cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cognitive organization of sex and occupation stereotypes

Two experiments were conducted to explore whether activating occupation stereotypes primes sex stereotypes or whether the reverse is more likely. A reaction time paradigm was used to distinguish between four alternative hypotheses about this issue. More specifically, subjects were exposed to sex-occupation or occupation-sex word pairs and asked to press one of two buttons depending upon their perceptions of the compatibility of the two words. Although consistent word pairs were responded to more quickly than inconsistent ones, varying the order in which the words were presented (sex first or occupation first) did not interact with this factor. This pattern of findings contradicts the widely held notion that there is an asymmetrical relationship between the two kinds of stereotypes.
Value of a multiantigen radioallergosorbent test in diagnosing atopic disease in young children

The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of a new multiantigen radioallergosorbent test, Phadiatop Paediatric, in the diagnosis of atopy in children less than 7 years of age. The diagnosis of atopic disease was established by history, physical examination, total serum IgE concentration, and the results of prick skin tests or radioallergosorbent tests or both, and then compared with the result of the Phadiatop Paediatric test for each patient. One hundred two patients (62 boys) between the ages of 4 months and 7.3 years were enrolled (median age 3.2 years). After the history and physical examination, 42% of the patients were believed to be atopic and 32% to be nonatopic; the diagnosis was uncertain in 26%. Skin prick test reactions to a variety of foods and inhalants were positive in 41 of 63 children tested; results of radioallergosorbent tests were positive in 35 of 61 children. Overall, atopy was diagnosed in 53 children and 49 were found to be nonatopic. When the clinical diagnosis was used as the gold standard, the Phadiatop test resulted in a correct diagnosis of atopy in 49 of 53 cases and of no atopy in 43 of 49 cases: sensitivity=92%, specificity=88%, and efficiency=90%. Although the Phadiatop Paediatric test does not indicate specific sensitivities, it provides the clinician with a useful screening test for atopic disease in children 7 years of age or less, and the researcher with a means of validating atopic populations.
Arthroscopic subacromial decompression An anatomical study

Anterior acromioplasty as described by Neer has been an effective procedure for shoulder impingement syn drome. Recent presentations by Ellman suggest that an effective acromioplasty may be performed arthros copically. These clinical reports have not been sup ported by any laboratory experience. The purpose of our study was to examine the feasibility and attempt to quantitate the results of arthroscopic subacromial de compressions.Six acromioplasties were performed according to the recommended technique of Dr. Neer to create a stand ard for comparison. Fourteen fresh postmortem speci mens were studied. In seven shoulders a standard acromioplasty was performed with an osteotome. In seven shoulders an acromioplasty was performed using standard arthroscopic approaches and motorized in struments. In five shoulders an isolated division of the coracoacromial ligament was performed arthroscopi cally. The coracoacromial ligament was completely di vided in all five cases. In the osteotome group adequate bone was r...
Reversal, maintenance or progression: what happens to the liver after a virologic cure of hepatitis C?

A sustained virological response (SVR) from HCV (synonymous with virological cure) leads to decreased mortality, morbidity and improved quality of life, as well as a reduced incidence of liver disease progression, including liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Large clinical trials comparing pre- and post-treatment liver biopsies demonstrate improvements in inflammation as well as fibrosis score following SVR. However, a small subset of patients display persistent hepatic inflammation and/or progress to cirrhosis despite SVR. In addition to conferring a risk of fibrosis progression, advanced fibrosis pre-treatment is a major risk factor for post-SVR hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of fibrosis regression uncovered using experimental fibrosis models and highlight potential mechanisms in those few patients with fibrosis progression despite SVR. We also introduce current concepts of fibrosis-dependent tumorigenesis post-SVR in patients with advanced disease. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on “Hepatitis C: next steps toward global eradication.”
Face recognition in low-resolution videos using learning-based likelihood measurement model

Low-resolution surveillance videos with uncontrolled pose and illumination present a significant challenge to both face tracking and recognition algorithms. Considerable appearance difference between the probe videos and high-resolution controlled images in the gallery acquired during enrollment makes the problem even harden In this paper, we extend the simultaneous tracking and recognition framework [22] to address the problem of matching high-resolution gallery images with surveillance quality probe videos. We propose using a learning-based likelihood measurement model to handle the large appearance and resolution difference between the gallery images and probe videos. The measurement model consists of a mapping which transforms the gallery and probe features to a space in which their inter-Euclidean distances approximate the distances that would have been obtained had all the descriptors been computed from good quality frontal images. Experimental results on real surveillance quality videos and comparisons with related approaches show the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Estradiol maintains castrated male rats' sexual reflexes in copula, but not ex copula

