cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model of Emergence of Autonomous Social Entrepreneurial Ventures

Social-purpose entrepreneurs face issues of survivability and scale in the nonprofit sector, challenging them to operate market-driven ventures without deviating from their social goals. Many entrepreneurs, unable to balance these imperatives, fail, while others succeed and thrive. What "success factors" characterize the emergence of survivors, but do not develop adequately in the failures? The data from 23 nascent ventures revealed a four-stage model of emergence with progressive critical success factors on which the successful, struggling and failed ventures could be placed. While effective execution of tasks and activities at each stage helps secure incremental legitimacy with stakeholders – a key determinant of successful emergence – ineffective execution results in loss of legitimacy, venture regression and potential mortality.
Radiation Dose From CT of the Heart

The issue of radiation dose from X-ray computed tomography (CT) has received much attention recently in both the popular media and scientific literature (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). This is in part due to the fact that the dose levels from CT typically exceed those from conventional radiography and fluoroscopy, and that the use of CT continues to grow. Thus, CT contributes a significant portion of the total collective dose from ionizing radiation delivered to the public from medical procedures. It is important, therefore, that physicians ordering or performing these examinations have an understanding of the dose delivered from a cardiac CT, as well as how that amount of radiation compares to those from other imaging procedures that use ionizing radiation.
Customization in a UNIX Computing Environment

This work studies the use of customization in a campus UNIX computing environment where a large computing culture exists, but one that has many diverse interests rather than focusing on a cohesive project. We found there to be a gap between the core system users who use customization facilities and periphery users who show an interest in customization, but are unaware of how to pursue it. These results point to the need for better means for connecting novice users with useful customizations.
Further Reflections on Hypothesis Testing and Editorial Policy for Primary Research Journals

Questions have recently been raised about the value of statistical hypothesis testing, as well as the associated policy implications for publishing empirically based research in professional journals. In this Reflections note, we extend our (Robinson and Levin, 1997) earlier thoughts on what could, should, and should not be done to existing editorial practices.
The Theoretical and Methodological Opportunities Afforded by Guided Play With Young Children

For infants and young children, learning takes place all the time and everywhere. How children learn best both in and out of school has been a long-standing topic of debate in education, cognitive development, and cognitive science. Recently, guided play has been proposed as an integrative approach for thinking about learning as a child-led, adult-assisted playful activity. The interactive and dynamic nature of guided play presents theoretical and methodological challenges and opportunities. Drawing upon research from multiple disciplines, we discuss the integration of cutting-edge computational modeling and data science tools to address some of these challenges, and highlight avenues toward an empirically grounded, computationally precise and ecologically valid framework of guided play in early education.
Angle dependence of strong-field single and double ionization of carbonyl sulfide

We have studied, experimentally and theoretically, the ionization probability of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) molecules in intense linearly polarized 800-nm laser pulses as a function of the angle between the molecular axis and the laser polarization. Experimentally, the molecules are exposed to two laser pulses with a relative time delay. The first, weaker pulse induces a nuclear rotational wave packet within each molecule such that the ensemble exhibits preferential alignment in the laboratory frame at specific times. The second, stronger pulse induces ionization, and the variation in single and double ionization yields is measured as a function of the delay between the two pulses. The angular dependence of the ionization yield is extracted by fitting the delay-dependent yields to a sum of delay-dependent moments of the rotational wave packet's angular distribution. We compute these same angular-dependent strong-field ionization yields for OCS using time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT). For the single-ionization case, our measurements agree well with TDDFT calculations and with previous experiments. Furthermore, analysis of the simulated one-body density reveals that, when averaged over a laser cycle, the resulting hole is delocalized across the molecule for light polarized perpendicular to the molecular axis and mostly localized on the sulfur for parallel polarization. This suggests that preferential molecular alignment is a key parameter for controlling charge migration dynamics initiated by strong-field ionization. For double ionization, the agreement between experiment and theory is less compelling, reflecting the substantial challenges of computing double-ionization yields using TDDFT methods.
A First Millennium A.D. Vegetation History from the Crystal River Site (8CI1), Florida

AbstractWhile seldom integrated within coastal archaeological research in Southeastern North America, vegetation histories derived from palynological data offer valuable records of ancient landscap...
Experimental and numerical investigation of torsion fatigue of a nickel-based alloy at elevated temperature

