cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Flow Field in the Tip Region of a Compressor Rotor Passage—Part I: Mean Velocity Profiles and Annulus Wall Boundary Layer

A rotating three-sensor, hot-wire probe has been used along with rotor blade static pressure measurements to investigate the complex inviscid and viscid effects in the annulus wall flowfield, including the three components of mean velocity, turbulence intensity, and turbulence stress inside the rotor blade passage. It is found that the tip leakage flow originates near quarter-chord, with peak values occurring near mid-chord. The leakage flow, which is in the form of a jet within the blade row, is augmented by the blade rotation and travels further away from the suction surface than that observed in stationary blade rows and cascades. This leakage flow tends to roll up between the mid-passage and the pressure surface near the tip region; the vortex formation does not occur within the passage in this particular case.
Psychotherapy Can Be Helpful for Schizophrenics

Karon’s work with Mr. X reflects the model that he and I use generally in doing psychoanalytic psychotherapy with schizophrenic patients. In my experience, this work is frequently met with considerable skepticism and at times outright antagonism from the professional mental health community. In this commentary I explore 10 possible reasons for these negative reactions and why I believe the reactions are off target from the central clinical fact that Karon’s model has a track record of success. These reasons include such areas as the roles of diagnosis, medication, a detailed developmental history, the therapist’s distinctive personality and style, and the therapist’s level of activity in treating patients diagnosed as schizophrenic.
The Effect of Compliant Walls on Secondary Instabilities in Boundary-Layer Transition

For aerodynamic and hydrodynamic vehicles, it is highly desirable to reduce drag and noise levels. A reduction in drag leads to fuel savings. In particular for submersible vehicles, a decrease in noise levels inhibits detection. A suggested means to obtain these reduction goals is by delaying the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in external boundary layers. For hydrodynamic applications, a passive device which shows promise for transition delays is the compliant coating. In previous studies with a simple mechanical model representing the compliant wall, coatings were found that provided transition delays as predicted from the semi-empirical e^n method. Those studies were concerned with the linear stage of transition where the instability of concern is referred to as the primary instability. For the flat-plate boundary layer, the Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) wave is the primary instability. In one of those studies, it was shown that three-dimensional (3-D) primary instabilities, or oblique waves, could dominate transition over the coatings considered. From the primary instability, the stretching and tilting of vorticity in the shear flow leads to a secondary instability mechanism. This has been theoretical described by Herbert based on Floquet theory. In the present study, Herbert''s theory is used to predict the development of secondary instabilities over isotropic and non-isotropic compliant walls. Since oblique waves may be dominant over compliant walls, a secondary theory extention is made to allow for these 3-D primary instabilities. The effect of variations in primary amplitude, spanwise wavenumber, and Reynolds number on the secondary instabilities are examined. As in the rigid wall case, over compliant walls the subharmonic mode of secondary instability dominates for low- amplitude primary disturbances. Both isotropic and non-isotropic compliant walls lead to reduced secondary growth rates compared to the rigid wall results. For high frequencies, the non-isotropic wall suppresses the amplification of the secondary instabilities, while instabilities over the isotropic wall may grow with an explosive rate similar to the rigid wall results. For the more important lower frequencies, both isotropic and non- isotropic compliant walls suppress the amplification of secondary instabilities compared to the rigid wall results. The twofold major discovery and demonstration of the present investigation are: (1) the use of passive devices, such as compliant walls, can lead to significant reductions in the secondary instability growth rates and amplification; (2) suppressing the primary growth rates and subsequent amplification enable delays in the growth of the explosive secondary instability mechanism.
RELATIVE VARIABILITY WITH VISUALLY MEDIATED VOCABULARY AMONG THE RETARDED

The objective of this investigation was to determine the degree to which abstracting processes are mediated by visual aids among the retarded. Retarded Ss ( N = 81) were administered the Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test (Form A or B) , and were classified as Group I: idiopathic ( N = 37 ) , Group F: familial ( N = 2 1 ) and Group OBD: organically braindamaged ( N = 23), types. Medians for MA and CA were, respectively, as follows, overall: 7 yr., 6 mo. and 20 yr., 1 mo.; Group I: 7 yr., 5 mo. and 19 yr., 4 mo.; Group F: 7 yr., 9 mo. and 17 yr., 2 mo.; Group OBD: 7 yr., 8 mo. and 18 yr., 4 mo. Most vocabulary items are classifiable as concrete words (C) or abstract words ( A ) , giving for Form A, 39 C words and 34 A words and for Form B, 44 C words and 30 A words. A concrete word represents any item which can be seen directly, without an interpretation, e.g., "wagon." An abstract word requires interpretation in some sense, e.g., "isolation." For all Ss the number of successes, sigma, and coefficient of variation ( V ) , were obtained on A and C words. Relative variability was computed by the straightforward ratio in V for A/C, the expected direction, and were as follows: Group I, 87 96; Group F, 76%; and Group OBD, 64%. The contrasting percentages for Groups I and OBD may mean that Ss with CNS injury are relatively more stimulus-bound with respect to visually mediated, verbal meaning. A median test, run to determine whether separate performance on C and A words varies among Ss in Groups I, F, and OBD, yielded an insignificant chi square value for C words and just missed significance at the 5% level (XG 7.64) for A words. A median test between males (N = 53 ) and females ( N = 28) was negative for A and C words. Summary,--Retarded Ss, classified as idiopathic, familial, and organically brain-damaged (I, F, and OBD) showed unequal relative variability in visually mediated comprehension of abstract ( A ) and concrete (C) words, which suggests that Group OBD Ss may be more stimulus-bound. There is some trend toward unequal performance among these three groups on A words but there are no sex differences in A or C comprehension.
Ionic charge reduction at the surfaces of crystals

