cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cnidarian-bilaterian ancestor possessed at least 56 homeoboxes: evidence from the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis.

Background: Homeodomain transcription factors are key components in the developmental toolkits of animals. While this gene superclass predates the evolutionary split between animals, plants, and fungi, many homeobox genes appear unique to animals. The origin of particular homeobox genes may, therefore, be associated with the evolution of particular animal traits. Here we report the first near-complete set of homeodomains from a basal (diploblastic) animal. Results: Phylogenetic analyses were performed on 130 homeodomains from the sequenced genome of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis along with 228 homeodomains from human and 97 homeodomains from Drosophila. The Nematostella homeodomains appear to be distributed among established homeodomain classes in the following fashion: 72 ANTP class; one HNF class; four LIM class; five POU class; 33 PRD class; five SINE class; and six TALE class. For four of the Nematostella homeodomains, there is disagreement between neighbor-joining and Bayesian trees regarding their class membership. A putative Nematostella CUT class gene is also identified. Conclusion: The homeodomain superclass underwent extensive radiations prior to the evolutionary split between Cnidaria and Bilateria. Fifty-six homeodomain families found in human and/or fruit fly are also found in Nematostella, though seventeen families shared by human and fly appear absent in Nematostella. Homeodomain loss is also apparent in the bilaterian taxa: eight homeodomain families shared by Drosophila and Nematostella appear absent from human (CG13424, EMXLX, HOMEOBRAIN, MSXLX, NK7, REPO, ROUGH, and UNC4), and six homeodomain families shared by human and Nematostella appear absent from fruit fly (ALX, DMBX, DUX, HNF, POU1, and VAX).
Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone or prostaglandin F2α-based estrus synchronization programs for first or subsequent artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows

The objective was to evaluate the effects of GnRH or PGF(2α)-based synchronization and resynchronization programs on fertility in lactating dairy cows. For experiment 1, cows (n=1,521) were presynchronized with 2 injections of PGF given at 36 and 50 DIM and assigned to 1 of 3 protocols: Ovsynch [OVS; n=552; GnRH injection, PGF(2α) injection 7 d later, GnRH injection 56 h later, and timed artificial insemination (TAI) 16 h later] beginning at 14 d after presynchronization (PS), GnRH-GnRH-PGF(2α)-GnRH (GGPG; n=402) treatment with a GnRH injection given 7 d after PS and OVS 7 d later, or PGF(2α)-GnRH-PGF(2α)-GnRH (P7GPG; n=567) treatment with a PGF(2α) injection given 7 d after PS and OVS beginning 7 d later. Experiment 2 cows (n=2,327) were assigned to 1 of 3 resynchronization protocols 7 d before nonpregnancy diagnosis (NPD): GGPG cows (n=458) received a GnRH injection at enrollment and OVS at NPD; P7GPG cows (n=940) received a PGF(2α) injection at NPD and OVS 7 d later; and P11GPG cows (n=929) received a PGF(2α) injection 3 d after NPD and OVS 11 d later. In both experiments, cows were artificially inseminated upon estrus detection (ED). In experiment 1, 52.3% of cows were artificially inseminated upon ED, with GGPG having reduced ED (GGPG=46.8 vs. OVS=50.7 and P7GPG=57.7%). Treatments did not affect overall pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) at 36 and 66 d after AI (OVS=34.1 and 32.3, P7GPG=34.6 and 31.9, and GGPG=31.3 and 28.1%, respectively) or pregnancy loss but cows artificially inseminated upon ED had higher P/AI than cows undergoing TAI (ED cows=37.9 vs. TAI cows=28.8%). Treatment did not affect P/AI for cows artificially inseminated upon ED or TAI at 36 and 66 d after AI (OVS=34.1 and 32.3, P7GPG=34.6 and 31.9, and GGPG=31.3 and 28.1%). Median days in milk at first AI was affected by treatment (P7GPG=59 vs. OVS=68 and GGPG=68 d). In experiment 2, GGPG reduced ED (GGPG=23.3 vs. P7GPG=74.9 and P11GPG=79.6%). Treatment did not affect overall P/AI at 36 and 66 d after AI (GGPG=29.2 and 25.8, P7GPG=28.7 and 26.6, and P11GPG=31.9 and 30.2%) or pregnancy loss. Cows artificially inseminated upon ED had greater P/AI than TAI cows (ED=32.3 and TAI=25.1%). However, treatment did not affect P/AI for cows artificially inseminated upon ED at 36 and 66 d after AI (GGPG=29.6 and 27.3, P7GPG=29.4 and 28.1, and P11GPG=35.7 and 33.7%) or TAI (GGPG=29.1 and 25.3, P7GPG=25.0 and 22.1, and P11GPG=16.9 and 16.9%). Median days between NPD and AI was affected by treatment (GGPG=10 vs. P7GPG=4 and P11GPG=7 d). Prostaglandin-based programs increased ED and reduced interval to first AI and between AI. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-based programs increased the proportion of TAI cows. Cows artificially inseminated upon ED had increased P/AI compared with TAI cows.
Warless Societies and the Origin of War.

