cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secretion of urate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the rat.

In order to examine the transepithelial secretory flux of urate in the rat proximal tubule, simultaneous perfusions of capillaries and lumens were performed. The capillary perfusate contained [2– 14 C]urate in concentrations of 0.305–2.941 mM. The secretory flux of urate increased as the concentration of urate in the capillary perfusion solution was increased from 0.305 to 1.235 mM but tended toward a plateau at higher concentrations. An apparent K m of 0.41 mM and V max of 4.7 pmol·min -1 ·mm -1 were calculated from the observed net flux and an estimated passive permeability coefficient of 0.725 pmol·min -1 ·mm -1 . The addition of probenecid (10 -4 M) to the capillary perfusion solution inhibited urate secretion in a manner consistent with that of a competitive inhibitor. The addition of p-chloromercuribenzoate (10 -4 M) to the capillary perfusion solution inhibited the V max but not the K m , suggesting a non-competitive type of inhibition. These data provide the first estimates of the apparent transport constants for urate secretion in the rat proximal tubule determined in vivo. Urate secretion is mediated by a saturable carrier-mediated system. This carrier is not affected by the presence or absence of potassium in the perfusion solution but can be inhibited by the addition of either probenecid or p-chloromercuribenzoate. high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection; renal micropunction; organic acid secretion Submitted on March 5, 1980 Accepted on April 25, 1980
Foreign Policy and the 1979 Election Campaign

Whether it mattered or not, however, if circumstances were ever to be propitious for changes in British foreign policy, then they seemed to be so in the spring of 1979. The international system was sliding towards both economic recession and the ‘second Cold War’.1 The order essentially created by American power at the end of the Second World War seemed to be in danger of disintegrating in the face of challenges from radical nationalist movements in the Third World and a newly assertive USSR whose leaders spoke of a decisive shift in the international correlation of forces. The efforts of the US to arrest the decline in its international position, either by direct intervention as in the case of Vietnam, or indirect support as in the case of Iran, had not worked. Indeed, they had further weakened both the political and economic position of the West. Yet, when the Carter administration briefly attempted to step back from competition with the USSR or the search to control developments in the Third World, the consequences were widely interpreted in terms of a crisis of American leadership.
Limits of Carrier Diffusion in n-Type and p-Type CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Single Crystals

Using a combination of scanning photocurrent microscopy (SPCM) and time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) measurements, we monitor the diffusion and recombination of photoexcited charges in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite single crystals. The majority carrier type was controlled by growing crystals in the presence or absence of air, allowing the diffusion lengths of electrons (LDe–) and holes (LDh+) to be directly imaged with SPCM (LDe– = 10–28 μm, LDh+ = 27–65 μm). TRMC measurements reveal a photogenerated carrier mobility (μh + μe) of 115 ± 15 cm2 V–1 s–1 and recombination that depends on the excitation intensity. From the intensity dependence of the recombination kinetics and by accounting for carrier diffusion away from the point of photogeneration, we extract a second-order recombination rate constant (krad = 5 ± 3 × 10–10 cm3/s) that is consistent with the predicted radiative rate. First-order recombination at low photoexcited carrier density (knrp-type = 1.0 ± 0.3 × 105 s–1, knrn-type = 1.5 ± 0.3 × 105 ...
The Skin of a Building

This chapter describes the main functions of Building Envelopes, particularly in the context of daylighting (including the role of the outside view, smart windows, etc.). The functions of Building Envelope are compared with organic skin. Finally, an example of a relatively successful integration of adaptivity and aesthetics in the building of the Arab World Institute is presented.
Statistical Descriptions of Item and Test Functioning

The MIRT models in Chap. 4 provide mathematical descriptions of the interactions of persons and test items. Although the parameters of these models summarize the characteristics of the items, the vectors of item parameters sometimes lack intuitive meaning. This chapter provides other statistical ways of describing the functioning of test items that may more clearly indicate the value of the test items for determining the location of individuals in the multidimensional θ-space. The ways of describing test item characteristics given here are direct extensions of the descriptive information for UIRT models described in Chap. 2.
Wake-Up Stroke Is Associated With Greater Nocturnal Mean Arterial Pressure Variability

Background and Purpose—Wake-up strokes (WUS) account for ≈20% to 30% of ischemic strokes. Studies have shown that increased autonomic instability as measured by blood pressure variability (BPV) is ...
Teaching self-regulated learning strategies to low-achieving fourth-grade students to enhance their perseverance in mathematical problem solving

ABSTRACTThis study’s purpose was to determine the effect of instruction in self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies on low-achieving fourth-grade students’ perseverance in solving mathematics problems. This study was conducted with fourth-grade students who had been ability-grouped based on prior low achievement and testing data in math. Students were instructed in self-monitoring and goal setting. Students’ progress in perseverance was evaluated based on their self-reporting of goals, concentration, and confidence on an Experience Sampling Form (ESF). Student work samples were examined for attempts to understand the problem, strategy choice, and solution accuracy. In this article, we argue that perseverance can be supported and learned by teaching students goal-setting and self-monitoring skills. The trends and changes identify areas for further research as well as suggest a focus for continued instruction.
Exploring Cross-Cultural and Gender Differences in Test Anxiety Among U.S. and Canadian College Students:

Existing measures of test anxiety used with the college student population are old with old norms and old items, and they do not capture the multiple dimensions of the test anxiety construct or ass...
Reductions in fish-community contamination following lowhead dam removal linked more to shifts in food-web structure than sediment pollution.

