cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Working sets and near-optimality

In [1] Denning concludes from numerous observations of program behaviour that the WS algorithm with a single window size 8 is likely to "deliver throughput typically no worse than 10 percent from optimum". The authors of [2] report about observations of a set of programs, which requires several different window sizes for a i0 percent detuned WS algorithm. The purpose of this short note is to illustrate with the help of simple analysis why the observations reported in [1] were likely in the past and why observations like those of [2] become more and more likely in the future. To this end we introduce the notion of "degree of locality" and show that the locality set size and the degree of locality have impact on the optimal windowsize.
The Unique Role of Spirituality in the Process of Growth Following Stress and Trauma

This study investigated the unique contributions and moderating effects of positive and negative experiences of spirituality in predicting variance in stress-related growth and positive affect over and above the variance explained by the domains of the Five-Factor Model of Personality, social support, perceived stress, and gender in a sample of 109 male and 320 female volunteers. Responses were analyzed using hierarchical linear regression. Results indicated that faith maturity predicted unique variance in stress-related growth after controlling for the influence of personality and gender; faith maturity and spiritual struggle predicted significant unique additional variance in positive affect over and above the variance predicted by personality, social support, and stress-related growth; and spiritual struggle moderated the relationship between stress-related growth and positive affect. The implications of these results are discussed in light of Park’s (Journal of Social Issues 61:707–729, 2005) model of religion as a meaning-making framework.
Circulatory Assistance with a Cardiac Allograft after Exclusion of the Canine Left Ventricle

Cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction still carries a high mortality despite use of intraaortic counterpulsation and early surgical revascularization. An experimental canine model of left ventricular exclusion and circulation support was developed by closing the mitral valve and by interposing "in series" a cardiac allograft between pulmonary and systemic circulations. This preparation was able to support the recipient circulation after cardiopulmonary bypass in 25 animals. In 16 dogs the graft sustained life for from 1 to 32 days. It is hypothesized that such left ventricular assistance could be used to maintain the life of patients in cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction. By providing maximal left ventricular decompression and improvement of the native coronary perfusion, this method may reverse the metabolic imbalance responsible for extension of the infarction, thereby salvaging muscle that is in jeopardy but still viable.
Incentives and risk aversion in the provision of a public input

Abstract The effects on the incentive properties of the Groves mechanism resulting from uncertainty and risk averse division managers are investigated. Presuming that the conglomerate organization wishes to provide a level of public input that maximizes expected total division profit, it is shown that, using the Groves mechanism, each division manager will reveal his expected profit schedule provided he is risk neutral or he knows his own division's profit schedule. If the manager is risk averse and does not know his own profit function, then he can reduce the risk in his profits (net of Groves' taxes) by revealing a false expected profit schedule.
Anticipated Use of EMR Functions and Physician Characteristics

Despite the numerous purported benefits of Electronic Medical Records (EMR), medical practices have been extremely reluctant to embrace the technology. One of the barriers believed to be responsible for the slow adoption of EMR technology is resistance by many physicians who are not convinced of the usefulness of EMR systems. This study used a mail survey of physicians associated with a multi-specialty clinic to examine potential characteristics of physicians that might help identify those individuals that are most likely to pose a threat to the successful EMR implementation. Age and gender of the physicians was generally not associated with anticipated use. However, an analysis of variance indicated self-rated computer knowledge and area of medical specialty were highly related to expected use of EMR functions. Results indicating that anticipated use of various EMR functions depend on medical specialty denotes one of the many difficulties of developing EMR systems for multi-specialty clinics.
The refractive index and electronic gap of water and ice increase with increasing pressure.

Determining the electronic and dielectric properties of water at high pressure and temperature is an essential prerequisite to understand the physical and chemical properties of aqueous environments under supercritical conditions, for example, in the Earth interior. However, optical measurements of compressed ice and water remain challenging, and it has been common practice to assume that their band gap is inversely correlated with the measured refractive index, consistent with observations reported for hundreds of materials. Here we report ab initio molecular dynamics and electronic structure calculations showing that both the refractive index and the electronic gap of water and ice increase with increasing pressure, at least up to 30 GPa. Subtle electronic effects, related to the nature of interband transitions and band edge localization under pressure, are responsible for this apparently anomalous behaviour. The properties of water at pressures above 10 GPa are currently inaccessible to experiments, but crucial to the understanding of water in the Earth crust and mantle. Pan et al. show that both the electronic gap and refractive index of water increase with pressure in ab initiosimulations.
Effect of inhibition of histidine decarboxylase on implantation in the mouse.

