cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive non-linear diffusion in wavelet domain

Traditional diffusivity based denoising models detect edges by the gradients of intensities, and thus are easily affected by noise. In this paper, we develop a nonlinear diffusion denoising method which adapts to the local context and thus preserves edges and diffuses more in the smooth regions. In the proposed diffusion model, the modulus of gradient in a diffusivity function is substituted by the modulus of a wavelet detail coefficient and the diffusion of wavelet coefficients is performed based on the local context. The local context is derived directly by analyzing the energy of transform across the scales and thus it performs efficiently in the real-time. The redundant representation of the stationary wavelet transform (SWT) and its shift-invariance lend themselves to edge detection and denoising applications. The proposed stationary wavelet context-based diffusivity (SWCD) model produces a better quality image compared to that attained by two high performance diffusion models, i.e. higher Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio on average and lesser artifacts and blur are observed in a number of images representing texture, strong edges and smooth backgrounds.
Counseling Muslims: Handbook of mental health issues and interventions

Counseling Muslims: Handbook of Mental Health Issues and Interventions is authored by Sameera Ahmed and Mona Amer, with other contributors in the field of mental health. Drawing from their 20 plus ...
Scientific societies’ support for public engagement: an interview study

Scientific societies play an important role in scientists’ career development and can have an impact on scientific advancement. The current study explores scientific societies’ view of and support ...
Early Versus Late Pulmonary Embolism in Trauma Patients: Not All Pulmonary Embolisms are Created Similarly.

Abstract Background Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an uncommon complication occurring in up to 5% of trauma patients. In small previous studies, patients with long-bone fractures were associated with a higher risk of early PE while those with severe head injuries were at higher risk for late PE. Materials and methods This was a retrospective analysis at a single level I trauma center from 2010 to 2017. Patients with early PE (≤4 d) were compared to those with late PE (>4 d) using bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis. We sought to confirm risk factors for early and late PE, hypothesizing that early PE is associated with long-bone fractures and late PE is associated with above-the-knee deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Results From 12,833 trauma admissions, 76 patients (0.6%) had a PE. Of these, 33 (43.4%) had an early PE and 43 (54.6%) were diagnosed with late PE. After adjusting for covariates, independent risk factors for late PE included above-the-knee DVT (odds ratio [OR] = 12.01, confidence interval [CI] = 1.34-107.52, P = 0.03), blood transfusion (OR = 8.99, CI = 1.75-46.22, P = 0.009), and craniotomy (OR = 8.82, CI = 1.03-75.97, P = 0.04), while the only independent risk factor for early PE was smoking (OR = 4.56, CI 1.06-19.66, P = 0.04). Severe head injury and long-bone fractures were not risk factors for early or late PE (P > 0.05) Conclusions The strongest risk factor for late PE is above-the-knee DVT. Contrary to previous reports, long-bone extremity fractures and severe head injuries are not associated with early or late PE. The only risk factor for early PE was a history of smoking.
A Natural Language Processing Method of Chinese Instruction for Multi-legged Manipulating Robot

In this paper, a natural language processing (NLP) framework is proposed to build the Chinese natural language interaction between human and the multi-legged manipulating robot which has both locomotion and manipulation functions. The Chinese natural language instruction is transformed into formal representations by this method. Firstly, Cascaded Conditional Random Fields (CCRFs) is employed to analyze the syntax of the instruction. Letter-based features are used in each layer of CCRFs to solve problem caused by word segmentation. In order to understand the modification relationship between entity classes in chunk, one judgment method based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) is proposed. To solve the problem of the large number of core verbs in instructions generated by the multiple robot motion types, a classification of verbs based on Naive Bayes classifier was presented. And the semantic framework of each type of verbs is established to determine the necessary and unnecessary roles for each kind of verbs. At last, several experiments are carried out and the results of each step of framework are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. It is instructive to understand Chinese natural language instructions for robots with complex motion.
Price dynamics in corn cash and futures markets: cointegration, causality, and forecasting through a rolling window approach

This paper examines the causal structure among the daily corn futures and seven cash price series from Midwestern states from January 3, 2006, to March 24, 2011, through a rolling approach that takes into account window sizes of a half, one, one and a half, and two years. Except for some testing samples, all series are tied together through cointegration and adjust toward the long-run relationship(s). Considering different forecasting lengths, the out-of-sample Granger causality test for each window generally reveals that no series gains persistent forecastability from another. These results shed light on the evolving causal structure among the different series. Discussions of empirical findings at a more granular level also are presented.
Concurrent presentation of a hemorrhagic pericardial effusion and venous thromboembolism in malignancy: a systematic review of case studies

