cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquid-Phase Sintering of ScSZ Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Reducing the manufacturing cost is urgently desired to lower the overall cost of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). High energy expense in the sintering of the fuel cell components, especially the stabilized zirconia electrolyte, is one of the major sources for the cost. Reduction of the sintering temperature will save the energy for sintering. In this paper, liquid-phase sintering of scandia-stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) was achieved at lower temperatures by addition of bismuth oxide will be presented. Different fractions bismuth oxide powders ranging from 0 to 8 wt% were added into ScSZ powders. The powder was compacted into thin pellets using a uniaxial press at a pressure of 200 MPa. The pellets were sintered at different temperatures from 950°C to 1450°C which were varied according to the level of bismuth oxide addition. The microstructure of the sintered specimens was examined with SEM, TEM and XRD.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Knowing at Second Hand

Participants on both sides of the contemporary debate between reductionism and anti‐reductionism about testimony commonly describe testimonial knowledge as knowledge acquired at second hand. I argue that fully appreciating the distinctive sense in which testimonial knowledge is secondhand supports anti‐reductionism over reductionism but also that it supports a particular kind of anti‐reductionism very different from that typically offered in the literature. Testimonial knowledge is secondhand in the demanding sense of being justified by the authority of a speaker where this requires that epistemic responsibility for meeting challenges to the audience's testimonial knowledge is shared between speaker and audience. The epistemic credentials of testimonial knowledge are in this sense importantly interpersonal.
A competitive protein binding radioassay for 17α-ethynylestradiol in human plasma

Abstract A competitive protein binding radioassay system using a rabbit uterine cytosol preparation for the measurement of ethynylestradiol [EE 2 ] in human plasma has been developed. Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography is used for the separation of the estrogens prior to assay. EE 2 levels were measured in 23 normotensive subjects on contraceptive pills containing either 50 μg of EE 2 or mestranol. The EE 2 values ranged from 144 to 248 pg with a mean of 211 pg (S.D. ± 37.94). The method is sensitive enough to detect 25 pg of EE 2 in plasma. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 7.54% and 10.75%, respectively. Water blanks and plasma blanks from subjects not on pills gave negligible readings for EE 2 .
An algorithm for prospective individual matching in a non-randomized clinical trial

A method is described to achieve balance across prognostic factors in intervention trials for which randomized allocation to treatment group is not possible. The method involves prospective individual matching of patients that have already been assigned to treatment groups. Data can be analyzed using methods appropriate for prospective matched cohort studies. Successful implementation depends on the number and complexity of factors to be matched, and on the number of available control patients. Simulation studies suggest that, in order to yield satisfactory match rates and to reduce costs associated with screening unmatched controls, no more than three prognostic factors should generally be considered. Baseline prognostic indices, incorporating information from multiple variables, provide effective matching factors. The implementation of the method in a successful clinical trial, the Delirium Prevention Trial, is discussed. In that study, treatment group was determined by hospital admission to either an intervention floor or to one of two usual care hospital floors. The ratio of available control to intervention patients was 1.3, and 95% of the eligible intervention floor patients were successfully matched to control floor patients. Excellent balance was demonstrated for non-matching factors, due in part to the use of a composite baseline risk score as a matching factor. In addition, external validity is enhanced because most eligible intervention patients are enrolled as they present. The methods outlined in this report provide a methodologically rigorous alternative for achieving balance across treatment groups, with respect to important prognostic factors, in non-randomized clinical trials, and will have broad applicability in the numerous situations in which randomization is not possible.
The Regulation of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion by Estrogen: Relationships among Negative Feedback, Surge Potential, and Male Stimulation in Juvenile, Peripubertal, and Adult Female Mice*

These experiments queried the potential for developmental change in the positive and negative feedback sensitivities of LH secretion to estradiol. Serum LH levels were compared in juvenile, peripubertal, and adult female mice after ovariectomy and challenge with a variety of 4-day steroid treatments. Since male stimuli accelerate the attainment of puberty in this species, comparisons also were made between age- and weight-matched groups of pre- vs. postpubertal females, obtained by housing them in either the presence or absence of males. The following conclusions were derived from eight experiments. 1) Progressively more estradiol is required to suppress the postovariectomy rise in serum LH as the female mouse develops the juvenile stage to full adulthood. 2) This slow, progressive change is due in part to a steadily increasing capacity to secrete LH when unhindered by any negative feedback regulation by the ovary; it is not due to developmental changes in estradiol metabolism. 3) The LH surging mechanism is functional and already coupled to its circadian oscillator in the juvenile mouse, but surges of adult magnitude could not be induced with exogenous steroid until the peripubertal period. 4) The estradiol requirements for preovulatory LH surging change markedly after the peripubertal stage of development; a wide range of temporal changes in blood estradiol levels will elicit LH surging in the adult mouse, but the immature female requires a rigid pattern of change involving only a narrow range of blood levels of this steroid. 5) Exposure of peripubertal females to male stimuli alters neither their negative feedback sensitivity to estradiol nor their estrogen requirements for LH surging. These conclusions are integrated into two working models that focus first on the estrogen requirements for LH surging in the adult mouse, and second on the maturation of this process and the attainment of pubertal ovulation. (Endocrinology 108: 506, 1981)
Fast, Conservative Schemes for the Full Potential Equation Applied to Transonic Flows

