cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Disease-Based Treatment of Pain

Today pain is one of the most commonly reported symptoms by individuals seeking medical treatment. Once thought of as merely sensation, pain has evolved into a complex experience with biological and psychosocial components. Consequently, pain management now represents a multidisciplinary field, which utilizes various medications, techniques, and therapies to address pain’s complexity. In order to fully understand the current treatment approaches, it is important that clinicians understand the modern definition of pain as a disease through knowledge of its history, proposed mechanisms, and varying types. This chapter will provide an introduction to the field of pain management by exploring historical definitions of pain and summarizing the evolutionary theories that have led to today’s view of pain as a biological disease. Equipped with a better understanding of pain’s origin as a disease, this chapter will then highlight the different types of pain and the current treatment modalities used to tackle the multifaceted factors of the pain system.
Diversity of adverse childhood experiences among adolescent mothers and the intergenerational transmission of risk to children's behavior problems.

Abstract Rationale It is important to investigate the diversity and variability among adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in young mothers because they are likely to experience considerable adverse exposures during childhood as well as challenging environments following childbirth. Objective The current study used latent class analysis with a diverse sample of young mothers to identify subgroups of mothers based on their adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Subsequent analyses were conducted to examine class specific differences in maternal mental health postpartum and their children’s socio-emotional functioning at eight years of age. Results Four classes of participants were identified based on mothers’ ACEs, including a high, multiple-risk class, a low-risk class, a high-risk for abuse class, and a high-risk for household dysfunction class. These classes were associated with differences in maternal and child functioning. The low-risk class showed significantly better maternal and child health and well-being than the high-risk class. However, nuanced differences were seen for mothers and their children across all classes; for example, children of mothers in the high-risk for abuse class scored significantly better on internalizing behaviors than children from the high, multiple-risk class, but not better on externalizing behaviors. Further, children of mothers in the high-risk for household dysfunction class scored better than the high, multiple-risk class on externalizing behaviors but not better on scores of internalizing behaviors. Conclusion Understanding the differences in how certain types of childhood adversity are associated with mothers’ and their children’s later health and well-being will bolster the use of only a sum score of ACEs for both how we research risk and in supporting clinicians to provide targeted care.
Back to the future: intercultural, postcolonial and inter-religious streams in practical theology

This paper draws upon postcolonial studies in highlighting historic persons, places and trajectories of British Practical Theology. Reference is made to Daniels Ekarte, J. Michael Wilson and Ken Le...
Mapping the End: On Monsters and Maps in the Book of Revelation:

The Book of Revelation is a map of the end time. Its apocalyptic story is full of monsters, from the throne room to the abyss. Using new studies in literary cartography and spatiality studies, I ar...
Qualitative Materiality Under the SEC Proxy Rules and the Fifth Amendment: A Disclosure Accident Waiting to Happen or Two Ships Passing in the Night?

The Securities and Exchange Commission has at various times required disclosure of “qualitatively material” information relating to the competence and integrity of corporate managers. In so doing, however, the SEC has never required the disclosure of unadjudicated business crimes committed by a candidate for a corporate directorship. The Commission has been solicitous of the possible Fifth Amendment implications of such disclosure, but this Article argues that it is now time to require the director-candidate who knows he is the subject or target of a contemplated criminal proceeding to make public that fact at the time he seeks the shareholder's vote. The author first reviews the general disclosure scheme of the federal securities laws and then examines the history of qualitative materiality. The Article discusses the Fifth Amendment problems associated with disclosure of unadjudicated illegal conduct and suggests that these problems are more specious than real. The Article concludes that the SEC should adopt a line item proxy disclosure rule dealing with unadjudicated illegal activity which will furnish the investor with sufficient information to make an informed voting decision while minimizing the risk that the candidate's Fifth Amendment privilege will be violated.
First saturation correction in high energy proton-nucleus collisions. Part II. Single inclusive semi-hard gluon production

Exploiting recently obtained analytic solutions of classical Yang-Mills equations for higher order perturbations in the field of the dilute object (proton), we derive the complete first saturation correction to the single inclusive semi-hard gluon production in high energy proton-nucleus collisions by applying the Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmermann reduction formula. We thus finalize the program started by Balitsky (see ref. [1]) and independently by Chirilli, Kovchegov and Wertepny (see ref. [2]) albeit using a very different approach to carry out our calculations. We extracted the functional dependence of gluon spectrum on the color charge densities of the colliding objects; thus our results can be used to evaluate complete first saturation correction to the double/multiple inclusive gluon productions.
Discussion by Gary S. Shea

Like astronomy, the nonexperimental field of economics has modeling problems for which chaos has been put forward as a new paradigm. In this comment. I shall point to some of the developments in economics that are parallel to some of the examples found in Dr. Scargle’s paper. As he very usefully summarizes in the early part of his paper, deterministic chaos presents, at first, a formidable challenge in detection and, to the extent that detection appears promising or reliable, it also presents profound philosophical challenges to science as to what can be possibly predicted and how accurately it can be predicted. I will now briefly outline how economic scholars have searched for chaos and otherwise treat nonlinearity in time series.
Performance of non-coherent FSK virtual MISO systems in correlated Rayleigh fading

