cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative assessment of antibody isotypes to Brucella abortus by primary and secondary binding assays

Bovine isotypes IgM, IgG1, IgG2, and IgA, affinity purified via Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) attached covalently to agarose beads, were assessed for their antibody activity in various serological tests. In an enzyme linked immunosorbent test, using LPS as the antigen attached to a plastic matrix and goat anti-heavy chain specific IgG fractions conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, the limiting amount of antibody of each isotype detectable was 155 ng for IgM; 190 ng for IgG1; 220 ng for IgG2 and approximately 700 ng for IgA. In a hemolysis in gel test using LPS attached to bovine erythrocytes as the antigen, and guinea pig complement, the least amounts of detectable antibody were IgM:5500 ng; IgG1:60 ng; IgG2:4850 ng; IgA was not reactive. However, as preformed immune complexes all four isotypes were capable of activating bovine complement. For the indirect hemagglutination assay, both fresh sheep and chicken erythrocytes were sensitized with antigen. The least amounts of antibody detectable with LPS-coated sheep erythrocytes were IgG2: 625 ng; IgG1: 3750 ng; IgA: 4250 ng; and IgM: not reactive. Using LPS-coated chicken erythrocytes, only IgG2 was reactive to a limit of 1250 ng. Using isotypes as the antibody in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay, normal bovine mononuclear cells as effector cells and chicken erythrocytes sensitized with LPS as target cells, only IgG2 was reactive. Specific activity was retained to approximately 1000 ng. The implication of these results in terms of diagnosis and protective immunity in brucellosis will be discussed.
Formation of splenic megakaryocytes in young rat

Abstract The formation of the giant polyploid megakaryocyte was followed in the spleen of the 3 week old rat using 3 H-thymidine. There is random aggregation and synchronous fusion of precursor cells (probably lymphocytes) which have completed DNA synthesis. These form a multinucleated cell which is in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The nuclei of the multinucleated cell then enter mitosis synchronously and progress through metaphase. At this time the multipolar chromosomal groups fuse and form the polyploid nucleus of the mature megakaryocytes. The multinucleated stage is shortlived but may be delayed as long as 14 h in its transit to the giant polyploid stage by the internal radiation from a 10 μCi/g labeling dose of 3 H-thymidine.
Chloroquine-enhanced cerebellovascular changes in nutritionally imbalanced chicks

Young, vitamin E-depleted chicks, fed an encephalopathy-inducing diet, containing linoleic acid, were injected with chloroquine. The effects of this drug on previously demonstrated cerebrovascular alterations, present in the preclinical stage of the nutritional encephalopathy (NE), were observed. Chloroquine administered to chicks on the experimental diet markedly accentuated the early cerebrovascular changes associated with NE, but prevented the ultimate clinical onset of the disease. Intensification of the abnormalities included enhanced autofluorescence, increased reactivity for acid phosphatase, and progressive accumulation of dark bodies within the vascular endothelium; the material within the endothelial cytoplasm stained positively for polar phospholipids. It is suggested that chloroquine may cause these effects through stabilization of lysosomal membranes, controlling movement of hydrolytic enzymes. An alternate mode of action may be stimulation of fatty acid incorporation into phospholipids leading to accelerated regeneration of subcellular membranes, with diminished availability of fatty acids, unprotected by antioxidants and thus susceptible to peroxidative breakdown.
Differential distribution of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in the rat olfactory bulb

The subcellular localization of ionotropic glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits was examined with light and electron microscopy in the rat olfactory bulb by using antibodies to alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits: GluR1, GluR2/3, and GluR4; and kainate (KA) receptor subunits: GluR5/6/7. Immunoreactivity to GluR1 was heavy in the glomerular layer, moderate in the external plexiform layer, and localized to periglomerular somata and dendrites, short axon somata and dendrites, mitral cell somata, and mitral/tufted dendrites. GluR2/3 immunoreactivity was heavy in the external plexiform and glomerular layers and localized to periglomerular somata and dendrites, mitral cell somata, mitral/tufted dendrites, granule cell somata, and olfactory nerve-associated glia. GluR4 immunoreactivity showed heavy staining in the external plexiform and olfactory nerve layers with localization to mitral cells, mitral/tufted dendritic processes, and olfactory nerve glial processes. GluR5/6/7 immunoreactivity was heavy in the external plexiform layer, moderate in the olfactory nerve and glomerular layers, and localized to granule cells, mitral cells, and mitral/tufted dendritic processes. Ultrastructural immunolabeling for all antibodies examined showed immunoreactivity in the postsynaptic membrane and densities, adjacent dendritic cytoplasm, and somatic cytoplasm. These data demonstrate a highly specific laminar, cellular, and subcellular distribution of ionotropic GluR subunits within the primary afferent and local synaptic circuits of the olfactory bulb. The results are consistent with the notion that the different roles subserved by glutamate in the olfactory bulb are actuated, in part, by a differential distribution of GluR subunits.
Quantitative cavities and reactivity in stages of crystal lattices: mechanistic and exploratory organic photochemistry.

