cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary integral solution method for axial-dispersion-with-reaction problems

Abstract This paper describes a new method for the solution of one-dimensional diffusion-convection-reaction type of problems with a non-linear reaction rate term. The procedure is based on the boundary element concepts using suitably defined weighthing functions such that the differential operator is eliminated. Thus in the present method the numerical errors associated with the process of discretization of the differential operators are avoided. The rate non-linearities are handled by the process of quasi-linearization over subintervals in the main domain. The numerical procedure developed here is shown to be simple to use and robust even for the cases of large Peclet numbers and fast reactions.
A 30-GHz CMOS SOI Outphasing Power Amplifier With Current Mode Combining for High Backoff Efficiency and Constant Envelope Operation

High peak and average efficiency is an important feature of power amplifiers (PAs) for 5G millimeter-wave communication. This article reviews the challenges of conventional outphasing approaches in CMOS technologies and demonstrates a low-loss outphasing combiner for low loadline impedance. Undesirable characteristics of CMOS devices for outphasing are compensated with neutralization, unilaterization, and stabilization networks for the outphasing PA (OPA). The OPA is realized in 45-nm CMOS silicon on insulator (SOI) and demonstrates 40% 6-dB backoff drain efficiency (DE) while providing 17-dBm peak output power with a peak 50.5% DE. For 64-QAM, a 31.3% average DE and 10.1-dBm average output power are measured. The OPA demonstrates less than 1.5% error vector magnitude (EVM) with 64-QAM waveform using a phase-based lookup table (LUT). With 16-QAM, the bit rate reaches 20 Gb/s with 12% EVM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest bit rate for a high-efficiency PA. The adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) is under −25 dBc.
Generating linear oxygen gradients across 3D cell cultures with block-layered oxygen controlled chips (BLOCCs)

Oxygen is a transcriptional regulator responsible for tissue homeostasis and maintenance. Studies relating cellular phenotype with oxygen tension often use hypoxia chambers, which expose cells to a single, static oxygen tension. Despite their ease of use, these chambers are unable to replicate the oxygen gradients found in healthy and diseased tissues. Microfabricated devices capable of imposing an oxygen gradient across tissue-like structures are a promising tool for these studies, as they can provide a high density of information in a single experimental setup. We describe the fabrication and characterization of a modular device, which leverages the gas-permeability of silicone to impose gradients of oxygen across cell-containing regions, assembled by layering sheets of laser cut acrylic and silicone rubber. The silicone also acts as a barrier, separating the flowing gases from the cell culture medium, preventing evaporation or bubble formation in experiments that require prolonged periods of incubation. The acrylic components provide a rigid framework to provide a sterile culture environment. Using oxygen-sensing films, we show the device can support gradients of different ranges and steepness by simply changing the composition of the gases flowing through the silicone components of the BLOCC. Using a cell-based reporter assay, we demonstrate that cellular responses to hypoxia are proportional to oxygen tension.
The Ancient Knowledge of Sais or See Yourselves in the Xenoi: Plato’s Message to the Greeks

It is easier to criticize others and their foreign way of life, than to turn the mirror of critical reflection upon one’s own customs and laws. I argue that Plato follows this basic premise in the Timaeus when he constructs a story about Atlantis, which Solon, the Athenian, learns during his travels to Egypt. The reason why Plato appeals to the distinction that his Greek audience makes between themselves and the ξένοι is pedagogical. On the example of the conflict between Atlantis—a mythical and, therefore, a foreign polis— and ancient Athens, Plato seeks to remind the Greeks what even a mighty polis stands to lose if it pursues expansionist war. On the example of the failure that befalls the mythical Atlantis, and on the basis of the religious similarity between ancient Athens and ancient Sais (21e), Plato bridges the distance between the Greeks and the Egyptians, who would have been seen as actual (as opposed to mythical) ξένοι. The next step that Plato encourages his contemporaries to take is this: look at the history of Egypt (8 – 7BC) and the internal conflicts that led to the demise of the last bastion of Egyptian power—Sais—and recognize in the internal political intrigues of the “Athens-loving” (21e) ξένοι the pattern of the destructive actions of the Greeks. Plato moves from the less to the more familiar—from the story about a mythic past and Atlantis, to ancient Athenians, to ancient Egyptians, to the Egyptians and Athenians of Solon’s time. The meeting between the ξένοι—the Egyptians at Sais—and the quintessentially Athenian Greek, Solon (7BC – 6BC), undeniably problematizes the customs, national identity, and political dealings of Plato’s contemporaries, the Greeks in the 5BC – 4BC. By the time that Plato writes the Timaeus, circa 360BC, in the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War, Athens is all but undone. However, the fate of Greece is not yet sealed. Why turn to Egypt? Toby Wilkinson’s (2013) description of the Egyptian kingdom offers a clue: “The monarchy had sunk to an all-time low. Devoid of respect and stripped of mystique, it was but a pale imitation of past pharaonic glories” (The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt 431). The Greeks face that same prospect, but how to make them see? Direct criticism (the Philippic addresses of Demosthenes, for example) fails. Plato devises a decoy—make Greeks reflect on the repercussions of their poor political decisions by seeing them reflected in the actions and the history of the Egyptians—the Greek-loving and, by Plato’s time, defeated ξένοι.
Abstract P449: Associations of Unhealthy Food and Physical Activity Environments With Adverse Cardiac Function: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (Cardia) Study

