cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On numerical solution of strongly anisotropic diffusion equation on misaligned grids

Problems with extremely high-transport anisotropy often arise in strongly magnetized plasmas. The numerical solution of the highly anisotropic transport equations becomes quite difficult when the computational grid is not aligned with the strong transport direction, since this can cause large numerical errors. Constructing a finite-difference scheme for a strongly anisotropic diffusion equation on a misaligned grid is discussed, and quantitative assessment of the numerical error is made for a set of example problems.
Tine Cultivation Effects on Weed Control, Productivity, and Economics of Peanut under Organic Management

Identifying effective weed control regimes for organic peanut is paramount for improving the feasibility of organic production. Tine cultivation is a proven effective method for reducing in-row weed populations in several crops. Field trials were therefore conducted in 2008 and 2009 to assess the effects of tine cultivation combined with sweep cultivation and supplemental hand-weeding on weed control and overall productivity of two peanut cultivars under organic management. Tine cultivation regimes consisted of two frequencies (once per week or twice per week) for three durations (3 wk, 4 wk, or 5 wk). All cultivation treatments were also cultivated with flat sweeps at least once and hand-weeded periodically during the growing season. A non-cultivated, non-weeded control was included for comparison. All cultivation treatments significantly reduced annual grass populations in 2008 and Florida pusley populations both years. Cultivated treatments also resulted in denser plant stands for peanut (9.2 plants/m to 13.2 plants/m) than the non-cultivated control (5.9 plants/m to 7.9 plants/m). Pod yields in cultivated treatments ranged from 3502 kg/ha to 3823 kg/ha and were all significantly greater than yields in the non-cultivated control (1630 kg/ha). Also, net revenues generated by cultivated treatments ranged from ($3333/ha to $3637/ha) and were greater than that of the control ($1795/ha). Cultivation frequency had little effect on weed control and peanut productivity. However, the 4- and 5-wk durations displayed potential for improving peanut yield, grade, and net revenue over the 3-wk duration, especially when annual grass weeds were predominant. Cultivating once weekly for 4 or 5 wk with a tine cultivator, along with at least one sweep cultivation and supplemental hand-weeding, is a viable, economical option for providing adequate weed control and maximizing productivity of organically-managed peanut at current market premiums.
An H3K36 Methylation-Engaging Tudor Motif of Polycomb-like Proteins Mediates PRC2 Complex Targeting

Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) regulates pluripotency, differentiation, and tumorigenesis through catalysis of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) on chromatin. However, the mechanisms that underlie PRC2 recruitment and spreading on chromatin remain unclear. Here we report that histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) binding activity is harbored in the Tudor motifs of PRC2-associated polycomb-like (PCL) proteins PHF1/PCL1 and PHF19/PCL3. Ectopically expressed PHF1 induced Tudor-dependent stabilization of PRC2 complexes on bulk chromatin and mediated spreading of PRC2 and H3K27me3 into H3K36me3-containing chromatin regions. In murine pluripotent stem cells, we identified coexistence of H3K36me3, H3K27me3, and PHF19/PCL3 at a subset of poised developmental genes and demonstrated that PHF19/PCL3 Tudor function is required for optimal H3K27me3 and repression of these loci. Collectively, our data suggest that PCL recognition of H3K36me3 promotes intrusion of PRC2 complexes into active chromatin regions to promote gene silencing and modulate the chromatin landscape during development.
Asphalt Pavement Analyzer Used to Assess Rutting Susceptibility of Hot-Mix Asphalt Designed for High Tire Pressure Aircraft

Hot-mix asphalt (HMA) laboratory mix design is intended to determine the proportion of aggregate and binder that, when mixed and compacted under a specified effort, will withstand anticipated loading conditions. Current mix design procedures that use the Superpave® gyratory compactor rely on the engineering properties and volumetrics of the compacted mixture to ensure reliable performance; however, a definitive performance test does not exist. The asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) was evaluated as a tool for assessing HMA mixtures designed to perform under high tire pressure aircraft following FAA specifications. The APA used in this study was specially designed to test simulated high tire pressures of 250 psi, which are becoming more common for aircraft. Thirty-three HMA mixtures were included in the study. Each was designed with the Superpave gyratory compactor, according to preliminary criteria being developed by FAA. The study included some mixtures that contain excessive percentages of natural sand and...
Procedure for the quantification of the biomarker (2-methoxyethoxy)acetic acid in human urine samples

