cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhodopsin's protein and carbohydrate structure: selected aspects.

Abstract A topographic model for rhodopsin has been constructed based upon evaluation of rhodopsin's sequence by a secondary structure prediction algorithm as well as chemical and enzymatic modification of rhodopsin in the membrane [Hargrave et al. (1983) Biophys. Struct. Mech. 9 , 235–244]. The non-uniform distribution of several amino acids in the primary structure and within the topographic model is discussed. The seven predicted helices were evaluated and each helix was found to have one surface which is much more hydrophobic than the other. Stereoscopic views of a three dimensional model with a functional color-coding scheme incorporating these features are presented. The amino acid sequence of rhodopsin has been compared to other proteins in the Dayhoff Protein Data Bank. No obvious relationship to any other protein sequenced was found. High resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to reinvestigate the structure and relative proportions of rhodopsin's major and minor oligosaccharide chains. One major (Man 3 GlcNAc 3 ) and two minor (Man 4 GlcNAc 3 and Man 5 GlcNAc 3 ) were observed.
Fermionic representation of the Wess-Zumino term and the chiral Schwinger model

Abstract The quantum structure of the chiral Schwinger model is studied by fermionization of the Wess-Zumino field. The model contains a hidden parameter a reflecting the ambiguity in the definition of the gauge anomaly. It is shown that, for the special value a = 2, this chiral model is equivalent to massless QED 2 in the sence that they share the same gauge field and the same (left-handed) chiral fermion. The fermionic representation of the Wess-Zumino term provides a natural way to summarize the current algebras and yields a regularization-independent current-algebraic characterization of the model.
The Renin-Angiotensin System and Diabetic Nephropathy

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has key regulatory functions for blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. In addition, dysregulation of the system can have maladaptive effects to promote tissue injury in chronic diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, and kidney disease. These actions for the RAS to promote disease pathogenesis are especially apparent in diabetic nephropathy, the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Evidence of a role for the RAS in diabetic nephropathy comes from studies in animal models and randomized clinical trials showing efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers to slow the progression of renal disease. Widespread applications of these therapies to a range of renal diseases may have contributed to the recent reduction in the incidence rates for end-stage renal disease. We provide a general review of the RAS and its role in diabetic nephropathy.
Multi-dimensional risk factor patterns associated with non-use of highly active antiretroviral therapy among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women.

Abstract Objectives Relationships between non-use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), race/ethnicity, violence, drug use, and other risk factors are investigated using qualitative profiles of five risk factors (unprotected sex, multiple male partners, heavy drinking, crack, cocaine or heroin use, and exposure to physical violence) and association of the profiles and race/ethnicity with non-use of HAART over time. Methods A hidden Markov model was used to summarize risk factor profiles and changes in profiles over time in a longitudinal sample of HIV-infected women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study with follow-up from 2002 to 2005 ( n = 802). Results Four risk factor profiles corresponding to four distinct latent states were identified from the five risk factors. Trajectory analysis indicated that states characterized by high probabilities of all risk factors or by low probabilities of all risk factors were both relatively stable over time. Being in the highest risk state did not significantly elevate the odds of HAART non-use (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6–1.8). However, being in a latent state characterized by elevated probabilities of heavy drinking and exposure to physical violence, along with slight elevations in three other risk factors, significantly increased odds of HAART non-use (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1–1.9). Conclusion The research suggests that HAART use might be improved by interventions aimed at women who are heavy drinkers with recent exposure to physical violence and evidence of other risk factors. More research about the relationship between clustering and patterns of risk factors and use of HAART is needed.
Spatial continuity measures for probabilistic and deterministic geostatistics

Geostatistics has traditionally used a probabilistic framework, one in which expected values or ensemble averages are of primary importance. The less familiar deterministic framework views geostatistical problems in terms of spatial integrals. This paper outlines the two frameworks and examines the issue of which spatial continuity measure, the covarianceC (h) or the variogram γ(h), is appropriate for each framework. AlthoughC (h) and γ(h) were defined originally in terms of spatial integrals, the convenience of probabilistic notation made the expected value definitions more common. These now classical expected value definitions entail a linear relationship betweenC (h) and γ(h); the spatial integral definitions do not. In a probabilistic framework, where available sample information is extrapolated to domains other than the one which was sampled, the expected value definitions are appropriate; furthermore, within a probabilistic framework, reasons exist for preferring the variogram to the covariance function. In a deterministic framework, where available sample information is interpolated within the same domain, the spatial integral definitions are appropriate and no reasons are known for preferring the variogram. A case study on a Wiener-Levy process demonstrates differences between the two frameworks and shows that, for most estimation problems, the deterministic viewpoint is more appropriate. Several case studies on real data sets reveal that the sample covariance function reflects the character of spatial continuity better than the sample variogram. From both theoretical and practical considerations, clearly for most geostatistical problems, direct estimation of the covariance is better than the traditional variogram approach.
Generalized spherical wave mutual coherence function

