cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION AND SUBCELLULAR-LOCALIZATION OF PROTEIN-KINASE-C, ALPHA, GAMMA, DELTA, XI AND ZETA ISOFORMS IN AGF T-CELLS - MODIFICATION DURING PMA-INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION

The steady-state level and translocation of the protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes during the early stages of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced differentiation, was followed in AGF cells by Western blot analysis of various cell fractions, immunofluorescence staining and by confocal microscopy. By Western blot analysis, uninduced AGF cells express four PKC isoforms, PKC-alpha, PKC-gamma, PKC-epsilon and PKC-zeta with no expression of PKC-beta or PKC-delta. PKC-alpha was exclusively localized to the cytosol, whereas PKC-epsilon was localized predominantly in the cytosol. PKC-gamma and PKC-zeta were found in the cytosolic, as well as in the nuclear and the membrane fractions. Following stimulation with PMA from 15 min to 24 h, cytosolic PKC-alpha did not translocate to the membrane or nuclear fractions. PKC-gamma expression in the membrane and nuclear fractions was decreased following 1 h of PMA stimulation. The expression of PKC-zeta in the membrane and nuclear fractions was transiently increased (2-3 fold) between 3-6 h after PMA stimulation. The expression of PKC epsilon and delta was also affected by PMA treatment. While PKC epsilon, in the membrane fraction, was down-regulated by PMA treatment (3 h), the expression of PKC delta was induced by PMA. Confocal microscopy of the translocation of PKC isoforms during PMA-induced differentiation, confirmed the results obtained by Western blot analysis. Our results indicate that both Ca2+-dependent (PKC-alpha and PKC-gamma) and Ca2+-independent (PKC-epsilon, delta and PKC-zeta) isozymes are expressed in AGF cells and their pattern of expression differ in response to short and prolonged stimulation with phorbol ester. The demonstrated heterogeneity of PKC isozymes in AGF cells, suggests that each PKC isoform may provide a unique contribution to signal transduction pathways and growth control.
Spirituality and Religiosity: Their Effects on Undergraduate Social Work Career Choice

This study explores the role spirituality plays in selecting social work as a profession among 70 undergraduate students at a small private Christian college and a large state university. The relat...
On Ruts and Getting Out of Them

Duhigg recounts engaging stories that illuminate how habits function and offer hope to those trying to change their behavior.
A study of the proteolytic system of Tetrahymena pyriformis W. I. Purification and partial characterization of the constituent proteinases.

Abstract The proteolytic activity of the cell-free supernatant solutions of cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis grown on a medium containing 2% proteose-peptone was considerably depressed by the incorporation of 1% glucose. The proteinases produced in the presence and absence of glucose were purified by fractionation with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , treatment with bentonite, and repeated electrophoresis on a vertical starch column. An intracellular proteinase was isolated by preliminary fractionation of the cytolyzed cellular extract with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 followed by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose. Each of these three enzymes were characterized with respect to their specific activity, pH for optimal activity, N-terminal amino acid residue, molecular weight and sedimentation behavior. The implications of these findings in relation to the mechanism of enzyme synthesis are briefly considered.
Synthesis of n-heptyltrichlorosilane 7-13C for preparation of labeled chromatographic surfaces

This report describes the synthesis of carbon-13 labeled n-heptyltrichlorosilane from 13C methyl iodide. The product is labeled at the 7-position of the alkyl chain in a 24% yield.
Activity-dependent neuronal signalling and autism spectrum disorder

Neuronal activity induces the post-translational modification of synaptic molecules, promotes localized protein synthesis within dendrites and activates gene transcription, thereby regulating synaptic function and allowing neuronal circuits to respond dynamically to experience. Evidence indicates that many of the genes that are mutated in autism spectrum disorder are crucial components of the activity-dependent signalling networks that regulate synapse development and plasticity. Dysregulation of activity-dependent signalling pathways in neurons may, therefore, have a key role in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorder.
New Insights into the Source of Decadal Increases of Dissolved Organic Matter in Acid-Sensitive Lakes of the Northeastern United States

The last several decades have seen decreases in SO(4)(2-) deposition across the northeastern United States. As a result, SO(4)(2-) concentrations in lakes and streams have also decreased and many surface water bodies have become less acidic. During the same time period, there has been a concurrent increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in many lakes and streams. We used fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize the dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality of archived samples from nine acid-sensitive lakes in Maine collected between 1993 and 2009, and determined that increased DOM contributions to lakes were primarily derived from litter and soil. All five lakes with increasing DOC trends demonstrated significant decreasing (i.e., more terrestrial) trends in fluorescence index (FI) and significant positive correlations between SO(4)(2-) and FI. This study used the chemical signature of terrestrial DOM to support the hypothesis that increased DOC concentrations in lakes and streams are driven by declining acid deposition and increased solubility of soil organic matter across a large area of the landscape.
Restricted and repetitive behaviors in toddlers and preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders based on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)

Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) observed during the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS: Lord et al., 2000] were examined in a longitudinal data set of 455 toddlers and preschoolers (age 8-56 months) with clinical diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD; autism, n=121 and pervasive developmental disorders-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), n=71), a nonspectrum disorder (NS; n=90), or typical development (TD; n=173). Even in the relatively brief semi-structured observations, GEE analyses of the severity and prevalence of RRBs differentiated children with ASD from those with NS and TD across all ages. RRB total scores on the ADOS were stable over time for children with ASD and NS; however, typically developing preschoolers showed lower RRB scores than typically developing toddlers. Nonverbal IQ (NVIQ) was more strongly related to the prevalence of RRBs in older children with PDD-NOS, NS, and TD than younger children under 2 years and those with autism. Item analyses revealed different relationships between individual items and NVIQ, age, diagnosis, and gender. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the etiology and treatment of RRBs as well as for the framework of ASD diagnostic criteria in future diagnostic systems.
Integrating Logic and Object Paradigm in Hddbms

Abstract The existing heterogeneous distributed database management systems (HDDBMSs) which are business-oriented will not be able to adequate for many new and developing information processing applications. The important objectives of these applications include the processing of complex objects and intelligence. Our approach is integrating logic and object paradigm to provide knowledge representation and inference mechanism in HDDBMS. This paper decribes the knowledge representation in object-oriented heterogeneous distributed database system with semantic association — OHDDB-DG1, presents the method of processing constraints and rules in the global language OSAL which is Object-oriented and of Semantic Association with Logic, and explains briefly the peculiarities of processing inheritance and recursive inference.
The Western Water Commission: Watershed Management Receives the Avi'ention of a New GENERATION1

: Our nation periodically reviews national water policy and considers its directions for the future. The most recent examination was directed at the western United States and the role of the federal agencies in meeting its needs. The West is no longer the frontier, but rather contains vibrant cities and booming centers of international trade, as well as tourism, mineral, and oil and gas development, agricultural, and other development. In this changing environment, federal water policies need to consider the long term sustainability of the West, provide justice to Indian tribes, protect the rivers and ecosystems on which natural systems depend, balance the needs of newcomers with those of agricultural users and communities, and meet a myriad of other demands. The Western Water Policy Review Advisory Commission has just concluded its review of these issues and issued its report. Key among the recommendations is the need to coordinate federal agencies at the basin and watershed level and make government more responsive to local needs, but within a framework that includes national mandates. The Commission's recommendations are presented here, along with some of the issues that surrounded the operations of the Commission.
Instigative aggression in females.

40 females suggested to partners (confederates) which shock intensity should be delivered to an opponent during a competitive task. Aggressiveness of the instigations was a function of cooperativeness of the partner, aggressiveness of the opponent, and winning and losing in the competition, but not of either instrumental value or E. Results were compared with data from male Ss. Only instrumental reward differentially affected behaviors of men and women.
Dynamic simulation and analysis of ancillary service demand response strategies for variable air volume HVAC systems

Output variability and low generating inertia associated with solar and wind electric power generation resources increase the requirement of grid-scale ancillary service capacity and add strain to existing firm generators that provide these services. Buildings consume the majority of electricity in the United States and can play a significant role in helping to meet these challenges by using their HVAC systems as a link to thermal energy storage. However, predicting a building's ancillary service demand response performance continues to be a challenge, particularly for complex multi-zone systems, such as the variable air volume. A dynamic model of a representative variable air volume system was developed and simulated to investigate the response of the system to implementation of four common demand response strategies over a range of cooling loads and implementation intensities: zone air dry-bulb temperature adjustment, duct static pressure adjustment, supply air temperature adjustment, and chilled water ...
Quantitative determination of intact glucosinolates in broccoli, broccoli sprouts, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry

Many methods have been proposed to analyze glucosinolates, a class of phytochemicals whose breakdown products are thought to be responsible for an improvement in health; however, few are quantitative and many are time consuming. A selective and sensitive quantitative method for direct determination of intact glucosinolates was developed using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring detection. Detection limits for glucoiberin, sinigrin, progoitrin, glucoerucin, and glucotropaeolin were 1.75, 1.38, 1.36, 0.6, and 0.63 pmol, respectively. Intraassay precision of the method was within 10% for each compound. The method was successfully applied to quantify 10 individual glucosinolates in broccoli, broccoli sprouts, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower. The advantage of the proposed method includes analysis of individual intact glucosinolates rather than the conversion to desulfoglucosinolates, an increased selectivity through the use of mass spectrometry, and a 10-fold improvement in detection sensitivity over conventionally used HPLC techniques.
Analysis of Deaths in Patients with an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

