cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potentiometric detection of halides and pseudohalides in anion chromatography

Abstract A small piece of silver wire, coated with an insoluble silver salt, can be used as a selective potentiometric detector for halides in ion chromatography. Several coated electrodes were examined by electron microscopy and their response to various anions evaluated in a flow-injection system. A silver/silver chloride was found to be a selective and reproducible detector for chloride, bromide, iodide, thiocyanate and thiosulfate separated by ion chromatography. Calibration curves were non-linear and had slopes ranging from 40 to 60 mV per concentration decade in the range 0.1–2 mM. A working range of 0.05–2 mM was used. This electrode is also satisfactory when gradient elution is used in ion chromatography.
Hydrodynamic interactions and relative motions of two floating platforms with mooring lines in side-by-side offloading operation

Abstract The hydrodynamic interaction and mechanical coupling effects of two floating platforms connected by elastic lines are investigated by using a time-domain multi-hull/mooring/riser coupled dynamics analysis program. Particular attention is paid to the contribution of off-diagonal hydrodynamic interaction terms on the relative motions during side-by-side offloading operation. In this regard, the exact method (CMM: combined matrix method) including all the vessel and line dynamics, and the 12×12 hydrodynamic coefficients in a combined matrix is developed. The performance of two typical approximation methods (NHI/No Hydrodynamic Interaction: iteration method between two vessels without considering hydrodynamic interaction effects; SMM/Separated Matrix Method: iteration method between two vessels with partially considering hydrodynamic interaction effects, i.e. ignoring off-diagonal cross-coupling terms in the 12×12 hydrodynamic coefficient matrix) is also tested for the same side-by-side offloading operation in two different environmental conditions. The numerical examples show that there exists significant discrepancy at sway and roll modes between the exact and the approximation methods, which means that the cross-coupling (off-diagonal block) terms of the full hydrodynamic coefficient matrix play an important role in the case of side-by-side offloading operation. Therefore, such approximation methods should be used with care. The fender reaction forces, which exhibit large force with contact but no force without contact, are also numerically modeled in the present time-domain simulation study.
Biological Activity and Synthesis of an Encephalitogenic Determinant

A 45-residue fragment of the basic protein of myelin is encephalitogenic in the rabbit and monkey but relatively inactive in the guinea pig. Synthetic peptides containing the sequence of a tryptic peptide of the fragment Thr-Thr-His-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gln-Lys are moderately encephalitogenic.
The effect of protein depletion on bone marrow myeloid cell repopulation

Abstract We studied the effect of protein depletion on bone marrow recovery after injection of the cytotoxic drug, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), by using an in vitro quantitative clonal culture technique for femoral marrow granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC). Mice were maintained for 7 days on either a regular diet or on a protein-free but isocaloric and otherwise complete diet. Groups of animals were assayed 1–5 and 7 days after 40 mg/kg ip 5-FU. Both regular-diet animals and animals on the protein-free diet had similar GM-CFC toxicity 1 day after 5-FU injection. However, 5 days after 5-FU, protein-depleted animals were significantly different from regular diet animals in the extent of repopulation of the GM-CFC (confidence 95%). Regular diet animals demonstrated a rebound overshoot of the progenitor cells which was not found in protein-depleted animals. The extent of recovery of the GM-CFC at 7 days after 5-FU for the protein-depleted animals still did not equal that of the regular diet animals (90% confidence). Quadratic regression analysis of the recovery curves for both regular diet and protein-free diet animals for Days 1–7 following 5-FU were significantly different ( P
Taxonomic structure of phytoplankton assemblages in Crater Lake, Oregon, U.S.A.

SUMMARY. 1. A taxonomic analysis of 171 phytoplankton samples obtained from Crater Luke, Oregon, between 1985 and 1987 revealed 132 taxa in the upper 250 m of the water column. The greatest temporal variation in taxonomic structure occurred between 40 and 80 m below the water surface, a depth range which corresponded to the zone of maximum primary production. 2. Phytoplankton cell biovolume in the upper 20 m of the water column was relatively high during the summer months, a period when Nitzschia gracilis was dominant in the epilimnion. However, 72% or more of the cell biovolume between 0 and 200 m was distributed below 20 m and, during the winter and spring months, 61% was found below 80 m. 3. Cluster analysis identified a sparse, temporally ubiquitous flora which was modified to various degrees when environmental conditions became favourable for the growth of a few dominant taxa. These surges ot dominance by individual taxa accounted for 2 to 5-fold increases in cell biovolume and generated a pronounced taxonomic discontinuity between the floras in the epilimnion and hypolimnion. 4. While the taxonomic structure of the phytoplankton in the epilimnion corresponded closely with the structure found in a 1978–80 study, the flora below the metalimnion was more diverse and less predictable in species composition than the pattern reported in the earlier study.
The Lungs and Causes of Death in the Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial

Autopsy findings and a morphometric study of the lungs were compared in 18 subjects receiving nocturnal oxygen and 15 receiving continuous oxygen in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial (about half of those who died). The emphysema score, average interalveolar wall distance, central airway lesions, peripheral airway lesions, and the ratio of weights of left ventricle plus septum to right ventricle were similar in the two groups. The causes of death in the two groups were also similar. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the improved prognosis observed with continuous oxygen therapy nocturnal oxygen therapy in patients with severe chronic airflow obstruction and hypoxemia was due to treatment. There was a trend for there to be more interstitial fibrosis and type 2 alveolar epithelial cell hyperplasia in those treated with nocturnal oxygen; in the hands of one observer, the type 2 cell hyperplasia was significant.
A pilot project to investigate commercial document suppliers

In the winter of 1993/1994, the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) Libraries began a project to test several of the emerging commercial document suppliers. The purpose was to evaluate their responses in terms of speed, efficiency, quality, and cost effectiveness. The testing was done in four science branch libraries at University Park. In each of the branches (Earth & Mineral Sciences, Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences) requests that were submitted for Interlibrary Loan (ILL) were reviewed. Those that qualified under the pilot project guidelines were sent to commercial suppliers of documents, instead of through the normal ILL work flow. Compiled data indicated that the cost of each item and the time taken to supply items were less than that required for ILL. The pilot project suggests that when integrated into ILL work flows, acquiring items through commercial document delivery suppliers would assist in making the process less costly and more efficient.
A comment on “Level set algorithm for solving convex multiplicative programming problems”

This note provides two counterexamples to illustrate that Theorems 2.2 and 2.4 which are proposed by Ebrahim A. Youness in the above referenced paper are incorrect, respectively. Then we correct Theorems 2.2 and 2.4 to the contention.
Competitive females are successful females; phenotype, mechanism, and selection in a common songbird

In a variety of taxa, male reproductive success is positively related to the expression of costly traits such as large body size, ornaments, armaments, and aggression. These traits are thought to improve male competitive ability and, thus, access to limited reproductive resources. Females of many species also express competitive traits. However, we know very little about the consequences of individual variation in competitive traits and the mechanisms that regulate their expression in females. Consequently, it is currently unclear whether females express competitive traits owing to direct selection or as an indirect result of selection on males. Here, we examine females of a mildly dimorphic songbird (Junco hyemalis) to determine whether females show positive covariance in traits (morphology and behavior) that may be important in a competition. We also examine whether trait expression relates either to testosterone (T) in terms of mechanism or to reproductive success in terms of function. We found that larger females were more aggressive and that greater ability to produce T in response to a physiological challenge consisting of a standardized injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone predicted some measures of female body size and aggression. Finally, we found that aggressive females had greater reproductive success. We conclude that T may influence female phenotype and that females may benefit from expressing a competitive phenotype. We also suggest that the mild dimorphism observed in many species may be due in part to direct selection on females rather than simply a correlated response to selection in males.
On the spatial spread and oligopolistic behavior of large rubber companies

Abstract Little attention has been given to the spatial selectivity implicit in the decision-making processes of multinational companies. After reviewing the two major models explaining foreign direct investment, empirical regularities are detected in the spatial behavior of large rubber and tire companies, with regard to product lines, locational distribution and plant size. Some proof of “oligopolistic reaction” can also be seen in the spatial growth process of these firms over time.
Action and localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the coronary circulation: Evidence for nonadrenergic, noncholinergic coronary regulation

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, a neurotransmitter peptide detected in animal and human hearts, has been found in nerves of coronary arteries. To determine the amount and distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the large coronary vessels and its possible participation in coronary vasoregulation, two groups of animals were studied. In the first group, 11 anesthetized dogs were sacrificed to collect three (1 cm) segments along the circumflex and left anterior descending coronary arteries. These segments represented proximal (I), middle (II) and distal (III) portions of the two arteries. Concentrations (ng/g) of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive substance were determined by radioimmunoassay. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity was present in the left anterior descending (I = 7.28 ± 1.65, II = 3.74 ± 0.57, III = 2.29 ± 0.53) and circumflex (I = 4.16 ± 1.52, II = 4.58 ± 1.13, III = 4.00 ± 0.81) coronary arteries. The difference in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity among epicardial segments of the anterior descending artery was significant, but there was no significant difference among segments of the circumflex coronary artery. In the second group (eight closed chest anesthetized dogs), the effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide intracoronary infusion on epicardial coronary constriction were examined at rest and with the artery constricted by serotonin. Left anterior descending (segments I, II and III) artery responses (% area change) to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide plus serotonin were examined using quantitative coronary angiography. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide infusion resulted in significant vasodilation in all the segments (I, II and III) of the left anterior descending artery. However, serotonin-induced large coronary vasoconstriction was not reversed by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is an epicardial coronary vasodilator that varies in concentration along the arteries and does not reverse serotonin-induced vasoconstriction.
New challenges in education for sustainable development

