cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloning, sequence analysis and confirmation of derived gene sequences for three epitope-mapped monoclonal antibodies against human phagocyte flavocytochrome b.

Abstract The integral membrane protein flavocytochrome b (Cyt b) is the catalytic core of the NADPH oxidase complex, a multicomponent enzyme system that initiates a cascade of reactive oxygen species that play a critical role in innate immunity and vascular physiology. Epitope-mapped, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that recognize the large (gp91phox) and small (p22phox) subunits of Cyt b provide valuable reagents that have been used to examine structural and mechanistic aspects of oxidase function. In the present study, the heavy and light chain variable region genes of the Cyt b-specific mAbs 44.1, NS5, and NL7 have been amplified by RT-PCR, cloned and subject to DNA sequence analysis. Since the 5′ degenerate primer sets used for mAb gene amplification were observed to introduce extensive heterogeneity into the heavy and light chain FR1 regions, N-terminal protein sequence analysis was also conducted to obtain the correct amino acid sequence of this region. In order to confirm the identity of the cloned genes, intact mAbs were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis and subject to in-gel tryptic digestion for analysis by both MALDI and nanospray LC–MS/MS. Databases searches using the derived mAb sequences predicted residues comprising CDR loops, identified candidate germline genes, and showed the respective germline genes to accurately predict the N-terminal amino acid residues for each variable region. The above studies report the amino acid sequence of Cyt b-specific mAb variable region genes with high confidence and provide essential information for future efforts at Cyt b structure analysis by resonance energy transfer and X-ray crystallography.
On the “best Fokker-Planck equation” for systems driven by colored noise

Abstract The “best Fokker-Planck equation” for systems driven by colored noise has been criticized because it may lead to probability distributions that have a finite region of support. Herein we argue that sometimes this behavior might point to problems in the model used to represent the physical system. We illustrate this contention in the context of a stochastic model of a type frequently used to describe intensity fluctuations in a dye laser. A “parent” model that is bounded throughout the entire range of the variable leads to a probability density obtained with the BFPE technique that is well-behaved over the entire phase space. We compare the results of the BFPE with direct computer simulations of the stochastic differential equation, and suggest a combination of parameters whose value characterizes the applicability of the BFPE for this model.
Strawboard from vapor phase acetylation of wheat straw

Abstract Commercial ground wheat straw was used in a central composite response surface experimental design to examine four acetylating process variables: reaction temperature, reaction time, initial moisture content of straw, and the vapor flow rate of chemical reagent. The response variable was acetyl content determined as a function of straw weight gain. Diphenylmethyane diisocyante was used as a binder to prepare board samples with a hot press. Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) was determined at 65 and 90% RH at 27°C, and dimensional stability was determined using a humidity cycle of 30–90% RH at 27°C. ASTM D1037-93 standard method for a 3-point flex test was used to measure mechanical properties. The microstructures of both treated and untreated wheat straw and boards were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The vapor phase acetylation system used acetylated ground wheat straw to a 24% weight gain (dry weight basis). A mathematical model (R2=0.97) was developed to predict the weight gain as a function of the four acetylation processing variables. The maximum reduction in all strawboard properties occurred at the highest weight gain (24%). The strawboard EMC decreased (30% maximum reduction) as weight gain increased at both 65 and 90% RH. The strawboard dimensional stability increased as the weight gain increased (maximum reductions of 80% in thickness swell and 50% in linear expansion). The initial mechanical properties of the strawboards decreased as the weight gain increased (maximum reductions of 64% in strength and 48% in stiffness). The density of the strawboards decreased as the weight gain increased (23% maximum reduction). SEM micrographs showed no physical evidence of structural damage to cell walls from the acetylation.
Internalized proteins directed into accumulative compartments of mosquito oocytes by the specific ligand, vitellogenin

We have investigated the internalization pathways for a specific protein, vitellogenin, and a non-specific protein, horseradish peroxidase, in the mosquito oocyte in vivo. The internalized proteins were localized by electron microscopical immunocytochemistry or autoradiography; the relationship of their destination compartments with lysosomes was monitored by visualization of acid phosphatase. Proteins internalized by the oocyte follow either a specific accumulative route or a lysosomal degradative route. Via coated vesicles, both proteins enter the same compartment, the endosome, where they dissociate from membrane-binding sites. The route to their final destination depends on the presence of the specific ligand. In its absence, the degradative route is followed, and the endosome with non-specific protein fuses with lysosomes. In the presence of the specific ligand, the accumulative route is followed, and both specific and non-specific proteins are delivered into an accumulative compartment, the transitional yolk body. During the transformation of the transitional yolk body into the final storage compartment, a mature yolk body, vitellogenin undergoes crystallization, whereas the non-specific protein is concentrated in small vesicular extensions of the compartmental membrane. These vesicles are separated from the yolk bodies and apparently deliver the non-specific protein into the lysosomal system. We concluded that any protein bound to the membrane would be internalized by the oocyte, but only binding of the specific ligand to its receptor serves as a transmembrane signal stimulating the formation of accumulative compartments.
Consumer responses to parodic ads

