cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen activation by a macrocyclic chromium complex. Mechanism of hydroperoxo-chromium(III) to oxo-chromium(V) transformation.

The transformation of the hydroperoxo complex L1(H2O)CrOOH2+ (L1 = 1, 4 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) to an oxo-chromium(V) species is a first-order process throughout the pH range examined, 1.7 7.5, k1 = 0.025 s−1. No [H+]-dependence is observed within the two limiting regimes, clearly ruling out a simple attack by H+ at the hydroperoxo group. The temperature dependence of k1 in 0.020 M HClO4 yielded the activation parameters ΔH‡ = 53.7 kJ mol−1 and ΔS‡ = −80.5 J mol−1 K−1.
Formation of High-Affinity C5 Convertases of the Alternative Pathway of Complement

Cleavage of C5 by C5 convertase is the last enzymatic step in the complement activation cascade leading to the formation of the cytolytic proteolytically activated form of C5 (C5b)-9 complex. In the present study, we examined the effect of the density of C3b (the proteolytically activated form of C3) on the function of the noncatalytic subunit of natural surface-bound forms of the enzyme. A comparison of the kinetic parameters of C5 convertases assembled on three surfaces (zymosan, rabbit erythrocytes, and sheep erythrocytes) were similar and revealed that the average Km decreased ∼28-fold (5.2–0.18 μM) when the density of C3b was increased from ∼18,000 to 400,000 C3b/cell. Very-high-affinity C5 convertases were generated when preformed C3 convertases were allowed to self amplify by giving them excess C3. These convertases exhibited Km from 0.016 to 0.074 μM, well below the normal plasma concentration of C5 in blood (0.37 μM). The results suggest that in serum convertases formed with monomeric C3b will be relatively inefficient in capturing C5 but will continue to cleave C3 opsonizing the cell surface for phagocytosis, whereas convertases formed with C3b-C3b complexes in areas of high C3b density will primarily cleave C5. The catalytic rate of these convertases approaches maximum velocity, thereby switching the enzyme from cleavage of C3 to cleavage of C5, and production of the cytolytic C5b-9 complex.
Bringing Culture into Human Biology and Biology Back into Anthropology

In the recent past, human biology in anthropology was typically theorized as separate from—even in tension with—culture. In contrast, by further theorizing the social, political, and ecological processes through which what I call “cultural–biologicals” dialectically come into being, I foreground the restlessness and site specificity of human biology. In this article, I highlight research of three junior colleagues to propose two general processes connecting culture to biology: (1) through culturally specific readings of biological variables that, in turn, have biological consequences, and (2) through systems of global and local stratification that “get under the skin.” Anthropology is well positioned to follow the diverse pathways through which forms of stratification such as racism, sexism, and class inequalities seep into our biological beings, influencing states of nutrition, stress, and health, as well as ecology and culture. I show that biology does not stand still. By highlighting some of the restlessness of biological processes, I hope to move anthropology to reconsider a more complex, site-specific, and dialectical approach to human biology. Rethinking biology—especially human biology—in these ways may profoundly change how anthropologists, biologists, and citizens understand biology and thereby care for human bodies.
A Rule-based Approach For Simulating Errors In Discrete Sequential Processes

Discrete sequential processes consist of sequences of actions or symbols, each of which is often associated with a relative frequency of occurrence. Since correct and incorrect sequences can be identified by formal bottom-up parsing techniques, a top-down approach can be used in conjunction with a stochastic grammar to generate sequences in a simulation environment. Such an approach combines recognition and simulation of sequences and is particularly useful when test patterns are needed for a complex recognition system. This paper presents a Prolog-based simulation system wherein the productions of a stochastic grammar are expressed in an English-like IF-THEN format so they can easily be edited to simulate parsing errors leading to incorrect sequences. Applications involving simulated errors in communication systems are discussed.
A quantitative and comprehensive method to analyze human milk oligosaccharide structures in the urine and feces of infants

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), though non-nutritive to the infant, shape the intestinal microbiota and protect against pathogens during early growth and development. Infant formulas with added galacto-oligosaccharides have been developed to mimic the beneficial effects of HMOs. Premature infants have an immature immune system and a leaky gut and are thus highly susceptible to opportunistic infections. A method employing nanoflow liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS) is presented to simultaneously identify and quantify HMOs in the feces and urine of infants, of which 75 HMOs have previously been fully structurally elucidated. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS was employed for high-resolution and rapid compositional profiling. To demonstrate this novel method, samples from mother–infant dyads as well as samples from infants receiving infant formula fortified with dietary galacto-oligosaccharides or probiotic bifidobacteria were analyzed. Ingested oligosaccharides are demonstrated in high abundance in the infant feces and urine. While the method was developed to examine specimens from preterm infants, it is of general utility and can be used to monitor oligosaccharide consumption and utilization in term infants, children, and adults. This method may therefore provide diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities.
Glucocorticoid receptor overexpression in forebrain: A mouse model of increased emotional lability

