cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloning and characterization of a putative Ca2+/H+ antiporter gene from Escherichia coli upon functional complementation of Na+/H+ antiporter-deficient strains by the overexpressed gene

DNA libraries from alkaliphilic Bacillus firmus OF4 had been screened earlier (Ivey, D.M., Guffanti, A.A., Bossewitch, J. S., Padan, E., and Krulwich, T. A. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 23483-23489) for clones that would functionally complement a strain of Escherichia coli (NM81) with a deletion in one of its Na+/H+ antiporter genes. During those studies, an alkaliphile antiporter gene was hypothesized to have been incorporated into the chromosome of strain NM81, producing Na(+)-resistant NM8191. After introduction of a deletion in the second known E. coli Na+/H+ antiporter gene, libraries were prepared from NM8191 and screened for complementation of Na+/H+ antiporter-deficient mutants of E. coli. Instead of retrieving an alkaliphile gene, an unexpected E. coli gene was identified on the basis of its ability to restore Na+ resistance and membrane Na+/H+ antiporter activity to such mutant strains. The active open reading frame in the clone maps at 27 min on the E. coli chromosome and is identical in sequence to a wild type counterpart. It would be predicted to encode an extremely hydrophobic protein with multiple membrane-spanning regions and a molecular weight of 39,200. A region in one of the predicted hydrophilic loops in the gene product structure possesses striking sequence similarity to calsequestrin. The Ca2+/H+ antiporter activity of membranes from an E. coli transformant with a clone possessing only this open reading frame was indeed found to have enhanced pH-independent Ca2+/H+ antiporter activity. The Ca2+/H+ and Na+/H+ antiporter activities conferred by the clone were both inhibited by Mg2+. The gene was designated chaA and is proposed to be the structural gene for a Ca2+/H+ antiporter whose overexpression leads to resistance to growth inhibition by both calcium and sodium.
What a Difference an X or Y Makes: Sex Chromosomes, Gene Dose, and Epigenetics in Sexual Differentiation

A modern general theory of sex determination and sexual differentiation identifies the factors that cause sexual bias in gene networks, leading to sex differences in physiology and disease. The primary sex-biasing factors are those encoded on the sex chromosomes that are inherently different in the male and female zygotes. These factors, and downstream factors such as gonadal hormones, act directly on tissues to produce sex differences and antagonize each other to reduce sex differences. Recent studies of mouse models such as the four core genotypes have begun to distinguish between the direct effects of sex chromosome complement (XX vs. XY) and hormonal effects. Several lines of evidence implicate epigenetic processes in the control of sex differences, although a great deal of information is needed about sex differences in the epigenome.
Where's the Sex in Fiscal Sociology? Taxation and Gender in Comparative Perspective

INTRODUCTION: BEYOND WAR In a book on a subject as daunting as fiscal sociology, getting the word sex into the title of a chapter makes obvious marketing sense. Yet, in fact, something important is missing from the other chapters, each valuable and interesting in its own right. The field of fiscal sociology, born in Schumpeter's stirring invocation of the “thunder of history” (Schumpeter [1918] 1991), has dwelt, as many of the other chapters show, mainly with how government tax (or “extraction,” in Charles Tilly's preferred word choice in Chapter 10) schemes interact with large-scale issues of war, crisis, state construction and destruction, and the like. These are important subjects, situated at the macro level of society. A closer and more detailed look at tax systems show that they have deep, persistent consequences on the micro level as well. Fiscal policies affect patterns of marriage, childbearing, work, savings, education, charity, home ownership, and more. Fiscal sociology is thus an essential element of cultural sociology. Social norms and biases are reflected in fiscal – tax and transfer – systems, and such systems, in turn, exercise coercive force, tending to entrench patterns of social life in an endless feedback loop, a point also emphasized in Beverly Moran's chapter. This is rich and important subject matter for multidisciplinary scholars to explore. The taxation of households illustrates the point. Tax codes and other aspects of fiscal systems have often been explicitly sexist (Stotsky 1996; Teck 2004).
Sepsis does not alter red blood cell glucose metabolism or Na+ concentration: a 2H-, 23Na-NMR study

The effects of sepsis on intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) and glucose metabolism were examined in rat red blood cells (RBCs) by using 23Na- and 2H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Sepsis was induced in 15 halothane-anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rats by using the cecal ligation and perforation technique; 14 control rats underwent cecal manipulation without ligation. The animals were fasted for 36 h, but allowed free access to water. At 36 h postsurgery, RBCs were examined by 23Na-NMR by using dysprosium tripolyphosphate as a chemical shift reagent. Human RBCs from 17 critically ill nonseptic patients and from 7 patients who were diagnosed as septic were also examined for [Na+]i. Five rat RBC specimens had [Na+]i determined by both 23Na-NMR and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). For glucose metabolism studies, RBCs from septic and control rats were suspended in modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing [6,6-2H2]glucose and examined by 2H-NMR. No significant differences in [Na+]i or glucose utilization were found in RBCs from control or septic rats. There were no differences in [Na+]i in the two groups of patients. The [Na+]i determined by NMR spectroscopy agreed closely with measurements using ICP-AES and establish that 100% of the [Na+]i of the RBC is visible by NMR. Glucose measurements determined by 2H-NMR correlated closely (correlation coefficient = 0.93) with enzymatic analysis. These studies showed no evidence that sepsis disturbed RBC membrane function or metabolism.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the newborn.

