cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Property owners’ attitudes toward sustainable tourism: Comparing coastal and mountain counties

This study explored factors influencing property owners’ attitudes toward tourism development in two very different counties in North Carolina: one coastal (n=854) and one in the mountains (n= 619). Attitudes toward the impact of tourism and sustainable tourism development were compared for permanent and second-home residents and between the two counties. Findings include the fact that 22% of property owners in the coast and 12.8% of property owners in the mountains thought that the impact of tourism in their community was such that they wished they lived or owned property elsewhere. Permanent homeowners were more likely than second homeowners to have this opinion. Second homeowners in both counties perceived that they had little or no influence over tourism-related issues, a perception stronger in the coastal county than mountain.
High-frequency isolated DC-DC converter for offshore wind energy systems

This paper presents a novel three-phase high-frequency isolated DC-DC converter topology for offshore wind energy systems. The primary side of the converter consists of three half-bridge legs connected to three single-phase star-connected transformers. Each transformer secondary has a full-bridge rectifier and their outputs are connected in series. Constant frequency phase-shift modulation scheme is used for converter control. Leakage inductance of transformers and resonant capacitors, along with the modulation scheme provide zero current switching for converter switches. Modularity, high-gain and high-frequency isolation make the proposed converter a suitable candidate for offshore wind energy conversion systems with high voltage DC transmission. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the operation of proposed converter.
Planet Kong: Transnational Flows of King Kong (1933) in Japan and East Asia

Using M. M. Bakhtin’s theories of the grotesque and the chronotope, Raphael analyzes the global movement of King Kong (1933), focusing on unofficial remakes released in East Asia in 1976 and 1977 in attempts to capitalize on the release of King Kong (1976). In particular, he looks at critical responses to the Hong Kong Shaw Brothers’ Xing xing wang (1977) (Mighty Peking Man) illustrating how dismissal of the films on criteria of authenticity and technical prowess overlooked their critique of American military power and subsequent appeal to a variety of marginalized transnational audiences.
Assessing the Interplay between the Physicochemical Parameters of Ion-Pairing Reagents and the Analyte Sequence on the Electrospray Desorption Process for Oligonucleotides

Alkylamines are widely used as ion-pairing agents during LC-MS of oligonucleotides. In addition to a better chromatographic separation, they also assist with the desorption of oligonucleotide ions into the gas phase, cause charge state reduction, and decrease cation adduction. However, the choice of such ion-pairing agents has considerable influence on the MS signal intensity of oligonucleotides as they can also cause significant ion suppression. Interestingly, optimal ion-pairing agents should be selected on a case by case basis as their choice is strongly influenced by the sequence of the oligonucleotide under investigation. Despite imposing major practical difficulties to analytical method development, such a highly variable system that responds very strongly to the nuances of the electrospray composition provides an excellent opportunity for a fundamental study of the electrospray ionization process. Our investigations using this system quantitatively revealed the major factors that influenced the ESI ionization efficiency of oligonucleotides. Parameters such as boiling point, proton affinity, partition coefficient, water solubility, and Henry's law constants for the ion-pairing reagents and the hydrophobic thymine content of the oligonucleotides were found to be the most significant contributors. Identification of these parameters also allowed for the development of a statistical predictive algorithm that can assist with the choice of an optimum IP agent for each particular oligonucleotide sequence. We believe that research in the field of oligonucleotide bioanalysis will significantly benefit from this algorithm (included in Supplementary Material) as it advocates for the use of lesser-known but more suitable ion-pair alternatives to TEA for many oligonucleotide sequences. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
The bent twig of humanity and the physician as a serious man: How the thoughts of Isaiah Berlin and Simone de Beauvoir may explain the fracture of medical independence and practice in America

Physicians face many significant challenges in these times of new laws and regulations, new institutional alignments and consolidations, government oversight, and scarce resources (especially in regard to reimbursement and research). In the face of these challenges, the independence and autonomy of the medical community are threatened, especially that of Academic Health Centers. This situation is further exacerbated by the flight of physicians, in order to protect their livelihood, to large umbrella organizations (including universities) to which they now must provide or express some allegiance and conformity. The writings and thoughts of Isaiah Berlin and Simone de Beauvoir, noted 20th century philosophers, will be used to explain the evolution of society (using Berlin's view of nationalism) and of people (de Beauvoir's view of the serious man) in order to help interpret the 21st century fracture of medical independence and autonomy in America. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Practice Based Learning and Improvement, Interpersonal and Communication Skills, Professionalism, and Systems-based Practice.
Executive Function in Problem Gamblers with and without History of Depression

Executive function deficits are well-documented in gambling disorder as well as major depressive disorder. The literature also demonstrates that these clinical problems are highly comorbid. Despite the high rates of comorbidity and the transdiagnostic nature of executive function deficits, few studies have explored executive function in gamblers with a history of depression. As a preliminary investigation, the current work characterized executive function in a sample of problem gamblers with a history of depression (N = 19), problem gamblers without a history of depression (N = 19), and healthy controls (N = 40). Consistent with predictions, both gambler groups showed deficits in planning relative to controls. However, contrary to predictions, gamblers with a history of depression performed better than gamblers without a history of depression on a measure of cognitive flexibility. Results reveal that examining differences in executive function among different subtypes of problem gamblers may be a promising area for future study.
Trunk sway response to consecutive slip perturbations between subjects with and without recurrent low back pain.

