cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Measurement of Family Perspectives on Extended School Year Practices with Students in Special Education

Although the provision of services beyond the traditional 180-day school year to students with disabilities-or extended school year (ESY) programs-has become a major national issue, there is a paucity of investigations designed to measure family perspectives on what ESY practices have been experienced and subsequently viewed as efficacious. The purpose of this study was to obtain validity and reliability indexes for scores on a 12-item scale developed as a result of a Louisiana consent decree that mandated the development and monitoring of guidelines for the provision of ESY services. Principal components analysis was conducted on the responses of 128 families that contained a member potentially eligible for ESY services. Results indicated that a two-component model was both valid and interpretable. Cronbach's alphas for total scale scores and the two components indicated acceptable internal consistency reliability levels.
Risk-taking: Task, response pattern, and grouping

Abstract Subjects assigned to either an Individual or Group Condition made a decision to accept a known outcome (win or lose a unit, ±1), or to accept the consequences (i.e., take a risk) of an alternative event (win or lose 2, 3, …, 11 units) unknown at the time of decision. More risks were taken on −1 trials than +1 trials, but changes over trials, undetected in previous research, were also evident. Overall analysis provided no evidence for the “risky shift” sometimes observed for individual-group comparisons. Risk-taking patterns were also detected and sorted into “strategies,” for each of which expected value, variance, and level of risk were calculated. Extreme strategies were rejected, including the EV optimal; preferences tended to approximate “50—50 behavior.” Furthermore, group strategy preferences were approximately reconstructed using a plurality model (most adherents) of group decision with parameter estimates from independent individuals.
Polarimetry of the millisecond pulsar

The millisecond pulsar1 PSR1937 + 21 might be expected to have unique waveform and polarization properties as a result of its remarkably short period and small spin-down rate2,3. The proximity of the velocity of light cylinder to the star (RLC = 7.4 × 106 cm) and the low value of inferred magnetic field (∼108 G, 10−4 that of the Crab pulsar) should strongly influence the magnetospheric structure and particle density of this pulsar. And yet the waveform is similar to that of the Crab pulsar4 and PSR1055 − 52 (ref. 5), which have interpulses that are comparable in strength to the main pulse, and the polarization properties are at first sight unexceptional2. I present here polarization observations of the main pulse and interpulse at 1,415 and 2,380 MHz that have higher time resolution than previously available. The main pulse depolarizes substantially over this frequency range whereas the interpulse polarization almost doubles. There is evidence that orthogonally polarized radiation is present on the leading edge of the main pulse and the trailing edge of the interpulse and that it accounts for the ∼90° difference in position angle between the main pulse and interpulse. The interpulse decreases in intensity relative to the main pulse as f−1, indicating (if the trend continues to lower frequency) that the high frequency interpulse dominates the main pulse below ∼700 MHz. The main pulse is found to consist of two closely spaced components.
Discriminant analysis of purchasers of general aviation aircraft avionics

Abstract Using data from the Federal Aviation Administration's national sample of general aviation (GA) aircraft owners (1975), this study explores the factors that influence aircraft owners' equipment purchase decisions for eight different types of communication and navigation instrumentation. The discriminant function is developed for noncompany owners of GA aircraft and is applied to data for company owners to generate the classification results. The results for almost all types of avionics suggest that the discriminant function—based on owner's type of use of aircraft, the aircraft's age, type of aircraft, and intensity of use—effectively discriminates between the equipped and nonequipped groups. The classification results, tested against both a proportional chance and pure chance criteria, are for the most part statistically significant at the 0.01 level. Thus the discriminant functions effectively identifies individuals most apt to purchase a particular type of avionics. Hence, it could be used by the avionics manufacturing industry to establish market profiles and by the FAA in estimating the expected demand on their ground facility services and equipment.
Influence of coal humic acid on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris algae

Abstract The reported investigation was undertaken to determine the effects of coal humic acid leached from coal under coal slurry pipeline conditions and related circumstances upon the growth of algae and upon potential eutrophication of waters exposed to coal humic substances. Coal humic acid was prepared by the partial oxidation of Wyoming subbituminous coal with hydrogen peroxide in a basic medium. At lower levels the product was found to stimulate the growth of Chlorella vulgaris algae. Optimum growth was obtained at 75 mg/liter of coal humic acid for algae acclimated to coal humic acid and 55 mg/liter for non‐acclimated algae.
A new numerical method for the analysis of anisotropic thin-plate bending problems

Abstract A new method is presented for the analysis of anisotropic thin-plate bending problems. This method appears to enjoy several advantages over other numerical methods for linear problems. In concept the present method is quite simple. Using the influence function for an infinite plate of the same material, the solution to the problem of interest is expressed as the superposition of the effect of the actual lateral load plus 2N unknown point loads located outside the region occupied by the plate. These 2N loads are then determined through imposition of the boundary conditions at N selected locations. An interesting numerical question arises regarding the selection of the 2N external points. It is shown that proper distribution of these points leads to excellent results with minimal computer effort. Several example problems are presented, demonstrating the ability of the method to deal with difficult geometries and boundary conditions and with material anisotropy.
A Novel Feedforward Compensation Canceling Input Filter-Regulator I nteraction

