cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parent Involvement, Cultural Capital, and the Achievement Gap Among Elementary School Children

This study examined the level and impact of five types of parent involvement on elementary school children’s academic achievement by race/ethnicity, poverty, and parent educational attainment. The sample comprised 415 third through fifth graders who completed the Elementary School Success Profile. Hypotheses from Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital were assessed with t tests, chi-square statistics, and hierarchical regressions. Consistent with the theory, parents with different demographic characteristics exhibited different types of involvement, and the types of involvement exhibited by parents from dominant groups had the strongest association with achievement. However, contrary to theoretical expectations, members of dominant and nondominant groups benefited similarly from certain types of involvement and differently from others. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Multi-Criteria Space Based Internet Routing

In this paper, we propose to develop a multi-criteria routing method which exploits the inherent deterministic qualities of satellite orbits to create an efficient routing mechanism for the next generation space Internet. Our approach will simultaneously optimize several criteria to generate an efficient solution to the Space Based Internet (SBI) routing problem. We define the objectives and use simulation and emulation for testing and validation.
Mass Defect Labeling of Cysteine for Improving Peptide Assignment in Shotgun Proteomic Analyses

A method for improving the identification of peptides in a shotgun proteome analysis using accurate mass measurement has been developed. The improvement is based upon the derivatization of cysteine residues with a novel reagent, 2,4-dibromo-(2‘-iodo)acetanilide. The derivitization changes the mass defect of cysteine-containing proteolytic peptides in a manner that increases their identification specificity. Peptide masses were measured using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry. Reactions with protein standards show that the derivatization of cysteine is rapid and quantitative, and the data suggest that the derivatized peptides are more easily ionized or detected than unlabeled cysteine-containing peptides. The reagent was tested on a 15N-metabolically labeled proteome from M. maripaludis. Proteins were identified by their accurate mass values and from their nitrogen stoichiometry. A total of 47% of the labeled peptides are identified versus 27% for...
From Marianthal to Latent Growth Mixture Modeling: A Return to the Exploration of Individual Differences in Response to Unemployment

Job-loss is a rapidly growing concern as we witness the greatest and most rapid economic downturn in a century. The negative psychological effect of unemployment has increasingly garnered attention. Previous literature has offered a formidable prognosis, stating that in response to job-loss, people typically follow a pattern of rapid decline in life satisfaction and never return to preunemployment levels. In this paper, we attempt to search for individual differences in response to job-loss using Latent Growth Mixture Modeling (LGMM) framework. By building homogeneous trajectories within a prospective design from 3 years before to 4 years after job-loss, we find that the majority of individuals (82%) demonstrate no long-term effects on life satisfaction in response to unemployment. We also examine the roll of larger market forces on levels of life satisfaction during and around the event of job-loss. Using a correlation model, demonstrated that life satisfaction is positively influenced by the regional unemployment rate. Clark (2003) argues that people report higher well-being when they lose their job if those in proximity to them are also becoming unemployed. Using the national and local unemployment rate in a regression model nested in the Latent Growth Model, we found that a social comparison effect is present immediately before unemployment but not once individuals became unemployed. This implies that people reference national and local employment trends in an attempt to anticipate their own course of employment rather than referencing those trends after job-loss.
Cultures, contexts, and interpretability1: Cultures, contexts, and interpretability

: The paper begins with a discussion of the meaning of ‘interpretability’ and its uses in contemporary disciplines, including linguistics and the area of world Englishes. The term has been defined by Larry Smith and several other researchers in order to make explicit what is meant by ‘intelligibility’, ‘comprehensibility’, and ‘interpretability’ among varieties of English across the world. However, besides referring broadly to ‘context’, there has been little attempt to explicitly outline what elements of context play a role in interpretability. This paper is an initial attempt to define one set of contextual factors that plays a crucial role in interpretability – the set related to culture. Culture is defined in terms relevant to the purposes of the paper, and the cultural factors under focus are explicitly identified. Select examples from various Englishes are presented to show the relevance of such cultural factors for interpretability.
Advances in molecular biology of hibernation in mammals

Summary Mammalian hibernation is characterized by profound reductions in metabolism, oxygen consumption and heart rate. As a result, the animal enters a state of suspended animation where core body temperatures can plummet as low as � 2.98C. Not only can hibernating mammals survive these physiological extremes, but they also return to a normothermic state of activity without reperfusion injury or other ill effects. This review examines recent findings on the genes, proteins and small molecules that control the induction and maintenance of hibernation in mammals. The molecular events involved with remodeling metabolism, inducing hypothermia and maintaining organ function are discussed and considered with respect to analogous processes in non-hibernating mammals such as mice and humans. The advent of sequenced genomes from three distantly related hibernators, a bat, hedgehog and ground squirrel, provides additional opportunities for molecular biologists to explore the mechanistic
The Phosphorescence Decay of Halophosphates and Other Doubly Activated Phosphors

