cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of stereotactic radiosurgery to the head and neck region

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma recurrent following primary radiation therapy has been treated with surgery and reirradiation. Reirradiation is often limited by the tolerance of structures previously treated. Radiosurgery was used to boost the recurrent site while avoiding critical structures. Seven patients were evaluated for treatment. Three patients met requirements for treatment. The lesions invaded the parapharyngeal region, the base of skull, cavernous sinus, cranial nerves, or carotid artery. Treatment included a radiosurgery boost utilizing multiple isocenters, noncoplanar arcs, and arc weighting, to yield a plan conforming to the tumors while avoiding critical anatomical structures. The patients tolerated the procedure well with minor acute side effects. Follow-up included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). Two lesions responded, and one had no significant change. One patient had a regional recurrence. Two patients had distance recurrence. Long term side effects include trismus, parotiditis, ear fullness, hemorrhage, and pain. Radiosurgery may improve the local control rate of such lesions, however, with the severe long term complications of single fraction radiosurgery in the head and neck region this procedure may be more beneficial if the treatment is fractionated.
Regulating Access to Knowledge: Traditional Knowledge Policy in India

A key proposition of the access to knowledge movement is to promote the dissemination of knowledge and culture without legal restrictions and liberated from the structural iniquities of knowledge markets. There are two types of arguments which lend support to this proposition: philosophical arguments about the requirements of distributive justice and property and aesthetic and epistemological arguments about the nature of creativity in knowledge and culture. Movements to protect and preserve traditional knowledge are often at odds with this central proposition of the A2K movement as they argue for restrictions on transfer and use of traditional knowledge and culture. Critics argue that the ‘public domain’ and ‘access to knowledge’ are categories that pay too little attention to the cultural and ethical settings in which traditional knowledge is created, preserved and regenerated as well as the political economy of knowledge transfers. These arguments may be described as the ‘culture’ and the ‘politics’ argument respectively. If these arguments are right, then A2K has no useful contribution to make in the domain of traditional knowledge policy in India. This paper argues that a critical review of the evolution and practice of traditional knowledge law and policy in India reveals that the the tension between Access to Knowledge and the protection of traditional knowledge is neither necessary nor empirically supported.
Functionalization of sarcophagine chelator with amino, maleimide, and carboxyl groups for the syntheses of 64Cu radiopharmaceuticals

1525 Objectives Sarcophagine-based bifunctional chelators can be effectively used in the syntheses of 64Cu radiopharmaceuticals. The resulting 64Cu-Sarcophagine complexes demonstrate great in vivo stability. The goal of this study was to further derivatize Sarcophagine cage with amino and maleimide functional groups for conjugation with bioligands. Methods Starting from DiAmSar, three novel chelators (AnAnSar, BaMalSar, and Mal2Sar) with two functional groups have been synthesized. Among those, BaMalSar and Mal2Sar have been conjugated with cyclic peptide c(RGDyC) (denoted as RGD) and the resulting conjugates, BaMalSar-RGD and Mal2Sar-RGD2 have been labeled with 64Cu. The tumor targeting efficacy of 64Cu-labeled RGD peptides were evaluated in a subcutaneous U87MG glioblastoma xenograft model. Results The conjugates, BaMalSar-RGD and Mal2Sar-RGD2 could be labeled with 64CuCl2 in 10 min with high purity (>98%) and high radiochemical yield (>90%). The specific activity of purified 64Cu-BaMalSar-RGD and 64Cu-Mal2Sar-RGD2 were about 200-300 mCi/µmol. For 64Cu-BaMalSar-RGD, the tumor uptake was 3.02 ± 0.20, 2.55 ± 0.43, and 2.05 ± 0.18 %ID/g, at 1, 4, and 20 h p.i., respectively. For 64Cu-Mal2Sar-RGD2, the tumor uptake was 5.56 ± 0.38, 5.01 ± 0.19, and 3.81 ± 0.14 %ID/g, at 1, 4, and 20 h p.i., respectively. The tumor uptake of 64Cu-Mal2Sar-RGD2 was significantly higher than that of 64Cu-BaMalSar-RGD (P Conclusions Three novel chelators with two functional groups have been developed based on Sarcophagine cage. The platform developed in this study could have broad applications in the design and synthesis of 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals
One Hundred Years of Black Protest Music

(1976). One Hundred Years of Black Protest Music. The Black Scholar: Vol. 7, Black Bicentennial, pp. 38-48.
Dynamic Redistribution of Excess Charge During Photoemission in an Electron Bombarded Glass-Ceramic