Within the context of the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development that began on January 2005, there is growing awareness of the urgency for educators to make changes in the ways they educate and in the content of their courses and curricula. This means that educators must increasingly focus upon multi-disciplinary, multi-generational approaches to help their students, of all ages, to become increasingly skilled and motivated to work within the Seven Generation Mandate (SGM) to help achieve Sustainable Development (SD). To meet the urgent challenges confronting educators, we must address the interconnectedness of ethical, economic and ecological facets of SD. The urgency is underscored in the context of the question, “Do we have the commitment to help our societies make the necessary changes?
Comparison of Spectrodensitograms of the Selected Drugs on Different Chromatographic Sorbents

Abstract The spectrodensitograms of α‐tocopherol acetate, α‐tocopherol, cholecalciferol, estradiol, testosterone, and hydrocortisone on different chromatographic sorbents (silica gel 60, silica gel 60F254, mixture of silica gel 60 and kieselguhr F254, neutral aluminium oxide 60F254, neutral aluminium oxide 150F254, and RP18W) were compared. The resultant spectrodensitograms of the studied compounds indicate that applied sorbents have an influence on the wavelength of the obtained fundamental absorption band (λmax) and the additional absorption bands, as well as on their intensity values [AU]. This fact indicates the need for standaridization of the spectrodensitometric investigations regarding the applied chromatographic conditions.
The Structural Design for a “Canted Cosine–Theta” Superconducting Dipole Coil and Magnet Structure—CCT1

The Superconducting Magnet Group, at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), has been developing a canted cosine-theta (CCT) superconducting dipole coil as well as the coil's supporting magnet structure. This contribution reports on the progress in the development of the coil's winding mandrel and its fabrication options. A comprehensive study of the coil's Lorentz forces was performed to validate the winding mandrel's “stress interception” attributes. The design of the external structure and the application of the “Bladder & Key” technology is also discussed. Additionally, the application of these studies to a curved ion-therapy CCT dipole magnet is reported.
Transport modelling of packed-tube reactors. II, Step-response experiments and a cell model

Abstract Transient temperature profiles are reported for a packed tube with uniform surface heating of a single particle or a small strip on the wall. These data were obtained in a 25.7 mm i.d. tube regularly packed with 12.7 mm diameter spheres, during forced convection with air at several Reynolds numbers. The temperature responses are asymmetric in the axial direction on every sphere; this effect is shown to be caused by the fluid motion. Transverse mixing is very slow over the studied range of Reynolds number, in contrast to know results for beds of larger tube/particle diameter ratio. A cell model with compartments of particulate size is fitted to the data and is found not to work very well. Evidently, this scale of compartmentation is much too coarse to describe these transient experiments. Better models need to be developed.
Vector-mediated peptide drug delivery to the brain

Abstract Peptides are potential new CNS pharmaceuticals should these highly water soluble compounds be made transportable through the brain capillary endothelial wall, which makes up the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo. One strategy for peptide drug delivery to the brain is the use of chimeric peptides. The latter are formed when a transportable vector, such as cationized albumin or a receptor-specific monoclonal antibody, is conjugated to a therapeutic compound that is normally not transported through the BBB. The conjugation of drugs to transport vectors is facilitated by the use of avidin-biotin technology. Existing transport vectors achieve degrees of brain delivery that are approximately 40-fold greater than the brain delivery of morphine, a neuroactive small molecule. Ongoing brain vector discovery programs may lead to new vectors with higher degrees of activity and brain specificity. The chimeric peptide approach to brain drug delivery is an advanced technology that requires integrated progress in three inter-dependent spheres: the vector sphere, the linker sphere, and the drug activity sphere. The complexities of the chimeric peptide technology illustrate the importance of integrating CNS drug discovery and CNS drug delivery as early as possible in the overall brain drug development process.
Combining cryptographic and steganographic security with self-wrapped optical code division multiplexing techniques

Experimental results for a novel transmission system using self-wrapped optical code division multiplexed signals to achieve enhanced data security at the physical layer of the optical network are presented. Key distribution is performed by encoding and time-spreading, thus allowing for both cryptographic and steganographic security in the public network.
Absolute and relative rewarding properties of fructose, glucose, and saccharin mixtures as reflected in anticipatory contrast.