An accurate and precise procedure was developed for the detection and quantification of (2-methoxyethoxy)acetic acid (MEAA), a metabolite and biomarker for human exposure to 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol. The compound 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol has a wide array of industrial applications including its use as an additive in military jet fuel. Exposure to 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol is a health concern owing to its toxicity which includes developmental and teratogenic properties. Sample preparation consisted of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and esterification of MEAA to produce the ethyl ester. Measurement was by a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a mass selective detector (MSD) using a HP-1 capillary column. Recovery studies of spiked blank urine demonstrated good accuracy and precision; recovery varied between 95 and 103% with relative standard deviations of 8.6% and less. The limit of detection (LOD) for this procedure was found to range from 0.02 to 0.08 microg/ml equivalent levels of MEAA in urine. These data and other aspects of the validation of this procedure will be discussed.
Resilience and Persistence of the Synergism of Plagues: Stochastic Resonance and the Ecology of Disease, Disorder and Disinvestment in US Urban Neighborhoods:

We adapt recent perspectives on the resilience of ecosystems in a stochastic environment to analysis of the effects of public policies of ‘planned shrinkage’ on stressed US urban minority neighborhoods. The ‘synergism of plagues’—a self-reinforcing, interactive mix of contagious urban decay and deterioration in both public health and public order—emerges in the course of a sudden ‘phase transition’ from community-spanning geographically focused social networks within ghetto neighborhoods to a condition of fragmented and isolated subnets. This transition occurs because instabilities inherent in the marginalization of ethnic ghetto neighborhoods synergistically amplify externally imposed stressors, most notably public policies of disinvestment. The amplification, a short-time version of stochastic resonance, may be quite large.Our work implies that continued subjection of marginalized US urban minority neighborhoods to public policies of ‘planned shrinkage’ can trigger similar but larger scale—regional and ...
Book preview: Intelligent MultiMedia Interfaces Edited by Mark T. Maybury (MIT Press)

This collection is an outgrowth of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) Workshop on Intelligent Multimedia Interfaces which took place at Anaheim, California in August of 1991. Multimedia interfaces are computer interfaces that communicate with users using multiple media (e.g., language, graphics, animations, video, non-speech audio) in multiple modalities (e.g., written text versus spoken language). Intelligent multimedia interfaces go beyond traditional hypemedia or hypertext environments and both process input and generate output in an intelligent or knowledge-based manner.
Viscosities of methane and propane at low temperatures and high pressures

The viscosities of methane and propane were determined at pressures to 5,000 lb./sq. in. abs. over a temperature range from −170° to 0°C. and −100° to 0°C., respectively, and the densities of propane were measured at pressures to 5,000 lb./sq. in. abs. over the temperature range from −100° to 0°C. Reproducibility of the viscosity data was about ± 1.2% and for the most part agreement with literature values was within ± 2%. the estimated accuracy of the density measurement was ± 0.5%. The data reported were well correlated in terms of residual viscosity vs. density.
Incidence and management of gynecomastia in men treated for prostate cancer

ABSTRACT Purpose: Gynecomastia is a potentially treatment limiting adverse event in men receiving hormone therapy for prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: In large, randomized, placebo controlled studies approximately 50% or more of patients with prostate cancer experienced gynecomastia due to multiple mechanisms. Although its severity was mostly reported as mild to moderate, gynecomastia was cited as the reason for most premature withdrawals from therapy. In patients with advanced forms of prostate cancer bilateral orchiectomy was associated with the lowest incidence of gynecomastia, followed by nonsteroidal antiandrogen therapy, diethylstilbestrol and estrogen in rank order. Results: It is important that gynecomastia is well managed in patients with prostate cancer who want to proceed with hormone therapy. Patients should be assessed for the likely etiology of gynecomastia and preventive therapy or treatment for established gynecomastia should be instituted. Prophylactic radiotherapy has been shown to decrease the incidence of hormone induced gynecomastia by more than 50%. An alternative course of action, which may be more convenient for the patient, is the prophylactic use of tamoxifen. Tamoxifen may also mitigate or resolve gynecomastia during its early or proliferative phase. In severe long-standing gynecomastia surgery is warranted since medical therapies are less likely to succeed. Aromatase inhibitors and 4-hydroxytamoxifen are investigational. Conclusions: Gynecomastia is a significant problem in men undergoing hormonal therapy for prostate cancer. It requires prompt recognition, evaluation and management.
Ventricular tachycardia originating from the aortic sinus cusp in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

Background Ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy often originates from the basal left ventricular myocardium and also can originate from the conduction system. The basal left ventricular myocardium reaches to the base of the aortic sinus cusps. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of VT originating from the aortic sinus cusps in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods Thirty-three consecutive patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (24 men, age: 59 ± 11 years, ejection fraction: 29% ± 14%) were referred for ablation. Results VTs originating from the aortic sinus cusps were identified in 8 of 33 patients (24%). The presence of low voltage in the basal left ventricle correlated with the inducibility of aortic sinus cusp VTs. All but 1 aortic sinus cusp VTs were effectively ablated. In 1 patient, the site of origin of the VT was Conclusion In patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, VT often originates from the aortic sinus cusps. The large majority of these VTs can be successfully ablated.
Radial depth of cut stability lobe diagrams with process damping effects

