cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wild-type levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity in the absence of cellular emerin protein.

Preintegration complexes (PICs) mediate retroviral integration, and recent results indicate an important role for the inner nuclear membrane protein emerin in orienting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) PICs to chromatin for integration. Two other host cell proteins, the barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) and lamina-associated polypeptide 2α (LAP2α), seemed to play a similar preintegrative role for Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) in addition to HIV-1. In contrast, we determined efficient HIV-1 and MMLV infection of HeLa-P4 cells following potent down-regulation of emerin, BAF, or LAP2α protein by using short interfering RNA. Mouse embryo fibroblasts ablated for emerin protein through gene knockout support the same level of HIV-1 infection as cells derived from wild-type littermate control animals. As the expression of human emerin in mouse knockout cells fails to affect the level of infectivity achieved in its absence, we conclude that HIV-1 efficiently infects cells in the absence of emerin protein and, by extension, that emerin is not a universally important regulator of HIV-1 infectivity.
A Comparison of Online and Face-To-Face Instruction in an Undergraduate Foundations of American Education Course

This article examines the similarities and differences for one course, Foundations of American Education, when offered in traditional face-toface and online formats. The data analysis used both qualitative and quantitative measures. Several conclusions were reached: (a) for the course to be effective, the time that must be allotted for online teaching will remain an issue that instructors may struggle with as the workload is significantly higher; (b) for students, a familiarity with their own learning styles and the desire and motivation to shoulder responsibility for online learning will be major factors in their success; (c) while the instructor can, and should, design and monitor the course to ensure that all students are kept on track and participating, student time management and organizational skills will remain of paramount importance; and (d) students with more proficient reading and writing skills will perform better in online classes. Suggestions for further research include focusing on whether or not certain types of courses are more appropriate for online instruction and developing a repertoire of instructional strategies to accommodate a range of learning styles.
Human subtelomeric duplicon structure and organization

Background Human subtelomeric segmental duplications ('subtelomeric repeats') comprise about 25% of the most distal 500 kb and 80% of the most distal 100 kb in human DNA. A systematic analysis of the duplication substructure of human subtelomeric regions was done in order to develop a detailed understanding of subtelomeric sequence organization and a nucleotide sequence-level characterization of subtelomeric duplicon families.
Facebook and MySpace: complement or substitute for face-to-face interaction?

Abstract Previous studies have claimed that social-networking sites are used as a substitute for face-to-face interaction, resulting in deteriorating relationship quality and decreased intimacy among its users. The present study hypothesized that this type of communication is not a substitute for face-to-face interaction; rather, that it is an extension of communication with face-to-face partners. A survey was administered to examine the use of Facebook and MySpace in this regard among 183 college students. The study confirmed that Facebook and MySpace do act as an extension of face-to-face interaction, but that some users do tend to rely on Facebook and MySpace for interpersonal communication more than face-to-face interaction.
Duty-related risk of sudden cardiac death among young US firefighters.

BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding duty-related risks for sudden cardiac death (SCD) among young firefighters. AIMS: To investigate duty-related SCD among US firefighters aged 45 or younger. METHODS: We collected data on duty-related SCD from the US Fire Administration (USFA) and the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Two physicians independently reviewed each record. The proportions of time spent by firefighters performing specific duties were estimated from a municipal department, 17 large metropolitan departments and a national database. We estimated the duty-specific relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of SCD relative to non-emergency duties based on the observed deaths and the expected average proportions of time per duty. RESULTS: The USFA recorded 205 age-eligible on-duty SCDs between 1996 and 2012; 86 (42%) of these deaths and one additional SCD were investigated by NIOSH (total n = 206). NIOSH was more likely (P CONCLUSIONS: The performance of strenuous emergency duties is strongly associated with an increased risk of SCD among young firefighters, particularly among those with a history of cardiovascular disease. Language: en
Citizenship Education in the Social Science Subjects: An Analysis of the Teacher Education Curriculum for secondary schools

Citizenship education is widely acknowledged as a necessary part of the school curriculum for various reasons. For young people, it is assumed that citizenship can best be learnt through the school curriculum. This means that teachers need to thoroughly understand what citizenship means and how to pass this knowledge on
Can the Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Nonpulsatile Left Ventricular Assist Device Patients Provide Clues for the Reversal of Arteriosclerosis

This article is written not only to explore the deleterious effects of nonpulsatile flow (namely, gastrointestinal [GI] bleeding), but also to propose the novel concept that deliberate induction of nonpulsatile flow might be harnessed to produce beneficial remodeling in arteriosclerotic arteries. Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices have proven their efficacy in the treatment of end-stage heart disease. They are a reliable option in bridge-to-transplant and destination therapy. An enigmatic consequence of this therapy has been occult GI bleeding.
Thermodynamic properties prediction of vinyl acetate systems at high pressures