The molecular mechanisms that control the range and stability of emotions are unknown, yet this knowledge is critical for understanding mood disorders, especially bipolar illness. Here, we show that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulates these features of emotional responsiveness. We generated transgenic mice overexpressing GR specifically in forebrain. These mice display a significant increase in anxiety-like and depressant-like behaviors relative to wild type. Yet, they are also supersensitive to antidepressants and show enhanced sensitization to cocaine. Thus, mice overexpressing GR in forebrain have a consistently wider than normal range of reactivity in both positive and negative emotionality tests. This phenotype is associated, in specific brain regions, with increased expression of genes relevant to emotionality: corticotropin-releasing hormone, serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine transporters, and 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor. Thus, GR overexpression in forebrain causes higher “emotional lability” secondary to a unique pattern of molecular regulation. This finding suggests that natural variations in GR gene expression can contribute to the fine-tuning of emotional stability or lability and may play a role in bipolar disorder.
Entropy Selective Mutual Information-Based Image Registration

Multimodal imaging systems demand sophisticated registration routines. Due to computation time and non-convergence issues, the use of traditional mutual information (MI)-based registration is impractical. We propose our sampling optimization technique with selective high entropy MI computation as a rapid and robust image registration method for real-time applications.
Lessons learned since September 11th 2001 concerning the mental health impact of terrorism, appropriate response strategies and future preparedness.

We have learned much since the September 11, 2001(9/11), terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, DC, concerning the mental health impact of terrorism and how best to respond to the resulting mental health needs of individual victims and the general population. In addition to experiential knowledge from the many thousands of individuals who participated in the 9/11 emergency response programs in those areas most directly affected by the attacks, we have gained new scientific knowledge through the large-scale survey and evaluation activities conducted nationally and within New York State since 9/11. After briefly reviewing the major post-9/11 survey and evaluation activities in New York and at the national level, the remainder of this commentary will highlight some of the important lessons learned from this work and from participating in the 9/11 response efforts. BRIEF REVIEW OF MAJOR NATIONAL AND NEW YORK STATE POST-9/11 EVALUATION ACTIVITIES AND FINDINGS CONCERNING THE MENTAL HEALTH IMPACT OF TERRORISM
Recognition and Treatment of the Catatonic Syndrome

We define the catatonic syndrome and review the history of the concept of catatonia, including its recent acceptance as a syndrome. Diagnosis of the catatonic syndrome, with its associated extensive differential diagnoses related to systemic and mental disorders, is addressed. Catatonia is related to variants of the syndrome, such as lethal (malignant) catatonia and the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Medical sequelae of these conditions are outlined. The literature on the treatment of the catatonic syndrome is reviewed, and a suggested approach to treatment and management of catatonic patients in the intensive care unit is provided. An hypothesis regarding the neuropathophysiological basis for the syndrome is also offered.
Genomes and evolution. From sequence to organism.

Evan Eichler is an Associate Professor and Director of the Bioinformatics Core Facility in the Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. The long-term goal of his research is to understand the evolution, pathology and mechanisms of recent genome duplication in human.
Cricothyroidotomy bottom-up training review: battlefield lessons learned.

ABSTRACTChallenges with surgical cricothyroidotomy on the battlefield can be attributed to limited frequency of use, procedure unfamiliarity, and limited knowledge base of anatomical landmarks of which is further heighten in the tactical environment. The objective was to identify ways to enhance the cricothyroidotomy training to minimize potential preventable procedural errors. A training review was conducted to determine the gaps in the cricothyroidotomy training in a 4-day Tactical Combat Casualty Care course at the Naval Medical Center Portsmouth. An ad hoc Working Group team identified five specific gap areas in the cricothyroidotomy training: 1) limited gross airway anatomy review; 2)lack of “hands-on” human laryngeal anatomy; 3) nonstandardized step-by-step surgical incision skill procedure; 4) inferior standards for anatomically correct cricothyroid mannequins; 5) lack of standardized refresher training frequency. Specific training enhancements are recommended across each day in the classroom, simu...
What Happens to Confidentiality When the Government Enters the Treatment Room via the PATRIOT Act, HIPAA, and Managed Care?

