cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marbury and the Constitutional Mind: A Bicentennial Essay on the Wages of Doctrinal Tension

harm-for example, injury to the interest in seeing that the law is obeyed-deprives the case of the concrete specificity that characterized those controversies which were 'the traditional concern of the courts at Westminster"' (quoting Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433, 460 (1939) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)) and that alone should therefore be regarded as properly justiciable today); Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Citizens United for Separation of Church & State, 454 U.S. 464, 476 (1982) (asserting that standing limitations are "part of the basic charter promulgated by the Framers of the Constitution at Philadelphia in 1787"). Scholars, however, have predominantly rejected the Court's assumption. See, e.g., Richard Pierce, Is Standing Law or Politics?, 77 N.C. L. REv. 1741, 1765 (reviewing historical studies and concluding that "no historical support exists for the proposition that [Vol. 9 1:1 MARBURY AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL MIND perhaps to a historically grounded but now forgotten approach that coherently embodies some but not all aspects of the private-rights and specialfunctions models.246 If a project of this kind rendered Marbury wholly selfconsistent, then the historical truth would contain no disturbing dissonance, and subsequent misunderstandings could be characterized as simple errors. In offering these comments on the possible -fruits of historical inquiries, I do not pretend to judge Pfander's conclusions about the best reading of the 1789 Judiciary Act. Neither do I mean to project the success or failure of similar historical inquiries of the kind that I have sketched. I would insist, however, that the historicist project, as I have described it, could not imaginably satisfy the concerns of everyone who is unsettled by apparent contradictions in current constitutional doctrines. Even if successful in its own terms, historicism could not purge tensions from contemporary doctrine except on the contestable assumption that historical truths uniquely determine current legal meaning and constitutional validity. Full implementation of this assumption would have draconian effects unlikely to be acceptable to anyone. In a closely analogous case that much influences my modeling of historicism, self-styled "originalists" believe that constitutional interpretation should in principle reflect the "original understanding" of relevant constitutional provisions.247 Nevertheless, nearly all originalists accept that at least some mistaken decisions must now be accepted on the basis of stare decisis.2 48 For those adopting this approach, originalism is not a complete constitutional theory, for its implementation requires the development of a normative theory of stare
OSHPD, Administrative Agencies in General, and Implementing SB 1953

Our focus is on adding to our collective understanding of public policy implementation as it relates to reducing the likely consequences of extreme events, including, particularly, natural hazard events. The SB 1953 experience provides an excellent example of a policy that has been achieving its stated objectives slowly and gradually, but, unfortunately, not without adverse and largely unanticipated consequences. In general, regulatory policy is a form of public policy that calls for government organizations to do things to induce others to take the actions intended to achieve the ends toward which the policy is directed. Regulatory policy, by its very nature, comprises two critical sets of actors: those whose job it is to induce others to take action to comply with the requirement, and those organizations whose actions are the target of the policy. This chapter focuses on the first half of the equation: factors affecting the performance of the agency or agencies charged with administering the policy intended to induce other organizations to take action. Later chapters will address the actions taken by the organizations targeted by the policy.
STUDIES ON THE BINDING OF SYNEXIN TO PHOSPHOLIPID VESICLES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses studies on the binding of synexin to phospholipid vesicles. Synexin is a 47 kDa Ca2+-dependent protein originally isolated from the cytosol of chromaffin cells. The effects of synexin on membrane fusion have been shown to depend on the presence of negatively charged phospholipids. The liposomes were prepared in the presence of 20% (w/v) metrizamide and 10 mM TES, pH 7.4. Fusion was initiated when Ca2+ was added to this mixture to a final concentration of 2 mM. No binding to PC was observed, consistent with the observations of Hong et al. on the fusion of liposomes containing PC. Other independent evidence from fluorescent phospholipid probes indicates that a small part of synexin could be penetrating into the bilayer. The interaction of synexin with membrane may be complex, involving both polar interactions at the membrane surface and some limited degree of penetration into the hydrophobic interior of membranes.
Comparison of lipid and androgen levels after conjugated estrogen or depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment in postmenopausal women.

