct determination of shelf-lives at the more elevated frozen storage temperatures, where change is more rapid. This is coupled with utilisation of information on the mobility temperature to establish a low-temperature storage datum. A plot of expected shelf-life as a function of temperature is produced using these two data sources. The effectiveness of the procedure is validated using existing literature data and newly generated data. The procedure allows for the effective estimation of the low-temperature storage life of a product utilising data collected on the product in question. It requires around 60 days, while effectively estimating the storage temperatures required to achieve target shelf-lives of 1 year, 18 months, 2 years or even longer.
Neuroanatomic projections related to biting attack elicited from hypothalamus in cats

Summary Electrodes were implanted in hypothalamic sites from which biting attack upon a rat was elicited by electrical stimulation in cats that did not attack rats spontaneously. The neural degeneration resulting from small lesions made through these attack electrodes was studied with the Fink-Heimer and Eager modifications of the Nauta reduced-silver method. The specific parameters of silver impregnation which were most suitable for each brain were determined, and the measures taken to control for degeneration resulting from the electrode track were described. Degeneration was found to ascend through the preoptic area and diagonal band of Broca into the septum and to descend into the midbrain reticular formation along the course of the medial forebrain bundle and into the central gray substance through the descending periventricular system. Degeneration was also traced into the dorsal hypothalamic area and the midline thalamus. After a lesion of a site adjacent to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in one cat from which only escape, but not attack, could be elicited, degeneration was observed in the ventromedial nucleus and in the diagonal band-septal region. The areas to which degeneration was traced were found to coincide well with sites from which attack has been reported to occur during electrical stimulation. The possible significance of the fact that the areas associated with attack behavior are of ancient phyletic origin was discussed.
Contracts, Labor Supply and Income Targeting

In many professions and personal services, a firm offers a contract with either proportional revenue sharing of the worker’s output or a contract with 100% revenue accruing to the worker in exchange for a fixed (debt) payment. Contingent on the contract, the worker chooses the mechanism to achieve the desired level of productivity. A higher revenue split induces the worker to be more productive in output per hour resulting in a higher wage. The relevant price of effort is the after-split, after-tax wage controlled for after-tax household income. Incentives through a higher split raise productivity and the return to effort. The sample is 1,559 U.S. real estate sales professionals paid on contract splits in 2007 and choosing their hours and effort. The compensated labor supply elasticity is positive and between approximately zero and 0.3 suggesting the absence of income targeting for these workers on split and 100% revenue contracts. But the inclusion of contractual income split provisions in the model substantially increases the labor supply elasticity.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibition can initiate or prevent gut inflammation: Role of enzyme source

The role of nitric oxide in gut inflammation was evaluated by comparing the effects of selective or nonselective inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Aminoguanidine, a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor, or NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) were administered via the drinking water to normal guinea pigs or following induction of ileitis with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS 30 mg/kg). Aminoguanidine had no detectable effect in normal animals. In contrast,l-NAME caused a time and dose-dependent increase in ileal myeloperoxidase activity and circulating leukocyte numbers. Only the ileum was inflamed withl-NAME treatment. In TNBS ileitis, both NOS inhibitors were protective, inhibiting in a dose-dependent manner granulocyte infiltration and submucosal fibrosis, with concurrent reductions in substance P immunoreactivity, epithelial protein leak and bowel wall thickening. Aminoguanidine was remarkably potent with an EC50 value of 100 ng/ml (drinking water concentration).l-NAME was approximately 100-fold less potent than aminoguanidine. We conclude from this pharmacological profile, that a lack of cNOS activity or an excess of iNOS activity can lead to gut inflammation. Aminoguanidine is the most potent inhibitor of experimental inflammatory bowel disease yet reported.
OTPM and the new manufacturing paradigm

