cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How choice changes the education system : A Michigan Case Study

In countries around the world policy makers propose that parents should exercise more control over the choice of schools that their children attend. This paper considers the ways in which the introduction of new opportunities for school choice changes the education system. It argues that choice affects the education system as a whole by introducing new actors into the system, by changing the terms of relationships among existing actors, and by creating new pressures within the system that require new responses. The nature, magnitude, and consequences of these effects cannot be predicted in advance, as they depend on a number of factors including the social and economic context. The empirical basis for this paper derives from a case study of the implementation of choice policies in the state of Michigan in the US, but the conceptual issues raised have important implications for the study of school choice wherever such policies are adopted.
Lobular Carcinoma, Not Only a Classic

Abstract: Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and atypical lobular hyperplasia are rare lesions, found incidentally in breast biopsies. They have been regarded traditionally as high-risk lesions, but recent genetic evidence and follow-up data indicates that they also constitute nonobligate precursors of invasive carcinoma. In addition to 16q deletion, a genetic alteration common across the spectrum of low-grade mammary epithelial neoplasia, lobular lesions consistently demonstrate deletion or functional inactivation of the CDH1/E-cadherin gene, with consequent loss of membranous immunoreactivity for the same antigen. The use of E-cadherin in the evaluation of solid mammary carcinoma in situ with ambiguous morphology has identified variants of LCIS characterized by massive acinar expansion and necrosis with calcifications, and/or marked nuclear pleomorphism or signet ring cell formation. In contrast to classic LCIS, these rare lesions are detected mammographically and often occur in association with invasive carcinoma. Genetic analysis of these tumors has confirmed lobular lineage and demonstrated more extensive chromosomal alterations than in classic LCIS. A pleomorphic variant of invasive lobular carcinoma has also been described. Here, we summarize our evolving knowledge of in situ and invasive lobular neoplasia and highlight the implications for patient management.
Thermodynamic Model and Techniques

The core thermodynamic framework that made this book possible is the internally consistent thermodynamic model for the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS) published in 2000 [56]. The set of the parameters presented in this book was completed by extending this CMAS model to sodium-bearing systems. A thermodynamic model consists of a set of parameters and an equation of state describing the relationship among them. The parameters can be obtained by a direct measurement of the corresponding thermodynamic properties, or derived by fitting phase equilibrium data. Unfortunately, the equation of state used here and other similar equations currently in use are rather simplistic macroscopic approximations of the microscopic properties, so that even if the microscopic properties were known precisely and completely, there is no guarantee that the resulting model would predict the correct phase relations. Because predicting the correct phase relations is the primary purpose of these models to make them suitable for petrologic applications, it is more important to reproduce phase equilibrium data than to achieve an exact match between the parameters and the measurements. To verify whether a model reproduces the observed phase relations, it has to be sufficiently simple to make the calculation of the corresponding phase diagrams possible. In this book such a thermodynamic model was derived using primarily phase equilibrium data, while the measured thermodynamic properties were used mainly as guiding values to be approached by not necessarily matched.
RoadAlarm: A spatial alarm system on road networks

Spatial alarms are one of the fundamental functionalities for many LBSs. We argue that spatial alarms should be road network aware as mobile objects travel on spatially constrained road networks or walk paths. In this software system demonstration, we will present the first prototype system of ROADALARM - a spatial alarm processing system for moving objects on road networks. The demonstration system of ROAD-ALARM focuses on the three unique features of ROADALARM system design. First, we will show that the road network distance-based spatial alarm is best modeled using road network distance such as segment length-based and travel time-based distance. Thus, a road network spatial alarm is a star-like subgraph centered at the alarm target. Second, we will show the suite of ROADALARM optimization techniques to scale spatial alarm processing by taking into account spatial constraints on road networks and mobility patterns of mobile subscribers. Third, we will show that, by equipping the ROADALARM system with an activity monitoring-based control panel, we are able to enable the system administrator and the end users to visualize road network-based spatial alarms, mobility traces of moving objects and dynamically make selection or customization of the ROADALARM techniques for spatial alarm processing through graphical user interface. We show that the ROADALARM system provides both the general system architecture and the essential building blocks for location-based advertisements and location-based reminders.
Dose intensification in curative head and neck cancer radiotherapy—Linear quadratic analysis and preliminary assessment of clinical results

