cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Melatonin as a mediator of atypical antipsychotic drug effects.

Atypical antipsychotics, such as clozapine, have recently been introduced in the U.S.A. for the treatment of schizophrenia. In contrast to classic neuroleptics, one of the major advantages of these agents is their ability to ameliorate both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Lindstrom, 1988). The mechanisms by which these agents improve negative symptoms is presently the subject of intense investigation. Clearly, the elucidation of such mechanisms might shed further light on the pathophysiology of the negative symptoms, which has emerged as an independent and valid dimension of the illness (Kay, 1990) that may reflect its core psychopathology (Sandyk and Kay, 1990a). In addition, since atypical antipsychotics also improve parkinsonian symptoms in schizophrenic patients (Ceulemans et al., 1985; Maertens de Noordhout and Delwaide, 1986) and attenuate psychotic behavior in patients with Parkinson’s disease (Friedman and Lannon, 1989), further understanding of the action of these agents may enhance our knowledge of the pathophysiology of drug-induced parkinsonism and the mechanisms underlying psychotic behavior in patients with Parkinson’s disease. of hallucinogens (Glennon et al., 1983) and in the mediation of various behavioral effects of 5-HT, such as head twitch (Leysen, 1984). In addition, 5HT,-mediated control mechanisms are found to regulate the activity of the midbrain dopaminergic system (Ugedo et al., 1989). This is particularly important for understanding their effects on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, which is believed to be associated with reduced dopaminergic functions (MacKay, 1980; Van Kammen et al., 1986). In experimental animals, administration of ritanserin, a specific 5-HT, receptor antagonist, activates midbrain dopaminergic neurons (Ugedo et al., 1989) suggesting that 5-HT,-mediated control mechanisms normally inhibit dopaminergic activity in these areas. Thus, administration of atypical antipsychotics, such as clozapine, increases dopaminergic activity, and this effect has been suggested to account for their ability to improve negative symptoms (Ugedo et al., 1989).
Molecular and cellular mechanisms for periodontal diseases: role of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines in induction of mucosal inflammation

An accumulation of elevated numbers of macrophages (M phi) and Ig producing cells is associated with localized and chronically inflamed gingiva of patients with adult periodontitis. When gingival lymphocytes were isolated from inflamed tissues and examined by flow cytometry, approximately 20-30% of lymphocytes were CD4+ T cells. For the analysis of Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression by these CD4+ T cells, RNA was extracted and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed by using specific 5' and 3' primers for IFN-gamma and IL-2 (Th1), IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13, (Th2) and beta-actin (housekeeping gene). Two distinct cytokine profiles were noted based on the expression of selected Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Thus, one pattern was represented by the expression of mRNA for IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13, while the other case consisted of mRNA for IFN-gamma, IL-6, and IL-13. Except for a few cases, messages for IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 were not detected by cytokine-specific RT-PCR. The predominant expression of Th2 cytokines (e.g. IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13) may contribute to the induction of high B cell responses in local disease sites. On the other hand, lack of IL-4 may be responsible for the accumulation of M phi in diseased periodontium. We also investigated whether a relationship exists between IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) expression and M phi persistence in the absence of exogenous IL-4. Gingival M phi, when compared with monocytes (MN)/M phi from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), expressed high levels of IL-4R mRNA. When gingival M phi were incubated with recombinant IL-4 (rIL-4), the cell viability was dramatically reduced by apoptosis. These findings clearly show that the lack of IL-4 may contribute to the persistent occurrence of M phi at the disease site and addition of exogenous rIL-4 to gingival M phi cultures leads to cell death by apoptosis.
The formation of ultrathin silicon oxide films using H2/N2O mixtures

This paper describes a process called N 2 O in situ steam generation, which uses a combustion-like reaction of lean hydrogen in N 2 O to form ultrathin (≈10 ) silicon oxide films on silicon. An important application is the formation of high-integrity gate dielectrics for integrated circuits. The atomic oxygen created through homogeneous reaction plays an important role in growing high-quality oxide films. This paper presents measured oxide-thickness profiles on 200 mm wafers under several processing conditions. Stirred-reactor and boundary-layer models are used to explain and interpret the data. An elementary chemical-reaction mechanism, which is drawn from the combustion literature, provides an excellent representation of this advanced materials process.
Reagan's budget slashes geophysics R&D

When President Ronald Reagan outlined to a joint session of Congress his proposed revisions to the Carter fiscal 1982 budget (Eos, February 10, p. 49), Congress responded with 13 bursts of applause and one standing ovation. Geophysicists, however, may not greet the budget pruning with equal fanfare. Reagan's across-the-board cuts include proposals for slashing research and development funds. Among those hardest hit are NASA, NOAA, and NSF.
The game of life: an outreach model for high school students with disabilities

