cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
15 years of zebrafish chemical screening

In 2000, the first chemical screen using living zebrafish in a multi-well plate was reported. Since then, more than 60 additional screens have been published describing whole-organism drug and pathway discovery projects in zebrafish. To investigate the scope of the work reported in the last 14 years and to identify trends in the field, we analyzed the discovery strategies of 64 primary research articles from the literature. We found that zebrafish screens have expanded beyond the use of developmental phenotypes to include behavioral, cardiac, metabolic, proliferative and regenerative endpoints. Additionally, many creative strategies have been used to uncover the mechanisms of action of new small molecules including chemical phenocopy, genetic phenocopy, mutant rescue, and spatial localization strategies.
Use of a Digital Computer in the Analysis of Intestinal Motility Records

Methods do not exist for the rapid, quantitative analysis of complex phasic patterns such as are seen on records of intraluminal gastrointestinal pressure or other parameters of motility. In an attempt to develop a more satisfactory method, these wave forms have been converted into digital form and then analyzed by the Whirlwind I digital computer at M.I.T. Generation of the autocorrelation function and the power density spectrum of these records has permitted a numerical, quantitative expression of certain information contained in these curves.
Non-linear epitopes of the large subunit of Ku autoantigen recognized by monoclonal and autoantibodies

Sera from certain patients with SLE, scleroderma and other autoimmune diseases react with the two subunits of the Ku protein: 86 and 70 kDa. Previous experiments indicated that a region of 40 amino acids near the C-terminus of the 86 kDa subunit between amino acids 667 and 708 was critical for binding of monoclonal and some autoimmune antibodies. In the present study, a series of additional 5' deletions and site-specific mutations in the critical region were produced and the immunoreactivities of the recombinant proteins were examined. ELISA and immunoblot analyses showed that three non-competing monoclonal antibodies specific for the 86 kDa subunit require stretches of amino acids significantly longer than 40 amino acids for reactivity, suggesting that the antigen is recognized in a folded state with perhaps more than one contact point. The reactivities of 12 of 24 anti-Ku positive autoimmune sera screened depended on the same amino acid sequences required for binding of the monoclonal antibodies, site-specific mutations reduced the reactivities of monoclonal and autoantibodies in a similar way. Preincubation of native Ku protein with the monoclonal antibodies shifted the electrophoretic mobility of Ku protein-DNA complex, suggesting that these monoclonal antibodies bind to epitopes on the surface of the native Ku protein. Taken together, the results from the deletion and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrate that both monoclonal and autoantibodies recognize non-linear epitopes of the 86 kDa polypeptide. These findings indicate that in a large portion of patients the anti-Ku autoimmune response is similar to the normal immune response to the Ku antigen in mice.
Can Becoming My Self Influence My Health?: Exploring the Effects of a Eudaimonic-Enhancement Process on Psychological Indicators of Well-Being and Physical Activity

The current study adopts an intervention approach that begins with the assumption that the quality of a person’s lived experience is at the core of well-being and health behavior change. Specifically, the present study used a well-being enhancement process grounded in eudaimonia to explore the connection among eudaimonia, indicators of psychological well-being (i.e., personal growth, subjective vitality, self-determination, and life engagement), and physical activity. Participants in the intervention group engaged in 8 weekly, group eudaimonic well-being enhancement (the Well-Being Way, WBW) sessions with assessments at Weeks 1, 8, and 12 (follow-up), and were compared to a comparison group that did not participate. A series of 2 × 3 (Group by Time) repeated measures ANOVAs along with follow-up paired comparisons t-tests were conducted to compare the WBW and comparison groups across time. Results indicated that the WBW group exhibited significant increases in two indices of psychological well-being (trait subjective vitality and self-determination) and in their physical activity levels. The comparison group showed no changes in any of the variables. The results of an exploratory regression analysis provided some evidence that WBW participants who experienced the greatest gains in life engagement and trait subjective vitality also exhibited significant increases in level of physical activity. Discussion focuses on the implications of the Well-Being Way approach for the enhancement of positive well-being and future possibilities for eudaimonic-based approaches to health behavior change.
THE SHRIMP AQUACULTURE PROGRAM AT THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

The aquaculture program of the Environmental Research Laboratory is designed to investigate the potential of culturing the brown shrimp of the Gulf of California, Penaeus californiensis. A basic research program has been established to identify nutritional and environmental requirements. Studies in feed composition, feeding rates, and stocking rates are being carried out. In addition, a comparative growth study of P. aztecus and P. californiensis is being conducted in an environmentally-controlled aquacell. The University of Arizona has for a number of years conducted cooperative research programs with the University of Sonora at Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico. Puerto Penasco is a shrimp port on the Gulf of California. The marine laboratory has been improved, and a hatchery and aquacells for grow-out studies have been added. The aquacells were converted from inflated greenhouses and are now used to provide a controlled environment for optimum shrimp growth. The seawater for the Puerto Penasco research site is provided from a seawater well which produces seawater at 35 ppt with an average temperature of 24.5 C + 2.5 C. The results of these experimental programs are presented.
Two-dimensional chemical-shift tensor correlation spectroscopy. Analysis of sensitivity and optimal measurement directions

