cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localized failure in unsaturated soils under non-isothermal conditions

Fluctuations of temperature and degree of saturation have considerable influence on the mechanical, hydraulic and retention properties of unsaturated soils. Localized failure is a ubiquitous feature of geomaterials. Major research on localized failure of geomaterials has been focused on geomaterials under the isothermal condition. In this article, we study the localized failure of unsaturated soils under non-isothermal conditions. In particular, we derive the isothermal and adiabatic bifurcation conditions from a homogeneous deformation at the constitutive level under a locally drained condition. A recently proposed meso-scale constitutive model for thermal unsaturated soils is used to derive the isothermal and adiabatic acoustic tensors. We present the spectral form of the consistent tangential elasto-plastic operator from a local material integration algorithm. The numerical simulations at the material level are conducted to study the impact of temperature on localized failure of unsaturated soils under the plane strain condition. The numerical results show that the timing and the critical angle of bifurcation are dependent on temperature.
Analysis of Thickener Operation

A rational theory of thickener operation, based on the Kynch analysis of sedimentation, is used to develop a design method for thickeners using gravity settling of suspensions. Kynch has shown that, in a batch settling process, waves of constant concentration rise with constant velocity. As a result, concentration, settling velocity, and interface height can be related. Application of mass balance equations to a continuous process then leads to a relationship between particle settling velocity and cross-sectional area that permits calculation of the required area. Using an expression that relates dilution factor and time, the volume of the compression zone may be determined, and from this the required depth may be calculated to complete the sizing of the tank.
Temporal relationship between instantaneous pressure gradients and peak‐to‐peak systolic ejection gradient in congenital aortic stenosis

Objective We sought to identify a time during cardiac ejection when the instantaneous pressure gradient (IPG) correlated best, and near unity, with peak-to-peak systolic ejection gradient (PPSG) in patients with congenital aortic stenosis. Noninvasive echocardiographic measurement of IPG has limited correlation with cardiac catheterization measured PPSG across the spectrum of disease severity of congenital aortic stenosis. A major contributor is the observation that these measures are inherently different with a variable relationship dependent on the degree of stenosis. Design Hemodynamic data from cardiac catheterizations utilizing simultaneous pressure measurements from the left ventricle (LV) and ascending aorta (AAo) in patients with congenital valvar aortic stenosis was retrospectively reviewed over the past 5 years. The cardiac cycle was standardized for all patients using the percentage of total LV ejection time (ET). Instantaneous gradient at 5% intervals of ET were compared to PPSG using linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis. Results A total of 22 patients underwent catheterization at a median age of 13.7 years (interquartile range [IQR] 10.3-18.0) and median weight of 51.1 kg (IQR 34.2-71.6). The PPSG was 46.5 ± 12.6 mm Hg (mean ± SD) and correlated suboptimally with the maximum and mean IPG. The midsystolic IPG (occurring at 50% of ET) had the strongest correlation with the PPSG ( PPSG = 0.97(IPG50%)–1.12, R2 = 0.88), while the IPG at 55% of ET was closest to unity ( PPSG = 0.997(IPG55%)–1.17, R2 = 0.87). Conclusions The commonly measured maximum and mean IPG are suboptimal estimates of the PPSG in congenital aortic stenosis. Using catheter-based data, IPG at 50%–55% of ejection correlates well with PPSG. This may allow for a more accurate estimation of PPSG via noninvasive assessment of IPG.
Rates of hippocampal atrophy and presence of post-mortem TDP-43 in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal retrospective study

Summary Background Post-mortem studies have not identified an association between β-amyloid or tau and rates of hippocampal atrophy in patients with Alzheimer's disease. TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is another protein linked to Alzheimer's disease. We aimed to investigate whether hippocampal TDP-43 is associated with increased rates of hippocampal atrophy. Methods In this longitudinal retrospective study, we analysed post-mortem brain tissue of all individuals with an Alzheimer's disease spectrum pathological diagnosis who had antemortem head MRI scans between Jan 1, 1999, and Dec 31, 2012, and who had been recruited into the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Patient Registry, or the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. We did TDP-43 immunohistochemistry and classified individuals as follows: no TDP-43 in the amygdala or hippocampus; TDP-43 restricted to the amygdala; and TDP-43 spreading into the hippocampus. Each individual was also assigned a neurofibrillary tangle stage (B1–B3), relating to the likelihood of having Alzheimer's disease. We used longitudinal FreeSurfer software and tensor-based morphometry with symmetric normalisation to calculate hippocampal volume on all serial MRI scans and used linear mixed-effects regression models to estimate associations between TDP-43 and rate of hippocampal atrophy and to assess the trajectory of TDP-43-associated atrophy. Findings We identified 298 individuals meeting the inclusion criteria, with 816 usable MRI scans (spanning 1·0–11·2 years of the disease) available for analysis. 141 individuals showed no TDP-43 in the amygdala or hippocampus, 33 had TDP-43 restricted to the amygdala, and 124 had TDP-43 in the hippocampus. Among individuals with a high likelihood of having Alzheimer's disease (neurofibrillary tangle stage B3; n=205), those with hippocampal TDP-43 had faster rates of hippocampal atrophy (n=103, annual volume change −4·39%, 95% CI −4·82 to −3·95; p Interpretation TDP-43 should be considered as a potential factor related to increased rates of hippocampal atrophy in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Given the importance of hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease, it is imperative that techniques are developed for detection of TDP-43 in vivo. Funding US National Institute on Aging (National Institutes of Health).
Cranial Nerve XI: Spinal Accessory

