cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate change and the demand for recreational ecosystem services on public lands in the continental United States

Abstract Cultural ecosystem services represent nonmaterial benefits people derive from the environment; these benefits include outdoor recreation opportunities. Changes in climatic conditions are likely to shift the spatial and temporal demand for recreational ecosystem services. To date, little is known about the magnitude and spatial variability in these shifts across large geographic extents. We use 14 years of geotagged social media data to explore how the climatological mean of maximum temperature affects the demand for recreational ecosystem services by season across public lands in the continental United States. We also investigate how the demand for recreational ecosystem services on public lands may change by 2050 under two climate change scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Across all public lands in the continental U.S., demand for recreational ecosystem services is expected to decrease 18% by 2050 under RCP 4.5 in the summer, but increase 12% in the winter and 5% in the spring, with no significant changes in the fall. There is substantial variation in the magnitude of projected changes by region. In the spring and fall, some regions are likely to see an increase in the demand for recreational ecosystem services (e.g., Arkansas-Rio Grande-Texas-Gulf), while others will see declines (e.g., South Atlantic Gulf, California Great Basin). Our findings suggest the total demand for recreational ecosystem services across the continental U.S. is expected to decline under warming temperatures. However, there is a large amount of variation in where, when, and by how much, demand will change. The peak season for visiting public lands is likely to lengthen in the continental U.S. as the climate continues to warm, with demand declining in the summer and growing in the off-season.
Comprehensive Proteomics in Vasopressin-Sensitive mpkCCD Cells: Virtual Western Blotting

Vasopressin regulates the water channel aquaporin-2 in collecting duct cells. Identification of the mechanisms involved depends on knowledge of the genes expressed. To obtain a comprehensive proteo...
Differential characteristics of the cytosol and mitochondrial isozymes of malic enzyme from bovine brain. Effects of dicarboxylic acids and sulfhydryl reagents.

Abstract The cytosol and mitochondrial isozymes of bovine brain malic enzyme were studied with respect to their sensitivity towards a series of dicarboxylic acids and sulfhydryl reagents. While no effects were obtained with the dicarboxylic acids in the case of the cytosol enzyme, the activity of the mitochondrial variant was increased considerably when either succinate, 2-mercaptosuccinate, or l -aspartate were tested at low concentrations of l -malate. The activation was associated with a clear decrease in the Hill coefficient for l -malate, and this has been taken as an indication of the presence of an allosteric site on the mitochondrial enzyme. The presence of l -malate or a dicarboxylate anion analog is required at this site in order to achieve optimal velocity. The activators were also effective in increasing the reductive carboxylation of pyruvate by the mitochondrial enzyme and had no effect on the cytosol variant. The two isozymes also showed a clear differential sensitivity to 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and Hg2+, since the mitochondrial malic enzyme was inhibited by concentrations of these reagents far below those required in order to achieve an effect on the activity of the malic enzyme found in the cytosol.
Transcriptional and translational initiation sites of IS50. Control of transposase and inhibitor expression.

Abstract We have examined transcriptional start sites responsible for expression of the transposase and transposition inhibitor proteins encoded by IS50 R , and determined the likely translational start site of transposase. Amino-terminal analysis of a transposase-β-galactosidase fusion protein gave the sequence Met-Ile-Thr-Ser-Ala, which corresponds to the predicted amino acid sequence starting at position 93 of IS50. S 1 nuclease mapping of IS50 RNA produced in vivo indicated that three transcripts, T1, T2 and T3, start near this position. Only T1 starts upstream from the transposase amino terminus. T2 corresponds to an in-vitro transcript described previously. Analysis of the transcripts and proteins produced from deletion derivatives of an IS50- lac Z construct suggested that the three transcripts initiate at independent but overlapping promoters clustered near the end of IS50. This analysis confirmed that only T1 can encode transposase, and that T2 is largely responsible for expression of the inhibitor protein. The coding capacity of T3 was not determined. Finally, transcripts that originate outside of IS50 are prevented from expressing transposase because of a secondary structure that is present in these transcripts only.
Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel: presentation, prognostic factors, and outcome of 217 patients

BACKGROUND Primary adenocarcinoma of the small bowel is a rare neoplasm, and to the authors' knowledge, few studies to date have addressed the topic. METHODS In the current study, the records of 217 patients with small bowel adenocarcinoma were reviewed retrospectively for the presentation, prognostic factors, treatment modalities, and outcome. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 55 years and there were 133 (61%) males. Tumors originated in the duodenum in 113 (52%) patients, the jejunum in 54 (25%) patients, the ileum in 28 (13%) patients, and in nonspecified sites in 22 (10%) patients. Patients with proximal tumors were diagnosed for the most part using endoscopy (i.e., 46 of 108 [43%]), whereas laparotomy enabled diagnosis in 16 of 28 (57%) patients with distal tumors. Based on TNM staging, 9 (4%) patients had Stage I disease, 43 (20%) patients had Stage II disease, 86 (39%) patients had Stage III disease, and 75 (35%) patients had Stage IV disease. The liver was the most common site of metastasis in 44 (59%) patients. Cancer-directed surgery was performed in 146 (67 %) patients, including the Whipple procedure in 36 patients (17%). The median overall survival time was 20 months. The 5-year overall survival rate was 26%. Cancer-directed surgery, early-stage disease, and lymph node involvement ratio were significantly associated with overall survival by univariate analysis. However, only cancer-directed surgery and lymph node involvement ratio were independent predictors of overall survival in a multivariate analysis (adjusted rate ratio = 0.14; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.04–0.46; P = 0.001 and adjusted rate ratio = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12–0.53; P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Performing an oncologic surgery resulted in the best outcome in patients with nonmetastatic disease. Because cancer-directed surgery is associated with high morbidity and mortality in primary centers, these patients should be referred to a tertiary center for adequate treatment. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
BNG 3-36 as a slow-binding, competitive inhibitor against HDAC4 (768.19)

Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) is a high priority drug target for the treatment of various human diseases including Huntington’s disease and various cancers. Pan-HDAC inhibitors, such as Suberoylani...
INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

This paper reviews debates, approaches, and discourses on gender, technology and development. The aim is to contribute towards the understanding of the nature, concerns and contributions of ongoing research in the gender, information communication and technology for development field. It outlines the major themes and methodological approaches to the field by reviewing and calling for changes in the theoretical and empirical directions of this area of study. It concludes with analysis of major themes emanating from the field.
THE EFFECT OF SHORT TERM HIGH DOSE TESTOSTERONE THERAPY ON BONE AGE (BA) AND HEIGHT IN TALL BOYS

We have prospectively evaluated the effect of a short term high dose testosterone therapy on height and BA in tall boys. BA was assessed according to the Greulich-Pyle method. Adult height was predicted with the tables of Bayley-Pinneau. Treatment consisted of intramuscular injections of 500 mg testosterone oenanthate every 2 weeks for 6 months. Height and BA were determined before, at the end of and 3, 6 and 12 months after therapy. 34 boys have been followed for at least 6 months after therapy. ΔBA/ΔCA accelerated by 2.46 ± 0.82 years (mean ± SD) during therapy and by 2.99 ± 1.14, 2.23 ± 0.78 and 1.58 ± 0.46 years 3, 6 and 12 months thereafter, thus demonstrating, that BA-acceleration persists for several months after treatment. 12 boys were measured 2.50 ± 0.34 years after therapy. Their initial bone age was 14.02 ± 0.52 years with a predicted height of 204.99 ± 4.25 cm. At the end of therapy height was 193.61 ± 5.59 cm and bone age 15.67 ± 0.58 years. Height at the time of the last evaluation was 197.38 ± 4.11 cm, which is 7.61 ± 5.6 cm less than predicted. The reduction of 50.26 ± 14.55 % is similar to the one observed in 115 boys treated for 14.25 ± 4.14 months with the same therapeutic regimen. We conclude, that with the persistent acceleration of BA after treatment only 6 months of high dose testosterone therapy are needed to effectively reduce height in boys with tall stature.
Growth, new growth, and amplification of carbon nanotubes as a function of catalyst composition.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been grown using Fe, Co, Ni, and Co/Fe spin-on-catalyst (SOC) systems, involving the metal salt dispersed with a spin-on-glass precursor. During initial growth runs (CH4/H2/900 °C), the CNT yield followed the order Co-SOC > Fe-SOC ≫ Ni-SOC. The Fe catalysts produced the longest nanotubes at the expense of a larger average CNT diameter and broader diameter distribution than the Co-SOC system. A series of Co/Fe-SOCs were prepared where as the atomic percentage of Co is increased nucleation of CNT increases but the CNT length decreases. The linear relationship between the diameter and length of CNTs grown from the Co/Fe-SOC suggests that slow growth is beneficial with respect to control over CNT diameter. After initial CNT growth, the original samples were subjected to additional growth runs. Four individual reactions were observed in the Fe-SOC and binary Co/Fe-SOC: regrowth (amplification), double growth (a second CNT growing from a previously active catalyst), CNT etching, and...
66 DNA METHYLOME ANALYSIS IN NUCLEAR TRANSFER DONOR CELLS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CLONING EFFICIENCY IN SWINE