The decay rates of three doubly activated phosphors, namely, calcium halophosphate (Mn, Sb), calcium silicate (Mn, Pb), and zinc fluoride (Mn, Ti, or W) have been investigated under λ2537 excitation. The halophosphates studied all show initially a very rapid and abrupt decay, followed by a second stage of decay having a very slow rate. Both stages are of the exponential type. Investigation shows that the rapid rate (decay constant ≈ 1500 sec.−1) is to be ascribed to the antimony emission and the slow rate (k ≈ 75 sec.−1) to the manganese emission.Calcium silicate behaves in a similar fashion, the ultraviolet emission due to lead decaying rapidly (k ≈ 480 sec.−1) and the visible more slowly (k ≈ 60 sec.−1). The doubly activated zinc fluorides show similar behavior, though the great spectral width of the tungsten band makes separation of the two emission bands difficult.The fact that in all these cases, the two activators each retain their characteristic decay rates in the presence of the other indicates that two types of centers exist in each of which the process of luminescence functions independently of the other.
Observations on nasal late phase reactions.

(1987). Observations on Nasal Late Phase Reactions. Immunological Investigations: Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 649-685.
A simple low-cost microcontroller-based photometric instrument for monitoring chloroplast movement

A new microcontroller-based photometric instrument for monitoring blue light dependent changes in leaf transmission (chloroplast movement) was developed based on a modification of the double-beam technique developed by Walzcak and Gabrys [(1980) Photosynthetica 14: 65–72]. A blue and red bicolor light emitting diode (LED) provided both a variable intensity blue actinic light and a low intensity red measuring beam. A phototransistor detected the intensity of the transmitted measuring light. An inexpensive microcontroller independently and precisely controlled the light emission of the bicolor LED. A typical measurement event involved turning off the blue actinic light for 100 μs to create a narrow temporal window for turning on and measuring the transmittance of the red light. The microcontroller was programmed using LogoChip Logo (http://www.wellesley.edu/Physics/Rberg/logochip/) to record fluence rate response curves. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was utilized to correlate the changes in leaf transmission with intercellular chloroplast position. In the dark, the chloroplasts in the spongy mesophyll exhibited no evident asymmetries in their distribution, however, in the palisade layer the cell surface in contact with the overlying epidermis was devoid of chloroplasts. The low light dependent decrease in leaf transmittance in dark acclimated leaves was correlated with the movement of chloroplasts within the palisade layer into the regions previously devoid of chloroplasts. Changes in leaf transmittance were evident within one minute following the onset of illumination. Minimal leaf transmittance was correlated with chloroplasts having retreated from cell surfaces perpendicular to the incident light (avoidance reaction) in both spongy and palisade layers.
Gene-expression assays and personalized cancer care: tissue-of-origin test for cancer of unknown primary origin

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is one of the ten most frequently diagnosed cancers in developed countries and accounts for 3-5% of all new cancer cases. For all cancer management, chemotherapeutic regimens and targeted agents have increasingly become primary-site dependent over the last decade, and thus, accurate identification of the primary site is crucial for CUP patients. Histopathologic examination along with immunohistochemical studies and different imaging modalities are most often performed for this purpose, but still a significant number of patients remain with an unidentified primary. Recently, gene-expression profiling assays have emerged as alternative tests for tumor tissue of origin determination. It is expected that molecular determination of the origin in patients with CUP will aid in the determination of management strategies. It is thus possible that personalized treatment of CUP patients based on molecular classification could significantly improve patient outcomes.
A Review of: “Juvenile Justice: Redeeming Our Children, by Barry Krisberg”

The juvenile justice system is very complex. For teachers and administrators outside of the correctional facilities, it is hard to fathom both the culture of the setting and the unique challenges t...
Food and Pharmaceutical Potential of Carissa Genus

Shrubs belonging to Carissa genus (Apocyanaceae family) are potential sources of food and medicine, yet they have an obscure status and rarely been exploited. Since antiquity, the stem, root bark, leaves, fruit and seed extracts have been used in folk medication. Now, the emerging scientific investigations are validating the ethno-medicinal uses of this genus. Bioactive compounds ranging from polyphenolics, flavonoids, flavanones and lignans to sesquiterpenes have been isolated from them. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, wound healing, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiepileptic, anticancer, diuretic, nephrotoxicity amelioration and hepatoprotective activities. This chapter summarizes the recent findings for promoting the nutraceutical applications of this genus.
Radius fracture from an electrical injury involving an electric guitar.

