cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Childhood obesity prevention: compelling challenge of the twenty‐first century

There has been a worldwide increase in the prevalence of children who are obese that is rapidly reaching epidemic proportions. These obese children have associated significant co‐morbidities. In the past 30 years the proportion of children in the United States who are obese or overweight has tripled; 15%, or approximately nine million, are obese. Ethnic minority communities with lower socioeconomic status have the highest percentage of children who are obese or overweight. Communities are slow to institute effective policies and protocols for prevention. Parents, schools and physicians are undereducated about the prevention and treatment of this disease process. Prevention will require upgrading of school health education, teacher educators and medical curricula. It must begin early in childhood by addressing the cognitive, psychomotor and social–emotional domains. The aim of this review is to educate stakeholders on the need to cooperate and coordinate with each other to create community‐based treatment ...
Fabrication of Al6061 composite with high SiC particle loading by semi-solid powder processing

Abstract Aluminum alloys reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) particles have been studied extensively for their favorable properties in structural and thermal applications. However, there has been only limited research into investigating the loading limit of a reinforcement phase of a metal matrix composite. In this paper, semi-solid powder processing (SPP), a fabrication method that exploits the unique behavior of a solid–liquid mixture, was used to synthesize SiC particle-reinforced Al6061. A high volume loading (>45 vol.%) of SiC in Al6061 matrix was investigated by varying the SiC loading volume fraction, forming pressure, SiC particle size and Al6061 particle size. The compaction and synthesis mechanism of the composite by SPP was discussed based on reinforcement phase compaction behavior and processing parameters. Microstructure, hardness, fracture surface and X-ray diffraction results were also analyzed. Results showed that SPP can achieve over 50 vol.% loading of SiC in Al6061 matrix with near theoretical density.
An Investigation of the Effect of the Number of Scale Intervals on Principal Components Factor Analysis

The effect of the number of scale intervals of a continuous variable on the results of principal components factor analysis was investigated. Analyses were performed for seven different numbers of scale intervals. The general effect was a decrease in the size of the eigenvalues, communalities, and factor loadings as the number of scale divisions was reduced. The magnitude of the effect was, however, not large and the pattern of the rotated factor loadings was not appreciably affected.
The Only Thing We Have to Fear is… 120 Characters

Cell phones have been banned in 69% of today’s classrooms (CommonSense, 2010). Reasons for the banning of cell phones may seem obvious—kids will misuse them to cheat, use textese in place of Standard English, cyberbully, and sexting (Brady & Conn, 2006; Johnson, 2004; Obringer & Coffey, 2007). These fears have disregarded the fact that today’s cell phones are inexpensive, mobile computing devices with a number of applications (assessments, digital images, podcasting, and internet access) that could be beneficial in the classroom. The bonus to these applications found on cell phones is that the majority of teenagers already own one and are efficient in their use. The question is, should the fears of the misuse of cell phones and the technology they provide prevent teachers from tapping into the many opportunities and benefits that cell phone use in the classroom might provide? This paper explores the current research to refute the claim that cell phones are responsible for aberrant behaviors and to explore the potential instructional benefits of cell phones in the classroom.
Infection of cultured central nervous system neurons with a defective herpes simplex virus 1 vector results in stable expression of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase.

Abstract We have developed a defective herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector system that permits the introduction of virtually any gene into mammalian central nervous system neurons. The prototype vector, pHSVlac, contains a transcription unit that places the Escherichia coli lacZ gene under the control of the HSV-1 immediate early 4/5 promoter. pHSVlac was propagated using the HSV-1 temperature-sensitive mutant ts K as helper virus. Infection of rat neurons in primary culture derived from various regions throughout the central nervous system, including spinal cord, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, occipital cortex, temporal cortex, and frontal cortex, resulted in stable expression of high levels of beta-galactosidase for at least 2 weeks, without cell damage. Since other genes can be expressed from pHSVlac, HSV-1 vectors may prove useful for delivery of genes into central nervous system neurons for studies on nervous system physiology or to perform gene therapy for neurological conditions.
High-intensity, short pulse (1 ps), laser-plasma interaction at 1 um

We present studies of high-intensity laser-plasma interactions using a 1-ps, 1.053-pm laser. It is currenily operated in a single-pulse mode with energies up to -100 mJ and focused intensities up to mid-1015 W/cm2. We have measured the absorption of laser light in plasmas produced during interactions with various moderate targets using an Ulbricht's sphere. Charge collectors were used to study the characteristics of the ion expansion. X-ray and XUV spectroscopy were used to measure the spectral emission from the plasmas. These results are compared to 1-D hydrodynamic code (LILAC) simulations. LILAC has been modified to improve its validity for short-pulse interactions but it is still found that the absorption is underestimated. Potential explanations, including suprathermal electron generation, are discussed.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Small-Perturbation Automatic-Differentiation Method for Determining Uncertainty in Computational Electromagnetics