In continuing our research on solid-state organic photochemistry, we have been investigating the phenomenon of reactivity in stages. In this study we present new examples where the photochemical reactivity changes discontinuously at some point in the conversion. In these instances, the reaction course of the solid differs from that in solution. One example is the reaction of 2-methyl-4,4-diphenylcyclohexenone, where an unusual reaction course was encountered in the solid state; and, of two possible mechanisms, one was established by isotopic labeling. A second case is that of 4,5,5-triphenylcyclohexenone. The solid-state reaction of this enone was found to give a new photochemical transformation, the Type C rearrangement, a process that involves a δ to α aryl migration. In the case of 3-tert-butyl-5,5-diphenylcyclohexenone the Type C rearrangement occurred even in solution. The stage behavior was investigated using X-ray analysis and Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics computations. This permitted us to...
Promoting Self-Esteem in Adolescents: The Influence of Wellness Factors

To assess the extent to which holistic wellness factors are predictive of self-esteem, the authors administered the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventories, School Form (Coopersmith, 2002), and the Five Factor Wellness Inventory (Myers & Sweeney, 2005a) to 225 adolescents ages 15 to 17 years. Wellness factors (Coping Self, Social Self, and Creative Self) explained a significant portion of the variance in components of self-esteem (General Self-Esteem, Home-Parents Self-Esteem, and School-Academic Self-Esteem). Implications for counselors and for further research are considered.
When You Accept Me for Me: The Relational Benefits of Intrinsic Affirmations From One’s Relationship Partner

Research suggests that not all affirmations of self-worth are created equal—affirming intrinsic aspects of the self (i.e., a person’s stable, intrinsic qualities) leads to better outcomes for the individual compared to affirming extrinsic aspects (i.e., a person’s deeds and accomplishments). Extending this research to the domain of romantic relationships, the current research compared the relational benefits of recalling intrinsic versus extrinsic affirmations from a romantic partner among people high versus low in baseline relationship satisfaction. Across three experiments, as predicted, people low but not high in baseline satisfaction reported higher relationship quality and more pro-relationship responses after recalling a time of intrinsic compared to extrinsic affirmation from a romantic partner. Together, these experiments suggest that affirmations from relationship partners may be important for enhancing relationships, but only if they emphasize intrinsic qualities of the self.
Carbon-nanofiber-based probing arrays for multipoint integration with cellular matrices

The self-assembling and controlled synthesis properties of vertically-aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNF) have been exploited to provide parallel subcellular and molecular-scale probes for biological manipulation and monitoring. VACNFs possess many attributes that make them very attractive for implementation as functional, nanoscale features of microfabricated devices. For example, they can be synthesized at precise locations upon a substrate, can be grown many microns long, and feature sharp, nano-dimensioned tips. They also exhibit characteristic electrochemical responses similar to conventionally studied materials such as the edge plane of pyrolytic graphite and surface-activated glassy carbon. This, and their needlelike, vertical orientation upon a substrate, makes them particularly attractive as multielement cellular scale probes or as a parallel embodiment of traditional single-point microinjection or microelectrophysiological systems. We will overview our efforts at fabricating and characterizing several embodiments of VACNF cell probing systems. We will also overview surface modification techniques that exploit the rich surface chemistries of VACNF arrays to allow immobilization of active enzymes and transcriptionally active DNA, which can provide sensitivity to specific biological analytes and application of the nanofiber architecture for controlled biochemical manipulation within the cell. Finally, we will overview our techniques of integrating these probing structures with intact cells and how these structures may be used on a massively parallel basis for measurement and control of the intracellular domain.
Load-Transmitter Constraint sets: Part II - A building block based methodology for the synthesis of compliant mechanisms

Designers have always conceptualized of load flow as a part of their initial design process for mechanisms and structures. However, the lack of mathematical representation of load flow makes it inappropriate to be included in systematic design processes. Load Transmitter Constraint (LTC) sets provide a mathematical framework for visualizing load paths in compliant mechanisms. In this paper we propose a systematic design methodology for compliant mechanisms by systematic combination of LTC sets. This enables the designer to conceptualize load flow and choose relevant LTC sets to enforce it. Apart from being intuitive this process gives an understanding of the importance of each member in the mechanism. Furthermore this theory enables accurate and deterministic design for given motion specification without the aid of extensive computation. In this paper we propose guidelines for the design of mechanisms with a single load flow path and multi load flow path, particularly relevant in shape morphing applications.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Plasma testosterone, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipoprotein fractions☆

High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are strongly related to risk of heart attack. Identification of determinants of high density lipoprotein cholesterol may provide important information concerning the cause of heart disease. The relation between one possible determinant, testosterone, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipoprotein fractions was evaluated in 247 middle-aged men. The results indicate that testosterone levels (both free and total) were positively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = +0.24, p less than 0.01) and negatively correlated with triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The association between testosterone and high density lipoprotein cholesterol could not be explained by intake of alcohol, obesity, age, smoking or physical activity. Furthermore, the relation of testosterone to HDL cholesterol was independent of the relation of testosterone to very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol or triglycerides.
Sensory receptor diversity establishes a peripheral population code for stimulus duration at low intensities.

