cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Does Fortune 500 Turnover Mean

In The Princess Bride, the lead kidnapper, Vizzini, dismisses missteps in his ill-fated scheme with a frustrated exclamation, “Inconceivable!” At length, his soft-spoken mercenary, Inigo Montoya, ventures: “You keep using that word. I do not think it means what you think it means.” An equivalent asymmetry in the world of economic analysis is the use of turnover on the Fortune 500 list. For years, many people have cited turnover — and ostensibly rising turnover — as a proxy for positive economic churn and rapid changes in the U.S. economy that are supposed to reflect underlying strengths in innovation and productivity. We find that, while annual turnover on the list has, on average, increased since the early 1980s, it doesn’t quite mean what many people think it means. On average, annual turnover (the number of spots on the list that change as companies enter and exit the top 500) was moderate in the late 1950s, then lower and steadier through the 1960s and 1970s. Beginning in the early 1980s, annual turnover rose to historically high levels; by the second half of the 1990s, it touched new highs. After 2000, however, turnover returned to the moderate levels of the late 1950s. It’s easy to paint a narrative around these numbers that coincides with the Great Moderation and the productivity revolution of the 1990s and early 2000s. But reality isn’t so simple. For one thing, turnover among big companies is not a new phenomenon. The late 1950s, as mentioned, experienced moderately high levels of turnover (at least compared to subsequent periods). Prior research has revealed considerable churn among big companies in the early decades of the twentieth century as well. Higher turnover in the 1980s did appear to reflect value creation as corporate conglomerates, ravaged by inflation and competition, were taken apart and remade into separate, more efficient companies. But, in the 1990s, higher turnover reflected (a) methodological changes in how the Fortune list was compiled, and (b) a mergers and acquisition boom, concentrated in a handful of sectors, that destroyed perhaps as much value as it created. Turnover is less a broad economic trend than a discrete temporal and sectoral phenomenon. Still, we point out that the Fortune 500 list — and its changes over time — does provide a meaningful window into American capitalism, even if it doesn’t mean what many think it means. It reflects a kaleidoscopic process of sectoral change and greater efficiencies at the level of individual firms, as well as some less sanguine economic developments. The latter includes the downside of higher volatility — the high M&A volume in the late 1990s included the largest number of the worst deals of the past thirty years — and the deleterious implications for consumers and households. Finally, it appears as if performance among the Fortune 500, as measured by return on equity, did not necessarily improve and, if anything, became more volatile over time.
Development of the ciliature of Tetrahymena thermophila. II. Spatial subdivision prior to cytokinesis.

The cell surface of Tetrahymena thermophila is made up of an anterior region in which virtually all basal bodies of ciliary rows are ciliated, and the remainder in which ciliated and unciliated basal bodies are fairly irregularly interspersed. This pattern persists through interfission development until the stage of appearance of the equatorial ring of gaps in the ciliary rows that marks the fission zone. The ciliation pattern then becomes subdivided, in large part through the rapid ciliation of contiguous basal bodies located posterior to the fission zone. We interpret this process as a wave of ciliation of preexisting basal bodies that propagates posteriorly from the site of the fission zone. The location, extent, and timing of the ciliation process are the same in inverted as in normally oriented ciliary rows, in spite of the fact that in inverted rows the visible fission zone gap is tardily formed and the local configuration of ciliature around this gap is abnormal. The putative ciliation wave thus does not depend directly upon the local manifestations of the fission zone. However, in a cell-division-arrest mutant, cdaA1, analyzed under conditions in which formation of fission-zone gaps is permanently prevented in some ciliary rows but not in all, it is found that the ciliation pattern becomes subdivided in those ciliary rows that express fission-zone gaps and fails to become subdivided in neighboring rows that fail to manifest gaps. We interpret this combination of findings to indicate that a signal localized at the cell equator initiates a set of polarized developmental events that simultaneously create and demarcate two cellular fields within what was previously one. We further suggest that the characteristic tandem cell division pattern of ciliates is fundamentally a process of segmentation, which might involve mechanisms of gradient subdivision analogous to those taking place during segmentation of insects and other multicellular organisms.
The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond

In the late 1980s regional integration emerged as one of the most important developments in world politics. It is not a new phenomenon, however, and this 1999 book presents an analysis of integration across time, and across regions. Walter Mattli examines projects in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Europe, but also in Latin America, North America and Asia since the 1950s. Using the tools of political economy, he considers why some integration schemes have succeeded while many others have failed; what forces drive the process of integration; and under what circumstances outside countries seek to join. Unlike traditional political science approaches, the book stresses the importance of market forces in determining the outcome of integration; but unlike purely economic analyses, it also highlights the impact of institutional factors. The book will provide students of political science, economics, and European studies with a framework for the study of international cooperation.
Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets

Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets is a comprehensive synthesis of all aspects of mantle convection within the Earth, the terrestrial planets, the Moon, and the Galilean satellites of Jupiter. The book includes up-to-date discussions of the latest research developments that have revolutionized our understanding of the Earth and the planets. It is suitable as a text for graduate courses in geophysics and planetary physics, and as a supplementary reference for use at the undergraduate level. It is also an invaluable review for researchers in the broad fields of the Earth and planetary sciences including seismologists, tectonophysicists, geodesists, mineral physicists, volcanologists, geochemists, geologists, mineralogists, petrologists, paleomagnetists, planetary geologists, and meteoriticists. The book features a comprehensive index, an extensive reference list, numerous illustrations (many in color) and major questions that focus the discussion and suggest avenues of future research.
The terrestrial planets at the dawn of the space age

It is difficult to overstate the profundity of the change in our perception of the planets during a single generation in the latter part of the twentieth century. The revolution is second only to that in the generation from Copernicus to Kepler at the end the sixteenth century. The very character of the scientific questions changed as the planets went from being astronomical objects to geological objects.
Flow field forecasting for univariate time series

A statistical learning methodology, called ﬂow ﬁeld forecasting, is presented for predicting the future of a univariate time series. Flow ﬁeld forecasting draws information from an interpolated ﬂow ﬁeld of the observed time series to incrementally build a forecast. The time series need not have uniformly spaced observations. Included in the presentation are measures of assessment, a procedure for forecast updating as new data arrive and a performance comparison of ﬂow ﬁeld forecasting with other major forecasting techniques. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2013
What the fly’s nose tells the fly’s brain

The fly olfactory system has a three-layer architecture: The fly’s olfactory receptor neurons send odor information to the first layer (the encoder) where this information is formatted as combinatorial odor code, one which is maximally informative, with the most informative neurons firing fastest. This first layer then sends the encoded odor information to the second layer (decoder), which consists of about 2,000 neurons that receive the odor information and “break” the code. For each odor, the amplitude of the synaptic odor input to the 2,000 second-layer neurons is approximately normally distributed across the population, which means that only a very small fraction of neurons receive a large input. Each odor, however, activates its own population of large-input neurons and so a small subset of the 2,000 neurons serves as a unique tag for the odor. Strong inhibition prevents most of the second-stage neurons from firing spikes, and therefore spikes from only the small population of large-input neurons is relayed to the third stage. This selected population provides the third stage (the user) with an odor label that can be used to direct behavior based on what odor is present.
Chronic alcohol ingestion and predisposition to lung "cirrhosis".

Background Although liver is the organ most often associated with the damaging effects of chronic alcohol abuse, other organs may also be affected. In the past decade, data emerged linking chronic alcohol intake to lung dysfunction. However, the mechanisms by which alcohol affects the lung remain incompletely elucidated. Methods In this issue, Sueblinvong and colleagues explore the effect of chronic alcohol intake in the well-known rodent model of bleomycin-induced lung injury. This represents a review of their article and a commentary on its findings in relation to current knowledge in the field. Results The investigators found that chronic alcohol intake increased lung fibrosis in the bleomycin-model of lung injury. This effect was related to increased production of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and expression of α-smooth muscle actin. Diet supplementation with S-adenosylmethionine greatly reduced the effect. These data strengthen published reports linking chronic alcohol intake with TGFβ overproduction and lung disrepair after injury, while implicating oxidant stress as a critical mediator of these effects. Conclusions A review of Sueblinvong and colleagues' article and the literature strongly suggests that the lung is a target for alcohol, and that chronic alcohol intake may predispose the lung to disrepair after injury. The overexpression of pro-fibrotic growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of oxidant stress may lead to lung cellular dysfunction, aberrant tissue remodeling, and loss of lung function. These events may represent targets for intervention, but translational studies evaluating their role in humans are desperately needed.
Assessment of postnatal corneal development in the C57BL/6 mouse using spectral domain optical coherence tomography and microwave-assisted histology.

Abstract The eyes of newborn mice are relatively underdeveloped and the lids remain closed for the first 2 weeks after birth. There after the eyes undergo a period of rapid growth for several weeks. Eventually the eyes reach an age at which many ocular structures stabilize for the remainder of the animal’s life, or for others, growth is significantly slowed. The central corneal thickness (CCT) is a parameter commonly reported in corneal studies. However there is a large discrepancy in values reported for adult mice as well as a lack of comprehensive values covering the time from birth through adulthood. In this study we report, for the first time, the use of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for in situ and in vivo determination of CCT from P0 to P250 for C57BL/6 mice. SD-OCT provided a reliable measure of CCT and we fit the data to an exponential rise to maximum growth curve resulting in a value of 49 μm for P0 and a maximum adult value of 106 μm. By comparison, corneas processed for conventional histology produced CCT values approximately 30–35% thicker and with greater variability. Ex vivo real-time imaging during fixation revealed swelling and gross distortion of the cornea beginning after only 10–15 min in fixative. The fixation artifacts were not observed when the cornea was processed using an optimized microwave fixation protocol. CCT values measured in corneas fixed with the microwave process compared favorably with values obtained with SD-OCT. We conclude that for corneal research, mice younger than 8 weeks of age should not be considered as adults since they are still in a rapid phase of growth up until that time. In addition we report the first use of microwave processed histological specimens for visualizing the murine cornea. Tissue processed in this manner has minimal artifacts, a CCT equivalent to that measured in vivo by SD-OCT and ultrastructural detail comparable to conventional fixation methods.
Orbital gap predictions for rational design of organic photovoltaic materials