In this hands-on special session, attendees will learn about and use a Game of Life cellular automata framework (Java) to assist with outreach activities. Using the framework, students with no prior programming experience can create interesting behaviors within thirty minutes. The special session leaders have successfully used this approach for thirteen years in a one-week summer workshop for disabled high school students. The SIGCSE special session will include an introduction to the framework and keys to its success as an outreach activity, followed by participants solving, programming, and proposing specific problems. Attendees will be equipped to guide Game of Life outreach activities at their own outreach events.
The role of cortical Na,K-ATPase in distal nephron potassium secretion by the immature canine kidney

Amiloride-sensitive potassium secretion in response to acute potassium loading is lower in the newborn than in the adult. Potassium secretion is a function of late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule Na,K-ATPase activity. Na,K-ATPase activity in vivo is determined by enzyme abundance and catalytic turnover. Chronic potassium supplementation increases potassium secretory capacity in the adult by increasing enzyme abundance in the late distal and cortical collecting tubules. We hypothesized that the lower potassium secretory capacity of the newborn was the result of lower late distal and cortical collecting tubule Na,K-ATPase activity and could be similarly enhanced. To test this hypothesis, newborn dogs were supplemented with 6 mmol KCl.d-1.kg-1 for 1 wk; age-matched litter mate controls were not (n = 8 pairs). Potassium supplementation resulted in a mean increase in Vmax Na,K-ATPase activity in vitro (proportional to pump abundance) of 70 +/- 42%. Mean Na,K-ATPase activities +/- SEM were 279 +/- 58 versus 198 +/- 44 nmol inorganic P. h-1.microgram DNA-1, p = 0.05. However, amiloride-sensitive potassium secretion after an acute potassium load of 20 mumol.min-1.kg-1 over 150 min was not enhanced (9.6 +/- 1.8 versus 8.9 +/- 0.8 mumol.min-1.kg-1, potassium-supplemented versus control animals). We conclude that lower enzyme abundance is not primarily responsible for the newborn's lower potassium secretory capacity. We speculate that the factor that limits secretion in the newborn during acute potassium loading does so by restricting catalytic turnover of the enzyme in vivo.
In situ measurement of the viscoelastic modulus of gels using pure twist-theory

We propose a simple method to measure the viscoelasticity of hydrogels. Our method is based on twisting a flat-ended circular indenter on a thin layer of gel. Since poroelastic flow is suppressed under pure shear, such a method allows direct and separate measurement of the solid gel network's viscoelastic properties. A potential advantage of this method is that it is possible to carry it out in situ, e.g. under cell culture conditions, and with high-throughput. We use the correspondence principle to determine the relationship between the applied torque and the history of twist by solving an elasticity problem. A solution is obtained using the finite element and Hankel transform methods. The relation between the applied torque and the history of twist can be expressed in a simple closed-form expression involving the relaxation function of the gel, the thickness of the gel layer and the indenter radius.
From Doctor to Therapist

There has been much debate historically about the role of psychiatry in medicine (for a review, see [1]). But, no less fascinating is the debate often observed within our residency program as to the role of the medical oriented psychiatrist versus the psychiatric psychotherapist. Although the leading founder and many influential thinkers of psychology were doctors and although many residents will identify themselves as psychotherapists [2], it is often a challenge for a resident to integrate the role of being a doctor with the roles and practices of becoming a psychotherapist. While much has been written about interdisciplinary conflicts between psychologists and psychiatrists (e.g., [3–5]), there is not as much emphasis on the intrapersonal tension of the psychiatrist taking his or her first steps from doctor to therapist. For many residents, the third year of residency is the first time where the majority of their practice is comprised of an outpatient caseload where they follow up patients longitudinally, not only for medication management, but also for therapy services. It is during this year that both residents and their supervisors note a fascinating transition. They move from psychiatric doctors, to psychiatric psychotherapist. As one resident stated: “the first 2 years of residency I learned how to be a doctor. The last 2 years of residency I learned how to become a psychotherapist.” At the beginning of this journey, we see some common difficulties that the residents face as they try on both “hats”—of psychiatric doctor and psychiatric psychotherapist.
Detection of Polyaromatic Sulfur Heterocycles in Crude Oil Using Postcolumn Addition of Tropylium and Tandem Mass Spectrometry

To complement the gas chromatography/mass spectrometric separation and detection of 3- and 4-ring organosulfur compounds, established methods for the separation of polyaromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASH) have been coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/APCI/MS/MS). The latter technique is capable of detecting both thermally unstable and nonvolatile PASH compounds in a crude oil. Our protocol utilizes distillation, alumina, and ligand exchange chromatography and HPLC to partially fractionate the crude oil. Postcolumn addition of tropylium cations prior to APCI/MS leads to an increase in the sensitivity of the detector toward 3- and 4-ring organosulfur compounds. Nonalkylated species primarily generate radical cations in the APCI source, whereas alkylated species exhibit both radical cation and product ions resulting from addition and/or loss of hydrogen and loss of alkyl groups. MS2 and MS3 fragmentation patterns confirm the...
An Update on the Recognition and Management of Lactational Breast Inflammation

