cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical evaluation of a solar thermophotovoltaic (TPV) converter

Abstract This parametric analysis of a thermophotovoltaic (TPV) converter considers emitter temperature, cell reflectance to radiation with energy below the cell's bandgap energy, and concentration ratio requirements. The concentration ratio is rigorously considered to determine its influence on converter performance. Important conclusions are that an emitter temperature near 2000 K is optimal; a cell reflectance value of 0.98 is required for below-bandgap irradiation; a secondary concentrator must be used with a parabolic-dish primary; and a mirror quality resulting in a 4-mrad reflected-beam dispersion is required for a 24 per cent conversion efficiency.
The impacts of weather variations on energy demand and carbon emissions

Abstract This paper examines the impacts of climate fluctuations on carbon emissions using monthly models of US energy demand. The econometric analysis estimates price, income, and weather elasticities of short-run energy demand. Our model simulations suggest that warmer climate conditions in the US since 1982 slightly reduced carbon emissions in the US. Lower energy use associated with reduced heating requirements offsets higher fuel consumption to meet increased air-conditioning needs. The analysis also suggests that climate change policies should allow some variance in carbon emissions due to short-term weather variations.
Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of Some New 3,6-Disubstituted-2-[2-oxo-2-(4-pyridyl)ethyl]-4(3H)-pyrimidinones

Abstract To the Editor: In a recent paper we reported the synthesis and anticonvulsant properties of a series of new 2-substituted 3-aryl-4(3H)-quinazolinone analogues of 2 methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone (methaqualone). Preliminary screening of these compounds indicated that 4(3H)-quinazolinones ( 1 ) containing an isonicotinylmethyl group at the 2-position were the most effective in protecting against seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES) or subcutaneous metrazol (scMet). Several compounds of this type were active in both the MES and scMet tests at doses of 100 mg/kg. In particular, two compounds ( 1 , R = CH 3 and Cl) showed good anticonvulsant activity and relatively low neurotoxicity after ip administration in mice.
Classical and Quantum Supermembranes

I am very pleased to be invited to join the other superdogs barking in Superworld III. In Superworld II I discussed the exciting new discovery of supermembranes [1] and in these lectures I would like to review what has been achieved over the last 12 months. The subject naturally divides into classical supermembranes, which we now understand quite well, and quantum supermembranes, which we now understand much better than a year ago, but which still present many unanswered questions.
Syntheses of carboranylpyrroles

Abstract The syntheses of three carboranylpyrroles ( 5 , 10 and 14 ) bearing carborane cages in 3-position and/or 4-position of the pyrrole ring, either directly linked or through a methylene spacer, are described. Tetramerization of two carboranylpyrroles afforded the corresponding β-carboranylporphyrins, as mixtures of type I–IV isomers.
Martingale methods for pricing inventory penalties under continuous replenishment and compound renewal demands

This paper addresses the problem of inventory penalty pricing under the risk-neutral valuation principle. The underlying production-inventory system has a constant replenishment rate and a compound renewal demand stream (i.e., iid demand interarrival times are independent of iid demand sizes), and is subject to underage and overage penalties. Our pricing approach treats the penalties as a series of perpetual American options, and constructs auxiliary martingale processes in term of the inventory process. We provide a necessary and sufficient martingale condition for general compound renewal demands. Explicit expressions of penalty functions for underage and overage are obtained for the case where demand arrivals follow a Poisson process.
Analytical and pharmacokinetic studies with 5-chloro-2′-deoxycytidine

5-Chloro-2'-deoxycytidine (NSC 371331, CDC) is in development as a possible radiosensitizing agent for cancer treatment. Previous studies have been done to demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of CDC with various modulators of its metabolism. This paper describes our preclinical studies to determine the pharmacokinetic properties of CDC and the disposition of the drug, both alone and in the presence of the metabolic modulator tetrahydrouridine (THU), a cytidine deaminase inhibitor. Detection of the drug in biological fluids was performed by HPLC analysis using a C-18 column, gradient elution with solvents composed of aqueous trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile, and ultraviolet absorbance at 290 nm. Samples were processed by treatment with ammonium sulfate prior to injection into the HPLC system. CDC was stable in aqueous solution and in mouse plasma. High doses of CDC (100mg/kg) were given i.v. or i.p. to mice for the determination of CDC plasma half-life (10 min). CDC was not detectable in plasma after oral administration. It was converted rapidly to 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine (CDU) by cytidine deaminase, and CDU was readily discernable in plasma and urine samples collected after i.v. and i.p. administration of CDC. When CDC in doses ranging from 5 to 100mg/kg was given with 100mg/kg of THU, increased plasma levels of CDC were seen. CDC was eliminated through the kidneys, as well as by enzymatic deamination, and did not bind to plasma proteins. The initial steps of the CDC metabolic pathway were determined in vitro with isolated enzymes. Cytidine deaminase from mouse kidney converted CDC into CDU; thymidine phosphorylase converted CDU into 5-chlorouracil (5-CU). The conclusions of these studies are: (a) CDC is a drug with a short half-life and (b) it is excreted through the kidney, mainly in metabolite form. Administration of THU substantially increased the concentrations of CDC in mouse plasma, supporting proposals that the combination of THU with CDC should be evaluated in clinical trials.
Measuring the decorrelation times of Fourier modes in simulations

