cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women, the State and Revolution: Sexual freedom or social chaos: The debate on the 1926 Code

Aron Sol'ts : It seems to me that the draft suggested by the Commissariat of Justice is only a formal “step forward.” It has nothing in common with the real steps forward we must take in the areas of culture, life, and development. Nikolai Krylenko : So, Comrade Sol'ts wants what we now already have. All these countless babi with children, wives suing communists, and communists running from their wives … in one word, all those who protest to him about the current situation. Are they really protesting against the draft? What does Comrade Sol'ts want to change? The draft, which is not yet in effect, or the current law? Sol'ts : The draft and the current law! Krylenko : How do you want to change it? Tell us, Comrade Sol'ts, do you want to provide a legal basis for only the first marriage, to establish the right to enter marriage only once? Is that what you want? Is this so, or not so? Sol'ts : Not so. Krylenko : No, it is so. If we are to call ourselves Marxists, we must affirm that we cannot struggle with a definite phenomenon of life by punitive norms. Sol'ts : I didn't suggest this. Krylenko : Then tell us concretely, what are you suggesting? By October 1925, the final draft of the new Family Code was affirmed by Sovnarkom (Council of People's Commissars) and submitted to the Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) for ratification. Jurists had taken two years to agree on an acceptable draft, discarding at least three previous versions in an attempt to meet various needs and interests.
The Captain's Duty on a Sinking Ship

The January 2012 grounding of the luxury cruise ship Costa Concordia off Tuscany with multiple loss of life raised questions regarding the obligations of a vessel's master whose vessel and passengers are in imminent danger. This article examines the law and lore of the sea regarding the captain's duty in such circumstances, drawing on a number of historial examples.
A "Fair" Trade Law of Nations or A "Fair" Global Law of Economic Relations?

This essay examines the dispute between advocates of free trade and those who support fair trade (the “fair” trade debate). This debate is explored in the context of globalization. The author argues that globalization has created, and continues to create, a new global identity and global social relationships that make “justice” both possible and necessary. Such relationships have fundamental implications for thenature of global social policy, particularly international law and international trade law. The author asserts that the fair trade debate presupposes two independent contending foes: “me” versus “you,” and “mine” versus “theirs.” He argues, however, that globalization has shifted the dialogue to one of “us” and “ours.” Consequently, shared institutions are employed to determine what is best for this shared social space and disputing parties contribute to the creation and definition of this social space. The softwood lumber dispute is used to illustrate the author’s argument in that though parties to the dispute pursue their own private agendas and public mandates, they are also creating and defining a new trans-border community. As such, the dispute does not concern ensuring trade law is “fair” for the United States or “fair” for Canada; rather, the aim is a fair settlement for an emerging trans-boundary community.
Family and community factors that predict internalizing and externalizing symptoms in low-income, African-American children: a preliminary report.

To learn more about the roots of internalizing and externalizing problems in low-income, African-American children, aged 8-12 years, particularly for family and community factors, we aimed to determine which variables (mother's psychological functioning, mother's intimate partner violence status IP., family cohesion and adaptability, neighborhood disorder) uniquely predicted a child's internalizing distress and externalizing distress, and the amount of variance explained by the model. Results from the regression model predicting internalizing distress indicates that the five predictor variables accounted for 38% of the variance. Two of the five predictors were significantly related to child's internalizing distress scores: mother's intimate partner violence status and maternal psychological distress. Results from the regression model predicting externalizing distress indicates that the five predictor variables accounted for 8% of the variance. The two predictors significantly related to child's externalizing distress scores were levels of family cohesion and maternal psychological distress. Directions for future research and clinical implications are provided. Language: en
Task specific ionic liquid for direct electrochemistry of metal oxides

We present the first report on task specific ionic liquid (TSIL) for direct electrochemical detection of heavy metal oxides including cadmium oxide, copper oxide and lead oxide at room temperature. This TSIL based electrochemical sensor demonstrated a high sensitivity and selectivity towards the online monitoring of these trace metal oxide particulates, along with short detection time, low cost and high accuracy. This novel sensor platform opens new pathways for in-situ monitoring of metal oxide particulates for environmental sensing and decontamination applications.
Acid catalyzed rearrangements of thia and aza analogs of adamantanes a new derivative of sulfamide, formaldehyde and ammonia

The conversion of 2-thia-1,3,5,7-tetraazatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7] decane 2,2-dioxide under acid conditions into a hexaazatetracyelo derivative is described.
Sexual Segregation of Spiny Dogfish in Fishery‐Dependent Surveys in Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Potential Management Benefits

