cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gaussian Conditional Random Fields for Aggregation of Operational Aerosol Retrievals

We present a Gaussian conditional random field model for the aggregation of aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals from multiple satellite instruments into a joint retrieval. The model provides aggregated retrievals with higher accuracy and coverage than any of the individual instruments while also providing an estimation of retrieval uncertainty. The proposed model finds an optimal temporally smoothed combination of individual retrievals that minimizes the root-mean-squared error of AOD retrieval. We evaluated the model on five years (2006-2010) of satellite data over North America from five instruments (Aqua and Terra MODIS, MISR, SeaWiFS, and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument), collocated with ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network ground-truth AOD readings, clearly showing that the aggregation of different sources leads to improvements in the accuracy and coverage of AOD retrievals.
Unifying barrier and point-to-point synchronization in OpenMP with phasers

OpenMP is a widely used standard for parallel programing on a broad range of SMP systems. In the OpenMP programming model, synchronization points are specified by implicit or explicit barrier operations. However, certain classes of computations such as stencil algorithms need to specify synchronization only among particular tasks/threads so as to support pipeline parallelism with better synchronization efficiency and data locality than wavefront parallelism using all-to-all barriers. In this paper, we propose two new synchronization constructs in the OpenMP programming model, thread-level phasers and iteration level phasers to support various synchronization patterns such as point-to-point synchronizations and sub-group barriers with neighbor threads. Experimental results on three platforms using numerical applications show performance improvements of phasers over OpenMP barriers of up to 1.74× on an 8-core Intel Nehalem system, up to 1.59× on a 16-core Core-2-Quad system and up to 1.44× on a 32-core IBM Power7 system. It is reasonable to expect larger increases on future manycore processors.
Clostridium difficile in Food and Domestic Animals: A New Foodborne Pathogen?

Clostridium d ifficile infection is increasingly recognized as a cause of diarrhea in outpatients and persons with no apparent health care facility contacts. In contrast to C. difficile infection acquired in health care settings, few risk factors for development of community-associated C. difficile infection are known. Foodborne transmission of C. difficile has been hypothesized as a possible source for community-associated infections; however, the evidence to confirm or refute this hypothesis is incomplete. Recent studies have demonstrated isolation of C. d ifficile from foods in the United States, Canada, and Europe and from meat products intended for consumption by pets. This raises questions about foodborne transmission of this pathogen to humans through consumption of contaminated products. This review summarizes the available data on C. difficile in animals and food and discusses the potential for foodborne transmission of this pathogen.
Leptin regulates gallbladder genes related to absorption and secretion.

Dysregulation of gallbladder ion and water absorption and/or secretion has been linked to cholesterol crystal and gallstone formation. We have recently demonstrated that obese, leptin-deficient (Le...
Vascularization as a Potential Enemy in Valvular Heart Disease

Valvular heart disease remains a major problem worldwide and is responsible for >20 000 deaths each year in the United States, with an estimated 99 000 inpatient valve procedures performed annually.1 The mitral and tricuspid valve complexes comprise the valve leaflets, valvular annulus, papillary muscles, and chordae tendineae, which anchor the leaflets to the papillary muscles. As papillary muscles contract, chordae tendineae transmit tension to the valves, directing the valve leaflets to their correct position during the cardiac cycle. Rupture of the chordae tendineae occurs as a consequence of infective endocarditis, myxomatous degeneration, rheumatic fever, or rarely, osteogenesis imperfecta or relapsing polychondritis.2 In addition, ischemia-induced dysfunction of papillary muscles can cause stretching and ultimately rupture of the chordae tendineae, as well as release of chordal attachment at sites of papillary muscle necrosis. Article p 1737 Chordae tendineae are similar to tendons connecting our skeletal muscles to bones in that both structures are avascular connective tissues. Chordae tendineae are ≈80% collagen; the remaining 20% is elastic fibers and layers of endothelial cells on a basal lamina.3 A wavy arrangement of collagen surrounded by elastic fibers is well adapted for the cyclic stresses to which the chordae are continuously subjected.3 Chordal disruption can be sudden and precipitate acute heart failure, and why these avascular structures suddenly rupture is often unclear. In this issue, Kimura et al4 provide evidence that rupture of the chordae tendineae is associated with local angiogenesis accompanied by the absence of tenomodulin, a potent angiogenesis inhibitor. Their findings suggest a novel paradigm for rupture of the chordae tendineae in response to mechanical or …
Computational identification of RNA motifs in genome sequences