Abstract Recent increases in dam removals have prompted research on ecological and geomorphic river responses, yet contaminant dynamics following dam removals are poorly understood. We investigated changes in sediment concentrations and fish-community body burdens of mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and chlorinated pesticides before and after two lowhead dam removals in the Scioto and Olentangy Rivers (Columbus, Ohio). These changes were then related to documented shifts in fish food-web structure. Seven study reaches were surveyed from 2011 to 2015, including controls, upstream and downstream of the previous dams, and upstream restored vs. unrestored. For most contaminants, fish-community body burdens declined following dam removal and converged across study reaches by the last year of the study in both rivers. Aldrin and dieldrin body burdens in the Olentangy River declined more rapidly in the upstream-restored vs. the upstream-unrestored reach, but were indistinguishable by year three post dam removal. No upstream-downstream differences were observed in body burdens in the Olentangy River, but aldrin and dieldrin body burdens were 138 and 148% higher, respectively, in downstream reaches than in upstream reaches of the Scioto River following dam removal. The strongest relationships between trophic position and body burdens were observed with PCBs and Se in the Scioto River, and with dieldrin in the Olentangy River. Food-chain length – a key measure of trophic structure – was only weakly related to aldrin body burdens, and unrelated to other contaminants. Overall, we demonstrate that lowhead dam removal may effectively reduce ecosystem contamination, largely via shifts in fish food-web dynamics versus sediment contaminant concentrations. This study presents some of the first findings documenting ecosystem contamination following dam removal and will be useful in informing future dam removals.
Viral microRNA effects on persistent infection of human lymphoid cells by polyomavirus SV40.

Background Polyomaviruses, including simian virus 40 (SV40), display evidence of lymphotropic properties. This study analyzed the nature of SV40-human lymphocyte interactions in established cell lines and in primary lymphocytes. The effects of viral microRNA and the structure of the viral regulatory region on SV40 persistence were examined. Results SV40 DNA was maintained in infected B cell and myeloid cell lines during cell growth for at least 28 days. Limiting dilution analysis showed that low amounts of SV40 DNA (~2 copies per cell) were retained over time. Infected B cells remained viable and able to proliferate. Genome copies of the SV40 microRNA-null mutant persisted at higher levels than the DNA of wild-type viruses. Complex viral regulatory regions produced modestly higher DNA levels than simple regulatory regions. Viral large T-antigen protein was detected at low frequency and at low levels in infected B cells. Following infection of primary lymphocytes, SV40 DNA was detected in CD19+ B cells and CD14+ monocytes, but not in CD3+ T cells. Rescue attempts using either lysates of SV40-infected B lymphocytes, coculture of live cells, or infectious center assays all showed that replication-competent SV40 could be recovered on rare occasions. SV40 infections altered the expression of several B cell surface markers, with more pronounced changes following infections with the microRNA-null mutant. Conclusion These findings indicate that SV40 can establish persistent infections in human B lymphocytes. The cells retain low copy numbers of viral DNA; the infections are nonproductive and noncytolytic but can occasionally produce infectious virus. SV40 microRNA negatively regulates the degree of viral effects on B cells. Significance Lymphocytes may serve as viral reservoirs and may function to disseminate polyomaviruses to different tissues in a host. To our knowledge, this report is the first extensive analysis of viral microRNA effects on SV40 infection of human lymphocytes.
William Blake’s Aesthetic Reclamation: Newton, Newtonianism, and Absolute Space in The Book of Urizen and Milton

ABSTRACTThis essay interrogates the scholarly assumption that William Blake's hostility toward Isaac Newton arose solely from his direct encounters with the scientist’s writings. Instead, it argues that The Book of Urizen and Milton illustrate that Blake was also aware of and critical toward popularized accounts of Newton’s works. Written by Newton’s disciples, these aimed to not only codify a culture of Newtonianism through appeals to social institutions and a non-academic public, but also to subtly augment the prestige of their Newtonian authors. This essay historicizes these Newtonian works with the help of George Berkeley and argues that Blake’s Milton contains an appropriation of Newton’s own thought to combat them. That is, Milton’s defeat of the Newtonian Satan achieves two things: it allows Blake’s deployment of Newton’s absolute space to challenge the self-interested, institutionalized authority Newtonianism had obtained, and it provides a template for Newton’s redemption from Newtonianism within...
Candidates to replace R-12 as a radiator gas in Cherenkov detectors

