cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regime-switching based vehicle-to-building operation against electricity price spikes

Abstract Electricity price may present very large spikes due to imbalance between generation and demand, especially during heavily loaded periods. Such peak price may incur significant cost to building operation. With the vehicle-to-building (V2B) technology, electric vehicle battery can be used as temporal energy source for the building load for a short period, which leads to a possible solution for reducing the energy cost during peak-price periods. In this paper, the problem of reducing the energy cost due to the peak price is approached from the prospective of risk management. A regime-switching based risk management scheme is proposed for the V2B operation based on the availability of electric vehicles (EV) plugged in the parking lots attached to the building. In the low risk regime, the objective is to minimize the EV charging cost. While in the high risk regime, the objective is to reduce the potentially high energy cost due the peak price via the power stored in EV batteries. Based on Markov regime-switching model, the operation minimizes the conditional value at risk involved. Simulation results show that the proposed framework can greatly reduce the energy cost against the electricity peak prices.
Tunical Incision Techniques for Peyronie’s Disease

Tunical plaque incisions are common techniques utilized during grafting procedures for Peyronie’s disease. The aim of this review was to examine the different tunical incisional and excisional techniques, as well as outcomes and complications of recent graft procedures utilizing these strategies. Studies on tunical incision, partial excision, and grafting techniques vary with regards to their surgical outcomes, post-operative erectile dysfunction rates, and other complications. Overall, significant penile straightening has been reported in recent studies of incision and grafting for Peyronie’s disease. Prospective trials comparing the different tunical incisional techniques are needed to better plan surgical interventions for Peyronie’s disease.
Heat Shock Proteins and the Resolution of Inflammation by Lymphocytes

Depletion of phagocytes that infiltrate host organs like the lungs reduces inflammatory damage to tissues. Understanding the mechanisms by which this process occurs could lead to new therapeutic approaches to limit the detrimental effects of inflammation. The lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin are particularly prone to infection. Specialized immune cells protect these organs from tissue damage by eliminating phagocytes from inflamed tissues by recognizing signals produced by the phagocytes. One such signal is heat shock proteins (HSP) expressed on the cell surface of phagocytes. These HSP closely resemble their microbial equivalents, and therefore phagocytes that are labeled by HSP are recognized as target cells. T lymphocytes bearing γδT cell receptor (TCR) elicit fast responses to invading pathogens. Since the γδTCR has limited germline-encoded diversity, HSP are an ideal target for recognition by these cells. γδT cells exert cytotoxic actions towards macrophages and neutrophils that express Hsp60 or Hsp70, respectively, on their cell surface. Through the recognition of HSP on the cell surface of inflamed cells, γδT cells eliminate phagocytes from inflammatory sites, thereby preventing host tissue damage
Juxtacap Nucleotide Sequence Modulates eIF4E Binding and Translation

mRNA translation is an energetically costly activity required for almost all biological processes. The multiprotein complex eIF4F, which bridges the 59 cap and the polyA tail through eIF4E and eIF4G, respectively, is necessary for efficient translation initiation of most mRNAs and is an important target of translational control. Previous work suggests that cap-proximal nucleotides can modulate eIF4E binding to mRNAs, but the effect of specific cap-proximal nucleotide sequences on eIF4E recruitment and the ultimate consequences for translation remain unknown. Using RNA Bind-n-Seq on a model 59 UTR, we systematically identify eIF4E-intrinsic cap-proximal nucleotide binding preferences. mRNAs with highly-bound motifs are translated well in a cell-free system, whereas those with low-eIF4E-binding motifs are not. However, eIF4E juxtacap motif preferences do not dictate the ribosome occupancy of endogenous mRNAs in cells, suggesting that the effect of juxtacap sequence on eIF4E binding and translation is mRNA-context-dependent. Accordingly, a single downstream point mutation that disrupts a predicted base pair with a preferred juxtacap nucleotide increases translation. The juxtacap sequence is a previously unappreciated determinant of eIF4E recruitment to mRNAs, and we propose that differences in mRNA 59 end accessibility defined by the juxtacap sequence are important for establishing translational efficiency.
Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair Through a Single Anterior Portal.

Abstract Arthroscopic subscapularis repair with knotted suture fixation typically requires use of both anterior and accessory superolateral portals with passage of suture through multiple anatomic spaces. The advent of knotless anchors has allowed for simplification of subscapularis repairs. In this report we describe a simple method of knotless arthroscopic subscapularis repair through a single anterior portal. The indication for a single–anterior portal knotless subscapularis repair is a complete tear of the upper one-third of the subscapularis. This approach can be used for isolated subscapularis repair or, in patients with multiple-tendon involvement, initial subscapularis repair to facilitate subsequent posterosuperior cuff repair.
Automatic Prediction of Hit Songs.

