cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Way to Use Short Stories in Psychiatric Training and Practice

Efforts to use literary texts and methods to enhance the training of physicians go back more than 40 years (1–4). As these efforts have matured, they have branched out in various directions. Rita Charon, director of Columbia’s narrative medicine program, instructs students in close reading of texts and in formulating narratives of their experiences with patients. As she puts it, “I do not feel I know a patient until I’ve written about her or him” (5). Another program, New Directions, affiliated with the Washington Psychoanalytic Center and codirected by Robert Winer, aims specifically at helping clinicians refine their writing skills and has thrived for over a decade. There is encouragement to trainees to describe their reactions to learning clinical medicine (6). The Bellevue Literary Review receives 70 submissions of poetry, fiction, and essays for every manuscript it can publish (D. Ofri, editor-inchief, personal communication, November, 2008). Felice Aull founded and continues to edit the Literature, Arts, and Medicine Database (7). Howard Spiro founded the online Yale Journal for Medical Humanities (8), and currently there are medical humanities departments across the country. A group of psychiatric educators found over a decade ago that a seminar using short stories focused on medically related themes could help draw “patient-oriented students” to psychiatry (9). Nobel Laureate Eric Kandel provided a bellwether of the application of great literature to medical teaching when he began his celebration of Donald Klein’s contribution to the study of anxiety with the famous dictum of Tolstoy: “All happy families are happy in the same way; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” He went on to equate “happiness” to “safety,” and “unhappiness” to “anxiety” (10). Still, the trend in psychiatry toward biological and cognitive behavior interventions and away from the dynamic psychotherapies, along with the pressures toward greater patient volume arising from ever more arcane reimbursement schemes, has reduced our field’s focus on medical humanities (11). They continue to remain outside the mainstream of psychiatric teaching, and their application to clinical settings remains sporadic. One possible way to counter the alienation, dehumanization, and diminished empathy that seem to be present in many clinical settings, and to restore excitement to the clinical encounter, is to use short stories and narratives in these settings.
A classic assembly of nanobiomaterials

A recent multidisciplinary conference in Crete underscored advances in protein and peptide self-assembly in a variety of biotechnological applications.
Expression of cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels in airway epithelial cells.

Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, the selectivity and pharmacology of 8-Br-cGMP-stimulated currents in the human alveolar cell line A549 was compared to 8-Br-cGMP-stimulated currents in HK293 cells transfected with hαCNC1. Whole cell currents stimulated by 8-Br-cGMP in HK293 cells transfected with hαCNC1 or A549 cells are carried by inward sodium and outward potassium with nearly the same selectivity. The whole-cell inward currents that are stimulated by 8-Br-cGMP in HK293 cells transfected with hαCNC1 are inhibited by l-cis-diltiazem with an IC50 of 154 μm, by 2′,4′-dichlorobenzamil with an IC50 of 50 μm and by amiloride with an IC50 of 133 μm. The whole-cell inward currents in A549 cells that are stimulated by 8-Br-cGMP, are inhibited by l-cis-diltiazem with an IC50 of 87 μm, by 2′4′-dichlorobenzamil with an IC50 of 38 μm and by amiloride with an IC50 of 32 μm suggesting that these airway cells contain cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels. RT-PCR data suggest that mRNA of both αCNC1 and βCNC subunits are present in A549 cells and the presence of the βCNC subunit, may as previously reported, increase the affinity of these channel blockers compared to the hαCNC1 subunit alone. The mRNA of two other isoforms of this channel, CNC2 and CNC3, are also expressed in the A549 cell line. This study documents the IC50 of externally applied channel blockers that can be used for in vitro or in vivo experiments to document sodium absorption via cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels in airway cells.
Comparison of a Good Orthogonal Lead System and One Additional Chest Lead with the Conventional 12-Lead Electrocardiogram

In a study of the McFee-Parungao system of orthogonal lead electrocardiography 452 electrocardiograms were recorded on 111 normal subjects and 201 patients with cardiovascular disease and abnormalities in the conventional 12-lead electrocardiogram. Comparison of the two lead systems and evaluation of criteria for the electrocardiographic diagnosis of normal, right ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular hypertrophy, right and left bundle-branch block, and several types of myocardial infarction revealed good correspondence between the two systems. Because of deficient representation of the precordial midzone potential, a preferential unipolar lead resembling lead V4 was introduced. This ancillary lead contributed important information to the electrocardiographic diagnosis of localized apical myocardial infarction and also indicated ventricular hypertrophy in cases in which it was not evident in the three orthogonal leads.
Untargeted LC-MS Metabolomics of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Differentiates Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome from Health

