cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of misoprostol on gastric acid and mucus secretion in man.

Misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog, at doses of 200, 400, or 800 μg, and placebo were administered orally in random fashion to eight healthy male volunteers. The effects on basal and pentagastrin (0.6 μg/kg/hr)-stimulated acid and mucus (N-acetylneuraminic acid measurement) secretion were then determined. Misoprostol in 200-, 400-, and 800-μg doses reduced basal acid secretion by 91%, 93%, and 93%, respectively. Mean 2-hr acid secretion was reduced by 27%, 33% (P<0.01), and 51% (P<0.01), respectively. Reductions in secretory volumes paralleled acid changes. Mucus secretion increased by 37%, 82%, and 95% during the basal period following misoprostol doses of 200, 400, and 800 μg, respectively. Increase in mucus of 27%, 31%, and 38% was observed during maximal acid inhibition (1–30 min) by misoprostol in 200-, 400-, and 800-μg doses. The concentration of gastric juice mucus was significantly increased. Subjects experienced no significant side effects during the study, and there were no significant changes in hematological or chemical blood studies. Misoprostol, a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, also stimulates mucus secretion. This mucogenic effect may be important in the mucosal protective action of misoprostol and its antiulcer efficacy in man.
Historical trophic position of Limnocalanus macrurus in Lake Michigan

In Lake Michigan, oligotrophication and invasive species proliferation have led to dramatic changes in the planktonic food web. Limnocalanus macrurus is a native, glacial relict predatory copepod whose trophic role within the zooplankton community may help us better understand the dynamics behind those changes. We applied nitrogen isotope spectrometry to zooplankton from Lake Michigan to quantify the yearly and seasonal position of Limnocalanus and other taxa in the historical Lake Michigan planktonic food web. We found that Limnocalanus was positioned about one-half trophic level above Bythotrephes and about two levels above Daphnia during the summer in 1989, 1993, 1995 and 1997. It was unlikely that adult Limnocalanus encountered Bythotrephes during summer months because of vertical segregation during thermal stratification. Instead, Limnocalanus probably had greater access to copepod prey such as Diaptomus and Epischura. Limnocalanus became isotopically lighter seasonally in relation to Daphnia and either shifted its diet to one consisting of more phytoplankton, or its prey (e.g., Diaptomus) shifted to a more phytoplankton food base, thus indirectly resulting in decreased trophic status of Limnocalanus. This study serves as a historical, foundational basis for zooplankton food web relations in Lake Michigan that complements similar investigation in Lake Huron. Comparing the historical to the recent zooplankton food web may now elucidate how invasive species such as Bythotrephes and quagga mussels have altered zooplankton communities and bioenergetic relationships within the Great Lakes.
Ototoxicity of common topical antimycotic preparations.

Objective To determine the ototoxic effects of five commonly used topical antimycotic agents—clotrimazole, miconazole, nystatin, tolnaftate, and gentian violet—in the guinea pig. Design A controlled animal study in which the ototoxicity of commonly used topical antifungal agents was investigated by measurement of hair cell loss. Methods Several readily available topical antimycotic preparations were instilled into the middle ears of female Hartley guinea pigs over a 1-week period. Two weeks after the last instillation, the animals were euthanized. An active control group was treated with neomycin to confirm the adequacy of the treatment in delivering a known ototoxin; an untreated control group defined the normal distribution of hair cells. The temporal bones were removed, and the cochleas were fixed and dissected. The basilar membranes were examined under the scanning electron microscope. A map of hair cell survival was made for each row in segments of each turn. Results The untreated control animals had no discernible hair cell loss in the two lower turns. In the apical turn and sometimes the third turn, loss of hair cells was a common finding; this is a known effect of aging in this species. The animals treated with neomycin had damage consistently in the basal turn, sometimes extending into the second turn, as well as the expected hair cell loss in the apical turn. Clotrimazole, miconazole, or tolnaftate did not cause any hair cell loss in the first two turns. Hair cell loss in the third and fourth turns was similar to that of the untreated control group. Likewise, nystatin exhibited no evidence of ototoxicity. Of note, however, the preparation used in this study left a persistent residue in the round window niche. Of the first four animals treated with gentian violet, three developed pronounced behavioral signs of vestibular damage, and three demonstrated extensive middle ear inflammation and extensive new bone growth. Hair cell counts were not attempted because the extreme bone growth interfered with successful perfusion and dissection. Conclusions Extrapolating from guinea pigs to humans requires caution. However, it is likely that guinea pigs are, if anything, more susceptible to topical ototoxins than are humans. The specific antimycotics clotrimazole, miconazole, and tolnaftate appear to be safe. Gentian violet has the potential for severe damage. The persistent residue left by the nystatin preparation is cause for concern and is a reminder that both the active ingredient and vehicle must be considered in evaluation of safety.
Fine structural changes in livers of dogs in anaphylaxis.

