cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aneurysm of the pars membranacea. Report of three adult cases and a review of the literature.

Abstract The pars membranacea separates the left ventricle from both the right ventricle and right atrium. An aneurysm of this structure is uncommon. Three adult patients with a membranous septal aneurysm are presented; in all 3 of them the aneurysm was associated with a ventricular septal defect. The etiology of these aneurysms is uncertain although there is evidence that they may be congenital defects related to malposition of the pars membranacea. There is also suggestive evidence that it may be due to an endocardial cushion defect, or result from a previously spontaneously closed ventricular septal defect. The majority of cases described in the literature have been diagnosed at autopsy. Though the lesion may occur as an isolated cardiac finding it is usually associated with congenital cardiac defects. The aneurysm may bulge into the right ventricle, the right atrium, or directly against the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. It has rarely been reported presenting itself exterior to the heart. Occasionally the aneurysm may cause right ventricular outflow obstruction. It may be complicated by endocarditis or by conduction and rhythm disturbance. In order to make a clinical diagnosis, an angiocardiographic procedure is necessary.
Neurobehavioral studies of forced swimming: The role of learning and memory in the forced swim test

1. Immobility in the forced swim test ("behavioral despair test") has often been regarded as an animal model of despair or depression. 2. Behavioral studies of forced swimming ("behavioral despair") are reviewed and compared with certain behavioral effects of exposure to inescapable shock (i.e., "learned helplessness"). 3. Exposure to inescapable shock clearly impairs subsequent coping responses. However, detailed behavioral studies of forced swimming indicate that immobility during forced swimming is not a failure of coping but instead reflects a relatively successful coping strategy that employs energy conserving behaviors. 4. Certain neurobiological studies of forced swimming are reinterpreted in light of the behavioral evidence that immobility during forced swimming reflects effects of learning and memory rather than effects of despair or depression. 5. Some implications for future neurobehavioral studies of forced swimming and uncontrollable shock are discussed.
Placentophagia in nonpregnant rats: influence of estrous cycle stage and birthplace.

Abstract Prior parturitional experience and genotype have previously been found to affect the proportion of nonpregnant female rats and mice that will eat foster placenta. The present series of experiments was designed to investigate the influence of estrous cycle stage on placentophagia in rats. Foster placenta was presented to nonpregnant Long-Evans females, purchased from a commercial breeder, for 15 min on 5 consecutive days. We found that virgin placentophages were most likely to have eaten placenta on the first presentation, unless the first presentation occurred during proestrus. In fact, virgins would not eat placenta for the first time during proestrus, regardless of test-day. However, once they had eaten placenta, either in a nonproestrus stage, or, in the case of primiparae, during parturition, they would eat placenta during proestrus. Long-Evans rats born in our laboratory differed from the purchased rats, manifesting an incidence of placentophagia that was too low to be analyzed by stage of the estrous cycle: when tested as primiparae, however, there were no differences between the two groups.
Coverage of Obesity Treatment: A State-by-State Analysis of Medicaid and State Insurance Laws:

Objectives.We determined whether state Medicaid programs cover recommended treatments for adult and pediatric obesity and to what extent states regulate the treatment and coverage of obesity by private insurers.Methods.We conducted a state-by-state document review of Medicaid manuals and private insurance laws and regulations.Results.Eight state Medicaid programs appear to cover all recommended obesity treatment modalities for adults. Only 10 states appear to reimburse for obesity-related treatment in children. In the small-group insurance market, 35 states expressly allow obesity to be used for rate adjustments, while 10 states do so in the individual market. Two states expressly allow obesity to be used in eligibility decisions in the individual market. Five states provide for coverage of one or more treatments for obesity in both small-group and individual markets.Conclusions.Very few states ensure coverage of recommended treatments for adult and pediatric obesity through Medicaid or private insurance....
A highly energetic process couples calcium influx through L-type calcium channels to insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells

Calcium (Ca2+) influx is required for the sustained secretion of insulin and is accompanied by a large rate of energy usage. We hypothesize that the energy usage reflects a process [Ca2+/metabolic ...
Grain Boundary Composition and Effects on Environmental Degradation

Environmental degradation of metallic alloys is shown to depend on its local microstructure and microchemistry in many instances. Equilibrium and non-equilibrium processes can produce significant changes to the grain boundary composition and promote intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). Austenitic stainless steels are used as an example to illustrate equilibrium effects of Gibbsian segregation and second-phase precipitation as well as non-equilibrium effects of quench-induced and radiation-induced segregation. Interfacial Cr concentration is shown to be the dominant material variable promoting IGSCC of austenitic stainless steels in oxidizing environments. Cracking susceptibility is a direct function of the boundary Cr content regardless of depletion width. However, grain boundary Cr depletion does not adequately explain IGSCC in stainless steels strengthened by cold work or neutron irradiation. Significant interfacial enrichment of Cr, Mo and B are often present in annealed stainless steels which may play a role in the IGSCC of cold-worked materials and delay IASCC to higher radiation doses. Impurity segregants (e.g., P) can promote IG hydrogen-induced cracking but do not have a strong detrimental effect on cracking in high-temperature water environments.
A Theory of Non-Deterministic Networks

