cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathways: Strategies for susceptibility genes in SLE

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder marked by an inappropriate immune response to nuclear antigens. Recent whole genome association and more focused studies have revealed numerous genes implicated in this disease process, including ITGAM, Fc gamma receptors, complement components, C-reactive protein, and others. One common feature of these molecules is their involvement in the immune opsonin pathway and in phagocytic clearing of nuclear antigens and apoptotic debris, which provide excessive exposure of lupus-related antigens to immune cells. Analysis of gene-gene interactions in the opsonin pathway and its relationship to SLE may provide a system-based approach to identify additional candidate genes associated with disease able to account for a larger part of lupus susceptibility.
Measurement of immunotargeted plasmonic nanoparticles' cellular binding: a key factor in optimizing diagnostic efficacy

In this study, we use polarized light scattering to study immunotargeted plasmonic nanoparticles which bind to live SK-BR-3 human breast carcinoma cells. Gold nanoparticles can be conjugated to various biomolecules in order to target specific molecular signatures of disease. This specific targeting provides enhanced contrast in scattering-based optical imaging techniques. While there are papers which report the number of antibodies that bind per nanoparticle, there are almost no reports of the key factor which influences diagnostic or therapeutic efficacy using nanoparticles: the number of targeted nanoparticles that bind per cell. To achieve this goal, we have developed a 'negative' method of determining the binding concentration of those antibody/nanoparticle bioconjugates which are targeted specifically to breast cancer cells. Unlike previously reported methods, we collected unbound nanoparticle bioconjugates and measured the light scattering from dilute solutions of these particles so that quantitative binding information can be obtained. By following this process, the interaction effects of adjacent bound nanoparticles on the cell membrane can be avoided simply by measuring the light scattering from the unbound nanoparticles. Specifically, using nanoshells of two different sizes, we compared the binding concentrations of anti-HER2/nanoshell and anti-IgG/nanoshell bioconjugates targeted to HER2-positive SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. The results indicate that, for anti-HER2/nanoshell bioconjugates, there are approximately 800-1600 nanoshells bound per cell; for anti-IgG/nanoshell bioconjugates, the binding concentration is significantly lower at nearly 100 nanoshells bound per cell. These results are also supported by dark-field microscopy images of the cells labeled with anti-HER2/nanoshell and anti-IgG/nanoshell bioconjugates.
Effect of hydrolysis on identifying prenatal cannabis exposure

Identification of prenatal cannabis exposure is important due to potential cognitive and behavioral consequences. A two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for cannabinol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), 8β,11-dihydroxy-THC, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) quantification in human meconium was developed and validated. Alkaline, enzymatic, and enzyme–alkaline tandem hydrolysis conditions were optimized with THC- and THCCOOH-glucuronide reference standards. Limits of quantification ranged from 10 to 15 ng/g, and calibration curves were linear to 500 ng/g. Bias and intra-day and inter-day imprecision were <12.3%. Hydrolysis efficiencies were analyte-dependent; THC-glucuronide was effectively cleaved by enzyme, but not base. Conversely, THCCOOH-glucuronide was most sensitive to alkaline hydrolysis. Enzyme–alkaline tandem hydrolysis maximized efficiency for both glucuronides. Identification of cannabinoid-positive meconium specimens nearly doubled following alkaline and enzyme–alkaline hydrolysis. Although no 11-OH-THC glucuronide standard is available, enzymatic hydrolysis improved 11-OH-THC detection in authentic specimens. Maximal identification of cannabis-exposed neonates and the widest range of cannabis biomarkers are achieved with enzyme–alkaline tandem hydrolysis.
Phase II trial of oral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) in hormone refractory prostate cancer.

Abstract Epidemiologic and experimental data support a role for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the growth regulation of prostate cancer. We conducted a phase II clinical trial evaluating calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. We enrolled 14 patients in this study. 1,25(OH)2D3 was initiated at a daily oral dose of 0.5 μg and escalated to 1.5 μg daily. No objective responses were observed. However, in two patients decreases of 25% and 45% in prostate specific antigen levels were seen. Hypercalcemia was the predominant toxicity. We conclude that 1,25(OH)2D3 given in this manner is inactive in advanced prostate cancer. Dose escalation of oral 1,25(OH)2D3 is limited by hypercalcemia.
Interface mechanics in external prosthetics : review of interface stress measurement techniques

Instrumentation to measure accurately the stresses at the interface of a residual limb and prosthetic socket has a strong potential for use in prosthetic treatment. As a tool in the clinical setting, the device would allow a clinician to identify sites of excessive loading, information which could then be combined with clinical assessment of skin quality to determine regions of potential skin breakdown. Stress distributions for different prosthetic designs could be compared, facilitating a clinician's judgement to determine the optimal design for a patient. The instrumentation would have additional use in research as an evaluation tool for computer-based finite-element (FE) models. Stump-socket FE models predict stress distributions for proposed socket designs, thus offering advantages over interface stress measurement because evaluation can be conducted before a prosthesis is fabricated or put on an amputee patient. However, FE models must first be proven valid against experimental measurements before they can be considered accurate predictors of interface stresses. Current interface stress measurement techniques are described, with a concentration on a physical explanation of the advantages and limitations with each technique. New emerging technologies are discussed which are instruments that have been described but for which no data collected on amputees have been reported in the literature. The important new features of those technologies are also discussed.
Cryogenic operation of power junction field effect transistors

