cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abnormal recovery of DNA replication in ultraviolet-irradiated cell cultures of Drosophila melanogaster which are defective in DNA repair

Cell cultures prepared from embryos of a control stock of Drosophila melanogaster respond to ultraviolet light with a decline and subsequent recovery both of thymidine incorporation and in the ability to synthesize nascent DNA in long segments. Recovery of one or both capacities is absent or diminished in irradiated cells from ten nonallelic mutants that are defective in DNA repair and from four of five nonallelic mutagen-sensitive mutants that exhibit normal repair capabilities. Recovery of thymidine incorporation is not observed in nine of ten DNA repair-defective mutants. On the other hand, partial or complete recovery of incorporation is observed in all but one repair-proficient mutagen-sensitive mutant. Irradiated cells from two mutants that display no excision capacity exhibit a gradual arrest of thymidine incorporation within 20 h after the initial decline. This arrest of incorporation is not observed in mutants exhibiting only partial defects in excision repair. Recovery of the ability to synthesize nascent DNA in long segments is normal in cells from the two mutants that display no excision capacity, indicating that recovery does not depend upon the excision of pyrimidine dimers from cellular DNA. Recovery of that ability is not observed, however, in cells from one partially excision-defective mutant, two of three postreplication repair-defective mutants, two of four mutants defective in both excision and postreplication repair, and one of five repair-proficient mutagen-sensitive mutants. These results indicate that recovery of normal DNA replication in irradiated Drosophila cells depends upon the activity of several functions.
Ultrasonic bone aspirator turbinoplasty: a novel approach for management of inferior turbinate hypertrophy.

OBJECTIVE Turbinate reduction via microdebrider assisted turbinoplasty (MAIT) or radiofrequency assisted (RFA) turbinoplasty fails to address nasal obstruction caused by bony deformities of the inferior turbinate. Procedures such as Mabry's turbinoplasty, although effective, are challenging to perform. Other procedures such as partial or total turbinectomies may result in prolonged crusting and atrophic rhinitis. We demonstrate the safety and efficacy of inferior turbinate bone removal with an ultrasonic bone aspirator. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Review and Prospective Case Series with Patient Questionnaire. METHODS The SONOPET ultrasonic bone aspirator (MIWATEC Co., Ltd.) utilize sultrasonic waves to emulsify bone while concurrent irrigation and microsuction of the bone particles produces a clean surgical field. This enables precise, graded removal of the inferior turbinate bone under direct visualization without thermal or mechanical injury to the surrounding soft tissue or mucosa. We describe the first application of this technology to turbinate bone reduction. RESULTS No individuals experienced delayed healing, infection, scarring or other complications. Improvements in nasal obstruction varied depending upon the procedures being concurrently performed such as septoplasty, functional endoscopic sinus surgery, nasal valve repair and rhinoplasty. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasonic bone aspiration turbinoplasty is a safe and effective addition to the techniques employed for inferior turbinate reduction. Moreover, this technique addresses actual deformities in the turbinate bone which cannot be effectively treated through microdebrider or radiofrequency-assisted turbinoplasty. The technique is simpler than conventional turbinoplasty and avoids the complications associated with turbinate resection.
Effects of Enforced Attention and Stimulus Phasing Upon Rule Learning in Children.

Abstract Two experiments investigated the effects of enforced attention (EA) and stimulus phasing upon rule learning (RL) in 6-year-old children. In Exp. I. Ss learned the disjunctive or biconditional rule either under standard RL instructions (S told to watch for the presence or absence of relevant values circled on attribute cards which were left in S's view throughout the experiment), or EA (S required to point to values on attribute card contained in each successive stimulus). Enforced attention resulted in a reliable improvement in performance with virtually all of the improvement occurring on the biconditional rule. In Exp. II Ss learned the biconditional rule with the stimulus population divided into four general classes (based on the presence or absence of two relevant values) and introduced suceessively in one of two orders. Half the Ss received EA in addition to the stimulus phasing. While stimulus phasing alone improved performance independent of order, optimal performance was achieved when EA was included. Performance on a second biconditional problem indicated that EA, in addition to reducing attention to irrelevant attributes, enhanced the acquisition of an efficient coding system.
On the possibility of microwelding with laser beams

We define microwelds as having fusion zone dimensions of <100 μm. At such small dimensions the required laser irradiance to produce melting is at or above conventional estimates of the irradiance required to produce drilling. The question thus arises if such small microwelds can be made via laser processes. A theoretical criterion defining the threshold pulse energy and beam intensity required for melt displacement (necessary for penetration-mode welding or drilling) is proposed. The results of numerical simulation present dependences of the threshold pulse energy and beam intensity as functions of laser pulse duration and beam radius. Experimental verification of the proposed criterion is described and a comparison of theoretical predictions and measurements is presented.
Response to the 2009-H1N1 influenza pandemic in the Mekong Basin: surveys of country health leaders

