cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Republic of Spin: An Inside History of the American Presidency. By DavidGreenberg. New York: W.W. Norton, 2016. 540 pp.

Republic of Spin: An Inside History of the American Presidency. By David Greenberg. New York: W.W. Norton, 2016. 540 pp. Republic of Spin is a captivating history of the institutionalization of the public presidency. David Greenberg takes us on a comprehensive tour of the various iterations of the dark arts of presidential persuasion: publicity, ballyhoo, communication, news management, image making, and spin. Drawing on archival and secondary sources, Greenberg familiarizes us with the political actors and institutions of spin: presidents (from Teddy Roosevelt to Barack Obama), pollsters, demagogues, journalists, political consultants, social scientists, and public relations experts that command each significant era. Conflict and cooperation between presidents and the press are enduring themes of the book. Presidents' desires for publicity remain in constant tension with their desires to control how those appeals are framed (p. 50). Despite that tension, there is a good deal of fluidity between journalism and politics. Reporter Will Irwin, for example, followed "a common journalistic practice," according to Greenberg, "of writing about presidents one day and working for them the next" (p. 179). Republic of Spin is also a story about spin's discontent, the social anxiety that is generated by presidents exploiting new mediums for publicity. Of course, partisanship shapes perceptions of the intent of public appeals. The political opposition asserts that the president is doing the devil's work while those in power contend that they are simply appealing to the better angels of our nature by providing objective information and facts. Remarking on Franklin Roosevelt's exhaustive expansion of the public presidency, Greenberg argues that, for FDR's admirers, "that publicity was a welcome dose of transparency. To his detractors, it was a decidedly unwelcome form of propaganda" (p. 249). In other cases, publicity drew contempt from the entire political spectrum. The beleaguered George Creel, head of the contentious Committee on Public Information during World War I, lamented that "conservatives call me a radical" while "the radicals all call me a conservative" (p. 113). Presidents, too, expressed anxiety about what public persuasion would do to the seeming integrity of the Oval Office in particular and American politics more generally. As two-time Democratic presidential nominee (and two-time loser) Adlai Stevenson said of political advertising, "The idea that you can merchandise candidates for high office like breakfast cereal is the ultimate indignity to the democratic process" (p. 282). In some cases, Greenberg revives the reputations of presidents. Herbert Hoover, Lyndon Johnson, and Jimmy Carter were masters of spin, despite their eventual political misfortunes. …
Blade Tenderization Effects on Cooking and Palatability Characteristics of Steaks from Bullock and Cow Carcasses

Steaks (n = 240) from bullock and cow carcasses were studied to determine effects of blade tenderization on cooking and palatability characteristics. After two control (0×) steaks were removed, strip loins, inside rounds, outside rounds and top sirloin butts (all boneless) were blade-tenderized; additional steaks were removed after one (1×) and two (2×) passes through a blade tenderizer. Evaluations included cooking time, cooking loss, visual degree of doneness, Warner-Bratzler shear force and sensory panel evaluation for tenderness, amount of organoleptically detectable connective tissue, flavor, juiciness and overall palatability. Blade tenderization of bullock muscles resulted in steaks which required less time to cook, had decreased amounts of organoleptically detectable connective tissue and had increased tenderness, flavor and overall palatability ratings. Blade tenderization of cow muscles had little or no effect on cooking characteristics, tenderness, flavor, or overall palatability of muscles from the round but increased the tenderness, decreased the shear force value and amount of organoleptically detectable connective tissue, and increased the overall palatability of the longissimus dorsi muscle. Blade tenderization, though it will usually improve tenderness, will not improve the product enough to make beef of unsatisfactory quality comparable to that from high quality beef.
Is revenge about retributive justice, deterring harm, or both?

This paper explores the vast literature on revenge and retributive punishment to ascertain whether revenge seekers are primarily seeking retribution or to deter future harm. This review considers research findings from social, consumer, evolutionary, and industrial/organizational psychology. Revenge is defined as an action in response to some perceived wrongdoing by another party that is intended to inflict damage, injury, discomfort, or punishment on the party judged responsible. In support of the perspective that revenge is about retribution, vengeance is typically triggered only by unjust harms, revenge-seekers report a moral imperative, justice beliefs predict revenge, and justice-related information has the greatest influence on punishment calculations. On the other hand, a plethora of findings in economic games such as serial prisoner dilemmas reveal that tit-for-tat style revenge is an effective means of deterring future harm. Overall, the evidence seems to support a retribution model of revenge over a deterrence model; however, as this review describes in its conclusion, the psychology of revenge is in need of further investigation along several key dimensions.
Vectorization of the Software for Modelling the Magnetostatic Properties of Thin Layers Using the Method of Moments

Method of moments can be valuable alternative for finite elements method in the case of modelling the thin layer magnetostatic systems. However, “for”-loops based calculation of such system is may be very time consuming. Paper presents the method of vectorization of a code for method of the moments calculations. Radical decrease of computation time for larger systems was achieved due to the use of BLAS procedures.
Expression of the Human Herpesvirus 6A Latency-Associated Transcript U94A Disrupts Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Migration

