cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Old English Biblical Verse: Exodus and the liturgy of baptism

Texts associated with the liturgy of baptism have been adduced many times in published attempts to resolve the complexities of the verse of Exodus. Noting the presence in the poem of both Genesis-based and Exodus-based passages, James W. Bright concluded in 1912 that Exodus is ‘based on Scripture selected to be read on Holy Saturday’, specifically lections prepared for the night-long Easter Vigil treating Noah, Abraham and the miracle at the Red Sea. In particular, Bright was struck by the intrusive appearance of a two-part patriarchal narrative about the Flood and Abraham's binding of Isaac in the second half (or last third) of Exodus. More recently, James E. Cross, discussing the insertion of these Genesis-based stories into the poem's account of the Israelites' crossing of the Red Sea, notes that ‘the unusual structural principle (if it is not lack of structural principle) needs some explanation’. Indeed, no textual loss from Junius 11 can be adduced to explain the abruptness with which the treatment of Noah in Exodus (362–79: ‘Niwe flodas/Noe oferlað …’) follows lines celebrating the Exodus and the lineage of the Israelites (346b-361: ‘Maegen forð gewat …’). The poem's allusion to the Israelites' patriarchal ancestry (faederaeðelo ( Ex 361b)) in the latter sequence of lines might be seen as providing a transition of sorts into the reminiscence on Noah, but nineteenth-century studies of Exodus tended to regard the whole of the poem's Genesis-based narrative (lines 362–446; that is, 362–79, on Noah, and 380–446, on Abraham and Isaac) as a gross interpolation comparable to the matter now ascribed to Genesis B or, as we shall see, to certain exceptional lines in the central section of Daniel.
Nucleon-nucleon dynamics at medium energies: (I). Unitary model for elastic and inelastic scattering

Abstract A framework is presented for a unified theory of elastic nucleon-nucleon scattering and single-pion production at medium energies. The model is relativistic, unitary, and takes into account all spin complications. In the simplest version of the theory the driving mechanism is one-pion exchange but the model can be extended to include short-range forces. The resulting set of coupled linear integral equations have the structure of three-body equations and can be solved exactly. The method of solution is discussed.
Cheating on Taxes: A Comparative Study of Tax Evasion Ethics of 15 Transition Economies and 2 Developed Economies

A few years ago Inglehart et al did a massive survey on various aspects of human beliefs and values. Their teams surveyed 200,000 people in more than 80 countries, asking hundreds of questions. One of those questions addressed ethical issues relating to tax evasion. The Inglehart et al study used a ten-point Likert scale and asked whether they would evade taxes if they could. The present study examines the responses for 15 transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe and compares the results to two developed economies in Western Europe. The total sample size is 18,807. Responses are compared by (1) country, (2) gender, (3) age, (4) education level and (5) marital status.
Alliances in Human Biology: The Harvard Committee on Industrial Physiology, 1929–1939

In 1929 the newly-reorganized Rockefeller Foundation funded the work of a cross-disciplinary group at Harvard University called the Committee on Industrial Physiology (CIP). The committee’s research and pedagogical work was oriented towards different things for different members of the alliance. The CIP program included a research component in the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory and Elton May’s interpretation of the Hawthorne Studies; a pedagogical aspect as part of Wallace Donham’s curriculum for Harvard Business School; and Lawrence Henderson’s work with the Harvard Pareto Circle, his course Sociology 23, and the Harvard Society of Fellows. The key actors within the CIP alliance shared a concern with training men for elite careers in government service, business leadership, and academic prominence. But the first communications between the CIP and the Rockefeller Foundation did not emphasize training in human biology. Instead, the CIP presented itself as a coordinating body that would be able to organize all the varied work going on at Harvard that did not fit easily into one department, and it was on this basis that the CIP became legible to the President of Harvard, A. Lawrence Lowell, and to Rockefeller’s Division of Social Sciences. The members of the CIP alliance used the term human biology for this project of research, training and institutional coordination.
Extensive domain shuffling in transcription regulators of DNA viruses and implications for the origin of fungal APSES transcription factors

Background Viral DNA-binding proteins have served as good models to study the biochemistry of transcription regulation and chromatin dynamics. Computational analysis of viral DNA-binding regulatory proteins and identification of their previously undetected homologs encoded by cellular genomes might lead to a better understanding of their function and evolution in both viral and cellular systems.
Biological and Analytic Components of Variation in Long-Term Studies of Serum Constituents in Normal Subjects III. Physiological and Medical Implications

