cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Becoming Bold”: Alcohol Use and Sexual Exploration among Black and Latino Young Men Who Have Sex with Men (YMSM)

Alcohol use is correlated with unprotected sex, which may place young men who have sex with men (YMSM) who use alcohol with sex at increased risk for contracting HIV. However, little is known about how this link develops. This study used qualitative interviews to explore how alcohol became associated with sex and sexual risk among YMSM. We purposively sampled 20 Black and 20 Latino YMSM (N = 40), ages 21 to 24, who used substances (alcohol, marijuana, and crystal methamphetamine) with sex. Interviews focused on participants’ personal histories to trace how these associations developed for each individual. Drawing on sexual script, emotion regulation, and alcohol expectancy theories, analyses followed a modified grounded theory approach. Participants stated that alcohol enabled them to engage in sexual behaviors with men that they wanted to try, allowing them to be more “bold,” overcome stigma about homosexuality, and feel increased comfort with their sexual desires and identities. The use of alcohol durin...
Can vibroacoustic stimulation improve the efficiency of a tertiary care antenatal testing unit

Objective: Our primary objective was to determine whether vibroacoustic stimulation (VAS) decreases time to fetal reactivity in the antenatal testing unit (ATU) of a tertiary care center. Methods: We performed a prospective, quality assurance initiative to determine whether VAS could increase the efficiency of our ATU. On pre-specified “VAS days,” VAS was applied for 3 s, if the non-stress test was non-reactive in the first 10 min. Generalized estimating equations models were used to account for within subject correlation due to multiple appointments per patient. Results: VAS use was associated with a 3.76-min reduction in time to reactivity (21.79 vs 25.55, p = 0.011) and a 56% reduction in the need for a biophysical profile (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.21–0.90). Overall, however, we found no significant decrease in time spent on the monitor or in the ATU. Conclusion: Compliance with a strict VAS protocol may improve the efficiency of increasingly busy ATUs.
Altered Methylprednisolone Pharmacodynamics in Healthy Subjects With Histamine N‐Methyltransferase C314T Genetic Polymorphism

This study investigated the potential differences in methylprednisolone pharmacodynamics between healthy subjects with different histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) C314T genotypes. Six individuals with C/C genotype and 4 with C/T genotype were administered a single intravenous dose of methylprednisolone 0.6 mg/kg ideal body weight in a randomized 2-period manner. Methylprednisolone plasma concentrations were fitted with a 1-compartment model. Cortisol and whole blood histamine suppression were assessed by indirect response models, with circadian baseline cortisol analyzed by Fourier analysis. The area between the baseline and effect curve and the area under the effect versus time curve suppression ratiowere used to characterize plasma histamine suppression. Methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics and plasma and whole blood histamine suppression were similar between the 2 genotype groups. Median nadir of cortisol and the 50% inhibitory concentration for cortisol were significantly higher in subjects with C/T genotype than those with C/C genotype (P = .031 and .033, respectively, Wilcoxon rank sum test). Subjects who are heterozygous for the T314 variant allele thus appeared less sensitive to the suppressive effects of methylprednisolone on cortisol secretion.
Why Do People Hurt Themselves? New Insights Into the Nature and Functions of Self-Injury

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prevalent but perplexing behavior problem in which people deliberately harm themselves without lethal intent. Research reveals that NSSI typically has its onset during early adolescence; most often involves cutting or carving the skin; and appears equally prevalent across sexes, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses. Less is known about why people engage in NSSI. This article presents a theoretical model of the development and maintenance of NSSI. Rather than a symptom of mental disorder, NSSI is conceptualized as a harmful behavior that can serve several intrapersonal (e.g., affect regulation) and interpersonal (e.g., help-seeking) functions. Risk of NSSI is increased by general factors that contribute to problems with affect regulation or interpersonal communication (e.g., childhood abuse) and by specific factors that influence the decision to use NSSI rather than some other behavior to serve these functions (e.g., social modeling). This model synthesizes research f...
Prehistoric irrigation systems in the salt river valley, Arizona.

This article discusses prehistoric irrigation canals recently excavated near Phoenix, Arizona. The canals were constructed by the Hohokam Indians between A.D. 850 and 1450. Several aerial photographs taken at various times in the past five decades clearly show the paths of hundreds of the canals, including some of those recently excavated. These data provide new insights on Hohokam irrigation technology and society. Despite the destructive inroads of modern development, much significant archeological information can still be retrieved both by conventional excavation methods and by the archival study of aerial photographs.
Applications of iPSC-derived models of Gaucher disease

Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the GBA1 gene, which codes for the lysosomal hydrolase glucocerebrosidase (GCase). GCase deficiency leads to accumulation of un-metabolized glycolipid substrates, primarily in cells of the macrophage lineage. GD usually manifests with visceral, hematological, and skeletal involvement, and common symptoms include hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and osteopenia. More severe enzyme deficiency can also lead to neuronal glycolipid accumulation and central nervous system symptoms.
Does Electrospray Ionization Produce Gas-Phase or Liquid-Phase Structures?

