cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Structure from Angle-Resolved Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry: Oxygen on Cu(001)

Measured angular distributions for ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{+}$ ejected by 1500-eV ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$-ion bombardment of chemisorbed oxygen on Cu(001) exhibit anisotropies which vary by greater than a factor of 2. Molecular-dynamics calculations of the ion-impact event agree well with experiment if the oxygen atom is placed in a fourfold coordination site 1.2-1.5 \AA{} above the Cu(001) plane. Angle-resolved secondary-ion mass spectrometry is proposed as a powerful new method for the determination of adsorbate positions.
Implementing transfer of learning in training and professional development in a US public child welfare agency: what works?

In‐service training in public child welfare agencies in the United States has long been viewed as an important vehicle for the improvement of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and therefore as important to retention in child welfare. This article examines the critical role of transfer of learning strategies in such training and reports on an analysis that was part of a larger study to identify predictors of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. It describes two major transfer of learning training interventions and their association with job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to leave the agency. Implications are discussed for child welfare training and professional development.
Credit rationing in small‐scale enterprises: Special microenterprise programmes in ecuador

Small‐scale enterprises receive several forms of aid, but many are denied access to formal loans. A demand and supply model is estimated to analyse the factors lenders use to ration credit in special microenterprise programmes. The results reveal that suppliers do not discriminate against less profitable enterprises and entrepreneurs who have not completed their high school education; however, these entrepreneurs have a smaller demand for external finance from the microenterprise programmes than more profitable enterprises and entrepreneurs who have graduated from high school.
An adaptation algorithm for parallel model reference adaptive bilinear systems

An adaptation algorithm is presented for parallel model reference adaptive bilinear systems. The output error converges asymptotically to zero and the parameter estimates are bounded for stable reference models. The convergence criterion depends only upon the input sequence and a priori estimates of the maximum parameter values. A passivity condition, which is generally difficult to verify, is not required.
The Tendency to Deprave and Corrupt

It is hardly a matter for dispute that the Obscene Publications Acts 1959 and 19641 are unsatisfactory. (For convenience, they are hereafter jointly referred to as ‘the Act’.) There has to be something wrong with an Act when the DPP’s deputy concedes that it gives no help at all to a judge in deciding how to direct a jury on the question which is central to the issue in a trial under s. 2 (1) for publishing obscene material.2 It is true that the Act represented a considerable improvement over the previous position, chiefly because it gave authors and publishers a measure of protection which they had not enjoyed when publication of an obscene libel remained a common law misdemeanour. Under that, the test for obscenity had been the famous one laid down in 1868 by Cockburn, C. J. in Hicklin:3 I think the test of obscenity is this, whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall.
Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems (SEGIS) Adding functionality while maintaining reliability and economics

An overview of the activities and progress made during the US DOE Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems (SEGIS) solicitation, while maintaining reliability and economics is provided. The SEGIS R&D opened pathways for interconnecting PV systems to intelligent utility grids and micro-grids of the future. In addition to new capabilities are "value added" features. The new hardware designs resulted in smaller, less material-intensive products that are being viewed by utilities as enabling dispatchable generation and not just unpredictable negative loads. The technical solutions enable "advanced integrated system" concepts and "smart grid" processes to move forward in a faster and focused manner. The advanced integrated inverters/controllers can now incorporate energy management functionality, intelligent electrical grid support features and a multiplicity of communication technologies. Portals for energy flow and two-way communications have been implemented. SEGIS hardware was developed for the utility grid of today, which was designed for one-way power flow, for intermediate grid scenarios, AND for the grid of tomorrow, which will seamlessly accommodate managed two-way power flows as required by large-scale deployment of solar and other distributed generation. The SEGIS hardware and control developed for today meets existing standards and codes AND provides for future connections to a "smart grid" mode that enables utility control and optimized performance.
Effects of chronic swim stress on EtOH-related behaviors in C57BL/6J, DBA/2J and BALB/cByJ mice