Both non-determinism and multi-level networks compactly characterize the flexibility allowed in implementing a circuit. A theory for representing and manipulating non-deterministic (ND) multi-level networks is developed. The theory supports all the network manipulations commonly applied to deterministic binary networks, such as node minimization, elimination, and decomposition. It is shown that an ND network's behavior can be interpreted in three ways, all of which coincide when the network is deterministic. Operations performed on an ND network are analyzed under each interpretation for changes in a network's behavior. Modifications of a few operations are given which must be used to guarantee that a network's behavior does not violate its external specification. These modifications depend on which behavior is being used and the location of related non-determinism. This theory has been implemented in a system, MVSIS. We provide comparisons among the uses of the various behaviors.
Angiosperm clades in the potomac group: What have we learned since 1977?

Abstract In their 1977 study on Potomac Group angiosperms, Hickey and Doyle made only broad comparisons with living taxa. Newer data, especially discoveries of fossil flowers in the Potomac and coeval deposits and increasingly robust molecular phylogenies of living angiosperms, allow more precise phylogenetic placement of fossils. Hickey and Doyle compared most early Potomac leaves (Aptian—early Albian) with “magnoliids,” a paraphyletic group as then defined, but several clades can now be recognized. Leaves and dispersed cuticles share epidermal features with woody members of the basal ANITA grade, and in some cases crown group Austrobaileyales, whose presence is confirmed by flowers called Anacostia. Aptian—Albian flowers (Monetianthus, Carpestella) and whole plants (Pluricarpellatia) are nested in crown group Nymphaeales; Potomac reniform leaves could belong to this clade. Several Potomac leaves have chloranthoid teeth, venation, and opposite phyllotaxis consistent with Chloranthaceae, while Aptian to C...
Use of Advanced Bleeding Control Mechanisms in Athletic Training: A Shift in the Thought Process of Prehospital Care—Part 1: Tourniquets

Two other competencies(Table 1), although not necessarily new to the list ofimmediate emergency management care skills, do requirefurther examination based on the current available scienceand standard of care in prehospital medicine. The purposeof this column is to provide athletic training educators(ATE) with evidence regarding the use of tourniquets in theprehospital setting as well as to be a resource on how toteach the management of external hemorrhage usingtourniquets.Trauma resulting in disruption of soft tissue is classified asan open or closed wound, and any significant loss ofintravascular volume may lead sequentially to hemodynam-ic instability, decreased tissue perfusion, cellular hypoxia,organ damage, and death.
Foundations of Southeastern Botany: An Annotated Bibliography of Southeastern American Botanical Explorers Prior to 1824

Abstract This paper lists published sources pertaining to the lives and work of seventy individuals who contributed to early botanical knowledge of the Southeastern United States. General sources, primarily biographical compilations and scientific bibliographies, are listed at the beginning of the paper, followed by entries for individual botanists. For each botanist, the listed information includes name (with any variants), place and year of birth and death, location of manuscripts and plant specimens, citations for published portraits and handwriting samples, lists of any plant or fungal genera named for the botanist, a brief summary statement about the person's significance to Southeastern botany, and entries for published sources pertaining to the botanist. Works both by and about each botanist are listed with annotations. All entries are cross-referenced parenthetically throughout the text.
A Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Trial for Preventing Type 2 Diabetes.

Objectives. We evaluated the weight loss effectiveness of a YMCA model for the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) lifestyle intervention.Methods. Between July 2008 and November 2010, we individually randomized 509 overweight or obese, low-income, nondiabetic adults with elevated blood glucose in Indianapolis, Indiana, to receive standard care plus brief lifestyle counseling or be offered a group-based YMCA adaptation of the DPP (YDPP). Primary outcome was mean weight loss difference at 12 months. In our intention-to-treat analyses, we used longitudinal linear or logistic regression, multiply imputing missing observations. We used instrumental variables regression to estimate weight loss effectiveness among participants completing 9 or more intervention lessons.Results. In the YDPP arm, 161 (62.6%) participants attended ≥ 1 lesson and 103 (40.0%) completed 9 or more lessons. In intention-to-treat analysis, mean 12-month weight loss was 2.3 kilograms (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 3.4 kg) more for the ...
Body Image and Body Image Dissatisfaction

