cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“It takes skills to take a car”: Perceptual and procedural expertise in carjacking

Abstract This article explores the crucial role played by criminal expertise in carjacking, a violent street offense that exhibits characteristics of both car theft and robbery. Specifically, it describes the manner in which an offender's perceptual skills (aimed at discerning the suitability of a carjacking target) and procedural skills (aimed at enacting the carjacking offense itself) relate to one another in a process emanating from the interacting characteristics of the vehicle, driver, environment, and offender. The core assumption of this perspective is that carjacking requires considerable skill to identify an appropriate offense opportunity and carry out the same. This contradicts a prevailing notion within the criminological literature that offending is a largely unskilled enterprise. Drawing on ethnographic data both original and in previous research we demonstrate this not to be the case.
Critical care air transportation of the severely injured: Does long distance transport adversely affect survival?

Civilian aeromedical transportation systems, both fixed and rotary wing, have proliferated since the middle 1970s. However, outcome data substantiating the benefit of these services have been slow in coming. From February 22, 1982, through March 5, 1984, Airlift Northwest transported 118 trauma patients (aged 15 years and older) an average distance of 340 miles (range, 100 to 800 miles) with fixed-wing aircraft. The in-hospital mortality for this group was 19% compared with 18% for a comparable group of trauma patients who were ground-transported from within the city limits of Seattle, Washington. The two groups did not differ significantly in age, Injury Severity Score, or Glasgow Coma Score. These results suggest that some part of the clinical benefit of a regional trauma center may be extended up to 800 miles with no increase in transport-related mortality.
Some Determinants of Interstate Migration of Blacks, 1965-1970

The results of this study for the 50 states imply that considerations of distance play an important role in the migration decision of blacks, with the distance variable being statistically significant at the five percent level or better in 80 percent of the cases. The racial composition variable was statistically significant at the one percent level in 97 percent of the cases. This would seem to imply, as hypothesized in Section II above, that black mi­grants tend to move to those areas where the ratio of blacks to total population is higher, ceteris paribus. The income variable was statistically significant at the five per cent level or better in only 25 percent of the cases and at the ten percent level or better in only 49 percent of the cases. This apparent insensitivity of migration to income has been found in other studies and has been shown to be entirely compatible with the conventional wage rat e analysis. Finally, we turn to the welfare variable. This is a variable is ignored in migration studies to date, but this may be an important oversight. In particular, analysis shows that the welfare variable was statistically significant at the five per cent level or better in 48 percent of the 50 cases. Thus, we infer that welfare-as one specific form of income-may be a very important determinant of black migration and perhaps may be more important than even per capita personal black income in influencing the migration decision of blacks
Who does what in a massive open online course

Student-participation data from the inaugural MITx (now edX) course---6.002x: Circuits and Electronics---unpacks MOOC student behavior.
An Inductive Study of Foreign CEOs of Japanese Firms

We use multiple case study methodology to examine firm-level antecedents and consequences of foreign CEO hiring decisions in Japan. We also examine foreign CEO attributes and the strategic initiatives launched by the foreign CEOs to understand differences in consequences. Study findings suggest that foreign CEOs in Japan are not all “complete outsiders” to the organization and the nation—most Japanese firms prefer to hire a CEO with prior work experience in Japan. Overall, foreign-born CEOs are successful in Japan only if they have a vision and the executive clout to transform the organization.
Brain Serotonin Content: Physiological Regulation by Plasma Neutral Amino Acids

When plasma tryptophan is elevated by the injection of tryptophan or insulin, or by the consumption of carbohydrates, brain tryptophan and serotonin also rise; however, when even larger elevations of plasma tryptophan are produced by the ingestion of protein-containing diets, brain tryptophan and serotonin do not change. The main determinant of brain tryptophan and serotonin concentrations does not appear to be plasma tryptophan alone, but the ratio of this amino acid to other plasma neutral amino acids (that is, tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that compete with it for uptake into the brain.
Barriers to participation of the poor in South Africa's land redistribution.

Abstract Land redistribution is being characterized as poverty alleviation for rural South Africa. This paper argues that the poor have less inclination to move the distances demanded by the redistribution, have less labor available for farming, are less able to afford the program’s up-front costs, have fewer farming-specific skills, and have less capacity to cope with agricultural risk. Therefore, the poor are likely to be rationed out of participation in the program, and the land redistribution will have little effect on rural poverty, unless demand-led targeting is dropped and ancillary programs are employed to make land redistribution attractive for the poor.
Interaction of heparin active factor and egg-yolk lipoprotein.

