cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring tumor growth and treatment in small animals with magnetic resonance and optical tomographic imaging

Small animal models are employed to simulate disease in humans and to study its progression, what factors are important to the disease process, and to study the disease treatment. Biomedical imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Optical Tomography make it possible to non-invasively monitor the progression of diseases in living small animals and study the efficacy of drugs and treatment protocols. MRI is an established imaging modality capable of obtaining high resolution anatomical images and along with contrast agents allow the studying of blood volume. Optical tomography, on the other hand, is an emerging imaging modality, which, while much lower in spatial resolution, can separate the effects of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and blood volume with high temporal resolution. In this study we apply these modalities to imaging the growth of kidney tumors and then there treatment by an anti-VEGF agent. We illustrate how these imaging modalities have their individual uses, but can still supplement each other and cross validation can be performed.
Lumped model analysis of the low frequency generation noise in gold-doped silicon junction-gate field-effect transistors

Abstract The theory of the generation-recombination noise due to trapped charge fluctuation at impurity centers in the transition regions of the junction gate field effect transistors is presented using the lumped equivalent circuit model introduced by Sah. The divergence of the noise power in the saturation range is avoided automatically by the lumped model which gives about 20 percent higher noise resistance value than that obtained from the previous model using analytical cut-off procedure in the gradual channel approximations. Very good agreement between theory and experiments on gold-doped silicon devices are obtained. An excess generation noise component observed near complete channel cut-off is not accounted for by the theory. In addition, a generation noise component (with corner frequency about 5 kHz) due to the presence of high concentration of mobile carriers in the edge of the transition regions is observed. Optimum low noise situation is also discussed.
Charge cycling and impedance characterization of a polyphosphazene solid polymer electrolyte-manganese(IV) oxide intercalation cathode

Abstract The compatibility of polyphosphazene (PPZ) polymer electrolytes with MnO 2 /C/SPE intercalation cathodes (IC) was investigated. Three-layered laminates of a phosphazene-based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) film sandwiched between two MnO 2 -based ICs (one preloaded with lithium) were constructed. The cathodes were fabricated by either solvent casting or compression techniques. Two different crystal forms of manganese(IV) oxide—λ-MnO 2 and γ-MnO 2 —were employed, together with methoxy ethoxy ethoxy PPZ (MEEP) SPE binder material. Carbon black was employed as the electronically conductive phase. One cathode in each laminate was prepared in the ‘chemically intercalated’ form by using LiMn 2 O 4 in place of MnO 2 . The podand polymer, SMEP, which has better thin film mechanical properties than does MEEP, was complexed with lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate (Li triflate) and used as the SPE. Li + ions were cycled galvanostatically between the two-ICs, through the phosphazene-based SPE layer. The performance of the cell was continuously monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and by measuring the laminate thickness and voltage drop. The method of cathode fabrication (casting vs. pressing) was found to be the primary factor influencing the cycle life.
Light element geochemistry and spallogenesis in lunar rocks

Abundance and isotopic compositions are measured for the very volatile elements carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in 11 lunar rocks representing a wide spectrum of textures and compositions. Samples were combusted sequentially at three temperatures in order to remove terrestrial contaminants before melting the lunar rock and liberating lunar volatiles. The combustion results indicate very little terrestrial sulfur contamination, with sulfur contents correlated with the TiO2 contents of the basalts analyzed. Sulfur isotopic compositions are remarkably uniform and similar to the Canon Diablo meteorite standard. Nitrogen levels are found to be no greater than those obtained with procedural blanks, corresponding to abundances less than 0.1 microg/g. Stable nitrogen isotope measurements indicate a spallogenic N-15 production rate of 4.1 x 10 to the -6th microg N-15/g sample/million years, in agreement with previous estimates. No indigenous carbon in excess of procedural blank levels of about 0.7 microg/g is found in lunar basalts. Levels of 1 to 5 microg/g found in highland rocks may derive from meteoritic or terrestrial sources. The average measured spallogenic C-13 production rate is 4.1 x 10 to the -6th microg C-13/g sample/million years.
A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative

In the beginning was the story Or rather: many stories, of many places, in many voices, pointing toward many ends.
Fluorescence characterization of chemical microenvironments in hydrophobically modified chitosan

In this work we use the steady state and time-resolved fluorescence of free and enzyme-bound fluorophores to characterize the binding capacity of both unmodified and hydrophobically modified chitosan polymers. Additionally, fluorescence emission is used to qualitatively characterize the extent to which hydrophobic modification of the chitosan polymer affects the relative polarity of the resultant amphiphillic micelles. In total, these results are used to describe how fluorescence techniques can be used to characterize the chemical microenvironment provided by immobilization polymers such as chitosan. Commentary is also given on how this information can be correlated to enzyme activity and spatial distribution during the immobilization processes.
Design and evaluation of automated checks for signal processing applications