In this paper, a virtual multiple-input single-output (VMISO) network employing non-coherent frequency shift keying (FSK) is considered. In the VMISO network, spatially separated single-antenna nodes transmit the same information cooperatively to a single receiver where the transmitted signals propagate via correlated Rayleigh fading channel. The effects of the channel correlation on the performance of the system are analyzed. Specifically, we determine the statistics of the decision variables of FSK receiver and derive the closed-form expression for the probability of symbol error. The results indicate a degradation in performance due to channel correlation. Therefore, an extra SNR margin or higher array gain is required to compensate the performance degradation because the channel correlations.
TENDENCIES RELATED TO THE PRODUCTION OF RASPBERRIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

Raspberry for its biological characteristics, economic importance, agro-ecological, technological, organizational and other requirements, the market value of the product, as well as very high interdependence and interdependence between the various phases of reproductive cycle, specific fruit species. He is one of the most important types of berries in the world, and is one of the most profitable crops in the overall crop production. By production volume, Serbia is among the leading producers of raspberries, and its economic significance is very high level of market sells and market competitiveness of the European Union. Accordingly, the paper presents the production season in the Republic of Serbia for the period 2000-2010 its average, minimum and maximum of values in production, changes in rates and coefficients of variation.
Hylife-II Inertial Fusion Energy Power Plant Design

AbstractThe HYLIFE-II inertial fusion power plant design study uses a liquid fall, in the form of jets, to protect the first structural wall from neutron damage, x rays, and blast to provide a 30-y lifetime. HYLIFE-I used liquid lithium. HYLIFE-II avoids the fire hazard of lithium by using a molten salt composed of fluorine, lithium, and beryllium (Li2BeF4) called Flibe. Access for heavy-ion beams is provided. Calculations for assumed heavy-ion beam performance show a nominal gain of 70 at 5 MJ producing 350 MJ, about 5.2 times less yield than the 1.8 GJ from a driver energy of 4.5 MJ with gain of 400 for HYLIFE-I. The nominal 1 GWe of power can be maintained by increasing the repetition rate by a factor of about 5.2, from 1.5 to 8 Hz. A higher repetition rate requires faster re-establishment of the jets after a shot, which can be accomplished in part by decreasing the jet fall height and increasing the jet flow velocity. In addition, although not adequately considered for FIYLIFE-I, there is liquid splas...
Simple cultural test for relative cellulolytic activity of fungi.

A simple method is described for determining the relative cellulolytic activity of fungi. Opaque columns of an agar medium containing a partially crystalline cellulose preparation were inoculated with the fungi. Depth of the clear zone that developed beneath the growing cultures provided a visual measure of cellulolytic activity on a continuous, cumulative basis. Depth of clearing (DC) was determined for 25 species of fungi differing widely in cellulolytic activity, and compared by correlation analysis with results of three other methods for measuring cellulolytic activity. Relatively high coefficients of correlation (greater than 0.6) were obtained between DC and weight loss of cotton sliver, loss in tensile strength of cotton duck, and carboxymethyl cellulase activity in culture filtrates. In comparison with conventional assay procedures, the clearing method offered several advantages: (i) results were at least as well correlated with the capacity to utilize native cellulose as a substrate; (ii) the method measured activity of growing cultures rather than culture filtrates, thus involving less risk of losses due to product inhibition, binding, or denaturation of enzymes; (iii) repeated measurements were made on the same experimental set up, so that errors due to arbitrarily selected times of harvest were avoided conveniently; and (iv) the method required less working time and very simple equipment, making it convenient for large-scale screening tests. Images
The Multigrid N-Body Solver

The multigrid N-body solver is a fast method for approximating the pairwise electrostatic forces due to a system of charged atoms. The electrostatic potential can be expressed a U(r) = (1/2)qTG(r)q where vector q contains the N charges and N × N matrix G(r) has an element C/||rj - ri|| in its ijth position wherever there is an interaction between atoms i and j. The multigrid N-body solver uses a matrix splitting along with hierarchical interpolation to approximate the smooth dense G(r)q product in O(N) time. The advantages of this algorithm are its simplicity, the fact that it maintains continuous forces, and that it enables cheaper multiple time stepping for molecular dynamics through a natural separation of spatial scales. The details of this method will be presented, and experimental results will be shown that compare this method with other popular fast electrostatics methods.
The fate of small renal masses, less then 1 cm size: outcome study

