cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hard photodisintegration of He 3 into a p d pair

The recent measurements of high energy photodisintegration of a $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ nucleus to a $pd$ pair at ${90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ center of mass demonstrated an energy scaling consistent with the quark counting rule with an unprecedentedly large exponent of ${s}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$. To understand the underlying mechanism of this process, we extended the theoretical formalism of the hard rescattering mechanism (HRM) to calculate the $\ensuremath{\gamma}^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}pd$ reaction. In HRM the incoming high energy photon strikes a quark from one of the nucleons in the target which subsequently undergoes hard rescattering with the quarks from the other nucleons, generating a hard two-body system in the final state of the reaction. Within the HRM we derived the parameter-free expression for the differential cross section of the reaction, which is expressed through the $^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}pd$ transition spectral function, the cross section of hard $pd\ensuremath{\rightarrow}pd$ scattering, and the effective charge of the quarks being interchanged during the hard rescattering process. The numerical estimates of all these factors resulted in the magnitude of the cross section, which is surprisingly in good agreement with the data.
XII – Compression of Spherical Cells

A number of results from the analysis of the deformation of spherical nonlinear elastic membranes compressed between two parallel plates are presented. The motivation for the investigation was to clarify certain results obtained from experiments on the compression of spherical cells, in particular, sea-urchin eggs in cell biology. Of interest is the relationship between the nature of the deformation of the cell, the magnitude of the applied compressive force, and the description of the physical properties of the cell membrane. We present results for two different assumptions on the nature of the material behavior of the membrane, first, to compare results with model experiments on fluid-filled rubber balloons, and second, to compare results with experimental data on cells. We show how the results from nonlinear membrane theory can be used to estimate elastic constants of membranes of compressed spherical cells.
New perspective to understand winding configurations of even and odd numbers of pole flux-switching permanent magnent machine

This paper presents a novel perspective to understand different winding configurations of even and odd number of rotor pole flux-switching permanent magnet machines. A simple analytical method is used for the calculation of total offset angle of flux linkages by taking into account an offset angle of stator slot and rotor poles. The 12-slot/10-pole and 12-slot/13-pole flux-switching permanent magnet machines are conceptually segregated into two sets of 6-slot/10-pole and 6-slot/13-pole machines, respectively. This is used to address even harmonic elimination and winding configuration properties in even and an odd number of rotor pole configurations. Finite element analysis also verifies the concept.
Varicoceles: prevalence and pathogenesis in adult men

Varicocele, or dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus, affects up to 15% of men. However, few of these men encounter problems with fertility. This discrepancy between men with varicocele and the number of adversely affected men has led to abundant research to identify the mechanisms for formation of varicocele as well as the pathologic mechanisms by which varicoceles affect fertility potential. In this review, we discuss the prevalence of varicocele in adults, the anatomic features of varicocele, the leading theories as to how varicocele can negatively affect fertility potential, and finally, the current literature on the impact of varicocele on testosterone production.
Open shoulder stabilization: current trends and 1-year postoperative complications.

Background Shoulder instability is commonly treated by arthroscopic stabilization. However, open stabilization procedures remain important in management of complex instability. Despite continued use of these procedures, the relative frequency of related complications remains poorly described. This study investigates current trends in open shoulder stabilization and characterizes major postoperative complications. Methods PearlDiver, a national insurance database of orthopedic patients, was used to identify open shoulder stabilization procedures from 2007 to 2010. Current Procedural Terminology codes for 4 procedures—Bankart repair, coracoid transfer, and anterior and posterior glenoid bone grafting—were used to track procedural trends. The 1-year postoperative complications were identified and categorized into 5 groups: dislocation treated with closed reduction, closed manipulation under anesthesia, reoperation with arthroscopy, reoperation with open surgery, and others. χ 2 analysis determined statistical significance. Results There were 2678 open shoulder stabilization procedures performed, with a 1-year complication rate of 12.3%. Relative proportion of open Bankart repairs decreased (82.5% to 69.8%), whereas proportion of coracoid transfers increased (7.7% to 19%). Posterior glenoid bone grafting had the highest complication rate (20.7%). Rate of total complications was 9.8% in patients 10-24 years, 13.6% in patients 25-54 years, and 25.9% in patients >55 years. Conclusions Based on our patient database sample, a significant decline in the relative use of open Bankart repair was observed. Our analysis indicates that the use of bone transfer procedures was correlated with significantly higher reoperation rates than open Bankart repair, particularly in the older patient cohort. Further studies comparing open stabilization procedures with contemporary arthroscopic techniques are indicated.
A numerical method for stochastic singular control problems with nonadditive controls

We consider stochastic systems with “singular” controls, where the control might be non-additive. It is shown that the Markov chain approximation method yields a convergent numerical method.
Out of touch: Interoceptive deficits are elevated in suicide attempters with eating disorders.

