cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing metastable changes in bulk CIGS defect densities from interface effects

Abstract The deep defect distributions affecting majority carrier trapping in polycrystalline CuIn 1− x Ga x Se 2 (CIGS) have been studied using drive level capacitance profiling. This technique provides, a spatial and energetic profile of sub-band gap defect transitions in the CIGS layer of working photovoltaic devices, while remaining insensitive to surface states. The bulk response was dominated by a defect which varied between 0.1 and 0.3 eV, according to the Meyer-Neldel rule. Devices grown at reduced substrate temperatures had smaller grain sizes and additional defect response. The effect of a light-soaking treatment, using near-band gap optical excitation, was studied. Both the free carrier density and the density of deeper defects were increased by this treatment. Device quality was degraded, predominantly due to a decreased fill factor.
Performance analysis and optimal parameter selection for PYRAMID

Abstract Previously, we have proposed PYRAMID, a hierarchical, rule-based scheme for proximity effect correction in electron-beam lithography. In this paper we present a performance analysis of PYRAMID for a variety of different system parameters (resist thickness, substrate composition, etc.). We also discuss the optimal choice of two key correction parameters: global exposure block size and local exposure window size.
High-strain-rate plastic flow studied via nonequilibrium molecular dynamics

Recent experiments at strain rates reaching 0.1 GHz suggest a power-law dependence of solid-phase shear stress on strain rate. Novel nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of plastic flow have been carried out. These steady-state isothermal calculations appear to be consistent with the present-day experimental data and suggest that the flows of metals can be described by a single physical mechanism over a range of strain rates from 10 kHz to 1 THz.
Vibrations of highly prestressed anisotropic plates via a numerical-perturbation technique

Abstract The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to reduce the problem of the transverse vibrations of a highly prestressed anisotropic plate into the simpler problem of the vibration of an anisotropic membrane with modified boundary conditions that account for the bending effects. In the absence of an exact solution the membrane problem can be solved by any well-known numerical technique. The numerical-perturbation results for a clamped circular plate with rectangular orthotropy and a uniform tensile stress applied on its boundary show an excellent correlation with finite-element solutions for the original problem. Furthermore, the solutions obtained for annular plates form the basis for solutions to problems involving near-annular plates.
Comparability of two fundus photograph reading centers in grading cytomegalovirus retinitis progression.

Abstract Purpose To compare grading of cytomegalovirus retinitis progression by two different fundus photograph reading centers (FPRCs). Design Patients with AIDS followed in an ophthalmology service were enrolled in a prospective epidemiologic study of the prevalence and incidence of resistant cytomegalovirus in vitro. Methods We compared masked replicate gradings by two different FPRCs of monthly fundus photographs for retinitis progression (onset of a separate new lesion or expansion of an existing lesion by ≥one-half disk diameter). Results For 77 patients, Kaplan-Meier plots of progression over time were similar between FPRCs (median time to progression, 65 vs 69 days). Agreement between FPRCs was 51% (kappa [κ] = .37, “fair”) on exact visit of progression (28 patients) or on absence of progression through follow-up (11 patients) and 62% (κ = .38) on progression visit ± 1 month. Eight of 12 patients with progression graded as more than 1 month apart were only 2 months apart. Considering each monthly visit as a choice point, overall agreement on progression was 78% (κ = .55, “moderate”). Baseline evaluation of retinitis showed 95% agreement on presence/absence and a concordance correlation coefficient of .75 for extent in combined zones 1 and 2. Rates of retinal loss over follow-up were estimated as 2.8%/month vs 2.0%/month (P = .015). Conclusions By adopting similar protocols and procedures, different FPRCs can achieve good agreement on presence and extent of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Further efforts to harmonize evaluation through ongoing comparison of gradings would likely improve agreement on retinitis progression.
Clustering by competitive agglomeration

We present a new clustering algorithm called Competitive Agglomeration (CA), which minimizes an objective function that incorporates the advantages of both hierarchical and partitional clustering. The CA algorithm produces a sequence of partitions with a decreasing number of clusters. The initial partition has an over specified number of clusters, and the final one has the ''optimal'' number of clusters. The update equation in the CA algorithm creates an environment in which clusters compete for feature points and only clusters with large cardinalities survive. The algorithm can incorporate different distance measures in the objective function to f find an unknown number of clusters of various shapes.
Absorption of ant-provided carbon dioxide and nitrogen by a tropical epiphyte