Summary1. Egg lipoprotein under the conditions stated can be used as a qualitative and semi-quantitative indicator for the lipoprotein-influencing properties of in vivo heparinized plasma. 2. The utilization of egg lipoprotein for this purpose requires prior contact of the active principle of post-heparinized plasma with lipoproteins of high neutral fat content. 3. Sodium oleate produces alterations in the egg lipoprotein system similar to those produced by post-heparin plasma. Chemical data showing that fatty acids are released from the glycerol ester fraction of the egg lipoprotein during incubation suggest that the egg lipoprotein solubility changes may be a secondary effect of the hydrolysis of glycerol esters by the active principle in post-heparinized plasma.
Synthesis and antifolate evaluation of the aminopterin analogue with a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane ring in place of the benzene ring

N-[4-[[2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid (1) was synthesized and tested for antifolate activity. N-(4-Aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carbonyl-L-glutamic acid dimethyl ester (6), the side chain precursor to subject compound 1, was synthesized readily via reported bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid monoethyl ester (2). The side chain precursor 6 was alkylated by 6-(bromomethyl)-2,4-pteridinediamine (7). Subsequent ester hydrolysis then afforded 1. Antifolate and antitumor evaluation of 1 verses L1210 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and three tumor cell lines (L1210, S180, and HL60) showed it to be ineffective. Although compound 1 was very similar to aminopterin structurally, the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane ring system in place of the phenyl ring in the p-aminobenzoate moiety effectively negates the stoichiometric binding displayed by many classical DHFR inhibitors bearing appropriate aromatic ring systems in the side chain.
Spatial gossip and resource location protocols

The dynamic behavior of a network in which information is changing continuously over time requires robust and efficient mechanisms for keeping nodes updated about new information. Gossip protocols are mechanisms for this task in which nodes communicate with one another according to some underlying deterministic or randomized algorithm, exchanging information in each communication step. In a variety of contexts, the use of randomization to propagate information has been found to provide better reliability and scalability than more regimented deterministic approaches.In many settings, such as a cluster of distributed computing hosts, new information is generated at individual nodes, and is most "interesting" to nodes that are nearby. Thus, we propose distance-based propagation bounds as a performance measure for gossip mechanisms: a node at distance d from the origin of a new piece of information should be able to learn about this information with a delay that grows slowly with d, and is independent of the size of the network.For nodes arranged with uniform density in Euclidean space, we present natural gossip mechanisms, called spatial gossip, that satisfy such a guarantee: new information is spread to nodes at distance d, with high probability, in O(log1 + ed) time steps. Such a bound combines the desirable qualitative features of uniform gossip, in which information is spread with a delay that is logarithmic in the full network size, and deterministic flooding, in which information is spread with a delay that is linear in the distance and independent of the network size. Our mechanisms and their analysis resolve a conjecture of Demers et al. [1987].We further show an application of our gossip mechanisms to a basic resource location problem, in which nodes seek to rapidly learn the location of the nearest copy of a resource in a network. This problem, which is of considerable practical importance, can be solved by a very simple protocol using Spatial Gossip, whereas we can show that no protocol built on top of uniform gossip can inform nodes of their approximately nearest resource within poly-logarithmic time. The analysis relies on an additional useful property of spatial gossip, namely that information travels from its source to sinks along short paths not visiting points of the network far from the two nodes.
Studies of electron-molecule scattering at microelectronvolt energies using very-high-n Rydberg atoms.

Atoms in very high Rydberg states, $100\ensuremath{\lesssim}n\ensuremath{\lesssim}1100$, are used to investigate electron-molecule interactions at electron energies extending down to a few microelectronvolts. At such energies the cross section for electron capture by CC${\mathrm{l}}_{4}$ is observed to vary inversely with electron velocity, indicative of an $s$-wave process. Studies with the polar target C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$Cl suggest that dipole-supported states may be important in inelastic electron-polar molecule scattering at very low electron energies.
Simulation of Unsteady Incompressible Viscous Flow using Higher-Order Implicit Runge-Kutta Methods - Staggered Grid

A numerical method (SIMPLE DIRK method) for transient incompressible viscous flow simulation is presented. The proposed method can be used to achieve arbitrarily high order of accuracy in time discretization, which is otherwise limited to second order in the majority of currently available simulation techniques. A special class of implicit Runge-Kutta methods is used for time discretization in conjunction with the finite-volume based SIMPLE algorithm. The algorithm was tested by solving for the velocity field in a lid-driven square cavity. In the test case calculations, the power-law scheme of Patankar [2] was used for spatial discretization, and time discretization was performed using a second-order implicit Runge-Kutta method. Time evolution of the velocity profile along the cavity centerline was obtained from the proposed method and compared with that obtained from a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software program, FLUENT [3] using a second-order implicit time discretization scheme. Stea...
The palladium-catalyzed oxidative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols with molecular oxygen.