Eleven of 19 sick newborn infants were shown to have either laboratory and/or pathologic evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) during an observation period of 8 months. Three of the affected infants had severe viral diseases (rubella, cytomegalic inclusion virus, and herpes simplex). Seven of the infants had severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), and one infant (the product of a severely toxemic mother) had transient respiratory distress. The remainder of the sick infants had mild IRDS without evidence of DIC. Diagnosis of DIC in the newborn is best made by reliance upon specific clotting factor assays (platelets, fibrinogen, and factors V and VIII) rather than nonspecific screening tests or presence of fibrin degradation products. DIC may be a more common complication of severely ill newborn infants than is generally realized.
A Novel Machine Learning Model for Estimation of Sale Prices of Real Estate Units

AbstractPredicting the price of housing is of paramount importance for near-term economic forecasting of any nation. This paper presents a novel and comprehensive model for estimating the price of new housing in any given city at the design phase or beginning of the construction through ingenious integration of a deep belief restricted Boltzmann machine and a unique nonmating genetic algorithm. The model can be used by construction companies to gauge the sale market before they start a new construction and consider to build or not to build. An effective data structure is presented that takes into account a large number of economic variables/indices. The model incorporates time-dependent and seasonal variations of the variables. Clever stratagems have been developed to overcome the dimensionality curse and make the solution of the problem amenable on standard workstations. A case study is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the model.
Use of formal computational models for designing intelligent mobile device interfaces

This research examines the use of formal computational models to design intelligent device interfaces able to predict the function or application a user will use and automatically invoke this function. Computational models considered are Markov Chains, Markov Decision Process, Hidden Markov Model, Fuzzy Logic, and Bayesian Networks. Descriptive statistics obtained examine patterns of use on a mobile device. Usage profiles are modeled using the various computational models and verified with historical nonlearning data. This computational model framework is then deployed in field/laboratory trials where predictions are made on what the next user operation will be. Probabilistic predictions made by Markov Chains and Markov Decision Process are compared with context classification predictions made by Hidden Markov Model, Fuzzy Logic and Bayesian Networks. During the field/laboratory trials, each instance of use is a learning trial and the probabilities are recalculated for the models. In the next experimental phase, model predictions result in the automated delivery of certain functions or user operations. The benefits of automation are assessed in terms of task performance data (ease, accuracy, and speed of task completion) and user perceived usability using a questionnaire. The costs off automation are also assessed in terms of the costs of choosing a different operation and reversing the automated operation. In the last experimental phase, the ability to "undo" an automated operation is given and delivery of the next most highly probably operation is given as well as the capacity to "undo" each time or to come out of the automated prompting altogether. The benefits of this type of automation are assessed in terms of user performance and perceived usability. Future directions for research discuss how formal models can be used to design intelligent, highly-automated device interfaces and how best to design the automation to work in the users best interests.
Early packed red blood cell transfusion and acute respiratory distress syndrome after trauma.

Background: Transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) is a risk factor for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in trauma patients. Yet, there is a paucity of information regarding the risk of ARDS with incremental PRBCs exposure. Methods: For this retrospective analysis, eligible patients from National Study on Costs and Outcomes of Trauma were included. Our main exposure was defined as units of PRBCs transfused during the first 24 h after admission. The main outcome was ARDS. Results: A total of 521 (4.6%) of 14070 patients developed ARDS, and 331 patients (63.5%) who developed ARDS received PRBCs transfusion. Injury severity, thoracic injury, polytrauma, and pneumonia receiving more than 5 units of fresh frozen plasma and 6‐10 units of PRBCs were independent predictors of ARDS. Patients receiving more than 5 units of PRBCs had higher risk of developing ARDS (patients who received 6‐10 units: adjusted odds ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.12‐5.3; patients who received more than 10 units: odds ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.1‐6.4). Each additional unit of PRBCs transfused conferred a 6% higher risk of ARDS (adjusted odds ratio 1.06; 95% CI 1.03‐1.10). Conclusions: Early transfusion of PRBCs is an independent predictor of ARDS in adult trauma patients. Conservative transfusion strategies that decrease PRBC exposure by even 1 unit may be warranted to reduce the risk of ARDS in injured patients. ANNUAL blood product use is estimated to be 14,182,000 units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and whole blood combined, with an estimated cost of $201.07 per unit of PRBCs and $63.67 per unit of whole blood per year. 1 Research over the past decade has
Evaluation of the practicability of hinokitiol as a repellent against the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) (Coleoptera : Anobiidae)