Most of the signal processing application programs involve computationally intensive iterative steps. In such programs, various failures in the underlying hardware manifest as control-flow errors that affect the reliability of the computed results. Various techniques have been proposed in the past to detect and recover from such control-flow errors. Unfortunately, all these techniques need either additional hardware or modification of the hardware and are not portable across various platforms. To circumvent these limitations, recently we have developed a high-level control-flow checking approach using assertions (CCA). In CCA, branch-free intervals in a given high-level language program are identified and the entry and exit points of the intervals are fortified through pre-inserted assertions. In this paper we describe an implementation of CCA through a pre-processor that will automatically insert the necessary assertions into a high-level language program. Based on the implementation we study the fault detection capabilities of CCA with the help of fault injection experiments using FERRARI.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Design and Development of An Artificial Neural Network for Estimation of Formation Permeability

Permeability is one of the most important characteristics of hydrocarbon-bearing formations and one of the most important pieces of information in the design and management of enhanced recovery operations. With accurate knowledge of permeability, petroleum engineers can manage the production process of a field efficiently. Although formation permeability is often measured in the laboratory from cores or evaluated from well-test data, core analysis and well-test data are only available from a few wells in a field, while the majority of wells are logged. In this study, the authors have designed an artificial neural network that can accurately predict the permeability of the formations by use of the data provided by geophysical well logs. Artificial neural network, a biologically inspired computing method which has an ability to learn, self-adjust, and be trained, provides a powerful tool in solving pattern recognition problems.
The Mode of Action of Nihydrazone Against Cecal Coccidiosis in Chickens

Abstract INTRODUCTION HISTOLOGICAL studies on the tissue phases of Eimeria tenella and medication experiments timed to correspond with the various stages in the life cycle of the parasite have indicated that drugs which most effectively reduce the pathological effects of the parasite act principally on the second generation schizonts and merozoites. Farr and Wehr (1947) produced evidence that sulfamethazine was effective against several stages of Eimeria tenella but the most pronounced effects were against second generation schizonts and merozoites. Cuckler, Malanga and Ott (1956) showed through histopathological observations and other studies that merozoites of the second generation schizonts were suppressed by nicarbazin. McLoughlin and Wehr (1960) substantiated the latter findings when they demonstrated the activity of nicarbazin against Eimeria tenella second generation schizonts. Horton-Smith and Long (1952) showed that nitrofurazone was primarily effective against second generation schizonts and that the effects were coccidiostatic and coccidiocidal. Horton-Smith (1957) suggested that a drug …
Civic Inequalities? Immigrant Incorporation and Latina Mothers' Participation in Their Children's Schools:

Researchers often find that Latinos' racial/ethnic and immigrant background characteristics are associated with barriers to their incorporation and acceptance into mainstream civic institutions. Us...
Thalamic stimulation for midbrain tremor after partial hemangioma resection.

We describe a patient with disabling medication-resistant midbrain tremor developed after partial hemangioma resection, who responded to deep brain stimulation of the thalamus.
The Occurrence of Contogenys-Like Lizards in the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary of the Western Interior of the U.S.A.

ABSTRACT Based on diagnostic jaw and dental material from the Cenomanian—middle Paleocene of the western U.S.A., we erect a new fossil lizard taxon, Contogeniidae taxon nov., that contains the following species: Contogenys sloani Estes, 1969 (Maastrichtian—early Paleocene, Montana); Contogenys ekalakaensis sp. nov. (middle Paleocene, Montana); Palaeoscincosaurus middletoni Sullivan and Lucas, 1996 (early Paleocene, Colorado); Palaeoscincosaurus pharkidodon sp. nov. (Campanian, Utah); Utahgenys evansi gen. et sp. nov. (Turonian, Utah); and Utahgenys sp. indet. (Cenomanian, Utah). These taxa share unique characteristics of tooth and jaw morphologies (e.g., tooth crowns truncate and bearing longitudinal apical grooves; hypertrophied inferior alveolar canal). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that among squamates, Contogeniidae taxon nov. is most closely related to Xantusiidae.
Role of the Skp1 prolyl-hydroxylation/glycosylation pathway in oxygen dependent submerged development of Dictyostelium

