cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-viral opportunistic infections in new users of tumour necrosis factor inhibitor therapy: results of the SAfety Assessment of Biologic ThERapy (SABER) Study

Objectives To determine among patients with autoimmune diseases in the USA whether the risk of non-viral opportunistic infections (OI) was increased among new users of tumour necrosis factor α inhibitors (TNFI), when compared to users of non-biological agents used for active disease. Methods We identified new users of TNFI among cohorts of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis-psoriatic arthritis-ankylosing spondylitis patients during 1998–2007 using combined data from Kaiser Permanente Northern California, two pharmaceutical assistance programmes for the elderly, Tennessee Medicaid and US Medicaid/Medicare programmes. We compared incidence of non-viral OI among new TNFI users and patients initiating non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) overall and within each disease cohort. Cox regression models were used to compare propensity-score and steroid- adjusted OI incidence between new TNFI and non-biological DMARD users. Results Within a cohort of 33 324 new TNFI users we identified 80 non-viral OI, the most common of which was pneumocystosis (n=16). In the combined cohort, crude rates of non-viral OI among new users of TNFI compared to those initiating non-biological DMARD was 2.7 versus 1.7 per 1000-person-years (aHR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.6). Baseline corticosteroid use was associated with non-viral OI (aHR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5 to 4.0). In the RA cohort, rates of non-viral OI among new users of infliximab were higher when compared to patients newly starting non-biological DMARD (aHR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 5.6) or new etanercept users (aHR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5 to 5.4). Conclusions In the USA, the rate of non-viral OI was higher among new users of TNFI with autoimmune diseases compared to non-biological DMARD users.
Induction of Nuclear Translocation of Constitutive Androstane Receptor by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α Synthetic Ligands in Mouse Liver

Peroxisome proliferators activate nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and enhance the transcription of several genes in liver. We report here that synthetic PPARα ligands Wy-14,643, ciprofibrate, clofibrate, and others induce the nuclear translocation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in mouse liver cells in vivo. Adenoviral-enhanced green fluorescent protein-CAR expression demonstrated that PPARα synthetic ligands drive CAR into the hepatocyte nucleus in a PPARα- and PPARβ-independent manner. This translocation is dependent on the transcription coactivator PPAR-binding protein but independent of coactivators PRIP and SRC-1. PPARα ligand-induced nuclear translocation of CAR is not associated with induction of Cyp2b10 mRNA in mouse liver. PPARα ligands interfered with coactivator recruitment to the CAR ligand binding domain and reduced the constitutive transactivation of CAR. Both Wy-14,643 and ciprofibrate occupied the ligand binding pocket of CAR and adapted a binding mode similar to that of the CAR inverse agonist androstenol. These observations, therefore, provide information for the first time to indicate that PPARα ligands not only serve as PPARα agonists but possibly act as CAR antagonists.
Depression in Post-CVA Patients Residing in Long Term Care Facilities

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe depression of non-aphasic post-CVA patients in long term care facilities. The "Beck Depression Inventory" was used to collect data on the mood level of 52 subjects in seven nursing homes. Information was gathered about their functional level in activities of daily living and use of leisure time. The results of this study indicate that more than one-third of the subjects were depressed. Depressed patients spent their time differently from non-depressed patients. No relationship was found between depression and (1) the time elapsed since the CVA, (2) the affected body side, (3) gender, (4) functional level in self-care activities or (5) social functioning. Recommendations for treatment are included.
IMBEDDINGS OF SIMPLICIAL COMPLEXES.

Abstract : A family of n-dimensional simplicial complexes which are not topologically imbeddable in Euclidean (2d)-space E superscript 2d is constructed. It contains as extremal cases the previously known examples of such complexes. Generalizing the well known facts concerning the Kuratowski graphs, it is shown that each member of the family constructed in minimal in the sense that every proper subcomplex is even geometrically imbeddable in E superscript 2d. (Author)
The economics of prevention in a post-managed-care environment

((Author: please insert an abstract. This should be 4 to 5% of the length of the article (but no more than Abstract 400 words) and highlight, in an informative manner, specific important points addressed in the main body of the text. Please do not just describe the general areas covered in the manuscript. The journal style is to not cite references in the abstract so as to provide a discrete synopsis of the article)) 1. The Economics of Prevention in a Post-Managed and technical infrastructure to deliver these services, and reducing
Symbolic causal networks

For a logical database to faithfully represent our beliefs about the world, one should not only insist on its logical consistency but also on its causal consistency. Intuitively, a database is causally inconsistent if it supports belief changes that contradict with our perceptions of causal influences — for example, coming to conclude that it must have rained only because the sprinkler was observed to be on. In this paper, we (1) suggest the notion of a causal structure to represent our perceptions of causal influences; (2) provide a formal definition of when a database is causally consistent with a given causal structure; (3) introduce symbolic causal networks as a tool for constructing databases that are guaranteed to be causally consistent; and (4) discuss various applications of causal consistency and symbolic causal networks, including nonmonotonic reasoning, Dempster-Shafer reasoning, truth maintenance, and reasoning about actions.
Metallothionein’s role in PCB126 induced hepatotoxicity and hepatic micronutrient disruption