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains a significant hazard to human health and is clinically challenging because there are no prognostic biomarkers and no effective pharmacotherapy. The lung compartment metabolome may detail the status of the local environment that could be useful in ARDS biomarker discovery and the identification of drug target opportunities. However, neither the utility of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as a biofluid for metabolomics nor the optimal analytical platform for metabolite identification is established. To address this, we undertook a study to compare metabolites in BALF samples from patients with ARDS and healthy controls using a newly developed liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectroscopy (MS) platform for untargeted metabolomics. Following initial testing of three different high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns, we determined that reversed phase (RP)-LC and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) were the most informative chromatographic methods because they yielded the most and highest quality data. Following confirmation of metabolite identification, statistical analysis resulted in 37 differentiating metabolites in the BALF of ARDS compared with health across both analytical platforms. Pathway analysis revealed networks associated with amino acid metabolism, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, phospholipids, and purine metabolism in the ARDS BALF. The complementary analytical platforms of RPLC and HILIC-LC generated informative, insightful metabolomics data of the ARDS lung environment.
Television viewing and change in body fat from preschool to early adolescence: The Framingham Children's Study

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine the relation between television watching and body fat change in children from preschool to early adolescence. METHODS: In a longitudinal study, 106 children were enrolled during preschool years (mean age 4.0?y) and followed into early adolescence (mean age 11.1?y). Parents completed an annual questionnaire on the child's television and video habits. Body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfolds, and sum of five skinfolds were recorded yearly at annual clinic visits. Longitudinal statistical analyses were carried out using mixed modeling procedures to control for potential confounding by a number of factors. RESULTS: Television watching was an independent predictor of the change in the child's BMI, triceps, and sum of five skinfolds throughout childhood. Its effect was only slightly attenuated by controlling for the baseline body fat, level of physical activity (as measured repeatedly by Caltrac accelerometer), percent of calories from fat, total calorie intake, or the parents' BMI or education. By age 11, children who watched 3.0?h or more of television per day had a mean sum of skinfolds of 106.2?mm, compared with a mean sum of skinfolds of 76.5?mm for those who watched less than 1.75?h per day (P=0.007). Furthermore, the adverse effect of television viewing was worse for those children who were also sedentary or had a higher-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS: Children who watched the most television during childhood had the greatest increase in body fat over time. Healthy lifestyle education designed to prevent obesity and its consequences should target television-watching habits of children.
PC12 Variants Deficient in Norepinephrine Transporter mRNA have Wild Type Activities of Several Other Related Transporters

Wild type PC12 pheochromocytoma cells express a Na+-dependent norepinephrine transporter that operates in the uptake of catecholamines. In addition to the previously described Na+-dependent system A for the uptake of α-amino-isobutyric acid and system Gly for glycine, we have identified two other Na+-dependent transporter systems for amino acid uptake in these cells: 1) system β for β-alanine and taurine; and 2) a system for creatine. Uptake of α-amino-isobutyric acid, glycine, β-alanine, and creatine is not affected in some PC12 variants that were previously shown to be deficient in catecholamine uptake and to have decreased levels of norepinephrine transporter mRNA. We have isolated two PC12 cDNA clones that are essentially identical in sequence to recently reported cDNAs for rat brain taurine and creatine transporters, respectively, and a third cDNA that appears to code for a novel transporter. mRNAs for these three transporters are present at wild type levels in those variants that express no or little norepinephrine transporter mRNA. These results support the notion that the expression of catecholamine reuptake transporters may be particularly susceptible to down-regulation.
Novel evidence for hypersensitivity of visceral sensory neural circuitry in irritable bowel syndrome patients

Background & Aims: Visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients has been documented by evaluation of perceived stimulations that can reflect abnormalities of both sensory neurocircuitry and cognitive processes. The presence of actual neurohypersensitivity in human beings has not been documented separately. Because subliminal stimulations are free from the influence of stimulus-related cognitive processes, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) cortical response to these stimuli can be considered a measure of activity of the neural circuitry alone. The aim of this study was to compare quantitatively the cerebral cortical fMRI activity response to equal subliminal stimulations between IBS patients and age-matched controls. Methods: We studied 10 IBS patients and 10 healthy controls using a computerized barostat-controlled rectal distention device. fMRI activity volume and percent maximum signal intensity change for equal subliminal distention pressures were compared between controls and patients. Results: Three levels of subliminal distention pressures (eg, 10, 15, and 20 mm Hg), were represented in both controls and patients and were analyzed for fMRI response. In all 3 distention levels the fMRI activity volume in IBS patients was significantly larger than age- and sex-matched controls ( P Conclusions: The volume of cerebral cortical activity response to equal subliminal distention pressures in IBS patients is significantly larger than in controls, documenting the existence of hypersensitivity of the neural circuitry in this patient group irrespective of stimulus-related cognitive processes.
Acute cellular rejection after liver transplantation: Variability, morbidity, and mortality

