cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anion exchange of metal complexes—V: The chromium-thiocyanate system☆

Abstract The measurements of the distributions of Cr(III) between Dowex 1 × 8, a strongly basic anion exchanger, and solutions of sodium, lithium, potassium, and ammonium thiocyanate have been determined by the batch method employing 51mCr as a tracer. Due to the tendency of 51mCr to adsorb on the surfaces of the equipment used in the investigation, carrier chromium, as chromium nitrate, was added. Distribution isotherms were determined for thiocyanate solutions between ∼ 0·05 and ∼ 4·1 M. Increasing adsorbability above 1·0 M was in the order NH4+ > Na+ > K+ > Li+. Taking resin invasion into account, corrected distribution curves were made from which overall complexity parameters related to the neutral complex were evaluated as k +3 ∗ = 9·8 × 10 −2 ; k +2 ∗ = 1·4 × 10 −2 ; k +1 ∗ = 0·78; k −1 ∗ = 10·2; k −2 ∗ = 17·0; and k −3 ∗ = 35·6 . A 200-fold stabilization of the neutral species over the aqueous phase is effected by resin sorption.
The Fragility of Overshooting

Author(s): Pippenger, John | Abstract: Using VAR, a large literature claims to find evidence of some form of Dornbuschovershooting. But the evidence is fragile in the sense of Leamer. The literature uses the wrong test for overshooting, unusually narrow confidence intervals and questionable shocks. In addition, it is difficult to reconcile overshooting with the fact that daily and weekly exchangerates are approximately martingales.
PCs and CALR: Changing the Way Lawyers Think

The ubiquitous use of personal computers and comprehensive online databases for legal research are affecting not only research methods, but the way in which legal researchers analyze problems. To study this issue, the authors measured differences in analogical reasoning in briefs and decisions written before computers were used for legal research, and now. This study employed textual analysis of a number of briefs and judicial decisions from the 1955-1965 and from 1993-2003, from the same court system. This textual analysis was aimed at pinpointing any difference in legal reasoning and analysis between the two time periods. The authors argue that the changes found in legal analysis mandate changes in legal education. The suggested changes include teaching students (1) careful reading and analysis, (2) how to use advanced online database tools, (3) effective use of secondary legal sources, and (4) how to find the appropriate online database for their research.
The Universe of Exons Revisited

We study the distribution of exons in eukaryotic genes to determine whether one can detect the reuse of exon sequences and to use the frequency of such reuse to estimate how many ancestral exon sequences there might have been. We use two databases of exons. One contained 56,276 internal exons from putatively unrelated genes (less than 20% sequence identity) and the second contained 8917 internal exons from regions of these genes that are homologous and colinear with prokaryotic genes; these are ancient conserved regions (ACRs). At the 95% significance level we find 3500 exon-sequence matches in the large database and 500 matches in the ACR database. These matches correspond to groups of similar sequences. The size-rank relationship for these groups follows a power law, the size falling off as the inverse square root of the rank. This form of the power law distribution leads us to make an estimate for the size of a possible universe of ancestral exons. Using the data corresponding to the ACR regions, that universe is estimated to be about 15,000-30,000 in size.
f -Divergence for Convex Bodies

We introduce f-divergence, a concept from information theory and statistics, for convex bodies in ℝ n . We prove that f-divergences are SL(n) invariant valuations and we establish an affine isoperimetric inequality for these quantities. We show that generalized affine surface area and in particular the L p affine surface area from the L p Brunn Minkowski theory are special cases of f-divergences.
Cyclic Strain Resistance, Deformation and Fracture Behavior of a Novel Alloy Steel

In this paper, the results of a study on microstructural influences on cyclic strain response, deformation and fracture behavior of an alloy steel is presented Cyclic strain resistance exhibited a linear trend for the variation of both elastic strain amplitude with reversals-to-failure, and plastic strain amplitude with reversals-to-failure. Fracture morphology was observed to be the same at the macroscopic level over the entire range of cyclic strain amplitudes examined. However, at the fine microscopic level this alloy steel revealed fracture to be mixed-mode with features reminiscent of “locally” ductile and brittle failure mechanisms. The mechanisms governing strain response at the fine microscopic level, resultant fatigue life, and final fracture behavior are presented and discussed in light of the mutually interactive influences of intrinsic microstructural effects, deformation characteristics of the microstructural constituents during fully-reversed strain cycling, magnitude of cyclic strain amplitude, and resultant fatigue life.
Regulation of nitrogenase gene expression in anaerobic cultures of Anabaena variabilis.