Biological components of variation for each of 15 serum constituents have been estimated in 68 normal subjects by weekly measurements over several months, and concurrent measurements on invariant human serum pools. Intra-individual coefficient of variation was smallest, less than 2%, for Na, Cl, Ca, Mg; 3 to 4% for CO 2 , albumin, and total protein; 5 to 7% for K, glucose, cholesterol, and phosphate; and largest, 9 to 12%, for uric acid, urea nitrogen, SGOT, and LDH. Inter-individual variation was larger than intra-individual variation for all 15 tests except Cl, CO 2 , and K. Analytic deviation was as large as or larger than biological (intra- or inter-individual) variability for constituents, such as calcium, which are under precise homeostatic control, thus producing artifactual widening in the observed normal range and obscuring the borderline between normal and abnormal results. Limits of tolerable variability in laboratory procedures are proposed, based on composite intra- and inter-individual variation, that would permit medically significant deviations in results to be detected. Such limits were exceeded by current methodology in at least half the 15 tests.
Recovery of the PRE following ECS

Ninety-six male albino rats were trained to leverpress for sucrose on either a continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF) or a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement (VR). Following acquisition, a leverpress produced footshock followed by ECS for half of the subjects in each group. For the remaining subjects, a leverpress produced footshock only. All subjects were then tested in an extinction session either 4, 24, or 48 h after treatment. Results showed an insignificant PRE for subjects tested 4 or 24 h after treatment; however, when the ECS-test interval was increased to 48 h there was apparent spontaneous recovery of the PRE.
Lipids of the Embryonic Liver

Abstract THE deposition of lipid in the embryonic fat organs occurs with periodically fluctuating rates (Feldman et al., 1962a). Recent evidence (Budowski et al., 1961; Moore and Doran, 1962) suggests that similar fluctuations occur in the embryonic liver, but these data are incomplete and inconclusive. In order to clarify this point, we undertook a detailed fractionation of embryonic liver lipids over the period of 11–19 days of incubation and then determined the fatty acid composition of each lipid. Our results are described in this report. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The procedures for fractionating the lipids and determining their fatty acid composition are described in previous reports (Feldman et al., 1962a, b). We monitored the fractionation procedure by thin-layer chromatography, resolving the neutral lipids with chloroform-benzene (2:1, v/v) and the phospholipids with chloroform-methanol-water (35:11:2, v/v). The analytical data is based on pooled samples because individual analyses proved to be too costly. RESULTS The…
Horseshoes in the forced van der Pol system

The forced van der Pol equation was introduced in the 1920s as a model of an electrical circuit. Cartwright and Littlewood established the existence of invariant sets with complex topology in this system. This paper contains, for the first time, a full description of the nonwandering set for an open set of parameters near the singular limit of the forced van der Pol equation. In particular, we prove the existence of a hyperbolic chaotic invariant set. We also prove that the system is structurally stable. The analysis is conducted from the perspective of geometric singular perturbation theory. Verifying the hypothesis is done by implementing self-validating numerical algorithms.
A Rigorous Evaluation of Spin-Hamiltonian Parameters and Linewidth from a Polycrystalline EPR Spectrum

Abstract Details are given of a procedure to evaluate the spin-Hamiltonian (SH) parameters and the linewidth from a polycrystalline EPR spectrum by using a least-squares fitting (LSF) technique in conjunction with numerical diagonalization of the SH matrix. The required resonance line positions are computed rather quickly using a homotopy technique, in which the position at an external magnetic field (B) orientation (θ, ϕ) is used as the initial value in a LSF procedure to estimate the position at an infinitesimally close B-orientation, (θ + δθ, ϕ + δϕ). The resonance line positions are calculated successively in this procedure for all orientations of B over a grid of (θ, ϕ) values for the unit sphere. The eigenvectors of the SH matrix are used to calculate the intensities of the EPR lines exactly for each orientation of B. Details are given of how to compute rigorously the first and second derivatives of the χ 2 -function with respect to the SH parameters and the linewidth using the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the spin-Hamiltonian matrix for a polycrystalline spectrum required in the LSF procedure. It is explained how this technique is generalized to include two or more magnetically inequivalent paramagnetic species, as well as how it is used for the simulation of other EPR-related spectra. The procedure is illustrated by evaluation of the Mn 2+ SH parameters and Lorentzian linewidth from the 249.9-GHz EPR spectrum of Mn(γ-picoline) 4 I 2 .
USE OF A SPECIFIC‐ION ELECTRODE (AMMONIA) IN DETERMINING THE QUALITY OF SHRIMP

Ammonia and other volatile nitrogen compounds are major components of the off-flavors and odors associated with spoiled shrimp. Increases in the level of total volatile nitrogen (TVN) have been used as an objective index of shrimp quality. In order to find a simple method for determining shrimp quality the use of an ammonia specific-ion electrode was investigated. Ammonia produced from both iced and noniced refrigerated shrimp together with direct microscopic bacterial counts, TVN and sensory evaluation were measured as a function of storage time. The results indicated a close correlation between ammonia, as measured by the specific-ion electrode, and the more traditional spoilage parameters. Frozen shrimp with various pre-frozen spoilage characteristics were also evaluated using the ammonia specific electrode. Although a correlation was observed between the pre-frozen spoilage characteristics and ammonia measured in the frozen shrimp, the data fluctuations using the ammonia specific electrode appeared too dramatic to infer spoilage characteristics prior to freezing. The use of the ammonia specific-ion electrode is a rapid and simple method for determining shrimp quality, especially in iced raw shrimp, and possibly of significant value in the shrimp industry's quality control efforts.
A memorable patient: Ward cleaner's clinical observation

