cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel phosphorescent tetradentate bis-cyclometalated C^C∗N^N-coordinated platinum complexes: Structure, photophysics, and a synthetic adventure

Abstract A long but adventurous journal to the synthesis of tetradentate bis-cyclometalated C^C∗N^N-coordinated platinum complexes is described, where C^C and N^N denote a five-membered chelation and C∗N denotes a six-membered chelation. Initial ligand designs resulted in the selective cycloplatination to form a tridentate coordination complex. The structures of the tridentate coordination complexes were confirmed by the X-ray crystallographic studies. The selective formation of the tridentate coordination complexes was analyzed, which led us to an ultimate design of the ligand 15 and 16. Ligands 15 and 16 differ only in the N^N motif; a bipyridine-based N^N for 15 and a pyrazolylpyridine-based N^N for 16, respectively. In both cases, a forced consecutive double cycloplatination would be possible to form a C^C∗N^N-coordinated platinum complex. As expected, the reaction of ligand 15 and 16 with K2PtCl4 in acetic acid at reflux produced 17 and 18, respectively. The coordination geometry was confirmed by the X-ray crystallography of the complex 17. The square planar geometry and dual intermolecular π–π and Pt–Pt interactions were revealed in the molecular packing. The photophysical properties of the complexes were studied. It was found that the complex 18 emitted intensely yellow phosphorescence at room temperature in deoxygenated solution, while complex 17 emitted red emission in a frozen glass matrix. Both compounds have the lifetime of the excited states in the scale of micro seconds. The DFT calculations were carried out to elucidate the frontier orbitals of the complexes, which are used in interpreting the electronic spectra of the complexes.
Humanized Mouse Model of Cooley's Anemia.

A novel humanized mouse model of Cooley's Anemia (CA) was generated by targeted gene replacement in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Because the mouse does not have a true fetal hemoglobin, a delayed switching human γ to β0 globin gene cassette (γβ0) was inserted directly into the murine β globin locus replacing both adult mouse β globin genes. The inserted human β0 globin allele has a mutation in the splice donor site that produces the same aberrant transcripts in mice as described in human cells. No functional human β globin polypeptide chains are produced. Heterozygous γβ0 mice suffer from microcytic anemia. Unlike previously described animal models of β thalassemia major, homozygous γβ0 mice switch from mouse embryonic globin chains to human fetal γ globin during fetal life. When bred with human α globin knockin mice, homozygous CA mice survive solely upon human fetal hemoglobin at birth. This preclinical animal model of CA can be utilized to study the regulation of globin gene expression, synthesis, and switching; the reactivation of human fetal globin gene expression; and the testing of genetic and cell-based therapies for the correction of thalassemia.
Reference-dependent sympathy

Abstract Natural disasters and other traumatic events often draw a greater charitable response than do ongoing misfortunes, even those that may cause even more widespread misery, such as famine or malaria. Why is the response disproportionate to need? The notion of reference dependence critical to Prospect Theory ( Kahneman & Tversky, 1979 ) maintains that self-utility, or benefit to self, is not absolute level of wealth but rather gain or loss relative to a reference point. Four studies show that sympathy (Study 1), dictator offers (Study 2), and judgments of deservingness (Study 3a) are reference-dependent: people respond greater to victims of loss than to victims of chronic conditions. This tendency goes away when people evaluate victims in comparison (Study 3b) and when evaluating affect-poor “statistical victims”, as compared to affect-rich “identifiable victims” (Study 4). Together, these results shed light on seemingly irrational patterns of humanitarian aid.
‘Bruce Lee’ after Bruce Lee: A life in conjectures

In the decade after Bruce Lee's death in 1973, film-makers from around the world produced numerous films starring imitation Bruce Lees with names like Bruce Li, Bruce Le and Dragon Lee. This articl...
Effect of protein structure on deamidation rate in the Fc fragment of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody.

The effects of secondary structure on asparagine (N) deamidation in a 22 amino acid sequence (369-GFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYK-390) of the crystallizable (Fc) fragment of a human monoclonal antibody (Fc IgG1) were investigated using high-resolution ultra performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS). Samples containing either the intact Fc IgG (∼50 kD) (“intact protein”), or corresponding synthetic peptides (“peptide”) were stored in Tris buffer at 37°C and pH 7.5 for up to forty days, then subjected to UPLC/MS analysis with high energy MS1 fragmentation. The peptide deamidated only at N382 to form the isoaspartate (isoD382) and aspartate (D382) products in the ratio of ∼4:1, with a half-life of ∼3.4 days. The succinimide intermediate (Su382) was also detected; deamidation was not observed for the other two sites (N387 and N388) in peptide samples. The intact protein showed a 30-fold slower overall deamidation half-life of ∼108 days to produce the isoD382 and D387 products, together with minor amounts of D382. Surprisingly, the D382 and isoD387 products were not detected in intact protein samples and, as in the peptide samples, deamidation was not detected at N388. The results indicate that higher order structure influences both the rate of N-deamidation and the product distribution.
Ergonomic scissors for hairdressing