People with eating disorders have elevated interoceptive deficits and risk for self-injurious behaviors (SIBs). Across two eating disorder samples, the relationship between interoceptive deficits (...
A meta-analysis of dropout rates in acceptance and commitment therapy.

Abstract Many psychotherapies, including cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), have been found to be effective interventions for a range of psychological and behavioral health concerns. Another aspect of treatment utility to consider is dropout, as interventions only work if clients are engaged in them. To date, no research has used meta-analytic methods to examine dropout in ACT. Thus, the objectives of the present meta-analysis were to (1) determine the aggregate dropout rate for ACT in randomized controlled trials, (2) compare dropout rates in ACT to those in other psychotherapies, and (3) identify potential moderators of dropout in ACT. Our literature search yielded 68 studies, representing 4,729 participants. The weighted mean dropout rates in ACT exclusive conditions and ACT inclusive conditions (i.e., those that included an ACT intervention) were 15.8% (95% CI: 11.9%, 20.1%) and 16.0% (95% CI: 12.5%, 19.8%), respectively. ACT dropout rates were not significantly different from those of established psychological treatments. In addition, dropout rates did not vary by client characteristics or study methodological quality. However, master's-level clinicians/therapists (weighted mean = 29.9%, CI: 17.6%, 43.8%) were associated with higher dropout than psychologists (weighted mean = 12.4%, 95% CI: 6.7%, 19.4%). More research on manipulable, process variables that influence dropout is needed.
Drift-Diffusion Systems: Analysis of Discretized Models

A discretization of the steady state drift-diffusion semiconductor model is accurate if for sufficiently small meshwidth h all solutions to the discretized model can be matched in a one to one fashion to solutions to the partial differential equation (pde) system. We employ the convergence of the discretizations of the single pdes in the system (which follows by standard finite element convergence theory) to obtain such a one to one matching. However, the proof requires the introduction of an additional hypothesis of nonsingularity of the system which can only be verified by an analysis of the entire coupled model. Furthermore, the mesh and the discretization procedure must be chosen appropriately so that a priori maximum estimates on the solution for the original system hold for the discretized model as well.
Multi-parametric cell profiling with a CMOS quad-modality cellular interfacing array for label-free fully automated drug screening

Cells are complex systems with concurrent multi-physical responses, and cell physiological signals are often encoded with spatiotemporal dynamics and further coupled with multiple cellular activities. However, most existing electronic sensors are only single-modality and cannot capture multi-parametric cellular responses. In this paper, a 1024-pixel CMOS quad-modality cellular interfacing array that enables multi-parametric cell profiling for drug development is presented. The quad-modality CMOS array features cellular impedance characterization, optical detection, extracellular potential recording, and biphasic current stimulation. The fibroblast transparency and surface adhesion are jointly monitored by cellular impedance and optical sensing modalities for comprehensive cell growth evaluation. Simultaneous current stimulation and opto-mechanical monitoring based on cardiomyocytes are demonstrated without any stimulation/sensing dead-zone. Furthermore, drug dose-dependent multi-parametric feature extractions in cardiomyocytes from their extracellular potentials and opto-mechanical signals are presented. The CMOS array demonstrates great potential for fully automated drug screening and drug safety assessments, which may substantially reduce the drug screening time and cost in future new drug development.
Robust Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction Method for Geometrically Deformed Remote Sensing Images

Due to the limitations of imaging sensors, remote sensing images often have limited resolution. To address this issue, various super-resolution (SR) image reconstruction techniques have been developed to reconstruct a high-resolution image from a sequence of low-resolution, noisy and blurry observations. In this paper, we propose an efficient super-resolution image reconstruction method for geometrically deformed remote sensing images, based on the nonlocal total variation (NLTV) regularization. The proposed minimization problem is solved by a fast primal-dual algorithm. Numerical experiments demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
Effect of maternal obesity on fetal and postnatal baboon (Papio species) early life phenotype.

Background Non-human primate models of developmental programming by maternal obesity (MO) are needed for translation to human programming outcomes. We present baboon offspring (F1) morphometry, blood cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from 0.9 gestation to 0-2 years. Methods Control mothers ate chow; MO mothers ate high-fat high-energy diet pre-pregnancy through lactation. Results Maternal obesity mothers weighed more than controls pre-pregnancy. Maternal obesity gestational weight gain was lower with no correlation with fetal or placenta weights. At 0.9 gestation, MO and control F1 morphometry and ACTH were similar. MO-F1 0.9 gestation male cortisol was lower, rising slower from 0-2 years vs control-F1. At birth, male MO-F1 and control-F1 weights were similar, but growth from 0-2 years was steeper in MO-F1; newborn female MO-F1 weighed more than control-F1 but growth from 0-2 years was similar. ACTH did not change in either sex. Conclusions Maternal obesity produced sexually dimorphic fetal and postnatal growth and hormonal phenotypes.
Adapting to catch shares: perspectives of West Coast Groundfish Trawl participants.