Abstract This paper describes a method to produce analytical radial depth of cut stability lobe diagrams that include process damping. The stability limit was defined using the radial, rather than axial, depth due to the path planning approach for many computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs, which remove material layer-by-layer with a varying radial immersion. Experimental validation of the predicted stability limits was performed and the results are presented for both the process damping (low cutting speed) range and higher cutting speeds.
Computer conferencing in China

Abstract Computer conferencing services in the USA and other countries have been growing in recent years. The decline in costs and the growth in usage has led some people to think of computer conferencing as a promising technology to aid the development of Third World countries. However, there may be more obstacles to the widespread use of computer conferencing in some developing countries than are immediately apparent. China is an example of such obstacles.
Effect of internal oxidation pretreatments and Si contamination on oxide-scale growth and spalling

Internal oxidation pretreatments carried out in quartz capsule with a Rhines pack were found to have a profound effect on the subsequent oxidation behavior of alloys. Specimens of Co-15 wt.% Cr, Co-25 wt.% Cr, Ni-25 wt.% Cr, and Ni-25 wt.% Cr-1 wt.% Al were tested at 1100°C after pre-oxidation treatments. Even without the development of internal oxide particles, pretreated binary CoCr and NiCr alloys oxidized with significantly lower rates. Selective oxidation of chromium was observed on the non-Cr2O3-forming Co-base alloys, whereas on the Cr2O3-forming Ni-base alloys, elimination of base-metal oxide, reduction in the Cr2O3 growth rate, and better scale adhesion were found. These effects were more apparent with pre-oxidation temperatures greater than 1000°C and with longer pretreatment times. Contaimination of Si from the quartz is believed to be the cause.
Infection of chick iris epithelium with the Rous sarcoma virus in vitro.

Abstract Cells of chicken iris epithelium have been grown in vitro for over four months. During this period they have maintained the characteristics of the tissue of origin (formation of epithelial membranes and production of pigment). The ability of these cells of ectodermal origin to be infected with the Rous sarcoma virus and to support its multiplication has been demonstrated. Under the influence of the infecting virus, the cells of iris epithelium undergo morphological changes similar to those exhibited by infected fibroblasts, the type of change depending upon the genotype of the infecting virus.
Cheers and Jeers Candidate Presentations and Audience Reactions in the 1980 Presidential Campaign

This article investigates electoral feedback mechanisms in the 1980 presidential race. Unlike many election studies, that emphasize voters, I concentrate on candidates and their personal advisors. How do presidential contenders get feedback about their performances on the campaign trail? What lessons do they learn from campaign audiences? Using interviews, field observation, and a study of audience reactions to campaign speeches, I argue that campaigning is crucial to the link between leaders and the public. Candidates use campaigns to learn what is on the mind of voters (as do the media). These lessons influence candidate rhetoric and illustrate the importance of communications in presidential campaigns.
The ATAC Acetyltransferase Complex Coordinates MAP Kinases to Regulate JNK Target Genes

In response to extracellular cues, signal transduction activates downstream transcription factors like c-Jun to induce expression of target genes. We demonstrate that the ATAC (Ada two A containing) histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex serves as a transcriptional cofactor for c-Jun at the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) target genes Jra and chickadee. ATAC subunits are required for c-Jun occupancy of these genes and for H4K16 acetylation at the Jra enhancer, promoter, and transcribed sequences. Under conditions of osmotic stress, ATAC colocalizes with c-Jun, recruits the upstream kinases Misshapen, MKK4, and JNK, and suppresses further activation of JNK. Relocalization of these MAPKs and suppression of JNK activation by ATAC are dependent on the CG10238 subunit of ATAC. Thus, ATAC governs the transcriptional response to MAP kinase signaling by serving as both a coactivator of transcription and as a suppressor of upstream signaling.
Inhibition of Copper Pitting Corrosion in Aggressive Potable Waters

