cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Electrical Modeling Method for Signal Integrity of Ultra-Small Electronic Device

The accuracy of electrical models depend on the modeling method, the physical geometry for modeling, and model extraction tools. Due to the complex geometry of ultra-small consumer electrical device and the small signal integrity margin on low power consumption design, the accuracy of electrical modeling method is critical factor for designing a cost-effective system with proper margin. In this paper, simulation data from traditional modeling methods are reviewed and compared with a new electrical modeling method with measured data for the comparing standard. Based on the interconnecting technologies and resource for modeling, different modeling method is suitable for different interconnecting technology. For System in Package (SiP) with complex traces, sharp serpentine angles and, routing over voids, the full-wave modeling of one complete structure as a single section generates most accurate results through the correlation with measured data.
Clinical significance of three-dimensional printed biomaterials and biomedical devices

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is becoming a standard manufacturing practice for a variety of biomaterials and biomedical devices. This layer-by-layer methodology provides the ability to fabricate parts from computer-aided design files without the need for part-specific tooling. Three-dimensional printed medical components have transformed the field of medicine through on-demand patient care with specialized treatment such as local, strategically timed drug delivery, and replacement of once-functioning body parts. Not only can 3DP technology provide individualized components, it also allows for advanced medical care, including surgical planning models to aid in training and provide temporary guides during surgical procedures for reinforced clinical success. Despite the advancement in 3DP technology, many challenges remain for forward progress, including sterilization concerns, reliability, and reproducibility. This article offers an overview of biomaterials and biomedical devices derived from metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites that can be three-dimensionally printed, as well as other techniques related to 3DP in medicine, including surgical planning, bioprinting, and drug delivery.
Evidence for Persistent Monocyte and Immune Dysregulation After Prolonged Viral Suppression Despite Normalization of Monocyte Subsets, sCD14 and sCD163 in HIV-Infected Individuals.

Background: People living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (HIV/ART) experience excess non-AIDS comorbidities, and also remain at increased risk for certain infections and viral malignancies. Monocytes/macrophages are central to many of these comorbidities, and elevated plasma cytokines and immune activation during untreated infection are often incompletely reversed by ART and are also associated with comorbidities. Methods: We investigated monocyte surface markers, gene expression, and plasma cytokines in 11 HIV-infected older individuals (median 53 years) who started therapy with low CD4 counts (median 129 cells/μl), with elevated hsCRP (≥ 2mg/L) despite long-term ART (median 7.4 years), along with matched controls. Results: Frequency of monocyte subsets (based on CD14/CD16/CD163), were not different from controls, but surface expression of CD163 was increased ( P = 0.021) while PD1 was decreased ( P = 0.013) along with a trend for higher tissue factor ( P = 0.096). As a group, HIV/ART participants had elevated plasma CCL2 (MCP-1; P = 0.0001), CXCL9 (MIG; P = 0.04), and sIL2R ( P = 0.015), which were correlated, while sCD14 was not elevated. Principal component analysis of soluble markers revealed that 6/11 HIV/ART participants clustered with controls, while 5 formed a distinct group, driven by IL-10, CCL11, CXCL10, CCL2, CXCL9, and sIL2R. These individuals were significantly older than those clustering with controls. Transcriptomic analysis revealed multiple genes linked to immune functions including inflammation, immune cell development, and cell-cell signaling that were downregulated in HIV/ART monocytes and distinct from patterns in untreated subjects. Conclusions: Long-term ART-treated individuals normalize monocyte subsets but exhibit immune dysregulation involving both aberrant inflammation and monocyte dysfunction, as well as inter-individual heterogeneity, suggesting complex mechanisms linking monocytes and HIV/ART comorbidities.
An Educational Initiative to Increase Bone Marrow Transplant Staff Knowledge of Steroid Induced Hyperglycemia Secondary to Graft Versus Host Disease Treatment

Topic Significance & Study Purpose/Background/Rationale Patients status post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) are at increased risk of developing graft versus host disease (GVHD). First-line treatment of GVHD is systemic high-dose steroids. Although effective, a major side effect of this treatment is hyperglycemia. Detection is often delayed, especially when treatment occurs in the outpatient setting. Methods, Intervention, & Analysis This educational study included baseline assessment of staff knowledge of recognition and treatment of steroid induced hyperglycemia, staff education on steroid induced hyperglycemia, and re-assessment of effectiveness of education and knowledge retention following education. Approximately 30 registered nurses (RNs) and nurse practitioners (NPs) were included in the survey. The baseline and post-education assessment contained 14 questions. Prior to education, the average overall score of the baseline assessment was 65.88%. The lowest scoring concepts included dosage of high-dose steroids, resolution of steroid induced hyperglycemia, testing for steroid induced hyperglycemia, effects of hyperglycemia related to steroid use, and incidence of steroid induced hyperglycemia. The overall average score on the post-test was 75.5%, with areas of most improvement including when to test for steroid induced hyperglycemia, steroid dosage considered high-dose, steroid peak times with associated increase in blood glucose, and steroid preparations most likely to cause increase in blood glucose. Findings & Interpretation and Discussion & Implications A 1-month post educational assessment to determine educational effectiveness and staff retention concluded that education was effective. A knowledge deficit in the recognition and treatment among RNs and NPs was identified that will likely improve with continued staff education. Now that the knowledge deficit has been identified, additional education regarding steroid induced hyperglycemia will be implemented to include updates for patient education.
Pediatric tibial eminence fracture treatment: A case series using a bioabsorbable screw

