cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Considerations in Energy Absorption by Structural Collapse

A general treatment of the absorption of mechanical energy by the axial collapse of a variety of structural shapes, including tubes, honeycombs and foams is developed which encompasses both the geometry of the structure and also the material properties. The use of the method in the design of load bearing structures in which energy absorption is an additional design function is illustrated. High strength-to-weight ratio materials offer a significant weight saving for energy absorbing components, although such materials may have a reduced tensile ductility. The implications to situations in vehicle crashworthiness are discussed. /SAE/
Measurement by EPR of the penetration depth in the high-Tc superconductors TlBa2Ca2Cu3Ox and Bi2Ca2SrCu2Ox.

Using a newly devleoped EPR spin-probing methodology, we have measured magnetic penetration depth {lambda} for Tl{sub 2}Ba{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub {ital x}} and Bi{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}SrCu{sub 2}O{sub {ital x}}. The temperature dependence of {lambda} is found to follow the relationship {lambda}={lambda}{sub 0}(1{minus}(T/T{sub {ital c}}){sup 4}){sup {minus}1/2}, with {lambda}{sub 0}=2520{plus minus}100 A and {ital T}{sub {ital c}}=119 K for Tl{sub 2}BaCa{sub 3}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7.8+{ital x}} and {lambda}{sub 0}=2700{plus minus}100 A with {ital T}{sub {ital c}}=84 K for Bi{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}SrCu{sub 2}O{sub {ital x}}.
Spinal Cord Injuries to Children in Real World Accidents

This paper discusses, in general, spinal cord injuries from a biomechanical point of view. The relationship between various loading conditions and the resulting types of spinal cord injuries is discussed. The paper also examines seven real world automobile accidents. Information for each case includes: vehicles involved, type of roadway, crash Delta-V, occupant direction of motion, restraint type, injuries to occupants, and anthropometry of child with spinal cord injury. A description and location of each spinal cord injury that occurred at the time of the accident is discussed. A discussion of a possible injury mechanism for spinal cord stretch injuries to children is also given. The results of the research indicate that infants should ride in rearward-facing child restraint systems as long as possible. (A) For the covering abstract of the compendium see IRRD 880073.
The effects of surface contamination on resistance degradation of hot-switched low-force MEMS electrical contacts

This work investigated the relationship between the resistance degradation in low-force metal contacts and hot-switched operational conditions representative of MEMS devices. A modified nano-indentation apparatus was used to bring electrically-biased gold and platinum surfaces into contact at a load of 100 /spl mu/N. The applied normal force and electrical contact resistance of the contact materials was measured simultaneously. The influence of parallel discharge paths for stored electrical energy in the contact circuit is discussed in relation to surface contamination decomposition and the observed resistance degradation.
Mimickers of Generalized Spike and Wave Discharges

Overinterpretation of benign EEG variants is a common problem that can lead to the misdiagnosis of epilepsy. We review four normal patterns that mimic generalized spike and wave discharges: phantom spike-and-wave, hyperventilation hypersynchrony, hypnagogic/ hypnopompic hypersynchrony, and mitten patterns.
STUDIES OF BRAZILIAN METEORITES V. EVIDENCE FOR SHOCK METAMORPHISM IN THE PARANAÍBA, MATO GROSSO, CHONDRITE

Mineral compositions, particularly of olivine (Fa 23.7 ), orthopyroxene (Fs 20.7 ), and chromite, and the bulk composition, especially the ratios Fe o /Ni o (5.05), Fe total /SiO 2 (0.52), and Fe o / /Fe total (0.31) and the contents of Fe total (20.86%) and metallic nickel-iron (7.92%), indicate that Paranaiba is an L-group chondrite. Homogeneous and uniform ferromagnesian minerals, scarcity of chondrules, and high degree of recrystallization suggest that it belongs to the petrologic class L6. Dark veins and areas formed by extensive shock alteration (>430 kilobars, 1500-1 700oC) with the angular to subrounded and rounded light fragments representing less altered portions of the original rock (-200 kilobars, <900oC). Light portions contain maskelvnite and, in the dark veins, olivine and pyroxene were shock-transformed into isotropic to weakly anisotropic grains ofessentially unaltered composition. Pressure gradients were high, even on a micron scale. Isotropic olivine is not ringwoodite, probably because the high temperature prohibited quench to preserve ringwoodite.
Initiation of treatment for incident diabetes: evidence from the electronic health records in an ambulatory care setting.