The interaction between the input filter and the control loop of switching regulators often results in detrimental effects, such as loop instability, degradation of transient response, and audiosusceptibility, etc. The concept of pole-zero cancellation is employed to mitigate some of these detrimental effects and is implemented using a novel feedforward loop, in addition to existing feedback loops of a buck regulator. Experimental results are presented which show excellent correlation with theory.
Adaptive diffusion regularization for enhancement of microcalcifications in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) reconstruction

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has been shown to increase mass detection. Detection of microcalcifications in DBT is challenging because of the small, subtle signals to be searched in the large breast volume and the noise in the reconstructed volume. We developed an adaptive diffusion (AD) regularization method that can differentially regularize noise and potential signal regions during reconstruction based on local contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) information. This method adaptively applies different degrees of regularity to signal and noise regions, as guided by a CNR map for each DBT slice within the image volume, such that potential signals will be preserved while noise is suppressed. DBT scans of an American College of Radiology phantom and the breast of a subject with biopsy-proven calcifications were acquired with a GE prototype DBT system at 21 angles in 3° increments over a ±30° range. Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) was used for DBT reconstruction. The AD regularization method was compared to the non-convex total p-variation (TpV) method and SART with no regularization (NR) in terms of the CNR and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the central gray-level line profile in the focal plane of a calcification. The results demonstrated that the SART regularized by the AD method enhanced the CNR and preserved the sharpness of microcalcifications compared to reconstruction without regularization. The AD regularization was superior to the TpV method for subtle microcalcifications in terms of the CNR while the FWHM was comparable. The AD regularized reconstruction has the potential to improve the CNR of microcalcifications in DBT for human or machine detection.
Pupillary effects of leucine and methionine enkephalin in rats after intraperitoneal administration.

Abstract Changes in pupil size after peripheral administration of met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, or morphine were studied in the rat. With a simple pupillographic technique, the pupil diameter of male, S.D. rats (250–300 g) was measured by a series of photographs taken every 60 sec for at least 45 min after the last drug injection. Morphine (8 mg/kg, SC) caused mydriasis characterized by rapid and marked fluctuations of pupil size. Mydriasis also occurred after leu-enkephalin (5 and 10 mg/kg, IP) and met-enkephalin (20 mg/kg, IP). Both peptides induced morphine-like fluctuations. When given 15 min after morphine, leu-enkephalin (5 and 10 mg/kg) increased the mydriatic effect of morphine from 172 percent of control to 224 and 272 percent, respectively. Met-enkephalin (20 mg/kg, but not 10 mg/kg) also enhanced the mydriatic response of morphine, to 244 percent of control. These interactions appear to represent simple addition rather than potentiation. The effects of both peptides were reversed by naloxone (1 mg/kg, SC), suggesting an opiate receptor interaction for the pupillary effects of the enkephalins. The rat pupil thus provides one of the few in vivo models permitting quantification of enkephalin action after parenteral administration.
Computed Tomography Angiography in the Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) Study.

Background: The Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) study validated noninvasive imaging tests of intracranial atherosclerosis
Improvement of drug safety by the use of lipid-based nanocarriers

Drug toxicity is an important factor that contributes significantly to adverse drug events in current healthcare practice. Application of lipid-based nanocarriers in drug formulation is one approach to improve drug safety. Lipid-based delivery systems include micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions and nanosuspensions. These carriers are generally composed of physiological lipids well tolerated by human body. Delivery of water-insoluble drugs in these formulations increases their solubility and stability in aqueous media and eliminates the need for toxic co-solvents or pH adjustment to solubilize hydrophobic drugs. Association or encapsulation of peptides/proteins within lipid-based carriers protects the labile biologics against enzymatic degradation, hence reducing the therapeutic dose required and risk of dose-dependent toxicity. Most importantly, lipid-based nanocarriers alter the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of drugs through passive and active targeting, leading to increased drug accumulation at target sites while significantly decreasing non-specific distribution to other tissues. Furthermore, surface modification of these nanocarriers reduces immunogenicity of drug-carrier complexes, imparts stealth by preventing opsonization and removal by phagocytes and minimizes interaction with circulating blood components. In view of heightening attention on drug safety in patient treatment, lipid-based nanocarrier is therefore an important and promising option for formulation of pharmaceutical products to improve treatment safety and efficacy.
Comparisons of electrical, magnetic and low temperature specific heat properties in group 13 and group 14 Ce8Pd24M compounds (M=B, Al, Ga, In and Si, Ge, Sn, Pb)

Abstract The Ce8Pd24M compounds, with an ordered structure derived from CePd3, have been synthesized for various group 13 and 14 p-block elements. The electrical resistivities of the group 13 compounds have features that can be attributed to strong Kondo interactions while the group 14 compounds show typical metallic behavior. The thermopowers, or Seebeck coefficients, for each compound were measured at both 297 and 78 K, and are much smaller (|S|
Simulation of α‐helix–coil transitions in simplified polyvaline: Equilibrium properties and brownian dynamics

