cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Sources of Error in the Oxygen Light and Dark Bottle Method1

Rates of oxygen uptake per bacterial cell in dark bottles containing bacteria but no phytoplankton were applied to the bacterial population of the dark bottle in two-day light and dark bottle experiments and showed that, in the temperature range 11–21°C, bacteria were responsible for 42.5% to 62.5% of the total respiration customarily attributed to the phytoplankton. Failure to correct for bacterial respiration results in “net photosynthesis” values that are erroneously low by the same amount. Large changes commonly occur in the bottled populations during a two-day light and dark bottle experiment: in 22 routine experiments diatoms in the light bottle increased an average of 264%/day and the total population increased 72%/day, while in the dark bottle flagellates and the total population usually decreased slightly. Respiration and net and gross photosynthesis per unit volume of water are therefore probably not the same inside and outside the bottles. The rapid multiplication of diatoms in the light bottle is due to an accelerated regeneration of nutrients by the bacteria attached to the bottle walls, as shown by comparison of diatom growth in water previously conditioned by bacteria with growth in water not so conditioned.
Welfare Measures in Dynamic Firm R&D Games

The present paper examines the welfare effects of a dynamic Research and Development (R&D) game at the firm level in a two-country, two-firm, intra-industry trade context. Economists do not use the trade balance as a measure of economic welfare, but it is often used in the public arena. The primary result of the paper is that the dynamic time path of social surplus and the trade balance do not track well together. This paper suggests that economists thinking about dynamic R&D games will have to defend imports as having a positive effect on social surplus regardless of trade balance effects.
A. F. Losev and mysticism in Russian philosophy

L'A. presente les analyses de Losev au XX e siecle sur la philosophie russe. A travers un expose historique de celle-ci, l'A. souligne sa caracteristique intuitive qui donne au mysticisme une place toute particuliere
Fossil fish teeth as proxies for seawater Sr and Nd isotopes

We analyzed Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of Neogene fossil fish teeth from two sites in the Pacific in order to determine the effect of cleaning protocols and burial diagenesis on the preservation of seawater isotopic values. Sr is incorporated into the teeth at the time of growth; thus Sr isotopes are potentially valuable for chemostratigraphy. Nd isotopes are potential conservative tracers of paleocirculation; however, Nd is incorporated post-mortem, and may record diagenetic pore waters rather than seawater. We evaluated samples from two sites (site 807A, Ontong Java Plateau and site 786A, Izu-Bonin Arc) that were exposed to similar bottom waters, but have distinct lithologies and pore water chemistries. The Sr isotopic values of the fish teeth appear to accurately reflect contemporaneous seawater at both sites. The excellent correlation between the Nd isotopic values of teeth from the two sites suggests that the Nd is incorporated while the teeth are in chemical equilibrium with seawater, and that the signal is preserved over geologic timescales and subsequent burial. These data also corroborate paleoseawater Nd isotopic compositions derived from Pacific ferromanganese crusts that were recovered from similar water depths (Ling et al., 1997). This corroboration strongly suggests that both materials preserve seawater Nd isotope values. Variations in Pacific deepwater eNd values are consistent with predictions for the shoaling of the Isthmus of Panama and the subsequent initiation of nonradiogenic North Atlantic Deep Water that entered the Pacific via the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
The homeobox gene mbx is involved in eye and tectum development.

Abstract The homeobox gene mbx is first activated at the end of gastrulation in zebrafish in the presumptive forebrain and midbrain region. During somitogenesis stages, the anterior expression of mbx , which partly overlaps the future eye field, gradually decreases, while midbrain expression intensifies and becomes restricted to the presumptive tectum. Knockdown of mbx expression by morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (mbx-MO) leads to a reduction in the size of the eyes and tectum. Expression domains of rx1 and pax6 in the eye field and of mab21l2 in the eye field and tectum anlage were reduced in size in mbx-MO-injected embryos by somitogenesis stages. Further, induction of islet1 and lim3 expression in the eye at 2 days postfertilization (dpf) was suppressed in mbx-MO-injected embryos. In mbx-MO-injected embryos at 2–5 dpf, the lamination of the eye was disorganized and the number of retinal axons was substantially reduced, but the few remaining axons navigated appropriately to the contralateral tectum. A chimeric protein composed of the Mbx DNA-binding domain and the VP16 activation domain affected eye and tectum development similarly to mbx-MO knockdown, suggesting that Mbx acts as a transcriptional repressor in the zebrafish embryo. Based on these data, we propose that the mbx homeobox gene is required for the development of the eyes and tectum.
The human apolipoprotein B 3' hypervariable region: detection of eight new alleles and comparisons of allele frequencies in blacks and whites