Abstract Because the atomic constituents of a compound have lower coordination in the surface of a solid than in the interior one expects that compounds are less ionic at crystal surfaces than in the bulk, e.g. that cations at surfaces are in lower states of oxidation. A general expression is obtained here for a bound on such charge reduction at nonpolar surfaces. This shows that surface atoms, as a rule, have their ionic charge reduced relative to the value in the bulk by at most a factor of two.
Feature-based design and material blending for free-form heterogeneous object modeling

Abstract In this paper, a new feature-based method is proposed to represent and design heterogeneous objects. Material governing features are defined to control material composition inside the objects. Interrelations between the material governing features and material attributes are established in the design process and retained in the object model. Free-form B-spline functions are used to represent complex shapes of geometry and material features. A new material feature blending method is used to determine continuous material variation. To obtain the best material features, an optimization problem is constructed based on the object's functional requirements. Variant models are easily generated by changing the geometric and material features using the constraints between them. Implementation and examples are also presented in this paper.
Comparison of infrared ear thermometer derived and equilibrated rectal temperatures in estimating pulmonary artery temperatures

ObjectivesTo investigate the clinical accuracy of infrared ear thermometer derived and equilibrated rectal temperatures in estimating core body temperature. The clinical bias (i.e., mean difference between body sites), and variability (SD of the differences) of simultaneous temperatures were compare
Disability among schizophrenics in a rural community: services and social support.

Formerly hospitalized schizophrenics referred to a rural North Carolina Community Mental Health Center for aftercare were interviewed for evidence of disability in social functioning and for information on the extent and quality of their community ties. Of the 103 respondents, 25% were classified as severely disabled. Inadequate functioning was significantly (r < .001) associated with a low level of social support, whether this was measured by the amount of recent interaction with associates or by qualitative indices of respondents' beliefs about and attitudes toward intimates. Psychiatric treatment histories for these respondents were summarized from service records. There were no statistically significant differences between the disabled and nondisabled on the basis of duration or number of hospitalization experiences, amounts or categories of outpatient care, or intake of medication. The two groups were similar in terms of age, sex, and race.
Uniform quantization conditions in the presence of symmetry: The rotational spectrum of SF6.

Uniform semiclassical quantization conditions are obtained for a one-dimensional Hamiltonian possessing octahedral symmetry. The Hamiltonian describes the rotational dynamics of ${\mathrm{SF}}_{6}$, a system in which tunneling plays an important role. Quantization conditions are obtained for each symmetry class. These are shown to agree with previously obtained primitive quantization conditions in the small tunneling limit and to reproduce a characteristic periodicity in the symmetries labels. Quantum and semiclassical eigenvalues are computed numerically. Near the classical separatrix the uniform quantization provides orders of magnitude improvement in accuracy over primitive quantization. Our calculation is based on periodic orbit theory, modified here to include classically forbidden reflections and transmissions, and completes a study undertaken in a previous paper. The methods used may be generalized to other Hamiltonians and symmetry groups.
Watching the clock: keeping time during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum experiences.

Abstract In this paper, I analyze how different didactic discourses surrounding pregnancy, birth, and postpartum care portray time in procreative events. I investigate advice regarding procreative experiences offered to women by a variety of “experts”, and offered by experts to each other, examining literature which demonstrates the wide range of didactic approaches to procreative events that are accessible in US culture, from masculinist medical orthodoxy—the dominant perspective—to the naturalist/feminist midwifery model, with self-help literature reflecting the influence of both ends of this spectrum as well as of consumer-oriented health activism. I explore how the conceptualization of time in the medical discourse contributes to the overpowering or disempowering of procreating women, and how the self-help and midwifery approaches respond to the medical model—ranging on a continuum from reification to refutation. Obstetrics works on women's bodies to make them stay on time and on course; this quest becomes more obsessively time-focused over time. In contrast, the midwifery discourse centers on women active in time , rather than against it. Self-help book authors line up somewhere in the middle, mostly taking medical management of procreative time for granted and occasionally try to show women ways in which we can buy time or bide our time against medicine.
Iodine toxicity: An unusual cause of cardiovascular collapse during anesthesia in an infant with Hirschsprung's disease