Electrospray ionization of tyrosine from a 3:1 (v:v) CH3OH/H2O solution is found to afford an M − H ion which is a 70:30 mixture of phenoxide and carboxylate ions. This corresponds to the gas-phase equilibrium composition and not the liquid-phase proportions. In contrast, the carboxylate is produced as the dominant ion (∼95%) from anhydrous CH3CN and CH3CN/H2O mixtures. The addition of small amounts of CH3OH to the solvent, however, convert the M − H ion back into the gas-phase isomeric ratio. The isomeric structure therefore depends on the solvent system from which an ion is sprayed.
An overview of a MPI profiling environment for the NEC Cenju-3

This paper describes an ongoing effort to provide a profiling environment for MPI applications running on the NEC Cenju-3, an MPP research prototype. Highlights of these efforts include automatic management of dynamic trace buffers, efficient post-processing, and user-driven visualization support. Modern virtual memory support found in the Cenju-3 operating system provides automatic management of dynamic trace buffers. Parallelization provides post-processing efficiency. Researchers from an NSF Grand Challenge Application Group are guiding the development of the visualization tool.
Contextual Organization of Unitary Information Processes in the Cortex by the Thalamus and Basal Ganglia and the Central Control of Attention

Short-term memory experiments suggest the presence within the neocortex of a basic information unit (a data structure plus an algorithm) able to store and return a relatively fixed number of items. Units of a similar format may be involved in all cortical motor and sensory activities of an integrated nature, and may interact to yield higher-order-information units dealing with interrelationships among groups of units. If individual units can reference other similar units, a hierarchical organization of computing is possible that could form the basis for contextual information processing and the hierarchical structuring characteristic of many specifically human forms of behavior. Vertical columns of neurons in the cortex may provide the physical basis for information units of the type suggested. The selection and organizing of activity in groups of columns may be regulated by a neural loop involving the basal ganglia and the thalamus, which would thus implement the central adjustment of attention.
Low-Speed Aerodynamics of the Upper-Surface Blown Jet Flap

Review of the results of recent wind-tunnel investigations conducted to provide fundamental aerodynamic information on the upper-surface blown jet-flap concept incorporating high-bypass-ratio turbofan engines. The results of the investigations have shown the concept to have aerodynamic performance generally comparable to that of other externally blown high-lift systems. Some of the more critical problem areas associated with this concept are covered, and solutions which have been found for these problems are discussed.
Increasing Employment, Diminishing Returns, Relative Shares, and Ricardo

In their note, ‘Increasing Employment, Diminishing Returns, and Relative Shares,’1 Messrs Horlacher and Smolensky accept my conclusion that changes in the rent share in the Ricardian system depend on a comparison of the rate of change of the marginal product in relation to the rate of change of the average product of labour. They then proceed to suggest some perverse total product functions which are characterized as having, within a given range of inputs, rising M/A ratios with diminishing returns. They indicate, therefore, that the fate of the rent share is even less determinate than I suggested in my previous note.2 Their comments, while having mathematical validity, are, I believe, not applicable to either the Ricardian system or the real world.
The Indirect Ethics of AIG’s ‘Backdoor Bailout’

We experimentally assess the ethics of the U.S. government’s indirect bailout of the bank counterparties of American International Group during the 2008 financial crisis. When the indirect bailout is jointly compared with a counterfactual where the government directly bails out the banks, subjects judge the indirect bailout to be far more unethical. On the other hand, when the two scenarios are judged separately, subjects consider a direct bailout of banks to be more unethical. This suggests that ethical judgments of indirect versus direct action exhibit a type of preference reversal that is dependent upon whether the evaluation mode is joint or separate. The pedagogical and policy implications of this preference reversal are discussed.
Toward automated e-cigarette surveillance

Display Omitted Supervised models are evaluated for identifying e-cigarette proponents on Twitter.Both profile bio and recent tweets play a role in improving model performance.Proponents can be identified with an F-score of 91% and accuracy of 96%.Proponents' tweet at least ten times more frequently on four favorable e-cig themes. BackgroundElectronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cigs) are a popular emerging tobacco product. Because e-cigs do not generate toxic tobacco combustion products that result from smoking regular cigarettes, they are sometimes perceived and promoted as a less harmful alternative to smoking and also as means to quit smoking. However, the safety of e-cigs and their efficacy in supporting smoking cessation is yet to be determined. Importantly, the federal drug administration (FDA) currently does not regulate e-cigs and as such their manufacturing, marketing, and sale is not subject to the rules that apply to traditional cigarettes. A number of manufacturers, advocates, and e-cig users are actively promoting e-cigs on Twitter. ObjectiveWe develop a high accuracy supervised predictive model to automatically identify e-cig "proponents" on Twitter and analyze the quantitative variation of their tweeting behavior along popular themes when compared with other Twitter users (or tweeters). MethodsUsing a dataset of 1000 independently annotated Twitter profiles by two different annotators, we employed a variety of textual features from latest tweet content and tweeter profile biography to build predictive models to automatically identify proponent tweeters. We used a set of manually curated key phrases to analyze e-cig proponent tweets from a corpus of over one million e-cig tweets along well known e-cig themes and compared the results with those generated by regular tweeters. ResultsOur model identifies e-cig proponents with 97% precision, 86% recall, 91% F-score, and 96% overall accuracy, with tight 95% confidence intervals. We find that as opposed to regular tweeters that form over 90% of the dataset, e-cig proponents are a much smaller subset but tweet two to five times more than regular tweeters. Proponents also disproportionately (one to two orders of magnitude more) highlight e-cig flavors, their smoke-free and potential harm reduction aspects, and their claimed use in smoking cessation. ConclusionsGiven FDA is currently in the process of proposing meaningful regulation, we believe our work demonstrates the strong potential of informatics approaches, specifically machine learning, for automated e-cig surveillance on Twitter.
The Breeding Niches of Hippelates Gnats