We explore the automatic analysis of music to identify likely hit songs. We extract both acoustic and lyric information from each song and separate hits from non-hits using standard classifiers, specifically Support Vector Machines and boosting classifiers. Our features are based on global sounds learnt in an unsupervised fashion from acoustic data or global topics learnt from a lyrics database. Experiments on a corpus of 1700 songs demonstrate performance that is much better than random. The lyricbased features are slightly more useful than the acoustic features in correctly identifying hit songs. Concatenating the two features does not produce significant improvements. Analysis of the lyric-based features shows that the absence of certain semantic information indicates that a song is more likely to be a hit.
The Effect of Neighborhood Density and GIS Layout on the Foreclosure Contagion Effect

Abstract Agent-based modeling and simulation has been used to examine the effects of foreclosures on property values and the overall health of the property market. Past agent-based simulations simplistically use an equally-spaced grid structure for the layout of the properties. This simple spacing does not reflect the actual size and dispersion of properties. Instead, we use GIS models of actual neighborhoods to study the impact of size and spacing within a real estate agent-based simulation to investigate the foreclosure contagion effect. The topologies of five neighborhoods in Virginia Beach, Virginia were uploaded into an agent-based simulation using publicly accessible GIS data. The results indicate that non-linear pricing changes occur within the neighborhoods. Moreover, the density of a neighborhood is a significant determining factor in explaining differential results.
The management of tetralogy of Fallot after corrective surgery

With the success of contemporary medical and surgical management in congenital heart disease (CHD), adults with repaired CHD now often outnumber their paediatric equivalents. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) has paved the way, not only in the management of native CHD, but also in the management of its repaired form. In this review, we discuss the current surveillance and management of adults with repaired TOF, highlighting outcomes related to these practices.
Automated Leadership: Influence from Embodied Agents

It is widely held that leadership consists of behaviors that should be applied strategically and systematically to motivate individuals and teams to perform. It is also self-evident that we live in a world of automation, artificial intelligence, and expert systems. Given these two assertions, we propose that some aspects of leadership are candidates for automation. This paper briefly reviews relevant leadership literature and describes three leadership behaviors that may be possibly automated: goal setting, performance monitoring, and performance consequences. The paper also explores the relationship of different embodiments of the artificial leaders and the impact of these embodiments as varying degrees of social presence and the effect of this presence on performance and satisfaction outcomes.
Reflections on Technical Journal Editing

Olgierd Zienkiewicz’s career is remarkable in its own right, in terms of the wealth of contributions he has made to an astonishing variety of scientific fields. It is still more remarkable when one reflects on the continually expanding output and the level of sophistication of this output, even as he reaches his seventieth birthday. Thus, it is fitting that this volume contain a full measure of erudite contributions, written by friends and former collaborators. The reader, no doubt, avidly anticipates the opportunity to sample a high level of theory and advanced formulations.
Mechanisms of Membrane Electron and Proton Transfer

This report describes the current status of our work on determining how the energy made available during electron transfer processes may be handled and conserved in biological membrane systems. For this work, four principal approaches have been followed: (a) a systematic search was conducted to determine and characterize all electron transfer components associated with the energy-conserving membrane; (b) an estimation was made of the location of each component, with respect to the containing membrane; (c) the thermodynamic properties of each component were measured to determine the tendency of each component to receive or donate electrons and to discover whether a component is capable of proton transfer coupled to the oxidation-reduction processes; and (d) a determination was made of whether the electron and proton transfer reactions of each component occur at rates commensurate with an involvement in the energy supply system of the cell.
Framing the challenges of artificial intelligence in medicine.

On a clear January morning in Florida, a Tesla enthusiast and network entrepreneur was driving his new Tesla Model S on US Highway 27A, returning from a family trip. He had posted dozens of widely circulated YouTube tutorial videos on his vehicle and clearly understood many of the technical details of his car. That day, he let the vehicle run autonomously on Autopilot mode for 37 min, before it crashed into the trailer of a truck turning left. The Autopilot did not identify the white side of the trailer as a potential hazard, and the driver was killed, leaving his family and his high-tech business behind.1 This tragedy is not a metaphor for artificial intelligence (AI) applications but an example of a long-recognised challenge in AI: the Frame Problem.2 Although rarely appreciated in the scholarly and lay descriptions of the stunning recent successes of AI in medical applications, the Frame Problem and related AI challenges will have unintended harmful effects to the care of patients if not directly addressed. With the recent advancement in machine learning algorithms, many medical tasks previously thought to require human expertise have been replicated by AI systems at or above the level of accuracy in human experts. These important demonstrations range from evaluating fundus retinography3 and histopathology4 to reading chest radiographs5 and assessment of skin lesions.6 These studies have encompassed very large numbers of patient cases and have been extensively benchmarked against clinicians. However, all these studies are retrospective in that they involve a collection of labelled cases against which the AI systems are trained and another collection against which they are tested or validated. So far, they have not entered into routine prospective use in the clinic where the Frame Problem will manifest itself most pathologically. The Frame …
The Information Blitzkrieg — “Hybrid” Operations Azov Style