Many small RNAs have known 2-D structural elements. The aim of the project is to search and identify new potential small RNAs and regulatory elements in genomic databases using known 2-D conformations. The first experimental implementation was to attempt to identify the yeast mitochondrial 5S rRNA in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisae, nuclear genome. A descriptor was designed to identify sequences that maintain most of the conserved elements in all known 5S rRNAs. This search identified only one compatible sequence in the yeast genome. This sequence fell within a non-coding region of chromosome V. Experimental verification of this RNA is being carried out. A second experiment is to identify RNase MRP/P homologs. A descriptor was designed to search for the highly conserved cage structure. Extensive use of distributed processors was made to perform this search, dividing the sequence database into smaller chunks of individual chromosomes.
Geochemistry and petrology of three granitoid rock cores from the Nicaraguan Rise, Caribbean Sea: implications for its composition, structure and tectonic evolution

The Nicaraguan Rise is a major submarine structure of poorly known origin. Its lithologies have been studied from dredge hauls and land outcrops on the Greater Antilles and Central America and its structure from geophysical data. In this paper we present the first geochemical analyses for granitoids that were recovered during the 1970s from cores drilled on the Nicaragua Rise for oil prospecting. The three Nicaraguan Rise rocks are calk-alkaline granitoids, and lie in the high-K field for Caribbean granitoids similar to the Above Rocks, Jamaica and Terre Neuve, Haiti intrusions. All of these intrusions are considered to be of Late Cretaceous – Paleocene age. Key elements abundances - K, La, Ce, Nd, Hf, Zr and Sm - indicate that the three Nicaraguan Rise rocks present more affinity with mature oceanic arc rocks similar to other granitoids from the Greater Antilles rather than mature continental arcs. The Pb, Nd and Sr isotope data show no evidence of a continental component, thus indicating that the more eastern and northern submarine area of the Northern Nicaraguan Rise is not underlain by continental crust of the Chortis block. Although of similar age, the Nicaraguan Rise samples are different from the more depleted Cuban granitoids of the Sierra Maestra, though both show strong similarities in their 207Pb/204Pb composition. We postulate that the Northern Nicaraguan Rise was most likely a Caribbean oceanic arc system that may have interacted only at its margin with the continental blocks bounding the region to the west in the area of the Northern Honduran borderland
A Phase II study of celecoxib, gemcitabine, and cisplatin in advanced pancreatic cancer

Summary Background .P ancreatic cancer is amongst the most chemoresistant malignancies. Expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme plays a major role in tumor progression and resistance to therapy. A Phase II study was undertaken to determine the effect of gemcitabine by fixed-dose rate infusion (FDR), cisplatin and the COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, on the 6-month survival rate in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Methods. The eligibility criteria included a pathologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. No prior gemcitabine therapy was allowed. Patients received a combination of gemcitabine 1000 mg/m 2 over 100 minutes, cisplatin 35 mg/m 2 I.V. on days 1 and 8, and celecoxib continuously at a daily dose of 800 mg. Cycles were repeated every 21 days. Results .T wenty-two patients with metastatic pancreas cancer were enrolled (median age, 59.5 years; M:F, 13:9 ). The median number of cycles was 2 per patient. The median survival time was 5.8 months (90% CI, 3.6‐7.6 months). The probability of survival at 6 months was 46% (90% CI, 27‐62%). The major toxicity was neutropenia with grade 3 or 4 toxicities seen in 65% of patients. Conclusions. The addition of celecoxib to gemcitabine (by FDR) and cisplatin did not appear to increase activity of the chemotherapy doublet in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Celecoxib alone may not be sufficient to sensitize pancreatic cancer to the effects of conventional cytotoxic therapy.
ORIGINALITY IN FREE AND CONTROLLED ASSOCIATION RESPONSES

Summary.-Three experiments were carried out in an attempt to replicate the training in originality reported by Maltzman and his colleagues. The f~rst experiment showed that Maltzman's two lists of words were not comparable in their elicitation of original responses, and that all Ss showed an increase In originality from a first list to a second list. The second experiment required Ss to produce different responses each time through a training list without specifically asking them to be different. All Ss were more original on a second list rhan on the first, wherher they were trained, worked on arithmetic problems, or worked on a vocabulary test between trials. The third experiment was an exact replication of Maltzman's main design, with the addition of interpolated arithmetic or vocabulary tests. Again, all Ss showed more originality on the second list, regardless of how they spent the time between trials. It is concluded that originality training as defined by Maltzman has not been demonstrated here. Most of the published rnarerial on creativity or originality has been concerned with the ~denrrfication of creative or original individuals, rather than with the development or training of such individuals. One exception has been the work of Maltzman and his colleagues. Maltzman (1960) defined originality in terms of three criteria: (a) the behavior occurs relatively infrequently, (b) it is uncommon under given conditions, and (c) it is relevant to those conditions. Creativity was defined as referring to products of original thinking. A typical investigation of originality by Maltman (Maltzrnan, et al., 1960) involved presenting to an experimental and a control group two lisrs of 25 words each, one designated a training list, the other a rest list. Standard free-association instructions were given. The control group was presented the two lists with no intervening time period. The experimental group was given the training lisr five more times with the added instructions to use a differenr response each time from those previously given to any stimulus word; then Ss received the test list. Responses were scored in terms of the number of Ss utilizing each response. For example, if, to the stimulus word TABLE, 80/100 Ss responded with CHAIR, then the response CHAIR received a score of 80; if only 1/100 Ss responded with TENNIS, then the response TENNIS received a score of 1. Each S was given 'This paper was read, in slightly different form, at the E.P.A. meetings in 1962. Exps. 1 and 2 were carried out while the author was at The Pennsylvania State University for the National Science Foundation Surnrner Institute, 1961.
Vitamins and Minerals