Abstract Detailed measurements and modeling of 200 V, n -channel JFETs with vertically walled gate structure in the 300-77 K temperature range are presented for the first time. When the temperature is reduced from 300 to 77 K, it has been observed that: maximum blocking voltage of the JFETs decreases by 20%; d.c. blocking gain increases slightly while the a.c. gain remains unchanged; the on-state voltage drop shows a 7.5 × reduction. Analysis indicates that an even better performance can be expected if a higher doped substrate is used to fabricate power JFETs.
Outsmarting the host: bacteria modulating the immune response

Pathogenic bacteria and their hosts have had a two-way conversation for millions of years. This interaction has led to many measure/counter-measure responses by the host and bacteria. The host immune response has developed many mechanisms to neutralize and remove pathogen bacteria. In turn pathogenic bacteria have developed mechanisms to alter and evade the host immune response. We will review some of the mechanisms utilized by bacteria to accomplish this goal. We will also examine the current state of understanding of Francisella tularensis mediated immune evasion.
Discovery, Historical Frameworks, and Scientific Status: Joao Moleiro and the History of Archaeology

The history of archaeology does not necessarily include "Who, What, When, and Where?" Despite the common sense of begin­ning from details that are among the easiest to establish. many histories distort this groundwork in behalf of "scientific context. The result is a history biased in behalf of the persons or institutions of greatest power during the period of advance. Archaeolo­gists often recognize the colleague that publicizes and gains acceptance for ideas/finds when the process of discovery actually involves many factors within and outside of the elite circle of status-holding archaeologists.
Protecting the health and safety of cell and tissue donors

Centers involved with collecting the starting material for cell and tissue therapies are obligated to protect the recipient’s and donor’s health and safety. All donors face risks during and after the collection which can be minimized by prescreening donors and excluding those that the collection would place at increased risk of physical harm. Another important part of protecting donors is the use of appropriate collection facilities. Donor risk can also be reduced by using specially designed collection devices and ancillary equipment, using only trained collection staff and limiting the volume or quantity of biologic material collected. Donors should be monitored during and after the collection for adverse events, and should adverse events occur, they should be promptly and appropriately treated. Protecting the safety of cell, gene and tissue donors is particularly difficult because of the wide variety in the types of donors and material collected. Biological material used to manufacture cell and tissue therapies is collected from healthy volunteers, matched-related, matched-unrelated and autologous donors. Precautions should be taken to ensure that the team of medical professionals evaluating related donors is not the same as the team caring for the transplant recipient in order to be sure that the donor evaluation is not biased and the donor is not coerced into donating. In conclusion, protecting cell and tissue donors requires the use of the practices developed to protect blood donors and the implementation of many other measures.
Primary appendiceal cancer : Gynecologic manifestations and treatment options

Abstract Objective. To determine the presenting symptoms, gynecologic manifestations, and optimal intraoperative management of women with primary appendiceal cancer. Methods. A multi-institutional investigation was performed to identify female patients with primary appendiceal cancer who were treated from 1990 to present. Results. Forty-eight women with primary appendiceal cancer were identified from the tumor registries of participating institutions. The most common symptoms were abdominal pain (40%) and bloating (23%), but only 8% experienced rectal bleeding. Serum CEA was elevated (>2.5 U/ml) in 67% of patients, and serum Ca-125 was elevated (>35 U/ml) in 50% of patients. Thirty-one patients (65%) presented with a right adnexal or right lower quadrant mass and were operated on initially by a gynecologic oncologist. Ovarian involvement by metastatic appendiceal cancer was documented in 18 patients (38%). All of these patients underwent total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and staging, but only 8 had a right hemicolectomy at the time of initial surgery. Forty-one patients (85%) presented with advanced stage appendiceal cancer (Stage III or IV) and 19 patients (46%) received postoperative chemotherapy, most commonly with a combination of 5-FU/Leukovorin. Following surgery, 22 patients (46%) experienced disease progression or recurrence, and 14 have died of disease. The most common sites of recurrence were abdominal or pelvic peritoneum (18), colon (2), and ovary (2). Patient survival was 70% at 2 years, and 60% at 5 years. Conclusion. Women with primary appendiceal cancer frequently present with ovarian metastases, and initial surgical intervention is often performed by a gynecologic oncologist. All patients with mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer should undergo appendectomy at the time of surgical staging. The appendix should be examined intraoperatively, and if appendiceal carcinoma is identified, a right hemicolectomy and appropriate surgical staging should be considered.
The ability to minimize the timing of new product development and introduction: an examination of antecedent factors in the North American automobile supplier industry