Abstract Background Pediatric tibial eminence fractures constitute a complex injury with multiple treatment options. We have described a technique that combines direct visualization through an open approach and stable fixation using a bioabsorbable screw. The purpose of this study is to describe our surgical technique for tibial eminence fractures and to compare the radiographic and functional outcomes to previous open or arthroscopic methods. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a series of five pediatric patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of a tibial eminence fracture with a headless, bioabsorbable poly-L lactic acid (PLLA) screw (Bio-Compression screw, Arthrex Inc, Naples, FL) from 2016 to 2017. The surgical technique involves an open approach, direct fracture reduction, and fixation with a PLLA screw without violating the epiphyseal plate. Postoperative assessment was quantified using the Lysholm knee score (LKS), knee arc of motion (AOM), presence of a pivot shift or Lachman, and knee radiographs with an average of 18.4 months of follow-up. Results Five patients (average age of 11.3 years) were treated with a biobsorbable screw and followed for an average of 18.4 months. Average LKS was 99.6, AOM was 98.4%, all patients had negative pivot shift and Lachman exams, and all patients went on to radiographic union. No patients required re-operation or implant removal. Conclusions The goals of tibial eminence fracture management are fracture union, restoring knee stability, and regaining normal knee motion and kinematics. Our study demonstrates that open treatment with a bioabsorbable screw is an excellent alternative surgical method as it reliably results in rigid fixation, fracture union, excellent knee function scores, and it mitigates the possible need for hardware removal. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV – Case series.
Geographic Divides and Cosmopolitanism: Evidence From Switzerland:

Large cities are cosmopolitan environments where people embrace inter-national connections whereas small towns, villages, and the countryside are more likely to prioritize the maintenance of nation...
STEAM Designed and Enacted: Understanding the Process of Design and Implementation of STEAM Curriculum in an Elementary School

Educators are now moving classroom instructional objectives away from what content do we need to know towards how can we support learners in the process of inquiry. Consequently, an increasing number of schools have revamped their curricula to support students. One such example of modified curricula is the rising trend of STEAM Education. However, limited research exists on STEAM teaching practices. The purpose of this study is to understand the ways in which elementary teachers can both design and enact STEAM teaching practices in order to define specific curricular supports for STEAM education. Our key findings were (1) teachers who designed relevant problems provided instructional pathways aligned to the STEAM conceptual model and (2) teacher facilitation promoted both inquiry and authentic tasks—two strategies often difficult for teachers. This research demonstrates the importance of teachers designing STEAM curriculum using problem-based units in ways that promote student inquiry. The data demonstrates this as critical to enact discipline integration, teacher facilitation, and authentic tasks.
The new proxemics: COVID-19, social distancing, and sociable space

Social distancing measures during COVID-19 have altered the use of space. With the closure of places of work, learning, leisure, consumption, and more, the pandemic has limited our territories and ...
Utility of inflammatory markers to predict adverse outcome in acute pancreatitis: A retrospective study in a single academic center.

Background/Aim: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a commonly encountered emergency where early identification of complicated cases is important. Inflammatory markers like lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are simple and readily available markers. In this study, we evaluated the utility of these markers in the early identification of patients with complicated AP. Patients and Methods: All patients with a diagnosis of AP admitted to the University Medical Center in Las Vegas/Nevada between August 2015 and September 2018 were identified using ICD-10 codes. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Epidemiological measures and their associated confidence intervals were calculated using MedCalc (v. 18). Results: The LMR showed a significant difference between groups, with the non-complicated cases consistently higher than the complicated cases but without significant temporal differences. The NLR showed a significant difference with a significant temporal relation. Using the bound of the 95% confidence interval separating the two groups, LMR 10.5 was suggestive of a complicated case. High specificity (85–92%) with low sensitivity (23–69%) was noted; hence, these cut points were very good at discerning non-complicated cases. Conclusion: Our data show persistently low LMR that is associated with severe AP and a value of 10.5 that can be used to predict severe complicated AP and to monitor response to treatment over time.
Interpersonal early life trauma is associated with increased cerebral perfusion and poorer memory performance in post-9/11 veterans