The success of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer is unpredictable due in part to abnormal patterns of DNA methylation and histone modifications in the donor genome. The state of these epigenetic markers appears to regulate the timing and degree of embryonic gene expression by altering chromatin structure. In this study, we sought to determine the pattern of DNA methylation in genetically distinct clonal populations of swine fetal fibroblast donor cells that have previously been demonstrated to have either consistently high or consistently low success at producing healthy cloned pigs. To accomplish this goal, we combined methylated DNA immunoprecipitation using antibodies to 5-methylcytosine with Illumina high throughput sequencing (MeDIP-seq) to detect broad regions of methylated and unmethylated DNA in the 2 populations of donor cells (termed high success v. low success). Size-selected immunoprecipitated DNA samples each had matching input controls. Model-based analysis of ChIP-Seq revealed a total of 272 598 and 261 339 genomic regions enriched for methylated cytosine in high v. low success donor cells, respectively. The majority of these enriched regions (peaks) in high and low success samples coincided in genomic position, but 12.9% of the peaks were unique in high success cells, while 20.4% were unique in low success cells. When intersected with 38 778 predicted CpG islands in the swine genome, 3129 of the total MeDIP peaks (1.1%) overlapped for high success cells as compared to 1836 peaks (0.7%) for the low success cells. Of these intersecting MeDIP-CpG peaks for both groups, 1505 peaks were located in unique locations for high success cells and 205 were unique for low success cells. The chromosomal location of the CpG intersections differed between each cell populations, with the greatest number of overlaps on chromosomes 1 and 3 for high and low success cells, respectively, and the least number of overlaps on chromosomes 9 and 13, respectively. Of the total MeDIP peaks, 6632 (2.4%) from the high success cell population overlapped with predicted swine genes (UCSC Genome Database/Ensembl) compared to 4041 (1.5%) from low success donor cells. Less similar was the percentage of the predicted genes in these methylated regions that were unique to each cell group: 2875 (43.4%) for high success cells v. 338 (8.3%) for low success cells. These results highlight differences in the degree of DNA methylation and the pattern of methylated genes in NT donor cells that produce healthy clones v. those that do not. Such comprehensive genomic analyses of epigenetic markers may provide predictive data to screen for optimal NT donor cells, thereby improving cloning efficiency. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health NIH R01 RR013438 and Food for the 21st Century at the University of Missouri.
[18F]N-4′-Fluorobenzyl-4-(3-bromophenyl) acetamide for imaging the sigma receptor status of tumors: comparison with [18F]FDG and [125I]IUDR

Abstract A series of biodistribution studies were conducted with the radiotracer, [ 18 F]N-(4′-fluorobenzyl)-4-(3-bromophenyl)acetamide, [ 18 F] 1 in nude mice bearing tumor xenografts of the mouse mammary adenocarcinoma, line 66. This radiotracer has a high affinity for both σ 1 and σ 2 receptors. In vivo studies were also conducted in order to assess the effect of blocking σ 1 receptors on tumor uptake and the tumor:background ratio of this radiotracer. The results of these studies revealed that blocking the σ 1 receptor so that only the σ 2 receptors are labeled in vivo, results in a higher tumor:background ratio with only a small reduction in the tumor uptake of the radiotracer relative to the no-carrier-added (i.e., nonselective) conditions. Comparative in vivo studies were also conducted with the anatomic and metabolic imaging agent, [ 18 F]FDG, and a radiolabeled DNA precursor, [ 125 I]IUdR. Both of these radiolabeled compounds represent classes of agents that have been proposed for imaging the proliferative status of solid tumors. The results of these studies indicated that a σ 2 -selective imaging agent may be, 1) a better anatomic imaging agent for breast cancer than [ 18 F]FDG, and 2) a better functional imaging agent than the radiolabeled DNA precursors, [ 123/124 I]IUdR and [ 11 C]thymidine, for measuring the proliferative status of breast tumors with PET and SPECT. However, additional studies will be needed to compare σ 2 -selective imaging agents with [ 18 F]FLT in order to determine which is the more appropriate imaging agent for measuring the proliferative status of breast tumors with PET.
Unionization and Work Attitudes: How Union Commitment Influences Public Sector Job Satisfaction

This article explores whether union commitment dampens public sector job satisfaction. By examining the connection between union commitment and two workplace attributes that are presumed to be more prevalent in public sector workplaces—perceptions of higher red tape and greater public service motivation—this article develops three hypotheses exploring the direct and indirect relationships between union commitment and public sector job satisfaction. The findings from a series of structural equation models indicate that union commitment directly increases members’ job satisfaction, but it more prominently increases members’ job satisfaction indirectly by reducing perceived red tape and enhancing public service motivation.
Self-trapped holes in amorphous silicon dioxide

Electron-spin-resonance spectra tentatively attributed to self-trapped holes (STH's) in amorphous silicon dioxide are reported and analyzed. Two types of STH's were found in a numerical ratio \ensuremath{\sim}1:1 in all silica samples investigated (including high-OH flame hydrolytic, low-OH ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-plasma fused, sol-gel, and less pure isotopically enriched materials) following either 100-keV x-ray irradiation or 6.4-eV excimer-laser illumination at 77 K: ${\mathrm{STH}}_{1}$, stable below \ensuremath{\sim}180 K, is suggested to comprise a hole trapped on a ``normal'' bridging oxygen in the glass network. ${\mathrm{STH}}_{2}$, stable below \ensuremath{\sim}140 K, is provisionally ascribed to a hole trapped on two normal oxygens, in analogy with the ${V}_{K}$ center in alkali halides.
World Wide Web program for optimizing and assessing medical student performance during the radiology clerkship.