A new methodology for approximating uncertainties in computational electromagnetics (CEM) solutions is discussed. The proposed method involves the use of a Taylor series expansion to account for small-perturbations (uncertainty) in the input parameters and subsequent use of an automatic-differentiation technique throughout the numerical calculation chain. This approach is denoted as “small-perturbation automatic-differentiation” (SPAD) method and provides certain benefits over other CEM uncertainty methods available in the literature. The method is illustrated in a couple of examples involving a moment-method solution of the electric field integral equation.
Incidence of deep vein thrombosis in morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Background To define the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Methods A retrospective study was conducted for all patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass from 2004 to 2006. The data collected included patient demographics, body mass index, operative time, conversion rate, thromboprophylaxis measures, hospital stay, and complications. Results Of the 618 patients included in the study, 451 (73%) were women and 167 (27%) were men, with a mean age of 44 years (range 18–78). The preoperative body mass index was 49 kg/m 2 (range 35–90). All patients received the same thromboprophylaxis regimen. All surgical procedures were performed and completed laparoscopically, with a mean operative time of 93 minutes (range 50–196). All patients underwent lower extremity color Doppler ultrasonography within the first 24 hours after the surgical procedure. The mean hospital stay was 4 days (range 2–21). The most common in-hospital complication was basal atelectasis in 52 patients (8.4%), followed by gastrointestinal bleeding in 10 (1.6%), and anastomotic leak in 6 (1%). The postoperative follow-up visits were done at 2, 8, 12, 24, and 52 weeks after surgery; no mortality occurred. The overall rate of deep vein thrombosis in the group of 500 consecutive patients was .2%, with no clinically significant pulmonary embolism; 9 patients presented with postoperative bleeding. Conclusion The overall rate of deep vein thrombosis in this group of patients was low, most probably because of the use of thromboprophylaxis.
Rate of death among family members predicts risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: The Cache County study

reported. Cognitive reserve could have a role by modulating this relationship. The aim was to study the association between WML and the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/dementia, and to evaluate whether premorbid Intellectual Quotient (IQ), a marker of cognitive reserve, modulates this association. Methods: 547 individuals, without MCI/dementia, from a cohort of community-dwelling persons aged between 65 and 80 years (the ESPRIT study), received structural cerebralMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at baseline. WML volumes were assessed by a semi-automatic method on T2-weighted MRI, and analyzed as a categorical variable (divided into tertiles). Diagnosis of MCI was made according to revised algorithm (MCI-R) criteria and dementia cases were diagnosed by a neurologist and validated by an independent committee. These diagnostics were performed at baseline, 2, 4 and 7 years of follow-up. Premorbid IQwas assessed by the National Adult Test Reading (NART). The sample was dichotomized into low and high IQ subgroups according to the median score. To study the association between WML and risk of MCI/dementia, Cox proportional hazards models were performed. Results: 143 incident cases of dementia (n1⁄414, 2.6%) and MCI (n1⁄4129, 23.6%) occurred over the 7 years of follow-up. After adjustment for potential confounders (age, gender, Apolipoprotein E4 genotype, depressive symptomatology, vascular pathology, hypertension, education level, premorbid IQ, and total brain volume), participants with severe WML (last tertile) showed a significant increased risk to develop dementia and MCI over 7 years (Hazard Ratio (HR) 1⁄4 1.69, 95% CI:1.10-2.58 p1⁄4 0.02). After stratification on premorbid IQ status, the increasing risk of MCI/dementia related to WML severity remained significant in the low IQ group (HR1⁄4 2.02, 95% CI, 1.13-3.62, p1⁄40.02), while the association was not significant in the high IQ group (HR1⁄4 1.45; 95% CI, 0.76-2.76, p1⁄40.26). Conclusions: These results highlight the impact of WML on the risk of MCI/dementia in healthy elderly people and support the cognitive reserve hypothesis in demonstrating that subjects with high pre-morbid IQ are more likely to withstand deleterious effect of severe WML.
Effect of an adrenocorticotropin analogue, ACTH 1-17, on DNA synthesis in murine metaphyseal bone.

