cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-traumatic stress disorder in young children: a reaction to purported sexual abuse

Abstract This paper reviews systematically gathered data on a group of 10 young children, aged 2 to 6 years, who were evaluated and treated for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after reported sexual abuse in a daycare setting. These children developed symptoms consistent with a DSM-III-R classification of PTSD as well as Terr's descriptions of type II (repeated abuse) disorders. Discussion of Terr's classification is presented and, in addition, some significant sex differences are explored.
The Changing Risk Profile of the American Adolescent Smoker: Implications for Prevention Programs and Tobacco Interventions

Abstract Purpose To determine how the association between cigarette smoking and other risky behaviors, such as substance use, violence, and risky sexual practices, has changed between 1991 and 2003. Methods Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) from 1991 to 2003 were analyzed. For each cohort, logistic regression models controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, and school grade were used to describe the associations between smoking and other risky behaviors. Changes in the odds ratios over time were confirmed with a trend analysis. Results The strength of the relationship between smoking and other risky behaviors increased for lifetime number of sexual partners (1991 odds ratio [OR] 1.49; 2003 OR 1.61 ( p p p Conclusions Future prevention efforts and tobacco intervention programs should recognize that current adolescent smokers are even more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior, risky alcohol-related behaviors, and to not use a seatbelt or bicycle helmet than were adolescents in the early nineties.
Measurement errors in water vapor permeability of highly permeable, hydrophilic edible films

Abstract Water vapor transmission WVT of films is commonly measured using modifications of the ASTM E 96 Standard Method (‘cup method’). A stagnant air layer exists between the underside of the film mounted on the cup and the surface of the desiccant, saturated salt solution or distilled water contained in the cup. The method considers the air gap resistance to be negligible to water vapor transport. When high water vapor-transmitting hydrophilic edible films are measured with the cup method, the resistance of the stagnant air layer can be significant and, if neglected, can lead to underestimation of water vapor transmission rates. Equations were presented in this study to correct WVT data for the air gap resistance. For both a methylcellulose and a corn zein film, water vapor permeabilities measured with air gaps of 1·0 and 1·5 cm were statistically significantly (α = 0·05) different. Values corrected to account for air gap resistance were not statistically significantly (α = 0·05) different. Literature data on water vapor permeability of other hydrophilic edible films were corrected to account for the air layer resistance. Underestimation of actual values ranged between 5 and 46%.
Major Perioperative Morbidity Does Not Affect Long-Term Survival in Patients Undergoing Esophagectomy for Cancer of the Esophagus or Gastroesophageal Junction

Introduction The incidence of cancer of the esophagus/GE junction is dramatically increasing but continues to have a dismal prognosis. Esophagectomy provides the best opportunity for long-term cure but is hampered by increased rates of perioperative morbidity. We reviewed our large institutional experience to evaluate the impact of postoperative complications on the long-term survival of patients undergoing resection for curative intent.
Ameloblastic carcinoma ex ameloblastoma of the mandible with malignancy-associated hypercalcemia

Ameloblastoma is a rare, locally destructive, benign neoplasm of the jawbones, which arises from epithelium derived from the epithelial components of the developing tooth. Ameloblastic carcinoma is the term used to designate any ameloblastoma in which there is histologic evidence of malignancy in the primary tumor, regardless of whether it has metastasized. Most ameloblastic carcinomas are presumed to have arisen de novo, with few cases of malignant transformation of ameloblastoma being apparent. Hypercalcemia is the most common metabolic complication of malignancy. Although malignancy-associated hypercalcemia is often reported in association with other malignancies, it is exceedingly unusual in association with ameloblastoma, malignant ameloblastoma, or ameloblastic carcinoma. We describe a patient with multiple recurrences of ameloblastoma, with subsequent malignant transformation presenting with malignancy-associated hypercalcemia.
Nonlinear aeroelastic system identification with application to experimental data

Representation and identification of a nonlinear aeroelastic pitch-plunge system as a model of the NARMAX class is considered. A nonlinear difference equation describing this aircraft model is derived theoretically and shown to be of the NARMAX form. Identification methods for NARMAX models are applied to aeroelastic dynamics and their properties demonstrated via continuous-time simulations of experimental conditions. Simulation results show that 1) the outputs of the NARMAX model closely match those generated using continuous-time methods and 2) NARMAX identification methods applied to aeroelastic dynamics provide accurate discrete-time parameter estimates. Application of NARMAX identification to experimental pitch-plunge dynamics data gives a high percent fit for cross-validated data.
Mass loss from OB supergiants in X-ray binary systems.