We have measured the energy distribution of excess charge trapped by an electron irradiated mica-glass ceramic, Macro™. Photoelectron emission as a function of incident wavelength shows two distinctly different contributions to the measured density of electron trap states. First, there is a broad continuum of binding states which extends well above the Fermi level. This results in spontaneous electron emission which depletes the excess charge in these states rapidly at room temperature and more slowly at 170K. The free decay of charge emission can be described semiclassically. Second, localized trap states appear as peaks on the continuum distribution which occur at 2.7 and 3.1 eV. These correspond to two thermionic emission peaks which occur during heating at 550K and 595K respectively. Photoemission at high intensities using the 458, 488, and 514 nm wavelengths of an argon ion laser and the 632 nm wavelength of a He-Ne laser greatly enhances the depletion of excess charge from the sample. The laser-induced emission intensity is initially high and drops rapidly, followed by a more gradual decrease. The initial intensity measures the population of electrons with binding energies less than the photon energy. The later emission is related to the repopulation of these states by the dynamic redistribution of electrons from deeper states. This behavior may lead to a model for the mechanism of electron redistribution in charged insulating materials.
In Vivo Phycocyanin Flourometry as a Potential Rapid Screening Tool for Predicting Elevated Microcystin Concentrations at Eutrophic Lakes

Current approaches for assessing human health risks associated with cyanotoxins often rely on the quantification of microcystin. Significant limitations of current approaches are cost and time to obtain a result. To address these challenges, a numerical index for screening microcystin risks above the World Health Organization's (WHO) low-risk threshold for microcystin was developed for eutrophic Midwestern U.S. lakes based on water quality results from 182 beach water samples collected from seven Ohio lakes. In 48 (26.4%) samples we observed microcystin concentrations as measured by ELISA that exceeded the 4 μg/L microcystin threshold. A multivariable logistic regression model using practical real-time measures of in vivo phycocyanin (by fluorometry) and secchi depth was constructed to estimate the probability of a beach sample exceeding 4 μg/L microcystin. The final model achieved statistical significance (p = 0.030) as well as good calibration (as measured by the goodness-of-fit test comparing observed to expected counts within deciles of risk based on the model, p = 0.329) and discrimination (as indicated by the area under the receiver-operator-curve (0.795)). These results demonstrate two rapid and practical measures of recreational water quality are effective in identifying "at risk" lake conditions warranting additional management (e.g., advisory and/or advanced testing).
Role of Rydberg states in the photochemical dynamics of ethylene.

We use the ab initio multiple spawning method with potential energy surfaces and nonadiabatic coupling vectors computed from multistate multireference perturbation theory (MSPT2) to follow the dyna...
The Use of Acellular Dermal Matrices in Two-Stage Expander/Implant Reconstruction

The use of acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) in post mastectomy, two-stage, expander/implant breast reconstruction has been widely reported. Few studies have also described the utility of ADMs in the setting of post mastectomy radiation treatment. The main advantages of ADMs stem from coverage of the infero-lateral aspect of the implants during breast reconstruction. Seroma, infection, expander/implant loss are some of the commonly reported complications. Few well-designed studies have shown no significant increase in initial fill volume and postoperative tissue expansion in patients who had ADM assisted two-stage breast reconstruction. ADMs should not be used routinely in patients undergoing two-stage breast reconstruction. A case-by-case approach is recommended instead. More long-term and high-quality studies are required to truly evaluate the efficacy of ADMs.
Jewish Identity and Civil Rights in America: Anti-Semitism as Harm to Racial Identity

Anti-Semitic harassment can also been seen as racial discrimination because of the nature of the harm that it inflicts. Even the “new” anti-Semitism is “racial” (in other words, it is “discrimination because of … race”) in the sense that the nature of the injury that it inflicts is racial, regardless of the presence or absence of any particular motivating animus. Anti-Semitism harms the development of individual and group identity as perceived by both in-group and out-group members. This is to say, anti-Semitism adversely affects the development of Jewish racial identity, incorporating harmful stereotypes and defamations into the manner in which Jews are perceived and self-perceived. In his famous formulation, philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre argued that “it is the anti-Semite who makes the Jew.” This argument has been controversial to those for whom it seems to deny the possibility of Jewish self-definition. With this caveat in mind, however, Sartre’s argument rings true in at least two important respects. First, while the anti-Semite may target actual Jews, the true object of the anti-Semite’s animus is a falsely constructed idea of Jewish identity that is only loosely related to Jewish reality. In other words, anti-Semites do not hate Jews for what Jews are but for what they are falsely believed to be. This observation led Brian Klug to reject the commonplace notion that anti-Semitism targets Jews as Jews. Instead, anti-Semitism is “hostility towards Jews as not Jews” because the “Jew” whom anti-Semites hate is not an actual Jew at all. “Thinking that Jews are really ‘Jews,’” Klug observes, “is precisely the core of anti-Semitism.”
The Past, Present, and Uncertain Future of Therapeutic Innovation in Osteoporosis

Abstract Only since the 1970s have scientific and medical advances brought osteoporosis into sharp focus for physicians and the public, and brought effective treatments. The entire health care and pharmaceutical enterprises are undergoing dramatic changes that will affect how we find, assess, prevent, and treat osteoporosis. These changes and accompanying challenges to therapeutic development in osteoporosis must be understood in order to plan for future policies, payments, and development strategies.
Optimizing a Spontaneous Membrane Translocating Peptide

Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a subset of membrane active peptides capable of crossing the cell membrane. Rational design of CPPs is inherently difficult with many novel CPPs discovered by laborious trial and error analyses of naturally occurring sequences. Our lab employed an orthogonal screen of a 10,000 member peptide library using synthetic vesicles. With the screen we identified a family of 15-residue peptides able to cross membranes spontaneously. A majority of the spontaneously membrane translocating peptides (SMTPs) contained a conserved LRLLR motif. We hypothesized that the reoccurring LRLLR motif may be the minimal motif for spontaneous translocation. Therefore, arginine spacing variants of the conserved LRLLR motif were synthesized and measured for translocation rates across synthetic membranes. A measurable difference in translocation rates was observed amongst the arginine spacing variants. The mechanism(s) for spontaneous translocation of the arginine variants were also tested. Valinomycin was used to establish an electrochemical potential across synthetic membranes. Alamethicin, a potent naturally occurring pore former which induces rapid lipid “flip-flop”, was used to test the role of “flip-flop” in spontaneous translocation. The variants’ translocation rates did not increase with a negative-inside potential, however, low concentration of alamethicin increased translocation rates. The results of these assays will allow the optimization of future SMTPs. SMTPs greatest potential utility are as delivery vehicles for impermeant compounds which can be delivered directly into cells without relying on energy dependent mechanisms such as endocytosis. This mechanism avoids endosomal entrapment and lysosomal degradation. SMTPs could enhance drug design strategies by including more useful bioactive compounds as possible therapies.
A Discussion of the Changes in Soil Acidity due to Natural Processes and Acid Deposition

It is generally accepted that in extremely acid soils, soil solution acidity can change rapidly in response to inputs of sulphate due to the “salt effect”. However, there is little evidence of rapid change in bulk soil acidity due to acid deposition, except where acid inputs are extremely high. Over many decades, soil acidity can be increased due to uptake of base cations by the Vegetation, by humus formation, and by natural as well as acid-deposition-enhanced soil leaching wherever annual mean precipitation exceeds mean annual evaporation. The role of acid deposition in accelerating soil acidification rates can be estimated from elemental budget approaches, but the actual changes in soil acidity due to acid deposition are difficult to document because so few studies combine the measurement of element and proton fluxes with long-term periodic remeasurements of soil acidity. Most empirical observations to date show little change in forest soil acidity from any cause in less than 20 to 30 years (cf. Tyler et al., this volume). However, some increases in exchangeable or soluble Al3+ without concomitant reductions in exchangeable base cations have been noted at the Solling site in West Germany. These Al3+ releases may be due to dissolution of interlayer Al3+ in 2:1 clays. All attempts to monitor long-term changes in soil acidity need to take into account the possibility of seasonal variations due to annual cycling of base-cations by Vegetation. The effects of seasonal uptake and return of base cations by Vegetation upon the base cation Status of surface soils can be considerable and might be confused with long-term trends if not properly accounted for.
250nA quiescent current high PSRR voltage reference in standard CMOS process

Power efficiency is very important in portable devices as well as noise immunity of analog ICs. This article describes a voltage reference circuit that operates with extremely low quiescent current (below 250 nA) and is compatible with a standard CMOS process. It is optimally designed for a wide range of applications such as portable electronic devices, automotive, medical equipment, including system-on-chip (SoC) implementation where high-power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) and switching noise immunity are very important. The described voltage reference provides up to 90 dB at low frequencies. Standard deviation of the output voltage variation is 0.5% with a temperature coefficient of 15 ppm/°C at −40°C to 125°C temperature range. These characteristics are achievable at 1.6V to 5.5V supply voltage range. Various design approaches for input noise immunity of voltage reference are implemented.
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Stem Cell Derived from Leukemic Progenitor.