There is a strong clinical relationship between stress and stress-related disorders and the incidence of alcohol abuse and alcoholism, and this relationship appears to be partly genetic in origin. There are marked strain differences in ethanol (EtOH)-related behaviors and reactivity to stress, but little investigation of the interaction between the two. The present study assessed the effects of chronic exposure to swim stress on EtOH-related behavior in three common inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J and BALB/cByJ. After establishing baseline (10%) EtOH self-administration in a two-bottle free choice test, mice were exposed to daily swim stress for 14 consecutive days and EtOH consumption was measured as a percent of baseline both during stress and for 10 days afterwards. A separate experiment examined the effects of 14 days of swim stress on sensitivity to the sedative/hypnotic effects of an acute injection of 4 g/kg EtOH. Results showed that stress produced a significant decrease in EtOH consumption, relative to pre-stress baseline, in DBA/2J and BALB/cByJ, but not C57BL/6J mice. By contrast, stress increased sensitivity to the sedative/hypnotic effects of EtOH in all three strains. These findings demonstrate that chronic swim stress produces reductions in EtOH self-administration in a strain-dependent manner, and that these effects may be restricted to strains with a pre-existing aversion to EtOH. Present data also demonstrates a dissociation between effects of this stressor on EtOH self-administration and sensitivity to EtOH's sedative/hypnotic effects. In conclusion, strain differences, that are likely in large part genetic in nature, modify the effects of this stressor on EtOH's effects in a behavior-specific manner.
Control of non-linear stochastic sampled-data systems with non-quadratic criteria by equivalent LQ modelling

ABSTRACT The control of non-linear stochastic sampled-data systems with non-quadratic performance criteria is approached by development of an equivalent linear-system/quadratic-criterion model using equivalent linearization. The resulting control algorithm requires updating as the system trajectory evolves due to the dependence of the equivalent LQ model on the trajectory. An example illustrates the method, and provides comparison with the actual optimal control and the simpler standard LQ control (based on neglecting the non-linear and non-quadratic terms altogether).
TIME EXPANSION OF CORRELATION FUNCTIONS AND THE THEORY OF SLOW NEUTRON SCATTERING

Abstract The velocity correlation function for a classical system of particles interacting with a two-particle potential is expanded in powers of t . The coefficients in this expansion are averages of derivatives of the interaction potential and can be expressed in terms of instantaneous two, three, etc., particle distribution functions. For the special case of a harmonic crystal these expressions reduce to the respective moments of the frequency distribution function. For liquid argon the range of values of t , for which the velocity correlation is well represented by the first new terms of its time expansion, is determined from a comparison with the computer results obtained by one of us (A. R.). Similarly, the range of values of the momentum transfer is investigated, for which this time expansion leads to a useful representation of the incoherent scattering cross section for slow neutrons. For coherent scattering analogous formulae are given, but no numerical comparison with the computer results has been made. In addition, it is shown that the non-Gaussian behavior of G s ( r, t ) obtained from the computer results has considerable influence on the shape of the incoherently scattered slow neutron spectrum. It is pointed out that slow neutron scattering with large values of momentum transfer can be used as an experimental technique for the determination of the mean square acceleration in any system.
On locating objects by their distinguishing features in multisensory images

This paper reports preliminary work on a knowledge-based perceptual system for a robot that must function in an actual office environment. This system is distinguished by the following pragmatic considerations: (1) It is designed to find specific objects needed by the robot in the performance of a task rather than attempting the usually unnecessary and very much harder job of completely describing an environment of potentially overwhelming complexity. (2) It is based on the premise that in real scenes there is a sufficient redundancy of perceptual clues, as well as contextual constraints among objects, so that an intelligent system can devise a relatively simple strategy for distinguishing the specific objects of interest from others likely to be present. (3) It relies heavily on multisensory (i.e., color and range) data to increase the likelihood of finding distinguishing surface attributes for a particular object. Similarly, detailed descriptive representations for complex attributes (e.g., shape and texture) are avoided in favor of the simplest representations sufficient to distinguish the object of interest.
Radiographic Evaluation of Endoscopic Gastrocnemius Recession, Subtalar Joint Arthroereisis, and Flexor Tendon Transfer for Surgical Correction of Stage II Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction: A Pilot Study

The best procedure for surgical correction of stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction has long been a source of debate among foot and ankle surgeons. A combination of endoscopic gastrocnemius recession, subtalar joint arthroereisis, and flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer has been used in an attempt to avoid some of the complications seen with calcaneal osteotomies, and to allow an earlier return to function and weight bearing. A retrospective analysis of preoperative and postoperative radiographic changes in 10 patients for whom surgical correction of the deformity was performed between 2003 and 2006 is presented as a pilot study. Seven radiographic variables considered standard for the radiographic assessment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction were measured. The outcome measure of interest was the return of radiographic variables to normal ranges following surgical correction of the deformity. In addition, preoperative and postoperative clinical outcomes were assessed to evaluate the long-term clinical benefits of this trio of procedures. Radiographic values were noted to return to normal ranges in all cases following this trio of surgical procedures; these changes were statistically significant (P ≤ .05). These preliminary results suggest that this surgical combination provides satisfactory correction of deformity in patients presenting with stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Level of Clinical Evidence: 4
Hematogenous brain metastasis in children

