cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections on Traditional African American Music: Its Function and Relevance in Contemporary Music Education

The place of traditional music in the field of music education has been a topic of discussion for some decades. Recently the discussion has been revived due to the dominance of popular contemporary music in the lives of students. However, most students have little knowledge about ethnic music of the past and how it has contributed to shaping their individual ethnicity, culture and unique sound. In the chapter that follows, important factors concerning traditional music and justification for its inclusion in the school music program and in music education will be explored. In particular, the chapter will focus on music from the African American culture in the United States. First, it reflects on the view of traditional African American music in music education programs and comments on the struggle to justify its worth as an art form. Second, it provides a historical perspective on the evolution of African American music in the United States. This includes a discussion on the connection to African music in relation to parallel traits present in the music and similar philosophical beliefs on teaching and learning. Third, it chronicles the evolution of African American music styles and their function within the culture. Last, it speaks to the relevance of an education in African American music for students, teachers, parents and the members of the community.
Engaging Students by Developing Patterns from a Historic Garment

Apparel construction courses provide opportunity for hands-on activities (McKeatchie, Pintrich, Lin, & Smith, 1987) and using a historic costume collection. Hands-on learning activities in apparel construction courses that incorporated history of costume has been found to enhance students' critical thinking and analysis of skills (Banard, 2015). These skills are valuable in the fashion industry (Banard; Weaver, 2011). A hands-on teaching assignment was developed in which a flat pattern class made patterns from historic garments to prepare for the digitizing process and the proposed steps in product development. Purpose/Objective of Strategy The purpose/objective of this teaching strategy was to: 1. apply flat pattern skills to replicate a historic garment, 2. record the measurements needed to successfully replicate a historic garment, 3. critically evaluate patterns made from a historic garment, 4. demonstrate how to manipulate pattern pieces to create style lines or shape into garments via flat pattern methods, and 5. translate a design idea into a flat pattern. This class will be implemented in the curriculum.
Pavlik harness applications for congenital dislocation of the hip : How short can they be made ?

We studied the results of different durations of application of the Pavlik harness for congenital dislocation or subluxation of the hip. For this, 110 hips in 106 patients were successfully reduced and examined when 6 years old. Dislocation and subluxation cases were divided into two groups: a long-term (4 months for dislocation and 3 months for subluxation) and a short-term (3 months for the former and 2 months for the latter) group. We compared them by roentgenographic analysis. The association between the long- and short-term groups was tested using statistical analyses. There were no significant differences between them, except for one item in subluxation. Therefore, we can say that the duration of application of the Pavlik harness should be reduced to 3 months for dislocation and 2 months for subluxation.
The effect of bulk gas diffusivity on apparent pulverized coal char combustion kinetics

Abstract Apparent char kinetic rates are commonly used to predict pulverized coal char burning rates. These kinetic rates quantify the char burning rate based on the temperature of the particle and the oxygen concentration at the external particle surface, inherently neglecting the impact of variations in the internal diffusion rate and penetration of oxygen. To investigate the impact of bulk gas diffusivity on these phenomena during Zone II burning conditions, experimental measurements were performed of char particle combustion temperature and burnout for a subbituminous coal burning in an optical entrained flow reactor with helium and nitrogen diluents. The combination of much higher thermal conductivity and mass diffusivity in the helium environments resulted in cooler char combustion temperatures than in equivalent N2 environments. Measured char burnout was similar in the two environments for a given bulk oxygen concentration but was approximately 60% higher in helium environments for a given char combustion temperature. To augment the experimental measurements, detailed particle simulations of the experimental conditions were conducted with the SKIPPY code. These simulations also showed a 60% higher burning rate in the helium environments for a given char particle combustion temperature. To differentiate the effect of enhanced diffusion through the external boundary layer from the effect of enhanced diffusion through the particle, additional SKIPPY simulations were conducted under selected conditions in N2 and He environments for which the temperature and concentrations of reactants (oxygen and steam) were identical on the external char surface. Under these conditions, which yield matching apparent char burning rates, the computed char burning rate for He was 50% larger, demonstrating the potential for significant errors with the apparent kinetics approach. However, for specific application to oxy-fuel combustion in CO2 environments, these results suggest the error to be as low as 3% when applying apparent char burning rates from nitrogen environments.
Absent and Discordant Electronic Health Record Documentation of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Care.

Abstract Objectives: Many patients with cancer use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), but the quality of CAM documentation in their electronic health records (EHRs) is unknown. The autho...
Patient, Nurse, and Organizational Factors That Influence Evidence-Based Fall Prevention for Hospitalized Oncology Patients: An Exploratory Study.