Abstract Purpose : The feasibility of reducing overall treatment time by 2 weeks in the curative radiotherapeutic management of head and neck cancer patients is reported in a pilot trial of Hyperfractionated, Accelerated Radiotherapy with Dose Escalation (HARDE). This regimen prescribes 76 Gy in 5 weeks to definitive head and neck cancer patients, and 65 Gy in 5 weeks to high-risk postoperative patients. The linear quadratic model is used to compare predicted tumor cell kill with HARDE versus that expected with conventional fractionation (CF). Materials and Methods : Between January 1991 and March 1992, 40 head and neck cancer patients were treated with HARDE at the University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center. Case-matched controls treated with CF were identified from patients treated at the same institution between 1980–1990, based on tumor site, stage, and extent of prior surgery. Individual patient treatment data (total dose, fraction size, overall time) rather than idealized schedule data from each group were analyzed using the linear quadratic model. Results : Seventy-nine case-matched controls were identified for comparison with HARDE patients. The predicted increase in log cell kill for HARDE patients over case-matched controls was 1.5 and 13 logs, respectively, in the definitive and postoperative settings. This difference in log cell kill projects an improvement in locoregional tumor control for HARDE patients of between 10–25%. HARDE patients experience very brisk acute mucosal reactions and moderately prolonged mucosal healing, however, 91% have completed therapy without a treatment break. Conclusion : A 2-week reduction in overall treatment time for curative head and neck cancer patients is feasible while maintaining doses > 70 Gy. Based on radiobiologic predictions, such treatment intensification may significantly improve rates of locoregional tumor control. However, intensified acute mucosal reactions accompany such accelerated therapy.
Plate tectonics: A revolution in geology and geophysics

Abstract This symposium concerns The Present State of Plate Tectonics . By any measure, plate tectonics can be described as “alive and well” and, in fact, a “healthy, burgeoning concept”, although only eight years have passed since (in 1967) plate tectonics suddenly won general acceptance, at least among western scientists, as the proper model for global tectonics. This concept is, of course, an integration of, and a follow-on to, sea-floor spreading, transform faulting, trench subduction and continental drift. Although some criticism has arisen, this revolution in geology and geophysics has provoked remarkably little cogent dissent. Of late, plate tectonics has bridged the gap from basic to applied science in the search for natural resources; e.g. petroleum accumulations on continental margins, porphyry copper deposits associated with subduction zones, base metal sulfides associated with pillow lavas at fossil rifts, etc. Perhaps the largest gap that remains is in a definitive understanding of plate driving forces. The viability of plate tectonics is emphasized by the several symposia at this IUGG meeting which concern, either directly or peripherally, plate tectonics. In this symposium, we have asked the organizers of such symposia, or their nominees, to present a synthesis concerning the implications of their particular specialty for plate tectonics. These include plate tectonics aspects of seismology, heat flow, plate accretion processes at ridges, paleo-oceanography, etc.
GenProtEC: an updated and improved analysis of functions of Escherichia coli K‐12 proteins

Using more than one approach to characterizing functions of unknown proteins, we now present in GenProtEC (http://genprotec.mbl.edu/) some level of function information for 87% of Escherichia coli K-12 proteins. A new approach that has yielded new information entails assigning content of structural domains and their functions to E.coli proteins. In addition, some earlier methods have been further refined to provide more meaningful data. The process of identifying and separating multimodular or fused proteins into component modules has been improved. As a result, groups of sequence-similar (paralogous) proteins have been refined. Experimental information from recent literature on previously unknown genes has been incorporated. We now use a rich system of characterizing cell roles which accents the fact that many proteins play more than one cellular role and therefore carry more than one designation from our detailed catalog of roles, MultiFun.
A tribological study of kinetically influenced ultrathin Au and Cu metal overlayers grown on dendrimer mediated Si

Evidence is presented here for deposition kinetic energy influences on the wear properties of Au and Cu films deposited by evaporation and sputtering on clean and poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer modified SiO x substrates. Ramped load nanoscratch tests show increased resistance to wear in the presence of the dendrimer monolayer. Nanoscratch profiles indicate that the critical load to failure (scratch bearing capacity) is increased in the presence of a dendrimer interlayer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis of the wear tracks show that following film failure plowing is the predominant mechanism of wear for sputtered or evaporatively deposited Au. No obvious changes in the wear properties (a pure cutting mechanism) of Cu thin films are observed upon changing the kinetic energy of the incoming metal.
Non-interference and reciprocal adaptation

Abstract If one entity is adapted to a second then the second is adapted to the first, if x is adapted to y then y is adapted to x: Axy⊃Ayx — x and y are adapted to each other. This is reciprocal adaptation. In the phytoplankton of the ocean species do not interfere with each other, nor do individual cells interfere with each other. So x and y are adapted to each other if and only if (≡) they do not interfere with each other, (1) (Axy⊃Ayx)≡(∼Ixy⊃∼Iyx) — whether cell x is paired with cell y, or species x is paired with species y. But ‘≡’ means much more than ‘if and only if’; ‘≡’ means that x and y are adapted and (·) uninterfering to each other or (∨) they are not (∼) wholly adapted and not wholly uninterfering; (2): [(Axy⊃Ayx)·(∼Ixy⊃∼Iyx)]∨{(Axy·∼Ayx)·(∼Ixy·Iyx)]. Thus (1)≡(2). In (2) to the right of ‘or’ (‘∨’) x is adapted to y but y is not (‘∼’) adapted to x as x is not interfering to y but y is interfering to x. And this is the case among shore organisms where one species in interacting with a second is uninterfering and adapted compared to the aggressive second species that is interfering and unadapted to the first. The variables x and y are abstract as they take on values and are absorbed into the concrete entities first of the sea's phytoplankton species and then the shore's species. The equivalence of (1) and (2) is valid. Validity makes the physicality of sea and shore cohere. Validity, metaphoricly, holds nature together.
Design of a Compliant Micro-Clasp Mechanism for Micromanipulation Tasks