Abstract Rats preferred 2% fructose (F) to 2% glucose (G) in daily 5-min two-bottle preference tests, but preferred 8% G to 8% F with the same testing procedure. In four subsequent experiments brief (3 min) once-per-day sequential presentations of two F or two G solutions showed the following results. Anticipatory negative contrast (suppressed intake of the initial solution) was greater with quantitative variations in fructose (2% F followed by either 8, 16, or 32% F) than was the case when the same concentrations of G were paired. No contrast occurred with qualitative pairings of the two sugars—instead G enhanced the intake of F whether it was presented before or after F. A solution of 0.15% saccharin produced more suppression (contrast) of 2% glucose than of 2% fructose. Also, mixtures of 0.15% saccharin with either sugar (2 or 8% F or G) enhanced absolute intake of the sugars but did not substantially increase their contrast-producing properties—suggesting a distinction between absolute and relative rewarding properties of sugar/saccharin mixtures. In summary, anticipatory negative contrast can be produced by either taste or postingestive factors but the relationship between two-bottle preference, absolute reward value (as reflected in consumption in noncontrast conditions), and relative reward value (measured by the capacity to produce contrast) is complex.
Concept Sampling: A New Twist for Content Analysis:

A new form of sampling for qualitative content analysis is introduced-concept sampling. Making use of software originally targeted at finding documents on both the Internet and a user's hard drive, researchers can find important lexical concepts, document their use in context, separate groups of users who share similar meanings, and map the meanings in semantic space. The software is able to deal with a large corpus of data, eliminating many of the reliability problems associated with selective sampling, and with actual words used in context, eliminating the potential interpretive bias inherent in a researcher's choice of codes and coding concepts. Although the software is not capable of substituting for human judgment, it is capable of assisting a researcher in mastering a large unknown corpus quickly, thus allowing a researcher to devote more and better time to analysis and understanding. Examples are shown drawn from leading journals, books, interviews, and the Internet.
String Propagation in a Black Hole Geometry

Abstract We consider string theory in the background of the two-dimensional black hole as described by the SL(2, R )/U(1) coset theory recently untroduced by Witten. We study the spectrum of this conformal field theory, and give explicit representations for the tachyon vertex-operators in terms of SL (2, R ) matrix elements. This is used to compute the scattering of strings of the black hole and to show that the string propagator exhibits Hawking radiation. We further discuss the role of winding state and the appearance of bound states in the euclidean solution. We find that target-space duality in the lorentzian theory interchanges the black hole horizon with the space-time singulartty. We conclude with a comparison a non-critical c = 1 string and its formulation as a gauged SL 2, R WZW model.
DRUG THERAPY OF HYPERTENSION.

With the currently available antihypertensive drug armamentarium, it is possible to control diastolic hypertension in the overwhelming majority of hypertensive patients. In order to accomplish a normotensive result, however, a double or triple-drug regimen is often required. The ultimate goal of the therapist will not be accomplished until the mechanisms under-lying the etiology of essential hypertension are fully elucidated.
Phase I study of ethylbis(2,2-dimethyl-1-aziridinyl) phosphinate (AB-163).

Ethylbis(2,2-dimethyl-1-aziridinyl)phosphinate (AB-163) was used to treat 27 patients in a phase I trial. The limiting toxicity on a weekly schedule of IV administration involved nausea and vomiting associated with a variety of cholinergic side effects, including possible seizures. A starting dose of 300–400 mg/M2/week is suggested for a Phase II trial. One partial response in a patient with squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix metastatic to the lungs was seen.
Modeling canopy reflectance and microwave backscattering coefficient

Various approaches to model canopy reflectance (CR) in the visible/infrared region and backscattering coefficient (BSC) in the microwave region are compared and contrasted. It is noted that BSC can be related to CR in the source direction (the 'hot spot' direction). By assuming a frequency dependent leaf reflectance and transmittance it is shown that the observed dependence of BSC on leaf area index, leaf angle distribution, angle of incidence, soil moisture content, and frequency can be simulated by a CR model. Thus both BSC and CR can, in principle, be calculated using a single model which has essentially the same parameters as many CR models do.
Polling, Greedy and Horizon Servers on a Circle

Service in a loop-based polling system consists of a single server moving around a closed tour, stopping to perform services wherever requests are encountered. There are N stations unit buffer queues spaced one unit of distance apart, and the server moves at a unit speed. All queues are identical, and the service time is deterministic. We compare the two well known cyclic polling and greedy servers with a new control policy called the horizon server. The cyclic polling server moves in one direction, even if no requests are waiting, and stops whenever it encounters a request. The greedy server selects the nearest request for its next service. At any station the greedy server can reverse its direction if a new request arrives nearby, and if no requests are waiting the greedy server does not move. The horizon server, with parameter d, ignores all requests for service from a distance farther than d,. Within its horizon â¤ d it acts like the greedy server. Analytical solutions for N = 2 and 3 and numerical results for Nâ¤ 6 show that the horizon server, with the optimum value of d, outperforms the polling and the greedy servers.
Impact of LEED-NC Credits on Contractors

