cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coral community life histories and population dynamics driven by seascape bathymetry and temperature variability.

Abstract Temperature variability, habitat, coral communities, and fishing intensity are important factors influencing coral responses to climate change. Consequently, chronic and acute sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) and their interactions with habitat and fishing were studied along the East African coast (~ 400 km) by evaluating changes over a ~ 25-year period in two major reef habitats—island and fringing reefs. These habitats had similar mean and standard deviation temperature measurements but differed in that islands had lower ocean heights and flatter and less right-skewed temperature distributions than fringing reefs. These patterns arise because islands are exposed to deep offshore water passing through deep channels while being protected from the open ocean storms and the strong inter-annual current temperature variability. Within these two seascapes, coral communities are shaped by population responses to the variable temperature distributions as determined by the taxa's associations with the competitive-stress-ruderal (CSR) life history groups. For example, competitive taxa were more abundant where temperature distributions were flat and lacked frequent warm water anomalies. In contrast, ruderal, weedy, and generalist taxa were more common where temperature distributions were centralized, standard deviations high, and warm water anomalies more frequent. Finally, stress-resistant taxa were more common in reefs with high temperature skew but flatter temperature distributions. The rare 1998 thermal anomaly impacted and disturbed the ruderal and stressed reef more than the competitive communities. Ruderal became more similar to stressed communities while the stressed community moved further from the mean before recovering towards the competitive community. Competitive taxa were more common on islands and the deeper fringing reef sites while ruderal were dominant in shallow fringing reef lagoons. Over time, islands were less disturbed than fringing reefs and maintained the highest coral cover, numbers of taxa, and most competitive or space-occupying taxa. However, some island reefs with a history of dynamite fishing aligned with the stress-resistant communities over the full study period. Compared to the in situ SST gauges at the study site, temperature proxies with global coverage were often good at estimating mean and standard deviations of the SSTs but much poorer at estimating the shape of the temperature distributions that reflect chronic and acute stress, as reflected by kurtosis and skewness metrics. Given that these stress variables were critical for understanding the impacts of rare climate disturbances, global climate models that use mean conditions are likely to be poor predictors of future impacts on corals, particularly their species and life history composition. Better predictions should be possible if appropriate chronic and acute stress metrics and their proxies are identified and used.
Study on Operation Characteristics of Offshore Wind Farm Integrated to Weak AC Systems via VSC-HVDC

VSC-HVDC has the ability to supply power to weak systems and is a common grid connection method for offshore wind farms. However, the operating characteristics of offshore wind farms connected to weak receiving end AC systems via VSC-HVDC remain to be clarified. This paper established a model of an offshore wind farm based on DFIG connected to a weak receiving end system via VSC-HVDC, and analyzed the VSC steady-state operating range and its influencing factors. And the change rule of the theoretical value of the system critical short-circuit ratio was summarized. On this basis, the influence of the access of doubly-fed wind turbines on the short-circuit ratio was discussed. The critical short-circuit ratio under different output conditions of the wind farm was obtained by using the control variable method of increasing the equivalent reactance of the receiving end system and the output of the wind farm. Finally, a simulation is carried out based on the PSCAD/EMTDC, and the results show that the strength of the receiving end systems is a key factor affecting the grid-connected capacity of offshore wind power. Taking appropriate reactive power compensation measures can improve the safe and stable operation of the system.
Conceptualizing the City of the Information Age

Cities are among humanity’s most important and most complex creations, and they have been steadily increasing in complexity since the advent of the digital age. Informatics, the science of information, has by now advanced to a point where high expectations of improved understanding and evidence-based actionable knowledge for urban researchers, managers, and planners appear justified. But while there is more information than ever before, many kinds of theories, models, approaches, and tools that we have relied on thus far may no longer be of much use in the city of the information age. This chapter provides an overview of the state of affairs in urban science and planning, pointing out the limitations of formerly reliable methods and tools in the face of dramatic developments in the life and function of cities in the developed world. The chapter closes with suggestions for data-oriented strategies that might replace the ways we have used urban data up until recently.
Chronic Stress and Preconception Health Among Latina Women in Metro Atlanta.

Underserved subgroups are less likely to have optimal health prior to pregnancy. We describe preconception health indicators (behavior, pregnancy intention, and obesity) among pregnant Latina women with and without chronic stress in metro Atlanta. We surveyed 110 pregnant Latina women enrolled in prenatal care at three clinics in Atlanta. The survey assessed chronic stress, pregnancy intention, preconception behavior changes (taking folic acid or prenatal vitamins, seeking healthcare advice, any reduction in smoking or drinking), and previous trauma. Specific behaviors to improve health prior to pregnancy were uncommon (e.g., taking vitamins (25.5%) or improving nutrition (20.9%)). Just under half of women were experiencing a chronic stressor at the time of conception (49.5%). Chronically stressed women were more likely to be obese (aOR: 3.0 (1.2, 7.4)), less likely to intend their pregnancy (aOR: 0.3 (0.1, 0.7)), and possibly less likely to report any PHB (45.5% vs. 57.4%; aOR: 0.5 (0.2–1.1)). Chronically stress women were less likely to enter prenatal care with optimal health. However, preconception behaviors were uncommon overall.
National Trends in the Burden of Atrial Fibrillation During Hospital Admissions for Heart Failure.