ALTHOUGH ant-plant mutualisms have been described in many ecosystems, the magnitude of the direct benefits from such relationships are hard to quantify. In Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, stunted 'kerangas' forests occur on nutrient-poor sandstone hills1–3. As trees are widely spaced and have a sparse leaf area, a significant amount of light reaches the tree trunks and enables a diverse community of epiphytes to thrive there4. One of these epiphytes, Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr. (Asclepiadaceae), has evolved unusual methods for enhancing carbon and nitrogen acquisition. We show here that a mutualistic relationship exists between ants of the genus Philidris and their host, D. major. Using stable isotope analysis, we calculate that 39% of the carbon in occupied host plant leaves is derived from ant-related respiration, and that 29% of the host nitrogen is derived from debris deposited into the leaf cavities by ants.
Effect of Coronary Collateral Vessels on Regional Myocardial Blood Flow in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract The effect of radiographically graded coronary collateral vessels on regional myocardial blood flow was evaluated with intracoronary injection of xenon-133 at rest and during contrast agent-induced coronary hyperemia in 24 patients with coronary artery disease. Eleven patients had no coronary collateral vessels demonstrated radiologically, whereas 13 had such vessels. In 7 of the 13 these were high grade and noncompromised, whereas in 6 they were of lesser grade. Regional myocardial blood flow at rest in patients with and without collateral channels was similar and increased during hyperemia. However, the increase in flow was significantly greater in the patients with high grade noncompromised collateral vessels than in those with lesser grade collateral vessels (80 ± 16 versus 31 ± 9 percent, p
Selection of patients for preoperative coronary angiography: Use of dipyridamole-stress—thallium myocardial imaging

To identify patients likely to benefit from preoperative coronary angiography, a method utilizing pharmacologically induced coronary vasodilatation in conjunction with serial thallium 201 myocardial perfusion imaging was investigated. Fifty-four patients admitted for elective aortic or femoropopliteal procedures were studied. There were no cardiac ischemic complications in 32 patients with normal scans or persistent defects (scar). In contrast, 7 of 15 patients with thallium redistribution (ischemia) on pre-operative scanning had perioperative ischemic events, including one death and two acute infarcts. An additional seven patients with positive scans (redistribution) underwent coronary angiography prior to vascular surgery; surgically important two- or three-vessel disease was confirmed in all. Dipyridamole-thallium imaging facilitates selection of the subset of truly high-risk patients in whom preoperative coronary angiography may be warranted.
The association of diabetes and anti-diabetic medications with clinical outcomes in multiple myeloma

The association of diabetes and anti-diabetic medications with clinical outcomes in multiple myeloma
Anxiety and Depression in Transgender Individuals: The Roles of Transition Status, Loss, Social Support, and Coping.

Objective The purpose of the current study was to examine facilitative and avoidant coping as mediators between distress and transition status, social support, and loss. Method A total of 351 transgender individuals (n = 226 transgender women and n = 125 transgender men) participated in this study. Participants completed measures on transgender identity, family history of mental health concerns, perceptions of loss, coping, depression, and anxiety. Results The rates of depressive symptoms (51.4% for transgender women; 48.3% for transgender men) and anxiety (40.4% for transgender women; 47.5% for transgender men) within the current study far surpass the rates of those for the general population. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data-2 separate models were hypothesized, based on reports of anxiety or depression. The SEM results suggest that the processes for transgender women and transgender men are primarily similar for depression and anxiety; avoidant coping served as a mediator between transition status and both distress variables. Social support was directly related to distress variables, as well as indirectly related through avoidant coping. Conclusion Results suggest the need for practitioners to focus on interventions that reduce avoidant coping strategies, while simultaneously increasing social support, in order to improve mental health for transgender individuals. Individuals who are in the beginning stages of their transition will use different coping strategies than those who are in later stages; interventions should be adjusted on the basis of the transition status of transgender clients.
Models for temperature dependence of photoluminescence bands in Cd1-xMnxTe

Abstract Data on the temperature dependence of the 1.2eV photoluminescence band in Cd 1-x Mn x Te is reported for 0.5 ≤ × ≤ 0.7. A phenomenological model is presented which gives good agreement with the data, and with previously published results on the 2.0eV photoluminescence band in the same samples. The model is discussed in terms of static Jahn-Teller splittings giving rise to inequivalent minima in the 4 T 1 adiabatic potential energy surface of Mn 2+ in the 3d 5 state. It is also shown that the high temperature quenching of both bands may be directly related to increasing opacity due to band closure.
Two-wave coupling and self-pumped phase conjugation at near infrared wavelengths in BaTiO3

Abstract Using an undoped BaTiO 3 crystal, the reflectivities of the self-pumped phase-conjugate mirror operated in total internal-reflection geometry (TIR) at near infrared wavelengths from 706 to 850 nm were measured. The phase conjugation reflectivities R pc > 50% at 706 to 760 nm, R pc =40% at 816 nm, and R pc =20% at 850 nm were observed. The two-wave coupling exponential gain coefficient Γ and the photorefractive index grating formation rate τ -1 PR as a function of wavelength from 706 to 850 nm were studied. The exponential gain coefficients Γ=11.1 cm -1 at 706 nm and Γ=7.6 cm -1 at 850 nm were obtained. It was also found that the absorption coefficient α in the near infrared wavelengths is much smaller than that in the visible region.
Still Hazy after All These Years