The importance of overall timing in the new product development and the new product commercialization processes has been widely recognized in the literature. We examined 14 firm-level practices, later reduced to four factors, that influence the ability to minimize new product development and introduction times overall relative to competitors. The factors are (1) human resource management, (2) synergistic integration, (3) supplier closeness, and (4) the design-manufacturing interface. An empirical study of the North American automobile supplier industry found some support for the four-factor model of antecedents to timing ability: synergistic integration and supplier closeness were both significantly related to development and introduction time minimization ability. The implications of these findings for product development managers and academic researchers are discussed.
Perpendicular transport across (Al,Ga)As and the Γ to X transition

Abstract Tunneling (TU) and thermionic emission (TE) through GaAs/Al x Ga 1−x As/GaAs structures was studied in the (001) direction, as a function of AlAs mole fraction x , from x =0.3 to x =0.8. Barrier heights deduced for TU and TE were the same, with a broad peak of 0.35eV for 0.4 x x x . The effective mass ratio for TU was Γ like for x x > 0.5. These data suggest that TU transport is via the transverse X valleys for large x and the low pre-factors for both TU and TE indicate reflections at this boundary caused by wave-function mismatch. These data are also directly applicable to the design and optimization of heterojunction transistors.
The Curriculum and the Education of Engineers

The purpose of education of the electrical engineer is explored, especially as it relates to the division of responsibility between the teaching machine and the faculty. Arguments are presented for making the curriculum more flexible and better suited to individual students, especially gifted students.
Use of a resorbable fixation technique for maxillary fractures.

The use of nonmetallic rigid fixation (plate and screws) composed of resorbable polymers (poly L-lactic acid and polyglycolic acid) for the repair of isolated maxillary (LeFort I) fractures was studied in 11 patients. Provided good bone (noncommi-nuted) was available for fixation placement, no differences were observed in intraoperative maxillary stability or long-term postoperative results.
Suppression of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) by a bioherbicidal fungus and plant competition

Abstract The possibility of using the fungus Bipolaris sacchari as a bioherbicide to suppress cogongrass and to allow the establishment of bahiagrass in cogongrass–bahiagrass mixed plantings was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The bioherbicide was prepared by mixing B. sacchari spore suspension containing 105 spores ml−1 with an oil emulsion composed of 16% horticultural oil plus 10% light mineral oil and 74% sterile water. The bioherbicide caused severe foliar blight in cogongrass and slight phytotoxic damage on bahiagrass. In the first experiment, the bioherbicide reduced cogongrass biomass without affecting bahiagrass biomass. In the second experiment, the bioherbicide caused a 64% reduction in fresh weight, a 74% reduction in the number of rhizomes, and a 47% reduction in the height of cogongrass. The latter experiment also showed an increase in bahiagrass fresh weight in the presence of cogongrass when the bioherbicide was applied. This study indicates the potential of combining bioherbicid...
A novel structure of directly patterned isolating layer for organic thin-film transistor-driven organic light emitting diodes

Mono-chrome phosphorescence Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) operated by organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with a 32×32 array are fabricated with a novel method, and the results reveal a fabulous demonstration. The later isolation, which segregated source/drain electrodes and an OLED cathode, was designed in our OTFT-OLED pixel. In the OTFT-OLED process; we used the polymer isolating layer which was deposited by spin coating and patterned by traditional photo-lithography before the organic semiconductor and OLED deposition. However, the residue polymer affect of OTFT electric properties which have poor mobility (5×10-4 cm2/V-s), a lower on/off ratio (~103), and a positive threshold voltage (4.5 V), and devices, have poor uniformity. Using UV-Ozone treatment could enhance OTFT mobility (2×10-2 cm2/V-s) and permit higher devices uniformity, but the threshold voltage would still have a positive 5.1 V. This threshold voltage was not a good operation mode for display application because this operation voltage was not fit for our driving systems. In order to overcome this problem, a new structure of OTFT-OLED pixel was designed and combined with a new-material isolating layer process. This new process could fabricate an OTFT-OLED array successfully and have a nice uniformity. After the isolating layer process, OTFT devices have a higher mobility (0.1×10-2 cm2/V-s), a higher on-off ratio (~107) a lower threshold voltage (-9.7 V), and a higher devices uniformity.
Differences in noninvasive thermometer measurements in the adult emergency department.