Background Heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently coexist and may be associated with worse HF outcomes, but there is limited contemporary evidence describing their combined prev...
EXPRESSION OF ERG IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAIN IN PROSTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA

Objective: To investigate the incidence ERG fusion positive adenocarcinoma and its correlation with gleason grade and gleason group. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre (SKMCH & RC), Lahore Pakistan, from Jan 2018 to Jan 2019. Methodology: A total of 100 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma were retrieved and ERG immunohistochemical stain was applied on all these cases. ERG expression, extent of staining, percentage of tumor cells positive for ERG, pattern of staining was recorded. We found out relationship of ERG expression and gleason grade/gleason group. Results: ERG expression was seen in 62/100 (62%) cases. Mean patient age of ERG positive prostatic adenocarcinoma patients was 69.68 years. In GG1 (14.5%) 9 cases exhibited ERG positivity. In GG2-3, 41.93% cases and in GG4-5, 43.54% cases showed ERG expression. Conclusion: To conclude, age of presentation of ERG positive adenocarcinoma was high. ERG expression was seen in 62% of our cases which was much higher than reported in other Asian countries. In our study we found a significant correlation between ERG expression and high gleason grade group.
EFHD1 ablation reduces cardiac mitoflash activation and protects cardiomyocytes from ischemia.

Altered levels of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) are a highly prevalent feature in different forms of cardiac injury, producing changes in contractility, arrhythmias, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload leads to pathological production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activates the permeability transition, and cardiomyocyte death. Here we investigated the cardiac phenotype caused by deletion of EF-hand domain-containing protein D1 (Efhd1-/-), a Ca2+-binding mitochondrial protein whose function is poorly understood. Efhd1-/- mice are viable and have no adverse cardiac phenotypes. They feature reductions in basal ROS levels and mitoflash events, both important precursors for mitochondrial injury, though cardiac mitochondria have normal susceptibility to Ca2+ overload. Notably, we also find that Efhd1-/- mice and their cardiomyocytes are resistant to hypoxic injury.
Under Western Eyes: Revolutionists and Informers

Under Western Eyes asks whether the lawlessness of Russian autocracy justifies revolutionary violence. Critics’ views of the novel, mine included, reflect the political issues of their own periods. Some critics regard Haldin as a hero rather than a terrorist and regard Razumov as a betrayer rather than a victim. The novel looks beyond autocracy and revolution toward peaceful alternatives. Although the novel’s expressions of hope have been considered reactionary, postcritique recasts hope as the emotion of activism rather than quietism. Conrad depicts revolutionists and reformers, aristocrats and peasants, police and informers, and he conveys the cynicism as well as the hope of people who endure autocratic government.
Permissible Charge of Nutrients and Organic Compounds in Relation to Other Processes in Reservoirs (Introduction to the Proceedings)

Loading of nutrients and organic matter is significant to the eutrophication of reservoirs. This paper identifies several features of reservoirs which determine the patterns of loading and the biotic consequences. The papers presented in the section with the above title at the Second International Conference on Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality, Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia, 9-14 August 1992 are introduced.
(/sup 6/Li,t) reaction on medium-mass nuclei and the mass and spectrum of /sup 61/Zn

The ($^{6}\mathrm{Li},t$) reaction was studied with a 34-MeV $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ beam on enriched targets of $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$, $^{54}\mathrm{Fe}$, $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$, and $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$. The tritons were momentum analyzed in a quadrupole-dipole-dipole-dipole magnetic spectrograph and detected with a 1-m helical cathode proportional counter that covered about 4 MeV of excitation. Cross sections for the ($^{6}\mathrm{Li},t$) reaction to strongly excited states are generally in the range of 1 to 10 \ensuremath{\mu}b/sr with exceptions up to 50 \ensuremath{\mu}b/sr. Comparisons are made, where possible, between the selectivity of this reaction and other reactions leading to the same final nuclei. A similarity with single-neutron stripping is observed, which suggests a ($^{6}\mathrm{Li},t$) reaction mechanism involving direct transfer of a proton-pair coupled to a single neutron. The possible two-step process ($^{6}\mathrm{Li},d$) ($d,t$) is also suggested to account for two cases of ${f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ hole states populated in the nickel isotopes. The $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}(^{6}\mathrm{Li},t)^{61}\mathrm{Zn}$ $Q$ value was measured to be -4736 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 23 keV giving a mass excess of -56 352\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}26 keV for $^{61}\mathrm{Zn}$. This mass excess is believed to be more reliable than previous measurements with other techniques that differ by 500 keV. The triton spectrum for the $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}(^{6}\mathrm{Li},t)^{61}\mathrm{Zn}$ reaction yields the first measurement of the energy levels of $^{61}\mathrm{Zn}$.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}(^{6}\mathrm{Li},t)$, $^{28}\mathrm{Si}(^{6}\mathrm{Li},t)$, $^{54}\mathrm{Fe}(^{6}\mathrm{Li},t)$, $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}(^{6}\mathrm{Li},t)$, $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}(^{6}\mathrm{Li},t)$, ${E}_{^{6}\mathrm{Li}}=34$ MeV; enriched targets, Q3D spectrograph, measured $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}$, ${E}_{t}$, energy levels $^{27}\mathrm{Si}$, $^{31}\mathrm{S}$, $^{57}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{59}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{61}\mathrm{Zn}$; mass $^{61}\mathrm{Zn}$; reaction mechanism discussed, correspondence with single-neutron transfer noted.]
Progressive design concepts in off-pump left ventricular remodeling mitral valve repair devices.

Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) occurs in the myopathic ventricle when papillary muscle displacement with leaflet tethering and/or annular dilatation causes valvular insufficiency. The resultant left ventricular (LV) volume overload then potentiates further negative remodeling. Current surgical management of FMR involves either mitral valve repair (MVr) or mitral valve replacement (MVR), each of which are associated with significant perioperative risk and poor late outcomes. This has led to the development of novel methods of reshaping the left ventricle and mitral valve to treat FMR while minimizing the operative risk and preventing negative ventricular remodeling. While off-pump devices for mitral leaflet repair including percutaneous mitral clips, trans-apical neochordae and percutaneous mitral replacement devices are under investigation, this report reviews the current status of both passive and active off-pump ventricular and mitral annular reshaping devices.
Dissertation to Book: Successful Open Access Outreach to Graduate Students

Now that most graduate students are required to file their dissertations electronically rather than submitting a paper copy to their campus library, librarians are grappling with the question of how best to engage and educate these students about open access and embargoes. This article describes how the UCLA Library hosted an ambitious and well-received Open Access Week event that addressed these topics by focusing on one of the matters of greatest immediate concern to graduating doctoral candidates: Will posting a dissertation online negatively impact my ability to publish a first book?
Instant (Gender) Messaging: Expression-Based Challenges to State Enforcement of Gender Norms

Most challenges to state enforced conformity with gender norms are almost solely status-based equality claims. Given that a common term deployed by members of the trans community and in anti-discrimination laws is "gender identity and expression," situating such challenges in expression may, at first glance, appear to be little more than linguistic legerdemain. An understanding of gender as expressive, however, helps capture an often unarticulated, yet central aspect, of the harm enforced conformity inflicts on trans persons -- compelled expression of the state's gender message over their profound objection. Consider governmental insistence that a trans student or employee present herself, through dress and grooming, in accordance with her sex assigned at birth. The state is enforcing a selective message, which this author refers to as "the ideology of the binary." Unsurprisingly, it reflects the prevailing view: there are two (and only two) distinct sexes with congruent gender identities, fixed by nature and immutably different. The focus of this Article is on compelled expression over an individual's objection, which is of particular concern given the state's role as enforcer. Not only does the state have sole authority to legally categorize people by sex, but it also uses those categories as the basis for distributing rights and goods, such as marriage and its associated benefits, over which it maintains a monopoly of power. The state likewise controls access to the countless protections that flow from the wide-ranging use of government identification in our private interactions, such as the ability to get a job, use a credit card, or interact with the public and government authorities without fear of harassment, discrimination, or violence. Case law, furthermore, reveals that state enforcement of gender norms over one's objection is inextricably intertwined with additional messages concerning the subordination of gender outgroups. This messaging has as its foci the dehumanization of trans people, the insistence on traditional gender roles for women, and the disapprobation of homosexuality. The Author focuses on expression because it offers the opportunity of more. In contrast to the most common jurisprudential vehicle -- equality -- expression may better reflect the complex and flourishing diversity of experiences that make up gender. In particular, while equality claims tend to rely almost solely on a medical model of gender identity, expression claims are also suited to non-medicalized claims by trans persons, especially those for whom dissent from traditional norms is integral to their gender identity.
Transport Properties of Semiconductors

In this chapter we are concerned with the carrier transport phenomena in a semiconductor under the influence of applied external fields. Different galvanomagnetic, thermoelectric, and thermomagnetic effects created by the applied electric and magnetic fields as well as the temperature gradient in a semiconductor will be discussed in this chapter. The transport coefficients associated with the galvanomagnetic, thermoelectric, and thermomagnetic effects in a semiconductor are derived from the Boltzmann transport equation using the relaxation time approximation, which assumes that all the collision processes are elastic and can be treated in terms of a unique relaxation time. The elastic scattering requires that the energy change of charged carriers (i.e., electrons or holes) during the scattering process must be small compared to the energy of the charged carriers, and the relaxation time must be a scalar quantity. In this approximation, the relaxation time is represented by a unique time constant τ, which may depend on both the energy of the charged carriers and the temperature. Typical examples of elastic scattering processes include the scattering of electrons by longitudinal acoustical phonons, ionized impurities, and the neutral impurities in a semiconductor. In the event that the relaxation time approximation fails, the solutions for the Boltzmann transport equation can be obtained by using the variational principles.
Minority Representation and Order Maintenance Policing: Toward a Contingent View