The eleventh cranial nerve, the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), is the only cranial nerve whose origins must be searched for outside the foramen magnum at the level of the cervical spinal level. Its anatomical course, function, pathology and major clinical syndromes are described.
Breast cancer surgery during pregnancy.

1127 Background: There is limited literature on breast surgery during pregnancy. We present prospective registry data on 88 breast cancer patients who underwent breast cancer surgery during pregnancy. Methods: The Cancer and Pregnancy Registry is a voluntary international registry that prospectively collects the clinical course, treatment, and disease outcome of women diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy and the perinatal and neonatal outcomes of their children. Results: We identified 88 patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer and had surgery while pregnant. 59 patients (67%) underwent Mastectomy while29 patients (32%) underwent breast conserving surgery (BCS). Out of 43 patients who underwent BCS as their first surgery 13 patients (30.23%) required subsequent mastectomy during pregnancy. 15 patients (34.88%) from the BCS group and 4 patients (8.69%) from the Mastectomy group had positive margins. There was no significant difference between patients who underwent mastectomy vs BCS based on Age (3...
The impact of enhancing a behavioral program for children with severe behavioral disorders by promoting parents' coherent life story

The purpose of this stucfy was to investigate the impact of enhancing an already casting day treatment program for youth with severe behavior disorders. The intervention consisted of a short-term parent therapy group which operadonalized elements of attachment theory and narrative therapy and then compared this to the program's regular treatment. This group focused on assisting parents (1) to review their past for a coherent story, (2) to identify and utilize a parenting strength, and (3) to voice their hopes and fears to their child with an emphasis on the child's potential. The effectiveness of this group was assessed by both a quantitative and qualitative methodology. There were six clients in the enhanced treatment condition, and nine clients in the regular treatment condition. For the quantitative aspect of this study, a repeated measures design (specifically a split-plot design) was utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of the parent therapy group. The instruments used in this study included the Child Behavior Checklist^ and the Parent Attitude Survey^. For the qualitative aspect of this study, written responses to several open-ended questions were analyzed by three raters. This process allowed the emergence of thematic and theoretical information regarding the clients' experience of the parent therapy group. The results of the analysis of variance indicated no treatment effect and no treatment by time effect. There was a time effect which indicated that all of the parents reported an ^ Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Child Behavior Checklist. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont. ^ Hereford, C. F. (1963). Changing parental attitudes through group discussion. Austin, TX: Hogg Foundation for Mental Health.
The Utility of Affect in the Selection of Actions and Goals Under Real-World Constraints.

We present a novel affective goal selection mechanism for decision-making in agents with limited computational resources (e.g., such as robots operating under real-time constraints). We argue that when deciding whether to undertake some action, affective states can serve as subjective estimates of the likelihood of that action succeeding. Given that the affective states may reflect, in part, the recent history of successes and failures for a given action type, their roles in action selection can be viewed as analogous to temporal probabilistic decision models such as Markov decision processes. We show how “affect-influenced decision making” can provide low-cost mechanisms to break out of potentially costly sequences of failed actions in the absence of either knowing or being able to compute the actual utility of performing a particular action.
Anatomy and Morphology

Extensive anatomical and morphological studies have not been reported for Petunia. However, pollen biology and the reproductive apparatus and early embryo development appear to be thoroughly documented, including some recent (1970’s) fine structural analyses. The purpose of this segment of the monograph is to present the available basic botanical information on the genus Petunia.
A spark chamber measurement of the reactions π± + p → ϱ+- + p at 15 GeV/c

Abstract A new method, using spark chambers, for the study of the reactions π ± + p → ϱ ± + p is described. The charged pion and both γ rays from the π ± decay are detected. Differential and integrated cross sections σ π + =50 ± 9 μ b, σ π − =47 ± 9 μ b) for 0.0 ⩽| t |⩽1. (GeV/ c ) 2 and a laboratory momentum ( p Lab ) of 15 GeV/c are presented. The momentum dependence of σ γ ± is well fitted from 2.7 to 16 GeV/c by σ = K p Lab − with n γ + = 1.80 ± 0.80 and n γ − = 1.87 ± 0.15.
Phineas Gage: The brain and the behavior