A study of the atmospheres of OB supergiants in x-ray binary systems indicates that when the stellar surface is close enough to the saddle in the gravitational potential to provide a mass transfer rate adequate to power a compact x-ray source, large-amplitude variations in the rate of mass flow occur. 9 references. (auth)
Imprinted gene expression, transplantation medicine, and the “other” human embryonic stem cell

Two types of embryonic stem cells are potentially useful as sources of therapeutic material in transplantation medicine. One type (EG cells) is derived from primordial germ cells taken from the developing gonadal ridges of human fetuses. The other (ES cells) is derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage preimplantation embryos. Both types of human stem cells are capable of long-term culture and proliferation in an undifferentiated state, and both are pluripotent when differentiated in vitro , giving rise to a wide variety of cells from many different lineages. Recent work on mouse EG cells (1, 2) and ES cells (3, 4) has shown that stem cell-derived tissues and/or differentiated cells (i.e., the intended source of therapeutic material for transplantation) often fail to properly control the expression of imprinted genes (those genes that are expressed from only the maternal or only the paternal allele). Given the variety of imprinting-related developmental abnormalities observed in humans and experimental animals (reviewed in refs. 5 and 6), the possibility that imprinted gene expression might be dysregulated in stem cell-derived tissues raises a potentially serious problem for human stem cell transplantation therapy. This problem has been confronted, directly, by Onyango et al. (7) in this issue of PNAS. These investigators examined the expression of four imprinted genes { IGF2 , H19 , SNRPN , and TSSC5 [also called SLC22A1L (see the OMIM database, MIM 602631, 3/8/2002, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/)]} in differentiated cells derived from three human EG cell lines. They observed transcription of only (or predominately, in the case of IGF2 ) a single allele in all informative cases. Although the investigators were not permitted to determine whether the transcribed allele was the “correct” allele (i.e., maternal for H19 and TSSC5 , paternal for SNRPN and IGF2 ) under the terms of their Institutional Review Board approval, …
Sociological Theories of Low-Wage Work

This review addresses the use of sociological theories in the examination of low-wage work. Due to the vast volume of literature on this topic, only theories that help to explain the dynamics of low-wage work are described, along with the differences and controversies surrounding these theories. These theories are divided into four topic areas related to theories of work, racial and gender theories, immigration theories, and intersectionality theory. The theories of work include different models of wage determination, namely, functional, conflict, and structural models. The review concludes with a conceptual map that illustrates how these theories can inform and guide practice.
Evaluating the effect of training on perceptions of internal occupational status

Abstract As the hospitality community continues to grow into a leading national economical force, it is imperative that the industry investigate perceptions of occupational status and identify methods that positively change the negative perceptions of one of its most prevalent divisions, foodservice. Although there has been research in external perceptions of the hospitality industry, little has been done to evaluate internal perceptions of foodservice and what factors impact or change occupational status and self-esteem of employees. Subsequently, evaluating perceptions of internal occupational status has been an undeveloped area of research. In an attempt to address this issue, we have developed the Internal Occupational Status Questionnaire (IOSQ) and a methodology to evaluate the effect of training on the internal occupational status (IOS) perceptions of foodservice employees. This methodology employs a combination of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and Rosenberg's self-esteem Scale. Responses were analyzed using repeated-measures MANOVA and ANOVA models. An example of the use of this methodology is provided through an evaluation of the effect of the Air Force Services Technical Training School's Initial Foodservice Training Program on perceived IOS of 196 US Air Force Services personnel. Empirical findings suggest that the training methods under study do not increase positive personnel feelings of occupational status or self-esteem.
Tu commutativity for quasilinear evolution equations

Abstract A certain class of quasilinear evolution equations is shown to have the Tu commutativity property: two flows commute if they commute with a third flow in the class. The hamiltonian structure of these equations is also discussed.
The SUPPORT Project and Improving Care for Seriously III Patients

To the Editor. —The similarity between the SUPPORT 1 intervention and the way many hospitals responded to the Patient Self-determination Act (PSDA) is striking. 2 Many hospitals' PSDA policies use clerks, nurses, social workers, and other nonphysician staff to promote advance directive use, often without significant impact. Physicians remain disengaged from these PSDA efforts. The advance directive effort appears to be tolerated by physicians almost because they expect it to have little impact on their usual practice. Likewise, the SUPPORT intervention used computer models, written materials for the medical record, and nurse specialists. Despite the participating physicians' willingness to be part of SUPPORT, I wonder if they simply tolerated the intervention because it did not interfere too much with existing practice, rather than being committed to improving the designated outcomes. It would be interesting to have had a measure that reflected the extent to which participating physicians embraced the notion
Inhibitory effect of guinea pig serum on a number of new leukaemias in mice.

SOME years ago Kidd observed that certain transplanted leukaemias of mice and rats are strongly suppressed by guinea pig serum1,2. Even established growths of the lymphoma 6C3HED, for example, could be completely aborted by the administration of guinea pig serum.
Disparities among US states in HIV-related mortality in persons with HIV infection, 2001-2007.