We analyze parodic ads, which are humorous commercial messages that parody extant advertising. The effects of three dimensions are examined: mockery, perceived truth and playful humor. Consequences are considered for attitudes toward the parodic ad, its sponsor brand, the parodied advertising (which the parodic ad mimics) and the parodied advertising's sponsor brand. Results of three studies indicate that parodic ads can produce positive as well as negative outcomes across these attitudinal variables. These results suggest caution in the use of parody as a messaging device.
Newborn Temperature During Skin-to-Skin Breastfeeding in Couples Having Breastfeeding Difficulties

Abstract: Background:Kangaroo (skin-to-skin contact) care facilitates the maintenance of safe temperatures in newborn infants. Concern persists that infants will become cold while breastfeeding, however, especially if in skin-to-skin contact with the mother. This concern might be especially realistic for infants experiencing breastfeeding difficulties. The objective was to measure temperature during a study of mothers and infants who were having breastfeeding difficulties during early postpartum and were given opportunities to experience skin-to-skin contact during breastfeeding. Method:Forty-eight full-term infants were investigated using a pretest-test-posttest study design. Temporal artery temperature was measured before, after, and once during 3 consecutive skin-to-skin breastfeeding interventions and 1 intervention 24 hours after the first intervention. Results:During skin-to-skin contact, most infants reached and maintained temperatures between 36.5 and 37.6 °C, the thermoneutral range, with only rare exceptions. Conclusions:The temperatures of study infants reached and remained at the thermoneutral range during breastfeeding in skin-to-skin contact. The data suggest that mothers may have the ability to modulate their infant's temperature during skin-to-skin contact if given the opportunity. Hospital staff and parents can be reassured that, with respect to their temperature, healthy newborn infants, with or without breastfeeding difficulties, may safely breastfeed in skin-to-skin contact with their mothers. (BIRTH 32:2 June 2005)
Quasi-Static Propagation of Subinterfacial Cracks

The problem of quasi-static crack propagation in a three-point bend specimen containing an initial crack that is parallel to and offset from a bimaterial interface is considered. An approximate dislocation-based fracture model is used to identify conditions under which such cracks are attracted to or repelled by the interface. Possible configurations (material/geometry) where such subinterfacial cracks experience pure mode I conditions are determined. Experimental results are presented showing quasi-static crack propagation of subinterfacial cracks for three regimes: (attractive) into the interface; (repulsive) away from the interface; as well as (equilibrium) parallel to the interface.
Philanthropy and the Curriculum: The Role of Philanthropy in the Development of Curriculum at Spelman College.

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have received inadequate funding since their inception. This has challenged the development of programs and infrastructure, the adoption of technology, and the recruitment of faculty and students. Yet among HBCUs there are standouts that, despite unequal funding patterns in comparison to predominately White institutions (PWI), have developed curriculums that propelled their institutions to greatness. Spelman College, a historically Black women's college (HBWC), is one of the nation's premier historically Black liberal arts institutions, and its prestigious and enduring legacy has been greatly influenced by both its curriculum and its financial resources. Using the Spelman College presidential administrations as an organizational framework, this article seeks to highlight the role of philanthropy in the evolution of the Spelman College curriculum and provide recommendations to other HBCUs based upon the actions of Spelman College presidents.
Influence of BaTiO3 Sources and Dopant Levels on Annealing of BME X7R Formulations

Several dielectric compositions for high capacitance BME (Base Metal Electrode) MLCC (multilayer ceramic capacitor) applications were studied in order to correlate synthesis technique and dopant level to the effectiveness of re-oxidation condition. All formulations were based on BaTiO3 precursors which were synthesized from either a solid state or a precipitated oxalate technique. The intention of this study was to investigate the intrinsic relationship between the reoxidation conditions and the electrical properties (including HALT) of the final MLCC's and then correlate this information with synthesis technique and dopant level. The reoxidation conditions investigated in this study were temperature (800–1000°C), PO2 (7–53 PPM's) and soak time (3–9 hrs).
Thermal analysis of lithium polymer electrolyte batteries by a two dimensional model—thermal behaviour and design optimization