Abstract Chemical-shift tensors can be determined from a single crystal placed in six or more orientations in a magnetic field. The sensitivity of this determination as a function of the selected crystal orientations is considered with a statistical figure of merit. A variety of configurations is examined, and it is found that the set of six orientations based on the vertices of an icosahedron optimizes the figure of merit and results in the most sensitive determination of the tensor. The relationship of these optimal orientations to those used previously in two-dimensional chemical-shift tensor correlation spectroscopy is discussed. It is shown that the high symmetry of the icosahedron simplifies the design on which the construction of a new sample orienting mechanism may be based.
Congenital left coronary artery - right ventricular fistula.

. The case of a neonate with heart failure and myocardial ischaemia due to a large coronary artery fistula is reported. ECG monitoring and Thallium — 201 imaging indicated pre-operative myocardial ischaemia. The diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization. Successful surgical ligation of the fistula was performed at the age of 10 days and to our knowledge is the first successful ligation in the neonatal period. Follow up Thallium — 201 imaging was normal. Repeat cardiac catheterization demonstrated complete closure of the fistula and normal left ventricular function.
Tierless Programming and Reasoning for Networks

Modern network software is implemented across two tiers: the data plane, which contains packet-processing rules implemented efficiently on switching hardware, and the control plane, which implements fundamental algorithms, policies, and business rules that determine what the data plane should do. Thus, programming the network is akin to programming a two-tier, massively distributed system, where each node has heterogeneous processing capabilities. In addition, the persistent store on the controller represents a third tier. This splitting across tiers leads to both correctness and performance errors.In response, we have designed a language, Flowlog, for programming networks in a "tierless" way that unifies descriptions of control, data, and external state. Tierless programming not only simplifies programming but also makes it easier to express and reason about invariants that cross-cut tiers. In this talk I will discuss applications of Flowlog to both Software-Defined Networking and programming Internet of Things networks. I will also discuss a variety of analysis tasks.This talk describes joint work with Tim Nelson, Andrew Ferguson, Michael Scheer, and Rodrigo Fonseca.
Creating Ligands with Multiple Personalities

Ligands, once mere spectators in reactions catalyzed by transition metal complexes, are now being designed with additional functions that can augment the reactivity of the metal center. Classical ligands, such as the terpyridine in compound 1 (see the figure), often simply help to fill the coordination sphere of the metal and remain unchanged throughout a cycle of reactions. Even ligands that exert inductive effects—donating or withdrawing electrons to or from the metal's orbitals—can be tuned only by synthesizing a modified ligand. Multifunctional ligands that respond to effects such as changes in pH are now being developed, as illustrated by recent work by Hashiguchi et al. ( 1 ). They describe a ruthenium (Ru) complex 2 in which the ligand has a pair of labile protons (depicted in blue in the figure). The ligand is neutral but can lose one or two protons in strongly basic solution. This gain of one or two negative charges activates the Ru atom for carbon-hydrogen (C–H) bond reactions. In effect, three very different ligands can be generated from a single core structure simply by changing pH.
Conformational energy analysis of melanostatin

Conformational energy calculations were carried out on the hypothalamic hormone melanostatin, a tripeptide with the primary structure H-L-Pro-L-Leu-Gly-NH2. The calculated lowest energy conformation was a type II beta bend, very similar to that reported in an X-ray crystal study. This conformation, however, was only one of 109 low-energy structures (less than or equal to 3 kcal/mol above the global minimum), indicating that the molecule in solution exists as an ensemble of conformations and is very flexible, in agreement with relaxation data from n.m.r. measurements. A statistical analysis yielded an average end-to-end distance of 6.8 A and a bend probability of 0.62, suggesting that, in nonpolar solvents, bend structures predominate within the statistical ensemble. The statistical analysis, however, also yielded a probability of only 0.11 for the occurrence of a 4 leads to 1 hydrogen bond. Hence, the calculations show that, although bend conformations predominate, bends would be difficult to observe in solution if the experiments were designed only to detect 4 leads to 1 hydrogen bonds.
Electrophoretic and karyological characters of the gyrinocheilid fish, Gyrinocheilus aymonieri

A diploid karyotype of 2n48 was confirmed for Gyrinocheilus aymonieri and is interpreted as a primitive condition within the Cypriniformes. Levels of allozyme variation measured from commercially obtained samples were comparable to those of most diploid cypriniform fishes; products of rive of 23 loci were polymorphic and heterozygosity was measured at −0.05. Gyrinocheilus aymonieri exhibits derived conditions for a number of isozyme characters: two non-interactive acid phosphatase loci were found to be expressed in brain, and the formation of interlocus heteropolymers was non-random for several multimeric enzymes including glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, l-lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. Additional information on gene expression in the cobitids and Old World cyprinids may clarify the autapomorphic or synapomorphic nature of these derived conditions in G. aymonieri.
Highly sensitive "turn-on" fluorescent sensor for Hg2+ in aqueous solution based on structure-switching DNA.