Phineas Gage has long occupied a privileged position in the history of science. Few isolated cases have been as influential, in the neurological and neuroscientific thinking, and yet the documentation on which conclusions and interpretations rest are remarkably incomplete [1] , [2] . We do have a number of sure facts: – Gage did suffer a well-described accident, which resulted in major damage to his skull and brain; – we do know that after the accident his personality underwent a major change and that his reliability was compromised; – we do have his actual, damaged, skull as well as the weapon that traversed it, both preserved as museum artifacts. By undertaking a direct analysis of the skull and taking direct advantage of novel neuroimaging techniques, we took a new look at the Gage case [3] . After analyzing, measuring and photographing the skull at the museum of the Harvard Medical School, we modeled a restricted number of trajectories for the weapon and for the respective sites of brain injury. We were then able to interpret aspects of Gage's behavior that were credibly compromised in the setting of Gage's presumed lesions. The confidence we were able to place on these interpretations depended on the fact that we had extensive experience with the systematic study of brain lesions and their consequences — namely with frontal lobe lesions — in cases that were well documented neuroanatomically and neuropsychologically and were even included in neuropsychological experiments. Our goal, nearly a quarter of a century ago, was to add a chapter to the Gage history and enrich this historical case with the benefits of modern techniques and theoretical advances. We did not intend to use Phineas Gage to advance knowledge in neuroscience , rather we used advances in neuroscience to complete the study that Harlow had obviously intended to author about Phineas Gage. Interest in the Gage case has not waned, and two additional studies are worth mentioning. Of interest, in 2004, Ratiu et al. [4] replicated our findings and suggested that the Gage lesion was probably confined to the left hemisphere, something entirely compatible with our views but that, on the basis of our own data, we could not conclude with confidence. In 2012, yet another research group addressed the likely disruption of white matter tracks in relation to cortical networks [5] . I plan to discuss these results in light of current knowledge of frontal lobe dysfunction.
The Sincerest Form of Flattery: On Imitations of Aśvaghoṣa’s Mahākāvyas

Imitations of the works of Aśvaghoṣa, especially the Buddhacarita, are widely attested, both in the form of extra verses interpolated into the texts themselves and of entire texts in Sanskrit and Tocharian (preserved only in fragmentary form) which are restructured versions of Aśvaghoṣa’s work. Such imitations and restructurings are here evaluated from the point of view of Sanskrit literary theorists, who describe similar techniques of refashioning pre-existing poems, showing that such works should not be considered as plagiarism but rather as tributes to the original author.
Enhancing urban resilience knowledge systems through experiential pluralism

Abstract Urban resilience to climate change scholarship has increasingly focused on increasing its salience for existing decision making processes. At the same time, large inequalities in vulnerability to climate change mirror inequalities in the social power of different urban residents. Existing approaches have improved epistemological pluralism and reflexivity in knowledge systems research, yet remain hotly contested by urban communities. Conceptual gaps have become evident on how knowledge systems research addresses highly unequal forms of decision-making largely responsible for the problems that resilience research now paradoxically seeks to address. Because of these dynamics, knowledge systems research continues to grapple with the fundamental and politically charged question of what constitutes ‘knowledge,’ in urban systems. Drawing upon our own experiences as resilience researchers and a select review of literature on the philosophy and politics of knowledge production, we offer the concept of ‘experiential pluralism,’ defined as the acknowledgement of the inherent validity of individual and collective experiences in framing knowledge needs despite their seeming contradictions, to explore how knowledge systems may address issues of social alienation prevalent in cities. We offer concrete examples of how such a shift makes ethics explicit in research, places greater emphasis on relationship building, and place based creativity in addressing urban climate resilience challenges. In closing, we discuss the role of addressing alienation through experiential pluralism in order to create more democratic modes of urban governance.
Current Trends in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Transarterial Embolization: Variability in Technical Aspects.

While transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a mainstay of treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), technical aspects have varied considerably in the literature. These variations lead to heterogeneity and make meaningful comparisons between articles difficult. The goal of this survey was to report international embolization practices for the treatment of HCC in an effort to understand current treatment strategies as a first step toward technique standardization. An anonymous 18 question online survey, evaluating technical aspects of TACE, was distributed via e-mail to practicing members of the five largest interventional radiology societies in Chinese and English. A total of 1160 responses were obtained from 62 countries. Between regions, there were significant statistical differences in nearly all responses, including the amount of ethiodol oil used for cTACE (p = < 0.001). Practitioners most commonly used greater than 7.5 ml of ethiodol oil (240/506, 47.4%) and most did not utilize a specific mixing method (249/505, 49.3%). Particles utilized varied by geographical region (p = < 0.001), spherical embolic particles were slightly favored (363/757, 47.9%), followed closely by gelatin-based or sponge particles (279/680, 36.8%). Gelfoam was used almost exclusively in Japan and Korea (79/82 responses). LC/DC beads were the most commonly used drug-eluting bead (DEB) (450/742, 60.6%), with the most common size of DEB being 100–300 μm (354/690, 51.3%, p = 0.07). Technical aspects of transarterial embolization for HCC vary significantly by geographical location.
Renal Tissue Oxygenation during Pulsatile and Nonpulsatile Left Heart Bypass

