cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particle spectrum in model field theories from semiclassical functional integral techniques

We have used a semiclassical method developed earlier to compute the particle spectrum of a field theory in two-dimensional space-time defined by the (sine-Gordon) Lagrangian $\frac{1}{2}{({\ensuremath{\partial}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\varphi})}^{2}+(\frac{{m}^{4}}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}){cos[(\frac{\sqrt{\ensuremath{\lambda}}}{m})\ensuremath{\varphi}]\ensuremath{-}1}$. For weak coupling we find a heavy particle, the soliton, corresponding to a peculiar classical field configuration and an antisoliton. Below the soliton-antisoliton threshold there are a large number of further states. They can be viewed either as soliton-antisoliton bound states or as bound states of $n$ of the usual quanta of the theory. The "elementary particle" $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ is the lowest of these. As the coupling increases, the higher states successively unbind, decaying into soliton-antisoliton pairs. At $\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{{m}^{2}}=4\ensuremath{\pi}$, the "elementary particle" unbinds leaving only solitons and antisolitons for $\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{{m}^{2}}g4\ensuremath{\pi}$. Comparing our semiclassical results with recent exact results of Coleman and with perturbation theory, we find that the semiclassical calculations are exact. This field theory seems similar to the hydrogen atom for which the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules give the energy levels exactly. We also treat a ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ theory in weak coupling and carry out a number of calculations which provide nontrivial illustrations of the semiclassical method.
Quantitative TLC Determination of Propranolol in Human Plasma

A spectrodensitometric assay was developed for propranolol based on measurement of the absorbance of the drug on silica gel plates irradiated at 288 nm. Quantities as low as 0.010 μg can be detected, and a linear relationship was obtained between 0.010 and 0.400 μg. The percent recovery from plasma spiked with known amounts of the drug was 90.0–102.0. This procedure was used to determine propranolol in the plasma of patients receiving therapeutic doses of the drug.
Protecting mitochondrial bioenergetic function during resuscitation from cardiac arrest.

More than 90% of individuals who suffer an episode of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest cannot be resuscitated using current CPR techniques despite a large, sustained, coordinated, and costly public health effort that involves the community, emergency medical services, hospitals, and scientific institutions implementing evidence-based guidelines for resuscitation. The number of such victims is staggering totaling >150,000 every year in the United States and many more worldwide. Main barriers to improving survival after cardiac arrest include: (1) the extremely narrow time window of only a few minutes available after cardiac arrest supervenes for deploying current resuscitation techniques before they become ineffective, (2) the limited hemodynamic capability of current resuscitation techniques to promote the levels of blood flow required to reverse ischemia of critical organs, and (3) the tissue injury – known as reperfusion injury – that stems from uncontrolled reintroduction of oxygen after ischemia. These are critical barriers which drive current resuscitation paradigms forcing efforts to focus on minimizing delays in resuscitation at the scene and on devising approaches to augment the hemodynamic efficacy of the resuscitation efforts. Efforts to overcome the first two barriers coupled with improved post-resuscitation care – including hypothermia in unresponsive victims, percutaneous coronary interventions when suspected coronary etiology, and dedicated post-resuscitation critical care – have resulted in encouraging but modest increases in survival in recent years. Regarding reperfusion injury, growing basic and translational research supports that reperfusion injury can be attenuated through pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions resulting in improved resuscitation outcomes. Main contributors to reperfusion injury include Ca2+ overload1,2 and generation of reactive oxygen species3 which exert injury mostly through compromising mitochondrial function. Recent studies aimed at examining the effects of protecting mitochondria from reperfusion injury during cardiac resuscitation indicate that preservation of mitochondrial bioenergetic function in the myocardium helps restoration of cardiac activity and sustained post-resuscitation circulation. In this article, we first provide a brief overview of mitochondria pertinent to their role in resuscitation followed by a discussion of myocardial abnormalities that occur during cardiac resuscitation and which could be minimized by interventions protecting mitochondrial bioenergetic function. These interventions represent work – mostly from our Resuscitation Institute – using inhibitors of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1) and erythropoietin.
Children's Perceived Water Futures in the United States Southwest

This study examines children's perceptions of water via 3,120 pieces of artwork collected from 1,560 schoolchildren (age 9-11) in Arizona, United States, with a specific focus on how these are gendered. Each child produced two pieces of art, one depicting water in their community today and one 100 years in the future. Using content analysis, the study finds that (1) students' depictions of the future contain statistically significantly more pollution and scarcity and less vegetation than those of the present; (2) girls are statistically significantly more likely than boys to draw vegetation in the present and future, domestic water uses in the future, and everyday technologies in the future; and (3) boys are statistically significantly more likely than girls to draw natural sources of water in the present and technological innovations in the future. The study also explores thematic differences in children's depictions of natural environments, domestic water use, water technologies, and dystopic water futu...
OCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF NEEDLE PERFORATIONS DURING RETROBULBAR AND PERIBULBAR INJECTIONS