Acute cellular rejection of the allograft is a potentially serious complication after liver transplantation, yet its true incidence is unknown. We therefore investigated the frequency of acute cellular rejection reported by transplant centers and its impact on morbidity and mortality. Morbidity was defined as duration of hospitalization. Of 200 articles screened, 18 were selected for inclusion in the study database, in which there was a total of 1,437 patients who received transplants. All contained more than 20 patients and invariably used histopathology for diagnosis of acute cellular rejection. These reports included all transplant patients within a fixed period and sufficient data to determine the incidence of acute cellular rejection. Morbidity data were obtained from our previous series. The mean incidence of acute cellular rejection in all centers was 49.8% (range between centers, 24% to 80%). Two immunosuppressive cohorts were identified: high-dose cyclosporine induction (> or = 5 mg/kg/d) and low-dose cyclosporine induction (< or = 4 mg/kg/d). Acute cellular rejection was reported in 27.0% of the high-dose group and 63.6% of the low-dose group, P = .0001. Strict adherence to Snover's histological criteria for acute cellular rejection did not alter the reported mean incidence. Frequency of acute cellular rejection was 45.2% (range between centers, 24% to 80%) in 8 studies that used Snover's criteria, and 51.6% (range between centers, 37% to 80%) in 10 studies that did not. There was no correlation between mortality and incidence of acute cellular rejection in the 9 studies that reported survival (R2 = .105). Morbidity data showed that the average length of initial hospitalization after transplantation for patients with acute cellular rejection was 52.4 +/- 8.3 (range, 14 to 124) days, in contrast to 28.3 +/- 2.3 (range, 9 to 87) days for patients with no rejection. P = .0008. The total number of hospital days in the first 6 months for patients with acute cellular rejection was 55.6 +/- 8.6 (range, 14 to 124) days and with no rejection, was 37.7 +/- 3.1 (range, 9 to 99) days. P = .0232. The incidence of acute cellular rejection varies widely among transplant centers, regardless of the use of Snover's criteria. Acute cellular rejection appeared to be less frequent in programs using high-dose cyclosporine induction regimens. The presence of acute cellular rejection seemed to have no correlation with mortality but significantly increased morbidity and therefore the cost of transplantation.
Polyaniline-Containing Interpolymer Complexes Synthesized in Low-Polar Organic Media

Interpolymer complexes containing polyaniline in the form of emeraldine radical-cations matched with poly(styrenesulfonate) or DNA polyanions were prepared via interchange reaction between polyaniline previously protonated with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and poly(styrenesulfonate) or DNA complexed with dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride which proceeds in chloroform solution at ambient temperature. The reaction mechanism and reaction products were established using elemental analysis, UV−vis, IR, and electron spin resonance spectroscopic measurements. DNA complexed with polyaniline retains its double-helical conformation. The synthesized complexes reveal a considerable conductivity.
Electrostatic charge relaxation in tank filling operations

Abstract Expressions for the electric field, the potential and the charge density inside a tank are derived as the tank is filled with a charged liquid. The present theory is based on a simplified model tank in one dimension as well as two dimensions and makes use of Poisson's equation and the equation for conservation of charge. Simple inequalities are suggested which predict the upper bounds for the potential and the electric field in the vapor space. Criteria are also provided for when these maximum values might occur.
Chip topography of diamond-turned ductile metals

The nature of the chip formation process during precision diamond turning has been studied via scanning electron microscopy of the chips turned from a polycrystalline copper workpiece. The chip geometry indicates that the material flow is non-uniform and made up of lamellae whose spacing is related to the chip thickness.
An initial experience with radioguided parathyroid surgery

Abstract Background: Recent reports have shown the effectiveness of preoperative parathyroid scintiscanning as an aid to parathyroidectomy. Less attention has been paid to limitations of this approach based on patient characteristics. Methods: All patients evaluated for primary hyperparathyroidism by an endocrine surgeon from December 1, 1998, through October 31, 1999, were retrospectively reviewed. Data were gathered to determine which patients were candidates for the radioguided approach, the effectiveness of this approach, and the reasons why some patients were not candidates for this approach. Results: Thirty-three patients were evaluated. Based on history, 4 patients were not candidates for a radioguided approach. Of the remaining 29 patients, 19 had positive sestamibi scans (65.5%) and successful radioguided operations. The 10 patients (34.5%) with negative scans had successful standard parathyroidectomy. Conclusions: Although radioguided parathyroid surgery is an effective surgical approach, only 57.6% of patients in this series could have a radioguided operation. Standard four-gland exploration will continue to be needed for many patients.
Confirmation of the stubborn-error effect in human multiple-choice verbal learning