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), industrial chemicals and persistent environmental pollutants, are found in rural and urban settings. Rodent studies have shown that exposure to PCB126, a dioxin-like PCB, causes a significant disruption of hepatic micronutrient homeostasis and an increase in metallothionein (MT), an antioxidant protein and metal carrier. A MT knockout mouse strain was used to assess metallothionein’s role in micronutrient disruption and overall hepatotoxicity. Twenty four 129S male mice (12 wild type (WT) and 12 MT knockout (MTKO)) were placed on a purified diet (AIN-93G) for 3 weeks to achieve hepatic metal equilibrium. Mice were then given a single IP injection of either vehicle or 150 μmol/kg PCB126 in vehicle. The animals were sacrificed 2 weeks later and organs processed for analysis. Liver histology, hepatic lipids, gene expression, micronutrient and ROS status were investigated. Liver weights, liver lipids, ROS, and hepatocyte vacuolation were increased with PCB126 exposure along with AhR responsive genes. The MTKO animals had more severe histological changes in the liver and elevated liver lipids than their wild type counterparts. Hepatic and renal metals levels (Cu, Zn, Se and Mn) were mostly reduced by PCB126 treatment. Renal micronutrients were more affected by PCB126 treatment in the MTKO animals. This research suggests that MT may not be the sole/primary cause of the metal disruption caused by PCB126 exposure in mice, but may provide protection against overall hepatotoxicity.
[Pharyngeal foreign bodies in infants persisting for two months: two case reports].

咽頭異物は,たいていの症例において,介在機点がはっきりし,患者自身がその存在を強く自覚することが挙げられる。しかし,乳児においては,症状を訴えることができず,診断が困難となる症例がしばしば見られる.我々は,2力月もの間発見されなかつた,咽頭異物の乳児例2例を経験したので報告した.喘鳴を主訴に受診した1歳女児は,脱水,と気道炎にて小児科で入院治療をした既往があり,歯ブラシの頭部が中咽頭から下咽頭にかけての後壁に刺入していた.10ヵ月男児は.体重増加不良を主訴としており,他院にて嚥下運動協調障害の診断を受け受診し,PTPが下咽頭後壁に刺入していた.両症例とも土咽頭高圧撮影および内視鏡検査にて診断がつき,全身麻酔下に異物を摘出した.乳児においては,口腔に入るものすべてが異物となり得る.他の疾患で説明のつかない発熱,喘鳴,嚥下困難,体重増加不良等の癌状のある患児を診察する際には,この疾患も念頭におく必要があり,また,異物の危険性につき広く啓蒙する必要があると思われる.
Study of planting density and optimized fertilization on super rice Y Two Optimal Number 2

The result to study planting density of super rice Y two optimal number 2: the suitable planting density of Y two optimal number 2 were 180 000～220 000 plants/hm2.Using "three elements secondary saturated D-optimal design" research fertilization model,yield increasing effect and fertilization net benefit of super rice varieties.The result showed: when using N,P2O5,K2O(N∶P2O5∶K2O=1.00∶ 0.50∶1.02) were 275.0 kg/hm2,135.0 kg/hm2 and 280.0 kg/hm2,the best predicted yields were 10 370.0 kg/hm2.The increasing rates of N,P,K were 63.3%,fertilization net benefit was 6 442.0 yuan/hm2.While fertilization insufficient,the biggest affect of yield and fertilization benefit increase first was N,second was K,last was P,but excessive fertilization,the reduce of the yield first was N,second was K,last was P.The reduce of the fertilization benefit first was P,second was N,last was K.
Acute Stress Responses Are Early Molecular Events of Retinal Degeneration in Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- Mice After Light Exposure.

Purpose Mice lacking ATP-binding cassette transporter 4 (ABCA4) and retinol dehydrogenase 8 (RDH8) mimic features of human Stargardt disease and age-related macular degeneration. RNA-sequencing of whole eyes was done to study early gene expression changes in Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- mice. Methods Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- mice at 4 weeks of age were exposed to intense light. Total RNA was extracted from whole eyes and used to generate RNA libraries that were paired-end sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 device. Differentially expressed genes were annotated using Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Selected genes in enriched pathways exhibiting differential expression were validated using quantitative qRT-PCR and ELISA. Results Transcriptome analysis of the whole eye identified 200 genes that were differentially expressed 24 hours after light exposure compared to no light in Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- mice. Expression of several visual cycle and photoreceptor genes were decreased, indicative of photoreceptor/RPE cell death. Gene categories of early stress response genes, inflammatory cytokines, immune factors, and JAK STAT components were upregulated. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) was the most upregulated early stress response gene identified. Protein LCN2 was produced by RPE cells and the neural retina after intense light exposure as well as in cultured RPE cells from mice and humans incubated with lipopolysaccharide or photoreceptor outer segments. Conclusions Identification of important mediators involved in the crosstalk between the acute stress response and immune activation in RPE cells and the neural retina, such as LCN2, provide novel molecular targets for reducing cellular stress during retinal degeneration.
Evaluate H2Hadoop and Amazon EMR performances by processing MR jobs in text data sets