Abstract Derepression of nitrogenase gene expression was studied at the mRNA and enzyme activity levels in anaerobic cultures of Anabaena variabilis 29413. Cells, previously grown with ammonium chloride, were incubated in the absence of fixed nitrogen compounds under an Ar atmosphere with dichlorophenyldimethyl-urea present to inhibit oxygen evolution. The appearance of nitrogenase mRNA (measured by dot blot hybridization analysis) and nitrogenase activity (measured as acetylene-reducing activity) was followed, and the cells were also observed by phase-contrast microscopy. Nitrogenase mRNA could be detected after 1.5 to 2.0 h of nitrogen starvation; enzyme activity appeared about 1 h later. Although enzyme activity increased for many hours, mRNA levels reached a steady state rapidly. Neither heterocysts nor proheterocysts formed under these conditions; however, the cells were observed to shrink and become chlorotic. When anaerobic, derepressed cultures were exposed to oxygen, nitrogenase mRNA levels decreased very rapidly.
The impact of tourism. A case from the Bahama Islands.

Abstract LaFlamme, Alan G., “The Impact of Tourism: A Case from the Bahama Islands,” Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. VI, No. 2, April/June 1979, pp. 137–148. The socio-cultural impact of increased tourism on a small, once isolated island community in the Bahama Islands is discussed. The community's traditions have, for the most part, been maintained. However, material living standards, occupational specializations, and race relations have been significantly altered. For a number of reasons, the local people have not taken on the role of “professional natives.”
Fast approximate i-vector estimation using PCA

The i-vector representation has become increasingly popular in speaker and language recognition systems. The estimation of the projection matrix of the i-vector model is usually performed using the iterative expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. This work presents a novel approach to estimate the projection matrix of the i-vector representation and to estimate the i-vector representation for each utterance. In this approach, we formulate the estimation of the projection matrix as a principal component analysis (PCA) problem. Using the relation between PCA and a linear Gaussian model trained using the EM algorithm, we show that an approximate solution of the i-vector estimation can be obtained as the solution of a PCA problem. We evaluate the performance of our approximate i-vector estimation on the language recognition task of the robust automatic transcription of speech (RATS) project. The proposed approach reduces by 50% relative the computational time required to estimate the i-vector projection matrix and by 42% relative the computational time to estimate the i-vector representation compared to the standard EM-based approach to i-vector estimation. In addition, our experiments show improvements up to 29% relative in language recognition performance in terms of equal error rate compared to the standard EM-based i-vector estimation.
Steady, Incompressible, Swirling Jets and Wakes

6 Spalding, D. B., "The Combustion of Liquid Fuels," 4th Symposium (International] on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., pp. 847-864. 7 Ingebo, R. D., "Photomicrographic Tracking of Ethanol Drops in a Rocket Chamber Burning Ethanol and Liquid Oxygen," TN D-290, 1960, NASA. 8 Campbell, D. T. and Chadwick, W. D., "Combustion Instability Analysis at High Chamber Pressure," AFRPL-TR-68-179, 1968, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Lab., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. 9 Rabin, E. A. et al, "The Motion and Shattering of Propellant Droplets," AFOSR TN-60-59, 1960, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. 10 Eisenklam, S. A. et al., "Evaporation Rates and Drag Resistance on Burning Drops," llth Symposium (International] on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1966, pp. 715-728. 11 Kumagai, S. and Isoda, H., "Combustion of Fuel Droplets in a Falling Chamber," The 6th Symposium (International] on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1956, pp. 726-731. 12 Nuruzzaman, A. S. M., Hedley, A. B., and Beer, J. M., "Combustion of Monosized Droplet Streams in Stationary Self-Supporting Flames," 13th Symposium (International] on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1970, pp. 787-799. 13 Bracco, F. V., "An Experimental-Analytical Method to Study Steady Spray Combustion," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 10, No. 6, June 1973, pp. 353-354.
The Jost Amman Print: Aigentliche Abbildung dess Gantzen Gewerbs der Kauffmanschaft

This allegorical representation of commerce is based on the business scene in sixteenth-century Germany. It was conceived by Johann Neudorfer, was engraved on six woodblocks by Jost Amman (1539–1591), and printed at Augsberg in 1622. Mr. Philip Hofer, Curator of the Department of Printing and Graphic Arts of the Harvard College Library, early this year presented this intricately detailed engraving, measuring 30 × 46 inches, to Baker Library, where it enriches a growing collection of works of art portraying the business scene.
Agglomerated nuclei in ultrasonicated Vicia faba roots: A partial elucidation of their derivation

Abstract An experiment was performed to determine whether “Agglomerated Mitotic” cells, anomalies induced in Vicia faba root meristems by 2·0 MHz ultrasound, are in fact mitotic cells. Cells were synchronized at the G 1 /S border by hydroxyurea, ultrasonicated, the roots then transferred to fresh growth medium containing [ 3 H]-thymidine, and examined at various times thereafter by autoradiography. Bridged Prophases, Bridged Metaphases, “Agglomerated Mitotics”, and normal mitotics were scored for the presence or absence of radioactive label. Bridged Prophases, Bridged Metaphases and normal mitotics appeared in the population at 22 hr following release from the G 1 /S block and were 3 H-labelled, indicating transit through S-phase. “Agglomerated Mitotics” appeared in the population much earlier (6 hr) and were unlabelled. Therefore, these “Agglomerations” are no longer considered to be mitotic cells, and are instead thought to represent a morphological nuclear change induced in interphase cells by ultrasound.
Solution of probabilistic load flow equations using combinatorics

Abstract A method to solve stochastic equations of the type Ax = b has been proposed where b is a vector of random variables and A is a constant coefficient matrix. The purpose is to evaluate the random nature of the output variable x . Applications include general networks and power systems. For example, b can represent stochastic injections of currents into nodes with x being the vector of resulting node voltages. In the application to power systems which has been discussed in detail, b represents the statistical moments of stochastic power injection in nodes and x represents the moments of the probability distribution of voltages.
New reduced peptide bond substance P agonists and antagonists: effects on smooth muscle contraction.

