cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Method for the Determination of the Cation Exchange Capacity of Clay Minerals and Soils

For many purposes it is desirable to have a method for the determination of the cation exchange capacity of clay minerals based on principles as free from ambiguity as possible. Most of the many methods previously proposed have the drawback of entailing a great deal of work if one is to make sure that the mineral is completely saturated with the reagent in use, or that an excess of the reagent is absent. What might be called the complete chromatographic method by its very nature does not suffer from this difficulty. A known weight of clay is suspended on an appropriate inert filter aid (such as Gooch asbestos), packed into a glass tube, and the exchangeable ions eluted with a solution of cesium chloride traced with radioactive Cs 137. The effluent is collected in a series of appropriately sized samples, and the specific radioactivity of each of these determined. When the activity of the effluent has risen to that of the influent solution, one is certain that complete exchange has taken place. A simple computation gives the total cesium holdup of the column, and if the column was initially dry, the exchange capacity of the clay sample. As a routine method, particularly when results of the highest precision are not needed, the effluent may be collected in only two samples, one large sample and finally one small sample to check for complete exchange. This procedure requires a minimum of work and attention but suffers from the disadvantage that the result depends upon the difference of the two counting rates measured and is thus subject to greater uncertainty. These methods have been compared with the Bower-Truog method (Ind. and Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 12, 411 (1940)) on Chambers, Arizona, montmorillonite, a nontronite, and an attapulgite. Generally the Bower-Truog method gave more variable and somewhat lower results. Thus for the Chambers montmorillonite the Bower-Truog method gave 0.97 meq./gm.; the chromatographic method, 1.054 meq./gm. The method has been further tested by initially saturating columns with manganous ion, determining the weight of solution held up in the column, and then eluting with traced CsCl. Effluent Mn was determined colorimetrically and the Cs in the Geiger counter. The results agreed within experimental error for the following clays of the API series: montmorillonites H19, H23, H24; illite H36; and nontronite H33b.
Current status of human safety and environmental aspects of fluorescent whitening agents used in detergents in the United States

Fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are incorporated into household detergents at approximately 0.5% dry weight in order to maintain fabric whiteness during laundering. Seven different FWAs are currently used in American detergents produced by the major manufacturers. In 1974, 11 million 1b of these seven compounds were used in detergent manufacture and had the potential for appearing in laundry effluent. As such, FWAs can be identified routinely in sewage. The concentration in various natural waters and in fish caught in polluted waters is commonly on the order of 10 ppb. Only trace quantities have been found in drinking waters. All seven compounds show a low fish toxicity, low biodegradability, and a low potential for bioconcentration. Considerable information is available on the mammalian toxicity of FWAs. Tests of oral toxicity including mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity which have been completed using high daily doses do not indicate any need for concern. Studies of effects resulting ...
Syntheses and thermal reactivities of symmetrically and asymmetrically substituted acyclic enediynes: steric control of Bergman cyclization temperatures

The steric influences of the functional groups at the termini of acyclic enediynes can dramatically affect the Bergman cyclization temperatures of the resulting compounds.
A mathematical model for the retorting of a large block of oil shale: effect of the internal temperature gradient

Abstract A mathematical model which incorporates the intrinsic kinetics of the decomposition of kerogen and carbonate minerals and the internal as well as external heat-transfer effects has been developed. This rigorous model is compared with the uniform-temperature model. The results indicate that at a heating rate of 1 °C/min and a mass velocity of gas of 0.0179 kg m 2 s, the uniform-temperature model gives about 10% error in the extent of conversion for particles of 6 cm in radius. As the particle size increases, the error becomes greater. Also, at higher heating rates or mass velocities the error is larger for the same particle size. The new model has been applied to the results of thermogravimetric experiments published in the literature. The comparison shows that the rigorous model describes the retorting of oil shale more accurately than the shrinking-core model or the uniform-temperature model.
Optically induced molecular reorientation and third-order nonlinear optical processes in nematic liquid crystals

We report some quantitative studies of four-wave mixing in aligned nematic-liquid-crystal films. Using an unfocused cw laser of 200 mW power, at an estimated intensity of 5 W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, we have observed a conversion efficiency of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The third-order nonlinear polarization that is responsible for this wave-mixing process is attributed to the optically induced molecular reorientation. A quantitative calculation of the wave-mixing efficiency and the intensity dependence is presented. It is shown that the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Chemical Modification of Kraft Lignin: Effect on Chemical and Thermal Properties

Esterified kraft lignins (KL) were prepared by reaction with maleic anhydride (MA), succinic anhydride (SA), and phthalic anhydride (PA) in acetone solutions. The esterified lignins were characterized using ATR-FTIR, solid state CP-MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). PA modification resulted in the highest weight gain percent (WGP) when compared to MA and SA modifications. Spectroscopic analysis revealed decreases in hydroxyl content and increases in carbonyl (C=O) and ester groups of the modified KL as a result of esterification. The hydrophobic properties of the modified lignin increased. The MA- and SA-modified KL showed an increased thermal stability compared to unmodified KL. PA-modified lignin presented distinct thermal decomposition stages, which showed rapid degradation at lower temperature. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to change the basic properties of kraft lignin by anhydride modification to facilitate the production of high performance composites.
A validated stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method for determination of process related impurities and degradation behavior of Irbesartan in solid oral dosage

