cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression in Adolescence: Specific Prediction of Depressive Symptoms and Reciprocal Influences in a Multi-Wave Prospective Study

Little research has investigated Beck's (1987) cognitive theory of depression among youth, symptom specificity, and potential reciprocal influences over time. Dysfunctional attitudes were assessed at baseline and study's end among adolescents (N = 350, 6th to 10th grade). Depressive, anxious arousal, and externalizing symptoms and stressors were assessed at four time points over a 5-month period. Hierarchical linear modeling showed that negative events predicted prospective elevations in symptoms. Dysfunctional attitudes interacted with negative events to predict prospective anhedonic depressive symptoms specifically but not general depression, anxious arousal, or externalizing symptoms. Initial depressive symptoms and stressors predicted changes in dysfunctional attitudes, and this reciprocal effect was stronger for girls than boys.
Majorana neutrinos and low-energy tests of electroweak models

Tests based on neutrinoless double-..beta.. decay and rare muon processes are proposed for the detection of a heavy Majorana neutrino with a mass of approx.100 GeV. Existence of such a neutrino would distinguish between the standard and left-right-symmetric electroweak gauge models with U(1) in the latter identified with (B-L). The sensitivity of these processes to the mass of the heavy Majorana neutrino is discussed.
A Discussion of the dipolar energy in superfluid 3 He

We outline a simple derivation of the familiar form of the magnetic dipolar interaction in superfluid {sup 3}He. The approach is direct, relying on little more than the properties of the Pauli matrices. The presentation fills in steps and avoids subtleties found in previous reviews of {sup 3}He.
AREVA’s Advanced Thermal-Hydraulic Codes and Methods for Levels III and IV Crud Risk Assessment

From a crud deposition perspective the achievement of zero fuel failures requires the integration of core neutronics, core thermal-hydraulics, and plant chemistry disciplines. The various level of detail required in the assessment of crud risk is based on guidelines and a checklist developed and published by EPRI. In the guidelines EPRI defined two levels of assessment where core neutronics and thermal-hydraulics are coupled with plant chemistry. These two levels are called Levels III and IV in the EPRI guidelines.AREVA developed a process using the standard licensing tools and a number of specialized application tools and interfaces that allow Level III and IV calculations. The Level III calculations are performed using a typical reload licensing subchannel node scale (scale of several centimeters) whereas the Level IV calculations are performed on fractions of a millimeter scale.This paper provides an overview of the neutronics and thermal-hydraulic process used to perform Levels III and IV assessments and provides some results for a typical B&W-designed 177-fuel assembly operating plant. This same process could be applied to other plant types. The details of the plant chemistry process are not covered in this paper, as they are covered in other publications.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Computation of the dendritic operating state at large supercoolings by the phase field model.

The phase field model in two dimensions is used to calculate numerically the operating states (tip velocity $v$ and tip radius $\ensuremath{\rho}$) of dendrites grown from pure melts. At large supercoolings, a dendrite has a nearly hyperbolic envelope close to its tip, as opposed to being nearly parabolic, as at small supercoolings. The corresponding tip radius increases with supercooling for anisotropy only in surface tension, decreases for anisotropy only in interface kinetics, and displays a mixture of these behaviors when both are anisotropic. The growth velocity is found to increase as a power law with increasing supercooling, to decrease with increased effect of interface kinetics, and to increase with increased anisotropies of surface tension and interface kinetics. Interface kinetics are shown to have a strong effect in that a smaller kinetic coefficient leads to a smaller velocity and a larger tip radius at a given supercooling. The P\'eclet number $P=\frac{v\ensuremath{\rho}}{(2\ensuremath{\kappa})}$, where $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is the thermal diffusivity, is found to increase with supercooling while the opposite is true for the selection parameter $\ensuremath{\sigma}=2\frac{\ensuremath{\kappa}{d}_{0}}{(v{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2})}$, where ${d}_{0}$ is the capillary length. The dependencies of $P$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ on interface kinetics are found to be influenced strongly by anisotropies.
MODIS-derived spatiotemporal water clarity patterns in optically shallow Florida Keys waters: A new approach to remove bottom contamination

article i nfo Retrievals of water quality parameters from satellite measurements over optically shallow waters have been problematic due to bottom contamination of the signals. As a result, large errors are associated with derived water column properties. These deficiencies greatly reduce the ability to use satellites to assess the shallow water environments around coral reefs and seagrass beds. Here, a modified version of an existing algorithm is used to derive multispectral diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd) from MODIS/Aqua measurements over op- tically shallow waters in the Florida Keys. Results were validated against concurrent in situ data (Kd(488) from 0.02 to 0.20 m −1 , N = 22, R 2 = 0.68, Mean Ratio = 0.93, unbiased RMS = 31%), and showed signifi-
Gender effects on predictions of computer-random numbers as a function of feedback conditions

If “randomlike” behavior can be learned in a laboratory setting, a question is the extent to which men and women can profit from systematic feedback in successfully predicting random events. Underg...
The syntax of English idioms: Can the dog be put on?

