cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pressure-Gradient System on Non-smooth Domains

Abstract We show the existence of weak solutions in an elliptic region in the self-similar plane to the two-dimensional Riemann problem for the pressure-gradient system of the compressible Euler system. The two-dimensional Riemann problem we study is the interaction of two forward rarefaction waves, which are adjacent to a common vacuum that occupies a sectorial domain of 90 degrees. We assume the origin is on the boundary of the domain. In addition, the domain is open, bounded, and simply connected with a piecewise C 2,α boundary. We resolve the difficulty that arises from the fact that the origin is on the boundary of the domain.
Synthesis and Characterization of Diorganohydrazido(2–) Tungsten Complexes

Diorganohydrazido(2–) complexes of tungsten (L)Cl4W(NNR2) [R2 = Me2, Ph2, –(CH2)5–; L = CH3CN, pyridine] were synthesized by reacting the corresponding 1,1-diorganohydrazine with WCl6, followed by reaction with acetonitrile or pyridine. Crystallographic structure determination of (CH3CN)Cl4W(NNMe2) and (CH3CN)Cl4W(NNPh2) allows a comparison of the structural features of the diorganohydrazido(2–) functionality with varying substituents. Mass spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, and preliminary chemical vapor deposition experiments were performed to determine the viability of these complexes as single-source precursors for deposition of WNx and WNxCy films.
Analyzing the effect of information attack on Air and Missile Defense performance

With the growing reliance on net-centric warfare, understanding the effect of information operations (IO) on the overall mission becomes increasingly important. Traditional information assurance (IA) metrics quantify attributes of the underlying information system, such as the availability, confidentiality, and integrity of critical services and data, without providing mission-level perspective. Meanwhile, information attacks and defenses are not typically incorporated into Air and Missile Defense (AMD) force-level analysis. There is a demonstrated need to analyze AMD mission-level IO effects and bridge the gap between IO and force-level mission metrics. This paper describes a methodology to quantify the impact of information attacks on AMD mission performance. After a brief discussion of the systems engineering approach, we present simulation results that assess the mission-level impact of a variety of information attacks. We conclude with a discussion of initial progress toward a metric framework to link IO and force-level metrics.
The Holocaust and the Christians

We arrived late at the stadium, which was packed with people, and had to climb the outside staircase to the very rim to find seats in the bleachers. As my eyes grew accustomed to the scene, I saw overhead a ceiling created by huge spotlights. (In his autobiography Albert Speer later claimed to have invented "the Cathedral of Lights.") Around the rim I caught the flashes of flickering lights off the bayonets of guards standing at attention. The semi-religious setting was penetrating to the senses, awesome, evoking distant feelings of tribal exaltation, of worship led by Druids, of human sacrifice. The tens of thousands in the dark mass, sitting as spectators in great circling rows, were watching a religious drama down on the field.
The physiological state with respect to phosphorus of Cayuga Lake phytoplankton1

Natural phytoplankton assemblages from Cayuga Lake were maintained under controlled nutrient conditions in large volume continuous flow laboratory cultures. Changes in the C : P ratio, rate of carbon uptake per unit carbon, and species composition were followecl in nutrient limited and nutrient sufficient cultures. Rates of change of relative abundance and final values for the C : P ratio and rates of carbon uptake per unit carbon arc related to parameters describing the lake populations. These comparisons suggest that these phytoplankton arc limited by phosphorus but are rarely phosphorus deficient. Phytoplankton populations arc in equilibrium with rates of nutrient supply during periods when nutrients are limiting (Dugdale 1967). IIowever, the wide range of rates of carbon uptake per unit chlorophyll in the literature (Ryther and Yentsch 1957; Curl and Small 1965; Thomas 1970) suggests that production per unit biomass may vary by an order of magnitude between various environments. Thus, the position of natural populations on a plot of rate of production per unit biomass vs. limiting nutrient content must vary widely. All factors influencing the abundance of natural phytoplankton populations and rates of nutrient supply to and loss from these populations determine the equilibrium levels of production per biomass. Identification and measurement of the many factors controlling this equilibrium is perhaps impossible. The fact that phytoplankton assemblages may respond to alterations in nutrient supply both by changes in total abundance and by shifts in the relative abundance of various species adds to the complexity of the problem. Since the relation between production per unit biomass and nutrient content of the phytoplankton integrates such a multitude of factors, it would be especially valuable for assessing the relative fertility of a water mass to know the potential range of these parameters and where the natural populations are on this curve. For clarity,
Pattern in the co-occurrence of fishes inhabiting the coral reefs of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles

We conducted an analysis of species associations using fish diversity and abundance surveys conducted in Bonaire Marine Park by recreational divers. We used data from the REEF (Reef Environmental Education Foundation) Fish Survey Project to compute Bray–Curtis similarity coefficients for all species pairs for the 100 most abundant species. We quantified relationships between species using hierarchical agglomerative clustering and non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) of the matrix of Bray–Curtis similarity coefficients. We identified three clusters of species from the analysis. MDS results showed species clusters occupied distinct regions across a continuous gradient of species in two-dimensional space, rather than form distinct clusters. While differences in habitat requirements can explain some of the pattern in pairwise species interactions, these results suggest that there are significant direct and indirect behavioral interactions mediating the distribution and abundance of species. Studies conducted to elucidate patterns of species-habitat relationships have been central to conservation planning for marine protected areas (MPAs). However, the role of behavioral interactions between species driving the dynamics of species composition within MPA networks, designed for representation of biological diversity, should be considered when selecting sites in order to be effective.
Teaching Introductory Business Statistics Using the DCOVA Framework

