cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comments on “energy dispersive x-ray measurements of thin metal foils”

From measurements of x-ray peak intensities as a function of foil thickness, Bentley and Kenik have claimed that absorption of x-rays is not important, even for soft x-rays generated in ''thick'' foils of high atomic number materials. They further conclude that if a ''viewable'' image is observed, then x-ray absorption is not a significant effect. There appears to be a contradiction between this and previous work. There is no discrepancy between the various experimental results, but there are some inconsistencies in the conclusions drawn by Bentley and Kenik. These are pointed out. (GHT)
Structured Decision Making in Fisheries Management: Trout Fishing Regulations on the Au Sable River, Michigan

Abstract A simple decision-making method, based on multiattribute utility analysis, is presented for integrating multiple factors into fishery management plans. The method is described with a procedural outline and demonstrated for management of the brown trout Salmo trutta fishery on the Au Sable River, Michigan. Fishery research results and other information were used to evaluate 13 forms of fishery regulation on the basis of four attributes: trophy harvest, trout harvest, sublegal catch, and regulatory complexity. Three management objectives were used to illustrate how different forms of fishery regulation could be selected, depending on the relative importance associated with each attribute. Results indicate how this decision-making method, and decision analysis in general, can be used to assist managers in developing fishery management plans.
Joseph Silas Diller (1850-1928): Pioneer of Southern Cascadian Geology, California and Oregon

Joseph Silas Diller worked as a United States Geological Survey (USGS) geologist for some forty years, from 1883 to 1923. While his principal interest was in petrography, he was responsible for production of numerous geological maps, reconnaissance surveys and economic geologic studies. A majority of these were in Southern Cascadia, the complex region of southern Oregon and northern California that encompasses portions of the eastern Great Basin, Sierra Nevada, Cascade Volcanic, Great Valley, Klamath Mountains and Coast Ranges geologic provinces. Among his achievements were the production of six maps as part of the USGS Geologic Atlas Folio Series, in-depth reports on the evolution of Crater Lake and Lassen Peak, detailed descriptions of several mining districts, and the preparation of sets of hand specimens, thin sections and descriptions for colleges and universities. He was also a specialist on asbestos, coal, placer gold and chromic iron ore. He is perhaps best remembered for his studies of Crater Lak...
Emergency department return visits in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The importance of psychosocial factors

Study objectives: Relapses are common after treatment of decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the emergency department. The purpose of this study was to identify psychosocial and pulmonary function variables that distinguish patients who relapse from those who do not. Design: Retrospective case analysis. A relapse was defined as an unscheduled return to the ED within two weeks of treatment. Setting: 475-bed Veterans Administration Medical Center. Type of participants: 33 male veterans with COPD who used the ED. Measurements: Demographic profile, a Likert-scaled questionnaire about illness beliefs, and physiologic data obtained by chart review. Main results: Patients who relapsed at least once (R patients) were more likely to be widowed, separated, or divorced than patients who did not relapse at any time (N patients) (52.4% vs 8.3%; P = .011). R patients were more likely to have lost a first-order relative within three years (57.1% vs 8.3% P = .006). Stepwise logistic regression showed that the loss of a first-order relative, a negative attitude about prognosis, and a higher forced vital capacity distinguished R from N patients. Stepwise linear regression showed that six specific illness beliefs, distance of the home from the hospital, and baseline bronchodilator response correlated with the number of relapses (multiple r 2 = 0.82; P Conclusion: Social and psychological parameters are closely correlated with relapse in patients with decompensated COPD.
A large-solid-angle spectrometer for high-energy electrons and photons

Abstract We describe the design and performance characteristics of a 1.5 × 1.5 m2 detector which measures electron and photon trajectories and energies in the energy range 10–200 GeV. The position resolution is σ≌3 mm in each transverse coordinate for isolated single showers. The energy resolution is σ E /E = 20 E − 1 2 % . Neighboring showers separated by more than ∼12 cm in one coordinate are resolved for π0, η0, ω0, … decay recognition.
Addiction as a dynamical rationality disorder

Addiction is frequently modeled as a behavioral disorder resulting from the internal battle between two subsystems: one model describes slow planning versus fast habitual action; another, hot versus cold modes. In another model, one subsystem pushes the individual toward substance abuse, while the other tries to pull him away. These models all describe one side winning over the other at each point of confrontation, represented as a simple binary switch: on or off, win or lose. We propose however, an alternative model, in which opposing systems work in parallel, tipping toward one subsystem or the other, in greater or lesser degree, based on a continuous rationality factor. Our approach results in a dynamical system that qualitatively emulates seeking behavior, cessation, and relapse—enabling the accurate description of a process that can lead to recovery. As an adjunct to the model, we are in the process of creating an associated, interactive website that will enable addicts to journal their thoughts, emotions and actions on a daily basis. The site is not only a potentially rich source of data for our model, but will in its primary function aid addicts to individually identify parameters affecting their decisions and behavior.
Word learning in dogs