OBJECTIVE To examine interstate variation in US HIV case-fatality rates, and compare them with corresponding conventional HIV death rates. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis using data on deaths due to HIV infection from the National Vital Statistics System and data on persons 15 years or older living with HIV infection in 2001-2007 in 37 US states from the national HIV/AIDS Reporting System. METHODS State rankings by age-adjusted HIV case-fatality rates (with HIV-infected population denominators) were compared with rankings by conventional death rates (with general population denominators). Negative binomial regression determined case-fatality rate ratios among states, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, year, and state-level markers of late HIV diagnosis. RESULTS On the basis of 3,096,729 HIV-infected person-years, the overall HIV case-fatality rate was 20.6 per 1000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 20.3-20.9]. Age-adjusted rates by state ranged from 9.6 (95% CI 6.8-12.4) in Idaho to 32.9 (95% CI 29.8-36.0) in Mississippi, demonstrating significant differences across states, even after adjusting for race/ethnicity (P < 0.0001). Many states with low conventional death rates had high case-fatality rates. Nine of the 10 states with the highest case-fatality rates were located in the southern United States. CONCLUSION Case-fatality rates complement and are not entirely concordant with conventional death rates. Interstate differences in these rates may reflect differences in secondary and tertiary prevention of HIV-related mortality among infected persons. These data suggest that state-specific contextual barriers to care may impede improvements in quality and disparities of healthcare without targeted interventions.
Emergence of Parasites Associated with the Cabbage Aphid During a Chemical-Control Program

The mortality of adult parasitic Hymenoptera caused by carbaryl, a contact insecticide, is extremely high (Bartlett 1963, Stern 1963). However, its effect on the immature stages is variable, because different species, depending on their larval habits and pupation sites, experience different degrees of exposure to insecticides. Host eggs do not protect Trichogramma semifumatum (Perkins) larvae from mortality caused by carbaryl applications (Stern 1963). Getzin (1960) observed that Derostenus variipes Crawford, a parasite of leafminers, was susceptible to certain insecticides in all developmental stages, while other species of parasites, which pupated in the soil, were afforded some protection.
Heavy metal trends in floodplain sediments and valley fill, River Lahn, Germany

Abstract Sampling along the River Lahn, a major tributary to the River Rhine that flows through an agrarian region of west-central Germany, reveals that heavy metal pollution occurs outside major industrial regions and mined landscapes. Along a 60-km reach of the river between Marburg and Wetzlar, mean concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn at depths of 5 and 15 cm in four floodplain transects were greater than background levels. Concentrations declined sharply between 15 and 25 cm. Laterally, concentrations peaked at the bank top and in the near-channel zone of the floodplain. Beyond the near-channel zone (generally up to 100 m from the channel) concentrations were much less and fairly uniform to the valley wall. The clustering of metals close to the channel suggests that they are a fluvial rather than an eolian deposit. During floods of a moderate magnitude, sediments and attached metals are deposited soon after the river overtops its banks. Although the overall store of metals in the valley is less than that along the Rhine, near-channel metal concentrations are similar to those along rivers draining major industrial and mined areas.
Association of posterior tibial tendon abnormalities with abnormal signal intensity in the sinus tarsi on MR imaging.

Objective. To evaluate the association of abnormal signal intensity within the sinus tarsi with abnormalities of the posterior tibial tendon (PTT) on MR imaging. Design and patients. Sinus tarsi abnormalities were identified on 30 ankle MR examinations in 29 patients. The PTT and anterior talofibular ligament were retrospectively analyzed for abnormalities in these same patients. Results and conclusions. Tears of the anterior talofibular ligament were found in 13 of 30 (43%) ankles. PTT abnormalities (complete tear, partial tear or dislocation) were seen in 14 of 30 (47%) studies, and were distributed relatively equally between those patients with and without lateral ligament tears. Our results provide evidence of an association between abnormalities of the PTT and the sinus tarsi. The finding of abnormal signal intensity within the sinus tarsi on MR imaging should alert the radiologist to potential abnormalities of the PTT.
How to narrow the residence time distribution of fluids in laminar flow in pipes

Abstract This study tested the effectiveness of different stirrer designs and stirring rates, both continuous and reciprocating, on narrowing the residence time
Latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap for elbow flexion

A technique is described for the simultaneous restoration of traumatic loss of elbow flexors and overlying skin by transferring the latissimus dorsi muscle on its neurovascular pedicle with an island of overlying soft tissue. The procedure is safe and is performed in a single stage, thereby accelerating rehabilitation time. It provides bulk, contour, and coverage for the vital structures in the brachium and results in minimal donor morbidity.
Reflections on the Papal Allocution Concerning Care for Persistent Vegetative State Patients

This article critically examines the recent papal allocution on patients in a persistent vegetative state with regard to the appropriate conditions for considering "reformable statements." In the first part of the article, the purpose and meaning of the allocution are assessed. O'Rourke concludes that give consideration of the individual patient's best interest, prolonging artificial nutrition and hydration is not, in every case, the best option. Although he stresses favorability for preservation of the life of the patient through artificial nutrition and hydration, costs and benefits to the patient should be weighed. Ultimately, he argues in favor of leaving the decision to the patient, his caregivers, and others immediately involved in the case.
Diffusional deposition of particles in a model alveolus