Data favoring pulsatile over nonpulsatile left heart bypass are conflicting. To study this problem, renal cortical and medullary tissue oxygen availability (O2a) and total renal oxygen flow was compared with total renal oxygen consumption during four hours of pulsatile and nonpulsatile bypass in dogs.
The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Inflammation and Anemia

In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), adverse outcomes such as systemic inflammation and anemia are contributing pathologies which increase the risks for cardiovascular mortality. Amongst these complications, abnormalities in mineral metabolism and the metabolic milieu are associated with chronic inflammation and iron dysregulation, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a risk factor in this context. FGF23 is a bone-derived hormone that is essential for regulating vitamin D and phosphate homeostasis. In the early stages of CKD, serum FGF23 levels rise 1000-fold above normal values in an attempt to maintain normal phosphate levels. Despite this compensatory action, clinical CKD studies have demonstrated powerful and dose-dependent associations between FGF23 levels and higher risks for mortality. A prospective pathomechanism coupling elevated serum FGF23 levels with CKD-associated anemia and cardiovascular injury is its strong association with chronic inflammation. In this review, we will examine the current experimental and clinical evidence regarding the role of FGF23 in renal physiology as well as in the pathophysiology of CKD with an emphasis on chronic inflammation and anemia.
Near Real-Time Surveillance to Assess the Safety of the 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States and causes certain anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. The 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine (9vHPV) provides protection against additional types not included in the quadrivalent vaccine. We conducted near real-time vaccine safety surveillance for 24 months after the vaccine became available in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. METHODS: Immunizations and adverse events were extracted weekly from October 2015 to October 2017 from standardized data files for persons 9 to 26 years old at 6 Vaccine Safety Datalink sites. Prespecified adverse events included anaphylaxis, allergic reaction, appendicitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, injection site reaction, pancreatitis, seizure, stroke, syncope, and venous thromboembolism. The observed and expected numbers of events after 9vHPV were compared weekly by using sequential methods. Both historical and concurrent comparison groups were used to identify statistical signals for adverse events. Unexpected signals were investigated by medical record review and/or additional analyses. RESULTS: During 105 weeks of surveillance, 838 991 doses of 9vHPV were administered. We identified unexpected statistical signals for 4 adverse events: appendicitis among boys 9 to 17 years old after dose 3; pancreatitis among men 18 to 26 years old; and allergic reactions among girls 9 to 17 years old and women 18 to 26 years old after dose 2. On further evaluation, which included medical record review, temporal scan analysis, and additional epidemiological analyses, we did not confirm signals for any adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: After 2 years of near real-time surveillance of 9vHPV and several prespecified adverse events, no new safety concerns were identified.
A statistician’s view of network modeling

This introduction to statistical modeling of networks is aimed at an audience that possesses mathematical background at about the level of pre-calculus but that may not be familiar with what statisticians do. After illustrating the concept of statistical inference, the chapter discusses this concept in two main contexts where network data are analyzed: First, when a network is observed, and the aim is to learn about the process that may have formed it; and second, when the network itself is the object of scientific inquiry because it is unobserved.
Enhanced bioretention cell modeling with DRAINMOD-Urban: Moving from water balances to hydrograph production

Abstract Bioretention systems have become a leading stormwater control measure for mitigating urban hydrology. Although these systems have performed well in many site-scale field studies, less investigation has been directed toward effectively modeling these systems. This is critical, as modeling of bioretention systems provides an avenue for evaluating their effectiveness prior to devoting time and resources into installation. Many hydrologic models capable of simulating bioretention consist of lumped parameters and simplifications that do not fully account for fundamental hydrologic processes such as soil-water interactions. DRAINMOD has shown promise for obtaining detailed daily water balances within bioretention systems under continuous simulations. One significant advantage of DRAINMOD is that it uses the soil-water characteristic curve to account for fluctuations in soil moisture instead of assuming saturation; however, the model historically only produces daily outputs. For this study, DRAINMOD was modified to develop DRAINMOD-Urban, which allows high temporal resolution inputs and outputs, more closely matching the residence time of runoff in urban systems. DRAINMOD-Urban simulations of a bioretention cell in Ohio, USA, revealed that DRAINMOD-Urban could effectively produce hydrographs with a cumulative Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.60 for the 12 events that produced drainage over a 7-month monitoring period. Overflow was also modeled by DRAINMOD-Urban, but additional overflow data are necessary to derive conclusions about model effectiveness in predicting this hydrologic component. Input parameters previously calibrated for the DRAINMOD model did not translate well to DRAINMOD-Urban with the top-down approach applied in this study (NSE = 0.31 for drainage and NSE = −1.83 for overflow), but the bottom-up approach showed that parameters calibrated with DRAINMOD-Urban (NSE = 0.60 for drainage and NSE = −0.1 for overflow) could be used in DRAINMOD to obtain reasonable drainage volumes (25.6% error compared to measured values). This study suggests DRAINMOD-Urban is an effective tool for modeling bioretention hydrographs and demonstrates the importance of temporal scale in bioretention modeling by illustrating multiple model calibration approaches. Despite the promising results of this study, additional studies are recommended where validation of the model is performed at more sites, in particular for events with overflow. Further, sensitivity analysis of input parameters and comparison of DRAINMOD-Urban to other commonly used bioretention models would inform future modeling efforts.
My Fair Ladies [Book Review]

