cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Divergent transcription in the yeast ribosomal RNA coding region as shown by hybridization to separated strands and sequence analysis of cloned DNA

Abstract λ-yeast DNA hybrids containing the coding sequences for all four ribosomal RNAs from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were strand separated by the poly(rU, rG)-CsCl method. Hybridization of yeast rRNA to the separated strands indicated that the arrangement of the RNAs in the precursor transcript is 5′-18 S.5.8 S.25 S.3′ and that the 5 S rRNA, which hybridizes to the opposite strand, must be synthesized separately and in the opposite direction. The location and direction of the 5 S rRNA transcript was independently established by DNA sequence analysis. The presumptive promoter region adjacent to the 5′ end of the 5 S rRNA coding region was also sequenced.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Thorium and Uranium Ions from Solid and Liquid Materials with Fluorinated .beta.-Diketones and Tributyl Phosphate

A recent report shows that trivalent lanthanide and uranyl ions can be extracted by supercritical CO[sub 2] containing the fluorinated [beta]-diketone, 2,2-dimethyl-6,6,7,7,8,8,8-hyptafluoro-3,5-octanedione (FOD). Extraction and separation of actinides by supercritical fluids are of particular interest today because of potential applications to nuclear waste analysis and management. This paper describes the conditions of extracting thorium and uranium ions from solid and liquid materials by supercritical CO[sub 2] containing different [beta]-diketones. The synergistic extraction of the actinides by mixed ligands involving [beta]-diketones and tributyl phosphate (TBP) in supercritical CO[sub 2] is also reported. Synergistic extraction is another approach to improve the efficiencies of ligands of SFE of actinides. Potential applications of this new extraction technique for the separation of actinides from environmental samples are discussed. The five [beta]-diketones tested for the extraction of uranyl and Th(IV) ions in supercritical carbon dioxide are given as follows: acetylacetone, trifluoroacetylacetone, hexafluoroacetylacetone, thienoyltrifluoroacetylacetone, and FOD. 12 refs., 5 tabs.
High temperature-high strain rate fracture of inconel 600

The hot fracture of Inconel 600 has been studied over the temperature range from 800° to 2000°F using a hot torsion tester that is capable of superimposing either axial tensile or compressive stresses on the torsional shearing stresses. Microscopic studies of fracture initiation have been made over the entire temperature region. From 800° to 1200°F fracture initiates at inclusions and propagates by transgranular shear. In the temperature region of minimum ductility, 1300° to 1500°F, fracture initiates at grain boundaries and propagates readily in an intergranular manner. At 1600°F and above, fracture initiates easily at grain boundaries, but because recrys-tallization intervenes crack propagation is difficult and strain to fracture is high. Microcracks initiate at the peak in the torque-twist curve. The higher the temperature the smaller is the strain at which fracture initiates. Correlations have been found between the stress state and the shearing strain at crack initiation and total fracture strain. These correlations show the strong influence of a compressive normal stress on retarding crack initiation and resisting crack propagation.
Properties of single Na+-activated K+ channels in cultured central neurons of the chick embryo

Na(+)-activated K+ channels (IK[Na]) of cultured chick brainstem neurons do not run down following excision of inside-out patches, but this occurs within seconds to minutes in cultured chick olfactory bulb neurons. IK[Na] channels of chick brainstem neurons exhibit a main conductance state of 95-105 pS, and also express multiple sub-conductance states. These channels have complex kinetics, with multiple closed and main conductance states. The average lifetime of the main conductance state is not dependent on the Na+ concentration used to activate the channels.
Crash Estimation at Signalized Intersections: Significant Factors and Temporal Effect

Longitudinal intersection crash data are observations on a cross section of intersections that are observed over several time periods. Such cross-section and time series data structures have positive temporal correlation within each intersection. Using the basic negative binomial regression leads to invalid statistical inference due to incorrect test statistics and standard errors that are based on the misspecified variance. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) provide an extension of generalized linear models to the analysis of longitudinal data, which account for the correlation in the repeated observations for a given intersection. In this study, the GEE procedure was used to model the temporal correlation for longitudinal intersection crash data. This analysis was based on 3-year data for 208 four-legged signalized intersections in central Florida. Intersection crash frequencies were fitted through use of GEEs with a negative binomial link function for four correlation structures. Both the functional form and the link function of GEE models were assessed with the cumulative residuals method. This method showed that the total average daily traffic per lane was the best representation of traffic volume, and the GEE model with autoregression structure had the best model performance. Variable relative effect analysis identified the relative effect for the variables in the models. Intersections with heavy traffic, a larger total number of lanes, a large number of phases per cycle, and high speed limits and those in high population areas were correlated with high crash frequencies. The intersections with more exclusive right-turn lanes and with a partial left-turn protection phase had lower crash risks.
Popular nationalism in Germany during World War I