Abstract Background Trunk sway responses following perturbations are critical to develop adequate prevention strategies. It is unclear how postural responses with a handheld task can validly be transferred to treadmill-induced slip perturbations in subjects with recurrent low back pain (LBP). Objective To compare trunk sway angle, velocity, and reaction time following treadmill-induced perturbations while subjects with and without LBP held a tray. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods There were 30 subjects with LBP and 50 control subjects who participated in the study. Each participant stood on the treadmill while he/she held a tray to produce a functional task. Three levels of consecutive slips were introduced based on the specific duration, velocity, and displacement. Results The trunk extension angle was significantly different (F = 4.22, p = 0.04) and demonstrated a significant interaction with groups and levels of perturbation (F = 6.83, p = 0.01). However, the reaction time was not significantly different based on the levels of perturbation (F = 0.43, p = 0.51). The LBP group increased trunk extension only at level 1 slip perturbation (t = 2.86, p = 0.005). Conclusion The increased trunk extension following the first perturbation indicated a delay in adjusting trunk stability in the LBP group. However, there was no group difference with higher magnitudes of perturbations. These results indicated that the LBP group was able to minimize trunk sway with higher perturbations following the first perturbation.
Hypophosphatasia: Biochemical hallmarks validate the expanded pediatric clinical nosology.

Abstract Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is the inborn-error-of-metabolism due to loss-of-function mutation(s) of the ALPL (TNSALP) gene that encodes the tissue non-specific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP represents a family of cell-surface phosphohydrolases differing by post-translational modification that is expressed especially in the skeleton, liver, kidney, and developing teeth. Thus, the natural substrates of TNSALP accumulate extracellularly in HPP including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a potent inhibitor of mineralization, and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), the principal circulating form of vitamin B6. The superabundance of extracellular PPi regularly causes tooth loss, and when sufficiently great can lead to rickets or osteomalacia. Sometimes diminished hydrolysis of PLP engenders vitamin B6-dependent seizures in profoundly affected babies. Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance from among >340 ALPL mutations identified to date, typically missense and located throughout the gene, largely explains the remarkably wide-ranging severity of HPP, greatest of all skeletal diseases. In 2015, our demographic, clinical, and DXA findings acquired over 25 years from 173 children and adolescents with HPP validated and expanded the clinical nosology for pediatric patients to include according to increasing severity “odonto” HPP, “mild childhood” HPP, “severe childhood” HPP, “infantile” HPP, and “perinatal” HPP. Herein, we assessed this expanded nosology using biochemical hallmarks of HPP. We evaluated exclusively data from the 165 preteenage HPP patients in this cohort to exclude potential effects from physiological changes in TNSALP levels across puberty. All patients had subnormal serum total and bone-specific ALP and elevated plasma PLP, and nearly all had excessive urinary PPi excretion. Only the PLP levels were unchanged across puberty. Mean levels of all four biomarkers correlated with HPP severity ranked according to the HPP nosology, but the data overlapped among all four patient groups. Hence, these four biochemical hallmarks represent both a sensitive and reliable tool for diagnosing children with HPP. Furthermore, the hallmarks validate our expanded clinical nosology for pediatric HPP that, with limitations, is an improved framework for conceptualizing and working with this disorder's remarkably broad-ranging severity.
The mental timeline is gradually constructed in childhood