Even after years of practical experience and scholarly commentary, the issue of compensation for regulatory taking is still controversial. At one extreme are those who believe that almost any governmental action that diminishes the value of private property ought to trigger a claim for compensation; at the other extreme are those who believe that the government ought to have almost unlimited leeway to regulate the use of private property to advance the public good. Between these easily discernible extremes are many nuanced positions that seek to define a principled criterion for when governmental regulation that diminishes property values ought to trigger compensation. There is no academic closure on this matter, no widely accepted theoretical standard. Nor is there a clear practical standard to which governmental officials and private attorneys clearly subscribe in their day-to-day decisions, regardless of the confusion in the academy. This academic and practical vacuum has elicited repeated attempts at clarification. The academic world has generated the classic article by Michelman (1967) and its update (Michelman 1987); the passionate, clear, and controversial book by Epstein (1985); and articles by Sax (1964), Blume and Rubinfeld (1984), Rose (1984), Kaplow (1986), Rubinfield (1993), and others. While none of these has proposed a definitive resolution of the issue of regulatory takings, they have collectively done much to clarify how we ought to think about the matter.
Distribution of Low-Elevation American Pika Populations in the Northern Great Basin

Abstract The recent discovery that a portion of the historically described populations of American pikas Ochotona princeps in the Great Basin of North America appear to be extinct added emphasis to earlier warnings that these populations may be highly vulnerable, in particular those occurring at low elevations ( 2,500 m).
Volunteers in the Delivery of Public Services: Hidden Costs... and Benefits

The literature on volunteers in public service tends to focus on efficiency and quality of performance. The case reported here illustrates additional benefits and costs of this approach. In 1988 an...
Receiving information during a cooperative episode: Effects of communication aids and verbal ability

Abstract The present study examined the use of communication aids as methods to facilitate an individual's acquisition of scientific material within cooperative learning situations. High and low verbal ability college students were taught cooperatively by a peer using either a knowledge map or a text as a communication aid. The results revealed that low verbal ability students taught with a knowledge map performed better than low verbal ability students taught with a text. Knowledge maps also were judged to be used more often and more effectively than text. Theoretical considerations are discussed.
Cross‐cultural Validation of a Three Component Alcohol Attitude Scale

Attitudes and their measurement constitute important aspects of the study of human behavior regarding the use and abuse of alcoholic beverages. A Three Component Alcohol Attitude Scale was developed to measure three attitude components separately and in total. This study validated the scale utilizing a cross-cultural approach. Hypotheses were formulated on the assumption that, if the scale was valid, all 54 items in each of the instrument's three components, as well as the total scale, would discriminate significantly between a sample of US university students and their Egyptian counterparts in terms of their attitudes toward alcohol use and abuse. The scale was translated into Arabic, the English and Arabic scales then were administered to a sample of 400 university students at two comparable major universities in the US and Egypt. The data were subjected to Pearson's correlation, t-test, stepwise discriminate analysis, split-half, and Cronbach (alpha) reliability. Forty-nine of 54 items, each of the three components, and the total instrument discriminated significantly between US students and their Egyptian counterparts, confirming the previous validation of the scale.
Use of concentric Solitaire stent to anchor Pipeline flow diverter constructs in treatment of shallow cervical carotid dissecting pseudoaneurysms

The flow-diverting Pipeline Embolization Device (PED; ev3 Neurovascular, Irvine, CA, USA) provides proven flow diversion for intracranial wide-necked and fusiform aneurysms. The tendency of the PED to migrate and foreshorten when its size is mismatched with the parent vessel makes its use more difficult for cervical carotid pseudoaneurysms, as the parent vessel regains its luminal diameter during the healing phase, and because of its mobility during head movement. We present a novel technique of using a Solitaire detachable stent (ev3 Neurovascular) to anchor PED constructs to mitigate these shortcomings. Two patients with shallow and broad-necked cervical carotid pseudoaneurysms with underlying parent vessel stenosis deemed poor candidates for conventional stent-supported coiling were treated using tandem overlapping PED centered over the neck of the pseudoaneurysm and a Solitaire concentric anchor was deployed to overlap distally and proximally. As predicted, both patients revealed carotid luminal gain after aneurysm thrombosis with attendant migration (3.8 and 2.8 mm) and expansion of the PED construct (14% and 7.8%) which remained constrained within the Solitaire anchoring device with persistent luminal patency and no evidence of endoleak at follow-up (3 and 5 months). The use of a concentric anchoring stent can mitigate the inherent tendency of the braided flow-diverting PED to migrate and foreshorten as the target vessel heals upon pseudoaneurysm thrombosis. This novel technique opens the possibility of using PED to treat shallow or fusiform lesions in mobile cervical arteries previously relegated to stent-supported coiling or surgical reconstruction.
High strength Al metal-matrix microcomposite wire with 20 vol% Nb and ultimate tensile strengths up to 1030 MPA