Abstract When Brocresine, an inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase as well as of other pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylases, was injected into mice during the preimplantation stages of pregnancy, the number of blastocysts implanting was significantly reduced. Administration of histamine overcame the effect.
Provenance and accumulation rates of opaline silica, Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni and Co in Pacific pelagic sediments

Abstract Accumulation rates and chemical compositions have been obtained for pelagic sediments for 73 locations in the Pacific and for 11 in the Indian Ocean. The data for the Pacific show that many elements accumulate rapidly close to the continents and slowly in the central part of the ocean. This pattern is interrupted by two major zones of relatively high accumulation rates, one along the Equator and one along the East Pacific Rise. Deposition of opaline silica is almost completely restricted to areas of known high biological productivities at the Equator and at very high latitudes. Cu and Ni show stronger tendencies than Fe and Mn to precipitate with opaline silica. The highest accumulation rates of Fe and Mn in the open Pacific occur along the East Pacific Rise, to some extent also Cu and Ni are enriched there due to volcanic processes. Al and Ti show high accumulation rates only close to the continents; these elements appear to be almost completely terrigenous. Provenance studies of minerogen fractions, using the relations between Fe, Ti, Al and Mn, show that significant quantities of basaltic matter (oceanic crust) are incorporated into the sediments only in areas of very low total sedimentation rates in the vicinity of oceanic island groups such as Polynesia and Hawaii, whereas hydrothermal processes act as a major sediment source only on the East Pacific Rise. Sediments in the north as well as in the southernmost part of the Pacific are nearly entirely terrigenous. A balance estimate of the minerogen fraction of the deep-sea sediments from the open Pacific suggests that between 75 and 95% of all sediments in the Pacific are terrigenous and that submarine weathering (and release of basaltic debris in general) and submarine exhalations each account for only a small fraction of the sediments.
Thermal transport and relaxation processes in shock-heated argon

High temperature thermal transport and ionization relaxation in Ar from measurements by thin film surface thermometer in high pressure shock tube end wall
BMP-specific SMADs function as novel repressors of PDGFA and modulate its expression in ovarian granulosa cells and tumors

Platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFA) is frequently upregulated in various cancers and thought to function as a key player in the development and progression of tumor growth by regulating aspects of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. However, the mechanism by which it is upregulated is not fully understood. Previously, we demonstrated that conditional deletion of two transcription factors that signal for the bone morphogenetic proteins (Smad1 and Smad5) in ovarian granulosa cells causes metastatic granulosa cell tumors in female mice and phenocopies human juvenile granulosa cell tumors (JGCTs). Smad1/5 double conditional knockout tumors, as well as human JGCTs, are highly vascularized, hemorrhagic, and mitotically active. Expression analysis of these tumors and their metastases revealed a significant upregulation of key proliferation and pro-angiogenic factors such as Pdgfa, Pdgfb, and Vegf. We examined whether these genes were direct targets of SMAD1 and SMAD5. Knockdown of SMAD1 and SMAD5 in mouse primary granulosa cells and a human granulosa cell tumor-derived cell line (COV434) resulted in upregulation of PDGFA, but not PDGFB nor VEGF. We identified several putative SMAD1/5 binding sites in the PDGFA promoter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays demonstrated that SMAD1/5 interact with the PDGFA promoter to regulate its activity. Further, SMAD1/5 antagonize the activity of the transcription factor Sp1, a well-known positive regulator of PDGFA, by inhibiting its occupancy at a key regulatory site on the proximal PDGFA promoter. Collectively, our studies establish that loss of SMAD1/5 leads to upregulation of PDGFA in ovarian granulosa cells, and that a novel regulatory interaction exists between the BR-SMADs and Sp1 in controlling PDGFA expression during granulosa cell tumorigenesis.
Maintenance and repair: a comparison of three optimization methods for scheduling maintenance of high cost, long-lived capital assets

A range of minimization methods exist enabling planners to tackle tough scheduling problems. We compare three scheduling techniques representative of "old" or standard technologies, evolving technologies, and advanced technologies. The problem we address includes the complications of scheduling long-term upgrades and refurbishments essential to maintaining expensive capital assets. We concentrate on the costs of being able to do maintenance work. Using a standard technology as the baseline technique, Constraint Programming (CP) produces a 50-yr maintenance approach that is 31% less costly. Genetic Programming produces an approach that is 60% less costly.
Zyklophin, a short-acting kappa opioid antagonist, induces scratching in mice.