Abstract Purpose Detection of accurate temperature in the emergency department (ED) is integral for assessment, treatment, and disposition. The primary objective was to compare temperature measurements from noninvasive temperature devices in the adult ED. The secondary objective was to evaluate the discrepancy between febrile and afebrile patients. Methods This was a prospective observational study of adult patients presenting to the ED. Patients who required a temperature measurement based on standard of care were included. Data collection included oral and temporal artery (TA) temperature measurement taken consecutively. Data were evaluated using the paired Student's t test. Results A total of 100 patients were identified. Mean oral temperature was 37.51°C (SD ±1.25), and mean TA temperature was 37.03°C (SD ±0.94). The mean difference was 0.48°C (SD ±0.8), P P Conclusions There was a statistically significant difference in measured temperatures between oral and TA thermometers and a clinically significant difference in 49% of patients. Febrile patients had a greater discrepancy and variability between noninvasive temperature measurements. Caution should be taken when evaluating temperature measurements with these noninvasive devices.
How Politically Correct Is Political Correctness?: A SWOT Analysis of This Phenomenon

Political correctness (PC) seems to have exploded beyond all expectations in view of the weight that is currently attributed to this phenomenon in some societies on the globe. Indeed, PC can be con...
Radiative Constraints on the Hydrological Cycle in an Idealized Radiative–Convective Equilibrium Model

The radiative constraints on the partitioning of the surface energy budget and, hence, on the strength of the hydrological cycle are analyzed in an idealized one-dimensional radiative–convective equilibrium model formulated in terms of the energy budgets at the top of the atmosphere, the subcloud layer, and the free atmosphere, which enables it to predict both surface relative humidity and the air–sea temperature difference. Using semigray radiative transfer, a semianalytical solution was obtained that explicitly shows how the surface latent heat flux (LHF) is related to the radiative properties of the atmosphere. This solution was also used in conjunction with a full radiative transfer code and was found to provide reasonably realistic quantitative estimates. In the model the LHF is fundamentally constrained by the net longwave flux divergence above the level of condensation by lifting (LCL) and by the atmospheric absorption of shortwave radiation, with only a weak indirect control by near-surface moisture. The latter implies that the Clausius–Clapeyron relation does not directly constrain the strength of the hydrological cycle. Under radiative perturbations, the changes in LHF are determined by the changes in the net longwave fluxes at the LCL, associated mainly with the changes in the longwave transmissivity, and by the changes in shortwave absorption by the atmosphere (e.g., by increased water vapor). Using a full radiative transfer model with interactive water vapor feedback with the semianalytical solution indicates a rate of change in LHF with greenhouse forcing of around 2 W m �2 K �1 of surface warming, which corresponds to the Planck feedback (� 3.2 Wm �2 K �1 ) multiplied by a coefficient of order one that, to first approximation, depends only on the relative magnitudes of the net longwave radiation fluxes at the LCL and the top of the atmosphere (i.e., on the shape of the vertical profile of the net longwave flux).
Effect of the mounting membrane on shape in inertial confinement fusion implosions

The performance of Inertial Confinement Fusion targets relies on the symmetric implosion of highly compressed fuel. X-ray area-backlit imaging is used to assess in-flight low mode 2D asymmetries of the shell. These time-resolvedimages of the shell exhibit features that can be related to the lift-off position of the membranes used to hold the capsule within the hohlraum. Here, we describe a systematic study of this membrane or “tent” thickness and its impact on the measured low modes for in-flight and self-emission images. The low mode amplitudes of the shell in-flight shape (P2 and P4) are weakly affected by the tent feature in time-resolved, backlit data. By contrast, time integrated self-emission images along the same axis exhibit a reversal in perceived P4 mode due to growth of a feature seeded by the tent, which can explain prior inconsistencies between the in-flight P4 and core P4, leading to a reevaluation of optimum hohlraum length. Simulations with a tent-like feature normalized to match the feature seen in the backlit images predict a very large impact on the capsule performance from the tent feature.
Heuristic solution approaches to the pharmaceutical R&D pipeline management problem

Abstract The paper presents two heuristic approaches, a shrinking horizon multiple two-stage stochastic programming (MTSSP) decomposition algorithm and a knapsack decomposition algorithm (KDA), for solving multistage stochastic programmes (MSSPs) with endogenous uncertainty, specifically focusing on pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) pipeline management problem. The MTSSP decomposition algorithm decomposes the problem into a series of two-stage stochastic programmes, which are solved as resources become available. The KDA decomposes the MSSP into a series of knapsack problems, which are created and solved at key decision points on a rolling horizon fashion. Based on the results of the six case studies, both the MTSSP decomposition algorithm and the KDA generate implementable solutions that are within three percent of the rigorous MSSP solution obtained by CPLEX 12.51. Both methods showed several orders of magnitude decrease in the CPU times compared to ones that were required to solve the rigorous MSSP.
Newborn with tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve

A term newborn girl with prenatal diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve syndrome (TOF-APV) and massively dilated main and proximal right pulmonary arteries presented with tachypnea and cyanosis. Chest radiograph demonstrates hyperinflated right lung and a large 2.7-cm dilated right pulmonary artery (Fig. 1, arrows). Postnatal echocardiogram also demonstrated discontinuous left pulmonary artery. Contrast-enhanced CT of the chest reveals massively dilated right pulmonary artery (*) with mass effect upon the right main stem bronchus (short arrow) (Fig. 2). Right upper lobe atelectasis is also present (Fig. 2, large arrow). TOF-APV is a rare variant of TOF and comprises only 3–6% of all infants with TOF. Patients have massive
Loudness Enhancement and Summation in Pairs of Short Sound Bursts

