cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding inflammatory bowel disease genes will lead to a cure.

The opinion that finding inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) genes will lead to a cure is based on the fact that genetic variation provides a vast reservoir of information specific to individual patients that is only beginning to be acknowledged on a large scale. Complementary to this is that, in many respects, IBD represents an ideal genetic disorder(s). First, the significant role of genetics in IBD is firmly established based on the significant familial clustering observed, combined with significantly higher concordance of monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins (1). The diagnostic pathogenic certainty associated with the diagnoses of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is high; heterogeneity probably exists in clinically similar cases but is likely relatively limited. Compared with other multigenic disorders, the relevant tissues – the peripheral blood leukocytes and the intestinal tissues – are easy to obtain for expression studies. There are numerous, excellent animal models that exist in IBD (2) for which several lines of evidence provide correlative support in humans. The fact that at least two well-replicated disease associations exist in IBD – nucleotide oligomerization domain 2/caspase activation and recruitment domain 15 (NOD2/CARD15) (3,4) and IBD5 on chromosome 5q (5,6) – holds out the promise that the increased understanding of disease pathophysiology will accrue from genetic approaches. At least three mechanisms can be defined through which genetics can effect cures for IBD. First, if effective, preventive approaches can be developed, feasibly powered studies will require the identification and prospective follow-up of high-risk individuals which will be best achieved through testing of established IBD genes. Second, the identification of genuine IBD risk alleles will often provide very novel insights into the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis that fundamentally change existing paradigms of disease pathogenesis. Finally, genetic approaches refine the understanding of key pathways that lead to human IBD.
Ion–Radical Pair Separation in Larger Oxidized Water Clusters, (H2O)+n=6–21

The structures, properties, and spectroscopic signatures of oxidized water clusters,(H2O)+n=6–21, are examined in this work, to provide fundamental insight into renewable energy and radiological processes. Computational quantum chemistry approaches are employed to sample cluster morphologies, yielding hundreds of low-lying isomers with low barriers to interconversion. The ion–radical pair-separation trend, however, which was observed in previous computational studies and in small-cluster spectroscopy experiments, is shown to continue in this larger cluster size regime. The source of this trend is preferential solvation of the hydronium ion by water, including effects beyond the first solvation shell. The fundamental conclusion of this work, therefore, is that the initially formed ion–radical dimer, which has served as a prototypical model of oxidized water, is a nascent species in large, oxidized water clusters and, very likely, bulk water.
Eyelid: Transverse Everting Sutures (Quickert Sutures, Three-Suture Technique)

Entropion of the lower eyelid can lead to ocular surface irritation due to the lashes and eyelid skin rubbing against the cornea. If not corrected, permanent scarring of the cornea and loss of vision can result. Involutional entropion is believed to occur secondary to dehiscence of the lower eyelid retractors, horizontal eyelid laxity, and overriding of the preseptal orbicularis over the pretarsal orbicularis (Techniques in ophthalmic plastic surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2010). In spastic entropion, ocular irritation or inflammation leads to spasm of the eyelids, resulting in entropion (Techniques in ophthalmic plastic surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2010). The Quickert suture technique, first described by Quickert and Rathbun (Arch Ophthalmol 85:304–305, 1971), temporarily corrects lower eyelid entropion by plicating the lower eyelid retractors. This technique does not address the horizontal laxity component that contribute to involutional entropion and is not a permanent solution for involutional or spastic entropion. It is, however, a powerful tool to temporarily relieve patient discomfort and prevent scarring of the cornea until definitive surgery can be performed.
Bayesian bridge regression

Classical bridge regression is known to possess many desirable statistical properties such as oracle, sparsity, and unbiasedness. One outstanding disadvantage of bridge regularization, however, is that it lacks a systematic approach to inference, reducing its flexibility in practical applications. In this study, we propose bridge regression from a Bayesian perspective. Unlike classical bridge regression that summarizes inference using a single point estimate, the proposed Bayesian method provides uncertainty estimates of the regression parameters, allowing coherent inference through the posterior distribution. Under a sparsity assumption non the high-dimensional parameter, we provide sufficient conditions for strong posterior consistency of the Bayesian bridge prior. On simulated datasets, we show that the proposed method performs well compared to several competing methods across a wide range of scenarios. Application to two real datasets further revealed that the proposed method performs as well as or better than published methods while offering the advantage of posterior inference.
Choroidal Imaging in Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common form of irreversible vision loss in the Western world. AMD is classified into the dry, nonexudative, nonneovascular form and the wet, exudative, and neovascular type. The presence of centrally involving geographic atrophy (GA) in eyes with dry AMD or choroidal neovascularization in eyes with wet AMD represents the advanced form of AMD, which can cause irreversible vision loss. While treatment of wet AMD has evolved over the last decade, there are currently no therapeutic options for dry AMD. Imaging of the choroid, outer retina, and circulation may help us better comprehend the etiology and evaluate therapies for dry AMD. The ability to use imaging to correctly diagnose, monitor disease progression and the efficacy of new therapies, and predict prognosis is therefore very important. Various imaging modalities such as fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, microperimetry, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine-green angiography can be used in these evaluations and can help characterize drusen subtypes, GA, and choroidal anatomy. The most effective method to evaluate dry AMD may require incorporation of information from multiple imaging modalities to maximize the strength of each method.
Pathways for effects of small-scale disturbances on a rare plant: How Mimulus angustatus benefits from gopher mounds