Increasing attention has been given in recent years to the importance of diet in promoting health and preventing illness. The benefits of specific food components that expand the role of diet in health promotion have been identified. With a variety of compounds readily available to consumers, more people are taking self-prescribed supplemental nutrients to maintain or improve health. Vitamins and minerals are essential to the health of women across the lifespan, but deficiencies may occur because of inadequate diet; life-style choices and habits; increased requirements during growth, menstruation, pregnancy, and lactation; menopause; and illness. Critical knowledge for women's health care practitioners includes the recommended daily allowances of vitamins and minerals, sources, factors affecting dietary intake and use, and considerations for nutritional assessment and intervention.
Multimillion atom simulations of dynamics of wing cracks and nanoscale damage in glass, and hypervelocity impact damage in ceramics

We have developed scalable parallel algorithms for first-principles based predictive atomistic simulations of materials. We have achieved parallel efficiency 0.998 for 134 billion-atom molecular dynamics (MD), 1.06 billion-atom reactive force-field MD, and 11.8 million-atom (1.04 trillion electronic degrees-of-freedom) quantum-mechanical MD in the framework of the density functional theory on 131,072 BlueGene/L processors. We have performed up to 540 million-atom MD simulations to study: (1) initiation, growth and healing of wing cracks in confined silica glass; and (2) damage initiation during hypervelocity impact on advanced ceramics.
Innovative Systems for Human Supervisory Control of Unmanned Vehicles

The development of Unmanned Vehicles (UVs) with increasing autonomy has enabled a transition from teleoperation to Human Supervisory Control (HSC). In this demonstration, participants can test three innovative operator interfaces for HSC of UVs. The first system allows users to control a Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) via a hand-held device, such as an iPhone®, through high-level waypoint commands and fine-grained nudge controls. The second system enables a single operator to collaborate with an automated planner to control multiple heterogeneous UVs from a laptop-sized display for searching for, tracking and engaging moving ground targets. The third system is designed to aid in planning on naval aircraft carrier decks, serving as a decision support tool for a supervisor overseeing and scheduling the activity of people, vehicles and unmanned vehicles working in this complex and uncertain environment.
Insights into the field carcinogenesis of ovarian cancer based on the nanocytology of endocervical and endometrial epithelial cells.

Ovarian cancer ranks fifth in cancer fatalities among American women. Although curable at early stages with surgery, most women are diagnosed with symptoms of late-stage metastatic disease. Moreover, none of the current diagnostic techniques are clinically recommended for at-risk women as they preferentially target low-grade tumors (which do not affect longevity) and fail to capture early signatures of more lethal serous tumors which originate in the fimbrae region of the fallopian tubes. Hence, the early detection of ovarian cancer is challenging given the current strategy. Recently, our group has developed a novel optical imaging technique, partial wave spectroscopic (PWS) microscopy, that can quantify the nanoscale macromolecular density fluctuations within biological cells via a biomarker, disorder strength (Ld ). Using the concept of field carcinogenesis, we propose a method of detecting ovarian cancer by PWS assessment of endometrial and endocervical columnar cells. The study includes 26 patients (controls = 15, cancer = 11) for endometrium and 23 (controls = 13, cancer = 10) for endocervix. Our results highlight a significant increase in Ld (% fold-increase > 50%, p-value < 0.05) for columnar epithelial cells obtained from cancer patients compared to controls for both endocervix and endometrium. Overall, the quantification of field carcinogenic events in the endometrium and the novel observation of its extension to the cervix are unique findings in the understanding of ovarian field carcinogenesis. We further show independent validation of the presence of cervical field carcinogenesis with micro-RNA expression data.
Efficient splitting rules based on the probabilities of pre-assigned intervals

The paper describes novel methods for classification in order to find an optimal tree. Unlike the current splitting rules that are provided by searching all threshold values, the paper proposes splitting rules that are based on the probabilities of pre-assigned intervals. In experiments, we demonstrate that our methods properly classify image objects based on new split rules.
Arrest of cytochrome-c oxidase synthesis coordinated with catabolic arrest in dormant Artemia embryos