Inflammation of the breast (mastitis) with or without infection or redness has a variety of etiologies and presentations that range from the fairly benign blocked duct to the more serious breast abscess. True infectious mastitis can present in a manner that is easily identifiable, or it can present in a subtle and ambiguous fashion. Some women are challenged with recurrent mastitis, and often the underlying etiology is never discovered. This review will assist the clinician in recognizing, efficiently diagnosing, and effectively treating breast inflammation caused by infectious and noninfectious processes, including recurrent mastitis. Tables and a flowchart that outline breast inflammation and recurrent mastitis are provided.
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationships for Opioids in Balanced Anaesthesia

The pure mu-receptor opioid agonists fentanyl, sufentanil and alfentanil are commonly used to provide the specific anti-nociceptive component of a balanced anaesthesia technique. Trefentanil and remifentanil are new opioids with a very short duration of action. Remifentanil has an ester structure and is very rapidly metabolised by blood and tissue esterases. Different perioperative stimuli require different plasma concentrations to suppress responses of the patient. The ability of the anaesthesiologist to select a precise dosage scheme for the individual patient is impeded by the large interindividual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability. In addition, the combination of opioids and other drugs used to produce the desired components of balanced anaesthesia may exert additive, synergistic or antagonistic effects. Knowledge of factors influencing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is still fragmentary and often controversial. Consequently, the opioid dose needs to be adjusted according to the responses of the patient during surgery to ensure adequate anaesthesia and rapid recovery. The duration of action is not predicted by the elimination half-life alone. The decline in effect-site concentration is dependent on the complex entity of infusion duration, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Computer simulations of infusions of varying duration have been extremely useful when selecting an opioid for a specific clinical scenario on a rational basis. Traditionally, opioids are still administered by intermittent bolus injections. A disadvantage of this method of administration is that plasma concentrations fluctuate above and below the level required for adequate anaesthesia. Computer-assisted infusion pumps make it possible to target a particular drug concentration in plasma and to maintain or change this concentration as needed. This technique provides more stable anaesthesia and a more rapid recovery of the patient.
Trials in Malignant Mesothelioma: LCSG 851 and 882

In 1985 the Lung Cancer Study Group (LCSG) initiated clinical trials in malignant pleural mesothelioma because LCSG member institutions had access to large numbers of patients and had significant experience treating this uncommon cancer. The first trial, LCSG 851, defined the patient population seen by the LCSG, and the feasibility of performing surgical resection by extrapleural pneumonectomy in a multi-institutional setting. Of 83 patients entered on this study from September 1985 to June 1988, only 20 could undergo an extrapleural pneumonectomy, and 3 of 20 patients died postoperatively. This experience prompted the LCSG to explore combining a potentially less morbid operation, pleurectomy/decortication, with adjuvant therapy. The results of another LCSG trial (LCSG 861) and of a small single institutional pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of intrapleural cisplatin-based chemotherapy, and led to the development of LCSG 882, which combined pleurectomy/decortication with postoperative intrapleural, and subsequent systemic, cisplatin-based chemotherapy. This study was not completed because of discontinuation of funding for the LCSG. However, a single-institution phase 2 trial of very similar design has subsequently shown the feasibility of this combined modality approach.
Synthesis of N-(Purin-8-yl)arylamines

Methods for direct synthesis of N-(purin-8-yl)arylamines were investigated. N-(Purin-8-yl)arylamines are adducts from reaction of electrophilic metabolites of arylamines with DNA and have not been readily available by direct synthesis. Ability to generate significant quantities of this class of DNA adduct by synthetic means would facilitate basic research in molecular toxicology. Two routes with common thiourea intermediates were developed for this purpose. In the first route, 6-hydroxy-2,4,5-triaminopyrimidine was caused to react in aqueous medium with dithiocarbamate derivatives of o-, m-, or p-toluidine to form corresponding 2,4-diamino-5-(tolylthioureido)aminopyrimidin-6-ones in 60-70% yields. The thiourea intermediates were converted to carbodiimides and isolated in 20-25% yields after treatment with HgO in dimethylformamide. The carbodiimides were cyclized at 125 degrees C in dimethylformamide under N2 for 45 h to yield N-(guanin-8-yl)(o-, m-, or p-)toluidines in 65-75% yields. In the second route, direct reaction of p-tolyl isothiocyanate with 6-hydroxy-2,4,5-triaminopyrimidine or with 4,5,6-triaminopyrimidine in dimethylformamide and triethylamine led to the formation of 2,4-diamino-5-(p-tolylthioureido)aminopyrimidin-6-one and 4,6-diamino-5-(tolylthioureido)aminopyrimidine, respectively, in 77-79% yields. Methylation of the two thiourea derivatives by methyl iodide in dimethylformamide gave the corresponding methylisothiuronium derivatives, which were isolated in 71% and 84% yields (as HI salts), respectively. Conversion of the methylisothiuronium derivatives to N-(guanin-8-yl)-p-toluidine or N-(adenin-8-yl)-p-toluidine was accomplished by heating in dimethylformamide for 5-7 h at 80-90 degrees C, in 70% and 62% yields, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bosonic strings in an arbitrary dimension.