Abstract The Object Transformation Process Model (OTPM) is a field-tested process modeling tool for re-engineering enterprise-wide information system architectures in support of the “new manufacturing paradigm.” The OTPM assists conflict reduction between cost accounting and engineering nonfinancial measurement systems. This tool also improve “smart” product manufacturing through similar treatment of hardware and software component information. The OTPM offers a novel approach to complementing traditional industrial engineering process flow analysis, and supports the so-called “vanilla” approach to software modeling. 1
When Ethyl Is Infinitely Different from Methyl: Double Addition of Lithiated Dithianes to Aromatic Carboxylates Revisited

Addition of lithiated alkyl dithianes to benzoyl chloride or methyl benzoate does not produce the expected product of double addition, α,α-bis(alkyldithianyl) benzyl alcohol, for alkyls larger than methyl. Instead, the first step intermediate, i.e. 2-benzoylated dithiane, undergoes an electron-transfer reduction by the second molecule of the dithianyl anion. This reduction is followed by the ring-opening mesolytic fragmentation of the dithiane ring in the ketyl anion radical and subsequent radical recombination yielding acetophenone-tethered thioortho esters 4, α-[3-(2-alkyl-1,3-dithiane-2-ylthio)propylthio]-α-alkyl-acetophenones. It appears that the Corey−Seebach bisaddition of lithiated dithianes to methyl benzoate is an exception rather than the rule in the alkyl dithiane series.
Ultrasound waveform tomography with the total-variation regularization for detection of small breast tumors

Waveform tomography has the potential to quantitatively reconstruct the sound speed values of breast tumors. It is difficult to obtain quantitative values of the sound speed of breast tumors when their sizes are in the order of, or smaller than, the ultrasound wavelength. Because of the ill-posedness of the full-waveform inversion, regularization techniques are usually used to improve reconstruction. We develop an ultrasound waveform tomography method with the total-variation regularization to improve sound-speed reconstructions of small breast tumors. Our numerical examples demonstrate that our ultrasound waveform tomography with the total-variation regularization is a promising tool for quantitative estimation of the sound speed of small breast tumors.
An offset-canceling low-noise lock-in architecture for capacitive sensing

We describe an offset-canceling low-noise lock-in architecture for capacitive sensing. We take advantage of the properties of modulation and demodulation to separate the signal from the DC offset and use nonlinear multiplicative feedback to cancel the offset. The feedback also attenuates out-of-band noise and further enhances the power of a lock-in technique. Experimentally, in a 1.5-/spl mu/m BiCMOS chip, a fabrication DC offset of 2 mV and an intentional offset of 100 mV were attenuated to 9 /spl mu/V. Our offset-canceling technique could also be useful for practical multipliers that need tolerance to fabrication errors. We present a detailed theoretical noise analysis of our architecture that is confirmed by experiment. As an example application, we demonstrate the use of our architecture in a simple capacitive surface-microelectromechanical-system vibration sensor where the performance is limited by mechanical Brownian noise. However, we show that our electronics limits us to 30 /spl mu/g//spl radic/Hz, which is at least six times lower than the noise floor of commercial state-of-the-art surface-micromachined inertial sensors. Our architecture could, thus, be useful in high-performance inertial sensors with low mechanical noise. In a 1-100-Hz bandwidth, our electronic detection threshold corresponds to a one-part-per-eight-million change in capacitance.
Sudden death mortality in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients.

Implanfable Cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is not absolute and our experience was reviewed to determine the frequency and nature of SCO in this population. The incidence and cause of mortality in 56 consecutive patients, who underwent ICD implantation beginning May 1982 with follow-up through May 19, 1990 were analyzed. Twenty-one patients died, 33% of the mortality was due to SCD, and 52% of deaths may be considered arrhythmic. The cumulative 1, 3, and 5 year SCD survivals were 93%, 89%, and 75%. All seven patients dying of SCD presented initially with SCD, all received previous shocks prior to SCD, and two of the seven patients had devices that were probably inactive at the time of death. We conclude that ICDs reduce but by no means eliminate arrhythmic death, particularly in those at highest risk for SCD. Arrhythmic death remained the most common cause of death in this population.
Recursive second-order approximation method for optimization and control of steady-state systems