Efforts to identify the leukemic stem cell (or leukemia-repopulating cell, LRC) of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have led to considerable insights, but also to a number of unresolved questions. While the LRC is believed to arise primarily from the hematopoietic stem cell, data from chronic myelogenous leukemia blast crisis and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) suggest that they may arise from more committed cells. In order to clarify the potential of committed progenitors to become LRCs in some human AMLs, we utilized the MRP8-PML/RARA transgenic murine model of APL to perform initial studies directed at the identification of the LRC in APL. Unsorted spleen cells of MRP8-PML/RARA leukemic mice injected into cohorts of sublethally irradiated mice using limiting dilutions showed that the LRC of APL is present in 1:100 to 1:300 cells. FACS analysis of six primary and serially transplanted leukemic specimens revealed that normal hematopoetic stem cells and myeloid progenitors were rare, comprising .007% and .078% of total splenic cells, respectively. These data raised the possibility that the LRC is present at higher frequency than these normal progenitors and does not belong to any of these populations. Given the scarcity of normal progenitors, we surmised that the LRC may be part of the leukemic population. We performed FACS analysis of seven primary leukemias to elucidate potential heterogeneity within the leukemic cell population. Myeloblasts had the immunophenotype lymph − Gr1 + ckit + CD16/32 + CD34 mod/+ . A smaller population that made up 1.4–12.7% of all cells was lymph − Gr1 − ckit lo/mod and had variable expression of CD16/32 and CD34. Such cells have been identified as myelomonocytic cells and represent a stage in myelopoiesis beyond the GMP. Our findings suggest a hierarchy in which Gr1 − ckit lo/mod leukemia repopulating cells proliferate and differentiate to maintain the population of abnormal promyelocytes. We infer from the dilution analysis data that the LRC in this MRP8-PML/RARA mouse model of acute promyelocytic leukemia cannot be a hematopoietic stem cell or a normal myeloid progenitor cell. Also, it is apparent that the entire blast population is not capable of transferring disease; otherwise, all the mice injected would have developed leukemia. While our data does indicate that while leukemogenesis in APL is a hierarchy, it originates from a newly identified leukemia progenitor cell that is Gr1 − ckit lo/mod that may be more mature than a GMP. It is quite likely that the LRC lies within this population of cells. Future work will further delineate the immunophenotype of the LRC in this model and in human leukemia, as well as molecular abnormalities that are important in differentiating from the LRC into the myeloblast phenotype.
Passive Microlesion Detection and Mapping for Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Intermittent high intensity ultrasound pulses with circulating contrast agent microbubbles can induce scattered microlesions of potential value for myocardial reduction therapy. This paper presents an in vitro setup imitating the treatment for monitoring development. A preclinical imaging system with a single element transducer, synchronization and receive-only imaging transducer array has been implemented on a research platform. Contrast agent microbubbles pumped in a dialysis tubing setup were exposed to high intensity focused ultrasound at 1.0/3.5 MHz center frequencies. Polystyrene spheres were employed as linear scatterers compared to contrast agents for system transfer function equalization. A cavitation mapping technique was employed to spatially locate and depict microbubble activity during treatment. For high acoustic pressure amplitudes a 5 dB difference between contrast agent and solid spheres was observed and spatially mapped. The in-plane resolution was 4.5 mm for axial and 1.5 mm laterally. ...
Precolonial History and the Saliency and Persistence of Tribal Allegiance

This study has argued that the literature on ethnicity has ignored and vitiated the precolonial history of SSA. This chapter discusses the role and the facets of this precolonial history in explaining tribal allegiance in SSA. Although one of these facets is transatlantic slavery, the chapter shows that transatlantic slavery is only one factor. One needs to go beyond transatlantic slavery, far deeper into the history of SSA, guided by the lurking question of why, comparatively, SSA has more tribes than the other regions that have been examined.
Activities to investigate wavelength-shifting optical fibers

Understanding principles and operation of optical fibers is important for students of physics due to increased applications of fiber optics in today's technological world. In an effort to devise new activities to study such fibers, we obtained samples of wavelength-shifting WLS optical fibers, used in construction of research-grade particle detectors. Qualitative experiments in our laboratories examined how these fibers interact with various colors of visible light. From these results, student activities were developed to increase critical thinking in introductory physics courses and to facilitate students' progression from traditional-classroom to research-oriented settings.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Quinonimides

Structures and energetics of o-, m-, and p-quinonimide anions (OC6H4N–) and quinoniminyl radicals have been investigated by using negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy. Modeling of the photoelectron spectrum of the ortho isomer shows that the ground state of the anion is a triplet, while the quinoniminyl radical has a doublet ground state with a doublet-quartet splitting of 35.5 kcal/mol. The para radical has doublet ground state, but a band for a quartet state is missing from the photoelectron spectrum indicating that the anion has a singlet ground state, in contrast to previously reported calculations. The theoretical modeling is revisited here, and it is shown that accurate predictions for the electronic structure of the para-quinonimide anion require both an accurate account of electron correlation and a sufficiently diffuse basis set. Electron affinities of o- and p-quinoniminyl radicals are measured to be 1.715 ± 0.010 and 1.675 ± 0.010 eV, respectively. The photoelectron spectrum of the m-quinoni...
Peritoneal Dialysis as Treatment for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

A 2-year-old African boy presented with fever, acute gastroenteritis and shock as a result of malaria-associated sepsis. He subsequently developed acute kidney injury (AKI) with symptomatic hyperkalaemia, not responsive to fluid resuscitation and conservative therapy. Acute peritoneal dialysis (PD) was commenced using a bedside catheter insertion technique, making use of a chest drain as a PD catheter and ‘home-made’ dialysis fluid. He was dialysed for 36 h and made a spontaneous recovery with return of kidney function prior to discharge.
Immunoblotting of plasma in a pregnant patient with hereditary angioedema