Abstract The objectives of this investigation were to measure high cycle torsional fatigue properties of Inconel 617 at elevated temperature of 850 °C in atmospheric conditions. An MTS torsional fatigue test rig was modified with customized mechanical grips and cooling fins and used to obtain the stress-cycle results of Inconel 617 at the elevated temperature. Post inspection and evaluation of the cracks on the specimens in high cycle regime demonstrated that initiation occurred due to shear followed by normal stress for the propagation. In order to achieve the objectives of analytical aspects of this investigation, a 3D elastic-plastic finite element model was developed to examine the torsional fatigue damage in Inconel 617 material at high temperatures. Continuum damage mechanics was utilized to model material degradation during the torsional fatigue process. Voronoi tessellation was used to represent the material grains and intergranular failure was coupled with the continuum damage mechanics criterion to model the material degradation during the fatigue process. The effects of material plasticity were included by incorporating Mises based plasticity with kinematic hardening approach. The stress and accumulated plastic strain-based damage law were incorporated in the model for the fatigue initiation and propagation. The numerical model predicts fatigue lives and crack growth which corroborate well with the high-temperature torsional fatigue experiments.
A CASE OF ACUTE, SEVERE MITRAL REGURGITATION AND STENOSIS SECONDARY TO VASCULAR PLUG EMBOLIZATION

Vascular plugs are increasingly used for paravalvular leak (PVL) and ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Management of plug embolization is challenging. A 31-year-old man with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome presented with palpitations. He had prior endocarditis and mechanical MV replacement with anterolateral
Optimized mitral annuloplasty ring design reduces loading in the posterior annulus.

Abstract Objective The study objective was to develop a novel annuloplasty ring with regional flexibility and assess its suture force dynamics in healthy ovine subjects compared with fully rigid or fully flexible rings. Methods Materially heterogeneous rings were created with rigid anterior and posterior, and flexible commissural segments. These rings were created to match the geometry of the Profile 3D ring (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn). Each ring was instrumented with 10 force transducers to measure cyclic suture forces (FC) and undersized annuloplasty was performed in 6 healthy ovine subjects. Each FC was recorded and examined for cardiac cycles reaching a maximum left ventricular pressure of 100, 125, and 150 mm Hg. FC was compared with previously reported values from fully rigid Profile 3D and fully flexible prototype rings. Results Relative to the fully rigid ring, the heterogeneous ring exhibited 48% reduction in FC at its commissural (rigid vs heterogeneous: 1.80 ± 0.94 N vs 0.95 ± 0.52 N; P Conclusions The reduced FC of the heterogeneous ring relative to the fully rigid ring suggests a promising approach to reduce suture loading while preserving the annular remodeling capability of fully rigid rings. Future studies in diseased subjects are necessary to explore repair effectiveness of this ring.
Wide range of effective interventions in preschool-aged children with speech-sound disorders but with lower levels of evidence: Need higher-grade studies with stronger research designs1

Q What is the evidence for interventions of speech-sound disorders in preschool-aged children?Design: Systematic review (pre-registered with PROSPERO).Data sources: The review aimed to examine the ...
Temperature-Dependent Contact Resistance to Nonvolatile Memory Materials

Emerging nonvolatile memories store data by reversible resistive switching in phase-change materials or metal oxides. As memory cell dimensions are reduced to ~10-nm scale or below, electrical contacts can dominate the device behavior, yet are often poorly understood. Here, we study the contact resistance to memory materials Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), TiO2, and HfO2 with low-current and temperature-dependent measurements. We find that the contact resistivity varies over ten orders of magnitude depending on the material; contact resistivity to cubic GST is near $10^{-{2}} \Omega \cdot $ cm2 (~1000 times greater than the hexagonal GST) while that to HfO2 is as high as ${5} \times 10^{{5}} \Omega \cdot $ cm2 at room temperature. Contact resistivity decreases with increasing temperature and with increasing current density, the latter due to the non-Ohmic nature of the contacts. These results are important to understand the design, scaling, and behavior of nanoscale data storage devices.
Unraveling the mechanism of the hydrodeoxygenation of propionic acid over a Pt (1 1 1) surface in vapor and liquid phases

Abstract Microkinetic models based on first principles calculations have been developed for the vapor and liquid phase hydrodeoxygenation of propionic acid over a Pt (1 1 1) surface. Calculations suggest that decarboxylation does not occur at an appreciable rate. In the vapor phase, decarbonylation products, propanal and propanol are all produced at similar rates. However, in both liquid water and 1,4-dioxane, propanol and propanal are favored over decarbonylation products. While a condensed phase can shift the reaction rate and selectivity significantly, the dominant pathways towards the various products are hardly affected. Only for propanal production do we observe a shift in mechanism. At 473 K, the propionic acid conversion rate is increased by one order of magnitude in liquid 1,4-dioxane relative to the gas phase. In liquid water, the conversion rate is similar to the vapor phase since adsorbed propionic acid blocks a large fraction of the surface sites.
Use of Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA for Assessment of Allograft Injury in Kidney Transplant Recipients During the Time of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