The cause of death and clinical characteristics of 26 patients that died after implantable cardioverter defibrillator placement were reviewed and compared to the 145 patients still living after a mean follow-up of 17 months. Operative mortality was 4% (7/171) and resulted from postoperative ventricular arrhythmias (four patients), heart failure (two patients), and respiratory failure (one patient). Operative mortality was significantly higher (1.7% vs 9.6%, P less than 0.05) following concomitant surgical procedures. Total late mortality was 11% (18/171). Thirteen deaths (75%) occurred in-hospital from progressive deterioration of left ventricular function (nine patients), arrhythmia (two patients), and noncardiac causes (two patients). Outpatient mortality was 3.5% (6/171) and resulted from presumed sudden cardiac death in five of six patients; two of the five had devices that were inactive, one had high defibrillation thresholds, and two had suspected bradyarrhythmic deaths. One postoperative death and one late in-hospital death were also considered sudden cardiac deaths for a total of seven patients with defibrillation system failures. By multivariant analysis, preoperative clinical characteristics associated with a worse prognosis following defibrillator implantation were identified: presentation as ventricular tachycardia (P less than 0.02), induction of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (P less than 0.05), poor left ventricular performance (P less than 0.01), poor functional status (P less than 0.001), and the use of diuretics (P less than 0.01). Frequent device discharges (P less than 0.001) and concomitant antitachycardia pacing systems (P less than 0.001) were markers for greater arrhythmia recurrence and were potent predictors of a worse prognosis and particularly sudden death.
Thymineless induction in Escherichia coli K12(λ)

Abstract 1. 1. Thymine deprivation of a thymineless auxotroph of Escherichia coli K12(λ) leads to the induction of λ. This phenomenon does not result from carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus starvation. 2. 2. Conditions which prevent thymineless death also inhibit thymineless induction. However, the two phenomena may not be necessarily interdependent. 3. 3. In low phosphate-containing media, adapted cells of K12(λ)-thy − do not lyse, when induced by thymine deprivation or with mitomycin C. However, lysis occurs almost immediately upon the addition of phosphate to the induced cells.
Trends and perioperative outcomes for laparoscopic and robotic nephrectomy using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database.

Abstract Objectives We sought to examine the trends in perioperative outcomes of kidney cancer surgery stratified by type (radical nephrectomy [RN] vs. partial nephrectomy [PN]) and approach (open vs. minimally invasive). Methods We queried the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database to identify kidney cancer operations performed from 2005 to 2011. We examined 30-day perioperative outcomes including operative time, transfusion rate, length of stay, major morbidity (cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, and infectious), and mortality. Results A total of 2,902 PN and 5,459 RN cases were identified. The use of PN increased over time, accounting for 39% of all nephrectomies in 2011. Minimally invasive approaches also increased over time for both RN and PN. Open surgery was associated with increased length of stay, receipt of transfusion, major complications, and perioperative mortality. Resident involvement and open approach were independent predictors of major complications for both PN and RN. Additionally, the presence of a medical comorbidity was also a risk factor for complications after RN. The overall complication rates decreased for all approaches over the study period. Conclusions Minimally invasive approaches to kidney cancer renal surgery have increased with favorable outcomes. The safety of open and minimally invasive PN improved significantly over the study period. Although pathologic features cannot be determined from this data set, these data show that complications from renal surgical procedures are decreasing in an era of increasing use.
Reconfigurable Switched-Capacitor ΔΣ Modulator Topology Design

In this paper, a methodology for designing reconfigurable discrete-time DeltaSigma modulator topologies is proposed. Topologies are generated from a set of all possible topologies expressed by a generic topology, and optimized for minimizing the complexity of the topologies, maximizing the topology robustness with respect to circuit nonidealities, and minimizing total power consumption. The paper presents a case study for designing topologies for a three-mode reconfigurable DeltaSigma modulator. The paper also offers a reconfigurable topology implementation on a programmable system-on-chip (PSoC) device.
Interaction Between Ante-mortem Stress, Sampling Time, and pH Found in Certain Pork Muscle Characteristics

A randomized block split-split-plot 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial was used to study the effect of (A) ante-mortem stress, (B) time of sampling, (C) acid or base treatment, and (D) concentration of acid or base on certain muscle characteristics. Ante-mortem stress consisted of periodic electrical stimulation for 5½ hr without feed and water while the control animals were placed in a pen without feed and water during this same period. Samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle were obtained 30 min and 24 hr after exsanguination, injected and marinated in either 1.0M or 0.1M solution of lactic acid or ammonium hydroxide. An induced muscle pH of 4.8–9.4 was found. Cooking loss, expressible water, pH, doneness panel score, shear force, and color were found to be affected (P < 0.05). These differences were due to the treatment with acid or base, the concentration of acid or base, the interaction of ante-mortem stress and the concentration of acid or base, and the interaction of treatment with acid or base and the concentration of acid or base.
A New Species of Minaria (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from Bolivia

Minaria praetermissa W. D. Stevens & Arbelaez (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from the province of Santa Cruz in eastern Bolivia is found to be distinct from the related M. acerosa (Mart.) T. U. P. Konno & Rapini. A description, diagnosis, and comparative illustrations are provided.
Oscillators and crank turning: exploiting natural dynamics with a humanoid robot arm.