Hereditary angioedema (HAE), an autosomal disorder caused by a deficiency of C1 inhibitor, is characterized by attacks of localized swelling, laryngeal edema, or abdominal pain. Plasma samples from one pregnant patient were studied serially by functional and quantitative immunochemical assays as well as immunoblot assays for high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) and/or prekallikrein/kallikrein (PK/K). An immunoblot of this patient's HMWK from plasma obtained before she became pregnant and when she was well revealed that it was mostly an intact protein of 120 kd, similar to immunoblot results of normal plasma HMWK. In plasma samples taken throughout her pregnancy, before, during, and after clinical attacks of angioedema, all of her plasma HMWK was shown to be cleaved into the 45 kd light chain form. After delivery of the infant the 120 kd form of intact plasma HMWK returned to her plasma. In comparison, immunoblot studies on 21 normal and abnormal pregnancies revealed that plasma HMWK was an intact protein at 120 kd. That this patient's plasma during her pregnancy was contact activated was determined by additional immunoblot studies for PK/K. Immunoblot assay for plasma PK/K revealed kallikrein-alpha 2-macroglobulin complexes and a 50 kd PK/K form seen only in activated plasma samples. The findings of kallikrein-alpha 2-macroglobulin complexes and a 50 kd PK/K form disappeared after delivery. These combined studies on this patient show that the structures of HMWK and prekallikrein as indicated by immunoblot assays were altered during pregnancy. Immunoblot assays for detection of changes in the structure of HMWK and prekallikrein may be objective laboratory studies for documenting clinical attacks of hereditary angioedema, their onset, and their resolution.
Parenting in the Context of Trauma: Dyadic Interventions for Trauma-Exposed Parents and Their Young Children

Early caregiver-child relationships are foundational to early development and central to efforts to promote well-being and prevent psychopathology. We discuss how parenting can be affected by caregivers’ experience of trauma, and how children’s early relationships with caregivers contribute to their development and risk for psychopathology. Recent research suggests that the quality of caregiving moderates the effect of a child’s genetic risk for psychopathology. The protective role of sensitive caregiving is especially vital in the context of stress and trauma. Several psychotherapeutic interventions show promise in ameliorating the types of caregiver-child relationship difficulties that are common among trauma-exposed parents and their young children. These interventions have been found to be effective in increasing the rates of secure attachment and sensitive caregiving, and reducing early psychopathology. Emerging evidence suggests some interventions may be associated with changes to parents’ neural circuitry that underlies sensitive caregiving. Relationship-based psychotherapeutic interventions are promising in the promotion of well-being and prevention of psychopathology in at-risk families.
The Crucible of the 1970s

The twentieth century saw two great paradigm shifts in macroeconomics. We have told the story of the first of these, the development of Keynesian theories and models in the 1930s, the decade of the Great Depression. Now we turn to the second tectonic shift, the turn back toward microeconomic explanations that emerged out of the 1970s. It is interesting that this later decade would play such a central role, since it was not a period of crisis like the 1930s was. There was no mass unemployment in the developed economies, and economic growth was respectable or better most everywhere. There were no financial crises. Of course, there were serious problems as there always are. The Bretton Woods monetary system came unglued at the beginning of the decade, a story that was told in Chap. 8. There were two oil price spikes, the first of which sparked a sharp global downturn. The United States experienced a rise in the rate of inflation, which reached disturbing proportions by the late 1970s. All in all, however, most policy-makers today would be happy to repeat the economic numbers from this decade.
Referral Strategies to a Tobacco Quitline and Racial and/or Ethnic Differences in Participation.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use inflicts a disproportionate burden of disease on people of color. We evaluated the reach among African American and Hispanic smokers in Boston of 2 referral strategies to the Massachusetts quitline: (1) a provider-referred strategy based in pediatric and dental clinics and (2) a targeted media campaign to promote self-referral to the quitline. METHODS: Selected demographic characteristics of Boston quitline participants during the study period (2010–2012) were compared between strategies. Self-referred smoker characteristics were also compared in the years before and after the media campaign. Finally, the characteristics of quitline participants were compared with smokers in the 2010 Boston Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. RESULTS: During the study period, 4066 smokers received cessation services from the quitline; 3722 (91.5%) were self-referred, and 344 (8.5%) were referred by pediatric and dental providers. The proportion of black (31.6%) and Hispanic (20.3%) participants referred by providers was higher than among self-referred participants (18.3% and 7.8%, respectively; P CONCLUSIONS: The large-scale media campaign, which promoted self-referral, was associated with higher quitline participation overall, but the provider-referred strategy based in community health centers yielded participation from a greater proportion of smokers of color. The 2 strategies reached different subpopulations of smokers, and their combined reach enhanced access to cessation services among smokers from different racial and ethnic backgrounds.
Synergistic and Antagonistic Interactions among the Particulate Matter Components in Generating Reactive Oxygen Species Based on the Dithiothreitol Assay.