Text data is defined as sequences of characters that may become big data that has no specific format and only can be processed using the original Hadoop. Amazon Web Services AWS provides virtual Cloud Computing services such as storing data using S3 service and processing big data using EMR service. Amazon Elastic MapReduce EMR uses the original Hadoop as a processing environment to its Cloud Computing services. Also, H2Hadoop is a developed version of Hadoop that provides big data processing service that uses the metadata of related jobs to improve Hadoop performance. In this paper, we process a find sequence job in text data using Amazon EMR and H2Hadoop, and we came up with a comparison between them that shows H2Hadoop performance is more efficient than Amazon EMR in some cases under different considerations.
Magnetic and Structural Properties of Th6Mn2 3Dx and Y6Mn2 3Dx

The magnetic behavior of the isostructural compounds Y6Mn2 3 and Th6Mn2 3 is drastically altered on hydrogenation (or deuteration). Y6Mn2 3 is a ferrimagnetic compound with TC = 486 K and a bulk magnetization value of 13 µB/f.u. (formula unit). The long-range magnetic order vanishes on hydrogen absorption. In contrast, Th6Mn2 3 is a Pauli paramagnet, while Th6Mn2 3H3 0 exhibits long-range magnetic ordering with TC = 329 K and a bulk magnetization value of 18.5 µB/f.u.
An HSP90 Inhibitor, PU-H71, Antagonizes Stroma-Induced Pro-Survival Effects in CLL through Its Inhibition of Multi-Component B-Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway

Abstract Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of B-cells in the hematopoietic system. The B-cell receptor (BCR) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of CLL and many components of the BCR signaling pathway are known clients of HSP90. HSP90 is a highly conserved molecular chaperone that ensures the proper folding and stabilization of its client proteins. In this study, we investigated whether PU-H71 a novel purine-scaffold HSP90 Inhibitor, has anti-tumor activity in CLL by destabilizing BCR signaling pathway constituents. Design: Fresh CLL cells were isolated and cultured ex vivo with or without stromal co-culture. Molecular and cellular events were studied in PU-H71-treated and control CLL cells. Results: Immunoblotting revealed that a significantly higher amount of HSP90 is present in CLL cells than in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), suggesting the chaperone is pathogenically relevant. We found that PU-H71 caused the death of CLL cells in a dose and time dependent manner while the viability of either PBMC or normal B lymphocytes were not affected. PU-H71 induced apoptosis resulting in CLL cell death as it caused mitochondrial cytochrome C release and a decrease in the abundance of several anti-apoptotic proteins. Interestingly, PU-H71 has the ability to counteract the pro-survival effects of the stroma and caused apoptosis in CLL cells co-cultured with stroma. To gain mechanistic insights into how PU-H71 acts, we examined the BCR signaling pathway. We found that the amounts of several key components of the pathway were reduced by PU-H71 treatment. This occurred even in the presence of stromal co-culture. The results suggest that PU-H71 antagonizes the function of HSP90 leading to the destabilization of the BCR signaling transducers. A chemical pull-down experiment revealed the co-existence of the BCR components and HSP90 in the same complex, suggesting these BCR constituents are indeed clients of HSP90 in CLL cells. Further, specific genetic knock-down of the signal transducers by siRNA confirmed their key roles in mediating the survival of CLL cells. Conclusions: PU-H71 antagonizes stroma-induced pro-survival effects in CLL through its inhibition of the B-cell receptor signaling pathway. Our results suggest that PU-H71 may serve as a useful therapy against CLL and is worth further clinical development. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Developing an active mode of network management system with intelligent multi-agent techniques

In this paper, the distributed and intelligent agent software to support network equipments based on the ontology was proposed, in which an integrated information fetching system for network flow information was developed. The system operated the information fetching through the cooperation and coordinate of the intelligent agent software, in addition, the system also provided warnings after analysis so as to monitor and predict some possible error portents generated among controlled objects in the network, and such operating mode, so to speak, an active mode of network management system with intelligent multi-agent techniques. This technique derived from the ontology combining with related free software - Cacti which stored the operating information of network management perfectly into the backend database; furthermore, integrated intelligent agent techniques to provide backend monitoring system with further analysis so as to present related quantification figures of dynamic information of graphic network monitoring system. The experimental outcomes of the system prototype proved that the techniques implemented in this paper could indeed reduce the recovery time for network troubleshooting when real-time browsing, analyzing, estimating, handling, and engaging to behavior analysis of using network.
Pre-service teachers’ perceptions of sluggish cognitive tempo

Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is characterized by a passive form of inattention that may not overtly disrupt classroom goals. Due to the nature of these symptoms, children with SCT may be “falling through the cracks” in schools. The current study examined pre-service teachers’ perceptions of SCT in the classroom. Undergraduate education majors (n = 161) read vignettes describing fictitious fourth-grade boys presenting with symptoms of SCT, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or a non-ADHD-related control: social anxiety disorder (SA), and rated each of the vignettes in terms of their perceptions of the boy described. Results were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVAs and paired-sample t tests. Pre-service teachers viewed all three sets of symptoms as concerning, but viewed ADHD behaviors as the most problematic. These results are promising, as they suggest that pre-service teachers are concerned about both hyperactive (i.e., ADHD) and non-hyperactive behavioral problems (i.e., SCT and SA). Implications and future directions are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF FILLING TEMPERATURES OF MILK ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF THE PRODUCT1

Temperatures of milk above 47 F at time of filling have a detrimental effect on the keeping quality of the product stored in paper containers. Filling temperatures are not as important as storage temperatures in prolonging shelf life. Storage temperatures of 40 F or below are recommended.
A validated translation of a survey for measuring incontinence knowledge in Chinese-speaking American immigrants.

Urinary incontinence is common amongst Chinese immigrants. These women are a rapidly growing population in the USA who require unique assessment tools due to language barriers. Presently, there are no Chinese language surveys to assess knowledge of urinary incontinence. Our goal was to translate and validate a urinary incontinence knowledge survey from English into Chinese. The English language Urinary Incontinence Quiz (UIQ) developed and validated by Branch et al. for the Educational Demonstration of Urinary Continence Assessment and Treatment for the Elderly program assesses general knowledge of urinary incontinence as a disease entity. We translated it into Chinese using the forward translation/back translation technique. The Chinese and English versions were then administered to bilingual volunteers in a nonrandomized order during a single encounter. Their responses were analyzed using Cohen’s kappa coefficient to establish the validity of the translated knowledge survey. Minimal reconciliation was needed in construction of the Chinese survey. Minor English grammatical corrections were made to the back-translated English survey. One question testing two knowledge concepts was separated into two questions to allow clear testing of both concepts individually. Twenty-one bilingual participants performed the validity testing. Over 50% (8 out of 15) of the questions showed nearly perfect agreement with a kappa coefficient >0.80, 5 out of the 15 questions showed substantial agreement with kappa coefficients between 0.61 and 0.8 and two questions showed moderate agreement with kappa coefficients between 0.4 and 0.6. We validated a translation of the UIQ for assessment of urinary incontinence knowledge in Chinese-speaking immigrants to the USA.
A new logical problem for the doctrine of the Trinity

In this article I develop a new problem for the doctrine of the Trinity that I call the Problem of Triunity. Rather than proceeding from the fact that God is one and the persons are many, as the traditional problem of the Trinity does, the problem of triunity proceeds from the fact that, in one sense or another, God is many, and yet each divine person on his own is just one.
Undetectable HDL Cholesterol in a Patient with Flu-Like Illness

An 85-year-old man presented to his family physician with complaints of generalized weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, excessive sleeping, and mild laryngitis. He reported that his temperature taken orally at home that morning was 102.6 °F. These symptoms arose during the previous week, before which he had been healthy, exercising vigorously every day. His past medical history included type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and Paget disease of bone, and medications included metformin and pravastatin. One year earlier he had a tick bite followed by appearance of a bullseye rash and took a course of doxycycline. He was not symptomatic after that and was not known to have any additional tick bites. He lived in Long Island, New York, and did not have a history of travel or sick contacts. On physical exam the patient was alert but somewhat confused, with shaking chills. Cardiac and respiratory exam findings were normal. Laboratory testing included examination of a peripheral blood smear, which revealed intraerythrocytic ring forms, consistent with Babesia species, in 2.7% of the cells. The patient also had a lipid panel drawn (presumably because it was a visit to his family physician who ordered this as a routine) and was found to have an undetectable concentration of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C).2 Other laboratory data are summarized in Table 1. View this table: Table 1. Laboratory data. The patient was diagnosed with babesiosis and admitted to the hospital, where he was treated with atovaquone, azithromycin, and doxycycline. Follow-up molecular testing confirmed infection with Babesia microti. Parasitemia declined to <0.1%, symptoms improved greatly, and he was discharged after 3 days. Ten weeks after initial presentation, anemia and thrombocytopenia had resolved. HDL-C had returned to a value within the reference interval (52 mg/dL or 1.34 mmol/L), and ferritin, which had been high, also was within the reference interval (293 ng/mL). …
Nonempirical Modeling of Environmental Distribution and Toxicity of Major Organic Pollutants

This study was undertaken to test the ability of our previous molecular connectivity models to accurately predict the soil sorption coefficients, bioconcentration factors, and acute toxicities in fish of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylbenzenes, alkenylbenzenes, chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated alkanesand alkenes, heterocyclic and substituted PAHs, and halogenated phenols. Tests performed on large groups of such compounds clearly demonstrate that these simple nonempirical models accurately predict the soil sorption coefficients, bioconcentration factors, and acute toxicities in fish of the above compounds. Moreover, they outperform traditional empirical models based on 1-octanol/ water partition coefficients or watersolubilities in accuracy, speed, and range of applicability. These results show that the molecular connectivity models are a very accurate predictive tool for the soil sorption coefficients, bioconcentration factors, and acute toxicities in fish of a wide range of organic chemicals and that it can be confidently used to rank potentially hazardous chemicals and thus to create a priority testing list.
Reconciling Continuous Attribute Values from Multiple Data Sources