(1992). Popular nationalism in Germany during World War I. History of European Ideas: Vol. 15, No. 1-3, pp. 369-375.
Hidden surface elimination for complex graphical scenes

An extension to the Algorithm of Recursive Descent, introduced by Clark is presented for improving high speed techniques in hidden surface elimination. Whenever the average number of opaque primitives per occupied raster element becomes large, the algorithm presented tends to eliminate unnecessary depth evaluations. In complex graphical scenes which are executed by parallel processing structures interactively, the presented algorithm may provide considerable processing savings in related computer graphics processes.
Growing out of the plan: Introduction: China's economic reform in comparative perspective

The traditional Soviet-style economic system scarcely exists any longer, but its impact and legacy will be felt well into the next century. Major economic reform programs are now underway in a dozen formerly socialist command economies. These reform programs differ in their speed, coherence, and general approach, but in all these countries an irreversible process of transition away from the Soviet model has begun. Each of the former planned economies is struggling to devise strategies of economic change while coping with the burdensome legacy of past development choices, and it is clear that the process of transition will be protracted. Economic reform of a planned economy is a process that takes decades, and several different paths lead through the borderlands separating planned and market economies. Among this large and diverse group of nations, China has a particular claim on our attention. The chain of events that led to the collapse of Soviet-style socialism by the end of the 1980s can be traced back to the very beginning of the decade. At that time, profound change of radically different character began in two widely separated socialist countries. In China, beginning in 1979, radical economic reforms marked the first fundamental attempts to change the command economic system since the Yugoslav reforms of the 1960s. In Poland in 1980, the independent labor union Solidarity was formed, marking the first fundamental break with the Communist Party's monopoly of the political system.
Reduced Spontaneous Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Abstract For the first time, we obtained direct intra-neural measurements of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients to test the hypothesis that spontaneous resting MSNA is reduced in MS patients compared to age, sex-matched healthy controls. Spontaneous MSNA (microneurography; peroneal nerve), plasma norepinephrine, arterial blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography), and heart rate were measured at rest in three groups: 1) relapsing–remitting MS patients on disease modifying therapy only (MS-DT; n = 6); 2) relapsing–remitting MS patients on disease modifying therapy and medications for MS-related symptoms that are known to effect the central nervous system (MS-DT/ST; n = 5), and 3) healthy age and sex-matched controls (CON; n = 6). Compared to the CON group, MSNA burst frequency (bursts/min) was significantly lower in both MS-DT (P = 0.027) and MS-DT/ST groups (P = 0.003). Similarly, MSNA burst incidence (bursts/100 heartbeats) was significantly reduced in both MS-DT (P = 0.049) and MS-DT/ST groups (P = 0.004) compared to the CON group. Burst frequency and burst incidence were not different between MS-DT and MS-DT/ST groups. Resting plasma norepinephrine was also significantly lower in both MS-DT (P = 0.039) and MS-DT/ST groups (P = 0.021) compared to the CON group. Reduced MSNA may signify an important dysfunction in autonomic control of cardiovascular function in patients with MS.
Optimal Sybil-resilient node admission control

Most existing large-scale networked systems on the Internet such as peer-to-peer systems are vulnerable to Sybil attacks where a single adversary can introduce many bogus identities. One promising defense of Sybil attacks is to perform social-network based admission control to bound the number of Sybil identities admitted. SybilLimit [22], the best known Sybil admission control mechanism, can restrict the number of Sybil identities admitted per attack edge to O(log n) with high probability assuming O(n/ log n) attack edges. In this paper, we propose Gatekeeper, a decentralized Sybil-resilient admission control protocol that significantly improves over SybilLimit. Gatekeeper is optimal for the case of O(1) attack edges and admits only O(1) Sybil identities (with high probability) in a random expander social networks (real-world social networks exhibit expander properties). In the face of O(k) attack edges (for any k ∈ O(n/ log n)), Gatekeeper admits O(log k) Sybils per attack edge. This result provides a graceful continuum across the spectrum of attack edges. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Gatekeeper experimentally on real-world social networks and synthetic topologies.
Small sample performance of robust estimators of tail parameters for pareto and exponential models

Robust estimation of tail index parameters is treated for (equivalent) two-parameter Pareto and exponential models. These distributions arise as parametric models in actuarial science, economics, telecommunications, and reliability, for example, as well as in semiparametric modeling of upper observations in samples from distributions which are regularly varying or in the domain of attraction of extreme value distributions. In a recent previous paper, new estimators of "generalized median" (GM) type were introduced and shown to provide more favorable trade-offs between efficiency and robustness than several well-established estimators, including those corresponding to methods of maximum likelihood, trimming, and quantiles. Here we establish-via simulation-that the superiority of the GM type estimators remains valid even for small sample sizes n=10 and 25. To bridge between "small" and "large" sample sizes, we also include the cases n=50 and 100. Further, we arrive at guidelines for selection of a particlar...
Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Other Medical and Psychiatric Problems: A Clinical Review