Oxygen sensing is a near universal signaling modality that, in eukaryotes ranging from protists such as Dictyostelium and Toxoplasma to humans, involves a cytoplasmic prolyl 4-hydroxylase that utilizes oxygen and α-ketoglutarate as potentially rate-limiting substrates. A divergence between the animal and protist mechanisms is the enzymatic target: the animal transcriptional factor subunit hypoxia inducible factor-α whose hydroxylation results in its poly-ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, and the protist E3SCFubiquitin ligase subunit Skp1 whose hydroxylation might control the stability of other proteins. In Dictyostelium, genetic studies show that hydroxylation of Skp1 by PhyA, and subsequent glycosylation of the hydroxyproline, is required for normal oxygen sensing during multicellular development at an air/water interface. Because it has been difficult to detect an effect of hypoxia on Skp1 hydroxylation itself, the role of Skp1 modification was investigated in a submerged model of Dictyostelium development dependent on atmospheric hyperoxia. In static isotropic conditions beneath 70-100% atmospheric oxygen, amoebae formed radially symmetrical cyst-like aggregates consisting of a core of spores and undifferentiated cells surrounded by a cortex of stalk cells. Analysis of mutants showed that cyst formation was inhibited by high Skp1 levels via a hydroxylation-dependent mechanism, and spore differentiation required core glycosylation of Skp1 by a mechanism that could be bypassed by excess Skp1. Failure of spores to differentiate at lower oxygen correlated qualitatively with reduced Skp1 hydroxylation. We propose that, in the physiological range, oxygen or downstream metabolic effectors control the timing of developmental progression via activation of newly synthesized Skp1.
Modeling of the retention of organic contaminants in porous media of uniform spherical particles

Abstract A theoretical model for the retention of organic contaminants in porous media is developed to predict the magnitude of the retention and to identify the parameters governing the retention process. The theoretical approach is based on the principles of capillary retention and is applied to porous media of equal spherical particles. The retention process is found to be affected by system parameters such as wettability, particle size and porosity. It is also found that the retention is significantly affected by the pore geometry. These findings explain available experimental results which previously appeared conflicting with regard to the effect of parameters such as particle size and porosity on the retention. Depending upon the medium pore geometry, the model predicts that the retention either increases or remains unaffected with a decrease in particle size. Also, over some ranges of medium porosity, the retention is predicted to increase with medium porosity while the reverse trend is found over other ranges of porosity. The predicted trends of behavior for the retention are compared with available experimental results and a good agreement is observed. For a completely wetting fluid and over a wide range of porosity and particle size, the model predicts that the retention is generally in the range of 12–24% of pore volume.
How do users think about ubiquitous computing

As ubiquitous computing technology migrates into the home environment, there has been a concurrent effort to allow users to build and customize such technologies to suit their own specific needs. Many tools have been built to enable users with little or no programming knowledge to build such applications. Despite the de-emphasis on programming, however, these tools are often device-centric, rather than user-centric. In this paper, we investigate how people describe and conceptualize ubiquitous computing applications and technology. We examine how people naturally express ideas for novel applications to build conceptual models upon which to base future interfaces for creating ubiquitous computing applications.
Valacyclovir prophylaxis for herpes simplex virus infection or infection recurrence following laser skin resurfacing.

Background. The CO2 laser for cutaneous resurfacing has been associated with the reactivation of herpes simplex virus (HSV), causing delayed reepithelialization and scarring. Antiviral agents appear to be effective in reducing reactivation, however, the optimal therapeutic regimen has yet to be clearly defined. Objective. To assess the reactivation rates of HSV after CO2 laser resurfacing in patients who received prophylactic valacyclovir for either 10 or 14 days. Methods. One hundred twenty patients received valacyclovir 500 mg twice a day for either 10 or 14 days starting the day prior to facial laser resurfacing. Serology levels and consecutive Tzank preparations were obtained to determine past exposure to HSV and the presence of virus. Results. No patients in either group developed an HSV infection or had a recurrence. Conclusion. These results support the use of valacyclovir in a 10- or 14-day regimen as a preventive agent against HSV outbreaks following facial laser resurfacing.
Reconceptualizing quantitative and qualitative methods: a case study dealing with place as an exemplar.

A useful framework for understanding methods is to think of them as being on a continuum of holistic and pattern focused to particularistic and specific. This paper argues for this conceptualization rather than thinking of quantitative and qualitative methods as oppositional and potentially contradictory. A case study provides an example of using both quantitative and qualitative methods in a holistic and pattern-focused study, while also attending to the values and goals of community psychology. The substantive research goal is to understand a child's experience of places related to school. Methods include ethnographic long-term participation and observation, interviews, multidimensional scaling, and social network analysis. Most quantitative method variables are generated from study participant; no outside structure is imposed. The quantitative methods extend and inform the qualitative methods, just as the qualitative methods extend and inform the quantitative methods. The quantitative and qualitative methods work reciprocally to extend and inform each other.
The organization and repair of mammalian DNA.