AbstractCommercial gill-net and longline surveys were conducted in the Cape Cod, Massachusetts, area to assess whether the proportion of male Spiny Dogfish Squalus acanthias in the catch changes throughout a normal fishing day (an event frequently observed by local commercial longliners) and to identify the associated potential benefits for fishery management in the study area. Sex ratio changes were examined with respect to location (north and south of 42°N), environment (depth, surface and bottom temperatures, and salinity) and fishing (type of gear and time of activity). Spiny Dogfish showed differences in sex ratios (the proportion of males in the catch [PM]) that were related to location and type of fishing gear as well as to depth and time. Higher numbers of fish were caught with longlines, and higher numbers of males were caught in the southern area in inshore shallower waters early in the day. In the northern area, the sex distribution found within sets indicated a higher presence of females and a...
PC-based 3-D reconstruction of medical images

Abstract Three-dimensional surface reconstruction from serial slices, such as CT or MRI scans, may be performed using a personal computer. Using the C language on a networked IBM PC-clone personal computer, a complete set of software to perform 3-D surface reconstruction from serial sections has been developed. Surface detection is based on level slicing or thresholding. Both depth coding and gradient surface shading models are included. This system is efficient in terms of computational and memory requirements.
Simulating Many-Body Dynamics in Systems of Cold Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Experiments with cold atoms/molecules in optical lattices or trapped ions make it possible to observe quantum many-body dynamics with long-range interactions. We develop numerical techniques for these systems and explore connections between simulatability and entanglement.
Worst-case analysis of (R,Q) policies in a two-stage serial inventory system with deterministic demand and backlogging

This paper considers a two-stage inventory system where customer demand arises at stage 1, stage 1 replenishes its inventory from stage 2, and stage 2 orders from an outside supplier with unlimited stock. Customer demand is assumed to arrive continuously at a constant rate and is backlogged when stage 1 runs out of stock. There are economies of scale in transferring inventories from the outside supplier to stage 2 or from stage 2 to stage 1. We show that (R,Q) policies are 86%-effective. Numerical examples are provided to further demonstrate the cost effectiveness of (R,Q) policies.
A review of the Sri Lankan Flatidae (Homoptera : Fulgoroidea)

Abstract Taxa of the fulgorid family Flatidae (Homoptera) occurring in Sri Lanka are reviewed. Thirty species are recorded under 18 genera. Keys, descriptions, illustrations and collection data are presented. One new genus Scarpuna Medler, with Scarpantina modesta Distant as the type species, is described. New synonymies are (junior synonym followed by senior synonym): Flata pallidior Melichar = Flatida marginella (Olivier); Scarpanta latipennis Kirby = Danavara tennentina (Walker); Colobesthes taprobana Kirkaldy = Pulastya acutipennis (Kirby); Paranotus maculosus Distant = Planata limbata (Distant); Hilavrita trimaculata Distant = Hilavrita fatua (Melichar); Ormenis conformis Melichar = Melicha-ria bisecta (Kirby); Ormenis fuscata Melichar = Ketumala nigropunctata (Kirby); Satapa tuberculosa Distant = Satapa sicula Distant; Bochara nebulosa Distant = Bochara parva (Kirby); Atracis latifasciata Melichar = Cerfennia emersoniana (Walker); Atracis clypeata Distant = Cerfennia erosipennis (Stal); Atracis gree...
An Examination of the Effects of Flow on Learning in a Graduate-Level Introductory Operations Management Course

The authors investigated the effects of flow on learning outcomes in a graduate-level operations management course. Flow was assessed through an overall flow score, four dimensions of flow, and three characteristics of flow activities. Learning outcomes were measured objectively through multiple-choice quiz scores and subjectively using measures of students’ perceived learning of the subject matter, students’ perceived skill development, and student satisfaction. The findings show that flow affected students’ perceived learning of the subject matter and student satisfaction but did not affect learning performance as measured through multiple-choice quizzes. Partial support is found for an effect of flow on students’ perceived skill development.
Transposon Silencing of Small RNAs

Transposons and fragments of transposable elements make up approximately half of the human genome; mobilization of these elements can destabilize the genome and lead to disease-associated mutations. In 2003, miRNAs and siRNAs were known to silence target mRNAs, but small RNAs had not been directly linked to transposon control. In August of that year, Aravin et al. reported the developmental profile of Drosophila small RNAs by using conventional sequencing technology. These pioneering studies identified a novel class of "repeat associated" siRNAs and hypothesized that they control transposon activity and chromatin structure. It is now clear that these "rasiRNAs" bind to Piwi clade Argonaute proteins and that Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) have a conserved function in genome maintenance and germline development. This PaperPick refers to "The Small RNA Profile during Drosophila melanogaster Development" by A.A. Aravin, M. Lagos-Quintana, A. Yalcin, M. Zavolan, D. Marks, B. Snyder, T. Gaasterland, J. Meyer, and T. Tuschl, published in August 2003. Video Abstract Dr. Thomas Tuschl discusses the context for the work on small RNA profiling during Drosophila development and elaborates on our current understanding of some of the classes of small RNAs originally described by Aravin et al.
Analysis of the 1957--1958 Soviet nuclear accident