Background: Substantial disparities in risk of heart failure (HF) exist by race, which may be driven by certain social or environmental factors. The relationship between the neighborhood built envi...
Targeting the Orexin System for Prescription Opioid Use Disorder

Prescription opioids are potent analgesics that are used for clinical pain management. However, the nonmedical use of these medications has emerged as a major concern because of dramatic increases in abuse and overdose. Therefore, effective strategies to prevent prescription opioid use disorder are urgently needed. The orexin system has been implicated in the regulation of motivation, arousal, and stress, making this system a promising target for the treatment of substance use disorder. This review discusses recent preclinical studies that suggest that orexin receptor blockade could be beneficial for the treatment of prescription opioid use disorder.
Adolescents' Acceptance of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception After an Educational Intervention in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction: Adolescents who seek care in the emergency department (ED) are a cohort at increased risk of unintended pregnancy. Although adolescents are interested in learning about pregnancy prevention in the ED, there is a lack of effective educational interventions in this setting. Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) are highly effective and safe in teens, yet are underutilized. This study assessed contraception use among adolescents in the ED and evaluated the impact of an educational video on their interest in and uptake of LARCs.Methods: We conducted a two-arm randomized controlled trial on a convenience sample of sexually active females 14 to 21 years old in an urban pediatric ED. Participants were randomized to an educational video or standard care. All participants completed a survey and were given an informational card about affiliated teen clinics with the option to schedule an appointment. We assessed pre-post mean differences between control and intervention participants and pre-post differences among intervention participants. Participants were followed three months after their ED visit to examine use of contraception.Results: A total of 79 females were enrolled (42 control and 37 intervention). The mean age was 17 years, and most were youth of color. The proportion of participants with a prior pregnancy was 18%. Almost all participants reported wanting to avoid pregnancy, yet 18% reported not using contraception at last intercourse. At baseline, 17.7% of participants were somewhat or very interested in the intrauterine device (IUD) or implant. After watching the video, 42.3% were somewhat or very interested in the IUD and 35.7% in the implant. Among those who watched the video, there were significant increases in interest in using an IUD or implant (p<.001). Compared to controls, adolescents who watched the video were also significantly more likely to report wanting an IUD (p<0.001) or implant (p=0.002). A total of 46% were reached for follow-up. Of these, 16% had initiated a LARC method after their ED visit (p=NS).Conclusion: Most adolescent females in the ED want to avoid pregnancy, but are using ineffective methods of contraception. A brief educational video on LARCs was acceptable to adolescents and feasible to implement in a busy urban ED setting. Adolescents who watched the video had significantly greater interest in using LARCs, but no demonstrated change in actual adoption of contraception.
Contents of fluoride in corn and peppers in key regions of coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Guizhou Province

Objective To investigate the content and changes of fluoride in corn and pepper, to evaluate the effect of prevention and control measures, and to provide a basis for adjusting the prevention and control strategy. Methods In 2013, according to the different directions of east, west, south, north and center, 5 townships were selected from each coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis areas in all 23 counties (cities, districts), and 3 villages was randomly selected from each township. Household samples of corn and dried pepper in 10 households were collected to detect fluorine content. The results of 14 counties were compared with the 2007 survey data. Results A total of 884 and 3 379 samples of corn and pepper were collected, and the median fluorine content was 1.26 and 9.15 mg/kg, the range was 0.50~ 254.59 mg/kg and 0.50~ 3 701.88 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with the survey data of 2007, the median fluoride content of corn of 14 counties decreased by nearly 50%, and the median amount of pepper was reduced by more than 80%. The differences were statistically significant (mg/kg: corn 1.36 vs 2.63, dried pepper 9.70 vs 55.31, Z= 3.28, 9.13, P < 0.05). Conclusion The fluoride content of corn and pepper in Guizhou Province is significantly lower, but it is still relatively high in some coal-burning-borne fluorosis counties (cities, districts). Key words: Fluorine; Corn; Pepper
Bradycardia and asystole during temporomandibular joint reconstruction

Anesthesia providers are familiar with the oculocardiac reflex (OCR), one type oftrigeminocardiac reflex (TCR). While less common, arrhythmias associated with manipulation of other trigeminal nerve branchescan occur. We report the presentation and management of bradycardia and asystolefrom stimulation of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerveduring temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstruction.
A Distributed Approach for Estimation of Information Matrix in Smart Grids and its Application for Anomaly Detection

