cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
plane-strain work hardening and transient behavior of interstitial-free steel

Stress transients resulting from abrupt changes in strain path have been shown to be important to subsequent formability. In order to investigate whether these transients result from strain aging or related interstitial effects, two-stage experiments were performed on Armco interstitial-free steel After a prestrain in plane-strain tension, the material was strained in uniaxial tension in the direction of zero initial extension. The stress-strain curve in plane strain was found to deviate markedly from that predicted by usual plasticity theory (Hill’s theory withM = 2.0). Comparison of monotonie curves from uniaxial and plane-strain tension using a newly-developed, self-consistent calculation suggested that IF steel follows Hill’s new theory with constantM ≈ 2.9. After the change from plane strain to uniaxial tension, positive stress transients (flow stress exceeds the monotonie flow stress) were measured. This form of transient agrees with ones measured for other steels. It therefore appears that the origin of the transient phenomenon is independent of interstitial content, and that static strain aging is not the mechanism by which these stress transients occur.
Bromination of sydnones. I. Reaction with 3‐arylsydnones containing electron‐donors on the aryl ring

Bromination has been examined for a series of 3-arylsydnones (1) with electron donors (dimethyl to dimethoxy) on the aryl ring. In no example was exclusive aryl ring bromination observed, however, exclusive sydnone ring bromination could be realized in every case. For two dimethoxyphenyl examples both aryl and sydnone ring bromination occurred.
The vitamin D receptor and inducible nitric oxide synthase associated pathways in acquired resistance to Cooperia oncophora infection in cattle

Cooperia oncophora is an economically important gastrointestinal nematode in ruminants. Acquired resistance to Cooperia oncophora infection in cattle develops rapidly as a result of prior infections. Naive cattle, when given a primary infection of high-dose infective L3 larvae, develop a strong immunity to subsequent reinfection. Compared to primary infection, reinfection resulted in a marked reduction in worm establishment. In order to understand molecular mechanisms underlying the development of acquired resistance, we characterized the transcriptomic responses of the bovine small intestine to a primary infection and reinfection. A total of 23 pathways were significantly impacted during infection. The vitamin D receptor activation was strongly induced only during reinfection, suggesting that this pathway may play an important role in the development of acquired resistance via its potential roles in immune regulation and intestinal mucosal integrity maintenance. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) was strongly induced during reinfection but not during primary infection. As a result, several canonical pathways associated with NOS2 were impacted. The genes involved in eicosanoid synthesis, including prostaglandin synthase 2 (PTGS2 or COX2), remained largely unchanged during infection. The rapid development of acquired resistance may help explain the lack of relative pathogenicity by Cooperia oncophora infection in cattle. Our findings facilitate the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the development of acquired resistance, which could have an important implication in vaccine design.
Management of locally recurrent breast cancer

Background. Locoregional recurrences occur commonly in women with breast cancer and often have grave prognostic implications. Major controversies exist concerning the prophylaxis, implications, and treatment of such relapses and are the focus of this review. Methods. The relevant medical literature was reviewed and analyzed. Results. Locoregional recurrences may be prevented by postoperative radiation therapy; however, this has little impact on survival. Postoperative systemic therapy prevents locoregional relapse, but less efficiently than radiation therapy. When these modalities are combined, radiation therapy often is delayed until after several cycles of chemotherapy. Optimal sequencing remains controversial. Most patients with locoregional relapses have an exceedingly poor outlook. Radiation therapy provides excellent local control; however, the addition of combination chemotherapy should be considered for patients with defined poor prognostic features. The clinical impact of recurrence in the breast after breast-conserving primary treatment now is emerging. Such local relapses do not have the dreaded prognostic implications of locoregional relapse after mastectomy, but are a marker for an increased risk of dissemination. Standard therapy in this setting remains mastectomy. Additional breast-conserving surgery may be considered in the context of clinical trials for patients with certain favorable features. Conversely, some local relapses after breast-conserving surgery have a poorer prognosis, and the addition of adjuvant systemic therapy should be considered in addition to mastectomy. Conclusions. The heterogenous nature of locoregional relapses has made it difficult to conduct prospective randomized clinical trials. However, many retrospective data exist, making it possible to recommend rational treatment approaches for these patients.
Hermitian semidefinite matrix means and related matrix inequalities—an introduction

A survey of matrix means and matrix inequalities is presented with the work of Ando, Anderson and Duffin being showcased. The classical Arithmetic-Geometric-Harmonic Mean for two Hermitian positive semidefinite matrices is given. Other classical means such as the Gaussian Mean, power means and the symmetric function means are also discussed.
The preparedness theory of phobias: the effects of initial fear level on safety-signal conditioning to fear-relevant stimuli.