These studies were conducted in a variety of croplands and lawns. Soil samples were washed to recover gnat pupae and puparia; also, emergence cages were set in numerous date gardens and citrus groves, and the emerging gnats segregated to Hippelates species. Both procedures proved economical, rapid, and foolproof for determining the breeding niches of Hippelates gnats. Citrus groves, date gardens, vineyards, walnut groves, peach and apricot orchards, vegetable and field crop fields, golf courses, and lawns all bred Hippelates gnats to some degree. In the Coachella Valley of southern California, H. collusor (Townsend) outnumbered other gnat species in a majority of the breeding niches; H. hermsi Sabrosky was recovered in large numbers also. H. dorsalis Loew, H. pusio Loew, and H. robertsoni Sabrosky, occurred in low numbers in this valley. The type of crop had no direct relationship to the degree and extent of Hippelates breeding. Other numerous and uncontrollable factors such as frequency of irrigation, soil tillage, weed and covercrop growth, and type of soil do influence gnat breeding.
Prehospital management of spinal trauma: an evolution.

OBJECTIVE To discuss the past, present, and future prehospital management of patients who sustain acute spinal cord injury (SCI). DISCUSSION Prehospital management of SCI has evolved during the past two decades. Current standards emphasize the immediate treatment of life-threatening injuries while simultaneously preparing for transport to the nearest, appropriate facility. Rapid extrication techniques, pharmacological intervention, airway management, treatment controversies, and future areas of study are discussed.
A CASE OF REACTIVE LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA OF THE STOMACH WITH PERFORATED GASTRIC ULCER

A 52-year-old man underwent gastrectomy because of a perforated gastric ulcer. Gross observation of the resected specimen showed a normal gastric mucosa but perforated ulcer. Histological examination, however, revealed many lymphoid follicles without atypia, which were proliferated ranging from the mucosal to the subserosal layer of the gastric wall. Immunohistochemically, the infiltrated lymphocytes among the lymphoid follicles did not have monoclonal B-cell or T-cell proliferation, and lymphoid follicles did not show monoclonality for the stainings of light chains of immunoglobulin. This study enabled us to make the final diagnosis of this case as reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of the stomach. The patient is now free of recurrence as of 2 years and 5 months after the surgery. Most of the cases diagnosed as reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of the stomach in Japan were low grade malignant lymphoma, so benign lymphoid hyperplasia like this case is rare.
Cadmium inhibits glucose uptake in primary cultures of mouse cortical tubule cells

We studied the effect of cadmium (Cd2+) on transport of alpha-methylglucoside in primary cultures of mouse kidney cortical tubule cells grown in defined medium. When cultured cells were exposed to Cd2+ concentrations from 0 to 6 microM for 24 h, uptake of alpha-methylglucoside was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by up to 50%. By contrast, acute exposure of the cells to 7 microM Cd2+ for 60 min did not inhibit alpha-methylglucoside uptake. Increasing Cd2+ concentrations progressively decreased the Vmax of Na(+)-dependent glucose cotransport but not the Km for glucose. Cell ATP/ADP ratios of unexposed monolayers and of cells exposed to 4.5 microM Cd2+ for 24 h were 5.0 and 4.9, respectively (n = 3). Intracellular volume, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and cell Na+ and K+ concentrations were unaltered even after 24 h of exposure to 7 microM Cd2+. Untreated and Cd2+-treated monolayers preloaded with alpha-methylglucoside released the sugar analogue into the medium at nearly identical rates, indicating that Cd2+ did not alter cell permeability to glucose. Uptake of the amino acid analogue alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid was not affected by prior Cd2+ exposure. Whereas cell DNA content declined in Cd2(+)-exposed plates, both Na(+)-glucose and Na(+)-amino acid cotransport were enhanced at lower cell densities. Protein and DNA synthesis, estimated, respectively, by incorporation of [3H]leucine and [3H]thymidine into acid-insoluble material, were not significantly affected at 6 microM Cd2+. We conclude that after a lag time Cd2+ selectively inhibits renal Na(+)-dependent glucose transport despite an unchanged gradient for Na+ across the cell membrane.
First fast-ion D-alpha (FIDA) measurements and simulations on C-2U

The first measurements of fast-ion D-alpha (FIDA) radiation have been acquired on C-2U, Tri Alpha Energy’s advanced, beam-driven field-reversed configuration (FRC). These measurements are also forward modeled by FIDASIM. This is the first measurement and simulation of FIDA carried out on an FRC topology. FIDA measurements are made of Doppler-shifted Balmer-alpha light from neutralized fast ions using a bandpass filter and photomultiplier tube. One adjustable line-of-sight measured signals at eight locations and eight times during the FRC lifetime over 26 discharges. Filtered signals include only the highest energy ions (>6 keV) and share some salient features with the FIDASIM result. Highly Doppler-shifted beam radiation is also measured with a high-speed camera and is spatially well-correlated with FIDASIM.
Imaging characteristics of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia.