In a recent paper, Kaminski, Call and Fischer report pioneering research on word-learning in a dog. In this commentary we suggest ways of distinguishing referential word use from mere association. We question whether the dog is reasoning by exclusion and, if so, compare three explanations - learned heuristics, default assumptions, and pragmatic reasoning - as they apply to children and might apply to dogs. Kaminski et al.'s work clearly raises important questions about the origins and basis of word learning and social cognition.
β-Endorphin-stimulated prolactin release in lactating rats following alcohol administration

Abstract To delineate the mechanism of alcohol inhibition of the suckling-induced prolactin increase, we examined β-endorphin-stimulated prolactin release in lactating rats separated from their litters. On day 2 of lactation litters were adjusted to eight pups. On day 7, dams were implanted with an atrial catheter; experiments were conducted on lactation day 10. Litters were separated from their dams at 0800. After five hours, a PE50 extension tube filled with heparinized saline was attached to the catheter. At 1400 a preinfusion blood sample was removed and was followed by infusion of saline (control) or alcohol in saline (1.0 and 2.0 g/kg/body weight). Following the removal of a postinfusion blood sample, β-endorphin (600 μg/kg/body weight) was administered. Additional blood samples were withdrawn 10, 30, 60, and 120 min after β-endorphin. Alcohol infusion did not alter basal prolactin. β-Endorphin administration resulted in pronounced prolactin increases in all groups. Alcohol failed to inhibit β-endorphin-induced plasma prolactin increase. From the present study with β-endorphin and our previous studies with sulpiride and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) it is concluded that the anterior pituitary is not the site where alcohol acts to inhibit suckling-induced prolactin release in rats.
Further lesion evidence for the neural basis of conceptual knowledge for persons and other concrete entities

The neural underpinnings of conceptual knowledge have been studied intensively, but many unanswered questions remain. In a previous study examining recognition of persons, animals, and tools in 116 participants with unilateral brain lesions, we found no instance of a patient who manifested defective recognition in all three categories. We reasoned that the spatial distribution of the lesion loci critical for the appearance of recognition defects for these different categories explained why this 'three-way' defect could not be found in patients with unilateral lesions, and we proposed that only a suitable bilateral lesion would be likely to produce such a combined defect. In the study reported here, we tested this hypothesis by investigating recognition performances in 55 participants with bilateral cortical lesions. In support of the hypothesis, nine patients, all of whose lesions included bilateral occipitotemporal and/or temporal cortices, had a three-way recognition impairment (persons, M = 18.3%; animals, M = 35.7%; tools, M = 71.3%; all scores >2 SDs below normal). As expected, bilateral lesions to other neural sectors, for example prefrontal cortices, did not lead to recognition impairments. These findings provide further support for the notion that retrieval of knowledge for concrete entities from different conceptual categories depends on partially segregated neural systems, located in different sectors of occipitotemporal and temporal regions in right and left hemisphere.
The Opposing Forces That Shape Developmental Education

Nationwide, community colleges struggle with how to improve the poor outcomes of students referred to developmental education. Based on a case study of an urban community college system, this paper sets forth an opposing forces framework to help diagnose the underlying issues that may thwart colleges’ efforts to improve developmental outcomes. We identify three sets of opposing forces: system-wide consistency versus institutional autonomy; efficient versus effective assessment; and promotion of student progression versus enforcement of academic standards. Within each set, both goals are important and worthy, but they also tend to work in opposition to one another, creating confusion, frustration, and other barriers to meaningful reform. We describe how each of the three tensions shape developmental policy and practice. We also provide suggestions on potential reforms that could bring these apparently opposing forces into alignment and, thus, create a developmental education system that works to meet all i...
Educational Performance Standards and the Economy

One of the most prominent arguments for U.S. educational reform, generally, and for the establishment of student performance standards, specifically, has been the assertion that they will create a world-class workforce. Behind this expectation is the assumption that there is strong and demonstrable evidence that higher and better educational standards and student performance are keys to higher workplace productivity. But a review of available evidence suggests only a weak relationship between test scores and economic productivity and virtually no evidence on the predictive validity of the newer performance standards. This article suggests that the educational standards movement has relied on the economic rationale largely because of its persuasiveness in stimulating educational reform rather than any compelling evidence on the links between specific educational standards and economic performance.
A fluid-filled spherical shell model of the thermo-elastic behaviour of avian eggs