A recursive second-order approximation approach for the optimization and control of steady-state systems is proposed. The method constructs the hessian matrix of the real performance by using a modification of the Broyden, Fletcher, Goldfart, and Shanno (BFGS) formula which only uses first-order information of the real process. The iterative direction can be obtained by solving a second-order approximate optimization problem which is determined by a modification of the BFGS formula. To obtain a new iterative point, Newton step and one-dimensional search updating strategies are employed. Global convergence and optimality of the derived algorithms are thoroughly investigated. In particular, the R-superlinear properties of the new approach are verified under local conditions. Numerical results show that the new approach is superior to the sequence model approximation (SMA) method.
Segmentation of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy lesions in fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The authors compared the reproducibility of a manual and a semiautomated technique for the quantitation of white-matter lesions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Volumes of white-matter lesions were determined using fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI in 23 AIDS patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Manual outlining was compared to an automated method based on region growing and adaptive thresholding. RESULTS Lesion volumes from the 2 methods correlated well (61 lesions, r = 0.99, P < 10(-4)), although the volumes differed substantially (12.8% +/- 13.7%). Interscan, intrasubject reproducibility was better for the automated than the manual method (2.9% +/- 3.2% vs 12.4% +/- 16.2% volume difference, P = .02). CONCLUSION The automated algorithm appeared more reproducible, which renders it superior to the manual method for longitudinal studies.
Formal Verification of SLA Transformations

Desirable application performance is typically guaranteed through the use of Service Level Agreements (SLAs) that specify fixed fractions of resource capacities that must be allocated for unencumbered use by the application. The mapping between what constitutes desirable performance and SLAs is not unique: multiple SLA expressions might be functionally equivalent. Having the flexibility to transform SLAs from one form to another in a manner that is provably safe would enable hosting solutions to achieve significant efficiencies. This paper demonstrates the promise of such an approach by proposing a type-theoretic framework for the representation and safe transformation of SLAs. Based on that framework, the paper describes a methodical approach for the inference of efficient and safe mappings of periodic, real-time tasks to the physical and virtual hosts that constitute a hierarchical scheduler. Extensive experimental results support the conclusion that the flexibility afforded by safe SLA transformations has the potential to yield significant savings.
Creating the Conditions for Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations

The article conceptualizes a prenegotiation process, designed to create the political and psychological conditions for beginning Israeli-Palestinian negotiations toward a mutually satisfactory sett...
Temporal interpolation of low-frame-rate digital subtraction angiograms

Typical digital subtraction angiography (DSA) acquisition rates are often inadequate for visualizing and analyzing fast-moving flow patterns. Therefore, an interpolation method that captures the angiographic flow pattern was developed. The temporal change of gray value in each pixel along a blood vessel records the flow movement at that location. Thus, temporal interpolation was performed on a pixel-by-pixel basis. To generate each interpolated image, a polynomial interpolation was applied to six sequential images. To validate the interpolation technique, a flow phantom was imaged with a high acquisition frame rate, and interpolation was done in a lower frame rate and compared to the acquired data. The interpolated images were also compared to results from linear interpolation and cubic spline interpolation. Clinical utility was illustrated on DSA images of cerebral vasculature with aneurysms. Image sequences of 60 frame/s were generated from DSA images acquired at 7.5 frame/s. The results show improved flow pattern visualization, especially flow head locations in blood vessels. This interpolation method has also been applied to dynamic 3D reconstruction from biplane DSA projections. In this application, the method was used to offset temporal discrepancies between biplane projection pairs and contrast injections, making dynamic 3D reconstruction possible.
A transistor-level test strategy for C/sup 2/MOS MOUSETRAP asynchronous pipelines