It was a busy evening in the casualty department in India, where I was the medical student shadowing a senior doctor. We were interrupted by the domestic cleaner, who ran up to us asking us to see a patient on the trolley rather urgently. Not waiting for an answer she took the senior doctor by the hand across the room to the patient. …
1179 ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Non-invasive evaluation of right ventricular (RV) function has been difficult in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Echographic recording of the pulmonary valve permits measurement of the phases of RV systole, and the ratio of the RV pre-ejection period to the RV ejection time (RPEP/RVET) correlates well with pulmonary artery pressure. RPEP/RVET and other echographic measurements including RV wall (RVW) and dimension (RVD) were compared with pulmonary function tests and clinical scores in 28 CF patients ranging in age from 4-35 years. RPEP/RVET correlated well with percent vital capacity (%VCA) r=-0.74, residual volume (%RVol) r=0.72, and clinical score r=-0.77. RVW and RVD correlated poorly (r<0.50) with %VCA, %RVol, and clinical score. Multilinear regression of RPEP/RVET and RVD improved correlations significantly for %RVol (r=0.82 and clinical score (r=0.84). Patients in right heart failure (RHF) exhibit significantly higher RPEP/RVET (mean 0.43) than those without RHF (mean=0.33) indicating higher pulmonary artery pressure or diminished RV contractility in patients with RHF. The use of digoxin did not significantly change this value. At the conclusion of the study satisfactory pulmonary valve echograms could be obtained in 2/3 of patients tested and success was independent of the severity of the pulmonary disease.
Estimating the Speed of Adjustment in Partial Adjustment Models

We reexamine a recent controversy in the inventory literature regarding the impact of estimator choice on estimated speeds of adjustment in partial adjustment models. We compare the properties of two asymptotically equivalent estimators, the residual-adjusted Aitken (RAA) and nonlinear least squares (NLS) estimators. Our results indicate that (a) the RAA estimator is very sensitive to the quality of the instrument used in first-round estimation, and (b) model mis-specification may cause substantial differences in the finite-sample distributions of the two estimators. An empirical analysis of inventory equations suggests that adjustment speeds are more sensitive to model specification than to choice of estimator.
Roles for herpes simplex virus type 1 UL34 and US3 proteins in disrupting the nuclear lamina during herpes simplex virus type 1 egress

Cells infected with wild type HSV-1 showed significant lamin A/C and lamin B rearrangement, while UL34-null virus-infected cells exhibited few changes in lamin localization, indicating that UL34 is necessary for lamin disruption. During HSV infection, US3 limited the development of disruptions in the lamina, since cells infected with a US3-null virus developed large perforations in the lamin layer. US3 regulation of lamin disruption does not correlate with the induction of apoptosis. Expression of either UL34 or US3 proteins alone disrupted lamin A/C and lamin B localization. Expression of UL34 and US3 together had little effect on lamin A/C localization, suggesting a regulatory interaction between the two proteins. The data presented in this paper argue for crucial roles for both UL34 and US3 in regulating the state of the nuclear lamina during viral infection.
Framing Rationale for the Iraq War The Interaction of Public Support with Mass Media and Public Policy Agendas

This study examines the initial US rationale given for the Iraq War using agenda-setting and agenda-building approaches and a model for understanding the interaction of public opinion with public policy and mass media agendas. To study these dynamics, the study examines two distinct periods of time, of high and low public support of the war (April–May 2003 and April–May 2004). A content analysis of White House briefings, two major national/international newspapers and a major television network's news coverage examines the key rationale for the Iraq War in mass media and policy agendas. Results show a relationship between the White House and media agendas on central issues of the war – terrorism, weapons of mass destruction and the assembly of a coalition to prosecute the war – during a period of high public support and not during a time of low public support. The model of agenda–opinion congruence may be useful in explaining these interactions in times of war or other national crises.
A study of cerebellar cortical involvement in motor learning using a new avoidance conditioning paradigm involving limb movement

Abstract These experiments were performed to examine the relationship between the simple and complex spike responses of 3–5 simultaneously recorded Purkinje cells during the acquisition, performance and extinction of a conditioned forelimb movement in decerebrate, unanesthetized ferrets. The data demonstrate parallel, correlated changes in simple and complex spike responses throughout the experimental period. Since the evaluated Purkinje cells were examined in the cerebellar cortical region that contains neurons highly modulated by the intermittent application of the conditioning stimulus, these findings argue against an induction of a long-lasting modification in simple spike responses by the climbing fiber input as the basis for this type of motor learning.
Timing of post-glacial reinhabitation and ecological development of two New England, USA, drainages based on trace fossil evidence