This paper presents an approach to robotarm control that exploits the natural dynamics of the arm. This is in contrast to traditional approaches, which either ignore or cancel out arm dynamics. Whi...
FAST EVENTS IN PROTEIN FOLDING: The Time Evolution of Primary Processes

Most experimental studies on the dynamics of protein folding have been confined to timescales of 1 ms and longer. Yet it is obvious that many phenomena that are obligatory elements of the folding process occur on much faster timescales. For example, it is also now clear that the formation of secondary and tertiary structures can occur on nanosecond and microsecond times, respectively. Although fast events are essential to, and sometimes dominate, the overall folding process, with a few exceptions their experimental study has become possible only recently with the development of appropriate techniques. This review discusses new approaches that are capable of initiating and monitoring the fast events in protein folding with temporal resolution down to picoseconds. The first important results from those techniques, which have been obtained for the folding of some globular proteins and polypeptide models, are also discussed.
NOTEPROROCENTRUM LIMA (DINOPHYCEAE) IN WATERS OF THE GREAT SOUTH CHANNEL NEAR GEORGES BANK

A 0–10 m plankton tow collected at one station in the Great South Channel near Georges Bank in June 1994 was rich in dinoflagellates, with the usually epibenthic Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge present as the dominant species. Temperature and salinity profiles suggest that the phytoplankton population at this station may have been advected from waters on the southern flank of Georges Bank. This is the first unequivocal report of P. lima in the plankton community of the Great South Channel and its vicinity.
Design of the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcomes in COPD Study (SPIROMICS)

Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcomes in COPD Study (SPIROMICS) is a multicentre observational study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) designed to guide future development of therapies for COPD by providing robust criteria for subclassifying COPD participants into groups most likely to benefit from a given therapy during a clinical trial, and identifying biomarkers/phenotypes that can be used as intermediate outcomes to reliably predict clinical benefit during therapeutic trials. The goal is to enrol 3200 participants in four strata. Participants undergo a baseline visit and three annual follow-up examinations, with quarterly telephone calls. Adjudication of exacerbations and mortality will be undertaken.
Preparation and properties of monodisperse branched polystyrene

Abstract : Model branched polymers have been prepared by the reaction of relatively monodisperse polystyryl lithium with silicon tetrachloride. The branched molecules have been carefully characterized by light scattering and osmotic pressure measurements. A study of the dilute solution properties of the branched molecules has confirmed the theoretical development of the branching coefficient, g., by Zimm and Kilb. The second vi rial coefficient, Az , has been found to decrease with increased branching. In addition, the Huggins constant, k', has been found to be a poor measure of branching in molecules.
Recent Trends in Preserved Natural Areas in the U.S.S.R.

Large natural preserves, known as zapovedniki , represent the main territorial entities employed in biosphere preservation in the Soviet Union. In the past decade, a large expansion of the zapovedniki system has taken place, 35 new preserves totalling 4,477,000 ha having been created. In all, the system totalled (in 1976) 107 preserves covering about nine million hectares. The period since 1970 has also seen the creation of the U.S.S.R.'s first three national parks, one in each of the three Baltic republics. Both zapovedniki and national parks in the Soviet Union are still in the process of having uniform administrative policies formulated for their management, which represents a difficult task in view of the fact that they have traditionally been managed by a wide variety of concerned agencies. The zapovedniki network represents one of the great biosphere preservation systems of the world, and remaining problems associated with ecosystem management, tourism, economic uses, and administrative coordination, are being given thoughtful attention.
Error control and concealment for image transmission

In the practical transmission of compressed still images, bit errors may occur, which probably result in desynchronization and packet loss. In packet-switched networks, network congestion also results in packet loss. This survey article reviews the error resilience factors that must be faced by a robust image encoder and decoder (codec). The article begins with the enumeration of the different kinds of impact noisy channels and congested networks have on block-coded images. Then we present different techniques that can be applied to combat the degradation of the images introduced by the noisy channel and network congestion. These techniques include resynchronization strategies, post-processing error concealment algorithms, and preprocessing error control techniques. All these techniques can be either used directly or extended to robust video transmission.
Ranirestat as a therapeutic aldose reductase inhibitor for diabetic complications.

Background: There are currently very few drugs available to directly treat diabetic complications. Those that are indicated clinically provide symptomatic relief and do not address the underlying biochemical problems. The involvement of the sorbitol pathway in complications has provided mechanistic insights into the biochemistry of complications and the key enzyme, aldose reductase, has become an attractive pharmacologic target. Objective: Among the aldose reductase inhibitors, the most promising is ranirestat. This review outlines the studies with ranirestat and compares its efficacy with other similar inhibitors. Methods: A survey of in vitro and in vivo studies was conducted, and with publicly available data from clinical trials, ranirestat efficacy was compared with other similar agents. Results/conclusion: Ranirestat is safe, exhibits some efficacy and is perhaps the only agent advanced enough in clinical trials to warrant further consideration for diabetic complications.
Sorting the chaff from the wheat at the PDB.