Implicit approximate factorization techniques (AF) are investigated for the solution of matrix equations resulting from finite-difference approximations to the full potential equation in conservation form. For transonic flows, an artificial viscosity, required to maintain stability in supersonic regions, is introduced by an upwind bias of the density. Two implicit AF procedures are presented, and their convergence performance is compared with that of the standard transonic solution procedure: successive line overrelaxation (SLOR). Subcritical and supercritical test cases are considered. Results indicate a substantial improvement in convergence rate for AF schemes relative to SLOR.
Post-collisional Stark mixing in Auger processes.

Post-collisional effects on the electronic distribution of autoionization processes are studied. A formulation including both the long range of the projectile Coulomb potential and the polarization potential is presented. The latter potential mixes close lying levels of autoionizing states with equal magnetic quantum number, giving rise to a significant perturbation of the angular and energy distribution of the electron spectra. Particular attention is paid to the mixing of autoionizing levels of helium 2{ital s}2{ital p} {sup 1}{ital P} and 2{ital p}{sup 2} {sup 1}{ital D}. Deviation from 90{degree} symmetry is studied, and comparison with experiments is presented.
Vibrational spectra and structure of nitrogen containing molecules—III. Acetone azine and acetone azine-d12☆

Abstract The i.r. spectra of (CH 3 ) 2 CNNC(CH 3 ) 2 and (CD 3 ) 2 CNNC(CD 3 ) 2 have been studied from 4000 to 300 cm −1 in all three physical states. Absorption spectra for the polycrystalline samples were also obtained down to 33 cm −1 . Raman spectra for liquid and crystalline acetone azine and acetone azine- d 12 were recorded between 4000 and 100 cm −1 . Since mutual exclusion was observed for the i.r. and Raman bands assigned to the skeletal modes of acetone azine, the spectral data have been interpreted in terms of C 2 h molecular symmetry. An assignment of the fundamental vibrations is based upon the observed isotopic shift ratios, depolarization measurements, relative band intensities and positions. The methyl torsional modes were assigned to bands at 235 and 215 cm −1 , respectively, in the Raman spectrum of crystalline acetone azine. The frequencies associated with the CN and NN stretching modes of acetone azine suggest the π electrons may not be localized and this observation is consistent with the bond orders for the CN (1.9) and NN (1.5) groups calculated from simple molecular orbital theory. The results of the present study are compared with the data recently reported for tetramethylhydrazine and tetramethyltetrazine.
Delayed sample filtration and storage effects on dissolved nutrients measured in agricultural runoff

Few research studies have examined the influence of delayed filtration on sample stability or runoff nutrient loss assessments. Runoff samples from irrigation furrows were each split into four volumes: two were filtered (45 μm) in the field and two were filtered 10 days later, with or without boric acid treatment, and stored at 4 °C. Sample dissolved reactive P (DRP), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), and ammonium (NH4)-N concentrations were measured in all filtered samples 10 and 107 days after collection. Samples filtered in the field and those with a 10-day delayed filtration had similar dissolved DRP, NO3-N, and NH4-N concentrations, whether or not boric acid was added. Boric acid stabilized DRP and NH4-N sample concentrations, but not NO3-N, during the 107 days of storage (relative to field-filtered samples). The effect of treatments on computed furrow stream concentration and runoff mass losses was similar to that for sample concentrations, except that furrow NH4-N parameters were unaffected by treatments. ...
Carbon monoxide from engines in warehouse operations

Tests were conducted by the Agricultural Engineering Staff at North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, during the summer of 1970 to evaluate the production of carbon monoxide gas due to internal combustion engine operation in warehouses. Tests compared gasoline engines and LP gas engines, equipped with regular and catalytic mufflers and with the fuel system at normal and 10% rich air-fuel ratios. The engines were operated on a cycle of load and no load conditions to approximate actual usage. Exhaust gases were piped to a 10,000 cubic foot sealed room and intake air was taken from the same room. Gas from the test room was sampled periodically and analyzed for carbon monoxide and other gases. A method was devised to estimate the probable CO levels in a warehouse, knowing the volume and infiltration rate of the warehouse and the specific engine being used in the warehouse. For the test conditions:
POLYADENYLATED RNA AND SCRAPIE IN MICE

Abstract It has been reported that infection of mice with scrapie results in changes in the polyadenylated RNA metabolism of the host. We have attempted to repeat some aspects of this work, using the same methods, but have failed to confirm the earlier fundamental conclusions.
EFFICIENT COMPUTATION OF SPECTRAL LINE SHAPES