Electrical injury ranges widely from simple shock and mild burns to more extensive superficial injury, internal injury, and mortality. Bony fracture from electrically-induced tetanic muscle contraction is a rare but recognized injury. We report the case of a 14-year-old boy who suffered a minor burn and radius fracture related to an electrical injury involving his electric guitar. An interesting pattern is emerging from available case reports of similar injuries. Language: en
Promoting Beneficial Humor in Counseling: A Way of Helping Counselors Help Clients

ABSTRACTMuch has been written about the general use of humor in counseling. However, while certain types of humor may be helpful, other kinds of humor may be harmful. This article delineates seven types of humor that may be beneficial to counselors in working with clients and five types of humor that should not be employed in therapeutic relationships. It gives examples of how positive humor may be used within a counseling context and provides six guidelines for integrating humor into counseling.
Upper Flammability Limits of Hydrogen and Light Hydrocarbons in Air at Subatmospheric Pressures

The upper flammability limits (UFL) of hydrogen–air, methane–air, ethane–air, n-butane–air, and ethylene–air were determined experimentally at room temperature (20 °C) and initial pressure of 1.0, 0.7, 0.5, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.05 atm. Experiments were conducted in a closed cylindrical stainless steel vessel (i.d. 10.22 cm, length 100 cm) with upward flame propagation. The UFL of hydrogen was observed to be inversely proportional to the initial pressure in the range from 1.0 to 0.3 atm and proportional to the initial pressure from 0.3 to 0.05 atm. In contrast, the UFLs of the lower alkanes and ethylene decreased with the initial pressure. The average flame propagation velocities at UFL concentrations of hydrogen, methane, ethane, n-butane, and ethylene in air at reduced pressures were also examined. It was found that the flame propagation velocity of hydrogen was larger than those of the hydrocarbons, increased when the initial pressure decreased from 1.0 to 0.3 atm, and then decreased with further decrease of...
On the Essential Distinction between Bolivarism and Monroe Doctrine

Both Bolivarism and Monroe Doctrine were brought during the war of independence of Latin America.Both emphasize the difference between the American system and European system.But there are essential distinctions on the history background and the main content.
Epidemic Trend of Measles from 1954 to 2003 in Laiwu

Objective This investigation was to analyze the epidemic characteristics of measles during different periods and probe into measures to accelerate control of measles. Methods Epidemiological data of measles from 1954 to 2003 in Laiwu was analyzed. Results In natural infection period (1954-1966), both incidence and mortality of measles ranked the highest among various infectious diseases; the epidemic was frequent, with a cycle of 1-2 years; the incidence in cities was higher than rural regions; the peak of onset was focused on spring with pre-school children as a predominating population. In planned immunization period (1979-2003), the incidence and mortality of measles declined substantially with less frequent epidemics and sporadic onsets predominating; the incidence in rural areas was higher than cities; the peak of onset was postponed seasonally with peak value cut flat; the onset population was mainly pre-school children and adults. Conclusion We should perfect measles monitoring system, adjust immunization strategy, further improve the coverage rate of immunization and reduce the onset of measles at a high-risk age.
Changing national guidelines is not enough: the impact of 1990 IOM recommendations on gestational weight gain among US women

Changing national guidelines is not enough: the impact of 1990 IOM recommendations on gestational weight gain among US women
SU-F-J-220: Micro-CT Based Quantification of Mouse Brain Vasculature: The Effects of Acquisition Technique and Contrast Material

Purpose: Cognitive impairment from radiation therapy to the brain may be linked to the loss of total blood volume in the brain. To account for brain injury, it is crucial to develop an understanding of blood volume loss as a result of radiation therapy. This study investigates µCT based quantification of mouse brain vasculature, focusing on the effect of acquisition technique and contrast material. Methods: Four mice were scanned on a µCT scanner (Siemens Inveon). The reconstructed voxel size was 18µm3 and all protocols were Hounsfield Unit (HU) calibrated. The mice were injected with 40mg of gold nanoparticles (MediLumine) or 100µl of Exitron 12000 (Miltenyi Biotec). Two acquisition techniques were also performed. A single kVp technique scanned the mouse once using an x-ray beam of 80kVp and segmentation was completed based on a threshold of HU values. The dual kVp technique scanned the mouse twice using 50kVp and 80kVp, this segmentation was based on the ratio of the HU value of the two kVps. After image reconstruction and segmentation, the brain blood volume was determined as a percentage of the total brain volume. Results: For the single kVp acquisition at 80kVp, the brain blood volume had an average of 3.5% for gold and 4.0% for Exitron 12000. Also at 80kVp, the contrast-noise ratio was significantly better for images acquired with the gold nanoparticles (2.0) than for those acquired with the Exitron 12000 (1.4). The dual kVp acquisition shows improved separation of skull from vasculature, but increased image noise. Conclusion: In summary, the effects of acquisition technique and contrast material for quantification of mouse brain vasculature showed that gold nanoparticles produced more consistent segmentation of brain vasculature than Exitron 12000. Also, dual kVp acquisition may improve the accuracy of brain vasculature quantification, although the effect of noise amplification warrants further study.
Infection control in colon surgery