A quantitative understanding of helix–coil dynamics will help explain their role in protein folding and in folded proteins. As a contribution to the understanding, the equilibrium and dynamical aspects of the helix–coil transition in polyvaline have been studied by computer simulation using a simplified model of the polypeptide chain. Each amino acid residue is treated as a single quasiparticle in an effective potential that approximates the potential of mean force in solution. The equilibrium properties examined include the helix–coil transition and its dependence on chain position and well depth at the coil–helix interface. A stochastic simulation of the Brownian motion of the chain in its solvent surroundings has been used to investigate dynamical properties. Time histories of the dihedral angles have been used to study the behavior of the helical structure. Auto and cross-correlation functions have been calculated from the time histories and from the state (helix or coil) functions of the residues with relaxation times of tens to hundreds of picoseconds. Helix–coil rate constants of tens of ns−1 were found for both directions of the transition. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Breasts and Brains, Similarities and Differences: the Role of Nonlinear Microscopy in Molecular Imaging

I will discuss the opportunities for nonlinear optical molecular imaging, focusing on measurement of intrinsic nonlinear optical signatures of cancer or of brain activation, and put this work in context with other modalities.
Late-onset 21-hydroxylase deficiency is an allelic variant of congenital adrenal hyperplasia characterized by attenuated clinical expression and different HLA haplotype associations.

Three families with late-onset 21 -hydroxylase deficiency were studied. Homozygous females presented with symptoms of mild hyperandrogenism such as acne, hirsutism, oligomenorrhea and menometrorrhagia
Cellular alterations dependent upon the polyoma virus hr-t function: Separation of mitogenic from transforming capacities

Hr-t mutants of polyoma virus are restricted in their growth properties (host range) and defective in cell transformation and tumor induction. The present study indicates that these mutants have lost the ability to induce morphological transformation, but have retained a mitogenic function. Thus an early and dramatic difference between wild-type virus and hr-t mutant-infected cultures of rat fibroblasts is the morphological change in individual cells observed by light, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Viruses containing an intact hr-t function (wild-type virus and ts-a mutants) induce a transformed phenotype consisting of stellate cell shape, loss of defined cytoplasmic actin architecture, cellular "underlapping," and increased nuclear and nucleolar sizes. These prominent alterations constitute an abortive transformation, peaking 24-48 hr post-infection, and subsequently resolving in most or all of the cells. In contrast, cells infected with hr-t mutants do not develop the above structural changes, but rather retain their preinfection appearance. Both wild-type virus and hr-t mutants induce cellular DNA synthesis in confluent monolayers of rat cells beginning 12-14 hr post-infection. Flow microfluorometric (FMF) analysis confirms the viral mediated transit of cells from the G1 to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, as well as an increase in the proportion of cells with an 8N (octaploid) DNA content. Approximately 50% of the clones isolated from wild-type-infected cultures are polyploid. Stable transformants are found among these polyploid clones, but the majority of the latter resemble the parental cells in their morphology and growth properties. Polyploid clones are derived from hr-t mutant-infected cultures at a much lower frequency, similar to that of mock-infected cultures. Data obtained by sequential labeling of infected cultures with 3 H-thymidine and 5-bromo-deoxyuridine, together with cell number quantitation, indicate that hr-t mutants promote only a single round of cell division, while the wild-type virus and ts-a mutants promote multiple rounds. Loss of the hr-t function in polyoma virus therefore reveals a residual viral mitogenic activity, but prevents the virus from effecting morphological transformation of cells with concomitant loss of defined actin cables, polyploidization and multiple cycles of cell division in confluent cultures.
Guarnan Poma between the Arts of Europe and the Andes

(1994). Guarnan Poma between the Arts of Europe and the Andes. Colonial Latin American Review: Vol. 3, No. 1-2, pp. 37-85.
Metabolic Studies in a Patient with Hepatic Cytosol Tyrosine Aminotransferase Deficiency

Extract: Metabolic studies on a patient having multiple congenital anomalies and defective hepatic soluble tyrosine aminotransferase activity are presented. The activities of hepatic mitochondrial tyrosine aminotransferase and soluble p-hydroxyphenylpyryvate hydroxylase were normal. When untreated, levels of tyrosine in plasma rose as high as 62 mg/100 ml. He had phenolic aciduri (3.1–4.9 mg/mg creatinine) with p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (0.6-1.8 mg/mg creatinine), p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (0.7–1.2 mg/mg creatinine), p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid (1.0–1.7 mg/mg creatinine), and N-acetyltyrosine (0.9–1.6 mg/mg creatinine). These metabolites were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Excretion of p-tyramine was grossly elevated (17–44 μg/mg creatinine) and was not reduced by orally administered antibiotics. Oral tolerance tests showed rapid conversion of phenylpyruvic acid to phenylalanine and of phenylalanine to tyrosine. Speculation: The results described suggest the need to reexamine subcellular distribution of enzymes both in normal subkects and in patients with inborn errors of metabolism. When methods are developed to fractionate tyrosine aminotransferase, it may become apparent that there are several isozymes under individual genetic control. Accumulation of an intermediary metabolite should not be taken as conclusive evidence of a primary abnormality of its catabolism. The similarity of the findings in the urine of a patient with hepatic soluble tyrosine aminotransferase deficiency and in tyrosyluric neonates suggests that delayed maturation of soluble tyrosine aminotransferase rather than p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase might be present in at least some of these infants.
Fast-Response Aircraft Temperature Sensors