We assessed the interactions among the particulate matter (PM) components in generating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) based on a dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. We started with the standard solutions of known redox-active substances, i.e., quinones (9,10-phenanthraquinone, 1,2-naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) and metals [Fe (II), Mn (II), and Cu (II)]. Both DTT consumption and hydroxyl radical (·OH) generation were measured in the DTT assay. The interactions of Fe were additive with quinones in DTT consumption but strongly synergistic in ·OH generation. Cu showed antagonistic interactions with quinones in both DTT consumption and ·OH generation. Mn interacted synergistically with quinones in DTT oxidation but antagonistically in ·OH generation. The nature of the interactions of these metals (Fe, Mn, and Cu) with ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) resembled that with quinones, although the intensity of interactions were weaker in DTT consumption than ·OH generation. ...
Recognizing People in the Prehistoric Southwest

The new edited volume by Jill Neitzel titled Recognizing People: In the Prehistoric Southwest combines archaeological material, iconography, bioarchaeological data from human skeletal remains, ling...
War-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Treatment of*

This article is a brief summary of the empirically supported treatments for war-related posttraumatic stress disorder. It discusses how elements of current conflicts impact the overall treatment approach chosen. Both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments are discussed.
GRADUAL INSTALLATION OF THE NONCONVECTIVE ZONE OF A SOLAR POND

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to show that the initial heating of a solar pond can be accelerated if the nonconvective zone (NCZ) of a solar pond is installed gradually. Comparative simulations are presented for a solar pond in which the NCZ is either installed immediately or the NCZ is installed gradually over the time it takes for the storage zone (SZ) to reach its operational temperature. The rate of thickening is accounted for by a convective velocity term in the equations
Honors and high-ability students: Factors that predict academic efficacy, critical thinking skills, and academic goals

The purpose of the quantitative study was threefold: (a) to examine high-ability students in and outside an honors program at a midwestern comprehensive university to determine differences in background and demographic characteristics between honors participants and nonparticipants of similar ability; (b) to determine differences in academic self-efficacy and inand out-of-class engagement between honors participants and nonparticipants of similar ability; and (c) to examine major influences on high-ability student GPA, reported use of critical thinking skills, academic efficacy, and academic goals. Eight research questions guided the study. Astin’s (1993) Input–Environment–Output (I–E–O) model was utilized for the study’s conceptual framework. Statistically significant differences were found between honors students and honorseligible nonparticipants in cumulative ACT scores, high school and college GPA, and parental education levels as well as in levels of academic efficacy, academic goals, and exposure to diverse perspectives. Regression analyses uncovered numerous meaningful predictors of GPA, reported use of critical thinking skills, academic efficacy, and academic goals on the part of high-ability students. The findings of this study provide implications for policy and practice as well as opportunities for future research related to high-ability student learning and engagement.
Color Doppler imaging and in vivo assessment of the anatomy and physiology of the early uteroplacental circulation

Objective To evaluate in vivo the anatomy and physiology of the normal early uteroplacental circulation. Design Forty-six women were included, all of whom continued their pregnancy into the second trimester. Color Doppler was used to identify peritrophoblastic flow, and spectral Doppler was used to analyze waveforms obtained from the different segments of the uteroplacental circulation. Results Flow was detected in the spiral arteries of the peritrophoblastic region in all patients. Flow was detected within the intervillous space in only one case. Conclusions This study demonstrated that color Doppler imaging can be employed as an in vivo means of studying the uteroplacental circulation. The study confirmed the in vitro findings that trophoblastic invasion of the decidual spiral arteries occurs at 5 to 6 weeks' gestation. The study also confirmed the fact that there is no noticeable blood flow within the intervillous space during most of the first trimester of a normal pregnancy. Both of these findings may serve to protect the early gestation from the forces of arterial blood flow.
Genetic Manipulation for the Production of High Lysine Corn

Cereals provide 50% of the dietary protein for humans and can comprise 70% of the protein intake for people in developing countries (Deutscher, 1978). It is expected that the demand for cereal grains will increase dramatically in the future, as a consequence of the expanding human population, which could double by the year 2030 (Mann, 1997). Unfortunately, most cereals do not provide a nutritionally balanced source of protein (FAO/WHO, 1985). The abundant proteins they contain, the storage proteins or proclaims, are devoid of several amino acids essential for monogastric animals. The most limiting of these is lysine (Nelson, 1969). There are several naturally occurring mutants in cereals, such as opaque2 (o2) and floury2 (fl2) in maize (Nelson, 1969), that decrease prolamin (zein) synthesis and increase the lysine content of the endosperm, but the pleiotropic effect by which these mutations increase the synthesis of lysine-containing proteins is not understood.
Life After the ICU: Post-intensive Care Syndrome in Family Members