A simple design of “turn-on” fluorescent sensor for mercury was demonstrated based on structure-switching DNA with a low detection limit of 3.2 nM and high selectivity.
Multi-objective PID controller tuning for a FACTS-based damping stabilizer using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II

Abstract Design of an optimal controller requires optimization of multiple performance measures that are often noncommensurable and competing with each other. Design of such a controller is indeed a multi-objective optimization problem. Non-Dominated Sorting in Genetic Algorithms-II (NSGA-II) is a popular non-domination based genetic algorithm for solving multi-objective optimization problems. This paper investigates the application of NSGA-II technique for the tuning of a Proportional Integral Derivate (PID) controller for a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)-based stabilizer. The design objective is to improve the damping of power system when subjected to a disturbance with minimum control effort. The proposed technique is applied to generate Pareto set of global optimal solutions to the given multi-objective optimization problem. Further, a fuzzy-based membership value assignment method is employed to choose the best compromise solution from the obtained Pareto solution set. Simulation results are presented and compared with a conventionally designed PID controller under various loading conditions and disturbances to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach. Finally, the proposed design approach is extended to a multi-machine power system to damp the modal oscillations with minimum control efforts.
Trust and Well-Being in the African American Neighborhood

Trust is a key component in the creation and maintenance of social capital, which has been linked to neighborhood capacity to respond to environmental challenges as well as physical and mental well...
544 INTRA-HOUSEHOLD TRANSMISSION HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION

To evaluate factors for intra-household transmission of HBV in Alaskan Eskimos, 93 households were identified in which at least one member was positive for HBsAg and at least one member was negative for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc. After 6 months, 25 (11.7%) of the 213 seronegative persons sero-converted (annual incidence of 221 infections per 1,000 persons). Using logistic regression models, the significant factors involved with intra-household transmission of HBV were the age of the person positive for HBsAg, the presence of HBeAg, and the age of the susceptible person. Shown below is the proportion of persons infected with HBV (by age) in relation to the age of the HBsAg-positive household member. Transmission of HBV commonly occurred if an HBsAg-positive household member was less than 10-years-old (p<0.0001) and was also positive for HBeAg (p=0.0015). Also, if a member became a chronic carrier (HBsAg-positive ≥ 1 year), the risk of infection extended to a broader age group (p=0.025). In Alaskan Eskimos, sibling-to-sibling transmission of HBV infection is the predominant type. Therefore, infants and children should be considered the highest priority group for HBV vaccination. Proportion of seronegative persons with new HBV infection
Selflessness in stone: The memorialisation of Percy Brookfield as socialist martyr

Percy Brookfield was a radical Broken Hill politician. His short, spectacular career ended when he was shot dead in 1921. A year later his memorial was unveiled. The monument has local, state and national significance. It testifies to some of the most fraught events in Australia’s political and industrial history. The Brookfield memorial is discussed in order to recall those events and to explicate contemporary political and aesthetic ideas manifest in the commemorative construction. After recounting Brookfield’s public actions as context for his death and memorialisation, this paper analyses facets of the memorial itself. This article has been peer-reviewed.
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION WITH BLOOD OF HIGH HEMATOCRIT ON THE REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD FLOW IN NEWBORN LAMBS

EFFECT OF EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION WITH BLOOD OF HIGH HEMATOCRIT ON THE REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD FLOW IN NEWBORN LAMBS
Influence of duration and amplitude on the perception of prominence by Swedish listeners

Abstract This study examines the perception of prominence in speech signals by listeners who are native speakers of Swedish. It represents a continuation of earlier research dealing with perception of prominence by native speakers of English and Estonian (Lehiste and Fox, 1992). The stimuli consisted of the synthesized token [ b a ] at a constant fundamental frequency. The basic stimulus token was 400 ms in duration. Listeners heard sequences of four stimulus tokens with an inter-token interval of 120 ms. One token in each sequence could be lengthened to 425, 450, 475 or 500 ms. Either the same or a different token could be simultaneously increased in amplitude by 3 or 6 dB. Changes in duration and amplitude were independent. Listeners were required to indicate which token was “most prominent”. The data show that Swedish listeners, like Estonian listeners, were more responsive to duration cues than were English listeners. However, Swedish listeners were not as sensitive to duration as Estonian listeners when the longer token was in the fourth position, possibly because Swedish listeners expect pre-boundary lengthening (a factor that seemed to have a very significant effect upon the English listeners). In general, these results support the hypothesis that the prosodic structure of a listener's native language can significantly influence his perception of suprasegmental stimuli.
A hybrid technique for overlapped chromosome segmentation of G-band mataspread images automatic