Abstract Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) has been widely used as a radiator gas in pressure threshold Cherenkov detectors for high-energy particle physics. However, that compound is becoming unavailable due to the Montreal Protocol. To find a replacement with suitably high refractive index, we use a combination of theory and experiment to examine the polarizability and refractivity of several non-ozone-depleting compounds. Our measurements show that the fourth-generation refrigerants R-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) and R-1234ze(E) (trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) have sufficient refractivity to replace R-12 in this application. If the slight flammability of these compounds is a problem, two nonflammable alternatives are R-218 (octafluoropropane), which has a high Global Warming Potential, and R-13I1 (trifluoroiodomethane), which has low Ozone Depletion Potential and Global Warming Potential but may not be sufficiently inert.
Arqueologias Históricas: um panorama espacial e temporal

A construcao de uma ciencia Arqueologica Historica perpassa inumeros estagios, desde definicoes multidisciplinares ate abordagens mais interdisciplinares. Porem, uma quetao mantem-se: Por que praticar arqueologia quando existem outras fontes de informacao historica? Olhando por este ângulo, este artigo apresenta uma retrospectiva global espacial e temporal de algmas arqueologias historicas no mundo e uma reflexao sobre velhas e novas tendencias teoricas na area.
Developing methods for acupuncture research: rationale for and design of a pilot study evaluating the efficacy of acupuncture for chronic low back pain.

Rigorously evaluating acupuncture and other complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies presents researches with many challenges. The failure to satisfactorily address these challenges has resulted in poorly designed studies, which yield findings that are difficult to interpret. Despite the publication of more than 10 randomized trials evaluating acupuncture as a treatment for chronic low back pain, the efficacy and effectiveness of acupuncture for this common problem remain unclear. We discuss the rationale for and design of a five-arm randomized controlled pilot clinical trial that addresses the major methodological shortcomings of previous studies (e.g., poorly justified treatment and control groups and lack of masking) and that lays the groundwork for a full scale trial evaluating acupuncture as a treatment for chronic low back pain. Although development and pilot testing of these design features required substantial time and resources, we believe that this investment in rigorous groundwork is essential to ensure that full-scale trials evaluating CAM treatments produce valid and interpretable results.
Injury prevention and public health

Injuries are one of the most under-recognized public health problems facing the world today. With more than 5 million deaths every year, violence and injuries account for 9% of global mortality, as many deaths as from HIV, Malaria and Tuberculosis combined. Eight of the 15 leading causes of death for people ages 15 to 29 years are injury-related: road traffic injuries, suicides, homicides, drowning, burns, war injuries, poisonings and falls. For every death due to war, there are three deaths due to homicide and five deaths due to suicide. However, most violence happens to people behind closed doors and results not in death, but often in years of physical and emotional suffering [1]. Injuries can be classified by intent: unintentional or intentional. Traffic injuries, fire-related injuries, falls, drowning, and poisonings are most often classified as unintentional injuries; injuries due to assault, selfinflicted violence such as suicide, and war are classified as intentional injuries, or violence. Worldwide, governments and public and private partners are increasingly aware of the strains that unintentional injuries and violence place on societies. In response they are strengthening data collection systems, improving services for victims and survivors, and increasing prevention efforts [1].
Expected utility with perturbed lotteries

The sensitivity of expected utility choice to slight variations in the description of lotteries is considered. This sensitivity is allowed to influence actual choice in what is called the expected utility with perturbed lotteries model because the slight variations are used to represent vagueness regarding the dollar-prize, probability description of a lottery. Example illustrate how this sensitivity can affect actual choice for an otherwise expected utility decision-maker and provide an explanation for some of the anomolous evidence on risky choice.
Energy bands of a (111) iron thin film

We have performed a tight-binding calculation of the energy bands of a 40-layer (111) ferromagnetic iron thin film. The matrix parameters were obtained by fitting a bulk calculation of Tawil and Callaway with the diagonal matrix elements of the layers near the surface shifted to obtain surface charge neutrality. The energy bands were calculated at 61 points in the irreducible (1/12) two-dimensional Brillouin zone. The planar and total densities of states are determined and compared to previous results. The differences between the apparent surface potential on this face of iron compared to the (100) and (110) faces are examined and discussed. Correlations between the energy-band structure and the planar densities of states are examined.
A COMPARISON OF EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND MEDICAL COVERAGE BETWEEN HIGH SCHOOL AND CLUB SPORT COACHES

BACKGROUND:Recent studies have demonstrated that a large population of high-school aged athletes participate on club sport teams. Studies have documented emergency preparedness and medical coverage...
[DC] Auto-focus Augmented Reality Eyeglasses for both Real World and Virtual Imagery