Copper pitting corrosion can lead to premature plumbing failures, and can be caused by aggressive potable waters characterized by high pH, free chlorine residual and low alkalinity. In such waters and under continuous flow, certain inhibitors including phosphate, silica or natural organic matter may greatly reduce pitting occurrence. In the current work, 1 mg/L phosphate (as P) completely prevented initiation of pits, and 5 mg/L silica (as Si) significantly decelerated pitting. However, much lower doses of these inhibitors had little benefit and actually accelerated the rate of attack in some cases. Effects of organic matter were dependent on both the type (e.g., natural versus ozonated humic substances) and dosage. Dose-response effects of free chlorine and alkalinity were also investigated. Based on electrochemical data, pits initiated more rapidly with increased free chlorine, but even moderate levels of chlorine (~0.4 mg/L) eventually caused severe pitting. High alkalinity decreased pit propagation rates but did not prevent pit formation.
Quantification of deuterated bisphenol A in serum, tissues, and excreta from adult Sprague-Dawley rats using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important industrial chemical used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic products, epoxy resin-based food can liners, and paper products. The presence of BPA in urine of >90% of Americans aged 6–60 suggests ubiquitous and frequent exposure and is problematic because of the potential for endocrine disruption. The ubiquity of environmental BPA in common laboratory supplies used for sample collection, storage, and analysis greatly increases the likelihood of false positive determinations, particularly at trace levels. The current study validated using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) in conjunction with deuterated BPA as the dosing material to circumvent contamination for high sensitivity quantifications in rat serum, tissues, urine, and feces. The methods described provided measurements of both estrogen receptor-active aglycone and metabolically deactivated conjugated forms of BPA, a distinction that is critical to assessing toxicological potential. The adequacy of the described methodology was substantiated by its utility in analyzing samples from rats treated orally with a 100 µg/kg body weight dose of d6-BPA. These results emphasize the challenges inherent in measuring BPA in biological samples and how employing stable isotope labeled dosing can facilitate pharmacokinetic studies needed to understand BPA metabolism and disposition. Such studies conducted in experimental animal models, in conjunction with properly validated human biomonitoring data, will be the basis for PBPK modeling of BPA in environmentally exposed humans. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretically based expressions in closed form for the local and mean coefficients of skin friction in fully turbulent flow along smooth and rough plates

Abstract The currently accepted correlating equations for the local and mean coefficients of skin friction in the turbulent boundary layer for unconfined flow over smooth and rough plates are wholly empirical. Improved expressions in closed form in which the only empiricism is that arising from the generally accepted semitheoretical expressions for the velocity distribution, including the region of the wake, are derived herein. These new, theoretically based expressions for the coefficients of skin friction are shown by comparison with experimental data to be more accurate for fully turbulent flow (Rex> 3 × 106) than the previous empirical ones based on the same data and/or computed values. Except for possible improvement of the numerical coefficients, these new expressions are not expected to be made obsolete by improved experimental data or numerical solutions.
High Prevalence of Iron Overload in Adult Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Survivors

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients frequently need red blood cell transfusions, and can be at risk for developing iron overload. We studied the prevalence of iron overload in 56 adult allogeneic HCT patients who had survived for a median of 28 (range: 12-151) months from transplant. Patients were initially screened with serum ferritin, and those with serum ferritin >1000 ng/mL underwent R2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver, a sensitive and specific noninvasive imaging technique to measure liver iron concentration (LIC). Iron overload was defined as LIC above normal (>1.8 mg/g dry weight). Nineteen patients had serum ferritin >1000 ng/mL with a median LIC of 7.0 (range: 1.8-28.3) mg/g. The overall prevalence of iron overload was 32% (95% confidence intervals, 20%-46%). The LIC on MRI was moderately correlated with serum ferritin (ρ = .47). Iron overload is a frequent complication of allogeneic transplantation. Serum ferritin is a good screening test but does not reliably predict tissue iron overload, and estimation of LIC should be considered before initiating therapy. More studies are needed to determine the impact of iron overload on long-term morbidity and mortality in allogeneic transplant survivors.
Re-Establishment of the Nuclear Engineering Program at Virginia Tech

One of the first nuclear engineering programs in the United States was established at Virginia Tech in the mid-1950’s and continued until the mid-1980’s when it was abandoned due to a drop both in student interest and government support. In 2006, as a result of interest shown by the nuclear industry in Virginia, discussions were undertaken that led to the approval to offer Master’s and Doctorate Degrees in nuclear engineering in 2013. In parallel with these efforts, we began teaching undergraduate courses in anticipation of offering a minor in nuclear engineering to all Virginia Tech engineering and science students. Currently we have 140 undergraduate students taking nuclear engineering classes, nuclear engineering undergraduate research hours, and participating in nuclear-engineering-related senior design activities.Our program has been conceived and designed with the objective of providing the nuclear engineering workforce required to address the most important nuclear-related issues of our time including: enhancing the safe and productive use of nuclear energy; contributing to the development of advanced technologies for national and international nuclear security and safeguards; developing advanced medical devices for nuclear diagnostics and therapy; and the establishment of effective policies for the utilization of nuclear energy and its regulation.The Master’s degree program involves 7 courses and the equivalent of two semesters of thesis research for a total of 30 credit hours. The PhD program, which builds on the Master’s degree program, requires 5 additional courses, and the equivalent of 4 semesters of dissertation research for a total of 60 credit hours beyond the Master’s degree. The curriculum is supported by a rigorous, benchmarked assessment and evaluation process to assure that the goals of the program are attained.Currently five faculty members support the nuclear engineering program, and typical total enrollment in our graduate programs runs between 35 and 50 students. When we reach full strength, with the addition of two more nuclear engineering faculty members, we expect to be graduating 12 Master’s students and 7 PhD students per year.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Spouse concordance for alcohol dependence and heavy drinking: evidence from a community sample

