cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of environmental performance of dietary patterns in the United States considering food nutrition and satiety

Abstract Food production substantially depletes the environment in different ways, but little is known about how overall dietary patterns relate to these environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental performance of different dietary patterns among U.S. adults using life cycle assessment (LCA). A “typical” dietary pattern was compared with those recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, including “healthy U.S.”, Mediterranean and lacto-ovo vegetarian. Supplemental functional units (FUs) were applied to incorporate the functions of food to provide nutrition and satiety, namely Nutrient Rich Foods Index 9.3 (NRF9.3), Nutritional Quality Index (NQI), and Fullness Factor™ (FF). Life cycle inventory data was collected for 14 food categories consisting of 76 component foods, and their midpoint environmental impacts were calculated, with particular focus on global warming potential. Diets in accordance with different patterns were constructed from selected component foods at a reference energy amount of 2000 kcal. Vegetarian diets on average generated the lowest carbon footprint regardless of the FU. However, large possible variations in the environmental profiles of the compared diets were identified due to the wide range of food choices within a pattern, which showed highly different nutrition and satiety scores even within the same food category. Animal products, including meat and dairy especially, and discretionary foods were identified as the specific food categories that contributed the most to the global warming potential. Discretionary foods consistently exhibited higher impacts on the basis of nutritional FUs due to their low nutrient density. The results can be implied as practical guidelines to help reduce the carbon footprint associated with current U.S. diets without compromising their nutritional adequacy and satiety.
A neo-configurational institutional analysis of international venture capital attractiveness and performance: insights for Asia-Pacific

Prior research suggests that market-supporting institutions are attractive to international venture capital (IVC), yet paradoxically VC firms increasingly invest in countries characterized by institutional weaknesses. In this study, we explore the institutional contexts that make countries attractive to IVC investment and favorable to IVC performance, thus illuminating the implied risk-reward tradeoffs in IVC firm location choice and ability to navigate institutional weaknesses. Utilizing fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), we find four distinct configurations of institutions associated with IVC attractiveness. Each configuration allows for some institutional weaknesses, enabling us to elaborate theory on institutional complementarities and substitutions that drive IVC investment. Further, we find that IVC firms have performed well even in countries with pervasive institutional weaknesses, suggesting that IVC firms may uniquely contribute to the success of new ventures in such institutional contexts. We discuss implications for theory and offer policy and managerial recommendations particularly relevant to IVC activity in the Asia-Pacific region.
Kcollections: A Fast and Efficient Library for K-mers.

K-mers form the backbone of many bioinformatic algorithms. They are, however, difficult to store and use efficiently because the number of k-mers increases exponentially as k increases. Many algorithms exist for compressed storage of kmers but suffer from slow insert times or are probabilistic resulting in false-positive k-mers. Furthermore, k-mer libraries usually specialize in associating specific values with k-mers such as a color in colored de Bruijn Graphs or k-mer count. We present kcollections 1 , a compressed and parallel data structure designed for k-mers generated from whole, assembled genomes. Kcollections is available for C++ and provides set-and maplike structures as well as a k-mer counting data structure all of which utilize parallel operations designed using a MapReduce paradigm. Additionally, we provide basic Python bindings for rapid prototyping. Kcollections makes developing bioinformatic algorithms simpler by abstracting away the tedious task of storing k-mers.
Effect of poly(dimethylsiloxane) binder in a silica-based superhydrophobic coating on mechanical properties, surface roughness, and wettability

This work investigates the influence of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) within a nanocomposite coating solution constituted by silica nanoparticles and toluene on mechanical properties, surface wettability, and surface morphology. The developed coating's hardness and elastic modulus were studied in detail. A variation in mechanical properties was observed as the amount of PDMS was varied. Also, the average surface roughness, skewness, and kurtosis values show the influence of the amount of PDMS on the surface roughness characteristics of the coating. Furthermore, it was observed that the water contact angles were linked with the proportion of PDMS.
Current Approach to Chronic Thromboembolic Disease Without Pulmonary Hypertension

Symptomatic chronic thromboembolic disease (CTED) is a recently recognized clinical entity characterized by exertional dyspnea and functional limitation due to chronic thromboembolic occlusions of the pulmonary vasculature without resting pulmonary hypertension. To arrive at this diagnosis, an extensive and detailed evaluation is required, including high-quality imaging of the pulmonary vasculature, right heart catheterization, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Carefully selected patients might be treated with surgical or percutaneous procedures at expert centers. In this chapter, we describe current concepts on symptomatic CTED, a practical approach to diagnosis and management, and gaps in knowledge.
Understanding the antiviral effects of RNAi-based therapy in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B infection.