Thirty-five women who had undergone a natural or surgical menopause were randomized to receive either 0.625 mg of conjugated estrogen to be ingested for 25 days each month or 150 mg of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate intramuscularly every three months. Plasma lipids were determined before and after one year of therapy. Serum androgens were measured before and after six months of therapy. Conjugated estrogens and depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate had similar effects on plasma lipids. Cholesterol was decreased (P less than .02 for conjugated estrogen therapy and P less than .01 for depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy), as was low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P less than .02 for conjugated estrogen and P less than .05 for depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate). Conjugated estrogens also significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P less than .02). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were unchanged after depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy. Serum androgens were generally unchanged after depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate or conjugated estrogen therapy. The data from this study suggest that long-term conjugated estrogen and depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment have similar effects on lipid and androgen levels except that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not significantly increased by depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate.
Transient visual perturbations boost short-term balance learning in virtual reality by modulating electrocortical activity

We found that transient visual perturbations in virtual reality during balance training can boost short-term motor learning by inducing a cognitive change, overcoming the negative effects of immers...
Integration of Design, Scheduling, and Control of Combined Heat and Power Systems: A Multiparametric Programming Based Approach

Abstract The operation of multiproduct/multipurpose processes involves decisions at different time scales; such as short-term for control, medium-term for scheduling, and long(er)-term for design. In this work, we present a methodology towards the unification of these decisions via multiparametric programming. Based on our previously introduced PARametric Optimization and Control (PAROC) framework, we derive (i) design dependent and scheduling aware control strategies, and (ii) scheduling strategies that are design dependent and control aware. We utilize the proposed methodology to simultaneously determine (i) the distributed control schemes for different operating policies and a range of different designs, and (ii) the coordination of operations in a network of two cogeneration of heat and power (CHP) units as a function of the constituent designs.
Structured Training for Fetal Diagnostic Skills in a Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellowship

Objective The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine has described what constitutes a detailed fetal anatomic examination but what comprises an appropriate physician training program has not been described. The purpose of this paper is to describe a highly-structured program developed by our center to train maternal-fetal medicine fellows in a systematic approach to fetal diagnostic imaging. Study Design We describe this approach in three phases. Phase I: Development of Skills as a Perinatal Sonographer, Phase II: Mentored Evolution to a Perinatal Sonologist and Phase III: Supervised Independent Practice as Consultant-in-training. Results This curriculum was implemented in 2006. Of the eight maternal-fetal medicine fellows who completed this program, 100% were capable of following this curriculum and 100% felt comfortable performing and interpreting detailed sonograms including sonograms with significant and uncommon anomalies. Qualitative feedback was also positive. Finally, this structured approach resulted in an increase in the average total number of sonograms interpreted. Conclusion Our curriculum, by following the explicit guidelines and expectations set out by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine and the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology for practicing maternal-fetal medicine fellowship graduates, provides an opportunity to explore national standardization for this component of training.
Location, Location, Location-Commensalism, Damage and Evolution of the Pathogenic Neisseria.

Abstract The 10 human-restricted Neisseria species all colonize mucosal surfaces, but show a spectrum of pathogenicity. The commensal Neisseria do not normally cause pathology, while the two pathogenic species, Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, straddle the border between commensalism and pathogenicity. Why the pathogenic Neisseria continue to mediate host damage after thousands of years of co-evolution with their human host, and why the commensal species have not acquired the ability to damage the host, if this capability provides a selective advantage, is not understood. One way the pathogenic species are different from the commensal species is by their ability to induce PMN inflammation, which is dependent on the site of colonization. I discuss how the site of colonization dictates whether copious inflammation occurs with both pathogenic species. I put forth a model that posits that an ancestor of both pathogenic species changed colonization site from the oral cavity to the genital tract of a human or humanoid and had to evolve multiple, new traits — to induce PMN inflammation and avoid adaptive immunity — to allow efficient sexual transmission. This model predicts that PMN inflammation produces the serious sequelae of gonorrhea and increases the probability that N. meningitidis might exit the oral cavity to produce systemic disease. In both cases, the pathology produced by these host-adapted species is an unintended by product of the inflammation but host damage does not provide any selective advantage for these organisms.
Conservatism in Trump Time

There is a mystery to explain between the principles espoused by leading intellectuals of conservatism in the United States and the present Republican Party leader, President Donald Trump’s behavior. The question is what is at stake in what otherwise appears as a disconnect between Trump and his conservative backers.
Healthcare transition for patients with differences of sexual development and complex urogenital conditions.

Abstract Children with major congenital anomalies are able to obtain a high level of care in pediatric care settings. In contrast, adult care models emphasize patient responsibility in ensuring their health care needs are met. As patients make this transition, they may fall through the medical “safety net” and struggle to find quality care because of their lack of preparation. Transitional care, including tailored and purposeful medical and social support services, can serve as a bridge across systems and facilitate the safe and effective transfer of young adults with special health care needs from pediatric to adult care. Transitional care prepares youth to manage their own care, effectively use health services, and navigate the shift from distinctly different pediatric to adult models of health care. For unique patient populations such as those with disorders of sexual development and congenital genitourinary conditions, this preparation is vitally important to maximize lifelong functioning and well-being.
An Empirical Typology of Nursing Home Culture Change Implementation