Estradiol-treated, castrated male rats that had no penile reflexes ex copula (supine position with penile sheath retracted), displayed normal motor patterns of copulation. These males were compared with testosterone-treated castrates for their ability to achieve vaginal penetration. Males were presented with sexually receptive female rats that had been intravaginally injected with nontoxic tempera paint. After each intromissive pattern and ejaculatory pattern the glans penis was inspected for pigment. If the glans was coated, an insertion was assumed to have occurred, and the female was replaced by another female prepared with a different color. Estradiol-treated males typically gained insertion, and their copulatory performance was similar to that of testosterone-treated males. Estradiol-treated males, however, had significantly lower penile weights and bulbocavernosus muscle weights than did testosterone-treated males. Thus, the somatic and neural tissues responsible for sexual reflexes in copula are androgen sensitive, but their function is not androgen dependent.
Determination of ammonia in untreated serum with a fiber-optic ammonia gas ensor

Abstract A fluorescence-type fiber-optic ammonia gas sensor has been developed for the determination of ammonia in untreated serum. An internal solution has been designed to provide both the selectivity and limit of detection required for this measurement. Selectivity over carbon dioxide is accomplished by adjusting the level of ammonium chloride in the internal solution. A sub-micromolar detection limit is obtained by using a combination of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein and 5-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein as the indicator dyes. The limit of detection for the resulting sensor is 0.09 μM and response times range from 2 to 6 min. When applied to the determination of ammonia in eighteen untreated serum samples, the results from the sensor compare favorably with those from the conventional glutamate dehydrogenase assay.
Appreciation of metaphoric alternative word meanings by left and right brain-damaged patients.

Appreciation of metaphoric and nonmetaphoric alternative word meanings was assessed in 19 aphasic, left (LHD) and 15 non-aphasic, right (RHD) hemisphere brain-damaged stroke patients. With the one exception in the aphasic group, all patients were male. In an unspeeded sorting task, subjects responded on the basis of less frequent, alternative meanings of polysemous target words. Targets were either polysemous adjectives (e.g. "warm") having metaphoric alternative meanings (loving) or polysemous nouns (e.g., "pen") having non-metaphoric alternative meanings (writing implement, cage). Both patient groups performed worse overall than a group of nonbrain-damaged control subjects. Relative to the RHD patients, LHD patients showed a spared appreciation of metaphoric alternative meanings. In addition, LHD, but not RHD, patients performed better on metaphoric adjective trials when there was high similarity between a word's dominant and (metaphoric) alternative meaning. The results suggest a pervasive insensitivity of RHD patients to alternative interpretations of linguistic units, and a special role for the intact right hemisphere in lexical-semantic processes related to metaphor comprehension.
Enhancing and unmasking the harmonics of a complex tone.

Alternately eliminating and reintroducing a particular harmonic of a complex tone can cause that harmonic to stand out as a pure tone—separately audible from the rest of the complex-tone background. In the psychoacoustical literature the effect is known as “enhancement.” Pitch matching experiments presented in this article show that although harmonics above the 10th are not spectrally resolved, harmonics up to at least the 20th can be enhanced. Therefore, resolution is not required for enhancement. Further, during those experimental intervals in which a harmonic is eliminated, excitation pattern models suggest that listeners should be able to hear out a neighboring harmonic—separately audible from the background. The latter effect has been called “unmasking.” In the present article we provide the first experimental evidence for unmasking. Harmonics of 200Hz, with harmonic numbers between about 5 and 16, are readily unmasked. Their pitches are usually matched by sine tones with frequencies that are not exa...
The control of cytochrome P-450 gene expression by dioxin

Abstract Many chemicals produce their biological effects by binding to specific ‘receptor' macromolecules on or within the cell. Much current research in pharmacology and toxicology is aimed at ike molecular mechanisms by which such ligand-receptor interactions elicit cellular responses. Studies of the mechanism by which TCDD (dioxin) activates CYP1A1 gene transcription demonstrate the usefulness of applying recombinant DNA and gene transfer methods to analyse these fundamental problems. In this article, James Whitlock summarizes the evidence that the Ah receptor functions as a ligand dependent transcription factor during the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity by TCDD.
Passive microwave sensing of coastal area waters

A technique to remotely measure sea-surface temperature and salinity was demonstrated during the 1970's with a dual-frequency microwave radiometer system developed at the NASA Langley Research Center. Accuracies in temperature of 1 C and 1 part per thousand in salinity were obtained using state-of-the-art radiometers. Several aircraft programs for the measurement of coastal area waters demonstrating the application of the microwave radiometer system are discussed. Improvements of the microwave radiometer system during the 1980's and the design and development of new radiometer systems at other frequencies are outlined and related to potential applications.
Chemical identification of N -acyl homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signals produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti strains in defined medium

The N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum-sensing signals produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti strains AK631 and 1021 when cultured in a defined glucose-nitrate medium were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI MS/MS). Both strains synthesized several long-chain AHLs. Defined medium cultures of strain AK631 synthesized a complex mixture of AHLs with short acyl side chains. Strain 1021 produced no short-chain AHLs when grown on defined medium and made a somewhat different set of long-chain AHLs than previously reported for cultures in rich medium. While the two strains produced several AHLs in common, the differences in AHLs produced suggest that there may be significant differences in their patterns of quorum-sensing regulation.
Some pharmacologic studies on 1-L-penicillamine-oxytocin and 1-deaminopenicillamine-oxytocin: two potent oxytocin inhibitors.