An expression is developed for a generalized nth order spherical wave mutual coherence function in terms of the two-source wave structure function and log-amplitude covariance function.
Algorithms for bound constrained quadratic programming problems

We present an algorithm which combines standard active set strategies with the gradient projection method for the solution of quadratic programming problems subject to bounds. We show, in particular, that if the quadratic is bounded below on the feasible set then termination occurs at a stationary point in a finite number of iterations. Moreover, if all stationary points are nondegenerate, termination occurs at a local minimizer. A numerical comparison of the algorithm based on the gradient projection algorithm with a standard active set strategy shows that on mildly degenerate problems the gradient projection algorithm requires considerable less iterations and time than the active set strategy. On nondegenerate problems the number of iterations typically decreases by at least a factor of 10. For strongly degenerate problems, the performance of the gradient projection algorithm deteriorates, but it still performs better than the active set method.
Potential for diffuse parenchymal lung disease after exposures at World Trade Center Disaster site.

Objective: The diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that result from damage to the lung parenchyma. While the cause of most DPLDs remains unknown, extensive epidemiological and experimental evidence has linked exposure to environmental toxins to the pathogenesis of some of those diseases. The purpose of this review is to examine the potential relation between exposure to toxins released from the World Trade Center (WTC) collapse on September 11th, 2001 and the development of DPLD based on published evidence up to date. Methods: We examine such evidence from two points of view, (1) exposure, and (2) histopathogenesis. Exposure: Analyses of WTC-dust and particle size demonstrate that some portion of the dust was composed of particles small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs, reaching distal airways and alveoli. The presence of such particles has been confirmed in studies of induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage in WTC-exposed firefighters. Histopathogenesis: In vitro and animal experiments and patient evidence suggest that WTC dust is capable of inducing a pulmonary interstitial inflammatory response. Results: To date, there have been limited clinical reports documenting the development of diffuse parenchymal responses following exposure to WTC dust. No single common pathologic response has been described. The one common denominator in the reports is that the individuals who developed disease were heavily exposed either during the disaster or during the initial 2-to-3 days following the disaster. Conclusion: DLPDs are probably associated with heavy or extended exposure to the toxins released at the WTC disaster site. Coupled with the historical experience with exposures to occupational toxins this mandates continued long-term clinical observation of this cohort. Mt Sinai J Med 75:101–107, 2008© 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Magnetic advanced hybrid (MAH) gun

The feasibility of the MAH gun is analytically demonstrated for velocities in the 4 to 8 km/s range. The gun design represents a modification of conventional gun. No power source, power conditioning devices, or opening switch are required, which makes the MAH gun superior to other electromagnetic guns. Chemical energy is used to accelerate the projectile to high velocity through magnetic collision. In addition, fast firing is possible since no pulsed electric energy is required. High-temperature superconductors will have significant impact on the gun design, especially if no cooling is required. >
CONSTRAINED MULTIVARIATE LOSS FUNCTION MINIMIZATION

Modifying Taguchi's one-dimensional quadratic loss function to a multidimensional form has attracted many researchers because a more accurate estimate of total loss due to variation from multiple quality targets would result. This article includes a..
Trauma on eight wheels: A study of roller skating injuries in Seattle

Thirty-five fractures secondary to roller skating accidents from March 15 to October 1, 1979 were treated in the University of Washington-affiliated hospitals. Twenty-eight involved the wrist and elbow. Only three were in skeletally immature individuals. Sixty-three percent of the patients were female with the 20- to 34-year-old age group the most commonly involved. A fall, usually backwards, onto outstretched arms and hands was the most frequent mechanism of injury. A detailed study of the popular outdoor skating area in Seattle, Green Lake, indicated that more than 75% of the injuries occurred on sloped surfaces with otherwise favorable environmental conditions. Most people were either first time skaters or had not skated since childhood. Based on our study, we recommend: (1) skating on level, familiar terrain; (2) learning to skate in a sparsely congested area; (3) skating with experienced partners who can give instructions; and (4) using protective equipment, such as knee and elbow pads and rigid wrist splints.
Synthesis of ortho-substituted nitroaromatics via improved Negishi coupling conditions

We describe modified Negishi coupling conditions that allow improved access to ortho-nitrophenylalanine derivatives. These useful amino acid intermediates can be further elaborated into biologically active lactams and cyclic hydroxamic acid targets.
Geolocation validation of CERES instruments using radiance measurements

Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments are currently flying on two satellite platforms, Terra, launched 18 December 1999 and Aqua, launched 04 May 2002. Both satellites are at a 705-km altitude, in high inclination, polar orbits. Terra crosses the equator at local morning, while Aqua crosses at local afternoon. Each platform carries two CERES instruments. Each CERES instrument contains three scanning radiation-detecting bolometers. The three detectors measure reflected solar and Earth emitted radiation in three bandwidths: shortwave (0.3-5 μm), window (8-12 μm), and total (0.3 to >100 μm). Earth views of each instrument are geolocated to the Earth fixed coordinate system using satellite attitude, ephemeris, and instrument pointing data. An analysis has been developed which uses radiation gradients at ocean-land boundaries measured by the CERES instrument as an aid to validate the computed geolocation. The detected coastlines are compared to known map coordinates and an error analysis is performed after a best fit is made in the coastline comparison. Spatial differences are mapped from latitude, longitude to absolute distance in along-track (ground path) and cross-track (perpendicular to ground path) of the satellite. Results of the Terra CERES instruments have shown maximum errors to be within 10% of the nadir footprint size. A description of the coastline detection and error analysis will be presented along with results for the Terra CERES instruments. Initial results from the coastline detection and error analysis for the Aqua instruments will be presented also.
LINAC-BASED PHOTONUCLEAR APPLICATIONS AT THE IDAHO ACCELERATOR CENTER

In this paper, current Idaho Accelerator Center (IAC) activities based on the exploitation of high energy bremsstrahlung photons generated by linear electron accelerators will be reviewed. These beams are used to induce photonuclear interactions for a wide variety of applications in materials science, activation analysis, medical research, and nuclear technology. Most of the exploited phenomena are governed by the familiar giant dipole resonance cross section in nuclei. By proper target and converter design, optimization of photon and photoneutron production can be achieved, allowing radiation fields produced with both photons and neutrons to be used for medical isotope production and for fission product transmutation. The latter provides a specific application example that supports long-term fission product waste management. Using high-energy, highpower electron accelerators, we can demonstrate transmutation of radio-toxic, long-lived fission products (LLFP) such as 99Tc and 129I into short lived species. The latest experimental and simulation results will be presented.
The Social Context and Resources of the Unmarried in Old Age.

A model of singleness in later life was developed to show how the social context may influence the personal and social resources of older, unmarried persons. The unmarried (especially the divorced) will be an increasing proportion of the aged population in the future, and they will require more services than will the married. Role transitions of the unmarried over the life course, finances, health, and social relationships of older singles are discussed with implications for practice and future research.
US national research and education network

Doctor Brownstein 's title is Act ing Assis tant Director for Compute r and In fo rmat ion Science and Engineering, Na t iona l Science Founda t ion . In this capacity, he has overall responsibi l i ty for a $200,000,000 program of fund ing of (primarily) universi ty-based basic research in all areas of computer science and engineering, plus the opera t ion of four supercomputer centers and the N S F N E T . W h e n not acting in this capacity, he is the Executive Officer of the organisat ion. In addit ion, he serves on the interagency Federal Coord ina t ing Commit tee for Science, Engineering and Technology, which is developing the High Performance Compute r Ini t iat ive for the fiscal year 1992; he chairs the interagency Federal Networking Commit tee which coordinates US federal agency activities in research networking; and he chairs the O E C D Work ing Group on the Economic Impact of In fo rmat ion Technology. A selection of Doctor Brownstein 's slides illustrates the high level of col laborat ion involved in the US network development activities and the longterm p lan for migra t ion to a very high speed N a t i o n a l Research and Educa t ion Ne twork (NREN) .
Current factor analysis receptor models are ill-posed

Abstract Current factor models lack sufficient physical constraints to guarantee a unique, physically valid solution; in this sense they are ill-posed. Any realistic factor model must obey certain natural physical constraints, for example, the predicted source contributions and elemental compositions must be non-negative. Five such constraints are given in the paper. As shown by a simple example with only two sources and three elements, these natural constraints are insufficient to define a unique factor model. The same is shown to be true for a more complex example with seven sources and 10 elements. Since the examples use simulated data without observational or other errors, they prove that current factor models are, in general, biased in the statistical sense. The examples also show that the bias, or systematic error, can be very large. Thus, while factor analysis continues to be a valuable screening tool for unexpected sources, in the hands of the inexperienced it could lead to serious errors in source apportionment and derived source compositions.
Evaluation of traditional work scheduling rules in a flexible manufacturing system with a physical simulator

Abstract This paper describes the use of a physical simulator to evaluate work scheduling rules in a flexible manufacturing system. An actual FMS was modeled using actual data. The performance of seven part selection rules and four machine center selection rules has been investigated. Six performance criteria have been used to evaluate the performance of all 28 decision rule combinations.
Regulation of Endothelial Function by Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species