Sustainable development has long been recognized as the next step that humankind should take in order to recuperate from the aftermath of the industrial revolution Gottfried 2000 . Events such as the Stockholm Declaration, the Brundtland Report, and the Rio Summit have brought nations together to address humankind’s increasing impacts on the environment. Some studies indicate that one of the largest contributors of these impacts is the construction industry CICA 2002 . In the wake of sustainable construction entering the mainstream and the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design-New Construction LEED-NC green building rating system becoming synonymous with green buildings, the need to assess the impact of this system on constructors’ practices is imperative. This research attempts to analyze and define constructors’ role in executing LEED-NC projects. Buildings in the United States consume one-third of all primary energy produced and close to two-thirds of electricity produced Vanegas and Pearce 1997 . According to Kibert 2005 , 30% of all new and renovated buildings in the United States experience poor indoor environmental quality due to noxious emissions, off gassing from evaporation of harmful substances present in building materials, and pathogens, resulting in low productivity that causes an annual loss of $60 billion. In an effort to address the environmental impacts of buildings and construction activities, several researchers have suggested the inclusion of sustainability in construction project objectives that brings forth the need to reconsider how existing practices in the design and construction industry best align with the sustainability goal Houvila and Koskela 1998 . In addition, the shift to incorporate sustainable practices into typical design and construction processes requires a redefinition of the existing role of project participants in order to contribute effectively to sustainable project objectives. An important characteristic of sustainable projects is that they lend themselves to a multidisciplinary and integrated team effort rather than a typical
Characterization of genital human papillomavirus infection in women who have or who are at risk of having HIV infection.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of human papillomavirus infection and the likelihood of human papillomavirus expression and Papanicolaou test abnormalities among women who have and who are at risk of having human immunodeficiency virus infection. Study Design: Cross-sectional analysis of 767 women who had human immunodeficiency virus infection and 390 women who were at risk of having human immunodeficiency virus infection in 4 cities in the United States. Results: Women who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus were more likely than women who were not infected to have human papillomavirus infection (prevalence ratio, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.0-2.8) but had similar human papillomavirus types. Among women who tested positive for human papillomavirus by polymerase chain reaction, human immunodeficiency virus infection was associated with a high level of human papillomavirus expression (prevalence ratio, 1.3-1.6) and multiple human papillomavirus infections (prevalence ratio, 1.9). However, among women with a high level of human papillomavirus expression or infection with multiple types, there was no association between human immunodeficiency virus serostatus and risk of cervical dysplasia. Conclusion: Through its association with a high level of expression and multiple human papillomavirus infections, human immunodeficiency virus infection may increase the risk of cervical dysplasia in women who are infected with human papillomavirus. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:21-7.)
METHODS FOR RAPID DETECTION OF HUMAN OCULAR VIRAL INFECTIONS

Abstract Recent methods for detection of viruses in clinical specimens include immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, immune adherence hemagglutination, radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoelectron microscopy. Some are useful for the detection of traces of viral antigens but are more complicated and timeconsuming than others. Simple techniques of immunofluorescence and negative stain electron microscopy are used for the rapid detection of viruses in human adenoviral, herpetic, rubella, molluscum contagiosum, and vaccinial infections.
The role of gene body cytosine modifications in MGMT expression and sensitivity to temozolomide

The DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is known to play a role in sensitivity to temozolomide. Promoter hypermethylation of MGMT is commonly used to predict low expression levels of MGMT in gliomas, despite observed discordance between promoter methylation and protein levels. Here, we investigated the functional role of gene body cytosine modification in regulating levels of MGMT gene expression and sensitivity to temozolomide. In 91 human glioblastoma samples, we observed significant variation in MGMT expression levels in patients with an unmethylated promoter, with higher levels of gene body cytosine modification correlating with higher gene expression levels. Furthermore, inducing hypomethylation across the MGMT gene body with decitabine corresponded with decreased levels of MGMT gene expression in lymphoblastoid and glioblastoma cell lines, indicating an important functional role for gene body cytosine modifications in maintaining gene expression. We reasoned that the decrease in MGMT expression induced by decitabine may render resistant glioblastoma cell lines more sensitive to temozolomide. Consistent with this reasoning, we found that the MGMT-expressing glioblastoma cell lines exhibiting an unmethylated MGMT promoter that were pre-treated with decitabine became significantly more sensitive to temozolomide. Overall, our results suggest a functional role for gene body cytosine modification in regulating gene expression of MGMT and indicate that pre-treating patients whose tumors have an unmethylated MGMT promoter with decitabine prior to temozolomide treatment may increase their response to therapy.
Trends in River Flow Affecting the Northeastern Reach of the San Francisco Bay Estuary over the Past 7000 Years