We discuss a transistor-level test methodology for C/sup 2/MOS asynchronous pipelines. Unlike their static CMOS counterparts, wherein testing for stuck-at faults and compliance to a few timing constraints typically suffices, dynamic asynchronous pipelines present new challenges which require more elaborate test solutions. More specifically, many gate-level input/output stuck-at faults of a static pipeline style translate into transistor-level stuck-open/stuck-short faults in the dynamic C/sup 2/MOS version. Therefore, test methods for transistor-level faults are required for dynamic asynchronous pipelines. To this end, we propose a methodology for testing both gate-level stuck-at faults and transistor-level stuck-open/stuck-short faults in C/sup 2/MOS pipelines. The proposed method does not employ additional hardware and is capable of detecting both gate-level and transistor-level faults, as we demonstrate on the C/sup 2/MOS version of MOUSETRAP.
Broad and Narrow CHC Abilities Measured and Not Measured by the Wechsler Scales Moving Beyond Within-Battery Factor Analysis

In this commentary, we reviewed two clinical validation studies on the Wechsler Scales conducted by Weiss and colleagues. These researchers used a rigorous within-battery model-fitting approach tha...
Location Specific Coverage With Wireless Platform Integrated 60-GHz Antenna Systems

60-GHz antennas are embedded inside a laptop computer chassis to evaluate suitable integration scenarios for effective far-field range coverage. A broad-beam patch and a switched-beam directive quasi-Yagi array are designed and utilized to conduct experimental tests on a real laptop computer. An electromagnetic modeling tool is used to fine tune the antenna's specific position at different locations in the laptop lid and base. In general, it is found that the platform embedded antennas exhibit satisfactory performance when they illuminate a small area of the chassis in the boresight direction, which prevents unwanted surface waves radiated from the chassis discontinuities (edges, corners, apertures) from interfering with the antenna main beam. In practice, this is simply achievable by keeping the antenna within a wavelength (5 mm) or closer to the frontal cover surface. Improper antenna placement may lead to antenna beamwidth reduction, boresight gain decrease, boresight angle tilt, and shadow regions formation. The derived results are not solely specific to the laptop chassis problem, and can thus be used to design general purpose wireless platform integrated 60-GHz antenna systems.
Graph Implementations for Nonsmooth Convex Programs

We describe graph implementations, a generic method for representing a convex function via its epigraph, described in a disciplined convex programming framework. This simple and natural idea allows a very wide variety of smooth and nonsmooth convex programs to be easily specified and efficiently solved, using interiorpoint methods for smooth or cone convex programs.
Recurrent major depressive disorder among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative intravenous drug users: Findings of a 3-year longitudinal study☆

Abstract A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, history of major depressive disorder (MDD), and persistent or recurrent MDD among intravenous drug users. Psychiatric disorders were assessed in a sample of HIV-positive (HIV + ) and HIV-negative (HIV − ) intravenous drug users every 6 months for 3 years. Results indicated that HIV status and baseline MDD independently predicted persistent or recurrent episodes of MDD after gender, drug use, ethnicity, income, and the presence other psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically. Among HIV + intravenous drug users with baseline MDD, 90% experienced at least one subsequent episode of MDD and 47% experienced at least three subsequent episodes of MDD. However, less than 40% of intravenous drug users with current MDD received treatment for emotional problems. These findings indicate that intravenous drug users with HIV infection and a history of MDD are at considerable risk for future episodes of MDD or recurrent MDD, and that increased provision of treatment for intravenous drug users with MDD may be necessary.
Crustal volumes of the continents and of oceanic and continental submarine plateaus

Using global topographic data and the assumption of Airy isostasy, it is estimated that the crustal volume of the continents is 7182 X 10 to the 6th cu km. The crustal volumes of the oceanic and continental submarine plateaus are calculated at 369 X 10 to the 6th cu km and 242 X 10 to the 6th cu km, respectively. The total continental crustal volume is found to be 7581 X 10 to the 6th cu km, 3.2 percent of which is comprised of continental submarine plateaus on the seafloor. An upper bound on the contintental crust addition rate by the accretion of oceanic plateaus is set at 3.7 cu km/yr. Subduction of continental submarine plateaus with the oceanic lithosphere on a 100 Myr time scale yields an upper bound to the continental crustal subtraction rate of 2.4 cu km/yr.
Viable Options for Reducing Impedance in a 2.5 MV Multichanneling, Multigap SF6 Gas Switch