Abstract Background Kidney allograft biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of rejection. Under the current extraordinary circumstances of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), where social distancing is key to limiting the spread of the virus, the model used to provide care to transplant recipients has undergone a very rapid transformation. In the spirit of medical distancing, we have been using the donor-derived cell-free DNA test for screening for rejection. Methods This manuscript describes our experience with this approach between March 15th and May 20th, 2020. Results This test was obtained for-cause in 23 patients and for monitoring in 9 patients. Normal results aided in foregoing biopsy in 63% of the patients where the test was obtained in the outpatient setting. The test is neither 100% sensitive nor specific for rejection; however, when used in combination with the available clinical information, can be used for determining whether bringing in a transplant recipient into a medical facility is necessary. Conclusions In the event the COVID-19 becomes a long-term challenge for our community, non-invasive biomarkers such as the donor-derived cell-free DNA may become more relevant than ever in enhancing our ability to care for our transplant patients while maximizing the distancing measures.
Utilization, adherence, and outcomes of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate for recurrent spontaneous preterm birth prevention.

To describe the use of and adherence to 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC), explore factors associated with its utilization and adherence, and to investigate the outcomes of 17-OHPC in...
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study of ibrutinib plus rituximab in patients with previously untreated marginal zone lymphoma (MZL).

TPS7576Background: First-line treatment options for patients with MZL include single-agent immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or chemoimmunotherapy. While chemoimmunotherapy has a higher toxicity profile...
Expanding Our Understanding of Focal Concerns: Alternative Sentences, Race, and “Salvageability”

Research on when alternatives to incarceration are available – and for whom – is underdeveloped. In this study we introduce the concept of “salvageability” as a fourth focal concern guiding the dec...
The effect of income inequality on human capital inequality: Evidence from China

Abstract This paper studies the effect of income inequality on human capital inequality empirically across 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions of China during 1996-2018. Using a series of econometric approaches, including the two-way fixed-effect IV panel regression, we find that: (i) growing income inequality is associated with an expansion in human capital inequality, given all other things being equal, and (ii) increasing the growth rate of initial income, as an essential family resource to finance access to schooling, tends to weaken the positive effect of income inequality on human capital inequality. Our results are consistent with the existing theory, showing that impoverished households who have less family resources are more likely to be restrained from accessing better education opportunities under credit market imperfections. Moreover, our results are robust to alternative modeling specifications and estimation methods, including instrumental variables that address the problem of reverse causality arising from human capital inequality.
631 Deep, durable response to PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy in microsatellite-stable, tumor mutational burden-high colorectal cancer

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized care for a number of different cancer types. For colorectal cancer (CRC), a leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibition is a treatment option for certain subsets of patients. High microsatellite instability (MSI-H) tumors are immunogenic, and thus PD-1 inhibition is first-line treatment. Anti-PD-1 therapy is generally not utilized for microsatellite stable (MSS) patients. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is another predictive biomarker for immunotherapy response in all solid tumors. Here we present the case of a patient with MSS, TMB-H CRC resistant to multiple lines of chemotherapy, who responded to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Methods Case presentation. Results A 64-year-old man with a family history significant for colon cancer was diagnosed with colorectal cancer, revealed to be moderately differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma (stage IIIC) on biopsy. A tissue-based comprehensive genomic profiling of the cancer showed KRASG12D and ERBB2 amplification, microsatellite-stable, and TMB of 11mut/mB (FoundationOne). The patient progressed on multiple lines of therapy with multiple metastatic sites, and was briefly put under home hospice with diffuse abdominal pain and weight loss. The patient was started on pembrolizumab monotherapy, around 3.5 years after initial presentation. After five months on pembrolizumab, imaging showed significant improvement in pulmonary, hepatic, adrenal, and retroperitoneal metastases and the patient demonstrated partial response to treatment according to RECIST 1.1 criteria. The patient9s carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels had decreased from 45 ng/mL at treatment initiation to 2.8 ng/mL, and ctDNA analysis showed a blood TMB decrease from 31.58 mut/mB at treatment initiation to .96 mut/mB (figure 1), accompanied by decreases in the variant allele frequencies of the five most prevalent variants at the time of treatment initiation (Guardant 360). The patient9s pain had nearly resolved by this point and pain medications were tapered off. Conclusions This case demonstrates the existence of a subset of CRC patients who are MSS but TMB-H and may respond to immune checkpoint blockade. Comprehensive genomic profiling must be utilized in order to not miss this subset of patients. The mechanism of response in this subset of patients is unknown but warrants further exploration. Further studies should clarify the mechanism and likelihood of response to immunotherapy in MSS, TMB-H CRC patients, as this is critical to providing effective treatment for this subset. Consent Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this abstract and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.
Constraints in the interpretation of dynamic images of metabolic events

The processes of delivery of substrates to the cells of an organ begin with the local flows, followed by permeation of the capillary membrane, diffusion through the interstitial fluid space, and transport across the sarcolemma. After this the intercellular events such as reaction, binding, or sequestration can occur. The question to be discussed is whether a specific component of the system, such as transsarcolemmal transport, or an intracellular metabolic rate, can be characterized quantitatively with reasonable accuracy from a particular type of experiment.
Mitochondrial dynamics. fusion and division