Small-scale soil disturbances such as soil mounds produced by gophers are known to influence local plant communities. A variety of mechanisms might account for the influence of gopher disturbances on individual plant success, but understanding of these mechanisms is not well developed. Disturbances are often assumed to affect plants through changing competition or the abiotic environment, but disturbances might also influence plant size, which in turn influences other biotic interactions, including pollination. In this study, we tested for effects of soil disturbance on the density, flower size, and reproduction of an annual plant, Mimulus angustatus. We used soil disturbance manipulations, observational data, and a pollination experiment to examine two possible pathways for effects of disturbance on M. angustatus: competition and pollination. We also considered how effects of gopher mounds change with years since initial disturbance. We found that disturbance strongly increased the local density and flower size of M. angustatus, but the strength of these effects decays quickly. We found no support for these effects being mediated by competition with other plant species. We also found that M. angustatus with larger flowers receive more natural pollination. Our pollination experiment suggests that M. angustatus benefits from pollination (seed set increases with hand pollination or access to pollinators), and suggests that pollen limitation may occur. Taken together, our results indicate that increased pollination and seed set is an alternative response to disturbance that should receive further consideration. Regardless of the exact mechanism, it appears that in the absence of frequent small-scale soil disturbance, M. angustatus would not persist at our field site, as a large majority of plant recruitment and seed set occurs on recent disturbances.
Cyclooxygenase inhibition and response to anti-PD1/L1 in advanced melanoma.

e21023Background: The advent of agents blocking programmed death 1/ligand (PD-1/PD-L1) has transformed the treatment of melanoma and other malignancies. A recent study suggested that suppression of...
Reactivity of Complexes of 4fn5d1 and 4fn+1 Ln2+ Ions with Cyclooctatetraene

The Ln2+ complexes [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp′3Ln] (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Dy, Tm, Yb; Cp′ = C5H4SiMe3) were reacted with 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene, C8H8, to determine if the reactivity of the complexes of 4fn+1 ions differed from that of 4fn5d1 ions. Crystallographically characterizable (C8H8)2– complexes were obtained only for the larger metals in the lanthanide series, and two types of products were obtained: [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp′2Ln(C8H8)] (Ln = La, Ce) and [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Ln(C8H8)2] (Ln = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm). The expected co-products of the two-electron reduction of C8H8 by 2 equiv of [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp′3Ln], namely, the tetrakis(cyclopentadienyl) complexes, [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp′4Ln], were crystallographically characterized for six metals (Ln = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Dy, Tm).
Correction: Negative stiffness and modulated states in active nematics.

Correction for ‘Negative stiffness and modulated states in active nematics’ by Pragya Srivastava et al., Soft Matter, 2016, 12, 8214–8225.
Analysis of physiological behavior using a causal model based on first principles

The objective of this research is to demonstrate a methodology for the design and use of a physiological model in a computer program that suggests medical decisions. The physiological model is based on first principles and facts of physiology and anatomy, and it includes inference rules for analysis of causal relations between physiological events. The model is used to analyze physiological behavior, identify the effects of abnormalities, suggest appropriate therapies, and predict the results of therapy. This methodology integrates heuristic knowledge traditionally used in artificial intelligence programs with mathematical knowledge traditionally used in mathematical modeling programs. In recognition of its origins in artificial intelligence and mathematical modeling, the system is named AI/MM. This paper briefly introduces the knowledge representation and examples of the system analysis of behavior in the domain of renal physiology.
Long-term effects of residue and water management practices on plant parasitic nematode abundance and soybean root infection

Abstract Soil-borne, plant parasitic nematodes are potentially agronomically and economically damaging in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.), double-crop production system that is common in the mid-southern United States. Double-crop field studies with at least five years of consistent management are rare, but can provide a valuable setting to assess long-term, and potentially cumulative, management practice effects on nematode abundance and root damage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of management practices including residue burning (burned and no burn)-irrigation (irrigated and non-irrigated), wheat residue level (high and low), and tillage (conventional tillage and no-tillage) practices on plant parasitic nematode soil abundance and reproduction on soybean 34 and 70 days after planting following 14 complete cropping cycles in a wheat-soybean, double-crop production system on a silt-loam soil in eastern Arkansas. Stunt and total nematode abundances were at least 8.2 and 4.2 times greater (P
A Study of Training Targets for Deep Neural Network-Based Speech Enhancement Using Noise Prediction

