cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant Shutdowns and Union Decline: The United Furniture Workers of America, 1963-1981

The unprecedented secular decline in U.S. unionization has been attributed to plant shutdowns stemming from capital mobility out of the unionized Northern industrial regions to the “Sunbelt.” The effects of local union environment and structure on local union turnover and aging—increasing mean local union age—are examined with a study of 168 local labor unions of the United Furniture Workers between 1963 and 1981. The results suggest that local union size, more than geographical location, affects the chances of a local union closing due to a plant shutdown. Based on population ecology and resource dependence perspectives, the study suggests that the declining capacity of unions to charter large locals, more than geographical capital redistribution, has led to local union aging and union decline.
Importance of the GP Dipeptide of the “Antiporter Motif” and other Membrane-Embedded Proline and Glycine residues in Tetracycline Efflux Protein Tet(L)

Proline and glycine residues are well represented among functionally important residues in hydrophobic domains of membrane transport proteins, and several critical roles have been suggested for them. Here, the effects of mutational changes in membrane-embedded proline and glycine residues of Tet(L) were examined, with a focus on the conserved GP(155,156) dipeptide of motif C, a putative "antiporter motif". Mutation of Gly155 to cysteine resulted in a mutant Tet(L) that bound its tetracycline-divalent metal (Tc-Me2+) substrate but did not catalyze efflux or exchange of Tc-Me2+ or catalyze uptake or exchange of Rb+ which was used to monitor the coupling ion. These results support suggestions that this region is involved in the conformational changes required for translocation. Mutations in Pro156 resulted in reduction (P156G) or loss (P156A or P156C) of Tc-Me2+ efflux capacity. All three Pro156 mutants exhibited a K+ leak (monitored by 86Rb+ fluxes) that was not observed in wild-type Tet(L). A similar leak was observed in a mutant in a membrane-embedded proline residue elsewhere in the Tet(L) protein (P175C) as well as in a P156C mutant of related antiporter Tet(K). These findings are consistent with roles proposed for membrane-embedded prolines in tight helix packing. Patterns of Tc resistance conferred by additional Tet(L) mutants indicate important roles for another GP dipeptide in transmembrane segment (TMS) X as well as for membrane-embedded glycine residues in TMS XIII.
A History of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis

Although enormous progress has been made in understanding the physiology of pulmonary embolism, developing new diagnostic modalities and strategies, and constant refinement in the use of heparin therapy and thrombolytic therapy, venous thromboembolism remains a common and lethal process. As the history of this disease illustrates, advances continue to be made and it is anticipated that with newer diagnostic studies and anticoagulants under development, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism will continue to improve.
Evidence for a shift in the choice criterion of rats in a 12-arm radial maze

Rats were trained in a standard 12-arm radial maze task. Following training, each trial consisted of a sequence of 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 choices, followed by a 15-min delay, which then was followed by a choice between a single arm and a response manipulandum mounted in the center of the maze. An arm visit was reinforced if the arm had not been visited prior to the delay, whereas a manipulandum response was reinforced if the arm had been visited. It was found that rats are relatively more likely to reject arms by responding to the manipulandum following a delay occurring late in the choice sequence. This indicates that the choice criterion used by rats in the radial maze becomes more strict as the choice sequence progresses. Such a process provides an alternative explanation for some of the data recently reported by Cook, Brown, and Riley (1985).
Girl Meets Boy Meets Girl: Heterosocial Relations, Wholesome Youth, and Democracy in Postwar Japan

This article describes the reconfiguration of the shōjo[girl]1 ideal at the end of the Occupation era in Japan as seen in Shōjo no tomo (Girls' Companion), a major Japanese girls' magazine that boa...
SYNTHESIS OF A NOVEL EXCEEDINGLY STRONG NONIONIC SUPERBASE

Abstract The synthesis of a novel superbase P(HNCH2CH2)(i-PrNCH2CH2)2N, 2a, is discussed. The conditions for the preparation and purification of H2NCH2CH2N(CH2CH2N-i-Pr)2, 4a, starting from commercially available (H2NCH2CH2)3N (tren) were optimized. The existence of the novel zwitterion HP(N−CH2CH2)(i-PrNCH2CH2)2N+, 2b, was substantiated by NMR spectroscopy. The superbase 2a crystallizes from its melt when cooled slowly to -4 °C, and then remains as a solid at room temperature for several days. Hence it can be handled as a liquid or as a solid.
Ambiguous Bodies and Deviant Sexualities: hermaphrodites, homosexuality, and surgery in the United States, 1850-1904

While the necessity of normalizing surgery on intersexed individuals is a topic of ongoing debate in the 21st century, the origins of surgery as a therapeutic practice for ambiguous or unusual genitalia lie in the 19th century. The first report of corrective surgery published in the United States appeared in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences in 1852, but surgery did not immediately replace more traditional social prescriptions designed to fit hermaphrodites into a dimorphic model of human sex. Only after homosexuality became a matter of discussion in American medical journals did the frequency of normalizing surgeries increase. This paper explores the connection between physicians' increased interest in preventing "abnormal" sexual behavior and their insistence that interventionist surgeries were the most appropriate means of treating cases of hermaphroditism.
A tutorial on flow diagrams: A tool for developing the structure of multicomponent phase diagrams