Abstract It has been shown previously that norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) and 5′-guanidinonaltrindole (5′-GNTI), long-acting kappa opioid receptor (KOPR) antagonists, cause frenzied scratching in mice [1] , [2] . In the current study, we examined if zyklophin, a short-acting cyclic peptide KOPR antagonist, also elicited scratching behavior. When injected s.c. in the nape of the neck of male Swiss–Webster mice, zyklophin at doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg induced dose-related hindleg scratching of the neck between 3 and 15 min after injection. Pretreating mice with norBNI (20 mg/kg, i.p.) at 18–20 h before challenge with zyklophin (0.3 mg/kg) did not markedly affect scratching. Additionally, KOPR−/− mice given 0.3 mg/kg of zyklophin displayed similar levels of scratching as wild-type animals. The absence of KOPR in KOPR−/− mice was confirmed with ex vivo radioligand binding using [3H]U69,593. Taken together, our data suggest that the presence of kappa receptors is not required for the excessive scratching caused by zyklophin. Thus, zyklophin, similar to the structurally different KOPR antagonist 5′-GNTI, appears to act at other targets to elicit scratching and potentially the sensation of itch.
Latitudinal variation in seed weight and flower number in Prunella vulgaris

Studies of seed-weight variation across altitudinal and latitudinal gradients have led to conflicting hypotheses regarding the selective value of this traint in relation to the length of the growing season. Growing-season length may also influence the evolution of seed number, and population differentiation in seed weight may be constrained by a negative genetic correlation between seed weight and seed number within populations. We examined variation in seed weight and an estimate of seed number (flower number) and the covariance of these traits among populations of Prunella vulgaris at five latitudes between northern Michigan and South Carolina. We measured seed weight and flower number in native habitats and in a common environment to determine the extent to which patterns observed in the field reflect genetic differentiation. We observed no genetically based variation in seed weight across the latitudinal gradient, although genetic variation among populations within a latitude was observed. In contrast to the lack of variation in seed weight, flower number increased clinally from northern Michigan to Tennessee in a common environment. Population mean flowering date in a common environment was successively later from north to south. Later-flowering individuals appear to achieve a larger size before flowering and consequently possess more resources for seed production. This difference may account for the greater flower production of late-flowering, southern populations. Independence of population mean seed weight and flower number across the latitudinal gradient suggests that population differentiation in seed weight has not been constrained by a trade-off between seed size and number within populations.
An initial framework for the language of higher-order thinking mathematics practices

This article presents an examination of the language demands of cognitively demanding tasks and proposes an initial framework for the language demands of higher-order mathematics thinking practices. We articulate four categories for this framework: language of generalisation, language of comparison, language of proportional reasoning, and language of analysing impact. These categories were developed out of our collaborative work to design and implement higher-order thinking tasks with a group of Grade 9 (14- and 15-year-olds) teachers teaching in a linguistically diverse setting; analyses of student work samples on these tasks; and our knowledge of the literature. We describe each type of language demand and then analyse student work in each category to reveal linguistic challenges facing students as they engage these mathematical tasks. Implications for teaching and professional development are discussed.
Distortions in the circular dichroism of nonoriented poly-l-alanine films

Abstract It has been shown that circular dichroism spectra on films which exhibit appreciable light scattering are distorted due to absorption flattening (film inhomogeneity) and light-scattering (dispersion) effects. These distortions can be approximated by a relatively simple expression which has previously been shown to apply to suspensions.
The importance of antioxidants for avian fruit selection during autumn migration

Abstract All vertebrates must contend with an increase in oxidative stress during intense exercise. Birds, in particular, may be exposed to increased oxidative stress during long-distance migration, and dietary antioxidants are likely important in alleviating the deleterious effects associated with such a stressor. We evaluated whether fruit selection by birds at a migratory stopover site in southern New England was related to the antioxidant and macronutrient content of fruits from seven commonly consumed fall-fruiting shrub species. Our objectives were to: (1) quantify, for the first time, total hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants, as well as two types of lipophilic antioxidants (i.e., carotenoids, and tocopherols) in wild fruits consumed by migrating birds, (2) test the hypothesis that antioxidant content of wild fruits is related to macronutrient composition, and (3) relate patterns of avian frugivory to antioxidant availability and macronutrient content of wild fruits during autumn migration. We ...
Expanding DNAzyme functionality through enzyme cascades with applications in single nucleotide repair and tunable DNA-directed assembly of nanomaterials

Many biological functions require two or more enzymes working together in cascades. While many examples of protein and RNA enzyme cascades are known, few enzyme cascades containing solely DNAzymes have been reported. Herein we demonstrate the combination of an 8–17 DNAzyme with RNA cleavage activity and an E47 DNAzyme with DNA ligation activity to achieve a new function of single ribonucleotide repair in DNA while maintaining the integrity of the original DNA sequence, which is difficult for a single DNAzyme to achieve. In addition, this method is applied to modify the sequences of DNA strands immobilized on the surface of nanoparticles to control the DNA-directed assembly selectively and sequentially. Such an approach can be applied to other DNAzymes with different activities to expand the functions of DNAzymes and the scope of their applications.
NMR resonance assignments of the human high mobility group protein HMGA1.

