cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moral contagion effects in everyday interpersonal encounters

Abstract Are people's essences fully restricted to their physical forms, or can residues of their perceived character be transmitted to others by mere physical contact? The present research investigated the interpersonal effects of contagion in the context of immoral behavior. The findings from two experiments revealed that after participants came into both indirect and direct physical contact with a moral transgressor, they experienced more state guilt. Further, the effect was moderated by disgust sensitivity — namely, after touching an unethical person, those with high disgust sensitivity reported more guilt than those with low disgust sensitivity. This is the first research to demonstrate that physical contact with a morally tainted person can affect one's own immorality (i.e., guilt) and hence provides evidence for “moral transfer.” These findings further highlight disgust sensitivity as an important mechanism undergirding psychological contagion. Implications for daily life and directions for future research are discussed.
Increasing Specificity in Perceptual Development: Infants' Detection of Nested Levels of Multimodal Stimulation

This research assessed the development of infants' sensitivity to two nested amodal temporal relations in audible and visible events. Their detection of global temporal synchrony between visible and audible impacts and internal temporal structure nested within each impact specifying object composition (single versus compound objects) was assessed. Infants of 4, 7, and 11 weeks of age were habituated to a single and a compound object striking a surface and then received test trials depicting a change in synchrony or object composition. Results indicated an interaction between age and condition where sensitivity to synchrony was present by 4 weeks and remained stable across age, whereas sensitivity to composition emerged later, by 7 weeks, and increased dramatically with age. These findings converge with other recent findings to illustrate a pattern of increasing specificity in the development of perception, where infants first detect global and later detect embedded relations. The early sensitivity to global relations may provide an organizational framework for development by focusing infant attention on unitary events, guiding and constraining further exploration, and buffering infants from learning incongruent relations.
COEXISTENCE OF GAP AND SEPTATE JUNCTIONS IN AN INVERTEBRATE EPITHELIUM

The intercellular junctions of the epithelium lining the hepatic caecum of Daphnia were examined. Electron microscope investigations involved both conventionally fixed material and tissue exposed to a lanthanum tracer of the extracellular space. Both septate junctions and gap junctions occur between the cells studied. The septate junctions lie apically and resemble those commonly discerned between cells of other invertebrates. They are atypical in that the high electron opacity of the extracellular space obscures septa in routine preparations. The gap junctions are characterized by a uniform 30 A space between apposed cell membranes. Lanthanum treatment of gap junctions reveals an array of particles of 95 A diameter and 120 A separation lying in the plane of the junction. As this pattern closely resembles that described previously in vertebrates, it appears that the gap junction is phylogenetically widespread. In view of evidence that the gap junction mediates intercellular electrotonic coupling, the assignment of a coupling role to other junctions, notably the septate junction, must be questioned wherever these junctions coexist.
Defining Medical Necessity under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

While the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 promises to expand care to millions of Americans, how the bill will determine the meaning of medical necessity—the concept that continues to serve as the key means for regulating the utilization of health care services—remains an open question. Instead of detailing what is and is not considered medically necessary, the ACA charges the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services with overseeing the processes by which these critical determinations will be made. This article considers a series of “meta-questions” regarding the place of medical necessity determinations within the context of the ACA. It does so by examining the policy challenges presented by a bill that attempts to balance government regulation, physician autonomy, and the various market forces driving managed care. The result is an understanding of the inherently political nature of medical necessity determinations under the ACA.
Receptor binding activity of high-density lipoproteins containing apoprotein E from abetalipoproteinemic and normal neonate plasma.

The receptor binding properties of lipoproteins derived from neonates and abetalipoproteinemic patients were examined. Compared to normal adults, the neonate plasma contained reduced cholesterol levels, with only 40% of the total cholesterol transported in the low-density lipoproteins (LDL). When compared at equal cholesterol concentrations, however, the total neonate lipoproteins (d < 1.21) were as effective as adult d < 1.21 lipoproteins in stimulating cholesteryl ester formation in cultured human fibroblasts. Analysis of the neonate lipoproteins explained their enhanced ability to deliver cholesterol to the cells via LDL (apoprotein B,E) receptors: the neonate d = 1.02−1.063 fraction contained, in addition to LDL, alpha2-migrating, apoprotein E-rich high-density lipoproteins (HDL1), which were isolated by Geon-Pevikon electrophoresis. In binding studies performed with human fibroblasts at 4°C, the neonate HDL1 were 14-fold more effective than either neonate or adult human LDL in displacing 125I-LDL from apo-B,E receptors. The neonate HDL (d = 1.063−1.21) contained a subfraction rich in apo-E and apo(E-A-II), which was isolated by heparin-Sepharose chromatography. This fraction was also active in displacing 125I-LDL from the receptors on cultured fibroblasts. Apoprotein E-containing HDL subclasses, similar to those described in the blood of neonates, were present in the d < 1.063 and d = 1.063−1.21 lipoprotein fractions of patients with abetalipoproteinemia. These HDL with apo-E were enriched in cholesterol and were as effective as normal LDL in competing with 125I-LDL for apo-B,E receptor-mediated binding, internalization, and degradation. When incubated with cultured human fibroblasts, the HDL with apo-E from the abetalipoproteinemic subjects increased the cholesteryl ester mass three- to fourfold. These studies suggest that neonates and abetalipoproteinemic subjects may depend (at least in part) upon lipoproteins containing apo-E to deliver cholesterol to various tissues via the LDL (apo-B,E) receptor.
Carotenoid-protein complexes and their stability towards oxygen and radiation