Culture change in nursing homes (NHs) is a broad-based effort to transform NHs from impersonal institutions to genuine person-centered homes. Culture change practices have been implemented increasingly with varying levels of success. This study (a) generated an empirical typology of culture change implementation across Minnesota NHs using latent profile analysis based on the survey data from administrators in 102 NHs and (b) examined variations in NH characteristics and quality outcomes associated with the typology. Three types of culture change implementation were identified: high performers, average performers, and low performers. The distributions of culture change scores were distinct across the three types, with low performers lagging far behind others in family and community engagement, and end-of-life care. High performers were distinguished through demonstrating better resident quality of life and higher family satisfaction. The findings provide empirical support for policymakers, providers, and advocates to direct culture change expansion and resource allocation.
The Biology of Affectionate Communication

Affectionate communication comprises verbal and nonverbal behaviors that individuals in close relationships employ to convey messages of love, fondness, appreciation, and commitment to each other. Like other interpersonal behaviors, affectionate communication has biological and physiological antecedents, consequences, and correlates, many of which influence physical health and well-being. This chapter details research on the genetic and neurological substrates of affectionate behavior and on the associations of affectionate communication with stress buffering, regulation, and recovery; immunocompetence; and relaxation and rest. The chapter concludes by reviewing the small but growing evidence for the health detriments of affection deprivation.
“They are just a danger”: Chronotopic worlds in digital narratives of the far-right

In recent years, there has been much discussion about the role of social media platforms in the reproduction of exclusionary rhetoric leveled against social “others” in far-right contexts across the globe. While scholars have examined the ideologies underpinning exclusionary discourses, few have analyzed the discursive mechanisms through which such ideologies and 'othered' social types become meaningful to ordinary citizens. In this article, we extend this conversation by analyzing digital discourses on Facebook and YouTube that pertain to Philippine “drug users” and racialized remarks against migrants in Italy through a chronotopic lens. We demonstrate that despite the historical, economic, and social differences, far-right ideologies are ordered through chronotopes of national crisis in both cases. Through these chronotopic worlds, despicable, “othered” social types such as 'extracomunitari' in Italy and drug users in the Philippines, acquire coherence.
Geometry-Induced Memory Effects in Isolated Quantum Systems: Cold-Atom Applications

The emerging field of $a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}m\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}s$ uses cold-atom systems to mimic or complement conventional electronic systems. Taking advantage of the flexibility and tunability of cold atoms, the authors present a mechanism for quantum memory effects based on geometrical transformations in noninteracting systems. They illustrate two specific applications: an accelerometer, and a nonvolatile atomic memory for data storage. These principles and designs can be extended to other condensed-matter systems, offering exciting opportunities for quantum-memory-effect devices.
Real-time measurements of pO2 gradients, CBF, and CMRO2 in the rat brain during functional activation

We present a novel method for real-time measurement of the oxygen (pO2) gradients between intra- and extra-vascular compartments in rat brain cortex during functional activation. This information, obtained in parallel with measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF), permits determination of absolute cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2). The timing of pO2, CBF, and CMRO2 responses is captured with high temporal resolution (~7 Hz). We discuss these results in the context of physiological models that connect oxidative metabolism to neuronal activation.
Race and Ethnicity in Real-World Data Sources: Considerations for Medical Device Regulatory Efforts:

Real-world evidence is increasingly being collected in our interconnected world. This information can provide insights on how medical products are impacting the daily lives of patients, translating...
Conversion From Continuous Infusion Fentanyl to Continuous Infusion Hydromorphone in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

Background:Opioid rotations from fentanyl to hydromorphone may reduce opioid/sedative exposure in critically ill children.Objective:The primary objective was to determine the conversion percentage ...
Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Outcome Descriptors of Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma.

CONTEXT.— Metaplastic breast carcinoma is an aggressive form of breast cancer that accounts for 0.5% to 3% of all breast cancers. OBJECTIVE.— To study the clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes of this rare disease. DESIGN.— Retrospective study of patients with a diagnosis of metaplastic breast carcinoma between 2000 and 2019. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides were reviewed and additional clinical data were obtained from electronic medical records. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to determine associations between overall survival and several clinicopathologic variables. RESULTS.— Of the 125 patients with metaplastic breast carcinoma identified, only patients with high-grade disease (N = 115) were included in the data analysis. A total of 38 participants (33%) were white, 66 (57%) were African American, and 11 (10%) belonged to other ethnicities. The median age at diagnosis was 57 years. The median tumor size was 3 cm. Heterologous histology was seen in 30% of cases. Multivariable analyses showed that patients with a larger tumor size had worse overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.25; 95% CI, 1.10-1.44; P < .001). Distant metastatic disease was also associated with worse overall survival on multivariable analysis (HR, 10.27; 95% CI, 2.03-55.54; P = .005). In addition to treatment with either partial or complete mastectomies, 84 patients (73%) received chemotherapy. Multivariable analyses showed that chemotherapy had no effect on overall survival (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.09-6.05; P = .55). CONCLUSIONS.— A larger tumor size and distant metastatic disease are associated with worse overall survival in patients with metaplastic breast carcinoma. Additional studies are needed to further characterize our findings.
How Wealth Fuels Growth: The Role of Angel Investment