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is a soft tissue, tumor-like, benign, reactive, vascular proliferation that, although not rare, is uncommonly imaged. We report the imaging findings of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in 13 patients, highlighting characteristic imaging features. We retrospectively reviewed 13 patients with IPEH who had corresponding MR and/or ultrasound imaging. MR imaging studies were evaluated for lesion location, shape, size, signal intensity, signal heterogeneity, and enhancement. Ultrasound studies were assessed for lesion shape, size, echogenicity, heterogeneity, and vascularity. Demographic data, including patient age, gender, and clinical history were also reviewed. Most patients (11 of 13) presented with an enlarging mass. The age range was 10–72 years (mean 46) with ten females and three males. Eleven of the 13 lesions were primary IPEH without an associated preexisting vascular lesion. Ten of 13 lesions were in the superficial soft tissues, all of which were primary IPEH. Two of the three lesions in the deep tissues were secondary IPEH, arising within a preexisting vascular lesion. Lesions were small (mean 1.4 cm) and had a rounded shape. All of the primary lesions demonstrated high T2 signal peripherally and variable T2 signal centrally, with most demonstrating superficial location (91 %), peripheral enhancement (89 %) and associated dominant vessel (73 %). The five lesions evaluated by ultrasound were all hypoechoic with either scattered or peripheral vascularity on Doppler. Primary papillary endothelial hyperplasia is commonly seen in the superficial soft tissues when captured on imaging and has a characteristic imaging appearance.
Metabolically Labile Fumarate Esters Impart Kinetic Selectivity to Irreversible Inhibitors

Electrophilic small molecules are an important class of chemical probes and drugs that produce biological effects by irreversibly modifying proteins. Examples of electrophilic drugs include covalent kinase inhibitors that are used to treat cancer and the multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate. Optimized covalent drugs typically inactivate their protein targets rapidly in cells, but ensuing time-dependent, off-target protein modification can erode selectivity and diminish the utility of reactive small molecules as chemical probes and therapeutics. Here, we describe an approach to confer kinetic selectivity to electrophilic drugs. We show that an analogue of the covalent Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor Ibrutinib bearing a fumarate ester electrophile is vulnerable to enzymatic metabolism on a time-scale that preserves rapid and sustained BTK inhibition, while thwarting more slowly accumulating off-target reactivity in cell and animal models. These findings demonstrate that metabolically labile el...
Advanced sonar technologies for high clearance rate mine countermeasures

During 2014–2016 the office of Naval Research fielded two new wideband synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) systems: the third generation of the Small Synthetic Aperture Minehunter (SSAM III) and the Lightweight Conformal SAS (LC-SAS). These systems, collaboratively developed by the Naval Surface Warfare Center Panama City Division, the Applied Research Laboratory at Penn State University, and the Applied Research Laboratories at the University of Texas, were integrated on to REMUS 600 autonomous undersea vehicles (AUV) developed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Designed to increase area coverage rate and reduce false contact calls, both systems operate over a wide range of wavelengths and aspects: where centimeter-scale wavelengths are used for fine-detail imaging of the seabed and small objects that lay proud on it, and longer wavelengths, which can propagate deeper into the sediment volume, are used for imaging and spectroscopic analysis of proud and buried objects. The SSAM III is the first multi-band sonar that combines techniques for high-resolution imaging and target analysis via acoustic spectroscopy. The LC-SAS is a dual-band sensor that represents the longest (and thus longest range) SAS incorporated on a lightweight AUV to date, and marks the first time that a SAS has been integrated onto such a platform with a high-quality forward look sonar - in this case the Autonomous Topographic & Large Area Survey (ATLAS) sonar. The SSAM III and LC-SAS systems are reviewed, along with associated technologies and sensor modalities, which include image and spectral based processing, tomographic imaging, automated target recognition and seabed changed detection, and advanced autonomy via situational awareness provided by the sensors.
Electric field tuning of band offsets in transition metal dichalcogenides

We use first-principles calculations to investigate the band structure evolution of $\mathrm{W}{X}_{2}$/$\mathrm{Mo}{X}_{2}$ ($X$ = S, Se) heterobilayers under a perpendicular electric field. We characterize the extent to which the type II band alignment in these compounds can be tuned or inverted electrostatically. Our results demonstrate two effects of the stacking configuration. First, different stackings produce different net dipole moments, resulting in band offset variations that are larger than 0.1 eV. Second, based on symmetry constraints that depend on stacking, a perpendicular electric field may hybridize $\mathrm{W}{X}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{Mo}{X}_{2}$ bands that cross at the Brillouin zone corner $K$. Our results suggest that external electric fields can be used to tune the physics of intralayer and interlayer excitons in heterobilayers of transition metal dichalcogenides.
Guide to the Correct Use of Filoviral Nomenclature.

