cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in canopy fuels and potential fire behavior 1880-2040: Grand Canyon, Arizona

We applied detailed forest reconstructions measured on broad-scale plot grids to initialize forest simulation modeling in 1880 and modeled spatially explicit changes in canopy fuels (canopy biomass, canopy bulk density, species composition) and potential fire behavior (crowning index) through 2040, a 160-year period. The study sites spanned a 500-m elevational gradient from ponderosa pine forest through higher-elevation mixed conifer, aspen, and spruce-fir forests on the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park in northern Arizona. The simulations were relatively accurate, as assessed by comparing the simulation output in the year 2000 with field data collected in 1997–2001, because a regionally calibrated simulator was used (Central Rockies variant of the Forest Vegetation Simulator) and because we added regeneration by species and density in the correct historical sequence. Canopy biomass increased at all sites, rising an average of 122% at the low-elevation sites and 279% at the high-elevation sites. The intermediate-elevation site, where mixed conifer vegetation predominated, began with the highest canopy biomass in 1880 but had the lowest increase through 2040 (39%). Canopy bulk density increased roughly in parallel with canopy biomass; however, density values were considered less accurate in non-contemporary dates because they were based on assumptions about canopy volume. Species composition of canopy fuels was consistent at low elevation (ponderosa pine) but shifted strongly toward mesic species at higher elevations, where ponderosa pine declined in absolute as well as relative terms. Potential crown fire behavior was assessed with the Nexus model in terms of crowning index (CI), the windspeed required to sustain active canopy burning. CI values decreased 23–80% over the modeled period. Canopy fuel and CI values were mapped across the entire North Rim landscape. At a threshold windspeed of 45 km/h, only 6% of the landscape was susceptible to active crown fire in 1880 but 33% was susceptible by 2000. Implications of the changes over time and space include altered contemporary habitats and the high likelihood of rapid, broad-scale disturbance by fire. If managers choose to intervene to reduce canopy fuel mass and continuity, actions should be guided by the distinct ecological attributes of the different forest types. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
SWITCHING REQUIREMENTS IN A HEAD START CLASSROOM1

Two experiments were conducted by the mothers of the children in a Head Start classroom. Both examined the effects of a switching task on the frequency with which children moved from one activity area of the classroom to another. The results indicated that the rate at which the children changed activities could be adjusted by varying the difficulty or magnitude of the switching task and that the task itself could be used to introduce academic subjects which would be poorly attended if initially presented in an activity area.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Mechanism of Blast Wave Transmission Through a Surrogate Head

This work is to develop an experiment-validated numerical model to elucidate the wave transmission mechanisms through a surrogate head under blast loading. Repeated shock tube tests were conducted on a surrogate head, i.e., water-filled polycarbonate shell. Surface strain on the skull simulant and pressure inside the brain simulant were recorded at multiple locations. A numerical model was developed to capture the shock wave propagation within the shock tube and the fluid-structure interaction between the shock wave and the surrogate head. The obtained numerical results were compared with the experimental measurements. The experiment-validated numerical model was then used to further understand the wave transmission mechanisms from the blast to the surrogate head, including the flow field around the head, structural response of the skull simulant, and pressure distributions inside the brain simulant. Results demonstrated that intracranial pressure in the anterior part of the brain simulant was dominated by the direct blast wave propagation, while in the posterior part it was attributed to both direct blast wave propagation and skull flexure, which took effect at a later time. This study served as an exploration of the physics of blast-surrogate interaction and a precursor to a realistic head model. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4026156]
Spent Nuclear Fuel Transportation Package Seals in Beyond Design Basis Temperature Excursions

The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is studying the performance of seals in spent nuclear fuel (SNF) transportation packages exposed to fires that could exceed the hypothetical accident condition fire described in Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 71, such as the Baltimore Tunnel Fire that occurred in 2001, or the MacArthur Maze fire that occurred in 2007. The performance of package seals is important for determining the potential for release of radioactive material from a package during a beyond-design-basis accident. Seals generally have lower temperature limits than other package components and are the containment barrier between the environment and the radioactive package contents. The NRC Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research contracted the National Institute of Standards and Technology to conduct small-scale thermal testing to obtain experimental data of the performance of seals during extreme temperature exposures. The experimental testing consisted of several small-scale pressure vessels fabricated with a modified ASME flange design and tested metallic and polymeric seals, similar to those that might be used on an actual SNF transportation package. The vessels were heated in an electrical oven to temperatures as high as 800°C (1472°F), exceeding the rated temperatures of the seals in question. This paper will provide a summary of the testing conducted and present test results and conclusions. BACKGROUND
Reading Literature, Reading Text, Reading the Internet: The Times They Are a'Changing