SUMMARY Peripheral filtering is a fundamental mechanism for establishing frequency tuning in sensory systems. By contrast, detection of temporal features, such as duration, is generally thought to result from temporal coding in the periphery, followed by an analysis of peripheral response times within the central nervous system. We investigated how peripheral filtering properties affect the coding of stimulus duration in the electrosensory system of mormyrid fishes using behavioral and electrophysiological measures of duration tuning. We recorded from individual knollenorgans, the electrosensory receptors that mediate communication, and found correlated variation in frequency tuning and duration tuning, as predicted by a simple circuit model. In response to relatively high intensity stimuli, knollenorgans responded reliably with fixed latency spikes, consistent with a temporal code for stimulus duration. At near-threshold intensities, however, both the reliability and the temporal precision of responses decreased. Evoked potential recordings from the midbrain, as well as behavioral responses to electrosensory stimulation, revealed changes in sensitivity across the range of durations associated with the greatest variability in receptor sensitivity. Further, this range overlapped with the natural range of variation in species-specific communication signals, suggesting that peripheral duration tuning affects the coding of behaviorally relevant stimuli. We measured knollenorgan, midbrain and behavioral responses to natural communication signals and found that each of them were duration dependent. We conclude that at relatively low intensities for which temporal coding is ineffective, diversity among sensory receptors establishes a population code, in which duration is reflected in the population of responding knollenorgans.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING of PARTICULATE TWO-PHASE FLOW IN A HELICAL PIPE

The design of helical tubes for continuous sterilization of low-acid foods (pH > 4.6) containing large discrete particles depends on the knowledge of the flow behavior of the suspended particles. The flow behavior of a carrier fluid with suspended solid spherical particles in a helical tube was numerically simulated through an iterative solution of the Navier-Stokes equations and the particle dynamic equations in three dimensions. The Lagrangian approach was used to predict the individual particle velocities and trajectories under solid-liquid two-phase flow situation. The results indicate that the residence time distribution of the particles in helical tube flow was narrower than in a conventional holding tube (consisting of two straight tubes connected with a 180° bend). Also, the average velocity of the particles was closer to the average velocity of the carrier fluid in the helical tubes. The secondary flow induced by the tube curvature greatly reduced the axial dispersion of the particles. There was a substantial particle influence on the fluid flow field, The pressure drop in helical tube was 18% higher for single-phase flow and 51% higher for two-phase flow than in conventional holding tube of equal length.
Hindu Orthodoxy in a South Indian Village

HINDUISM has neither standard creeds nor a central authority to rule on questions of doctrine. Strict Hindus, indeed, tend to emphasize right practice rather than right beliefs.1 In view of these circumstances the present article examines the nature of Hindu beliefs in a South Indian village and explores the means used to propagate these beliefs. Tirukkurungudi, a village of seven thousand people in the Tirunelveli District of Madras State, was chosen for study because it appeared to represent a flourishing Hindu culture, relatively free of external influences. (Christians and Muslims are few and their influence is negligible.) The ancient and wellpreserved village temple is one of the one hundred and eight holy places of
Woman as high priest: A kabbalistic prayer in yiddish for lighting Sabbath candles

The absence of women from Jewish mystical movements presents an enduring puzzle for the historian of religions. How is it that women have played such important roles in Christian and Islamic mysticism, yet so negligible a part in Jewish mysticism? 1 The problem is both social and theological. In sociological terms, women and members of other relatively powerless groups are often participants in ecstatic and mystical movements. Sociologists of religion have speculated that temporal powerlessness has led women to seek spiritual power. 2 Yet the social organization of Jewish mystical circles seems to have made no room for women. A mysticism of the learned, kabbalah requires a knowledge of languages and texts that simply was not made available to most women. 3 Indeed, only a small number of men acquired such knowledge. Most kabbalists were members of an esoteric elite that excluded both men and women. However, the Lurianic revival, Sabbatian messianism, and Hasidism all possessed more of a mass character. Did they also provide opportunities for women to participate, or allow women to assume religious leadership? 4
Nucleus-nucleus proximity potential and superheavy nuclei