The RNA interference (RNAi) drug ARC-520 was shown to be effective in reducing serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in HBeAg-positive patients treated with a single dose of ARC-520 and daily nucleosidic analogue (entecavir). To provide insights into HBV dynamics under ARC-520 treatment and its efficacy in blocking HBV DNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg production we developed a multi-compartmental pharmacokinetic–pharamacodynamic model and calibrated it with frequent measured HBV kinetic data. We showed that the time-dependent single dose ARC-520 efficacies in blocking HBsAg and HBeAg are more than 96% effective around day 1, and slowly wane to 50% in 1–4 months. The combined single dose ARC-520 and entecavir effect on HBV DNA was constant over time, with efficacy of more than 99.8%. The observed continuous HBV DNA decline is entecavir mediated, the strong but transient HBsAg and HBeAg decays are ARC-520 mediated. The modeling framework may help assess ongoing RNAi drug development for hepatitis B virus infection.
The stability of an isolate of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage in aerosols is similar to three earlier isolates.

BACKGROUND: Our laboratory previously examined the influence of environmental conditions on the stability of an early isolate of SARS-CoV-2 (hCoV-19/USA/WA-1/2020) in aerosols generated from culture medium or simulated saliva. However, genetic differences have emerged among SARS-CoV-2 lineages, and it is possible that these differences may affect environmental stability and the potential for aerosol transmission. METHODS: The influence of temperature, relative humidity, and simulated sunlight on the decay of four SARS-CoV-2 isolates in aerosols, including one belonging to the recently emerged B.1.1.7 lineage, were compared in a rotating drum chamber. Aerosols were generated from simulated respiratory tract lining fluid to represent aerosols originating from the deep lung. RESULTS: No differences in the stability of the isolates were observed in the absence of simulated sunlight at either 20°C or 40°C. However, a small but statistically significant difference in the stability was observed between some isolates in simulated sunlight at 20°C and 20% relative humidity. . CONCLUSIONS: The stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols does not vary greatly among currently circulating lineages, including B.1.1.7, suggesting that the increased transmissibility associated with recent SARS-CoV-2 lineages is not due to enhanced survival in the environment.
Keeper: A Synchronous Online Conversation Environment Informed by In-Person Facilitation Practices

Facilitation, or the craft and use of specific tools, methods, and practices to influence the way groups gather and converse to reach a goal, requires the nuanced craft of a facilitator to guide complex conversations. Online gathering spaces are often designed with neither the facilitator’s knowledge nor the range of tools their methods require, making online facilitation difficult. In this paper, we describe the design and evaluation of Keeper – an online video call extension environment – informed by the widespread, foundational facilitation method of Circle practice. We define three initial facilitator-driven goals of the platform: 1) enable tone setting, 2) ease the practice and smoothness of online conversation, and 3) improve social presence. After a qualitative study with 72 participants, semi-structured interviews with facilitators, and an RCT with 100 participants, we observe improved tone setting and ease of conversation and suggest several ways to further pursue improved online conversation.
Macphail (1987) Revisited: Pigeons Have Much Cognitive Behavior in Common With Humans

The hypothesis proposed by Macphail (1987) is that differences in intelligent behavior thought to distinguish different species were likely attributed to differences in the context of the tasks being used. Once one corrects for differences in sensory input, motor output, and incentive, it is likely that all vertebrate animals have comparable intellectual abilities. In the present article I suggest a number of tests of this hypothesis with pigeons. In each case, the evidence suggests that either there is evidence for the cognitive behavior, or the pigeons suffer from biases similar to those of humans. Thus, Macphail's hypothesis offers a challenge to researchers to find the appropriate conditions to bring out in the animal the cognitive ability being tested.
Benchmark Data for Evaluation of NASA Impedance Eduction Methods

Results achieved with three acoustic liner configurations are used to evaluate the effects of recent modifications to the NASA Normal Incidence Tube and Grazing Flow Impedance Tube. These include a calibration liner, a wire mesh liner, and a perforate liner. The effects of source type, source level, and mean flow Mach number on the impedances educed with these liners are explored. Existing models are used to predict the impedance for each test condition and are compared with educed impedance spectra to determine their validity. The results suggest that educed impedances are similar for either a stepped sine or swept sine source. The predicted models are acceptable for the perforate liner and are quite good for the calibration and wire mesh liners.
The Effects of Exclusive Walking on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Women with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective To evaluate the effects of walking, independent of diet and weight-loss, on lipids and lipoproteins in women with overweight and obesity. Data source Academic Search Complete, Alternative Health Watch, Global Health, Health Source, CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SportDiscus, and ProQuest. Study inclusion and exclusion criteria (1) experiment-control design; (2) women with overweight or obesity; (3) walking as the experiment's independent variable; (4) four or more weeks; and (5) pre- to post-assessment of lipids and/or lipoproteins. Excluded studies reported use of lipid-lowering medication, diet or other modes of physical activity, and alternative interventions as the control. Data extraction Data extraction and study quality were completed by the first 2 authors using the Cochrane review protocol and risk of bias assessment. Data synthesis Raw mean difference between the experiment and control groups using a random effects model. Results Meta-analyses of 21 interventions (N = 1129) demonstrated exclusive walking improves total cholesterol (raw mean difference = 6.67 mg/dL, P = .04) and low-density lipoproteins (raw mean difference = 7.38 mg/dL, P = .04). Greater improvement in total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins existed in women with obesity. Conclusions Exclusive walking aids in normalizing total cholesterol and LDLs in women with overweight and obesity. Exclusive walking can be used as a non-pharmacologic therapy, which may have positive clinical outcomes for individuals who especially struggle with diet and weight-reduction.
Ancient Persia: Mechanics of Empire