Currently, the cytogenetic disorder such as the Down syndrome and the Prada william syndrome are a serious public health problem. The chromosome G-band images are applied for the automatic Karyotype analysis because it's easy to created and low cost. In contrast, the common problems of the chromosome images are disentangle such as the overlapping chromosome images. In this paper proposed a hybrid method for chromosome segmentation of G-band images. First, the Wayalun method is used to pre-processing the chromosome images. Then the Unsharp Mask and Zhang-Suen method are used searching one node in the overlapping chromosome skeleton images, and the chromosome edge detection is used the chromosome images edge detection algorithm (CEDA). Finally, this method searched the four cut points, in which used to separate the chromosome images overlapping, and the parts of the chromosome segmentation between point to point are created by the linear least squares fit method. The experimental results give the best performance for the automatic chromosome segmentation. A success rate of proposed method achieved at 97%.
Sleep Problems Outperform Depression and Hopelessness as Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Predictors of Suicidal Ideation and Behavior in Young Adults in the Military

Abstract Background Sleep problems appear to represent an underappreciated and important warning sign and risk factor for suicidal behaviors. Given past research indicating that disturbed sleep may confer such risk independent of depressed mood, in the present report we compared self-reported insomnia symptoms to several more traditional, well-established suicide risk factors: depression severity, hopelessness, PTSD diagnosis, as well as anxiety, drug abuse, and alcohol abuse symptoms. Methods Using multiple regression, we examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between insomnia symptoms and suicidal ideation and behavior, controlling for depressive symptom severity, hopelessness, PTSD diagnosis, anxiety symptoms, and drug and alcohol abuse symptoms in a sample of military personnel (N = 311). Results In support of a priori hypotheses, self-reported insomnia symptoms were cross-sectionally associated with suicidal ideation, even after accounting for symptoms of depression, hopelessness, PTSD diagnosis, anxiety symptoms and drug and alcohol abuse. Self-reported insomnia symptoms also predicted suicide attempts prospectively at one-month follow up at the level of a non-significant trend, when controlling for baseline self-reported insomnia symptoms, depression, hopelessness, PTSD diagnosis and anxiety, drug and alcohol abuse symptoms. Insomnia symptoms were unique predictors of suicide attempt longitudinally when only baseline self-reported insomnia symptoms, depressive symptoms and hopelessness were controlled. Limitations The assessment of insomnia symptoms consisted of only three self-report items. Findings may not generalize outside of populations at severe suicide risk. Conclusions These findings suggest that insomnia symptoms may be an important target for suicide risk assessment and the treatment development of interventions to prevent suicide.
Local Anesthesia for Knee Arthroscopy Efficacy and Cost Benefits

We performed a retrospective review of a series of knee arthroscopic procedures that were completed using local, general, or regional anesthesia to evaluate the efficacy of these anesthetic techniques. Operative time, complications or failures, procedures successfully performed, recovery room time and postoperative stay, and patient satisfaction were recorded. Local anesthesia with intravenous sedation compared favorably with the other techniques: operative time was not increased, a large variety of operative procedures were successfully completed, recovery time was significantly shortened, and patient satisfaction remained high. This technique offers several advantages over other types of anesthesia for knee arthroscopy, including improved cost effectiveness.
Two-dimensional bin packing with one-dimensional resource augmentation

The two-dimensional bin packing problem is a generalization of the classical bin packing problem and is defined as follows. Given a collection of rectangles specified by their width and height, pack these into a minimum number of square bins of unit size. Recently, the problem was proved to be APX-hard even in the asymptotic case, i.e. when the optimum solutions require a large number of bins [N. Bansal, J. Correa, C. Kenyon, M. Sviridenko, Bin packing in multiple dimensions: Inapproximability results and approximation schemes, Math. Oper. Res. 31 (1) (2006) 31-49]. On the positive side, there exists a polynomial time algorithm that uses OPT bins whose sides have length ([email protected]), where OPT denotes the number of unit sized bins used by the optimum solution [N. Bansal, J. Correa, C. Kenyon, M. Sviridenko, Bin packing in multiple dimensions: Inapproximability results and approximation schemes, Math. Oper. Res. 31 (1) (2006) 31-49]. A natural question that remains is the approximability of the problem when we are allowed to relax the size of the unit bins in only one dimension. In this paper, we show that there exists an asymptotic polynomial time approximation scheme for packing rectangles into bins of size 1x([email protected]).
A Case Report of Synovial Sarcoma Treated with Hyperthermia Therapy

The patient was a fourteen-year-old boy. Final histological diagnosis was decided as synovial sarcoma. After discussion we judged it was impossible to try a curative surgical operation, because of its immaturity and localization.At first we used an isolation-perfusion technique with hyperthermia. The common iliac artery and vein were exposed and then the left leg was circulated under cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood warmed to about 43°C was supplied from the machine and this condition was kept for five hours. Also we added Adriamycin (ADR) in this closed circulation, but actual mesurement of serum ADR concentration showed a very low level against our calculation.After this treatment the circumference of the thigh (tumor) was decreased apparently. But after three months, lung metastasis was detected. So we did a whole body hyperthermia, but this treatment was followed by a short term remission.
Preventing protein secretion with chemical glue.