The role of wealth in the economy is the focus of much policy debate. This study examines wealthy individuals as “angel” investors, who fund startup businesses. Angel investors provide a unique source of support for America’s entrepreneurs, particularly in leading‐​edge industries.
What is the best surgical approach for ectopia lentis in Marfan syndrome

Abstract The surgical management of ectopia lentis (EL) in Marfan syndrome (MFS) represents a challenge to the ophthalmologist. We reviewed the literature on the surgical management of ectopia lentis in MFS patients from the classical pars plana lensectomy (PPL) to the most innovative scleral- and iris-fixated intraocular lens (IOL) surgical techniques. The results with the innovative approaches have been satisfactory but with a relatively short follow-up period and several complications associated, and the need of a highly experienced and skilled surgeon. We suggest that PPL approach with postsurgical aphakia is the safest surgical approach to ectopia lentis in MFS on a routinely basis.
Money balances as factor inputs: An empirical evidence based on translog specification

Abstract This is a first attempt to analyze the way money balances (under both definitions) interact with the primary factors in Greek technology. Using a two-output, three-input translog cost specification, we reject the traditional functions as being inappropriate in explaining the production process. It is found that money balances are substitutes for labor and complements to capital services, while value-added is not produced by the primary inputs exclusively. A number of policy implications have emerged and are stated.
Large-scale averaging analysis of single phase flow in fractured reservoirs

The method of large-scale averaging is introduced to derive and analyze the most general form of the dual-porosity model of single phase flow in naturally fractured reservoirs. The dual-porosity model contains the usual equations based on Darcy's law and the coupling terms representing the fluid transfer between the matrix and the fractures. A transient closure problem is developed to obtain and analyze the fracture and matrix permeability tensors and the fluid transfer terms. The spatial averaging theorem is presented from a mathematical point of view and proved rigorously by the distribution theory. The problem of wellposedness of the dual-porosity model is also considered. The techniques developed here are not restricted to either regular geometric fractures or spatially periodic reservoirs.
Producing Measurable Cardinals Beyond $\kappa$

In this paper we prove, under the assumption of a strong partition property for an uncountable cardinal x, the existence of more than x-many measurable cardinals greater than x. Our proof involves so-called seminormal measures, and, along the way, we establish several key facts about such measures. ?1. A common theme in the theory of large cardinals is the production, from a single large cardinal K, of K-many smaller large cardinals. For example, if K is a supercompact cardinal, then there exist K-many cardinals less than K which are measurable. Thus from the existence of a single large cardinal we can infer the existence of many large cardinals smaller than it. Of course, if one assumes the axiom of choice, there is no hope of reversing this sort of result, for example, of inferring from the existence of a supercompact cardinal K the existence of even a single measurable cardinal greater than K. This is because if we ever could prove such a theorem, then the system ZFC + "there exists a supercompact cardinal" would be able to prove its own consistency, in contradiction to Gddel's theorem. In this paper we work in ZF without the axiom of choice and try to establish such reverse theorems. Previous work in this area was inspired by the axiom of determinateness and, in particular, by the Martin-Paris proof, from AD, of the measurability of 82By assuming the existence of an appropriate partition property on K it is possible to prove the existence of a measurable cardinal greater than K (see [3], [4]). Subsequent work has recently shown how to improve this and produce K-many measurable cardinals greater than K (see [1]). Initially it would seem that this last result is just the sort of reverse theorem we want: classically one produces K-many large cardinals less than K, and here we can produce K-many large cardinals greater than K. However, since the total number of ordinals less than K is K, one could not hope in the classical context to possibly produce more than K-many large cardinals below K, whereas if one is allowed to produce large cardinals beyond K, we might well be able to produce more than K-many in the choiceless context. As we will quickly see upon a review of our earlier results, there is an immediate and major obstacle to extending our techniques in this way to find more than Kmany measurable cardinals beyond K-each of the measurables we previously found beyond K had been directly produced from some regular cardinal below K. Received October 17, 1979; revised November 14, 1979. 643 ? 198 1, Association for Symbolic Logic 0022-4812/81/4603-001 5/$01 .60 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.145 on Wed, 27 Apr 2016 05:30:29 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Plasma diamine oxidase in pregnancy complicated by age and weight factors.