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes the emergence of ‘hybrid warfare’, which blurs the line between military and civilian forms of organization, both in the conduct and the target of warfare. The complexity of warfare is increasing due to the growing number and diversity of parties involved. Conflicts no longer remain local; instead, they increasingly attract external actors and extend to the Internet.In this analysis, the Ukrainian Azov Battalion, which was formed at the beginning of the Ukrainian crisis in 2013, is used as a case study of this new form of ‘hybrid’ war. This analysis considers the history, operations, recruitment, financing, ideology, and tactics of the unit, in light of the available information on the war in Ukraine.
Transition Considerations for Turner Syndrome

Turner syndrome is a common chromosomal abnormality with lifelong complex medical considerations. In childhood, pediatric endocrinologists often play a leading role in care coordination due to hormone interventions related to growth and puberty induction. As girls with Turner syndrome grow older, there is risk for loss to follow-up in adult care; however, medical and psychosocial needs are lifelong. Based upon neurocognitive and social features, women with Turner syndrome may reside in parental homes and take longer to establish independence than peers without Turner syndrome. Preparation for transition between pediatric and adult health systems therefore requires thoughtful development of health navigation skills, knowledge of personal health history, awareness of indications for ongoing adult prevention and screening for common coexisting conditions associated with Turner syndrome, and psychosocial supports. Adult endocrinologist may serve as a consultative role to perform annual comprehensive evaluation of medical needs and services. Endocrinologists may oversee management of estrogen replacement, bone health, blood pressure surveillance and treatment, and metabolic and autoimmune health screenings. In addition, adult endocrinologists and primary care providers can both help coordinate relevant care with other specialties as indicated. Special attention is given in the chapter to considerations around cardiovascular health, gynecology and fertility, neurocognitive concerns, as well as the role of a Turner syndrome clinic coordinator and value of peer support systems, advocacy groups, and social networking during transition.
Cognitive Enhancement and the Problem of the Pressure to Enhance: Rational Choice Modeling and Normative Justification

The problem of regulating cognitive neuroenhancement for healthy adults has generated considerable interest.
Age discrimination and academic labor markets

Abstract In a sample of Canadian Ph.D.’s, Warman and Worswick (2010) report that forty-two percent obtained their degree at thirty-four years of age or older. One implication is that those starting their academic career vary in age. As a result, academic labor markets provide a somewhat unique way to investigate the outcomes of workers of different age with similar work experience. This study uses a national sample of over 9,000 faculty to look at the relationship between age at the time a person earns their degree and income. Older individuals are less likely to attend graduate programs in Carnegie Research I institutions, and they are less likely to find employment at a Research I institution. Males are less likely to obtain employment at Carnegie research or doctoral granting institutions even if they attended a graduate program in a Research I institutions. Regression analysis reveals a negative relationship between age at time of degree and earnings. The age penalty is largest for those with the title of professor working at Carnegie research/doctoral institutions. The size of the age penalty for females is less dependent on this distinction. Lastly, the age penalty is evident at the start careers as older faculty are found to learn less in the first three years of obtaining their degree.
Abstract 1075: Conditionally active de novo IL-2 cytokine mimetics for targeted immunotherapy: de novo split technology

IL-2 is a highly potent, pleiomorphic cytokine approved for the treatment of melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. The therapeutic potential of this cytokine has been restricted by dose-limiting toxicities and off-tumor effects associated with systemic IL-2 administration. Scientists have long-pursued the development of targeted IL-2 variants to control biodistribution and improve the therapeutic index, e.g. IL-2-antibody fusions or immunocytokines. However, the potential benefit of targeting IL-2 is limited by the high affinity of the cytokine for its cellular receptor, which dominates biodistribution and results in activation of cells outside the tumor microenvironment. To address this challenge, we took advantage of the remarkable stability of Neoleukin-2/15 (Neo-2/15), a fully de novo cytokine mimetic that potently activates the beta and gamma subunits shared by the IL-2 and IL-15 receptors. We demonstrate that Neo-2/15 can be divided into two pieces that cannot signal individually, but that can recover their binding and cell-signaling potential when co-localized. Fusing the split molecules to independent targeting domains creates a modular and highly specific implementation of conditional activation. We demonstrate that if one split fragment is targeted to one tumor-associated antigen, and the complementary fragment is targeted to a second tumor-associated antigen, the ability to bind the IL-2 receptor and trigger signaling is only restored when these split fragments bind to the surface of cells expressing both targets. The split Neo-2/15 molecules have anti-tumor activity in syngeneic cancer models and have the potential to enhance the therapeutic index of cytokine mimetics in immunotherapy. To our knowledge, these are the first designed examples of strictly conditionally-active, targeted, cytokine-like molecules for immunotherapy. *Current affiliation for D-A.S.: Neoleukin Therapeutics Inc, Seattle, WA, USA. Citation Format: Alfredo Quijano-Rubio, Lestat R. Ali, Md A. Bhuiyan, Marc J. Lajoie, Michael Dougan, David Baker, Daniel-Adriano Silva. Conditionally active de novo IL-2 cytokine mimetics for targeted immunotherapy: de novo split technology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1075.
The effects of the visual presentation of an Influencer's Extroversion on perceived credibility and purchase intentions—moderated by personality matching with the audience