The effects of injections of a synthetic adrenocorticotropin (ACTH 1-17, Synchrodyn) on the rate of DNA labeling in the metaphyseal bone of CD2F1 mice were tested on a chronopharmacological dosing schedule. Groups of mice that had been conditioned to a 12-hr light/12-hr dark schedule were injected at one of six different timepoints, 4 hr apart, during a single 24-hr span with either a low (0.02 I.U./kg) or a high (20 I.U./kg) dose of ACTH 1-17. Control groups received injections of a placebo at corresponding timepoints. Subgroups of mice were injected with [3H]thymidine ([3H]Tdr) to follow the changes in DNA labeling in the proximal tibial metaphysis at 15 min and 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hr after ACTH 1-17 or placebo treatment. All mice were injected with the isotope 30 min before killing, except for those killed 15 min after Rx administration where the isotope had been injected 14 min before killing. The data were analyzed both by analysis of variance and by the cosinor method, the latter of which tests the fit of a 24-hr cosine curve to the data. The effect of ACTH 1-17 on the target cell population was dependent not only upon the dose but upon the time of administration. Both doses exerted time-dependent action, ranging from stimulation to inhibition of DNA labeling. Inhibition was noted when the ACTH 1-17 was administered at 2 hr after the beginning of the daily dark span when nocturnal animals become active. When administered at this circadian stage, the larger dose in particular was associated with an inhibition of DNA labeling lasting for 24 hr. The inhibitory effect was much shorter when the same dose was injected 4 hr earlier. Moreover, the large ACTH 1-17 dose had a stimulatory effect lasting for 24 hr when it was administered 2 hr after the onset of the daily light span, with a much shorter stimulation following administration of the large dose at 6 hr after the beginning of the daily dark span. A circadian stage-dependent stimulation or inhibition of DNA labeling at 2 or 14 hr after light onset, respectively, was thus complemented by an initial inhibition followed by stimulation and vice versa at 10 and 18 hr after light onset respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Rapid Analytical Assessment Tool for Three Dimensional Electrode Microstructural Networks with Geometric Sensitivity

Electrochemical fin theory is applied to the microstructural analysis of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6−δ (SFM), a redox stable solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrode. The electrode microstructure is imaged by X-ray nanotomography, then partitioned into a network of resistive components with distinct geometric characteristics. The network is analyzed using an analytical electrochemical fin network model. The resulting predictions of electrode performance are compared to predictions made using three-dimensional finite element simulations of charge transport with surface electrochemical reactions in the imaged microstructure. For a representative subvolume of the structure, the electrochemical fin and finite element models provide comparable predictions. Analysis of larger representative volume elements extracted from the X-ray nanotomography data demonstrates good agreement with experimental measurements of the electrodes analyzed. Finally, advantages of applying the analytical electrochemical fin network models to real microstructures are addressed, particularly with respect to significant reduction in memory requirements and computational time. The use of the electrochemical fin theory is able to rapidly analyze real microstructures with microstructural details that are comparable to finite element and lattice Boltzmann methods, but at volume sizes that finite element and lattice Boltzmann methods were not able to perform due to limits in memory and computational time.
Radiation damage in tungsten carbide

Abstract New evidence is found for radiation damage following Coulomb excitation in refractory compounds. Anomalous hyperfine interactions are simultaneously observed in γ-ray absorption spectra of 182 W, 184 W and 186 W in tungsten carbide.
Synthesis, thermal stability and the effects of ion irradiation in amorphous Si–O–C alloys

Abstract Amorphous films of Si–O–C alloys were synthesized via sputtering deposition at room temperature. These alloys were characterized using grazing incidence diffraction, both as a function of temperature and irradiation dose. It was found that the material retained its amorphous structure, both at high temperatures (up to 1200 °C) and ion irradiation doses up to 1.0 dpa. The depth profile from photoemission spectroscopy provided evidence of the oxidation state of these alloys and their atomic composition. The studies suggest that Si–O–C alloys might belong to a group of radiation tolerant materials suitable for applications in reactor-like harsh environments.
Adjunctive Use of Delayed and Adjustable Low-Dose 5-Fluorouracil in Refractory Glaucoma

We used delayed 5-mg subconjunctival injections of 5-fluorouracil as an adjunct to filtering surgery in ten eyes with refractory glaucoma. The first 5-fluorouracil injection was made three to 15 days postoperatively and was used only when clinical signs suggested an impending bleb failure. These signs included flattening and localization of bleb, increased vascularity, early subconjunctival scarring, loss of microcystic conjunctival changes, and increased intraocular pressure. After a follow-up of ten to 17 months (mean, 13.7 months), an intraocular pressure of less than 21 mm Hg was attained in five eyes without medication and in four eyes with medication. The treatment failed in one eye. The average dose of 5-fluorouracil was 28 ± 12 mg per eye. There were no conjunctival wound leaks. Six eyes developed transient corneal epithelial defects. The modified administration of 5-fluorouracil can result in fewer conjunctival wound leaks. Its use can be limited to those patients who show evidence of impending bleb failure.
Developmental program of PGK-1 and PGK-2 isozymes in spermatogenic cells of the mouse: Specific activities and rates of synthesis

Abstract The specific activities and synthesis of the ubiquitous isozyme, PGK-1, and the testis-specific isozyme, PGK-2, have been quantitated and localized in spermatogenic cells of the mouse. There is a fivefold increase in total PGK specific activity between immature and adult testes which begins at approximately 30 days of age, coincident with the appearance of late-middle stage spermatids. The increase in total PGK is entirely due to the appearance and increase of the PGK-2 isozyme. Rates of PGK synthesis were measured by labeling testicular cells in vitro with [ 3 H]leucine and purifying the PGK isozymes. When total testicular cells were examined, PGK-2 synthesis was detectable after 22 days of age at very low levels and increased in older testes to a level of 0.5% of total protein synthesis. PGK-1 synthesis remained relatively constant at all ages at a level 100-fold lower (0.005%). Testicular cells were separated into highly enriched fractions of particular spermatogenic stages by centrifugal elutriation. The PGK-1 synthesis rates were, again, very low and not significantly different between the various spermatogenic stages. PGK-2 synthesis was low to nondetectable in pachytene spermatocytes, increased to 0.07% in early spermatids and represented 0.7% of total protein synthesis in late spermatids. This increased rate of PGK-2 synthesis appears to require an increase in the amount of PGK-2 mRNA in late spermatids, cells in which no active RNA synthesis is detectable.
Headway on urban streets: observational data and an intervention to decrease tailgating