Abstract Serial plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) levels were studied in 208 patients admitted to the Maternal Infant Care Program at the New York Medical College-Metropolitan Hospital Center under the high-risk category covering age and weight factors. In the under 19 year age group, plasma DAO and urinary estriol values were essentially normal. The 40 year and over age group, however, showed a higher percentage of abnormal values in both indices. In the under 99 pound group, a high incidence of prematurity was found which was associated with a low normal mean plasma DAO curve. The plasma DAO values in the obese patients (over 200 pounds) were not significantly different from normal in the absence of medical complications.
Interactive comedy: laughter as the next intelligence system

Generally, technology looks at the external value of an object. At a very deep level, however, laughter comes from the touch of living decidedly an internal value. It is very difficult to fully comprehend this deep relationship. Our personal feeling is the key to grasping the phenomenon of laughter, which is not an issue of analysis or understanding but one of the minds spontaneity, such as the emergence of an idea or a burst of imagination. Laughter is an intelligence that emerges through sympathetic communications and, therefore, has great power. Recently, artificial intelligence research has focused too much on analysis and knowledge and, consequently, risks being capable of achieving only boring results. Genuine intelligence is not boring, so the intelligence we develop should not be boring. To meet this challenge, I have developed a comedy system that enables humans and computers to interact and create laughter.
Equilibrium Contracts In a Bilateral Monopoly with Unequal Bargaining Powers

Real-world bilateral monopolies often indicate that one party exercises slightly Superior bargaining power than the other party. We analyze long-term, cooperative Contracts in bilateral monopolies with unequal bargaining powers. We assume that the Two parties bargain for a determinate price and quantity of the intermediate product by Optimizing a joint objective which takes into account the profits and bargaining power of Each party. We use a Bowley price leadership model to develop the multi-period Contracts and derive conditions that induce a Nash equilibrium at the jointly determined Points of operation. [C71,C78]
Comparison of echo cancellation algorithms for the adaptive delay filter

Three algorithms for use with the adaptive delay filter structure are presented and compared. The three algorithms are: the maximum deviation from repression line algorithm, the delay selection from variance threshold algorithm, and the delay selection from cross-covariance algorithm. The performance of these algorithms in system modeling of a multipath echo cancellation environment is compared under various assumptions. >
Calcium channel blockers in the elderly: current status in the treatment of hypertension

Several large outcome trials and comprehensive meta-analyses have found that calcium channel blockers are not only effective in lowering blood pressure, but also in reducing the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with uncontrolled hypertension, including stroke. They remain less effective than thiazide-type diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for preventing heart failure, but are particularly effective for improving outcomes in those with isolated systolic hypertension. Most treatment guidelines recommend using diuretics and calcium channel blockers as first-line therapy in the elderly. In addition, they remain particularly suitable for patients with comorbid conditions such as angina pectoris. There are two major categories of calcium channel blockers: dihydropyridines (e.g., nifedipine, amlodipine and felodipine) and nondihydropyridines (e.g., diltiazem and verapamil). Headaches, flushing, constipation and peripheral edema are common side effects. Newer calcium channel ...
A Ban on Anti-Personnel Landmines: Areas for Research in the Development of Alternatives:

On September 17, 1997, President Clinton announced that, by the year 2003, the U.S. will no longer use anti-personnel landmines (APLs) outside of Korea and, within Korea, the goal is to have APL alternatives ready by 2006. To meet this goal, efforts are currently ongoing in the development and evaluation of APL alternatives. Some of this research is directed at near-term replacements for APLs whereas other research is directed at investigating innovative far-term alternatives to them. The proposed worldwide ban on APLs is an important international issue and the task of developing replacements for and alternatives to APLs is a daunting one. Unfortunately, little directly relevant findings appear to exist in the current knowledge base. This paper discusses human factors issues involved in the development of APL alternatives - especially long-term alternatives - and examines issues for which future research is needed in order for successful development of alternatives to proceed.
A conceptual clarification of respect

The concept of respect, while frequently used in nursing literature, has not been extensively defined conceptually or empirically from a nursing perspective. This paper develops a conceptual definition of respect as a phenomenon in the domain of nursing action. Respect emerges as a primary nursing ethic that serves as the basis for our attitudinal, cognitive and behavioural orientation toward people. A comparison of respect to related nursing concepts reveals that respect is a component of and antecedent to caring, presence, confirmation and humanized care. A set of operational definitions of respect is proposed for use in research, education and practice. Potential methods for measuring respect as a nursing action or attitude are discussed. Several applications of respect for nursing are addressed, including the impact of lack of respect on patient-provider interactions, consideration of respect in a cultural context, and identification of client groups for which respect may have particularly significant implications. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research, with emphasis on the meaning and implications of respect for clients.
Devising stable geometrical reference frames for use in geodetic studies of vertical crustal motion