When reasoning about time, English-speaking adults often invoke a "mental timeline" stretching from left to right. Although the direction of the timeline varies across cultures, the tendency to represent time as a line has been argued to be ubiquitous and primitive. On this hypothesis, we might predict that children also spontaneously invoke a spatial timeline when reasoning about time. However, little is known about how and when the mental timeline develops, or to what extent it is variable and malleable in childhood. Here, we used a sticker placement task to test whether preschoolers and kindergarteners spontaneously map temporal events (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) and deictic time words (yesterday, today, tomorrow) onto lines, and to what degree their representations of time are adult-like. We found that, at age 4, preschoolers were able to arrange temporal items in lines with minimal spatial priming. However, unlike kindergarteners and adults, most preschoolers did not represent time as a line spontaneously, in the absence of priming, and did not prefer left-to-right over right-to-left lines. Furthermore, unlike most adults, children of all ages could be easily primed to adopt an unconventional vertical timeline. Our findings suggest that mappings between time and space in children are initially flexible, and become increasingly automatic and conventionalized in the early school years.
Inflammatory Mediators in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Publisher Summary Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by instability of the upper airway, resulting in periodic alternation between functional obstructions to airflow during sleep and relative restoration of breathing, typically in the setting of an arousal or awakening. OSA leads to daytime neurocognitive impairment symptoms and is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease including hypertension, stroke, heart failure, and arrhythmias. In addition, OSA may be independently linked with proinflammatory conditions including asthma and the metabolic syndrome. The mechanisms underlying the daytime impairment of OSA include increased homeostatic sleep pressure resulting from chronic partial sleep deprivation, as well as increased systemic inflammation induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia. The proposed mechanisms underlying the increased cardiovascular risk seen with OSA include activation of the sympathetic nervous system, physical vibratory trauma to structures of the head and neck, elaboration of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, and a systemic proinflammatory response. Systemic markers of inflammation associated with OSA include tumor necrosis factor a, leukotriene E4, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, nuclear factor kB, and prostaglandin D2. Factors which influence an individual's susceptibility to the development of an inflammatory response to OSA may include genetics and the presence of obesity, which is, itself, a proinflammatory state.
Subresolution Displacements and Shear Shock Wave Tracking in the Human Brain

Highly realistic finite difference simulations of acoustical wave propagation can be used to describe ultrasound imaging in soft tissue. They have recently been shown to also model the backscattering physics from the subresolution motion of distributed scatterer fields. Here, we present a generalized impedance flow method that models displacements in heterogeneous tissue maps, specifically the human brain. The proposed method was used to i) model tissue motion due to shear shock wave propagation in the brain, which we hypothesize is a primary mechanism for traumatic brain injuries ii) obtain the backscattered signal from an imaging pulse, and iii) estimate the imposed displacements from the simulated RF data. The anatomical fidelity of the tissue maps combined with the high accuracy of the displacement model facilitate the validation of displacement tracking algorithms and the design of imaging sequences that can detect the odd harmonic spectral signature of shear shocks. An independent simulation tool based on a piecewise parabolic method was used to numerically calculate shear shock wave displacements in the brain medium. These displacements were then imposed by the proposed impedance flow method by varying the impedance of scatterers and tissue interfaces. The resulting phase shift was measured from the beamformed RF data using a custom correlation-based tracking algorithm. The average error in the displacement tracking was small compared to the wavelength $\lambda/619$ . This method, validated here for a challenging nearly-discontinuous velocity model, can be applied to less complex motion, such as linear shear waves generated for shear wave elasticity imaging.
Laboratory Assays Against Adult and Larval Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Microbial-Based Insecticides, and Synthetic Insecticides

Sap beetles, Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), damage peach fruit leading to the need for efficacious control measures. We assayed different species and strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Vs strain, H. indica HOM1 strain, H. megidis UK211 strain, Steinernema carpocapsae All strain, S. feltiae Sn strain, and S. riobrave 355 strain) against larval Carpophilus spp. and insecticides (microbialbased Grandevo® and Venerate™ bioinsecticides, along with the synthetic thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, indoxacarb, β-cyfluthrin, clothianidin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole, fenpropathrin, spinetoram, phosmet, malathion, and imidacloprid) against adult Carpophilus spp. in the laboratory. All entomopathogenic nematodes assayed caused significantly higher larval mortality than the control. How the insecticides were presented to the adult beetles affected whether beetles were rated as nonfeeding (dead+moribund). Fewer insecticides were active against the adults when applied to filter paper than when applied to a plug of pear that beetles fed upon. Overall, indoxacarb and phosmet provided consistently better control, regardless of the exposure method. These two insecticides, with different modes of action, also have a 14-d preharvest interval when used on peach, making it imperative to detect these pests well before harvest. Chlorantraniliprole and the microbial-based products had no effect on adult beetles regardless of the exposure method.
Latina/o Undergraduate Students Mentoring Latina/o Elementary Students: A Borderlands Analysis of Shifting Identities and First-Year Experiences

This article examines the experiences of first-year Latina/o undergraduates at a predominantly white institution. Through a borderlands analysis, the authors explore how these students describe their experiences participating in an ethnic studies course and mentoring Latina/o elementary schoolchildren. The authors find that these experiences served as sitios y lenguas (decolonizing spaces and discourses; Perez, 1998) in which the undergraduate students were able to reflect on the ongoing transformation of their social and political identities, revealing the complex and fluid latinidades (Latina/o identities; Latina Feminist Group, 2001) that exist among the Latina/o university students. This article explores the physical and metaphorical borders (Anzaldua, 1987) the undergraduates occupy, navigate, and challenge while they work simultaneously as mentors in a mostly Latina/o setting and as college students on a mostly white campus.
Mars Small Spacecraft Studies: Overview