Rationale and Objectives . The purpose of this study was to adapt the World Wide Web to the teaching and evaluation of medical students participating in the radiology clerkship at our institution. Materials and Methods . Teaching modules were placed on a local intranet site. One hundred two student evaluations were conducted online as a standardized, written- and image-based test that was administered both before and after the clerkship. The computer-delivered test consisted of 40 standardized questions that were sorted by category (based on American College of Radiology code criteria) and randomly administered from a pool of 200 potential questions. Scores from before and after the clerkship were analyzed statistically to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program and the student performance. Student case presentation scoring and clerkship administration tasks were also evaluated both before and after implementation of the modules during the first 12 months of this project (July 1997 to July 1998). Results . A statistically significant ( P Conclusion . An intranet-based method of evaluating students in an ongoing fashion allows for additional growth in content and ease of use during the radiology clerkship.
Ethics in Public Health Research: Changing Patterns of Mortality Among American Indians

Mortality rates for American Indians (including Alaska Natives) declined for much of the 20th century, but data published by the Indian Health Service indicate that since the mid-1980s, age-adjusted deaths for this population have increased both in absolute terms and compared with rates for the White American population. This increase appears to be primarily because of the direct and indirect effects of type 2 diabetes. Despite increasing appropriations for the Special Diabetes Program for Indians, per capita expenditures for Indian health, including third-party reimbursements, remain substantially lower than those for other Americans and, when adjusted for inflation, have been essentially unchanged since the early 1990s. I argue that inadequate funding for health services has contributed significantly to the increased death rate.
Enhancement of many high-order harmonics via a single multiphoton resonance

In the strong-field regime a single multiphoton resonance can enhance many harmonics of the fundamental laser frequency simultaneously. We demonstrate that an alkali-metal atom driven by an intense, ultrafast midinfrared pulse is an ideal system for observing this effect by calculating the response of potassium atoms to radiation that is nearly three or five photon resonant with the $4s\ensuremath{-}4p$ transition. We find that all the harmonics through at least the 17th are enhanced over a wide range of intensities, and that the resonance width of the enhanced harmonics is governed by the lifetime of the multiphoton resonance.
Improvements to the HYLIFE-II Inertial Fusion Power Plant Design

If the present research program is successful, heavy-ion beams can be used to ignite targets and to produce high gain for yields of about 350 MJ. HYLIFE-II is a power plant design based on surrounding such targets with thick liquid (Flibe, Li{sub 2}BeF{sub 4}) so that the chamber and other apparatus can not only stand up to these 350 MJ bursts of energy but do so without replacing components during the plant`s 30-year life. The capacity factor will be increased and the cost of component replacement will be decreased. Continuous improvements to the design are being made to increase safety, decrease the generation of radioactive material, and reduce the cost of electricity (COE). Improvements discussed in this paper decreased COE for each effect by the amount in parentheses: increased plant size (22%), increased capacity factor and reduced component replacement (20%), reduced remote maintenance equipment (3.2%), use of non-nuclear grade chamber, pumps and piping (2.9%), reduced tritium inventory by a factor of 2.4, reduced excess tritium production with attendant increase energy release in the blanket (1.8%), corrected treatment of Flibe inventory costs (3.4%).
350 mV, 5 GHz Class-D Enhanced Swing Differential and Quadrature VCOs in 65 nm CMOS

A new enhanced swing class-D VCO which operates from a supply voltage as low as 300 mV is presented. The architectural advantages are described along with an analysis for the oscillation frequency. Prototype differential and quadrature variants of the proposed VCO have been implemented in a 65 nm RF CMOS process with a 5 GHz VCO oscillation frequency. At a 350 mV supply, the measured phase noise performance for the quadrature VCO with a 5% tuning range is $-$ 137.1 dBc/Hz at 3 MHz offset with a power dissipation of 2.1 mW from a 0.35 V supply. The highest resulting figure-of-merit (FoM) is 198.3 dBc/Hz.
Explaining Variation in the Use of NTBs in Developed Countries: The Role of Political Institutions

Despite the much-touted celebration of the successes of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization in liberalizing free trade, these successes have been limited due to the increasing use of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) as a form of ‘protectionism in disguise.’ Among advanced industrial economies, the use of NTBs varies considerably. The purpose of this paper is to explain what accounts for this variation. We locate the issue of international trade in its appropriate theoretical context — as a two-level game in which politicians simultaneously face pressure at the international level to fulfill commitments to international free trade agreements, and domestic pressures for protectionist relief. We conduct a statistical analysis using a simple, multivariate regression model examining data at three points in time, 1988, 1993, and1996, to highlight the causes of the rise in NTBs and variation in their usage. We hypothesize that PR-based systems are associated with lower rather than higher levels of NTBs.
The cultivation of creativity

(1967). The cultivation of creativity. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 282-285.
Laterally vibrating lithium niobate MEMS resonators with high electromechanical coupling and Quality factor

This paper reports on a new type of laterally vibrating micro-resonators (LVRs) enabled by ion sliced X-cut Lithium Niobate thin film and micro-machining. In operation, the device is excited into lateral vibrations, thus allowing the center frequency to be determined by the lithography-defined dimensions of the electrodes. This configuration enables monolithic multi-frequency solutions for future wireless communication. The designed devices have shown a high electromechanical coupling (kt2) of 11% - the highest demonstrated for MEMS LVRs. Device orientation was also varied to investigate its impact on kt2 and experimental data has shown good agreement with theoretical predictions. The Quality factor of these devices has also shown a dependence on the orientation, ranging from 350 to 1100.
Water–CO2 trade-offs in electricity generation planning