Importance As of March 2015, 23 states and the District of Columbia had medical marijuana laws in place. Physicians should know both the scientific rationale and the practical implications for medical marijuana laws. Objective To review the pharmacology, indications, and laws related to medical marijuana use. Evidence Review The medical literature on medical marijuana was reviewed from 1948 to March 2015 via MEDLINE with an emphasis on 28 randomized clinical trials of cannabinoids as pharmacotherapy for indications other than those for which there are 2 US Food and Drug Administration–approved cannabinoids (dronabinol and nabilone), which include nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and appetite stimulation in wasting illnesses. Findings Use of marijuana for chronic pain, neuropathic pain, and spasticity due to multiple sclerosis is supported by high-quality evidence. Six trials that included 325 patients examined chronic pain, 6 trials that included 396 patients investigated neuropathic pain, and 12 trials that included 1600 patients focused on multiple sclerosis. Several of these trials had positive results, suggesting that marijuana or cannabinoids may be efficacious for these indications. Conclusions and Relevance Medical marijuana is used to treat a host of indications, a few of which have evidence to support treatment with marijuana and many that do not. Physicians should educate patients about medical marijuana to ensure that it is used appropriately and that patients will benefit from its use.
Assessing the Invariance of Smoking-Related Self-Efficacy, Beliefs, and Intention Among High School Current Smokers

Measures of correlates of youth smoking should be invariant. We examined the measurement invariance of smoking-related self-efficacy, beliefs, and intention across gender, race (White vs. Black), ethnicity (non-Hispanic vs. Hispanic), and grade level (9th/10th vs. 11th/12th grade) for 2767 high school current smokers. Strong factorial invariance was found in the factors across gender (NNFI:0.959; CFI:0.959; RMSEA:0.085), grade (NNFI:0.962; CFI:0.962; RMSEA: 0.079), race (NNFI: 0.967; CFI: 0.967; RMSEA: 0.074), and ethnicity (NNFI: 0.965; CFI: 0.965; RMSEA: 0.078). Smoking-related self-efficacy, beliefs, and intention measures may be confidently used to understand attitudinal differences across gender, race, ethnicity, and grade level for youth smokers.
Wafer level packaging (WLP): Fan-in, fan-out and three-dimensional integration

In this paper, the state-of-the-art results of research and development in wafer-level packaging (WLP) is reviewed. The paper starts from the introduction of several fan-in wafer-level packaging technologies. The focus is given on the fan-in WLP reliability performance as related to the structural differences. New failure mechanisms that appear in build-up stack layers are discussed. Next, emerging fan-out wafer level packaging technologies are introduced. Several key challenges in fan-out WLP technologies are examined. Finally, Three-dimensional (3-D) integration of through-silicon-via (TSV) technology and wafer-level bonding technology with WLP, especially in MEMS and image sensor applications, is discussed.
Islands of decay in seas of renewal: Housing policy and the resurgence of gentrification

Abstract For many observers, the recession of the early 1990s signaled the end of what Berry called islands of renewal in seas of decay. In the past decade, however, shifts in mortgage finance have intersected with developments in assisted housing to alter the links between gentrification and housing policy. In this article, we use field observation, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data, and HOPE VI plans to analyze the resurgence of gentrification in eight U.S. cities. Between 1992 and 1997, gentrified neighborhoods attracted conventional homepurchase mortgage capital at a rate that grew at more than 2.3 times the suburban rate. Logit models confirm that mortgage capital favors gentrified neighborhoods even after controlling for applicant and loan characteristics, suggesting a new relationship between mortgage lending and neighborhood change. In some cities, gentrification has surrounded islands of decay and poverty with landscapes of renewal
Metabolic strategies to predict and improve intrahepatic islet graft function

The success rate of intraportal islet grafts and the length of graft survival have been low and variable in diabetic humans. Goal of this work was to outline the principal strategies to predict and improve islet graft. The study of 15 insulin dependent diabetic patients after islet and kidney transplantation allowed us to build a metabolic database. The patients received an hyperglycemic clamp to assess insulin secretion and a euglycemic clamp in combination with tracers of glucose, amino acid and lipid metabolism and indirect calorimetry to assess insulin action. The results of this initial study were used to design new metabolic strategies to predict and improve islet graft function. Special emphasis is given to the importance of developing and studying the metabolic phenotype of transgenic animals with the knock out or the overexpression of genes involved in specific metabolic pathways.
Constraint generation for separation of duty