Warless Societies and the Origin of War. Raymond C. Kelly. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.192 pp,
Functional coupling between writers, erasers and readers of histone and DNA methylation

DNA and histone lysine methylation are dynamic chemical modifications that play a crucial role in the establishment of gene expression patterns during development. Both types of genomic methylation patterns are enzymatically regulated by the opposing activities of enzymes that introduce and remove these marks, known as methylation 'writers' and 'erasers', respectively. The appropriate localization and activity of these enzymes on chromatin is, in part, regulated by chromatin 'readers', protein modules that recognize histone and DNA modifications. Such reading modules are either encoded within the same polypeptide as the catalytic domains of writers and erasers, or present in protein partners that associate with them. Here, we review recent structural, biochemical and biological studies that demonstrate that there are multiple mechanisms by which reader domains can regulate the writers and erasers of histone and DNA methylation.
Emerging Topic Detection for Business Intelligence Via Predictive Analysis of 'Meme' Dynamics

Detecting and characterizing emerging topics of discussion and consumer trends through analysis of Internet data is of great interest to businesses. This paper considers the problem of monitoring the Web to spot emerging memes – distinctive phrases which act as “tracers” for topics – as a means of early detection of new topics and trends. We present a novel methodology for predicting which memes will propagate widely, appearing in hundreds or thousands of blog posts, and which will not, thereby enabling discovery of significant topics. We begin by identifying measurables which should be predictive of meme success. Interestingly, these metrics are not those traditionally used for such prediction but instead are subtle measures of meme dynamics. These metrics form the basis for learning a classifier which predicts, for a given meme, whether or not it will propagate widely. The utility of the prediction methodology is demonstrated through analysis of a sample of 200 memes which emerged online during the second half of 2008.
Steady-state low thermal resistance characterization apparatus: The bulk thermal tester

The reliability of microelectronic devices is largely dependent on electronic packaging, which includes heat removal. The appropriate packaging design therefore necessitates precise knowledge of the relevant material properties, including thermal resistance and thermal conductivity. Thin materials and high conductivity layers make their thermal characterization challenging. A steady state measurement technique is presented and evaluated with the purpose to characterize samples with a thermal resistance below 100 mm(2) K/W. It is based on the heat flow meter bar approach made up by two copper blocks and relies exclusively on temperature measurements from thermocouples. The importance of thermocouple calibration is emphasized in order to obtain accurate temperature readings. An in depth error analysis, based on Gaussian error propagation, is carried out. An error sensitivity analysis highlights the importance of the precise knowledge of the thermal interface materials required for the measurements. Reference measurements on Mo samples reveal a measurement uncertainty in the range of 5% and most accurate measurements are obtained at high heat fluxes. Measurement techniques for homogeneous bulk samples, layered materials, and protruding cavity samples are discussed. Ultimately, a comprehensive overview of a steady state thermal characterization technique is provided, evaluating the accuracy of sample measurements with thermal resistances well below state of the art setups. Accurate characterization of materials used in heat removal applications, such as electronic packaging, will enable more efficient designs and ultimately contribute to energy savings.
Evolution of attitudes toward occupational health in the U. S. A.

Attitudes toward ill-health associated with workplace are inevitably closely linked to attitudes toward disease occurring generally, and these have evolved remarkably slowly since the Middle Ages. By the nineteenth century in western countries, at least, people considered disease as a retribution for sins against God, or as a result of bad luck. Certainly this attitude was a factor in why the advent of the germ theory was followed only very slowly by measures aimed at preventing infections brought about from water, food, or airborne sources, even when methods for doing so were well understood. Today, attention is directed toward chronic degenerative diseases and cancer, with their long periods of development, and preventive approaches to these diseases are similarly slow to be applied. In part because the U. S. A. is a relatively young country, with a rapid influx of immigrant labor in this century, the contribution of occupations to injury, ill health and disease has been too seldom recognized. Doctors or nurses working in industries have usually focussed their attention on traditional health care techniques. In the U. S. A. there has recently been, however, a change, at least by ordinary citizens, toward recognizing the importance of prevention of disease. In the context of work-related illness, this recognition has been accelerated by recent legislation which makes employers legally responsible for detecting adverse effects on health of workers and the general public arising from their operations. Paradoxically the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 has been less effective in bringing about a change of awareness of occupational disease than has the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1977.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Language: en
Plasminogen Activators in Human Malignant Melanoma