Statistical structure learning (SSL)-based approaches have been employed in the recent years to detect different types of anomalies in a variety of cyber-physical systems (CPS). Although these approaches outperform conventional methods in the literature, their computational complexity, need for large number of measurements and centralized computations have limited their applicability to large-scale networks. In this work, we propose a distributed, multi-agent maximum likelihood (ML) approach to detect anomalies in smart grid applications aiming at reducing computational complexity, as well as preserving data privacy among different players in the network. The proposed multi-agent detector breaks the original ML problem into several local (smaller) ML optimization problems coupled by the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Then, these local ML problems are solved by their corresponding agents, eventually resulting in the construction of the global solution (network’s information matrix). The numerical results obtained from two IEEE test (power transmission) systems confirm the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach for anomaly detection.
Communication as a High-Stakes Clinical Skill: "Just-in-Time" Simulation and Vicarious Observational Learning to Promote Patient- and Family-Centered Care and to Improve Trainee Skill.

Patient-provider communication is a hallmark of high-quality care and patient safety; however, the pace and increasingly complex challenges that face overextended teams strain even the most dedicated clinicians. The COVID-19 pandemic has further disrupted communication between clinicians and their patients and families. The dependence on phone communication and the physical barriers of protective gear limit nonverbal communication and diminish clinicians' ability to recognize and respond to emotion. Developing new approaches to teach communication skills to trainees who are often responsible for communicating with patients and their families is challenging, especially during a pandemic or other crisis. "Just-in-time" simulation-simulation-based training immediately before an intervention-provides the scaffolding and support trainees need for conducting difficult conversations, and it enhances patients' and families' experiences. Using a realistic scenario, the author illustrates key steps for effectively using just-in-time simulation-based communication training: assessing the learner's understanding of the situation; determining what aspects of the encounter may prove most challenging; providing a script as a cognitive aid; refreshing or teaching a specific skill; preparing learners emotionally through reflection and mental rehearsal; coaching on the approach, pace, and tone for a delivery that conveys empathy and meaning; and providing specific, honest, and curious feedback to close a performance gap. Additionally, the author acknowledges that clinical conditions sometimes require learning by observing rather than doing and has thus provided guidance for making the most of vicarious observational learning: identify potential challenges in the encounter and explicitly connect them to trainee learning goals; explain why a more advanced member of the team is conducting the conversation; ask the trainee to observe and prepare feedback; choose the location carefully; identify everyone's role at the beginning of the conversation; debrief; share reactions; and thank the trainee for their feedback and observations.
Field Dynamics in the Gap of a Semiconductor Nanodimer

Semiconductor nanodimer provides substantial terahertz electric field intensification in the gap region as a result of geometric local field effect and surface plasmon resonance. In a dimer formed by two nanoparticles with unequal doping levels, the intrinsic resonances of the nanoparticles are carried over to the coupled configuration of the dimer, giving rise to two resonances, slightly shifted from those of the intrinsic particles. An important characteristic of the enhanced field in the gap is the intensity profile swaying when the frequency of the applied field is varied from one resonance to the other. In this work, the field distribution in an asymmetric semiconductor nanodimer is computed by numerical simulation of the charge-field interaction in the semiconductor, employing a transport formulation for charge dynamics. Charge distribution in the semiconductor, field intensity in the gap and the collective response in terms of the total dipole moment are obtained. Interpretation of the results is presented in light of polarization coupling and interference effects between the particles. Potential application of the dynamical response as a field scanning sensor in the terahertz range is explored.
Harnessing Event Report Data to Identify Diagnostic Error During the COVID-19 Pandemic

ABSTRACT Introduction COVID-19 exposed systemic gaps with increased potential for diagnostic error. We implemented a new approach leveraging electronic safety reporting to identify and categorize diagnostic errors during the pandemic. Methods We evaluated all safety event reports from March 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021 at our academic medical center using two complementary pathways. Pathway 1: all reports with explicit mention of COVID-19. Pathway 2: all reports without explicit mention of COVID-19 where natural language processing (NLP) plus logic-based stratification was applied to identify potential cases. Cases were evaluated by manual review to identify diagnostic error/delay and categorize error type using a recently proposed classification framework of 8 categories of pandemic-related diagnostic errors. Results We included 14,230 reports and identified 95 (0.67%) cases of diagnostic error/delay. Pathway 1 (n = 1780 eligible reports) yielded 45 reports with diagnostic error/delay (positive predictive value [PPV] = 2.5%), of which 38.1% (16/45) were attributed to pandemic-related strain. In Pathway 2, the NLP-based algorithm flagged 110 safety reports for manual review from 12,450 eligible reports. Of these, 50 reports had diagnostic error/delay (PPV = 45.5%); 94.0% (47/50) were related to strain. Errors from all 8 categories of the taxonomy were found on analysis. Conclusion An event reporting-based strategy including use of simple-NLP identified COVID-related diagnostic errors/delays uncovered several safety concerns related to COVID-19. An NLP based approach can complement traditional reporting and be used as a just-in-time monitoring system to enable early detection of emerging risks from large volumes of safety reports.
DISCUSSION OF ELECTRO-OSMOTIC STABILIZATION OF WEST BRANCH DAM