Human HMGA1 is a 107-residue, non-histone chromatin nuclear factor with a wide sphere of influence including embryogenesis, apoptosis, differentiation, cell proliferation, and cancer development (Reeves, 2001). Because of the repetitive nature of the three DNA-binding domains, strings of glutamic acid residues at the C-terminus, and its unstructured nature in the absence of A-T rich regions of DNA and/or other proteins, backbone assignment for HMGA1 was challenging. Especially useful was the HNN experiment (Planchal et al., 2001), a set of truncated HMGA1 constructs, and some high resolution data collected at a ¹H resonance frequency of 900 MHz. Except for absolute assignment of R60 and R86, all 82 amide were assigned to cross peaks in the ¹H-¹⁵N HSQC spectrum and many of the side chain ¹³C and ¹H resonances were assigned (BMRB code xxxx). The intensity of the amide cross peaks for residues E3 – S9 and S64 – K67 were much weaker than the other amide cross peaks in the ¹H-¹⁵N HSQC spectrum suggesting that even in this unstructured protein there are regions experiencing motion different from the molecule as a whole.
Model Based Synthesis of Embedded Software

This paper presents SW synthesis using Embedded System Environment (ESE), a tool set for design of multi-core embedded systems. We follow a design process that starts with an application model consisting of C processes communicating via abstract message passing channels. The application model is mapped to a platform net-list of SW and HW cores, buses and buffers. A high speed transaction level model (TLM) is generated to validate abstract communication between processes mapped to different cores. The TLM is further refined into a Pin-Cycle Accurate Model (PCAM) for board implementation. The PCAM includes C code for all the communication layers including routing, packeting, synchronization and bus transfer. The generated embedded SW provides a library of application level services to the C processes on individual SW cores. Therefore, the application developer does not need to write low level SW for board implementation. Synthesis results for an multi-core MP3 decoder design, using ESE, show that the embedded SW is generated in order of seconds, compared to hours of manual coding. The quality of synthesized code is comparable to manually written code in terms of performance and code size.
The Requirement of Linker for Activation of T Cells in the Primary and Memory Responses of CD8 T Cells

Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a transmembrane adaptor protein that links TCR engagement to downstream signaling events. Although it is clear that LAT is essential in thymocyte development and initiation of T cell activation, its function during T cell expansion, contraction, and memory formation remains unknown. To study the role of TCR-mediated signaling in CD8 T cells during the course of pathogen infection, we used an inducible mouse model to delete LAT in Ag-specific CD8 T cells at different stages of Listeria infection and analyzed the effect of deletion on T cell responses. Our data showed that LAT is important for maintaining CD8 T cell expansion during the priming phase; however, it is not required for CD8 T cell contraction and memory maintenance. Moreover, LAT deficiency accelerates memory differentiation during the effector-to-memory transition, leading to a higher frequency of KLRG1lowIL-7RhighCD62Lhigh memory T cells. Nonetheless, these LAT-deficient memory T cells were unable to proliferate or produce cytokines upon secondary infection. Our data demonstrated that, although TCR-mediated signaling is dispensable for contraction and memory maintenance, it regulates CD8 T cell memory differentiation and is essential for the memory response against pathogens.
Mechanisms of retinal arterial occlusive disease in African American and Caucasian patients.

Background and Purpose—The aim of our study was to evaluate the causes of retinal arterial occlusive disease in African American patients and to compare these etiologies with those observed in Caucasian patients with retinal ischemic symptoms. Methods—We performed a retrospective analysis of a series of consecutive patients evaluated by both the ophthalmology department and the neurology/stroke clinic. Patients had a diagnosis of amaurosis fugax, branch retinal artery occlusion, central retinal artery occlusion, or intra-arterial retinal plaques. Results—Twenty-nine African American patients and 17 Caucasian patients were evaluated. African American patients had a mean age of 61 years (range, 30 to 77 years) and Caucasian patients a mean age of 73 years (range, 56 to 94 years) (P=0.003). There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups with respect to visible emboli on funduscopy (P=0.462). After adjusting for age, there was also no difference between the 2 groups with regards to ris...
Climate Change Education and the Ecological Footprint

Abstract Global warming has become one of the most important scientific, political, and social issues of our era. In designing an effective mitigation strategy, it is clear that public education must play an important role. This study looks at various components of climate change literacy within a cohort of university students and investigates the impact of action-oriented learning on student understanding. Results from questionnaires given to primarily nonscience students enrolled in weather and climate courses are used to examine student knowledge of climate change. In agreement with prior research, this study finds that signif icant student misconceptions exist regarding the causes of global warming and the relationship between global warming and ozone depletion. Most students seem to connect global warming only with visible pollution, such as exhaust from either a car or factory, while discounting more indirect emissions such as from electricity use and through product or food consumption. The authors...
Seismic Location Bias and Uncertainty in the Presence of Correlated and Non-Gaussian Travel-Time Errors