Abstract Thermal analysis of lithium polymer electrolyte batteries is carried out to examine the relationship between battery thermal behaviour and design parameters. By studying the effect of stack size and cooling/insulating conditions on battery temperature under different discharge rates, information is obtained as to how to maintain operating temperature by designing proper cell stacks and choosing proper cooling/insulating systems. Moreover, temperature distributions within cell stacks for different cell designs, including different thickness of cell components and different current collector materials, are calculated so as to carry out cell structure optimization from a heat transfer point of view. Finally, thermal characteristics of lithium polymer electrolyte batteries based on different positive electrodes ( eg V 6 O 13 , TiS 2 and redox polymer) are discussed.
Pressure effect on the polarized raman spectra of K2Hg(CN)4 in aqueous solution

Abstract The polarized Raman spectra of K 2 Hg(CN) 4 in aqueous solution are measured in the pressure range 0–8.5 kbar. A technique for measuring these spectra under hydrostatic pressure is described. The present results lead to the mechanism regarding the pressure-induced splitting of the CN stretching band in crystalline K 2 Hg(CN) 4 .
Surgical management of parapharyngeal space infections

Parapharyngeal space (PPS) infections often arise from pharyngeal or dental infections and, if left untreated, can result in serious complications such as mediastinitis, Lemierre syndrome, and death. The PPS is an inverted triangle spanning the skull base to the greater cornu of the hyoid, the inferior constrictor medially, and the ramus of the mandible laterally with many vital structures contained within. Treatment begins with assessing the airway, considering the need for computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging with intravenous contrast and broad-spectrum antibiotics. With evidence that a PPS infections has resulted in an abscess or there is failure of conservative management with 24-48 hours of intravenous antibiotics or in severe cases, surgical drainage is performed. This is done via the traditional transcervical route or, if the abscess is medial to the great vessels, a transoral approach. Complications of surgery are rare, and resolution of symptoms with prompt antibiosis and surgical treatment prevents the possibility of infectious spread and its dangerous sequelae.
Nitrogen blanketing front equilibria in dead end anode fuel cell operation

This paper investigates the equilibrium behavior during the dead-ended anode (DEA) operation of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. A reduced order model is developed focusing on the species molar fraction in the anode channel. At equilibrium, hydrogen is present only in a partial region in the anode, and the remaining region is deactivated by the accumulation of water and nitrogen. Simulation results are analysed to study the influences of certain controllable inputs and system parameters on the nitrogen front location and steady-state cell voltage. The simulation results are consistent with the initial experimental observations. The results in this paper suggest that it is possible to coat only the active portion of the membrane, along the channel length, with catalyst.
Fabrication of a Microstructure-Enhanced Surface Area Solar Thermal Collector

Solar energy is a renewable and sustainable energy source that has a promising potential for the rapidly growing energy demands across the world. Large scale power generation from the energy of the sun is well established utilizing both direct thermal energy conversion and conversion to electricity via photovoltaic processes. Solar thermal systems have been limited to macro systems, even though they operate at higher efficiency compared to photovoltaic systems. Solar energy harvesting requires the use of collector plates to capture incident radiation. The surface area exposed to incident radiation is critical in solar thermal energy harvesting. In this work, we have integrated micro technology processes and solar thermal energy to design and fabricate a micro solar thermal system for power generation. This work specifically examined surface area enhancement using MEMS-based techniques to maximize solar thermal absorption. Selective absorber coating and enhanced surface areas due to the incorporation of micro structures on the collector substrates were utilized. In this manner, an important component to an autonomous micro power supply is investigated.Advanced microfabrication and electrochemical deposition techniques were employed to generate a selective absorber surface with enhanced surface area on a silicon substrate. Microchannels were used to enhance the surface area on the substrate. The selective absorber coating consists of a bimetallic structure consisting of tin and nickel.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Why Arts Integration Improves Long-Term Retention of Content

Advocates of the arts agree that the K-12 curriculum should include dedicated time for arts instruc- tion. Some have argued further that knowledge and skills acquired through the arts transfer to nonarts domains. Others claim that evidence of this kind of transfer is limited and instead argue that the arts cultivate valuable dispositions that help students succeed both in and outside of school. Another potential benefit of the arts has received little attention, however. Arts integration—the use of the arts as a teaching methodology throughout the curriculum—may improve long-term retention of content. A variety of long- term memory effects well known in cognitive psychology are reviewed, and it is argued that arts integration naturally takes advantage of these effects while promoting student motivation. This review of findings and applications provides an example of how existing research from neuroscience and cognitive science can inform the work of practicing educators. Although advocates of the arts may agree that artistic activity is valuable in itself and that students need dedicated arts classes, considerable controversy surrounds further proposals that the arts may benefit cognition more broadly. Two different types of proposals to this effect have been made: those that identify transfer of knowledge and skills to nonarts domains as the primary cognitive benefit of the arts (e.g., Gazzaniga, 2008) and those that instead emphasize the role of the arts in helping students develop valuable dispositions or habits (e.g., Hetland, Winner, Veenema, & Sheridan, 2007). The argument in favor of the ''transfer of knowledge and skills'' account has been made on the basis of two types of evidence. First, correlational studies indicate that
Race Bias, Social Class Bias, and Gender Bias in Clinical Judgment