Objective This article's aim is to test the impact of black political and bureaucratic representation on the rate at which blacks are arrested for order maintenance violations in U.S. cities. Methods Using data from the Law Enforcement Management and Administration Survey, the Census Bureau, and the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, for all U.S. cities over 100,000 population, the article first documents the continuing influence of black elected officials in promoting black representation on police forces. After establishing the appropriateness of order maintenance policing as a follow-up focus, the article then tests hypotheses that link variation in the rate of black order maintenance arrests to black political and bureaucratic representation, contingent upon form of government. Results Black political representation does constrain black order maintenance arrests, while black representation on the police force does not. Conclusion Even with a more racially representative police force in place, black political representation is what matters in constraining controversial patterns of police practice.
MAKERERE COLLEGE 1922–1940 A STUDY IN COLONIAL RULE AND EDUCATIONAL RETARDATION

IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED that in the settler-dominated colony of Kenya, African interests were poorly taken care of. By contrast, the trust territory of Tanganyika and the protectorate of Uganda were examples of relatively enlightened colonial rule.' However, this paper argues that even in settlerless, financially self-reliant (since 1915) Uganda, African potential was severely stifled. An examination of the famous Makerere College, and the subordinate Uganda Civil Service that it was designed to staff, should validate this argument. Having created the Uganda Protectorate in 1894-96, the handful of British officials needed various types of assistants to run their new acquisition. However, these early administrators had neither the time nor the desire to train the Africans. As one Whitehall bureaucrat retrospectively observed: 'One of the curses of our African Administration, both East and West, has been the necessity of using high grade and expensive material to do subordinate jobs ....2 Most early European administrators, he continued, in their enthusiasm to develop the region rapidly, ignored the natives and took 'the easy way out of employing the Indian. The Indian, of course, is good ... but his very existence cramps the development of the African.'3 Moreover, since the missionary educational system was then too rudimentary to rescue the Government, India did become the principal recruiting ground for clerical and technical personnel. Consequently, by the first decade of this century, the Uganda Civil Service (UCS) faithfully mirrored the wider racially-structured colonial society: the small European expatriate element monopolized the apex of the protectorate pyramid, the imported Indians4 were assigned the lower layers, and the indigenous African majority had been converted into the broad base of this alien pyramid. The prolonged absence of adequate educational facilities for the Africans enabled the Indian, especially Goan, clerical staff to cast a strong spell on their British overseers. Hence, many such officers suffered from two closely connected frequently hereditary and often incurable diseases: Indophilia and Goanophilia or an excessive admiration for and dependence upon the Asian
Extended output L ∞ constraint problem by weight selection in LQ control

This paper develops a measurement and state feedback controller that minimizes an upper bound of the weighted supremum summation of the L∞. norms for individual input channel subject to the constraints that the L∞ norm of each output is bounded by given constants, and subject to all disturbances whose outer products of disturbances are less than or equal to a constant positive definite matrix N.
Dopant Pairing in a Molecular Semiconductor

Recent doping experiments in n-type perylene diimide (PPEEB) semiconducting thin films showed an unexpected quadratic dependence of electrical conductivity upon dopant molecule concentration. We propose that singly-ionized dopant pairs outnumber ionized unpaired dopants and dominate conductivity. Random association into dopant pairs during spin coating then explains the quadratic dependence. Classical calculations confirm that dopant pairing reduces the binding energy of the easiest-to-ionize electron. Our model agrees with the measured conductivity activation energy and magnitude, assuming typical electron mobility in the crystal. The random distribution of dopants implies their distribution cannot equilibrate during the spincoating process.
Mislocalization of prelamin A Tyr646Phe mutant to the nuclear pore complex in human embryonic kidney 293 cells

Mature lamin A is formed after post-translational processing of prelamin A, which includes prenylation and carboxymethylation of cysteine 661 in the CaaX motif, followed by two proteolytic cleavages by zinc metalloprotease (ZMPSTE24). We expressed several prelamin A mutants, C661S (defective in prenylation), Y646F (designed to undergo prenylation but not second proteolytic cleavage), double mutant, Y646F/C661S and Y646X (mature lamin A), and the wild-type construct in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. Only the Y646F mutant co-localized with nuclear pore complex proteins, including Nup53 and Nup98, whereas the other mutants localized to the nuclear envelope rim. The cells expressing Y646F mutant also revealed abnormal nuclear morphology which was partially rescued with the farnesyl transferase inhibitors. These data suggest that the unprenylated prelamin A is not toxic to the cells. The toxicity of prenylated prelamin A may be due to its association and/or accumulation at the nuclear pore complex which could be partially reversed by farnesyl transferase inhibitors.
Bone density variation within lumbar vertebrae in apparently normal women