Abstract A method for computing spectral line shapes based on the Fourier representation of the Voigt profile is presented. The linearity of Fourier transforms is used to eliminate the need to evaluate the Voigt function repeatedly. Instead, the method requires computing only sines, cosines, and exponentials for each line and two Fourier transforms for the entire frequency range. The method is shown to be computationally more efficient than previous approaches for a wide variety of problems, particularly when there are many overlapping lines. In contrast to other approximations which have fixed error bounds, the accuracy of the transform method can be controlled by varying the frequency interval and number of points. A part of the R -band of molecular oxygen at 13,160 cm -1 (7620A) is computed to demonstrate the advantages of the transform method.
Inhibition of Cellular RNA Polymerase II Transcription by Delta Antigen of Hepatitis Delta Virus

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) contains a circular, viroid-like RNA and the hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) protein. The viral RNA is replicated via RNA-dependent RNA synthesis, which is thought to be mediated by host DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (pol II). The precise mechanism of HDV RNA replication using RNA as a template remains to be elucidated, although it is clear that HDAg is involved. We demonstrate here that both SP1-activated and basal pol II transcription are inhibited by HDAg. This inhibitory effect of HDAg was observed in vivo in transient cotransfection assays as well as in vitro in HeLa nuclear extracts with purified, recombinant HDAg. The in vitro inhibition of pol II transcription could be reversed with excess HeLa nuclear extracts. Furthermore, HDAg specifically inhibited pol II-mediated transcription but not pol I- or pol III-mediated transcription. These results provide support for the model in which HDAg participates in a complex with host cell pol II transcription factors to mediate pol II-dependent HDV RNA replication, concomitantly inhibiting cellular pol II transcription. © 1998 Academic Press
Innomotion: a web-based rehabilitation system helping patients recover and gain self-awareness of their body away from the clinic

In the physical therapy or occupational therapy rehabilitation process, patients often perform routine exercises away from the clinic. Being away from the eyes of a professional can undermine a patient's confidence and impede recovery if the patient is not performing the exercises correctly. We propose InnoMotion, a system designed to aid in recovery away from the clinic. We conducted research to determine what aspects of the rehabilitation process are crucial to successful recovery. We designed a web-based system that works in tandem with motion-sensing technology (e.g., Leap Motion) to allow patients to perform rehabilitation exercises in their home, while collecting performance data. This data is used to guide the patient through a successful recovery.
A U.S. Holy War? The Effects of Religion on Iraq War Policy Attitudes*

Objective. Throughout the course of the Iraq War, the Bush Administration has consistently framed its war policy in religious language. Therefore, we investigate the extent to which public religiosity predicts neoconservative foreign policy attitudes. Method. We use the 2005 Baylor Religion Survey to estimate OLS models predicting the effects of religious measures on support for a neoconservative Middle East foreign policy. Findings. We find that support for U.S. Iraq policy is partially an outcome of what we call "sacralization ideology," as measured by the belief that religious and secular institutions should be more closely in collaboration. Conclusion. We argue that the religious framing of U.S. foreign policy appeals to a certain religious type who is not fully Republican or conservative evangelical.
An analysis of energy-drink toxicity in the National Poison Data System.

Context. Small studies have associated energy drinks—beverages that typically contain high concentrations of caffeine and other stimulants—with serious adverse health events. Objective. To assess t...
Rank dominance and international comparisons of income distributions

Abstract The rank dominance criterion for comparing income distributions assumes the Pareto principle, anonymity, and population size invariance. This paper applies rank dominance to compare international income distributions. Empirically, rank dominance is a powerful tool for ordering income distributions. Our results suggest that much of the power of generalized Lorenz dominance is due to efficiency preference, and equity preference adds only marginally to the ability to order income distributions.
Cross reactions to antigens causing hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Abstract The sera of patients with asthma, aspergillosis, pigeon breeder's disease, farmer's lung, and a hypersensitivity pneumonitis in textile plant workers were screened by gel diffusion against a variety of fungal antigens and dust extracts. Patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis were especially prone to develop precipitating antibody to numerous airborne antigens. From the results it was concluded that patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis form precipitating antibodies to definite groups of antigens in their environment. Most of the patients had precipitins to house dust that formed lines of identity with fungi and thermophilic actinomycetes.
Bilateral medial tibiofemoral joint stiffness in full extension and 20 degrees of knee flexion.

