cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atlas of the Radical SAM Superfamily: Divergent Evolution of Function Using a "Plug and Play" Domain.

Abstract The radical SAM superfamily contains over 100,000 homologous enzymes that catalyze a remarkably broad range of reactions required for life, including metabolism, nucleic acid modification, and biogenesis of cofactors. While the highly conserved SAM-binding motif responsible for formation of the key 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical intermediate is a key structural feature that simplifies identification of superfamily members, our understanding of their structure–function relationships is complicated by the modular nature of their structures, which exhibit varied and complex domain architectures. To gain new insight about these relationships, we classified the entire set of sequences into similarity-based subgroups that could be visualized using sequence similarity networks. This superfamily-wide analysis reveals important features that had not previously been appreciated from studies focused on one or a few members. Functional information mapped to the networks indicates which members have been experimentally or structurally characterized, their known reaction types, and their phylogenetic distribution. Despite the biological importance of radical SAM chemistry, the vast majority of superfamily members have never been experimentally characterized in any way, suggesting that many new reactions remain to be discovered. In addition to 20 subgroups with at least one known function, we identified additional subgroups made up entirely of sequences of unknown function. Importantly, our results indicate that even general reaction types fail to track well with our sequence similarity-based subgroupings, raising major challenges for function prediction for currently identified and new members that continue to be discovered. Interactive similarity networks and other data from this analysis are available from the Structure-Function Linkage Database.
Corpus-based dictionaries for sentiment analysis of specialized vocabularies

Contemporary dictionary-based approaches to sentiment analysis exhibit serious validity problems when applied to specialized vocabularies, but human-coded dictionaries for such applications are often labor-intensive and inefficient to develop. We demonstrate the validity of “minimally-supervised” approaches for the creation of a sentiment dictionary from a corpus of text drawn from a specialized vocabulary. We demonstrate the validity of this approach in estimating sentiment from texts in a large-scale benchmarking dataset recently introduced in computational linguistics, and demonstrate the improvements in accuracy of our approach over well-known standard (nonspecialized) sentiment dictionaries. Finally, we show the usefulness of our approach in an application to the specialized language used in US federal appellate court decisions.
Exploring weakly-hard paradigm for networked systems

Networked systems have shown great promises in various cyber-physical applications, such as automotive and transportation systems, smart buildings and infrastructures, and robotic systems. As these systems employ advanced components and interact closely with the dynamic environment, they are often subject to significant disturbances from environment interference, security attacks, and device faults. To ensure system safety, performance and other properties, it is critical to capture these disturbances and reason about their impact at the network level. In this work, we propose to use weakly-hard constraints to specify the disturbances in a bounded manner, and leverage them to formally reason about system properties. We will first present two case studies that demonstrate the impact of disturbances on various properties in networked systems and motivate the usage of weakly-hard constraints. We will then discuss several possible research directions in applying weakly-hard constraints to networked systems.
Chemistry and Photochemistry of Pyruvic Acid Adsorbed on Oxide Surfaces

The surface chemistry and photochemistry of gas-phase pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) on two oxides, Al2O3 and TiO2, have been investigated using transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and m...
Complete Genome Sequence of Xanthomonas Siphophage Samson.

ABSTRACT The Xanthomonas genus includes many Gram-negative plant-associated bacteria. Here, we report a virulent Xanthomonas siphophage called Samson. A siphophage isolated from sewage, Samson contains a 43,314-bp genome with 58 predicted genes. Samson has high nucleotide identity with Pseudomonas phage PaMx42.
‘I saw it on Facebook’: an experimental analysis of political learning through social media

The maldistribution of political knowledge in society has important consequences for individual-level political behavior and the representativeness of governmental policies. Increased media selecti...
Dynamic Jamming Fronts in a Model 2D System

In the previous chapter, it was shown that the behavior of the suspension directly below the rod suggests that the suspension solidifies as a consequence of impact. This process was reminiscent of a snowplow. In this chapter, we construct a model experiment to study this snowplow solidification.
Teaching a Robot Tasks of Arbitrary Complexity via Human Feedback

This paper addresses the problem of training a robot to carry out temporal tasks of arbitrary complexity via evaluative human feedback that can be inaccurate. A key idea explored in our work is a kind of curriculum learning—training the robot to master simple tasks and then building up to more complex tasks. We show how a training procedure, using knowledge of the formal task representation, can decompose and train any task efficiently in the size of its representation. We further provide a set of experiments that support the claim that non-expert human trainers can decompose tasks in a way that is consistent with our theoretical results, with more than half of participants successfully training all of our experimental missions. We compared our algorithm with existing approaches and our experimental results suggest that our method outperforms alternatives, especially when feedback contains mistakes.CCS CONCEPTS • Theory of computation → Reinforcement learning; Modal and temporal logics; • Computing methodologies → Learning from critiques; • Human-centered computing → Interaction paradigms. ACM Reference Format: Guan Wang, Carl Trimbach, Jun Ki Lee, Mark K. Ho, and Michael L. Littman. 2020. Teaching a Robot Tasks of Arbitrary Complexity via Human Feedback. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI’20), March 23–26, 2020, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319502.3374824
Widely tunable, heterogeneously integrated quantum-dot O-band lasers on silicon