There is no dispute that the overwhelming majority of the 50,000 structures in the Protein Data Bank are essentially correct (i.e., lacking major experimental error). Nevertheless, there have been and there continue to be reports of protein structures which are seriously in error. A number of these are listed in Table I.
Extent of Material Hardship and Poverty in the United States—Comment

This paper comments on the work of Rector et al. (1999a, 1999b). The poverty lines implicit in their restrictive material deprivation approach are disputed and the claim that America has triumphed over poverty is rejected. Evidence is presented showing that poverty among the poorest Americans has significantly increased and is now near an all time high. The long economic expansion since the recession of 1990–1991 has left hardcore poverty essentially unchanged and relative deprivation among the poorest of the poor has increased
Cortical bone-derived stem cells: a novel class of cells for myocardial protection.

Acute myocardial infarction (MI) remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, despite steady advances in our understanding and treatment of coronary heart disease.1 After MI, lost myocardium is replaced with scar tissue, leading to left ventricular (LV) remodeling and ultimately culminating with ischemic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. We now know that the adult heart is not a postmitotic organ lacking capacity for self-renewal after injury. This paradigm shift occurred after identification of stem cell niches in the adult heart and isolation of cardiac progenitor cells, including c-kit+ cardiac stem cells (CSCs), side population cells, and cardiospheres.2–7 However, the endogenous proliferation of cardiac progenitor cells after MI is inadequate for full replacement of the large number of depleted cells.8 To overcome this problem, extensive efforts have been made in developing cell-based therapies to promote tissue repair by introduction of exogenous cells, such as bone marrow–derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs), bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells, CD34+ stem cells, c-kit+ CSCs, and cardiosphere-derived cells, as evidenced by recent clinical trials.9–16 Article, see p 539 For now, the BM-MNCs are the most widely used source of cells in cardiovascular regenerative therapy trials. However, despite some successful early-stage clinical trials, several recent studies involving the use of BM-MNCs have not been overwhelmingly positive. For example, in the placebo-controlled Transplantation in Myocardial Infarction Evaluation (TIME) trial in which investigators assessed whether differential timing of BM-MNCs delivery affected LV ejection fraction (LVEF) after acute MI (3–7 days), no significant differences between the BM-MNCs and placebo groups were observed for either primary or secondary end points.17 In fact, the TIME trial was the third study in a series of studies (Late-TIME,18 Effectiveness of Stem Cell Treatment for …
Smokers’ beliefs about the tobacco control potential of “a gene for smoking”: a focus group study

Several genetic variations associated with nicotine dependence and lung cancer exist. Translating this knowledge into tobacco control policy relies on smokers’ perceptions of the implications of the research. This study explored smokers’ beliefs about the tobacco control uses for research examining genomics, smoking, and addiction. Smokers (N = 85) participated in one of thirteen focus groups and one interview, stratified by race (eight black, six white) and education (seven < Bachelor’s degree, seven ≥ Bachelor’s degree). Data were analyzed by two independent coders using standard analysis and validation techniques. Nearly all groups suggested using genetic information for youth-oriented tobacco prevention education. Beliefs about the effectiveness of such actions varied. Many participants believed that providing smokers personalized genetic testing results or informing them about the existence of a gene would not motivate people to quit. All smokers emphasized the need for improved smoking cessation treatment options. Using genomics research to develop gene therapies and personalized drug treatments were also mentioned, yet perceptions of such treatments were mixed. Whereas some participants viewed the possibility positively, others expressed concern about cost and access. Participants who were skeptical of the effectiveness of using genetic information for tobacco control noted that the harms of tobacco use are widely known and genetic information does not add much of a deterrent. Participants generated several possible tobacco control uses for genomics research findings. Our findings suggest that tobacco control experts should consult with smokers prior to implementing tobacco control measures. The potential public health benefits of genetics and genomics research related to tobacco use cannot be realized until communication strategies that are most likely to encourage and support tobacco avoidance decisions, and minimize mistrust and backlash, are identified.
A Note on Dynamic Tax Incidence

Under certain reasonable conditions for a growth model, the path of adjustment between steady states generated by a change in an exogenous policy variable is solved for explicitly. The overall welfare effect is then shown to be a weighted average of the short- and long-run effects for a large class of social welfare functions. These results are applied to a simple neoclassical growth model for the purpose of investigating the dynamic incidence of a labor income tax. Contrary to the claims of previous investigators, the long-run effect is shown to be more important for a wide range of parameter values.
Determination of the Antibiotic Oxytetracycline in Commercial Milk by Solid-Phase Extraction: A High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Experiment for Quantitative Instrumental Analysis