Abstract Context: The valgus stress test is used clinically to assess injury to the medial knee structures in 2 positions: full extension and some degree of flexion. The amount of flexion used to “isolate” the medial collateral ligament is not consistent in the literature, but most studies have shown that stiffness of the ligaments was consistent between the limbs. Objective: To determine (1) if the stiffness of the medial knee structures was the same bilaterally, and (2) if the stiffness was different in full extension compared with 20° of knee flexion. Design: Criterion standard, before-after design. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Both knees of 45 healthy and active volunteers (26 females, 19 males; age = 23.2 ± 3.96 years, height = 170.6 ± 7.75 cm, mass = 74.2 ± 15.14 kg) were studied. Intervention(s): A valgus force of 60 N was applied to the lateral aspect of both knees in full extension and in 20° of flexion. Main Outcome Measure(s): The slope of the f...
Simple method for determination of hydrochlorothiazide in human urine by high performance liquid chromatography utilizing narrowbore chromatography

Abstract A simple high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method utilizing narrowbore chromatography was developed for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in human urine. A mobile phase of 0.1% aqueous acetic acid—acetonitrile (93:7, v/v) pH 3 was used with a C18 analytical column and ultraviolet detection (UV). The method demonstrated linearity from 2 to 50 μg ml −1 using 50 μl of urine with a detection limit of 1 μg ml −1 . The method was utilized in a study evaluating if racial differences are present in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of hydrochlorothiazide.
Kainate and AMPA receptor binding in seizure-prone and seizure-resistant inbred mouse strains

Glutamate and its receptors represent the major excitatory neurotransmission system in the mammalian brain and are considered important in the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases. The present study describes saturation binding experiments performed to measure the affinity (Kd) and density (Bmax) of kainate and AMPA receptors in striatum, cortex and hippocampus from mature DBA/2J (DBA) and C57BL/6J (C57) mice. Previous studies have documented that these two strains differ significantly in seizure susceptibility, with DBA mice exhibiting greater sensitivity in various convulsant tests compared to C57 mice. Non-linear regression analysis of binding data together with Student's t-test and ANOVA revealed significantly higher densities of kainate receptors in striatum and of AMPA receptors in cortex of DBA mice. C57 mice exhibited higher striatal [3H]AMPA binding. There were no significant differences between the mouse strains in binding sites prepared from hippocampus and no differences in affinity for either receptor in any brain region studied. The results support a role for kainate and AMPA receptors in seizure sensitivity, possibly by influencing glutamate transmission in specific pathways. It is unlikely, however, that these receptors account for the generation of seizures alone but rather cooperate with other glutamatergic and non-glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems.
Turkey’s Inclusion in the Atlantic Community: Looking Back, Looking Forward

Abstract Turkey’s European credentials are an issue of great contemporary dispute. This essay looks back at Turkey’s early efforts to join European and trans‐Atlantic institutions. One goal is to examine the past record to uncover what it can contribute to current debates over Turkey’s place in Europe. In this regard, one can compare attitudes towards Turkey in the past with those expressed today, as well as how the definition of the Atlantic and European communities has evolved over time. It also considers how ties with Western democracies have affected democratization within Turkey itself, which has had its ups and downs over the course of the past 50 years.
Control of neural synchrony using channelrhodopsin-2: a computational study

In this paper, we present an optical stimulation based approach to induce 1:1 in-phase synchrony in a network of coupled interneurons wherein each interneuron expresses the light sensitive protein channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). We begin with a transition rate model for the channel kinetics of ChR2 in response to light stimulation. We then define "functional optical time response curve (fOTRC)" as a measure of the response of a periodically firing interneuron (transfected with ChR2 ion channel) to a periodic light pulse stimulation. We specifically consider the case of unidirectionally coupled (UCI) network and propose an open loop control architecture that uses light as an actuation signal to induce 1:1 in-phase synchrony in the UCI network. Using general properties of the spike time response curves (STRCs) for Type-1 neuron model (Ermentrout, Neural Comput 8:979-1001, 1996) and fOTRC, we estimate the (open loop) optimal actuation signal parameters required to induce 1:1 in-phase synchrony. We then propose a closed loop controller architecture and a controller algorithm to robustly sustain stable 1:1 in-phase synchrony in the presence of unknown deviations in the network parameters. Finally, we test the performance of this closed-loop controller in a network of mutually coupled (MCI) interneurons.
Failure mechanisms of 3D woven composites in tension, compression, and bending

Abstract Observations of failure mechanisms in monotonic loading are reported for graphite/epoxy composites containing three-dimensional (3D) interlock weave reinforcement. The key phenomena are delamination and kink band formation in compression, tow rupture and pullout in tension, and combinations of these in bending. The materials exhibit great potential for damage tolerance and notch insensitivity. This is partly due to the presence of geometrical flaws that are broadly distributed in strength and space; and partly to the coarseness of the reinforcing tows, which leads to extensive debonding and reduced stress intensification around sites of failure. Rules of mixture corrected for the effects of tow irregularity suffice to estimate elastic moduli. Rough estimates of the stress at which the first failure events occur in compression or tension can be made from existing micromechanical models. Ultimate tensile failure might be modeled by regarding failed tows that are being pulled out of the composite as a cohesive zone. The characteristic length estimated for this zone, which is a direct measure of damage tolerance and notch insensitivity, has very large values of order of magnitude 0.1–0.5 m.
The circadian rhythm and photosensitivity of small impulses of the Bulla eye