Vinyl acetate (a polar compound) has become a key ingredient in many industrial and consumer products. However, very little is known about its thermodynamic properties. This article presents a simple modification of Wu and Stiel's (1985) method (originally) developed for predicting thermodynamic properties of polar compounds up to Pr = (10) for extending its range of applicability to very high pressures of the order of Pr = 80. The predictions show good agreement with the experimental data for specific volume in the case of vinyl acetate, and specific volume, enthalpy and entropy for mixtures of ethylene and vinyl acetate for compositions up to 50 wt. % of vinyl acetate. Further validation for other polar systems would determine if this method is applicable to polar compounds in general.
Derivation and Validation of Predictive Factors for Clinical Deterioration after Admission in Emergency Department Patients Presenting with Abnormal Vital Signs Without Shock.

Author(s): Henning, Daniel J.; Oedorf, Kimie; Day, Danielle E.; Redfield, Colby S.; Huguenel, Colin J.; Roberts, Jonathan C.; Sanchez, Leon D.; Wolfe, Richard E.; Shapiro, Nathan I. | Abstract: Introduction: Strategies to identify high-risk emergency department (ED) patients often use markedly abnormal vital signs and serum lactate levels. Risk stratifying such patients without using the presence of shock is challenging. The objective of the study is to identify independent predictors of in-hospital adverse outcomes in ED patients with abnormal vital signs or lactate levels, but who are not in shock.Methods: We performed a prospective observational study of patients with abnormal vital signs or lactate level defined as heart rate ≥130 beats/min, respiratory rate ≥24 breaths/min, shock index ≥1, systolic blood pressure l90mm/Hg, or lactate ≥4mmole/L. We excluded patients with isolated atrial tachycardia, seizure, intoxication, psychiatric agitation, or tachycardia due to pain (ie: extremity fracture). The primary outcome was deterioration, defined as development of acute renal failure (creatinine 2x baseline), non-elective intubation, vasopressor requirement, or mortality. Independent predictors of deterioration after hospitalization were determined using logistic regression.Results: Of 1,152 consecutive patients identified with abnormal vital signs or lactate level, 620 were excluded, leaving 532 for analysis. Of these, 53/532 (9.9±2.5%) deteriorated after hospital admission. Independent predictors of in-hospital deterioration were: lactate g4.0mmol/L (OR 5.1, 95% CI [2.1–12.2]), age ≥80 yrs (OR 1.9, CI [1.0–3.7]), bicarbonate l21mEq/L (OR 2.5, CI [1.3–4.9]), and initial HR≥130 (OR 3.1, CI [1.5–6.1]).Conclusion: Patients exhibiting abnormal vital signs or elevated lactate levels without shock had significant rates of deterioration after hospitalization. ED clinical data predicted patients who suffered adverse outcomes with reasonable reliability.
New World Paleoethnobotany in the New Millennium (2000–2013)

This article evaluates the current state of paleoethnobotany since Hastorf’s 1999 review published in this journal. We discuss advances in methods, ancient subsistence reconstructions, the origins and intensification of agriculture, and how plants inform on issues of political economy and identity. Significant methodological developments in the extraction, identification, and analysis of starch grains and phytoliths have led to advancements in our knowledge of early plant domestication and the transition to food production. Paleoethnobotanists increasingly are using more complex quantitative techniques to characterize their data, which have resulted in more nuanced interpretations of plants that fall within the purview of social archaeology and allow us to address issues related to gender, identity, and ritual practice.
Attorneys’ Use of ADR Is Crucial to Their Willingness to Recommend it to Clients

This article summarizes the findings of a study that involved a survey of attorneys regarding their ADR education, experience with ADR as counsel or as a third-party neutral, and advice to clients about ADR. Attorneys' direct experience with a specific ADR process, especially in their role as counsel but also as a neutral, was strongly related to whether they recommended their clients try that type of ADR. In contrast, ADR education had little or no relationship with attorneys' ADR recommendations, except for attorneys who had not used ADR as counsel. The implications of the findings for increasing voluntary ADR use are discussed.
Two Ways of Knowing: Big Data and Evidence-Based Medicine

Evidence-based medicine and big data are very different approaches to producing evidence. In this commentary, the author posits that “combining these 2 ways of knowing offers the best path for enla...
microRNA Profiles in Parkinson's Disease Prefrontal Cortex

