cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of a variational method for mixed differential equations

Variational principles for elliptic boundary-value problems as well as linear initial-value problems have been derived by various investigators. For initial-value problems Tonti and Reddy have used a convolution type of bilinear form of the functional for the time-like coordinate. This introduces a certain amount of directionality thereby reflecting the initial-value nature of the problem. In the present investigation the methods of Tonti and Reddy are used to derive the appropriate variational formulation for the transonic flow problem. A number of linear and non-linear examples have been investigated. As a test for the existence of directionality, finite-differences are used to discretize the variational integral. For initial-value problems of wave equation and diffusion equation type, fully implicit finite-difference approximations are recovered. The small-disturbance transonic equation leads to the Murman and Cole differencing theory; when applied to the full potential-flow equations, the rotated difference scheme due to Jameson is obtained.
Evaluation of β-Exotoxin of Bacillus Thuringiensis Berliner for Control of Flies in Chicken Manure

A calcium and a sodium salt of β-exotoxin obtained from Bakthane-L69® were added to rations supplied to hens and to pullets. This exotoxin was too toxic to be fed to chickens for the control of the house fly, Musca domestica L., droppings. Not more than 3 mg/kg per day could be fed to hens for a week. The oral LD50 to pullets was ca 1 mg/kg per day. Both salts were toxic to chickens, the calcium salt at 20 ppm in feed and the sodium salt at 20 ppm in feed or in drinking water. Toxic symptoms were loss of vigor, reduced feeding, and undersized eggs. Reduced feeding was not a consequence of palatability. The exotoxin caused severe gizzard erosion, then enteritis and proventriculitis. The exotoxin degraded when manure liquified and lost the ability to kill house fly larvae under such conditions. House flies became resistant to the β-exotoxin. After a 6-month selection on media treated with the calcium salt, the larvae tolerated media containing 600 ppm.
Po Glycoprotein mRNA distribution in myelin-forming Schwann cells of the developing rat trigeminal ganglion

A biotinylated P0 cDNA was hybridized in situ to aldehyde-fixed vibratome sections of trigeminal ganglia from day 2, day 7, day 15, day 30 and adult rats. Nickel-enhanced horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used in an antibody sandwich method to detect hybridization. After postfixation in osmium tetroxide, the sections were dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in epon. At each age, some vibratome sections were used to count the HRP-positive and HRP-negative myelin-forming Schwann cells. The percentage of HRP-positive myelin-forming Schwann cells in ganglia from day 2, 7, 15, 30, and adult rats were 31%, 56%, 47%, 12% and 3%. In sections of ganglia from 2-day-old rats, studied by light and electron microscopy, peroxidase reaction product localizing hybridized P0 mRNA was found on profiles of granular (rough) endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in perinuclear regions of Schwann cells which had formed two to three compact myelin lamellae. Peroxidase deposits were larger and more numerous in the cytoplasm cells with thicker myelin sheaths. At day 7, some Schwann cells had long external mesaxons; the cytoplasm between these mesaxons and the cell surface often contained abundant HRP-stained profiles of RER. In sections from day 7 and day 15 ganglia, substantially more reaction product was found. In each myelin-forming Schwann cell, the amount was generally proportional to the size of the newly formed myelin sheath. HRP deposits were observed all along the outer surfaces of myelin segments at these ages, and their distribution corresponded to that of the RER.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Kant on the Imagination and Geometrical Certainty

In what follows, I aim to develop our understanding of the role the imagination plays in Kant's Critical account of geometry and suggest, in particular, that the peculiar interpretation of the imagination that Kant forwards in the First Critique helps secure the certainty of geometrical knowledge. To make my case, I first consider the account of geometrical reasoning Kant presents in his 1764 Prize Essay, a text in which geometrical certainty is tied to the power that the mind (or understanding) has to perceive the geometrical objects presented before it. I highlight the problems that emerge from this pre-Critical account of geometrical certainty in order to make better sense of why Kant, in 1787, fashions the imagination as he does and specifically, why he dissolves any connection between the imagination's power of perception-what he terms our “degree of sensibility”-and the certainty of geometrical knowledge. In general, as I hope my treatment brings to light, paying attention to the transition in Kant'...
Systemic administration of the potent mGlu8 receptor agonist (S)-3,4-DCPG induces c-Fos in stress-related brain regions in wild-type, but not mGlu8 receptor knockout mice