An investigation was conducted into factors that effect impedance for a 2.5 MV gas switch. The switch studied was Rimfire, the workhorse gas switch topology for many of Sandia's large accelerators. The geometry of the switch investigated consists of multiple self-break gaps in series with a laser triggered Gap main gap. The switch is situated within a coaxial-like ground return structure. In this geometry there are three avenues that are theoretically possible for reducing switch impedance. They are 1) increasing the number of parallel current sharing channels (multichanneling), 2) decreasing the ratio of radii of the outer to inner conductors, and/or 3) decreasing the length. It was experimentally determined what effects the first two factors have on switch impedance and the results are presented in this work. It was discovered that multichanneling and radii ratio have substantially lesser effects on impedance, when compared to the theoretical effects of a reduction in switch length. This leaves reduction in length as the only remaining significant viable option for reduction of impedance in megavolt multigap switches, which has substantial consequences for the future design of multigap switches.
Tip trajectory tracking for a one-link flexible manipulator using causal inversion

Tip trajectory tracking for a flexible link robotic manipulator is a challenging problem. Due to the nonminimum phase nature of the system, existing methods encounter difficulties achieving high level performance. The classical causal inverses proposed by Hirschorn (1979) result in unbounded solutions to the inverse problem when the zero dynamics are unstable. Stable inversion introduced by Chen and Paden (1992) obtains bounded but noncausal inverses for nonminimum phase systems. In this paper, a causal inversion-based controller is applied to a one-link flexible manipulator. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the new causal inversion approach in output tracking.
An Examination of Some Religious and Political Attitude Correlates of Bigotry

This paper is concerned simply with surveying the correlation between two forms of prejudice (anti-Semiticism and anti-Negro attitudes) and various subvarieties of religious and political attitudes. It includes an examination of the correlations between the two varieties of prejudice and eight dimensions of religious attitudes and 13 dimensions of political attitudes. The research was conducted in four undergraduate university student populations: (1) midwestern urban, (2) midwestern rural, (3) southern urban, and (4) southern rural. The analysis reveals relatively strong correlations between political conservatism and the dimensions of bigotry in all the populations, and strong correlations between religiosity and bigotry in the southern populations. Kendall's coefficient of concordance disclosed that the ranking of the correlations is significantly similar in the populations examined.
Endogenous timing in a mixed oligopoly

Abstract Endogenous order of moves is analyzed in a mixed oligopoly, where the firms first choose the timing for choosing their quantities. The results are strikingly different from those obtained in a corresponding oligopoly with all profit maximizing firms.
Determination of flow profiles in porous media using shifts in gamma spectra

A new technique was developed to determine the tracer location and fluid velocity in porous media nonintrusively. This technique exploits the competitive effects between the photoelectric interaction and the Compton scattering phenomenon to determine the distance between a radioactive tracer in a porous medium and an externally positioned detector. The photon energy distribution shifts toward lower photon energies as the tracer moves away from the detector. The shift in the energy distribution can be quantified by the ratio of the scattered photon intensity to the full energy photon intensity. A convective-dispersion model was used to determine the spatial distribution of the radioactive tracer. An analog Monte Carlo method was developed to simulate photon transport in porous media. Comparison between experimental data and the model shows that in-situ tracer velocities can be accurately predicted.
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Derivatives of α-Cyano-β-(1-naphthy1)acrylic Acid

The ethyl ester and amide of α-aminomethyl-β-(1-naphthyl)propionic acid were prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of the corresponding cyanonaphthylacrylic acid derivative. These compounds may be regarded as analogs of lysergic acid derivatives.
Future orientation and health related factors among African American adolescents

Abstract African American youth are frequently confronted by economic and structural hardships, which can often suggest that their lives do not matter. This study examined the extent to which having high future orientation was related to a broad spectrum of health related factors. Among a sample of 638 largely low-income African American youth, this study assessed measures of demographics, future orientation, delinquency, sexual risk behaviors, and school engagement constructs. Major findings indicated that higher future orientation was related to lower levels of delinquency and a reduced likelihood of engaging in risky sex. In addition, stronger future orientation was related to higher levels of school bonding and student-teacher relationships. Overall, findings point to an overall protective relationship between future orientation and several health related factors among African American youth; this suggests that promoting a sense of future orientation among this population could be related to advancing more healthy youth development.
Evidence for persistent Na+ current in apical dendrites of rat neocortical neurons from imaging of Na+-sensitive dye.