The amount of water required for electricity generation is expected to increase as CO2 emissions are reduced. A capacity expansion model of the Texas electricity grid in the USA demonstrates the trade-offs between CO2 emissions and water use in designing the power generation mix. Better understanding of the ‘water–energy nexus’ should help to coordinate mitigation and adaptation planning in the energy sector.
Estradiol interacts with gastric or postgastric food stimuli to decrease sucrose ingestion in ovariectomized rats

Abstract The sham feeding preparation was used to determine whether systemic estradiol administration inhibits the intake of 0.8 M sucrose of ovariectomized rats by decreasing the potency of pregastric controls of ingestion. During real feeding, significant reductions in the sucrose intake of estradiol-treated rats appeared within 5–6 min. In contrast, estradiol had no effect on sham feeding at any time. The lack of effect of estradiol on sham feeding indicates that pregastric stimuli are not sufficient to mediate the inhibitory effect of estradiol on feeding in ovariectomized rats. Rather, because estradiol did inhibit real feeding, gastric and/or postgastric food stimuli are necessary for this inhibitory effect. The rapid onset of estradiol's inhibitory effect on real feeding suggests that these postingestive stimuli are selective for controls of the initial phase of the meal.
Molecular Phylogenetics of the Peromyscus boylii Species Group (Rodentia: Muridae) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Sequences

Variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1143 bp) was examined to estimate the phylogenetic relationships of taxa within the Peromyscus boylii species group. In addition, phylogenetic relationships among the aztecus, boylii, and truei species groups were addressed. Maximum-likelihood, neighbor-joining, and maximum-parsimony (weighted and equally weighted) analyses produced similar topologies with P. boylii, P. beatae, P. simulus, P. stephani, P. madrensis, P. levipes, and three undescribed taxa from western Mexico forming a monophyletic unit. At least two of the undescribed taxa from western Mexico potentially represent species. Members of the P. aztecus species group formed a clade separate from the P. boylii group and should be recognized as a distinct species group. P. sagax, P. polius, and P. pectoralis, formerly placed in the P. boylii species group, generally formed an unresolved polytomy with the P. truei, P. aztecus, and P. boylii species groups. P. attwateri formed a sister taxon relationship with members of the P. truei species group (P. difficilis and P. nasutus) and should be considered a member of this group. Members of the P. truei species group did not form a monophyletic unit, indicating that this species group is not monophyletic and may be composed of two assemblages.
Moving load on a flexibly supported Timoshenko beam

Abstract A uniform beam of infinite length is subjected to a force whose point of application moves with constant velocity over the beam. Solutions are obtained that are time invariant in a coordinate system moving with the load velocity. The supporting foundation includes damping effects. The influence of the damping coefficient and the load velocity on the beam response is studied. The limiting case of no damping is included and the various resonance effects are clarified.
In search of the chiral regime

A critical appraisal is given of a recent analysis of the quark-mass and finite-size dependence of unquenched lattice QCD data for the nucleon mass. We use this forum to estimate the boundary of the chiral regime for nucleon properties.
BCN- and BCP-sequenced boranes

Abstract Study of hydrolytic and cleavage reactions of two BCN-sequenced boranes has led to the characterization of a volatile, hydroxylated tetravalent borane heterocycle and a triborane derivative. Synthesis and characterization of a monohydrogen-bridged phosphonium diborane, Me2P(CH2BH2)2H, and an azoniaphosphoniabisborata heterocycle, BH 2 CH 2 Me 2 PCH 2 BH 2 N Me2, new BCP-sequenced species, are also reported.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O regulates development and function of the sensory nervous system.

Abstract The roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in differentiation and axon targeting by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are essentially unknown. The type III transmembrane PTP, PTPRO, is expressed in DRG neurons, and is implicated in the guidance of motor and retinal axons. We examined the role of PTPRO in DRG development and function using PTPRO −/− mice. The number of peptidergic nociceptive neurons in the DRG of PTPRO −/− mice was significantly decreased, while the total number of sensory neurons appeared unchanged. In addition, spinal pathfinding by both peptidergic and proprioceptive neurons was abnormal in PTPRO −/− mice. Lastly, PTPRO −/− mice performed abnormally on tests of thermal pain and sensorimotor coordination, suggesting that both nociception and proprioception were perturbed. Our data indicate that PTPRO is required for peptidergic differentiation and process outgrowth of sensory neurons, as well as mature sensory function, and provide the first evidence that RPTPs regulate DRG development.
Techniques of analysis and communication in urban design

