cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of FePt alloys to eliminate the iron loss problem in 1 atmosphere gas mixing experiments: Theoretical and practical considerations

Theoretical and practical considerations are combined to place limits on the iron content of an FePt alloy that is in equilibrium with silicate melt, olivine and a gas phase of known $$f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ . Equilibrium constants are calculated for the reactions: (1) $$2{\text{Fe}}^{\text{o}} + {\text{SiO}}_{\text{2}} + {\text{O}}_{\text{2}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{Fe}}_{\text{2}} {\text{SiO}}_{\text{4}}$$ (2) $${\text{Fe}}^{\text{o}} + \frac{1}{2}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{FeO}}$$ . These equilibria may be used to choose an appropriate iron activity for the FePt alloy of an experiment. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants is calculated from experimental data. The Gibbs free energy of reaction (1) obtained using thermochemical data is in close agreement with ΔGrxn calculated from the experimental data. Reaction (1) has the advantage that it is independent of the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio of the melt, but is limited to applications where olivine is a crystallizing phase and requires a formulation for $$a_{{\text{SiO}}_{\text{2}} }^{{\text{liq}}}$$ . Reaction (2) uses an empirical approximation for the FeO/Fe2O3 ratio of the liquid, and is independent of olivine saturation. However, it requires a formulation for a FeO liq . Either equilibrium constant may be used to calculate the appropriate FePt alloy in equilibrium with a silicate melt. If experiments are conducted at an $$f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ parallel that of a buffer assemblage, a small range of FePt alloys may be used over a large temperature interval. For example, an alloy containing from 6 % to 9 % Fe by weight is in equilibrium with olivine-saturated tholeiites and komatiites at the quartzfayalite-magnetite buffer over the temperature interval 1,400° C to 1,100° C. Lunar basalt liquids in equilibrium with olivine at 1/2 log unit below the iron-wustite buffer require an FePt alloy that contains 30–50 wt. % iron over a similar temperature interval.
Studies of the Equivalent Cardiac Generator Behavior of Isolated Turtle Hearts

Equivalent cardiac generator components were determined for a series of excised turtle hearts immersed in Ringer9s solution. Relatively large preparations were contained within a specially designed spherical chamber, and electric field potentials were derived from 20 evenly spaced electrodes on the chamber wall. A laboratory computer was used to acquire and store the 20 leads of signal data in digitized form in real time. An eccentric dipole was optimally fitted to the surface potentials for each 2 msec sample; the remaining voltages were used to determine a centric multipolar series through octapolar content. In addition to the purely quantitative parameters which were thus determined, sequential mapping of isopotential distribution over the spherical boundary gave valuable qualitative insights into the behavior of the equivalent generator throughout ventricular depolarization. This activity varied in complexity from predominantly dipolar to strongly nondipolar among different preparations. Peak quadripolar activity ranged from a low of 10 to a high of 60%; the corresponding figures for octapole content were 5-61%. The overall technique permits experimental exploration of several theoretical principles which have been advanced since 1954. Pilot studies on rabbit hearts indicate that the method will also be applicable to mammalian hearts.
On Sharpening Sociologists' Prose*

Hopefully, the quality of sociologists' writing will improve irregardless of the temptation to talk jargon-wise.
Young Adult Relationships: Siblings and Friends

One of the primary tasks of young adults is the development of interpersonal relationships. This study compared the interpersonal relationships of young adults' and their closest friend with their ...
Integration of a shallow water model with a local time step

A Local Time Stepping (LTS) scheme was applied to an explicit Godunov–type shallow–water model to improve run–time efficiency. Using LTS, the solution in each cell is advanced with the largest power of two multiple of the global time step required for stability, δt, that satisfies the local criterion for stability.A careful sequencing of flux calculations and solution updates ensures conservation. Test problems including practical applications show that LTS achieves run–time reductions ranging from 50 to 70% without loss of accuracy. In addition, a four level scheme that coordinates time steps of δt, 2δt, 4δt, and 8δt performs best in idealized and practical test problems considered for this study. Additional levels achieve no further reduction in run time, and in some cases cause instability and deteriorate conservation.
The Death Penalty: An Unusual Punishment America is Inflicting Upon Itself

The United States is the only Western, industrialized nation still executing criminal offenders. The Constitutional provision that is most often used to call the appropriateness of capital punishment in the United States into question is the 8th Amendment, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. Opponents of capital punishment have often argued various reasons why the death penalty is a cruel punishment, but the Supreme Court of the United States has not agreed. A new approach to abolition advocacy is needed. Since the death penalty has not been determined cruel, I submit a new legal argument based on the unusual nature of capital punishment. Utilizing systems theory, I posit the death penalty is an unusual criminal punishment due to the extraordinary range of persons beyond merely the defendant who are negatively impacted by executions.
The effect of cyclic AMP on glycogenolysis and glycolysis in human platelets.