We investigated common length polymorphisms in the hypervariable region located 3′ to the human gene encoding apolipoprotein B (APOB 3′ HVR) as part of the “Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY)” study. PDAY is a multicenter study of young persons who died of external causes (accident, homicide, and suicide). The APOB 3′ HVR contains multiple copies of AT-rich tandem repeats (15bp) called hypervariable elements (HVE). Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify APOB sequences in hepatic DNA samples, we identified 22 different HVR alleles among 232 PDAY cases. In addition to 14 previously identified alleles, we detected 8 new alleles that had not been observed in population surveys. Of these new alleles, 7 were present only in black cases. We also examined distributions of HVR allele frequencies for blacks and whites. The frequency distributions for whites did not differ from those from previous studies of French populations (P=0.3811) and Austrian populations (P= 0.1885). In contrast, the allele frequency distribution for blacks differed from whites (P<0.001). Blacks had higher frequencies of smaller alleles (≤33 repeats) and larger alleles (≥37 repeats) than whites. We also sequenced specific HVR alleles to identify differences responsible for size variation. The most frequent alleles were identical in sequence to HVR alleles described in previous studies. However, one allele was not identical in sequence to an equivalent-sized allele from a previous study. In all likelihood, detection of sequence substitutions in the APOB 3′ HVR would result in an even greater amount of allelic variability than detected by size differences alone.
The relationship between participation and project outcomes: Evidence from rural water supply projects in India

Summary This study examines data collected at the household and village level in 45 villages in two water supply projects in India. Based upon the results of regression models, capital cost contribution and household involvement in decision making are both found to be independently significant predictors of village level measures of household satisfaction, equal access, and time savings. This suggests that projects should continue to encourage both contributions and household involvement in decision making from as many households within a village as possible. Neither form of participation is a significant predictor of whether households in a village pay tariff.
Magnetocaloric effect in ferrite nanoparticles

Abstract A comparative study of the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is reported in two different types of chemically synthesized magnetic nanoparticle systems—cobalt ferrite and manganese zinc ferrite with mean size around 5 and 15 nm, respectively. While CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using co-precipitation, the Mn0.68Zn0.25Fe2.07O4 (MZFO) nanoparticles were prepared by reverse micelle technique using AOT as surfactant. Our results indicate that the change in entropy with the change in applied magnetic field (dS/dH) is reasonably large for this class of nanoparticles and has a wide distribution over a broad temperature range covering the region above and below the blocking temperature. The maximum entropy change is influenced by the particle size, overall distribution in anisotropy and magnetic moments.
A laser ablation-atomic fluorescence technique for isotopically selective determination of lithium in solids

Abstract Laser ablation sampling combined with laser-excited atomic fluorescence has been used for isotopically selective measurements of lithium in a solid sample of lithium oxalate. The dye laser line (10 pm FWHM) was scanned across the 670 nm transition which had a 15 pm separation between isotopic fine components. The laser plasma was created by an excimer laser operating near the breakdown threshold in a low-pressure (10 mTorr) argon atmosphere. The plasma was probed by a dye laser at an optimal distance from the target surface (1 cm) and at optimal delay time (1.6 μs). The 7 Li/ 6 Li ratio (12.1) was determined with a reasonable precision (4% RSD) and was close to the typical natural abundance ratio of the two lithium isotopes (12.477).
The Transcription Factor δEF1 Is Inversely Expressed with Type II Collagen mRNA and Can Repress Col2a1 Promoter Activity in Transfected Chondrocytes

The regulation of Col2a1, which encodes type II collagen, likely results from a balance of both positive and negative proteins. Here we present evidence that the transcription factor δEF1 participates in the negative regulation ofCol2a1 transcription. A deletion analysis suggested that a region between −100 and −307 of the rat Col2a1 gene was required for activity in differentiating chick limb bud mesenchymal cells; however, mutation of a conserved E2 box site in this region actually increased promoter activity. Supershift analysis demonstrated that δEF1, a known transcriptional repressor, bound to the E2 box in a sequence-dependent manner. Chick limb bud mesenchymal cells, which do not express type II collagen, expressed abundant δEF1 mRNA, but, following differentiation in micromass culture, δEF1 mRNA expression was lost. Primary embryonic chick sternal chondrocytes, which express abundant type II collagen, displayed minimal levels of δEF1 mRNA. The inhibition of Col2a1transcription following treatment of chick sternal chondrocytes with growth factors was accompanied by increased δEF1 expression. Overexpression of δEF1 in differentiated chondrocytes resulted in decreased expression of a reporter construct containing a collagen II promoter/enhancer insert; however, this negative regulation was not dependent on the proximal E2 box. This is the first report of a specific transcription factor involved in the negative regulation ofCol2a1.
POSS-enhanced phase separation in air-processed P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction photovoltaic systems.