The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of strategies that should be employed in the prevention of infection at the surgical site in patients undergoing colon surgery. The world’s literature on the pathogenesis and prevention of infections at the surgical site in colon resection were reviewed to identify those methods that are associated with improved rates of infection at the surgical site. The pathogenesis, microbiology, diagnosis, and surveillance of surgical site infection have been reviewed in the context of better understanding the accepted methods for prevention. Recommendations are provided based upon evidence-based information when available. Surgical site infection rates in colon surgery have been reduced consistently over the last 60 years of surgical practice. Preoperative and intraoperative techniques are described which have been useful in this improvement, while postoperative methods including the extension of postoperative systemic antibiotics have not been of value. Many methods have been demonstrated to improve surgical site infection rates in colon surgery. However, consistent and standardized applications of these principals in prevention currently do not exist. Application of evidence-based practices can further reduce the morbidity and cost of infection following colon surgery.
Creep in α-Al2O3 thermally grown on β-NiAl and NiAlPt alloys

Abstract We have measured creep relaxation in α-Al 2 O 3 , thermally grown on stoichiometric β-NiAl, and on β- and γ'-phase alloys of Ni–Al–Pt at temperatures between 950–1100 °C. Creep was monitored using in-situ measurements of strain relaxation in the oxide following the sudden imposition of a stress. A stress was imposed by abruptly changing the sample temperature, exploiting the thermal expansion difference between oxide and substrate. The in-plane elastic strain was obtained using a sin 2 ψ X-ray diffraction technique exploiting synchrotron radiation. For oxides grown on β-NiAl and Ni–Al–Pt samples, we found that strain relaxation rates are comparable to those observed in fine grained α-Al 2 O 3 bulk ceramics, when bulk results are extrapolated to the lower temperatures examined here. When Hf was added to the Ni–Al–Pt alloy, creep rates in the thermally grown oxide were substantially slowed. Creep rates at stress levels of 100 MPa, or less, are proportional to σ n , with n ≤ 2, consistent with a diffusional creep mechanism.
Infotrac in academic libraries: what's missing in the new technology?

Problemes poses par l'utilisation du logiciel documentaire Infotrac en bibliotheques universitaires. notamment pour la recherche dans les publications periodiques
Sex matters: Examination of disgust and morality judgments of transgressions committed by homosexuals and heterosexuals

Abstract Although homosexuality can evoke disgust, the extent to which disgust influences judgments about transgressions committed by homosexuals remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, participants high (HHD) and low (LHD) in homosexual disgust provided disgust and immorality ratings of offenses committed by homosexuals or heterosexuals. The present study also examined the extent to which judgments about violations of social mores by homosexuals or heterosexuals differed as a function of the purity of the violation. Consistent with predictions, HHD participants had significantly higher disgust and immorality ratings than LHD participants for violations committed by homosexuals. However, the two groups did not differ in ratings of violations committed by heterosexuals. The findings also revealed that the difference between violations committed by homosexuals and heterosexuals in disgust was greater when the violation did not contain impurity versus when impurity was present. However, this pattern of findings was not observed for differences in ratings of immorality. Lastly, pathogen, but not sexual or moral disgust mediated the association between moral purity and ratings of violations committed by homosexuals. This mediated effect was not observed for ratings of violations committed by heterosexuals. The implications of these findings for better understating moral perceptions of homosexuality are discussed.
Renal Disease Associated with Monoclonal Gammopathy

Increasingly, monoclonal gammopathy is recognized as a cause of kidney disease regardless of the hematologic malignancy. As a result, the term monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) has been introduced to distinguish these patients from those with the benign monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Kidney diseases of MGRS can be classified according to the type of deposits in the kidney. The three major categories are organized (which including fibrillar, microtubular, and crystalline), non-organized, and none. Another characteristic of MGRS-associated nephropathies is their high rate of recurrence after kidney transplant. It is therefore important that kidney transplant recipient be properly treated prior to kidney transplantation. This requires confirmation that a MGRS is responsible for the disease, which can only be done by a kidney biopsy. The treatment should optimally target the clone producing the MGRS rather than be based on renal histology.
Cell therapy for perinatal brain injury from hypoxia-ischemia and prematurity

P brain injury remains a major cause of cerebral palsy and other adverse neurological outcomes. Although therapeutic hypothermia is now established to improve recovery from hypoxia–ischemia (HI) at term, many infants continue to survive with disability, and hypothermia has not yet been tested in preterm infants. Novel data indicates that the mechanisms of brain injury from hypoxia-ischemia and injury from exposure to intrauterine inflammation (as in cases of preterm birth) may follow converging mechanisms. There is increasing evidence from in vitro and in vivo trials that stem cells may have multiple beneficial effects on outcome after hypoxic–ischemic injury. Stem cell therapies have shown great promise in animal studies in decreasing neurological impairment. Although the mechanisms of action of stem cells, the optimal type, dose, and method of administration remain surprisingly unclear, cell based interventions after completion of the majority of secondary cell death appear to have potential to improve functional outcome for neonates after HI. Evaluation and understanding of mechanisms that lead to the improvement of perinatal brain injury and consideration cell therapy use for the inflammation-induced perinatal brain injury, as in cases of preterm birth, are our main goals to bring cell therapy from bench to bedside
Vitamin B6 effects on the growth of Morris hepatomas and the development of enzymatic activity.