Data from a previously reported experiment (Marx & Marx, 1980) were analyzed to replicate an earlier result relating to error repetition (Marx, 1971; Marx, Witter, & Farbry, 1973). A total of 112 high school students from five psychology classes were given a multiple-choice verbal learning task in their regular classroom setting. For the group as a whole, the more often a particular error had been repeated on prior successive trials, the more likely it was to recur. However, only 21 (about one-fifth) of the subjects showed this stubborn-error effect, and male students were primarily responsible for it (13 of 42 males showed the effect, compared with only 8 of 70 females).
Reply to comment by Yannick Garcin on ``Abrupt change in tropical African climate linked to the bipolar seesaw over the past 55,000 years''

[1] We welcome this opportunity for additional discussion of the Lake Malawi Drill Core record. We recognized early in this project that the Zr:Ti record shows a striking qualitative resemblance to records of interstadial DO events as preserved in Greenland [Brown et al., 2006]. However, additional radiocarbon constraints on the core's chronology, and the need for a mechanistically realistic interpretation of the record throughout MIS 2 and MIS 3 led us to the conclusion that peaks in the Malawi record (interpreted as southward ITCZ excursions) coincide with Greenland stadials [Brown et al., 2007]. Garcin [2008] has raised several concerns regarding our interpretation of Lake Malawi results from MIS 2 and MIS 3; these fall into five general categories:
Ethnic Differences in the Affective Meaning of Parental Control Behaviors

This paper examines ethnic differences in the affective meaning of parental control in a sample of 288 adolescents. Participants rated their affective reaction to a sample of parental control behaviors. Principal components analyses of these affective ratings found general support for three broad dimensions (hurt/anger, love/concern, and control/manipulation) of feelings associated with these behaviors. As predicted, results found parenting behaviors to be associated with different levels of these feelings for children of different ethnic backgrounds. This may in part explain inconsistent findings researchers have noted when studying ethnic differences in the effect of parental control.
Conjugate direction methods for solving systems of linear equations

A generalization of the notion of a set of directions conjugate to a matrix is shown to lead to a variety of finitely terminating iterations for solving systems of linear equations. The errors in the iterates are characterized in terms of projectors constructable from the conjugate directions. The natural relations of the algorithms to well known matrix decompositions are pointed out. Some of the algorithms can be used to solve linear least squares problems.
Predictors of neurobehavioral response during tactile stimulation of infants with congenital heart disease

This experiment was designed to determine the degree to which temperament, severity of illness, age, and gender predict the neurobehavioral responses of high-risk infants during tactile stimulation. Results indicated that temperament was the most consistent predictor of greater physiologic and behavioral distress during touch.
Singular perturbation analysis of high-frequency filter design

The control design of systems with lightly damped high frequency oscillatory modes is treated. Systems exhibiting these lightly damped modes include turbine generators and large flexible structures. Frequently the dynamics of these high-frequency modes are not known very accurately. As a result, the design objective is to improve the slow dynamics without destabilizing the high-frequency modes. From a classical frequency domain design viewpoint, this is in part a filtering problem requiring some kind of high-frequency filter. The singular perturbation method is used to systematically develop a two-time-scale method to design these high-frequency filters and provides guidelines on the kind of high-frequency filter to be used. In addition, the method provides an asymptotic error analysis. The design is illustrated with an example representative of a power system model with a two-mass turbine-generator model.
Protein kinase C activators stimulate betaendorphin secretion from hypothalamic cells

Abstract Relatively little is known about the regulation of secretion of hypothalamic beta-endorphin, the potent opioid that is believed to play a variety of physiological roles in brain. Previous work has shown that arginine vasopressin (AVP), which acts in brain primarily via activation of the phosphoinositol (PI) second messenger system, stimulates secretion of hypothalamic beta-endorphin. To test the hypothesis that activators of protein kinase C (PKC), which is activated following PI hydrolysis, stimulates secretion of beta-endorphins from hypothalamus, we studied the separate effects of stimulators of PKC including phorbol ester 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and 1-oleolyl-2-acetyl glycerol (OAG — a diacyl glycerol analogue) on secretion of immunoreactive (IR-) beta-endorphin (measured by RIA) from dissociated fetal rat hypothalamic cell cultures. We also studied AVP and angiotensin II (Ang II), hypothalamic peptides which activate the PI second messenger pathway, and interactions of PMA and forskolin (FSK), an activator of the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. PMA, OAG, AVP, and Ang II stimulated IR-beta-endorphin secretion. The stimulatory effect of both PMA and FSK on IR-beta-endorphin secretion was greater than that of PMA or FSK alone and was essentially additive. From these results we conclude that 1. (a) hypothalamic beta-endorphin secretion can be stimulated by activating PKC; 2. (b) AVP and Ang II are potential physiological regulators of hypothalamic beta-endorphin secretion; 3. (c) coupling of PKC activation and stimulation of hypothalamic IR-beta-endorphin secretion which is presumed at maturity (adulthood) originates during early development (fetal life); 4. (d) stimulating hypothalamic beta-endorphin secretion via PKC activation utilizes a distinct, different mechanism than stimulation of hypothalamic beta-endorphin secretion via PKA activation.
The Effects of Adipokines on Cartilage and Meniscus Catabolism