Heterogeneously integrated lasers in the O-band are a key component in realizing low-power optical interconnects for data centers and high-performance computing. Quantum-dot-based materials have been particularly appealing for light generation due to their ultralow lasing thresholds, small linewidth enhancement factor, and low sensitivity to reflections. Here, we present widely tunable quantum-dot lasers heterogeneously integrated on silicon-on-insulator substrate. The tuning mechanism is based on Vernier dual-ring geometry, and a 47 nm tuning range with 52 dB side-mode suppression ratio is observed. These parameters show an increase to 52 nm and 58 dB, respectively, when an additional wavelength filter in the form of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer is added to the cavity. The Lorentzian linewidth of the lasers is measured as low as 5.3 kHz.
Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: An open-label safety and feasibility pilot study.

Abstract Background Psilocybin therapy has shown promise as a rapid-acting treatment for depression, anxiety, and demoralization in patients with serious medical illness (e.g., cancer) when paired with individual psychotherapy. This study assessed the safety and feasibility of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralization in older long-term AIDS survivor (OLTAS) men, a population with a high degree of demoralization and traumatic loss. Methods Self-identified gay men OLTAS with moderate-to-severe demoralization (Demoralization Scale-II ≥8) were recruited from the community of a major US city for a single-site open-label study of psilocybin-assisted group therapy comprising 8–10 group therapy visits and one psilocybin administration visit (0·3–0·36 mg/kg po). Primary outcomes were rate and severity of adverse events, and participant recruitment and retention. The primary clinical outcome was change in mean demoralization from baseline to end-of-treatment and to 3-month follow-up assessed with a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02950467) Findings From 17 July 2017 to 16 January 2019, 18 participants (mean age 59·2 years (SD 4·4)) were enrolled, administered group therapy and psilocybin, and included in intent-to-treat analyses. We detected zero serious adverse reactions and two unexpected adverse reactions to psilocybin; seven participants experienced self-limited, severe expected adverse reactions. We detected a clinically meaningful change in demoralization from baseline to 3-month follow-up (mean difference -5·78 [SD 6·01], ηp2 = 0·47, 90% CI 0·21–0·60). Interpretation We demonstrated the feasibility, relative safety, and potential efficacy of psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralization in OLTAS. Groups may be an effective and efficient means of delivering psychotherapy pre- and post-psilocybin to patients with complex medical and psychiatric needs. Funding Carey Turnbull, Heffter Research Institute, NIMH R25 MH060482, NIH UL1 TR001872, River Styx Foundation, Saisei Foundation, Sarlo Foundation, Stupski Foundation, Usona Institute, US Department of Veterans Affairs (Advanced Neurosciences Fellowship and IK2CX001495).
Venoarteriovenous ECMO in Concomitant Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Cardiomyopathy Associated with COVID-19 Infection

In the most severe cases, novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome which may be refractory to standard medical interventions including mechanical ventilation. There are growing reports of the use of venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in these cases. A subset of critically ill COVID-19 patients develops cardiomyopathy as well, manifested by cardiogenic shock with reduced ejection fraction, dysrhythmias, and subsequent increase in mortality. One strategy for managing ARDS with an element of cardiogenic shock is venoarteriovenous (VAV) ECMO. Less than 1% of the cases in the worldwide ELSO COVID-19 database employed any form of hybrid cannulation. To date, there has only been one reported case of patient salvage with arterial or partial arterial support. We present a case that demonstrates the potential role of VAV ECMO in the case of concomitant severe ARDS with cardiomyopathy in the setting of COVID-19 infection.
Presentation, Clinical Pathology Abnormalities, and Identification of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Camels (Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius) Presenting to Two North American Veterinary Teaching Hospitals. A Retrospective Study: 1980–2020

Old World Camelids (OWC) represent two species (Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius) with increasing numbers in North America. Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism is a major cause of clinical disease in camelids and leads to significant economic impacts. Literature reporting on clinical parasitism of camels is localized to India, Africa, and the Middle East, with limited information available on OWCs in North America. Objectives of this study were to report on clinical presentation and diagnostic findings in Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius with GI parasitism and provide a comparative analysis between geographic regions. Medical records of OWCs presenting to two veterinary teaching hospitals (of the University of Tennessee and University of Wisconsin) were evaluated. Thirty-one camels including 11 Bactrians and six dromedaries (14 species not recorded) were included for the clinical component of this study, reporting on signalment, presenting complaint, and clinical pathology. Anorexia, weight loss, and diarrhea were the most common presenting complaint. Clinical pathology findings included eosinophilia, hypoproteinemia, and hyponatremia. For the second component of this study, a total of 77 fecal parasite examination results were evaluated for parasite identification and regional variation. Trichuris, Capillaria, Strongyloides, Nematodirus, Dictyocaulus, Moniezia, and protozoan parasites (Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, Giardia) were recorded. Strongyle-type eggs predominated, followed by Trichuris and Eimeria spp. There was a statistically significant variation in prevalence of coccidia between the two regions, with fecal examinations from Tennessee more likely to contain Eimeria (P = 0.0193). Clinicians treating camels in North America should recognize anorexia, weight loss, and diarrhea combined with clinical pathologic changes of hypoproteinemia, eosinophilia and hyponatremia as possible indications of GI parasitism. Clinicians should also consider the potential for regional variation to exist for GI parasites of camels in different areas of North America.
Radiation Test Results for ISSI 1 Gb DDR2