Objective. The goal of this study was to compare the microRNA (miRNA) profile of Parkinson’s disease (PD) frontal cortex with normal control brain, allowing for the identification of PD specific signatures as well as study the disease-related phenotypes of onset age and dementia. Methods. Small RNA sequence analysis was performed from prefrontal cortex for 29 PD samples and 33 control samples. After sample QC, normalization and batch correction, linear regression was employed to identify miRNAs altered in PD, and a PD classifier was developed using weighted voting class prediction. The relationship of miRNA levels to onset age and PD with dementia (PDD) was also characterized in case-only analyses. Results. 125 miRNAs were differentially expressed in PD at a genome-wide level of significance (FDR q<0.05). A set of 29 miRNAs classified PD from non-diseased brain (93.9% specificity, 96.6% sensitivity). The majority of differentially expressed miRNAs (105/125) showed an ordinal relationship from control, to PD without dementia (PDN), to PDD. Among PD brains, 36 miRNAs classified PDD from PDN (sensitivity =81.2%, specificity =88.9%). Among differentially expressed miRNAs, miR-10b-5p had a positive association with onset age (q=4.7e-2). Conclusions. Based on cortical miRNA levels, PD brains were accurately classified from non-diseased brains. Additionally, the PDD miRNA profile exhibited a more severe pattern of alteration among those differentially expressed in PD. To evaluate the clinical utility of miRNAs as potential clinical biomarkers, further characterization and testing of brain-related miRNA alterations in peripheral biofluids is warranted.
Fluorescence Flutter Shutter for Imaging Cells in Flow

We demonstrate a method for imaging fluorescently labeled cells traveling at high linear velocities. Images are collected with an engineered motion-blur which enables exposures that are 50 times longer than the motion-blur limit.
Direct Determination of Lead in Blood by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

[Objective]To establish a direct blood lead determination methodology by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using nitric acid treated samples.[Methods]Blood samples were pre-treated by 0.1%nitric acid and injected to a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer.[Results]The linear range of proposed determination methodology was 0.0-100.0μg/L(r = 0.999 2).The standard solutions containing lead at 25.0,50.0 and 75.0 ug/L were tested six times under the same conditions.The relative standard deviations were 1.28%-2.74%andthe average recoverty-ratios were 95.7%-102.0%for blood samples adding to the same series standard lead solutions.[Conclusion]The direct blood lead determination method shows high sensitivity,good linear range and convenience in operation.
Elimination of mouse hepatitis virus from a breeding colony by temporary cessation of breeding.

During quarantine in a Trexler-type isolator, high mortality was noted among offspring in a breeding colony of C.B.-17 scid/+ mice. Histology and immunohistochemistry on tissues of surviving weanlings confirmed mouse hepatitis virus infection (MHV). Since MHV infection is reported to be acute and self limiting, elimination of infection was attempted by cessation of breeding for a 15-week period. F1 mice born thereafter were seropositive for MHV at 3 to 4 weeks old and seronegative 4 weeks later, attributed to decay of maternally-derived antibodies. F2 mice were seronegative for MHV at 3 to 9 weeks old. No deaths occurred in any litters. These results suggest that MHV can be eliminated from a colony by temporary cessation of breeding, as evidenced by seronegative progeny through the F2 generation.
The National Grid and the Reform of Power Generation

In the early years the Central Electricity Board members were themselves involved in day-to-day decision making, but all except the chairman were part-time, and the major work of planning and administration necessarily fell on Sir Andrew Duncan and the full-time chief officers. As with the Board, expense was not spared to attract the right men to these posts2. John Brooke, the eldest of them at 47, had been the Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Transport in charge of the 1926 legislation and was persuaded to become Secretary of the CEB with an increase in salary from £1800 to £2500 pa and, within a short time, a knighthood. For the senior financial post the Board thought it important to get a practising accountant who had been in touch with business and industrial concerns, and they appointed David Coates, who had had experience in both government and in private business, and was to retain responsibility for the financial side of the Board’s operations until nationalisation.
A Historical Perspective on Student Affairs Professionals’ Use of Digital Technology

This chapter provides a historical perspective of student affairs professionals’ use of digital and social technologies in their work on college campuses. The purpose of the chapter is to describe how digital technology tools have evolved since 2005, demonstrate how student affairs technology shifted and changed during this time, and shape student affairs administrators’ future technology use.
Desmopressin Acetate and Nocturnal Enuresis