Progression of demyelinating diseases is caused by an imbalance of two opposing processes: persistent destruction of myelin and myelin repair by differentiating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Repair that cannot keep pace with destruction results in progressive loss of myelin. Viral infections have long been suspected to be involved in these processes but their specific role remains elusive. Here we describe a novel mechanism by which HHV-6A, a member of the human herpesvirus family, may contribute to inadequate myelin repair after injury.
P3.95 Quality of care and incidence of stis in a cohort of transgender women living with hiv

Introduction Transgender women are at high risk for HIV infection, but less is understood about their rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and the quality of sexual health services they receive. The Washington University Virology Clinic (St. Louis, MO USA) serves patients living with HIV; 2% of patients report being transgender women. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of transgender women living with HIV (n=41) to document frequency of testing for incident bacterial STIs [syphilis, gonorrhoea (GC), chlamydia (Ct)], with demographic information, markers of HIV care, and STI test results from 2011–2015. Results Most patients were African American (91%) and on antiretroviral medications (>88%), although only 56% maintained HIV viral load suppression. Health challenges included a history of disrupted antiretroviral treatment (66%) and STIs (65%). Incident syphilis was diagnosed in 7.3% patients, and GC and Ct were diagnosed in 19.5% and 9.8% of patients, respectively. For syphilis screening, 90% of patients were tested at least once a year, and 53% of patients were tested more than once a year. For GC/Ct screening, 89% of patients were tested at least once a year and 49.3% of patients were tested more than once a year. For patients with GC or Ct infection, only 44% of patients were retested at the site of infection 3–6 months after treatment. Reinfection with GC or Ct was subsequently diagnosed in 19.5% of patients. Frequency of three site testing for GC/Ct (genital, rectal, pharyngeal) increased over the course of the study period (from 3% of patients to 34% of patients, X2=17.69, p=0.001). Conclusion Transgender women living with HIV are at high risk for incident bacterial STIs. Frequency of testing for STIs increased over a five-year period, but many patients with documented infection were not re-tested after treatment as recommended by current guidelines. Understanding STI rates, primary locations of infection, and lack of retesting in patients will improve patient education and standardise care for patients.
Ventilatory response to carbon monoxide during exercise in hypoxia and hypercapnia.

Abstract We tested if the addition of CO to inspired gases with different inspired O 2 and CO 2 fractions ( F I O 2 and F I CO 2 ) stimulates ventilation at rest or during submaximal exercise. We measured minute ventilation ( V E ) in goats breathing combinations of F I O 2 ranging from 0.21 to 0.06 and F I CO 2 from 0 to 0.05, both with and without inspired CO resulting in carboxyhemoglobin fractions ( F HbCO ) of 0.02 (no CO added), 0.15, or 0.45. We did this while they stood on a treadmill, walked at 1.4, or trotted at 2.5 m s −1 . Hypoxia, hypercapnia, and exercise, alone and in combination, increased ventilation compared to breathing air at rest. Both elevated F HbCO increased V E compared with ambient F HbCO during exercise (increases of 1.50 and 5.53 ml s −1 kg −1 for F HbCO 0.15 and 0.45, respectively; P = 0.035), but not at rest ( P = 0.958), when the ventilatory effects of F I O 2 and F I CO 2 are factored out. Additionally, F HbCO 0.45 (but not 0.15) increased V E compared to F HbCO 0.02 for all F I O 2 and F I CO 2 when the ventilatory effects of exercise are factored out. Taken together, these data suggest that exercise intensity and F HbCO dose interact to stimulate ventilation during exercise.
Dueling Scandals: Rolling Stone, Brian Williams, and Repairing a Damaged Paradigm

ABSTRACTThis study examined how journalists defended their profession during simultaneous ethics scandals involving Rolling Stone magazine and NBC news anchor Brian Williams. A review of more than 2,000 stories revealed that they responded to Rolling Stone magazine’s disputed rape story in a manner consistent with traditional paradigm repair, employing elaborate strategies such as shifting the blame to rogue journalists and prescribing corrective action. Journalists failed to do this after Williams’ false statements about being on a helicopter that crashed in Iraq, and largely ignored the news segment that ignited the scandal, instead focusing on his appearances on entertainment shows.
Effect of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation on Overall Survival in Metastatic Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.