Obesity is one of the primary risk factors for osteoarthritis. Increased adiposity is associated not only with alterations in joint loading, but also with increased systemic and joint concentrations of adipose tissue-derived cytokines, or “adipokines,” that promote a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation that may act in concert with other cytokines in the joint to increase joint degeneration. However, the direct effect of adipokines, such as leptin, visfatin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), on joint tissues, such as articular cartilage and meniscus, are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that these adipokines act synergistically with interleukin-1 (IL-1) to increase catabolism and the production of proinflammatory mediators in cartilage and meniscus. Explants of porcine cartilage and meniscus were treated with physiologically relevant concentrations of leptin, IL-6, or visfatin, alone or in combination with IL-1. Visfatin and IL-1 promoted the catabolic degradation of both cartil...
Blau's Theory of Structural Differentiation Revisited: A Theory of Structural Change or Scale?

The major objective of this study was to determine if Blau's (1970) theory of structural differentiation better captures differences in scale between organizations or structural changes within orga...
Characterization, dynamic swelling behaviour and solute transport in cationic networks with applications to the development of swelling-controlled release systems

Abstract Poly(diethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(diethylaminoethyl acrylate-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(methacrylaminopropyl ammonium chloride-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) were synthesized by free radical polymerization and characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. Transport of citrate—phosphate—borate buffer solutions into the polymer network was investigated at different pH values. The anomalous transport behaviour in these polymers was analysed and the swelling front velocity was determined. The effect on the transport mechanism of polymer structural characteristics, such as the molecular weight between crosslinks and the concentration of ionizable pendent groups, was studied. The transport was found to be anomalous at acidic pH values where the polymer networks were ionized. Transport of oxprenolol HC1, insulin, myoglobin and albumin was investigated and was found to be strongly dependent on the mesh size of the polymer network.
Gender and blood pressure.

The prevalence, impact, and control of hypertension differ between the sexes in the US population. In addition, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, and menopausal hormone therapy May influence blood pressure regulation in ways that have therapeutic implications for some women. Whether gender should be a significant consideration in the choice of individual antihypertensive drugs continues to be a topic of intense interest and debate. This brief review will discuss recent findings that bear on considerations of gender in the management of hypertension, particularly among older women.
Cultural Interpretation of Dying and Death in a Non-Western Society: The Case of Nigeria

Using Western theories and perspectives as models, this chapter discusses the cultural interpretation of dying and death in a non-Western society. Also discussed, based on the historical, political, and cultural history of Nigeria, are the implications of dying and death for death preparation, the problem of deathcausation diseases without external symptoms, and the special plight of widows. Suggestions are made on how to change current practices to alleviate the conditions of widows. The Nigerian experience provides a model for other nonWestern societies with similar historical, political, and cultural backgrounds. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol3/iss2/1
Evidence against pragmatic encroachment

We argue that a certain version of pragmatic encroachment, according to which one knows that p only if one’s epistemic position with respect to p is practically adequate, has a problematic consequence: one can lose knowledge that p by getting evidence for p, and conversely, one can gain knowledge that p by getting evidence against p. We first describe this version of pragmatic encroachment, and then we defend that it has the problematic consequence. Finally, we deal with a worry that the consequence we find problematic is not, in fact, problematic.
Models of Developmental Research: Individuals and Families

This article discusses the unique problems and methods of studying developmental change in individuals and families. The authors describe and illustrate six developmental research designs: longitudinal; short-term longitudinal; historical (retrospective) interview; artificial life cycle; short-term longitudinal with controls; and combination. They also examine principal ethical issues of human behavioral research.
Environmental Microbiology: Tannins & Microbial Decomposition of Leaves on the Forest Floor

Tannins are plant chemicals that humans find useful in products as diverse as tea and leather. Why do plants produce these compounds? One possible answer is defense against pathogens and herbivores. In this series of laboratory exercises, student inquiry begins with a simple question: What happens to the multitude of leaves that drop each autumn? This inquiry brings students from the outdoors to the laboratory, where they observe differences in leaf decomposition rates and the natural abundance of bacteria and tannin concentrations in leaf tissues of red oak, white oak, and tulip poplar. In the process, students increase their understanding of plant chemistry, bacterial culture, graphing, and natural history, while experiencing the iterative nature of scientific inquiry.
SCHEMA LEARNING IN RETARDED CHILDREN