NASA's Mars Exploration Program is studying a potential Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign consisting of a series of missions over the next decade that would return samples collected at Mars for analysis in terrestrial laboratories. It is anticipated that during such a campaign, many in the Mars science community would seek to continue high-priority science investigations in parallel to those provided by geological and astrobiological sample return investigations. To respond to this anticipated desire of the science community, JPL is performing a study of small spacecraft mission concepts to Mars that could bridge the gap between MSR and other desired science investigations at Mars. The goal of the study is to utilize smaller, affordable missions in performing high-priority science investigations as defined in the National Academy of Sciences Decadal Survey, Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) goals, and Human Exploration and Operations (HEO) Strategic Knowledge Gaps. The study targets the use of small spacecraft with greater science capability than currently achievable with CubeSats. The target spacecraft wet mass is approximately 100 to 350 kilograms. Methods of access to Mars considered in this study include a self-propelled transit from Earth geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) to Mars as a secondary payload in a rideshare configuration. The study investigates mission concepts, science objectives, mission designs, concept of operations, enhancing technologies, and mission costs, along with launch vehicle interfaces. The cost estimates of the mission concepts studied range from below $100 million to less than $300 million for development through launch. This paper concludes with an outline of several examples of small spacecraft mission concepts to Mars that demonstrate significant scientific capability, are technically feasible, and fit within the desired cost range.
Fresh frozen plasma-to-red blood cell ratio is an independent predictor of blood loss in patients with neuromuscular scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion.

Abstract PURPOSE In major trauma with massive blood loss, higher fresh frozen plasma (FFP)-to-red blood cell (RBC) ratios have been associated with improved morbidity and mortality. Our population of patients with neuromuscular scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion (PSF) often lose volumes of blood considered massive, that is, half a blood volume in 3 hours. In this retrospective cohort study, we examined the association of FFP ratio with blood loss in this elective surgical population. METHODS Patients with neuromuscular scoliosis undergoing PSF with unit rod fixation were identified from our anesthesia cases database. The patients were divided into two groups: the low FFP group received FFP-to-RBC≤0.5, and the high FFP group received FFP-to-RBC>0.5. After controlling for a false discovery rate in the univariate analysis, a logistic and linear regression was performed to understand the contribution of the significant factors associated with increased blood loss. RESULTS Risk estimation showed that patients in the low FFP group were more likely to lose >120% blood volume (odds ratio, 3.87; 95% confidence interval, 2.03–7.38). Linear regression revealed that each unit of increase in FFP-to-RBC ratio was associated with a 27.5% (95% confidence interval, −43.12–11.89) mean reduction in blood volume loss. CONCLUSIONS In our retrospective study, we found that FFP-to-RBC ratio was significant independent predictor of blood loss in this group of complex spine patients undergoing PSF. Thus, in patients with neuromuscular scoliosis undergoing posterior spine fusion, use of higher ratio of FFP to RBC may decrease blood loss.
Why the Jews are good to think: Reflections on Chad Alan Goldberg’s Modernity and the Jews in Western Social Thought:

This article offers a critical but appreciative reading of Chad Alan Goldberg’s Modernity and the Jews in Western Thought. It frames that reading around the section of the book titled “Why the Jews...
Readmission Prediction for Patients with Heterogeneous Medical History: A Trajectory-Based Deep Learning Approach

Hospital readmission refers to the situation where a patient is re-hospitalized with the same primary diagnosis within a specific time interval after discharge. Hospital readmission causes $26 billion preventable expenses to the U.S. health systems annually and often indicates suboptimal patient care. To alleviate those severe financial and health consequences, it is crucial to proactively predict patients’ readmission risk. Such prediction is challenging because the evolution of patients’ medical history is dynamic and complex. The state-of-the-art studies apply statistical models which use static predictors in a period, failing to consider patients’ heterogeneous medical history. Our approach – Trajectory-BAsed DEep Learning (TADEL) – is motivated to tackle the deficiencies of the existing approaches by capturing dynamic medical history. We evaluate TADEL on a five-year national Medicare claims dataset reaching an F1 score of 87.3%. Our approach significantly outperforms all the state-of-the-art methods. Our findings suggest that health status factors and insurance coverage are important predictors for readmission. This study contributes to IS literature and analytical methodology by formulating the trajectory-based readmission prediction problem and developing a novel deep-learning-based readmission risk prediction framework. We also deliver implementable methods to assess patients’ readmission risk and take early interventions to avoid potential negative consequences.
Performance analysis of hybrid microhydro power systems