Abstract For decades, hairstyles have been plagued with repetitive motion injuries (RMI). To alleviate RMI symptoms and improve body mechanics, Chiavaras and Neimken designed a hairdressing scissors that incorporates some of the characteristics of an ergonomically designed tool. The scissors, which were patented by the United States Patent Office and titled Ergonomic Tool Design (ETD) Scissors, were evaluated to determine if there were significant differences between this design and the standard scissors for hairstylist's preference and potential pain and risk reduction. Forty-four volunteer subjects were used. Since data were heterogeneous, Satterwaite's statistical approximation was applied ( α =0.05). Subjects preferred the ETD scissors to the traditional scissors and reported less shoulder and wrist pain. Subjects who used the ETD scissors had significantly higher grip strength than when they used the traditional scissors. Subjects also reported significantly less bending in the wrist when using the ETD scissors. The ETD scissors allowed for the preferred hair growth cut to be completed with ease. Relevance to industry Scissors are an essential hand tool for any hairstylist. Standard scissors are straight or have only a slight curve in their design and require the hairstylist to continually bend the wrist or contort the body. The repetitive use of the fingers and forearms of any scissors operation places a great deal of stress on the tendons that run through carpal tunnel. Since traditional scissors rarely allow the hand to be in the neutral position, this bent posture aggravates the already stressed tendons placing the operator at risk for injury. The ETD scissors significantly reduce the time the wrist is bent. Conversely, they increase the time the wrist is in the neutral position. Thus, hairstylist who uses these scissors for long periods should experience reduced risk of occurring RMI and CTS symptoms.
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Primary Amine End-Functionalized Polystyrene and Poly(methyl methacrylate) Synthesized by Living Anionic Polymerization Techniques

The reaction of living anionic polymers with 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-(3-bromopropyl)-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentane (1) was investigated using coupled thin layer chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Structures of byproducts as well as the major product were determined. The anionic initiator having a protected primary amine functional group, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-(3-lithiopropyl)-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentane (2), was synthesized using all-glass high-vacuum techniques, which allows the long-term stability of this initiator to be maintained. The use of 2 in the preparation of well-defined aliphatic primary amine α-end-functionalized polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) was investigated. Primary amino α-end-functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) can be obtained near-quantitatively by reacting 2 with 1,1-diphenylethylene in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature prior to polymerizing methyl methacrylate at −78 °C. When 2 is used to initiate styrene at...
Molecular beam epitaxy HgCdTe infrared photovoltaic detectors

We present p-on-n heterostructure HgCdTe photovoltaic device data that illustrate the high performance and flexibility in band-gap control of molecular beam epitaxy technology. This flexibility demonstration was performed by growing material for operation in the following cutoff wavelength (λco) ranges of interest: long wavelength IR (LWIR) [λco(77 K) = 9 to 11 μm], mid-long wavelength IR (MLWIR) [λco(77 K) = 6.8 μm], and very long wavelength IR (VLWIR) [λco(40 K)=20 μm]. Detailed analyses of the current-voltage characteristics of these diodes as a function of temperature show that their dark currents are diffusion limited down to 80, 50, and 30 K for the MLWIR, LWIR, and VLWIR photodiodes, respectively. In general, the R0A device values were uniform for the three band-gap ranges when operating under diffusionlimited conditions. We confirmed this by fabricating a 64 x 64 LWIR (λco = 10.2 μm) hybrid FPA with detectivity (D*) operability greater than 97% when operating at 77 K. The mean D* value for this device was 1.4 x 1011 cm Hz1/2/W and it was background limited at the tested flux of 2.18 x 1016 photons/cm2 s. This device was tested at higher temperatures of operation without changing background conditions, and it remained background limited up to 100 K.
CI-1010 induced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore precedes oxidative stress and apoptosis in SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract The hetero-bifunctional nitroimidazole radiosensitizer CI-1010, R-α-{[(2-bromoethyl)-amino]methyl}-2-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol monohydrobromide, causes selective irreversible apoptotic loss of retinal photoreceptor cells in vivo. The human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, was used as a neuronotypic model of CI-1010-mediated retinal degeneration. Exposure to CI-1010 for 24 h induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells, as determined by histopathological and ultrastructural analysis and by TUNEL technique. CI-1010 causes a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability in SY5Y cells, as measured by the reduction of MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. Superoxide dismutase reduced loss of cell viability following CI-1010 treatment suggesting an oxidative stress-mediated mechanism of toxicity. The effects of CI-1010 on mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species were assessed in live SY5Y cells by confocal microscopy using the fluorescent dyes, tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester and 5,6-carboxy-2′,7′-dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate. CI-1010 caused a rapid depolarization of mitochondria in SY5Y cells followed by an increase in ROS. Both CI-1010-induced mitochondrial depolarization and subsequent increases in ROS were prevented by pretreatment with either the permeability transition pore inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA), and by the antioxidant, α-tocopherol. However, CsA and α-tocopherol were unable to prevent apoptosis in CI-1010-treated cells, suggesting the influence of additional mechanism(s) of CI-1010-induced toxicity. This study evaluates intracellular oxidative stress associated with pore opening prior to apoptosis and provides evidence in support of a mitochondrial mechanism of CI-1010-induced neuronal cell death.
Searching for Gluinos at the Tevatron and Beyond