Abstract Cyclic AMP increased glycogenolysis and stimulated phosphorylase in sonicates of human platelets. Paradoxically, lactate formation formation was reduced by cyclic AMP in platelet lysates as well as by dibutyryl cyclic AMP and prostaglandin E1. This decrease in lactate formation appears to be mediated by an inhibition of phosphofructokinase. These metabolic effects of cyclic AMP may be related to the inhibition of aggregation of platelets by this compound and by agents which stimulate its production.
Characterization of fluvial deposits interbedded with flood basalts, Neoproterozoic Catoctin Formation, Central Appalachians, USA

Abstract The Catoctin Formation infills a Neoproterozoic-age rift basin associated with the development of the Laurentian continental margin, one of several similar basins that are distributed along the length of the southern to central Appalachian Basin. The Catoctin Formation consists of a flood basalt sequence with intercalated sedimentary deposits. Two types of architectural elements, channel element (CE) and sheet element (SE), are recognized within these sedimentary deposits. Massive (structureless) sandstones and conglomerates are the dominant facies within the CE and SE and are interpreted to record deposition from hyperconcentrated flows. Lack of vegetative binding of sediment, coupled with a relatively high stream gradient and possibly a high water table enhanced the probability of developing hyperconcentrated flows by the process of bulking (addition of sediment to a flow). Additional facies present are the products of normal stream flow that developed from waning hyperconcentrated flows. Basaltic effusive rate, sediment supply, and extension (subsidence), controlled the generation of CE and SE. All CE reflect deposition in isolated fluvial channels incised into lava flows and are present within the lower member of the Catoctin Formation. The presence of CE most likely indicates a high rate of lava extrusion, low sediment supply, and possible high subsidence rates. The SE, composing the sedimentary member of the Catoctin Formation, reflects a decrease in effusive and subsidence rates and a increase in sediment supply from the hinterland. Overlying the SE, is the last phase of basin infill characterized by basalts with minor interbedded clastic rocks. The final phase of infilling was effected by an increase of effusive and subsidence rates and a potential cutoff of sediment supply. The Catoctin Formation basin displays a more complex infill history than generally associated with the rift deposits of the Laurentian margin.
Precision isotope shifts for the heavy elements. I. Neutral uranium in the visible and near infrared

A Fourier transform spectrometer was used to obtain high-resolution spectra of a 234UI4/238UI4 electrodeless discharge lamp. Over 2000 uranium isotope shifts were measured in the visible and near-infrared regions. Level isotope shifts were determined by least squares for 183 odd and 518 even levels of U i with an overall standard deviation of 0.0036 cm−1.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Lip Infection Mimicking Angioedema.

Abstract Background It is rare for angioedema to be misidentified by the experienced clinician or for it to mimic another disease process. As an Emergency Physician, it is important to recognize and treat angioedema immediately. Of equal importance is the recognition and initiation of treatment of facial cellulitis. A case report follows that illustrates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lip infection mimicking angioedema. Case Report Here, we describe a case of a 21-year-old man who presented with a swollen lower lip, initially diagnosed as angioedema. Further investigation revealed the cause of his lip swelling was actually a MRSA abscess and surrounding cellulitis, an unusual presentation for lip infection, which we discuss below. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Misidentifying MRSA lip infection for angioedema, with a delay in proper treatment, could result in serious morbidity or mortality.
The role of intellectual property management education in a technology management curriculum

Should intellectual property (IP) management be considered a required course in Technology Management curricula? If so, what knowledge and skills should be conveyed in a one-semester course? What is the best way to teach this material? This paper presents evidence that intellectual property management should be of central importance to technology management (TM) programs and that professionally vital knowledge can be taught to MBA and Management of Technology (MOT) students without legal backgrounds. IP management can be seen as a curricular locus, bringing together subjects such as entrepreneurship, technology strategy, and technology transfer. At Stevens Institute of Technology, we’ve taken the position that IP Management should be taught as a distinct course in a technology management program on equal footing with more traditional course offerings such as Marketing and Finance. We reflect upon 4 years’ teaching experience and present evidence from former students that the course fulfills its mission to be professionally relevant and pedagogically unifying to technology management programs.
Online detection of low-frequency functional connectivity

Synchronized oscillations in resting state timecourses have been detected in recent fMRI studies. These oscillations are low frequency in nature (<0.08 Hz), and seem to be a property of symmetric cortices. These fluctuations are important as a pontential signal of interest, which could indicate connectivity between functionally related areas of the brain. It has also been shown that the synchronized oscillations decrease in some spontaneous pathological states (such as cocaine injection). Thus, detection of these functional connectivity patterns may help to serve as a guage of normal brain activity. Currently, functional connectivity detection is applied only in offline post-processing analysis. Online detection methods have been applied to detect task activation in functional MRI. This allows real-time analysis of fMRI results, and could be important in detecting short-term changes in functional states. In this work, we develop an outline algorithm to detect low frequency resting state functional connectivity in real time. This will extend connectivity analysis to allow online detection of changes in "resting state" brain networks.
Localization of Human U1 Small Nuclear RNA Genes to Band p36.3 of Chromosome 1 by In Situ Hybridization