This paper introduces the concept of a novel compliant micromanipulator that is capable of manipulating irregularly shaped micro-scale objects by positively clasping the object. The controlled clasp capability of the micromanipulator can be useful to accomplish the manipulation of a wide range of micro-scale objects and biological specimens, especially those with irregular shapes and/or floating in a liquid medium where traditional tweezers or grippers are cumbersome or unsuitable. The monolithic structure of the micromanipulator comprises of two distinct parts: a body and a clasp. The body has a topology that magnifies a single rectilinear input actuation into two larger displacements at the input points to the clasp mechanism. The clasp mechanism comprises of rigid links connected by rotary joints in the form of low-resistance serpentine flexures. The mechanism “clasps” the target object by enveloping the object with a continuous mechanical boundary that eventually closes inwards and “locks” the object within the boundary. The paper presents a systematic design of the compliant micromanipulator and the analytical model governing the behavior of the clasp using topology optimization techniques and energy methods.© 2007 ASME
Connexin-26 deafness in the United States: Are we ready for the next Millennium?

Profound hearing loss has an incidence of 1:1000 children, and is genetically determined in at least half of the cases. The GJB2 gene encoding the gap junction protein 2, also called Connexin 26, is one of a growing number of genes found to have mutations which can result in hearing loss. One particular GJB2 mutation, 35delG accounts for 50-80% of recessive deafness in the Caucasian population of European descent. A second mutation, 167delT has a high prevalence in the Ashkenazi Jewish population with a carrier frequency of about 4%. At least 40 other GJB2 alleles associated with hearing loss have been reported. There is significant phenotypic variability both in the severity and progression of hearing impairment. This, coupled with the relative ease of testing for mutations at this locus, has raised important ethical and social issues when counseling deaf probands and their families. To address these issues and to obtain more accurate estimates of the frequency of different mutations at the GJB2 locus in the US population, we ascertained deaf probands from both multiplex and simplex families through a national survey conducted by the Research Institute at Gallaudet University, as well as from the student body at Gallaudet University. Molecular analysis was performed by direct fluorescent sequencing of the coding region of the GJB2 locus. So far, we have observed five previously described and two new mutations. An Arg32Cys substitution at a highly conserved residue in the first transmembrane domain was observed in a compound heterozygote with congenital deafness. We also found a novel nonsense mutation at codon 136 in a compound heterozygote. Connexin deafness accounted for 24% of the 92 US probands, and 79% of the mutant alleles were 35delG. Analysis of audiometric data on more than half of these probands is presented with comparison to previous studies. Identification of the mutational spectrum at this locus will allow a careful genotype-phenotype correlation and provide more accurate estimates of the frequencies of various GJB2 alleles. This will enable provision of accurate diagnosis, prognosis and counseling for appropriate language and speech development as well as for future recurrence risk.
Negative attitudes toward masturbation and pelvic vasocongestion: A thermographic analysis

Abstract The present study examined differences in pelvic vasocongestion as a function of negative attitudes toward masturbation. Pelvic vasocongestion was measured thermographically, which is a noninvasive means of detecting and photographing individual heat patterns to indicate physiological condition and functional changes within. The results indicated that women, with positive attitudes toward masturbation, who read an erotic story, experienced the greatest increase in pelvic vasocongestion. This and other findings were discussed in terms of masturbation acting to facilitate the patterning of sexual arousal and orgasmic functioning, especially in regard to creating the capacity for pelvic engorgement.
History, applications, methodological issues and perspectives for the use environmental DNA (eDNA) in marine and freshwater environments

Genetic material (short DNA fragments) left behind by species in nonliving components of the environment (e.g. soil, sediment, or water) is defined as environmental DNA (eDNA). This DNA has been previously described as particulate DNA and has been used to detect and describe microbial communities in marine sediments since the mid-1980’s and phytoplankton communities in the water column since the early-1990’s. More recently, eDNA has been used to monitor invasive or endangered vertebrate and invertebrate species. While there is a steady increase in the applicability of eDNA as a monitoring tool, a variety of eDNA applications are emerging in fields such as forensics, population and community ecology, and taxonomy. This review provides scientist an understanding of the methods underlying eDNA detection as well as applications, key methodological considerations, and emerging areas of interest for its use in ecology and conservation of freshwater and marine environments.
From resistance to engagement: a contact-contract action model for library instruction

