cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrast manipulation in NMR imaging

The past few years have shown rapid growth of NMR imaging in both image quality and diagnostic usefulness. It has become apparent, as the images have been published, that both inter- and intra-group imaging of the same underlying pathology produces images which can have vastly differing appearance. This effect is mainly due to imaging techniques which use different pulse sequence types and timings thus varying the relative contribution of the protpn density, T1, and T2 properties of the tissues. In this paper we investigate the contrast manipulation effects and methods for SNR optimization for the saturation recovery, inversion recovery, spin echo, and inversion recovery spin echo pulse sequences when applied to three clinically relevant imaging tasks.
Sparse particle filtering for modeling space-time dynamics in distributed sensor networks

Wireless sensor network has emerged as a key technology for monitoring space-time dynamics of complex systems, e.g., environmental sensor network, battlefield surveillance network, and body area sensor network. As a result, distributed sensing gives rise to spatially-temporally big data. Realizing the full potentials of distributed sensing calls upon the development of space-time modeling of measured signals in the dynamically-evolving physical environment. However, space-time interactions bring substantial complexity in the scope of the modeling, due to the need to investigate spatial correlation, temporal correlation, as well as how space and time interact. Most of previous research considers either spatially-varying time series model or temporally-varying spatial model. This paper presents a new approach of sparse particle filtering to model spatiotemporal dynamics of big data in distributed sensor network. Notably, we developed a compact kernel-weighted regression model of spatial patterns. Further, the parameters of spatial model are transformed into a reduced-dimension space, and thereby sequentially updated with the recursive Bayesian estimation when new sensor observations are available. As such, spatial and temporal processes closely interact with each other. Experimental results on real-world data from wearable ECG sensor network showed that the proposed methodology outperforms traditional methods and effectively models space-time dynamics in distributed sensor networks.
Effects of a New Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor, Enalapril, in Acute and Chronic Left Ventricular Failure in Dogs

Enalapril (MK-421) is a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor which effectively lowers elevated blood pressure and might also be useful in heart failure. Enalapril was infused into six awake dogs 2 hours after left circumflex coronary artery embolization (acute failure group) and into six other awake dogs two to six months after coronary embolization (chronic failure group). In the acute failure group 2 hours after embolization, increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and reduced cardiac output remained unchanged during enalapril infusion. In the chronic failure group, increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure also remained unchanged during enalapril infusion, but cardiac output, which had fallen to 131.8 +/- 11.9 (S.D.) from 165.8 +/- 17.9 ml/min/kg (P less than 0.01) by two to six months in this group rose during enalapril infusion to 154.5 +/- 27.7 ml/min/kg (P less than 0.05). Heart rate and blood pressure were not changed during enalapril in either group, but stroke volume rose (26.0 +/- 5.9 to 29.2 +/- 6.9 ml, P less than 0.01) and systemic vascular resistance fell (58.5 +/- 10.3 to 39.3 +/- 4.3 units, P less than 0.01) during enalapril only in the chronic failure group. Plasma renin activity after embolization was slightly but not significantly higher in the acute failure group. Thus, enalapril appears to be an arterial vasodilator in dogs with chronic but not acute left ventricular failure.
Seasonal shifts in clutch size and egg size in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard.

There is evidence that the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana, and some other organisms of temperate latitudes produce fewer and larger eggs as the reproductive season progresses. There are at least two models that could explain this phenomenon.Proponents of the parental investment model claim that females are selected to increase egg size, at the cost of clutch size, late in the season in order to produce larger and competitively superior hatchlings at a time when food for hatchlings is in low supply and when juvenile density is high. In this model the selective agent is relative scarcity of food available to hatchlings late in the reproductive season, and the adaptive response is production of larger offspring.The alternative explanation (bet-hedging model) proposed in this paper is based on the view that the amount of food available to females for the production of late-season clutches is unpredictable, and that selection has favored conservatively small clutches in the late season to insure that each egg is at least minimally provisioned. Smaller clutches, which occur most frequently late in the season, are more likely to consist of larger eggs, compared to larger clutches, for two reasons. Firstly, unlike birds, oviparous lizards cannot alter parental investment after their eggs are deposited, and therefore, in cases of fractional optimal clutch size, the next lower integral clutch size is selected with the remaining reproductive energy allocated to increased egg size. With other factors constant, eggs of smaller clutches will increase more in size than eggs of larger clutches when excess energy is divided among the eggs of a clutch. Secondly, unanticipated energy that may become available for reproduction during energy-rich years will similarly increase egg size a greater amount if divided among fewer eggs.
The relationship of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profile clusters to pain behaviors