Ul small nuclear RNA (Ul snRNA) is encoded by a large family of genes (30–125 copies/haploid genome) which are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Ul snRNA is thought to function in gene splicing. Since the Ul genes were found to be >20 kb apart by analyzing genomic phage clones, the chromosomal location of Ul genes in the human genome was determined using Southern filter analysis of DNA isolated from human-rodent somatic cell hybrids and by in situ hybridization. Human DNA digested with PvuII and probed with a Ul-specific probe, pD2, show several major hybridizing fragments. Of these, two human PvuII fragments of 1.4 kb and 2.4 kb had unique mobilities compared to mouse fragments. In a study of 19 cell hybrids, the human-specific Ul fragments segregated with the chromosome 1 markers peptidase C and adenylate kinase 2. All other chromosomes showed>-19% discordancy. An additional 13 karyotyped cell hybrids, analyzed by Southern filter analysis, confirmed the assignment of this class of Ul genes to chromosome 1. Additional digests with MspI and PstI indicated that most Ul genes are located on chromosome 1. To determine if the Ul RNAs are located predominantly at one site or dispersed over chromosome 1, a tritium-labeled Ul probe was hybridized in situ to metaphase chromosomes. The majority of the grains were at band 1p36.3, suggesting that most of the Ul genes are located in this region.
Predicting breeding habitat for amphibians: a spatiotemporal analysis across Yellowstone National Park

The ability to predict amphibian breeding across landscapes is important for informing land management decisions and helping biologists better understand and remediate factors contributing to declines in amphibian populations. We built geospatial models of likely breeding habitats for each of four amphibian species that breed in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). We used field data collected in 2000–2002 from 497 sites among 16 basins and predictor variables from geospatial models produced from remotely sensed data (e.g., digital elevation model, complex topographic index, landform data, wetland probability, and vegetative cover). Except for 31 sites in one basin that were surveyed in both 2000 and 2002, all sites were surveyed once. We used polytomous regression to build statistical models for each species of amphibian from (1) field survey site data only, (2) field data combined with data from geospatial models, and (3) data from geospatial models only. Based on measures of receiver operating characterist...
Topographically specific hippocampal projections target functionally distinct prefrontal areas in the rhesus monkey

The sources of ipsilateral projections from the hippocampal formation, the presubiculum, area 29a-c, and parasubiculum to medial, orbital, and lateral prefrontal cortices were studied with retrograde tracers in 27 rhesus monkeys. Labeled neurons within the hippocampal formation (CA1, CA1', prosubiculum, and subiculum) were found rostrally, although some were noted throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the hippocampal formation. Most labeled neurons in the hippocampal formation projected to medial prefrontal cortices, followed by orbital areas. In addition, there were differences in the topography of afferent neurons projecting to medial when compared with orbital cortices. Labeled neurons innervating medial cortices were found mainly in the CA1' and CA1 fields rostrally, but originated in the subicular fields caudally. In contrast, labeled neurons which innervated orbital cortices were considerably more focal, emanating from the same relative position within a field throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the hippocampal formation. In marked contrast to the pattern of projection to medial and orbital prefrontal cortices, lateral prefrontal areas received projections from only a few labeled neurons found mostly in the subicular fields. Lateral prefrontal cortices received the most robust projections from the presubiculum and the supracallosal area 29a-c. Orbital, and to a lesser extent medial, prefrontal areas received projections from a smaller but significant number of neurons from the presubiculum and area 29a-c. Only a few labeled neurons were found in the parasubiculum, and most projected to medial prefrontal areas. The results suggest that functionally distinct prefrontal cortices receive projections from different components of the hippocampal region. Medial and orbital prefrontal cortices may have a role in long-term mnemonic processes similar to those associated with the hippocampal formation with which they are linked. Moreover, the preponderance of projection neurons from the hippocampal formation innervating medial when compared with orbital prefrontal areas followed the opposite trend from what we had observed previously for the amygdala (Barbas and De Olmos [1990] (J Comp Neurol 301:1-23). Thus, the hippocampal formation, associated with mnemonic processes, targets predominantly medial prefrontal cortices, whereas the amygdala, associated with emotional aspects of memory, issues robust projections to orbital limbic cortices. Lateral prefrontal cortices receive robust projections from the presubiculum and area 29a-c and sparse projections from the hippocampal formation. These findings are consistent with the idea that the role of lateral prefrontal cortices in memory is distinct from that of either medial or orbital cortices. The results suggest that signals from functionally distinct limbic structures to some extent follow parallel pathways to functionally distinct prefrontal cortices.
Application Of Coherence Formulations In Ocean Acoustic Experiments