REFERENCES: CLAUDE A. FETZER, JOURNAL OF THE SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS DIVISION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, PROC. PAPER 5309, JULY 1967.
On Behalf of the Family Farm: Iowa Farm Women's Activism since 1945

Review of: "On Behalf of the Family Farm: Iowa Farm Women's Activism since 1945," by Nancy K. Berlage.
Discriminator varieties of Boolean algebras with residuated operators

The theory of discriminator algebras and varieties has been investigated extensively, and provides us with a wealth of information and techniques applicable to specific examples of such algebras and varieties. Here we give several such examples for Boolean algebras with a residuated binary operator, abbreviated as r-algebras. More specifically, we show that all finite r-algebras, all integral ralgebras, all unital r-algebras with finitely many elements below the unit, and all commutative residuated monoids are discriminator algebras, provided they are subdirectly irreducible. These results are then used to give equational bases for some varieties of r-algebras. We also show that the variety of all residuated Boolean monoids is not a discriminator variety, which answers a question of B. Jonsson. 1. Preliminaries. A unary operation f on a Boolean algebra A0 = (A,+, 0, ·, 1,− ) is additive if f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) and normal if f(0) = 0. For an n-ary operation f on A0, a sequence a ∈ A and i < n we define the (a, i)-translate of f to be the unary operation fa,i(x) = f(a0, . . . , ai−1, x, ai+1, . . . , an−1) . An operator on A0 is an n-ary operation for which all (a, i)-translates are additive and normal. Note that 0-ary operations (constants) have no translates, so they are operators by default. A = (A0,F) is a Boolean algebra with operators (BAO for short) if each f ∈ F is an operator on A0. The arity (or rank) of f is denoted by %f . To be an operator on a Boolean algebra is of course an equational property, and the variety of all BAOs with operators in F will be denoted by BAOF . The variety BAO{f}, where f is a unary operator, is usually referred to as the variety of modal algebras (the algebraic counterpart of modal logic). 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 06E25; Secondary 03G15, 08A40, 03B45. The paper is in final form and no version of it will be published elsewhere.
Subunits of fatty acid synthetase complexes: Comparative study of enzyme activities and properties of the half-molecular weight nonidentical subunits of fatty acid synthetase complexes obtained from rat, human, and chicken liver and yeast☆☆☆

Abstract Rat, human, and chicken liver and yeast fatty acid synthetase complexes were dissociated into half-molecular weight nonidentical subunits of molecular weight 225,000–250,000 under the same conditions as used previously for the pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase complex [Lornitzo, F. A., Qureshi, A. A., and Porter, J. W. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250 , 4520–4529]. The separation of the half-molecular weight nonidentical subunits I and II of each fatty acid synthetase was then achieved by affinity chromatography on Sepharose ϵ-aminocaproyl pantetheine. The separations required, as with the pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase, a careful control of temperature, ionic strength, pH, and column flow rate for success, along with the freezing of the enzyme at −20 °C prior to the dissociation of the complex and the loading of the subunits onto the column. The separated subunit I (reductase) from each fatty acid synthetase contained β-ketoacyl and crotonyl thioester reductases. Subunit II (transacylase) contained acetyl- and malonyl-coenzyme A: pantetheine transacylases. Each subunit of each complex also contained activities for the partial reactions, β-hydroxyacyl thioester dehydrase (crotonase), and palmitoyl-CoA deacylase. The specific activities of a given partial reaction did not vary in most cases more than twofold from one fatty acid synthetase species to another. The rat and human liver fatty acid synthetases required a much higher ionic strength for stability of their complexes and for the reconstitution of their overall synthetase activity from subunits I and II than did the pigeon liver enzyme. On reconstitution by dialysis in high ionic strength potassium phosphate buffer of subunits I and II of each complex, 65–85% of the control fatty acid synthetase activity was recovered. The rat and human liver fatty acid synthetases cross-reacted on immunoprecipitation with antisera. Similarly, chicken and pigeon liver fatty acid synthetases crossreacted with their antisera. There was, however, no cross-reaction between the mammalian and avian liver fatty acid synthetases and the yeast fatty acid synthetase did not cross-react with any of the liver fatty acid synthetase antisera.
Work in Progress: Availability-Aware Self-Configuration in Autonomic Systems

The Unity project is a prototype autonomic system demonstrating and validating a number of ideas about self-managing computing systems. We are currently working to enhance the self-configuring and self-optimizing aspects of the system by incorporating the notion of component availability into the system’s policies, and into its models of itself.
Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy

In this book, first published in 2001, Kenneth Schultz explores the effects of democratic politics on the use and success of coercive diplomacy. He argues that open political competition between the government and opposition parties influences the decision to use threats in international crises, how rival states interpret those threats, and whether or not crises can be settled short of war. The relative transparency of their political processes means that, while democratic governments cannot easily conceal domestic constraints against using force, they can also credibly demonstrate resolve when their threats enjoy strong domestic support. As a result, compared to their non-democratic counterparts, democracies are more selective about making threats, but those they do make are more likely to be successful - that is, to gain a favorable outcome without resort to war. Schultz develops his argument through a series of game-theoretic models and tests the resulting hypothesis using both statistical analyses and historical case studies.
Engineered cells: a promising therapeutic approach for neural disease

The transplantation technique has been invaluable for studying the CNS. Recently, the use of genetically modified cells for CNS grafting has further increased the utility of this technique. Studies conducted during the past 10 years have shown that a variety of genes can be successfully expressed in both neural and non-neural populations. Depending on the cell type used for gene transfer, engineered cells survive well within the CNS and continue to synthesize engineered products. In addition to providing insights into CNS development and plasticity, genetically modified cells have revealed the therapeutic role of different factors in neural disease. Cells engineered to produce growth factors have been shown to prevent and/or minimize neural degeneration following an experimental damage while the intracerebral transplantation of cells genetically modified to produce neurotransmitters have successfully reversed behavioral impairments of animals with experimental Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease. Recent results with engineered cells transplanted into the brain of non-human primates suggest the potential of engineered cells for human therapy. Work with encapsulation techniques to isolate engineered cells from a host brain offers one of several approaches for ensuring the safety of genetically modified cells grafted into the CNS. Identifying factors that influence the survival and gene expression of engineered cells following transplantation will enhance the usefulness of these cells for studying and repairing the CNS.
Species-specific detection of Legionella pneumophila in water by DNA amplification and hybridization.

A sensitive detection system specific for Legionella pneumophila in water was developed. This system is based on amplification of a chromosomal DNA sequence from L. pneumophila by the polymerase chain reaction, followed by detection of the amplified product by hybridization of a radiolabeled oligodeoxynucleotide. After 35 cycles of amplification, a water sample which had been seeded with 35 CFU of L. pneumophila contained sufficient amplified DNA to be detected on dot blots. Bacteria of other genera tested did not generate positive signals under these conditions. Application of this technique to environmental water samples may help identify the natural reservoirs of nosocomial and community-acquired L. pneumophila infections. Images
A policy analysis of Hawaii's solar tax credit

The study assesses the impact of Hawaii's solar PV tax credit policy in terms of the investment benefits accruing to households, the income distribution of these benefits, and the cost to taxpayers. Hawaii is an interesting case because of its generous tax credits and fast growing PV installations. We find that rising electricity rates and declining PV installation costs have driven PV deployment through an increasing internal rate of return on PV investment since 2009. The state tax credit favors high-income households who have higher tax liabilities and are more likely to break the largest barrier to market entry, home ownership. The internal rate of return for the typical Hawaii household is 25% and 16% with and without the state tax credit. We estimate that single-family homeowners in Hawaii may ultimately demand as much as 1100 MW of PV, which would play an important role in meeting Hawaii's clean energy goal of achieving 100% renewable sources for electricity by the year 2045. It would also cost the taxpayer $1.4 billion. Moreover, PV tax credits serve to redistribute wealth from taxpayers to upper income groups, many of whom already have ample incentive to install PV.
Congenital hypothyroidism, seasonality and consanguinity in the West Midlands, England.

Seasonal variation in the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) is reported by some centres. Also, the incidence of CHT varies with ethnic origin. We report our experience in the West Midlands, England. The overall incidence of CHT among 1128632 neonates screened over 16 years in the West Midlands was 1:2924 live births, but was increased (1:2323; p < 0.05) between October and December. In the city of Birmingham between 1981 and 1991, the incidence of CHT was 1:781, 1:5540 and 1:2257 in Pakistani, Indian and North-West European children, respectively; no cases were seen in those from other ethnic groups. Consanguinity among those of Pakistani descent could account for the increased incidence within this population. Identification of the cause of seasonal variation may aid development of preventative strategies.
U.S. National Report, 1967–1971: Fifteenth General Assembly, IUGG: Solar Activity as Relevant to Solar Planetary Relationships

A review of those aspects of solar activity relevant to solar planetary relationships is nearly impossible to construct. On the one hand there is the temptation to argue that all solar physics is ultimately related to understanding such relationships. A brief but comprehensive review of progress in solar physics in the last 4 years is clearly beyond the capability of a single author. On the other hand there is the danger that a single author's conception of what is relevant is most certainly distorted. Thus areas of important progress may be slighted or totally ignored. The present review is generally restrictive rather than inclusive. It is organized to discuss the most outstanding developments in the areas of the general activity cycle, active regions, the role of magnetic fields, transient events, and solar-geomagnetic relations.
Growth and Harvest of Coho Salmon in Stormy Lake, Wisconsin