Objective We examined patterns and predictors of initiation of treatment for incident diabetes in an ambulatory care setting in the US.
Analysis of polyamines by thin-layer chromatography

Abstract A sensitive method for the quantitative analysis of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine is described. Tissue extracts prepared with cold 5% trichloroacetic acid are freed of the acid by ether extraction and purified by either n -butanol extraction or a rapid cation-exchange column procedure. The n -butanol extracts or HCl eluates from the column containing the tissue putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are concentrated and chromatographed on thin-layer plates of Whatman cellulose CC41. The amines are reacted with ninhydrin and the colored thin-layer spots are scraped from the plate and extracted and the absorbance is measured at 575 mμ. The method is precise and is adapted to the analysis of polyamines in diverse biological materials.
Blake Plateau: Control of Miocene sedimentation patterns by large-scale shifts of the Gulf Stream axis

The distribution of buried channel networks within Cenozoic sequences of the Blake Plateau and their correlation with global sea-level oscillations indicate that the Gulf Stream axis shifted landward against the Florida-Hatteras Slope during sea-level high-stands and seaward across the central Blake Plateau during sea-level lowstands. A sedimentation model incorporating axial shifts of the Gulf Stream successfully predicts the Miocene stratigraphy of the Florida-Hatteras Slope and Blake Plateau as defined by seismic and drill-hole data.
Binuclear Homoleptic Nickel Carbonyls: Incorporation of Ni−Ni Single, Double, and Triple Bonds, Ni2(CO)x (x = 5, 6, 7)

Despite the fact that Ni(CO)4 was discovered more than a century ago, no neutral Ni2(CO)y compound has ever been synthesized in macroscopic amounts. In this study we consider a number of such compounds, including the Ni−Ni single-bonded (μ-CO)Ni2(CO)6, the NiNi double-bonded (μ-CO)2Ni2(CO)4, and the Ni⋮Ni triple-bonded (μ-CO)3Ni2(CO)2. The predicted central bond distances are 2.73 (Ni−Ni), 2.56 (NiNi), and 2.20 A (Ni⋮Ni). The latter compound is predicted to be bound by 34 kcal/mol with respect to Ni(CO)4 + NiCO. Prospects for the synthesis of related dinickel compounds are discussed in some detail.
METHOD AND INTERPRETATION: THE NEW TESTAMENT'S HERETICAL HERMENEUTIC (PRELUDE AND FUGUE)

Les interpretations neo-testamentaires ont ete dominees en cette fin de XX e siecle par les nouvelles theories litteraires. L'A. suggere une autre methode d'approche du texte biblique. Deux presuppositions fondamentales gouvernent l'approche des nouvelles theories litteraires: le Nouveau Testament est un objet textuel, le langage est la condition necessaire du reel. Pour l'A., le Nouveau Testament resiste a une reduction en un systeme de signes ou a un genre litteraire parce qu'il possede un caractere non textuel en lien avec son contexte ecclesial
Indirect pulp capping: A bacteriologic study of deep carious dentine in human teeth

D uring restorative treatment of teeth in which there are deep carious lesions adjacent to the vital pulp tissues, it is customary to remove all decalcified and stained dentine, thus risking exposure of the pulp. A number of investigations1-5 have shown that decayed dentine could be retained, at least temporarily, so that pulpal injury could be avoided during initial cavity preparation. Although residual carious dentine left in the tooth cavity probably contains an appreciable number of microorganisms, there is little evidence available to indicate that such microbes are harmful if they are left in the cavity under a serviceable restoration. Although there have been reports of the successful clinical use of zinc oxide and eugeno16s g and calcium hydroxide4> 5l lo for indirect pulp capping, clinical studies of the effects of these agents on microorganisms in carious dentine have not been published. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the soft residual layer of carious dentine in teeth treated by the indirect pulp-capping method is contaminated with cultivable microorganisms prior to treatment and whether this layer, if contaminated, can be rendered sterile by capping with either calcium hydroxide or zinc oxide and eugenol.
Sample path and performance homogeneity of discrete event dynamic systems

Abstract In this paper, a criterion for the applicability of the Infinitesimal Perturbation Analysis (IPA) is given. The concepts of sample path and performance homogeneity are discussed in terms of the model of the Generalized Semi-Markov process.
“Against the Cult of Things”: On Soviet Productivism, Storage Economy, and Commodities with No Destination

Following an emerging trend in the ethnography of socialist things, this article seeks to move beyond the powerful paradigms of “the culture of shortage” and “the economy of scarcity” that have been defining the studies of socialist consumption for the last few decades. By displacing “scarcity” as the primary explanatory lens on Soviet consumption, we can open up some analytical and ethnographic room for processes, practices, concepts, or paradigms that have been overshadowed by the politically charged emphasis on shortages. The dominant Soviet perception of consumption as a form of production reduced the complexity of the Soviet commodity to one dimension: use-value. In the situation of a planned economy with regulated prices, neither exchange-value, nor even value itself, were of particular importance or interest for those who determined the shape and structure of Soviet consumption. The Soviet commodity made itself known through its “sensuous characteristics” and its ability to meet (or, more commonly, fail to meet) the requirements of functionality. When seen in this context, the productivist framework of Soviet-style consumption emerges less as a material representation of “the dictatorship over needs”–with “the perfect homogenization of society and the (perhaps forcible) uniformization of needs” as its main goal–but rather as a historically situated attempt to take rationality (and rationalization) to its limits.
Respiratory energetics of two Florida harvestmen

Abstract 1. 1. Standard rates of metabolism were measured in two Florida harvestmen, Leiobunum aurugineum and Vonones ornata. 2. 2. Rates of metabolism of Leiobunum aurugineum were ca 40% higher than those of V. ornata when adjusted to a common body size. This difference was attributed to differences in their respective life histories. 3. 3. Both species survived two episodes (over 30 days each) of starvation. Rates of metabolism were reduced by 50% during starvation. 4. 4. Rates of metabolism in grouped individuals of V. ornata were 12% lower than those of single individuals. The converse obtained in L. aurugineum: rates of metabolism in grouped individuals were 13% higher than those of single individuals.
The effects of etorphine on the carboxylmethylation of synaptosomal proteins of rat striatum.