We present a method for constructing and assessing the stability of a geometrical reference frame for use in vertical crustal motion studies. Our approach exploits the fact that when we transform GPS velocity solutions from one reference frame (RF) to another one using a Helmert transformation, only the frame translation rate parameters produce significant changes in the vertical station velocities expressed in the final RF. Loosely speaking, one can select and impose a ‘vertical RF’ from an ensemble of candidate frames, without any reference to the ‘horizontal RF’ (which can be selected and imposed afterwards), by seeing how the frame translation rates vary as one moves across the ensemble of frames. We order this ensemble according to the number of stations, N, incorporated into the set VREF whose RMS vertical motion is minimized in order to realize each frame. The value of N controls the level of scatter in, and hence the degree of similarity between the vertical velocities of the stations composing VREF. We characterize a specific vertical RF as stable if all of the frames located in a large neighborhood of the ensemble which includes the specific frame are characterized by very small relative frame translation rates. In this case, the expression of vertical GPS station velocities in any of these frames would lead to very similar results. We present a case study using a very large global time series in which we find a large RF neighborhood in which vertical station velocities are globally stable at the \(\sim \)0.2 mm/year level, and a slightly smaller neighborhood in which vertical stability improves to \(\sim \)0.1 mm/year level in polar regions.
Regional and local controls on the spatial distribution of bedrock reaches in the Upper Guadalupe River, Texas.

While studies on gravel mantled and mixed alluvial bedrock rivers have increased in recent decades, few field studies have focused on spatial distributions of bedrock and alluvial reaches and differences between reach types. The objective of this work is to identify the spatial distribution of alluvial and bedrock reaches in the Upper Guadalupe River. We compare reach length, channel and floodplain width, sinuosity, bar length and spacing, bar surface grain size, and slope in alluvial and bedrock reaches to identify whether major differences exist between channel reach types. We find that local disturbances, interaction of the channel and valley sides, variation in lithology, and regional structural control contribute to the distribution of bedrock reaches in the largely alluvial channel. Alluvial and bedrock channel reaches in the Upper Guadalupe River are similar, particularly with respect to the distribution of gravel bars, surface grain size distributions of bars, and channel slope and width. Our observations suggest that the fluvial system has adjusted to changes in base level associated with the Balcones Escarpment Fault Zone by phased incision into alluvial sediment and the underlying bedrock, essentially shifting from a fully alluvial river to a mixed alluvial bedrock river.
Multiplet splitting of mixed spinels NiFe/sub x/Cr/sub 2-x/O/sub 4/ and its relation to magnetic hyperfine fields

The x-ray photoelectron spectra of Ni $3s$ and Cr $3s$ for the mixed spinels $\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{O}}_{4} (0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}2)$ were measured at room temperature. The multiplet splitting of Ni $3s$ was compared with an average magnetic hyperfine field determined by M\"ossbauer spectroscopy. It is found that the multiplet splitting is nearly constant as a function of chemical composition. This suggests that the large values found for the hyperfine field on tetrahedral sites may be due to orbital contributions.
Effects of Amitriptyline on GABA-stimulated 36Cl− uptake in relation to a behavioral model of depression

Abstract The dominant-submissive relationship established between two rats competing for food is a model of depression and is used here to divide animals into two behaviorally distinct groups. Basal and GABA-stimulated 36 Cl − uptake was investigated for both dominant and submissive rats as well as the in vitro effect of the antidepressant amitriptyline (AMI). Because the antidepressant action of AMI only appears after chronic treatment, the effect of chronic injections of AMI on these behavioral and biochemical measures was also studied. Basal 36 Cl − uptake is significantly higher for dominant rats than for submissive rats. Increasing concentrations of AMI added to membrane vesicles enhanced 30 μM GABA-stimulated chloride uptake for dominant rats and inhibited it for submissive rats. Chronic treatment of dominant and submissive rats with AMI reversed these in vitro effects. The biochemical data correspond to the changes of the rats behavior in the dominance test after chronic treatment with AMI. However, this correlation is more clear for dominant than for submissive rats. Specific chloride influx was used as a measure of the sensitivity of GABA A receptor to GABA. This revealed different sensitivity states for GABA A receptors in tissues obtained from dominant and submissive rats. It is possible that the distinct conformational states of GABA A receptor are responsible for differences in rats behavior and in vitro effects of AMI before and after in vivo treatment of rats with this antidepressant.
DECAY OF ORDER IN ISOTROPIC SYSTEMS OF RESTRICTED DIMENSIONALITY. I. BOSE SUPERFLUIDS.