Abstract One of the problems faced by planners in the urban design process is that of communication. With a growing interest by the public in the participatory process, it is essential that graphic communication is simple, meaningful and vivid to provide adequate support to conventional verbal and written communication. The pioneering work of Kevin Lynch at Massachusetts Institute of Technology over three decades ago was among the first attempts to provide an understanding of the way in which the citizen understands the urban environment. Work by Lynch's colleagues, Gyorgy Kepes and Donald Appleyard, extends these attempts to encompass psychological data and an understanding of space/time and movement through the city. The latter was paralleled by Gordon Cullen in Britain at the same time with his concept of ‘serial vision’. The author, who studied and worked with all the above, describes his own extension of the techniques in those days. The paper suggests that these early attempts would have been greatly enhanced had present-day three-dimensional computer imaging and animation combined with video technology been available then and the struggle to formulate a satisfactory analytical and design system might have been easier. Three proposals for computer applications in urban design, including serial vision, are put forward and a case study of such applications to a medium sized American city completes the paper, which concludes with a perspective for future technology including computer-generated video animation.
The Effect of Corn Silage Particle Size on Eating Behavior, Chewing Activities, and Rumen Fermentation in Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate effects of reducing corn silage particle size on eating behavior, chewing activity, and rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cows. Four cannulated, multiparous cows averaging 110±4 d in milk and weighing 675±70kg were randomly assigned to a 4×4 Latin square. During each of four 14-d periods, animals were offered one of four diets that were chemically similar but varied in corn silage particle size: short (SH), mostly short (MSH), mostly long (MLG), and long (LG), with a geometric mean particle length of 7.4, 7.8, 8.3, and 8.8mm, respectively. Reducing particle size increased dry matter intake (DMI) linearly (28.0, 26.8, 26.8, and 25.7 kg/d for SH, MSH, MLG, and LG respectively). At 8, 16, and 24h postfeeding, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration of feed remaining in the bunk decreased linearly with reduced particle size. Time spent eating or ruminating was not different across treatments; however, total chewing activity (TC; sum of time spent eating and ruminating) exhibited a quadratic response with highest chewing activities observed for diets with shortest and longest particle size. Eating or ruminating time per kilogram of DMI was not affected by corn silage particle size, but TC per kilogram of DMI decreased linearly with decreasing particle size. In comparison, when expressed as minutes per unit of NDF intake (NDFI), ruminating, and TC were linearly reduced as particle size decreased. Rumen pH was not affected by corn silage particle size even though total concentration of volatile fatty acids increased linearly from 89.1m M /L to 93.6m M /L as diet particle size decreased. A quadratic effect was observed in molar proportion of acetate and propionate with the highest concentration observed in animals consuming diets of intermediate particle size. Results of this experiment suggest that reducing corn silage particle size may increase DMI, positively affect rumen fermentation, and reduce sorting behavior. Because both chewing activity and sorting tendencies increased when proportion of TMR particles>19.0mm increased, results suggest that particle size measurement as estimated by the PSPS is useful in understanding some factors that affect feeding behavior.
The role of crustal strength variations in shaping orogenic plateaus, with application to Tibet

[1] The Tibetan Plateau is the type example of a large orogenic plateau formed as a result of continent-continent collision. The morphology of the plateau and its margins suggests that preexisting variations in crustal strength have influenced the growth of the plateau. We have developed a three-dimensional numerical model of deformation in a viscous crust in order to investigate the effects of lateral heterogeneities on plateau growth. The model includes a two layer crust and allows for lateral variation of viscosity in both the upper and lower layers. Model results indicate that crustal strength variations have a dramatic effect on the morphology and dynamics of a developing plateau. A region of strong crust is characterized by a very steep plateau margin that propagates extremely slowly, does not accommodate significant shortening strain, and is subparallel to local upper and lower crustal velocities. A weak crustal region develops a gently sloping margin; uplift propagates rapidly across the weak zone, and crustal material within the plateau is diverted toward the low-strength region. With a relatively simple distribution of strength variations, corresponding to strong Tarim and Sichuan Basin crust and a weak southeastern corner, our model produces a plateau with many similarities to the Tibetan Plateau, including the overall morphology, rotation around the eastern syntaxis, and E–W extension. Analysis of model results suggests that E–W extension of the central plateau may be related to the rapid eastward flow of crustal material into a weak zone in the SE corner without significant change in plateau elevation.
Formalin fixation in the cytochemical demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase of mitochondria.

A variety of established methods for protecting mitochondria were tested on rat duodenal epithelium during the histochemical assay for succinic dehydrogenase. The use of sucrose at isotonic or hypertonic concentrations, 7.5 per cent polyvinylpyrrolidone, divalent cations, physiological salt solutions, phenazine methosulfate, coenzyme Q10, and menadione failed to improve the quality of the histochemical preparation once fresh frozen sections were prepared. However, preservation of mitochondrial integrity with little diminution in succinic dehydrogenase activity was obtained by fixing tissue slices (less than 1 mm. in thickness) in 8 per cent unneutralized, aqueous formaldehyde from 8 to 16 minutes at from 5° to 10°C. prior to freezing. To offset the inhibition of enzymatic activity it was necessary to extend the incubation period by 10 to 15 minutes. Two-micron-thick sections were easily obtained from the frozen blocks of such fixed tissue and incubated in the unmodified Nitro—BT-succinate medium. Once the optimum conditions for fixation of intestinal epithelium were determined, many other tissues were subjected to the same procedure. From the morphological standpoint the appearance of the mitochondria in these histochemical preparations compares favorably with the results obtained using the classical Regaud iron-hematoxylin staining procedure. With most tissues, the results are superior to those with fresh frozen sections. However, results with muscle, sperm, and kidney tubular epithelium are not as strikingly improved as with gut and liver.
Differential detection of enantiomeric gaseous analytes using carbon black-chiral polymer composite, chemically sensitive resistors.