Abstract Trace fossils as paleoecological and paleobiogeographical tools in Pleistocene glaciolacustrine sediments have been largely ignored. Combining high resolution varve stratigraphy with trace fossil data can lead to refined paleoenvironmental interpretations during times of rapid climate change. Based on trace fossils from glaciolacustrine varves in the Connecticut and Merrimack River valleys, a new timeline for the reinhabitation of New England by fish and associated invertebrates has been constructed. In addition, it appears that colonization of the recently deglaciated environments occurred in at least four successional stages. If these stages can be recognized elsewhere, it may be possible to accurately model other postglacial migrations using trace fossils and varve chronostratigraphy.
Primary versus Secondary Leptons in the EGRET Supernova Remnants

The EGRET supernova remnants (SNRs) are all expanding into nearby dense molecular clouds, powering a shock at the interface where protons and electrons accelerate to relativistic energies. A viable mechanism for the emission of γ-rays in these sources is the decay of neutral pions created in collisions between the relativistic hadrons and protons in the ambient medium. But neutral pion decay alone cannot reproduce the whole high-energy spectrum, particularly below 100 MeV. A pion decay scenario thus requires a lepton population to fill in the lower part of the spectrum via bremsstrahlung emission. This population, however, is constrained by the SNR radio spectrum. Taking our cue from the behavior of Sgr A East, an energetic EGRET SNR at the Galactic center, we here examine the role played in these sources by secondary leptons—electrons and positrons produced in proton-proton scattering events and the ensuing particle cascades. We show that, while secondary leptons cannot account for the γ-rays below 100 MeV, they can account for the hard radio spectra observed from the EGRET SNRs. Thus, it appears that both primary and secondary leptons may be important contributors to the overall broadband emission from these sources, but if so, they must radiate most of their energy in different parts of the SNR-cloud environment. We show that shock acceleration in dense cores being overtaken by the expanding SNR shell can naturally lead to such a scenario.
SU-E-l-01: Investigating the Dependence of 2D and 3D Scatter-To-Primary Ratios on Breast Density in Clinical Breast CT.

Purpose: To characterize 2D and 3D scatter‐to‐primary ratios (SPR) and investigate the dependence of SPR on breast density based on clinicalpatient imaging on our dedicated SPECT‐CT mammotomography system. Methods: As a part of an on‐going IRB approved protocol, 7 consented women underwent a breast imaging study with our SPECT‐CT system. Using a quasi‐monochromatic x‐ray cone beam and flat panel detector, 240 projections were obtained. 6 beam stop array (BSA) projections were also obtained over 40 degree intervals. The CT data were scatter corrected using a phantom‐validated algorithm based on the BSA technique. For each projection, 2D scatter fluence was determined behind each beam stop shadow through the patient's breast, and cubic spline interpolated throughout the thresholded breast region. 2D SPRs were calculated as the average of 6 measured ratios of scatter projections to scatter corrected (primary) projections. Angular cubic spline interpolation was performed to obtain the remaining 234 azimuthal BSA projections for reconstruction correction. Corrected and uncorrected projection images were individually reconstructed and 3D SPRs calculated as the ratio of difference between primary and un‐corrected volumes to primary volumes. Histograms of the reconstructed patient data‐sets yielded distinct peaks representing linear attenuation coefficients of glandular+skin and fatty tissue. Percentage glandular and fatty tissue was estimated by fitting a double Gaussian to the histogram and integrating area under the curve. Results: Only 4 CTdata sets devoid of motion and truncation artifacts were suitable for scatter correction. Preliminary results show that 2D SPR values peak at the center of breast volumes and were greatest (∼50%) for the most glandular breast, whereas 3D SPR values remained fairly constant throughout the breast and did not obviously correlate with density, consistent with prior phantom results. Conclusions: 2D SPR values are greater in breasts with higher glandular tissue composition, whereas 3D SPR values appear independent of breast composition. This work is funded by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health grant RO1‐CA096821, with partial support (JHP) from NIH T32‐EB001040. MPT is the inventor of this CT technology, and is named as an inventor on the patent for this technology awarded to Duke University. If this technology becomes commercially successful, MPT and Duke could benefit financially.
Patterns of Predeath Service Use by Dementia Patients with a Family Caregiver