The bodily self-image is a lifelong, dynamic cognitive process of self-appraisal that is unique to each individual, yet influenced by a myriad of external factors. While the majority of research relates to weight and body shape, there are an unlimited number of physical features that impact the body image. Body dissatisfaction occurs when there is disparity between one’s internally held bodily ideal and current self-image, and such dissatisfaction often drives individuals to seek medical evaluation for correction of perceived physical deficits. Many patients with common dermatologic conditions experience a profound degree of body dissatisfaction that impacts quality of life, whereas the average patient presenting for cosmetic surgery experiences dissatisfaction with the particular feature they seek to correct. Appropriately selected cosmetic procedures can provide long-lasting improvements in self-esteem and body satisfaction. Clinicians should remain vigilant for individuals with an underlying psychiatric condition, such as body dysmorphic disorder, who seek cosmetic procedures to quell excessive body image concerns that are out of proportion to objective physical findings. Such patients are unlikely to be satisfied with corrective procedures and are best managed by an experienced mental health professional.
Exergy Analysis for Small Modular Reactor Hybrid Energy System

Nuclear hybrid energy systems (NHES) with the capability to store energy will advance the development of renewable energy technologies by providing reliable, non-carbon emitting, and integrated base-load nuclear energy. Small modular reactors (SMRs) will be significant in establishing hybrid energy systems because of their inherent financial advantages over larger commercial reactors; flexible deployment and faster onsite assembly; and ability to closely match required energy needs for industrial process heat applications. An SMR is a thermal energy plant comprised of many complex systems that interact with each other and their surroundings. To study such a system and set appropriate prices for outputs, it is important to assess thermoeconomics or the effective utility and costs of all resources. At its core, thermoeconomics is based upon the quality of energy, or exergy, flowing into and out of each component within a system. Limited research into the thermoeconomics behind SMRs has been performed, leaving an important gap in understanding. This article presents relevant exergetic cost theory and details methods behind an exergy analysis for an SMR-wind-storage system. To perform this analysis, both the physical and economic environments are identified to provide information on how overall system efficiencies and costs may be analyzed. The physical environment incorporates the actual system components, necessary raw materials, and the surroundings or reference environment. The economic environment refers to the upfront installation and operational costs in addition to market prices. In a purely thermodynamic exergy analysis, the exergetic cost may be determined from the physical environment alone and describes the necessary exergy for production to occur. To improve or optimize a system, system efficiency must be balanced with economics to make NHES more competitive and further their development.© 2015 ASME
Varieties of Epistemic Freedom

ABSTRACTWhen we deliberate about what to do, we appear to be free to decide on different options. Three accounts use ordinary beliefs to explain this apparent freedom—appealing to different types of ‘epistemic freedom’. When an agent has epistemic freedom, her evidence while deliberating does not determine what decision she makes. This ‘epistemic gap’ between her evidence and decision explains why her decision appears free. The varieties of epistemic freedom appealed to might look similar. But there is an important difference. Two rely on an agent's ability to justifiably form beliefs unconstrained by evidence, and identify decisions as beliefs—either beliefs about acts (Velleman) or about decisions (Joyce and Ismael). But, when used to explain apparent freedom, these accounts face serious problems: they imply that agents have epistemic freedom over evidence-based beliefs, and rely on a faulty notion of justification. Underlying these troubles, it turns out that these accounts presuppose an unexplained ap...
A study on the impact of the fourier transform on Hirschman Uncertainty

The Hirschman Uncertainty [1] is defined by the average of the Shannon entropies of a discrete-time signal and its Fourier transform. The picket fence functions has been found to be the optimal basis for the Hirschman Uncertainty, as given in a previous paper of ours [2]. We have seen that a basis can be constructed from signals with minimum Hirschman Uncertainty in that paper, leading to a transform we called the Hirschman Optimal Transform. In [3] and [4], we showed that the minimizers, and thus the uncertainty of these minimizers, are invariant to the Renyi entropy order. This characteristic strongly suggests that Hirschman Uncertainty is a fundamental characteristic of digital signals. In this paper, we study the effect of incorporating the discrete fractional Fourier transfom (dFRT) instead of the DFT in the predefined Hirschman Unceratinty and develop a new uncertainty measure Hirschman uncertainty using the dFRT denoted by Ua1/2(x). We explore this new uncertainty measure using the discrete signals and study how the transfer order variations affects the uncertainty of different discrete signals. To help verify our theory, we study the effect of transfer order value variations on the classification rate in an image classification experiment.
Human Boosting

Humans may be exceptional learners but they have biological limitations and moreover, inductive biases similar to machine learning algorithms. This puts limits on human learning ability and on the kinds of learning tasks humans can easily handle. In this paper, we consider the problem of "boosting" human learners to extend the learning ability of human learners and achieve improved performance on tasks which individual humans find difficult. We consider classification (category learning) tasks, propose a boosting algorithm for human learners and give theoretical justifications. We conduct experiments using Amazon's Mechanical Turk on two synthetic datasets - a crosshair task with a nonlinear decision boundary and a gabor patch task with a linear boundary but which is inaccessible to human learners - and one real world dataset - the Opinion Spam detection task introduced in (Ott et al., 2011). Our results show that boosting human learners produces gains in accuracy and can overcome some fundamental limitations of human learners.
Etiology of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Magnolia