Studies on race bias, social class bias, and gender bias are reviewed. Topics include psychodiagnosis and rating level of adjustment, the description of personality traits and psychiatric symptoms, the prediction of behavior, and treatment planning. Replicated findings include race bias in the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders, gender bias in the differential diagnosis of histrionic and antisocial personality disorders, race bias and gender bias in the prediction of violence, and social class bias in the referral of clients to psychotherapy. Recommendations for decreasing bias include (a) being aware of when biases are likely to occur, (b) adhering to diagnostic criteria, and (c) using statistical prediction rules to predict behavior.
Two-dimensional imaging of laser-induced fluorescence: OH in a plasma-generated molecular beam scattering from a silicon surface

Two-dimensional (2-D) imaging is a significant improvement to the IRIS (imaging of radicals interacting with surfaces) technique for measuring the reactivity of plasma-generated radicals at surfaces. Several interesting phenomena resulting from the effects of saturation of the optical transition and of molecular translation during the radiative lifetime of OH have now been observed directly.
An Exploration Of The Effectiveness Of An Audit Simulation Tool In A Classroom Setting

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of using an audit simulation product in a classroom setting. Many students and professionals feel that a disconnect exists between learning auditing in the classroom and practicing auditing in the workplace. It was hoped that the introduction of an audit simulation tool would help to ameliorate the perceived disconnect. The simulation product selected was Real Audit. Over the course of eight weeks, 22 students enrolled in an Assurance Services class completed five major audit simulation modules: Planning, Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, Fixed Assets and Inventory. At the end of the project, students were asked to evaluate the simulation experience. Most students felt that the experience was interesting and helpful in terms of understanding the tasks that an auditor performs. While the majority of students recommended that the simulation should be used in future classes, concerns were expressed about the amount of time that the project consumed.
High‐order kernels for Riemannian wavefield extrapolation

Riemannian wavefield extrapolation is a technique for one-way extrapolation of acoustic waves. Riemannian wavefield extrapolation generalizes wavefield extrapolation by downward continuation by considering coordinate systems different from conventional Cartesian ones. Coordinate systems can conform with the extrapolated wavefield, with the velocity model or with the acquisition geometry. When coordinate systems conform with the propagated wavefield, extrapolation can be done accurately using low-order kernels. However, in complex media or in cases where the coordinate systems do not conform with the propagating wavefields, low order kernels are not accurate enough and need to be replaced by more accurate, higher-order kernels. Since Riemannian wavefield extrapolation is based on factorization of an acoustic wave-equation, higher-order kernels can be constructed using methods analogous to the one employed for factorization of the acoustic wave-equation in Cartesian coordinates. Thus, we can construct space-domain finite-differences as well as mixed-domain techniques for extrapolation. High-order Riemannian wavefield extrapolation kernels improve the accuracy of extrapolation, particularly when the Riemannian coordinate systems does not closely match the general direction of wave propagation.
The Making of a CYP3A Biomarker Panel for Guiding Drug Therapy

CYP3A ranks among the most abundant cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver, playing a dominant role in metabolic elimination of clinically used drugs. A main member in CYP3A family, CYP3A4 expression and activity vary considerably among individuals, attributable to genetic and non-genetic factors, affecting drug dosage and efficacy. However, the extent of genetic influence has remained unclear. This review assesses current knowledge on the genetic factors influencing CYP3A4 activity. Coding region CYP3A4 polymorphisms are rare and account for only a small portion of inter-person variability in CYP3A metabolism. Except for the promoter allele CYP3A4*1B with ambiguous effect on expression, common CYP3A4 regulatory polymorphisms were thought to be lacking. Recent studies have identified a relatively common regulatory polymorphism, designated CYP3A4*22 with robust effects on hepatic CYP3A4 expression. Combining CYP3A4*22 with CYP3A5 alleles *1, *3 and *7 has promise as a biomarker predicting overall CYP3A activity. Also contributing to variable expression, the role of polymorphisms in transcription factors and microRNAs is discussed.
Multigigahertz Causal Transmission Line Modeling Methodology Using a 3-D Hemispherical Surface Roughness Approach

As computer clock speeds continue to increase at a rate dictated by Moore's Law, the system buses must also scale in proportion to the processor speed. As data rates increase beyond ~5 Gb/s, the historical methods used to model transmission lines start to break down and become inadequate for the proper prediction of signal integrity. Specifically, the traditional approximations made in transmission line models, while perfectly adequate for slower speeds, do not properly account for the extra losses caused by surface roughness and do not model the frequency dependence of the complex dielectric constant, producing incorrect loss and phase-delay responses, as well as noncausal waveforms in the time domain. This paper will discuss the problems associated with modeling transmission lines at high frequencies, and will provide a practical modeling methodology that accurately predicts responses for very high data rates.
The mechanism underlying T cell help for induction of an antigen-specific in vivo humoral immune response to intact Streptococcus pneumoniae is dependent on the type of antigen.