A literature review of 18 randomized controlled trials of desmopressin for resistant enuresis involving 689 patients is reported from the University of Manitoba, Canada.
Predictors and Moderators of Spontaneous Pretend Play in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Although pretend play has long been linked to children’s normative cognitive development, inconsistent findings call for greater rigor in examining this relation (Lillard et al., 2013). Spontaneous pretend play is often impacted in atypical development, notably in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Since ASD traits exist along a continuum in the general population, investigating how pretend play varies across the range of ASD symptoms by indexing variations in ASD traits in both typically-developing and ASD populations may provide insight into how ASD symptoms may influence the relation between pretend play and associated processes in cognitive development. This study used rigorous observational methods to assess spontaneous pretend play. Specifically, 5-minute free-play sessions with two discrete toy sets were double-coded by blinded coders (coder assignment counterbalanced). Key facets of pretense development (attribution of pretend properties, object substitution, imaginary objects) were examined. These facets of pretend play production were then analyzed in relation to ASD symptoms, as well as plausible, long-theorized correlates (Theory of Mind [ToM], verbal ability, familiarity, and interest in specific toys). Forty children (Mage = 6;5, SDage = 1.45; 29 male), six of whom met the threshold for ASD diagnosis via parent-reported ASD symptoms, participated in play sessions and completed measures of verbal IQ and ToM. Besides the measure of child ASD symptoms, parents completed a survey of their child’s interest in and familiarity with the play session toys. Overall, greater ToM predicted more attribution of pretend properties, and more interest in the toys presented predicted more object substitution. In terms of overall pretend play production, two results were counterintuitive. First, among children with more ASD symptoms, verbal ability marginally negatively predicted pretend play production. Second, among children with fewer ASD symptoms, ToM negatively predicted pretend play production. Further probing revealed that the negative effect of ASD symptoms on pretend play was simultaneously moderated by both variables: low ToM and high verbal ability both related to less pretend play production among children with more ASD symptoms. Implications for assessment and subsequent treatment for pretend ability among children with varying degrees of ASD symptoms, as well as for future research, are discussed.
Social Development Research in ID/DD

Abstract Research conducted over the past 50 years has highlighted the importance of social development for the optimal outcome for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (ID/DD). Thus, the early focus on cognition, and particularly intelligence, has shifted in recent years to the critical role that social skills play in overall life satisfaction and functioning. In this chapter, we address three areas of development: social communication abilities, peer relationships and friendships, and task-related social behavior. Because most research has focused on mildly impaired individuals, or individuals with autism spectrum disorder without ID, future research is needed on the social abilities and potential interventions for individuals with limited communication skills and significant ID. These are understudied areas deserving of more attention in the next 50 years of ID/DD research.
Chapter 7: Computational Characterization of Molecular Mechanisms of Membrane Transporter Function

Transport of materials across the cellular membrane is a fundamental process in biology. Active membrane transporters constitute one of the major classes of proteins that mediate this process, and they do so in a highly regulated and selective manner. In order to transport substrates uphill, these molecular machines rely on a diverse spectrum of conformational changes spanning multiple time and size scales, and they couple these motions to various sources of energy, including transmembrane electrochemical gradients and ATP hydrolysis. Computational techniques such as molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations provide us with a powerful repertoire of biophysical tools offering unparalleled spatial and temporal resolutions that complement experimental methodologies and help us understand the molecular basis of function in membrane transporters. In this chapter, we present an overview of a number of examples of recent studies performed in our own lab in which computational methods and simulation techniques have been successfully employed to investigate and to characterize the microscopic molecular events that underlie membrane transporter function. While highlighting a number of recent approaches developed specifically to tackle challenging problems in membrane transporters, e.g., characterizing the nature of large-scale conformational changes, the presented studies also provide examples of a variety of mechanistically interesting and biologically important transporter systems.
How Husserl’s and Searle’s Contextual Model Reformulates the Discussion About the Conceptual Content of Perception

I argue that Husserl’s notion of horizon and Searle’s notion of background offer a contextual model of perception that significantly reformulates the debate about the conceptual vs. nonconceptual content of perception. I illustrate the model by using a test case: the perception of an ancient Roman milestone—an example given by Husserl—which both Husserl and Searle consider to be a direct and immediate perception without inferences involved. I further differentiate Husserl’s and Searle’s views, arguing that Husserl’s model has the advantage of accounting for the diachronic aspect of perception.
List-Method Directed Forgetting in Cognitive and Clinical Research: A Theoretical and Methodological Review

Abstract The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide an up-to-date review of the twenty-first century research and theory on list-method directed forgetting (DF) and related phenomena like the context-change effect. Many researchers have assumed that DF is diagnostic of inhibition, but we argue for an alternative, noninhibitory account and suggest reinterpretation of earlier findings. We first describe what DF is and the state of the art with regard to measuring the effect. Then, we review recent evidence that brings DF into the family of effects that can be explained by global memory models. The process-based theory we advocate is that the DF impairment arises from mental context change and that the DF benefits emerge mainly but perhaps not exclusively from changes in encoding strategy. We review evidence (some new to this paper) that strongly suggests that DF arises from the engagement of controlled forgetting strategies that are independent of whether people believed the forget cue or not. Then we describe the vast body of literature supporting that forgetting strategies result in contextual change effects, as well as point out some inconsistencies in the DF literature that need to be addressed in future research. Next, we provide evidence—again, some of it new to this chapter—that the reason people show better memory after a forget cue is that they change encoding strategies. In addition to reviewing the basic research with healthy population, we reinterpret the evidence from the literature on certain clinical populations, providing a critique of the work done to date and outlining ways of improving the methodology for the study of DF in special populations. We conclude with a critical discussion of alternative approaches to understanding DF.
Large Cell Undifferentiated Carcinoma