The world irrevocably changed for Americans on September 11, 2001, the infamous day when terrorists hijacked three civilian airliners, crashing into and destroying the World Trade Center towers and damaging the Pentagon. The third airplane self-destructed in Pennsylvania before it could reach the White House.
An Intrinsically Disordered Peptide Facilitates Non-Endosomal Cell Entry

Many cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) fold at cell surfaces, adopting α- or β-structure that enable their intracellular transport. However, the same structural folds that facilitate cellular entry can also elicit potent membrane-lytic activity, limiting their use in delivery applications. Further, a distinct CPP can enter cells through many mechanisms, often leading to endosomal entrapment. Herein, we describe an intrinsically disordered peptide (CLIP6) that exclusively employs non-endosomal mechanisms to cross cellular membranes, while being remarkably biocompatible and serum-stable. We show that a single anionic glutamate residue is responsible for maintaining the disordered bioactive state of the peptide, defines its mechanism of cellular entry, and is central to its biocompatibility. CLIP6 can deliver membrane-impermeable cargo directly to the cytoplasm of cells, suggesting its broad utility for delivery of drug candidates limited by poor cell permeability and endosomal degradation.
Assessment of Leaf Color Chart Observations for Estimating Maize Chlorophyll Content by Analysis of Digital Photographs

Developed as a nondestructive aid for estimating the N content in rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops, leaf color charts (LCCs) are a numbered series of plastic panels that range from yellow-green to dark green. By visual comparison, the panel value closest in color to a leaf indicates whether N is deficient, sufficient, or in excess. Because the selected values depend on subjective decisions by an observer, our goal was to determine whether spectral reflectances or digital color photographs could provide an objective, reproducible, and potentially automated method for determining LCC values. Maize (Zea mays L.) leaves were collected on two dates from an ongoing N fertilization experiment. Observed LCC panel values of selected leaves were highly correlated to chlorophyll content and chlorophyll meter values. Spectral reflectances and digital photographs were analyzed to predict the LCC panel value that was observed for each leaf. Supervised classifications of digital photographs using minimum distance provided reasonable predictions of the LCC value, but the spectral angle mapper did not. The dark green color index and the triangular greenness index predicted LCC panel values well. Uncorrected digital photographs (raw) produced better agreement with observed LCC panel values when using spectral indices, whereas color-corrected photographs (JPEG) produced better agreement using the supervised classification methods. We concluded that subjective visual observations using a LCC were not worse than the objective methods for estimating leaf chlorophyll content. Visual observations using LCCs may be an easy-to-use and low-cost method for managing N at smaller scales.
Multi-Source Geospatial Information Integration and Analysis for Coastal Management and Decision Making

This paper reviews coastal-related research being undertaken at the Mapping and GIS Laboratory, The Ohio State University, on the multi-source geospatial information integration and analysis for coastal management and decision making.
Complete Solution Sets for Neuromuscular Models Reveal How Mechanical Constraints Limit Neural Control Options

One of the main goals of neuromuscular modeling is to establish the range of feasible muscle activations for a given mechanical output of the body. This is not a trivial problem because there are typically infinitely many combinations of muscle activations that will generate the same joint torques, as most joints are actuated by more muscles than rotational degrees of freedom. Here we show that well-established geometric methods easily provide a complete description of the set of muscle activations that generate a desired set of joint torques or endpoint forces. In contrast to iterative linear programming optimizations, geometric methods provide a set of solutions in muscle activation space simply by converting between the geometric representations of neural and mechanical constraints. As an example, we use geometric methods to find the feasible set of activations that produce fingertip forces in a set of directions. These results show that for a given set of fingertip forces, the range of feasible activation for each muscle can differ with the choice of mechanical constraints. Thus, the mechanical constraints of the task play an important role governing the options the nervous system has when controlling redundant muscles.© 2010 ASME
The role of CT imaging in rhinosinusitis and the need for a standardized CT reading system

Chronic rhinosinusitis is a prevalent disease and a significant cause of morbidity to the patients it affects. The diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis is based on the patient’s clinical history, findings on physical examination, and findings on nasal endoscopy. CT scanning of the sinuses has become
Republished: Developing capable quality improvement leaders

Background/objective Cincinnati Children9s Hospital Medical Center created the Intermediate Improvement Science Series (I2S2) training course to develop organisational leaders to do improvement, lead improvement and get results on specific projects. Design methods Each multidisciplinary class consists of 25–30 participants and 12 in-class training days over 6 months. Instructional methods include lectures, case studies, interactive application exercises and dialogue, participant reports and assigned readings. Participants demonstrate competence in improvement science by completing a project with improvement in outcome and/or process measures. They present on their projects and receive feedback during each session and one-on-one coaching between sessions. Results Since 2006, 279 participants in 11 classes have completed the I2S2 course. Participant evaluations have consistently rated satisfaction, learning, application, impact and value very high. Large and statistically significant changes were observed in pre-course to post-course self-assessment of knowledge of five quality improvement topics. Approximately 85% of the projects demonstrated measurable improvement. At follow-up, 72% of improvement projects were completed and made a part of everyday operations in the participant9s unit or were the focus of continuing improvement work. Many changes were spread to other units or programmes. Most (88%) responding graduates continued to participate in formal quality improvement efforts and many led other improvement projects. Nearly half of the respondents presented their results at one or more professional conference. Conclusions Through the I2S2 course, the authors are developing improvement leaders, accelerating the shift in the culture from a traditional academic medical centre to an improvement-focused culture, and building cross-silo relationships by developing leaders who understand the organisation as a large system of interdependent subsystems focused on improving health.
Real-World Types and Their Application