Julie Wosk's My Fair Ladies is an engaging historical account of female automata, with sidelights on dolls, disembodied electronic female voices, masks, make-up, and the sexual and gender implications of efforts to create artificial humans. Wosk focuses mainly on the Western cultural context, although recent Japanese and Korean explorations of the female-robot theme are presented toward the end of the book. The impressive filmography serves as the archival database from which she draws, along with citations to many works of art. Some print sources are cited as well. There are numerous black and white illustrations, and a very welcome and well-chosen section of color plates.
Analysis of surveillance results on iodine deficiency disorders in Jiangsu Province in 2014

Objective To investigate the current status of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD) in Jiangsu Province and to evaluate the effects of preventive and control measures on IDD in Jiangsu Province in 2014. Methods With the use of probability proportional to size sampling method (PPS), 30 counties (cities, districts) in Jiangsu Province were selected. Only 1 primary school was selected in each county (city, district) and 50 students of 8- 10 years old (half male and half female, uniformly distributed in age groups) were selected in each school. Goiter, salt iodine, urinary iodine, height and weight were examined. Thirty students from Grade 5 in each school were selected at random, and health education questionnaire survey was conducted. In the area where the primary school located, 5 housewives were selected and a questionnaire survey was conducted. Two- 5 drinking water samples from the village where the primary school located were collected and the water iodine concentration was tested. Urine samples and salt samples from 20 pregnant women and 10 lactating women in the village where the primary school located were collected, and urinary iodine and salt iodine were detected. Thyroid volume was measured by palpation method and ultrasound. Urinary iodine was detected by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry (WS/T 107-2006). The iodine level in salt was determined by direct titration; the salt samples from Sichuan and other enhanced salt were detected by arbitration (GB/T 13025.7-1999). Water iodine was tested using the method suitable for iodine deficiency and high iodine areas (recommended method of reference laboratory of national iodine deficiency disorders). Results A total of 1 524 children aged 8- 10 years old were examined. Forty-two children had goiter by palpation method and the goiter rate was 2.76% (42/1 524). Forty-one children had goiter by ultrasound and the goiter rate was 2.69% (41/1 524). Totally 1 523 urine samples of children aged 8- 10 years old were tested and the median of urinary iodine was 208.03 μg/L. A total of 1 524 salt samples were tested, the coverage rate of iodized salt was 97.44% (1 485/1 524) and the qualified rate of iodized salt was 96.43% (1 432/1 485) . The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 93.96% (1 432/1 524) and the consumption rate of non-iodized salt was 2.56% (39/1 524) . The rates of knowledge awareness about IDD among students and housewives were 81.36% (2 287/2 811) and 91.18% (424/465), respectively. Sixty drinking water samples were collected and the median of water iodine was 16.83 μg/L. Six hundred urine samples of pregnant women and 304 urine samples of lactating women were tested. The median of urinary iodine was 155.16 and 138.33 μg/L, respectively. Conclusions After achieving the goal of eliminating IDD, the control effect in Jiangsu Province is sustainable. The crowd's risk of iodine deficiency has declined significantly. Key words: Iodine; Deficiency disease; Goiter; Urine; Salts
Dangers of Bias in Data-Intensive Information Systems

Data-intensive information systems (DIS) are pervasive and virtually affect people in all walks of life. Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies are the backbone of DIS systems. Various types of biases embedded into DIS systems have serious significance and implications for individuals as well as the society at large. In this paper, we discuss various types of bias—both human and machine—and suggest ways to eliminate or minimize it. We also make a case for digital ethics education and outline ways to incorporate such education into computing curricula.
DECAY OF BIRDSEYE SUGAR MAPLE (ACER SACCHARUM) AND CURLY RED MAPLE (ACER RUBRUM) FIGURED WOODS