Separation of Duty (SoD) is widely recognized to be a fundamental principle in computer security. A Static SoD (SSoD) policy states that in order to have all permissions necessary to complete a sensitive task, the cooperation of at least a certain number of users is required. In Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), Statically Mutually Exclusive Role (SMER) constraints are used to enforce SSoD policies. This paper studies the problem of generating sets of constraints that (a) enforce a set of SSoD policies, (b) are compatible with the existing role hierarchy, and (c) are minimal in the sense that there is no other constraint set that is less restrictive and satisfies (a) and (b).
Native and Non-native Structure in a Protein-folding Intermediate: Spectroscopic Studies of Partially Reduced IGF-I and an Engineered Alanine Model

The structure of a metastable folding intermediate of human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and an engineered model are investigated by circular dichroism and two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy. The intermediate, which contains two of three native disulfide bonds, was trapped by acid quenching and isolated by reverse-phase HPLC. The reduced cysteine residues were mapped to residues 47 and 52 (corresponding to A6-A11 in insulin). In the native state this disulfide bridge anchors an adjoining amphipathic alpha-helix (helix 2; residues 42 to 49) against the hydrophobic core. Comparison of CD and 1H-NMR spectra demonstrates that the acid-quenched intermediate is partially folded and contains elements of native secondary and tertiary structure. Spectra are similar to those of an equilibrium model in which the reduced cysteine residues are replaced by alanine. Complete 1H-NMR sequential assignment of the alanine model has been obtained and demonstrates that removal of the disulfide bond is associated with local unfolding of the adjoining alpha-helix. Native secondary structure (including helices 1 and 3) is otherwise retained and defines a folded subdomain. Long-range nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) within this subdomain are similar to those of native IGF-I; no non-native NOE is observed. Our results support the hypothesis that folding of the insulin motif is directed by a subset of native structural elements and that these elements form at an early step in the pathway. Formation of helix 2, despite its prominence in the native state, is likely to represent a late step. Hydrophobic collapse of this segment appears to precede helix formation.
Ion irradiation of crystalline H2O–ice: Effect on the 1.65-μm band

Abstract We have found that 0.8 MeV proton irradiation of crystalline H 2 O–ice results in temperature dependent amorphization. The H 2 O–ice's phase was determined using the near infrared spectrum from 1.0 μm (10,000 cm −1 ) to 2.5 μm (4000 cm −1 ). In crystalline H 2 O–ice, the 1.65-μm (6061 cm −1 ) band is strong while it is nearly absent in the amorphous spectrum [Schmitt, B., Quirico, E., Trotta, F., Grundy, W.M., 1998. In: Schmitt, B., de Bergh, C., Festou, M. (Eds.), Solar System Ices. Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA, 1998, pp. 199–240]. In this experiment, at low temperatures (9, 25, and 40 K), irradiation of crystalline H 2 O–ice produced the amorphous H 2 O–ice's spectrum. However, at 50 K, some crystalline absorptions persisted after irradiation and at 70 and 100 K the crystalline spectrum showed only slight changes after irradiation. Our results agree with previous H 2 O–ice irradiation studies examining the crystalline peaks near 44 and 62 μm by Moore and Hudson [Moore, M.H., Hudson, R.L., 1992. Astrophys. J. 401, 353–360] and near 3.07 μm by Strazzulla et al. [Strazzulla, G., Baratta, G.A., Leto, G., Foti, G., 1992. Europhys. Lett. 18, 517–522] and by Leto and Baratta [Leto, G., Baratta, G.A., 2003. Astron. Astrophys. 397, 7–13]. We present a method of measuring band areas to quantify the phase and radiation dose of icy Solar System surfaces.
Multicast collaborative beamforming from airborne wireless sensor network

Recent advancements in low power micro sensors and wireless network technology have enabled a host of new sensor network applications. One such application is to perform multicast collaborative beamforming from a stationary airborne wireless sensor network. Such a network will be able to broadcast a signal to multiple distributed receivers simultaneously. Collaborative beamforming from such a network can also be an effective means of communication from an unobstructed vantage point. This paper explores the feasibility of such a network. We analyze the beam pattern fluctuations due to position errors from unsteady node station keeping. We show that the effects of minor position errors are manageable. Finally, a node repositioning based non-linear constrained optimization technique for multicast collaborative beamforming is introduced.
FOSSILS OF PUTATIVE MARINE ALGAE FROM THE CRYOGENIAN GLACIAL INTERLUDE OF MONGOLIA

Neoproterozoic carbonate successions provide a new taphonomic window into the diversification of eukaryotes. We report recently discovered macroscopic organic warty sheets (MOWS) in macerates of limestone from the ca. 662–635 Ma Taishir Formation (Tsagaan Olom Group, Mongolia). Sheets are applanate. One surface contains raised ridges and conspicuous, ∼ 100-µm-tall warty protuberances with depressed tops that enclose internal cavities containing cellular structures. The Taishir MOWS may be the remains of unusual bacterial, protistan, or fungal biofilms, or a previously undocumented, extinct taxon. However, multiple lines of evidence including the morphology of warty protuberances and the presence of cellular architecture within protuberances support the interpretation of MOWS as marine algae, perhaps a member of the Rhodophyta. Regardless of their specific taxonomic affiliation, MOWS increase the diversity of biota reported from the Cryogenian glacial interlude and indicate the presence of macroscopic and morphologically complex multicellular organisms in the Cryogenian.
An Exploratory Comparison of Novice, Intermediate, and Expert Orchestral Conductors.