Abstract Background Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is critically important in the overall maintenance of brain health, and disruptions in normal flow have been linked to the degradation of the brain’s structural integrity and function. Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of CBF as a link between psychiatric disorders and brain integrity. Although interpersonal early life trauma (IP-ELT) is a risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders and has been linked to disruptions in brain structure and function, the mechanisms through which IP-ELT alters brain integrity and development remain unclear. The goal of this study was to understand whether IP-ELT was associated with alterations in CBF assessed during adulthood. Further, because the cognitive implications of perfusion disruptions in IP-ELT are also unclear, this study sought to investigate the relationship between IP-ELT, perfusion, and cognition. Methods: 179 Operations Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom/New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) Veterans and military personnel completed pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) imaging, clinical interviews, the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ), and a battery of neuropsychological tests that were used to derive attention, memory, and executive function cognitive composite scores. To determine whether individuals were exposed to an IP-ELT, events on the TLEQ that specifically queried interpersonal trauma before the age of 18 were tallied for each individual. Analyses compared individuals who reported an interpersonal IP-ELT (IP-ELT+, n = 48) with those who did not (IP-ELT-, n = 131). Results: Whole brain analyses revealed that IP-ELT+ individuals had significantly greater CBF in the right inferior/middle temporal gyrus compared to those in the IP-ELT- group, even after controlling for age, sex, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Further, perfusion in the right inferior/middle temporal gyrus significantly mediated the relationship between IP-ELT and memory, not attention or executive function, such that those with an IP-ELT had greater perfusion, which, in turn, was associated with poorer memory. Examination of other clinical variables such as current PTSD diagnosis and severity as well as the interaction between IP-ELT and PTSD yielded no significant effects. Conclusions: These results extend prior work demonstrating an association between ELT and cerebral perfusion by suggesting that increased CBF may be an important neural marker with cognitive implications in populations at risk for psychiatric disorders.
Retroperitoneal Node Dissection

Node dissection of the external iliac, obturator, common iliac, and preaortic-precaval nodes is performed for primary tumors of the pelvis with a tendency for lymphatic spread, such as gynecologic tumors, genitourinary tumors, and colorectal tumors. The precise extent of node dissection depends on the known propensity of the specific tumor to spread to a certain area of the retroperitoneal nodal chain and on radiologic evidence (e.g., CT scan) detecting involvement of specific nodes. The extent of this dissection superiorly stops at the level of the renal vessels. It is possible to go a few centimeters higher by kocherizing the duodenum and exposing the inferior vena cava (IVC) and aorta behind the pancreas. Mobilization of the spleen and distal pancreas anteriorly by dividing the splenocolic and lienorenal ligaments (and usually the gastrosplenic ligament) allows the spleen to be brought to the surface of the wound and provides adequate exposure of the upper abdominal aorta, the celiac axis, and the superior mesenteric artery for the removal of abnormally enlarged nodes in this area.
Making Voices Heard

“Making Voices Heard” became the Voice and Speech Review’s (VSR) motto in 2018. This new motto not only represents the journal’s mission to explore voice training, but this motto also highlights th...
Weight Quantization in Spiking Neural Network for Hardware Implementation

Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is the third generation of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which is potentially an efficient way to reduce the computation load as well as the power consumption on hardware due to the sparse activation and event-driven behavior of its neuron. In this paper, we have trained an SNN by using Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity in an unsupervised manner. The training process is optimized by using the quantization method on its weights, performed at the regular intervals during training. From the simulation results, the SNN with the 4-bit weights received an accuracy drop of 0.09%. The behavioral simulation result with the same bit-width weight quantization received an accuracy drop of 0.28%.
A National Study of Mentoring Program Characteristics and Premature Match Closure: the Role of Program Training and Ongoing Support

Mentoring programs are a popular approach to preventing problem behavior and promoting positive youth development. However, mentoring relationships that end prematurely may have negative consequences for youth. Previous research has investigated match-level indicators of premature match closure, highlighting possible individual mentor- or mentee-level characteristics that might influence the match staying together. However, less work has investigated the importance of program-level variables in match retention. Mentor training and support may be one key modifiable program-level feature that could curtail the risk of premature match closure. In this study, we used data from a national survey of youth mentoring programs (N = 1451) to examine training and other potential predictors of premature match closures (Garringer et al. 2017). We used a Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) model to predict program-reported premature match closure rates from a set of four training-related variables and 26 other covariates (e.g., program size, budget, demographic composition). Findings indicate that the set of predictors explained about one-fifth of the variation in reported rate of premature match closure (cumulative pseudo R2 = .21), and the strongest, and only statistically significant, predictor of premature match closure was the frequency of ongoing training and support contacts per month. Overall, findings indicate that there is substantial noise in predicting program-reported premature match closure, but program-reported provision of ongoing training and support seems to emerge as a relatively stable signal in the noise.
The local modulus of continuity of an analytic function