This report describes a case of acute life-threatening iodine toxicity in an infant with Hirschsprung's disease caused by rectal irrigation with povidone-iodine. A hypothesis regarding absorption and recommendations for povidone-iodine usage for bowel preparation are presented.
Optimal Bandwidth Allocation for Scalable H.264 Video Transmission Over MIMO Systems

In this paper, we propose an optimal strategy for the transmission of scalable video over packet-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The latest scalable H.264 codec is used, which provides combined temporal, quality and spatial scalability. In this work, we propose different error concealment schemes to handle packet losses at the decoder. At the encoder, we have developed a method for the estimation of the video distortion at the receiver for given channel conditions. We show the performance of our distortion estimation algorithm in comparison with simulated video transmission over wireless channels with packet errors. In the proposed system, we use a MIMO system with orthogonal space-time block codes (O-STBC) that provides spatial diversity and guarantees independent transmission of different symbols within the block code. Rate-compatible turbo codes (RCPT) are used for unequal error protection of the scalable layers. In the proposed constrained bandwidth allocation framework, we use the estimated decoder distortion to optimally select the application layer parameters, i.e. quantization parameter (QP) and group of pictures (GOP) size, and physical layer parameters, i.e. RCPT and symbol constellation. Also, the simulation results show the substantial performance gain by using different symbol constellations across the scalable layers as compared to a fixed constellation.
Analysis of task analysis procedures

For the new developer, deciding which task analysis procedures to use can be confusing. In this article, we describe the five functions comprising the task analysis process: inventorying, describing, selecting, sequencing, and analyzing tasks. We then describe some critical distinctions in the task analysis process: micro/macro level, top-down/bottom-up, and job/learning task analysis. We then combine the functions and distinctions in task analysis into a quasi-algorithm to suggest which of thirty task analysis procedures may be used to fulfill each of the functions. Those procedures are described briefly in the Appendix.
Induction of anchorage-independent growth in primary human cells exposed to protons or HZE ions separately or in dual exposures.

Abstract Sutherland, B. M., Cuomo, N. C. and Bennett, P. V. Induction of Anchorage-Independent Growth in Primary Human Cells Exposed to Protons or HZE Ions Separately or in Dual Exposures. Radiat. Res. 164, 493–496 (2005). Travelers on space missions will be exposed to a complex radiation environment that includes protons and heavy charged particles. Since protons are present at much higher levels than are heavy ions, the most likely scenario for cellular radiation exposure will be proton exposure followed by a hit by a heavy ion. Although the effects of individual ion species on human cells are being investigated extensively, little is known about the effects of exposure to both radiation types. One useful measure of mammalian cell damage is induction of the ability to grow in a semi-solid agar medium highly inhibitory to the growth of normal human cells, termed neoplastic transformation. Using primary human cells, we evaluated induction of soft-agar growth and survival of cells exposed to protons only o...
Asymmetric [Nafion]/[silicon oxide] hybrid membranes via thein situ sol-gel reaction for tetraethoxysilane

Asymmetric silicon oxide composition profiles along a direction perpendicular to the plane of Nafion® sulfonate films were created via in situ sol-gel reactions for one-sided tetraethoxysilane permeation, as verified by EDAX/ESEM. For K+ form membranes, we propose the existence of an IR spectral signature of molecular branches in addition to those characteristic of linear and cyclic fragments in the silicon oxide phase. The molecular structure of the silicon oxide phase is more interconnected than linear in K+ form membranes. For H+ form membranes, there appears to be an increasing degree of molecular linearity within the silicon oxide phase with increasing uptake. IR spectra indicate that molecular connectivity on the permeated side is lower, on the average, than that on the nonpermeated side. The inverse relationship between gas permeability and upstream pressure in steady-state helium gas transmission experiments suggests the dual-mode sorption of gases, which is in harmony with the multiphasic nature of these membranes. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Complications and Monitoring of OKT3 Therapy