have developed a reliable automated neutral sucrose gradient system which yields precise size estimates of native mammalian DNA and meas- urements of double-strand break induction and repair. In this review of my laboratory’s work I propose to show (1) that large pieces of native mammalian DNA can be measured on our gradients, (2) the size of this DNA, (3) that this DNA consists of subunits joined together in tandem by linkages, (4) that double-strand breaks in the DNA subunits and cleavage of the linkages are both repaired with what appears to be a first order kinetics, dose-independent, rejoining rate. I shall also suggest two models, one for the organization of the DNA in the mammalian chromosome and the other for the explanation of cell survival curves in terms of DNA double-strand breaks. 2. Sedimentation of high molecular weight mammalian DNA The DNA of exponentionally growing L5 178Y mouse leukemia cells was uniformly labeled in the template strand (l-0.1 dpm/cell). This DNA sedi- ments, with an apparent mol. wt. of 6.5 X log, in a sharp, monodisperse (M,/M,., = 1 .Ol) peak, having traversed about 65% of the gradient length (GLT) after 1.5 hr at 30 000 rpm. The labeled cells have a growth rate within 20% of that of unlabeled controls. A complete analysis of variance,
The factor V Leiden mutation is not a common cause of recurrent miscarriage

Abstract Some investigators suggest that placental thrombosis and infarction can cause recurrent miscarriage. We have shown that the common missense mutation in the factor V gene, the Leiden mutation, which renders factor Va resistant to cleavage inactivation by activated protein C, predisposes to placental thrombosis and spontaneous miscarriage. Our objective was to determine the frequency of the Leiden mutation in a population with well-characterized idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. DNA was extracted from whole blood of 40 couples with a history of idiopathic recurrent miscarriage and 25 couples with a history of proven fertility (seven or more live births). The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify exon 10 of the factor V gene followed by allele-specific restriction with Mnl 1 for mutation detection. Results were analyzed with a χ 2 contingency table. None of the 40 women with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage carried the mutation and only one of their reproductive partners was heterozygous for the mutation. Similarly, none of the control women carried the mutation, and only one of the 25 control male partners was heterozygous for the mutation. In our referral population, the factor V Leiden mutation which predisposes to thrombosis is not a common cause of recurrent miscarriage.
Spatial light modulation with an azobenzene-doped polymer by use of biphotonic holography.

Spatial light modulation by use of a biphotonic holographic grating has been demonstrated in an azobenzene-doped polymer film. The mechanism of incoherent-to-coherent optical conversion originates from the photoinduced trans?cis isomerization of azobenzene molecules by two color lights. It is also found that when the intensity of the blue beam is varied the output replica of the input information changes sign.
Orbital Ordering and Frustration of p-Band Mott Insulators

We investigate the general structure of orbital exchange physics in Mott-insulating states of $p$-orbital systems in optical lattices. Orbital orders occur in both the triangular and kagome lattices. In contrast, orbital exchange in the honeycomb lattice is frustrated as described by a novel quantum 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} model. Its classical ground states are mapped into configurations of the fully packed loop model with an extra $U(1)$ rotation degree of freedom. Quantum orbital fluctuations select a six-site plaquette ground state ordering pattern in the semiclassical limit from the ``order from disorder'' mechanism. This effect arises from the appearance of a zero energy flat band of orbital excitations.
Progressive supranuclear palsy: phenotypic sex differences in a clinical cohort.

We examined sex-based differences in phenotypic expression among a consecutive clinical series of 121 individuals diagnosed with probable progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). For both men (44%) and women (56%), the age at symptomatic onset (66.2 and 68.5 years, respectively) and disease duration (4.6 and 4.3 years, respectively) were similar. The overwhelming majority of sex-based comparisons showed no significant difference on a variety of demographic, historical, and clinical characteristics, as well as measures of disease progression. The only differences observed were that men had significantly worse tremor as measured by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale tremor subscore (0.9 for men and 0.3 for women, P < 0.01) and men had a significantly higher mean body mass index (BMI; 28.2 for men and 25.1 for women, P = 0.01), although these differences were not significant after Bonferroni correction. In general, the disease phenotype was similar between men and women, suggesting that sex may have little or no influence on the development, expression, or progression of the PSP phenotype. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF GENISTEIN-TOPOTECAN COMBINATION IN PROSTATE CANCER CELLS

Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of death in men aged 40 to 55. Genistein isoflavone (4′ ,5 ′, 7-trihydroxyisoflavone) is a dietary phytochemical with demonstrated anti-tumour activities in a variety of cancers. Topotecan Hydrochloride (Hycamtin) is an FDA-approved chemotherapy drug, primarily used for secondary treatment of ovarian, cervical and small cell lung cancers. This study was to demonstrate the potential anticancer efficacy of genistein-topotecan combination in LNCaP prostate cancer cells and the mechanism of the combination treatment. The LNCaP cells were grown in complete RPMI medium, and cultured at 37°C, 5% CO 2 for 24–48 hrs to achieve 70–90% confluency. The cells were treated with varying concentrations of genistein, topotecan and genistein-topotecan combination and incubated for 24 hrs. The treated cells were assayed for (i) post-treatment sensitivity using MTT assay and DNA fragmentation, (ii) treatment-induced apoptosis using caspase-3 and -9 binding assays and (iii) treatment-induced ROS generation levels. The overall data indicated that (i) both genistein and topotecan induce cellular death in LNCaP cells, (ii) genistein-topotecan combination was significantly more efficacious in reducing LNCaP cell viability compared with either genistein or topotecan alone, (iii) in all cases, cell death was primarily through apoptosis, via the activation of caspase-3 and -9, which are involved in the intrinsic pathway, (iv) ROS generation levels increased significantly with the genistein-topotecan combination treatment. Treatments involving genistein-topotecan combination may prove to be an attractive alternative phytotherapy or adjuvant therapy for prostate cancer.
Type II quantum algorithms

Abstract We review and analyze the hybrid quantum-classical NMR computing methodology referred to as Type II quantum computing. We show that all such algorithms considered so far within this paradigm are equivalent to some classical lattice Boltzmann scheme. We derive a sufficient and necessary constraint on the unitary operator representing the quantum mechanical part of the computation which ensures that the model reproduces the Boltzmann approximation of a lattice-gas model satisfying semi-detailed balance. Models which do not satisfy this constraint represent new lattice Boltzmann schemes which cannot be formulated as the average over some underlying lattice-gas. We conclude the paper with some discussion of the strengths, weaknesses and possible future direction of Type II quantum computing.
Effects of continuous nitrogen application and nitrogen preconditioning on nodulation and growth ofCeanothus griseus varhorizontalis

Rooted cuttings ofCeanothus griseus varhorizontalis were irrigated with 0, 10, 20, 50, 75 or 100ppm nitrogen as NH4NO3 for eight weeks prior to inoculation with infectiveFrankia. After inoculation, half of the plants for each treatment nitrogen level continued to be irrigated with the preconditioning nitrogen level and half were given no more supplemental nitrogen. For plants continuously receiving nitrogen, nodule initiation (nodule number) was inversely correlated with increasing supplemental nitrogen levels, and suppressed above 50 ppm N. Leaf nitrogen above 2% in continuous-N plants correlated with greatly reduced or suppressed nodulation. Plants maintained after inoculation without supplemental nitrogen showed influence of the prior nitrogen treatment on nodulation. Preconditioning at 50 ppm and above greatly reduced the number of nodules formed. The evidence suggests that stored internal nitrogen can regulate nodulation. Plant biomass accumulated maximally when nodulation was suppressed, at 75 and 100 ppm supplemental N applied continuously. Internode elongation during the nodulation period occurred only on nodulated plants, or in the presence of supplemental N (10 ppm and above).
Preservice Elementary Teachers’ Ideas About Scientific Practices

With the goal of producing scientifically literate citizens who are able to make informed decisions and reason critically when science intersects with their everyday lives, the National Research Council (NRC) has produced two recent documents that call for a new approach to K-12 science education that is based on scientific practices, crosscutting concepts, and disciplinary core ideas. These documents will potentially influence future state standards and K-12 curricula. Teachers will need support in order to teach science using a practices based approach, particularly if they do not have strong science backgrounds, which is often the case with elementary teachers. This study investigates one cohort (n = 19) of preservice elementary teachers’ ideas about scientific practices, as developed in a one-semester elementary science teaching methods course. The course focused on eight particular scientific practices, as defined by the National Research Council’s A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas (2012). Participants’ written reflections, lesson plans and annotated teaching videos were analyzed in fine detail to better understand their ideas about what it means to engage in each of the practices. The findings suggest that preservice elementary teachers hold promising ideas about scientific practices (such as an emphasis on argumentation and communication between scientists, critical thinking, and answering and asking questions as the goal of science) as well as problematic ideas (including confusion over the purpose of modeling and the process of analysis, and conflating argumentation and explanation building). These results highlight the strengths and limitations of using the Framework (NRC 2012) as an instructional text and the difficulties of differentiating between preservice teachers’ content knowledge about doing the practices and their pedagogical knowledge about teaching the practices.
The dietary management of the patient with a fractured jaw

Abstract The maintenance of an adequate nutritional state in the patient with a fractured jaw is often a problem, for such patients often lose a considerable amount of weight during the period of immobilization. The main objective of this article has been to focus attention on one largely neglected area of total patient care, namely, dietary supervision. One rational method of dealing with this problem has been presented, with the results of five cases studied. General dietary considerations have been discussed and guidelines that were used in the construction of the diets used have been presented.
The Metamorphosis ; or a phenomenology of teaching