The tabular form of multiphase equilibria in temperature- or pressure-ordered sequence, often referred to as flow diagrams, shows the interrelations that exist among the various types or classes of equilibria in a system. These interrelations establish the structures of the various forms of phase diagrams. Flow diagrams have been used to simplify the presentation of complex ternary phase diagrams. However, they have been overlooked as a useful tool in predicting phase diagrams, in developing isotherms and isobars, and in teaching fundamentals of phase diagrams. In principle, flow diagrams can be applied to any system regardless of order.
Steroid-induced hippocampal synaptic plasticity: sex differences and similarities

Early in development, steroid hormones structurally organize various regions of the CNS. However, steroid hormones continue to affect the structure and function of the CNS throughout the life of the individual. In this review, we discuss sex differences and similarities in steroid-induced synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. Particular emphasis is placed on steroid-induced plasticity in the hippocampus, a brain region important in learning and memory. This topic is relevant to the growing evidence for the actions of sex hormones outside of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis. It also tells an important and emerging story about non-genomic and genomic actions of steroids at the cellular and molecular levels. Specifically, the effects of estrogen and progesterone as well as the androgens and glucocorticoids are discussed. The influence of steroids on hippocampal structure and function can differ vastly between the sexes. However, there are certain similarities that might aid in our understanding of how steroids affect CNS plasticity in general. Although future studies will undoubtedly lead us to a greater understanding of these phenomena, the data reviewed indicate that when studying synaptic plasticity, the sex and hormonal milieu of the individual might significantly influence the outcome and interpretation of the research.
The influence of a glassy phase on the high strain rate response of a ceramic

Abstract Results of pressure-shear plate impact experiments on an alumina ceramic (AD85) containing a significant amount of an oxide glass phase are presented. Under high strain-rate loading, the ceramic shows low shear strength and a strong strain softening behavior. This behavior is attributed to the response of the intergranular glassy phase. The ceramic is modeled by using an atomistic constitutive model for the response of the glass. This model utilizes the concept of free volume . Computations performed using this constitutive model predict a localization of the deformation near the impact end of the specimen and show that the increase in free volume that occurs in the glass during the deformation is responsible for the observed softening response. Void compaction in the AD85 during the compressive loading is also modeled.
INFLUENCE OF TEST FIGURE DEPTH CUES ON THE SPIRAL AFTEREFFECT.

trolled by a switch held by S. The rotating spiral was fixated monocularly by S for GO sec., at the end of which period the spiral was immediately replaced by a test figure. Each S was tested twice, once with each test figure. The inter-trial interval was 30 sec. Both eye used and order of rest figure presentation were systematically varied over Ss. S was instructed to maintain central fixation at all times and to switch off the illumination of the test figure "when the motion stops." This response made S's visual field totally black, indicated cessation of the aftereffect, and was used to time aftereffect duration. Ss were naive as ro the nature of the study, the dimensions of the apparatus, and the distance of the stimuli. A standardized set of questions following each test determined whether or not motion had been perceived, and if so, its direction and the amount of apparent displacement. Results.-34 of 38 Ss reported approaching motion of at least one of the wo test figures. Results were calculated only for chose Ss who reported an aftereffect. In subgroup comparisons by t test there were no significant effects of test-figure order of presentation or eye used. The mean aftereffect durations were 14.68 (u = 6.94) sec. and 9.09 (u = 5.59) sec. for the depth-cued (room) and non-depth-cued (brick wall) test figures, respectively [t (correlated measures) = 5.06, p < .001]. Ss' comments indicated that judgmenr of the amount of apparent displacement of the rest figures was very difficult. Responses were typically hesitant; 5 Ss refused to artempt estimstion. 17 Ss reported greater displacement of the depth-cued test figure; 9 less displacement of the depth-cued test figure; and 3 equal displacement of the wo test figures. Although in the expected direction, the trend was nonsignificant (p < .09) by sign test. On the whole, results demonstrate the facilitating effect of depth cues in the test figure on the spiral aftereffect.
An Experimental Study of Voice Recognition

(1944). An Experimental Study of Voice Recognition. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 53-65.
Interleukin 2 induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of p72-74 Raf-1 kinase in a T-cell line.