The effect of a novel and potent metabotropic glutamate 8 (mGlu8) receptor agonist, (S)-3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine (DCPG), was studied in vivo in mouse brain. c-Fos expression was used as a marker of neuronal activity in specific brain regions 2 h after systemic (S)-3,4-DCPG (3-100 mg/kg, i.p.). The selectivity of (S)-3,4-DCPG on mGlu8 receptors was determined in mGlu8 receptor knockout mice. In wild-type mice, (S)-3,4-DCPG (100 mg/kg) significantly increased c-Fos expression in several stress-related brain regions: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral parabrachial nucleus and locus coeruleus. In the central nucleus of the amgydala, more than 92% of c-Fos positive neurons were identified as GABAergic inhibitory neurons after (S)-3,4-DCPG. Moreover, (S)-3,4-DCPG significantly induced c-Fos in the superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus, a central visual region. c-Fos expression was unchanged by (S)-3,4-DCPG in mGlu8 receptor knockout mice. Our results indicate that systemic (S)-3,4-DCPG alters neuronal excitability in specific brain regions via mGlu8 receptor. The prominent activation of stress areas suggests a role for mGlu8 receptors in the central integration of stress responses. Furthermore, our results indicate that systemic (S)-3,4-DCPG can be used as a tool to explore behavioral and cellular consequences of mGlu8 receptor activation.
Multiple shrinkage and subset selection in wavelets

This paper discusses Bayesian methods for multiple shrinkage estimation in wavelets. Wavelets are used in applications for data denoising, via shrinkage of the coefficients towards zero, and for data compression, by shrinkage and setting small coefficients to zero. We approach wavelet shrinkage by using Bayesian hierarchical models, assigning a positive prior probability to the wavelet coefficients being zero. The resulting estimator for the wavelet coefficients is a multiple shrinkage estimator that exhibits a wide variety of nonlinear patterns. We discuss fast computational implementations, with a focus on easy-to-compute analytic approximations as well as importance sampling and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Multiple shrinkage estimators prove to have excellent mean squared error performance in reconstructing standard test functions. We demonstrate this in simulated test examples, comparing various implementations of multiple shrinkage to commonly-used shrinkage rules. Finally, we illustrate our approach with an application to the so-called 'glint' data.
Analysis of an automatic energy recovery system for partially spent batteries

This paper analyzes the performance of a system for automatic recovery and consolidation of energy from partially spent batteries. The objective for this system is to minimize the stockpile of batteries needed to run a suite of portable electronic devices on a daily, mission-oriented, basis. This system adapts to various battery types and allows the user to conveniently choose between charging and discharging specific batteries without changing the battery positions. The control algorithm is able to automatically select which secondary batteries should preferentially be charged. The control algorithm also continuously adjusts the discharging current of each battery according to its estimated state-of-charge. This concept is then verified by numerical simulation in the Virtual Test Bed (VTB) environment, which shows that the system is able to recover most of the energy from several partially spent batteries simultaneously. The effects of the discharge rate of the batteries on the overall system efficiency and the total discharging time are discussed.
Variable White Dwarfs

THE existence of variable white dwarfs has recently been spectroscopically and photometrically confirmed1–3; they have periods between about 200 and 1,600 s. Because the radial pulsation periods of white dwarfs are of the order of a few s, Lasker and Hesser3 have attempted to explain them in terms of rotation, by analogy with pulsar theories4, although the erratic3 nature of the periods presents some difficulties.
Choked flow and importance of Mach I in freeze-drying process design

Abstract Occasionally the freeze drying cycle conditions are developed on a small scale dryer that result in a water vapor flux during primary drying that the full-scale equipment cannot handle, resulting in loss of the ability to control chamber pressure. A primary cause of loss of pressure control is a phenomenon commonly described as “choked flow”, where the required mass transfer through the duct connecting the drying and condenser chamber cannot be maintained at the control pressure. Water vapor flow rate increases as the condenser pressure decreases, but it can continue to do so only until the velocity of water vapor reaches speed of sound (i.e., Mach I) at the duct exit. The flow is then said to be choked, and any further increase in water vapor flow rate results in an increase in chamber pressure (i.e., loss in chamber pressure control). Sublimation tests were carried out in Lyostar II freeze-dryer (SP Industries, NY) to predict the occurrence of choked flow. A capacitance manometer was installed in the “condenser chamber” and differential pressure ( P c − P cd ) was measured as a function of sublimation rate ( P c =chamber pressure and P cd =condenser pressure). Water vapor flow rate was measured by Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) methodology, with a check by gravimetric data. Flow of water vapor in the duct connecting chamber and the condenser was modeled using computational fluid dynamics software (Fluent 6.3). The critical pressure ratio ( K ⁎= P c / P cd ) has been identified as an important variable that determines the onset of choked flow during primary drying. This ratio can be calculated given the mass flux. For our freeze-dryer, K * greater than 2.5 (for P c without interrupting the process. Also, TDLAS is a useful tool for determination of sublimation rate even at very high mass flux.
Scaling and Packing on a Chip Multiprocessor