Abstract Introduction Patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) have a high incidence of occult brain metastases and are often treated with prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). Despite a small survival advantage in some studies, the role of PCI in extensive stage SCLC remains controversial. We used the National Cancer Database to assess survival of patients with metastatic SCLC treated with PCI. Patients and Methods Metastatic SCLC patients without brain metastases were identified. To minimize treatment selection bias, patients with an overall survival (OS) Results In the overall cohort (n = 4257), treatment with PCI (n = 473) was associated with improved survival (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.74; P Conclusion Using a modern population-based data set, we showed that metastatic SCLC patients treated with PCI have significantly improved OS. This large retrospective study helps address the conflicting prospective data.
An Empirical Study on Detecting Deception and Cybercrime Using Artificial Neural Networks

Ubiquity of the Internet and wide adoption of the computing and mobile devices is driving explosion of data. Interestingly, cybercriminals are also leveraging these popular technologies to cash in on cybercrime in form of scams, fraud and fake online reviews. Existing content filtering techniques, which have been successful in containing spam, are failing to filter these new types of cybercrime because cybercriminals generate text messages to bypass content filters. In this paper, we use natural language processing and a deception-detection discourse to build hybrid models for detecting these forms of text-based cybercrime. Since we have four datasets each of which contains deceptive text messages representing a specific type of cybercrime and truthful text messages, we combine 2 datasets and 3 datasets together to generate training sets for the hybrid models with more than one type of cybercrime. The hybrid cybercrime detection models are trained using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Naive Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machines (SVM) and kth Nearest Neighbor (kNN). The models are then evaluated on test sets containing instances that were not part of the training sets. The results for model performance of NB, kNN and SVM classifiers are compared against those of ANN. Most the models generalize well in detecting cybercrime. ANN model performance on the test sets ranges from 70% to 90% accuracy compared to model performance range of 60% to 80% for the other three classifiers. The best performance is in detecting unfavorable fake reviews and fraud.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Prevalent Albuminuria in Hispanics/Latinos

Introduction Although sleep-disordered breathing has been found to be associated with higher urine albumin excretion, this association has not been evaluated in Hispanic/Latino populations, which experience a high burden of end-stage renal disease compared with non-Hispanics. We evaluated the association of sleep-disordered breathing with prevalent albuminuria among US Hispanics/Latinos. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of baseline data from participants in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), a population-based study that enrolled 16,415 adults in 4 US communities. Sleep-disordered breathing was assessed using a home sleep apnea monitor for overnight recording and was defined using 3 thresholds of the apnea−hypopnea index (AHI; 3% desaturation): ≥5, ≥15, and ≥30. Albuminuria was defined as a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio of ≥30 mg/g. Results There were 12,572 participants with complete data available for analysis. The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of albuminuria was 9.1%. Mean age was 41 years, and 48% were men. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing was higher among individuals with albuminuria compared with those without albuminuria (36% vs. 25% had AHI ≥5, 18% vs. 9% had AHI ≥15, and 9% vs. 4% had AHI ≥30). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, AHIs ≥5, ≥15, and ≥30 were associated with greater odds of albuminuria compared with those with AHIs Conclusion In US Hispanic/Latinos, sleep-disordered breathing was independently associated with higher odds of prevalent albuminuria.
Slowing the Progression of Aortic Stenosis: The Emerging Role of Bisphosphonates

Calcific aortic stenosis (AS) develops via an active process similar to atherosclerosis that frequently culminates in calcification and cortical bone formation (Fig. 13.1) (Elmariah and Mohler 2010; Goldbarg et al. 2007; Mohler et al. 2001). Significant evidence supports the notion that calcification within heart valves is a manifestation of generalized atherosclerosis (Allison et al. 2006; Yamamoto et al. 2003; Pohle et al. 2001) and that these lesions are associated with dramatically increased morbidity and mortality (Otto et al. 1999). HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been aggressively studied for the management of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification (Mohler et al. 2007; Budoff and Raggi 2001; Callister et al. 1998; Shavelle et al. 2002; Aikawa et al. 2007a; Wu et al. 2005). In addition to lowering lipid levels by inhibiting the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis, statin drugs may retard vascular and valvular calcification through various pleiotropic mechanisms (Wu et al. 2005; Luan et al. 2003; Osman et al. 2006; Liao 2002; Zhang and Casey 1996) The potent nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NCBPs) inhibit farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), distal to HMG-CoA reductase in the mevalonate pathway (Fig. 13.2) (van Beek et al. 2003; Bergstrom et al. 2000), and have been found to possess many statin-like effects (Giraudo et al. 2004; Lai et al. 2007; Tamura et al. 2005; Adami et al. 2000; Montagnani et al. 2003; Ariyoshi et al. 2006; Nitta et al. 2004; Gozzetti et al. 2008). In addition, bisphosphonate inhibition of bone resorption may indirectly reduce calcification of cardiovascular tissues (Price et al. 2001). Interest is consequently growing in the use of NCBPs for calcific cardiovascular disease (Towler and Demer 2011). Here, we review the evidence suggesting a role for NCBPs in the management of aortic valve calcification (AVC) and the resultant valve obstruction.
The Dance of Partisanship and Districting