Abstract Egg shell breakage during hot water washing results from the differences in the volumetric expansion characteristics of the shell and its contents. Upon heating, the yolk and albumen expand while the enclosed volume of a hollow egg shell has an anomolous shrinkage response. An incompressible liquid and compressible gas-filled elastic, spherical shell model is developed to examine the thermoelastic response to hot water washing. Two bounding cases of a shell which is (1) completely impervious and (2) completely porous to air cell leakage are considered. Egg shell strength is known to decrease with increasing temperature. When combined with internal pressures induced by the washing process, a temporary, but appreciable reduction in the shell's capacity to withstand mechanical loads is predicted. Increases in shell porosity, air cell volume and egg shell size decrease the thermally produced mechanical stress. On the other hand, shell thickness does not appreciably influence the thermally induced stress.
Developmental dyslexia: Anatomic and functional neuroimaging

Developmental dyslexia has come to be viewed as a language disorder involving phonologic deficits. This view has greatly influenced imaging studies of dyslexia, with the result that anatomic studies have primarily focused on language-relevant brain structures and functional studies have examined language-related functions. Although inconsistent in their methods and findings, both neuroanatomic imaging studies using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and postmortem studies, suggest that asymmetries of the planum temporale and other language-relevant structures, as well as the morphology of the corpus callosum, warrant further study using improved methods now available. Functional imaging studies using xenon inhalation techniques and positron emission tomography suggest altered left temporoparietal and bilateral temporal function. An emergent interest in difficulties with rapid temporal (i.e., sequential) processing, particularly within the visual system, is also noteworthy. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Hemodynamic effect of fetal supraventricular tachycardia on the unaffected twin

Fetal arrhythmias are diagnosed in 1 to 3% of pregnancies, of which supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) constitutes 10% (Reed, 1989). Sustained fetal SVT with a heart rate more than 220 beats per minute (bpm) can result in congestive heart failure and nonimmune hydrops, which is associated with a poor outcome (Simpson and Sharland, 1998). SVT in twin pregnancy is infrequently reported and poses a therapeutic and ethical dilemma in regard to the effect of treatment on the unaffected twin. To date, there is no evidence that fetal SVT in one twin affects hemodynamics of the other twin who is in normal rhythm. We report for the first time, a case in which fetal SVT in one twin was associated with early signs of congestive heart failure, in the other twin, with subsequent echocardiographic improvement following control of the SVT in the first twin. A 26-year-old gravida 2, para 0 African-American woman with a twin pregnancy at 27 (3/7) weeks of gestation was referred to us for evaluation of fetal tachycardia in one of the twins. The course of pregnancy was uneventful until then. Specifically, there was no history of hypertension, diabetes or infections. She was a nonsmoker and denied use of alcohol or drugs. She was not on any medications. During a regular prenatal visit, auscultation revealed audible arrhythmia in twin A with heart rate in the range of 200 bpm. Ultrasound revealed monochorionic diamniotic twins of similar size (estimated fetal weight of twin A, 992 g and twin B, 959 g). There were no other congenital defects. A fetal echocardiogram utilizing M mode and Doppler techniques revealed that Twin A had SVT at a rate of 230 bpm with 1 : 1 conduction to ventricles. Cardiac anatomy was normal. The size and contractile function of the ventricles were normal and there was no mitral or tricuspid regurgitation. There was no evidence of pericardial effusion or congestive heart failure as assessed by the cardiovascular profile (Huhta, 2004). Fetal echocardiography of Twin B revealed normal cardiac structural anatomy. There was mild cardiomegaly with a cardiothoracic circumference ratio of
Holographic and grating reference structures for enhanced detection of surface acoustic waves

The coherent intermodulation of the spatial phases of a stationary holographic grating with a separated traveling surface acoustic wave modulates the intensity in the resulting diffracted orders of a probing laser beam. The detected signal in the m equals 0 and higher diffracted orders contains information about both the stationary and traveling grating structures. For the `tuned' condition, where both grating periods are nearly the same, the detected intensity modulation is at the same frequency as the surface acoustic wave. We have analyzed this double grating interaction and discuss its inherent sensitivity and enhanced selectivity.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optical and thermal properties of nasal septal cartilage.