ISSI IS46DR16640B and IS46DR81280B DDR2 1Gb devices are studied for radiation effects. Special emphasis is placed on understanding the device-level behavior and recovery of various error modes. An overview of all identified key radiation degradation and disruptions are provided. This includes TID and SEE. Key results are presented for standard SBU, MBU, SEFI, stuck bits, and TID performance. For the case of device-level disruptions (such as SEFIs that cause the device to stop responding), recovery requirements are explored to assist users in recovering operation without power-cycling. Power cycling was not necessary for any observed SEFI mode. The established ratio of SEFIs that may require power cycle to all SEFIs is below 0.0037. SEFIs are seen to have controller-dependent signatures with some controller architectures suppressing some, or all, of the erroneous data delivered during a SEFI.
What defines the nervus terminalis? Neurochemical, developmental, and anatomical criteria

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the nervus terminalis. The nervus terminalis or terminal nerve is a diffusely organized system of neurons that lie within the nasal cavity and rostral forebrain of all jawed vertebrates, including humans. Its most significant feature is that some of its neurons contain the reproductive neuropeptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). External to the forebrain, the cell bodies of the nervus terminalis are typically embedded within chemosensory nerves in the nasal cavity or they may be congregated in compact ganglia, commonly in the region of the olfactory bulbs. The nervus terminalis was first described as an “uberzahliger Nerv.” The GnRH neurons that come to lie along the nervus terminalis in the nasal cavity and rostra1 forebrain, as well as those that reside in the preoptic/hypothalamic areas, migrate out of the olfactory placodal region during development. These neurons migrate along a path on the nasal septum where the mature nervus terminalis eventually lies. Some GnRH neurons of the nervus terminalis migrate into the ventral forebrain but many remain in the nasal cavity and in peripheral autonomic ganglia associated with the nasal cavity.
American Soldier Zombie Tales: The Desperate, the Drafted, and the Dead

This paper explores an under-examined subgenre of the scholarly zombie canon: soldiers who have returned as the undead. The primary theme of this paper is that zombies are an apt metaphor for military soldiers. Indeed, throughout the history of U.S. warring actions, soldiers often seem to be treated like faceless, disposable units sent to enforce the will of the country. So stated, our work explores the warrior zombie in literature and film, from three distinct time periods: the US Indian Wars, World War I, and the Afghan and Iraqi conflicts. The specific works examined include two short literary works, “Ghost Dance” by Sherman Alexie and “Herbert West: Reanimator” by H.P. Lovecraft, and one film, “Homecoming” written by Sam Hamm and directed by Joe Dante. We contend that the military zombie is a metaphor for persons conscripted into combat against their own social, political, and economic wills.
Nanocomputing in the presence of defects and faults: a survey

Computing systems implemented with nanotechnology will need to employ defect- and fault-tolerant measures to improve their reliability due to the large number of factors that may lead to imperfect device fabrication as well as the increased susceptibility to environmentally induced faults when using nanometer-scale devices. Researchers have approached this problem of reliability from many angles and this survey will discuss many promising examples, ranging from classical fault-tolerant techniques to approaches specific to nanocomputing. The research results summarized here also suggest that many useful, yet strikingly different solutions may exist for tolerating defects and faults within nanocomputing systems. Also included in the survey are a number of software tools useful for quantifying the reliability of nanocomputing systems in the presence of defects and faults
Decreasing expander breast infection: A new drain care protocol