Abstract As a whole, the complication rate of retrobulbar and peribulbar injections is low, especially if done correctly (see appendix I). Side effects, however, can be extremely serious, and alternative methods such as topical or sub-Tenon's anesthesia should be considered (see appendix II), particularly when evaluating monocular patients with high-risk characteristics.
The maximum covering/shortest path problem: A multiobjective network design and routing formulation

Abstract In this paper the authors introduce the maximum covering/shortest path problem and the maximum population/shortest path problem, a special case of the former model. Both models are formulated as two objective integer programs. A summary of the results of a sample problem for the latter formulation is given. Possible modifications to, and extensions and applications of both models are also presented. With these formulations the authors extend the concept of ‘coverage’ from facility location analysis to network design and routing analysis.
The topological meaning of non-abelian anomalies

Abstract We show how the non-abelian anomaly for gauge fields coupled to Weyl fermions in 2n dimensions is related to the non-trivial topology of gauge orbit space. The form of the anomaly and its normalization are shown to follow from a familiar index theorem for a certain (2n + 2)-dimensional Dirac operator. We are thus able to recover and give topological meaning to a variety of results concerning anomalies in 4- and higher-dimensional theories.
Roamers versus biters: a rhetorical examination of the differences between Woodbury and the Prison Group in The Walking Dead comics

The Walking Dead has been a primary contributor to the resurgence of zombie narratives in the twenty-first century, and that, in part, has been due to the series’ verisimilitude afforded to the characters through the story’s narrative and writing. To that end, the current research employs rhetorical analysis to explore the opposing worldviews of the series’ protagonist, Rick Grimes (and his fellow survivors), with the perspective of the town of Woodbury and their leader, the Governor. The analysis reveals that Rick’s group views zombies akin to wild and feral animals, while the Governor views them as combatants engaged in battle.
Eye Trauma: The Neglected Disorder

Eye trauma is a leading cause of significant visual impairment involving hundreds of thousands of Americans. Yet it has not received the attention it merits. See also pp 1435 and 1473. • Over 2.4 million eye injuries occur each year.1 • Eye injury is second only to cataracts as the most common cause of visual impairment.1 • Forty thousand patients annually are left with a significant visual impairment1 after eye trauma. • An estimated 938 000 individuals in the United States have injury-induced visual impairment, with over 75% of these being monocularly blind.1 • One of every 20 patients seen by an ophthalmologist is there because of an eye injury.1 • Injury is second only to cataract and strabismus as the leading cause for hospitalization. With the increasing use of outpatient surgery, injury will be even more important as an indication for hospitalization in the future.1 Given the scope of
A BENCHMARKING FRAMEWORK FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

In this article, we suggest that the framework required to support quality improvement is composed of three interdependent levels: the strategic level, the operational level, and the tactical level. We discuss example strategies that have been used suc..
Current concepts and therapeutic strategies for allergic rhinitis in school-age children.

Abstract Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common debilitating disorder that can adversely affect the quality oflife and the academic performance of school-age children. Symptoms during the day can hamper concentration and lead to learning problems. Nocturnal symptoms can cause sleep loss and secondary daytime fatigue, further undermining a child's ability to function well during the school day Oral antihistamines are the foundation of pharmacologic therapy, but there are important differences between the agents. Objective: The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the diagnostic and treatment challenges posed by AR in school-age children. The paper discusses and compares the available treatment modalities for this age group, with a focus on their beneficial and adverse effects. Methods: Pertinent articles were identified in the literature through a MEDLINE search (1990–2003). Keywords used were antihistamines cetirizine fexofenadine loratadine desloratadine intranasal corticosteroids and CNS effects . Results of numerous clinical trials of first-generation early second-generation and the newer antihistamines were identified. Results: This review established that the socioeconomic costs of AR are considerable. In children aged ≥12 years, direct US expenditures (eg, physician visits, medications) in 1996 amounted to $2.3 billion. Indirect costs measured by variables such as missed school days and poor performance also have an impact Major concerns include underdiagnosis and inadequate treatment, increasing the risk of serious comorbid conditions such as asthma. Advantages and drawbacks of antihistamines show that first-generation agents (eg, hydroxyzine) are effective and readily available over the counter, but are associated with sedation and the potential for suboptimal dosing. Newer agents, such as cetirizine, loratadine, desloratadine, and fexofenadine are effective and safer than the older drugs tie, no cardiotoxicity and less sedation). Of these, fexofenadine has been shown to be beneficial and nonsedating, even at higher-than-recommended doses. Other therapies reviewed include intranasal corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers. Conclusions: AR has a considerable negative impact on children in terms of their physical, social, and psychological well-being and academic performance. An appropriate treatment must be effective and tolerable. Of particular importance for enhancing treatment adherence in the school-age population are pleasant taste and ease of use of medication. A drug that has minimal or no sedative or anticholinergic effects is optimal.
Quality control of bacterial mRNA decoding and decay