Backgrounds and Objectives The aim of the study was to measure the spectral dependence of optical absorption and reduced scattering coefficients and thermal conductivity and diffusivity of porcine nasal septal cartilage. Values of optical and thermal properties determined in this study may aid in determining laser dosimetry and allow selection of an optical source wavelength for noninvasive diagnostics for laser-assisted reshaping of cartilage. Materials and Methods The diffuse reflectance and transmittance of ex vivo porcine nasal septal cartilage were measured in the 400- to 1,400-nm spectral range by using a spectrophotometer. The reflectance and transmittance data were analyzed by using an inverse adding-doubling algorithm to obtain the absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μa′) coefficients. A multichannel thermal probe controller system and infrared imaging radiometer methods were applied to measure the thermal properties of cartilage. The multichannel thermal probe controller system was used as an invasive technique to measure thermal conductivity and diffusivity of cartilage at three temperatures (27, 37, 50°C). An infrared imaging radiometer was used as a noninvasive method to measure the thermal diffusivity of cartilage by using a CO2 laser source (λ = 10.6 μm) and an infrared focal plane array (IR-FPA) camera. Results The optical absorption peaks at 980 nm and 1,180 nm in cartilage were observed and corresponded to known absorption bands of water. The determined reduced scattering coefficient gradually decreased at longer wavelengths. The thermal conductivity values of cartilage measured by using an invasive probe at 27, 37, and 50°C were 4.78, 5.18, and 5.76 mW/cm°C, respectively. The corresponding thermal diffusivity values were 1.28, 1.31, and 1.40× 10−3 cm2/sec. Because no statistically significant difference in thermal diffusivity values with increasing temperature is found, the average thermal diffusivity is 1.32 × 10−3 cm2/sec. The numerical estimate for thermal diffusivity obtained from infrared radiometry measurements was 1.38 × 10−3 cm2/sec. Conclusion Values of the spectral dependence of the optical absorption and reduced scattering coefficients, and thermal conductivity and diffusivity of cartilage were measured. The invasive and noninvasive diffusivity measurements were consistent and concluded that the infrared imaging radiometric technique has an advantage to determine thermal properties, because damage to the cartilage sample may be avoided. The measured values of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients can be used for predicting the optical fluence distribution in cartilage and determining optical source wavelengths for the laser-assisted cartilage reshaping studies. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity values can play role in understanding thermal-dependent phenomenon in cartilage during laser irradiation and determining laser dosimetry for the laser-assisted cartilage reshaping studies. Lasers Surg. Med. 27:119–128, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A continuous network location problem for a single refueling station on a tree

This article considers the continuous version of the refueling station location problem on a tree network, which is a common structure in numerous toll roads worldwide, so as to locate a single alternative-fuel refueling station to maximize the traffic flow covered in round trips/day. Two reduction properties regarding the problem size and some optimality conditions are derived. Based on these conditions, an exact polynomial algorithm is developed to determine the set of optimal locations for the refueling station. A small tree network example is solved to illustrate the algorithm. We consider the continuous version of the refueling station location problem on a tree network to maximize the traffic flow covered in round-trips/day.Two reduction properties regarding the problem size and some optimality conditions are derived.A polynomial algorithm is developed to determine the set of optimal locations for the refueling station.A small tree network example is solved to illustrate the algorithm.
Yukawa, Skyrme and QCD☆

Abstract Some recent developments on the quark descriptions of nuclear forces are reviewed. The revival of Skyrme's picture of nucleons as topological solitons introduces a fresh perspective, but quantization is likely to cause complications. Explicit quark effects are expected to come into play at small distances. The resulting short-range nuclear forces appear to depend on specific assumptions on quark-quark interactions, the confinement mechanism, and quark wave functions of colliding nucleons. Recent successes in describing relativistic nucleon-nucleus scattering by scalar and vector potentials emphasize the continued fruitfulness of Yukawa's theory of meson exchanges. An attractive nuclear scalar potential applied directly to quarks in nucleons in nuclear matter reduces quark masses, decreases the nucleon axial charge, and increases the Δ-N splitting.
Multi-Level Tearing and Applications

Previous tearing algorithms have considered the interconnections in a power system at two levels, 1) the subdivision level for recognizing the interconnections within the subdivisions and 2) the inter-subdivision level for recognizing the interconnections of the subdivisions themselves. The present paper will generalize the previous work from two levels to any number of computing levels. The initial application of this work is for implementing certain change cases in two-level piecewise programs by additions in levels rather than by changing existing network models.
Fuzzy sets in life sciences

Abstract Beginning with the first attempts to develop computerized systems in medicine and biology, it was recognized that one of the significant obstacles was the inherent uncertainty which arises as a natural occurrence of these types of applications. Unlike physical science applications, the life sciences are not amenable to straightforward algorithmic solutions for a number of reasons, including lack of complete understanding of mechanisms in biological organisms, inability to obtain complete information regarding the state of the organism, lack of precise ranges of normal values for physiological parameters, and complications caused by the interaction of several physiological systems functioning simultaneously. The most complex of these organisms, the human, is the most difficult to model. In fact, most efforts have been toward developing medical decision-support systems. Because of these inherent uncertainties, creative approaches were sought to develop both modeling and decision making systems in the life sciences. Initially, statistical and pattern recognition approaches were tried, followed by a decade of research into knowledge-based systems. Neural network modeling was also used beginning in the late 1960s. This approach met with little success but reemerged in the 1980s, with new algorithms and faster computers, to become one of the primary approaches in medical decision making. Although the early systems recognized the presence of uncertainty, it was usually dealt within a ad hoc fashion. Only in the last fifteen years have techniques from fuzzy logic been applied extensively in medical systems. However, in that short time, these systems have made significant inroads in modeling complex problems and producing practical decision support systems.
Larval defense against attack from parasitoid wasps requires nociceptive neurons.