A small-molecule inhibitor of protein secretion has been found that targets Cdc42, a regulator of the secretory pathway. This compound acts through a previously undescribed mechanism—by recruiting a protein inhibitor.
An automatic self-installation and calibration method for a 3D position sensing system using ultrasonics

Abstract This work addresses 3D position sensing systems that estimate the location of a wave source by triangulating its position based on the time-of-flights (TOFs) to various receivers fixed to an inertial frame of reference. Typical applications of such systems are finding the location of the transmitter that may be fixed to an autonomously guided vehicle (AGV) operating in an enclosed work environment, a robot end-effector, or virtual reality environments. These environments constitute a large working volume, and the receivers have to be fixed in this environment and their locations known exactly. This is a major source of problems in the installation/calibration stage since the receivers are usually distributed in space and finding their exact location entails using a separate 3D calibrating device which may or may not be as accurate as the location system itself. This paper presents a method to use the system itself to set up an inertial frame of reference and find out the locations of the receivers within this frame by simply using an accurate ID positioning system, e.g. an accurate ruler or a simple distance measuring system that uses ultrasonic or infrared sensors. The method entails moving the transmitter to known locations on a single plane, and using the TOFs to estimate the location of the receivers. A typical application would be that an AGV carries a set of receivers to a hazardous environment such as a nuclear power plant, places the receivers arbitrarily, carries out the self-installation/calibration procedure, maps out the environment, and begins to function autonomously, the whole procedure being done without human intervention or supervision.
City Rules: How Regulations Affect Urban Form by Emily Talen

Emily Talen, City Rules: How Regulations Affect Urban Form (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2012).Many planners look down on zoning and think of it more as limiting rather than enabling. While the in...
A dual read-out assay to evaluate the potency of compounds active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is a serious global health problem caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. There is an urgent need for discovery and development of new treatments, but this can only be accomplished through rapid and reproducible M. tuberculosis assays designed to identify potent inhibitors. We developed an automated 96-well assay utilizing a recombinant strain of M. tuberculosis expressing a far-red fluorescent reporter to determine the activity of novel compounds; this allowed us to measure growth by monitoring both optical density and fluorescence. We determined that optical density and fluorescence were correlated with cell number during logarithmic phase growth. Fluorescence was stably maintained without antibiotic selection over 5 days, during which time cells remained actively growing. We optimized parameters for the assay, with the final format being 5 days’ growth in 96-well plates in the presence of 2% w/v DMSO. We confirmed reproducibility using rifampicin and other antibiotics. The dual detection method allows for a reproducible calculation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), at the same time detecting artefacts such as fluorescence quenching or compound precipitation. We used our assay to confirm anti-tubercular activity and establish the structure activity relationship (SAR) around the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamides, a promising series of M. tuberculosis inhibitors.
Methods for a Multisite Randomized Trial to Investigate the Effect of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy in Improving Upper Extremity Function among Adults Recovering from a Cerebrovascular Stroke:

This article describes the study design, methodological considerations, and demographic characteristics of a phase III RCT to determine if 1) constraint-induced therapy (CI therapy) can be applied with therapeutic success 3 to 9 months after stroke across different sites, 2) gains that might occur persist over 2 years, 3) initial level of motor ability determines responsiveness to CI therapy, and 4) the treatment effect differs between those treated before 9 months and after 1 year. Six sites will screen and recruit poststroke survivors stratified on initial level of motor ability and after randomization allocate participants to immediate or delayed intervention. Primary outcomes include a laboratory-based measure of function (Wolf Motor Function Test [WMFT]) and a real-world participant-centered functional use measure (Motor Activity Log [MAL]). Secondary outcomes concern function, behavior, and compliance. This is the first multisite, single-blind RCT of a formal training intervention for upper extremit...
Analysis of multiple tissue-specific cDNA libraries from the Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Synopsis Multiple small-scale transcriptome studies have been undertaken for various members of the Penaeidae. Penaeid shrimp are important both as members of diverse ecosystems around the world and for their importance as commercial commodities. Of the many shrimps, the most important from this family is the Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, as it is the primary shrimp used in worldwide aquaculture. The sequencing and analysis of 13 656 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from this species is presented. ESTs were derived from multiple tissue-specific cDNA libraries with an emphasis being placed on those tissues with predicted immune function. Assembly of the sequences into non-overlapping clusters yielded 7466 putative unigenes (1981 contigs and 5485 singletons). Multiple approaches were taken to assign putative function to each transcript; sequence homology searches using BLASTX (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool: Translated query versus protein database) of the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s (NCBI) GenBank Database and Gene Ontology annotation, and still a significant portion of the shrimp ESTs (62%) had no homology with known proteins in the public databases. The sequence and complete annotation of all ESTs is available at www.marinegenomics.org, a publicly accessible database. In addition to providing the basic resources for microarray construction, transcript profiling, and novel gene discovery, this study constitutes the largest combined analysis of ESTs from any shrimp species and is a prelude to an even larger effort aimed at identifying and depleting highly redundant genes from shrimp cDNA libraries toward the goal of sequencing 100 000 shrimp ESTs.
Isotopic and elemental chemistry of subsurface Precambrian igneous rocks, west Texas and eastern New Mexico