Carbon black−chiral polymer composites were used to provide diagnostic differential resistance responses in the presence of enantiomers of chiral gaseous analytes. Vapors of (+)-2-butanol and (−)-2-butanol, (+)-α-pinene and (−)-α-pinene, (+)-epichlorohydrin and (−)-epichlorohydrin, and methyl (+)-2-chloropropionate and methyl (−)-2-chloropropionate were generated and passed over a chemically sensitive carbon black−poly((R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate) (77% butyrate) composite resistor. Each enantiomer of a pair produced a distinct relative differential resistance change on the chiral detector, whereas both enantiomers of a set produced identical signals on achiral carbon black−poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (82% ethylene) detectors.
Alterations in prostaglandin catabolism in rats chronically dosed with ethanol

Previous research has demonstrated that prolonged exposure to ethanol results in alterations in the oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid including lowered membrane levels of arachidonate, increased arachidonate peroxidation, and increased oxidation of arachidonate to prostaglandin E2. We now report that in the absence of ethanol, whole homogenates from both lung and kidney of adult Holtzman rats dosed chronically with ethanol (24 gkg24 hr) for 5 weeks differed significantly in their ability to catabolize prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) relative to lung and kidney homogenates from isocalorically treated controls. In the presence of NAD+, NADP+, and [1-14C]PGE2 kidney homogenates from ethanol-treated animals formed significantly less 15-keto-PGE2 than those of control animals. Both specific and total enzyme activities were suppressed in the ethanol-treated animals (3.35 ± 0.67 nmol/min/mg protein versus 6.18 ± 0.96 nmol/min/mg protein for the controls, P < 0.05). Kidney metabolism of PGF2α to 15-keto-PGF2α was significantly depressed in terms of both total and specific activity and a significant amount of 15-keto-PGE2 was formed from PGF2α by the kidney homogenates. Specific activity for the conversion of PGE2 to 15-keto-PGE2 in the lung was suppressed in ethanol-treated animals but the activity per gram tissue was not altered. Lung catabolism of PGF2α was not significantly altered by exposure to ethanol.
Enhanced tunable terahertz generation in photonic band gap structures

We proposed a coherent source based on parametric down-conversion in a photonic crystal. Our design is based on the band edge or defect-mode field enhancement phenomena near a photonic band gap. The numerical results show that a range of bandwidths, intensities, and frequencies up to 12 THz can be obtained.
Predictors of new findings on repeat head CT scan in blunt trauma patients with an initially negative head CT scan.

Background Our goal was to determine the need for a repeat head CT scan when the initial CT was negative. Study Design Data were collected from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2008. There were 281 patients admitted to the trauma center with an initial negative head CT, who had a repeat CT during the same hospitalization. Repeat CTs were categorized into negative/negative (NNG) and negative/positive (NPG) groups. Results There were 281 patients who underwent a repeat head CT for changes in neurologic status, persistent symptoms, follow-up, decreased mental status, or suspected bleed. Of these, 241 patients remained negative (NNG) and new abnormal findings were noted in 40 patients (NPG). There were no differences in sex (NNG, 63% males vs NPG, 75% females; p=0.14) or average age (NNG, 51.6 ± 22.5 years vs NPG, 45.2 ± 24.6 years; p=0.07). There was no difference in positive toxicology (NNG, 29% vs NPG, 30%; p=0.94) or mechanism of injury (NNG, 51% motor vehicle crash [MVC] vs NPG, 62% MVC; p=0.18). There was a significant difference in Injury Severity Score (ISS) (NNG, 10.7 ± 8.1 vs NPG, 17.9 ± 11.0; p=0.0002) and initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (NNG, 12.7 ± 3.5 vs NPG, 10.9 ± 4.2; p=0.006). Patients with an ISS > 15 and who were intubated were associated with an increased odds of having a positive repeat CT scan (odds ratio [OR] 2.6; 95%CI 1.2, 5.5 and OR 3.5; 95% CI, 1.7, 7.3, respectively). Conclusions Patients with a high ISS score and/or those who are intubated have significantly higher odds of having a positive repeat head CT when repeated for follow-up or when clinically warranted.
Evaluation of malingering in the neuropsychological examination of mild head injury