The preparedness theory of phobias implies that fear-relevant stimuli are biologically contrapre-pared for safety-signal conditioning. Thus it should be very difficult to establish a pictorial snake as a safety-signal predicting the absence of shock in a Pavlovian conditioned inhibition paradigm. Since this contrapreparedness is postulated as species-wide, the snake stimulus should be an ineffective safety-signal even in those subjects who do not fear snakes. In contrast, the prior fear hypothesis suggests that this difficulty should occur only in those subjects who already fear snakes. To test these hypotheses, subjects reporting either high or low snake fear were exposed to electrodermal conditioning trials designed to establish a fear-relevant CS (a pictorial snake) and a fear-irrelevant CS (a pictorial flower) as safety-signals by nonreinforcing each in compound with a fear-eliciting CS. The results provided marginal support for the prior fear hypothesis.
Brevetoxin PbTx-2 immunology: differential epitope recognition by antibodies from two goats.

Abstract The epitopic regions of the brevetoxin PbTx-3 molecule, produced by the marine dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis , have been identified by structural modification at three distinct regions of the toxin. These are: the A-ring lactone region of the molecule, the K-ring side-chain and the H-ring. The modified PbTx-3 derivatives were tested for their ability to bind brevetoxin goat antisera directed against the PbTx-3 molecule, by radio-immunoassay. The results showed that at least two major epitopes and one minor epitope are recognized: the A-ring lactone region of the molecule and the K-ring side-chain, and the H-ring. The results illustrate the variety of antibodies which may be produced, even within a species, and suggests that epitope characterization is important in the development of assays which are to be employed in seafood safety issues.
A parallel fast algorithm for computing the Helmholtz integral operator in 3-D layered media

In this paper, we propose a parallel fast algorithm for computing the product of the discretized Helmholtz integral operator in layered media and a vector in O(N"qN"z^2N"xN"ylogN"xN"y) operations. Here N"xN"yN"z is the number of sources and N"q is the number of quadrature points used in the evaluation of the Sommerfeld integral in the definition of layered media Green's function (for problems in thin-layer media, N"z=O(1)). Such a product forms the key step of many iterative solvers (such as the Krylov subspace based GMRES and BiCGSTAB) for linear systems arising from the integral equation methods for the Helmholtz equations. The fast solver is based on two important techniques which reduce the cost of quadrature summations in the Sommerfeld contour integral for Green's functions in 3-D layered media. The first technique is the removal of surface pole effects along the real axis integration contour by identifying the pole locations with a discrete wavelet transform; In the second technique, we apply a window-based high frequency filter to shorten the contour length. As a result, the integral operator for the 3-D layered media can be efficiently written as a sum of 2-D Hankel cylindrical integral operators, and the latter can be calculated by either a tree-code or a 2-D wideband fast multipole method in a fast manner. Numerical results show the efficiency and parallelism of the proposed fast algorithm.
Analysis of cytolytic effector cell response in vitro against autologous human tumor cells genetically altered to synthesize interleukin-2

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in gene therapy in cancer particularly with cytokine transduced tumor cells as a novel form of tumor vaccine. In two autologous human tumor systems, using the tumor cells engineered to produce interleukin-2 by gene transduction techniques, we have examined whether or not such genetically altered cells are capable of inducing a tumor specific cytolytic T cell (CTL) response, in vitro, in co-culture with the respective autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). We found that in neither system did co-cultures of the IL-2 producing tumor cells and the autologous PBL generate much cytolytic effector cell activity directed against the respective tumor cells, although these co-cultures did lead to the generation of substantial levels of natural killer (NK) cell activity when measured against the prototype NK sensitive target K562 line. More surprisingly, the levels of lymphokine activated killer cell responses against the respective autologous targets that could be generated in the PBL with exogenous IL-2 alone were compromised by the presence of the autologous tumor cells in the co-culture.
Cell biology of virus entry.

I thank many of the meeting participants for their help in preparing this review and for allowing me to quote their unpublished results. I am grateful to E. Berger, R. Blumenthal, R. Doms, H. Golding, L. Chernomordik, J. Cunningham, M. Kielian, and R. Lamb, whose comments improved the entire review. I am in debt to C. Broder for helping me with the difficult task of revising the manuscript. I enjoyed the help of my daughter, Dimana, who again edited the manuscript.
Studies of epoxy resin systems: Part C: Effect of sub‐Tg aging on the physical properties of a fully cured epoxy resin

The effect of sub-Tg aging on the properties of an epoxy resin system, diglycidyl ether of butanediol, DGEB, cured with 4-4′ diaminodiphenyl sulfone, DDS, has been studied. Aging was found to increase the DSC (differential scanning calorimetric) endothermic peak, the density, and the upper yield point. In contrast, the lower yield point was relatively unchanged. This result, together with the observation of the elimination of the DSC endothermic peak by deformation and the absence of a yield point after deformation, suggested that the aging effect was eliminated by deformation. The thrermally stimulated depolarization (TSD) α-peak was found to decrease in strength with aging time. All of the observations were best rationalized on the basis of the free-volume concept.
Accelerated Biphasic Hydroformylation by Vesicle Formation of Amphiphilic Diphosphines