The strong repellency of hinokitiol (β-thujaplicine) to the cigarette beetle was reported in a previous paper. In this study, the practicability of using hinokitiol as a repellent against the beetle was evaluated. The effect of hinokitiol on the behavioral response of the beetle to food-attractant lure was observed with a video system. The frequency of the beetle approaching the hinokitiol-treatment filter paper on which a food-attractant lure was placed was much less than that to the control filter paper. The resident time on the treatment paper was also much less than that on the control paper. Filter paper tapes treated with hinokitiol prevented the beetles from entering the sticky trap with food-attractant lure when the tapes were attached near the entrance of the trap. Furthermore, repellency of hinokitiol was evaluated in a semi-field test. Tapes treated with hinokitiol attached around the openings of the cardboard boxes containing cured tobacco leaves prevented the beetles from entering the boxes. The number of beetles entering the treatment boxes was less than half that of the control boxes. It appears that hinokitiol is a useful repellent against the cigarette beetle.
Correlation of manual dexterity with USMLE scores and medical student class rank.

Introduction Surgical programs often rely on objective measures of medical school cognitive performance, including United States Medical Licensing Exams (USMLE) scores and class rank, to predict success of an applicant in their training program. Although job applicants in non-medical fields often undergo dexterity testing prior to being hired, this has not been widely used in the selection process for surgical residency applicants. Thus, successful identification of applicants likely to succeed in surgical fields remains elusive. Given this difficulty, we wondered if performance on tests of manual dexterity would correlate with USMLE board scores and medical school class rank. Methods Fourth year medical students underwent a clinical study of dexterity testing using the Stromberg Dexterity Test (gross motor), the O'Conner Tweezer Test (fine motor), and the MIST-VR laparoscopic simulator (Mentice Corporation, Gothenberg, Sweden). Performance times were compared with USMLE Step I & II scores and class rank, as well as a self-assessment of manual dexterity. Results A total of 113 medical students participated. Gross motor dexterity was significantly correlated with class rank ( P = 0.04) and USMLE Step I score ( P = 0.04). Fine motor dexterity and MIST-VR performance did not correlate with class rank or USMLE scores. Self-assessment of good manual dexterity correlated with faster performance times on the MIST-VR laparoscopic simulator (0.0174). Conclusions Gross motor skill is associated with objective measures of medical school cognitive performance, such as class rank and USMLE scores. Furthermore, self-assessment of dexterity may predict baseline laparoscopic abilities. Further research is necessary to determine whether such dexterity testing could be helpful in identifying applicants who possess the ability to develop into competent surgeons.
A piecewise transition model for analyzing multistate life history data

Abstract A piecewise Markovian transition model for the analysis of incomplete life history data is proposed. Based on the observed followed-up time points, we partition the time axis into a set of disjoint time intervals and assume a constant intensity within each interval. A quasi-scoring algorithm is used to obtain the estimated transition intensities. Model assessment based on the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistic and a sample reused validation procedure is discussed. Data from a reproductive survey and a stroke study are used as examples to illustrate the proposed model.
Ischemia-induced hyperglycemia: Consequences, neuroendocrine regulation, and a role for RAGE

Many patients that present with cerebral ischemia exhibit moderate to severe hyperglycemia. Although many hyperglycemic patients suffer from diagnosed or previously undiagnosed diabetes a further subset of individuals is hyperglycemic without diabetes. Hyperglycemia during cerebral ischemia is associated with high levels of mortality and morbidity and limits the effective treatment interventions available. Controlling hyperglycemia with insulin treatment in critical care situations improves overall outcomes, although it is not without risk. Therefore it is critically important to understand the basic mechanisms that underlie both the induction of hyperglycemia and the consequences of it for ischemic outcomes. In this manuscript, the neuroendocrine mediators, and mechanisms of hyperglycemia exacerbated inflammation, glucose dysregulation and ischemic outcomes are discussed. The possibility that the advanced glycation end product (AGE) and receptor for AGE (RAGE) axis mediates the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia on inflammation and neuronal damage is discussed.
Microbes in the Energy Grid

The current surge in food and fuel prices has sounded an alarm showing why providing a sustainable global energy supply and minimizing climate change are arguably two of the greatest challenges facing 21st-century society. With adequate research and proper implementation, the diverse and often unseen inhabitants of the microbial world--bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and archaea--can help address these challenges.
Peptidergic and dopaminergic control of prolactin release