Publisher Summary Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously fuse and divide in highly regulated manners. These activities control number, distribution, and morphology of mitochondria in the cell, and therefore play important roles for diverse mitochondrial functions such as energy production, metabolism, intracellular signaling, and apoptosis. Several neurodegenerative diseases are found to be defective in mitochondrial dynamics, illustrating the importance of these processes for human health. Recent studies have identified key components required for mitochondrial fusion and division, including three dynamin related GTPases, mitofusin (Fzo1p in yeast) and OPA1 (Mgm1p in yeast) for fusion, and Drp1 (Dnm1p in yeast) for division. This chapter describes the phenomena of mitochondrial fusion and mitochondrial division, both of which involve GTPases in a significant role. Finally, it suggests that mitochondria exhibit antagonistic activities of membrane fusion and division, and a balance between these two activities is a key mechanism in the regulation of mitochondrial structure and function. Several components involved in these dynamic processes have been identified. A complete understanding of mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dynamics as well as their physiological roles in different tissues where unique mitochondrial morphologies are taken awaits further studies.
Information Policy and the Internet.

Abstract The development of an infrastructure of computer networks based on the present Internet is creating a versatile new environment for the dissemination of public information. At the same time, a new consensus on how information developed by the federal government should be disseminated suggests that government information, in its original form and as enhanced by the private sector, will be a driving force in expanding use of computer networks. These factors, along with the automation of agency information resources management, will blur the distinction between dissemination of information and access to information under the Freedom of Information Act. There is potential for closer communication between agencies and their public; however, intermediaries such as GPO and NTIS face an uncertain future.
An Improved Contact Algorithm for Multi‐Material Continuum Codes

Realistic and accurate modeling of contact in the presence of large deformations and severe distortions is beset with many computational challenges. Relevant applications where this situation arises include vehicle crash dynamics, ballistic penetration and perforation, structure-blast interaction, warhead fracture and fragmentation, and orbital debris impact. The natural framework for description of surfaces afforded by Lagrangian finite element methods makes it the method of choice for many applications in this class. However, the large distortions often result in elements that develop large aspect ratios, twist, or even invert; making the application of traditional finite element approaches impossible in many cases. Due to this deficiency, Eulerian and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) methods have become popular, particularly in the last decade. The tradeoff with Eulerian or ALE approaches is the added complexity associated with permitting multiple materials to occupy a single finite element. One of the difficulties associated with allowing multiple materials in a single element is satisfying contact constraints at the interface between the materials. Historically this problem has been ignored by replacing the materials present in the element with an equivalent single material. The heuristic techniques applied to determine the material properties of this fictitious material usually have little or nothing to do with contact and as a result, often result in unphysical behavior. A relatively new idea introduced by one of the authors [1,2] is to use distinct velocity fields for each material and satisfy contact inequality constraints approximately. No mixed-element thermodynamic or constitutive models are used in the formulation. Instead, the governing equations are solved for each material, with the appropriate inequality constraints applied at intermediate locations within the elements. What arises from this is a set of coupled equations that are approximated by an uncoupled, reduced form. Using an approximate form of the Lagrange multiplier method, these constraints are applied to the conservation equations. In recent work we have examined the influence of the uncoupling approximation on the fidelity of solutions obtained by this method. This was accomplished by comparing solutions to the fully coupled equations solved using an iterative approach. Results from this development will be presented in
Autologous versus allogeneic transfusions: no difference in perioperative outcome after partial hepatectomy. Autologous transfusion on hepatectomy outcome.

Blood transfusion is often necessary in patients undergoing liver resection. Because of the risks associated with allogeneic blood products, preoperative autologous blood donation has been advocated, but its benefit with respect to perioperative outcome remains unclear. This study compares perioperative outcome in patients transfused only with autologous blood to a matched cohort receiving only allogeneic blood. All patients subjected to hepatic resection and given only perioperative autologous red cell transfusions were identified from a prospective database of 2,123 patients and reviewed retrospectively. This group was matched to patients transfused only with a comparable number of allogeneic red cell units and to a control group that received no blood products. All patients in the autologous or allogeneic group received either 1 or 2 U. Matching was based on age, comorbidity, extent of hepatic resection, and estimated blood loss. Matched pair analysis was performed using the paired t test, McNemar and Stuart–Maxwell tests. From December 1991 to May 2003, 124 patients undergoing hepatic resection received perioperative autologous blood only, for which optimal matching was possible in 104. The groups were similar with respect to age, comorbidities, and blood loss; the proportions receiving preoperative chemotherapy, requiring a major resection (≥3 segments) or a complex procedure (concomitant major procedure in addition to the principal hepatic resection) were also similar. There were no differences between the autologous and allogeneic groups in length of hospitalization, complications, and operative mortality. In patients undergoing hepatic resection, autologous blood transfusion did not demonstrably improve perioperative outcome when compared to a matched cohort of patients receiving a similar number of allogeneic units.
Chronic morphine and HIV-1 Tat promote differential central nervous system trafficking of CD3+ and Ly6C+ immune cells in a murine Streptococcus pneumoniae infection model