Abstract The stimulation of protein carboxylmethyl transferase (PCMT) activity in rat striatal synaptosomes by the dopamine agonist, apomorphine, and a PCMT subtrate, calmodulin, was measured in normal and opioid-treated rats to see if inactivation of calmodulin by methylation is a factor in opioid action. Total carboxyl methyl acceptors were measured in preparations from alkaline homogenates, while those already occupied in vivo were measured in acidic homogenates, since the carboylmethyl group is stable in acid. The administration of etorphine acutely increased the number of already occupied acceptors while chronic morphine treatment decreased this number. Apomorphine stimulation of PCMT activity was significant only when tested for direction of change from control values. Calmodulin was a substrate for PCMT in all preparations. We conclude that the method of estimating total and occupied acceptors was partially successful. Perhaps a more alkaline homogenate would produce a synaptosomal prepration with a maximal PCMT activity. The importance of calmodulin carboxylmethylation cannot be assessed from these experiments, although the results shown in figure 3 suggest that opioid treatments have different effects on the methylation of calmodulin.
Cooperation, conflict and integration among sub‐ethnic immigrant groups from Taiwan

This paper investigates how immigrants from Taiwan who share a common place of origin but not the same sub-ethnic affiliation create social lives for themselves in southern California's vast areas of urban sprawl. With affluence, the first generation of immigrants has become increasingly able to socialise exclusively with others who share similar cultural and political backgrounds. There is less need to maintain ties with outsiders for the sake of survival and adaptation as immigrants. Today, few older Hoklo Taiwanese keep up relationships with non-Taiwanese. The community organisations in which they participate have predominantly Taiwanese members who speak Hoklo when they are together. They are connected to similar groups because they have members in common and are therefore part of a cluster of Taiwanese organisations. Older immigrants emphasise sub-ethnic differences more than most people in Taiwan itself. In contrast, the interaction patterns of younger first-generation immigrants from Taiwan depend on their self-identification and degree of participation in the ethnic community. Ethnographic fieldwork for this paper was conducted in Orange County, California, in 1997 and 1998. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estrogen replacement therapy in women at increased risk for breast cancer.

The topic of estrogen replacement (ERT) after the onset of menopause remains controversial and charged with considerable emotion within both the medical community and the lay public. This is especially true for women at increased risk for breast cancer as well as those who reach menopause after the diagnosis of this disease. ERT clearly protects postmenopausal women from the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, and it alleviates vasomotor and genitourinary symptoms. However, there remains uncertainty whether and for which subgroups of women these benefits may be offset by a potential increased risk for breast cancer.
ICAM-1 expression in autoimmune encephalitis visualized using magnetic resonance imaging

The expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules in the intact brains of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) was visualized by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) through the use of a new, target-specific MR contrast agent. Antibody-conjugated paramagnetic liposomes (ACPLs) were designed to achieve in vivo targeting of molecules expressed on vascular endothelium, while providing sufficient signal enhancement at these sites for detection by MRI. ACPLs targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), an endothelial leukocyte receptor upregulated on cerebral microvasculature during EAE, were administered to diseased mice. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that fluorescently-tagged ACPLs were localized to central nervous system (CNS) microvasculature in a pattern consistent with ICAM-1 upregulation described immunohistochemically. High resolution MRI of mouse brains ex vivo demonstrated that ACPL binding conferred significant enhancement of signal intensity (SI) as compared to control images. These results suggest that ACPLs can be used as MRI contrast agents to visualize specific molecules expressed on vascular endothelium during disease.
Lifestyle Management of Obesity: NHANES and Erectile Dysfunction— How to Motivate Change

Weight loss represents a significant goal for improving physical and psychological health. Management to obtain this goal must include gradual changes in both diet and physical activity, incorporating modifiable and reachable goals. Self-monitoring, goal setting, and stimulus control are the framework of any successful plan. Recently, lifestyle recommendations have been added to the Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision put forth by the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee to lower risk of cardiovascular disease. The relationship of erectile dysfunction as a harbinger of occult vascular disease may serve as a motivator to prompt men to make changes in diet and lifestyle, as improvements in body mass index and physical activity are independently associated with improvements in sexual function, as documented by a recent randomized controlled trial.
Doppler-free laser spectroscopy of atomic copper in a hollow cathode discharge