Introductory business statistics students often receive little guidance on how to apply the methods they learn to further business objectives they may one day face. And those students may fail to see the continuity among the topics taught in an introductory course if they learn those methods outside a context that provides a unifying framework. The DCOVA problem-solving framework that presents discrete steps to define, collect, organize, visualize, and analyze data addresses these concerns while helping to enhance the perceived value of taking statistics courses.
Anteroposterior and Dorsoventral Patterning

The predominant method of achieving a patterned vertebrate nervous system involves responses to signaling from an asymmetrical source. This instigates the activation of new transcription factors in the responding tissue, which leads to a cascade of cellular changes that generate additional asymmetry and cell differentiation. Several of the signaling sources have been identified, including the neural organizer/node, the anterior neural ridge, the isthmus, and the caudal mesoderm along the AP axis, and the notochord and epidermal ectoderm in the DV axis. Signals induce changes in target cells depending on concentration, and antagonists or distance protect other cells from responding, generating diverse cell types. These general concepts and in many cases the specific genetic networks for patterning have been conserved for hundreds of millions of years.
Hybrid systems view of power system modelling

The large disturbance behaviour of power systems often involves complex interactions between continuous dynamics and discrete events. The paper proposes a differential-algebraic-discrete (DAD) model structure which captures those interactions in a systematic way. It is shown that the model is a realization of a general hybrid system model. The DAD model opens up opportunities for the application to power systems of hybrid system results in stability analysis and control. The paper presents a practical approach to implementing the DAD model structure.
Controlled Release of Nanoparticles and Macromolecules from Responsive Microgel Capsules

Using a mesoscale computational model, we probe the release of nanoparticles and linear macromolecules from hollow microgel capsules that swell and deswell in response to external stimuli. Our simulations reveal that responsive microcapsules can be effectively utilized for steady and pulsatile release of encapsulated solutes. Swollen gel capsules allow steady, diffusive release of nanoparticles and polymer chains, whereas gel deswelling causes burst-like discharge of solutes driven by an outward flow of the solvent enclosed within a shrinking capsule. We demonstrate that this hydrodynamic release can be regulated by introducing rigid microscopic rods in the capsule interior. Thus, our findings disclose an efficient approach for controlled release from stimuli-responsive microcarriers that could be useful for designing advanced drug delivery systems.
Trend detection in the presence of covariates: Stagewise versus multiple regression

The assessment of trend in environmental quality is an important task for environmental managers and scientists. Much recent research has focused on the proper methodology for the assessment of trend, for example, when the data are correlated or censored. An equally important problem is discussed in this paper, that of the specifying underlying models that relate the environmental quality time series to other time dependent covariates and how to adjust for these covariates. Two basic approaches for the adjustment for covariates are stagewise regression and multiple regression. We use simulation, analysis and a data set from the Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A., to show that the approach based on stagewise regression can yield misleading results. We show that the multiple regression approach is generally more powerful than the stagewise method.
Comparison of quality of life after repeat versus initial coronary artery bypass grafting.

One-year health status improvements in 62 patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were compared with those of 628 patients undergoing initial CABG using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ). Adjusted analyses revealed that repeat CABG conferred similar 1-year improvements in health status compared with patients undergoing a first CABG (changes in SAQ Physical Limitation score [SAQ-PL: repeat CABG 25 ± 27 vs first CABG 20 ± 27; p = 0.30], Quality of Life score [SAQ-QoL: 34 ± 24 vs 35 ± 5; p = 0.87], and Angina Frequency score (SAQ-AF: 35 ± 40 vs 25 ± 24; p = 0.03]).
The rate of ion leakage from chilling-sensitive tissue does not immediately increase upon exposure to chilling temperatures

Exposure to non-freezing temperatures below 10 °C causes an increase in the subsequent rate of ion leakage from chilling sensitive tissue (e.g. tomato fruit). The conditions of tissue preparation and conductivity measurements necessary to accurately calculate the rate of ion leakage from excised discs of tomato pericarp tissue were determined. Under the proper conditions, the rate of leakage expressed as a percent of the total conductivity per hour was linear for the period of 30–240 min following immersion of the discs in aqueous solutions of 0.2 M mannitol. A kinetic analysis of the efflux data showed that a combination of two exponential equations of the form y= C0(1− e − K·t ), one for a ‘fast’ extra-cellular reservoir of ions (C0f, Kf; y=C0f 1− e − K f·t ), and one for a ‘slow’ cellular reservoir (C0s, Ks; y=C0s(1−e −K s·t ), fit the original data with an R 2 0.95. When measured at 25 °C after chilling, chilling at 2.5 °C for 3.5 days increased the rates of ion leakage and the values of C0f and Ks, but had no effect on C0s or Kf. This implies that chilling increased the permeability (Ks) of the cellular reservoir that allowed ions to leak out during the exposure to chilling and increase the content of C0f. However, when ion leakage was measured at temperatures from 2t o 20 °C,C0f remained unchanged and the changes in Ks paralleled those in Kf. These changes in the rate constants reflect the effects of temperature on diffusion and did not show the abrupt increase predicted by the membrane phase-transition model of chilling injury. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Subabusive Violence in Child Rearing in Middle-class American Families