Persistent systemic infection results in excessive trafficking of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS), thereby contributing to sustained neuroinflammation that leads to neurocognitive deficits. In this study, we explored the role of opportunistic systemic infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae in the recruitment of peripheral leukocytes into the CNS and its contribution to HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders in opioid-dependent individuals. Wild-type B6CBAF1 (wt), μ-opioid receptor knockout (MORKO), FVB/N luciferase transgenic, and Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 knockout (TLR2KO and TLR4KO) mice were subcutaneously implanted with morphine/placebo pellet followed by HIV-1 Transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein injection intravenously and S. pneumoniae administration intraperitoneally. On postoperative day 5, brains perfused with phosphate-buffered saline were harvested and subjected to immunohistochemistry (for bacterial trafficking and chemokine ligand generation), flow cytometry (for phenotypic characterization of CNS trafficked immune cells), Western blot, and real-time PCR (for ligand expression). Our results show differential leukocyte trafficking of T lymphocytes (CD3+) and inflammatory monocytes (Ly6C+) into the CNS of mice treated with morphine, HIV-1 Tat, and/or S. pneumoniae. In addition, we demonstrate a Trojan horse mechanism for bacterial dissemination across the blood-brain barrier into the CNS by monocytes. Activation of TLRs on microglia induced a chemokine gradient that facilitated receptor-dependent trafficking of peripheral immune cells into the CNS. HIV-1 Tat induced trafficking of Ly6C+ and CD3+ cells into the CNS; infection with S. pneumoniae facilitated infiltration of only T lymphocytes into the CNS. We also observed differential chemokine secretion in the CNS, with CCL5 being the predominant chemokine following HIV-1 Tat treatment, which was potentiated further with morphine. S. pneumoniae alone led to preferential induction of CXCL12. Furthermore, we attributed a regulatory role for TLRs in the chemokine-mediated trafficking of leukocytes into the CNS. Chronic morphine and HIV-1 Tat, in the context of systemic S. pneumoniae co-infection, differentially modulated induction of TLR2/4, which consequently facilitated trafficking of TLR2 → CD3 + CCR5+ and TLR4 → Ly6C+(CCR5+/CXCR4+) immune cells into the CNS. Our murine study suggests that secondary infection in opioid-dependent individuals infected with HIV-1 augments peripheral leukocyte trafficking as a consequence of sustained chemokine gradients in the CNS.
La identidad profesional de la enfermería: un análisis cualitativo de la enfermería en Valparaíso (1933-2010)

Objective: The study is designed to arrive at an understanding of how the professional identity of nursing in Valparaiso, Chile evolved during the period from 1933 to 2010. Materials and Methods: A qualitative design was used, supplemented with documentary analysis supported by Atlas TI qualitative analysis software. Seventeen (17) in-depth interviews were conducted with nurses who were active professionally during different eras of nursing in Valparaiso, which were divided into three periods spanning from 1933 to 2010. Results: The data show the identity of nursing has evolved from a role characterized by a selfless vocation in economic terms, coupled with an interest in unconditionally helping others, to a new phase that continues to involve a vocation to serve, but now from the standpoint of more professional and complex service. Conclusions: The results show that nursing, like modern societies, is characterized by growing individualism and the complexity of its processes, an intensification of personal responsibility and the multiple tasks of nurses stimulated by scientific and academic development of the profession.
The Pediatric Esophagus

A child’s feeding and swallowing problems can have anatomic and functional causes that are congenital (due to embryologic malformations), or can be acquired after birth. The anatomy of the upper GI tract is uniquely demonstrable on imaging. The radiologist is a key member of the team that diagnoses and cares for these children.
Pilot study of the suitability of dorsal vulval skin as a transposition flap: vascular anatomic study and clinical application.