The synthesis, aggregation behavior, and catalytic activity of rhodium complexes of a series of Xantphos derivatives with surface-active pendant groups, −4-C6H4O(CH2)nC6H4(SO3Na)− (n = 0, 3, 6) is described. Electron microscopy experiments show that these ligands and their complexes form vesicles in water if the hydrophobic part of the ligand is large enough (n = 3, 6). The formed aggregates are stable at elevated temperatures (90 °C), and their presence leads to a significant enhancement of the solubility of organic substrates in aqueous solution. This enhanced solubility results directly in a higher reaction rate in the rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of 1-octene. Furthermore, recycling experiments show that the TOF and the high selectivity toward the more valuable linear aldehyde remains approximately the same in four consecutive runs. This indicates that the aggregates stay intact during the recycling and the active rhodium complex is retained in the water-phase quantitatively.
"Irreconcilable differences" between parent and child: a case report of interactional pathology.

Certain parents use their child as a representative of their own unacceptable impulses, perceiving the youngster as evil and seeking experts to confirm their opinion. They come to mental health clinics for diagnoses but not treatment; evidence that contradicts their view is ignored out of a need to protect their own precarious psychological balance. The child, in spite of good early adjustment, tends to conform to the parents' preferred perception. Legal and ethical implications for professionals working with such cases are discussed.
Prevention program sustainability: The state's perspective

Program sustainability requires grantees to be service providers, evaluators, and fundraisers. State agencies support programs that enhance state priorities and systems, are community driven, are high quality, have ongoing evaluation, and strong management and fiscal practices. Sustainable programs are of reasonable cost and have the potential for replication, modification to meet changing community needs, and providing technology transfer and other by-products. Planning includes identifying potential funders, developing funding goals, objectives, strategies, and timelines, marketing, providing technical assistance, and performing cost-benefit analysis. Federal agencies should involve states in planning future federal grants and require grantees to begin sustainability planning in year one. Programs not receiving renewed funding have ethical responsibilities to participants, agency staff, and the community when services end. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The inguinal ligament and its lateral attachments: Correcting an anatomical error†

The inguinal portions of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles are generally described as arising from the inguinal ligament. Previous authors have shown that this description is incorrect. A new dissection study in 15 lightly embalmed cadavers confirms that in reality the inguinal portions of these muscles arise from a thickened strip of ilipsoas fascia that forms the superolateral part of the ilio-pectineal arch. Details are given of a new dissection technique that fully exposes the deep aspect of the inguinal ligament, without disrupting its continuity. The historical background of the persistent textbook error is explored. It originated at a time when there was widespread descriptive and semantic confusion regarding the structure now known as the inguinal ligament. Clin. Anat. 21:55–61, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Closing Comments and Summary

Dr. Kristine Sandberg Knisely was interested in promoting an understanding of any basic physiology that benefits neonatology. The preceding articles in this issue are informative accounts of our current understanding of many important aspects of lung apoproteins as related to pulmonary physiology, and these discussions center on many of the outstanding problems in the area. These articles are a fitting tribute to Dr. Knisely in that they have certainly furthered her goal.
Hormone: receptor interactions. Biological activities of (phenylalanine, norvaline)-adrenocorticotropin-(1-24)-tetrakosipeptide and its 4,5-dehydro-4,5-ditritio-norvaline analogue in isolated rat lipocytes and adrenal cortex cells: lipolysis, corticosterone and cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate production.

[Phenylalanin2, norvalin4]-adrenocorticotropin-(1-24)-tetrakosipeptid und sein 4,5-dehydro-4,5-ditritio-Derivat sind in isolierten Ratten-Lipocyten und -Nebennierenrindenzellen biologisch gleich aktiv. In Bezug auf Lipolyse, Corticosteron- und cyclo-AMP-Produktion zeigen sie gleiche intrinsische Aktivitat wie das Adrenocorticotropin-(1-24)-tetrakosipeptid mit der naturlichen Aminosaurensequenz, mussen aber zur Erzielung desselben Effektes in ca. 8–12mal hoheren Dosen angewandt werden.
Rapid development of biventricular heart failure in corrected transposition of the great arteries during pregnancy.