This study compared novice, ‘intermediate’ (graduate student), and expert orchestral conductors. Two novice conductors, one graduate student in orchestral conducting, and one expert conductor led a university symphony orchestra in part of the first movement of Brahms’s Symphony No. 2. Wired for sound, conductors attempted to verbalize their thought processes while conducting. Episodes were videotaped for later viewing during one-on-one interviews. Think-aloud protocols were recorded, transcribed, and categorized. Protocols, transcripts of the interviews, and a second expert conductor’s critiques indicated that the novices focused attention on surface aspects, especially rhythm and cuing. They experienced difficulty performing multiple tasks. The intermediate conductor demonstrated better command of fundamental conducting processes but did not verbalize. The expert conductor made few comments relating to surface aspects, focusing instead on establishing concepts of balance and style. Interviews suggested a...
Exposures to Particulate Air Pollution and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons among Taxi Drivers in Shenyang, China

Exposures to particulate matter (PM) of both 10-2.5 microm (PM(10-2.5)) and below 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) were measured for a cohort of taxi drivers in Shenyang, China, during August 2007. PM samples were collected inside and outside the taxi during the drivers' workshifts, and also inside the drivers' homes when they were off-shift. Ambient PM samples were also collected at a stationary location in Shenyang. Elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) were also measured in PM collected on quartz filters inside the taxis as well as at the stationary site. Concentrations of three nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), 1-nitropyrene (1NP), 2-nitropyrene (2NP), and 2-nitrofluoranthene (2NFl), were determined in extracts of the PM samples by using a 2D-HPLC-MS/MS method. The 2NP and 2NFl concentrations did not change substantially with sampling location, but the 1NP concentrations were much higher in samples collected inside and outside the taxis as compared with sampling locations that were more removed from traffic. Concentration ratios of specific NPAHs were used to assess the atmospheric conditions in Shenyang during the sampling period. The relatively high ratios of 2NFl/1NP ( approximately 8-50) indicate an important contribution from secondary NPAH formation to ambient NPAH levels, especially for the nontaxi samples. The ratios of 2NFl/2NP (2.5-4.3) indicate that 2NFl is primarily formed via the hydroxyl-initiated reaction.
Effect of length of residence on overweight by region of birth and age at arrival among US immigrants.

Objective: To estimate associations between the length of residence and overweight among US immigrants by region of birth and age at arrival. Design: Cross-sectional data from the National Health Interview Survey 1997–2005 were pooled. Multivariate-adjusted prevalence and OR were computed to test associations of length of residence and overweight. Setting: United States. Subjects: Immigrant adults aged 18–74 years. Results: The odds of being overweight were three times higher in migrants from Mexico, South America, Europe, Russia, Africa and the Middle East residing in the US for .15 years than their counterparts residing in the United States for ,5 years. On the other hand, migrants from the Indian subcontinent and Southeast (SE) Asia had no association between the length of residence and overweight prevalence. Among both men and women, weight differences emerged as early as 5 years after arrival among those arriving at 18–24 years of age (OR 1?5–1?8). The odds of being overweight was higher among Hispanic men arriving before the age of 18 years than the European migrants (Mexico OR 1?7, 95 % CI 1?3, 2?2; South America OR 1?5, 95 % CI 1?0, 2?3), whereas the odds of being overweight among those from Africa and SE Asia was lower (OR 0?5, 95 % CI 0?3, 0?9 and OR 0?5, 95 % CI 0?4, 0?8, respectively). Among women who arrived at 25–44 years of age, the odds of being overweight among those from Africa and the Indian subcontinent was higher than the European migrants (OR 2?9, 95 % CI 1?7, 5?0 and OR 1?8, 95 % CI 1?8, 2?8, respectively). Conclusions: We found associations between the length of residence and overweight to vary by region of birth and age at arrival, highlighting the importance of these characteristics in assessing overweight risk among the US immigrants.
Scenario results of a global trends model for use with aerospace systems combat simulations

This paper presents scenarios produced using a model of current global trends. The model addresses a number of significant and serious trends including population growth, resource depletion, and global warming. The scenarios are produced by parametrically varying the factors which control these trends. These factors include global average temperature change, energy resources and reserves, and resource consumption rates. The paper describes recent upgrades to the model and a range of scenarios generated using the model. The purpose of the model is to provide parametric global conflict and population stress scenarios as inputs to studies of specific systems in combat simulation. The study does not attempt to predict the future, but rather to develop a range of scenarios sufficient to generate vignettes for use in evaluating combat system performance across a spectrum of highly stressing possible future conditions.
Herbal Medicines in the Management of Urolithiasis: Alternative or Complementary?