Soon after the 2009-H1N1 virus emerged as the first influenza pandemic in 41 years, countries had an early opportunity to test their preparedness plans, protocols and procedures, including their cooperation with other countries in responding to the global pandemic threat. The Mekong Basin Disease Surveillance cooperation (MBDS) comprises six countries - Cambodia, China (Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces), Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam - that formally organized themselves in 2001 to cooperate in disease surveillance and control. The pandemic presented an opportunity to assess their responses in light of their individual and joint planning. We conducted two surveys of the MBDS leadership from each country, early during the pandemic and shortly after it ended. On average, participants rated their country's pandemic response performance as good in both 2009 and 2010. Post-pandemic (2010), perceived performance quality was best for facility-based interventions (overall mean of 4.2 on a scale from 1 = poor to 5 = excellent), followed by surveillance and information sharing (4.1), risk communications (3.9) and disease prevention and control in communities (3.7). Performance was consistently rated as good or excellent for use of hotlines for case reporting (2010 mean of 4.4) and of selected facility-based interventions (each with a 2010 mean of 4.4): using hospital admission criteria, preparing or using isolation areas, using PPE for healthcare workers and using antiviral drugs for treatment. In at least half the countries, the post-pandemic ratings were lower than initial 2009 assessments for performance related to surveillance, facility-based interventions and risk communications. MBDS health leaders perceived their pandemic responses effective in areas previously considered problematic. Most felt that MBDS cooperation helped drive and thus added value to their efforts. Surveillance capacity within countries and surveillance information sharing across countries, longstanding MBDS focus areas, were cited as particular strengths. Several areas needing further improvement are already core strategies in the 2011-2016 MBDS Action Plan. Self-organized sub-regional cooperation in disease surveillance is increasingly recognized as an important new element in global disease prevention and control. Our findings suggest that more research is needed to understand the characteristics of networking that will result in the best shared outcomes.
Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease

The hormonal derivative of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH] 2 D) or calcitriol, has been implicated in many physiologic processes beyond calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, and likely plays a role in several chronic disease states, in particular, cardiovascular disease. Experimental data suggest that 1,25(OH) 2 D affects cardiac muscle directly, controls parathyroid hormone secretion, regulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and modulates the immune system. Because of these biologic effects, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with hypertension, several types of vascular diseases, and heart failure. We conducted a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature (1950-2008) to identify studies that examined these relationships; additional citations were obtained from the articles retrieved from the literature search. Treatment with vitamin D lowered blood pressure in patients with hypertension and modified the cytokine profile in patients with heart failure. Measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration usually provides the best assessment of an individual's vitamin D status. Serum levels below 20 ng/ml represent vitamin D deficiency, and levels above 30 ng/ml are considered optimal. Although the observational data linking vitamin D status to cardiovascular disease appear robust, vitamin D supplementation is not recommended as routine treatment for heart disease until definitive prospective, randomized trials can be carried out to assess its effects. However, such supplementation is often appropriate for other reasons and may be beneficial to cardiovascular health in certain patients.
The non-Christian influence on Anselm’s Proslogion argument

This paper considers Anselm’s Proslogion argument against a background of historical events that include philosophical disputes between Christian and Jewish polemicists. I argue that the Proslogion argument was addressed, in part, to non-Christian theists and that it offered a response to Jewish polemicists who had argued that the Christian conception of God as an instantiated unity was irrational. Anselm is not trying to convince atheists that there really is a God. He is arguing that the Christian conception of God is logically coherent.
Finding cohesive clusters for analyzing knowledge communities

Documents and authors can be clustered into “knowledge communities” based on the overlap in the papers they cite. We introduce a new clustering algorithm, Streemer, which finds cohesive foreground clusters embedded in a diffuse background, and use it to identify knowledge communities as foreground clusters of papers which share common citations. To analyze the evolution of these communities over time, we build predictive models with features based on the citation structure, the vocabulary of the papers, and the affiliations and prestige of the authors. Findings include that scientific knowledge communities tend to grow more rapidly if their publications build on diverse information and if they use a narrow vocabulary.
Crime, youth gangs, and urban transition: The social dislocations of postindustrial economic development

On the basis of a multivariate analysis of quantitative data from all U.S. cities of 25,000 or more in 1970 and 1980, this paper investigates the impact of recent economic changes and population sh...
Drug addiction and identity politics: the spiritual use of ganja in Bangladesh

With the aim of destabilizing the essentially deviant identity of drug addiction and addicts, this article focuses on the diversity within the phenomenon of ‘drug addiction’ and identifies generalizations about addiction to substances as problematic. Taking the spiritual use of ganja as a point of reference, this article uncovers an underlying identity politics between the dominant discourses of public health and welfare and the marginalized discourses produced by addicts. It finds that ganja users, through their regular use of the substance, create a social space for themselves and thus reclaim positive social identity that directly contradicts the discourses of the dominant culture.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in rat brain. II. Immunocytochemical localization.