This article will summarize the results of our recent study of subabusive violence in child rearing in middle-class families, and will then discuss the implications of the findings for the questions before us—"What are the short and long term effects of corporal punishment of children?"; "Should we try to reduce its use?"; "If so, can we be advised by these results on how to accomplish that?" Subabusive violence against children1 consists of those ordinary, everyday acts of violence—spanking, hitting, slapping, etc—that do not rise to the common definitions of abuse. Most parents accept these as proper acts of discipline in the children9s best interests. The pervasiveness of subabusive violence in child rearing is not in doubt. It is rooted solidly in American traditions2 and is supported by commonly held religious beliefs.3 Surveys4-6 indicate that some 90% of parents use corporal punishment in child rearing, and its continued use in public schools has been well-documented.7 Although its pervasiveness is not in doubt, there are questions about its effects on children—intended and unintended, positive and negative effects. Is it an effective set of disciplinary tools? Does it harm children? Do its costs outweigh its benefits? There is no doubt that abusive violence against children has harmful effects, but what about subabuse? It has been argued that subabusive violence may have direct negative effects on child development, may be a risk factor for abuse, may escalate to abuse under some still unknown conditions, may violate humanitarian values, and may contribute to maintaining a general culture of violence.1
Linear radio frequency power amplifier design using nonlinear feedback linearization techniques

This paper presents the results of the research conducted on the feedback linearization of radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PA) used in digital communication applications. The proposed design takes into account not only the nonlinear behavior of the power amplifier but also its dynamic behavior. First, a faithful mathematical model of the voltage I/O characteristic of the PA is developed, i.e., a sigmoidal function model which closely describes its nonlinear gain behavior is derived and a multiplicative nonlinear feedback controller is applied to it to render the overall amplifier's response linear. Simulation results obtained using Matlab/Simulink are presented, and power amplifier linearity properties are quantified in terms of the output power spectrum when the input is a BPSK waveform, the classic two-tone test, the white noise test, and the AM/AM and AM/PM conversion curves.
Modelling for cost-effectiveness analysis.

A model creates the framework for a cost-effectiveness analysis, allowing decision makers to explore the implications of using an intervention in different ways and under different conditions. To serve its purpose a model must produce accurate predictions and allow for substantial variation in the factors that influence costs and effects. This paper considers three aspects of modelling: validating effectiveness estimates; modelling costs; and the implications of common statistical forms. Validation procedures similar to those for effectiveness estimates are proposed for costs. Modellers need to pay more attention to ensuring that the pathway of events described by a model represents costs as well as it does effects. Modellers can also help improve the epidemiological and clinical research on which cost-effectiveness analyses depend by showing the implications for resource allocation of the statistical forms conventionally used in these fields.
Melioration Despite More Information: The Role of Feedback Frequency in Stable Suboptimal Performance:

Situations that present individuals with a conflict between local and global gains often result in a behavioral pattern known as melioration —– a preference for immediate rewards over higher long-term gains. Using a variant of a paradigm by Tunney & Shanks (2002), we explored the potential role of feedback as a means to reduce this bias. We hypothesized that frequent and informative feedback about optimal performance might be the key to enable people to overcome the documented tendency to meliorate when choices are rewarded probabilistically. Much to our surprise, this intuition turned out to be mistaken. Instead of maximizing, 19 out of 22 participants demonstrated a clear bias towards melioration, regardless of feedback condition. From a human factors perspective, our results suggest that even frequent normative feedback may be insufficient to overcome inefficient choice allocation. We discuss implications for the theoretical notion of rationality and provide suggestions for future research that might p...
Nod1 Activation by Bacterial iE-DAP Induces Maternal–Fetal Inflammation and Preterm Labor

There is a strong association between infection and prematurity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Nod1 and Nod2 are intracellular pattern recognition receptors that are activated by bacterial peptides and mediate innate immunity. We previously demonstrated that human first-trimester trophoblasts express Nod1 and Nod2, which trigger inflammation upon stimulation. This study sought to determine the expression and function of Nod1 and Nod2 in third-trimester trophoblasts, and to characterize the in vivo effects of Nod1 activation on pregnancy outcome. Human term placental tissues and isolated term trophoblast expressed Nod1, but not Nod2. Activation of Nod1 by its agonist, bacterial γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP), in term trophoblast cultures induced a proinflammatory cytokine profile, characterized by elevated levels of secreted IL-6, GRO-α, and MCP-1, when compared with the control. However, these cytokines were not upregulated in response to Nod2 stimulation with bacterial MDP. Administration of high-dose bacterial iE-DAP to pregnant C57BL/6J mice on embryonic day 14.5 triggered preterm delivery within 24 h. iE-DAP at a lower dose that did not induce prematurity, reduced fetal weight, altered the cytokine profile at the maternal-fetal interface, and induced fetal inflammation. Thus, functional Nod1 is expressed by trophoblast cells across gestation and may have a role in mediating infection-associated inflammation and prematurity. This study demonstrates that pattern recognition receptors, other than the TLRs, may be implicated or involved in infection-associated preterm labor.
The effects of magnesium fertilizers on yield and chemical composition of sugar beet