Mitochondria are well known for their central roles in ATP production, calcium homeostasis, and heme and steroid biosynthesis. However, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, once thought to be toxic byproducts of mitochondrial physiologic activities, have recently been recognized as important cell-signaling molecules in the vascular endothelium, where their production, conversion, and destruction are highly regulated. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species appear to regulate important vascular homeostatic functions under basal conditions in a variety of vascular beds, where, in particular, they contribute to endothelium-dependent vasodilation. On exposure to cardiovascular risk factors, endothelial mitochondria produce excessive ROS in concert with other cellular ROS sources. Mitochondrial ROS, in this setting, act as important signaling molecules activating prothrombotic and proinflammatory pathways in the vascular endothelium, a process that initially manifests itself as endothelial dysfunction and, if persistent, may lead to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. This review concentrates on emerging appreciation of the importance of mitochondrial ROS as cell-signaling molecules in the vascular endothelium under both physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. Future potential avenues of research in this field also are discussed.
Decreased suicidal ideation in depressed patients with or without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: An open study

article i nfo Article history: Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with higher morbidity including suicidal ideation and behavior. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a known treatment for PTSD, MDD and comorbid PTSD and MDD. Since the patients with comorbid MDD and PTSD (PTSD-MDD) are sicker, we hypothesize a poorer response to treatment compared to patients with MDD only. Ninety-six MDD patients were included in the study: 76 with MDD only and 20 with PTSD-MDD. Demographic and clinical parameters at baseline were assessed. We examined clinical parameters before and after 3 months of open SSRI treatment in subjects with PTSD-MDD and compared this group to individuals with MDD only. At base- line, PTSD-MDD patients had higher Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Buss-Durkee Hostility Scale scores com- pared with MDD only subjects. There was a significant decrease in scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, BeckHopelessness Scale, and BeckScalefor Suicidal Ideation after 3 months oftreatment with SSRIs in both groups. The magnitude of improvement in Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation scores was greater in the PTSD-MDD group compared to the MDD only subjects. Symptoms of depression including suicidal ideation im- provedinMDD patientswith or withoutcomorbid PTSD after3 monthsof treatment with SSRIsbutimprovementin suicidal ideation was greater in the PTSD-MDD group. Our finding has not supported the hypothesis that a response to treatment is poorer in the PTSD-MDD group which may indicate that sicker patients benefi tm ore from the treatment.
A distinct regulatory region of the Bmp5 locus activates gene expression following adult bone fracture or soft tissue injury

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are key signaling molecules required for normal development of bones and other tissues. Previous studies have shown that null mutations in the mouse Bmp5 gene alter the size, shape and number of multiple bone and cartilage structures during development. Bmp5 mutations also delay healing of rib fractures in adult mutants, suggesting that the same signals used to pattern embryonic bone and cartilage are also reused during skeletal regeneration and repair. Despite intense interest in BMPs as agents for stimulating bone formation in clinical applications, little is known about the regulatory elements that control developmental or injury-induced BMP expression. To compare the DNA sequences that activate gene expression during embryonic bone formation and following acute injuries in adult animals, we assayed regions surrounding the Bmp5 gene for their ability to stimulate lacZ reporter gene expression in transgenic mice. Multiple genomic fragments, distributed across the Bmp5 locus, collectively coordinate expression in discrete anatomic domains during normal development, including in embryonic ribs. In contrast, a distinct regulatory region activated expression following rib fracture in adult animals. The same injury control region triggered gene expression in mesenchymal cells following tibia fracture, in migrating keratinocytes following dorsal skin wounding, and in regenerating epithelial cells following lung injury. The Bmp5 gene thus contains an “injury response” control region that is distinct from embryonic enhancers, and that is activated by multiple types of injury in adult animals.
Psychologie und naturwissenschaft

Die letzten Erorterungen haben uns gezeigt, dass unmittelbar zugangliche Erfahrung das Ausgangsmaterial sowohl der Physik wie der Psychologie ist. Wenn nun die Naturwissenschaften einen so gewaltigen Vorsprung vor der Psychologie haben, und wenn wir jene gern einholen mochten, was sollen wir dann eigentlich tun, da doch betreffs des Ausgangspunktes gar kein wesentlicher Unterschied besteht?
Fracture and material degradation properties of cortical bone under accelerated stress

The fracture stress and material property degradation of bovine cortical bone specimens were investigated experimentally under accelerated cyclic tensile stress testing. The fracture stress of a typical specimen was found from a static tensile test, and the cyclic loading/unloading was calculated as a percentage of this fracture stress. The results of accelerated cyclic stress tests were compared to monotonically increased static tests to determine if loading/unloading has an effect on the damage mechanism in bone. It was found that fracture stress of the bone increases due to accelerated stress cycling whereas the modulus decreases in a logarithmic fashion with increasing cyclic stress.
Abstract FO02-03: Breast cancer control in federally qualified health centers.