Previous research involving cluster analysis of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles among persons with chronic low back pain has suggested the existence of four distinct profile clusters. The present study had two goals: (1) to replicate the previous finding independently and (2) to investigate the relationship of the profiles to the subjects' self-reported pain history and response to treatment. Subjects were 92 patients in a multimodal inpatient low back-pain treatment program. A cluster analysis of the MMPI profiles was performed and the resultant clusters were compared in terms of histories and treatment outcome. The four clusters were successfully replicated for the total sample and for males and females separately. The profiles were significantly related to subjects' pain histories, but only one outcome difference was found. It was inferred that the MMPI is of value in understanding patients' pain coping behaviors but that further research is needed to explore the utility of the MMPI in understanding their response to treatment.
Calculation of Spectral Line Shapes for General Pressures

A method of calculating spectral line shapes at arbitrary temperatures and pressures is developed. The analysis assumes that: The two-body interaction potential is known; the potentials add as scalars; the perturbers follow classical paths determined by the equations of motion; and the collisions are adiabatic. The resulting formulas are solved numerically, using interaction potentials which are appropriate for the interaction between argon and cesium metals. The calculation is carried out for relative densities up to 160. Calculated half-widths and line shifts agree with experimental data.
Comparisons between model equations for long waves

Considered here are model equations for weakly nonlinear and dispersive long waves, which feature general forms of dispersion and pure power nonlinearity. Two variants of such equations are introduced, one of Korteweg-de Vries type and one of regularized long-wave type. It is proven that solutions of the pure initial-value problem for these two types of model equations are the same, to within the order of accuracy attributable to either, on the long time scale during which nonlinear and dispersive effects may accumulate to make an order-one relative difference to the wave profiles.
FLUORINE SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS ON THE PHOTODISSOCIATION DYNAMICS OF IODOBENZENE AT 304 NM

The photodissociation dynamics of pentafluoroiodobenzene are investigated by state-selective one-dimensional translation spectroscopy at 304 nm. We have determined the one-dimensional recoil distribution and the spatial distribution in the form of the anisotropy parameter, β, as well as the photodissociation relative yields of both ground-state I(3P3/2) and excited-state I*(2P1/2) iodine photofragments. The results are compared to those observed for iodobenzene at 304 nm. As in iodobenzene, two velocity distributions were observed for the dissociation channel which gives ground-state iodine: a sharp, high recoil velocity peak assigned previously to n,σ* excitation and a slow recoil velocity distribution peak assigned previously to π,π* excitation. Unlike in C6H5I, the I* distribution is relatively strong and its spatial anisotropy can be measured. The fluorine perturbation has led to a number of different observations that can be summarized as follows: (1) The high velocity distribution has a lower aver...
A microcomputer-based multiparameter nuclear data acquisition system

Abstract An inexpensive and flexible microcomputer-based CAMAC data acquisition system is described. Quantitative performance characteristics are given to allow calculation of acquisition speed for an arbitrary configuration.
Hyperfine structure of the hydrogen atom in CaF2 as a function of temperature

We have measured the electron-proton hyperfine constant for interstitial hydrogen atoms in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ in the temperature range 77-300 K. By introducing the pressure derivative at constant temperature, we are able to compute the temperature dependence of the hyperfine coupling constant at constant volume and compare it with calculations. The effects of the dynamic motion of the hydrogen atom and the lattice are discussed.
Family-Based Social Capital Considerations as Predictors of Attainments Among Appalachian Youth

The purpose of this study was to explore social and human capital theory in application to status attainment research using a sample of 463 low-income youth from rural Appalachian families. Comparisons were made between social capital variables based in the family of origin and social interaction variables based in the broader community as influences on the status attainment of youth. Surveys of youth were conducted during a ten-year longitudinal study (i.e., three assessments conducted during fifth/sixth grades and eleventh/twelfth grades, and for ages twenty-one/twenty-two). Path analyses confirmed some of the social interaction hypotheses but demonstrated eve greater support for individual human and family social capital variables in explaining young adult attainment outcomes. Support was provided for the inclusion of family-based social capital variables as a means of gaining a broader understanding of youth attainment.
Continuous spin orientations in single crystal HoxTb1−sxFe2

The easy direction of magnetization has been determined for a series of HoxTb1−xFe2 single-crystal compounds with 0.826<x<0.908 as a function of temperature by using torque magnetometry techniques. It was observed that the easy direction of magnetization undergoes several reorientations as the temperature is varied between 4.2 and 390K. The data also showed that the spin orientations varied continuously with temperature along nonprincipal crystallographic directions in the (100) plane. The observed behavior is qualitatively accounted for by crystal field theory.
Colocalization of serotonin and vesicular glutamate transporter 3-like immunoreactivity in the midbrain raphe of Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

Vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3) expression has been specifically localized to brain regions rich in serotonergic cells. It has been suggested that this transporter may contribute to the regulation of extracellular glutamate concentrations via a nonsynaptic mechanism. In this study, we examine the colocalization of vesicular glutamate transporter 3 immunoreactivity with serotonin immunoreactivity in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of Syrian hamsters. Brain sections from adult hamsters were fluorescently labeled for serotonin-ir and VGLUT3-ir and examined using confocal microscopy. The results indicate that most serotonergic cells of the midbrain raphe also expressed vesicular glutamate transporter 3. In addition, nonserotonergic cells in these brain regions also show immunoreactivity for the transporter. These data confirm previous findings of vesicular glutamate transporter 3 expression in serotonergic and nonserotonergic neurons in rats. These findings suggest that the location of vesicular glutamate transporter 3 may be as much a function of neuroanatomical location as of the neurochemical identity of the expressing neurons.
Noninnocence in metal complexes: a dithiolene dawn.

Noninnocence in inorganic chemistry traces its roots back half a century to work that was done on metal complexes containing unsaturated dithiolate ligands. In a flurry of activity in the early 1960s by three different research groups, homoleptic bis and tris complexes of these ligands, which came to be known as dithiolenes, were synthesized, and their structural, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and magnetic properties were investigated. The complexes were notable for facile one-electron transfers and intense colors in solution, and conventional oxidation-state descriptions could not account for their electronic structures. The bis complexes were, in general, found to be square-planar, including the first examples of this geometry for paramagnetic complexes and different formal dn configurations. Several of the neutral and monoanionic tris complexes were found to have trigonal-prismatic coordination, the first time that this geometry had been observed in molecular metal complexes. Electronic structural calculations employing extended Huckel and other semiempirical computational methods revealed extensive ligand–metal mixing in the frontier orbitals of these systems, including the observation of structures in which filled metal-based orbitals were more stable than ligand-based orbitals of the same type, suggesting that the one-electron changes upon oxidation or reduction were occurring on the ligand rather than on the metal center. A summary of this early work is followed with a brief section on the current interpretations of these systems based on more advanced spectroscopic and computational methods. The take home message is that the early work did indeed provide a solid foundation for what was to follow in investigations of metal complexes containing redox-active ligands.
Earnings Forecasting Models: Adding a Theoretical Foundation for the Selection of Explanatory Variables

The purpose of this study is to determine if an earnings forecasting model based on factors hypothesised to result in differential profits across firms (industries) reduces model error relative to the model developed by Ou (1990). Initial research attempting to forecast earnings found that the random walk model, where current year's earnings are the prediction for next year, provides the best forecast of annual earnings (Ball and Watts 1972; Foster 1973; Beaver, Kettler, and Scholes 1970; Albrecht, Lookabill, and McKeown 1977; Brealey 1969). Ou (1990) developed an earnings forecasting model using financial statement information beyond prior years' earnings as the explanatory variables that outperformed the random walk model in predicting annual earnings.
Pharmacologic treatment of cognition in Alzheimer's dementia

Much of the treatment research and development for Alzheimer9s disease(AD) in recent years has been based on the cholinergic hypothesis. Cholinesterase inhibition has been shown to improve the symptoms of mild to moderate AD. Two cholinesterase inhibitors (CIs) are now available and two more may be available shortly. Free radical inhibitors, estrogen, and anti-inflammatory drugs may also delay the onset and slow progression of AD. Combination therapies employing CIs and these other drugs may prove successful in the future.
FATIGUE LIFE OF CRITICAL MEMBERS IN A RAILWAY TRUSS BRIDGE

The fatigue life of critical members, such as hangers, floor beams and stringers in a single track, open deck railroad truss bridge, was investigated for various unit freight trains, operating at different speeds. A partial bridge model was used, along with a three-car train, to determine the stress cycles. For determining the fatigue lives of critical members, four fully-loaded trains per day were assumed to pass over the bridge. Each train was assumed to consist of one hundred, 70-ton cars or seventy, 100-ton cars. The 100-ton freight cars cause a larger stress range, and consequently shorter fatigue lives than the 70-ton freight cars. For the hundred car train, with 70-ton and 100-ton cars mixed in various proportions, the fatigue lives became shorter as the percentage of 100-ton cars in the consist was increased. The impact percentages were also studied.
The meaning and measurement of Machiavellianism in Chinese and American college students.