Abstract Following the recent discovery of a new substance P (SP) competitive pancreatic acini cell receptor antagonist containing a reduced peptide bond in place of the C-terminal peptide bond, a new series of full chain and short chain (heptapeptide and hexapeptide) substance P analogues have been prepared in which one of the C-terminal-region peptide bonds has been replaced by CH2NH or CH2O groups. They were compared for their ability to recognize NK1 and/or NK2 tachykinin receptor binding sites on guinea pig ileum and rat duodenum smooth muscle preparations, respectively. It was found that all full sequence SP pseudopeptides were agonists with much reduced bioactivity in both tested systems and, in addition, [Gly9 ψ CH2NH)Leu10,Leu11]SP was found to be a relatively selective agonist for NK1 binding sites. Substitution of leucine at position 11 of SP heptapseudopeptides with phenylalanine generated a pseudopeptide with weak agonist activity when Gln at position 5 was replaced by D-Phe, or antagonists when this residue was replaced by D-Nal or D-Cpa. [Leu9ψ(CH2NH)Leu11]SP-(6–11) with Gln at position 6 substituted by D-Phe was a relatively stronger antagonist in both assay systems. These results suggest that, as with several other peptide systems of late, manipulation of the peptide bonds in SP can produce receptor antagonists which in some cases approach the potency of the classic spantide series and, furthermore, that the approach might be used to induce NK receptor specificity in both agonist and antagonist analogs.
A two‐layer frictional model of wind‐driven motion in a rectangular oceanic basin

A study is made of the circulation in a two-layer ocean with rectangular boundaries driven by a zonal wind stress. The dynamics is linear, with bottom and interface stresses. A non-linearity arises from finite variations in layer depths. In the case where the lower layer is much deeper than the upper layer the equations can be integrated exactly. The solution gives a directly wind-driven gyre in the upper layer, with an interior Sverdrup regime and a western boundary current. In the lower layer there is no interior motion but a recirculating boundary current develops. The total transport is thereby intensified near the coast while a counter-transport develops at the outer edge. The boundary current width varies with the current depth and the latitude. The key parameter in the model is ? = (D/F)(H/h 0 ) , where D and F are the “frictional depths” applicable at the interface and the bottom, H and h 0 are the total depth and the upper layer depth. Numerical examples are worked out for a sinusoidal wind stress distribution in the case ? = 1. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb01443.x
Influence of kinship and spatial density on reconciliation and grooming in rhesus monkeys

Some cercopithecine primates direct disproportionate amounts of grooming, huddling, and agonistic support toward maternal kin. Disproportionate amounts of aggression are also directed toward maternal kin, however, suggesting that mechanisms that restore relationships damaged by aggression, such as reconciliation, might be biased toward these preferred social partners. Studies investigating kinship effects and reconciliation are inconsistent, however, perhaps because of differences in the environmental conditions under which behavior was observed. In order to test the effects of kinship and spatial density on affiliative and reconciliation behavior, we conducted focal and scan sampling on a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) living in an outdoor corral under low spatial density conditions. We then compared this data to previously published data on a group of the same species living under higher spatial density conditions. Neither overall grooming nor reconciliation were affected by spatial density once correction procedures were applied. Grooming was kin biased at both study sites, whereas reconciliation was kin biased only in the low-density group. Although data failed to support a Coping Model according to which grooming and reconciliation should go up under higher densities, we suggest that coping may be reflected not so much in overall rates of behavior but in strategic partner choices, such as the increased importance monkeys under crowded conditions appear to attach to nonkin partners. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recursive Structures and Ershov's Hierarchy

Ash and Nerode [2] gave natural definability conditions under which a relation is intrinsically r. e. Here we generalize this to arbitrary levels in Ershov's hierarchy of Δ sets, giving conditions under which a relation is intrinsically α-r. e. Mathematics Subject Classification: 03C57, 03D55.
Mixing and separation device for continuous flow bioassays with coal liquids.