Objective To identify the blood supply to the vulval fold and adjacent skin, and evaluate it as a transposition flap for closing perineal wounds in dogs. Study Design Prospective study. Animals or Sample Population Five female canine cadavers and 2 cases referred for excision of mast cell tumors adjacent to the vulva. Methods Dissection was performed to identify the vascular supply to the vulval fold in two cadavers following arterial injection of red latex and methylene blue, respectively. In three cadavers, barium sulfate mixed 1:1 with water was injected into the terminal aorta. The vulval fold and surrounding perineal skin was excised and radiographed. Transposition flaps using the vulval fold and adjacent skin were used to close skin defects in two dogs presented for wide excision of mast cell tumors situated ventro-lateral and dorso-lateral to the vulva, respectively. Results The vulval fold and adjacent skin was perfused bilaterally by branches of the ventral perineal and external pudendal arteries, which entered dorsally and ventrally, respectively. As incisions used to create a transposition flaps from the skin surrounding the vulval fold transect these vessels, the flap is dependent on the sub-dermal plexus for survival. There was 100% survival of transposition flaps in the 2 clinical cases and healing proceeded uneventfully with acceptable cosmetic and functional results. Conclusions The vulval fold and surrounding skin can be used as a subdermal plexus flap to close large perineal defects in dogs. Clinical Relevance Availability of a defined local skin flap will improve treatment of diseases resulting in large perineal skin defects in female dogs.
Effects of Sonication on Mature Rat Testes

Exposure of rat testes to high-frequency sound waves temporarily interrupted the spermatogenic process. Rats treated with 1 watt/sq cm for 10minutes exhibited a degeneration of advanced germinal cells and were incapable of impregnating females for 150days. Forty-eight hours after sonication, spermatocytes and spermatids developed irregular membranes and released their contents into the interstitium. Spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells appeared normal, and no genetic anomalies could be detected in the progeny of treated animals. It was hypothesized that the reduction in sperm count was due to changes in membrane permeability which produced conditions unfavorable to maturation of testicular cells.
Hispanic Women Entrepreneurs: Human Capital, Financial Capital, And Network Structure Relationships

In this paper, Hispanic women entrepreneurs are examined through a variety of perspectives. First, the analysis presented is an overview of miscellaneous characteristics, including financial information, age and marital status. The analysis continues with a look at the relationships between human capital, financial capital and network structures for the Hispanic women entrepreneurs. The study thus serves three purposes. First, it explores in depth areas of women entrepreneurship that are not always given an extensive focus; namely human capital and network structures. Second, it delineates how these dimensions are measured and are related to each other. Finally, it adds to the limited body of research on Hispanic women entrepreneurs, providing additional illumination for this sector.
New brain death guidelines in children: Further confusion

Virtually the only reason brain death criteria are needed for children is for organs transplantation. We do not need to diagnose brain death to terminate care, to discontinue ventilator support, or to withhold further medical interventions. For these decisions we have the long tradition of doing what is best for the child (and family), which was reaffirmed by the recent Baby Doe regulations.1 To paraphrase these regulations: It is not medical neglect to withhold medically indicated treatment when, in the treating physician9s reasonable medical judgement, the infant is (1) chronically and irreversibly comatose, (2) treatment could only prolong dying and not be effective in ameliorating or correcting all of the infant9s life-threatening conditions, or (3) would be futile or virtually futile.
Comparison and evaluation of chemically speciated mobile source PM2.5 particulate matter profiles.

Mobile sources are significant contributors to ambient PM2.5, accounting for 50% or more of the total observed levels in some locations. One of the important methods for resolving the mobile source contribution is through chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor modeling. CMB requires chemically speciated source profiles with known uncertainty to ensure accurate source contribution estimates. Mobile source PM profiles are available from various sources and are generally in the form of weight fraction by chemical species. The weight fraction format is commonly used, since it is required for input into the CMB receptor model. This paper examines the similarities and differences in mobile source PM2.5 profiles that contain data for elements, ions, elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), and in some cases speciated organics (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]), drawn from four different sources. Notable characteristics of the mass fraction data include variability (relative contributions of elements and ions) among supposedly similar sources and a wide range of average EC:OC ratios (0.60 +/- 0.53 to 1.42 +/- 2.99) for light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs), indicating significant EC emissions from LDGVs in some cases. For diesel vehicles, average EC:OC ratios range from 1.09 +/- 2.66 to 3.54 +/- 3.07. That different populations of the same class of emitters can show considerable variability suggests caution should be exercised when selecting and using profiles in source apportionment studies.
COAGULATION CASCADE | Factor V

Blood coagulation factor X (fX) is a vitamin-K dependent serine protease zymogen synthesized in the liver and present in the circulation as a glycosylated, two-chain, disulfide-linked molecule. Activation of fX occurs via limited proteolysis at a single site to release a small 52 amino acid-activation peptide. This reaction is catalyzed by either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation and requires ionic calcium as well as anionic phospholipid exposed on activated platelets or damaged cell surfaces. The activated fX that is generated, fXa, is an active serine protease and displays high homology to the trypsin family of serine proteases. FXa is involved in propagation of the coagulant response as well as in cell signaling pathways linked with the inflammatory response. The procoagulant activity of fXa requires calcium and anionic phospholipid, enabling fXa to bind to its nonenzymatic protein cofactor fVa (activated fV) and activate prothrombin to generate α-thrombin. FXa can also enhance its own generation and activity via positive feedback activation of fVII and fVIII, as well as activation of fV. The cell-signaling function of fXa does not require fVa but requires a viable enzyme active site for binding to effector cell protease receptor-1 (EPR-1) or activation of protease-activated receptors PAR-1 and PAR-2. Unregulated activation or activity of fX/fXa in the lung is associated with the development of pulmonary fibrosis and the inflammatory response observed in acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Nitrogen fertilisation and light effects on growth and photosynthesis of lodgepole pine seedlings