Two figured woods, commonly known as birdseye maple ( Acer saccharum , sugar maple) and curly maple ( Acer rubrum , red maple), were exposed to brown rot and white rot fungi in a standard laboratory decay test and compared with unfigured wood of each species, respectively. For the birdseye maple, two levels of figure intensity were used: wood with heavy figure and wood with light figure. Heavily figured birdseye maple wood was decayed significantly less by the brown rot fungus Rhodonia placenta than unfigured maple wood or lightly figured maple wood. However, heavily figured birdseye maple wood was decayed significantly more by two white rot fungi, Trametes versicolor and Irpex lacteus , than unfigured maple wood but was not decayed significantly more than lightly figured wood. For both brown rot and white rot fungi, lightly figured birdseye maple wood did not decay significantly differently compared with unfigured wood. Likewise, there was no significant difference in decay between curly red maple wood and unfigured red maple wood for either brown rot or white rot fungi. Results suggest chemical or anatomical differences in the heavily figured birdseye sugar maple wood affect decay by brown rot and white rot fungi. These findings may be useful to hobbyists and woodworkers needing to protect wood or who partially decay wood to produce spalted wood for decorative purposes.
Temporal Discounting Impulsivity and Its Association with Conduct Disorder and Irritability

Objectives: Temporal reward discounting impulsivity (TDI) reflects a propensity to choose smaller immediate rather than larger delayed rewards relative to age/IQ-matched peers. Previous work with a...
A Fully Integrated 27-dBm Dual-Band All-Digital Polar Transmitter Supporting 160 MHz for Wi-Fi 6 Applications

This work presents a dual-band polar digital transmitter (P-DTX) based on a digitally controlled two-point edge interpolation digital-to-time converter, which is capable of supporting Wi-Fi 6 applications. The proposed P-DTX is fabricated in a standard 28-nm CMOS process. The 2.5/5GHz digital power amplifiers (DPAs) reach a maximum power ( $P_{\mathrm {MAX}}$ )/power efficiency (PE) of 27 dBm/53% and 27dBm/37%, respectively. The transmitter meets an error vector magnitude (EVM)/DPA PE/total TX power dissipation of −30.5 dB/33%/532 mW for the low band and −29 dB/26%/718 mW for the high band at 6-dB backoff (dBBO) from $P_{MAX}$ . An EVM as low as −40 dB is achieved using digital pre-distortion at 7–8 dBBO, for 20–160-MHz signal bandwidths, thus demonstrating MCS11 1024-QAM OFDM Wi-Fi 6 operation.
Understanding the Hand and Wrist Strains Caused by Smart Cane Handles with Haptic Notification

Smart canes that use a haptic notification approach for informing cane users of upcoming obstacles can use vibrators placed on the handle. Prior studies have focused on the technical and functional performance of obstacle detection systems for smart canes. However, limited studies have been conducted to understand the hand and wrist strains on cane users when using a smart cane with a haptic notification approach. Understanding these strains can result in different handle and haptic notification designs that can minimize the stress and possibly injury to the cane users. Therefore, a research team conducted an initial exploratory study in which the participants observed any challenges they faced when using a smart cane prototype called an Intelligent Mobility Cane (IMC). The findings indicate that when they try to swing the cane handle and hold the vibrators on the handle at the same time, they can experience hand and wrist strain. Also, the vibrations can provide a heightened anxiety in some participants. To minimize their hand and wrist strains, some participants modified their cane holding method. We provided a set of design recommendations for future smart cane handles and haptic approaches based on the participants’ feedback to help reduce the strains for cane users.
Malagasy art on the move: Materiality, home displays, and problems in decolonizing Christianity:

This article explores how white US Christians’ home displays, including their decorative presentation of paintings, small sculptures, and other memorabilia of foreign travel, play a critical role i...
Feature-Based Design of Priority Queues: Digital Triage in Healthcare

We study data-driven classification where a classifier assigns jobs (e.g., patients or medical images) based on observed features to priority queues for human review. Traditional classifiers are designed to minimize misclassification loss functions but may underperform when integrated with workflows that can be modeled by queueing systems for two key reasons: First, conventional loss functions do not capture the externalities inherent in queueing systems that amplify the impact of classification errors: misclassifying an urgent patient as non-urgent impacts the wait of other patients classified as urgent and non-urgent. The second problem is that the queueing system design (which includes the number of priority queues and the assignment of job types to priority queues) is typically optimized ex-ante assuming perfect classification. We propose an integral approach where the classifier and/or the queueing system are optimized to minimize the workflow's average waiting cost. We demonstrate the value of our approach using a real data-set covering 560,486 patient visits to three emergency rooms over three years. We theoretically characterize the optimal number of priority queues and the optimal prioritization policy as a function of the classifier's accuracy for tractable problem instances. Compared to the use of off-the-shelf classifiers, the integral approach significantly reduces average delay costs in highly utilized systems with significant heterogeneity in delay costs. It compensates for classifier inaccuracies by assigning job types differently and to fewer priorities than the traditional approach. Competing Interest Declaration: The authors declare that they have no competing financial, professional, or personal interests that might have influenced the design and the results of this study.
COVID-19 and women's nutrition security: panel data evidence from rural India