Two-stage expander breast reconstruction remains one of the most widely used techniques for postmastectomy reconstruction. Infection of the expander most frequently requires explantation for timely infection clearance. Premature expander explantation delays not only reconstructive efforts, but may also delay the commencement or continuance of adjuvant postmastectomy chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Premature expander explantation may create psychological deflation, potentially leading to avoidance of any further reconstructive efforts. Additionally, the economic cost of the clearance of the expander-related infection as well as occupational loss of wages dramatically increases the cost of the reconstruction. While risk factors of surgical site infection, including diabetes, obesity and smoking, are well known, the risk related to the use of a closed suction drain in expander breast reconstruction is not well known. Over the past 40 years, many different case reports and studies have examined the use of closed suction drains and their relationship to infection across many surgical specialties. However, infection as related to prosthetic breast reconstruction, with or without mention of drain use, is varied in the literature. The present paper reviews our experience with infection related to expander breast reconstruction and the benefits afforded by expander seclusion from the drain, early drain removal and use topical antibiotic ointment.
Abstract MP86: Depressive Symptoms are Associated with Mental Stress-Induced Myocardial Ischemia After Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objectives: Previous studies indicated that depressed mood may act as a trigger of acute coronary syndromes, although the mechanisms are not clear. We aimed to examine the association between depression and mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in young survivors of a myocardial infarction (MI), and the possible differential association of somatic and cognitive depressive symptom dimensions. Hypothesis: Higher levels of depressive symptoms are associated with a higher propensity to develop myocardial ischemia with mental stress. Methods: We studied 98 patients (49 women and 49 men) age 38-59 years who were hospitalized for acute MI in the previous 6 months. Patients underwent myocardial perfusion imaging with [99mTc]sestamibi single-proton emission computed tomography at rest, after mental stress (speech task), and after exercise treadmill stress. If unable to exercise (N=16), patients underwent pharmacological stress test with regadenoson. Myocardial perfusion defect scores were obtained with observer-independent software. A summed difference score, the difference between stress and rest perfusion defect scores, was used to quantify myocardial perfusion defects due to ischemia under both stress conditions. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was used to measure depressive symptoms. Two separate scores of somatic and cognitive depressive symptoms were calculated. Multivariate linear regression models were used in the analysis. Results: There was a significant and graded positive association between depressive symptoms and summed difference score with mental stress. After adjustment for demographical and lifestyle factors, severity of coronary heart disease and medications, each incremental depressive symptom was associated with 0.14 higher ischemia perfusion defect score [β=0.14, 95% CI: (0.03, 0.24), p=0.01]. When somatic and cognitive depressive symptoms were examined separately, both somatic symptoms [β=0.17, 95% CI: (0.04, 0.30), p=0.01] and cognitive symptoms [β=0.31, 95% CI: (0.07, 0.56), p=0.01] showed a significant association with mental stress-induced ischemia. Depressive symptoms were not associated with ischemia induced by exercise or pharmacological stress. Conclusion: Among young post-MI patients, higher levels of both cognitive and somatic depressive symptoms are associated with a higher propensity to develop myocardial ischemia with mental stress, but not with exercise/pharmacological stress. Future studies should explore whether mental stress-induced ischemia explains the poorer prognosis associated with depressive symptoms in post-MI patients.
The influence of physician recommendation on prostate-specific antigen screening.

Abstract Purpose Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is controversial, and little is known regarding a physician’s effect on a patient’s decision to undergo screening. This study’s objective was to evaluate the effect of a patient’s understanding of the risks and benefits of screening compared to the final recommendation of the provider on the patient’s decision to undergo PSA screening. Materials and methods Using the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, men older than 55 years who did not have a history of prostate cancer/prostate “problem” and who reported a PSA test within the preceding year were considered to have undergone screening. The percentages of men informed and not informed of the risks and benefits of screening and the percentage men receiving recommendations for PSA screening from their provider were reported. Multivariable complex-sample logistic regression calculated the odds of undergoing screening. Results In all, 75% of men were informed of screening benefits; however, 32% were informed of screening risks. After being informed of both, 56% of men opted for PSA screening if the provider recommended it, compared with only 21% when not recommended. Men receiving a recommendation to undergo PSA testing had higher odds of undergoing screening (odds ratio [OR] = 4.98, 95% CI: 4.53–5.48) compared with those who were only informed about screening benefits (OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 2.18–2.65) or risks (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86–0.98). Significant limitations include recall and nonresponse bias. Conclusions Patients’ decision to undergo or forgo PSA screening is heavily influenced by the recommendation of their physician; it is imperative that physicians are cognizant of their biases and facilitate a shared decision-making process.
Thermodynamic and fluid mechanic analyses of rapid pressurization in a dead-end tube