In conventional composite structures a property F can often be related to the properties of the individual components through the rule of mixtures (ROM). Metal-matrix structures in which the second metal B is finely dispersed can have properties that deviate strongly from the ROM. Several binary systems have been extensively investigated, notably Cu-Nb and Ag-Cu. These binary mixtures are typically produced by means of casting or powder metallurgy. The powder metallurgy (PM) route allows the production of a billet without melting, and can prevent the formation of solid solutions. Mechanical deformation to high strains of these casts or PM billets by extrusion and wire drawing produces a very fine filament size of the minority phase. These microcomposites have a filament thickness in the range of 10-200 nm or less. At high [eta] (strain) the ultimate tensile stress (UTS) of the mixtures exceeds the UTS calculated with the rule of mixtures UTS[sub ROM]. For proper UTS[sub ROM] calculations UTS values of the pure constituents that have been strained over a comparable range must be used. In a recent study Spitzig measured a UTS of 1400 MPa for cast Nb deformed to [eta] = 11.5. In the present work a 100% Nbmore » wire using Nb powder, deformed to [eta] = 12.8, had a UTS of 1440 MPa. For cu the authors assumed 495 MPa (1) at [eta] = 11.5. The authors found similar strengthening effects in Al-Nb PM wires. The strengthening is measured in wires in which Al is the majority phase, but also in wires with Nb as the majority phase.« less
An Algorithm For Calculation of Bed Thickness And Reflection Coefficients From Amplitude Spectrum

Summary An algorithm for the calculation of bed thickness, reflection coefficients, and time location is described and applied. The algorithm is derived from the amplitude spectrum and has been tested on thin beds below one-quarter wavelength with variable reflection coefficient ratios. While the results have been very encouraging thus far, further testing
Molecular cloning and characterization of chitinase genes from Candida albicans.

Abstract Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) is an important enzyme for the remodeling of chitin in the cell wall of fungi. We have cloned three chitinase genes (CHT1, CHT2, and CHT3) from the dimorphic human pathogen Candida albicans. CHT2 and CHT3 have been sequenced in full and their primary structures have been analyzed: CHT2 encodes a protein of 583 aa with a predicted size of 60.8 kDa; CHT3 encodes a protein of 567 aa with a predicted size of 60 kDa. All three genes show striking similarity to other chitinase genes in the literature, especially in the proposed catalytic domain. Transcription of CHT2 and CHT3 was greater when C. albicans was grown in a yeast phase as compared to a mycelial phase. A transcript of CHT1 could not be detected in either growth condition.
Cytokinin Modification of Mitochondrial Function

6-Benzylaminopurine, 6-(Δ 2 -isopentenylamino)purine, 6-furfurylaminopurine, rotenone, and antimycin A inhibited oxidation of NADH by mitochondrial sonicates or submitochondrial particles (but not by intact mitochondria) from pea ( Pisum sativum L., cult. Alaska) stems and mung bean ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczak) hypocotyls. The above purine cytokinins can interfere with electron transport from NADH to the cytochrome system in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Adenine did not inhibit oxidation by sonicated mitochondria, and zeatin was almost ineffective. Zeatin scarcely inhibited state 3 malate respiration by intact mitochondria, but the O -formyl and O-n -propionyl esters of zeatin and the O -acetyl ester of 2-chlorozeatin were more active. Perhaps zeatin is ineffective because it does not get into the inner membranes of the isolated mitochondria, whereas the esters and other cytokinins mentioned above do. N -4-(2-chloropyridyl)- N ′-Phenylurea, which has cytokinin-like effects on plant growth and development, inhibited NADH oxidation by sonicated mitochondria. It also inhibited malate, succinate, and NADH oxidation by intact mitochondria; in contrast, the latter two oxidations were not decreased by purine cytokinins. The benzyl, isopentenyl, and furfuryl aminopurines inhibited malate (but not succinate) oxidation by rat liver mitochondria, if ADP was present. In the absence of ADP, these cytokinins promoted succinate (but not malate) oxidation. Zeatin and adenine had slight, if any, effect in either situation.
Chemometric analysis of gas chromatographic peaks measured with a microsensor array: Methodology and performance assessment

Abstract A hybrid multivariate curve resolution method that combines evolving factor analysis (EFA) with alternating least squares (ALS) is applied to simulated partially overlapping binary gas chromatographic (GC) peaks from a microsensor array detector. Extended disjoint principal component regression is then used to relate the results of EFA–ALS to vapor recognition probabilities. The application of this methodology to such data is illustrated and the performance is evaluated. Responses to a set of organic vapors obtained from a portable GC with a detector consisting of an array of four nanoparticle-coated chemiresistors (CR) are used to derive the absolute and relative sensitivity values for the modeling and simulations performed. From these, seven vapor pairs spanning a range of pattern similarity are selected and modeled as Gaussian peaks whose magnitudes and degrees of overlap are varied by simulation. Performance is assessed as a function of the response pattern similarity, chromatographic resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and the relative response ratio of the composite peak constituents. Overall, despite the low dimensionality of the array data, EFA–ALS provides an effective means of extracting information about co-eluting components from the GC-microsensor array system, and the array provides sufficient diversity of responses to identify those components in most cases, provided that the relative response ratio is
The occurrence of pervasive chemical remanent magnetizations in sedimentary basins: implications for dating burial diagenetic events