1-l-Penicillamine-oxytocin and 1-deaminopenicillamine-oxytocin were found to be highly potent inhibitors of the oxytocic response to oxytocin. The 2 analogs were devoid of activities characteristic of oxytocin. They inhibited the uterotonic activity of oxytocin in both in vitro and in vivo rat preparations. When tested on the isolated rat uterus, marked inhibition of oxytocin could be produced by as little as a 2.5:1 molar ratio of the inhibitor to oxytocin. The average effective molar ratio for 50% inhibition was 8.5:1 when the doses of oxytocin were between 5 and 10 mU in a 10 ml organ bath. In in vivo rat preparations in which rhythmic contractions of the uterus were induced by a continuous infusion of oxytocin, effective doses of 1-l-penicil-lamine-oxytocin and 1-deaminopenicillamineoxytocin produced partial to complete inhibition of uterine motility. The inhibition is competitive and reversible in nature. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of these 2 analogs is very specific. They inhibited only th...
Manufacturing process flexibility revisited

Purpose – To provide an update on a paper published in 1987 in IJOPM.Design/methodology/approach – Provides an assessment and update of “An agenda for research on the flexibility of manufacturing processes”.Findings – Gerwin's seminal work added welcome rigor to a concept, manufacturing flexibility, which had gained prominence during the previous decade. Finds that many of Gerwin's insights have stood the test of time. A number of things have changed since that time, but others have remained much as they were. Machines have become more capable and computer‐based controls have improved machine and process flexibility, but the character of that flexibility has remained very much the same.Originality/value – Revisits Gerwin's conceptualization of manufacturing process flexibility and subsequent progress in understanding it.
Depression and Interpersonal Responses to Others' Moods: The Solicitation of Negative Information about Happy People

A total of four experiments tested the prediction that social comparison concerns lead depressed individuals to solicit more negative disclosures from happy people than they otherwise would. In Experiments 1 and 2, depressed, mildly depressed, and nondepressed subjects reviewed information about another person that included ratings of that person's mood (Experiment 2 also included a control condition without mood information). After reviewing the material, subjects chose a subset of items from a list of positive, negative, and neutral questions to ask the person in an upcoming meeting. Experiment 3 replicated this procedure but used a mood manipulation to define subject groups. Experiment 4 examined the impact of subjects' line of questioning on others. Taken together; the results indicate that when they believe their partner is happy, depressed individuals are especially likely to solicit negative information about that person. This unfavorable interpersonal response increases depressed individuals' risk...
A Relationship Gone Sour: Sexism and ESL.

(2000). Issues in Education: A Relationship Gone Sour: Sexism and ESL. Childhood Education: Vol. 76, Preparing School Personnel for the 21st Century, pp. 320-321.
Compensatory rest breaks for VDT operators

Abstract Discomfort associated with continuous VDT use can be moderated by short rest breaks at 10 or 15-min intervals. This laboratory study evaluated an alternative break administration system in which operators only received short breaks when their spontaneous rest pauses were inadequate. Undergraduate volunteer typists ( N =38 ) were assigned to one of two conditions, regimented (20-s breaks every 5 min)or compensatory (20-s breaks every 5 min if spontaneous pauses totalled less than 17 s), and entered lines of randomized upper- and lower-case characters during a 48-min work period. Mood and musculoskeletal discomfort were assessed before and after the work period. Operators also completed a questionnaire about the break system. Performance measures included keystroke rate, error rate, and correction rate (backspace use). Although the number and length of computer-administered breaks decreased in the compensatory condition, no differences in performance, mood, or acceptance of the break system were found. However, back discomfort was lower in the compensatory condition. These findings suggest that a compensatory rest break system can eliminate unnecessary task interruptions and be as effective as a regimented break schedule in ensuring that VDT operators do not perform computer work continously.
Pattern Recognition at the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Intrauterine infections represent a significant threat to fetal well-being and pregnancy outcome. Recent studies suggest that non-immune cells of the maternal-fetal interface can actively recognize and respond to microbes through pattern recognition receptors, in order to control pathogens that may compromise the pregnancy. However, these same innate immune responses may inadvertently lead to excessive inflammation or apoptosis at the maternal-fetal interface. Thus, pattern recognition receptors may play a key role in infection-related pregnancy complications. This review discusses what is currently known about the role of Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors in controlling infections at the maternal-fetal interface, and what impact their function may have on pregnancy.
"Biogenic" aldehyde metabolism relation to pentose shunt activity in brain.