Three models have been applied to very rapid compression of oxygen in a dead-ended tube. Pressures as high as 41 MPa (6000 psi) leading to peak temperatures of 1400 K are predicted. These temperatures are well in excess of the autoignition temperature (750 K) of teflon, a frequently used material for lining hoses employed in oxygen service. These findings are in accord with experiments that have resulted in ignition and combustion of the teflon, leading to the combustion of the stainless steel braiding and catastrophic failure. The system analyzed was representative of a capped off-high-pressure oxygen line, which could be part of a larger system. Pressurization of the larger system would lead to compression in the dead-end line, and possible ignition of the teflon liner. The model consists of a large plenum containing oxygen at the desired pressure (500 to 6000 psi). The plenum is connected via a fast acting valve to a stainless steel tube 2 cm inside diameter. Opening times are on the order of 15 ms. Downstream of the valve is an orifice sized to increase filling times to around 100 ms. The total length from the valve to the dead-end is 150 cm. The distance from the valve to the orifice is 95 cm. The models describe the fluid mechanics and thermodynamics of the flow, and do not include any combustion phenomena. A purely thermodynamic model assumes filling to be complete upstream of the orifice before any gas passes through the orifice. This simplification is reasonable based on experiment and computer modeling. Results show that peak temperatures as high as 4800 K can result from recompression of the gas after expanding through the orifice. An approximate transient model without an orifice was developed assuming an isentropic compression process. An analytical solution was obtained. Results indicated that fill times can be considerably shorter than valve opening times. The third model was a finite difference, 1-D transient compressible flow model. Results from the code show the recompression effect but predict much lower peak temperatures than the thermodynamic model.
Estimating Spatially and Temporally Continuous Bicycle Volumes by Using Sparse Data

Prioritization of networkwide bicycle investments is data limited in the United States. The framework proposed in this paper addresses the temporal factoring of sparse bicycle counts through Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling and introduces a novel spatial factoring method to expand estimates of bicycle usage to all network edges. Bicycle usage varies widely on the basis of weather, infrastructure, trip origin and destination, and cultural expectations, and this variability necessitates more-detailed volume models than those that suffice for automobile use. A multilevel temporal model that includes hourly, weather-related, and commute-day factors maximizes the information obtained from sparse count observations. Spatial factoring then extends these data to cover unobserved streets through Bayesian updating of prior estimates from a regional travel demand model informed by an edge correlation matrix. For a small city in the United States with some manual volunteer bicycle counts and no permanent counting in...
Stability of BF3OH− ion in molten and solid NaBF4 and NaFNaBF4 eutectics

Abstract I.R. measurements on solutions of NaBF3OH in crystalline and molten NaBF4 were employed to determine the stability of the BF3OH− ion with respect to its unimolecular decomposition. Isotopic substitution experiments with D2O, DF and D2 have shown that the species BF3OD− is formed in molten NaBF4 either by reaction with BF3OH−, with BFO2O−, or with B2F6O2− mediated by a transition metal oxide. These isotope reactions give encouragement to the view that tritium released during the operation of a molten salt breeder reactor might by trapped by reaction with BF3OH− or with oxyfluoroborates present as impurities in the molten sodium fluoroborate coolant salt.
Stability Considerations: Numerical Methods and Control Theory Equivalences

Stability of difference equations is discussed from the viewpoints of control theory and numerical analysis. Several definitions used by numerical analysts are introduced and explained. A number of points of similarity and one of contrast between the two fields are presented.
Predicting Diet Protein Degradability from Individual Ingredient Estimations In Diets Containing Barley Silages

Abstract Whole plant barley was ensiled in 3- by 12-m silos at boot and soft dough growth stages. Boot barley was wilted before ensiling, and soft dough was direct-cut at 15cm (low cut) and 25cm (high cut) above ground. Diets containing each silage at 75% (high forage) and 60% (low forage) of diet DM were incubated for 0, 2, 12, 24, and 72h in situ in two ruminally fistulated, lactating Holstein cows. Individual silages, 44% CP soybean meal, and ground shelled corn were incubated similarly. Feedstuff CP degradabilities were 89.3, 79.6, 83.4, 77.1, and 71.6% for boot, soft dough-low cut, soft dough-high cut, soybean meal, and corn. Degradabilities of CP for complete diets were 82.0, 81.7; 77.8, 71.5; and 77.6, 76.9% for boot, high and low forages; soft dough-low cut, high and low forages; and soft dough-high cut, high and low forages, respectively. Using individual feed determinations, estimates of diet degradability resulted in no consistent trend [degradability determined (on complete diet) minus predicted (from individual feedstuffs): –.7, 1.5, 1.7, –3.4, –1.4, and –.2], and all means were within 5% of determined ones.
Changing Nonferrous Metals Markets

Fundamental changes in the market place and in production processes in the past ten years have affected metal demand and will continue to do so. Aluminum, copper, lead and zinc industries, the major components of the nonferrous metals sector, have experienced declines in the United States in the past decade. Substantial declines have occurred in consumption, intensity of use, production, employment and profitability. The United States is on the edge of a materials revolution. New technologies have brought innovative products and materials to the market which are in competition with ferrous and nonferrous metals. These new materials include fiber optics, ceramics, composite materials, and engineered plastics. The key lo survival for the metals industry is to maintain existing markets under the threat of continued product substitution, while developing new markets to expand metal consumption.
Experimental deformation of diopside and websterite