Power management is critical in server and high-performance computing environments as well as in mobile computing. Many mechanisms have been developed over recent years to support a wide a variety of power management techniques. In particular, general purpose microprocessors now support dynamically modifying the power-performance state through voltage and frequency changes. This development spawned a very important area of this research in dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS). On the other hand, in a multiprocessor environment one can perform power management by offlining and idling processors when computational demand is low in a technique called CPU packing. This paper examines the effect of combining voltage and frequency scaling and CPU packing in a multiprocessor. Furthermore, it examines DVFS on a chip multiprocessor in which multiple processor cores are placed on a single die. This paper shows that in general one should use DVFS first, then CPU packing. Furthermore, we find that the effectiveness of CPU packing is application-dependent: commercial workloads (e.g. Apache) with periods of low utilization can reduce power by as much as 19% via packing, while the improvement to HPC workloads ranges from small to negligible.
Gender Verification and Gender Policies in Elite Sport: Eligibility and “Fair Play”

Sex-segregated sports require governing bodies to clearly and accurately place athletes in two categories, one labeled “men” and the other labeled “women.” Sports governing bodies such as the Inter...
BiCMOS testability circuits for IEEE 1149.1

The authors introduce BiCMOS boundary scan circuits compatible with the IEEE 1149.1 standard. These circuits are designed for use in high-performance ECL (emitter coupled logic) and BiCMOS VLSI systems. System and circuit operation is described. >
Metacognitive Illusions for Auditory Information: Effects on Monitoring and Control

Prior work has demonstrated that the perceptual features of visually presented stimuli can have a strong influence on predictions of memory performance, even when those features are unrelated to recall (Rhodes & Castel, 2008). The present study examined whether this finding would hold in an auditory domain and influence study-choice allocation. Participants listened to words that varied in volume, made judgments of learning (JOLs) for each item, and were then administered a test of free recall. In Experiment 1, we showed that JOLs were influenced by volume, with loud words given higher JOLs than quiet words, and that volume had no influence on recall, illustrating a metacognitive illusion based on auditory information. In Experiment 2, we extended these findings to control processes and showed that participants were more likely to choose to restudy quiet words than loud words. These findings indicate that highly accessible auditory information is integrated into JOLs and restudy choices, even when this information does not influence actual memory performance.
Beryllium, an Adjuvant That Promotes Gamma Interferon Production

Beryllium is associated with a human pulmonary granulomatosis characterized by an accumulation of CD4 1 T cells in the lungs and a heightened specific lymphocyte proliferative response to beryllium (Be) with gamma interferon (IFN-g) release (i.e., a T helper 1 [Th1] response). While an animal model of Be sensitization is not currently available, Be has exhibited adjuvant effects in animals. The effects of Be on BALB/c mice immunized with soluble leishmanial antigens (SLA) were investigated to determine if Be had adjuvant activity for IFN-g production, an indicator of the Th1 response. In this strain of Leishmania-susceptible BALB/c mice, a Th2 response is normally observed after in vivo SLA sensitization and in vitro restimulation with SLA. If interleukin-12 (IL-12) is given during in vivo sensitization with SLA, markedly increased IFN-g production and decreased IL-4 production are detected. We show here that when beryllium sulfate (BeSO4) was added during in vivo sensitization of BALB/c mice with SLA and IL-12, significantly increased IFN-g production and decreased IL-4 production from lymph node and spleen cells were detected upon in vitro SLA restimulation. No specific responses were observed to Be alone. Lymph node and spleen cells from all mice proliferated strongly and comparably upon in vitro restimulation with SLA and with SLA plus Be; no differences were noted among groups of mice that received different immunization regimens. In vivo, when Be was added to SLA and IL-12 for sensitization of BALB/c mice, more effective control of Leishmania infection was achieved. This finding has implications for understanding not only the development of granulomatous reactions but also the potential for developing Be as a vaccine adjuvant.
Ensemble covariances adaptively localized with ECO‐RAP. Part 2: a strategy for the atmosphere

Part 1’s localization method, Ensemble COrrelations Raised to A Power (ECO-RAP), is incorporated into a Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF). Because brute force incorporation would be too expensive, we demonstrate a factorization property for Part 1’s Covariances Adaptively Localized with ECO-rap (CALECO) forecast error covariance matrix that, together with other simplifications, reduces the cost. The property inexpensively provides a large CALECO ensemble whose covariance is the CALECO matrix. Each member of the CALECO ensemble is an element-wise product between one raw ensemble member and one column of the square root of the ECO-RAP matrix. The LETKF is applied to the CALECO ensemble rather than the raw ensemble. The approach enables the update of large numbers of variables within each observation volume at little additional computational cost. Under plausible assumptions, this makes the CALECO and standard LETKF costs similar. The CALECO LETKF does not require artificial observation error inflation or vertically confined observation volumes both of which confound the assimilation of non-local observations such as satellite observations. Using a 27 member ensemble from a global NumericalWeather Prediction (NWP) system, we depict four-dimensional (4-D) flow-adaptive error covariance localization and test the ability of the CALECO LETKF to reduce analysis error.
Parent Selection in Breeding for Roasted Peanut Flavor Quality