Abstract Five thousand coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were stocked each spring for 3 consecutive years in a 211.2-ha landlocked lake in northern Wisconsin. From an average stocking size of 198 mm and 82 g, the average growth increment was 160-183 mm and 197-362 g after 16-19 months in the lake. The salmon grew to an apparent maximum of 457 mm total length and 940 g. Angling catch rates were high; more than 50% of the 1970 stock was caught during the year of planting. During the life of the fish stocked in 1970, at least 54% of the number and 73% of the weight originally stocked were harvested by anglers. Growth rates were faster than in Pallette Lake, Wisconsin, similar to those in inland Minnesota, Michigan, and Colorado lakes, and slower than those in Lake Berryessa, California, or in Lakes Michigan and Superior.
A dynamical systems approach for network oligopolies and variational inequalities

The variational inequality problem has been used to formulate and study a plethora of competitive equilibrium problems at the equilibrium state. In this paper, we focus on oligopolistic market network equilibrium problems in which firms are spatially located and seek to determine their profit-maximizing production out-puts and shipments, in the presence of transportation costs. In particular, we utilize the equivalence between the set of stationary points of a dynamical system and the set of solutions to the associated variational inequality problem governing the network oligopoly problem to explore the underlying dynamics both qualitatively and numerically. Although the dynamical system is nonstandard in that the right-hand side is discontinuous, recent theoretical results have shown that the important qualitative and quantitative results of ordinary differential equations are applicable under the standard Lipschitz continuity assumptions. The identification between solutions to dynamical systems and associated variational inequality problems unveils a new tool for addressing the behavior of competitive network systems over time.
Developing and Field Testing the Pain and Functional Performance Assessment for Individuals with Chronic Pain

Objective: There is a need for a comprehensive instrument to assess a person's ability to function with chronic pain. In response to this, the Pain and Functional Performance Assessment-Final Version [PFPA-FV] was developed to enable individuals and healthcare professionals to identify the extent to which daily occupations are affected by pain.Method: First, an initial version of the assessment, the PFPA, was developed using the American Occupational Therapy Association Practice Framework as a guide [American Occupational Therapy Association: Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process. Am J Occup Ther 56(6): 609–639, 2002]. The PFPA was then administered through face-to-face interviews to a convenience sample of 25 participants who reported having chronic pain. All participants lived independently. To determine the face and content validity of the PFPA, the participants also completed feedback questionnaires. The PFPA and a separate feedback questionnaire were given to an expert panel of ...
The Analyze, Search, Evaluate (ASE) Process Model: Three Steps Toward Information Literacy

The Analyze, Search, Evaluate (ASE) process model is one result of the three-year IMLS study, Attaining Information Literacy (AIL), which focused on developing interventions for students who test as below-proficient on an objective information literacy skills test. The ASE process model provides a three-step process that is easy to understand and remember and that can be used as the basis for a variety of information literacy (IL) interventions. It was developed in response to data provided by below proficient students in surveys, interviews, and focus groups. Both the ASE process model and the related AIL educational intervention were developed using iterative formative evaluation and underwent extensive summative evaluation. This article introduces the ASE process model and explains how it can be used in community and Junior colleges to prepare students for college-level work, entrance into the workforce, and self-directed learning.
Bilateral deficit in power production during multi-joint leg extensions

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of the bilateral deficit both as a function of overall and individual joint power. Most studies addressing the deficit have assessed force; however, in most sporting events maximal power is more important than maximal force production. To address this, in the current study we assessed the bilateral deficit for multi-joint movements as measured by overall lower extremity and individual joint power. We assessed power production using an isokinetic machine permitting both unilateral and bilateral leg extensions. Several significant effects and interactions between the contraction type (unilateral, bilateral, alternating unilateral), side of the body, lower extremity joint, and percentage of a 1-RM load were revealed. All interactions were between the lower extremity joints (hip, knee, ankle) and involved the contraction protocol (P=0.001), the percentage of 1-RM load (P=0.0002), and the side of the body (P=0.0003). Taken together, the results i...
Magnetic fields and lipoic acid influence the respiratory burst in activated rat peritoneal neutrophils.