Abstract We describe a method to study the rate at which modes decorrelate in numerical simulations. We study the XY model updated with the Metropolis and Wolff dynamics respectively and compute the rate at which each eigenvector of the dynamics decorrelates. Our method allows us to identify the decorrelation time for each mode separtely. We find that the autocorrelation function of the various modes is markedly different for the “local” Metropolis compared to the “non-local” Wolff dynamics. Equipped with this new insight, it may be possible to devise highly efficient algorithms.
ADDING INVERSES TO DIAGRAMS ENCODING ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES

We modify a previous result, which showed that certain diagrams of spaces are essentially simplicial monoids, to construct diagrams of spaces which model simplicial groups. Furthermore, we show that these diagrams can be generalized to models for Segal groupoids. We then modify Segal’s model for simplicial abelian monoids in such a way that it becomes a model for simplicial abelian groups. Much research has been done on various structures equivalent to topological or simplicial groups. Classical examples include Thomason’s work with delooping machines [27] and Stashefi’s group-like A1-spaces [26], while more modern examples make use of the structure of algebraic theories [1], [2]. In [7], we focus instead on simplicial monoids. In particular, we consider diagrams of spaces which essentially give one of the spaces the structure of a monoid. While such a structure is given when the diagram is the theory of monoids, we obtain a simpler diagram which, from the viewpoint of homotopy theory, encodes the same structure. Here we return to the original situation and ask if this construction can be modifled to obtain a diagram encoding the structure of a simplicial group rather than a simplicial monoid. After all, we need only to flnd a way to include inverses. In this paper, we show that indeed we can represent simplicial groups in this manner. Furthermore, as the construction for simplicial monoids generalizes to the manyobject case of simplicial categories, we can obtain models for simplicial groupoids as well. In doing so, we extend a result relating simplicial categories to Segal categories (essentially categories with composition only given up to higher homotopy) to one relating simplicial groupoids to Segal groupoids. One might ask, then, if there are other algebraic structures which can be modelled in a similar way, in particular by some kind of diagram which is simpler than the one given by the corresponding algebraic theory. An answer for the case of simplicial abelian monoids is given by Segal’s category i [24], although it does not provide the
Optimal Policy Response with Control Parameter and Intercept Covariance

Parameter uncertainty and the interaction between the uncertain parameters are important aspects of economic policy. In this work, I develop an analytical one-state variable, one-control variable model with two uncertain parameters (the control parameter and the intercept) and a nonzero covariance. I characterize the effect of changes in each of the covariance components on the optimal expected control variable. I found that the nature of the optimal policy maker's response depends on the specific changing component of the covariance, the sign of the correlation coefficient and the sign of the optimal expected control variable when the covariance is zero. I obtain the conditions under which the effect of the covariance is considerable. This work complements previous studies by providing a complete set of cases and conditions for an aggressive or cautionary optimal policy maker's response to changes in each covariance component. Finally, the importance of the analytical results is shown for the regulation of a stock pollutant leading to global warming.
Dwarf spheroidal galaxies: Keystones of galaxy evolution

Dwarf spheroidal galaxies are the most insignificant extragalactic stellar systems in terms of their visibility, but potentially very significant in terms of their role in the formation and evolution of much more luminous galaxies. We discuss the present observational data and their implications for theories of the formation and evolution of both dwarf and giant galaxies. The putative dark-matter content of these low-surface-brightness systems is of particular interest, as is their chemical evolution. Surveys for new dwarf spheroidals hidden behind the stars of our Galaxy and those which are not bound to giant galaxies may give new clues as to the origins of this unique class of galaxy.
Crack analysis of unfilled natural rubber using infrared microspectroscopy

Several spectroscopic methods are available for characterizing the crack tip region of natural rubber on the molecular scale to develop a material with fatigue resistant properties. Attenuated total reflectance or ATR-IR has been used to characterize the structure of many different polymers, including rubbers. Transmission has also been well established as a viable technique for the molecular characterization of transparent materials including thin films of unfilled natural rubber. Unfilled natural rubber was stretched to 629% elongation until cracks in the surface. A cross section of the sample containing a crack was then microtomed at -85{degrees}C into slices approximately 0.5 {mu}m thick. Similarly, samples were cut with a razor and microtomed under the same conditions. The crack tip region was mapped using the IR{mu}s{trademark}/SIRM Molecular Microanalysis System. The map consisted of ten spectra taken in the x and y directions. The same region was analyzed for orientation of molecular structures. Points were selected along the crack tip, crack edges, and the bulk. Dichroic ratios of all prominent peaks were calculated. ATR was used to verify the results of the mapping experiments for both stressed unstressed material.
The initial mass function of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in young clusters