Academic studies of redistricting tend to be either doctrinal or empirical, but not both. As a result, the literature overlooks some of the most important aspects of the mapmaking process and its judicial supervision, like how they relate to the broader American political context. In this symposium contribution, I try to fill this gap. I first observe that the half-century in which federal courts have decided redistricting cases can be divided into two periods: one lasting from the 1960s to the 1980s, in which voters and politicians were both comparatively nonpartisan; and another reaching from the 1990s to the present day, which amounts to perhaps the most hyperpartisan era in our country’s history. I then explore how redistricting law has responded to the ebbs and flows of partisanship. In the earlier timeframe, courts (properly) focused on nonpartisan line-drawing problems like rural overrepresentation and racial discrimination. In the hyperpartisan present, on the other hand, courts have (regrettably) refrained from confronting directly the threat, partisan gerrymandering, that now looms above all others. Instead, courts have either shut their eyes to the danger or sought to curb it indirectly through the redeployment of nonpartisan legal theories.
Determining Viability of Deep Learning on Cybersecurity Log Analytics

The Department of Defense currently maintains a network known as the Defense Research Engineering Network (DREN), which provides various Department of Defense (DoD) sites across the nation connectivity to HPC resource centers. To ensure the security of the DREN system, a defense system known as the Cybersecurity Environment for Detection, Analysis, and Reporting (CEDAR) was created. CEDAR contains a variety of cybersecurity sensors, which constantly monitor and record real time network activity on the DREN. Over time, CEDAR has accumulated massive quantities of valuable cybersecurity data, which necessitates a form of automation in the process of reviewing this data. We propose the application of deep learning techniques to CEDAR data in an attempt to automatically detect potentially malicious activity in a more agile and adaptable manner. These deep learning techniques can be carried out in a high performance computing (HPC) environment, allowing for the rapid utilization of large amounts of data. Our most effective model is able to classify CEDAR alerts as malicious with an accuracy sufficient to greatly reduce human analyst workloads.
Latina/o students as agents of change: the influence of cultural assets and college experiences

Enhancing the civic engagement of Latina/os can promote the economic and political advancement of this racial/ethnic group. Employing a critical quantitative longitudinal design with data from UCLA...
Toward Exodus from Bondage: Examining Resourcefulness of an Academically and Athletically High-Achieving Black Male Student who Plays High School Football

This study utilizes ethnographic methods, in-depth interviews, and observations to investigate the neighborhood and high school experiences of Terry, an academically and athletically high-achiever. Originating from a multiple case study methodology that examined the experiences, perceptions, and aspirations of Black male students who played high school sports, this research draws from examinations that investigated the experiences of Black males in their neighborhood, school, and athletic settings. The findings highlight how Terry escaped from “bondage” by displaying characteristics of resourcefulness. Although he experienced violence in his neighborhood, the combination of support from family members, exposure to an advanced academic curriculum, and sports participation at an early age protected Terry from becoming a victim or a participant in violent crimes. Furthermore, Terry received an athletic scholarship to attend college but aspired to use his athletic skills as a platform to earn a business degree and a PhD. This study has implications for expanding the understanding of the perceptions and aspirations of Black male students who play sports in urban neighborhoods and at urban schools. Furthermore, it provides policymakers and administrators insights that can further develop programming and activities that support the social and academic advancement of Black male students who play sports.
Human diseases linked to cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

Abstract As an essential component of the translation machinery, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are indispensable for cell viability. In complex multicellular organisms, this fundamental importance of aaRSs is further expanded by their broad regulatory functions, and reflected by their extensive human disease connections. This chapter focuses on the disease connection of the group of aaRSs supporting protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, including GlyRS and LysRS that are also used for mitochondrial translation. To date, three major disease types have been linked directly to cytoplasmic aaRSs: first, an autoimmune antisynthetase syndrome (ASS) characterized by the presence of autoantibodies targeting one of eight different aaRSs; second, a peripheral neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) caused by dominant, mono-allelic mutations in six different aaRSs; and third, severe multi-organ disorders, often accompanied with developmental delays, caused by recessive, bi-allelic mutations in almost all cytoplasmic aaRSs. This chapter will cover broadly each of these types, with a lesser focus on CMT. An interesting feature of cytoplasmic aaRSs in complex organisms is the formation of a multi-synthetase complex (MSC), containing nine aaRSs and three non-enzymatic scaffold proteins. We note a general trend that MSC components are more likely to be involved in recessive diseases, whereas the freestanding aaRSs are predominantly linked to the dominant CMT disease and the autoimmune ASS. GlyRS and LysRS appear to be more susceptive to mutational impact, possibly due to their dual use for cytosolic and mitochondrial protein synthesis. Nevertheless, non-enzymatic functions of aaRSs are also linked to diseases as suggested by studies on ASS and CMT.
Public perception of climate change and disaster preparedness: Evidence from the Philippines