An idiom is a collection of words whose meaning as a whole cannot be determined from the meanings of the individual words. As such, idioms pose a problem for the psychological process of interpretation, but psychologists have shown interpretation of idioms to be fast. A hallmark of idioms is their resistance to syntactic variation, and some idioms are more resistant than others. Idioms that are low in resistance are termedflexible, and they tend to be more familiar to users of the language, combinedr=.401, combinedp=.02. Some syntactic variations are moredisruptive than others are, and the disruptiveness of variations agrees well with a prediction by Fraser (1970), combinedr=.897,p<.01. Furthermore, 86% of the judgments of the acceptability of 41 idioms in 7 to 8 syntactic variations by 103 Harvard undergraduates agree with a strong proposal by Fraser (1970) that if a particular syntactic variation of an idiom is acceptable, then all relevant variations equally or more disruptive are also acceptable. The localization of the 14% disagreement in either competence or performance will have considerable implications for cognitive psychology and linguistics.
Molecular Underpinnings of the Mechanical Reinforcement in Polymer Nanocomposites

Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations on amorphous polymers filled with solid nanoparticles show that mechanical reinforcement results from the formation of a long-lived transient polymer−particle network only over a narrow range of parameter space. In these cases it is necessary that (i) the interfacial zone occupy significantly less volume than the bulk region and (ii) particle−polymer interactions must be strong enough that the relaxation time for the small fraction of adsorbed monomers is much longer than that characterizing the neat polymer. In all other cases, reinforcement will appear to be particle driven since there is no clear demarcation between the adsorbed segments and the bulk polymer. However, the apparent size of the particle will be larger because of the adsorbed segments. Both reinforcement mechanisms occur for systems that do not easily equilibrate, leading us to stress the importance of starting states and processing history which is reminiscent of glassy systems.
An interferometer based on the Talbot effect

Abstract The moire effect is very sensitive in detecting small differences between two similar gratings. These differences might be caused by an object with phase gradient placed between the two gratings. The performance of such an instrument can be understood in terms of the “Talbot effect” (also called “Fourier imaging” or “self-imaging”). Slight modifications provide shearing interferences and the second derivative of the object.
Evolving China–ASEAN Relations and CAFTA: Chinese Perspectives on China’s Initiatives in Relation to ASEAN Plus 1

China’s rising profile as a global economic and geopolitical actor has been matched with a parallel improvement in its relationship with its Southeast Asian neighbours. Many Chinese scholars see this improvement as a testament to the efficacy of a Chinese geopolitical strategy which combines economic diplomacy launched during the late 1990s, with an on-going diplomatic ‘charm offensive’. To them, it is this geopolitical strategy which has made it possible for both China and its ASEAN neighbours to move away from antagonism and confrontation towards economic partnership, mutual cooperation and good-neighbourly relations. From this perspective, CAFTA, initiated by China within the framework of ASEAN Plus 1, has not only created the world’s largest free trade area that represents the world’s most energetic and fastest growing economy, it has also made it possible for China to leverage itself internationally. For most Chinese scholars, CAFTA seems to have ensured that while China claims its due place on the global stage by virtue of its wealth, power, modernisation of its military might and its cultural expansion, its neighbours do not construe its ‘peaceful rise’ as a threat.
Steady-state bioassay approach applied to phosphorus-limited continuous cultures: A growth study of the marine chlorophyte Dunaliella salina

Phosphorus-limited growth and phosphate uptake kinetics of the marine phytoplankter Dunaliella salina were studied using continuous-culture techniques. Determination of residual phosphate concentrations in the cultures were made using a steady-state bioassay approach in which short-term phosphate uptake rates as measured by 33P-radiotracer were balanced with the turnover of phosphorus in the culture. This allowed the determination of low-nanomolar ambient phosphate concentrations (8‐95 nmol P L21) at seven unique specific growth rates, which agreed closely with an alternative kinetics bioassay phosphate determination. The relationship of specific growth rate to ambient phosphate concentration for the D. salina cultures was well-described by the Monod growth equation with mmax 5 1.8 d21 and Km 5 28 nmol P L21. Phosphate uptake kinetics were evaluated at three growth rates and adhered to Michaelis‐Menten kinetics, with evidence of growth-rate‐dependent variability of uptake affinities (1.9‐3.0 L mmol21 h21) and half-saturation constants (1.85‐3.8 mmol P L21). Maximum uptake rates were constant across growth rates when measured in either carbon-specific (220 mmol P mol C21 min21), volumespecific (7 amol P mm23 min21), cell-specific (1 fmol P cell21 min21), or phosphorus-specific units (7 h21). This represents a phosphate uptake rate capacity between 200-fold and 600-fold greater than the requirements for growth. Finally, we compared the results from our study with previous studies across four phytoplankton species and found that the Monod half-saturation constant for phosphorus-limited growth (Km) is well-predicted by the theoretical ratio of the maximum specific growth rate to the phosphorus-specific uptake affinity. Over the past four decades, a handful of studies have attempted to empirically determine the relationship of growth rate to external phosphate concentration for marine phytoplankton species. Goldman (1977) was one of the first to present dataon the growth-rate relationship for the marine
CONTROL OF NOSOCOMIAL RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS(RSV) INFECTIONS