The purpose of this article is to describe a method for activating the contact‐contract‐action model, and to present findings based on its adaptation and integration into a formal library instruction course. Contact‐contract‐action, borrowed from social work practice, is used to promote strategic behavior change or “intervention” resulting from careful assessment of what the user needs (contact), what the user is willing to do to meet his or her information need (contract). After completing the contact and contract phases, the user engages in behavior to actually meet the need (action). Its theoretical bases are client self‐determination and problem solving.
Elastic scattering, absorption, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering by concentric spheres comprised of a metallic and a dielectric region

Elastic scattering by a small inhomogeneous sphere, comprised of two concentric spherical regions, may be abnormally low if the dielectric constant of the external medium is intermediate between those of the two regions. When one of these regions is a metal with a real negative dielectric constant, there may also be very large enhancement of the scattering due to excitation of a dipolar surface plasmon. For a sphere in which the metallic region is silver, the incident radiation can be tuned over a range of optical wavelengths to give a variation of ${10}^{6}$ in scattering cross section. Such objects may exhibit very large surface-enhanced Raman scattering with excitation profiles sharply dependent upon the relative thickness of the spherical shell.
Emission Control Technology for Stationary Natural Gas Engines

This paper summarizes the status of NOx emission control technology for stationary reciprocating natural gas engines. It provides information on most of the known methods of NOx control for natural gas engines that are in use, are being considered for use, of may be considered for use.
Spatial and temporal in vivo analysis of circulating and sessile immune cells in mosquitoes: hemocyte mitosis following infection

Background: Mosquitoes respond to infection by mounting immune responses. The primary regulators of these immune responses are cells called hemocytes, which kill pathogens via phagocytosis and via the production of soluble antimicrobial factors. Mosquito hemocytes are circulated throughout the hemocoel (body cavity) by the swift flow of hemolymph (blood), and data show that some hemocytes also exist as sessile cells that are attached to tissues. The purpose of this study was to create a quantitative physical map of hemocyte distribution in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and to describe the cellular immune response in an organismal context. Results: Using correlative imaging methods we found that the number of hemocytes in a mosquito decreases with age, but that regardless of age, approximately 75% of the hemocytes occur in circulation and 25% occur as sessile cells. Infection induces an increase in the number of hemocytes, and tubulin and nuclear staining showed that this increase is primarily due to mitosis and, more specifically, autonomous cell division, by circulating granulocytes. The majority of sessile hemocytes are present on the abdominal wall, although significant numbers of hemocytes are also present in the thorax, head, and several of the appendages. Within the abdominal wall, the areas of highest hemocyte density are the periostial regions (regions surrounding the valves of the heart, or ostia), which are ideal locations for pathogen capture as these are areas of high hemolymph flow.
Interaction between NH3 and CO on the Ni(111) and (110) surfaces: A study by ESDIAD

The interaction between adsorbed NH3 and adsorbed CO molecules on two Ni single crystal planes has been investigated using ESDIAD and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Interactions have been observed on both surfaces which influence the ESDIAD patterns of both adsorbed species. Evidence for long distance azimuthal orientation interactions of NH3 with CO on Ni(110) is observed, whereas shorter distance interactions are observed on Ni(111). In the case of the short distance CO…NH3 interactions on Ni(111), a tipping of the C3v axis of NH3 away from the normal is seen. The role of the substrate crystal structure is shown to be important in determining the character of the intermolecular interactions on the two surfaces.
On the application of diakoptics to nonlinear systems

Abstract This paper discusses the application of the principle of diakoptics to the analysis and stability study of nonlinear systems. Part I deals with the application to the analysis of nonlinear systems by means of Taylor-Cauchy transforms. Part II deals with the application to the analysis of nonlinear systems by means of Volterra functionals. Part III deals with the application to the stability study of nonlinear control systems by means of Popov's method, which is closely related to Liapunov's direct method. Illustrative examples are given.
COLUMN PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY OF PORPHYRINS.