Complications of OKT3 therapy were studied in 122 treatment episodes in renal allograft recipients (83 for rejection treatment, 39 for immunosuppression induction). A febrile first-dose reaction to OKT3 was common; no severe pulmonary complications were encountered. Other toxicities of OKT3 therapy were observed later in the treatment course. Most severe were the occurrence of aseptic meningitis in four patients (3%), and seizures in eight (6%). Seizures occurred only when OKT3 was given to patients with nonfunctioning grafts due to acute tubular necrosis. Infections were the only significant late adverse sequelae of OKT3 therapy and occurred more frequently after multiple exposures to the drug (53%) than after a single exposure (22%). IgG antibodies to OKT3 developed after 45% of exposures to the drug in the 74 patients in whom appearance of anti-OKT3 antibodies was monitored. In two patients (3%), anti-OKT3 antibodies were detected before the end of the OKT3 treatment course, neutralizing the immunosuppressive property of the drug. In five patients (7%), strong anti-OKT3 antibody responses were present at the time of subsequent rejection, which precluded reuse of the drug. In 17 other cases, no or only a weak anti-OKT3 response was detectable at the time of rejection following initial OKT3 exposure. Retreatment with OKT3 was successful in reversing rejection in 15 cases (88%). No untoward sequelae were noted after reexposure to OKT3, except the high incidence of subsequent infections.
Prediction of decay heat removal capabilities for LMFBRs and comparison with experiments

Abstract The decay heat removal capability of LMFBR plants is inverstigated in two steps: the transition phase and the established phase of natural circulation. Major parameters affecting the transition phase are briefly reviewed. This paper, then, considers two analytical approaches to study plant behavior for the established phase, i.e., the long-term heat dissipation capability of the plant. Advanced thermohydraulic system simulation codes (SSC-L and SSC-P) are used to study the response of the CRBRP, FFTF and PHENIX plants. Simplified analyses were also performed for these plants, as well as to interpret the actual whole plant test data from PFR, PHENIX and EBR-II. All of these studies have shown that the mixed mean reactor core temperature rise is proportional to the 0.58 exponent of the shutdown steady power level.
Rate Constants For H + O2 + M → HO2 + M in Seven Bath Gases

The third-order reaction, H + O2 + M → HO2 + M, has been measured near the low-pressure limit at room temperature for M = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, O2, N2, and H2O and over an extended range of temperatures in a shock tube for M = Ar, O2, and N2. In all cases, H atoms were produced by the laser photolysis of NH3 and detected by atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy. The measurements are consistent with the available experimental record and, in particular, confirm the exceptionally high recombination rate constant when M = H2O. The standard theoretical analysis is applied to this entire experimental record to derive the value of the average energy change per collision, −ΔEall. The resulting −ΔEall values are sensible for all M but H2O. The problem with H2O motivates a change in the standard theoretical analysis that both rationalizes the behavior of H2O and also quantitatively changes the derived −ΔEall values for the other species of M. These changes involve three modifications of the standard treatment: (1) ex...
A device driver for display terminals

The special editing ability of display terminals is seldom exploited outside of display-based text editors. Tailoring a device driver in the operating system kernel to display terminals makes display editing available whenever the terminal is used and makes display editors simpler and terminal-independent. This paper describes such a device driver.
Cytoskeletal dysfunction dominates in DAP12-deficient osteoclasts.

Despite evidence that DAP12 regulates osteoclasts, mice lacking the ITAM-bearing protein exhibit only mild osteopetrosis. Alternatively, Dap12−/− mice, also lacking FcRγ, are severely osteopetrotic, suggesting that FcRγ compensates for DAP12 deficiency in the bone-resorbing polykaryons. Controversy exists, however, as to whether these co-stimulatory molecules regulate differentiation of osteoclasts or the capacity of the mature cell to degrade bone. We find that Dap12−/− osteoclasts differentiate normally when generated on osteoblasts but have a dysfunctional cytoskeleton, impairing their ability to transmigrate through the osteoblast layer and resorb bone. To determine whether the FcRγ co-receptor, OSCAR mediates osteoclast function in the absence of DAP12, we overexpressed OSCAR fused to FLAG (OSCAR-FLAG), in Dap12−/− osteoclasts. OSCAR-FLAG partially rescues the abnormal cytoskeleton of Dap12−/− osteoclasts grown on bone, but not those grown on osteoblasts. Thus, cytoskeletal dysfunction, and not arrested differentiation, is the dominant consequence of DAP12 deficiency in osteoclasts. The failure of osteoblasts to normalize Dap12−/− osteoclasts indicates that functionally relevant quantities of OSCAR ligand do not reside in bone-forming cells.
Labor analgesia for the parturient with pregnancy-induced hypertension: what does an obstetrician need to know?