Hematogenous brain metastases are uncommon in childhood. Three patients and a literature review that includes centers reporting up to 36 years of experience are presented in this study. The total of 2,040 patients includes our three examples of one neuroblastoma, one hepatoblastoma, and one adrenal carcinoma. Cerebral hematogenous metastases were reported in 4.4% of 429 patients with neuroblastoma, 1.9% of 574 rhabdomyosarcoma patients, 6.5% of 386 patients with osteosarcoma, 3.3% of 487 Ewing sarcoma patients, 3.6% of 44 melanoma patients, 13.5% of 37 patients with germ cell tumors, and 1.3% of the 78 patients with Wilms tumor. Five miscellaneous patients included three with a hepatoblastoma and one each with adrenal carcinoma and nephroma. All of the large series reports have been published in oncology journals.
Clustering Predicted by an Electrophysiological Model of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Despite the wealth of experimental data on the electrophysiology of individual neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the neural code of the SCN remains largely unknown. To predict the electr...
Robot learning of everyday object manipulations via human demonstration

We deal with the problem of teaching a robot to manipulate everyday objects through human demonstration. We first design a task descriptor which encapsulates important elements of a task. The design originates from observations that manipulations involved in many everyday object tasks can be considered as a series of sequential rotations and translations, which we call manipulation primitives. We then propose a method that enables a robot to decompose a demonstrated task into sequential manipulation primitives and construct a task descriptor. We also show how to transfer a task descriptor learned from one object to similar objects. In the end, we argue that this framework is highly generic. Particularly, it can be used to construct a robot task database that serves as a manipulation knowledge base for a robot to succeed in manipulating everyday objects.
Conservative reduction of large periapical lesions

T he clinician is often confronted with the problem of treating an extensive periapical lesion which may be cystic as a result of pulpal pathosis. Surgical management by curettement and/or apical resection has usually been the accepted procedure for such lesions. However, in cases in which extensive periapical lesions are visualized on the roentgenograms, a surgical approach can create complications by injuring the vitality of the adjacent teeth and may possibly cause an anatomic deformity. The purpose of this article is (1) to question the need for surgical treatment of the extensive periapical lesion and (2) to present a method of treating the lesion with minimal surgical intervention and injury to any of the related structures in cases of extensive regions of rarefaction.
Internet use associated with HIV testing in adults in a national sample: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey, 2009.

Background Routine Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) testing is a CDC recommendation. Little is known about health information technology (HIT) use and HIV testing.
The Taming of The Red Dragon: The Militarized Worldview and China's Use of Force, 1949–2001

For a long time, the People's Republic of China was known to be prone to use military force to settle foreign policy crises or interstate disputes. Extending Alexander Wendt's analysis of different cultures of anarchy, I argue that Beijing's famed violence proneness—that is, its propensity to use force—was historically a product of the militarized or Hobbesian worldview held by China's leaders during Mao's reign, when the PRC acted as a revolutionary challenger against the international system. Since Mao's death, however, China has been increasingly integrated into the system and, consequently, has experienced a Lockean turn in its worldview, which softens its predilection for violence. A systematic, quantitative test of my theory provides strong evidence that the evolution of China's militarized worldview, rather than its expanding relative power, played a key role in driving Beijing's resort to force between 1949 and 2001.
Biological Effects of Agriculturally Derived Surface Water Pollutants on Aquatic Systems—A Review

Environmental manipulations and other human activities are major causes of stress on natural ecosystems. Of the many sources of surface water pollutants, agricultural activities have been identified as major contributors to environmental stress, which affects all ecosystem components. In water, agricultural contaminants are most noticeable when they produce immediate, dramatic toxic effects on aquatic life although more subtle, sublethal chronic effects may he just as damaging over long periods. Aquatic systems have the ability to recover from contaminant damage if not seriously overloaded with irreversible pollutants. Thus, contaminant loading level is as important as type of pollutant
The long tail of destination image and online marketing

Abstract This study examines the linguistic structure of destination image using China as an example. The phrases the tourists use to describe China’s image follow the power-law distribution and exhibit the long tail pattern. The destination image is dominated by a few very popular phrases, but contains a large amount of phrases in small niches. Analysis on Google keyword search volumes shows that those phrases are likely to be the keywords tourists use when searching destination information online. In addition, the tourists who use those niche phrases are more likely to travel to China. Thus, Destination Marketing Organizations should promote the niche images as well as the commonly held images in their online marketing effort.
Three-dimensional modeling of a primary health care clinic in Ho, Ghana: its contribution to student engagement, fundraising, and program planning.