Kidney stone formation or urolithiasis is a complex process that results from a succession of several physicochemical events including supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention within the kidneys. Epidemiological data have shown that calcium oxalate is the predominant mineral in a majority of kidney stones. Among the treatments used are extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and drug treatment. Even improved and besides the high cost that imposes, compelling data now suggest that exposure to shock waves in therapeutic doses may cause acute renal injury, decrease in renal function and an increase in stone recurrence. In addition, persistent residual stone fragments and the possibility of infection after ESWL represent a serious problem in the treatment of stones. Furthermore, in spite of substantial progress in the study of the biological and physical manifestations of kidney stones, there is no satisfactory drug to use in clinical therapy. Data from IN VITRO, IN VIVO and clinical trials reveal that phytotherapeutic agents could be useful as either an alternative or an adjunctive therapy in the management of urolithiasis. The present review therefore critically evaluates the potential usefulness of herbal medicines in the management of urolithiasis.
Inference for Singly Imputed Synthetic Data Based on Posterior Predictive Sampling under Multivariate Normal and Multiple Linear Regression Models

Likelihood-based finite sample inference for singly imputed synthetic data generated via posterior predictive sampling is developed in this paper for multivariate normal and multiple linear regression models. Currently available methodology for drawing valid inference on population parameters using synthetic data is based on concepts of multiple imputation for missing data, and therefore requires the release of multiple synthetic datasets. The methodology developed in this paper demonstrates that, contrary to the usual belief, valid inference about meaningful model parameters can indeed be drawn based on a singly imputed synthetic dataset under the multivariate normal and multiple linear regression models, by fully utilizing the model structure.
Conformation and crystal structure of L-prolyl-L-glutamic acid dihydrate.

The crystal structure of the dipeptide L-prolyl-L-glutamic acid dihydrate, L-Pro-L-Glu . 2H2O, C10H20O7N2, has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffractometer data. The dipeptide crystallizes in the space group P21 of the monoclinic system with two formula units in a cell of dimensions a = 5.629(2), b = 11.832(5), c = 10.485(4)A, and beta = 103.06(3) degrees. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by least squares techniques to a final value of the conventional R-factor (on F) of 0.039 based on 1798 independent intensities with I greater than or equal to 3 sigma(I). The dipeptide occurs as a zwitterion in the crystal with the pyrrolidine nitrogen atom protonated and the main chain carboxyl group deprotonated. The conformation of the peptide linkage is trans, the omega torsional angle being 173.7 degrees. The pyrrolidine ring adopts the Cs-C beta endo conformation and the conformation of the glutamyl side chain is fully extended. There is considerable intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystals.
Modeling Network Management: An Examination of Internal and External Strategies

Within the last decade scholars have begun to emphasize the importance of exploring management within an inter-organizational context (O’Toole and Laurence Public Administration Review 57(1):45-52, 1997; Agranoff and McGuire 1999; O’Toole and Meier Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 9(4): 505-526, 1999). These studies have demonstrated the importance of network management on organizational performance. However, McGuire (2002) argues that the literature on networking does not demonstrate the intricate activities of network management that lead to increased performance, asserting case studies are necessary to achieve this goal. This work uses large-n data and presents the concepts of internal and external networking as a framework for understanding how network management contributes to improved organizational performance.
On artificial agents for negotiation in electronic commerce

A well-established body of research consistently shows that people involved in multiple-issue negotiations frequently select pareto-inferior agreements that "leave money on the table". Using an evolutionary computation approach, we show how simple, boundedly rational, artificial adaptive agents can learn to perform similarly to humans at stylized negotiations. Furthermore, there is the promise that these agents can be integrated into practicable electronic commerce systems which would not only leave less money on the table, but would enable new types of transactions to be negotiated cost effectively.
SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN THE ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY AND THE ELECTROLYTE EXCRETORY CAPACITY OF THE NASAL GLANDS OF THE DUCK (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS) DURING THE PERIOD OF ADAPTATION TO HYPERTONIC SALINE