OBJECTIVE: To describe site of death and patterns of predeath service use (hospital, nursing home, and in-home services) among persons with dementia who have a family caregiver. DESIGN: Family caregivers who experienced the death of their relative while participating in a 5-year longitudinal study were surveyed retrospectively about service use patterns in the 90 days before the death of their relative. SETTING: Community. SUBJECTS: Eighty-two family caregivers of a person with dementia who experienced the death of their relative while participating in a longitudinal study (n = 326) were included in this analysis. All participants were providing care to a relative with dementia in the home at entry into the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survey items were used to identify site of death and measure use of the following services in the 90 days before death: hospital, nursing home, skilled nursing services, home health aides, and physician home visits. RESULTS: Sixty-nine percent of the caregivers were spouses, and 28% were adult children. Family caregivers had been providing care for an average of 6 years (SD = 3.9) before the death of their relative. The most frequent setting for patient death was home (42%), followed by nursing home (32%) and hospital (26%). The average number of days spent at home in the 90 days before death by the sample was more than 60 days. Thirty-four percent of the dementia patients were cared for exclusively in the home in the 90 days before death, and 34% spent more than half of the 90 days before death at home. Hospital stays were brief, and less than one-fourth of the sample spent all of the 90 days before death in an institutional setting. Twenty-one percent of the sample used no in-home services in the 90 days before death, 48% of the sample did not use skilled nursing services, and only 27% received a physician home visit. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that dementia patients who have a family caregiver receive a significant proportion of their care at home in the 90 days before death. A hospice approach may help address the needs for assistance of families who provide terminal care in the home for a relative with dementia.
Development of a membraneless ethanol/oxygen biofuel cell

Abstract Biofuel cells are similar to traditional fuel cells, except the metallic electrocatalyst is replaced with a biological electrocatalyst. This paper details the development of an enzymatic biofuel cell, which employs alcohol dehydrogenase to oxidize ethanol at the anode and bilirubin oxidase to reduce oxygen at the cathode. This ethanol/oxygen biofuel cell has an active lifetime of about 30 days and shows power densities of up to 0.46 mW/cm 2 . The biocathode described in this paper is unique in that bilirubin oxidase is immobilized within a modified Nafion polymer that acts both to entrap and stabilize the enzyme, while also containing the redox mediator in concentrations large enough for self-exchange based conduction of electrons between the enzyme and the electrode. This biocathode is fuel tolerant, which leads to a unique fuel cell that employs both renewable catalysts and fuel, but does not require a separator membrane to separate anolyte from catholyte.
Three-dimensional analytical solutions of Richards’ equation for a box-shaped soil sample with piecewise-constant head boundary conditions on the top

Summary In a recent paper by this author, analytical solutions of Richards’ equation for three-dimensional (3-D) unsaturated flow were derived for a box-shaped soil sample. The same concepts are used in this paper, except that a complicated specified head boundary condition on the top of the soil sample used in the previous paper is replaced by a simple piecewise-constant specified head boundary condition. This author has concluded that both solutions are very valuable in testing numerical models using the finite element/volume/difference computational techniques. These analytical solutions were originally derived to test parallel high performance computing groundwater programs, but it has been found that two-dimensional versions of these solutions are also good for testing on PCs. In particular, the efficiency and accuracy of the linear and nonlinear solvers can be scrutinized effectively using these solutions. Analytical solutions for Richards’ equation are difficult to derive because of the highly nonlinear aspect of this partial differential equation. However, the quasi-linear approximation of the log of relative hydraulic conductivity varying linearly with pressure head coupled with relative hydraulic conductivity varying linearly with moisture content allows Richards’ equation to be transformed into a linear partial differential equation. Physically reasonable material properties are also achieved in this approximation, although modeling of real-world problems is limited by this assumption. Despite these limitations, the resulting analytical solutions have proven to be extremely valuable in testing groundwater models. As in the previous paper, a transformation based on the assumptions stated above, separation of variables, and Fourier series are used to obtain the final solution. Steady-state and transient solutions for two different boundary conditions of the test problem are provided in this paper.
The Politics of Quality Assurance: The Australian Quality Assurance Program for Higher Education, 1993-1995.

Using interest group theory and the idea of public policy development and application following sequential stages, this paper explores how key decisions were made about the establishment and implementation of the controversial national quality assurance program for higher education that operated in Australia from 1993 to 1995. The paper explains how Australia came to introduce a quality assurance program that differed substantially from those established in other OECD countries.
Divisional History and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function during Homeostasis

We investigated the homeostatic behavior of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) temporally defined according to their divisional histories using an HSPC-specific GFP label-retaining system. We show that homeostatic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lose repopulating potential after limited cell divisions. Once HSCs exit dormancy and accrue divisions, they also progressively lose the ability to return to G0 and functional activities associated with quiescent HSCs. In addition, dormant HSPCs phenotypically defined as multipotent progenitor cells display robust stem cell activity upon transplantation, suggesting that temporal quiescence is a greater indicator of function than cell-surface phenotype. Our studies suggest that once homeostatic HSCs leave dormancy, they are slated for extinction. They self-renew phenotypically, but they lose self-renewal activity. As such, they question self-renewal as a characteristic of homeostatic, nonperturbed HSCs in contrast to self-renewal demonstrated under stress conditions.
Indications, technique, safety, and accuracy of office-based nasal endoscopy with biopsy for sinonasal neoplasm.