PURPOSE: We evaluated the outcome and etiologies of small renal masses (less than 1 cm in size) discovered incidentally on 2 consecutive CTs that investigated non-urologic abdominal complaints. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective search for incidentally discovered small renal masses, less then 1 cm in size, was carried out in the files of 6 major US medical centers. 4822 such lesions had been reported over a 12 year period. A search of these patients' records revealed 1082 subsequent new CTs for non urologic complaints, allowing the assessment of the fate of the masses. Lesions enlarging, of ambivalent contour or enhancement were examined by a third multiphasic MDCT. The findings were interpreted by 2 blinded radiologists. RESULTS: Six hundred and four masses could no longer be identified, 231 were significantly smaller, 113 unchanged in size and 134 larger. Of the disappearing lesions 448 were located in the medulla, 94 both in medulla and cortex and 62 in cortex. Multiphasic MDCTs obtained in 308 masses enlarging, unchanged in size or of ambivalent appearance, revealed 7 neoplasms, 45 inflammatory lesions, 8 abscesses and 62 renal medullary necrosis. Concurrent antibiotic therapy of GI conditions may have caused some of the 496 lesions to disappear. CONCLUSION: It is questionable whether the small number of malignant neoplasms (0.4%), inflammatory lesions (5%) and renal medullary necrosis (6%) justify routine follow-up CTs and exposure to radiation. The delay in intervention in neoplastic lesions probably didn't influence tumor-free survival potential and clinical symptoms would soon have revealed inflammatory conditions. With exception of ambivalent lesions, clinical surveillance appears adequate.
Violent movies and severe acts of violence: sensationalism versus science

Violent media has often been blamed for severe violent acts. Following recent findings that violence in movies has increased substantially over the last few decades, this research examined whether such increases were related to trends in severe acts of violence. Annual rates of movie violence and gun violence in movies were compared to homicide and aggravated assault rates between the years of 1960 and 2012. Time series analyses found that violent films were negatively, although nonsignificantly, related to homicides and aggravated assaults. These nonsignificant negative relations remained present even after controlling for various extraneous variables. RESULTS suggest that caution is warranted when generalizing violent media research, conducted primarily in laboratories and via questionnaires, to societal trends in violent behavior. Language: en
Sub-Doppler infrared spectroscopy of propargyl radical (H2CCCH) in a slit supersonic expansion

The acetylenic CH stretch mode (ν1) of propargyl (H2CCCH) radical has been studied at sub-Doppler resolution (∼60 MHz) via infrared laser absorption spectroscopy in a supersonic slit-jet discharge expansion, where low rotational temperatures (Trot = 13.5(4) K) and lack of spectral congestion permit improved determination of band origin and rotational constants for the excited state. For the lowest J states primarily populated in the slit jet cooled expansion, fine structure due to the unpaired electron spin is resolved completely, which permits accurate analysis of electron spin-rotation interactions in the vibrationally excited states (eaa = − 518.1(1.8), ebb = − 13.0(3), ecc = − 1.8(3) MHz). In addition, hyperfine broadening in substantial excess of the sub-Doppler experimental linewidths is observed due to nuclear spin–electron spin contributions at the methylenic (—CH2) and acetylenic (—CH) positions, which permits detailed modeling of the fine/hyperfine structure line contours. The results are consistent with a delocalized radical spin density extending over both methylenic and acetylenic C atoms, in excellent agreement with simple resonance structures as well as ab initio theoretical calculations.
Applications of Stable Isotope Measurements for Early‐Warning Detection of Ecological Change

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the rationale and framework for stable isotope monitoring to assess ecological condition and change at ecosystem to global scales. The isotope ratios of compounds in aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments are very sensitive to changes in ecological processes. As such, isotope measurements may serve as an early-warning signal of ecological changes related to ecosystem functions. This unique application and role for stable isotope monitoring can greatly assist management efforts and inform environmental policy. This chapter goes on to propose a specific framework for developing an isotope-monitoring network and the spatial modeling necessary to detect and understand ecological change at a continental scale. The framework is based on isotopic measurements of atmospheric inputs, ecosystem outputs, changes between inputs and outputs as elements are cycled within ecosystems, and sentinel organisms as integrators and indicators of ecological change. Such a framework has the capacity to provide unique insight into how climate and land-use changes and associated biotic and abiotic disturbances impact ecological functioning and connectivity across large regions to continents.
Demographic Profiles, Mercury, Selenium, and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Avid Seafood Consumers on Long Island, NY

Seafood consumption is known to confer nutritional benefits and risks from contaminant exposure. Avid seafood consumers are neither well-characterized with regard to their demographic profile nor their underlying risk-benefit profile. Contaminants [e.g., mercury (Hg)] and nutrients [e.g., selenium (Se), omega-3 fatty acids] are prevalent in some seafood. Participants (N = 285) recruited on Long Island, NY, completed food frequency and health questionnaires and received blood draws analyzed for Hg, omega-3s, and Se. Participants were categorized based on frequency and type of seafood consumption. Logistic regression analyses evaluated relationships between seafood consumption and demographics, and were age- and sex-adjusted. t tests assessed relationships between seafood consumption patterns and biomarkers Hg, omega-3s, and Se. Consumption of both tuna and salmon was associated with older age: those aged 55-75 and over 75 years old were more likely than participants aged 18-34 to eat tuna and salmon (OR 2.27; 95% CI 1.05, 4.89 and OR 3.67; 95% CI 1.20, 11.20, respectively). Males were less likely than females to eat fish other than tuna or salmon (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.34, 0.97). Caucasians were more likely to consume tuna (OR 0.31; 95% CI 0.10, 0.96) or salmon and tuna (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.12, 0.91), while non-Caucasians were more likely to consume other fish types (OR 2.73; 95% CI 1.45, 5.12). Total blood Hg was associated with weekly consumption of any type of fish (p = 0.01) and with salmon and tuna consumption (p = 0.01). Salmon was associated with plasma omega-3s (p = 0.01). Se was not associated with fish intake categories. Risk communicators can use these findings to influence seafood preferences of different demographic groups.
Sensory-Motor Integration: More Variability Reduces Individuality