Abstract The sensory attributes that make up roasted peanut flavor quality are important traits to evaluate in the development of new cultivars. Recent publications have characterized the variation in sensory attributes in U.S. peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), however, no estimates of the effects of lines as parents in a breeding program have been calculated. Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) is a method for predicting the breeding value of a parent based on the performance of its relatives. Commonly used in animal and tree breeding, the method is rarely applied in annual crop species. The method was applied to a set of data collected on the three sensory attributes roasted peanut, sweet, and bitter for 250 peanut genotypes evaluated in 53 environments. BLUP solutions computed using different estimates of narrow-sense heri-tability (h2) were highly correlated (r > 0.9), suggesting that precise estimates of h2 are not necessary. Correlations of values predicted by BLUP with observed values were moderate...
SMOKE-INDUCED SEED GERMINATION IN CALIFORNIA CHAPARRAL

The California chaparral community has a rich flora of species with different mechanisms for cuing germination to postfire conditions. Heat shock triggers germination of certain species but has no stimulatory effect on a great many other postfire species that are chemically stimulated by combustion products. Previous reports have shown that charred wood will induce germination, and here we report that smoke also induces germination in these same species. Smoke is highly effective, often inducing 100% germination in deeply dormant seed populations with 0% control germination. Smoke induces germination both directly and indirectly by aqueous or gaseous transfer from soil to seeds. Neither nitrate nor ammonium ions were effective in stimulating germination of smoke-stimulated species, nor were most of the quantitatively important gases generated by biomass smoke. Nitrogen dioxide, however, was very effective at inducing germination in Caulanthus heterophyllus (Brassicaceae), Emmenanthe penduliflora (Hydrophyllaceae), Phacelia grandiflora (Hy- drophyllaceae), and Silene multinervia (Caryophyllaceae). Three species, Dendromecon rigida (Papaveraceae), Dicentra chrysantha, and Trichostema lanatum(Lamiaceae), failed to germinate unless smoke treatment was coupled with prior treatment of 1 yr soil storage. Smoke-stimulated germination was found in 25 chaparral species, representing 11 fam- ilies, none of which were families known for heat-shock-stimulated germination. Seeds of smoke-stimulated species have many analogous characteristics that separate them from most heat-shock-stimulated seeds, including: (1) outer seed coats that are highly textured, (2) a poorly developed outer cuticle, (3) absence of a dense palisade tissue in the seed coat, and (4) a subdermal membrane that is semipermeable, allowing water passage but blocking entry of large (molecular mass . 500) solutes. Tentative evidence suggests that permeability characteristics of this subdermal layer are altered by smoke. While the mech- anism behind smoke-induced germination is not known, it appears that smoke may be involved in overcoming different blocks to germination in different species. For example, in Emmenanthe penduliflora, NO2 in smoke was sufficient to induce germination, and most forms of physical or chemical scarification also induced germination. ForRomneya coulteri, NO2 alone failed to induce germination, and scarified seeds required addition of gibberellic acid. In Dicentra chrysantha, none of these treatments, nor smoke alone, induced germi- nation, but germination was triggered by a combination of soil burial followed by smoke treatment. Smoke-stimulated species differed substantially in the duration of smoke ex- posure required to induce germination, and this was inversely correlated with tolerance to smoke exposure. We suggest that such differences in response may affect postfire community structure.
Some Database Requirements For Pictorial Applications

In this paper we discuss some functional and performance requirements on a database system to support development of interactive applications dealing with pictorial data. An effort has been made to specify requirements that are independent of a specific implementation philosophy.
Lesiones vasculares abdominales: El desafío del cirujano de trauma

Introduccion: Las lesiones vasculares abdominales presentan los mayores indices de mortalidad y morbilidad de entre todas las lesiones que puede sufrir un enfermo traumatico. Metodo: Revision de la clinica, diagnostico, vias de abordaje y tratamiento de los pacientes con lesiones vasculares intraabdominales, basada en la experiencia en el manejo de 302 enfermos. Resultados: Las heridas penetrantes abdominales constituyen entre el 90%-95% de las lesiones que afectan a los vasos abadominales. La lesion abdominal multiorganica es frecuente. Los hallazgos clinicos compatibles con hemoperitoneo o peritonitis y la ausencia de pulsos femorales son tributarios de laparotomia. En los pacientes que presentan parocardiorespiratorio, se debe realizar toracotomia de urgencia para masaje cardiaco abierto y pinzamiento aortico. La mortalidad global es del 54%, la exsanguinacion representa el 85% de la misma. El sindrome compartimental en el abdomen y en las extremidades, asi como el circulo vicioso de la acidosis, la hipotermia y la coagulopatia son las principales complicaciones. Conclusiones: Las lesiones vasculares abdominales presentan una alta mortalidad y morbilidad. El conocimiento anatomico del retroperitoneo y de las vias de abordaje de los vasos asi como una exploracion clinica adecuada ayudaran a disminuir las complicaciones y la mortalidad de estos pacientes.
An Abstract Formulation for Rewrite Systems