Family members of critically ill patients experience both acute and long-term psychological distress as a result of their loved one’s stay in an intensive care unit (ICU). The post-intensive care syndrome-family (PICS-F) describes this psychological morbidity, occurring in approximately 25–50% of family members of ICU patients. Psychological morbidity may manifest as anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, sleep disturbance, and complicated grief. A growing body of evidence supports measures taken during the ICU stay to mitigate these symptoms, including the use of family educational materials, formalized family meetings and enhanced team communication, the ICU diary, family engagement on rounds, and family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and invasive procedures. Following an ICU stay, family members may benefit from ICU follow-up clinics and support groups. Providers may reduce the risk of psychological morbidity among the families of ICU patients through understanding and implementation of the interventions discussed throughout this chapter.
Not all clots are created equal: a review of deficient thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in patients with metabolic syndrome.

AbstractMetabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors associated with a prothrombotic, proinflammatory and hypofibrinolysis state. Although resistance to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in metabolic syndrome patients has been associated with a defective fibrinolytic system, the factors and mechanisms underlining such resistance is unclear. While there is a great debate on proposed mechanisms, fundamental questions regarding resistance to tPA in metabolic syndrome patients with ischemic stroke remain unanswered. This article reviews articles and documents published between 2001 and 2017, and provides an overview of metabolic syndrome, factors associated with tPA resistance in metabolic syndrome, conflicting evidence of insufficient dosing of tPA in overweight/obese patients and future directions for research.
Reaction pathways and kinetics for tetra-alanine in hot, compressed liquid water

Proteins are abundant biochemical components of microalgae and food wastes that can be used as feedstocks for producing renewable bio-crude oils and value-added chemicals. We elucidated the reaction pathways of a model peptide, tetra-alanine, in hot, compressed liquid water and examined the effects of pH, temperature, and time. We developed a chemical kinetic model that incorporated pH effects and estimated rate parameters from the experimental data. pH influenced the dissociation states of tetra-alanine and the selectivity of reactions. Zwitterionic tetra-alanine predominately formed di-alanine and alanine anhydride as primary products. Anionic tetra-alanine preferentially underwent hydrolysis into tri-alanine, di-alanine, and alanine. The kinetic model provided an excellent correlation to the experimental data. Highly alkaline conditions mitigated yields of alanine anhydride, a N- and O-containing heterocycle representative of compounds that undesirably partition into bio-crude oils. Accordingly, highly alkaline conditions may offer processing conditions for lessening the heteroatom content of bio-crude oils.
Resolution of Murine Toxic Hepatic Injury Quantified With Ultrasound Entropy Metrics.

Abstract Image-based classification of liver disease generally lacks specificity for distinguishing between acute, resolvable injury and chronic irreversible injury. We propose that ultrasound radiofrequency data acquired in vivo from livers subjected to toxic drug injury can be analyzed with information theoretic detectors to derive entropy metrics, which classify a statistical distribution of pathologic scatterers that dissipate over time as livers heal. Here we exposed 38 C57BL/6 mice to carbon tetrachloride to cause liver damage, and imaged livers in vivo 1, 4, 8, 12 and 18 d after exposure with a broadband 15-MHz probe. Selected entropy metrics manifested monotonic recovery to normal values over time as livers healed, and were correlated directly with progressive restoration of liver architecture by histologic assessment (r2 ≥ 0.95, p
Extraforaminal Vertebral Artery Until C2 Transverse Foramen in Down Syndrome Patient Affected by Atlantoaxial Subluxation: First Observation and Review of Literature

Background Patients with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased incidence of multisystem disorders, like cardiovascular, neurologic, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and musculoskeletal disorders. Craniovertebral junction instability is a common illness in DS patients, and they may often be affected by vertebral artery (VA) anomalies. Case Description In this paper we present neuroradiologic findings of a 34-year-old female patient affected by DS with atlantoaxial subluxation, scheduled for transoral decompression of C1-C2 and posterior occipitocervical fixation. The preoperative angio−computed tomography scan showed a peculiar anatomic variation in the entrance of the VA at the level of the C2 transverse foramen (TF). Normally, the segment of VA, named V2, becomes intraforaminal on average at the TF of C6. Conclusions We reviewed the literature about the incidence of anatomic variations of the V2 segment in both the general population and the one affected by DS, and although numerous cases of anomalous course, none reported a C2 TF entry point. Ignoring such extremely rare anatomic variation during anterior, posterior, or lateral surgical approach to the cervical spine can lead to inadvertent injury and potentially serious complications like arterial dissection, thrombus, vascular spasm, fistula, pseudoaneurysm, cerebral ischemia, and death.
Between Community and My Mother: A Theory of Agonistic Communitarianism