Abstract Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a lymphokine, produced by T cells upon antigenic or mitogenic stimulation, that is a critical regulator of T-cell proliferation. Although the binding of IL-2 to its receptor has been well characterized, the molecular mechanisms by which IL-2 transmits its signal from the membrane to the interior of the cell are poorly understood. Like most other growth factors, IL-2 causes rapid phosphorylation of proteins within its target cells. Unlike many other growth factors, however, the known subunits of the IL-2 receptor lack tyrosine-specific kinase activity, and little is known about the kinases whose activities are regulated by IL-2. Here we show that IL-2 (but not IL-4) induces rapid phosphorylation of the p72-74 serine/threonine-specific kinase encoded by the c-Raf-1 protooncogene in an IL-2-dependent murine T-cell line, CTLL-2, and that this phosphorylation is associated with increased kinase activity in p72-74 Raf-1-containing immune complexes. The concentration dependence of IL-2-mediated elevations in Raf-1 kinase activity correlated well with IL-2-stimulated proliferation of CTLL-2 cells. Furthermore, much of the IL-2-stimulated phosphorylation of p72-74 Raf-1 occurred on tyrosines. To our knowledge, the Raf-1 kinase represents the first endogenous substrate of an IL-2-regulated tyrosine kinase to be identified.
Effect of Colchicine and Vinblastine on the Agglutination of Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes by Concanavalin A

IT is generally accepted that microtubules serve as supportive elements within cell structures such as the mitotic spindle and a role for microtubules in the mechanical stabilization of cell surfaces was suggested by the microcinematographic experiments of Vasiliev, Gelfand et al.1. On contact, surfaces lost their ruffled movement and this immobilization could be abolished by colcemid which, like colchicine and vinblastine, binds to and dissolves microtubules. We tested the possibility that microtubular proteins might also determine or maintain the topographical organization of surface elements in several functional systems in which this is believed important.
Methylation screening of the TGFBI promoter in human lung and prostate cancer by methylation-specific PCR

Background: Hypermethylation of the TGFBI promoter has been shown to correlate with decreased expression of this gene in human tumor cell lines. In this study, we optimized a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) method and investigated the methylation status of the TGFBI promoter in human lung and prostate cancer specimens. Methods: Methylation-specific primers were designed based on the methylation profiles of the TGFBI promoter in human tumor cell lines, and MSP conditions were optimized for accurate and efficient amplification. Genomic DNA was isolated from lung tumors and prostatectomy tissues of prostate cancer patients, bisulfite-converted, and analyzed by MSP. Results: Among 50 lung cancer samples, 44.0% (22/50) harbored methylated CpG sites in the TGFBI promoter. An analysis correlating gene methylation status with clinicopathological cancer features revealed that dense methylation of the TGFBI promoter was associated with a metastatic phenotype, with 42.9% (6/14) of metastatic lung cancer samples demonstrating dense methylation vs. only 5.6% (2/36) of primary lung cancer samples (p < 0.05). Similar to these lung cancer results, 82.0% (41/50) of prostate cancer samples harbored methylated CpG sites in the TGFBI promoter, and dense methylation of the promoter was present in 38.9% (7/18) of prostate cancer samples with the feature of locoregional invasiveness vs. only 19.4% (6/31) of prostate cancer samples without locoregional invasiveness (p < 0.05). Furthermore, promoter hypermethylation correlated with highly reduced expression of the TGFBI gene in human lung and prostate tumor cell lines. Conclusion: We successfully optimized a MSP method for the precise and efficient screening of TGFBI promoter methylation status. Dense methylation of the TGFBI promoter correlated with the extent of TGFBI gene silencing in tumor cell lines and was related to invasiveness of prostate tumors and metastatic status of lung cancer tumors. Thus, TGFBI promoter methylation can be used as a potential prognostic marker for invasiveness and metastasis in prostate and lung cancer patients, respectively.
The pouch gas of the virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)

Abstract Factors determining the gas composition in the pouch of the North American marsupial, Didelphis virginiana, were studied in litter bearing and non-litter bearing females. Oxygen and CO2 concentrations were measured with the pouch opening sealed from ambient air as well as with a normally open system. With the empty pouch sealed, FO2 fell with time nearly to zero, and FCO2 rose to about 0.08, indicating that perfusion of the pouch compared to pouch metabolism was inadequate to provide sufficient O2 to meet the metabolic needs of young animals within the pouch. Pouch gas composition in the normally open pouch with young stabilized at an FO2 averaging 0.142 and an FCO2 of 0.043. Convective ventilation with room air and metabolism of the pouch young were found to be the major determinants of O2 and CO2 composition in the open litter bearing pouch. Pouch ventilation increased as a function of the size of the young in the pouch so that O2 and CO2 concentrations remain generally constant as the animals in the pouch grow.
Tunneling Magnetoresistance in Exchange Biased Ferromagnetic Semiconductor Tunnel Junctions

Summary form only given.Here, we demonstrate the observation of TMR in exchange-biased MTJs derived from the ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As. Although still limited to operation at low temperatures, these devices provide an important step forward in exploring proof-of-concept semiconductor spintronic tunneling devices.
Effects of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate on platelet aggregation.

