cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Haematoparasites and QBC analysis

as an alternative approach to the field diagnosis of malaria in the Thircl World. I am a clinical pathologist very interested in the development of appropriate technology for the Third World. That is, technology that can be used by operators without extensive formal technical training. I have: had some limited experience with the QBC during a vaccine trial, and have just recently returned from a field trip in southern Af-ica. I have some concerns about the use of the QBC. First, significant skill and training is needed to read the blood samples in the Paraviewer
Evaluation of the internal auditory canal with virtual endoscopy.

Abstract Objective: Three-dimensional imaging can improve the understanding and comprehension of complex anatomy. Recent advances in software development allow the construction of a virtual endoscopic view of anatomic structures. This report applies virtual endoscopic capabilities to imaging of the internal auditory canal. Study Design, Setting, and Patients: We conducted a retrospective case review at a tertiary referral center of patients with abnormal internal auditory canal anatomy on computed tomography. Interventions: Computed tomography images were obtained using conventional clinical algorithms involving multiple, 1-mm-thick slices through the temporal bone. Three-dimensional reconstructions were made using General Electric Advantage Windows Navigator software. The virtual endoscopic image-processing algorithm used selected image intensity threshold levels to visualize internal auditory canal anatomy from an endoscopic perspective. Results: Eleven cases of abnormalities of the internal auditory canal were retrospectively identified. Clinical applications using the virtual endoscopic images are presented. The virtual endoscopic images supported prior clinical decision making in 6 of the 11 cases evaluated. Conclusion: This technique shows promise for the diagnosis, surgical planning, and teaching of temporal bone anatomy. Usefulness is dependent on acquisition parameters and clinical indications for examination. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:145-52.)
A hardware-driven profiling scheme for identifying program hot spots to support runtime optimization

This paper presents a novel hardware-based approach for identifying, profiling, and monitoring hot spots in order to support runtime optimization of general purpose programs. The proposed approach consists of a set of tightly coupled hardware tables and control logic modules that are placed in the retirement stage of a processor pipeline removed from the critical path. The features of the proposed design include rapid detection of program hot spots after changes in execution behavior, runtime-tunable selection criteria for hot spot detection, and negligible overhead during application execution. Experiments using several SPEC95 benchmarks, as well as several large WindowsNT applications, demonstrate the promise of the proposed design.
Influence of the ward colon tumor on the innate and endotoxin-induced inflammatory response of the rat.

Cachexia, a depressed immune function, and an increased infection rate are recurring problems for cancer patients; the response of the host to an infection may also be increased. We have reported that the transplantable Ward colon tumor (WCT) enhanced the lethality of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) to the host. The mechanism of this increased LPS lethality and the effect of the presence of the WCT on the host inflammatory response, however, have not been reported. The effect of a transplantable WCT on the innate and endotoxin-induced inflammatory response of rats was, therefore, investigated. The innate inflammatory response was investigated in two ways. First, the formation of a granuloma around a sterile string implanted subcutaneously for 6 days was determined. Second, the effect of tumor presence on the trafficking of leukocytes to a sponge implanted subcutaneously for 2 or 6 days was determined. The tumor decreased the foreign body granuloma formation around a sterile string. The presence of the WCT also significantly blunted the increase of lymphocytes that migrated to the sponge area at 6 days. There was no significant effect of the WCT, however, on the migration of neutrophils, monocytes, or eosinophils to the implanted sponge. The leukocyte distribution of the peripheral blood was not affected by the presence of the WCT or implantation of a sterile string or sponge. To determine the effect of the presence of the WCT on the response of the host to an infection, rats were given LPS (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and the alanine amino transferase (ALT) of plasma and inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) protein content of liver, spleen, and terminal ileum was determined. The LPS challenge resulted in an increase in plasma ALT concentrations and NOS2 protein content of liver and spleen, but not the terminal ileum of WCT rats. This elevation in WCT rats confirms that the enhanced LPS-related toxicity in WCT rats was related to an increased liver toxicity. The increased toxicity may be related to an increase in the nitric oxide synthesis of the liver. These results suggest that the WCT, and possibly other tumors, will reduce the ability of the host to respond to a foreign body. If this were an infection, the host would be more likely to succumb to the resulting inflammatory mediators. Further evaluations of the lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in the sponge exudate will be required to completely understand this response.
Three Dimensional Structure-Electrical Properties of Oriented PPV and PANI Films

In this paper the influence of anisotropic molecular structure on the three dimensional electrical properties of both poly(phenylene vinylene), (PPV), and polyaniline, (PANI) oriented films is investigated. The anisotropic structure of the stretched PPV and PANI EB films were examined using a modified waveguide coupler while three dimensional impedance spectroscopy measurements were made using specially designed test fixtures that allowed the in-plane as well as the through-plane impedance to be measured. The unstretched PANI EB film has a random orientation and one-way stretching leads to a uniaxial structure. The unstretched PPV film, on the other hand, was found to have a highly planar structure and oneway stretching converts the planar structure to a uniaxial structure. Impedance measurements were made on PANI after it was doped with HCl while PPV films were measured in the undoped state. For HCl-doped PANI films, the conductivity along the stretch direction was found to increase with orientation. For undoped PPV films, the conductivity through the film thickness direction decreased with increasing orientation. For both polymers, the in-plane conductivity was significantly greater than the through-plane conductivity.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Heat capacity of the triglycerides: Tricaproin, tricaprylin and tricaprin