Using up-to-date values of nuclear radii and of the nuclear surface tension, the 1977 proximity treatment of nucleus-nucleus interaction is confronted with 113 measured fusion barriers. The $\ensuremath{\approx}4%$ overestimate of theory with respect to experiment, seen in a similiar comparison in 1981, is no longer present. The calculated proximity barriers, when applied to fusion reactions used to produce heavy elements with atomic number $Z=102$--118, suggest that the unexpectedly large cross section observed in the reaction ${}^{86}\mathrm{Kr}{+}^{208}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Pb}}}^{293}118+1n$ may be due to the sinking of the Coulomb barrier below the level of the bombarding energy. Tests of this hypothesis are suggested. Some consequences of the appearance of such ``unshielded'' reactions for very heavy systems are discussed. An Appendix supplies very accurate analytic formulas for the universal nuclear proximity force and potential functions $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ and $\ensuremath{\Phi}.$ This does away with the need to consult the tables published in 1977.
GENE THERAPY FOR MELANOMA IN HUMANS

Malignant melanoma is a promising target for gene therapy: Melanomas are often immunogenic, and salient aspects of their immunobiology are known. Metastatic lesions are often accessible because they are skin-based or in regional lymph nodes. Moreover, disseminated disease usually has a fatal outcome and efficacious treatment is not presently available. Patients at high risk for developing metastasis after resection of the primary tumor can be identified. Therefore, gene therapy may offer adjuvant treatment modalities for such patients in the stage of clinical remission, as well as for patients in advanced stages. In gene therapy of melanoma, foreign genes are introduced into cells using methods described in detail in other contributions to this issue. The aim is to destroy the tumor (destructive approach) or to revert its malignant phenotype (corrective approach). To achieve the first aim, and based on our current understanding of melanoma immunobiology, genes have been introduced either into melanoma cells or into immune effector cells to evoke or stimulate an immune response against the tumor. Another destructive approach is the introduction of genes into tumor cells that render them sensitive to subsequently delivered drugs by coding for enzymes capable of converting inert prodrugs to active cytotoxics (drug sensitization approach). The corrective gene therapy approach seeks to introduce genes into tumor cells that repair the genetic changes underlying the development and progression of the malignant phenotype and therefore arrest or reverse tumor development. Drug sensitization and corrective gene therapy approaches require targeting gene therapy to tumor cells, as discussed subsequently. Some of these approaches are under investigation in phase I/II clinical studies, as outlined in the final part of this review.
Nonaqueous fractionation of HeLa cells in glycols

Abstract A further modification of Behren's method of nonaqueous cell fractionation, using glycols as media for homogenization and centrifugation, was presented. HeLa cells were frozen in melting Freon-12 (CCl 2 F 2 ), dried under vacuum at −30°C, sonicated in hexylene glycol at −35°C, and centrifuged through either propylene glycol or a mixture of the two glycols at −40°C. The centrifugation yielded a nuclear pellet and a cytoplasmic supernatant. The supernatant was recentrifuged at −10°C, yielding a cytoplasmic pellet. The success of the method depended on the temperature-dependent viscosities of the glycols and on the aggregation properties of cell structures in cold glycols. The allowed ranges of low temperatures were critical but not difficult to use; methods are given for sonication and for centrifugation. The two pellet fractions together contained 90% or more of cellular proteins and nucleic acids. Distribution of [ 3 H]uridine-labeled nucleic acids showed that the first pellet (nuclei) contained over 95% of the nuclear markers, DNA, and ribosomal RNA precursors, plus about 10% of the cytoplasmic marker, 18 S ribosomal RNA. The cytoplasmic pellet contained less than 5% of the nuclear markers. Two enzyme activities were tested; DNA polymerase, a mostly soluble nuclear marker frequently eluted in aqueous fractionation, and lactate dehydrogenase, a cytoplasmic marker. The two enzymes each lost activity in propylene glycol but not in a mixture of 90% hexylene glycol and 10% propylene glycol, so the glycol mixture was used as a centrifugation medium when studying enzymes. The glycol mixture somtimes gave more cytoplasmic material, up to 20% of the 18 S ribosomal RNA, in the nuclear pellet. The fractionation showed, as expected, that DNA polymerase activity was 95% nuclear and lactate dehydrogenase activity was more than 68% cytoplasmic. The concentration of cytoplasmic material afforded by the glycol method allowed the detection of a small amount (approx. 5%) of DNA polymerase activity not associated with nuclei. The chief reason for use of the glycol method instead of other methods of cell fractionation is that easily solubilized cellular material can be recovered in concentrated pellet form in the appropriate nuclear or cytoplasmic fraction.
RAP Therapy: A Group Work Intervention Method for Urban Adolescents

ABSTRACT The Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) places a premium on the development of cultural competence among practitioners. To this end, the present study highlights how social work practitioners, specifically group work leaders, can utilize elements of the culture of urban adolescents to develop effective group work intervention strategies. The article compares adolescent participants' perceptions of usefulness of traditional group therapy and similar group work sessions using RAP music as a conduit to support prosocial skills development. A nomenclature of three adolescent groups was tested: violent offenders, status offenders, and a control condition of high school students with no criminal history. Findings were unequivocally in favor of the RAP therapy as a tool for advancing prosocial behavior.
Visual pigments of the vitamin A-deficient rat following vitamin A2 administration.