We have examined cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) biosynthesis in brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) embryos during preemergence development (PED), as well as its inhibition under anaerobic dormancy, to determine whether transitions in intracellular pH (pHi) have a regulatory influence on anabolic processes. Under control aerobic conditions (embryo pHi greater than or equal to 7.9), incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids shows that substantial biosynthesis of COX occurs during 12 h of PED (500% increase when corrected for enzyme turnover). This anabolic process is blocked under anoxia, a condition known to foster intracellular acidification (pHi less than or equal to 6.8). The arrest of COX synthesis is quantitatively identical when embryos are incubated aerobically during artifical acidification with CO2 (pHi = 6.8). The data suggest that pHi, directly or indirectly, is a regulator of protein synthesis in Artemia embryos during anaerobic dormancy. Previous work has established a fundamental role for pHi in the arrest of carbohydrate catabolism under anoxia. Thus there appears to be a coordinated suppression of energy-producing and energy-utilizing events as Artemia embryos enter quiescence that involves pHi as the common intracellular signal.
Ontogeny and Structure of the Radial Goal Fiber System of the Developing Murine Cerebrum

Neurons of cerebral cortical structures undergo their terminal divisions in a periventricular generative epithelium, the ventricular zone (VZ: Boulder Committee, 1970; Sidman and Rakic, 1973). Its final mitosis completed, the young cell must migrate centrifugally to achieve its position in the developing cortex. It is thought that the cell is guided in its migration by contact with the surfaces of specialized cells of astroglial lineage, the radial glial cells (Rakic 1972,1988; Nowakowski and Rakic, 1979; Misson et al., 1989a). A monopolar radial glial form, the Bergmann glial cell, is thought to serve an analogous role as guide to neuronal migration in the developing cerebellar cortex (Rakic, 1971; Edmondson and Hatten, 1987). These bipolar and monopolar radial astroglial forms are thus essential to cellular interactions of fundamental significance for histogenesis of cortical structures of the central nervous system.
Redrawing the map: science in twentieth-century China.

ABSTRACT This essay argues that science in twentieth‐century China is a rich topic that can be productively integrated into research and teaching on the history of modern science. It identifies major issues of science in twentieth‐century China and demonstrates that they can prove useful to any scholar who wishes to consider science in a comparative and trans/international context. The essay suggests two important steps for a fruitful investigation into the topic of science in twentieth‐century China: first, revising the historiographic assumptions and categories that underlie much of the conventional historical narrative of modern science; and, second, breaking free from the tunnel history of national science. To illustrate these points, the essay examines a series of case studies of science in modern China and discusses the relevance of such subjects as scientific nationalism, Maoist mass science, and transnational scientific networks for the understanding of science in the twentieth‐century world.
First Four Decades of the Hydraulics Division

An account is given of the background of the ASCE Hydraulics Division and its establishment in 1939, as well as of the roles played by F.C. Scobey, B.A. Bakhmeteff, G.H. Matthes, C.H. Paul, and J.C. Stevens in its early years. Attention is also focused on the series of Iowa Hydraulics Conference begun by F.T. Mavis in 1939 and their gradual evolution into the Division’s Specialty Conferences initiated by A.S. Fry in 1950. Both the list of past Division Chairmen and that of Specialty Conference hosts are given in full.
Rapamycin prevents, but does not reverse, aberrant migration in Pten knockout neurons

Abstract Phosphatase and tensin homolog ( PTEN ) is a major negative regulator of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin ( MTOR ) pathway. Mutations in PTEN have been found in a subset of individuals with autism and macrocephaly. Further, focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) has been observed in patients with PTEN mutations prompting us to examine the role of Pten in neuronal migration. The dentate gyrus of Pten Flox / Flox mice was injected with Cre- and non-Cre-expressing retroviral particles, which integrate into the dividing genome to birthdate cells. Control and Pten knockout (KO) cell position in the granule cell layer was quantified over time to reveal that Pten KO neurons exhibit an aberrant migratory phenotype beginning at 7.5 days-post retroviral injection (DPI). We then assessed whether rapamycin, a mTor inhibitor, could prevent or reverse aberrant migration of granule cells. The preventative group received daily intraperitoneal (IP) injections of rapamycin from 3 to 14 DPI, before discrepancies in cell position have been established, while the reversal group received rapamycin afterward, from 14 to 24 DPI. We found that rapamycin prevented and reversed somal hypertrophy. However, rapamycin prevented, but did not reverse aberrant migration in Pten KO cells. We also find that altered migration occurs through mTorC1 and not mTorC2 activity. Together, these findings suggest a temporal window by which rapamycin can treat aberrant migration, and may have implications for the use of rapamycin to treat PTEN -mutation associated disorders. Significance statement Mutations in phosphatase and tensin homolog ( PTEN ) have been linked to a subset of individuals with autism and macrocephaly, as well as Cowden Syndrome and focal cortical dysplasia. Pten loss leads to neuronal hypertrophy, but the role of Pten in neuronal migration is unclear. Here we have shown that loss of Pten leads to aberrant migration, which can be prevented but not reversed by treatment with rapamycin, a mTor inhibitor. These results are important to consider as clinical trials are developed to examine rapamycin as a therapeutic for autism with PTEN mutations. Our findings show that some abnormalities cannot be reversed, and suggest the potential need for genetic screening and preventative treatment.
A Modification of the Diphenylamine Method for Determination of Inulin