Little is known concerning the role of T cells in regulating an anti-polysaccharide Ig response to an intact pathogen. We previously reported that the in vivo Ig responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae (strain R36A), specific for pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and for the phosphorylcholine (PC) determinant of C-polysaccharide, were both dependent on TCR- T cells and B7-dependent costimulation, although only PspA-specific memory was generated. In this report, we show that the T cell help underlying these two Ag-specific Ig responses is distinct. Using H-Y-specific T cell transgenic mice made “nonleaky” by crossing with mice genetically deficient for TCR-, we demonstrate that the T cell help for the anti-PC, in contrast to the anti-PspA, response is TCR-nonspecific and occurs normally in the absence of germinal center formation, although it is still dependent on B7-dependent costimulation. Consistent with these data, we demonstrate, using cathepsin S / mice, that although the anti-PC response is largely dependent on CD4 T cells, there is a reduced (or lack of) dependence, relative to the anti-PspA response, on the generation of new peptide-MHC class II complexes. In this regard, the T cell help for an optimal anti-PC response is delivered more rapidly than that required for an optimal anti-PspA response. Collectively, these data demonstrate a novel accelerated TCR-nonspecific B7-dependent form of T cell help for augmenting a polysaccharide-specific Ig response to an intact bacterium without the generation of memory. The Journal of Immunology, 2002, 168: 5551‐5557.
Right pulmonary artery agenesis presenting with uncontrolled asthma in an adult: a case report

Introduction: Unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery (UAPA) or pulmonary artery agenesis is a rare congenital disorder presenting with a wide spectrum of symptoms. The clinical presentation is variable and many patients can be asymptomatic for many years and even throughout their lives. Case presentation: We report the case of a 53-year-old African-American woman who was diagnosed with right pulmonary artery agenesis after presenting with uncontrolled asthma and recurrent bronchopulmonary infections. Conclusion: In an unexplained case of recurrent respiratory infections and shortness of breath, the possibility of a rare congenital anomaly like UAPA should be considered and an appropriate evaluation should be done.
Interpersonal Deception Theory

Interpersonal deception theory (IDT) represents a merger of interpersonal communication and deception principles designed to better account for deception in interactive contexts. At the same time, it bas the potential to enlighten theories related to (a) credibility and truthful communication and (b) interpersonal communication. Presented here are key definitions, assumptions related to the critical attributes and key features of interpersonal communication and deception, and 18 general propositions from which specific testable hypotheses can be derived. Research findings relevant to the propositions are also summarized.
A Single-Institution Experience with Metallic Ureteral Stents: A Cost-Effective Method of Managing Deficiencies in Ureteral Drainage

IntroductionThe limitations of traditional ureteral stents in patients with deficiencies in ureteral drainage have resulted in frequent stent exchanges. The implementation of metallic stents was introduced to improve the patency rates of patients with chronic upper urinary tract obstruction, obviating the need for frequent stent exchanges. We report our clinical experiences with the use of metallic ureteral stents in the management of poor ureteral drainage.Materials and MethodsFifty patients underwent metallic ureteral stent placement from 2009 to 2012. Stent failure was defined as an unplanned stent exchange, need for nephrostomy tube placement, increasing hydronephrosis with stent in place, or an elevation in serum creatinine. Stent life was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier methodology, as this was a time dependent continuous variable. A cost analysis was similarly conducted.ResultsA total of 97 metallic stents were placed among our cohort of patients: 63 in cases of malignant obstruction, 33 in the setting of cutaneous ureterostomies, and 1 in an ileal conduit urinary diversion. Overall, stent failure occurred in 8.2% of the stents placed. Median stent life was 288.4 days (95% CI: 277.4-321.2 days). The estimated annual cost for traditional polymer stents (exchanged every 90 days) was $9,648-$13,128, while the estimated cost for metallic stents was $4,211-$5,313.ConclusionOur results indicate that metallic ureteral stent placement is a technically feasible procedure with minimal complications and is well tolerated among patients. Metallic stents can be left in situ for longer durations and provide a significant financial benefit when compared to traditional polymer stents.
Expression of the growth- and plasticity-associated neuronal protein, GAP-43, in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes observations on nerve growth factor (NGF) induction of GAP-43 in PC12 cells. It characterizes this NGF response in terms of its time course, dose–response relationship, sensitivity to variations in culture conditions, which affect neurite outgrowth, dependence on protein synthesis, and sensitivity to methyltransferase inhibitors and glucocorticoids. Many of these parameters have also been examined for a number of other agents that were found to increase GAP-43 expression. To determine whether GAP-43 in PC12 cells is also primarily localized to neurites, NGF-treated cells were stained immunohistochemically for GAP-43. Specific immunoreactivity is present throughout the neurites, but is not evident in cell bodies. Recent immunogold labeling experiments have shown that the very low levels of GAP-43 in unstimulated PC12 cells is mostly associated with lysosomal structures and Golgi apparatus. In stimulated cells, the much higher GAP-43 content is localized mostly to the plasma membrane, especially around processes, and to membranous structures in neurites.
Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat barrel cortex have spatial distributions similar to horizontal spreads of activity evoked by whisker stimulation