(1962). Etiology of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Magnolia. Mycologia: Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 448-454.
Engaging Young People: Deliberative Preferences in Discussions About News and Politics

The Internet affords users a unique and low-cost way to engage with news, politics, and one another. Although young people are the most likely age cohort to go online, it is questionable whether yo...
CORONARY AORTA DIASTOLIC PRESSURE INDEX: A NEW NOVEL INDICATOR FOR PREDICTING SIGNIFICANT CORONARY STENOSIS. A VALIDATION AGAINST FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE

Prior studies have evaluated baseline Pd/Pa (mean coronary artery/mean aorta pressure) ratio as well as iFR (instantaneous wave-free ratio obtained during entire period of diastole) to predict fractional flow reserve (FFR) ≤0.8. Since most of the flow occurs during diastole, we hypothesized a
Persistence of Suburban Violent Crime Rates: An Ecological Analysis

Abstract A lagged endogenous variable structural model of 1970 suburban violent crime rates is constructed and evaluated using a sample of 252 large suburbs for which 1960 and 1970 official crime data were available. It was found that suburban crime rates are persistent, that employment specialization and percent low income affect change in violent crime rates, and that suburban age, density, employment specialization, percent low income, percent Black, and region have substantial indirect effects on 1970 crime rates through earlier areal crime rates. Despite theoretical expectations, population growth and age composition exerted no significant direct or indirect effects on violent crime or changes in violent crime rates.
Conditional probability of long-term survival after resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Background While traditional survival analyses focus on factors determined at the time of surgery, conditional survival (CS) estimates prognosis relative to time following treatment. We sought to compare actuarial and CS among patients undergoing curative intent surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Electrographic Correlates of Plateau Waves in Patients With Leptomeningeal Metastases

We describe video electroencephalography (video-EEG) correlates of transient neurological attacks due to plateau waves-paroxysmal elevations in intracranial pressure-in patients with leptomeningeal metastases. We identified 3 patients with leptomeningeal metastases, intracranial hypertension, and transient neurological attacks captured on video-EEG without evidence of seizures or epileptiform activity. We identified all clinical events on video and reviewed the corresponding EEG data for evidence of abnormalities. All 3 patients had mild to moderate slowing and 2 had frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity during background EEG recording. There were 33 clinical events recorded and stereotyped for each patient. All 33 events were associated with an increase in delta range slowing of ≥30% compared to the background. This abnormality started ≤2 minutes before the onset of clinical symptoms and persisted for minutes after clinical resolution. This study is the first to carefully describe the electrographic correlates of transient neurological attacks due to plateau waves in patients with leptomeningeal metastasis. Clinical attacks were consistently associated with a possible EEG signature of diffuse delta range slowing. Future studies can validate the sensitivity and specificity of these EEG changes as a prognostic and/or response biomarker in patients with leptomeningeal metastases with or without intracranial hypertension.
Single-Molecule Studies of Acidity Distributions in Mesoporous Aluminosilicate Thin Films

Solid acid catalysts are important for many petrochemical processes. The ensemble methods most often employed to characterize acid site properties in catalyst materials provide limited insights into their heterogeneity. Single-molecule (SM) fluorescence spectroscopic methods provide a valuable route to probing the properties of individual microenvironments. In this work, dual-color SM methods are adopted to study acidity distributions in mesoporous aluminosilicate (Al–Si) films prepared by the sol–gel method. The highly fluorescent pH-sensitive dye C-SNARF-1 was employed as a probe. The ratio of C-SNARF-1 emission in two bands centered at 580 and 640 nm provides an effective means to sense the pH of bulk solutions. In mesoporous thin films, SM emission data provide a measure of the effective pH of the microenvironment in which each molecule resides. SM emission data were obtained from mesoporous Al–Si films as a function of Al2O3 content for films ranging from 0% to 30% alumina. Histograms of the emission...
Time and Cost Comparison of Four Methods of Filling Piggyback Bottles

The time and cost required by four methods of filling piggyback bottles were compared. The four methods compared were (1) the traditional vacuum method, (2) the Wheaton Unispense Model II, (3) the Valleylab IV 6500 Formulator, and (4) the Instafil method. Batches of 20 bottles filled to 50-ml and 100-ml volumes were used to compare fill rates of all four methods. In addition, batches of 60 bottles filled to 100-ml volumes were used to compare the fill time of the Instafil and the IV 6500 Formulator methods. Relative cost factors were then computed for each method and used for comparison. The results showed the Instafil method to be the fastest method for batches of 20 to 60 bottles. The traditional method demonstrated the lowest overall cost, followed by the Instafil method. The authors recommend the use of the Instafil method for batches of 60 or less. For larger batches, an automated device like the Valleylab Formulator or the Wheaton Unispense may be more appropriate.
Prevalence of co-morbid disorders in addition to Cocaine dependence and their impact