Motor neural networks and muscles produce identifiably common outputs, such as a trot or gallop, despite varations in intrinsic properties across individuals. New work shows that sensory input can induce the requisite decrease in across-individual variability even as it increases within-individual variability.
From moving averages to anomalous diffusion: a Rényi-entropy approach

Moving averages, also termed convolution filters, are widely applied in science and engineering at large. As moving averages transform inputs to outputs by convolution, they induce correlation. In effect, moving averages are perhaps the most fundamental and ubiquitous mechanism of transforming uncorrelated inputs to correlated outputs. In this paper we study the correlation structure of general moving averages, unveil the Renyi-entropy meaning of a moving-averageʼs overall correlation, address the maximization of this overall correlation, and apply this overall correlation to the dispersion-measurement and to the classification of regular and anomalous diffusion transport processes.
An Outline for Research in Penology

The concept of the "indeterminate sentence" as it is applied to those defined as "defective delinquents" in the State of Maryland is presented in some detail, and a contrast is drawn between the Patuxent Institution, which functions on this basis and conventional penal institutions from which inmates are released after the service of fixed sentences. A research proposal, based upon a cost model, is then presented for the purpose of exploring the desirability of extending the indeterminate sentence concept to a larger fraction of the prison population.
The Implications of Image Collimation for Flight Simulator Training

Abstract : There is some question as to whether non-collimated (i.e., real) imagery viewed at one meter or less provides sufficiently realistic visual cues to support out-the-window flight simulator training. As a first step toward answering this question, we have obtained perceived size and velocity estimates using both simple stimuli in a controlled laboratory setting and full simulator imagery in an apparatus consisting of optically combined collimated and real-image displays. In the size study it was found that real imagery appeared 15-30% smaller than collimated imagery. In the velocity studies, the laboratory data showed that the perceived velocity of real imagery was less than that of collimated imagery. No perceived velocity effects were found with the simulator imagery. Results support the position that for training tasks requiring accurate perception of spatial and temporal aspects of the simulated visual environment, misperceptions of size, but not velocity, need to be considered when real-image displays are used.
On the Electronic Structure of Ethidium

The electronic structure of the common intercalating agent ethidium bromide (3,8-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium bromide) is dominated by an interplay of electron donating and withdrawing effects mediated by its nitrogen atoms. X-ray crystallography, UV/Vis and IR absorption, fluorescence emission, and NMR spectroscopy are used to probe the electronic properties of the phenanthridinium "core" of ethidium as well as its exocyclic amines and 6-phenyl groups. Interestingly, despite its positive charge, most of ethidium's aromatic carbon and hydrogen atoms have high electron densities (compared to both 6-phenylphenanthridine and benzene). The data suggest that electron donation by ethidium's exocyclic amines dominates over the electron withdrawing effects of its endocyclic iminium in their combined influence on the electron densities of these atoms. Ethidium's nitrogen atoms are, conversely, electron deficient where the 5-position is the most electropositive, followed by the 3-amino, and lastly the 8-amino group. These results have been used to generate an empirically-based pi-electron density map of ethidium that may prove useful to understanding its nucleic acid binding specificity.
Network production-location problems under price uncertainty

Abstract The scope of the network plant location problem is extended in three significant ways: (i) The ‘design’ of the facility, including consideration of input substitution and the level of output, is combined with the location decision; (ii) input and output prices are treated as random variables, and (iii) the risk preferences of the decision maker are considered explicitly in the decision making process. Node optimality properties are developed for several model variations. An elimination-by-bound solution algorithm is presented along with suggested upper and lower bounds and methods of simplification. Under certain conditions, the optimal input ratios and plant locations are shown to be invariant with some parametric changes. The potential for influencing the location decisions of firms, depending upon the characteristics of their risk preferences, production functions, and the demand functions for their input, through manipulation of the risk they face, is illustrated.
Olfactory responses of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) to prey odors: Chemical search image

Yellowfin tuna can detect and distinguish between odors of intact prey organisms, responding to odor quality of various prey rinses with different amino acid profiles. Chemical fractions of natural prey odors and synthetic mixtures of amino acids are less effective than whole natural rinses. Assuming uniform dilution, tuna can detect amino constituents of prey odors at about 10−11 M. Intensity of the behavioral response is modified by hunger. Feeding experience with new prey causes a gradual shift to maximum responses to its odor. We propose that one of the functions of the tuna's olfactory system is to form “chemical search images” which focus food search behavior for specific prey. The search image is thought to be modifiable and to be induced by prevailing prey abundance, so as to optimize the predator's feeding efficiency.
Features of a 103-kb gene-rich region in soybean include an inverted perfect repeat cluster of CHS genes comprising the I locus