Abstract Particle deposition by Brownian diffusion in a lung model alveolus during breathing is studied numerically. The transient and steady-state fractional deposition are obtained for different particle sizes.
Surfactant Nebulisation during High Frequency Ventilation is Not Superior to Surfactant Instillation in Lung Lavaged Rabbits. 1491

Aim: Compare the effects of surfactant nebulisation and surfactant instillation during high frequency ventilation on lung function and surfactant distribution over the lungs.
Magnetic inhomogeneity in La-deficient manganate crystals

Abstract We present here, the results of an investigation of the intrinsic magnetic properties of high-quality lanthanum manganate crystals. Ferromagnetic resonance experiments show that the linewidth is small (∼100 Oe) and independent of temperature, key indications of magnetic homogeneity. The magnetization shows full alignment of the manganese spins; however, the magnetocrystalline anisotropy is not monotonic and displays an abrupt change near the ordering temperature. The results are discussed in terms of a two-phase model.
Religious Disputation and Democratic Constitutionalism: The Enduring Legacy of the Constitutional Revolution On the Struggle for Democracy in Iran

The key argument of this article is that the origins of today’s ideological conflict between Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Mir Hossein Mousavi can be traced back to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906–1911. One of the key disputes that emerged during this period was between a group of clerics and a coalition of constitutionalists who clashed over whether a council of religious experts should have veto power over parliamentary deliberations. While the constitutionalists prevailed in 1907 over their religious rivals in the short term, the ideological battle over this issue continued throughout the 20th century and resurfaced again after the Islamic Revolution in 1979. This time religious conservatives were victorious. They successfully wrote and passed a constitution where sovereignty was divided between religious clerics and the masses. If ever the two should clash, it was the clerics who had the final say. The present conflict in Iran today, in the aftermath of the disputed June 12, 2009 presidential election between conservatives and reformists, is rooted in this legacy of the unresolved ideological dispute over the proper location of political sovereignty that began in the early 20th century. Here I seek to explore these linkages between the past and the present and to comment on the internal struggle for democracy in Iran. The focus of this paper will be on the lessons for democratic theory that emerge from the conflict and tension between religion and politics in Iran. In particular, it will focus on lessons that can be drawn from debates over the moral basis of legitimate political authority and what role religion should play in emerging Muslim democratic polities.
A protocol comparison for the analysis of heat shock protein A1B +A1538G SNP.

Heat shock proteins act as molecular chaperones, assist in peptide maturation, and transport nascent peptides across membranes. One commonly studied single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for one of the proteins is HSPA1B (+A1538G). However, several studies of this polymorphism have failed to achieve Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for their sample. We compared various published procedures for analyzing the HSPA1B +A1538G SNP and report reasons for HWE discrepancies. Samples from 141 apparently healthy, physically active, volunteers (99 men and 42 women) were analyzed. The first protocol, initially described by Schroder et al., resulted in a genotypic distribution of 22 GG (15.6%), 119 AG (84.4%), and 0 AA; results were confirmed by reanalysis and sequencing. Two other published protocols, one described by Klausz et al. and another by Fekete et al., were used to confirm these results: both resulted in 22 GG (15.6%), 46 AA (32.6%), and 73 AG (51.7%). Additionally, the results were within HWE and confirmed by sequence analysis. Of the original 119 subjects genotyped as AG by the Schroder protocol, 46 of those were confirmed as AA with the Klausz and Fekete methods. Mixing primers from the Schroder and Klausz protocol resulted in 100% concordance with the data generated by the Klausz and Fekete protocols. Some published data on HSP genotyping deviate from HWE; thus, primers used for analyzing these highly homologous genes must be carefully considered. Our results highlight the importance of reinvestigating data when HWE is not achieved for the HSPA1B, or another, polymorphism.
Chronic ethanol and nicotine interaction on rat tissue antioxidant defense system