Diopside single-crystals, oriented favorably for twin gliding on both systems: (001) [100] and (100)[001] have been deformed in a Griggs apparatus using talc as pressure medium. The latter mechanism is dominant at temperatures (T) below 1050° C at strain rates (ϵ) of 10−3 sec−1, and below 800° C at ϵ = 10−6sec−1; at higher temperatures translation gliding on (100)[001] accompanied by syntectonic recrystallization is dominant but other glide systems also operate. Tests at a single set of conditions, T- and ϵ-incremental tests and stress-relaxation experiments have been carried out on websterite (68% CPX, 32% OPX), both in talc (“wet”) and talc-AlSiMag (“dry”) assemblies. Most tests were performed in the high-T regime, where syntectonic recrystallization and “relatively nonselective” glide are dominant. The mean size of recrystallized clinopyroxenes (D, μm) appears to be related to stress (σ, kb) as D = 60σ−0.9. The mechanical data fit the power law ϵ = Aexp(-Q/RT)σn, where for the “wet” experiments A = 105.9kb−nsec−1, Q = 91.2 kcal/mole, n = 5.3; for σ < 3.5 kb n appears to decrease to 3.3. For the “dry” experiments A = 102.2, Q = 77.9, and n = 4.3 for σ < 7.0 kb. Clinopyroxene in the upper mantle occurs as ca. 0–15% mixed phase in peridotites and websterites occur as thin layers. Stresses in these materials will then be near those in the olivine-rich matrix. At ϵ = 10−14/sec, the equivalent viscosity of dry websterite is less than that of dry dunite at depths to 60 km but it increases rapidly at higher pressures; at 240 km it is 106 greater than that of dunite. This may account for the low strains and passive behavior observed for clinopyroxene crystals in most peridotites and websterites, that presumably have formed at great depth. Attenuated folds of websterite in peridotite—evidence of more ductile behavior—may then have formed at shallower levels; alternatively they may have formed under “wet” conditions.
Rapid palletizing: simulation in the fast lane

Gives an example of the use of offline 3‐D graphical simulation to assist in program generation for a robot palletizing operation, a technique which is proving increasingly cost effective. Describes GRASP, the 3‐D graphical simulation tool for robotics applications whose special palletizing module was employed, and reports on the successful outcome. Claims that GRASP has enabled verified robot programs to be generated which can be produced in less than a day, saving more than two days over the manual programming approach and reducing cell downtime from three days to less than two hours.
Dependence of normal contact stress on the surface morphology of solid surfaces

Contact problems between two solids are essential to interpret the loading-unloading behaviour in indentation tests. Using linear elastic theory, a general relationship between the normal stress and the surface deformation for elastic contact of two solids was derived, in which the normal stress is a function of the mean curvature of the undeformed surface.
Constructing the Nature Experience: A Semiotic Examination of Signs on the Trail

This paper is an exploratory examination of the role of signs perceived along nature trails in parks and wooded settings and the ways in which they shape the nature experience for individuals. Literature was examined to define what it means to experience nature, the values and meanings people place on nature, hikers’ expectations, and tourism and park management practices. Sign objects, their underlying meanings, and the interpretation of signs along the trail were examined in the context of the existing theory based on semiotics, particularly the work of Peirce. Through a series of hikes, we found that signs contribute to the satisfaction, dissatisfaction, and meaning making in outdoor environments. Areas for further investigation are discussed.
Second Nature: Economic Origins of Human Evolution

Was exchange an early agent of human evolution or is it merely an artefact of modern civilisation? Spanning two million years of human evolution, this book explores the impact of economics on human evolution and natural history. The theory of evolution by natural selection has always relied in part on progress in areas of science outside biology. By applying economic principles at the borderlines of biology, Haim Ofek shows how some of the outstanding issues in human evolution, such as the increase in human brain size and the expansion of the environmental niche humans occupied, can be answered. He identifies distinct economic forces at work, beginning with the transition from the feed-as-you-go strategy of primates, through hunter-gathering and the domestication of fire to the development of agriculture. This highly readable book will inform and intrigue general readers and those in fields such as evolutionary biology and psychology, economics, and anthropology.
Attenuation in the Postnatal Expression of the Clara Cell Secreted Protein Is Associated with the Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Attenuation in the Postnatal Expression of the Clara Cell Secreted Protein Is Associated with the Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
On the dissipation associated with equilibrium shocks in finite elasticity

Equilibrium fields with discontinuous displacement gradients can occur in finite elasticity for certain materials. The presence of such “equilibrium shocks” affects the energy balance in the elastostatic field, and the present paper is concerned with a notion of dissipation associated with this energy balance. A dissipation inequality is proposed for three-dimensional equilibrium shocks for both compressible and incompressible materials. The consequences of this inequality are studied for weak shocks in plane strain for compressible materials and for shocks of arbitrary strength in anti-plane strain for a class of incompressible materials. A thermodynamic argument for the dissipation inequality is also given.
DIFFUSE SECOND ORDER PHASE TRANSITION IN GADOLINIUM TRICHLORIDE