Kings, Queens, and the Royal Court The power and importance of the King is a recurring theme throughout the book, and the particular ideology that evolved from and shaped the King’s status will be discussed in a separate section (pp. 147–151). The King of kings was the sun around whom all else revolved. From his physical stature to his dress and presentation, all was carefully managed and controlled to highlight his august position. The King’s robe and accoutrements marked him from others, mainly by a special type of crown, a tiara called in Greek the kidaris . Most of our descriptive evidence comes from Greek sources, though the archaeological record – especially the sculptures from Persepolis – is of course of critical importance. Quintus Curtius Rufus (3.3.17–19) describes the King’s elaborate attire as including a purple tunic interwoven with white, a gold-embroidered cloak, and a gold belt from which he often wore a special dagger, called in Greek an akinakes . This dagger was one of Elamite-style, suggesting a carryover from the preceding period; remains of two scabbards have been found in Central Asia. Garb and accessories would differ, of course, depending on the occasion and whatever function (ceremonial, military, cultic) in which the King was engaged at that time. Some elements of the King’s wardrobe were not unique to him, such as the akinakes (Figure 6.1), the wearing of which signaled royal favor. The King and members of the nobility also frequently wore false beards and are portrayed with such in the iconography, a tradition that was very old. The King’s beard, though, was generally longer and more elaborate than others.
Periodate-induced lymphocyte transformation. V. Inhibition of periodate-induced transformation of human peripheral lymphocytes with aldehyde-blocking agents.

Abstract Periodate (IO4−) is a non-specific mitogen for lymphocytes. Previous studies have shown that the conditions necessary for optimal IO4− transformation are those which favor the oxidation of 1,2-glycols to aldehydes. Exposure of human peripheral lymphocytes to the aldehyde-blocking agents thiocarbohydrazide, hydroxylamine, dimedone, or sodium borohydride following (but not preceding) IO4− treatment significantly reduces the transformation. The ability of hydroxylamine and borohydride to block transformation persists for at least 24 h after the IO4− treatment in contrast to thiocarbohydrazide and dimedone which show a reduced blocking after incubation of 8 h and 2 h respectively.
Language identification program for metadata records

We present herein a language identifier developed for metadata records. Trained with European Parallel Corpora, this program can distinguish English metadata records from those of other languages. We evaluated the program's accuracy with a test collection of 800 metadata records and compared the program's accuracy to that of an open-source language identification program.
Cold Stress-Induced Disease Resistance (SIDR): indirect effects of low temperatures on host-pathogen interactions and disease progress in the grapevine powdery mildew pathosystem

Erysiphe necator is an obligate biotroph capable of infecting three genera within the Vitaceae (Vitis, Parthenocissus, and Ampelopsis). The pathogen inhabits a niche unique to most powdery mildews, i.e., wholly external mycelial growth supported by haustoria within the subtending host epidermal cells. This growth habit coupled with its biotrophic reliance on the host makes E. necator sensitive to both direct effects of abiotic stresses on the pathogen and indirect abiotic effects via the host responses. Development of the pathogen during acute cold events (e.g., 1 h at 4 °C) results in death of hyphal segments and a prolonged latency, an effect further increased by the development of ontogenic resistance as epidermal tissues of leaves and berries age. Acute cold events can also stress the host prior to the arrival of the pathogen, and thereby reduce susceptibility to infection via cold Stress-Induced Disease Resistance (SIDR), a recently described phenomenon. This effect requires approximately 24 h post-cold before maximal resistance effect occurs, and is also transient in that the effect diminishes to a basal level within 48 h after exposure. Although the phenotypic responses to cold SIDR may be similar to those observed on ontogenically-resistant leaves, the effects of cold SIDR and ontogenic resistance are additive. Sufficient tools are now available for investigating the mechanistic basis of cold SIDR. While pathosystems involving obligate biotrophs complicate research on direct and indirect environmental effects on the pathogen, this requisite interaction also creates interesting systems to understand how the condition of the host may influence subsequent disease development. At the population level, the effects of repeated cold events have profound effects on the nature of epidemic progress and implications for management of grape powdery mildew. The objective in this review is to summarize our current knowledge regarding the indirect and consequential effects of low temperature on the development of grapevine powdery mildew.
Implant wear induced inflammation is mitigated in CX3CR1−/− mice