Ethanol consumption and cigarette smoking are common in societies worldwide and have been identified as injurious to human health. This study was undertaken to examine the interactive effects of chronic ethanol and nicotine consumption on the antioxidant defense system in different tissues of rat. Male Fisher-344 rats were divided into four groups of five animals each and treated for 6.5 weeks as follows: (1) Control rats were administered normal saline orally; (2) ethanol (20% [wt./vol.]) was given orally at a dose of 2 g/kg; (3) nicotine was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg; and (4) a combination of ethanol plus nicotine was administered by the route and at the dose described above. The animals were killed 20 h after the last treatment, and liver, lung, kidney, and testes were isolated and analyzed. Chronic ingestion of ethanol resulted in a significant depletion of glutathione (GSH) content in liver, lung, and testes, whereas chronic administration of nicotine significantly depleted GSH content in liver and testes. The combination of ethanol plus nicotine resulted in a significant depletion of GSH content in liver, lung, and testes. Ethanol, nicotine, or a combination of ethanol plus nicotine significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in liver and decreased SOD activity in kidney. Ethanol, nicotine, or a combination of ethanol plus nicotine significantly decreased catalase (CAT) activity in liver and increased CAT activity in kidney and testes. Chronic ingestion of ethanol resulted in a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in liver and kidney, whereas a combination of ethanol plus nicotine increased GSH-Px activity in liver and decreased GSH-Px activity in kidney and testes. Ethanol, nicotine, or a combination of ethanol plus nicotine significantly increased lipid peroxidation, respectively, in liver. It is suggested that prolonged exposure to ethanol and nicotine produce similar, and in some cases additive, oxidative tissue injuries in rat.
Drug-Induced Heat-Shock Preconditioning Improves Postischemic Ventricular Recovery After Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Background Heat-stress preconditioning of mammalian heart has been found to confer protection against ischemic reperfusion injury. Heat shock is generally provided by warming the animal by mechanical means, which is often impractical in a clinical setting. Amphetamine, a sympathomimetic drug, can elevate the body temperature as a result of enhanced endogenous lipolysis. In this study, we examined the effects of heat shock induced by amphetamine on postischemic myocardial recovery in a setting of coronary revascularization for acute myocardial infarction. Methods and Results Adult Yorkshire swine were injected with amphetamine (3 mg/kg IM) (n=12), and body temperature was continuously monitored. For control studies, the pigs were injected with saline (n=12). Five swine in each group were killed after 3 hours to obtain biopsies of vital organs to measure heat-shock protein (HSP) mRNAs. After 40 hours, the remaining 7 pigs in each group were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass, and the isolated, in situ heart p...
β-Adrenergic receptor-sensitive adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-monophosphate accumulation in homogenates of the rat corpus striatum. A comparison with the dopamine receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase☆

Abstract The conversion of newly formed [ 3 H]adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to [ 3 H]adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) was studied in osmotically shocked, crude synaptosomal fractions of the rat corpus striatum. Of the β-hydroxylated catecholamines tested, the potency of isoproterenol (Ec 50 about 0.01 μM) was greater than that of norepinephrine (Ec 50 about 1.0 μM). Stereoselectivity was displayed with the (−)isomer of isoproterenol being more potent that its (+)isomer. Of the non-β-hydroxylated catecholamines studied, N -isopropyldopamine demonstrated greater potency than dopamine, whereas apomorphine was inactive. No “additive stimulatory effect” was observed when dopamine was combined with a maximum effective concentration of isoproterenol. The β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, completely blocked both the dopamine- and norepinephrine-induced increases in cAMP formation. Properties characteristic of a β-type system were, likewise, exhibited by homogenates of both the cerebral cortex and hindbrain. Furthermore, the conversion to [ 3 H]cAMP was increased only slightly (about 16 per cent) by exposure to sodium fluoride, and the stimulatory response to isoproterenol was not altered significantly by high concentrations of ATP but was lost upon sonication of the tissues. In contrast, by assaying adenylate cyclase activity with a high saturating concentration of exogenous [ 3 H]ATP, striatal and cerebral cortical homogenates exhibited responses characteristic of a specific dopamine receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase. Sonication of tissues did not alter the stimulatory effect of dopamine, and sodium fluoride produced about a 2-fold stimulation of the adenylate cyclase activity. Thus, findings in osmotically shocked, crude synaptosomal fractions of the corpus striatum suggest that the paniculate component of adenylate cyclase, which utilizes exogenous ATP as substrate, exhibits properties characteristic of a dopamine receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase. In contrast, the membrane-enclosed, particulate component of adenylate cyclase, which utilizes endogenously synthesized ATP as substrate, conforms to criteria identified with a β-adrenoreceptor-linked adenylate cyclase.
Prevalence of Sarcocystis species sporocysts in Northern Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana)

A total of 206 Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) collected from the mid-Michigan region, United States, during a period extending from 1996 to 2002 were sampled for the presence of Sarcocystis spp sporocysts. All isolates were phenotypically identified as Sarcocystis spp and genotyped to the species level by PCR-based techniques. The overall prevalence of Sarcocystis spp in opossums was 18% (37/206). The prevalence of Sarcocystis spp differed significantly with age (P<0.001) and adult opossums were more commonly infected (14.6%; 30/206) than juveniles (3.4%; 7/206). No significant difference in the prevalence of Sarcocystis spp infection was observed between male and female (P<0.15). The highest prevalence was recorded during summer (9.2%; 19/206). PCR-RFLP analyses demonstrated the majority of Sarcocystis isolates to be S. neurona, with some animals co-infected with sporocysts of S. falcatula. Out of the 37 Sarcocystis-infected opossums, 23 (62%) had sporocysts of S. neurona only, four (11%) had sporocysts of S. falcatula only, and eight (22%) had a mixture of S. neurona and S. falcatula sporocysts. These findings indicate that mixed Sarcocystis infections in opossums are common. The propensity for Sarcocystis spp to co-exist in the opossum gut enhances dissemination and environmental contamination with these coccidia. Additionally, this increases the chance for sexual recombination between Sarcocystis spp, given the proclivity of these species to reproduce sexually at high numbers in the intestinal cells of their definitive host.
Using the quadruple helix to design strategies for the green economy