Corrected transposition of the great arteries (CTGA) is a congenital malformation whereby the great arteries arise from inappropriate anatomic ventricles: the aorta from the left-sided morphologic right ventricle (RV) and the pulmonary artery from the right-sided morphologic left ventricle (LV). We present the findings in a woman who developed acute biventricular heart failure during the third trimester of her pregnancy and was subsequently found to have CTGA
The Growth response of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) to climate in the Georgia Coastal Plain

Abstract We examined tree-ring growth in a naturally seeded old-growth slash pine ( Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii ) stand in coastal Georgia to develop growth-climate models and reconstruct past climatic conditions during the mid and late 1800s. We generated earlywood, latewood, and annual ring chronologies dating to 1818, based on 40 cores collected from 22 trees at the Wormsloe State Historic Site near Savannah, Georgia, with 28 cores dating before 1900. We used correlation and response function analysis to relate tree-ring growth to climatic variables and El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices. Water availability (represented by PDSI and secondarily, precipitation) was the most important factor determining growth for all three series, with latewood and September PDSI showing the strongest relationship. Like other species in the southeastern United States, moisture in the late winter and spring was crucial for earlywood development, while latewood and annual growth was enhanced in cooler, wetter summers, particularly with hurricanes bringing rainfall late in the growing season. Earlywood growth was greater following +ENSO (winter) phases and −NAO (winter) phases – for both indices, times when the northern Georgia coast is often relatively cool and wet. A verified split-calibration regression model based on latewood ring growth showed temporal stability and accounted for 27% of the variation in the observed September PDSI record from 1895 to 2009 (mean reduction in error = 0.21 and coefficient of efficiency = 0.05). During the instrument record, the timing of reconstructed and observed dry and moist periods matched closely; prior to that, reconstructed PDSI values indicated drought from the early 1840s to late 1850s – a period of unusually low latewood growth.
An autoradiographic analysis of yolk deposition in the cortex of the cecropia moth oocyte

The cecropia moth oocyte accumulates proteins from the blood during vitellogenesis; the proteins reach the oocyte by an intercellular route, are taken in by pinocytosis, and become components of the protein yolk spheres. Different proteins vary greatly in the extent to which they are incorporated into the yolk spheres. One objective of the work described in this paper was to determine where the selectivity of protein uptake occurs. An autoradiographic analysis of the uptake of tritiated blood proteins injected into the hemocoel indicated that there are at least two sites of selectivity – one between the hemocoel and the intercellular spaces of the follicular epithelium that surrounds each oocyte, and another between the intercellular spaces and the yolk spheres. Another objective was to determine if only proteins from the blood are deposited in the protein yolk spheres. Studies of the incorporation of tritiated leucine provided evidence that the ovary itself synthesizes proteins that are deposited in the yolk spheres along with the blood proteins. Finally, evidence is presented that the various regions of the oocyte cortex are not equally active in the deposition of yolk.
An internal electrostatic charging test of circuit boards under electron beam

Circuit boards with a grounded strip and a floating square trace were irradiated by a 0.85 MeV electron beam at the JPL Dynamitron. The potential on the floating square was monitored by measuring the current through a shunt resistor with very high resistance of 100 TΩ. The effects of a ground plane on the back of PCB and an exposed dielectric area on the potential of floating square were studied by testing corresponding circuit boards. The measured voltages were then compared with the simulated ones using a newly developed 3-D code, CB_IESD.
Gentamicin and Ampicillin in Human Bile

Concentrations of antibiotic in bile were measured following the administration of intramuscular gentamicin to five patients and intravenous ampicillin to one. Biliary gentamicin excretion by four individuals with abnormal hepatic function was minimal. Gentamicin levels in the bile of one patient with essentially normal hepatic function were 33% and 88% of those in serum. Intravenous ampicillin yielded high peak values in the bile and serum of one person with deranged hepatic function.
Molecular Interactions of the Gating Modifier Toxin ProTx-II with Nav1.5 IMPLIED EXISTENCE OF A NOVEL TOXIN BINDING SITE COUPLED TO ACTIVATION

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are critical components in the generation of action potentials in excitable cells, but despite numerous structure-function studies on these proteins, their gating mechanism remains unclear. Peptide toxins often modify channel gating, thereby providing a great deal of information about these channels. ProTx-II is a 30-amino acid peptide toxin from the venom of the tarantula, Thrixopelma pruriens, that conforms to the inhibitory cystine knot motif and which modifies activation kinetics of Nav and Cav, but not Kv, channels. ProTx-II inhibits current by shifting the voltage dependence of activation to more depolarized potentials and, therefore, differs from the classic site 4 toxins that shift voltage dependence of activation in the opposite direction. Despite this difference in functional effects, ProTx-II has been proposed to bind to neurotoxin site 4 because it modifies activation. Here, we investigate the bioactive surface of ProTx-II by alanine-scanning the toxin and analyzing the interactions of each mutant with the cardiac isoform, Nav1.5. The active face of the toxin is largely composed of hydrophobic and cationic residues, joining a growing group of predominantly Kv channel gating modifier toxins that are thought to interact with the lipid environment. In addition, we performed extensive mutagenesis of Nav1.5 to locate the receptor site with which ProTx-II interacts. Our data establish that, contrary to prior assumptions, ProTx-II does not bind to the previously characterized neurotoxin site 4, thus making it a novel probe of activation gating in Nav channels with potential to shed new light on this process.
Fibrillary glomerulonephritis: An entity with unusual immunofluorescence features