RSV has been the major cause of nosocomial infections on our infant wards, affecting 45% of infants hospitalized for ≥ 1 week, and 42% of the staff. We evaluated methods to control the hospital spread of RSV during a community RSV outbreak. Methods included isolation of all infants with respiratory illness; strict handwashing, gowns, secretion precautions, cohorting of staff to ill infants, but no masks. Every 3-4 days all infants and staff were examined and nasal washes obtained. Of 123 infants admitted; 36 had RSV. Of 87 contact infants, 42 were hospitalized for ≥ 1 week. Nosocomial illness occurred in 8 or 9% of contact infants and in 19% of those hospitalized for ≤ 1 week. Three had pneumonia and 1 died. Of 43 staff, 24 or 56% acquired RSV (60% of nurses and doctors, 38% of medical students). Symptomatic illness occurred in 83% and 46% missed work. Hence, these procedures reduced infant nosocomial infection by over half, but did not affect staff infection rates. This suggests that staff continue to be infected while closely caring for infected babies, perhaps by self-inoculation of contaminated secretions from their hands or fomites, or by large droplets while holding infants. However, with handwashing and changing gowns between rooms, but without masks, staff did not appear to transmit RSV to neighboring un-infected infants.
Mutations in filamin 1 Prevent Migration of Cerebral Cortical Neurons in Human Periventricular Heterotopia

Abstract Long-range, directed migration is particularly dramatic in the cerebral cortex, where postmitotic neurons generated deep in the brain migrate to form layers with distinct form and function. In the X-linked dominant human disorder periventricular heterotopia (PH), many neurons fail to migrate and persist as nodules lining the ventricular surface. Females with PH present with epilepsy and other signs, including patent ductus arteriosus and coagulopathy, while hemizygous males die embryonically. We have identified the PH gene as filamin 1 ( FLN1 ), which encodes an actin-cross-linking phosphoprotein that transduces ligand–receptor binding into actin reorganization, and which is required for locomotion of many cell types. FLN1 shows previously unrecognized, high-level expression in the developing cortex, is required for neuronal migration to the cortex, and is essential for embryogenesis.
Utilization of ribosylhomocysteine by various microorganisms

It has been shown that various microorganisms of the family Enterobacteriaceae possess an enzyme which degrades S-adenosylhomocysteine via the following reaction: (Duerre, 1962a) S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine→Adenine + Ribosyl-L-homocysteine No further degradation of ribosylhomocysteine by extracts from these organisms was noted during the course of this investigation.
International linkages in Nikkei Stock Index futures markets

Abstract This paper analyzes the linkages and information transmission of similar Nikkei stock index futures contracts traded on three international exchanges, the OSE, SIMEX, and CME. Comparisons between the trading and nontrading time variances within individual markets and across markets indicate that relevant information is revealed during the trading hours of the OSE and SIMEX, but not the CME. An approach of variance decomposition and impulse response functions exploring the common stochastic trend in the cointegration system is employed. The common factor is found to be simply driven by the last trading market in the 24-hour trading sequence. Specifically, each market, while it is trading, impounds all the information that will affect other markets, and rides on the common stochastic trend. Granger-causality also runs from the market(s) that is placed in the last trading order within 24 hours in the vector error correction model but this causal relationship is shorter than one day. On balance, the three markets are informationally efficient on a daily basis.
Matrix multiplication: a case study of enhanced data cache utilization

Modern machines present two challenges to algorithm engineers and compiler writers: They have superscalar, super-pipelined structure, and they have elaborate memory subsystems specifically designed to reduce latency and increase bandwidth. Matrix multiplication is a classical benchmark for experimenting with techniques used to exploit machine architecture and to overcome the limitations of contemporary memory subsystems.This research aims at advancing the state of the art of algorithm engineering by balancing instruction level parallelism, two levels of data tiling, copying to provably avoid any cache conflicts, and prefetching in parallel to computational operations, in order to fully exploit the memory bandwidth. Measurements on IBM's RS/6000 43P workstation show that the resultant matrix multiplication algorithm outperforms IBM's ESSL by 6.8-31.8%, is less sensitive to the size of the input data, and scales better.In this paper we introduce a cache aware algorithm for matrix multiplication. We also suggest generic guidelines that may be applied to compute intensive algorithm to efficiently utilize the data cache. We believe that some of our concepts may be embodied in compilers.
Plasmodium falciparum cytoadherence

