cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local time-stepping in Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods applied to the shallow-water equations

Abstract Large geophysical flows often encompass both coarse and highly resolved regions. Approximating these flows using shock-capturing methods with explicit time stepping gives rise to a Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) time step constraint. Even if the refined regions are sparse, they can restrict the global CFL condition to very small time steps, vastly increasing computational effort over the whole domain. One method to cope with this problem is to use locally varying time steps over the domain. These are also referred to as multi-rate methods in the ODE literature. Ideally, such methods must be conservative, accurate and easy to implement. In this study, we derive a second-order, local time stepping procedure within a Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) framework to solve the shallow water equations. This procedure is based on previous first-order work of the second author and collaborator Kirby [1] , [2] , [3] . As we are interested in both coastal and overland flows due to, e.g., rainfall, wetting and drying is incorporated into the model. Numerical results are shown, which verify the accuracy and efficiency of the approach (compared to using a globally defined CFL time step), and the application of the method to rainfall–runoff scenarios.
Control of Enzymatic Browning in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by Sense and Antisense RNA from Tomato Polyphenol Oxidase

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity of Russet Burbank potato was inhibited by sense and antisense PPO RNAs expressed from a tomato PPO cDNA under the control of the 35S promoter from the cauliflower mosaic virus. Transgenic Russet Burbank potato plants from 37 different lines were grown in the field. PPO activity and the level of enzymatic browning were measured in the tubers harvested from the field. Of the tubers from 28 transgenic lines that were sampled, tubers from 5 lines exhibited reduced browning. The level of PPO activity correlated with the reduction in enzymatic browning in these lines. These results indicate that expression of tomato PPO RNA in sense or antisense orientation inhibits PPO activity and enzymatic browning in the major commercial potato cultivar. Expression of tomato PPO RNA in sense orientation led to the greatest decrease in PPO activity and enzymatic browning, possibly due to cosuppression. These results suggest that expression of closely related heterologous genes can be used to prevent enzymatic browning in a wide variety of food crops without the application of various food additives.
RNA-Interference Knockdown of Drosophila Pigment Dispersing Factor in Neuronal Subsets: The Anatomical Basis of a Neuropeptide's Circadian Functions

Background In animals, neuropeptide signaling is an important component of circadian timekeeping. The neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor (PDF) is required for several aspects of circadian activity rhythms in Drosophila. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we investigate the anatomical basis for PDF's various circadian functions by targeted PDF RNA-interference in specific classes of Drosophila neuron. We demonstrate that PDF is required in the ventro-lateral neurons (vLNs) of the central brain and not in the abdominal ganglion for normal activity rhythms. Differential knockdown of PDF in the large or small vLNs indicates that PDF from the small vLNs is likely responsible for the maintenance of free-running activity rhythms and that PDF is not required in the large vLNs for normal behavior. PDF's role in setting the period of free-running activity rhythms and the proper timing of evening activity under light:dark cycles emanates from both subtypes of vLN, since PDF in either class of vLN was sufficient for these aspects of behavior. Conclusions/Significance These results reveal the neuroanatomical basis PDF's various circadian functions and refine our understanding of the clock neuron circuitry of Drosophila.
Effect of dexamethasone on 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism by chick kidney cell cultures.

The ability of dexamethasone to alter the metabolism of [3H]25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ([3H]25OHD3) metabolism by primary cultures of chick kidney cells was tested. Dexamethasone, present for 24 or 48 h at 10−8−10−6 m, decreased production of [3H]l,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to approximately 60% of control levels. If cultures were pretreated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to reduce 25OHD3-1-hydroxylase activity and induce 25OHD3-24-hydroxylase activity, no effect of dexamethasone on either of the enzymes was observed. When the substrate concentration was varied, analysis of the data revealed that dexamethasone decreases both the maximal velocity of the rate of 1-hydroxylation to 25OHD3 and the half-maximal substrate concentration for 25OHD3. Dexamethasone had no effect on the cell number of the cultures, as assessed by DNA content, but did reduce the total protein content to approximately 70% of control values. Dexamethasone did not alter the response of chick kidney cells to PTH in terms of cAMP production or the m...
Therapist interventions: do they really influence client resistance?

Abstract Client resistance is one of the focal points in most approaches to marital and family therapy. Many approaches conceptualize resistance as something to be reduced for therapy to be effective; however, the structural and strategic therapies are unique because they also conceptualize change as resulting from interventions that use resistance. The present study compared the amount of resistance that was engendered between interventions that use resistance and those that decrease resistance. The interventions that were designed to use resistance as well as defusing conflict both had statistically higher resistance ratios than the rest of the interventions.
Statistics as a second language: A brief overview for the Wary Clinician

Abstract Orthodontic effects are for the most part gross and measurable. Thus, of allof dentistry's specialists, it should be easiest for us to deliver optimal, evidence-based treatments. Unfortunately, the profusion of disparate methods and philosophies that compete for our attention argues that, for some reason, our penchant for measuring things has come to naught. Part of the difficulty stems from a generalized unfamiliarity with the rules—the statistical rules—that govern the process of drawing rational inferences from numerical data. To assist those who would do better, the present report is offered up as a relatively nontechnical, jargon-free overview of the basic methods of statistical analysis and the reasoning behind their application to the process of clinical decision making.
DIFFERENTIAL AND COMBINED EFFECTS OF BETA, GAMMA, AND FAST NEUTRON IRRADIATION OF SOYBEAN SEEDLINGS.