The present work describes the development and validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the estimation of degradation and process related impurities of Irbesartan, namely Impurity-1, Impurity-2, Impurity-3 and Impurity-4. The developed LC method was validated with respect to specificity, limit of detection and quantification, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Hypersil Octadecylsilyl (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 3 μm) column by using mobile phase containing a gradient mixture of solvent A (0.55% v/v ortho-phosphoric acid, pH adjusted to 3.2 with triethyl amine) and B (95:5 v/v mixture of acetonitrile and solvent A) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The detection was carried out at a wavelength of 220 nm. During method validation parameter such as precision, linearity, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection and quantification were evaluated, which remained within acceptable limits. HPLC analytical method is linear, accurate, precise, robust and specific, being able to separate the main drug from its degradation products. The degradation products were well-resolved from the main peak and its impurities, thus proving the stability-indicating power of the method. The method is stability-indicating in nature and can be used for routine analysis of production samples and to check the stability of the Irbesartan HCl tablets.
In Vivo Uptake of [3H]Progesterone and [3H]-5α-Dihydroprogesterone by Rat Brain and Pituitary and Effects of Estradiol and Time: Tissue Concentration of Progesterone Itself or Specific Metabolites?

The present study reports the selective accumulation of progesterone and specific metabolites of progesterone by hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, midbrain, pineal, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, uterus, muscle, and plasma 10 and 30 min after iv injections of [3H]progesterone or [3H]-5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP) into ovariectomized rats and 10 min after injection of these 3H-labeled steroids into ovariectomized, estrogen- primed rats. The accumulated 3H in plasma and tissues was examined by reverse isotopic dilution analysis for levels of progesterone, 5α-DHP, 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one, 20α-dihydroprogesterone, 20α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-3-one, and 5α-pregnane- 3α,20α-diol. After 5α-DHP injections, there was no tissue 3H associated with progesterone or 20α-dihydroprogesterone. Significant differences were observed among tissues in the steroidal compounds that were accumulated at concentrations greater than those found in plasma, cerebral cortex, and muscle. The anterior pituitary and midbrain selectively ...
Model of Ocean's Coupled Carbon, Oxygen, and Phosphorous System: ABSTRACT

A simple steady-state one-dimensional advective-diffusive model of the coupled carbon, oxygen, and phosphorous system is developed. The model can be viewed as an extension of Wyrtki's model of the oxygen distribution. The occurrence of anoxia requires two conditions: (1) sufficiently high productivity, and (2) sufficiently low oxygen concentration in the bottom water. It is shown that anoxia is likely to occur fairly high in the water column (as the present-day oxygen minimum does). End_of_Article - Last_Page 634------------
Rheology of phase separated blends of two thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyesters

The melt rheology of phase separated blends of two thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) have been studied. The two components are a random copolyesters consisting of 73 mol% 4-hydrobenzoic acid (HBA) and 27 mol% 6-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid (Vectra A900 of Hoechst Celanese Corp.) and a poly(ethylene terephalate-co-4-oxybenzoate) containing 60 mol% HBA units (PET/60HBA of Eastman Kodak Corp.). Most striking is the effect of adding 10% PET/60HBA to Vectra A900: The viscosity at 290°C drops by a factor of 4 and the terminal zone of the relaxation time spectrum is shifted to much shorter times. This is an interesting effect that could be used for LCP processing even if its origin is not yet understood. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements support the hypothesis that the blend is phase separated and that no transestification reaction occurs during the experiments.
Further studies of some aspects of a neurobiophysical model of schizophrenia.

The neurobiophysical model of schizophrenia discussed previously (Bull. Math. Biophysics,26, 167–185, 1964;27, 21–26, 1965) is generalized further, to include catatonic and stuporous states. It is concluded that the development of schizophrenia will proceed through different stages of catatonic and non-catatonic states, depending on parameters which characterize on one hand the general inhibition of the individual, on the other hand what may be called his “stability.” Suggestions for possible clinical verifications of the conclusions are made.
Predictors and Correlates of Prevention Research Careers: A National Study of Residency Graduates

Background.Factors associated with research productivity among residency graduates are not well understood. The objectives of this study are to describe research productivity among preventive medicine residency (PMR) graduates and to identify factors that are correlated with high levels of productivity. Methods.A detailed survey was mailed to all (n= 1,070) graduates from U.S. PMRs between 1979 and 1989. Main outcome measures for this analysis were (1) 25% of the workweek or more research time and (2) 20 or more publications since training completion. Results.A total of 797 completed surveys were received for a response rate of 75%. Among respondents, 33% devoted at least 25% of their time to research and 13% had 20 or more publications. Independent positive predictors (P< 0.05) based on education and training of high research productivity as measured by both outcomes included research self-motivation, training at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and clinical board certification. Concurrent correlates of current high research productivity by both outcomes included employment by the federal government or academia and academic appointment. Conclusions.Factors associated with high research productivity could be utilized to improve the resident selection process and promote research careers. This could enhance research programs and education and promote the overall prevention research agenda.
The uptake of 14C-labeled hydroxyanthranilic acid and enantiomers of tryptophan, kynurenine, and hydroxykynurenine in human blood.