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) currently recognizes three genera and seven species as part of the mononegaviral family Filoviridae. Eight distinct filoviruses (Bundibugyo virus, Ebola virus, Lloviu virus, Marburg virus, Ravn virus, Reston virus, Sudan virus, and Tai Forest virus) have been assigned to these seven species. This chapter briefly summarizes the status quo of filovirus classification and focuses on the importance of differentiating between filoviral species and filoviruses and the correct use of taxonomic and vernacular filovirus names and abbreviations in written and oral discourse.
Tracking With Balance

Abstract This paper describes a tracking controller for a class of multi-input multi-output underactuated mechanical systems in which the unactuated degrees of freedom are acted upon and made unstable by gravitational forces. The tracking controller described allows approximate tracking of reference trajectories for the actuated degrees of freedom, while bounding the response of the unactuated degrees of freedom, thereby achieving output tracking with balance.
Modeling time-varying networks with applications to neural flow and genetic regulation

Many biological processes are effectively modeled as networks, but a frequent assumption is that these networks do not change during data collection. However, that assumption does not hold for many phenomena, such as neural growth during learning or changes in genetic regulation during cell differentiation. Approaches are needed that explicitly model networks as they change in time and that characterize the nature of those changes. In this work, we develop a new class of graphical models in which the conditional dependence structure of the underlying data-generation process is permitted to change over time. We first present the model, explain how to derive it from Bayesian networks, and develop an efficient MCMC sampling algorithm that easily generalizes under varying levels of uncertainty about the data generation process. We then characterize the nature of evolving networks in several biological datasets. We initially focus on learning how neural information flow networks change in songbirds with implanted electrodes. We characterize how they change in response to different sound stimuli and during the process of habituation. We continue to explore the neurobiology of songbirds by identifying changes in neural information flow in another habituation experiment using fMRI data. Finally, we briefly examine evolving genetic regulatory networks involved in Drosophila muscle differentiation during development. We conclude by describing experimental methods for testing some of our results and suggesting new experimental directions and statistical extensions to the model for predicting novel neural flow results.
Solon and Early Greek Poetry: The Politics of Exhortation

The poetry of archaic Greece gives voice to the history and politics of the culture of that age. This 2005 book explores the types of history that have been, and can be, written from archaic Greek poetry, and the role this poetry had in articulating the social and political realities and ideologies of that period. In doing so, it pays particular attention to the stance of exhortation adopted in early Greek elegy, and to the political poetry of Solon. Part I of this study argues that the singing of elegiac paraenesis in the elite symposium reflects the attempt of symposiasts to assert a heroic identity for themselves within this wider polis community. Part II demonstrates how the elegy of Solon both confirms the existence of this elite practice, and subverts it; Part III looks beyond Solon's appropriations of poetic traditions to argue for another influence on Solon's political poetry, that of tyranny.
Community Interest Congruence: A Biopsychosocial Lens for Integrating Theory, Research, and Practice With Couples

Attachment has been shown to play a significant role in adult romantic relationships, and there is substantial evidence supporting the use of attachment-based interventions with couples. Prevailing conceptualizations of dyadic functioning often incorporate biological and psychological factors, such as attachment, but often limit their scope of social factors to the dyad itself. Such conceptualizations do not attend to the relationship between couples and their wider community. Awareness of social and community values is much more common in individual therapy but has not been integrated into couple’s work. In this article, we propose a biopsychosocial foundation for viewing the relationship between couples and their wider community through the lens of attachment, in which securely attached couples are more likely to have community interest congruence and insecurely attached couples are more likely to experience incongruence. Translating this theoretical foundation into practice, we also propose a stepwise ...
Tracing disorder across theories of autism, empathy, and mental health care

Categories of mental disorders are generally understood through a biomedical paradigm of clinical research, diagnosis, and intervention. Here, diagnoses operate as professional tools, facilitating ...
Donor lung pathological abnormalities and recipient outcomes