The concurrent presentation of symptomatic malignant pericardial hemorrhage and venous thromboembolism is a rare event that poses a clinical dilemma. Existing VTE guidelines do not indicate when, or if, anticoagulation therapy should be started after the treatment of the pericardial bleed. We performed a systematic review to compile the published clinical evidence on the occurrence of coexisting pericardial hemorrhage and VTE in cancer patients and to describe the clinical presentations and bleeding and thrombosis outcomes before and after anticoagulation therapy. We studied published case reports on patients with cancer who presented to the hospital with pericardial hemorrhage and VTE through April 11, 2019. We found seven published case reports. All patients had suffered from a pulmonary embolism and had pericardiocentesis during hospitalization. Five patients (71%) had lung cancer. Four patients (57%) were started on anticoagulation after pericardial drainage and survived the index event. Two patients (29%) were not started on anticoagulation after pericardiocentesis; only one of these patients survived the hospitalization. Pericardial bleeding risk in cancer may be inherent to malignancy, and it is unclear if anticoagulation use increases the risk of recurrent pericardial bleeding. The management of pericardial bleeding typically requires pericardiocentesis, and clinical registries, prospective collaboration projects, and case adjudication are needed to establish the safety of initiation of antithrombotic therapy in such patients.
The association of children’s participation in school physical activity opportunities with classroom conduct

Abstract Studies consistently demonstrate that providing children with physical activity opportunities in the classroom is related to reduced off-task behavior. This study evaluated the impact of different activity opportunities on teacher redirects of student off-task behaviors in the academic classroom. Observations (n = 13,682) of teacher redirects and activity opportunities across the school day were conducted in one low-income school. A multi-level mixed effects logistic regression explored the likelihood of observing teacher redirects following activity opportunities. Teacher redirects were less likely to occur for up to 60 min following physical activity opportunities in the classroom. Physical activity opportunities outside of the classroom did not reduce teacher redirects. Classroom-based physical activity is a potential strategy for reducing teacher redirects of off-task behavior.
Correction: Theory for polariton-assisted remote energy transfer.

Correction for ‘Theory for polariton-assisted remote energy transfer’ by Matthew Du et al., Chem. Sci., 2018, 9, 6659–6669.
[Assessment on exposure of dietary aluminium among residents in Shaanxi Province during 2013-2015].

Objective To investigate the contamination condition of the aluminium in commercial foods in Shaanxi Province, and evaluate aluminium dietary intake level in Shaanxi population and its potential health risks. Methods 1331 samples in Shaanxi Province were collected from 2013 to 2015. The aluminium contents were detected by National Food Contamination and Harmful Factors in Risk Monitoring Manual, and data of total diet study in Shaanxi Province in 2007, to calculate dietary intake of aluminium in Shaanxi population. Results Average dietary intake of aluminium was 0. 358 mg/( kg·d), accounted for 125% of PTWI. The dietary intake of aluminium in children aged 2 to7 years old was highest, followed children aged 8 to 12 years old and men aged 13 to 19 years old. Grain products and potato products were the main sources of aluminium exposure compared with others. Conclusion The dietary intake of aluminium in Shaanxi population is more than the PTWI. The children aged 2 to 7 years old, children aged 8 to12 years old and men aged 13 to 19 years old is high. Grain products and potato products are the main sources of aluminium exposure in Shaanxi population. The effective measureto control the intake of aluminium is to normalize and rationalize the use of additives containing aluminium.
Cutaneous paraneoplastic pemphigus syndrome associated with undifferentiated uterine sarcoma

Abstract Pemphigus is a group of autoimmune intraepidermal blistering diseases caused by immunoglobulins directed against keratinocyte cell surface components. In this case report, we identify a non-classical paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) foliaceous related to an undifferentiated uterine sarcoma. The patient is a 54-year-old Chinese female with a past medical history of arthritis who presented with worsening fatigue in November 2017 and an itchy, blistering, erythematous annular plaque that first appeared on her chest in February 2018. Given high suspicion for primary immunobullous disease despite negative immunofluorescence and lack of subepidermal split on initial biopsy, a repeat biopsy was performed from the right thigh showing positive intraepidermal “net-like” staining for C3 and IgG, but was negative for IgA, IgM, and fibrinogen. IgG antibodies against desmoglein 1 were elevated at 280u (reference range In February 2019, the patient had 2–3 episodes of postmenopausal vaginal bleeding and subsequent hysteroscopy with dilation and curettage revealed an undifferentiated uterine sarcoma. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy, total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and bilateral pelvic lymph node sampling. After surgical staging, she noted significant improvement in her baseline skin lesions and has had no new lesions since surgery. Repeat desmoglein antibodies showed anti-Dsg1 antibodies of 32u (reference range
Deliktische Haftung der Eigentümergemeinschaft gegenüber Wohnungseigentümern für Verletzungen von Verkehrssicherungspflichten