Stimulation of a single whisker evokes a peak of activity that is centered over the associated barrel in rat primary somatosensory cortex, and yet the evoked local field potential and the intrinsic signal optical imaging response spread symmetrically away from this barrel for over 3.5 mm to cross cytoarchitectonic borders into other "unimodal" sensory cortical areas. To determine whether long horizontal axons have the spatial distribution necessary to underlie this activity spread, we injected adeno-associated viral vectors into barrel cortex and characterized labeled axons extending from the injection site in transverse sections of flattened cortex. Combined qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed labeled axons radiating diffusely in all directions for over 3.5 mm from supragranular injection sites, with density declining over distance. The projection pattern was similar at four different cortical depths, including infragranular laminae. Infragranular vector injections produced patterns similar to the supragranular injections. Long horizontal axons were detected both using a vector with a permissive cytomegalovirus promoter to label all neuronal subtypes and using a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α vector to restrict labeling to excitatory cortical pyramidal neurons. Individual axons were successfully reconstructed from series of supragranular sections, indicating that they traversed gray matter only. Reconstructed axons extended from the injection site, left the barrel field, branched, and sometimes crossed into other sensory cortices identified by cytochrome oxidase staining. Thus, radiations of long horizontal axons indeed have the spatial characteristics necessary to explain horizontal activity spreads. These axons may contribute to multimodal cortical responses and various forms of cortical neural plasticity.
Clinical Features and Outcomes of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Induced Acute Liver Failure and Injury

Clinical Features and Outcomes of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Induced Acute Liver Failure and Injury
The application of rough set theory and artificial neural networks for Diesel Engine Fault Diagnosis

For study problems of extracting characteristics of the parameters of Diesel Engine Fault Diagnosis to achieve optimal testing points,this paper combined together the rough set theory and artificial neural networks,As aresult of optimizing and reduce input vector of the nerve network and cutting down the network of training and execution time,finally improve the accuracy and efficiency of the diesel engine fault diagnosis.
A COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF MEASLES OUTBREAK CONTROL STRATEGIES

This study compares the cost-effectiveness of six vaccination strategies during a measles outbreak: vaccination of all susceptibles 15 months of age or older and born after 1956 (the current routine strategy); lowering the recommended age at vaccination from 15 to 12 months (plus current routine strategy); lowering the recommended age at vaccination to six months (plus current routine strategy); revaccination of those vaccinated at 12-14 months of age (plus current routine strategy); vaccination of all students in school regardless of immune status; and vaccination of all residents 15 months to 28 years of age in the community regardless of immune status. The analysis is based on the hypothetical, early application of these strategies to a 1985 measles outbreak in Montana, which occurred despite appropriate application of current prevention and control recommendations. Although the results are applicable only to this particular outbreak, this analysis provides an approach which can be used in other settings to assess measles outbreak control strategies. Similar studies would need to be performed in a variety of settings to determine the most cost-effective measles outbreak control strategies overall.
Recoding Therapies for Genetic Diseases

Strategies aimed at recoding premature stop mutations or frameshift mutations have the potential to treat a genotypic subset of patients afflicted with many different genetic diseases. In this chapter we provide an overview of approaches to promote readthrough of premature stop mutations, including pharmacological agents and suppressor tRNAs. We also describe the use of oligonucleotides to induce differential splicing to exclude disease-causing mutations or to induce site-specific frameshifting as a method of recoding mutations that alter the ribosomal reading frame. Finally, we discuss issues that could complicate the success of these approaches, such as toxicity or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Ultimately, these therapies have the potential to be uniquely tailored to a particular patient to optimize the therapeutic effect. Based upon recent progress in this field, one or more of these therapeutic recoding strategies could be used to treat individuals with one or more genetic diseases within the next few years.
SU-8 enhanced high power density MEMS inductors