Abstract Reaginic serum was used in the passive transfer of ragweed pollen sensitivity to normal dogs. Anaphylaxis was induced by intravenous injection of a challenge antigen consisting of an aqueous extract of ragweed pollen, and pathologic changes in liver were studied in serial biopsies taken at intervals ranging from 15 seconds to 20 minutes. The results showed destruction of endothelial cells and hepatocytes as early as 15 seconds; later changes consisted of vacuolation of hepatocytes, continued cellular disruption, and filling of sinusoids by cell debris. These changes persisted throughout the period of observation.
Psychiatric disability and clinical decision making: The impact of judgment error and bias

The psychiatric disability adjudicator is presented, with multiple types of evidence regarding claimants, and, utilizing primarily clinical judgment, must weigh and integrate this information before rendering a disability decision. The need to process large amounts of evidence in this fashion can result in the use of cognitive simplification strategies in the form of heuristics or specific types of decisional bias which can produce judgment error. The purpose of this review is to increase awareness regarding the role that bias can play in determining an individual's psychiatric disability status, using a large federal disability program for context purposes. Recommendations are also made regarding steps that can be taken to anticipate and reduce decision-making bias.
Effect of selective 5HT3 antagonist (GR 38032F) on small intestinal transit and release of gastrointestinal peptides

Antagonists of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5HT3) receptors reduce the nausea induced by cisplatinum, but the effects of these agents on 5HT3 receptors in the human gut remain to be defined. We examined the actions of one of these drugs (Glaxo GR 38032F) on small intestinal transit and mouth-to-cecum transit times in healthy man. We also quantified its effects on the release of peptide YY (PYY), neurotensin, human pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin-cholecystokinin, and motilin. Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Following a single intravenous dose of GR 38032F (0.15 mg/kg), we measured the time to appearance in plasma of sulfapyridine after injection of salicylazosulfapyridine into the duodenum. This was used as a measure of duodenocecal transit. The appearance of hydrogen in breath after ingestion of a meal containing lactulose was also correspondingly used to quantify the mouth-to-cecum transit of the "head" of the meal. Gastrointestinal hormones were assayed in plasma by specific RIAs; samples were drawn fasting (10 min after injection) and after breakfast (358 calories: 15.7 g protein, 55.4 g carbohydrate, 8.1 g fat). The postprandial integrated response and peak release of PYY was decreased by GR 38032F. There was also a trend for the peak release of neurotensin to be reduced. GR 38032F did not significantly alter small intestinal transit times or mouth-to-cecum transit times. We conclude that GR 38032F does not have a major effect on small intestinal transit in health.
Intraoperative Computed Tomography for Complex Craniocervical Operations and Spinal Tumor Resections

Objective To improve intraoperative observation of unexposed anatomic features and to verify surgical correction, a mobile computed tomographic (CT) scanner has been introduced into the operating room. To date, intraoperative CT scanning has been used predominantly for intracranial procedures. We report on the expanded use of intraoperative CT scanning for spinal surgery, because CT scanning provides excellent observation of osseous pathological features. We report on our first 17 cases, which involved complex craniocervical operations and spinal tumor resections. Methods The Tomoscan M CT scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) is mobile and consists of a translatable gantry, a translatable table, and an operator's workstation. In the operating room, the patient is placed on the CT table and prepared in the usual manner. The aperture of the gantry is covered with sterile plastic drapes. The gantry is docked to the table for intraoperative CT scanning as needed for navigation and verification during surgery. Each series of scans requires approximately 15 to 20 minutes. Results Our initial experience with neurosurgical spinal cases demonstrated that the use of intraoperative CT scanning changed the course of surgery in 6 of 17 cases. CT scanning was beneficial in facilitating adequate ventral clival and craniocervical decompressions, promoting more complete tumor resections, and verifying correct graft and instrument placement before surgical closing. Other settings in which we have found the mobile CT scanner useful include the neurointerventional suite and the intensive care unit; it is also useful for radiotherapy planning. Conclusion On the basis of findings for our first 17 spinal surgery cases, we conclude that intraoperative CT scanning of the spine is both feasible and beneficial for select complex spinal procedures from the craniocervical junction to the sacrum.
Temporal activity of plasminogen activators and matrix metalloproteinases during cutaneous wound repair