Patient Navigation is a patient-centric health care service delivery intervention, with the goal of eliminating barriers, which may occur across the health care continuum, from screening, to timely diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and through survivorship. Pioneered in Harlem, NY, patient navigation is being widely replicated nationally and is receiving considerable support for demonstration projects and research to test its effectiveness. Patient navigation has evolved as a strategy to reduce cancer health disparities by eliminating barriers to timely diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The largest and longest effort to test the efficacy of PN is the $25 million, five-year Patient Navigation Research Program (PNRP) undertaken by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The Chicago patient navigation program, for example, was funded through the NCI PNRP to increase the proportion of patients reaching diagnostic resolution and reduce the time from abnormal screening test to definitive diagnostic resolution among low income underserved women with abnormal breast (n=352) or cervical (n=545) screening results. We found that compared to control subjects who received usual care, a higher percentage of navigated subjects reached a diagnostic resolution by 60 days (83.0% vs. 52.7%) for breast and by 365 days (98.7% vs. 81.0%) for cervical cancer. But, the effects of patient navigation are defined and measured in different ways across programs. In order to make meaningful comparisons across diverse programs, outcome measures must be concordant. Therefore, in March 2010, the National Patient Navigation Leadership Summit comprised of cancer clinicians, researchers, practicing public health and measurement experts, funders, and patient navigators, met to develop a national consensus on common outcomes to solidify the scientific evidence and efficacy of patient navigation using a principles from community-based participatory research. The goal of the Summit was to develop and propose core metrics to measure outcomes of navigation on individuals as well as populations across the continuum. The process used to engage all key stakeholders and current national efforts will be discussed along with the outcomes of this approach. Funding: The Chicago Patient Navigation grant was supported by the National Institute of Health grant 1 U01 CA116875-01. The leadership conference and Cancer supplement were cosponsored by Pfizer Oncology, Livestrong (Lance Armstrong Foundation), Susan G. Komen for the Cure, the Oncology Nursing Society (ONS), the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer, the American Cancer Society, and AstraZeneca. Citation Format: Elizabeth A. Calhoun. Breast cancer control in federally qualified health centers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr FO02-03.
Spatially resolved birefringence studies of planar entry flow

Abstract Stress distributions near the re-entrant corners in two-dimensional, 4:1 contraction flows of weakly elastic and more highly elastic poly(dimethyl-siloxane) (PDMS) melts were investigated with a high-resolution, polarization modulated flow birefringence method. Measurements were taken at the limiting spatial resolution of 100μm length scales, and Weissenberg numbers We of the flows ranged from 0.12 to 0.91. For the weakly elastic liquid, measured profiles of the stress τro were in agreement with predictions of Second Order Fluid (SOF) theory. However, less favorable agreement was seen between the experimental and theoretical profiles of τrr-τoo); the overall levels and spatial gradients in the measured profiles were lower than SOF or Newtonian predictions. After consideration of many possible causes for these deviations, they were imputed at least in part to corner rounding. While the theory treats the re-entrant corner as perfectly sharp, the corners in the experiment possessed a slight, unavoidable rounding. Stress profiles for the more highly elastic fluid were qualitatively similar to those for the weakly elastic liquid, but stress gradients were more pronounced near the re-entrant corners. Nonetheless, the stress gradients were not as steep as would be expected from published numerical simulations. No instabilities, oscillations or time-dependent irregularities were observed.
Radiation dosimetry of the FluoroCAT scan for real-time endoscopic sinus surgery

Objective/hypothesis The FluoroCAT platform of the GE InstaTrak 3500 Plus reconstructs images acquired from the GE OEC 9800 Plus fluoroscope into triplanar images which allow the surgeon to perform real-time endoscopic sinus and skull-base surgery. The radiation dosimetry for the new scanning protocol required by the FluoroCAT has not been reported. This study was designed to measure the radiation dose of a FluoroCAT scan and compare this to the dosimetry of an InstaTrak CT scan. Study design Prospective study. Methods A standardized CT head phantom was used along with a CT ion chamber to measure radiation exposure. FluoroCAT scans were performed using the GE OEC 9800 Plus fluoroscope. Scans were performed using each of the three fluoroscopic scanning modes on the GE OEC 9800 Plus; normal fluoro, high-level fluoro, and Digital Cine at 15 pulses per second (pps). Results The highest radiation dose was measured using Digital Cine 15 pps. The dose measured at the center of the head phantom was 4.1 Gy while the maximum surface dose was 10.7 mGy. The center and surface radiation dose recorded from the CTDI vol reading on the control panel of a GE Lightspeed Plus during an InstaTrak CT scan was 85 mGy. Conclusions Using the GE OEC 9800 Plus fluoroscope to accumulate images for the FluoroCAT platform in the InstaTrak 3500 Plus resulted in less radiation compared to an InstaTrak CT scan. This will allow multiple scans to be performed intraoperatively, giving the surgeon the opportunity to perform real-time endoscopic sinus and skull-base surgery. EBM rating: C-4
Involuntary memories and restrained eating.