Abstract When rat (Sprague–Dawley, male) peritoneal neutrophils are exposed to 60 Hz, 1 Gauss, magnetic fields and activated by phorbor 12-myristate 13-acetate they undergo an enhanced respiratory burst (S. Roy, Y. Noda, V. Eckert, M.G. Traber, A. Mori, R.P. Liburdy, L. Packer, The phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced oxidative burst in rat peritoneal neutrophils is increased by a 0. 1 mT (60 Hz) magnetic field, FEBS Lett. 376 (1996) 164–6). In the present study, the reproducibility of these previous findings was confirmed using a new dual-monochrometer exposure system; a 1 Gauss, 60 Hz magnetic field enhanced the production of fluorescence during the respiratory burst. Dose–response studies employed static DC magnetic fields of up to 20 Gauss. Both static DC fields (2.5 and 20 Gauss) showed enhancement of fluorescence production during the respiratory burst. Pre-treatment of neutrophil cells for 10 min at 37°C with an antioxidant, lipoic acid (1–100 μM), significantly elevates fluorescence production in a dose–response manner. The combination of lipoic acid pre-treatment and DC field (2.5 Gauss) exposure further enhanced fluorescence.
On the Optimum of Delsarte's Linear Program

We are interested in the maximal size A(n, d) of a binary error-correcting code of length n and distance d, or, alternatively, in the best packing of balls of radius (d?1)/2 in the n-dimensional Hamming space. The best known lower bound on A(n, d) is due to Gilbert and Varshamov and is obtained by a covering argument. The best know upper bound is due to McEliece, Rodemich, Rumsey, and Welch, and is obtained using Delsarte's linear programming approach. It is not known whether this is the best possible bound one can obtain from Delsarte's linear program. We show that the optimal upper bound obtainable from Delsarte's linear program will strictly exceed the Gilbert?Varshamov lower bound. In fact, it will be at least as big as the average of the Gilbert?Varshamov bound and the McEliece, Rodemich, Rumsey, and Welch upper bound. Similar results hold for constant weight binary codes. The average of the Gilbert?Varshamov bound and the McEliece, Rodemich, Rumsey, and Welch upper bound might be the true value of Delsarte's bound. We provide some evidence for this conjecture.
Challenges and Opportunities of Business Process Outsourcing in India

We identify managerial challenges and opportunities faced by business process outsourcing (BPO) firms in India by interviewing 28 executives in lower (n = 10), middle (n = 11), and upper management (n = 7) in 15 BPO firms. Content analysis of the responses revealed human resources and organizationrelated challenges as the most critical issues. SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportu-nities, Threats) analysis uncovered future opportunities, e.g., Knowledge Process Outsourcing. Secondary data, from four global research agencies and a national trade association, supported our findings. Organizational changes to address challenges and to exploit opportunities are explored.
Nonlinear quasi-likelihood models: applications to continuous proportions

We discuss some practical aspects of fitting and interpreting nonlinear quasi-likelihood regression models. The examples considered are for data in the form of continuous rates or proportions distributed on the unit interval. However, many of the concepts and procedures illustrated should be helpful with other models as well. Our approach to estimation for multi-parameter models is by the method of fitting expected values discussed by Jennrich and Moore (1975) and Cox (1984a). This allows the use of standard nonlinear regression computer programs. An important feature of this approach is that it does not require the existence of a link function. Thus nonlinear models are easily accommodated, including models with a parametric link function, as well as models with a link to a nonlinear predictor having multiplicative terms. After a brief discussion of the properties of these models and the method of fitting, we provide a detailed illustration of fitting a number of link-linear as well as nonlinear models to a set of data considered by Wedderburn (1974). The analysis makes use of a diagnostic tool known as the biplot to help select a multiplicative interaction model. A second example of a useful nonlinear model is provided by an experiment in toxicology. As part of the discussion of these alternative models, we illustrate the choice of link and variance functions using an extended quasi-likelihood developed by Nelder and Pregibon (1987).
Journalism awards as a site of contention in the field of journalism

In the last few decades, journalism awards of all kinds have proliferated exponentially in scope and number across different countries. In Western countries with a mature media culture and a highly...
EXPERIMENTAL INOCULATION OF RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR) WITH RABIES VIRUS OF SKUNK ORIGIN

To determine raccoon (Procyon lotor) susceptibility and serum neutralizing antibody response to a skunk salivary gland rabies virus, raccoons were inoculated with a rabies virus isolated from a naturally-infected striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). Raccoons were divided into four groups of three animals each. A dilution of the rabies virus suspension, 1024, 1034, or 1048, mouse intracerebral lethal dose50 (MICLD50), was administered into the masseter muscles of each animal. Three negative control animals received only diluent. Saliva and sera were collected on post-inoculation days 35, 63 and 92 for virus isolation and determination of serum neutralizing antibody titer. All animals survived the 92 day observation period and none exhibited the behavioral changes classically associated with clinical rabies virus infections. Rabies virus was not detected in the saliva of any raccoon and two of the three animals receiving the highest inoculum developed serum neutralizing antibodies (SNA). On day 92, a challeng...
A Comparative Analysis of Several Corrected Vectorcardiographic Leads