The potential limitation of a stochastic volume scatter on large aperture, ocean acoustic systems has resulted in the development of propagation and scattering models formulated in terms of two-point coherence functions. By incorporating two additional features, these models can be regarded as generalizations of those originally developed for a similar application, but which involved electromagnetic signals in the atmosphere. One feature is an inhomogeneous background medium, resulting in an acoustic channel, which is a necessary input in discussing long-range propagation. The second is an extreme anisotropy which characterizes the scattering mechanism operative in the ocean. The models are discussed in physical terms; and the differences effected by the above-described factors are emphasized.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Measurements of coal particle shape, mass, and temperature histories: Impact of particle irregularity on temperature predictions and measurements

Individual coal and carbon particles were levitated in an electrodynamic balance (EDB) and characterized using high-speed diode array and video based imaging systems to determine particle surface area, volume, drag, mass and density. These same particles were then heated bidirectionally using a long pulsed Nd:YAG laser to simulate combustion level heating fluxes (heating rates on order of 10{sup 4} to 10{sup 5} K/s). Measurements of particle surface temperature, size and laser temporal power variation were made and recorded during each heating experiment. Measured temperature histories were compared with a heat transfer analysis that accounted for variations in particle shape, mass, density, and laser heating power. Results of this study indicate that with well characterized materials of known properties agreement between measurement and model of within 20 K is typical throughout an entire heating and cooling profile. Large particle to particle variations are observed in coal particle temperature histories during rapid heating. These variations can be explained in large part by accounting for particle to particle property (shape, mass and density) variations. Even when accounting for particle to particle shape and density variation, however, model predictions greatly underestimate observed temperature histories. It is concluded that these discrepancies are largely due to uncertainties in the thermal properties (heat capacity and thermal conductivity) typically used to model coal combustion behavior.
Control of Flow Over a Rectangular Cavity Using a Rod in Cross Flow: Further Evaluation of Key Mechanisms

A cylinder in cross flow is a well-known cavity tone suppression actuator, known for its simple design and effective performance. Several researchers have studied the effectiveness of this flow control technique. However, the leading cause of the suppression mechanism is still elusive. It is postulated that high frequency actuation provided by a cylinder is one of the reasons for cavity tone suppression. In order to investigate the role of the high frequency actuation signal from the cylinder in cavity tone suppression, we have considered two control configurations, viz., “shedding + wake”, and “nonshedding + wake”. The “shedding + wake” configuration consisted of a cylinder placed in cross flow located upstream of the leading edge of a cavity. In the “nonshedding + wake” configuration, the cylinder was wrapped with a soft copper wire to inhibit shedding vortices. The “nonshedding + wake” configuration showed better performance in cavity tone suppression suggesting high frequency actuation may not be the leading cause for cavity noise suppression. To gain further insight into the influence of the cylinder on cavity shear layer dynamics, mean velocity measurements were carried out within the cavity shear layer at various downstream locations. The various attributes of the cavity shear layer such as shear layer lift-off, vorticity thickness, and integral momentum are introduced to investigate the influence of the cylinder in cross flow on cavity tones. Finally, we evaluate stability characteristics of the experimentally measured mean velocity profiles.
Further Insight into the Nature of Ball-Lightning-Like Atmospheric Pressure Plasmoids

Known since antiquity, ball lightning is a natural, long-lived plasma-like phenomenon associated with thunderstorms and is not well understood due to its rarity and unpredictability. A recently discovered laboratory phenomenon with striking similarity to ball lightning is observed when a high-power spark is discharged from a cathode protruding from a grounded electrolyte solution. Whereas several investigations of these long-lived plasmas have been reported over the past decade, the underlying chemical and physical processes are still unknown. The present work attempts to gain further insight into this phenomenon by examining the effect of electrolyte pH on the plasmoid and observing the chemical and physical structure of the plasmoid using high-speed schlieren videography and FTIR absorption spectroscopy. The results indicate that the lifetime and size of the plasmoid slightly increase as the pH of isoohmic electrolyte solutions deviate from neutrality. The observed absorption spectra of the plasmoids ex...
Barrier height modulation and dipole moments in metal-molecule-silicon diodes

In this study, Schottky barrier height in a series of gold-molecule-n Si diodes has been determined by reverse-bias capacitance-voltage measurements. Trends in measured barrier height correlate with calculated molecular dipoles. Samples were prepared by electrochemically grafting para-substituted aryl-diazonium salts on n-type silicon substrates. Bromobenzene (B-benz), diethylaminobenzene (D-benz), 2-methyl 4-nitrobenzene (FRS), methoxybenzene (M-benz), and nitrobenzene (N-benz) molecular layers were used.
Evaluation of family history information within clinical documents and adequacy of HL7 clinical statement and clinical genomics family history models for its representation: a case report