Responding to a recent U.S. survey that indicated declines in pleasure reading, the author asks, “Are adults reading less or are they just reading differently?” From this springboard, she goes on to discuss trends in early literacy and elementary education, along with different types of literate behaviors. By looking at the increasing availability of informational text, its use in classroom instruction, and the expanding role of technology in U.S. culture, the author provides some insights and possible answers to questions about the nature and practice of reading today.
Immunohistochemical analysis of ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein 50 in prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Background Ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50) is an adapter protein which has been shown to play an active role in a wide variety of cellular processes, including interactions with proteins related to both tumor suppression and oncogenesis. Here we use immunohistochemistry to evaluate EBP50's expression in normal donor prostate (NDP), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), normal tissue adjacent to prostatic adenocarcinoma (NAC), primary prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa), and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma (Mets).
Identification of heat shock proteins binding to an immunodominant uveitopathogenic peptide of IRBP

Intracellular binding proteins have been identified and isolated from B cells by their ability to bind to the synthetic peptide (1169–1191), the major immunodominant epitope of bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) coupled to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 4B. After SDS-PAGE, two discrete protein bands of ∼72 and 74 kDa, were found to be present in B cells of naive Lewis rats as well as in EBV transformed B cells from a human patient with ocular Behcet's disease. Enhanced expression of these peptide-binding proteins was achieved by incubating the cells with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from S. thyphimurium. The ∼72 and 74 kDa peptide-binding proteins reacted in western blot with monoclonal antibodies specific for both constitutively expressed and inducible 72/74 kDa hsp 70 proteins. The demonstration that these proteins bind to the immunodominant epitope of IRBP indicates that they may play a role in the processing and presentation of antigens by antigen-presenting cell (APC).
Estimating Extinction Risk with Metapopulation Models of Large‐Scale Fragmentation

Habitat loss is the principal threat to species. How much habitat remains-and how quickly it is shrinking-are implicitly included in the way the International Union for Conservation of Nature determines a species' risk of extinction. Many endangered species have habitats that are also fragmented to different extents. Thus, ideally, fragmentation should be quantified in a standard way in risk assessments. Although mapping fragmentation from satellite imagery is easy, efficient techniques for relating maps of remaining habitat to extinction risk are few. Purely spatial metrics from landscape ecology are hard to interpret and do not address extinction directly. Spatially explicit metapopulation models link fragmentation to extinction risk, but standard models work only at small scales. Counterintuitively, these models predict that a species in a large, contiguous habitat will fare worse than one in 2 tiny patches. This occurs because although the species in the large, contiguous habitat has a low probability of extinction, recolonization cannot occur if there are no other patches to provide colonists for a rescue effect. For 4 ecologically comparable bird species of the North Central American highland forests, we devised metapopulation models with area-weighted self-colonization terms; this reflected repopulation of a patch from a remnant of individuals that survived an adverse event. Use of this term gives extra weight to a patch in its own rescue effect. Species assigned least risk status were comparable in long-term extinction risk with those ranked as threatened. This finding suggests that fragmentation has had a substantial negative effect on them that is not accounted for in their Red List category.
Possible people, complaints, and the distinction between genetic planning and genetic engineering

Advances in the understanding of genetics have led to the belief that it may become possible to use genetic engineering to manipulate the DNA of humans at the embryonic stage to produce certain desirable traits. Although this currently cannot be done on a large scale, many people nevertheless object in principle to such practices. Most often, they argue that genetic enhancements would harm the children who were engineered, cause societal harms, or that the risks of perfecting the procedures are too high to proceed. However, many of these same people do not have serious objections to what is called 'genetic planning' procedures (such as the selection of sperm donors with desirable traits) that essentially have the same ends. The author calls the view that genetic engineering enhancements are impermissible while genetic planning enhancements are permissible the 'popular view', and argues that the typical reasons people give for the popular view fail to distinguish the two practices. This paper provides a principle that can salvage the popular view, which stresses that offspring from genetic engineering practices have grounds for complaint because they are identical to the pre-enhanced embryo, whereas offspring who are the result of genetic planning have no such grounds.
On Progress and Passages: A Tribute to Bennett Reimer