SUMMARY Seedlings of Pinus contorta were grown for 16 wk without ectomycorrhizas in the greenhouse at three levels of irradiance (100, 210 and 470 μEm-2s-1) and three levels of ammonium nitrate (3, 62 and 248 mg litre-1 of N). Measurements at 5, 10 and 16 wk of age indicated that plants receiving the highest levels of irradiance and nitrogen had significantly larger biomass, a higher total foliar N and P content and net photosynthesis per unit leaf area than those at lower levels of each factor. Although the root/shoot ratio also increased from low to high irradiance at each harvest, nitrogen application resulted in an increased ratio from 3 to 62 mg litre-1 N, but decreased ratio at 248 mg litre-1 N.
HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY AND INFERTILITY.

Gas insufflation of the uterus and fallopian tubes was first performed by the author in 1920. Peterson and Cron in 1923 reported 13 pregnancies in 36 infertile couples, and in 1930, the author reported 10 pregnancies in 53 infertile couples. At this period, the writer became interested in the more exact diagnostic procedure of filling the uterine cavity and tubes with radio-opaque oil, and found that this was also of great diagnostic and therapeutic value.
α‐Adrenoceptors of aortae from genetically hypertensive rats: reaction with 2‐halogenoethylamines

The responses of aortic rings from adult spontaneously hypertensive and Carworth normotensive Wistar rats to noradrenaline were compared. The former developed slightly more tension at low, and markedly less tension at high concentrations (> 10−8m) of noradrenaline. The α-adrenoceptors of these tissues were probed using 2-halogenoethylamines to compare quantitatively α-adrenoceptors in normotensive and hypertensive tissue. The kinetics of the recovery of response to noradrenaline from the short-lived antagonism produced by NN-dimethyl-2-bromo-2-phenylethylamine were identical in aortae from both strains of rat. The rate of recovery of response was the same as the rate of loss of tritium from the tissues, suggesting the absence of spare receptors in rat aorta. An estimation of the number of α-adrenoceptors in aortic tissue did not show a difference between normotensive and hypertensive tissues. Evidence is presented that 2-halogenoethylamines react at two kinetically distinguishable sites in rat aorta. The rates of return of response to noradrenaline after receptor blockade with N-(2-bromoethyl)-N-ethyl-N-1-naphthylmethylamine (SY-28) in tissues pretreated with NN-dimethyl-2-bromo-2-phenylethylamine were the same in aortic smooth muscle from both strains of rat. No significant difference was found in the reactions of 2-halogenoethylamine α-adrenoceptor antagonists in aortic tissue from either strain of rat.
Chronology and dynamics of Later Stone Age herders in the upper Seacow River valley, South Africa

Abstract The prehistory of sheep and cattle herding in South Africa's semi-arid Karoo region remains poorly documented. Yet the upper Karoo plays a key gateway role in one competing model of pastoralist expansion into the extreme south of the continent. Direct-dated prehistoric livestock remains from local rock shelters are too few to build an adequate chronology. An alternative is the direct dating of fiber temper in potsherds collected at livestock enclosures (kraals) built of low, dry-stone walling. Seventeen such 14 C dates are reported, along with comparable thermoluminescence dates including three from pottery associated with Khoekhoe pastoralists in the ethnohistoric record. The earliest dated kraal in the upper Seacow valley is ∼Cal AD 1000 and the youngest is ∼Cal AD 1750, so it is likely that all of them are of pre-European (∼AD 1780) date. There was a continuous herder presence, buffered by local Bushman hunter-foragers who also took up herding but retained their own ceramic tradition. The dates are spread too thinly to verify gaps in the record that might signal short-term collapses in herding practice, like the one that preceded the Dutch trekboer invasion. Resident foragers first made fiber-tempered pottery here a full millennium before the advent of herding.
Maskability of visual targets varying in brightness contrast

Duration thresholds of visual targets varying in brightness contrast were measured under backward masking and nonmasking conditions. As expected, thresholds varied as a function of target contrast in the nonmasking condition; thresholds were elevated for all targets in the masking condition. These results bear on the interpretation of a previously reported finding that targets with increasing numbers of internal contours were both increasingly hard to detect and hard to mask. The attribution of that finding to mechanisms underlying contour interaction continues to be worthy of consideration: in particular, the previous results do not reflect a general relation between target detectability and target maskability.
New Opioid Formulations and Delivery Systems