Vitamin B6 is not only required for normal growth and development, in general, but also for the growth of neoplasms. In attempts to decipher the effects of the vitamin on tumor growth and metabolic function, i.e., enzyme activity, studies were carried out in our laboratory using Morris hepatomas of increasing degree of differentiation grown in animals fed ad libitum a pyridoxine free diet and in pair-fed or ad libitum (controls) given the same diet supplemented with pyridoxine2. The effects of the absence of pyridoxine from the diet on (a) hepatoma growth, (b) enzyme activity, (c) enzyme induction and (d) enzyme expression in liver and hepatomas were investigated using, in addition to conventional and chromatographic procedures, (a) immunoprecipitation in agar-gel and (b) in situ, ‘on the gel’, histochemical staining for detection of resolved, enzymatically active protein bands. Further, the effects of progressive ‘cofactor depletion’ (vitamin deficiency) and hepatoma growth on hormonal enzyme induction and vitamin B6 were also investigated.
Clinical considerations for blunt laryngotracheal trauma in children.

Abstract Objective Systematic review of blunt pediatric laryngeal and tracheal trauma and development of proposed evaluation and management strategy. Study design Systematic review and proposed clinical consideration algorithm. Data sources PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Review methods A medical librarian was utilized. Results 329 titles and abstracts were identified, and 50 reports were included. A total of 66 children were identified, with a majority of males (76.1%). Average age was 9.5±4.4years [range 2–17]. CT was employed in 66.7% of cases. False negative CT occurred in 29.5% of cases. Treatment consisted of observation (9.1%), endoscopy alone (31.8%), endoscopic repair (7.6%), and open neck exploration with repair/open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) (51.5%). Tracheotomy was utilized in 33.3% of the cases. Mortality was rare, with only one (1.5%) reported and occurred within one hour after presentation. Conclusions Significant deviation and variation from recommended previously proposed management algorithms exists in reported cases. Awareness of the natural clinical history, potential for severe morbidity or mortality, and associated complications are extremely important. CT and fiberoptic, bedside laryngoscopy may not play a significant role but may add to clinical evaluation prior to operative intervention. If employed, care must be taken to not create an unstable clinical scenario. Operative endoscopy is recommended in cases with positive physical examination findings, and treatment tailored to extent of injury. Level of evidence IV. Type of study Systematic review.
Hydrogel Micro-/Nanosphere Coated by a Lipid Bilayer: Preparation and Microscopic Probing.

The result of polymeric nanogels and lipid vesicles interaction—lipobeads—can be considered as multipurpose containers for future therapeutic applications, such as targeted anticancer chemotherapy with superior tumor response and minimum side effects. In this work, micrometer sized lipobeads were synthesized by two methods: (i) mixing separately prepared microgels made of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) and phospholipid vesicles of micrometer or nanometer size and (ii) polymerization within the lipid vesicles. For the first time, a high vacuum scanning electron microscopy was shown to be suitable for a quick validation of the structural organization of wet lipobeads and their constituents without special sample preparation. In particular, the structural difference of microgels prepared by thermal and UV-polymerization in different solvents was revealed and three types of giant liposomes were recognized under high vacuum in conjunction with their size, composition, and method of preparation. Importantly, the substructure of the hydrogel core and multi- and unilamellar constructions of the peripheral lipid part were explicitly distinguished on the SEM images of lipobeads, justifying the spontaneous formation of a lipid bilayer on the surface of microgels and evidencing an energetically favorable structural organization of the hydrogel/lipid bilayer assembly. This key property can facilitate lipobeads’ preparation and decrease technological expenses on their scaled production. The comparison of the SEM imaging with the scanning confocal and atomic force microscopies data are also presented in the discussion.
Successful Treatment of Residual Curvature in Peyronie Disease in Men Previously Treated With Intralesional Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum.

Objective To determine the success and feasibility of surgically correcting residual curvature after intralesional collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) for the treatment of Peyronie disease (PD). Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who had intralesional CCH treatment for PD and who subsequently underwent penile plication (PP), plaque incision and grafting (PIG), or inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) placement. Results Ten men who underwent PP, PIG, or IPP for the treatment of residual curvature after intralesional CCH were identified. Six patients underwent PP; 1 patient underwent PIG; and 3 patients underwent IPP with ancillary straightening maneuvers. The mean time from the last CCH injection to surgical correction was 150.9 days, or 5 months. The mean pre-CCH curvature was 67 degrees and the mean post-CCH curvature was 51 degrees. Eight of 10 patients had no residual curvature after surgical treatment. The mean postprocedure curvature was 4.5 degrees. The mean operative time was 72.1 minutes. The mean estimated blood loss was 20 mL. Increased fibrosis with increased surgical difficulty was noted in 3 (all Conclusion The surgical treatment of PD after intralesional CCH is safe and effective. If surgery is considered, this should be performed at least 6 months after the last CCH injection, given the potential for an increased inflammatory reaction in this area.
After Art School: Professional Development Training in Nonprofit Organizations