Sherman, I.W. (1979), Biochemistry of Plasmodium (malaria parasites). Microbiol. Rev., 43, 453-495. Strych, W., Miettinen-Baumann, A., Lottspeich, F. & Heidrich, H. (1987), Isolation and characterisation of the 80,000 dalton Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen. Parasit. Res., 73, 435441. Stryer, L. (1988), Mechanisms of enzyme action and control of enzymatic activity. Biochemistry, third editien. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco. Tang, J. & Wong, R.N.S. (1987), Evolution in the structure and function of aspartic proteases. J. Cell. BioL, 33, 135-145. Vander Jagt, D.L., Hunsaker, L.A. & Campos, N.M. (1986), Characterisation of a hemoglobin-degrading, low molecular weight protease from P. falciparum. MoL Biochem. Parasit., 18, 389-400. Winter, E. & Varshavsky, A. (1989), A DNA binding protein that recognizes oligo(dA).oligo(dT) tracts. EMBO J., 8, 1867-1877.
Hair cell regeneration and recovery of auditory thresholds following aminoglycoside ototoxicity in Bengalese finches

Birds regenerate auditory hair cells when original hair cells are lost. Regenerated hair cells become innervated and restore hearing function. Functional recovery during hair cell regeneration is particularly interesting in animals that depend on hearing for vocal communication. Bengalese finches are songbirds that depend on auditory feedback for normal song learning and maintenance. We examined the structural and functional recovery of the Bengalese finch basilar papilla after aminoglycoside ototoxicity. Birds were treated with the ototoxic aminoglycoside, amikacin, daily for 1 week. Treatment resulted in hair cell loss across the basal half of the basilar papilla and corresponding high frequency hearing loss. Hair cell regeneration and recovery of auditory brainstem responses were compared in the same animals. Survival times following treatment were between 1 day and 12 weeks. Analysis of structural recovery at weekly intervals indicated that hair cells in the Bengalese finch papilla require a maximum of 1 week to regenerate and appear with immature morphology at the epithelial surface. An additional 6 days are required for adult-like morphology to develop. Repopulation of the damaged region was complete by 8 weeks. Recovery of auditory thresholds began 1 week after treatment and reached asymptote by 4 weeks. Slight residual threshold shifts at 2.0 kHz and above were observed up to 12 weeks after treatment. Direct comparison of structural and functional recovery indicates that auditory thresholds recover maximally before a full complement of hair cells has regenerated.
Updated description of quarkonium by power-law potentials.

The spectra and decay rates of charmonium ($c\overline{c}$) and bottomonium ($b\overline{b}$) levels are well described, for the most part, by a power-law potential $V(r)=\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}({r}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}\ensuremath{-}1)}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}+\mathrm{const}$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\simeq}0$. The results of an up-to-date fit to the data on spin-averaged levels are presented. A fit to levels alone favors $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\ensuremath{-}0.045$ and gives very little preference for quark masses, while inclusion of leptonic width data leads to $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\ensuremath{-}0.14$ and a $b$-quark mass in the vicinity of 5 GeV. A fit to the known electric dipole transitions in $b\overline{b}$ systems favors a slightly smaller $b$-quark mass, but with large errors.
L-β-methylamino-alanine-induced behavioral changes in rats

Abstract L -β-N- methylamino- L -alanine (L-BMAA, 500 μg) infusions into the lateral ventricle induced splay, clonic convulsions, and rigidity in about 60% of rats. Electroencephalograph (EEG) recording during clonic convulsions and rigidity demonstrated epileptiform discharges. Duration and severity of L-BMAA-induced clonic convulsions were reduced significantly by DNQX, a non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, but not by AP-5, a NMDA receptor antagonist or MK-801, a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist. Latency of L-BMAA-induced clonic convulsions was significantly prolonged by DNQX, AP-5 and MK-801. L-BMAA-induced splay was not modified by DNQX or AP-5 but was slightly enhanced by MK-801. L-BMAA-induced rigidity was abolished by MK-801 and partially inhibited by DNQX and AP-5. The L-BMAA-induced behaviors of grooming, facial tremor, etc. were affected by DNQX, AP-5, and MK-801. Our results suggest that L-BMAA may induce behavioral changes by acting upon several subtypes of excitatory amino acid receptors.
An unusual case of melanosis coli

VOLUME 54, NO. 1, 2001 GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 119 From the Department of Gastroenterology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire. Reprint requests: Lisa S. Lestina, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756. Copyright © 2001 by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 0016-5107/2001/$35.00 + 0 37/54/115323 doi:10.1067/mge.2001.115323 An unusual case of melanosis coli
Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex transiently increases cue-induced craving for methamphetamine: A preliminary study

Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can temporarily interrupt or facilitate activity in a focal brain region. Several lines of evidence suggest that rTMS of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can affect processes involved in drug addiction. We hypothesized that a single session of low-frequency rTMS of the left DLPFC would modulate cue-induced craving for methamphetamine (MA) when compared to a sham rTMS session.
Beyond Convex? Global Optimization is Feasible Only for Convex Objective Functions: A Theorem