Abstract Ionization potentials (IP) and electron affinities (EA) of organic molecules with applications in photovoltaic devices are calculated using modern density functional theory (DFT). Calculated frontier orbital energies are compared to experimentally determined IPs and EAs at gas phase and thin film environments. Gas phase frontier orbital energies calculated with widely-used DFT functionals accidentally coincide with thin film measurements, reproducing condensed phase results for the wrong reasons. Recently developed range separated hybrid (RSH) functionals, on the other hand, provide gas phase frontier orbital energies that correspond properly to measured IPs and EAs. We also employ a polarizable continuum model to address the effects of the electrostatic environment in the solid state. We find that the environmentally-corrected RSH orbital energies compare well with thin film experimental measurements.
Respiratory and compositional study on the aestivating insect, Hypera postica (Gyll.) (Curculionidae)

Abstract Studies of the adult alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyll.), in South Carolina have shown that the insect experiences periods of inactivity during midsummer and midwinter. The body composition and respiration of the developmental and adult stages have been studied to determine if any physiological distinctions might exist to characterize better these two periods. Aestivation, occurring during the summer months, clearly demonstrates the typical diapause alteration: low respiration, low water, and high fat. The insect, on the contrary, exhibits none of these characteristics during the winter. The hypothesis is thus presented that the alfalfa weevil in South Carolina aestivates but does not hibernate. The mechanism by which a certain percentage of the population can withstand the winter environment is not known. The insect's developmental periods exhibit compositional and respiratory changes not unlike the normal patterns.
Inflammatory bowel diseases and management considerations: Fertility and pregnancy

Young women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pose a unique set of challenges. These women and their treating physicians must make difficult choices in matters regarding conception, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. This review highlights recent evidence and management issues that arise when taking care of women with IBD in terms of fertility, outcomes, and medication safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Ultimately, treatment must be individualized for each patient based on the available evidence and the woman’s preferences.
Dietary modulation of avian coccidiosis

During the past several years, our laboratory has been investigating the anticoccidial activities of various natural products that have potential use as dietary supplements for coccidiosis control. Sources of fats containing high concentrations of n-3 fatty acids such as menhaden oil and flaxseed oil and flaxseed, when added to starter rations and fed to chicks from one day of age, effectively reduce lesions caused by the caecal parasite Eimeria tenella, but not lesions caused by Eimeria maxima. Our results are consistent with reports of effects of diets high in n-3 fatty acids on other protozoan parasites which suggest that the state of oxidative stress induced by these diets in the cells of both host and parasites is responsible for their parasitic actions. Artemisinin, a naturally occurring (Artemisia annua) endoperoxide and effective antimalarial significantly lowers lesions from E. tenella when given at low levels as a feed additive. The mechanism of its action is also considered to involve induction of oxidative stress. Diets supplemented with 8 p.p.m. gamma-tocopherol (abundant in flaxseeds) or with 1% of the spice tumeric, reduce mid-small intestinal lesion scores and improve weight gains during E. maxima infections. These compounds may exert their anticoccidial activity because they are effective antioxidants. Betaine, a choline analogue found in high concentrations in sugar beets, improves nutrient utilisation by animals under stress. When provided as a dietary supplement at a level of 0.15% it has enhanced the anticoccidial activity of the ionophore, salinomycin. Betaine may act as an osmoprotectant whereby it improves the integrity and function of the infected intestinal mucosa. In in vivo studies, betaine plus salinomycin significantly inhibit invasion of both E. tenella and E. acervulina. However, subsequent development of E. acervulina is inhibited more effectively with this combination treatment than development of E. tenella.
Proximal Tibial Metaphyseal Fractures with Severe Soft Tissue Injury: Clinical and Functional Results at 2 Years

Background Controversy exists regarding management of proximal tibial metaphyseal fractures with severe soft tissue injury. It is unclear whether limb salvage or early amputation results in the best functional and clinical outcomes.
Estimating head pose with an RGBD sensor: A comparison of appearance-based and pose-based local subspace methods