Mittmann, Thomas, Shannon M. Linton, Peter Schwindt, and Wayne Crill. Evidence for persistent Na+ current in apical dendrites of rat neocortical neurons from imaging of Na+-sensitive dye. J. Neurop...
Statistics of aberrations among healthy young eyes

Potential applications of aberration corrections in laser refractive surgery and contact lens design require knowledge of the statistical distributions of aberrations among normal populations. In this study, we based our statistical analysis upon a sample of 200 healthy young eyes (100 subjects). We find that the magnitude of aberrations in a given Zeraike order decreases exponentially as the order increases. The frequency distribution of the magnitudes of normalized wavefront variances was similar in shape for all Zernike orders in the range 2-7. The Zernike polynomials used widely in characterizing the aberration are not necessarily the best description of inherent aberrations for the human eyes. Principle component analysis was used to develop a more compact description of the aberration structure of eyes based on an alternative set of orthonormal basis functions. However, little improvement was gained over the traditional Zernike description.
The Emerging Church - Part 3: Evangelical Evaluations

phenomenon relates to the evolution of Evangelicalism, in this series of articles I am attempting to assess, in broad lines, the nature and extent of the changes American Evangelicalism is experiencing at the beginning of the twenty first century. In order to envision the direction in which Evangelicalism may be evolving, it is important to factor the initial reaction of Evangelicals to the Emerging Church movement. Because the changes facing Evangelicalism affect the actual religious experience of all believers, reaction to postmodernity and engagement with the emerging church movement was unavoidable. Reactions to challenges can widely vary in persons and movements. Allan Stucky reminds us that “[d]ifferent people react to such radical changes in different ways. Some quickly adapt while others fight to keep their world the same at all costs. Some find themselves in the middle, cautiously seeking to understand their new world but weighing it against where they’ve been before. And just like people, different churches and denominations have different reactions to a
New Fourth Generation of Innovation Management Theory & Practice: Part 2:

AbstractThis is the second article in a pair of articles in the Journal of Creating Value which identified the root cause of a group of wicked global problems as the lack of value creation from radical innovation. The root cause has existed over the last four decades following the large number of significant radical innovations that launched and initially propelled the Information Age. The first article described the essential part of a solution which is adoption of a new fourth generation of innovation management (4G) which has emerged as best practice since 2000 because 4G effectively enables radical innovation in addition to more effective and efficient incremental innovation.Radical innovation is required for sustained, adequate rates of economic growth driven by improvements in productivity, quality and cost in industries such as healthcare, education, construction and energy. As a result of inadequate radical innovation over the past four decades, a group of major economic, social and environmental ...
CFD Investigation of Fin Aeroheating on a Hypersonic Projectile

In this paper, the flow field around and the heat transfer characteristics of a high kinetic energy projectile with eight symmetrically-placed fins is analysed using computational fluid dynamics. Tests were performed at a Mach number of 5.4 using a noncontiguous grid and the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. The CFD results captured the three-dimensional recirculation vortex above the fin, and were used to relate the surface temperatures to the flow patterns. The numerical predictions agree qualitatively with other CFD studies and available field data.
Models of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection

This workshop on the Mycoplasmatales as agents of disease would be incomplete without attention to the relationship between the infecting organisms and the parasitized host. Most of the diseases known to be caused by mycoplasmas occur in animals and birds; in recent years evidence has appeared that also implicates these organisms in plant and insect pathology. Study of these natural diseases has resulted in a great deal of information concerning their epidemiology, pathology, immunology, and control. In many cases these observations have been augmented by the study of experimental disease in the natural host. The nature of the organisms hinders the facility with which parasitism of the intact host can be analyzed. Thus, the small size of mycoplasmas and their failure to stain with many organic dyes limit the applicability of light microscopy and standard histopathologic techniques. An alternative is electron microscopy; however, the nature of specimen-sampling permitted by the minute sections that can be processed limits visualization of the organism, even in heavily infected tissue or organs. In addition, appropriate staining techniques have to be established in each situation studied, and the problem of distinguishing organisms from host-cell fragments or organelles exists. To circumvent some of the difficulties cited,
Geographic variation in the metatarsal "gland" of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