The oxidation of secondary alcohols is one of the most common and well-studied reactions in chemistry. Although excellent catalytic enantioselective methods exist for a variety of oxidation processes, such as epoxidation, dihydroxylation, and aziridination, it is surprising that there are relatively few catalytic enantioselective examples of the ubiquitous alcohol oxidation. In connection with a general program dealing with the discovery of new catalytic oxidation systems, we present herein the development of a catalytic oxidative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols that uses molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant (see Scheme 1).
Controlling structural failure modes during an impact in the presence of uncertainties

A methodology to enforce a given structural dynamic behavior during an impact while accounting for uncertainty is presented. The approach is based on locating structural fuses that weaken the structure locally and help enforce a deformation mode. The problem of enforcing the crushing of a tube impacting a rigid wall is chosen. In order to find the positions of the fuses, the method identifies distinct structural dynamic behaviors using designs of experiments and clustering techniques. The changes in behavior are studied with respect to variations of the fuse positions and random parameters, such as the thickness. Based on the probabilistic distributions, a measure of the likelihood of occurrence of global buckling is defined. The positions of the fuses are defined using an optimization problem in terms of the likelihood of global buckling and the amount of absorbed energy in the tube. A first formulation of the problem considers variability in the tube’s thickness only. A second formulation also accounts for uncertainties in the positions of the fuses.
Solution equilibria of Alizarin Red S with Al(III) and Ni(II)

Abstract The solution equilibria of Alizarin Red S (NaH2- ARS, or 9,10-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-2- anthracene sulphonic acid monosodium salt) with Al(III) and Ni(II) were investigated. A general procedure for speciation and the determination of equilibria was developed from work by Coleman. and Gampp. The results of the analyses gave a KH2 for NaH2ARS of 105.71. For the AI(III)/Na2- HARS equilibrium it was determined that a 1:2 complex was formed in solution with β2 = 1012.88. For the Ni(II)/NaH2ARS equilibrium two species exist, a 1:1 and a 1:2 complex with β1 = 105.35 and β2 = 1011.53.
The +CAL Algorithm Language

Summary form only given. Algorithms are different from programs and should not be described with programming languages. For example, algorithms are usually best described in terms of mathematical objects like sets and graphs instead of the primitive objects like bytes and integers provided by programming languages. +CAL is an algorithm language based on TLA+. A +CAL algorithm is translated to a TLA+ specification that can then be checked with the TLC model checker
New Mass and Mass-Mixing Angle Relations for Pseudoscalar Mesons

Abstract We study the origins of the inaccuracies of Schwinger's nonet mass, and the Sakurai mass-mixing angle, formulae for the pseudoscalar meson nonet, and suggest new versions of them, modified by the inclusion of the pseudoscalar decay constants. We use these new formulae to determine the pseudoscalar decay constants and mixing angle. The results obtained, f8/fπ=1.185±0.040, f9/fπ=1.095±0.020, fη/fπ=1.085±0.025, fη′/fπ=1.195±0.035, θ=(−21.4±1.0)°, are in excellent agreement with experiment.
On the Locality of Codeword Symbols

Consider a linear [n,k,d]q code C. We say that the ith coordinate of C has locality r , if the value at this coordinate can be recovered from accessing some other r coordinates of C. Data storage applications require codes with small redundancy, low locality for information coordinates, large distance, and low locality for parity coordinates. In this paper, we carry out an in-depth study of the relations between these parameters. We establish a tight bound for the redundancy n-k in terms of the message length, the distance, and the locality of information coordinates. We refer to codes attaining the bound as optimal. We prove some structure theorems about optimal codes, which are particularly strong for small distances. This gives a fairly complete picture of the tradeoffs between codewords length, worst case distance, and locality of information symbols. We then consider the locality of parity check symbols and erasure correction beyond worst case distance for optimal codes. Using our structure theorem, we obtain a tight bound for the locality of parity symbols possible in such codes for a broad class of parameter settings. We prove that there is a tradeoff between having good locality and the ability to correct erasures beyond the minimum distance.
The Effect of Current and Nickel Nitrate Concentration on the Deposition of Nickel Hydroxide Films

Nickel hydroxide is one of the most commonly used active materials for the positive electrode in rechargeable batteries. An electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance (EQCN) has been utilized to measure the mass of Ni(OH){sub 2} films electrochemically deposited from Ni(NO{sub 3}){sub 2} solutions. The objective of this work was to quantify electrochemical deposition as a function of deposition conditions. The changing mass recorded on the EQCN was demonstrated to be the result of Ni(OH){sub 2} deposition. Deposited mass was observed to increase proportionally with applied charge as suggested by previous investigators. Most significantly, the rate of deposition was found to decrease more than an order of magnitude as the Ni(NO{sub 3}){sub 2} concentration increased from 0.2 to 2.0M. The effect of concentration is shown to be related to NI(2) concentration as opposed to solution pH or NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} concentration. An empirical correlation is given to predict deposition rates in solutions ranging from 0.1 to 3.0M Ni(NO{sub 3}){sub 2} and at current densities ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 mA/cm{sup 2}. The decreased deposition rates in concentrated Ni(NO{sub 3}){sub 2} are attributed to the formation of intermediate species [e.g., NiOH{sup +} or Ni{sub 4}(OH){sub 4}{sup 4+}] which diffuse away from the reactionmore » interface before deposition can occur.« less
[2+2] Cycloadditions by Oxidative Visible Light Photocatalysis