Using data from a community sample of 586 married couples, levels of spouse concordance for lifetime and current alcohol dependence and heavy drinking were estimated. In addition, marital quality ratings in concordant and discordant couples were compared. Spouse concordance was significant for lifetime alcohol dependence and for both lifetime and current heavy drinking. Marital quality varied as a function of current heavy drinking and alcohol dependence such that members of couples in which neither spouse drank heavily reported better marital quality than other couples. Furthermore, although marital quality did not differ significantly between concordant and discordant couples, couples concordant for current heavy drinking consistently reported poorer marital quality than other couples.
Tourism and cultural dependency in the West Indies

Abstract Traditionally dependency has been viewed as an economic and/or political relationship, but this article focuses instead on the concept of cultural dependency and then examines tourism as a possible agent for facilitating its development in the West Indies, probing in the process the interface between cultural and economic/political dependency. Scattered ideas from the tourism literature are gathered into four “implicit theories”—Trickle Down, Commodization, Mass Seduction, and Black Servility— which are then evaluated. The article recommends the use of a Commodization/Mass Seduction synthesis for future research to generate hypotheses which, if empirically verified, will represent not only a contribution to dependency theory and tourism studies in particular, but also to International Relations theory in general.
The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport's Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice

Allport's The Nature of Prejudice is a social psychological classic. Its delineation of the components and principles of prejudice remains modern, especially its handling of cognitive factors. The volume's cognitive contentions are outlined, and then extended with an application from attribution theory. An "ultimate attribution error" is proposed: (1) when prejudiced peonle perceive what they regard as a negative act by an outgroup member, they will more than others attribute it dispositionally, often as genetically determined, in comparison to the same act by an ingroup member: (2) wlhen prejudiced people perceive what they regard as a positive act by an outaroup member, they will more than others attribute it in comparison to the same act by an ingroup member to one or more of the following: (a) "the exceptional case," (b) luck or special advantage, (c) hig,h motivation and effort, and (d) manipulable situational context. Predictions are advanced as to which of these responses will be adopted and under ...
Hydrogen burning of 17O in the CNO cycle

Abstract The direct capture process in the 17 O(p, γ) 18 F reaction has been used to determine the reduced proton widths of the states in 18 F near the proton threshold. The observed upper limits on these widths are up to factors of 60 smaller than the previously assumed values implying a corresponding reduction of the stellar reaction rate for the 17 O(p, α) 14 N reaction. These results together with results from previous work lead to the conclusion that the CNO cycle is tricycling with the reactions 17 O(p,γ) 18 F(β + ν) 18 O(p, α) 15 N as the third cycle. The implications of these results on the equilibrium abundances of the elements synthesized in this cycle are discussed.
Collagenous colitis with involvement of terminal ileum.

We present a case of collagenous colitis with evidence of terminal ileal involvement. The patient suffered from chronic watery diarrhea of three months' duration, and colonoscopy revealed a normal endoscopic appearance. Histologic examination of biopsies revealed a broad subepithelial band of collagen, with similar histologic findings in the terminal ileum. Additionally, the patient exhibited abnormalities ofd-xylose and vitamin B12 absorption, although there were no clinical signs of malabsorption. Biopsy of the proximal small intestine was normal. The significance of these findings for the definition of the clinicopathologic entity of collagenous colitis and its pathogenesis are discussed.
Predicting vehicle cost using the T-method

The T-method is a technique developed by Genichi Taguchi to calculate an overall prediction based on the Signal-to-Noise (SN) ratio without the use of Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation. The Taguchi Methods, also known as Robust Design principles, are used for optimisation through planning, conducting, and evaluating the results of experiments to determine the best levels of control factors. This paper outlines the T-method steps using a forecasting case study to calculate vehicle cost with a univariate response to illustrate the technique. In addition, a basic comparison with the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System (MTS) is provided.
Asymptotic behavior of elementary fermion form factors in non-abelian gauge theories

Abstract We calculate the leading contributions to the fermion-fermion-vector-meson form factor with non-Abelian gluons exchanged between the fermions in the region − q 2 ⪢ p 2 , p ′ 2 > m 2 , q 2 space like. For either incoming photon or gluon we obtain a result which shows that these contributions do not add to give a damped exponential of the form exp [− A 1n 2 (− q 2 )]. This letter outlines the main features of our results.
LIQUEFACTION OF A SUBBITUMINOUS COAL WITH STEAM AND AMMONIA.