Abstract Carotenoid-protein complexes isolated from fresh mangoes were found to be more stable to oxygen and radiation when dissolved in water as compared with s-carotene in petroleum ether. Part of the pigment could be released from the complex by gamma irradiation. Observatons on the stability of the carotenoid (98% s-carotene) in the complex indicated that the pigment is either associated with the lipid prosthetic group of the protein or loosely attached to the protein by weak hydrophobic bonds.
A new look at the pulsed reconnection model of the dayside magnetopause

Abstract Electron and ion precipitation data from two co-orbiting Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft (F6 and F8) are used to investigate the model of pulsed magnetopause reconnection. We suggest that the two energy dispersions observed can be explained by two separate injections resulting from two bursts of magnetopause reconnection. However, an observed overlap between the two ion dispersions cannot be explained with the conventional model of bursty magnetopause reconnection. We propose a generalization of the pulsed reconnection model that involves elements of both the bursty single x-line and multiple x-line reconnection models. In the framework of this unified model, the observed electron features can be explained in terms of the “fossil” flux transfer event picture.
Meiotic Chromosome Damage induced by LSD-25

THE chromosome breaking potential of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) in human somatic cells has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo1–7. The fact that similar cytogenetic damage is also observed in the leucocytes of infants exposed to the drug in utero suggests that the LSD can cross the placental barrier and enter the foetal circulation2,4,6,7. Skakkebaek et al.8 have demonstrated LSD induced damage in the meiotic chromosomes of mice. This communication describes experiments confirming meiotic aberrations in the germinal cells of mice injected with LSD and compares the effects of the drug on the chromosomes of various tissues over a relatively long time.
#gathercreateshare: How Research Libraries Use Pinterest

This work investigates social curating activities on the website Pinterest and relates them to the librarian's traditional role of curating information. Pinterest is a social curation site that combines features of gathering, creating, and sharing with the information management characteristics of successful data curation. Libraries have begun to think about pushing services into social networking sites and adding social networking features to their own services. This study evaluates the webpages of Association of Research Libraries member libraries for presence and use of Pinterest, and suggests ways research and academic libraries can use Pinterest to support their patrons.
Adaptive Power and Rate Allocation for Mobile Multicast Throughput Optimization Over Fading Channels in Wireless Networks

We investigate adaptive power and rate allocation schemes for multicast over fading channels in wireless networks. Specifically, we take advantage of the superposition coding to achieve high multicast throughput, where the transmitted signal consists of multiple parallel sub-stream signals. Each receiver decodes the sub-stream signals within its decoding capability determined by the received signal to noise ratio (SNR). Under the above architecture, we first formulate the multicast throughput optimization problem to obtain the power allocation policy for each sub-stream signal subject to the total power constraint. Also, we develop a selective retransmission strategy to guarantee all receivers to recover the same data copy without unnecessary data reception. By introducing the concept of compensation ratio, we derive the optimal power allocation policy of the formulated throughput optimization problem for the two-receiver scenario. Numerical results are also presented to show the throughput improvement over the worst-case SNR-dominating (WSD) rate policy, the best-case SNR-dominating (BSD) rate policy, and the constant-rate policy.
Performance comparison of two interferometric droplet sizing techniques

In this paper, two interferometric techniques (Visibility/Itensity Validation and Phase Doppler) are critically examined in characterizing the spray of an air-assist nozzle with Sauter mean diameter of less than 35 microns. The two techniques are compared to each other and are evaluated against a Malvern diffraction unit. With the use of a rotating grating for Visibility/Intensity Validation, the interference techniques compare well to each other and to the diffraction method. The Phase Doppler technique is more easily applied to the spray, due largely to its broadened size and velocity ranges. The consistency of the interferometric results raises questions with regard to the use of the Malvern's most frequently applied distribution model.
Living Bacterial Cell Array for Genotoxin Monitoring