When a pair of short temporally spaced sound bursts are presented monaurally, and the listeners are requested to match the loudness of a third comparison burst to the total loudness of the pair, a fundamentally different result is obtained than when they are instructed to match the loudness of the comparison burst to that of the second burst in the pair. The most striking difference has been obtained thus far with the sound frequencies of the first two bursts at 1 and 4 kHz, respectively, and the frequency of the comparison tone at their geometric mean when the listeners judged the loudness of the burst pair and at 4 kHz when they judged the loudness of the second burst. In the first situation, the loudness level of the pair appeared increased by almost 10 dB over the loudness level of a single burst and was independent of the time interval between the bursts in the pair. In the second situation, the loudness was increased by only 3 dB for very short time intervals, and the increment decreased to zero within 80 msec. Since, at durations greater than 80 msec the tone bursts are heard as distinctly separate entities, we conclude that listeners consciously summate the loudness of the bursts when asked to judge the total loudness of the pair.
Experimentally induced deformation mechanisms in single crystal sodic plagioclase

The sample assembly for the small Griggs constant strain rate deformation apparatus with a sample size of approximately 2.95 mm by 7.65 mm, has been redesigned to minimize sample thermal gradients and allow sealing of the sample for H2O control. The original design (Griggs, 1967) has a temperature drop of 300 °C from the center to the ends of the core at a maximum temperature (Tg,g^) of 800 °C, producing an axial temperature gradient along the outer 25% of the sample exceeding 130 °C/mm. Thermal gradients become progressively steeper with increasing TQ^^The new design replaces the tungsten carbide (WC) loading pistons with ceramic AI2O2 or Zr02, encases the sample in a metal jacket, and moves the graphite furnace away from the sample to reduce thermal gradients in the outer 25% to 30 °C/mm for T^^^ up to 900 °C. The drop in temperature across the radius of the sample is reduced from 26 °C to 15 °C at T^^^ " 900 °C. Further reduction in the axial thermal gradient to 20 °C/mm and a doubling of the central isothermal region can be achieved by increasing the furnace length to twice the sample length. A stepped furnace has little effect on the axial thermal gradients,
Two-port control system: a generalized predictive controller

The two-port control system is introduced to develop the design framework for multivariable predictive controllers. It constitutes a general form for all two-degrees-of-freedom control systems and is particularly suited for the optimum resolution of controller design trade-offs, such as performance to command following versus disturbance rejection, and performance in the presence of various disturbance inputs. It allows the handling of systems with non-minimum phase characteristics or inherently unstable open-loop dynamics. Finally, it offers the necessary and sufficient conditions for the design of effective adaptive control strategies.
Predicting reading progress in children receiving special help

The main aim of the study was to determine whether performance on reading-related cognitive processing tasks would help predict reading progress in children receiving special help. The 86 subjects were initially aged six to eight years and most were followed up after two years. When variance due to IQ and age was accounted for, an orthographic processing task, phonological awareness (phoneme deletion), and digit- naming speed were significant predictors of later reading skills. A strength in phonological awareness differentiated initial poor readers who later made excellent gains in reading from poor readers who did not improve. Children whose reading deteriorated had serious weaknesses on tasks of naming speed and confrontation naming. Their poor lexical retrieval skills had a more deleterious effect on later reading than on initial. Indications were that for children diagnosed as poor readers at age six or seven years, prognosis is better for boys, and for garden- variety poor readers, than for dyslexics. Caution was urged in applying the term dyslexic to children in the first two school grades because many of them will be slow starters who do not have a persistent reading problem.
Depth compositing for augmented reality

Correct handling of occlusion is a significant challenge when compositing real and virtual content, whether it be for augmented reality or film. For film, the solution is often solved offline by arduously creating alpha mattes by hand. In the augmented reality context, the compositing must be real-time, so offline solutions are not possible. Occlusions are usually disregarded in augmented reality, so that virtual objects are always rendered on top of physical objects. If a highly accurate 3D model of the scene is available, then depth compositing can be performed automatically; however, such models can be difficult to create, and limit the range of the system to the extent of the model.
Evaluation of forages in the laboratory. V. Comparison of chemical analyses, solubility tests, and in vitro fermentation.