Studies in eukaryotes and prokaryotes have revealed that gene expression is not only controlled through altering the rate of transcription but also through varying rates of translation and mRNA decay. Indeed, the expression level of a protein is strongly affected by the steady state level of its mRNA. RNA decay can, along with transcription, play an important role in regulating gene expression by fine-tuning the steady state level of a given transcript and affecting its subsequent decoding during translation. Alterations in mRNA stability can in turn have dramatic effects on cell physiology and as a consequence the fitness and survival of the organism. Recent evidence suggests that mRNA decay can be regulated in response to environmental cues in order to enable the organism to adapt to its changing surroundings. Bacteria have evolved unique post transcriptional control mechanisms to enact such adaptive responses through: 1) general mRNA decay, 2) differential mRNA degradation using small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs), and 3) selective mRNA degradation using the tmRNA quality control system. Here, we review our current understanding of these molecular mechanisms, gleaned primarily from studies of the model gram negative organism Escherichia coli, that regulate the stability and degradation of normal and defective transcripts.
A new FIR filterbank design algorithm using frequency scaling and modulation

Digital filterbanks, an important signal processing tool, are used in a radar signal processor to measure target range and/or velocity [4]. The windowed FFT is the most common radar filterbank. The FFT is a special case of modulated filterbank. Modulated filterbanks subdivide the frequency region by modulating a prototype baseband filter. This baseband filter usually satisfies certain frequency response constraints. Filterbanks used in radar applications are not concerned with reconstruction as are wavelet-based approaches [2], but rather with how well the filters subdivide the frequency region into a prescribed number of equal frequency regions. Wavelets use time decimation or frequency scaling to form filterbanks. This paper focuses on using a wavelet-like scaling approach along with modulation to design a digital filterbank. However, we are not concerned with reconstruction but with the subdivision of the frequency region into a prescribed number of equal segments. It will be shown that this new design algorithm has a frequency response performance comparable to existing techniques but with less computational effort. The performance measures considered are rejection of out of bands signals, uniformity of inband signal gain, and transition width from inband to stopband.
Mechanisms of anterior segment absorption of pilocarpine following subconjunctival injection in albino rabbits

The present study was initiated to provide insight into the mechanisms of drug availability from subconjunctival injection. Pilocarpine nitrate was the probe drug, and the albino rabbit was the experimental animal. Several volumes, from 50 to 500 μl, of drug solution were injected subconjunctivally; drug levels were monitored in the tear, cornea, aqueous humor, and blood as a function of time. The injection site also was examined for residual drug postdosing. Finally, drug was placed in the subconjunctival space either by injection through the conjunctival membrane or through the eyelid. From these experiments, it was concluded that at high injection volumes, i.e., 200 μl, reflux of the drug solution out of the injection site, followed by corneal absorption, is the primary mechanism to explain aqueous humor availability of the drug. At lower injection volumes, multiple mechanisms, including reflux of drug from the injection site and transconjunctival permeation, penetration of the globe of the eye, and systemic absorption followed by return via the vascular bed, are necessary to explain drug absorption. High aqueous humor levels of pilocarpine can be achieved from subconjunctival injection as compared to the topical route, provided that large injection volumes, i.e., > 200 μl, are employed and correspondingly greater amounts of drug are administered. No true sustaining of drug availability to the aqueous chamber was noted, but local sustaining at the injection site was evident.
Atoms for Peace

Did the 50-year-old Atoms for Peace program accelerate nuclweapons proliferation? The juhas been in for some time on this question, and the answer is yes.
Economic outcomes of withdrawal of digoxin therapy in adult patients with stable congestive heart failure