1. Regardless of the composition of the incubation medium, the nasal gland tissue from ducks adapted to hypertonic saline always released inorganic phosphate from the ATP in the medium at a higher rate than tissue derived from freshwater-adapted ducks. 2. Changes in the nasal gland ATP-ase activities during the period of adaptation to saline followed the same time course as the changes which occurred in the sodium-excretory capacity of the tissue. 3. Adaptation to saline resulted in a three- to fourfold increase in the weight-specific ATP-ase activity which was accompanied by a three- to fourfold increase in the weight-specific sodium-excretory capacity. 4. In the saline-adapted birds a positive correlation was found between the sodium-excretory capacity of the nasal gland tissue and the corresponding ATP-ase activity. 5. The moles of sodium excreted per mole of ATP hydrolysed was constant irrespective of whether the birds were adapted to either fresh water or salt water. 6. Concommitant with the changes in weight-specific sodium excretion and ATP-ase activity, an increase in the sodium concentration of the nasal gland fluid was observed. An approximately twofold increase in nasal gland weight also occurred during this period. 7. All changes which were observed to occur during the period of adaptation to saline were reversed when the birds were returned to fresh water. 8. The observed changes in enzyme activity and sodium excretory rates of the nasal glands are discussed in relation to possible cellular changes which might occur and their importance relative to the birds's ability to adapt to a marine environment. This work was supported by research grants to W.N.H. from the National Science Foundation (Grant no. GB3896) and the Commmittee on Research, University of California.
Complications of Lung Transplantation: A Roentgenographic Perspective

Lung transplantation is now an established treatment for a broad spectrum of end-stage pulmonary diseases. According to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Registry, more than 50,000 lung transplants have been performed worldwide, with nearly 11,000 lung transplant recipients alive in the United States. With the increasing application of lung transplantation, pulmonologists must be cognizant of common complications unique to the postlung transplant period and the associated radiologic findings. The aim of this review is to describe clinical manifestations and prototypical radiographic features of both common and rare complications encountered in lung transplant recipients.
In pursuit of windmills: librarians and the determination to instruct

L'auteur reprend l'historique de l'enseignement de la bibliotheconomie, etudie par Hopkins et Stoan; et analyse le comportement des bibliothecaires face a la poussee des nouvelles technologies de l'information et a la formation necessaire des utilisateurs de ces nouveaux services
Smell and taste disorders: a primary care approach.

Smell and taste disorders are common in the general population, with loss of smell occurring more frequently. Although these disorders can have a substantial impact on quality of life and may represent significant underlying disease, they are often overlooked by the medical community. Patients may have difficulty recognizing smell versus taste dysfunction and frequently confuse the concepts of "flavor" and "taste." While the most common causes of smell disturbance are nasal and sinus disease, upper respiratory infection and head trauma, frequent causes of taste disturbance include oral infections, oral appliances (e.g., dentures), dental procedures and Bell's palsy. Medications can interfere with smell and taste, and should be reviewed in all patients with reported dysfunction. In addition, advancing age has been associated with a natural impairment of smell and taste ability. A focused history and a physical examination of the nose and mouth are usually sufficient to screen for underlying pathology. Computed tomographic scanning or magnetic resonance imaging of affected areas, as well as commercially available standardized tests, may be useful in selected patients. The causes of olfactory dysfunction that are most amenable to treatment include obstructing polyps or other masses (treated by excision) and inflammation (treated with steroids). Enhancement of food flavor and appearance can improve quality of life in patients with irreversible dysfunction.
REHABILITATION FOLLOWING HIP ARTHROSCOPY: AN EVOLVING PROCESS

The utilization of hip arthroscopy to treat non-arthritic pain in athletes continues to grow in popularity. Though numerous protocols have been described in the literature, there is no current evidence-based consensus regarding the postoperative management of patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. Intraoperative findings determine the specific surgical procedure and subsequently play a role in postoperative rehabilitation. Current protocols are primarily based on tissue healing properties, patient tolerance, and clinician experience. General recommendations regarding range-of-motion initiation, weight bearing progression, and strength activities exist. Though relatively uncommon, postoperative complications have been described. Clinicians should be aware of factors, both surgical and rehabilitation-related, that may affect a patient's postoperative progression. In order to assess patients' postoperative improvement, clinicians must utilize outcome measures that effectively assess the functional status level of active individuals following hip arthroscopy. The development of criteria-based programs may improve the consistency of rehabilitation and potentially aid in providing patients a safe, efficient return to athletics.
Tachycardia, left-axis deviation, and congenital heart disease.

(1988). Tachycardia, Left-Axis Deviation, and Congenital Heart Disease. Hospital Practice: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 39-44.
Securing networks using game theory: algorithms and applications

Extensive transportation networks have become the economic backbone of the modern age. Thus, securing these networks against the increasing threat of terrorism is of vital importance. However, protecting critical infrastructure using limited security resources against intelligent adversaries in the presence of the uncertainty and complexities of the real-world is a major challenge. While game-theoretic approaches have been proposed for security domains, traditional methods cannot scale to realistic problem sizes (up to billions of action combinations), even in the absence of uncertainty.My thesis proposes new models and algorithms that have not only advanced the state of the art in game-theory, but have actually been successfully deployed in the real-world. For instance, IRIS has been in use by the Federal Air Marshal Service for scheduling officers on some international flights since October 2009. My thesis contributes to a very new area that uses insights from large-scale optimization for game-theoretic problems. It represents a successful transition from game-theoretic advancements to real-world applications that are already in use, and it has opened exciting new avenues to greatly expand the reach of game theory.
Big Data Systems