It is known that there are feasible algorithms for minimizing convex functions, and that for general functions, global minimization is a difficult (NP-hard) problem. It is reasonable to ask whether there exists a class of functions that is larger than the class of all convex functions for which we can still solve the corresponding minimization problems feasibly. In this paper, we prove, in essence, that no such more general class exists. In other words, we prove that global optimization is always feasible only for convex objective functions.
Compact far-infrared free-electron laser

A free-electron laser enclosed in a waveguide of small transverse dimension may offer the opportunity to develop a compact source of coherent radiation in the far-infrared (100 (mu) - 100 (mu) ) region of the spectrum. The presence of the waveguide significantly affects the operation of the laser, qualitatively altering its spontaneous emission spectrum, its tuning characteristics, and its gain curve. We discuss the effects of the waveguide, including the opportunities it offers in terms of tapering, tuning, and slip reduction, and the limitations it imposes. We discuss the implications for compact free-electron lasers.
All About Race? Electoral Politics in Mississippi

This article examines the degree to which county level voting patterns in Mississippi, the state with the largest African American population, are a function of race. It also tests V.O. Key's racial threat hypothesis in the context of Democratic and Republican general election contests in the state. Race remains the most important variable in explaining county level voting patterns in Mississippi. It is not, however, the only important variable in explaining county voting results. Racial threat remains an important factor in Mississippi elections. As Key hypothesized, as the percentage of African Americans in a county population increases, so does the propensity of the white electorate to vote conservatively.
Implantable Atrial Defibrillators

Due to the limited efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation, several nonpharmacologic therapeutic options have evolved. One of these is an implantable atrial defibrillator. Recent studies have shown that internal atrial defibrillation is feasible with relatively low energies. To date, the optimal electrode configuration involves large surface area catheters in the right atrium and coronary sinus. In humans, atrial defibrillation can generally be achieved with < 2 J using this electrode configuration and a biphasic shock waveform. For shocks < 5 J, there is no significant pathological damage to the atria or coronary sinus. Further investigation is needed to guarantee that atrial defibrillation shocks do not provoke ventricular arrhythmias. Preliminary data suggest that atrial defibrillation shocks synchronized to R waves that are not closely coupled are safe. In addition, the shocks are well tolerated if the shock energy is < 1.5 J. With additional studies to confirm the safety of implantable atrial defibrillators, further reduce shock energy, and improve patient tolerance, an implantable atrial defibrillator can become an acceptable therapy for patients with symptomatic, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
Partial characterization of liver proteins following exposure to mercury.

Molecular events which determine the biological tolerance for a substance such as mercury are not known; yet it is possible that protein induction, a selective means for regulating in uivo levels of proteins, is one cellular occurrence in which detoxifying proteins are increased, thus enabling an animal to adapt to higher levels of the (toxic) substance. Certain metals are known to function as activating or depressing agents in the regulation of protein synthesis and protein turnover [l-3] . Data presented in this report suggest that levels of mercury are tolerated under conditions which appear to involve inductiondetoxification processes. Using the techniques of centrifugation, gel filtration, ultraviolet absorption and metal sulfide analysis, soluble proteins from mercury treated animals are shown to be increased and proteins known to contain specific binding sites for mercury are cited as possible candidates for the stimulated molecules.
Modified equation techniques for reactive-diffusive systems. Part 2: Time linearization and operator-splitting methods

Abstract Modified equation methods are applied with time-linearization and operator-splitting techniques to the study of a reaction-diffusion equation which has an exact travelling wave solution. Comparisons between the exact and computed solutions have been made in terms of L 2 - norm errors and wave speeds. It is shown that modified time-linearization methods are less accurate than time-linearized techniques if the time derivatives are evaluated by means of first-order accurate approximations. However, if second-order accurate discretizations are used to evaluate the time derivatives, modified time-linearization methods are more accurate than the Beam-Warming and Briley-McDonald schemes. Second-order accurate (in time) modified time-linearization methods yield L 2 - norm errors which are almost independent of time and of the time step used in the calculations. The accuracy of modified time-linearization techniques deteriorates as both the time step and grid spacing are increased. Second-order accurate (in time) modified time-linearization algorithms are more efficient for the same accuracy than the Beam-Warming technique. Modified operator-splitting methods yield wave speeds and L 2 - norm errors which are almost independent of the explicit or implicit treatment of the appended terms. A first-order accurate (in time) operator-splitting method was found to yield more accurate wave speeds than modified operator-splitting techniques indicating that no accuracy improvements are achieved by employing modified equation schemes in operator-splitting procedures.
Efficiency of visual feedback integration differs between dominant and non-dominant arms during a reaching task

Recent studies have shown that patterns of endpoint variability following double-step reach sequences reflect the influence of both planning and execution-related processes, but are strongly dominated by noise associated with the online updating of movement plans based on visual feedback. However, it is currently unclear whether these results reflect the dominant arm/hemisphere’s postulated specialization for visual feedback processing, or whether these effects reflect a more general “arm/hemisphere independent” preference for visual feedback in the control of reaching. To explore this, twelve subjects performed double-step reach sequences with their dominant and non-dominant arms to targets in 3D space with and without visual feedback of the arm. Variability was quantified using the volumes, aspect ratios, and orientations of 95 % confidence ellipsoids fit to the distributions of reach endpoints. In consonance with previous findings, the availability of visual feedback resulted in ellipsoids that were significantly smaller, had greater aspect ratios, and were more aligned with the depth axis than those performed without visual feedback. Moreover, the effects of vision on aspect ratio and orientation were similar in magnitude for the dominant and non-dominant arms, suggesting that noise associated with planning and execution-related processes is managed in a similar way by the sensorimotor systems of each arm. However, the degree to which vision decreased ellipsoid volume was found to be significantly greater for the dominant arm. This suggests that the feedback control system of the dominant arm uses visual information more efficiently to control reaches to visual targets.
Fragmented politics of US tourism.

Abstract Tourism politics in the USA can only be understood by examining it in the context of federalism. Each governmental level has its own tourism dynamics, interests, and problems. By examining the evolution and structure of tourism in the USA, one can understand why city and state governments are increasingly involved and why the national government fails to accord more scarce resources to national tourism efforts. Through the use of questionnaires and interview data, it becomes clear, however, that in the process of continuing tourism politics as usual, the national and even local public interest may be sadly neglected.
CHEMICAL DEMULSIFICATION OF OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION USING AIR-FLOTATION: THE IMPORTANCE OF FILM THICKNESS STABILITY

The thickness stability of the film between air bubble/oil drop and oil/oil drops in an induced air flotation process in the presence of flocculent was analyzed. A cationic, high molecular weight, polymeric flocculeni was used in the demulsification of a crude oil-in-water emulsion. A novel capillary force balance technique in conjunction with the film interference microscopy was used to study the film thickness stability of an emulsion film formed between oil drops and pseudoemulsion film formed between air bubbles and oil drops. It has been found that film thickness stability is related to the formation of dark spots (thinner area) inside the film. The formation of dark spots inside the thinning film has been explained by the local osmotic depletion-destabilization effect. It has been found that in the presence of the flocculent the emulsion film is less stable than the pseudoemulsion film, and the efficiency of the oil separation process by air flotation is therefore governed by the stability of the wa...
On the Non-Communicator

Review, 72:57-71 (1963), and Herman Tennesen, "Permissible and Impermissible Expressions," in Logic and Language (Dordrecht, Holland, 1962). 'See Jerry Fodor, "On Knowing What We Would Say," Philosophical Review, 73: 206n (1964), "I assume throughout that the speaker's claims about what he would say should be understood as predictions as to what his verbal behavior would be under the conditions enumerated. It is clear, however, that sometimes such claims are best understood as decisions as to what the best thing to say in such circumstances would be." In fairness, it should be pointed out that Fodor is particularly concerned in this article with the case in which the conditions enumerated are contrary to (empirically possible) fact. I take his use of "throughout," however, to imply that he intends the quoted remark to apply generally. "Must We Mean What We Say?" passim. 6 Ibid., p. 107. 'For example, pp. 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 89, 93n, 101. 8 Cavell's terms, although he most commonly uses "fishy." See, for example, p. 82. 'See "The Availability of What We Say," p. 64. "Cf. "Must We Mean WVhat We Say?" p. 91. "Ibid.
Dynamical equations for a Regge theory with crossing symmetry and unitarity. I. Introduction, and the case of weak coupling

A program for construction of a crossing-symmetric unitary Regge theory of meson-meson scattering is proposed. The construction proceeds through solution of a nonlinear functional equation, psi = G (psi), for certain partial-wave scattering functions psi. The functional equation is analogous to a conventional dynamical equation, in that the scattering amplitude is generated from input functions which describe the primary forces between mesons and possible inelastic effects. A solution of the equation provides a scattering amplitude having Mandelstam analyticity, exact crossing symmetry, exact unitarity below the production threshold, and meromorphy of partial waves in the right-half l plane, with the consequent Regge asymptotics. Inelastic unitarity (0 < or = eta (l,s) < or = 1) is not guaranteed, but may perhaps be achieved through constraints on inputs. In any case, the partial waves are bounded throughout the physical region; such a bound was not ensured in earlier schemes based on the Mandelstam iteration. In this first paper of a series, the equations are formulated for the case of weak coupling, in which no Regge poles enter the right-half l plane. Inelastic effects are described by crossed two-particle processes and assigned input functions. Later papers will treat the case of strong coupling,more » in which Regge trajectories are generated dynamically, and the extension of the formalism to include many coupled channels.« less
Body mass index, socio-economic status and socio-behavioral practices among Tz'utujil Maya women.