Introduction: The quality of donor organs may have an impact on early and long-term outcome after lung transplantation. Donors are evaluated according to clinical, functional, radiological and endoscopic features. The histopathological abnormalities are never considered in the evaluation. Aim: We sought to investigate the presence of donor lung pathological abnormalities and determine if these might have an impact on the post lung transplant outcome. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 102 consecutive lung allograft pathology reports of transplanted lungs undergone downsizing by non-anatomical lung resections at the time of transplant. Survival, chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) development, bronchoalveolar infection and acute rejection were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism. Results: Pathological findings were reported in 64% (65/102) of donor lungs: 22/65 (34%) had bronchial abnormalities (bronchiolitis, inflammation, broncho-pneumonia or granulomas); 38/65 (58%) had alveolar abnormalities (emphysema); 15/65 (23%) showed vascular abnormalities (single or multiple thromboemboli); 9/65 (14%) had multiple abnormalities. The non-adjusted Kaplan-Meyer survival curves showed no difference in terms of survival or CLAD development between all groups. No correlations were found with infections rate, acute rejections episodes or best-FEV1 after transplant. Conclusion: Our data revealed a high presence of abnormal pathology in transplanted lungs, especially emphysematous changes. Donor lung pathology doesn’t seem to affect overall survival, presence of CLAD, infections rate, acute rejection rate or lung function after lung transplantation.
Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis With Autologous Blood, Platelet-Rich Plasma, or Corticosteroid Injections: A Systematic Review of Overlapping Meta-analyses.

Background:Previous meta-analyses have been conducted to compare outcomes of various treatment injections for lateral epicondylitis (LE), including corticosteroid injection (CSI) and autologous blo...
High-Throughput Exposure Modeling: Conclusions of the Expodat Program

Background: While a growing number of chemicals have been introduced into commerce over the past several decades, there is a dearth of exposure and toxicity information available to assess potentia...
Impact of Sinus Surgery on Hospital Utilization for Complications of Sinusitis

Background:Sinusitis complications are potentially lethal conditions that generally require extensive treatment and thus place a significant burden on the health-care system. The purpose of this st...
Participant characteristics and self-reported weight status in a cross-sectional pilot survey of self-identified followers of popular diets: Adhering to Dietary Approaches for Personal Taste (ADAPT) Feasibility Survey.

OBJECTIVE To describe characteristics of self-identified popular diet followers and compare mean BMI across these diets, stratified by time following diet. DESIGN Cross-sectional, web-based survey administered in 2015. SETTING Non-localised, international survey. PARTICIPANTS Self-selected followers of popular diets (n 9019) were recruited to the survey via social media and email announcements by diet community leaders, categorised into eight major diet groups. RESULTS General linear models were used to compare mean BMI among (1) short-term (<1 year) and long-term (≥1 year) followers within diet groups and (2) those identifying as 'try to eat healthy' (TTEH) to all other diet groups, stratified by time following the specific diet. Participants were 82 % female, 93 % White and 96 % non-Hispanic. Geometric mean BMI was lower (P < 0·05 for all) among longer-term followers (≥1 year) of whole food, plant-based (WFPB), vegan, whole food and low-carb diets compared with shorter-term followers. Among those following their diet for 1-5 years (n 4067), geometric mean BMI (kg/m2) were lower (P < 0·05 for all) for all groups compared with TTEH (26·4 kg/m2): WFPB (23·2 kg/m2), vegan (23·5 kg/m2), Paleo (24·6 kg/m2), vegetarian (25·0 kg/m2), whole food (24·6 kg/m2), Weston A. Price (23·5 kg/m2) and low-carb (24·7 kg/m2). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that BMI is lower among individuals who made active decisions to adhere to a specific diet, particularly more plant-based diets and/or diets limiting highly processed foods, compared with those who simply TTEH. BMI is also lower among individuals who follow intentional eating plans for longer time periods.
Considering the APOE locus in Alzheimer's disease polygenic scores in the Health and Retirement Study: a longitudinal panel study

Polygenic scores are a strategy to aggregate the small, additive effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms across the genome. With phenotypes like Alzheimer’s disease, which have a strong and well-established genomic locus (APOE), the cumulative effect of genetic variants outside of this area has not been well established in a population-representative sample. Here we examine the association between polygenic scores for Alzheimer’s disease both with and without the APOE region (chr19: 45,384,477 to 45,432,606, build 37/hg 19) at different P value thresholds and dementia. We also investigate the addition of APOE-e4 carrier status and its effect on the polygenic score—dementia association in the Health and Retirement Study using generalized linear models accounting for repeated measures by individual and use a binomial distribution, logit link, and unstructured correlation structure. In a large sample of European ancestry participants of the Health and Retirement Study (n = 9872) with an average of 5.2 (standard deviation 1.8) visit spaced two years apart, we found that including the APOE region through weighted variants in a polygenic score was insufficient to capture the large amount of risk attributed to this region. We also found that a polygenic score with a P value threshold of 0.01 had the strongest association with the odds of dementia in this sample (odds ratio = 1.10 95%CI 1.0 to 1.2). We recommend removing the APOE region from polygenic score calculation and treating the APOE locus as an independent covariate when modeling dementia. We also recommend using a moderately conservative P value threshold (e.g. 0.01) when creating polygenic scores for Alzheimer’s disease on dementia. These recommendations may help elucidate relationships between polygenic scores and regions of strong significance for phenotypes similar to Alzheimer’s disease.
The influence of boundary and edge-plasma modeling in computations of axisymmetric vertical displacement