Abstract The Philippines is highly susceptible to both geophysical and climate-related disasters. This article explores Filipinos knowledge and perception of climate change and their association with what action Filipinos take to prepare for rapid onset natural hazards such as typhoons. Data for this study were collected from a nationally representative random survey of 5,184 adults conducted between March and April of 2017. Filipinos self-report relatively low levels of knowledge of climate change and cited increased temperatures, shifts in seasons, and heavier rains as the most likely consequences. Levels of disaster preparedness in the Philippines differ widely by region. Although most Filipinos perceive that natural hazards are a risk to them, only a third of Filipinos undertake measures to prepare for disasters. Filipinos who perceive climate-related changes directly impacting their households report taking greater action to prepare for disasters. Filipinos who believe they have been directly impacted by climate-related changes are also more likely to prepare for disasters, take planning actions, and undertake material actions to prepare, such as dwelling improvements. Other factors associated with disaster preparedness include gender, membership in an association, wealth, risk perception, and prior exposure to and losses due to disasters. The findings imply that, while posing different challenges and requiring different responses, adaptation to climate change and disaster preparedness are inherently associated and potentially mutually reinforcing. Policies and programs would arguably benefit from a more unified intervention framework that links climate change adaptation and disaster preparedness.
Research for Classroom Teachers: The Basic Business and Economic Education Area

(1981). Research for Classroom Teachers. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 161-163.
The Impact of Rising Household Debt among Older Americans

As older households transition into retirement, their labor income, as well as their ability to accumulate more income-producing assets, declines and they will need to primarily live off their retirement plans and Social Security income. Carrying debt through retirement affects retirees’ financial security as they have more expenses to cover with limited resources. As such, having debt at older ages can affect the timing of retirement and Social Security claiming. This in particular is important as Baby Boomers continue to enter retirement in large numbers and, according to many studies, are known not to be well prepared financially for retirement. To explore the phenomenon of debt in retirement, the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) uses the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine the debt status of older Americans pre-retirement and post-retirement between 1992 and 2016, biennially. Three groups are examined between 2008 and 2016: pre-retirees (ages 50–64), early retirees (ages 65–74), and late retirees (ages 75 and older). Key findings are: The three age groups show very different trends in terms of whether debt is present and the debt levels undertaken. Among those ages 50–64, the average (and median) total debt sharply increased from $80k in 1992 to $120k in 2016 with a peak of $140k in 2010. Among those ages 65–74, both the share of households having debt and the amount of debt increased over the period. The percentage of those with debt increased from 47 percent to 57 percent between 1998 and 2016. Meanwhile, the average and median amounts of debt had an upward trend that peaked in 2010 and slightly decreased afterward. Among those ages 75 and older, the percentage of those having debt as well as average and median debt stayed relatively the same during this period. Older households in all age groups have became more leveraged between 1992 and 2016. For instance, the average total debt-to-total-net-wealth ratio of those ages 50–64 increased from 16 percent in 1992 to 27 percent in 2016. Married households had a higher probability than single households of having debt but were less leveraged. Further, single female households were more likely to have debt than single male households and had the highest median debt-to-net-wealth ratio at ages 54–62. Households with debt worked longer than those without debt, and highly leveraged households were more likely to work compared with those with lower debt-to-net-wealth ratios. Providing financial support to children and grandchildren increased the likelihood of having debt for parents at older ages.
Impact of Reduction in Drinking vs. complete Cessation on the Severity and Type of Alcohol-Related Problems in Women Living with HIV.

Women living with HIV (WLWH) often report heavy alcohol use and may experience substantial alcohol-related problems, but it is unclear whether it is necessary to completely quit drinking to reduce ...
Prenatal Kynurenine Elevation Elicits Sex-Dependent Changes in Sleep and Arousal During Adulthood: Implications for Psychotic Disorders

Dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan catabolism has been implicated in psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a KP metabolite synthesized by kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs) from its biological precursor kynurenine and acts as an endogenous antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate and α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Elevated KYNA levels found in postmortem brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid of patients are hypothesized to play a key role in the etiology of cognitive symptoms observed in psychotic disorders. Sleep plays an important role in memory consolidation, and sleep disturbances are common among patients. Yet, little is known about the effect of altered KP metabolism on sleep-wake behavior. We presently utilized a well-established experimental paradigm of embryonic kynurenine (EKyn) exposure wherein pregnant dams are fed a diet laced with kynurenine the last week of gestation and hypothesized disrupted sleep-wake behavior in adult offspring. We examined sleep behavior in adult male and female offspring using electroencephalogram and electromyogram telemetry and determined sex differences in sleep and arousal in EKyn offspring. EKyn males displayed reduced rapid eye movement sleep, while female EKyn offspring were hyperaroused compared to controls. We determined that EKyn males maintain elevated brain KYNA levels, while KYNA levels were unchanged in EKyn females, yet the activity levels of KAT I and KAT II were reduced. Our findings indicate that elevated prenatal kynurenine exposure elicits sex-specific changes in sleep-wake behavior, arousal, and KP metabolism.
Near-Quantitative Defluorination of Perfluorinated and Fluorotelomer Carboxylates and Sulfonates with Integrated Oxidation and Reduction