Abstract Biogenic amines, added to brain homogenates, were demonstrated to stimulate oxidative decarboxylation of glucose isotopically labeled at C-1. This effect was ascribed to the stimulation of the pentose phosphate shunt in brain and was found to depend on the monoamine oxidase (MAO)-catalyzed production of the aldehyde derivatives (biogenic aldehydes) of the biogenic amines. The stimulation produced by the amines and the aldehydes was shown to be inhibited by barbiturates, and the enzymes responsible for the stimulated metabolism of glucose were found to be present in the cytosol. Evidence is presented indicating that the stimulation produced by biogenic aldehydes depends on the oxidation of NADPH to NADP by aldehyde reductase present in brain cytosol. Acid derivatives of the biogenic amines [i.e. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)]were found to inhibit aldehyde-stimulated metabolism of glucose by the pentose phosphate shunt.
Synthesis and evaluation of injectable, in situ crosslinkable synthetic extracellular matrices for tissue engineering.

Simple and effective biocompatible materials that mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) were developed for a variety of uses in regenerative medicine. These synthetic ECMs (sECMs) were designed to recapitulate the minimal composition required to obtain functional ECMs. The sECM components are crosslinkable in situ, and may be seeded with cells prior to injection in vivo, without compromising either the cells or the recipient tissues. Several sECM compositions were evaluated to establish which formulation would be most beneficial for cell growth and tissue remodeling. Three natural ECM macromonomeric building blocks were employed: hyaluronan (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and gelatin (Gtn). The carboxyl-rich glycosaminoglycans and Gtn were each chemically modified to give the corresponding thiolated dithiopropionylhydrazide (DTPH) derivatives (CS-DTPH, HA-DTPH, and Gtn-DTPH). Different compositions of CS-Gtn and HA-Gtn hydrogels were fabricated by crosslinking the thiolated biomacromonomers with polyethylene glycol diacrylate. Each sECM had high water content (>96%), biologically suitable mechanical properties, and a useful gelation time (∼2–6 min). The bioerosion rates for the sECMs were determined, and a given composition could be selected to meet the requirements of a given clinical application. Both the HA-Gtn and CS-Gtn sECM hydrogels supported cell growth and proliferation with cultured murine fibroblasts in vitro. Moreover, subcutaneous injection of a suspension of murine fibroblasts in each of the two sECM hydrogels into nude mice in vivo resulted in the formation of viable and uniform soft tissue in vivo. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Characterization of insect fat body mitochondria isolated by a rapid procedure.

Abstract 1. 1. A rapid method is described for isolating mitochondria from the fat body tissue of the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis. 2. 2. Oxidative activity was comparable to that of conventional procedures with a recovery of 50 per cent of the initial total respiratory activity. With succinate, ADP:O = 1.6 and respiratory control ratios were between 3 and 4. 3. 3. Electron microscopy showed isolated fat body mitochondria to be about 1.0 μm in dia. with a condensed ultrastructure. Only slight amounts of membraneous contamination were found in pellets, and the symbiotic micro-organisms found in fat body mycetocytes were rare.
Nicotinic Receptor-Mediated Filtering of Mitral Cell Responses to Olfactory Nerve Inputs Involves the α3β4 Subtype

Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a major role in the processing of sensory inputs. Cholinergic input to the mammalian olfactory bulb modulates odor discrimination and perceptual learning by mechanisms that have yet to be elucidated. We have used the mouse olfactory bulb to examine the role of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) in regulating the responses of mitral cells (MCs), the output neurons of the olfactory bulb, to olfactory nerve input. We show that ACh activates α3β4* nAChRs (* denotes the possible presence of other subunits) on MCs, leading to their excitation. Despite depolarizing MCs directly, the net effect of nAChR activation is to suppress olfactory nerve-evoked responses in these cells via activity-dependent feedback GABAergic mechanisms. Our results indicate that nAChRs gate incoming olfactory nerve input wherein weak input stimuli are filtered out, whereas strong stimuli are transmitted via the MCs. Based on our observations, we provide a mechanistic model for the sharpening of MC receptive fields by nAChRs, which could aid in odor discrimination and perceptual learning.
On the Rank of Certain Incidence Matrices over GF(2)

LetVbe a vector space of dimensionn? 3 over GF(2). We are concerned with the incidence ofk-dimensional subspaces in (k+ 2)-dimensional subspaces where 1 ?k?n? 2. We compute here an upper bound for the rank of the associated incidence matrices over GF(2).
Reinforcement influences upon topography of treadmill locomotion by cats.