The presence of an extensive environmental contamination zone in Cheliabinsk Province of the Soviet Union, associated with an accident in the winter of 1957 to 1958 involving the atmospheric release of fission wastes, appears to have been confirmed, primarily by an analysis of the Soviet radioecology literature. The contamination zone is estimated to contain 10(5) to 10(6) curies of strontium-90 (reference radionuclide); a relatively small fraction of the total may have been dispersed as an aerosol. A plausible explanation for the incident is the use of now-obsolete techniques for waste storage and cesium-137 isotope separation. However, the source of the contamination was not unequivocally attributable to a single event, and its exact nature must await releaseo of more information by the Soviet Union. Radioactive contamination appears to have resulted in resettlement of the human population from a significant area (100 to 1000 square kilometers). It therefore seems imperative to obtain a complete explanation of the cause (or causes) and consequences of the accident; Soviet experience gained in the application of corrective measures would be invaluable to the world nuclear community.
The effect of zoning on the size of metropolitan areas

Abstract The paper develops a two-sector urban model of center city and suburbs in which the effect of suburban large lot zoning on metropolitan area size can be determined. The model shows that zoning makes all metropolitan area residents—center city and suburban—worse off in their role as renters. However, zoning can cause metropolitan area size to either increase or decrease, depending on specified parameter values. The model also shows that zoning can cause an increase or decrease in overall metropolitan area land value. Finally, the question of who gains and who loses from zoning is discussed.
Measuring the effectiveness of conservation: a novel framework to quantify the benefits of sage-grouse conservation policy and easements in Wyoming.

Increasing energy and housing demands are impacting wildlife populations throughout western North America. Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a species known for its sensitivity to landscape-scale disturbance, inhabits the same low elevation sage-steppe in which much of this development is occurring. Wyoming has committed to maintain sage-grouse populations through conservation easements and policy changes that conserves high bird abundance “core” habitat and encourages development in less sensitive landscapes. In this study, we built new predictive models of oil and gas, wind, and residential development and applied build-out scenarios to simulate future development and measure the efficacy of conservation actions for maintaining sage-grouse populations. Our approach predicts sage-grouse population losses averted through conservation action and quantifies return on investment for different conservation strategies. We estimate that without conservation, sage-grouse populations in Wyoming will decrease under our long-term scenario by 14–29% (95% CI: 4–46%). However, a conservation strategy that includes the “core area” policy and $250 million in targeted easements could reduce these losses to 9–15% (95% CI: 3–32%), cutting anticipated losses by roughly half statewide and nearly two-thirds within sage-grouse core breeding areas. Core area policy is the single most important component, and targeted easements are complementary to the overall strategy. There is considerable uncertainty around the magnitude of our estimates; however, the relative benefit of different conservation scenarios remains comparable because potential biases and assumptions are consistently applied regardless of the strategy. There is early evidence based on a 40% reduction in leased hectares inside core areas that Wyoming policy is reducing potential for future fragmentation inside core areas. Our framework using build-out scenarios to anticipate species declines provides estimates that could be used by decision makers to determine if expected population losses warrant ESA listing.
Technique for Determining the Ability of the Reticulo-Rumen of Young Calves to Absorb Volatile Fatty Acids at Controlled pH

Abstract A technique utilizing conscious, fistulated calves has been developed which measures the ability of the rumen to absorb volatile fatty acids (VFA) at various stages of its development. An esophageal catheter is used to prevent saliva from entering the rumen. The normal rumen contents are replaced by a modified Krebs-Ringer-phosphate containing VFA and polyethylene glycol (PEG), a nonabsorbable marker. Rumen pH is controlled, in a range of±0.2 unit, at values between 5.0 and 7.4 by addition of phosphoric acid to the rumen, and between 7.4 and 8.0 by means of sodium hydroxide. Absorption is determined over a 3-hr period by relating the change in concentration of VFA to the change in concentration of PEG in the test solution.
AMP-activated protein kinase as a therapeutic target for diabetes

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of intracellular energy balance, acting to maintain ATP levels in response to reduced energy availability. The intracellular actions of AMPK produce profound changes in parameters of whole-body energy metabolism; activation of the kinase reduces blood glucose levels and increases insulin sensitivity. These characteristic make AMPK a potentially interesting target for the development of novel diabetes therapies. This review provides a brief synopsis of the biology of AMPK and a summary of discovery efforts to identify specific AMPK activators.
Measuring Occupational Performance: A Pragmatic and Dynamical Systems Perspective