Background Office-based nasal endoscopy with biopsy may provide histopathological diagnosis in patients with sinonasal neoplasms while avoiding operative biopsy. The objective of this study was to describe the technique, safety, and accuracy of office-based nasal endoscopy with biopsy for a primary indication of sinonasal neoplasm. Methods A retrospective review of the indications, complications, and results of office-based nasal endoscopy with biopsy for primary indication of neoplasm was performed. When available, comparison was made between the histopathological findings at biopsy vs surgery. Results A total of 61 patients underwent 69 office-based endoscopic sinonasal biopsies during the 3-year study period. The results of the biopsies in this cohort included inflammatory changes in 36 procedures (52%), benign neoplasm in 14 procedures (20%), malignant lesion in 12 procedures (17%), nondiagnostic tissue in 5 specimens (7%), and granulomatous/vasculitic lesion in 2 procedures (3%). Comparison of office biopsy vs surgery in 28 procedures (25 patients) revealed agreement in 23 procedures (82%), 2 false-negative results for malignancy, 1 false-negative result for hemangioma, and 1 false-negative result and 1 false-positive result each for inverted papilloma. Accuracy analysis for a diagnosis of neoplasm yielded a sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 93%, false-positive rate of 9%, and false-negative rate of 24%. No major complications were experienced. Conclusion Office-based nasal endoscopy with biopsy represents a safe and important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of sinonasal neoplasms. The procedure is generally safe and provides diagnostic information that may alter treatment decisions. Limitations of the procedure do exist, notably issues related to accuracy. © 2011 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
Internal wave climate near the coast of nortwest Africa during JOINT-I

Abstract Current meter measurements from six stations off the coast of northwest Africa are analysed. Decomposition of the data using empirical orthogonal eigenfunctions shows that in depths shallower than 800 m a significant part of the internal wave energy resides in first mode waves that propagate shoreward. Examination of the energy flux and energy density of these waves indicates that: (1) the origin of the internal wave energy appears to be the deep ocean; (2) the energy density of the interval waves increases shoreward in the deep coastal waters subject to a constant energy flux requirement; (3) the energy density in shallow coastal waters is nearly saturated, i.e. the maximum amplitudes are limited by a finite depth and thus the local energy levels are determined by the local Vasala frequency and depth; (4) the energy flux is largely dissipated rather than reflected back out to the deep sea.
Debonding and fiber pull-out in reinforced composites

Abstract In order to evaluate the strength of fiber-reinforced composites, there is first the need to investigate the interfacial debonding and the pull-out of fibers in a fractured composite with intact fibers. This type of problem in crack bridging has been investigated by several authors based on different models and assumptions [1–7]. In this study, we will consider a three-dimensional model of a single fiber of finite length bonded by a finite cylindrical matrix with an initial crack existing in a portion of the interface. In the model, one end of the cylinder is so constrained that the axial component of displacement vanishes. A tensile stress is applied to the fiber at the other end. The aim is to determine the pull-out of the fiber and the critical condition for interfacial debonding. Both the fiber and the matrix are treated as elastic materials. Analysis is made based on a method using Papkovich-Neuber displacement potential functions for the problem of an elastic solid subjected to axisymmetrical boundary conditions. Solutions are found by means of the technique of trigonometrical series. Effects of initial misfit strains and frictional sliding between the fiber and the matrix over the interfacial crack are also included in the study.
Quantitative characterization of surface deformation in polymer composites using digital image analysis

The stress whitening of polymers and polymer composites during surface deformation (scratching) can represent a severe technological problem in certain applications. For example, scratch resistance is particularly important for poly(propylene) automobile interior components. Unfortunately, the addition of reinforcing agents such as talc or mica for improved dimensional stability and rigidity often results in an increased sensitivity to scratching. The ability to design new materials with reduced visible surface deformation requires more sophisticated information about the deformation mechanisms of polymers and polymer composites near surfaces and their relationship to the scattering of incident light. We have developed a technique to quantify the light scattered from polymer composite surfaces due to surface deformation. We first deform the material in a controlled manner using a scratch testing apparatus. We then analyze the region near the scratch with reflected polarized light in an optical microscope coupled to a digital image analysis system. By measuring the light scattering from the sample as a function of incident light polarization and sample orientation, it is possible to obtain information about the nature and extent of deformation at the sample surface. In this report, we describe our technique and demonstrate how it can be used to quantify the surface deformation of poly(propylene)-talc composites. By examining a series of materials as a function of talc content, we have been able to obtain information that can be related to specific micromechanisms of deformation near the scratch, such as the orientation of the polymer and the voiding near the talc particles. The technique should assist in the improved development of similar materials for applications in which surface appearance is a primary concern.
How an age of anxiety became an age of depression