A biosensor composed of a high-density living bacterial cell array was fabricated by inserting bacteria into a microwell array formed on one end of an imaging fiber bundle. The size of each microwell allows only one cell to occupy each well. In this biosensor, E. coli cells carrying a recA::gfp fusion were used as sensing components for genotoxin detection. Each fiber in the array has its own light pathway, enabling thousands of individual cell responses to be monitored simultaneously with both spatial and temporal resolution. The biosensor was capable of performing cell-based functional sensing of a genotoxin with high sensitivity and short incubation times (1 ng/mL mitomycin C after 90 min). Dose-response curves for several genotoxins were obtained. The biosensors demonstrated an active sensing lifetime of more than 6 h and a shelf lifetime of two weeks.
Honing the accuracy of extreme-ultraviolet optical system testing: at-wavelength and visible-light measurements of the ETS Set-2 projection optic

As the quality of optical systems for extreme ultraviolet lithography improves, high-accuracy wavefront metrology for alignment and qualification becomes ever more important. To enable the development of diffraction-limited EUV projection optics, visible-light and EUV interferometries must work in close collaboration. We present a detailed comparison of EUV and visible-light wavefront measurements performed across the field of view of a lithographic-quality EUV projection optical system designed for use in the Engineering Test Stand developed by the Virtual National Laboratory and the EUV Limited Liability Company. The comparisons reveal that the present level of RMS agreement lies in the 0.3-0.4-nm range. Astigmatism is the most significant aberration component for the alignment of this optical system; it is also the dominant term in the discrepancy, and the aberration with the highest measurement uncertainty. With EUV optical systems requiring total wavefront quality in the (lambda) EUV/50 range, and even higher surface-figure quality for the individual mirror elements, improved accuracy through future comparisons, and additional studies, are required.
Ethanol-induced FOS immunoreactivity in the brain of μ-opioid receptor knockout mice

Abstract Using μ-opioid receptor knockout (MKO) mice, we examined ethanol-induced FOS immunoreactivity (FOSir) in the brain as an indicator of neuronal activation to assess the role of the μ-opioid receptor in modulating ethanol's actions in the central nervous system (CNS). Saline stimulated FOSir in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVA) and the dorsal hypothalamic area (DA) in MKO mice, but not in wild-type (WT), suggesting that MKO homozygotes may differ responsively from WT. Treatment with ethanol (4 g/kg, i.p.) induced FOSir in the PVA, DA, supraoptic (SO), paraventricular hypothalamic (PVN), lateral parabrachial (LPB), locus coeruleus (LC) and Edinger–Westphal (EW) nuclei in both MKO and WT mice. However, ethanol stimulated modest FOSir in the lateral septal division (LSV), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCh) and the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei (DLG and VLG) in WT mice, but not in MKO mice. In contrast, higher levels of ethanol-induced FOSir were observed in the ventral pallidum (VP) and globus pallidus (GP) of MKO mice as compared to WT. These data suggest that ethanol continues to activate several brain regions, even without the μ-opioid receptor pathway. However, the μ-opioid receptor may be significant in mediating ethanol's effects in some restricted areas of the brain.
Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies stimulate neutrophils to damage human endothelial cells

Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies stimulate neutrophils to damage human endothelial cells. Anti-myeloperoxidase autoantibodies are found in association with idiopathic necrotizing glomerulonephritis and systemic vasculitis. It is not known if their presence is an epiphenomen or an integral part of the pathogenic process. To further delineate their hypothesized pathogenicity, we studied their ability to stimulate neutrophils to damage human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies from human, rabbit and mouse sources were utilized. These antibodies stimulated neutrophils to damage endothelial cells as determined by 51 Cr release. The effect was dependent on priming the neutrophils with tumor necrosis factor-α, and further enhanced with the addition of endotoxin. The amount of endothelial cell damage was dependent on the dose of anti-myeloperoxidase, the source of the neutrophils, the concentration of TNF, and the presence of endotoxin. Under identical conditions, control antibodies did not stimulate neutrophils to damage endothelial cells. The effect was confirmed by labeling the endothelial cells with 3 H-adenine which yielded the same results. These results provide further in vitro evidence that anti-myeloperoxidase autoantibodies may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pauci-immune glomerulonephritis and vasculitis.
Comment on ''a class of linear magnetohydro- dynamic flow.'