Abstract Paleomagnetic results from Jurassic sediment on Skye, Scotland, are consistent with the hypothesis that authigenic magnetite and an associated chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) can form during the conversion of smectite to illite. Sediment in north Skye, where smectite is abundant and the clays are unaltered, contain a weak and unstable magnetization. The same age sediment in south Skye, where the clays have been altered to illite by hydrothermal heating, contain a multi-component CRM residing in magnetite and/or pyrrhotite. The CRM was acquired in the early Tertiary, which is consistent with the timing of the hydrothermal activity that caused the alteration.
Speed of sound in outer planet atmospheres

Abstract I compute speed of sound profiles for the four giant planets using simple atmosphere models, and explore the effect on the profiles of ortho : para hydrogen conversion, and the drop in mixing ratio of condensible species at the tropopause. The speed of sound is in general somewhat lower (principally due to lower temperature and higher relative molecular mass) in Uranus and Neptune than in Saturn and Jupiter. Furthermore, the two outer planets show dramatic (∼10%) changes in sound speed due to the condensation of methane, suggesting that sound speed measurement on a probe is a useful diagnostic of vertical structure. Sound Speed measurements for Jupiter and Saturn need to be made with much higher accuracy (∼0.02% for Jupiter and 0.1% for Saturn) to usefully constrain structure and transport. Some instrumental considerations are discussed.
The Effect of Hydroxyl Radical Generation on Free-Radical Activation of TMP Fibers*

The purpose of this work was to study the mechanisms involved in free radical activation of thermal mechanical pulp (TMP) fibers with the ultimate goal of developing methods for bonding wood fiber without the use of traditional adhesives. The generation of hydroxyl radicals in a mediated Fenton system was studied using electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping techniques and indirectly through chemiluminescence measurement. The activation of TMP fibers was also evaluated by ESR measurement of free phenoxy radical generation on solid fibers. The results indicate that low molecular weight chelators can improve Fenton reactions, thus in turn stimulating the free radical activation of TMP fibers. However, it was also shown that excessive and prolonged free radical treatment may cause the destruction of fiber phenoxy radicals. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential for application, but also the complexity of free radical chemistry in biological materials, especially with regard to the chelation of transition metals and the interaction between free radicals.
Effects of reproductive state and host resource experience on mating decisions in a walnut fly

Prior experience with conspecifics or essential resources, as well as physiological condition, can have important influences on an animal’s reproductive behavior. While effects of experience and physiological state (such as reproductive condition) are generally treated separately in theoretical discussions, they often interact. No previous study has attempted to distinguish effects of experience on physiological state from other effects of experience in the context of mating behavior. In a study of a walnutinfesting tephritid fly (Rhagoletis juglandis), we examined the effects of host fruit experience on mating behavior. We manipulated physiological state in terms of egg load (defined as the number of mature oocytes in a female’s ovaries) independently of fruit experience to distinguish the effects of these variables. We found that females with high egg loads were significantly more likely to copulate than low‐egg load females; the level of fruit experience had no effect on propensity to copulate, except via effects on egg load. In contrast, females with prior exposure to fruit copulated for a significantly shorter duration than control females, while egg load had no effect on copulation duration. These results suggest that female reproductive condition and exposure to essential resources can have important, albeit diverse effects on mating behavior. We discuss how distinguishing different types of variables may provide insight into sexual conflict over mating decisions, as well as which sex controls specific aspects of behavior.
Is It There When You Need It? Mismatch in Perception of Future Availability and Subsequent Receipt of Instrumental Social Support

Little is known about the effect of incongruity between perception of, or belief in, the availability of support and actual receipt of support during a time of need. This article examines associations between belief in the future availability of instrumental support (e.g., child care, temporary housing, and financial assistance), subsequent reception of inadequate support, and depression in a socioeconomically diverse sample of new mothers. Receipt of support is associated with increased odds of experiencing a major depressive episode (MDE), whereas belief in the availability of future support appears to be protective of mental health. Mothers who experience a negative mismatch between support perception and adequate receipt of support have increased odds of experiencing an MDE compared with mothers who either receive adequate support or who have no support needs; however, their susceptibility is no greater than that of mothers who simply have unmet instrumental needs.
Lower genitourinary injury and pelvic fractures in pediatric patients.