Abstract A number of porphyrins can be resolved by column partition chromatography using dimethyl sulfoxide on a silica support and cyclohexane as the mobile phase. This partition system was used as a criterion of success in the selection of new methods for the synthesis of porphyrins. The important factors which allow quantitative and reproducible evaluations of Rf values are noted, and differences in dielectric constant are recommended as a useful test for selection of other suitable chromatographic solvent pairs.
Prognostic indicators for Cu-Al wirebond degradation under operation at elevated temperature and combined temperature humidity

Gold wire bonding has been widely used as first-level interconnect in semiconductor packaging. The increase in the gold price has motivated the industry search for alternative to the gold wire used in wire bonding and the transition to copper wire bonding technology. Potential advantages of transition to Cu-Al wire bond system includes low cost of copper wire, lower thermal resistivity, lower electrical resistivity, higher deformation strength, damage during ultrasonic squeeze, and stability compared to gold wire. However, the transition to the copper wire brings along some trade-offs including poor corrosion resistance, narrow process window, higher hardness, and potential for cratering. Formation of excessive Cu-Al intermetallics may increase electrical resistance and reduce the mechanical bonding strength. Current state-of-art for studying the Cu-Al system focuses on accumulation of statistically significant number of failures under accelerated testing. In this paper, a new approach has been developed to identify the occurrence of impending apparently-random defect fall-outs and pre-mature failures observed in the Cu-Al wirebond system. The use of intermetallic thickness, composition and corrosion as a leading indicator of failure for assessment of remaining useful life for Cu-al wirebond interconnects has been studied under exposure to high temperature and temperature-humidity. Damage in wire bonds has been studied using x-ray Micro-CT. Microstructure evolution was studied under isothermal aging conditions of 150°C, 175°C, and 200°C till failure. Activation energy was calculated using growth rate of intermetallic at different temperatures. Effect of temperature and humidity on Cu-Al wirebond system was studied using Parr Bomb technique at different elevated temperature and humidity conditions (110°C/100%RH, 120°C/100%RH, 130°C/100%RH) and failure mechanism was developed. The present methodology uses evolution of the IMC thickness, composition in conjunction with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm to identify accrued damage in wire bond subjected to thermal aging. The proposed method can be used for quick assessment of Cu-Al parts to ensure manufactured part consistency through sampling.
Remodeling census population with spatial information from LandSat TM imagery

Abstract In geographic information systems (GIS) studies there has been some difficulty integrating socioeconomic and physiogeographic data. One important type of socioeconomic data, census data, offers a wide range of socioeconomic information, but is aggregated within arbitrary enumeration districts (EDs). Values reflect either raw counts or, when standardized, the mean densities in the EDs. On the other hand, remote sensing imagery, an important type of physiogeographic data, provides large quantities of information with more spatial details than census data. Based on the dasymetric mapping principle, this study applies multivariable regression to examine the correlation between population counts from census and land cover types. The land cover map is classified from LandSat TM imagery. The correlation is high. Census population counts are remodeled to a GIS raster layer based on the discovered correlations coupled with scaling techniques, which offset influences from other than land cover types. The GIS raster layer depicts the population distribution with much more spatial detail than census data offer. The resulting GIS raster layer is ready to be analyzed or integrated with other GIS data.
Discourses of trans-ethnic narod in postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina

The processes of peace-building and democratization in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) were instituted on 14 December 1995 by the Dayton Accords, which brought an end to the Bosnian War. While claiming their objectives to be reconciliation, democracy, and ethnic pluralism, the accords inscribed in law the ethnic partition between Bosnian Serbs, Croats, and Muslims by granting rights to “people” based on their identification as “ethnic collectivities.” This powerful tension at the heart of “democratization” efforts has been central to what has transpired over the past 16 years. My account uses ethnographic methods and anthropological analysis to document how the ethnic emphasis of the local nationalist projects and international integration policies is working in practice to flatten the multilayered discourses of nationhood in BiH. As a result of these processes, long-standing notions of trans-ethnic nationhood in BiH lost their political visibility and potency. In this article I explore how trans-ethnic naro...
Electron-opaque fibrils and granules in and between the cell walls of higher plants.

The components of higher-plant cell walls which become electron-opaque after staining with ruthenium-osmium were studied by electron microscopy. A fibrillar material which absorbs this stain is a major wall constituent in the root epidermal cells of carrot and morning glory. In both form and size, these fibrils resemble those found on the surface of suspension-cultured cells of the same species Some cells of woody species show an irregular distribution of electron-opaque material in the cell wall matrix and middle lamella. This material, which has an amorphous appearance with many electron stains, is shown by ruthenium-osmium staining to be an aggregate of discrete granules, 150–220 A in diameter. These observations are not consistent with the concept of the cell wall matrix and middle lamella as an amorphous, uniform gel
The effects of three categories of technological innovation on the use and price of nonrenewable resources

Abstract This paper presents trends in nonrenewable resource use for the past 100 years and a simulation model to explain the effect of different types of technological innovation on those trends. The extraction and proven reserves for many nonrenewable resources have risen steadily throughout this period, while the long-term average price has been constant. Existing formal models of nonrenewable resource use do not explain this long stability. This paper demonstrates that three types of technological advance can explain the price trend, namely, innovation in exploration, in extraction, and in use efficiency. The model can also be used to explore optimal distribution of different types of innovation. Optimization shows there are important conflicts between public and private welfare concerning the direction of research funds. For public welfare, the concentration of research would be in greater use efficiency, whereas for the private welfare of the extraction industry it would be in extraction innovation.
Cellular Internalization and Degradation of Protein-Nanoparticle Complexes