Improvements in computer-based technologies can be leveraged to enhance engagement of remote stakeholders with the health needs of a geographically distant community. Three-dimensional (3D) modeling offers a platform to create detailed spatial representations through which stakeholders can experience improvements in shared understanding as well as increased involvement in community health projects occurring anywhere in the world. This case study describes the development of a 3D model of a community health clinic in rural Ghana used to encourage fundraising and sustain global engagement among students at Northwestern University. The resulting ‘virtual clinic’ was achieved quickly and at little cost, suggesting a broader utility of 3D modeling for global health practitioners for increasing donor engagement and resource mapping. Keywords: 3d visualization; 3d modeling; virtual mobility; geospatial modeling; Google Earth; Google Sketchup; Ghana; community health center (Published: 9 August 2010) Citation: Global Health Action 2010, 3: 5060 - DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5060
SciNews online: scaffolding the construction of scientific explanations

Middle and high-school science teachers have traditionally introduced current events in the classroom to leverage news topics relevant to the curriculum, such as the Sumatra Tsunami or Hurricane Katrina. SciNews Online is an online research environment co-designed with science teachers for learners to construct web reports on the science behind the news on natural disasters. Writing scientific explanations provides valuable learning opportunities for learners to engage in a realistic and educationally relevant science task. Here I highlight the design of the Scientific Explanation Activity, a scaffolded environment that supports learners. construction of scientific explanations using multiple online sources. The Scientific Explanation Activity focuses on supporting the development of key information literacy skills for sense-making in science inquiry, namely information integration across sources and effective scientific argumentation.
The reflectivity spectrum of Mars in the near-infrared☆

Abstract Spectral scans have been obtained of Mars and a region on the Moon in the range 0.5 μ to 1.2 μ at the 82-inch telescope. These have been reduced, with the aid of scans of the Moon and the Sun, to a spectral reflectivity curve. Published data have allowed an extrapolation to 1.52 μ. The monochromatic Russell-Bond albedo is found to rise to a maximum if 39% at 0.84 μ. A shallow minimum occurs near 1 μ, followed by a rise to 49% at 1.52 μ. Apparently the albedo is still rising at 1.52 μ. The radiometric albedo is found to be 0.287. Earlier conclusions that the surface layer of Mars consists largely of limonite are not inconsistent with these observations, as indicated by laboratory reflectivity spectra.
Avalanches are coming

Computing technology has generated conditions for radical transformations of jobs and professions---including education. How shall we cope?
Multiphased assembly of nanoporous silica particles

Porous silica nanoparticles with well-defined mesopores and voids are described. The silica nanoparticles are produced in a rapid aerosol process. The evaporation of solvent during aerosol generation induces multiphased assembly confined to an aerosol droplet containing polystyrene spheres/silica, polystyrene spheres/surfactant/silica or microemulsions/silica. After removal of surfactants, polymer spheres, and microemulsion, the resulting materials exhibit controlled meso- and macro-porosity. TEM and nitrogen sorption isotherms have been used to characterize the porous silica particles. The silica particles templated by polystyrene spheres possess 100 nm voids. The surfactants, as secondary templates, are used to form a mesophase to interconnect the macropores. For the microemulsion-templated silica nanoparticles, the porosity and cell size are controlled by the amount of oil and the size of the swelling molecule.
Religion and the 2004 Presidential Campaign

In 2004, pollsters found that an individual’s level of religious commitment and activity was the primary indicator of voting behavior. Evangelical Christians turned out in record numbers and moral ...
Experimental characterization of nonlinear, rate-dependent behavior in advanced polymer matrix composites

In order to support materials selection for the next-generation supersonic civilian-passenger transport aircraft, a study has been undertaken to evaluate the material stress/strain relationships needed to describe advanced polymer matrix composites under conditions of high load and elevated temperature. As part of this effort, this paper describes the materials testing which was performed to investigate the viscoplastic behavior of graphite/thermoplastic and graphite/bismaleimide composites. Test procedures, results and data-reduction schemes which were developed for generating material constants for tension and compression loading, over a range of useful temperatures, are explained.
Optimal Estimation of Initial Conditions for Numerical Prediction

Abstract A numerical-statistical forecasting method is presented in which statistical techniques art used on the errors of numerical predictions. This, in effect, uses earlier numerical predictions to obtain best estimates of the initial conditions. A technique is given whereby the method can be applied by estimating the necessary parameters, and it is shown that this procedure converges to the optimal estimate.
A Crystalline Imine-Linked 3-D Porous Covalent Organic Framework

A new crystalline porous three-dimensional covalent organic framework, termed COF-300, has been synthesized and structurally characterized. Tetrahedral tetra-(4-anilyl)-methane and linear terephthaldehyde building blocks were condensed to form imine linkages in a material whose X-ray crystal structure shows five independent diamond frameworks. Despite the interpenetration, the structure has pores of 7.2 A diameter. Thus, COF-300 shows thermal stability up to 490 degrees C and permanent porosity with a surface area of 1360 m(2) g(-1).
Investigation of methods for the computerized detection and analysis of mammographic masses