Nanoparticles have been shown in some cases to improve phase separation and morphology in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells. In this study, the effect of incorporation of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) molecules of different structures in air processed poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) films and photovoltaic cells was evaluated. Morphology and composition of the nanoscalephase-separated domains were determined via conductive atomic force microscopy in conjunction with nanomechanical mapping and Raman imaging. UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of the films was performed at different stages of the process and with different levels of solvent vapor and thermal annealing. It was found that POSS molecules of selected structures provided enhancement in morphology control in films, translating to improvements in fill factor and power conversion efficiency of laboratory-scale OPV cells. The findings indicate the poten...
Effects of trypsin treatment on the structure and function of solubilized coupling factor-latent ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei.

Abstract The effect of trypsin treatment on the solubilized coupling factorlatent ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei was studied. Maximal stimulation of ATPase activity by trypsin is accompanied by a decrease of about 20,000 daltons in molecular weight and a complete loss of the ability to rebind to depleted membranes. There is also conversion of the A subunit of the latent enzyme to an A″ form via an A′ intermediate. The increase in ATPase activity, loss of coupling factor activity, and loss of rebinding capacity changed in a different manner in response to partial degrees of trypsin activation, indicating that each of these functions may have a different structural requirement.
Single-Stitch Fixation of Coronary Artery Perfusion Cannulas

Abstract A relatively simple and safe method for fixation of coronary perfusion cannulas is described and illustrated.
Intra-individual variability in serum hepcidin precludes its use as a marker of iron status in hemodialysis patients

An accurate assessment of iron status in dialysis patients is important because both anemia and overtreatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents are associated with poor clinical outcomes. We have previously shown that both analytical and intra-individual (biological) variability in serum ferritin limits its utility as a proxy for iron stores in patients in this setting. As hepcidin is a direct regulator of iron status, its measurement might be useful for monitoring patients with iron dysregulation. We assessed short-term intra-individual variation of serum hepcidin in 28 patients with stable chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. The intra-individual variability for serum hepcidin ranged from 9–79% during an initial 2-week to 12–85% over a 6-week period. The concentration of serum hepcidin was significantly correlated with serum C-reactive protein levels over the 6-week study period. Hence, significant intra-individual variability of hepcidin is likely dependent on short-term fluctuations in the inflammatory state. Thus, our results suggest that short-term measurement of serum hepcidin should not be used to guide clinical decisions regarding management of iron status in chronic hemodialysis patients.
Common knowledge: reflections on narratives in community:

Drawing on ethnographic and narrative research with eighth grade students from rural New Hampshire, this article explores the rich complexity of narratives built in a communal context. In close-kni...
MEDULLARY AND SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE RESPONSES TO VESTIBULAR STIMULATION.

Abstract Responses to vestibular stimulation were recorded from the medullary, spinal, or both portions of the accessory nerve of decerebrate cats. The response consisted of a mixture of autonomic and somatic impulses, the latter particularly contributing to the size of the vestibular evoked activity. Dorsal root stimulation or ventroflexion of the neck strongly interfered with the spinal component of the response. The site of this proprioceptive, inhibitory action was mainly at the spinal level and only to a minor extent may have included supraspinal connections, via cerebellum and brainstem, acting upon the vestibular nuclear complex. The medullary or autonomic component of the accessory nerve response to vestibular stimulation was not under this inhibitory control. Thus, the stream of somatic impulses of importance for postural reflexes is constantly controlled and modified along the executive pathways, while autonomic impulses evoked by vestibular stimulation and given rise to the syndrome of motion sickness are not similarly influenced. The accessory nerves contain afferent fibers which cross the midline and make contact with the contralateral accessory nuclear complex but not with other motor cells within the ventral horn.
Genetic subtyping using cluster analysis

In this paper we (1) describe state-of-the-art methods to identify clusters in DNA sequence data for taxonomic analysis; (2) describe a new method with better scaling properties based on model-based clustering, and (3) present examples using the nucleoprotein and hemagglutin regions of influenza and the env and gag regions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Large eddy simulation of free-shear flows using an algebraic model

Large eddy simulation of the free-shear flows has been performed using an algebraic subgrid stress model. The test cases considered are the temporal planar jet and mixing layer. The results are compared with that of the Smagorinsky, dynamic Smagorinsky, mixed models and the DNS data. For the mean flow quantities none of the models perform exceptionally better over the others. However, both the algebraic and mixed models predict better statistics for the turbulent quantities than the linear models. The results also demonstrate the capability of the algebraic model in depicting backscatter of energy explicitly, which is consistent in both the cases considered.
A STUDY OF THE HERING-BREUER REFLEX.