Bennett Reimer stated, in the first sentence of the first article in the first issue of the Journal of Music Teacher Education: “The appearance of a new journal devoted to music teacher education is among the hopeful signs that the music education profession is attending to the health of its infrastructure...and I wish the journal a long, productive and stimulating life” (1991, p. 5). The growth of JMTE, as evidenced by the numbers of increased submissions and accepted OnlineFirst articles waiting publication, would seem to support the idea that we are productively “attending to the health” of the profession as Reimer recommended. In fact, JMTE has now grown to the extent that we will begin publishing three issues a year beginning in April 2015. Bennett Reimer, as philosopher and thinker, was invited to develop an agenda for the profession in the first issue of JMTE. Perhaps it would be worthwhile for those of us in teacher preparation to consider where we are now as a profession 23 years later. Reimer suggested the following eight issues for future directions and future debates: “the balance between general education and teacher education, the balance between professional education and music education, the breadth of musical studies, adding a composition program to the performance and general music programs, broadening the philosophical and critical understanding of music educators, moving from methods to curriculum, managing the status quo effects of field experience, and teachers as researchers” (1991, p.6). Since then Reimer has been mentioned by JMTE authors countless times in many different contexts, and continues to be cited in the current issues. His wisdom and unique worldview have certainly influenced and inspired our profession. Bennett Reimer left us on November 18, 2013 after a career of thought and remarkable influence. Two who knew him well serve as guest editors as they consider the impact Bennett Reimer had on the profession and on their personal lives. Bennett Reimer was John Richmond’s major professor; Peter Webster spent years as Reimer’s
Usefulness of a review of systems questionnaire in the assessment of the hospitalized adolescent

A study was conducted to assess whether a standard questionnaire, the Mile Square Youth Clinic Questionnaire, could enhance communication between patients and physicians, leading to an improvement in the care of the hospitalized adolescent. Each questionnaire was compared with: validated concurrent notations on the medical record, and the history recorded in the patient's outpatient chart. Eighty-two of the 100 patients completing the questionnaire presented new information resulting in a better understanding of the individual patient's needs. The new concerns elicited could be categorized into six groupings: personal/family (19.4%), school/friends (17.8%), body/weight (17.2%), somatic concerns/cancer (26.7%), sexuality/birth control (12.2%) and drinking/drugs (6.7%). Most patients had more than one area of concern. The study supports the usefulness of a review of systems questionnaire as a method of data gathering for the hospitalized adolescent.
Determinants of the behavioral effects of opioids and their antagonists: contributions of the Laboratory of Psychobiology.

Rationale: The behavioral pharmacology of opioids has been influenced significantly by the research and writings of Drs. Peter B. Dews, Roger T. Kelleher, and William H. Morse, their colleagues, and their students. Objective: Their conceptual and methodological approach to the topic is reviewed briefly, and three areas of research are described to provide an empirical perspective. Results: The objective of determining the general effects of opioids on behavior is described; the effects of opioids on schedule-controlled behavior and punished behavior are described and compared to non- opioids. The differential effects of opioid antagonists on responding reinforced by different stimuli are also presented. Conclusion: The conceptual and methodolog- ical approach taken by the group, as well as their discoveries in the behavioral pharmacology of opioids, will continue to exert a positive influence on the field.
Calibration of Antennas During Construction or Expansion of Radio Arrays

The calibration of radio antenna performance is a well understood process, especially for single large-diameter antennas. However, the measurement of efficiency, optimal focus, pointing corrections, system temperature, and other parameters as functions of observing frequency, antenna elevation and azimuth, temperature, and wind velocity can be time-consuming. For any future arrays consisting of very large numbers of small antennas, it will be necessary to minimize the time spent calibrating each antenna. This paper considers ways to speed up the calibration of antennas being added to an existing array by taking advantage of interferometer measurements and script-based automation.
MSY Breakpoint Mapper, a database of sequence-tagged sites useful in defining naturally occurring deletions in the human Y chromosome

Y chromosome deletions arise frequently in human populations, where they cause sex reversal and Turner syndrome and predispose individuals to infertility and germ cell cancer. Knowledge of the nucleotide sequence of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) makes it possible to precisely demarcate such deletions and the repertoires of genes lost, offering insights into mechanisms of deletion and the molecular etiologies of associated phenotypes. Such deletion mapping is usually conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the presence or absence of a series of Y-chromosomal DNA markers, or sequencetagged sites (STSs). In the course of mapping intact and aberrant Y chromosomes during the past two decades, we and our colleagues have developed robust PCR assays for 1287 Y-specific STSs. These PCR assays amplify 1698 loci at an average spacing of _14 kb across the MSY euchromatin. To facilitate mapping of deletions, we have compiled a database of these STSs, MSY Breakpoint Mapper (http://breakpointmapper.wi.mit.edu/). When queried, this online database provides regionally targeted catalogs of STSs and nearby genes. MSY Breakpoint Mapper is useful for efficiently and systematically defining the breakpoint(s) of virtually any naturally occurring Y chromosome deletion.
Effects of Rapamycin Treatment on Neurogenesis and Synaptic Reorganization in the Dentate Gyrus after Controlled Cortical Impact Injury in Mice

Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). A prominent cell signaling pathway activated in animal models of both TBI and epilepsy is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin has shown promise as a potential modulator of epileptogenesis in several animal models of epilepsy, but cellular mechanisms linking mTOR expression and epileptogenesis are unclear. In this study, the role of mTOR in modifying functional hippocampal circuit reorganization after focal TBI induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI) was investigated. Rapamycin (3 or 10 mg/kg), an inhibitor of mTOR signaling, was administered by intraperitoneal injection beginning on the day of injury and continued daily until tissue collection. Relative to controls, rapamycin treatment reduced dentate granule cell area in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the injury two weeks post-injury. Brain injury resulted in a significant increase in doublecortin immunolabeling in the dentate gyrus ipsilateral to the injury, indicating increased neurogenesis shortly after TBI. Rapamycin treatment prevented the increase in doublecortin labeling, with no overall effect on Fluoro-Jade B staining in the ipsilateral hemisphere, suggesting that rapamycin treatment reduced posttraumatic neurogenesis but did not prevent cell loss after injury. At later times post-injury (8-13 weeks), evidence of mossy fiber sprouting and increased recurrent excitation of dentate granule cells was detected, which were attenuated by rapamycin treatment. Rapamycin treatment also diminished seizure prevalence relative to vehicle-treated controls after TBI. Collectively, these results support a role for adult neurogenesis in PTE development and suggest that suppression of epileptogenesis by mTOR inhibition includes effects on post-injury neurogenesis.
Rethinking Environmental Justice Regulation: A Modest Proposal for Penalty Return

Over the last seven years U.S. Steel has been penalized for over 100 violations of environmental laws at its Gary, Indiana, steelmaking facility. Gary's primarily minority residents, while bearing a great majority of the risk created by U.S. Steel's violations, have not received any of the penalty money paid by U.S. Steel for them. Numerous studies have shown that minorities disproportionately bear the burden of pollution. The redistribution of penalty money away from those who bear the risk is a further manifestation of this environmental injustice. The purpose of this article is both to examine the phenomenon of penalty redistribution as a form of environmental injustice and to argue that the minority communities that disproportionately bear the risks created by pollution should also receive the penalty payments made by violators. Current environmental justice regulation focuses on decreasing the risks borne by such communities. These burden-reducing schemes are ineffective as a means of dealing with the problems of environmental injustice because of both political and economic obstacles to their implementation. A scheme of penalty return responds to a number of the major concerns of environmental justice while not falling prey to the economic and political obstacles currently confronting burden-reducing schemes. The article is organized in the following manner: the next section provides a brief description of the problem of environmental injustice and how it arises. Once the problem of environmental injustice is described, the article's next section will then consider the legal responses to the problem, with a particular focus on the current Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory framework. The section characterizes the EPA regulatory scheme as focused on reducing the burden of pollution and then identifies the economic and political obstacles that confront such burden-reducing regulation. The article then develops a complimentary scheme of regulation that focuses on redistributing money back to the harmed communities. This scheme of penalty return, it argues, is not susceptible to the same types of problems currently confronting existing burden-reducing schemes.
863 The Characterization and Prediction of ISGPF Grade C Fistulas Following Pancreatoduodenectomy

Introduction International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) grade C postoperative pancreatic fistulas (POPF) are the greatest contributor to major morbidity and mortality following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD); however, their infrequent occurrence has hindered deeper analysis. This study sought to develop a predictive algorithm, which could facilitate effective management of this challenging complication.
A Foundation Expresses its Interest in Higher Education for Business Management

Focuses on the activities of the Ford Foundation in the field of education for business management. Efforts to examine and change business school curriculum; Information on a national conference on...
Research of Tensor Linear Discriminant Analysis Algorithm

Aiming at problems of small sample existed in the traditional linear discriminant analysis and two projection matrixes of TensorLDA algorithms cannot calculate,low-dimensional feature extraction is not sufficient,study and implement TensorLDA based on tensor subspace. And the It-TensorLDA algorithm is presented,which first initializes with unit matrix,then uses the optimized criterion to get another projection matrix,carrying on many times iteration. Apply ORL human dataset to test the performance of algorithm. The experiments show that in ORL dataset It-TensorLDA is 1. 88% higher than TensorLDA and 3. 03% compared with Fisherfaces. So,the algorithm avoids the small sample problem,enhances the efficiency of face recognition.
The mechanism of action of hypoglycin on long-chain fatty acid oxidation.