Trace levels of oxytetracylcine spiked into commercial milk samples are extracted, cleaned up, and preconcentrated using a C18 solid-phase extraction column. The extract is then analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument equipped with a UV detector and a C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm × 3.5 μm). An isocratic mobile phase of 0.010 M oxalic acid/acetonitrile/methanol (in 15/2/2 ratio by volume) is employed with an average elution time of 5 min. The method has been successfully used in an upper-class instrumental analysis laboratory course to determine the concentration of oxytetracycline at 50 μg/g in the spiked milk sample. Students’ results show an RSD of 18% and a percent error of −1%.
Comparative Aspects of Dietary Copper and Zinc Deficiencies in Pregnant Rats

The utilization and distribution of copper during dietary copper deficiency was studied in the pregnant rat, and the effects of maternal copper deficiency on fetal development were compared with those of maternal zinc deficiency. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed from mating to term (per gram diet): 1) a control diet (10 micrograms copper, 100 micrograms zinc) or 2) a copper-deficient diet (0.7 micrograms copper, 100 micrograms zinc) or 3) a zinc-deficient diet (10 micrograms copper; 0.7 micrograms zinc). Dams fed the copper-deficient diet deposited only 15.5% of the dietary copper consumed during pregnancy into the products of conception (fetuses, uterus and placentas); in comparison dams fed the zinc-deficient diet deposited more zinc into their litters than was consumed (240%). Copper concentration in the fetuses of copper-deficient dams was 30% of that of controls, but the size and number of live fetuses was unaffected. The zinc concentration of the zinc-deficient fetuses was 78% of that of the controls, and both the size and number of live fetuses were considerably lower than normal. Accumulation of copper in the products of conception may be accounted for by dietary copper intake, whereas accumulation of zinc in fetuses of zinc-deficient females is dependent in part on catabolism of maternal tissues.
Autonomic Control of Cardiac C-AMP

Although catecholamines are known to increase cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate (C-AMP) in heart muscle, the relations of adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms to inotropy and myocardial C-AMP levels and adenyl cyclase have not been defined. Accordingly, atrial and ventricular muscle preparations were studied in a myograph with a tension recorder. Adenyl cyclase, phosphodiesterase, and C-AMP were measured by chromatographic and isotopic methods. In atrial preparations, norepinephrine (10-5M) increased tension by 80±10% (mean±SE), adenyl cyclase by 40±10% and C-AMP by 75±12%, while carbamylcholine chloride (10-4M) reduced tension by 65±10%, adenyl cyclase by 30±12% and C-AMP by 50±14%. The effects of carbamylcholine chloride on tension, adenyl cyclase, and C-AMP were blocked by atropine 10-5M. In paced ventricular (papillary) muscles, norepinephrine (10-5M) increased tension by 70±10%, adenyl cyclase by 50±11% and CAMP by 90±17%. In contrast, carbamylcholine chloride (10-5M) reduced tension by only 7±5%,...
GIT2 represses Crk- and Rac1-regulated cell spreading and Cdc42-mediated focal adhesion turnover

G protein-coupled receptor kinase interactors (GITs) regulate focal adhesion (FA) turnover, cell spreading, and motility through direct interaction with paxillin and the Rac-exchange factor Pak-interacting exchange factor β (βPIX). However, it is not clear whether GITs function to activate or repress motility or if the predominant GIT forms, GIT1 and GIT2, serve distinct or redundant roles. Here we demonstrate an obligatory role for endogenous GIT2 in repression of lamellipodial extension and FA turnover by Rac1- and Cdc42-dependent signaling pathways, respectively. Moreover, we show that the SH2–SH3 adaptor protein Crk is an essential target of GIT2 inhibition. Unexpectedly, we find that βPIX is dispensable for the effects elicited by knockdown of GIT2. Finally, we show that loss of GIT2 is sufficient to induce migration of the nontransformed epithelial cell line MCF10A. These results suggest that inactivation of GIT2 function is a required step for induction of cell motility and that GIT2 may be a target of oncogenic signaling pathways that regulate cell migration.
Application of Ordinal Optimization for distribution system reconfiguration

This paper applies a new concept in Discrete Event Dynamic System (DEDS) optimization, called Ordinal Optimization, to address distribution reconfiguration for loss minimization. Different from the conventional optimization concept to make every effort to find the best numerical solution in a deterministic approach, Ordinal Optimization is to efficiently find a Good Enough solution with an acceptable probability for a discrete event optimization problem. This paper first reviews Ordinal Optimization and then presents probabilistic analysis, complementary to the previous theoretic research in Ordinal Optimization, about the overlap of Representative Set and Good Enough Set. Then, this paper applies Ordinal Optimization to address the distribution reconfiguration problem for loss minimization. The proposed algorithm is discussed in details. Tests on a series of sample systems are performed to illustrate the idea of Ordinal Optimization applied in distribution reconfiguration. The paper also analyzes and verifies the test results such as ordered performance curve (OPC) shape, solution accuracy, running time, and error distribution.
Design of multi-input multi-output systems based on low-density Parity-check codes