Photochemical reactions are remarkable for their ability to easily assemble cyclobutanes and other strained ring systems that are difficult to construct using other conventional synthetic methods. We have previously shown that Ru(bpy)32+ is an efficient photocatalyst that promotes the [2+2] cycloadditions of electron-deficient olefins with visible light. Here, we show that Ru(bpy)32+ is also an effective photocatalyst for the [2+2] cycloaddition of electron-rich olefins. This transformation is enabled by the versatile photoelectrochemical properties of Ru(bpy)32+, which enables either one-electron reduction or one-electron oxidation of interesting organic substrates under appropriate conditions.
Synthesis of new phosphido-bridged dinitrosyliron-containing heteronuclear metal complexes

Abstract New phosphido-bridged, Fe(NO) 2 -containing heteronuclear metal complexes have been synthesized by bridge-assisted reactions. Thus, deprotonation of Fe(NO) 2 (PPh 2 H) 2 with n-BuLi to Li 2 [Fe(NO) 2 (PPh 2 ) 2 ], followed by treatment with Cp 2 MCl 2 (M = Zr, Ti), affords Cp 2 M(μ-PPh 2 ) 2 Fe(NO) 2 as air- stable, purple solids. Reaction of Fe(NO) 2 (PPh 2 H) 2 with cobaltocene in acetonitrile at reflux gives a dark green, air-sensitive solid that is provisionally formulated as Cp 2 Co 2 (μ-PPh 2 ) 2 Fe 2 (NO) 4 . Various attempts to obtain a mixed carbonyl-nitrosyl complex, (CO) 3 Fe(μ-PPh 2 ) 2 F e(NO) 2 , proved unsuccessful. All new complexes were characterized by a combination of elemental analysis, FAB mass spectrometry, and IR and 1 H and 31 P NMR spectroscopy.
Collisions of C60+· and C602+ at fluorinated and non-fluorinated self-assembled monolayer films

We report here the spectra that result when singly and doubly charged buckminsterfullerene ions, C& and Cg, collide with self-assembled monolayer films at collison energies ranging from 125 to 320 eV. The surfaces were prepared by the spontaneous assembly of octadecanethiol (CH3(CHz),7SH), perdeuteroeicosanethiol (CD,(CDz),$H), and 2-(perfluorooctyl)-ethanethiol (CF3(CFd7CH2CHZSH) on vapor-deposited gold. The fluorinated surface causes the greatest conversion of kinetic energy into internal energy; more extensive fragmentation of doubly charged buckminsterfullerene Cg is detected in collisions with this surface than in collisions with the alkanethiolate surfaces. Recent work by several groups has shown that lowenergy collisions between polyatomic ions and surfaces can produce fragmentation useful for structural characterization of ions.'-20 This technique, introduced and developed by Cooks and coworkers, is known as surface-induced dissociation (SID) and has been reviewed recently.' It has been shown that SID can produce relatively extensive fragmentation of species including ben~ene,'.~, 14, 19a.20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon^,'-^, 14, 19a and peptides;', lib. '', I& in the case of peptides, low-energy collisions with surfaces have been used to extract sequence information. Ion/surface collisions result in other phenomena as well, including chemical sputtering, charge exchange, and ionlsurface reactions. ' These phenomena can have an important influence on the products of iodsurface collisions; for, example, molecular ions of pyridine extract a hydrogen from some surfaces and fragment from an excited protonated species. ', l3 Moreover, processes such as charge exchange between the projectile and the surface can influence the product yields (through neutralization). SID is proving to be a useful tool in structural characterization problems because a significant fraction of the kinetic energy of impact is deposited into the projectile as internal energy. The fraction of kinetic energy converted to internal energy is relatively high, typically 12-15% for small molecules.' Thus, if the efficiency of energy transfer holds for larger species, SID may be a useful method for depositing relatively large amounts of energy into large or non-labile species with instruments that utilize low ion energies. A particularly intriguing feature of SID is that the efficiency of energy transfer appears to increase with projectile mass, based on a limited number of studies to date. Whetten and coworkers, for example, have estimated that as much as 35% of the kinetic energy is converted to internal energy when large alkali halide cluster ions
Stereoselective Synthesis of Disubstituted Naphthalene-1,2-oxides

Abstract Spiroepoxy naphthalenones, obtained from the stereoselective oxidation of 2-hydroxyalkyl-1-naphthols with sodium periodate, were converted to naphthalene-1,2-oxides by reaction with methyllithium followed by Payne rearrangement.
Application of a bayesian network to integrated circuit tester diagnosis