Background: Response to tissue injury begins with the deposition of a fibrin-rich clot or the provisional matrix. The provisional matrix consists of plasma-borne matrix molecules that serve as scaffolding for the ensuing migration of cells. During wound repair multiple cell types must migrate through the clot-matrix scaffolding. The migration of these cells through the matrix is dependent on the activity of the fibrinolytic and proteolytic systems, which include the plasminogen activator (PA) system and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). The aim of this study was to better understand the temporal activity of these enzymes during normal wound repair. Methods: We used the murine excisional wound model and extracted proteins under nonreducing conditions. With use of gelatin and casein zymography, we determined the activity of the MMPs during the course of wound repair. In addition, we quantified the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by a standardized assay. Plasminogen zymograms were used to detect urokinase PA and tissue PA activity. Western blots were used to detect the natural inhibitor of PAs, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. Results: Our results demonstrate the temporal activity of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-9 during the course of normal dermal repair. The activity of urokinase PA and tissue PA were also determined; it preceded the activity of the MMPs. Conclusions: We demonstrate the temporal activity of the 2 protease families, MMPs and PAs, in the normal process of cutaneous wound healing. (Surgery 1999;125:587-93.)
Asymmetric states in porous catalyst slabs with symmetric, nonuniform catalytic activity

Abstract Whenever multiple symmetric steady states exist for a single reaction in a porous catalyst slab with uniform catalytic activity, asymmetric state can be constructed in a slab with symmetric, nonuniform catalytic activity. This construction yields asymmetric states even in the relatively simple case of an isothermal catalyst with equilibrium boundary conditions at the external surfaces.
Display behaviour of male Anolis opalinus (Sauria, iguanidae): A case of weak display stereotypy

Abstract Anolis opalinus lacks even one discrete display pattern. Syntopic with as many as four congeners, A. opalinus contradicts the hypothesis that increased stereotypy of species-recognition displays is favoured among sympatric congeners. Head bobs (4 to 11) and dewlap pulses (0 to 8) varied per display. However, a re-occurring ‘theme’ was isolated which explained the variable bob cadences of most displays (75%). This theme was: (1) an initial double head bob series, (2) a middle bob series of successively quickening cadence, and (3) a final bob series of successively slowing cadence. Sixteen display-related parameters were examined for intra-display correlations; all but a few correlations were non-significant. The unusual opalinus display behaviour may have resulted from relaxed selection for stereotyped displays, with other features being used for mate selection and species recognition.
Gerry comes to Stony Brook

In the early sixties the Stony Brook Physics Department decided to initiate a program in nuclear structure physics even though there were no nuclear structure physicists in the department. It is hard to find the motivation for this but I believe it was an effort to do something “big” which could be achieved with the money coming into the State University system. An electrostatic accelerator could be purchased and people could be found to use it.
Real‐Time Manipulation with Magnetically Tunable Structures

Magnetically tunable micropillar arrays with uniform, continuous and extreme tilt angles for real-time manipulation are reported. We experimentally show uniform tilt angles ranging from 0° to 57°, and develop a model to accurately capture the behavior. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the flexible uniform responsive microstructures (μFUR) can dynamically manipulate liquid spreading directionality, control fluid drag, and tune optical transmittance over a large range.
The Native American Detective

While the Native American detective is a recent phenomenon in popularity, portrayals of Native Americans that have been present in the earliest examples of American literature and in well-known American mystery stories have usually been stereotypical. Listings of authors who have penned mysteries with Native American detectives are available to acquisitions librarians in print and Web resources.
Neurochemical changes associated with the persistence of spontaneous oral dyskinesia in rats following chronic reserpine treatment