Because of the heterogeneous nature of different data sources, data integration is often one of the most challenging tasks in managing modern information systems. The challenges exist at three different levels: schema heterogeneity, entity heterogeneity, and data heterogeneity. The existing literature has largely focused on schema heterogeneity and entity heterogeneity; and the very limited work on data heterogeneity either avoid attribute value conflicts or resolve them in an ad-hoc manner. The focus of this research is on data heterogeneity. We propose a decision-theoretical framework that enables attribute value conflicts to be resolved in a cost-efficient manner. The framework takes into consideration the consequences of incorrect data values and selects the value that minimizes the total expected error costs for all application problems. Numerical results show that significant savings can be achieved by adopting the proposed framework instead of simply selecting the most likely value or ad-hoc approaches.
A land cover change detection and classification protocol for updating Alaska NLCD 2001 to 2011.

Abstract Monitoring and mapping land cover changes are important ways to support evaluation of the status and transition of ecosystems. The Alaska National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 was the first 30-m resolution baseline land cover product of the entire state derived from circa 2001 Landsat imagery and geospatial ancillary data. We developed a comprehensive approach named AKUP11 to update Alaska NLCD from 2001 to 2011 and provide a 10-year cyclical update of the state's land cover and land cover changes. Our method is designed to characterize the main land cover changes associated with different drivers, including the conversion of forests to shrub and grassland primarily as a result of wildland fire and forest harvest, the vegetation successional processes after disturbance, and changes of surface water extent and glacier ice/snow associated with weather and climate changes. For natural vegetated areas, a component named AKUP11-VEG was developed for updating the land cover that involves four major steps: 1) identify the disturbed and successional areas using Landsat images and ancillary datasets; 2) update the land cover status for these areas using a SKILL model (System of Knowledge-based Integrated-trajectory Land cover Labeling); 3) perform decision tree classification; and 4) develop a final land cover and land cover change product through the postprocessing modeling. For water and ice/snow areas, another component named AKUP11-WIS was developed for initial land cover change detection, removal of the terrain shadow effects, and exclusion of ephemeral snow changes using a 3-year MODIS snow extent dataset from 2010 to 2012. The overall approach was tested in three pilot study areas in Alaska, with each area consisting of four Landsat image footprints. The results from the pilot study show that the overall accuracy in detecting change and no-change is 90% and the overall accuracy of the updated land cover label for 2011 is 86%. The method provided a robust, consistent, and efficient means for capturing major disturbance events and updating land cover for Alaska. The method has subsequently been applied to generate the land cover and land cover change products for the entire state of Alaska.
Some Thoughts on the Relevance of Customer Behavior to Discrimination Law: Who Counts as A ‘Customer’?

In their article, “Discrimination by Customers,” 102 Iowa L. Rev 223 (2016), Katharine Bartlett and Mitu Gulati challenge the law’s asymmetric treatment of “firms” and “customers.” In this brief response, I argue that the asymmetry makes sense if (1) discrimination law is primarily about distributive justice; and (2) customers are marketplace actors who lack institutional power to distribute jobs, incomes, or essential goods and services. While Bartlett and Gulati largely ignore the first assumption, they provide persuasive reasons for rejecting the second.
Quaternary basaltic volcanism in the Golden Trout Volcanic Field, southern Sierra Nevada, California

Abstract The Golden Trout Volcanic Field (GTVF) produced the only Quaternary eruptions of mafic magma within the southern Sierra Nevada block. Approximately 38 × 106 m3 of basalt, trachy-basalt, basaltic trachy-andesite, and basaltic andesite (50.1–56.1% SiO2, 1.1–1.9% K2O, and 5.4–9.1% MgO) was erupted from four vents within a ~ 10 km2 portion of the GTVF, which also includes rhyolite domes that are not considered in this study. The vents include, from oldest to youngest: Little Whitney Cone, South Fork Cone, Tunnel Cone, and unglaciated Groundhog Cone. Little Whitney Cone is a 120 m-high pile of olivine-CPX-phyric scoria produced during a Strombolian-style eruption overlying two columnar jointed lava flows. Tunnel Cone formed through a Hawaiian-style eruption along a 400 m-long north-south trending fissure that excavated at least three 25–65 m-wide craters. Crater walls up to 12 m high are composed of plagioclase-olivine-phyric spatter-fed flows that dip radially away from the crater center and crumble to form Tunnel Cone's steep unconsolidated flanks. South Fork Cone is a 170 m-high pile of plagioclase-olivine-phyric scoria that formed during Strombolian to violent Strombolian eruptions. South Fork Cone overlies the South Fork Cone lava, a 9.5 km-long flow (~ 12 × 106 km3) that reached the Kern River Canyon to the west. Scoria and airfall deposits originating from South Fork Cone are located up to 2 km from the vent. Groundhog Cone is a 140 m-tall cinder and spatter cone breached on the north flank by a 13 × 106 m3 lava flow that partially buried the South Fork Cone lava and extends 7.5 km west to Kern River Canyon. Incompatible trace element concentrations and ratios show vent-specific trends but are unsystematic when plotted in terms of all mafic GTVF vents, implying that GTVF basalts were derived from a lithospheric mantle source and ascended through thick granitic Sierra Nevada crust as discrete batches that underwent different degrees of crustal contamination, differentiation, and magma mixing. Clinopyroxene-liquid thermobarometry calculations of the oldest and most primitive GTVF sample indicate that most clinopyroxene crystals record nucleation conditions of 1172–1196 °C and 896–1115 MPa. These pressures correspond to depths equivalent to, or up to 10 km shallower than, the Moho in this region. Deposits from the oldest GTVF vents are more primitive and homogeneous in terms of major and trace element concentrations, phenocryst textures and compositions, and their general absence of crustal xenoliths and xenocrysts compared to younger eruptive products. The eruption rate of the GTVF (~ 0.05 km3/Myr) is two orders of magnitude less than neighboring and contemporaneous Big Pine and Coso volcanic fields to the north and east, respectively. We interpret these differences to result from a relative lack of strain in the GTVF region of the southern Sierra Nevada block, which limits magma accumulation and ascent.
Effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy on alcohol consumption and preferences in dietary obese rats and mice: a plausible role for altered ghrelin signaling.