The UV-sulfite reductive treatment using hydrated electrons (eaq-) is a promising technology for destroying perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs, CnF2n+1COO-) in any chain length. However, the C-H bonds formed in the transformation products strengthen the residual C-F bonds and thus prevent complete defluorination. Reductive treatments of fluorotelomer carboxylates (FTCAs, CnF2n+1-CH2CH2-COO-) and sulfonates (FTSAs, CnF2n+1-CH2CH2-SO3-) are also sluggish because the ethylene linker separates the fluoroalkyl chain from the end functional group. In this work, we used oxidation (Ox) with hydroxyl radicals (HO•) to convert FTCAs and FTSAs to a mixture of PFCAs. This process also cleaved 35-95% of C-F bonds depending on the fluoroalkyl chain length. We probed the stoichiometry and mechanism for the oxidative defluorination of fluorotelomers. The subsequent reduction (Red) with UV-sulfite achieved deep defluorination of the PFCA mixture for up to 90%. The following use of HO• to oxidize the H-rich residues led to the cleavage of the remaining C-F bonds. We examined the efficacy of integrated oxidative and reductive treatment of n = 1-8 PFCAs, n = 4,6,8 perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs, CnF2n+1-SO3-), n = 1-8 FTCAs, and n = 4,6,8 FTSAs. A majority of structures yielded near-quantitative overall defluorination (97-103%), except for n = 7,8 fluorotelomers (85-89%), n = 4 PFSA (94%), and n = 4 FTSA (93%). The results show the feasibility of complete defluorination of legacy PFAS pollutants and will advance both remediation technology design and water sample analysis.
12-month trajectory and predictors of affect balance in nursing home residents living with dementia.

Objectives:Emotional expressions in late-stage dementia have traditionally been studied within a deficit paradigm. Moving the narrative of the dementia trajectory from a solely negative pathological experience to one that acknowledges the potential for positive experiences aligns with international recommendations for living well with dementia. The purpose of this study was to extend prior research by examining the pattern of well-being using affect balance, the ratio of positive to negative affect, in nursing home residents living with dementia over 12 months and its association to factors that could potentially influence resident well-being.Method:This study was a secondary analysis of baseline, 4 and 12-month data from a pragmatic clinical trial. A total of 536 residents with moderate to severe cognitive impairments from 55 nursing homes were included in the multivariable linear mixed model regression analyses.Results:Resident function, the number of registered nurse hours devoted to care in the facility, and the quality of staff interaction predicted higher affect balance over time after controlling for other variables.Conclusion:The findings provide support for the utility of affect balance as a meaningful outcome measure of well-being for persons living with dementia. In addition, results point to specific interventions (i.e. maintaining/improving resident function, providing adequate nurse staffing levels, and improving staff communications skills) that can serve as the focus for both research and practice to help residents live well with dementia. Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03014570).
Global anti-tumor immunity after localized, bioengineered Treg depletion

Over 90% of deaths from cancer occur due to solid tumors, occurring at a rate of [~]1,500 deaths per day in the US, highlighting a profound and unmet need for new therapies. Solid tumors evade clearance by T cells due to a variety of immunosuppressive properties of the tumor microenvironment. However, this immunosuppression cannot be easily blocked on a global level because systemic activation of the immune system elicits a host of complications. An ideal therapy for solid tumors would act locally to activate the immune response without evoking global adverse effects. Here we present a biodegradable, macroporous scaffold that is implanted adjacent to the tumor and suppresses the main obstacle to cancer immunosurveillance: intratumoral regulatory T cells. The scaffold also promotes the recruitment and activation of T cell effectors into the tumor, resulting in clearance of otherwise aggressive and fatal tumors in mice. Unexpectedly, the local depletion of Tregs results in an "immunological abscopal effect" acting on distant tumors. We demonstrate that this versatile platform can also deliver tumor-antigen-specific T cells directly to the peri-tumoral environment, bypassing difficulties in intravenous delivery including the environmental barriers imposed by the tumors vasculature. By orchestrating multiple local immunomodulatory treatments, this scaffold offers a general approach to engineer T-cell responses to solid tumors without systemic toxicities.
Outcomes after Definitive Surgery +/- Adjuvant Treatment for Invasive and Non-Invasive FIGO Stage IA Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumor of the Endometrium.