Using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, lumbar bone mineral density was measured in 236 consecutive nonathletic white women of ages 36-85 years, who had been referred for evaluation of possible osteoporosis. Of these, 141 women had an average lumbar density of 100 +/- 15% of age, race, sex and weight matched normal adults. These apparently normal women were analyzed for the distribution of bone density values between lumbar vertebrae L2, L3 and L4. The difference between the highest and lowest lumbar vertebral density was determined, and expressed as a percent. Distribution of the density differences in this population was log-normal. A density difference of over 25% was found in 11% of the population, and its occurrence was age dependent. In the age group below 46 years, none exceeded the 25% difference value; in those over 75 years, 40% exceeded the 25% difference. For age groups between 46 and 75, the fraction of the population exceeding a 25% density difference increased linearly. A description of lumbar vertebral density values should include a statement of variation between the vertebrae.
Efficacy of Intravenous Dexamethasone Versus Placebo in Experimental Foot Lameness in Horses

Introduction There are no refereed blinded controlled documentations of the skeletal analgesic efficacy of intravenous dexamethasone. The objective was to test the hypothesis that intravenous dexamethasone is more efficacious in alleviating lameness than placebo in a reversible adjustable heart bar shoe model of equine foot pain. Methods Eight healthy horses (7 Thoroughbreds, 1 Warmblood, aged 6.5 ± 3.3 years, age range 2–11 years) underwent weekly intravenous treatments 1 hour after lameness induction. Treatments were isotonic saline placebo at 1 ml/45 kg bwt, or dexamethasone (2 mg/ml in polyethylene glycol) at 0.045 mg/kg bwt, a typical dose used twice daily in the USA for anti-inflammatory effect. Treatments were randomly assigned and administered by a co-investigator who had no input on Heart Rate (HR) and Lameness Score (LS) measurements. Another investigator unaware of treatment assignments monitored HR and LS every 20 min for 5 hours after lameness induction and then hourly through 12 hours post-treatment. One week later treatment assignments were reversed and the experiment was repeated. Repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test were used to identify significant effects at P<0.05. Results After treatment, mean HR and LS were not different between treatments (P>0.05). HR and LS remained elevated over pre-lameness values throughout the 13-hour post-lameness monitoring period (P<0.05). Conclusions It was concluded that intravenous dexamethasone was no more effective than saline placebo. Neither treatment was effective at alleviating lameness over a 12-hour post-treatment period in this model. Dexamethasone at 0.045 mg/kg bwt should not affect acute foot lameness during equine exercise or performance. Ethical Animal Research The study was approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Sources of funding: Federation Equestre Internationale. Competing interests: none.
Ocular pathology of aniridia

ANIRIDIA IS AN uncommon bilateral disorder affecting not only the iris, but the cornea, anterior chamber angle, lens, retina, and optic nerve as well.1 Although iris hypoplasia is the most apparent clinical manifestation of the aniridic eye, it is not the major determinant of visual function. Visual impairment appears to be better correlated with macula and optic nerve hypoplasia and the development of cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal opacification.
Reusable Amperometric Immunosensor for the Determination of Cortisol

Abstract A novel reusable amperometric immunosensor was developed for the determination of cortisol by co-immobilizing horseradish peroxidase (POD) and cortisol-antibody on a chemically activated affinity membrane which is mounted over the tip of an oxygen electrode. The enzymatic electrocatalytic current response to the respective substrate is inhibited by the association of the antigen to the co-immobilized antibody. The sensor can be regenerated to facilitate several assays by washing with dilute hydrochloric acid solution. The advantages of the sensor include rapid-response, simple analysis methodology and high selectivity. The calibration curve for cortisol is linear in the concentration range of 1 × 10−7 – 1 × 10−5M. The optimal conditions of immobilization and pH have been studied. The inhibition of enzymatic activity was confirmed by luminescence measurement utilizing the luminol- H2O2-POD system.
Infectious morbidity associated with pelvic exenteration

Abstract Forty-six consecutive cases of pelvic exenteration were retrospectively reviewed to identify the infectious morbidity incurred with this procedure in the absence of prophylactic antibiotic administration. Thirty (65%) of these patients required antibiotics (other than urinary tract suppressants) during their hospitalizations. Twenty-one patients (46%) had serious infections. Asymptomatic bacteruria (72%), pelvic cellulitis (70%), abdominal wound infections (28%), pyelonephritis (15%), and septicemia (15%) were the most common infections encountered. Analysis of the data identified several areas in which infectious morbidity could be circumvented without antibiotic therapy.
Comparing and combining SWE estimates from the SNOW-17 model using PRISM and SWE reconstruction