Efforts to increase United States' use of synthetic fuels, such as those derived from coal liquefaction, require examining potential toxicity of coal liquids that may eventually be released to the aquatic environment. Evaluation of potential long-term ecological effects must consider organism response to chronic exposure regimes. Since maintaining constant levels of the water soluble fraction (WSF) of coal liquids is complicated by presence of easily biodegradable phenolic compounds (DEGRAEVE et al. 1980), and since problems with low oxygen levels may occur with static tests, flow-through test systems must be employed. A serious problem with continuous flow studies of crude petroleum oils has been obtaining a consistent WSF. The test solution may contain dispersed oil and the character of the WSF may change during the testing period (CRADDOCK 1977). Although, batch-prepared WSFs of solvent refined coal (SRC) II materials were adequate for short-term continuous flow or static tests, a system was needed that would generate a stable WSF for long-term continuous flow bioassays. We developed a method to generate a reproducible stock solution for exposing aquatic organisms to sublethal concentrations of coal liquid WSFs under flowthrough conductions. Our apparatus extracts a primary WSF from a 2.9:1 blend of middle to heavy SRC II distillate, while separating and removing dispersed and floating insoluble materials. The WSF is efficiently extracted, thus reducing costs associated with waste treatment of the potentially hazardous materials. METHODS
The Effects of High Protein Diets on Thermogenesis, Satiety and Weight Loss: A Critical Review

For years, proponents of some fad diets have claimed that higher amounts of protein facilitate weight loss. Only in recent years have studies begun to examine the effects of high protein diets on energy expenditure, subsequent energy intake and weight loss as compared to lower protein diets. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of randomized investigations on the effects of high protein diets on dietary thermogenesis, satiety, body weight and fat loss. There is convincing evidence that a higher protein intake increases thermogenesis and satiety compared to diets of lower protein content. The weight of evidence also suggests that high protein meals lead to a reduced subsequent energy intake. Some evidence suggests that diets higher in protein result in an increased weight loss and fat loss as compared to diets lower in protein, but findings have not been consistent. In dietary practice, it may be beneficial to partially replace refined carbohydrate with protein sources that are low in saturated fat. Although recent evidence supports potential benefit, rigorous longer-term studies are needed to investigate the effects of high protein diets on weight loss and weight maintenance.
Intergenerational Transmission of Fathering Roles in At Risk Families

SUMMARY The purpose of this article is to examine the long-term consequences of paternal involvement for a sample of young men, with the intent being to examine whether patterns of fatherhood are transmitted across generations. Initially, a theoretical framework is discussed that has led researchers to expect that patterns of fatherhood will be produced across generations. Data from the Baltimore Parenthood Study were used, a 30-year longitudinal study that has followed the reproductive patterns of teenage parents and their children. A subsample of 110 males were examined with an occasional reference made to a subsample of females. Results indicated that a strong link existed between the stable presence of a biological father in the histories of the young men and the timing of their own family formation. Early fatherhood, both during the teen years and early twenties, is much more likely to occur if young men did not grow up living with their own fathers. Moreover, early fatherhood is somewhat more likely...
The role of fiber bridging in the delamination resistance of fiber-reinforced composites

Delamination cracks in composites may interact with misaligned or inclined fibers. Such interactions often lead to fiber bridging, which causes the nominal delamination resistance to increase as the crack extends. Substantial specimen geometry effects are also involved. An experimental investigation of the role of fiber bridging has been conducted for three different composites. The results are compared with fiber bridging models based on a softening traction law, leading to schemes for predicting trends in delamination resistance with specimen geometry and crack length. Implications for utilizing this effect to suppress the growth of delaminations are presented.
Design of microfabricated transformers and inductors for high-frequency power conversion

Transformers and inductors fabricated with micron-scale magnetic-alloy and copper thin films are designed for high-frequency power conversion applications. Fine patterning produced by photolithography reduces eddy current losses, thus enabling very high power densities. Calculated design graphs and design examples for 10 MHz transformers are presented.
In situ detection of autoreactive CD4 T cells in brain and heart using major histocompatibility complex class II dextramers

This report demonstrates the use of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II dextramers for detection of autoreactive CD4 T cells in situ in myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL mice and cardiac myosin heavy chain-α (Myhc) 334-352-induced experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in A/J mice. Two sets of cocktails of dextramer reagents were used, where dextramers(+) cells were analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM): EAE, IA(s)/PLP 139-151 dextramers (specific)/anti-CD4 and IA(s)/Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) 70-86 dextramers (control)/anti-CD4; and EAM, IA(k)/Myhc 334-352 dextramers/anti-CD4 and IA(k)/bovine ribonuclease (RNase) 43-56 dextramers (control)/anti-CD4. LSCM analysis of brain sections obtained from EAE mice showed the presence of cells positive for CD4 and PLP 139-151 dextramers, but not TMEV 70-86 dextramers suggesting that the staining obtained with PLP 139-151 dextramers was specific. Likewise, heart sections prepared from EAM mice also revealed the presence of Myhc 334-352, but not RNase 43-56-dextramer(+) cells as expected. Further, a comprehensive method has also been devised to quantitatively analyze the frequencies of antigen-specific CD4 T cells in the 'Z' serial images.
Current diagnosis and treatment of interstitial pregnancy