A variety of stratigraphic analyses (particle grain size, iron concentration, loss on ignition, and macrofossils) from sediments obtained from two marsh sites are used to reconstruct a middle to late Holocene record of stream flow into San Francisco Bay. Browns Island, a freshwater/brackish site, is located at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and is dominated by stands of Scirpus americanus. Peyton Hill is a brackish site located near Carquinez Straits and is dominated by stands of Scirpus robustus. Twenty-five AMS 14C dates provide chronostratigraphic control. During the Holocene, discharge from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers was broadly comparable to modern flows; however, an extended period of higher flow began 3800 cal yr B.P. and continued for almost two millennia. At this time Browns Island supported Phragmites communis, a freshwater species, and Peyton Hill supported S. americanus. At least two floods, recognized by discrete increases in sand and silt, occurred at 3600 and 530 cal yr B.P.
Lysine production in continuous culture

Lysine is an essential amino acid that is widely used as a feed additive. Many animal feeds are deficient in lysine, so the lysine, as well as other amino acids, are added to these feeds to supply an adequate diet. Lysine is also used in pharmaceuticals as a diet supplement.
The effect of rutin in experimental malignant hypertension

Abstract Fulminating hypertension was produced in 16 dogs by bilateral renal artery constriction. Rutin prevented the characteristic hemorrhagic phenomena when administered subcutaneously 10 days before renal artery ligation and during the postoperative period. However, both control and treated dogs developed equally severe uremia, and the survival time was not altered. The protective action of rutin may be due to its stabilizing effect on the ground substance of the arterioles and of the pericapillary sheath. A striking feature noted in all experimental groups was the sparing of the corticomedullary junction of the kidneys.
Guaranteed cost control of singular networked control systems with time-delay

In this paper, the guaranteed cost control problem of singular networked control systems are investigated. Suppose that the sensor node is time-driven, the controller and the actuator are event-driven, we analyze the singular networked control systems with short-time delay and present the model of the system. We consider the guaranteed cost control problem and design the state feedback control law to make the closed systems regular, stability and satisfy the corresponding guaranteed cost. Using LMI method, we give sufficient conditions for the existence of guaranteed cost controller. An example illustrates the application of the proposed method.
Entanglement-Induced Two-Photon Transparency

The rate of absorption of entangled photon pairs is linear in the photon-flux density. We demonstrate that the two-photon absorption cross section is a nonmonotonic function of the entanglement time; it vanishes for certain energy-level configurations and values of the entanglement time. This entanglement-induced two-photon transparency arises from the coherent summation of transition-amplitude contributions over the finite entanglement time. As an example, the entangled two-photon cross section for the $1S\ensuremath{-}2S$ electronic transition in atomic hydrogen is obtained.
A reusable toolset for software dependency analysis

Abstract Software maintenance is costly because of the many complex inter-relationships in a large software system; an understanding of these program dependencies is fundamental to efficient software change. This paper describes a general purpose tool set that has been developed to capture and analyze software dependencies. The tools are designed to serve as reusable components. They may be used not only to aid programmers directly in understanding programs but also as a basis from which other specialized tools can be constructed. The tools use the concept of a dependency graph as a basic abstraction to simplify the understanding of software relationships. Definitional, calling, functional and data-flow dependencies are analyzed. An external dependency graph for each function is developed to encapsulate the effects of function calls. A prototype of the dependency analysis toolset has been implemented to analyze C language code and seems to be quite useful, although some design and efficiency deficiencies were encountered that would need to be corrected in any “industrial strength” version. Dependency queries can be used directly in designing and verifying software changes and also serve as a basis for other maintenance tools. For example, a graphic program browser was constructed in only one man-month, illustrating the use of the toolset as a reuseable component to build more sophisticated tools.
Population Attributable Fraction as a Measure of Heritability in Dichotomous Twin Data

In many genetic analyses of dichotomous twin data, odds ratios have been used to test hypotheses on heritability and shared common environment effects of a given disease (Lichtenstein et al., 2000; Ahlbom et al., 1997; Ramakrishnan et al., 1992, 4). However, estimates of these two effects have not been dealt with in the literature. In epidemiology, the attributable fraction (AF), a function of the odds ratio and the prevalence of the risk factor has been used to describe the contribution of a risk factor to a disease in a given population (Leviton, 1973). In this article, we adapt the AF to quantify the heritability and the shared common environment. Twin data on cancer, gallstone disease and phobia are used to illustrate the applicability of the AF estimate as a measure of heritability.
Studies on grounding with gaze and pointing gestures in human-robot-interaction