Wear debris-induced monocyte recruitment plays a key role in the formation of chronic periprosthetic tissue inflammation associated with aseptic loosening. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role(s) of chemokine receptor CX3CR1 in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particle-induced tissue inflammation using a murine air pouch model developed in CX3CR1 knockout (CX3CR1−/−) mice. UHMWPE debris or saline were introduced into established air pouches on CX3CR1−/− and CX3CR1+/+ mice. Pouch tissues were collected 7 days after UHMWPE inoculation. Results showed that UHMWPE stimulation induced strong pouch tissue inflammation in CX3CR1+/+ mice, as manifested by inflammatory cellular infiltration (mainly macrophages), pouch tissue proliferation, and increased gene expression of IL-1s and TNFα. UHMWPE-induced inflammation was significantly mitigated in CX3CR1−/− mice, as manifested by reduction of tissue inflammation (pouch thickness and cell density), inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1s and TNFα) and macrophage accumulation. The observations support the hypothesis that the activation of the CX3CR1 chemokine pathway contributes to the severity of UHMWPE particle-induced tissue inflammation, and suggests that CX3CR1 signaling is involved in the recruitment of monocytes to the wear debris-containing inflammatory tissues. Blocking of CX3CR1 pathway may represent a viable therapeutic approach to the prevention and treatment of patients with aseptic loosening. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1037–1043, 2014.
Congenital Fibrosarcoma with Metastasis in a Fetus

It is well known that congenital or infantile fibrosarcoma has a much less aggressive behavior than fibrosarcoma in adults, and it rarely metastasizes. We report a case of congenital fibrosarcoma in a 26-wk-old fetus, the diagnosis of which was made by an in utero needle core biopsy. Metastatic tumors were identified at autopsy when the pregnancy was terminated 3 wk later. English literature of metastatic congenital fibrosarcoma was also reviewed.
Effects of levels of audiogenic-seizure susceptibility on endocrine function of rats

Abstract The present study searched for relationships and correlations between the respective level of individual audiogenic-seizure susceptibility patterns and metabolic and endocrine differences in seizure-susceptible vs. resistant animals. Immature, female Wistar rats were subjected to high intensity alarm bell stress (115–120) db and scored for variations in intensity and frequency of behavioral reactions (i.e., wild-running seizures and convulsions, for 5 min, at 4 equally spaced occasions during a 2-week testing period. Recording of fecal pellet counts, urine excretion volumes, O 2 consumption and subsequent organ weight differences noted after autopsy at the end of a following 2-week period, revealed significant increases in fecal and urinary elimination rates of the seizure-susceptible rats; significant increases in the relative adrenal weights were, likewise, accompanied by corresponding increases in adrenal ascorbic acid content per gland and significant decreases in the thymus weights of the seizure-susceptible rats. The greatest percent differences and degree of changes were noted in the most highly susceptible rats which suffered wild-running seizures and convulsive attacks at all 4 testing trials. The addition and inclusion of less susceptible animals in the group analyses consistently caused a diminution in the level of differences between the most highly susceptible group and the resistant-control group. The range and differences in adrenal, thymus and ascorbic acid values of the most susceptible rats (Group 1) vs. total susceptible (Group 1, 2 and 3) vs. the seizure-resistant control group suggest a direct relationship of adrenal function to the level of seizure susceptibility. The difference in fecal pellet counts and urine excretion values, similarly afforded evidence of alteration in food metabolism and excretory reflexes of the susceptible animals.
Scintillation at Two Optical Frequencies

Stellar scintillation data were obtained on a single night at a variety of zenith distances and azimuths, using a photon-counting photometer recording at 100 Hz simultaneously at wavelengths of 0.475 microm and 0.870 microm. Orientable apertures of 42-cm diam separated by 1 m were used to establish the average upper atmosphere wind direction and velocity. Dispersion in the earth's atmosphere separate the average optical paths at the two wavelengths, permitting a reconstruction of the spatial cross-correlation function for scintillations, independent of assumptions about differential fluid motions. Although there is clear evidence of a complicated velocity field, scintillation power was predominantly produced by levels at pressures of 130 +/- 30 mbar. The data are not grossly inconsistent with layers of isotropic Kolmogorov turbulence, but there is some evidence for deviation from the Kolmogorov spectral index and/or anisotropy.
An Examination of AACSB Member School Processes for Evaluating Intellectual Contributions and Academic and Professional Qualifications of Faculty.