Rats treated chronically with reserpine develop spontaneous oral dyskinesia. The present study examined the development of the oral dyskinesia during the course of reserpine treatment, and its persistence after termination of treatment. Rats were injected with either reserpine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle once daily for 4 days and then every other day for 6 weeks. Oral dyskinesia developed rapidly, reaching a maximal level after 3 days. It persisted at a maximal level for up to 20 days after termination of reserpine treatment, and continued to persist above control level for at least 60 days. The reserpine-treated rats also exhibited stereotypy in response to acute injection of the D1-selective agonist SKF-38393 (10 mg/kg), which was not observed in control rats. In contrast to the oral dyskinesia, this altered sensitivity to SKF-38393 returned to normal within 20 days after terminating the reserpine treatment, suggesting that these two behavioral responses involve different neural mechanisms. Quantitative autoradiographic measurement of dopamine receptor subtypes revealed that both D1 and D2 receptors were increased in the caudate-putamen (Cpu) and nucleus accumbens. Only the increase in D2 receptor density in the CPu correlated with the persistence of the oral dyskinesia; both changes persisted following termination of the reserpine treatment, and their magnitude was less at 60 days than at 1 and 20 days post-treatment. These results may have important implications for tardive dyskinesia.
A novel method for estimating vertical eddy diffusivities using diurnal signals with application to western Long Island Sound

Abstract We present an approach that allows the estimation of vertical eddy diffusivity coefficients from buoy measurements made at two or more depths. By measuring the attenuation and phase lag of a scalar signal generated periodically at the surface as it propagates downwards, the vertical eddy diffusivity coefficients can be calculated as K v = ωΔz 2 /2ln 2 (α 2 /α 1 ), where α 2 /α 1 is the ratio of the real amplitudes at frequency ω at the two depths separated by Δ z = z 2 − z 1 ; as K V = ω Δ z 2 / 2φ 2 , where φ is the phase lag at the frequency ω ; or as K v = iω Δ z 2 /ln 2 ( U 2 / U 1 ), where U 2 / U 1 is the ratio of the complex signal amplitudes at the two depths. The method requires that horizontal fluxes be small at the ω frequency and that the signal-to-noise ratios at the two depths allow the determination of the amplitude and phase of ω. Application of this method to summertime 2004 western Long Island Sound oxygen and temperature buoy measurements at two depths provides a time-series of two-day average vertical eddy diffusivity estimates. Using these eddy diffusivities in conjunction with measured vertical concentration gradients, we obtain a time-series of vertical transport rates for oxygen and heat and estimate mean downward fluxes for June and July as 150–260 mMol m − 2 day − 1 and 100–400 W m − 2 respectively. These estimates are of a similar magnitude to sub-pycnocline O 2 and heat demands of 240 ± 200 mMol m − 2 day − 1 and 180 ± 60 W m − 2 that we infer from simple budgets, implying that vertical transport is significant to both budgets. The eddy coefficients obtained from the independent O 2 and temperature measurements have a 68% correlation, and the O 2 flux estimates show a correlation of 41% to measured rates of change in bottom dissolved oxygen levels. Our results indicate that extended time-series of eddy diffusivity coefficients can be obtained from in situ buoy measurements and the method shows promise as a way to constrain the vertical transport variability in budgets of dissolved materials in estuaries.
Effect of castration and steroid sex hormones on rat kidney transamidinase

Abstract The rat kidney enzyme activity of transamidinase has been found to be lower in the female compared with the male. Castration of the female increases the kidney enzyme activity, but the enzyme values remain unchanged after castration in the male. Enzyme levels were significantly lowered in intact male rats receiving daily injections of estradiol at 1 μg/day, estrone at 10μg/day, and estriol at 100μg/day. Intact female rats receiving 500 μg of testosterone per day had slightly increased levels of transamidinase. These changes in transamidinase were also observed in the castrated and hypophysectomized rats treated with steroid sex hormones. The relationship of exogenous hormones with food consumption and gain in body weight is discussed.
Pelvic arterial embolization in the setting of acute hemorrhage as a result of the anterior Prolift procedure.