Herein, we describe an abstract algebraic object which can be used to discuss rewrite systems. We define then use the notion of 2-category to encapsulate some fundamental properties of rewrites. Recent developments in the general theory of 2-categories are then used to give a theorem stating conditions under which rewrite derivations exist, and to give further conditions under which there is a normal form for a derivation, hence a deterministic method to express a derivation as a composite of rewrites in a particular order. Several examples are pursued through the course of the paper in order to make clear precisely how the general theory may be applied.
Age effects on strategies used to avoid obstacles

Summary Chen et al.’ found that the rates of success which 24 healthy younger and 24 healthy older adults achieved in not stepping on fixed and suddenly appearing virtual obstacles was adversely affected by reducing their available response time. This paper reports the gait strategies used by those 48 subjects in avoiding the obstacles and the factors associated with falls by four of the subjects. Differences among gait parameters were analysed with respect to age, gender, available response time, and avoidance strategy. Both short- and long-step strategies were used to avoid stepping on the obstacles, but age differences in strategy choice were not significant. The shortstep strategy was used more often with shorter available response times. To avoid a fixed obstacle gait was seldom adjusted more than two steps before reaching it; the older adults, however, adjusted their stepping pattern one step earlier than did the younger adults. As the available response time was shortened, the results suggest that older adults had more difficulty than did younger adults in employing the long-step strategy. Although the short-step strategy is easier to employ at short available response times, it becomes a highly risky strategy when combined with a fast walking speed and resulted in actual falls. The results show that in both young and old healthy adults, tripping does not necessarily originate from contacts with a physical obstacle; it can be self initiated.
Diverse Helotiales associated with the roots of three species of Arctic Ericaceae provide no evidence for host specificity

Summary •Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi differ in their abilities to use nitrogen sources and may be integral to maintaining fungal and plant diversity in ecosystems in which Ericaceae occur. In this study, we tested whether the fungal communities differ among three species of co-occurring Ericaceae. •Fungi colonizing Cassiope tetragona, Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinium vitis-idaea roots in the Arctic tundra were characterized via culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. The cultured fungi were tested for their ability to colonize Vaccinium uliginosum in laboratory-based assays. •The pure-cultured Helotiales were grouped into eight clades and dominated by the Phialocephala–Acephala complex. Representatives of these clades, plus an unknown basidiomycete with affinity to the genus Irpex (Polyporales), colonized V. uliginosum intracellularly. The Helotiales detected by direct PCR, cloning and sequencing were assigned to 14 clades and dominated by members of the Rhizoscyphus ericae complex. Ordination analyses indicated that culture-dependent and culture-independent assays provided distinct views of root fungal communities, but no evidence for host specificity. •These data suggest that ericaceous roots host diverse fungal communities dominated by the Helotiales. However, these fungal communities are unlikely to be controlled by fungal host preferences. The mechanisms maintaining high diversity in root-symbiotic communities remain to be elucidated.
Reperfusion, patency and reocclusion with anistreplase (APSAC) in acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Because the reestablishment of coronary blood flow is believed to be central to the benefit of thrombolytic therapy, measurements of reperfusion (i.e., angiography before and after therapy), patency (i.e., angiography after therapy) and reocclusion rates are important to the evaluation of new thrombolytic therapies. For anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC, anistreplase), comparisons have been made with control or placebo therapies to assess absolute efficacy, and with streptokinase to assess relative efficacy. In pooled experience from reperfusion studies, APSAC (30 U over 2 to 5 minutes) led to angiographic reperfusion in 55% of patients (98 of 177) who had symptoms of acute myocardial infarction (MI) for The initial success rate with thrombolytic therapies is diminished by the rates of reocclusion and reinfarction, which must be accounted for in determining the net success of therapy. In 6 studies, a total of 87 patients with initially patent arteries after APSAC returned for reevaluation in 1 to 3 days. Reocclusion was observed in 6 (6.9%). Reinfarction, evaluated clinically among 1,058 patients given APSAC, occurred within 3 days of therapy in 3.7% and at any time during convalescent observation in 8.5%. In summary, APSAC leads to reperfusion and patency rates similar to those with intracoronary streptokinase when given within 4 hours. The rates are greater than those with intravenous streptokinase, and it has a very low associated rate of reocclusion/reinfarction. These properties and its ease of administration make APSAC a preferred agent for acute MI thrombolysis.
In vivo measurements of ethanol concentration in rabbit brain by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

: In vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure the cerebral ethanol concentration in the rabbit after both intraarterial and intragastric administration. There was good agreement between cerebral and blood ethanol concentrations at all times after administration by either route. Cerebral ethanol levels, measured using in vivo 1H spectroscopy, agreed well with those measured in perchloric acid extracts of brain, analyzed by both high-resolution 1H spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Ethanol may be useful as an indicator to measure cerebral blood flow by 1H spectroscopy and chemical shift-selective magnetic resonance imaging.
The Concept of Dynamic Criteria: A Critical Reanalysis.