Abstract Influencers are ordinary individuals who have amassed large followings by demonstrating expertise in various niches on social media sites. We aim to propose (1) the visual presentation of an Influencer's extroversion as an antecedent to source credibility and purchase intentions and (2) personality matching in terms of extroversion between an Influencer and their audience as a moderator of such relationships. We chose the source credibility model and the similarity-attraction model as our theoretical frameworks. In our controlled online experiment (n = 165), the profile of a brand ambassador of a fashion brand was curated to create two levels of extroversion (i.e. low vs. high extroversion). Participants' self-reported extroversion levels were counterbalanced in these two conditions to create a personality match with the Influencer, entitled “extroversion congruence.” Our results suggest that the visual presentation of an Influencer's extroversion increases the perceived credibility of the Influencer and subsequent purchase intentions. Additionally, our findings show that these relationships were asymmetrically moderated by extroversion congruence: the positive effects of extroversion increase in the case of high extroversion among both the Influencer and their audience but decrease in the case of low extroversion.
Exploring Variations in North American Adults’ Attitudes, Interest, Experience, and Outcomes Related to Mixed-Gender Threesomes: A Replication and Extension

Mixed-gender threesomes (MGTs) are a type of consensually nonmonogamous sexual encounter involving three people of more than one gender. Little research has been conducted on MGTs, and what little work does exist is limited to college students, who may actually be less experienced with MGTs than older adults. The present study investigated attitudes toward, interest in, experiences with, and outcomes of MGTs in two samples (college N = 231; online N = 1342), comprised of 907 heterosexual and 666 sexual minority participants in total. Results indicated that participants reported neutral-to-positive attitudes toward and moderate-to-high levels of interest in MGTs (81% indicated some degree of interest). MGTs involving familiar others were preferred to those involving strangers. Men, sexual minority individuals, and participants from the online sample reported more favorable attitudes toward and greater interest in MGTs as compared to women, heterosexual individuals, and participants from the student sample. In addition, 30% of participants indicated having experience with a MGT. Sexual minority individuals reported more experience with MGTs and more positive outcomes than did heterosexual individuals. In addition, on average, participants reported that their MGT experiences “met expectations.” Overall, these results indicate that MGTs are a common sexual behavior that often results in positive outcomes, especially among sexual minority individuals. Additional research on this understudied topic is needed, particularly as it relates to outcomes and the role of MGTs in consensually nonmonogamous relationships.
Continual learning with direction-constrained optimization.

This paper studies a new design of the optimization algorithm for training deep learning models with a fixed architecture of the classification network in a continual learning framework, where the training data is non-stationary and the non-stationarity is imposed by a sequence of distinct tasks. This setting implies the existence of a manifold of network parameters that correspond to good performance of the network on all tasks. Our algorithm is derived from the geometrical properties of this manifold. We first analyze a deep model trained on only one learning task in isolation and identify a region in network parameter space, where the model performance is close to the recovered optimum. We provide empirical evidence that this region resembles a cone that expands along the convergence direction. We study the principal directions of the trajectory of the optimizer after convergence and show that traveling along a few top principal directions can quickly bring the parameters outside the cone but this is not the case for the remaining directions. We argue that catastrophic forgetting in a continual learning setting can be alleviated when the parameters are constrained to stay within the intersection of the plausible cones of individual tasks that were so far encountered during training. Enforcing this is equivalent to preventing the parameters from moving along the top principal directions of convergence corresponding to the past tasks. For each task we introduce a new linear autoencoder to approximate its corresponding top forbidden principal directions. They are then incorporated into the loss function in the form of a regularization term for the purpose of learning the coming tasks without forgetting. We empirically demonstrate that our algorithm performs favorably compared to other state-of-art regularization-based continual learning methods, including EWC and SI.
Selection and characterization of structure-switching DNA aptamers for the salivary peptide histatin 3

