cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Warm dense matter experiments on DARHT

An experimental facility has been developed to diagnose the properties of the backstreaming plasma and WDM produced due to interactions of monochromatic electrons with thin foils. A slow moving (< 0.5 mm/μs) low temperature discharge (T < 0.2 eV) is generated by a ∼100 ns long intense relativistic electron bunch with energies of 19.1–19.8 MeV and currents of 0.2–1.7 kA interacting with 100 μm thick low-Z foils. The principal objective of these experiments is to quantify the dynamics of the different phases of plasma, including WDM, produced due to the vaporization of the foils and the evolution of the beam distribution due to space charge neutralization effects. The preliminary suite of diagnostics is presented, which includes time resolved plasma plume measurements, visible spectroscopy measurements indicating the evolution of the blackbody temperature, time resolved measurements of the beam spot size, and plans for the future.
Presidential elections in Latin America: The ascent of the left, Ignacio Medina Núñez. Elaleph, Buenos Aires, Argentina (2013), 278, ISBN: 978-987-1701-58-2

Dr. Ignacio Medina Nunez, professor of Social Sciences at the University of Guadalajara (Mexico), has made an important contribution to the study of politics in Latin America with the publication i...
BEEMER: A firmware-tuned, software-defined MIMO radar testbed

Hardware testbeds accelerate algorithm development and verification through practical experimentation. However, traditional hardware testbeds do not easily scale to support the additional computational burden and increased band-widths associated with MIMO radar. A unique firmware-tuned, software-defined architecture is introduced, which addresses these challenges by offloading low-level signal processing tasks to hardware. Receive data is pre-processed in hardware, producing a derived datacube to reduce algorithm complexity in software. Additionally, a feedback link provides the ability for software to tune parameters in hardware. By taking advantage of the low-latency and parallel processing offered in hardware, many signal processing tasks can be moved from software and pre-processed in hardware. Parameters in the hardware's preprocessing stages can be tuned from software, ensuring a wide variety of algorithms are able to be deployed on the hardware testbed. This firmware-tuned, software-defined architecture is implemented on BEEMER, a MIMO radar testbed, and is able to handle the computational complexity and waveform diversity demanded from many MIMO radar algorithms. Experimental results show the viability of using commercial hardware to build BEEMER.
Should we commit to eradicating malaria worldwide

Bruno Moonen cannot accept the iniquitous alternative, but Clive Shiff believes the necessary huge investment could be better spent The World Health Organization,1 the Roll Back Malaria Partnership,2 and the United Nations3 all have a vision of a malaria-free world. The world has already committed to malaria eradication, albeit without a target date. More importantly, malaria endemic regions are setting ambitious elimination targets, showing a clear demand for, and commitment to, regional elimination and, eventually, global eradication.456 ### Equitable and sustainable For malaria, eradication is the only equitable and sustainable solution. Half of the world has already eliminated malaria,7 and, as Melinda Gates put it in 2007: “Any goal short of eradicating malaria is accepting malaria; it’s making peace with malaria; it’s rich countries saying: ‘We don’t need to eradicate malaria around the world as long as we’ve eliminated malaria in our own countries.’ That's just unacceptable.”8 The alternative, indefinite control, is not sustainable. Maintaining financial commitment, especially when the burden becomes low, is challenging, and history has shown that when programmes are not adequately funded malaria will resurge.9 Indefinite control would require constant investment in research and development to stay ahead of an ever evolving parasite and vector. Countries that eliminate, on the other hand, are more likely to remain malaria-free.10 The challenges in the polio endgame, operationally and financially, are obvious reasons for pause. As Chris Whitty, chief scientific adviser to the UK Department of Health, noted: “Trying and failing [to achieve] eradication is costly, pulls resources from other priorities, breeds cynicism, and may destroy good control programmes. The key, therefore, is not to call for it where we cannot achieve it, and, for most diseases, we cannot.”11 However, failures in control because of inconsistent funding are equally expensive,9 and …
Pathophysiology of human multiple myeloma--recent advances and future directions.

Fundamental research in human myeloma (MM) has addressed the tumor cell hierarchy, [1] growth regulation by normal host cells [2] and a plethora of cytokines, [3] specific disease manifestations resulting directly from tumor growth or indirectly by way of tumor or normal cell secretory products, [4] and the area of genetic abnormalities [5] with the consequences of oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation [6] (see Fig. 1).
Use of Vitamins and Dietary Supplements by Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Review.