Introduction Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), also known as preeclampsia, remains one of the leading causes of maternal death worldwide. The term preeclampsia describes the development of hypertension with proteinuria and/or pathologic edema after the 20th week of gestation. The parturient with PIH usually has multiple organ alterations, which may affect the selection of analgesia and anesthesia for labor and delivery.
Vector sensing with electronic fiber speckle pattern interferometry

In this research Electronic Fiber Speckle Pattern Interferometry (EFSPI) is proposed to investigate the area of directional sensing. Modal phasing caused speckle field phase variation was discussed and the sensor architecture based on electronic fiber speckle pattern interferometry (EFSPI) is proposed. The concept of vector sensing with EFSPI was analyzed and experimentally verified with fiber speckle interferogram results, signaling a great potential for directional sensing.
Sparse coding for hyperspectral images using random dictionary and soft thresholding

Many techniques have been recently developed for classification of hyperspectral images (HSI) including support vector machines (SVMs), neural networks and graph-based methods. To achieve good performances for the classification, a good feature representation of the HSI is essential. A great deal of feature extraction algorithms have been developed such as principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA). Sparse coding has recently shown state-of-the-art performances in many applications including image classification. In this paper, we present a feature extraction method for HSI data motivated by a recently developed sparse coding based image representation technique. Sparse coding consists of a dictionary learning step and an encoding step. In the learning step, we compared two different methods, L1-penalized sparse coding and random selection for the dictionary learning. In the encoding step, we utilized a soft threshold activation function to obtain feature representations for HSI. We applied the proposed algorithm to a HSI dataset collected at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and compared our results with those obtained by a recently proposed method, supervised locally linear embedding weighted k-nearest-neighbor (SLLE-WkNN) classifier. We have achieved better performances on this dataset in terms of the overall accuracy with a random dictionary. We conclude that this simple feature extraction framework might lead to more efficient HSI classification systems.
Episodes of psychiatric utilization.

The continued growth of outpatient psychiatric care has been accompanied by a large number of research studies concerning the determinants of psychiatric utilization. One of the major limitations of these efforts has been the inability to go beyond distributional data on the use of services. This article describes a methodology for generating episodes of psychiatric care given a data set with a small amount of routinely collected data present in many medical information systems. Both demographic and medical characteristics are significantly associated with health services resource use as defined by the number of visits in an episode. A model predicting recurrent episodes of care is also described. The general utility of this approach and the substantive implications of the specific results are discussed. a dramatic increase in the utilization of ambulatory care in the United States. Nowhere can this be seen more clearly than in the rapid growth of outpatient psychiatric services.' Patterns of utiliza
Using situational simulations to collect and analyze dynamic construction management decision-making data

In this paper we lay the foundations for studying decision-making in complex dynamic construction management scenarios using situational simulations as experimental testbeds. We draw on research conducted in dynamic decision making, construction data-mining and situational simulations to develop methods to study human decision-making data collected in ICDMA - a situational simulation of a real four story steel frame office building construction project. Specifically, we address challenges in the collection, organization and analysis of human subject data. We define a discipline driving the collection of human decision-making data, establish a semantics to organize the data and a simple mathematical syntax to represent it. We also present an analysis of preliminary experimental work and show that our method can be used to analyze patterns in complex construction decision-making. Finally, we present an agenda of research in construction decision-making using situational simulations that can be conducted using our proposed methods.
Building intrusion tolerant applications

The ITTC project (Intrusion Tolerance via Threshold Cryptography) provides tools and an infrastructure for building intrusion tolerant applications. Rather than prevent intrusions or detect them after the fact, the ITTC system ensures that the compromise of a few system components does not compromise sensitive security information. To do so we protect cryptographic keys by distributing them across a few servers. The keys are never reconstructed at a single location. Our designs are intended to simplify the integration of ITTC into existing applications. We give examples of embedding ITTC into the Apache web server and into a Certification Authority (CA). Performance measurements on both the modified web server and the modified CA show that the architecture works and performs well.
Surgical or Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment: Factors Affecting Patient Decision Making

Background: This study explored which factors affected patients' decisions to pursue either surgical or non-surgical periodontal treatment. Methods: Data were collected from 74 patients at a regularly scheduled periodontal appointment, at which each patient was told that periodontal treatment was needed, and 2 weeks following the actual treatment. The surveys assessed the patients' decisions and potential determinants of these decisions. The dental anxiety scale-revised, the state-trait anxiety inventory, and the Iowa dental control index were used to measure psychosocial factors. Results: Patients who decided to have surgery did not differ from patients who decided against surgery in sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, education, and socioeconomic status, nor in their desire for control over the treatment decision. However, they had less dental fear and less general anxiety than the non-surgery patients. Although the two patient groups did not differ in their responses concerning how well the dentists had informed them about the procedure, they differed in the degree of trust and rapport with their dentists. Conclusions: The less dentally fearful and anxious patients were in general and the more they trusted their provider and felt they had good rapport, the more likely they were to accept surgical periodontal treatment. These results stress the importance of good patient-provider communication.
Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of Broken Windows

This article reveals the grounds on which individuals form perceptions of disorder. Integrating ideas about implicit bias and statistical discrimination with a theoretical framework on neighborhood racial stigma, our empirical test brings together personal interviews, census data, police records, and systematic social observations situated within some 500 block groups in Chicago. Observed disorder predicts perceived disorder, but racial and economic context matter more. As the concentration of minority groups and poverty increases, residents of all races perceive heightened disorder even after we account for an extensive array of personal characteristics and independently observed neighborhood conditions. Seeing disorder appears to be imbued with social meanings that go well beyond what essentialist theories imply, generating self-reinforcing processes that may help account for the perpetuation of urban racial inequality.
Glycemic chaos (not glycemic control) still the rule for inpatient care: how do we stop the insanity?