Abstract Cats were trained to walk and trot on a treadmill for different reinforcers: food alone, food plus avoidance of an air jet, or food plus shock avoidance. Cinematographic measurements of ankle angles differed significantly across treatments at liftoff and at touchdown. Angles were widest for the food group and most closely approximated those seen previously in normal overground stepping. An interlimb timing between ipsilateral hindlimb and forelimb touchdowns did not differ significantly in trotting, but during walking the footfalls in the food-shock group were most normal and widely spaced. Swing-stance durations (the limb is off and then on the belt) were relatively invariant across treatments during walking, but not trotting. The observed mutability of stepping topography was concluded to be due in part to reinforcement type and in part to segmental afferentation, as these various inputs are integrated with central stepping commands.
Diurnal Rhythmicity of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Expression in the Rat

The release of the decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from neuroterminals in the median eminence varies depending upon the stage of development, time of day, reproductive season, and da
The impact of cultural orientation on perceived fairness over demand-based pricing.

Abstract Revenue management practices are now being implemented by hotel firms on a global scale. This requires a finer understanding of how different cultures will relate to perceived unfairness that stems from the inequities inherent in demand-based pricing. In this context, individualism and collectivism as cultural constructs have been used extensively in cross-cultural research. These constructs are manifested with vertical and horizontal orientations that distinguish social patterns based on the acceptance of a hierarchy or conversely the preference over equality. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between vertical and horizontal orientations of individualism and collectivism with perceived price fairness over demand-based pricing. Findings indicate that vertical individualism has a significantly positive relationship with perceived price fairness. This can be attributed to the inherent acceptance of inequality in this cultural dimension combined with the emphasis of the individual over the collective unit. Marketing implications for lodging managers are discussed.
Retinal autoregulation in open-angle glaucoma.

Abstract The macular blood flow response to an induced change in intraocular pressure (autoregulation) was studied using the blue field entopic phenomenon in 11 open angle glaucoma patients, eight glaucoma suspects and 13 normal volunteers. A suction cup was used to raise the intraocular pressure (IOP) above its resting state (IOP rest ). IOP max , the highest acutely increased IOP for which blood flow can be maintained constant by autoregulation, was 24.9 ± 1.5 mmHg (±1 SD) in the glaucoma patients, 30.8 ± 4.6 mmHg in the glaucoma suspects and 29.9 ± 3.6 mmHg in the normal subjects. The values for IOP max - IOP rest were 3.7 ± 4.3 mmHg, 4.7 ± 3.3 mmHg, and 14.3 ± 3.1 mmHg, respectively. After the release of the suction cup, a hyperemic response was observed by 16 of 17 normal eyes, 10 of 14 glaucoma suspect eyes and only 9 of 19 glaucomatous eyes. These results suggest an abnormal autoregulation of macular retinal blood flow in open-angle glaucoma.
TIPS AND TRICKS FOR CHARACTERIZING SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY WIRE: PART 1—DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY AND BASIC PHENOMENA

Editor’s Note: This ET feature series is intended as an introduction to this exciting area of experimental mechanics. It aims to increase awareness of active materials and to promote their consistent characterization by disseminating best practices from leading researchers in the field. Each article in the series will address the characterization of one commercially significant active material. Series editors:
The development of low cost LiFePO4-based high power lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Pouch type LiFePO4-natural graphite lithium-ion cells were cycled at constant current with periodic pulse-power testing in several different configurations. Components were analyzed after cycling with electrochemical, Raman and TEM techniques to determine capacity fade mechanisms. The cells with carbon-coated current collectors in the cathode and LiBOB-salt electrolyte showed the best performance stability. In many cases, iron species were detected on the anodes removed from cells with both TEM and Raman spectroscopy. The LiFePO4 electrodes showed unchanged capacity suggesting that the iron is migrating in small quantities and is acting as a catalyst to destabilize the anode SEI in these cells.
Aerogravity-assist trajectories to the outer planets

Abstract Aerogravity assist can significantly reduce the required launch energy and time of flight to the outer planets. An automated trajectory design program provides a thorough search of the near-future trajectory space for missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, using Venus and/or Mars for aerogravity assists. It is shown analytically that if high lift-to-drag vehicles (e.g. waveriders) are used, then the drag loss has minimal effect on the interplanetary trajectories.
Plasmonic sub-wavelength phase-gradient meta-surfaces for real time dispersive imaging