Abstract A method to collect headway (tailgating) data in an urban setting was implemented and produced reliable headway data on over 25 000 drivers. Data are reported on the effectiveness of two hand-held roadside signs admonishing drivers not to tailgate. One of these signs (that included a reference to “crashes”) had a significantly positive impact on drivers' headway. Drivers’ followed with an average headway of 2.11 s when the sign was absent compared to an average headway of 2.29 s when the sign was present. When the sign was absent, 49.4% of the drivers were in compliance with the 2-second rule compared to 57.5% when the sign was present. The percentage of drivers who followed with a headway of less than 1 s decreased from 7.3 when the sign was absent to 3.0 when the sign was present. Additionally, there was an increase of 10.6 ft in vehicle separation from baseline to intervention.
Molecular Imaging of Vascular Phenotype in Cardiovascular Disease: New Diagnostic Opportunities on the Horizon

Most would agree that the modern age of using imaging technology to visualize internal anatomy began with Wilhelm Rontgen’s accidental observation in 1895 that a phosphorous screen could be activated when placed in the vicinity of a Crook’s tube, the first generation of cold cathode tubes (electrodes placed in a glass vacuum tube). His discovery that the emitted ‘‘particles’’ could pass through cardboard were soon followed by the finding that these particle were impeded by the more ‘‘dense’’ internal features of the body, leading to the use of x-ray imaging to examine the skeleton (Figure 1). It should be duly noted that the primary malady apparent in the left panel of Figure 1 is matrimony, evidenced by the wedding ring on the hand of Rontgen’s wife, who succumbed to marital trust and participated as a test subject before the potentially harmful effects of radiation exposure were recognized. In the ensuing 15 years, there has been a proliferation of imaging methods that are capable of probing deeper into human
Was the 19th century stature–insolation relationship similar across independent samples? Evidence from soldiers and prisoners

Abstract Nineteenth century white US statures varied with nutrition, disease exposure, and the physical environment. An additional explanation for stature growth is vitamin D production. However, studies that link stature to insolation and vitamin D production rely on only one comprehensive data set. To test the relationship between insolation and stature further, this study broadens the sample to include both 19th century white Civil War recruits and prisoners, and illustrates that the relationship between stature and insolation was remarkably similar between white soldiers and prisoners, adding to the evidence that there is a positive relationship between stature and insolation.
Imine-substituted dipyrromethanes in the synthesis of porphyrins bearing one or two meso substituents

5,15-substituted porphyrins are valuable compounds in bioorganic and materials chemistry. A new synthesis has been developed that employs 1,9-diformylation of a dipyrromethane, conversion of the diformyldipyrromethane to the bis(imino) derivative, and reaction of the bis(imino)dipyrromethane + a dipyrromethane to give the zinc-porphyrin bearing trans-AB-substituents. 1,9-diformylation was achieved via Vilsmeier reaction. Imination was achieved by treatment of the 1,9-diformyldipyrromethane with excess amine under neat conditions at room temperature. The porphyrin-forming reaction was carried out over 2 h in refluxing ethanol containing zinc acetate exposed to air. Oxidation of the intermediate porphyrinogen occurs aerobically. A complex composed of two bis(imino)dipyrromethanes and two zinc atoms was observed to form reversibly during the course of the reaction. A set of zinc-porphyrins with trans-AB-, A2-, or A-substituents has been prepared in yields of ~30% (without detectable scrambling) with straightforward purification. The reaction is applicable to A/B substituent combinations of aryl/aryl, aryl/alkyl, and aryl/H.
Does Cognition in the Disconnected Right Hemisphere Require Right Hemisphere Possession of Language

It has been asserted at times that the human right hemisphere is cognitively inferior to that of a chimpanzee or even a monkey. Related is the even stronger claim that human consciousness, as well as cognition, requires language. These claims are discussed, and counterexamples are presented from both split-brain subjects and patients hemispherectomized in adulthood after customary development as right-handers.
Repeating restriction fragments of human DNA

Abstract Human DNA digested with Hae III showed multiple repeats of a 170 base pair fragment. The most prominent band was the 340 base pair dimer, estimated to be 0.8% of the entire genome. Eco R1 and Hha I yielded fragments with similar electrophoretic mobility to the Hae III dimer. In each case this band was markedly enriched in DNA reassociating at a 0t of less than or equal to 1. Hybridization of the Hae III dimer to gels eluted on to filters demonstrated that the multiple Hae III fragments and Eco R1 fragments contained compatible sequences. These sequences may comprise a distinct subclass of DNA.
Genetic control of spermiogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: the effects of abnormal association of centrosome and nucleus in mutant ms(1)6S.