High resolution measurements of the specific heat of a single crystal of GdCl3 indicate that the asymptotic form of the specific heat is discontinuous but non-singular at Tc with α' = - 0.45 ± 0.12 and α = - 0.18 ± 0.08. The observed rounding produces a maximum about 2 mK below Tc ; this effect is attributed to the existence of magnetic subsystems having a distribution of ordering temperatures.
Ion Exchange in Selected Low Rank Coals. Part I: Equilibrium

ABSTRACT The ion exchange behavior of 4 low rank coals has been investigated. Their total carboxyl group contents ranged from 1.52 meq/g for a subbituminous coal to 2.78 meq/g for a lignite. The coverage of the carboxyl groups by metal cations varied from 30% to 60% (on an equivalent basis) for the raw coals. For all raw coals, Ca2+was the predominant metal cation. The equilibrium ion exchange behavior of metal cations for H+was found to be a linear function of pH regardless of the cation concentration in solution. Thus, the extent of exchange is a function of available hydrogen ions. From equilibrium ion exchange measurements, the following cation exchange selectivity pattern for a subbituminous coal was determined: $ while that for a lignite was: $
Attributions and Sex Differences in Achievement: Problems and New Perspectives

The status of research on sex differences in attribution is reviewed in light of the articles published in this issue. The authors conclude that several widely held beliefs about sex differences in attributions may be unwarranted. Various explanations for the lack of consistent results in studies exploring situational and dispositional effects on sex differences in attributions are offered. The authors conclude that alternative attributional questions need to be raised and investigated in order to understand sex differences in achievement.
Leptin-deficient obese mice have altered intestinal metabolic enzyme activities

Abstract Introduction: Obesity is associated with multiple comorbidities, altered leptin metabolism, and increased intestinal absorption of nutrients. Leptin, the protein product of the mouse obese (ob) gene, inhibits carbohydrate absorption and improves the transport of oligopeptides across the intestinal epithelium via the PepT-1 transporter. Therefore, we hypothesized that leptin-deficient (Lep ob ) obese mice would have altered sucrase and brush border peptidase activities compared to lean controls. Methods: Sucrase and peptidase (aminopeptidase N (ApN), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV)) activities were determined in jejunal and ileal segments from 16–18 week old male, lean control (C57BL/6J, n = 8) and leptin-deficient (Lep ob , n = 8) obese mice. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test for pair-wise multiple comparisons. Results: Lep ob mice had significantly increased ileal (IL) sucrase activity and decreased jejunal (JE) ApN and DPPIV activity compared to lean controls. The activity for all three enzymes was greater in the jejunum than ileum for the lean control mice, whereas no difference was observed between the tissues for Lep ob mice. Data (± SEM) are presented in the table below. Conclusions: These findings suggest 1) leptin deficient obese mice have greater absorption of carbohydrate in the ileum than lean controls and 2) diminished absorption for protein in the jejunum. Therefore, we conclude that the increased efficiency of carbohydrate absorption and not protein, may contribute to the obesity and diabetes evident in leptin-deficient obese mice. TABLE—ABSTRACT P58 . Strain/tissue Sucrase (mcmol/cm/m in ×10 −2 ) ApN (U/g) DPPIV (U/g) Lean/JE 1.2 ± 0.1 † 17.3 ± 2.8 † 7.6 ± 0.5 † Lean/IL 0.5 ± 0.1 9.5 ± 2.8 3.9 ± 0.5 Lep ob /JE 1.1 ± 0.1 9.6 ± 1.3 ∗ 4.0 ± 0.6 ∗ Lep ob /IL 1.1 ± 0.1 ∗ 9.0 ± 0.7 2.5 ± 0.6 ∗ P † P
Response of tall fescue to irrigation water salinity, leaching fraction, and irrigation frequency

Abstract A long-term study in the rhizotron at the U.S. Salinity Laboratory established the yield and evapotranspiration of tall fescue as a function of irrigation water salinity, leaching fraction, and irrigation frequency. As the salt concentration of the irrigation water increased or leaching fraction decreased, dry matter production was reduced significantly. Differences in production because of irrigation frequency, however, were insignificant. With low stress (high leaching, L = 0.27, and low salinity water, S = 1 dS/m) annual dry matter yields were 2.0 kg/m 2 , compared to annual yields of 1.4 kg/m 2 with high stress (low leaching, L = 0.09, and high salinity water, S = 4 dS/m). Annual evapotranspiration dropped from 1860 mm for low stress treatments to 1170 mm for high stress. Soil evaporation was negligible for the mature grass stand. In concurrence with several models, relative dry matter production was proportional to relative water use. The salt tolerance of treatments dominated by osmotic potential was in agreement with that published for tall fescue. As matric potential decreased among treatments yields fell significantly below that predicted by the salt tolerance model.
Justice and journalism: Islam and journalistic values in Indonesia and Malaysia