Near-eye displays presenting accommodation cues, thereby mitigating the vergence-accommodation conflict, have garnered interest in the recent past. However, considering that at least 40% of US population is presbyopic 1 and similarly a sizable world population suffering other refractive errors in eye, it requires that the users wear their prescription glasses along with the AR goggles, despite focus support for virtual imagery, making the overall experience uncomfortable. In the recent work published at ISMAR-TVCG 2018, which won a Best Paper Award, my collaborators and I presented an AR display which can automatically adjust for focus for both real and virtual imagery, avoiding an extra pair of prescription correcting glasses along with AR glasses. My recent work has been on a near-eye display design which integrates with the bifocals of a presbyopic user, thereby providing depth dependent stimuli to the user who is already well adapted to bifocal lenses. A variant of these ideas are going to be presented at IEEE VR 2018 through our accepted TVCG paper. I propose that the above mentioned works combined with my future work on integrating eye trackers and depth sensors to make the display glasses more robust and completely automatic, followed by evaluating the perceptual qualities of the display are the topics of my dissertation.
Insulin-Independent Reversal of Type-1 Diabetes Following Transplantation of Adult Brown Adipose Tissue Supplemented With IGF-1.

As our previous publications show, it is feasible to reverse type 1 diabetes (T1D) without insulin in multiple mouse models, through transplantation of embryonic brown adipose tissue (BAT) in the subcutaneous space. Embryonic BAT transplants result in rapid and long-lasting euglycemia accompanied by decreased inflammation and regenerated healthy white adipose tissue, with no detectable increase in insulin. To translate this approach to human patients, it is necessary to establish practical alternatives for embryonic tissue. Adult adipose tissue transplants or BAT-derived stem cell lines alone fail to reverse T1D. A likely reason is transplant failure resulting from lack of growth factors abundant in embryonic tissue. Adding growth factors may enable transplants to survive and vascularize as well as stimulate adipogenesis and decrease inflammation in the surrounding host tissue. Previous data points to insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) as the most likely candidate. Embryonic BAT abundantly expresses IGF-1, and embryonic BAT transplant recipients exhibit increased plasma levels of IGF-1. Therefore, we tested the ability of temporary administration of exogenous IGF-1 to enable adult BAT transplants to correct T1D. Methods Fresh BAT from healthy adult CB7BL/6 donors were transplanted in the subcutaneous space of hyperglycemic nonobese diabetic recipients. Exogenous IGF-1 was administered daily for a week following transplant, at 100 µg/kg SC. Results Adult BAT transplants with IGF-1 supplementation produced rapid long-lasting euglycemia at a 57% success rate, in contrast with no recovery in the control groups who received adult BAT alone, IGF-1 alone, or no treatment. Conclusions Temporary supplementation with IGF-1 enables adult BAT transplants to correct T1D phenotypes independent of insulin, providing a possible route to translate this treatment to human patients.
A rapid, super-selective method for detection of single nucleotide variants in C. elegans

ABSTRACT With the widespread use of single nucleotide variants generated through mutagenesis screens, the million mutation project, and genome editing technologies, there is pressing need for an efficient and low-cost strategy to genotype single nucleotide substitutions. We have developed a rapid and inexpensive method for detection of point mutants through optimization of SuperSelective (SS) primers for end point PCR in Caenorhabditis elegans. Each SS primer consists of a 5’ “anchor” that hybridizes to the template, followed by a non-complementary “bridge,” and a “foot” corresponding to the target allele. The foot sequence is short, such that a single mismatch at the terminal 3’ nucleotide destabilizes primer binding and prevents extension, enabling discrimination of different alleles. We explored how length, stability, and sequence composition of each SS primer segment affected selectivity and efficiency in order to develop simple rules for primer design that allow for distinction between any mismatches in various genetic contexts over a broad range of annealing temperatures. Manipulating bridge length affects amplification efficiency, while modifying the foot sequence can increase discriminatory power. Flexibility in the positioning of the anchor enables SS primers to be used for genotyping in regions with sequences that are challenging for standard primer design. In summary, we have demonstrated flexibility in design of SS primers and their utility for genotyping in C. elegans. Since SS primers reliably detect single nucleotide variants, we propose that this method could have broad application for SNP mapping, screening of CRISPR mutants, and colony PCR to identify successful site-directed mutagenesis constructs.
Swim bladder enhances lagenar sensitivity to sound pressure and higher frequencies in female plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus).

The plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) is an established model for investigating acoustic communication because the reproductive success of this species is dependent on the production and reception of social acoustic signals. Previous work showed female midshipman have swim bladders with rostral horn-like extensions that project close to the saccule and lagena, while nesting (type I) males lack such rostral swim bladder extensions. The relative close proximity of the swim bladder to the lagena should increase auditory sensitivity to sound pressure and higher frequencies. Here, we test the hypothesis that the swim bladder of female midshipman enhances lagenar sensitivity to sound pressure and higher frequencies. Evoked potentials were recorded from auditory hair cell receptors in the lagena in reproductive females with intact (control condition) and removed (treated condition) swim bladders while pure tone stimuli (85–1005 Hz) were presented by an underwater speaker. Females with intact swim bladders had auditory thresholds 3–6 dB lower than females without swim bladders over a range of frequencies from 85–405 Hz. At frequencies from 545–1005 Hz, only females with intact swim bladders had measurable auditory thresholds (150–153 dB re: 1 µPa). The higher percentage of evoked lagenar potentials recorded in control females at frequencies>505 Hz indicates that the swim bladder extends the bandwidth of detectable frequencies. These findings reveal that the swim bladders in female midshipman can enhance lagenar sensitivity to sound pressure and higher frequencies, which maybe important for the detection of behaviorally relevant social signals.
Did the party system change from 2012–2016?