This study investigates the associations between body mass index (BMI), socio-economic status (SES) and related socio-behavioral practices including marriage and market visits in a population of adult Tz'utujil Maya women in Santiago Atitlan, Guatemala, aged 18-82. Mixed qualitative and quantitative methods include cross-sectional anthropometric measurements and semi-structured interviews gathered in 2007, as well as participant observation and purposive interviews conducted in 2007-2008. The regional quota sample of 53 semi-structured interviews was designed to be representative of the cantones (municipal divisions) of Santiago Atitlan. BMI was positively associated with years of schooling, income and literacy, all measures of SES. A statistical analysis of our data indicates that increased income, increased market visits and being married are significantly positively associated with BMI. Qualitative analysis based on the grounded theory method reveals relevant themes including a preoccupation with hunger and undernutrition rather than obesity, a preference for food quantity over dietary diversity, the economic and social influence of a husband, the effects of market distance and the increasing consumption of food from tiendas. These themes help to explain how SES, socio- behavioral practices and BMI are positively associated and can inform future public health interventions related to obesity and undernutrition.
A Laboratory Information Management System for High-Throughput Experimental Lipidomics: Minimal Information Required for the Analysis of Lipidomics Experiments (MIALE):

Sequencing of the human genome has opened the way and provided the impetus for building a comprehensive picture of a mammalian cell. Significant efforts are underway in the fields of genomics and p...
Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full? School Enrollment, Graduation, and Dropout Rates in Latin America

This paper uses 113 household surveys from 18 Latin American countries to document patterns in secondary school graduation rates over the period 1990–2010. It is found that enrollment and graduation rates increased dramatically during that period, while dropout rates decreased. Two explanations for these patterns are provided. First, countries implemented changes on the supply side to increase access, by increasing the resources allocated to education and designing policies to help students staying in school. At the same time, economic incentives to stay in school changed, since returns to secondary education increased over the 1990s. Despite this progress, graduation rates are low, and there persist remarkable gaps in educational outcomes in terms of gender, income quintiles, and regions within countries. In addition, wage returns have recently stagnated, and the quality of education in the region is low, casting doubts on whether the positive trend is sustainable in the medium term.
Global Perspectives on Gender Equality, Reversing the Gaze, by Naila Kabeer and Agneta Stark with Edda Magnus. New York: Routledge, 2007. 312 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0415963497 (hbk.). US$95.00.

Global Perspectives on Gender Equality: Reversing the Gaze, edited by Naila Kabeer and Agneta Stark with Edda Magnus. New York: Routledge, 2007. 312 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0415963497 (hbk.). US$95. This ...
A theoretical model of adolescent suicide and some evidence from US data

Suicide rates for adolescents have doubled since 1970 and tripled since 1960, even as rates for other age groups have declined. Using a Becker-type model of household production and consumption, we demonstrate conditions under which utility maximizing parents allocate time away from time-intensive commodities like children's well-being, and towards market work and less time-intensive consumption commodities. This reallocation of time towards market work has mixed effects on children' mental health: higher money income tends to improve family and children's well-being, but the loss of parental time has an opposite effect on children's mental health and increases the risk of adolescent suicide. Empirical evidence using state panel regressions of adolescent suicide rates on economic, social and demographic variables is consistent with predictions based on our model; our results indicate that the favorable effect of higher incomes has more than offset the negative effect of lost parental time.
Prefrontal projections to the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in the rhesus monkey.

The corticothalamic projections to the prefrontal cortex have been shown to be topographically organized. However, the underlying basis for this topography as it relates to the organization of the different architectonically defined areas of the prefrontal cortex has not been systematically studied. In the present investigation we have reassessed the thalamic projections from the different architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex by using the technique of autoradiography in the rhesus monkey. The results show that the prefrontomediodorsal projections are organized according to the architectonic differentiation of the prefrontal cortices. Thus architectonically less differentiated medial and orbital prefrontal regions project to the medial sector of the mediodorsal nucleus, the magnocellular subdivision. In contrast, highly differentiated prefrontal area 8 projects to the most lateral sector of the mediodorsal nucleus, the multiformis subdivision. Lateral prefrontal areas with intermediate architectonic features project to the central parvocellular sector of the mediodorsal nucleus. Additionally, these projections also reveal a dorsoventral topography. Thus areas in the medial and dorsolateral cortices project to the dorsal part of the mediodorsal nucleus. In contrast, areas in orbital and ventrolateral cortices project to the ventral part of the mediodorsal nucleus. The topographic organization of the corticothalamic connections described in this study corresponds to the progressive elaboration and differentiation of the architectonic features of the different prefrontal areas. This successive and dichotomous organization of prefrontothalamic connections may provide the basis for the observed differential functions of the prefrontal cortex and the mediodorsal nucleus.
The role of aflatoxin metabolism in its toxic lesion