Die Verkehrssicherungspflicht (hier Winterdienst) ist nicht Ausdruck einer spezifischen WE-rechtlichen Sonderbeziehung, sondern der allgemeinen Anordnung, grundsatzlich jedermann vor Gefahren auf einem Weg zu sichern, den man eroffnet. Die Verpflichtung zur ordnungsgemasen Streuung der – auch fur Besucher oder fremde Personen benutzbaren – Flache besteht nicht nur gegenuber den einzelnen Wohnungseigentumern, sondern gegenuber jedermann. Eine unterschiedliche Ausgestaltung der Streupflicht gegenuber den einzelnen Wohnungseigentumern einerseits und Hausfremden andererseits ist aus dem Gesetz nicht begrundbar. Die Eigentumergemeinschaft haftet ihren Mitgliedern gegenuber deshalb grundsatzlich nur deliktisch. Eine spezielle Verpflichtung zur Durchfuhrung von Verkehrssicherungspflichten aus einer gesetzlichen Sonderverbindung mit den einzelnen Wohnungseigentumern besteht nicht. Damit scheidet die Zurechnung des Gehilfenverhaltens nach § 1313a ABGB aus. Einer Reprasentantenhaftung steht ein Anstellungsverhaltnis des Hausbesorgers fur die Eigentumergemeinschaft nicht zwingend entgegen, wenn er in Ansehung des Winterdienstes mit eigenverantwortlicher Entscheidungsbefugnis ausgestattet war. Aus dem Umstand allein, dass die Eigentumergemeinschaft von ihrem Weisungs- und Kontrollrecht tatsachlich nicht Gebrauch macht, ist noch nicht auf eine Reprasentantenstellung zu schliesen.
Erratum for Kweon et al., "Substrate Specificity and Structural Characteristics of the Novel Rieske Nonheme Iron Aromatic Ring-Hydroxylating Oxygenases NidAB and NidA3B3 from Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1"

Volume 1, issue 2, e00135-10, 2010, [https://doi:10.1128/mBio.00135-10][1]. The files for Fig. S1 and S2 were incorrect (they were reversed). The files have been corrected online. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/mBio.00135-10
Mitigating bias in calibration error estimation

Building reliable machine learning systems requires that we correctly understand their level of confidence. Calibration focuses on measuring the degree of accuracy in a model's confidence and most research in calibration focuses on techniques to improve an empirical estimate of calibration error, ECEBIN. Using simulation, we show that ECEBIN can systematically underestimate or overestimate the true calibration error depending on the nature of model miscalibration, the size of the evaluation data set, and the number of bins. Critically, ECEBIN is more strongly biased for perfectly calibrated models. We propose a simple alternative calibration error metric, ECESWEEP, in which the number of bins is chosen to be as large as possible while preserving monotonicity in the calibration function. Evaluating our measure on distributions fit to neural network confidence scores on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and ImageNet, we show that ECESWEEP produces a less biased estimator of calibration error and therefore should be used by any researcher wishing to evaluate the calibration of models trained on similar datasets.
A Foldable and Reconfigurable Monolithic Reflectarray for Space Applications

An origami-based foldable and reconfigurable Reflectarray Antenna (RA) with multiple apertures is proposed for CubeSat applications. The proposed configuration consists of a central RA embedded in folding panels using Lamina Emergent Torsional (LET) joints based on compliant mechanisms. Depending on the folding direction of these panels (forward or backward), a new RA aperture is formed. The proposed RA along with its folding panels and hinges is fabricated using only a single PCB. A prototype of such an RA with two foldable panels is fabricated and measured. This RA operates in the Ku-band at 16 GHz and provides two pencil beams pointing at ( $\theta = 30^{\circ }$ , $\varphi = 0^{\circ }$ ) and ( $\theta = -30^{\circ }$ , $\varphi = 0^{\circ }$ ), and a dual-beam pointing at ( $\theta = +27^{\circ }$ , $\varphi = 0^{\circ }$ ) and ( $\theta = -29^{\circ }$ , $\varphi = 0^{\circ }$ ). The proposed RA provides a gain of 25 dB and 19 dB in its single- and dual-beam operations, respectively. For CubeSat applications, the key advantages of this RA are its small stowed volume, reconfigurable EM performance, beamsteering capabilities, monolithic construction, low fabrication cost, and reduced complexity.
Transient Asystole From Pacing Inhibition During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

A 68-year-old man with a biventricular implantable cardioverter-defibrillator who was pacemaker dependent was admitted for percutaneous coronary intervention. The patient had an asystolic cardiac arrest as a result of electromagnetic interference during an orbital atherectomy. We should keep electromagnetic interference from the machine in mind when performing orbital atherectomy. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).
A Four-Way Nested Digital Doherty Power Amplifier for Low-Power Applications

This article demonstrates the advantages of a nested digital Doherty power amplifier (PA) to achieve high efficiency in deep power back-off (PBO) for low-power applications. A differential four-way digital Doherty PA (D4DPA) is implemented in a general-purpose 65-nm CMOS process as a proof-of-concept that ideally achieves efficiency enhancement through 9-dB PBO. The PA uses a compact input and output matching network through consolidation of components, and it achieves a peak drain efficiency (DE) of 48% and a system efficiency (SE) of 31% with 7.3 dBm of output power ( $P_{\mathrm{ out}}$ ) and 14 dB of gain at 4.75 GHz. It also obtains a DE of 42% and 20% at 0- and 12.8-dB PBO, respectively, at 5.25 GHz, which corresponds to a $2.2\times $ improvement over normalized class B PA. Finally, RF modulation measurements performed on the PA show that it achieves a DE of 34% and an rms error vector magnitude ( ${\mathrm{ EVM}}_{\mathrm{ rms}}$ ) of −20.5 dB for a 1-MSym/s 16 QAM RF waveform at 5.25 GHz.
Implementing the Plan: The Weekly Schedule