Parasitoid wasps are a fierce predator of Drosophila larvae. Female Leptopilina boulardi (LB) wasps use a sharp ovipositor to inject eggs into the bodies of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. The wasp then eats the Drosophila larva alive from the inside, and an adult wasp ecloses from the Drosophila pupal case instead of a fly. However, the Drosophila larvae are not defenseless as they may resist the attack of the wasps through somatosensory-triggered behavioral responses. Here we describe the full range of behaviors performed by the larval prey in immediate response to attacks by the wasps. Our results suggest that Drosophila larvae primarily sense the wasps using their mechanosensory systems. The range of behavioral responses included both “gentle touch” like responses as well as nociceptive responses. We found that the precise larval response depended on both the somatotopic location of the attack, and whether or not the larval cuticle was successfully penetrated during the course of the attack. Interestingly, nociceptive responses are more likely to be triggered by attacks in which the cuticle had been successfully penetrated by the wasp. Finally, we found that the class IV neurons, which are necessary for mechanical nociception, were also necessary for a nociceptive response to wasp attacks. Thus, the class IV neurons allow for a nociceptive behavioral response to a naturally occurring predator of Drosophila.
Substance Abuse Research Consortium (SARC) introduction: moving forward to improve addiction treatment in California.

(2010). Substance Abuse Research Consortium (SARC) Introduction: Moving Forward to Improve Addiction Treatment in California. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 42, SARC Supplement No. 6. Research to Policy: California Substance Abuse Research Consortium Meetings 2009, pp. 205-206.
Imipramine-provoked paradoxical pheochromocytoma crisis: A case of cardiogenic shock

The dramatic presentation of pheochromocytoma in crisis is uncommon and is classically associated with a state of hemodynamic and sympathetic hyperactivity. The case of a 35-year-old man with an occult pheochromocytoma presenting with hypotension and cardiogenic shock shortly after beginning imipramine therapy is presented. Retrospectively, there was a history of emergency department, inpatient, and outpatient evaluation of symptoms likely to be related to an occult pheochromocytoma. He presented with hypotension refractory to fluids and inotropes and in severe respiratory distress. The early differential diagnosis was extensive including acute myocardial infarction, pneumonia with sepsis, and toxic ingestion. Shortly after admission the patient's occult pheochromocytoma was discovered and subsequently specific therapy was initiated. The patient's symptoms resolved after surgical resection of the tumor, and he was ultimately discharged without signs of congestive heart failure. The clinical pathophysiology of cardiomyopathy secondary to pheochromocytoma, and possible mechanisms of pharmacological interactions with tricyclic antidepressants are discussed.
Managing the Mission: The Primary Challenge to Campus Child Care.

Abstract Historically, children's programs on university/college campuses began in the early 1900s with the establishment of parent cooperatives and laboratory schools. In the 1970s children's programs emerged that were dedicated primarily to family service. The purpose of this article is to examine a comprehensive campus child care model as it faces complex issues and challenges in reconceptualizing and/or restructuring to meet the demands of the teaching, research, and service mission of a university/college system. This model is conceptualized as integrative, flexible, responsive to multiple needs, and educationally diverse. It incorporates varying levels of trained personnel and provides for a wide variety of research opportunities.
Modulating Neurofilament Sidearm Domain Function by Varying Charge Density

Neurofilaments (NF) are the most abundant intermediate filaments in large, myelinated neurons and protect the axon against compressive forces. Each filament is surrounded by protruding unstructured protein domains that repel adjacent filaments to drive network assembly. We report the development and characterization of synthetic intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) based on the C-terminal sidearm domain of the neurofilament heavy (NF-H) subunit. This domain contains many charged residues and is highly phosphorylated in vivo, and the degree of phosphorylation has been postulated to regulate NF network mechanics. We have expressed three construct in E. coli, and purified them: wild type NF-H; a phosphomimetic NF-H (S to D substitution in the KSP repeats); and a phospho-null polypeptide (S to A substitution in the KSP repeats). The latter two constructs were designed to test the hypothesis that the protein conformation can be modulated by controlling the electrostatic interactions. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicate that the recombinant wild type protein adopts an extended conformation with a hydrodynamic radius much larger than that of a globular protein. We demonstrate our ability to microcontact-print these proteins onto a gold-coated silicon wafer using a PDMS stamp, and we verify spatially patterned protein deposition using immunofluorescence imaging. Quartz crystal microbalance studies confirm successful adsorption (0.4 molecules per square nm) of the protein onto gold surfaces. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals that these IDPs can be covalently assembled into Alexander-deGennes polymer brushes, with brush thickness falling with increasing salt concentration. The salt-dependence observed in the AFM data is a direct manifestation of the screening of charge-charge repulsions that modulate the intermolecular interactions. Further studies on the relationship between IDP phosphorylation, solvent conditions, and conformational states should facilitate the exploration of these proteins as building blocks for novel stimulus-responsive biomimetic materials.
Differential effects of two bile salts on ion transport characteristics of teleost intestine