Monolithic integration of DC-DC converters with on-chip inductors has emerged as a viable means to reduce size and increase transient performance for portable electronics applications. High-power-density inductors have been recognized as a barrier for such integration. In this paper, a CMOS-compatible process that is capable of fabricating on-chip inductors with low DC resistance and high power density is developed. A unique silicon molding technique is used to obtain thick electroplating layers for cores and windings. SU-8 is used as the isolation material between windings and cores. A pot-core inductor with a low-frequency inductance of 134 nH and a dc resistance of 9.1 mOmega has been demonstrated.
BCR-ABL Gene Rearrangement and Expression of Primitive Hematopoietic Progenitors in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by an initial chronic phase of expanded yet orderly clonal hematopoiesis that is distinguished by the BCR-ABL gene rearrangement. We found that although the mature myeloid compartment in patients with CML was expanded and entirely derived from the dominant leukemic clone, the primitive hematopoietic progenitor compartment did not show a corresponding expansion and was substantially enriched for cells without the BCR-ABL gene rearrangement. More importantly, primitive progenitors exhibiting the BCR-ABL gene rearrangement did not express either the BCR-ABL hybrid mRNA or fusion protein (P210). Expression of P210 protein and BCR-ABL mRNA increased with myeloid commitment in vivo as well as with growth factor-induced proliferation and differentiation of the primitive CML progenitors in vitro. This differential expression of BCR-ABL between primitive and mature CML progenitors may explain the expansion of the leukemic clone at the level of mature myeloid progenitors and granulocytes without a concomitant expansion of primitive CML progenitors. Because BCR-ABL mRNA is minimally expressed or may be absent in primitive CML progenitors, these cells may escape detection by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and eradication by antisense oligonucleotides targeted against BCR-ABL mRNA.
Diarylsulfonylureas : new anticancer agents with novel activities, toxicities and mechanism of action

The diarylsulfonylureas (DSU’s) represent a novel class of antitumor agents that were identified as active against rodent solid tumors, but not against leukemias [1, 2]. We subsequently demonstrated activity against human tumor xenografts [3] and notably against xenografts from colon adenocarcinomas that were refractory to other agents used in clinical therapy. At the same time, pre-clinical toxicology, undertaken by Eli Lilly and Company, showed that the major toxicities in rodents and primates was limited to hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia. Thus, the spectrum of antitumor activity, and pattern of toxicity prompted this laboratory to examine, in detail, the mechanism(s) of action of this class of compound. In this article some of the more interesting preclinical data with DSU’s are presented.
Modeling fate and transport of arsenic in a chlorinated distribution system

Experimental and modeling studies were conducted to understand the fate and transport properties of arsenic in drinking water distribution systems. Pilot scale experiments were performed in a distribution system simulator by injecting arsenic and measuring both adsorption onto iron pipe material and the oxidation of arsenite by hypochlorite in tap water to form arsenate. A mathematical model describing these processes was developed and simulated using EPANET-MSX, a hydraulic and multi-species water quality software for pipe networks. Model parameters were derived from the pilot-scale experiments. The model was applied to both the distribution system simulator and EPANET example network #3, a real-world model of a drinking water system serving approximately 78,000 customers. The model can be applied to systems-level studies of arsenic fate and transport in drinking water resulting from natural occurrences, accidental spills, or intentional introduction into water.
Source Location Identification of Distribution-Level Electric Network Frequency Signals at Multiple Geographic Scales

The distribution-level electric network frequency (ENF) extracted from an electric power signal is a promising forensic tool for multimedia recording authentication. Local characteristics in ENF signals recorded in different locations act as environmental signatures, which can be potentially used as a fingerprint for location identification. In this paper, a reference database is established for distribution-level ENF using FNET/GridEye system. An ENF identification method that combines a wavelet-based signature extraction and feedforward artificial neural network-based machine learning is presented to identify the location of unsourced ENF signals without relying on the availability of concurrent signals. Experiments are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method using ambient frequency measurements at multiple geographic scales. Identification accuracy is presented, and the factors that affect identification performance are discussed.
The Shoulder: What is New and Evidence-Based in Orthopedic Sports Medicine

To provide an overview of common sports-related shoulder pathology and review recently published studies from 2015 to 2016, with an emphasis on imaging. Although effective at identifying complete tears of the LHBT, MRI is less effective at evaluating tendinosis and partial tears. Both CT and MRI can evaluate bone loss in glenohumeral instability, and the glenoid track concept may be superior to glenoid bone loss alone in predicting post-operative stability. MRI and MR arthrography are accurate in detecting SLAP tears; however, the ability to classify such tears is limited. Tears of the subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and teres major muscles and stress-related injuries of the distal clavicle and acromial apophysis are uncommon, but should not be overlooked on MRI. Imaging continues to play a critical role both in evaluating sports-related shoulder injuries and determining the optimal treatment pathway.
Central Place Foraging Characteristics of Beavers (Castor Canadensis) and Habitat Modeling in Grand Teton National Park