Diabetes is one of the most common diagnoses in hospitalized patients. A third of all persons admitted to urban general hospitals have glucose levels qualifying them for the diagnosis of diabetes, and a third of these hyperglycemic patients have not previously been diagnosed with diabetes. The impact of hyperglycemia on the mortality rate of hospitalized patients has been increasingly appreciated. Extensive evidence from observational studies indicates that hyperglycemia in patients with or without a history of diabetes is a marker of a poor clinical outcome. In addition, the results of prospective randomized trials in patients with critical illness or those undergoing coronary bypass surgery suggest that aggressive glycemic control improves clinical outcomes including reductions in: a) shortand long-term mortality, b) multiorgan failure and systemic infection, and c) length of hospitalization. The importance of glycemic control is not limited to patients in critical care areas but may also apply to patients admitted to general surgical and medical wards. The development of hyperglycemia in such patients with or without a history of diabetes has been associated with prolonged hospital stay, infection, disability after hospital discharge, and death. In general-surgical patients, serum glucose 220 mg/dL on postoperative day 1 has been shown to be a sensitive, albeit nonspecific, predictor of the development of serious postoperative hospital-acquired infection. A retrospective review of 1886 admissions to a community hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, found an 18-fold increase in mortality in hyperglycemic patients without a history of diabetes and a 2.5-fold increase in mortality in patients with known diabetes compared with controls. A meta-analysis of 26 studies identified an association of admission glucose 110 mg/dL with the increased mortality of patients hospitalized for acute stroke. More recently, hyperglycemia on admission was also shown to be independently associated with adverse outcomes in patients with community acquired pneumonia. In view of the increasing evidence supporting better glycemic control in the hospital, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) in late 2003 convened a consensus conference on the inpatient with diabetes, cosponsored or supported by other prominent professional organizations, including the Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM). An expert panel agreed on and pubE D I T O R I A L
Error resiliency issues in wavelet compression

Summary form only given. Error resiliency is the ability to tolerate uncorrectable errors with graceful quality degradation. It differs from traditional uses of error-correcting coding (ECC) in two major respects: (1) it assigns differentiated (rather than uniform) error protection to different segments of the data, and (2) if errors cannot be corrected in some data segments, a good- (albeit degraded-) quality reconstruction of the data is still possible. The error resiliency approach is suitable in lossy compression, particularly, DCT-based and wavelet-based compression. Under those compression schemes, the data is separated into different frequencies or frequency bands. Since the human visual and auditory systems are more sensitive to lower-frequency data than to higher-frequency data, it is better to protect the lower-frequency data more than the higher-frequency data, given a constant ECC bit rate. With this differentiated error protection, the probability of recovering from errors in the lower-frequency data is higher, and thus the probability of reconstructing good-quality data (e.g., image, video or sound) is higher. For effective and efficient error resiliency, many issues need careful study and some are addressed in this paper. We investigate our error resiliency approaches applied to wavelet compression of images.
Resistance Mechanisms in Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans

Resistance to azole antifungals continues to be a significant problem in the common fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Many of the molecular mechanisms of resistance have been defined with matched sets of susceptible and resistant clinical isolates from the same strain. Mechanisms that have been identified include alterations in the gene encoding the target enzyme ERG11 or overexpression of efflux pump genes including CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1. In the present study, a collection of unmatched clinical isolates of C. albicans was analyzed for the known molecular mechanisms of resistance by standard methods. The collection was assembled so that approximately half of the isolates were resistant to azole drugs. Extensive cross-resistance was observed for fluconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole. Northern blotting analyses indicated that overexpression of CDR1 and CDR2 correlates with resistance, suggesting that the two genes may be coregulated. MDR1 overexpression was observed infrequently in some resistant isolates. Overexpression of FLU1, an efflux pump gene related to MDR1, did not correlate with resistance, nor did overexpression of ERG11. Limited analysis of the ERG11 gene sequence identified several point mutations in resistant isolates; these mutations have been described previously. Two of the most common point mutations in ERG11 associated with resistance, D116E and E266D, were tested by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the isolates from this collection. The results indicated that the two mutations occur frequently in different isolates of C. albicans and are not reliably associated with resistance. These analyses emphasize the diversity of mechanisms that result in a phenotype of azole resistance. They suggest that the resistance mechanisms identified in matched sets of susceptible and resistant isolates are not sufficient to explain resistance in a collection of unmatched clinical isolates and that additional mechanisms have yet to be discovered.
Problem gambling in the partner of the emergency department patient as a risk factor for intimate partner violence