Several architectures have been proposed for deep neural network (DNN)-based speech enhancement; however, these all utilize training targets related to the clean speech signal. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of several training targets in a noise-prediction DNN framework and compare the noise-prediction framework to a conventional speech-prediction network. Objective test results show that the mask-based targets are superior to the spectral magnitude target in the noise-prediction framework. The results also show that the best noise target outperforms the speech-prediction network in terms of objective quality and intelligibility metrics in seen noise conditions. The noise target is also competitive in unseen noise conditions, performing slightly worse in objective quality, but outperforming the speech-based target in objective intelligibility.
Applicability of the Curaçao Criteria for the Diagnosis of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia in the Pediatric Population.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of the clinical Curacao criteria in the diagnosis of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) in children and adolescents. Study design This was a retrospective, multicenter chart review of 673 patients evaluated between 2002 and 2016; 290 were eligible for the study. Genetic testing for a pathogenic mutation was considered the gold standard against which the clinical Curacao criteria were compared. Patients were divided into 4 age categories: 0-5, 6-10, 11-15, and 16-21-years. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each age group, and for the overall population. Results Overall the Curacao criteria had a sensitivity of 68% (95% CI 60%-76%) and a specificity of 98% (95% CI 91%-100%). Sensitivity was lowest in the 0- to 5-year group, and increased with advancing age. The Curacao criteria had the highest sensitivity in the 16- to 21-year-olds. Specificity was 100% in all age groups except for the 11- to 15-year-olds. Conclusions This study evaluated the use of the Curacao criteria for the diagnosis of HHT in the pediatric population with a family history of HHT. In those between the age of 0 and 21 years who meet 1 criterion (unlikely HHT) or 2 criteria (possible HHT), genetic testing is preferred for diagnosis. The Curacao criteria appear to reliably diagnose HHT in children and adolescents who meet 3 or 4 criteria (definite HHT).
Thermophysical Properties of Gaseous HBr and BCl3 from Speed-of-Sound Measurements

The speed of sound in gaseous hydrogen bromide (HBr) and boron trichloride (BCl3) was measured using a highly precise acoustic resonance technique. The HBr speed-of-sound measurements span the temperature range 230 to 440 K and the pressure range from 0.05 to 1.5 MPa. The BCl3 speed-of-sound measurements span the temperature range 290 to 460 K and the pressure range from 0.05 MPa to 0.40 MPa. The pressure range in each fluid was limited to 80% of the sample vapor pressure at each temperature. The speed-of-sound data have a relative standard uncertainty of 0.01%. The data were analyzed to obtain the ideal-gas heat capacities as a function of temperature with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.1%. The heat capacities agree with those calculated from spectroscopic data within their combined uncertainties. The speeds of sound were fitted with the virial equation of state to obtain the temperature-dependent density virial coefficients. Two virial coefficient models were employed, one based on the hard-core square-well intermolecular potential model and the second based on the hard-core Lennard–Jones intermolecular potential model. The resulting virial equations of state reproduced the speed-of-sound measurements to 0.01% and can be expected to calculate vapor densities with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.1%. Transport properties calculated from the hard-core Lennard–Jones potential model should have a relative standard uncertainty of 10% or less.
Implementation of Effective Force Testing for Nonlinear Structures

AbstractEffective force testing (EFT) is a dynamic testing method that can consider the rate-dependent behavior of a structure. Because of the lack of knowledge of real-time force control for a ser...
Comparison of coronary revascularization appropriateness for non-acute coronary syndrome cases under the 2017 update vs the 2012 appropriate use criteria.

Objectives To compare coronary revascularization appropriateness for non-acute coronary syndrome cases under the 2017 update vs the 2012 appropriate use criteria (AUC). Background In 2017, the 2012 AUC for coronary revascularization were updated. We examined how applying these new 2017 updates to our previous inappropriate cases would change their appropriateness. Methods We identified 50 cases of patients who underwent coronary revascularization for stable ischemic heart disease who were deemed inappropriate under the 2012 AUC. Two separate physicians reviewed the cases and applied a new AUC based on the 2017 AUC. Next, if there was a change, the reason was identified. Results Average age was 64, majority being male (29; 58%). Forty-two (84%) were asymptomatic upon presentation. Most cases (27, 54%) dealt with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the right coronary artery. After applying the 2017 AUC, 34 of the 50 inappropriate failures (68%) would be changed from "inappropriate" to "may be appropriate care." Of the 34 cases, 25 (73.5%) were changed due to the new AUC no longer expecting the patient to be on ≥2 anti-angina medications prior to PCI. Of the 34 cases, eight (23.5%) were changed due to the new AUC expanding the use of non-invasive modalities. Conclusions Applying the 2017 AUC led to a statistically higher number of cases being deemed "may be appropriate." The most common cause for the change included the change in requirement for anti-angina regimen and the expanded role of non-invasive modalities.
Observations of playground play during elementary school recess