We have designed and fabricated a sub-wavelength plasmonic deflector based on phase-gradient meta-surfaces for dispersion imaging at 1.55um. We demonstrate dispersive imaging with <300μm resolution and 75.6% power efficiency by incorporating the fabricated plasmonic deflectors.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates phosphatidylethanolamine hydrolysis by phospholipase D in osteoblastic cells.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) stimulate phospholipase D (PLD) activity and PC hydrolysis in UMR-106 osteoblastic cells {Singh, A.T., Kunnel, J.G., Strieleman, P.J., and Stern, P.H. (1999) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)-(1–34), [Nle8, 18, Tyr34]PTH-(3–34) Amide, PTH-(1–31) Amide, and PTH-Related Peptide-(1–34) Stimulate Phosphatidylcholine Hydrolysis in UMR-106 Osteoblastic Cells: Comparison with Effects of Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate, Endocrinology 140, 131–137}. The current studies were designed to determine whether ethanolamine-containing phospholipids, and specifically PE, could also be substrates. In cells labeled with 14C-ethanolamine, PTH and PDBu treatment decreased 14C-PE. In cells co-labeled with 3H-choline and 14C-ethanolamine, PTH and PDBu treatment increased both 3H-choline and 14C-ethanolamine release from the cells. Choline and ethanolamine phospholipid hydrolysis was increased within 5 min, and responses were sustained for at least 60 min. Maximal effects were obtained with 10 nM PTH and 50 nM PDBu. Dominant negative PLD1 and PLD2 constructs inhibited the effects of PTH on the phospholipid hydrolysis. The results suggest that both PC and PE are substrates for phospholipase D in UMR-106 osteoblastic cells and could therefore be sources of phospholipid hydrolysis products for downstream signaling in osteoblasts.
Factors influencing health practices of Nepalese adolescent girls.

Abstract Introduction: Nepalese adolescents, like their counterparts in other places of the world, need to focus on positive health care practices. There is a paucity of studies on factors that influence positive health practices among adolescents in developing countries such as Nepal. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships between social support, self-esteem, hopefulness, and positive health practices among Nepalese adolescent girls. Methods: A convenience sample of 101 Nepalese adolescent girls participated in the study. The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Personal Resource Questionnaire, Part II, The Hopefulness Scale for Adolescents, and The Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire were used to measure self-esteem, social support, hope, and health practices of adolescents, respectively. Pearson product moment correlations were used to analyze the data. Results: Statistically positive correlations were found between positive health practices and social support, self-esteem, and hope. Conclusion: The data demonstrated that social support, self-esteem, and hope relate to positive health practices of Nepalese adolescent girls. Nurse practitioners and other health care providers need to better understand factors that impact the health of adolescents around the world. J Pediatr Health Care. (2001). 15, 251-255.
Luminescence above the Tauc gap in a-Si:H

Abstract We report the first observation and full characterization of the weak photoluminescence signal at and above the Tauc gap in a-Si:H. Detailed spectral dependence on temperature (from 10 K to 500 K), Tauc gap, deep defect density and laser power density is reported. The origin of the signal is discussed in terms of the carrier dynamics.
Belief Attribution in Animals: On How to Move Forward Conceptually and Empirically

There is considerable debate in comparative psychology and philosophy over whether nonhuman animals can attribute beliefs. The empirical studies that suggest that they can are shown to be inconclusive, and the main philosophical and empirical arguments that purport to show they cannot are shown to be invalid or weak. What is needed to move the debate and the field forward, it is argued, is a fundamentally new experimental protocol for testing belief attribution in animals, one capable of distinguishing genuine belief-attributing subjects from their perceptual-state attributing and behavior-reading counterparts. Such a protocol is outlined and defended. The rest, it is argued, is in the hands of experimentalists.
Strain-coupling effects in start-up experiments

A strain-coupling integral constitutive equation is used to analyze a start-up shear flow experiment. The theory is used to examine the effect of strain-coupling on the strain at the maximum in the shear stress-time curve. The analysis shows that there is a significant dependence of this strain on the shear rate even when a factorable strain-coupling model is used.
Effects of Salivary Proteins on the Adsorption of Cariogenic Streptococci by Hydroxyapatite

Hydroxyapatite-absorbable salivary proteins decidedly inhibited the hydroxyapatite adsorption of human and hamster cariogenic Streptococcus mutans with a dextran extracellular capsule. The inhibition was due primarily to shielding of the hydroxyapatite surface from the bacteria by absorbed protein rather than shielding of the bacteria from the hydroxyapatite. Materials in saliva other than hydroxyapatite adsorbable salivary proteins did not decidedly affect bacterial adsorption, which probably occurred by adsorption of the dextran capsule.
Mechanisms of homocysteine-induced oxidative stress

Hyperhomocysteinemia decreases vascular reactivity and is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, pathogenic mechanisms that increase oxidative stress by homocysteine (Hcy)...
Drifting buoy location system

The Drifting Buoy Location System is a system for Lagrangian tracking free drifting buoys using high frequency radio signals. Up to 400 different buoys may be tracked using time multiplexing. An audio tone, derived from a stable oscillator, modulates the high frequency transmitter on the buoy. This signal is received at three or more receiver sites and the received tone is compared to reference tone. The phase differences of these signals are used to locate the buoys.
The effect of feeding by a North American weevil, Euhrychiopsis lecontei, on Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)