The evaluation of malingering in the neuropsychological examination of mild head injury is a multiple method diagnostic process that takes into consideration injury severity, typical neuropsychological test performance patterns, differential diagnosis of other medical and psychiatric disorders, and the use of neuropsychological indicators of suboptimal effort. Current methods and trends in the evaluation of malingering are reviewed, including the use of specialized tests of effort and motivation and the application of conventional neuropsychological tests. Symptom validity techniques and tests with a multiple-choice format along with statistically-derived univariate and multivariate formulas appear to considerable merit in the detection of suboptimal effort or malingering.
A trial of verapamil in the treatment of stuttering in adults

gene: I~nti~cation of 5’ alternative sphce sites responsible for multiple mRNAs Biochemistry 26:6910-6914. Reich T, Clayton P, Winokur G (1969): Family history studies: V. The genetics of mania. Am J Prychiatry 125:1358-1369. Rigby PWJ, Die&man M, Rhodes C, Berg P (1977): Labelling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I. J Mel Bid 113:237-245. Schikikraut JJ (l%S): The catechoiamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence. Am J Psychiatry 122:509-522. Wahl G, Stem M, Stark GR (1979): Efficient transfer of large DNA fragments from agarose gels to diazo~nzIoxyme~~-Parr and rapid hyb~~zation by using dextran sulfate. Proc Nat1 Acad S’ci USA 76:3683-3687.
Die Struktur der 2‐Acylindol‐Alkaloide Vobasin, Dregamin und Tabernaemontanin

A detailed account of the structure determination of the 2-acylindole alkaloids vobasine (XI11 c), dregamine (XX) and tabernaemontanine (XXI) is presented. The relationship of these compounds to other indole alkaloids is discussed, and brief reference is made to their apparent implication in the formation of voacamine type alkaloids.
Condensation Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of R-134a Flowing in Annular Helical Pipes at Different Orientations

This paper presents an experimental investigation of condensation heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of refrigerant R-134a flowing through an annular helicoidal passage with the hydraulic diameter of 8.5 mm. The angles of helix axis are oriented at 0, 45, 90 degrees to gravity. The overall and refrigerant-side heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops are experimentally determined at saturation temperature 35°C, refrigerant mass flux 35–180 kg/s·m2 , and cooling water temperature 27°C. The results show that orientation has significant influence on the thermal and hydraulic behaviors of the helical pipe. The results can be employed for reference in the effective design of annular helicoidal heat exchangers with R-134a as the working fluid.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Teaching as a Moral Activity: listening to teachers in Russia and the United States

Abstract In 1992, I conducted a study in two schools, the Scarsdale High Alternative School (SAS) in New York, a Kohlbergian Just Community Program for 16 years, headed by Tony Arenella; and Public School No. 825, a kindergarten to senior high school on the outskirts of Moscow, Russia, an experimental school in Developmental Education following the ideas of Lev Vygotsky, headed by Vladimir Karakovsky. This article presents a narrative comparison of the philosophies and practices of the secondary teachers in each school. The teachers’ philosophies seemed to be like Janus, facing in two directions‐‐outward toward the school culture, reflecting each school's shared norms and values, and inward, expressing each person's own values and ways of thinking. It was the influence of each school's culture that created the most striking philosophical differences. Teachers from Russia and the US held only one value in common: community. Other particular norms and values differed almost completely and seem to reflect th...
Label free mid-IR photothermal imaging of bird brain with quantum cascade laser

Label free mid-infrared photothermal imaging on bird brain slices is presented. The Amide-I vibrational band is excited by a quantum cascade laser and an Er:doped fiber measures the photothermal response.
Spin-echo in the phosphorescent triplet state of crystalline 2-indanone

Abstract The relative ordering of the three sublevels of the phosphorescent triplet state of 2-indanone was determined by correlating optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra taken with the sample in a Zeeman field with calculated spectra. Spin coherence was observed in the phosphorescent triplet state of 2-indanone in neat and doped single crystals by conventional and real time detection. The Hahn electron spin-echo signal was observed in real time by a pulse sequence which terminates with a continuous-wave low power field (LPF). The Fourier transform of the echo decay as a function of τ yielded a peak at 9.0 MHz which was attributed by isotopic substitution studies to nuclear coupling of the triplet electrons via the α-protons in the molecule. Dephasing of the Hahn and stimulated spin echo in 2-indanone due to energy trapping was measured with chemically mixed crystals of 2-indanone prepared with varying concentrations of quinoxaline. Energy transfer to quinoxaline which served as a deep trap contributed to the dephasing of the echo.
Measurement of the Decay Parameters of the Λ 0 Particle

The decay parameters of Λ0→π−+p have been measured by observing the polarization of the decay protons by scattering in a carbon-plate spark chamber. The experimental procedure is discussed in some detail. A total of 1156 decays with useful proton scatters was obtained. The results are expressed in terms of polarization parameters, α, β, and γ given below: α=2Resp*(|s|2+|p|2)=+0.62±0.07 β=2Imsp*(|s|2+|p|2)=+0.18±0.24 γ=|s|2−|p|2(|s|2+|p|2)=+0.78±0.06 where s and p are the s- and p-wave decay amplitudes in an effective Hamiltonian s+pσ·p|p|, where p is the momentum of the decay proton in the center-of-mass system of the Λ0, and σ is the Pauli spin operator. The helicity of the decay proton is positive. The ratio |p||s| is 0.36−0.06+0.05 which supports the conclusion that the KΛN parity is odd. The result β=0.18±0.24 is consistent with the value β=0.08 expected on the basis of time-reversal invariance.