1. Cutting one vagus nerve, while recording the pulmonary ventilation of each lung separately, has no unique effect on the ventilation of the denervated lung. Both lungs respond to unilateral vagotomy by an equivalent slowing and deepening of respiratory movement. 2. When the bronchus to one lung is blocked the first effect is a slowing and deepening of the respiratory movements recorded by the opposite lung. As oxygen want develops these movements become rapid and shallow. 3. With a combination of these two conditions, i.e., when the bronchus to one lung is blocked and its vagus nerve is severed, the pulmonary ventilation recorded by the opposite lung exhibits the same changes as may result from unilateral vagotomy alone, unaccompanied by occlusion of the bronchus. 4. From these facts it may be concluded that the slowing and deepening of breathing which follows unilateral vagotomy does not depend for its occurrence upon the passage of air in and out of the bronchus of the lung whose vagus nerve has been sectioned. 5. The slowing of respirations after occlusion of the bronchus to one lung and section of the corresponding vagus nerve still occurs even though the phrenic nerve on the same side has been divided. This indicates that the slowing of respirations following unilateral vagotomy does not depend on the movements of the diaphragm on the side of vagal section. 6. When the pulmonary artery to one lung has been ligated and the vagus nerve on the same side cut, the response of the other lung is the same as has been described, namely, its respiratory movements become slower and deeper. This is taken as evidence that the results of unilateral vagotomy are not dependent upon an intact pulmonary circulation. 7. The general conclusions from these experiments are that the slowing and deepening of respirations following unilateral vagotomy do not depend upon: (a) Passage of air in and out of the trachea. (b) Expansion and collapse of the lung. (c) Existence of a normal pulmonary circulation in the vagotomized lung. (d) Normal fluctuations in alveolar carbon dioxide tension, (e) Contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm on the side of vagotomy. 8. The slowing and deepening of respirations, alluded to, may be presumed to indicate that a normal reflex (the Hering-Breuer reflex) has been interrupted. Since this interruption occurs in spite of all the conditions enumerated under Paragraph 7, we must conclude that none of these conditions is essential to the existence of this reflex.
Obesity, cardiovascular fitness, and physically active adolescents’ motivations for activity: A self-determination theory approach

Abstract Objectives Overweight and obesity pose significant health problems for adolescents. Rates of overweight and obesity in children have increased 45% in the last decade and have increased three-fold since 1980. Because children who are physically active are at lower risk for the development of obesity, it is important to understand some of the factors that influence children’s physical activity patterns. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motivation, cardiorespiratory fitness, and weight status, defined as obese or non-obese. We predicted that the association between motivation and weight status would become non-significant when controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness. Design The study employed a correlational, cross-sectional design. Method Participants included physically active middle school students (N = 82. 51% female) of aged 12–14 years, who participated in the Teen Eating and Activity Mentoring in Schools (TEAMS) study aimed at improving health and preventing obesity among middle school students. Students completed attitudinal questionnaires about physical activity and self-determination on a computer-based system and participated in a number of fitness performance, health behavior, and anthropometric assessments. Results Non-obese adolescents showed higher intrinsic motivation scores than obese adolescents. Mediational analyses showed that cardiorespiratory fitness mediated the relationship between motivation and weight status. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate differences in physical activity motivation as a function of adolescent weight status, but only for intrinsic motivation. As predicted, adolescents who were intrinsically motivated for physical activity were more fit and thereby less likely to be obese. The findings are consistent with self-determination theory.
Cutaneous and respiratory evaporation in the painted quail, Excalfactoria chinensis, during ontogeny of thermoregulation.

Abstract 1. 1. Cutaneous evaporation exceeded respiratory evaporation at 25 and 35°C in both immature and adult painted quail, Excalfactoria chinensis . Evaporation by each pathway was greater in younger than in older quail. 2. 2. Rates of cutaneous evaporation may be influenced by skin permeability and plumage thickness. 3. 3. All metabolic heat at 25°C was dissipated by evaporation in hatchlings, precluding homeothermy. Cutaneous evaporation alone accounted for the loss of 70 per cent of endogenous heat, compared to 13 per cent in adults. 4. 4. Attainment of homeothermy thus represents decreasing rates of evaporation, especially from the skin, and increasing rates of metabolic heat production.
Critical age-related loss of cofactors of neuron cytochrome C oxidase reversed by estrogen

The mechanistic basis for the correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative disease is unclear, but evidence supports involvement of cytochrome C oxidase (CCO) deficits with age. Neurons isolated from the brains of 24 month and 9 month rats and cultured in common conditions provide a model of intrinsic neuronal aging. In situ CCO activity was decreased in 24 month neurons relative to 9 month neurons. Possible CCO-related deficits include holoenzyme activity, cofactor, and substrate. No difference was found between neurons from 24 month and 9 month rats in mitochondrial counts per neuron, CCO activity in submitochondrial particles, or basal respiration. Immunostaining for cytochrome C in individual mitochondria revealed an age-related deficit of this electron donor. 24 month neurons did not have adequate respiratory capacity to upregulate respiration after a glutamate stimulus, in spite of a two-fold upregulation of respiration seen in 9 month neurons. Respiration in 24 month neurons was inhibited by lower concentrations of potassium cyanide, suggesting a 50% deficit in functional enzyme in 24 month compared to 9 month neurons. In addition to cytochrome C, CCO requires cardiolipin to function. Staining with nonylacridine orange revealed an age-related deficit in cardiolipin. Treatment of 24 month neurons with 17-β-estradiol restored cardiolipin levels (10 ng/mL) and upregulated respiration under glutamate stress (1 pg/mL). Attempts to induce mitochondrial turnover by neuronal multiplication also rejuvenated CCO activity in 24 month neurons. These data suggest cytochrome C and cardiolipin levels are deficient in 24 month neurons, preventing normal upregulation of respiration needed for oxidative phosphorylation in response to stress. Furthermore, the data suggest this deficit can be corrected with estrogen treatment.
Overcoming the promotional bias in health care marketing: a human relations approach.