The incidence of interstitial pregnancy is rising. Traditional treatment with laparotomy, hysterectomy, or cornual wedge resection is associated with high morbidity and detrimental effects on future fertility. A diverse array of alternate treatments has been introduced over the last 3 decades, with the common goal of achieving a minimally invasive, standardized management strategy. This has been facilitated by impressive strides towards prompt diagnosis, both radiologically and chemically. In this review, we explore the current state of the art diagnostic criteria and the clinically significant diverse therapeutic options with supporting literature. Finally, we propose a structured, best-practice management plan for the once-lethal interstitial pregnancy, based on the current literature.
Specifying a joint space- and time-lag using a bivariate Poisson distribution

Separate space- or time-lags have been considered regularly in data analyses; as space–time models are more recently being studied extensively in data analytic fashion, joint estimation of both lags has to be considered explicitly. This paper addresses this issue, taking into special consideration parametric parsimony together with specification richness; use of the bivariate Poisson frequency distribution is advocated and applied to an empirical case. The relation of this approach to random effects specifications is investigated. Data for Belgian regional products constitute the empirical case study.
The Impact Testing of Explosives

An equation is presented from which one may obtain information about some of the properties of an explosive under study, and also information on the mechanical properties of the impact machine used in testing the sensitivity of the explosives. An illustrative example is included which uses data obtained with a Picatinny Arsenal impact machine. (C.H.)
Mantle-derived peridotites in southwestern Oregon: relation to plate tectonics.

A group of peridotites in southwestern Oregon contains high-pressure mineral assemblages reflecting recrystallization at high temperatures (1100° to 1200°C) over a range of pressure decreasing from 19 to 5 kilobars. It is proposed that the peridotites represent upper-mantle material brought from depth along the ancestral Gorda-Juan de Fuca ridge system, transported eastward by the spreading Gorda lithosphere plate, and then emplaced by thrust-faulting in the western margin of the Cordillera during late Mesozoic time.
Unworried parents of well children: a look at uninsured children who reportedly do not need health insurance.

Using data from the 2001 National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs, this study examines the characteristics of uninsured children from low-income households whose parents reported that health insurance coverage was not needed. Parents of 6.8% of uninsured children from low-income households reported that their children did not need insurance. The researchers conclude that increasing participation among uninsured children whose parents do not perceive a need for insurance coverage may require more than simply increasing knowledge about the availability of public insurance programs. (Pediatrics 116(2): 345-351.)
Effect of Ion Engine Exhaust on the Radiation Field of a Dipole Antenna Part II: Cylindrical Configuration for the Engine Exhaust Beam

In part II, a cylindrical configuration is used to represent the engine exhaust beam. The dipole, considered as a linear current source, is transformed by means of a Fourier series to an equivalent cosinusoidally distributed current sheet surrounding the beam. A radiation pattern function is presented to give the azimuthal beam synthesis of the dipole. It is found that the antenna radiation pattern is affected seriously by the presence of the exhaust beam. Plasma waves in the exhaust beam are found to be excited by the dipole field. The Boltzman and Poisson equations are used to investigate the existence and nature of these waves.
Is the BANS concept for malignant melanoma valid

In this study of 427 patients with stage I malignant melanoma seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1973 and 1981, only those patients with complete data with respect to thickness and level of penetration of lesion, morphologic type, and anatomic site were included. Although supporting the widely accepted concept of the prognostic importance of thickness of the lesion, the level of penetration was of much lesser significance in our series, and prophylactic node dissection could not be shown to be of significant benefit. Likewise, the BANS concept proposed by Day et al [1] was not corroborated. The reasons for these discrepancies are not fully apparent, although a preponderance of thin and intermediate thickness lesions in our patients may have had some influence on our results.
INFLUENCE OF PROCESS CONDITIONS ON THE DRYING RATE OF CASSAVA CHIPS IN A SOLAR SIMULATOR

ABSTRACT Experiments were carried out in a solar simulator to study the influence of air temperature (25-40°C), air relative humidity (40-80%), air velocity (0.95-2.2 m/s), radiation intensity (0-916 W/m2), and loading density (10-30 kg/m2) on the drying rate of a bed of cassava chips (2×2×2 cm). Well-known thin-layer drying equations were fitted to the experimental data, and the empirical constants were used in a statistical analysis of the influence of process conditions on the drying rate. The air temperature, air velocity, radiation intensity, and loading density influenced the drying rate significantly (p=0.05). The effects of the air temperature and the radiation intensity were attributed to the temperature-dependent diffusion of moisture within the chips, while the effect of the air velocity was ascribed to the resistance to mass transfer at the air-chip interface. Equations were presented to express the empirical constants as functions of the process variables.
Laser spectroscopy and chemiluminescence from the monomethoxides of Ca, Sr, and Ba