The sensitivity of several corrected vectorcardiographic leads to dipolar, quadripolar, and octapolar components of the equivalent cardiac generator was determined in an electrically homogeneous torso model of the human body. A new experimental method, which insured that the desired parameters were determined for the entire cardiac region, was employed. Three complete vector systems were thus studied: McFee's axial, Frank's, and the SVEC-III. Individual leads also studied included the tetrahedron X (lead I), the tetrahedron Y (lead aVF), the "symmetrical Y," and two grid types of anteroposterior connections. Except for poor adjustment of scale factors the axial leads were found to be the best corrected of the three complete systems. With relative X, Y, and Z channel sensitivities of 0.92, 1.00, and 0.66, respectively, the axial lead system can be recommended as the best of the three. Of all the connections studied, we found the X lead of the SVEC-III system to be the most inadequately corrected. We failed...
Effect of Pnictogen Ligand Substitution on a Tripalladium Ditropylium Core

A combination of multinuclei NMR, UV−vis spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction was used to characterize a new series of tripalladium ditropylium sandwich complexes [Pd3Tr2(E)3][BF4]2 (E = PPh3, AsPh3, and SbPh3 and PEt3). Ligand substitution leads to a systematic shift of the 1H and 13C NMR tropylium resonances and is correlated with the electron donating properties of the substituent group. Replacement of the ligand increases the palladium-pnictogen bond length in the order P < As < Sb; however, this only slightly alters the internal Pd−Pd bond lengths, supporting the hypothesis that there are only weak Pd−Pd bonding interactions.
Lipid metabolism, atherogenesis and CD1-restricted antigen presentation

CD1 molecules are a family of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related glycoproteins that present lipid and glycolipid antigens to T cells. Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that CD1d-restricted T cells have a pathogenic role in atherosclerosis. Recent studies suggest an association between the cellular machinery that loads CD1 molecules with glycolipids and several key proteins in lipid metabolism. These proteins include the sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and apolipoprotein E (apoE). MTP and SAPs seem to be crucial for loading CD1d with lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum and endosomal compartments, respectively, whereas apoE facilitates efficient uptake and delivery of exogenous lipid antigens to CD1d in endosomal compartments. These studies reveal new and unexpected relationships between lipid metabolism and antigen presentation by CD1 molecules. Targeting this pathway of immune activation might have therapeutic potential for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Diagnosis and therapy of acute intermittent porphyria

Abstract The porphyrias are a group of disorders caused by deficiencies in the activities of the enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway. As a result, abnormally elevated levels of porphyrins and/or their precursors, e.g. δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen are produced in excess, accumulate in tissues, and are excreted in urine and stool. Two cardinal symptoms of the porphyrias are cutaneous photosensitivity and neurologic disturbances. Acute intermittent porphyria is the most important form of hepatic porphyria because of its frequency and severe clinical symptoms.
Effect of lag on the symmetrised dot pattern (SDP) displays of the mechanical signatures of crunchy cereal foods

The autocorrelations of the mechanical signatures of two crunchy snacks were converted into symmetrised dot pattern (SDP) displays using Pick-over's method. A stable pattern, ie a pattern practically independent of the lag, was found when the lag was in the range of 6–10. Because of the patterns' high sensitivity to details, their reproducibility was insufficient to enable the identification of the snack type by its SDP. The method could, however, be used to monitor the effect of moisture and highlight differences between individual specimens. The utility of the method in its present form will be limited as long as the practical significance of the differences in SDP patterns remains unknown and as long as the resolution of the mechanical signatures remains limited by the relatively long response time of currently available testing machines. © 1997 SCI.
A Sociology of Race/Ethnicity Textbooks: Avoiding White Privilege, Ahistoricism, and Use of the Passive Voice

Despite the centrality of the study of race and ethnic relations within the discipline, few studies have analyzed the relative merits of race/ethnicity textbooks on the market today, nor how well they represent the current state of the research. This article addresses this problem through a content analysis of the five best-selling race/ethnicity textbooks in the field. The findings suggest that these sociology texts generally avoid the issue of white privilege, are often ahistorical, and usually adopt the use of the passive voice in accounting for racism. I argue that these problems not only fail to reflect recent developments in the sociology of race/ethnicity accurately, but they also interfere with a student's ability to understand race as a social construction and to place contemporary racial inequalities in an historical context. Additionally, by utilizing the passive voice in their discussion of racism in the United States, textbooks often fail to implicate the perpetrators of racism, generally whi...
Using the Simulation Data Language (Sdl

Database management systems provide simulation analysts with a powerful tool for organizing, manag ing, analyzing, and reporting input data, outputs, and data gathered from the actual system. The Simulation Data Language (SDL) provides these capabilities in a form suited specifically to simu lation. SDL offers an organization for model out puts and other data, commands for managing data from models, and capabilities for analyzing and reporting model outputs and other data independently of the running of models. This paper describes how to use database capabilities in simulation studies, shows how data is organized in SDL, and discusses SDL commands.