AbstractCatch share programs are used in fisheries management to meet goals such as species recovery, overcapacity reduction, and economic efficiency. Anticipated impacts include fleet consolidation, infrastructure reduction, and social disruption within communities. The Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Social Study (PCGFSS) aims to understand social changes related to the recently implemented West Coast Groundfish Trawl Catch Share Program. In this article, we use a subset of PCGFSS data to explore the ways remaining fishery participants have thus far adapted to catch shares. While some vessels have left the fishery, we found that many participants are adapting to this catch shares program despite challenges. Quota leasing strategies, fishery diversification, gear innovation, and community quota funds are some of the tools participants are using to continue operating under the catch shares program. These early challenges and adaptations to the catch share program are worthy of continued tracking, as rese...
Some Contributions of Functional Analysis to the Assessment of Behaviors Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the Effects of Stimulant Medication

The usefulness of functional analysis procedures for the assessment and treatment of behaviors associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has been the subject of a number of recent in...
Efficacy of fluoxetine for canine behavioral disorders

Abstract The objectives of this retrospective descriptive study were to compare the efficacy of fluoxetine in conjunction with a behavior modification plan for the treatment of common canine behavioral disorders, and to compare the effects of other factors, including patient sex, fluoxetine dosage, and concurrent drug administration. Owners of all dogs prescribed fluoxetine through the Animal Behavior Clinic at the Cornell University Hospital for Animals in Ithaca, NY, between June 15th, 2012, and December 31st, 2016, were queried regarding their dogs’ behavior after prescription of fluoxetine. Behavioral diagnosis, fluoxetine dosage, concurrently administered psychoactive medications, sex, and response to fluoxetine for each dog were recorded. Of the 134 owners contacted, 93 responded. Eighty-eight dogs met inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Overall, 59% of owners reported that their dogs showed improvement, 32% reported no appreciable response, and 9% reported negative responses. Behavioral diagnoses were grouped into three categories: “Anxiety”, “Aggression”, and “Other” (which included compulsive/obsessive-compulsive behavior and self-mutilation). Most dogs in each category of diagnosis responded positively to treatment: 69% of dogs diagnosed with “Anxiety”, 55% of dogs diagnosed with “Aggression”, and 50% of dogs with a diagnosis of “Other”. A negative response to treatment was reported in 0% of dogs with a diagnosis of “Anxiety”, 13% of dogs diagnosed with “Aggression”, and 0% of dogs with a diagnosis of “Other”. More dogs prescribed fluoxetine at a daily dose of 0.5–0.99 mg/kg and 1.0–1.49 mg/kg responded positively to treatment (63% and 64%, respectively) than did dogs prescribed fluoxetine at 1.5–1.99 mg/kg daily (31%). Sixty-seven percent (N = 14/21) of dogs prescribed only trazodone in addition to fluoxetine and 63% (N = 5/8) of dogs prescribed only clonidine concurrently with fluoxetine responded positively to treatment, as compared with 59% (N = 23/39) of dogs prescribed fluoxetine as the sole agent. However, this difference was not significant. There was no significant effect of sex on treatment efficacy (Pearson chi square; [χ2 = 0.000; P = 0.999]). Sixty-eight percent (N = 19/28) of spayed females responded positively to treatment and 14% (N = 4/28) responded negatively, whereas 55% (N = 31/56) of castrated males responded positively and 9% (N = 5/56) responded negatively, a nonsignificant difference (Pearson chi square; (χ2 = 2.990; P = 0.224). Limitations of this study included its retrospective nature, number of owners who responded (N = 93; 66%) owner recall bias, and lack of control group (i.e., dogs with the same behavioral disorders that were not prescribed fluoxetine).
From Klingon to Colbertian: Using Artificial Languages to Study Word Learning.

Vocabulary acquisition is a critical part of learning a new language. Yet, due to structural, historical, and individual variability associated with natural languages, isolating the impact of specific factors on word learning can be challenging. Artificial languages are versatile tools for addressing this problem, allowing researchers to systematically manipulate properties of the language and control for learners’ past experiences. Here, we review how artificial languages have been used to study bilingual word learning, with a particular focus on the influences of language input (e.g., word properties) and language experience (e.g., bilingualism). We additionally discuss the advantages and limitations of artificial languages for bilingual research and suggest resources for researchers considering the use of artificial languages. Used and interpreted properly, artificial language studies can inform our understanding of a wide range of factors relevant to word learning.
The Political Responses of Virtual Assistants