Abstract Most involuntary memories are elicited by external cues (e.g., smells, sounds) that have unique associations with specific memories (Berntsen’s cue-retrieval hypothesis), but involuntary memories can sometimes be elicited by weak, even imperceptible, cues that raise the activation level of an already primed memory (Berntsen’s motivation-priming hypothesis) to also reach conscious awareness during times of low attentional focus. The current study examined the effects of a motivation bias (restrained eating) on the involuntary memories recorded in daily diaries for seven days by 56 female participants. A large proportion of the involuntary memories were elicited by food-related cues and occurred in food-related contexts. A significant correlation was found between the participants’ scores on a restrained eating scale and the percentage of involuntary memories involving cooking and eating content. These results parallel previous research involving voluntary memory retrievals during restrained eating.
Near Surface Phase Transition of Solute Derived Pt Monolayers

As the loadings of precious metals in surface-chemical systems continue to decrease for photo-and electro-catalysts for energy and environmental applications, the study of near-surface electronic and atomic structure in functional materials becomes critically important. Extremely small quantities of active elements, whether grown as clusters or ultrathin films, exhibit changes in catalytic activity that arise from both size effects and electron-transfer effects. These size and transfer effects can be related to increased propensity for oxidation of the metallic deposit, as well as to various changes in electrochemical performance such as durability or required overpotential for a given reaction. This work establishes a minimum threshold for Pt loading beyond which bulk-type electronic behavior may be expected. By iteratively growing atomic monolayers and multilayers using self-limited electrodeposition and studying these films using core-electron spectroscopy (X-ray absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), electrochemical methods and DFT-based computations the fundamental interactions that govern oxidation state and electron transfer near the surface of a Pt–Au bimetallic system have been explored. It has been shown that the Pt–Au system exhibits increased tendency for the Pt layer to remain cationic below a minimum threshold film thickness of two monolayers. At monodispersed levels of submonolayer coverage Pt exhibits deviated electronic structure, reactivity, and metal stability compared to films in excess of this minimum threshold thickness. At three monolayers Pt is thick enough to avoid the preference for cationicity and the resulting higher rates of metal dissolution, but thin enough to benefit from electron transfers from Au that assist in lowering the overpotentials for CO oxidation. This study shows the efficacy of a concerted method for the investigation of near-surface phenomena in multicomponent systems. By combining electrochemical and vacuum studies of solute-derived samples with advanced computational techniques, a multifaceted understanding of these architectures has been achieved.
H1/H1 genotype influences symptom severity in corticobasal syndrome

We evaluated 38 consecutive patients with corticobasal syndrome to determine if inheritance of the H1/H1 genotype influences age at onset and disease severity and if Apolipoprotein E e4 increases the risk of cognitive disturbances. Inheritance of the H1/H1 genotype was associated with severity of motor function, but did not affect age at onset or cognition. There was a trend toward shorter survival in the H1/H1 group, but this study was underpowered to test influence on survival, even though it served to estimate the sample size for future studies. ApoE inheritance did not influence cognition.
Erosion of thermal spray MCr–Cr3C2 cermet coatings

High velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) cermet coatings have been used to reduce the damage caused by solid particle erosion (SPE). The current work investigated the erosion resistance of FeCrAlY–Cr3C2 and NiCr–Cr3C2 cermet coatings with carbide levels ranging from 0–100% (in the pre-sprayed powder) in order to determine the optimum ceramic content for the best erosion resistance. The as sprayed coating microstructures were analyzed using light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and microprobe techniques. Erosion testing was carried out using a particle accelerator apparatus set at a velocity of 40 m/s, a mass flow of 80 g/min, and 400°C with 450 μm Al2O3 particles at 30° and 90° impact angles. Image analysis revealed the carbide levels in the pre-sprayed powder are much higher than in the final as sprayed coating. The lower carbide levels in the coatings are caused by a combination of poor carbide spray efficiency and reduction/oxidation of the carbide particles in the HVOF jet, resulting in the formation of various oxides and metal rich carbides. Erosion testing of the sprayed coatings found that decreasing the carbide content, and overall hard phase content (oxides and carbides), decreased the erosion rate for 90° impact. In addition, for 30° impact the erosion rate remained fairly constant regardless of carbide or hard phase content.
Injuries and fatalities to U.S. farmers and farm workers 55 years and older