Importance Surveys of patients with multiple sclerosis report that most are interested in modifying their diet and using supplements to potentially reduce the severity and symptoms of the disease. This review provides an updated overview of the current state of evidence for the role that vitamins and dietary supplements play in multiple sclerosis and its animal models, with an emphasis on recent studies, and addresses biological plausibility and safety issues. Observations Several vitamins and dietary supplements have been recently explored both in animal models and by patients with multiple sclerosis. Most human trials have been small or nonblinded, limiting their generalizability. Biotin and vitamin D are currently being tested in large randomized clinical trials. Smaller trials are ongoing or planned for other supplements such as lipoic acid and probiotics. The results of these studies may help guide clinical recommendations. Conclusions and Relevance At the present time, the only vitamin with sufficient evidence to support routine supplementation for patients with multiple sclerosis is vitamin D. Vitamin deficiencies should be avoided. It is important for clinicians to know which supplements their patients are taking and to educate patients on any known efficacy data, along with any potential medication interactions and adverse effects of individual supplements. Given that dietary supplements and vitamins are not subject to the same regulatory oversight as prescription pharmaceuticals in the United States, it is recommended that vitamins and supplements be purchased from reputable manufacturers with the United States Pharmacopeia designation.
Treatment of Psoriasis in HIV-Infected Persons

Choosing a treatment modality for psoriasis in HIV-infected patients can be quite a difficult task for dermatologists. These physicians may be reluctant to treat HIV-infected patients with immunosu...
Tips for taking the medical history in patients with syncope

Unklare Bewusstseinsverluste stellen einen der haufigsten Grunde fur eine Vorstellung in der Notaufnahme dar. Schon zu Beginn der Abklarung ergeben sich oft ganz grundsatzliche Fragen: 1. Handelt es sich uberhaupt um einen Bewusstseinsverlust? 2. Welches Fachgebiet (Neurologie, Kardiologie, andere?) soll die Abklarung durchfuhren? 3. Muss die Abklarung stationar erfolgen? Eine Antwort auf diese Fragen ergibt sich aus einer systematischen Anamnese, die zwar individuell angepasst werden, aber auch systematisch einen Fragenkatalog abarbeiten muss. Die Anamnese muss zunachst klarstellen, ob es sich um eine Synkope handelt. Hierbei konnen nichtsynkopale Ereignisse wie Sturz, transiente globale Amnesie, Epilepsie, psychogene Pseudosynkope, transiente ischamische Attacken und „drop attacks“ ausgeschlossen werden. Im zweiten Schritt konnen die 4 Gruppen von Synkopenursachen durch die Anamnese abgeklart werden. Neurokardiale Synkopen treten meist mit typischen Prodromi in typischen Auslosesituationen bei (jungeren) Herzgesunden auf. Orthostase tritt immer in aufrechter Position und im Zusammenhang mit Aufstehen auf, oft bei Patienten, die Antihypertensiva einnehmen. Rhythmogene Synkopen treten oft ohne Prodromi, mit Verletzungen und Palpitationen bzw. Herzrasen vor Synkope auf, bei alteren Patienten mit Herzerkrankung oder (seltener) bei jungen Herzgesunden mit einer positiven Familienanamnese. Strukturelle Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen als Ursache von Synkopen sind oft anamnestisch bekannt und werden wahrscheinlicher bei Auftreten unter Belastung oder im Liegen sowie bei Symptomen wie Thoraxschmerz und Dyspnoe. Die vorliegende Ubersicht stellt die wichtigsten Fragen zusammen, die bei der Synkopen-Abklarung wegweisend sein konnen.
Superstructure in Films of Bio and Biorelated Polymers as Noted by Small Angle Light Scattering

Recently there has been considerable interest generated in understanding the material properties of many bio or bio-related polymers. The origin of this interest is broad and extends from their material application (enzyme supports, membranes and bio-materials) to that of understanding the mesophase or liquid crystalline behavior common to many of these systems. Although considerable information exists concerning the solution properties of various polypeptides, there have been relatively few investigations aimed at correlating properties with morphology and structure of solids made from these. A particular exception to this is collagen, a number of studies having been directed at understanding its mechanical behavior. Even in this case, however, there is still need of further structure-property correlations.
Drop-Weight Impact Studies of GLARE 5 Fiber-Metal Laminates

Impact responses and damage induced by a drop-weight instrument on GLARE 5 fiber-metal laminates with different layup configurations and geometries were studied. The damage characteristics were evaluated using both the nondestructive ultrasonic and mechanical sectioning techniques. Only the contour of entire damage area could be obtained using ultrasonic C-scan whereas more details of damage were provided through the mechanical cross-sectioning technique. It was found that failure mode changed with varying stacking sequence. GLARE 5 made of unidirectional fibers had the worst impact resistance; followed by cross-ply and angle-ply configurations, while the quasi-isotropic lay-up showed the best resistance to impact. Finally, influence of different geometries was considered. The results show that by introducing circular geometry, damage patterns and impact behaviors were changed. This was especially apparent for panels with the quasi-isotropic layup configuration.
Antimicrobial resistance trends among canine Escherichia coli isolates obtained from clinical samples in the northeastern USA, 2004-2011

Our objectives were to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from dogs in the northeastern USA and to identify temporal trends in resistance to selected antimicrobial agents. Data were collected retrospectively for all canine E. coli isolates from clinical samples submitted to Cornell University's Animal Health Diagnostic Center between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2011. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 3519 canine E. coli isolates; frequency of resistance to each agent ranged from 0.4% (amikacin) to 34.3% (ampicillin). No trends were evident among urinary isolates, but cephalosporin resistance remained consistently high. Among non-urinary isolates, there was evidence of a significantly increasing trend in prevalence of resistance to several agents, including cephalosporins, enrofloxacin, and tetracycline. These data suggest that some of the most commonly used antimicrobial agents in companion animal practice are becoming less effective against canine E. coli infections outside the urinary tract.
Predicting Response to Intravesical Therapy in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.