Abstract Male albino rats (Sprague-Dawley) were depleted of vitamin A and then given crystalline vitamin A 2 as supplement. During depletion the growth and general tissue functions were maintained in normal state by means of retinoic acid. The status of the retina during depletion and recovery was monitored by histological and electroretinographic examinations. It was found that vitamin A 2 restored the normal retinal histology and the normal ERG threshold. Examination of the photopigment content in the retinas of these rats revealed the presence of a major component, which was normal rat rhodopsin, and a minor component that absorbed maximally at 517 nm and contained 3-dehydroretinal as the prosthetic group. The experiment was controlled by using rats without vitamin A supplementation and rats supplemented with all- trans vitamin A 1 . The former showed very small quantities of photopigment; the latter showed normal rat rhodopsin. It was concluded that a conversion of vitamin A 2 to retinal occurs in the rat, leacling to the formation of normal rhodopsin, although a small amount of 3-dehydroretinal is also produced leacling to the formation of the 517 pigment.
Testing for positive evidence of equally likely outcomes

Goodness-of-fit tests allow one to conclude that k possible outcomes are not equally likely. In this paper, we develop an exact equivalence test that allows one to conclude that k possible outcomes are approximately equally likely. We show that the power properties of the test compare favorably to those of possible alternative tests, and we develop an associated simultaneous confidence interval procedure. We apply the test to data sets on the digits of @p, winning roulette numbers, and winning numbers from the Pennsylvania Lottery.
The characteristics and survival of public interest groups

There is no reason to assume that pressure groups will further the public interest, however defined. Generally, pressure groups are formed to benefit the members of the group. Those interest groups that form to exert political pressure will be characterized by the distribution of benefits within the group as well as by the net benefits of organizing. These same factors will discourage other groups from organizing. Because of the public good characteristic, pressure groups must avoid the free rider problem. Thus, interest groups tend to be short lived. In the short run, they can solve this problem by providing some divisible benefits, and small groups can use social pressure. In the long run, membership must depend on coercion or institutionalized advantage.
A New Mouse Model for Female Genital Schistosomiasis

Background Over 112 million people worldwide are infected with Schistosoma haematobium, one of the most prevalent schistosome species affecting humans. Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) occurs when S. haematobium eggs are deposited into the female reproductive tract by adult worms, which can lead to pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, genital disfigurement and infertility. Recent evidence suggests co-infection with S. haematobium increases the risks of contracting sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV. The associated mechanisms remain unclear due to the lack of a tractable animal model. We sought to create a mouse model conducive to the study of immune modulation and genitourinary changes that occur with FGS. Methods To model FGS in mice, we injected S. haematobium eggs into the posterior vaginal walls of 30 female BALB/c mice. A control group of 20 female BALB/c mice were injected with uninfected LVG hamster tissue extract. Histology, flow cytometry and serum cytokine levels were assessed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post egg injection. Voiding studies were performed at 1 week post egg injection. Results Vaginal wall injection with S. haematobium eggs resulted in synchronous vaginal granuloma development within 2 weeks post-egg injection that persisted for at least 6 additional weeks. Flow cytometric analysis of vaginal granulomata revealed infiltration by CD4+ T cells with variable expression of the HIV co-receptors CXCR4 and CCR5. Granulomata also contained CD11b+F4/80+ cells (macrophages and eosinophils) as well as CXCR4+MerTK+ macrophages. Strikingly, vaginal wall-injected mice featured significant urinary frequency despite the posterior vagina being anatomically distant from the bladder. This may represent a previously unrecognized overactive bladder response to deposition of schistosome eggs in the vagina. Conclusion We have established a new mouse model that could potentially enable novel studies of genital schistosomiasis in females. Ongoing studies will further explore the mechanisms by which HIV target cells may be drawn into FGS-associated vaginal granulomata.
Total parenteral nutrition in management of hyperlipidemic pancreatitis during pregnancy.

Objective: To describe a case of severe gestational hyperlipidemic pancreatitis successfully managed with minimal-lipid-containing parenteral nutrition (PN) followed by a minimal-fat diet, which re...
Unsteady MHD flow in arbitrary ducts by point-matching method.

Unsteady MHD conducting fluid flow in arbitrary ducts under transverse magnetic field, studying effects of pressure gradient impulsive change
Management of the intra-abdominal testis.