Abstract Samples of 56 hays (alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, bromegrass, orchardgrass, reed canarygrass, and timothy) with in vivo digestible dry matter (DDM) data were used to compare the following as predictors of digestibility: a) crude protein; b) acid-detergent fiber; c) acid-detergent lignin; d) cell-wall content; e) cellulose solubility in cupriethylene diamine (CED); f) dry matter solubility in 1.0 N H 2 SO 4 (DMS); g) cellulose digestion in vitro; h) dry matter digestion in vitro (rumen fluid followed by pepsin). Correlations between in vivo DDM and laboratory tests for all 56 forages were 0.37**, −0.53**, −0.46**, −0.47**, 0.67**, 0.54**, 0.75**, and 0.88** for methods a) through h), respectively. Of the chemical components studied, lignin gave the most satisfactory correlations (−0.66 to −0.95) within forage species. None of the chemical components or solubility methods studied should be used to compare forages of different species. It was concluded that for estimation of in vivo DDM of all forage species and mixtures by one regression equation, best results could be expected with the two-stage in vitro digestion (Method h).
When what you have is not enough: optimizing cord blood transplantation in adults

The availability of cord blood as a graft source for allogeneic transplantation has enabled transplants for patients with various hematologic malignancies who would otherwise not have had a suitable donor. Outcomes have been comparable to allografting from other graft sources when controlled for recipient risk factors and disease state [1]. The majority of patients transplanted with cord blood grafts are children, although successful transplants have been performed in adults [2]. Cord blood transplants can be successful across greater degrees of HLA mismatch, and the incidence of GVHD, while not eliminated, is usually less for the degree of HLA disparity. In the unrelated donor setting, cord blood is often immediately available as compared with marrow or peripheral blood stem cells from adult donors [3]. Despite these advantages, engraftment with this stem cell source is often delayed compared with marrow or peripheral blood progenitor cell grafts due to reduced numbers of stem cells present in these grafts. This has been problematic especially for donors weighing more than 40 kg as it has been found that at least 107 nucleated blood cells/kg and about 105 CD34+ cells/kg are required if engraftment is to reliably occur. Even when cell doses at or above this level are infused, however, the median time to an absolute neutrophil count of 500 l−1 is 22 days (range, 13–52 days), and median time to platelets of 20,000 l−1 is about 70 days (range, 49–153 days) as reported in a series of 22 adults transplanted with unrelated donor cord blood for hematologic malignancies where the median weight was 69.5 kg [4]. Other groups have also reported that cell dose correlates with engraftment and that cell doses of >1.5×105 CD34+ cells/kg of recipient weight are optimal [5]. HLA disparity was found to affect platelet engraftment but not GVHD. In one report of cord blood transplantation, it was noted that the median number of nucleated cells collected was 1.08 billion (range, 130 mil-
Accelerated Tests for Evaluating Protein Stability in Frozen Skim Milk

Skim milk was diafiltered (DF) to remove about 90% of the lactose, and major salts and vitamins were restored to normal levels. Protein stability at –9°C was monitored using two accelerated test procedures. One involved DF skim milk containing a normal level of carbohydrate and 3.9 times the normal level of calcium, and the other involved DF skim milk containing a normal level of calcium and one-half the normal level of carbohydrate. Both approaches resulted in casein instability in about 1 wk at -9°C. These test procedures should be useful for rapidly assessing the effects of additives or processing on the stability of casein in frozen skim milk.
Radiohalos in a Radiochronological and Cosmological Perspective

New photographic evidence, data on halo ring sizes, and x-ray fluorescence analyses provide unambiguous evidence that polonium halos exist as a separate and distinct class apart from uranium halos. Because of the short half-lives of the polonium isotopes involved, it is not clear how polonium halos may be explained on the basis of currently accepted cosmological models of Earth formation.
Na+, K+-ATPase: (Ca2+ + ouabain)-dependent phosphorylation by Pi.

The active transports of Na’ and K’ are done by Na’,K’-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of the plasma membrane [l]. The enzyme, which requires Mg2+ and is inhibited by ouabain and related cardiac glycosides, is also considered to be the receptor for some, if not all, of the cardiac effects of these drugs [2]. Studies on the interaction of Ca*+ with this enzyme are of special interest because of the long-established interrelation between the effects of Ca*+ and cardiac glycosides on the heart [3]. Inhibition of enzyme activity by Ca*+, and the effects of Ca*’ on enzyme phosphorylation by ATP have been studied [2,4,5]. Na’,K’-ATPase is also phosphorylated by Pi in the presence of either Mg*+ or Mg*+ and ouabain [6-91. Here we report that the enzyme may also be phosphorylated by Pi in the presence of Ca*+, but that this process has an obligatory requirement for ouabain. The maximal level of phosphoenzyme formed with Pi + Ca** + ouabain is half of that obtained with Pi + Mg*+ + ouabain. The maximal level of bound ouabain is the same under both conditions. The findings provide support for Ca*+ + ouabaininduced half-of-the-sites reactivity in the oligomeric enzyme.
Multidimensional open‐tubular column supercritical fluid chromatography using a flow‐switching interface