SummaryLabeled enantiomers of tryptophan, kynurenine, and hydroxykynurenine were given to five patients with scleroderma. Blood samples were drawn periodically over a 24-hr period. When the d-isomers were given, peak blood levels of radioactivity did not appear until 8 hr, whereas with the natural l-isomers peak levels were reached in 2 hr Considerable radioactivity was found firmly bound to the precipitated plasma proteins from both the l- and d-isomers. Incubation studies confirmed the binding of the d-isomers to the serum proteins. These experiments show that the use of pure labeled l-isomers is required, when studying the metabolism of amino acids in man, and that compounds other than l-tryptophan are bound to serum proteins in significant quantities.We wish to thank first the patients who volunteered to participate in the study and secondly John Jessep, M.D., for his excellent care of the patients.
MBE growth and properties of ZnO on sapphire and SiC substrates

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of ZnO on both sapphire and SiC substrates has been demonstrated. ZnO was used as a buffer layer for the epitaxial growth of GaN. ZnO is a wurtzite crystal with a close lattice match (<2% mismatch) to GaN, an energy gap of 3.3 eV at room temperature, a low predicted conduction band offset to both GaN and SiC, and high electron conductivity. ZnO is relatively soft compared to the nitride semiconductors and is expected to act as a compliant buffer layer. Inductively coupled radio frequency plasma sources were used to generate active beams of nitrogen and oxygen for MBE growth. Characterization of the oxygen plasma by optical emission spectroscopy clearly indicated significant dissociation of O2 into atomic oxygen. Reflected high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) of the ZnO growth surface showed a two-dimensional growth. ZnO layers had n-type carrier concentration of 9 × 1018 cm−3 with an electron mobility of 260 cm2/V-s. Initial I-V measurements displayed ohmic behavior across the SiC/ZnO and the ZnO/GaN heterointerfaces. RHEED of GaN growth by MBE on the ZnO buffer layers also exhibited a two-dimensional growth. We have demonstrated the viability of using ZnO as a buffer layer for the MBE growth of GaN.
Device for microparticle array preparation

A simple device is described for preparing arrays of microballoons to be characterized by radiography for use as laser fusion fuel containers.
Magnetohydrodynamics of atmospheric transients. III - Basic results of nonplane two-dimensional analysis

The dynamic response of a stratified atmosphere permeated by a magnetic field to a sudden localized energy release (e.g., the onset of a flare) is examined in a physically self-consistent manner within the approximation of axisymmetric two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics. In contrast to the previous plane analyses, with the inclusion of out-of-plane components of magnetic and velocity fields, it is shown that the presence of transverse waves leads to spiraling material motions and formation of ring current with open (mostly radial) magnetic field configuration. In the closed (mostly azimuthal) magnetic field, the evolutionary response of a magnetic field is shown to follow the typical sequence observed with a flare, namely, the relaxations of magnetic shear toward the potential configuration. The details of the results are described with discussions on their physical significance.
Developmental lead effects on behavior and brain gene expression in male and female BALB/cAnNTac mice

Lead (Pb) was one of the first poisons identified, and the developing nervous system is particularly vulnerable to its toxic effects. Relatively low, subclinical doses, of Pb that produce no overt signs of encephalopathy can affect cognitive, emotional, and motor functions. In the present study, the effects of developmental Pb-exposure on behavioral performance and gene expression in BALB/cAnNTac mice were evaluated. Pups were exposed to Pb from gestational-day (gd) 8 to postnatal-day (pnd) 21 and later evaluated in exploratory behavior, rotarod, Morris water maze, and resident-intruder assays as adults. Pb-exposure caused significant alterations in exploratory behavior and water maze performance during the probe trial, but rotarod performance was not affected. Pb-exposed males displayed violent behavior towards their cage mates, but not to a stranger in the resident-intruder assay. Gene expression analysis at pnd21 by microarray and qRT-PCR was performed to provide a molecular link to the behavior changes that were observed. Pb strongly up-regulated gene expression within the signaling pathways of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extra-cellular matrix (ECM) receptor, focal adhesion, and vascular endothelial growth-factor (VEGF), but Pb down-regulated gene expression within the pathways for glycan structures-biosynthesis 1, purine metabolism, and N-glycan biosynthesis. Pb increased transcription of genes for major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins, the chemokine Ccl28, chemokine receptors, IL-7, IL7R, and proteases. The qRT-PCR analysis indicated an increase of gene expression in the whole brain for caspase 1 and NOS2. Analysis of IL-1β, caspase 1, NOS2, Trail, IL-18 and IL-33 gene expression of brain regions indicated that Pb perturbed the inter-regional expression pattern of pro-inflammatory genes. Brain region protein concentrations for IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, showed a significant decrease only within the cortex region. Results indicate that Pb differentially affects the behavior of male and female mice in that females did less exploration and the males were selectively more aggressive. Gene expression data pointed to evidence of neuroinflammation in the brain of both female and male mice. Pb had more of an effect in the males on expression of vomeronasal receptor genes associated with odor detection and social behavior.
The isolation and characterization of the lamellar body of bovine lung.