Heat capacities of tricaproin, tricaprylin, tricaprin and their binary mixtures were determined between 325 and 423°K. In this temperature range, the heat capacity of tricaproin increased from 174 to 206 cal/mol-K, of tricaprylin from 221 to 281 cal/mol-K and of tricaprin from 276 to 309 cal/mol-K. Mixtures of tricaproin/tricaprin and tricaprylin/tricaprin behave as ideal solutions, while a mixture of tricaproin/tricaprylin did not behave as an ideal solution for this temperature range.
“Two Peas in a Pod,” “Apples and Oranges,” and Other Food Metaphors Comparing Canada and the United States

Cross-national comparison increases the complexity of data collection and analysis but offers the promise of innovative new knowledge; it is hard to know what is noteworthy about an outcome or proc...
Relation of the hepatitis B virus carrier state to hepatocellular carcinoma

The attempt to divide the large group of chronic HBsAg carriers into "healthy" vs. those with chronic hepatitis of various intensities is sometimes difficult. The major problems are overlap in clinical manifestations, hepatic test results and histologic as well as virologic features. Nevertheless, this separation is not only conceptually important, but may also be useful in patient management, particularly because of the risk of transition to cirrhosis and HCC. Although at least 75% of patients with HCC associated with HBV have cirrhosis, the time point at which the cirrhosis developed is not established, particularly since the vast majority of chronic HBsAg carriers fall into the "healthy" category. Important unanswered questions are, therefore: how often do "healthy" carriers develop cirrhosis and/or HCC, including the time relations between the two? Does the transformation to HCC result from one or several identifiable acute events in the "healthy" carrier (or in mild CPH) or is it a gradual process of progressing chronic hepatitis B in which intercurrent exacerbations may still play a role? Do the quantitative observations as to the relation between persistent HBV infections and HCC in the East apply to Western countries? Our hypothesis concerning pathogenesis is based on pathologic, molecular, clinical and epidemiologic observations and concepts, and is supported by studies of hepadna virus-infected animals. This thesis proposes that integration of HBV DNA into host chromosomes in acute or chronic hepatitis or during the "healthy" carrier state corresponds to an initiation event similar to that described in chemical carcinogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Single-cell, phosphoepitope-specific analysis demonstrates cell type- and pathway-specific dysregulation of Jak/STAT and MAPK signaling associated with in vivo human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.

Despite extensive evidence of cell signaling alterations induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro, the relevance of these changes to the clinical and/or immunologic status of HIV-1-infected individuals is often unclear. As such, mapping the details of cell type-specific degradation of immune function as a consequence of changes to signaling network responses has not been readily accessible. We used a flow cytometric-based assay of signaling to determine Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (Jak/STAT) signaling changes at the single-cell level within distinct cell subsets from the primary immune cells of HIV-1-infected donors. We identified a specific defect in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-driven Stat5 phosphorylation in the monocytes of HIV-1+ donors. This inhibition was statistically significant in a cohort of treated and untreated individuals. Ex vivo Stat5 phosphorylation levels varied among HIV-1+ donors but did not correlate with CD4+ T-cell counts or HIV-1 plasma viral load. Low Stat5 activation occurred in HIV-1-infected donors despite normal GM-CSF receptor levels. Investigation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, also stimulated by GM-CSF, led to the observation that lipopolysaccharide-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation is enhanced in monocytes. Thus, we have identified a specific, imbalanced monocyte signaling profile, with inhibition of STAT and enhancement of MAPK signaling, associated with HIV-1 infection. This understanding of altered monocyte signaling responses that contribute to defective antigen presentation during HIV-1 infection could lead to immunotherapeutic approaches that compensate for the deficiency.
Built in test (BIT) in a commercial signal generator

The implementation of internal diagnostics in Hewlett-Packard's newest series of RF signal generator products is described. Using an assembly-level repair support strategy, it is possible to repair most instrument failures quickly without the use of external test equipment. Testing of individual assemblies in the instrument is done with a series of analog multiplexers, an internal voltmeter with AC and DC measurement capability, and an internal RF power meter. An interactive troubleshooting mode is used to find problems in the interconnections between assemblies. >
Approximating block accesses in random files: the case of blocking factors lower than one

Expressions available in the current literature to estimate the number of blocks accessed in a random file fail to work when the blocking factor is lower than one. A new expression is developed in this article to estimate the number of blocks accessed; this expression is valid for blocking factors that are higher as well as lower than one. It is shown using simulation experiments that this expression is quite accurate in most situations.
Programming using dynamic system modeling VIA a 3D-based multimodeling framework