Abstract In recent years the health care industry in general and ambulatory care in specific has been in a state of intense competition. In an attempt to survive and prosper, many health related organizations have turned to marketing as a means of developing viable strategies. Unfortunately, all too often the marketing function is equated with advertising and promotion: a small subsection of what a total marketing effort should be. In this paper, means of overcoming this limitation will be discussed using a human relations approach.
Detecting CP violation in t→W+b decays

Abstract We define a particularly useful asymmetry in t→W+b decays, which is sensitive to non-standard sources of CP violation. Prospects for observation of the predicted asymmetry at a hadron collider are estimated. As an illustration, the asymmetry arising from loop diagrams involving the neutral Higgs bosons of a two-doublet Higgs model with CP-violating neutral sector is computed.
A comparative analysis of low temperature deformation in B2 aluminides

Abstract The microscopic and macroscopic deformation characteristics of three different classes of B2 aluminides have been studied: FeAl, NiAl and RuAl. Strain rate change experiments over the temperature range of −196 to 600°C reveal a high temperature sensitivity of the flow stress, high rate sensitivity and low activation areas for deformation in NiAl, in contrast to FeAl and RuAl. NiAl, like many other higher temperature B2 compounds, deforms by glide of 〈100〉 dislocations. The 〈100〉 dislocations are subject to frequent cross slip that constrains deformation and results in the formation of a high density of jogs and dipoles. Fe–40Al–0.2Zr, similar to other lower temperature B2 compounds, deforms by glide of relatively mobile 〈111〉 dislocations. RuAl displays unusual deformation characteristics for a compound with a high melting point of 2060°C. Following deformation, approximately equal densities of 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 dislocations are present on {110} planes over the range of temperatue investigated. The implications of these observations with respect to the ‘intrinsic deformability’ of B2 aluminides is discussed.
Alleles that modulate late life hearing in genetically heterogeneous mice

A genetically heterogeneous population of mice was tested for hearing at 8, 18, and 22 months by auditory brainstem response (ABR), and genotyped at 128 markers to identify loci that modulate late life hearing loss. Half of the test mice were exposed to noise for 2 hours at age 20 months. Polymorphisms affecting hearing at 18 months were noted on chromosomes 2, 3, 7, 10, and 15. Most of these loci had effects only on responses to 48 kHz stimuli, but a subset also influenced the auditory brainstem response at lower frequencies. Loci on chromosomes 4, 10, 12, and 14 had significant effects on hearing at 22 months in noise-exposed mice, and loci on chromosomes 10 and 11 had effects on mice not exposed to noise. Outer hair cell loss was modulated by polymorphisms on chromosomes 10, 11, 12, 17, and 19. Resistance to age-related hearing loss is thus modulated by a set of genetic effects, some age-specific, some frequency specific, some dependent on prior exposure to noise, and some of which compromise survival of cochlear hair cells.
Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty after Severe Notching of the Anterior Femoral Cortex

Anterior femoral cortex notching is a known complication of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In severe cases, notching may alter the mechanical properties of the distal femur. We report a patient with significant femoral notching and malpositioning of the femoral prosthesis after TKA, leading to unresolved postoperative pain, decreased range of motion, and functional disability. The severity of this lesion required the use of augments and an offset femoral stem for improved alignment during revision arthroplasty, which is described in this brief technical note.
Liberalism’s bad conscience

Lucas Swaine attempts to persuade theocrats of the value of liberty of conscience. But his promotion of principles of conscience for theocratic communities reveals a divided spirit in contemporary liberalism, which is torn between wanting to respect religion as it is and wanting to reform or liberalize it.
THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES IN RABBITS BY A SIMPLIFIED INTRATRACHEAL METHOD.