ABSTRACTIn the last fifteen years, the nonprofit community has witnessed a rise in professional development programs for artists. These programs are designed to help artists navigate their increasingly entrepreneurial, or self-directed, careers. Many participants are arts graduates seeking training they did not receive from academic institutions. This research investigates the professional development initiatives of four NYC-based arts organizations by asking how they view their services in relation to art schools and why they offer particular training. Arguing that nonprofits supplement art schools' curricula by playing an essential role in artists' education and career development, this article ultimately discusses opportunities for collaboration.
Open data and stormwater systems in Los Angeles: applications for equitable green infrastructure

Urban stormwater systems traditionally used “grey” infrastructure to manage runoff. Contemporary designs now incorporate “green” infrastructure, which offers additional potential benefits such as u...
Chloroplast Biogenesis 82: Development of a Cell-free System Capable of the Net Synthesis of Chlorophyll(ide) b

Recent experimental evidence (see part 80) suggests that the chlorophyll (Chl) b pathway is biosynthetically heterogeneous. The dissection of this biosynthetic heterogeneity requires the availability of a cell-free system capable of the net synthesis of Chl(ide) a and b. The development of such a system is described.
Physiological Measures of Auditory Sensitivity

The scientist interested in evaluating the auditory sensitivity of young infants is presented with a difficult choice. On the one hand, physiological measures appear very attractive. There are a wide variety of them to choose from; they often can be recorded while the infant is asleep as well as awake; and the response systems are typically more mature than most externally observable motor systems. This latter quality is important because it allows the assessment of sensory-system development to be at least partially isolated from response-system development. On the other hand, physiological measures are often viewed as categorically different from behavioral measures—especially the traditional ones used with older children and adults. These effects have led Trehub and colleagues (Schneider, Trehub, & Bull, 1979; Trehub, Schneider, & Bull, 1981), and others before them, to conclude that psychophysiological techniques are sensitive to the “significance” of the stimulus and therefore track what they refer to as the “attentional threshold” rather than the threshold of audibility.
An Experiment in Testing Advertising Levels By Measuring Natural Test Market Variation

A field experiment utilizing a new experimental approach to measuring advertising exposure which provides a range of levels of exposure was conducted in eight main test market and eight fringe cities for a global Fortune 500 company consumer durable product. The results showed: a) targeted rating points of advertising delivered are strongly related to advertising effectiveness, and b) this effect is attributable to advertising level and to whether the members of the target audience live close to or far from the broadcast source.
Basic Concepts in Stochastic Processes

In this chapter, we introduce basic concepts in stochastic processes used in modeling queueing systems. Analysis techniques are developed later in conjunction with the discussion of specific systems.
An Instrument to Measure Teacher Practices to Support Personalized Learning in the Middle Grades.

Reforms to support and expand personalized learning increasingly are being introduced in middle schools across the United States. Personalization, as enacted in response to these reforms, encourage...
A phase I clinical trial of hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin and oral capecitabine, with or without intravenous bevacizumab, in patients with advanced cancer and predominant liver involvement

We investigated hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) oxaliplatin combined with capecitabine +/− bevacizumab in advanced cancer with predominant liver involvement. Patients received HAI oxaliplatin (140 mg/m2) and escalating doses of capecitabine (500, 750, and 1000 mg/m2), with (Group 1) or without (Group 2) bevacizumab (10 mg/kg IV). A 3 + 3 dose design was used, followed by an expansion phase. From 9/2009 to 2/2014, 61 patients (34 men, 27 women) were enrolled (Group 1 = 44; Group 2 = 17). Patients were treated in Group 2 if they had contraindications to bevacizumab (n = 13) or if there was no opening in Group 1 (n = 4). The median age was 60 years (range, 20–88). The most common cancers were colorectal (22 patients), liver (12), pancreatic (7), breast (4), and biliary tract (4). The median number of prior therapies was 3 (range, 1–12); 32 (53%) patients had received oxaliplatin. The dose-limiting toxicity was Grade 3 diarrhea and occurred in 2 patients receiving 1000 mg/m2 capecitabine. The maximum tolerated dose was HAI oxaliplatin 140 mg/m2, capecitabine 750 mg/m2, and bevacizumab 10 mg/kg. The most common toxicities were nausea/vomiting, anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and hypomagnesemia. The rates of partial response and stable disease ≥ 4 months were 22% and 39% (Group 1) and 9% and 0% (Group 2). The respective median time to treatment failure and overall survival were 3 and 6.9 months (Group 1) and 1.5 and 5.9 months (Group 2). HAI oxaliplatin combined with capecitabine +/− bevacizumab was well-tolerated and was associated with favorable outcomes in selected patients.
Cold burn injury after treatment at whole-body cryotherapy facility