Summary Although there has been considerable cross-cultural research on Machiavellianism in recent years, researchers have failed to examine the conceptual equivalence of the concept across cultural boundaries. Researchers have used measures of Machiavellianism (Mach IV) which were derived from Western concepts and which may not have similar meanings when applied to non-Western groups. The purpose of the present study was to examine the factorial structure of the Mach IV scale in matched samples (age, sex, education, social desirability) of 128 male and female Chinese and American college students. It was hypothesized that the groups would differ with respect to the factorial structure of the Mach IV because of ethnocultural differences in meaning of the factorial terms and in their behavioral referents, correlates, and functional implications. The results supported the hypothesis. It was concluded that researchers must exercise considerable care in cross-cultural personality research, since constructs ma...
Free and nonprotein amino acids of Tetrahymena pyriformis

Abstract Paper chromatography was used to determine 20 amino acids and related compounds present in both the free and the nonprotein forms in Tetrahymena pyriformis. The most abundant free amino acids in the cells were found to be glutamic acid, alanine, leucine-isoleucine, glycine, arginine, and lysine. Free methionine, cystine, and tryptophan were present in the smallest quantities. A relatively large proportion of aspartic acid, glycine, and glutamic acid was found in the conjugated form, while nearly all nonprotein arginine and lysine occurred in the free form. In line with values observed in other invertebrates and microorganisms, the α-amino nitrogen present in the free and the nonprotein forms constituted as high as a fifth and a fourth, respectively, of the total nitrogen of the protozoan cells. A fairly constant ratio of the amino acid content of the whole cell to that of the cellular protein was obtained, which indicated that the amino acid composition of the whole cell reflects that of the cellular protein.
Industrial on-line bulk analysis using nuclear techniques

Abstract The industrial need for on-line determination of various parameters such as ash content, concentrations of slagging elements (Al, Ca, Si, Fe), concentration of environmentally hazardous S etc., has led into the development of several on-line nuclear techniques. Characteristic examples of these techniques along with their successes and limitations are presented. The need to determine on-line the concentration of a number of elements excitable through different neutron techniques (inelastic scattering, thermal capture, neutron activation) brings into the forefront the use of pulsed neutron generators. The coal industry, cement industry and organizations with concern for hidden explosives could benefit from the development of such devices.
[14C]acetate incorporation by cultured normal, familial hypercholesterolemia and Down's syndrome fibroblasts.

Abstract Fibroblasts from patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a disease characterized by accelerated atherogenesis, are known to lack functional low-density-lipoprotein receptors, which ultimately results in increased cholesterol biosynthesis in the cultured cells. [ 14 C]Acetate incorporation in these cells was compared to that of normal fibroblasts and to fibroblasts from patients with Down's syndrome, a disease in which atherosclerosis is rare. Total [ 14 C]acetate incorporation did not differ significantly between normal and Down's fibroblasts, nor did its partitioning into the hexane-extractable and aqueous fractions of the cell hydrolysates. [ 14 C]Acetate incorporation was much greater in FH cells in both the aqueous and hexane-extractable fractions. Preincubation in fetal bovine serum increased acetate incorporation only by FH cells, while 50 μg low-density lipoprotein/ml medium depressed acetate incorporation in all three groups. A C 27 sterol, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a probable isomer of cholesterol, was present in small amounts in FH fibroblasts, but was not detectable in the normal or Down's cells. The absolute amounts of [ 14 C]acetate incorporated into the non-sterol lipids were greater in the FH fibroblasts, indicating that these cells may have to synthesize, in addition to cholesterol, other required cellular lipids which are delivered to the normal cells by low-density lipoproteins.
Teratologic evaluation of dermally applied zinc pyrithione on swine.

Abstract A teratologic study in Yorkshire pigs was performed by applying zinc pyrithione (30, 100, or 400 mg/kg prepared as a 50% ( w v ) suspension in Aquaphor cream) for 8 hr per day on the clipped dorsal surface from Days 8 through 32 of gestation. The design of the experiment also included a naive and a vehicle-treated control group. Piglets obtained by Caesarian section on gestation Day 100 were examined for external, soft tissue, and skeletal (X-ray) abnormalities. The number of implantation and resorption sites and viable fetuses among the test groups was not significantly different than the control groups. No evidence of any teratogenic or embryotoxic effect was observed in the fetuses from dams treated with zinc pyrithione.
Large‐scale science education intervention research we can use

This article develops an argument that the type of intervention research most useful for improving science teaching and learning and leading to scalable interventions includes both research to develop and gather evidence of the efficacy of innovations and a different kind of research, design-based implementation research (DBIR). DBIR in education focuses on what is required to bring interventions and knowledge about learning to all students, wherever they might engage in science learning. This research focuses on implementation, both in the development and initial testing of interventions and in the scaling up process. In contrast to traditional intervention research that focuses principally on one level of educational systems, DBIR designs and tests interventions that cross levels and settings of learning, with the aim of investigating and improving the effective implementation of interventions. The article concludes by outlining four areas of DBIR that may improve the likelihood that new standards for science education will achieve their intended purpose of establishing an effective, equitable, and coherent system of opportunities for science learning in the United States. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 281–304, 2012
Teratogenic effects of sodium arsenate in mice.