A survey was made of 30 pediatric urologists for their current practice. Localization, important for operative approach, is done by venography and arteriography; ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging; and laparoscopy, the last most often immediately before operation. The preferred operation is the long-loop was orchiopexy; two-stage orchiopexy and microsurgical autotransplantation are alternatives.
Aerodynamic focusing of particles in viscous jets

Abstract The use of particle inertia to bring particles seeded in a viscous, incompressible jet to a sharp focus is considered. Earlier work on aerodynamic focusing in seeded supersonic jets has involved relatively large Reynolds numbers Re (where viscous effects due to the nozzle walls are negligible), and has reported sharp focal points for particles characterized by a Stokes number exceeding a certain critical value S*. Here a rapidly converging nozzle geometry is shown to yield similarly sharp aerodynamic focusing of particles in sheathed subsonic aerosol jets at Re as low as 15. The diameter d of the particle deposits collected on a greased impaction plate placed normally to the aerosol jet is measured as a function of the distance L between the nozzle and the collector. A numerical solution of the steady, axisymmetric, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations along with extensive particle trajectory calculations complements the available experimental data. In the range of Re for which experimental data are available (15 Re d is observed. In this regime, provided a sheath air fraction of 50% is used, concentration of the particles by a factor on the order of 1000 is observed in the focal region, comparable to that previously obtained in supersonic seeded jets. Numerical calculations performed for Re Re = 3. The presence of the collector plate is shown numerically to have little effect on the particle aerodynamic behavior in the focusing regime (i.e. S>S∗ ).
High-Level Nuclear Waste Management: Analysis of Options

A new approach is introduced for evaluating strategies for the safe disposal of high-level nuclear waste. Five strategies are considered, and by means of the effective method of ‘analytic hierarchy...
Long-term cognitive effects of human stem cell transplantation in the irradiated brain.

AbstractPurpose: Radiotherapy remains a primary treatment modality for the majority of central nervous system tumors, but frequently leads to debilitating cognitive dysfunction. Given the absence of satisfactory solutions to this serious problem, we have used human stem cell therapies to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive impairment. Here, past studies have been extended to determine whether engrafted cells provide even longer-term benefits to cognition.Materials and methods: Athymic nude rats were cranially irradiated (10 Gy) and subjected to intrahippocampal transplantation surgery 2 days later. Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) or human neural stem cells (hNSC) were transplanted, and animals were subjected to cognitive testing on a novel place recognition task 8 months later.Results: Grafting of hNSC was found to provide long lasting cognitive benefits over an 8-month post-irradiation interval. At this protracted time, hNSC grafting improved behavioral performance on a novel place recognition task ...
Perspectives on science and technology in development: Does the urgent drive out the important?

Abstract Around the world every year, nations urgently need assistance to cope with natural disasters, refugees, famines. Such chronic urgencies for “foreign aid” tend to drive out actions aimed at achieving crucial goals for long-term economic development. Just as these pressures affect all donors of foreign assistance, they undermine the capacity- building essential in all developing countries. The program of the US Agency for Development (AID) is a prime example of the distortions that result. Past priorities in foreign assistance on enhancing science and technology, and on nurturing human capital, now rate much less attention. Yet progress in S&T is central for economic growth, and historical trends show that the path to innovation demands multiple incentives rewarding autonomy, diversity, and experiment within the private sector. Further, development must be bolstered—over decades—by patiently reinforcing and building the educational and technological institutions of the recipient of “aid.” Accordingly, this article proposes that AID appoint an S&T Adviser and establish a $50 million R&D effort. And it is also imperative to restore an emphasis on human capital throughout AID's strategy. To do this well means conducting rigorous evaluations of results and responding thoughtfully to the priorities seen by the recipients of aid.
Cation and hydrogen bonding effects on the self-association and luminescence of the dicyanoaurate ion, [Au(CN)2]−

The colorless salts [C5H10NH2][AuI(CN)2], [C4H8NH2][AuI(CN)2], [Ph2NNH3][AuI(CN)2]·H2O and [(n-C3H7)4N][AuI(CN)2]·H2O have been prepared by evaporation of aqueous solutions of potassium dicyanoaurate and the chloride salt of the appropriate cation. Hydrogen bonding between the cations and the cyano groups of the anions facilitates the formation of structures with strong aurophilic interactions between the anions. Thus, the [Au(CN)2]− ions self-associate in the three salts [C5H10NH2][AuI(CN)2] (Au⋯Au 3.0969(3) A), [C4H8NH2][AuI(CN)2] (Au1⋯Au2 3.0795(4) A), [Ph2NNH3][AuI(CN)2]·H2O (Au⋯Au 3.0866(4) A), while in [(n-C3H7)4N][AuI(CN)2]·H2O, which lacks N–H units, the gold ions are widely dispersed. The crystals of [C5H10NH2][AuI(CN)2], [C4H8NH2][AuI(CN)2] and [Ph2NNH3][AuI(CN)2]·H2O each show strong blue luminescence at room temperature, while [(n-C3H7)4N][AuI(CN)2]·H2O is non-luminescent.
The detailed anatomy of the 1,2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery for vascularized bone grafting of scaphoid nonunions.