Abstract The isotope shift and hyperfine structure of the 5782 and 5105 A ( 3d 10 4p 2 P 0 − 3d 9 4s 2 2 D ) laser transitions of Cu were examined using laser saturation spectroscopy. The atomic cooper density was generated in a hollow cathode discharge. This work demonstrates the suitability of the hollow cathode discharge to high-resolution spectroscopy of non-valatile materials.
Trans-activation of Herpes Simplex virus type 1 immediate early genes is specifically inhibited by human recombinant interferons

Abstract The effect of human recombinant interferons (IFNs) alpha and gamma on the transcription of Herpes Simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) immediate early (IE) genes has been studied. Human amniotic cells (WISH) were transfected with a chimaeric plasmid containing the regulatory region of the HSV-1 IE genes controlling the expression of a reporter gene (CAT). Subsequently cells were infected with live HSV-1 to trans-activate the IE sequences. When cell samples were treated with IFNα or IFNγ prior to viral infection, transcription of the CAT gene was greatly inhibited.
Long-range transport of volcanic ash to the Greenland ice sheet

BETZER et al.1 reported the surprising discovery of 'giant' (>75 μm) mineral particles transported more than 10,000 km from their source. We have found volcanic ash containing glass shards as large as 300 μm in a section of Wisconsinian ice from the Dye 3 core in Greenland, which is similarly unexpected and raises interesting questions concerning the long-range aeolian transport of particulate matter. As the volcanic ash correlates well with similar ash in deep-sea sediment cores from the Atlantic, it also allows us to date the ice with some confidence.
Polysomnogram in major depressive and obsessive-compulsive disorders: A preliminary study

The sleep macroarchitecture of 10 outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was compared to a group of symptomatic, unmedicated outpatients with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 10). No group main effects were observed. Gender by group interactions were observed on the amount of wakefulness and total sleep period. Male patients with MDD had the highest amount of wakefulness, whereas female patients with OCD showed the least amount of wakefulness. Of the REM sleep parameters, only the duration of the individual REM periods showed between-group differences, interacting with gender. Gender main effects were also obtained on the amount of Stage 1 sleep, which was lower among females. REM latency did not differentiate the groups. These findings suggest that selected sleep EEG parameters may differentiate patients with MDD from those with OCD, but that these effects are moderated by gender. Depression 2:291–302 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New short-lived isomeric levels in Tl201m and Tb153m

Abstract Isomeric levels in thallium and terbium isotopes in the ms range were studied by examining the gamma de-excitation spectra following the bombardment of Hg and Gd isotopes with 30.5 MeV protons. A new isomeric level was identified in Tl 201m both from the Hg 201 (p, n)Tl 201m and Hg 204 (p, 4n)Tl 201m reaction, with a half lile τ = 1.8±0.1 ms. The gamma spectrum of the isomer showed three prominent lines with energies of 0.225±0.010 MeV, 0.325±0.010 MeV and 0.585±0.010 MeV. A level scheme with a spin of 9 − 2 for the isomeric level is suggested for Tl 201m . A new isomeric activity was found in Tb 153m from the Gd 154 (p, 2n)Tb 153m and Gd 155 (p, 3n) Tb 153m reactions with a half life τ = 0.173±0.010 ms and E γ = 0.078±0.005 MeV.
White Organic Light‐Emitting Devices for Solid‐State Lighting

White organic light-emitting devices (WOLEDs) have advanced over the last twelve years to the extent that these devices are now being considered as efficient solid-state lighting sources. Initially, WOLEDs were targeted towards display applications for use primarily as liquid-crystal display backlights. Now, their power efficiencies have surpassed those of incandescent sources due to improvements in device architectures, synthesis of novel materials, and the incorporation of electrophosphorescent emitters. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of several WOLED architectures in terms of efficiency and color quality. Hindrances to their widespread acceptance as solid-state lighting sources are also noted.
Domestic Energy Needs and Natural Resources Conservation: The Case of Fuelwood Consumption in Nigeria

Apart from air, water and food, energy is the most important item for human survival. It is essential for meeting various domestic, industrial and commercial obligations. Kerosene, electricity, gas and fuelwood are however, the major sources of domestic energy in Nigeria. The paper examines the role and challenges associated with the use of fuelwood in Nigeria. Desk research on energy utilisation, rate of deforestation and alternative sources of energy provided data for the paper. Content analysis of available data was used in the preparation of the paper. The paper revealed that domestic energy accounts for more than 50 per cent of the total energy consumed in Nigeria. The paper further shows that fuelwood provides energy for more than 60 per cent Nigerians and also responsible for meeting 80 per cent of domestic energy needs. Again, majority of Nigerians adopted fuelwood for meeting domestic energy needs due to the high level of poverty, inadequate infrastructure and lack of political-will to address the country’s energy challenges. The paper therefore recommends the use of gas, kerosene and electricity for domestic needs in order to conserve the nation’s forest resources, prevents loss of biodiversity and conserve the ground water. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n7p147
Activation and Repression of Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Cycles by Short- and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