Abstract Young soybean ( Glycine max , L., Dare variety) seedlings were acutely irradiated with various doses of 90 Sr- 90 Y beta rays, 60 Co gamma rays and fission neutrons. The radiation types were given in combination as well as singly. Biological effects were evaluated on the basis of apical meristem mortality, dry weight and height. The dose necessary to produce a 50 per cent effect were calculated, and RBE values were derived. Gamma and beta radiation were essentially equally effective in producing these end points, but fission neutrons were 6·0, 15·7 and 7·7 times more effective in producing a 50 per cent effect on apical meristem mortality, height and shoot weight, respectively. The effects of combined radiation types were not directly additive. With beta doses of 1500 rads, a 10 per cent increment of gamma or fast neutron doses gave greater effects than were expected.
Laser Capture Microdissection of Feline Streptomyces spp Pyogranulomatous Dermatitis and Cellulitis

Suspected Streptomyces spp infections were identified in 4 cats at UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between 1982 and 2011. Three had ulcerated, dark red mycetomas involving the dermis, subcutis, and fascia with fistulous tracts and/or regional lymphadenopathy. One cat had pyogranulomatous mesenteric lymphadenitis. Granulomatous inflammation in all cats contained colonies of Gram-positive, non-acid-fast organisms. All 4 cats failed to respond to aggressive medical and surgical treatment and were euthanized. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to selectively harvest DNA from the affected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Cloned amplicons from LCM-derived tissue confirmed the presence of Streptomyces spp in the dermatitis cases. Amplicons from the remaining cat with peritoneal involvement aligned with the 16S ribosomal RNA gene for Actinomycetales. Usually considered a contaminant, Streptomyces spp can be associated with refractory pyogranulomatous dermatitis and cellulitis in cats with outdoor access. LCM is useful in the diagnosis of bacterial diseases where contamination may be an issue.
Mentoring Graduate Clinicians as They Become Counselors

Abstract Counseling is a skill that speech-language pathologists use as they help people to change. Graduate clinicians come to the clinical process with limited knowledge about and experience in c...
The blast phase of chronic myeloid leukaemia

The blast phase of chronic myelogeneous leukaemia (BP-CML) still remains a difficult entity to understand pathogenetically and to treat. In recent years, advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular biology and the pathogenesis of this disorder. Although three new agents have been introduced with some success for treating this disease, namely imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib, response durations are limited. For those patients who achieve a remission following the use of one of the aforementioned drugs, bone marrow transplantation is recommended.
Bureaucratic Politics: A Paradigm and Some Policy Implications

During the Tet holiday of 1968, North Vietnamese troops launched massive attacks on a large number of South Vietnamese cities. Why?
Lead Sulfide Nanocrystal‐Polymer Composites for Optoelectronic Applications

Nanocomposite films were prepared by two methods in which lead sulfide (PbS) nanocrystals were contained in an organic matrix. One method used a wet chemical synthesis of the nanocrystals in the direct presence of a polymer, where the polymer controlled nanocrystal growth. The second method was gaseous deposition of nanocrystals into the organic phase. The two methods were similar in that the nanocrystals in the composites were free from surfactant capping layers that otherwise would add an interfacial region between the nanocrystal and the organic matrix. The gaseous deposition technique had several advantages over the wet chemical synthesis in that it allowed direct control over nanocrystal size and density, improved flexibility in the choice of organic phase, and was compatible with lithographic methods.
Competitive pricing of mixed retail and e-tail distribution channels

Abstract In addition to regular retail distribution channels, a firm nowadays can avail themselves of such information technology (IT) as the Internet to distribute products directly “on line” (referred to as an “e-tail” distribution channel). The mix of retailing with e-tailing has added a new dimension of competition to the firm's distribution channels. The central issue of this competition is the competitive pricing policies between retail and e-tail distribution channels. In this paper, we consider the price competition between these two channels under two market game settings: the Bertrand and the Stackelberg price competition models. In the Bertrand competition, the manufacturer and retailer simultaneously select e-tail and retail price, respectively, while in Stackelberg competition, the manufacturer as a leader selects the e-tail price, then the retailer selects retail price. We obtain both the Bertrand and Stackelberg equilibrium pricing policies, and compare the profit gains under these two competitions. Based on our results, we propose an appropriate strategy for the manufacturer to adopt when adding an e-tail channel. We also show that an optimal wholesale price exists under a different market structure that could be used to encourage the retailer to accommodate the additional e-tail channel.
X-ray crystallography and computational studies of the structure of bis-nitrone, 2,5-bis{[methyl(oxido)imino]phenyl}-furan