The purpose of the current study was to examine reliability and validity evidence for an observational measure of playground play during recess. Observational data of what children played at recess were collected at 236 recess sessions across 26 urban elementary schools. An inductive content analysis of children’s type of play and activity engagement during recess was conducted to categorize activities. Inter-rater reliability of observations was assessed at 49 points that spanned 22 unique recess periods at four different schools. Reliability data were collected during the winter and spring seasons. A multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to examine differences in play and activity patterns between genders, and between schools implementing recess interventions (e.g., structured play environment) and schools with no recess intervention. Results of the content analysis yielded eight playground play and activity categories, all with high levels of inter-rater reliability (ICCs > .90). Significant differences in children’s play and activity patterns emerged between genders and across recess intervention conditions. Engagement in ‘sports and organized activities’ and ‘non-engagement in play’ contributed most to the separation between boys and girls, while ‘non-engagement in play’ contributed most to the separation between recess intervention and non-intervention schools.
Prevalence of comorbidities and effect on survival in survivors of human papillomavirus–related and human papillomavirus–unrelated head and neck cancer in the United States

Background The increasing incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related head and neck cancer (HNC) has led to the increasing prevalence of survivors, yet to the best of the authors' knowledge the prevalence of comorbidities during the survivorship period and their effects on survival are relatively unknown. Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study, individuals with a first incident primary diagnosis of HNC from 2004 through 2011 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare-linked databases were included in the analysis and classified as patients with HPV-related or HPV-unrelated HNC. The presence of 30 comorbid conditions of interest was identified. Associations between comorbidity and treatment group as well as overall survival were evaluated. Results The study population consisted of 8025 patients with HPV-unrelated HNC and 2499 patients with HPV-related HNC. Hypertension, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease all were found to be highly prevalent at the time of the cancer diagnosis and increased over time for both groups. These comorbidities were found at significantly lower rates in the HPV-related HNC population, yet were associated with an increased risk of death in both groups. The probabilities of developing cancer-related comorbidities such as pneumonia, dysphagia, weight loss, malnutrition, and dental issues rose significantly in both groups after treatment but were more likely in patients with HPV-related HNC. In both groups of patients, the presence of each comorbidity either at the time of diagnosis or during survivorship was associated with a significantly increased risk of death. Conclusions There is a large burden of comorbidities in both patients with HPV-related and HPV-unrelated HNC, both of which are associated with decreased survival. Oncologic surveillance should not be limited to the evaluation of disease status, but also should include screening for the highly prevalent conditions associated with the risk of death.
Future of Muse Cells

Discovered nearly 10 years ago by Professor Mari Dezawa and her colleagues, Muse cells are entering clinical trials faster than any other stem cell for three reasons. First, Muse cells have multiple fail-safe mechanisms to keep themselves from growing out of control and do not form tumors. In contrast, embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells form tumors and must be differentiated before transplantation. Second, Muse cells possess potent anti-immune mechanisms, including human leukocyte antigen G and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase that prevent both cellular and humoral immunity. Muse cells engraft even though they do not match HLA antigens with the host. Third, Muse cells are able to determine what kind and how many cells they need to make for tissue repair. While the mechanisms responsible for these traits are not well understood, Muse cells are able to enter severely injured tissues of all kinds and repair them. Study of mechanisms underlying these traits of Muse cells is likely to yield new therapies for cancer prevention, autoimmune diseases, and repair of injured tissues. The future is bright for Muse cells.
Preparation of phenylephrine 3-O-sulfate as the major in vivo metabolite of phenylephrine to facilitate its pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies.

Abstract Introduction: The in vivo disposition and metabolism of phenylephrine have not been establishedby previous analytical methods and there is a lack of available standards for quantitating the metabolites. Methods: We pursued and compared the preparation of sulfation metabolites of phenylephrine and its ethyl analog etilefrine via chemical and bio-synthesis. Results: Both sulfates were obtained in higher yield and purity through chemical syntheses compared to biosynthesis. Discussion: A facile method for the production of phenylephrine 3-O-sulfate and etilefrine 3-O-sulfate was established. These compounds will be useful in the development of analytical assays for studying the pharmacokinetics of phenylephrine and its main route of metabolism in the presence of formulation changes and pharmacogenetic variation.
Correlation of consumer grade hydroacoustic signature to submersed plant biomass