At present mammography is the most effective method for the early detection of breast cancer1 . Detection and classification of masses in mammograms are among the most important and difficult tasks performed by radiologists. Various studies have indicated that regular mammographic screening can reduce the mortality from breast cancer in women2. Thus mammography may become one of the largest volume x-ray procedures routinely interpreted by radiologists. The miss rate for the radiographic detection of malignant masses ranges from 12 to 30 percent. In addition although general rules exist for the visual differentiation of benign and malignant masses error does occur in the classification of masses with the current methods of radiologic characterization. Thus it is apparent that the efficiency and effectiveness of screening procedures could be increased by use of a computer system that successfully aids the radiologist in detecting and characterizing mammographic masses. We are developing computerized schemes for the automated detection and classification of masses in digital mammograms. The detection scheme utilizes the architectural symmeiry of the left and right breasts and digital bilateralsubtraction techniques in order to increase the conspicuity of the mammographic mass prior to the application of featureextraction techniques. The classification scheme involves the extraction of border information from the mammographic mass in order to quantify the degree of spiculation which is related to the likelihood of malignancy. METHODS Clinical screen/film mammograms were used in the
An Adaptive Hybrid OLAP Architecture with optimized memory access patterns

OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing) is an approach to efficiently evaluate multidimensional data for business intelligence applications. OLAP contributes to business decision-making by identifying, extracting, and analyzing multidimensional data. The fundamental structure of OLAP is a data cube that enables users to interactively explore the distinct data dimensions. Processing depends on the complexity of queries, dimensionality, and growing size of the data cube. As data volumes keep on increasing and the demands by business users also increase, higher processing speed than ever is needed, as faster processing means faster decisions and more profit to industry. In this paper, we are proposing an Adaptive Hybrid OLAP Architecture that takes advantage of heterogeneous systems with GPUs and CPUs and leverages their different memory subsystems characteristics to minimize response time. Thus, our approach (a) exploits both types of hardware rather than using the CPU only as a frontend for GPU; (b) uses two different data formats (multidimensional cube and relational cube) to match the GPU and CPU memory access patterns and diverts queries adaptively to the best resource for solving the problem at hand; (c) exploits data locality of multidimensional OLAP on NUMA multicore systems through intelligent thread placement; and (d) guides its adaptation and choices by an architectural model that captures the memory access patterns and the underlying data characteristics. Results show an increase in performance by roughly four folds over the best known related approach. There is also the important economical factor. The proposed hybrid system costs only 10 % more than same system without GPU. With this small extra cost, the added GPU increases query processing by almost 2 times.
Peroxidase changes in wheat isolines with compatible and incompatible leaf rust infections

Abstract Changes in peroxidase activity during leaf rust development were studied using cell-free extracts of primary leaves of two wheat isolines differing in susceptibility to Puccinia recondita (isolate UNI-68B). The total peroxidase increases in LR10(TC) developing a low (X) infection type were 115, 62, 66 or 77% of healthy controls, respectively, with guaiacol, benzidine, o -dianisidine, or p -phenylenediamine as hydrogen donors. Comparable increases in the susceptible-reacting isoline Thatcher were 21, 2, −2 and −1, respectively. Molecular sieve chromatography yielded two major fractions for both. The high mol. wt (Hi) peroxidases increased significantly in activity as compared with healthy controls following both compatible and incompatible infections. Assays containing guaiacol showed greater percentage increases than assays with the other hydrogen donors. The activity of the low mol. wt (Lo) peroxidases increased only with extracts from the resistant-reacting LR1O(TC), and with all hydrogen donors except o -dianisidine. Based on co-migration following electrophoresis in 7% polyacrylamide gels, the Hi-peroxidases were largely band 10, and the Lo-peroxidases included band 9. Thus, peroxidase increases were similar following both leaf and stem rust infection, because band 10 increased with both compatible and incompatible infections; yet band 9 increased significantly only with the latter. Another unidentified Lo-peroxidase increased in resistant-reacting LR10(TC) but not in Thatcher after leaf rust infection.
Symptomatic Bradycardia, Syncope, and Prolonged QTc Interval Associated With Dronedarone Therapy

Objective: To report a case of symptomatic bradycardia, prolonged QT interval, and syncope associated with dronedarone in a patient with atrial fibrillation who was maintained in sinus rhythm.Case Summary: A 58-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of chest pain and “passing out.” Three months prior, dronedarone had been initiated for maintenance of sinus rhythm. An initial electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed normal sinus rhythm with a prolonged corrected QT (QTc) interval of 645 ms. Upon hospital admission, dronedarone was discontinued. Approximately 17 hours after hospitalization and 35 hours after the last ingested dronedarone dose, a repeat ECG revealed a QTc interval of 457 ms, and the patient reported symptomatic improvement. The patient was discharged home after a 3-day hospital stay without further event. The Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale indicated a probable relationship between the patient's symptoms and dronedarone.Discussion: Dronedarone is an...
Mean-field modeling of thalamocortical dynamics and a model-driven approach to EEG analysis.