Research efforts to implement a Bayesian belief-network-based expert system to solve a real-world diagnostic problem – the diagnosis of integrated circuit (IC) testing machines – are described. The development of several models of the IC tester diagnostic problem in belief networks also is described, the implementation of one of these models using symbolic probabilistic inference (SPI) is outlined, and the difficulties and advantages encountered are discussed. It was observed that modeling with interdependencies in belief networks simplifies the knowledge engineering task for the IC tester diagnosis problem, by avoiding procedural knowledge and focusing on the diagnostic component’s interdependencies. Several general model frameworks evolved through knowledge engineering to capture diagnostic expertise that facilitated expanding and modifying the networks. However, model implementation was restricted to a small portion of the modeling, that of contact resistance failures, which were due to time limitations and inefficiencies in the prototype inference software we used. Further research is recommended to refine existing methods, in order to speed evaluation of the models created in this research. With this accomplished, a more complete diagnosis can be achieved.
Fast Prediction of Deterministic Functions Using Sparse Grid Experimental Designs

Random field models have been widely employed to develop a predictor of an expensive function based on observations from an experiment. The traditional framework for developing a predictor with random field models can fail due to the computational burden it requires. This problem is often seen in cases where the input of the expensive function is high dimensional. While many previous works have focused on developing an approximative predictor to resolve these issues, this article investigates a different solution mechanism. We demonstrate that when a general set of designs is employed, the resulting predictor is quick to compute and has reasonable accuracy. The fast computation of the predictor is made possible through an algorithm proposed by this work. This article also demonstrates methods to quickly evaluate the likelihood of the observations and describes some fast maximum likelihood estimates for unknown parameters of the random field. The computational savings can be several orders of magnitude whe...
Ultrasound Evaluation of Systolic Anterior Septal Motion in Patients With and Without Right Ventricular Volume Overload

Little information is available concerning the normal systolic pattern of movement of the interventricular septum in man. Accordingly, we studied 242 patients without clinical or catheterization evidence of right ventricular volume overload (RVVO) employing the ultrasound continuous recording technique. In the plane of the mitral valve, systolic anterior septal motion (SASM) was present in 111 patients; in 38 patients the septum did not move during systole while in 74 patients, septal motion was variably anterior and posterior during the same recording. Normal posterior septal motion occurred in only 19 patients. However, at or below the level of the chordae tendineae, 226 of the 242 patients (93%) had normal posterior septal motion. The other 16 patients had severely impaired left ventricular function. In 56 patients with RVVO, 34 had abnormal septal motion at the level of the chordae tendineae (24 with SASM, 7 with variable motion and 3 with no movement). To evaluate septal motion further, 100 normal su...
Concise, Biomimetic Total Synthesis of d,l-Marcfortine C.

Abstract A biomimetic total synthesis of the fungal metabolite marcfortine C utilizing an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction is described. In addition, a key stereoselective oxaziridine-mediated oxidation/pinacol rearrangement of indole 24 was used to complete the total synthesis.
An investigation of user-led system design: rational and political perspectives

Cet article etudie une application du concept de conception d'un tel systeme dans une compagnie d'assurance. A travers les methodes de recherche longitudinale, les evenements des processus de developpement sont decrits et interpretes dans 2 voies. La premiere interpretation fait ressortir les objectifs et methodes rationnels dans le developpement. La seconde interpretation de ces memes evenements identifie les schemas politiques. Ces deux perspectives coexistent et se complementent
Marshall's scale economies

Using panel data this paper estimates plant level production functions for machinery and high-tech industries that allow for scale externalities from other plants in the same industry locally and from the scale or diversity of local economic activity outside the own industry. The paper finds that the count of other own industry plants, representing a count of local information spillover sources, has strong productivity effects in high tech but not machinery industries. Single plant firms both benefit more from and generate greater external benefits than corporate plants, given their greater reliance on external environments. On dynamic externalities, high-tech single plant firms benefit also from the scale of past own industry activity. I find little evidence of economies from the diversity or scale of local economic activity outside the own industry.
University Planning: An Organization Model

Although colleges and universities claim to be involved in formal planning there is much obvious evidence to suggest otherwise. Planning is a complex procedure, the problems of which are compounded by a changing environment. All planning decisions should be based on research but again deficiencies are obvious in actual practice. Planning involves four phases: setting objectives, developing plans, integrating these plans into the decision process and adjusting the plans to environmental changes. A fundamental problem in university planning is the selection of the best organizational structure to expedite this activity. Such a model would make provision for a five stage process: localized planning, planning by committee, planning by an outside agency, institutional research and the establishment of a specific planning department.
3 + 2 CYCLOADDITION VIA A DIELS-ALDER/RETRO-DIELS-ALDER SEQUENCE : TANDEM CYCLOPENTADIENYL ANNULATION OF A 1,5-CYCLOOCTADIYNE SYNTHETIC EQUIVALENT

A novel method of synthesizing a 1,2-bis(ethano) bridged bis(cyclopentadienyl) compound, 6,13-diisopropylidenetricyclo[9.3.01,11.04,8]tetradeca-1(14),4,7,11-tetraene, 5, via a tandem Diels-Alder/retro-Diels-Alder sequence using a 1,5-cyclooctadiyne synthetic equivalent and 6,6-dimethylfulvene i is reported.
Permeability of a fracture with cylindrical asperities