Abstract Invasive macrophytes, such as non-native Hydrilla verticillata, negatively affect lentic systems of the Southeastern United States by impeding recreational activities and power generation as well as disrupting intrinsic ecological function. Expenditures associated with aquatic weed management include costs accompanied with monitoring, mapping, and implementing control measures. Traditional biomass sampling techniques have been widely utilized to assess the extent and abundance of submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) incursions, but often require significant labor inputs which limits repeatability, the scale of sampling, and the rapidness of processing. Advances in consumer available hydroacoustic technology and data post-processing platforms offer the opportunity to estimate SAV biomass at scale with reduced labor and economic requirements. Research was conducted at two North Carolina reservoirs to compare acoustically derived cloud-based biovolume estimations from an over-the-counter echosounder, to in situ hydrilla biomass measurements. Temporal patterns, spatial developments, and hydrilla biomass prediction models are presented. Biomass and biovolume measurements were positively correlated at both the Shearon Harris and Roanoke Rapids study locations. The most robust predictive equation employed generalized additive models (GAMs) from the Shearon Harris dataset which, described environmental parameters with the lowest error and greatest agreement compared to other verified models. Each biovolume to biomass relationship supported the initial hypothesis that as biovolume increases, SAV biomass increases in a positive, non-linear trend. Implications from this study may prove useful for comparing seasonal growth patterns, littoral occupancy, and herbicide treatment effects on a spatiotemporal level.
Single cell ATAC-seq identifies broad changes in neuronal abundance and chromatin accessibility in Down Syndrome

Abstract Down Syndrome (DS) is caused by triplication of chr21 and is associated with cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s Disease, and other developmental alterations. The Ts65Dn mouse model for DS has triplication of sequences syntenic with human chr21, and traits resembling those seen in humans with DS. We performed single-cell combinatorial indexing assay for transposase accessible chromatin using sequencing (sci-ATAC-seq) on cortices of adult Ts65Dn mice and control littermates. Analyses of 13,766 cells revealed 26 classes of cells. The most abundant class of excitatory neurons was reduced by 17% in Ts65Dn mice, and three of the four most common classes of interneurons were increased by 50%. Ts65Dn mice display changes in accessibility at binding motifs for transcription factors that are determinants of neuronal lineage, and others encoded within triplicated regions. These studies define previously uncharacterized cellular and molecular features of DS, and potential mechanisms underlying the condition.
Preliminary safety assessment of the DLR SpaceLiner vehicle

Abstract The German Aerospace Center (DLR) Space Launcher System Analysis (SART) group is designing the SpaceLiner, a new generation high-speed, long-distance, reusable, hypersonic, intercontinental, point-to-point, passenger transportation system based on reusable rocket-propulsion stages. The DLR intends to develop, produce, implement and operate this system by 2040.0 A Preliminary Hazard Assessment (PHA) and fault-tree analysis of the SpaceLiner program was performed to identify hazards and establish initial safety controls. Such an analysis is consistent with a NASA phase 0 safety review. The PHA provides a basis upon which to evaluate design trades as the program design and operational concept are developed. The baseline design and established program requirements are assessed against the heritage NASA standard, IAASS-SSI-1700 Commercial Human-Rated System, developed by the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS) and published by SAE [2] . The preliminary hazard assessment and fault-tree analysis were used to compare the SpaceLiner with publicly-available details and operational concepts of the SpaceX Big Falcon Rocket (BFR). The paper assesses, from a safety perspective, the primary differences and similarities between these two programs.
Endorphins in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Endorphins are endogenous brain peptides (see Goldstein43) that are opiate-like in their pharmacology. Despite their relatively brief recorded history, they have already become household words in neu-ropharmacology. At the time of the original molecular identification of Met5-enkephalin (M-e) and Leu5-enkephalin (L-e),59 the possibility of one or more other endorphins of pituitary origin had already been suggested.23,43,44,103,120 When sequencing studies of the purified M-e revealed it to be the N-terminal pentapeptide58 of the erstwhile pituitary hormone β-lipotropin (β-LPH)77–79 (see the sequence in Fig. 1), the possibility that β-LPH was the prohormone of pituitary M-e was temporarily viable. That possible relationship appeared to be strengthened by the subsequent isolation, purification, sequencing, and synthesis of α-endorphin (A-E)47,82,83; β-endorphin (B-E), called also C-frag-ment14–16,29,30,44,45,79–81,84; γ-endorphin (G-E)82–84; and δ-endorphin (D-E), called also C’-fragment.44,116 All these fragments of β-LPH were found in extracts of brain and pituitary, exhibited some action as specific opioid agonists, and contained M-e as their N-ter-minal pentapeptide (see Fig. 1 for structures). When subsequent tests in vitro 14,29,75 and in vivo 13,14,16,45,86 revealed that B-E was by far the most potent and longest-acting of the natural peptides, some workers concluded that the transient opioid actions of M-e and L-e indicated that these substances were merely weakly active breakdown products of the naturally active hormone, B-E.16,35,40,43,116 Others interpreted the same data to mean that the natural “neurotransmitter” opioid peptides were the succinctly acting M-e and L-e,125,129 while B-E was regarded exclusively as a pituitary product the longer duration of action of which arose from proteolytic protection afforded by the greater length of its pep-tide chain. Curiously, this greater length did not improve the potency or duration of action of A-E, D-E, or G-E.12 Nevertheless, all workers seemed agreeable to the idea that opiate receptors in innervated tissues really represented the natural receptors for the endorphins and enkephalins.
5 – Archaeofaunas and Butchery Studies: A Taphonomic Perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the two major goals of butchery analysis within an historic context of several decades ago. It focuses on analytic techniques that have been and are being used to identify the hominid taphonomic agent in butchery analyses. It presents a brief description of how butchering patterns are infer. It also presents an explicitly taphonomic approach to the analysis of butchery in an attempt to integrate analytical techniques and goals into a coherent whole. The chapter also presents an example of butchery analysis that illustrates the explicitly taphonomic approach. It also explores the more recent attempts aimed specifically at identifying the taphonomic agents involved in faunal processing.
Investigating the nature of discontinuous shear thickening: Beyond a mean-field description