We test the implications of the spatial realignment framework against data from the 2012–2016 electoral cycle. The data, which come from the 2011–2016 Voter Study Group survey, include 19 items ask...
N-acetylhistidine in developing embryos of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus and the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio.

Abstract The appearance of the amino acid α-N-acetyl-L-histidine in embryos of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus a salt water fish and the zebrafish Brachydanio rerio , a freshwater fish have been investigated. In both species, appearance of NAcH parallels the appearance of acetylcholinesterase activity which occurs just prior to the establishment of the CNS-somatic reflex arc. In the killifish, there is a sharp rise in NAcH concentration just a few days before hatching which is not observed in the zebrafish. In both species, the NAcH content continues to rise for several days after hatching. A single treatment with Malathion, a potent AChE inhibitor has been found to decrease the content of NAcH in these embryos from 6–55% of control levels.
Promoting Reflection on Medical Maximizing-Minimizing Preferences May Create Undesired Effects on Decisions About Low-Benefit and High-Benefit Care.

BackgroundMedical maximizing-minimizing (MM) preferences predict a variety of medical decisions. We tested whether informing people about their MM preferences and asking them to reflect on the pros...
The Empire’s Long Goodbye: Heroes, Crowds and the First Stage of Independence in Argentina

An examination of the role of the plebe and the appearance of populist politics in Buenos Aires on the eve of independence.
Morphological 3-D segmentation using laser structured light

Segmentation methods were developed for images of the scene illuminated by sequentially scanned, laser projected, structured light. The structured light, viewed by a stereoscopically located, single video camera, resulted in an image in which the regional three-dimensional characteristics of the scene were represented by corresponding distortion of the structure of the projected light. In addition, an extension of the segmentation process yields a three-dimensional planar fit of regions of interest in the scene. The results are pertinent to the application of machine vision to the guidance of robots and autonomous vehicles along pathways without special markings. >
The Effect of CNO and Enhanced α-Elements on Globular Cluster Stars

While the idea of non-solar ratios for the heavy elements was new 20 years ago, enhancements in the abundances of the a-elements are now routinely included in stellar models. In general these lead to better agreement between the observations and theory. I give a personal history and simple review of the subject
Financial Assurance for Environmental Protection: Trends and Opportunities

A basic moral hazard problem has potential to avoid socially beneficial development of natural resources. Various financial assurance mechanisms have evolved to satisfy regulatory requirements for credible environmental protection. But recent macroeconomic and financial market developments have increased the cost of financial assurance. In addition, traditional methods of financial assurance may be inappropriate for addressing long-term risks to water quality, an issue of growing concern. Revised collateral requirements along with explicit capital safety standards can reduce the cost of long-term financial assurance for environmental protection and reclamation by enabling resource developers to exploit the benefits of portfolio diversification. These policy proposals may be particularly beneficial in less-developed institutional regimes, where enforcement is less effective and costly regulation is more likely to result in unsanctioned exploitation.
Diurnal cycle of sound scatterers and measurements of turbidity using ADCP in Beppu Bay

From September 20 to 22 in 1994, the vertical profiles of echo intensity and three-component velocities were measured with a bottom-mounted 300 kHz broadband acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) in Beppu Bay in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan. A very strong thermocline was observed from 50 to 60 m. A pronounced diurnal cycle of backscatter strength (BS) was found above the thermocline. However, it was not found under the thermocline where there was a lack of dissolved oxygen. We suggest that the diurnal cycle of BS is caused by the vertical migration of zooplankton. The downward and upward migration occurred in early morning and late afternoon, respectively. The migration speeds estimated from BS isopleth displacements were about 1 cm s−1. Further, the contribution of turbidity (Tur) to BS was examined by separating out the effect of migrating zooplankton. There was a significant correlation between BS and turbidity under the thermocline. The maximum contributions of the Tur, migrating zooplankton and non-migrating plankton on BS were estimated at 3, 12, 25 dB, respectively. These data suggest that when using an ADCP to estimate Tur, it is very important to consider carefully the backscatter signal from zooplankton.
Harmonization of European Civil Procedure - Policy Perspectives