Intravenous administration of hypoglycin (L-α-amino-β-methylenecyclopropanepropionic acid) to mice resulted in hypoglycemia, which was preceded by a decrease in palmitate oxidation by myocardial homogenates from treated animals. The homogenates from treated animals carried out normal rates of glucose and hexanoate oxidation, but demonstrated depressed levels of palmityl-CoA:carnitine acyltransferase activity. The addition of carnitine to the myocardial homogenates restored both the depressed palmitate oxidation and palmityl-CoA:carnitine acyltransferase activity to normal levels. The administration of carnitine to hypoglycin-treated animals prevented the decreases in myocardial palmitate oxidation, palmityl-CoA:carnitine acyltransferase activity, and the hypoglycemia.
Navigating connectivity in reduced infrastructure environments

Modern communications systems rely on assumptions of centralized systems and underlying infrastructure that make them vulnerable in computing within limits scenarios. In this paper we offer case studies of issues facing connectivity in three locations in developing regions as a proxy for networks in such scenarios. We explore obstacles presented by such circumstances and future research directions for systems in resource-poor networking environments. We propose democratizing infrastructure deployment in a bottomup manner and re-thinking network architectures to be more decentralized with less reliance on centralized support systems.
Comparison of the effect of four anaesthetics on haematological profiles, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in barbel (Barbus barbus).

OBJECTIVES Currently, many questions regarding the effect of anaesthetics to fish remain unresolved. Fish species may differ widely in their response to an anaesthetic, the screening of dosages is often necessary. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of tricaine methane sulphonate (MS 222), clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol and Propiscin on haematological profiles, oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes in barbel (Barbus barbus). DESIGN The haematological profiles, oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes of barbel were evaluated immediately after a 10 min anaesthesia (MS 222--100 mg.L(-1), clove oil--33 mg.L(-1), 2-phenoxyethanol--0.4 mg.L(-1), Propiscin--1.0 mg.L(-1)), and 24 h after anaesthesia. RESULTS The 10 min exposure in the recommended concentrations of tested anaesthetics have no significant effect on haematological profiles, levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and activity of glutathione reductase of barbel. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly decreased (p<0.01) in the muscle in all experimental groups. The activity of SOD showed a significant decrease (p<0.01) in the liver 24 h after all anaesthetics; however in the gill the activity of SOD was significantly increased (p<0.01) in Propiscin (10 min). The activity of catalase (CAT) was significantly increased (p<0.05) in the muscle 24 h after all anaesthetics. CONCLUSIONS The observed effects on barbel antioxidant systems may be a defence against oxidative damage. The results of this study suggest that the antioxidant systems of barbel are altered by Propiscin anaesthesia, but are slightly affected by MS 222, clove oil, and 2-phenoxyethanol anaesthesia.
Protective Effect of Leukapheresis in Man Against Large Dose Antineoplastic Chemotherapy

Eight patients with widespread metastatic neoplastic diseases following leukopoietic stimulation by leukapheresis were treated on 10 occasions with large doses of HN2, 30 to 280 mg. (0.6 to 4.1 mg./Kg.). Despite severe hematodepression with anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, hematopoietic recovery occurred in all instances within 16 to 25 days. The recovery from severe hematodepressant doses of HN2 is attributed largely to the previous leukopoietic stimulation. Doses of HN2 at approximately four times the LD50 were unable to eradicate metastatic tissue in Ewings sarcoma and malignant melanoma. Although hematopoietic protection was evident, the hazard of injuring the next most vulnerable tissues must be considered as larger amounts of cytotoxic agents are employed.
What Your Patients Need to Know About Psychiatric Medications: A Resource Book of Medication Information, 2nd Edition

By Robert H. Chew, Pharm.D., Robert E. Hales, M.D., M.B.A., and Stuart C. Yudofsky, M.D. Published by American Psychiatric Publishing, 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209-3901, 2009. 421 p. Price $82.00. This is a collection of patient handouts with information on psychiatric medications
Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy: An Overview for the Primary Care Physician

Thyroid disease in pregnancy encompasses a wide spectrum of disorders including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Thyroid function tests change during normal pregnancy which can make diagnosis of abnormal thyroid function difficult. Uncontrolled hypothyroidism in pregnancy is associated with both maternal and fetal adverse effects, and universal screening has been proposed although not currently recommended in low-risk patients. Similarly, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Antithyroid drugs have a low absolute risk but an increased relative risk of fetal effects. Thyroid nodules in pregnancy are evaluated based on ultrasound findings, and fine needle aspiration may be warranted. Pregnancy is not thought to impact the prognosis of thyroid carcinoma, and surgery may be generally deferred until postpartum.
Relationship between co-morbidities at diagnosis, survival and ultimate cause of death in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): a prospective cohort study.