What would a machine say about politics if it could speak? Because of virtual assistants, such as Amazon’s Alexa or Apple’s Siri, social scientists are now equipped to answer this question. Yet lit...
Interplay of large two-magnon ferromagnetic resonance linewidths and low Gilbert damping in Heusler thin films

We report on broadband ferromagnetic resonance linewidth measurements performed on epitaxial Heusler thin films. A large and anisotropic two-magnon scattering linewidth broadening is observed for measurements with the magnetization lying in the film plane, while linewidth measurements with the magnetization saturated perpendicular to the sample plane reveal low Gilbert damping constants of $(1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, $(1.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and $l8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ for ${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}\mathrm{MnSi}/\mathrm{MgO}$, ${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}\mathrm{MnAl}/\mathrm{MgO}$, and ${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}\mathrm{FeAl}/\mathrm{MgO}$, respectively. The in-plane measurements are fit to a model combining Gilbert and two-magnon scattering contributions to the linewidth, revealing a characteristic disorder length scale of 10--100 nm.
Household Income and Children's Depressive Symptoms: Immigrants' Diminished Returns.

Introduction: Relative to socially privileged groups, socially marginalized people experience weaker health effects of household income and other economic resources, a pattern known as Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs). These MDRs are frequently seen in racial and ethnic minorities, but less is known about the relevance of such MDRs in immigrant families. To investigate the MDRs of household income on children’s depression as a function of immigration, we compared non-immigrant and immigrant children for the effect of household income on children’s depressive symptoms. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted across multiple cities in the United States. Baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study collected in 2018 was used. A total of 6,412 children between the ages of 9-10 years old were included. The predictor variable was household income. The primary outcome was children’s depression measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Race, ethnicity, age, sex, parental marital status, parental employment, and financial difficulties were the covariates. Immigration status was the effect modifier. Results: Overall, high household income was associated with lower children’s depressive symptoms. Immigration status showed a statistically significant interaction with household income on children’s depression. This interaction term suggested that high household income has a smaller protective effect against depression for immigrant children than non-immigrant children. Conclusion: The protective effect of household income against children’s depression is diminished for immigrant than non-immigrant children.
A Cyber-Physical Anomaly Detection for Wide-Area Protection Using Machine Learning

Wide-area protection scheme (WAPS) provides system-wide protection by detecting and mitigating small and large-scale disturbances that are difficult to resolve using local protection schemes. As this protection scheme is evolving from a substation-based distributed remedial action scheme (DRAS) to the control center-based centralized RAS (CRAS), it presents severe challenges to their cybersecurity because of its heavy reliance on an insecure grid communication, and its compromise would lead to system failure. This article presents an architecture and methodology for developing a cyber-physical anomaly detection system (CPADS) that utilizes synchrophasor measurements and properties of network packets to detect data integrity and communication failure attacks on measurement and control signals in CRAS. The proposed machine leaning-based methodology applies a rules-based approach to select relevant input features, utilizes variational mode decomposition (VMD) and decision tree (DT) algorithms to develop multiple classification models, and performs final event identification using a rules-based decision logic. We have evaluated the proposed methodology of CPADS using the IEEE 39 bus system for several performance measures (accuracy, recall, precision, and F-measure) in a cyber-physical testbed environment. Our experimental results reveal that the proposed algorithm (VMD-DT) of CPADS outperforms the existing machine learning classifiers during noisy and noise-free measurements while incurring an acceptable processing overhead.
COVID-19 Public Sentiment Evaluation Through Twitter

Data visualization is the representation of data in a visual form, such as a graph or chart. It is very helpful in displaying information in a manner that is easy for viewers and evaluators to understand, that is why it is becoming a more popular form of sharing information. Data visualization is more complex than simply a visual representation of information in the form of a chart, graph, diagram, picture, table, etc. Understanding Big Data sets is a difficult task and with Big Data continuing to grow at such a rapid pace, it displays the need for more ways to understand it. As the world of Big Data continues to grow, the value in creating and using such a key tool as data visualization to make sense of numerous rows and columns of data continues to grow as well. An extremely accurate and well detailed visualization has been proven to be useful when drawing trends in larger data sets. An exceptional visualization tells a unique story about a given Big Data set. Trends can be highlighted, results can be drawn, and conclusions can be made often with the possibility of the results being generalizable to other real-world examples. Effective data visualizations often combine quantitative and qualitative data so that an accurate analysis can be drawn.
Cataloging Cultural Objects: A Guide to Describing Cultural Works and Their Images, Edited by Murtha Baca et al

The digital age has brought alive and close to fruition many pipe-dreams of the past, among them the notions of Universal Bibliographic Control and its logical extension, the integration of librari...
Improved Online Algorithms for Multiplexing Weighted Packets in Bounded Buffers