Metastatic malignant melanomas from 16 patients, extracted with Triton X-100, were analyzed for plasminogen activator activity by azocaseinolysis . In 6 cases tumor explants were set up also in short-term organ culture, and the rate of plasminogen activator secretion into the culture medium was determined. Both the extractable activator content [8.66 +/- 7.8 "Committee on Thrombolytic Agents" (CTA) U/g tissue] and the activator secretion rates (0.90 +/- 1.6 CTA U/g/hr) were low in comparison with values for other human tumors. In addition to the activity, the type of plasminogen activator also was determined by immunoinhibition with goat antihuman urokinase antibody in the azocaseinolytic assay, as well as by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis followed by zymography on fibrin-agar, in the presence and absence of antibody. On the average, 77% of the activator activity was of the urokinase type in the extracts, and 90% in the culture fluids. Immunoperoxidase reaction for the detection of urokinase showed this enzyme to be localized mainly in the cell membrane of the melanoma cells; stromal elements showed no specific staining. These results are of interest in view of the findings made recently by investigators in several laboratories that in all but one of the melanoma cell cultures derived from metastatic human tumors, only the vascular type ("tissue activator") was cell associated or was secreted into the culture medium. The possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
Care of the Family of the Child with Cancer

EACH parent of a fatally ill child must adjust, in his own way, first to the threatened loss and then to the actual death of his child. The nature of this adjustment reflects, to varying degrees, the parent9s mode of coping with past crises, his previous experiences with illness and death, and the idiosyncratic meaning this particular child may have to him. Thus, the physician can be of most help to the parents if he is aware of important landmarks in the history of the family and problems that they have had to face. His knowledge of previous patterns of family behavior in times of stress can aid him in encouraging parents along lines that have been successful in the past and in supporting attempts to adapt to the present situation. For many parents, this may be their first personal experience with death, and this may place additional demands and requests upon the physician. Unfortunately, such family history is usually not available to the physician who ultimately assumes the care of a fatally ill child. Furthermore, it is often difficult, and inadvisable, to obtain such information in detail at the time parents are preoccupied with an acute crisis. It therefore is useful for physicians to realize that there are many problems these parents face in common, and a number of studies have described more or less characteristic ways of reacting to them. This does not imply that stereotype behavior will be observed in parents sharing this common experience. However, if the physician is consciously aware of common modes of adjustment used by parents, he will be in the position of anticipating some of their needs, problems, and sources of anxiety.
Oxalate Clearances in Calcium Oxalate Stone Forming Patients

A primary defect in membrane transport of oxalate across red blood cells has been reported in patients with idiopathic renal lithiasis (IRL); corrected by thiazide diuretics (TZ). To assess whether this is reflected in abnormal renal tubular handling of oxalate, we evaluated renal handling of oxalate in normals, patients with RL and primary hyper-oxaluria (l°ox) where the load is increased. Using an enzyme assay for oxalate (DM Wilson and RR Liedtke, Clin Chem 37: 1229 [1991]) with sensitivity of 0.5 μM/L, we established a normal value for plasma oxalate of 1.88 μM/L (N=33); range 1.11-5.15 μM/L. Since Pox is dependent on GFR, rising to 5 μM/L at GFR of 10 mL/min and rapidly below this, to 53 and 17 μM/L pre-and post-dialysis, we studied normals and stone subjects with GFR (iodothalamate clearance method) >70 mL/min. Data were developed on renal handling as follows:
TGFβ Signaling in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment Promotes Fibrosis and Immune Evasion to Facilitate Tumorigenesis

In early pancreatic carcinogenesis, TGFβ acts as a tumor suppressor due to its growth-inhibitory effects in epithelial cells. However, in advanced disease, TGFβ appears to promote tumor progression. Therefore, to better understand the contributions of TGFβ signaling to pancreatic carcinogenesis, we generated mouse models of pancreatic cancer with either epithelial or systemic TGFBR deficiency. We found that epithelial suppression of TGFβ signals facilitated pancreatic tumorigenesis, whereas global loss of TGFβ signaling protected against tumor development via inhibition of tumor-associated fibrosis, stromal TGFβ1 production, and the resultant restoration of antitumor immune function. Similarly, TGFBR-deficient T cells resisted TGFβ-induced inactivation ex vivo, and adoptive transfer of TGFBR-deficient CD8(+) T cells led to enhanced infiltration and granzyme B-mediated destruction of developing tumors. These findings paralleled our observations in human patients, where TGFβ expression correlated with increased fibrosis and associated negatively with expression of granzyme B. Collectively, our findings suggest that, despite opposing the proliferation of some epithelial cells, TGFβ may promote pancreatic cancer development by affecting stromal and hematopoietic cell function. Therefore, the use of TGFBR inhibition to target components of the tumor microenvironment warrants consideration as a potential therapy for pancreatic cancer, particularly in patients who have already lost tumor-suppressive TGFβ signals in the epithelium. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2525-39. ©2016 AACR.
Role of the cytoskeleton in mediating effect of vasopressin and herbimycin A on secretory K channels in CCD

We have previously demonstrated that inhibiting protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and stimulating protein kinase A (PKA) increase the activity of the small-conductance K (SK) channel in the cortical co...
PRODUCTION OF GASTRIC HEMORRHAGE IN RATS BY MULTIPLE STRESSES.