Can we creatively bring our intellectual interests to bear on how we talk about teaching? Can our teaching shape how we understand and go about our scholarship? This article addresses and attempts ...
A Validation Study of the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (Mars

The Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS) was given to two groups of undergraduates. The first group also completed a questionnaire on their background in mathematics; the second, the Suinn Test Anxiety Behavior Scale (STABS). In both studies Humanities majors scored higher in mathematical anxiety than did Social Science majors who in turn had higher MARS scores than did Physical Science majors. In the first study females had significantly higher MARS scores than did males, but these sex differences did not replicate. In further validation of the MARS there was an inverse relationship between high MARS scores and (a) number of years of high school mathematics, (b) number of terms of Calculus, and (c) grades achieved in high school mathematics. Higher MARS scores were positively correlated with dislike of mathematics, a self-report of anxiety about the subject, the length of time such anxiety had persisted, and test anxiety as measured by the STABS.
Field potentials of alpha and gamma motoneurons and Renshaw cells in response to activation of motor axons

Abstract The antidromic action potentials evoked in alpha and gamma motoneurons by stimulation of motor axons in peripheral nerves were located with reference to the histology of the ventral horn of the deafferented cat spinal cord using a contour mapping technique. The regions of the maximum sinks of alpha and gamma motoneurons were essentially co-extensive, indicating that the motoneurons of a given muscle nerve, whether of alpha or gamma size, are located in the same part of the gray matter. The Renshaw-cell field potentials studied in the same animals showed a maximum sink in the ventral part of lamina VII, the same region in which most single Renshaw cells have been found.
The parietal cell mass: growth hormone relationship in man.

The maximal histamine response in 3 untreated patients with acromegaly was significantly elevated. To determine whether chronic subclinical elevations of growth hormone might be responsible for the enlarged parietal cell mass in patients with duodenal ulcer, control mechanisms of growth hormone in these patients were challenged with arginine and glucose. No abnormalities of growth hormone control were found. There was no apparent relation between the growth hormone response to arginine and the maximal histamine response in patients with duodenal ulcer.
The double dividend, second-best worlds, and real-world environmental policy

Abstract The recent series of papers by Bovemberg, Goulder, Parry and others argue that the double dividend is unlikely to exist because of second-best problems. They argue that the imposition of environmental tax in an economy already distorted by income taxes will further distort the economy by reducing incentives to supply labor. Our paper argues that this is not likely to be the case because of the restrictive assumptions made by these models, and because of the role of the environment as a factor of production.
Reaction of chlorine nitrate with hydrogen chloride and water at Antarctic stratospheric temperatures

Laboratory studies of heterogeneous reactions important for ozone depletion over Antarctica are reported. The reaction of chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) with H2O and HCl on surfacers that simulate polar stratospheric clouds are studied at temperatures relevant to the Antarctic stratosphere. The gaseous products of the resulting reactions, HOCl, Cl2O, and Cl2, could readily photolyze in the Antarctic spring to produce active chlorine for ozone depletion. Furthermore, the additional formation of condensed-phase HNO3 could serve as a sink for odd nitrogen species that would otherwise scavenge the active chlorine.
Aronszajn trees and the successors of a singular cardinal

From large cardinals we obtain the consistency of the existence of a singular cardinal ? of cofinality ? at which the Singular Cardinals Hypothesis fails, there is a bad scale at ? and ? ++ has the tree property. In particular this model has no special ? +-trees.
Measuring the Digital Divide in the United States: Race, Income, and Personal Computer Ownership

This article demonstrates how the Lorenz Curve and the Gini coefficient can be used to measure inequalities in home personal computer (PC) ownership in the United States at the national, regional, and state levels. Our empirical investigation, based on supplemental data from the Current Population Survey of the U.S. Census, indicates that income inequalities are substantially smaller within white households owning a PC than African American households, at all geographic scales. While income inequalities among PC owners (households) have decreased between 1994 and 2001 in all regions and states, the magnitude of this inequality has declined more rapidly among whites compared to African Americans.
Lower bound to the feedback capacity of the colored Gaussian noise channel

We present a new lower bound on the feedback capacity of the colored Gaussian noise channel. Under the assumption of large power, this lower bound is shown to be strictly larger than the non-feedback capacity. Insight into the role of the feedback and the capacity-achieving strategy have been obtained.
Major and minor depression in female adolescents: onset, course, symptom presentation, and demographic associations†