Section 3, Standards 2 and 10 of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) International's 2008 revised Eligibility Procedures and Standards for Business Accreditation addressed the expectations regarding the intellectual contributions of business school faculty and faculty qualifications. To assess the extent to which AACSB International member schools comprehend these 2 critical standards, the authors surveyed deans from 560 AACSB International member schools in the United States regarding the expectations and processes in place at their institutions to ensure compliance with them. The authors received usable responses from 177 (32%) people of those surveyed in the allotted timeframe. The results point to areas of concern with respect to interpretation of both of these standards.
Future Directions in Myoma Research

This article highlights our current knowledge of fibroids and addresses future directions for fibroid research and treatment over the next decade. The available data on cytogenetics are discussed, in addition to discoveries into signaling pathways and second messenger molecules in leiomyomas. Current medical management, surgical trends and the barriers to transition to minimally invasive procedures are summarized. Innovations in genetic diagnosis and interventional radiologic-aided therapies may revolutionize therapy for certain populations of patients who have fibroids. From tissue-specific medical management, to minimally invasive surgical techniques, to pharmacogenetics, the current directions of fibroid research are leading us to an exciting new frontier.
Function of the KKXX Motif in Endoplasmic Reticulum Retrieval of a Transmembrane Protein Depends on the Length and Structure of the Cytoplasmic Domain

Transmembrane glycoproteins with type 1 topology can be retrieved to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by a retrieval signal containing a di-lysine (KK) motif near the C terminus. To investigate the structural requirements for ER retrieval, we have constructed mutants of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope (Env) protein with cytoplasmic tails of different lengths and containing a KK motif at the −3 and −4 positions. Such proteins were found to be retained intracellularly when the signal was located 18 amino acids or more away from the membrane spanning domain. The retrieval signal was found to be functional even when placed at the distal end of the wild-type SIV Env protein with 164 amino acids in the cytoplasmic tail, as shown by the lack of proteolytic processing and lack of cell surface expression of the mutant proteins. However, proteins with a cytoplasmic tail length of 13 amino acids or less having the di-lysine motif at the −3 and −4 positions were not retrieved to the ER since they were found to be processed and transported to the cell surface. The surface-expressed proteins were found to be functional in inducing cell fusion, whereas the proteins retained intracellularly were defective in fusion activity. We also found that the KK motif introduced near an amphipathic helical region in the cytoplasmic tail was not functional. These results demonstrate that the ability of the KK motif to cause protein retrieval and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum depends on the length and structure of the cytoplasmic domain. The ER retrieval of the mutant proteins was found to correlate with increased intracellular binding to β COP proteins.
The rise of a global garment industry and the reimagination of worker solidarity

■ In 1996, Bill Roseberry published an article in American Anthropologist entitled 'The Rise of Yuppie Coffees and the Reimagination of Class in the United States'. In it, he explored the connections that linked the rise of specialty coffees marketed at Zabars and Starbucks to new class configurations of consumerism in the US and to new production arrangements in the coffee-producing countries. The article seeks to apply this approach to the analysis of another commodity chain: that of apparel. It explains how recent changes in the global apparel industry are shaped by power and experienced by workers and consumers. It seeks to bridge the divide between industrialized and developing nations by showing the commonalities (as well as differences) experienced by the industry's workers in the US and abroad. And it shows how global production patterns have given rise to global resistance strategies, as workers forge bonds with social movements outside of the factory and develop transnational alliances. In the spirit of Roseberry's work, this account seeks to meld cultural analysis with political economy, and to attend to historical contingency, without losing sight of corporate and state power.
Early participation in the American College and University Presidents' Climate Commitment

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze those US campuses that became signatories of the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) during the charter membership period of December 2006 through September 15, 2007.Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on literature in organizational change, organizational learning, and innovation diffusion to develop a tentative idea as to what types of campuses might be most likely to be climate change innovators. It then characterizes signatory campuses with respect to such variables as their size, location, and type.Findings – The paper shows that there is no typical signatory among the 379 ACUPCC charter members. Many types of institutions, public and private, small and large, and located throughout the USA, have pledged to become climate neutral through this commitment.Practical implications – Understanding more about how USA higher education is responding to global climate change is an important component of ...
Mitochondria attached to desmosomes in the ciliary epithelia of human, monkey, and rabbit eyes.