Abstract Microhydro power (MHP) system can be an additional renewable energy technology option at many locations around the world to supplement universal access to modern energy stipulated by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Modern microhydro power systems usually employ unregulated turbines and an electronic load controller, a demand-side power management device. Existing analytical models for such systems are lacking details, especially supply-side control, for performance simulation at hourly or sub-hourly scales. As presented in this paper, this work has developed a stochastic model for downscaling of streamflow and an empirical model of MHP system. These models were integrated within the framework of the Hybrid2 tool to simulate the long-term performance of hybrid MHP systems. Three design configurations are presented for a case study in Nepal. The results show that, along with a small pond that can store water for an hour, a hybrid MHP system with half the size of the battery bank can supply the load to comply with the Tier 3 level of energy access stipulated by the Global Tracking Framework (Sustainable Energy for All). Future use of this model will enable designers and developers of MHP systems to enhance performance and cost-effectiveness of hybrid renewable energy systems.
Association of intraoperative opioids with improved recurrence-free survival in triple-negative breast cancer.

542Background: Opioid-induced immunomodulation may be of particular importance in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) where an immune response is associated with improved outcome and response to i...
Improv(is)ing research: Instructional design for serendipity in archival exploration

Abstract Much academic library instruction focuses on teaching students to search strategically. However, the same approaches may not apply when teaching how to explore a digital archive. In order to develop appropriate instructional design, the authors conducted an exploratory study of their students reflections on initial classroom experiences with a digital archive. This study pilots a novel application of Lennart Bjorneborn's 2017 framework for serendipity to identify combinations of personal factors which enabled students to improvise affective experiences into follow-up research actions. This article offers both (1) notes for coding applications of Bjorneborn’s framework and (2) suggestions for instructional design centering serendipity in archival exploration.
Making sense of ‘maker’: Work, identity, and affect in the maker movement:

This paper investigates the affective dimensions of entrepreneurial and creative work with the goal of making sense of the emergent collective identity of ‘maker.’ Relying on qualitative research i...
Trace-Level Determination of Acrylonitrile Generated in the Manufacturing Process of Oligonucleotides by Static Headspace Gas Chromatography with an Electron Impact(+) Mass Detector

A static headspace capillary gas chromatography (HS-GC) method featured with a short run time, a wide calibration range, and a diluent with strong buffering and stabilizing capability has been deve...
The [E]x Factor: Addressing Trauma From Post-Separation Domestic Violence As Judicial Terrorism

When victims of intimate terrorism leave their abusers, the abuse rarely ends. While many victims exit intimate relationships to try to escape the abuse, for most, their bravery in leaving only angers their abusers further. Rather than lose control over their victims, many abusers continue to manipulate and terrorize their former intimate partners for years post-separation. Many use the court system, a place where victims seek justice, as a battering tool against them, engaging in what some have termed “judicial terrorism.” Remarkably, although post-separation abuse has been recognized and researched since the early 1970s, no law review article has, to date, focused entirely on post-separation abuse as an independent manifestation of domestic violence. While many legal scholars have discussed the social science evidence that victims are most at risk of physical violence or homicide when they first leave their abusers, none have described in depth the emotional and psychological abuse through which perpetrators may continue to coercively control their victims over the years and decades to follow. Indeed, the most recent domestic violence typologies have identified “intimate terrorism” as the most persistent and pernicious form of abuse. Intimate terrorists coercively control their victims, sometimes through physical violence, but always through emotional and psychological abuse. Whereas other types of domestic violence tend to cease post-separation – affirming the very reason why many victims choose to leave intimate relationships – intimate terrorism typically does not. Although the intimate terrorist may no longer have physical access to his victim after she leaves, he can continue to coercively control her through stalking, threats, and family court litigation. Importantly, post-separation intimate terrorism retraumatizes victims, preventing them from healing and building new lives; the abuser counts on his ability to continue to victimize and coercively control his victim when he no longer has the physical proximity to abuse her physically. To cast the spotlight on intimate terrorism that occurs after the end of an intimate relationship, particularly through the court system, this Article draws on research about the retraumatization experienced by crime victims who have participated in prosecuting their attackers to describe the trauma post-separation abuse victims experience in family court litigation. It then suggests areas for reform, supportive assistance, and further inquiry.
Awakening from post anoxic coma with burst suppression with identical bursts.