The lytic cycles of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are induced in cell culture by sodium butyrate (NaB), a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Valproic acid (VPA), another SCFA and an HDAC inhibitor, induces the lytic cycle of KSHV but blocks EBV lytic reactivation. To explore the hypothesis that structural differences between NaB and VPA account for their functional effects on the two related viruses, we investigated the capacity of 16 structurally related short- and medium-chain fatty acids to promote or prevent lytic cycle reactivation. SCFAs differentially affected EBV and KSHV reactivation. KSHV was reactivated by all SCFAs that are HDAC inhibitors, including phenylbutyrate. However, several fatty acid HDAC inhibitors, such as isobutyrate and phenylbutyrate, did not reactivate EBV. Reactivation of KSHV lytic transcripts could not be blocked completely by any fatty acid tested. In contrast, several medium-chain fatty acids inhibited lytic activation of EBV. Fatty acids that blocked EBV reactivation were more lipophilic than those that activated EBV. VPA blocked activation of the BZLF1 promoter by NaB but did not block the transcriptional function of ZEBRA. VPA also blocked activation of the DNA damage response that accompanies EBV lytic cycle activation. Properties of SCFAs in addition to their effects on chromatin are likely to explain activation or repression of EBV. We concluded that fatty acids stimulate the two related human gammaherpesviruses to enter the lytic cycle through different pathways. Importance: Lytic reactivation of EBV and KSHV is needed for persistence of these viruses and plays a role in carcinogenesis. Our direct comparison highlights the mechanistic differences in lytic reactivation between related human oncogenic gammaherpesviruses. Our findings have therapeutic implications, as fatty acids are found in the diet and produced by the human microbiota. Small-molecule inducers of the lytic cycle are desired for oncolytic therapy. Inhibition of viral reactivation, alternatively, may prove useful in cancer treatment. Overall, our findings contribute to the understanding of pathways that control the latent-to-lytic switch and identify naturally occurring molecules that may regulate this process.
Hydrodesulfurization over supported monometallic, bimetallic and promoted carbide and nitride catalysts

Abstract The preparation of alumina-supported β-Mo 2 C, MoC 1− x ( x ≈0.5), γ-Mo 2 N, Co–Mo 2 C, Ni 2 Mo 3 N, Co 3 Mo 3 N and Co 3 Mo 3 C catalysts is described and their hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalytic properties are compared to conventional sulfide catalysts having similar metal loadings. Alumina-supported β-Mo 2 C and γ-Mo 2 N catalysts (Mo 2 C/Al 2 O 3 and Mo 2 N/Al 2 O 3 , respectively) are significantly more active than sulfided MoO 3 /Al 2 O 3 catalysts, and X-ray diffraction, pulsed chemisorption and flow reactor studies of the Mo 2 C/Al 2 O 3 catalysts indicate that they exhibit strong resistance to deep sulfidation. A model is presented for the active surface of Mo 2 C/Al 2 O 3 and Mo 2 N/Al 2 O 3 catalysts in which a thin layer of sulfided Mo exposing a high density of sites forms at the surface of the alumina-supported β-Mo 2 C and γ-Mo 2 N particles under HDS conditions. Cobalt promoted catalysts, Co–Mo 2 C/Al 2 O 3 , have been found to be substantially more active than conventional sulfided Co–MoO 3 /Al 2 O 3 catalysts, while requiring less Co to achieve optimal HDS activity than is observed for the sulfide catalysts. Alumina-supported bimetallic nitride and carbide catalysts (Ni 2 Mo 3 N/Al 2 O 3 , Co 3 Mo 3 N/Al 2 O 3 , Co 3 Mo 3 C/Al 2 O 3 ), while significantly more active for thiophene HDS than unpromoted Mo nitride and carbide catalysts, are less active than conventional sulfided Ni–Mo and Co–Mo catalysts prepared from the same oxidic precursors.
Effects of tree size and spatial distribution on growth of ponderosa pine forests under alternative management scenarios

Forest ecosystems may be actively managed toward heterogeneous stand structures to provide both economic (e.g., wood production and carbon credits) and environmental benefits (e.g., invasive pest resistance). In order to facilitate wider adoption of possibly more sus- tainable forest stand structures, defining growth expectations among alternative management scenarios is crucial. To estimate the effect of tree size and spatial dis- tributions on growth for forest structures commonly considered in uneven-aged forest stand management, large (0.2 ha?) plots were established in 14 uneven-aged pon- derosa pine stands in eastern Montana. All study trees were stem-mapped and measured for diameter and 10-year sapwood and basal area increment. A generalized growth model was developed to predict both total and merchant- able 10-year basal area increment for nine hypothetical stand structures (three diameter distributions (reverse-J, irregular, flat) 9 three spatial distributions (clumpy, partial clumpy, uniform)). Results indicate that the size and spatial distributions of individual trees have a considerable effect on overall stand growth. The greatest total stand growth was in stands with reverse ''J'' shaped tree size distribu- tions, while the greatest merchantable stand growth was in stands with ''flat'' diameter distributions and uniform spatial distributions. Through better comprehension of generalized uneven-aged stand growth dynamics, forest managers may better assess the effects of alternative stand structures on stand growth while providing forest stand structures that may be more resilient in a changing climate.
Modeling considerations for rigorous boundary element method analysis of diffractive optical elements