We have obtained images of the Trapezium Cluster (140'' × 140''; 0.3 pc × 0.3 pc) with the Hubble Space Telescope Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS). Combining these data with new ground-based K-band spectra (R = 800) and existing spectral types and photometry, we have constructed an H-R diagram and used it and other arguments to infer masses and ages. To allow comparison with the results of our previous studies of IC 348 and ρ Oph, we first use the models of D'Antona & Mazzitelli. With these models, the distributions of ages of comparable samples of stars in the Trapezium, ρ Oph, and IC 348 indicate median ages of ~0.4 Myr for the first two regions and ~1-2 Myr for the latter. The low-mass initial mass functions (IMFs) in these sites of clustered star formation are similar over a wide range of stellar densities (ρ Oph, n = 0.2-1 × 103 pc-3; IC 348, n = 1 × 103 pc-3; Trapezium, n = 1-5 × 104 pc-3) and other environmental conditions (e.g., presence or absence of OB stars). With current data, we cannot rule out modest variations in the substellar mass functions among these clusters. We then make the best estimate of the true form of the IMF in the Trapezium by using the evolutionary models of Baraffe et al. and an empirically adjusted temperature scale and compare this mass function to recent results for the Pleiades and the field. All of these data are consistent with an IMF that is flat or rises slowly from the substellar regime to about 0.6 M☉ and then rolls over into a power law that continues from about 1 M☉ to higher masses with a slope similar to or somewhat larger than the Salpeter value of 1.35. For the Trapezium, this behavior holds from our completeness limit of ~0.02 M☉ and probably, after a modest completeness correction, even from 0.01-0.02 M☉. These data include ~50 likely brown dwarfs. We test the predictions of theories of the IMF against (1) the shape of the IMF, which is not log-normal, in clusters and the field, (2) the similarity of the IMFs among young clusters, (3) the lowest mass observed for brown dwarfs, and (4) the suggested connection between the stellar IMF and the mass function of prestellar clumps. In particular, most models do not predict the formation of the moderately large numbers of isolated objects down to 0.01 M☉ that we find in the Trapezium.
On the editing distance of graphs

An edge-operation on a graph G is defined to be either the deletion of an existing edge or the addition of a nonexisting edge. Given a family of graphs $\cal G$, the editing distance from G to $\cal G$ is the smallest number of edge-operations needed to modify G into a graph from $\cal G$. In this article, we fix a graph H and consider Forb(n, H), the set of all graphs on n vertices that have no induced copy of H. We provide bounds for the maximum over all n-vertex graphs G of the editing distance from G to Forb(n, H), using an invariant we call the binary chromatic number of the graph H. We give asymptotically tight bounds for that distance when H is self-complementary and exact results for several small graphs H. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 58:123–138, 2008
Constructing Tricyclic Compounds Containing a Seven‐Membered Ring by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular [5+2] Cycloaddition

Efficient access to tricyclic compounds such as 2 and 3, which contain a seven-membered ring, is provided by the ruthenium-catalyzed intramolecular [5+2] cycloaddition of a 1,2,3-trisubstituted cyclopropyl enyne such as 1. Improved regioselectivity is observed when In(OTf)3 is used as the cocatalyst. (No cocatalyst: 2:3 6:1; cat. In(OTf)3 (10 %): 2:3 >20:1; Tf=trifluoromethanesulfonyl).
Ownership, liquidity, and investment

This article documents a nonlinear relationship between insider shareholdings and the sensitivity of a firm's investment to its cash flow. As insider holdings increase from zero, investment-cash flow sensitivities rise sharply. This relationship weakens at higher levels of insider ownership, and I find some evidence that investment-cash flow sensitivities decrease slowly with insider holdings after a certain point. I argue that these results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that free-cash-flow problems cause the widely noted sensitivity of investment to cash flow. The results are consistent with the presence of asymmetric-information problems in the capital markets that are heightened when managers have a strong incentive to maximize shareholder returns.
Gauge problem in quantum field theory

The difficulties connected with the quantization of the electromagnetic field are analyzed in the framework of axiomatic field theory. Under the assumptions: (1) existence of the vacuum, invariant under the Poincar\'e group, (2) existence of a representation of the Poincar\'e group such that the fields have tensor transformation properties, and (3) analyticity of the two-point function in the forward tube, it is proved that the Maxwell equations ${\ensuremath{\partial}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}{F}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}=0$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rho}}{\ensuremath{\partial}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}{F}_{\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rho}}=0$ do not admit the classical solution ${F}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}={\ensuremath{\partial}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}{A}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\partial}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}{A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$, where the potential transforms as a four-vector. The result is very general and can be obtained without assuming either local commutativity or the spectral condition; it is also independent of whether the metric is positive or not. Thus the difficulties connected with the gauge problem have very little to do with the Lorentz condition, indefinite metric, etc., but rather they arise at the very beginning with the introduction of the four-vector potential. As a corollary of the above result, the representations of the Poincar\'e group for massless spin-one particles in quantum field theory are shown to be essentially different from the corresponding ones of the classical case. The Fock representation in the Gupta-Bleuler approach is discussed in connection with the Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmermann formulation of quantum electrodynamics. Some care must be used in the definition of the asymptotic Hilbert space since, by the previous result, unphysical photon states must be introduced as asymptotic states in order to have a local theory. The requirement that these states should not affect any physical result imposes definite restrictions on the $S$ matrix. These conditions guarantee that the definition of physical photon states in terms of equivalence classes still has significance in the presence of interactions.
The Orbits of the Neptunian Satellites and the Orientation of the Pole of Neptune