In this study, single-stranded DNA aptamers that switch structural conformation upon binding to the salivary peptide histatin 3 have been reported for the first time. Histatin 3 is an antimicrobial peptide that possesses the capability of being a therapeutic agent against oral candidiasis and has recently been linked as a novel biomarker for acute stress. The aptamers were identified through a library immobilization version of an iterative in vitro process known as the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX). Through the SELEX process, four unique aptamer candidates sharing a consensus sequence were identified. These selected sequences exhibited binding affinity and specificity to histatin 3 and in order to further characterize these aptamers, a direct format enzyme-linked aptamer sorbent assay (ELASA) was developed. The best performing candidate demonstrated an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) value of 1.97 ± 0.48 μM. These novel aptamers have the potential to lead to the further development of refined sensing assays and platforms for the detection and quantification of histatin 3 in human saliva and other biological media.
Binge-Eating Disorder and Type 2 Diabetes: A Review.

Abstract Objective To familiarize health care providers with diagnosis and treatment of binge-eating disorder (BED), a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods Literature review of binge eating and T2DM. Key words used in search include BED, T2DM, obesity, and treatment. Results The prevalence of BED in patients with T2DM appears to be much higher than the 2% to 3.5% prevalence seen in the general population. Studies suggest that up to 20% of patients with T2DM have an underlying eating disorder, the most common of which is binge eating. BED is probably underdiagnosed, even though there are multiple simple tools that providers can use to improve screening for the disorder. Though the relationship between BED and hemoglobin A1c control can vary, it appears that binge-eating behaviors can worsen metabolic markers, including glycemic control. Various medications used by patients with diabetes have been associated with new-onset BED, and treatment may be as simple as removing or replacing such agents. Several medications have been found to significantly reduce binge-eating frequency, and potentially, weight. Patients with BED generally benefit from psychotherapy, including cognitive behavioral therapy. Conclusion BED, only recently added to the International Classification of Disease-10 diagnostic list, is very common in patients with obesity and T2DM. The diagnosis is important to establish, as treatment or referral for treatment, could potentially improve many of the comorbidities and metrics of T2DM.
Nitrate and nitrite exposure increases anxiety-like behavior and alters brain metabolomic profile in zebrafish

Abstract Introduction Dietary nitrate lowers blood pressure and improves athletic performance in humans, yet data supporting observations that it may increase cerebral blood flow and improve cognitive performance are mixed. Here we tested the hypothesis that nitrate and nitrite treatment would improve indicators of learning and cognitive performance in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. We also explored the extent to which nitrate and nitrite treatment affected the brain metabolome in order to understand how nitrate and nitrite supplementation may affect indices of cognitive function. Methods Fish were exposed to sodium nitrate (606.9 mg/L), sodium nitrite (19.5 mg/L), or control water for 2-4 weeks and free swim, startle response, innate predator avoidance, social cohesion, and shuttle box assays were performed. Results Nitrate and nitrite treatment did not change fish weight, length, predator avoidance, or distance and velocity traveled in an unstressed environment. Nitrate- and nitrite-treated fish initially experienced more negative reinforcement and increased time to decision in the shuttle box assay, which is consistent with a decrease in associative learning or executive function however, over multiple trials, all treatment groups demonstrated behaviors associated with learning. Nitrate and nitrite treatment significantly increased anxiety-like behavior but did not alter epinephrine, norepinephrine or dopamine levels. Targeted LC-MS/MS analysis revealed no significant increase in brain nitrate or nitrite concentrations with treatment. An untargeted metabolomics analysis found 47 metabolites whose abundance was significantly altered in the brain with nitrate and nitrite treatment including an 18-19% reduction in the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and 17-22% reduction in its precursor, glutamine, which may contribute to the increased anxiety-like behavior. Conclusion Nitrate and nitrite treatment did not adversely affect multiple parameters of zebrafish health but was associated with mild anxiety-like behavior, changes in the brain metabolome, and caused a short-term decrease in executive function or associative learning.
Method for Detecting Nanoparticles on Cuttings Recovered from a Gas Reservoir

Mud logging is frequently performed during oil and gas operations for determining the position of hydrocarbons and accurately assessing the geophysical properties of the formation based on the stud...
A First Look at the Consolidation of DNS and Web Hosting Providers