The permeability of a rock fracture that is modeled as two smooth, parallel faces propped open by randomly located, uniformly sized cyclindrical asperities, is investigated. The viscous resistance due to the asperities is accounted for by an in-plane permeability coefficient, and a Brinkman-type equation is used to find the velocity distribution across the thickness of the fracture. The resulting simple closed-form expression for the permeability of the fracture reduces to the known result for flow between parallel plates as the concentration of asperities approaches zero, and reduces to the known result for long, parallel cylinders as the distance between the plates goes to infinity. The results also compare very well with experimental results from the literature, obtained from a mechanical model with the same parallel-plate and cylindrical-post geometry.
Hypermagnetic field effects in the thermal bath of chiral fermions

Abstract The dispersion relations for leptons in the symmetric phase of the electroweak model in the presence of a constant hypermagnetic field are investigated. The one-loop fermion self-energies are calculated in the lowest Landau level approximation and used to show that the hypermagnetic field forbids the generation of the “effective mass” found as a pole of the fermions' propagators at high temperature and zero fields. In the considered approximation leptons behave as massless particles propagating only along the direction of the external field. The reported results can be of interest for the cosmological implications of primordial hypermagnetic fields.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Quaternary Stereocenters via a Catalytic Asymmetric Stetter Reaction

A new electron-deficient chiral triazolium salt has been shown to catalyze the formation of quaternary stereocenters by an asymmetric intramolecular Stetter reaction. Pentafluorophenyl substitution on an aminoindanol-derived catalyst affords tertiary ether, thioether, and quaternary stereocenters in typically greater than 90% ee and very good chemical yield. Aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes are equally competent substrates for this reaction. The reaction proceeds at room temperature under mild conditions to provide quaternary stereocenters with functional group relationships that are particularly difficult to access by other methods.
Domains and domain nucleation in magnetron-sputtered CoCr thin films

The magnetic domain configurations in magnetron-sputtered CoCr thin films have been examined by Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. The thinnest (10 nm) films display in-plane 180 degrees domain walls, while thicker (50 nm) films exhibit out-of-plane dot-type domain structures. The dot domains were observed even in films that had not yet developed a columnar morphology. Intermediate thickness films show a featherlike contrast, indicating that both in-plane and out-of-plane magnetization components are present. Magnetization reversal is seen to occur by domain wall motion in films displaying in-plane anisotropy and by rotation for perpendicular anisotropy films. Intrinsic film stress was found to play a major role in determining the preferred magnetization direction, and thus the resulting magnetic domain configurations. >
Thermal spraying in japan

The two volumes of the proceedings of the 14th International National Thermal Spray Conference (22–26 May 1995, Kobe, Japan) contain 208 papers of which 78 were from Japanese authors. The proceedings (ISSN 1241-3074), entitled Thermal Spraying: Current Status and Future Trends, with Akira Ohmori as the editor, total 1226 pages and are available from the High Temperature Society of Japan, c/o Welding Research Institute of Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567, Japan. These abstracts present a unique snapshot of thermal spray research and development in Japan towards the end of the 20th century. The thirteen sections of the proceedings and corresponding breakdown of the Japanese contributors into these sections are presented in the table below.
Influence of Bubbles on the Turbulence Anisotropy

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) with interface tracking of turbulent bubbly flows is becoming a major tool in advancing our knowledge in the area of multiphase modeling research. A comprehensive analysis of the turbulent flow structure allows us to evaluate the state-of-the-art computational multiphase fluid dynamics (CMFD) models and to propose new closure laws. The presented research will demonstrate how the multiphase DNS data can inform the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. In particular, the Reynolds stress distribution will be evaluated for single- and two-phase bubbly flows and the level of turbulence anisotropy will be measured in several scenarios. The results will help determine if the isotropic turbulent models are suitable for bubbly flow applications or if there is a strong need to apply and develop Reynolds-stress turbulent models for two-phase flow CFD modeling.
Preparation of peptide thioacids using the Kaiser oxime resin

Abstract Peptide C-terminal thioacids are prepared with protecting groups intact by cleavage of peptides from Kaiser's oxime ester resin by treatment with hexamethyldisilathiane / tetrabutylammonium flouride. Such thioacids are useful for peptide fragment couplings.
Mechanisms underlying the stimulation of PTH release by GppNHp in permeabilized bovine parathyroid cells