Abstract Background Electroencephalography (EEG) is commonly used after cardiac arrest. Burst suppression with identical bursts (BSIB) has been reported as a perfectly specific predictor of poor outcome but published case series are small. We describe two patients with BSIB who awakened from coma after cardiac arrest. Methods We identified two out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients with coma and BSIB. We determined the etiology of arrest, presenting neurological examination, potential confounders to neurological assessment, neurodiagnostics and time to awakening. We reviewed and interpreted EEGs using 2021 American Clinical Neurophysiology Society guidelines. We quantified identicality of bursts by calculating pairwise correlation coefficients between the first 500 ms of each aligned burst. Results In case one we present a 62-year-old man with OHCA secondary to septic shock. EEG showed burst suppression pattern, with bursts consisted of high amplitude generalized spike waves in lock-step with myoclonus (inter-burst correlation = 0.86). He followed commands 3 days after arrest, when repeat EEG showed a continuous, variable and reactive background without epileptiform activity. Case two was a 49-year-old woman with OHCA secondary to polysubstance overdose. Initial EEG revealed burst suppression with high amplitude generalized polyspike-wave bursts with associated myoclonus. She followed commands on post-arrest day 4, when repeat EEG showed a continuous, variable and reactive background with frequent runs of bifrontal predominant sharply contoured rhythmic delta activity. Conclusion These cases highlight the perils of prognosticating with a single modality in comatose cardiac arrest patients.
Investigation of the synthesis and characterization of platinum-DMSA nanoparticles using millifluidic chip reactor

Abstract A continuous flow process for production of water-soluble Platinum-Dimercaptosuccinic acid (Pt(DMSA)) nanoparticles at ambient conditions using millifluidics is demonstrated. The process development was supported by in-situ synchrotron radiation-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) investigations. The XAS revealed that the nucleation and growth of the Pt(DMSA) nanoparticles is extremely fast. Such a fast nucleation and growth process was also found to hinder coating of the channel walls, except at the zone 1 where the reactants first interact. The engineering of hitherto unreported Pt(DMSA) nanoparticles, well characterized using High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), using continuous flow processes offers potential opportunities for scale-up.
Neutronics and fuel performance evaluation of accident tolerant FeCrAl cladding under normal operation conditions

Abstract Neutronics and fuel performance analysis is done for enhanced accident tolerance fuel (ATF), with the Monte Carlo reactor physics code Serpent and INL’s fuel performance code BISON. The purpose is to evaluate the most promising ATF candidate material FeCrAl, which has excellent oxidation resistance, as fuel cladding under normal operational conditions. Due to several major disadvantages of FeCrAl coating, such as difficulty in fabrication, diametrical compression from reactor pressurization, coating spallation and inter diffusion with zirconium, a monolithic FeCrAl cladding design is suggested. To overcome the neutron penalty expected when using FeCrAl as cladding for current oxide fuel, an optimized FeCrAl cladding design from a detailed parametric study in literature is adopted, which suggests reducing the cladding thickness and slightly increasing the fuel enrichment. A neutronics analysis is done that implementing this FeCrAl cladding design in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) single assembly. The results show that the PWR cycle length requirements will be matched, with a slight increase in total plutonium production. Fuel performance analysis with BISON code is carried out to investigate the effects with this FeCrAl cladding design. The results demonstrate that the application of FeCrAl cladding could improve performance. For example, the axial temperature profile is flattened. The gap closure is significantly delayed, which means the pellet cladding mechanical interaction is greatly delayed. The disadvantages for monolithic FeCrAl cladding are that: (1) fission gas release is increased; and (2) fuel temperature is increased, but the increase is less than 50 K even at high burnup. The better strength, corrosion, and embrittlement properties of FeCrAl enable the fabrication of FeCrAl cladding with thinner walls. FeCrAl cladding proves to be a good alternate for zircaloy cladding, given the advantages and insignificant disadvantages shown by fuel performance analysis.
The Neuropsychology of Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a nervous system disturbance that abruptly interferes with ongoing behavior, perception, movement, consciousness, or other brain functions. Individual attacks are called seizures, and when the problem is persistent it is called either a seizure disorder or epilepsy. Seizures are relatively common among infants, children, and adolescents. Probably 8 of every 1000 children experience some sort of seizure activity, even if it is only a single occurrence of a febrile seizure (Lechtenberg, 1984). Occasionally, a seizure disorder will disappear as a child matures, but in a majority of cases, childhood epilepsy persists into adulthood, and in about 80% of adults with epilepsy this condition developed when they were children. At least 5 of every 1000 adults in the United States have epilepsy (Lechtenberg, 1984). The various types of epilepsy were described in Chapter 21 of this volume. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the neuropsychology of epilepsy, and the emphasis will be to discuss the emotional/behavioral and cognitive concomitants of epilepsy. We use the term concomitants to underscore the fact that epilepsy is a complex phenomenon, and the behavioral and cognitive events associated with it are the product of a complex interaction among neurological, medication, and psychosocial variables (Hermann & Whitman, 1986).
Evidence against a genomic code for nucleosome positioning. Reply to "Nucleosome sequence preferences influence in vivo nucleosome organization.".