Fibrillary glomerulonephritis: an entity with unusual immunofluorescence features. We describe seven patients with renal biopsy findings of mild glomerular abnormalities on light microscopy but with prominent accumulation of randomly–arranged fibrillar material in the mesangium and capillary walls on electron microscopy. This material differed from amyloid in that fibrils were thicker (diameter range 10 to 19.5 nm) and did not stain with Congo Red. In six of seven cases fluorescence microscopy showed prominent staining for IgG and kappa light chain in mesangium and glomerular capillary walls; in three cases weak lambda chain staining was also present. Stains for IgA, IgM, and lambda chain were otherwise negative. One biopsy showed equal staining for kappa and lambda light chains, but not for heavy chain components. Clinical findings were heterogeneous. Patients presented with features of nephritis and/or nephrotic syndrome. No patient had an associated lymphoplasmacytic disorder, paraproteinemia, or other evidence of systemic disease. On follow–up ranging from five months to 12 years, all patients are still alive; six progressed to end–stage renal disease requiring dialysis. One patient developed recurrent disease in a renal allograft five years after transplantation. Non-amyloidotic fibrillary glomerulonephritis is an ultrastructurally distinct entity of undetermined etiology. The apparent association with monoclonal IgG and kappa light chain deposition observed in this series deserves further study.
Cleavage of DNA by Human NM23-H2/Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase Involves Formation of a Covalent Protein-DNA Complex

The NM23 gene family in humans is implicated in differentiation and cancer, but the biochemical mechanisms are unknown. Most NM23 proteins have phosphotransferase (nucleoside diphosphate kinase) activity, and the second human isoform, NM23-H2, also binds to a nuclease-hypersensitive c-MYC promoter element through which it activates c-MYC transcription. It is shown here that this DNA binding can result in double-stranded breaks. The DNA breaks occur within repeated sequence elements in the linear nuclease-hypersensitive duplex and leave staggered ends with 5-nucleotide-long 3′-extensions. The enzyme also cleaves supercoiled plasmid DNA to yield nicked circular and unit length linear products. The cleavage reaction requires only NM23-H2, DNA, Mg2+, and buffer, occurs in the absence of denaturing conditions, and can be reversed by EDTA. The cleaved DNA strands have free 3′-OH groups, and protein is attached to the 5′-phosphoryl ends. Transfer of 32P radioactivity from DNA to NM23-H2 has been observed, and a covalent polypeptide-DNA complex has been isolated and identified by Western blotting as NM23-H2. Since covalent protein-DNA complexes are known to serve the role of breaking and rejoining DNA strands, the present findings suggest that NM23-H2 is involved in DNA structural transactions necessary for the activity of the c-MYC promoter.
Remifentanil: A new opioid

Remifentanil appears to have pharmacodynamic properties similar to other potent mu opioid agonists. It does, however, have unique pharmacokinetic properties, with a rapid onset and rapid offset of effect, irrespective of the duration of its administration. With this property, remifentanil appears to be a very titratable opioid that will make it suitable for administration for either very brief periods, in which analgesia is required, or over prolonged periods, without the concern for prolonged recovery.
Interpretation of Primate Behavior, Ambulation and Biomechanics: Caveat Arthritis

Copyright: © 2012 Rothschild B. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Analysis of ambulation or biomechanics on the basis of functional morphology (anatomical shape of bones and location of muscle origins and insertions) seems predictive of potential behaviors [1-3]. It delineates possible range of limb motion and potential uses of the limb, and may seem all that is available for examination of the fossil primates. Actually, evidence of new bone formation at sites of muscle or tendon insertion (entheses) and osteoarthritis further identify how the limb is actually utilized [4-6]. The stress of limb activity promotes osteoblastic reaction [4], with visible evidence. The combination of these physical manifestations allows speculation as to organismal behavior. Establishing confidence (that a given speculation accurately portrays the life of a primate) requires an additional step: Observation of limb utilization in vivo in the natural setting. This requires observations in the wild. Performance of such observations in artificial environments allows more controlled study, but the character of the artificial environment must also be considered. Caya Santiago contains a phenomenal project, in which rhesus macaques have been given their own island. It is a natural habitat in a hurricane-susceptible region. In contrast to the two-three levels of canope in their natural environment [7], there is generally only one layer of canape on this Puerto Rican island. The macaques appear to spend more time on the ground than they do in their “home” environment. A behavior alteration, with osseous manifestations: They have a higher frequency of osteoarthritis than do their conspecifics in Africa [8-11]. Osteoarthritis is extremely rare in the natural habitat, with frequency less than 1% in primates [812]. There is another factor which may affect behavioral observations, both in generated habitats (e.g., Caya Santiago) and in the wild, what might be referred to as the behavioral analogy to the Heisenberg uncertainty issue in physics. Does the very fact of observation alter behavior? And, some investigators do more than just observe (e.g., Diane Fossey).
The formation of alkyl and alkenyl methanesulfonates and their reduction to hydrocarbons