Colorimetric methods for the determination of inulin in blood serum or plasma and urine based on the reaction of inulin with diphenylamine have been described in recent years. The most widely used procedure is that of Alving, Rubin and Miller,1 in which the inulin-containing solutions are heated in closed tubes with diphenylamine and hydrochloric acid dissolved in ethyl alcohol. Tightly capped tubes are necessary because of the volatile solvent, and because the solution must be heated for 60 minutes at 100°C to obtain the maximum color. In this laboratory as well as in others, this method has been troublesome and the results not consistently accurate.For this reason a modification has been devised in which a less volatile solvent is used, thus permitting the use of open tubes. With this reagent a shorter period of heating is necessary for maximum color development and accurate results have been obtained in the determination of inulin in blood serum or heparinized plasma in concentrations as low as 4 mg pe...
Factors Affecting First Hepatitis B Vaccine Inoculation Injection in Remote Area Neonates and Strategy for qmprovement of This Condition

Objective To evaluate the major factors affecting the first HB vaccine injection at birth in remote rural areas and the strategies for improving this condition.Methods Four counties were randomly selected from 20 national grade economic,poor counties in Hunan Province.The rural counties distanced more than 40 km from the county town were defined to serve as the project and/or control county areas.The project counties were randomly assigned into three groups to perform different inoculation strategies;and the county assigned as control served as the control.Before and after the conduction of the project,the coverage rates of hepatitis B vaccine first injections in all neonates were surveyed by the 40 - group method,a modified method for WHO standard 30 - group method;and the data were analyzed by Excel and SPSS accordingly.Results In different delivery places the neonate first injection rate showed significant differences:The first hepatitis B vaccine injec- tion rates of delivery in home,in country and in county hospitals were 47.6 %,79.2 %,and 86.5 % respectively (P＜0.05). The different health providers had different contribution to the first injection,and the country level above practitioners had the major contribution of 46.6 %.The significant reason of missed first injection was due to the parents did not have the knowledge of HB vaccine inoculation should receive within 24 hours after delivery.The project implementation improved the HB vaccine first injection rate from the previous 2.0 % to the current 47.6 %.Conclusions It is suggested that the missed first injection is mainly due to lack of knowledge of the parents.The implementation of this project is greatly improved HB vaccine first in- jection rate among the neonates in remote areas,and the most important factor is the village health providers including mid- wives should engage in this project.
Depression, help-seeking perceptions, and perceived family functioning among Spanish-Dominant Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites

Abstract Introduction Guided by Beck's (1967) cognitive theory of depression, we assessed whether perceived family functioning (PFF) mediated the relationship between depressive symptomatology and help-seeking inclinations. Methods Study 1 included 130 Spanish-Dominant Hispanics and Study 2 included 124 Non-Hispanic Whites obtained using online crowd sourcing. Participants completed measures of depressive symptomatology, PFF, and several scales measuring aspects of help seeking inclinations and self-stigma. Study 2 also included an experiment. With an eye toward potential future interventions, we assessed the malleability of PFF. Specifically, participants were randomly assigned to recall positive or negative family experiences and then PFF was measures for a second time. Results Both studies found PFF mediates the relationship between depressive symptomatology and the help seeking scales. Among non-depressed people, the positive manipulation improved PFF; however, among participants with elevated depressive symptomatology, writing about a positive family experience worsened PFF. Limitation With the exception of the experiment, most of the data were cross-sectional. For the experiment, it is possible that different manipulations or primes could have different effects. Conclusion Whether investigating responses from Spanish-Dominant Hispanics or Non-Hispanic Whites, PFF mediates the negative relationship between heightened depressive symptomatology and familial help-seeking beliefs, as well as self-stigma. However, even though the mediation analysis offers preliminary support that increasing PFF can potentially increase help-seeking behaviors of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White people with depression, the results of the interaction analysis, specifically the negative impact of writing about positive family memories on people with elevated depression, illustrates the challenges of persuading people with depression.
Superresolution imaging reveals nanometer- and micrometer-scale spatial distributions of T-cell receptors in lymph nodes.