A evidence-based interventions evolve, researchers examine their impact on co-morbid disorders. We examined prevalence of co-morbid disorders in addition to cocaine dependence and their impact on abstinence outcomes. Data from a randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of abstinence contingent housing and work (CM) to the same CM components plus manualized behavioral day treatment (CM+) were used. Disregarding original trial arm assignment, frequency of additional Axis I Disorders was enumerated. New groups of No Additional Axis I Disorders and Additional Axis I were compared for abstinence outcomes. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used as a proxy measure for the additional Axis I Disorder, Depression. We examined impact of abstinence on depression symptoms as a function of four cohorts of consecutive weeks abstinent 0-6, 7-12, 13-18 and 19-24 weeks. In an auto-regressive cross-lagged Structural Equation Model (SEM) we examined the reciprocal relationships between depression and abstinence. Most prevalent additional Axis I disorders were Depressive Disorders and Anxiety Disorders. Co-morbid disorders did not affect abstinence. Cohorts with progressively more abstinence were linearly related to lower depression. The SEM showed that longer abstinence predicted decreased depressive symptoms at two, six and 12 months. However, depressive symptoms did not predict changes in abstinence at any time point. Effects persisted over six months of active treatment and 12 months of aftercare. With this effective substance abuse treatment, there was no difference in abstinence associated with co-morbid disorders. Results suggest abstinence may play a more important role in reduced depression than reduced depression plays in improved abstinence. If the unidirectional impact of targeted treatment on depression in recent studies is replicated with other disorders, it may have important implications for standard treatment, and understanding the nature of some depressive disorders as a general mood state often modifiable by changes in specific behavior domains.
Forebrain depletion of Rheb GTPase elicits spatial memory deficits in mice

The precise molecular and cellular events responsible for age-dependent cognitive dysfunctions remain unclear. We report that Rheb (ras homolog enriched in brain) GTPase, an activator of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), regulates memory functions in mice. Conditional depletion of Rheb selectively in the forebrain of mice obtained from crossing Rhebf/f and CamKIICre results in spontaneous signs of age-related memory loss, that is, spatial memory deficits (T-maze, Morris water maze) without affecting locomotor (open-field test), anxiety-like (elevated plus maze), or contextual fear conditioning functions. Partial depletion of Rheb in forebrain was sufficient to elicit memory defects with little effect on the neuronal size, cortical thickness, or mammalian target of rapamycin activity. Rheb depletion, however, increased the levels of beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), a protein elevated in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Overall, our study demonstrates that forebrain Rheb promotes aging-associated cognitive defects. Thus, molecular understanding of Rheb pathway in brain may provide new therapeutic targets for aging and/or Alzheimer's disease–associated memory deficits.
Pediatric Statin Administration: Navigating a Frontier with Limited Data

Increasingly, children and adolescents with dyslipidemia qualify for pharmacologic intervention. As they are for adults, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are the mainstay of pediatric dyslipidemia treatment when lifestyle modifications have failed. Despite the overall success of these drugs, the magnitude of variability in dose-exposure-response profiles contributes to adverse events and treatment failure. In children, the cause of treatment failures remains unclear. This review describes the updated guidelines for screening and management of pediatric dyslipidemia and statin disposition pathway to assist the provider in recognizing scenarios where alterations in dosage may be warranted to meet patients' specific needs.
Production and calving traits of Montbéliarde × Holstein and Viking Red × Holstein cows compared with pure Holstein cows during first lactation in 8 commercial dairy herds

Montbeliarde (MO) × Holstein (HO) and Viking Red (VR) × HO crossbred cows were compared with pure HO cows in 8 large, high-performance dairy herds. All cows were either 2-breed crossbred or pure HO cows that calved for the first time from December 2010 to April 2014. Best Prediction was used to calculate 305-d milk, fat, and protein production, as well as somatic cell score, and 513 MO × HO, 540 VR × HO, and 978 HO cows were analyzed for production in first lactation. Calving difficulty was scored from 1 (no assistance) to 5 (extreme difficulty). The analysis of calving traits included 493 MO × HO, 504 VR × HO, and 971 HO cows at first calving. Age at first calving was similar for breed groups, and the herds calved both crossbred (23.8 mo) and HO (23.9 mo) cows at young ages. The MO × HO crossbred cows had +3% higher production of 305-d fat plus protein production (actual basis, not mature equivalent) than the HO cows, and the VR × HO were similar to the HO cows for fat plus protein production. Breed groups did not differ for SCS during first lactation. The VR-sired 3-breed crossbred calves (from MO × HO dams) were similar to pure HO calves for calving difficulty; however, MO-sired male calves born to VR × HO dams had a mean score that was +0.5 points higher for calving difficulty than pure HO male calves. The 3-breed crossbred calves from both MO × HO (4%) and VR × HO (5%) first-lactation dams had a much lower stillbirth rate compared with pure HO calves (9%) from first-lactation dams.
Forging the Future of Special Collections