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are the most common surgical options for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorder. Whereas RYGB may result in greater and more durable weight loss, recent clinical and pre-clinical studies in rats have raised concerns that RYGB surgery may increase risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). In contrast, recent clinical reports suggest a lesser risk for AUD following VSG, although no preclinical studies have been done to confirm that. Therefore, the present study sought to determine the effects of VSG on ethanol intake and preferences in rodent models using protocols similar to those previously used in animal studies for RYGB. Male Sprague Dawley rats and male C57B6 mice were made obese on a high fat diet (60%kcal from fat) and received VSG or no surgery (controls). All animals then were given access to increasing concentrations of ethanol (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%), presented for few days each. Compared to controls, VSG rats consumed significantly less of 2, 6 and 8% ethanol and showed significantly reduced preferences to 6 and 8% ethanol over water. VSG mice also displayed reduced intake and preference for 6 and 8% ethanol solutions. After a two-week period of forced abstinence, 8% ethanol was reintroduced and the VSG rats and mice continued to exhibit reduced consumption and less preference for ethanol. Regarding the underlying mechanism, we hypothesized that the removal of the ghrelin producing part of the stomach in the VSG surgery is a possible contributor to the observed reduced ethanol preference. To test for functional changes at the ghrelin receptors, the VSG and control rats were given IP injections of acyl-ghrelin (2.5nmol and 5nmol) prior to ethanol access. Neither concentration of ghrelin resulted in a significant increase in 8% ethanol consumption of VSG or control subjects. Next, the rats were given IP injections of the ghrelin receptor antagonist, JMV (2.5mg/kg body weight). This dose induced a significant reduction in 8% ethanol consumption in the VSG group, but no effect on ethanol intake in the controls. While ghrelin injection was uninformative, increased sensitivity to subthreshold doses of the ghrelin receptor antagonist may indicate reduced ghrelin signaling following VSG. Overall, these findings suggest that bariatric patients with increased susceptibility to AUD may benefit from receiving VSG instead of RYGB surgery, and that changes in ghrelin signaling, at least in part, may play a role in the differential AUD risks between the two most commonly performed bariatric surgical procedures.
The design of metal halide-based high flux solar simulators: Optical model development and empirical validation

Abstract In this paper we present an experimentally validated process for the design of high flux solar simulators based on metal halide arc lamps, which are suitable for research applications including high temperature materials evaluation, concentrating solar power generation, and solar thermochemistry. The objective of our work is to facilitate the design of solar simulator hardware from commercially available components, with an emphasis on accurately predicting hardware performance in the design stage. The inputs to the design process include reflector geometry and surface properties, rated lamp power, and lamp dimensions. These inputs are incorporated in a ray tracing analysis along with a semi-empirical model of a metal halide arc source that accounts for arc shape and the spatial variation of emitted power within the arc volume. This lamp-specific optical model is then further generalized to be applicable to a range of commercially available metal halide lamps. The experimental validation of the design process is accomplished using a single simulator module, and a combination of optical flux mapping and calorimetry to compare the distribution of radiant power delivered by the module to design predictions. Our validation process includes data from four different metal halide lamps, spanning a power range from 1.5 kW e to 4.0 kW e . Design predictions for the generalized optical model agree with experimental data to within ±20% for peak flux and ±9% for total power delivered to a 6 cm diameter target.
The wisdom of practice: Lessons learned from the study of highly effective tutors.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the wisdom of practice that explains the lessons learned from the study of highly effective tutors. This chapter presents that in the 21st century, tutoring remains the ideal of education. The tutorial is inherently individualized. This individualization, in turn, permits the tutor to elicit from each student a much higher level of on-task attention and effort. It is, in addition, a virtual prerequisite for the high levels of both immediacy and interactivity that also characterize the tutorial process. Thus, in an individual tutorial, both knowledge of results and other forms of feedback and instruction are received by students. Highly effective or “expert” tutors are then identified on the basis of their actual degree of observable success, across a number of different tutees, in promoting student learning and motivation. The tutoring sessions conducted by the highly effective tutors are analyzed from a number of perspectives, and are contrasted with tutoring sessions conducted by less experienced or by equally experienced but objectively less successful tutors. The tutors share a generally Socratic approach, in the sense that tutors seek to draw as much as possible from the student and to impose as little as possible of themselves on the student. Finally, the goal of the analyses is to begin to identify the goals, strategies, and specific techniques that might contribute to the success of an individual tutorial.
The impact of intercenter sharing on the outcomes of pediatric split liver transplantation.