Abstract Objectives. To report the largest series of pelvic fracture and lower genitourinary tract injury in the pediatric population to further define its incidence. The association between pelvic fractures and lower genitourinary tract injury has been well recognized in the adult population. The incidence of bladder or urethral injury is approximately 10% to 15%. Previous limited pediatric reviews placed its incidence at slightly lower levels. Methods. A retrospective review of 8021 trauma patients presenting between July 1992 and March 1999 to a pediatric trauma center included 212 consecutive patients with pelvic fractures. These records were reviewed to determine the incidence of genitourinary injury in children with pelvic fractures. Thirty-six patients were identified with a genitourinary injury, and their records were analyzed. Results. Thirty-six patients (17%) were identified to have sustained a genitourinary injury out of the study cohort of 212 patients with pelvic fractures when patients with isolated hematuria were included. Hematuria was noted in 30 patients (14.2%). Fourteen (6.6%) had gross hematuria. Only 2 (0.9%) of the 212 patients had a significant lower urinary tract injury (one extraperitoneal bladder rupture and one posterior urethral disruption); both had gross hematuria. Genital injuries were seen in 4 other patients (1.9%). Lower genitourinary injury occurred in a total of 6 (2.8%) of the 212 patients with pelvic fractures. Conclusions. The incidence of significant lower genitourinary injury in pediatric patients with pelvic fractures is lower than that reported in previous adult and pediatric reviews. Significant lower genitourinary injuries were not found in stable patients without gross hematuria or multiple associated injuries and with a normal genitourinary examination.
Phase-shifterless beam-scanning using coupled-oscillators: Theory and experiment

The unusual nonlinear dynamics of systems of mutually synchronized, loosely coupled oscillators has been exploited for electronic beam-scanning. Using a simple theory based on coupled Van der Pol equations, it is shown that a constant phase progression, /spl Delta//spl phi/, can be established over the range -90/spl deg/ >
A Note on the Seller's Optimal Mechanism in Bilateral Trade with Two-Sided Incomplete Information

It is shown with an example that, in bilateral trade problems with two-sided incomplete information, some seller types may obtain higher expected payos in mechanisms other than the one where they make a take-it-or-leave-it oer, contrary to popular belief. If one looks at the mechanism selection problem of the (informed) seller, then the op- timality of a take-it-or-leave-it oer for the seller is restored. Journal of Economic Literature Classi…cation Numbers: C72, C78, D82.
The physician Hans Reiter as prisoner of war in Nuremberg: a contextual review of his interrogations (1945-1947).

Abstract Objective: Crimes against humanity by Nazi Germany led to the codification of procedures for trying medical professionals. The principles detailed in the Nuremberg Code formulated by the Allies represented their effort to prevent future excesses and embody today's Institutional Review Boards. Reactive arthritis is often termed Reiter's syndrome, after Hans Reiter, who was incarcerated at Nuremberg. Methods: The authors reviewed Dr Hans Reiter's Nuremberg file at the National Archives in Washington, DC, and present chronologic excerpts of his interrogations between 1945 and 1947, with interpretative commentary. Results: Reiter was involved with or knowledgeable of involuntary sterilization and euthanasia undertaken by the Nazi regime. He also played an active role in the design of a study that inoculated concentration camp internees at Buchenwald with an experimental typhus vaccine, which resulted in hundreds of deaths. Conclusions: A brilliant investigator and erudite intellectual, the career of Hans Reiter shows the importance and the relevance of scientific inquiry to adhere to principles enumerated in the Nuremberg Code. Because he was not the first to describe reactive arthritis, and in view of the above, Reiter's syndrome should only be used to cite an older reference that uses the term or in a historical context. Semin Arthritis Rheum 32:208-230. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Editorial: Update: Business Education College and University Programs

(1976). Editorial: Update: Business Education College and University Programs. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 154-155.
Horizons of Observability and Limits of Informal Control in Organizations

There are various views on the relationship between the interpersonal communication networks within organizations and informal social control. The relative merits of some of these viewpoints can be assessed by examining the distribution of interpersonal observability in communication networks. In a study of six communication networks, it is demonstrated that there is a "horizon" to observability (a distance in a communication network beyond which persons are unlikely to be aware of the role performance of other persons). Observability tends to be restricted to persons who are either in direct contact or who have at least one contact in common. It is shown, moreover, that the number of contacts shared by two persons is a powerful predictor of the probability that one person is aware of the role performance of another, according to a simple stochastic function. Based on this evidence, some viewpoints on informal control structures are more plausible than others. A theory is presented that is consistent with both the present evidence and current thinking on the relationship of communication network structure and informal control. It is hoped that the theory-will provide a useful starting pointfor future studies of this relationship. Most conceptions of social systems allow for gaps in the network of interpersonal relations within a system (i.e., places where face-to-face communications are absent), suggesting that these gaps do not necessarily impede the integration of a system. Social network analysis has developed various methods and concepts for describing the structure of such networks. But these studies have been less effective in ferreting out the implications of various structures for other substantively important phenomena. This paper addresses the relationship between communication network structure and informal social control. Informal control is defined as con
The largest gravitationally bound structures: the Corona Borealis supercluster – mass and bound extent