Large cell undifferentiated carcinomas (LCUD), which are also called simply large cell carcinomas, are malignant neoplasms of the lung that show no squamous, glandular, or small cell (neuroendocrine) differentiation in routinely stained sections of the tissues or smears of the cytologic specimens. Extensive sampling of the tumors may exhibit focal differentiating features. The term non-small cell carcinoma is also popularly used in order to separate the neoplasm from the category of small cell carcinoma because of the distinctive management modalities. Large cell undifferentiated carcinomas ultrastructurally demonstrate squamous or glandular features or both in majority of the tumors. A small proportion of these neoplasms demonstrate neurosecretory granules, and only a few LCUDs lack any differentiating features.
Automated Text Analysis for Consumer Research

The amount of digital text available for analysis by consumer researchers has risen dramatically. Consumer discussions on the internet, product reviews, and digital archives of news articles and press releases are just a few potential sources for insights about consumer attitudes, interaction, and culture. Drawing from linguistic theory and methods, this article presents an overview of automated text analysis, providing integration of linguistic theory with constructs commonly used in consumer research, guidance for choosing amongst methods, and advice for resolving sampling and statistical issues unique to text analysis. We argue that although automated text analysis cannot be used to study all phenomena, it is a useful tool for examining patterns in text that neither researchers nor consumers can detect unaided. Text analysis can be used to examine psychological and sociological constructs in consumer-produced digital text by enabling discovery or by providing ecological validity.
Technology Similarity, Bargaining Power, and Corporate Venture Capital Investment Formation

This study examines how young ventures select corporate venture capitalists (CVCs) as investment partners when they encounter a tension between value creation and value appropriation. We suggest that each firm’s bargaining power and absorptive capacity can play key roles in determining the formation of an investment relationship between ventures and corporate investors. Our empirical findings show that ventures are more likely to form an investment relationship with corporate investors when they have greater capability to create value via their investors. By contrast, because ventures’ opportunities to create value simultaneously increase corporate investors bargaining power and capability to misappropriate value from ventures, our empirical results demonstrate that ventures are less likely to form investment relationships with corporate investors with similar technological bases when they have stronger bargaining power, which stems from venture’s availability of alternative alliance partners. Therefore, ...
Systematic review of the design, implementation and effectiveness of mass media and nutrition education interventions for infant and young child feeding

Objective To systematically review the design, implementation and effectiveness of mass media and nutrition education interventions for improving infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices and related psychosocial factors. Design A search of PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO databases, a Google search, and a consultation with experts in the field of IYCF performed in July 2016. Setting Low- and middle-income countries, as defined by the World Bank Group. Subjects Eligible studies: included a mass media component (with or without nutrition education); conducted a pre-post evaluation (with or without a control group); assessed IYCF knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and/or practices; and were published in English between 2000 and present. Results Eighteen unique studies were identified that examined the effect of mass media (types included: television; print; voice and/or SMS (text) messages; radio; megaphones/loudspeakers; videos; social media; songs/dramas) and nutrition education interventions on IYCF practices within thirteen countries. Of these, fifteen studies reported improvements in breast- and/or complementary feeding practices, using indicators recommended by the WHO, and six studies reported improvements in related psychosocial factors. However, little detail was provided on the use of formative research, a formal behaviour change theory and behaviour change techniques. Few studies reported both dose delivered and participants' exposure to the intervention. Conclusions Despite evidence of effectiveness, few common elements in the design of interventions were identified. Future research should consistently report these details to open the 'black box' of IYCF interventions, identify effective design components and ensure replicability.
Kinds, general terms, and rigidity: A reply to LaPorte

Joseph LaPorte in an article on `Kind and Rigidity'(Philosophical Studies, Volume 97) resurrects an oldsolution to the problem of how to understand the rigidityof kind terms and other general terms. Despite LaPorte'sarguments to the contrary, his solution trivializes thenotion of rigidity when applied to general terms. Hisarguments do lead to an important insight however. Thenotions of rigidity and non-rigidity do not usefullyapply at all to kind or other general terms. Extendingthe notion of rigidity from singular terms such as propernames to general terms such as natural kind terms is amistake.
Early Probe and Drug Discovery in Academia: A Minireview