Discussions of “the criterion problem” stress the assumedly frequent incidence of dynamic criteria. However, different concepts of dynamic criteria have not been distinguished. Three views of dynamic criteria are clarified in this paper. These are dynamic criteria conceptualized as (a) changes in group average performance over time, (b) changes in validity over time, and (c) changes in the rank-ordering of scores on the criterion over time. The evidence cited for each concept of dynamic criteria is critically analyzed and submitted to significance tests. The results of analyses of 735 r's and 532 paired r's across time from studies pertinent to dynamic criteria are reported. It is concluded that dynamic criteria are rare phenomena, with the significant changes found in key studies explainable by methodological artifacts. Though many sources suggest that dynamic criteria have dire consequences for the overall selection process, we argue that the phenomena have been over-emphasized in the literature, and that practitioners' concern should focus instead on removing sources of criterion unreliability.
On-line parameter identification and adaptive control of rigid robots using base reaction forces/torques

The reaction forces at the base of a robotic manipulator contain model parameter information which can be acquired and used towards improving manipulation performance. The on-line extraction of this parameter content and its use towards improving the performance of model-based trajectory tracking controllers is examined. A modified version of a previously proposed nonlinear adaptive control scheme for rigid robots is also considered and the above source of information is used to drive its parameters update law. Simulation studies based on the model of a multilink rigid robot are employed to demonstrate these approaches.
INTRODUCTION: WRITERS AS EVALUATORS: SELF- EVALUATION ENABLES WRITERS' GROWTH

The impetus for this issue is the general notion that writers who can evaluate themselves fare better than others. They know what they can do well, what their problems are, and what they might do to improve. These abilities are not necessarily self-taught and are also not typically an integral part of writing instruction for students who experience difficulty. In this introductory article, I present three categories of literature related to self-evaluation as experienced by writers who struggle: Affirmation Fosters Self-Evaluation, Self-evaluation Thrives in Cultures of Support, and Self-evaluation Begets Agency. Within these sections I nest the articles of this issue.
Peripartum Primary Prophylaxis Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement in a Patient with Stage IV B-Cell Lymphoma Presenting with a Pathologic Femur Fracture.

Background Pulmonary embolus (PE) remains a leading etiology of maternal mortality in the developed world. Increasing utilization of retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement currently includes pregnant patients. Case A 22-year-old woman at 27 weeks' gestation was diagnosed with Stage IV high-grade malignant B cell lymphoma following pathologic femur fracture. Significant risk factors for PE led to placement of primary prophylaxis IVC filter before cesarean delivery, open reduction and internal fixation of the fractured femur, and chemotherapy. Conclusion This case supports that primary prophylaxis placement of IVC filters in highly selected pregnant patients may assist in decreasing PE-associated maternal mortality.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for deep intracranial arteriovenous malformations, part 2: Basal ganglia and thalamus arteriovenous malformations

The aim of this review is to critically analyze the outcomes following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the basal ganglia and thalamus. The management of these deep-seated lesions continues to challenge neurosurgeons. Basal ganglia and thalamic AVM show a higher risk of hemorrhage, and an associated devastating morbidity and mortality, as compared to AVM in more superficial locations. Any of the currently available treatment modalities may fail or result in iatrogenic neurologic deterioration. Recent evidence from A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain AVM (ARUBA) further deters aggressive approaches that carry a significant risk of treatment-related adverse events. Microsurgical resection, endovascular embolization and SRS all play a role in the treatment of AVM. SRS is an effective therapeutic option for AVM of the thalamus and basal ganglia that are deemed high risk for resection. SRS offers acceptable obliteration rates, with generally lower risks of hemorrhage occurring during the latency period compared to the AVM natural history. Considering that incompletely obliterated lesions still harbor the potential for rupture, additional treatments such as repeat SRS and microsurgical resection should be considered when complete obliteration is not achieved by an initial SRS procedure. Patients with AVM of the basal ganglia and thalamus require continued clinical and radiologic observation and follow-up after SRS, even after angiographic obliteration has been confirmed.
Potentiating effect of iproniazid on action of some sympathicomimetic amines.