The I locus in soybean (Glycine max) corresponds to a region of chalcone synthase (CHS) gene duplications affecting seed pigmentation. We sequenced and annotated BAC clone 104J7, which harbors a dominant i(i) allele from Glycine max 'Williams 82', to gain insight into the genetic structure of this multigenic region in addition to examining its flanking regions. The 103-kb BAC encompasses a gene-rich region with 11 putatively expressed genes. In addition to six copies of CHS, these genes include: a geranylgeranyltransferase type II beta subunit (E.C.2.5.1.60), a beta-galactosidase, a putative spermine and (or) spermidine synthase (E.C.2.5.1.16), and an unknown expressed gene. Strikingly, sequencing data revealed that the 10.91-kb CHS1, CHS3, CHS4 cluster is present as a perfect inverted repeat separated by 5.87 kb. Contiguous arrangement of CHS paralogs could lead to folding into multiple secondary structures, hypothesized to induce deletions that have previously been shown to effect CHS expression. BAC104J7 also contains several gene fragments representing a cation/hydrogen exchanger, a 40S ribosomal protein, a CBL-interacting protein kinase, and the amino terminus of a subtilisin. Chimeric ESTs were identified that may represent read-through transcription from a flanking truncated gene into a CHS cluster, generating aberrant CHS RNA molecules that could play a role in CHS gene silencing.
Physical observations in the plume region of the Amazon River during peak discharge—I. Surface variability

Abstract Satellite imagery in the 0.4−1.1 μm band from GOES, NOAA-7 and NIMBUS-7 and shipboard measurements of suspended sediment concentration and chlorophyll are synthesized. Five main surface features are delineated in the plume region of the Amazon during peak discharge: a River Zone (RZ), Interaction Zones A, B and C (IZA, IZB, IZC), and a Nearshore Zone (NZ). The loci, temporal and spatial scales, and magnitudes of suspended sediment concentration for each zone are documented. IZA appears to act as an along-shelf conduit for northwestward transport of suspended particulates. IZB is associated with a diatom bloom and is important in determining the nutrient mass balance. IZC contains a buoyant, near-surface lens sensitive to fluctuations in wind forcing and barotropic currents. The role of NZ is not clear. A possible circulation scheme, consistent with the surface fields, includes surface divergences within IZA and IZC and a surface convergence within IZB. Wind forcing may control the extent of the surface lens in IZC and the transport of surface suspended sediment away from IZA.
Helium Migration in Natural and Synthetic Vitreous Silica

Permeation, diffusion, and solubility of helium in several types of vitreous silica were measured. The activation energy for diffusion increases slightly with increasing hydroxyl concentration; no other significant trends were noted. These results are interpreted in terms of a random-network structural model.
An RSM Investigation of the Profit Potential of Customer Service Variables in Physical Distribution

This paper presents a methodology for examining the profit-generating potential of customer service variables. Through the use of a case study, the proposed methodology is shown to provide a means for estimating the optimum customer service mix and assessing the sensitivity of the profit-customer service relationship. Results of the investigation indicate that service levels can be adjusted so as to enhance the profit performance of the firm.
Roles of BRCA1 and its interacting proteins

Germline mutations of BRCA1 predispose women to breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 contains several functional domains that interact directly or indirectly with a variety of molecules, including tumor suppressors (p53, RB, BRCA2 and ATM), oncogenes (c-Myc, casein kinase II and E2F), DNA damage repair proteins (RAD50 and RAD51), cell-cycle regulators (cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases), transcriptional activators and repressors (RNA polymerase II, RHA, histone deacetylase complex and CtIP) and others. Mounting evidence indicates that these physical associations are not artifacts; rather, BRCA1 is likely to serve as an important central component in multiple biological pathways that regulate cell-cycle progression, centrosome duplication, DNA damage repair, cell growth and apoptosis, and transcriptional activation and repression. This review examines our understanding of the significance of the interactions between BRCA1 and other proteins, through which BRCA1 maintains genome integrity and represses tumor formation. BioEssays 22:728–737, 2000. Published 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Non-Photorealistic Rendering for Energy Conservation

As images are increasingly used in wireless communication, such as mobile phones and PDAs, it is important to reduce the energy consumption for transmitting and receiving images. The energy is approximately proportional to the sizes (numbers of bytes) of the images. Many existing techniques aim to improve compression ratios while preserving the image fidelity without perceivable differences. In this paper, we propose a new approach by allowing visible distortion in the images. Our method eliminates or reduces the fine details (textures) so that new images have smaller file sizes and require less energy to transmit or receive. Even though new images may be visually different, the essential information is preserved. Our experiment uses 400 images and achieves up to 40.1% and average 32.2% reduction in file sizes.
Cortical neurons exposed to glutamate rapidly leak preloaded 51chromium