Recent simulations of the densest portion of the Corona Borealis supercluster (A2061, A2065, A2067, and A2089) have shown virtually no possibility of extended gravitationally bound structure without inter-cluster matter (Pearson & Batuski). In contrast, recent analyses of the dynamics found that the clusters had significant peculiar velocities towards the supercluster centroid (Batiste & Batuski). In this paper we present the results of a thorough investigation of the CSC: we determine redshifts and virial masses for all 8 clusters associated with the CSC; repeat the analysis of Batiste & Batuski with the inclusion of A2056 and CL1529+29; estimate the mass of the supercluster by applying the virial theorem on the supercluster scale (e.g. Small et al.), the caustics method (e.g. Reisenegger et al.), and a new procedure using the spherical collapse model (SCM) with the results of the dynamical analysis (SCM+FP); and perform a series of simulations to assess the likelihood of the CSC being a gravitationally bound supercluster. We find that the mass of the CSC is between 0.6 and 12 x 10^{16} h^{-1} M_{sun}. The dynamical analysis, caustics method and the SCM+FP indicate that the structure is collapsing, with the latter two both indicating a turn around radius of about 12.5 h^{-1} Mpc. Lastly, the simulations show that with a reasonable amount of inter-cluster mass, there is likely extended bound structure in the CSC. Our results suggest that A2056, A2061, A2065, A2067, and A2089 form a gravitationally bound supercluster.
What Should Teachers' Unions Do in a Time of Educational Crisis? An Essay Review of Lois Weiner's "The Future of Our Schools: Teachers Unions and Social Justice" (Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2012, 220 pp.).

What roles can and should teachers’ unions play in the deliberations, debates, and conflicts over school reform in a time when education sits at the center of so much of our economic, political, ideological, and cultural tensions? Lois Weiner’s new book, The Future of Our Schools: Teachers Unions and Social Justice, speaks directly to this question. While supportive of unions and their historical and current contributions, Weiner is quite critical of the ways teachers’ unions as organizations function and of many of the dominant political and educational positions that teachers’ unions have taken. Weiner articulates an alternative, “social movement unionism.” While not as fully developed as it might be, her position is thoughtful and provocative when grounded in the lost history of the very beginnings of teacher unionism in the United States and also in current examples of more socially involved efforts of union members here and elsewhere.
Buxus alkaloids—XII : Benzamide alkaloids from Buxus sempervirens L.

Abstract The isolation and structural elucidation of ten new alkaloids from the “additional weak bases” fraction of Buxus sempervirens L. are reported. A structural feature common to eight of the new alkaloids is the presence of a secondary benzamide function at the C-3 position. Evidence is presented for assignment of structures for N-benzoylcycloxobuxine-F (I), N-benzoylcycloxobuxidine-F (Xa), N-benzoyldihydrocyclomicrophylline-F (XII), N-benzoylcycloxobuxoline-F (XF), N-benzoyl-O-acetylcycloxobuxoline-F (XVI), N-benzoylbuxidienine-F (XIX), N-benzoylcycloprotobuxoline-D (XXIIIa), N-benzoylcycloprotobuxoline-C (XXXIIIb), tigloycyclovirobuxeine-B (XXIXb), and N-acetylcyclopropotobuxine-D (XXXc).
Key lessons in achieving widespread inspection use

Hewlett-Packard has distilled its experience in promoting software inspections into a model of how technology adoption occurs and a metric of where it stands. Its managers know when and how to accelerate efforts to adopt inspections and other best practices. Experience has shown that the return on investment in technology adoption efforts can be huge. At HP, inspection technology was adopted across the entire company in four recognizable stages, which are defined as: experimental, initial guidelines, widespread belief and adoption, and standardization. HP's inspections program has progressed through three of these stages. We address several key questions: What characterizes the four stages? What were the most important lessons learned? What situations led to failure or success? And most important, how can we apply what we learned to speed the adoption of other proven practices? The lessons related will give many who are directly or indirectly responsible for software process improvement more confidence that inspections apply to all software-development organizations. >
A GIS framework for surface-layer soil moisture estimation combining satellite radar measurements and land surface modeling with soil physical property estimation

A GIS framework, the Army Remote Moisture System (ARMS), has been developed to link the Land Information System (LIS), a high performance land surface modeling and data assimilation system, with remotely sensed measurements of soil moisture to provide a high resolution estimation of soil moisture in the near surface. ARMS uses available soil (soil texture, porosity, K"s"a"t), land cover (vegetation type, LAI, Fraction of Greenness), and atmospheric data (Albedo) in standardized vector and raster GIS data formats at multiple scales, in addition to climatological forcing data and precipitation. PEST (Parameter EStimation Tool) was integrated into the process to optimize soil porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K"s"a"t), using the remotely sensed measurements, in order to provide a more accurate estimate of the soil moisture. The modeling process is controlled by the user through a graphical interface developed as part of the ArcMap component of ESRI ArcGIS.
White on green: under-snow microbial processes and trace gas fluxes through snow, Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range