We propose a new approach to visual programming which adopts principles and elements from dynamic multimodeling for structured procedural programming, especially graphics programming. Unlike most traditional visual programming languages which simply replace syntactic parts of program with graphical objects, we applied the principles of dynamic model types in modeling and simulation to create program models and execute/simulate them. With this approach, computer programs are constructed by visual modeling instead of textual writing. The motivation for a method using dynamic model types in graphics programming is also tied to several emerging research areas: novice user interfaces, programming visualization, customized icons, and a broader view of aesthetics within programming. Metaphoric icons are extensively used for the visual representation of program model elements. Rube, a Web- and XML-based modeling and simulation framework, provides the necessary environment for the construction, visualization and execution of program models.
Staggered-grid split-node method for spontaneous rupture simulation

[1] We adapt the traction-at-split-node method for spontaneous rupture simulations to the velocity-stress staggered-grid finite difference scheme. The staggered-grid implementation introduces both velocity and stress discontinuities via split nodes. The staggered traction components on the fault plane are interpolated to form the traction vector at split nodes, facilitating alignment of the vectors of sliding friction and slip velocity. To simplify the split-node partitioning of the equations of motion, spatial differencing is reduced from fourth to second order along the fault plane, but in the remainder of the grid the spatial differencing scheme remains identical to conventional spatially fourth-order three-dimensional staggered-grid schemes. The resulting staggered-grid split node (SGSN) method has convergence rates relative to rupture-time, final-slip, and peak-slip-velocity metrics that are very similar to the corresponding rates for both a partly staggered split-node code (DFM) and the boundary integral method. The SGSN method gives very accurate solutions (in the sense that errors are comparable to the uncertainties in the reference solution) when the median resolution of the cohesive zone is 4.4 grid points. Combined with previous results for other grid types and other fault-discontinuity approximations, the SGSN results demonstrate that accuracy in finite difference solutions to the spontaneous rupture problem is controlled principally by the scheme used to represent the fault discontinuity, and is relatively insensitive to the grid geometry used to represent the continuum. The method provides an efficient and accurate means of adding spontaneous rupture capability to velocity-stress staggered-grid finite difference codes, while retaining the computational advantages of those codes for problems of wave propagation in complex media.
A DEUBIQUITINATING ENZYME INTERACTS WITH SIR4 AND REGULATES SILENCING IN S. CEREVISIAE

The SIR2, SIR3, and SIR4 proteins are required for silencing of transcription at the silent mating type loci and at telomeres in yeast. Using protein affinity chromatography, we show that SIR2, SIR3, and two proteins of 69 and 110 kDa tightly associate with SIR4. Surprisingly, the 110 kDa SIR4-binding protein is identical to UBP3, one of several previously described yeast enzymes that deubiquitinate target proteins. Deletion of the UBP3 gene results in markedly improved silencing of genes inserted either near a telomere or at one of the silent mating type loci, indicating that UBP3 is an inhibitor of silencing. We discuss possible roles for UBP3 in controlling the activity or assembly of the SIR protein complex.
Racial disparities in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue among women: a SEER data analysis.

Summary Objectives The incidence of oral tongue cancer (OTC) in the US is increasing in women. To understand this phenomenon, we examined factors influencing OTC incidence and survival. Materials and methods We identified women diagnosed with OTC that were reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program from 1973 to 2010. Incidence and survival rates were compared across metropolitan, urban and rural residential settings and several other demographic categories by calculating rate ratios (RRs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We examined changes in incidence of OTC across racial groups using joinpoint analyses since 1973, and assessed factors associated with survival. Patients diagnosed prior to 1988 were excluded from the survival analysis due to lack of data on treatment. Results OTC incidence in white females demonstrated a significant upward trend with 0.53 annual percentage change (APC) between 1973 and 2010. The change seems to be limited to white women under the age of 50 years and appears to have become pronounced in the 1990s. For African Americans (AA) on the other hand, the incidence has decreased. Incidence estimates did not differ in metropolitan, small urban and rural setting. The 1-, 5- and 10-year relative survival estimates were 86%, 63% and 54% for white women, and 76%, 46% and 33% for AA women. On multivariable analyses factors significantly associated with better survival included lower stage, younger age, married status, and receipt of surgical treatment, but not race. Conclusion The racial disparity in OTC survival is evident, but may be attributable to the differences in stage at diagnosis as well as access to and receipt of care. As the incidence of OTC is increasing in young white women, identifying the risk factors in this group may lead to a better understanding of OTC causes.
Relation between ability to track force during dual tasking and function in individuals with Parkinson's disease