Mutant ms (1)6S of Drosophila melanogaster is characterized by a spectrum of abnormalities of spermatid differentiation. Included in these are failure of the basal body to make normal attachment to the nucleus, failure of acrosomes to develop, and lack of a normal population of perinuclear microtubules. There is also a failure of normal chromatin condensation and nuclear elongation. The mitochondria do not form a normal nebenkern, but nevertheless fuse, elongate, and develop paracrystalline bodies. The number of normal axonemes is markedly reduced as a result of the failure of some centrioles to form basal bodies. All of these aberrations can be related to defective interactions of the “centrosome” or “microtubule-organizing-centre” with other organelles. The analysis of spermiogenesis in this mutant further clarifies the roles of microtubules in nuclear condensation and elongation and in cellular elongation in general.
Fluency in Education

Critics of the United States educational system point out many contemporary problems and offer solutions based on what they perceive as the fundamental issues. How teachers measure student progress and define mastery rarely receive attention. The use of standard units of measurement and a standard graphical display have allowed Precision Teachers to uncover important features of learning. One such discovery, performance standards, has demonstrated that students can retain skills over significant amounts of time, perform at high rates with little performance decrement, and apply "element" skills to more sophisticated "compound" skills. Performance standards discovered by Precision Teachers allow a behavioral determination of fluency, or mastery. The recognition of Precision Teaching methods and results in regard to measuring behavior and determining mastery contributes to one of the most significant social issues in American society, education.
Classification of ASAS multiangle and multispectral measurements using artificial neural networks

Abstract Because the anisotropy of the Earth's surface reflectance is strongly influenced by vegetation cover, multidirectional remotely sensed data can be highly effective in discriminating among land cover classes. This article explores the use of multiangle and multispectral data from the Advanced Solid-State Airay Spectroradiometer (ASAS) in land cover mapping using artificial neural networks. A multilayer feed forward neural network is trained to identify five land cover classes in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. Multiangle data achieve 89% of accuracy when applied to a single band (774–790 nm), 7-directional imagery and 88% accuracy when applied to multispectral nadir data. Analysis of error using the confusion matrix indicates that the higher classification accuracy is obtained primarily for three classes: deciduous forest, wetlands, and water. The results suggest that 1) directional radiance measurements contain much useful information for discrimination among land cover classes, 2) the incorporation of more than one spectral multiangle band improves the overall classification accuracy compared to a single multiangle band, and 3) neural networks can successfully learn class discriminations from directional radiance data and/or multidomain data.
Theoretical Development in Clothing and Textiles: Are We Stuck in the Concrete?

This paper addresses the need for more abstract theoretical development in clothing and textiles. Presented is a model of scientific inquiry to use as a guide to assess current research and to provide suggestions for future development and ordering of knowledge. It is argued that current practices restrain development of the discipline at a concrete, observable level. Questions are raised and recommendations are offered to aid in development of knowledge in the field.
Keratin mutation in transgenic mice predisposes to Fas but not TNF‐induced apoptosis and massive liver injury

Hepatocytes express keratins 8 and 18 (K8/18) as their only cytoskeletal intermediate filament (IF) proteins, and K8/18 mutations predispose their carriers to liver cirrhosis. Transgenic mice that overexpress mutant human K18 (Arg89-->Cys [R89C]) develop mild chronic hepatitis, hepatocyte fragility, keratin filament disruption, and increased susceptibility to drug-induced liver injury. K18 is a major caspase substrate during apoptosis, and K8- or K18-null mice are significantly predisposed to Fas- and possibly tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated apoptosis in the liver. Here we tested the potential role of the K18 R89C mutation on Fas- or TNF-mediated apoptotic liver injury by injecting Fas antibody (Ab) or TNF-alpha plus actinomycin D into mice that overexpress wild-type (WT) human K18 (with intact filament network, termed TG2 mice) or into K18 R89C mice (with disrupted filament network). K18 R89C mice are significantly more susceptible to Fas-mediated liver injury compared with nontransgenic and TG2 mice. This included differences in lethality, histology, apoptosis, and serum transaminase levels. In contrast, K18 WT and R89C mice manifest similar sensitivity to TNF-induced injury. Both Fas- and TNF-induced apoptosis in liver tissues are associated with caspase-mediated K18 degradation and increased keratin phosphorylation on several but not all sites. In conclusion, transgenic mouse K18 mutation and its consequent keratin filament disruption predispose hepatocytes to Fas- but not TNF-mediated apoptotic injury. This supports the association of keratin mutations with cirrhosis in patients with liver disease and suggests that keratins modulate apoptosis induced by Fas but not TNF.
Linear calibration function for optical oxygen sensors based on quenching of ruthenium fluorescence

Abstract A mathematical model is derived from the Stern–Volmer equation as a practical calibration function for various optical oxygen sensors based on quenching of ruthenium fluorescence. The model is simple and flexible, and is ideal for computing oxygen partial pressure from 0 to 760 Torr in gaseous samples, and 0 to 200 Torr in aqueous samples. Feasibility of this model for dissolved oxygen calibration is demonstrated by applying the model to data acquired from a set of three radioluminescence-based optical oxygen sensors. The model is applicable to various sensor designs and adequately accounts for stray radiation and other sources of non-quenchable light.
Effect of hypocholesterolemic agents on central nervous system cholesterol biosynthesis III. Zuclomiphene in combination with AY9944 and triparanol.