In this study we investigated the use of gaze and pointing gestures in scenarios where a human has to follow the instructions of a humanoid robot. Our objective was to analyze the performance of a human participant, that solves an abstract jigsaw puzzle with the help of our robot instructor, in different grounding scenarios with varying difficulty. Furthermore we investigated how the attitude towards the robot and the self-assessment of the participant changed. Our results support that adding gaze to the interaction usually improves the interaction, but often additional pointing gestures are needed to make a significant difference.
Transition from adiabatic inspiral to plunge into a spinning black hole

A test particle of mass {mu} on a bound geodesic of a Kerr black hole of mass M>>{mu} will slowly inspiral as gravitational radiation extracts energy and angular momentum from its orbit. This inspiral can be considered adiabatic when the orbital period is much shorter than the time scale on which energy is radiated, and quasicircular when the radial velocity is much less than the azimuthal velocity. Although the inspiral always remains adiabatic provided {mu}<<M, the quasicircular approximation breaks down as the particle approaches the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO). In this paper, we relax the quasicircular approximation and solve the radial equation of motion explicitly near the ISCO. We use the requirement that the test particle's 4-velocity remains properly normalized to calculate a new contribution to the difference between its energy and angular momentum. This difference determines how a black hole's spin changes following a test-particle merger, and can be extrapolated to help predict the mass and spin of the final black hole produced in finite-mass-ratio black-hole mergers. Our new contribution is particularly important for nearly maximally spinning black holes, as it can affect whether a merger produces a naked singularity.
A cell means analysis of mixed linear models

The purpose of this paper is to describe a simple procedure for the estima-tion of parameters in the unbalanced mixed linear model. There are implications for hypothesis testing and interval estimation, A feature of these estimators is that they are expressed in terms of simple formulas. This has obvious advantages for computations and small sample analysis. In addition, the formulas suggest useful diagnostic procedures for assessing the quality of the data as well as possible defects in the model assumptions. The concepts are illustrated with several examples. Evidence is presented to indicate that, in cases of modest imbalance, these estimators are highly efficient and dominate AOV estimates over most of the parameter space. In cases of more extreme imbalance, the results are qualitatively the same but the estimators are less efficient than the AOV estimators for small values of the parameters. The extension of this method to factorial models with missing cells is not complete.
trans-Chloro(1-Naphthyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II)/PCy3 Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aryl and Heteroaryl Neopentylglycolboronates with Aryl and Heteroaryl Mesylates and Sulfamates at Room Temperature

trans-Chloro(1-naphthyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II) complex/PCy3 system has been successfully applied as catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of aryl and heteroaryl neopentylglycolboronates with aryl and heteroaryl mesylates and sulfamates in THF at room temperature. This cross-coupling reaction tolerates various functional groups, including keto, imino, ester, ether, and cyano. Together with the nickel-catalyzed, one-pot, two-step neopentylglycolborylation, this bench stable and inexpensive Ni(II)-based catalyst can be utilized as an alternative to Ni(COD)2/PCy3 to provide an inexpensive, robust, and convenient synthesis of biaryl and heterobiaryl compounds.
Password Security: An Empirical Investigation into E-Commerce Passwords and Their Crack Times

Abstract Strong passwords are essential to the security of any e-commerce site as well as to individual users. Without them, hackers can penetrate a network and stop critical processes that assist consumers and keep companies operating. For most e-commerce sites, consumers have the responsibility of creating their own passwords and often do so without guidance from the web site or system administrator. One fact is well known about password creation—consumers do not create long or complicated passwords because they cannot remember them. Through an empirical analysis, this paper examines whether the passwords created by individuals on an e-commerce site use either positive or negative password practices. This paper also addresses the issue of crack times in relationship to password choices. The results of this study will show the actual password practices of current consumers, which could enforce the need for systems administrators to recommend secure password practices on e-commerce sites and in general.
Tetranucleotide usage in mycobacteriophage genomes: alignment-free methods to cluster phage and infer evolutionary relationships