Special collections librarians recognize that the collections they oversee continue to age while their audience gets younger and further away from their origins. Because of expense, restrictions su...
Genetics of Translation Initiation Factors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The first genetic mutant affecting the translation initiation process of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated almost 25 years ago as a temperature-sensitive mutant. But it was not until recent years that genetic analysis in yeast proved worthy as an effective approach to study the mechanism of eukaryotic translation. As a result of these recent genetic studies, yeast is now accepted as a eukaryotic organism with a similar mechanism for initiating translation as observed in mammalian cells. The similarities between the mammalian and yeast initiation processes, now well established, enables us to assess the mechanism of initiation by combining both biochemical and genetic data, a very powerful means to dissect the eukaryotic translation machinery. The ability to do genetics provides additional dimensions to the analysis of translation initiation. As discussed below, it affords direct selection for suppressor mutations in genes which encode factors. These suppressor genes help to define those factors that function at particular steps in the initiation pathway. This has always been one of the rate-limiting problems associated with the biochemical analysis of translation initiation, as the complexity of the process was not compatible, in many cases, with developing specific assays for factors at defined steps in the pathway. Genetic suppressor analysis can also be a very sensitive method for detecting factor function. It has the potential to define new factors that may not be realizable by biochemical approaches, especially if these factors are not abundant proteins.
Ethnographic movement methods: anthropology takes on the pesticide industry

In this article, I describe how the methods of anthropology proved productive and fruitful for research and environmental justice (EJ) activism against methyl iodide, a highly toxic soil fumigant pesticide used to sterilize soil before food crops like strawberries are transplanted. I continue a thread of discussion around what roles anthropology, and especially, public and applied anthropology, should play in addressing the serious problems traditionally encountered, documented, analyzed, and theorized through ethnographic research. Anthropological engagement and action on methyl iodide and other soil fumigants produced unique research opportunities and networks up and down the agricultural hierarchy, as well as spaces to contribute ethnographic labor and critical analysis and reflection to the EJ movement. While this activist approach— what I refer to as 'ethnographic movement methods'—presented some challenges, the victorious end-result of having methyl iodide's manufacturer pull their product from the U.S. market in 2012 also demonstrated how anthropologists, in cooperation with communities confronted by environmental suffering, can work cooperatively towards alternative agricultural and ecological futures. Keywords: activism; applied anthropology; environmental justice; farmworkers; ethnographic movement methods; pesticides
Wealth, Slaveownership, and Fighting for the Confederacy: An Empirical Study of the American Civil War

How did personal wealth and slaveownership affect the likelihood Southerners fought for the Confederate Army in the American Civil War? On the one hand, wealthy Southerners had incentives to free-ride on poorer Southerners and avoid fighting; on the other hand, wealthy Southerners were disproportionately slaveowners, and thus had more at stake in the outcome of the war. We assemble a dataset on roughly 3.9 million free citizens in the Confederacy and show that slaveowners were more likely to fight than non-slaveowners. We then exploit a randomized land lottery held in 1832 in Georgia. Households of lottery winners owned more slaves in 1850 and were more likely to have sons who fought in the Confederate Army. We conclude that slaveownership, in contrast to some other kinds of wealth, compelled Southerners to fight despite free-rider incentives because it raised their stakes in the war’s outcome.
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer Applicable to the Citrus Industry

With the present trend toward increasing output, raising efficiency and improving design in order to do the most with available materials, the problem of heat transfer and a better understanding of it has become an important one. While other techniques may tell one how much heat has to be transferred (or prevented from being transferred), heat transfer principles tell whether it is possible and, if possible, how to do it.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
A phenomenological study of community college students’ experiences with mentor teachers*

The aims of our current study were to (1) explore how community college science and mathematics majors made meaning of their experiences with mentor teachers as part of an early field experience an...
Zika Virus-Associated Guillain-Barré Syndrome in a Returning US Traveler.

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). Roughly 60% of people in countries such as the U.S. live in areas at risk for seasonal spread of ZIKV. ZIKV belongs to a class of diseases that is not typically seen in hospital settings across the U.S. and Europe. We describe the case presentation, management, and treatment of ZIKV infection complicated by GBS. A 64-year-old woman with recent travel to the Dominican Republic presented with rash followed by an acute, ascending polyneuropathy consistent with GBS. She was confirmed to have an acute ZIKV infection by detection of ZIKV nucleic acid by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. She met Brighton Collaboration criteria level 1 evidence for GBS. She received two courses of intravenous immunoglobulin and slowly improved, though still had weakness at discharge. More research is needed to identify the pathophysiology behind ZIKV-associated GBS and its optimal treatment. Prevention is fundamental to limiting infection and spread of ZIKV.
Assessment and Differential Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Current neuropsychiatric assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder consists of several complementary modalities. Currently, no single test is pathognomonic. Promising advances are being made in neuroendocrine, neurochemical, and neurodiagnostic imaging studies. A complete history, combined with behavioral observations across settings, is the current standard of diagnosis.
Kinetic anomalies associated with phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of micellar substrates.