Force tracking using fine motor control with simultaneous cognitive dual tasking may provide a useful measure of disease progression in Parkinson's disease (PD). Due to the challenging nature of the task, measures from this task may be useful in documenting changes in the progression of the disease especially since such changes are subtle in nature early on in the disease process. We have described a novel force tracking task and presented its relation to motor function based on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale as well as specific to hand function based on the Grooved Pegboard Test, in participants with PD. This work is the first step in a line of research with the overall goal of developing a clinical progression biomarker with the help of a haptic device for PD.
Assessing Contaminant Transport Vulnerability in Complex Topography Using a Distributed Hydrologic Model

Some facilities, such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, have contaminants at widely scattered locations Modeling of vadose zone hydrology is required to address a variety within a landscape of complex topography. This type of of applied problems in general and risk assessments associated with spatialdistributionofcontaminationposesaparticularly contaminants in particular. Risk assessments increasingly must focus on multisite, multipathway analyses as opposed to single-site, single challenging problem for risk assessment. While many of pathway analyses. Such assessments can be particularly challenging the contaminated sites within an area of concern may whencontaminantsarewidely dispersedincomplextopography.Here have relatively low levels of contamination, the redistriwe highlight how a set of contaminated sites situated within complex butionandconcentrationofthesecontaminantsthrough topography can be effectively prioritized relative to vulnerability of environmental processes such as surface and subsurface contaminant transport from surface and subsurface flows. We used flow must be considered (Wilcox etal., 1996a, 1996b,1997; a distributed hydrologic model, SPLASH, to assess the lateral flows Wilcox and Breshears, 1997; Newman et al., 1998; Johanof surface and subsurface water following the simulation of a 100-year senetal.,2003).Becauseremediationassociatedwithlarge precipitation event, which could correspond to an intense thunderareas of dispersed contaminants can be costly, assessstorm. Our case study was conducted in the North Ancho watershed ments that can prioritize remediation resources and efof Los Alamos National Laboratory, in northern New Mexico, USA, an area with widely dispersed contaminants and diverse topography. fortsonthosesiteswithsomecombinationofthehighest Simulated surface flows generally exceeded subsurface flows by more concentrations and vulnerability to transport are greatly than four orders of magnitude, indicating the relative importance of needed. Site contaminant inventories usually can be obpotential redistribution of contaminants by surface flows for this type tained withstraightforward, albeit sometimescostly,samof precipitation event. For the 18 potential contaminant release sites pling, whereas assessing the vulnerability of a site to coninvestigated, the maximum surface flow varied by more than an order taminant transport is more challenging. of magnitudeacross the sites. Halfof the sites hadsurface flows25% A major determinant of contaminant transport is the of the maximum surface flow for a site, allowing for prioritization of amount of hydrological flow at a given site. Vulnerability those sites with the greatest vulnerability. Our results highlight how to contaminant transport can be associated with surrisks of contaminant transport can be effectively assessed in complex face and subsurface flows of water laterally through a topography using distributed hydrologic modeling.
Backbone dependency further improves side chain prediction efficiency in the Energy‐based Conformer Library (bEBL)

Side chain optimization is an integral component of many protein modeling applications. In these applications, the conformational freedom of the side chains is often explored using libraries of discrete, frequently occurring conformations. Because side chain optimization can pose a computationally intensive combinatorial problem, the nature of these conformer libraries is important for ensuring efficiency and accuracy in side chain prediction. We have previously developed an innovative method to create a conformer library with enhanced performance. The Energy-based Library (EBL) was obtained by analyzing the energetic interactions between conformers and a large number of natural protein environments from crystal structures. This process guided the selection of conformers with the highest propensity to fit into spaces that should accommodate a side chain. Because the method requires a large crystallographic data-set, the EBL was created in a backbone-independent fashion. However, it is well established that side chain conformation is strongly dependent on the local backbone geometry, and that backbone-dependent libraries are more efficient in side chain optimization. Here we present the backbone-dependent EBL (bEBL), whose conformers are independently sorted for each populated region of Ramachandran space. The resulting library closely mirrors the local backbone-dependent distribution of side chain conformation. Compared to the EBL, we demonstrate that the bEBL uses fewer conformers to produce similar side chain prediction outcomes, thus further improving performance with respect to the already efficient backbone-independent version of the library.
Effect of dietary energy on performance and egg composition of Bovans White and Dekalb White hens during phase I

A 4 x 2 factorial experiment with 4 dietary energy levels (2,719, 2,798, 2,877, and 2,959 kcal of ME/ kg) and 2 strains (Bovans White and Dekalb White) was conducted to determine the effect of dietary energy on reproductive performance, egg composition, and profits of 2 strains of commercial Leghorns. This experiment lasted 16 wk. Bovans White hens (n = 768) and Dekalb White hens (n = 768) in phase I (21 wk of age) were randomly assigned into 8 treatments (16 replicates of 12 birds/treatment). Bovans White had significantly higher feed intake, egg production, egg mass, body weight, percentage egg yolk, and yolk/albumen ratio than Dekalb White. Bovans White had significantly lower feed conversion, egg weight, egg specific gravity, percentage of albumen weight, percentage of shell weight, and Haugh unit than Dekalb White. When dietary energy increased from 2,719 to 2,956 kcal of ME/kg, hens adjusted feed intake from 107.6 to 101.1 g/hen per day to achieve a constant energy intake so that the same amount of dietary energy (5.8 kcal) was used to produce 1 g of egg. Increasing dietary energy by the addition of poultry oil increased early egg weight, which was mostly due to increased yolk weight. Increasing dietary energy by addition of poultry oil significantly decreased feed conversion and egg specific gravity but had no effect on egg production, egg mass, body weight, or mortality. Increasing dietary energy by addition of poultry oil to a ratio of 282 kcal of ME/g lysine maximized egg weight during phase I. The energy per lysine ratio required for optimal profits varied with egg price and feed ingredient prices, which were variable.
Study of enhanced phosphorus activity in n-type Si80Ge20 as a function of the doping process