The control of prolactin release by the pituitary gland is complex. Hypothalamic control is predominantly inhibitory in nature and is mediated not only by dopamine, γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and possibly acetylcholine (ACh), but probably also by a peptidic prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF). However, there is also stimulatory hypothalamic control of lesser significance which may be mediated by a variety of peptides acting singly or in concert. These would include thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), angiotensin, and possibly others. It is apparent that the lactotroph is responsive to stimulation and inhibition by a variety of peptides and small molecular weight transmitters. The release of these various agents is controlled by a host of small molecular weight and peptidic transmitters acting within the hypothalamus. There is evidence for inhibitory effects of dopamine and adrenaline, stimulatory effects of noradrenaline, inhibitory or stimulatory effects of GABA, and stimulatory effects of a variety of peptides and inhibitory effects of others. Of these, the stimulatory influence of the opioid peptides is best established. Additionally, hypothalamic alterations of prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) and PIF release may be brought about by prostacyclin. Prolactin has an important short-loop feedback action to inhibit its own release, possibly via a dopaminergic mechanism. The incidence of hyperprolactinemia, frequently brought about by prolactinomas, is relatively high. When caused by prolactinomas, hyperprolactinemia can be corrected by microsurgery. Plasma prolactin can be lowered and the tumors reduced in size with the dopamine agonist α -bromoergocryptine.
An Exploratory Qualitative Investigation of Group Processes in Group Supervision: Perceptions of Masters-Level Practicum Students

The need for continued research concerning group supervision of counselor trainees has been well-established. It has specifically been suggested that researchers investigate the role of group processes in group supervision. Accordingly, this exploratory qualitative study sought to study trainees' experiences of group processes in group supervision. Ten domains emerged during qualitative analysis. Five of these domains pertained to group processes, and four were variables that had a mediating effect on group processes. In the last domain, participants discussed ways to improve group supervision practices. Implications for group supervision practices are discussed, and several research questions for further study are offered.
Discontinuation of postmenopausal hormone therapy

Current guidelines recommend that postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) be used primarily for treatment of vasomotor and urogenital symptoms associated with the menopausal transition and that women use the lowest effective dose for the shortest time necessary. Vasomotor symptoms improve or resolve spontaneously within a few months to a few years of onset in the majority of women, suggesting that most women should be able to discontinue HT within a few years of starting treatment. Approximately 75% of women who try to stop are able to stop HT without major difficulty. However, some women who would like to stop HT are unable to do so, mainly owing to the development of vasomotor symptoms. Troublesome symptoms associated with stopping HT appear to be more common among women who start HT for treatment of symptoms, but they also are reported by women who started HT for other reasons, such as prevention of osteoporosis. Unfortunately, little information is available to guide physicians in helping women who have difficulty stopping HT. Many clinicians recommend slowly tapering HT or adding another drug for treatment of hot flashes, but the effectiveness of these approaches has not been evaluated. For women who cannot tolerate even a slow taper, the value of symptom relief likely outweighs any increased risks due to HT use.
Chronic disulfiram treatment effects on intranasal cocaine administration: Initial results

Background: Simultaneous abuse of cocaine and alcohol is common. Alcohol decreases negative stimulant effects and potentiates “high.” Disulfiram (Antabuse) is being studied in outpatient trials as a cocaine pharmacotherapy with the rationale that inability to modulate cocaine effects with alcohol may decrease cocaine use. Methods: We examined the interaction of disulfiram and cocaine in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study where subjects were chronically treated with disulfiram and then participated in intranasal cocaine administration studies. Results: Disulfiram 250 mg/day treatment significantly increased plasma cocaine concentrations (p = .013), heart rate (cocaine 1 mg/kg, p = .046), and systolic (cocaine 2 mg/kg p = .003) and diastolic (cocaine 2 mg/kg, p = .022) blood pressure. “High” and “nervous” ratings were nonsignificantly increased. Conclusions: The combination of “high” with increased anxiety in the context of inability to lessen negative effects with alcohol may be an effective treatment in selected patients. The significant pharmacokinetic interaction must be considered in the decision regarding use of disulfiram.
Bound States of Branes with Minimal Energy

It is pointed out that the energy of the bound states of {ital D}-branes and strings is determined by the central charge of the space-time supersymmetry. The universality which is seen at the black hole horizon appears also on the {ital D}-brane side: the total energy of the bound states of a given number of branes has a minimum when considered as a function of the independent parameters (moduli). This provides new evidence that the near-horizon space-time geometry of the dilaton black holes can be represented by the bound states of branes. The axion-dilaton dyonic black holes have the mass formula of the nonthreshold-type bound state. Upon uplifting to higher dimensions they may give information about such states. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
“I felt sad and did not enjoy life”: Cultural context and the associations between anhedonia, depressed mood, and momentary emotions