Single intraperitoneal injections of sodium arsenate in Swiss-Webster mice on one of days 6 to 12 of gestation resulted in increased fetal resorptions. Decreased fetal weights and a spectrum of fetal anomalies were noted in litters treated on days 6 to 11. Malformations induced were day-dependent and included exencephaly, micrognathia, protruding tongue, agnathia, open eye, exophthalmos, anophthalmia, missing pinna, cleft lip, hydrocephalus, umbilical hernia, eventration, ectrodactyly, micromelia, and shortened or twisted tail and twisted limb, or both. Skeletal defects such as fused vertebrae and fused and forked ribs were also seen.
Saturated fatty acid-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis are augmented by trans -10, cis -12-conjugated linoleic acid in liver cells

Lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues leads to cell dysfunction and apoptosis, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. Recent evidence suggests that lipotoxicity in hepatocytes involves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated apoptosis. The present study examined (1) the dose–response and time course characteristics of fatty acid-mediated ER stress and apoptosis in H4IIE liver cells; (2) whether saturated fatty acid-induced apoptosis involved the ER-associated caspase-12; and (3) whether trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid, an inhibitor of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, influenced fatty acid-mediated ER stress and apoptosis. Saturated fatty acids induced ER stress in a dose-dependent manner with a time course that was delayed relative to chemical-induction of ER stress. Saturated fatty acids increased caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity, however increased caspase-12 activity was not observed. Inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, using conjugated linoleic acid (trans-10, cis-12), augmented saturated fatty acid-induced ER stress and apoptosis. These data suggest that saturated fatty acids induce ER stress and apoptosis at physiologic concentrations and with a relatively rapid time course. It would appear that saturated fatty acid-mediated apoptosis occurs independently of caspase-12 activation. Since conjugated linoleic acid inhibited stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity, it is hypothesized that saturation, per se, plays a role in lipotoxicity in liver cells.
LRM Probe-Tip Calibrations with Imperfect Resistors and Lossy Lines

The line-reflect-match calibration is extended, without significant loss of measurement accuracy, to accommodate imperfect match standards and lossy lines typical of monolithic microwave integrated circuits. We characterize the match and line standards using an additional line standard of moderate length. The new method provides a practical means of obtaining accurate, wideband calibrations with compact standard sets.
Energy consumption in VLSI circuits

We study energy consumption in CMOS-style VLSI circuits, where a wire of length / consumes energy T(l)when switching. Three model are considered: the uniswitch model where a wire is assumed to switch at most once if the input changes, the multiswitch model which allows the possibility of multiple switches caused by uncontrolled delays, and the clock model which also takes clock distribution energy into account. Previous lower bound results for the uniswitch model applied only to circuits where intermediate data were not encoded (for example, in unary) by using additional wires and area to reduce the energy. We show that such encodings can be useful for adding two n-bit numbers using synchronous Boolean circuits (energy reduction from T(n log n) to O(n log n/(log log n)), but not for transitive functions such as the cyclic shift of n bits (energy T(n2)). For the multiswitch model, we develop layouts that achieve energy close to the uniswitch case for these problems, and show a separation result between the uniswitch and multiswitch models. Finally, some energy-period tradeoffs are shown for the clock model.
Distinguishing between organogenic and psychogenic erectile dysfunction.

Abstract Waking assessment of erectile responses using erotic films and self-stimulation differentiated psychogenic and organogenic erectile dysfunction. The high number of false positives among the organogenics and false negatives among the psychogenics indicate that there is no single biological marker for organogenic erectile dysfunction. On a continuous cognitive measure psychogenics consistently underestimated their degree of erection, while organogenics overestimated their amount of erection. The results suggest that one session of waking erectile assessment provides as much or more information than more expensive and time-consuming nocturnal penile tumescence recordings. The data also strongly suggest that organogenic and psychogenic are not dictotomous categories and that a multi-faceted assessment of erectile potential, psychological factors, etiological factors and the current social and interpersonal context of sexual behavior, is necessary for successful medical or psychological treatment planning.
Runaway phenomena in low‐density polyethylene autoclave reactors

To study runaway behavior in autoclave low-density polyethylene (LDPE) reactors, a kinetic model for a perfectly stirred tank reactor is presented. The kinetic model not only includes the standard initiation, propagation, and termination reactions for polymerization, but it also has free radical reactions that describe the decomposition of ethylene ultimately leading to a runaway. Dynamic simulation of the model indicates runaway behavior for the following conditions : excess initiator in feed ; feed impurity ; feed temperature disturbance ; controller failure ; and poorly tuned controller. Operating strategies such as mixed initiator feeds and grade transitions are also explored from a dynamic view. Stability analysis indicates safe operating limits for certain variables at typical conditions. The model provides useful insights for preventing runaway reactions in LDPE autoclaves.
How to incorporate generic refraction models into multistatic tracking algorithms