The electrical activity of phosphorus in Si{sub 80}Ge{sub 20} alloys prepared by two nonconventional doping processes has been investigated over the temperature range 25{endash}1250{degree}C. Both a solid state (mechanical alloying) and gaseous phase doping processes were found to extend the electrical activity of phosphorus in Si{sub 80}Ge{sub 20} alloys beyond the reported maximum equilibrium value (2.1{times}10{sup 20}/cm{sup 3}) to 2.5{minus}2.9{times}10{sup 20}/cm{sup 3} within the temperature range 900 to 1200{degree}C. It is likely that this extended electrical activity of phosphorus is associated with a high density of defects. The enhanced electrical activity of phosphorus enabled Si{sub 80}Ge{sub 20} alloys to have 300 to 1000{degree}C integrated average electrical power factors in the range 30.1{minus}35.7 {mu}W/cm-{degree}C{sup 2}. {copyright} {ital 1996 Materials Research Society.}
Using NVivo to Answer the Challenges of Qualitative Research in Professional Communication: Benefits and Best Practices Tutorial

Recent updates in qualitative data-analysis software have provided the qualitative researcher in professional communication with powerful tools to assist in the research process. In this tutorial, we provide a brief overview of what software choices are available and discuss features of NVivo, one prominent choice. We then use our experiences with the software to discuss how it enhances three specific dimensions of our research: efficiency, multiplicity, and transparency. We end with a compilation of best practices for using the software.
Zinc Absorption Is Not Related to Dietary Phytate Intake in Infants and Young Children Based on Modeling Combined Data from Multiple Studies

Background: It is widely understood that the 2 primary factors affecting dietary zinc absorption in adults are the quantities of zinc and phytate in the diet. Although a similar association of absorption to dietary zinc and phytate is presumed to exist in children, to our knowledge, no large-scale examination of the relation of zinc absorption to dietary and growth factors has been conducted. Objective: The goal was to apply an adult absorption model and related models to data from zinc absorption studies of infants and children in order to determine the nature of the relation of zinc absorption to dietary zinc and phytate, age, body size, and zinc homeostatic variables. Methods: Data from 236 children between 8 and 50 mo of age were obtained from stable-isotope studies of zinc absorption. Statistical and mechanistic models were fit to the data using linear and nonlinear regression analysis. Results: The effect of dietary phytate on zinc absorption when controlling for dietary zinc was very small and not statistically discernable (P = 0.29). A 500-mg/d increase in dietary phytate reduced absorbed zinc by <0.04 mg/d. Absorption was observed to vary with age, weight, and height (P < 0.0001) when controlling for dietary zinc. For example, absorption from 6 mg/d of dietary zinc increased by as much as 0.2 mg/d with a 12-mo increase in age. Absorption varied with weight and exchangeable zinc pool size (0.01 < P < 0.05) when controlling for dietary zinc and age. Conclusions: The absence of a detectable phytate effect on zinc absorption raises caution about use of dietary phytate: zinc molar ratios to predict zinc bioavailability and does not support phytate reduction as a strategy to improve zinc status of young children. The effect of age on zinc absorption and the absence of a phytate effect should facilitate estimations of dietary zinc needs in young children. J Nutr 2015;145:1763‐9.
Rate constants for the reaction of OH radicals with CH3CN, C2H5CN AND CH2CH-CN in the temperature range 298–424 K

Abstract Rate constants for the reactions of OH with CH3CN, CH3CH2CN and CH2CH-CN have been measured to be 5.86 × 10−13 exp(−1500 ± 250 cal mole−1/RT), 2.69 × 10−13 exp(−1590 ± 350 cal mole−1/RT and 4.04 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively in the temperature range 298–424 K. These results are discussed in terms of the atmospheric lifetimes of nitrfles.
Five Facts about Value-Added Exports and Implications for Macroeconomics and Trade Research

Abstract Due to the rise of global supply chains, gross exports do not accurately measure the amount of value added exchanged between countries. I highlight five facts about differences between gro...
Effective Capacity of Superposition Coding Based Mobile Multicast in Wireless Networks