Critical comments are presented, concerning a paper whose subject was the manner in which the nonlinear terms in the governing equations for incompressible MHD flow problems may be identically satisfied. (T.F.H.)
Tuberculous pericarditis in a child

A 14-year-old boy with tuberculous pericarditis and tamponade is described. Confirmation was by culture of pericardial aspirate. Though he did not have a cough, acid-fast bacilli were detected following induced sputum. Chest X-ray did not show evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis, but enlarged mediastinal nodes were detected by computerized tomography. He made an excellent response to anti-tuberculous chemotherapy and corticosteroids.
Functional analysis of tvsp1, a serine protease-encoding gene in the biocontrol agent Trichoderma virens

Serine proteases are highly conserved among fungi and considered to play a key role in different aspects of fungal biology. These proteases can be involved in development and have been related to pathogenesis or biocontrol processes. A gene (tvsp1) encoding an extracellular serine protease was cloned from Trichoderma virens, a biocontrol agent effective against soilborne fungal pathogens. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and a polyclonal antibody was raised against the recombinant protein. The expression pattern of tvsp1 was determined and its physiological role was addressed by mutational analysis. Strains of T. virens in which tvsp1 was deleted (PKO) or constitutively overexpressed (POE) were not affected in growth rate, conidiation, extracellular protein accumulation, antibiotic profiles nor in their ability to induce phytoalexins in cotton seedlings. Tvsp1 overexpression, however, significantly increased the ability of some strains to protect cotton seedlings against Rhizoctonia solani. Our data show that Tvsp1 is not necessary for the normal growth or development of T. virens, but plays a role in the biocontrol process.
A proof about molecular bearings

Molecular bearings are likely to be as ubiquitous in future molecular machines as conventional bearings are in today's macroscopic machines. The ability to design molecular bearings will therefore be crucial. In molecular bearings made from a shaft with m-fold symmetry and a sleeve with n-fold symmetry, it is proved that the potential energy of the bearing as a function of the rotational position of the shaft within the sleeve will be periodic, with a period of GCD(m,n)/mn. This result continues to hold true even when the shaft and sleeve are jointly minimized, so that the abstract perfect symmetries of the shaft and sleeve are marred by the perturbations in structure each induces in the other. If the period is sufficiently short, e.g. if a small rotational change drives the bearing from one minimum to the adjacent minimum in the potential energy function, then the barrier height will be small and the bearing will be able to rotate without difficulty.
The Mg2+ transporter MagT1 partially rescues cell growth and Mg2+ uptake in cells lacking the channel-kinase TRPM7

Magnesium (Mg(2+)) transport across membranes plays an essential role in cellular growth and survival. TRPM7 is the unique fusion of a Mg(2+) permeable pore with an active cytosolic kinase domain, and is considered a master regulator of cellular Mg(2+) homeostasis. We previously found that the genetic deletion of TRPM7 in DT40 B cells results in Mg(2+) deficiency and severe growth impairment, which can be rescued by supplementation with excess extracellular Mg(2+). Here, we show that gene expression of the Mg(2+) selective transporter MagT1 is upregulated in TRPM7(-/-) cells. Furthermore, overexpression of MagT1 in TRPM7(-/-) cells augments their capacity to uptake Mg(2+), and improves their growth behavior in the absence of excess Mg(2+).
AN ARCHETYPAL LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR OPTIMAL INTERTEMPORAL ALLOCATION OF GROUNDWATR TO AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

: In the past, researchers have applied a variety of analytical techniques for maximizing the present value of a stock resource - simulation, calculus of variations, stochastic dynamic programming, and optimal control theory. This paper presents a more operational approach - linear programming. A simplified, broadly drawn example from Southwest agriculture is used for demonstrating the model's structure and output. The method is based on a set of state transformation operations that prevent the additivity assumption of linear programming from being violated.
The world into which Darwin led Simpson

Journal of the History of Biology, vol. 23, no. 3 (Fall 1990), pp. 499-516. ? 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 1. Simpson's response to Ernst Mary's 1974 questionnaire on the history of the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis, pp. 2, 3, 5, 9, in the G. G. Simpson Papers, MS Collection 31, Mayr Folder # 3, American Philosophical Society Archives, Philadelphia, Pa. 2. Transcription of taped session on Genetics and Paleontology of conference on "The History of the Development of the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis," Harvard University, October 1974, pp. 67, 72, 74, 75, American Philosophical Society Archives.
A Genetically Encoded Reporter for Real-Time Imaging of Cofilin-Actin Rods in Living Neurons

Filament bundles (rods) of cofilin and actin (1:1) form in neurites of stressed neurons where they inhibit synaptic function. Live-cell imaging of rod formation is hampered by the fact that overexpression of a chimera of wild type cofilin with a fluorescent protein causes formation of spontaneous and persistent rods, which is exacerbated by the photostress of imaging. The study of rod induction in living cells calls for a rod reporter that does not cause spontaneous rods. From a study in which single cofilin surface residues were mutated, we identified a mutant, cofilinR21Q, which when fused with monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein (mRFP) and expressed several fold above endogenous cofilin, does not induce spontaneous rods even during the photostress of imaging. CofilinR21Q-mRFP only incorporates into rods when they form from endogenous proteins in stressed cells. In neurons, cofilinR21Q-mRFP reports on rods formed from endogenous cofilin and induced by all modes tested thus far. Rods have a half-life of 30–60 min upon removal of the inducer. Vesicle transport in neurites is arrested upon treatments that form rods and recovers as rods disappear. CofilinR21Q-mRFP is a genetically encoded rod reporter that is useful in live cell imaging studies of induced rod formation, including rod dynamics, and kinetics of rod elimination.
Synthesis of Ag-Cu alloy nanoparticles for lead-free interconnect materials