We present major element, trace element, and Nd isotopic analyses from cuttings and core samples for three subsurface terranes in west Texas and eastern New Mexico. The most northerly is the Panhandle volcanic terrane, which represents a large part of the Mesoproterozoic southern granite-rhyolite province. This terrane is comprised of undeformed rhyolite, ignimbritic tuff, granite, and diabase. The Panhandle terrane is split by the Debaca terrane, which consists of intercalated metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks intruded by olivine gabbro, ferrogabbro, and diabase. Mildly to strongly deformed intermediate and felsic intrusive rocks of unknown affinity make up the third terrane, called here the crystalline terrane; it is located south and southeast of the Panhandle and Debaca terranes. Intermediate-to-felsic rocks of the terranes can be subdivided on the basis of their geochemistry into those with: (1) K 2 O/Na 2 O > 1 and A-type trace element characteristics; and (2) K 2 O/Na 2 O 1.7-Ga crust. The southern edge of Laurentia, therefore, is farther south than previously inferred. A diabase from the Panhandle terrane has a T DM of 1.44 Ga. If this model age is close to the crystallization age, then diabase in the Panhandle terrane is approximately coeval with the granite and rhyolite. The model age for the gabbro from the Debaca terrane is distinctly younger at 1.26 Ga, and is the same as crystallization ages of felsic tuffs associated with shelf carbonates in the Franklin Mountains and Van Horn area. In the crystalline terrane, both A- and I-type granites are present. Model ages for the I-type granites are 1.40–1.47 Ga. These are distinctly younger than the model age for the Panhandle terrane, and an A-type granite has a T DM of 1.35 Ga. These data indicate that granites in the crystalline terrane are not part of the granite-rhyolite province; rather, they constitute a separate group.
Quantifying human disturbance in watersheds: Variable selection and performance of a GIS-based disturbance index for predicting the biological condition of perennial streams

Characterizing the relative severity of human disturbance in watersheds is often part of stream assessments and is frequently done with the aid of Geographic Information System (GIS)-derived data. However, the choice of variables and how they are used to quantify disturbance are often subjective. In this study, we developed a number of disturbance indices by testing sets of variables, scoring methods, and weightings of 33 potential disturbance factors derived from readily available GIS data. The indices were calibrated using 770 watersheds located in the western United States for which the severity of disturbance had previously been classified from detailed local data by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). The indices were calibrated by determining which variable or variable combinations and aggregation method best differentiated between least- and most-disturbed sites. Indices composed of several variables performed better than any individual variable, and best results came from a threshold method of scoring using six uncorrelated variables: housing unit density, road density, pesticide application, dam storage, land cover along a mainstem buffer, and distance to nearest canal/pipeline. The final index was validated with 192 withheld watersheds and correctly classified about two-thirds (68%) of least- and most-disturbed sites. These results provide information about the potential for using a disturbance index as a screening tool for a priori ranking of watersheds at a regional/national scale, and which landscape variables and methods of combination may be most helpful in doing so.
Observations on frequency sensitivity of memristors

Comparison is made between established one dimensional linear and nonlinear memristor drift models with Hewlett Packard (HP) experimental data to test level of agreement. Models used in first phase of work are based on a sinusoidal applied voltage. Linear and nonlinear model data as well as HP experimental data were employed to make instantaneous power predictions during one full time cycle of the input waveform. Instantaneous power profile comparisons between both linear and nonlinear models for higher and lower frequencies with experimental data indicate that the power profiles are less sensitive to change in frequency though memristor hysteresis is highly sensitive. Model based simulation tests confirm that the frequency response scales inversely with an identified time constant based on physical properties and memristor dimensions.
Weaving cartilage at zero g: the reality of tissue engineering in space