We examined the epidemiology and phenomenology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and minor depression among a community sample of 496 female adolescents. Diagnostic interviews were conducted annually for 7 years, allowing us to examine onset, course, and symptom presentation among participants 12 through 20 years old. Approximately 1 of 6 girls experienced MDD. MDD episodes had a mean duration of 5.3 months (SD=4.2). One-year prevalence for MDD peaked at age 16 (5.3%). White racial status and younger age were associated with greater worthlessness and suicidality during an MDD episode. One of 5 girls met criteria for minor depression. Adolescents from racial/ethnic minority groups were at especially high risk for minor depression. Adolescence is a high-risk period for depression in young women, although its prevalence and phenomenology vary as a function of age and race/ethnicity.
Contact and Channel 3rd-Order Nonlinearity in III-N HFETs

A novel technique to reveal the contact and channel components of third-order nonlinearities in III-nitride heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) is presented. We demonstrate close correspondence between the third-order intermodulation power (IM3) obtained from dc I-V's and directly from two-tone radio-frequency measurements. The transmission-line-method patterns have been used to extract separately the contact- and channel-related sources of nonlinearity. Relative contributions of mobility-field dependence and gate-bias-induced nonlinearities are compared. Contact and channel nonlinearity coefficients are found to have opposite signs, thus allowing for HFET design with contact and channel nonlinearities mutually compensating each other, which results in improved overall device linearity.
THE TRANSITION TO AIR BREATHING IN FISHES III. EFFECTS OF BODY SIZE AND AQUATIC HYPOXIA ON THE AERIAL GAS EXCHANGE OF THE SWAMP EEL SYNBRANCHUS MARMORATUS

SUMMARY Synbranchus marmoratus (Bloch) breathes air during terrestrial excursions and while dwelling in hypoxic water and utilizes its gills and adjacent buccopharyngeal epithelium as an air-breathing organ (ABO). This fish uses gills and skin for aquatic respiration in normoxic (air-saturated) water but when exposed to progressive aquatic hypoxia it becomes a metabolic O2 conformer until facultative air breathing is initiated. The threshold Pwc>2 (aquatic O2 tension or partial pressure in mmHg) that elicits air breathing in S. marmoratus is higher in larger fish. However, neither air-breathing threshold nor the blood haemoglobin (Hb) concentration of this species were changed following hypoxia (Pwo2 indicating that virtually no respiratory CO2 is released to air by this fish. CO2 extrusion therefore must occur aquatically either continuously across another exchange surface or intermittently across the gills during intervals between air breaths. This study with S. marmoratus from Panama reveals physiological differences between this population and populations in South America. The greater Hb content of South American 5. marmoratus may be the result of different environmental selection pressures.
My Philosophy of Law

I have not yet worked out a complete philosophy of law, and the partial philosophy I do have is addressed merely to law in developed western societies, especially in the United States and Great Britain. I am ultimately striving for an overall synthesis that takes due account of the major contributions of the four great branches of legal theory: natural law thought, positivism, instrumentalist theory, and historical jurisprudence. I do not classify the totality of my own work as representative of any one of these branches, though I have published books and articles in which I attempt to contribute to various aspects of the first three.1
Study of different lattice formulations of a Yukawa model with a real scalar field

Abstract We determine the phase structure and properties of a 4D lattice model with a real scalar field interacting with staggered fermions via a local Yukawa interaction. For large bare Yukawa coupling, the phase diagram differs significantly from that for the model with a hypercubic Yukawa interaction; in particular, we find a new symmetric phase in which fermions are massive. We comment on implications for extracting regularization scheme-independent continuum physics from lattice scalar-fermion models.
China MV distribution network benchmark for network integrated of renewable and distributed energy resources

A China MV distribution network benchmark and a common testing basis for the integration of renewable and distributed energy resources (DER) were proposed in this paper. Typical China MV distribution network structure and load information of nodes were also proposed in the benchmark, which can be applied in testing the standardization and integration of renewable and DER. The validity of the benchmark and testing basis was evaluated by a model system integrated with renewable and DER. The results demonstrate the practicability and effectiveness that the benchmark to analyze and verify the integration of renewable and DER.
Effect of lysosomal cationic proteins from polymorphonuclear leukocytes upon the fibrinogen and fibrinolysis system

Heterogeneous lysosomal cationic proteins from PMN leukocytes contain substances exhibiting in vitro (1) Anticoagulant activity; (2) Fibrinogen precipitating activity; (3) Fibrin polymerizing-precipitating activity; (4) Plasminogen activator activity; and (5) Direct fibrinogenolytic and fibrinolytic activity. The anticoagulant activity is not blocked by serum or SBTI. The plasminogen activator, stable at acid pH, is blocked by EACA. An acid-labile direct fibrinogenolytic and fibrinolytic activity, stable at neutral pH, is incompletely blocked by the plasmin inhibitor, SBTI.
Postnatal care by provider type and neonatal death in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis.