This paper reports on an update to the orientation of Neptune's pole and to the orbits of the Neptunian satellites, Triton, Nereid, and Proteus. We determined the new pole and orbits in the International Celestial Reference Frame by fitting them to all available observations through the opposition of 2008. The new data in the fit are high-quality modern astrometry and constitute a 19 year extension of the previous data arc. We assess the accuracy of the orbits and compare them with our earlier orbits. We also provide mean elements as a geometrical description for the orbits.
Governance and Transparency at PEPFAR

The U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has been one of the most effective foreign aid programmes in history. It reached 6.7 million people with antiretroviral therapy in 2013, and has also strengthened country health systems, provided billions of dollars in aid to prevention programmes, and helped to drive substantial declines in morbidity and mortality in many countries. However, transparency within PEPFAR has declined rather than improved with PEPFAR ranked 50th out of 67 aid agencies worldwide. It is time for PEPFAR to become a leader in transparency, to share its data. If published as soon as they are approved for the coming year, with details about the interventions funded, geographic areas of activity, and specific goals and targets, then Country Operational Plans could be important instruments for partner governments and civil society. Knowledge of exactly what PEFPAR-funded non-governmental organisation are doing, what gaps they are filling, and what outcomes they are expected to achieve should be central to the planning of the AIDS response in these countries. Civil society in countries that receive PEPFAR funding could be mobilised to help to monitor the effectiveness of PEPFAR programmes, as well as their own government's efforts alongside donor-funded efforts. Meanwhile, PEPFAR costing studies could be crucial for national programme planners — how much the delivery of antiretroviral therapy costs in a given region should be essential information to be shared with the world.
Beef and Pork Packing Costs and Input Demands: Effects of Unionization and Technology

The effects of unionization, technology, and structural considerations on value-added beef and pork packing costs and the demand for labor, capital, packaging, and other inputs are analyzed by econometric methods for the period 1963-88. Although unions do not appear to have had significant wage effects over this period (relative to broader U.S. wage rates), significant nonwage cost effects are observed. These nonwage effects help explain the technological, structural, and geographic changes that have occurred in meat packing in recent years which, in turn, help explain the erosion of union strength in meat packing observed over the study period.
The chemistry of vicinal tricarbonyl compounds: short syntheses of eudistomins T, I and M

Abstract The formation of three novel 1,2,3-tricarbonyl compounds and their use in the total syntheses of eudistomins T, I and M is described.
Stochastic imaging of the Wilmington clastic sequence

Correct modeling of the geometric architecture of the sand/shale geometry within shaly layers of the Wilmington field is critical to predict performance recovery accurately. Stochastic images of that clastic sequence are obtained with sequential indicator simulation with non-Cartesian coordinates to ensure stratigraphic conformity
Regioselective addition of nucleophiles to 1-(phenoxycarbonyl)-3-trialkylstannylpyridinium salts

Abstract The regioselectivity of nucleophilic addition to 1-(phenoxycarbonyl)-3-trialkylstannylpyridinium salts was studied.
Use of secondary equivalent sources for solving electrical resistance inverse problems

In this paper, we propose a "source-type" solution to the problem of electrical resistance tomography (ERT). The goal of ERT is to develop a map of the electrical properties in a region of space based on observations of voltages collected at the boundary in response to input DC currents also at the boundary. As with many inverse problems, ERT is both nonlinear and poorly posed. Source-type inverse methods have been proposed in the inverse scattering context as a way of quasi-linearizing the problem. Specifically, inhomogeneities in the medium are viewed as secondary sources embedded in a homogeneous medium. One can solve a linear inverse source problem to localize these sources (i.e. determine their geometry); however resolving their spatial contrasts quantitatively is not possible under this method. In a sense, the nonlinearity of the original problem is buried in the amplitude. Our work here is motivated by thefact that use of a source-type formulation has not been considered for ERT to the best of our knowledge. We shall show that the secondary sources for ERT are defined by the inner product of the gradients of true conductivity and electrical potential. Using this equivalence, the inverse problem is easily transformed into a multi-source inversion. Given the ill-posedness of the ERT problem arising from the inherent low sensitivity of the observed data to changes in the internal conductivity of the medium, the proposed transformation provides a better description of the effect of inhomogeneities and therefore leads to more efficient inversion techniques. We introduce and discuss one step as well as iterative methods, especially for piecewise constant media. In the iterative method, we make use of a level set formulation and we replace the update of the steepest descent approach by the correlation coefficient between the residual vector and the response of a specified source. Using the same measure, i.e. the correlation coefficient, we introduce a simple single step imaging method. Results of both methods using simulated data are presented.
Nonadiabatic ponderomotive potentials