A procedure that leads to a conformally invariant bosonic string theory in an arbitrary number of dimensions is described. Unlike in Polyakov's formulation, the resulting theory does not contain an additional degree of freedom. Vertex operators are constructed and the spectrum is computed. The theory is Lorentz invariant, reducing to the standard string theory in 26 dimensions. It is argued that unitarity is satisfied at the one-loop level.
Mononuclear cell conditioned medium enhances bronchial epithelial cell migration but inhibits attachment to fibronectin.

The attachment and migration of bronchial epithelial cells are important features in re-epithelialization after tissue injury. We hypothesized that inflammatory cytokines might alter bronchial epithelial cell attachment and migration. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of mononuclear cell conditioned medium (MNCCM) on attachment and migration of bronchial epithelial cells to fibronectin in vitro. MNCCM was prepared from bovine blood mononuclear cells that were stimulated with concanavalin A. MNCCM stimulated bronchial epithelial cell migration and spreading. Sephadex G-75 column chromatography of MNCCM found two peaks of migration-stimulatory activity. Activity in the higher molecular weight peak was partially inhibited by anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibodies. Activity in the low-molecular-weight peak was lipid-extractable, suggesting the possibility that the activity was an arachidonate metabolite. We evaluated the effects of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors on enhancement of bronchial epithelial cell migration by MNCCM under the hypothesis that stimulated bronchial epithelial cell migration by MNCCM was elicited through PKC-dependent signaling pathways. PKC inhibitors, calphostin and H-7, inhibited the effect of MNCCM on bronchial epithelial cell migration. In addition, MNCCM stimulated PKC translocation and activity in these cells. Thus mononuclear cells produce inflammatory cytokines with important effects on bronchial epithelial cell migration and spreading. The stimulatory effect may be mediated in part through PKC signaling pathways.
Pharmacological evidence related to the existence of two sodium channel gating mechanisms.

IN 1952, Hodgkin and Huxley1 proposed the now classical differential equation that has become the accepted mathematical model for describing action potentials. In this equation there are three probability factors, m, n and h, which depend on transmembrane potential and time. Conceptually these probability factors are often considered to represent three field-dependent molecular gating mechanisms that mediate ionic flow through two transmembrane channels. The m and h gates mediate sodium currents and the n gate controls potassium flow. Electrical evidence has been presented for a molecular rearrangement associated with sodium activation (for example, m gate opening)2. This evidence is based on the detection of transient electrical currents in the axon membrane which are hypothesised to represent rearrangement of molecular dipoles.
Depression and heart rate variability

Since there is evidence suggesting an increased incidence of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with major depression and phobic anxiety (Dalack et al 1990: Kawachi et al 1994), we have been conducting studies on cardiac autonomic function in these disorders using noninvasive techniques such as spectral analysis of heart rate (HR). Low frequency (LF:0.01-0.05 Hz) power has been related to renin angiotensin and thernmregulatory mechanisms, midfrequency (MF:0.07-0.15 Hz) power to baroreceptor control, and high-frequency (HF:0.16-0.5 Hz) power to respiratory sinus arrhythmia (Malliani et al 1991). Our previous findings suggest that patients with panic disorder have decreased variance of heart rate time series, higher standing re lame midfrequency power, and higher increases in standing midfrequency power when challenged v, ith yohimbine (Yeragani et al 1992, 1993). We have also found that patients with panic disorder have exaggerated vagal withdrawal and higher sympathovagal ratios during sodium lactate and isoproterenol infusions (Yeragani et al 1994, 1995). In a previous report on time domain measures of heart rate variability, we did not find any significant differences in the standard deviation of heart rate between patients with depression and normal controls (Yeragani et al 199l). However, the data acquisition and determination of R-R intervals were done manually, and we did not use spectral analysis of HR in this study. In the present relx)rt, we compare heart rate variability data on 16 patients with major depression with no current or past history of panic attacks, and 29 patients with panic disorder without a current history of major depression. The data on these 16 patients with depression have not been published elsewhere. However.
Synthesis, Reactions, and Molecular and Electronic Structure of the Radical Cation [Mo2(μ-C8Me8)(η-C5H5)2]+: An Intermediate in the Redox Activation of an Alkyl C−H Bond

The reaction of [Mo2(μ-C8Me8)(η-C5H5)2] (1) with 1 equiv of [Fe(η-C5H5)2][PF6] in CH2Cl2 gives [Mo2(μ-C8Me8)(η-C5H5)2][PF6] (1+[PF6]-), which reacts with a second 1 equiv of [Fe(η-C5H5)2][PF6] or 1 equiv of the trityl radical, •CPh3, to give [Mo2(μ-C8Me7CH2)(η-C5H5)2]+ (2+); depending on the oxidant the activation of one C−H bond of 1, with the formation of 2+, can occur by an EC or EEC mechanism. Complexes 1 and 1+ constitute the first isolable redox pair to show the structural effects of one-electron oxidation on a metal−alkene bond. An X-ray crystal structure analysis shows that the geometry of 1+ is similar to that of 1 and has approximate Cs symmetry. The Mo−Mo distance in 1+ is consistent with the presence of a MoMo double bond. The C8 chain acts as a double μ-allylidene ligand while binding to Mo(2) as an η-alkene through C(4) and C(5). The Mo−C distances for atoms C(1), C(2), C(3), C(6), C(7), and C(8) of the C8 chain are remarkably similar in 1 and 1+ while the Mo(2)−C(4) and Mo(2)−C(5) distances...
SINGLE- AND DOUBLE-PION PRODUCTION IN PROTON--ANTIPROTON NONANNIHILATIONS AT 2.2 GeV/c.