Abstract Three aircraft temperature sensors were compared in clear-air conditions on the NCAR King Air: a standard Rosemount nondeiced, fast-response flight test probe, the NCAR K probe, and a modified Rosemount probe with the platinum wire element replaced with a small thermistor bead. Responses to transient temperature changes were compared from soundings through sharp inversions. High-frequency spectral comparisons were obtained from level runs in the marine boundary layer. All three probes followed a two-time-constant response. The response of the thermistor-modified Rosemount probe was, however, much closer to a one-time-constant model than the two others. Following previous results and analyses, it appears that the longer time constant in the Rosemount probe is largely due to the contact of the platinum wire element, which is wound around mica supports. The long unsupported wire elements in the NCAR K probe do produce a superior high-frequency response, but low-frequency response is anomalous, perha...
Farm Operator Opinion and Agricultural Policy; Kansas Survey Results

Results from a recent survey concerning Kansas farm operator opinions on farm and public policy views are presented and analyzed. The survey results indicate general support for the current agricultural commodity programs. Contentious issues include conservation and environmental policies, production risk and crop insurance, and international trade. Multinomial logit (regression) analysis reveals statistical relationships between operator characteristics (e.g. age, education, farm size) and policy views. Self-interest is found to be a determinant of operator opinion by sales class.
Inhibition of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Production by Glucocorticoids in Mouse Pituitary Tumor Cells

As an initial step in studying the mechanism of feedback inhibition of adrenocorticopic hormone (ACTH) by glucocorticoids, the effect of these steroid hormones on ACTH production was studied in AtT-20, a cloned mouse pituitary tumor cell line grown in tissue culture. ACTH levels in cells and medium were measured by bioassay in the hypophysectomized rat and found to be depressed after treatment with dexamethasone, triamcinolone, corticosterone and cortisol, but not significantly affected by nonglucocorticoid hormones. The reduction of both intracellular and extracellular ACTH suggested a primary effect of glucocorticoids on ACTH synthesis. The steroid effects were produced without any detectable change in cell number or total protein levels, suggesting a specific effect on ACTH. This single cell system promises to be a valuable tool for further studies on factors regulating the synthesis and secretion of ACTH. (Endocrinology 93: 411, 1973)
Global existence for the relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell system with nearly neutral initial data

Global classical solutions to the initial value problem for the relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell equations are obtained in three space dimensions. The initial distribution of the various species may be large, provided that the total positive charge nearly cancels the total negative charge.
Physical Interactions Between The Cytoplasmic Domains Of KCNQ1 And KCNE1 Channel Subunits

KCNE1 associates with KCNQ1 to form the slowly activating K+ current (IKs) that is critical for myocardial repolarization. Like other voltage-gated K+ channels, it is tetrameric with N- and C-termini oriented intracellular. The C-terminus (CT) is large and predicted to contain various functional properties influencing channel folding, assembly, trafficking and gating. Interactions between the transmembrane segments of KCNE1 and KCNQ1 govern rates of activation and channel conductance. Less is known regarding possible interactions of the C-termini. Many Long QT (LQT) mutations occur in the C-termini of both KCNE1 and KCNQ1. We investigated possible physical interactions between the C-termini of KCNQ1 and KCNE1. Recombinant proteins (KCNE1-CT and KCNQ1-CT), expressed in HEK293 cells are capable of co-precipitation and co-localization within the cell. The direct physical interaction between KCNQ1-CT and KCNE1-CT expressed and purified from E.Coli indicated a direct interaction. Analysis of purified subdomains of KCNQ1-CT further localized the binding region for KCNE1-CT to a region just after the last transmembrane segment, close to the inner membrane surface (349-398). This KCNQ1 segment (Q1C1) was sufficient for account for KCNQ1-CT biding to KCNE1-CT since subdomains C-terminal to this region did not physically interact with KCNE1. The kinetics studies of the interaction between C-terminal cytoplasmic domains of KCNQ1 and KCNE1 proteins, as exhibited by surface plasmon resonance analysis, indicate that Q1C1 region contributes to the bimolecular interaction with dissociation constant of ∼ 4 μM. LQT mutants of KCNE1-CT, D76N and W87F retained binding to Q1C1 with the similar affinity, indicating that disease-causing mutations do not disrupt the association. Our results indicate that the C-termini of KCNQ1 and KCNE1 comprise and interaction domain contains that may play a role in IKs channel behavior.
Accuracy of real time noninvasive temperature measurements using magnetic resonance thermal imaging in patients treated for high grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas.