Albumin is an essential protein that is highly abundant in blood serum. Cellular internalization of albumin occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis; however any modification to the protein redirects binding to a different receptor on the cell surface. It has been demonstrated that nanoparticles (NPs) used in biological applications are non-specifically coated with a surface layer of serum proteins. A thorough understanding of the effect that the NP has on the transport of serum proteins on a cellular level is highly desirable for NP drug and gene delivery applications. As albumin is the most abundant serum protein, we are interested in how cellular internalization, transport and degradation are altered when the protein is modified with a NP. We have bound serum albumin both electrostatically and covalently to 87 nm, polystyrene NPs and studied the endocytic transport of the modified protein using fluorescence confocal microscopy. Cellular degradation assays have been performed on the NP-modified protein using western blot analysis. We find that the NP slows the transport and alters the degradation of the serum albumin protein. These findings indicate that the presence of NPs affect the interaction of native proteins with cellular machinery and must be considered when using NPs for in vivo applications.
Exploring the Co-Development of Mathematical and Technological Knowledge Among African American Students

This study examines African American students' interactions with the graphing calculator as a tool to support their mathematical learning. Two participants, chosen through purposive sampling, were the focus of this study. The participants were presented with a task-based interview, and the strategies they employed in solving these tasks with the help of a graphing calculator were examined. The participants' strategies were analyzed using Goos, Galbraith, Renshaw, and Geiger's 2003 framework of the varying modes of sophistication with which students work and interact with technology and the ways in which technology can mediate learning. These modes include technology as master, technology as servant, technology as partner, and technology as an extension of self. In solving the mathematical tasks, the participants' modes of interacting with the graphing calculator technology were influenced by how and when they chose to use the graphing calculator. They were also influenced by their ability to reinforce their mathematical and technological knowledge mutually. It is this ability to develop an interactive relationship between mathematical and technological knowledge that shaped the participants' fluency in solving the mathematical tasks.
The cDNA cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of an intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase from mouse testis.

Abstract The PTP-1 cDNA encoding an intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) was isolated and sequenced from a mouse testis cDNA library. This PTP-1 cDNA was found to contain an open reading frame of 1,296 nucleotides as well as 5′ (83 nucleotides) and 3′ (289 nucleotides) non-coding regions. The deduced sequence of 432 amino acids of mouse PTPase-1 exhibited 93% and 83% identity to that of rat PTPase-1 and human PTPase-1B, respectvely. Thus, this PTP-1 is a mouse homologue of human PTP-1B and rat PTP-1. Northern blot analysis indicated that PTP-1 mRNAs were most abundant in testis, and were detected in sizes of 4.4Kb, 2.4Kb and 2.2Kb, 2.0Kb. The PTP-1 transcripts of 4.4Kb and 2.0Kb, but not 2.4Kb and 2.2Kb, were also present in kidney, spleen, muscle, liver, heart and brain. Genomic blot analysis showed that a single copy of the PTP-1 gene is contained in the mouse genome and that introns are present in mammalian PTP-1 genes.
Conservation of fragmented small populations: endemic species persistence on California's smallest channel island

We examined resilience to extreme reduction of habitat, and long-term and long-distance isolation for an endemic species using California's Santa Barbara Island as a natural model. The island is smaller than 260 ha, has been isolated by 40 km of ocean from the nearest other island for more than 10,000 years and was severely impacted by human activities and feral browsers during at least the past 90 years. Less than 0.2 km2 of native plant cover remains, yet seven apparently endemic plants and animals persist, including a moth, Argyrotaenia isolatissima (Tortricidae). Using mitochondrial DNA sequence we examined the levels of genetic divergence between the moth and its closest relatives on the other Channel Islands and the California mainland. A. isolatissima has 15 bp differences, including one non-synonymous substitution, from the most closely related taxon, on San Nicolas Island. Both parsimony and likelihood-based molecular systematic analyses confirm the evolutionary independence of A. isolatissima and indicate that portions of an endemic flora and fauna may persist in small fragments, despite long-term isolation and disturbance. Habitat conservation planning may underestimate the value of very small, temporally and spatially isolated fragments of native habitat not only to maintain, but also to generate endemic biodiversity.
Solar X-rays.