Effective capacity is a useful technique to characterize the system throughput with statistical delay-constrained quality of service (QoS) guarantees. In this paper, we integrate effective capacity theory into superposition-coding (SPC) based multicast transmission to devise the efficient channel-aware multicasting scheme in wireless networks. Specifically, we propose to optimize the effective capacity for multicast transmissions subject to the specified loss-rate constraint and the statistical delay QoS requirement in terms of the QoS exponent. We use superposition coding in wireless multicast to handle heterogeneous channel fading across multicast receivers, and apply the pre-drop strategy to gain more flexible rate control. Under our proposed framework, we derive the optimal pre-drop strategy and the optimal power/rate allocation for each layer of superposition coding. Simulation analyses present insightful observations on tradeoff between effective capacity and the QoS requirements, and demonstrate the superiority of the SPC-based scheme over the existing time-sharing (TS) based multicast scheme.
Axonal stimulation under MRI magnetic field z gradients: A modeling study

The stimulation of axons under MRI magnetic fields is analyzed solving the cable equation along the axons in the presence of magnetic field z gradients. Axons are represented using a one-dimensional compartmental cable model including the kinetics of mammalian myelinated fibers. Computer simulations of the model were performed for sinusoidal and trapezoidal fields. Several axon and field parameters were tested to determine the threshold values for axonal stimulation of the magnetic field, induced electric field and time derivative of the magnetic field. The results indicate that 1) threshold for stimulation is lowest for the largest diameter axons terminating in the region where the magnetic field is maximum, 2) trapezoidal waveforms can be optimized to allow better sub-threshold resolution than sinusoidal waveforms, and 3) the induced electric field is better than the magnetic field and time derivative of the magnetic field as indicators of stimulation threshold.
Feedback Generation in Rendezvous Problems Using Synthetic Dynamics

Rendezvous problems belong to the class of consensus problems where it is desired that vehicles arrive at a desired position simultaneously. Recently, the problem of rendezvous has been addressed considerably in the graph theoretic framework, which is strongly based on the communication aspects of the problem. Stability is analyzed with respect to communication topology. The current methods do not characterize the behavior of the collective system, which is necessary to generate feedback between the vehicles. In this paper we focus on generating feedback between multiple agents such that rendezvous is achieved. We treat the rendezvous problem in the set invariance setting and define rendezvous on the positions of the agents. In the proposed framework, the problem of rendezvous is cast as a stabilization problem, with a set of constraints on the trajectories of the agents defined on the phase plane. We pose the n-agent rendezvous problem as an ellipsoidal cone invariance problem in the n dimensional phase space. The necessary and sufficient conditions for rendezvous of linear systems are presented in form of linear matrix inequalities. These conditions are also interpreted in the Lyapunov framework using multiple Lyapunov functions. Numerical examples that demonstrate application are also presented.
The Influence of Fat on the Quality, Composition and Yield of Cream Cheese

Summary Cream cheese of good quality can be made from cream testing from 16 to 20 per cent fat. The cheese made from such cream contains 37 to 42 per cent fat and 50 to 54 per cent moisture. Lowering the fat content of the cream tends increasingly to cause grainy texture and crumbly body while increasing the fat content tends to cause excessive smoothness and stickiness. As the fat content of the cream used for the cheese increases, the yield of cheese per hundred pounds of cream increases and the yield per pound of fat in the cream decreases. The acidity of the final product in terms of pH is not influenced by the percentage of fat in the cream used to make the cheese.
A 9 b, 1.25 ps Resolution Coarse–Fine Time-to-Digital Converter in 90 nm CMOS that Amplifies a Time Residue

This paper presents the design of a coarse-fine time-to-digital converter (TDC) that amplifies a time residue to improve time resolution, similar to a coarse-fine analog-to-digital converter (ADC). A new digital circuit has been developed to amplify the time residue with a higher gain (>16) and larger range (>80 ps) than existing solutions do. However, adapting the conventional coarse-fine architecture from ADCs is not an appropriate solution for TDCs: input time cannot be stored, and the gain of a time amplifier (TA) cannot be controlled precisely. This paper proposes a new coarse-fine TDC architecture by using an array of time amplifiers and two identical fine TDCs that compensate for the variation of the TA gain during the conversion process. The measured DNL and INL are plusmn0.8 LSB and plusmn3 LSB, respectively, with a value of 1.25 ps per 1 LSB, while the standard deviation of output code for constant inputs remains below 1 LSB across the TDC range. Although the nonlinearity is larger than 1 LSB, using an INL lookup table or better matched delays in the coarse TDC delay chain will improve the linearity further.
Optimal Control and Electro-control System Design of A New Style Aircraft Arresting Device