Family history information has emerged as an increasingly important tool for clinical care and research. While recent standards provide for structured entry of family history, many clinicians record family history data in text. The authors sought to characterize family history information within clinical documents to assess the adequacy of existing models and create a more comprehensive model for its representation. Models were evaluated on 100 documents containing 238 sentences and 410 statements relevant to family history. Most statements were of family member plus disease or of disease only. Statement coverage was 91%, 77%, and 95% for HL7 Clinical Genomics Family History Model, HL7 Clinical Statement Model, and the newly created Merged Family History Model, respectively. Negation (18%) and inexact family member specification (9.5%) occurred commonly. Overall, both HL7 models could represent most family history statements in clinical reports; however, refinements are needed to represent the full breadth of family history data.
Changes across 3 years in self-reported awareness of product warning messages in a Hispanic community

This study investigated the self-reported awareness of product warning messages among independent random samples of Hispanics in San Francisco surveyed from 1989 through 1992. Messages tested were primarily related to cigarette smoking and the consumption of alcoholic beverages. In general, respondents reported low levels of awareness of product warning messages with the exception of those messages dealing with the consumption of alcohol or cigarettes during pregnancy. Nevertheless, there were increases in awareness across years for the alcohol-related warning messages and for one of the cigarette messages, indicating that continued exposure increases awareness of the message. A notable proportion of the respondents reported being aware of a bogus message implying the presence of socially desirable responses in self-reports of message awareness. Gender, education, age and acculturation level of the respondents also showed effects on reported awareness of specific messages. Continued exposure to product warning messages seems useful in producing health-enhancing behaviors among Hispanics. Language: en
Performance Characteristics of a Model VTOL Lift Fan in Crossflow

This paper presents a summary of principal results obtained from crossflow tests of a model 15-in.-diam lift fan installed in a wing in the NASA Lewis Research Center, 9 by 15 ft V/STOL Propulsion Wind Tunnel. Tests were run with and without exit louvers over a range of tunnel air speeds, fan speeds, and wing angle of attack. Fan thrust in crossflow was influenced by two principal factors: the effects of inflow distortion on blade-row performance, and changes in fan stage operating point brought about by changes in back pressure ratio. In this particular fan, flow separation on the inlet bellmouth did not appear to be a serious problem for crossflow operation.
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of 1,2-propanediol from glycerol

Due to its availability, low-price, and high degree of reduction, glycerol has become an attractive carbon source for the production of fuels and reduced chemicals. Using the platform we have established from the identification of key pathways mediating fermentative metabolism of glycerol, this work reports the engineering of Escherichia coli for the conversion of glycerol into 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO). A functional 1,2-PDO pathway was engineered through a combination of overexpression of genes involved in its synthesis from the key intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and the manipulation of the fermentative glycerol utilization pathway. The former included the overexpression of methylglyoxal synthase (mgsA), glycerol dehydrogenase (gldA), and aldehyde oxidoreductase (yqhD). Manipulation of the glycerol utilization pathway through the replacement of the native E. coli PEP-dependent dihydroxyacetone kinase (DHAK) with an ATP-dependent DHAK from C. freundii increased the availability of DHAP allowing for higher 1,2-PDO production. Analysis of the major fermentative pathways indentified ethanol as a required co-product while increases in 1,2-PDO titer and yield were achieved through the disruption of the pathways for acetate and lactate production. Combination of these key metabolic manipulations resulted in an engineered E. coli strain capable of producing 5.6 g/L 1,2-PDO, at a yield of 21.3% (w/w). This strain also performed well when crude glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, was used as the substrate. The titer and yield achieved in this study were favorable to those obtained with the use of E. coli for the production of 1,2-PDO from common sugars. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:867–879. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primary malignant salivary gland tumor of the mediastinum.

Clinical Summary A 31-year-old healthy woman presented with a 3-week history of left chest heaviness. Six months before the emergency department visit, the patient had a motor vehicle collision and underwent a full trauma workup, including a computed tomographic scan of the chest that demonstrated what was believed to be a left pericardial cyst (Figure 1). Laboratory workup was unremarkable. A repeat computed tomographic scan of the chest demonstrated a large loculated left pleural fluid collection mistakenly diagnosed as left hemothorax from the previous trauma (Figure 2). Video-assisted thoracoscopy, however, showed no fluid collection and no pericardial cyst but rather a huge mass 15 to 20 cm in diameter. A posterolateral thoracotomy was performed. The mass was adherent to the lingual and thymus superiorly. It was seemingly encapsulated and came off the pericardium and diaphragm. The tumor was removed with a wedge resection of the left lower lobe and thymus. Pathologic examination showed that the 17-cm tumor was continuous with the mediastinum. This peculiar intrathoracic malignancy had a definite salivary gland–type appearance characterized by the presence of sharply outlined nests of tumor cells of basaloid appearance surrounded by an abundant hyaline material. There were solid hypercellular areas with a nondescript pattern of growth. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for calponin and negative for thyroid transcription factor-1, alpha-smooth muscle actin, chromogranin, epithelial membrane antigen, keratin, alpha-fetoprotein, and human chorionic gonadotropin. There also seemed to be some focal positivity for the placental-specific isozyme of alkaline phosphatase. The tumor was diagnosed as a malignant tumor of salivary gland type with myoepithelial differentiation, having basaloid, adenoid cystic carcinoma–like, and anaplastic features.
Retrograde type A dissection after endovascular stenting of the descending thoracic aorta. Is the risk real