Abstract An approximate integral of the Manley–Rowe type is found for a particle moving in a high-frequency field, which may interact resonantly with natural particle oscillations. An effective ponderomotive potential is introduced accordingly and can capture nonadiabatic particle dynamics. We show that nonadiabatic ponderomotive barriers can trap classical particles, produce cooling effect, and generate one-way walls for resonant species. Possible atomic applications are also envisioned.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of amide-linked A-norpaclitaxels

Abstract A novel amide-linked A- nor paclitaxel 3a and two 2-aroyl analogs 3b and 3c were prepared from 10-deacetyl baccatin III. Key steps in the synthesis were the conversion of 7-(triethylsilyl)baccatin III to its 13β-chloro-A-nor derivative 6 , reaction with sodium azide with inversion of stereochemistry to give the azide 8 , and coupling of 8 with a protected β-phenylisoserine side chain 14 to give a protected version 15 of the final product. The three analogs 3a–3c were all less active than paclitaxel in the P-388 cytotoxicity assay, and 3c was also less active in a tubulin-assembly assay.
Role of steps and kinks in catalytic activity

In the literature, there is the idea that steps and kinks are the active sites for chemical reactions, but the experimental data are far from convincing. In this article we see if there is a correlation between step atom density, van Hardeveld and Hartog coordination numbers, or the electronic coordination number and reactivity for a number of simple decomposition and hydrogenolysis reactions on platinum as measured by temperature-programmed desorption. We have examined reactions of ethylene, nitric oxide, and methanol on (111), (110)-(1×1), (110)-(2×1), (100)-hex, (100)-(1×1), (210), (511), and (331) platinum surfaces. We have done a statistical analysis of our data to see if any of the correlations are non-negligible. We find that, in general, stepped surfaces have different reactivity than close-packed planes, but some stepped surfaces are more active than Pt(111) while others are less active than Pt(111). There are negligible correlations between step atom density and catalytic activity for our reacti...
Boundary regularity for the\(\bar \partial _b - Neumann\) problem, Part 2

We adapt the results of Part 1 to include the unit ball in the Heisenberg group, the model domain with characteristic boundary points. In particular, we construct function spaces on which the Kohn Laplacian with the\(\bar \partial _b - Neumann\) boundary conditions is an isomorphism. As an application, we establish sharp regularity for a canonical solution to the inhomogenous\(\bar \partial _b \) equation on the unit ball.
CROSSINGLESS MATCHINGS AND THE COHOMOLOGY OF (n, n) SPRINGER VARIETIES

In an earlier paper, the author introduced a collection of rings that control a categorification of the quantum sl(2) invariant of tangles. We prove that centers of these rings are isomorphics to the cohomology rings of the (n, n) Springer varieties and show that the braid group action in the derived category of modules over these rings descends to the Springer action of the symmetric group.
Faster algorithms for the square root and reciprocal of power series

We give new algorithms for the computation of square roots and reciprocals of power series in C[x]. If M(n) denotes the cost of multiplying polynomials of degree n, the square root to order n costs (1.333...+o(1))M(n) and the reciprocal costs (1.444... +o(1))M(n). These improve on the previous best results, (1.8333... + o(1))M(n) and (1.5 + o(1))M(n), respectively.
Signatures of the Youngest Starbursts: Optically Thick Thermal Bremsstrahlung Radio Sources in Henize 2-10

VLA radio continuum imaging reveals compact ( 0.0) spectral indices suggesting an optically thick thermal bremsstrahlung origin. We model the luminosities and spectral energy distributions of these radio knots, finding that they are consistent with unusually dense H II regions having electron densities, 1500 cm-3 < ne < 5000 cm-3, and sizes 3 pc < R < 8 pc. While the high inferred densities are typical of ultracompact H II regions in the Galaxy, such high optical depth (τ = 0.4-3.0 at 5 GHz) at frequencies as high as 5 GHz is unusual on parsec scales in galaxies. Since these H II regions are not visible in optical images, we propose that the radio data preferentially reveal the youngest, densest, and most highly obscured star-forming events. Energy considerations imply that each of the five H II regions contains ~750 O7 V-equivalent stars, greater than the number found in 30 Doradus in the LMC. The high densities imply an overpressure compared to the typical interstellar medium, so that such objects must be short-lived (<0.5 Myr expansion timescales). We conclude that the radio continuum maps reveal the very young (<0.5 Myr) precursors of "super-star clusters" or "proto-globular clusters," which are prominent at optical and UV wavelengths in He 2-10 and elsewhere. The fraction of O stars in these young ultradense H II regions is 15% of the total inferred O star population in Henize 2-10. This body of work leads us to propose that massive extragalactic star clusters with ages less than 106 yr, the possible precursors to globular clusters, may be most easily identified by finding compact radio sources with optically thick thermal bremsstrahlung spectral signatures.
Radial reefing method for accelerated and controlled parachute opening