Software systems sense and affect real world objects and processes in order to realize important real-world systems. For these systems to function correctly, such software should obey constraints inherited from the real world. Typically, neither important characteristics of real-world entities nor the relationships between such entities and their machine-world representations are specified explicitly in code, and important opportunities for detecting errors due to mismatches are lost. To address this problem we introduce real-world types to document in software both relevant characteristics of real-world entities and the relationships between real-world entities and machine-level representations. These constructs support specification and automated static detection of such mismatches in programs written in ordinary languages. We present a prototype implementation of our approach for Java and case studies in which previously unrecognized real-world type errors in several real systems were detected.
Ethnicity Significantly Influences Incidence Patterns and Predicts Mortality: Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) In the United States (US)

Abstract Abstract 2683 Background: Pediatric HL studies have suggested survival differences based on ethnicity. However, little data is available regarding the impact, if any, of ethnicity on incidence patterns, disease histology, and/or survival among adult HL. Methods: We examined data for 13 US SEER areas, several of which contain large Hispanic and Black populations. Case information was obtained from the 11/2009 SEER data submission released April 2010. We analyzed incidence, HL histology, and mortality rates according to ethnicity, age, and gender. We also examined incidence patterns across the past four decades. All analyses used SEER*Stat. Results: A total of 16,783 HL cases were diagnosed among residents in the 13 SEER registry areas during 1992–2007, with non-Hispanic Whites contributing the largest number (n=11,890), followed by Hispanics (n=2,190), and Blacks (n=1,724). Consistent with SEER 9 results (1973 data), Whites show a continued bimodal age-incidence curve (6.0/100,000 ages 25–29, 2.5/100,000 ages 50–54, and 4.5/100,000 age 75–79). However, Blacks have a much less apparent bimodal pattern (4.5/100,000 ages 25–29, 2.6/100,000 ages 50–54, and 3.0/100,000 ages 75–79), while Hispanics are distinctly not bimodal with a small increase at 20–24 (2.4/100,000) followed by an exponential-like increase with peak HL incidence at ages 80–84 (7.0/100,000). Moreover, among persons >65 years, HL is currently significantly more common in Hispanics than Whites (4.7-7.0/100,000 vs 3.9–4.5/100,000, respectively, p Conclusions: Multiple important epidemiologic and mortality differences are evident across and within ethnicities in adult HL. Download : Download high-res image (212KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1. . Hodgkin Lymphoma Age-Specific (Crude) U.S. Mortality Rates By Ethnicity.* *Both sexes (1992-2007). Rates are per 100,000. Mortality source: US Mortality Files, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC. Accessed August 12th, 2010. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Hospital-Acquired Anemia.

Author(s): Makam, Anil N; Nguyen, Oanh K; Clark, Christopher; Halm, Ethan A | Abstract: BackgroundAlthough hypothesized to be a hazard of hospitalization, it is unclear whether hospital-acquired anemia (HAA) is associated with increased adverse outcomes following discharge.ObjectiveTo examine the incidence, predictors, and postdischarge outcomes associated with HAA.DesignObservational cohort study using electronic health record data.SubjectsConsecutive medicine discharges between November 1, 2009 and October 30, 2010 from 6 Texas hospitals, including safety-net, teaching, and nonteaching sites. Patients with anemia on admission or missing hematocrit values at admission or discharge were excluded.MeasuresHAA was defined using the last hematocrit value prior to discharge and categorized by severity. The primary outcome was a composite of 30-day mortality and nonelective readmission.ResultsAmong 11,309 patients, one-third developed HAA (21.6% with mild HAA; 10.1% with moderate HAA; and 1.4% with severe HAA). The 2 strongest potentially modifiable predictors of developing moderate or severe HAA were length of stay (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.26 per day; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.29) and receipt of a major procedure (adjusted OR, 5.09; 95% CI, 3.79-6.82). Patients without HAA had a 9.7% incidence for the composite outcome versus 16.4% for those with severe HAA. Severe HAA was independently associated with a 39% increase in the odds for 30-day readmission or death (95% CI, 1.09-1.78). Most patients with severe HAA (85%) underwent a major procedure, had a discharge diagnosis of hemorrhage, and/or a discharge diagnosis of hemorrhagic disorder.ConclusionsSevere HAA is associated with increased odds for 30-day mortality and readmission after discharge; however, it is uncertain whether severe HAA is preventable. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2017;12:317-322.
Cyber Security Policies for Hyperconnectivity and Internet of Things: A Process for Managing Connectivity