Background Hospital falls remain common despite decades of studies and guidelines to reduce their rate. Research evidence alone is insufficient, and integration of patient values and preferences, clinician expertise and experiences, and organizational culture is needed to ensure sustainable practice changes. Little is known about the best strategies for integrating these constructs to sustain effective fall prevention programs. Aims Guided by the Comprehensive Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), this study aimed to identify patient, nursing staff, and organizational-level factors that influence effective and sustainable fall prevention strategies with the goal of identifying variables amenable to targeted interventions. Methods A descriptive research design engaged four oncology units in a Midwestern academic medical center and included patients (N = 39) and nursing staff (N = 70). Questionnaire data were collected from patients with interview assistance, and nursing staff completed a demographic form and two standardized instruments adapted for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and narrative summaries. Results Findings indicated two-thirds of patients did not see themselves at risk for falling, despite nearly half having a fall history. Nursing staff indicated knowledge gaps related to specific known risks and interventions, and confidence in fall prevention management was lowest for team communication about patient risks and engaging patients and families in preventing falls. Linking evidence to action Engagement of patients in fall risk assessment and management, clear and routine communication among team members, and creating a culture of true engagement with appropriate leadership and resources can potentially improve the sustainability of successful fall prevention programs. The CFIR can guide the planning of fall prevention and other evidence-based practice changes to become hardwired and sustainable over time even with the ongoing introduction of new initiatives.
Exploring perceived autonomy support and emotions in university tennis courses

Using the control-value theory of achievement emotions (CVTAE) as a framework, this study investigated relationships among students’ perceived autonomy support, appraisals of control and value, and...
Convergence and divergence to radial optic flow in infancy

Research finds a relationship between the development of depth perception and ocular motion functions including smooth pursuit and ocular following response. Infants' reactions to looming stimuli also suggest sensitivity to optic flow information that specifies relative distance. With radial optic flow, an expanding flow field elicits involuntary convergent eye movements while a contracting one elicits involuntary divergent eye movements. This response suggests the visual system is interpreting the radial flow as a change in relative depth. We measured the oculomotor response to radial optic flow in infants aged two to five months. The stimulus comprised a radial optic flow pattern that expanded or contracted across eight 400 ms trials while eye position was monitored with a Tobii X120 eye tracker. A subset of infants also viewed trials of a static version of the stimulus. On average, most infants in each age group demonstrated convergence to the expanding pattern and divergence to the contracting one. Moreover, the difference in gain between the convergence and divergence eye movements was significant. The presence of correct-direction vergence eye movements in response to expansion and contraction provides further evidence that infants are sensitive to information that specifies relative motion in depth.
Entry Dispersion Analysis for the Stardust Comet Sample Return Capsule

Stardust will be the first mission to return samples from beyond the Earth-Moon system. The sample return capsule, which is passively controlled during the fastest Earth entry ever, will land by parachute in Utah. The present study analyzes the entry, descent, and landing of the returning sample capsule. The effects of two aerodynamic instabilities are revealed (one in the high altitude free molecular regime and the other in the transonic/subsonic flow regime). These instabilities could lead to unacceptably large excursions in the angle-of-attack near peak heating and main parachute deployment, respectively. To reduce the excursions resulting from the high altitude instability, the entry spin rate of the capsule is increased. To stabilize the excursions from the transonic/subsonic instability, a drogue chute with deployment triggered by an accelerometer and timer is added prior to main parachute deployment. A Monte Carlo dispersion analysis of the modified entry (from which the impact of off-nominal conditions during the entry is ascertained) shows that the capsule attitude excursions near peak heating and drogue chute deployment are within Stardust program limits. Additionally, the size of the resulting 3-sigma landing ellipse is 83.5 km in downrange by 29.2 km in crossrange, which is within the Utah Test and Training Range boundaries.
Design of a pragmatic cluster-randomized trial comparing telehealth care and best practice clinic-based care for uncontrolled high blood pressure.

Abstract Background Uncontrolled hypertension is the largest single contributor to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the U.S. population. Nurse- and pharmacist-led team-based care and telehealth care interventions have been shown to result in large and lasting improvements in blood pressure (BP); however, it is unclear how successfully these can be implemented at scale in real-world settings. It is also uncertain how telehealth interventions impact patient experience compared to traditional clinic-based care. Aims/objectives To compare the effects of two evidence-based blood pressure care strategies in the primary care setting: (1) best-practice clinic-based care and (2) telehealth care with home BP telemonitoring and management by a clinical pharmacist. To evaluate implementation using mixed-methods supported by the RE-AIM framework and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Methods The design is a cluster-randomized comparative effectiveness pragmatic trial in 21 primary care clinics (9 clinic-based care, 12 telehealth care). Adult patients (age 18–85) with hypertension are enrolled via automated electronic health record (EHR) tools during primary care encounters if BP is elevated to ≥150/95 mmHg at two consecutive visits. The primary outcome is change in systolic BP over 12 months as extracted from the EHR. Secondary outcomes are change in key patient-reported outcomes over 6 months as measured by surveys. Qualitative data are collected at various time points to investigate implementation barriers and help explain intervention effects. Conclusion This pragmatic trial aims to inform health systems about the benefits, strengths, and limitations of implementing home BP telemonitoring with pharmacist management for uncontrolled hypertension in real-world primary care settings.
Abstract TP102: Human Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosome-Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 Dependent Protection in Ischemic Stroke Injury