Abstract Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the first and, possibly, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid biosynthesis. Because oligodendrocytes must synthesize large amounts of lipid during myelination, the hypothesis was proposed that ACC might be localized in cells of that type. In sections from the brains of 12-day-old rats, ACC immunostaining was observed in glial cells in white matter and gray matter. These cells resembled carbonic anhydrase-positive oligodendrocytes at mature and immature stages of their development. Cells resembling typical oligodendrocytes were also ACC-positive in white matter from the forebrains and brainstems of 15–17 day-old-rats. In both the gray matter and the white matter of 21-day-old rats there were intensely ACC-positive cells that strongly resembled oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes in the brains of adult rats also were ACC-positive. While recognizing that some ACC must be present at lower levels in other types of cells and at all ages, it was concluded that the present findings are consistent with its primary locus as the oligodendrocytes, particularly during myelination. Further, enrichment of ACC and carbonic anhydrase in the same type of cell suggested that carbonic anhydrase might serve in providing a substrate, bicarbonate, to be utilized by ACC.
Atopy and airways responsiveness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

THE extent and the duration of cigarette smoking are the overwhelming determinants of the occurrence and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).1 However, only 15 percent of smok...
Health in the balance: the under-fives weighing program.

Following the 1979 ‘United Nations’sponsored Year of the Child, four basic strategies: the promotion of growth monitoring, oral rehydration therapy, breast feeding and immunization, were developed to assist child survival and development.
Combustion synthesis of advanced materials: Part II. Classification, applications and modelling

Abstract Combustion (self propagating high temperature) synthesis (SHS) reactions have been classified into (i) simple reaction systems in which no other processing step, other than the SHS reaction, is considered; (ii) SHS reactions which involve simultaneous and/or subsequent densification process(es); (iii) SHS reactions coupled with vapor transport systems and those which synthesize specific products such as functionally-graded materials (FGM), thin films and coatings, and mechanically alloyed powders or those used to join dissimilar ceramics and/or intermetallics. Finally, a comparison is made of the various mathematical models that have been developed to simulate and predict instabilities in propagating combustion synthesis reactions.
Flow mechanisms in high pressure gas atomization

Very fine (d < 10 μm) metal and alloy powders can be produced efficiently by a high pressure gas atomization (HPGA) technique. Rapid solidification processing, metal injection molding, thermal spraying and other emerging powder-processing approaches benefit from the use fine powders. This papers reports on the results of an investigation of gas atomization process dynamics with emphasis on the high pressure operating regime. The direct benefit of a better understanding of the process dynamics will be to permit a more informed selection of atomizer design and operating parameters as well as to further improve HPGA performance.
Economic and Biological Variables Affecting Demand for Publicly and Privately Provided Pest Information

Several recent national reports have directed attention to policy changes in pest information programs. An Office of Technology Assessment report gives as a major conclusion, that there is a lack of an adequate delivery system which impedes the dissemination of data necessary to support effective pest management decisions. A lack of practical, demonstrated interdisciplinary programs has resulted in grower skepticism and uncertainty regarding the economic benefits of integrated pest management (IPM). To remove the obstacles to IPM, the OTA report gives congressional options that include among others: (a) federal support for IPM training including establishing regional pest management study centers; (b) creation of a federally coordinated pest and weather monitoring program, support of public information delivery systems, incentives for the formation of private information delivery systems, and increased support for state plant health clinics; (c) and an attempt to overcome grower conservatism of IPM through grower education, direct grower incentives, or regulation of
Web-based distributed image processing system

This paper presents a framework for developing a Web-based distributed image processing application system that is flexible, convenient, and scalable. The system uses the existing Web-based technology and image processing methodologies to implement this capability in a distributed computing environment that may include powerful machines to process complex and large images. The system consists of browser, server, service registry and task scheduler, image data storage and management, and knowledge-based image processing services. A server-side application considers the user"s request from a client side. The server host identifies the request and the necessary resources and schedules the computing resources and image processing services. Based on the instructions of the developer"s side (the service provider) a proper knowledge-based on-line assistance is given to the client to select the right algorithm, set up proper parameter values in order to maximize the usage. Developers can modify and upgrade the services at their own site and publish the workable version, its interface, and required resources to the server. The server enables remote invocation of the algorithm by providing a seamless and efficient linkage mechanism. An application for segmentation operation using deformable contour methods for complex images is provided as an example.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Measurement of junctional acetylcholine receptors in myasthenia gravis: Clinical correlates