Higher brain function depends on task-dependent information flow between cortical regions. Converging lines of evidence suggest that interactions between cortical regions and the central thalamus play a key role in establishing the dynamic patterns of functional connectivity that normally support these processes. In patients with chronic disturbances of cognitive function due to severe brain injury, dysfunction of this circuitry likely plays a crucial role in pathogenesis. However, assaying thalamocortical interactions is challenging even in healthy subjects and more so in severely impaired patients. To approach this problem, we apply a dynamical-systems approach to motivate an analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG). We begin with a model for a single thalamocortical module [Robinson PA, Rennie CJ, Rowe DL (2002) Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 65:041924; Robinson PA, Rennie CJ, Wright JJ, Bourke PD (1998) Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 58:3557–3571]. When two such modules interact via shared thalamic inhibition, multistable behavior emerges; each mode is characterized by a different pattern of coherence between cortical regions. This observation suggests that changing patterns of cortical coherence are a hallmark of normal thalamocortical dynamics. In a preliminary study, we test this idea by analyzing the EEG of a patient with chronic brain injury, who has a marked improvement in behavior and frontal brain metabolism in response to zolpidem. The analysis shows that following zolpidem administration, changing patterns of coherence are identified between the frontal lobes and between frontal and distant brain regions. These observations support the role of the central thalamus in the organization of patterns of cortical interactions and suggest how indexes of thalamocortical dynamics can be extracted from the EEG.
A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline I. A laboratory experiment and its interpretation

A simple model of the seasonal thermocline is examined theoretically and with the aid of a laboratory experiment. It is argued that all the heat and mechanical energy which affect the water column can be put in near the surface and propagated downwards, without being influenced significantly by horizontal velocities, advection or rotation. If all the kinetic energy of stirring is used to change the potential energy of the system, one can calculate the temperature and depth of the well-mixed surface layer as a function of time, given the heat input. This has been done explicitly for a saw-tooth seasonal heating function and constant stirring rate. A step-by-step heating process has been simulated by an intermittent input of buoyant fluid at the surface, both theoretically and experimentally. Many features observed in the ocean are reproduced by both the theory and the experiments. The depth and temperature dependence of the upper mixed layer as functions of time, and the relation to the heating and cooling cycle, are in good qualitative agreement. Most important, this model shows clearly that surface mixing affects only the properties down to the topmost density interface, and that deeper features laid down early in the heating season can persist until the well-mixed layer reaches them again late in the winter. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01461.x
Sex, money, and paternity: The evolutionary psychology of domestic violence

Abstract Three hundred sixty-five women, with children between six and 12 years of age, were interviewed and tested on various issues theoretically related to domestic violence. The sample was stratified into three subsamples of volunteer women recruited from: (1) a temporary shelter for battered women, (2) the local community and screened specifically for the reported presence of domestic violence, (3) the same community sources and screened only for the reported presence of children of the specified age group. Factor analytic structural equation models were constructed for the predictors of violence by the woman's main sexual partner toward the woman and towards the woman's child. Common factors were constructed for the four major dimensions of domestic violence— verbal, physical, escalated, and sexual—and for the three major predictors of domestic violence—sex, money, and paternity. The sex factor indexed the general quality of the sexual relationship dynamics, the money factor indexed the couple's socioeconomic relations, and the paternity factor indexed the genetic stakes held in the family by the woman's main sexual partner. These three factors jointly accounted for 60% of the variance in violence toward the woman. Violence towards the woman—the only significant direct effect—accounted for 26% of the variance in violence toward the child. These findings suggest that the principal perpetrators of domestic violence may be competitively disadvantaged males, pursuing coercive sexual and parental strategies without regard to the deleterious indirect effects upon their own genetic offspring.
Sudden cardiac death in competitive athletes.