Hyperconnectivity and Internet of Things are changing the landscape of Information Technology (IT). Architectures are becoming more sophisticated while cyber security is slowing adapting to this shift of Internet-enabled technologies in automotive, industrial, consumer, and networking. This slow adoption of proper security controls, defenses, and aggressive measures is leaving individuals vulnerable. This submission explores how policies can be created that automate the process of device connectivity, and how current frameworks can be used to minimize system risks.
Treatment of high strength acidic wastewater using passive pH control

Abstract A passive pH control system to process high strength (COD ∼ 20,000 mg l−1) acidic wastewater without alkali addition was developed. The low-energy wastewater treatment system consisted of a packed bed up-flow anaerobic reactor followed by an aerobic trickling filter, both of which used biochar as the biofilm support media. The passive pH control process relied on controlled recycle of the effluent leaving the anaerobic stage to adjust the pH of the acidic feedstock. The anaerobic reactor was able to achieve steady state reductions in total chemical oxygen demand (TCODred) above 91% and the combined system (anaerobic-aerobic) achieved COD reductions above 97% without alkali addition. Methane production was 0.311 m3 per kg COD reduced. The system was also able to produce an effluent that met EPA regulations in terms of BOD5 and TSS, possessed a near neutral pH, and was highly nitrified.
Sinusitis in infants and children.

The major clinical problem in considering a diagnosis of sinusitis is differentiating uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection from a secondary bacterial infection of the paranasal sinuses that may benefit from antimicrobial therapy. A diagnosis of sinusitis is suggested by presentation with protracted upper respiratory tract symptoms or a cold that is more severe than usual with fever and purulent nasal discharge
Absorption Chillers: Technology for the Future

ABSTRACT In an era of heightened awareness of energy efficiency and the associated environmental impacts, many industries worldwide are exploring “environmentally friendly” technologies that provide equivalent or improved performance while reducing or eliminating harmful side-effects. The refrigeration and air-conditioning industry, due to its reliance on CFCs and HCFCs, has invested in research in alternatives to the industry standard vapor compression machines. One alternative technology with great promise is chemical absorption. Absorption chillers offer comparable refrigeration output with reduced SO2, CO2, and NOx emissions. Absorption chillers do not use CFCs or HCFCs, refrigerants that contribute to ozone depletion and global warming. Additionally, gas-fired absorption chillers can save significant amounts in energy costs when used in combination with a vapor compression chiller in a hybrid system. The hybrid system can take advantage of the comparatively low price of natural gas (per unit ton) and...
Analytic Complex Multiplication

This chapter is essentially elementary, and lays the foundations for the study of the endomorphisms of complex toruses known as complex multiplications. Let V be a vector space of dimension n over the complex numbers. Let Λ be a lattice in V. The quotient complex analytic group V/Λ is called a complex torus. We assume known the basic facts concerning Riemann forms and the projective embedding of such toruses. A (non-degenerate) Riemann form E on V/Λ is an alternating non-degenerate form on V such that E(x, y) ∊ Z for x, y ∊ Λ, and such that the form E(ix, y) is symmetric positive definite. Equivalently, one may say that E is the imaginary part of a positive definite hermitian form on V, and takes integral values on Λ. The torus admits a projective embedding if and only if it admits a Riemann form, and such a projective embedding is obtained by projective coordinates given by theta functions. We shall not need to know anything about such theta functions aside from their existence. An abelian manifold is a complex torus which admits a Riemann form.
Conceptualization and Methods in Social Support Theory and Research as Related to Cardiovascular Disease

The purpose of this chapter is to consider the conceptual and methodological issues of current importance in the study of social support, especially as they pertain to the study of cardiovascular diseases. A main goal of the chapter is to provide the reader with a broad perspective on the usefulness of social support in the study of psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The life-span developmental nature of psychosocial relationships generally, and social support specifically, is emphasized. Although the data are generally suggestive of important links between social support and cardiovascular disease, the limited number of studies militate against drawing firm conclusions about the role of social support as either a predictor of cardiovascular disease onset or a modifier of the severity of such disease. The final goal of this chapter is to present a framework for future studies of the relationship between social support and cardiovascular disease. Ideally, future research should be designed to capitalize on both the life-span nature of psychosocial relationships and the developmental nature of the progression of the various cardiovascular diseases.
On the Derivation of Spline Bases