Motivated by providing differentiated services in the Internet, we consider online buffer management algorithms for quality-of-service network switches. We study a multi-buffer model . Packets have values and deadlines; they arrive at a switch over time. The switch consists of multiple buffers whose sizes are bounded. In each time step, only one pending packet can be sent. Our objective is to maximize the total value of the packets sent by their deadlines. We employ competitive analysis to measure an online algorithm's performance. In this paper, we first show that the lower bound of competitive ratio of a broad family of online algorithms is 2. Then we propose a ($3 + \sqrt{3} \approx 4.723$)-competitive deterministic algorithm, which is improved from the previously best-known result 9.82 (Azar and Levy. SWAT 2006).
BITC Sensitizes Pancreatic Adenocarcinomas to TRAIL-induced Apoptosis

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is an aggressive cancer with a greater than 95% mortality rate and short survival after diagnosis. Chemotherapeutic resistance hinders successful treatment. This resistance is often associated with mutations in codon 12 of the K-Ras gene (K-Ras 12), which is present in over 90% of all pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Codon 12 mutations maintain Ras in a constitutively active state leading to continuous cellular proliferation. Our study determined if TRAIL resistance in pancreatic adenocarcinomas with K-Ras 12 mutations could be overcome by first sensitizing the cells with Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC). BITC is a component of cruciferous vegetables and a cell cycle inhibitor. BxPC3, MiaPaCa2 and Panc-1 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines were examined for TRAIL resistance. Our studies show BITC induced TRAIL sensitization by dual activation of both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.
Network diversity of random access slotted CDMA networks

We propose the utilization of the statistics of retransmitted packets collected from previous transmissions in packet detection. These statistics provide network diversity. With the use of the network diversity, the expected signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) of a packet is increased by 10log/sub 10/J dB at the Jth transmission, and the network presents a "first in/first out" property. The efficiency of bandwidth usage and network delay are then derived for an arbitrary detector. It is demonstrated that the network diversity tremendously increases the bandwidth efficiency and reduces network delay.
Deception is in the eye of the communicator: Investigating pupil diameter variations in automated deception detection interviews

Deception is pervasive, often leading to adverse consequences for individuals, organizations, and society. Information systems researchers are developing tools and evaluating sensors that can be used to augment human deception judgments. One sensor exhibiting particular promise is the eye tracker. Prior work evaluating eye trackers for deception detection has focused on the detection and interpretation of brief eye behavior variations in response to stimuli (e.g., images) or interview questions. However, research is needed to understand how eye behaviors evolve over the course of an interaction with a deception detection system. Using latent growth curve modeling, we test how pupil diameter evolves over one's interaction with a deception detection system. The results indicate that pupil diameter changes over the course of a deception detection interaction, and that these trends are indicative of deception during the interaction, regardless if incriminating target items are shown.
Why We Need Both the LHC and an e + e - Linear Collider

The next high energy collider will be the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), to be completed in 2007. The LHC, combined with RUNII at the Fermilab Tevatron, will greatly expand our knowledge of physics at the TeV scale. In this note, we examine some of the physics questions likely to be left unanswered by the LHC and discuss the role of a high energy e + e - linear collider (LC) in providing answers. We consider the connection between the understanding to be found at the LHC and an LC, using Higgs physics, low energy supersymmetric models, and the top quark sector as examples.
Formation of dehydroalanine from mimosine and cysteine: artifacts in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry based metabolomics.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based global metabolomics requires complete chemical derivatization and matching of experimental spectra with those in various commercial or freely available databases in a high throughput manner.[1–6] Although several chemical methods have been developed for converting active functional groups in metabolites,[7, 8] the combination of methoxyamination and trimethylsilyation is one of the most widely used in global metabolomics studies.[6, 9] Recently, Agilent Technologies released the Fiehn GC-MS Metabolomics RTL (retention time locked) Library based on this derivatization approach. This library contains validated retention indices and spectra for 700 metabolites,[6] increasing the confidence of metabolite identifications in complex samples through the use of two independent parameters. However, multiple peaks could be formed from some specific molecules during the derivatization processes. Some of these peaks are partial TMS derivatives, while others are well-documented artifacts.[6, 10]
Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles

Nanomaterials hold immense promise for significantly improving existing diagnosis, therapy and designing novel approaches to treat a variety of human ailments. While some of the applications of nanotechnology have been translated into clinical settings, many more potential uses of nanomedicines have been demonstrated in experimental systems. Since a variety of materials can be nanosized, the scope of nanomedicine is also large and may even become larger. At the same time, the impact of nanomaterials on cellular and animal models will need to be carefully evaluated under both acute and chronic exposures at toxicological and pharmacological doses. It is extremely important to evaluate the basic issues such as the fate of nanomaterials in biological systems, and how the cells and tissues react to the exposure of nanomaterials in developing nanomedicines. This chapter will cover some of these promises and future directions.
Serum Calcium and Incident and Fatal Prostate Cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