SummaryGastric hemorrhage was produced in 93% of rats subjected to cold + restraint stress for 60 minutes. Mucosal damage was not evident and could not be induced by repeated stress periods. Anticholinergics, ganglionic blocking agents, certain central nervous system depressants and epinephrine reduced the incidence of hemorrhage. Gastric volume was reduced by cold + restraint in the pylorus-ligated and chronic gastric fistula rat, while gastric acidity was only reduced during stress in the fistula rats. The cold + restraint produced a marked hypothermic response and body temperature was depressed for 3 hours following the stress.
Enhancing Intercultural Understanding for Pre-service Teachers Through Developing and Sustaining Education Abroad Experiences

This article discusses two education abroad programs that afford pre-service teachers with purposeful opportunities to enhance their intercultural competence through immersion in teaching internships in British schools. The programs, in London and Nottingham, provide pre-service teachers with direct experiences that engage them with diverse instructional perspectives and challenge their ideas underpinning U.S. norms for teaching and learning. The Nottingham program focuses on the discipline of history and about how the past is taught, while the London program has an urban education focus that serves participants across a variety of disciplines. Both programs are a 15 week semester abroad for teaching interns following their domestic student teaching semester. Focused on teacher leadership and intercultural learning, this value-added semester builds upon four prior semesters of school placements, requires a master-level research project, and directly engages interns in school-based activities. This paper highlights the two programs with specific attention paid to purposefully facilitating intercultural learning. Implications for both initiating and sustaining international experiences for pre-service teacher education are addressed.
Christodemocracy Assumes a Fixed, Metaphysical Epistemology as the Measure of Agency and Expertise

The development of modern democracy in the West coincided with the development of Science. Notions of natural equality and sovereignty based on the consent of the governed challenged church authority as much as a geocentric model of the solar system. Christodemocracy retains a measure of religious political authority by relying on a fixed, metaphysical epistemology. This serves the dual purpose of justifying sectarian bases for law while limiting the questioning of the governed.
An interesting time in my childhood: Thinking about storied experience to understand complexities of curriculum making and diversity

This paper highlights ways in which examining the storied experience of students may enhance our understanding of the complexities of curriculum making and diversity . Teachers, administrators, and other members of a diverse urban school implemented curriculum, practices, and policies that suggested a commitment to acknowledging the home cultures, languages, and religions that students brought to school. Examination of one Chinese student’s “stories of experience” (Connelly & Clandinin, 1990) , however, revealed nuances and unexpected complexities of balancing integration into mainstream peer groups in school while growing up in an immigrant home . The nuances highlight ways in which schooling may contribute to shaping the ethnic identity of immigrant and minority students in ways that are much more complex than realized by teachers, administrators, and policy makers.
Literacy from Home to School

Children learn to talk at home before they are taught to read and write at school. The spoken language (or languages) children develop during interaction with close family members at home becomes the foundation on which their learning continues to develop beyond the home, in the wider community, in early childhood settings and eventually when they begin to learn to read and write formally at school. Similarly, the ways children learn to use other meaning-making resources at home, for example, images, numerical symbols and gesture, lay the foundation for the more specialised and more formal uses of these meaning systems in educational contexts.
Multi-robot autonomous parking security system

This paper describes a robotic system for use in parking area security. The system is comprised of two cooperating autonomous vehicles: a large "mothership" robot that is used to perform license plate recognition tasks and that carries and deploys a smaller, low-profile robot that is able to perform under-vehicle inspections with a number of different sensors. The robots are controlled via a multi-resolution, hierarchical, task-decomposition strategy, which is based on a grammar of atomic actions, enabling reactive autonomous decision-making. Experiments with the real robots are also described.
Dialogues in Argumentation

This volume focuses on dialogue and argumentation in contexts which are marked by truculence and discord. The contributors include well known argumentation scholars who discuss the issues this raises from the point of view of a variety of disciplines and points of view. The authors seek to address theoretically challenging issues in a way that is relevant to both the theory and the practice of argument. The collection brings together selected essays from the 2006 11th Wake Forest University Biennial Argumentation Conference held at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida and the 2012 14th Wake Forest University Biennial Argumentation Conference held at Casa Artom in Venice, Italy.
Work Opportunities in a Non-Traditional Setting for Women Exiting Welfare: A Case Study

The purpose of this research is to explore key issues regarding the need to provide jobs for women who are making the transition from welfare to wage work. A traditionally male-dominated industry, the secondary wood products industry, in a ten-parish rural region in northern Louisiana is used as a case study. One goal of the project is to explore barriers to expanding job opportunities for women in this industry, which is located in an economically disadvantaged region of the state. In-depth personal interviews were conducted with employers and business owners in this industry, and focus group discussions were conducted among employees at selected sites. Potential barriers to employing women in this industry are discussed, and recommendations for reducing barriers are made.
Usefulness of virtual reality in assessment of medical student laparoscopic skill.