Objective: Retrograde type A dissection during or after endoluminal graft repair of the descending thoracic aorta is a potentially lethal complication unique to thoracic endografting. Our aim is to increase its awareness and to review possible etiological factors. Methods :T wo hundred and eighty-seven patients with different thoracic aortic pathologies were treated with endovascular prostheses over the last 6 years (February 2000 to March 2006) under a single-site protocol. A retrospective review was conducted to identify any retrograde aortic dissections by both chart and film review. Factors that may have contributed to its formation were also documented. This population was analyzed for the complication of retrograde aortic dissection as well as the factors related to its occurrence. Results: Seven patients (2.4%) with a gender distribution of three males and four females experienced a retrograde type A dissection within this sample at a median of 202 days. The mean age was 74 years (range 53—83). Aortic pathologies included aortic dissections (n = 6) and thoracic aortic aneurysm (n = 1). There were (n = 3) 43% retrograde type A dissections identified within the perioperative period. Balloon angioplasty was performed in 71.4% (n = 5). Two female patients (28.6%) had this event identified within their initial hospitalization with fatal consequences. Overall mortality was 57% (n = 4) with extension of dissection the primary cause of death n = 3 and open surgical repair (n = 1) after an extension of retrograde dissection. Conclusions: Female gender,useofstent-grafts fordissectionandpossibleaggressiveballoonangioplastymayplayaroleinthecauseofretrogradetypeAdissection.A close surveillance program is recommended when using thoracic endografts outside the recommended device instructions for use. # 2008 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
On the benefit of tunability in reducing electronic port counts in WDM/TDM networks

We study the benefits of using tunable transceivers for reducing the required number of electronic ports in WDM/TDM networks. We show that such transceivers can be used to efficiently "groom" sub-wavelength traffic in the optical domain and so can significantly reduce the number of electronic ports compared to the fixed tuned case. We provide a new formulation for this "tunable grooming" problem. We show that in general this problem is NP-complete, but we are able to efficiently solve it for many cases of interest. When the number of wavelengths in the network is not limited, we show that each node only needs the minimum number of transceivers (i.e., no more transceivers than the amount of traffic that it generates). This holds regardless of the network topology or traffic pattern. When the number of wavelengths is limited, we show an analogous result for both uniform and hub traffic in a ring. We also develop a heuristic algorithm for general traffic that uses nearly the minimum number of transceivers. In most cases, tunable transceivers are shown to reduce the number of ports per node by as much as 60%.
The State of American Federalism 2011–2012: A Fend for Yourself and Activist Form of Bottom-Up Federalism

The signature developments in intergovernmental relations and federalism in 2011–2012 were generally found at the state and local levels. Strapped for funds to balance their budgets, states and local governments have made significant cutbacks, taken legal risks, renegotiated labor union contracts, and rejected federal aid. Conversely, subnational governments have created jobs and taken the lead in various policy areas. The U.S. Supreme Court showed strong support for state sovereignty claims, which could perhaps encourage further the bottom-up activism by state and local governments. The president and his administration made deft use of executive powers to influence public K–12 education reforms and energy and environmental policy, but much of the year was spent in budget wrangling over how to reduce the mounting federal debt.
Polymer nanoassemblies with solvato- and halo-fluorochromism for drug release monitoring and metastasis imaging.

Background: Theranostics, an emerging technique that combines therapeutic and diagnostic modalities for various diseases, holds promise to detect cancer in early stages, eradicate metastatic tumors and ultimately reduce cancer mortality. Methods & results: This study reports unique polymer nanoassemblies that increase fluorescence intensity upon addition of hydrophobic drugs and either increase or decrease fluorescence intensity in acidic environments, depending on nanoparticle core environment properties. Extensive spectroscopic analyses were performed to determine optimal excitation and emission wavelengths, which enabled real time measurement of drugs releasing from the nanoassemblies and ex vivo imaging of acidic liver metastatic tumors from mice. Conclusion: Polymer nanoassemblies with solvato- and halo-fluorochromic properties are promising platforms to develop novel theranostic tools for the detection and treatment of metastatic tumors.
Low-Energy QCD in the Delta Regime