We measured the number of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in motor point biopsies from 76 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and 49 control subjects, using an alpha-bungarotoxin binding technique. The mean number of AChRs/NMJ was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in muscles of MG patients (deltoid 0.7 +/- 0.1 X 10(7) than in controls (2.1 X 0.2 X 10(7). None of the control muscles had fewer than 0.9 X 10(7) AChRs/NMJ, and 75% of MG muscles were below that level. Conversely, 88% of controls had 1.5 X 10(7) or more AChRs/NMJ, whereas only one of the MG muscles (2.5%) was at or above that level. The reduction of AChRs correlated approximately with the clinical severity of weakness (P less than 0.02). Patients with focal weakness had reduced numbers of AChRs/NMJ in clinically strong muscles. The only other condition in which junctional AChRs were reduced was polymyositis. These findings in a large sample of patients confirm the reduction of junctional AChRs in MG, the relationship of available junctional AChRs to clinical manifestations, and the systemic nature of the disorder even in cases with focal weakness. Measurement of AChRs can be useful diagnostically in situations where other tests are inconclusive.
Gender diversity changes in a small engineering discipline: materials science and engineering

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish greater understanding of changes in gender diversity at the undergraduate, graduate and faculty levels for a small engineering discipline, materials science and engineering (MSE), and how it may be related to different cultures across the variety of engineering disciplines.Design/methodology/approach – The paper assesses publicly available data on the demographics of US MSE programs to explore expectations of correlation between increased gender diversity at the graduate level and among faculty versus undergraduate gender diversity.Findings – The number and percentage of women increased substantially in graduate programs and within faculties whereas the percentage of women receiving bachelor's of science degrees in engineering (BSE) in MSE, and nearly all other engineering disciplines, was significantly lower in 2009 than in 2000. Diversity advances at graduate, postdoctoral and faculty levels in the interdisciplinary field of MSE, and likely other relat...
The need for a digital library service registry

Purpose – To examine how a digital library service registry will help enable the development of distributed, service‐based digital libraries.Design/methodology/approach – A discussion of recent efforts in building service registries, the key components for a digital library service registry, and the need for a reference model for building distributed digital libraries.Findings – By building a reference model, digital library system development can move forward so that digital libraries become less silos of information and more interoperating collections of distributed servicesOriginality/value – Provides ideas for digital library developers and implementers, especially those looking for increasing collaboration and interactivity in digital libraries.
A separation principle for a class of non-UCO systems

This paper introduces a new approach to output feedback stabilization of single-input-single-output systems which, unlike other techniques found in the literature, does not use quasilinear high-gain observers and control input saturation to achieve separation between the state feedback and observer designs. Rather, we show that by using nonlinear high-gain observers working in state coordinates, together with a dynamic projection algorithm, the same kind of separation principle is achieved for a larger class of systems which are not uniformly completely observable. By working in state coordinates, this approach avoids using knowledge of the inverse of the observability mapping to estimate the state of the plant, which is otherwise needed when using high-gain observers to estimate the output time derivatives.
Ties to the Dead: Connections to Iraq War and 9/11 Casualties and Disapproval of the President

Although played out on a global stage, 9/11 and the Iraq War represent highly personal events for those connected to the victims. A social tie to a conflict's casualty transforms abstract costs into a vivid personal experience that increases the likelihood an individual disapproves of the president. Despite variation between civilian and military losses and historically high and low levels of presidential support, those who know 9/11 or Iraq War casualties are consistently more likely to disapprove of President Bush, suggesting that social structure, and not just personal characteristics, influence wartime opinion.
Serological Misdiagnosis of Acute Liver Failure Associated with Echovirus 25 Due to Immunological Similarities to Hepatitis A Virus and Prozone Effect

We describe a case of acute liver failure caused by echovirus 25 (E25) in a previously healthy 2-year-old boy. Initial serological studies were consistent with hepatitis A virus (HAV), with prozone phenomenon. The similarity of E25 to HAV may obscure accurate diagnosis in some cases of hepatitis.
NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF OSTEOPOROSIS

: Osteoporosis is discussed from the viewpoints of pathophysiology and therapy. Particular attention is paid to the role of dietary calcium, and the influence of vitamin D, fat, phosphate and fluoride on the metabolism of calcium. Although increased calcium intake usually leads to increased absorption and retention of calcium, there are exceptions, and after prolonged periods of high calcium intake there may be less and less retention of calcium. With our present lack of knowledge about osteoporosis, prevention is more attainable than cure. Nevertheless, the treatment of osteoporosis should include adequate physical activity and adequate intake of calcium (at least 1 gram daily), protein, vitamin D, and (for females) estrogen.
The effect of plastic deformation on self-diffusion in silver