Often, colleagues ask about the content for the freshmen seminar and mentor classes. They inquire about how to develop a program in their departments or institutions. In an attempt to address these requests, the earlier chapters have presented the approach we use to recruit and train mentors and emeriti mentors. In this chapter, we review what occurs in each week of the two linked classes, that is, the mentor class and the freshmen seminar course. The mentor class is connected to materials and websites presented in the appendices to give readers access to the training materials for the mentor class.
Surgical Ventricular Remodeling (SVR): Anesthesia Considerations

After myocardial infarction, the heart undergoes an adverse cardiac remodeling process that leads to left ventricular dilatation, increased wall tension, altered geometric shape, electrical conductive disturbance and progression of heart failure. Surgical ventricular remodeling (SVR) is a therapeutic strategy designed to reduce the size of the left ventricle through the exclusion of the scar tissue and thus restore a more physiologic shape to reverse the ventricular remodeling and improve cardiac function. SVR is commonly performed concomitantly with surgical myocardial revascularization and/or mitral valve surgery. This procedure appears to provide the most benefit to symptomatic patients who have areas of post-infarcted, non-viable myocardium with a significant dilated cardiomyopathy. For the cardiac anesthesia provider, the anesthetic management is among the most challenging due to the advanced nature of the heart failure in the setting of a surgical procedure associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is critical for the anesthesia provider to have a profound understanding of the pathophysiology and hemodynamic considerations to anticipate the potential complications and ensure a successful perioperative course.
Testing stomatal models at the stand level in deciduous angiosperm and evergreen gymnosperm forests using CliMA Land (v0.1)

Abstract. At the leaf level, stomata control the exchange of water and carbon across the air–leaf interface. Stomatal conductance is typically modeled empirically, based on environmental conditions at the leaf surface. Recently developed stomatal optimization models show great skills at predicting carbon and water fluxes at both the leaf and tree levels. However, how well the optimization models perform at larger scales has not been extensively evaluated. Furthermore, stomatal models are often used with simple single-leaf representations of canopy radiative transfer (RT), such as big-leaf models. Nevertheless, the single-leaf canopy RT schemes do not have the capability to model optical properties of the leaves nor the entire canopy. As a result, they are unable to directly link canopy optical properties with light distribution within the canopy to remote sensing data observed from afar. Here, we incorporated one optimization-based and two empirical stomatal models with a comprehensive RT model in the land component of a new Earth system model within CliMA, the Climate Modelling Alliance. The model allowed us to simultaneously simulate carbon and water fluxes as well as leaf and canopy reflectance and fluorescence spectra. We tested our model by comparing our modeled carbon and water fluxes and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) to two flux tower observations (a gymnosperm forest and an angiosperm forest) and satellite SIF retrievals, respectively. All three stomatal models quantitatively predicted the carbon and water fluxes for both forests. The optimization model, in particular, showed increased skill in predicting the water flux given the lower error (ca. 14.2 % and 21.8 % improvement for the gymnosperm and angiosperm forests, respectively) and better 1:1 comparison (slope increases from ca. 0.34 to 0.91 for the gymnosperm forest and from ca. 0.38 to 0.62 for the angiosperm forest). Our model also predicted the SIF yield, quantitatively reproducing seasonal cycles for both forests. We found that using stomatal optimization with a comprehensive RT model showed high accuracy in simulating land surface processes. The ever-increasing number of regional and global datasets of terrestrial plants, such as leaf area index and chlorophyll contents, will help parameterize the land model and improve future Earth system modeling in general.
EXPRESS: Infrared Spectroscopy-Determined Bone Compositional Changes Associated with Anti-Resorptive Treatment of the Oim/Oim Mouse Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Applications of vibrational spectroscopy to assess bone disease and therapeutic interventions are continually advancing, with tissue mineral and protein composition frequently investigated. Here, we used two spectroscopic approaches for determining bone composition in a mouse model (oim) of the brittle bone disease osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) with and without antiresorptive agent treatment (alendronate, or ALN, and RANK-Fc). Near-infrared (NIR) spectral analysis using a fiber optic probe and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FTIR) mode were applied to investigate bone composition, including water, mineral, and protein content. Spectral parameters revealed differences among the control wildtype (WT) and OIM groups. NIR spectral analysis of protein and water showed that OIM mouse humerii had ∼50% lower protein and ∼50% higher overall water content compared to WT bone. Moreover, some OIM-treated groups showed a reduction in bone water compared to OIM controls, approximating values observed in WT bone. Differences in bone quality based on increased mineral content and reduced carbonate content were also found between some groups of treated OIM and WT bone, but crystallinity did not differ among all groups. The spectroscopically determined parameters were evaluated for correlations with gold-standard mechanical testing values to gain insight into how composition influenced bone strength. As expected, bone mechanical strength parameters were consistently up to threefold greater in WT mice compared to OIM groups, except for stiffness in the ALN-treated OIM groups. Furthermore, bone stiffness, maximum load, and post-yield displacement showed the strongest correlations with NIR-determined protein content (positive correlations) and bound-water content (negative correlations). These results demonstrate that in this study, NIR spectral parameters were more sensitive to bone composition differences than ATR parameters, highlighting the potential of this nondestructive approach for screening of bone diseases and therapeutic efficacy in pre-clinical models.
Virtual sensor tracking using byzantine fault tolerance and predictive outlier model for complex tasks recognition