Abstract Bis-nitrone, 2,5-bis{[methyl(oxido)imino]phenyl}-furan prepared by condensation of 2,5-diformylfuran with two equivalents of phenylhydroxylamine can theoretically exist in 10 different structural isomeric forms. The relative energies calculated with AUG-cc-pVDZ and 6-311+G(df, pd) basis sets are used to predict the most stable isomeric form for this molecule. The single crystal X-ray structure analysis confirms this prediction. The bond lengths, angles, and dihedral angles obtained in the crystal structure are in good agreement with the molecular parameters calculated using DFT B3LYP method employing 6-311+G(df, pd) basis set. Population analysis using polar tensors (APT) indicates the traditional N+ O− interpretation of the nitrone function whereas Mulliken method fails to show the charge separated structure.
Low Rayleigh number convection in horizontal, eccentric annuli

Low Rayleigh number thermal convection in a Newtonian fluid confined between two horizontal, circular cylinders is studied analytically using a regular perturbation expansion. Both cylinders are impermeable and maintained at different, uniform temperatures. The line connecting the cylinders’ centers (referred to as the intracenter line) may be inclined at an arbitrary angle with respect to the gravity vector. When the intracenter line is parallel to the gravity vector, bicellular convection is observed in the annulus and the flow is symmetrical with respect to the intracenter line. When the intracenter line is inclined with respect to the gravity vector, the flow domain is doubly connected. The flow is asymmetrical vis‐a‐vis the intracenter line; and, in addition to the cellular convection, there is net circulation around the inner cylinder. This circulation consists of fluid ascending on one side of the inner cylinder and descending on the other.
Haloaldehyde polymers. IX. Polybromodichloroacetaldehyde

Bromodichloroacetaldehyde was synthesized by two methods. The first synthesis started from chloral, which was allowed to react with Ph3P and the resultant compound brominated and hydrolyzed to give bromodichloroacetaldehyde in an overall yield of 60%. Purification by repeated distillation from P2O5 gave polymerization grade bromodichloroacetabldehyde. Bromodichloroacetaldehyde could also be synthesized by bromination of dichloroacetaldehyde diethyl acetal. The yields of this synthesis were only 20–30%, and the aldehyde could not be purified readily to give polymerization grade monomer. Bromodichloroacetaldehyde could be homopolymerized at −30°C with anionic and also some cationic initiators to a polymer which was insoluble and did not melt but degraded to monomer above 200°C. The ceiling temperature of the polymerization was −15°C in 1M solution. Bromodichloroacetaldehyde could also be copolymerized with isocyanates, primarily aryl isocyanates, and also with chloral.
High-Order Residual-Distribution Hyperbolic Advection-Diffusion Schemes: 3rd-, 4th-, and 6th-Order

In this paper, spatially high-order Residual-Distribution (RD) schemes using the first-order hyperbolic system method are proposed for general time-dependent advection-diffusion problems. The corresponding second-order time-dependent hyperbolic advection- diffusion scheme was first introduced in [NASA/TM-2014-218175, 2014], where rapid convergences over each physical time step, with typically less than five Newton iterations, were shown. In that method, the time-dependent hyperbolic advection-diffusion system (linear and nonlinear) was discretized by the second-order upwind RD scheme in a unified manner, and the system of implicit-residual-equations was solved efficiently by Newton's method over every physical time step. In this paper, two techniques for the source term discretization are proposed; 1) reformulation of the source terms with their divergence forms, and 2) correction to the trapezoidal rule for the source term discretization. Third-, fourth, and sixth-order RD schemes are then proposed with the above techniques that, relative to the second-order RD scheme, only cost the evaluation of either the first derivative or both the first and the second derivatives of the source terms. A special fourth-order RD scheme is also proposed that is even less computationally expensive than the third-order RD schemes. The second-order Jacobian formulation was used for all the proposed high-order schemes. The numerical results are then presented for both steady and time-dependent linear and nonlinear advection-diffusion problems. It is shown that these newly developed high-order RD schemes are remarkably efficient and capable of producing the solutions and the gradients to the same order of accuracy of the proposed RD schemes with rapid convergence over each physical time step, typically less than ten Newton iterations.
Anomalies and fermion masses in D dimensions

Abstract We show that anomalies in D spacetime dimensions are generated by only massless fermions, and note that the manner in which the anomalies of massive fermions cancel is qualitatively different in the two cases D ≡ 2 and D ≡ 0 (mod 4).
Immunofluorescence for the detection of photochemical lesions in intracellular DNA.