Although the Internet continues to grow, it increasingly depends on a small set of dominant service providers for Domain Name System (DNS) hosting and web hosting providers. This consolidation of Internet resources poses a variety of potential threats to the Internet, including susceptibility to outages, failures, and even overt censorship from platforms. Increasingly, an outage from a single organization can create widespread disruption across a large number of sites and services. Consolidation trends have been noted for several years, yet these trends have not been quantified. Towards this end, this paper aims to quantify these trends, in particular, the reliance of the most popular domains on a small set of organizations for DNS and web hosting. We highlight the extent to which the hosting of authoritative name servers and web hosting for the top 10,000 websites are consolidated on relatively few platforms. The statistics are surprising and somewhat alarming. We find that over 75% of the top 10,000 domains rely on only a single organization for hosting authoritative DNS resolution. Furthermore, two organizations, Cloudflare and Amazon, are the sole host of DNS name servers for over 40% of these popular domains. In terms of web hosting, we find that 62% of index pages and many external page resources for the top 10,000 websites are hosted by only five organizations: Cloudflare, Amazon, Akamai, Fastly, and Google.
Phosphorylation and the Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Oxidase Reaction in Streptococcus agalactiae

Cell-free extracts from aerobically grown Streptococcus agalactiae cells possess a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase which is linked to oxygen. It is inhibited by cyanide, although cytochromes evidently are not involved. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation occurs during the reaction, but 66 to 75% of the total ATP is formed nonoxidatively. The remaining 25 to 35% of the ATP formation is related to the oxidation of NADH. The formation of ATP in the oxidative reaction can be prevented by excluding oxygen or adding cyanide to prevent NADH oxidation. It can also be prevented by adding methylene blue or pyruvate, which bypasses electron transport to oxygen, but does not interfere with NADH oxidation. Potential sources of ATP, such as glycolysis, the pyruvate oxidase reaction, or the oxidative pentose cycle, are not present, and the high nonoxidative ATP formation is ascribed to the adenylate kinase reaction. The reaction requires adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as a phosphate acceptor. NADH oxidation is independent of ADP. Antimycin A, amytal, and 2,4-dinitrophenol decreased, but did not prevent, oxidative formation of ATP. P:O ratios ranged from 0.15 to 0.25. All of the oxidative activity was in the soluble portion of the cell-free extracts.
Instructional Mash-Up: Promoting Reflective Skill Development in a Virtual Environment

Classroom management (CM) research suggests prospective teachers customarily view CM skill acquisition as a fundamental component of pedagogical knowledge development (Emmer & Stough, 2001; Merrett & Wheldall, 1993). Dissemination of critical concepts has traditionally occurred in face-to-face classrooms supported by school-based field experiences. However, circumstances have fueled student demand for flexible scheduling and convenient online courses (Ellis, 2009; Fink, 2003). Professors are challenged to deliver CM instruction virtually; utilizing multiple tools for online delivery to emulate traditional and educational training experiences. This qualitative study explored emergence of reflective skills in blogs, wikis, and scaffolded assignments in an online CM course. Keywords: classroom management; pedagogy; flexibility; online courses; blogs; wikis; scaffolded assignments
The Baltics - Banking crises observed

The authors compare the banking crises experienced in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, examining the causes, effects, and policy responses. Estonia and Lithuania reconstituted the specialized Soviet banks as national state banks and began to privatize them. Latvia, by contrast, reconstituted the savings bank, then privatized branches of the remaining banks. In the early stages the three private banking systems were similar and grew rapidly. All three have had liberal policies toward licensing new commercial banks, believing that more banks would generate the competition needed to drive down deposit and lending rates, and provide the capital needed to support the emerging private sector. Little though was given at first to the implications of this policy for banking safety and supervision. The following conclusions, drawn by the authors, may have implications for banking reform in other former Soviet republics, especially the smaller ones: 1) some banking distress is inevitable; 2) banking distress may be desirable; 3) banking crises die down relatively quickly; 4) when crises arise, authorities should respond firmly and promptly; 5) corruption and weakness should never be rewarded; 6) banking crises should be prepared for; and 7) supervisors should send strong signals to bankers about appropriate banking behavior.
Polymorphisms: Origins and Maintenance

Polymorphism is variation in specific locations in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence. Some authors use the term only for variant alleles with at least 1% frequency in a population. This shows the population dependence of the concept itself. Variation arises initially by some form of mutation in a single individual but, because DNA is transmitted from parent to offspring, over time the frequency and geographical distribution of a genetic variant is essentially a population concept that depends on history. Keywords: variation; evolution; polymorphism; single nucleotide polymorphism; population genetics
Human milk oligosaccharides: evolution, structures and bioselectivity as substrates for intestinal bacteria.