Abstract Background This study evaluates if undergraduate medical trainees' laparoscopic skills acquisition could be assessed using a virtual reality (VR) simulator and how the resultant metrics correlate with performance of Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) tasks. Our hypothesis is that the VR simulator metrics will correlate with passing results in a competency-based curriculum (FLS). Materials and methods Twenty-eight fourth-year medical students applying for surgical residency were recruited to participate in a VR training curriculum comprised of camera navigation, hand eye coordination, and FLS tasks: circle cutting (CC), ligating loop (LL), peg transfer (PT), and intracorporeal knot tying (IKT). Students were given 8 wk to achieve proficiency goals, after which they were observed performing FLS tasks. The ability of the VR simulator to detect penalties in each of the FLS tasks and correlations of time taken to complete tasks are reported. Results Twenty-five students trained in all components of the curriculum. All students were proficient in camera navigation and hand eye coordination tasks. Proficiency was achieved in CC, LL, PT, and IKT by 21, 19, 23, and one student, respectively. VR simulation showed high specificity for predicting zero penalties on the observed CC, LL, and PT tasks (80%, 75%, and 80%, respectively). Conclusions VR can be used to assess medical student's acquisition of laparoscopic skills. The absence of penalties in the simulator reasonably predicts the absence of penalties in all FLS skills, except IKT. The skills acquired by trainees can be used in residency for further monitoring of progress toward proficiency.
The small GTPase Arf6 regulates sea urchin morphogenesis

The small GTPase Arf6 is a conserved protein that is expressed in all metazoans. Arf6 remodels cytoskeletal actin and mediates membrane protein trafficking between the plasma membrane in its active form and endosomal compartments in its inactive form. While a rich knowledge exists for the cellular functions of Arf6, relatively little is known about its physiological role in development. This study examines the function of Arf6 in mediating cellular morphogenesis in early development. We dissect the function of Arf6 with a loss-of-function morpholino and constitutively active Arf6-Q67L construct. We focus on the two cell types that undergo active directed migration: the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) that give rise to the sea urchin skeleton and endodermal cells that form the gut. Our results indicate that Arf6 plays an important role in skeleton formation and PMC migration, in part due to its ability to remodel actin. We also found that embryos injected with Arf6 morpholino have gastrulation defects and embryos injected with constitutively active Arf6 have endodermal cells detached from the gut epithelium with decreased junctional cadherin staining, indicating that Arf6 may mediate the recycling of cadherin. Thus, Arf6 impacts cells that undergo coordinated movement to form embryonic structures in the developing embryo.
Implementing streambank erosion control measures in meandering streams: design procedure enhanced with numerical modelling

ABSTRACTDike structures have been used in many streams to control streambank erosion by redirecting the flow away from the banks towards the centre of the channel. In this study, the 2D finite-element surface water modelling system (FESWMS) was used to enhance the design of dike structures in two meandering stream reaches along the Raccoon River, Iowa, USA. FESWMS was used to find the optimal number and spacing between the dikes and to access their overall performance in controlling river-bank erosion in the study reaches. The study included also field measurements for model calibration and verification. The model results showed that the proposed dike structures, consisting of alternate five bendway weirs and four spurs at each site with a spacing of about 50 m, successfully reduced the flow velocity along the outside bank and increased the conveyance of the flow to the stream centre. The average lengths of the spurs and bendway weirs were about 16 and 32 m, respectively. The estimated velocity and Froude...
Study of spermatogenesis and steroid metabolism in cultures of mammalian testes.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes organ culture technique that permits in vitro maintenance of mammalian testes explants for extended periods of time. Studies concerned with the initiation of spermatogenesis provide evidence that the transition from primordial germ cells—the gonocytes—to adult type A spermatogonia occurs via primitive type A spermatogonia. These cells appeared in culture of testes from animals of all ages and were shown to be capable of reinitiating normal spermatogenesis when transplanted into testes of adult homologous hosts. Using chemically defined media, it is shown in the chapter that in mammalian testes, initiation and progression of spermatogenesis up to late pachytene spermatocytes proceeds in absence of hormones, but completion of the reduction division and formation of spermatids do not take place. The chapter illustrates the beneficial effect of glutamine and vitamins A, C, and E in vitro on the early stages of spermatogenesis. The chapter discusses the attempts that were made to grow the germinal epithelium elements in cell culture system. These cells do not attach to the surface of the culture flasks but remain suspended in the culture media. The germinal elements survive for various periods of time, but no differentiation of any of the cell types present in the inoculum has been observed.
Intermittent Escape Schedules and Their Effects on Avoidance