The principle of new style electro-hydraulic controlled aircraft arresting system that leads in electrical signal is introduced. It is convenient to construct automatic control system by computer. Dynamic analysis was done for actuating mechanism, the method of linearization and MATLAB function was applied and mathematical model of the system was built. Based on the system model, optimal PID controller was designed. When simulating, the graphical user interfaces was easy to manipulate and satisfied function request. Simulation result shows that optimal PID controller applied in new style electro-hydraulic controlled aircraft arresting system obtains good controlling effectiveness. After simulating analysis, the hardware of the electro-control system including interface circuit of power supply part, count part, amplification part and communication part was designed. Test results indicate that electro-control system can control behaviors of electro-hydraulic valve according to inputting signals.
Iron Mineralization by Bacteria: Metabolic Coupling of Iron Reduction to Cell Metabolism in Alteromonas Putrefaciens Strain MR-1

Because of the high redox potential of Fe(III), the rapidity with which Fe(III) and Fe(II) can be interconverted, and the abundance of iron in many soil and sedimentary environments, iron oxides and oxyhydroxides have a great potential for interacting with both organisms and the chemical environment. Not only is Fe(III) the most abundant electron acceptor in most soils (Ponnamperuma, 1972), but it is second only to sulfate as the most abundant electron acceptor in marine sediments (Reeburgh, 1983).
Fibroblast‐populated collagen microsphere assay of cell traction force: Part 1. Continuum model

The most popular in vitro assay currently used to characterize cell traction forces exerted on extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers is the fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL) assay. The compaction of a disk of cell-populated collagen gel, in terms of rate or extent of diameter reduction, is typically reported as the measure of cell traction. This measure, however, depends on assay properties incidental to the intrinsic traction, such as the initial cell concentration, the initial collagen concentration, and the geometry of the gel. Thus, there is a clear need to identify and measure an objective index of cell traction. Here, we propose as such an index a traction parameter (reflective of the cell-fiber mechanical interaction) defined in a continuum theory in which the interactive processes of cell motility and ECM deformation are modeled by expressions for cell and ECM conservation coupled to the mechanical force balance for the cell-ECM composite. The equations are formulated and solved for our adaptation of the FPCL assay in which cells are initially dispersed in a collagen gel microsphere, conferring several experimental and theoretical advantages over the popular disk geometry. The solution of the nonlinear system of partial differential equations (parameterized on the traction parameter) is then compared to compaction data for the fibroblast-populated collagen microspheres (FPCM). We show that the model predictions are consistent with the data when the initial cell concentration and the initial FPCM diameter are varied. In Part 2, we show how these results, along with the determination of the growth parameters of the cells and the viscoelastic parameters of the gel, have allowed us to estimate the magnitude of the traction parameter, which is a direct measure of the traction exerted by fibroblasts in a physiologically relevant collagen gel.
Butterfly Abundance and Movements Among Prairie Patches: The Roles of Habitat Quality, Edge, and Forest Matrix Permeability

The spatial distribution of patchy insect populations is partly caused by behavioral patterns of insect movement that are influenced by habitat quality, isolation, and the permeability of the surrounding matrix. We recorded insect movements, abundance, and edge behaviors in two species of butterflies, the great-spangled fritillary (Speyeria cybele F., Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and the pearl crescent (Phyciodes tharos Drury, Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), inhabiting remnant prairies surrounded by a forest matrix in south-central Ohio. We also determined the number of forest matrix types present and recorded the permeability of the different types to butterfly movement. The great-spangled fritillary exhibited a relatively high number of interpatch movements, a higher abundance at patch edges, and a propensity to cross the prairie-forest edges, and the forest matrix had a high permeability to butterfly movement. The pearl crescent, in contrast, rarely crossed edge boundaries, moved infrequently among patches, and was more abundant within the patch interior and in patches with high host-plant and flower densities. There were three structurally different forest matrix types separating habitat patches, which in previous studies would have been classified as a single deciduous forest matrix. Butterfly movement and edge behaviors mechanistically interact with patch quality, isolation, and the matrix permeability to determine the spatial structure of these populations in fragmented habitats.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ACCURATE ROENTGENOGRAPHY AND INTERPRETATION IN FEMORAL-NECK FRACTURES TREATED BY INTERNAL FIXATION

The illustrations which have been presented demonstrate the danger of using the "flexed-thigh position" to obtain the lateral view. This method of taking the lateral view is not recommended.
Uncertainties of Digital Image Correlation Near Strain Localizations

Estimates of the strain errors resulting from digital image correlation (DIC) measurements are desired for many uses. One application is the measurement of the strain localization near failure in forming limit testing of sheet metals. This work measures and statistically characterizes the displacement measurement uncertainties for a typical DIC system. These uncertainties are found to have nearly Normal probability distributions and were used as inputs into a Monte Carlo analysis to determine the resulting strain uncertainty. A limited parameter study was made using the Monte Carlo analysis. The results demonstrate that the strain measurement uncertainty is quantifiable, and reducing the virtual gauge length (over which the strain is determined) tends to increase the strain measurement uncertainty. Based on the results, curves relating the strain uncertainty to the DIC analysis parameters can be developed. These curves suggest a balance must be chosen between the optimum processing parameters to minimize the strain error or the parameters to minimize the virtual gauge length. For some engineering applications (e.g. forming limit testing), a smaller virtual gauge length might be preferred even if it results in a higher strain uncertainty, as long as that uncertainty is quantifiable.
The Engineer and the New Environment