A general nonparametric technique is proposed for the analysis of multi-resolution and multivariate feature space to isolate faulty sensors. The basic overlap function of the technique is an existing one-dimensional fault-detection Brooks-Iyengar algorithm which uses weighted precision and accuracy for static data. We prove the dual of the existing overlap function can isolate the measurement intervals in the multi-dimensional feature space for both labelled and unlabeled publicly available datasets. It is shown that computable complexity of learning the feature space increases linearly with the size of the input. The experimental results showed that by using mean average precision of all sensors using ensemble model for dynamic events. The proposed algorithm performed well in the presence of noise across many static and dynamic action recognition datasets.
Reforming the North: The Kingdoms and Churches of Scandinavia, 1520–1545

Introduction 1. The North Part I. Lord of the Northern World, 1512-23: 2. Preliminary 3. Christian II's other kingdom 4. A conquest 5. Hubris 6. Insurrection 7. The king's fall Part II. Successors, 1523-33: 8. The new men 9. Brushfires 10. Reform by indirection 11. Reform by decree 12. Return of the king Part III. Civil War, 1533-6: 13. A republic of nobles 14. Reactions 15. The war of all against all 16. The fall of Copenhagen Part IV. The Settlement, 1536-45: 17. A new order 18. Under the crown of Denmark eternally 19. Dilemmas of a very early modern state 20. Supremacy and its discontents 21. Conclusion.
The Development of the New Ford Heavy Duty Truck Engine, ECOTORQ

FORD OTOSAN has developed a new heavy-duty diesel engine, ECOTORQ, for the new Ford Cargo Trucks whose production started in September 2003. The engine is 7.3 liters, 6-cylinder in-line, with common rail fuel injection system and overhead camshaft design having 4 valves per cylinder. The engine meets the Euro-III exhaust emissions limits, which were in effect when it was introduced, and the engine incorporates the potential to meet Euro-IV. Modern computation and simulation methods were used and extensive experimental studies were made during the design and development stages, which helped reach the targets of compactness, modular structure, low fuel consumption, low noise level and low emissions.
"Moral Monsters" Under the Bed: Holding Corporations Accountable for Violations of the Alien Tort Statute After Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.

The Alien Tort Statute (ATS) provides foreign plaintiffs with the sole means of obtaining jurisdiction in U.S. courts for alleged human rights abuses. These plaintiffs increasingly seek to hold corporations accountable for complicity in some of the most notorious violations of international law occurring overseas. Prior to 2010, U.S. courts routinely entertained ATS claims against corporations without question. Yet, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. recently held that the ATS does not provide foreign plaintiffs redress against corporate entities. The Second Circuit relied solely on international law in making this finding. This Note examines whether international or domestic law should control a court’s determination of which defendants may be held liable under the ATS. This Note analyzes the established choice of law principles for determining what constitutes a “violation of the law of nations” and the recent split between circuits on who can be liable for such a violation. From this discussion, this Note advocates a new approach to choice of law principles based on the difference between conduct and remedies under the ATS. The U.S. Supreme Court undoubtedly requires lower courts to consider international law in determining whether a defendant’s conduct violates international law. Once this is established, domestic law provides the means for holding that defendant—whether an individual or corporate entity—accountable.
Revitalizing Essential Facilities

Our article examines an age old debate about the nature and limits of property rights and the current manifestation of this debate in antitrust law. Many areas of law struggle to balance private property rights - most importantly, the right of exclusion - with the public's right of access to essential resources. What is the best way to manage resources that provide both public and private benefits? For years, academics and law makers have debated this question with respect to transportation systems, communication networks, scientific research, and a variety of other infrastructural resources. Many press for private control of such resources, arguing that the market most efficiently distributes their respective costs and benefits. Others take the position that these resources should be managed in an openly accessible manner. Advocates for this approach maintain that private control often is overly restrictive and unfairly allocates benefits to a few private parties. In the antitrust area, this tension is mediated by the essential facilities doctrine. Under certain circumstances a monopolist incurs antitrust liability in denying a competitor access to a facility under the exclusive control of the monopolist. While versions of this doctrine go back to the beginning of the antitrust laws, it has been heavily criticized by many commentators and by the Supreme Court itself in dicta. In our article, we advocate for the revitalization of the essential facilities doctrine and answer these criticisms. Our article seeks to 1) connect the essential facilities debate in the antitrust field to the broader question of private rights versus open access in other areas of the law, particularly intellectual property law; 2) propose and apply an economic theory of infrastructure that comprehensively defines what facilities are essential and must be shared on an open and non-discriminatory basis; and 3) demonstrate that courts are capable of applying this test in antitrust and elsewhere.
Circulating Branched Chain Amino Acids are Associated with Body Composition and Physical Function in Older Adults