Abstract Methanesulfonates of saturated and unsaturated long-chain alcohols are conveniently obtained in good purity and high yields. They can be converted, quantitatively, to hydrocarbons by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. The procedure is applicable to the preparation of alkanes and alkenes. cis, trans-Isomerization of double bonds does not occur.
Interplanetary crew dose estimates for worst case solar particle events based on historical data for the Carrington flare of 1859

Abstract Over the past two decades, hypothetical models of “worst-case” solar particle event (SPE) spectra have been proposed in order to place an upper bound on radiation doses to critical body organs of interplanetary crews on deep space missions. These event spectra are usually formulated using hypothetical extrapolations of space measurements for previous large events. Here we take a different approach. Recently reported analyses of ice core samples indicate that the Carrington flare of 1859 is the largest event observed in the past 500 years. These ice core data yield estimates of the proton fluence for energies greater than 30 MeV, but provide no other spectrum information. Assuming that the proton energy distribution for such an event is similar to that measured for other recent, large events, interplanetary crew doses are estimated for these hypothetical worst case SPE spectra. These estimated doses are life threatening unless substantial shielding is provided.
Summation approximants improve the accuracy of ab initio calculations of molecular potential-energy hypersurfaces

Abstract Full configuration–interaction calculations for BH, HF, and CH 3 are used as benchmarks for determining the accuracy of summation approximants for CCSD(T) coupled-cluster theory and fourth-order Moller–Plesset perturbation theory as function of bond distances. A continued-fraction approximant [the CCSD(T)-cf method] reliably improves CCSD(T). The MP4-qλ procedure, in which repartitioned perturbation theory is summed with a quadratic approximant, is much more accurate than conventional MP4 but more sensitive to bond stretching than is CCSD(T)-cf. Diagnostics for estimating the accuracies of the methods, based on singularity analysis of perturbation series, are developed and discussed.
The case for chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and myocardial infarction being equivalent risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in patients older than 65 years.

The objective of the study was to determine whether chronic kidney disease (CKD) is as important a risk as either diabetes mellitus (DM) or previous myocardial infarction (MI). CKD and DM are important coronary artery disease risk factors. We hypothesized that the risk of cardiovascular mortality in elderly patients with CKD is equivalent to that for patients with either DM or previous MI. The CHS limited-access database was used to identify a cohort of patients with a baseline history of MI, DM, or CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate 65 years of age appears justified.
On the Dielectric and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Oxide-Modified PVDF-Based Nanocomposites

Nanoparticle modified polymers have promise as hybrid materials that exhibit properties beyond those predicted by mixing law theories. In the case of metal-oxide nanoparticles in a polymer, it is expected that multifunctional properties of the obtained nanocomposite, including dielectric and mechanical, will be dominated by presence of interface rather than predicted by the inherent properties of individual components. This paper will focus on understanding the role of different types of nanoparticles, namely, titania, silica and alumina and a polymer matrix, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in affecting the final dielectric and mechanical properties.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Regulation of Eicosanoid Production: Role of Phospholipases and Inhibitors

The control of prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis in inflammatory and other cells depends on the enzymatic release of free arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids. Although many types of phospholipases have been implicated, a phospholipase A2 is the simplest and most obvious candidate for the responsible enzyme. Studies on the phospholipase A2 from snake venom and mammalian pancreas provide a paridigm for the phospholipases responsible for arachidonic acid release. Additionally, they provide the best source of a readily available, pure, stable phospholipase to test potential inhibitors. Different kinds of inhibitors require different analytical strategies. Reversible inhibitors, including polycyclic aromatic dyes, fatty acids and amide ether analogues of phospholipids will be considered as well as irreversible inhibitors such as p-bromophenacyl-bromide and manoalide, an unusual natural product obtained from sponge and which may act by a novel mechanism. Protein inhibitors of the lipocortin type may inhibit by a “substrate depletion model”. Meaningful interpretation of inhibitor studies can only be accomplished within the framework of an understanding of the enzyme's kinetics and mechanism of action at the lipid-water interface.
Transformational Recession: The Main Causes

Abstract All the post-socialist countries are in deep recession. This study discusses the common features of these recessions, using the Hungarian economy as an example. The author starts by considering the following general reasons for the phenomenon: (1) the shift from a sellers′ to a buyers′ market, (2) the transformation of the real structure of the economy, (3) the disturbances in the coordination mechanisms, (4) the macroeconomic consequences of the hardening of financial discipline, and (5) the backwardness of the financial system. Two components of macro-demand, investment and exports, are then examined. The most important factor here is the dwindling propensity to invest. Finally, a summary of the conclusions to be drawn from the analysis is given. There are good reasons for placing the tasks of emerging from the recession at the top of the list of economic-policy priorities, but it is important to do so without permitting an acceleration of inflation or a resumed increase in indebtedness. J. Comp. Econom., August 1994, 19 (1), pp. 000-000. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Collegium Budapest, Institute for Advanced Study, P.O. Box 16, H-1250 Budapest, Hungary.
Relations between preferred body temperatures and metabolic compensation in the rusty lizard Sceloporus olivaceus