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, India implemented a stringent nationwide lockdown. Although food value chains and allied activities were exempted from the lockdown, there were widespread disruptions in food access and availability. Using two panel-datasets, we distinguish the pandemic's impact on non-staples versus staples in relation to household food availability and women’s diet diversity at the national, state, and district levels in four economically backward districts of Uttar Pradesh (Maharajganj), Bihar (Munger), and Odisha (Kandhamal and Kalahandi). Both the primary and secondary data indicate a decline in household food expenditures and women’s dietary diversity in May 2020 compared to May 2019, particularly for non-staples like meats, eggs, vegetables and fruits. This occurred despite special PDS, direct benefit transfer, and ration from aanganwadis rations reaching 80%, 50%, and 30% of surveyed households, respectively. While national and state-level expenditures recovered to the pre-lockdown levels by June 2020, the district-level expenditures did not recover. Our findings contribute to the growing body of evidence of women's disproportionate vulnerability to economic shocks, the impact of a staple grain focused safety net program, and restricted markets on the access and availability of diverse nutritious foods. This paper makes a case for policy reforms towards PDS diversification to include nutrition-rich foods and market reforms to remove supply-side bottlenecks and expansion of direct benefit transfers for healthy food access. We also highlight the importance of gender-responsive safety nets and their increased coverage for improving intrahousehold nutritional disadvantages.
Discontinuity formulation of restitutions in Aceh qanun against the protection of rape victims

This study discusses the fulfilment of the rights of rape victims in Aceh in the form of restitution payments. Restitution which is the main punishment in Qanun Aceh No. 6 of 2014 concerning the Jinayat Law, has never been included in the judge's decision in the cases of rape. Basically Qanun Jinayah has shown its side with rape victims by formulating punishments for perpetrators which are certain to have a deterrent effect such as the length of prison sentences and the number of sentences handed down to the perpetrators. However, the problem of hampering the fulfilment of restitution to victims is a new problem in the realm of enforcing the Jinayah Qanun in Aceh. This raises the question of why restitution was never included in the decision of the Sharia Court for the rape case in Aceh. This research is a literature study using a normative approach which is then explained descriptively. The results of this study showed that the restitution was never included in the decision is due to the incompatibility of the restitution formulation mentioned in the Jinayat Law Qanun and later referred to differently in the Jinayat Procedural Law, namely as compensation. The fulfilment of this right to restitution is also hampered due to the absence of a governor's regulation that contains technical rules regarding the mechanism for executing restitution for victims. The impact of this discontinuity in the formulation of restitution makes judges unable to include sanctions for restitution in their decisions.
Gene amplification in dipteran chromosomes.

The giant polytene chromosomes characteristic of many Dipteran cells allow fundamental nuclear processes occurring during development to be directly visualized. Polytene chromosomes afford a detailed picture of “large-scale” structures within developmentally regulated interphase cells — features extending over more than about 5–10 kb of chromosomal DNA. Structures, such as chromomeres, constrictions, and puffs, must be disrupted for biochemical studies and cannot currently be reconstituted. However, following Wolfgang Beermann’s recognition that polytene chromosome puffs were manifestations of developmentally regulated gene expression, much progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of gene transcription. Genetic studies have identified small regulatory regions located near tissue-specific genes that mediate developmental control (see Rubin 1985). However, the functional significance of associated large-scale structures, such as puffs, remains poorly understood.
Human Leukemia-Lymphoma Associated Antigen Detected by Heteroantisera

The identification of tumor-specific antigens on leukemia cells would facilitate the diagnosis and possibly the treatment of the disease. To detect such antigens, one widely used approach has been to raise antibodies in animals against leukemia cells or leukemia cell extracts. Although many variations of this approach have been used previously, in most cases the antisera produced have not been unequivocally shown to be leukemia specific. The more recent tests used to determine the specificity of the antisera have been more discriminating and some progress has been made. The tests used must be sensitive, capable of screening a large variety of cells, and able to detect small subfractions of positive cells. In our studies these critera were applied to the two main tests used to determine antiserum specificity. Complement-dependent microcytotoxicity was used to screen large numbers of normal and leukemic cells, and the immunofluorescent staining technique was used to detect small subpopulations of positive cells. The latter technique was essential for locating positive cells in heterogeneous populations such as bone marrow samples or peripheral blood lymphocyte preparations.
A Second-Order Theorem Prover Applied to Circumscription