Abstract Context The ability to predict response to intravesical therapy (IVT) following transurethral resection in non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer holds important prognostic information. However, few predictive tools are available to guide urologists. Objective We reviewed the most recent studies investigating the predictors of response to IVT. Evidence acquisition A literature search was conducted using PubMed database from January 1, 2013 to April 1, 2018 following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) criteria. For our search strategy, we used the combination of the MeSH terms of “Administration, Intravesical” and “Urinary Bladder Neoplasms” with any of the following words: “Biomarkers,” “Predictive Value of Tests,” “response,” “recurrence,” and “progression.” We limited our search to the English language. Evidence synthesis Risk stratification models utilizing clinicopathological features are the most cost-effective and widely used tools currently available to predict response to IVT. Additionally, urinary fluorescence in situ hybridization testing and urinary cytokine-based nomograms (Cytokine Panel for Response to Intravesical Therapy) may enhance predictive ability. Protein-based biomarkers have been associated with predicting recurrence. Several gene-based biomarkers quantifying mutations in DNA damage repair genes may have predictive ability. However, genomic data are relatively new and lack validation. Conclusions Clinicopathological criteria remain the most widely utilized tool for predicting IVT response. Further research to validate protein- and genomic-based biomarkers are needed before adoption in clinical practice. Patient summary We reviewed contemporary studies that investigated how to predict response to medication instilled in the bladder (intravesical therapy) for bladder cancer. We found that most predictive tools use clinical data, such as tumor stage and grade, to determine the outcome. Newer biological (gene, protein, cytokines) marker tests are being studied. We concluded that the combination of clinical data with levels of certain experimental markers (fluorescence in situ hybridization test or urinary cytokines) may improve predictive ability. Genetic testing methods may also yield additional predictive markers in the future, but this needs more validation.
Identification of loci affecting sexually dimorphic patterns for height and recurrent laryngeal neuropathy risk in American Belgian Draft Horses.

Equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) is a bilateral mononeuropathy with an unknown etiology. In Thoroughbreds (TB), we previously demonstrated that the haplotype association for height (LCOR...
Recurrent pyloric stenosis and definitive operative management with repeat pyloromyotomy

Abstract Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy was completed successfully at 3 weeks of life after the full term delivery of a baby boy. A 3-week-old baby boy initially presented with a typical history and physical examination for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis that was confirmed by ultrasound. His initial recovery was uneventful and he was discharged home tolerating full feeds without emesis. However, he returned with progressively worsening projectile nonbilious emesis two months after his original operation with an upper gastrointestinal series consistent with recurrent pyloric stenosis. He was taken for a second laparoscopic pyloromyotomy and has continued to grow and thrive.
EEG Findings in Infants With Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Presenting With Clinical Seizures

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) refers to a constellation of signs occurring in newborn infants who were exposed to opioids or opiates in utero. These manifestations include poor feeding, gastrointestinal disorders, abnormal sleep patterns, and neurological signs such as jitteriness, tremors, and seizures (1, 2). Myoclonus, jitteriness, and tremors often may be interpreted as seizures and therefore treated as epileptic seizures. Objective: To determine whether seizure like activity observed in infants with NAS correlate with electroencephalogram (EEG) findings. Design/ Method: We reviewed the standard EEG or video electroencephalogram (VEEG) of infants with NAS who were admitted because of seizure-like clinical activity. The exclusion criteria were major neurological anomalies, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, metabolic disorders, or with clinical diagnosis other than NAS. Results: Forty neonates met study criteria; 28 had standard EEG recordings and 18 had VEEG. Mean gestational age was 38.5 weeks. The onset of seizure-like clinical activity was as early as day 1 and as late as day 16 of life. The clinical seizure-like activity described at the referring hospital were jerking, rhythmic movement of the extremities, or tremors. Only three (7.5%) neonates had epileptic seizures. There were increased sharp transients in frontal, central, temporal, and or occipital regions. VEEG showed disturbed non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep with frequent arousal, jittery movements, or sleep myoclonus. Conclusion: Clinical seizure-like activity correlates poorly with epileptic seizures in infants with NAS. In neonates with NAS, a VEEG would be useful to determine if the clinical seizure-like activity is of epileptic origin or not, prior to initiation of anti-seizure medications.
Latent Alcohol Use Typologies and Health Status Among a Cohort of Adults Living with HIV.