Summary The ultimate cause of death for most patients with newly diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and its relationship to co-morbid health conditions is poorly defined. We conducted a prospective cohort study that systematically followed 1143 patients diagnosed with CLL between June 2002 and November 2014. Comorbid health conditions at the time of CLL diagnosis and their relationship to survival and cause of death were evaluated. Collectively, 1061 (93%) patients had at least one co-morbid health condition at the time of CLL diagnosis (median number 3). Despite this, 89% of patients had a low-intermediate Charlson Comorbidity Index score (CCI) at diagnosis. After a median follow-up of 6 years, 225 patients have died. Death was due to CLL progression in 85 (46%) patients, infection in 14 (8%) patients, other cancer in 35 (19%) patients and comorbid health conditions in 50 (27%) patients. Higher CCI score and a greater number of major comorbid health conditions at the time of CLL diagnosis was associated with shorter non-CLL specific survival, but not with shorter CLL-specific survival on multivariate analysis. In conclusion, CLL and CLL-related complications (infections and second cancers) are the overwhelming cause of death in patients with CLL, regardless of CCI score and number of comorbid health conditions at diagnosis.
“A Crash Course in Herstory”: Remembering the Women’s Movement in MAKERS: Women Who Make America

This article explores how the documentary MAKERS: Women Who Make America constructs a collective memory of the women’s movement. MAKERS deploys three strategies to present a particular version of the feminist past: the use of individual women as witnesses to the second wave, the use of archival journalism as an “authentic” guide to the past, and the use of narrative to personalize the political. These strategies create an authoritative memory of the women’s movement as a narrative of progress that highlights individualism and ends in women’s freedom to choose. This collective memory of “feminism as choice” serves as a corrective to negative stereotypes of second-wave feminism; however, it does not effectively mobilize collective feminist action in the present.
Bridging the Gap between Millennial Consumers, Social Media, and Agricultural Branding Programs: A Qualitative Assessment

ABSTRACTWith a growing trend for geographical branding efforts within the United States, particularly for individual states, the need to better understand how consumer groups respond to these efforts becomes prevalent, particularly for agricultural brands. The current study analyzes Millennial consumer response to agricultural branding programs within the United States and the effects of social media on this process. Using the Generational Cohort Theory (GCT) and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (HoN) as key foundations, a qualitative assessment was completed on Millennial consumers across various university campuses within one U.S. state. Results revealed that five key themes emerged relating to locally produced foods (definition, users, access, experiences and marketing/branding) while four themes emerged from the discussions on social media (applications, activity, advertising and information flow/communication). From these themes, a new conceptual ‘hierarchy’ is proposed that can be used to explain how Mil...
Basis of Virulence in Enterotoxin-Mediated Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

The Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are a superfamily of secreted virulence factors that share structural and functional similarities and possess potent superantigenic activity causing disruptions in adaptive immunity. The enterotoxins can be separated into two groups; the classical (SEA-SEE) and the newer (SEG-SElY and counting) enterotoxin groups. Many members from both these groups contribute to the pathogenesis of several serious human diseases, including toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and sepsis-related infections. Additionally, many members demonstrate emetic activity and are frequently responsible for food poisoning outbreaks. Due to their robust tolerance to denaturing, the enterotoxins retain activity in food contaminated previously with S. aureus. The genes encoding the enterotoxins are found mostly on a variety of different mobile genetic elements. Therefore, the presence of enterotoxins can vary widely among different S. aureus isolates. Additionally, the enterotoxins are regulated by multiple, and often overlapping, regulatory pathways, which are influenced by environmental factors. In this review, we also will focus on the newer enterotoxins (SEG-SElY), which matter for the role of S. aureus as an enteropathogen, and summarize our current knowledge on their prevalence in recent food poisoning outbreaks. Finally, we will review the current literature regarding the key elements that govern the complex regulation of enterotoxins, the molecular mechanisms underlying their enterotoxigenic, superantigenic, and immunomodulatory functions, and discuss how these activities may collectively contribute to the overall manifestation of staphylococcal food poisoning.
Multidimensionality of Youth Psychopathic Traits: Validation and Future Directions

The seven articles featured in this Special Section on “Child Psychopathic Traits for Specifying Conduct Disorder” collectively prosecute an important tension in the field: despite evidence that psychopathic traits in children, adolescent, and adults are multidimensional, callous-unemotional (CU) traits have evolved to nearly eclipse the construct of youth psychopathic traits. That is, does inclusion of grandiosity and impulsivity, and related psychopathic constructs improve predictive models? Employing a rich array of methods, these studies converged to suggest that using the entire constellation of psychopathic traits significantly improved predictions of key criteria. Crucially, predictions were consistent across development, multiple external criteria, and diversely recruited samples (e.g., community, incarcerated). From a developmental psychopathology framework (Cicchetti 2008), I synthesize the theoretical and empirical implications of these studies and offer perspectives on future directions. In particular, there is an urgent need to elucidate mechanisms from psychopathic traits to important clinical, public health, and functional outcomes; identification of potential causal processes is necessary to establish the validity of psychopathic traits and to ultimately innovate intervention and prevention efforts.
Looking for CO2: Exploring the Novel Finding of Low Respiratory Quotient After Cardiac Arrest

Research over decades has explored oxygen consumption (VO2) during critical illness, and whether altering oxygen metabolism affects clinical outcomes. Clinicians and researchers have long wanted to know why, despite adequate blood pressure and oxygen saturation, critically ill patients so often
Along for the ride: the prevalence of motor vehicle passengers riding with drivers who have been drinking in an American Indian population.