[1] Snow models such as SNOW-17 may estimate past snow water equivalent (SWE) using either a forward configuration based on spatial extrapolation of measured precipitation, such as with the parameter-elevation regressions on independent slopes model (PRISM), or a reconstruction configuration based on snow disappearance timing and back-calculated snowmelt. However, little guidance exists as to which configuration is preferable. Because the two approaches theoretically have opposite sensitivities to model forcing, combining (averaging) their SWE estimates may be advantageous. Using 154 snow pillow sites located in maritime mountains of the western United States, we compared forward, reconstruction, and combined configurations of a simplified SNOW-17. We evaluated model errors in annual precipitation, peak SWE, and SWE errors during the accumulation and ablation seasons. We also conducted a separate analysis to assess the sensitivity of peak SWE to biased forcing data and model parameters. The forward model had the greatest precipitation accuracy, while the combined model had the greatest accuracy in peak SWE and SWE during the accumulation and ablation seasons. In determining peak SWE, the forward and reconstruction models demonstrated opposite sensitivities to errors in air temperature and model parameters, and the combined model minimized errors due to temperature bias and parameter uncertainty. In basins with precipitation gages, we recommend PRISM for precipitation estimation and the combined model for SWE estimation. In areas with high precipitation uncertainty, reconstruction is more viable. Accurate model parameters dramatically improved reconstruction, so more work is needed to advance parameter estimation techniques in complex terrain.
A Single Dose of Dexamethasone (Dex.) Given at Delivery to Infants < 28 Weeks Gestation Results in Improved Lung Function, Early Extubation, Higher BP and Less PDA |[dagger]| 1046

Study: We tested the hypothesis that a 0.2 mg/kg dex. dose at delivery improves lung function, increases BP and prevents IVH in .2. Results: Within hours of the dex. dose the Ventilation Index improved and the effect persisted as shown by the following p values: Table Mean BP was initially similar between groups, but in the dex. infants it became significantly higher on day 1 and remained higher (within the physiologic range) through day 6 (p<.025 on each day). The dex. infants had fewer PDAs (10/32 vs 18/31, p<.03), and fewer received indocin (10/32 vs 17/31, p <.06). At the study hospital where early extubation was practiced more dex. infants were extubated during the first week (10/22 vs 2/16, p <.03). There was no difference in IVH. No adverse effects occurred. Conclusion: A single 0.2 mg/kg dex. dose given at delivery to infants < 28 weeks gestation resulted in rapid improvements which lasted through the first week and included reduced ventilator settings and earlier extubations, higher BP and fewer PDAs.
Implicit Particle Methods and Their Connection with Variational Data Assimilation

AbstractThe implicit particle filter is a sequential Monte Carlo method for data assimilation that guides the particles to the high-probability regions via a sequence of steps that includes minimizations. A new and more general derivation of this approach is presented and the method is extended to particle smoothing as well as to data assimilation for perfect models. Minimizations required by implicit particle methods are shown to be similar to those that one encounters in variational data assimilation, and the connection of implicit particle methods with variational data assimilation is explored. In particular, it is argued that existing variational codes can be converted into implicit particle methods at a low additional cost, often yielding better estimates that are also equipped with quantitative measures of the uncertainty. A detailed example is presented.
Venus' spectroscopic phase variation - Implications of the Mariner 10 photographs

The recent ultraviolet photographs of Venus by Mariner 10 have shown an irregular cloud structure. There is an apparent tendency for clearing along a wide equatorial band more or less centered on the subsolar point. This synoptic picture is in marked contrast to the uniform cloud cover conventionally used in model calculations of the variation with phase of CO2 absorption bands. To illustrate the consequences of subsolar weakening of CO2 absorption, a mathematically simple (but realistically naive) model is used. Two conclusions are reached: (1) efforts to distinguish between single- and double-layer models for the clouds from spectroscopic data alone are not merely ambiguous (as argued earlier by Chamberlain and Smith); with present data they are hopeless; (2) the decrease in the CO2 absorption close to full phase, as reported by Young et al., could result entirely from an equatorial darkening that is relatively inconsequential at the crescent phase and increasingly predominant for fuller phases.
Sources of Line Width Roughness for EUV Resists

Resists for the next generation of lithography must be able to meet stringent line width roughness (LWR) targets. The LWR requirements, governed by device performance, are the same regardless of the lithographic technology that is chosen. Unfortunately no resist platform for any technology (EUV, 157 nm, 193 nm) is on track to meet the targets for the 45 nm and the 32 nm technology nodes. In order to understand the fundamental sources of LWR, we designed an experiment to statistically vary resist parameters for EUV resists. The results of this study show methods to improve LWR and shed light on the sources of LWR.
Dimensionless Runoff Curves for Irrigation Borders

Non-dimensional runoff curves useful in the design of reuse systems are presented for free outflow irrigation borders. Pertinent open channel variables affecting runoff in border irrigation, including inflow rate, surface resistance, border slope, soil infiltration characteristics, application time, and length of border, were studied and their effects presented. Maximum advance distance, which is of interest in designing border irrigation systems, is also given by the zero runoff curves. A zero-inertia mathematical model was used to develop the nondimensional predictive graphical solution in terms of four reduced variables.
Cultural differences in estimation of other people's self‐construals: Comparison of Korea and USA