Aims To characterize latent typologies of alcohol use among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) and test their relationship with physical and mental health status. Methods Baseline data from 365 adult in-care PLWH enrolled in the New Orleans Alcohol Use in HIV study were analyzed. Indicators of current and former heavy drinking, intoxication, withdrawal and dependence symptoms, alcohol-related problems and past contact with alcohol use treatment were drawn from validated scales. Physical and mental health measures included SF-36 subscales, medication non-adherence and anxiety, depressive and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Latent class analysis was conducted to characterize alcohol drinking typologies. Logistic and ordinary least-squares regression were employed to test associations between alcohol use and health status. Results Four latent classes were identified: heavy drinkers (36%), former heavy drinkers (14%), heavy drinkers with problems (12%) and low-risk drinkers/abstainers (38%). Controlling for background characteristics, low-risk drinkers/abstainers showed significantly better health compared to heavy drinkers with problems across most domains. Although current and former heavy drinkers without alcohol-related problems were similar to heavy drinkers with problems in most health domains, they presented worse mental health and energy compared to low-risk drinkers/abstainers. Conclusions Heavy drinkers with alcohol-related problems evidenced the worst health status among PLWH, and should be considered for mental and physical health interventions. However, interventions to improve physical and mental health of PLWH should consider history of heavy alcohol use, as current alcohol use status alone may be insufficient for identifying groups at increased risk.
Collaborative Care in Ambulatory Psychiatry: Content Analysis of Consultations to a Psychiatric Pharmacist.

Objectives To determine the volume and nature (or topic) of consultations submitted to a psychiatric pharmacist embedded in an ambulatory psychiatry clinic, within a tertiary care academic medical center and to increase our understanding about the ways in which providers consult with an available psychiatric pharmacist. Experimental design Authors analyze and describe the ambulatory psychiatric pharmacist consultation log at an academic ambulatory clinic. All consultation questions were submitted between July 2012 and October 2014. Principal observations Psychiatry residents, attending physicians, and advanced practice nurse practitioners submitted 280 primary questions. The most common consultation questions from providers consulted were related to drug-drug interactions (n =70), drug formulations/dosing (n =48), adverse effects (n =43), and pharmacokinetics/lab monitoring/cross-tapering (n =36). Conclusions This is a preliminary analysis that provides information about how psychiatry residents, attending physicians, and advanced practice nurse practitioners at our health system utilize a psychiatric pharmacist. This collaborative relationship may have implications for the future of psychiatric care delivery.
Reproductive management of sheep and goats

Abstract Proper reproductive management is a critical factor for the sustainability of the sheep and goat industry worldwide. Does and ewes can produce two or more offspring annually, yet routinely fall short of this benchmark. Refined management, strategic genetic selection, and consistent supply (Constant supply of what?) are priorities for sustainable small ruminant production globally. Sheep and goats are capable of survival in a wide variety of climates and environments and enhance agriculture production in both developed and underdeveloped regions of the world. Producer application of best management practices often limits sheep and goat production efficiency and proper reproductive management being paramount among these factors. This chapter outlines the tools and strategies to improve reproductive management across varied production settings.
Effect of watershed disturbance on seasonal hydrological drought: An improved double mass curve (IDMC) technique

Abstract The goal of the current study is to examine the relative role of watershed disturbance on the seasonal hydrological drought. We propose a new methodology that combines the two-parameter Budyko equation and improved double mass curve (IDMC) technique to remove the effect of climate change from the total change in the seasonal hydrological drought. In particular, we analyze the relative role of watershed disturbance and forest change in the changes of seasonal hydrological drought using Yaak River watershed in Montana, U.S. as an example. The hydrological drought is defined based on the threshold level approach. In addition, the sensitivity of hydrological drought to the changes of forest condition is performed based on the basin average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The proposed method can be applied to quantify the effect of watershed disturbance on the seasonal drought. Seasonal flow shows the different nature of response to the watershed disturbance. Spring flow decrease is primarily due to the watershed disturbance. On the other hand, watershed disturbance offsets climate change effect on summer flows. The changes in hydrological drought due to watershed disturbance decrease (increase) with the threshold during spring (summer). The contribution of forest disturbance to the change in drought due to watershed disturbance during the summer is as large as 75%. The study has a promising potential in hydrological studies because watershed characteristics play a crucial role in terrestrial water storage, evapotranspiration, and discharge.
HIDING IN PLAIN SIGHT: MULTIMODALITY IMAGING FOR THE DETECTION OF SPONTANEOUS CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is now increasingly recognized as a cause of acute myocardial infarction (MI), particularly in younger women with few atherosclerotic risk factors. Imaging is vital to confirm this diagnosis. A 50-year-old woman with a history of a remote inferior MI
Evaluating the extent of lumbar erector spinae plane block: an anatomical study.