This experiment was conducted to demonstrate that contingencies present in one negative reinforcement situation may affect the behavior emitted in an alternate negative reinforcement situation. Four rats were exposed to several sessions on a free operant escape avoidance schedule in which the response-shock interval was 20 sec but the escape requirement was varied over sessions. After initial training with a continuous escape schedule which permitted the first response when shock was on to terminate shock, continuous reinforcement escape (CRF escape), two rats had to satisfy various values of a differential reinforcement of low rate escape schedule. The other two rats had to satisfy a yoked interval escape schedule, which permitted the first response after a varying interval of time to terminate shock. In general, although both escape schedules improved avoidance, the differential rein-forcement of low rate escape subjects produced lower escape rates, higher avoidance rates, and avoided more programmed shocks than the yoked interval escape rats. When the subjects were reversed, the differential reinforcement of low rate escape schedule produced an improvement in the number of shocks avoided, and lowered the escape rates of the former yoked interval escape subjects.
Mediators of the Relationship Between Sexual Assault and Sexual Behaviors in College Women.

Some research shows that sexual assault victimization is associated with increased engagement in risky sexual behavior (e.g., intercourse without use of a condom or contraceptives), whereas other r...
The Environment as Organizer of Intent in Child-Care Settings

Once upon a time, even before Head Start was invented, we set out to look at the kinds of day care used by working mothers. Since virtually nothing was known about child-care arrangements at the time—except that there was not enough of it and that more was needed—we began by looking at a wide variety of centers. Their names gave some indication of their origins, sponsorship, and hopes for children. The old-time nurseries were often named for saints and were typically in old buildings, whereas the centers located on elementary-school sites usually bore unobtrusive street names. The privately owned centers sometimes had dignified names such as Miss Baines’ School (the word school was often featured prominently in the title). Others were more colorfully named: Fairyland; Cherubs’ Chalet; Kiddie Park; Kiddie College; even Kiddie Koop. Although we did not see it originally, eventually we came to identify some spatial patterns that fit certain categories of names.
Crowding and Behavior in Chicago, 1940–1970

That high levels of population density or overcrowding may have severe and negative consequences for human populations appears to be a recurrently intriguing and controversial idea. Although this argument may be found in serious journals of more than 100 years ago (Verhulst, 1845), recently revived interest in the density-behavior equation has been spurred at least, in part, by research on other animal populations such as lemmings, elephants, monkeys, and rats (Calhoun, 1962a) (for a review of the literature on the effect of density on animals see Galle & Gove, 1978). Research on human populations, however, remains fairly sparse and subject to widely varying interpretations (for recent reviews of this literature, see Galle and Gove, 1978; Fischer, Baldassare, & Ofshe, 1975; Carnahan, Gove, & Galle, 1974; Freedman, 1975; Altman, 1975). An earlier article by the present authors (Galle, Gove, & McPherson, 1972) has partly contributed to this continuing controversy. This chapter will attempt to extend the discussion of the question of the relationship between crowding and behavior in human population in two ways. First, after a brief restatement and clarification of the findings reported in our earlier Science article, we try to answer some questions that have been raised about that earlier analysis. Second, we examine the consis- tency of the findings reported there for Chicago by extending the 1960 analysis to three other time periods, 1940, 1950, and 1970.
Energizing development finance? The benefits and risks of China's development finance in the global energy sector

Abstract This paper provides the first estimates of China's global developmental finance institutions in general and China's policy bank lending to foreign governments for energy in particular. According to the China Global Energy Finance database, between 2000 and 2017, China Development Bank (CDB) and China Export-Import Bank (CHEXIM) provided $225.75 billion in overseas energy development finance. We find that: China's ‘policy banks’ and funds have doubled the availability of global development finance –and hold more assets than the major Western-backed MDBs operating in developing countries. With the onset of a new family of funds and multilateral development banks co-financed by China, China is poised to be the largest development lender in the world as Western-backed MDBs appear stagnated in their ability to increase their capital bases. China's global energy portfolio is heavily exposed to country, macroeconomic, climate, and social risks, however. To mitigate such risks and meet the broader sustainable development challenge for the 21st Century, China's development finance will need to shift the composition of its global energy lending in a significant manner.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Orofacial Growth, and Prevention of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Abnormal breathing during sleep is related to intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are present early in life. Investigation of fetal development and early-in-life orofacial growth allows recognition of risk factors that lead to change in upper airway patency, which leads to abnormal upper airway resistance, abnormal inspiratory efforts, and further increase in resistance and progressive narrowing of the collapsible upper airway. Such evolution can be recognized by appropriate clinical evaluation, specific polysomnographic patterns, and orofacial imaging. Recognition of the problems should lead to appropriate treatments and prevention of obstructive sleep apnea and its comorbidities.
On-Chip RF Phased Array Characterization with DC-Only Measurements for In-Field Calibration