Nineteen experiments were made between 1964 and 1967 on fields where previous sugar beet crops showed symptoms of magnesium deficiency. None, 2·5 or 5 cwt/acre kieserite or 20 cwt/acre dolomitic limestone were tested in a factorial design with none or 3 cwt/acre agricultural salt (crude sodium chloride), and 0.8 or 1.2 cwt/acre nitrogen as ‘Nitro-Chalk’. Additional plots tested kainit (7 cwt/acre) and a large dressing of potash (2 cwt/acre) as muriate of potash. Kieserite and dolomitic limestone increased sugar yield and the most effective dressing was 5 cwt/acre kieserite, which gave 3·1 cwt/acre more sugar than the crop without magnesium fertilizer. Agricultural salt and the larger dressing of nitrogen were profitable, and neither interacted with magnesium on average; the large dressing of potash also increased yield. The magnesium in the kainit increased yield slightly, but the dressing tested supplied too little to satisfy the crop's requirement of magnesium. Each year in late summer the percentage of plants showing magnesium-deficiency symptoms was recorded, and a sample of twenty-four plants harvested from each of the magnesium treatments and analysed. All the magnesium fertilizers increased the concentration of magnesium in leaves, petioles and roots, and also decreased the number of plants showing deficiency symptoms. The magnesium concentrations in plants grown without magnesium differed widely and were related both to the yield response to magnesium fertilizer and to the percentage of plants with deficiency symptoms. Both relationships showed a similar ‘transition zone’ from deficiency to adequate supply, for leaves this was 0·2–0·4% Mg, for petioles 0·1–0·2 Mg and for roots 0·075–0·125 % Mg in the dry matter.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces chronic respiratory infection, airway hyperreactivity, and pulmonary inflammation: A murine model of infection-associated chronic reactive airway disease

Because chronic Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory infection is hypothesized to play a role in asthma, the potential of M. pneumoniae to establish chronic respiratory infection with associated pulmonary disease was investigated in a murine model. BALB/c mice were intranasally inoculated once with M. pneumoniae and examined at 109, 150, 245, 368, and 530 days postinoculation. M. pneumoniae was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by culture or PCR in 70 and 22% of mice at 109 and 530 days postinoculation, respectively. Lung histopathology was normal up to 368 days postinoculation. At 530 days, however, 78% of the mice inoculated with M. pneumoniae demonstrated abnormal histopathology characterized by peribronchial and perivascular mononuclear infiltrates. A mean histopathologic score (HPS) at 530 days of 5.1 was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than that for controls (HPS score of 0). Serum anti-M. pneumoniae immunoglobulin G was detectable in all of the mice inoculated with M. pneumoniae and was inversely correlated with HPS (r = −0.95, P = 0.01) at 530 days postinoculation. Unrestrained whole-body plethysmography measurement of enhanced pause revealed significantly elevated airway methacholine reactivity in M. pneumoniae-inoculated mice compared with that in controls at 245 days (P = 0.03) and increased airway obstruction at 530 days (P = 0.01). Murine M. pneumoniae respiratory infection can lead to chronic pulmonary disease characterized by airway hyperreactivity, airway obstruction, and histologic inflammation.
Factors Associated With Illness Perception Among Critically Ill Patients and Surrogates

Background We investigated illness perceptions among critically ill patients or their surrogates in a university medical ICU using a prospective survey. We hypothesized that these would vary by demographic, personal, and clinical measures. Methods Patients (n = 23) or their surrogates (n = 77) were recruited. The Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R) measured six domains of illness perception: timeline-acute/chronic, consequences, emotional impact, personal control, treatment efficacy, and illness comprehension. Multiple variable linear regression models were developed with IPQ-R scores as the outcomes. Results African Americans tended to perceive the illness as less enduring and reported more confidence in treatment efficacy ( P P = .0002 for each). Conversely, African Americans reported lower illness comprehension ( P = .002). Faith/religion was associated with positive illness perceptions, including less concern regarding consequences ( P = .02), less emotional impact ( P = .03), and more confidence in treatment efficacy ( P P Conclusions Illness perceptions among critically ill patients and surrogates are influenced by patient/surrogate factors, including race, faith, and precritical illness QOL, rather than clinical measures. Clinicians should recognize the variability in illness perceptions and the possible implications for patient/surrogate communication.
The interaction of troponin C with phosphofructokinase. Comparison with calmodulin.

Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a calmodulin (CaM)-binding protein [Mayr & Heilmeyer (1983) FEBS Lett. 195, 51-57]. We found that troponin C (TnC), which is homologous to CaM, also binds PFK and affects PFK's catalytic activity, aggregation states and conformational changes as CaM does in most cases. PFK titration of N-acetylaminoethyl-5-naphthylamido-1-sulphonate ('AEDANS')-TnC showed that its apparent dissociation constant is comparable with that of PFK-CaM. Fluorescent labels were also used to probe contact regions on TnC and CaM. It is likely that the C-terminal end of the connecting strand of the TnC molecule is close to PFK in the binary complex. Hydrophobic regions of TnC and CaM also possibly play roles in the binding and polymerization of PFK. TnC and CaM deactivate PFK through accelerating PFK conformational change as well as through accelerating PFK tetramer dissociation, as implied in the results of activity, light-scattering, fluorescence and c.d. experiments. The intact molecule of CaM appears to be required to deactivate PFK, because neither half of the CaM molecule has an effect on PFK activity.
Bioenergetic functions of sleep and activity rhythms and their possible relevance to aging

The hypothesis is proposed that sleep constitutes a period of dormancy in which energy is conserved to partially offset the increased energy demands of homeothermy. Phylogenetic data indicate that the complete physiological and behavioral manifestations of sleep are unique to homeotherms; furthermore “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” in the parallel development of slow wave sleep and thermoregulation as exemplified in the opossum. Thus, sleep constitutes a state of reduced metabolism that may represent a variation on the theme of dormancy, functionally lying on a continuum of energy conservation processes, ranging from inactivity and estivation to torpor and hibernation. The high amounts of sleep in infancy may involve conservation of energy and its consequent availability for growth. Decreased amounts of stage 4 and total sleep with aging in humans may represent reduced energy demands reflected by parallel declines in basal metabolic rate and physical activity. Disruptions of circadian rhythms of sleep and wakefulness in humans produce impairments in mood and performance independent of total amounts of sleep obtained, and reduce the amplitude of physiological rhythms. It is suggested that aging processes might also be affected by such disruptions in activity rhythms. Berger, R. J. Bioenergetic functions of sleep and activity rhythms and their possible relevance to aging. Federation Proc. 34: 97–102, 1975.
Osmotic pressure regulates αβγ-rENaC expressed inXenopus oocytes

The hypothesis that amiloride-sensitive Na+channels (ENaC) are involved in cell volume regulation was tested. Anisosmotic ND-20 media (ranging from 70 to 450 mosM) were used to superfuse Xenopus oo...
Creating Temporary Pools as Wetland Mitigation: How Well Do They Function?

Temporary forested pools are an important ecological resource throughout northern and eastern North America, yet they are often destroyed or degraded. Pool creation offers a potential mitigation solution, but long-term monitoring to assess the functioning of created pools is scarce. Furthermore, studies rarely integrate multiple, interacting levels of the pool ecosystem, including physical, chemical, and biological parameters. To address this knowledge gap, we compared the physical habitat, water chemistry, productivity, and community composition of macroinvertebrates and amphibians from 7-year old created pools (n = 7) to reference pools (n = 6). Created pools were smaller in size, received more sunlight, had greater amounts of Lemna, Typha, and Phragmites, and were less likely to dry. Created pools had higher pH and conductivity, but algal biomass did not differ. Macroinvertebrate richness was similar across pools, but composition starkly differed. Amphibian species richness and composition was similar between created and reference pools; however, created pools had fewer focal pool-breeding amphibians, including the spotted salamander and wood frog. By assessing the entire pool ecosystem, we found that the ability of created pools to mimic the physical conditions and ecological functions of natural temporary pools is suspect.
OTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE AUDIOGENIC SEIZURE

Following a sound stimulation (12KC/S, 120phone) electromyogram was taken in rats sufferi- ng from bilateral otitis medic on the condition that their extremities were fixed.In the records of E.M.G.in the auricular muscles, extensor and flexor muscles of the poste- rior extremities, the discharge showed an increase in frequency and voltage after a long latent period leading to the development of tonic-clonic convulsion.The result of this electromyogra- phical examination of the each stadium of convulsion was found to correspond to the grossly observed result in the previous experiment.The present result seems to afford the following interpretation as to the etiology of the audiogenic seizuro.The development of the audiogenic seizure does not seem attributable to the escaping action of animals but to a diminished buffer mechanism of the middle ear conduction system due to otitis media.The specific sounds cause a diffuse stimulation in the hypolabyrinth.In every neuron of the central nerve system, the impulse is amplified.The system is confused by a conflict between excitation and inhibition, resulting in the incapability of controlling the development of non harmonic impulses.
Spectrum Influence on Extraretinal Control of Daily Oviposition Cycles

Abstract Daily time of oviposition was recorded from control, enucleated, pinealectomized, and enucleated-pinealectomized White Leghorn hens subjected to 12L/12D photoperiods of different light spectrum and to continuous light. Entrainment of daily ovulatory cycle by extraretinal photoreceptors, overtly expressed by oviposition, to the light phase of the daily light-dark cycle occurred in clear incandescent and red photoperiods. Results from these experiments demonstrate extraretinal photoreception of various wave length photoperiods which subsequently influence daily oviposition cycle.
Surgical Site Infections Following Pediatric Ambulatory Surgery: An Epidemiologic Analysis