Abstract This paper introduces green sustainable resources to the traditional triple helix of industry, academia and government, revealing the impact of geographical clusters and factor endowments on green competitiveness in the global economy. More specifically, this paper evaluates how water-intensive nations develop additional competitive advantages in a green economy. This analysis demonstrates that abundant water resources will not warrant economic growth per se but that incorporating a resource like water into a green quadruple helix will provide the framework needed to design and expand water-intelligent economies. This may result in a new generation of green products, services, and technologies capable of stimulating the world economy.
Young children's understanding of the non-physical nature of thoughts and the physical nature of the brain

Two studies addressed pre-schoolers' understanding of the non-physical nature of thinking, as well as their understanding of the physical nature of the brain. Specifically, we considered whether young children understand that entities such as thought-about items are mental, not physical, versus the possibility that they think mental entities are physical but simply inaccessible. In addition, we considered the possibility that children may conceive of the brain, a physiological but mentally involved organ, as not physical, instead of the adult-like belief that the brain is physical. Mental entities were compared to real physical and inaccessible entities, namely swallowed items, and the brain was compared to the stomach. Study 1 showed that although correct responses increased with age, 3-year-olds, as well as 4- and 5-year-olds, clearly understood that the thought-about objects were not physically in the head, whereas swallowed objects were physically inside the body. Study 2 extended and replicated these results in another sample of 3-year-olds, using more stringent methods. Three-year-olds in both studies performed at chance in judging the brain as a physically present object, but both 4- and 5-year-olds understood that the brain, like the stomach, is a physical object inside the body.
Pendant arm length control of dimensionality in cobalt dipyridylamine coordination polymers containing meta-benzenedicarboxylate ligands

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded a pair of divalent cobalt coordination polymers containing meta-substituted benzenedicarboxylate and 4,4′-dipyridylamine (dpa) ligands, in which the length of the pendant arms on the anionic components dictates the overall dimensionality. [Co(1,3-phda)(dpa)(H2O)]n (1, 1,3-phda = 1,3-phenylenediacetate) possesses a ruffled (4,4) rhomboid grid 2-D layered structure with an 5-connected sqp supramolecular net. Use of a meta-substituted benzenedicarboxylate with shorter pendant arms generated {[Co(1,3-bdc)(dpa)]·3H2O}n (2, 1,3-bdc = 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate), which displays a 3-D network structure with 658 topology. Antiferromagnetic coupling, in conjunction with zero-field splitting, was evident across the supramolecular Co–O–H⋯O–Co patterns in 1 and the syn–syn bridged {Co(OCO)}2 dimeric units in 2.
Design, construction and operation of a simple inhalation exposure system

Abstract An inhalation exposure system was designed from an all glass aquarium with a volume of 391 liters. A top for the chamber was fabricated from acrylic plastic and Teflone (surface in contact with the test atmosphere) with an inlet, outlet, 5 sampling ports, and handles. Supply air to the chamber was charcoal and HEPA filtered. Air flow through the chamber is horizontal and can range from 50 to 200 liters/minute. Air flow is measured by a glass tube rotameter and regulated by polyvinyl chloride valves. Chamber air was HEPA and charcoal filtered prior to exhausting it to ambient air. The operating characteristics of this exposure system were assessed using test atmospheres of formaldehyde, chlorine, n-hexane and an aerosol of propylene glycol. Expressed as percent of a central sampling point the chamber concentrations of formaldehyde, chlorine and n-hexane ranged from 91.6% to 103.3% with an average of 97.9%. No differences in chamber distribution were noted at 78 or 130 liters/minute (corresponding to 12 and 20 chamber volumes/hour). For propylene glycol, the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) at a chamber air flow of 79 L/minute varied from 1.37 to 1.63 μm (σg range 1.34 to 1.43). Similar results were found at 130 liters/minute. During mass sampling a concentration gradient was found from the inlet to the outlet of the chamber and ranged from 55 to 99% (¯x = 78.5%) of the inlet concentration. This inhalation exposure system is very suitable for acute or sub-acute inhalation studies of gases or vapors but is only satisfactory for aerosols under certain operating conditions. It should prove to be particularly useful for laboratories wishing to set up a modest inhalation toxicology facility.
“However Long the Night, the Dawn Will Break”: Rebuilding a Shattered Art World in the New Liberia