Drug discovery encompasses processes ranging from target selection and validation to the selection of a development candidate. While comprehensive drug discovery work flows are implemented predominantly in the big pharma domain, early discovery focus in academia serves to identify probe molecules that can serve as tools to study targets or pathways. Despite differences in the ultimate goals of the private and academic sectors, the same basic principles define the best practices in early discovery research. A successful early discovery program is built on strong target definition and validation using a diverse set of biochemical and cell-based assays with functional relevance to the biological system being studied. The chemicals identified as hits undergo extensive scaffold optimization and are characterized for their target specificity and off-target effects in in vitro and in animal models. While the active compounds from screening campaigns pass through highly stringent chemical and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) filters for lead identification, the probe discovery involves limited medicinal chemistry optimization. The goal of probe discovery is identification of a compound with sub-µM activity and reasonable selectivity in the context of the target being studied. The compounds identified from probe discovery can also serve as starting scaffolds for lead optimization studies.
Recent History of Publication-Based Academic Interest in General Anesthetics.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to determine how interest in various general anesthetics among the authors of academic publications changed over the past 50 years. Methods Publication-based academic interest were analyzed using specific scientometric indices: popularity index (PI), top journal selectivity index (TJSI), and index of change (IC). Terms used for searches were the names of drugs belonging to two pharmacological classes of general anesthetics – inhaled and intravenous. Only those that had a PI value > 2.0 during at least one of the 10 five-year periods, from 1967 to 2016, were selected. Results The PI, an index of comparative popularity, reflects a consistent decline in academic interest over time in both classes of general anesthetics. Over the past 25 years, the PI of inhaled anesthetics decreased by 52 %, and that of intravenous anesthetics fell by 32%. At the same time, the PI of anesthesia management increased by 167%. Among individual anesthetics, the most impressive change was a profound decline in halothane's PI, from 22.9 in 1972-1976 to 0.5 in 2012-2016. The interest in halothane was gradually supplanted by that in new agents, initially by enflurane, followed by isoflurane and finally, sevoflurane. The next meaningful change was the gradual rise in sevoflurane's PI to surpass that of isoflurane. The most dramatic change among the PIs of intravenous anesthetics was associated with the introduction of propofol: an increase from 1.8 to its maximum of 13.6. Conclusions The study revealed a constant decline over time in academic interest in the pharmacological basis of general anesthesia relative to all fields of anesthesia combined.
Trauma's internal transformation: anticipating unconsciousness in The Master of Petersburg

This article parts ways both with conventional application of trauma theory to J.M. Coetzee's The Master of Petersburg and with critical evaluations that focus primarily on metafiction and allegory...
Exosomal lipids for classifying early and late stage non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Patients with early stage lung cancer have the best prognosis with surgical removal of the tumor, but the disease is often asymptomatic until advanced disease develops, and there are no effective blood-based screening methods for early detection of lung cancer in at-risk populations. We have explored the lipid profiles of blood plasma exosomes using ultra high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (UHR-FTMS) for early detection of the prevalent non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Exosomes are nanovehicles released by various cells and tumor tissues to elicit important biofunctions such as immune modulation and tumor development. Plasma exosomal lipid profiles were acquired from 39 normal and 91 NSCLC subjects (44 early stage and 47 late stage). We have applied two multivariate statistical methods, Random Forest (RF) and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) to classify the data. For the RF method, the Gini importance of the assigned lipids was calculated to select 16 lipids with top importance. Using the LASSO method, 7 features were selected based on a grouped LASSO penalty. The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve for early and late stage cancer versus normal subjects using the selected lipid features was 0.85 and 0.88 for RF and 0.79 and 0.77 for LASSO, respectively. These results show the value of RF and LASSO for metabolomics data-based biomarker development, which provide robust an independent classifiers with sparse data sets. Application of LASSO and Random Forests identifies lipid features that successfully distinguish early stage lung cancer patient from healthy individuals.
Impurity Evaluation of Fused Lithium Chloride Salt for a Pilot-Scale Spent-Oxide-Fuel Reduction Process

The inorganic and physical chemistry of reactants (e.g., impurities) produced during the reduction of spent light water reactor fuel in a hot cell has been analyzed. Two source terms were identified that influence the composition and quantity of these impurities in the salt matrix. One source comes from the reduction process, which occurs between the fuel and the Li/LiCl salt matrix, and the other from chemical reactions that occur between the hot cell atmosphere and the salt matrix. The spent-fuel-oxide chemistry and energy of formation for the reactants were not thermodynamically feasible with molten lithium, except when nitrogen was present during the reduction process. A model of the reaction at a vapor-liquid interface was developed and applied to the pilot-scale oxide reduction device design. A predominance diagram for the Li-O-N reactions was constructed to determine the possible reactions during operation of the device, and from these results, the mass accumulation was determined from hot cell conditions.
Can I see the real me? Leadership ability and the better-than-average effect