We examined the association between serum calcium levels and the risk for prostate cancer using a prospective cohort, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the NHANES Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Eighty-five incident cases of prostate cancer and 25 prostate cancer deaths occurred over 46,188 person-years of follow-up. Serum calcium was determined an average of 9.9 years before the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Comparing men in the top with men in the bottom tertile of serum calcium, the multivariable-adjusted relative hazard for fatal prostate cancer was 2.68 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-6.99; P(trend) = 0.04). For incident prostate cancer, the relative risk for the same comparison was 1.31 (95% confidence interval, 0.77-2.20; P(trend) = 0.34). These results support the hypothesis that high serum calcium or a factor strongly associated with it (e.g., high serum parathyroid hormone) increases the risk for fatal prostate cancer. Our finding of a >2.5-fold increased risk for men in the highest tertile of serum calcium is comparable in magnitude with the risk associated with family history and could add significantly to our ability to identify men at increased risk for fatal prostate cancer.
Harvey Cushing's Guillain-Barrè Syndrome: An Historical Diagnosis

Harvey Cushing developed an illness in the last months of World War I that made it impossible for him to operate and forced him to bed for over a month. The features of Cushing's malady included symmetrical weakness, numbness, and paresthesias of the hands and feet, areflexia, bilateral facial paresis, diplopia, and fever. Neither Cushing nor his physicians were able to make a diagnosis. John Fulton, Cushing's biographer, misdiagnosed the condition as a "vascular polyneuritis," and Harry Zimmerman, who performed Cushing's autopsy, incorrectly attributed his symptoms to occlusion of the abdominal aorta. Based on extensive notes in Cushing's war diary describing the illness, it is readily recognized today as Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Submarine Tubes for Levelling

THE ocean surface deviates from the geoid, that is, from a level surface, by an amount probably exceeding one metre even if short-period disturbances such as waves and tides are eliminated. It therefore cannot serve as a datum for precise levelling. Coasts separated by water can, however, be joined by hydrostatic levelling, recently described by Norlund. In 1938 he 'bridged' the Store Belt1 in Denmark with a water-filled submarine tube of length 18 km. and inside diameter 1 cm ; the greatest depth was 60 m. Observations of atmospheric pressure at each end and of temperature distribution along the tube served to determine the difference in level between the water surfaces inside each end. In 1939 he joined the spirit-level networks of Deumark and Sweden by means of a 4.2 km. submarine tube beneath Oresund2.
Factors Influencing Trust in Online Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) Transactions

ABSTRACT This study aims to identify the factors that influence buyer and seller trust in online consumer-to-consumer transactions. Earlier studies focused on the B2C domain, thus this study intends to fill this literature gap. Factor analysis is used to identify the factors in this study using the principle component method. The factors identified by this study are buyers' and sellers’ general propensity to trust others, knowledge and expertise, risk propensity, personal acquaintances and relationships, and their prior transaction experience. The study's limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.
A software emphasis in the second course in computer science

Over the past few years, structured programming concepts and techniques have played a major role in forming the content and approach in introductory programming courses. In these courses the students learn the fundamentals of programming and the elements of some programming language. But learning the basic elements of programming barely exposes the students to the depth and breadth of computer science. In addition, many students can have a false impression of their limited programming capabilities. For these reasons, the second course in computer science is quite critical. Not only must it build on the programming skills taught in the first course, but it must also give the students some appreciation of the depth, breadth, and theoretical foundations of computer science.
Hertzian damping, tooth friction and bending elasticity in gear impact dynamics

Etude de la dynamique des chocs dans une transmission a engrenages en tenant compte du frottement entre les dents, de l'elasticite en flexion et de l'amortissement du contact hertzien
Sources of acute sport stress scale for sports officials: Rasch calibration.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop and calibrate the Sources of Acute Stress Scale for Sports Officials (SASS-SO) using the Rasch model. Design and method This was a cross-sectional, self-reported study. Of the 3300 participants with valid (no missing) data, 90.1% were males, ranging in age from 19.6 to 57.8 yrs., and serving as sports officials from 3 to 24 yrs. The officials represented high school, collegiate, and professional athletic associations representing 13 sports throughout the United States. Results Using the Rasch model, the level of sources of stress item difficulty and individual's level of acute stress were estimated. Model-data fit was determined by Infit and Outfit statistics (≥0.5 and ≤1.5). A rating scale was also evaluated for proper functioning. With the exception of two items, the model fit the data well. Infit and Outfit measures were within the appropriate range supported the unidimensional structure of the SASS-SO. The two most severe sources of acute stress were “I made an incorrect call” and “I was out of position.” The two least severe sources of acute stress items were “I received verbal abuse from players” and “My supervisor/evaluator was present.” Conclusions The probability thresholds and item response ordering showed that the rating scale functioned well. Although item parameters had slightly inappropriate coverage, the ability parameters were reasonably varied. The results of this study support the use of the SASS-SO in assessing sources of acute stress among sports officials.
Enterokinase and the Chicken Pancreas