Abstract Advancing research in occupational science requires critical examination of existing occupational performance measurement instruments and development of new ones. The purpose of this paper is to contribute towards this endeavor by presenting a battery of three new occupational performance measurement instruments: the Assessment and Intervention Instrument for Instrumentalism in Occupational Therapy (AIIIOT); the Daily Occupational Inventory (DOI); and the Occupational Performance Calculation Guide (OPCG). The instruments were designed to measure constructs derived from the theoretical core of the Instrumentalism in Occupational Therapy (IOT) model, which is based on the philosophy of pragmatism and the chaos/complexity/ dynamical systems theory. Although they are in the initial stages of development, their focus is consistent with some of the current research priorities in occupational science. Therefore, they have the potential to be useful in the discipline's scientific inquiry.
Constraint structure analysis of gene expression

A microarray experiment gives a snapshot of the state of an organism in terms of the relative abundances of its mRNA transcripts, locating the organism at a point in a high dimensional state space where each axis represents the relative expression level of a single gene. Multiple experiments generate a cloud of points in this gene expression space. We present a geometric approach to analyzing the covariational properties of such a cloud and use a dataset from Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an illustration. In particular, we use singular value decomposition to identify significant linear sub-structures in the data and analyze the contributions of both individual genes and functional classes of genes to these major directions of variation. Analyzing the publicly available yeast expression data, we show that under all experimental conditions the variation in expression is limited to a small number of linear dimensions. Projections of individual gene axes onto the significant dimensions can order the contribution of individual genes to variation in expression within an experiment. We show that no particular groups of genes characterize particular experimental conditions. Instead, the particular structure of the coordinated expression of the entire genome characterizes a particular experiment.
Human MSH2 (hMSH2) Protein Controls ATP Processing by hMSH2-hMSH6

The mechanics of hMSH2-hMSH6 ATP binding and hydrolysis are critical to several proposed mechanisms for mismatch repair (MMR), which in turn rely on the detailed coordination of ATP processing between the individual hMSH2 and hMSH6 subunits. Here we show that hMSH2-hMSH6 is strictly controlled by hMSH2 and magnesium in a complex with ADP (hMSH2(magnesium-ADP)-hMSH6). Destabilization of magnesium results in ADP release from hMSH2 that allows high affinity ATP binding by hMSH6, which then enhances ATP binding by hMSH2. Both subunits must be ATP-bound to efficiently form a stable hMSH2-hMSH6 hydrolysis-independent sliding clamp required for MMR. In the presence of magnesium, the ATP-bound sliding clamps remain on the DNA for ∼8 min. These results suggest a precise stepwise kinetic mechanism for hMSH2-hMSH6 functions that appears to mimic G protein switches, severely constrains models for MMR, and may partially explain the MSH2 allele frequency in Lynch syndrome or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.
Long-Term Outcome of Bifurcation Stenting With Drug-Eluting Stents

There are little long-term clinical data regarding the safety and efficacy of using 2 drug-eluting stents (DESs) to treat coronary bifurcation lesions. We obtained clinical follow-up for 124 consecutive patients who underwent bifurcation stenting with 2 DESs. Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were defined as cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and target vessel revascularization (TVR). Sixty-four (52%) patients underwent ''crush,'' 42 (34%) patients underwent T stent, and 18 (14%) patients underwent kissing stent. Major adverse cardiac events were observed in 19 patients (17%) at 1 year: 6 (5%) AMI, 13 (12%) TVR, and no deaths, and 29 patients (26 %) at a mean follow-up of 22 months: 7 (6%) AMI, 21 (19%) TVR, and 1 (1%) death. No statistically significant risk factors for long-term MACEs were identified. It appears that treating bifurcation lesions with 2 DESs when necessary can be performed with an acceptable MACE rate.
The medicalization and legalization of child abuse.

Certain symptoms of family crisis and childhood injury are being "medicalized," "legalized," and called "child abuse"--to be processed and dealt with by a range of professionals who derive their social legitimacy and support in the process. Professional conflicts are considered, and the effects of the system on treatment interventions are discussed. Guidelines are offered to minimize the abuse of power of the professional definers. Language: en
Predicting the nonlinear response and progressive failure of composite laminates under tri-axial loading:

As a part of the Second World-Wide Failure Exercise, a three-dimensional nonlinear maximum progressive strain model, based on laminate analysis, is employed to make blind predictions for 12 test cases representing failure envelopes and stress strain curves for isotropic, unidirectional, and multidirectional composite laminates. This approach allows for redistribution of ply stresses and differentiation of the various potential modes of failure. These cases include initial and final ply failure envelopes under tri-axial loading, as well as 3 cases, requiring nonlinear stress–strain analysis. Comparison of predictions with actual experimental data will be made in Part B of the Second World-Wide Failure Exercise.
1214 FAMILIAL SHORT STATURE: VARIANT OF THE SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME (SRS) OR A NEW ENTITY