Abstract 1. 1. Quantitative relations between body temperatures (tb) of the rusty lizard and ambient temperatures (tb) associated with its tree trunk-ground activity niche are described, and discussed in context of its metabolic compensation patterns to seasonal temperatures. 2. 2. The tbs of rusty lizards measured in their natural habitats in north-central Texas during April—October, in an outdoor enclosure with radiotelemetry and in laboratory temperature gradients indicate the preferred tb is 32–33°C during the day. 3. 3. Activity at the tree trunk-ground niche depends on lizards' ability to maintain tbs between 26 and 36°C through behavioral thermoregulation, which is possible between tas of 20 and 35°C.
Reduced salivation in rats following ventromedial hypothalamic lesions

Abstract Salivation was assessed in normal rats and rats with bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). VMH lesioned rats demonstrated a reliable reduction of salivation. This hyposalivation occurred during a one month period that animals were maintained on dry rat chow and for a 16 day period that animals were maintained on a palatable liquid diet. VMH rats did not differ from control rats in the amount of saliva secreted in response to Prostigmin or wintergreen solution. Thus, while the VMH rat shows a reduced basal salivation level, such animals salivate normally in response to a strong taste substance.
Validation of neural network atmospheric temperature and moisture retrievals using AIRS/AMSU radiances

A novel statistical method for the retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles has been developed and evaluated with sounding data from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU). The algorithm is implemented in three stages. First, the infrared radiance perturbations due to clouds are estimated and corrected by combined processing of the infrared and microwave data. Second, a Projected Principal Components (PPC) transform is used to reduce the dimensionality of and optimally extract geophysical profile information from the cloud-cleared infrared radiance data. Third, an artificial feedforward neural network is used to estimate the desired geophysical parameters from the projected principal components. The cloud-clearing of the infrared radiances was performed by the AIRS Science Team using infrared brightness temperature contrasts in adjacent fields of view and microwave-derived estimates of the infrared clear-column radiances to estimate and correct the radiance contamination introduced by clouds. The PPC compression technique was used to reduce the infrared radiance dimensionality by a factor of 100, while retaining over 99.99% of the radiance variance that is correlated to the geophysical profiles. This compression allows the use of smaller, faster, and more robust estimators. A single-layer feedforward neural network with approximately 3000 degrees of freedom was then used to estimate the geophysical profiles at approximately 60 levels from the surface to 20 km. The performance of this method (henceforth referred to as the PPC/NN method) was evaluated using global (ascending and descending) EOS-Aqua orbits co-located with ECMWF fields for a variety of days throughout 2002 and 2003. Over 30,000 fields of regard (3x3 arrays of footprints) over land and ocean were used in the study. Retrieval performance compares favorably with that obtained with simulated observations from the NOAA88b radiosonde set of approximately 7500 profiles. The PPC/NN method requires significantly less computation than traditional variational retrieval methods, while achieving comparable performance.
Bone morphogenetic protein-4 inhibits adult neurogenesis and is regulated by fractone-associated heparan sulfates in the subventricular zone.

Fractones are extracellular matrix structures that display a fractal ultrastructure and that are visualized as puncta after immunolabeling for laminin or heparan sulfate proteoglycans. In the adult brain, fractones are found throughout the subventricular zone (SVZ). The role of fractones is just emerging. We have recently shown that fractones sequester fibroblast growth factor-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 from the brain ventricles to regulate cell proliferation in the SVZ of the lateral ventricle, the primary neural stem cell niche and neurogenic zone in adulthood. Here, we have examined in vivo the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) on cell proliferation in the SVZ and we have determined whether BMP-4 interacts with fractones to promote this effect. To examine BMP-4 effect on cell proliferation, BMP-4 was intracerebroventricularly injected, and bromodeoxyuridine immunolabeling was performed on frozen sections of the adult mouse brain. To identify the location of BMP-4 binding, biotinylated-BMP-4 was injected, and its binding localized post-mortem with streptavidin, Texas red conjugate. Injection of heparitinase-1 was used to desulfate fractones and determine whether the binding and the effect of BMP-4 on cell proliferation are heparan sulfate-dependent. BMP-4 inhibited cell proliferation in the SVZ neurogenic zone. Biotinylated-BMP-4 bound to fractones and some adjacent blood vessels. Co-injection of heparitinase-1 and biotinylated-BMP-4 resulted in the absence of signal for biotinylated-BMP-4, indicating that the binding was heparan sulfate dependent. Moreover, preventing the binding of BMP-4 to fractones by heparitinase-1 reinforced the inhibitory effect of BMP-4 on cell proliferation in the SVZ. These results show that BMP-4 inhibits cell proliferation in the SVZ neurogenic zone and that the binding of BMP-4 to fractone-associated heparan sulfates moderates this inhibitory effect. Together with our previous results, these data support the view that fractones capture growth factors and modulate their activity in the neural tissues lining the ventricles.
Substrate effects on long-range order and scattering from low-dimensional systems