Abstract The ability of methylene blue to photooxidize the guanine moiety of intracellular DNA of living human cells was demonstrated by immunofluorescence using an antibody with a specificity for the unpaired cytosine residue of DNA. These findings which indicate that sufficient amounts of the dye penetrate the mammalian cell to cause biological effects may present the investigator with the unique opportunity of selectively altering the guanine residue in DNA and thereby determining the genetic consequences of this reaction.
An absolute measure for stereoblock and heterotactic polymers

A criterion (°) for testing stereoblock and heterotactic polymers is developed. The criterion takes values between 1 and-1, a value of 1 is indicative of a pure stereoblock polymer and a value of-1 indicates a pure heterotactic polymer. The criterion (°) is compared with persistence ratio (ρ) and average stereochemical sequence length. The importance of δ as an aid in the synthesis of stereoblock polymers is discussed.
A small "In situ" conductivity instrument

An instrument for measuring the conductivity (specific conductance) of seawater in situ is described. Basically the instrument consists of a three-terminal, platinum electrode flow-through cell which acts as the variable resistance in a Wien bridge oscillator. The oscillator section is well suited to drive the cell, since the ac signal amplitude is so small that polarization effects are minimized. The results of field and laboratory tests are given. Noise level and resolution are about 0.0005 mmho/cm. Short-term absolute accuracy is on the order of \pm 0.01 mmho/cm over a conductivity range of 26 to 36 mmho/cm. Data on long-term stability, although not known at this time, will become available with further testing and field use during the coming years. The instrument weighs 26 ounces in air and 12 ounces in water.
Evaluation of dithiocarbamates and β-diketones as chelating agents in supercritical fluid extraction of Cd, Pb, and Hg from solid samples

Abstract The use of four dithiocarbamates and three fluorinated β-diketones as potential chelating agents for three transition metal ions (Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+) extracted from spiked sand and filter paper samples by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was investigated. The extractions were performed at 45°C and 250 atm for spiked sand samples and at 60°C and 200 atm for filter paper samples using supercritical carbon dioxide modified with 5% methanol. At 250 atm and using carbon dioxide modified with 5% methanol, the recoveries of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ ions from spiked sand samples were ⩾95% with lithium bis(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamate (LiFDDC) as the chelating agent; they ranged from 83–97% with diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate and from 87–97% with sodium di-ethyldithiocarbamate as chelating agents, and from 68–96% with trifluoracetylacetone, hexafluoroacetylacetone, and thenoylfluoroacetone as chelating agents. Ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate was not effective in the chelation SFE of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ ions from either spiked sand or spiked filter paper samples under the extraction conditions used. Supercritical carbon dioxide alone gave consistently lower analyte recoveries than supercritical carbon dioxide modified with 5% methanol. The results suggest that the solubility of the metal chelate in the supercritical fluid plays a more important role than the solubility of the chelating agent in the supercritical fluid, as long as sufficient chelating agent is present in the fluid phase. Fluorination of the chelating agent, as in the case of LiFDDC, increases the solubility of the metal chelate, and subsequently enhances the extraction efficiency for the metal ions.
The Egg-Drop Numbers

This problem piqued my interest. Unaware of the solution in the appendix, I found my own solution and stayed up late working out a nice presentation. The next morning, I shared this with a colleague who responded "Interesting. I wonder if this works with more eggs?" This Note answers the question. In working on it, I found that the eggdrop problem is a fruitful setting in which to introduce students to recurrence relations, generating functions, and other counting methods.
RECOVERY OF MACROPHAGE C3 RECEPTOR FUNCTION FOLLOWING SELECTIVE ENZYMATIC DESTRUCTION

To examine macrophage receptor metabolism, rabbit pulmonary macrophages were exposed to trypsin (1mg/107 cells) for five minutes. This reduced C3-activated ingestion by 70%, but did not affect nonspecific or IgG-mediated ingestion. Trypsinized cells replaced their C3 receptors completely when incubated for four hours in media containing fresh or heated serum or 4% bovine albumin (BSA) at 37°, but not in buffered salt solutions with or without glucose and amino acids, gelatin solutions, or in any medium at 0°. Cycloheximide did not affect phagocytosis at a concentration of 2 ug/ml, but abolished 3H-leucine incorporation into protein, and prevented recovery of the C3 receptor of trypsinized cells. Rates of protein synthesis by macrophages were equivalent in the presence or absence of serum. We conclude that there are two independent requirements for receptor recovery: (1) endogenous protein synthesis, and (2) a heat-stable exogenous component present in serum and high concentrations of BSA.
Katalyse XXI. Neutralsalzwirkung

1. Der Einflus verschiedener Neutralsalze auf die Reaktionen: zwischen a) Oxalsaure und Chromsaure. b) Ameisensaure und Chromsaure, c) Natriumformiat und Jod, d) Natriumformiat und Mercurichlorid und e) Natriumformiat und Silbernitrat ist untersucht worden. Im allgemeinen ist die Neutralsalzwirkung deutlicher, wenn die Neutralsalze in verdunnter Losung verwendet werden.
A Reappraisal of the Origin of Human Extraocular Muscles

Abstract It has previously been suggested that extraocular muscles develop from mesoderm surrounding the head cavities and grow anteriorly into the orbit. A reappraisal of 54 specimens ranging in size from 8 mms to term indicates that human extraocular muscles develop from the mesoderm within the orbit and that these muscles do not develop from the apex of the orbit and grow anteriorly. Furthermore, the origin, belly, and insertion of the extraocular muscles develop contemporaneously, and each individual muscle develops at the same time. The morphogenesis of extraocular muscles includes the stages of mesenchymal cell, early myoblast cells, myoblast cell, fusion of myoblast cell, myotube cell, and mature muscle cell.
Endogenous generation of cyanide in neuronal tissue: involvement of a peroxidase system.