OBJECTIVE To identify surgical site infection (SSI) rates following pediatric ambulatory surgery, SSI outcomes and risk factors, and sensitivity and specificity of SSI administrative billing codes. DESIGN Retrospective chart review of pediatric ambulatory surgeries with International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes for SSI, and a systematic random sampling of 5% of surgeries without SSI ICD-9 codes, all adjudicated for SSI on the basis of an ambulatory-adapted National Healthcare Safety Network definition. SETTING Urban pediatric tertiary care center April 1, 2009-March 31, 2014. METHODS SSI rates and sensitivity and specificity of ICD-9 codes were estimated using sampling design, and risk factors were analyzed in case-rest of cohort, and case-control, designs. RESULTS In 15,448 pediatric ambulatory surgeries, 34 patients had ICD-9 codes for SSI and 25 met the adapted National Healthcare Safety Network criteria. One additional SSI was identified with systematic random sampling. The SSI rate following pediatric ambulatory surgery was 2.9 per 1,000 surgeries (95% CI, 1.2-6.9). Otolaryngology surgeries demonstrated significantly lower SSI rates compared with endocrine (P=.001), integumentary (P=.001), male genital (P<.0001), and respiratory (P=.01) surgeries. Almost half of patients with an SSI were admitted, 88% received antibiotics, and 15% returned to the operating room. No risk factors were associated with SSI. The sensitivity of ICD-9 codes for SSI following ambulatory surgery was 55.31% (95% CI, 12.69%-91.33%) and specificity was 99.94% (99.89%-99.97%). CONCLUSIONS SSI following pediatric ambulatory surgery occurs at an appreciable rate and conveys morbidity on children. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:931-938.
Nutrition status of self-feeding lunch in primary school for children of migrant workers in Shanghai

Objective To evaluate the nutrition status of self-feeding lunch in primary school for children of migrant workers in Shanghai and to provide evidence for promoting children's growth and development and health education. Methods By random sampling,half of the schools for children of migrant workers in two districts were selected in Shanghai. Food weighing and record was used in nutrition survey. Results The each average supply of energy,calcium,zinc,vitamin A,vitamin B_1 and vitamin B_2 was significantly less than the standard( P 0. 01). The supply of calcium in all schools was less than 60% of the standard. The proportions that schools supplied vitamin A and vitamin B_2 less than 60% of the standard were 66. 7% and 87. 5% respectively.Dietary pattern was not reasonable. No school supplied milk. 91. 6% of schools supplied soybeans and soy products less than 60%of the standard,while 91. 6% of schools supplied animal food more than the standard. Conclusion The dietary pattern of lunch is unreasonable in school for children of migrant workers in Shanghai. The supply of minerals and vitamins is not enough. They should give the students more,soy and soy products and green vegetables,less meat. The health education which is aimed at school and parents is also necessary.
Toward a framework for detecting privacy policy violations in android application code

Mobile applications frequently access sensitive personal informa- tion to meet user or business requirements. Because such informa- tion is sensitive in general, regulators increasingly require mobile- app developers to publish privacy policies that describe what infor- mation is collected. Furthermore, regulators have fined companies when these policies are inconsistent with the actual data practices of mobile apps. To help mobile-app developers check their pri- vacy policies against their apps’ code for consistency, we propose a semi-automated framework that consists of a policy terminology- API method map that links policy phrases to API methods that pro- duce sensitive information, and information flow analysis to detect misalignments. We present an implementation of our framework based on a privacy-policy-phrase ontology and a collection of map- pings from API methods to policy phrases. Our empirical eval- uation on 477 top Android apps discovered 341 potential privacy policy violations.
Art in Progress

Aesthetic purpose is anticipatory by its nature. In their concrete action—painting, composing, writing, filming, dancing, etc.—individuals involved in aesthetic activities are driven by a goal (obviously projected into the future) that will eventually become an artifact or a performance. The experiment, “Inside Out—A Performance” (Anticipation and Art) took place in the context of a conference that examined anticipation across disciplines. Through the nature of the experiment, aesthetics became a test-bed for ideas pertaining to the expression of anticipation in action.
Cholesterol: An Achilles’ Heel for Glioblastoma?

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Villa et al. report that survival of glioblastoma cells is dependent on uptake of cholesterol. A synthetic agonist of the Liver X receptor depleted cholesterol in GBM cells, slowing growth of GBM xenografts.
Some Sequences Arising in the Creation of New Orthogonal Polynomials