We examined changes in cAMP and inositol phosphate metabolism to assess the contribution of the guanine nucleotide regulatory (G) protein(s) regulating adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C in mediating the stimulatory effects of GppNHp on PTH release from permeabilized bovine parathyroid cells. To examine the role of Gs, the G protein stimulating adenylate cyclase, and cAMP on PTH release, permeabilized cells were incubated with either GppNHp or isoproterenol, and the effects of these agents on PTH release and cellular cAMP content were determined by RIA. To study the effects of GppNHp on inositol phosphate accumulation, permeabilized cells prelabeled with [3H]inositol were exposed to GppNHp, and inositol phosphates were measured using ion-exchange chromatography. These studies revealed that isoproterenol produced a dose-dependent increment in cAMP content in permeabilized cells with no significant effect on PTH release. Conversely, GppNHp rapidly and markedly elevated PTH release with a smaller and delayed rise in cAMP content. GppNHp- also promoted a dose-dependent increase in inositol monophosphate (IP), inositol bisphosphate (IP2), and inositol trisphosphate (IP3) accumulation, suggesting activation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Addition of dioctanoylglycerol, however, a synthetic diacylglycerol (DG) that activates protein kinase C, produced a much smaller increment in PTH release than GppNHp. Moreover, reducing the free calcium concentration to less than 10(-9) M by adding 10 mM EGTA to the permeabilization medium dissociated the effects of GppNHp and DG on secretion, increasing GppNHp-stimulated PTH release while reducing PTH secretion evoked by DG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High quality mechanical and optical properties of commercial silicon nitride membranes

We have measured the optical and mechanical loss of commercial silicon nitride membranes. We find that 50nm thick, 1mm2 membranes have mechanical Q>106 at 293K, and Q>107 at 300mK, well above what has been observed in devices with comparable dimensions. The near-IR optical loss at 293K is less than 2×10−4. This combination of properties make these membranes attractive candidates for studying quantum effects in optomechanical systems.
The “Right Stuff”: Five nobel prize–winning surgeons

Alfred Nobel's will specified that his estate be placed in a fund, the interest of which was to be distributed on an annual basis “to those who during the preceeding year had conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901, and its receipt is widely regarded as one of the highest accolades in science. This article reflects upon five surgeons who have been recognized as worthy of this honor. They are Emil Theodore Kocher, Alexis Carrel, Frederick Grant Banting, Werner Theodor Otto Forssman, and Charles Brenton Huggins. By winning this coveted prize these men have elevated the discipline of surgery to the summit of the scientific world. We review their legacy as an inspirational reminder of what we, the future of surgery, are capable. (SURGERY 1990;108:71–80.) There is a most intimate interdependence of physiology, pathology and surgery. Without progress in physiology and pathology, surgery could advance but little, and surgery has paid its debt by contributing much to the knowledge of the pathologist and physiologist, never more than at the present time.1—William Stewart Halsted, 1904.
Relative centers and tensor products of tensor and braided fusion categories

Abstract In this paper we study the relative tensor product of module categories over braided fusion categories using, in part, the notion of the relative center of a bimodule category. In particular we investigate the canonical tensor category structure and braiding inherited by the relative tensor product when module categories are themselves tensor/braided. As a basic example we show that the category of representations of the fibre product of finite groups may be expressed in terms of the relative product and show how to multiply braided fusion categories arising from pre-metric groups. Also, we consider relative centers of braided fusion categories and look at the relative tensor product over Muger centers. We finish with an in-depth example hinting at a categorification of conjugacy classes for finite groups.
A lattice gas model for thermohydrodynamics

The lattice gas model is extended to include a temperature variable in order to study thermohydrodynamics, the combination of fluid dynamics and heat transfer. The compressible Navier-Stokes equations are derived using a Chapman-Enskog expansion. Heat conduction and convection problems are investigated, including Benard convection. It is shown that the usual rescaling procedure can be avoided by controlling the temperature.
The influence of backing and covering materials on the 2π-counting efficiencies of beta-particle sources

Abstract This paper describes Monte Carlo calculations and measurements of 2π-counting efficiencies of various types of beta-particle sources, including the following: (1) sources at the surface of electroplated foils: (2) sources incorporated into surface layers (with a thickness of a few μm) of anodized backing foils: (3) sources sandwiched between a backing foil and a covering mylar layer. The Monte Carlo results also include energy spectra and angular distributions of the emerging beta particles.
Collision risk management in geosynchronous orbit

A systematic method has been developed for managing long-term collision risk posed to operational satellites in geosynchronous orbit. Long-term collision risk reduction is achieved by proper selection of local collision probability thresholds that trigger actions to reduce risk. Such actions can be requests for more accurate orbital data, special sensor tasking, or collision avoidance maneuvers. The cost of collision risk reduction is measured by the frequency of actions taken to reduce the collision risk. This action frequency is dependent on the accuracy of the orbital data and the frequency of close approaches. A case study was performed for a set of satellites. The analysis used position error models for two-line element sets. A conjunction simulation was used to process approximately three years of archived orbital data, including publicly available two-line element sets, in order to generate conjunction statistics. From these results, a graphical representation called a χ-plot was generated. This plot permits the selection of thresholds as a function of total risk reduction and tolerable action frequency. Results of the study indicate that collision risk management in geosynchronous orbit can be very costly using data of insufficiently high accuracy, because data errors induce high action frequency for even modest amounts of collision risk reduction.
Internalities and Paternalism: Applying the Compensation Criterion to Multiple Selves across Time