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of the monomethoxides of Ca, Sr, and Ba (MOCH3) are described. The production scheme used a metal vapor flow reactor in which the appropriate metal vapor was mixed with methylnitrite (CH3ONO) to produce the metal methoxides. Chemiluminescence spectra from these reactions were observed. Features due the metal oxide and monomethoxide were assigned. Dynamical aspects of these reactions are discussed. Laser excitation spectra were obtained for CaOCH3, CaOCD3, SrOCH3, and SrOCD3, using a pulsed dye laser. Vibrational features of the A 2 E- X 2 A 1 and B 2 A 1 - X 2 A 1 were observed and assigned for all of the molecules. A summary of frequencies is given. The nature of the bonding and structural considerations of the monomethoxides are described in terms of a localized ionic bonding model which was used previously on the isoelectronic monohydroxides and monohalides of the alkaline earths.
SYNTHESIS OF TWO TOXIC 4-IPOMEANOL ANALOGS

(1975). SYNTHESIS OF TWO TOXIC 4-IPOMEANOL ANALOGS. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 221-224.
Aging and bursting bubbles in trace-contaminated water

The rise speeds and top jet drop ejection heights of rising and bursting bubbles in water are measured as a function of bubble age. Equivalent spherical diameters range from 0.08 <d < 0. 125 cm. Various types of relatively surfactant-free water are used. Both rise speeds and top jet drop ejection heights decrease with bubble age. This is due to adsorption of surface-active materials on the bubble surface which increases the rigidity of the surface and decreases its surface free energy. In general, terminal values of rise speed and ejection height are not reached at the same bubble age. The ages at which these terminal values are reached are characteristically greater for larger bubbles in a given water sample. These ages are also characteristically greater for bubbles of a given size as the concentration of surface-active material in the water decreases.
Learning, Attention, Writing, and Processing Speed in Typical Children and Children with ADHD, Autism, Anxiety, Depression, and Oppositional-Defiant Disorder

Learning, attention, graphomotor, and processing speed scores were analyzed in 149 typical control children and 886 clinical children with normal intelligence. Nonsignificant differences were found between control children and children with anxiety, depression, and oppositional-defiant disorder. Control children performed better than children with ADHD and autism in all areas. Children with ADHD and autism did not differ, except that children with ADHD had greater learning problems. Attention, graphomotor, and speed weaknesses were likely to coexist, the majority of children with autism and ADHD had weaknesses in all three areas, and these scores contributed significantly to the prediction of academic achievement.
Flow Boiling of Isopentane From a Structured-Porous Copper Fin

Flow boiling experiments in isopentane assess the utility of porous fin structures consisting of stacked and bonded layers of fine-weave woven copper. Porous fins are horizontally oriented in a vertical channel with flow through the fin. Experiments are conducted over the 1bar to 3bar pressure range with channel Reynolds number ranging from 1,000 to 5,000. The results indicate that these porous fins provide stable boiling with fin-base area heat fluxes ranging to 0.6 MW/m2 at a moderate superheat and channel Reynolds number.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Assistance: Clinician Perspectives

Purpose There is a lack of validated outcome measures that assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among patients with mechanical circulatory support (MCS). The purpose of this qualitative study was to obtain health care clinicians’ perspectives on factors that influence HRQOL, both positively and negatively, among advanced heart failure patients with MCS. Methods and Materials We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 15 clinicians who provide care to MCS patients (including 3 cardiac surgeons, 3 cardiologists, 2 palliative care physicians, 3 ventricular assist device coordinators, 2 social workers, and 2 psychologists). Interviews lasted 30-60 minutes, were audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using a 2-phase strategy of descriptive and thematic coding. Results Clinicians described a wide range of issues that impact on HRQOL of patients with MCS. Clinicians identified positive outcomes: improved physical function, decreased symptom burden, and increased life expectancy, often described as “the gift of time.” Importantly, clinicians identified negative outcomes related to the emotional impact of MCS: loss of independence and autonomy, uncertainty about the future, and concerns about being a burden to loved ones. Disturbed role performance and anxiety about device management were identified as problems in the early post-implant phase but tended to resolve over time. Finally, clinicians indicated that a small subset of patients, typically those with device-related complications, expressed regret over their decision to receive a device. Conclusions HRQOL among patients with MCS is a multi-dimensional construct that includes symptom burden, physical function and role performance, and emotional and relational impact. Clinicians indicated that MCS can have both a positive and negative impact on HRQOL. These findings indicate the necessity of developing a measure of HRQOL for patients with MCS. This will be done by triangulating clinician interviews with patient and caregiver interviews.
ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF' HACKBERRY IN A BOTTOMLAND FOREST COMMUNITY

Hackberry was previously found to produce toxins that inhibit the growth of associated herbaceous species in a grassland community. Nevertheless, it was hypothesized that bare areas under hackberry trees in a bottomland forest community may not be caused by allelopathy, since inhibitory compounds may be leached or metabolized faster than in a grassland community. Investigations indicated that the relatively bare areas under hackberry were not due to competition for minerals, light, or water, or to differences in texture or pH. The percent of soil moisture was always higher under hackberry trees than under bur oak trees where herbaceous species were prominent. Decaying hackberry leaves, leaf leachate, and soil collected from under hackberry trees significantly reduce seed germination and seedling growth of test species. Ferulic, caffeic, gentisic, andp-coumaric acids, and scopolin, and scopoletin were identified as phenolic phytotoxins produced in hackberry leaves. Thus it appears that the reduced growth of herbaceous vegetation associated with hackberry trees in both grassland and forest communities is due primarily to allelopathy, with the initial inhibition being accentuated by competition.
Network model of spontaneous activity exhibiting synchronous transitions between up and down states