Background Previous studies have shown that older farmers and farm workers have been identified at high risk for farm fatalities, most notably involving tractor overturns. Older farmers also incur more severe non-fatal injuries. Methods Data from two national surveillance systems are presented to describe fatal and non-fatal injuries occurring to older farmers 55+ years of age. Tractor-related fatality investigations for older farmers are examined for characteristics of the tractors not available in the injury surveillance systems. Results Older farmers and farm workers averaged 26,573 lost-time injuries annually in 2001 and 2004, with an injury rate of 4.5 injuries/100 workers/year compared to an overall farming injury rate of 4.8 injuries/100 workers/year. Fatality data show that older farmers accounted for over half of all farming deaths between 1992 and 2004 (3,671 of 7,064 deaths), and had a fatality rate of 45.8 deaths/100,000 workers/year compared to the overall farming fatality rate of 25.4 deaths/100,000 workers/year. Most common mechanisms of fatal injury to older farmers were “tractors” (46%), “trucks” (7%), and “animals” (5%). Conclusions Although older farmers and farm workers are at lower risk of overall injury compared to their younger counterparts, injuries to farmers 55 years and older tend to be much more severe. To effectively minimize the risk faced by older farmers, prevention programs must encourage safe work behaviors and practices and the implementation/installation of appropriate safety devices and equipment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:185–194, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Special techniques for metallographic examination of irradiated fuel pin wire wrap material from EBR-II

Abstract Metallographic techniques have been developed for examination of wire wrap sections of neutron irradiated AISI 316 stainless steel from EBR-II. The special etching techniques used for metallographic examination of radiation and thermally induced precipitates, including sigma or chi phases and alpha ferrite, are documented. A description is given of the preparation of standard 3 mm dia TEM foils using a nickel plating technique to increase the effective size of the original 1.1–1.4 mm dia wires.
Content Provider Leakage Vulnerability Detection in Android Applications

Although much research effort has focused on Android malware detection, very little attention has been given to implementation-level vulnerabilities. This paper focuses on Content Provider Leakage vulnerability that can be exploited by viewing or editing sensitive data through malware. We present a new technique for detecting content provider leakage vulnerability. We propose Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD) as a measure to detect the content provider leakage vulnerability. In particular, our contribution includes the development of a set of elements and mapping the elements to programming principles for secure implementation of content provider classes. These elements are captured from the implementation to form the initial population set. The population set is used to measure the divergence of a newly implemented application with content provider to identify potential vulnerabilities. We also apply a back-off smoothing technique to compute the KLD value. We implement a java prototype tool to evaluate a set of content provider implementations to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The initial results show that by choosing an appropriate threshold level, KLD is an effective method for detecting content provider leakage vulnerability.
Metabolism of Radioiodinated Salmon Calcitonin in Rats

Synthetic salmon calcitonin (CT) was iodinated by an electrolytic method. The iodinated hormone retained full biological activity as determined in both an in vivo and in vitro bioassay. The metabolism of this hormone was studied in rats of two different ages, 24 days and 8 months old. Two types of uptake were observed: Rapid accumulation followed by rapid loss or degradation, as represented by the liver, and sustained accumulation with slow degradation, as represented by the kidney and bone. The liver accumulated a large fraction of the dose in 1 minute. Most of this was degraded or gone by 10 min and nearly all by 30 min The kidney was a primary target organ in terms of concentrating the hormone. Nearly 50% of the initially accumulated CT, however, remained undegraded 60 min post-injection. The bone, to a lesser extent, concentrated the hormone where 70% remained undegraded 60 min post-injection. The bone accumulated significantly less CT while the kidney and liver accumulated more in 8-month-old rats co...
N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Mechanosensitivity Is Governed by C Terminus of NR2B Subunit

N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), critical mediators of both physiologic and pathologic neurological signaling, have previously been shown to be sensitive to mechanical stretch through the loss of its native Mg2+ block. However, the regulation of this mechanosensitivity has yet to be further explored. Furthermore, as it has become apparent that NMDAR-mediated signaling is dependent on specific NMDAR subtypes, as governed by the identity of the NR2 subunit, a crucial unanswered question is the role of subunit composition in observed NMDAR mechanosensitivity. Here, we used a recombinant system to assess the mechanosensitivity of specific subtypes and demonstrate that the mechanosensitive property is uniquely governed by the NR2B subunit. NR1/NR2B NMDARs displayed significant stretch sensitivity, whereas NR1/NR2A NMDARs did not respond to stretch. Furthermore, NR2B mechanosensitivity was regulated by PKC activity, because PKC inhibition reduced stretch responses in transfected HEK 293 cells and primary cortical neurons. Finally, using NR2B point mutations, we identified a PKC phosphorylation site, Ser-1323 on NR2B, as a unique critical regulator of stretch sensitivity. These data suggest that the selective mechanosensitivity of NR2B can significantly impact neuronal response to traumatic brain injury and illustrate that the mechanical tone of the neuron can be dynamically regulated by PKC activity.
Unprecedented Alkene Complex of Zinc(II): Structures and Bonding of Divinylzinc Complexes