The current study examined cultural differences in the relationship between individuals' self-ratings and their estimation of others on independent and interdependent self-construals. With data from undergraduates in the USA and Korea, findings showed that, in both USA and Korea, participants rated themselves higher than others on independent self-construal. For interdependent self-construal, however, Korean participants rated themselves higher than others, whereas American participants rated themselves lower than others. The positive relationship between self-esteem and the extent to which self-ratings exceeded ratings of others on independent self-construal was stronger for Korean than for American participants.
Yoshimi Shunya Interviewed by Kukhee Choo, Tulane University

Tracing its origins to the study of print and later film, Yoshimi Shunya says Japanese media studies has emerged from several traditions, influenced by a history of modernization, occupation, and empire. In this interview, he traces the development of media studies in Japan and his thoughts on the state of the field today. The state of Japanese media studies is relevant to understanding the mediation of the tsunami and recent events in Japan.
Light- and electron-microscopic study of synaptic connections in the paracervical ganglion of the female rat: special reference to calcitonin gene-related peptide-, galanin- and tachykinin (substance P and neurokinin A)-immunoreactive nerve fibers and terminals

Nerve fibers and varicosities in the pelvic paracervical ganglia (PG) are immunoreactive for the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, and the tachykinins substance P and neurokinin A. Many of these fibers and varicosities are capsaicin-sensitive, originate in dorsal root ganglia and, thus, are considered to be primary afferent fibers. Numerous immunoreactive varicosities are pericellular to principal neurons in the PG. The present study examines the ultrastructure of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, galanin-, substance P-, and neurokinin A-immunoreactive nerve fibers and varicosities in the ganglia to determine their relationships to principal neurons and their synaptic connectivity. Paracervical ganglia of female rats were processed for light-microscopic immunohistochemistry using antisera against synapsin I, as a nerve terminal marker, and microtubule-associated protein-2 to define soma and dendrites. The rationale for performing this co-immunohistochemical analysis was to reveal the relationship between nerve endings and principal neurons. Synapsin I endings were predominantly axosomatic with fewer being axodendritic. Other ganglia were processed for electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry using both standard immunogold and peroxidase-anti-peroxidase procedures. Unmyelinated fibers and varicosities immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, and the tachykinins were routinely observed in the interstitium between neuron somas. Numerous immunoreactive axon profiles were present in small groups that were ensheathed by Schwann cells. Immunoreactive fibers and varicosities were also observed within the satellite-cell sheath of the neuron soma and often intimately associated with the membrane of the soma, somal protrusions, or with the proximal part of a dendrite. Membrane specializations, indicative of synaptic contacts, between the fibers and the principal neurons were observed. It is suggested that these peptide-immunoreactive sensory fibers and varicosities are involved in regulation of activity in the PG.
Seismic structure of Iceland from Rayleigh wave inversions and geodynamic implications

Abstract We have constrained the shear-wave structure of crust and upper mantle beneath Iceland by analyzing fundamental mode Rayleigh waves recorded at the ICEMELT and HOTSPOT seismic stations in Iceland. The crust varies in thickness from 20 to 28 km in western and northern Iceland and from 26 to 34 km in eastern Iceland. The thickest crust of 34–40 km lies in central Iceland, roughly 100 km west to the current location of the Iceland hotspot. The crust at the hotspot is ∼32 km thick and is underlain by low shear-wave velocities of 4.0–4.1 km/s in the uppermost mantle, indicating that the Moho at the hotspot is probably a weak discontinuity. This low velocity anomaly beneath the hotspot could be associated with partial melting and hot temperature. The lithosphere in Iceland is confined above 60 km and a low velocity zone (LVZ) is imaged at depths of 60 to 120 km. Shear wave velocity in the LVZ is up to 10% lower than a global reference model, indicating the influence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the hotspot in Iceland. The lowest velocities in the LVZ are found beneath the rift zones, suggesting that plume material is channeled along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. At depths of 100 to 200 km, low velocity anomalies appear at the Tjornes fracture zone to the north of Iceland and beneath the western volcanic zone in southwestern Iceland. Interestingly, a relatively fast anomaly is imaged beneath the hotspot with its center at ∼135 km depth, which could be due to radial anisotropy associated with the strong upwelling within the plume stem or an Mg-enriched mantle residual caused by the extensive extraction of melts.
Synthesis of macromolecules in early mouse embryos cultured in vitro: RNA, DNA, and a polysaccharide component