As the Global War on Terror has prompted new interest in Islam in Southeast Asia, western governments have scrambled to engage with Muslim journalists in Indonesia and Malaysia. Despite this attention, surprisingly little is known about how journalists in these two majority Muslim countries actually think about the work they do. This article draws on a series of semi-structured interviews with elite journalists in Jakarta, Surabaya, and Kuala Lumpur to provide some preliminary explorations of the relationship between Islam and journalism in Southeast Asia. It argues that Muslim journalists in both Indonesia and Malaysia express the universal values of journalism, but do so within an Islamic idiom. It concludes with a discussion of justice as the overarching ideology of journalism in Islam, and a comment on how western diplomats might use the language of Islam to reach out to journalists in these two majority Muslim countries.
Reproductive Genetic Testing from an International Perspective: Impact on Women in Underdeveloped Countries

The impact of reproductive genetic testing (preconceptional and prenatal screening for genetic diseases) on women in the third world must take into account the many aspects that characterize underdeve
Comparison of canonical correlation and interbattery factor analysis on sensation seeking and drug use domains

The relationships between different types of sen sation-seeking tendencies and the use of 26 sub stances are studied for a group of 1,068 adoles cents. The methods of canonical correlation analy si...
An assessment of multiple-scattering effects in Auger-electron diffraction and photoelectron diffraction

Multiple-scattering effects in Auger electron diffraction and photoelectron diffraction are assessed using a new spherical-wave multiple scattering formalism which is based on a separable approximation to the scattering Green's function. Results obtained in both single-scattering and fully-converged multiple-scattering limits are presented for linear chains of Cu atoms. Simulations of some Auger electron diffraction and photoelectron diffraction experimental results with this new theory are also presented for the first time.
Agricultural chemical application practices to reduce environmental contamination

Current practices of applying agricultural chemicals play a major role in the environmental health concerns of agriculture. Those who mix, load, and handle the concentrated formulations run the greatest risk of exposure but field hands and others can encounter significant levels of pesticides. Drift can be a major source of contamination to residents, wildlife, and water sources. Improved methods of application and ways of reducing the total amount of pesticide applied can help reduce environmental contamination. Chemigation, direct injection, closed system handling, and fertilizer impregnation are examples of technology that affect the efficiency of applying agricultural chemicals. An area of beneficial research is related to leak and spill technology. Current surveys indicate that point sources such as spills, mixing and loading areas, back-siphoning, and direct routes for surface water movement into the ground are often a major cause of pesticides reaching groundwater. The commercial dealer/applicator provides storage, handling, mixing, and loading for large amounts of chemicals and has received limited guidance regarding the products. Education remains an important element of any rural environmental health strategy. With appropriate information about pesticide risks and groundwater, people will be better equipped to address environmental concerns. By design, agricultural chemicals are biologically active and, in most cases, toxic. Thus, they pose potential risks to humans, wildlife, water, and the environment in general. The magnitude of the risks depends to some degree on the methods and techniques used to apply the chemicals. Pesticides are applied by persons possessing a variety of skills, using equipment ranging from hand-operated systems to aircraft.
Axial Pattern Flap Based on the Superficial Brachial Artery in the Dog

An axial pattern flap based on the superficial brachial artery and vein (brachial axial pattern flap) was developed on the forelimbs of five dogs. The flap was immediately transferred to a distal cutaneous defect created on the antebrachium of that limb. A control flap was elevated on the opposite limb and transferred to a similar distal site after ligation of the superficial brachial artery and vein at the base of the flap. Mean brachial axial pattern flap survival (98%) was significantly more than mean control flap survival (77%) (p less than 0.05). Results of this study suggest that the brachial axial pattern flap has potential application for closure of major cutaneous defects involving the canine antebrachium above the carpus.
Divergent reaction pathways of tris(oxazolinyl)borato zinc and magnesium silyl compounds.

Synthesis and reactivity of monomeric magnesium and zinc silyl compounds ToMM–Si(SiHMe2)3 and ToMM–Si(SiMe3)3 are described (ToM = tris(4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolinyl)phenylborate). The magnesium compounds react slowly with water and air, while the zinc compounds are inert. With CO2, ToMMg–Si(SiHMe2)3 provides ToMMgO2CSi(SiHMe2)3 through CO2 insertion, whereas ToMZn–Si(SiHMe2)3 affords ToMZnOCHO.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALIN ON SUGAR METABOLISM

According to most investigators (1) adrenalin increases heat production and raises the respiratory quotient, thus indicating an increase in sugar metabolism. The object of this investigation was to determine directly the effect of adrenalin on sugar metabolism. Practically all the work that has been carried out with adrenalin has been done on the mammal with its various organs and glands of internal secretion where the situation is very complex. In this investigation we have attempted to simplify matters by using single celled animals and adding the adrenalin directly to the sugar solutions containing these animal cells and studying the effect on the rate of sugar utilization. The animal cell used was Paramecium caudatum. The paramecia were raised in great numbers on an infusion of alfalfa, pond lily leaves, and lake water. They were collected and washed free of debris by the use of a small centrifugalizing machine. The mitrifugalizing tubes were graduated in cubic centimeters, so the paramecia were measu...