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of a dihydroxy and a trihydroxy bile salt on the Na+- and Cl−-absorbing, goby posterior intestine are quite different. 2. 2. Taurochenodeoxycholate, a dihydroxy bile salt, increases tissue permeability to Cl−, primarily by opening the paracellular shunt pathway. 3. 3. The trihydroxy bile salt taurocholate lacks these effects and may, in fact, decrease tissue permeability. 4. 4. In light of the general structural similarity of these two molecules, a detergent action is considered unlikely and, instead, a more specific (perhaps receptor-mediated) mechanism is suggested.
Negative Parental Influences on Religious Conversion: Implications for Pastoral Care

This essay discusses the contribution that psychoanalytic psychology has made to research on religious conversion and asks what implications it might have for pastoral practice. Some of conversion’s most dramatic manifestations occur amid familial instability, or negative parental influences, that stand to be misinterpreted by religious leaders if their full psycho-spiritual context is not understood. The Freudian tradition has provided some context as to why people with rocky upbringings might undergo dramatic change. The data supports the conclusion that these radical conversions are much less a sign of direct supernatural influence than they are of a need for the converts to receive pastoral care in working through a “crisis stage” of faith development.
Release of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase with norepinephrine during cat splenic nerve stimulation.

DOPAMINE-β-HYDROXYLASE is released from the catecholamine storage vesicles of the adrenal medulla together with epinephrine1. The ratio of released catecholamine to enzyme is similar to that found in the soluble contents of these vesicles. Douglas and Poisner2 found that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was released during such adrenal stimulation and proposed that adrenal secretion takes place by a process of exocytosis (that is, emptying of the contents of the nerve vesicles).
A Framework for the Study of Hypertext

This paper presents a framework for the study of hypertext. First, an historical perspective on the evolution of hypertext is provided. Next, hypertext system components are presented and relevant psychological and pedagogical issues are analyzed. Finally a framework for the study of hypertext, with implications for theory, research, and development, is described.
Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background from Light Cosmic Strings

Spectra of the stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds from cosmic strings are calculated and compared with present and future experimental limits. Motivated by theoretical expectations of light cosmic strings in superstring cosmology, improvements in experimental sensitivity, and recent demonstrations of large, stable loop formation from a primordial network, this study explores a new range of string parameters with masses lighter than previously investigated. A standard 'one-scale' model for string loop formation is assumed. Background spectra are calculated numerically for dimensionless string tensions G{mu}/c{sup 2} between 10{sup -7} and 10{sup -18}, and initial loop sizes as a fraction of the Hubble radius {alpha} from 0.1 to 10{sup -6}. The spectra show a low frequency power-law tail, a broad spectral peak due to loops decaying at the present epoch (including frequencies higher than their fundamental mode, and radiation associated with cusps), and a flat (constant energy density) spectrum at high frequencies due to radiation from loops that decayed during the radiation-dominated era. The string spectrum is distinctive and unlike any other known source. The peak of the spectrum for light strings appears at high frequencies, significantly affecting predicted signals. The spectra of the cosmic string backgrounds are compared with current millisecond pulsar limitsmore » and Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) sensitivity curves. For models with large stable loops ({alpha}=0.1), current pulsar-timing limits exclude G{mu}/c{sup 2}>10{sup -9}, a much tighter limit on string tension than achievable with other techniques, and within the range of current models based on brane inflation. LISA may detect a background from strings as light as G{mu}/c{sup 2}{approx_equal}10{sup -16}, corresponding to field theory strings formed at roughly 10{sup 11} GeV.« less
Infinite transition solutions for a class of Allen–Cahn model equations

This paper constructs a family of solutions that undergoes an infinite number of spatial transitions for an Allen–Cahn model equation.
The response of the ‘new consumer’ to promotion in the transition economies of the former Soviet Bloc

Abstract Before the collapse of communism, promotion in the former Soviet Bloc functioned more as either propaganda or generic information rather than what marketers would call marketing. Today’s “new consumer” in these transition economies, however, is being forced to integrate Western-style promotion with traditional suspicion of marketing, all in systems that have transitioned more in some countries of the region than others. What does this mean for the multinational marketer? What old and new characteristics of the consumers in that region will force marketers to adapt their approach to promotion? Through research propositions this conceptual paper explores major themes of consumer behavior specific to the transitioning economies of the area, proposing, rather than answering, the right questions marketers need to ask about new target markets. For managers, the article offers implications and recommendations derived from these questions.
What is your research agenda