Denote by \(\hat U(x)\)the monic Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind. These polynomials satisfy the recurrence relation $${\hat U_{n + 1}}(x) = x{\hat U_n}(x) - \frac{1}{4}{\hat U_{n - 1}}(x),n = 0,1,2,\ldots,{\hat U_{ - 1}}(x) = 0,{\hat U_0}(x) = 1.$$ (1) Two linearly independent solutions of (1) considered as a difference equation are $$y_n^{(l)}(x) = \lambda _1^n,{\lambda _1} = \frac{{x + \sqrt {{x^2} - 1} }}{2},y_n^{(2)}(x) = \lambda _2^n,{\lambda _2} = \frac{{x - \sqrt {{x^2} - 1} }}{2},x \in C - \left[ { - 1,1} \right].$$ (2) Throughout this paper, we adopt the convention that \(\sqrt {{Z^2} - 1} \)is analytic when \(z \in C - \left[ { - 1,1} \right]\) and positive when z is real and >1. Note that this convention implies that the second solution above is subdominant to the first in the indicated region in the complex plane. The family \(\left\{ {{{\hat U}_n}(x)} \right\}\)is orthogonal with respect to the weight function $$\omega (x) = \sqrt {1 - {x^2}},x \in \left[ { - 1,1} \right], $$ (3) whose Stieltjes transform is $$F(z) = \int_{ - 1}^1 {\frac{{\sqrt {1 - {x^2}} }}{{z - x}}dx = \pi \left[ {z - \sqrt {{z^2} - 1} } \right],z \in C - \left[ { - 1,1} \right].} $$ (4) Now consider the sequence of polynomials\({Q_n}(x)\) defined by $${Q_n}(x) = ({a_n}x + {b_n}){\hat U_{n - 1}}(x) + (1 - {a_n}){\hat U_n}(x),n = 0,1,2, \ldots,{a_0} \ne 1.$$ (5) With the exception of \({Q_0}(x)\) these polynomials are monic also. Working with monic polynomials makes the computations much less cumbersome.
Identifying Candidate Genes that Underlie Cellular pH Sensitivity in Serotonin Neurons Using Transcriptomics: A Potential Role for Kir5.1 Channels

Ventilation is continuously adjusted by a neural network to maintain blood gases and pH. Acute CO2 and/or pH regulation requires neural feedback from brainstem cells that encode CO2/pH to modulate ventilation, including but not limited to brainstem serotonin (5-HT) neurons. Brainstem 5-HT neurons modulate ventilation and are stimulated by hypercapnic acidosis, the sensitivity of which increases with increasing postnatal age. The proper function of brainstem 5-HT neurons, particularly during post-natal development is critical given that multiple abnormalities in the 5-HT system have been identified in victims of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Here, we tested the hypothesis that there are age-dependent increases in expression of pH-sensitive ion channels in brainstem 5-HT neurons, which may underlie their cellular CO2/pH sensitivity. Midline raphe neurons were acutely dissociated from neonatal and mature transgenic SSePet-eGFP rats [which have enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression in all 5-HT neurons] and sorted with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) into 5-HT-enriched and non-5-HT cell pools for subsequent RNA extraction, cDNA library preparation and RNA sequencing. Overlapping differential expression analyses pointed to age-dependent shifts in multiple ion channels, including but not limited to the pH-sensitive potassium ion (K+) channel genes kcnj10 (Kir4.1), kcnj16 (Kir5.1), kcnk1 (TWIK-1), kcnk3 (TASK-1) and kcnk9 (TASK-3). Intracellular contents isolated from single adult eGFP+ 5-HT neurons confirmed gene expression of Kir4.1, Kir5.1 and other K+ channels, but also showed heterogeneity in the expression of multiple genes. 5-HT neuron-enriched cell pools from selected post-natal ages showed increases in Kir4.1, Kir5.1, and TWIK-1, fitting with age-dependent increases in Kir4.1 and Kir5.1 protein expression in raphe tissue samples. Immunofluorescence imaging confirmed Kir5.1 protein was co-localized to brainstem neurons and glia including 5-HT neurons as expected. However, Kir4.1 protein expression was restricted to glia, suggesting that it may not contribute to 5-HT neuron pH sensitivity. Although there are caveats to this approach, the data suggest that pH-sensitive Kir5.1 channels may underlie cellular CO2/pH chemosensitivity in brainstem 5-HT neurons.
Abstract 108: Impact of a Wireless "Wearable" Device to Measure Daily Activity in Patients With Coronary Microvascular Disease Treated With Late Na Channel Inhibition (ranolazine): a Substudy of the RWISE Clinical Trial

Background: Since late Na channel inhibition (ranolazine) improves exercise duration in the stress laboratory among angina patients, we questioned if this benefit would translate to impact step-cou...
Transcobalamins: Vitamin B12 Transport

In Volume 2 of this series, the transcobalamines were introduced, in connection with vitamin B12 function and transport (pp. 520–525). Here, a brief review will be given of this problem and of the develop­ments which have taken place since this subject was discussed in Volume 2.
The Absent Center: Poetic Difficulty in Wallace Stevens's MAN WITH A BLUE GUITAR XXII

As a whole, “The Man with the Blue Guitar” is a defense of poetry, and of the poet. Through thirty-three cantos it morphs, sometimes changing radically and rarely providing relief from its difficul...
Near Real-Time Image Reconstruction

In recent years, post-facto image-processing algorithms have been developed to achieve diffraction-limited observations of the solar surface. We present a combination of frame selection, speckle-masking imaging, and parallel computing which provides real-time, diffraction-limited, 256×256 pixel images at a 1-minute cadence. Our approach to achieve diffraction limited observations is complementary to adaptive optics (AO). At the moment, AO is limited by the fact that it corrects wavefront abberations only for a field of view comparable to the isoplanatic patch. This limitation does not apply to speckle-masking imaging. However, speckle-masking imaging relies on short-exposure images which limits its spectroscopic applications. The parallel processing of the data is performed on a Beowulf-class computer which utilizes off-the-shelf, mass-market technologies to provide high computational performance for scientific calculations and applications at low cost. Beowulf computers have a great potential, not only for image reconstruction, but for any kind of complex data reduction. Immediate access to high-level data products and direct visualization of dynamic processes on the Sun are two of the advantages to be gained.
The Political Elite in Post-Soviet Russia