Military organizations typically emphasize the importance of leadership. The quality of military leadership might be inhibited because individuals tend to overestimate their respective leadership a...
Enhancing the study of enhanced recovery after thoracic surgery: methodology and population-based approaches for the future

Achieving optimal outcomes following thoracic surgery requires a complex multidisciplinary effort spanning the entire peri-operative period. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols aim to codify essential elements in care across all perioperative settings. As thoracic surgeons have begun to embrace ERAS, identification of optimal protocol elements and novel study endpoints is necessary. In this review we will briefly review the current available evidence for ERAS in thoracic surgery, while focusing on study methods and design. We will discuss methodology for future studies and how a population-based approach can improve the current level of evidence supporting broad implementation of ERAS to thoracic surgery.
Abstract 1408: Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging reveals regimen-dependent changes in breast tumors throughout neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (DOSI) is a non-invasive near-infrared imaging modality than can provide label-free functional and metabolic information about breast tumors, probing depths up to several centimeters. Previous work has shown that DOSI has prognostic value for pathological response at key timepoints during neoadjuvant (presurgical) chemotherapy (NAC), including baseline, 24 hours after the first infusion, week 1, and at the midpoint of therapy. To date there have been almost no reports on how specific NAC regimens affect the prognostic capability of DOSI. Here we present a large multi-center DOSI dataset consisting of 54 breast tumors and 313 unique measurements taken across three timepoints during NAC: Baseline, week 1, and midpoint of treatment. We will show for the first time that the manifestation of DOSI response parameters (oxyhemoglobin, de-oxyhemoglobin, water, and lipid) is highly dependent on the specific NAC regimen used. Subjects were treated with either a Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) regimen, in which a higher dose is administered less frequently, or a Metronomic (MET) regimen, in which a smaller dose is given more frequently. MTD regimen of cytotoxic agents has traditionally been the most effective method to treat breast cancer as it aims to kill the maximum amount of tumor cells before regrowth. MET administration of cytotoxic therapies has shown antiangiogenic properties aiming to limit toxic side effects and drug resistance, while potentially inducing tumor dormancy and immunomodulation. Subjects treated with MTD regimen and also responding to this treatment exhibited an oxyhemoglobin flare in the first day of NAC. In contrast, subjects treated with MET presented only small fluctuations in oxyhemoglobin throughout the first week of NAC. The oxyhemoglobin flare has been theorized to be induced by an inflammatory effect significant for cell death, which could be in response to specifically the MTD regimen and its higher dosing. This study indicates that the specific regimen must be considered when using DOSI for NAC monitoring. It also suggests DOSI may provide biological insight into the regimen-specific mechanisms of action. Citation Format: Anup Tank, Hannah Peterson, Vivian Pera, Syeda Tabassum, Naomi Ko, Anais Leproux, Bruce Tromberg, Darren Roblyer. Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging reveals regimen-dependent changes in breast tumors throughout neoadjuvant chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1408.
Host–Pathogen Interactions in Coccidioidomycosis: Prognostic Clues and Opportunities for Novel Therapies

ABSTRACT Purpose Coccidioidomycosis (CM) is a systemic fungal disease caused by the dimorphic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. In its endemic areas of the United States, CM is growing as a public health challenge with a marked increase in incidence in the last 15 years. Although Coccidioides infection is asymptomatic in most cases, symptomatic pulmonary disease occurs in ~40% and disseminated coccidioidomycosis (DCM) occurs in ~1% of previously healthy children and adults. DCM is markedly more common in immunocompromised people, who often experience life-threatening disease despite use of antifungal medications. Although options for antifungal therapy have improved, lifelong therapy is needed for those who develop coccidioidal meningitis. The purpose of this article was to review the state of antifungal therapy and recent studies of host–pathogen interactions in CM in light of advances in immunomodulatory therapy. Methods The study included a review of PubMed and abstracts of the Coccidioidomycosis Study Group (years 2000–2019). Findings Current therapy for CM relies upon azole and polyene antifungal agents. Murine models and studies of DCM in patients with monogenic primary immunodeficiency states and acquired immunodeficiency have revealed the importance of both innate and adaptive immune responses in the control of infections with Coccidioides species. In particular, defects in sensing of fungi and induction of cellular immune responses have been frequently reported. More recently, polymorphisms in key signaling pathways and in the generation of Th17 and Th1 immune responses have been linked with DCM. Implications Antifungal therapy is sufficient to control disease in most cases of CM, but treatment failure occurs in cases of severe pulmonary disease and nonmeningeal disseminated disease. Lifelong therapy is recommended for meningitis in view of the very high risk of recurrence. Corticosteroid therapy is advised by some experts for severe pulmonary disease and for some neurologic complications of DCM. DCM is only rarely the result of a severe monogenic immunodeficiency. Case studies suggest that reorienting cellular immune responses or augmenting effector immune responses may help resolve DCM. Systematic investigation of immunotherapy for coccidioidomycosis is advisable and may help to address the recent marked increase in reports of the disease in endemic areas.
Katja Kettu’s Rose on poissa as Transcultural Trauma Fiction