Critical modeling issues relating to rigorous boundary element method (BEM) analysis of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are identified. Electric-field integral equation (EFIE) and combined-field integral equation (CFIE) formulations of the BEM are introduced and implemented. The nonphysical interior resonance phenomenon and thin-shape breakdown are illustrated in the context of a guided-mode resonant subwavelength grating. It is shown that modeling such structures by using an open geometric configuration eliminates these problems that are associated with the EFIE BEM. Necessary precautions in defining the incident fields are also presented for the analysis of multiple-layer DOEs.
Exotic shrub invasion in a montane grassland: the role of fire as a potential restoration tool

In recent years, invasion of native grasslands by exotic woody plants has been recognized as a global problem with multiple adverse ecological and socio-economic consequences. Reasons for such expansions are numerous, including fire suppression. An important example of this problem is the native montane grassland in the Nilgiris of the Western Ghats in India, a biodiversity hotspot threatened by invasion of multiple woody species. In this study, the impacts of the highly invasive, nitrogen fixing exotic shrub Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) on the grassland community and ecosystem function have been quantified and the role of fire as a potential management tool evaluated. I established paired plots in uninvaded and broom-invaded grasslands that were either unburned or burned by an unplanned wildfire event. Invasion negatively impacted the grassland community structure and composition, favoring shade tolerant and weedy native plants, but did not greatly alter ecosystem function. Burning broom patches to eliminate the stands resulted in lower soil moisture and nitrogen levels 18 months after the fire. Yet, there were no notable fire effects on the grassland communities or ecosystem properties. Taken together, the results suggest that fire might be an effective tool for broom control. At the end of the study period burned-broom communities did not become more similar to uninvaded-grasslands; presumably the recovery process may be slow without additional management intervention.
Torsion in the Picard group and extension of scalars

Abstract Let Pic R denote the group of rank one projective modules of a commutative ring R. The main result characterizes the torsion elements of Pic R as those which become trivial in some finite projective commutative extension ring of R. Some other related problems are discussed.
Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union. By William C. Harris. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2011. Pp. xii, 416. $34.95.)

The author of this book has written a straightforward and balanced narrative history of the relations between the Republican administration in Washington and the border states of Maryland, Kentucky...
Effect of somatic mutation on DNA binding properties of anti-DNA autoantibodies.

Autoantibodies that bind DNA are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus. A subset of autoantibody•DNA complexes localize to kidney tissue and lead to damage and even death. 11F8, 9F11, and 15B10 are clonally related anti-DNA autoantibodies isolated from an autoimmune mouse. 11F8 binds ssDNA in a sequence-specific manner and causes tissue damage, while 9F11 and 15B10 bind ssDNA non-specifically and are benign. Among these antibodies, DNA binding properties are mediated by five amino acid differences in primary sequence. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters associated with recognition of structurally different DNA sequences were determined for each antibody to provide insight toward recognition strategies, and to explore a link between binding properties and disease pathogenesis. A model of 11F8 bound to its high affinity consensus sequence provides a foundation for understanding the differences in thermodynamic and kinetic parameters between the three mAbs. Our data suggest that 11F8 utilizes the proposed ssDNA recognition motif including Y32VL, a hydrogen bonding residue at 91VL, and an aromatic residue at the tip of the third heavy chain complementarity determining region. Interestingly, a somatic mutation to arginine at 31VH in 11F8 may afford additional binding site contacts including R31VH, R96VH, and R98VH that could determine specificity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85: 471–480, 2007. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
MMPI study of identical twins: cancer patients and bone marrow donors.

23 identical twin pairs, one with a hematologic malignancy, the other a bone marrow donor, completed the MMPI while in the hospital. The validity, clinical, and Repression-Sensitization scales were scored. Paired t tests for the entire group (aged 16 to 67 yr., M = 44 yr.) showed significant differences on Hs, D, and Hy. Males (n = 12 pairs) had no significant differences, while females (n = 11 pairs) had significant differences on Hs, D, Hy, Pa, and R-S. Female patients scored higher on Hs, D, Hy, lower on Pa and were repressors. These findings are congruent with previous research that has yielded psychological differences in people who develop malignancies and those who do not.
The effect of isoproterenol on the anuran water balance response.