The metatarsal “gland” of deer is a complex organ consisting of a central, hairless, nonglandular and probably exteroceptive sensory structure, and a surrounding ring of skin bearing modified hair and sebaceous and sudoriferous glands. Measurements of the dimensions of the central patch were taken on 238 specimens of O. virginianus representing populations from the northern limits of the range (Canada and United States) southward to Panama and Venezuela. On the basis of metatarsal organ characteristics, the species is seen to consist of two geographic divisions, one in the north in which the parts of the organ always are well developed and a southern group in which it is present only sporadically and is then small in size and without apparent correlation with sex or altitude. Within the northern division a simple north-south cline in central patch size is not clear along midwestern or eastern transects. Maximal central patch development in the northern division and the supposed evolutionary derivation of these animals from Middle American (southern) stock is in line with possible positive adaptive relations with colder or more variable environmental temperatures.
Toxic Reaction of Middle Dose Ara-C(MD-Ara-C) in Child Leukemia and the Treatment

Objective To explore the treatment methods and the preventive measures of the toxic reaction of MD-Ara-C in child leukemia.Methods 16 child patients with acute leukemia (ALL 13 cases,ANLL 3 cases) were treated with MD-Ara-C.Toxic response and effect were diagnosed,classified and treated correspondingly.Results 16 patients were all treated successfully,including MD-Ara-C chemotherapy.Conclusion MD-Ara-C treatment provided a possibility for patients of long-term CR in children acute leukemia,but toxic response and side reaction were obvious during MD-Ara-C chemotherapy.Better preventive measures and teatment should be taken to reduce toxic response and side reaction.
A Novel Wideband Compact Microstrip Coupled-Line Ring Hybrid for Arbitrarily High Power-Division Ratios

This brief introduces a novel, compact, and wideband coupled-line ring hybrid configuration that allows for the easy realization of arbitrarily high power-division ratios featuring significant miniaturization and wider bandwidths compared with other commonly utilized implementations. The circumference of a proof-of-concept 12-dB power-division ratio prototype is 209.3° long, which occupies 15% of the conventional area, and the measured bandwidth of the 15-dB return loss is 78%, which is an improvement by a factor around 1.8.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF BACTERIOPHAGES T3 AND T7: ROLE OF EARLY PHAGE GENES FOR VIRUS-HOST INTERACTIONS

Publisher Summary There are 5 different early genes of T3 and T7 that are transcribed by the host RNA polymerase. It has been found that in starved host cells T3, in contrast to T7 and SAMase-negative T3 mutants, cannot grow lytically but enters in a quasi-lysogenic state. T3 has a higher potency to grow and to damage the infected cell than T7 and the SAMase-negative derivatives of T3 in cells carrying the DNA modification and restriction system of prophage P1. The homologous and heterologous superinfection exclusion of T3 and T7 is probably a quantitative effect on gene expression. In cells carrying the DNA modification and restriction system of prophage P1, T3 has a higher potency to grow and to damage the infected cell than T7 and the SAMase-negative derivatives of T3. Phage T3 prevents the binding of the P1 restriction endonucleases to its genome by cleavage of S-adenosylmethionine, which is the cofactor for allosteric activation and DNA binding of the restriction enzyme.
Data and Variables