The method described of producing antibodies by the administration of antigens through the larynx is simple. The results obtained, however, conform closely to those obtained through intraperitoneal injection. The procedure is relatively a safe one and may well be employed in experimental inoculations. The advantages of rapidity and painlessness are obvious. In addition, gross injury has not been observed. Injections may be repeated at frequent intervals without danger to the life of the animal. The tube illustrated in Text-fig. 1 extends a little over 1 cm. into the trachea. The tube designed for the guinea pig reaches 2 or 3 mm. below the glottis. While the doses indicated in the protocols are small, 7 to 10 cc. of liquid have been given to rabbits by means of the tube without ill effects. It has been shown by the injection of India ink that the material is well distributed throughout the lungs in both the rabbit and guinea pig. Under certain conditions it may be advisable to inject more deeply into the trachea, especially in the rabbit. The tube illustrated in Text-fig. 1 is not adaptable for this purpose. A cannula of larger diameter has proved of distinct advantage as a shield for introducing flexible catheters well down the trachea. A cannula 9 cm. long and 4 mm. in diameter when bent at an angle of 45° may be passed through the larynx of a rabbit without difficulty. A No. 8 (French) woven or No. 10 soft rubber catheter may be inserted into the cannula beyond the bend before the tube is passed through the glottis. After the tube has entered the glottis the catheter then may be introduced as deeply as desired into the teachea. The metal cannula enables the operator to "feel" the glottis. From the experiments one seems justified in concluding that the results obtained by administering antigens by way of the trachea are about the same as those obtained by the intraperitoneal route. With the tubes described injury has been largely eliminated. The procedure is relatively a safe one.
Content addressable networks for initialization of backpropagation with zero error solutions

Content addressable networks (CANs) are efficient systems trained to perform discrete mappings of arbitrary accuracy. CAN networks learn backpropagation-like associations with an exact, error-free solution, and this solution may be used as a starting point for a backpropagation network by a straightforward conversion. The ability to initialize backpropagation quickly from a CAN solution is provided by the fast convergence rate of CAN networks, the efficiency of the intrinsically discrete CAN network components, the low costs of CAN implementation in optical and VLSI hardware, and the arbitrary accuracy of the zero-error CAN solution. A simulation demonstrating CAN initialization of backpropagation is included. >
Extending Type Inference to Variational Programs

Through the use of conditional compilation and related tools, many software projects can be used to generate a huge number of related programs. The problem of typing such variational software is difficult. The brute-force strategy of generating all variants and typing each one individually is: (1) usually infeasible for efficiency reasons and (2) produces results that do not map well to the underlying variational program. Recent research has focused mainly on efficiency and addressed only the problem of type checking. In this work we tackle the more general problem of variational type inference and introduce variational types to represent the result of typing a variational program. We introduce the variational lambda calculus (VLC) as a formal foundation for research on typing variational programs. We define a type system for VLC in which VLC expressions are mapped to correspondingly variational types. We show that the type system is correct by proving that the typing of expressions is preserved over the process of variation elimination, which eventually results in a plain lambda calculus expression and its corresponding type. We identify a set of equivalence rules for variational types and prove that the type unification problem modulo these equivalence rules is unitary and decidable; we also present a sound and complete unification algorithm. Based on the unification algorithm, the variational type inference algorithm is an extension of algorithm W. We show that it is sound and complete and computes principal types. We also consider the extension of VLC with sum types, a necessary feature for supporting variational data types, and demonstrate that the previous theoretical results also hold under this extension. Finally, we characterize the complexity of variational type inference and demonstrate the efficiency gains over the brute-force strategy.
Recent Developments in the Identification and Estimation of Production Functions of Skills

This paper summarises the literature on the estimation of production functions governing the process of skill formation. This literature focuses on attacking three problems. The first is the endogeneity of measures of investments. The second is the measurement error in skills and investments that are widely used in the literature. Endogeneity and measurement error produce, in general, inconsistent estimates. The third problem is the lack of a metric for tests designed to measure skills. The fact that scores have no cardinal meaning implies that the coefficients of the production function have no economic meaning. We show that anchoring test scores on outcomes that have a natural metric produces estimates that are economically interpretable.
Liquid Water Transport in Gas Diffusion Layer of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

High-current-density performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells ~PEFCs! is known to be limited by transport of reactants and products. In addition, at high current densities, excessive amount of water is generated and condenses, filling the pores of electrodes with liquid water, and hence limiting the reactant transport to active catalyst. This phenomenon known as ‘‘flooding’’ is an important limiting factor of PEFC performance. In this work, the governing physics of water transport in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic diffusion media is described along with one-dimensional analytical solutions of related transport processes. It is found that liquid water transport across the gas diffusion layer ~GDL! is controlled by capillary forces resulting from the gradient in phase saturation. A one-dimensional analytical solution of liquid water transport across the GDL is derived, and liquid saturation in excess of 10% is predicted for a local current density of 1.4 A/cm 2
Hedges enhance memory but inhibit retelling