This paper describes how to perform model-independent searches for new pair-produced color octet particles that each subsequently decay into two jets plus missing energy. The details of this analysis are focussed on the Tevatron, however, all of the lessons can be carried over to the LHC. Current searches are not sensitive to all regions of parameter space because they employ CMSSM-motivated cuts. Optimizing the HT and ${E\hskip-0.23cm/}_T$ cuts expands the sensitivity of searches for all kinematically allowed decays.
Predictions of the Stress Intensity Factor for an Internal Circumferential Crack at a Butt-Weld Between Cylinders Using the Plane Strain Solution

On suppose que les contraintes de flexion axiales dans ce type de joint de soudure ont une distribution lineaire. On montre qu'on peut obtenir le facteur d'intensite de contrainte a partir de solutions de deformation plane pour la flexion d'une poutre fissuree
Dramatic 5'-residue effect on conformer distribution of short oligonucleotide retro models of the cisplatin-DNA cross-link: implications for the Lippard and cross-link distorted base pair steps present in cisplatin-DNA duplex adducts.

The cisplatin anticancer drug preferentially attacks the GG sequence of DNA duplexes. Virtually all DNAs containing the key G*G* lesion (G* = N7 platinated G) have large distortions in the cross-li...
Metabolic alkalosis in patients with hypercalcemia.

Abstract Hypercalcemia in patients with various neoplasms is not infrequently associated with metabolic alkalosis. This acid-base imbalance occurs in the absence of any of the known alkalosis-producing complications such as hydrogen ion loss, potassium depletion, chloride deficiency, or contraction of the extracellular fluid volume. It is postulated that the alkalosis of hypercalcemia, documented in 20 patients and presented here, is due to greater availability of the buffering capacity of the skeleton secondary to either bone destruction or increased bone turnover.
Greenacre's "The predisposition to anxiety", parts I and II: a review.

(2010). Greenacre’s “The Predisposition to Anxiety,” Parts I and Ii: a Review. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 1103-1120.
The mouse MRF4 promoter is trans-activated directly and indirectly by muscle-specific transcription factors

MRF4 is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of muscle-specific transcription factors, which also includes MyoD, myogenin, and myf5. The myocyte enhancer binding factor 2 (MEF2) proteins also serve as important muscle-specific transcription factors. In addition to activating the expression of many muscle-specific structural genes, various members of these two classes of proteins activate their own expression and the expression of each other in a complex transcriptional network that results in the establishment and maintenance of the muscle phenotype. To begin to determine how the expression of MRF4 is regulated by other muscle-specific transcription factors, we have isolated a region of the MRF4 gene that confers muscle-specific expression and have analyzed this promoter region for cis-acting elements involved in trans-activation by the myogenic bHLH and MEF2 transcription factors. Here, we show that in 10T1/2 fibroblasts the MRF4 promoter is trans-activated by myogenin, MyoD, myf5, and by the MEF2 factors, but that MRF4 does not activate expression of its own promoter. Myogenin activated the MRF4 promoter directly by an E box-dependent mechanism, while MEF2 factors activated the promoter through an indirect pathway. The E box-dependent regulation of the MRF4 promoter is in contrast to the regulation of the myogenin and MyoD promoters and may represent a mechanism for the differential expression of these factors during myogenesis.
Mass renormalization for the λφ4 Euclidean lattice field

The inverse correlation length or physical mass of the @l@f"n^4 + @s@f"n^2 Euclidean lattice field is shown to be a continuous-increasing function of @s in the single-phase region. By a suitable choice of @s, the inverse correlation length can be set equal to any strictly positive value.
Response: Public sociology: populist fad or path to renewal? 1

Burawoy (Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley) (Corresponding author email: burawoy@berkeley.edu) © London School of Economics and Political Science 2005 ISSN 0007-1315 print/1468-4446 online. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA on behalf of the LSE. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-4446.2005.00075.x Response: Public sociology: populist fad or path to renewal?
Spatial and temporal variation of fire regimes in a mixed conifer forest landscape, Southern Cascades, California, USA