ConclusionsThe toxic action of phenylethylamine and tyramine, but not of ephedrine and D-a-methylphenylethylamine is increased by pretreating guinea pigs with iproniazid. Isoniazid is less effective. The results are explained by the blocking of MO by iproniazid.
Relations Among Large American Corporations, 1904-1974

The period around the turn of the twentieth century has been called the “era of finance capital” in American history. It was during this period that the first of the great trusts were formed, combining in some cases hundreds of corporations into one. Investment bankers, in particular J. P. Morgan, were the major orchestrators of these schemes, but other leading financiers and industrialists were also active in controlling several corporations apiece. George F. Baker and James Stillman in banking; Edward H. Harriman, James J. Hill, and the Moore brothers in railroads; and John D. and William Rockefeller in oil and other industries were prominent among the leading capitalists of the age, and they dominated much of the business scene at that time. One of the remarkable aspects of this period is the rare unanimity among scholars and journalists about its main characteristics. There is general agreement that financial corporations were the most powerful of the period, that a relatively small number of individuals dominated the corporate world, and that if it was ever possible to speak of a ruling class in American society, this was the period (e.g., Riesman, 1953; Bell, 1960; Parsons and Smelser, 1957).
Analysis of Immunization Coverage Rate and Its Affecting Factor of Floating Children in Rui'an

OBJECTIVE To study the current situation of EPI and the correlative factors of the floating children in Ruian,to provide a basis to formulate relevant strategies.METHODS Investigate the current situation of EPI and the correlative factors of the floating children born after 2001 in 7 towns of Rui'an with random sampling method.RESULTS 503 floating children were investigated.93.06% of their parents' education level was not above junior high school.68.98% families' annual average income were more than 5 000 yuan.The building cards rate of them was 89.26%.The full course vaccination rate of 4 vaccines was 70.78%.When asked for the dissatisfaction on the current township vaccination out-patient,42.75% children' s parents complained that too many children waiting for vaccination,too long time to wait and no enough place to wait.the current situation of EPI of the floating children became one of the important factors which affect our further development of national immunization program.CONCLUSIONS Then,we have to step up publicity in national immunization program,increase the parents against the enthusiasm of their children' s vaccination,carry out the investigation and management on the floating children,enable the staff of rural public health projects to play a full role,timely know about the situation of the floating children' s vaccination,improve the building cards rate and vaccination rate of the floating children,Standardize the immunization clinic,and urge the Government to support and coordination of various departments.So it will scientize the national immunization program management rules of the floating children,and make the introduction more specific and more effective.
The Jurisprudence of the Forced Share in the Ancient World: From Cicero to Justinian?

This paper is concerned with the origins of the European doctrine of the forced share, according to which parents must set aside at least a portion of their estate for their children. I begin this paper in Late Republican Rome with the adoption by the praetors of the cause of action for setting aside inofficious wills (the querela inofficiosi testamenti) and the enforcement of the Lex Falcidia, the statute establishing the forced share at one-quarter of the estate. I then consider the emergence of the vocabulary used to justify this mandatory estate practice, focusing in particular on the richly-textured noun pietas. I examine the social background of this practice, looking in particular at ancient concepts of marriage and family. I review Pliny the Younger's criticism of testators who neglected the interests of family members. And I close with the great legal reforms of the law of wills by the Emperors Theodosius II and Justinian.
Pseudopotential-Based Correlation Consistent Composite Approach (rp-ccCA) for First- and Second-Row Transition Metal Thermochemistry.

The relativistic-pseudopotential correlation consistent composite approach (rp-ccCA) was used to determine the enthalpy of formation (ΔHf) of 24 first row (3d) transition metal compounds. The rp-ccCA-derived ΔHf’s were compared to ΔHf’s previously obtained with an all-electron composite method for transition metals (ccCA-TM). For the 3d metal systems, rp-ccCA achieves transition metal accuracy, within 3 kcal/mol of reliable experimental data, overall. By utilizing pseudopotentials within the rp-ccCA methodology, we observed a significant computational time savings (53%) in comparison to the all-electron basis sets employed within ccCA-TM. With the proven reliability and accuracy of rp-ccCA, the methodology was employed to construct a calibration set of 210 second-row (4d) transition metal compounds and their ΔHf’s. The 4d calibration set is referred to as 4dHf-210. Within the 4dHf-210 set, there were 61 molecules with available experimental data. The average experimental uncertainty was 4.05 kcal/mol and ...
PD-sparse: a primal and dual sparse approach to extreme multiclass and multilabel classification

We consider Multiclass and Multilabel classification with extremely large number of classes, of which only few are labeled to each instance. In such setting, standard methods that have training, prediction cost linear to the number of classes become intractable. State-of-the-art methods thus aim to reduce the complexity by exploiting correlation between labels under assumption that the similarity between labels can be captured by structures such as low-rank matrix or balanced tree. However, as the diversity of labels increases in the feature space, structural assumption can be easily violated, which leads to degrade in the testing performance. In this work, we show that a margin-maximizing loss with l1 penalty, in case of Extreme Classification, yields extremely sparse solution both in primal and in dual without sacrificing the expressive power of predictor. We thus propose a Fully-Corrective Block-Coordinate Frank-Wolfe (FC-BCFW) algorithm that exploits both primal and dual sparsity to achieve a complexity sublinear to the number of primal and dual variables. A bi-stochastic search method is proposed to further improve the efficiency. In our experiments on both Multiclass and Multilabel problems, the proposed method achieves significant higher accuracy than existing approaches of Extreme Classification with very competitive training and prediction time.
Theoretical Investigation of Locations of 19F* and Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions in Silicon and Diamond