Future Army airdrop systems will require aerial insertion of cargo and personnel from low altitudes to minimize ground-fire hazards. A radial reefing method was developed as a potential candidate to meet this requirement. The radial reefing method involves selecting equally spaced radials of a parachute canopy and reefing these radials near the skirt; concurrently, the canopy fabric adjacent to the reefed radials is puckered. Reefing the canopy this way creates large fabric pockets near the skirt during initial canopy inflation, resulting in an accelerated and controlled parachute opening. This was confirmed by full-scale airdrop testing using single Army personnel and cargo parachutes. In addition to demonstrating promises for single-canopy low-altitude airdrop applications, the radial reefing method also shows potential to improve clustered parachute opening by minimizing canopy enfolding and slumping. Nomenclature F0 = opening force, Ibf Fs = snatch force, Ibf ng - number of gores between reefed radials np = number of fabric pockets n, = total number of gores of canopy R = canopy radius, ft r = radial reefing ratio t = time, s tp = time when upper canopy begins to inflate, s ts = time when snatch force occurs, s
NEUTRINO PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR AXIAL TWO-BODY INTERACTIONS

We consider the counter-term describing isoscalar axial two-body currents in the nucleon–nucleon interaction, L1A, in the effective field theory approach. We determine this quantity using solar neutrino data. We investigate the variation of L1A when different sets of data are used.
Mean velocity and decay characteristics of the guidevane and stator blade wake of an axial flow compressor

Pure tone noise, blade row vibrations, and aerodynamic losses are phenomena which are influenced by stator and IGV (inlet guide vane) blade wake production, decay, and interaction in an axial-flow compressor. The objective of this investigation is to develop a better understanding of the nature of stator and IGV blade wakes that are influenced by the presence of centrifugal forces due to flow curvature. A single sensor hot wire probe was employed to determine the three mean velocity components of stator and IGV wakes of a single stage compressor. These wake profiles indicated a varying decay rate of the tangential and axial wake velocity components and a wake profile similarity. An analysis, which predicts this trend, has been developed. The radial velocities are found to be appreciable in both IGV and the stator wakes.
Inverse plasma equilibria

We illustrate in some detail a 2D inverse-equilibrium solver that was constructed to analyze tokamak configurations and stellarators (the latter in the context of the average method). To ensure that the method is suitable not only to determine equilibria, but also to provide appropriately represented data for existing stability codes, it is important to be able to control the Jacobian, tilde J is identical to delta(R,Z)/delta(rho, theta). The form chosen is tilde J = J/sub 0/(rho)R/sup l/rho where rho is a flux surface label, and l is an integer. The initial implementation is for a fixed conducting-wall boundary, but the technique can be extended to a free-boundary model.
Conductors and newforms for U(1,1)

Let F be a non-Archimedean local field whose residue characteristic is odd. In this paper we develop a theory of newforms forU (1, 1)(F), building on previous work onSL 2(F). This theory is analogous to the results of Casselman forGL 2(F) and Jacquet, Piatetski-Shapiro, and Shalika forGL n(F). To a representation π ofU(1, 1)(F), we attach an integer c(π) called the conductor of π, which depends only on theL-packet π containing π. A newform is a vector in π which is essentially fixed by a congruence subgroup of level c(π). We show that our newforms are always test vectors for some standard Whittaker functionals, and, in doing so, we give various explicit formulae for newforms.
Institutionalized dualism: statistical significance testing as myth and ceremony

Several well-known statisticians regard significance testing as a deeply problematic procedure in statistical inference. Yet, in-depth discussion of null hy- pothesis significance testing (NHST) has largely been absent from the literature on or- ganizations or, more specifically, management control systems. This article attempts to redress this oversight by drawing on neoinstitutional theory to frame, analyze, and explore the NHST problem. Regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive forces partly explain the longevity of NHST in organization studies. The unintended nega- tive consequences of NHST include a reinforcement of the academic-practitioner di- vide, an obstacle to the growth of knowledge, discouragement of study replications, and mechanization of researcher decision making. An appreciation of these institu- tional explanations for NHST as well as the harm caused by NHST may ultimately help researchers develop superior methodological alternatives to a controversial sta- tistical technique.
Beta-Gated Gamma Coincidence Counting with a Phoswich Detector

A special type of phoswich detector system has been evaluated for measurement of radionuclides which decay with emission of time coincident beta and gamma radiation. Background reductions of more than two orders of magnitude have been obtained for the energy region from 500-950 keV. Both NE 102 plastic scintillators and anthracene were evaluated. Advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.
Ionic Interactions in Biological and Physical Systems: a Variational Treatment