Background The genomic sequences of phages isolated on mycobacterial hosts are diverse, mosaic and often share little nucleotide similarity. However, about 30 unique types have been isolated, allowing most phage to be grouped into clusters and further into subclusters [1]. Many tools for the analysis of mycobacteriophage genomes depend on sequence alignment or knowledge of gene content. These methods are computationally expensive, can require significant manual input (for example, gene annotation) and can be ineffective for significantly diverged sequences [2]. We evaluated tetranucleotide usage in mycobacteriophages as an alternative to alignment-based methods for genome analysis. Description We computed tetranucleotide usage deviation, the ratio of observed counts of 4-mers in a genome to the expected count under a null model [3]. Tetranucleotide usage deviation is comparable for members of the same phage subcluster and distinct between subclusters. Neighbor joining phylogenetic trees were constructed on pairwise Euclidean distances between all genomes in the mycobacteriophage database. In almost every case, phage were placed in a monophyletic clade with members of the same subcluster. With few exceptions, trees computed from tetranucleotide usage deviation accurately reconstruct trees based on gene content for a subset of the mycobacteriophage population (Figure 1). We also evaluated the possibility of assigning clusters to unknown phage based on tetranucleotide usage deviation. Under a simple nearest neighbor classifier, cluster assignments were recovered at a frequency greater than 98%. In addition, we looked for evidence of horizontal gene transfer by using tetranucleotide difference index, a measure of the deviation in tetranucleotide usage from the genomic mean in a sliding window across the genome [3]. Tetranucleotide difference index plots showed a strong spike at the end of cluster L mycobacteriophages, which could indicate horizontal gene transfer in the region. Conclusions
Optimal weight based on energy imbalance and utility maximization

This paper investigates the optimal weight for both male and female using energy imbalance and utility maximization. Based on the difference of energy intake and expenditure, we develop a state equation that reveals the weight gain from this energy gap. We ​construct an objective function considering food consumption, eating habits and survival rate to measure utility. Through applying mathematical tools from optimal control methods and qualitative theory of differential equations, we obtain some results. For both male and female, the optimal weight is larger than the physiologically optimal weight calculated by the Body Mass Index (BMI). We also study the corresponding trajectories to steady state weight respectively. Depending on the value of a few parameters, the steady state can either be a saddle point with a monotonic trajectory or a focus with dampened oscillations.
Theoretical consequences of competition between successive generations on population stability and life cycle evolution

Abstract A generalized, coupled system of finite-difference equations is used to describe a population in which one generation depletes the carrying capacity of a subsequent one. It is shown through graphical presentation of numerically defined stability characteristics that the general consequence of this interaction is severe instability. Potential evolutionary strategies which restore system stability are examined by modifying the original set of equations and repeating the analysis. It is concluded from these results that there are at least two general types of stabilizing strategies: refuge and reduction of intergenerational flow. The latter strategy is further subdivided into diversion and dispersion tactics. These strategies may be ranked according to their tendency toward stable, single-point equilibrium as follows: Diversion > Refuge > Dispersion. Biological attributes of species illustrating these methods are outlined. Finally, the significance of these findings to other evolutionary strategies (e.g., r and K selection) is discussed.
A problem type classification for psychiatric emergencies.

T HE IDENTIFIED PSYCHIATRIC PATIENT in the emergency room makes up approximately 5% of the total emergency visits.1-5 The total number of emergency visits has increased as much as 600% since the 194Os.‘j Bartolucci and Drayer7 in an excellent overview emphasized the need to strengthen our ability to give help to those in “medico-social predicaments” that tend to recur in communities. They are also critical of Caplan’s short-term crisis models and its general application to psychiatric emergency room visits. Psychiatric emergencies are widely distributed among the diagnostic categories,g and diagnosis per se may have little relevance to disposition. Behavioral management is often the rule and often takes precedence.‘O Specific management decisions in the emergency room are often made on the basis of limited information. These decisions effect the patient, the emergency room environment, and the general dispensation of psychiatric and medical health care services in the community. Wynne, in The Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, ZZ, addresses the issue at hand:
Rethinking Delaware's Corporate Opportunity Doctrine

Although the prohibition on taking of organizational opportunities is well established, the standards applied to this problem in corporate law disputes are vague and imprecise. Corporate directors and officers lack clear guidance as to when a particular business venture may be taken for themselves or must first be offered to the corporation. In this article, I review the relevant Delaware case law, focusing on the ambiguities inherent therein. I then offer a proposed alternative regime, providing greater certainty and predictability.
Diabetes mellitus publication patterns, 1984-2005.

An established disorder recognized for over 2 millennia [1], diabetes mellitus most commonly occurs as type 1 diabetes, in which the body does not produce insulin, or type 2 diabetes, in which the body cannot properly utilize the insulin it produces [2]. In 2005, 15.8 million people in the United States had been diagnosed with diabetes, a sharp increase from 5.9 million in 1984 [3]. These changes in the number of people with diabetes are due in part to the growing numbers of people with type 2 diabetes. To assess how such changes in the prevalence of diabetes might be affecting literature published on the subject, this study examined patterns of publication of diabetes literature indexed in MEDLINE between 1984–2005, contrasted with disease statistics.