Aim In this study, we evaluated the fire-forest mosaic of a mixed conifer forest landscape by testing the hypothesis that pre-fire suppression fire regime parameters vary with species composition (tree species), and environment (i.e. slope aspect, slope position, elevation). Location Our study was conducted in the 1587 ha Cub Creek Research Natural Area (CCRNA), Lassen National Forest, CA, USA. Methods We quantified the return interval, seasonal occurrence, size, rotation period, and severity of fires using dendroecology. Results Slope aspect, potential soil moisture, forest composition, and fire regime parameters in our study area co-vary. Median composite and point fire return intervals (FRI) were longest on higher, cooler, more mesic, north-facing (NF) slopes covered with white fir (Abies concolor), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)‐white fir, and red fir (A. magnifica)‐white fir forests, shortest on the dry, south-facing (SF) slopes covered with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)‐white fir forests and intermediate on west-facing slopes dominated by white fir‐sugar pine (P. lambertiana)‐incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens) forests. The spatial pattern for length of fire rotation (FR) was the same as that for FRI. Fires in CCRNA mixed conifer forests occurred mainly (90%) in the dormant season. Size of burns in CCRNA mixed conifer forests were generally small (meana 106 ha), however, during certain drought years widespread fires burned across fuel breaks and spread throughout the watershed. Fire severity was mainly high on upper slopes, low on lower slopes and moderate and low severity on middle slopes. Patterns of fire severity also varied with slope aspect. Fire frequency decreased dramatically in CCRNA after 1905. Conclusions In CCRNA, fire regime parameters [e.g. FRI, fire extent, FR, fire severity] varied widely with species composition, slope aspect and slope position. There was also temporal variation in fire extent with the most widespread fires occurring during drought years. The important contributions of topography and climate to variation in the fire regime indicates that exogenous factors play a key role in shaping the fire-forest structure mosaic and that the fire-forest structure mosaic is more variable, less predictable and less stable than previously thought. Finally, some characteristics of the fire regime (i.e. fire severity, season of burn) in CCRNA are different than those described for other mixed conifer forests and this suggests that there are geographical differences in mixed conifer fire regimes along the Pacific slope.
Criminal disenfranchisement reform in California A deviant case study

The United States denies voting rights to ex-convicts, parolees, probationers and prisoners on a scale unmatched among democratic nations. State laws establishing voting eligibility vary markedly f...
Computer-Based Aerial Port Simulation (CAPS): Designing an Experimental Platform for Examining Team-Based Logistics Collaboration

Understanding of distributed logistics teams is invaluable to influencing the design of systems that will be used throughout the enterprise. Logistics research and development hinges on identifying the relevant variable through laboratory simulations. This paper discusses a specific laboratory task useful for examining psychological factors relevant to effective logistics collaboration in terms of both design and implementation.
Magda Arnold's Thomistic theory of emotion, the self-ideal, and the moral dimension of appraisal

Magda Arnold is recognised as one of the pioneers of modern cognitive approaches to the study of emotion. Indeed, her definition of appraisal is still employed more or less unchanged by many researchers. Somewhat less well known is Arnold's broader theory of emotion, personality, and human development that formed the context for her ideas about appraisal. In this paper, I examine the influence of the psychology of Thomas Aquinas on Arnold's thinking about appraisal, emotion, the self and self-actualisation. I then critique current conceptions of appraisal in the light of her ideas about emotion and the person. I end with a plea to broaden our conception of what constitutes a moral emotion.
Technical advances in comprehensive oceanographic data management

MBARI has completed several operational releases of its new data management system, the Shore Side Data System (SSDS). SSDS is a distributed system which has been tested with data from multiple observing platforms, hundreds of instruments, and numerous software-based data sources. The SSDS architecture combines modern data standards and interfaces, an advanced yet open metadata schema, and open-source software libraries to provide flexible, expandable data management for ocean observatories. In this paper we discuss two of the key technical approaches followed for the SSDS, and analyze the operational results. The appropriateness of the selected approaches for use in observatories, institutions, and regional associations is also presented.
Loneliness and Peer Relations in Young Children

Recent studies indicate that feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction can be reliably assessed with third- through sixth-grade children, and that children who are sociometrically rejected by their peers are significantly more lonely than other children. The present research was designed (a) to examine whether loneliness could be reliably assessed in a population younger than previously studied, (b) to learn whether young children who are poorly accepted by peers report elevated levels of loneliness and social dissatisfaction, (c) to assess whether young children understand the concept of loneliness, and (d) to examine the behavioral characteristics of lonely young children. Kindergarten and first-grade children (N = 440) responded to a questionnaire about feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction in school. A subset of children (N = 46) were individually interviewed to assess their understanding of loneliness. To assess sociometric status and behavior, peers were asked to respond to various sociometric measures and behavioral assessment items. Teachers also provided behavioral information about children using a newly developed instrument. Results indicated that nearly all children understood loneliness, that loneliness was reliably assessed in young children, and that poorly accepted children were more lonely than other children. In addition, children who reported the most loneliness were found to differ from others on several behavioral dimensions.
Luminescence Intermittency and Quantum Efficiency of Individual Porous Si Nanoparticles.