Abstract The North American weevil, Euhrychiopsis lecontei (Dietz), has been found associated with a declining population of Eurasian watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L., in Brownington Pond, Vermont, USA. Feeding experiments revealed that adult weevils can reduce watermilfoil growth, and that they concentrate their feeding activity on the stem and leaves at the tops of plants. When presented with both M. spicatum and a native milfoil, Myriophyllum sibircum Komarov ( = Myriophyllum exalbescens Fernald), adult weevils fed primarily on M. spicatum . Surveys in Brownington Pond and other lakes have shown that all life stages of this weevil are associated with M. spicatum . These results suggest that E. lecontei has either expanded its diet to include M. spicatum or undergone a host shift from a native, North American macrophyte to M. spicatum .
Design of a new sense amplifier flip-flop with improved power-delay-product

A new sense-amplifier based flip-flop (SAFF) is proposed to improve the transition delay and to reduce the power consumption in comparison to those of existing SAFF designs. The speed improvement of the proposed SAFF is achieved by reducing the delay of the holding stage as well as the delay of the sampling stage. Power consumption is reduced by introducing a novel conditional precharge technique. The performance of the proposed flip-flop is simulated in SPICE with 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. A performance comparison with existing SAFF designs is also included in this paper. The comparison results show considerable power-delay-product (PDP) improvement of the proposed SAFF design at low input signal switching activity.
Evolving the Psychological Mechanisms for Cooperation

▪ Abstract Cooperation is common across nonhuman animal taxa, from the hunting of large game in lions to the harvesting of building materials in ants. Theorists have proposed a number of models to explain the evolution of cooperative behavior. These ultimate explanations, however, rarely consider the proximate constraints on the implementation of cooperative behavior. Here we review several types of cooperation and propose a suite of cognitive abilities required for each type to evolve. We propose that several types of cooperation, though theoretically possible and functionally adaptive, have not evolved in some animal species because of cognitive constraints. We argue, therefore, that future modeling efforts and experimental investigations into the adaptive function of cooperation in animals must be grounded in a realistic assessment of the psychological ingredients required for cooperation. Such an approach can account for the puzzling distribution of cooperative behaviors across taxa, especially the se...
Photoinduced birefringence rotation in germanosilicate glass optical fiber

Experimental results are reported for the permanent photoinduced rotation of the principal axes of the birefringence in a circular-core single-mode optical fiber on exposure of the fiber to powerful argon-laser radiation at 488 nm. The linearly polarized laser beam was launched into the fiber along one of the principal axes of the initial birefringence in the fiber. After several exposures totaling 4 h, a rotation of as much as 57° was observed in the orientations of the principal axes in addition to the photoinduced birefringence.
Structure of the M Band

We have studied the structure of the M band in fish skeletal muscle using thin sectioning and deep-etching rotary shadowing. A reconstruction of the M band from these images shows it to be formed by obliquely arranged struts, which join the thick filaments to each other. Thickening of the thick filaments' profiles and nodal points where the struts cross each other are responsible for the fine sublines visible in longitudinal sections of the M band region.
Negative refraction of a partially coherent electromagnetic beam

A theory of usual (positive) refraction of partially coherent electromagnetic beams has been developed recently. In this Letter, we discuss the theory of negative refraction of a partially coherent electromagnetic beam. We show that negative refraction can produce change in spatial coherence of such a beam.
Electroencephelograph based brain machine interface for controlling a robotic arm

A brain machine interface (BMI) facilitates the control of machines through the analysis and classification of signals directly from the human brain. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to detect neurological activity permits the collection of data representing brain signals without the need for invasive technology or procedures. A 14-electrode EPOC headset produced by the Emotiv Company is used to capture live data, which can then be classified and encoded into control signals for a 7-degree-of-freedom robotic arm. The collected data is analyzed in using an independent component analysis (ICA) based feature extraction and a neural network classifier. The collected EEG data is classified into one of four control signals: lift, lower, rotate clockwise, and rotate counter-clockwise. Additionally, the system watches the collected data for electromyography (EMG) signals indicative of movement of the facial muscles. Detections are used to incorporate two additional control signals: open and close. A personal set of EEG data patterns is trained for each individual, with each control signal requiring only a few minutes to train initially. EMG signal detections are measured against a generic threshold for all users. Once a user has trained their personal data into the system any positive detections trigger a signal to the interfaced robotic arm to perform a corresponding, discrete action. Currently, subjects are able to repeatedly execute two EEG commands with accuracy within a short period of time. As the number of EEG based commands increases, the training time required for accurate control increases significantly. EMG based control is almost always immediately responsive. In order to extend the range of available controls beyond a few discrete actions, this research intends to incorporate and refine the algorithmic steps of classification and detection to shift an increased percentage of the burden of training onto the computer.
Implementation of a redundant binary input acceptable multiplier

A multiplier which can accept redundant binary number inputs is proposed using available unsigned multiplier (array multiplier, carry-save-addition tree multiplier, or multiplier using redundant binary representations). The proposed multiplier is applicable in redundant binary ALU unit or redundant binary processor.
Anaerobic treatment: Temperature and nutrient effects