Abstract Treatment of developing rats with a combination of hypocholesterolemic agents, zuclomiphene in combination with AY9944 and Triparanol, resulted in the accumulation of Δ 7 sterols in the brain. Abnormal levels of desmosterol and zymosterol were also present in the brain tissue of the treated animals. Pre-treatment of the animals with the combination of drugs followed by intracerebral injection of [2- 14 C]mevalonic acid yielded comparable labeling of free sterols in treated and control animals. There was a significant increase in the labeled squalene oxidc-steryl ester fraction derived from the brains of animals receiving drug treatment, but a significant decrease in labeled cholesterol. Examination of the labeled free sterol fraction by means of silver nitrate-impregnated thin-layer chromatography and radioactivity-monitored gas-liquid chromatography indicated that sterol biosynthesis was impeded in the brains of the treated animals when compared to control animals. There was an increase in labeled sterols having a C-4 methyl group in test animals' brain in comparison to controls. [ 14 C]zymosterol was also elevated in brain of drug treated animals.
Numerical simulation of complex transport phenomena arising in practical thermal systems

Purpose – This paper seeks to discuss the numerical modeling of the transport processes that frequently arise in practical thermal systems and involve complexities such as property variations with temperature or with the shear rate in the flow, complicated regions, conjugate mechanisms, chemical reactions and combined mass transfer, and intricate boundary conditions.Design/methodology/approach – The basic approaches that may be adopted in order to study such processes are discussed. Considerations for accurate numerical modeling are also discussed. The link between the process and the resulting product is critical in many systems such as those in manufacturing. The computational difficulties that result from the non‐Newtonian behavior of the fluid or from the strong temperature dependence of viscosity are considered in detail. Similarly, complex geometry, free surface flow, moving boundaries, combined mechanisms, and simulation of appropriate boundary conditions are important in several processes and are ...
Treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes.

Abstract Therapeutic options have been rapidly evolving for management of patients with the indolent myeloid clonal hemopathies termed myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Heterogeneity of MDS has been demonstrated on the basis of marrow morphology and biologic features and has been useful for prognostication into high and low risk groups for transformation to acute leukemia. Such stratification has been important for evaluating responses to various treatments. These therapeutic options include the differentiation-inducing vitamins retinoic acid and vitamin D, and cytokines such as alpha and gamma interferon, to which there has been a generally low response. The use of intensive or low dose chemotherapy has been associated with relatively low response.rates, few durable responses and a high degree of hemopoietic toxicity. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has shown durable responses for a subset of MDS patients, particularly those who are young and who are in the low risk subgroups. However, due to the elderly nature of the majority of MDS patients, and the toxicity associated with BMT, this option has limited utility for most of these patients. Major focus has been on the recent therapeutic use of recombinant human hemopoietic growth factors, particularly G-CSF, GM-CSF and IL3. These agents have been well-tolerated and generally produce a high incidence of sustained improvements in neutrophil counts and marrow morphology, although hemoglobin and platelet counts have generally not been altered. More extensive clinical trials evaluating the impact of these hemopoietic growth factors on the natural history of MDS are ongoing.
Dynamic hot data stream prefetching for general-purpose programs

Prefetching data ahead of use has the potential to tolerate the grow ing processor-memory performance gap by overlapping long latency memory accesses with useful computation. While sophisti cated prefetching techniques have been automated for limited domains, such as scientific codes that access dense arrays in loop nests, a similar level of success has eluded general-purpose pro grams, especially pointer-chasing codes written in languages such as C and C++. We address this problem by describing, implementing and evaluating a dynamic prefetching scheme. Our technique runs on stock hardware, is completely automatic, and works for general-purpose programs, including pointer-chasing codes written in weakly-typed languages, such as C and C++. It operates in three phases. First, the profiling phase gathers a temporal data reference profile from a running program with low-overhead. Next, the profiling is turned off and a fast analysis algorithm extracts hot data streams, which are data reference sequences that frequently repeat in the same order, from the temporal profile. Then, the system dynamically injects code at appropriate program points to detect and prefetch these hot data streams. Finally, the process enters the hibernation phase where no profiling or analysis is performed, and the program continues to execute with the added prefetch instructions. At the end of the hibernation phase, the program is de-optimized to remove the inserted checks and prefetch instructions, and control returns to the profiling phase. For long-running programs, this profile, analyze and optimize, hibernate, cycle will repeat multiple times. Our initial results from applying dynamic prefetching are promising, indicating overall execution time improvements of 5.19% for several memory-performance-limited SPECint2000 benchmarks running their largest (ref) inputs.
Diachronous Deposits: a Kinematic Interpretation of the Post Jurassic Sedimentary Sequence on the Pacific Plate

We have constructed a kinematic model which outlines the deposition of the units of the western Pacific seafloor on growing crust. The average northward component of motion for the Pacific plate has been 4.4 cm yr−1 from 100 to 30 m.y. BP and 2 cm yr−1 from 30 m.y. BP to the present.
Alignment-based nonmonotonicities in similarity.