The vast majority of literature published on target tracking ignores the effects of atmospheric refraction. When refraction is considered, the solutions are generally tailored to a simple exponential atmospheric refraction model. This paper discusses how arbitrary refraction models can be incorporated into tracking algorithms. Attention is paid to multistatic tracking problems, where uncorrected refractive effects can worsen track accuracy and consistency in centralized tracking algorithms, and can lead to difficulties in track-to-track association in distributed tracking filters. Monostatic and bistatic track initialization using refraction-corrupted measurements is discussed. The results are demonstrated using an exponential refractive model, though an arbitrary refraction profile can be substituted.
Atmospheric Frontogenesis Models: Mathematical Formulation and Solution

Abstract The approximation of geostrophic balance across a front is studied. Making this approximation, an analytic approach is made to a frontogenesis model based on the classic horizontal deformation field. Kelvin's circulation theorem suggests the introduction of a new independent variable in the cross-front direction. The problem is solved exactly for a Boussinesq, uniform potential vorticity fluid. Non-Boussinesq, non-uniform potential vorticity, latent heat, and surface friction effects are all studied. Using a two-region fluid we model the effects of confluence near the tropopause. A similar approach is made to the appearance of fronts in the finite-amplitude development of the simplest Eady wave; this is also solved analytically. Based on the surface fronts produced by these models, we give a general model of a strong surface front. There is a tendency to form discontinuities in a finite time.
Robust Feedrate Selection for 3-Axis NC Machining Using Discrete Models

This research effort is focused on improving the efficiency of CNC machining by automatic computer selection of feedrate for 3-axis sculptured surface machining. A feedrate process planner for complex sculptured end milling cuts is developed from mechanistic and geometric end milling models. The selection program uses tool deflection, surface finish, tool failure and machine power to set constraints on the cutting force and the feed-per-tooth for rough, semi-finish, and finish passes. A NC part program is processed one tool move at a time by the planner. For each tool move a geometric model calculates the cut geometry, and an inverse mechanistic model uses this information along with the constraint force to calculate a desired feedrate. The feedrate is written into the part program resulting in a file that contains a feedrate for each tool move. Experimental results for a sculptured surface show the accuracy of the algorithms in maintaining a desired force.
A Tris-induced change in the midpoint potential of Z, the donor to photosystem II, as determined by the kinetics of the back reaction

Abstract A new method of measuring the rate of the back reaction from the state Z+ P680 QA− in Tris-washed chloroplasts is described. By using ratios of back reaction rates we demonstrate a Tris-induced change in the equilibrium between Z and P680 and attribute this change to an alteration of the midpoint potential of Z by Tris treatment. We also demonstrate that the previously observed inhibition of the back reaction by ADRY reagents can be localized at Z and understood in terms of electron donation to Z+ by ADRY reagents.
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 acts as an accessory factor to enhance the inhibitory action of insulin on mouse glucose-6-phosphatase gene transcription

Glucose-6-phosphatase catalyzes the terminal step in the gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic pathways. Transcription of the gene encoding the glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6Pase) is stimulated by cAMP and glucocorticoids whereas insulin strongly inhibits both this induction and basal G6Pase gene transcription. Previously, we have demonstrated that the maximum repression of basal G6Pase gene transcription by insulin requires two distinct promoter regions, designated A (from −271 to −199) and B (from −198 to −159). Region B contains an insulin response sequence because it can confer an inhibitory effect of insulin on the expression of a heterologous fusion gene. By contrast, region A fails to mediate an insulin response in a heterologous context, and the mutation of region B within an otherwise intact promoter almost completely abolishes the effect of insulin on basal G6Pase gene transcription. Therefore, region A is acting as an accessory element to enhance the effect of insulin, mediated through region B, on G6Pase gene transcription. Such an arrangement is a common feature of cAMP and glucocorticoid-regulated genes but has not been previously described for insulin. A combination of fusion gene and protein-binding analyses revealed that the accessory factor binding region A is hepatocyte nuclear factor-1. Thus, despite the usually antagonistic effects of cAMP/glucocorticoids and insulin, all three agents are able to use the same factor to enhance their action on gene transcription. The potential role of G6Pase overexpression in the pathophysiology of MODY3 and 5, rare forms of diabetes caused by hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 mutations, is discussed.
Periodic trajectories for a two-dimensional nonintegrable Hamiltonian