Dense suspensions can undergo a dramatic increase in viscosity at a critical value of the shear stress. This phenomenon, termed discontinuous shear thickening (DST), has been attributed to an increase in the fraction of particle interactions becoming frictional with increasing shear stress, and a successful mean-field theory has been developed to explain various accompanying rheological properties. On a microscopic scale, however, conventional structural analysis measures such as the grain-position pair correlation function show no significant changes with the onset of DST, though recent work has shown that similar analysis in the dual space of contact forces does lead to marked changes at this transition. Furthermore, experimental results have suggested the existence of higher-order microscopic correlations and the importance of incorporating fluctuations away from a mean-field description. To this end, we use a higher-order cluster analysis tool to study the force networks obtained from simulations of dense suspensions to construct an effective interaction potential in force space. We show that there are significant changes occurring in this potential as a function of density and stress close to DST. We discuss the implications of these observations on an emergent field theory of the DST transition.
ON CONTROLLING A CHAOTIC SYSTEM

The use of active (feedback) control to alter the bifurcation structure of dynamical systems is discussed and illustrated with an example. It is shown that with the use of a feedback controller effecting small perturbations in the boundary conditions, one can stabilize some of the otherwise non-stable orbits embedded in the chaotic attractor. The controller also can be used to destabilize stable flows or, in other words, to induce chaos in otherwise laminar (fully predictable), non-chaotic flow. Finally, the controller can be used to switch at will from one flow pattern to another.
Automated Screenplay Annotation for Extracting Storytelling Knowledge.

Narrative screenplays follow a standardized format fortheir parts (e.g., stage direction, dialogue, etc.) including short descriptions for what, where, when, and howto film the events in the story (shot headings). We created a grammar based on the syntax of shot headings toextract this and other discourse elements for automatic screenplay annotation. We test our annotator on over a thousand raw screenplays from the IMSDb screenplay corpus and make the output available for narrative intelligence research.
Men’s transitions in late life: exploring the influence of male norms

Abstract Throughout the lifespan, traditional gender roles and gender norms influence the development of boys and men. This chapter focuses on how aging influences older men’s experience with gender norms, including the effects of aging on the body, older men becoming caregivers, and coping with loss. Specific theoretical frameworks within the psychological study of men and masculinities are reviewed to provide a lens from which to conceptualize the issues presented.
Dynamic superconductivity responses in photoexcited optical conductivity and Nernst effect