In a study of the mechanism by which cyanide is produced in neural tissue, it was hypothesized that nerve cells generate cyanide in a manner similar to that in leukocytes. As in white blood cells, glycine addition enhanced cyanide production in rat pheochromocytoma cells. Because myeloperoxidase catalyses cyanide production in leukocytes, a selective myeloperoxidase inhibitor (aminobenzoic acid hydrazide) was tested and found to inhibit opiate agonist-induced cyanide production in pheochromocytoma cells and also in rat brain. In addition, hydrogen peroxide enhanced cyanide release in pheochromocytoma cells, further suggesting that the process is oxidative in nature. Sonicated rat pheochromocytoma cells did not generate cyanide in response to an agonist acting on surface receptors even though disrupted cells responded to glycine. The mitochondrial fraction from rat brain produced more cyanide in response to glycine than any other fraction. Thus glycine seems to act at an intracellular site to enhance cyanide production and the process seems to involve a peroxidase mechanism similar to that reported for white blood cells.
Distributed scheduling of unstructured collective communication on the CM-5

Parallelization of scientific applications often results in unstructured collective communication. In this paper, we present a distributed algorithm for scheduling such communication on parallel machines. We describe the performance of this algorithm on the CM-5 and show that the scheduling algorithm gives a significant improvement over naive methods.
Near Wall Measurements for a Turbulent Impinging Slot Jet (Data Bank Contribution)

The velocity field in the vicinity of a target surface with a turbulent slot jet impinging normally on it is examined. The impingement region is confined by means of a confinement plate that is flush with the slot and parallel to the impingement plate. The distance H of the impingement wall from the slot is varied from 2 to 9.2 slot widths. Jet Rcynolds numbers (based on slot width B) of 10,000-30,000 are considered. Mean velocity and root mean square velocity measurements are carried out using hot-wire anemometry. A boundary layer probe is utilized in order to obtain measurements at a wall distance as close as 110 microns (0.0028B). This corresponds to a distance of approximately y + -2-4 in wall units and is found to be adequate in order to permit an estimate of wall shear under most conditions. The problems of hot wire interference with the wall and calibration at low velocities are solved by calibrating the probe in a known Blasius flow
Dislocation core structures and mobilities in MoSi2

Abstract Using a modified version of the embedded atom method (EAM) that includes angular forces, potentials are developed for MoSi 2 . The potentials describe the structural and elastic properties in reasonable agreement with experiment. These potentials are used to calculate the core structures and resistance to glide for four straight dislocations that are observed in MoSi 2 . In contrast to previous calculations in materials with simple crystal structures, such as face-centered cubic metals, it was necessary to use molecular dynamics at elevated temperature to obtain any dislocation mobility. It is found that only one of the dislocations, a /2〈111〉(110) with predominantly edge character, has any significant mobility at reasonable stresses. In one case, the dislocation dissociates into seven partials at high shear strain and the response is asymmetric with respect to the direction of the applied shear strain.
Restrictions on the four vector boson vertex in a weakly interacting standard model

Abstract There is no experimental evidence that the four vector boson (4W) vertex predicted by the standard model exists. To study the effects of this vertex, we introduce the parameter K such that Kg 2 is the new 4W coupling constant. We set constraints on K by considering unitarity requirements for vector boson scattering amplitudes. We find that the 4W vertex must exist if the vector bosons interact weakly up to √ s ≈300–350 GeV.
Percussion and physical diagnosis: Separating myth from science

There are three percussion sounds, which are easily distinguishable by objective measures: tympany (heard with percussion over the intestines), resonance (heard over the normal lung), and dullness (heard over the liver or thigh). The percussion sound that is produced reflects the ease with which the body wall vibrates, which in turn is influenced by many variables, including the strength of the stroke, the condition and state of the body wall, and the underlying organs. Underlying organs or disease may cause dullness to occur at distant sites. There is good interobserver agreement among clinicians with regard to calling a particular percussion sound dull, resonant, or hyperresonant. In contrast, there is very poor interobserver agreement among clinicians using percussion to measure the span of a particular organ. The use of comparative percussion can detect most large pleural effusions, but this method is able to detect only a few pneumonias. Shifting dullness is a reliable and fairly accurate sign for the detection of ascites. Both of these techniques can still be recommended after a review of the literature. Topographic percussion (e.g., using percussion to locate the heart, liver, and spleen borders or dimensions) has poor reproducibility, is significantly inaccurate in many patients, and has little clinical utility; it should be abandoned. Its fundamental principle--that sound waves penetrate only several centimeters of tissue, resulting in a note reflecting abnormalities only in this layer of tissue--is incorrect. Auscultatory percussion offers no advantage over conventional percussion, with the possible exception of auscultatory percussion of the shoulder. Auscultatory percussion should be abandoned as a bedside diagnostic technique.
Specific glucagon-related peptides isolated from anglerfish islets are metabolic cleavage products of (pre)proglucagon-II