Let f(z) be an analytic function on the unit disk D and let ς ∈ ∂D. If f(ς) exists as a radial limit, then we define $$ \omega (f,t\zeta ) = {\rm{sup}}\left\{ {\left| {f(z) - f(\zeta )} \right|:\left| {z - \zeta } \right| \le t,z, \in D} \right\}$$ and $$\varpi (f,t,\zeta ) = ess\,{\rm{sup}}\left\{ {\left| {f({e^{i\Theta }}) - f(\zeta )\left| : \right|{e^{i\Theta }} - \zeta } \right| \le t} \right\}$$ .
REPETITIVE LOADING TESTS ON MEMBRANE-ENVELOPED ROAD SECTIONS DURING FREEZE-THAW CYCLES

Road test sections of impermeable membrane-enveloped silt and clay soils overlain with asphalt cement concrete were subjected to repetitive dynamic plate-bearing loadings to determine strength variations of the pavement systems during freeze-thaw cycles. The modulus values of the asphalt cement concrete vary inversely with its temperature by an order of magnitude (90,000 psi to 1,300,000 psi) in the temperature range of 110°F to 30°F. The resilient stiffness of the pavement system varied in the same manner by nearly a factor of eight (228.4 kips/in to 1,740.2 kips/in. Despite the wide strength variations of the sections during freeze-thaw cycles, membrane enveloped fine-grained soils can be utilized instead of granular materials as base and subbase layers in flexible pavements in cold regions where moisture migration is a major concern. Without the membrane protection such fine-grained soils that experience frost heaving suffer severe bearing strength loss during thawing.
Bi-polar planar near-field measurements with and without probe co-rotation: An experimental verification

Planar near-field measurements in polar coordinates generally require probe corotation to perform probe correction. In the present work, it has been experimentally verified that the vector probe response can be found from measurements using arbitrary, orthogonal orientations of the probe and, furthermore, that this vector response can be used to predict the far-field pattern accurately. This procedure requires that the probe's far-field pattern exhibit simple, first-order azimuthal dependence. The physical corotation of the probe becomes mandatory for larger probes which do not fulfill this requirement. >
Studies of intermolecular interactions in transition metal complexes—VI[1]: The electrical properties of some quasi-one dimensional mixed valence complexes at ultra-high pressures☆

Abstract Electrical conductivity and conductivity activation energy measurements were carried out on the quasi-one dimensional (1-D) mixed valence complexes, Pd(NH3)2Br3 and Au(DBS)X2 (DBS = dibenzylsulfide, X = Cl, Br), at pressures up to 360 Kbar using a diamond compact-tipped Drickamer apparatus. The results indicate an enormous enhancement of the conductivity with values approaching 5 Ω −1 cm −1 for the palladium complex and 2 × 10 −3 Ω −1 cm −1 for Au(DBS)Br2 in the range 100–250 Kbar pressure. The increase in conductivity and decrease in the activation energy is attributed to compression along the 1-D chains, leading to more nearly equivalent coordination environments for the intrachain metal atoms. A maximum in the conductivity and a minimum in the activation energy is observed for these complexes, indicating that the pressure induced reduction in metal site inequivalency reaches a limit and that conversion to the hypothetical uniform-valence (Pd(III) or Au(II)), 1-D metallic state is not attained at high pressures. These observations are discussed in the context of the interatomic distances changes anticipated at high pressure.
On the mechanism of extremely low frequency (ELF) electric field interactions with living tissue

A review of the empirical observations of ELF electric field effects on living tissue has led the authors to propose that effects occur through the action of the electric polarization forces which develop at the cell surface. Such an interaction mechanism predicts that the field effects should be associated with a time-development response as well as an actual deformation of the exposed cell. These two phenomena are investigated in two distinct experimental approaches, and the results are found to be consistent with the prediction of a field:cell interaction through polarization forces. The polarization force mechanism of interaction predicts that specific morphologic (cell size, shape, and orientation) and biophysical (glycocalyx content, permeability) properties will modulate the magnitude of the electrical force on the cell and therefore dictate the cellular response to the electric field. This suggests that perhaps the particular fields can be identified in advance, simplifying the problem of determining the long-term effects of environmental field exposure. >
Adaptive identification and control of dynamical systems using neural networks

In recent years, multilayer neural networks and recurrent networks have emerged as important components for representing nonlinear transformations and have proved particularly successful in pattern recognition and optimization problems. The authors explore methods for incorporating such networks in adaptive systems for the identification and control of complex nonlinear dynamical systems. >
The Effect of Sex and Age on Small Intestinal Transit Times in Humans