Traditionally, cryotherapy has been used in dermatology to treat skin lesions, such as actinic keratoses, viral warts, seborrheic keratoses, and select keratinocyte carcinomas. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) is a new and trendy treatment of which practitioners should be aware because of potential adverse events. WBC is a popular technique used for purported improvements in muscle recovery, back pain, muscle stiffness, energy, sleep, and skin health among other benefits. This technique was originally given to patients with multiple sclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis because of claimed beneficial effects, such as analgesia and decreased inflammation.1 It has since become accepted by athletes and more accessible through various spas, wellness centers, and cryotherapy facilities.
Our Memories of Maxie C. Maultsby Jr. 1932–2016

In this article, the authors present the life and work of Dr. Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr, the most distinguished and influential black psychiatrist, as well as the founder of Rational Behavior Therapy (RBT), a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral therapeutic model. We document the pioneering ideas and concepts formulated by Dr. Maultsby and present RBT as a distinct form of theory-driven cognitive-behavior therapy, grounded in neurophysiology, its singular learning theory, unique concepts, and specific therapeutic techniques. His exceptional idealism of making mass mental health prevention and therapeutic interventions accessible to the underserved populations produced the unparalleled self-help features of RBT, allowing for its effectiveness and lasting results to be attainable to the average person. Dr. Maultsby was innovative in identifying clear criteria for healthy thinking that were empowering, patient-centered, and applicable to all forms of beliefs including spiritual, religious, existential, and deeply philosophical. His thorough knowledge of cognitive neuroscience and its underlying mechanisms of learning and re-learning of emotional habits gave rise to a radical reformulation of existing concepts like the traditional ABC model of emotions. This article is the first in a series about RBT and its founder.
Genetic correlates of wall shear stress in a patient-specific 3D-printed cerebral aneurysm model.

Objectives To study the correlation between wall shear stress and endothelial cell expression in a patient-specific, three-dimensional (3D)-printed model of a cerebral aneurysm. Materials and methods A 3D-printed model of a cerebral aneurysm was created from a patient’s angiogram. After populating the model with human endothelial cells, it was exposed to media under flow for 24 hours. Endothelial cell morphology was characterized in five regions of the 3D-printed model using confocal microscopy. Endothelial cells were then harvested from distinct regions of the 3D-printed model for mRNA collection and gene analysis via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR.) Cell morphology and mRNA measurement were correlated with computational fluid dynamics simulations. Results The model was successfully populated with endothelial cells, which survived under flow for 24 hours. Endothelial morphology showed alignment with flow in the proximal and distal parent vessel and aneurysm neck, but disorganization in the aneurysm dome. Genetic analysis of endothelial mRNA expression in the aneurysm dome and distal parent vessel was compared with the proximal parent vessels. ADAMTS-1 and NOS3 were downregulated in the aneurysm dome, while GJA4 was upregulated in the distal parent vessel. Disorganized morphology and decreased ADAMTS-1 and NOS3 expression correlated with areas of substantially lower wall shear stress and wall shear stress gradient in computational fluid dynamics simulations. Conclusions Creating 3D-printed models of patient-specific cerebral aneurysms populated with human endothelial cells is feasible. Analysis of these cells after exposure to flow demonstrates differences in both cell morphology and genetic expression, which correlate with areas of differential hemodynamic stress.
Navigating Autonomy: A Mid-Career Reflection on Life in Academia

AbstractThis article offers a mid-career reflection on life in academia. Using a feminist-existentialist-Buddhist lens, I acknowledge structural and societal obstacles while embracing my sense of a...
Structures and single-molecule analysis of bacterial motor nuclease AdnAB illuminate the mechanism of DNA double-strand break resection

Mycobacterial AdnAB is a heterodimeric helicase–nuclease that initiates homologous recombination by resecting DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The AdnA and AdnB subunits are each composed of an N-terminal motor domain and a C-terminal nuclease domain. Here we report cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of AdnAB in three functional states: in the absence of DNA and in complex with forked duplex DNAs before and after cleavage of the 5′ single-strand DNA (ssDNA) tail by the AdnA nuclease. The structures reveal the path of the 5′ ssDNA through the AdnA nuclease domain and the mechanism of 5′ strand cleavage; the path of the 3′ tracking strand through the AdnB motor and the DNA contacts that couple ATP hydrolysis to mechanical work; the position of the AdnA iron–sulfur cluster subdomain at the Y junction and its likely role in maintaining the split trajectories of the unwound 5′ and 3′ strands. Single-molecule DNA curtain analysis of DSB resection reveals that AdnAB is highly processive but prone to spontaneous pausing at random sites on duplex DNA. A striking property of AdnAB is that the velocity of DSB resection slows after the enzyme experiences a spontaneous pause. Our results highlight shared as well as distinctive properties of AdnAB vis-a-vis the RecBCD and AddAB clades of bacterial DSB-resecting motor nucleases.
Open issues in strain gradient continuum plasticity and other approaches to address size effects