Background and objectives The erector spinae plane (ESP) block is a relatively new interfascial block technique. Previous cadaveric studies have shown extensive cephalocaudal spread with a single ESP injection at the thoracic level. However, little data exist for lumbar ESP block. The objective of this study was to examine the anatomical spread of dye following an ultrasound-guided lumbar ESP block in a human cadaveric model. Methods An ultrasound-guided ESP block was performed in unembalmed human cadavers using an in-plane approach with a curvilinear transducer oriented longitudinally. 20 mL of 0.166% methylene blue was injected into the plane between the distal end of the L4 transverse process and erector spinae muscle bilaterally in four specimens and unilaterally in one specimen (nine ESP blocks in total). The superficial and deep back muscles were dissected, and the extent of dye spread was documented in both cephalocaudal and medial–lateral directions. Results There was cephalocaudal spread from L3 to L5 in all specimens with extension to L2 in four specimens. Medial–lateral spread was documented from the multifidus muscle to the lateral edge of the thoracolumbar fascia. There was extensive dye in and around the erector spinae musculature and spread to the dorsal rami in all specimens. There was no dye spread anteriorly into the dorsal root ganglion, ventral rami, or paravertebral space. Conclusions A lumbar ESP injection has limited craniocaudal spread compared with injection in the thoracic region. It has consistent spread to dorsal rami, but no anterior spread to ventral rami or paravertebral space.
ML-EPIC: Collection and Translation of Multilingual Social Media Data

Data-intensive systems are powerful platforms for collecting and exploring big data. Project EPIC (Empowering the Public with Information in Crisis) has been designing and developing data-intensive systems in support of crisis informatics research since Fall 2009. However, Project EPIC (https://epic.cs.colorado.edu/) has always focused on collecting and analyzing tweets written in English, which raises an interesting question: how do we collect and get insight into tweets from multiple languages during crisis events? We report on our efforts to design and develop a multilingual cloud-based analytical platform---ML-EPIC---which enhances Project EPIC's ability to perform crisis informatics research on global events. More generally, our research provides insight into tackling the challenges of big data in a multilingual context.
Metastasis-Initiating Cells and Ecosystems

Metastasis is initiated and sustained through therapy by cancer cells with stem-like and immune-evasive properties, termed metastasis-initiating cells (MIC). Recent progress suggests that MICs result from the adoption of a normal regenerative progenitor phenotype by malignant cells, a phenotype with intrinsic programs to survive the stresses of the metastatic process, undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, enter slow-cycling states for dormancy, evade immune surveillance, establish supportive interactions with organ-specific niches, and co-opt systemic factors for growth and recurrence after therapy. Mechanistic understanding of the molecular mediators of MIC phenotypes and host tissue ecosystems could yield cancer therapeutics to improve patient outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the origins, traits, and vulnerabilities of progenitor cancer cells with the capacity to initiate metastasis in distant organs, and the host microenvironments that support the ability of these cells to evade immune surveillance and regenerate the tumor, is critical for developing strategies to improve the prevention and treatment of advanced cancer. Leveraging recent progress in our understanding of the metastatic process, here we review the nature of MICs and their ecosystems and offer a perspective on how this knowledge is informing innovative treatments of metastatic cancers.
Commuter types identified using clustering and their associations with source-specific PM2.5

Abstract Traffic-related fine particulate matter air pollution (tr-PM2.5) has been associated with adverse health outcomes such as cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality, with in-vehicle tr-PM2.5 exposure contributing to total personal pollution exposure. Trip characteristics, including time of day, day of the week, and traffic congestion, are associated with in-vehicle PM2.5 exposures. We hypothesized that some commuter characteristics, such as whether commuters travel primarily during rush hour, would also be associated with increased tr-PM2.5 exposures. The commute data consisted of unscripted personal vehicle trips of 46 commuters in the Washington, D.C. metro area over 48-h, with a total of 320 trips. We identified commuter types using sparse K-means clustering, which identifies the hours throughout the day important for clustering commuters. Source-specific PM2.5 over 48 h was estimated using Positive Matrix Factorization. Linear regression was used to estimate differences in source-specific PM2.5 by commuter cluster. Two commuter clusters were identified using the clustering approach: rush hour commuters, who primarily travelled during rush hour, and sporadic commuters, who travelled throughout the day. The hours given the largest weights by sparse K-means were 7–8 a.m. and 6–7 p.m., corresponding to peak travel times. Integrated black carbon (BC) was higher for rush hour commuters (median = 3.1 μg/m3 (IQR = 1.5)) compared to sporadic commuters (2.0 μg/m3 (IQR = 1.9)). Mobile PM2.5, consisting primarily of tailpipe emissions and brake/tire wear, was also higher for rush hour commuters (2.9 μg/m3 (IQR = 1.6)) compared to sporadic commuters (2.1 μg/m3 (IQR = 2.4)), though this difference was not statistically significant in regression models. Estimated differences between commuter types for secondary/mixed PM2.5 and road salt PM2.5 were smaller. Further research may elucidate whether commuter characteristics are an efficient way to identify individuals with highest tr-PM2.5 exposures associated with commuting and to develop effective mitigation strategies.
Treatment of Acute Severe Asthma Exacerbation with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Inhaled Volatile Anesthetic.