Correlated travel-time errors bias both seismic location and location uncertainty estimates. Methodologies are introduced to model travel-time correlation structures and to account for them in standard location algorithms. A robust method based on copula theory is used for estimating variogram models for travel-time error. Generic, transportable variogram models are presented for Pn and teleseismic P phases. A linearized iterative location algorithm is introduced that takes into account the correlated travel-time error structure represented by the covariance matrix generated from the generic variogram models for a specific network. We show that ignoring the correlated error structure leads to rapidly deteriorating error ellipse coverage with increasingly correlated networks. We demonstrate through the relocation of ground truth (GT) events that taking into account the correlated model error structure significantly improves error ellipse coverage and, for unbalanced networks, reduces location bias. Monte Carlo experiments show that the deteriorating effect of non-Gaussian error distributions, albeit consistent and nonnegligible, is of secondary importance compared to the penalty paid for ignoring the correlation structure in travel-time errors.
A language and framework for invariant-driven transformations

This paper describes a language and framework that allow coordinated transformations driven by invariants to be specified declaratively, as invariant rules, and applied automatically. The framework supports incremental maintenance of invariants for program design and optimization, as well as general transformations for instrumentation, refactoring, and other purposes. This paper also describes our implementations for transforming Python and C programs and experiments with successful applications of the systems in generating efficient implementations from clear and modular specifications, in instrumenting programs for runtime verification, profiling, and debugging, and in code refactoring.
Tuning Dispersity in Diblock Copolymers Using ARGET ATRP

Poly(methyl acrylate)-b-polystyrene with controlled molecular weight distribution of each block was synthesized via activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization. Polymers with tunable dispersity, in the range of Mw/Mn 1.32 to 2.0, were achieved by adjusting the concentration of the copper catalyst and reaction temperature, thereby controlling the rate of reversible deactivation reaction as well as the number of monomer units added during each activation cycle. Regardless of the increased dispersity, high chain-end functionality was retained and the livingness of the macroinitiators was confirmed by chain extension, resulting in diblock copolymers with controlled dispersity in each block. Liquid chromatography under critical conditions was employed to determine if any macroinitiator remained in the final product.
Fuzzy logic controlled landing of a Boeing 747

In this research, the simulation of the landing and descent of a Boeing 747 in its linearized landing configuration model are controlled using fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs). The rule bases for the FLCs are functions of the linearized model's inputs, the Boeing 747's vertical velocity and altitude. The crisp FLC outputs, as determined by the centroid method, are the elevator and throttle deflections. Different types of membership functions are tested with the FLCs to determine the efficacy of the tested membership types for the given application for landing an aircraft. Future work will involve comparing the FLCs to more conventional controllers.
Direct Phase-Resolved Simulations of Large-Scale Nonlinear Ocean Wave-Fields

We develop and apply a direct phase-resolved simulation capability for large-scale nonlinear ocean wavefield evolution. Unlike phase-averaged models, we directly solve the primitive Euler equation and preserve the phase of the wavefield during its nonlinear evolution. As a result, detailed descriptions of the free surface elevation and the kinematics of the wavefield are obtained. Using the direct simulation capability, we investigate the validity and limitations of existing approximate theories and models for the prediction of ocean surface wave statistics under different physical parameters. In particular, with 256 processors on the ERDC Cray XT3, we directly compute the nonlinear evolution of a short-crested (three-dimensional) wavefield in a domain of 28.7kmtimes28.7km with evolution time up to 30 minutes, and analyze the occurrence statistics and spatial distribution of rogue waves in the wavefield. The effects of spectral bandwidth and angular spreading on wave statistics are investigated
The ultrastructure of oral (buccopharyngeal) membrane formation and rupture in the chick embryo

The ultrastructure of the oral (buccopharyngeal) membrane was examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) from its initial formation (stage 8) to its complete disappearance (stage 20) in the chick embryo. Thinning of the oral membrane prior to rupture occurs in large measure by increased interdigitation between cells of the stomodeal ectoderm and foregut endoderm coincident with a decrease in the width of the intervening extracellular space. Large numbers of necrotic cells were not observed. Interdigitation of ectodermal and endodermal cells makes it increasingly difficult to discern two discrete epithelia, and no evidence that one germ layer disappears prior to the other was observed. Changes occurred in the fine structure of the extracellular matrix during formation and rupture of the oral membrane, and the organization of this material within the oral membrane differed from that in regions immediately lateral to it. Copious amounts of amorphous, flocculant (“lamina-like”) material are present within the oral membrane at all stages. The basal lamina of the ectoderm exhibits small loops or folds at early stages. These decrease in number as the basal lamina becomes discontinuous prior to establishment of direct intercellular contact between cells of the ectoderm and endoderm across the intervening extracellular compartment. Initial perforations of the oral membrane are preceeded by clefts between cells on both sides of this structure, and SEM observations suggest that cells of the oral membrane continue to interdigitate, elongate, and change relative positions during the rupture process.
Data Mining in the Real World: Lessons Learned from the Mining Pit