We evaluated a 13 5/12 yr old boy for short stature (height age 8 yrs, weight age 7 1/2 yrs). His birth weight was 2.27 kg. He had high pitched voice, prominent forehead, frontal bossing, deep set eyes, fish-shaped downturning mouth, Kirner's deformity of the distal phalanges of the fifth finger, high metacarpal index, partial 2-3 toe syndactyly bilaterally, one pigmented nevus and asymmetrical kidneys. He was in early puberty (Tanner II); his bone age was 11 1/2 yrs. He had no organic, systemic, hormonal or chromosomal abnormalities. His baseline somatomedin and stimulated growth hormone (GH) levels were normal. Administration of Human GH, 1 u IM daily for five days, did not have any effect on the somatomedin levels or on his nitrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium or phosphorus balances. There is evidence (history and photographs) for the presence of this syndrome of short stature in 12 family members in five generations. We examined seven members of three generations. The six affected members reached adult heights of 128-150 cms. All had normal somatomedin levels. All had birth weights > 2.0 kg, and three > 2.5 kg. This family represents either a normal birth weight variant of the SRS, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, or a new entity of familial short stature unaccompanied by significant growth retardation.
Isocentric Stereotactic Three-Dimensional Digitizer for Neurosurgery

A new System has been developed, comprising a frameless isocentric stereotactic mechanism and a three-dimensional (3-D) digitizer for intraoperative spa-tial monitoring. The 3-D digitizer''s multiarti
Bimetallic synergism in alkyne silylformylation catalyzed by a cobalt-rhodium mixed-metal cluster

A cobalt−rhodium mixed-metal carbonyl complex Co2Rh2(CO)12 effects efficient catalytic silylformylation of an alkyne that adds silyl and formyl groups across the C−C triple bond. A bimetallic synergism in this reaction was elucidated with density functional calculations. The catalytic cycle consists of oxidative addition of hydrosilane, alkyne insertion, CO insertion, and reductive elimination. While major bond-forming events take place only at the rhodium center, the cobalt also plays an important role; it fixes the metal cluster on the organic substrate, keeps the hydride ligand temporarily on the metal center, and suppresses hydrosilylation, which would otherwise be preferred over the silylformylation. The Rh and Co atoms exchange electrons with each other, giving rise to a unique bimetallic reaction pathway that is related to but different from the conventional pathways of hydroformylation and hydrosilylation.
CT evaluation of appendicitis and diverticulitis. Part II: Diverticulitis

CT has become the primary imaging modality for evaluation of possible diverticulitis. In studies of patients taken to surgery for suspected diverticulitis without first undergoing CT, 25–33 % of resected specimens show no inflammation. The overall accuracy of CT in establishing or excluding the diagnosis is between 84 and 99 %. In patients without diverticulitis, an alternative diagnosis is seen in 50–58 % of cases. The appearance of carcinoma with perforation and diverticulitis may be the same, and, as a result, the degree of certainty in the diagnosis should be stated. Techniques include use of either oral and intravenous contrast or rectally administered contrast. No case of colonic perforation due to rectally administered water-soluble contrast for CT has been reported, although there have been cases of perforation using barium and fluoroscopy. All techniques scan the entire abdomen and pelvis since there are frequent alternative diagnoses seen beyond the area of initial pain.
Anisotropy in the dielectric properties of skeletal muscle

The dielectric permittivity and conductivity of freshly excised dog skeletal muscle were measured at frequencies between 20 Hz and 1 MHz, with the tissue samples oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the applied electric field. At frequencies below 100 kHz a four-electrode technique was employed; at frequencies above 100 kHz a conventional two-electrode technique was used in conjunction with a commercial admittance bridge. All measurements were performed with the tissue sample at body temperature. Over the entire frequency range of the study, the dielectric properties of the muscle were found to be significantly anisotropic. At audio frequencies, the conductivity of the muscle measured in a direction parallel to the fibre orientation was typically found to be ten times higher than that measured perpendicular to the fibre axis; at frequencies approaching 1 MHz the conductivities measured in both directions approached a common value, near 8 ms cm−1. The dielectric permittivity in both orientations is strongly dependent on frequency. These data are analysed using the suspension equation, and comments are made on the mechanisms that are responsible for the observed properties. In an Appendix these results are related to some of the very early work on the subject.
Real-Time Adaptive Control of Flow-Induced Cavity Tones (Invited)

An adaptive generalized predictive control (GPC) algorithm was formulated and applied to the cavity flow-tone problem. The algorithm employs gradient descent to update the GPC coefficients at each time step. The adaptive control algorithm demonstrated multiple Rossiter mode suppression at fixed Mach numbers ranging from 0.275 to 0.38. The algorithm was also able to maintain suppression of multiple cavity tones as the freestream Mach number was varied over a modest range (0.275 to 0.29). Controller performance was evaluated with a measure of output disturbance rejection and an input sensitivity transfer function. The results suggest that disturbances entering the cavity flow are colocated with the control input at the cavity leading edge. In that case, only tonal components of the cavity wall-pressure fluctuations can be suppressed and arbitrary broadband pressure reduction is not possible. In the control-algorithm development, the cavity dynamics are treated as linear and time invariant (LTI) for a fixed Mach number. The experimental results lend support this treatment.
Articulatory gestures as phonological units