This study utilizes a novel approach of small bowel video capsule endoscopy for investigating the influence of sex and age on small intestinal transit times (SITT) in humans. A total of 81 outpatients undergoing investigations with the small bowel video capsule endoscope (SB-VCE) and meeting inclusion criteria were included in this study. Following an overnight fast, patients swallowed the SB-VCE with a glass of water. SITT were calculated from the first duodenal image to the first cecal image. This study showed that the SB-VCE provides accurate and reliable measurements of SITT under real-life conditions. A large inter-individual variability in SITT was observed, with times ranging from 50 to 460 min. This variability can have implications on drug absorption and bioavailability. The median SITT were 219 min for females and 191 min for males. Although SITT were 28 min longer in females than males, this difference was not found to be statistically significant (p = 0.66). No correlation was found between age and SITT (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.19). Therefore, any drug bioavailability differences of modified release dosage preparations that are observed between adult patient groups of different age or sex are unlikely to be attributable to SITT.
Forgotten Third Parties: Analyzing the Contingent Association Between Unshared Third Parties, Knowledge Overlap, and Knowledge Transfer Relationships with Outsiders

Third parties play a prominent role in network-based explanations for successful knowledge transfer. Third parties can be either shared or unshared. Shared third parties signal insider status and have a predictable positive effect on knowledge transfer. Unshared third parties, however, signal outsider status and are believed to undermine knowledge transfer. Surprisingly, unshared third parties have been ignored in empirical analysis, and so we do not know if or how much unshared third parties contribute to the process. Using knowledge transfer data from an online technical forum, we illustrate how unshared third parties affect the rate at which individuals initiate and sustain knowledge transfer relationships. Empirical results indicate that unshared third parties undermine knowledge sharing, and they also indicate that the magnitude of the negative unshared-third-party effect declines the more unshared third parties overlap in what they know. Our results provide a more complete view of how third parties contribute to knowledge sharing. The results also advance our understanding of network-based dynamics defined more broadly. By documenting how knowledge overlap among unshared third parties moderates their negative influence, our results show when the benefits provided by third parties and by bridges i.e., relationships with outsiders will be opposed versus when both can be enjoyed.
The Role of the Deleted Colon Cancer (DCC) Gene in Colorectal and Gastric Cancer

The first gene identified in the 18q21 locus was the DCC (deleted in colon cancer) gene.[[1]] In colon cancer the DCC gene is frequently subject to allelic loss. It is a very large gene containing ...
Mujeres radicales, el voto y la participación femenina en la política Gaitanista

La campana presidencial de Jorge Eliecer Gaitan se inicio en 1944, durante un tenso periodo de discordia popular y conflicto de clases. Las aspiraciones del pueblo, frustradas por la segunda administracion del "populista" Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo, y la poderosa oposicion de la oligarquia a cualquier ampliacion, o incluso continuidad, de la reforma parecia garantia de que el Gaitanismo desencadenaria una violenta confrontacion social. La postulacion independiente de Gaitan como candidato a la presidencia hizo evidentes, entre marzo del 44 y mayo del 46, numerosas grietas en el tejido social y la cultura politica tradicional de Colombia. Aunque perdio las elecciones, Gaitan consiguio dividir el voto liberal y los conservadores obtuvieron la presidencia por primera vez en 16 anos, con lo cual quedo demostrada la profundidad de su movimiento. El Gaitanismo barrio en todas las capitales y ciudades intermedias, con excepcion de Medellin, ciudad natal de Mariano Ospina Perez (el candidato conservador). Gaitan demostro ser el lider popular de la izquierda liberal y, poco despues, del Partido Liberal mismo.
Identification of visually significant operculum without macular hole by optical coherence tomography.

Abstract Case report: We report a case that illustrates the effectiveness of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in identifying visually significant vitreoretinal interface opacities in the absence of a macular hole. A patient presented with a scotoma in the right eye. Fundoscopic examination revealed a small lesion in close proximity to the foveal avascular zone. OCT of the right eye revealed a small operculum in the vitreous anterior to the fovea without evidence of a macular hole. Comments: To our knowledge, ours is the first reported case of the use of OCT to identify the presence of a visually significant operculum without an associated macular hole.
Detection, Isolation, and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. from Strawberry Petioles.