Solar X-ray data from rocket and satellite-borne equipment, discussing spectrum of quiet corona and active region
Comments on Panellists

I appreciate the opportunity to contribute to this measurement symposium overview and provide my perspective—as an academic and former standard setter—on some of the issues that arose during the symposium and in the discussions by the symposium panellists. This symposium comes at an opportune time because the current debate relating to measurement in financial reporting could benefit from academic input...
Coordinate system independence of shear rate during isothermal single-screw extrusion of a newtonian fluid

The analysis of fluid flow in a single screw extruder channel is presented by treating the screw as stationary and rotating the barrel in the opposite direction. It is shown that the calculated shear rates at the barrel and at the screw, during extrusion of a Newtonian fluid under isothermal conditions, do not depend on the choice of formulation, i. e., barrel moving or screw moving. It is also shown that they are independent of choice of coordinate system
Emprical distribution for linear system identification

Asymptotic properties of empirical distributions of approximate errors for least squares identification are developed in this work. As a preparation, it is first shown that a law of large numbers type of result holds for the empirical distribution. Then a scaled sequence is proved to converge to a Gaussian process with a Brownian bridge component. These results are useful for carrying out statistical inference tasks, goodness of fit tests, and related matters
Uterine Sounding: Is There a Difference between Blind and Hysteroscopically Directed Measurements?

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate the accuracy of traditional blind uterine sounding in measuring uterine cavity length (UCL), compared with measurement by hysteroscopic guidance. Design A cross-sectional descriptive study (Canadian Task Force classification III). Setting Academic multispecialty medical center. Patients Fifty-eight women undergoing elective hysteroscopic procedures. Intervention UCL measurement. Measurements UCL measurements were obtained by the traditional blind sounding technique and by hysteroscopically directed measurement. Hysteroscopic measurements were assumed to represent true uterine cavity length. Differences between the 2 measurements were calculated to analyze error and bias. Results Mean UCL for blind sounding and hysteroscopically directed measurements were 80.81 mm and 86.55 mm, respectively. The magnitude of error between measurements was >10 mm in 36.2% of cases, with underestimation of true UCL in 55.17% of cases. Conclusion True UCL is underestimated by blind sounding, and the frequency, magnitude, and direction of error may be greater than are clinically acceptable.
LEARNING VIEWPOINT-INVARIANT FACE REPRESENTATIONS FROM VISUAL EXPERIENCE IN AN ATTRACTOR NETWORK

In natural visual experience, different views of an object or face tend to appear in close temporal proximity as an animal manipulates the object or navigates around it, or as a face changes expression or pose. A set of simulations is presented which demonstrate how viewpoint-invariant representations of faces can be developed from visual experience by capturing the temporal relationships among the input patterns. The simulations explored the interaction of temporal smoothing of activity signals with Hebbian learning in both a feedforward layer and a second, recurrent layer of a network. The feedforward connections were trained by competitive Hebbian learning with temporal smoothing of the post-synaptic unit activities. The recurrent layer was a generalization of a Hopfield network with a low-pass temporal filter on all unit activities. The combination of basic Hebbian learning with temporal smoothing of unit activities produced an attractor network learning rule that associated temporally proximal input ...
Influence of Vacuum Pasteurization upon the Freezing Point Value, Total Solids, and Concentration of Fluid Milk

Summary The concentration of milk due to pasteurization in a Vacu-Therm pasteurizer was estimated by freezing point measurements, total solids determinations, and by condensing and trapping the water removed from the milk. Composite samples of raw and pasteurized milk were obtained during 3-hr. processing periods from the balance and surge tanks of the equipment. The temperature of pasteurization and the vacuum level were varied independently from 161 to 175° F. and from 22 to 26 in. When the difference between the temperature of pasteurization and the temperature in the second vacuum chamber exceeded 20° F., water was removed from the milk. Both total solids values and freezing point measurements required adjustment, to be most useful in estimating water removal. The freezing point technique appears to be the most economical, precise, and sensitive method for estimating concentration or water removal of vacuum pasteurized milk.
207Bi characterization by gamma–gamma coincident detection

Abstract A two-dimensional analysis of γ rays emitted in coincidence in 207Bi decay and detected by two NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors allows a direct measurement of the source activity. A modification of Eldridge–Crowther formulas, derived originally for 125I, was made recently for the case of two coincidence γ-rays in 60Co decay (P. Volkovitsky and P. Naudus (2009) [10]) and for the 108Agm decay with three coincidence γ-rays (P. Volkovitsky (2010) [14] ). A similar approach is applied to a more complicated decay scheme with two decay modes with coincidence γ rays in the 207Bi decay. The large number of experimental quantities, measured both in coincidence and anti-coincidence modes, allows determination of both detector efficiencies for γ rays together with the source activity. Results are compared with measurements of the source activities performed with HPGe detectors.
Differential Effects of Structured Social Integration and Group Friendship Activities for Promoting Social Interaction With Peers

This study compared the effects of 2 interventions often used to enhance social relationships in preschool classrooms. Social Integration Activities involves a teacher structured play activity alon...
Residency selection: should interviewers be given applicants' board scores?