The meanings of “anhedonia” and “depressed mood,” the cardinal emotional symptoms of major depression, may be shaped by cultural norms regarding pleasure and sadness. Thirty-two European Americans, 26 Hispanic Americans, 33 Asian Americans, and 20 Russian Americans provided reports of (a) depressive symptoms, (b) momentary emotions and pleasure, and (c) global subjective well-being. Momentary reports were collected over 10 days using handheld personal digital assistants. Reports of anhedonia were associated with heightened levels of momentary low arousal negative emotions (e.g., sadness), whereas reports of depressed mood were associated with dampened levels of momentary positive emotions (e.g., happiness). Symptoms of anhedonia and depressed mood interacted in their associations with momentary pleasure. In addition, the associations of anhedonia and depressed mood with positive emotions and life satisfaction differed across cultural groups. Specifically, these symptoms were associated with dampened positive emotions in the Asian American group only. Additionally, anhedonia was associated with dampened global life satisfaction in the European American group only. These results suggest that reports of anhedonia and depressed mood cannot be interpreted at face value as specific and culture-free indicators of
Topics discussed with mothers and fathers for parent–child sex communication among African-American adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in parent–child sex communication for 14 topics among early adolescent African-American youth. Similar to prior research, a larger percentage of participants reported they discussed sex with their mother in comparison to their father. In contrast to prior research, more males than females reported they discussed sexual topics with their mothers and fathers. Binary logistic regression analysis found significant differences for males versus females for father–child conversations on 12 of the 14 topics. Only two of the analyses were significant for males versus females on mother–child discussion of the topics. Finally, parent–child conversations tended to focus on general versus personal information. For example, a larger percentage of participants reported discussing general information on HIV/AIDS compared to discussing sexual orientation. The importance of research that focuses on the role of fathers in parent–child sexual socialisation is discussed.
Community and problematic citizenship

Abstract Lynn Staeheli's elegant and insightful work on “Citizenship and the Problem of Community” is an agenda-setting essay. I highlight three issues that merit further research: the implications of the “moral turn” in politics for territorially based institutions of government; the questions raised by problematic understandings of citizenship; and the need for better specification of the institutional contexts in which inclusion/exclusion mechanisms operate. Although community can be the basis for inclusion/exclusion at a micro scale, as Staeheli describes, analyses at more macro scales suggest citizenship—more often than not defined in terms of national identity and a culturally defined civic identity—can precede community as the basis for inclusion/exclusion. This indicates that citizenship is as problematic as community.
Bourdieu 1993: um estudo de caso em consagração científica

Drawing on archival materials and personal testimonies, I reconstruct the conditions under which Bourdieu came to receive the Gold medal of the National Center for Scientific Research, France's highest science prize, in 1993 as a signal case study of the existential predicament and institutional trappings of scholarly consecration. Bourdieu's award speech and the ceremony at which he read it present a triple interest for the history and sociology of sociology. They illustrate how a shaping figure in the discipline personally experienced, reflexively viewed, and practically navigated the nexus of science, authority, and power. They mark 1993 as a pivot-year in Bourdieu's intellectual evolution, leading to a new agenda foregrounding the state as paramount symbolic power, the alchemy of group formation, and the unfinished promise of democratic politics; and they help explain why he ventured more forthrightly into civic debate in the 1990s. Bourdieu's ambivalent acceptance of the prize also illustrates his conception of the "Realpolitik of reason" and put an emphatic end to the eclipse of Durkheim by restoring sociology to its rightful place at the scientific zenith in the country of its birth.
Contact mechanics approach to determine contact surface area between bipolar plates and current collector in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

A significant portion of the power loss in a fuel cell stack can be attributed to the contact resistance between the gas diffusion layer/bipolar plate and the current collector/bipolar plate interfaces, especially when an oxide layer is formed on a stainless steel bipolar plate. Researchers have already studied methods to decrease the contact resistance between fuel cell components, but never has a theoretical contact mechanics model been applied to contact resistance problems in fuel cells. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to utilize a theoretical contact mechanics model in order to study real contact area in fuel cell components as a function of surface roughness, material properties, and clamping force. Specifically, the effects of bipolar plate surface roughness, coating thickness of the gold plating on the current collector, and the clamping force on real contact area have been studied. It was found that smoother materials, thicker gold coating, and higher clamping force resulted in a higher real percentage contact area.
Comparison of two multivariate modeling approaches for the source apportionment of inhalable particulate matter in Newark, NJ