In this paper we present an explicit derivation of general spline bases over function spaces closed under differentiation. We determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of B-splines in such a function space and prove that whenever such a basis exists it is essentially unique. Rather than following the common practice of presenting a mathematical definition of B-splines and then proceeding to prove some of their desired properties, we begin by stipulating a set of design objectives and then proceed to derive functions that meet these objectives. We stipulate the following standard design objectives: a given degree of continuity, least feasible order for the given continuity requirement, and shape invariance under translation. As it turns out, these objectives form a complete set in the sense that no other requirement can be imposed without it being already implied by the ones listed. In other words, when the listed objectives are translated into algebraic constraints, the resulting equations have an essentially unique solution with no remaining degrees of freedom. Clearly, when other desirable objectives such as convexity and the variation diminishing property are attainable, they follow as a byproduct by virtue of uniqueness.
Time Course of Leukocyte Influx Following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in the Wistar Rat

According to Fisher [1], the word infarct was first used by Laennec in 1835 to describe a pulmonary lesion that had developed in association with the occlusion of a pulmonary artery. The word “infarct” (from Latin, infarcere) means to stuff; therefore, it is unclear whether Laennec applied the term “infarctus” to describe the parenchymal pulmonary lesion or the “stuffed,” occluded pulmonary artery. Nonetheless, several years later Litten [2] used the word “infarct” to describe areas of softening in the kidney and liver that were accompanied by occlusion of the corresponding arterial branches.
On Minimizing the Completion Times of Long Flows Over Inter-Datacenter WAN

Long flows contribute huge volumes of traffic over inter-datacenter WAN. The flow completion time (FCT) is a vital network performance metric that affects the running time of distributed applications and the users’ quality of experience. Flow routing techniques based on propagation or queuing latency or instantaneous link utilization are insufficient for minimization of the long flows’ FCT. We propose a routing approach that uses the remaining sizes and paths of all ongoing flows to minimize the worst case completion time of incoming flows assuming no knowledge of future flow arrivals. Our approach can be formulated as an NP-Hard graph optimization problem. We propose BWRH , a heuristic to quickly generate an approximate solution. We evaluate BWRH against several real-WAN topologies and two different traffic patterns. We see that BWRH provides solutions with an average optimality gap of less than 0.25%. Furthermore, we show that compared with other popular routing heuristics, BWRH reduces the mean and tail FCT by up to $1.46\times $ and $1.53\times $ , respectively.
Synthesis of the Non-Reducing Hexasaccharide Fragment of Saccharomicin B

A synthesis of the nonreducing end hexasaccharide of saccharomicin B, α-l-Eva-(1→4)-α-l-Eva-(1→4)-α-l-Dig-(1→4)-α-l-Eva-(1→4)-α-l-Dig-(1→4)-β-d-Fuc, has been developed. Selective glycosylations of l-digitoxose (l-Dig) using AgPF6/TTBP-mediated thioether activation and l-4-e pi-vancosamine (l-Eva) using Tf2O/DTBMP-mediated sulfoxide activation produced the hexasaccharide as a single diastereomer in very good yield. This hexasaccharide is properly functionalized to serve as a glycosyl donor for the total synthesis of saccharomicin B.
Statistical Power and Bayesian Assurance in Clinical Trial Design

In clinical trial design, statistical power is defined as the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis at a pre-specified true clinical treatment effect, which is conditioned on the true but actually unknown effect. In practice, however, this true effect is never a fixed value, but a range from previously held trials which would lead to underpowered or overpowered trials. In order to incorporate the uncertainties of this observed treatment effect, a Bayesian assurance has been proposed as an alternative to the conventional statistical power. This is defined as the unconditional probability of rejecting the null hypothesis. In this chapter, we will review the transition from conventional statistical power to Bayesian assurance and discuss the computations of Bayesian assurance using a Monte-Carlo simulation-based approach.
You’re looking for what? Comparing search for familiar, nameable objects to search for unfamiliar, novel objects

Searching for items in one’s environment often includes considerable reliance on semantic knowledge. The present study examines the importance of semantic information in visual and memory search, e...
Vinyl Carbocations Generated under Basic Conditions and Their Intramolecular C-H Insertion Reactions.