Context: During the 1950s and 1960s, anxiety was the emblematic mental health problem in the United States, and depression was considered to be a rare condition. One of the most puzzling phenomena regarding mental health treatment, research, and policy is why depression has become the central component of the stress tradition since then. Methods: This article reviews statistical trends in diagnosis, treatment, drug prescriptions, and textual readings of diagnostic criteria and secondary literature. Findings: The association of anxiety with diffuse and amorphous conceptions of “stress” and “neuroses” became incompatible with professional norms demanding diagnostic specificity. At the same time, the contrasting nosologies of anxiety and depression in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III (DSM-III) extended major depressive disorder to encompass far more patients than any particular anxiety disorder. In addition, antidepressant drugs were not associated with the stigma and alleged side effects of the anxiolytic drugs. Conclusion: Various factors combined between the 1970s and the 1990s to transform conditions that had been viewed as “anxiety” into “depression.” New interests in the twenty-first century, however, might lead to the reemergence of anxiety as the signature mental health problem of American society.
LiteTM: Reducing transactional state overhead

Transactional memory (TM) has been proposed to address some of the programmability issues of chip multiprocessors. Hardware implementations of transactional memory (HTMs) have made significant progress in providing support for features such as long transactions that spill out of the cache, and context switches, page and thread migration in the middle of transactions. While essential for the adoption of HTMs in real products, supporting these features has resulted in significant state overhead. For instance, TokenTM adds at least 16 bits per block in the caches which is significant in absolute terms, and steals 16 of 64 (25%) memory ECC bits per block, weakening error protection. Also, the state bits nearly double the tag array size. These significant and practical concerns may impede the adoption of HTMs, squandering the progress achieved by HTMs. The overhead comes from tracking the thread identifier and the transactional read-sharer count at the L1-block granularity. The thread identifier is used to identify the transaction, if only one, to which an L1-evicted block belongs. The read-sharer count is used to identify conflicts involving multiple readers (i.e., write to a block with non-zero count). To reduce this overhead, we observe that the thread identifiers and read-sharer counts are not needed in a majority of cases. (1) Repeated misses to the same blocks are rare within a transaction (i.e., locality holds). (2) Transactional read-shared blocks that both are evicted from multiple sharers' L1s and are involved in conflicts are rare. Exploiting these observations, we propose a novel HTM, called LiteTM, which completely eliminates the count and identifier and uses software to infer the lost information. Using simulations of the STAMP benchmarks running on 8 cores, we show that LiteTM reduces TokenTM's state overhead by about 87% while performing within 4%, on average, and 10%, in the worst case, of To ke nTM.
Performance Bounds for Computational Imaging

We analyze the effects of multiplexing under a noise model incorporating both signal dependent and signal independent noise and scene priors modeled both as a Gaussian and as a mixture of Gaussians.
A rationale for gene targeting in glaucoma therapy.

ABSTRACT One of the mainstays of glaucoma treatment is the use of drugs that decrease the secretion of aqueous humor fluid from the ciliary epithelium. Unfortunately, many currently available drugs that decrease aqueous humor production such as β-adrenergic antagonists, may cause serious systemic side effects such as cardiac arrythmias and arrest, pulmonary dysfunction, and CNS side effects such as decreased libido and depression. Efforts to develop effective aqueous suppressants that offer decreased morbidity and mortality in comparison to those currently available will likely rely on the ability to alter the function of specific cellular events which underlie aqueous humor production by the ciliary epithelium. However, the secretory process which results in aqueous humor production is incompletely understood and the identification of precise cellular mechanisms which underlie this process remain to be established. We will present a rationale for genetic approaches to regulate gene expression so that aqu...
Pathways linking childhood maltreatment and adult physical health.

Objectives This study examined whether a self-reported history of childhood maltreatment (physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and physical and emotional neglect) is related to poor adult physical health through health risk behaviors (obesity, substance dependence, and smoking), adverse life events, and psychological distress.
Horizontal Gene Transfer: Linking Sex and Cell Fate

Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) enable horizontal gene transfer among bacteria. In Pseudomonas, only a phenotypically distinct subpopulation of ICE-bearing cells can mobilize ICE DNA to new hosts. Transfer competence is a terminal state; division is limited, and many cells lyse.
Revisiting Word-of-Mouth Communications: A Cross-National Exploration

This study explores the internal motivational factors that influence U.S. and Chinese consumers to initiate word-of-mouth (WOM) communication in the majority market. The study found several new motivational factors not previously discussed in the WOM literature, including the three dimensions of altruism, seeking retaliation, seeking compensation, and seeking bargaining power. Both the common and different influencers of WOM between the two cultural settings found in this study could help marketers further explore the role of WOM while considering the standardization versus adaptation strategies in their global advertising and promotion campaigns across the two nations.
Characterization of the immunoglobulin repertoire of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

The cartilaginous fish (chimeras, sharks, skates and rays) are the oldest group relative to mammals in which an adaptive immune system founded upon immunoglobulins has been found. In this manuscript we characterize the immunoglobulins of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) at both the molecular and expressed protein levels. Despite the presence of hundreds of IgM clusters in this species the serum levels of this isotype are comparatively low. However, analysis of cDNA sequences and serum protein suggests microheterogeneity in the IgM heavy chains and supports the proposal that different clusters are preferentially used in the two forms (monomer or pentamer) of this isotype. We also found that the IgNAR isotype in this species exists in a previously unknown multimeric format in serum. Finally, we identified a new form of the IgW isotype (the shark IgD orthologue), in which the leader is spliced directly to the first constant domain, resulting in a molecule lacking an antigen-binding domain.
Normalization of Cortical Gray Matter Deficits in Nonpsychotic Siblings of Patients with Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia.