Purpose: To establish accuracy of real time noninvasive temperature measurements using magnetic resonancethermal imaging in patients treated for high grade extremity soft tissuesarcomas. Methods: Protocol patients with advanced extremity sarcomas were treated with external beam radiation therapy and hyperthermia. Invasive temperaturemeasures were compared to noninvasive magnetic resonancethermal imaging (MRTI) at 1.5 T performed during hyperthermia. Volumetric temperature rise images were obtained using the proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) technique during heating in a 140 MHz miniannular phased array applicator. MRTI temperature changes were compared to invasive measurements of temperature with a multisensor fiber optic probe inside a #15 g catheter in the tumor. Since the PRFS technique is sensitive to drifts in the primary imaging magnetic field, temperature change distributions were corrected automatically during treatment using temperature-stable reference materials to characterize field changes in 3D. The authors analyzed MRT images and compared, in evaluable treatments, MR-derived temperatures to invasive temperaturesmeasured in extremity sarcomas. Small regions of interest (ROIs) were specified near each invasive sensor identified on MRimages.Temperature changes in the interstitial sensors were compared to the corresponding ROI PRFS-based temperature changes over the entire treatment and over the steady-state period. Nonevaluable treatments (motion/imaging artifacts, noncorrectable drifts) were not included in the analysis. Results: The mean difference between MRTI and interstitial probe measurements was 0.91 ° C for the entire heating time and 0.85 ° C for the time at steady state. These values were obtained from both tumor and normal tissue ROIs. When the analysis is done on just the tumor ROIs, the mean difference for the whole power on time was 0.74 ° C and during the period of steady state was 0.62 ° C . Conclusions: The data show that for evaluable treatments, excellent correlation ( Δ T 1 ° C ) of MRTI-ROI and invasive measurements can be achieved, but that motion and other artifacts are still serious challenges that must be overcome in future work.
The *-minimax search procedure for trees containing chance nodes

An extention of the alpha-beta tree pruning strategy to game trees with 'probability' nodes, whose values are defined as the (possibly weighted) average of their successors' values, is developed. These '*-minimax' trees pertain to games involving chance but no concealed information. Based upon our search strategy, we formulate and then analyze several algorithms for *-minimax trees. An initial left-to-right depth-first algorithm is developed and shown to reduce the complexity of an exhaustive search strategy by 25-30 percent. An improved algorithm is then formulated to 'probe' beneath the chance nodes of 'regular' *-minimax trees, where players alternate in making moves with chance events interspersed. With random ordering of successor nodes, this modified algorithm is shown to reduce search by more than 50 percent. With optimal ordering, it is shown to reduce search complexity by an order of magnitude. After examining the savings of the first two algorithms on deeper trees, two additional algorithms are presented and analyzed.
N-Glycosylation Affects the Molecular Organization and Stability of E-cadherin Junctions

Epithelial cell-cell adhesion is mediated by E-cadherin, an intercellular N-glycoprotein adhesion receptor that functions in the assembly of multiprotein complexes anchored to the actin cytoskeleton named adherens junctions (AJs). E-cadherin ectodomains 4 and 5 contain three potential N-glycan addition sites, although their significance in AJ stability is unclear. Here we show that sparse cells lacking stable AJs produced E-cadherin that was extensively modified with complex N-glycans. In contrast, dense cultures with more stable AJs had scarcely N-glycosylated E-cadherin modified with high mannose/hybrid and limited complex N-glycans. This suggested that variations in AJ stability were accompanied by quantitative and qualitative changes in E-cadherin N-glycosylation. To further examine the role of N-glycans in AJ function, we generated E-cadherin N-glycosylation variants lacking selected N-glycan addition sites. Characterization of these variants in CHO cells, lacking endogenous E-cadherin, revealed that site 1 on ectodomain 4 was modified with a prominent complex N-glycan, site 2 on ectodomain 5 did not have a substantial oligosaccharide, and site 3 on ectodomain 5 was decorated with a high mannose/hybrid N-glycan. Removal of complex N-glycan from ectodomain 4 led to a dramatically increased interaction of E-cadherin-catenin complexes with vinculin and the actin cytoskeleton. The latter effect was further enhanced by the deletion of the high mannose/hybrid N-glycan from site 3. In MDCK cells, which produce E-cadherin, a variant lacking both complex and high mannose/hybrid N-glycans functioned like a dominant positive displaying increased interaction with γ-catenin and vinculin compared with the endogenous E-cadherin. Collectively, our studies show that N-glycans, and complex oligosaccharides in particular, destabilize AJs by affecting their molecular organization.
Midtropospheric closed cyclone formation over the Southwestern United States, the Eastern United States, and the Alps