In the normal ciliary epithelia of the rhesus monkey, owl monkey, albino rabbit, and human eye, a previously unreported relationship exists between mitochondria and certain desmosomes. At these sites, two mitochondria appear like “sentinels” attached to the cytoplasmic surfaces of their respective sides of a desmosome. In other instances, only one side of the junction may be afforded an associated mitochondrion. In each case the cytoplasmic filaments of the desmosome are seen to blend with the outer membrane of the mitochondrion. The relationship between desmosomes and mitochondria in the ciliary epithelium is unique among ocular tissues. A survey of ocular epithelia in the various species examined, failed to give any evidence of similar junctional/organelle complexes. Various functional roles for this relationship are discussed including the possibility that the mitochondria could control the cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration in the microenvironment of their associated desmosomal junctions.
DBMS: Lessons from the first 50 years, speculations for the next 50

Some of the major themes in DBMS research appeared in the computer science literature as early as 50 years ago. The community has had a very productive time over the past 50 years exploring these themes, in the process contributing to a major software industry and creating a large and vibrant research community. I will give a subjective and probably highly biased view of these themes and why they have been so persistent, and speculate on how they might continue to persist in the future. While we will probably continue to be productive over the next 50 years as well, there are reasons for concern going forward. I will close with some speculation on what we might do to deal with this.
Substitutions of aspartate 378 in the phosphorylation domain of the yeast PMA1 H+-ATPase disrupt protein folding and biogenesis

There is strong evidence that Asp-378 of the yeast PMA1 ATPase plays an essential role in ATP hydrolysis by forming a covalent beta-aspartyl phosphate reaction intermediate. In this study, Asp-378 was replaced by Asn, Ser, and Glu, and the mutant ATPases were expressed in a temperature-sensitive secretion-deficient strain (sec6-4) that allowed their properties to be examined. Although all three mutant proteins were produced at nearly normal levels and remained stable for at least 2 h at 37 degrees C, they failed to travel to the vesicles that serve as immediate precursors of the plasma membrane; instead, they became arrested at an earlier step of the secretory pathway. A closer look at the mutant proteins revealed that they were firmly inserted into the bilayer and were not released by washing with high salt, urea, or sodium carbonate (pH 11), treatments commonly used to strip nonintegral proteins from membranes. However, all three mutant ATPases were extremely sensitive to digestion by trypsin, pointing to a marked abnormality in protein folding. Furthermore, in contrast to the wild-type enzyme, the mutant ATPases could not be protected against trypsinolysis by ligands such as MgATP, MgADP, or inorganic orthovanadate. Thus, Asp-378 functions in an unexpectedly complex way during the acquisition of a mature structure by the yeast PMA1 ATPase.
Spectral density method in the perturbed angular correlation measurements

Abstract Using the techniques of random signal analysis we have calculated the frequency spectra of the perturbed angular correlation measurements. The frequency spectra contain “resonances” whose positions are determined by the hyperfine interactions. In the absence of relaxations, line width of a resonance is just the natural line-width of the nuclear state. For various perturbation parameters meters numerical results are presented.
Are Slow Travel and Slow Tourism Misfits, Compadres or Different Genres?

At first glance, differentiating slow travel from slow tourism might appear to be predominantly a question of semantics, or at best an opinionated debate about minor differences between the two qualitative conceptualizations. We beg to differ, and hope to provide more substantive points of note that will advance the theoretical discourse that surrounds these two alternative, sustainable tourism genres. Both ideas arise out of the Italy-born, Slow Food Movement's emergence as an antithesis to the 'fast life' of modern society. Beyond this commonality, the two are offered as alternatives to mass tourism, though their rationales for doing so diverge theoretically and practically. There is also a parallel concern about how these alternative genres are ecologically sensitive and how they fit, or do not fit, the tenets of sustainable tourism, in which the best interests of human-environmental relations in the nearand more distantfuture are not compromised.
The use of OLED display technology in military applications

OLED technology has captured the attention of commercial product developers, but is this technology suitable for military applications? The implementation of OLED technology into three military displays is described. The design, assembly and testing of these displays is discussed with the goal of addressing the question of suitability of OLED technology for military use. The results of optical and environmental testing are presented. The strengths and shortcomings of OLED technology are discussed. A conclusion on the benefit of OLED technology for military use is provided along with recommended goals for future OLED developments.
Eating Behavior, Emotions, and Overweight

Your Emotional Investment in Eating: A Test was administered to 26 subjects 20 or more pounds overweight, and to 36 subjects within 20 pounds of “desirable” weight. The test as a whole differentiated the groups as did 11 of 30 individual items. The overweight persons showed greater emotional reactivity, were more self-dissatisfied, more private or solitary in their eating habits, and more immoderate in eating than controls if bored or depressed.
X-shaped rigid arylethynes to mediate the assembly of nanoparticles.