Editor’s note: This article presents an on-chip built-in self-test (BIST) measurement system for in-field calibration of RF phased arrays. The approach can be used to measure the gain mismatch and phase difference of phased array elements with low degrees of error and does not require knowledge of the exact amplitudes generated by the BIST system. The approach uses a test signal steering circuit that ensures that test signal amplitudes are identical through different phases of testing. —Binoy Ravindran, Virginia Tech
Postprocessing for Improved Accuracy and Resolution of Spread Spectrum Time-Domain Reflectometry

Reflectometry, which is commonly used for locating faults on electrical wires, produces sampled time domain signatures with peaks that are often missed due to this sampling. Resultant errors in these sampled peaks translate to errors in calculating the impedance and location of the fault. Typical signal processing methods to improve the accuracy of these sampled peaks have complexity on the order of O(N2). For embedded fault location applications, algorithms with lower complexity are desired. In this article, we introduce three algorithms for improving the accuracy of the peak with a complexity of O(N). We evaluate these algorithms on the practical case of calculating the velocity of propagation and the characteristic impedance of a photovoltaic (PV) cable using spread spectrum time-domain reflectometry.
Heterogeneity in Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway Activation in Uveal Melanoma With Somatic GNAQ and GNA11 Mutations.

Purpose The activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been suggested as the major downstream target when GNAQ and GNA11 (GNAQ/11) are mutated in uveal melanoma (UM). However, clinical trials with single agent MEK inhibitor showed no clinical significance in altering the overall outcome of the disease in UM; therefore, we investigated the correlation between naturally occurring mutations in GNAQ/11 and activation of MAPK pathway in vivo in primary UM. Methods Screening for activating mutations in codons 183 and 209 of GNAQ/11 was carried out by sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in a cohort of 42 primary UM. Activation of the MAPK pathway and other potential downstream signals was assessed by immunohistochemistry and/or Western blot analysis. Potential downstream signaling of mutant and wild type GNAQ/11 was studied by transient transfection assay in nonmutant cell lines. Results Somatic mutations in GNAQ/11 were observed in 35/42 (83.3%) of primary UM. Tumors with GNAQ/11 mutations showed variations in the activation of ERK1/2 with significant tumor heterogeneity. Weak and undetectable ERK1/2 activation was observed in 4/35 (11.4%) and 8/35 (22.9%) of the GNAQ/11 mutant UM, respectively. Tumor heterogeneity of GNAQ/11 mutations was also observed in a subset of tumors. Conclusions Our results indicate that there is marked variation in MAPK activation in UM with GNAQ/11 mutations. Thus, GNAQ/11 mutational status is not a sufficient biomarker to adequately predict UM patient responses to single-agent selective MEK inhibitor therapy.
Conventional Tumor Response Criteria and Limitations

Objective evaluation of tumor response to therapy has been a basis for advances of effective cancer therapies, and has contributed significantly to marked progress in the treatment approaches for cancer patients in the past decades. Imaging plays a key role in objectively characterizing tumor response and progression during therapy, thus providing trial endpoints that help to determine regulatory approvals of new agents and informing treating physicians for their treatment decisions. Several conventional tumor response criteria based on imaging have been proposed and utilized in the past few decades, and have been updated to meet the needs for the current era of cancer treatment. This chapter will (1) review the concept and goals of tumor response criteria, (2) describe introduction and revisions of Response Evaluation Criteria for Solid Tumors (RECIST) as a major standardized criteria to date, and (3) discuss the limitations of RECIST. This chapter focuses on the tumor response criteria for solid tumors, and criteria for lymphoma and other hematologic malignancies are discussed separately in the subsequent chapter in the book (chapter “Therapy Response Imaging in Lymphoma and Hematologic Malignancies”).
IMPACT OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN ON THE OVERALL SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

In this study, we report the effects of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels on the survival outcomes following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. We reviewed patients who underwent PCI at the Cleveland Clinic during 2005–2017, and followed them until the end of 2018. Restricted cubic splines
Elective Cytoreductive Nephrectomy After Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy in Patients with Initially Unresectable Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Abstract Background Combination checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy has recently become a new frontline standard of care for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Previously published data has demonstrated a survival benefit of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) in the interferon era, but the utility of CN in conjunction with the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has been controversial. Patients In the current case series, we report on five patients with IMDC intermediate- or poor-risk initially unresectable metastatic renal cell carcinoma who successfully underwent CN. Results All patients received induction combination checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (CPI) ipilimumab-nivolumab with or without pembrolizumab-axitinib. Three patients underwent robotic CN, and one patient underwent open and laparoscopic CN, respectively. Three of the five patients were found to have significant fibrosis and desmoplastic reaction at the time of nephrectomy, requiring surgical expertise and increased operative time. Conclusions Herein we highlight the feasibility of this approach and the post-CPI surgical challenge of CN. The role of CN in patients receiving systemic therapy with CPI is not yet defined and is quickly evolving.
Altered transcriptional and chromatin responses to rhinovirus in bronchial epithelial cells from adults with asthma.