Estimating the head pose with RGBD data when the pose is allowed to vary over a large angle remains challenging. In this paper, we show that an appearance-based construction of a set of locally optimum subspaces provides a good (fast and accurate) solution to the problem. At training time, our algorithm partitions the set of all images obtained by applying pose transformations to the 3D point cloud for a frontal view into appearance based clusters and represents each cluster with a local PCA space. Given a test RGBD images, we first find the appearance cluster that it belongs to and, subsequently, we find its pose from the training image that is closest to the test image in that cluster. Our paper compares the appearance-based local-subspace method with the pose-based local-subspace approach and with a PCA-based global subspace method. This comparison establishes the superiority of the appearance-based local-subspace approach.
Computer modeling of test particle acceleration at oblique shocks

The present evaluation of the basic techniques and illustrative results of charged particle-modeling numerical codes suitable for particle acceleration at oblique, fast-mode collisionless shocks emphasizes the treatment of ions as test particles, calculating particle dynamics through numerical integration along exact phase-space orbits. Attention is given to the acceleration of particles at planar, infinitessimally thin shocks, as well as to plasma simulations in which low-energy ions are injected and accelerated at quasi-perpendicular shocks with internal structure.
Family Talk about Talk: Mothers Lead the Way.

Reporting past speech is an important but little studied discourse skill. The speech mothers, fathers, and children spontaneously quote at dinnertime was analyzed in this study. Subjects were 22 middle‐class families, each with a child between 2 years, 3 months and 5 years, 2 months of age. Reported speech was found in the dinnertime conversations of most families. Mothers used reported speech far more frequently than did fathers or children. When reported speech was used, mothers used more indirect speech and less narratized speech, fathers used more narratized speech, and children used more direct speech. Finally, there was a positive correlation between mothers’ (but not fathers') use of reported speech and children's use of reported speech.
Implementing an electronically based, nurse-driven pneumococcal vaccination protocol for inpatients

Purpose. The development and implementation of an electronically based, nurse-driven pneumococcal vaccination protocol for hospitalized patients are described. Summary. A multidisciplinary team was formed to address the development, implementation, and management of an automatic pneumococcal vaccination program. Screening of patients was performed by the nursing staff on admission to the hospital; the screening process was streamlined using computer-generated assessment forms. The electronic program enabled systematic identification of patients eligible for vaccination, standardization of vaccine order instructions, documentation of vaccinations in a centralized electronic database, automatic documentation of vaccinations on patients’ discharge instructions, and collection of vaccination data for future analysis. If vaccination was indicated, an electronic order was automatically generated for the vaccine to be administered within 24 hours. The electronic order appeared on the electronic medication administration record like any other medication. Given the prominent role of nursing in the protocol, the largest training effort was in the nursing department, with education targeting 1200 nurses. Precautions were taken to minimize unintended duplicate vaccine administration. Patients were excluded from the vaccination protocol if they were younger than age 65 years, had a fever, were still in an intensive care unit, had an acute neurologic disorder, or had any condition for which there was doubt about the safety or appropriateness of the vaccination. Multidisciplinary resources are used to further reevaluate and refine the vaccine protocol. Conclusion. A multidisciplinary team successfully developed and implemented an electronically based, nurse-driven pneumococcal vaccination protocol for hospitalized patients in a teaching hospital.
Prostatitis and male infertility: Evidence and links

Prostatitis and infertility are common disorders in men and many researchers have investigated a possible link between the two disorders. After almost 3 decades of research the answer to this question remains unknown, although ample evidence exists to support a relationship between male infertility and prostatitis. This paper discusses this evidence and then derives a rational treatment approach to the man with infertility and prostatitis.
Characterization of a photosensitive glucose derivative. A photoaffinity reagent for the erythrocyte hexose transporter.

Abstract The photosensitive reagent 6-N-(4- azido -2- hydroxy -3,5- diiodobenzoyl )- d - glucosamine has been assessed as a potential photoaffinity label for the hexose transporter. Under zero-trans conditions, transport experiments performed in the dark reveal that the reagent inhibits the uptake of d -glucose in resealed human erythrocyte ghosts. Increasing the concentration of glucose in the transport medium has a protective effect, reducing the inhibition. Kinetic analysis indicates that the probe acts as a competitive inhibitor with high affinity for the erythrocyte hexose transporter (Ki between 0.07 and 0.2 μmM). Exposure to a 280 nm filtered high intensity mercury-vapor lamp results in a rapid and efficient photolysis. At low concentrations of the probe, specific labeling of membrane preparations was observed. Autoradiograms of 10% SDS gels revealed the specific labeling of bands 4.51 and 6. This labeling was concentration-dependent and protected by d -glucose (not the l -isomer) and phloretin in the medium. When subjected to multiple exposures of low concentration of the photoaffinity reagent, apparent saturation was achieved.
Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney

Summary— Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is a recently recognised histological variety of renal carcinoma (RC) considered to arise from the epithelium of the collecting ducts. Diagnosis of this entity depends on well defined gross and microscopic criteria and is supported by a characteristic immunostaining pattern. The clinical features of these patients, the natural course of the disease and its response to treatment have not been clearly established. Between 1980 and 1990 we treated 12 patients (median age 43 years, range 16–62) with collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney. In addition to being relatively young, each patient had a strong family history of associated malignancies. Survival was short (median 22 months) and 11 patients presented with locally advanced or metastatic disease.
Black Bile and Psychomotor Retardation: Shades of Melancholia in Dante’s Inferno

The history of melancholy depression is rich with images of movement retardation and mental dysfunction. The recent restoration of psychomotor symptoms to the diagnostic terminology of affective disorder is not novel to the students of medieval melancholia. The move back to the biology of this psychomotor dysfunction with the technical advances in brain imaging in recent years only echoes centuries-old writings on the centrality of movement changes in the depressive condition. The Inferno, the first cantica of Dante Alighieri’s Commedia, has a wonderful abundance of allusions to the importance of psychomotor symptoms in describing the depressed individual. Slowed steps, garbled speech, frozen tears, these and many other images keep the physical manifestations of psychomotor suffering in the forefront of the reader’s mind. Considering Medieval and Renaissance writings on melancholy suffering, it is fitting that Dante shows a bodily illness reflected in the hellish torments visited on the damned. From the s...
THE CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC CORRELATES OF MISDIAGNOSED APPENDICITIS: NATIONWIDE ANALYSIS

Background Negative appendectomy (NA)—the nonincidental removal of a normal appendix—occurs commonly but the associated clinical- and system-level costs are not well studied. Hypothesis The frequency of adverse clinical outcomes and associated financial burden of hospitalizations during which NA is performed is greater than previously recognized and varies widely among demographic groups. Design Population-based, retrospective cohort study. Setting The 1997 Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Health Care Utilization Project. Patients All surveyed patients assigned International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision procedure codes for appendectomy but without an associated diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Main Outcome Measures The age- and sex-stratified rates of NA, the incidence of associated infectious complications and case fatality, and the average length of stay and hospitalization charges during those admissions. Results Nationwide, an estimated 261 134 patients underwent nonincidental appendectomies in 1997, and 39 901 (15.3%) were negative for appendicitis. Women had a higher rate of NA as did patients younger than 5 years and older than 60 years. When compared with patients with appendicitis, NA was associated with a significantly longer length of stay (5.8 vs 3.6 days, P P P P Conclusions There are significant clinical and financial costs incurred by patients undergoing NA during the treatment of presumed appendicitis. These should be considered when evaluating system-level interventions to improve the management of appendicitis.
Polymerization of olefines through heterogeneous catalysis IV. Modeling of heat and mass transfer resistance in the polymer particle boundary layer

Propylene and ethylene polymerization in liquid and gas media are described by a multigrain particle model. External boundary layer heat and mass transfer effects are investigated for various catalysts and operating conditions. For high-activity catalysts used in slurry, external film mass transfer effects may be significant. For gas-phase polymerization of propylene or ethylene, the model predicts significant particle overheating at short times, which may explain the particle sticking and agglomeration problems sometimes observed in industrial reactors.
Comparison of retinal thickness in normal eyes using Stratus and Spectralis optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) is an advancement over time-domain OCT (TD-OCT) in the imaging of retinal disorders. Retinal thickness measured by SD-OCT differs from that measured by TD-OCT because the delineation of the outer boundary of the retina differs in the two instruments. The present study aims to evaluate this difference by comparing macular thickness, as obtained by Stratus and Spectralis OCT, in subjects without any known retinal disease. METHODS. Thirty-six subjects with no history of retinal disease and with normal vision and normal intraocular pressure were enrolled in the study. Both Stratus and Spectralis OCT scanning were performed by the same operator on all subjects in one eye. Central point thickness (CPT) and retinal thickness in nine ETDRS subfields, including central subfield (CSF), were measured. Student’s t-test was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS. Mean CPT, as measured by the Stratus and Spectralis OCT, was 166.9 20.9 m and 225.1 17.1 m( P 0.0001), and mean CSF was 202.3 19.6 m and 271.4 19.6 m( P 0.0001), respectively. Although the mean difference in CSF thickness was 69.1 m, it ranged from 61.9 to 74 mi n the other eight ETDRS subfields. CONCLUSIONS. An increased measurement in retinal thickness of approximately 65 to 70 m, as measured by Spectralis OCT compared with Stratus OCT, is consistent with the extent of axial retinal thickness measured by the two instruments. This increased measurement corresponds to the inclusion of the outer segment-RPE-Bruch’s membrane complex by Spectralis OCT, which is relevant to studies using the newer SD-OCT for assessment of retinal thickness. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:2644‐2647) DOI:10.1167/iovs.09-4774
Comparison of First-Order Finite Difference and Finite Element Algorithms for the Analysis of Magnetic Fields. Part II. Numerical Results