The eye of the mollusk Bulla gouldiana contains a pacemaker that generates a circadian rhythm in compound action potentials (CAPs) in the optic nerve. In this paper, we present evidence of a second circadian rhythm in the optic nerve of the eye maintained in darkness at 15 °C. This is a rhythm in the frequency of small (10–40 μV) neural impulses that occurs about 12 h out-of-phase with the rhythm in CAPs. Typically, the small-spike frequency is at a minimum within an hour of the peak in CAP frequency and is maximal during the subjective night. Like the CAP rhythm, the phase of the small-spike rhythm is determined by the prior light/dark cycle. A rebound in small-spike activity following the end of a light pulse and the presence of photoinhibited impulses in surgically reduced eyes suggests that the cells that generate the small-spikes may be photoreceptors that are inhibited by light. In addition, by using isolated nervous system preparations, we have found that smallspikes occur in the two optic nerves in a one-for-one relationship immediately following a light-to-dark transition. This inter-eye communication may be involved in the coupling of the ocular pacemakers.
Sequence and expression of the zebrafish alpha-actinin gene family reveals conservation and diversification among vertebrates

Alpha-actinins are actin microfilament crosslinking proteins. Vertebrate actinins fall into two classes: the broadly-expressed actinins 1 and 4 (actn1 and actn4) and muscle-specific actinins, actn2 and actn3. Members of this family have numerous roles, including regulation of cell adhesion, cell differentiation, directed cell motility, intracellular signaling, and stabilization of f-actin at the sarcomeric Z-line in muscle. Here we identify five zebrafish actinin genes including two paralogs of ACTN3. We describe the temporal and spatial expression patterns of these genes through embryonic development. All zebrafish actinin genes have unique expression profiles, indicating specialization of each gene. In particular, the muscle actinins display preferential expression in different domains of axial, pharyngeal, and cranial musculature. There is no identified avian actn3 and approximately 16% of humans are null for ACTN3. Duplication of actn3 in the zebrafish indicates that variation in actn3 expression may promote physiological diversity in muscle function among vertebrates.
Testing of a spreading mechanism to promote diversity in multi-objective particle swarm optimization

The design of many real-life engineering systems involves optimization according to multiple, often conflicting, objectives. In this paper, an algorithm called spreading multi-objective particle swarm optimizer (SMOPSO) is developed and tested for optimization problems with two objectives. The motivation for SMOPSO is to promote a high diversity of solutions found in two-objective particle swarm optimization. This is attempted through the use of a spreading function based on neighboring particle positions and an archive controller which discriminates based on particle spacing. The spreading function directs non-dominated particles away from their nearest neighbor, aiming for evenly-spaced solutions as particles “spread out”. To test if such an approach can indeed improve Pareto front diversity, a performance comparison of SMOPSO is made to two benchmark algorithms. Preliminary results suggest the proposed algorithm may improve the diversity of solutions for a limited selection of optimization problems, but at the expense of other important measures of performance which is discussed in this paper. SMOPSO’s performance degrades for more difficult optimization problems, such those with multiple fronts and narrow global minima. An example application of SMOPSO to a theoretical, two-objective high-speed planing craft design problem is also given.
Separation of chlorophylls and related plant pigments by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract Thin-layer chromatography using silica gel G adsorbent and several solvent systems permits rapid separation of small amounts of chlorophylls and related pigments. U.V. radiation is used as a sensitive aid in the detection of very small concentrations of these pigments. The results of the thin-layer chromatography are evaluated and compared with several methods of column and paper chromatography using known compounds. Under the conditions described, as many as 16 compounds can be detected.
Postcolonial aporias, or what does fundamentalism have to do with globalization? The contradictory consequences of education reform in India

How do we understand the rise of religious nationalisms in the context of an increasingly globalized and interconnected world? Recent events in the education sector in India provide a particularly compelling example of this contradictory phenomenon. While on the one hand, the Indian State is liberalizing its economic and social sectors to compete in the global economy, in a paradoxical move, it has introduced a new Hindu nationalist curriculum in schools across the country. This article analyses the controversial national curriculum framework released in November 2000 that presents the State's new vision of education. The author argues that the cultural nationalist discourse of the new curriculum is part of India's postcolonial history that finds new meaning and purpose in the current phase of globalization.
Organizational actions of sex hormones on sexual partner preference