Silver-copper alloy nanoparticles were synthesized via the polyol process in preparation for the conductive fillers in electrically conductive adhesives. UV absorption and TEM observations showed that the synthesized silver-copper nanoparticles had a randomly mixed alloy structure rather than a core-shell structure, although bulk silver and copper cannot form a solid solution at room temperature.
Bureaucracy : What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It

Organizations * Armies, Prisons, Schools * Organization Matters Operators * Circumstances * Beliefs * Interests * Culture Managers * Constraints * People * Compliance Executives * Turf * Strategies * Innovation Context * Congress * Presidents * Courts * National Differences Change * Problems * Rules * Markets * Bureaucracy and the Public Interest
A New Reactor Concept for Efficient Solar-Thermochemical Fuel Production

We describe and analyze the efficiency of a new solar-thermochemical reactor concept, which employs a moving packed bed of reactive particles produce of H2 or CO from solar energy and H2O or CO2. The packed bed reactor incorporates several features essential to achieving high efficiency: spatial separation of pressures, temperature, and reaction products in the reactor; solid–solid sensible heat recovery between reaction steps; continuous on-sun operation; and direct solar illumination of the working material. Our efficiency analysis includes material thermodynamics and a detailed accounting of energy losses, and demonstrates that vacuum pumping, made possible by the innovative pressure separation approach in our reactor, has a decisive efficiency advantage over inert gas sweeping. We show that in a fully developed system, using CeO2 as a reactive material, the conversion efficiency of solar energy into H2 and CO at the design point can exceed 30%. The reactor operational flexibility makes it suitable for a wide range of operating conditions, allowing for high efficiency on an annual average basis. The mixture of H2 and CO, known as synthesis gas, is not only usable as a fuel but is also a universal starting point for the production of synthetic fuels compatible with the existing energy infrastructure. This would make it possible to replace petroleum derivatives used in transportation in the U.S., by using less than 0.7% of the U.S. land area, a roughly two orders of magnitude improvement over mature biofuel approaches. In addition, the packed bed reactor design is flexible and can be adapted to new, better performing reactive materials.
Incorporating Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Therapies to Expand Psychological Services to Veterans Suffering From Chronic Pain

This article describes how psychological services for Veterans being seen in an interdisciplinary pain management program were expanded to include Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) approaches. The benefits observed following the introduction of CAM therapies included: improved attendance and Veterans' involve- ment in group-based therapies, reductions in self-reported pain and anxiety, improved sleep, and an increased sense of emotional well being in the participants. The data also show that CAM therapies, when offered as a treatment option in the format of a drop-in group clinic, were associated with a modest but significant average pain reduction of 1.02 units on a 0-10 Numerical Rating scale. The CAM therapies described in this program are relatively inexpensive and portable, and can appear to the patient as conventional Western or "real" medical treatment (and perhaps, therefore, have less stigma than psychotherapy) for pain and associated distress. They also require minimal training to use and, therefore, can be used as a self-treatment at home. If proven to be effective in future controlled trials, their use could improve access to effective pain care, particularly for Veterans residing in the rural settings.
Geo-acoustic models for propagation modelling in shallow water

Acoustic propagation in shallow water is viewed as a guided-wave phenomenon, with the sea surface and seabed forming the boundaries. At sub-kilohertz frequencies, the acoustic properties of the seabed to a depth of several wavelengths can have a strong effect on propagation. The computer modelling of propagation requires estimates of such parameters as sound speed, density, attenuation, and layer thicknesses, which are collectively called the geo-acoustic model of the seabed. Direct measurement of these quantities is difficult, and methods must be devised to infer these values from other experiments, often employing acoustic techniques. At DREA, the authors have adopted the approach of independently determining as many geo-acoustic parameters as possible, and adjusting the less precisely known parameters within reasonable limits to effect an agreement between theory and experiment. To this end, they have used sub bottom vertical reflection profiles to determine sediment types and thicknesses, large and small scale seismic refraction experiments to estimate sound speeds, and processing of sub-bottom reflection data to estimate volume attenuation. Examples of geo-acoustic models and comparisons with experiment are presented for shallow water sites on the Scotian Shelf and the southwestern approaches to the English Channel
Global Mixed-Integer Dynamic Optimization