The Japanese data used in this study came from the 1975 Social Stratification and Mobility National Survey (hereafter SSM).1 The first national survey on stratification in Japan was conducted in 1955 as a part of a project of ‘comparative social stratification and mobility’ by the International Sociological Association. Since then, a national survey on stratification has been conducted every decade to facilitate trend analysis. The 1975 SSM constitutes the third survey, and is the only survey which provides a public-use tape. The 1975 SSM was designed by 29 1975 SSM committee members who included sociologists, statisticians and scholars in other fields. They were responsible for constructing questionnaires and a pre-test, and for survey design and analysis; the actual fieldwork was conducted by the Public Opinion Science Society (Yoron Kagaku Kyokai), an independent survey organization.
Boston children's hospital community asthma initiative: Five-year cost analyses of a home visiting program

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the costs and benefits of the Boston Children's Hospital Community Asthma Initiative (CAI) through reduction of Emergency Department (ED) visits and hospitalizations for the full pilot-phase program participants. Methods: A cost-benefit analyses was conducted using hospital administrative data to determine an adjusted Return on Investment (ROI): on all 268 patients enrolled in the CAI program during the 33-month pilot program phase of CAI intervention between October 1, 2005 and June 30, 2008 using a comparison group of 818 patients from a similar cohort in neighboring ZIP codes without CAI intervention. Cost data through June 30, 2013 were used to examine cost changes and calculate an adjusted ROI over a 5-year post-intervention period. Results: CAI patients had a cost reduction greater than the comparison group of $1,216 in Year 1 (P = 0.001), $1,320 in Year 2 (P < 0.001), $1,132 (P = 0.002) in Year 3, $1,123 (P = 0.004) in Year 4, and $997 (P = 0.022) in Year 5. Adjusting...
Six-Degree-of-Freedom Localization of an Untethered Magnetic Capsule Using a Single Rotating Magnetic Dipole

This paper presents a method to estimate the six-degree-of-freedom pose of a magnetic capsule, with an embedded permanent magnet and Hall-effect sensors, using a rotating dipole field. The method's convergence properties as a function of the number of distinct rotation axes of the applied field and the number of complete rotations about each axis are characterized. Across our tested workspace, the localization error was 4.9 ± 2.7 mm and 3.3 ± 1.7 degrees (mean ± standard deviation). We experimentally demonstrate this is sufficient for propulsion of a screw-type magnetic capsule through a lumen using a single dipole to both propel and localize the capsule.
Homogenization of a Directed Dispersal Model for Animal Movement in a Heterogeneous Environment

The dispersal patterns of animals moving through heterogeneous environments have important ecological and epidemiological consequences. In this work, we apply the method of homogenization to analyze an advection–diffusion (AD) model of directed movement in a one-dimensional environment in which the scale of the heterogeneity is small relative to the spatial scale of interest. We show that the large (slow) scale behavior is described by a constant-coefficient diffusion equation under certain assumptions about the fast-scale advection velocity, and we determine a formula for the slow-scale diffusion coefficient in terms of the fast-scale parameters. We extend the homogenization result to predict invasion speeds for an advection–diffusion–reaction (ADR) model with directed dispersal. For periodic environments, the homogenization approximation of the solution of the AD model compares favorably with numerical simulations. Invasion speed approximations for the ADR model also compare favorably with numerical simulations when the spatial period is sufficiently small.
Yeast infection of sperm, oocytes and embryos after intravaginal culture for embryo transfer

Objective To report a case of an embryo culture infected with Candida albicans after intravaginal culture. Design Case report. Setting Private infertility practice and university medical center. Patient A couple with tubal and male factor infertility. Interventions Superovulation, oocyte recovery, Percoll sperm preparation, and intravaginal culture of sperm and oocytes in a tissue culture tube. Main Outcome Measures Yeast infection of sperm, oocyte, and embryo culture. Results Candida albicans infection occurred in the sperm, oocyte, and embryo culture when cultured in a sealed tube in the vagina. Candida albicans also was found in the prepared sperm suspension culture in a separate tube kept in a 37°C incubator. Conclusion Infection of the embryo culture with C. albicans probably occurred when contaminated sperm was added at the time of insemination. Sperm preparation by the Percoli gradient centrifugation failed to eliminate C. albicans in the semen.
Defining Advanced Level Competencies for Health Education Specialists

(1999). Defining Advanced Level Competencies for Health Education Specialists. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 197-199.