Sexual dimorphism in copulatory behavior results from organizational actions of sex steroids (permanent effects of sex steroids occurring during early development). Reproductive success depends not only on copulatory behavior, but also on mate choice, which is often sexually dimorphic as well. The clearest example is sexual partner preference: the preference of males for female sexual partners and females for males. Are organizational hormone actions responsible for sexual differentiation of sexual partner preference? The zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) is a potentially valuable species for addressing this question, because the birds form life-long socially monogamous pair bonds. In one experiment, both early estrogen treatment (injection with estradiol benzoate-EB-for the first 2 weeks posthatch) and unisex housing during juvenile development independently resulted in a preference for females over males in two-choice tests, and only females that experienced both EB treatment and unisex living were more likely than controls to pair with other females in colony tests. In a second experiment, females injected with an estrogen synthesis inhibitor for the first week posthatch preferred to spend time near females instead of males in two-choice tests, unlike control females. These experiments suggest that sexual partner preference may result from organizational hormone actions in this pair-bonding species. Possible neural mechanisms or sites that could underly hormonal organization of sexual partner preference in birds and mammals include the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic area, the corticomedial amygdala, and its avian homologue nucleus taeniae of the archistriatum, the septum, and peripheral sensory processes.
Temporal changes in expression of FoxA1 and Wnt7A in isolated adult human alveolar epithelial cells enhanced by heparin.

Pre- and postnatal developmental studies of the lung have provided compelling evidence demonstrating multiple factors that orchestrate alveolar epithelial cell differentiation. The extent to which reactivation of certain developmental pathways in the adult might influence the course of differentiation of alveolar type 2 cells (AT2) into AT1 cells is not known. In this study, we examined selected members of the forkhead (Fox) family of transcription factors and the Wnt (wingless) family of signaling proteins for expression during human alveolar cell differentiation in vitro and determined their potential responses to sulfated components of extracellular matrix (ECM), like those shed from cell surfaces or found in basement membrane and modeled by heparin. Isolated adult human AT2 cells cultured over a 9-day period were used to define the temporal profile of expression of targeted factors during spontaneous differentiation to AT1-like cells. FoxA1 protein was upregulated at early to intermediate time points, where it was strongly elevated by heparin. Gene expression of wnt7A increased dramatically beginning on day 3 and was enhanced even further on days 7 and 9 by heparin, whereas protein expression appeared at days 7 and 9. These temporal changes of expression suggest that sulfated ECMs may act to enhance the increase in FoxA1 at the critical juncture when AT2 cells commence the differentiation process to AT1 cells, in addition to enhancing the increase in wnt7A when the AT1 cell phenotype stabilizes. Collectively, these factors may act to modulate differentiation in the adult human pulmonary alveolus. Anat Rec, 293:938–946, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Affected-/Discordant-Sib-Pair Design Can Guarantee Validity of Multipoint Model-Free Linkage Analysis of Incomplete Pedigrees When There Is Marker-Marker Disequilibrium

Genomewide linkage studies are tending toward the use of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as the markers of choice. However, linkage disequilibrium (LD) between tightly linked SNPs violates the fundamental assumption of linkage equilibrium (LE) between markers that underlies most multipoint calculation algorithms currently available, and this leads to inflated affected-relative-pair allele-sharing statistics when founders' multilocus genotypes are unknown. In this study, we investigate the impact that the degree of LD, marker allele frequency, and association type have on estimating the probabilities of sharing alleles identical by descent in multipoint calculations and hence on type I error rates of different sib-pair linkage approaches that assume LE. We show that marker-marker LD does not inflate type I error rates of affected sib pair (ASP) statistics in the whole parameter space, and that, in any case, discordant sib pairs (DSPs) can be used to control for marker-marker LD in ASPs. We advocate the ASP/DSP design with appropriate sib-pair statistics that test the difference in allele sharing between ASPs and DSPs.
New non-stellar BL Lacertae objects OY091 and PKS2335+03

DURING the past year, opinions on the nature of the BL Lacertae objects have narrowed to the association of elliptical galaxies with non-thermal sources which display continuous optical spectra. The study of the objects B2 1101+38 (Markarian 421) and B2 1652+39 (Markarian 501) indicates that they, could be members of a sequence of elliptical galaxies ordered by the relative brightness of the BL Lac objects located in their nuclei1. On the other hand, the proximity of B2 1215+30, ON231, PKS1205–008 and PKS0048–097 to galaxies or nebulosities, has prompted the suggestion that, at least these four BL Lac objects have been ejected from the nuclei of their companion galaxies (J. J. Condon and D. L. Jauncey, unpublished). Furthermore, an analysis of the optical energy distribution2 of several BL Lac objects indicates that the decline of their optical spectra toward the ultraviolet becomes steeper because of the contribution of underlying elliptical galaxies. Typical examples are Markarian 501, AP Librae and BL Lac itself. In the case of AP Librae, the nebulosity was discovered with deep image tube photographs3.
Hypotensive stress retards associative learning in rabbits