Purpose To describe the configuration of the 1,2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery (1,2 ICSRA), including the location of the perforators, and to discuss the clinical use of the 1,2 ICSRA for vascularized bone grafting of scaphoid nonunions. Methods Thirteen fresh-frozen cadaveric forearms were used to evaluate the variations in the anatomy of the 1,2 ICSRA. After injection of red latex, the 1,2 ICSRA and its perforators were characterized and measured. Pedicle length and distal reach of the transposed 1,2 ICSRA pedicle was evaluated. We noted the relationship of the 1,2 ICSRA to the dorsal scaphoid branch of the radial artery. Another 10 specimens were injected, frozen, and sectioned to evaluate vascular penetration into the dorsal distal radius. Results The 1,2 ICSRA branched from the radial artery 1.9 mm proximal to the tip of the radial styloid (range -6.3–3.2 mm), on average. The average pedicle length was 22.5 mm (range 15–31 mm), which permits its application for both dorsal and volar scaphoid. The relationship between the origin of the 1,2 ICSRA and the dorsal scaphoid branch was categorized into 3 types, including—separate, combined, and shared. The average number of perforating vessels arising from the pedicle was 5.5 (range 3–7), with an average of 2.75 (range 1-7) perforators overlying a 1 by 0.5 cm block of the distal radius bone graft. A graft located between 8–18 mm proximal to the articular surface of distal radius would incorporate the greatest numbers of perforators. The most notable vascular penetration of the distal radius was demonstrated at 10.0 mm proximal to the radial styloid. Conclusions The detailed anatomy of the 1,2 ICSRA presented in this study may guide in planning and dissection to maximize the vascularity of a pedicled bone graft based on this vessel for the management of scaphoid nonunions.
Comparative analysis of gene-coexpression networks across species

This paper presents a large scale analysis of gene-coexpression networks (GCNs) across four plant species, i.e. Arabidopsis, Barley, Soybean, and Wheat, over 1471 DNA microarrays. We first identify a set of 5164 metagenes that are highly conserved across all of them. For each of the four species, a GCN is constructed by linking reliable coexpressed metagene pairs based on their expression profiles within each species. Similarly, an overall GCN for the four species is constructed based on gene expression profiles across the four species. On average, more than 50K correlation links have been generated for each of the five networks. A number of recent studies have shown that topological structures of GCNs and some other biological networks have some common characteristics, and GCNs across species may reveals conserved genetic modules that contain functionally related genes. But no studies on GCNs across crop species have been reported. In this study, we focus on the comparative analysis of statistical properties on the topological structure of the above five networks across Arabidopsis and three crop species. We show that: (1) the five networks are scale-free and their degree distributions follow the power law; (2) these networks have the small-world property; (3) these networks share very similar values for a variety of network parameters such as degree distributions, network diameters, cluster coefficients, and frequency distributions of correlation patterns (sub-graphs); (4) these networks are nonrandom and are stable; (5) cliques and clique-like subgraphs are overly present in these networks. Further analysis can be carried out to investigate conserved functional modules and regulatory pathways across the four species based on these networks. A web-based computing tool, available at http://cbc.case.edu/coexp.html, has been designed to visualize expression profiles of metagenes across the four species.
Children's reactions to the receipt of direct and indirect help.

First, third, and fifth graders' (N = 201) reactions to 2 types of aid (direct help [answers] and indirect help [hints]) commonly used by helpers to assist children were examined. The children were randomly assigned to receive either direct or indirect help on a task, and then were asked to try a similar task immediately and again a few days later. Direct help was expected to elicit dependency, whereas indirect help was expected to elicit independent reactions. Age and/or sociocognitive level were predicted to moderate the effects of help. Direct help resulted in feelings of threat, low perceived control, and high dependency help-seeking for girls, but not for boys. Boys who received indirect help and understood the notion of consistency of personality requested less dependent help than did boys with less of this sociocognitive skill. Moreover, children high in the understanding of consistency of personality were more autonomous (i.e., helped themselves more) in the indirect than in the direct help condition.
Probing the bioactive conformation of an archetypal natural product HDAC inhibitor with conformationally homogeneous triazole-modified cyclic tetrapeptides.

Besser als das Original: Neuartige Analoga von Apicidin, einem cyclischen Tetrapeptidinhibitor der Histon-Desacetylase (HDAC), enthalten ein 1,4- oder 1,5-disubstituiertes 1,2,3-Triazol anstelle einer Gerust-Amidbindung, um die entsprechende Bindung in trans- oder cis-Konfiguration zu fixieren. So lies sich die Bindungsaffinitat unterschiedlicher Peptidkonformationen (siehe Bild) untersuchen. Ein Analogon erwies sich in einigen Fallen als ein dem Apicidin uberlegener HDAC-Inhibitor.
EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS: THE EFFECT OF 6-MERCAPTOPURINE

1. 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) prevents experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) during the period of drug administration in both rabbits and guinea pigs. The disease is suppressed even when treatment is started as late as the 5th day after antigenic stimulation in guinea pigs and the 12th day in rabbits. 2. After discontinuation of 6-MP treatment, there is a latent period before the disease is noted. The length of this latent period is not modified by the duration of 6-MP treatment. 3. The effect of 6-MP on EAE is not the result of leukopenia, non-specific toxicity and debilitation, anti-inflammatory activity, or mere masking of clinical signs of the disease. It is, rather, the result of 6-MP's specific anti-immunologic activity. 4. The effects of 6-MP on antibody production, delayed hypersensitivity, and EAE are compared. This provides indirect evidence for the importance of circulating antibody in the pathogenesis of EAE. 5. The important considerations in the use of 6-MP are discussed and the possible usefulness of 6-MP in human neurologic diseases is considered.
Growth of a species, an association, a science: 80 years of growth and development research.