We investigate properties of low-energy QCD in a finite spatial volume, but with arbitrary temperature. In the limit of small temperature and small cube size compared to the pion Compton wavelength, Leutwyler has shown that the effective theory describing low-energy QCD reduces to that of quantum mechanics on the coset manifold, which is the so-called delta regime of chiral perturbation theory. We solve this quantum mechanics analytically for the case of a $U(1{)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1{)}_{R}$ subgroup of chiral symmetry, and numerically for the case of $SU(2{)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2{)}_{R}$. We utilize the quantum mechanical spectrum to compute the mass gap and chiral condensate, and investigate symmetry restoration in a finite spatial volume as a function of temperature. Because we obtain the spectrum for nonzero values of the quark mass, we are able to interpolate between the rigid rotor limit, which emerges at vanishing quark mass, and the harmonic approximation, which is referred to as the $p$ regime. We find that the applicability of perturbation theory about the rotor limit largely requires lighter-than-physical quarks. As a stringent check of our results, we raise the temperature to that of the inverse cube size. When this condition is met, the quantum mechanics reduces to a matrix model. The condensate we obtain in this limit agrees with that determined analytically in the epsilon regime.
Algorithms for estimation of low-rank matrices with triple Kronecker structured singular vectors

We consider the problem of estimating the singular vectors of low-rank signal matrices buried in noise in the setting where the singular vectors are assumed to be Kronecker products of three unknown vectors. We propose several algorithms for estimating such singular vectors, which explicitly exploit the Kronecker structure of the underlying vectors. We demonstrate improved estimation accuracy and improved clutter suppression in MIMO STAP applications, using the newly proposed singular vector estimates.
Flexible Feature Deletion: Compacting Case Bases by Selectively Compressing Case Contents

Extensive research in case-base maintenance has studied methods for achieving compact, competent case bases. This work has examined how to achieve good solution performance while limiting the number of cases retained, using approaches such as competence-based case deletion. Two fundamental assumptions of such approaches have been (1) that cases are approximately the same size and (2) that the only way to affect case base size is by deleting or retaining entire cases. However, in some domains different cases may contain different amounts of information, causing widely varying case sizes, and case solutions may themselves be compressible, with the ability to selectively delete portions of indices or solutions while still retaining varying levels of usefulness. In accordance with this more flexible view, this paper proposes a new maintenance approach, flexible feature deletion, which removes parts of cases, enabling compression of the case base by selective—and possibly non-uniform—size reduction of individual cases. It proposes and evaluates an initial set of feature deletion strategies. Experimental results support that when cases have varying size and compressible contents, flexible feature deletion strategies may enable better system performance than case-oriented strategies for the same level of compression.
A longitudinal study of human milk composition in the second year postpartum: implications for human milk banking

While the composition of human milk has been studied extensively in the first year of lactation, there is a paucity of data regarding human milk composition beyond one year postpartum. Policies vary at milk banks around the world regarding how long lactating women are eligible to donate their milk. The primary purpose of this study is to describe longitudinal changes in human milk composition in the second year postpartum to support the development of evidence based guidelines regarding how long lactating women can donate human milk to a milk bank. Nineteen lactating women in North Carolina provided monthly milk samples from 11 months to 17 months postpartum (N = 131), and two non-profit milk banks provided (N = 33) pooled, unpasteurized milk samples from 51 approved donors less than one year postpartum. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the concentration of total protein, lactoferrin, lysozyme, Immunoglobulin A, oligosaccharides and sodium in longitudinal samples of mother's milk between 11 and 17 months postpartum, while zinc and calcium concentrations declined, and no changes were observed in lactose, fat, iron and potassium. Human milk in the second year postpartum contained significantly higher concentrations of total protein, lactoferrin, lysozyme and Immunoglobulin A, than milk bank samples, and significantly lower concentrations of zinc, calcium, iron and oligosaccharides. Accepting milk bank donations beyond one year postpartum is a potential strategy for increasing the supply of donor milk, but may require mineral fortification.
Regulin, a Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein Affecting Phosphorylation-Dephosphorylation

Translational regulation at the molecular level has been studied intensively with components from mammalian reticulocytes. Since the discovery of translational control by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of initiation factor eIF-2 [1–3] and possibly 40 S ribosomal subunits [4–7], relevant protein kinases and recently counteracting phosphatases have become targets of research. The extent of phosphorylation of a given protein depends on a dynamic equilibrium between the activities of the protein kinase and phosphatase. This equilibrium reaction is schematically depicted for eIF-2 in Fig. 1.
The USACE and Post-Katrina New Orleans Demolitions and Disaster Clean-Up

In this article, we present demolition data to explore the way the patterns of demolition carried out by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) were constituted as a social problem by residents o...
Fast processing of graph queries on a large database of small and medium-sized data graphs