We have argued that dynamically defined articulatory gestures are the appropriate units to serve as the atoms of phonological representation. Gestures are a natural unit, not only because they involve task-oriented movements of the articulators, but because they arguably emerge as prelinguistic discrete units of action in infants. The use of gestures, rather than constellations of gestures as in Root nodes, as basic units of description makes it possible to characterise a variety of language patterns in which gestural organisation varies. Such patterns range from the misorderings of disordered speech through phonological rules involving gestural overlap and deletion to historical changes in which the overlap of gestures provides a crucial explanatory element.Gestures can participate in language patterns involving overlap because they are spatiotemporal in nature and therefore have internal duration. In addition, gestures differ from current theories of feature geometry by including the constriction degree as an inherent part of the gesture. Since the gestural constrictions occur in the vocal tract, which can be charactensed in terms of tube geometry, all the levels of the vocal tract will be constricted, leading to a constriction degree hierarchy. The values of the constriction degree at each higher level node in the hierarchy can be predicted on the basis of the percolation principles and tube geometry. In this way, the use of gestures as atoms can be reconciled with the use of Constriction degree at various levels in the vocal tract (or feature geometry) hierarchy.The phonological notation developed for the gestural approach might usefully be incorporated, in whole or in part, into other phonologies. Five components of the notation were discussed, all derived from the basic premise that gestures are the primitive phonological unit, organised into gestural scores. These components include (1) constriction degree as a subordinate of the articulator node and (2) stiffness (duration) as a subordinate of the articulator node. That is, both CD and duration are inherent to the gesture. The gestures are arranged in gestural scores using (3) articulatory tiers, with (4) the relevant geometry (articulatory, tube or feature) indicated to the left of the score and (5) structural information above the score, if desired. Association lines can also be used to indicate how the gestures are combined into phonological units. Thus, gestures can serve both as characterisations of articulatory movement data and as the atoms of phonological representation.
Do commonly used indices of β‐diversity measure species turnover?

. Indices of β-diversity are of two major types, (1) those that measure among-plot variability in species composition independently of the position of individual plots on spatial or environmental gradients, and (2) those that measure the extent of change in species composition along predefined gradients, i.e. species turnover. Failure to recognize this distinction can lead to the inappropriate use of some β-diversity indices to measure species turnover. Several commonly-used indices of β-diversity are based on Whittaker's βW (βW = γ/α, where γ is the number of species in an entire study area and α is the number of species per plot within the study area). It is demonstrated that these indices do not take into account the distribution of species on spatial or environmental gradients, and should therefore not be used to measure species turnover. The terms ‘β-diversity’ and ‘species turnover’ should not be used interchangeably. Species turnover can be measured using matrices of compositional similarity and physical or environmental distances among pairs of study plots. The use of indices of β-diversity and similarity-distance curves is demonstrated using simulated data sets.
A Stackelberg solution for games with many players

The concept of Stackelberg solution is widened to include games with many leaders and many followers. Necessary conditions for the existence of an open-loop Stackelberg solution in differential games where each player is using a Nash strategy within his group are also derived.
Periostin and periostin-like factor in the human heart: possible therapeutic targets.

Abstract Background Although numerous signaling pathways have been identified in adult heart disease, our ability to diagnose and treat human cardiomyopathies remains limited. A family of proteins, which includes periostin and periostin-like factor (PLF), has been identified during heart development and disease. Based on recent findings, these proteins are candidate therapeutic agents for heart disease. Methods Affymetrix GeneChip Expression Analysis as well as northern and western blot analyses were used to determine periostin and PLF expression in humans. Periostin-like factor levels were determined, by western blot analysis, in the rat animal model used to study myocardial loading and unloading. In vivo and in vitro effects of overexpressing PLF by infection with adenovirus were assessed by calculating cardiac myocyte cross-sectional area and determining the level of protein synthesis, respectively. Results and Conclusions Our findings on PLF suggest that this periostin isoform plays a crucial role in adult cardiac myocyte growth following mechanical overload, thus, implicating its potential as a therapeutic target. In addition, we believe that the differences between the periostin and PLF are of functional significance.
Fat effects in experimental tumorigenesis