What makes people different? The story goes that this simple question provided the motivation in 1929 for the initiation of a study of human growth and development in the small town of Yellow Springs, Ohio (Roche, 1992). The study, originally supported by the Fels family, became known as the Fels Longitudinal Study. It could easily be imagined that this same question, what makes people different, also provided the impetus for the founding of an association, also in 1929, the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA). Although a number of longitudinal studies of growth and development began at approximately the same time, the Fels Longitudinal Study is the only one to have run continuously into the present. During that time, the AAPA has grown to become the largest association dedicated to Physical Anthropology with a membership that is truly global. In 2011, a symposium was held to celebrate the longevity and interrelated nature of the Fels Longitudinal Study and the AAPA. The symposium was jointly sponsored by the AAPA and the Human Biology Association, and consisted of 13 presentations related to the general topic of growth and development research in physical anthropology. A number of the participants had either current or historical connections to the Fels Longitudinal Study. The organizers of the symposium, and authors of the current paper, have spent the last decade contributing to the Fels Longitudinal Study, and have been members of the AAPA for their professional careers. The coincidental nature of the two anniversaries, and overlapping nature of the research area, suggested a need for both a celebration and the symposium topic. The primary goal was to bring together a diversity of experts from subdisciplines that 1) represent the breadth of research topics typifying modern physical anthropology and 2) discuss current work regarding the aspects of growth and development. The articles published in this special issue of the AJPA are a testament to the quality of work highlighted at the symposium.
Relationships Between Spasticity, Strength, Gait, and the GMFM-66 in Persons With Spastic Diplegia Cerebral Palsy

Ross SA, Engsberg JR. Relationships between spasticity, strength, gait, and the GMFM-66 in persons with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007; 88:1114-20. Objective: To determine the relationships between spasticity, strength, and the functional measures of gait and gross motor function in persons with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy (CP). Design: Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Setting: Hospital clinic. Participants: Ninety-seven participants (49 boys, 48 girls; mean age standard deviation, 9.114.8y) with spastic di- plegia CP were tested once. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: A KinCom dynamometer was used to objectively measure spasticity (ankle plantarflexors, knee flexors, hip adductors) and maximum strength (ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, knee flexors and extensors, hip abductors and adductors). A gait analysis was conducted to evaluate linear variables (gait speed, stride length, cadence) and kinematic variables (ankle dorsiflexion, foot progression, knee and hip flexion, pelvic tilt at initial contact and ankle dorsiflexion, knee and hip flexion, pelvic tilt, trunk rotation range of motion) during gait. Gross motor function was measured using the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) and separately, the GMFM walking, running & jumping dimension. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between spasticity, strength, gait, and the GMFM (P.05). Results: Spasticity did not account for a substantial amount of explained variance in gait and gross motor function (up to 8% for the GMFM walking, running & jumping dimension). Moderate to high correlations existed between strength and gait linear data and function, accounting for up to 69% of the explained variance (strength and GMFM-66, r 2 .69). Conclusions: For this cohort of participants with spastic diplegia CP who ambulated with or without an assistive device, strength was highly related to function and explained far more of the variance than spasticity. The results may not be gener- alized to those with more severe forms of CP.
Abnormal Liver Development and Resistance to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Toxicity in Mice Carrying a Mutation in the DNA-Binding Domain of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is known for its role in the adaptive and toxic responses to a large number of environmental contaminants, as well as its role in hepatovascular development. The classical AHR pathway involves ligand binding, nuclear translocation, heterodimerization with the AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT), and binding of the heterodimer to dioxin response elements (DREs), thereby modulating the transcription of an array of genes. The AHR has also been implicated in signaling events independent of nuclear localization and DNA binding, and it has been suggested that such pathways may play important roles in the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD). Here, we report the generation of a mouse model that expresses an AHR protein capable of ligand binding, interactions with chaperone proteins, functional heterodimerization with ARNT, and nuclear translocation, but is unable to bind DREs. Using this model, we provide evidence that DNA binding is required AHR-mediated liver development, as Ahr dbd/dbd mice exhibit a patent ductus venosus, similar to what is seen in Ahr 2/2 mice. Furthermore, Ahr dbd/dbd mice are resistant to TCDD