X-shaped rigid methylthio arylethynes (MTA) have been demonstrated to mediate the assembly of gold nanoparticles. The structural attributes of MTAs include molecular rigidity, π-conjugation, and importantly the tunability in terms of size, shape, and binding strength. The size, kinetics, optical, and spectroscopic properties of the MTA mediated assembly are shown to be tunable by these structural attributes. This is the first example demonstrating an interparticle structurally tunable assembly in terms of size, shape, and binding properties, and an intriguing surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect as well. These findings could lead to unprecedented control of the interparticle spatial properties in nanoparticle assemblies for the exploitation of the unique optical and spectroscopic properties.
Terrorism and the UN: Before and After September 11

Terrorism and the UN: Before and After September 11. Edited by Jane Boulden and Thomas G. Weiss. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. 248p. $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper. One year after the attacks of 9/11, a workshop was held in New York City to explore two questions: How does the United Nations respond to terrorism, and how has the international environment been changed by terrorism? This well-edited selection of chapters, first presented at the workshop sponsored by CUNY's Ralphe Bunche Institute and the University of Oxford's Centre for International Studies, offers a thorough examination of the UN post-9/11, and provides an inventory of the questions now facing scholars of international conflict and international organization.
CAN A TELEVISION SERIES CHANGE ATTITUDES ABOUT DEATH? A STUDY OF COLLEGE STUDENTS AND SIX FEET UNDER

This study examined the effects of viewing 10 episodes of the television series Six Feet Under to assess whether such programming could influence college students' attitudes about death and dying. Students were administered the Death Attitude Profile--Revised, the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale, and the short version of the Threat Index, prior to and after viewing. Significant changes were found on a number of measures. These results are similar to the effects of didactic death education courses.
Effect of superfluous deterrence on the perception of others

Abstract T. D. Wilson and G. D. Lassiter (1982, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 811–819) established that superfluous deterrence could lead to undesirable changes in a person's self-perception. The present research extends their findings by demonstrating that superfluous deterrence can have a detrimental effect on the perception of others as well. In the first study, 57 undergraduates read one of three accounts of an actor who did not cheat in a situation in which there was no intrinsic reason to do so. In one account a severe deterrent against cheating was mentioned, in a second a mild deterrent against cheating was mentioned, and in the third no deterrent against cheating was mentioned. Subjects in the severe-deterrent condition subsequently perceived the actor to be more likely to cheat in a future constraint-free situation than did subjects in the mild-deterrent condition who, in turn, perceived the actor to be more likely to cheat than did subjects in the no-deterrent condition. A mediation analysis provided strong evidence that this effect was a consequence of attributional processes. That is, when external constraints were mentioned, subjects discounted internal reasons for why the actor did not cheat, thereby causing them to perceive him as more inclined to cheat in a subsequent constraint-free situation. Study 2 replicated these results and ruled out alternative interpretations. Theoretical and practical implications of the present research are discussed.
Esterification catalysis using functionalized membranes

Abstract Novel functionalized microfiltration membranes have been developed for use as a heterogeneous, solid-phase, flowthrough catalytic structure for the esterification reaction between ethanol and acetic acid. Catalytic sites are located on each repeat unit of sulfonated polystyrene chains grafted in the flow pathways of the membrane. Batch studies showed that the activity of the catalytic membrane was comparable to the standard ion-exchange resin (IER) for the same acid capacity. Significant improvement in reaction kinetics was observed in flowthrough studies; a residence time of 20 s gave the same conversion as 11 h in batch reaction. The activation energy in flowthrough reaction was at least 20% lower than for the conventional IER. Some loss of grafted polystyrene (∼25%) in the reaction permeate was observed during flowthrough experiments, resulting in partial loss of activity. However, an increase in the graft chain length reduced graft loss by 60%, and there was essentially no graft loss when the grafts were covalently bound.
High-dose boost irradiation techniques for carcinoma of the nasopharynx☆

Irregularly shaped tumors of the nasopharynx require the capacity to design flexible and reproducible treatment plans for high-dose boost irradiation. We use a variety of external beam techniques which may be combined with an afterloading intracavitary implant. Careful planning of such treatment is crucial and requires an accurate assessment of tumor volume and regional anatomy as defined by lateral simulator films, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging scans. External beam irradiation is performed using a variety of arc rotations or fixed-beam cross-fire techniques in order to maximize the dose to an irregular tumor volume while minimizing irradiation of sensitive neighboring structures. Intracavitary implantation is achieved by constructing a mold of the nasopharynx with a silastic polymer and fitting it with hollow plastic catheters for afterloading with iridium-192.
INTRAMOLECULAR ENERGY TRANSFER IN YTTERBIUM ORGANIC CHELATES

The 2F52 → 2F72 intra-multiplet transition has been observed as a luminescence emission in the tris-dibenzoylmethane-Yb+++ chelate. A single strong luminescence line was recorded at 9710 ± 40 A upon excitation of the broad π, π∗ absorption band of the chelate with 3650 A light. The transition frequency agrees well with earlier observations on the unique intra-multiplet transition of Yb+++. The intramolecular energy transfer is unusual in that the apparent electronic energy difference between the initial and final states is over 10000 cm−1. The importance of vibrational interaction in the mechanism of energy transfer is pointed out.
Synthesized Bistatic Echo Imaging Using Phased Arrays