Here we report the surprising discovery that high-energy vinyl carbocations can be generated under strongly basic conditions, and that they engage in intramolecular sp3 C–H insertion reactions thro...
Differing climate and landscape effects on regional dryland vegetation responses during wet periods allude to future patterns

Dryland vegetation is influenced by biotic and abiotic land surface template (LST) conditions and precipitation (PPT), such that enhanced vegetation responses to periods of high PPT may be shaped by multiple factors. High PPT stochasticity in the Chihuahuan Desert suggests that enhanced responses across broad geographic areas are improbable. Yet, multiyear wet periods may homogenize PPT patterns, interact with favorable LST conditions, and in this way produce enhanced responses. In contrast, periods containing multiple extreme high PPT pulse events could overwhelm LST influences, suggesting a divergence in how climate change could influence vegetation by altering PPT periods. Using a suite of stacked remote sensing and LST datasets from the 1980s to the present, we evaluated PPT-LST-Vegetation relationships across this region and tested the hypothesis that enhanced vegetation responses would be initiated by high PPT, but that LST favorability would underlie response magnitude, producing geographic differences between wet periods. We focused on two multiyear wet periods; one of above average, regionally distributed PPT (1990-1993) and a second with locally distributed PPT that contained two extreme wet pulses (2006-2008). 1990-1993 had regional vegetation responses that were correlated with soil properties. 2006-2008 had higher vegetation responses over a smaller area that were correlated primarily with PPT and secondarily to soil properties. Within the overlapping PPT area of both periods, enhanced vegetation responses occurred in similar locations. Thus, LST favorability underlied the geographic pattern of vegetation responses, whereas PPT initiated the response and controlled response area and maximum response magnitude. Multiyear periods provide foresight on the differing impacts that directional changes in mean climate and changes in extreme PPT pulses could have in drylands. Our study shows that future vegetation responses during wet periods will be tied to LST favorability, yet will be shaped by the pattern and magnitude of multiyear PPT events.
A Full-Image Deep Segmenter for CT Images in Breast Cancer Radiotherapy Treatment.

Radiation therapy is one of the key cancer treatment options. To avoid adverse effects in the healthy tissue, the treatment plan needs to be based on accurate anatomical models of the patient. In this work, an automatic segmentation solution for both female breasts and the heart is constructed using deep learning. Our newly developed deep neural networks perform better than the current state-of-the-art neural networks while improving inference speed by an order of magnitude. While manual segmentation by clinicians takes around 20 minutes, our automatic segmentation takes less than a second with an average of 3 minutes manual correction time. Thus, our proposed solution can have a huge impact on the workload of clinical staff and on the standardisation of care.
The effect of early discrimination on accelerated aging among African Americans.

Objective This study examined the role of depressive symptoms in mediating the relationship between early life experiences of racial discrimination and accelerated aging in adulthood for African Americans (i.e., prediction over a 19-year period, from ages 10 to 29) after adjusting for gender and health behaviors. Method Longitudinal self-report data over 7 waves of data collection from the Family and Community Health Study were utilized. The sample included 368 African Americans with usable gene expression data to compute accelerated aging, as well as complete data on all self-report variables including racial discrimination (Schedule of Racist Events) and depression (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Version 4). Blood was collected by antecubital blood draws from participants at age 29. The proposed model was tested by path analysis. Results Findings revealed that high discrimination at ages 10-15 was associated with depression at ages 20-29 (β = .19, p = .001), controlling for depression at ages 10-15, which, in turn, was related to accelerated cellular-level aging (β = .11, p = .048) after controlling for gender, alcohol consumption, and cigarette use. The indirect effect of racial discrimination on aging through depression at ages 20-29 was significant (β = .021, 95% confidence interval [.001, .057]), accounting for 32.3% of the total variance. Conclusion These findings support research conceptualizations that early life stress due to racial discrimination lead to sustained negative affective states continuing into young adulthood that confer risk for accelerated aging and possibly premature disease and mortality in African Americans. These findings advance knowledge of potential underlying mechanisms that influence racial health disparities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Parsons Problems for Block-based Programming

Parsons problems are program puzzles, where students piece together code fragments to construct a program. Similar to block-based programming environments, Parsons problems eliminate the need to learn syntax. Parsons problems have been shown to improve learning efficiency when compared to writing code or fixing incorrect code in lab studies, or as part of a larger curriculum. In this study, we directly compared Parsons problems with block-based programming assignments in classroom settings. We hypothesized that Parsons problems would improve students' programming efficiency on the lab assignments where they were used, without impacting performance on the subsequent, related homework or the later programming project. Our results confirmed our hypothesis, showing that on average Parsons problems took students about half as much time to complete compared to equivalent programming problems. At the same time, we found no evidence to suggest that students performed worse on subsequent assignments, as measured by performance and time on task. The results indicate that the effectiveness of Parsons problems is not simply based on helping students avoid syntax errors. We believe this is because Parsons problems dramatically reduce the programming solution space, letting students focus on solving the problem rather than having to solve the combined problem of devising a solution, searching for needed components, and composing them together.
Perspectives of nurse managers on information communication technology and e-Leadership.