According to the assumption of monotonicity in similarity judgments, adding a shared feature in common to 2 items should never decrease their similarity. Violations of monotonicity are not predicted by feature- or dimension-based models but can be accommodated by alignment-based models in which the parts of one compared display are placed in correspondence with the parts of the other display. In 2 experiments, evidence for nonmonotonicities is obtained that is generally consistent with the alignment-based model SIAM (similarity as interactive activation and mapping; R. L. Goldstone, 1994). The calculation of similarity in this model involves an interactive activation process whereby correspondences between the parts of compared displays mutually and concurrently influence each other. As SIAM predicts, the occurrence of nonmonotonicities depends on the perceptual similarity of features and the duration of presented comparisons. Both feature-based (Tversky, 1977) and dimension-based (Carroll & Wish, 1974) models of similarity assume monotonicity; that is, they assume that adding a shared feature in common to two items should increase or leave unchanged but should never decrease their similarity. The current experiments demonstrate violations of monotonicity. In doing so, the experiments provide evidence against models that base similarity on the overlap or distance between simple representations and provide evidence for models that compute similarity by a
Cystic nephroma: a histologic and immunohistochemical study of 10 cases.

Abstract Context.—Cystic nephroma is a rare and controversial benign multicystic renal tumor. While the clinical, radiologic, and histologic features of cystic nephroma are well described, the immunohistochemical features are not. The role of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis, which includes multicystic renal cell carcinoma, is also unknown. Objective.—To define the histologic and immunohistochemical features of cystic nephroma. Design.—Ten cases of cystic nephroma diagnosed at 2 institutions during a period of 10 years were stained with an immunohistochemical panel consisting of 20 immunostains. Results.—Median age at diagnosis was 61 years, with a range from 31 to 79 years. The female-to-male ratio was 9:1. Grossly, the tumors were multicystic masses without solid nodules. Histologic features included cysts lined by flat, cuboidal, or hobnail epithelium and septa variably lined by fibrous (10/10 cases) and/or ovarian-like (7/10 cases) stroma. Corpus albicans–like acellular hyalinized st...
Retention and Employee Satisfaction: A Case Study in Long Term Care

Abstract This case study presents comparisons between employee satisfaction and retention data in two long term care companies. Strategic and operational management decisions and differences in race, sex, age, length of service and hourly pay rates are examined and indicate that management and organizational differences contribute to variations in employee satisfaction and retention. This case allows analysis of the possible causes for the variations and what actions would best respond to these differences.
Modeling the Infrared Emission from the HD 141569A Disk

We model the infrared (IR) emission from the double-ring disk of HD 141569A, using a porous dust model that was previously shown to be successful in reproducing the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the disks around β Pictoris and HR 4796A. The dust consists of either unaltered or highly processed interstellar materials and vacuum with a volume fraction of ~90%. Together with a population of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules, of which a large fraction are charged, the porous dust model made of coagulated but otherwise unaltered protostellar interstellar grains provides an excellent fit to the entire SED from the mid-IR to millimeter wavelengths, including the PAH mid-IR emission features. The nondetection of the 21 μm crystalline silicate feature predicted from the porous dust model composed of highly processed grains (mainly crystalline silicate dust) imposes an upper limit of ~10% on the mass fraction of crystalline silicates. Spectroscopic and broadband photometric predictions are made for SIRTF observations, which will provide further tests of the applicability of the porous dust model to circumstellar disks.
Forefoot angle at initial contact determines the amplitude of forefoot and rearfoot eversion during running

article i nfo Article history: Received 25 September 2013 Accepted 19 June 2014 Background: Clinically, foot structures are assessed intrinsically - relation of forefoot to rearfoot and rearfoot to leg. We have argued that, from a biomechanical perspective, the interaction of the foot with the ground may influence forces and torques that are propagated through the lower extremity. We proposed that a more appro- priatemeasureisanextrinsiconethatmaypredicttheanglethefootmakeswithgroundatcontact.Thepurposes of this study were to determine if the proposed measure predicts contact angles of the forefoot and rearfoot and assess if the magnitude of those angles influences amplitude and duration of foot eversion during running. Methods: With the individual in prone, extrinsic clinical forefoot and rearfoot angles were measured relative to the caudal edge of the examination table. Participants ran over ground while frontal plane forefoot and rearfoot contactangles,forefootandrearfooteversionamplitudeanddurationweremeasured.Participantsweregrouped twice, once based on forefoot contact inversion angle (moderate b median and large N median) and once based on rearfoot contact inversion angle (moderate b median and large N median). Findings: The forefoot and rearfoot extrinsic clinical angles predicted, respectively, the forefoot and rearfoot an- glesat groundcontact.Large forefootcontactangleswere associatedwith greateramplitudes(but notdurations) of forefoot and rearfoot eversion during stance. Rearfoot contact angles, however, were associated with neither amplitudes nor durations of forefoot and rearfoot eversion. Interpretation: Possible mechanisms for the increased risk of running injuries associated with large forefoot angles are discussed.
Search for tachyon monopoles in cosmic rays