Promotes the notion that academic librarians use their daily work as a springboard for applied research studies to advance the mission, goals, services, and programs of their higher education institutions.
Compressible error diffusion

This paper presents a combined halftoning and compression approach, which achieves high quality halftones and compression ratios comparable to those of JBIG with much simpler encoding and decoding schemes. In the proposed algorithm, we halftone the input continuous-tone image with constraints in a controlled manner, so that we can decrease the entropy of the resulting halftones while maintaining a high level of visual image quality.
GERMINATION, GROWTH, AND RESPIRATION OF RICE AND BARLEY SEEDLINGS AT LOW OXYGEN PRESSURES.

On the other hand, it is a common agricultural practice to germinate rice seeds in standing water 1 to several centimeters in depth. This behavior of rice has been observed on several occasions but with one recent exception, no attempt has been made to establish the oxygen relations of germinating rice on a quantitative basis. In an exhaustive review of the literature on oxygen relations of plants (6), the general effects on the respiration of a wide variety of plants show an independence of oxygen until a partial pressure of 2 per cent, oxygen is reached. Below this point a very sharp decline follows in respiration, measured in most experiments by carbon dioxide production. Mack (?) germinated wheat seeds aerobically and after 42 hours transferred the seedlings to 12 different oxygen tensions ranging from 0.6 per cent, to 98.3 per cent, and covering five temperatures from 10? C. to 30? C. at 5 degree intervals. The carbon dioxide evolved was measured at several intervals within a 46-hour period and the shoot lengths determined at the end of this time. The anticipated inter-dependence of temperature and oxygen was found. The respiration curves for each of the 3 highest temperatures, oxygen taken as the variable, assume parallel shapes differing only as to absolute values. The effect on shoot growth is greater than that on respiration in response to temperature change, and to oxygen at the lowest pressures. The maximum in respiration occurs uniformly at 30? C, and the shoot growth attains a maximum between 20? and 25? C. Takahashi (11) germinated rice in oxygen-free water but growth was limited to a small amount of plumule development which ceased after reaching a length of 3 cm. Yokoi (14) likewise obtained only shoot growth of rice under water, and in sand cultures the relative growth of the radicle increased at the expense of the shoot as the water content of the sand declined. These observations have been repeated by Nag ai (10). The germination of rice on the surface of submerged soil has been found to be superior to that of seeds placed below the soil (5). The catalase activity in barley, wheat, and rice has been compared in aerobic and anaerobic atmospheres (7). The catalase activity was shown to
Causes of Weight Loss in a Community Nursing Home

Objective: To determine the causes of weight loss in nursing home residents. Design: Retrospective chart review of all weights over the previous 6 months and an in-depth examination of all residents who lost 5 or more pounds over that period. Setting: A for-profit community nursing home in an urban area. Subjects: All residents who had been in the nursing home for 3 or more months. Their mean age was 80.1 years, and 89% were female. Results: Weight loss of 5 pounds or more occurred in 19% of subjects. Only 15% of subjects had lost 5% of body weight, and 4% had lost more than 10% of their body weight. Depression accounted for 36% of the weight loss. Other causes of anorexia included medications, psychotropic drug reduction, swallowing disorders, paranoia, dementia with apraxia, gallstones, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Increased energy utilization as a cause of weight loss was seen in two residents who wandered incessantly, one with tardive dyskinesia and one with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dehydration was the cause of weight loss in two residents, and one resident had intentional weight loss for obesity. Cancer was the cause of weight loss in two residents. Four of 30 residents had more than one cause of weight loss. One of 25 tube-fed residents displayed weight loss. Conclusions: A single cause of weight loss can be identified in most nursing home residents. Depression is the most common cause of weight loss. Psychotropic drug reduction may cause weight loss. The majority of causes of weight loss in a community nursing home are potentially treatable.
Postmodernity and Historical Reputation: Abraham Lincoln in Late Twentieth-Century American Memory

Postmodernity has eroded America's metanarrative - the myth that answers ultimate questions about national origin, purpose, and fate. I explore this claim by tracing America's grandest narrative - the narrative of Abraham Lincoln - through the twentieth century. Gallup Poll ratings of presidential greatness, shrine visits, and citation counts from the Reader's Guide to Periodic Literature, New York Times Index, and Congressional Record show Lincoln's prestige plummeting during the 1960s and never recovering. During this same period the reputation of other popular presidents - Washington, Roosevelt, Truman, and Eisenhower - fell abruptly and simultaneously. The erosion of these reputations and the metanarrative of which they are a part resulted not from political and social crises of the period but from a postmodern turn within which these crises assumed their traumatic character. Because an emergent pattern of indifference toward great presidents of the past coexists with a residual pattern of reverence (most evident in history texts and in surveys of visitors to national shrines), however, claims about the erosion of metanarratives must be qualified. The theoretical problem is to develop a perspective on American memory that recognizes the uniqueness of late twentieth-century culture while making the coexistence of continuity and change its principal point of focus
CYTOSKELETAL REGULATION OF CACO-2 INTESTINAL MONOLAYER PARACELLULAR PERMEABILITY