Severe asthma affects approximately 1-2% of all asthmatic patients. Acute exacerbations are associated with high mortality in this population. There are many treatment options for asthma exacerbati...
Cell killing by viruses. I. Comparison of cell-killing, plaque-forming, and defective-interfering particles of vesicular stomatitis virus.

Abstract Single-cell survival curves generated by infecting the Vero line of green monkey kidney cells, or mouse L cells with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) manifest oneparticle-to-kill kinetics at low multiplicities, permitting accurate determination of the cell-killing particle activity of a virus preparation. Cells adsorbing lethal amounts of VSV attach and spread normally on to growth surfaces. Cell killing assays demonstrate that VSV stocks may contain 5 times more cell-killing particles than plaqueforming particles. Noninfectious particles that kill cells are considered defective cell killing particles. Purification of standard B particles by successive velocity sedimentations in sucrose gradients produced relatively little loss of plaque forming or cell killing titer. Defective particles processed similarly showed a progressive decrease in plaque-forming and cell-killing activity, while maintaining close to the original titers of defective-interfering particles. Experiments with thrice gradient purified cell-killing particles and defective-interfering particles demonstrate that defective-interfering particles do not kill cells, nor do they interfere with the action of cell-killing particles, although they delay slightly the expression of cytopathicity. Cell killing by crude preparations of defective-interfering particles is attributable to contaminating cell-killing particles. The existence of a significant fraction of cellkilling particles that is noninfectious, and the lack of cell killing by purified, but active, defective-interfering particles, presumably containing all virion proteins, provide evidence that cell killing by VSV is not dependent upon complete viral replication, and that the virion per se is not inherently toxic. Proper virion-associated transcription is proposed as a requisite initial event in the molecular reactions leading to cell death.
Wiring patterns in the mouse retina: collecting evidence across the connectome, physiology and light microscopy

The visual system has often been thought of as a parallel processor because distinct regions of the brain process different features of visual information. However, increasing evidence for convergence and divergence of circuit connections, even at the level of the retina where visual information is first processed, chips away at a model of dedicated and distinct pathways for parallel information flow. Instead, our current understanding is that parallel channels may emerge, not from exclusive microcircuits for each channel, but from unique combinations of microcircuits. This review depicts diagrammatically the current knowledge and remaining puzzles about the retinal circuit with a focus on the mouse retina. Advances in techniques for labelling cells and genetic manipulations have popularized the use of transgenic mice. We summarize evidence gained from serial electron microscopy, electrophysiology and light microscopy to illustrate the wiring patterns in mouse retina. We emphasize the need to explore proposed retinal connectivity using multiple methods to verify circuits both structurally and functionally.
Fetal EEG sleep stages and physiologic variability

Abstract Acute and chronic observations of the fetal electroencephalogram (EEG) in a fetal sheep preparation revealed two distinct patterns of sleep activity consisting of high-voltage slow activity (HVSA) and low-voltage fast activity (LVFA). A decrease in fetal heart rate, cerebral perfusion pressure, and cerebral blood flow was observed consistently during LVFA when compared to HVSA. There was no significant difference in cerebral metabolism during the sleep stages.
Leveraging mobile technology to reduce barriers to maternal, newborn and child health care: a contribution to the evidence base

Significant progress has been achieved worldwide in recent decades to improve the health of women and reduce the number of children who die before their fifth birthday (UN 2010). The efforts of governments in low and middle income countries (LMICs) and their development and funding partners have coalesced around the twin Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5 and steadily contributed to breaking the vicious cycle of poverty and poor maternal newborn and child health (MNCH) even in some of the poorest countries in the world (WHO & UNICEF 2012). In 2013 the world’s maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was estimated at 210 deaths per 100000 live births down from 380 in 1990. Despite this progress more than 275000 women worldwide die annually from preventable complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. Most of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa (62%) and Southern Asia (24%) (UN 2014). Another major development related to maternal health has been the gradual increase in the use of contraception in LMICs largely as a result of improved access to safe affordable and effective methods. In sub-Saharan Africa the contraceptive prevalence rate among married women doubled between 1990 and 2012 from 13% to 26% yet unmet need for family planning remains high standing currently at around 25% (WHO and UNICEF 2012). On the newborn and child health front the achievements have been remarkable and the prospects brighter since the mid-2000s. Globally the under-five mortality rate almost halved between 1990 and 2012 from 90 to 48 deaths per thousand live births and correspondingly the number of under-five deaths dropped by nearly 6 million (UNICEF 2013). With the exception of sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania all regions recorded a steep drop in their under-five mortality rates (UN 2014). The overall sluggish decline in sub-Saharan Africa notwithstanding a number of countries in the region like Malawi (the main focus of this Supplement) have already met or are on track to meeting the target for MDG 4 (UNICEF 2013). While the pace of progress is remarkable around 6.6 million children continue to die each year before their fifth birthday of causes that can be addressed with known interventions (UN 2014). (excerpt)
THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS IN MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION

The goal for research in mathematics education should be to produce new knowledge about the teaching and learning of mathematics. Because students learn most of their mathematics in school classrooms, I believe the primary mission of a program of research should be to identify the major components of classrooms that promote mathematical understanding and to clarify some of the organizational features that contribute to or hinder the operation of such classrooms.
Attacks without Consequence? Candidates, Parties, Groups, and the Changing Face of Negative Advertising

Prior work finds that voters punish candidates for sponsoring attack ads. What remains unknown is the extent to which a negative ad is more effective if it is sponsored by a party or an independent group instead. We conducted three experiments in which we randomly assigned participants to view a negative ad that was identical except for its sponsor. We find that candidates can benefit from having a party or group �do their dirty work,� but particularly if a group does, and that the most likely explanation for why this is the case is that many voters simply do not connect candidates to the ads sponsored by parties and groups. We also find that in some circumstances, a group-sponsored attack ad produces less polarization than one sponsored by a party. We conclude by discussing the implications our research has for current debates about the proper role of independent groups in electoral politics.
Nature of magnetism in copper-doped oxides: ZrO2, TiO2, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, and ZnO

The nature of magnetism in 10% Cu-doped ZrO2, TiO2, MgO, SiO2, and Al2O3 is investigated using superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry and electron magnetic resonance (EMR). The doping was done by the incipient wetness impregnation technique. X-ray diffraction studies showed the presence of some CuO notably in TiO2, SiO2, and Al2O3. However, EMR yielded typical Cu2+ spectra in all the samples, resulting from some doping. Magnetic field (H) and temperature (T) dependences of the magnetization (M) show only paramagnetism in these oxides in contrast to ferromagnetism with Tc=380K observed in Cu∕ZnO. Concentrations x of Cu2+ doped into the oxides are determined from the M vs T and M vs H data, showing Cu∕ZrO2 with the largest x and hence largest magnetization.
Conserved polynucleotide sequences among the genomes of papillomaviruses.

The DNAs of different members of the Papillomavirus genus of papovaviruses were analyzed for nucleotide sequence homology. Under standard hybridization conditions (Tm - 28 degrees C), no homology was detectable among the genomes of human papillomavirus type 1 (HPV-1), bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2), or cottontail rabbit (Shope) papillomavirus (CRPV). However, under less stringent conditions (i.e., Tm - 43 degrees C), stable hybrids were formed between radiolabeled DNAs of CRPV, BPV-1, or BPV-2 and the HindIII-HpaI A, B, and C fragments of HPV-1. Under these same conditions, radiolabeled CRPV and HPV-1 DNAs formed stable hybrids with HincII B and C fragments of BPV-2 DNA. These results indicate that there are regions of homology with as much as 70% base match among all these papillomavirus genomes. Furthermore, unlabeled HPV-1 DNA competitively inhibited the specific hybridization of radiolabeled CRPV DNA to bpv-2 DNA fragments, indicating that the homologous DNA segments are common among these remotely related papillomavirus genomes. These conserved sequences are specific for the Papillomavirus genus of papovaviruses as evidenced by the lack of hybridization between HPV-1 DNA and either simian virus 40 or human papovavirus BK DNA under identical conditions. These results indicate a close evolutionary relationship among the papillomaviruses and further establish the papillomaviruses and polyoma viruses as distinct genera.
Mental Health Care in Juvenile Detention Facilities: A Review

Juvenile detention facilities have come under increasing legal pressure to provide mental health services to detainees, and mental health clinicians may be asked to design and implement programs in detention facilities. However, there is little consensus on what types of services should be provided, and virtually no data on the effectiveness of such services in a detention setting. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the existing literature on mental health services in juvenile detention and to make suggestions about future research needs. Specifically, it highlights the tension surrounding the provision of mental health care in juvenile detention, presents data on the prevalence of psychiatric problems in detention settings and what types of services are currently provided, and draws on the larger child and adolescent mental health literature to suggest what types of services might be most appropriate for juvenile detention settings. We conclude that, although there are some suggestions of promising interventions that may be appropriate, much more research, specifically in detention settings, is needed to determine their effectiveness.
Fuzzy linear and affine spaces

Abstract Elementary properties of fuzzy linear and affine spaces are studied. The concept of a basis for a fuzzy linear space is defined, and an algorithm for computing a basis when the underlying space is finite dimensional is given.
A Comparison of Guernsey Sires