American Indians, especially those residing in the Northern Plains, experience considerable preventable morbidity and mortality from alcohol-related motor vefucfe events. Research focusing on unintentional injuries associated with drinking drivers has disregarded the epidemiology of their passengers, who are equally at risk. The purpose of this investigation was to define the prevalence of motor vehicle passengers riding with drivers who have been drinking on a Northern Plains Reservation. We surveyed a sample of 151 Northern Plains Indians about their experiences riding with drinking drivers. Associated behavioral and demographic risk factors were also examined to identify possible predictor variables. The majority (54%) of respondents reported riding with a driver who had been drinking at least once during the previous three months. Most often, passengers ride with a friend who has been drinking, on a weekend night. Injury risk may be compounded because few respondents reported regular seat-belt use. The results of our study suggest the need for immediate comprehensive prevention efforts focusing on motor vehicle passengers.
COGENERATION STUDIES UTILIZING A GAS TURBINE AT THE ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT The feasibility of cogeneration at the Rochester Institute of Technology campus in Henrietta, New York was investigated. The study proposed the use of a number of Detroit Allison Model 501-KB 3.1 MW gas turbine generator sets to generate electricity. The hot turbine exhaust would be supplied to the existing gas-fired high temperature hot water generators for heat recovery. Supplemental gas could be burned in the turbine exhaust stream when the campus heating load exceeds the recoverable portion of the turbine exhaust heat. The performance characteristics of the turbine generator set, hourly weather data for the Rochester area, and the fifteen-minute electrical demand schedule of the campus for a period of one year were programmed into a computer. The program was designed to yield the quantities of natural gas required for operating the turbines and for heating purposes, and the overall cogeneration efficiency. The program was run for two different cogeneration schemes, one scheme involving a single turbine supplying base load electrical needs and the other involving three turbines providing total independence from the local utility. The results of the program showed a monthly overall cogeneration efficiency between 47 percent and 71 percent. Annual savings were $194,000 and $186,000 for the two schemes, respectively. The payback period for the two schemes was 20 years and 8 years, respectively.
Theories of Organizational Change and Technology Transfer

How do you change organizations, systems, or work processes? This key question by researchers and practitioners involves the theories of organizational change and the key components of the change process. Over the last 2 decades, a number of frameworks have been articulated that focus on the important ingredients in the change process. In this chapter, these frameworks are described and the key components of change models are identified. The concept of Technology Transfer is defined as a tool to import innovation into an organization, regardless of the size or shape of the organization. Beginning with Everett Rogers and culminating in recent advances in developing frameworks for change models, we detail the different models and their core components.
New challenges in collaborative virtual factory design

The present paper describes the results of recent and ongoing major European projects about the virtual factory design topic, highlighting in particular new challenges related to the networked collaborative design of factories layout and configuration. A pilot factory for the production of customized shoes is referred to throughout the paper as application example of the proposed methods and tools.
Variations in levator ani volume and geometry in women: the application of MR based 3D reconstruction in evaluating pelvic floor dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: We report on the comparative 3-dimensional (3D) living female pelvic floor geometry in five women, comparing the volume, morphology, and integrity of the levator sling, and pelvic anatomic relationships among study subjects. METHODS: Five women of varying ages, parity, continence, and prolapse status were studied. Two-dimensional (2D) imaging of the pelvic floor organs was performed on each subject in the supine position. Manual segmentation techniques and solid modeling software was used to build 3D models of each patient's pelvic floor structures, which could then be viewed and measured on the computer screen. We measured levator muscle volume, posterior urethro-vesical angle, distance from the urethra to pubo-coccygeal line, and the levator plate angle. The integrity of pubo-coccygeal attachments was also recorded. RESULTS: Levator muscle volume ranged from 68 ml in the nulliparous female, to 26 ml in the grand multipara with severe prolapse and mild genuine stress incontinence (GSI). The second lowest volume (30 ml) was in the multipara with GSI. Volumes in the parous subjects without stress urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse were 36 and 39 ml. Pubo-coccygeal attachments were found to be torn in the 2 symptomatic subjects, and were intact in all 3 asymptomatic subjects. CONCLUSION: MR based 3D modeling is feasible and can be used in a research setting to evaluate complex anatomic relationships which may accompany pelvic floor dysfunction. The technique can also be used to evaluate levator muscle morphology and volume, as well as pelvic floor support integrity and its possible role in GSI and prolapse. We are currently conducting a larger study to validate our technique, and to better define the relationship between pelvic floor geometry and pelvic floor dysfunction.
The Use of Spinal Cord Stimulation/Neuromodulation in the Management of Chronic Pain