Liquefaction of coal with a solvent mixture of steam and ammonia was investigated. Concentrations of ammonia in the solvent mixture ranged from 0 to 30 wt %. Ammonia was found to catalyze the conversion of coal. The highest conversion for a Wyodak subbituminous coal was obtained with 2.5% ammonia at 400/sup 0/C and 750 psig. This conversion was 42.5 wt %, on a moisture- and ash-free basis (MAF), representing a 39% increase over the conversion obtained with pure steam at these conditions. The coal liquid obtained is enriched in hydrogen and has low molecular weight (number-averaged (M/sub n/) = 293, weight-averaged (M/sub w/) = 338.
Collecting and Processing Cacti into Herbarium Specimens, using Ethanol and Other Methods

Abstract Many collectors avoid collecting cacti (Cactaceae) and other succulent plants because they are unsure of how to preserve cacti as herbarium specimens. However, preserved specimens of cacti are valuable and crucial for research and conservation. This paper addresses techniques for collection and processing of cacti to make herbarium specimens, with particular reference to the use of ethanol to aid drying.
‘By running…/ by fighting…/ by dying…’: remembering, glorifying, and forgetting Japanese Olympian war dead

During World War Two, 35 Japanese Olympic athletes, including seven medalists, died while serving as members of the Imperial military. This essay reconstructs the memorialization of several track-a...
On the effective dominant pole of the distributed RC networks

Abstract A technique is developed to determine the effective dominant pole of the distributed circuits. The concept of the effective dominant pole facilitates enormously the time and frequency domain calculations. Key features of the steady-state and transient response such as bandwidth, rise time and time delay, etc., of the network functions can be easily and accurately determined without much effort. Although transfer functions of the exponentially tapered distributed RC network are considered in this paper, the method has a much broader application for all types of distributed RC circuits with arbitrary taper and diffused base transistors. The method of approximation which makes use of the product expansion of transcendental functions permits the location of the effective dominant pole by means of a simple algebraic formula and to a degree of accuracy acceptable for most engineering purposes.
Stark localization in GaAs-GaAlAs superlattices under an electric field.

We have observed that a strong electric field $\mathcal{E}$ shifts to higher energies the photoluminescence and photocurrent peaks of a GaAs-${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.65}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.35}$As superlattice of period $D$ (=65 \AA{}), which we explain by a field-induced localization of carriers to isolated quantum wells. Good agreement is found between observed and calculated shifts when the large field-induced increase of the exciton binding energy is taken into account. At moderate fields [\ensuremath{\cong}(2-3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ V/cm], the coupling between adjacent wells is manifested by four additional peaks that shift at the rates $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}e\mathcal{E}D$ and $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2e\mathcal{E}D$ and correspond to transitions that involve different levels of the Stark ladder.
Evaluation of Diquat as a Potential Algicide for Controlling the Musty-Odor-Producing Cyanobacterium, Oscillatoria perornata, in Catfish Aquaculture Ponds

The synthetic herbicide diquat was applied to a catfish aquaculture pond containing a heavy bloom of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata(a major contributor to musty off-flavor in farm-raised catfish) in order to determine the effectiveness of diquat as a selective algicide to prevent musty off-flavor in cultured catfish. Levels of the musty-odor compound 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and numbers of O. perornata were monitored. Results indicate that diquat is not useful as an algicide for controlling O. perornata in catfish aquaculture ponds, despite its usefulness in controlling other aquatic weeds.
Three-dimensional photonic crystal flat lens by full 3D negative refraction

We present the experimental demonstration of imaging by all-angle negative refraction in a 3D photonic crystal flat lens at microwave frequencies. The flat lens is made of a body-centered cubic photonic crystal (PhC) whose dispersion at the third band results in group velocity opposite to phase velocity for electromagnetic waves. We fabricated the photonic crystal following a layer-by-layer process. A microwave imaging system was established based on a vector network analyzer, where two dipoles work as the source and the detector separately. By scanning the volume around the lens with the detector dipole, we captured the image of the dipole source in both amplitude and phase. The image of two incoherent sources separated by 0.44λ showed two resolvable spots, which served to verify sub-wavelength resolution.
Series Compensated Lines Voltages Across Circuit Breakers and Terminals Caused by Switching

The increased use of series capacitive compensation for voltage control, stability, or loading on transmission systems had led to more extensive studies of the switching phenomenon of series compensated lines. In many EHV applications of series compensation, shunt reactors are also applied, further leading to certain unique switching phenomena. Voltages which can exist across series capacitors during very heavy load or fault conditions can be significant relative to system voltage, and therefore, can be of importance both in closing and opening lines. Analyses indicate several areas of concern not associated with non-series compensated lines including; a) protection of terminals against switching surges, b) low frequency oscillations in the shunt reactor-series capacitor circuit which may expose lightning arresters to very severe energy requirements, c) significant voltages across the circuit breaker when interrupting faulted lines. The first two areas will be discussed and the third analyzed in greater detail. The data in this paper was obtained from studies on the Transient Network Analyzer. 1 Figure 1 illustrates the system analyzed.
Integrating systematic chronic care for diabetes into an academic general internal medicine resident-faculty practice.