The influence of temperature and trace nutrients on the anaerobic film expanded bed process were studied in this investigation. A reactor was constructed and operated in the mesophilic temperature range. Whey, a dairy product, was supplied to the reactor at an influent concentration of 10 g liter−1 and at a constant retention time. Experimental results show that temperature had relatively little impact on reactor performance as defined by COD removal. Activation energies determined from Arrhenius temperature dependence plots were found to be of the order of 8·4–12·6 kJ mole−1. Q10 values were found to be of the order of 1·2 which suggests the overall reaction is diffusion limited. In addition, this system compensated well for temperature as attached mass concentration increased with increasing temperature. Based on the above criteria, the anaerobic film expanded bed process was compared to the conventional anaerobic slurry process and the activated sludge process and found to be far less temperature dependent. Trace nutrients were found to significantly influence reactor performance. The effect was more pronounced than temperature. Whey powder supplemented with nitrogen and phosphorus, was found to be nutrient limited by either Ni, Fe or Co, or some combination of those elements. After the addition of the above elements to the reactor feed, COD removal efficiencies increased and volatile organic acids decreased. Previous anaerobic studies with the same batch of whey but with different dilution water were very successful and it was assumed that most cheese wheys contained these essential elements. However, results from this study demonstrate that careful attention to nutrient requirements must be made for successful anaerobic industrial waste treatment.
PREDATORS REDUCE PREY POPULATION GROWTH BY INDUCING CHANGES IN PREY BEHAVIOR

The ability of predators to reduce prey populations is generally ascribed to the consumption of prey individuals. However, predators may also induce behavioral chang- es in prey individuals, which can reduce prey survival and reproduction. Pea aphid pop- ulations are impacted by a variety of predators, many of which induce escape responses in individual aphids. We created disturbance-only predators (surgically manipulated pred- ators that were unable to consume prey, but were still able to forage and interact with prey) and measured their ability to suppress aphid population growth over a six-day period. The greatest reduction in aphid population growth was caused by normal predators that were able to both consume and disturb aphids, but aphid population growth was also strongly reduced by nonconsumptive, disturbance-only predators. These field experiments are the first to show that predators reduce prey population growth partly through predator-induced changes in prey behavior, as well as through consumption of prey individuals.
Presence of Clostridium perfringens in retail chicken livers

Chicken livers sold at grocery stores in Tucson, AZ, USA were examined for the presence of Clostridium perfringens. Results showed that 69.6% of sampled retail chicken livers were culture positive for C. perfringens. Genotyping of the isolates showed that all the isolates were type A, but were negative for the enterotoxin gene (cpe).
A revised classification of subtribe Helianthinae (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) II. Derived lineages

Sequence data for internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial external transcribed spacer (ETS) regions were combined in a phylogenetic analysis with previously obtained plastid DNA restriction site data to provide a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for derived members of subtribe Helianthinae. Analyses of the two molecular datasets provided conflicting evidence on relationships among some groups, supporting the hypothesis that hybridization has played a significant role in the divergence of the subtribe. A revised generic-level classification is presented that divides the approximately 350 species of the subtribe among 21 genera. The paraphyletic Viguiera is narrowed to embrace only the type species, V. dentata. Four newly described genera, Dendroviguiera, Gonzalezia, Heiseria and Sidneya, are composed of species formerly included in Viguiera. Aldama is expanded to include 118 species extending from southwestern North America and Mexico to South America. This requires 116 new combinations, including 58 that were recently transferred into Rhysolepis, which is a synonym of Aldama, based on molecular phylogenetic results. One species of Viguiera is transferred to Tithonia, and two combinations in Hymenostephium are validated. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 311‐331. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Compositae ‐ ITS ‐ Mexican flora ‐ molecular phylogenetics ‐ sunflower ‐ systematics.
Grr1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is connected to the ubiquitin proteolysis machinery through Skp1: coupling glucose sensing to gene expression and the cell cycle

Grr1 protein of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a central component of a glucose signal transduction mechanism responsible for glucose-induced gene expression. It is required for glucose-stimulated regulation of Rgt1, a repressor of several glucose-induced HXT genes. Grr1 also plays a role in regulating the cell cycle, because it is required for degradation of the G1 cyclins Cln1 and Cln2. We discovered that Grr1 physically interacts with Skp1, a protein that has been implicated in a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme complex that targets for degradation the cell cycle regulators Cln1 and Cln2, and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Sic1. Thus, Grr1 may regulate the cell cycle and glucose-induced gene expression via ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Consistent with this idea, Skp1, like Grr1, was found to be required for glucose-induced HXT gene expression. Two functional domains of Grr1 are required for its interaction with Skp1: 12 leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and an adjacent F-box. The Grr1-Skp1 interaction is enhanced by high levels of glucose. This could provide yeast with a mechanism for coupling nutrient availability to gene expression and cell cycle regulation.