A multidimensional system based on capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was constructed that utilizes a simple flow-switching interface between two open-tubular 50-μm i.d. columns. A novel solvent-venting injection technique was incorporated in the system that enables single or multiple 0.5-μL volumes to be injected into an uncoated, yet deactivated, length of capillary precolumn without flooding of the analytical column. The effectiveness of multidimensional capillary SFC (SFC-SFC) for complex mixtures is demonstrated by the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a coal tar extract, the trace determination of a methylcarbamate pesticide and its metabolites in a bird extract, and a group-type separation of hydrocarbons in a high-boiling petroleum distillate. These examples show for the first time that capillary SFC-SFC is a complementary alternative to other multidimensional chromatographic methods involving liquid or gaseous mobile phases.
The Newest Jews? Understanding Jewish American and Asian American Marriages

This paper investigates how racial, ethnic and religious identities intersect among couples where one spouse is Jewish American of any racial or ethnic descent and one spouse is Asian American of any religion or ethnic descent. While intermarriage is certainly not limited to these kinds of partnerships, there is reason to believe that these partnerships may become increasingly common when investigated along racial, ethnic, and religious dimensions. This study incorporates interviews with 31 intermarried couples residing in the Los Angeles, Orange County, San Francisco, Oakland, New York, and Philadelphia metropolitan areas. In particular, we highlight participants’ discussions of two main subjects: shared values within their partnerships and racial, ethnic, and religious identities of children, if present. Our paper expands the broader sociological literature on intermarriage as well as the specific literatures on intermarriage for Jewish Americans and intermarriage for Asian Americans.
Obesity is not a confounding factor for performing autonomic function tests in individuals with diabetes mellitus

Aim: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. Previous studies have revealed conflicting results with regard to the role of obesity and its effect on the performance of tests (e.g. RR-variation during deep breathing) for the determination of the presence of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine if obesity affects the performance and the reproducibility of autonomic function tests. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 159 diabetic individuals. Autonomic function tests included: RR-variation during deep breathing and the Valsalva ratio. These tests were assessed using the ANS2000 ECG Monitor and Respiration Pacer. RR-variation was measured by vector analysis (i.e. mean circular resultant, MCR). Reproducibility of the autonomic function tests was assessed by determining the coefficient of variation (CV) on repeat testing. Results: Using cut-off points to describe normal weight (body mass index (b.m.i.) ≤ 25 kg/m2), overweight (b.m.i. 25.01–30 kg/m2), obese (b.m.i. 30.01–40 kg/m2), and morbidly obese (b.m.i. ≥ 40.1 kg/m2), no difference was found for the MCR, Valsalva ratio, CV of the MCR, or CV of the Valsalva ratio among the various weight levels for individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that obesity is not a confounding factor in the performance of autonomic function tests. Likewise, the reproducibility of autonomic function testing is not affected by obesity. Assessment of autonomic function is important for obese and non-obese individuals given that reduced RR-variation is associated with exercise intolerance, intraoperative cardiovascular lability and increased risk of mortality.
Preparation of (Ra)‐Methyl 3‐(dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)hexa‐3,4‐dienoatea

Lithium chloride 3-Butyn-2-ol n-Butyllithium Chloro(dimethyl)phenylsilane Vinyl acetate Trimethylorthoacetate Propionic acid Lithium borohydride (±)-4-(Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)-but-3-yn-2-ol (S)-4-(Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)-but-3-yn-2-ol (S)-4-(Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)-but-3-yn-2-yl acetate (Ra)-Methyl-3-(dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)hexa-3,4-dienoate Keywords: Reduction; Methyl ester; Racemic alcohol; Allenylsilanes; Chiral allenes; Enantiorichedallenylsilanes; Carbon nucleophiles; Safety; Waste disposal
Physiological responses of hybridoma cells in a protein-free medium to soluble and immobilized antigen.

This study examined the effect of antigen in a protein free medium on cell growth and monoclonal antibody production by a hybridoma line. Antigen immobilized on a Sepharose gel matrix via a bovine γ-globulin carrier protein was used to stimulate the cell cultures in T-flasks. In comparison to antigen-free culture, total antibody production during was increased up to 40%, while slower cell growth rates were observed. The specific antibody production during the stationary culture phase was 40% to 80% higher in the presence of immobilized antigen. The surface density of antigen on the Sepharose beads had a strong influence on the physiological response of the hybridomas. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ketamine as a novel treatment for major depressive disorder and bipolar depression: a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis.