Summary.-2 experiments with mildly retarded children are reported. In Exp. 1, 30 Ss reproduced checkerboard patterns containing 16, 20, 25, 30, and 36 cells. With increases in pattern complexity there was a decrease in the percent but not the amount of information retained (correcting for guessing). Ss performed significantly above chance even on the 36-cell patterns. In Exp. 2, 20 Ss abstracted a schema from 36-cell patterns without exposure to the prototype and without knowledge of results. These Ss retained 762% more cells than 20 control Ss who were traincd with nonschematic patterns. Thus, training retarded children to abstract and use schemata should allow them to process more information despite having limited channel capacity. Chamel capacity is perhaps the weakest link in the human information processing chain. In contrast to other features of the information system, channel capacity probably can not be directly increased since it is likely that human channel capacity is limited by physiological factors. Furthermore, the channel is easily overloaded because far more information is received than can possibly be processed. To add to the difficulties, humans tend to process a great deal of useless information. Thus, a mentally retarded child, handicapped by a limited channel capacity, can profit from remedial training only to the extent that he can be taught to utilize his available channel capacity more economically. In rum, this can be accomplished only by improving his encoding and/or decoding habits. Is there an encoding principle that will enable retarded children to utilize their channel capacity more economically? An encoding principle that shows great promise was suggested by Woodworth (1938) and has been further developed by Oldfield ( 1954), Attneave ( 1957), and others. This principle holds that after Ss abstract the common, redundant features (the schema) of a class of stimuli, specific stimuli can be economically encoded by simply identifying the class-schema and by then attending only to those features that distinguish the specific stimulils from the class in general. Unfortunately, even normal Ss do not always attend to the schema and nearly all show considerable room for improvement in their ability to abstract and use schemata. The question is, can retarded children be taught to attend to
Overview of the Diagnostic Methods of Engineering Components Damage Based on Modal Analysis

This article describes the history of the development of structural damage, and an overview of current research status at home and abroad based on modal analysis of structural damage identification, reviewed in recent years the structure of the early damage recognition technology, from the application point of view of definition of indicators and indicators on the current some indicators of a comprehensive analysis and evaluation, further analysis of the feasibility of several modes of indicators to identify structural damage diagnosis, pointing out that the modal parameters of structural indicators to the validity and accuracy of damage identification and the need to further address the problem. The research will provide a reference for the application of modal analysis method to detect structural damage diagnosis in order to ensure early discovered the damage and accurately identify the site of injury repair in a timely manner.
Adaptive Binning and On-line Certification of Quantum Random Number Generators Using Bayesian Inference

Quantum random number generator statistics fluctuates with time due to noise affecting quality of randomness. We use Bayesian inference to monitor the statistics after each measurement and bin data adaptively to mitigate effects of noise.
Effect of cystine, selenium, and fish protein on the toxicity and metabolism of methylmercury in rats

Abstract Investigations were made of the effect of 0.4% cystine, 0.6 ppm selenium, and fish protein on the toxicity and metabolism of mercury from methylmercuric chloride in male and female weanling rats. When diets with 10% protein and adequate amounts of other nutrients contained 25 ppm mercury, cystine reduced toxicity, selenium as sodium selenite had a greater effect in reducing toxicity, and the combination of cystine and selenium produced a considerably greater additive effect, as measured by increased growth and survival time. Toxicity signs were reduced when fish protein replaced casein in the basal diet, and a 20% protein level from either source reduced toxicity symptoms as compared to a 10% protein level. Cystine, selenium, and fish protein did not inhibit mercury toxicity by increasing its elimination from the body via the urine and feces and, in fact, slightly more mercury was retained when cystine and selenium were added to diets. Few differences were found in the deposition of mercury in tissues that could be attributed to cystine, selenium, and fish protein. The major difference found was in one experiment in which mercury concentrations in the kidney were considerably lower when diets contained cystine, selenium, and fish protein. Possible explanations for the effects observed in these studies included a reduction in mercury accumulation and, hence, damage in the kidney, complexing of mercury by the additives evaluated, and conversion of organic mercury to the less toxic inorganic form.
A possible relationship of neuroblastoma to von recklinghausen's disease

Fifty-six neurofibromas from 19 cases of von Recklinghausen's disease were reviewed. Six cases were found with ganglion cells or ganglioneuromatous elements present within neurofibromas. These cases are reviewed and the significance of the findings discussed. Seven cases of isolated ganglioneuromas were studied; the morphology of these tumors was critically compared with the neurofibromas and found to be quite similar. Ultrastructural similarities between ganglioneuroma, neurofibroma, and neuroblastoma maturing into ganglioneurofibroma are documented. Based on this experience and a review of the literature, it is theorized that neurofibromatosis may in some instances be derived from disseminated neuroblastoma or aberrantly migrating neural crest cells, particularly in the syndrome of congenital neuroblastomas with multiple regressing skin and visceral metastases.
Interrelationship between water activity, temperature and 5.5 percent oxygen on growth and enterotoxin A secretion by Staphylococcus aureus in precooked bacon.