Background Split liver transplantation allows for expansion of the pool of organs available for pediatric liver transplantation. The impact of sharing segments of the same liver between centers has not been studied. Study Design Retrospective analysis of 24 pediatric split liver transplant cases in a recent cohort. We evaluated the outcomes of pediatric recipients who shared organs with adult patients in our own center (group A) compared to recipients who shared organs with adult patients in other centers. (group B). Results 1-, 3-, and 5-year graft survival for group A was 100%, 100%, and 100% versus 83%, 71%, and 57% for group B (P= 0.039). Postoperative complications included biliary complications (41.7% in group A vs. 50% in group B, P=0.682), vascular complications (8.3% in group A vs. 41.7% in group B, P=0.059), postoperative bleeding (16.7% in group A vs. 25% in group B, P =0.615). High grade Clavien-Dindo complications were 0% in group A vs. 33.3% in group B, P= 0.028. Conclusions Organ sharing between centers appears to be associated with significantly poorer graft survival. Possible explanations include greater procurement related injury or suboptimal vessel distribution. Future larger studies focused on this area may be helpful to formulate policy considerations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A novel method to create high density stratification with matching refractive index for optical flow investigations

Turbulent mixing in stratified environments represents a challenging task in experimental turbulence research, especially when large density gradients are desired. When optical measurement techniques like particle image velocimetry (PIV) are applied to stratified liquids, it is common practice to combine two aqueous solutions with different density but equal refractive index, to suppress particle image deflections. While refractive image matching (RIM) has been developed in the late 1970s, the achieved limit of 4% density ratio was not rivalled up to day. In the present work, we report a methodology, based on the behavior of excess properties and their change in a multicomponent system while mixing, that allows RIM for solutions with higher density differences. The methodology is then successfully demonstrated using a ternary combination of water, isopropanol and glycerol, for which RIM in presence of a density ratio of 8.6% has been achieved. Qualitative PIV results of a turbulent buoyant jet with 8.6% density ratio are shown.
Network Resilience and the Length-Bounded Multicut Problem: Reaching the Dynamic Billion-Scale with Guarantees

Motivated by networked systems in which the functionality of the network depends on vertices in the network being within a bounded distance T of each other, we study the length-bounded multicut problem: given a set of pairs, find a minimum-size set of edges whose removal ensures the distance between each pair exceeds T . We introduce the first algorithms for this problem capable of scaling to massive networks with billions of edges and nodes: three highly scalable algorithms with worst-case performance ratios. Furthermore, one of our algorithms is fully dynamic, capable of updating its solution upon incremental vertex / edge additions or removals from the network while maintaining its performance ratio. Finally, we show that unless NP ⊆ BPP, there is no polynomial-time, approximation algorithm with performance ratio better than Omega (T), which matches the ratio of our dynamic algorithm up to a constant factor.
Glial ontogeny and glial neoplasia: the search for closure.

The last ten years have seen rapid progress in both our understanding of the normal progression and control of gliogenesis and in the laboratory techniques necessary to sustain and study most glial cell types, including progenitor cells of both type-1 astrocyte (T1A) and oligodendrocyte – type-2 astrocyte (T2A) lineage. These studies have direct relevance for the lineage analysis of human gliomas, optimizing in vitro glioma models, and suggesting potentially fertile new grounds for glioma biology research. We do not yet known whether malignant transformation occurs only in mature glia that then ‘de-differentiate’ into cells with glial precursor phenotypes and behavior characteristics, whether neoplastic transformation occurs in O-2A progenitor cells, or whether both mechanisms may occur in different patients. However, preliminary results suggest that astrocytomas can arise from two different glial lineages, that oligodendrogliomas and mixed oligo-astrocytomas arise exclusively from the O-2A lineage, and that medulloblastomas may also have a connection with the O-2A lineage. An ontogeny-based glioma classification system may lead to better prognostic patient data and better predict patient response to treatment than currently available classification systems. Available data from the study of developmental glial biology raises serious doubts about the fidelity and relevance of in vitro glioma models that rely on culture media supplemented with animal serum and suggest that relying on chemically-defined media conditioned by astrocytes may be the better research strategy. Findings from the study of normal gliogenesis also suggest that growth factors are likely to act as much more than simple mitogens in glioma biology. Potentially fertile areas of research for glioma biology include studying the cooperative effect of multiple growth factors, potential growth factor effects as survival factors, inhibitors of differentiation, and differentiation inducers, and studying potential positive humoral feedback loops between glioma cells and normal glial cells, as well as normal non-glial cells, within and surrounding each glioma.
Reconnection in the Solar Corona: Role of the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability

We consider the stability of current sheets where a normal component of the field is present. It is well known that reconnection in such systems progresses orders of magnitude too slow to explain observations, even when full kinetic models are used. We consider here a new possible mechanism for fast reconnection in such systems. We consider the effect of the possible presence of velocity shear that can drive the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI). The effect of the KHI is shown to convert shear flow into compression flow that drives reconnection. Three scaling effects can be discerned in the simulations. First, the reconnection rate is directly controlled by the driving mechanism which is provided by the KHI. The result of this new mechanism is that fast reconnection can be achieved even in absence of anomalous resistivity. Second, the effect of varying the initial sheared flow along the main magnetic field direction enhances the reconnection process. Finally, the reconnection rate is insensitive to the value of resistivity.
The Bioepidemiology of Multiple Primary Cancers

The number of cancer survivors with second or higher order cancers is increasing, with these malignancies now comprising about 16 % (or 1 in 6) incident cancers reported to the population-based registries of the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI’s) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. In a recent review of over two million cancer survivors who were reported to the NCI’s SEER Program (1973–2000), the relative risk of subsequent neoplasms was significantly elevated (Observed to expected ratio = 1.14; 95 % C.I. = 1.14–1.15.). Twenty-five years after first cancer diagnosis, the cumulative incidence of all second cancers was 13.7 %. Second cancers can reflect the late effects of therapy, the impact of lifestyle choices (e.g., tobacco use), host factors, environmental determinants, and the operation of joint effects, including gene–environment and gene–gene interactions. A sizable proportion of all subsequent cancers in the review of the SEER program data developed among cancer survivors with initial cancers that are strongly related to tobacco and/or alcohol use. In the SEER program review, cancer treatment among all older adults taken together did not appear to be linked with a sizable excess of subsequent cancers, but children and young adults appeared to be particularly susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of therapy. In the present chapter, we highlight recent analytic studies of subsequent malignancies following HL and testicular cancer as well as cancers of breast and prostate.
Transition from Ductile Tearing to Cleavage Fracture — a Statistical Model

The fracture resistance of ferritic steels in the ductile/brittle transition regime is controlled by the competition between ductile tearing and cleavage fracture. In a typical situation, a crack begins to grow by ductile tearing but ultimately failure occurs by catastrophic cleavage fracture. In this work, the process of ductile tearing is modeled by void-containing cell elements embedded within a conventional elastic-plastic continuum [see Shih and Xia (1994), Xia and Shih (1995a,b,c) and Xia, Shih and Hutchinson (1995) for more details]. Under increasing strain, the voids grow and coalesce to form new crack surfaces thereby advancing the crack. The fields that evolve ahead of the advancing crack are used in conjunction with a statistical model based on the weakest link concept to compute a stress measure pertinent to cleavage, referred to as Weibull stress, and the probability of failure by cleavage. The statistical model also takes into account the competition between the nucleation of voids from carbide particles and the nucleation of unstable microcracks from such inclusions precipitating catastrophic cleavage fracture.
The Representational Theory of Mind: Philosophical Implications

“I, too, have something to say to you, Ada. Just as you wish to impress me I wish to instil something into you. I don’t expect you’ll understand. I don’t really hope. My feeling is that you never could have understood what I am going to say —never would have wanted to, and almost certainly you won’t in your present condition. But I can’t help hoping. At least you are another person. I can’t help giving this other person in front of me—even though it’s you, Ada—at least a chance to understand. You’re a fool—but there’s still an itch to instruct a fool.” (Sansom, p. 42)
Thyroid Storm and Myxedema Coma

This article describes the clinical recognition of, and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of, thyroid storm and myxedema coma. Effective therapeutic management of these conditions depends on a clear understanding of the physiological adaptations occurring in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, and of how precipitating events may produce these decompensated states.
On Stable Parameter Estimation and Forecasting in Epidemiology by the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm with Broyden's Rank-one Updates for the Jacobian Operator.

Rigorously calibrating dynamic models with time-series data can pose roadblocks. Oftentimes, the problem is ill-posed and one has to rely on appropriate regularization techniques to ensure stable parameter estimation from which forward projections with quantified uncertainty could be generated. If the inversion procedure is cast as nonlinear least squares constrained by a system of nonlinear differential equations, then the system has to be solved numerically at every step of the iterative process and the corresponding parameter-to-data map cannot be used to evaluate the Frechet derivative analytically. To address challenges related to both instability and Jacobian approximation, we propose a novel regularized Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with iterative rank-one updates for computation of the derivative operator. In order to test the efficiency of this scheme, we conduct numerical experiments using a mathematical model of infectious disease transmission and real incidence data of historic measles outbreaks in the UK.