tissue n [L, texere , to weave] . . . an aggregate of cells usu. of a particular kind together with their intercellular substance . . . (1) On Arachne, the weaver: Oft, to admire the niceness of her skill, The Nymphs would quit their fountain, shade, or hill: . . . Nor would the work, when finish’d please so much, As, while she wrought, to view each graceful touch (2) The idea of tissue exchange between individuals is captivating. Fantasized hybrid beings, with parts from various sources, acquire unusual stature and reflect an ageless anxiety; the Sphinx, Chimera, and Frankenstein’s creation linger in our imaginations. Real hybrids also engage us, as when, 30 years ago, in the first human-to-human heart transplant, the diseased heart of Louis Washkansky was replaced with the heart of a young female accident victim (3). Since that dramatic operation, the images of hybridization have become ever more complex; technology reforms our mythology. A motion picture released in 1997 asked viewers to accept the possibility of two individuals exchanging faces; it is a measure of progress that this remarkable conceit could be presented credibly. The new field of tissue engineering asks for a similar suspension of disbelief. Tissue engineers are attempting to invent recipes—lifted from developmental biology, transplant surgery, chemical engineering and other disparate sources—that will cause biological tissues to regenerate in situ or develop in vitro (4). The field is propelled by progress in gene therapy, cell biology, polymer science, and controlled drug delivery (5–7). If recent trends continue, laboratory-grown tissue replacements will become a common medical therapy during the early decades of the 21st century, just 100 years after the first culture of animal cells (8). Cell culture is a marvelous innovation of modern biology: cells rapidly reproduce their own …
Kinetics of microbial Fe(III) oxide reduction in freshwater wetland sediments

The kinetics of microbial amorphous Fe(III) oxide reduction was investigated in sediments from a freshwater wetland in north central Alabama, USA. Fe(III) oxide concentrations decreased exponentially with time during anaerobic incubation of sediment slurries and homogenized surface sediments. Rates of organic carbon mineralization (SCO2 1 CH4 accumulation) did not change markedly during the course of Fe(III) oxide reduction, which indicated that the exponential decline in Fe(III) oxide concentration over time resulted primarily from Fe(III) limitation rather than a decrease in organic matter decay rate. Initial rates of Fe(III) oxide reduction were linearly correlated with initial Fe(III) oxide concentrations in experiments with mixtures of Fe(III)-rich and Fe(III)-depleted sediment slurries. Similar results were obtained in experiments with sediment from various depth intervals in the upper 3 cm of freshly collected cores. These findings provide explicit evidence that microbial Fe(III) oxide reduction rates are first order with respect to amorphous Fe(III) oxide concentration in the wetland sediment. The observed first-order relationship between Fe(III) oxide concentration and reduction rate is consistent with established models of surface area‐controlled mineral transformation. An experiment in which Fe(III) oxide-rich sediment slurries were amended with different amounts of labile organic matter demonstrated a direct correlation between first-order Fe(III) reduction rate constants and initial rates of organic carbon mineralization. These results provide empirical support for existing approaches to modeling organic matter decay-dependent Fe(III) oxide reduction kinetics in sediments.
Time dependence of the frequency and amplitude of the local nanomechanical motion of yeast.

We report the time dependence of the local nanomechanical motion of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) cell wall. The motion was measured under physiological conditions with an atomic force microscope over relatively extended periods of 15 seconds. The cell wall motion displayed a distinct 2-state amplitude behavior as revealed by Fourier analysis, while the frequency followed a normal Gaussian distribution centered at ~1.61 kHz. There was no apparent temporal relationship between either characteristic. Local motion of the bud scar on the same cell contained multiple frequencies different from that of the cell wall. Each frequency component displayed normal Gaussian fluctuations, while 1 component displayed slight 2-state amplitude behavior. The motion of the cell wall and bud scar was dependent on cellular metabolism, as confirmed by treatment with a metabolic inhibitor. The variability in frequency and amplitude of the motion provides a characteristic basis for further analysis of factors that affect the motion. D 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Minimax linear smoothing for capacities: The case of correlated signals and noise

Results of an earlier paper giving minimax linear smoothers for the problem of estimating a homogeneous signal field in an additive orthogonal noise field when both have uncertain spectral properties, are extended to the case in which the signal and noise fields are arbitrarily correlated. As before, spectral uncertainty is modeled by assuming that the spectral measures of the signal and noise fields lie in classes of measures generated by two-alternating Choquet capacities. It is demonstrated that this problem admits a general solution in terms of the Huber-Strassen derivative between the capacities that generate the uncertainty sets, and that the least favorable spectra for smoothing in orthogonal noise are also the least favorable marginal spectra for smoothing in correlated noise. The resulting filter is seen to be a zonal filter that also arises as the solution to an analogous problem in (nonparametric) minimax hypothesis testing. These new results extend the applicability of minimax robust smoothing techniques to application involving signal-dependent noise phenomena, such as multipath and clutter, which are usually difficult to model precisely.
Is Intracellular Ice Formation the Cause of Death of Mouse Sperm Frozen at High Cooling Rates