We propose a new way of indexing a large database of small and medium-sized graphs and processing exact subgraph matching (or subgraph isomorphism) and approximate (full) graph matching queries. Rather than decomposing a graph into smaller units (e.g., paths, trees, graphs) for indexing purposes, we represent each graph in the database by its graph signature, which is essentially a multiset. We construct a disk-based index on all the signatures via bulk loading. During query processing, a query graph is also mapped into its signature, and this signature is searched using the index by performing multiset operations. To improve the precision of exact subgraph matching, we develop a new scheme using the concept of line graphs. Through extensive evaluation on real and synthetic graph datasets, we demonstrate that our approach provides a scalable and efficient disk-based solution for a large database of small and medium-sized graphs.
Rate Expressions for Kink Attachment and Detachment During Crystal Growth

The central kinetic processes defining layer-by-layer crystal growth or dissolution are the attachment and detachment rates of growth units at kink sites; the net balance of these activated processes leads to either crystal growth or dissolution. Various sets of rate expressions for attachment and detachment processes have been used in the literature, in each case attempting to most appropriately capture the underlying surface chemistry. We examine these proposals with specific attention to thermodynamics and detailed balance criteria and then recommend which expressions to adopt.
Mixing Interviews and Rasch Modeling: Demonstrating a Procedure Used to Develop an Instrument That Measures Trust:

Developing psychometrically sound instruments can be difficult, especially if little is known about the constructs of interest. When constructs of interest are unclear, a mixed methods approach can...
Equine Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Efficiently Differentiate into Hepatocyte-Like Cells.

Adult equine hepatocytes have proven challenging to culture long term in vitro as they rapidly lose their morphology and functionality, thus limiting studies on liver function and response to disease. In this study, we describe for the first time the differentiation of equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from a variety of sources into functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLC). First, we differentiated equine umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived MSC into HLC and found that these cells exhibited a distinct polygonal morphology, stored glycogen as visualized by periodic acid Schiff's reagent staining, and were positive for albumin and other hepatocyte-specific genes. Second, we demonstrated that UCB-HLC could be revived following cryopreservation and retained their phenotype for at least 10 days. Third, we differentiated three sets of MSC from bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AT), and peripheral blood (PB), matched within the same horse. We achieved a 100% differentiation success rate with BM, 0% with AT, and...
Polypoid reparative mucosal proliferation at the site of a healed gastric ulcer: sequential gastroscopic, radiological, and histological observations.

A gastric polyp developed in a 55-year-old male during a course of radiological and gastroscopic follow-up examinations of a gastric ulcer. Histological examination of the resected stomach revealed non-neoplastic polypoid proliferation of the gastric mucosa at the site of the healed ulcer. The polyp was small (8 mm) and other examinations did not suggest a malignant tumor. Therefore, it is proposed that gastrectomy could have been postponed since a postreparative hyperplastic mucosal polyp might regress spontaneously.
Urethrosphincteric Reconstruction for Congenitally Absent Urethra

Three female patients with complete urinary incontinence owing to congenital absence of the urethra associated with complex congenital anomalies involving the caudal end of the urogenital sinus are reported. A sphincteric tube constructed from a flap of the anterior bladder wall was positioned in place of the missing urethra. Abundance of circularly oriented fibers in this neourethra provided sphincteric function sufficient to maintain continence and eliminate the need for urinary diversion. Details of the congenital anomalies and reconstructive techniques are discussed.
New Results on Neutral and Charged Current Scattering at High Q 2 and a Search for Events with a Lepton and R t

Using the ZEUS detector at HERA, we have studied the deep inelastic scattering reactions e + p → e + X and e + p → vX for Q 2 > 1000 GeV2 with 33 pb−1 of data collected during the years 1994 to 1997. Preliminary results indicate that the data lie above the Standard Model predictions at high x and Q 2. In addition, we have searched for events containing an isolated high P t electron or muon and missing transverse momentum.
Chapter 21 – Firearms and Tool Marks

Because of the ubiquity of firearms in the United States and their primary violent purpose, firearms examination is a central function of most forensic science laboratories. The exams performed, however, are more than just comparing bullets and cartridges. A wide range of knowledge is required to be a qualified firearms examiner, from chemistry to physics to computers.
Enhanced Constraints for Accurate Lower Bounds on Many-Electron Quantum Energies from Variational Two-Electron Reduced Density Matrix Theory

A central challenge of physics is the computation of strongly correlated quantum systems. The past ten years have witnessed the development and application of the variational calculation of the two-electron reduced density matrix (2-RDM) without the wave function. In this Letter we present an orders-of-magnitude improvement in the accuracy of 2-RDM calculations without an increase in their computational cost. The advance is based on a low-rank, dual formulation of an important constraint on the 2-RDM, the $T2$ condition. Calculations are presented for metallic chains and a cadmium-selenide dimer. The low-scaling $T2$ condition will have significant applications in atomic and molecular, condensed-matter, and nuclear physics.