1. The β-adrenergic agent, isoproterenol, stimulated water gain and reduced urine production in the toad, Scaphiopus couchi, which were freshly captured in the field. 2. With animals maintained in the laboratory for 3 months, isoproterenol failed to stimulate water gain but did reduce urine formation. 3. These responses are similar to the effects of hypertonic stimuli in this species indicating that variation in antidiuretic hormone action is paralleled by β-adrenergic agents.
Dragma Hippomanicum VII: A new alpine astragalus (Leguminosae) from western Wyoming

Astragalus (sect.Minerales) shultziorum, related toA. molybdenus Barneby which is endemic to the tundra zone of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, is described from the crest of the Salt River Range in western Wyoming, illustrated and discussed.
Must computer courseware evaluation be totally subjective

In today's complex computer training market, flashy presentations frequently prove the most important purchasing element while instructional design and content take a back seat to form. Courseware purchasers obviously require an objective and generic measure of computer assisted learning (CAL) courseware. Since any such measure must include a human evaluator this is a difficult objective to attain. Funded by a grant from the Westinghouse Corporation, the Center for Interactive Technologies, Applications and Research (CITAR) at the University of South Florida attempted to break complex concepts such as instruction, management and user interface into component pieces small enough for objective evaluation. A study involving ten CAL packages produced agreements among an average of seven of eight raters and reliabilities around. 70, while an investigation of traditional perceptual evaluation procedures by the same raters on the same courseware produced far lower estimates for both agreement and reliability. Seeking reasons for these differences, a detailed investigation of courseware summaries showed that evaluators tend to pay more attention to the presentation than to the instructional aspects of the courseware. This phenomenon apparently has less influence on the low inference CITAR evaluation model which produces relatively consistent evaluations of CAL courseware.
The measurement and improvement of the lateral agility of the F-18

The effect of vehicle configuration and flight control system performance on the roll agility of a modern fighter aircraft has been investigated. A batch simulation of a generic F-18 Hornet was used to study the roll agility as measured by the time to roll through 90 deg metric. Problems discussed include definition of agility, factors affecting the agility of a vehicle, the development of the time to roll through 90 deg agility metric, and a simulation experiment. It is concluded that the integral of stability or wind axis roll rate should be used as a measure of the roll measure traversed. The time through roll angle 90 deg metric is considered to be a good metric for measuring the transient performance aspect of agility. Roll agility of the F-18, as measured by 90 deg metric, can be improved by 10 to 30 percent. Compatible roll and rudder actuator rates can significantly affect 90 deg agility metric.
Effect of water deprivation of plasma radioimmunoassayable arginine vasotocin in conscious chickens (Gallus domesticus).

Abstract The effect of water deprivation on plasma immunoreactive arginine vasotocin levels ( P AVT ) was examined in conscious chicken. Dehydration for 96 hr was associated with reductions in body weight and increases in plasma osmolality ( P osm ) and P AVT . Consistent changes in hematocrit with dehydration were not observed. Maximum P AVT concentration (3.9 ± 0.47 μU/mI), observed after 72 hr of dehydration, was about six times greater than the basal value under normal hydration states. Changes in P AVT correlated significantly with increase in P osm , but did not correlate with changes in hematocrit.
A Light-Modulated Data Link

Problems encountered in the design of a recently developed data transmission link are discussed. The advantages of the GaAs junction diode as the modulated light source and the advantages of operating the diode in the laser mode are considered. A derivation of the received power as a function of the beam angle and range is given. Considerations in the selection of the photopickup device and its relative merits are presented.
Is There a Downside to Shooting for the Stars? Unrealized Educational Expectations and Symptoms of Depression.

Despite decades of research on the benefits of educational expectations, researchers have failed to show that unrealized plans are consequential for mental health, as self-discrepancy and other soc...
Glutathione I. The methyl phenyldiazenecarboxylate (azoester) procedure for intracellular oxidation

Abstract 1. 1. An effective new reagent, methyl phenyldiazenecarboxylate (“azoester”, C 6 H 5 N = NCOOCH 3 ) for the intracellular oxidation of GSH to GSSG is described. 2. 2. Using human erythrocytes as the test system, the reaction of azoester with GSH is shown to be rapid (complete within 1–2 min under the usual conditions), independent of O 2 , approximately stoichiometric and effective even at 1°. 3. 3. The rate and extent of GSH regeneration within the cell can easily be followed after intracellular oxidation with azoester. 4. 4. Azoester is a convenient reagent available for the intracellular oxidation of GSH to GSSG under conditions in which regeneration of GSH is required.
Three-dimensional equilibria for the extended magnetotail and the generation of field-aligned current sheets

Using the magnetotail equilibrium theory and a solution method outlined by Birn (1987), self-consistent three-dimensional models were constructed for the quiet average magnetotail beyond about 20 RE distance but earthward of a potential distant neutral line, which take into account the decrease of the tail flaring with distance. It is found that this effect is coupled with the presence of magnetic shear and thus with field-aligned electric currents. These currents have the signature of region 1 currents, toward the earth on the dawnside and away on the duskside, and contribute about 500,000 A to the total Birkeland current.
PIV Investigation of the Effect of Freestream Turbulence Intensity on Film Cooling From Fanshaped Holes