Abstract The self-diffusion coefficient of silver undergoing plastic compressive deformation was measured over temperatures ranging from 810 to 1172°K and at strain rates from 0.00075 to 0.006 hr −1 . At all temperatures it was found that the diffusion coefficient is proportional to the strain rate. The results were interpreted on the basis of a model in which two vacancy-production mechanisms and two vacancy-annealing mechanisms are assumed to be operative. At low temperatures, vacancy production is assumed to occur by a geometric, temperature-independent process, and the annealing mechanism is assumed to be the migration of vacancies to fixed sinks. At high temperatures, it is suggested that vacancies are formed by a thermally activated process and that they anneal by combining with a highly mobile defect. Energetic considerations lead to the conclusion that this mobile defect is probably a divacancy.
Forward production of protons and pions in heavy-ion collisions

The problem of forward production of hadrons in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC is revisited with a modification of the theoretical treatment on the one hand and with the use of new data on the other. The basic formalism for hadronization remains the same as before, namely, recombination, but the details of momentum degradation and quark regeneration are improved. Recent data on the p/{pi} and p/p ratios are used to constrain the value of the degradation parameter. The transverse momentum (p{sub T}) spectrum of the average charged particles is well reproduced. A prediction on the p{sub T} dependence of the p/p ratio at {eta}=3.2 is made.
On Logical and Arithmetic Autocorrelation Functions

Algorithmic properties of logical/dyadic and arithmetic autocorrelation functions (LAF, AAF) of wide-sense stationary processes are investigated. It is shown that the LAF to AAF transformation and vice versa, denoted by LAF ? AAF, can be computed by fast algorithms. These algorithms require N/2(log2 N - 1) additions/subtractions, N divisions/shifts, and approximately N storage locations. It is shown that the LAF ? AAF algorithm enables one to estimate the AAF (and hence the Fourier power density spectrum) appreciably faster than by conventional methods. Illustravie examples are included.
Transient losses in synchronizing renewable energy integrated power networks

This paper quantifies the transient power losses incurred in re-synchronizing a network of generators and loads. The power system is represented using a network preserving model with loads and asynchronous generators modeled as frequency dependent power injections, which we refer to as `first-order oscillators'. Coupling these models with the swing equations of traditional generators leads to a mixed-oscillator system. The power flows used to maintain network synchronization induce resistive (real power) losses in the system, which we quantify through an H 2 norm that is shown to scale with network size. Our results also show that given a fixed network size, this H 2 norm is the same for first-order, second-order and mixed-oscillator systems, provided that the damping coefficients are all equal. Therefore, if the renewable power generators being added to a power network can be controlled so that their effective dampings match those of the existing generators, they will not increase transient power losses in the system.
Interface engineering in alumina/glass composites

Abstract Oxide-fiber/oxide-matrix composites, such as alumina-fiber/glass-matrix composites, represent an important class of ceramic matrix composites because of their inherent stability in air at high temperatures. Alumina and glass, however, form a very strong chemical bond, which is undesirable from a toughness point of view. We present an interface engineering approach, which involves the incorporation of an interphase between the matrix and the fiber in order to produce energy dissipating processes such as interface debonding, crack deflection, and fiber pull-out in this system. We first examined the efficacy of tin dioxide as a barrier coating between alumina and glass bars. We corfirmed by microprobe analysis that alumina and tin dioxide were mutually insoluble but there was some solubility between silica and tin dioxide. This was followed by coating continuous PRD-166 (alumina+15 wt.% zirconia) fiber with SnO2 and analyzing the microstructure and mechanical behavior of coated fiber composites. We observed that although the SnO2 coating provided the intended diffusion barrier and the thermal stress distribution was of the desirable kind, a neat and clean fiber pull-out was absent because of the roughness of the PRD-166-SnO2 interface. Some fiber/matrix debonding, crack deflection, and crack bridging occurred. The roughness-induced radial clamping stress was too large to allow fiber pull-out. To reduce this radial clamping effect, we then used a relatively smooth fiber, Saphikon, a single-crystal alumina fiber. As expected, the SnO2-coated-Saphikon-fiber/glass composite showed a much larger fiber pull-out length than the coated-PRD-166-fiber/glass composite. Thus, a judicious interplay of thermal stress distribution and interfacial roughness in a ceramic matrix composite with an interphase can result in the deformation micromechanisms required for enhanced toughness.
Introduction to the Thematic Minireview Series on Protein Synthesis