T cells become activated when T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize agonist peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules on antigen-presenting cells. T-cell activation critically relies on the spatiotemporal arrangements of TCRs on the plasma membrane. However, the molecular organizations of TCRs on lymph node-resident T cells have not yet been determined, owing to the diffraction limit of light. Here we visualized nanometer- and micrometer-scale TCR distributions in lymph nodes by light sheet direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM). This dSTORM and SIM approach provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, of multiscale reorganization of TCRs during in vivo immune responses. We observed nanometer-scale plasma membrane domains, known as protein islands, on naive T cells. These protein islands were enriched within micrometer-sized surface areas that we call territories. In vivo T-cell activation caused the TCR territories to contract, leading to the coalescence of protein islands and formation of stable TCR microclusters.
Hegel/Marx: Consciousness and Life

To begin reading the Hegel/Marx relationship, we may as well start with their differing versions of the relation between consciousness and life: ‘It’s not consciousness that determines life,’ writes Marx in a well-known sentence of The German Ideology, ‘but rather life determines consciousness (Nicht das Bewustsein bestimmt das Leben, sondern das Leben bestimmt das Bewustsein).’2 If the sentence is well-known, it is no doubt because both in its content and in its form it expresses what we all know about Marx’s relation to Hegel and Hegelian philosophy: that is, an apparently straightforward substitution of ‘life,’ ‘real life,’ for ‘consciousness,’ for the primacy of consciousness in the understanding of the human being, by means of an apparently equally straightforward (chiasmic) inversion or reversal of the terms ‘life’ and ‘consciousness’ in a hierarchical opposition or relation. Of course, in context the immediate targets of this operation are the Young Hegelians, but it is clear enough that they can be its targets because, despite their claims and pretensions, they do not challenge theprimacy of consciousness (over life) and hencedo not differ from theOld Hegelians (or, presumably, the Old Hegel). For despite their attempt to criticizeeverything – in particular the concepts of idealist philosophy – by taking it as the product of man’s self-alienation in religious or theological projections, the Young Hegelians nevertheless agree with the Old Hegelians in their belief in the rule of religion, of concepts, of the universal in the existent world. In other words, because all they do is to substitute one consciousness for another – for instance, a human, mancentered consciousness for a religious, God-centered consciousness – the Young Hegelians never challenge the primacy of consciousness itself. Rather than changing the world, they manage only to interpret it differently, that is, only to know it by means of another interpretation.
Media and Folklore as Intertextual Communication Processes: John F. Kennedy and the Supermarket Tabloids

(1987). Media and Folklore as Intertextual Communication Processes: John F. Kennedy and the Supermarket Tabloids. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 10, Communication Yearbook 10, pp. 758-772.
Searching for Federal Judicial Power: Article III and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) has an Article III problem. Under § 702 of the 2008 FISA Amendments Act (FAA), which brought the Bush administration’s Terrorist Surveillance Program under the rule of law, the FISC typically proceeds ex parte, hearing only from one party: the government. FISC proceedings under § 702 therefore lack the benefit of adverse parties clarifying the issues, which the Supreme Court has linked with sound adjudication and judicial self-governance. The FISC’s § 702 role does not fit neatly into the established categories of cases, such as search warrants, where ex parte proceedings are permissible. The broad surveillance practices that the FISC reviews under § 702 lack the individualized facts of warrant requests or a direct link to criminal prosecutions. Under Article III, the FISC’s § 702 role may be neither fish nor fowl. Closer examination reveals that although the FISC’s role under § 702 is novel, it fits within Article III’s space for the exercise of judgment by independent courts. This Article makes that case via the congruency test that the Supreme Court invoked in Morrison v. Olson to uphold a statute passed in the wake of the Watergate scandal that provided for judicial appointment of an independent counsel to investigate allegations of executive misconduct. Building on Morrison, it argues that the test for compliance of statutes with Article III must be pragmatic, affording Congress a measure of flexibility. Two Article III cases from October Term 2015 – Bank Markazi v. Peterson and Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins – demonstrate that Congress is entitled to deference when it seeks to promote operational values such as speed and accuracy in dynamic domains such as national security, foreign relations, and emergent technology. The importance of timely responses to cyber threats fits the FAA within that rubric. The FISC’s § 702 role also serves important structural values, by deterring executive branch surveillance abuses. Moreover, in the USA Freedom Act, passed after Edward Snowden’s disclosures about NSA surveillance, Congress established a panel of amici curiae to assist the FISC. Robust arguments by amici curiae, possibly augmented by a public advocate opposing government surveillance requests, can replicate most of the virtues of adversarial combat. Combining the virtues of adversarial argument with the operational and structural benefits of the FAA demonstrates the statute’s congruence with the history and practice of federal courts.
Alcohol and inflammatory responses: Summary of the 2013 Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting

Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Campus in Maywood, Illinois hosted the 18th annual Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting on November 22, 2013. This year's meeting emphasized alcohol's effect on inflammatory responses in diverse disease states and injury conditions. The meeting consisted of three plenary sessions demonstrating the adverse effects of alcohol, specifically, liver inflammation, adverse systemic effects, and alcohol's role in infection and immunology. Researchers also presented insight on modulation of microRNAs and stress proteins following alcohol consumption. Additionally, researchers revealed sex- and concentration-dependent differences in alcohol-mediated pathologies.
Inactivation Kinetics of Pathogens during Thermal Processing in Acidified Broth and Tomato Purée (pH 4.5).