Summary form only given. Data mining has been defined as a process that uses a variety of data analysis and modeling techniques to discover patterns and relationships in data that may be used to make accurate predictions and decision.
IMPROVING MUSCLE STRENGTH AND SIZE: THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING VOLUME, INTENSITY, AND STATUS

Increases in muscle size and strength are influenced by the mechanical and metabolic stresses imposed by resistance training. Mechanical stress is induced by the use of high-intensity training and it is believed it activates a larger percentage of muscle fibers. Conversely, metabolic stress is generated by high training volumes with moderate intensities using short rest intervals. This training paradigm results in greater fatigue and potentially stimulates a greater anabolic hormone response to exercise. Although evidence exists for both strategies, it still remains inconclusive whether one training paradigm is more advantageous than the other regarding muscle hypertrophy development. In untrained adults, the novelty of most resistance training programs may be sufficient to promote hypertrophy and strength gains, whereas greater training intensity may be more beneficial for trained adults. However, the body of well-designed research in this advanced population is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this brief review is to discuss the merits and limitations of the current evidence.
WeSeeYou: Adapting Video Streaming for Surveillance Applications

Police departments and other law enforcement agencies have integrated a greater number of video cameras into their daily routines. This has introduced with it the problem of moving and processing vast amounts of video data. In this work, we take a look at some of the associated problems and our own attempts to address them. We first analyze the physical network and infrastructure at Temple University's main campus to determine the limitations we will meet in the real world. We investigate and implement a simple technique to transfer data across multiple wireless networks. Finally we look at different techniques of limiting the video we will transfer in the network switches to ensure that a video we want to prioritize reaches its intended destination in real time.
Spiritual Wellbeing: A Health Education Model

Abstract The following article presents a theoretical model based upon a synthesis of psychological theories regarding components of the human spirit, development of spiritual wellbeing and the manifestation of self-reliance. These components include an insightful relationship with both oneself and others, a strong personal value system, and a meaningful purpose in one's life. Based on this model, health education programs can incorporate exercises to remove existing roadblocks into existing classes or newly designed courses to promote development of these components of human spirit as part of the wellness paradigm.
Repairing incorrect knowledge with model formulation and metareasoning

Learning concepts via instruction and expository texts is an important problem for modeling human learning and for making autonomous AI systems. This paper describes a computational model of the self-explanation effect, whereby conceptual knowledge is repaired by integrating and explaining new material. Our model represents conceptual knowledge with compositional model fragments, which are used to explain new material via model formulation. Preferences are computed over explanations and conceptual knowledge, along several dimensions. These preferences guide knowledge integration and question-answering. Our simulation learns about the human circulatory system, using facts from a circulatory system passage used in a previous cognitive psychology experiment. We analyze the simulation's performance, showing that individual differences in sequences of models learned by students can be explained by different parameter settings in our model.
Developing and evaluating tools to assess the impact of chimpanzee sanctuaries via a unique zoo-sanctuary partnership

Sanctuaries are crucial to the survival and welfare of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) They also play an important role in educating the public about chimpanzee behavior and conservation. However, as many sanctuaries lack the capacity to collect long-term data, there is no standardized protocol for evaluating these aims. To address this, the Lincoln Park Zoo, USA, has partnered with Chimp Haven, Inc., USA. Chimp Haven houses nearly 200 chimpanzees in several enclosure types including traditional indooroutdoor runs (~20m in area), open-top corrals (~300m), and large forested habitats (up to 24,000m). By leveraging the expertise from both institutions we will evaluate the aims of the sanctuary considering both the behavior and welfare of the chimpanzees and the impact of the sanctuary’s public education program. To address the first aim, we will use non-invasive focal observations to evaluate whether and how different housing types affect the chimpanzees’ activity budgets, enclosure usage, and social interactions. To inquire about the success of the second aim, we will evaluate education programs at Chimp Haven during which the public can view the chimpanzees. We will investigate whether public viewing opportunities affect the chimpanzees’ behavior through the use of observational data collected on the chimpanzees. Simultaneously, we will evaluate the learning outcomes and attitudes of visitors at Chimp Haven, using questionnaires and observations of visitor behavior. Findings from this research will inform decisions about the care and management of captive chimpanzees. This research will also provide information about how sanctuaries can best engage and educate the public.
Water balance in embryos of Fundulus heteroclitus and F. bermudae in seawater