Abstract Carinogenesis, whether spontaneous, transplanted, or induced by any of numerous agents, in most organs responds to increased dietary fat with greater indices of tumor growth. While tumors of the pancreas and mammary gland have linoleic acid (EFA) requirements higher than those of the host, colon tumors do not exhibit this characteristic, and both lymphocytic leukemia and skin tumors seem to be inhibited by increased EFA. Antagonism of EFA metabolism by feeding ω-3 fatty acids or prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors usually reduces tumor growth. Most of the effect of dietary fat on tumorigenesis is during the promotion/progression phase, but it is unclear if this is simply due to a shorter duration of exposure surrounding the initiation phase. There are also other characteristics of fats that influence tumor growth; lard seems to enhance initiation as well as promotion while palm oil has a similar fatty acid composition but inhibits tumor growth, possibly due to its tocotrienol content. Despite the requirement of certain fatty acids for tumor progression in some model systems, it is unclear if the effect of dietary fat is due to some specific metabolic change or simply reflects increased energy intake and growth. Many studies have shown that energy intake is a far stronger determinant of tumor growth than is dietary fat, and the promoting effect of fat is only seen with ad libitum feeding. The real challenge for this field is to determine the mechanism(s) by which dietary fat and/or excess energy enhances tumorigenesis. This may involve altered immunity, hormones, DNA repair, cell-cell communication, peptide growth factors, cytokinetics, or other mechanisms.
A Numerical Model of the Urban Heat Island.

Abstract The heat island phenomenon is surveyed. Existing theories are criticized as being excessively qualitative. A general purpose, numerical energy budget model is described and applied to the urban atmosphere. Calculations for several special cases as well as a sensitivity analysis are presented. The model is found to predict the correct order of magnitude of the urban temperature excess. The heat island effect is found to be the net result of several competing physical processes. In general, reduced evaporation in the city center and the thermal properties of the city building and paving materials are the dominant parameters. It is suggested that such a model could be used in engineering calculations to improve the climate of existing and future cities.
Costs and cost-effectiveness of adolescent compliance with treatment for latent tuberculosis infection: results from a randomized trial.

Purpose: Assess the costs and cost-effectiveness of an incentive-based tuberculosis (TB) program designed to promote adolescents' compliance with treatment for latent TB infection (LTBI). Methods: Randomized controlled trial. Adolescents between the ages of 11 and 19 years who were referred to one of two participating clinics after being screened for TB and receiving a positive diagnosis indicating LTBI (n 794) were assigned to one of four groups: usual care, peer counseling, contingency contracting, and combined peer counseling/contingency contracting. Pri- mary outcome variables were completion of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), total treatment costs, and lifetime TB-related costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) in each of the four study groups (three treatment, one control). Cost effectiveness was evaluated using a five-stage Markov model and a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 trials. Results: Average costs were $199 for usual care (UC), $277 for peer counseling (PC), $326 for contingency contracting (CC), and $341 for PC CC combined. The differences among these groups were all significant at the p .001 level. Only the PC CC group improved the rate of IPT completion (83.8%) relative to usual care (75.9%) (p .051), with an overall incremental CE ratio of $209 per QALY relative to usual care. Conclusion: Incentives combined with peer counseling are a cost-effective strategy for helping adolescents to complete care when combined with peer counseling. © 2007 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved.
A metric for defining the energy efficiency of thermally assisted machining

Abstract A significant amount of work has been conducted on thermally assisted machining (TAM) with a great deal being focused on using a laser to deliver the thermal energy. The body of work has shown that preheating of the workpiece (usually localized heating) makes it possible to machine certain structural ceramics with a conventional cutting tool, improves the machinability of superalloys, and improves the micro-end milling of metals. A variety of metrics have been used to ascertain the impact of thermal assistance on the machining of these materials, including specific cutting energy, tool wear rate, surface roughness, residual stress, material removal rate, material removal mechanism, cost, and surface integrity. Combined, these quantities provide a good description of the process as a function of the material removal temperature. However, they do not address the question of how much thermal energy is required to achieve these temperatures and whether there is room for improving the preheating (i.e., reduce cost). This manuscript looks at the flow of energy in TAM in an attempt to determine how beneficial preheating is. Some efficiency metrics are suggested and used to study the data that have been collected to date. The total thermal energy deposited in the workpiece is compared with the theoretical minimum required to heat the removed material in order to determine what percentage of the deposited (i.e., absorbed) energy is actually used in assisting the cutting process. This enables a comparison between cutting processes (e.g., end milling and turning) and operating conditions to determine how efficiently the added thermal energy is being used. Compared to other machinability metrics the thermal energy efficiency is used to evaluate how beneficial preheating is to the machining processes studied. Four sets of data are studied: thermally assisted turning of silicon nitride and partially stabilized zirconia, and micro-end milling of 6061-T6 aluminum and 1018 steel. The specific energy for TAM of silicon nitride is compared with that for grinding of silicon nitride. It is hoped that this paper will spark a debate in the manufacturing community and provide more insight into thermally assisted manufacturing.
A Satellite-Based Assessment of Upper-Tropospheric Water Vapor Measurements during AFWEX