ABSTRACT Thermal inactivation kinetics for single strains of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica were measured in acidified tryptic soy broth (TSB; pH 4.5) heated at 54°C. Inactivation curves also were measured for single-pathogen five-strain cocktails of E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and S. enterica heated in tomato puree (pH 4.5) at 52, 54, 56, and 58°C. Inactivation curves were fit using log-linear and nonlinear (Weibull) models. The Weibull model yields the time for a 5-log reduction (t*) and a curve shape parameter (β). Decimal reduction times (D-values) and thermal resistance constants (z-values) from the two models were compared by defining t* = 5D* for the Weibull model. When the log-linear and Weibull models match at the 5-log reduction time, then t* = 5D* = 5D and D = D*. In 18 of 20 strains heated in acidified TSB, D and D* for the two models were not significantly different, although nonlinearity was observed in 35 of 60 trials. S...
The Association between State Policy Environments and Self-Rated Health Disparities for Sexual Minorities in the United States.

A large body of research has documented disparities in health and access to care for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people in the United States. Less research has examined how the level of legal protection afforded to LGB people (the state policy environment) affects health disparities for sexual minorities. This study used data on 14,687 sexual minority adults and 490,071 heterosexual adults from the 2014–2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to document differences in health. Unadjusted state-specific prevalence estimates and multivariable logistic regression models were used to compare poor/fair self-rated health by gender, sexual minority status, and state policy environments (comprehensive versus limited protections for LGB people). We found disparities in self-rated health between sexual minority adults and heterosexual adults in most states. On average, sexual minority men in states with limited protections and sexual minority women in states with either comprehensive or limited protections were more likely to report poor/fair self-rated health compared to their heterosexual counterparts. This study adds new findings on the association between state policy environments and self-rated health for sexual minorities and suggests differences in this relationship by gender. The associations and impacts of state-specific policies affecting LGB populations may vary by gender, as well as other intersectional identities.
The Marketing of Rebellion: POWER, EXCHANGE, AND MARKETING

To gain support, challengers must persuade overseas audiences with little at stake in a conflict to take a sustained interest and make sacrifices for the cause. They do so under unfavorable circumstances: pressed by powerful opponents; in competition with a host of other worthy movements; and in the face of limited attention and resources. Still, the promise of assistance attracts many local insurgents to the international realm. There they find an environment less receptive than many imagine. Certainly sympathy and concern about distant issues distinguish NGOs from profit-hungry multinational corporations and power-driven states. As their central missions, NGOs promote ideas, principles, or policies. Their recent proliferation has brought novel perspectives to global issues, enriching debates, widening choices, and improving outcomes. Taking action on behalf of the distressed is often one of their core values. And most NGO staff care deeply about the causes they champion. Yet NGOs at their root are organizations – with all the anxieties about maintenance, survival, and growth that beset every organization. In the formation of transnational relationships, these realities create frictions. No matter how cohesive their networks, local movements and transnational NGOs have distinct objectives, constituencies, and approaches, operate in disparate political settings, and are motivated by divergent needs. Given this dualism, movement–NGO interactions are best seen as exchanges. The concept of exchange has long been used in social analysis, but its insights have not been plumbed by those who study transnational networks.
Eating Disorders: Anorexia, Bulimia, and Obesity

Eating disorders are often times included among addictive behaviors (Klingemann & Sobell, 2007; L’Abate, Farrar, & Settitella, 1992) where they rightly belong because of their single-minded concentration on unique patterns of behavior, exclusion of other alternatives, and their repetitive and compulsive nature. On the other hand, the SH and SC literature on these disorders is so vast that they deserve separate coverage (Buchanan, 1992; Buchanan and Buchanan, 1992; Williams, 2003). There is a high rate of mortality for anorexia nervosa (AN) with less than one-half of those who survive recovering fully from the disorder. There may be a natural progression from anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa (BN) (Polivy, 2007, p. 119; DSM-IV-TR, 2000).
LANGUAGE CHANGE: where does crazy syntax come from: diachronic constraints on synchronic grammars

This chapter discusses that the fundamental structural and behavioral properties of syntax are not arbitrary, but rather reflect the use of various syntactic constructions in communication, that is, in discourse. While being communicatively motivated, syntax is neither an ideal communicative mode nor does it bear a strict one-to-one correlation to discourse. Rather, it is a communicative mode which arises—diachronically, ontogenetically, and most likely also phylogenetically—as a result of grammaticalization–syntactization of the pragmatic mode of discourse. That process of syntacticization is motivated by a number of communicative factors pertaining to the immediate situation in which communication takes place, the degree of time pressure, the degree of preplanning, and the amount of shared presuppositional background. Assimilatory rules are motivated by the ease of speech production, namely, speed, and smoothness of articulatory transitions. Their end result is, most commonly, the eradication of sharp coding distinctions. On the other hand, dissimilatory rules are motivated primarily by the ease of speech perception, namely, clarity of auditory-acoustic processing.
Sport, Geography of