Background Globally postnatal care (PNC) of the newborn is being promoted as a strategy to reduce neonatal deaths, yet few studies have looked at associations between early PNC and neonatal outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study we look at the associations of PNC provided on day 1 and by day 7 of life by type of provider – skilled (doctor, midwife or nurse or unskilled (traditional birth attendant or community health worker) on neonatal death on days 2 to 7 and days 2 to 28.
Interactions between Auxin Transport and the Actin Cytoskeleton in Developmental Polarity of Fucus distichus Embryos in Response to Light and Gravity

Land plants orient their growth relative to light and gravity through complex mechanisms that require auxin redistribution. Embryos of brown algae use similar environmental stimuli to orient their developmental polarity. These studies of the brown algae Fucus distichus examined whether auxin and auxin transport are also required during polarization in early embryos and to orient growth in already developed tissues. These embryos polarize with the gravity vector in the absence of a light cue. The auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and auxin efflux inhibitors, such as naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), reduced environmental polarization in response to gravity and light vectors. Young rhizoids are negatively phototropic, and NPA also inhibits rhizoid phototropism. The effect of IAA and NPA on gravity and photopolarization is maximal within 2.5 to 4.5 h after fertilization (AF). Over the first 6 h AF, auxin transport is relatively constant, suggesting that developmentally controlled sensitivity to auxin determines the narrow window during which NPA and IAA reduce environmental polarization. Actin patches were formed during the first hour AF and began to photolocalize within 3 h, coinciding with the time of NPA and IAA action. Treatment with NPA reduced the polar localization of actin patches but not patch formation. Latrunculin B prevented environmental polarization in a time frame that overlaps the formation of actin patches and IAA and NPA action. Latrunculin B also altered auxin transport. Together, these results indicate a role for auxin in the orientation of developmental polarity and suggest interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and auxin transport in F. distichus embryos.
Crystallization and preliminary diffraction analysis of a group I ribozyme from bacteriophage Twort

Group I introns are catalytic RNAs that are capable of performing a variety of phosphotransesterification reactions including self-splicing and RNA cleavage. The reactions are efficient, accurate and dependent only on the presence of guanosine-nucleotide substrate and sufficient magnesium ion to stabilize the structure of the RNA. To understand how the group I intron active-site facilitates catalysis, crystals of a 242-nucleotide ribozyme bound to a four-nucleotide product RNA have been produced that diffract to 3.6 A resolution. The space group of these crystals is I212121 and the unit-cell parameters are a = 94.6, b = 141.0, c = 210.9 A. A single heavy-atom derivative has been synthesized by covalent modification of the product RNA with iodine.
Harmonic interactions in thyristor controlled reactor circuits

Harmonics that arise from the interaction of thyristor-controlled reactors (TCRs) and power systems are difficult to analyze. Two methods are described. The first develops a Fourier matrix model for the TCR. The coupling between the harmonics through the system impedance is clearly shown. The second method uses state-variable analysis to write the system equations for a circuit containing TCR. The system of equations that result are linear with time-varying coefficients. Using linear system theory, statements on resonance conditions can be made. >
On the Pricing of Natural Gas Pipeline Capacity

Pipelines play a critical role in matching the supply and demand of natural gas. The pricing of their capacity is an important problem in practice for pipeline companies and the users of this capacity, which include shippers such as natural gas merchants, producers, and local distribution companies. This paper conducts a normative analysis of how pipeline capacity should be priced by each of these players. Although the trading value of this capacity should be relevant to merchants and its substitution and congestion values to shippers and pipelines, respectively, this analysis shows that all of these are equivalent values. Thus pipeline capacity should be priced at its trading value, a prediction that can be empirically investigated. This paper also conducts an empirical analysis of this prediction based on transacted prices of transport contracts for the capacity of the Tennessee Gas Pipeline, a major interstate pipeline in the United States, and finds support for it. This analysis suggests that the uncertainty in the evolution of natural gas prices is an important driver of operational performance in the pricing of pipeline capacity. The results of this paper have potential relevance for the pricing of the capacity of other commodity conversion assets.
Supporting community-building in digital libraries: a pilot study of library thing

Digital libraries should improve their support of social interactions, especially the building of communities around and within themselves, to integrate better with social groups and communities across boundaries. This poster reports on ongoing work that has developed an online survey instrument to measure support for community-building activities in digital libraries. In a small pilot sample of users of Library Thing, the level of support for community-building was low and the social networks of participants with regard to Library Thing and its users were not wide-ranging or dense. Community-building activity occurred, but without the support of Library Thing as a boundary object. Continuing research will survey larger samples from a broader population, add open-ended questions to the instrument, and incorporate qualitative methods, improving validity and generalizability. This research into community-building in Library Thing and other digital libraries will contribute to the important tasks of learning more about and improving support for the social contexts of digital libraries.