Acute hemorrhage following pelvic reconstructive surgery is a complication requiring immediate evaluation and treatment. Therapeutic options include fluid resuscitation, tamponade techniques, exploratory surgical intervention, and, more recently, pelvic vessel embolization. New approaches to pelvic organ prolapse have been evolving rapidly with little reported on safety and efficacy. We present a 77-year-old female who had a life-threatening acute pelvic hemorrhage from an anterior Prolift® procedure successfully treated with pelvic artery embolization.
The Ternary System MgO‐MnO‐SiO2

A ternary phase equilibrium diagram is presented for the system Mg0-Mn0-Si02. Two peritectic points exist at 1536° and 1538°C. at liquid compositions of (a) 32 MgO, 5 MnO, 63 SiO2 and (b) 36 MgO, 5.5 MnO, 58.5 SO,. Each of these liquids is in equilibrium with a hodonite (Mn-SiO,) and a high enstatite (MgSiO,) solid solution, the third crystalline phase being cristobalite (SiO2) with (a) and olivine ((Mg,Mn]2,Si04) with (b). Metasilicate solid solutions form a congruently melting rhodonite series in the central part of the MgSi03-MnSi03 join, but melt incongruently to olivine plus liquid at the MgSiO3 end and to tridymite plus liquid at the MnSi03 end. X-ray diffraction data are given for two new high enstatite solid solution structures. Rhodonite solid solutions form a continuous structural series extending from MnSi0, to 94.5 weight % MgSi03. Continuous series of solid solutions exist between Mg,Si04 and Mn2SiO4 and between MgO and MnO. Compositional data are given for coexisting condensed phases, and courses of crystallization are described for certain ternary mixtures. A plot is presented of variation of refractive index of glasses which form an almost colorless series in the region of the rhodonite and high enstatite fields. The quenching technique was used in the investigation, with oxygen partial pressure controlled to maintain manganese as Mn2+.
Evaluating Approval Plans and Other Methods of Book Selection Through System Management Reports

Basic statistical information that resides in automated circulation and acquisitions systems can be processed to support objective decision-making for developing and refining approval plans. While extracting useful collection management information from most mainframe integrated library systems has been cumbersome, a number of researchers have succeeded in producing exemplary collection management and use studies by using local programming and manual intervention to supplement what their online systems could do. Approval plan managers today can capitalize on the analyses by these librarian-researchers and apply their evaluation techniques specifically to approval plan operations. Librarians also can, or will soon be able to, take advantage of improved data manipulation on newer library management systems with more flexibility and improved report-writing.
Photofabrication Of Multimode Network Components

A low-cost two wavelength multi/demultiplexer was fabricated for multimode local area network applications in the transportation vehicle environment. Polymer optical waveguides, a Y-splitter, and intra waveguide filter were combined to form the optical circuit using photofabrication techniques amenable to mass production methodology. A 6 dB insertion loss was attained which was 3 dB greater than the expected 50/50 splitter loss.
A method of successive approximations for optimal control of distributed parameter systems

Abstract A method of successive approximations for solving optimal control problems governed by a class of hyperbolic partial differential equations is developed. The method is first developed for the nonlinear problem including only control constraints, and an algorithm is devised. Next the existence of an optimal control for the corresponding linear control problem containing both control and terminal equality constraints is established and a minimizing sequence is constructed. Convergence properties of the algorithms for both linear and nonlinear problems are studied and estimates are obtained. The approximation method developed here applies to other distributed parameter systems as well.
Maximizing Multicast Throughput in WDM Networks with Tuning Latencies Using the Virtual Receiver Concept

We consider the problem of supporting multipoint communication at the MAC layer of broadcast WDM networks. We first introduce the midticcut rhroughprrt as the performance measure of interest and we show that it depends on two measures that have previously been considered in isolation, namely, the efficient use of channel bandwidth and wavelength throughput. We then present a new technique for the transmission of multicast packets based on the concept of a Lzirninl receiver, a set of physical receivers which behave identically in terms of tuning. We also demonstrate that the number of virtual receivers naturally captures the performance of the system in terms of multicast throughput. Consequently, we focus on the problem of optimally selecting the virtual receivers to maximize multicast throughput, and we prove that it is Ji'P-complete. Finally, we present four heuristics of varying degree of complexity for obtaining a set of virtuat receivers that provide near-optimal performance in terms of multicast throughput.
Gauge-invariant coordinates on gauge-theory orbit space