Abstract A novel procedure for preparing intact lamellar bodies from bovine 3 lung has been developed. The procedure consists of enzymatic digestion 4 of ground-lung tissue, with Nagarse, homogenization with a loosely-fitting pestle and then differential and density gradient separation of the various cellular fractions as the basis for selection of the lamellar body fraction.
Deposition of energy of high-intensity laser radiation in photo-excited wide band-gap dielectrics

In this paper we analyze space distribution of energy deposited from high-intensity laser radiation in wide band-gap materials ionized by the radiation. Considering the case of ultra-short laser pulses, we assume photo-ionization to be a dominating mechanism of non-linear absorption. The photo-ionization is described by recently derived formula for the photo-ionization rate rather than by the Keldysh formula. The energy deposition is studied by means of numerical modeling for a system of two coupled nonlinear equations - equation of intensity transfer for laser radiation and rate equation for time evolution of free-electron density. Two characteristic regimes of the ultra-fast laser-solid interactions are analyzed: 1) the regime of photo-ionization suppression at intensity above few TW/cm 2 ; 2) the regime of photo-ionization singularity occurring at intensity close to 10 TW/cm 2 . In the first regime specific propagation conditions are provided with successful transfer of radiation energy over a large distance at low loss through free-electron absorption and weak avalanche ionization. The singularity effect results in extremely intensive generation of free electrons in sub-surface layer of irradiated dielectric and locking of the ionizing radiation in a very thin surface layer. The singularity threshold corresponds to the threshold of the radiation locking. Presented results are compared with those obtained with the formula for the photo-ionization rate in the approximation of parabolic energy bands.
A SEX PHEROMONE PRODUCED BY IMMATURE AND ADULT FEMALES OF THE PREDATORY MITE, METASEIULUS OCCIDENTALIS, ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE

Bioassays using adult male Metaseiulus (= Typhlodromus) occidentalis (Nesbitt) demonstrated that deutonymphal, adult virgin, and mated, gravid females produce a sex pheromone(s). Evidence is presented which suggests some protonymph females also produce a sex pheromone(s). Males responded to the pheromone as if it were an arrestant once the male encountered the female. Males exhibited a distinctive “hovering” behavior with deutonymphs and some protonymphs. This is only the second species of phytoseiid mite demonstrated to have a sex pheromone and the first time phytoseiid deutonymphs have been shown to produce a sex pheromone. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG EIN VON UNREIFEN UND ADULTEN WEIBCHEN DER RAUBMILBE, METASEIULUS OCCIDENTALIS PRODUZIERTES SEXUALPHEROMON Biotests mit adulten Mannchen und Weibchen von Metaseiulus (= Typhlodromus) occidentalis (Nesbitt) zeigten, dass weibliche Deutonymphen, virginelle Weibchen, und gravide, gepaarte Weibchen ein Sexualpheromon abgeben. Mannchen reagieren auf zuruckgehaltene weibliche Deutonymphen, indem sie ihre Taster und ihre Beine I und II uber diese hielten und zwar im Kontakt mit dem Rucken des Weibchens. Die Mannchen sprachen auch auf zuruckgehaltene virginelle Weibchen oder auf Aetherextrakte von zerdruckten virginellen und graviden Weibchen an, indem sie mit den Extrakten langer in Kontakt blieben als mit Kontrollsubstanzen. Die Mannchen reagierten auch auf weibliche Protonymphen der Mutterkolonien, allerdings weniger haufig als auf Deutonymphen. Mannchen und Weibchen reagierten nicht auf Extrakte von Mannchen. Die Mannchen sprachen auch nicht an auf zuruckgehaltene Mannchen, ferner nicht auf Weibchen und Weibchenextrakte von T. urticae. Dies zeigt, dass die Reaktion keine blosse Erkennung der eigenen Art oder von Beutetieren darstellt. Die Mannchen besuchten Weibchenextrakte oder zuruckgehaltene Weibchen ebenso haufig wie Kontrollsubstanzen, demnach fand keine Distanzreaktion auf ein Pheromon statt. Wir vermuten, dass das Sexualpheromon von M. occidentalis-Weibchen und − Deutonymphen vor allem als Mannchen-Arrestans wirkt, wenn das Mannchen einem Weibchen begegnet. Die Bedeutung dieses Verhaltens auf die Biologie von M. occidentalis wird diskutiert. Dies ist die zweite Phytoseidenart, bei der ein Pheromon (oder Pheromone) nachgewiesen wird. Uber die Pheromonabgabe durch Deutonymphen wird erstmals berichtet.
Mixed-Convection Flow and Heat Transfer in the Entry Region of a Horizontal Rectangular Duct