Background The quality of care for diabetes continues to fall short of recommended guidelines and results. Models for improving the care of chronic illnesses advocate a multidisciplinary team approach. Yet little is known about the effectiveness of such models in an academic setting with a diverse patient population and resident physicians participating in clinical care.
Abatement of N2O emissions produced in the adipic acid industry

Apidic acid (AA) manufacture results in the production of ca. 1 mole of nitrous oxide (N2O) per mole of AA. Emissions of N2O by the AA industry currently account for about 5–8 percent of the worldwide anthropogenic N2O emissions (after accounting for N2O abated by some manufacturers). Even though this N2O does not make a major contribution to global warming and ozone depletion, major AA producers worldwide have agreed to substantially reduce these emissions by 1996–98. Producers have formed an inter-industry group to share information on technologies being developed for N2O control. Technology options being studied by DuPont (and by others) include thermal destruction, recycling, and catalytic decomposition.
A problem expanding parametric programming method for solving the job shop scheduling problem

A new zero-one integer programming model for the job shop scheduling problem with minimum makespan criterion is presented. The algorithm consists of two parts: (a) a branch and bound parametric linear programming code for solving the job shop problem with fixed completion time; (b) a problem expanding algorithm for finding the optimal completion time. Computational experience for problems having up to thirty-six operations is presented. The largest problem solved was limited by memory space, not computation time. Efforts are under way to improve the efficiency of the algorithm and to reduce its memory requirements.
Short paper: Jamming-resilient multipath routing leveraging availability-based correlation

Jamming attacks are especially harmful to the reliability of wireless communication, as they can effectively disrupt communication. Existing jamming defenses primarily focus on repairing connectivity between adjacent nodes. In this paper, we address jamming at the network level and focus on restoring the end-to-end data delivery through multipath routing. As long as all paths do not fail concurrently, the end-to-end path availability is maintained. Prior work in multipath selection improves routing by choosing node-disjoint paths or link-disjoint paths. However, through our experiments on jamming effects using MicaZ nodes, we show that topological disjointness is insufficient for selecting fault-independent paths. Thus, we address multipath selection based on the knowledge of a path's availability history. Using Availability History Vectors (AHVs) of paths, we present an AHV-based Link-State (ALS) algorithm to select fault-independent paths. Our extensive simulation results validate that the ALS algorithm is effective in overcoming the jamming impact by maximizing the end-to-end availability of the selected paths.
Magnetic properties of RMn6Sn6 (R=Tb, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu) single crystals

Abstract Single crystals of the compounds RMn6Sn6 where R=Tb, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu have been prepared by the flux growth technique. Their magnetic properties were studied in the temperature range from 4.5 to 500 K. TbMn6Sn6 and HoMn6Sn6 order ferrimagnetically at 450 and 410 K, respectively. Both of these compounds undergo a change in the easy axis, and this transition has been mapped as a function of field and temperature for TbMn6Sn6. The other compounds studied (R=Er, Tm, Lu) order antiferromagnetically in zero field. In an applied DC field, a ferrimagnetic structure is found in ErMn6Sn6 while TmMn6Sn6 exhibits at least two structures at high field, a ferrimagnetic structure and a structure that appears to be half- ferrimagnetic. In LuMn6Sn6, the moments are also partially flipped by an applied field.
Biofilm formation and Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess True, true and unrelated?

Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess is an emerging infectious disease. This syndrome was unknown before the late 1980s when it was first recognized in Taiwan. Over the next two decades it increased in prevalence in Taiwan and was reported from other nations of East Asia. It was then that the rest of the world became aware of this interesting new syndrome. The disease is no longer confined to East Asia, and is now an emerging infection in North America and Europe. How did this come about? We now understand some of the genetic changes that turn commensal E. coli into extra-intestinal pathogens. K pneumoniae is another member of the Enterobacteriaceae that is usually normal flora in the gut, but we know relatively little about how it evolved into an invasive pathogen capable of causing abscesses in normal livers. The phenotype of the liver-invasive strains is hyperviscosity of the polysaccharide capsules, but while the gene that determines that property is required it is not sufficient to create the pathogen, and more research is needed to discover the other virulence genes, and thus to potentially target them therapeutically.
Finite sample properties of a simple LM test for neglected nonlinearity in error‐correcting regression equations

The finite sample properties of LM-type linearity tests based on the discussion in Granger (1995) are examined. The tests are constructed based on regression models which contain stationary linear and nonlinear functions of nonstationary variables, thus generalizing standard linear cointegrating equations. Power and size simulations are promising, suggesting that the tests are worthy of further examination, and an illustrative empirical example shows that some form of nonlinear error-correction may be useful for explaining the evolution of U.S. money stock in a simple vector autoregression framework.
Origin of the (110) orientation of Y2O3 and CeO2 epitaxial films grown on (100) silicon