Chemistry is about chemical reactions. Chemistry is about electrons changing their configurations as atoms and molecules react. Chemistry has for more than a century studied reactions as if they occurred in ideal conditions of infinitely dilute solutions. But most reactions occur in salt solutions that are not ideal. In those solutions everything (charged) interacts with everything else (charged) through the electric field, which is short and long range extending to the boundaries of the system. Mathematics has recently been developed to deal with interacting systems of this sort. The variational theory of complex fluids has spawned the theory of liquid crystals (or vice versa). In my view, ionic solutions should be viewed as complex fluids, particularly in the biological and engineering context. In both biology and electrochemistry ionic solutions are mixtures highly concentrated (∼10 M) where they are most important, near electrodes, nucleic acids, proteins, active sites of enzymes, and ionic channels. Ca2+ is always involved in biological solutions because the concentration (really free energy per mole) of Ca2+ in a particular location is the signal that controls many biological functions. Such interacting systems are not simple fluids, and it is no wonder that analysis of interactions, such as the Hofmeister series, rooted in that tradition has not succeeded as one would hope. Here, we present a variational treatment of hard spheres in a frictional dielectric with the hope that such a treatment of an electrolyte as a complex fluid will be productive. The theory automatically extends to spatially nonuniform boundary conditions and the nonequilibrium systems and flows they produce. The theory is unavoidably self-consistent since differential equations are derived (not assumed) from models of (Helmholtz free) energy and dissipation of the electrolyte. The origin of the Hofmeister series is (in my view) an inverse problem that becomes well posed when enough data from disjoint experimental traditions are interpreted with a self-consistent theory.
Hydrodynamic and Spectral Simulations of HMXB Winds

We describe preliminary results of a global model of the radiatively-driven photoionized wind and accretion flow of the high-mass X-ray binary Vela X-1. The full model combines FLASH hydrodynamic calculations, XSTAR photoionization calculations, HULLAC atomic data, and Monte Carlo radiation transport. We present maps of the density, temperature, velocity, and ionization parameter from a FLASH two-dimensional time-dependent simulation of Vela X-1, as well as maps of the emissivity distributions of the X-ray emission lines.
Corporate Governance and Performance in the Market for Corporate Control: The Case of REITs

We examine 132 mergers and acquisitions by Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) during 1997–2006 and explore the relationship between acquirer external and internal corporate governance mechanisms and announcement abnormal returns. We argue that in regulated industries with absent active takeover market, the importance of outside governance mechanisms is diminished and substituted by internal governance controls. We focus on the REIT industry. We find that bidder returns are higher for REITs with smaller boards, with more experienced CEOs, but with shorter tenure. Acquirers’ announcement returns are also significantly and positively related to higher ownership by their CEOs and board directors. We find no significant relationship between presence of staggered board and abnormal bidder returns, which supports our hypothesis that anti-takeover defense measures have reduced importance for REITs.
Getting to the Helm: Women in Leadership in Federal Regulation

Why is it important for women to hold leadership positions in organizations? If it is important for women to hold leadership positions in organizations, how do women get into such positions? Both public administration research and organizational research provide answers to these questions. However, the integration of these two bodies of literature remains limited. This study joins public administration scholarship on representative bureaucracy and management scholarship on women in leadership to hypothesize and test institutional, organizational, and political explanations for women’s attainment of leadership positions together in one model. This study examines how women get into upper-level leadership positions in 12 federal regulatory organizations over more than 20 years of time. Findings suggests that women are more likely to gain access to leadership positions when the dominant political ideology is democratic and in agencies that work in feminine policy contexts, are younger, and where the risk of failure is higher.
Treatment Options for Hyponatremia in Heart Failure

Hyponatremia is independently associated with adverse outcomes in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). The primary cause of hyponatremia in CHF is the inappropriate secretion of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP). The binding of AVP to V(2) receptors in the renal collecting duct promotes water retention, a process that can lead to dilutional hyponatremia as well as increased ventricular preload. Conventional treatment of hyponatremia in CHF is largely based on water restriction, which is neither effective nor well-tolerated. V(2)- and dual V(1a)/V(2)-receptor antagonists offer physiologically based treatment for dilutional hyponatremia. Clinical trials in patients with hyponatremia including those with CHF using both selective and nonselective vasopressin antagonists have demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of these agents in correcting this common electrolyte abnormality.
Physics with the L3 Detector

LEP is the largest accelerator under construction today. It is very likely to be the highest energy facility built for elementary particle physics research in this century. Initially, LEP is scheduled to be ready for experiment by 1988, starting at c.m.s. energy \(\sqrt{S}\) = 100 GeV and gradually reaching \(\sqrt{S}\) ≈ 180 GeV, above the W+W- pair threshold. By the mid-1900s, the existing LEP may be filled with superconducting magnets to provide a 5 TeV p + 5 TeV p colliding beam accelerator. The large circumference (27 km) of LEP makes it relatively easy both to increase the energy of the e+e-accelerator and to convert it to other types of colliders.
Second order fermions in gauge theories