We examined the effects of hedges and the discourse marker like on how people recalled specific details about precise quantities in spontaneous speech. We found that listeners treated hedged information differently from like-marked information, although both are thought to be indicators of uncertainty or vagueness. In addition, hedges had different effects depending on whether speakers were (1) retelling conversations to another person or (2) answering questions about material they had heard. When retelling to another person, listeners were more likely to report information that was either unmarked or marked with a like than hedged information (Experiment 1). Yet when answering questions by themselves, hedges enhanced memory for details, in comparison with likes (Experiment 2). Hedges appear to provide pragmatic cues about what information is reliable enough to repeat in a conversational context. But although hedged information may be left out, it is not forgotten.
Effect of anatomical variability on neural stimulation strength and focality in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and magnetic seizure therapy (MST)

We present a quantitative comparison of two metrics-neural stimulation strength and focality-in electrocon-vulsive therapy (ECT) and magnetic seizure therapy (MST) using finite-element method (FEM) simulation in a spherical head model. Five stimulation modalities were modeled, including bilateral ECT, unilateral ECT, focal electrically administered seizure therapy (FEAST), and MST with circular and double-cone coils, with stimulation parameters identical to those applied in clinical practice. We further examine the effect on the stimulation metrics of individual-, sex- and age-related variability in tissue layer thickness and conductivity. Neural stimulation by MST is shown to be more focal and superficial than ECT. This result suggests that it may be advantageous to reduce the current used in ECT. The stimulation strength in MST is also less sensitive to variations in head geometry and tissue conductivity than in ECT. Individualization of pulse amplitude in both ECT and MST could compensate for anatomical variability, which could lead to more consistent clinical outcomes.
Impaired Firing and Cell-Specific Compensation in Neurons Lacking Nav1.6 Sodium Channels

The ability of neurons to fire precise patterns of action potentials is critical for encoding inputs and efficiently driving target neurons. At the axon initial segment and nodes of Ranvier, where nerve impulses are generated and propagated, a high density of Na(v)1.2 sodium channels is developmentally replaced by Na(v)1.6 channels. In retinal ganglion cells (GCs), this isoform switch coincides with the developmental transition from single spikes to repetitive firing. Also, Na(v)1.6 channels are required for repetitive spiking in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. These previous observations suggest that the developmental appearance of Na(v)1.6 underlies the transition to repetitive spiking in GCs. To test this possibility, we recorded from GCs of med (Na(v)1.6-null) and wild-type mice during postnatal development. By postnatal day 18, when the switch to Na(v)1.6 at GC initial segments is normally complete, the maximal sustained and instantaneous firing rates were lower in med than in wild-type GCs, demonstrating that Na(v)1.6 channels are necessary to attain physiologically relevant firing frequencies in GCs. However, the firing impairment was milder than that reported previously in med Purkinje neurons, which prompted us to look for differences in compensatory sodium channel expression. Both Na(v)1.2 and Na(v)1.1 channels accumulated at initial segments and nodes of med GCs, sites normally occupied by Na(v)1.6. In med Purkinje cells, only Na(v)1.1 channels were found at initial segments, whereas in other brain regions, only Na(v)1.2 was detected at med initial segments and nodes. Thus, compensatory mechanisms in channel isoform distribution are cell specific, which likely results in different firing properties.
Earthquakes: Climate and intraplate shocks

The heartland of the United States lies within a tectonic plate, certain regions of which have experienced large and geologically recent earthquakes. Explanations for those events are still being sought.
Theoretical Remarks on a Phenomenological Model of Turbulent Mixing

Abstract In the pdf approach to turbulent combustion the molecular diffusion is to be modeled. In recent years, several authors have employed the Curl model (Curl, 1963) for closure. A modified version of the Curl model has been introduced by Pope (1982b). The modified model contains an unspecified function A∥α) [cf. Eq. (la)] which has been defined in the context of Monte-Carlo simulation. The paper Clarifies the physical meaning of this function by relating it to the physics of the initial phase of mixing of an inert scalar in homogeneous turbulence. A relationship is established between the modified Curl model and the linear mean square estimation closure introduced by Dopazo and O'Brien (1976). The asymptotic behavior of the pdf is discussed.
Do words facilitate object categorization in 9-month-old infants?

Abstract Previous research reveals that novel words highlight object categories for preschoolers and infants as young as 12 months. Three experiments extend these findings to 9-month-olds. Infants were familiarized to slides of animals (e.g., rabbits). Infants in theWordcondition heard infant-directed word phrases (“a rabbit”) and infants in theTonecondition heard tones. During familiarization, infants’ visual fixation was enhanced on trials with sounds (either words or tones), relative to silent trials. On test trials, a new exemplar from the familiar category (e.g., rabbit) was paired with a novel animal (e.g., pig). Infants in theWordcondition showed greater attention to novelty than those in theTonecondition. A third group of infants who heard content-filtered words responded similarly to infants in theWordcondition. Implications of the facilitative effects of words and content-filtered words on object categorization are discussed within a framework describing infants’ emerging appreciation of language over the first year of life.
A simple method for the absolute measurement of thermal conductivity of drill cuttings