Abstract Sequence analyses of cDNAs prepared from anglerfish islet mRNA have demonstrated the presence of mRNAs coding for two different preproglucagons, aPPG-I and aPPG-II. Each of these precursors was predicted to contain 29 residue and 34 residue glucagon-related peptides as potential cleavage products. Recently, several glucagon-related peptides found in extracts of anglerfish islets have been isolated and characterized. In order to determine whether any of these peptides could be identified as metabolic cleavage products in anglerfish islets, differentially radiolabeled M r 2,500–8,000 peptides from islet extracts were subjected to reverse phase HPLC under varying conditions. The potential cleavage products aPPG-II[52–80] and aPPG-II[89–122] could be readily identified among the extract peptides. Both peptides became labeled appropriately (as predicted from their sequences) with 13 different amino acids and demonstrated glucagon-like immunoreactivity in a radioimmunoassay. Conversely, a third peptide (aPPG-II[89–119]) could be found among the labeled products in small amounts only. These results demonstrate that glucagon-II[52–80] and aGLP-II[89–122] are primary cleavage products of aPPG-II and suggest that aGLP-IIc[89–119] may be a peptide generated more slowly by post-translational modification of aGLP-II.
Characterization of human papovavirus RFV: use of iodinated viral DNA to detect viral DNA sequences in cellular DNA.

Abstract The amount of viral DNA present in a viral transformed cell line has been determined using saturation reassociation of cellular DNA and 125 I-labeled viral DNA. The virus, RFV, is a new human papovavirus which was used to transform hamster embryo cells in vitro . Only 40% of the viral genome is present in the transformed cells and less than 5% was present in cells from normal hamster livers. The high specific activity of the [ 125 I]RFV DNA permitted the quantitative determination of RFV sequences present using less than 260 μg of cellular DNA.
A factor analysis of some attention-seeking behaviors of young children.

PROBLEM Though knowledge of the process underlying young children's behavior for attention and similar reinforcers might well be a key to understanding their general social interaction with both adults and peers, very little is known either about the dimensionality of their attention-seeking or about its antecedents. In the study herein reported an attempt is made to gain some leverage on the dimensionality of the behavior classes employed for attention by young children through a factor analysis of the correlations among nine items of behavior judged to be consonant with the characteristics generally attributed to attention-seeking and age. Behavior for the reinforcer provided by the attention of people (attention-seeking) has usually been defined as falling under the more broadly defined concept "emotional dependence," along with such behaviors as those employed for approval, praise, physical contact and caresses, reassurance, and nearness. While the clinical literature is replete with case histories, mostly based on informal observation of children and adults with adjustment problems, which are described and interpreted in terms of such behavior concepts, the research literature reveals that few systematic attempts have been made to study the dimensionality of either emotional dependence or attention-seeking, or to determine their antecedents (i, 2, 3, 8, 12). Typically, relationships involving emotional dependence and attentionseeking in children have been found as by-products of general studies which addressed themselves to the consequences in children's behavior of broadly defined family attitudes or conditions of socialization, such as overprotection, deprivation, or rejection (e.g., 5, 6, 7, io). In order to further a systematic experimental investigation of the behaviors employed for attention and the antecedents of those behaviors, an experiment (4) was conducted on young children, which employed a situation in which each child could easel paint as long as he wished in the presence of an adult. The purpose was to investigate within the situational
Characterization of tumor hypoxia by 31P MR spectroscopy.

Tumor hypoxia is of considerable importance to the oncologist in selecting and optimizing cancer therapy, because hypoxia can determine the effectiveness of various therapies. The relationship between tumor hypoxia and tumor bioenergetics, assessed by 31P MR spectroscopy, is examined to determine whether 31P MR spectroscopy can be clinically useful to measure or characterize tumor hypoxia. Work with experimental tumors has suggested that several different types of hypoxia may exist and that 31P MR spectroscopy cannot be used to characterize all types. Metabolic hypoxia is the level of hypoxia that results in mitochondrial impairment in cells, and it is associated with declining cellular bioenergetic status, which can be measured by enzymatic assay of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Because 31P MR spectroscopy is sensitive to levels of ATP, it is potentially sensitive to metabolic hypoxia in vivo and may provide a rapid and noninvasive technique for characterizing metabolic hypoxia in tumors. Radiobiologic h...
Photoionization of positive ions: Outer p subshells of the noble-gas isoelectronic sequence