Objectives. This study sought to analyze the health and economic outcomes of withdrawal of digoxin therapy among U.S. adult patients with stable congestive heart failure. Background. New information regarding the outcomes of digoxin withdrawal has been provided by the Prospective Randomized Study of Ventricular Failure and Efficacy of Digoxin (PROVED) and Randomized Assessment of Digoxin and Inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (RADIANCE) trials. We interpreted and extrapolated the results of these trials to describe implications on a national level. Methods. We used a decision-analytic model to estimate the outcomes of two alternative strategies to 1) continue and 2) withdraw digoxin in patients with congestive heart failure with normal sinus rhythm, New York Heart Association functional class II or III and left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35%. Epidemiologic assumptions were derived from published reports and expert opinion. Assumptions regarding the effectiveness of digoxin therapy were derived from the RADIANCE and PROVED digoxin withdrawal trials. Hospital and Medicare data were used for economic assumptions. Calculated outcomes included treatment failures, cases of digoxin toxicity and health care costs. Results. The continuation of digoxin therapy in these patients with congestive heart failure nationally would avoid an estimated 185,000 clinic visits, 27,000 emergency visits and 137,000 hospital admissions for congestive heart failure. After accounting for an estimated 12,500 cases of digoxin toxicity, the net annual savings would be $406 million, with a 90% range of uncertainty of $106 to $822 million. One-way sensitivity analysis indicated that digoxin therapy is cost-saving when the assumed annual incidence of digoxin toxicity is ≤33%. Conclusions. The continuation of digoxin therapy in patients with stable congestive heart failure should be strongly considered, because this strategy is likely to lead to both lower costs and greater health benefits on the basis of available information.
A New Circuit for Pulse Shape Discrimination

A new electronic circuit has been developed for discriminating between pulses induced by neutrons and gammas in organic detectors. Both stilbene and NE 213 may be used as detectors with no change in the pulse shape discriminator circuit. The circuit is contained in an AEC module of standard dimensions and is designed to be compatible with modular counting systems. Pulse shape discrimination is obtained by comparing the light emitted during the early part of the pulse with the light emitted in the first 1 ? sec interval. New electronic techniques employed in the comparison circuits make it possible to achieve an electronic dead time of less than L5 ? sec. Two logic signals are provided to identify neutron and gamma pulses so that neutron and gamma spectroscopy may be simultaneously performed. The time at which these logic signals appear is defined by the application of a.marker to the circuit. The circuit has been used over a neutran energy range of 1 - 15 MeV and applied to the measurement of energy spectra from neutron sources and to photoneutron spectroscopy.
A note on the recoverability and uniqueness of changing tastes

Abstract This paper demonstrates that it will be impossible, by observing an agent's demand behavior, to either refute or confirm the general taste change hypothesis without substantially restricting the class of eligible preferences.
Weaving Genetically Engineered Functionality into Mechanically Robust Virus Fibers

Despite the increasing need for material multifunctionality in optical and semiconducting fibers, antimicrobial textiles, molecular-filtration membranes, and other applications, the production of functionalized fibers has posed a challenge in materials science and engineering. Here we report the design and synthesis of fibers with genetically controllable and functionalized surfaces using M13 filamentous viruses (or bacteriophages). This work applies genetic engineering, chemical conjugation, and biotemplating methods to produce continuous fibers of centimeter-scale length and micrometer-scale diameter from nanometer-scale virus scaffolds. In addition, we find the virus fibers to be mechanically comparable to synthetic homopolymer fibers. The tunable functionalities and mechanical properties of the virus fibers show the promise of these high-aspect-ratio structures as useful materials for various applications including detection, catalysis, energy storage, and power generation. Increasing demand for tuning the molecular dimensions, structures, and functionalities in nanoscience has driven the search for materials with precisely controllable properties. Fibers are currently used in energy and electronic applications to obtain high energy density, energy capacity, and transportation efficiency, which may all be further improved by using nanostructured materials. [1–4] Synthetic polymers are commonly used as fiber materials; [5,6] however, as it is difficult to
Outcomes for Drug-Exposed Children Four Years Post-Adoption.

Abstract Prenatally drug-exposed ( n = 220) and not drug-exposed ( n = 201) children adopted as infants and older children were compared four years after adoption on a range of outcome indicators. The median age at assessment was 54 months. Drug-exposed and not drug-exposed children were alike on most outcome indicators. Parental satisfaction with the adoption was high and equivalent for parents of drug-exposed and not drug-exposed children. Especially close relationships between parents of drug-exposed children suggest that these children are able to reciprocate affection. Taken together, these findings add to the growing body of evidence that drug-exposed children will respond positively to nurturing environments and that adoption of drugexposed children is as satisfying as adoption of other children.
Thinking between the lines: literacy and learning in a connected world

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight trends affecting student writing and studying in the twenty‐first century and, as a consequence, the changing nature of literacy in this digital era.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses Thomas Friedman's concept of “flattener” technologies that are creating new levels of access and participation around the globe to emphasize changes that learners and schools need to use to become literate. Making use of a vignette followed by discussion of the research relevant to these developments, the features and distinguishing characteristics of these literacies are explored.Findings – Six overarching recommendations for capitalizing on present and future innovations in technology and communication that provide new potential for twenty‐first century learning and future consciousness are made: competence; convergence; curriculum; customization; collaboration; and connectivism.Originality/value – The paper provides an overview and insight into some of the many...
On the noncompliant research subject in a study of medical noncompliance