Summary 1.Rather than to attempt a factorial analysis of the milk secreting function of the dairy cow, it is proposed that the characteristics of the lactation curve be studied in order to group together all factors which may affect certain parts and to study these characteristics from a genetic standpoint. 2.The two most important characteristics of the lactation curve of milk secretion are believed to be the height of production of milk and fat during the maximum month or other convenient unit of time, and the persistency of secretion or the rate of decline of production. 3.A study was made of Guernsey Advanced Registry records to determine the relative effect of the sire and dam on the daughters maximum fat production. 4.The results were expressed by the two following equations: \( 1 \) Daughter's maximum fat production = 0.20 × dam's maximum fatproduction + sire's potential transmittingability \( 2 \) Sire's potential transmitting ability = daughter's maximumfat production -0.20 × dam's maximum fatproduction 5.The cytological studies indicate that the sire and dam contribute the same number of chromosomes to the female. The male is the result of the usual number of chromosomes from the dam and one less from the sire. This is taken to indicate that the above results can not be explained by sex-linked inheritance. 6.The results are believed to be explained by assuming that the majority of the genes concerned in the inheritance of large fat secretion are dominant over small secretion. Such being the case, the only true test of an animal's transmitting ability is a test of the progeny as compared to a performance record.
Support for investigator-initiated clinical research involving investigational drugs or devices: the Clinical and Translational Science Award experience.

Purpose Investigator-initiated research involving investigational drugs and devices is key to improving health. However, this requires the investigator to serve as a "sponsor-investigator," which can be complex and overwhelming. The Investigational New Drug/Investigational Device Exemption (IND/IDE) Taskforce of the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) consortium carried out a survey to examine how academic health centers (AHCs) assist sponsor-investigators with regulatory responsibilities. Method The 24 CTSA centers existing in 2008 were surveyed regarding regulatory oversight and support for sponsor-investigators. Responses were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The evaluation of survey responses yielded three models of institutional support/oversight. Results Nineteen centers and one affiliate responded. Eleven (55%) reported having an IND/IDE support office, increased from five (25%) prior to their CTSA award. The volume of investigator-initiated IND/IDE research was highly variable (measured by numbers of investigators, IND/IDE applications, and studies). Oversight, if done, was provided by either the IND/IDE office or elsewhere in the institution. Most IND/IDE offices assisted with IND/IDE submissions and preparation for external audits. Half reported advanced training for sponsor-investigators. Almost all reported a goal to increase IND/IDE research. Important issues include the need for robust training of investigator/staff, appropriate determination of IND-exempt research, and sufficient support for preparing IND/IDE applications. Conclusions Investigator-initiated research involving IND/IDEs is essential, but complex. AHCs should examine how they support sponsor-investigators in meeting the complex requirements. A model of either expert consultation/support or full service will minimize risks to participants and institutions, and regulatory noncompliance.
A COMPLETION ITEM TEACHING MACHINE FOR ROUTINE CLASSROOM USE

The current interest in teaching machines shows that psychology is recognizing its responsibility for applying learning theory to the practical problems of education. Every classroom teacher should by now have some awareness of the meaning of "reinforcement" and "feedback." A number of ingenious but rather costly machines are becoming available for laboratory or special remedial purposes, but too little attention has been given to simple equipment and procedures suitable for regular classroom use. The punchboard makes possible inexpensive self-teaching use of the multiple choice item, and the model answer method has been shown to serve equally well for the essay test (Willey, 1958). Tests of these types can thus be scored easily item by item with consequent immediate knowledge of success or error. The writer has recently developed a device for similar scoring of completion items which he calls a teaching machine only for the reason that this has become the accepted general term for all such mechanical aids to self-instruction. (A new comprehensive term is needed.) The materials for this device are ( 1) a legal size manila mailing envelope, (2) a panel of 1/8" masonite slightly smaller than the envelope with one end rounded, so a sheet of paper will move around it, (3) a short length of flexible cord about l/s" in diameter, and (4) a strip of acetate about 9 X 1% in. A mimeographed question and answer sheet is prepared in the following form:
Large-Scale Meteorology and Deep Convection during TRMM KWAJEX*

Abstract An overview of the large-scale behavior of the atmosphere during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) is presented. Sounding and ground radar data collected during KWAJEX, and several routinely available datasets including the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS), NOAA outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), and ECMWF operational analyses are used. One focus is on the dynamical characterization of synoptic-scale systems in the western/central tropical Pacific during KWAJEX, particularly those that produced the largest rainfall at Kwajalein. Another is the local relationships observed on daily time scales among various thermodynamic variables and areal average rain rate. These relationships provide evidence regarding the degree and kind of local thermodynamic control of convection. Although convection in the Marshall Islands and surrounding regions often appears chaotic when viewed in satellite imagery, the lar...