An abnormal increase in intestinal paracellular permeability may be an important pathogenic factor in various intestinal diseases. The intracellular factors and processes that regulate and cause alteration of intestinal paracellular permeability are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine some of the intracellular processes involved in cytoskeletal regulation of intestinal epithelial paracellular permeability using the filter-grown Caco-2 intestinal epithelial monolayers. Cytochalasin-b and colchicine were used to disrupt the cytoskeletal elements, actin microfilaments, and microtubules. Cytochalasin-b (5 mg/ml) and colchicine (2 × 10−5M) at the doses used caused marked depolymerization and disruption of actin microfilaments and microtubules, respectively. Cytochalasin-b-induced disruption of actin microfilaments resulted in perturbation of tight junctions and desmosomes and an increase in Caco-2 monolayer paracellular permeability. The cytochalasin-b-induced disruption of actin microfilaments and subsequent changes in intercellular junctional complexes and paracellular permeability were not affected by inhibitors of protein synthesis (actinomycin-D or cycloheximide) or microtubule function (colchicine), but were inhibited by metabolic energy inhibitors (2,4-dinitrophenol or sodium azide). The cytochalasin-b-induced disturbance in Caco-2 actin microfilaments and intercellular junctional complexes and increase in paracellular permeability were rapidly reversed. The paracellular pathway “re-tightening” following cytochalasin-b removal was not affected by actinomycin-D, cycloheximide, or colchicine, but was inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol and sodium azide. The colchicine-induced disruption of microtubules did not have significant effect on actin microfilaments, intercellular junctions, or paracellular permeability. These findings suggest that cytochalasin-b-induced increase in Caco-2 monolayer paracellular permeability was due to actin microfilament mediated perturbation of intercellular junctional complexes. The re-tightening of paracellular pathways (following removal of cytochalasin-b) resulted from energy-mediated re-assembly of pre-existing actin microfilaments and intercellular junctional complexes. This re-closure process did not require protein synthesis or microtubule-mediated shuttling process. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cytochrome P-450 Inhibition Attenuates Hypertension Induced by Reductions in Uterine Perfusion Pressure in Pregnant Rats

The present study tested the hypothesis that cytochrome P-450 (CYP) metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) are involved in mediating hypertension and renal vasoconstriction during chronic reductions in uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) in pregnant rats. 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), a CYP enzyme inhibitor (25 mg/kg per day), or vehicle (saline 0.9%) was administered for 7 days to normal pregnant (NP) rats and to pregnant rats with chronic RUPP. RUPP rats infused with vehicle showed significantly ( P P P P P
Support Vector Machines in face recognition with occlusions

Support vector machines (SVM) are one of the most useful techniques in classification problems. One clear example is face recognition. However, SVM cannot be applied when the feature vectors defining our samples have missing entries. This is clearly the case in face recognition when occlusions are present in the training and/or testing sets. When k features are missing in a sample vector of class 1, these define an affine subspace of k dimensions. The goal of the SVM is to maximize the margin between the vectors of class 1 and class 2 on those dimensions with no missing elements and, at the same time, maximize the margin between the vectors in class 2 and the affine subspace of class 1. This second term of the SVM criterion will minimize the overlap between the classification hyperplane and the subspace of solutions in class 1, because we do not know which values in this subspace a test vector can take. The hyperplane minimizing this overlap is obviously the one parallel to the missing dimensions. However, this condition is too restrictive, because its solution will generally contradict that obtained when maximizing the margin of the visible data. To resolve this problem, we define a criterion which minimizes the probability of overlap. The resulting optimization problem can be solved efficiently and we show how the global minimum of the error term is guaranteed under mild conditions. We provide extensive experimental results, demonstrating the superiority of the proposed approach over the state of the art.
The prism coupler and the dielectric bend: Similarities and anomalous behavior

Properties of the output prism coupler and the dielectric bends are investigated near cutoff. A decrease in the attenuation very close to cutoff is exhibited by the prism coupler and might be possible also in the bend case. Range of validity of the established approximated solutions is discussed.
Effects of chemical contaminants on blood chemistry of teleost fish: A bibliography and synopsis of selected effects

The purpose of this article is to provide a bibliography of publications that describe the effects of organic and inorganic chemical contaminants on serum chemistry and hematology of teleost fish with a brief synopsis of those effects. Also included is a review of “normal” or “reference” values for various blood chemistry parameters and hormones measurable in a number of fish species.