High-${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ cuprate, alkali-doped ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, and several other unconventional superconductors have very high transition temperatures ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ with respect to the energy scale of superconducting (SC) charges inferred from the superfluid density (SFD). The observed linear relationship between ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ and the SFD can hardly be expected in BCS superconductors while being reminiscent of Bose-Einstein condensation of preformed bosonic charges. As additional non-BCS-like behaviors, responses similar to those in the bulk SC states have been observed at temperatures well above ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ in the vortexlike Nernst effect, diamagnetic susceptibility, and transient optical conductivity in recent photoexcited pump-probe measurements. In this paper, we propose a coherent picture based on equilibrium and transient SFD to understand these unconventional behaviors in cuprates, ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}{\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, and organic superconductors. This picture assumes: (1) Dynamic SC responses in the Nernst and photoinduced measurements emerge at the formation of the local phase coherence (LPC) among wave functions of preformed bosonic pairs. (2) Its onset temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{LPC}}$ is distinct from and lower than the boson formation temperature often denoted as the ``pseudogap temperature'' ${T}^{*}$, as ${T}_{\mathrm{LPC}}$ is determined by the many-body boson density while ${T}^{*}$ represents attractive interaction between two fermions. (3) The bulk superconducting ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$, signaling global phase coherence, is significantly reduced from ${T}_{\mathrm{LPC}}$, due to the competition between the SC and antiferromagnetic (AF) order. (4) The inelastic magnetic resonance mode (MRM) controls ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ in the SC-AF competition. (5) The transient optical responses can be attributed to a change of the balance between the competing SC and AF orders caused by photoexcitation. The assumptions (1) and (2) explain the relationship between ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ and the transient SFD in photoexcited studies and equilibrium SFD in Nernst effect. (3) and (4) are inferred from the linear dependence of ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ on the MRM energy. (4) and (5) are consistent with the behaviors of the $400\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ optical responses in equilibrium and photoexcited studies and temperature dependence of the intensity of this optical mode and the MRM. Unlike previous phase-fluctuation pictures which expect dynamic responses between ${T}^{*}$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$, the present picture involving competing order indicates that dynamic SC responses are seen between ${T}_{\mathrm{LPC}}$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$.
Ground-Level Mapping and Navigating for Agriculture Based on IoT and Computer Vision

Autonomous agricultural systems are a promising solution to bridge the gap between labor shortage for agriculture tasks and the continuing needs for increasing productivity in agriculture. Automated mapping and navigation system will be a cornerstone of most autonomous agricultural system. Accordingly, we propose a ground-level mapping and navigating system based on computer vision technology (Mesh Simultaneous Localization and Mapping algorithm, Mesh-SLAM) and Internet of Things (IoT), to generate a 3D farm map on both the edge side and cloud. The innovation of this system includes three layers as sub-systems that are 1) ground-level robot vehicles’ layer for conducting frames collection only with a monocular camera, 2) edge node layer for image feature data edge computing and communication, and 3) cloud layer for general management and deep computing. High efficiency and speed of mapping stage are enabled by making the robot vehicles directly stream continuous frames to their corresponding edge node. Then each edge node, that coordinate a certain range of robots, applies a new Mesh-SLAM frame by frame, whose core is reconstructing the features map by a mesh-based algorithm with scalable units and reduce the feature data size by a filtering algorithm. Additionally, the cloud-computing allows comprehensive arrangement and heavily deep computing. The system is scalable to larger-scale fields and more complex environment by taking advantage of dynamically distributing the computation power to edges. Our evaluation indicates that: 1) this Mesh-SLAM algorithm outperforms in mapping and localization precision, accuracy, and yield prediction error (resolution at centimeter); and 2) The scalability and flexibility of the IoT architecture make the system modularized, easy adding/removing new functional modules or IoT sensors. We conclude the trade-off between cost and performance widely augments the feasibility and practical implementation of this system in real farms.
Examining the Correspondence Between Teacher- and Observer-Report Treatment Integrity Measures

Teacher-reported measures of treatment integrity (the extent to which prescribed practices are delivered as intended by teachers) have the potential to support efforts to evaluate and implement evidence-based interventions in early childhood settings. However, self-report treatment integrity measures have shown poor correspondence with observer-report treatment integrity measures, raising questions about score validity. This paper reports on the development and initial evaluation of the score reliability and validity of the Treatment Integrity Measure for Early Childhood Settings Teacher Report (TIMECS-TR), which is designed to address limitations of previous self-report treatment integrity measures that may have contributed to low correspondence with observer-rated measures. The TIMECS-TR includes 24 items designed to represent practices found in evidence-based interventions delivered in early childhood settings that target child social, emotional, and behavioral skills, rather than adherence to practices found in a specific evidence-based intervention. Fifty-four teachers (92.6% female, 7.4% male; 61.1% White) completed the TIMECS-TR weekly for a total of 618 times (M = 6.79 per child; SD = 2.16; range 2 to 11) about the practices they delivered with 91 children (45.1% female, 54.9% male; M = 4.53 years old; SD = 45.1% Black) who were at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders. Analyses indicated that the TIMECS-TR items evidenced mild to moderate test–retest score reliability over one week. However, analyses did not support the convergent score validity of the TIMECS-TR items or scale with observational ratings of the same practices. Teachers reported higher levels of practice delivery on the TIMECS-TR items relative to observer report. Overall, our findings raise concerns about the accuracy of teacher-report adherence measures. Lessons from this research can be used to identify possible reasons for the low correspondence between teacher- and observer-report treatment integrity measures so that future research can strive to dependably capture teacher delivery of the practices found in evidence-based interventions.
Vehicle operating state anomaly detection and results virtual reality interpretation