We design serial concatenated multi-input multi-output systems based on low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. We employ a receiver structure combining the demapper/detector and the decoder in an iterative fashion. We consider the a posteriori probability (APP) demapper, as well as a suboptimal demapper incorporating interference cancellation with linear filtering. Extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart analysis is applied to study the convergence behavior of the proposed schemes. We show that EXIT charts match very well with the simulated decoding trajectories, and they help explain the impact of different mappings and different demappers. It is observed that if the APP demapper transfer characteristics are almost flat, the LDPC codes optimized for binary-input channels are good enough to achieve performance close to the channel capacity. We also present a simple code-optimization method based on EXIT chart analysis, and we design a rate-1/2 LDPC code that achieves very low bit-error rates within 0.15 dB of the capacity of a two-input two-output Rayleigh fading channel with 4-pulse amplitude modulation. We next propose to use a space-time block code as an inner code of our serial concatenated coding scheme. By means of a simple example scheme, using an Alamouti inner code, we demonstrate that the design/optimization of the outer code (e.g., LDPC code) is greatly simplified.
Diode-laser spectroscopy of the ν3 Q branch of MoF6

Abstract A diode laser has been used to measure the absorption spectrum of the ν 3 band of MoF 6 (740–750 cm −1 ). A rich Q -branch spectrum was observed with natural-abundance MoF 6 and with isotopically pure samples of 92 MoF 6 , 96 MoF 6 , and 100 MoF 6 . Q -Branch subbandheads were observed experimentally, their absolute frequencies were determined, and the spectra were compared to computer-generated simulations. From the comparison to spectral simulations, the band-center frequencies, the effective perturbations to the rotational constants, and the octahedral splitting constants for the three isotopes have been determined. A number of tests were conducted using a gas-dynamic expansion to cool the MoF 6 in order to assess the feasibility of laser isotope separation of molybdenum.
A Penny Saved is Not a Penny Earned: Federal Spending Cuts

Many items the federal government is considering cutting would have been taxable income in the hands of the recipient. This article provides several examples of those and argues that policymakers should "tax effect" any recommended budget cuts to better inform the public and decision-makers.
The Proposal in the Pre-Revolutionary Decade for Establishing Anglican Bishops in the Colonies

Time supposedly heals all wounds, but the religious strife between Puritans and Anglicans in the seventeenth century had left a bitter legacy in the minds of the New England Congregationalist ministers. Even after the Glorious Revolution of 1688–9 had in time brought the principle of religious toleration for the protestant sects in the mother country, the animosities of the Stuart regime still evoked suspicion and distrust in the minds of those in New England whose ancestors had left England to found their Zion in the wilderness. But many years had passed since the days of archbishop William Laud, the Clarendon code and the policy of conformity. Although Anglicanism was dominant in England, by the middle of the eighteenth century it was tempered by the principle of toleration for dissenting protestants. But in New England those professing the Anglican faith were a minority among the Congregationalist offspring of the founding puritan fathers. Even in those provinces to the south where it represented the majority of the colonists the Anglican Church suffered from one great defect. There were no resident bishops in America; consequently, those colonists who wished to be ordained as ministers must make the long, expensive, and often hazardous journey to England. Few could undertake such a trip so that most of the Anglican clergy in the colonies came from the mother country.
Almost-Binomial Random Variables

The parameter n in the binomial distribution is a positive integer. What happens if we allow it to be any positive number? The new distribution we get is not only easy to work with but is useful in approximation situations that beginning statistics students could encounter. In addition, applications involving the distribution provide a good source for undergraduate research problems. We begin by setting g(x) = ()pX(l p)n-x, where (n) = n(n-1)(n-x+l) When p < 0.5, we observe that many of the features of the binomial distribution still hold. In particular, -Ex= o g(x) = 1, which follows from the binomial series,
Determination of Quantum Efficiency in In $_{\bf {0.53}}$ Ga $_{\bf{0.47}}$ As-InP-Based APDs

A method to precisely determine the quantum efficiency and primary photocurrent in avalanche photodiodes (APDs) is presented based on a linear relationship between excess noise factor F and gain, M. The new method is used to accurately compare performance of modern APD designs when nonlocal impact ionization effects govern the relationship between noise and gain.
In Situ Observation of Degradation by Ligand Substitution in Small-Molecule Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