Human milk contains a high concentration of diverse soluble oligosaccharides, carbohydrate polymers formed from a small number of monosaccharides. Novel methods combining liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry have identified approximately 200 unique oligosaccharides structures varying from 3 to 22 sugars. The increasing complexity of oligosaccharides follows the general pattern of mammalian evolution though the concentration and diversity of these structures in homo sapiens are strikingly. There is also diversity among human mothers in oligosaccharides. Milks from randomly selected mothers contain as few as 23 and as many as 130 different oligosaccharides. The functional implications of this diversity are not known. Despite the role of milk to serve as a sole nutrient source for mammalian infants, the oligosaccharides in milk are not digestible by human infants. This apparent paradox raises questions about the functions of these oligosaccharides and how their diverse molecular structures affect their functions. The nutritional function most attributed to milk oligosaccharides is to serve as prebiotics – a form of indigestible carbohydrate that is selectively fermented by desirable gut microflora. This function was tested by purifying human milk oligosaccharides and providing these as the sole carbon source to various intestinal bacteria. Indeed, the selectively of providing the complex mixture of oligosaccharides pooled from human milk samples is remarkable. Among a variety of Bifidobacteria tested only Bifidobacteria longum biovar infantis was able to grow extensively on human milk oligosaccharides as sole carbon source. The genomic sequence of this strain revealed approximately 700 genes that are unique to infantis, including a variety of co-regulated glycosidases, relative to other Bifidobacteria, implying a co-evolution of human milk oligosaccharides and the genetic capability of select intestinal bacteria to utilize them. The goal of ongoing research is to assign specific functions to the combined oligosaccharide–bacteria–host interactions that emerged from this evolutionary pressure.
‘Oikonomia’: The journalist as a steward

This research essay explores the ethical implications of the stewardship metaphor for journalists. A three‐part examination of stewardship is undertaken: a philological survey of the Greek vocabularly, from which “oikonomia”; (stewardship) has arisen; an elaboration of four ethical implications for journalist (journalists’ incentive to serve, their delivery but not ownership of messages, their ambiguous authority, and their need for professional discipline); and two critical issues arising from the sterwardship metaphor (to define the master of the journalistic house as the long‐term public interest, and not the news media owners, and to define “good stewardship as journalism that is contextually intelligible and socially constructive). The essay was written for a seminar taught by Dr. Edmund Lambeth.
Charity Governance: What's Trust Law Got to Do with It?

U.S. charities have two main options for their legal form, the nonprofit corporation and the charitable trust. But choice of form is not destiny for charitable organizations: Trust and corporate law standards are substantively identical in a considerable range of circumstances. These include the standards of behavior required by charitable fiduciaries (converging on the corporate standard); the process for modifying an outmoded use of a gift made for a restricted charitable purpose (converging on the trust standard); and the relevant supervisory and regulatory regimes (the same regardless of organizational form). On a few key issues, however, the trust and corporate form have certain irreducible differences. Notably, trust law permits the settlor to assign differing duties to trustees of a trust having multiple trustees (and absolving those trustees not assigned particular duties); by contrast, all directors of a nonprofit corporate board are equally responsible for participating in oversight. To the extent trust and corporate law remain different and organizational form remains the determinative factor, well counseled charity founders may choose the content of the law that binds them. An important goal of the American Law Institute's project on Principles of the Law of Nonprofit Organizations (for which the author is Reporter) is to further the convergence of legal principles that apply regardless of organizational form.
DSP core with parallel module testability

A description is given of a custom-designed, 160 K-transistor TMS320C25 DSP (digital signal processor) core processor, which has been combined with a 5 K user-programmable gate array and built-in parallel module testability. The research vehicle, designed to analyze practical issues of embedded core DSPs and manufactured in a 1- mu m CMOS process, runs at a 50-MHz clock frequency in the DSP core and has a gate delay of 0.5 ns (FO=3) in the gate array. The parallel module test (PMT) methodology is used to obtain and effectively test the DSP core during manufacturing. The method introduces a minimum speed penalty, approximately one quarter of a nanosecond, under normal operation paths and requires only one dedicated TEST pin at the device package. The joint test action group PMT system architecture can also support board-level testing. >
Deconstructing Wigner’s density matrix concerning the mind-body question

In honor of the centennial of Eugene Wigner’s birth, a possible interpretation is given of the density matrix appearing in his classic paper, “Remarks on the mind-body question.” It is argued that nearinstantaneous vanishing of the quantum coherences of the reduced density matrix of the measured object would occur either in the case of Wigner’s friend, or in the case of any complex measuring automaton (conscious or not) making the measurement.
Implementation of Health and Mental Health Evidence-Based Practices in Safety Net Settings

Implementation of evidence-based practices (EBP) in health and mental health settings has not been as successful as anticipated. Patients in safety net settings have even less opportunity to receive evidence-based care. Translation research has been dominated by efficacy trials, which often do not translate to the complexity of safety net settings. Implementation research to date seems to focus mostly on provider and organizational contextual factors more than macro and patient factors crucial to outcomes in safety net settings. Focus on translation and adaptation of interventions to safety net settings, and use of qualitative methods to flesh out complex processes and involve more stakeholders will help give safety net patients access to state of the art care. This issue is important for social workers to understand due to their ethical obligation to advocate for social justice and access to care for vulnerable and oppressed populations.
Flexagons Yield a Curious Catalan Number Identity