Abstract The importance of the patient's compliance to a prescribed medical regimen has long beenrecognized by physicians [3]. Failure to adhere to a medical treatment program poses grave consequences to the patient. In an effort to better understand the problem of noncompliant patients, researchers are attempting to delineate possible factors influencing medical conformance. Such aspects as etiology, developmental level, adjustment or acceptance, and personality/behavioural factors are being investigated as affecting the management of the medical condition. Although several methods have been used to conduct research [1], probably the most useful approach is to study patients who are not complying to their medical regimen [2]. This procedure allows more naturalistic study and direct applicability. This report summarizes an abortive attempt to study the topic of compliance/ noncompliance in a medical setting.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of key joint variables on the static and fatigue performance of bonded metallic single-lap joints

In this paper, numerical and experimental methods are employed to investigate the effect of surface preparation, adhesive type and thickness, and nanoparticle enrichment on the mechanical performance of bonded metallic single-lap joints. Adherents are made of similar materials; namely, steel-on-steel or aluminum-on-aluminum. Investigated surface preparation variables include roughness and scratch orientation. Adhesive-related variables include thickness, type, and nanoparticle enrichment. Four different commercially available adhesives are investigated, some of which are nanoparticle enriched for the purpose of this study. Static and/or fatigue testing as well as damage analysis-based numerical prediction of joint performance, are provided. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is used for macro joint characterization through the micro observation of joint fracture surfaces. Experimental fatigue data correlates reasonably well with the numerical results obtained from damage-coupled cohesive model of the adhe...
Histochemical localization of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain

Molluscan cardioexcitatory neuropeptide or FMRFamide is present in the invertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and FMRFamide like peptide has been demonstrated in the mammalian CNS. In this study, the distribution of FMRFamide immunoreactivity was studied in rat brain using the indirect immunofluorescent method. The highest number of FMRFamide staining cell bodies was found in the nucleus (n) arcuatus. N. paraventricularis, n. hypothalamus, n. ventromedialis, n. dorsomedialis and n. tractus solitarii also contained high numbers. FMRFamide positive nerve fibers and terminals were widely distributed. The septal complex contained high densities, especially in n. interstitialis striae terminalis. N. paraventricularis hypothalami, n. paraventricularis, n. hypothalamicus, n. ventromedialis and n. dorsomedialis showed a high to very high degree of immunoreactivity. In myelencephalon, n. tractus solitarii had the densest innervation. Spinal cord had a dense band of FMRFamide positive fibers in lamina I and II of the dorsal horn. The present findings support a neurotransmitter role for a FMRFamide like peptide in the mammalian brain, possibly related to endocrine and autonomic regulation as well as pain modulation.
Relaxometry of calf lens homogenates, including cross-relaxation by crystallin NH groups.

We studied the magnetic field dependence of the longitudinal relaxation rates of water protons (1/T1 nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles) in transparent homogenates of calf lens. The samples included nuclear homogenates with total (heterogeneous) crystallin contents between 34% (v/v) (native) and 14% (diluted) as well as cortical homogenate, 21% (native) and 34% (concentrated). The NMRD profiles had two components: a monotonic dispersive component (analogous to that of both globular protein solutions and diamagnetic tissue) and “14N quadrupolar peaks.” 14N peaks have never been reported for protein solutions, only for tissues and dehydrated proteins. These peaks occur between 0.5 and 5 MHz proton Larmor frequency and arise from interactions of solvent water protons with NH moieties of proteins. The 14N peaks in lens cytoplasm are very large and may correlate with the crystallin structure and interactions required to maintain short-range order and lens transparency. The monotonic and 14N quadrupolar components were largest in concentrated samples, but with different concentration dependencies. The dispersive components of samples above ≈ 19% protein concentration had a fixed functional form, the amplitude of which vaned with protein volume fraction, f, by the multiplicative factor f/(1 - f), suggesting spatial organization and dynamics of the solute proteins that are relatively independent of water content. In contrast, at concentrations less than 19%, the NMRD profiles are concentration dependent, indicating a dependence of the orientational relaxation time of the proteins on protein-protein interactions seen previously in other globular proteins at these concentrations. The 14N peaks are not resolved below ≈ 19% protein and increase linearly with incremental volume fraction at protein concentrations above 19%. In addition, the 14N peaks in nuclear homogenates are 50–100% larger than those ofcortical homogenates at the same concentrations. Partial substitution of solvent D2O for H2O decreases the peak heights, indicating that an exchangeable proton mediates the interaction between solvent protons and protein 14N nuclei. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Online learning in decentralized multi-user spectrum access with synchronized explorations

In this paper we consider decentralized multi-user online learning of unused spectrum bands as an opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) problem. There is a set of M secondary users exploiting the spectrum opportunities in K channels. We develop a distributed algorithm for the secondary users that will learn the optimal allocation with logarithmic regret. Thus, our algorithm achieves the fastest convergence rate to the optimal allocation. In a more general framework, our algorithm gives an order optimal solution to the decentralized multi-player multi-armed bandit problem with general reward functions.
Social Disadvantage and Family Violence: Neighborhood Effects on Attitudes about Intimate Partner Violence and Corporal Punishment