Mertely, J. C., and Legard, D. E. 2004. Detection, isolation, and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. from strawberry petioles. Plant Dis. 88:407-412. The herbicide paraquat is used to kill plant tissues and accelerate the growth of quiescent fungal colonists. In this study, freezing was investigated as an alternative to paraquat for the detection of latent infections of Colletotrichum spp. on strawberry petioles. Apparently healthy petioles from field-grown plants and inoculated petioles from greenhouse-grown plants were killed by freezing or exposure to 0.3% paraquat, and incubated in petri dish moist chambers. Previously frozen petioles were treated with 0.525 or 0.0525% sodium hypochlorite and Tween 20 at 18 µl/liter for selected intervals to test the effects of surface disinfestation on detection frequency. After 5 to 7 days of incubation, Colletotrichum acervuli developed much more frequently on freeze- and paraquat-treated petioles than on washed petioles which were not killed. Detection frequencies were similar for paraquat and some freeze treatments, but the latter were negatively affected by prolonged surface disinfestation. Using the petiole freeze method, Colletotrichum acutatum, C. gloeosporioides, and Glomerella cingulata (the teleomorph of C. gloeosporioides) were detected on symptomless petioles of field-grown plants. In addition, C. acutatum and C. dermatium were detected on apparently healthy transplants from northern nurseries. All of these fungi are reported pathogens of strawberry, but not all C. gloeosporioides isolates from frozen petioles were pathogenic in greenhouse bioassays. Freezing is a viable, nonhazardous alternative to paraquat for the detection of latent Colletotrichum infections on strawberry.
Convenient estimation of the mobile phase volume for water-rich eluents in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Oxalodihydroxamic acid is proposed as a UV-detectable substitute for D2O for the convenient estimation of the mobile phase volume (Vm) of water-rich hydro-organic eluents in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The retention volume of oxalodihydroxamic acid deviates less than 6% from that of D2O in 0 to 50% methanol-and acetonitrile-water eluents on C1, C8, and C18 reversed-phase supports; it is independent of the amount injected from 10ng to 20µg when monitored at 254nm, although the sensitivity is about four-fold greater at 219 nm. The pH should be maintained between about 2 and 4. The deviation from the D2O retention volume on supports of typical porosity is attributed, at least in part, to a size-exclusion effect. Simple hydroxamic acids can be used as a homologous series for the estimation of Vm over most of the methanol- and acetonitrile-water concentration ranges by the linearization of retentions of homologous series method.
Optimum and efficient algorithms for impulsive channel identification

The Class A Middleton noise model is a commonly used, statistical-physical parametric model for impulsive interference superimposed on a Gaussian background. An optimum and practically efficient batch estimator of the Class A parameters is proposed, In particular, this estimator is shown to yield strongly consistent and asymptotically efficient estimates of the Class A parameters. Moreover, via an extensive simulation study, it is seen that the proposed estimator yields excellent estimates of the Class A parameters for moderate sample sizes. >
The strong halfspace theorem for minimal surfaces.

D. Hoffman and W.H. Meeks, III Department of Mathematics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA In [6] Jorge and Xavier constructed examples of complete nonplanar minimal surfaces contained between two parallel planes in •3. Recently Rosenberg and Toubiana have found complete minimally immersed annuli that are proper in an open slab 1-12]. On the basis of these and other results, the question has arisen as to whether or not there could exist a properly immersed minimal surface in ~3 that was contained between two parallel planes. The answer is negative, an immediate consequence of the following theorem.
Correlation between the General Information Subtest of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test and the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient of the WISC-R:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the raw scores on the General Information subtest of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) and full scale intelligence...
Ionic interactions in the potassium channel of squid giant axons.

ONE of the simplest questions that can be asked about how ions cross biological membranes is whether or not they do so independently of one another. That is, is the probability of movement of an ion unaffected by the presence of other ions? In particular, with independent movement, the efflux of an ion should not be a function of the external concentration of that ion. Using long-lasting depolarisations, Hodgkin and Keynes demonstrated1 non-independent movement of K+ ions across the membrane of Sepia axons. Since the Na channel responsible for initiation of the action potential inactivates very rapidly on depolarisation, potassium ions were probably not moving through this pathway—even though the channel is permeable to them as well as to Na+ ions. But since the K channels (partly responsible for termination of the action potential) also inactivate on prolonged depolarisation2, the K efflux measured by Hodgkin and Keynes was presumably mainly through inactivated K channels and the so-called ‘leakage pathway’. We report here on experiments that demonstrate non-independent ion movement through the activated K channel of the giant axon of Loligo pealei, using tetrodotoxin to block the Na channels, and short-step depolarisations to minimise K-channel inactivation.
Endocranial and inner ear morphology of vintana sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the late cretaceous of Madagascar

We present the first digital reconstruction of the endocranial cavity and endosseous labyrinth of the Late Cretaceous gondwanatherian mammal Vintana sertichi from the Maevarano Formation of Madagas...
A reassessment of the economic effects of global climate change on U.S. agriculture

This study uses recent GCM forecasts, improved plant science and water supply data and refined economic modeling capabilities to reassess the economic consequences of long-term climate change on U.S. agriculture. Changes in crop yields, crop water demand and irrigation water arising from climate change result in changes in economic welfare. Economic consequences of the three GCM scenarios are mixed; GISS and GFDL-QFlux result in aggregate economic gains, UKMO implies losses. As in previous studies, the yield enhancing effects of atmospheric CO2 are an important determinant of potential economic consequences. Inclusion of changes in world food production and associated export changes generally have a positive affect on U.S. agriculture. As with previous studies, the magnitude of economic effects estimated here are a small percentage of U.S. agricultural value.
IRAS 16293?2422: Evidence for Infall onto a Counterrotating Protostellar Accretion Disk