Recent advances in process synthesis, design, operations, and control have created an increasing demand for efficient numerical algorithms for optimizing a dynamic system coupled with discrete decisions; these problems are termed mixed-integer dynamic optimization (MIDO). In this communication, we develop a decomposition approach for a quite general class of MIDO problems that is capable of guaranteeing finding a global solution despite the nonconvexities inherent in the dynamic optimization subproblems. Two distinct algorithms are considered. On finite termination, the first algorithm guarantees finding a global solution of the MIDO within nonzero tolerance; the second algorithm finds rigorous bounds bracketing the global solution value, with a substantial reduction in computational expense relative to the first algorithm. A case study is presented in connection with the optimal design and operation of a batch process consisting of a series reaction followed by a separation with no intermediate storage. The developed algorithms demonstrate efficiency and applicability in solving this problem. Several heuristics are tested to enhance convergence of the algorithms; in particular, the use of bounds tightening techniques and the addition of cuts resulting from a screening model of the batch process are considered.
Citizenship and National Identity. By David Miller. Cambridge, MA: Polity, 2000. 216p. $29.95.

From the title one might expect a sequel of sorts to the author's highly regarded On Nationality (1995). The volume is both less and more than that, although mostly more. David Miller has long been critical of the Anglo-American liberal approach to political theory and has advanced his criticism along a number of fronts. To oversimplify, Miller is not a liberal, he is a civic republican; he is not a universalist liberal, he is a nationalist; he is not a liberal democratic, he is a deliberative democrat; he is not an economic liberal, he is a social democrat.
Survivin: a novel neuroendocrine marker for pheochromocytoma.

Objective: To study survivin expression in human adrenal medulla and in benign and malignant pheochromocytoma tissue as a tool to predict tumor metastatic potential and prognosis. Design: Blinded study to assess the role of the anti-survivin antibody in chromaffin cells. Methods: We performed immunohistochemistry with a purified rabbit-polyclonal anti-survivin antibody on 39 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma specimens, and on 10 normal adrenal medulla samples from patients unaffected by a chromaffin cell tumor. Fourteen samples were from 14 patients with benign pheochromocytoma (,8 year follow-up, mean 5.2 years), 18 specimens were from 12 patients with malignant pheochromocytoma (,13 year follow-up, mean 6.3 years), 5 samples were from 2 patients with malignant paraganglioma (,6 year follow-up, mean 4 years), and 2 specimens from 2 patients with benign paraganglioma (,7 year follow-up, mean 5.5 years). Malignancy was defined by metastases in non-chromaffin tissues. Staining intensity with the anti-survivin antibody was scored from 0 (none) to 3+ (heavy). Tissues from human kidney, breast, and melanoma served as controls. Results: All pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma specimens stained either 2+ or 3+. By analysis of variance (ANOVA), there was no statistically significant difference between the staining intensity of benign and malignant samples. All normal adrenal medulla specimens stained positively with anti-survivin but to a lesser degree than the chromaffin cell tumorsOP , 0:01U: Conclusions: Based on these findings, we conclude that (i) survivin may represent a novel neuroendocrine marker for chromaffin cell tumors, and (ii) survivin does not appear to reliably distinguish benign from malignant pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas and thus does not identify patients at risk of recurrent disease.
Computer Simulations of Hydration, Alteration, and Release from Waste Glasses Using A Cell Model

A probabilistic cell model to study the hydration, alteration, and elemental release into solution from nuclear waste glasses is presented. This computational model considers the glass alteration as the product of hydration and multiple phase transformations. The model reveals that the elemental redistribution occurring as a consequence of these transformations can produce transport barriers that would affect the glass alteration and release into a surrounding aqueous solution. Importantly, the model also exhibits an apparent saturation concentration in solution, which has a kinetic origin and is lower than the true thermodynamic value. We also highlight the interplay among the different mechanisms that give rise to the glass corrosion process.
A Systems Theory Conceptualization of Incest

In this paper, father-daughter incest is examined from the perspective of general systems theory. Three characteristics of an open system--information exchange with the environment, negentropy, and dynamic homeostasis--are described and examined with respect to the functioning of incestuous families. Two case studies of families with father-daughter incest illustrate the tendency of these families to be more characteristic of the "closed" end of the continuum. The role of the environment in the origin and maintenance of the incestuous symptom is also examined. Implications for treatment are presented within the context of this theoretical perspective.
Effects of Leadership Style and Followers' Cultural Orientation on Performance in Group and Individual Task Conditions

We manipulated transformational and transactional leadership styles and compared them in individual and group task conditions to determine whether they had different impacts on individualists and c...
The lasting influence of LSD1 in the blood

An enzyme called LSD1 that controls the development of blood cells by manipulating gene expression in progenitor cells could be a therapeutic target for leukemia.
Carrier density and compensation in semiconductors with multi dopants and multi transition energy levels: The case of Cu impurity in CdTe