Abstract The second order formalism for fermions provides a description of fermions that is very similar to that of scalars. We demonstrate that this second order formalism is equivalent to the standard Dirac formalism. We do so in terms of the conventional fermionic Feynman rules. The second order formalism has previously proven useful for the computation of fermion loops, here we describe how the corresponding rules can be applied to the calculation of amplitudes involving external fermions, including tree-level processes and processes with more than one fermion line. We comment on the supersymmetric identities relating fermions and scalars and the associated simplifications to perturbative calculations that are then more transparent.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of 3-Acyloxy-1,4-enynes for the Synthesis of Cyclopentenones

Functionalized cyclopentenones were synthesized by a Rh-catalyzed carbonylation of 3-acyloxy-1,4-enynes, derived from alkynes and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. The reaction involved a Saucy–Marbet 1,3-acyloxy migration of propargyl esters and a [4 + 1] cycloaddition of the resulting acyloxy substituted vinylallene with CO.
Theoretical analysis of high-field transport in graphene on a substrate

We investigate transport in graphene supported on various dielectrics (SiO2, BN, Al2O3, and HfO2) through a hydrodynamic model which includes self-heating and thermal coupling to the substrate, scattering with ionized impurities, graphene phonons, and dynamically screened interfacial plasmon-phonon (IPP) modes. We uncover that while low-field transport is largely determined by impurity scattering, high-field transport is defined by scattering with dielectric-induced IPP modes, and a smaller contribution of graphene intrinsic phonons. We also find that lattice heating can lead to negative differential drift velocity (with respect to the electric field), which can be controlled by changing the underlying dielectric thermal properties or thickness. Graphene on BN exhibits the largest high-field drift velocity, while graphene on HfO2 has the lowest one due to strong influence of IPP modes.
Rigidity of multiparameter actions

We survey some of the recent progress in understanding diagonalizable algebraic actions of multidimensional abelian groups, a subject pioneered by Hillel Furstenberg.
Beam Shaping for CARS Measurements in Turbulent Environments

This paper describes a new technique to mitigate the effect of beam steering on CARS measurements in turbulent, variable density environments. The new approach combines planar BOXCARS phase-matching with elliptical shaping of one of the beams to generate a signal robust to beam steering, while keeping the same spatial resolution. Numerical and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. One experiment investigates the effect of beam shaping in the presence of a controlled and well quantified displacement of the beams at the focal plane. Another experiment, more qualitative, proves the effectiveness of the technique in the presence of severe beam steering due to turbulence.
W Boson cross section and decay properties at the tevatron

The authors present the first measurements of {sigma}(p{bar p} {yields} W {yields} {ell}{nu}) and {sigma}(p{bar p} {yields} Z {yields} {ell}{ell}) at {radical}s = 1.96 TeV, along with new measurements of W angular-decay distributions in p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV.
Electron Scattering From the Proton

With apparatus previously described1,2 we have studied the elastic scattering of electrons of energies 100, 188, and 236 MeV from protons initially at rest. At 100 MeV and 188 MeV, the angular distributions of scattered electrons have been examined in the ranges 60°-138° and 35°-138°, respectively, in the laboratory frame. At 236 MeV, because of an inability of the analyzing magnet to bend electrons of energies larger than 192 MeV, we have studied the angular distribution between 90° and 138° in the laboratory frame. In all cases a gaseous hydrogen target was used.
The history of permanent-magnet materials

From lodestones and carbon steels to today’s rare-earth magnets, a steady improvement in magnetic properties has expanded the technological importance of permanent-magnet materials. These materials have progressed through several major developmental stages, with a bit of serendipity contributing to the discovery process.
Catalytic asymmetric synthesis using feedstocks: an enantioselective route to 2-arylpropionic acids and 1-arylethyl amines via hydrovinylation of vinyl arenes.

A three-step procedure for the synthesis of 2-arylpropionic acids (profens) from vinyl arenes in nearly enantiomerically pure form has been developed. Excellent yields (>97%), regioselectivities (>99%), and enantioselectivities (>97% ee) for the desired branched products were obtained in the asymmetric hydrovinylation reactions of vinyl arenes, and the products from these reactions were transformed into 2-arylpropionic acids via oxidative degradation. Subsequent Curtius or Schmidt rearrangements of these acids provided highly valued 1-arylethyl amines, including a prototypical primary amine with an α-chiral tertiary N-alkyl group, in very good yields.
Fear and Closed-End Fund discounts

Closed-End Fund (CEF) discounts have intrigued researchers for decades. Of the many explanations offered, the behavioural framework of Lee et al. (1991), which posits noise traders subject to sentiment, is the most discussed. In this article, we contribute some novel evidence to the evaluation of this theory by examining the role of implied market volatility (VIX, i.e., the ‘fear index’) in fund discounts using a Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) approach. We find that VIX has almost no role in determining discounts except during periods of extreme market turbulence, providing strong but indirect evidence for the sentiment story.