A significant role of the National Park Service in the United States is the preservation of pristine landscapes. The natural landscape offers the visitor the opportunity to enjoy the wonders of nature and its processes to create beautiful vistas, soaring mountains, and the interplay of vegetation communities. The visitor to the park can be a passive recreationist and observe the landscape or be an active recreationist and experience the landscape through hiking, biking, mountain climbing and a range of other activities. The key linkage between the active and passive recreationist is the landscape that they are experiencing, in one perspective or the other. Any disruption of that natural landscape diminishes the experience. Unfortunately, the perception of the disruption varies with each individual. The trail to get to a scenic vista can be overlooked by some observers, while others believe it is an example of the devastation of human impact.
Focus on Gender, Context, and Evidence: CARE’s Lessons Learned

This article explores the most effective ways to influence nutrition through value chains, based on CARE’s long history in food and nutrition security. With implementation experience in 90 countries and evidence from 11 existing projects, the article argues that the best ways to impact nutrition through value chains and market systems are to focus on gender equality and pay attention to market systems contexts. Furthermore, experience in emergencies programming has different lessons and important caveats to strengthen markets rather than default to subsidised distribution systems.
Neuronal levels and sequence of tau modulate the power of brain rhythms.

Abstract Neural network dysfunction may contribute to functional decline and disease progression in neurodegenerative disorders. Diverse lines of evidence suggest that neuronal accumulation of tau promotes network dysfunction and cognitive decline. The A152T-variant of human tau (hTau-A152T) increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and several other tauopathies. When overexpressed in neurons of transgenic mice, it causes age-dependent neuronal loss and cognitive decline, as well as non-convulsive epileptic activity, which is also seen in patients with AD. Using intracranial EEG recordings with electrodes implanted over the parietal cortex, we demonstrate that hTau-A152T increases the power of brain oscillations in the 0.5–6 Hz range more than wildtype human tau in transgenic lines with comparable levels of human tau protein in brain, and that genetic ablation of endogenous tau in Mapt−/− mice decreases the power of these oscillations as compared to wildtype controls. Suppression of hTau-A152T production in doxycycline-regulatable transgenic mice reversed their abnormal network activity. Treatment of hTau-A152T mice with the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam also rapidly and persistently reversed their brain dysrhythmia and network hypersynchrony. These findings suggest that both the level and the sequence of tau modulate the power of specific brain oscillations. The potential of EEG spectral changes as a biomarker deserves to be explored in clinical trials of tau-lowering therapeutics. Our results also suggest that levetiracetam treatment is able to counteract tau-dependent neural network dysfunction. Tau reduction and levetiracetam treatment may be of benefit in AD and other conditions associated with brain dysrhythmias and network hypersynchrony.
Atmospheric deposition of trace metals at three sites near the great lakes

The concentrations of vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in precipitation and on airborne particles were measured at three Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) monitoring stations on Lakes Superior, Michigan and Erie during 1993 and 1994. These data were used to estimate annual wet and dry deposition fluxes at these sites. In most cases, both wet and dry deposition make an important contribution to the total atmospheric flux of trace metals. Total (wet + dry) annual loadings of Zn and Cr are higher at the Lake Erie site than at the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior sites. Atmospheric loadings of the other metals are similar at all three sites. Wet deposition of metals is more closely related to precipitation amount than to the concentration of metals in the precipitation. Dry deposition fluxes are controlled by the concentration of trace metals on large particles. Total particle mass concentrations are higher during the summer and fall at the Lake Erie site, however no seasonal trends in total particle mass at the other sites or trace metals at any of the sites were detected. The total atmospheric loadings calculated in this work are in agreement with other estimates of metals deposition to the Great Lakes.
Transporting ships by land as an alternative to a new Panama Canal project

In the light of an increased interest in new alternatives to the existing Panama Canal [1] 2 , an investigation of the possibility of transporting loaded ships over the Panama Isthmus by railroad or paved track [2, 3] was undertaken. Suggested transportational means should allow the following operations: in-water loading of a ship on an assembly of wheeled transporters, transporting it by land over the isthmus, and unloading it in the new water. The suggested transportation system is to be designed primarily for the heaviest and largest ships, while small and medium ships would continue to use the existing locks and canal
Developmental Perspective on Prevention and Treatment of Suicidal Youth

Each year 5,200 adolescents commit suicide in the United States and 500,000 attempt suicide. This is a national health problem that is selectively affecting our youth.