It is well known that Phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes micellar substrates at considerably faster rates than monomeric substrates. The origin of this interfacial activation is a subject of considerable importance in understanding the mechanism of action of lipolytic enzymes. Crotalus adamanteus Phospholipase A2 exhibits “normal” Michaelis kinetics with monomeric substrates (12) and with micellar substrates at concentrations well above the critical micelle concentration (cmc) (13). However, at concentrations near the cmc anomalous velocity vs substrate concentration plots are observed which are parabolic rather than hyperbolic (11, 13). We have noted this phenomenon for several different substrates and for Phospholipases A2 from various sources and for cabbage Phospholipase D, and have empiricially determined that such anomalous regions give linear plots of v1/2 vs substrate concentration. To our knowledge no satisfactory explanation for these anomalous regions have been presented. The purpose of this paper is to explore various explanations for this behavior and to propose a model for substrate micellization which satisfactorily predicts such anomalous kinetics.
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes in the Perception of Reversible Figures: Toward a Hybrid Model

Reversible figures such as the Necker cube are ambiguous visual patterns that support at least two markedly different perceptual organizations. During a period of continuous viewing, observers’ conscious experience fluctuates, alternating between the possible interpretations. Attempts to explain this multistable perceptual character of reversible figures traditionally have attributed reversals to either bottom-up (stimulus driven) or top-down (conceptually-driven) processes. In the former case, perceptual fluctuations are attributed to the alternating fatigue and recovery of competing cortical organizations. In the latter case, perception is thought to be analogous to a hypothesis-testing or problem-solving process that successively considers alternative “solutions” to the perceptual puzzle represented by a reversible figure. We argue for a hybrid theoretical framework in which both types of processes contribute to figure reversals. By explicitly recognizing the contributions of both lower-level sensory processes and higher-level cognitive processes, the hybrid approach can resolve apparent conflicts in the reversible figure literature by calling attention to the fact that different viewing conditions can differentially engage top-down and bottom-up processes. The approach also provides a framework for future research, encouraging work that addresses how bottom-up and top-down processes are coordinated and how their effects are integrated in determining conscious perceptual experience.
Simulation of prepreg platelet compression molding: Method and orientation validation

Prepreg platelet molding compounds (PPMCs) offer improved performance potential as compared to short-fiber composites and increased geometrical complexity as compared to continuous fiber composites. The increased adoption of PPMCs in automotive and aerospace applications necessitates the development of predictive tools for determining the final orientation state in complex geometries produced through molding flows. Due to the large geometric scale of platelets as compared to molded geometry scales, the orientation structure of PPMCs is spatially nonsmooth, thereby eliminating the requisite separation of scales utilized by typical molding simulation approaches. Additionally, the large fiber volume fraction and fiber length in platelets yield highly anisotropic flow behavior, as manifested in the resistance to stretching deformations along platelet fiber directions. Thus, the goal of this work is to present the development, implementation, and validation of a flow simulation approach for PPMCs accounting for fiber direction and platelet normal direction evolution with coupled anisotropic viscous behavior. The simulation approach is implemented using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method. To validate the proposed approach, a pin bracket geometry is manufactured from a charge with the orientation state measured by computed tomography (CT). The final orientation state determined by the flow simulation predictions and by measuring the orientation state of the final bracket by CT is compared to validate the predictions.
Fluoride Exposure and Dental Enamel Fluorosis

At appropriate levels, fluoride has been established as an effective agent in the prevention of dental caries. However, a worldwide increasing prevalence of dental enamel fluorosis, a condition tha...
A pH-stable, crosslinked stationary phase based on the thiol-yne reaction.