Circumscription is naturally expressed in second-order logic, but previous implementations all work by handling cases that can be reduced to first-order logic. Making use of a new second-order unification algorithm introduced in [3], we show how a theorem prover can be made to find proofs in second-order logic, in particular proofs by circumscription. We work out a blocks-world example in complete detail and give the output of an implementation, demonstrating that it works as claimed.
Reinforcement in chorus frogs: lifetime fitness estimates including intrinsic natural selection and sexual selection against hybrids

Maladaptive hybridization is hypothesized to be an important force driving the evolution of reproductive isolation between closely related species. Because the magnitude and direction of selection can vary across a life cycle, an accurate understanding of the ubiquity of reinforcement requires fitness to be estimated across the life cycle, but the literature is surprisingly depauperate of such studies. We present fitness estimates of laboratory-raised hybrids between the chorus frogs Pseudacris feriarum and Pseudacris nigrita--two species that have undergone reproductive character displacement where they come into secondary contact. By studying viability, mating success, and fertility across the life cycle, we find strong support for reinforcement as the force driving displacement in this system. Specifically, we find hybrid fitness is reduced by 44%. This reduction results from both sexual selection against hybrid males and natural selection on male fertility, but not viability selection. Sexual selection against hybrid males is four times stronger than natural selection. Hybrid female fitness is not reduced, however, suggesting that Haldane's rule may be operating in this system if males are heterogametic. We also found higher variation in hybrid male fertilization success relative to P. feriarum males, suggesting that the hybrid incompatibility genes are polymorphic within one or both of the parent species.
Use of an Antigravity Treadmill for Rehabilitation of a Pelvic Stress Injury

Pelvic stress injuries are a relatively uncommon form of injury that require high index of clinician suspicion and usually MRI for definitive diagnosis. We present a case report of a 21-year-old female elite runner who was diagnosed with pelvic stress injury and used an antigravity treadmill during rehabilitation. She was able to return to pain-free ground running at 8 weeks after running at 95% body weight on the antigravity treadmill. Ten weeks from time of diagnosis, she competed at her conference championships and advanced to the NCAA Championships in the 10,000-meters. She competed in both races without residual pain. To our knowledge, this is the first published case report on use of an antigravity treadmill in rehabilitation of bone-related injuries. Our findings suggest that use of an antigravity treadmill for rehabilitation of a pelvic stress injury may result in appropriate bone loading and healing during progression to ground running and faster return to competition. Future research may identify appropriate protocols for recovery from overuse lower extremity injuries and other uses for this technology, including neuromuscular recovery and injury prevention.
Taxes, housing, and capital accumulation in a two-sector growing economy

Abstract It is sometimes argued that the favorable tax treatment afforded to housing may lead to an oversupply of housing at the expense of capital. This issue is examined in the context of a growing two-sector economy. In the basic model where the rate of time preference is constant and labor is instantaneously sectorally mobile, the long-run response of the capital stock to a tax on housing depends upon the relative capital intensities of the two sectors, while the long-run relative asset price of housing remains unchanged. The robustness of these propositions to changes in the model are considered. Taxes on capital are also analyzed.
Diazoxide maintenance of myocyte volume and contractility during stress: Evidence for a non-sarcolemmal KATP channel location

Objective Animal and human myocytes demonstrate significant swelling and reduced contractility during exposure to stress (metabolic inhibition, hyposmotic stress, or hyperkalemic cardioplegia), and these detrimental consequences may be inhibited by the addition of diazoxide (adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener) via an unknown mechanism. Both SUR1 and SUR2A subunits have been localized to the heart, and mouse sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels are composed of SUR2A/Kir6.2 subunits in the ventricle and SUR1/Kir6.2 subunits in the atria. This study was performed to localize the mechanism of diazoxide by direct probing of sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel current and by genetic deletion of channel subunits. Methods Sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel current was recorded in isolated wild-type ventricular mouse myocytes during exposure to Tyrode's solution, Tyrode's + 100 μmol/L diazoxide, hyperkalemic cardioplegia, cardioplegia + diazoxide, cardioplegia + 100 μmol/L pinacidil, or metabolic inhibition using whole-cell voltage clamp (N = 7–12 cells per group). Ventricular myocyte volume was measured from SUR1(-/-) and wild-type mice during exposure to control solution, hyperkalemic cardioplegia, or cardioplegia + 100 μmol/L diazoxide (N = 7–10 cells per group). Results Diazoxide did not increase sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium current in wild-type myocytes, although they demonstrated significant swelling during exposure to cardioplegia that was prevented by diazoxide. SUR1(-/-) myocytes also demonstrated significant swelling during exposure to cardioplegia, but this was not altered by diazoxide. Conclusions Diazoxide does not open the ventricular sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel but provides volume homeostasis via an SUR1-dependent pathway in mouse ventricular myocytes, supporting a mechanism of action distinct from sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel activation.