Abstract Two different receptor models were applied for source apportionment of inhalable particulate matter (IPM; D 50 = 15 μ m) in Newark, NJ, a complex urban airshed. The two models, a modified version of factor analysis/multiple regression (FA/MR) and regression on absolute principal components, were developed using 137 24-h samples collected during two summer and two winter seasons. Comparison of the respective model results indicated that the number and type of the sources resolved by the two approaches were similar. Source contribution estimates were within the respective 95% confidence ranges derived from the tracer or absolute principal component score regression coefficients. Larger differences in results were observed for source types contributing 1 μm −3 or less to IPM. Source emission profiles determined by regression on principal components were also comparable, where applicable, to the partial profiles estimated from FA/MR results. In both cases, the estimated source emission profiles were in good agreement with reported source emissions composition. This study demonstrates the usefulness of using more than one with reported source emissions composition. This study demonstrates the usefulness of using more than one modeling method as a tool for validating receptor modeling results. The approach should be further demonstrated for ambient aerosol components other than mass.
Genome-Wide Hierarchy of Replication Origin Usage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Replication origins in a genome are inherently different in their base sequence and in their response to temporal and cell cycle regulation signals for DNA replication. To investigate the chromosomal determinants that influence the efficiency of initiation of DNA replication genome-wide, we made use of a reverse strategy originally used for the isolation of replication initiation mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In yeast, replication origins isolated from chromosomes support the autonomous replication of plasmids. These replication origins, whether in the context of a chromosome or a plasmid, will initiate efficiently in wild-type cells but show a dramatically contrasted efficiency of activation in mutants defective in the early steps of replication initiation. Serial passages of a genomic library of autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) in such a mutant allowed us to select for constitutively active ARSs. We found a hierarchy of preferential initiation of ARSs that correlates with local transcription patterns. This preferential usage is enhanced in mutants defective in the assembly of the prereplication complex (pre-RC) but not in mutants defective in the activation of the pre-RC. Our findings are consistent with an interference of local transcription with the assembly of the pre-RC at a majority of replication origins.
The value of radiotherapy in treating recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy.

This review discusses the treatment options available to prostate cancer patients with disease recurrence following prostatectomy. It focuses on the use of radiotherapy, administered adjuvantly and as a salvage treatment. A nomogram that facilitates patient selection for salvage radiotherapy is presented. Approximately 25–40% of men who undergo radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer will experience biochemical recurrence. A rapid prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time or high-grade disease are risk factors for progression to bone metastases and cancer-specific mortality. Salvage external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) to the prostate fossa is the only curative therapy for patients with biochemical recurrence after RRP, but it is used relatively infrequently to treat recurrent prostate cancer because of a widespread perception that most patients have systemic recurrence, and its reported lack of efficacy for high-risk disease. However, in a large, multicenter study of patients who received salvage EBRT for a rising PSA level after RRP, a substantial proportion of patients with high-grade disease and/or a rapid PSA doubling time were observed to have a favorable outcome after salvage EBRT if it was administered at low PSA values. This suggests that salvage EBRT could provide long-term cancer control for patients at the highest risk of progression to bone metastases and cancer-specific mortality. A nomogram that predicts the 3-year progression-free probability after salvage EBRT has been developed to facilitate the selection of patients for this potentially curative therapy. In the absence of other curative therapies, all patients with recurrent prostate cancer should be considered for salvage EBRT, particularly those with positive surgical margins. To be successful, salvage EBRT should be administered at the earliest evidence of recurrent disease, once a rising PSA trend as been confirmed.
Repressors, sensitizers, source expertise, and persuasion

Repressors and sensitizers read a counter-attitudinal message from either an expert or non-expert source who used either relatively strong or relatively weak arguments. Repressors tended to be influenced by the expertise of the source regardless of the quality of the arguments used and sensitizers tended to be influenced by the strength of the arguments regardless of the expertise of the source. Cognitive response data suggested that repressors may have been using the source as an indication of the validity of the message whereas sensitizers were focusing more on the cogency of the persuasive arguments.
Efficacy of Insecticides and Dosage Rates Applied for Control of the Egyptian Alfalfa Weevil and Pea Aphid

The efficacy of several registered and unregistered insecticides, applied at various dosage rates for control of the Egyptian alfalfa weevil, Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman), was investigated during 1973, 1974, and 1975. The impact of these materials on pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), was evaluated in 1974 and 1975. Control of both species, in small plot tests, was obtained with dosage rates considerably below those currently recommended with the registered insecticides.
A Tale of Two Toolkits: Relating Infrastructure andUse in Flexible CSCW Toolkits

The design of software toolkits embodies a fundamental tension. On the one hand, it aims to reduce programmer effort by providing prefabricated, reusable software modules encapsulating common application behaviours. On the other, it seeks to support a range of applications, which necessitates avoiding an overly-restrictive commitment to particular styles of application behaviour. We explore this tension in the domain of collaborative applications, which we believe are particularly subject to problems arising from this tension. Based on an analysis of the basic issues of flexibility in toolkit design, we explore opportunities for the design of toolkits which avoid application style commitments, with illustrations from two toolkits which we have developed. A comparative analysis of these two approaches provides insight into the underlying questions and suggests new design opportunities for toolkits that provide a framework for application enhancement and extension.
A study of the cobalt chlro-complexes in dimethylformamide and the use of one of them for the spectrophotometric determination of cobalt