A review of environmental legislation in Congress is given. Environmental, financial, organizational, and technical dimensions of the emerging legislation are considered, such as development of comprehensive water and land resources waste management plans; establishment and implementation of effluent limitations; program permitting discharges into navigable waters; massive attack on pollution from oil, hazardous substances, and vessels; user charges for waste treatment services to assure sharing of costs; and uniformity of effort in cleaning up wastes on an international scale. The civil engineering profession faces a challenge of a magnitude which has never before been faced by the profession.
Cataracts Resulting from a Deficiency of Phenylalanine in the Rat.

SummaryThe lenticular changes observed to result from phenylalanine-deficiency in the rat were diffuse haziness, opacity of the star, progressive separation of the fibers, granular changes in the epithelial layer and the development of dense central cataracts. Only the more superficial changes in the lenses were found to be reversed by adding dl-phenylalanine to the diet.
Food of Silvery Grebes (Podiceps occipitalis) at Lake Cuicocha, Ecuador

MARLER, P., P. MUNDINGER, M. S. WASER, AND A. LUTJEN. 1972. Effects of acoustical stimulation and deprivation on song development in Redwinged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Anim. Behav. 20:586-606. MULLIGAN, J. A. 1966. Singing behavior and its development in the Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 81:1-76. NOTTEBOHM, F. 1975. Vocal behavior in birds, p. 287332. In D. S. Farner and J. R. King [eds.], Avian biology. Vol. 5. Academic Press, New York. SLATER, P. J. B. 1973. Describing sequences of behavior, p. 131-153. In P. P. G. Bateson and P. H. Klopfer [eds.], Perspectives in ethology. Vol. 1. Plenum Press, New York. THIELCKE, G. 1976. Bird sounds. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Immunoassay of Insulin Content of Crystalline Glucagon Preparations

Summary and Conclusions1. The insulin content of each of 2 crystalline glucagon preparations was found to be less than 0.05% by immunochemical assay. 2. Immunologically reactive insulin was not detected in a cysteine treated glucagon preparation.
Modeling and Simulation of the Percolation Problem in High-Tc Superconductors: Role of Crystallographic Constraints on Grain Boundary Connectivity

Superconductivity in high-T c materials is often modeled as a percolation problem in which grain boundaries are classified as strong or weak-links for current transmission based on their disorientation angle. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we have explored the topology and percolation thresholds for grain boundary networks in orthorhombic and tetragonal polycrystals where the grain boundary disorientations are assigned in a crystallographically consistent manner. We find that the networks are highly nonrandom, and that the percolation thresholds differ from those found with standard percolation theory. For biaxially textured materials, we have also developed an analytical model that illustrates the role of local crystallographic constraint on the observed nonrandom behavior.
NON-LINEAR MACROMOLECULAR EVOLUTION AND THE MOLECULAR CLOCK.

ROBERT S. CORRUCCINI,' MARIETTA BABA,2 MORRIS GOODMAN,3 RUSSELL L. CIOCHON,4 AND JOHN E. CRONIN' 'Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 2Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 3Department of Anatomy, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, Michigan 48201 4Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223 and 5Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
Pseudonyms by Another Name : Identity Management in a Time of Surveillance

This book chapter argues that we need ways to hide our transactions, reading habits, and movements from those who would profile us. Allowing people to create multiple identities that could go online, and could buy things both online and off, would be one way to prevent the creation of giant all-encompassing digital dossiers. Even if law enforcement was given the power to link those alternate identities to us for good cause, we'd still have more day-to-day privacy than otherwise seems likely.
Poly(rC)-Binding Protein 2 Regulates Hippo Signaling To Control Growth in Breast Epithelial Cells

Poly(rC)-binding proteins (PCBPs) are multifunctional adapters that mediate interactions between nucleic acids, iron cofactors, and other proteins, affecting the fates and activities of the components of these interactions. Here, we show that PCBP2 forms a complex with the Hippo pathway components Salvador (Sav1), Mst1, Mst2, and Lats1 in human cells and mouse tissues. Hippo is a kinase cascade that functions to phosphorylate and inactivate the transcriptional coactivators YAP and TAZ, which control cell growth and proliferation. PCBP2 specifically interacts with the scaffold protein Sav1 and prevents proteolytic cleavage of the Mst1 kinase, resulting in increased signaling through Hippo and suppressed activity of YAP and TAZ. Human breast epithelial cells lacking PCBP2 exhibit impaired proteasomal degradation of TAZ. They accumulate TAZ in both the nucleus and the cytosol, increase expression of YAP and TAZ connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and Cyr61 target genes, and exhibit anchorage-independent growth. Thus, PCBP2 can function as a component of the Hippo complex, enhancing signaling, suppressing activity of YAP and TAZ, and altering the growth characteristics of cells.