This chapter argues that African social ethic is (was) not purely and thoroughly communitarian everywhere. Today, it is best described as agonistic communitarianism. Agonistic communitarianism is an attitude and a position that speaks to the intense and relentless struggle of individualism with the weight of communitarianism on one hand and the struggle of communitarianism against the fires of individualism that want to melt and erode the established structures of the community on the other. Agonistic communitarianism is the artful irruption into communitarianism of individualism. It is a combination of sense of self-interest and norm-grounded conception of the common good. Agonistic communitarianism, as I am using the term here, is individualism (not selfishness) that is framed within communitarianism that undergirds and propels it. It is an exfoliation of the abiding care and concern for individuality in African communitarianism, the individual-in-communion given an ample space to better actualize his/her potentiality for the flourishing of the self and what transcends it.
3 – Feedback Control

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of feedback control systems in which the control signal obtained from the sensor is affected by both the primary source and the secondary actuator. Single-channel feedback control systems are discussed, for which the compromise between performance and stability can be clearly observed. The general single-channel case is then illustrated using displacement, velocity and acceleration feedback applied to a mass-spring-damper system, and the effect of several important imperfections, such as delays in the feedback loop, are discussed. The conventional approach to the feedback control of systems with multiple control sensors and multiple control actuators, using the state variable description, is introduced and applied to a simple two-degree-of-freedom-system. The chapter also discusses state estimation and optimal control. State estimator is an electrical or digital system, which models the internal dynamics of the mechanical system being controlled. It is fed by the same input signals as the mechanical systems and has its output constantly compared with the output of the mechanical system, Finally, a feedback strategy called modal control is described, which arises directly out of the state variable formulation.
Normal reference ranges for urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen levels.

Acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) is a family of rare, serious, and potentially life-threatening metabolic disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding enzymes involved in hepatic heme biosynthesis. AHP is characterized by accumulation of neurotoxic heme intermediates, δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and porphobilinogen (PBG), which are thought to be causal for the disease manifestations. Novel therapeutic treatments such as givosiran, an RNA interference therapeutic that was recently approved for treatment of adults with AHP, are focused on reducing the levels of ALA and PBG in patients toward levels observed in a healthy population. While there are two published reports on the distribution of urinary ALA and PBG levels in healthy subjects, these lacked the required details to enable the calculation of reference limits for ALA and PBG. Therefore, urinary ALA and PBG levels were quantified in 150 healthy subjects using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method that is highly sensitive, specific, accurate, and reproducible. These data were used to establish the upper limit of normal (ULN) values for ALA and PBG as 1.47 and 0.137 mmol/mol Cr, respectively. Relative to these ULN values, baseline urinary ALA and PBG levels in AHP patients were found to be 9.3- to 12-fold, and 238- to 336-fold higher, respectively. Results from this study can serve as a guide to assess the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in lowering ALA and PBG.
The end(s) of inclusion: ungrounding globalization and ‘the migrant’ in dialogue with hospitality

This article reassesses globalization in light of research, policy, and reforms directed towards ‘the migrant’ during times of crisis. In dialogue with Derrida's discussion of hospitality, the arti...
Vitamin E and selenium in cattle production

Vitamin E and selenium are important in the normal function of a wide variety of cells, tissues and organs and are thus essential for good health in cattle. Tables indicate disease conditions due to vitamin E/Se deficiency and suggested values of these nutrients in blood, liver and feed of cattle.
Differential responses to e-cig generated aerosols from humectants and different forms of nicotine in epithelial cells from nonsmokers and smokers

In the United States, millions of adults use electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), and a majority of these users are former or current cigarette smokers. It is unclear, whether prior smoking status affec...
Organization of Knowledge and Information in Digital Archives of Language Materials

Language archives are repositories of language data: material about or in a set of languages, including audio and video recordings, transcriptions, translations, and linguistic annotations. Beyond ...
Effective High-Level Synthesis Design Space Exploration through a Novel Cost Function Formulation

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) allows to synthesize untimed behavioral descriptions into efficient RTL descriptions (Verilog or VHDL). One key advantage of HLS is that it allows to generate different micro-architectures from the same behavioral description by simply specifying different mixes of synthesis options. These include, how to synthesize arrays (e.g. RAM or registers), loops (unroll completely, partially or not unroll or pipeline) and functions (inline or not). Ideally, the designer would like to find a mix that leads to the smallest and fastest microarchitecture. However, these design parameters are conflicting which means that there is not a single optimal solution but a range of solutions that form a Pareto-front. Out of all the possible synthesis combinations, the most important ones are the ones that lead to Pareto-optimal micro-architectures that form this front. Thus, automatic HLS design space exploration methods are desirable to efficiently find these micro-architectures automatically. This work investigates how formulating the cost function affects the quality of the exploration and its runtime and proposes a new cost function that leads to better results compared to the traditional formulation based on weighted-sum of the design metrics. We show that the newly proposed cost function leads to better results for three well-known meta-heuristics. In particular simulated annealing, genetic algorithm and ant-colony optimization.