This study examined the effects of hypotensive stress on classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. Hypotension, consisting of an approximately 45% decrease in blood pressure, was maintained for 30 min by the i.v. infusion of sodium nitroprusside. Twenty minutes later animals were exposed to a conditioning session consisting of 60 pairings of a 200 ms tone conditioned stimulus with a 100 ms airpuff unconditioned stimulus directed at the cornea. This procedure was repeated for four consecutive days. Animals exposed to the hypotensive stress demonstrated a significantly retarded acquisition of conditioned responses as measured by their frequency and onset latency as well as by an increase in the number of trials required to reach acquisition criteria of five and 10 consecutive conditioned responses as compared with controls. A separate group of animals received a nitroprusside infusion one day after the acquisition of conditioned responses to the tone conditioned stimulus. These animals demonstrated a normal retention of conditioned responses and a normal response to varying intensities of the conditioned stimulus. Hypotensive stress also had no effect on the frequency and topography of the unconditioned response. It was concluded that a decrease in blood pressure can serve as a physiological stressor. One of the reactions to this stress consists of a retardation in the formation of associations during a learning task, without any decrease in the ability to retrieve previously learned material.
The effects of highly structured low density carbon nanotube networks on the thermal degradation behaviour of polysiloxanes

Abstract Carbon nanotube-carbon aerogel (CNT-CA) networks are a member of a novel class of ultra-low density, high surface area, hierarchically structured, carbon-based materials possessing unique mechanical and physical properties. Through the secondary incorporation of a polymer matrix into these aerogel systems it is now possible to form intercalated polymeric hybrid CNT-CA composite materials with polymer to carbon surface internal surface contact areas in the order of ∼600 m2 g−1 at carbon loadings as low as ∼1.5 wt %. Reported here is the synthesis of a series of well-defined poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/CNT-CA composite systems, their characterization and the in-depth analysis of the effects of the carbon architecture on the thermal stability and degradation behaviour of the of the PDMS matrix. The results of degradative thermal analysis using both pyrolysis gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), clearly demonstrate that the presence of the CNT-CA scaffold within the PDMS matrix greatly increases the thermal stability of the system and drives the matrix towards calcination at temperatures above 600 °C. Subsequent characterization of the residual materials using a combination of fast magic angle spinning solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (Fast-MAS NMR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and electron microscopy have demonstrated that the improvements in thermal stability are concurrent with the relative loading of carbon nanotubes within the aerogel matrix, that the PDMS matrix is being driven towards the formation of increased levels of SiO2 on degradation and that the preferential calcination effect is a function of the unique high surface area fibular network structure of the CNT-CA monoliths.
Instantaneous Crossflow Topology on a Delta Wing in Presence of Vortex Breakdown

The crosse ow structure of the leading-edge vortices on a delta wing is investigated via particle image velocimetry. The transformation of the streamline topology as the vortex breakdown position moves upor downstream of its nominal value is characterized by comparing instantaneous images. While the streamline patterns are distinctly different depending on the location of vortex breakdown relative to the e eld of view, contours of constant vorticity do not exhibit such distinctions. Several classes of instantaneous streamline topology can exist in the crosse ow plane. These topologies, which involve various combinations of limit cycles and foci, indicate the importance of considering the instantaneous nature of both the vorticity contours and streamlines when describing the e ow physics. Nomenclature c0 = centerline chord dI = interrogation window size t = time U = freestream velocity xL = location of laser sheet xvb = location of vortex breakdown, measured along wing centerline from apex Dl = interrogation step size f = roll angle v = out-of-plane vorticity
A surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy platform based on nanoshells for detection of β-amyloid

A major limitation of many surfaced enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) approaches is the dependence of the Raman enhancement on the local nanostructure. While these local "hot spots" may provide areas of extremely strong enhancement, which make trace analyte detection possible, they also make quantitative measurements problematic. Gold nanoshells however, with the ratio of the radius of their silica core to gold shell tuned to the near infrared excitation wavelength, have been used as a platform for uniform SERS enhancement. By using nanoshells, the SERS enhancement is dependent on the resonance of single nanoshells, without relying on the uncontrolled contribution from localized "hot spots". The nanoshell platform is functionalized with sialic acid to mimic neuronal cells surfaces to allow for the specific binding of β-amyloid, the primary protein component of the senile plaques found in Alzheimer's disease patients. We ultimately hope that this mechanism will provide insight into the relationship between the progression of Alzheimer's disease and β-amyloid through detection of the toxic form of the protein with structural and concentration information. With this approach, we have obtained concentration dependent spectra, consistent across the platform surface, which indicate the feasibility of detecting β-amyloid oligomers into the picomolar range. Additionally, by monitoring SERS spectra as β-amyloid changes its structural conformation from monomer to fibril, we have demonstrated conformational dependence of the SERS signals.
Partial control of an ion-molecule reaction by selection of the internal motion of the polyatomic reagent ion

The ion-molecule reaction NH3+ + ND3 has been studied at various collision energies (1 to 5 electron volts in the center of mass) with preparation of the NH3+ reagent in two nearly isoenergetic vibrational states. One state corresponds to pure out-of-plane bending of the planar NH3+ ion (0.60 electron volts), whereas the other state is a combination of in-plane and out-of-plane motion (0.63 electron volts). The product branching ratios differ markedly for these two vibrational-state preparations. The differences in reactivity suggest that the in-plane totally symmetric stretching mode is essentially inactive in controlling the branching ratio of this reaction.
How Gamification Applies for Educational Purpose Specially with College Algebra