It has been suggested that the increase in gambling activity nationally has resulted in an increase in intimate partner violence (IPV). There are apparently no studies that have assessed problem gambling as a risk factor for IPV. To determine if problem gambling in the partner is a risk factor for IPV, a cross-sectional study was conducted at a university-based Emergency Department (ED). All women aged 19 to 65 years who presented to the ED for treatment and were not decisionally incapacitated or acutely ill were eligible. Data were collected by a research assistant during 4 or 8-h blocks covering each day of the week over a 10-week period during the months of June through August 1999. There were 300 consecutive women approached, and 286 (95%) agreed to participate. Of the women who agreed to participate, 237 (83%) reported having an intimate partner in the last year, and 61 (25.7%) of these women were categorized as experiencing IPV. The odds ratio (OR) of experiencing IPV was the main outcome measure, estimated using standard logistic regression, given the presence of various personal and partner characteristics, including problem gambling in the partner. The results revealed that the relative odds were elevated for women whose partners were problem gamblers (adjusted OR: 10.5; 95% CI: 1.3-82) or problem drinkers (adjusted OR: 6.1; 95% CI: 2.5-14). The presence of both problem gambling and problem drinking in the partner was associated with an even higher OR (adjusted OR: 50; 95% CI: 9-280). Our study shows that problem gambling in the partner is associated with IPV. The causes of IPV are not fully known, but the association of problem gambling in the partner with IPV could lead to new intervention strategies and Emergency Medicine research in the future.
Sniffing a human sex-steroid derived compound affects mood and autonomic arousal in a dose-dependent manner

The effects of sniffing different concentrations of the human sex-steroid derived compound 4,16-androstadien-3-one (AND) on autonomic nervous system function and mood were measured in 60 subjects. The effects were sex-specific and concentration-dependent. Only high concentrations of AND (0.00625 M) increased positive mood (p < 0.03) and decreased negative mood (p < 0.05) in women compared to men, and had sympathetic-like effects in women (p < 0.003), and parasympathetic-like effects in men (p < 0.05). These findings further implicate AND in chemical communication between humans, but pose questions as to the path by which AND is transduced, whether through chemical sensing or transdermal diffusion.
Reprogrammable high-speed platform : Bridging the gap between research, education and engineering

In order to keep pace with advancements in technology, electrical and computer engineering education is undergoing some major changes. Today's students are utilizing more sophisticated equipment in the classroom and laboratory to enhance their engineering skills. Much of this change is fueled by the availability of more affordable and easy to use microcontrollers and embedded systems including reconfigurable multipurpose hardware platforms. At the heart of this paradigm shift in education is the proliferation of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs) and the growth of system on a chip (SOC) design. SOC designs facilitate innovation by incorporating the speed of dedicated hardware and memory with the flexibility of general purpose processors on a single chip. The use of this prototyping platform is enabling students to combine information form courses in digital logic design and microcontroller programming to create system-level designs and more fully understand hardware / software interaction. In this paper we provide a background of the reprogrammable platform and discuss how academic research activities can also benefit from the use of a similar platform. By enhancing information sharing and cooperation between research and education undergraduate students can gain more exposure to cutting-edge academic research. In addition, the use of prototyping for research will provide additional visibility of research projects to the industrial community. We suggest, through the use of case studies utilizing the reprogrammable platform how such cooperation can be achieved and prove beneficial to technology development.
Titanium Trisulfide Monolayer: Theoretical Prediction of a New Direct‐Gap Semiconductor with High and Anisotropic Carrier Mobility

A new two-dimensional (2D) layered material, namely, titanium trisulfide (TiS3) monolayer, is predicted to possess novel electronic properties. Ab initio calculations show that the perfect TiS3 monolayer is a direct-gap semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.02 eV, close to that of bulk silicon, and with high carrier mobility. More remarkably, the in-plane electron mobility of the 2D TiS3 is highly anisotropic, amounting to about 10 000 cm2 V−1 s−1 in the b direction, which is higher than that of the MoS2 monolayer, whereas the hole mobility is about two orders of magnitude lower. Furthermore, TiS3 possesses lower cleavage energy than graphite, suggesting easy exfoliation for TiS3. Both dynamical and thermal stability of the TiS3 monolayer is examined by phonon-spectrum calculation and Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulation. The desired electronic properties render the TiS3 monolayer a promising 2D atomic-layer material for applications in future nanoelectronics.
Hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 mediates interleukin-10 release and heme oxygenase-1 synthesis: antiinflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses in vitro, in resolving skin blisters in vivo, and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.