The off-diagonal ordering of one- and two-dimensional Bose particle systems of finite thickness and cross-section is considered in the presence and absence of a symmetry-breaking field. It is shown rigorously, by applying Bogoliubov's inequality to a subdomain of the system, that no spontaneous ordering can occur; several definitions of long-range order are discussed. Explicit bounds on the order-order correlation function, integrated over a subdomain, are obtained which indicate how the short-range order decays with distance. Conditions under which information on the pointwise behavior of the correlation function can be inferred are also discussed. The inequalities are assessed numerically for real situations.
Induction of MRSA biofilm by low-dose β-Lactam antibiotics: Specificity, prevalence and dose-response effects

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of hospital- and community-associated infections. The formation of adherent clusters of cells known as biofilms is an important virulence factor in MRSA pathogenesis. Previous studies showed that subminimal inhibitory (sub-MIC) concentrations of methicillin induce biofilm formation in the community-associated MRSA strain LAC. In this study we measured the ability sub-MIC concentrations of eight other β-lactam antibiotics and six non-β-lactam antibiotics to induce LAC biofilm. All eight β-lactam antibiotics, but none of the non-β-lactam antibiotics, induced LAC biofilm. The dose-response effects of the eight β-lactam antibiotics on LAC biofilm varied from biphasic and bimodal to near-linear. We also found that sub-MIC methicillin induced biofilm in 33 out of 39 additional MRSA clinical isolates, which also exhibited biphasic, bimodal and linear dose-response curves. The amount of biofilm formation induced by sub-MIC methicillin was inversely proportional to the susceptibility of each strain to methicillin. Our results demonstrate that induction of biofilm by sub-MIC antibiotics is a common phenotype among MRSA clinical strains and is specific for β-lactam antibiotics. These findings may have relevance to the use of β-lactam antibiotics in clinical and agricultural settings.
Latin America in the Age of Inequality: Confronting the New “Utopia”

The gales of global capitalism have hit Latin America hard. The region has been ravaged by a new market apartheid characterized by a striking contradiction. Social movements of every type have proliferated in an increasingly dense civil society and are vibrant protagonists. But the accomplishments of social movements in organizing the popular classes have not been matched by an ability to offset the dramatic sharpening of social inequalities, increased polarization, and the growth of poverty brought about by globalization. How do we account for this paradox?
A Content Comparison of Six Physical Geography Textbooks Spanning a Century.

Six physical geography textbooks published between 1901 and 2002 were qualitatively analysed for content and compared to the National Geography Standards. General relationships to dominant approaches to geography, content, and pedagogy of these textbooks were analysed. These textbooks reflect dominant approaches to geography at the time they were published. Content reflected the research findings of that time and the technology available. While the National Geography Standards post-date all but one of the textbooks, a comparison of content was made using the 18 standards. There was relatively good representation of the standards with the number of standards represented per textbook varying from 10 to 14. Based on this analysis recommendations for the development of future textbooks are made. These include addressing societal needs, the diversification of textbook material, and the implications of new technologies on textbooks.
Effects of Emotional State on Lexical Decision Performance

The effect of emotional state on lexical processing was investigated. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a happy or sad mood condition. Emotional state was then induced by listening to 8 min of classical music previously rated to induce happy or sad moods. Response times and error rates were analyzed in a lexical decision task involving sad words, happy words, and pseudowords. Results suggest that emotion aided the participants in responding to emotion-congruent stimuli. The sad group responded faster than the happy group to sad words and the happy group responded faster than the sad group to happy words. Results are discussed with regard to information processing and emotion.
GCM simulations of volcanic aerosol forcing. I - Climate changes induced by steady-state perturbations

The response of the climate system to a temporally and spatially constant amount of volcanic particles is simulated using a general circulation model (GCM). The optical depth of the aerosols is chosen so as to produce approximately the same amount of forcing as results from doubling the present CO2 content of the atmosphere and from the boundary conditions associated with the peak of the last ice age. The climate changes produced by long-term volcanic aerosol forcing are obtained by differencing this simulation and one made for the present climate with no volcanic aerosol forcing. The simulations indicate that a significant cooling of the troposphere and surface can occur at times of closely spaced multiple sulfur-rich volcanic explosions that span time scales of decades to centuries. The steady-state climate response to volcanic forcing includes a large expansion of sea ice, especially in the Southern Hemisphere; a resultant large increase in surface and planetary albedo at high latitudes; and sizable changes in the annually and zonally averaged air temperature.
The role of nondermatophyte molds in onychomycosis: Diagnosis and treatment