Abstract Objective Given the significant disability, morbidity and mortality associated with depression, the promising recent trials of ketamine highlight a novel intervention. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of ketamine in comparison with placebo for the reduction of depressive symptoms in patients who meet criteria for a major depressive episode. Method Two electronic databases were searched in September 2013 for English-language studies that were randomized placebo-controlled trials of ketamine treatment for patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar depression and utilized a standardized rating scale. Studies including participants receiving electroconvulsive therapy and adolescent/child participants were excluded. Five studies were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. Results The quantitative meta-analysis showed that ketamine significantly reduced depressive symptoms. The overall effect size at day 1 was large and statistically significant with an overall standardized mean difference of 1.01 (95% confidence interval 0.69–1.34) ( P Conclusions The large and statistically significant effect of ketamine on depressive symptoms supports a promising, new and effective pharmacotherapy with rapid onset, high efficacy and good tolerability.
Propagation medium impact on sonar coherent processing for high frequency synthetic aperture imaging

The major benefit of using synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) in underwater imaging applications is the provision of near-optical quality imaging at practical area coverage rates without the need for large physical aperture sizes that carry with them impractical size, weight and power requirements for the host platform. Characterization of the underwater propagation medium's spatio-temporal coherence limitations is a pre-requisite to an effective synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) system design. Raytheon Company, in conjunction with Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, has designed and successfully conducted an acoustic medium stability experiment to provide such measurements. The experiment accurately characterizes the medium's coherence simultaneously in both space and time by employing a stationary acoustic projector and a large, stationary acoustic array that is long enough to encompass candidate SAS design lengths without requiring platform motion. The experiment is described, and the temporal coherence measurements are presented.
Large-Scale Automated Analysis of Location Patterns in Randomly-Tagged 3T3 Cells

Location proteomics is concerned with the systematic analysis of the subcellular location of proteins. In order to perform high-resolution, high-throughput analysis of all protein location patterns, automated methods are needed. Here we describe the use of such methods on a large collection of images obtained by automated microscopy to perform high-throughput analysis of endogenous proteins randomly-tagged with a fluorescent protein in NIH 3T3 cells. Cluster analysis was performed to identify the statistically significant location patterns in these images. This allowed us to assign a location pattern to each tagged protein without specifying what patterns are possible. To choose the best feature set for this clustering, we have used a novel method that determines which features do not artificially discriminate between control wells on different plates and uses Stepwise Discriminant Analysis (SDA) to determine which features do discriminate as much as possible among the randomly-tagged wells. Combining this feature set with consensus clustering methods resulted in 35 clusters among the first 188 clones we obtained. This approach represents a powerful automated solution to the problem of identifying subcellular locations on a proteome-wide basis for many different cell types.
Functions of the C-Terminal Domain of Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein E in Viral Replication In Vitro and Skin and T-Cell Tropism In Vivo

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein E (gE) is essential for VZV replication. To further analyze the functions of gE in VZV replication, a full deletion and point mutations were made in the 62-amino-acid (aa) C-terminal domain. Targeted mutations were introduced in YAGL (aa 582 to 585), which mediates gE endocytosis, AYRV (aa 568 to 571), which targets gE to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and SSTT, an "acid cluster" comprising a phosphorylation motif (aa 588 to 601). Substitutions Y582G in YAGL, Y569A in AYRV, and S593A, S595A, T596A, and T598A in SSTT were introduced into the viral genome by using VZV cosmids. These experiments demonstrated a hierarchy in the contributions of these C-terminal motifs to VZV replication and virulence. Deletion of the gE C terminus and mutation of YAGL were lethal for VZV replication in vitro. Mutations of AYRV and SSTT were compatible with recovery of VZV, but the AYRV mutation resulted in rapid virus spread in vitro and the SSTT mutation resulted in higher virus titers than were observed for the parental rOka strain. When the rOka-gE-AYRV and rOka-gE-SSTT mutants were evaluated in skin and T-cell xenografts in SCIDhu mice, interference with TGN targeting was associated with substantial attenuation, especially in skin, whereas the SSTT mutation did not alter VZV infectivity in vivo. These results provide the first information about how targeted mutations of this essential VZV glycoprotein affect viral replication in vitro and VZV virulence in dermal and epidermal cells and T cells within intact tissue microenvironments in vivo.
An analysis of reciprocal exchange of helping behavior in the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis)

We examine the frequency of reciprocal exchanges of helping behavior in three red-cockaded woodpecker populations to determine if such exchanges might constitute a significant fitness benefit of helping. Specifically, we determine how often helpers, once they become breeders, are assisted by young they previously helped raise. The estimated frequencies of reciprocal exchange of helping based on survival and status transition probabilities are low (2%). Observed frequencies of reciprocity are significantly higher than estimated frequencies in two of the three populations studied, suggesting that male fledglings more often remain on their natal territory as helpers if another helper is already present. High rates of retention of young males as helpers on high-quality territories or preferential helping of kin, as well as preferential helping of former care-givers, might explain this result. When the analysis is restricted to helpers unrelated to the young they help raise, which controls for preferential helping of kin and largely eliminates effects of territory quality, empirical estimates of the frequency of reciprocity do not differ from estimates calculated from population demography. We conclude that young males do not preferentially help former care-givers and that reciprocal exchange of help is not an important factor in the evolution of helping behavior in the red-cockaded woodpecker. In this species, all known benefits of helping behavior are indirect (i.e., derived through kin selection ) rather than direct. We discuss the occurrence of unrelated helpers in this context.