Abstract A tumor promotor, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) from croton oil can cause human platelets to aggregate and to release [ 14 C]-serotonin from platelets. This promotor causes an increase in the cGMP content of platelets and a slight decrease in the platelet cAMP content. It also increases endogenous phosphorylation of four major platelet protein bands of apparent molecular weight of 47,000, 72,000, 90,000 and 130,000 daltons, respectively. TPA does not induce formation of thromboxane A2 by platelets and the promotor induced platelet aggregation is not inhibited by aspirin. These observations suggest that TPA-induced platelet aggregation may not be mediated by thromboxane A2 formation, but by alterations in the platelet membrane structure.
Software design for the community information utility

The aim of our current efforts is to present a framework that will support further consideration, and hopefully development, of a Prototype Community Information Utility (PCIU). There is a continuing explosive growth in the number and size of data bases and information services that are potentially useful to various segments of the community. If a common point of contact can be developed among these data bases and services (no mean problem in itself), then the economic and social value of a properly integrated data bank could greatly exceed the value of the individual data bases. To exploit such a data bank in any effective manner requires a number of things:• Data bases, individually and collectively, must be organized in a consistent manner, their utility and scope of application carefully defined, and their validity certified.• A continuing process must be established for the collection, organization, evaluation, and certification of new data.• The set of services that utilize the data bank must be carefully selected, defined, and implemented so that the system is not burdened with applications that are individually of limited scope and difficult to interface with one another.• The system that supports these services must be virtually failsafe, guarantee a very high degree of data security and privacy, and provide the basis for management mechanisms that insure its continued operation within accepted guidelines.
Self-assembly of gold nanoclusters on micro- and nanoelectronic substrates

Layer-by-layer self-assembly of hexanethiol stabilized gold nanoclusters by a series of alkanedithiol coupling agents [HS(CH2)nSH, n = 6, 8, 9, 12] onto SiO2/Si substrates with micron- and nanometre-scale Au electrodes is investigated by electron transport and XPS measurements. The self-assembly process for each layer consists of a two-step cycle of alkanedithiol treatment and gold cluster deposition. For maximized electron transport, critical features to optimize are the alkanedithiol chain length and the extent of dithiol coupling agent displacement of the hexanethiol ligand. Substitution of a phenethyl for the hexyl structure in the cluster ligand shell significantly enhances conductivity while substitution of a phenylene structure in the dithiol coupling agent has little effect on electron transport. Current–voltage characteristics for self-assembled depositions on the micron-scale electrode are found to be ohmic whereas I–V characteristics for analogous self-assemblies on the nanometre-scale electrode are initially nonlinear but become increasingly ohmic after about 3 cycles of deposition. The nonlinear features observed at the nanoscale are believed to be associated with Coulomb blockade.
Approaches for characterizing interactions in paper coating suspensions

Abstract The interactions of clay particles with latices were characterized by determining the maximum packing volume fractions in aqueous suspensions and in dry coatings applied on an impervious substrate using a conventional latex binder and a latex containing functional groups designed to create interactions with clay. In addition, the changes in both gloss and reflectance over black during the drying stage of the coating suspensions were monitored and two critical solids volume concentrations were established that were then correlated with the volume fractions of the maximum packing determined above. Analysis of the flow curves confirmed that the addition of latex leads to the formation of bulkier structures when the latex interacts with clay. However, upon centrifugation all the suspensions, independent of their composition, gave similar packing behavior. In the dry coatings the addition of latex that interacts with clay resulted in enhanced void fraction, light scattering, and oil absorption rate, and lower gloss. The effect of the interacting latex on the properties of both the aqueous suspensions and the dry coatings tended to disappear at high latex content. A comparison of the values of concentration of maximum packing showed that the bulky structures formed in the wet suspensions collapse upon drying, the extent of collapse increasing with latex content. These results indicate that the information obtained from measurements made on the coating suspension cannot always be used to predict the properties of the dry coatings.
Electron-nuclear dynamics of molecular systems

The content of an ab initio time-dependent theory of quantum molecular dynamics of electrons and atomic nuclei is presented. Employing the time-dependent variational principle and a family of approximate state vectors yields a set of dynamical equations approximating the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. These equations govern the time evolution of the relevant state vector parameters as molecular orbital coefficients, nuclear positions, and momenta. This approach does not impose the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, does not use potential energy surfaces, and takes into account electron–nuclear coupling. Basic conservation laws are fully obeyed. The simplest model of the theory employs a single determinantal state for the electrons and classical nuclei and is implemented in the computer code ENDyne. Results from this ab-initio theory are reported for ion–atom and ion–molecule collisions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microbiological contamination of shell eggs produced in conventional and free-range housing systems