Abstract This book addresses the enhanced continuum theory to assess the thermomechanical response of instabilities such as shear bands and necking in materials as well as small-scale metallic compounds. Historically, the determination of the model parameters, including material length scale and its physical interpretation is exhaustively discussed. In addition, whether the additional strengthening caused by plastic strain gradients is mainly energetic or dissipative is one of the open issues in the strain gradient plasticity. The elastic stress jump is also receiving significant attention from the strain gradient plasticity community. This chapter will thoroughly discuss the three aforementioned issues. Apart from the strain gradient plasticity, there are several other approaches such as strain gradient crystal plasticity, discrete dislocation dynamics, and molecular dynamics that can account for the size, boundary, and rate effect in microscale materials. Such techniques will be briefly discussed at the end.
Confirming pericardial access by using impedance measurements from a micropuncture needle.

BACKGROUND Pericardial access is complicated by two difficulties: confirming when the needle tip is in the pericardial space, and avoiding complications during access, such as inadvertently puncturing other organs. Conventional imaging tools are inadequate for addressing these difficulties, as they lack soft-tissue markers that could be used as guidance during access. A system that can both confirm access and avoid inadvertent organ injury is needed. METHODS A 21G micropuncture needle was modified to include two small electrodes at the needle tip. With continuous bioimpedance monitoring from the electrodes, the needle was used to access the pericardium in porcine models (n = 4). The needle was also visualized in vivo by using an electroanatomical map (n = 2). Bioimpedance data from different tissues were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Bioimpedance data collected from the subcutaneous space (992.8 ± 13.1 Ω), anterior mediastinum (972.2 ± 14.2 Ω), pericardial space (323.2 ± 17.1 Ω), mid-myocardium (349.7 ± 87.6 Ω), right ventricular cavity (235.0 ± 9.7 Ω), lung (1142.0 ± 172.0 Ω), liver (575.0 ± 52.6 Ω), and blood (177.5 ± 1.9 Ω) differed significantly by tissue type (P < .01). Phase data in the frequency domain correlated well with the needle being in the pericardial space. A simple threshold analysis effectively separated lung (threshold = 1120.0 Ω) and blood (threshold = 305.9 Ω) tissues from the other tissue types. CONCLUSIONS Continuous bioimpedance monitoring from a modified micropuncture needle during pericardial access can be used to clearly differentiate tissues. Combined with traditional imaging modalities, this system allows for confirming access to the pericardial space while avoiding inadvertent puncture of other organs, creating a safer and more efficient needle-access procedure.
Upregulation of Antioxidant Capacity and Nucleotide Precursor Availability Suffices for Oncogenic Transformation

Summary The emergence of cancer from diverse normal tissues has long been rationalized to represent a common set of fundamental processes. However, these processes are not fully defined. Here, we show that forced expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) affords immortalized mouse and human cells anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumorigenicity in animals. Mechanistically, G6PD augments the NADPH pool by stimulating NAD+ kinase-mediated NADP+ biosynthesis in addition to converting NADP+ to NADPH, bolstering antioxidant defense. G6PD also increases nucleotide precursor levels through the production of ribose and NADPH, promoting cell proliferation. Supplementation of antioxidants or nucleosides suffices to convert immortalized mouse and human cells into a tumorigenic state, and supplementation of both is required when their overlapping metabolic consequences are minimized. These results suggest that normal cells have a limited capacity for redox balance and nucleotide synthesis, and overcoming this limit might represent a key aspect of oncogenic transformation.
CB1Rs in VMH neurons regulate glucose homeostasis but not body weight

Cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) inverse agonists reduce body weight and improve several parameters of glucose homeostasis. However, these drugs have also been associated with deleterious side effects. CB1R expression is widespread in the brain and in peripheral tissues, but whether specific sites of expression can mediate the beneficial metabolic effects of CB1R drugs, while avoiding the untoward side effects, remains unclear. Evidence suggests inverse agonists may act on key sites within the central nervous system to improve metabolism. The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is a critical node regulating energy balance and glucose homeostasis. To determine the contributions of CB1Rs expressed in VMH neurons in regulating metabolic homeostasis, we generated mice lacking CB1Rs in the VMH. We found that the deletion of CB1Rs in the VMH did not affect body weight in chow- and high-fat diet-fed male and female mice. We also found that deletion of CB1Rs in the VMH did not alter weight loss responses induced by the CB1R inverse agonist SR141716. However, we did find that CB1Rs of the VMH regulate parameters of glucose homeostasis independent of body weight in diet-induced obese male mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1Rs) regulate metabolic homeostasis, and CB1R inverse agonists reduce body weight and improve parameters of glucose metabolism. However, the cell populations expressing CB1Rs that regulate metabolic homeostasis remain unclear. CB1Rs are highly expressed in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), which is a crucial node that regulates metabolism. With CRISPR/Cas9, we generated mice lacking CB1Rs specifically in VMH neurons and found that CB1Rs in VMH neurons are essential for the regulation of glucose metabolism independent of body weight regulation.