Abstract The products of incorporation of uridine-5-3H in embryos from the 8-cell stage to the hatched blastocyst (day 5) were analyzed by sedimentation in sucrose gradients. Ribosomal RNA is a major product of RNA synthesis during this period. Heterodisperse RNA, including a giant-size labile RNA, and 4 S RNA are also synthesized. Pulse labeling and actinomycin chase experiments have led to the identification of a rapidly labeled 39 S RNA species as a precursor of 28 S and 18 S rRNA. Low concentrations of dactinomycin inhibit rRNA synthesis selectively and to an extent proportionate to dose. Uniformly labeled thymidine-14C is incorporated into DNA, RNA, and polysaccharide. These components have been separated and analyzed in CsCl and ethidium bromide-CsCl density gradients. The DNA synthesized is nuclear and labeled to a very high specific activity. The evidence suggests that no extensive replication of mitochondrial DNA takes place during cleavage. A major portion of uniformly labeled thymidine-14C is incorporated into a polysaccharide component during the blastocyst stage (day 4–5). Some properties of this polysaccharide are described.
SU-E-T-227: Least Restrictive Assignment of Dose-Distance Differences (LRAD) in IMRT On a Conventional Linac

Purpose: To develop a method to compare dose distributions based on the least restrictive of dose and distance differences, and to evaluate the method for IMRT QA on a conventional linac. Methods: Lrad is defined as the least restrictive of the dose difference at each point in the distributions being compared (%D), with dose normalized by the same factor, and the distance to agreement (DTA in millimeters), limited to directions parallel and perpendicular to MLC motion. If %D Lo, Lrad=DTA, else Lrad=%D. Lrad fails at any point when Lrad>DTAo or Lrad>%Do. We compared LRAD (Lo=1%/mm, DTAo=2mm, %Do=2%) with Gamma index tool (2%/2mm pass/fail criteria) for IMRT QA with 2D detector arrays. Dose distribution measured for 6 MV and 18 MV x-rays for various field sizes and shapes, including 6 IMRT plans, were compared to measurements made with output, beam flatness, beam symmetry, MLC leaf positions, and detector array translation and rotation adjusted at up to twice published acceptable tolerance. Results: LRAD was more effective than Gamma in detecting a 2% drift in output (dose per monitor unit), 1–2 mm drifts in MLC leaf position for 1–8 leaves in the field, and beam flatness and symmetry drifts that resulted in a 3% change in the off-axis ratio. LRAD and Gamma were equally effective for larger output changes and for detector translations and rotations. For all ∼400 measurements performed, LRAD detected 78% of the error and Gamma detected 52% of the errors. By using a color scale to display dose differences and grey scale for spatial errors, the reason for failure was self evident, whether it be beam or mechanical changes. Conclusion: LRAD proved to be advantageous in its ability to detect and distinguish between realistic changes in beam and mechanical settings in comparison to the Gamma Index.
Surface hydrophobic influences on β-lactoglobulin adsorption kinetics

Abstract The adsorption isotherms and kinetic behavior exhibited by β-lactoglobulin at silanized silicon surfaces of varying hydrophobicity were examined using ellipsometry. Adsorption isotherms indicated that the adsorbed mass of β-lactoglobulin increased with increasing surface hydrophobicity, within a defined range of hydrophobicity. Adsorption kinetics recorded for β-lactoglobulin on each surface were compared to the kinetic behavior predicted by a simple model for protein adsorption. The model described the data well in all cases, enabling interpretation of the kinetic behavior in terms of contact surface hydrophobicity influences on rate constants affecting protein attachment and unfolding at the interface. In particular, both experimental and simulation results seem to be in support of a hypothesis that rate constants defining protein arrival and conversion to an irreversibly adsorbed state increase with increasing surface hydrophobicity, while the rate constant defining desorption of protein from a reversibly adsorbed state decreases with increasing surface hydrophobicity. Contact surface hydrophobicity was quantified using contact angle analysis to determine the nondispersive component of the work required to remove water from unit area of surface. Quantitative consideration of possible mass transfer influences on the observed adsorption rates supports the notion that the experiments were not conducted in a transport-limited regime.
The equity restoring components of retaliation1

Summary Previous research has shown that retaliation can be an effective means of restoring equity to the relationship between a harm-doer and his victim The present study investigated the equity restoring properties of two components of retaliation the harm-doer “paying the price” for his harmful act, and the victim being given an opportunity to inflict harm Equity was restored to the relationship between the harm-doer and his victim when the harm-doer believed that his victim would be given an opportunity to inflict harm either upon the harm-doer or a neutral party When the harm-doer was led to believe that he would be retaliated against by someone other than his victim, equity restoration did not occur. The suggestion was made that the crucial factor in equity restoration may be the way in which the harm-doer thinks the relationship is viewed by his victim
Household composition among the nonmarried elderly. A comparison of black and white women.

Differences in household composition between Black and White women have often been explained as resulting from differences in the resources of the two groups particularly economic differences. A competing viewpoint holds that living arrangements reflect the cultural context within which life choices are negotiated. The purpose of this article is to assess the relative merits of these arguments. In this analysis the extensive data available in the 1984 panel of the [U.S.] Survey of Income and Program Participation are employed. Indicators of health kinship income and wealth are included in the analysis of living arrangements among Black and White women aged 55 and over. (EXCERPT)