The present study was conducted to determine microbiological contamination of free-range and conventional chicken eggs produced under controlled conditions. Eighty-four certified Salmonella-free Bovan Brown chicks (age 2 days) were grown in 6 separate floor pens until age 16 weeks, and then moved into 3 conventional battery cages (BC) or 3 free-range (FR) housing systems. Total aerobic microorganisms and Enterobacteriaceae on egg shell surfaces were enumerated weekly when the hens were 20e27 weeks of age (N ¼ 535 and N ¼ 541 for BC and FR, respectively). Prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter were determined on crushed egg shells (N ¼ 212 and N ¼ 176, respectively) and in feces (N ¼ 36 and N ¼ 30, respectively) collected from hens at 24 and 28 weeks of age. Counts of total aerobic microorganisms recovered from BC and FR eggs ranged from 5.0 to 6.0 log10 CFU/mL. Numbers of Enterobacteriaceae averaged 1.0 log CFU/mL higher (90% greater) on FR eggs than on eggs from BC hens. Salmonella was not detected on any of the eggs collected from BC hens (0/212), but prevalence on eggs collected from FR hens was 2.36% positive (5/212). Prevalence of Campylobacter recovered from eggs collected from FR (26.1% positive or 46 out of 176 positive) was significantly higher (P � 0.0001) than the prevalence of Campylobacter recovered from eggs from BC hens (7.4% positive or 13 out of 176 positive). These data demonstrate that FR eggs, where hens have more contact with eggs after oviposition, have greater microbiological contamination on the egg shell surface than eggs produced in the BC cage systems.
Lithology and Paleontology of the Reflective Layer Horizon A

Cores recovered from horizon A are Late Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) in age and consist o alternating layers of calcareous turbidites and "red clay." The presence of red clay suggests that the water depth in this area during Cretaceous time was at least as great as at present—more than 5100 meters. A middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian) core consisting of interbedded sand and gravel and light-to-dark-gray lutite was taken in the same area from a layer stratigraphically below the horizon; the presence of hydrogen sulfide and iron sulfide may indicate anaerobic conditions that may be attributable to local ponding of sediment in Cenomanian time.
Phase distribution and artifact formation in ambient air sampling for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract Laboratory and field sampling experiments were conducted to determine the phase-distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the ambient atmosphere and to determine the potential for artifact formation due to volatilization and ozone (O3) reaction during normal sampling conditions. The study was conducted in two segments to investigate both summer and winter ambient temperature effects. The winter measurements reflect stronger association of PAH with the particulate phase than the summer data, but data from both seasons show appreciable filter losses due to volatilization of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, benz(a)anthracene and chrysene. No evidence was found for volatilization of the heavier PAH, including benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and coronene. Although O3 reacted readily with particulate matter that was freshly spiked with PAH in the laboratory experiments, no evidence was found for reaction of O3 with particulate matter during the field sampling experiments.
Evaluation of an audience response system for the continuing education of health professionals.

AbstractIntroduction:Continuing medical education (CME) for physicians and other health personnel is becoming increasingly important in light of recertification requirements. Interactive learning is more effective and may be useful in a continuing education setting. This study examines the use of an
Some simple scaling relations for heating of ballistic entry bodies

Scaling relations showing effects of ballistic coefficient, flight path angle and inverse atmospheric scale height on heating of ballistic entry bodies
Automated determination of urinary corticosteroids

A complete automated analysis for urinary corticosteroids was developed using standard Technicon Auto-Analyzer components. Five ml of urine was taken from a 24 hour specimen, and hydrolyzed for 18 hours using beta glucuronidase. Hydrolyzed urine samples were introduced into the system, extracted with methylene chloride, washed with alkali, and reacted at 60°C with the Porter-Silber reagent. All liquid-liquid partitions were carried out automatically using phase separators. Colorimetry was carried out using a 410 mμ interference filter and 50 mm flow cell. Samples were processed at a rate of 10 per hour after an appearance time of 20 minutes. Appropriate blanks were run. Data processing was also automated using an analog to digital convertor and a card punch to print data on cards which were then processed by computer. Mean urinary corticosteroids (mg/24 hrs.) by the Auto-Analyzer method for a series of 52 normal males was 4.8 ± 1.3 (S.D.) and 3.5 ± 1.1 for a series of 48 normal females. A conventional manual method for urinary steroids gave values of 5.0 ± 1.4 and 3.7 ± 1.1 for the males and females respectively. Agreement between the two methods was quite good. Correlation coefficient was 0.76. Standard deviations for replicate samples were ± 0.03 for the automated method and ± 0.06 for the manual method. Analytical recovery of cortisone *added to Addisonian and normal urines was quantitative. The Beer-Lambert relationship was obeyed over the full range of measurement and the curve passed through zero. Specificity for the method was established by comparing the spectra (400–700 mμ) obtained with effluents collected beyond the colorimeter for standard cortisone and urine samples. Applications for the method are presented.
Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of rapidly solidified AlZrV alloys at high temperatures