Abstract Mouse spermatozoa in 18% raffinose and 3.8% Oxyrase in 0.25× PBS exhibit high motilities when frozen to −70°C at 20–130°C/min and then rapidly warmed. However, survival is <10% when they are frozen at 260 or 530°C/min, presumably because, at those high rates, intracellular water cannot leave rapidly enough to prevent extensive supercooling and this supercooling leads to nucleation and freezing in situ (intracellular ice formation [IIF]). The probability of IIF as a function of cooling rate can be computed by coupled differential equations that describe the extent of the loss of cell water during freezing and from knowledge of the temperature at which the supercooled protoplasm of the cell can nucleate. Calculation of the kinetics of dehydration requires values for the hydraulic conductivity (Lp) of the cell and for its activation energy (Ea). Using literature values for these parameters in mouse sperm, we calculated curves of water volume versus temperature for four cooling rates between 250 and ...
Decamethylchromocenium tetracyanoethenide, (Cr(C5Me5)2]:.+[TCNE]˙+: a molecular ferromagnet with Tc= 3.65 K

The electron-transfer salt 4[Cr(C5Me5)2]+[TCNE]˙–(TCNE = tetracyanoethylene) has been prepared and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It possesses a solid-state motif of parallel 1D chains of alternating radical rations and anions similar to, but not isostructural to, the ferromagnet [Fe(C5Me5)2]˙+[TCNE]˙–·4[Cr(C5Me5)2]+[TCNE]˙– is a soft ferromagnet with no hysteretic effects observed and Tc= 3.65 K.
Symmetric Bernoulli Distributions and Generalized Binomial Distributions

The generalized binomial distribution is defined as the distribution of a sum of symmetrically distributed Bernoulli random variates. Several two-parameter families of generalized binomial distributions have received attention in the literature, including the Polya urn model, the correlated binomial model and the latent variable model. Some properties and limitations of the three distributions are described. An algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation for two-parameter generalized binomial distributions is proposed. The Polya urn model and the latent variable model were found to provide good fits to sub-binomial data given by Parkes. An extension of the latent variable model to incorporate heterogeneous response probabilities is discussed.
Likelihood of Stink Bugs Colonizing Crops: A Case Study in Southeastern Farmscapes

Stink bugs, including Nezara viridula (L.), Euschistus servus (Say), and Chinavia hilaris (Say), are economic pests across agricultural farmscapes where they can colonize closely associated crops. This 4-yr on-farm study was conducted to examine the likelihood of these three stink bug species colonizing crops in corn-cotton, corn-peanut-cotton, and peanut-cotton farmscapes by using odds ratios. Corn (Zea mays L.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) served as host plants for E. servus and N. viridula. Corn did not serve as a host plant for C. hilaris. Although peanut was a relatively poor host plant, cotton was a relatively good host plant for this stink bug. For N. viridula and E. servus adults, the risk of crop colonization was higher for peanut in peanut-cotton farmscapes with corn than without corn and was highest for cotton in corn-peanut-cotton, followed by peanut-cotton, and lastly corn-cotton farmscapes. The likelihood of oviposition by E. servus, though, was higher in cotton in corn-cotton than peanut-cotton farmscapes. For C. hilaris adults, the risk of crop colonization was highest for cotton in peanut-cotton, followed by corn-peanut-cotton, and lastly corn-cotton farmscapes. Corn was more likely than peanut or cotton to harbor adults and immatures, i.e., egg masses and young nymphs, of N. viridula and E. servus. Adults of all three stink bug species colonized cotton more often than peanut in peanut-cotton farmscapes. However, oviposition by N. viridula and E. servus occurred more often in peanut than in cotton. These assessments of the likelihood of stink bug colonization are essential for modeling predictions of stink bug colonization and designing more comprehensive landscape management approaches for control of stink bugs in these farmscapes.
Neuropsychological evaluation of blast-related concussion: illustrating the challenges and complexities through OEF/OIF case studies.

Background/objective: Soldiers of Operations Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Iraqi Freedom (OIF) sustain blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) with alarming regularity. This study discusses factors in addition to concussion, such as co-morbid psychological difficulty (e.g. post-traumatic stress) and symptom validity concerns that may complicate neuropsychological evaluation in the late stage of concussive injury.Case report: The study presents the complexities that accompany neuropsychological evaluation of blast concussion through discussion of three case reports of OEF/OIF personnel.Discussion: The authors emphasize uniform assessment of blast concussion, the importance of determining concussion severity according to acute-injury characteristics and elaborate upon non-concussion-related factors that may impact course of cognitive limitation. The authors conclude with a discussion of the need for future research examining the impact of blast concussion (particularly recurrent concussion) and ...