Identification of mechanisms underlying age-related alterations in body composition and decreases in physical function will be important for addressing the growing challenge of providing health care to the rapidly expanding aging population. The goal of the current study was to use mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling in combination with principal components analysis (PCA) and multivariable-adjusted linear regression to provide insight into biologic mechanisms that may underlie body composition and physical function in older adults (N=73). Branched chain amino acids (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine, valine) or their related degradation products were negatively associated with total fat mass, positively associated with thigh muscle cross sectional area (CSA) and the fat-free mass index (total lean mass/height2), but were both positively and negatively associated with mobility (400 meter gait speed; 400-m). Collectively these data suggest a role for BCAA metabolism in mechanisms related to body composition...
The macroeconomics of unbalanced growth and the expanding public sector

Abstract A now classic model of public sector growth is Baumol's (1967) ‘Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth’. That model implies that one cause of public sector expenditure growth is a low or zero rate of productivity growth in the public sector relative to the private sector. Previous studies have tested, and partially confirmed, the Baumol hypothesis by computing productivity indices for various public sector activities. In this paper I attempt to test that model in a more direct manner. The unbalanced growth model is used to predict growth rates of per capita government expenditures, government's share of GNP and the pattern of government expenditure growth. These predictions are compared with observed growth rates of aggregate government expenditures. The model predicts the growth rate aggregate government expenditures, the growth rate of government's share of GNP , and the pattern of government expenditure growth reasonably well, and the data tend to support the Baumol model.
Diverse routing for shared risk resource groups (SRRG) failures in WDM optical networks

Failure resilience is one of the desired features of the Internet. Most of the traditional restoration architectures are based on single-failure assumption which is unrealistic. Multiple link failure models, in the form of shared-risk link groups (SRLG's) and shared risk node groups (SRNG's) are becoming critical in survivable optical network design. We classify both these form of failures under a common heading of shared-risk resource groups (SRRG) failures. In our research, we propose graph transformation techniques for tolerating multiple failures arising out of shared resource group (SRRG) failures. Diverse routing in such multi-failure scenario essentially necessitates finding out two paths between a source and a destination that are SRRG disjoint. The generalized diverse routing problem has been proved to be NP-complete. The proposed transformation techniques however provide a polynomial time solution for certain restrictive failure sets. We study how restorability can be achieved for dependent or shared risk link failures and multiple node failures and prove the validity of our approach for different network scenarios.
Citizen Activity: Who Participates? What Do They Say?.

We use responses to a large-scale national survey designed to oversample political activists to investigate the extent to which participant publics are representative of the public as a whole. Building upon the finding that while voters differ from nonvoters in their demographic attributes, their attitudes as measured by responses to survey questions are not distinctive, we consider a variety of political acts beyond voting that citizens can use to multiply their political input and to communicate more precise messages to policymakers. In addition, we consider not only respondents' demographic characteristics and policy attitudes but also their circumstances of economic deprivation and dependence upon government programs. Although activists are representative of the public at large in terms of their attitudes, they differ substantially in their demographic attributes, economic needs, and the government benefits they receive. Furthermore, in terms of the issues that animate participation, groups differentiated along these lines bring very different policy concerns to their activity.
Smoking initiation among adults: Are we doing enough?

Purpose Because recent tobacco control efforts have focused almost entirely on adolescent prevention programs, we examined the hypothesis that prevention of adolescent smoking initiation may not prevent the onset of smoking in adults. Factors associated with age of smoking initiation are examined among those who initiated smoking as adults, adolescents, and those who never smoked. Methods Subjects were participant in the 2002 National Health Information Survey (NHIS) aged 18–28 who gave an answer to the question about ever having smoked ≥100 cigarettes. Age of initiation was dichotomized at Results Among the 33.2% (1820 of 5480) who reported smoking, 34.2% (622 of 1820) initiated smoking after the age of 18 years. Compared to nonsmokers, adult initiators were more likely to consume moderate-to-large amounts of alcohol (OR 3.88; CI: 3.05, 4.93; p Conclusion Prevention of adolescent smoking initiation does not necessarily prevent the initiation of smoking in adulthood. Antismoking campaigns aimed at adolescents may merely delay smoking initiation into adulthood. If antismoking campaigns targeted at adolescents are to have lasting impact, then perhaps targeted interventions are needed to prevent delayed smoking initiation in adulthood.
Coping Sense of Humor Reduces Effects of Stereotype Threat on Women’s Math Performance