Objective Cortical gray matter (GM) abnormalities in patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) progress during adolescence ultimately localizing to prefrontal and temporal cortices by early adult age. A previous study of 52 nonpsychotic siblings of COS probands had significant prefrontal and temporal GM deficits that appeared to "normalize" by age 17 years. Here we present a replication with nonoverlapping groups of healthy full siblings and healthy controls. Method Using an automated measure and prospectively acquired anatomical brain magnetic resonance images, we mapped cortical GM thickness in nonpsychotic full siblings ( n = 43, 68 scans; ages 5 through 26 years) of patients with COS, contrasting them with age-, gender-, and scan interval–matched healthy controls ( n = 86, 136 scans). The false-discovery rate procedure was used to control for type I errors due to multiple comparisons. Results As in our previous study, young nonpsychotic siblings ( Conclusions Our results support previous findings showing nonpsychotic siblings of COS probands to have early GM deficits that ameliorate with time. At early ages, prefrontal and/or temporal loss may serve as a familial/trait marker for COS. Late adolescence appears to be a critical period for greatest localization of deficits in probands or normalization in nonpsychotic siblings.
THE COMBINED EFFECT OF MARIHUANA AND DEXTROAMPHETAMINE

The studies in mice indicated that locomotor activity could be stimulated THC and that this would enhance the effect produced by MAMP. We have previously shown that when 3, 6, or 9 mug/kg THC were administered to young adult males by MJ smoking, a dose-related impairment in standing steadiness (WB) and attentive motor performance (PM) resulted, although DAF and subjective evaluations were insensitive to these treatments. These same testing procedures after d-AMP 5, 10, and 15 mg/70 kg revealed no important performance effect. Systolic blood pressure was elevated with 15 mg/70 kg d-AMP, and subjective detection was positive and dose related. A combination of 25 mug/kg THC delivered by smoking an appropriate MJ cigarette and 10 mg/70 kd d-AMP taken orally produced subjective effects and psychomotor performance decrements not different from those with the MJ alone. The doses used were modest, yet most subjects believed their driving performance, a representative motor and metal skill, would be impaired. This judgment is supported by the laboratory measurements made. It is reasonable that realistically higher doses may not only have adverse psychological and cardiovascular effects but increase an accident potential. Language: en
On the uniqueness of a rate-independent plasticity model for single crystals

This paper presents the uniqueness and existence conditions for a rate-independent plasticity model for single crystals under a general stress state. The model is based on multiple slips on three-dimensional slip systems. The uniqueness condition for the plastic slips in a single crystal with nonlinear hardening is derived using the implicit function theorem. The uniqueness condition is the non-singularity of a matrix defined by the Schmid tensors, the elasticity, and the hardening rates of the slip systems. When this matrix becomes singular, the limitations on the loading paths that can be accommodated by the active slip systems (i.e., the existence conditions) are also given explicitly. For the compatible loading paths, a particular solution is selected by requiring the solution vector to be orthogonal to the null space of the singular coefficient matrix. The paper also presents a fully implicit algorithm for the plasticity model. Numerical examples of an fcc copper single crystal under cyclic loadings (pure shear and uniaxial strain) are presented to demonstrate the main features of the algorithm.
A theoretical reassessment of microbial maintenance and implications for microbial ecology modeling

We attempted to reconcile three microbial maintenance models (Herbert, Pirt, and Compromise) through a theoretical reassessment. We provided a rigorous proof that the true growth yield coefficient (Y(G)) is the ratio of the specific maintenance rate (a in Herbert) to the maintenance coefficient (m in Pirt). Other findings from this study include: (1) the Compromise model is identical to the Herbert for computing microbial growth and substrate consumption, but it expresses the dependence of maintenance on both microbial biomass and substrate; (2) the maximum specific growth rate in the Herbert (μ(max,H)) is higher than those in the other two models (μ(max,P) and μ(max,C)), and the difference is the physiological maintenance factor (m(q) = a); and (3) the overall maintenance coefficient (m(T)) is more sensitive to m(q) than to the specific growth rate (μ(G)) and Y(G). Our critical reassessment of microbial maintenance provides a new approach for quantifying some important components in soil microbial ecology models.