Entry-region hydrodynamic and thermal conditions have been experimentally determined for laminar mixed-convection water flow through a horizontal rectangular duct with uniform bottom heating. Direct heating of 0.05 mm stainless steel foil was used to minimize wall conduction, and the foil was instrumented to yield spanwise and longitudinal distributions of the Nusselt number. Flow visualization revealed the existence of four regimes corresponding to laminar forced convection, laminar mixed convection, transitional mixed convection, and turbulent free convection. The laminar mixed-convection regime was dominated by ascending thermals which developed into mushroom-shaped longitudinal vortices. Hydrodynamic instability resulted in breakdown of the vortices and subsequent transition to turbulent flow. The longitudinal distribution of the Nusselt number was characterized by a minimum, which followed the onset of mixed convection, and subsequent oscillations due to development of the buoyancy-driven secondary flow.
Cold rolling texture, nucleation and direction distribution of {110} grains in 3% Si–Fe alloy strips

Abstract {110} nuclei are formed from {110} and {111} cold-rolled 3% Si–Fe alloy surfaces. After final annealing, the number of the {110} grains was the most, irrespective of cold rolling texture or annealing atmosphere. The number of the {110} grains decreased with increasing deviation angle to the direction. Due to the active H 2 S reaction, the total number of the {110} grains was more after hydrogen annealing than after vacuum annealing.
Do airway metallic stents for benign lesions confer too costly a benefit

The use of self-expanding metallic stents (SEMAS) in the treatment benign airway obstruction is controversial. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of SEMAS for this indication, we conducted a 10-year retrospective review at our tertiary medical centre. Using flexible bronchoscopy, 82 SEMAS (67% Ultraflex, 33% Wallstent) were placed in 35 patients with inoperable lesions, many with significant medical comorbidities (88%). 68% of stents were tracheal, and 83% of patients showed immediate symptomatic improvement. Reversible complications developed in 9% of patients within 24 hrs of stent placement. Late complications (>24 hrs) occurred in 77% of patients, of which 37% were clinically significant or required an interventional procedure. These were mainly due to stent migration (12.2%), fracture (19.5%), or obstructive granulomas (24.4%). The overall granuloma rate of 57% was higher at tracheal sites (59%) than bronchial ones (34%), but not significantly different between Ultraflex and Wallstents. Nevertheless, Wallstents were associated with higher rates of bleeding (5% vs. 30%, p = 0.005) and migration (7% vs. 26%, p = 0.026). Of 10 SEMAS removed using flexible bronchoscopy, only one was associated with incomplete removal of fractured stent wire. Median survival was 3.6 ± 2.7 years. Ill patients with inoperable lesions may be considered for treatment with SEMAS.
C. O. Whitman and the American Society of Zoologists

C. O. Whitman (1842–1910) studied under Louis Agassiz, Anton Dohrn, and Rudolph Leuchart. Under the influence of E. S. Morse, Whitman served as the second professor of zoology at the University of Tokyo (1880–81). For three years he was assistant to Alexander Agassiz at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Between 1883 and 1886 Whitman was editor of the Department of Microscopy for the American Naturalist . He became the first director of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, serving until 1908, and built that institution into an internationally famous center for education and research. He also became first professor of Zoology at the University of Chicago where he remained for life. In 1887 he founded the Journal of Morphology , and later Biological Lectures , and Zoological Bulletin which became the Biological Bulletin . His own research was in the fields of embryology, heredity, and evolution. In 1890 he, with colleagues, founded the American Morphological Society which became the American Society of Zoologists over a period of 13 years (1901–13) by the union of regional groups. Whitman played a leading role in the founding and early history of the Society.
Fluid filtration and protein clearances through large and small pore populations in dog lung capillaries

Solvent drag reflection coefficients (sigma f) for six protein fractions with hydrodynamic radii ranging from 37 to 120 A were determined using dog lung lymph CL/CP data over a range of lung lymph flows (QL). Two equivalent pore populations with effective radii of 75-85 A and 200-325 A were determined for the pulmonary capillaries over a range of mean lymph flows for 1.8 to 6.3 times control. Fractional fluid clearance through the large pore population was observed to decrease from 0.28 to 0.16 as QL increased. These data indicate that lymph flow (filtration) increased primarily by an increased filtration through small pores with relatively little increase in filtration through the large pore population. The shift to small pore filtration at high filtration rates accounts for the dependence of the homoporous estimate of total protein sigma f on lymph flow previously observed using lung lymph (Parker et al., 1981). If capillary membrane heteroporosity is present then there should be a net convective clearance of protein across the capillary caused by a volume circulation between large and small pore populations. Minimal estimates of 6-10% of protein clearance are attributed to this mechanism even in the absence of net fluid movement across the capillary. The optimal solute radius for clearance due to volume circulation is about 60 A, based on the membrane pore sizes determined for lung capillaries. Although convective transport of macromolecules is generally acknowledged to account for most transcapillary protein clearance at high filtration rates, the inclusion of a volume circulation component suggests that convection may also be the dominant mode of macromolecular transport at low filtration rates.
Ion Pair Acidities and Aggregation of Some Amide and Oxazoline Enolates in THF