The acute toxic effects of excess glutamate exposure on cortical neurons in culture was followed using a novel adaptation of the 51chromium efflux assay. Although the acute, sodium-dependent phase of glutamate neurotoxicity may contribute to several acute disease settings, including sustained seizures and stroke, functional aspects of the phenomenon have not been previously studied. We report here that the earliest morphologic sign of glutamate neurotoxicity, neuronal swelling, is accompanied by a large efflux of complexed 51chromium from preloaded neurons in the first hour after exposure, and that this efflux is detectable as early as 15 min after the onset of glutamate exposure. We suggest that this pathological burst of 51chromium may result from glutamate-induced "leakiness" of neuronal cell membranes.
Lithosphere-scale thrusting in the western U.S. Cordillera as constrained by Sr and Nd isotopic transitions in Neogene volcanic rocks

The western Idaho suture zone juxtaposes continental and oceanic terranes with distinctive Sr and Nd isotopic signatures across a sharp isotopic transition coincident with the Mesozoic {sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Sr = 0.706 line (MSL). Late Cretaceous to Eocene granitic plutons that define the MSL are allochthonous and were transported eastward by {approximately}150 km during late Mesozoic to Tertiary (ca. 100-55 Ma) thrusting. Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of Neogene rhyolites and basalts from southwestern Idaho, southeastern Oregon, and northern Nevada define isotopic transitions coincident with the MSL; there are continental affinities east of long 116{degree}30minutesW and oceanic affinities west of 119W. Between these longitudes, intermediate isotopic compositions imply derivation of magmas from both continental and oceanic mantle (basalts) and crustal (rhyolites) sources. It is inferred that the basal decollement of the Mesozoic and Tertiary contractional orogen dips westward below depths of segregation of basaltic magmas, and that oceanic lithospheric mantle was thrust eastward over a shelf of old, isotopically evolved continental lithospheric mantle that now protrudes {approximately}150 km west of the MSL.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THYMIC CORPUSCLES IN THE GUINEA PIG AND THE MOUSE.

Thymus of guinea pigs and C3H mice was fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, embedded in Araldite or Maraglas, and studied under the electron microscope. Hassall's corpuscles showing the typical concentric, lamellated pattern are observed. Reticular cells form layers around central elements of variable appearance. One or more reticular cells or cystic structures often constitute the centers of corpuscles. Nuclear degeneration, swollen cytoplasm, and intracellular fibrils are characteristic findings. Desmosomes may be quite numerous and may cover a large portion of a cell's surface. Intracellular fibrils are particularly dense at membranous sites and often are apparently unrelated to desmosomes. Reticular cells at the periphery of thymic corpuscles may be contiguous with cells of the cytoreticulum. Many reticular cells contain organelles generally associated with protein synthesis or active transport. Intercellular and intracellular cysts are regularly seen and are frequently related to thymic corpuscles. Some cysts may be manifestations of cell synthesis and storage. The epithelial nature of thymic corpuscles and cysts is evident. Thymic corpuscles may arise by localized collapse of the cytoreticulum.
Performance comparisons of InGaAs, extended InGaAs, and short-wave HgCdTe detectors between 1 μm and 2.5 μm

In this study, three different detectors, regular InGaAs, short-wave infrared extended-InGaAs (exInGaAs) with the bandgap wavelength at 2.6 µm and short-wave HgCdTe (swMCT) with the bandgap wavelength at 2.8 µm are studied. The detectors have active areas of 3 mm or 1 mm diameter with all the detectors capable of being cooled from room temperatures to –85 o C with 4-stage thermo-electric coolers. Two of the detectors have field-of-view limiting, cold shrouds attached. From room temperatures to their coldest operating temperatures, the detectors are compared for their temperature-dependent shunt resistances, absolute spectral power responsivities, and noise performances at the output of the photocurrent meter. The photodiode current measuring circuit is analyzed to determine the effect of the shunt resistance for the output offset voltage, the noise and drift amplification, the uncertainty of the current-to-voltage conversion, and the linear operation. The temperature dependences of the shunt resistances are described by Arrhenius plots, and the spectral power responsivities are determined against a pyroelectric detector standard with constant responsivity versus wavelength. We determine that the shunt resistances of regular InGaAs photodiodes can increase to 5 GΩ when cooled to –20 o C demonstrating Si-like performance. The shunt resistances of the 1 mm diameter extended InGaAs and short-wave MCT photodiodes were both measured to be about 11 MΩ at diode temperatures of –70 o C. Further increase in the shunt resistances would be possible with decreasing diode temperatures. The noise voltage at the output of the photocurrent-to-voltage converter is measured for the respective detectors to determine the noise-equivalent power.
Biasing Potential Replica Exchange Multi-Site λ-Dynamics for Efficient Free Energy Calculations of Protein-Ligand Interactions