By any metric or forecasting tool, now is one of the most challenging times in global history to promote a new National Arts Council, strategic art agenda, and policy framework for arts and cultura...
The Kinesin-8 Kif18A Dampens Microtubule Plus-End Dynamics

Motility is a fundamentally important property of most members of the kinesin superfamily, but a rare subset of kinesins are also able to alter microtubule dynamics. At kinetochore-microtubule plus ends, the kinesin-8 family member Kif18A is essential to align mitotic chromosomes at the spindle equator during cell division, but how it accomplishes this function is unclear. We report here that Kif18A is a plus-end-directed motor that inhibits the polymerization dynamics of microtubule plus ends without destabilizing them, distinguishing Kif18A from the budding yeast ortholog Kip3. In interphase cells, Kif18A uses this activity to reduce the overall dynamicity of microtubule plus ends and effectively constrains the distance over which plus ends grow and shrink. Our findings suggest that kinesin-8 family members have developed biochemically distinct activities throughout evolution and have implications for how Kif18A affects kinetochore-microtubule plus-end dynamics during mitosis in animal cells.
Identification of HLA-class-II-restricted epitopes of autoantigens in transgenic mice

Abstract The past year has seen a spate of research in the use of HLA transgenic mice in the identification of self antigens associated with autoimmunity. Dominant T cell determinants — and, in a few cases, B cell determinants — have been characterized in the context of disease-predisposing HLA DR and DQ genes for at least three prominent and devastating autoimmune diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Effects of supplier market orientation on distributor market orientation and the channel relationship: The distributor perspective

A strategy for easing the tensions facing suppliers and distributors in their channel relationships may be the adoption of market-oriented behaviors. The authors develop a model of likely effects a...
Stereochemical control in anionic polymerization of 2‐vinylpyridine and related vinyl monomers

The alkylation, silylation and other electrophilic reactions of 1-lithio-1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)butane (2a) in THF at −78°C leads to meso-like products that may be accounted for by intramolecular coordination of Li ion with the penultimate 2-pyridyl group. This is also demonstrated by proton-transfer equilibria between 1-lithio-2-ethylpyridine and 2a, allowing the determination of the ΔH and ΔS of intramolecular chelation in 2a. The ΔS of chelation is nearly zero, probably as a result of chelation-induced desolvation of Li ion. Surprisingly, however, the corresponding addition of 2-vinylpyridine to 2a and higher P2VPLi homologs in THF is not stereoselective. In toluene at −78°C the t-BuLi-initiated polymerization of 2-VP is actually somewhat syndiotactic (rr = 0·44). The presence in this polymerization of at least one equivalent of t-BuOLi or other tertiary ROLi surprisingly leads to isotactic P2VP. SEC viscometric and other studies indicate that both the P2VPLi– and P2VPLi–ROLi complexes are monomeric in toluene. The stereochemistry is apparently due to a 1 : 1 P2VPLi–ROLi complex that discriminates between the two pro-chiral faces of the anion by preferntial coordination of the (ROLi2) moiety to the meso-prochiral face. Isotactic-like addition now occurs by electrophilic attack of 2-VP that is syn with respect to the (ROLi2) ‘counter ion.’
Substituent effects on the reactivity of benzoquinone derivatives with thiols.

Benzoquinone (BQ) is an extremely potent electrophilic contact allergen that haptenates endogenous proteins through Michael addition (MA). It is also hypothesized that BQ may haptenate proteins via free radical formation. The objective of this study was to assess the inductive effects (activating and deactivating) of substituents on BQ reactivity and the mechanistic pathway of covalent binding to a nucleophilic thiol. The BQ binding of Cys34 on human serum albumin was studied, and for reactivity studies, nitrobenzenethiol (NBT) was used as a surrogate for protein binding of the BQ and benzoquinone derivatives (BQD). Stopped flow techniques were used to determine pseudofirst order rate constants (k) of methyl-, t-butyl-, and chlorine-substituted BQD reactions with NBT, whereas electron pair resonance (EPR) studies were performed to investigate the presence of the free radical mediated binding mechanism of BQD. Characterization of adducts was performed using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance ...
STRUCTURALLY PRESERVED PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN KENTUCKY: STAUROPTERIS BISERIATA SP. NOV.'

Several axes of the coenopterid fern Stauropteris are described from permineralized peat associated with Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian coal deposits of southeastern Kentucky. This represents the first documented report of the genus in North America. The specimens are regarded as representatives of a new species-S. biseriata-based on the distinctive branching habit. Three branch orders are described, and in each case, branches are singular and distichous, arranged in a two-ranked pattern. This is in contrast to other species of Stauropteris in which the branches are paired and form a quadriseriate pattern. A pair of vascularized aphlebiae subtend each branch through all branching orders. Aphlebiae associated with first- and secondorder branches are three-parted at the point of insertion; those that subtend third-order branches are singular. Stauropteris and a number of Devonian fern-like plants are compared on the basis of certain morphological similarities.
The Evolution of Law: The Roman System of Contracts