Abstract Gaming environments have been used to teach mathematical topics such as addition and division in a fun manner * . However, when it comes to college level mathematical concepts such as the use of the quadratic formula, there are very few software that explain these concepts in a fun way. In this paper, we present a first step towards using video game elements and Artificial Intelligence Tutoring system techniques to teach mathematical concepts such as factoring and the quadratic formula. These concepts are explained in a way that helps learners make a connection between the mathematical concepts and their real life experience. These methods of learning are supported by several studies (Bonwell & Eison, 1991; Donovan & Bransford, 2004; Scarlatos, 2006). We use gamification techniques during the training and test phases to help students learn the mathematical concepts. We then compare the performance of students who used our system (MathDungeon) with that of students who used the most popular math tutoring programs used in US colleges: Assessment and Learning, K-12, Higher Education (ALEKS). The number of students who used MathDungeon and scored above the median score on the test of math performance was greater than the number of students who used ALEKS and scored higher than the median score.
Are 2 smaller intravenous catheters as good as 1 larger intravenous catheter

Objective: Using Poiseuille's law and standardized gauge sizes, an 18-gauge (g) intravenous catheter (IV) should be 2.5 times faster than a 20-g IV, but this is not borne out by observation, in vitro testing, and manufacturer's data. Our objective was to determine if the infusion rate of a single 18-g IV was equivalent to the infusion rate of two 20-g IVs. Methods: This was a prospective study in healthy adult volunteers. Subjects simultaneously received 500 mL of normal saline via an 18-g IV in one arm and 500 mL of normal saline via two 20-g IVs in the other arm. We measured the rates of fluid administration. Paired Student's t test was used for comparison of the 2 arms of the study. We estimated that 18 trials were needed in sample size analysis. Results: Eighteen trials were completed. The mean infusion rate for a single 18-g 500-mL IV administration was 35.6 mL/min (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.3-40.8), with manufacturer's rating being 105 mL/min. The mean infusion rate for two 20-g IVs was 41.3 mL/min (95% CI, 36.1-46.4), with manufacturer's rating being 120 mL/min. The rate of infusion via two 20-g IVs were statistically significantly faster than the single 18-g IV, with a mean difference in flow rate of 5.7 mL/min (95% CI, 1.3-10; P = .026). Conclusion: In healthy volunteers, administration of intravenous fluids through two 20-g IVs is faster than a single 18-g IV, although both approaches are markedly slower than the manufacturer's estimates.
CT evaluation of an anterior urethral tear

A retrograde urethrogram is usually performed to evaluate the urethra in patients with suspected urethral injuries. A computed tomography (CT) scan is performed after the retrograde urethrogram to evaluate for further intrabdominal injuries. We present a case in which a CT scan performed after a retrograde urethrogram in a trauma patient identified a urethral tear.
Deriving consumer-facing disease concepts for family health histories using multi-source sampling

The family health history has long been recognized as an effective way of understanding individuals' susceptibility to familial disease; yet electronic tools to support the capture and use of these data have been characterized as inadequate. As part of an ongoing effort to build patient-facing tools for entering detailed family health histories, we have compiled a set of concepts specific to familial disease using multi-source sampling. These concepts were abstracted by analyzing family health history data patterns in our enterprise data warehouse, collection patterns of consumer personal health records, analyses from the local state health department, a healthcare data dictionary, and concepts derived from genetic-oriented consumer education materials. Collectively, these sources yielded a set of more than 500 unique disease concepts, represented by more than 2500 synonyms for supporting patients in entering coded family health histories. We expect that these concepts will be useful in providing meaningful data and education resources for patients and providers alike.
Death, Neurosis, and Normalcy: On the Ubiquity of Personal and Social Delusions

In this article Freudian theory is invoked to illustrate the connections among repression, the fear of death, and delusional phantasies. Civilization is a structure invented to protect individuals from death, but the sacrifices imposed by that social structure are psychologically injurious and terrifying because society threatens individuals with punishment and death for having illicit desires. Annihilation anxiety may be abated by social structures, but the psychological sacrifice and threat amplify annihilation anxiety. I further argue that immersion in personal or social phantasies quells the conscious fear of death. Individuals vary in terms of reactions to death anxiety and how the complex matrix of fear and terror is nourished or abated in the developmental process. A Freudian reading of the developmental process implicates the inherently traumatic nature of nurture and the necessity of self-deceptive illusions. These phantasies do subdue conscious fear, but conscious feelings of security do not dispel unconscious tremors. Underneath these phantasies, dread and terror impel rigid adherence to whatever phantasy system provides subjective feelings of safety and salvation. Language: en