When your search for hotels and your website becomes busy with promos for car rentals, or when your smart-phone app identifies your location and you receive offers from nearby restaurants, you are in the middle of big data science and data mining in action. In the last decade, the handling of vast amounts of information shifted from the sole responsibility of astronomers and high-energy physicists to that of the life scientist. Starting with fields like meteorology, petroleum exploration, and astronomy, the essential jump in the emergence of big data came in 2003, when the first human genome was completed and a new type of science, big data science, came into being [233].
A compact, low-power, low-VHF radio for mobile and wireless communication applications

A cost-effective, low-power, ZigBee-based compact radio system tuned for operation at low VHF band is proposed for mobile communications in complex environments. Existing off-the-shelf radios at this band are bulky, usually operate at high power levels (a few watts), and require relatively large antennas to enable long range communications. To remedy these shortcomings, we develop a small-form-factor low-VHF radio that leverages the ZigBee technology with a frequency conversion technique. A bi-directional frequency converter for the radio is designed to translate ZigBee signals into low-VHF carriers and optimized to minimize power consumption, and simultaneously maximize system gain and sensitivity. This radio also comes with a newly developed miniaturized antenna [1] (≤ 0.02λ 0 in height and lateral dimensions at 40 MHz) having much higher efficiency compared to antennas of similar sizes. This antenna allows the compact radio system to operate at lower power and on small robotic platforms needed for military or rescue missions.
On-Wafer Millimeter-Wave Nework Analysis for Device and Circuit Design

A broadband, millimeter-wave on-wafer network analyzer system is necessary for the characterization and design of millimeter-wave devices and circuits. The HP 85109B, 45 MHz to 62.5 GHz, network analyzer system is used to determine the fT, fmax and model parameters of a 0.25 micron MODFET. The system is also used to measure the cutoff frequency and the potential for out-of-band oscillations of a broadband 0.5 to 50 GHz travelling wave amplifier[1]. A criteria is established for the selection of a broadband millimeter-wave network analyzer. Finally, results are demonstrated in measuring devices on-wafer in V-Band (50 to 75 GHz).
“Math Is What I Love. I Think If I Got Anything from Community College, It’s the Beauty of Math.”: Promoting Mathematics Teacher Education Through Community College Outreach

ABSTRACTDeficient publicity challenged participants when selecting community college for postsecondary education and identifying secondary mathematics teaching as a career. Secondary mathematics teaching career promotion by the community college out in the local community and on the community college campuses was found to be nonexistent but necessary to increase the teacher-of-color pool. The purpose of this case study was to understand the role community colleges played in preparing current Washington State secondary mathematics teachers of color. Teachers-of-color voices were evaluated through Critical Race Theory, and recommendations were developed to support and counter identified oppressive structures: A future secondary mathematics teacher community outreach club would engage the community by (a) developing partnerships with local K–12 schools to increase teaching career exploration, (b) exploring feasibility of Math in the Community, and (c) promoting the community college as A College FOR the Comm...
Predicting two-phase flow distribution and stability in systems with many parallel heated channels

Abstract Two-phase heat exchangers are used in a variety of industrial processes in which the boiling fluid flows through a network of parallel channels. In some situations, the fluid may not be uniformly distributed through all the channels, causing a degradation in the thermal performance of the system. A methodology for modeling two-phase flow distributions in parallel-channel systems is developed. The methodology combines a pressure-drop model for individual parallel channels with a pump curve into a system flow network. Due to the non-monotonicity of the pressure drop as a function of flow rate for boiling channels, many steady-state solutions exist for the system flow equations. A new numerical approach is proposed to analyze the stability of these solutions, based on a generalized eigenvalue problem. The method is specifically designed for analyzing systems with hundreds of identical parallel channels. The method is first applied to analyze the flow distribution and stability behavior in two-channel and five-channel systems. The asymptotic behavior of the flow stability is then analyzed for increasing numbers of channels, and it is shown that the stability behavior of a system with a constant flow-rate pump curve simplifies to the stability behavior for a constant pressure-drop pump curve. A parametric study is conducted to assess the influence of inlet temperature, heat flux, and flow rate on the stability of the uniform flow distribution solution as well as on the severity of flow maldistribution. Below some critical inlet subcooling, uniform flow distribution is always stable and maldistribution does not occur, regardless of heat flux and flow rate. Above this critical inlet subcooling, there is a range of operating parameters for which uniform flow distribution is unstable. With increasing inlet subcooling, this range broadens and the severity of the associated maldistribution increases.