Following thrombolytic therapy for stroke, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) mediated inflammation often disrupts the blood brain barrier (BBB). This can enhance expression of endothelial adhesion markers...
Evaluating the impact of catalyst selection and semiconductor band edge on the photoelectrochemical production of H2O2 via a real-time in situ probe

Abstract Generating H2O2 through the use of photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) is attractive for integrating renewable energies into the production of this environmentally-friendly chemical oxidant. Here, we fabricate a PEC for producing H2O2, establish an effective analytical platform for studying this device, and determine optimal catalysts to use. Specifically, we use scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) as an analytical technique to measure H2O2 production in-situ from a PEC and study a variety of electrocatalysts and photocatalysts. The effects of materials properties such as photoanode band edge and H2O2 electrocatalyst selectivity are probed here to determine ideal catalytic properties for an optimal H2O2 PEC. This work successfully incorporated SECM as an H2O2 detection method into a 2-electrode PEC, and it also demonstrates the potential to streamline the discovery of new materials for implementation into a high efficiency H2O2 PEC.
Prevalence of Treatment Burden in the Last Three Years of Life.

Background: Little is known about the experience of treatment burden, or the difficulties that arise when the treatment workload overwhelms one's ability to take on treatment activities, at the end of life. Objective: We first assessed rates of treatment burden experienced by all older adults in the last three years of life. Among the subset of our sample who had multiple chronic conditions (MCCs), we determined correlates of treatment burden with sociodemographic, health, and caregiving factors. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study using nationally representative data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). Setting/Subjects: Our sample included 356 adults, aged 65 years and older, who died within three years of completing the 2012 NHATS Treatment Burden Questionnaire. Our MCC cohort included only those in our sample with two or more chronic conditions. Measurements: Our measure of treatment burden included reports of difficulty in managing treatment activities, delays in treatments, or feeling that physicians asked for too much. We built a composite measure to identify burden if participants reported that at least one item occurred sometimes or often. Results: Forty-three percent of older adults in their last three years of life experienced treatment burden. Among individuals with MCCs, bivariate analysis found that treatment burden was associated with being a racial minority and having depression, anxiety, and a cancer diagnosis. These associations were not statistically significant in a multivariable model. Conclusion: Treatment burden is a common experience among older adults regardless of sociodemographic, clinical, and caregiving factors.
Detector thickness effects on nanosecond-gated imager response

Hybrid CMOS multi-frame imagers with exposure times down to ∼2 ns have made significant impacts in high energy density physics and inertial confinement fusion research. The detector thickness is a key parameter in both detector quantum efficiency and temporal response. The Icarus hybrid CMOS imager has been fabricated with Si detector thicknesses of 8, 25, and 100 µm. The temporal response of imaging sensors with exposure time down to 2 ns has been examined and compared to directly measured photodiode current. The 100-μm thick variant displays extended features related to charge carrier collection and is more susceptible to field collapse. We also demonstrate charge collection time effects on spatial response.
Does a Recumbent Lateral Stability Trainer Improve Balance Scores Among Older Adults Within 4 Weeks

Backgroud Past literature has shown that balance and strength are important in preventing falls, but few studies have focused on developing strength and power in a lateral plane. The purpose of this study was to determine if a lateral pedal recumbent training device can improve balance scores among older adults in 4 weeks. Methods A 2-group experimental-control multivariate design (43 women, 13 men; age, 77.4 ± 3 years; weight, 78.91 ± 0.2 kg; height, 167.13 ± 0.8 cm; body mass index, 28.7 ± 0.5 kg/m) was selected for the study. Participants (n = 56) were divided into 2 groups and were pretested and posttested on a computerized posturography plate to determine center of pressure scores with eyes opened with stable surface (EOSS), with eyes closed with stable surface (ECSS), with eyes open with perturbed surface (EOPS), and with eyes closed with perturbed surface (ECPS). The experimental group used the lateral trainer for 15 minutes, 3 times per week, for 4 consecutive weeks; the control group maintained a sedentary lifestyle. A mixed-effects repeated measures multiple analysis of variance was used to determine significance. Results There were statistically significant differences over time for EOPS (p = 0.047) and ECPS (p = 0.047). Likewise, there were statistically significant differences for each univariate outcome with EOSS (p = 0.045), ECSS (p = 0.033), EOPS (p = 0.010), and ECPS (p = 0.026). Conclusion A recumbent lateral stability device can improve balance scores among older adults within 4 weeks of training.
Schooling, Literacy, Numeracy and Labour Market Success

This paper uses data from the 1996 Australian Survey of Aspects of Literacy to examine the effects on labour market outcomes of literacy, numeracy and educational attainment. The survey includes a range of literacy and numeracy variables that are highly inter-correlated. A “general to specific” approach identifies the most relevant literacy and numeracy variables. Including the others adds little explanatory power. Among males and females separately about half of the total effect of education on labour force participation and on unemployment can be attributed to literacy and numeracy (the indirect effect) and about half to the direct effect of education. There is apparently no indirect effect of labour market experience through literacy and numeracy on participation or unemployment. The direct and total effects of experience are the same. The findings suggest that education is a value added process in which skills, including literacy and numeracy, are improved and that these skills enhance labour market outcomes.
Gene flow biases population genetic inference of recombination rate

Accurate estimates of the rate of recombination are key to understanding a host of evolutionary processes as well as the evolution of recombination rate itself. Model-based population genetic methods that infer recombination rates from patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the genome have become a popular method to estimate rates of recombination. However, these LD-based methods make a variety of simplifying assumptions about the populations of interest that are often not met in natural populations. One such assumption is the absence of gene flow from other populations. Here, we use forward-time population genetic simulations of isolation-with-migration scenarios to explore how gene flow affects the accuracy of LD-based estimators of recombination rate. We find that moderate levels of gene flow can result in either the overestimation or underestimation of recombination rates by up to 20-50% depending on the timing of divergence. We also find that these biases can affect the detection of interpopulation differences in recombination rate, causing both false positive and false negatives depending on the scenario. We discuss future possibilities for mitigating these biases and recommend that investigators exercise caution and confirm that their study populations meet assumptions before deploying these methods.
Puberty, Sexuality and the Self: Girls and Boys at Adolescence

Puberty, Sexuality and the Self considers the effects of puberty and teenage sexuality on adolescents. By analyzing interviews with 55 teenagers, Karin Martin finds that girls' self-esteem drops significantly more than boys' does at adolescence. While this finding is supported by previous studies, Martin picks up where these earlier studies leave off by focusing on girls' development and considering different experiences of puberty and sex as an explanation for girls' greater drop in self-esteem. Puberty, Sexuality and the Self examines voice change, breast development, shaving, expectations of sex, the decision to have sex, experiences of sex and how boys and girls manage their emotions and selves throughout all of these new experiences. Comparing boys and girls at adolescence, Martin takes a qualitative look at puberty and sexuality, supporting her theory in the words of the adolescents themselves.
Lattices of α-Recursively Enumerable Sets

Publisher Summary Lattices of a-recursively enumerable sets provide an excellent setting for the study of recursion theory on admissible ordinals. Many theorems of ordinary recursion theory fail in this setting, providing examples which distinguish those properties of w which are significant for generalized recursion theory from those properties which are particular to ordinary recursion theory. These differences have stimulated the discovery of genuinely new constructions which are not liftings of proofs or constructions from ordinary recursion theory. Yet there is enough similarity with ordinary recursion theory so that the difficult methods of a-recursion theory which were introduced to lift theorems come into play in the study of the lattices. Infact, some of these methods were discovered by considering Lattice-theoretic questions. We will survey lattices of u-resets, including the case a = w , in this paper. few of the easier proofs will be presented in order to provide the reader with the flavor of the methods used in the subject. We will, however, avoid the more difficult proofs. Reduction to a-recursion theory and lattices of ure sets. I n Section 2, we will introduce a quotient of the lattice of a-resets in which many questions of interest are more easily worked.
Antibody conjugates with cobra venom factor: Synthesis and biochemical characterization☆

Abstract Immunoconjugates are semi-synthetic hybrid proteins which bear great promise to become a new generation of anti-tumor agents. While many immunoconjugates have been shown to be selectively cytotoxic in in vitro model systems, dramatic in vivo anti-tumor effects have not been reported. To improve the activity of immunoconjugates, careful structure-function analyses have to be performed. We report here such an analysis for immunoconjugates consisting of a monoclonal anti-tumor antibody (MoAb) and cobra venom factor (CVF), the complement-activating glycoprotein from cobra venom, synthesized with the heterobifunctional crosslinking reagent N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP). It is shown that a reaction mixture after protein coupling contains free MoAb and CVF as well as hybrid proteins of different compositions (dimers (MoAb-CVF), trimers (MoAb2-CVF, MoAb-CVF2), tetramers (MoAb-CVF3, MoAb2-CVF2, MoAb3-CVF), and some higher oligomers). While free MoAb and CVF can be removed by size exclusion chromatography, separation of different oligomeric hybrid proteins is not possible by this method. From the biochemical characterization of the hybrid proteins, which included the determination of sedimentation coefficients, recording of circular dichroism spectra with subsequent determination of secondary structure, and ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy, it was concluded that the two proteins do not undergo major structural changes upon coupling, and that the coupling of the two proteins is random with no preferential relative orientation. The functional inactivation of CVF was substantial (∼ 70%) due to both derivatization with SPDP and subsequent conjugation to the MoAb, with conjugation being relatively more inactivating than derivatization. In contrast, the binding activity of the antibody was far less susceptible to inactivation. In conclusion, our data indicate that immunoconjugate synthesis with heterobifunctional crosslinking reagents results in mixture of heterogeneous hybrid proteins and causes substantial functional inactivation. For successful in vivo anti-tumor activity of future immunoconjugates with CVF and other protein ligands better methods for immunoconjugate synthesis will have to be developed.
Improved communication/computation infrastructure for better monitoring and control

This presentation shows that the 60s era design of the monitoring and control technology of the electric power grid is inadequate to reliably operate the modern, more complex and deregulated power system of today. It shows how the new communication, computation and control technologies should be used to completely overhaul the information architecture so that fast, system-wide, automatic control can replace the manual and/or local control of today. In addition, such an information infrastructure will be less amenable to malicious attacks.
Visual Behavior as an Aspect of Power Role Relationships

There is an intriguing paradox inherent in the shared glance. On the one hand, there is the suggestion that willingness to engage in mutual glances is a means of establishing union with another (Simmel, 1969) — a suggestion which is supported by empirical evidence that affiliative motives (Exline, 1963) and loving relationships (Rubin, 1970) are characterized by relatively greater amounts of mutual looks than are their opposites. On the other hand, there is the suggestion, also backed with empirical evidence, that a mutual glance elicits threat displays between subhuman primates (Hinde and Rowell, 1962; Hall and Devore, 1965; Jay, 1965), that the fixed glance of one human is associated with another’s accelerated movement away (Ellsworth, Carlsmith, & Henson, 1972), and that, in specified circumstances, the one who first breaks off a mutual glance is socially subordinate (Edelman, Omark, & Freedman, 1971), while one who looks steadily at another in silence is perceived to be more dominant than one who looks briefly (Thayer, 1969).
Temporary Protection, Enduring Contradiction: The Contested and Contradictory Meanings of Temporary Immigration Status

In the construction of immigration status categories in law and social practice, the power of the nation‐state to define migrants’ status is pervasive but far from absolute. In this article, I examine the conditioned legality known as Temporary Protected Status (TPS) in US immigration law through a discussion of legal structures, historical frames, local discourses, and Salvadoran migrants’ lived experiences with liminal legality in rural Arkansas in the first decade of the twenty‐first century. I argue that migration policy, though fraught with ambiguity and contradiction (see Coutin 2007; Coutin and Yngvesson 2008), functions both to reproduce and to mask the benefits to the nation‐state from the ambiguous inclusion and simultaneous exclusion of migrant workers. In spite of the efficacious ways immigration policies discipline and constrain, within these limits migrants, legal practitioners, and others respond as critical agents to the policy structures shaping their lives.
Countering Gattaca: Efficient and Secure Testing of Fully-Sequenced Human Genomes (Full Version)

Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies have put ubiquitous availability of fully sequenced human genomes within reach. It is no longer hard to imagine the day when everyone will have the means to obtain and store one's own DNA sequence. Widespread and affordable availability of fully sequenced genomes immediately opens up important opportunities in a number of health-related fields. In particular, common genomic applications and tests performed in vitro today will soon be conducted computationally, using digitized genomes. New applications will be developed as genome-enabled medicine becomes increasingly preventive and personalized. However, this progress also prompts significant privacy challenges associated with potential loss, theft, or misuse of genomic data. In this paper, we begin to address genomic privacy by focusing on three important applications: Paternity Tests, Personalized Medicine, and Genetic Compatibility Tests. After carefully analyzing these applications and their privacy requirements, we propose a set of efficient techniques based on private set operations. This allows us to implement in in silico some operations that are currently performed via in vitro methods, in a secure fashion. Experimental results demonstrate that proposed techniques are both feasible and practical today.
From hardware verification to software verification: re-use and re-learn

With the growing maturity in hardware verification methods, there has been great interest in applying them to verification of software programs. Aside from issues of scale and complexity, there are many differences between the two domains in the underlying problem of searching for bugs. In this talk, I will describe our experiences with this transition, with emphasis on methods that worked and those that did not.
Two New Cases Further Define the Duty to Preserve Evidence

The general rule in Illinois is that there is no prelawsuit duty to preserve evidence. However, a duty can arise through an agreement, a voluntary undertaking to preserve, a statute, or a “special circumstance.” Where a duty arises, it requires preservation of evidence if a reasonable person in that position “should have foreseen that the evidence was material to a potential civil action.” Breach of this duty can lead to a sanction in a later civil action or to a tort claim in negligence. Such a tort claim may be pursued against one (like an insurer) who would not otherwise be a defendant.Recently both the Illinois Supreme Court and the Illinois Appellate Court ruled on the voluntary undertaking and “special circumstance” exceptions. The rulings shed some light on the pre-lawsuit duty to preserve, but difficult questions remain.As to voluntary undertaking, the courts focused on whether something significant was done to facilitate the continued existence of the evidence which demonstrated an affirmative acknowledgment or recognition of a duty to preserve. Thus, small-scale evidence preservation, especially if arising out of contract (as with insurance), prompts no duty to preserve.As to “special circumstances,” the courts deemed a request to preserve evidence is key, though such a request alone is often insufficient, as when there is no preexisting relationship between the requester and the evidence holder. The duty will less likely arise where the requester had “reasonable” or “adequate” opportunity to inspect the evidence before it was lost (as with a sidewalk), or the evidence holder’s destruction of the evidence served a “strong public policy” (as with demolition of a condemned building).
Evidence that Spt3 functionally interacts with Mot1, TFIIA, and TATA-binding protein to confer promoter-specific transcriptional control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Spt3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a factor required for normal transcription from particular RNA polymerase II-dependent promoters. Previous genetic and biochemical analyses have shown that Spt3 interacts with the yeast TATA-binding protein (TBP). To identify other factors that might interact with Spt3, we have screened for mutations that, in combination with anspt3null mutation, lead to inviability. In this way, we have identified a mutation in MOT1, which encodes an ATP-dependent inhibitor of TBP binding to TATA boxes. PreviousanalysessuggestedthatMot1causesrepressioninvivo.However,ouranalysisofmot1mutantsshows that, similar to spt3 mutants, they have decreased levels of transcription from certain genes, suggesting that Mot1 may function as an activator in vivo. In addition,mot1mutants have other phenotypes in common with spt3D mutants, including suppression of the insertion mutation his4-912d. Motivated by these Spt3-Mot1 geneticinteractions,wetestedforgeneticinteractionsbetweenSpt3andthegeneraltranscriptionfactorTFIIA. TFIIA has been shown previously to be functionally related to Mot1. We found that overexpression of TFIIA partially suppresses anspt3Dmutation, thattoa1mutants have Spt 2 phenotypes, and thatspt3Dtoa1double mutantsareinviable.Webelievethat,takentogether,thesedatasuggestthatSpt3,Mot1,andTFIIAcooperate to regulate TBP-DNA interactions, perhaps at the level of TATA box selection in vivo.
Evaluation of Alternatives for the Disposition of Surplus Weapons-usable Plutonium

Multiattribute utility (MAU) theory provides a formal methodology which is used to evaluate alternatives for disposition of surplus plutonium to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Other concerns that were also addressed include economical, technical, environmental, and health and safety issues.
Acousto-plasmofluidics: Acoustic modulation of surface plasmon resonance in microfluidic systems

We acoustically modulated the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of metal nanostructures integrated within microfluidic systems. An acoustically driven micromixing device based on bubble microstreaming quickly and homogeneously mixes multiple laminar flows of different refractive indices. The altered refractive index of the mixed fluids enables rapid modulation of the LSPRs of gold nanodisk arrays embedded within the microfluidic channel. The device features fast response for dynamic operation, and the refractive index within the channel is tailorable. With these unique features, our “acousto-plasmofluidic” device can be useful in applications such as optical switches, modulators, filters, biosensors, and lab-on-a-chip systems.
Palindromes in chromosomes.

Abstract Eukaryotic DNA fragments that are totally denatured by alkali swiftly re-form duplex regions that are several hundred up to several thousand nucleotide pairs in length. A combination of sedimentation and electron microscopic studies demonstrate that they arise by the folding-back of a single linear chain, and not from cross-linking between the two complementary chains. Thus these “hairpin”-like structures must come from inverted repetitions of the type A B C t C′B′A′ that are located at intervals along the chromatid. Electron microscopic studies, reveal no unpaired single-chain regions in the “turn-around” t. The resistance of these hairpins to single-chain specific nucleases indicates that t must only consist of a few nucleotides. Therefore we call these regions in double-chain DNA palindromes, because, given the antiparallel arrangement of the polynucleotide chains, these sequences read the same both backwards and forwards. The thermal stability profile of these hairpins is nearly identical to that of sonicated duplex fragments of comparable length. Since these hairpins have the same average base composition as bulk DNA, the palindromes are nearly perfect. By studying the fraction of DNA retained on hydroxyapatite as a function of chain length, one may determine the distribution of palindromes along the DNA. These experiments are best explained by clusters of palindromes located at intervals of 10 to 80 /gm depending on the species. The presence of such long, well-matched palindromes suggests that the linear double helix may sometimes adopt an alternative configuration, the cruciform, in which mismatches that may occur are eliminated by excision and repair.
IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS ON SOOT PROPERTIES AND DPF REGENERATION