Abstract Cobalt(II) forms deep-blue stable chloro-complexes in dimethylformamide. One of them, (CoCl 4 ) 2− , is used for the spectro-photometric determination of cobalt. Optimum analytical conditions have been established. Beer's law is obeyed between a cobalt concentration of 5 and 100 ppm; a wider concentration range was not investigated. Sensitivity of the colour reaction is 0.10 μg of cobalt per cm 2 for log I 0 /I = 0.001 ; a large excess of many foreign ions can be tolerated; an ion-exchange separation is used when necessary. The method has been applied successfully to the determination of cobalt in steel, ferromanganese and a nickel-copper alloy.
Impact of therapist on patient satisfaction in group psychotherapy.

Abstract Patient and therapist ratings of therapist behavior in group psychotherapy were compared. Patients were able to accurately rate their therapist's behavior, and his feelings about the group, but they were not able to rate his general mood. A significant correlation was found between therapist “relationship” variables and patient satisfaction, confirming our first hypothesis. However, neither the therapist's activity level nor his directiveness level was related to patient satisfaction in the group. The results suggest that patients in therapy groups consider some of the same ingredients important to their satisfaction as do nonpatients in social groups.
Printing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tag Antennas Using Inks Containing Silver Dispersions

Rotary letterpress and flexographic printing were investigated for their potential use in making electrically conductive structures. A variety of test patterns were designed to determine some of the printing process capabilities. Antennas for radio frequency identification tags were printed using these techniques. The ink used in this study was a dispersion of silver flakes, and organosilver compounds in an organic vehicle. A variety of printing parameters (inking time, inking speed, printing speed, and printing force) were studied. The printed test patterns and antennas were characterized by a profilometry, electron and optical microscopy, and electrical measurements.
Chronic active hepatitis in children.

Twenty-eight children with chronic active hepatitis are reported. The majority were diagnosed within the last 5 years. Their mode of presentation was usually indistinguishable from acute viral hepatitis (63%). Extrahepatic manifestations were more common in those patients with an insidious onset. All presented sporadic cases without known exposure or secondary spread. The 19 patients tested for hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) were all negative and SGOT values were higher (mean, 1080 IU/liter) than those reported in adult patients with chronic active hepatitis. Twenty-seven patients had marked elevation of serum gammaglobulin (mean, 4.04 g/100 ml) and 42% had positive LE cells. All patients had histologic features of “aggressive” hepatitis; in addition, five biopsies also showed areas of submassive lobular necrosis. The initial response to corticosteroid therapy was excellent in all but 3 patients. To date, drug therapy has been suspended in 4 patients for periods of 4 months to 2 years without clinical or biochemical relapse. There have been 4 deaths while on therapy, 2 with hepatic insufficiency and 2 with sepsis. One patient with end-stage liver disease underwent orthotopic liver transplantation and subsequently died.
Effects of hard fats on in vitro and in vivo rumen fermentation, milk production and reproduction in dairy cows.

Abstract Adding 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of substrate as prilled or unprilled fatty acids [palmitic (47 to 48%), stearic (36 to 37%), and oleic (14%) acids] to an in vitro rumen fermenter had no effect on total VFA production. Acetate:propionate ratio was reduced by fatty acid concentrations of 15 and 20% (prilled and unprilled). In a 4 × 4 Latin square, increasing dietary prilled fatty acids (0, 3, 6, or 9% of DM) decreased DM intake, increased percentage of milk fat, and had no effect on percentage of milk protein. Milk volume and FCM increased with 3% but decreased with 6 and 9% dietary fatty acids. Rumen fluid acetate:propionate decreased with increasing dietary fatty acids. Holstein cows in three herds in Pennsylvania and Friesian cows in an Israeli herd were assigned randomly to receive, from 0 to 110 to 150 d postcalving, diets containing 0 or 2% of DM prilled fat. In Israel, dietary fat increased milk yield, FCM, and fat percentage during the first 90 d postcalving. In Pennsylvania, prilled fat had variable effects on milk composition and little effect on milk yield and FCM. Conception rate was improved in cows consuming rations containing prilled fat: first service, 59.1 versus 42.6%; all services, 59.3 versus 40.7%. The inclusion of prilled fat at 2% of DM in dairy cattle rations had slight effects on rumen fermentation, variable effects on milk yield and composition, and beneficial effects on conception rate.
Unsupervised modeling for understanding MOOC discussion forums: a learning analytics approach