We report high spatial resolution VLA observations of the low-mass star-forming region IRAS 16293-2422 using four molecular probes: ethyl cyanide (CH3CH2CN), methyl formate (CH3OCHO), formic acid (HCOOH), and the ground vibrational state of silicon monoxide (SiO). Ethyl cyanide emission has a spatial scale of ~20'' and encompasses binary cores A and B as determined by continuum emission peaks. Surrounded by formic acid emission, methyl formate emission has a spatial scale of ~6'' and is confined to core B. SiO emission shows two velocity components with spatial scales less than 2'' that map ~2'' northeast of the A and B symmetry axis. The redshifted SiO is ~2'' northwest of blueshifted SiO along a position angle of ~135° which is approximately parallel to the A and B symmetry axis. We interpret the spatial position offset in red- and blueshifted SiO emission as due to rotation of a protostellar accretion disk, and we derive ~1.4 M☉ interior to the SiO emission. In the same vicinity, Mundy et al. also concluded rotation of a nearly edge-on disk from OVRO observations of much stronger and ubiquitous 13CO emission, but the direction of rotation is opposite to the SiO emission findings. Taken together, SiO and 13CO data suggest evidence for a counterrotating disk. Moreover, archival BIMA array 12CO data show an inverse P Cygni profile with the strongest absorption in close proximity to the SiO emission, indicating unambiguous material infall toward the counterrotating protostellar disk at a new source location within the IRAS 16293-2422 complex. The details of these observations and our interpretations are discussed.
Recoil-ion charge-state-resolved electron-production cross sections at 55° for 1 MeV/u C 5 + on He and Ar

Recoil-ion charge-state-resolved doubly differential cross sections for ejecting electrons at \ensuremath{\sim}55\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the incident beam direction in collisions between 1 MeV/u ${\mathrm{C}}^{5+}$ projectiles and Ar and He targets have been measured. Electrons with kinetic energies between 100 and 1250 eV have been detected. A prominent feature in the electron energy distributions is the binary-encounter peak. Experimental results are compared with binary-encounter electron production cross sections obtained using the impulse approximation and with theoretical predictions from many-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo calculations. An enhancement in the fraction of electrons detected with singly charged He recoil ions and a corresponding decrease in the fraction detected in coincidence with doubly charged He recoil ions as a function of the electron energy have been observed near the binary-encounter electron energy. This structure has been predicted by recent many-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo calculations. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Biodegradation mechanisms of polyurethane elastomers

AbstractAfter over 40 years of use in biomedical applications, polyurethanes remain one of the most popular biomaterials due to their exceptional biocompatibility, mechanical properties and versatility. However, failure of polyurethane based pacemaker leads and breast implant coatings in the late 1980s brought the long term stability of these implants under scrutiny. The biomedical device industry was faced with the need to find replacement polyurethane compositions that were biostable and maintained excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. The design of replacement biomedical polyurethanes is dependent on the mechanistic understanding of polyurethane biodegradation and the biological processes that govern these mechanisms. This review summarises the efforts of the authors' lab and others to elucidate the biological mechanisms of polyurethane biodegradation and evaluate promising new elastomers based on poly(carbonate urethane) and silicone copolymer chemistries. Several of the new classes of...
Studies on the sedimentation behavior of the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase synthesized in vitro and integrated into homologous microsomal membranes.

Abstract RNA transcripts that encoded the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H+-ATPase (pma+), a polytopic integral membrane protein, and the pma344+, a truncated pma+ with the amino terminal 344 amino acids, were translated in a N. crassa in vitro system. The microsomal membranes integrated products were insensitive to extraction by Na2CO3 (pH 11.5). The velocity sedimentation behavior of the in vitro synthesized pma+ were examined under various conditions. The pma+ migrated on linear sucrose gradients as aggregates which were heterogenous in size, in the regions of 9–13 S; whereas, these values were reduced when Triton X-100 was presence in the gradients. The formation of these aggregates is interpreted to suggest a mechanism that maintains this polytopic integral membrane protein in a soluble form until it is targeted to the membranes. The sedimentation coefficient of the Triton X-100 solubilized microsomal membranes integrated pma+ corresponded roughly to a monomer of the pma+. Furthermore, a comparison of the trypsin cleavage patterns of the in vitro synthesized pma+ and of the microsomal membranes integrated pma+ suggest that they have different tertiary, or quaternary, structures. The latter did not give the characteristic trypsin cleavage patterns that have been observed for the native pma+ in the presence of its ligands MgATP and vanadate (Addison, R. and Scarborough, G.A. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 10421–10426). This was interpreted to suggest that the microsomal membranes integrated pma+ cannot interact with its substrates, suggesting that it is catalytically inactive.
Experimental observations of the effects of shear rates and particle concentration on the viscosity of Fe2O3–deionized water nanofluids