Equilibrium lithium ion pair acidities at 25 °C have been determined in THF for the following acetamides: N,N-dimethyl-(4-biphenylyl)acetamide (1) (19.69), N,N-diethyl-(4-biphenylyl)acetamide (2) (20.30), N,N-dimethyl-diphenylacetamide (3) (20.76), N,N-diethyl-diphenylacetamide (4) (21.99), and 1-(diphenylmethylcarbonyl)pyrrolidine (5) (21.08). These acidity data compare well with those previously reported for the corresponding cesium enolates. Lithium and cesium ion pair acidities in THF are reported for two oxazolines: 2-(4-biphenylylmethyl)oxazoline (6) (Li, 21.53; Cs, 25.49) and (E)-(4S,5R)-2-(4-biphenylylmethyl)-4-methoxymethyl-5-phenyloxazoline (7) (Li, 20.10; Cs 24.21). Studies of their acidities over a wide range of concentrations indicate that all of the lithium and cesium enolates of 1−7 are essentially monomeric at concentrations ranging from 10-3 to 10-4 M. Traces of dimer were detected for the lithium enolates of amides 1 and 2 and for the cesium enolate of oxazoline 6. Their dimerization c...
Military Structure, Civil Disobedience, and Military Violence

In this article, I argue that factors inherent to the structure of a military organization and their relationship with the political leadership play a role in the organization's tendency to perpetrate violence against civilians during civil disobedience campaigns. To examine this hypothesis, I conducted a three-phased statistical analysis on a database containing 97 campaigns that took place between 1972 and 2012. In the first phase, I examined the relationship between military centric factors and violent crackdowns. In the second phase, I examined the relationship between military centric factors and mass killing. In the third stage, I examined the relationship between two specific types of discrimination in the military and mass killing. I found strong evidence supporting the hypothesis mentioned above. High-risk militaries that served a militarized regime, contained loosely regulated or indoctrinated paramilitaries, and discriminated against the protesting group, were much more likely to perpetrate vio...
On the determination of the hydrogen fugacity in an environmental cell tem facility

The microscopic aspects of hydrogen embrittlement of a variety of materials have recently been studied by an in-situ deformation technique in the environmental cell of a high-voltage electron microscope. Although the pressure of gaseous H/sub 2/ or water-saturated gaseous H/sub 2/ introduced into the cell is monitored externally, there has been no measure of the hydrogen fugacity in the cell with the electron beam present. This fugacity may be significantly greater than the externally recorded pressure because of dissociation and/or ionization of molecular H/sub 2/ and/or H/sub 2/O. Evidence for this enhanced fugacity comes from the rapid electron-induced reaction of water vapor with aluminum, magnesium and silicon.
Persistent hyperdynamic cardiovascular state at rest and during exercise in children after successful repair of coarctation of the aorta

Objectives. The purposes of this study were to evaluate left ventricular performance and contractility at rest and during exercise to determine mechanisms and correlates for alterations in performance and blood pressure in pediatric patients after successful repair of coarctation of the aorta. Background. Blood pressure and left ventricular function are elevated in children despite successful repair. The mechanisms for these changes are not understood. Methodes. Thirty asymptomatic pediatric patients with successful coarctation repair (mean age [± SD] 12.5 ± 4 years) underwent echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass, perforsion), afterload (end-systolic wall stress), contractility (velocity of circumferential fiber shortening/wall stress relation) and Doppler gradient at rest and during exercise. Data were compared with those of 24 control subjects (mean age 21.0 ± 4 years). Because of the age discrepancy between groups, age-dependent echocardiographic data were indexed by body surface area. Results. The mean age at operation was 5 ± 4 years, and the average follow-up period was 7.5 ± 3 years. The average blood pressure gradient between upper and lower limbs was 4 mm Hg. Left ventricular mass was higher in the postoperative group than in the control group (1.58 vs. 1.31 g/ht2.7, p = 0.04), as were values at rest for performance (44% vs. 31%, p = 0.0001), preload (3.9 vs. 3.7 cm/body surface area0.5), indexed systolic blood pressure (1.05 vs. 0.91, p = 0.0001) and contractility (0.23 vs. −0.05 circumferences/s, p = 0.001). Afterload was lower at rest (36 vs. 52 g/cm2, p = 0.0004). These differences between groups persisted during and after exercise. Contractility underwent an exaggerated increase after exercise in the postoperative group. Conclusions. Left ventricular performance in children after coarctation repair is higher at rest and during exercise than in control subjects as a result of higher preload and contractility and lower afterload. These changes may be due to associated hypertrophy. Persistent postoperative hypertension may be due to a hyperdynamic, hypercontractile state caused by residual gradients manifested only during exertion.
Direct integration transmittance model