The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanisms of osmoregulation in embryos of Fundulus heteroclitus and F. bermudae. The turnover rate of tritiated water in intact embryos of F. heteroclitus increases from 0.05 to 0.013 h-1 at 4 days to 0.12 +/- 0.030 h-1 at 7 days and to 0.18 +/- 0.060 h-1 at 10 days, corresponding to estimated diffusional water permeabilities of 0.4, 1.0, and 1.6 x 10(-6) cm . s-1, respectively. These values are low when compared to other organisms but not sufficiently low to maintain embryos in water balance. The osmolality of the embryonic extracellular fluids decreases during development from 362 +/- 9.2 mosmol . kg-1 at 4 days to 344 +/- 6.9 mosmol . kg-1 at 10 days. Water loss is balanced by drinking seawater at a rate of 600 pl . mg-1 . h-1 for 7- to 8-day embryos. The embryo possesses a pair of branchial chambers that communicate anteriorly with the pharynx through embryonic gill slits and posteriorly with the perivitelline space by means of pores. In the absence of a mouth it is probably through these pores that seawater is injested.
Comparison of Wooden and Polyethylene Cutting Boards: Potential for the Attachment and Removal of Bacteria from Ground Beef †.

The potentials for removal of beef bacterial microflora from unscored polyethylene and hardwood cutting boards were compared. Ground beef was placed for 0 to 90 min onto cutting boards at room temperature and then removed ; the surfaces were swabbed and the bacteria were enumerated. The boards were cleaned with various cleaning agents and then analyzed for bacterial removal. In addition, aqueous extracts from eight hardwoods were incubated with Escherichia coli O157 :H7 for 0 to 30 h at 37°C to determine their inhibitory potential. Differences between the bacterial levels on wooden and plastic boards were not significant regardless of contact time. Washing with any cleaner, including water, removed most bacteria from either type of board. White ash extracts reduced E. coli O157 :H7 levels to undetectable within 24 h ; black cherry and red oak exhibited low inhibitory activity. Slight growth was observed in extracts from all other hardwoods, including hard maple, suggesting that aqueous extractable agents that are active against E. coli O157 :H7 are not generally present in hardwoods. This study demonstrates the need to control cutting board sanitation regardless of composition.
Perception of Synthetic Speech by Nonnative Speakers of English

Nonnative speakers of English listened to natural and synthetic speech materials. All natural speech material was spoken by a native male speaker of American English. The synthetic speech was produced by the MITalk-79 system for the first experiment and by the Prose 2000 V2.1 text-to-speech system for the second experiment. Results from Experiment 1 indicated that nonnative speakers show higher levels of performance when listening to natural speech than when listening to synthetic speech. However, nonnative speakers did not reach the level of performance of native speakers for either natural or synthetic speech. Experiment 2 provided further evidence that nonnative speakers fail to reach the same level of performance when listening to synthetic speech as native speakers. Performance of nonnative speakers on a dictation task showed high positive correlations with their general English language ability as measured by two standardized tests. Results indicate the importance of language background and experien...
Depressed older adults who are adherent to medications have a lower risk of hospitalisation for coronary artery disease.

ABSTRACT FROM: Cooper DC, Trivedi RB, Nelson KM, et al . Antidepressant adherence and risk of coronary artery disease hospitalizations in older and younger adults with depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014;62:1238–45. Depression is a public health threat, particularly due to its bidirectional, adverse associations with common chronic conditions including coronary artery disease (CAD). The American Heart Association recognises depression among the major risk factors for morbidity and mortality following an acute coronary event.1 Depression in older adults is associated with greater risk of potentially preventable medical hospitalisations—such as those for angina—and early rehospitalisation after myocardial infarction.2 Yet, little is known about whether depression treatment could mitigate cardiovascular risk or associated service use. The study was conducted in the Veterans’ Affairs health system, the largest integrated healthcare system in the USA. The sample consisted of 40 844 adults under 65 years and …
Efficiency and Ethically Responsible Management

One common justification for the pursuit of profit by business firms within a market economy is that profit is not an end in itself but a means to more efficiently produce and allocate resources. Profit, in short, is a mechanism that serves the market’s purpose of producing Pareto superior outcomes for society. This discussion examines whether such a justification, if correct, requires business managers to remain attentive to how their firm’s operation impacts the market’s purpose. In particular, it is argued that the value of efficiency, despite views to the contrary, cannot be fully separated from the planning and intentions of business managers as long as those managers direct their firms in an ethically responsible fashion. This position is inspired by, and serves as a supportive clarification of Joseph Heath’s so-called “market failures approach” to business ethics.
An Time Orientation Analysis of "着 Zhe"and "下去 Xiaqu"

The present paper gives a detailed analysis of the aspect marks "着 zhe"and "下去 xiaqu" from the perspective of the time orientation.We find that there are some subtle differences in respect to the function of the time orientation,which leads to the differences of the two in application,even though they all have the feature of durative.
A comparative analysis of molar sodium lactate and other agents in the treatment of induced hyperkalemia in nephrectomized dogs.