Aging studies of three melt spun, AlZrV alloys showed that precipitation of the metastable Ll2 phase occurs prior to that of the equilibrium phases, Al10V and Al3Zr(D023). The precipitation mechanism of the Ll2 phase can be either continuous or discontinuous. The former is favored by decreasing the value of the Zr/V ratio in the l12 phase precipitate or by increasing the aging temperature. Decreasing the Zr/V ratio also makes it easier to obtain a supersaturated solid solution during melt spinning. Coarsening of the spherical Ll2-structured Al3(Zr0.25V0.75) particles was studied at 425, 450 and 500°C. The activation energy calculated from the particle coarsening kinetics is close to that for diffusivity of Zr in the Al matrix, suggesting that volume diffusion of Zr is the rate controlling mechanism for the Ostwald ripening of the Ll2-structured Al3(Zr0.25 V0.75). The Ll2 phase precipitate in extruded samples of this alloy grew slowly at 425°C, close to the rate measured in the melt spun ribbon. Dislocation cross-slip occurred inside the Ll2 phase particles from a (111) plane to a {100} plane during creep.
SU-E-T-564: Radiation Therapy for Lung Cancer: A Treatment Planning Comparison among Fixed Field IMRT, Coplanar and Noncoplanar Arcs Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy.

Purpose: A treatment planning study was performed to compare fixed field IMRT, coplanar and noncoplanar VMAT. Methods:Treatment planningCT scans of three lungcancer patients with small (2244cc), medium (2845cc) and large (3531cc) lungs were used to create simulated patient cases. For each simulated patient, three spherical tumors (GTV) of varying diameters: 1, 3, 5 cm were contoured onto lungCT scans. The ITV was set as GTV+2 cm and the PTV was set as ITV+1 cm. The location of the tumor was set in the right middle lobe of lung. For each patient scenario, the IMRT (nine static fields), single coplanar arc VMAT and 5 noncoplanar arcs VMAT treatment plans were generated using Pinnacle treatment planning system. The arcs of noncoplanar VMAT were set at −30° (clockwise and counterclockwise), 0° and 30° (clockwise and counterclockwise). Thetreatment plans were evaluated by calculation of V100%, V80%, V50% and V20% , DVH of dose constrain rings (DCR) at PTV+1cm, +2cm, +3cm, +4cm and Paddick Conformity Index (CI: 0–1 best) and Gradient Index (GI:the smaller the better). Results: The V100% and V80% were similar for all the plans but the V50% and V20% were the largest for IMRT, and the smallest for noncoplanar VMAT. The noncoplanar VMAT had larger V 20 for all the DCRs comparing to the other two plans. The CI of noncoplanar VMAT was slightly larger than the other two plans. The GI was the smallest for noncoplanar VMAT and the largest for IMRT for all the simulation scenarios. Conclusions: The noncoplanar VMAT consistently provides high dose conformity to the target and low dose to healthy tissue. The noncoplanar VMAT has larger low dose volume while smaller high dose volume comparing to IMRT and coplanar VMAT.
A spoof detection method for contactless fingerprint collection utilizing spectrum and polarization diversity

The paper presents a spoof detection technique employing multi-spectral and multi-polarization imaging for a contactless fingerprint-capture system. While multispectral imaging has been proven to enable spoof detection for contact fingerprint imagers, these imagers typically rely on frustrated total internal reflection that requires a planar fingerprint, achieved by contact. The multispectral imaging method is based primarily on the difference in the spectral absorption profile between a real finger and a fake one. This paper will describe the expansion of this capability using blue and red light with contactless imaging in conjunction with polarization. This new method uses images at various rotated linear polarizations (each image representing a different value of specular and diffuse components), which are used to create the feature vectors representing the spectral and polarization diversity. The software extracts complex wavelet transforms (CWT) and FFT features from the images and builds a supervised learning method to train Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers. Experimental data was collected from a diversity of human fingers and silicon based phantoms molded from the corresponding humans. Fake and actual fingerprints were collected using individuals with a large diversity in skin tone, age, and finger dimensions. Our initial results, with an accuracy rate of at least 83%, are promising and imply that using the polarization diversity can enhance the spoof detection performance.
Decision support in the future tense

This special issue is composed of a set of articles whose earlier version appeared in the 1995 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Decision Support Systems, Hong Kong. The selected articles share a common thread. They discuss concepts and issues related to the development and deployment of decision support technology in the context of heterogeneous, network-wide distributed environments. At the risk of dating ourselves, we name the theme of this issue: “Decision Support in the Future Tense”. Indeed, the overwhelming success of the Internet has recently opened uncharted opportunities for organizations, large and small, to use that technology as a means to explore the new frontiers of electronic commerce. And more recently, while the Internet is still grabbing most of the headlines in information technology, another revolution has taken place inside corporations. Intranets private and internal Intemets shielded from the external world by “firewalls” have quickly become a means for companies to streamline their internal communications and enhance their productivity. The explosive growth of the Inter-/Intranets and the World Wide Web (WWW) has, however, been primarily focused on information exchange among different organizational units using data exchange protocols and Workgroup technology. Organizations
The reaction of trans-chloro, hydrido, tetrakis(piperidine) iridium(III) with cyanate, thiocyanate and selenocyanate