The political elite in Russia is often thought to consist of three prominent groups: Putin’s inner circle, the oligarchs, and the siloviki. To these, I add a fourth, less visible but equally important: the state bureaucrats. At the apex of the elite system, these groups overlap: some siloviki have become business heads, while some oligarchs have moved into the security branches. The oligarchs, siloviki, and bureaucrats all head hierarchical organizations that have hundreds of thousands of lower-level officials. The mass base of Putin’s inner circle is less easily defined and rests to a high degree on the managed charisma of Vladimir Putin. The sustainability of this system in the face of a prolonged economic downturn remains an open question.
Pain in Children: An Overview of Psychological Assessment and Intervention

The problem of pain in children has received little attention in the medical and psychological literature. In contrast to the wealth of information concerning theory research, and clinical application in the area of pain management with adult patients, the literature on assessment and management of children’s pain is characterized almost exclusively by anecdotal reports and by the absence of systematic, controlled research. The paucity of relevant literature on pediatric pain was illustrated by Eland and Anderson (1977) who conducted a thorough search of the medical literature on pain from 1970 and 1975. The search revealed 1350 articles on pain, yet only 33 of these dealt with pediatric pain. Furthermore, the 33 articles were almost all related to differential diagnosis or specific diagnostic examinations to be done and contained little or no data on assessment or treatment of children’s pain behaviors. Since 1975, psychologists have begun to address the problem of pain in children through research as well as clinical application. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a concise overview of the psychological literature on assessment and intervention in pediatrics.
GENERATION AND SEARCH METHODS IN DESIGN: DISCUSSION

Design generation is the process of formulating design solutions within a design space. An early view of design as a search process was discussed by Simon (1969), in which knowledge can be modeled as a set of operators, and design problems modeled as goals; design is then the process of searching for sequences of operators which produce solutions to those goals. Depending on the nature of the operators, this process may involve the refinement and transformation of incomplete designs until a complete solution is obtained, or a traversal through a space of possible solutions occurs, or a combination of both. The proce ss may be deterministic, in which the space is searched systematically, according to fixed procedures, or stochastic, in which probabilistic methods are used to sample the space. Design as search has been critici sed as being too restrictive to capture the real nature of design. Smithers et al. (1994) argue that a large part of design is concerned with formulating the problem and discovering the relationship between the design goals and design knowledge, and thus that design is better captured by the term exploration. The session summarized here considered methods of formally describing and searching spaces in order to generate design solutions, and discussed the adequacy of search as a characterization of design .
Languaging as competencing: considering language learning as enactment

The terms interactional competence and learning are discussed in the context of recent research in the areas of cognitive science and ethnomethodological conversation analysis studies of language l...
From Subcontinent to Continental

This chapter examines the philosophical works of Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer, especially those parts that were of significance for Mehta. Accordingly, it first addresses Heidegger’s early texts pertaining to the question of being and the hermeneutics of facticity. It then turns to Gadamer’s development of what he called “philosophical hermeneutics.” Mehta’s postcolonial hermeneutics is an indirect, yet sophisticated challenge to Gadamer’s, as Chaps. 4 and 6 in particular will detail. The chapter concludes with a return to Heidegger’s later works, that is, those works specifically on poets, poetry, and the ontological difference. Insofar as Heidegger and Gadamer were influential on Mehta’s philosophical career, this chapter contends that in order to understand J. L. Mehta, one must first understand Heideggerian and Gadamerian thought. This chapter prepares the reader for the sustained engagement with Mehta’s work in Chaps. 4, 5, and 6.
Ursprung und Aufbau neuronaler Netze

Wie bereits in der Einleitung angedeutet, stellen neuronale Netze den Versuch dar, die prinzipielle Funktionsweise des menschlichen Gehirns auf dem Computer abzubilden. Dies setzt naturlich als notwendige Bedingung eine detaillierte Kenntnis der Funktionsweise des Gehirns voraus. Obwohl noch viele (vermutlich die uberwiegende Anzahl) der Eigenschaften des menschlichen Gehirns wenig oder gar nicht erforscht sind, konnten im vergangenen Jahrhundert bahnbrechende Erfolge in der Hirnforschung erzielt werden. Bereits zu Beginn des Jahrhunderts stellte der spanische Physiologe Santiago Ramon Y Cajal die These auf,1 das das Gehirn aus Verarbeitungseinheiten — den Neuronen — besteht, die hierarchisch aufgebaut sind. Auf ihn lassen sich auch erste reale Abbildungen der Struktur des menschlichen Gehirns zuruckfuhren. Wie Lernprozesse im menschlichen Gehirn moglicherweise ablaufen konnten, wurde erst in den achtziger Jahren durch die Erforschung der NMDA-Rezeptoren erkannt.2