Sudden cardiac death in competitive athletes is a rare event in spite of the large numbers participating in organized sports. These tragic episodes usually receive significant media coverage and stimulate intense discussion in the lay and medical communities about how future occurrences might be avoided. This clinical commentary will review a variety of issues concerning sudden cardiac death in competitive athletes, including epidemiology, causes, screening methods, and potential for prevention. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003;33:589–593.
Effects of Solarium Malacoxylon on Duodenal Calcium Binding Protein in the Diabetic Rat

Duodenal calcium absorption and calcium binding protein (CaBP) are depressed in uncontrolled experimental (alloxan and streptozotocin) diabeties in the rat. Administration of an aqueous extract of the South American plant Solanum malacoxylon to diabetic rats restores duodenal calcium absorption to control levels. Since CaBP is thought to play a role in intestinal calcium transport, we isolated CaBP from duodenal mucosa of control, diabetic, and S. malacoxylon-treated diabetic rats. CaBP, whose concentration is about half normal in mucosal extracts from diabetic rats, was restored to the level of control rats by treatment of diabetics with S. malacoxylon extracts. Hence, these studies provide a further correlation between duodenal calcium absorption and levels of duodenal CaBP. In addition, a new purification procedure is described which produces a 17-fold increase in purity of CaBP above that attainable by our previously reported method. (Endocrinology 100: 928, 1977)
The clinical and genetic distinction between familial supravalvular aortic stenosis (Eisenberg syndrome) and Williams-Beuren syndrome.

Sir, Recently, an article about Williams-Beuren syndrome [1] appeared in Pediatric Radiology. Characteristic facies, intellectual disability, as well as supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) are typical of Williams syndrome (WS) (OMIM #194050). Familial aortic stenosis, or Eisenberg syndrome [2] (OMIM#185500), represents a separate group of patients with autosomal-dominant SVAS in which affected members have normal facies and average intelligence. The history of Eisenberg-type familial SVAS and WS, once considered part of a single condition, is an interesting one. Because of the commonality of the cardiac lesion in these two groups, advances in the genetic basis of Eisenbergtype familial SVAS led to the discovery that both WS and familial SVAS result from an abnormality in the elastin gene (ELN). In 1993 Keating [3], a molecular geneticist, used linkage analysis to suggest that ELN, located at 7q11.23, was the candidate gene for SVAS. Later publications identified several families with familial SVAS in whom the ELN gene was disrupted by either a small deletion or translocation. Based on the identification of the genetic abnormality present in familial SVAS, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of patients with the WS phenotype was performed, and complete deletion of the ELN genewas identified. Haploinsufficiency of additional genes has been implicated in the other abnormalities characteristic of WS. The history of familial SVAS and its relationship toWS has been largely forgotten. Recent interest in the genetic cause of WS is directly related to the genetic breakthroughs in patients with isolated familial SVAS. Because of the commonality of the cardiac lesion in these two groups, advances in one disease led to discoveries in the second.
Simultaneous intermittent right and partial left bundle branch block.

Abstract A 62-year-old man with presumed atherosclerotic heart disease was found to have intermittent LADRBBB confirmed by 12-lead electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, and two-lead rhythm strips. We believe that this unique electrocardiographic finding represents simultaneous intermittent involvement of the right and partial left bundle branches.
Acute stress disorder, subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after a series of typhoons

From August to November 1992, five typhoons struck the U.S. Pacific island territory of Guam. Three hundred and twenty subjects exposed to all five typhoons participated in a population survey measuring their acute stress symptoms and subsequent diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. A 23-item scale approximating the new DSM-IV diagnosis of acute stress disorder (ASD) was used to classify subjects into three groups based on their symptoms one week after the first typhoon: (1) probable ASD, (2) an early traumatic stress response (ETSR) of fear, intrusion, avoidance, and arousal, without dissociation, and (3) no acute diagnosis. A multi-dimensional measure of PTSD and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale were used to assess PTSD and depression 8 months after the first storm. The point prevalence of ASD at one week was 7.2%. An additional 15% of subjects had ETSR. Subjects with probable ASD at one week had significantly increased rates of PTSD and somewhat higher rates of depression at 8 months than those without ASD. In contrast, subjects with ETSR at one week did not have a poorer outcome than those with no acute diagnosis. These findings suggest that ASD is prognostically important, but also indicate that all acute stress symptoms do not have the same discriminative value. In this study, the acute dissociative symptoms of emotional numbing and derealization differentiated highly symptomatic subjects at risk for subsequent psychopathology (ASD) from others who were highly symptomatic at one week, but then had a more benign, posttraumatic course (ETSR). Anxiety 2:219–225 (1996). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Representation of process trends—III. Multiscale extraction of trends from process data