Both in vivo and in vitro recordings indicate that neuronal membrane potentials can make spontaneous transitions between distinct up and down states. At the network level, populations of neurons have been observed to make these transitions synchronously. Although synaptic activity and intrinsic neuron properties play an important role, the precise nature of the processes responsible for these phenomena is not known. Using a computational model, we explore the interplay between intrinsic neuronal properties and synaptic fluctuations. Model neurons of the integrate-and-fire type were extended by adding a nonlinear membrane current. Networks of these neurons exhibit large amplitude synchronous spontaneous fluctuations that make the neurons jump between up and down states, thereby producing bimodal membrane potential distributions. The effect of sensory stimulation on network responses depends on whether the stimulus is applied during an up state or deeply inside a down state. External noise can be varied to modulate the network continuously between two extreme regimes in which it remains permanently in either the up or the down state.
Maxillary sagittal and vertical displacement induced by surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sagittal and vertical effects on the maxilla induced by surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion. Twenty patients (average age, 25.6 years) who required a surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion procedure were available for this study. Each patient was banded with a Haas-type palatal expander, maxillary surgery was performed, and the expander was activated. Presurgical and postexpansion lateral cephalograms were taken for each patient. The measurements of SNA, Frankfort horizontal-nasion-A point, sella-nasion-palatal plane, A-point-nasion-perpendicular (in millimeters),1-nasion-A-point,1-sella-nasion,1-nasion-perpendicular (in millimeters) were made on each cephalogram, and the presurgical and postexpansion tracings were superimposed on the cranial base to determine the changes in the anterior nasal spine and posterior nasal spine positions. Results showed that from the presurgical cephalogram to the postexpansion cephalogram SNA, Frankfort horizontal-nasion-A point and A-point-nasion-perpendicular had a mean increase of 0.60° (P <.05), 0.65° (P <.05), and 0.55 mm (P <.05), respectively;1-nasion-A-point decreased 2.18° (P <.05) and1-sella-nasion decreased 1.53° (P <.05). No significant maxillary vertical displacement was noted from the first cephalogram to the second. In conclusion, surgically assisted RPE did not significantly affect the maxilla vertically; however, it did induce a slight forward movement of the maxilla and a slight retroclination of the maxillary incisors sagittally (P <.05). (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001;120:144-8)
Study of laryngopharyngeal pathology in Thoroughbred horses in southern California

Summary Reasons for performing study: There is increasing anecdotal evidence among horse owners, trainers and equine clinicians of a high prevalence of subepiglottic ulcers, suggested to have a negative effect on racing performance. Objectives: To provide a prevalence study and pathological characterisation of laryngopharyngeal lesions with emphasis in the subepiglottic area and, in particular, subepiglottic ulcers. Methods: The study was carried out on 91 Thoroughbred racehorses received for post mortem examination from 4 major Southern California racetracks. The most common reason for submission was catastrophic musculoskeletal injury, but others include sudden death, laminitis, colic, colitis, neurological disorders, pleuropneumonia and arytenoid chondropathy. Laryngopharyngeal specimens were collected and examined grossly; selected cases were also examined histopathologically. Results: Thirteen horses (14.3%) had at least one type of laryngopharyngeal abnormality, 7 horses (7.7%) had lesions in the subepiglottic soft tissues, including 4 subepiglottic ulcers, 2 soft palate ‘kissing lesions' and one 'subepiglottic scar’. Eight horses (8.8%) had lesions elsewhere in the laryngopharynx, including mucosal ulcerations, arytenoid chondropathy, epiglottic entrapment and partial absence of arytenoid cartilage. Conclusions and potential relevance: Lesions in the subepiglottic area were among the most prevalent in this study, suggesting that an important percentage of laryngopharyngeal abnormalities may be missed during routine endoscopy of the standing horse, which often does not include the examination of subepiglottic tissues. Pathologically, subepiglottic ulcers were chronic-active with viable hyperplastic epithelial margins, suggesting that proper healing and re-epithelialisation should occur with appropriate treatment. In most cases, the lesions observed do not necessarily indicate a clinical problem and more extensive prevalence studies and correlation between abnormalities found and performance are needed to assess the clinical relevance of subepiglottic soft tissue lesions accurately.
Surface Evolution During Low Temperature Epitaxial Silicon Growth by Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition: Structural and Electronic Properties

We report the surface and structural evolution of hotwire chemical vapor deposited (HWCVD) crystalline Si thin films with temperature, thickness, and hydrogen dilution and the resulting growth regimes and electronic properties. We focus on a low silane partial pressure regime that leads to epitaxial growth with a polycrystalline, rather than an amorphous transition. Using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, we find the relationship between the deposition conditions and the evolution of the surface roughness. Increasing the hydrogen dilution changes the kinetic growth regime from growth predominantly from the wire to shadow-dominated etch and finally to a regime dominated by desorption and re-deposition of growth species. Transitions between these kinetic regimes are the dominant factors governing the epitaxial? polycrystalline transition in low temperature HWCVD growth along with their electronic properties.
Deposition and fate of inhaled iron-59 oxide in rats.