Abstract For many, the genetic code was to provide the key to understanding protein synthesis. For those with a bit more sophistication, it was the Shine-Delgarno region (in prokaryotes) or scanning and the Kozak consensus sequence (in eukaryotes). In all of these, the answer was in the nucleic acid sequence of the mRNA and was based on the assumption of a single mechanism to explain translation initiation. However, like all of the macromolecular synthetic pathways, there have been two repetitive observations: First, they are considerably more complicated than anticipated, and, second, there is not a single mechanism.
Green Schwarz, Nambu Goto actions, and Cayley's hyperdeterminant

Abstract It has been recently shown that Nambu–Goto action can be re-expressed in terms of Cayley's hyperdeterminant with the manifest SL ( 2 , R ) × SL ( 2 , R ) × SL ( 2 , R ) symmetry. In the present Letter, we show that the same feature is shared by Green–Schwarz σ-model for N = 2 superstring whose target space–time is D = 2 + 2 . When its zweibein field is eliminated from the action, it contains the Nambu–Goto action which is nothing but the square root of Cayley's hyperdeterminant of the pull-back in superspace D et ( Π i α α ˙ ) manifestly invariant under SL ( 2 , R ) × SL ( 2 , R ) × SL ( 2 , R ) . The target space–time D = 2 + 2 can accommodate self-dual supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory. Our action has also fermionic κ-symmetry, satisfying the criterion for its light-cone equivalence to Neveu–Schwarz–Ramond formulation for N = 2 superstring.
Electron diffusion in metals studied by picosecond ultrasonics.

We have studied the ultrasonic pulses that are generated when a picosecond light pulse is absorbed in a metallic film. The pulse shape is influenced by the distance that the hot electrons diffuse before losing their energy to the lattice. We show that this method can be used to test theories of the electron-phonon and electron-electron scattering rates. The results are in excellent agreement with a calculation in which the nonthermal character of the electron distribution is taken into account.
Chile since Independence

List of maps Preface 1. From independence to the War of the Pacific Simon Collier 2. From the War of the Pacific to 1930 Harold Blakemore 3. Chile, 1930-1958 Paul Drake 4. Chile since 1958 Alan Angell Bibliographical essays Index.
Scuffing resistance of coated piston skirts run against cylinder bores

Abstract Piston skirt/cylinder bore scuffing is one of the main failure mechanisms that affect the life of automotive engines. The purpose of this research is to study hot scuffing and wear resistance of piston skirts with different surface textures and coatings running against cylinder bores using an apparatus which can simulate the relative motion between the piston and cylinder bore. The experimental studies involve three skirt coatings with two different skirt surface textures running against bore surfaces made of three different aluminum alloys and cast iron. In addition to the scuffing performance, this work also analyzes the microstructure and morphology features of the surfaces and the sub-surfaces of the pistons and cylinder bores. The results indicate that scuffing resistance of different aluminum alloy cylinder bore and piston skirt combinations varies significantly. The eutectic Al–Si alloy with high percentages of alloying elements has better scuffing resistance than the hypereutectic Al–Si alloys. The scuffing resistance is also affected by casting porosity on the bore surface. Ni–P–BN plated and iron plated pistons perform very well with aluminum bores. Surface contact, mechanical and chemical properties of bore materials, piston skirt surface textures and coatings are the major factors affecting the scuffing resistance.
Sharing awareness information improves interruption timing and social attraction

In distant collaborations, interruptions increase significantly due to the limited awareness of colleagues' availability. In this paper we evaluate OpenMessenger, an instant messaging prototype that provides awareness information. Results suggest that the use of OM benefits group task performance and the social attraction developed between group members. Experiment observation also suggests that people use OM both to predict their partner's availability and to explain the causes of their partner's late response.
Expansion of the Solar Wind from a Two-Hole Corona

A one-fluid model is employed to study the global expansion of the solar wind from a two-hole corona, under the assumptions that the holes are confined to polar caps within 30 deg of heliographic colatitude, the flow is steady and axisymmetric, and the geometry of streamlines is prescribed. The boundary conditions are adjusted in such a way that the calculated solar-wind properties at 1 AU are in reasonable agreement with observational results. A series of numerical solutions are obtained, the series produces a maximum terminal speed of 829 km/s at the pole. The calculated solar-wind speeds are strongly latitude-dependent and are positively correlated with local divergence factor of a stream tube. The solutions imply that most plasma properties are highly inhomogeneous at the polar caps. The flow velocity, the temperature, the proton-number flux and the conduction-heat flux all increase towards the hole center.
Advances in bronchoscopy for lung cancer