Numerical results obtained by first- order finite difference and finite element algorithms are compared with closed-form solutions to the finite- depth-slot problem and to the section of an annulus of magnetic and nonmagnetic material, the magnetic field of which is caused by a current-carrying conductor of circular section. Magnitude and boundary condition errors are calculated with respect to these exact solutions, and both methods are compared numerically as applied to a finite slot pitch where a uniform current density region covers the slot area. The simultaneous difference equations resulting from the finite difference and finite element method are solved by Gaussian elimination. Both methods are compared with regard to computing time, storage requirements and errors for Laplace's and Poisson's equations in two dimensions on a numerical basis.
Screening for suicidal ideation in children and adolescents: methodological considerations

The prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts varies considerably depending on (a) who the reporters are for youth suicidality, (b) the degree of retrospection required, and (c) the type of measure used to assess suicidality. The purpose of this study is to examine some of the methodological issues that should be considered when administering suicidal screening measures to children and adolescents. The risk group was comprised of offspring of depressed mothers (26 mothers with Bipolar Disorder, 42 mothers with Major Depressive Disorder). The comparison group was comprised of offspring of mothers without past or current psychiatric diagnosis (30 mothers). Two siblings from each family were recruited for participation (n = 192). Screening for youth suicidality was based on (a) structured diagnostic interviews with youth (yielding interval and lifetime reports), (b) youth self-reports, and (c) maternal reports. Assessments were made when the younger siblings were approximately 6, 9, and 14 years of age and older siblings were approximately 6, 9, 13, and 18 years of age. Mothers reported a lower prevalence of youth suicidal content than did youth. Discrepancies between mother and child report were more common in the risk group. When lifetime retrospection of suicidal content was assessed, fewer youth reported suicidal thoughts or actions than when suicidal content was assessed approximately every 3 years. Also, the prevalence of self-reported suicidal content was somewhat higher (7 to 13%) than when assessing suicidality within the context of an interview. Child and maternal characteristics were found to correspond to patterns of consistent and discrepant reporting.
Conditioning in the Horseshoe Crab

The results of classical, instrumental, and operant conditioning in the horseshoe crab are summarized. Although some conditioning occurs, a useful technique has yet to be developed.
Hereditary nephritis mimicking immune complex–mediated glomerulonephritis

The defining ultrastructural features of hereditary nephritis are "basket weave" lamellation or thinning of glomerular basement membranes. Electron-dense deposits are not seen and immunofluorescence (IF) is generally negative. In this study, we report 5 cases of hereditary nephritis in which substantial amounts of glomerular electron-dense deposits were identified on electron microscopy, with corresponding positive IF staining in 4 cases, suggesting immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. However, no case had histological evidence of glomerular endocapillary or extracapillary proliferation or leukocyte infiltration typical of active glomerulonephritis. Four cases were diagnosed at outside institutions simply as forms of glomerulonephritis without considering the possibility of hereditary nephritis and were sent for consultation in contemplation of possible immunosuppressive therapy. All patients had negative serologies and no known underlying infectious or autoimmune disease; 4 patients had family history of hematuria or renal disease. The glomerular electron-dense deposits were predominantly mesangial (4 cases) and intramembranous (4 cases), as well as subepithelial (2 cases) or subendothelial (1 case). Corresponding IF positivity for immune reactants was identified in 4 cases, and IgG was the predominant immunoglobulin deposited. A characteristic feature was the tendency for deposits to form between the complex layers of glomerular basement membrane material, favoring a process of nonspecific entrapment of immune reactants within the thickened, lamellated basement membrane. In all cases, a diagnosis of hereditary nephritis was confirmed by demonstration of the characteristic loss of immunoreactivity for the alpha5 subunit of collagen IV (4 cases) or Goodpasture's antigen (1 case) in renal or epidermal basement membranes. These cases expand the spectrum of unusual pathological findings in hereditary nephritis and emphasize the potential for hereditary nephritis to mimic immune complex glomerulonephritis.
A 15-cm radius mass spectrometer which simultaneously collects positive and negative ions

Abstract A mass spectrometer which simultaneously extracts positive and negative ions from a single electron beam is described. Its features include: ready accessibility to the ion source and collectors, convenient attainment of alignment, simultaneous display of positive and negative ion spectra, and direct plotting of ionization efficiency data.
Cleavage development of bovine oocytes fertilized by sperm injection