The limiting water activity (aw) for the growth of S. aureus A-100 sealed in cans at an oxygen concentration of 5.5% was 0.87 at 37°C and 0.91% at 20°C, values intermediate to those obtained previously for aerobic and anaerobic storage. Maximum populations attained at 37°C and 20°C were equal and once achieved population levels declined more slowly at 20°C than at 37°C. Enterotoxin A production was detected for population levels exceeding 106 CFU/g bacon and were 100 ng/g bacon at 37°C and 16 ng/g bacon at 20°C. It is suggested that while temperature and oxygen are important considerations, aw, being the main parameter in controlling microbial growth, should be measured directly rather than depending on indirect measurements such as the moisture-salt ratio.
Generalizability of Diagnostic-Prescriptive Teaching Strategies across Student Locus of Control and Multiple Instructional Units.

The influence of locus of control and diagnostic testing with prescribed remediation on immediate and retained science achievement was the focus of the study. To test the generalizability of the results across instructional units and to check on the existence of a treatment warm-up period, the experiment was conducted across three biology units. The results supported the existence of the warm-up period with no significant effects of diagnosis and remediation during the first unit. On later units and on the retention measure, the experimental subjects achieved significantly more than the control. No locus of control X treatment interactions were found; although, in one unit, the internal locus of control subjects achieved significantly higher than externals.
Precambrian Metaconglomerate Mantling a Granite Dome at Plevna Lake in the Grenville Province of Southeastern Ontario, Canada

Apparently anomalous field relationships between coarse metaconglomerate containing granitic clasts and underlying granite are clarified by evidence that: (1) while the clasts closely resemble the granite megascopically, modal analyses show that most of them are unrelated plutonic rocks; and (2) there is a mineralogically and texturally distinct margin of the granite that is interpreted as a chilled border.
A massive parallel neuromorphic computing model for intelligent text recognition

In this talk, we present a parallel neuromorphic computing model and its application in context-aware Intelligent Text Recognition (ITR). The information processing flow of the proposed computing model imitates the function of a neocortex system. It incorporates large number of simple and fuzzy pattern detection modules with advanced information association layer to achieve perception and recognition. The ITR system based on this computing model serves as the physical layer of machine reading. The system learns from what has been read and, based on the obtained knowledge, it forms anticipations of the word and sentence level context, which helps image recognition. The proposed neuromorphic computing model is naturally massive parallel, hence ideal to be implemented on future many-core processors. Experiments show that the proposed computing model provides robust performance in recognizing images with large noise.
Improving the Interface between Human Factors Data and Designers: Exemplified in a CASHE Reaction Time Prototyper

This paper describes the process involved in the development of a reaction time test bench for the Computer Aided Systems Human Engineering (CASHE) program, which is based on a strategy for converting human factors information into simulation software, using a test bench metaphor. The metaphor takes its strength from the familiarity systems designers have with test benches and breadboarding facilities currently at their disposal. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of this software development activity, illustrate the procedure we followed, specify the decision points we encountered, and relate our lessons learned. Our goal was to convey functional specification information to the software developers in a parsimonious, unambiguous, structured manner to facilitate the development of both the software and the user interface, while complying with hardware system constraints. Development of the Reaction Time (RT) Test Benches involved the following tasks: collect and digest the Engineering D...
Hairless Pigmented Guinea Pigs: A New Model for the Study of Mammalian Pigmentation

A stock of hairless pigmented guinea pigs was developed to facilitate studies of mammalian pigmentation. This stock combines the convenience of a hairless animal with a pigmentary system that is similar to human skin. In both human and guinea pig skin, active melanocytes are located in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis. Hairless albino guinea pigs on an outbred Hartley background (CrI:IAF/HA(hr/hr)BR; designated hr/hr) were mated with red-haired guinea pigs (designated Hr/Hr). Red-haired heterozygotes from the F1 generation (Hr/hr) were then mated with each other or with hairless albino guinea pigs. The F2 generation included hairless pigmented guinea pigs that retained their interfollicular epidermal melanocytes and whose skin was red-brown in color. Following UV irradiation, there was an increase in cutaneous pigmentation as well as an increase in the number of active epidermal melanocytes. An additional strain of black hairless guinea pigs was developed using black Hr/Hr animals and a similar breeding scheme. These two strains should serve as useful models for studies of the mammalian pigment system.
Functional topography of cat primary auditory cortex: representation of tone intensity.