Abstract ENTEROKINASE was discovered in 1899 by Scepovalnikov, in Pavlov’s laboratory (cited by Yamashina, 1954), and Pavlov (1910) termed it a kinase or “a ferment of ferments.” Savitsh, also in Pavlov’s laboratory (Pavlov, 1910) showed that pancreatic juice (but not when boiled) served as a specific stimulus to the intestinal mucosa to secrete enterokinase in intestinal juice (succus entericus). Without this pancreatic stimulus, enterokinase disappeared from intestinal juice. Pavlov (1910) summarized the information at that time: “. . . this peculiar physiological reaction to the ferments of the pancreatic juice (whether to one only, or to all of them, remains an open question) is extraordinarily sensitive.” Foa (cited by Alexander and Chowdhury, 1958) showed that enterokinase disappeared within six months from intestinal juice obtained from fistulae of a dog. Enterokinase also disappeared almost completely from the ileal juice of the horse (Alexander and Chowdhury, 1958). Yamashina (1954) extracted and subsequently concentrated. . .
WE‐C‐BRB‐05: Monte Carlo Simulations and Experimental Validation of Rapid Dose Delivery with Very High‐Energy Electron Beams

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility to treat lungcancer with very high‐ energy electrons (VHEE) by Monte Carlo(MC) simulations and to estimate the beam‐on time based on experimental dose measurements on an existing VHEE beam line. Methods: Manually optimized VHEE treatment plans for a simulated lungtumor were calculated for beam energies ranging from 50 to 150 MeV in the EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc MC code. A state‐of‐the‐art RapidArc plan with a 6 MV photon beam was calculated for the same scenario using the Eclipse treatment planning system. The minimal electron beam energy matching the 6MV photon RapidArc plan was identified. VHEE dose from 50 and 70 MeV electrons was measured with Gafchromic EBT2 films on the Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA) beam line adapted to our experiments at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The experimental setup was modeled in the MCNPX code and the proton and neutron contributions to the total dose were quantified. The total treatment time for the lung case was estimated based on the parameters of the NLCTA beam line and experimental data. Results: For the selected clinical scenario, 75–100 MeV electron beams produced plans of comparably high quality to the best photon plans. The simulated NLCTA percentage depth dose curves and beam profiles at 6 mm depth generally agreed with measurements within 5% for both energies and all beam sizes. The dose contribution from protons and neutrons was negligible, accounting for less than 1×10−2% of the maximum total dose. Based on the beam line parameters and the measurements, a dose of 10 Gy to 95% of the 8 cc PTV could be in principle delivered in 1.3 s. Conclusions: Our results combining MC simulations with experimental measurements suggest that treatments of lungcancer with VHEE are feasible and very fast. We anticipate superior results with plan optimization.
Carbamazepine and ethanol elicited responses in rodents.

Abstract The interaction between carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant with clinical efficacy in alcohol withdrawal syndrome, and ethanol was studied in rodents. Voluntary intake of ethanol by the rat was the behavioral performance test used to assess one aspect of such interaction. Carbamazepine, 50 mg/kg, IP, caused aversion to ethanol drinking. The drug was devoid of action on rat hepatic ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolizing enzymes, i.e., alcohol- and aldehyde dehydrogenase, and on testicular aldehyde dehydrogenase. The moderate induction of the latter by prolonged ethanol consumption was antagonized by a single dose of carbamazepine (50 mg/kg). Administration of carbamazepine, 50 mg/kg twice daily for three consecutive days, moderately inhibited mouse liver alcohol dehydrogenase in the male but not in the female mouse. This treatment did not alter endogenous mouse cardiac lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes or hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase in either sex. The enzymatic portion of the study suggests species and sex differences in the effects of carbamazepine studied. The reduction of voluntary drinking of ethanol by carbamazepine may have clinical implications, e.g., the extension of its use in alcohol withdrawal phase to alcohol abstinence.
Pathogenesis of hypertension in black and white children