This article coins the term “transcultural trauma fiction,” proposing that it constitutes a useful conceptual lens through which to examine the Finnish author Katja Kettu’s 2018 novel, Rose on pois...
Structural Insights into Characterizing Binding Sites in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase Mutants

Over the last two decades epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase has become an important target to treat nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Currently, three generations of EGFR kinase-targeted small molecule drugs have been FDA approved. They nominally produce a response at the start of treatment and lead to a substantial survival benefit for patients. However, long-term treatment results in acquired drug resistance and further vulnerability to NSCLC. Therefore, novel EGFR kinase inhibitors that specially overcome acquired mutations are urgently needed. To this end, we carried out a comprehensive study of different EGFR kinase mutants using a structural systems pharmacology strategy. Our analysis shows that both wild-type and mutated structures exhibit multiple conformational states that have not been observed in solved crystal structures. We show that this conformational flexibility accommodates diverse types of ligands with multiple types of binding modes. These results provide insights for designing a new generation of EGFR kinase inhibitor that combats acquired drug-resistant mutations through a multiconformation-based drug design strategy.
A generalized criterion for fatigue crack growth in additively manufactured materials – Build orientation and geometry effects

Abstract The effect of material anisotropy on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior in additively manufactured materials is investigated by developing an energy-based criterion. The criterion is developed based on the strain energy density concept in an anisotropic domain and considers the effects of specimen geometry by introducing the T-stress in the solution. The proposed criterion is examined by predicting the FCG experimental results available in the literature for 3D-printed Inconel 718 and 17-4PH stainless steel components built in different orientations. It is found that both material anisotropies resulting from build orientation and the T-stress play remarkable roles in FCG behavior of 3D-printed components.
Dermoscopic features of neoplasms in skin of color: A review.

Abstract Background Dermoscopy is undoubtedly a useful tool to improve diagnostic accuracy and minimize the number of unnecessary biopsies. However, much of the literature on dermoscopy focuses on findings in lighter-skin phototypes, leaving potential gaps of knowledge regarding its use in skin of color (SoC). As the clinical applications of dermoscopy continue to increase, understanding dermoscopic patterns in SoC is imperative. Objective This review discusses the literature on dermoscopic findings of neoplasms in SoC, highlighting unique and characteristic dermoscopic features. Methods A literature review was performed using the PubMed database. Case reports, case series, case-control studies, and systematic reviews were included. Results A total of 8326 studies were identified based on the selected search terms, and 41 were included in this review based on relevance. Conclusion There are specific dermoscopic characteristics in SoC for benign nevi, acral lentiginous melanoma, ethnic melanonychia, and dermatofibroma; however, there is a lack of published data about specific features of cutaneous melanoma, subungual melanoma, pigmented basal cell carcinoma, and pigmented squamous cell carcinoma in SoC. Because pigmented basal cell carcinoma, pigmented squamous cell carcinoma, ethnic melanonychia, and acral lentiginous melanoma are diagnosed at later stages in this population, it is important to understand their dermoscopic features. Further descriptive studies are needed to better characterize unique dermoscopic features in neoplasms in SoC.
At the heart of mitochondrial quality control: many roads to the top

Mitochondrial quality control depends upon selective elimination of damaged mitochondria, replacement by mitochondrial biogenesis, redistribution of mitochondrial components across the network by fusion, and segregation of damaged mitochondria by fission prior to mitophagy. In this review, we focus on mitochondrial dynamics (fusion/fission), mitophagy, and other mechanisms supporting mitochondrial quality control including maintenance of mtDNA and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, particularly in the context of the heart.
Latency Critical Data Processing in Cloud for Smart Grid Applications

For the harmonious operation among various entities, smart grid requires sharing and processing a huge amount of data and information. In the regard, cloud computing can provide the leverage of storage, processing and management of data using a shared pool of configurable resources over the Internet. In some cases of control and monitoring, low latency data processing is mandatory. To address this, we propose two types of priority data processing in the cloud for the smart grid applications. In the first type of data processing called preemptive priority, the priority data is processed ceasing the processing of an on-going general packet. On the other hand, in the second type called as non-preemptive priority, the priority packet is processed after the execution of an ongoing general packet. The general packets are processed on first come first served. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the two data processing methods in the scenario of a smart grid. Based on the results, preemptive data processing is recommended for extreme latency critical data while non-preemptive is suitable for latency critical data.