We have recently observed spectrally resolved vibronic structure and luminescence intermittency from nanometer-size porous silicon nanocrystals. In this study we examine the quantum efficiency of a single nanoparticle and show that emitting nanoparticles do so with near unity quantum efficiency. This result suggests that the emission from porous Si nanoparticles, and thus bulk porous Si, results from a small number of high quantum efficiency emitters. In our previous work we have shown that our nanoparticles contain more than one coupled chromophore. In order to examine these effects more closely we employ several spectroscopy and microscopy techniques including: 1) single-particle spectroscopy, 2) shear-force microscopy, and 3) time-resolved spectroscopy, on a colloidal suspension of size-selected, surface-oxidized nanoparticles. In addition we apply statistical techniques to provide a more complete picture of the coupling between chromophores in a given nanoparticle.
The dialectics of multiculturalism: Constructing ‘new citizens’ in Spanish public broadcasting:

This article reflects on the symbolic and material bases of multiculturalist ideology as it manifests itself in particular cultural practices taking place across the European Union (EU). To explore some of these dynamics, I focus my discussion on Babel, a Spanish public broadcasting production partially funded by the EU, which aims to promote intercultural dialogue through exposing viewers to different aspects of immigrants’ lives in Spain. The analysis highlights how, while explicitly endorsing multiculturalism and developing a pro-immigration stance, Babel’s stories also promote a restricted and restricting image of desirable immigrants. Thus, the show’s resignification efforts rely mostly on an implicit but systematic association between cultural similarity and economic productivity in its representations of acceptable immigrants. The article’s conclusion argues for the need to re-theorise the co-constitutive relationship between ‘cultural’ and ‘economic’ aspects of multiculturalist practices at large, as well as the specific shapes that they take in Western European societies.
Preventing Asthma through Housing Interventions: How Supportive is the US Policy Environment?

This paper investigates whether the policy environment in the United States is supportive of addressing the asthma epidemic through housing plans and policies. Asthma is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide and is linked to allergens in the housing environment such as ground-level ozone, excessive moisture and dust, rodents and pests, and environmental tobacco smoke. The study finds basic laws and regulations are in place regulating outdoor air quality and calling for the maintenance of public and rental housing in good condition, but there is still a need for specific standards to be adopted into law, for better enforcement of existing laws, and for increased funding. Because asthma prevention programs are relatively new, the paper reviews the US experience with lead-based paint hazard control programs to identify the components of effective strategies. These include explicit health objectives in housing plans and policies, promotion by both health and housing officials, advocacy by citizens' groups ...
Autecology and Development of a Stromatolitic-Bound Phylloid Algal Bioherm, Laborcita Formation (Lower Permian), Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, U.S.A.

Accumulations of phylloid algae in beds, lenses, and massive or thickly bedded mounds or other morphologic forms which disrupt evenly bedded strata are conspicuous and common constituents of shallow marine carbonate strata of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian age throughout the world (Wray 1968; Heckel 1974). The term “phylloid”, as used by Pray and Wray (1963), is a descriptive term referring to the leaf-like or platy morphology of fossil algae of various taxonomic affinities, including ancestral Corallinaceae,Codiaceae and, possibly, Squamariaceae (Wray et al. (1975).
FPGA Performance Optimization Via Chipwise Placement Considering Process Variations

Both custom IC and FPGA designs in the nanometer regime suffer from process variations. But different from custom ICs, FPGAs? programmability offers a unique design freedom to leverage process variation and improve circuit performance. We propose the following variation aware chip-wise placement flow in this paper. First, we obtain the variation map for each chip by synthesizing the test circuits for each chip as a preprocessing step before detailed placement. Then we use the trace-based method to estimate the performance gain achievable by chipwise placement. Such estimation provides a lower bound of the performance gain without detailed placement. Finally, if the gain is significant, a variation aware chipwise placement is used to place the circuits according to the variation map for each chip. Our experimental results show that, compared to the existing FPGA placement, variation aware chipwise placement improves circuit performance by up to 19.3% for the tested variation maps.
The extent of genetic diversity of Epstein-Barr virus and its geographic and disease patterns: A need for reappraisal

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous, gamma-1 lymphotrophic virus etiologically linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), endemic to Southern China, and Burkitt lymphoma (BL), endemic to equatorial Africa, both of which are rare elsewhere in the world. Why EBV is associated with different malignancies in different geographic regions remains puzzling and may be related to EBV genotypic variability through specific disease and geographic associations. We review the literature on sequence variation in EBV genes, focusing on LMP-1, EBNA-1, and BZLF-1 and their distribution by geography and disease. Given the limitations of current studies, definitive conclusions regarding the link between EBV genotypes, disease and geography are not possible. We suggest that the true extent of EBV diversity is likely to be greater than is currently recognized. Additional studies conducted in carefully selected populations, that are sufficiently powered to provide robust estimates, and that utilize testing approaches that permit full characterization of viral diversity are needed to further our understanding of patterns of EBV genetic variation and their association with malignancies in different regions.
Maturational differences in superficial and deep zone articular chondrocytes