Abstract Observational composites of midtropospheric closed cyclone formation are constructed and diagnosed for three regions: the southwestern United States, the eastern United States, and the southern lee of the Alps. The spatial scales upon which closed cyclone formation occurs are then examined by zonally decomposing the composite 500-hPa height fields into three distinct wave groups: the planetary scale (zonal waves 1–3), the large synoptic scale (zonal waves 4-9), and the small synoptic scale (zonal waves 10-25). This analysis leads to a description of closed cyclogenesis as a combined wave interaction and wave superposition process involving both wave groups 4–9 and 10–25, which is intimately linked to preexisting along-stream speed variations and flow curvature. This description is inconsistent with modal and nonmodal analytical instability theories of cyclogenesis. The essence of the closed cyclogenesis process is contained in the relative positioning of, and interaction between, preexisting jets...
Renal Response to Sodium Restriction in Myxedema

SummaryThe renal response to dietary Na restriction after initial equilibration on a liberal salt intake was studied under carefully controlled conditions in 6 patients with myxedema and four euthyroid control subjects. In 4 patients with mild to moderate hypothyroidism, the time required to reduce Na excretion by 50% (Na t1/2) and the cumulative urinary Na losses were comparable to those of the euthyroid controls. In 2 patients with clinically severe myxedema, however, renal Na conservation was clearly abnormal, with delayed achievement of sodium balance, prolonged Na t1/2 and increased cumulative sodium losses. Improvement in the ability to conserve Na was demonstrated upon restudy of one patient after partial correction of his myxedema-tous state. Available evidence suggests that the basis for the impairment in sodium conservation in hypothyroidism is a decrease in renal tubular sodium reabsorption.The authors are grateful to Dr. Lawrence Fish-man for the many helpful suggestions and criticisms. The in...
Energy distribution of electrons from U + O2 associative ionization☆

Abstract The electrons produced in the thermal energy associative ionization reaction U + O 2 → UO + 2 + e were energy analyzed. Most of the exoergicity (≈4 cV) of the reaction appears to be retained by the ion in the form of internal energy while the electron emerges with only a small kinetic energy. Three peaks at equal separations of 0.08 eV are observed in the energy spectrum.
Slowed N-Type Calcium Channel (CaV2.2) Deactivation by the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Roscovitine

The lack of a calcium channel agonist (e.g., BayK8644) for CaV2 channels has impeded their investigation. Roscovitine, a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 1, 2, and 5, has recently been reported to slow the deactivation of P/Q-type calcium channels (CaV2.1). We show that roscovitine also slows deactivation (EC50 ∼53 μM) of N-type calcium channels (CaV2.2) and investigate gating alterations induced by roscovitine. The onset of slowed deactivation was rapid (∼2 s), which contrasts with a slower effect of roscovitine to inhibit N-current (EC50 ∼300 μM). Slow deactivation was specific to roscovitine, since it could not be induced by a closely related cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, olomoucine (300 μM). Intracellularly applied roscovitine failed to slow deactivation, which implies an extracellular binding site. The roscovitine-induced slow deactivation was accompanied by a slight left shift in the activation-voltage relationship, slower activation at negative potentials, and increased inactivation. Additional data showed that roscovitine preferentially binds to the open channel to slow deactivation. A model where roscovitine reduced a backward rate constant between two open states was able to reproduce the effect of roscovitine on both activation and deactivation.
Squeezing the Water Out of HCl(aq)

Our earliest encounters with chemistry usually involve measuring the extent to which simple acids dissociate to ions in aqueous solution. For strong acids, such as HCl, dissociation is nearly complete, with the H+(aq) and Cl−(aq) ions moving free of one another in a large excess of water. One of the current driving forces in modern science is our interest in studying chemical and physical phenomena in ever-smaller size regimes, seeking to characterize nature strained to its smallest size limits. The fields of molecular electronics ( 1 , 2 ), single-molecule spectroscopy ( 3 ), and atomic-scale microscopy ( 4 ) all operate at or near this limit. On page 1545 of this issue, Gutberlet et al. ( 5 ) consider acid dissociation at its smallest scale, probing the dissociation of a single HCl molecule into its ions under conditions where no more than a handful of water molecules are present. The issue at hand is determining the minimum number of water molecules at which HCl dissociation into H3O+(H2O) n −1Cl− occurs spontaneously.
Essentially exact characteristics of turbulent convection in a round tube

Abstract The new simplified models and integral formulations recently proposed by Churchill for turbulent flow and convection are utilized herein to compute improved numerical values for the Nusselt number for fully developed convection in a uniformly heated round tube over a wide range of the Reynolds number. The results for two limiting and one intermediate value of the Prandtl number are essentially exact and those for intermediate values appear to be more accurate than previous theoretical predictions. The improved accuracy arises from the use of a theoretically based correlating equation for the turbulent shear stress as well as from the use of the integral formulations. The results are proposed as criteria for evaluation of the accuracy of experimental data, approximate computed values and correlating equations. They also serve to identify those conditions for which improved experimental or theoretically predicted values of the turbulent heat flux density (or turbulent Prandtl number) are critically needed.
Narrow-channel accumulated-body bulk Si MOSFETs with wide-range dynamic threshold voltage tuning