Abstract The addition of excess cyanate, thiocyanate or selenocyanate to an aqueous solution of the trans -chloro, hydrido, tetrakis(pi[peridine) iridium(III) ion in each case produces an immediate precipitate, (designated (X), (XI) and (XII), respectively). These precipitates are diamagnetic, and elemental analyses indicate that (per iridium) they all contain 4 piperidine and 2 pseudohalide groups, but no chlorine, implying the presence of a hydride ligand. That (X), (XI) and (XII) each posses a hydride ligand is confirmed by NMR and i.r. spectroscopy. Solid-state i.r. spectra also show in each case that only 1 of the 2 pseudohalide groups is coordinated to the iridium, and that the coordination is through the N atom. The coordinated psudohalide group in (X), (XI) and (XII) is assigned a position trans to the hydride ligand. It is inferred from NMR spectra that (XI) exists in solution as a mixture of N-bonded and S-bonded thiocyanate linkage isomers, but that only the respective N-bonded pseudohalide ligand is present in a solution of (X) or (XII). The differences in hydride chemical shifts between (XI) and trans -[HIr(C 5 H 10 NH) 4 Cl]ClO 4 are only partly in accord with Buckingham and Stephen's theory, and appear to depend more upon the covalent character of the iridium- trans ligand bond than upon the ligand field strength of the trans ligand. The hydride ligand in trans -[HIr(C 5 H 10 NH) 4 Cl]ClO 4 and in ( trans [HIr(C 5 H 10 NH) 4 Br]Br.H 2 O is exchanged for deteride when these complexes are refluxed in CD 3 OD, v (Ir-H)/ v (Ir-D) = 1·40; however, an effort to deuterate (X) was terminated because (X) was found not to be stable under similar conditions.
The Role of Parenting in Linking Family Socioeconomic Disadvantage to Physical Activity in Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Parents play an important role in influencing adolescent health behaviors and parenting practices may be an important pathway through which social disadvantage influences adolescent health behaviors that can persist into adulthood. This analysis uses the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine how parenting practices mediate the association between family socioeconomic disadvantage, measured as low parent education and family welfare/poverty status, and physical activity in adolescence and young adulthood for males and females. Results show that levels of parental control do not differ by family disadvantage. However, disadvantaged parents engage in lower levels of activities and communication with their children compared with nondisadvantaged parents. These behaviors serve to mediate the negative association between disadvantage and physical activity in adolescence, and are associated with physical activity in adulthood. Parenting is an important pathway through which disadvantage inf...
Reduced molybdenum formal oxidation states in hydrodesulfurization catalysis by Chevrel phases

Abstract The effect of the oxidation state of molybdenum on the catalytic hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene was investigated using a series of lead-lutetium Chevrel phases. Polycrystalline catalysts were prepared with compositions of PbMo 6.2 S 8 , Lu 1.2 x PbMo 6 S 8 for 0 x ≤ 0.2, and Lu 1.2 x Pb 1− x Mo 6 S 8 for 0.2 x ≤ 1. Fresh and used (10-h thiophene reaction) catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, laser Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Bulk structures and molybdenum oxidation states were found to be stable. HDS activity could be related to the molybdenum formal oxidation state: the maximum rate of thiophene HDS was observed for catalysts having “reduced” oxidation states (compared to MoS 2 ). All Chevrel phase catalysts demonstrated low activity for 1-butene hydrogenation.
Families of paths in the plane that connect all point pairs

A mesh is a family of paths in the plane connecting every pair of points. A crossing point of a mesh is a point which is an interior point to more than one path. A simple crossing point is an interior point of exactly two paths. We give an example of a mesh with only simple crossing points. We characterize subsets of the plane that can be the set of crossing points of a mesh. Our emphasis is on constructive methods.
Multidimensional Active Flux Schemes

We build on active flux (AF) schemes and extend the method to the two-dimensional linear advection, linear acoustics, and linearized Euler equations. The active flux method independently updates edge and centroid values. Because the interface fluxes are calculated from independently updated quantities, we say that they are actively updated, as opposed to a more traditional finite-volume scheme where the fluxes are updated passively from the conserved values. The one-dimensional active flux method is reformulated using Lagrange basis functions and the basic features of the method are reviewed. The two-dimensional formulation also uses standard basis functions, but includes a bubble function to maintain conservation. A novel approach for solving the linear wave system is presented that uses spherical means to compute the edge updates for the flux calculation. We demonstrate that the AF method is third-order accurate for advection, acoustics, and the linearized Euler equations.
Towards a Cyber-Physical Systems Approach to Construction