Hexaflexagons were popularized by the late Martin Gardner in his first Scientific American column in 1956. Oakley and Wisner showed that they can be represented
The experimental program of the IDEAL device

The experimental program for a proposed plasma facility, the ITER Divertor Experiment and Laboratory (IDEAL) is described. This device is to test ITER divertor concepts and prototype divertor modules in a rapid and accurate fashion. Goals of the program are to corroborate models of heat and helium exhaust and predictions of component lifetime. The program consists of a physics divertor concept development and testing phase (including an initial shakedown period), and a technology phase. By this program, candidate divertor modules would be exposed, in 3 years on IDEAL, to a plasma fluence in excess of that expected in ITER after 10 years of full-power operation.
Discrimination Training and Formative Evaluation for Remediation in Basic Waxing Skills.

In a quasi-experimental design the "experimental" group (n = 6) received discrimination training and self-evaluation exercises on four waxing projects and four handpiece projects over 13 hours. An equivalent "conventional" group (n = 7) received verbal feedback with models on seven waxing projects over 13 hours. Both groups took a posttest using plastic molars with two-surface preparations to be restored in wax. In blind evaluations of final products, the experimental group outperformed the conventional group. Results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of structured discrimination and self-evaluation training in improving motor skills.
Pulsed operation of traveling-wave monopulse arrays utilizing phase comparison techniques

Use of traveling-wave sources in a monopulse system requires that the signals feeding the antennas be properly phased in order to insure that the correct portion of the array factor pattern coincides with the direction of maximum radiation from the individual source. This direction of maximum radiation does not necessarily coincide with the line normal to the antenna aperture. Therefore, perfect cancellation of the signals in the difference arm of the hybrid junction occurs at only one frequency. This paper presents a simple means of evaluating the level of the difference signal at the null point relative to the maximum value of the reference signal as a function of the parameters involved in the pulsed operation of monopulse array. This result is used to estimate the angular inaccuracy introduced by the pulsed operation of the array. Also shown is the fact that if pure phase comparison is used, then the system sensitivity is proportional to the sine of the scan angle.
Spatial correlations of day‐to‐day ionospheric total electron content variability obtained from ground‐based GPS

[1] The spatial correlations of day-to-day ionospheric TEC variations for four 30-day long periods in 2004 (January, March/April, June/July, September/October) were determined using more than 1000 ground-based GPS receivers. The spatial correlations were obtained in a two-step process. Initially, the day-to-day variability was calculated by first mapping the observed slant TEC values for each 5-min GPS ground receiver-satellite pair to the vertical using a simple geometrical factor and then differencing it with its corresponding value from the previous day. This resulted in more than 150 million values of day-to-day change in TEC (ΔTEC). Next, statistics were performed on the ΔTEC values to obtain their spatial correlations. Our study indicates strong correlations between geomagnetic conjugate points, and these correlations are larger at low latitudes (r = 0.63–0.73) than at mid-latitudes (r = 0.32–0.43). Typical correlation lengths, defined as the angular separation at which the correlation coefficient drops to 0.7, were found to be larger at mid-latitudes than at low latitudes. The meridional correlation lengths are about 7 degrees and 4 degrees at middle and low latitudes, respectively. The zonal correlation lengths are approximately 20 degrees at mid-latitudes and 11 degrees at low latitudes. The correlation lengths are larger during daytime (1100–1300 MLT) than during nighttime (2300–0100 MLT). The results indicate that the spatial correlation is largely independent of season. These spatial correlations are important for understanding the physical mechanisms that cause ionospheric weather variability and are also relevant to data assimilation.
Moser Vector Fields and Geometry of the Mabuchi Moduli Space of Kähler Metrics

There is a natural Moser type transformation along any curve in the moduli spaces of Kahler metrics. In this paper we apply this transformation to give an explicit construction of the parallel transformation along a curve in the Mabuchi moduli space of Kahler metrics. This is crucial in the proof of the equivalence between the existence of the Kahler metrics with constant scalar curvature and the geodesic stability for the type II compact almost homogeneous manifolds of cohomogeneity one mentioned in (Guan 2013). We also explain a new description of the geodesics and prove a curvature property of the moduli space, called curvature symmetric, which makes it similar to some special symmetric spaces with nonpositive curvatures, although the spaces are usually not complete. Finally, we generalize our geodesic stability conjectures in (Guan 2003) and give several results on the Lie algebra structures related to the parallel transformations. In the last section, we generalize the Futaki obstruction of the Kahler-Einstein metrics to the parallel vector fields of the invariant Mabuchi moduli space. We call the related stability the parallel stability. This includes the toric and cohomogeneity one cases as well as the spherical manifolds.