Molar sodium lactate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, glucose insulin, and calcium chloride were used in the treatment of induced hyperkalemia in nephrectomized dogs. The effect of these agents on the electrocardiogram and on potassium partition was studied. Molar sodium lactate appeared to be the agent of choice in the treatment of the hyperkalemic state under these experimental conditions.
An Optimal Estimation Approach for the Calibration of the Car-Following Behavior of Connected Vehicles in a Mixed Traffic Environment

In the test bed of connected vehicles, detailed trajectory data are collected for connected vehicles only. It brings challenges to study the car-following behavior of connected vehicles following nonconnected vehicles. This paper proposes an optimal estimation approach to calibrate connected vehicles' car-following behavior in a mixed traffic environment. Particularly, the state-space system dynamics is captured by the simplified car-following model with disturbances, where the trajectory of nonconnected vehicles are considered as unknown states, and the trajectory of connected vehicles are considered as measurements with errors. The objective of the reformulation is to obtain an optimal estimation of states and model parameters simultaneously. It is shown that the customized state-space model is identifiable with the mild assumption that the disturbance covariance of the state update process is diagonal. Then, a modified expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm based on the Kalman smoother is developed to solve the optimal estimation problem. The performance of the EM algorithm is validated through simulation data. The second part of this paper applies the empirical data of connected vehicles from the Michigan test bed and analyzes the mobility impact of connected vehicles with different penetration rates and demand scenarios.
P6-3 Combining qualitative and quantitative research methods to assess occupational exposures and interventions among homecare aides

Background and objectives Due to a rapidly ageing population, homecare (HC) aide is one of the fastest growing occupations in the USA. Exposures to occupational safety and health (OSH) hazards are challenging to evaluate in complex home-based care environments and among a mobile, socially diverse workforce. This presentation demonstrates how qualitative and quantitative research methods complement each other when assessing and characterising (i) multiple OSH hazards (ii) possible interventions, and (iii) dimensions of HC work that impact both HC aide and patient safety. Methods In Massachusetts, USA, we conducted 12 focus groups with HC aides and 26 in-depth interviews with HC agency managers, labour unionists, workers’ compensation representatives, and HC clients. All focus groups and interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Structured, computer-assisted thematic analysis of all transcripts was performed and the results guided a cross-sectional survey questionnaire design administered among HC aides (n = 1,249). Nine post-survey focus groups and seven interviews interpreted the quantitative survey findings and then informed a laboratory-based experimental design study to assess musculoskeletal strain in the use of assistive slide board devices among HC aides (N = 16). Results The qualitative and quantitative data showed that the most concerning OSH exposures among HC aides were client handling and mobility tasks associated with back injuries and other musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), verbal abuse, falls inside and outside the home, clients on oxygen addicted to smoking, second-hand smoke, bloodborne pathogens, and use of strong cleaning chemicals. Ergonomic assistive devices to prevent MSDs and in-service trainings were assessed as the most promising short-term interventions. Post-survey focus groups and interviews provided interpretation of the quantitative exposure estimates, possible determinants, and recommendations for future research. Conclusions Combined qualitative and quantitative research techniques provide complementary data for more comprehensive characterisation of OSH exposures and intervention opportunities in complex work environments with a mobile, socially-diverse workforce.
A novel etching technique for crystallographic study of SiC materials

Silicon Carbide (SiC) is a very promising semiconductor material with ten times higher breakdown field and three times higher thermal conductivity compared to its counterpart used in power electronics, silicon [1]. Significant progress on SiC electronics has been made in the past several years. However, due to the high density of crystallographic defects that exists in SiC material, SiC based power devices still perform well below the expectations by theoretical models. To investigate the impact of crystallographic defects on device characteristics so as to set directions for improvements in SiC material quality, a chemical etching process using molten potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 600°C is widely used to expose crystallographic defects present in the samples. Even though this etching process is straightforward, fast and low-cost, it destroys the sample surface and greatly increases surface roughness, making the SiC sample after etching not suitable for device processing any more. In this research, we developed a novel etching technique using a eutectic solution consisting of KOH, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and Magnesium oxide (MgO). This technique is essentially useful for crystallographic study of SiC materials by providing a much better control of SiC etching and an improved surface roughness when compared to traditional molten KOH etch process.