One reason to call an activity a vice and suppress it is that it reduces a person’s future happiness more than it increases his present happiness. Gruber and Koszegi (Q J Econ 116(4):1261–1303, 2001) show how a vice tax can increase a person’s welfare in a model of multiple selves with hyperbolic preferences across time. The present paper shows that an interself analogy of the compensation criterion can justify a vice ban whether preferences are hyperbolic or exponential, but subject to the caveat that the person has a binding constraint on borrowing.
Fast simulated annealing

Abstract Simulated annealing is a stochastic strategy for searching the ground state. A fast simulated annealing (FSA) is a semi-local search and consists of occasional long jumps. The cooling schedule of the FSA algorithm is inversely linear in time which is fast compared with the classical simulated annealing (CSA) which is strictly a local search and requires the cooling schedule to be inversely proportional to the logarithmic function of time. A general D-dimensional Cauchy probability for generating the state is given. Proofs for both FSA and CSA are sketched. A double potential well is used to numerically illustrate both schemes.
A multicriteria approach to model specification and estimation

Abstract In decision theory, incommensurabilities among conflicting decision criteria are typically handled by multicriteria optimization methods such as Pareto efficiency and mean-variance analysis. In econometrics and statistics, where conflicting model criteria replace conflicting decision criteria. probability assessments are routinely used to transform disparate model discrepancy terms into apparently commensurable quantities. This tactic has both strengths and weaknesses. On the plus side, it permits the construction of a single real-valued measure of theory and data incompatibility in the form of a likelihood function or a posterior probability distribution. On the minus side, the amalgamation of conceptually distinct model discrepancy terms into a single real-valued incompatibility measure can make it difficult to untangle the true source of any diagnosed model specification problem. This paper discusses recent theoretical and empirical work on a multicriteria ‘flexible least squares” (FLS) approach to model specification and estimation. The basic FLS objective is to determine the “cost-efficient frontier’, that is, the set of estimates that are minimally incompatible with a specified set of model criteria. The relation of this work to previous work in econometrics, statistics, and system science is also clarified.
Drop formation from an orifice in an electric field

The use of an electric field to control the formation of small drops at an orifice in a circular disk was investigated. Water drops were formed in a pure cyclohexane continuous phase, in the pre-jetting regime using four different orifice diameters. Because of the application of high potentials (up to 1000 V/cm) and because the orifice plate produced a nonuniform field, drop volumes varied to as little as 20 times smaller than the drop volume for a zero-field case. The drops were ellipsoidal in shape, and droplet eccentricity increased dramatically with field intensity. A mathematical model was developed, based on the potential field between a disk (the orifice plate) and an infinite plate (the grounded screen). The electric force on the drop was calculated from the field intensity at discrete points around the periphery. Values for predicted drop volumes using this model and for experimental drop volumes agreed very well. 11 refs., 8 figs.
Nucleon Form Factors - A Jefferson Lab Perspective

The charge and magnetization distributions of the proton and neutron are encoded in their elastic electromagnetic form factors, which can be measured in elastic electron--nucleon scattering. By measuring the form factors, we probe the spatial distribution of the proton charge and magnetization, providing the most direct connection to the spatial distribution of quarks inside the proton. For decades, the form factors were probed through measurements of unpolarized elastic electron scattering, but by the 1980s, progress slowed dramatically due to the intrinsic limitations of the unpolarized measurements. Early measurements at several laboratories demonstrated the feasibility and power of measurements using polarization degrees of freedom to probe the spatial structure of the nucleon. A program of polarization measurements at Jefferson Lab led to a renaissance in the field of study, and significant new insight into the structure of matter.
Ab initio calculation of KLV Auger spectra in Si

We present an ab initio Green's-function formalism for predicting $\mathrm{CCV}$ Auger spectra for solids. The formalism takes into account core-hole screening, final-state interaction effects, and angular momentum dependence. It is applied to calculate the ${\mathrm{KL}}_{1}V$ and ${\mathrm{KL}}_{2,3}V$ Auger spectra for bulk silicon. We achieve fair agreement with high-resolution Auger experiments recently performed on silicon and gain a more quantitative understanding of the role of the final-state hole-hole interaction in Auger processes.
Dehn filling and the geometry of unknotting tunnels

Any one-cusped hyperbolic manifold M with an unknotting tunnel is obtained by Dehn filling a cusp of a two-cusped hyperbolic manifold. In the case where M is obtained by “generic” Dehn filling, we prove that is isotopic to a geodesic, and characterize whether is isotopic to an edge in the canonical decomposition of M . We also give explicit estimates (with additive error only) on the length of relative to a maximal cusp. These results give generic answers to three long-standing questions posed by Adams, Sakuma and Weeks. We also construct an explicit sequence of one-tunnel knots in S 3 , all of whose unknotting tunnels have length approaching infinity. 57M25, 57M50, 57R52