Side-gated bulk Si nMOSFETs with Si3N4 shallow trench isolation (STI) have been previously demonstrated to have significantly reduced off-currents and improved subthreshold characteristics [1, 2]. The improvement is shown to be due to accumulation of the Si body with the holes as the polysilicon side-gate surrounding the body as a guard ring is negatively biased (Fig 1). The threshold voltage (VT) of the narrow channel devices can be dynamically controlled by the side-gate (Fig 2) voltage (Vside) in a wide range [2, 3], mainly due to the increase in the channel energy barrier (Fig. 3) [4]. Here, we report experimental results on narrow bulk Si accumulated body n-channel FETs with SiO2 side-gate dielectric and STI and p-type side-gates (Fig 2). The fabrication is compatible with established front and back end-of-line processes with only an added side-gate formation and side-gate contact step over conventional FET fabrication. 9 nm thermal SiO2 serves as the side-gate dielectric and 3.6 nm thermal SiO2 is used as gate dielectric. Final body doping is estimated to be at 1 x 1017 cm-3 (Boron). Gate, side-gate, source and drain have high n+ doping (~1 x 1020 cm-3).
Large-scale event detection using semi-hidden Markov models

We present a new approach to recognizing events in videos. We first detect and track moving objects in the scene. Based on the shape and motion properties of these objects, we infer probabilities of primitive events frame-by-frame by using Bayesian networks. Composite events, consisting of multiple primitive events, over extended periods of time are analyzed by using a hidden, semi-Markov finite state model. This results in more reliable event segmentation compared to the use of standard HMMs in noisy video sequences at the cost of some increase in computational complexity. We describe our approach to reducing this complexity. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm using both real-world and perturbed data.
c‐Fos is required for TGFβ1 production and the associated paracrine migratory effects of human colon carcinoma cells

In tumor cells that have lost responsiveness to the growth inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), increased TGFβ production by the tumor cells often contributes to cancer progression, primarily through paracrine mechanisms. Here we investigated the major components of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex in the TGFβ1 promoter of human colon carcinoma cells (HCCCs). In contrast to untransformed epithelial cells (UECs), HCCCs displayed constitutive activation of AP-1 at the proximal AP-1 site in the human TGFβ1 promoter. Further, in contrast to the JunD and Fra-2 components present in the AP-1 complex at this AP-1 site in UECs, c-Fos was the major detectable AP-1 component in HCCCs. Thus, transcriptional factor switching had occurred in HCCCs relative to the UECs, with regard to the proximal AP-1 site of the human TGFβ1 promoter. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against c-Fos significantly suppressed AP-1 activity at the relevant AP-1 site, and led to a decrease in TGFβ1 secretion by the HCCCs. Our results indicate for the first time that c-Fos binding at the TGFβ1 promoter proximal AP-1 site in HCCCs is required for TGFβ1 production by the tumor cells. Further, we demonstrated that blockade of TGFβ1 secretion by c-Fos siRNA led to a suppression of the cellular migration and mitogenesis of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts in a paracrine fashion. Thus, c-Fos may have utility as a target for blocking tumor cell-secreted TGFβ1, thereby suppressing the migratory behavior associated with the malignant phenotype of HCCCs. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Social marketing: no longer a sideshow.

For many years the social marketing of contraceptives was held to be an interesting but not a central part of the international family planning movement. The heavy lifting everyone thought would be performed by government programs managed by developing country government agencies that would provide services and contraceptives free of charge. This attitude is changing. Although government programs are still the largest family planning service providers in many countries the contraceptive needs of poor populations are increasingly being met by a wide variety of independently managed contraceptive social marketing (CSM) programs and by a growing number of commercial contraceptive suppliers. In 2005 social marketing programs served the contraceptive needs of 36.7 million couples in 73 countries and provided hundreds of millions of condoms for HIV/AIDS prevention. This contribution means that social marketing programs accounted for about six percentage points of the contraceptive prevalence in thedeveloping world (excluding China) and roughly 20 percent of the birth spacing methods used by couples in developing countries. (excerpt)
IV Catheter Care and Maintenance Minimizes Catheter-Related Blood Stream Infection

The elimination of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSI) requires meticulous intravenous (IV) catheter care. There are three different types of needlefree connectors and one intraluminal protection device that require different care regimens, including the correct usage of disinfectants, flushing techniques, and clamping sequences. The nurse must be able to identify which connector is in use and select the appropriate care. This care must be followed not only in the inpatient unit by the bedside nurse but also in areas that are providing diagnostic procedures such as the cardiac cath lab. Since bacterial adhesion to the intraluminal catheter wall is the primary building block of a CR-BSI, which may not present until days after initial inoculation, preventing intraluminal fluid pathway contamination is paramount with every access. In addition, many institutions have more than one type of connector available. This complicates the provision of consistent safe care. Split septum, negative mechanical valves, positive pressure mechanical valves, and intraluminal protection devices have specific care and maintenance requirements. This article discusses the different connector types, why each requires special care, how intraluminal fluid pathway contamination can lead to CR-BSI, and how simple nursing care and maintenance practices of connector septum swabbing and catheter flushing by the cardiac cath nurse can help prevent this serious complication.
Do limited cold tolerance and shallow depth of roots contribute to yellow-cedar decline?