Evidence against a genomic code for nucleosome positioning Reply to “Nucleosome sequence preferences influence in vivo nucleosome organization”
Adjuvant Radiation Therapy Treatment Time Impacts Overall Survival in Gastric Cancer

Purpose Prolonged radiation therapy treatment time (RTT) is associated with worse survival in several tumor types. This study investigated whether delays during adjuvant radiation therapy impact overall survival (OS) in gastric cancer. Methods and Materials The National Cancer Data Base was queried for patients with resected gastric cancer who received adjuvant radiation therapy with National Comprehensive Cancer Network–recommended doses (45 or 50.4 Gy) between 1998 and 2006. RTT was classified as standard (45 Gy: 33-36 days, 50.4 Gy: 38-41 days) or prolonged (45 Gy: >36 days, 50.4 Gy: >41 days). Cox proportional hazards models evaluated the association between the following factors and OS: RTT, interval from surgery to radiation therapy initiation, interval from surgery to radiation therapy completion, radiation therapy dose, demographic/pathologic and operative factors, and other elements of adjuvant multimodality therapy. Results Of 1591 patients, RTT was delayed in 732 (46%). Factors associated with prolonged RTT were non-private health insurance (OR 1.3, P =.005) and treatment at non-academic facilities (OR 1.2, P =.045). Median OS and 5-year actuarial survival were significantly worse in patients with prolonged RTT compared with standard RTT (36 vs 51 months, P =.001; 39 vs 47%, P =.005); OS worsened with each cumulative week of delay ( P P =.002); the intervals from surgery to radiation therapy initiation or completion were not. Prolonged RTT was particularly detrimental in patients with node positivity, inadequate nodal staging ( Conclusions Delays during adjuvant radiation therapy appear to negatively impact survival in gastric cancer. Efforts to minimize cumulative interruptions to
Rate of potassium exchange of the human erythrocyte.

1. The exchange of potassium by the human erythrocyte has been studied in vitro using radioactive potassium. 2. An incubation technique which maintains erythrocytes in an essentially normal state for over 48 hours was employed. 3. Exchange of radioactive potassium between the red cells and the extracellular fluid was regular and progressive, the specific activities of the intra- and extracellular fluids reaching equal values. This indicates that all the erythrocyte potassium is exchangeable and is exchanging at the same rate. 4. From these data, it was calculated that at 37°C., 1.6 per cent of the erythrocyte potassium exchanges per hour, corresponding to an exchange of 1.5 mM of potassium per liter of red cells per hour. The time required for the exchange of 50 per cent of the red cell potassium is calculated to be 43 hours. 5. The temperature coefficient (Q10) of the potassium exchange rate is 2.2. This is the same as the temperature coefficient of the rate of utilization of glucose by the human erythrocyte. 6. Varying the percentage of red cells, plasma potassium concentration, initial glucose level, and pH between 7.0 and 7.7 had no effect on the potassium exchange rate.
IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE THROUGH AGRICULTURAL AND NUTRITIONAL POLICY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: AN INFORMED PLATFORM FOR POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT

A food security based approach to development did not develop as quickly in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1970s as it had in Asia, but over the past decade and a half, especially, a cumulative wealth of evidence has led to conclusions that suggest developmental efforts focusing on food systems and nutrition are the most cost-effective and far reaching of efforts to combat poverty and improve health. While hunger indicators have improved over the years, malnutrition remains the most significant challenge to development in the region. The poverty trap caused by malnutrition, and the broader impacts of inadequate nutrition, mean that policy targeting agriculture and nutrition have higher benefits-to-cost than any other policy measures. In analysis of research and developments in agriculture, nutrition, and human development over the past 40 years, the key areas of focus which are most pragmatic for future developmental policy pushes in Sub-Saharan Africa are funding and supporting sustainable intensification of agricultural productivity, promoting women’s economic involvement, coordinating multi-pronged programs centered around food security which include smart input subsides and safety nets, urging the dissemination of agricultural diversity in addition to furthering funding and research in biofortification and improved crops, instituting equitable infrastructure development, working towards the removal of barriers to trade, and accepting accountability through national government reforms in the region.
A two-stage human brain MRI segmentation scheme using fuzzy logic

The authors have developed a two-stage image segmentation scheme using fuzzy logic. Based on the scheme, a two-stage fuzzy system has been built for segmenting human brain MR images. The first stage is a fuzzy rule-based system that assigns memberships to pixels, classifies the pixels that have only one high membership and calculates the initial conditions for the next stage. The second stage is the fuzzy c-means algorithm, which classifies the undetermined pixels. Preliminary segmentation of the human brain MR images shows that the two-stage fuzzy system could accurately determine white matter, gray matter, cerebrospinal fluid and HIV+lesion. The results were visually confirmed by expert observers. The satisfactory results achieved in this paper suggest the feasibility of developing similar segmentation systems for other types of images and the possibility of extending the two-stage scheme to multiple-stage schemes. >
Before Cultures: The Ethnographic Imagination in American Literature, 1865-1920