To examine whether differences in chondrocytes from skeletally immature versus adult individuals are important in cartilage healing, repair, or tissue engineering, superficial zone chondrocytes (SZC, from within 100 microm of the articular surface) and deep zone chondrocytes (DZC, from 30%-45% of the deepest un-mineralized part of articular cartilage) were harvested from immature (1-4 months) and young adult (18-36 months) steers and compared. Cell size, matrix gene expression and protein levels, integrin levels, and chemotactic ability were measured in cells maintained in micromass culture for up to 7 days. Regardless of age, SZC were smaller, had a lower type II to type I collagen gene expression ratio, and higher gene expression of SZ proteins than their DZC counterparts. Regardless of zone, chondrocytes from immature steers had higher levels of Sox 9 and type II collagen gene expression. Over 7 days in culture, the SZC of immature steers had the highest rate of proliferation. Phenotypically, the SZC of immature and adult steers were more stable than their respective DZC. Cell surface alpha5 and alpha2 integrin subunit levels were higher in the SZC of immature than of adult steers, whereas beta1 integrin subunit levels were similar. Both immature and adult SZC were capable of chemotaxis in response to fetal bovine serum or basic fibroblast growth factor. Our data indicate that articular chondrocytes vary in the different zones of cartilage and with the age of the donor. These differences may be important for cartilage growth, tissue engineering, and/or repair.
Effects of Children on Women's Remarriage Prospects

LIFE table analyses of data for white women from the 1975 Current Population Survey showed that the effects of the number of children women had at divorce on their remarriage probabilities depended on the women's age at divorce. Among women divorcing before age 25, being childless increased the likelihood of remarriage; but among women divorcing at 35 or older, having no children decreased it. For women divorcing at age 25 to 34, there was no effect. The failure of previous studies to take into account this interaction between children and age of woman at divorce, along with other problems discussed and corrected in the article, may explain the conflicting results obtained by earlier research.
Support Vector Machines, Data Reduction, and Approximate Kernel Matrices

The computational and/or communication constraints associated with processing large-scale data sets using support vector machines (SVM) in contexts such as distributed networking systems are often prohibitively high, resulting in practitioners of SVM learning algorithms having to apply the algorithm on approximate versions of the kernel matrix induced by a certain degree of data reduction. In this paper, we study the tradeoffs between data reduction and the loss in an algorithm's classification performance. We introduce and analyze a consistent estimator of the SVM's achieved classification error, and then derive approximate upper bounds on the perturbation on our estimator. The bound is shown to be empirically tight in a wide range of domains, making it practical for the practitioner to determine the amount of data reduction given a permissible loss in the classification performance.
Development of A Tissue Culture System from Immature Strawberry Fruits

The potential for production of strawberry flavor from cells grown in plant tissue culture was investigated. Immature strawberry fruits from strawberry cultivars (Fragaria x ananassa Brighton, Earliglow, and Aptos) were cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with kinetin and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Parameters that influence callus formation and growth rate including medium composition, phytohormone concentration and photoperiod were studied. Cultivars varied in their ability to initiate callus formation and of the three types identified, only the friable type II callus was capable of growth in liquid suspension culture. Medium composition, types and levels of phytohormones, and inoculum size influenced cell growth in liquid suspension culture.
Impact of Learning Communities on Retention at a Metropolitan University

The authors of this study investigated if participation in Learning Community (LC) programs had an impact on the academic success and satisfaction of freshmen who attend a primarily commuter metrop...
Decreases in tubulin and actin gene expression prior to morphological differentiation of 3T3 Adipocytes

The differentiation of 3T3-F442A preadipocytes is characterized by numerous enzymatic events and by a programmed change in cell morphology from a fibroblastic form to a nearly spherical shape. Accompanying this morphological change are large and specific decreases in biosynthetic rates for beta and gamma actin, vimentin and alpha and beta tubulin, as detected by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In cells undergoing adipose differentiation, actin synthesis decreases by 90%, while the decrease in tubulin synthesis is more than 95%. Translation in vitro of mRNA isolated from differentiating cultures indicates that the decreases in biosynthetic rate for cytoskeletal proteins result from altered levels of active mRNA. Using cloned cDNA probes for beta actin and alpha tubulin, we show that changes in mRNA activity correspond to a specific loss of these sequences during cellular differentiation. Quantitatively, this loss of tubulin and actin mRNA sequences accounts virtually completely for the changes in protein biosynthetic rates. Examination of the synthesis and accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins and of their temporal relation to morphological conversion indicates that the biosynthetic changes are very early events in the differentiation, and suggests strongly that they participate in the development of the adipocyte morphology. The early occurrence of decreased cytoskeletal-protein synthesis also suggests that subsequent biosynthetic events specific to adipocyte differentiation may be influenced by alterations in the cytoskeleton.
Pattern classification by memristive crossbar circuits using ex situ and in situ training