The final states ppπo and ppπ+π− appear to proceed predominantly through single- and double-isobar production respectively. However, in the pnπ− final state the data indicates another mechanism at work. Several OPE models are applied to the production angular distributions, and the density matrices are determined for the double-pion production reaction.
Safely exploiting multithreaded processors to tolerate memory latency in real-time systems

A coarse-grain multithreaded processor can effectively hide long memory latencies by quickly switching to an alternate task when the active task issues a memory request, improving overall throughput. However, dynamic switching cannot be safely exploited to improve throughput in hard-real-time embedded systems. The schedulability of a task-set (guaranteeing all tasks meet deadlines) must be determined a priori using offline schedulability tests. Any computation/memory overlap must be statically accounted for. We develop a novel analytical framework that bounds the overlap between computation of a pipeline-resident-task and on-going memory transfers of other tasks. A simple closed-form schedulability test is derived, that only depends on the aggregate computation (C) and memory (M) components of tasks. Namely, the technique does not require specificity regarding the location of memory transfers within and among tasks and avoids searching all task permutations for a specific feasible schedule. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to provide the necessary formalism for safely and tractably exploiting coarse-grain multithreaded processors to tolerate memory latency in hard-real-time systems, exceeding the schedulability limits of classic real-time theory for uniprocessors. Our techniques make it possible to capitalize on higher frequency embedded processors, despite the widening processor-memory speed gap. Experiments with task-sets from C-lab benchmarks reveal improvement in the schedulability of task-sets, measured as the ability to schedule previously infeasible task-sets or reduce utilization for already feasible task-sets. We also demonstrate proof-of-concept by deploying our method in a cycle-level simulator of an ARM11-like embedded microprocessor augmented with multiple register contexts, the same hardware multithreading support available in Ubicom's IP3023 embedded microprocessor.
Women and Men in Accounting Textbooks: Exploring the Hidden Curriculum

The purpose of this study is to examine the representation of gender in introductory accounting textbooks. A content analysis of the homework items, the pictures, and the stories contained in 19 introductory accounting textbooks was conducted using both a quantitative and a qualitative approach. The results show that women and men are represented very differently throughout textbooks, thereby reinforcing gender stereotypes and gender role stratification. Given the accounting profession's explicit desire to increase diversity, accounting faculty need to be more aware of the implicit messages conveyed by our pedagogical materials.
NCOCH2(CF2)6CH2OCN cyanate ester resin. A detailed study

The NCOCH2(CF2)6CH2OCN fluoromethylene cyanate ester monomer and resin are synthesized and characterized. The monomer is prepared by a large-scale bench-top synthesis, characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, infrared, 1H-, 13C-, 15N-, and 19F-NMR spectroscopies and analyzed for catalytically active impurities. Conversion of the monomer to prepolymer and cured resin is characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopies and kinetically analyzed. Resin properties characterization includes thermal, tensile, dynamic mechanical, dielectric, refractive index, thermodielectric and thermogravimetric stabilities, and water absorption. Relevant property comparisons with the commercial AroCy F cyanate ester resin (6F bisphenol A dycyanate) and a Jeffamine-bisphenol diglycidyl ether epoxy are made. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 135–150, 1999
Cellular inflammatory response of rainbow trout to the protozoan parasite that causes proliferative kidney disease.

Abstract The cellular inflammatory response of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri) to the myxozoan parasite PKX that causes proliferative kidney disease was investigated. The response was studied from 3 to 20 weeks after the fish were injected with infected kidney homogenate. Kidney samples were examined by light and electron microscopy. In contrast to most myxosporeans, PKX provoked a severe host response. Parasites were found in peritubular capillaries and sinusoids 3 weeks postinjection. The initial response to PKX was hemopoietic hyperplasia followed by a marked granulomatous nephritis that was resolved by termination of the study at 20 weeks postinjection. The macrophage was the predominant cell type involved in the inflammatory response to PKX. We presume that the macrophage effectively interrupts the development of PKX and eliminates the parasite from the host.
Origins of some massive pyritic ore deposits of western Europe

The geologic environments of formation of three types of massive, pyritic, largely stratiform orebodies of western Europe are compared. The largest concentration of such ores, the pyrite belt of Spain and Portugal, seems to have resulted from volcanic-hydrothermal precipitation on the sea floor largely in or adjacent to quartz keratophyre eruptive centers. The smaller deposits of northwestern Germany, important for their content of zinc and lead and with abundant barite, are in pelites close to reef limestones. They apparently are shallow-water accumulations, largely organically precipitated. The third and economically least important pyritic ores are those of southern Tuscany. The original sulfide accumulations appear to have formed in stagnant deep-water basins associated with calcium sulfate evaporites. The Triassic ores of Tuscany have been strongly modified and mobilized during a near-surface thermal event accompanied by a few intrusions during the Pliocene.
On the heterogeneity of the light chains of rabbit antibodies.