Solutions of facial-tris(1-phenylpyrazole)Ir(III) (fac-Ir(ppz)3), when dissolved in either tert-butyl isocyanide or in solid films of 2-naphthylisocyanide, undergo replacement of a ppz ligand by the isocyanide molecules after irradiation with UV light as demonstrated by liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer analysis. Similarly, solutions of Ir(ppz)3 and bathophenanthroline (BPhen) in CH2Cl2 or acetone-d6 form a brightly emissive species, [Ir(ppz)2(Bphen)]+ when irradiated with UV light as established by optical, mass, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Electroluminescent data from blocked organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices demonstrate that both mer- and fac-(Ir(ppz)3) dissociate a ligand and coordinate a neighboring BPhen molecule when the device is operated at moderate to high current levels. These experiments offer direct evidence of the dissociation of a metal–ligand bond and subsequent ligand substitution as a degradation pathway in active OLED devices during operation and provi...
A three-dimensional simulation of seismic waves in the Santa Clara Valley, California, from a Loma Prieta aftershock

Abstract The finite-difference method is used to propagate elastic waves through a 3-D model of the Santa Clara Valley, an alluvium-filled basin that underlies the city of San Jose, California. The model was based on depth to bedrock information from water wells in the area. The simulation corresponded to a region 30 (east-west) by 22 (north-south) by 6 (depth) km and contained about 4 million grid points. Synthetic seismograms from the simulation are accurate at frequencies up to 1 Hz. Motions from a magnitude 4.4 aftershock of the Loma Prieta earthquake were modeled. Snapshots of ground motion and synthetic seismograms from the simulation are presented. The simulation illustrates S -to-surface-wave conversion at the edges of the basin and the large amplitude and long duration of ground motion in the basin compared to the surrounding rock. Love waves produced at the edge of the basin are the largest arrivals in the transverse synthetics. Because of the slow group velocity of the Love waves, sites near the center of the basin have longer durations of significant motions than basin sites near the valley edges. Sites near the center of the basin also show larger peak amplitudes on the transverse component. Array analysis of the synthetic seismograms indicates that Love waves tend to propagate parallel to the eastern and western edges of the valley. Rayleigh waves are produced along the southern margin of the basin from incident S waves. Large radial motions occur where a Rayleigh wave impinges on the northeast margin of the valley. Some Rayleigh waves travel westward across the basin, after being scattered from the eastern edge of the valley. Synthetic seismograms from the simulation have similar peak amplitudes as seismograms recorded by the Sunnyvale dense array for this aftershock, although the duration of the tranverse component is not matched by the synthetic seismogram, using this basin model. The simulation indicates that the Love waves observed on the actual seismograms were produced by conversion of incident S waves at the southern margin of the Santa Clara Valley. 2-D simulations show how the S -to-Love-wave conversion is affected by the angle of incidence of the S wave and the sharpness of the velocity transition between the alluvium and bedrock. As more accurate basin models are developed, 3-D simulations should become valuable for predicting ground motions in sedimentary basins for future large earthquakes.
Background and Literary Apprenticeship, 1775–1793

Leo Tolstoy’s opening line for Anna Karenina, that all happy families are alike, cannot apply to Jane Austen’s family. She is unique, and her family must be so too. But the particular quality of happiness in the large, lively, healthy, intelligent Austen family may surprise modern readers, used to stories of separation, divorce, drug and alcohol abuse, and all the other taxes upon contemporary life. Like Elizabeth Bennet, the Austens seem to have made it their family business to be satisfied, and it was their temper to be happy (PP, 239). Most of them were resilient and united in adversity when it came, affectionate and cheerful in prosperity. No other writer’s childhood comes to mind that can bear comparison to hers for love, warmth, encouragement, security and sanity.
Role of neoplastic monocyte-derived fibrocytes in primary myelofibrosis

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a fatal neoplastic disease characterized by clonal myeloproliferation and progressive bone marrow (BM) fibrosis thought to be induced by mesenchymal stromal cells stimulated by overproduced growth factors. However, tissue fibrosis in other diseases is associated with monocyte-derived fibrocytes. Therefore, we sought to determine whether fibrocytes play a role in the induction of BM fibrosis in PMF. In this study, we show that BM from patients with PMF harbors an abundance of clonal, neoplastic collagen- and fibronectin-producing fibrocytes. Immunodeficient mice transplanted with myelofibrosis patients' BM cells developed a lethal myelofibrosis-like phenotype. Treatment of the xenograft mice with the fibrocyte inhibitor serum amyloid P (SAP; pentraxin-2) significantly prolonged survival and slowed the development of BM fibrosis. Collectively, our data suggest that neoplastic fibrocytes contribute to the induction of BM fibrosis in PMF, and inhibiting fibrocyte differentiation with SAP may interfere with this process.
A generalization of Poisson convergence to Gibbs convergence with applications to statistical mechanics

We prove a theorem which generalizes Poisson convergence for sums of independent random variables taking the values 0 and 1 to a type of «Gibbs convergence» for strongly correlated random variables. The theorem is then used to develop a lattice-to-continuum theory for statistical mechanics