European Civil Procedure is a rapidly growing field, judged by the numbers of directives and regulations churned out by the European Commission over the past decade. However, the practical impact of legislative acts passed under the powers of Art. 81 TFEU remains very limited. These measures of “horizontal harmonization” create uniform rules for disputes of any kind, yet they remain confined to cross-border cases. As the Commission moved beyond the issues of international jurisdiction and enforcement of foreign judgments, it placed European institutions alongside the national ones, which continued to govern domestic disputes. This results in duplicative sets of procedural rules which place a heavy burden on the judges who have to work with them. Another thread of European legislation does not bear the label of civil procedure at all, but purports to harmonize the domestic system of law enforcement and protection of subjective rights in selected substantive areas, such as intellectual property rights, competition law, and consumer law. Such measures of “vertical harmonization” remain confined to specific kinds of disputes, but they apply regardless of whether the dispute is international or domestic. In doing so, their practical impact is much greater than the one of horizontal measures. For European lawmakers, it is essential to keep in mind that the policies of law enforcement and protection of property rights deeply involve principles of civil procedure and that account must be made for this in drafting pertinent legislation.
Social influences on academic motivation in early elementary school students.

SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON ACADEMIC MOTIVATION IN EARLY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS. Jenli Dawn Waters. Sponsored by Linda C. Mayes. Child Studies Center, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. The goal of this research is to identify correlations between academic intrinsic motivation and exposures to academic activities within the home acknowledged by young children (5 to 8 years old). This study hopes to clarify relationship between academic intrinsic motivation and exposure to positive role modeling of academic activities in young children. Much of the data was collected by interview-style surveys conducted with a sample of 18 boys and girls of ages between 5 and 8 years. The Child-Reported Home Reading and Math Exposure Questionnaire (HEQ) was developed by the author for this study to assess the extent to which a child recognizes instances where reading and mathematics are positively modeled in the home and the extent to which that positive modeling conveys to the child the sense that those activities are enjoyable and important. It can be concluded from the data that children’s exposure to positive reading rolemodels at home correlates significantly with academic intrinsic motivation for reading, math, and school in general. In contrast, children’s exposure at home to positive math role-models did not correlate significantly to any of the measured areas of motivation, including math motivation.
Logical Concept Attainment during the Aging Years

While there is little question that Piaget’s theory and associated research represent the preeminent conception of logical concept development currently extant, it is also dear that the Genevan orientation to developmental issues offers very little information concerning significant behavioral change beyond the years of adolescence. In brief, the orthodox Piagetian perspective is rather exclusively restricted to the initial years of the human life-span, i.e., birth to maturity. Once the formal operations apex is attained, stability is predicted and no provision for significant cognitive changes, especially of a qualitative nature, is made (cf. Flavell, 1970a; Piaget, 1972b). This conceptual viewpoint is clearly at variance with a considerable number of normative research investigations of Piagetian concept attainment in mature and elderly adults (see recent reviews by Denny, 1974a; Hooper, 1973b; Papalia and Bielby, 1974). The purposes of the present chapter are threefold: (1) to review the normative and experimental assessments of aged individuals’ performances on Piagetian logical-concept tasks; (2) to evaluate this empirical evidence with regard to putative qualitative or structural changes such as those commonly associated with the childhood and adolescent age intervals; and (3) to speculate as to the role certain corollary factors may play in determining the performance of aged individuals on logical-concept tasks.
Macrophage and type II cell catabolism of SP-A and saturated phosphatidylcholine in mouse lungs

Type II cells and macrophages are the major cells involved in the alveolar clearance and catabolism of surfactant. We measured type II cell and macrophage contributions to the catabolism of saturat...
The two-dimensional connectivity of

Liquid phase sintered materials are characterized by a connected microstructure composed of contacting grains in a solidified matrix phase. Observations on the sintered microstructure are typically performed using two-dimensional cross sections. A computer calculation has been performed to determine the variation in the observed contacts per grain vs the true underlying microstructure connectivity. The results show that the observed coordination depends on both the volume fraction of solid phase and the dihedral angle. The findings of the calculation are favorably compared with observations on Fe-Cu and W-Ni-Fe alloys. In the limiting case, the current calculations approach those found for polycrystalline solids and cell networks.
NMR chemical shifts of xenon in aqueous solutions of amphiphiles: A new probe of the hydrophobic environment

The chemical shift of elemental xenon in solution is sensitive to the environment. The shift arises from van der Waals interactions in most liquids, but an additional effect is present in aqueous media yielding a larger shift than expected. In water the shift is affected by the presence of low molecular weight amphiphiles, and its variation with composition can reveal the presence of hydrophobic hydration of the amphiphile. The results are similar to the conclusions drawn from other physical studies. Data are presented for aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, tert-butanol, dimethylsulfoxide, p-dioxane, and acetonitrile.
Maternal dietary choline availability alters the balance of netrin-1 and DCC neuronal migration proteins in fetal mouse brain hippocampus.