The coolant jet structure of fanshaped film cooling holes is experimentally investigated using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV). These results are coupled with detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions to directly relate the jet structure to surface phenomena. The cooling performance of simple angle, fanshaped holes (θ = 35°, α = 10°) is considered. The results from these shaped holes are compared to those from a traditional simple angle, cylindrical hole (θ = 35°). The flow measurements were performed in a low speed wind tunnel where the freestream turbulence intensity was varied up to 12.5%. The blowing ratio was varied from 0.5–1.5 to compare the jet structure of relatively low and high momentum cooling flows. Time averaged velocity maps of the coolant flow (in the streamwise direction) were obtained on three planes spanning a single hole: the centerline of the hole, the edge of the cylindrical section of the hole (0.5D), and the edge of the shaped portion of the hole (0.94D). From the seeded jets, time averaged, mean velocity distributions of the film cooling jets were obtained near the cooled surface. In addition, turbulent fluctuations were obtained for each flow condition. Combining the detailed flow field measurements obtained using PIV with detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions on the surface (PSP), provides a more complete view of the coolant jet – mainstream flow interaction. Due to the reduced momentum of the coolant, the shaped holes provide improved protection of the flat plate compared to the cylindrical holes. With the reduced velocity of the coolant from the shaped holes, additional turbulent mixing between the freestream and the coolant occurs. However, the increased turbulence does not induce significant changes to the jet structure nor to the surface protection offered by the coolant. Furthermore, the robustness of the fanshaped design is demonstrated through the presentation of time averaged turbulence quantities across the span of the cooling jet.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Brown tumor in secondary hyperparathyroidism causing acute paraplegia.

Abstract The first known case of a "brown tumor" associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism causing paraplegia is described. A 69-year-old white woman with chronic renal failure due to hypertension was admitted for back pain, and while she was under observation, paraplegia developed. A complete block was demonstrated by myelography. Computed tomography confirmed a mass at the level of obstruction, and results of biopsy were consistent with "brown tumor." Neurologic symptoms were markedly improved with high-dose corticosteroids and a debulking procedure. This entity is important to recognize because prompt treatment of the hyperparathyroidism or decompression of the tumor mass by surgical means or corticosteroid administration can provide marked improvement in symptoms.
Adjuvant imatinib for GIST: the pie is shrinking.

The discovery that oncogenic driver mutations in KIT and PDGFRA are not only causative in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) but also their Achilles heel has changed the landscape of systemic treatment for solid tumors. The benefit of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) in metastatic GIST is now unquestionable. There are 2 phase II and 2 phase III trials that have proven that imatinib extends life, prolonging median overall survival (OS) in advanced GIST from 9 months to more than 5 years.1–4 Given the remarkable activity of imatinib in metastatic GIST, it was applied in the adjuvant setting. The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) sponsored the phase III Z9001 trial comparing adjuvant imatinib to placebo following the complete resection of localized, primary GIST. The trial was stopped prematurely because of a large difference in recurrence-free survival (RFS) between the arms (1 year RFS 98 % on the imatinib arm vs 83 % on the placebo arm; p < .0001).5 Adjuvant imatinib was subsequently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Recently, we published the long-term results of this trial (median follow-up of 74 months), which has provided additional insight into the optimal use of adjuvant imatinib.6 The major unresolved issues regarding adjuvant imatinib include (1) which patients should be treated, (2) what are the exact benefits, and (3) what is the optimal duration.
Design of multiproduct batch processes with finite intermediate storage

Abstract A heuristic procedure for the preliminary design of batch processes with or without intermediate storage tanks and for which the objective is the minimization of total equipment cost is presented. The processes may be operated in either the multiproduct or the multipurpose mode, but in which multiple products are accommodated through sequential single-product campaigns. The procedure which carries out a sequence of single variable fine searches to obtain a solution to the design problem is easy to code and use. The solutions yielded by the procedure are on an average within 1% of the optimal solutions and are obtained with small computational effort. The results obtained from the test problems also indicate that sizeable reductions in the capital cost of the equipment can be achieved by the insertion of intermediate storage tanks at appropriate locations in a plant.
Agrammatism — The current issues

Abstract Agrammatism — the aphasic deficit defined by omission of grammatical functors — has interested neurosdentists from the beginning of modern aphasiology because of the window it promises to provide on how syntax is stored in and produced by the brain. The bulk of research has been in Indo-European languages; extremely few articles have looked at agrammatism in structurally different languages. In the context of the Cross-Language Agrammatism Study (CLAS) we coordinated researchers have collected comparable data across 14 languages in order to begin to sort out universals and language-specific effects on agrammatism. Such data will eventually enable us to evaluate the competing theoretical explanations of agrammatism. All levels from phonologic through morpho/syntactic, semantic, lexical to pragmatic have been nominated, and we review here the arguments for each as well as whether indeed the deficit is primarily linguistic at all. If not, then, it could be viewed as a surface deficit secondary to other cognitive or motoric deficits. Relatively orthogonal to these discussions is the unresolved controversy as to whether agrammatism is a deficit of competence or performance. Strong markedness is not predictive of agrammatic errors, but hierarchies of spared and impaired morphemes may eventually be extracted. “Standard” lesions do not crucially underlie agrammatism.