Using solvable models it is shown that coupling one- and two-dimensional systems to substrates produces significant alterations in their long-range order and scattering characteristics, even if the coupling is very weak. Expressions for Peierls's long-range-order parameter, , are obtained, with their asymptotic forms, and static structure factors, S(Q), are evaluated.
Headache and Other Types of Chronic Pain

Objective.-To compare pain severity, disability, psychological distress, and quality of life between patients with headache and nonheadache treatment-seeking chronic pain patients. Methods.-Six hundred forty-three patients seeking treatment at a university pain clinic were divided into 3 categories based on primary pain complaint and the presence of focal or diffuse pain complaints: headache, nonheadache focal (pain involving <50% of the body), and nonheadache diffuse (pain involving ≥50% of the body). Patients completed questionnaires to identify pain severity, disability, depression, anxiety, and quality of life. Results.-Patients with headache differed from nonheadache patients for all evaluated parameters. Average pain severity on a 0 to 10 point severity scale was 5.55 for headache, 6.93 for nonheadache focal, and 8.05 for nonheadache diffuse. Pain occurred an additional 1.51 to 1.71 days per week for patients without headache. Compared to patients with headache, patients without headache reported greater frequency of reduced daily activities and complete disability related to pain. In addition, patients without headache and with diffuse pain reported more depression (78.2% vs. 45.8%) and anxiety (70.0% vs. 39.1%) than patients with headache. Quality of life measures were significantly reduced in patients with either nonheadache focal or diffuse conditions compared to patients with headache. Conclusions.-Even when considering patients with focal rather than diffuse chronic pain complaints, patients with headache are dissimilar from other patients with chronic pain. Pain severity, frequency, disability, psychological distress, and quality of life are significantly more prominent or impaired in patients with chronic pain without headache compared to patients with headache.
About the phonetic value of the Middle Korean grapheme Δ

The problem concerning the phonetic value of the Middle Korean (MK) Grapheme Δ is one of the most troublesome in the study of Korean historical phonology. There are several hypotheses about the phonetic value of this grapheme, its phonemic status, and origin.The most widespread and more or less generally accepted theory proposes that MK Δ was a voiced fricative [z] which appeared as the result of the lenition of phoneme /s/ in the intervocalic and post-sonorant positions, since Δ is found in these positions in the overwhelming majority of cases (Yi Kimun 1987, 30) and (Ramsey, 1978: 33). Thus, this point of view denies the phonemic status of Δ, representing it as an allophone of /s/.
Analyzing how radiologists recommend follow-up: toward development of an automated tracking and feedback system for clinical, laboratory, and radiologic studies

Radiologists often recommend further imaging, laboratory or clinical follow-up as part of a study interpretation, but rarely receive feedback as to the results of these additional tests. In most cases, the radiologist has to actively pursue this information by searching through the multiple electronic medical records at our institution. In this work, we seek to determine if it would be possible to automate the feedback process by analyzing how radiologists phrase recommendations for clinical, laboratory or radiologic follow-up. We surveyed a dozen attending radiologists to create a set of phrases conventionally used to indicate the need for follow-up. Next, we mined dictated reports over a 1-year period to quantify the appearance of each of these phrases. We are able to isolate 5 phrases that appear in over 21,000 studies performed during the 1-year period, and classify them by modality. We also validated the query by evaluating one day's worth of reports for follow-up recommendations and assessing the comparative performance of the follow-up query. By automatically mining imaging reports for these key phrases and tracking these patients' electronic medical records for additional imaging or pathology, we can begin to provide radiologists with automated feedback regarding studies they have interpreted. Furthermore, we can analyze how often these recommendations lead to a definitive diagnosis and enable radiologists to adjust their practice and decision-making accordingly and ultimately improve patient care.
Raman spectroscopy: what do we need for field measurements?

Success in field measurements requires both appropriate instrumentation and appropriate data acquisition and treatment strategies. Recent advances in instrumentation have improved the utility of Raman spectroscopy for field measurements. This presentation focuses on data acquisition and treatment strategies. We have built into our measurement systems both hardware and software to provide automated wavenumber and intensity calibration and correction. Field measurements demand better wavenumber accuracy than is generally appreciated. In our approach, wavenumber calibration is based on atomic line spectra. Intensity axis calibration requires correction for pixel-to-pixel and wavelength-dependent sensitivity variations of the detector and wavelength- and time-dependent throughput variations of the probe and spectrograph optics. The data needed for these corrections are obtained by measurement with a calibrated white light source and with a standard sample. This presentation describes reference materials and how the calibration and corrections are affected.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.