An object illuminated by a source produces a scattered signal; this signal depends upon both the source and the physical properties of the object. The problem of deducing coordinates, shape and/or certain physical properties of the object from the measurements of the returned signal is an inverse problem called echo imaging. The problem of echo imaging arises in medical imaging, remote sensing (radar; sonar; geophysical exploration), and non-destructive testing. In this paper, we address the problem of imaging an object form its returned signals using a phased array. Our approach is to exploit the array's various radiation patterns and the recordable portion of the returned signal's spectrum to generate the data base for this echo imaging system. Rapid steering of a phased array's radiation patterns can be achieved electronically. These steered waves can be utilized to synthesize waves with varying angles of propagation. In this case, the recorded returned signal for each direction of propagation can be viewed as data obtained by a bistatic array configuration. We first formulate the imaging problem for a plane wave source in a bistatic configuration. We utilize the two-way propagation time and amplitude of the returned signal to relate the object's properties, reflectivity function and coordinates, to the measured data (system modeling). This relationship is the basis for deducing the object's reflectivity function from the recorded data (inverse problem). We then extend these results for an arbitrary radiation pattern and synthesized radiation patterns generated by an array capable of beam steering in cross-range. We show that the recorded returned signals can be related to the spatial frequency contents of the reflectivity function. We also show that these array processing principles can be utilized to formulate a system model and inversion for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging that incorporates wavefront curvature.
Methods for comparing the means of two independent log-normal samples

Standard methods of using the t-test and the Wilcoxon test have deficiencies for comparing the means of two skewed log-normal samples. In this paper, we propose two new methods to overcome these deficiencies: (1) a likelihood-based approach and (2) a bootstrap-based approach. Our simulation study shows that the likelihood-based approach is the best in terms of the type I error rate and power when data follow a log-normal distribution.
Pantethine inhibits the formation of high-Tc protein aggregates in gamma B crystallin solutions.

Purpose. Solutions of the bovine lens protein γB (or γII) crystallin at neutral pH in the absence of reducing agents, undergo a slow, partial conversion to a new protein species, γIIH. This species is an aggregate composed of an intermolecular, disulfide-crosslinked dimer (≈32% of total protein by weight) and loosely associated dimers (≈66%). γIIH has a phase separation temperature (Tph), at least 40d`C higher than that of native γII crystallin at any given protein concentration. In this paper we demonstrate that pantethine, a derivative of coenzyme A, inhibits the formation of γIIH.Methods. γII crystallin solutions were incubated at pH 7.1 and room temperature with increasing amounts of pantethine. The Tph of the solutions was monitored as a function of incubation time. Corresponding to each Tph measurement, aliquots of each solution were analyzed by cation-exchange HPLC to determine the amount of γIIH formed.Results. Incubation of γII crystallin with increasing amounts of pantethine lowers Tph and suppr...
Optimal production plans and shipment schedules in a supply-chain system with multiple suppliers and multiple buyers

This research addresses an optimal policy for production and procurement in a supply-chain system with multiple non-competing suppliers, a manufacturer and multiple non-identical buyers. The manufacturer procures raw materials from suppliers, converts them to finished products and ships the products to each buyer at a fixed-interval of time over a finite planning horizon. The demand of finished product is given by buyers and the shipment size to each buyer is fixed. The problem is to determine the production start time, the initial and ending inventory, the cycle beginning and ending time, the number of orders of raw materials in each cycle, and the number of cycles for a finite planning horizon so as to minimize the system cost. A surrogate network representation of the problem developed to obtain an efficient, optimal solution to determine the production cycle and cycle costs with predetermined shipment schedules in the planning horizon. This research prescribes optimal policies for a multi-stage production and procurements for all shipments scheduled over the planning horizon. Numerical examples are also provided to illustrate the system.
Grafting for nasal valve collapse

The nasal valve is composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue that is responsible for regulating airflow through the nose. Collapse of this critical area impairs airflow and increases nasal obstruction. This article describes the analysis of nasal valve collapse that is based on a comprehensive history and physical examination. Several reconstructive techniques particular to the internal and external nasal valves are presented.
A History of Tuberculosis on Stamps

Tuberculosis, only a few decades ago, was believed to be under control and decreasing in incidence, in both developed and developing countries. A number of scientists and physicians have contributed to the understanding of tuberculosis and have been honored on postage stamps by several countries around the world. This article contains brief histories of these individuals and depictions of the postage stamps commemorating them for their contributions to the better understanding of the disease.