The importance of snow and related cryospheric processes as an ecological factor has been recognized since at least the beginning of the twentieth century. Even today, however, many observations remain anecdotal. The research to date on cold-lands ecosystems results in scientists being unable to evaluate to what extent changes in the cryosphere will be characterized by abrupt changes in local and global biogeochemical cycles, and how these changes in seasonality may affect the rates and timing of key ecological processes. Studies of gas exchanges through snow have revealed that snow plays an important role in modulating wintertime soil biogeochemical processes, and that these can be the driving processes for gas exchange at the snow surface. Previous research has primarily focused on carbon dioxide, and resulted from episodic experiments at a number of snow-covered sites. Here we report new insights from several field sites on Niwot Ridge in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, including a dedicated snow gas flux research facility established at the 3340 m Soddie site. A novel in situ experimental system was developed at this site to continuously sample trace gases from above and within the snowpack for the duration of seasonal snow cover. The suite of chemical species investigated includes carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and volatile inorganic and organic gases. Wintertime measurements have been supplemented by soil chamber experiments and eddy covariance measurements to allow assessment of the contribution of wintertime fluxes to annual biogeochemical budgets. This research has resulted in a plethora of new insight into the physics of gas transport through the snowpack, and the magnitude and the chemical and biogeochemical processes that control fluxes at the soil-snowpack and the snow-atmosphere interface. This article provides an overview of the history and evolution of this research, and highlights the findings from the ten articles that constitute this special issue.
The great sunspot of January 1938

A large group of sunspots in latitude +17° came into view at the east edge of the Sun on January 12, 1938. It was very complicated in structure (Fig. 1), consisting of a very irregular penumbra within which were several umbrae as well as areas of approximately photospheric brightness. The regions of opposite magnetic polarities were not separated into distinct spots as they are in a typical bipolar group. The regions of positive polarity were, however, in the north-preceding part of the group and those of negative magnetic polarity in the south-following part. Three very great magnetic storms occurred between January 12 and 26. The first, January 16–18, began when the center of the group was 21° east of the central meridian; the second, January 21–22, began when the group was 42° west of the central meridian; and the third, January 25–26, began one day after the group had passed around the west limb of the Sun.
Use of Recombinant Activated Factor VII for Bleeding Following Operations Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Postoperative bleeding is a common complication following cardiothoracic surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Serious bleeding complications requiring the administration of blood products, hemostatic drugs, and even repeat surgery are associated with considerable morbidity, mortality, and resource consumption. Therapy with recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) may be an effective treatment strategy for patients with refractory bleeding. We report the successful use of rFVIIa for the treatment of intractable postoperative bleeding following aortic aneurysm repair in two patients with Marfan syndrome. In both patients, surgical reexploration was avoided, and the patients' clinical status was stabilized after the administration of rFVIIa. In one patient, hemostasis was rapidly achieved within minutes, whereas hemostasis occurred gradually over several hours in the second patient. Including our personal experience with the two cases, the use of rFVIIa has been reported in 20 patients who required CPB for cardiothoracic surgical procedures. Hemostasis was achieved in all patients. In 14 patients (70%), rapid hemostasis was achieved following a single dose of rFVIIa (mean dose, 57 μg/kg). In the remaining six patients, gradual hemostasis was achieved after a mean of 3.4 doses (mean cumulative dose, 225 μg/kg). Two patients (10%) were believed to have experienced thromboembolic complications after the administration of rFVIIa (one was fatal), and, in another patient, intracoronary thrombosis was suspected but was not confirmed. In patients experiencing postoperative bleeding complications that are refractory to treatment with blood products, hemostatic agents, and/or repeat surgery, the use of rFVIIa may be considered.
Governance, Budget Deficits And Financial Crisis: An Analysis Of Governments Role In The Liberian Banking Crisis

The adverse macroeconomic consequences of financial crises have heightened research interests in their causes. However, little is known about the role of political influence as a cause of financial crises in small developing countries. This research explores the role of governance as one of the causes of failures in nine of Liberias twelve commercial banks during the financial crises during the period 1986 to 1999. In particular, this paper explores how the government used appointments primarily based on kinship to influence the banking sector and render the National Bank of Liberia ineffective in implementing its regulatory powers. The research found that regulatory standards, weakened by nepotism, led to corruption and mismanagement in the banking sector. In addition, through the governments political influence over the National Bank of Liberia, it was able to finance unsustainable fiscal deficits by borrowing from commercial banks and the National Bank of Liberia, culminating in severe financial crises.