There is a life-long relationship between rhinovirus (RV) infection and the development and clinical manifestations of asthma. In this study we demonstrate that cultured primary bronchial epithelial cells from adults with asthma (n = 9) show different transcriptional and chromatin responses to RV infection compared to those without asthma (n = 9). Both the number and magnitude of transcriptional and chromatin responses to RV were muted in cells from asthma cases compared to controls. Pathway analysis of the transcriptionally responsive genes revealed enrichments of apoptotic pathways in controls but inflammatory pathways in asthma cases. Using promoter capture Hi-C we tethered regions of RV-responsive chromatin to RV-responsive genes and showed enrichment of these regions and genes at asthma GWAS loci. Taken together, our studies indicate a delayed or prolonged inflammatory state in cells from asthma cases and highlight genes that may contribute to genetic risk for asthma. Britney Helling et al. report that cultured bronchial cells from adults with asthma show different gene expression and chromatin accessibility patterns when exposed to rhinovirus than do cells from individuals without asthma. Their data suggest that rhinovirus infection leads to a delayed or elongated activation of inflammatory genes in individuals with asthma compared to those without asthma.
The Promise and Hurdles of Telemedicine in Diabetes Foot Care Delivery

Almost half of people with diabetes have peripheral nerve dysfunction (neuropathy; PN) or poor blood supply to the lower limb caused by diabetes or peripheral artery disease (PAD). They are at a high risk of developing foot complications, such as ulcers, gangrene, and infection. Recent efforts to reduce the burden of foot disease and its associated complications have focused on better treatment of foot complications within tertiary facilities. While this has had some impact in reducing the burden, there are a number of limitations with a treatment-focused approach. A prevention-focused approach could reduce these problems, including the common failure to avoid amputation, high recurrence rates, and repeat hospitalization episodes – a frequently occurring and expensive problem that is associated with poor quality of life and death. Delivery of preventative care also needs to address the issue of multidisciplinary management teams typically being available only at tertiary hospitals, thereby disadvantaging people not living in major metropolitan areas. The widespread uptake and acceptance of technology represents an opportunity to prevent devastating foot complications and address the current challenges in delivery of multidisciplinary care to remote areas. Telemedicine in particular could be a promising technology to facilitate the delivery of interdisciplinary care to people who have limited access in remote areas. This chapter overviews the promises and hurdles of telemedicine to manage diabetic foot complications.
Gate-tunable quantum anomalous Hall effects in MnBi 2 Te 4 thin films

The quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect has recently been realized in thin films of intrinsic magnetic topological insulators (IMTIs) like $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$. Here we point out that the QAH gaps of these IMTIs can be optimized and that both axion insulator/semimetal and Chern insulator/semimetal transitions can be driven by electrical gate fields on the $\ensuremath{\sim}10$ meV/nm scale. This effect is described by combining a simplified coupled-Dirac-cone model of multilayer thin films with Schr\"odinger-Poisson self-consistent-field equations.
XMAP: Five-Point Interpolating Map

Abstract Xmap takes the unit square to a subset of a doubly curved surface. It interpolates five control-points, which are the images of the four corners and of the center of that square. Interactive tweaks of control-points produce unsurprising changes in the map. The Xmap is an extension of the BeCOTS map. When the control-points are coplanar, it is an exact generalization of the COTS map. We conjecture that Xmaps may prove useful for designing aesthetically pleasing 3D structures.
Recollecting What We Once Knew: My Life in Psycholinguistics.

The mid-twentieth century brought a radical change in how the linguistics community formulated its major goal, moving from a largely taxonomic science to Chomsky's revolution, which conceptualized language as a higher-order cognitive function. This article reviews the paths (not always direct) that brought Lila Gleitman into contact with that revolution, her contributions to it, and the evolution in her thinking about how language is learned by every child, regardless of extreme variation in the input received. To understand how that occurs, we need to discover what must be learned by the child and what is already there to guide that learning-what must be, in Plato's terms, "recollected." The growing picture shows a learner equipped with information-processing mechanisms that extract evidence about word meanings using various evidential sources. Chief among these are the observational and linguistic-syntactic contexts in which words occur. The former is supported by a mechanism Gleitman and her collaborators call "propose but verify," and the latter by a mechanism known as "syntactic boot-strapping." Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.