Abstract The public health significance and fundamental mechanism of action of aflatoxin has been extensively examined since its discovery over 15 yr ago. It is comprised of a group of bis-furano-coumarins, which can be metabolized by drug-metabolizing enzyme system in addition to other enzymes. Most current literature supports the concept that microsomal enzyme activation is required before cytotoxicity can be expressed. Many aflatoxin B1 metabolites have been identified and their toxicological properties examined. Therefore the role for metabolism of aflatoxin B1 is crucial to its eventual toxicity, and an understanding of this rather complex metabolism scheme would further elucidate the toxicological significance of this compound as well as possibly identify the critical molecular interaction initiating the lesion. The metabolism of aflatoxin is herein reviewed.
Lincoln Avenue Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Base Project

Pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction operations have generated large supplies of reclaimed asphalt concrete (RAC). In Illinois crushed RAC generally called recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) supplies are not 100 percent recycled into hot-mix asphalt concrete production. RAP acceptance as a pavement base material has been limited because of the lack of laboratory testing information, information on structural behavior, and field performance data. Limited preliminary laboratory testing and isolated commercial and local road agency paving experience in Illinois indicate that RAP has significant potential as a pavement base. RAP base potential was evaluated by constructing the Lincoln Avenue (Urbana, Illinois) demonstration project during late September and early October 1993. The pavement section is a 305-mm (12-in.) lime-modified, fine-grained subgrade, a 203-mm (8-in.) compacted RAP base, and a 76-mm (3-in.) dense-graded asphalt concrete surface course. The construction, structural response, and perform...
Granular cell tumor of the trachea in pregnancy: a case report and review of literature.

Objectives/Hypothesis The objectives were to present a case report of a woman with recurrent disease during consecutive pregnancies and to discuss the diagnosis and management of granular cell tracheal tumors, with particular attention to pregnancy and hyperestrogenic states. Study Design Case report and literature review. Methods A Medline search and comprehensive review of literature to assess all cases of granular cell tumors of the trachea were compared and collected, with particular attention to individual cases of pregnancy or cases related to the hyperestrogenic state. Results Thirty-two cases of granular cell tumors of the trachea were found. Only a few cases related to the hyperestrogenic state were obtained. The case report describes a woman with recurrent disease in subsequent pregnancies during the later stages of pregnancy. Conclusion Few cases of granular cell tumors of the trachea have been reported, with even fewer being pregnancy related. The diagnosis and management of these tumors include careful attention to patient symptoms and airway management.
Intergovernmental Politics in the Allocation of Block Grant Funds for Substance Abuse in Michigan

This article examines the intersection between federal programmatic goals and state politics in the allocation ofsubstance-abuse block-grant money by the State ofMichigan. The Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Mental Health Services (ADMS) block grant allows states more flexibility in allocating "Drug War "funds. The ADMS formula determines the amount of money going to Michigan but does not determine the distribution offunds within the state. An examination of the distribution of ADMS funding among the eighteen coordinating agencies in Michigan finds that neither the state nor the national formulas distribute funds in a manner that reflects substance-abuse deaths. Michigan's formula produces a result consistent with the federalformula, despite the separate state and national formula negotiations. The process is not one of bargaining or even coercion; it may be described as mutually independent decisionmaking-or parallel policies. Models of intergovernmental relations must be revised to include the possibility of joint synergistic action without coordination.
High-energy X-rays from the Crab Nebula

We have conducted a balloon measurement of the X radiation from the Crab Nebula. Photons of high energy (∼ 50 kev) from the Crab were first detected by Clark [1965]; the present experiment has examined the energy range 23 to 455 kev with increased sensitivity and deduced a spectrum over a broader range than then possible. This letter discusses the X ray spectrum at photon energies up to 90 kev. The instrument employs a NaI (Tl) scintillator 10 cm in diameter and 5 cm thick. The energy resolution of the system is about 27%, full-width half-maximum, at 50 kev and about 16% at 150 kev. This scintillator and associated photomultiplier are surrounded by another NaI (Tl) crystal that is 30 cm long and 25.4 cm in outer diameter; it acts as a collimator. The wall thickness of the collimator is 7.5 cm on the sides and 10 cm in the back; six photomultipliers are associated with it. The two crystals are optically decoupled from each other, and the photo-multipliers viewing the two are connected in anticoincidence. A thin (0.64-g/cm2) plastic scintillator covers the 75-cm2 aperture. The photomultipliers viewing the plastic are also connected in anticoincidence with the tube viewing the central crystal. The anticoincidence arrangement rejects pulses due to other radiation types such as cosmic rays. Additional angular collimation is provided by three 7.5 cm thick toroidal plastic scintillators spaced in front of the main assembly (see Figure 1). Each of these three scintillators has an inner diameter of 10 cm and an outer diameter of 25.4 cm. The six photomultipliers viewing them are also connected in anticoincidence with the central scintillator. The acceptance cone of the instrument varies slightly with energy; a typical value is 0.006 ster.