The recently described hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 mediates the endocytosis of hemoglobin:haptoglobin (Hb:Hp) complexes and thereby counters Hb-induced oxidative tissue damage after hemolysis. Although CD163 has been indirectly associated with antiinflammatory and atheroprotective activity, no ligand-receptor-effector pathway has yet been described for this receptor. To understand the significance of CD163 and more clearly define downstream pathways linked to inflammatory resolution, we studied the expression and function of CD163 in human monocytes/macrophages using both in vitro and in vivo models. Differentiation of human blood monocytes into macrophages either by in vitro culture or in resolving cantharidin-induced skin blisters led to an equivalent increase (>15×) in CD163 expression. Elevated CD163 levels were also noted on circulating monocytes in cardiac surgical patients during the resolution phase of the systemic inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. In each case, binding of Hb:Hp to CD163-bearing cells elicited potent interleukin-10 secretion, and this was inhibited by the anti-CD163 antibody RM3/1. Release of interleukin-10, in turn, induced heme oxygenase-1 stress protein synthesis via an autocrine mechanism. Such induction of heme oxygenase-1 was observed in vivo 24 to 48 hours after the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. These results identify novel antiinflammatory and cytoprotective effector pathways in human monocytes/macrophages related to Hb scavenging and metabolism, which may have relevance in atheroprotection, wound healing, and patient recovery postoperatively.
The Labour Process in the Bombay Handloom Industry, 1880–1940

Analyses of capital-labour relations in Indian industry during the colonial period have generally been confined to studies of large-scale units. This essay turns to an examination of the organization of the workplace among handloom producers in the Bombay Presidency during the period between 1880 and 1940. While recognizing the importance of contradictions between weaving families and various kinds of capitalists, the essay eschews any straightforward model of “proletarianization” to characterize this relationship. Weavers possessed methods of resistance, particularly “everyday” actions, which thwarted efforts to impose tight regimes of labour discipline within the workshop. Seeking to contain these resistances, shahukars (putting-out merchants) and karkhandars (owners of establishments using wage labour) developed complex social relationships with their workers based upon patronage, debt, and caste. Consequently, collective protest in the industry was limited, and when it did emerge in Sholapur during the later 1930s, it was highly conditioned and constrained by the multiple lines of affiliation weavers had with karkhandars.
Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography of the left atrium: feasibility and regional contraction and relaxation differences in normal subjects.

Background Increased left atrial (LA) size and reduced global contractility are related to adverse cardiac events. The potential incremental value of assessing regional LA contractility is unknown. To assess the feasibility of measuring this variable angle, independent 2-dimensional speckle-tracking strain echocardiography (2D-SpTr) was used to measure regional LA strain (ɛ) and strain rate (SR) in normal individuals of various ages. Methods From standard apical views, 2D-SpTr was used on 84 normal subjects to measure longitudinal velocity, ɛ, and SR in 13 LA segmental regions. The values obtained from the different atrial regions were compared with each other and corresponding LA volumes before and after LA contraction. Results Regional LA ɛ and SR could be measured in 77 of 84 normal subjects (94%). A consistent pattern of differences in LA regional function was noted with the annular regions, and particularly the inferior wall having a larger average peak velocity and ɛ and SR values in comparison with the mid and superior LA segments. Peak ɛ and SR during LA contraction had only a modest correlation with LA volumes. Conclusion The angle-independent technique of 2D-SpTr tracking can analyze regional LA ɛ and SR in 94% of normal subjects. Regional differences in LA contractility are consistently present. The annular regions, and especially the inferior wall have the highest values for LA ɛ and SR. The significance of these findings and their possible use in identifying disease states will require further study.
Multi-way Association Extraction from Biological Text Documents Using Hyper-Graphs

There has been a considerable amount of recent research in extraction of various kinds of binary associations (e.g., gene-gene, gene-protein, protein-protein, etc) using different text mining approaches. However, an important aspect of such associations is identifying the context in which such associations occur (e.g., "gene A activates protein B in the context of disease C in organ D under the influence of chemical E"). Such contexts can be represented appropriately by a multi-way relationship involving more than two objects rather than usual binary relationships. Such multi-way relations naturally lead to a hyper-graph representation of the knowledge. The hyper-graph based knowledge extraction from biological literature represents a computationally difficult problem due to its combinatorial nature. In this paper, we compare two different approaches to such hyper-graph extraction: one based on an exhaustive enumeration of all hyper-edges and the other based on an extension of the well-known A Priori algorithm.
Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane and Vitreomacular Traction Preferred Practice Pattern(®) Guidelines.

Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane and Vitreomacular Traction Preferred Practice Pattern® Guidelines New evidence-based Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane and Vitreomacular Traction Preferred Practice Pattern® (PPP) guidelines, describing recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients.