cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional angular optical scattering patterns of aerosol particles in the mid-infrared: measurements designed to obtain particle absorption

Real-time and in-situ detection and discrimination of aerosol particles, especially bio-aerosols, continues to be an important challenge. The technique labeled TAOS (Two-dimensional Angular Optical Scattering) characterizes particles based upon the angular distribution of elastically scattered light. The detected angular distribution of light, labeled the TAOS pattern, depends upon the particle’s shape, size, surface features, and its complex refractive index. Thus, the absorptive properties of a particle affect the TAOS pattern. Furthermore, we expect to use this change in the TAOS pattern, which occurs when the particle absorption band includes the input wavelength, to characterize the strength of the absorption. Thus, by illuminating a particle in the mid-infrared wavelength range, high frequency vibrational modes that are unique to the aerosol can be reached and quantified. Spherical aerosol particles (in the diameter range of 50-60 micrometers) were generated via a droplet generator and illuminated by an Interband Cascade (IC) laser designed to emit in the 3-5 micrometers wavelength range. The TAOS pattern of the elastically scattered light was detected with an InSb-focal-plane-array infrared camera.
Targeting in linear DNA duplexes with two complementary probe strands for hybrid stability

A new in vitro hybridization reaction targets two short complementary RecA protein-coated DNA probes to homologous sequences at any position in a linear duplex DNA molecule. Stable hybrids are obtained after RecA protein removal when both complementary probe strands are present in a four-stranded hybrid, but not when one probe strand is present in a three-stranded hybrid. In four-stranded hybrids with one probe strand biotinylated and the other radiolabelled, the deproteinized hybrids can be isolated and detected by affinity capture on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. RecA-mediated targeting of complementary biotinylated DNA probe strands allows the affinity capture of 48.5-kilobase duplex λ genomic DNA. These reactions provide a means of isolating any desired duplex gene or chromosomal DNA fragment.
Problems in Freud's psychology of women.

Freud's ideas on the development and psychological characteristics of girls and women, though laden with rich clinical and theoretical discoveries and achievements, appear to have been significantly flawed by the influence of traditional patriarchal and evolutionary values. This influence is evident in certain questionable presuppositions, logical errors and inconsistencies, suspensions of intensive inquiry, underemphasis on certain developmental variables, and confusions between observations, definitions, and value preferences. Under three headings-The Problem of Women's Morality and Objectivity, The Problem of Neglected Prephallic Development, and The Problem of Naming-I discuss Freud's generalizations concerning ego and superego development in boys and girls, penis envy, biologically predestined procreativity, the role of the mother, the fateful linkages male-masculine-active-aggressive-dominant and female-feminine-passive-masochistic-submissive, and other topics as well. In general, it is argued that Freud's generalizations concerning girls and women do injustice to both his psychoanalytic method and his clinical findings.
Biosynthesis and fate of proteoglycans in cartilage and bone during development and mineralization

Subcutaneous implantation of demineralized bone matrix in rats induces migration of host cells into the site and results in the sequential development of cartilage and bone. The biosynthesis and metabolic fate of proteoglycans in the plaques at the bone matrix implantation site were investigated by [35S]sulfate labeling in vivo. 35S-Labeled proteoglycans were extracted with 4 M guanidine HCl and purified by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. Analysis of proteoglycans on Sepharose CL-2B chromatography showed two major peaks at Kd = 0.28 and 0.68 (peaks I and II, respectively). Peak I proteoglycan has a high buoyant density and contains chondroitin sulfate chains of average Mr = 20,000. Peak II proteoglycan has a lower average buoyant density and contains dermatan sulfate chains of average Mr = 33,000. Throughout the endochondral bone development sequence, peak II proteoglycan predominates. Peak I was low on Day 3, became prominent on Day 7 (approximately 30% of the total radioactivity), and declined after Day 9. The calculated half-lives of peak I and II proteoglycans labeled on Day 7 were about 1.8 and 2.8 days, respectively. After the initiation of osteogenesis, a species of mineral-associated proteoglycan was extracted with a 4 M guanidine HCl solvent containing 0.5 M EDTA. This proteoglycan has a small hydrodynamic size (Kd = 0.38 on Sepharose CL-6B chromatography) and shows a long half-life, about 6 days.
Electrochemical acceleration of chemical weathering for carbon capture and sequestration

Abstract We describe an approach to CO 2 capture and storage from the atmosphere that involves enhancing the solubility of CO 2 in the ocean by an engineered process equivalent to the natural silicate weathering process. HCl is electrochemically removed from the ocean and neutralized through reaction with silicate rocks. The alkaline solution resulting from the removal of HCl is neutralized by capturing atmospheric CO 2 and is dissolved into the ocean where the carbon will be stored primarily as HCO 3 − without further acidifying the ocean. On time scales of hundreds of years or longer, some of the additional alkalinity is expected to lead to precipitation or enhanced preservation of CaCO 3 , resulting in the permanent storage of the associated carbon, and the return of an equal amount of carbon to the atmosphere. The overall process is equivalent to the earth’s natural chemical weathering process of silicate rocks. Whereas the natural silicate weathering process is effected primarily by carbonic acid, the engineered process accelerates the weathering kinetics to industrial rates by replacing this weak acid with HCl. In the thermodynamic limit–and with the appropriate silicate rocks–the overall reaction is spontaneous. A range of efficiency scenarios indicates that the process should require 100–400 kJ of work per mol of CO 2 captured and stored for relevant timescales. The process can be powered from stranded energy sources too remote to be useful for the direct needs of populations.
Development and optimization of reactivation techniques for carbamate-inhibited brain and plasma cholinesterases in birds and mammals.

Two biochemical assays were developed which promote and measure the induced reactivation of carbamate-inhibited cholinesterases in avian and mammalian brain and plasma samples. The effects of inhibitor concentration, temperature, and the extent of dilution on the achievement of a steady state equilibrium and the subsequent level and rate of recovery of brain cholinesterases activity were investigated. A similar procedure for reactivation of carbamate-inhibited plasma cholinesterases activity involved the removal of excess carbamate from a small sample volume (<400 μl). Both methods begin by measuring cholinesterases activity immediately following dilution and involve an incubation period during which conditions for spontaneous reactivation of the inhibited enzymes are maximized. Both assays are suitable for large-scale, rapid use and appear able to restore inhibited cholinesterases activity to levels closely approximating that of control values for each species tested. These methods will not only maximize the usefulness of cholinesterases in monitoring carbamate pesticide exposure but should prove to be extremely useful tools in the forensic assessment of carbamate exposure in human and wildlife pesticide incidents.
Tracking speech sound acquisition.

This article describes a procedure to aid in the clinical appraisal of child speech. The approach, based on the work by Dinnsen, Chin, Elbert, and Powell (1990; Some constraints on functionally disordered phonologies: Phonetic inventories and phonotactics. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 33, 28–37), uses a railway idiom to track gains in the complexity of speech sound production. A clinical case study is reviewed to illustrate application of the procedure. The procedure is intended to facilitate application of an evidence-based procedure to the clinical management of developmental speech sound disorders.
MODELING THE CATALYTIC CYCLE OF LIVER ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE : SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A FOUR-COORDINATE ZINC ETHOXIDE COMPLEX AND DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE ZN-OR VERSUS ZN-OH BOND ENERGIES

Relative Zn−OR (R = H, Me, Et, But) heterolytic bond energies, of relevance to the catalytic cycle of liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH), have been determined by studying a series of alkoxide exchange equilibria. The alkoxides [TpBut,Me]ZnOR also undergo “hydride” transfer reactions which are related to the mechanism of action of LADH.
Intermittent dobutamine therapy in patients with advanced congestive heart failure

Abstract Congestive heart failure is an increasingly common condition carrying a poor prognosis and a decay in the quality of life. Usually frequent and lengthy hospitalizations are required with heart failure, with obvious discomfort for the patient and increase in health costs. Heart transplantation is rarely possible due to shortage of donors. Thus, improvement of pharmacological strategies for the management of these patients is desirable. The present study evaluated the effects of intermittent dobutamine infusion in elderly patients (mean age 75.9 years), hospitalized for advanced (NYHA, 1973, class IV ) congestive heart failure of ischemic etiology. Dobutamine infusions of 2, 4 and 6 μg/kg/min for 36 h every 2–4 weeks were randomly prescribed to 24 subjects, who were then followed up every three months for an average of ten months. Data on mortality, cardiovascular events and NYHA (1973) functional classifications were systematically collected. Our study shows that while in this series of patients mortality remained high (50% at 12 months), there was an improvement in the NYHA-classification during the follow-up, and a decrease in the need for hospitalization. In addition, side effects were relatively rare, with only two patients interrupting dobutamine treatment. We conclude that intermittent dobutamine infusion is a reasonable treatment option in elderly patients with congestive heart failure unresponsive to conventional treatments.
Classification of human viewers using high-resolution EEG with SVM

Subject identification and authentication using electroencephalograph (EEG) signals has been gaining interest in the biometric field due to the decreasing prices of EEG systems and the extremely positive results that researchers have seen. Here, we evaluate biometric identification using linear support vector machine (SVM) classification on subjects watching short video clips. In particular, cepstral coefficient feature vectors are formed for each of the 128-channels of our EEG system. We explore the effects on classification of using individual versus grouped channels, different video types, and differing numbers of channels. Furthermore, we also evaluate which regions of the head give the best classification results.
Hypothalamic obesity in patients with craniopharyngioma: treatment approaches and the emerging role of gastric bypass surgery

Hypothalamic obesity is a potential sequela of craniopharyngioma, arising from hypothalamic damage inflicted by either the tumor and/or its treatment. The marked weight gain that characterizes this disorder appears to result from impaired sympathoadrenal activation, parasympathetic dysregulation, and other hormonal and hypothalamic disturbances that upset the balance between energy intake and expenditure. Given hypopituitarism is commonly present, careful management of hormonal deficits is important for weight control in these patients. In addition, diet, exercise, and pharmacotherapy aimed at augmenting sympathetic output, controlling hyperinsulinism, and promoting weight loss have been used to treat this disease, but these measures rarely lead to sustained weight loss. While surgical interventions have not routinely been pursued, emerging data suggests that surgical weight loss interventions including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass can be safely and effectively used for the management of hypothalamic obesity in patients with craniopharyngioma.
Multiphase computed tomography for localization of parathyroid disease in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: How many phases do we really need?

Background Multiphase computed tomography (CT) involves multiple cervical CT acquisitions to accurately identify hyperfunctional parathyroid glands, thus increasing radiation exposure to the patient. We hypothesized that only 2 cervical acquisitions, instead of the conventional 4, would provide equivalent localization information and halve the radiation exposure. Methods We identified 53 consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent multiphase CT before parathyroidectomy. All scans were reinterpreted first using 2 phases then using all 4 phases. The accuracies of interpretations were determined with surgical findings serving as the standard of reference. Results Sixty-four hyperfunctional parathyroid glands were resected with a mean weight of 394.3 mg. Two-phase CT lateralized the hyperfunctional glands in 38 patients with a sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and accuracy of 100%, 71.7%, and 71.7%, respectively. Four-phase CT lateralized the hyperfunctional glands in 39 patients with a sensitivity, PPV, and accuracy of 95.1%, 76.5%, and 73.6%, respectively. For quadrant localization, the accuracy of 2-phase and 4-phase CT was 50.9% and 52.8%, respectively. Conclusion Our results suggest that 2-phase and 4-phase CT provide an equivalent diagnostic accuracy in localizing hyperfunctional parathyroid glands. The reduced radiation exposure to the patient may make 2-phase acquisitions a more acceptable alternative for preoperative localization.
An alternative oxygen delivery system for infants and children in the post-anaesthesia care unit

This randomized controlled trial compared the compliance of a blow-by oxygen method with the standard face mask by children recovering from anaesthesia. The rate at which a face mask was rejected when applied to infants and children in PACU was compared with that of a proposed "hose" method. The efficacy of the "hose" as a method of oxygen supplementation in children at low and high risk for developing postoperative hypoxaemia was also compared with the face mask. Using a Nellcor N-200 pulse oximeter, 66 infants and children (mean age 2.3 yr, range 2 mo-6 yr) were continuously monitored for 30 min upon arrival in the PACU. Patients were randomized to receive oxygen supplementation with either the face mask or the proposed "hose" method. The results showed a greater than 80 per cent rejection of the face mask in contrast to 100 per cent compliance with the "hose" method. The SaO2 measurements following 5, 15 and 30 min of O2 supplementation with the hose were all significantly higher than the SaO2 measurements obtained on room air upon arrival to the PACU. Patients with pre-existing cardiopulmonary disease had a 20 per cent incidence of arterial oxygen desaturation upon arrival to the PACU versus 2.1 per cent of patients with no pre-existing disease. It is concluded that the "hose" is associated with high patient compliance and is effective in the PACU in increasing the SaO2 in children at low or high risk of developing postoperative hypoxaemia.
Surgical management of portal hypertension in children

The management of children with portal hypertension has dramatically changed during the past decade, with an improvement in outcome. This has been achieved by improved efficiency of endoscopic variceal control and the success of liver transplantation. Emergency surgical shunt procedures are rarely required, with acute bleeding episodes generally controlled endoscopically or, occasionally in adults, by interventional radiological procedures. Portosystemic shunts may be considered as a bridge to transplant in adults but are rarely used in this context in children. Nontransplant surgery or radiological interventions may still be indicated for noncirrhotic portal hypertension when the primary cause can be cured and to allow normalization of portal pressure before liver parenchyma is damaged by chronic secondary changes in some specific diseases. The meso-Rex bypass shunt is used widely but is limited to those with a favorable anatomy and can even be performed preemptively. Elective portosystemic shunt surgery is reserved for failure to respond to conservative management in the absence of alternative therapies.
Sources of nitrogen in wet deposition to the Chesapeake Bay region

Nitrogen-containing compounds in wet deposition can provide significant sources of nutrients to phytoplankton and potentially contribute to eutrophication in estuaries and coastal waters. Quantifying both inorganic and organic forms of nitrogen in wet deposition as well as determining their sources is important for understanding how to control eutrophication. Stable nitrogen isotope data can provide information regarding what source processes produced nitrogen in precipitation and air mass trajectories can predict where the air mass which produced the precipitation was geographically located before the event occurred. In this study, the wet deposition concentrations, fluxes, and δ15N values of ammonium, nitrate, and dissolved organic nitrogen were determined for 60 precipitation events collected from May, 1993 to December 1994 at a site near the Chesapeake Bay, an estuary currently experiencing eutrophication. Grouping the concentration data according to season showed a peak in ammonium coupled with depleted δ15N values in the spring which were indicative of agricultural emissions. A peak in nitrate in the spring seemed to indicate greater soil emissions at that time, but concentrations were also high at other times of the year. No trend was observed for the dissolved organic nitrogen with season. Back trajectories were calculated for each precipitation event and grouped into five major transport patterns. Combining the flux and isotopic composition data with the air flow history revealed that dominant sources of ammonium in precipitation to the region are probably fertilizers, soil, and animal excreta emissions which have the highest fluxes in air masses originating from the southwest and west. The dominant source of nitrate to the region is probably fossil-fuel combustion and the highest fluxes originate from the northwest and west. Speculation on the dissolved organic nitrogen sources is probably premature, but its flux pattern is similar to the nitrate pattern, suggesting that their sources may be similar.
Ionospheric modification induced by high-power HF transmitters&#8212;A potential for extended range VHF-UHF communications and plasma physics research

When the ionized upper atmosphere of the earth is illuminated by high-power HF radio waves at appropriate frequencies, the temperature of electrons in the ionosphere can be raised substantially. In addition, radio waves with sufficient energy cause parametric instabilities that generate a spectrum of intense plasma waves. Observations of these phenomena have produced new understanding of plasma processes. One consequence of heating and plasma wave generation is that irregularities are formed in the electron distribution which are aligned with the earth's magnetic field. Because of this, a scatterer of large radar cross section is produced, which scatters HF through UHF communication signals over long distance paths, that would not otherwise be normally possible by ionospheric means. This paper summarizes results of radio, radar, communication, and photometric experiments that explored the characteristics of the volume of ionosphere which has been intentionally modified, temporarily, above facilities near Boulder (Platteville), Colo., and at Arecibo, Puerto Rico.
Silicon Liquid Crystal Light Valves For Optical-Data Processing

The structure and operation of two novel liquid crystal light valves (LCLV) are described: the photo activated, silicon-photoconductor-based LCLV and the electronically-addressed CCD-LCLV. The current status of both devices are detailed. Applications of these devices for signal and image processing are given.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Superior Mesenteric Venous Aneurysm

The case of a 50-year-old woman with an extremely rare venous malformation of the portal venous system is reported. The patient presented with a true aneurysm of the superior mesenteric vein, which has thus far been reported in no more than eight cases worldwide. This malformation may be congenital or acquired. Secondary aneurysms are thought to be due to liver disease, portal hypertension, trauma, or inflammation. Aneurysms of the portomesenteric venous system may be asymptomatic or give rise to severe, often dramatic conditions such as crampy abdominal pain, jaundice, and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to portal hypertension. The diagnosis is usually made by ultrasound (B-mode or color flow Doppler), CT scan, and MRI. Invasive procedures such as venous phase mesenteric arteriography or splenoportography may be helpful in confirming it. In our opinion aneurysms of the portal venous system, even if they are congenital and (still) asymptomatic, require early surgical control because the prognosis for patients with these aneurysms is unpredictable and potential complications (e.g., portal hypertension, fistula, contained perforation, or rupture) may be fatal. In the case presented the mesenteric venous aneurysm was resected and the confluent veins were reconstructed.
Molecular Phylogenetics of a Protein Repair Methyltransferase

Abstract Protein- l -isoaspartyl ( d -aspartyl) O-methyltransferase (E.C. 2.1.1.77) is a well-conserved and widely distributed protein repair enzyme that methylates isomerized or racemized aspartyl residues in age-damaged proteins. We exploited the availability of protein sequences from 10 diverse animal, plant and bacterial taxa to construct a phylogenetic tree and determine the rates of amino acid substitution for this enzyme. We used a likelihood ratio test to show that this enzyme fulfills the conditions for a molecular clock. We found that the rate of substitution is 0.39 amino acid substitutions per site per 109 years and remains relatively constant from bacteria to humans. We argue that this degree of sequence conservation may result from the functional constraints necessitated by the requirement to specifically recognize altered aspartyl but not normal aspartyl residues in proteins. Relative rate analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans sequence suggests that the amino acid substitution rate in the nematode lineage may be higher than that in other lineages and that the divergence of nematodes may have been a more recent event than suggested by previous analysis.
On the identification of state-derivative-coupled systems

This short paper treats one aspect of the identification of state-derivative-coupled systems, such as M\dot{x}(t) = Ax(t) + Bu(t) + w(t) where M \neq I , and M is invertible. This equation can also be written as \dot{x}(t) = F_{1}x(t) + F_{2}u(t) + \omega(t) . We assume that reduced form parameters ( F_{1}, F_{2} ) are identifiable and develop a sequence of tests for establishing the identifiability of structural parameters ( M, A, B ) from ( F_{1} F_{2} ). The tests are constructive, in that they not only can be used to ascertain the identifiability of ( M, A, B ); but, if ( M, A, B ) are not identifiable, can also indicate corrective actions to be taken so that ( M, A, B ) are identifiable.
The Nominal Nature of Where, When, and How: Evidence from Free Relatives

In this squib, we argue that the wh-words where, when, and how are inherently nominal, rather than prepositional, though they are NPs with a peculiar property: they are always base-generated as the complement of a preposition (P), which is often silent. Our main evidence comes from the behavior of embedded noninterrogative wh-clauses known as free relatives (FRs). We show that this behavior can be easily accounted for if where, when, and how are inherently nominal. We bring further empirical support to our proposal by extending it to wh-interrogatives and by discussing the similarities between FRs and the NPs that have been called bare-NP adverbs or adverbial NPs (Emonds 1976, 1987, Larson 1985, McCawley 1988). We also show that potential alternative accounts that make different assumptions about the nature of where, when, and how are unable to account for the data.
The Effects of Attitudes Toward Family Life and Gender Roles on Marital Satisfaction

This study examines the relationship between the gender role and family attitudes of husbands and wives and five indicators of marital satisfaction. The authors argue that men and women who espouse nontraditional attitudes are likely to be less satisfied than their more traditional counterparts. An empirical analysis is presented using data from husbands and wives interviewed in the 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households. Husbands and wives who hold nontraditional attitudes toward family life are less satisfied with their marriages, as are men and women whose attitudes diverge from their spouse's attitudes. The effects of attitudes did not vary according to the actual gender roles observed by the couple.
Effect of timing of ketorolac administration on patient-controlled opioid use

In order to investigate the analgesic effect of timing of administration of ketorolac 10 mg i.v., we recorded patient-controlled use of diamorphine at 2, 4 and 12 h after abdominal hysterectomy. In a randomized, double-blind trial, 30 patients received ketorolac before skin incision and 28 after skin closure. A control group of 32 patients did not receive ketorolac. We measured operative blood loss and assessed nausea, vomiting and pruritus. After 2 h of patient-controlled analgesia, the median cumulative diamorphine dose in the group given ketorolac before operation was less than that of the control group (95% confidence interval 8-66 micrograms kg-1; P = 0.01). There were no other statistically significant differences in diamorphine consumption between the groups. The frequency of nausea and vomiting was similar in all groups Median blood loss in the group given ketorolac before operation exceeded that of the patients who did not receive ketorolac before operation (95% confidence interval 20-149 ml; P = 0.01). We conclude that the diamorphine-sparing effect of ketorolac attributable to timing of administration was small, conferred no clinical benefit and was accompanied by increased bleeding. No patient given ketorolac complained of pruritus.
Interleukin-17-Induced Protein Lipocalin 2 Is Dispensable for Immunity to Oral Candidiasis

Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC; thrush) is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by the commensal microbe Candida albicans. Immunity to OPC is strongly dependent on CD4+ T cells, particularly those of the Th17 subset. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) deficiency in mice or humans leads to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, but the specific downstream mechanisms of IL-17-mediated host defense remain unclear. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2; 24p3; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL]) is an antimicrobial host defense factor produced in response to inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-17. Lcn2 plays a key role in preventing iron acquisition by bacteria that use catecholate-type siderophores, and lipocalin 2(-/-) mice are highly susceptible to infection by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The role of Lcn2 in mediating immunity to fungi is poorly defined. Accordingly, in this study, we evaluated the role of Lcn2 in immunity to oral infection with C. albicans. Lcn2 is strongly upregulated following oral infection with C. albicans, and its expression is almost entirely abrogated in mice with defective IL-17 signaling (IL-17RA(-/-) or Act1(-/-) mice). However, Lcn2(-/-) mice were completely resistant to OPC, comparably to wild-type (WT) mice. Moreover, Lcn2 deficiency mediated protection from OPC induced by steroid immunosuppression. Therefore, despite its potent regulation during C. albicans infection, Lcn2 is not required for immunity to mucosal candidiasis.
Predicting energy needs in ventilator-dependent critically ill patients: effect of adjusting weight for edema or adiposity

Predicting energy needs in critical illness can be difficult because of uncertainties about the influence of multiple factors on energy expenditure. Understanding these components is important to avoid limiting optimal outcome by underfeeding and to avoid complications of overfeeding. Prediction strategies often use a patient's weight to estimate needs. For overweight patients, there is controversy as to whether actual or modified weight should be used in predictions. This study was designed to evaluate a proposed technique to improve the accuracy of predicting energy needs in critically ill, overweight subjects. Subjects' energy needs were predicted [with Harris-Benedict equation (HBE) and kilojoules per kilogram (KPK) strategies] by using both actual weight and an adjusted weight developed to attempt to more accurately reflect lean mass. Results were compared with measured energy expenditure determined by indirect calorimetry. Results indicated that use of actual weights in predictions for overweight subjects may lead to overfeeding. Use of adjusted weights led to more accurate energy predictions with the KPK than with the HBE strategy. Adjusted-weight strategies could explain > 45% of the variability of resting energy expenditure in subjects 130-159% of ideal body weight. Results of this study suggest that using adjusted weights with the KPK prediction strategy may be preferable for this population, particularly for patients > or = 130% of ideal body weight. This study also indicated that multiple diagnoses may not lead to increased energy requirements.
Initial investigations into preschoolers’ mirror-style versus transposed bodily imitation.

In typical development, imitation plays a key role in sociocognitive competence. The current study investigated a hypothesised developmental trajectory in face-to-face full body imitation style in 91 preschoolers, as well as a relation between imitation style and theory of mind (ToM). Children’s response style to 8 lateralized action prompts was recorded as either “mirror” or “transposed.” Overall, mirror-style response increased with age, and was predominant for children and an adult comparison group. Imitation style varied depending on the prompt given, with certain actions showing a side bias regardless of prompt viewed. Mirror-style response was correlated with ToM performance after controlling for language ability, but not after controlling for age. Findings are discussed regarding the hypothesised relation between postural synchrony and larger perspective-taking competence.
Applications and computing of mosaics

A mosaic is a display formed by inlaying small rectangles of various sizes to form patterns. When used for graphically representing a contingency table, rectangles are drawn corresponding to the table cells; their sizes are made proportional to the cell counts. An algorithm for constructing mosaic is given. Some implementation-specific details are also discussed.
THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, AMENITIES AND FISCAL FACTORS ON AGE‐SPECIFIC MIGRATION RATES

ABSTRACT. Migration models have considered several different categories of determinants, including economic opportunities, amenities, and state and local fiscal factors. Migration has also been shown to depend on the individual's position in the life cycle. This paper represents a first attempt to integrate all three categories of determinants of migration into a life-cycle framework. Empirical findings generated from a countrywide model of white male migration, over the period 1970 to 1980, reveal that all three types of determinants are important. Specifically, economic opportunities are most influential for males during their working years. Amenities are also found to follow a life-cycle pattern with older migrants more attracted to amenable locations than their younger cohorts. Finally, state income and death taxes display life-cycle effects; working males in their peak earning years are detracted by high income taxes while all migrants aged 55 to 69 avoid counties in states with high inheritance and estate taxes.
Data storage in 2000-trends in data storage technologies

Recent projections by experts in computer systems and semiconductor technology indicate that in the year 2000, personal computers will have a processing speed of 100 million instructions per second and a semiconductor RAM capacity of 1 Gbyte. To work with such a system, data storage devices will need to provide more than 10 Gbytes of capacity and a data rate of 100 Mbyte/s. The advances required by magnetic and magnetooptical disk drives to meet these requirements are examined. Plausible system configurations for achieving these goals are described. A magnetic disk drive utilizing eight 3.5-in. disks on one spindle appears to be a possible configuration. Because of a larger areal density, a magnetooptical disk drive could meet the capacity requirements with only a single 3.5-in. disk. On the other hand, achieving the 100-Mbyte/s data rate and access times comparable to those of magnetic disk systems will require some technological breakthroughs. Without these breakthroughs and assuming magnetic disk progress as expected, magnetooptical disks are expected to provide many of the functions which floppy disks provide today-transfer of programs and databases between systems and economical offline storage. >
Epitaxial morphologies of polyoxymethylene. I. Electron microscopy

Epitaxial crystallization of polyoxymethylene (POM) from 0.5% iodobenzene solution has been attempted between 150 and 165°C on 11 different substrates having surface energies ranging from 136 to 1240 ergs/cm2. Included in this series are several substrates such as CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, graphite, mica, and silicon which had not been previously tested as substrates for POM epitaxy. The fluorite series materials are not good substrates for the epitaxial crystallization of POM from solution. In contrast, both rodlike and fold-plane epitaxial morphologies have been found on the (001) surfaces of NaCl, NaF, and mica. A possible mechanism for the formation of fold-plane epitaxy is discussed which involves solution nucleation followed by adsorption and growth of the nuclei on the substrate. It is suggested that variations observed in nucleation density of rodlike epitaxial crystals from substrate to substrate are a result of differences in degree of preferential solvent adsorption. Substrates having higher surface energies should tend to adsorb solvent more strongly and thus inhibit profuse nucleation of polymer crystals on the surface.
Modulation of B‐cell tolerance by Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 infection: requirement for Orf73 viral gene expression and follicular helper T cells

Viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been linked to mechanisms that support autoantibody production in diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the mechanisms by which viruses contribute to autoantibody production remain poorly defined. This stems in part, from the high level of seropositivity for EBV (> 95%) and the exquisite species specificity of EBV. In this study we overcame these problems by using murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a virus genetically and biologically related to EBV. We first showed that MHV68 drives autoantibody production by promoting a loss of B-cell anergy. We next showed that MHV68 infection resulted in the expansion of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in vivo, and that these Tfh cells supported autoantibody production and a loss of B-cell anergy. Finally, we showed that the expansion of Tfh cells and autoantibody production was dependent on the establishment of viral latency and expression of a functional viral gene called Orf73. Collectively, our studies highlighted an unexpected role for viral latency in the development of autoantibodies following MHV68 infection and suggest that virus-induced expansion of Tfh cells probably plays a key role in the loss of B-cell anergy.
FDDI support for multimedia traffic

Three transport services are offered by FDDI: asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous (FDDI-II). In order to support the stringent multimedia (e.g., real-time video and voice) delay and bandwidth requirements the asynchronous transfer service will not suffice. The isochronous and synchronous transport services differ considerably in their implementation, but the differences in the service provided can be made to appear transparent to many multimedia applications. It is shown that synchronous traffic can support a wide range of application requirements efficiently at moderate cost when the connection between source and destination are on the same physical ring. However, isochronous class traffic has advantages, particularly when the network traffic is well behaved (the peak data rate is close to the mean data rate) and when connections traverse multiple rings. >
A biphasic change in ribosomal conformation during transneuronal degeneration is altered by inhibition of mitochondrial, but not cytoplasmic protein synthesis

Following loss of eighth nerve input, 20-40% of neurons in the neonatal chick cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis (NM), undergo cell death. Intracellular changes that precede the death of NM neurons include increased oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial volume, decreased cytoplasmic protein synthesis, and destruction of ribosomes. Six hours following afferent deprivation, dying NM neurons demonstrate complete loss of ribosomes and cessation of protein synthesis, suggesting that the rapid destruction of ribosomes leads to neuronal death. Increased NM neuron death occurs when mitochondrial upregulation is prevented by chloramphenicol, a mitochondrial protein synthesis inhibitor. This finding suggests that increased oxidative capacity is required for neuronal survival following loss of afferent input. To study changes in the ribosomes of afferent-deprived NM neurons, we obtained a monoclonal antibody to ribosomal RNA. This monoclonal antibody, Y 106, labels ribosomes of all NM neurons receiving normal synaptic activity. Following removal of afferent input, NM neurons demonstrate a biphasic change in their pattern of Y 1 OB label. During the initial phase, there is a uniform decrease in the density of YlOB label. In the second phase, some NM neurons recover the capacity to bind the YlOB antibody while others remain unlabeled. During this second phase, NM neurons putatively destined to die, based on their failure to synthesize protein, are unlabeled by the YlOB antibody. New gene expression is not necessary to initiate the change in ribosomal immunoreactivity that leads deafferented NM neurons toward cell death. Blocking cytoplasmic protein synthesis with cycloheximide had no effect on the biphasic change in Y 108 labeling of afferent-deprived NM neurons. Treating chicks with chloramphenicol, however, prevented the recovery of YlOB immunoreactivity in NM neurons during the second phase of the response to afferent deprivation.
Novel pharmacotherapies for cocaine abuse 1997 - 2000

The discovery of a pharmacotherapeutic treatment for cocaine abuse and addiction has been a research target that has received much attention in the past three years. Since the patent literature on this topic was last reviewed [1], major advances have been made in the understanding of the neurochemical basis of cocaine addiction. State of the art technologies have aided the characterisation of mechanistic targets of cocaine. For example, the development of transgenic mice and the use of PET imaging to visualise cocaine binding sites in the human brain are exciting new advances that have complemented the more well-established pharmacological paradigms such as radioligand binding assays and animal models of cocaine abuse. In addition, classical and computer-aided drug design has yielded highly potent and selective ligands to target relevant neurochemical substrates and provide valuable information on the role these substrates play in pharmacological actions of cocaine. These advances have opened the door to ...
Quantum Dot Gate Field-Effect Transistors: Fabrication and Characterization

Chapter 3 discusses different fabrication steps and characterization results of QDGFETs. Characterization of different quantum dots as well as gate insulator layer is also presented in this chapter. Transfer characteristics and output characteristics of QDGFETs are also presented in this chapter. The improvement of subthreshold swing in SOI (silicon-on-insulator) is also demonstrated in this chapter.
Muscle transplantation between young and old rats: age of host determines recovery

As compared with age-matched controls, extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles autografted in young rats regenerated significantly greater mass (1.8 times) and developed greater maximum contractile force (2.6 times) than EDL muscles autografted in old rats. A cross-age transplantation study showed that the mass and maximum force of old muscles grafted into young hosts were not significantly different from those of young muscles grafted into the same young hosts. Conversely, young muscle grafted into old hosts regenerated no better than old muscles grafted into the same old hosts. We conclude 1) that chronological age alone is not a factor that limits the intrinsic ability of a muscle to regenerate and 2) that the poor regeneration of muscles in old animals is a function of the environment for regeneration provided by the old host.
Efficacy of photographic scent stations to detect mountain lions

Estimating size ofanimal populations is im­ portant for effective management and conser~ vation. Mountain lions (Puma concolor) have proven especially difficult to enumerate (Ander~
Three Years' Dynamic Observation of High Frequency Hearing Threshold in Noise Exposure Workers with Individual Hearing Protection

[Objective]To study the tendency of high frequency hearing threshold in noise exposure workers under individual hearing protection and discuss relevant regulations in order to provide epidemiological evidence for occupational noise protection practice and making relative criteria.[Methods]A total of 698 ears of 355 workers received 4 times of pure tone audiometer tests during the period of 3 years in 5 enterprises in Shanghai, where occupational noise levels were over the national limitation[≥85dB(A)]and hearing conservation programs were carried out. The test results were analyzed statistically.[Results]The average of low-frequency hearing threshold in all selected workers was below 25dB(HL) over the 4 tests, and no significant change was observed. The average of high-frequency hearing threshold increased with the length of service, and the yearly average of high frequency hearing threshold increased within the groups with different length of service over the 3 years' observation. Comparing with the first hearing test result, the averages of high frequency hearing threshold of the subjects with normal high frequency hearing, mild high frequency hearing impairment, or subjects under surveillance were increased by year and that of the normal group increased(4.14±3.98)dB(HL) in 3 years.[Conclusion]The yearly variation of average high frequency hearing threshold among all subjects was less than 2dB(HL), which indicated that individual hearing protection device assisted noise exposure workers' hearing loss more controllable. So the period of health surveillance for noise exposure workers in service may extend to 2 years or longer.
Status of Percutaneous Catheter Drainage of Abscesses

Percutaneous catheter drainage is an effective treatment for abscesses arising in a variety of sites. The most experience has been gained in the treatment of intra-abdominal abscesses, which has led to the recognition of the efficacy of catheter drainage as the sole decompressive procedure of simple bacterial abscesses. Additionally, catheter drainage has been effective for the palliation of complex intraabdominal infections, allowing for a planned operative intervention after symptomatic improvement. The fully defined role of catheter drainage in the management of surgical infections, however, is still evolving.
Security Institutions in Northeast Asia: Multilateral Responses to Structural Changes

Northeast Asia, comprising China, Japan, North and South Korea, Taiwan and their adjoining waters, is arguably one of the world’s most unstable and conflict-prone regions. Outstanding security risks in the region include the North Korean nuclear crisis, the Taiwan Straits, territorial disputes between China and Japan and between Korea and Japan, as well as frequent skirmishes between China and Korea. Furthermore, China’s growing economic and military prowess continually challenges existing strategic frameworks in Northeast Asia.
Sub-Gaussian behavior of the Townsend-Perry constants in turbulent boundary layers

A theory is developed to explain the sub-Gaussian behavior of the Townsend-Perry constants (A_{p}) recently measured for high-order fluctuation moments in turbulent boundary layers. It yields the generalized logarithmic law for high-order moments and A_{p}/A_{1}=(l^{*})^{ζ_{p}/p-ζ_{1}}C_{p}^{1/p}/C_{1}, where ζ_{p} are the Kolmogorov-Obukhov-She-Leveque scaling characterizing intermittence effects; l^{*}=1/225 is the only free parameter describing a specific ratio between inertial and energy-containing eddy sizes; C_{p} are raw moments of a Gaussian with unity mean and variance. The predicted A_{p}/A_{1} are in good agreement with experimental data.
Ideal Scan Path for High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy

We propose a new scan waveform ideally suited for high-speed atomic force microscopy. It is an optimization of the Archimedean spiral scan path with respect to the X , Y scanner bandwidth and scan speed. The resulting waveform uses a constant angular velocity spiral in the center and transitions to constant linear velocity toward the periphery of the scan. We compare it with other scan paths and demonstrate that our novel spiral best satisfies the requirements of high-speed atomic force microscopy by utilizing the scan time most efficiently with excellent data density and data distribution. For accurate X , Y , and Z positioning our proposed scan pattern has low angular frequency and low linear velocities that respect the instrument's mechanical limits. Using Sensor Inpainting we show artifact-free high-resolution images taken at two frames per second with a 2.2 $\mu \text{m}$ scan size on a moderately large scanner capable of 40 $\mu \text{m}$ scans.