Purpose/objective(s) Malignant mixed Mullerian tumor (MMMT, also known as carcinosarcoma) is a rare and aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer. Adjuvant treatment after definitive surgery typically involves consideration of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, given this histology's high risk for recurrence. In this retrospective study, we sought to characterize the outcomes for patients with early stage MMMT treated within our integrated healthcare system. Materials/methods We queried our institutional cancer database for all cases of endometrial MMMT in the period 2007-2017. Patients age 18 or older who underwent definitive surgery with total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, with or without adjuvant treatment, with AJCC 8th Edition pT1a, FIGO Stage IA disease (all primary disease was confined to the uterus, with less than 50% myometrial invasion) were included for analysis. Patients with synchronous malignancies were excluded from analysis. Results Of 248 cases of MMMT, 73 met inclusion criteria, with median age at diagnosis of 67 years (range: 24 - 88). Twenty-three of these cases (32%) were non-invasive primary tumors. The median tumor size was 5.0 cm, and 58 (79%) underwent nodal dissection, with median 16.5 regional nodes taken (range: 1 - 55). Lymphovascular invasion was seen in 22 (30%), and of those 8 were described as "focal." Peritoneal washings were done in 31 (42%) cases, all of which were negative for malignant cytology. With respect to adjuvant treatment, 15 (21%) received radiotherapy alone (RT), as either external beam radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy, 12 (16%) received chemotherapy alone, 24 (33%) received both RT and chemotherapy, and 22 (30%) received no adjuvant treatment. Of the 23 non-invasive cases, 7 received RT, 3 received chemotherapy, and 2 received both chemotherapy and RT. Within the median follow-up of 47.4 (range: 4.8 - 153.5) months, there were 20 failures, of which 7 were locoregional, most commonly at the vaginal cuff (4), and 13 were distant, most commonly in the lung (8). There were 21 deaths, 17 of which were attributable to cancer recurrence. Patients with Stage IA non-invasive disease comprised 9 of these failures and 8 deaths. Conclusion Over a quarter of patients with FIGO Stage IA MMMT in this study experienced recurrence, the majority of whom died of their uterine cancer. Almost half of all recurrences were seen in those without myometrial invasion. A lesser proportion of patients with non-invasive disease received adjuvant treatment compared to their invasive counterparts. These findings suggest patients with Stage IA MMMT may benefit from more aggressive treatment despite their early-stage disease. Author disclosure O. Ikizler: None. H.C. Ko: None.
Möglicher Einfluß von Immissionen auf die Spurenelementversorgung wildlebender Wiederkäuer: Selen als Beispiel

Grosflachige Umwelteinflusse konnen auch abgelegene Naturschutzgebiete beeinflussen. Saure Prezipitation, Immissionen von Schwefel und Stickstoffverbindungen und Immissionen und Liberalisierung von Schwermetallen konnen u. a. die zyklischen Prozesse von Spurenelementen beeinflussen. Die Loslichkeit von Selen (Se) z. B. ist vom pH abhangig. Eine Versauerung des Bodens reduziert den Selengehalt der Pflanzen und damit der Herbivoren. Sodann wird Se von Schwermetallen gebunden, was im Boden zu unloslichen Formen fuhrt, im Tier ein erhohtes Bedurfnis von Se bewirkt und bei Quecksilber und Cadmium Toxitat als Gegengift gebraucht wird. Dungung in Wald- und Weidegebieten resultiert vor allem von Immissionen von Schwefel und Stickstoffverbindungen. Diese Pflanzennahrstoffe bewirken, das die Se-Konzentration in Pflanzen reduziert wird und sich Se-Mangelkrankheiten haufen.
Extended abstract: Teaching students to work locally and design globally

Students increasingly need to develop online materials for international clients or use online media to collaborate with international colleagues. This entry examines how the idea of personas can help provide students with a mechanism for better understanding the expectations associated with such situations.
Abstract 4267: Quantification of somatic hotspot mutations inKRAS,HRAS,BRAF, andPIK3CA: Comparing normal human breast and ductal carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Data within the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer indicates that a number of different hotspot oncogene mutations occur infrequently in breast tumors as compared to other tumor types (e.g., colon and lung). We hypothesized that greater sensitivity is required to detect somatic mutations in breast tumors, due to their highly-heterogeneous clonal structure. Therefore, the Allele-specific Competitive Blocker PCR method (with a sensitivity of 10-5), was used to quantify mutations in DNA isolated from normal human breast and ductal carcinoma (DC) samples (n = 10). The specific mutations quantified were: KRAS codon 12 GGT to GAT (G12D) and GGT to GTT (G12V), HRAS codon 12 GGC to GAC (G12D), BRAF codon 600 GTG to GAG (V600E), and PIK3CA codon 1047 CGT to CAT (H1047R). In addition, comparison of normal and malignant tissue was employed in order to define the lower bound on abnormal levels of mutation, as tumors that possess a mutant fraction (MF) greater than the upper 95% confidence interval of that present in normal breast. Interestingly, different patterns of mutation were observed for the different hotspot point mutations. We previously demonstrated that significantly higher levels of KRAS mutation are present in colon and lung tumors relative to the cognate normal tissue; however, the frequencies of KRAS codon 12 GGT to GAT and GGT to GTT mutation in normal breast and in DCs were quite similar (∼10-5 for the KRAS codon 12 GGT to GAT mutation in both tissues). Only one normal sample and two DCs had BRAF codon 600 GTG to GAG MFs >10-5. With respect to HRAS codon 12 GGC to GAC mutation, however, ∼80% of DCs had a MF greater than the upper 95% confidence interval of that present in normal breast tissue. Importantly, no breast tumor had a HRAS codon 12 GGC to GAC MF ≥10-1 (i.e., that detectable by DNA sequencing). Unexpectedly high levels of PIK3CA codon 1047 CGT to CAT mutation (>10-2) were observed in 4/10 normal breast samples and 4/10 DCs, suggesting that preexisting PIK3CA mutations in normal breast contribute to breast cancer susceptibility. In summary, all DC samples analyzed contained somatic mutations, none of which would be detectable by DNA sequencing. Consequently, these results indicate somatic mutations are more prevalent in breast cancer than is currently recognized. Ongoing analyses of additional tumors, corresponding to different breast cancer subtypes, will provide a better understanding of the role of somatic mutations in breast cancer. Citation Format: Malathi Banda, Meagan B. Myers, Karen L. McKim, Yiying Wang, Barbara L. Parsons. Quantification of somatic hotspot mutations in KRAS , HRAS , BRAF , and PIK3CA : Comparing normal human breast and ductal carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4267. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4267
Chapter 2 Once There, Making the Descision To Stay or Leave