Abstract The fate of inhaled Fe2 59O3 in rats at short intervals of time after inhalation has been studied primarily to evaluate this material for cytokinetic studies of the lung. Following “nose only” types of exposures, complete analyses were performed on tissues and excreta. Upper and lower respiratory tract retention has been presented in two ways. The differences in clearance rates thus obtained are due to a significant early absorption or transport as reflected in carcass values. Suitability of Fe2O3 for cell studies is concluded to be adequate, but further emphasis is given to the need for characterization of this aerosol, particularly for solubility and ultrafiltrability in other test uses.
Gene flow and local adaptation in a sunfish-salamander system

There is increasing evidence that populations may not be well adapted to their local environments, and as a result, recent interest has focused on understanding factors that constrain adaptive evolution. This study presents data suggesting gene flow may constrain the ability of larvae of the streamside salamander Ambystoma barbouri to avoid predation by fish via escape behavior and life history tactics. Streamside salamander larvae face conflicting selection pressures in different streams. Some streams are ephemeral, where larvae should be active to feed, grow, and reach metamorphosis before stream drying. Other streams contain predatory fish, where larvae should be generally inactive to avoid predation. Previous work has shown that streamside salamander larvae exhibit ineffective antipredator behavior by having inappropriately high activity levels with fish, resulting in high predation in laboratory and field experiments. This study investigated the possibility that gene flow from larvae in ephemeral habitats may reduce the escape performance of larvae from populations with fish and alter their life history characteristics to increase their susceptibility to fish predation. I assayed escape behavior (speed, acceleration, and duration of escape) and life history characteristics (hatching date, size, stage) associated with predator avoidance among laboratory-reared larvae from four populations. As predicted, two populations (one with fish and the other fishless and ephemeral) connected by gene flow were not significantly different in almost all assays. In contrast, larvae from an isolated population with fish had significantly stronger escape behaviors and delayed hatching than both an isolated population that lacked a history of fish co-occurrence and the population with fish but gene flow from a fishless population. These results support theory suggesting that gene flow can constrain adaptive evolution.
Effects of dietary cholesterol on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase in the baboon

The effects of infant diet (breast milk or formula containing 2, 30 or 60 mg/dl cholesterol) and subsequent dietary cholesterol (0.02, 1.0 or 1.7 mg/kcal) and fat (saturated or unsaturated) on heparin-releasable lipolytic activity from omental adipose tissue was estimated from 99 baboons of 5-8 years of age. This lipase activity was characterized as lipoprotein lipase based on salt inhibition and apolipoprotein C-II activation. Lipoprotein lipase activity released from adipose tissue by heparin was significantly (P less than 0.002) lower in high cholesterol-fed baboons than in those fed low cholesterol. Most of this difference was due to impaired long-term heparin release of lipoprotein lipase. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase increased with increasing fat cell size regardless of diet, but there was no effect of diet on adipocyte size. There were no significant effects of infant cholesterol intake nor adult saturated or unsaturated fat on lipoprotein lipase activity. Adult baboons breast fed as infants had lower adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity (P less than 0.07) than adults fed formula as infants.
MEMS technology development and manufacturing in a CMOS foundry

MEMS technology development and MEMS manufacturing activities at TSMC are presented. Two models for process development, i.e. customer product/process “phase-in” and internally developed “platform” are discussed. The latter is a TSMC-MEMS platform for motion sensors and other devices.
The ( λ , κ )-Freese-Nation Property for Boolean Algebras and Compacta

We study a two-parameter generalization of the Freese-Nation Property of boolean algebras and its order-theoretic and topological consequences. For every regular infinite κ, the (κ,κ)-FN, the (κ + ,κ)-FN, and the κ-FN are known to be equivalent; we show that the family of properties (λ, μ)-FN for λ > μ form a true two-dimensional hierarchy that is robust with respect to coproducts, retracts, and the exponential operation. The $(\kappa,\aleph_0)$ -FN in particular has strong consequences for base properties of compacta (stronger still for homogeneous compacta), and these consequences have natural duals in terms of special subsets of boolean algebras. We show that the $(\kappa,\aleph_0)$ -FN also leads to a generalization of the equality of weight and π-character in dyadic compacta. Elementary subalgebras and their duals, elementary quotient spaces, were originally used to define the (λ,κ)-FN and its topological dual, which naturally generalized from Stone spaces to all compacta, thereby generalizing Scepin’s notion of openly generated compacta. We introduce a simple combinatorial definition of the (λ,κ)-FN that is equivalent to the original for regular infinite cardinals λ > κ.