Whole in vitro capacitated bovine spermatozoa were microinjected directly into the ooplasm of in vitro matured bovine oocytes in order to determine whether oocytes fertilized by sperm injection could undergo normal pronuclear formation and cleavage development. Immature oocytes recovered from follicles (2-5 mm) of unstimulated ovaries were cultured for 24-25 h in modified TCM 199 medium supplemented with heat-treated day 20 cow serum, luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol 17-B. In vitro capacitated, frozen-thawed spermatozoa were injected into the ooplasm, and the injected oocytes were cultured for an additional 24-28 h. Twenty-one percent (21/101) of the sperm-injected oocytes contained a sperm within the ooplasm; however, only 2% (2/101) cleaved. The remaining oocytes either did not contain a sperm or had degenerated. After oocyte activation induced by a 5 min incubation in 1 microM A23187, sperm nuclear decondensation occurred in the A23187-activated, injected oocytes but not in the unactivated, injected controls (37% vs. 0% after 3 h). Those injected, activated oocytes that contained a male pronucleus also exhibited a female pronucleus and second polar body. Furthermore, a significantly higher number (28%, 6/21) of the injected, activated oocytes cleaved to a two- to four-cell stage after 48 h than did the injected, unactivated oocytes (4%). These results indicate that, unlike hamster and rabbit oocytes, bovine oocytes are not sufficiently stimulated by the injection procedure to complete meiosis, but, upon activation by calcium ionophore, they will undergo normal-appearing cleavage development following fertilization by sperm injection.
Oxide degradation effects in dry patterning of resist using neutral oxygen beams

Novel processing methods are being studied to address the highly selective and directional etch requirements of the ULSI manufacturing era; neutral molecular and atomic beams are two promising candidates. In this study, the potential of 5 eV neutral atomic oxygen beams for dry development of photoresist is demonstrated for application in patterning of CMOS devices. The patterning of photoresist directly on polysilicon gate layers enables the use of a self-contained dry processing strategy, with oxygen beams for resist etching and chlorine beams for polysilicon etching. Exposure to such reactive low-energy species and to the UV radiation from the line-of-sight, high-density plasma source can, however, after MOSFET gate oxide quality, impacting device performance and reliability. We have studied this processing related device integrity issue by subjecting polysilicon gas MOS structures to exposure treatments similar to those used in resist patterning using low energy oxygen beams. Electrical C-V characterization shows a significant increase in the oxide trapped charge and interface state density upon low energy exposure. I-V and dielectric breakdown characterization show increased low-field leakage characteristics for the same exposure. High-field electron injection studies reveal that the 0.25-V to 0.5-V negative flatband shifts can be partially annealed by the carrier injection. Thismore » could be due to positive charge annihilation or electron trapping, or some combination of both. Physical and analysis of patterned resist layers and electrical characterization data of MOS structures exposed to different neutral beam processing environments and following thermal annealing treatments is presented.« less
The great heart of the republic: St. Louis and the cultural civil war

The great heart of the republic: St. Louis and the cultural civil war, by Adam Arenson, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2011, 340 pp., US$35 (hardcover). Beginning with civic boosters and ...
The Objects of Sociology: A Response to Breslau's “Sociology After Humanism”

Daniel Breslau's essay opens up a valuable space in seeking to align the sociologically impure objects explored in science studies with the practice of a pure sociology. I challenge Breslau's conclusion that the latter can swallow the former and proceed with business as usual. Contrary to Breslau, I argue that confronting head-on the impure objects of science studies can indeed represent a new beginning in sociology as a discipline. I also correct Breslau's misreading of my work as “symmetrical humanism.”
Maximal number of subsets of a finite set No k of which are pairwise disjoint

Abstract Bounds are obtained on the number of subsets in a family of subsets of an n element set which contains no k pairwise disjoint members. For n=mk and n=mk−1, the bounds are best possible.
Defining ‘Dead’ in Terms of ‘Lives’ and ‘Dies’

What is it for a thing to be dead? Fred Feldman holds, correctly in my view, that a definition of ‘dead’ should leave open both (1) the possibility of things that go directly from being dead to being alive, and (2) the possibility of things that go directly from being alive to being neither alive nor dead, but merely in suspended animation. But if this is right, then surely such a definition should also leave open the possibility of things that go directly from being dead to being neither alive nor dead, but merely in suspended animation. I show that Feldman’s own definition of ‘dead’ (in terms of ‘lives’ and ‘dies’) does not leave this possibility open. I propose a new definition that does.
Reflections on Action Anthropology: Some Developmental Dynamics of an Anthropological Tradition

"Action Anthropology" was originally conceived during work with the Mesquakie (Fox) Indians in the 1950s by Sol Tax and his students. Despite their enthusiasm and expectations, action anthropology as they conceived of it has not had a great influence on the discipline. Yet, the epistemological, practical, and methodological commitments of their approach offer important alternatives to those accepted by many of the collaborative, advocacy, and "action" research projects in which anthropologists are increasingly involved. This paper explores some of the reasons for action anthropology's lack of influence. Considered are aspects of the epistemological and sociological climates in which action anthropology developed, the reward structure for basic and applied scientific research, and the role of personal characteristics in the leadership and definition of disciplinary traditions. The conclusion of the analysis is that "action anthropology" still has much to offer attempts to better understand how anthropology...
Subsecond grating growth in a photorefractive polymer