A gauge-invariant field is found which describes physical configurations, i.e., gauge orbits, of non-Abelian gauge theories. This is accomplished with non-Abelian generalizations of the Poincar\'e-Hodge decomposition formula for one-forms. In a particular sense, the new field is dual to the gauge field. Using this field as a coordinate, the metric and intrinsic curvature are discussed for Yang-Mills orbit space for the (2+1)- and (3+1)-dimensional cases. The sectional, Ricci, and scalar curvatures are all formally non-negative. An expression for the new field in terms of the Yang-Mills connection is found in 2+1 dimensions. The measure on Schr\"odinger wave functionals is found in both 2+1 and 3+1 dimensions; in the former case, it resembles the Karabali, Kim, and Nair measure. We briefly discuss the form of the Hamiltonian in terms of the dual field and comment on how this is relevant to the mass gap for both the (2+1)- and (3+1)-dimensional cases.
A Proposed Mechanism for Detergent-Assisted Foam Fractionation of Lysozyme and Cellulase Restored With β-Cyclodextrin

Foam fractionation by itself cannot effectively concentrate hydrophilic proteins such as lysozyme and cellulase. However, the addition of a detergent to a protein solution can increase the foam volume, and thus, the performance of the foam fractionation process. In this article, we propose a possible protein concentration mechanism of this detergent-assisted foam fractionation: A detergent binds to an oppositely charged protein, followed by the detergent—protein complex being adsorbed onto a bubble during aeration. The formation of this complex is inferred by a decrease in surface tension of the detergent—protein solution. The surface tension of a solution with the complex is lower than the surface tension of a protein or a detergent solution alone. The detergent can then be stripped from the adsorbed protein, such as cellulase, by an artificial chaperone such as β-cyclodextrin. Stripping the detergent from the protein allows the protein to return to its original conformation and to potentially retain all of its original activity following the foam fractionation process. Low-cost alternatives to β-cyclodextrin such as corn dextrin were tested experimentally to restore the protein activity through detergent stripping, but without success.
Absolute molar concentrations by NMR in inhomogeneous B1. A scheme for analysis of in vivo metabolites

The use of multiple tuned radiofrequency coils is described as a method for obtaining absolute in vivo metabolite concentrations explicitly from high resolution chemical shift spectra and zeugmatographic spin images recorded using pulse Fourier transform NMR. Further delineation to intracellular concentrations by a complimentary NMR experiment is also discussed. In instances where the alternating magnetic field distribution, B1, is determined predominantly by coil geometry, the magnitude of B1 for a multiple tuned coil will map equally over space for each coil frequency and this allows the matching of flip angles over space for each nuclide of interest. In the particular case where one of the resonances under consideration is 1H from H2O, the ratio of signal intensities for two nuclides (e.g., 31P1H) can be used to obtain the individual concentrations of each metabolite having a resonance (e.g., 31P) in the high resolution spectrum. More generally, the intensity ratio can be used to obtain a total concentration distribution for given nuclides in the spin image. This suggests a possible method for image contrast enhancement. The method is valid for uniform B1 as used in low frequency imaging (ca. ⩽ 30 MHz) and with inhomogeneous B1 as produced by surface coils at higher frequencies. A brief background development is presented along with a discussion of the practical application and its demonstration using examples employing 1H, 23Na, 31P, and 39K NMR.
Extracapsular cataract extraction and primary posterior chamber lens implantation

We reviewed the charts of 420 consecutive extracapsular cataract extraction cases in which the surgeon's primary intention was to implant a posterior chamber lens. Posterior chamber lens implantation was precluded in eight cases (1.9%) because of vitreous loss or capsule dehiscence. A visual acuity of 20/40 or better was achieved by 83.8% of patients. When nonoperative causes of poor vision were eliminated, this result was achieved by 96.7% of patients. The percentage of patients achieving 20/40 or better acuity decreased with increasing age but remained constant despite varying follow-up periods. The most common complication was opacification of the posterior capsule, occurring in 25.7%; 83.8% of the complications occurred during the first two postoperative years. We conclude that extracapsular cataract extraction with primary posterior chamber lens implantation is an efficient way to restore good vision after cataract formation and that the results appear to remain stable over time.
Creep and Creep Recovery of 2618-T61 Aluminum Under Variable Temperature

Abstract : Creep and creep recovery data are reported for pure tension of 2618 aluminum alloy under variable temperature between 200 deg. C and 230 deg. C. Varying temperature experiments involved an abrupt temperature increase and a linearly increasing and decreasing temperature at a constant stress of 137.9 MPa (20 ksi). A temperature-compensated time by Sherby and Dorn was employed to represent the effect of temperature. The temperature history dependent theory described the test data quiet well for both increasing and decreasing temperature. The apparent activation energy of this alloy was found to be 49,000 cal/mole.
The effect of acquisition decision making on security posture