Traditional free energy calculations are known for their issues with scalability, speed and convergence. We have recently developed the biasing potential replica exchange multi-site λ-dynamics (BP-REX MSλD) method, which is a free energy method capable of transforming multiple substituents at multiple sites on a common framework with relative ease. With this methodology, we are able to show convergence of flexible moieties for symmetric benzoquinone derivatives, and have developed a series of metrics capable of increasing the λ-space sampling. We grouped and ordered the substituents based on volume occupancy, and were able to compute the free energy of binding for a series of challenging geldanamycin-derivatives for heat shock protein 90. The perturbations spanned by as much as 60 A3 and we were able to model these with a 2.4 kcal/mol average unsigned error. These metrics coupled with BP-REX MSλD allow for routine calculations on the order of hundreds of compounds in a few simulations.
AlGaN-based deep UV light emitting diodes with peak emission below 255 nm

We report on the growth and fabrication of AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with peak emission of below 255 nm. In order to achieve such short wavelength UV LEDs, the Al mole fractions in the device layers should be greater than ~60%. This introdues serious challenges on the growth and doping of Al x Ga 1-x N epilayers. However, with the aid of a high-quality AlN template layer and refinement of the growth conditions we have been able to demonstrate UV LEDs emitting below 255 nm. The ratio of the intensity of the electroluminescence primary peak to that of the secondary peak (related to Mg deep levels) is ~ 18:1 at moderate injection current levels. Milliwatt level output powers have been achieved for these deep UV LEDs.
Evaluation of Personal Continuous Paper-Tape Monitors for Toluenediisocyanate

The performances of nine personal continuous monitors (PCMs) were evaluated in dynamically generated toluenediisocyanate (TDI) atmospheres at two concentrations (29.6 and 15.4 ppb, time-weighted averages) and at five relative humidities (RHs). PCMs and a modified Occupational Safety and Health Administration coated-filter reference method concurrently measured the concentrations of the various TDI atmospheres generated. Compared with the reference method, the PCMs generally underestimated the higher TDI concentration at higher humidities (PCM readings ranged from ≈85 to 40% of the reference, at 60 to 80% RHs, respectively). The lower TDI concentration was underestimated by a wider margin by the PCMs (≈70 to 25% of the reference, at 60 to 80% RHs, respectively). There were significant inter-PCM differences when measuring simultaneously the same atmosphere with constant TDI concentration.
Measurement of oxidative stress parameters using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy (LC–MS/MS)

There is increasingly intense scientific and clinical interest in oxidative stress and the many parameters used to quantify the degree of oxidative stress. However, there remain many analytical limitations to currently available assays for oxidative stress markers. Recent improvements in software, hardware, and instrumentation design have made liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) methods optimal choices for the determination of many oxidative stress markers. In particular, LC-MS/MS often provides the advantages of higher specificity, higher sensitivity, and the capacity to determine multiple analytes (e.g. 4-11 oxidative stress markers per LC run) when compared to other available methods, such as gas chromatography-MS, immunoassays, spectrophotometric or fluorometric assays. LC-MS/MS methods are also compatible with cleanup and sample preparation methods including prior solid phase extraction or automated two dimensional LC/LC chromatography followed by MS/MS. LC-MS/MS provides three analytical filtering functions: (1) the LC column provides initial separation as each analyte elutes from the column. (2) The first MS dimension isolates ions of a particular mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio. (3) The selected precursor ion is fragmented into product ions that provide structural information about the precursor ion. Quantitation is achieved based on the abundances of the product ions. The sensitivity limits for LC-MS/MS usually lie within the range of fg-pg of analyte per LC on-column injection. In this article, the present capabilities of LC-MS/MS are briefly presented and some specific examples of the strengths of these LC-MS/MS assays are discussed. The selected examples include methods for isoprostanes, oxidized proteins and amino acids, and DNA biomarkers of oxidative stress.
Models of tongue movement in the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)

Three hypothetical models of tongue movement of the walrus during suction feeding are examined. These models encompass the entire range of simple tongue retraction movements possible by examining 1) movement of the tongue directly to the rear following the curvature of the palate, 2) to the rear and ventrally in a straight line, and 3) ventrally in a straight line. The percent of muscular force available from the hyoglossus, genioglossus, and styloglossus that could be applied toward retraction as predicted by each model is calculated. The resistance that the tongue would provide during retraction is calculated using projected tongue areas and is combined with the above data from the muscles to provide an estimate of the percent of the total available force that is needed to retract the tongue for each model. A separate examination of the direction of tongue-induced wear striations on the palatal and lingual aspects of the teeth is used to help support or reject the three models. The model where the tongue is moved directly to the rear is supported by studies of both muscle force and tooth wear. In the mammalian groups that were compared to the walrus, there is a great deal of interspecific variation in movements of the tongue during suction feeding; no two groups can be considered to have identical stereotyped tongue movements.
Smaug, a novel RNA-binding protein that operates a translational switch in Drosophila.