Massively Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have gained attention recently because of their great potential to reach learners. Substantial empirical study has focused on student persistence and their interactions with the course materials. However, most MOOCs include a rich textual dialogue forum, and these textual interactions are largely unexplored. Automatically understanding the nature of discussion forum posts holds great promise for providing adaptive support to individual students and to collaborative groups. This paper presents a study that applies unsupervised student understanding models originally developed for synchronous tutorial dialogue to MOOC forums. We use a clustering approach to group similar posts, compare the clusters with manual annotations by MOOC researchers, and further investigate clusters qualitatively. This paper constitutes a step toward applying unsupervised models to asynchronous communication, which can enable massive-scale automated discourse analysis and mining to better support students' learning.
Barefoot, Country, and Nappy: Life Lessons of a Colored Girl

The area of town where we lived was “Black Bottom.” The name was given because there were no streetlights in the area. At night, you couldn't see your hand in front of your face. I thought the name came from being a Colored community. We had no idea how poor we were. Though I left our neighborhood long ago, the simple messages are timeless and invaluable. I long for the peace and simplicity of those times. I owe any positive impact made on children in care to the education the Bottom gave her people.
Carrier Recombination Lifetime Measurement in Silicon Epitaxial Layers Using Optically Excited MOS Capacitor Technique

Carrier recombination lifetime is a key semiconductor parameter that not only has a major role in how a variety of solid-state devices operate, but one that can also be used as a process cleanliness monitoring tool. Lifetime measurement on epitaxial wafers, where the epilayer thickness is smaller than the minority carrier’s diffusion length, has always been a challenging task. Although the pulsed MOS capacitor has been shown to be an eminently suitable technique for measuring the generation lifetime ( $\tau _{g})$ on these wafers, measuring the recombination lifetime ( $\tau _{r})$ yet has remained complicated and difficult to implement. In this paper, a new technique for accurate measurement of $\tau _{r}$ will be presented. Lifetime will be extracted from the capacitance transient ( $C$ – $t$ ) of an inverted MOS device while being excited by an optical pulse. In addition to its easy implementation, the recombination lifetime extracted this way is least affected by Si/SiO2 surface and epi/substrate interface effects when compared with older techniques such as the photoconductance decay. TCAD simulations and experimental results will be presented to demonstrate the promising application of the optically excited MOS to the characterization of p/p+ silicon epitaxial layers.
Nanowires of Fe/multi-walled carbon nanotubes and nanometric thin films of Fe/MgO

We observed that nanowires of Fe grown in the lumens of multi-walled carbon nanotubes required four times higher magnetic field strength to reach saturation compared to planar nanometric thin films of Fe on MgO(100). Nanowires of Fe and nanometric thin films of Fe both exhibited two fold magnetic symmetries. Structural and magnetic properties of 1-dimensional nanowires and 2-dimensional nanometric films were studied by several magnetometery techniques. The θ-2θ x-ray diffraction measurements showed that a (200) peak of Fe appeared on thin film samples deposited at higher substrate temperatures. In these samples prepared at higher temperatures, lower coercive field and highly pronounced two-fold magnetic symmetry were observed. Our results show that maximum magnetocrystalline anisotropy occurred for sample deposited at 100 °C and it decreased at higher deposition temperatures.
New universality class for gelation in a system with particle breakup

We introduce a model of coagulation with single-particle breakoff, described by the kernels ${K}_{\mathrm{ij}}=ij$ and ${F}_{\mathrm{ij}}=\ensuremath{\alpha}((j+1){\ensuremath{\delta}}_{i1}+(i+1){\ensuremath{\delta}}_{j1})$. For $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ above a critical value ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}$, the system either gels or reaches a steady-state size distribution, depending upon initial conditions. Below ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}$, gelation always occurs. At $\ensuremath{\alpha}={\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}$, the scaling exponent $\ensuremath{\tau}$, which describes the large-size behavior of the steady-state size distribution, is frac72; rather than the usual value frac52;, indicating that this process belongs to a new universality class of gelation.
Europeanization in the ‘other’ Europe: writing the nation into ‘Europe’ education in Slovakia and Estonia

How is the tension between renewed nationalist and European narratives of belonging being unfolded in the curricula, discourse, and practice of civic education in Slovakia and Estonia. As two post‐socialist territories that were ‘reborn’ as independent nation‐states in the 1990s, Slovakia and Estonia were confronted with pressure to ‘Europeanize’. ‘Europeanization’ is intended to challenge doctrines of ethno‐cultural citizenship, and is expected to play a significant role within civic education. One might expect nationalists in these contexts to reject Europeanization and those with a more tolerant or cosmopolitan bent to embrace it. These different case studies show, however, that educators, curriculum developers, and textbook authors at the national level do not simply dismiss conceptions of Europe. Rather, two trends emerge: First, Europe is redefined geographically, allowing Estonia and Slovakia to assert that they are inherently European (as the borderland and the centre, respectively). Second, the m...