Abstract This paper presents a formal methodology for the analysis of process signals and the automatic extraction of temporal features contained in a record of measured data. It is based on the multiscale analysis of the measured signals using wavelets, which allows the extraction of significant temporal features that are localized in the frequency domain, from segments of the record of measured data (i.e. localized in the time domain). The paper provides a concise framework for the multiscale extraction and description of temporal process trends. The resulting algorithms are analytically sound, computationally very efficient and can be easily integrated with a large variety of methods for the interpretation of process trends and the automatic learning of relationships between causes and symptoms in a dynamic environment. A series of examples illustrate the characteristics of the approach and outline its use in various settings for the solution of industrial problems.
Combination Radiation and Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Male and Female Urethra

We report on 2 men and 2 women with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra who were treated with combination chemotherapy and radiation. Treatment consisted of 1,000 mg./M.2 5-fluorouracil plus 15 mg./M.2 mitomycin-C followed by 30 to 50 Gy. external beam radiation. The 2 women achieved durable complete responses, and are alive with no evidence of disease 94 and 43 months later, respectively. The men also had regional lymph node metastases, and 1 achieved complete response and has no evidence of disease 98 months posttreatment, while the other experienced partial response in the primary tumor and complete response in the involved inguinal nodes. The latter patient died of an unrelated cause with residual disease at 7 months. Only mild toxicity occurred in 3 patients. This regimen of chemotherapy and radiation is well tolerated and should be considered as primary therapy for invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the male and female urethra.
Functional genomics studies on the innate immunity of disease vectors

The increasing availability of genome sequences and the development of high-throughput techniques for gene expression profiling and functional characterization are transforming the study of innate immunity and other areas of insect biology. Already, functional genomic approaches have enabled a quantum advance in the characterization of mosquito immune responses to malaria parasite infection, and similar high-throughput functional genomic studies of other vector-pathogen interactions can be expected in the near future. The application of microarray-based and other expression analyses provide genome-wide transcriptional profiles that can be used to identify insect immune system components that are differentially regulated upon exposure to various classes of pathogens, including many important etiologic agents of human and animal diseases. The role of infection-responsive or other candidate immune genes identified through comparative genomic approaches can then be functionally characterized, either in vivo, for instance in adult mosquitoes, or in vitro using cell lines. In most insect vectors of human pathogens, germ-line transgenesis is still technically difficult and maintenance of multiple transgenic lines logistically demanding. Consequently, transient RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene-silencing has rapidly become the method of choice for functional characterization of candidate innate immune genes. The powerful combination of transcriptional profiling in conjunction with assays using RNAi to determine gene function, and identify regulatory pathways, together with downstream cell biological approaches to determine protein localization and interactions, will continue to provide novel insights into the role of insect innate immunity in a variety of vector-pathogen interactions. Here we review advances in functional genomics studies of innate immunity in the insect disease vectors, over the past decade, with a particular focus on the Anopheles mosquito and its responses to malaria infection.
Glial Tumor Invasion: A Role for the Upregulation and Cleavage of BEHAB/Brevican

Glial tumors, gliomas, are the most common primary intracranial tumors. Their distinct ability to invade the normal surrounding tissue makes them difficult to control and nearly impossible to completely remove surgically, and it accounts for the extraordinarily high lethality associated with gliomas. The ability of these transformed glial cells to invade the normal surrounding tissue is relatively unique in the adult CNS, which under most circumstances, is inhibitory to cell movement. The extracellular matrix (ECM) can modulate, in part, the permissiveness of a tissue to cell movement. Accordingly, the ability of gliomas to modify the ECM of the CNS may mediate the invasiveness of these cells. One ECM molecule that shows dramatic upregulation in gliomas is BEHAB (brain enriched hyaluronan binding)/brevican, a brain-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. BEHAB/brevican expression is also upregulated during periods of increased glial cell motility in development and following brain injury. Experimental evidence suggests that in glioma, in addition to upregulation of BEHAB/brevican, proteolytic processing of the full-length protein also may contribute to invasion. Here, the authors present a review of the literature on glial tumor invasion by modulation of the ECM and propose a two-step model for BEHAB/brevican's role in this process.
Forward model for sonar maps produced with the Polaroid ranging module

Conventional Polaroid time-of-flight (TOF) sonars provide object range measurements, but their wide beam widths limit the object bearing accuracy. We describe a first-order model that predicts the TOF readings from an object at a given range, bearing, and reflecting strength produced by the Polaroid 6500 series sonar ranging module connected to a 600 series electrostatic transducer. The model provides a simple method for solving the inverse problem of estimating these object parameters from conventional TOF data. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the model performance. Our model provides a reasonable fit for main-lobe data observed for objects with reflecting strengths that vary by 25 dB. An example of an inverse problem solution demonstrates the model can improve object range and bearing measurements, and can also estimate the object reflecting strength, a landmark feature useful for robot navigation tasks.