This report describes the solid-state structures of a series of divinylzinc complexes, one of which represents the only structurally characterized zinc(II) π-complex. Vinylzinc reagents, Zn[C(Me)CH2]2 (1) and Zn[C(H)CMe2]2 (2), have been synthesized and isolated as white crystalline solids in 66 and 72% yield, respectively. Each compound exhibits an infinite polymeric architecture in the solid state via a series of zinc-π (1) and zinc-σ-bonded (2) bridging interactions. Addition of chelating ligands to these divinylzinc compounds allowed isolation of the monomeric adducts (bipy)Zn[C(Me)CH2]2 (1•bipy), (tmeda)Zn[C(Me)CH2]2 (1•tmeda), (bipy)Zn[C(H)CMe2]2 (2•bipy), and (tmeda)Zn[C(H)CMe2]2 (2•tmeda), of which 1•bipy, 2•bipy, and 2•tmeda have been characterized crystallographically.
Vector magnetic data for detecting short polarity intervals in marine magnetic profiles

To identify short polarity intervals recorded during the early Cenozoic in the oceanic crust, a three-component magnetometer was flown across the magnetic stripes north of the Murray fracture zone. The vector magnetometer was flown at a low altitude (335 meters) in order to reduce attenuation of short-wavelength anomalies. The conventional means used to distinguish between magnetic stripes and anomalies due to three-dimensional sources is to correlate wiggles visually over a number of widely separated total-field profiles. The single profile of three orthogonal components was found to provide the distinction directly. The component parallel to the magnetic stripes hy recorded only anomalies due to three-dimensional sources, whereas the horizontal hx and vertical hz components perpendicular to hy were found to record both magnetic stripes and three-dimensional anomalies. By comparing profiles, it was possible to distinguish anomalies due to seamounts or other local sources from anomalies due to short polarity events. Analysis of this single profile from the north Pacific supports the existence of two short polarity events previously identified by stacking profiles of the total field recorded at the sea surface.
Is quantum computing with solid state devices possible

Experiments with a few qubits, the basic elements of a quantum computer, using the methods of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have demonstrated that quantum computing is possible. A useful quantum computer would need to use many qubits, while it appears that NMR with molecules is limited to about ten qubits. The easiest way to assemble a large number of qubits would be to use the existing solid state technology. However, the accuracy with which large numbers of solid state devices can be fabricated does not match the high-precision methods that have made quantum computing with magnetic resonance possible. Quantum computing with solid state devices must expect to encounter a new set of problems posed by differences between nominally identical devices. The difficulties are illustrated with examples of proposed qubits. Specific questions that must be addressed in attempts to use solid state devices for quantum computing are suggested.
The Philosophy of Shared Poverty: rethinking Agricultural Involution and the Culture of Geertz

Abstract This paper discusses, and comprehensively rejects, Geertz’ concept of ‘involution’ as applied to the historical sociology of rural development in Indonesia. Geertz’ analysis is outlined, together with the criticisms it has occasioned; the paper then moves to a consideration of central methodological issues in the involution debate. It concludes with a critique of Geertz’ use of the concept of Culture as confusing rather than clarifying the issues at stake.
Flow and heat transfer to a circular cylinder with a hot impinging air jet

Abstract A study has been made of the flow and heat transfer to a circular cylinder from a hot impinging air jet. The problem is of fundamental interest and also has important applications; e.g. in respect to the outside vapor deposition process. Numerical solutions of the governing conservation equations have been obtained utilizing a non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate grid. The effects of the Reynolds and Grashof numbers on the flow and heat transfer, as well as those of the wall temperature, the jet width, and the distance between the nozzle and the cylinder have beeen investigated and correlation curves are presented. The flow is stable and symmetric over the range of parameters studied. The interaction of the buoyant impinging jet with the cylinder as well as with the surroundings makes the flow and heat transfer to the cylinder quite different from that for uniform flow. The effects of buoyancy, diffusion and cooling of the jet ahead of the cylinder, the development of the wall jet, and the recirculating bubble all affect the flow and heat transfer. The average Nusselt number increases with increasing Reynolds and Grashof numbers and narrow banded correlation curves are obtained by introducing an effective Reynolds number, which includes a buoyancy contribution. The width of the jet and the distance between the nozzle and the cylinder have a strong effect on the heat transfer.
Developmental regulation of β-globin gene switching

Abstract A chicken erythroid cell-specific enhancer is located in the intergenic region between the adult β- and embryonic e-globin genes. In this paper we show that the β-globin enhancer stimulates transcription of both genes. e-Globin is, however, inappropriately regulated since it is expressed in both embryonic and adult red blood cells. Appropriate stage-specific regulation is observed for both genes when they are present on one plasmid. By analysis of deletion and substitution mutants, we conclude that β-globin tissue- and developmental stage-specific regulation is mediated by interaction of the β-globin enhancer with a positive regulatory element within the adult β-globin promoter, the developmental stage selector element (SSE).