We present a method for absolute measurement of thermal conductivity of drill cuttings. The simplicity of the apparatus makes it suitable for nondestructive use of cuttings and for sample sizes too small to be measured with a needle probe. Because the measurement is absolute, no calibration standards are required. Samples are placed in a Plexiglas cup with a lid containing an electric heat source. The base of the cup is placed in good thermal contact with an aluminum‐block heat sink. Upward and radial heat losses are minimized with styrofoam insulation surrounding the cup. The accuracy of the method was estimated by cross‐measurement of selected samples with a well‐calibrated needle probe. Results indicate that errors in measurement are less than 5 percent for sample conductivities greater than 0.8 W/m ⋅ K if the heat loss through the styrofoam insulation is accounted for. Reproducibility is typically within 3 percent. An axisymmetric finite‐element model which simulates the temperature distribution of th...
Evaluation of a Sibling-Mediated Imitation Intervention for Young Children with Autism.

Parents and peers have been successful at implementing interventions targeting social interactions in children with autism; however, few interventions have trained siblings as treatment providers. This study used a multiple-baseline design across six sibling dyads (four children with autism) to evaluate the efficacy of sibling-implemented reciprocal imitation training. All six typically developing siblings were able to learn and use contingent imitation, four of the six siblings were able to learn and use linguistic mapping, and all six siblings increased their use of at least one component of the imitation training procedure. Three of the four children with autism showed increases in overall imitation and all four showed evidence of increases in joint engagement. Parents and siblings reported high satisfaction with the intervention and ratings by naive observers indicated significant changes from pre- to post-treatment. These results suggest that sibling-implemented reciprocal imitation training may be a promising intervention for young children with autism.
Over what distance are plant volatiles bioactive? Estimating the spatial dimensions of attraction in an arthropod assemblage

As studies demonstrating attraction of natural enemies to synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) accumulate, it is becoming increasingly important to investigate how deployment of these compounds influences arthropod behavior and distribution in the field. There is currently an unexplained dichotomy in the literature regarding the distance over which HIPVs are thought to be effective. It is assumed that these compounds increase recruitment of natural enemies into fields, whereas experiments have found the effects of attraction to dissipate as little as 1.5 m from lures. Through the use of the common HIPV phenylethyl alcohol in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr (Fabaceae)] fields, we used replicated mini plots to test the spatial scale and consequences of attraction by analyzing the response of a complex arthropod community to HIPVs along a distance gradient from the HIPV source. Although repellent effects were more common than attractive ones, we found that insect responses to HIPVs are generally consistent out to a range of 8 m, corroborating the idea that volatiles can influence a wide area and are capable of increasing arthropod recruitment at a field scale. Evidence of redistribution (i.e., depletion of patches surrounding HIPV-augmented plots) was found for a single taxon, braconid wasps, for which augmentation occurred around the lure, but with a reciprocal decline in abundance at greater distances from the emission site. These results are both encouraging and cautionary. Although broad-scale diffusion of HIPVs appears to be common, redistribution of key predators and/or parasitoids may complicate natural enemy management on a landscape scale by aggravating pest outbreaks in areas robbed of their normal carnivore assemblage.
Role of the hydrophobic domain in targeting caveolin-1 to lipid droplets

Although caveolins normally reside in caveolae, they can accumulate on the surface of cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs). Here, we first provided support for our model that overaccumulation of caveolins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) diverts the proteins to nascent LDs budding from the ER. Next, we found that a mutant H-Ras, present on the cytoplasmic surface of the ER but lacking a hydrophobic peptide domain, did not accumulate on LDs. We used the fact that wild-type caveolin-1 accumulates in LDs after brefeldin A treatment or when linked to an ER retrieval motif to search for mutants defective in LD targeting. The hydrophobic domain, but no specific sequence therein, was required for LD targeting of caveolin-1. Certain Leu insertions blocked LD targeting, independently of hydrophobic domain length, but dependent on their position in the domain. We propose that proper packing of putative hydrophobic helices may be required for LD targeting of caveolin-1.
Modest Dietary Reductions in Blood Cholesterol Have Important Public Health Benefits

Large reductions in blood cholesterol produce major clinical and public health benefits. Based on extrapolations from randomized evidence, assuming no threshold, a 3% to 4% reduction in blood cholesterol would decrease risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) by 12%. If so, treating larger numbers of people at lower risk would yield greater reductions in CHD than treating smaller numbers at higher risk. High- and moderate-risk patients require evidence-based doses of high-potency statins, as adjuncts to dietary management and benefits to individuals are large and easily quantifiable in randomized trials. In low-risk patients, however, dietary modifications contribute to a public health benefit while that benefit to any individual is small. Thus, the hypothesis that modest dietary reductions in blood cholesterol have important public health benefits is easily quantifiable by extrapolation from existing data but impossible to test among randomized individuals, as the sample sizes and costs are prohibitively large.