Abstract Nowadays, with the increasing complexity of vehicle operating environment, vehicle operating reliability becomes growing essential and has attracted significant attention in recent decades. The majority of vehicle operating activities are organized in the format of time series data. Many conventional approaches are proposed to deal with time-series data. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) approach is one of the most widely used methods to analyze time-series data. In this paper, an ARIMA-based anomaly detection framework is developed to identify abnormal states of the vehicles based on the multiple-channel operating time series data. The state anomaly is captured by the deviation of real-time values at different channels from the predictions. After abnormal operating states are identified, a novel immersive Virtual Reality (VR) tool is applied to visualize the difference between normal and abnormal status. The combination of ARIMA anomaly detection and VR visualization for vehicle multiple-channel operating time-series data would provide a robust way to present the results of vehicle operating status. A large scale data set of 14 days operational performance channels of a specific vehicle is utilized to validate the performance of the proposed approach.
Understanding Emergency Preparedness in Public Agencies: The Key Role of Managerial Perceptions:

A central function of government is to protect citizens from harms of various hazards. Research on governmental emergency preparedness focuses predominantly on emergency management agencies per se ...
Using a Regression Discontinuity Design to Estimate the Impact of Placement Decisions in Developmental Math

This study evaluates the effectiveness of math placement policies for entering community college students on these students’ academic success in math. We estimate the impact of placement decisions by using a discrete-time survival model within a regression discontinuity framework. The primary conclusion that emerges is that initial placement in a lower-level course increases the time until a student at the margin completes the higher-level course they were not assigned to by about a year on average but in most cases, after this time period, the penalty was small and not statistically significant. We found minor differences in terms of degree applicable and degree transferable credit accumulation between students placed initially in the lowerlevel course.
Über das Auftreten von Blutgefäßen in den Oberflächenschichten des Gelenkknorpels bei Rinderfeten

The occurrence of vascular networks in the superficial layers of articular cartilage of 51 bovine fetuses (10-93 cm CRL) and 3 calves was studied grossly and histologically. The networks were found regularly on the incisura trochlearis of the ulna, on the trochlea of the radius and talus, on the plantar articular surface of the head of the talus, on the proximal articular surface of the fused central and 4th tarsal bones, and less regularly on the articular surfaces of the distal phalanx and distal sesamoid (navicular) bone and on the cochlea of the tibia. The vessels coursed in the superficial stratum of the articular cartilage and were encountered in those places where synovial fossae or villi are found later. The vessels were not present in the calves.
Organometallic anions containing isonitrile ligands : II. The synthesis and reaction chemistry of cyclopentadienylmolybdenum dicarbonylmethylisonitrile anion

Abstract The anion, (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Mo(CO) 2 CNCH 3 − , has been prepared and spectroscopically investigated. The results show that the isonitrile ligand readily and extensively engages in metal to ligand π-backbonding. This anion undergoes chemical reaction via halide displacements producing a variety of neutral complexes containing isonitrile ligands. In reactions with CH 2 (Cl)CN, (CH 3 ) 3 GeBr, (CH 3 ) 3 SnCl, and (C 6 H 5 ) 3 PbI in THF at −78dg, the compounds (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Mo(CO) 2 (CNCH 3 )R (R = CH 2 CN, Ge(CH 3 ) 3 , Sn(CH 3 ) 3 , and Pb(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ) have been prepared. These results demonstrate the synthetic value of the new reagent.
Factors Controlling Mercury Transport in an Upland Forested Catchment

Total mercury (Hg) deposition and input/output relationships were investigated in an 11-ha deciduous forested catchment in northern Vermont as part of ongoing evaluations of Hg cycling and transport in the Lake Champlain basin. Atmospheric Hg deposition (precipitation + modeled vapor phase downward flux) was 425 mg ha−1 during the one-year period March 1994 through February 1995 and 463 mg ha−1 from March 1995 through February 1996. In the same periods, stream export of total Hg was 32 mg ha−1 and 22 mg ha−1, respectively. Thus, there was a net retention of Hg by the catchment of 92% the first year and 95% the second year. In the first year, 16.9 mg ha−1 or about half of the annual stream export, occurred on the single day of peak spring snowmelt in April. In contrast, the maximum daily export in the second year, when peak stream flow was somewhat lower, was 3.5 mg ha−1 during a January thaw. The fate of the Hg retained by this forested catchment is not known. Dissolved (< 0.22 pm) Hg concentrations in stream water ranged from 0.5–2.6 ng −1, even when total (unfiltered) concentrations were greater than 10 ng L−1 during high flow events. Total Hg concentrations in stream water were correlated with the total organic fraction of suspended sediment, suggesting the importance of organic material in Hg transport within the catchment. High flow events and transport with organic material may be especially important mechanisms for the movement of Hg through forested ecosystems.
A general rearrangement inequality

We prove a general rearrangement inequality for multiple integrals, using polarization. We introduce a special class of kernels for which the product inequality holds, and then we prove that it also holds when the product is replaced by a so-called function AL m .