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of advance knowledge of board scores on interviewers' assessments of residency applicants. Study Design: During a 2-year period we prospectively evaluated our residency selection process. In year 1 interviewers were provided with each candidate's entire application, whereas in year 2 the United States Medical Licensing Examination scores were not included. In each year interviewers were asked to provide numerical assessments of the applicants solely on the basis of their own impressions of the interviews. Analysis was performed only for evaluations by interviewers who participated during both study periods under review. Interview scores were compared with United States Medical Licensing Examination part I scores within each year by means of a scatter plot and correlation coefficients. Results: Applicant demographic characteristics were similar during years 1 and 2. Interview scores did not differ between year 1 (4.2 ± 0.1) and year 2 (4.3 ± 0.1; P >.05). During year 1 interview and board scores were significantly correlated (correlation coefficient, 0.64; slope of best-fit line, 13.9), whereas there was a negative correlation in year 2 (correlation coefficient, –0.06; slope, –1.3). Conclusion: When they are available to interviewers, markers of academic achievement such as United States Medical Licensing Examination scores may bias the interview evaluation. The interview process when conducted in this manner may simply be a validation process for candidates already judged on the basis of the application alone. Knowledge of United States Medical Licensing Examination scores by the interviewers may therefore negate the interview as an independent means of evaluating candidates. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:508-13.)
Analysis of solid phase debris from laser angioplasty: potential risks of atheroembolism.

Abstract Laser energy can vaporize biologic tissues, and this unique method of ablation has been considered for the disobstruction of the occlusive lesion in atherosclerotic disease. To assess the potential embolic sequelae from laser angioplasty, solid phase debris (SPD) was analyzed. Specimens of human cadaver aorta were subjected to standardized argon laser injury, and SPD was quantified by weight in four types of ablated tissue: normal aortic intima, fatty streaks, fibrous plaque, and calcified plaque (CP). The debris by weight of tissue ablated was significantly higher for CP (p
Mineral solution equilibria—II. An experimental study of mineral solubilities and the thermodynamic properties of aqueous CaCl2 in the system CaO-SiO2-H2O-HCl

Abstract Speciation of aqueous calcium chloride and the solubility of wollastonite represented by the reaction wollastonite + 2 HCl ° → CaCl 2 ° + quartz + H 2 O were experimentally investigated at 1 and 2 kbar in the range 425–600°C using rapid-quench hydrothermal techniques and a modified Ag + AgCl buffer technique (Frantz and Popp, 1979). Variation in the measured concentration in HCl° as a function of total dissolved calcium was used to identify associated aqueous CaCl 2 ° as the predominant calcium species in the fluid at temperatures above 500°C at 2 kbar. The data were used to calculate the equilibrium constant for the above reaction as a function of temperature and pressure, from which the difference in Gibbs free energy of formation between CaCl 2 ° and HCl° at 1 and 2 kbar, 450°–600°C was calculated. Solubility constants for minerals in the system MgO-CaO-SiO 2 -H 2 O-HCl-CO 2 were calculated using the data from this study and from Frantz and Popp (1979). Calculated mineral solubilities were used to calculate the solution compositions and solid alteration products resulting from interactions of a Ca-Mg silicate mineral (diopside) with hydrothermal solutions containing a range of different total chloride concentrations. High total chloride (2.0 m) in the solution results in Si-Mg enrichment in the solids and Ca enrichment in the fluid, whereas low total chloride (0.008 m) results in Mg enrichment in the solids and Ca-Si enrichment in the fluid.
Ecology of crops in changing CO2 concentration

Under non-limiting water and nutrient supply, prior reviews suggest crops grow about 30% more on the average with a doubling of CO2 concentration. Reports indicate that water-limiting conditions increase the stimulation of growth by elevated CO2 more often than they decrease it, but a regression analysis did not reveal significant differences. In contrast, other reports suggest nutrient-limited conditions reduce stimulation of growth by CO2 enrichment more often than they increase it. Regression analysis of these literature data suggests that on average the CO2 growth and yield stimulation under nutrient stress were only 74% and 49%, respectively, of the stimulation with adequate nutrients. However, many of the studies were pot or nutrient solution studies which may not represent field conditions. The interaction between CO2 and temperature appears to be strong and positive, although deleterious effects on harvest index may occur for some species, and increased temperature can shorten he life cycle of determinant crops.
Restrictions on the phase diagrams for a large class of multisite interaction spin systems

Through the proof of two very general theorems involving Ising spin systems with multisite interactions, specific regions of the complexh plane, whereh is the external magnetic field, are shown to be free of zeros of the partition function. Hence in these regions the partition function is analytic and phase transitions are absent. As an example: for systems with ferromagnetic multisite interactions involving even numbers of sites, no phase transition occurs outside of an interval centered on the origin of the realh axis and of the form (−C(T),C(T)), whereT is the temperature. For T→0,C(T)→0 and phase transitions can occur only ath=0.