Abstract The ligh polypeptide chains froms several purified anti-hapten rabbit antibodies and normal γ-globulin were prepared and subjected to acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The number and distribution of the bands formed were very similar in all cases. Antibodies to the 2,4 dinitrophenyl hapten, either pooled or from individual, allotypically homozygous, rabbits, were affinity labeled with tritiated m-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoborate. The labeling was confined to the antibody active sites, and was found on both heavy and light chains. The labeled light chains were subjected to gel electrophoresis and the label was found to be essentially uniformly distributed within the bands. These results are consistent with the suggestion that any population of anti-hapten antibodies contains a number of different kinds of light chains which is substantially larger than the number of electrophoretic bands, and by inference that the total number of possible light chains in a normal γ-globulin population may be very large indeed.
The Circumcision of Christ: Romans 15.7-13

This article proposes that the term διάκονος πeριτομης in Rom. 15.8 refers to Christ as an ‘agent of circumcision’, not a ‘servant to the circumcision’. As such, it is part and parcel of Paul’s vi...
Physical Examination of the Athlete’s Elbow:

Elbow injury is encountered less frequently than are other joint conditions. The bony architecture, muscle, ligament, and nerve anatomy are complex, and the forces leading to injury in the athlete's elbow are unique. Appreciating the pathomechanics leading to injury and a detailed knowledge of elbow anatomy are the foundation for conducting a directed history and physical examination that achieves an accurate diagnosis. Recent advances in physical examination have improved our ability to accurately diagnose and treat athletic elbow disorders. This article reviews general and focused physical examination maneuvers of the elbow in a systematic anatomic fashion.
Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Relationship to Neurological Disability

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Most MS patients follow a relapsing-remitting course (RR-MS) for 8 to 15 years that transforms into a secondary progressive disease course (SP-MS). In this review, we discuss current data that describe MS as a neurodegenerative disease in which axonal loss is the major cause of irreversible neurological disability in MS patients. Neurological deficits in MS patients have two pathogeneses: acute inflammatory demyelination and axonal degeneration. Disability caused by inflammatory demyelination clinically dominates the early stages of RR-MS and is reversible. Axonal transection occurs at sites of inflammation and begins at disease onset but is clinically silent in RR-MS because the CNS compensates for neuronal loss. Once a threshold of axon loss is ex ceeded, MS patients enter an irreversible secondary progressive stage. In SP-MS, axonal degeneration is caused by chronic demyelination and may be irreversibly progressive. This view ...
Coulomb interactions of massless Dirac fermions in graphene; pair-distribution functions and exchange-driven spin-polarized phases

The quasi-2D electrons in graphene behave as massless fermions obeying a Dirac-Weyl equation in the low-energy regime near the two Fermi points. The stability of spin-polarized phases (SPP) in graphene is considered. The exchange energy is evaluated from the analytic pair-distribution functions, and the correlation energies are estimated via a closely similar four-component 2D electron fluid which has been investigated previously. SPPs appear for sufficiently high doping, when the exchange energy alone is considered. However, the inclusion of correlations is found to suppress the spin-phase transition in ideal graphene.
“His silvery incantation”: Assessing James Joyce as a performer of his works 1

Few authors have been accorded the critical attention received by James Joyce. For over three quarters of a century, the “Joyce industry” has produced an array of studies and research tools exploring every facet of his major and minor canon. Yet a conspicuous gap still exists: the study of Joyce's work from a performance‐centered perspective. The present study views Joyce not as a writer per se but as a solo performer of his own work. The purpose is twofold: first, to document in chronological fashion virtually every performance Joyce gave of his work, beginning with his critical writings in 1894 and concluding with his final work, Finnegans Wake, some four decades later; second, to define and assess a “Joycean performance style,” as preserved on recordings and from the critiques provided by his audiences. An introductory section covering the minor works reviews Joyce's performances from the critical essays and the poetry of Chamber Music and Pomes Penyeach. It is followed by a detailed look into Joyce's ...
A coupled plasma and sheath model for high density reactors

We present a coupled plasma and collisionless sheath model for the simulation of high-density plasma processing reactors. Due to inefficiencies in numerical schemes and the resulting computational burden, a coupled multidimensional plasma and sheath simulation has not been possible for gas mixtures and high-density reactors of practical interest. In this work, we demonstrate that with a fully implicit algorithm and a refined computational mesh, a self-consistent simulation of a reactor including both the plasma and sheath is feasible. We discuss the details of the model equations, the importance of ion inertia, and the resulting sheath profiles for argon and chlorine plasmas. We find that at low operating pressures (10-30 mtorr), the charge separation occurs only within a 0.5-mm layer near the surface in a 300 mm inductively coupled plasma etch reactor. A unified simulation eliminates the use of offline or loosely coupled and oversimplified sheath models which generally leads to uncertainties in ion flux and sheath electrical properties.
How to Manage the Renal Patient with Coronary Heart Disease: The Agony and the Ecstasy of Opinion-Based Medicine