Social disorganization theory asserts that neighborhood composition affects levels of violence within the community. The purpose of this article is to analyze the bivariate effects of social disorganization, crime, and collective efficacy, in addition to the individual factors of gender, race, and a history of child maltreatment, on the acceptance of using violence within the family. Data from the Norfolk Police Department (2000–2004), 2000 Census, and 2006 Norfolk Residents’ Attitudes about Crime Survey were used to determine differences in approval of family violence. Results indicated that approval for family violence is an individual-level phenomenon as well as a community-level occurrence. Various aspects of family violence elicit different levels of tolerance by both micro- and macro-level characteristics. Implications are discussed.
yrGATE: a web-based gene-structure annotation tool for the identification and dissemination of eukaryotic genes

Your Gene structure Annotation Tool for Eukaryotes (yrGATE) provides an Annotation Tool and Community Utilities for worldwide web-based community genome and gene annotation. Annotators can evaluate gene structure evidence derived from multiple sources to create gene structure annotations. Administrators regulate the acceptance of annotations into published gene sets. yrGATE is designed to facilitate rapid and accurate annotation of emerging genomes as well as to confirm, refine, or correct currently published annotations. yrGATE is highly portable and supports different standard input and output formats. The yrGATE software and usage cases are available at http://www.plantgdb.org/prj/yrGATE.
Stable task load balancing strategies for Cooperative control of networked autonomous air vehicles

We introduce a mathematical model for the study of cooperative control problems for multiple autonomous air vehicles (AAVs) connected via a communication network. We propose a cooperative control strategy based on task-load balancing that seeks to ensure that no vehicle is underutilized and we show how to characterize task-load balancing as a stability property. Then, using Lyapunov stability analysis, we provide conditions under which task-load balancing is achieved even in the presence of communication delays. Finally, we investigate performance properties of the cooperative controller using Monte Carlo simulations. This shows the benefits of cooperation and the effects of network delays and communication topology on performance
Preservice elementary teachers' adaptation of science curriculum materials for inquiry‐based elementary science

Curriculum materials are important resources with which teachers make pedagogical decisions about the design of science learning environments. To become well-started beginning elementary teachers capable of engaging their students in inquiry-based science, preservice elementary teachers need to learn to use science curriculum materials effectively. Thus far, few other studies have investigated how preservice elementary teachers adapt science curriculum materials to better reflect five essential features of inquiry-based teaching and learning articulated in contemporary science education reform. Findings from previous research suggest that preservice elementary teachers can productively adapt science curriculum materials to make them more inquiry-based. The mixed-methods study presented here extends these findings by illustrating the essential features of inquiry preservice teachers emphasize in their curricular adaptations and the specific types of adaptations the preservice teachers make. Results suggest that the preservice teachers consistently attended to all five essential features of inquiry in their curricular adaptations. The types of adaptations that they made to promote each of these features of inquiry provide insight into their curriculum design practices and learning about science as inquiry that can serve as important leverage points for teacher education experiences and curriculum materials designed to support elementary teachers' science teaching practice and learning. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed95:927–955, 2011
Analysis of shielding enclosures using the multilevel plane wave time domain algorithm

While both integral and differential equation based time domain solvers have been known to the CEM community for many years, the latter are usually chosen for analyzing EMI/EMC problems. This is due to the fact that classical time domain integral equation solvers, such as the marching-on-in-time (MOT) method, suffer from a high computational complexity. Indeed, the memory requirements and the computational cost associated with the MOT method scale as O(N/sub S//sup 2/) and O(N/sub T/N/sub S//sup 2/), where N/sub T/ is the duration of the simulation in terms of time steps and N/sub S/ is the number of spatial unknowns. To reduce these costs, the multilevel plane wave time domain algorithm (MLPWTD) was introduced previously; this algorithm reduces the memory requirements and computational cost to O(N/sub T/N/sub S/) and O(N/sub T/N/sub S/ log/sup 2/ N/sub S/), respectively. This paper illustrates the application of the MLPWTD solver to the analysis of radiation characteristics of wires and perfect electrically conducting (PEC) modules on motherboard configurations that reside in shielding enclosures. Numerical results are presented that demonstrate the efficacy and applicability of the algorithm to the analysis of complex structures.
The Inbreeding Effective Population Number in Dioecious Populations