Consistency of upper-tropospheric water vapor measurements from a variety of state-of-the-art instruments was assessed using collocated Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-8 (GOES-8) 6.7-mm brightness temperatures as a common benchmark during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment (FIRE) Water Vapor Experiment (AFWEX). To avoid uncertainties associated with the inversion of satellite-measured radiances into water vapor quantity, profiles of temperature and humidity observed from in situ, groundbased, and airborne instruments are inserted into a radiative transfer model to simulate the brightness temperature that the GOES-8 would have observed under those conditions (i.e., profile-to-radiance approach). Comparisons showed that Vaisala RS80-H radiosondes and Meteolabor Snow White chilled-mirror dewpoint hygrometers are systemically drier in the upper troposphere by ;30%‐40% relative to the GOES-8 measured upper-tropospheric humidity (UTH). By contrast, two ground-based Raman lidars (Cloud and Radiation Test Bed Raman lidar and scanning Raman lidar) and one airborne differential absorption lidar agree to within 10% of the GOES-8 measured UTH. These results indicate that upper-tropospheric water vapor can be monitored by these lidars and well-calibrated, stable geostationary satellites with an uncertainty of less than 10%, and that correction procedures are required to rectify the inherent deficiencies of humidity measurements in the upper troposphere from these radiosondes.
Ossicular Chain Status in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media in Adults

This study was conducted to find out the status of the ossicles in cases of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). One hundred and fifty cases of CSOM, who underwent surgery, were included and their intra-operative ossicular chain findings noted. Ossicular erosion was found to be much more common in unsafe CSOM than in safe CSOM. Malleus was found to be the most resistant ossicle to erosion whereas incus was found to be the most susceptible.
Very Low Viral Load (VLVL) Relapse Following Treatment of Naïve Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C

Sustained virologic response (SVR) to treatment of naive patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) with pegylated interferon and ribavirin is 50–60%. Patients who relapse have a poor response to re-treatment. We report a group of relapse patients with SVR to low-dose re-treatment after 6 months. Characterization of HCV relapse patients with very low viral load (VLVL) (HCV RNA <5,000 IU/ml) 6 months after stopping full-dose initial treatment. We identified 120 consecutive naive patients over 4 years treated with pegylated interferon alpha-2a and ribavirin with full-dose therapy for 24 weeks (non-genotype 1) or 48 weeks (genotype 1) with baseline liver biopsy and at least 6 months of follow-up after treatment. HCV RNA by PCR and hepatic blood tests were obtained monthly during treatment and at least 1, 3, and 6 months post treatment. Of the initially treated patients, 54.2% had SVR, 25% non-response and 20.8% relapsed. Four of 25 who relapsed (16%) and one similar patient referred to our program had HCV RNA <5,000 IU/ml 6 months after stopping treatment (VLVL relapse). Significant differences (P < 0.05) compared with the 21 other relapse patients included all five patients who were genotype 1; 4/5 had cirrhosis, baseline HCV RNA was lower, and all had SVR to less intensive re-treatment for 6 months. VLVL relapse patients should be sought, because SVR to re-treatment is common despite genotype 1 cirrhosis.
SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS OF THE MITRAL VALVE DUE TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS IN AN IMMUNOSUPPRESSED HOST

We report the successful management of bacterial endocarditis of the mitral valve, caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, in a 34-month-old boy with acute lymphocytic leukemia who had been receiving immunosuppressive therapy. M-mode echocardiography provided early detection of valvular vegetations and documented the evolution of valvular involvement during the course of the illness.
Resistance of Ca2+-ATPase to dilution by excess phospholipid in reconstituted vesicles.

Abstract Ca2+-ATPase and other membrane proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane from rabbit skeletal muscle have been reconstituted into lipid vesicles with increasing amounts of phosphatidylcholine. The protein composition and phospholipid concentration of these vesicles were analyzed by determining the density of the reconstituted membrane vesicles on linear H2O-2H2O gradients, in a constant concentration of sucrose. In all combinations of the Ca2+-ATPase with a weight excess of phosphatidylcholine, the reconstituted vesicles had a phospholipid-to-protein ratio similar to that of the native sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, even though both solubilization and mixing had occurred. These vesicles of low phospholipid and high protein content exhibited all the original Ca2+-ATPase activity and ATP-stimulated calcium transport. The Ca2+-ATPase, and the calcium-binding proteins to a lesser extent, may order the lipid in such a manner so as to maintain the initial stoichiometry of lipid to protein observed in the native sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.
ExonSuite: Algorithmically optimizing alternative gene splicing for the PUF proteins

The stability of mRNA and its translation is a vital process necessary for proper protein production. The specificity of the regulation is controlled by specific RNA motifs and regulatory proteins. Pumilio/fem-3 mRNA-binding factor (PUF) proteins are usually used in regulating mRNA stability as well as translation. Here, we optimized a PUF protein target finder program to understand the natural diversity of RNA recognition by this family of proteins. ExonSuite is available to compile and run at https://github.com/dilanustek/ExonSuite.