It has been proposed that yellow-cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis) decline is initiated by the freezing injury of roots when soils freeze during times of limited snowpack. To explain the unique susceptibility of yellow-cedar in contrast to co-occurring species, yellow-cedar roots would need to be less cold tolerant and/or more concentrated in upper soil horizons that are prone to freezing. We measured the root cold tolerance and used concentrations of foliar cations as an assay of rooting depth for five species in one forest in Ketchikan, Alaska. Species evaluated were yellow-cedar, western redcedar (Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana), and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). Roots were collected in November 2007 and January, March and May 2008; foliage was collected in January 2008. Soil samples from surface and subsurface horizons were analyzed for available calcium (Ca) and aluminum (Al) to compare with foliar cation concentrations. Across all dates the sequence in hardiness from the least to most cold tolerant species was (1) yellow-cedar, (2) western redcedar, (3) western and mountain hemlock, and (4) Sitka spruce. Yellow-cedar and redcedar roots were less cold tolerant than roots of other species on all sample dates, and yellow-cedar roots were less cold tolerant than redcedar roots in January. Yellow-cedar roots were fully dehardened in March, whereas the roots of other species continued to deharden into May. Yellow-cedar roots exhibited the highest electrolyte leakage throughout the year, a pattern that suggests the species was continuously poised for physiological activity given suitable environmental conditions. Yellow-cedar and redcedar had higher foliar Ca and lower Al concentrations, and greater Ca:Al ratios than the other species. Yellow-cedar had higher foliar Ca and Ca:Al than redcedar. Soil measurements confirmed that the upper horizon contained more extractable Ca, less Al and higher Ca:Al than the lower horizon. Considering the distribution of Ca and Al in soils, we propose that concentrations of Ca and Al in yellow-cedar and redcedar foliage reflect a greater proportional rooting of these species in upper soil horizons compared to other species tested. Greater Ca and Ca:Al in the foliage of yellow-cedar suggests shallower rooting compared to redcedar, but broad similarities in foliar cation profiles for these species also highlight some overlap in rooting niche. Our data indicate that both limited root cold tolerance and shallow rooting likely contribute to the unique sensitivity of yellow-cedar to freezing injury and decline relative to sympatric conifers.
Introduction to the special issue - A perspective on Magsat results

It is now over 4 years since the Magsat spacecraft reentered the earth's atmosphere. By almost any measure the project has been a success: launch was within budget and on time; the data acquired exceeded prelaunch quality requirements even though the instrumentation encountered some problems; with the publication of this issue, the number of related scientific papers is near 100. Magsat project objectives were (1) to obtain accurate vector measurements of the near-earth geomagnetic field and (2) to use those measurements to identify and model the main (core) and crustal fields. The main field measurements were to be used for the 1980 world charts and for studies of earth's core. The crustal field estimates were to be utilized to aid in modeling large-scale variations in the geologic and geophysical characteristics of the crust. Although not a primary Magsat objective, studies of fields from external sources were also carried out.
The contrast pressure technique for female sterilization.

The contrast pressure technique utilizes a cannula or catheter that is introduced through the cervix and directed to one cornu of the uterus with an attached inflatable balloon, the so-called balloon cannula and balloon catheter. When the balloon is inflated within the uterus, liquids introduced through the cannula or catheter into the cornu are confined to the cornu and fallopian tube. Utilizing these instruments, it was possible to introduce x-ray contrast material into fallopian tubes of extirpated uteri and living women in the majority of cases, while minimizing peritoneal spillage. In addition, it was possible to introduce contrast material into the oviduct 100% of the time (12 out of 12 cases) during in vivo studies with the balloon catheter if the oviduct was first shown to be patent by a flow of CO2 through the catheter leading to the cornu. If perfected, such an instrument could be used to introduce liquid tubal occluding agents into the fallopian tube by a transcervical approach for a simple outpatient sterilization method.
Kinetics of AgI precipitation from AgCl as affected by background electrolyte

Iodide retention by AgCl, a potential sorbent in high-level waste (HLW) storage systems, was determined. The kinetics and steady state sorption of iodide were determined in single and mixed electrolytes of NaNO3, and NaCl at ionic strengths of 25 and 50 mM. Iodide retention involved the conversion of AgCl to AgI. This conversion increased rapidly within 0.02 hours, and retention maxima of 0.92 and 1.0 mol·l·mol−1 Ag occurred for low and high ionic strengths, respectively. These short-term studies indicated that AgCl would be an effective scavenger of I− in HLW containment systems.
Hearing Sensitivity in Bats

Absolute hearing thresholds for two bats were determined by an operant conditioning technique. Pure tones rangingFrom 2.5 to 100 kilocycles per second were perceived by a single Eptesicus fuscus. Its maximum sensitivity was on the order of 68 decibles below 1 dyne per square centimeter and occurred at 20 kc/ sec. Maximum sensitivity for a single Myotis lucifugus was about 64 db below 1 dyne/ cm2 and occurred at 40 kc/ sec. The Myotis clearly heard a tone of120 kc/ sec but gave no evidence of hearing below 10 kc/ sec.