Bronchoscopic techniques have seen significant advances in the last decade. The development and refinement of different types of endobronchial ultrasound and navigation systems have led to improved diagnostic yield and lung cancer staging capabilities. The complication rate of these minimally invasive procedures is extremely low as compared to traditional transthoracic needle biopsy and surgical sampling. These advances augment the safe array of methods utilized in the work up and management algorithms of lung cancer.
Radiation and scattering from three-dimensional bodies of arbitrary shape determined by an FMM-POM hybrid formulation

This paper describes how to develop a hybrid formulation for calculating the scatter signature of various shaped targets. Computational electromagnetics (CEM) is a vital tool used to treat many problems arising in a wide variety of system applications. These system application areas include communications, radar, biological modeling, high speed circuitry, surveillance system analysis and design, antenna array technology, antenna platform interaction, fusing studies against low observable vehicles, and low observable vehicle (land, air, and sea) development. These are some of the major areas of importance in the developmental technology of today. Powerful tools and algorithms result from this work that can make the computation of very tedious and complex research and engineering problems/projects involving such technology as electromagnetics challenging and exciting. The hybridization of the fast multiple method (FMM) and the physical optics method (POM) is described, and the results for the hybridization of FMM-POM and the individual FMM and POM implemented on a parallel computer are presented and compared. The FMM-POM hybridization is an optimization for best accuracy and minimum computational operations(time). Individually, the FMM is most accurate and the POM is least accurate; this is true most of the time, except for simple geometrical surfaces when the accuracy is approximately equal.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Valvular Heart Disease Caused by Carcinoid Syndrome: Emphasis on the Use of Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography

e ARCINOID TUMORS ARE rare neuroendocrine tumors derived from enterochromaffin cells with an annual incience of 1.2 to 2.1 per 100,000 in the general population.1 arcinoid syndrome is a term for a constellation of symptoms aused by a variety of mediators. Symptoms of episodic flushng, secretory diarrhea, bronchospasm, hypotension, and rightided heart disease are caused by mediators such as serotonin, istamine, prostaglandin, kallikrein, neuropeptide, and bradyinin. Specifically, carcinoid heart disease occurs in more than 0% of patients with carcinoid syndrome.2-4 In addition, severe ypotension and bronchospasm may occur during a carcinoid risis. A patient scheduled for a tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) ecause of carcinoid heart disease is described. According to he transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) findings, she was cheduled only for a TVR; however, during intraoperative ransesophageal echocardiography (TEE), additional involveent of the pulmonary valve was revealed.
Fibronectin alters the rate of formation and structure of the fibrin matrix.

Abstract Plasma fibronectin is a vital component of the fibrin clot; however its role on clot structure is not clearly understood. The goal of this study was to examine the influence of fibronectin on the kinetics of formation, structural characteristics and composition of reconstituted fibrin clots or fibrin matrices. Fibrin matrices were formed by adding thrombin to 1, 2 or 4 mg/ml fibrinogen supplemented with 0–0.4 mg/ml fibronectin. The rate of fibrin matrix formation was then monitored by measuring light absorbance properties at different time points. Confocal microscopy of fluorescein conjugated fibrinogen was used to visualize the structural characteristics of fibrin matrices. The amount of fibronectin in fibrin matrices was determined through electrophoresis and immunoblotting of solubilized matrices. Fibronectin concentration positively correlated with the initial rate of fibrin matrix formation and with steady state light absorbance values of fibrin matrices. An increase in fibronectin concentration resulted in thinner and denser fibers in the fibrin matrices. Electrophoresis and immunoblotting showed that fibronectin was covalently and non-covalently bound to fibrin matrices and in the form of high molecular weight multimers. The formation of fibronectin multimers was attributed to cross-linking of fibronectin by trace amounts Factor XIIIa. These findings are novel because they link results from light absorbance studies to microcopy analyses and demonstrate an influence of fibronectin on fibrin matrix structural characteristics. This data is important in developing therapies that destabilize fibrin clots.
Lengthening kinetics of \((01\bar 10)\) γ-TiH precipitates in α-Ti in the temperature range of 25 °c to 80 °c

Formation of y hydrides in α titanium involves a hcp → fct lattice transformation with hydrogen as an interstitial diffusing species. Since the crystallography of this reaction resembles that of a martensitic transformation and the hydrides form at temperatures where both titanium and hydrogen atoms may have negligible mobility, many investigators have concluded that γ hydrides form by a martensitic mechanism. In this study, the lengthening kinetics of \((01\bar 10)\) γ hydrides were determined using conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The length of the hydrides was measured as a function of time, temperature, and hydrogen concentration in samples isothermally aged in the range of 25 °C to 80 °C. These measurements were compared with the Zener-Hillert model of volume-diffusion-controlled precipitate growth. The experimental results indicate that y hydride growth is diffusionally controlled at 25 °C and possibly interfacially controlled at aging temperatures of 50 °C and higher. These and other aspects of the transformation are discussed.
South African democracy: Majoritarian or consociational?