Abstract In this work, fuel formulation exerted a strong influence on the properties of diesel particulates leading to differences in oxidation rate. These differences were especially significant when comparing soot derived from the combustion of soybean oil-derived biodiesel fuel (B100) and soot obtained from combustion of a Fischer–Tropsch diesel fuel (FT). These 2 fuels mainly differ in fuel oxygen content. Although B100 soot possesses an initially ordered structure, it is 5 times more oxidatively reactive than FT soot. While the initial structure alone does not dictate the reactivity of diesel soot, the relative amount of initial oxygen groups is the more important factor governing the oxidation rate than the initial structure and pore size distribution. Therefore, incorporation of greater surface oxygen functionality in the B100 soot provides the means for more rapid oxidation and thereby enables efficient regeneration of the diesel particulate filter.
The Chemical Forms in which Procaine Amide Ethobromide is Secreted into Rat Bile

1. Procaine amide ethobromide (PAEB) is actively secreted into rat bile unchanged and also in a conjugated form.2. The conjugate was shown to be identical with synthetic N-acetyl procaine amide ethobromide (APAEB) by thin-layer chromatography, Sephadex gel filtration, and comparisons of hydrolysis rates.3. It is suggested that APAEB would be a useful model compound for studying the hepatic transport of organic cations.
TVAߞNondomestic purchases by a government utility

When a government agency purchases materials and equipment, it is required by law to accept bids from all qualified sources, except in cases of emergency. If the products are of equal quality, the agency must then buy from the lowest bidder, whether he be domestic or foreign. It is obvious that the utility industry in general, and the Tennessee Valley Authority in particular, rely heavily on European and Japanese manufacturers for a large percentage of their equipment needs. Price and delivery schedules are important factors; and the quality of products purchased abroad has generally been equal to or better than the comparable domestic product.
When First and Last Concur: Closure in John Donne's “The Annuntiation and Passion”

“And therefore it is easie to observe,” writes Donne in a sermon on the Psalms, “that in all Metricall compositions, … the force of the whole piece, is for the most part left to the summing up; the...
Properties of fluorine-doped tin oxide films produced by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition from tetramethyltin, bromotrifluoromethane and oxygen

Abstract Fluorine-doped tin oxide films were produced by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition from various mixtures of tetramethyltin, bromotrifluoromethane, and oxygen. Growth rates of up to 60 nm s −1 were achieved. Optical measurements to assess the visible transparency are presented. Hall effect measurements revealed mobilities of up to 42 cm 2 V −1 s −1 and carrier concentrations typically in the range (1–6) × 10 20 cm −3 . Microprobe analysis revealed the presence of electrically inactive fluorine atoms especially at low deposition temperatures and at high tetramethyltin (2 mol. %) and bromotrifluoromethane (4 mol. %) compositions. However, at high deposition temperature and low tetramethyltin (0.5 mol. %) or low bromotrifluoromethane (0.5 mol. %) mixtures, almost all the fluorine dopant atoms are electrically active. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed an increase in surface texturing when the tetramethyltin concentration was decreased or the oxygen concentration was increased. X-ray crystallography showed preferential orientation of the crystallites for most reaction conditions.
Shuttlebox Sidman avoidance in rhesus monkeys: day of week and amphetamine effects.

Due to its stability and sensitivity, the Sidman avoidance schedule has been often used to characterize the psychotropic effects of drugs. In the present study, the effects of d-amphetamine (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg IM) on shuttlebox Sidman avoidance by rhesus monkeys were investigated. Amphetamine resulted in increased avoidance rates as shown by both bin and mean inter-response time (IRT) analyses. These results demonstrate the potential usefulness of this combination of task, species, and apparatus for investigating the effects of psychotropic substances. In addition, analysis of baseline data indicated a small but significant day of week effect with more efficient performance at the end of the week. The implications of this finding for conducting drug studies involving repeated measurements (i.e., cross-over designs) are discussed.
Chapter 5 Model choice and specification analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses statistical theories of model selection and traditional problems. One important source of model-selection problems is the existence of a priori opinion that constraints are “likely.” Statistical testing is then designed either to determine if a set of constraints is “true” or to determine if a set of constraints is “approximately true.” The solution to these two problems that might be supposed to be essentially the same, in fact diverge in two important respects: (1) the first problem leads clearly to a significance level—that is a decreasing function of sample size, whereas (2) the second problem selects a relatively constant significance level. The problem has a set of alternative models—that is determined entirely from a priori knowledge, whereas the second problem can have a data-dependent set of hypotheses. Quadratic loss functions are discussed in the chapter both with and without fixed costs. Quadratic loss does not imply a model-selection problem. The chapter also discusses problems that are not well known.
Escherichia coli that Cause Diarrhea: Enterotoxigenic, Enteropathogenic, Enteroinvasive, Enterohemorrhagic, and Enteroadherent