Chronic pain causes a tremendous burden on the society in terms of economic factors and social costs. Rates of spinal surgery, especially spinal fusion, have increased exponentially over the past decade. The opioid epidemic in the United States has been one response to the management of pain, but it has been fraught with numerous catastrophic-related adverse effects. Clinically, spinal cord stimulation (SCS)/neuromodulation has been used in the management of chronic pain (especially spine-related pain) for more than two decades. More recent advances in this field have led to new theories and approaches in which SCS can be used in the management of chronic spine-related pain with precision and efficacy while minimizing adverse effects commonly seen with other forms of chronic pain treatment (eg, narcotics, injections, ablations). Narcotic medications have adverse effects of habituation, nausea, constipation, and the like. Injections sometimes lack efficacy and can have only limited duration of efficacy. Also, they can have adverse effects of cerebrospinal fluid leak, infection, and so on. Ablations can be associated with burning discomfort, lack of efficacy, recurrent symptoms, and infection. High-frequency stimulation, burst stimulation, tonic stimulation with broader paddles, and new stimulation targets such as the dorsal root ganglion hold promise for improved pain management via neuromodulation moving forward. Although a significant rate of complications with SCS technology are well described, this can be a useful tool in the management of chronic spine-related pain.
Estimation of Apparent Survival, Detectability, and Density of Three Federally Threatened Mussel Species in a Small Watershed

Almost half of the mussel species in North America are imperiled, and eight species found in the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain drainages were recently federally listed. Information regarding the status of known populations of these species is either limited or outdated. Three sites in the Choctawhatchee River watershed (southeast Alabama), where federally threatened mussel species were known to occur, were sampled for mussels eight times each over 4 mo. Three federally threatened species, Fusconaia burkei, Hamiota australis, and Pleurobema strodeanum, and one common species, Elliptio pullata, were individually tagged and released using a robust mark-recapture sampling design. Each species-site combination having sufficient sample sizes was analyzed using a set of six candidate mark-recapture models chosen a priori, and estimates of apparent survival, detectability, and density were derived using the computer program MARK to average models. A total of 820 mussels, 427 of which are listed as federally threatened or endangered, were tagged over eight sampling occasions at three sites. Apparent survival of E. pullata varied among sampling occasions (0.96–0.99), while threatened species tended to have nearly constant survival. Detectability increased with mussel length for E. pullata at all sites (0.07–0.82), but with the exception of P. strodeanum at 8M1, length did not affect detectability of threatened species (0.11–0.52). Densities of threatened species (0.05–1.0 individuals/m2) were typically lower than those of E. pullata (0.15–1.78 individuals/m2) at each site. These data offer insights into the current status of known populations of threatened species at three sites in the Choctawhatchee watershed and will serve as a baseline against which the future status of these populations can be measured. These data also demonstrate the potential viability of using these methods for long-term monitoring of these populations.
Gasdermin D Protects from Melioidosis through Pyroptosis and Direct Killing of Bacteria.

Gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage by caspase-1 or caspase-11 inflammasomes triggers pyroptosis, a lytic form of cell death protective against intracellular bacteria. In this study, we examine the role of GSDMD in a mouse model of melioidosis. Gsdmd-/- mice were more susceptible than wild-type mice to intranasal infection with Burkholderia thailandensis Production of IL-18, but not IL-1β, was decreased in Gsdmd-/- infected mice. Despite lower IL-18, IFN-γ was produced in similar amounts in wild-type and Gsdmd-/- mice. In vitro, secretion of both IL-1β and IL-18 by macrophages or dendritic cells infected with B. thailandensis was dependent on GSDMD. Surprisingly, wild-type or GSDMD-deficient neutrophils secreted similar amounts of IL-1β, suggesting these cells may be the source of the GSDMD-independent IL-1β detected in vivo. Recombinant GSDMD was able to directly kill B. thailandensis in vitro upon processing by active caspase-1. Moreover, bacteria harvested from wild-type, but not Gsdmd-/- , macrophages were more susceptible to the microbicidal effect of hydrogen peroxide or human β-defensin-3. Finally, we provide evidence that pyroptosis of in vitro infected macrophages is directly microbicidal. Taken together, these results indicate that the protective action of GSDMD in melioidosis is primarily due to induction of pyroptosis and direct killing of bacteria rather than production of cytokines.