The management of ischemic heart disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a special challenge for clinicians. The recent heightened awareness of CKD as an important risk factor for cardiovascular death is a welcome development; the eventual outcome will be clinical trials targeting CKD patients for prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease and its devastating complications. The reader is urged to consult National Kidney Foundation (NKF) task forces dealing with cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure (1,2) and, most recently, lipid management (3). At the present time, however, clinicians are often faced with a nettlesome dilemma in their approach to renal patients with ischemic heart disease; most of the evidence-based practice guidelines are based on clinical trials performed in patients without CKD. Patients with renal disease have typically been excluded from major cardiovascular treatment trials in the past; although there is no shortage of recent reviews on cardiovascular disease in renal disease (4 –10), there is most certainly a paucity of good clinical trial data in CKD patients. The application of imperfect data to clinical practice, however, is nothing new for clinicians, as this is common in medical practice. It is not my intention to offer a general review on cardiovascular disease and renal disease, but rather to present my (admittedly idiosyncratic) approach to clinical management of coronary heart disease in renal patients distilled partly from the literature and personal experience. This paper will focus on cardiac disease in dialysis patients, but I will also attempt to frame special cardiac management issues pertaining to nondialysis CKD patients. Background Epidemiology and the Burden of Cardiovascular
Gene Looping Is Conferred by Activator-dependent Interaction of Transcription Initiation and Termination Machineries

Gene looping juxtaposes the promoter and terminator regions of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes in yeast and mammalian cells. Here we report an activator-dependent interaction of transcription initiation and termination factors during gene looping in budding yeast. Chromatin analysis revealed that MET16, INO1, and GAL1p-BUD3 are in a stable looped configuration during activated transcription. Looping was nearly abolished in the absence of transcription activators Met28, Ino2, and Gal4 of MET16, INO1, and GAL1p-BUD3 genes, respectively. The activator-independent increase in transcription was not accompanied by loop formation, thereby suggesting an essential role for activators in gene looping. The activators did not facilitate loop formation directly because they did not exhibit an interaction with the 3′ end of the genes. Instead, activators physically interacted with the general transcription factor TFIIB when the genes were activated and in a looped configuration. TFIIB cross-linked to both the promoter and the terminator regions during the transcriptionally activated state of a gene. The presence of TFIIB on the terminator was dependent on the Rna15 component of CF1 3′ end processing complex. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed a physical interaction of Rna15 with TFIIB. We propose that the activators facilitate gene looping through their interaction with TFIIB during transcriptional activation of genes.
Advancing Social Equity: Proceduralism in the New Governance

A commitment to social equity is often thought to require that administrators engage in explicit forms of direct policy advocacy but the inter-organizational, cross-sector networks that characterize 21st-century administration offer many opportunities to advance social equity by ensuring procedural fairness. Focusing on key aspects of collaborative governance reveals such opportunities as they emerge in the selection, recruitment, and retention of stakeholders; in facilitating the deliberations and work of collaboratives, and ensuring accountability within the network of partners.
Scale Transitions in Fracture and Active Fault Networks

Detailed box counting analysis was conducted of (1) fractures observed in exposures of the Devonian Shale in the central Appalachians Valley and Ridge Province of West Virginia, (2) several fracture patterns presented in the literature, and (3) active faults mapped throughout the main island (Honshu) of Japan. Box curves reveal, with few exceptions, that most naturally occurring fracture patterns are characterized by nonfractal behavior. In many cases, two linear regions separated by an abrupt transition are observed in the logN/logr box curves. The small-scale (larger r) features generally have higher fractal dimension than do the larger scale features in the pattern. Transitions from one region to another are usually abrupt. These transitions are not associated with sampling problems or other data limitations. In some cases three or more linear regions may appear. Box counting analysis of model fracture patterns indicate that transitions are related to the dominant spacing of individual sets or to the dominant fragment size in the network. This study provides detailed documentation of scale invariant features in natural fracture and active fault patterns. Although the relationship of the geometrical properties of a pattern to the location of transitions is understood in terms of the models, to understand the physical mechanisms responsible for these transitions deserves further study.
Activation and Inhibition of Complement by Immunoglobulins