Studies of cardiovascular risk factors in children conducted in the Bogalusa Heart Study provide a better understanding of the early natural history of essential hypertension. Contrasts in the biracial community of Bogalusa furnish some clues as to why essential hypertension is more prevalent in blacks. Black children tend to have higher blood pressure levels than whites. Autopsy studies and echocardiographic examinations have provided evidence of early cardiac enlargement in children and young adults with blood pressure levels in the 90th percentile. This suggests that the anatomic changes related to high blood pressure levels occur early in life. Blacks have lower plasma renin and serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase levels than whites. In general, obesity is not as closely correlated with higher blood pressure levels in black children as in white children. Prevention of hypertension should begin in early life. A major approach may be to educate children about cardiovascular risk factors and to encourage them to adopt healthy lifestyles while still young.
Modified transition state theory and negative apparent activation energies of simple metathesis reactions : Application to the reaction CH3 + HBr → CH4 + Br

A modified transition state theory (MTST) has been developed for gas-phase reactions with “negative barriers”. The theory was applied to the reactions CH3 + HBr(DBr) → CH4(CH3D) + Br (1a, 1b), which exhibit negative temperature dependences. Accurate ab initio calculations performed with coupled cluster theory extrapolated to the complete basis set limit revealed a transition state located at −2.3 kJ mol-1 relative to the ground state of the reactants (in reaction 1a), as well as a shallow bound complex. The negative temperature dependence, the absolute values of the rate constant, and the isotope substitution effect are reproduced with good accuracy (10%), without any adjustment or fitting parameters. Analytical expressions are presented for MTST including angular momentum conservation, centrifugal barriers and tunneling. This analysis uses information about the possibly loose entrance barrier and the transition state but does not invoke a statistical intermediate complex.
Early induction of IL-6 in infants undergoing major abdominal surgery.

Abstract Cytokines are immunoregulatory molecules that are important mediators of the host response to stress and infection. Infants and children undergoing major surgery are particularly at risk of developing sepsis and have altered metabolic responses to surgical stress compared to adults. We have investigated the temporal sequence of cytokine responses in six infants (mean age, 11 ± 7.5 months) undergoing pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease and correlated them with hemodynamic and biochemical parameters. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured by ELISA preoperatively, intraoperatively (hourly), and 24 and 48 hours postoperatively. IL-6 levels increased significantly in all cases within 2 hours of commencement of the operation ( P
Numerical Simulation of the Interaction Between Leading-Edge Vortex and Vertical Tail

The impingement of a streamwise vortex on an aerodynamic surface, such as a fin or tail, can result in efficiency loss, severe unsteady loading, vibration, and adverse stability and control. Such vortices, commonly generated by modern fighter aircraft configurations, are employed to supplement lift and enhance performance and maneuvering capabilities in the high-angle-of-attack subsonic flight regime. In these flow situations, vortex breakdown can occur, leading to buffet of the tail surface with a potential for fatigue induced structural failure. The present investigation considers airflow at a freestream Mach number of 0.2 and root chord Reynolds number of 1.89 X 10 6 past a sharp leading-edge 70.0-deg swept delta wing at an angle of attack of 23.2 deg.
Electron paramagnetic resonance oxygen mapping (EPROM): direct visualization of oxygen concentration in tissue.

Tissue oxygen content is a central parameter in physiology but is difficult to measure. We report a novel procedure for spatial mapping of oxygen by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) utilizing a spectral-spatial imaging data set, in which an EPR spectrum is obtained from each image volume element. From this data set, spatial maps corresponding to local spin density and maximum EPR spectral line amplitude are generated. A map of local EPR spectral linewidth is then computed. Because linewidth directly correlates with oxygen concentration, the linewidth image provides a map of oxygenation. This method avoids a difficulty inherent in other oxygen content mapping techniques using EPR, that is, the unwanted influence of local spin probe density on the image. We provide simulation results and data from phantom studies demonstrating the validity of this method. We then apply the method to map oxygen content in rat tail tissue and vasculature. This method provides a new, widely applicable, approach to direct visualization of oxygen concentration in living tissue. Magn Reson Med 43:804-809, 2000.
Correlative study of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor secretion in newborns and infants.

The developmental patterns of secretion of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor were studied, following Histalog stimulation, in gastric juice of infants 12 hr to 3 months old. In the first day of life, the outputs of hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and pepsin were very low, but in no instance was achlorhydria found. The outputs of these three glandular secretory components then showed a gradual increase until the third week after birth, followed by a short decline in the third to fourth week, and a second sustained rise continuing into the second and third month of life.
Evaluation of edge caching/offloading for dynamic content delivery

As dynamic content becomes increasingly dominant, it becomes an important research topic as how the edge resources such as client-side proxies, which are otherwise underutilized for such content, can be put into use. However, it is unclear what will be the best strategy and the design/deployment tradeoffs lie therein. In this paper, using one representative e-commerce benchmark, we report our experience of an extensive investigation of different offloading and caching options. Our results point out that, while great benefits can be reached in general, advanced offloading strategies can be overly complex and even counter-productive. In contrast, simple augmentation at proxies to enable fragment caching and page composition achieves most of the benefit without compromising important considerations such as security.