The inbreeding effective population number in a dioecious population with discrete, nonoverlapping generations is investigated for both autosomal and X-linked loci. The recursion relations for the probabilities of genic identity, and the effective population numbers are analyzed and compared in two cases: (i) the offspring identified by sex in the calculation of the probability of common parentage and (ii) the offspring not so identified. Case i gives the correct evolution of the probabilities of identity, but case ii has been more widely studied and applied. A general symmetric framework that reduces the number of parameters is developed and used to examine a wide variety of models of panmixia and monogamy. Cases i and ii agree in many, but not all, models.
Determining the Factor Structure of the Stanford-Binet: Fourth Edition-The Right Choice

In an invited address, R. M. Thorndike recently provided a critical review of several factor analytic studies that address the construct validity of the Stanford-Binet: Fourth Edition. After reviewing the studies, he characterizes a particular set of factor analytic strategies he used as representing the “right” choice. In this article I briefly review techniques for establishing construct validity in general and his arguments in particular. I conclude by recommending consideration of a confirmatory factor analysis followed by related hypotheses testing procedures (e.g., the LISREL program) for the purpose of establshing model-specific construct validity.
Competitiveness of herbicide-resistant and herbicide-susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia [L.] Schrad.) under contrasting management practises

Kochia (Kochia scoparia [L.] Schrad.), also known as fireweed, belvedere, burning bush, railroad weed or summer cypress, was first introduced to the USA in the early 1900s as an ornamental plant from Eurasia (Undersander et al. 1990). Although it has been grown as a drought-resistant forage crop, this annual plant is a particularly problematic weed in small grain-cropping systems in North America. Kochia is drought-tolerant, has a deep taproot, and its branched stem can grow to a height of almost 2.5 m, making this species an effective competitor for light, nutrients, and soil moisture. Additionally, kochia can produce thousands of seeds per plant and is able to spread these seeds long distances very quickly due to its ability to disperse (as a “tumbleweed”) during windstorms.
Vintages and Traditions: An Ethnohistory of Southwest French Wine Cooperatives

Vintages and Traditions: An Ethnohistory of Southwest French Wine Cooperatives. Robert C. Ulin. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996. 300 pp.
Fault models and test generation for hardware-software covalidation

Mixed hardware-software systems constitute a strong paradigm shift for system validation. The main barriers to overcome are finding the right fault models and optimizing the validation flow. This article presents a research summary of these issues.
Beyond biogeographic patterns: processes shaping the microbial landscape

Recently, microbiologists have established the existence of biogeographic patterns among a wide range of microorganisms. The focus of the field is now shifting to identifying the mechanisms that shape these patterns. Here, we propose that four processes — selection, drift, dispersal and mutation — create and maintain microbial biogeographic patterns on inseparable ecological and evolutionary scales. We consider how the interplay of these processes affects one biogeographic pattern, the distance-decay relationship, and review evidence from the published literature for the processes driving this pattern in microorganisms. Given the limitations of inferring processes from biogeographic patterns, we suggest that studies should focus on directly testing the underlying processes.
A visualization paradigm for network intrusion detection

We present a novel paradigm for visual correlation of network alerts from disparate logs. This paradigm facilitates and promotes situational awareness in complex network environments. Our approach is based on the notion that, by definition, an alert must possess three attributes, namely: what, when, and where. This fundamental premise, which we term w/sup 3/, provides a vehicle for comparing between seemingly disparate events. We propose a concise and scalable representation of these three attributes, that leads to a flexible visualization tool that is also clear and intuitive to use. Within our system, alerts can be grouped and viewed hierarchically with respect to both their type, i.e., the what, and to their where attributes. Further understanding is gained by displaying the temporal distribution of alerts to reveal complex attack trends. Finally, we propose a set of visual metaphor extensions that augment the proposed paradigm and enhance users' situational awareness. These metaphors direct the attention of users to many-to-one correlations within the current display helping them detect abnormal network activity.
High frequency betatrons

The scaling of the betatron technique with the use of high-frequency, low-loss magnetic materials (ferrites, Metglas, etc.) is discussed. Because of synchrotron radiation, the maximum betatron energy E/sub max/(GeV) scales as approximately 0.013 f(Hz)/B/sub s//sup 2/(T), where B/sub s/ is the maximum magnetic field on the orbit and f is the full-wave acceleration frequency. Eddy current losses in laminated iron limit f to approximately 120 Hz, thereby limiting E/sub max/ to 300-400 MeV for a classical betatron, with a low acceleration gradient, and low current. With low-loss, high-frequency materials, one may consider f approximately 1-100 kHz and energies in the gigaelectronvolt regime, or betatrons with substantially higher current. Practical considerations, potential advantages, and possible applications are considered. >
Fetal cardiovascular hemodynamics in the presence of complete atrioventricular block

OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to follow serially the hemodynamic adaptation to a congenital complete heart block in a human fetus. STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal and serial M-mode and Doppler echocardiography over a 10-week span were performed on a fetus affected by complete heart block. Ventricular fractional shortening, size, and flow across the atrioventricular valves and outflow tracts were determined starting at 20 weeks up to the time of delivery. Neonatal Doppler follow-up was performed at 2 days of life after implantation of a temporary pacemaker. RESULTS: The right and left ventricles were able to adapt to sustained bradycardia by increasing their size. This ventricular dilatation was also asspciated with an increase in fractional shortening, which was associated with ventricular free wall hypertrophy. When ventricular heart rate decreased to 38 beats/min, fractional shortening decreased, this was associated with the rapid onset of ascites and pericardial effusion. CONCLUSION: In the presence of sustained bradycardia ventricular output can increase, because this fetus was able to increase ventricular size and fractional shortening and wall thickness.
Wideband passive multiport model order reduction and realization of RLCM circuits

This paper presents a novel compact passive modeling technique for high-performance RF passive and interconnect circuits modeled as high-order resistor-inductor-capacitor-mutual inductance circuits. The new method is based on a recently proposed general s-domain hierarchical modeling and analysis method and vector potential equivalent circuit model for self and mutual inductances. Theoretically, this paper shows that s-domain hierarchical reduction is equivalent to implicit moment matching at around s=0 and that the existing hierarchical reduction method by one-point expansion is numerically stable for general tree-structured circuits. It is also shown that hierarchical reduction preserves the reciprocity of passive circuit matrices. Practically, a hierarchical multipoint reduction scheme to obtain accurate-order reduced admittance matrices of general passive circuits is proposed. A novel explicit waveform-matching algorithm is proposed for searching dominant poles and residues from different expansion points based on the unique hierarchical reduction framework. To enforce passivity, state-space-based optimization is applied to the model order reduced admittance matrix. Then, a general multiport network realization method to realize the passivity-enforced reduced admittance based on the relaxed one-port network synthesis technique using Foster's canonical form is proposed. The resulting modeling algorithm can generate the multiport passive SPICE-compatible model for any linear passive network with easily controlled model accuracy and complexity. Experimental results on an RF spiral inductor and a number of high-speed transmission line circuits are presented. In comparison with other approaches, the proposed reduction is as accurate as passive reduced-order interconnect macromodeling algorithm in the high-frequency domain due to the enhanced multipoint expansion, but leads to smaller realized circuit models. In addition, under the same reduction ratio, realized models by the new method have less error compared with reduced circuits by time-constant-based reduction techniques in time domain.
Oxide roughness induced fluctuation effects in nanoscale MOSFET devices

Oxide roughness induced fluctuation effects in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistors (MOSFET) are analyzed by using the linearization (perturbation) technique. The oxide thickness is considered a random variable in the framework of the transport equations and all fluctuating quantities are linearized around their average values. Numerical results for a MOSFET device with simplified structure are presented for the fluctuations of the terminal currents and threshold voltage. Quantum mechanical effects are taken into consideration by using the Density-Gradient model.
Control of galactosyl‐sugar metabolism in relation to rate of germination

The storage sugars stachyose and raffinose (galactosyl derivatives of sucrose) are metabolized early during germination of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds. The activities of four enzymes involved in the catabolism of these sugars were monitored in soybean cotyledons and embryonic axes during a 7-day germination period. An increase in enzyme activities correlated with a decline in galactosyl sugars. In embryonic axes, uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPglc)-hexose-l-P uridyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12), an enzyme characteristic of the Leloir pathway, predominated over galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.10), an enzyme characteristic of the pyrophosphorylase pathway; whereas in cotyledons, the situation was reversed. There were differences between two cultivars. Ransom and Amsoy, in the levels of UDPglc-4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2); but not in glucose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (EC 2 7.7.9). An accelerated aging treatment had a significant effect on the development of embryonic axes, as measured by dry weight. In vitro aging of seeds reduced the rate of growth and resulted in higher levels of galactose-containing sugars and significantly lower levels of UDPglc-hexose-l-P uridyltransferase. Thus, reduced development may be related to inability to mobilize or utilize stored carbon reserves. However, it has not been proved that the reduced enzyme activity is responsible for the effects of accelerated aging on growth and sugar metabolism.
1,8H-PERFLUOROCYCLOOCTATETRAENE AND ITS CONGENERS. DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM AMONG FOUR VALENCE ISOMERS

Synthesized from hexafluorobenzene, the title compound was found to interconvert readily via bond–shift isomerization and electrocyclization with significant amounts of three other valence isomers. The mobile equilibria were revealed by 19F NMR spectroscopy, and spin–saturation transfer experiments played a key role in identifying the isomers, tracing their interconversions, and assigning their spectra. The influence of fluorine substitution on the stability of carbon–carbon double bonds and of 4-membered rings is discussed in the light of these results.