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the role of the membrane cytoskeleton in regulating protein sorting and retention in membranes. Protein sorting is a complex process occurring at all stages of the secretory cycle. Newly synthesized membrane proteins are transported through a series of common compartments,—the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi cisternae—regardless of their ultimate destination. Upon arrival at the plasma membrane, proteins have different fates: Some proteins are internalized and then, in the endosome, are either sorted for degradation in lysosomes or recycled back to the plasma membrane; other resident proteins are sequestered from internalization pathways and retained in the plasma membrane. However, several known protein complexes that form membrane coat structures can be viewed as candidate membrane protein-sorting machines. These include the clathrin–AP complex, the coatamer (COP) complex, caveolae, p200, and spectrin. The chapter examines the structural and functional properties of the spectrin-based membrane skeleton to demonstrate its potential as a protein-sorting machine.
"Possessing with Intent to Distribute" Under the Schoolyard Statute

Police arrested Anthony McDonald for possession with intent to distribute cocaine after a search of his residence turned up about four hundred dollars in cash and twenty-two plastic ziplock bags filled with crack cocaine.1 In addition, because his residence happened to be only ninety feet from the edge of the Richardson Elementary School's playground, McDonald was charged with violating 21 USC ? 860, otherwise known as the "schoolyard statute."2 This statute doubles the penalty for certain drug offenses, including possession with intent to distribute, that are committed within one thousand feet of a school.3 The D.C. Circuit, upholding a jury verdict against McDonald under Section 860, concluded that the statute did not require the prosecution to prove that McDonald had intended to distribute the drugs within the school zone, but rather just that he had intended to distribute them somewhere.4 In a different case, Lorne Coates was arrested at New York City's Penn Station in possession of four kilograms of cocaine while on a train about to depart for Washington, D.C.5 Like McDonald, Coates was indicted under the schoolyard statute for possessing with intent to distribute a controlled substance within one thousand feet of a school.6 Prosecutors brought this charge because the Taylor Business School, a technical school, was located in an office building above and adjacent to the station.7 The district court dismissed the charge under the schoolyard statute, holding that there was no evidence Coates intended to distribute within one thousand feet of a school, or even within the state of New York. The McDonald and Coates cases exemplify an apparent disagreement between the courts regarding the scope of the mens
Nitrosative stress-induced S-glutathionylation of protein disulfide isomerase.

Oxidative and nitrosative stress result in the accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) which trigger redox-mediated signaling cascades through posttranslational modifications on cysteine residues, including S-nitrosylation (P-SNO) and S-glutathionylation (P-SSG). Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is the most abundant chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitates protein folding via oxidoreductase activity. Prolonged or acute nitrosative stress blunts the activity of PDI through the formation of PDI–SNO and PDI–SSG. The functional implication is that reduced activity for the period of time leads to an accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins and activation of the unfolded protein response. Redox regulation of PDI and downstream signaling events provides an integration point for the functional determination of cell survival pathways. Herein, we describe the methodologies to globally identify S-glutathionylated targets of ROS/RNS; validate and identify the specific cysteine targets and characterize the structural and functional consequences.
Comparative infrared spectroscopy of group IV a polyesters and polyoxides

Infrared frequency band assignments are given for Group IV A polyesters and polyoxides of the below form: The infrared band assignments are in general agreement with those reported for the corresponding mono- and diesters and oxides. Either or both (d-p)π bonding or sigma electronic inductive and field effects may be responsible for the observed trends. Eine Zuordnung der IR-Banden der Polyester und Polyoxide der folgenden Struktur wird gegeben: Die Lage der IR-Banden stimmt mit denen der korrespondierenden Mono-oder Diester bzw. Oxide uberein. Die Verschiebungen werden als Folge der (d-p)π Bindung oder induktiven und Feld-Effekten der Sigma-Elektronen erklart.
Who will return and when? An analysis of rural-to-urban migrants in India.

An analysis of temporary migration in India is presented. In particular the author examines within a multivariate context the importance of various socioeconomic factors that influence the future plans of rural-urban migrants and their intended timing of return to the rural area. The data are from a 1975-1976 survey of 1615 migrant heads of households in Delhi. (ANNOTATION)