Alterations in maternal dietary choline availability during days 12–17 of pregnancy led to an increase in the level of immunoreactive netrin-1 and a decrease in the level of DCC protein in the developing fetal mouse brain hippocampus compared with controls. Changes in the expression of cell migration cues during development could account for some of the lifelong consequences of maternal dietary choline availability for cognitive and memory processes.
Characterization of the 31P NMR spectrum of Manduca sexta and effects of antimetabolites

Abstract High resolution 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was successfully applied to 5th instar larvae of Manduca sexta . Conditions for in vivo analysis under non-saturating conditions are described. The 31 P NMR spectrum of intact larvae was composed of six peaks. Their resonance frequencies are reported relative to orthophosphoric acid. Analysis of tissue extracts demonstrated the in vivo peaks to be composed of the β phosphorus resonance of nucleotide triphosphates (NTP) at −19.36 ppm; α phosphorus of NTP and nucleotide diphosphates (NDP) at −10.51 ppm; β and γ phosphorus of NDP and NTP, respectively, at −5.42 ppm; phosphoarginine (PA) at −3.45 ppm; inorganic phosphate (Pi) at +2.76 ppm and sugar phosphates at +3.34 ppm. The major sugar phosphate present in fat body extracts was trehalose-6-phosphate and this was the major phosphorus component of the spectrum of hemolymph. The spin-lattice relaxation times for each in vivo peak were determined. Titration of aqueous fat body and hemolymph extracts was carried out and the relationship between the chemical shift of Pi and pH determined. On this basis the pH of the hemolymph was estimated at approx. 6.7. The metabolic inhibitors, iodoacetate and dinitrophenol, had significant effects on the 31 P NMR spectrum of intact larvae. Administration of iodoacetate caused a rapid increase in the levels of sugar phosphates together with decreases in NTP and PA. Dinitrophenol also caused declines in the relative levels of NTP and PA but sugar phosphates decreased as well. The experiments demonstrated the potential of in vivo NMR analysis for metabolic studies on high energy phosphate metabolites in M. sexta .
The accuracy of the quantum/classical time-dependent self-consistent field treatment to reaction dynamics of large systems

Abstract A method is proposed to predict the accuracy of the quantum/classical time-dependent self-consistent field (Q/C TDSCF) treatment in the calculation of reaction probabilities. This method was derived based on comparisons of calculated reaction probabilities between the collinear and the three dimensional results for the benchmark O( 3 P) + HCl reaction, which shows that the accuracy of the Q/C TDSCF reaction probabilities does not change from the collinear to the three dimensional dynamics. In addition, an energy shift correction is introduced to improve the accuracy of the Q/C TDSCF results. The results from studies of the O( 3 P) + HCl reaction indicate that the inclusion of this simple shift in the Q/C TDSCF treatments allows us to obtain accurate reaction probabilities within the energy range of chemical and biological interest. Our analysis indicates that this shift is related to the symmetry of the potential energy surface between the reactant and product channels in the transition state region.
Biosynthesis of the hydrocarbon components of the sex pheromone of the housefly, Musca domestica L.☆

Abstract Biosynthesis of hydrocarbons, including components of the sex pheromone of the housefly Musca domestica L., was investigated. In vitro studies with isolated tissues from adult flies showed that the hydrocarbon components of the pheromone were synthesized primarily by the epidermal cells in abdominal segments two to seven. The incorporation of [3H or 14C]-labelled acetate, palmitate, stearate and oleate into the saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon components showed that (Z)-9-tricosene (muscalure) was synthesized de novo by female insects and the distribution of label was consistent with a pathway in which oleic acid was elongated and then decarboxylated. A comparison of the incorporation and distribution of labelled acetate, propionate and succinate into hydrocarbons indicated that the mono- and dimethylalkanes were formed by the substitution of a methylmalonyl-CoA for malonyl-CoA during chain elongation. The incorporation of radioactivity from [1-14C]-propionate increased dramatically in female insects two days after adult emergence, which corresponds in time to the production of methyl branched alkanes. In contrast, this substrate was not efficiently incorporated at any time into male insects.
Type I NKT cells protect (and type II NKT cells suppress) the host's innate antitumor immune response to a B-cell lymphoma

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a T-cell subpopulation known to possess immunoregulatory functions and recognize CD1d molecules. The majority of NKT cells express an invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) α chain rearrangement (Vα14Jα18 in mice; Vα24Jα18 in humans) and are called type I NKT cells; all other NKT cells are type II. In the current study, we have analyzed the roles for these NKT-cell subsets in the host's innate antitumor response against a murine B-cell lymphoma model in vivo. In tumor-bearing mice, we found that type I NKT cells conferred protection in a CD1d-dependent manner, whereas type II NKT cells exhibited inhibitory activity. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by splenocytes from tumor-bearing mice correlated with tumor progression. Myeloid cells (CD11b+Gr1+) were present in large numbers at the tumor site and in the spleen of tumor-bearing type I NKT–deficient mice, suggesting that antitumor immunosurveillance was inhibited by CD11b+Gr1+ cells. Overall, these data suggest that there are distinct roles for NKT-cell subsets in response to a B-cell lymphoma in vivo, pointing to potential novel targets to be exploited in immunotherapeutic approaches against blood cancers.
Placebo-controlled trial of itraconazole for treatment of acute vaginal candidiasis.