There are four major categories of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: enterotoxigenic (a major cause of travelers' diarrhea and infant diarrhea in less-developed countries), enteroinvasive (a cause of dysentery), enteropathogenic (an important cause of infant diarrhea), and enterohemorrhagic (a cause of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome). Besides manifesting distinct clinical patterns, these categories of E. coli differ in their epidemiology and pathogenesis and in their 0:H serotypes. Common features (albeit distinct for each category) include plasmid-encoded virulence properties, characteristic interactions with intestinal mucosa, and elaboration of various types of enterotoxins or cytotoxins. A less-well-defined fifth category of diarrheagenic E. coli is that of enteroadherent E. coli, so far identifiable only by their pattern of adherence to Hep-2 cells in tissue culture.
Comparison of an X-Ray and a Green-Boll Technique for Screening Cotton for Resistance to Pink Bollworm

When an x-ray method of examining the damage done by Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) to cottonseed was compared with an examination of green bolls for numbers of insects, the data obtained by both methods were significantly correlated. The main advantages of the x-ray method are that it provides a direct measure of plant (seed) damage and we can examine damage to single plants in segregating progenies that would not provide enough green bolls for weekly examination. Disadvantages include possible mutagenic effects, and unsuitability for monitoring seasonal fluctuations in insect populations. However, mutagenic effects probably will be negligible since the dose of irradiation is small. Also, it may be possible to estimate seasonal fluctuations in percentage seed damage, an indirect measure of insect populations, by altering the sampling technique.
In vivo internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by embryonic chick osteoblasts

Staphlylococcus aureus is the primary pathogen associated with osteomyelitis, an acute and recurrent bone disease. Internalization of S. aureus by cultured embryonic chick calvarial osteoblasts has been observed. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that internalization of bacteria by embryonic chick calvarial and tibial osteoblasts occurs in vivo. In initial experiments, 10(8) colony forming units (cfu) of S. aureus, strain UAMS-1 or Cowan 1, were injected subcutaneously under the scalp skin of 17 day chick embryos. After 45 min, calvariae were harvested and processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In subsequent experiments, 10(9) cfu of UAMS-1 were injected into the allantoic sac of 17 day chick embryos via a small opening in the egg shell. After 48 h, calvariae and tibiae were harvested for TEM. S. aureus cells were found in approximately 14% of the calvarial osteoblasts after subcutaneous injection and in 11% of calvarial and tibial osteoblasts following intraallantoic injection. Endosomes were observed in some cells, but most bacteria internalized appeared to be free in the cytoplasm. Osteoblasts with as few as five bacteria had a greater loss of cytoplasmic integrity and a more heterochromatic nucleus than osteoblasts with fewer bacteria or than uninfected osteoblasts. S. aureus cells in calvariae and tibiae were also observed in the cytoplasm of approximately 4% of the osteocytes in mineralized bone matrix. Thus, internalization of S. aureus by osteoblasts in vivo augments the previous observation in vitro. This study has also shown that osteoblasts with few bacteria continue differentiating into osteocytes. Results of these experiments support the hypothesis that internalization of S. aureus by osteoblasts may play a role in the etiology of osteomyelitis.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ICP22 but Not US1.5 Is Required for Efficient Acute Replication in Mice and VICE Domain Formation

The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) immediate-early protein, infected cell protein 22 (ICP22), is required for efficient replication in restrictive cells, for virus-induced chaperone-enriched (VICE) domain formation, and for normal expression of a subset of viral late proteins. Additionally, ICP22 is important for optimal acute viral replication in vivo. Previous studies have shown that the US1 gene that encodes ICP22, produces an in-frame, N-terminally truncated form of ICP22, known as US1.5. To date, studies conducted to characterize the functions of ICP22 have not separated its functions from those of US1.5. To determine the individual roles of ICP22 and US1.5, we made viral mutants that express either ICP22 with an M90A mutation in the US1.5 initiation codon (M90A) or US1.5 with three stop codons introduced upstream of the US1.5 start codon (3×stop). Our studies showed that, in contrast to M90A, 3×stop was unable to replicate efficiently in the eyes and trigeminal ganglia of mice during acute infection, to efficiently establish a latent infection, or to induce VICE domain formation and was only mildly reduced in its replication in restrictive HEL-299 cells and murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Both mutants enhanced the expression of the late viral proteins virion host shutoff (vhs) and glycoprotein C (gC) and inhibited viral gene expression mediated by HSV-1 infected cell protein 0 (ICP0). When we tested our mutants' sensitivity to type I interferon (beta interferon [IFN-β]) in restrictive cells, we noticed that the plating of the ICP22 null (d22) and 3×stop mutants was reduced by the addition of IFN-β. Overall, our data suggest that US1.5 partially complements the functions of ICP22.