(1998). South African democracy: Majoritarian or consociational? Democratization: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 144-150.
Possible Effect of Lethal Visible Light on Year-Class Fluctuations of Aquatic Animals

Visible light killed the eggs and developing embryos of brook and rainbow trout. It is hypothesized that light could kill the eggs and embryos of all aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates. Adaptations minimize but do not completely block this lethal effect. Under some circumstances, visible light could cause heavy mortality in a new year-class of an aquatic animal.
Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy in Patients With Germline Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2

Women with mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at tremendously increased lifetime risk of both breast and BRCA-associated gynecologic (ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal) cancer. Because of limitations in the efficacy of available screening and chemopreventive approaches for women with a mutation in one of these genes, surgical risk reduction, particularly risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO), has become an important component of the management options in hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome. This article will review the rationale and efficacy of RRSO for prevention of breast and BRCA-associated gynecologic cancer. Surgical technique and methods of pathologic evaluation will be presented. Controversies regarding uterine preservation and post-RRSO hormone replacement therapy will be addressed. Considerations that may impact the appropriate timing of the procedure will be reviewed, and the potential role of RRSO in BRCA-negative hereditary breast cancer families will also be discussed.
TOBACCO AS A POTENTIAL FOOD SOURCE AND SMOKE MATERIAL: NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF TOBACCO LEAF PROTEIN

Tobacco leaf proteins are well balanced, containing high levels of essential amino acids. This communication reports the content of soluble leaf protein during different stages of development, and its quality as predicted by chemical analysis and confirmed by biological evaluation. Results show tobacco leaf protein are at the top of the plant protein range in nutritive quality and thus could provide viable food by-products from the HLC process. Both Fl protein and soluble leaf proteins could be excellent supplements for cereal diets consumed by world populations.
Determinants of Grazed Forage Intake and Digestibility

Abstract The inability consistently to predict voluntary intake of forage by ruminants reflects an incomplete quantitative understanding of the dynamic processes. Evidence is that voluntary intake of less digestible forages is limited by a) volume of the reticulorumen, b) volume occupied therein by forage residues undergoing digestion, and c) rates of chemical and physical processes which determine turnover of this volume. Two simplified expressions of progressively increasing detail are presented, and typical data illustrate consequences of varying selected digestive processes upon digestibility and voluntary intake of coastal bermuda hay. The expressions provide explanations consistent with observations on interactions between intake, rates of digestion and passage, and extent of digestion of varied entities. However, the assumption that rate of chemical digestion has a fixed and constant relation to rates of physical degradation is an over-simplification and emphasizes the critical need for quantitative information on factors determining rate of fragmentation of forage tissues. Elucidation of determinants of intake of grazed forage must consider component attributes of the forage-animal-grazing system complex and express such attributes in quantitative expressions to predict the net result of these dynamic processes.
Policies and quality assurance in the pharmaceutical industry.

The pharmaceutical industry is engaged in a critical undertaking of research, development, and marketing of drugs to patients. In this complex process there are a number of important steps involving corporate policies that require adherence by top management and personnel. The clinical trials, especially phase I—where drugs are first introduced into man, is one of these key steps that requires careful ethical consideration. The generic problem of varied conflict of interest among the personnel and departments can be the main contributing factor to decline in faith and confidence in the industry. It is argued in this paper than an effective and comprehensive quality assurance program that depends on internal and external review process and augumented by periodic externally conducted data audit is essential for corporations in developing and marketing safe and effective drugs. External quality assurance programs and data audit can make recommendations to management to avoid conflict of interests. The compre...
Analysis and Optimization of Millimeter-And Submillimeter-Wavelength Mixer Diodes

An analysis of the noise of millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength mixers with GaAs Schottky diodes is presented. This analysis accounts for the correlation of the downconverted components of the time-varying hot-electron noise in the series resistance, and is thus accurate even for cryogenically cooled mixers operated at submillimeter wavelengths. This paper shows that the terms of the series-resistance noise correlation matrix are functions of the Fourier coefficients of the squared diode current F(I/sup 2/) rather than the square of the Fourier coefficients of the diode current [F(I)]/sup 2/, as has been previously presented in the literature. The analysis is used to evaluate the optimization of cryogenic mixer diodes. It is shown that minimization of the diode's I-V slope parameter V/sub 0/ is more critical than reduction of the parasitic elements for millimeter-wavelength operation, while at frequencies above 600 GHz (Lambda<0.5 mm), the junction capacitance is the most crucial parameter. Experimental results from several research groups working with a variety of mixers are presented to substantiate these results.