Aim We sought nurse managers' perspectives on challenges and opportunities with technology and how it may influence communication and leadership. Background e-Leadership is a conceptual framework used to understand and teach organisational leaders about the application of technology to leadership. Technology is integral to leadership, yet little is understood about how nurse managers may use this technology and how they negotiate the complexity of the multiple communication systems currently in use. Methods Sixteen nurse managers from individual hospitals within a large US healthcare system participated in qualitative open-ended interviews and focus groups. Results Four themes emerged from the qualitative data regarding the nurse managers' perspectives of e-Leadership and their use of information and communication technologies: (a) Can't live without it, (b) Too much, too many, (c) Poor onboarding education and (d) Difficulty maintaining virtual relationships. Implications for nursing management Effective and safe patient care is dependent on multiple technology applications that require significant knowledge and practice. Nursing leadership may consider the need for more supported mentorship, and engaging programs to educate nurse managers about the dozens of applications required to effectively manage and lead. For technology to be used to its full potential it should be designed with nursing involvement.
Immunotherapy in Anal Cancer.

Standard treatment for early-stage squamous cell cancer of the anal canal (SCCA) includes concurrent chemotherapy and radiation to achieve curative intent. Treatment options are limited, however, especially with locoregional disease relapse occurring in 20–30% of patients and about 10–30% of patients presenting with metastatic disease. With more than 90% of SCCAs occurring in the setting of HPV, immune-based therapies are now the target of possible new treatments for this rare disease. This review highlights the role of immunotherapy in HPV-associated SCCA. Immunotherapy has been shown to extend progression-free survival and overall survival in various solid malignancies, including SCCA. So far, single-agent monotherapy with either nivolumab or pembrolizumab has shown durable clinical response with a tolerable side effect profile. The 2018 NCCN guidelines now advise nivolumab or pembrolizumab monotherapy as second-line treatment in the management of metastatic SCCA. Further investigation with immunotherapy continues to be critical for such a rare malignancy with few treatment options.
Deformations of the Classical W-Algebras Associated to Dn, E6, G2

We give explicit formulas for the generators of q-deformed W-algebras associated to Lie algebras Dn, E6 and G2, and compute the Poisson brackets between the generators.
Field Evaluation of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors for Measuring Wildfire Smoke.

Until recently, air quality impacts from wildfires were predominantly determined based on data from permanent stationary regulatory air pollution monitors. However, low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensors are now widely used by the public as a source of air quality information during wildfires, although their performance during smoke impacted conditions has not been thoroughly evaluated. We collocated three types of low-cost fine PM (PM2.5) sensors with reference instruments near multiple fires in the western and eastern United States (maximum hourly PM2.5 = 295 µg/m3). Sensors were moderately to strongly correlated with reference instruments (hourly averaged r2 = 0.52–0.95), but overpredicted PM2.5 concentrations (normalized root mean square errors, NRMSE = 80–167%). We developed a correction equation for wildfire smoke that reduced the NRMSE to less than 27%. Correction equations were specific to each sensor package, demonstrating the impact of the physical configuration and the algorithm used to translate the size and count information into PM2.5 concentrations. These results suggest the low-cost sensors can fill in the large spatial gaps in monitoring networks near wildfires with mean absolute errors of less than 10 µg/m3 in the hourly PM2.5 concentrations when using a sensor-specific smoke correction equation.
Retention of amorphous silica in rice hulls at high temperatures

Rice hulls contains around 20 wt% amorphous silica (rice hull silica). Rice hull silica containing no potassium impurity crystallized from amorphous silica to cristobalite at 1300 °C. When a small amount of MgO or a-Fe 2 O 3 or Al 2 O 3 were added to the rice hull silica, the rice hull silica crystallized to cristobalite at 1500°C. MgO a-Fe 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 diffused to silica as Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ and Al 3+ at high temperatures. These ions broke the SiO 4 tetrahedron network, so that the amorphous state of rice hull silica was maintained. As sintering occurred at 1500°C in rice hull silica mixed with additives such as MgO, the melting of the silica particle surface by sintering made the SiO 4 tetrahedrons to move easily, so that the rearrangement of SiO 4 tetrahedrons occurred and amorphous silica in the rice hull silica crystallized to cristobalite at 1500°C.
‘(Non)dance and (non)math people’: challenging binary disciplinary identities in education

In the disciplines of dance and mathematics, binary identities commonly split individuals into either (non)dance and/or (non)math people. However, these shorthand assessments become dangerous becau...
Variation among sorghum genotypes for reduction in popping caused by threshing-induced kernel damage

Interest has increased in pop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) as an alternative to popcorn as an ingredient in snack foods and as a confectionary snack per se. However, studies on the effect ...