Activation and augmentation of complement cascades are well-known functions of certain classes of immunoglobulins. On the other hand, pooled immunoglobulins in supraphysiologic concentrations have the ability to inhibit harmful biological effects of activated complement fragments by diverting them away from their targets to the fluid phase, where they may be subject to further inactivation. Scavenging appears to be mediated by immunoglobulin fragment-specific acceptor sites. Domains within constant region of F(ab)’2 seem responsible for anaphylatoxin binding and neutralization, while Fc fragments interact with C3b and C4b. The ability to attenuate complement fragment- induced immune damage cannot be correlated with any known phenotypic marker used today to categorize immunoglobulins and could serve as a basis for a new classification of immunoglobulinsstrong versus weak inhibitors of complement fragment effects. The concept of dual effect of immunoglobulins on the complement system has implications for both novel physiologic functions of normal circulating immunoglobulins as well as clinical applications of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).
Evaluating acids and chelating agents for removing heavy metals from contaminated soils

The prevalence of heavy metal soil contamination at Army facilities poses a serious threat to human health and the environment. To address this problem, the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg MS is developing a mobile piot-scale soil washing treatment facility that can be used to remove metals from the contaminated soils. To support this project, laboratory studies were conducted on both acids and chelating agents to evaluate their ability in extracting heavy metals from contaminated soils. Eight soils contaminated with lead, cadmium, and chromium were selected for use in this study. Contaminant concentrations in the various soils ranged from 4,000–30,000 mg/kg lead, 40–1,000 mg/kg cadmium, and 500–2,000 mg/kg chromium. The results indicated that, before a full-scale clean-up is initiated, a preliminary investigation is needed to determine principal contaminants of concern, their concentrations, and soil type followed by treatability studies to determine optimal reagent and concentrations of reagents for cleanup. Specific results from this study also indicated that Cd was the easiest metal to remove from soils followed by Pb and Cr. The results also suggested that the strong acids and chelating agents were both effective extracting agents, and the latter group of compounds may be more useful in soil washing because they are less harmful to the soil environment. Finally, higher initial concentrations of metal contaminants in the soil resulted in greater metal removal efficiencies using the reagents.
Selectivity in storage hexamerin clearing demonstrated with hemolymph transfusions between Hyalophora cecropia and Actias luna.

When Hyalophora cecropia hemolymph was injected into wandering Actias Iuna Iarvae, a methionine-rich hexamerin was selectively transferred to the host's fat body, and completely cleared from the hemolymph by the time of pupal eclosion. Donor arylphorin was 30–40% removed from the hemolymph, and riboflavin-binding hexamerin was even less completely cleared. During the pupal-adult molt, these rates were reversed: methionine-rich hexamerin disappeared no faster than bovine serum albumin, while riboflavin-binding hexamerin was rapidly and completely cleared from the hemolymph, even though A. Iuna hemolymph lacks a homologue of this protein; arylphorin, again, was cleared at an intermediate rate. Selective clearing of the three hexamerins occurred at similar stages in H. cecropia, their species of origin. Developmentally programmed clearing, with selectivity at least partially conserved between genera, was also demonstrated with transfused vitellogenin: in A. Iuna females that were forming yolk, H. cecropia vitellogenin was cleared more rapidly than bovine serum albumin; but in younger females, and in males at all stages of metamorphosis, this Mr 510,000 molecule was instead an indicator of nonselective, large protein clearing. Nonselective clearing was more complete during adult development than during pupation. It also showed signs of being more effective for small than for large proteins, insensitive to carbohydrate conjugates, and unsaturated at the protein levels used.
Zero-error capacity for finite state channels with feedback and channel state information

In this paper, we study the zero-error capacity for finite state channel with feedback when channel state information is known to both the transmitter and the receiver. We prove that the zero-error capacity in this case can be obtained through the solution of a dynamic programming problem. Exact answers are also given for certain cases.
Outcome of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial of Botulinum A Toxin for Refractory Overactive Bladder

Purpose: We determined the effectiveness of cystoscopic administration of botulinum-A toxin compared to placebo for the treatment of urinary incontinence in subjects with idiopathic overactive bladder.Materials and Methods: Subjects were recruited from the Division of Urogynecology at the University of Rochester. Inclusion criteria were overactive bladder refractory to anticholinergic medications, multiple daily incontinence episodes and a 24-hour pad weight of 100 gm or greater. Subjects with low leak point pressures, increased post-void residual volume or neurological etiologies were excluded from study. Subjects were randomized to placebo or to 1 of 2 doses of botulinum-A toxin. The detrusor was injected at 8 to 10 sites above the trigone. Evaluations were performed at baseline, and at 3 and 6 weeks after injection, and included bladder diaries, pad weights, quality of life questionnaires and urodynamic studies.Results: A total of 22 subjects participated in stage 1 of this 2-stage study. We report on ...
B c -meson production in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions

We study quantitatively the formation and evolution of $\overline{b}c,b\overline{c}$ bound states in a space-time domain of deconfined quarks and gluons (quark-gluon plasma, QGP). At the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), one expects for the first time that typical central collisions will result in multiple pairs of heavy (in this case charmed) quarks. This provides a new mechanism for the formation of heavy quarkonia which depends on the properties of the deconfined region. We find typical enhancements of about 500-fold for the $\overline{b}c,b\overline{c}$ production yields over expectations from the elementary coherent hadronic ${B}_{c}$-meson production scenario. The final population of bound states may serve as a probe of the plasma phase parameters.