A number of previously published studies apply extended-magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) computations to model macroscopic dynamics of tokamak vertical displacement events (VDEs). The characteristic plasma-wall contact and resistive-wall diffusion imply sensitivity to boundary conditions in a general sense, but which conditions have significant influence depends on how the plasma is modeled. This work examines these dependencies by comparing results of axisymmetric extended-MHD computations with different sets of boundary conditions, plasma thermal-conduction models, and wall resistivity values. The geometry and plasma parameters of the computations represent a modest-sized tokamak. The forced-displacement scenario and computational setup are similar to those used in previous 3D computations [C. R. Sovinec and K. J. Bunkers, Phys. Plasma Controlled Fusion 61, 024003 (2019)]. The results show that for a given wall resistivity, the VDE time scale is most sensitive to variations in the boundary and thermal-conduction parameters that affect electron thermal transport. The electrical conductivity depends on electron temperature, and the dependence on thermal transport stems from its influence on the electrical circuit that includes the open-field halo current. Conditions that lead to hotter, broader halo regions slow the evolution. Significant sensitivity to the boundary condition on plasma flow-velocity exists when electron thermal conduction is restricted and electron energy loss is convective, which is expected for conditions at the entrance of the magnetic presheath.
Evolving to the Global Rule of Three

The chapter offers insights into the transition of the Rule of Three from local to national, regional, continental, and global, which is illustrated with numerous industry examples. Competitive markets evolve in a predictable fashion across industries and they go through similar life cycles. Many generalists that are dominant in their countries or regions are unable to have the same success when the market globalizes. There is generally one global survivor from each of the three major economic zones. For a company to survive and succeed as a global, full-line generalist, they must be prominent in at least two of the three legs of the global triad. If a country has a large stake in an industry, it may be home to two or even all three full-line players. Niche companies/specialists in a globalizing market have four options: (a) they can expand internationally and become a global niche player, (b) they can remain domestic as a superniche company, (c) they can launch new specialist businesses, or (d) they can let themselves be acquired at a premium. Many specialists will experience at least two of these options, if not more, in the coming decades.
Surgical Management of Patella Alta in Patellofemoral Instability: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background:Proximal, distal, and combined proximal and distal procedures have been performed for patellofemoral instability in the presence of patella alta. No consensus exists regarding the accept...
Pressure loss recovery in aortic valve stenosis: Contemporary relevance

Pressure loss recovery (PLR) is a hydrodynamic phenomenon that occurs when blood flow encounters a narrowing typified by aortic valve stenosis (AS). Multiple factors contribute to the magnitude of PLR including the volumetric rate of flow, the geometry of the entrance to the vena contracta (VC) or point of minimum dimension, including that of the left ventricular outflow tract and valve orifice, and the geometry of the proximal aorta. In the majority of clinical circumstances, PLR results in echocardiographic Doppler gradient estimates that are modestly, but generally not clinically important, greater than those derived from rigorously performed catheter measurements. The contribution of PLR to the echocardiographically-measured gradient may not differ significantly between currently available valve prostheses and is likely to be small in patients with mild AS following TAVR.
Engineering gentrification: urban redevelopment, sustainability policy, and green stormwater infrastructure in Minneapolis

Cities increasingly turn to green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) to improve water quality and mitigate flooding risk, yet like other forms of green infrastructure, early research suggests GSI may ...
Pearls of Discrete Mathematics

Counting: Basic Subsets of a Set Pascal's Triangle Binomial Coefficient Identities Counting: Intermediate Finding a Polynomial The Upward-Extended Pascal's Triangle Recurrence Relations and Fibonacci Numbers Counting: Advanced Generating Functions and Making Change Integer Triangles Rook Paths and Queen Paths Discrete Probability Probability Spaces and Distributions Markov Chains Random Tournaments Number Theory Divisibility of Factorials and Binomial Coefficients Covering Systems Partitions of an Integer Information Theory What Is Surprise? A Coin-Tossing Game Shannon's Theorems Games A Little Graph Theory Background The Ramsey Game Tic-Tac-Toe and Animal Games Algorithms Counters Listing Permutations and Combinations Sudoku Solving and Polycube Packing Appendix A: Hints and Solutions to Exercises Appendix B: Notation Bibliography Index
Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Publisher Summary This chapter explains sleep disorders in children and adolescents. Sleep in infants, children, and adolescents differs greatly from that of adults. There is great variability in sleep requirements and in the presence of sleep disorders across the developmental span of children and adolescents. A commonly occurring sleep problem among infants and toddlers is insomnia, being expressed as either night awakenings, difficulty falling asleep at bedtime, or a combination of both. These problems are frequently observed in children between the ages of one and three. Education is an important component of treatment in working with adolescents who have delayed sleep phase syndrome as well as with their parents. Narcolepsy is a sleep problem which usually begins during adolescence. Its symptoms consist of excessive sleepiness during the day or sleep attacks; loss of muscle tone for brief periods of time that can be precipitated by strong affective states; and hypnagogic hallucinations, vivid images which occur while the individual is awake. Treatment often includes behavioral interventions and family guidance. Delayed sleep phase syndrome is a particularly interesting disorder because it highlights the importance of taking into consideration not only the psychological and social manifestations of the disorder but also the biological factors that lead directly to it. Successful treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome must address the biological etiology as well as the psychological and social factors associated with the disorder.
Turbulent DifFusion: Mean Concentration Distribution in a Flow Field of Homogeneous Turbulence*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses one aspect of turbulent phenomena: turbulent diffusion, which has a wide field of application in fluid dynamics, chemical engineering, heat transfer, meteorology, etc.; and it mainly focuses on diffusion in a field of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence in which the decay of turbulence is neglected. The theory of turbulent diffusion investigates the motion of fluid elements that do not preserve an individual identity. Dispersion in fluids is concerned with the motion of material particles, which depends on the character of the turbulent field and on the nature of the particles themselves. The chapter also describes the statistical description of a turbulent field, fundamental equation of turbulent diffusion, mean concentration distribution produced by a point source of diffusion, mean concentration distribution produced by an infinite line source of diffusion, differential equations of diffusion ,and statistical theory of turbulence.
Micromachined conformal packages for microwave and millimeter-wave applications