There have been several isolated attempts to automate aspects of the construction project delivery process. These have only been marginally successful and it is increasingly being recognized that significant improvements can only be made through an integrated approach that involves the synergistic integration of information technologies into the project delivery process. A cyber-physical systems approach is expected to reduce the tremendous losses that are directly attributable to the inefficiencies associated with the lack of effective integration. This paper describes a specific effort that seeks to facilitate real-time consistency checking between virtual models and the physical construction. It argues for the effective integration of computational resources (such as wireless sensors, virtual prototyping, real-time tracking and data fusion) with the design and construction process, and outlines how bi-directional consistency can be maintained between the virtual models (which are often ignored once the physical construction commences) and the physical facility. The opportunity offered by the adoption of a cyber-physical systems approach to make the construction process more intelligent and sustainable is discussed and the key benefits highlighted.
Power corrections to leading logs and their application to heavy quark decays

Abstract When a heavy virtual particle of mass M contributes to a process at low energies E ⪡ M , the anomalous dependence on M of the amplitude can be obtained by integrating out the heavy particle and constructing an effective hamiltonian. If there are two heavy particles of masses E ⪡ m ⪡ M one proceeds analogously, integrating them out in succession. But if m and M are comparable, the full dependence on both masses can produce a substantial correction. We consider the problem of keeping in the effective hamiltonian the full anomalous dependence on both heavy masses. We solve it by expanding perturbatively both in the gauge coupling constant and in the ratio of masses m / M . The method we present has application in the static quark effective theory, in the context of which we compute corrections of order m c / m b to the form factors for B-meson to D-meson transitions.
3,5‐Dinitro‐4‐methylbenzazide as a reagent for the identification of amines

Fifty crystalline 3,5-dinitro-4-methylphenyl-ureas were prepared by the condensation of 3,5-dinitro-4-methylbenzazide with various types of amines in boiling toluene solution. The yields were in general exceedingly high, such that only 20 to 30 mg of the reagent used was sufficient to produce enough condensation product for a melting point determination and an examination of the crystal-form.
Comparison of partial denaturation maps with the known sequence of simian virus 40 and φX174 replicative form DNA

Abstract Electron microscope partial denaturation maps of two viral DNAs, simian virus 40 and φX174 replicative form, have been obtained. A simple computer program has been developed to predict denaturation maps from any given DNA sequence, based on the percentage of A · T base-pairs along the molecule. Maps constructed from the SV40 DNA and φX174 replicative form DNA base sequence show a good correlation with the experimental maps. The results show that the regions of a DNA molecule that denature first are, in fact, those regions with the highest content of adenine and thymine base-pairs.
Advancing to full bloom: planning phenological research for the 21st century

Phenology has emerged recently as an important focus for ecological research, primarily because of its considerable promise to address important questions in global modeling, monitoring, and climate change. Remote sensing technological developments have also contributed to phenology’s resurgence, by generating extensive biosphere-related databases that require careful calibration and interpretation. This article reviews the major objectives, accomplishments, and challenges of contemporary phenological research, concentrating on papers presented in this thematic issue of the International Journal of Biometeorology and other recent venues relevant to global change. Strategies for the continued advancement toward global change-related goals are also presented. The crucial catalyst to this potential contribution will be the systematic development of observation networks on a national and global scale during the next decade and beyond.
Dual‐domain regression analysis for spectral calibration models

Taking advantage of the local nature of spectral data in both the time and frequency domains, two novel chemometric algorithms using the wavelet transform, namely dual-domain partial least squares (DDPLS) and dual-domain principal component regression (DDPCR), are reported here. The proposed algorithms establish parallel, regular models to describe spectral variation in the time (wavelength) domain. They incorporate these parallel models as a way of emphasizing local features in the frequency domain. Compared with regular PLS or PCR regression models applied to a single domain, these algorithms generate more parsimonious regression models that are also more robust against unexpected variations in the prediction set. Simulation data have been used in this paper to demonstrate this improvement. The new methods have also been successfully applied to NIR spectral data sets to predict moisture, oil, protein and starch content in Cargill corn samples, as well as a set of properties in a series of Amoco hydrocarbon samples. Through their special emphasis on the local nature of spectral signals in the frequency domain, spectral variance can be separately explained over the frequency and time domains with fewer latent variables and with better predictive performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin of temperature dependence in tunneling magnetoresistance

We present detailed measurements of the differential resistance (dV/dI) of state-of-the-art FM/AlOx/FM magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) as a function of applied bias and temperature. Temperature effects are particularly significant in physical quantities involving narrow features such as those at low-voltage bias. We show that the temperature evolution of the tunneling characteristics and, in particular, the pronounced rounding of the dV/dI curves with increasing temperature can be well explained by thermal smearing of the tunneling electron energy distribution.
Students’ expression of affect in an inner-city simcalc classroom

This research focuses on some of the affordances provided by SimCalc software, suggesting that its use can have important consequences for students’ mathematical affect and motivation. We describe an episode in an inner-city SimCalc environment illustrating our approach to the study of affect in the mathematics classroom. We infer students’ development of new, effective affective pathways and structures as they participate in conceptually challenging mathematical activities. Our work highlights the roles of dignity and respect in creating an emotionally safe environment for mathematical engagement, and makes explicit some of the complexity of studying affect.