Memristors are memory resistors that promise the efficient implementation of synaptic weights in artificial neural networks. Whereas demonstrations of the synaptic operation of memristors already exist, the implementation of even simple networks is more challenging and has yet to be reported. Here we demonstrate pattern classification using a single-layer perceptron network implemented with a memrisitive crossbar circuit and trained using the perceptron learning rule by ex situ and in situ methods. In the first case, synaptic weights, which are realized as conductances of titanium dioxide memristors, are calculated on a precursor software-based network and then imported sequentially into the crossbar circuit. In the second case, training is implemented in situ, so the weights are adjusted in parallel. Both methods work satisfactorily despite significant variations in the switching behaviour of the memristors. These results give hope for the anticipated efficient implementation of artificial neuromorphic networks and pave the way for dense, high-performance information processing systems.
Parental perceptions of the neighborhood context and adolescent depression.

Objective To examine the associations between parental perceptions of the neighborhood context and adolescent depression including potential gender differences in outcomes. Design and Sample Descriptive correlational study. A total of 32,499 parents of adolescents aged 12–17 years. Measures Descriptive and multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses of the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health. Neighborhood context was operationalized as physical disorder, social isolation, and lack of safety. Two depression outcomes (current depression diagnosis and current depression symptoms) were analyzed. Results Parental perceptions of neighborhood physical disorder were positively associated with adolescent depression diagnosis (AOR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.07, 2.80) and an increase in depression symptoms (0.186, p < 0.001). In addition, parental perceptions of neighborhood social isolation (0.061, p < 0.001) and lack of safety (0.037, p < 0.01) were associated with adolescent depression symptoms, and the measures modestly attenuated the relationship between neighborhood physical disorder and adolescent depression symptoms (0.117, p < 0.05). No significant gender differences were found. Conclusions Public health interventions to reduce neighborhood physical disorder, social isolation, and lack of safety should be considered in efforts to promote adolescent mental health. Further research exploring other mechanisms through which neighborhood physical disorder may contribute to adolescent depression also is needed, including potential gender differences.
EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF THE LOSS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN CHLAMYDOMONADACEAE: PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF Rrn18 (18S rDNA) IN 13 POLYTOMA STRAINS (CHLOROPHYTA)1

Complete sequences of the Rrn 18 genes were obtained from 13 strains of the nonphotosynthetic algal genus Polytoma. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these strains formed two clades. One clade shows only modest sequence diversity but is represented by strains collected at widely dispersed sites in Europe and America. The other clade consists of a single isolate from the Canary Islands. Both clades lie well within the extended clade that includes all species of Chlamydomonas for which sequence data are available. The two Polytoma clades are separated from each other by several green species, suggesting that the extant nonphotosynthetic Chlamydomonadaceae arose from photosynthetic ancestors at least twice. These results suggest that nonphotosynthetic mutants are capable of establishing lineages that can spread widely but have a higher probability of extinction than their photosynthetic congeners.
Person (mis)perception: functionally biased sex categorization of bodies

Social perception is among the most important tasks that occur in daily life, and perceivers readily appreciate the social affordances of others. Here, we demonstrate that sex categorizations are functionally biased towards a male percept. Perceivers judged body shapes that varied in waist-to-hip ratio to be men if they were not, in reality, exclusive to women, and male categorizations occurred more quickly than female categorizations (studies 1 and 4). This pattern was corroborated when participants identified the average body shapes of men and women (study 2) and when we assessed participants' cognitive representations (study 3). Moreover, these tendencies were modulated by emotion context (study 4). Thus, male categorizations occurred readily and rapidly, demonstrating a pronounced categorization bias and temporal advantage for male judgements.
A knowledge-tracing model of learning from a social tagging system

We propose a user model to support personalized learning paths through online material. Our approach is a variant of student modeling using the computer tutoring concept of knowledge tracing. Knowledge tracing involves representing the knowledge required to master a domain, and, from traces of online user behavior, diagnosing user knowledge states as a profile over those elements. The user model is induced from documents tagged by an expert in a social tagging system. Tags identified with “expertise” in a domain can be used to identify a corpus of domain documents. That corpus can be fed to an automated process that distills a topic model representation characteristic of the domain. As a learner navigates and reads online material, inferences can be made about the degree to which topics in the target domain have been learned. We validate this knowledge tracing approach against data from a social tagging study. As part of this evaluation, we match the predictions of the knowledge-tracing model to individual participant responses made to individual question items used to test domain knowledge.
Phytotoxic effects of salinity, imazethapyr, and chlorimuron on selected weed species