Calculations have been performed for the photoionization of the Ne $2p$, Ar $3p$, Kr $4p$, and Xe $5p$ isoelectronic sequences using both multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock and Hartree-Slater wave functions. The results show that away from the vicinity of a Cooper minimum, which moves rapidly into the discrete in going along an isoelectronic sequence, agreement between the two calculations is quite good. Thus we conclude that for highly stripped ions, the Hartree-Slater results are an excellent approximation to the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock photoionization cross sections.
An Improved Goodness of Fit Statistic for Probability Prediction Models

We consider the general case of probability prediction models having two or more outcomes and propose an adjusted X 2 statistic which can be used to assess the goodness of fit of these models. We present a simulation study to show that our proposed statistic has an approximate X 2 distribution under the null hypothesis. Two applications are provided to illustrate the use of the new statistic. The first application examines the fit of a logistic regression model using both the proposed statistic and the popular Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic and we compare and contrast these two methods. The second application evaluates the goodness of fit of a polychotomous regression model.
The Role of Intentionality and Iconicity in Children’s Developing Comprehension and Production of Cartographic Symbols

The contribution of intentionality understanding to symbolic development was examined. Actors added colored dots to a map, displaying either symbolic or aesthetic intentions. In Study 1, most children (5-6 years) understood actors' intentions, but when asked which graphic would help find hidden objects, most selected the incorrect (aesthetic) one whose dot color matched referent color. On a similar task in Study 2, 5- and 6-year-olds systematically picked incorrectly, 9- and 10-year-olds picked correctly, and 7- and 8-year-olds showed mixed performance. When referent color matched neither symbolic nor aesthetic dot colors, children performed better overall, but only the oldest children universally selected the correct graphic and justified choices with intentionality. Results bear on theory of mind, symbolic understanding, and map understanding.
The elusive wage-benefit trade-off: The case of employer-provided health insurance☆

This study shows that standard regressions estimated to measure a trade-off between wages and health insurance are misspecified by insufficiently accounting for establishment and firm size; an interactive, size-corrected specification is more likely to reveal a trade-off. Furthermore, because insurance decisions are typically made by firms, and wages set by establishments, the insurance constraint on establishments in multi-establishment firms weakens the trade-off. We use model-generated data to show that both factors contribute to the failure in previous research to identify a trade-off, and data from a cross section of Northern Californian establishments to test for a trade-off in multi-establishment and single-establishment firms.
Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the pig, rat and human central nervous system

The distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in various regions of the central nervous system was assessed in three mammalian species, pig, rat, and human, by radioimmunoassay. Galanin concentrations were highest in the hypothalamus and pituitary region. In spinal cord, there was a rostrocaudal/dorsoventral gradient with highest levels observed in the sacral dorsal horn. Serial dilutions of porcine tissue extracts diluted parallel to the porcine standard curve, while the rat and human tissue extracts did not. In all tissues examined by high pressure liquid chromatography, the principal peak of immunoreactivity coeluted with the authentic porcine galanin standard and was decreased by trypsin cleavage. These results suggest a role for galanin in the central nervous system and support species differences in the structure of galanin.
THE USE OF AN ESCAPE CONTINGENCY AND A TOKEN ECONOMY TO INCREASE FOOD ACCEPTANCE

Escape (termination of a meal) and token-based differential reinforcement of alternative behavior were used as reinforcement to increase acceptance of food. Using a changing criterion design, the number of bites accepted and consumed was gradually increased to 15 bites per meal. These data suggest that, in some cases, escape may be a potent reinforcer for food acceptance.
Studies of composites made by impregnation of porous bodies. 2. Polymethyl methacrylate in portland cement systems

Abstract Porous bodies formed by autoclaving portland cement-silica mixtures and by normally curing portland cement were characterized by measuring Young's modulus, microhardness and porosity. These bodies were impregnated with methyl methacrylate and irradiated, the procedure being carried out twice. The bodies were almost completely impregnated. Increases in mechanical properties were greater for microhardness but less for Young's modulus when compared to sulphur impregnation. It was concluded that polymethyl methacrylate forms a stronger bond with the matrices studied than does sulphur.
Mutational analysis of the yeast U2 snRNA suggests a structural similarity to the catalytic core of group I introns.

Abstract We have used an in vitro reconstitution system to determine the effects of a large number of mutations in the highly conserved 5′ terminal domain of the yeast U2 snRNA on pre-mRNA splicing. Whereas many mutations have little or no functional consequence, base substitutions in two regions were found to have drastic effects on pre-mRNA splicing. A previously unrecognized function for the U2 snRNA in the second step of splicing was found by alteration of the absolutely conserved sequence AGA upstream of the branch point recognition sequence. The effects of these mutations suggest the formation of a structure involving the U2 snRNA similar to the guanosine-binding site found in the catalytic core of group I introns.
The Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube: Medical and Ethical Issues in Placement