Abstract With the exception of tramadol, there have been no new opioid compounds added to the pain management armamentarium in the last 15 to 20 years. Yet, an array of new drug formulations and delivery systems have been developed that may help further individualize analgesic regimens for those patients who have acute and chronic pain. It is important to be aware of the full range of analgesic options available to best address a patient’s specific needs. Until recently, pain management pharmacotherapies were primarily limited to short-acting opioid formulations or only those opioids with inherently longer durations of action. The development of technologies that can control the release and slow absorption of a drug to provide an extended duration of action has led to significant potential benefits for patients with chronic pain who require continuous around-the-clock analgesia. Drugs with the lowest side effect profile for each individual and a formulation that best matches the pattern of pain should be given preference. An understanding of the indications, contraindications, onset, peak, and duration of action of specific drug formulations and delivery systems, as well as differences in individual opioids, is essential for providing effective pain control. Nurses play a pivotal role in counseling and patient education, as well as the ongoing reassessments to check how the patient is actually taking the medicine, the effectiveness of the agent, and the side effects. It is critical that nurses keep up to date with information on emerging formulations and opioid delivery technologies to administer safe and effective analgesia.
Expression of the sodium channel Nav1.2 in chemically identified myenteric neurons in the guinea pig

Our purpose was to identify Nav1.2-expressing myenteric neurons of the small and large intestine of the guinea pig by using antibodies directed against Nav1.2 and selected neurochemical markers. Nav1.2-like immunoreactivity (-li) co-localized with immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase in all regions, representing 45%–67% of Nav1.2-positive neurons. Nav1.2-li co-localized with immunoreactivity for the neural form of nitric oxide synthase more frequently in the colon (20% of neurons exhibiting Nav1.2-li) than in the ileum (8%). Co-localization of Nav1.2-li with immunoreactivity for a form of neurofilament (NF145) was infrequently observed in the ileum and colon. Enkephalin-immunoreactive cell bodies co-localized with Nav1.2-li in all regions. Few myenteric cell bodies immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y were observed in the ileum, but all co-localized with Nav1.2-li. This and our previous data suggest that Nav1.2 is widely expressed within the guinea pig enteric nervous system, including the three main classes of myenteric neurons (sensory, motor, and interneurons), and is involved in both excitatory and inhibitory pathways. Notable exceptions include the excitatory motor neurons to the longitudinal smooth muscle, the ascending interneurons of the ileum, and the myenteric neurons immunoreactive for NF145, few of which are immunoreactive for Nav1.2.
Cytokinin activation of thiamine biosynthesis in tobacco callus cultures.

Bioassays of tissue extracts show that high (500-1000 mug/liter) kinetin concentrations which permit growth of tobacco callus cultures on media without added thiamine activate the biosynthesis of this vitamin by the tissues. Although the tissue concentration of thiamine may fall appreciably, it is maintained at a level adequate for survival and slow growth of the cultures, and there is a large net increase in total thiamine content per culture with time. In the second and subsequent passages of tissue on a thiamine free medium, growth is obtained only when high kinetin concentrations are maintained. Effective inhibition of growth by antithiamines suggests that thiamine is utilized by the high-kinetin tissue.In the presence of low (30-100 mug/liter) kinetin concentrations, which would be optimal for growth in the presence of thiamine, growth only occurs early in the first passage of tissue from a medium with the vitamin to one without it. The thiamine concentration in the tissues falls to low levels, and no net biosynthesis is apparent. The tissues turn dark and die after 2 to 3 weeks. In contrast with this, in the absence of both added thiamine and kinetin no appreciable growth occurs, but the tissues keep their normal appearance, retain their thiamine content, and may stay alive for several weeks.
Effects of quasiparticle redistribution on the surface impedance of superconductors

Abstract Calculations of surface impedance of a thin film superconductor indicate a significant decrease, with increasing microwave power, due to quasiparticle redistribution. An expression for the microwave-to-film coupling is derived. The distribution function is solved self-consistently to avoid a singularity.
A hemeprotein implicated in oxygen transport into the eye of fish

Abstract 1. 1. Following occlusion of the circulation to the eye of bluefish a ferric hemeprotein (or proteins) appears in the blood plasma of the ophthalmic blood vessels. 2. 2. This protein may play a role in the establishment of elevated oxygen pressures by the choroid rete mirabile. 3. 3. A hemeprotein (or proteins) is occasionally found in the systemic blood plasma of Amia calva. It combines reversibly with oxygen and with carbon monoxide. Ligand binding is co-operative, suggesting that the protein has two or more interacting subunits. 4. 4. Ferrous bluefish and Amia hemeproteins exhibit hemochromogen spectra, indicating that the distal ligand position of the heme is occupied by a nitrogenous (or sulfurous) ligand.