Onychomycosis is most often caused by dermatophytes. Other agents may cause onychomycosis as well, such as yeasts and nondermatophytic molds (NDMs). Historically NDMs have largely been discounted as merely contaminants, especially when a dermatophyte was present concurrently. NDMs have been shown to be sole etiologic agents, but the extent to which NDMs actually cause nail infections is uncertain. Mixed infections (NDM plus dermatophyte) occur with increasing frequency and there is considerable controversy over the role of NDMs in the presence of a dermatophyte. An isolated NDM seldom meets all the accepted criteria necessary to prove a primary infection. In addition, the criteria for demonstrating infection by an NDM have been the subject of some debate. Better, faster, and cheaper methods of identifying etiologic agents, investigations as to how to demonstrate nail invasion, and studies to determine treatment efficacy, outcome, and necessity are needed.
Electrostatic potential in dehydrated sodium zeolite A from low-resolution x-ray diffraction data

The difference electron density and the electrostatic potential in dehydrated sodium zeolite. A have been mapped by using Fourier summation methods applied to X-ray data of limited resolution published previously. Buildup of electron density is observed in both Si-O and Al-O bonds. A shallow trough of low potential value lines the surface of both cavities. The potential difference between this minimum and the center of the 4-ring does not amount to more than 0.3 e A/sup -1/ (approx. 400 kJ mol/sup -1/).
Review of dimensioning and tolerancing: representation and processing

The paper surveys the current state of knowledge of techniques for representing, manipulating and analysing dimensioning and tolerancing data in computer-aided design and manufacturing. The use of solid models and variational geometry, and its implications for the successful integration of CAD and CAM, are discussed. The topics explored so far can be grouped into four categories: (a) the representation ot dimensioning and tolerancing (D& T), (b) the synthesis and analysis of D& T, (() tolerance control, and (d) the implications of D& T in CAM. The paper describes in detail the recent work in each group, and concludes with speculation on a general framework k)r future research.
Imido exchange in bis(imido) uranium(VI) complexes with aryl isocyanates.

Addition of 1 and 2 equiv of ArNCO (ArPh, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) to U(NtBu)2(I)2(OPPh3)2 yields the aryl−imido complexes U(NAr)(NtBu)(I)2(OPPh3)2 and U(NAr)2(I)2(OPPh3)2, respectively. Unlike analogous transition metal reactions this imido exchange reaction does not proceed through a metal oxo intermediate. Density functional theory calculations and 15N-labeling studies suggest this transformation involves the [2 + 2] cycloaddition of the aryl isocyanate CN bond across the UN imido ligand to form an N,N-bound ureato intermediate.
Uncertainties in container failure time predictions

Stochastic variations in the local chemical environment of a geologic waste repository can cause corresponding variations in container corrosion rates and failure times, and thus in radionuclide release rates. This paper addresses how well the future variations in repository chemistries must be known in order to predict container failure times that are bounded by a finite time period within the repository lifetime. Preliminary results indicate that a 5000 year scatter in predicted container failure times requires that repository chemistries be known to within {plus minus}10% over the repository lifetime. These are small uncertainties compared to current estimates. 9 refs., 3 figs.
The surface of the African trypanosomes.

The African trypanosomes bear on the outside of their cell membrane a single 10-15 nm thick coat of a glycoprotein. This glycoprotein may differ in structure in the predominant populations of parasitemic waves found in relapsing infections. Variant Specific Glycoprotein (VSG) range in MW between 53,000-63,000 d and may have variable amounts of carbohydrate attached at one, two, or several loci. Such differences in carbohydrate content may account in part for their range in molecular size. Approximately 30 C-terminal residues demonstrate isotypy ; i.e. these regions fall into classes having similar amino acid sequence. Modest homology has been demonstrated in two VSGs of T. congolense arising in relapsing infections although comparison of many VSG show little or no obvious homology. More recently, lipid-associated forms of VSG have been described and it is believed that these forms may be transmembrane proteins. Different VSGs appear to have different amounts of the primary sequence which have alpha-helix-forming potential. In some VSG, in excess of 80% of the structure is helical as judged by both Chou-Fasman calculations and by circular dichroism. This raises the possibility that different VSG may have different folding patterns. The arrangement of VSG on the trypanosome surface probably places the basic amino acid-rich carbohydrate-bearing C-terminus of the polypeptide chain close to the membrane. There is some protein-protein association between VSGs for which (in T. evansi) the C-terminal tail is not required. The importance of VSG structure lies not only in the fact that the molecule mediates the phenomenon of antigenic variation but also in the recent observation that VSG may act on the cellular immune system to suppress the humoral immune responses of the host.