OBJECTIVE: Offering and recommending PEG tube placement to patients has been a topic of considerable interest in the medical literature. The role of individual health care professionals in the decision making process is poorly defined. PEG tubes are often placed inappropriately because of unrealistic and inaccurate expectations of what they can accomplish in patients unable to tolerate adequate oral intake. We have developed an algorithm for PEG placement for the geriatric, oncology, and neurology patients based on a critical review of current literature. METHODS: An extensive review of the literature was performed focusing on PEG tube placement in oncology, neurology, and geriatric patients. This algorithm was developed to provide both the primary care provider and the specialist with appropriate indications for PEG placement in these patient populations. RESULTS: Appropriate indications for PEG placement are 1) Esophageal obstruction (e.g., esophageal cancer), 2) Neurologic etiology of dysphagia without obstruction (e.g., status post cerebrovascular accident, pseudobulbar palsy), 3) Prolonged refusal to swallow without evidence of concomitant terminal illness (e.g., protracted pseudodementia due to severe depression), 4) Supplemental nutrition for patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy. CONCLUSIONS: If no physiologic benefit is expected with PEG placement (anorexia-cachexia syndrome), the health care team has no obligation to offer or perform an intervention. This same principle would apply if intervention improves physiologic states but has no effect on quality of life (e.g., permanent vegetative state). Small-bore feeding tubes are cost effective and relatively safe for enteral feedings of up to 6 ‐ 8 weeks. This is especially pertinent in the population with acute neurological deficits, in which prognostication on extent of impairment is best estimated by communication with neurologist. In the geriatric population there is no proved benefit in weight gain or markers of nutrition (albumin, prealbumin) in patients with malnutrition due to impaired oral intake. (Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98:272‐277. © 2003 by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology)
Ballet or ballyhoo : the American careers of Maria Bonfanti, Rita Sangalli, and Giuseppina Morlacchi

A study of the American careers of Maria Bonfanti, Rita Sangalli and Guiseppina Morlachi, influential 19th-century European ballerinas who introduced ballet techniques to America.
Reply to commentaries on "XML and the new design regime"

The author responds by agreeing with some of the commentator's points and by clarifying his meaning related to others. He also offers additional discussion and references to the literature concerning some of the article's ideas.
Development of physical examination skills in a third-year surgical clerkship.

Abstract Background: Previous studies have revealed deficiencies in physical examination (PE) skills of third-year medical students. The purpose of this study was to determine if formal teaching of PE skills and more supervised experiences with clinical faculty would increase the competency of these skills. Methods: Forty-nine third-year medical students were assigned to one of two groups: group A was given formal instruction on PE skills at the beginning of the clerkship, and group B received the same instruction at the midpoint of the clerkship. The two groups received an assessment of the PE skills before, in the middle, and at the end of clerkship, utilizing a physician-developed checklist. Results: Group A had a pretest score of 57.7%. Group B scored 59.8% on the pretest. Independent groups t tests were used to compare the two groups. At the midterm examination, group A increased their score to 71.0%, while group B decreased their score to 55.6%. From beginning to final, both groups had significant improvements in all areas, with group A scoring an overall mean of 75.1% (P = 0.0001), and group B scoring 75.5% (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: These findings show the effectiveness of structured learning situations for improving third-year surgery students’ PE skills. There is also an indication that usual clerkship activities may not enhance learning of PE skills.
ALFALFA MOSAIC VIRUS COAT PROTEIN BRIDGES RNA AND RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE IN VITRO

Abstract Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) RNA replication requires the viral coat protein (CP). AMV CP is an integral component of the viral replicase; moreover, it binds to the viral RNA 3′-termini and induces the formation of multiple new base pairs that organize the RNA conformation. The results described here suggest that AMV coat protein binding defines template selection by organizing the 3′-terminal RNA conformation and by positioning the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) at the initiation site for minus strand synthesis. RNA–protein interactions were analyzed by using a modified Northwestern blotting protocol that included both viral coat protein and labeled RNA in the probe solution (“far-Northwestern blotting”). We observed that labeled RNA alone bound the replicase proteins poorly; however, complex formation was enhanced significantly in the presence of AMV CP. The RNA–replicase bridging function of the AMV CP may represent a mechanism for accurate de novo initiation in the absence of canonical 3′ transfer RNA signals.
Some existence theorems for nth-order boundary value problems

A number of authors have employed variations of the Waiewski retract method (see [12]) to study second-order boundary value problems. In the area of ordinary differential equations, these include Hukuhara [6, 71, Jackson and Klaasen [8], and Kaplan, Lasota, and Yorke [9]. Bebernes and Kelley [l] have extended the results of Jackson and Klaasen to contingent equations. In this paper, we use a variation of the Waiewski method similar to those developed by Kluczny [ll] and Hukuhara [6] to prove existence theorems for some nth-order boundary value problems, where IZ > 3. Section 2 contains the basic topological results. In Section 3, we show that an existence theorem of Klaasen [lo] extends to nth-order equations under slightly weaker hypotheses. The results of Sections 2 and 3 are brought together in Section 4 to produce existence theorems for a class of boundary value problems. We conclude the paper with an example of a third-order equation from boundary-layer theory. Coppel [2] has also used a topological argument to prove existence for a particular boundary value problem associated with this equation.