Abstract During Drosophila embryogenesis, a gradient of Nanos protein emanating from the posterior pole organizes abdominal segmentation. This gradient arises from translational regulation of nanos mRNA, which is activated in the specialized cytoplasm at the posterior pole of the embryo and repressed elsewhere. Previously, we have defined cis -acting elements in the mRNA that mediate this translational switch. In this report, we identify a factor named Smaug that binds to these elements and represses translation in the bulk cytoplasm. Smaug interacts genetically and biochemically with Oskar, a key component of the pole plasm for activation of nanos mRNA and specification of the germline precursors. These observations suggest that Smaug operates a translational switch that governs the distribution of Nanos protein.
Once-a-week lower hemibody irradiation (HBI) for metastatic cancers.

Abstract Hemibody irradiation (HBI) of 8 Gy has been shown to produce pain relief in widespread metastatic disease. The major problems occurred with high dose (over 6 Gy) to the upper hemibody. Because 8 Gy lower HBI was well tolerated, we decided to study the efficacy and tolerance of even higher radiation doses given to the lower hemibody. Nineteen patients with widespread metastatic cancers in the lower hemibody were treated from 1982 to 1984 with 16 Gy (8 Gy one week apart) to the lower hemibody (from top of iliac crest to knee joint) after premedication with an antiemetic. All the patients tolerated this high dose, lower HBI well, except for two patients who had slight nausea and vomiting, and one patient who had moist reaction in the perineum. There was no significant vone marrow depression. All patients had improvement in performance status and had prompt pain relief, ten (53%) with complete pain relief and nine (47%) with partial pain relief. The median duration of pain relief was 5 months. Ten of the 15 patients who died were pain-free at the time of death. The four patients still living are free of pain. The median survival was 7 months, and five patients survived 1 year. High dose (8 Gy × 2 spaced one week apart), lower HBI produces prolonged, prompt and effective palliation of pain with minimal morbidity and is well tolerated. It probably does not prolong survival. Because it requires only two treatments spaced one week apart, it is a very convenient and cost effective regimen for the sick and elderly patient.
The Circulation of Corporate Control: Selection of Functional Backgrounds of New CEOs in Large U.S. Manufacturing Firms, 1981–1992

We develop a conceptual model of the circulation of corporate control—the instability in formal authority at the top of large corporations. According to our model, chief executive officer (CEO) sel...
Encyclopedia of Alternative Investments

This article is a review of the Encyclopedia of Alternative Investments published by Greg Gregoriou.
Fatty acid-induced injury in developing piglet intestine : effect of degree of saturation and carbon chain length

Luminal perfusion with the long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oleate in concentrations similar to that found in premature infant formula produces a dose- and age-dependent mucosal injury in developing intestine. To investigate whether this lipid-induced phenomenon is a function of the degree of saturation and/or chain length of the fatty acid, 51Cr-EDTA plasma-to-lumen clearance was measured in jejunum and ileum of 1-d-, 3-d-, 2-wk-, and 1-mo-old piglets after perfusion with 5-mM solutions of different medium-chain saturated fatty acids and saturated and unsaturated LCFA. Mono- and polyunsaturated LCFA produced significant increases in jejunal permeability. In general, this effect was greater in piglets < or = 2 wk old compared with 1-mo-old animals, but no differences were observed among the unsaturated LCFA within an age group. In contrast, the alterations in mucosal permeability induced by medium-chain fatty acids were overall more attenuated than those induced by LCFA. Our results suggest that developing intestine is vulnerable to the injurious effect of dietary fatty acids and that the lipid-induced changes in mucosal permeability appear to be a function of the fatty acid chain length. The degree of saturation of the fatty acid does not alter its cytotoxic effects.
Current status and future prospects for laboratory study of angular momentum transport relevant to astrophysical disks

A concise review of the past and ongoing laboratory experiments on rotating flows and the associated angular momentum transport relevant to astrophysical disks is given in three categories: hydrodynamic, magnetohydrodynamic, gas and plasma experiments. Future prospects for these experiments, especially for those directly relevant to the magnetorotational instability (MRI), are discussed with an emphasis on a newly proposed swirling gas and plasma experiment.
Synthesis of the C19 through C27 segment of okadaic acid using vinylogous urethane aldol chemistry: Part III

Abstract The synthesis of the C-19 through C-27 segment of the marine natural product okadaic acid was accomplished employing a highly enantio- and diasteroselective aldol coupling reaction of a chiral vinylogous urethane lactone enolate. The remainder of the carbon skeleton of this segment was constructed by a diastereoselective γ-oxygenated allylstannane addition. Formation of the tetrahydropyran ring was achieved utilizing a stereoselective electrophilic cyclization.
Vapor phase association of hydrogen chloride and acetone

Abstract The vapor phase association of acetone and HCl at 29° has been investigated using infrared spectral and vapor density measurements. Results indicate that the monomers are in equilibrium with a 1:1 complex which has a formation constant of (4.01 ± 0.05) × 10−4 mm−1. The carbonyl stretching frequency of acetone shifts from 1740 cm−1 to 1725 cm−1 upon formation of the complex and the integrated absorptivity of the carbonyl band of the complex is 62 percent greater than that of monomeric acetone.