We have searched for a particle which combines the properties of a tachyon with those of a magnetic monopole. The tachyon monopole is assumed to exist in cosmic rays striking the earth and to be influenced by the extensive magnetic fringing field of Fermilab's 15-ft. bubble chamber. By hypothesizing that the tachyon monopole will either emit Cherenkov radiation in air or ionize Lexan plastic we set an upper limit of 5 x 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -2/ sec/sup -1/ on their flux.
Rapid and Label-Free Cell Detection by Metal-Cluster-Decorated Carbon Nanotube Biosensors

The article reports the use of a metal-cluster-decorated carbon nanotube biosensors for rapid and label-free algae cell detection. Sensitivities of the devices with or without the metal-cluster coating were subsequently compared using streptavidin (SA) as a model case. The sensing responses of device conductance (G) normalized by initial conductance (G0) plotted versus time for devices without and with metal clusters are shown.
Short-Lived Plasmablasts Dominate the Early Spontaneous Rheumatoid Factor Response: Differentiation Pathways, Hypermutating Cell Types, and Affinity Maturation Outside the Germinal Center

We used a newly validated approach to identify the initiation of an autoantibody response to identify the sites and cell differentiation pathways at early and late stages of the rheumatoid factor response. The autoimmune response is mainly comprised of rapidly turning over plasmablasts that, according to BrdU labeling, TUNEL, and hypermutation data, derive from an activated B cell precursor. Surprisingly, few long-lived plasma cells were generated. The response most likely initiates at the splenic T-B zone border and continues in the marginal sinus bridging channels. Both activated B cells and plasmablasts harbor V gene mutations; large numbers of mutations in mice with long-standing response indicate that despite the rapid turnover of responding cells, clones can persist for many weeks. These studies provide insights into the unique nature of an ongoing autoimmune response and may be a model for understanding the response to therapies such as B cell depletion.
A Yield and Reliability Improvement Methodology Based on Logic Redundant Repair with a Repairable Scan Flip-Flop Designed by Push Rule

We propose a yield improvement methodology which repairs a faulty chip due to logic defect by using a repairable scan flip-flop (R-SFF). Our methodology improves area penalty, which is a large issue for logic repair technology in actual products, by using repair grouping and a redundant cell insertion algorithm and by pushing the design rule for the repairable area of R-SFF. Additionally, compared with the conventional method, we reduce the number of wire connections around redundant cells by improving the replacement method of the faulty cell by the redundant cell. The proposed methodology reduces the total area penalty caused by the logic redundant repair to 3.6p and improves the yield, that is the number of good chips on a wafer, by 4.7p when the defect density is 1.0[1/cm^2]. Furthermore, we propose the strategy to repair the in-field failures due to latent defect for the chip whose repair function had not been used in the shipment test.
The role of expressiveness and attention in human-robot interaction

This paper presents the results of an experiment in human-robot social interaction. Its purpose was to measure the impact of certain features and behaviors on people's willingness to engage in a short interaction with a robot. The behaviors tested were the ability to convey expression with a humanoid face and the ability to indicate attention by turning towards the person that the robot is addressing. We hypothesized that these features were minimal requirements for effective social interaction between a human and a robot. We will discuss the results of the experiment and their implications for the design of socially interactive robots.
The impact of technology on teaching an ordinary differential equations course

It has been a real challenge to introduce some changes to the Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) class at my school. The goal is essentially to have an ODE class that both exposes students to the solution methods for the traditional classes of solvable differential equations and maintains some mathematical coherence. In this paper, I describe my experience in implementing these changes, including both successes and failures. Based on this experience, I am suggesting a detailed course of plan aimed at improving the teaching of the ODE class. The recommended teaching methodology is enhanced by the use of technology in a lab setting (Mathematica) in conjunction with cooperative learning. This includes overcoming computational difficulties so that students gain a greater understanding of the connection between a given formula or a system and the actual situation that it describes.
Interaction of norethandrolone and testosterone propionate on the prostate of the mature rat.

The response of the prostate to norethandrolone has been studied in mature castrated rats. A previous study has suggested that norethandrolone may inhibit the response of the rat prostate to injected testosterone. Groups of castrated rats were injected with several different doses of norethandrolone during a period when they were also receiving injections of testosterone propionate. The response of the prostate to testosterone propionate was not altered significantly by norethandrolone.