Two studies demonstrated that coping sense of humor buffered women against the effects of stereotype threat on math performance. Using a correlational design, Study 1 demonstrated that women low in coping sense of humor assessed their performance on standardized math tests lower than did men and lower than did women high in coping sense of humor. Using an experimental design, Study 2 showed that coping sense of humor was positively related to women’s performance on a math test taken under conditions of stereotype threat but not under conditions of no stereotype threat. Mediation analyses suggest that in the stereotype-threat condition, state anxiety mediated the relationship between coping sense of humor and test performance. Women higher in coping sense of humor performed better because they felt less anxiety while taking the test.
White-Light Holography With A Slide Projector

A simple technique of producing two-dimensional hologram images with a slide projector is presented. The technique offers considerable flexibility, adaptability, and less stringent requirements for hologram construction as compared with the conventional two-dimensional laser holography. With this technique it may be possible to record three-dimensional objects of limited depth. Simple experimental demonstrations are given. We note that color hologram images can also be produced by this technique. By proper design, high quality hologram images may be obtained by this technique.
Trauma of parent loss through divorce, death, and illness

This paper examines the variations in childrens' responses to parent loss. Initially examined is the effect of institutionalization and foster care, and these experiences are contrasted with that of parent loss through death, divorce, and abandoment. Illustrative case vignettes are offered to attempt to highlight useful concepts drawn from ego psychology and self psychology, theories useful in providing clinicians with more precise diagnostic and prognostic acumen, to enrich ongoing treatment interventions with these child populations.
Stimulus-Specific Activation and Actin Dependency of Distinct, Spatially Separated ERK1/2 Fractions in A7r5 Smooth Muscle Cells

A proliferative response of smooth muscle cells to activation of extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) has been linked to cardiovascular disease. In fully differentiated smooth muscle, however, ERK1/2 activation can also regulate contraction. Here, we use A7r5 smooth muscle cells, stimulated with 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutylate 20-acetate (DPBA) to induce cytoskeletal remodeling or fetal calf serum (FCS) to induce proliferation, to identify factors that determine the outcomes of ERK1/2 activation in smooth muscle. Knock down experiments, immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays show that the ERK1/2 scaffold caveolin-1 mediates ERK1/2 activation in response to DPBA, but not FCS, and that ERK1/2 is released from caveolin-1 upon DPBA, but not FCS, stimulation. Conversely, ERK1/2 associated with the actin cytoskeleton is significantly reduced after FCS, but not DPBA stimulation, as determined by Triton X fractionation. Furthermore, cytochalasin treatment inhibits DPBA, but not FCS-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, indicating that the actin cytoskeleton is not only a target but also is required for ERK1/2 activation. Our results show that (1) at least two ERK1/2 fractions are regulated separately by specific stimuli, and that (2) the association of ERK1/2 with the actin cytoskeleton regulates the outcome of ERK1/2 signaling.
Adsorption of molybdate and tetrathiomolybdate onto pyrite and goethite: effect of pH and competitive anions.

Abstract The adsorption of two major molybdenum (Mo) species, molybdate ( MoO 4 2 - ) and tetrathiomolybdate ( MoS 4 2 - ) onto two main iron minerals pyrite (FeS2) and goethite (FeOOH) is addressed to elucidate the possible mechanisms of molybdenum immobilization in anoxic sediments. Suspensions of MoS 4 2 - (or MoO 4 2 - ) and goethite (or pyrite) in 0.1 M NaCl solution were equilibrated under anoxic conditions at 25 °C in the pH range from 3 to 10. The competitive effects of sulfate, phosphate, and silicate on the adsorption of MoO 4 2 - and MoS 4 2 - by pyrite and goethite are also addressed. Adsorption of MoO 4 2 - and MoS 4 2 - on pyrite and goethite is in general well described by a Langmuir model at low pH; the extent of sorption is a function of pH and the surface loading. Maximum sorption is observed in the acidic pH range (pH MoS 4 2 - – goethite > MoO 4 2 - – goethite > MoS 4 2 - – pyrite > MoO 4 2 - – pyrite . Phosphate appears to compete strongly with MoO 4 2 - and MoS 4 2 - for the sorption sites of pyrite and goethite. The strength of the phosphate competitive effect follows the sequence of MoO 4 2 - – goethite ∼ MoO 4 2 - – pyrite > MoS 4 2 - – pyrite > MoS 4 2 - – goethite . Silicate and sulfate have a negligible effect on the sorption of MoO 4 2 - and MoS 4 2 - . The preferred adsorption by iron mineral of MoS 4 2 - , as well as its behavior in the presence of competitive anions suggests that tetrathiomolybdate species may be an ultimate reservoir and may control Mo enrichment in the sediments.
Boron Suboxide and Boron Subphosphide Crystals: Hard Ceramics That Shear without Brittle Failure