Doping is one of the most important issues in semiconductor physics. The charge carrier generated by doping can profoundly change the properties of semiconductors and their performance in optoelectronic device applications, such as solar cells. Using detailed balance theory and first-principles calculated defect formation energies and transition energy levels, we derive general formulae to calculate carrier density for semiconductors with multi dopants and multi transition energy levels. As an example, we studied CdTe doped with Cu, in which V Cd , Cu Cd , and Cu i are the dominant defects/impurities. We show that in this system, when Cu concentration increases, the doping properties of the system can change from a poor p-type, to a poorer p-type, to a better p-type, and then to a poor p-type again, in good agreement with experimental observation of CdTe-based solar cells.
Avian feather morphogenesis: Fibronectin-containing anchor filaments

During feather morphogenesis anchor filaments, continuous with the basement membrane, extend deep into the dermis. We find that these anchor filaments give intense fluorescence with antifibronectin (FN) antibody, using indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic techniques. These filaments are abundant in the dermis of the developing feather germ, yet are not present in the dermis beneath the epidermis of the elevated feather primordia. We suggest that these FN-containing anchor filaments function in establishing the epidermal placodes of feathers and/or the organization of the feather dermis.
Understanding and executing a declarative sentence involving a forms-of-be verb

An important criterion for any artificial intelligence program is its capability to communicate with the external world. One common form of communication is by the use of a natural language, specifically English. When provided a sentence, it is important for the program to understand the intention of the given sentence, which is a significant first step for a program to perform logical reasoning. In this paper, we discuss two components of the grammar that affects the understanding of a sentence: role and control. These two components represent the knowledge that teaches how to use the language to express a thought. We describe in detail what needs to be learned for each of these components for three major grammar terms: noun phrase, declarative sentence, and forms-of-be verb. We then show how to use them to create a declarative thought corresponding to a given declarative sentence that uses a forms-of-be verb. Finally, we show what needs to be learned by the program so that the declarative thought can be understood precisely based on the exact subject and predicate in the given sentence. Object-Oriented paradigm is used to analyze the problem and design the solution to attack the problem.
Effect of Small Additions of Niobium on the Welding Behavior of an Austenitic Stainless Steel

To systematically study the effect of niobium on the behavior of Type 304 stainless steel, a low-niobium commercial heat was remelted with varying niobium additions - up to 1000 ppM. A standardized weldability test, the Spot Varestraint, was used to compare the propensity of various heats for hot cracking. The fusion and heat-affected zone cracking behavior of the experimental heats was similar to that of a heat of commercial Type 304, and much superior to that of a commercial heat of Type 347 stainless steel. The superior resistance to fusion zone cracking was attributed to the presence of a small amount of delta ferrite in the microstructure of the weld nugget in the experimental materials. The outstanding heat-affected zone cracking behavior was at least partly attributable to backfilling of grain boundary separations in the experimental heats, as well as in the commercial Type 304.
Detecting anomalous records in categorical datasets

We consider the problem of detecting anomalies in high aritycategorical datasets. In most applications, anomalies are defined as datapoints that are "abnormal". Quite often we have access to data which consists mostly of normal records, a long with a small percentage of unlabelled anomalous records. We are interested in the problem of unsupervised anomaly detection, where we use the unlabelled data for training, and detect records that do not follow the definition of normality.A standard approach is to create a model of normal data, and compare test records against it. A probabilistic approach builds a likelihood model from the training data. Records are tested for anomalies based on the complete record likelihood given the probability model. For categorical attributes, bayes nets give a standard representation of the likelihood. While this approach is good at finding outliers in the dataset, it often tends to detect records with attribute values that are rare. Sometimes, just detecting rare values of an attribute is not desired and such outliers are not considered as anomalies in that context. We present an alternative definition of anomalies, and propose an approach of comparing against marginal distribution of attribute subsets. We show that this is a more meaningful way of detecting anomalies, and has a better performance over semi-synthetic as well as real world datasets.
Acute and fractionated irradiation differentially modulate glioma stem cell division kinetics