The neuronal response to tones as a function of intensity was topographically studied with multiple-unit recordings in the primary auditory cortex (AI) of barbiturate-anesthetized cats. The spatial distribution of the characteristics of rate/level functions was determined in each of three intensely studied cases and their relationship to the distribution of spectral parameters (sharpness of tuning and responses to broadband transients) in the same animals was determined. The growth of the high-intensity portion of rate/level functions was estimated by linear regression. Locations with monotonically growing high-intensity portions were spatially segregated from locations with nonmonotonic rate/level functions. Two noncontiguous areas with a high degree of non-monotonicity were observed. One was located at the dorsoventral center of AI, and a second in the dorsal third of AI. The more ventral aggregate of high non-monotonicity coincided with the region of sharp frequency tuning. The stimulus levels that produced the highest firing rate (strongest response level, SRL) at any sampled location ranged from 10 to 80 dB sound pressure level (SPL). Several spatial aggregates with either high or low SRLs were observed in AI. The region of sharpest tuning was always associated with a region of low SRLs. The response threshold to contralateral tones at the characteristic frequency (CF) ranged from — 10 dB SPL to 85 dB SPL with the majority between 0 and 40 dB SPL. The spatial distribution of response thresholds indicated several segregated areas containing clusters with either higher or lower response thresholds. The correlation of response threshold with integrated bandwidth and transient responses was only weak. Low- and high-intensity tones of the same frequency are represented at different locations in AI as judged by the amount of evoked neuronal activity and are largely independent of the frequency organization. The spatial distribution of locations with high monotonicity and low strongest response levels were aligned with the organization of the integrated excitatory bandwidth and covaried with the response strength to broadband stimuli.
Organizational infidelity: How violations of trust affect the employee-employer relationship

The article reports on a study conducted by Sandra Robinson regarding the relationship between psychological contracts and organizational trust. The objectives of the research were to examine the effect of differences in trust levels on individuals' perceptions of a contract breach, and to investigate employees' reactions to such perceived breach. Results showed that respondents truly believed that their organizations would uphold their ends of the psychological contracts. Robinson also found that the pre-breach trust levels of employees tended to affect both perceptions of contract breaches and post-breach attitudes. Finally, the study indicated similar differences in regard to how high trust and low trust employees reacted to subsequent contract violations.
Characterization of Peptides Designed to Control Crystal Nucleation and Growth

Organisms, from algae to humans are known to mold complex, hierarchical hard tissues from minerals using biomolecular templates and additives. Molecular-level mechanistic understanding of how these biomolecules, particularly proteins, participate in the nucleation and growth of these inorganic crystals has been a longstanding goal. We design peptides with transformative abilities over calcite crystals using Rosetta. Based on the theory of how additives alter crystal nucleation and growth, we employ four modification strategies to modify the morphology of the crystal, viz. a peptide binding to a face, an array of peptides binding to a face, peptides pinning steps and peptides blocking kinks. To test the designs, we employ a variety of techniques ranging from measurements at the atomic scale to full crystal observations. We also investigate alternative mechanisms of modification by comparing the interactions predicted by Rosetta in other select states to those in the target state. For each design, we obtain the solution-state structure of the peptide by circular dichroism. To test peptides designed against a non-native face of calcite, we artificially stabilize the face for binding measurements. The overall crystal morphology change is then tested by incubating supersaturated precursor solutions with the design peptides. To confirm the predicted mechanism of growth alternation, we observe the change in kinetics of calcite step growth with peptide doping using in situ AFM, and report calcite step velocities. Finally, by nucleating calcite on a monolayer of the designed peptides, we examine the face on which calcite nucleated and compare it to our target face. These experimental results provide a feedback loop to the next generation of designs and enable the rational design of bio-surface interactions.
Emotion regulation predicts attention bias in maltreated children at-risk for depression

Background: Child maltreatment is associated with heightened risk for depression; however, not all individuals who experience maltreatment develop depression. Previous research indicates that maltreatment contributes to an attention bias for emotional cues, and that depressed individuals show attention bias for sad cues. Method: The present study examined attention patterns for sad, depression-relevant cues in children with and without experience of maltreatment. We also explored whether individual differences in physiological reactivity and emotion regulation in response to a sad emotional state predict heightened attention to sad cues associated with depression. Results: Children who experienced high levels of maltreatment showed an increase in attention bias for sad faces throughout the course of the study, such that they showed biased attention for sad faces following the initiation of a sad emotional state. Maltreated children who had high levels of trait rumination showed an attention bias toward sad faces across all time points. Conclusions: These data suggest that maltreated children show heightened attention for depression-relevant cues in certain contexts (e.g. after experience of a sad emotional state). Additionally, maltreated children who tend to engage in rumination show a relatively stable pattern of heightened attention for depression-relevant cues. These patterns may identify which maltreated children are most likely to exhibit biased attention for sad cues and be at heightened risk for depression. Language: en