The term culture in its anthropological sense did not enter the American lexicon with force until after 1910 - more than a century after Herder began to use it in Germany and another thirty years after E. B. Tylor and Franz Boas made it the object of anthropological attention. "Before Cultures" explores this delay in the development of the culture concept and its relation to the description of difference in late nineteenth-century America. In this work, Brad Evans weaves together the histories of American literature and anthropology. His study brings to life not only the regionalist and ethnographic fiction of the time but also revives a range of neglected materials, including the Zuni sketch-books of anthropologist Frank Hamilton Cushing; popular magazines such as "Century Illustrated Monthly", which published Cushing's articles alongside Henry James's; the debate between Joel Chandler Harris, author/collector of the Uncle Remus folktales, and John Wesley Powell, perhaps the most important American anthropologist of the time; and Du Bois's polemics against the culture concept as it was being developed in the early twentieth century. Written with clarity and grace, "Before Cultures" will be of value to students of American literature, history, and anthropology alike.
Yield and quality of trickle-irrigated chile peppers

Abstract This study determined the relationship between the amount of irrigation water applied and the yield and quality of trickle-irrigated chile peppers ( Capsicum annuum L.). From 1977 through 1983, field experiments were conducted near Las Cruces, NM. Field trickle lines were buried 5–8 cm below the soil surface and the amount of applied water was monitored with water meters. Meteorological data were gathered at a nearby weather station for irrigation scheduling. A linear relation, Y = −14.11 + 0.56 D iw with a R 2 = 0.69 was found for green chiles where Y is the green chile yield (t/ha) and D iw is the depth of irrigation water applied (cm), including rain. Maximum yields occurred between 80 and 95 cm of water applied and varied from year to year. Maximum red chile production demands the same irrigation regime as does the green chile, but the influence of fall weather may overshadow the irrigation effects. No water can be saved by stressing the plants during any period of the growing season. The pungency of the green chile peppers shows a clear trend with the irrigation treatments; the drier the treatment, the more pungent the pepper. However, other factors also play a role and may reduce the irrigation effects completely. The effect of harvest date on yield was significant, but this effect can be levelled off by harvesting twice. An interaction effect was found between row spacing and total amount of irrigation water applied.
Studying the effects of calcium and magnesium on size-distributed nitrate and ammonium with EQUISOLV II

Abstract A chemical equilibrium code was improved and used to show that calcium and magnesium have a large yet different effect on the aerosol size distribution in different regions of Los Angeles. In the code, a new technique of solving individual equilibrium equations was developed. The technique, the analytical equilibrium iteration (AEI) method, gives the same solutions (to at least 7 decimal places) as the previous technique used, the mass-flux iteration (MFI) method, but consumes 13–48 times less computer time. The model was also updated to include treatment of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and carbonate. Previously, it treated only nitrate, ammonium, chloride, sulfate, and sodium. Predictions from the updated code, EQUISOLV II, were compared with data from an eight-stage Berner impactor at Long Beach, Claremont, and Riverside during the Southern California Air Quality Study. When any equilibrium solver is applied between the gas phase and multiple aerosol size bins, unique solutions are possible only when solids (e.g., NH 4 NO 3 ) that form from two gas-phase species are absent. For this study, unique solutions were possible only when the relative humidity exceeded 62%, and only cases in this regime are discussed. Base-case predictions of nitrate and ammonium matched observations well in most size bins of every case. When Ca and Mg were removed from calculations, coarse-mode nitrate decreased at Long Beach, as expected, to maintain charge balance. At Riverside, removing Ca and Mg had the opposite effect, increasing coarse-mode nitrate, shifting it from the accumulation mode. The reason is explained in terms of mean mixed activity coefficients. At Claremont, the charge-balance and activity-coefficient effects nearly canceled each other.
Using online databases for terminology searching

Online bibliographic databases would seem to be a promising source of multilingual terminology for translators, terminologists, and other language professionals, although not designed for this purpose. This paper will explore this hypothesis, discussing the types and degree of multilingualism in representative databases, the different information-seeking needs of language professionals, and describing search strategies which can be used for term look-up. Results of extensive trial searching and some in-depth examples will be used to assess the practical feasibility of this use of databases, with special attention paid to reliability. Results of trial searching were generally positive, although cost might prove prohibitive. Using bibliographic databases may be particularly useful in solving difficult terminological problems for which context information is essential. Annex 1 provides information on a selection of useful multilingual online databases; annex 2 lists addresses of selected online database providers.