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive human malignancies with a poor patient prognosis. Ionizing radiation (IR) either alone or adjuvant after surgery is part of standard treatment for GBM but remains primarily non-curative. The mechanisms underlying tumor radioresistance are manifold and, in part, accredited to a special subpopulation of tumorigenic cells. The so-called glioma stem cells (GSCs) are bestowed with the exclusive ability to self-renew and repopulate the tumor, and have been reported to be less sensitive to radiation-induced damage through preferential activation of DNA damage checkpoint responses and increased capacity for DNA damage repair. During each fraction of radiation, non-stem cancer cells (CCs) die and GSCs become enriched and potentially increase in number, which may lead to accelerated repopulation. We propose a cellular Potts model (CPM) that simulates the kinetics of GSCs and CCs in glioblastoma growth and radiation response. We parameterize and validate this model with experimental data of the U87-MG human glioblastoma cell line. Simulations are performed to estimate GSC symmetric and asymmetric division rates and explore potential mechanisms for increased GSC fractions after irradiation. Simulations reveal that, in addition to their higher radioresistance, a shift from asymmetric to symmetric division or a fast cycle of GSCs following fractionated radiation treatment is required to yield results that match experimental observations. We hypothesize a constitutive activation of stem cell division kinetics signaling pathways during fractionated treatment, which contributes to the frequently observed accelerated repopulation after therapeutic irradiation.
Sleepiness, Fatigue, Tiredness, and Lack of Energy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Study objectives: Sleepiness is a key symptom in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and can be objectively assessed with a multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). We studied the terms that patients prefer to describe their symptoms—sleepiness, fatigue, tiredness, or lack of energy—and how these terms relate to objective findings. Design: Observational. Setting: University-based sleep laboratory. Patients: Consecutive OSAS patients referred for diagnostic polysomnography and an MSLT. Methods: Data were obtained from sleep studies and questionnaires. Results: Subjects included 117 men and 73 women, with a mean (6 SD) age of 49 6 13 years, an apnea and hypopnea rate of 32 6 28/h of sleep, and an MSLT mean sleep latency of 7 6 5 min. Subjects more frequently reported problems with fatigue, tiredness, and lack of energy than sleepiness (57%, 61%, and 62% vs 47%). When required to select the one most significant symptom, more patients chose lack of energy (about 40%) than any other problem, including sleepiness (about 22%). Objective measures of sleepiness and apnea severity showed little or no association with any symptom, but female gender showed significant associations with each. Conclusions: Complaints of fatigue, tiredness, or lack of energy may be as important as that of sleepiness to OSAS patients, among whom women appear to have all such complaints more frequently than men. The diagnosis of OSAS should not be excluded based only on a person’s tendency to emphasize fatigue, tiredness, or lack of energy more than sleepiness. (CHEST 2000; 118:372‐379)
The Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT): a continuing return on investment: commentary on an article by Jeffrey A. Rihn, MD, et al.: "The influence of obesity on the outcome of treatment of lumbar disc herniation. analysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT)".

Dr. Rihn and his coauthors are to be congratulated on their excellent publication titled “The Influence of Obesity on the Outcome of Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation. Analysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT).” This study represents a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT), focusing on patients with radiculopathy due to lumbar disc herniation and specifically on the influence of obesity on complication rates, reoperation rates, and patient-reported outcomes. Although the original SPORT study was a randomized clinical trial, for this study, the authors have utilized an as-treated analysis, eliminating the design benefit of randomization. In addition, this is …
Genome-Wide Gene by Environment Interaction Analysis Identifies Common SNPs at 17q21.2 that Are Associated with Increased Body Mass Index Only among Asthmatics

Asthmatics have an increased risk of being overweight/obese. Although the underlying mechanisms of this are unclear, genetic factors are believed to play an essential role. To identify common genetic variants that are associated with asthma-related BMI increase, we performed a genome-wide gene by environment (asthma) interaction analysis for the outcome of BMI in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study (N = 2474 Caucasians, 257 asthmatics), and replicated findings in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) offspring cohort (N = 1408 Caucasians, 382 asthmatics). The replicable tagging SNP, rs2107212, was further examined in stratified analyses. Seven SNPs clustered in 17q21.2 were identified to be associated with higher BMI among asthmatics (interaction p < 5×10-7 in MESA and p < 0.05 in FHS). In both MESA and FHS asthmatics, subjects carrying the A allele on rs2107212 had significantly higher odds of obesity than non-carriers, which was not the case for non-asthmatics. We further examined BMI change subsequent to asthma diagnosis over a period of 26 years in FHS and demonstrated greater BMI increase among asthmatics compared to non-asthmatics. Asthmatics carrying the A allele at rs2107212 had significantly greater net BMI increase over the 26-year period compared to non-asthmatics. In this study, we found that common genetic variants on 17q21.2 are associated with post-asthma BMI increase among Caucasians. This finding will help elucidate pathways involved in the comorbidity of asthma and obesity.
Exploration of Individual and Family Factors Related to Community Reintegration in Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury

BACKGROUND: Community reintegration (CR) poses a major problem for military veterans who have experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Factors contributing to CR after TBI are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To address the gap in knowledge, an ecological framework was used to explore individual and family factors related to CR. DESIGN: Baseline data from an intervention study with 83 veterans with primarily mild to moderate TBI were analyzed. Instruments measured CR, depressive symptoms, physical health, quality of the relationship with the family member, and sociodemographics. Posttraumatic stress disorder and TBI characteristics were determined through record review. RESULTS: Five variables that exhibited significant bivariate relationships with CR (veteran rating of quality of relationship, physical functioning, bodily pain, posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis, and depressive symptoms) were entered into hierarchical regression analysis. In the final analysis, the five variables together accounted ...