A perplexing issue in the growth of epitaxial oxide films on (100) silicon is the observed (110) orientation of yttria (Y2O3) and ceria (CeO2) despite the (100) orientation having a lower lattice mismatch. As expected, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) grows with the (100) orientation, yet it has a worse lattice match than both Y2O3(100) and CeO2(100) with silicon (100). The orientations observed would be expected if an epitaxial metal suicide layer forms initially during growth, before the oxidizing ambient is introduced. Calculation of the ensuing lattice mismatch between the oxide and suicide layer and multiplicity (σoxide) of the near coincident-site lattice for the oxide lattice shows that the (110) orientation is better lattice-matched than the (100) orientation for both Y2O3 (+2.3% × −2.4%, σoxide= 2, vs. −2.4% × +3.5%, σoxide = 4) and CeO2 (+1.8% × −4.0%, σoxide = 5, vs. 1.9% × 1.9%, σoxide= 5) and that for YSZ, (100) is better lattice matched than (110) (−0.8% x −1.6%, σoxide = 1, vs. −1.1 % × +4.8%, σoxide = 3). In each case, the in-plane orientation yielding the lowest mismatch with the suicide layer is consistent with the in-plane orientation observed between the oxide film and silicon substrate. Furthermore, the commonly observed rotational twinning in the oxide film can be accounted for by the expected orthogonal domain multipositioning in both the suicide and oxide layers. In CeO2, multipositioning allows two equally matched sets of orthogonal domains. One set consists of the two experimentally observed orientations (related by a 90° rotation). The other set is rotated 37° from the commonly observed orientations. Only the set with orientations aligned to the surface steps of Si(100) is observed, indicating the likely influence of graphoepitaxy in selecting between the two degenerate sets of orientations. When grown on Pt(100), Y2O3 grows with predominantly the (100) orientation and no (110) orientation, suggesting that without suicide formation, Y2O3 will grow with the expected well matched (100) orientation even when polar interfaces are involved.
Effect of width of disk fenestration and a ventral slot on biomechanics of the canine C5-C6 vertebral motion unit

Objective—To investigate the effects of disk fenestration and ventral slot formation on vertebral motion unit (VMU) range of motion (ROM) and determine the effects of fenestration and ventral slot width on VMU ROM. Sample Population—C5-C6 VMUs from 10 skeletally mature canine cadavers. Procedures—Specimens were assigned to 2 groups (5 specimens/group). Surgery was performed in which width of a fenestration and a ventral slot was 33% (group 1) or 50% (group 2) the width of the vertebral body. Flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial torsion ROMs were measured during loading before surgery, after fenestration, and after ventral slot formation. Range of motion was compared within groups to determine effects of surgical procedure on stability and between groups to determine effects of width of fenestration and ventral slot on stability. Results—For both groups, fenestration resulted in a significant increase in ROM during flexion-extension, compared with results for intact specimens. Ventral slot formati...
A new bivariate MAP estimator for DT-CWT-based video denoising

A new bivariate maximum a posteriori estimator is proposed for the magnitude components of the dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT) coefficients in order to reduce additive white Gaussian noise in a video. The estimator considers the fact that the magnitude components of the DT-CWT coefficients of the Gaussian distributed noise fit the generalized Gamma distribution very well [1]. For spatial filtering, the joint distribution function of the magnitude components of the DT-CWT coefficients of the two neighboring frames of a video is considered to be locally-adaptive bivariate Gaussian having a non-negative mean. The correlation coefficient of this distribution function acts as an indirect measure of the motion of the DT-CWT coefficients between two neighboring frames. A recursive time averaging of the spatially filtered magnitude components is adopted for further noise reduction. Experimental results on test video sequences show that the proposed estimator provides an average peak signal-to-noise ratio that is higher than that provided by the others.
Chronemic Cues and Sex Differences in Relational E-Mail

Although major computer-mediated communication theories incorporate assumptions about the potency of chronemic cues, the claim that chronemic cues shape online message interpretation has received little empirical attention. This article reports the results of two studies designed to assess the influence of reply rate in benign and complex relational e-mail. Study 1 demonstrates that reply rate functions as an immediacy cue, with some evidence for overall sex differences in the perception of e-mail. Nevertheless, Study 2 demonstrates that reply rate is not directly associated with perceived quality of social support e-mail, instead finding a three-way interaction between emotional empathy, participant sex, and reply rate on message quality. Among the more important implications of these results is that although chronemic cues are significantly associated with online message interpretation, obtained effect sizes suggest that the influence of these cues is not as potent as some dominant computer-mediated communication theories imply.
Learning Disabilities and Vocational Rehabilitation

Students with learning disabilities have received services in special education programs for many years. Unfortunately, many of these students continue to need services after they exit high schools. Vocational rehabilitation has begun to provide services for young adults with learning disabilities; however, there continues to be a discrepancy between the number of adults with learning disabilities who need vocational rehabilitation services and those who are receiving them. This article describes the definitions and eligibility criteria used by vocational rehabilitation agencies to serve adults with learning disabilities. By understanding the vocational rehabilitation system, teachers, it is hoped, will be better able to access these services for their students with learning disabilities.