Abstract Stationary phases that can withstand extremes of pH and temperature are needed to allow a single column to accommodate a wider set of solutes and separation criteria. We used a simple multi-step process using the thiol-yne reaction following the modification of the silica surface with a thiol-containing silane. The monomers 1,4-diethynylbenzene (DEB) and 1,6-hexanedithiol were used to create a crosslinked thiol-yne (CTY) stationary phase along the surface of the thiol functionalized silica. In the Tanaka test characterization, the CTY phase showed a low phase ratio, methylene selectivity typical of a reversed phase, and extremely high shape selectivity compared to commercial reversed phases. The hydrophobic subtraction model characterization showed a high positive steric resistance, a low hydrogen bond acidity, and a high cation-exchange capacity compared to most reversed phases. At pH 0.5 with an 85% aqueous mobile phase the phase showed no significant change over 114 h. With a 50% aqueous mobile phase the phase took four more days than a sterically protected C18 phase for the k’ to decline 25%. At pH 12.6, 50% aqueous mobile phase, a sterically protected C18 phase showed a 20% decrease in k’ and more than a 60% decrease in theoretical plates per meter in three hours. The CTY phase actually showed modest increases in k’ and theoretical plates per meter after three hours.
Equilibrium-line altitudes and paleoenvironment in the Merchants Bay area, Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada

The fiordlands south of Merchants Bay contain an extensive, well-preserved moraine record of a late Foxe advance of local valley glaciers. This has allowed accurate reconstruction of former glacier margins and computation of former equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) by a variety of methods. Statistical comparison of three methods (maximum lateral-moraine elevation, median elevation, and accumulation area ratio (AAR)) shows that different techniques can give different results for the same glaciers. Lateral moraines gave estimates that were too low, probably due to post-glacial erosion or to non-deposition. Median elevations and the AAR method produced statistically similar results but only for glaciers of simple geometry. The median-elevation method fails to take into account variations in valley morphology and glaciological parameters, and so is not reliable in all situations. The AAR method is supported by empirical evidence and is the best of the three methods for estimating former ELAs. Analysis of trend surfaces of present and late Foxe ELAs shows changes in elevation and orientation through time due to changing environmental factors. Present ELAs are strongly influenced by local factors, southerly storm tracks, and warm maritime conditions. Paleo-ELAs do not show this influence, suggesting that Davis Strait may have been ice-covered during the late Foxe stade and that storm tracks were from the north.
Disciplinary and Achievement Outcomes Associated With School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Implementation Level

Abstract A positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) framework has been associated with a variety of positive student and school outcomes. However, additional research would be useful t...
Excitation of the unnatural parity 3+ state in 24Mg in the inelastic scattering of α-particles

Abstract As an example of the excitation of unnatural-parity states in even nuclei by the inelastic scattering of α-particles, an analysis is made of data of 24 Mg(α,α′) 24 Mg ∗ processes for E α =28.5 MeV. The theoretical cross sections are obtained through the coupled-channel calculation, in which 0 + , 2 + , 4 + , 6 + , 2 + and 3 + states are coupled together, where the first four states are assumed as members of the K = 0 ground band, while the last two as members of the K = 2 γ-vibrational band. Reasonably good agreement with experiment was obtained, allowing one to conclude that the multiple-excitation processes can account for the excitation of the unnatural-parity states.
Alternative infrastructure/series, numerical methods

Abstract Obtaining cellular process values by solving model equations formally is routinely problematic, calling for alternative approximating infrastructure. Series solutions employ the sums of truncated polynomials. The Taylor series, relying on derivatives, often serves for linearization, and is effective locally. The Fourier series, trigonometric functions and their integrals, is a natural match for periodic components, but wide-scoped and effective globally. Periodic components can be revealed by the Fourier transform. Chebyshev best methods approximate locally and globally. Numerical methods, eclectic, are empirical. Interpolation, linear and Lagrange, approximates functions with some predetermined values. Derivatives can be evaluated from the slope of model curves, definite integrals from the area below using the trapezoid rule. Linear, nonlinear, and systems of ordinary differential equations can be evaluated by Euler tangent methods and Runge–Kutta algorithms. A significant factor in cellular modeling is machine computation—hardware, software, and error, systemic and operational.
Causal Learning to Discover Supply Chain Vulnerability

This paper illustrates a methodology of causal learning using pair-wise associations discovered from data. Taking advantage of a U.S. Department of Defense supply chain use case, this causal learning approach was substantiated and demonstrated in the application of discovering supply chain vulnerabilities. By integrating lexical link analysis, a data mining tool used to discover relationships in specific vocabularies or lexical terms with pair-wise causal learning, supply chain vulnerabilities were recognized. Evaluation of results from this methodology reveals supply chain opportunities, while exposing weaknesses to develop a more responsive and efficient supply chain system.
Modeling academic achievement and self-efficacy as joint developmental processes: Evidence for education, counseling, and policy

Abstract Academic self-efficacy is a construct associated with high school graduation rates and achievement, including mathematics test scores. While many studies consider the longitudinal relationship between math and self-efficacy scores, they tend to fit models that assume the two constructs do not have unique developmental trajectories (growth models), nor do they examine how the constructs relate within persons. In this study, repeated measures of math achievement and self-efficacy are used to fit a variety of latent curve models that jointly estimate growth in both constructs. Results indicate that, while there is a significant association between growth in self-efficacy and growth in math, within-person deviations from those growth trajectories at a given point in time do not appear related across constructs. Implications for education, psychology, and policy are discussed.