A transmittance model was developed for the 200-2000/cm region for interpretation of high spectral resolution measurements of laboratory absorption and of planetary thermal emission. The high spectral resolution requires transmittances to be computed monochromatically by summing the contribution of individual molecular absorption lines. A magnetic tape atlas of H2O,O3, and CO2 molecular line parameters serves as input to the transmittance model with simple empirical representations used for continuum regions wherever suitable laboratory data exist. The theoretical formulation of the transmittance model and the computational procedures used for the evaluation of the transmittances are discussed. Application is demonstrated of the model to several homogenous path laboratory absorption examples.
Optimal taxation, economic growth and income inequality

That there is a trade-off between equityand efficiency (economic growth) is wellknown. Two models have been developed thatlink government spending and taxation toeconomic growth. This paper uses thesemodels to provide estimates of thegrowth-maximizing tax rate. Then, a twoequation structural model is developed andestimated that is used to find thetrade-off rate between economic growth andincome inequality and the growth-maximizinglevel of income inequality for the UnitedStates over the period 1960–1990.
Hippocampal lesions enhance startle gating-disruptive effects of apomorphine in rats: a parametric assessment.

Abstract Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating that is impaired in schizophrenia patients and dopamine agonist-treated rats. Previous reports demonstrated an enhanced sensitivity to the prepulse inhibition-disruptive effects of the D 1 /D 2 agonist apomorphine in adult rats four weeks after cytotoxic lesions of the hippocampus, but left unanswered several important questions regarding the nature of this apparent lesion-induced dopamine supersensitivity. Because of the potential importance of this model to current theories of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, studies now assessed specific features of this effect of hippocampus lesions on prepulse inhibition in rats. The enhanced prepulse inhibition-disruptive effects of apomorphine in ventral hippocampus-lesioned rats were unaffected by startle pulse intensity, suggesting an independence of this lesion effect from potential ceiling effects of elevated startle magnitude. These lesion effects were observed four weeks post-lesion, but not two weeks post-lesion, suggesting a delayed development of this phenomenon. No enhancement of apomorphine sensitivity was observed in rats four weeks after lesions restricted to the dorsal hippocampus; in contrast, these lesions significantly increased “no-drug” levels of prepulse inhibition. Ventral hippocampus-lesioned rats exhibited a significant reduction in prepulse inhibition after subthreshold doses of either the selective D 2 -family agonist quinpirole or the partial D 1 agonist SKF 38393, suggesting that activation of either receptor family is adequate for the expression of this effect of ventral hippocampus lesions. This may be an important paradigm for understanding the contribution of ventral hippocampus dysfunction to the neurobiology of impaired sensorimotor gating in neuropsychiatric populations.
The growth dynamics of Halophila hawaiiana

Abstract A functional growth model was developed for Halophila hawaiiana Doty and Stone, based on its regular plastochrone interval, and the relationship between leaf area and plant biomass. The model allows estimates of biomass, productivity and turnover from easily collected field samples. From these samples, the number of actively growing apical buds, total leaf number and total leaf area for a unit area were determined. This model was applied to a meadow in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. The mean biomass was 104.25 g dry wt. m −2 and the productivity 7.11 g dry wt. m −2 day −1 . The turnover time was 14.7 days.
Online performance auditing: using hot optimizations without getting burned

As hardware complexity increases and virtualization is added at more layers of the execution stack, predicting the performance impact of optimizations becomes increasingly difficult. Production compilers and virtual machines invest substantial development effort in performance tuning to achieve good performance for a range of benchmarks. Although optimizations typically perform well on average, they often have unpredictable impact on running time, sometimes degrading performance significantly. Today's VMs perform sophisticated feedback-directed optimizations, but these techniques do not address performance degradations, and they actually make the situation worse by making the system more unpredictable.This paper presents an online framework for evaluating the effectiveness of optimizations, enabling an online system to automatically identify and correct performance anomalies that occur at runtime. This work opens the door for a fundamental shift in the way optimizations are developed and tuned for online systems, and may allow the body of work in offline empirical optimization search to be applied automatically at runtime. We present our implementation and evaluation of this system in a product Java VM.
Method in the Study of Talmud

the Talmuds--we possess two, that of Babylonia and that of the Land of Israel) has been studied for roughly 1500 years, or, we might say, it has been studied for over 2000 years, since the Talmud is itself a record of the continuous study and scrutiny of earlier "Talmudic" traditions and discussions. This study thus spans the classical, medieval, and modern ages. The question of method is, therefore, a natural one: In what ways does the modern investigation of the Talmud resemble the classical method of study, and in what ways does it diverge from it? What problems does the modern scholar tackle, and which were posed by the medieval? And how do the students of each period go about their task?
The asymmetric effects of exchange rate fluctuations on output and prices: Evidence from developing countries

This paper examines the asymmetric effects of exchange rate fluctuations on real output and price in developing countries. The theoretical model decomposes movements in the exchange rate into anticipated and unanticipated components. Unanticipated currency fluctuations determine aggregate demand through exports, imports and the demand for domestic currency, and determine aggregate supply through the cost of imported intermediate goods. The evidence indicates that the supply channel leads to output contraction and price inflation in the face of unanticipated currency depreciation. In contrast, the reduction in net exports determines output contraction without reducing price inflation in the face of unanticipated currency appreciation.
Dephosphorylation of specific sites in the kinase-specificity sequence domain leads to ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP

STEP (striatal-enriched phosphatase) is a non-receptor tyrosine phosphatase that is specifically expressed in the neurons of the central nervous system. STEP regulates the activity of several effector molecules involved in synaptic plasticity and neuronal cell survival, including MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), Src family kinases and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid) receptors. The critical role of STEP in regulating these effectors requires that its activity be tightly regulated. Previous studies have demonstrated that the activity of STEP is regulated through reversible phosphorylation of a serine residue within the KIM (kinase-interacting motif), by cAMP-dependent PKA (protein kinase A). In the present paper we show that STEP is endogenously phosphorylated at two additional sites located within the KISs (kinase-specificity sequences). The basal activity of ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and p38 MAPKs plays an important role in the phosphorylation of these two sites. Dephosphorylation of these two sites leads to polyubiquitination and proteolytic degradation of STEP. Conversely, the proteasome inhibitors MG-132 and epoxomicin can stabilize STEP. The active form of STEP is more susceptible to degradation than the inactive form. Taken together the results of the present paper establish that ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis could be a novel mechanism for irreversibly terminating the activity of STEP.
Seed bank formation during early secondary succession in a temperate deciduous forest.

Summary 1 Seed banks are dynamic entities, with input occurring through dispersal and loss occurring through germination and various sources of mortality. Measures of abundance of seeds in the soil at one point in time cannot distinguish those seeds destined to germinate or die in the next growing season from those entering the long-term seed bank, and cannot therefore reveal the proportion of seeds that are carried over from year to year. 2 We studied seed bank dynamics in a 2.5-ha deciduous forest gap by following the fate of a single year’s cohort of seeds over 2 years. Seed input for 1 year, subsequent in situ germination and survivorship were measured at 60 locations. We examined how temporal changes in seed bank composition were affected by the presence of the dominant gap colonizing species Rubus allegheniensis. 3 Over the course of 2 years, both mean seed density and its variance declined. The temporal changes in density were not, however, accompanied by detectable changes in diversity. 4 Three species (R. allegheniensis, Phytolacca americana and Paulownia tomentosa) dominated the seed bank. Seed bank accumulation patterns in Rubus and Phytolacca showed contrasting responses to the presence of Rubus, with Phytolacca excluded from seed banks in such patches through reduced input and increased mortality. 5 First year germination and post-dispersal mortality interact with seed input to influence the spatial distribution of density and diversity in the long-term seed bank. Substantial long-term seed banks do form within temperate forest gaps and patterns of above-ground vegetation can have substantial effects on their dynamics.
Venus Clouds: Test for Hydrocarbons

Infrared reflection spectra of hydrocarbon clouds and frosts now give a critical test of Velikovsky's prediction that Venus is surrounded by a dense envelope of hydrocarbon clouds and dusts. Venus does not exhibit an absorption feature near 2.4 microns, although such a feature is prominent in every hydrocarbon spectrum observed.
A Murine Model to Study Leukocyte Rolling and Intravascular Trafficking in Lung Microvessels

The cascade of leukocyte interactions under conditions of blood flow is well established in the systemic microcirculation, but not in lung microcirculation. We have developed a murine model to study lung microcirculation by transplanting lung tissue into dorsal skin-fold window chambers in nude mice and examining the ability of leukocytes to traffic within revascularized lung microvessels by intravital microscopy. The revascularized lung allograft demonstrated a network of arterioles, capillaries, and postcapillary venules with continuous blood flow. Stimulation of the lung allograft with TNF-α induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in both arterioles and venules. Treatment with function-blocking anti-selectin mAb revealed that P- and L-selectin are the predominant rolling receptors in the lung microvessels, with E-selectin strengthening P-selectin-dependent interactions. Intravital microscopic studies also demonstrated that during their transit in capillaries, some leukocytes undergo shape change and continue to roll as elongated cells in postcapillary venules. Furthermore, the revascularized microvessels demonstrated the ability to undergo vasoconstriction in response to superfusion with endothelin-1. Overall, these studies demonstrate that the revascularized lung allograft is responsive to various external stimuli such as cytokines and vaso-active mediators and serves as a model to evaluate the interaction of leukocytes with the vascular endothelium in the lung microcirculation under acute as well as chronic experimental conditions.
Convergence and polarization: testing for an inverted-U relation between growth rates and GDP per capita

The apparently contradictory theories of vicious circle of poverty and the theory of convergence are reconciled. The first predicts a tendency towards polarization in levels of labour productivity. The second expects labour productivity to converge across countries in the long run. It is shown here that these opposite tendencies may be reconciled if they are seen as applying to countries at opposite ends of the income scale. Results from regression exercises reveal an inverted-U relationship between growth rates and per capita income for two time periods, 1950–1980 and 1960–1980.