I have two aims in producing this paper. First, I wish to contribute to the general understanding of how and why law develops and explain the evolution of some very familiar legal institutions. Second, I wish to add to our knowledge of the history of Roman law, by producing a radically different view of the development of contracts, that is, I believe, both consistent with surviving textual data and plausible with regard to human behavior.
Non-ionic water-soluble “clickable” α-helical polypeptides: synthesis, characterization and side chain modification

A series of water-soluble non-ionic “clickable” polypeptides has been synthesized by organo-initiated ring-opening co-polymerization (ROP) of γ-propargyl-L-glutamic acid N-carboxyanhydride (PLG NCA) and N-e-2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetyl-L-lysine N-carboxyanhydride (EG2-LYS NCA). The pendant alkyne side groups can be modified with azido-containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactive moieties, producing polypeptide conjugates with good water solubility. Circular dichroism (CD) reveals that both the parent polypeptides and the modified polypeptide conjugates maintain high levels of α-helical conformations in aqueous solutions. A preliminary cell study indicated the cell binding peptide GRGDS (Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) modified copolymers are able to induce integrin-mediated cell adhesion.
Tissue Distribution of Erythropoietin (Epo) and its Receptor (Epo-R) in the Developing Human Fetus † 274

Tissue Distribution of Erythropoietin (Epo) and its Receptor (Epo-R) in the Developing Human Fetus † 274
The binding of copper ions to daunomycin and adriamycin

Using visible absorption, CD, 1H nmr, and epr spectroscopy, the Cu(II) binging properties of daunomycin, adriamycin, and N-trifluoroacetyl daunomycin in water and ethanol have been explored. The drugs form two water soluble complexes having Cu-drug stoichiometries of 1:1 and 1:2, and with apparent pKas of formation of 5.6 and 6.5, respectively. At pH values above ∼8, the drugs form insoluble polymeric complexes with Cu(II). Similar species are also observed in ethanol. The structure of the compounds have been interpreted in terms of binding of the deprotonated hydroxyquinone portion of the drug to the copper ion. No evidence for the binding of the amino group on daunosamine was found.
Improved Time Slotted OBS network architecture and a novel delay aware burst transmission algorithm to reduce the network data loss

In this paper we present a modified network architecture of Time-Slotted Optical Burst Switching (TSOBS), which shows improved performance in terms of lower packet transmission delay. Additionally, we present a novel delay aware burst transmission algorithm which has resulted in a lower data loss probability than the existing burst transmission approaches. Our performance results show lower data packets loss probability at different network traffic arrival rates.
Mapping Relationships: Examining Bibliographic Relationships in Sheet Maps from Tillett to RDA

This study presents a qualitative examination of the applicability of several taxonomies of bibliographic relationships to sheet maps. Examples of relationships between sheet maps are identified and typed using the systems developed by Tillett and Smiraglia and the taxonomy of relationships described in the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) conceptual model and in Resource Description and Access (RDA). This process reveals that while many of the relationship categories in these systems apply well to sheet maps, some are not applicable at all while others may apply with some redefinition.
Scanning Optical Head with Nontilted Reference Beam: Assuring Nanoradian Accuracy for a New Generation Surface Profiler in the Large-Slope Testing Range

Nanoradian Surface Profilers (NSPs) are required for state-of-the-art synchrotron radiation optics and high-precision optical measurements. Nano-radian accuracy must be maintained in the large-angle test range. However, the beams' notable lateral motions during tests of most operating profilers, combined with the insufficiencies of their optical components, generate significant errors of ∼1 μrad rms in the measurements. The solution to nano-radian accuracy for the new generation of surface profilers in this range is to apply a scanning optical head, combined with nontilted reference beam. I describe here my comparison of different scan modes and discuss some test results.
Preference for punishment of the instrumental or the consummatory response

In two discriminable runways, rats were punished (shocked) either prior to receiving water reinforcement (punishment of the instrumental response) or after ingesting the water (punishment of the consummatory response). Both forced-choice and free-choice trials were conducted. Results indicate that rats preferred to have the instrumental response punished. It was also observed that the subjects more frequently failed to traverse the runway in which the consummatory response was punished compared to the runway in which the instrumental response was punished. The results were interpreted as being consistent with predictions derived from net incentive theory.
Oral cancer: a prosthodontic diagnosis.

The prosthodontic literature is replete with articles addressing the reconstruction, psychological adaption, prosthesis success, quality of life, need for careful follow-up, and many other issues related to the patient who has undergone surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy for oral malignant neoplasms. However, in the prosthodontic professional literature, there is a paucity of information related to the early diagnosis and referral of lesions that may represent premalignant or malignant neoplasia. This article will describe the rationale, epidemiology, and appearance of oral premalignant and malignant mucosal lesions as well as the state-of-the-art diagnostic tools currently available to prosthodontists to ensure that their patients are diagnosed at the earliest possible time.