Abstract We report here some experimental observations on the effects of the shear rates and particle volume fractions on the shear stress and the viscosity of Fe 2 O 3 –DW nanofluids with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or Poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, as a dispersant. The measurements were performed using a Brookfield DV-II Pro Viscometer with a small sample adapter (SSA18/13RPY). The results reported here clearly demonstrate that these fluids had a yield stress and behaved as shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluids. The yield stress decreased to the Newtonian limit, as the particle volume fraction decreased and still existed even at very low particle volume fractions. It was observed that the prepared Fe 2 O 3 –DW-0.2% PVP nanofluids with particle volume fraction ϕ less than 0.02 still behaved as a Newtonian fluid. As the volume fraction was increased beyond 0.02, the fluid became non-Newtonian with shear-thinning behavior. Similar results were also observed when DW-0.2% PEO was used. The suspension, however, exhibited its non-Newtonian, shear-thinning behavior at ϕ as low as 0.02.
“We Shall Overcome”: A Qualitative Exploratory Study of the Experiences of African Americans Who Overcame Barriers to Engage in Family Therapy

Previous research on African American clients’ participation in family therapy has concentrated on dropout rates and utilized a deficit, problem saturated perspective. Few studies have been conducted that address how African American clients overcame barriers to family therapy. The present study utilized phenomenological methodology to explore how African American clients overcame barriers to therapy and provides suggestions for successful engagement. Findings indicate that a common barrier was the stigma attached to therapy. Participants described qualities that facilitate resilience as contributing to their abilities to overcome barriers. The findings suggest changes therapists can make to respond more effectively to African Americans.
TRIADS IN SUPPLY NETWORKS: THEORIZING BUYER–SUPPLIER–SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIPS

Past studies in supply chain management have focused on dyadic relationships (e.g., buyer–supplier), as all relationships in a network begin with a dyad. However, dyads do not capture the essence of a network. We posit in this paper that triads are the fundamental building blocks of a network. To begin considering triads in supply networks, we build on two extant bodies of literature — the buyer–supplier relationship and supplier–supplier relationship literature which offer us the context of buyer–supplier–supplier triads. By doing so, we are taking the first step toward cracking the internal dynamics of triads in supply networks. To build theoretical propositions, we apply balance theory and the structural-hole concept. We identify nine triadic archetypes of buyer–supplier–supplier relationships and state key propositions that aid in decision making in supply networks.
MOVPE: is there any other technology for optoelectronics?

Abstract This paper examines the role that MOVPE (metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy) plays in optoelectronics technology. Its role today accounts for ∼15% of the grown devices. However, the technology's contribution over the industry is uneven ranging from as much as 100% in the case of solar cells and photocathodes to only a few percent in today's LED production. Total usage of MOVPE, and its usage for LEDs, are expected to increase with time to a total contribution to the industry of as much as 25% by the year 2000.
ENKEPHALIN IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN GOLGI CELLS AND MOSSY FIBRES OF MAMMALIAN, AVIAN, AMPHIBIAN AND TELEOST CEREBELLUM

Abstract The cerebella of cats, rats, rabbits, pigeons, fish and frogs were examined immunohistochemically with antibodies raised against leucine-5-enkephalin. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was found in Golgi cells in all species examined except pigeon and frog, and enkephalin-like immunoreactive mossy fibres were seen in all species examined. In albino rat, rabbit and goldfish, enkephalin-like immunoreactive Golgi cells were inhomogeneously distributed in the cerebellum. This was not the case with a pigmented rat strain or in cat or catfish. Rabbits, which are known to have ‘displaced’ Golgi cells in the molecular layer, likewise showed enkephalin-like immunoreactive Golgi cells in the molecular layer. The variations in structure of the immunoreactive mossy fibres matched the inter-species variations of mossy fibre morphology which have been established with silver-impregnation techniques. We suggest that enkephalin may play a role in afferent and interneuronal cerebellar synaptic communication.
Design-Oriented Thermostructural Analysis with External and Internal Radiation, Part 2: Transient Response

This is the second paper in a two-part series presenting a sensitivity-analysis formulation covering configuration shape and structural sizing design variables for nonlinear thermostructural analysis including the effects of radiation: external and in internal cavities. Part 1 presented the steady-state coupled thermal-structural formulation with results from a new coupled design-oriented thermoelastic analysis capability. The present paper considers transient heat transfer analysis problems with temperature-dependent material properties. Structural response is assumed to be quasi-steady. Because structural-thermal integration had been demonstrated earlier, the focus here is on design-oriented analysis aspects of the conduction-radiation problem. An approximation scheme is presented for the category of problems discussed that leads to a reduction of CPU cost from the order of N 3 operations to N 2 for cavity radiation analysis. A hypersonic wing structure similar to a space shuttle wing is used as a test case.