Itraconazole is a new orally active triazole antifungal agent with enhanced activity against Candida species. In the clinical trial described in this paper, we compared the efficacy and safety of itraconazole capsules with those of clotrimazole vaginal tablets and placebo oral capsules for women with acute vulvovaginal candidiasis. Ninety-five patients were randomized in a 2:1:1 fashion to receive itraconazole (200 mg/day), clotrimazole (200 mg/day), or placebo (two capsules per day) for 3 consecutive days. Clinical success rates (cure and improvement) were similar for women who received itraconazole (96%) and clotrimazole (100%) 1 week posttreatment. These response rates were statistically superior to those obtained with placebo treatment (77%, P 0.05; beta = 0.81). Mycological response rates for itraconazole and clotrimazole were also similar. No patients enrolled in this study discontinued treatment because of an adverse event. Minor side effects were reported by 35, 4, and 41% of patients who received itraconazole, clotrimazole, and placebo, respectively. The most common side effects associated with itraconazole therapy were nausea and headache. In summary, itraconazole was found to be as effective and safe as clotrimazole in women with acute candida vaginitis. Moreover, oral therapy was highly favored over intravaginal treatment in our survey of patients.
Estimates of the position of sea level between 140,000 and 75,000 years ago

The absolute elevations of sea level 103,000 and 82,000 years ago have been estimated as −15 and −13 m, respectively, from the present elevations of emergent reefs on Barbados (Broecker et al., 1968; Matthews, 1973; Bloom et al., 1974). The “Barbados model” requires two assumptions: (1) that sea level was +6 m 124,000 years ago, and (2) that rates of uplift on short individual traverses have been uniform during the last 125,000 years. A test of the derived values on Barbados itself does not yield uniform rates of uplift between 124,000 and 82,000 years ago. Less reliably dated strand line features on less uplifted coasts suggest that sea level 124,000 years ago differed from sea levels 103,000 and 82,000 years ago by smaller amounts than those suggested by the “Barbados model.” Such smaller differences yield more uniform rates of uplift between 124,000 and 82,000 years ago, on New Guinea as well as on Barbados, than do the larger. The “Barbados model” is not sufficiently precise to yield close estimates of past elevations of sea level. Better values will eventually be derived from low uplift coasts, when stratigraphic and radiometric data from them have achieved the credibility of data from moderate to high uplift coasts.
Selective inhibition of hepatic peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation by enoximone

Abstract Although β-oxidation of fatty acids occurs in both peroxisomes and mitochondria, β-oxidizing enzymes in these organelles have distinct differences in their specifity and sensitivity to inhibitors. In this study, the effects of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor enoximone on hepatic peroxisomal and mitochondrial β-oxidation were investigated. In liver homogenates from control rats, cyanide-insensitive peroxisomal β-oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA was inhibited progressively by increasing concentrations of enoximone. Similar results were obtained in liver homogenates from rats pretreated with the known peroxisomal proliferator diethylhexylphthalate. In contrast, mitochondrial β-oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA was not inhibited by enoximone. These data show that enoximone selectively inhibits basal as well as induced peroxisomal, but not mitochondrial, β-oxidation of the CoA thioester of long-chain fatty acids. The availability of specific inhibitors of peroxisomal β-oxidation should prove useful in elucidating regulatory mechanisms operative in this pathway in normal as well as in proliferated peroxisomes.
Using Connectionist Models to Determine Decision Making Strategy of Pathology Residents Reading Dermatopathology Digital Slides

Theories of the processes involved in medical decision making have long been formulated in an attempt to understand medical reasoning. Historically medical training has relied on the 'forward reasoning strategy, where trainees are instructed to collect all diagnostic evidence before formulating any hypotheses. However, more recently, studies have determined that medical experts do not rely on such time consuming strategies, but instead quickly generate diagnostic hypotheses and then proceed to collect diagnostic evidence to confirm or to dismiss each hypothesis. In light of this, medical training has been switched to rely on the hypothetical deductive' approach, in which trainees are instructed to mimic the experts and generate diagnostic hypotheses first and then gather diagnostic evidence to sort out the hypotheses. Both reasoning models have shortcomings, as identification of many irrelevant findings adds too much noise to the diagnostic process in the 'forward reasoning' case, whereas identification of too many competing hypotheses generates too large a problem space in the 'hypothetical deductive' approach. In this paper we will use connectionist modeling to simulate the decision making strategies of Pathology residents 'before' and 'after' they undergo a well-known difficult rotation, that in Dermatopathology. We will seek to identify changes in the reasoning patterns of the residents as a result of formal training in the domain. We hypothesize that 'before' undertaking the rotation residents will rely on the 'forward reasoning' approach, whereas 'after' their rotation they are more likely to use the 'hypothetical deductive' reasoning.