Boron suboxide (B_6O), boron carbide (B_4C), and related materials are superhard. However, they exhibit low fracture toughness, which limits their engineering applications. Here we show the shear deformation mechanism of B_6O using density functional theory along the most plausible slip system (0111)/ . We discovered an unusual phenomenon in which the highly sheared system recovers its original crystal structure, which indicates the possibility of being sheared to a large strain without failure. We also found a similar structural recovery in boron subphosphide (B_(12)P_2) for shearing along the same slip system. In contrast, for components of B_4C, we found brittle failure. These novel deformation mechanisms under high shear deformation conditions suggest that a key element to designing ductile hard materials is to couple the icosahedra via one- or two-atom chains that allow the system to shear by walking the intericosahedral bonds and chain bonds alternately to accommodate large shear without fracturing the icosahedra.
Modeling of Crack Growth in Ductile Solids

In this study, two types of approaches are considered to model material failure process and crack propagation in ductile solids. In the first approach, voids are considered explicitly and modeled using refined finite elements. A distinct advantage of this approach is the exact implementation of the void growth behavior. In order to establish crack advance, a failure criterion for the ligament between a void and the crack tip is required, which can be obtained by conducting systematic finite element analyses of the void-containing, representative material volume subjected to different macroscopic stress states. In the second approach, voids are considered implicitly by using porous plasticity models. This approach is attractive for simulation of extensive crack growth because detailed modeling of each individual void is avoided. As an example, a numerical approach is proposed to predict ductile crack growth in thin panels of a 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, where a porous plasticity model is used to describe the void growth process and the material failure criterion is calibrated using experimental data. The calibrated computational model is applied to predict crack extension in fracture specimens having various initial crack configurations. The numerical predictions agree very well with experimental measurements.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
CHROMOSOME COUNTS OF LATIN AMERICAN COMPOSITAE

Chromosome numbers are reported for 111 species of Compositae from Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru. These include first reports for 46 taxa, including 3 genera (Kyrsteniopsis K. & R.: N = 10, Eupatoriastrum Greenman: N = 16, and Piptothrix B. L. Robins.: N = ca. 17). The new combination, Decachaeta pyramidalis (B. L. Robins.) Sundberg, Cowan, & Turner, based on Piqueria pyramidalis B. L. Robins. is proposed.
Stress, locus of control, and achievement of high school seniors.

High school seniors in the top and bottom quartiles of achievement (ns = 30) showed locus of control was strongly related to tension-stress, those internally oriented showing lower tension-stress. Number of life changes was associated with tension-stress; girls scored higher than boys. School-related stress was deemed to be an important factor in the lives of these students.
Convergent prefrontal and nigral projections to the striatum of the rat

Projections to the striatum from the prefrontal cortex, the substantia nigra's pars compacta (SNC), and the ventral tegmental area (AVT) were examined autoradiographically. These projections converge on the striatum in an organized manner such that the prefrontal areas innervated by AVT project to the same part of the striatum as AVT, and prefrontal areas innervated by SNC project to the same part of the striatum as SNC.
Diphenhydramine disposition in chronic liver disease

Diphenhydramine (DPHM) disposition was examined in nine patients with chronic alcohol-related liver disease and in eight normal subjects. Sleep of 1 to 2 hr duration was induced in all subjects by a 0.8 mg/kg iv dose without an apparent increase in cerebral sensitivity in the patients with cirrhosis. Protein binding as determined by equilibrium dialysis (3H-DPHM) revealed a 15% decrease in the cirrhotic patients, while recovery of unchanged DPHM in urine (2%) was of the same order in the two groups. Computerized biexponential curve analysis was used to compare the plasma profiles for five of the patients and six of the normal subjects. Monoexponential curve analysis of the terminal beta-phase, including all subjects, was also used to compare the two groups. The means of plasma clearance and apparent volume of distribution in cirrhotic patients were respectively less and greater than in normal subjects, but these differences were not significant. The t1/2 for the beta-phase (t1/2 beta), which reflects this reciprocal trend, was increased in the patients (15.2 +/- 1.5 and 9.3 +/- 0.9 hr). This correlated in part with severity of disease, with r = 0.723 between t1/2 beta and the serum bilirubin levels. In conclusion, a single intravenous dose of DPHM provided safe and effective sedation in patients with cirrhosis.
Relative bioavailability of lamotrigine chewable dispersible tablets administered rectally.

Study Objective. To determine the relative bioavailability of lamotrigine (LTG) chewable dispersible tablets after rectal administration. Design. Two-period, crossover study with a 2-week washout between dosing periods. Setting. Clinical research center. Patients. Twelve healthy adult volunteers. Intervention. One hundred milligrams of a LTG chewable dispersible tablet was administered by oral and rectal routes. Measurements and Main Results. Plasma samples were collected before and up to 120 hours after drug administration. The samples were analyzed for LTG by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the relative bioavailability was determined. Drug concentrations were lower after rectal than after oral administration. The relative bioavailability (F = AUCrectal/AUCoral) was 0.52 ± 0.23 (SD). Conclusion. Drug prepared from LTG chewable dispersible tablets is absorbed rectally, although not to the same extent as when given orally. Rectal administration of suspension of these tablets can be an acceptable route of administration.