Available nuclear quadrupole interaction data for the excited nuclear state 19F* for fluorine in silicon and diamond are used together with results of Unrestricted Hartree-Fock cluster investigations to identify possible sites for fluorine impurities in these materials. Fluorine atoms are embedded in carefully chosen clusters of host atoms to simulate the impurity system. Allowing for lattice relaxation, optimal locations of the fluorine atom in the intrabond, antibonding (interstitial), and substitutional sites are obtained through total energy minimization. Wave functions calculated for the optimized configurations are used to evaluate the quadrupole parameters, e2qQ and ŋ. The results are compared with experimental parameters to ascertain the sites responsible. In silicon, the two observed sets of experimental data are identified with intrabond and antibonding sites. The same appears to be true for diamond where our results are of a preliminary nature.
Coherence: A Meaningful Adhesive for Discourse

Rejecting relevance, topicality, cohesive devices, syntactic structure, and comprehension as synonymous with and as necessary and/or sufficient for coherence, this chapter develops coherence as a cognitive judgment on the meaningful state of a text. This judgment of meaningfulness is determined by the relationship between the inferential demands of a text and the knowledge structures (schemata) available to the individual to accommodate those demands. Text therefore can be brought into the domain of coherence by varying knowledge structures.
Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection: When to Initiate Therapy, Which Regimen to Use, and How to Monitor Patients on Therapy

Antiretroviral therapy is recommended for all patients with HIV infection. The benefit of immediate antiretroviral therapy was confirmed by results from the START (Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment) trial, which showed a 57% reduction in risk for the composite end point of AIDS-related events, serious non-AIDS-related events, or death from any cause with immediate treatment in antiretroviral therapy-naive participants with CD4+ cell counts above 500/µL. Other changes in HIV care include the widespread adoption of integrase strand transfer inhibitor-based regimens. Considerations regarding when to initiate antiretroviral therapy, which initial regimens to use, and appropriate monitoring of individuals taking antiretroviral therapy are discussed. This article summarizes an IAS-USA continuing education webinar presented by Steven C. Johnson, MD, in July 2015.
Non-Bayesian Learning in the Presence of Byzantine Agents

This paper addresses the problem of non-Bayesian learning over multi-agent networks, where agents repeatedly collect partially informative observations about an unknown state of the world, and try to collaboratively learn the true state. We focus on the impact of the Byzantine agents on the performance of consensus-based non-Bayesian learning. Our goal is to design an algorithm for the non-faulty agents to collaboratively learn the true state through local communication.
Comparing Prostate Cancer Treatment Decision Making in a Resource-rich and a Resource-poor Environment: A Tale of two Hospitals.

Abstract Objective Black men with prostate cancer are diagnosed later, have poorer treatment outcomes, and higher mortality from the disease than all other racial groups. While existing literature has explored differences in the treatment decision making process between black and white men with localized prostate cancer, little is known about how environmental factors may affect the treatment decision process for men with clinically significant disease for whom treatment improves survival. The aim of this study was to compare and contrast the treatment decision process, from both patients' and treating physicians' perspectives, in a resource-rich and a resource-poor hospital. Methods Qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted with patients and their treating physicians from two urban hospitals. Patients were identified through retrospective review of pathology and tumor registries; their charts abstracted to ascertain treatments. Treating physicians were identified and contacted to discuss the treatment decision process. Physicians were also asked to discuss patients who did not receive definitive treatment. Transcripts were analyzed deductively using themes from the Health Belief Model, and inductively to explore emergent themes. Results Overall, patients and physicians discussed similar factors that influenced the decision making process at both hospitals. However, a few important differences were found: providers at the resource-poor hospital discussed cost as a barrier, highlighted having limited treatment options for their patients, and noted issues with follow-up as external factors affecting treatment decisions. Patients at the resource-poor hospital expressed greater fear and anxiety, and less self-efficacy and motivation in comparison to patients treated at the hospital with greater resources. Importantly, patients at both hospitals described significant trust in their physician, yet only at the resource-poor hospital did patients suggest that they lacked knowledge regarding treatment side-effects, despite physicians at both hospitals describing their attempt to disclose all side-effects. Conclusion These findings identify both medical-system factors, and practice-level factors that can help guide the development of interventions to reduce prostate cancer treatment disparities.