Abstract Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of salinity, imazethapyr, and chlorimuron on weed growth. Five species, barnyardgrass, common cocklebur, ivyleaf morningglory, common purslane, and yellow nutsedge, were grown in potting soil and irrigated with nonsaline (EC ∼ 2 dS m−1) or sulfate-dominated saline (EC ∼ 7 dS m−1) nutrient solution. Plants were treated after emergence with imazethapyr (Pursuit formulation) at 70 g ae ha−1 or chlorimuron ethyl (Classic formulation) at 8.8 g ai ha−1. Results indicated that irrigation with saline water had no overall effect on the growth or survival of most tested weed species. Growth of yellow nutsedge (maximum height and stem diameter) was reduced for plants irrigated with saline water. Observed growth and survival trends in saline and nonsaline treatments were consistent with information on the herbicide label. Complete control of common purslane was not achieved by either chlorimuron or imazethapyr. Growth and survival of ivyleaf morni...
THE BOTTERI'S SPARROW AND EXOTIC ARIZONA GRASSLANDS: AN ECOLOGICAL TRAP OR HABITAT REGAINED?

Abstract The Botteri's Sparrow (Aimophila botterii) is a bird of tall grasslands that temporarily disappeared from Arizona following heavy livestock grazing in the 1890s. Its return was noted first in sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii), an uncommon native floodplain tallgrass often >2 m in height, and subsequently in stands of exotic lovegrasses (Eragrostis spp.) spreading into adjacent uplands that otherwise supported shorter native grasslands. We examined whether the exotic grasslands provided suitable breeding habitat for Botteri's Sparrows, compared to native grasslands. We counted birds for three years on 18 plots, monitored 314 nests on 323 home ranges, banded 583 birds, and measured vegetation on plots and home ranges, and at nests and fledgling locations. Abundance and site fidelity were positively associated with grass height and cover, being greatest in sacaton, intermediate in exotics, and lowest in native upland grasslands. The three habitats did not differ in young fledged per capita. Vegetation c...
Imaging of Ventricular Shunts

A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt is an internalized system used for the treatment of hydrocephalus and connects the ventricular system to the peritoneal space, right atrium, or the pleural space. The CSF shunt malfunction can occur due to obstruction, migration, overdrainage, infection, or CSF accumulation at the distal end. Although conventional radiography and radionuclide studies are used for evaluation of integrity of the shunts, computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging are used for the evaluation of shunt obstruction, migration, CSF accumulations, infections, overdrainage, and other complications. We discuss the different types and components of the CSF shunt, as this is important for the evaluation of the shunt integrity. Imaging of various causes of CSF shunt malfunction and the complications related to CSF shunts would be illustrated.
Abstract 5188: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ: Implications in breast cancer metastasis

Metastasis is the major cause of breast cancer mortality. Type I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks), including α, β, γ and δ, play a pivotal role in diverse cell processes such as proliferation and motility. Of these PI3Ks, PI3Kγ is especially intriguing because it is: 1) normally expressed primarily in white blood cells which have a physiological need to migrate and 2) is specifically activated by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). We recently reported that aberrant G i -coupled receptor signaling promotes breast cancer metastasis (Xie et al., Cancer Res. 69: 5743-5751). The goal of the present study was to determine roles of PI3Kγ in breast cancer metastasis. We first examined the levels of PI3Kγ in different breast cancer cell lines by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. We then immunohistochemically analyzed PI3Kγ protein expression in histologically benign and neoplastic cells of archival human breast tissues. We also investigated effects of PI3Ks inhibitors on migration and invasion abilities of breast cancer cells in Transwell chamber assays. Finally, we determined effects of PI3Ks inhibitors on lamellipodia formation, a key step involved in cancer metastasis. Our data indicated that PI3Kγ mRNA and protein were not detected in a normal human breast epithelial cell line (MCF-10A) or non-metastatic breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and T47D), but was found in metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and MDA-MB-436 cells. In contrast, PI3Kα, β and δ are ubiquitously expressed in these cell lines. In addition, immunohistochemical staining using a PI3Kγ-specific antibody showed that the expression of PI3Kγ protein was significantly increased in invasive human breast carcinoma and in breast cancer metastases to a regional lymph node as compared to the adjacent benign breast tissues or the noninvasive ductal carcinoma in situ. Thus, PI3Kγ expression level correlates with the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. Interestingly, migration and invasion of metastatic breast cancer cells were inhibited by a selective inhibitor of PI3Kγ but not α or β isoforms. Furthermore, blocking PI3Kγ but not α and β disrupted the Rac-dependent lamellipodia formation induced by the activation of G i -coupled receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4, but not epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor. Taken together, these results indicate that up-regulated PI3Kγ conveys the metastatic signal initiated from GPCRs in breast cancer cells and suggest that PI3Kγ may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancers. Supported by Nebraska State LB692 (YX). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5188.