High frequency circuit performance is significantly influenced by its RF package configuration. This paper presents the use of Si micromachining to develop a miniature package that conforms to the circuit geometry while providing physical and electromagnetic shielding. The advantages of a conformal package, other than reduced size, are control of package resonances, the capability to isolate individual circuit elements and improve circuit performance through elimination of parasitic radiation. In addition, the use of micromachining provides reduced fabrication tolerances and most importantly lower cost. >
End-to-End Quality of Service Monitoring Using ICMP and SNMP

In this paper, we propose a new management information base (MIB) called Service Monitoring (SM) MIB. The MIB enables a network manager to gather end-to-end management information by utilizing special test packet. The special packet is an Internet control message protocol (ICMP) application that can be sent to a remote network element to monitor its Internet services. The SM MIB makes end-to-end management possible without using any special measurement architectures or equipments. Real examples show that the proposed SM MIB is useful for end-to-end quality of service (QoS) monitoring. The accuracy of obtained data, priority and security issues are discussed.
Some Relations among Systems for Bounded Arithmetic

In [1], S. Buss introduced systems S 2 i (i = 0, 1, 2,…), Ů 2 1 , and \(\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} ^\circ \\ v \\ \end{array} _{2}^{1}\) for Bounded Arithmetic which are closely related to Δ i p (if i > 0) in the polynomial hierarchy, PSPACE, and EXPTIME respectively. In Bounded Arithmetic weaker systems and stronger systems are interacted each other. As we think in physics that the basic principles are the principles on elementary particles, we believe that the intrinsic nature of Bounded Arithmetic is hidden in very weak systems of Bounded Arithmetic. Therefore it seems to us very useful to define sharply bounded arithmetic and to study it. Unfortunately S 2 0 is too weak to be a good candidate for sharply bounded arithmetic since it is proved in [7] that S 2 0 does not prove ∃x(a = 0 V x + 1 = a). On the other hand, \(\tilde S_2^0\) introduced in [8] seems to us a good candidate for sharply bounded arithmetic. We shall prove that \(\tilde S_2^0 = \tilde S_2^1\) implies EXPTIME = PSPACE, where \(\tilde S_2^1\) is a conservative extension of S 2 1 , and that if \(\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} ^\circ \\ v \\ \end{array} _{2}^{1}\) proves $$\forall {}^ \ulcorner {\varphi ^ \urcorner }\exists \operatorname{w} (\operatorname{PA} - \Pr \operatorname{f} (\operatorname{w} ,{}^ \ulcorner {\varphi ^ \urcorner })\operatorname{V} \;\operatorname{PA} - \Pr \operatorname{f} (\operatorname{w} ,{}^ \ulcorner \urcorner {\varphi ^ \urcorner }))$$ then PSPACE = NP ⋂ co-NP, where ⌜ ϕ ⌝ is a Godel number of a sharply bounded sentence and PA — Prf(w, ⌜ ϕ ⌝) is a formalized statement “w is a proof of ⌜ ϕ ⌝ in Peano Arithmetic”.
Deregulated cyclin E induces chromosome instability

Cyclin E, a regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), is an important regulator of entry into S phase in the mammalian cell cycle. In normal dividing cells, cyclin E accumulates at the G1/S-phase boundary and is degraded as cells progress through S phase. However, in many human tumours cyclin E is overexpressed and the levels of protein and kinase activity are often deregulated relative to the cell cycle. It is not understood how alterations in expression of cyclin E contribute to tumorigenesis. Here we show that constitutive cyclin-E overexpression in both immortalized rat embryo fibroblasts and human breast epithelial cells results in chromosome instability (CIN). In contrast, analogous expression of cyclin D1 or A does not increase the frequency of CIN. Cyclin-E-expressing cells that exhibit CIN have normal centrosome numbers. However, constitutive overexpression of cyclin E impairs S-phase progression, indicating that aberrant regulation of this process may be responsible for the CIN observed. These results indicate that downregulation of cyclin-E/Cdk2 kinase activity following the G1/S-phase transition may be necessary for the maintenance of karyotypic stability.