Abstract Anumerical study is made of the classical periodic trajectories for the two-dimensional, nonintegrable Hamiltonian H= 1 2 (p 2 x +p 2 y )+(y− 1 2 x 2 ) 2 +0.05x 2 . In addition to x−y pictures of the trajectories, E−τ (energy-period) plots of the periodie families are presented. Efforts have been made to include all trajectories with short periods and all simple branchings of these trajectories. The monodromy matrix has been calculated in all cases, and from it the stability properties are derived. The topology of the E−τ plot has been explored, with the following results. One family may have several stable regions. The plot is not completely connected; there are islands. The plot is not a tree; there are cycles. There are isochronous branchings, period-doublings, and period-multiplyings of higher orders, and examples of each of these are presented. There is often more than one branch issuing from a branch point. Some general empirical rules are inferred. In particular, the exitence of isochronous branchings is seen to be a consequence of the symmetry of the Hamiltonian. All these results agree with the general classification of possible branchings derived in Ref. [10]. ( M. A. M. de Aguiar, C. P. Malta, M. Baranger, and K. T. R. Davies, in preparation ). Finally, some nonperiodic trajectories are calculated to illustrate the fact that stable periodic trajectories lie in “regular” regions of phase space, while unstable ones lie in “chaotic” regions.
An inexpensive x-ray source for the microradiography of bone.

A low cost, self-contained, commercially available, X-ray apparatus which possesses the essential qualifications necessary to produce high resolution microradiographs of undecalcified bone is described. The widespread current use of this machine in pathology laboratories may make purchase of such a unit optional.
Racial and ethnic disparities in the trends in primary cesarean delivery based on indications.

Objective To examine trends in primary cesarean deliveries by indications and race/ethnicity. Study Design We examined temporal trends in primary cesarean deliveries from 1991 through 2008 among singleton births (n = 540,953) in Kaiser Permanente Southern California hospitals using information from maternal hospitalizations and infant birth certificates. In addition, relative increases and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate differences in primary cesarean section rates by indication for the earliest (1991-1992) and most recent (2007-2008) periods. Racial/ethnic disparities in primary cesarean deliveries were examined by comparing the relative risks from multiple logistic regression models. Results The rate of primary cesarean section among white, African American, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander women increased by 61.6%, 64.1%, 62.4%, and 70.2%, respectively, between 1991 and 2008. In comparison to the primary cesarean section rate for white women, the rate was 25% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22–29%) higher for African American women, 19% (95% CI, 16–23%) higher for Asian/Pacific Islander women, but 14% (95% CI, 13–16%) lower for Hispanic women. After adjustment for confounding factors, primary cesarean section rates remained significantly higher for African American women but lower for Hispanic women compared with white women. Indication subtypes-specific rates of primary cesarean section varied markedly across race/ethnicity. Conclusion We found that the overall primary cesarean section rate has increased over time. In addition, there is a wide variability in rate of indications for primary cesarean section by race/ethnicity.
Engagement of NKG2D on bystander memory CD8 T cells promotes increased immunopathology following Leishmania major infection

One of the hallmarks of adaptive immunity is the development of a long-term pathogen specific memory response. While persistent memory T cells certainly impact the immune response during a secondary challenge, their role in unrelated infections is less clear. To address this issue, we utilized lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Listeria monocytogenes immune mice to investigate whether bystander memory T cells influence Leishmania major infection. Despite similar parasite burdens, LCMV and Listeria immune mice exhibited a significant increase in leishmanial lesion size compared to mice infected with L. major alone. This increased lesion size was due to a severe inflammatory response, consisting not only of monocytes and neutrophils, but also significantly more CD8 T cells. Many of the CD8 T cells were LCMV specific and expressed gzmB and NKG2D, but unexpectedly expressed very little IFN-γ. Moreover, if CD8 T cells were depleted in LCMV immune mice prior to challenge with L. major, the increase in lesion size was lost. Strikingly, treating with NKG2D blocking antibodies abrogated the increased immunopathology observed in LCMV immune mice, showing that NKG2D engagement on LCMV specific memory CD8 T cells was required for the observed phenotype. These results indicate that bystander memory CD8 T cells can participate in an unrelated immune response and induce immunopathology through an NKG2D dependent mechanism without providing increased protection.
Ontogeny of low molecular weight stress protein p26 during early development of the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana

Embryogenesis in the brine shrimp, Artemia sp., occurs by one of two pathways: (i) the direct, uninterrupted development of nauplius larvae within the female or (ii) the production of embryos that arrest development at the gastrula stage and enter diapause. Diapause embryos are released from females into the aqueous environment where they remain in diapause until activated by appropriate environmental cues and resume development. These encysted embryos possess at least one low molecular weight stress protein, which we refer to as p26 and which has been implicated previously in the stress response of activated embryos. We investigated the appearance of p26 in developing diapause embryos in utero and looked for its presence in embryos developing directly into nauplii. We found p26 to be specific to diapause-destined embryos; it was not detected in direct-developing embryos. We conclude that p26 is not required for the basic developmental program that produces the nauplius. In diapause-destined embryos, p26 was first detectable after 3 days of development, at which time the embryos were late gastrulae. This protein continues to increase in amount until the encysted embryos are released, approximately 5 days after fertilization. At the time of release almost all p26 is located in the low speed supernatant fraction, but as released embryos continue diapause, p26 transfers to the pelleted nuclear fraction in increasing amounts. Our working hypothesis views p26 as a molecular chaperone preventing protein denaturation and aggregation under conditions associated with metabolic arrest and other stressful states, which these encysted embryos encounter.
A mutation increasing the amount of a constitutive enzyme in Escherichia coli, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract We describe the selection of a mutation which increases about sixfold the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogerase in Escherichia coli. In both mutant and wild type the enzyme is constitutive. The new mutation, zwfL1, is closely linked to zwf, the structural gene for the enzyme. According to antibody titration zwfL1 acts to increase the amount of normal enzyme, rather than by specifying an altered enzyme. ZwfL1 is cis-dominant. It might be an “up” promoter mutation.
Statistical Review for USNCAP Front Crash Test Results in MY2011

Abstract : New car assessment program (NCAP) originated from USNCAP in 1979 has been implemented in several countries or markets, for instance USA, Europe, Korea, Japan, China and Australia. NCAP has contributed greatly to reduce accidental tolls. But recently, NCAP performance has no distinction between cars because manufacturer have been continuously developed to improve NCAP performance. Therefore, NHTSA announced new USNCAP protocol becoming effective from MY2011. NHTSA had carried out many NCAP tests based on the new test protocol and announced these test results.In this paper, USNCAP test results were reviewed by statistical method. This review was focused on passenger cars and frontal crash test results in order to investigate effect of changes in new NCAP protocol. There are two key changes, one is sited female dummy in passenger position, the other is enlarged to 4 scoring body regions in each dummy. Results of this review were summarized as followings. Performance in Passenger (12.5%) is lower than Driver’s (50%) for number of 5 star vehicle. Neck injury criterion is dominant to NCAP star rating for both dummies in the mean sense. For standard deviation, chest deflection is showed largest value in driver dummy but neck injury criterion is showed for passenger’s. DKAB and PKAB were equipped 28.1% and 6.2%, respectively. Consequently, the countermeasure for new USNCAP frontal crash test is essential to control well dummy kinematics with some safety features including KAB to reduce neck injuries.
Governance for Broadened Accountability: Blending Deliberate and Emergent Strategizing:

The nonprofit sector is challenged by increasing public and stakeholder demands for a broadened accountability. Strong expectations for performance accountability now accompany those for fiscal accountability. In response, better concepts of nonprofit accountability are being developed in the literature. However, knowledge of governance practices that can achieve broadened accountability has lagged. This article attempts to stimulate research and contribute to such knowledge by (a) synthesizing concepts of accountability presented by Behn (2001), Kearns (1996), and Boland and Schultze (1996) into two categories: rule-based and negotiable accountability; (b) developing grounded concepts concerning the practice of governance by nonprofit leaders; and (c) exploring the interrelationships of the previously discrete concepts of deliberate strategy, emergent strategy, and accountability. The study's ethnographic methods recorded and analyzed real-life interactions involving a board chair—chief executive officer...
Adenosine A1 receptor antisense infused in striatum of rats: actions on alcohol-induced locomotor impairment, blood alcohol, and body temperature.

Abstract Previous pharmacological studies show that adenosine receptors in the corpus striatum may be involved in locomotor coordination. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the adenosine A 1 receptor subtype would alter the locomotor response due to incapacitating doses of alcohol. In these experiments, an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) targeted to the adenosine A 1 receptor was used to elucidate its possible role in locomotor function. After bilateral cannulation of the caudate nuclei of two strains of adult male rats, the animals were trained to remain on a rotorod for an entire 3-min interval. Then, a standard dose of 2.0 μg per 2.0 μl of the A 1 adenosine antisense (A 1 AS), dissolved in a pyrogen-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), was microinjected four times bilaterally into the caudate nuclei of the rats at successive 12-h intervals over 2 days. Three sets of controls were utilized: intragastric gavage with tap water alone; intragastric gavage of 3.5–4.0 g/kg 20% alcohol alone; and the aCSF vehicle alone microinjected identically in the caudate nuclei. The results showed that the intragastric administration of 20% alcohol in a dose of 3.5–4.0 g/kg caused a complete incapacitation of locomotor performance. Moreover, the A 1 AS injected in the striatum failed to alter significantly the action of alcohol in its impairment of the rats' ability to negotiate the rotorod. Concurrent measures of blood alcohol and body temperature taken to validate the efficacy of alcohol administration correlated precisely with the blockade of locomotor behavior of the animals. These findings thus suggest that because of the specificity of the A 1 AS probe, the A 1 receptor in the striatum is not involved in the alcohol-induced incapacitation of locomotor activity.