The sports central to geography's concern are institutionalized contests involving the use of vigorous physical exertion between individuals or teams of human beings. The geography of sport is largely cultural–historical in approach. It is concerned with the what, where, when, and why of individual sports are played by men and women, their diffusion through time as innovations, their distribution patterns, the mixes of sports in different places and regions (ranging from neighborhoods to nations), their imprint in culture, their impress on landscape ensembles, and the interactions between players and spectators to produce distinctive national theater and styles of play. Modern sport originated in metropolitan England in 1750–1850 because of its primacy in the development of the mathematical-empirical world view, the birth of industrial capitalism, and the public-school cult of athleticism. Subsequent distribution of modern sports is explained in an origins and dispersals model of (a) early diffusion from southeastern England to the British Isles, Anglo-America, and the British Empire 1850–80; (b) secondary origins in northern Britain and northeastern Anglo-America 1880–1900; and (c) dispersal from the latter to the rest of North America and the Caribbean Basin, and from Britain to the rest of the world 1890–2001.
Genetic and Molecular Studies of a Simple Meiotic System

Publisher Summary This chapter presents genetic and molecular studies of a simple meiotic system. It discusses the concept of distributive segregation, the approach of which has been to mutationally identify the genes that are required for this process, to clone those genes, and to determine their protein products. Because distributive segregation is, at least under some circumstances, a dispensable meiotic process, it has been possible to recover a number of mutations that are specifically defective in various aspects of this process. These mutations can be nominally divided into two classes: those that affect the choice of segregational partners but do not affect segregation per se , and those that allow normal partner choice while impairing segregation. The chapter also presents a molecular, cytological, and genetic analysis of a relatively simple meiotic process. A rather simple picture of this process is beginning to emerge, and that distributive associations are not magical unions based on size or shape, but rather reflect a search for homology, even when those homologous sequences are on other chromosomes. The functions of chiasmata are replaced in the distributive system by proteins such as the nod and ned kinesin-like proteins.
Zero gradient points in turbulent mixing

According to the theory proposed by Gibson [ 1, 2 ] , the essential mechanism of small scale turbulent mixing is the interaction of local strain rate with points of maximum and minimum scalar value (zero gradient points). This is contrary to the theory of Batchelor, Howells and Townsend [ 3 ] that local strain rate should be irrelevant for strongly diffusive scalars like temperature in mercury. Temperature fluctuations measured in turbulent mercury by Clay [ 4 ] compared to predictions of the two theories shows a strong strain rate temperature dissipation-rate correlation as expected from the zero gradient point theory, as well as inertial -diffusive spectral subranges consistent with both the k−3 andk−17/3 predictions of the Gibson [ 2 ] and Batchelor et al [ 3 ] theories, respectively.
Preoperative correlates of impaired wound healing after saphenous vein excision.

Although major wound complications after saphenous vein excision are infrequent, we have found broadly defined impairment in leg wound healing to be relatively common. Wound healing impairment is defined in this study as inflammation, separation, cellulitis, lymphangitis, drainage, necrosis, or abscess necessitating dressing, antibiotics, or debridement before wound healing with complete epithelialization without eschar. Healing was impaired in 245 of 1047 patients (24.3%). Significant correlations were found between impaired wound healing and female sex (p
ROLE OF ENZYME CATALYZED COVALENT MODIFICATIONS IN REGULATION OF GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE

ABSTRACT Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in Escherichia coli is regulated by the concentrations of 40 or more metabolic intermediates, of which α-ketoglutarate and L-glutamine play dominant roles. The manifold effects of these metabolites are integrated by means of a cascade system composed of two tightly linked protein modification cycles. In one cycle, the PII regulatory protein undergoes dynamic interconversion between uridylylated and unmodified forms, catalyzed by a UTP dependent uridylyltransferase and a uridylyl removing enzyme, respectively. In the second cycle, GS undergoes dynamic interconversion between unmodified (active) and adenylylated (inactive) forms, which is catalyzed by a single adenylyltransferase (ATase). The two cycles are coupled because unmodified PII activates ATase for adenylylation of GS. and uridylylated PII activates the ATase for deadenylylation of GS. Through allosteric and substrate interactions with one or more cascade enzymes, changes in the concentrations of many metabolites are constantly monitored. These interactions lead to automatic adjustments of activities and apparent catalytic constants of the cascade enzymes, thereby determining the steady-state distribution between adenylylated and unadenylylated forms of GS, and hence its specific activity. A theoretical analysis of the glutamine synthetase cascascade shows that such cascades are much more flexible with regard to allosteric control than other regulatory systems. Also, they are endowed with a tremendous signal amplification potential and can generate a cooperative type of response to increasing concentrations of allosteric effectors. Experimental verification of principles disclosed by the theoretical analysis was obtained in in vitro studies.