We survey the dynamics of the photorefractive effect in a methyl methacrylate copolymer with the nonlinear chromophore p-nitroaniline in a pendant side group doped with a charge-transport agent, diethylaminobenz-aldehyde diphenylhydrazone, a material that represents a new class of photorefractive polymer. The grating growth times are several orders of magnitude smaller than that for the previous epoxy-based photorefractive polymers and fall below 1 s at the highest intensities used. Grating competition and revelation effects suggest that charge carriers other than photogenerated holes are mobile. A sublinear dependence of growth rate on writing intensity implies that shallow traps may also be present.
Blunders in international marketing: Fact or fiction

Abstract Popular literature on international marketing gives the impression that U.S. firms are insensitive, lack understanding of the unique socio-political, cultural and trade environments of foreign markets, and are probably blundering all the time. Is this really so? To find an answer to this question, this article reports the results of the study that was conducted to verify some of the more publicized blunders in international marketing.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTINUOUS INFUSION OF FENTANYL CITRATE (FC) AND ARTERIAL PROSTANOID LEVELS. 2032

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTINUOUS INFUSION OF FENTANYL CITRATE (FC) AND ARTERIAL PROSTANOID LEVELS. 2032
High-T c ferroelectrics and superconductors

Abstract This paper is an extended abstract of half a dozen presentations geven by the author on various recent occasions. The meaning of the title refers to transition temperatures Tc in ferroelectrics and superconductors. The highest Tc 's in either field are observed in oxides: 1770 K in the ferroelectric La2TiO7 1 and 125 K in the superconductor Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10 2. Therefore the question can be asked whether the observed high Tc 's in oxide ferroelectrics and superconductors are a pure coincidence or whether there may be an underlying reason for it. The question is addressed first by recalling recent advances concerning anharmonic ferroelectric properties and then by reviewing superconductivity phenomena in the new compounds related to these properties.
The spread of regular spaces

Abstract Under either CH or not-SH, there exists a 0-dimensional Hausdorff space of countable spread which is not the union of a hereditarily separable and a hereditarily Lindelof space. Under not-SH+2 ω > ℵ ω 1 , there exists a 0-dimensional Hausdorff space of spread ℵ ω 1 which has no discrete subspace of cardinality ℵ ω 1 .
Residual Efficacy of Fungicides for Controlling Brown Patch on Creeping Bentgrass Fairways.

Abstract Residual efficacy of five fungicides (azoxystrobin, flutolanil, metconazole, polyoxin D, and pyraclostrobin) applied to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) maintained under golf cour...
Hominid Humeral Fragment from Early Pleistocene of Northwestern Kenya

The distal end of a hominoid humerus was recovered from early Pleistocene sediments in the Kanapoi drainage near the southern end of Lake Rudolf. Lava capping the sediments yielded a potassium/argon date of 2.5 million years. The fragment can be distinguished on inspection from gorilla and orangutan; discriminate analysis of humeri of Homo and Pan assigns it as hominid. From other evidence we consider it more likely to represent Australopithecus s.s. than Paranthropus.
Water absorption and swelling in the rat small intestine in vitro.

Net mucosal-to-serosal water transport and water retention within the tissue were simultaneously measured in the isolated, everted rat jejunum and ileum along with time. The swelling of the epithelium (Δw/DW-Δv/DW) precedes the absorption of fluid and then it remains constant throughout the experiment. The water uptake, determined as a weight increase, (Δw/DW) and the net water transport determined as a serosal volume increase (Δv/DW) were higher in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate than in a Krebs-Ringer-phosphate medium. In the jejunum glucose markedly stimulated both the tissue retention and net transport of water, but such effect was not seen in the ileum. Replacement of chloride with sulphate in the medium diminishes both water transport and retention, but both were markedly stimulated by the addition of glucose to such medium. As a conclusion it seems that during water transport the epithelial layer swells and the swelling increases when the amount of water transported is increased.
Impact of forced ranking evaluation of performance on ethical choices: a study of proximal and distal mediators

This paper examines the impact of forced ranking method of performance evaluation on the ethical choices of managers. Evaluation using forced ranking method may cause work pressure and intra–organisational competition, which function as proximal mediators and increase the propensity for moral disengagement. Disengagement, taking on the role of a distal mediator, in turn influences ethical choices. 83 junior and middle level managers, who were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, completed a survey in which they were presented with an assigned vignette followed by a questionnaire that sought to assess their ethical intentions and willingness to report peer infractions. General linear model was used to test proximal and distal mediation. Performance evaluation using forced ranking method influenced ethical intentions but did not impact willingness to report peer infractions. Both relationships were mediated proximally through intra–organisational competition and distally through moral disengagement. By decomposing influences on ethical choices into proximal and distal causes this study demonstrates the intermediate steps through which performance evaluation using forced ranking method affected ethical choices.