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of decision making in IT acquisition and security, and the disparity between the two domains. The paper postulates that improving decision processes during acquisition increases decision makers' security consciousness and security posture.Design/methodology/approach – Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 15 IT decision makers of small‐to‐medium sized organizations using questions derived from previous research in psychology, HCI, and MIS. Questions from the security and acquisition areas were coded based upon a predefined rubric and correlation testing was performed. The author chose to focus on small‐to‐medium sized organizations since they often lack sufficient background and resources to address IT security concerns.Findings – Analysis suggests a significant positive correlation between the effectiveness of acquisition decision making and organizational security posture and attitudes, further suggesting that small improvement...
Chronic treatment with supraphysiological levels of corticosterone enhances d-MDMA-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the C57BL/6J female mouse

Chronic stress and extended periods of elevated circulating glucocorticoids have been reported to exacerbate excitotoxicity-induced hippocampal neuronal injury in rat. Despite continued interest in the effects of protracted exposure to stress or glucocorticoids, there has been little examination of how other types of neurotoxicity may be exacerbated or blocked, by stress. Here we examined the effects of chronic supraphysiologic levels of corticosterone on D-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (D-MDMA)-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the female C57BL/6J mouse. Corticosterone (5 mg, 15 mg or placebo) pellets were implanted to continuously elevate circulating glucocorticoids and create a model of the ultimate effect of chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. After 7 days, a neurotoxic regimen of D-MDMA was administered (20 mg/kg s.c. every 2 hx4); thymus, spleen, striatum and hippocampus were collected 72 h later. Significant involution of thymus and spleen confirmed the bioavailability of the corticosterone at both dosages. D-MDMA increased the striatal levels of the astrocyte-localized protein glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker of gliosis); both dosages of corticosterone exacerbated this increase but only the 15 mg pellet exacerbated the decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase protein. Corticosterone alone or in combination with D-MDMA produced no neural injury in hippocampus, as measured by GFAP. Our work indicates corticosterone was able to increase the vulnerability of the striatum, but not the hippocampus to D-MDMA. An examination of other mouse strains and models of neurotoxic injury would be useful in determining the general validity of the glucocorticoid neuroendangerment hypothesis.
Sputtering of ice grains and icy satellites in Saturn's inner magnetosphere

Abstract Icy grains and satellites orbiting in Saturn's magnetosphere are immersed in a plasma that sputters their surfaces. This limits the lifetime of the E-ring grains and ejects neutrals that orbit Saturn until they are ionized and populate its magnetosphere. Here we re-evaluate the sputtering rate of ice in Saturn's inner magnetosphere using the recent Cassini data on the plasma ion density, temperature and composition [Sittler Jr., E.C., et al., 2007a. Ion and neutral sources and sinks within Saturn's inner magnetosphere: Cassini results. Planet. Space Sci. 56, 3–18.] and a recent summary of the relevant sputtering data for ice [Fama, M., Shi, J., Baragiola, R.A., 2008. Sputtering of ice by low-energy ions. Surf. Sci. 602, 156–161.]. Although the energetic (>10 keV) ion component at Saturn is much smaller than was assumed to be the case after Voyager [Jurac, S., Johnson, R.E., Richardson, J.D., Paranicas, C., 2001a. Satellite sputtering in Saturn's magnetosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 49, 319–326; Jurac, S., Johnson, R.E., Richardson, J.D., 2001b. Saturn's E ring and production of the neutral torus. Icarus 149, 384–396.], we show that the sputtering rates are sensitive to the temperature of the thermal plasma and are still robust, so that sputtering likely determines the lifetime of the grains in Saturn's tenuous E-ring.
Relation of vitamin A and "lard factor" to disease caused by rancid lard.

Summary1. The fatal disease occurring in rats maintained on a purified, vit. A-free diet containing 10% rancid lard (peroxide No. 256) could be prevented by extra feeding of massive doses of synthetic vit. A palmitate or crystalline beta-carotene or cod liver oil. 2. Addition of the distillate fraction of molecularly distilled lard to the diet largely prevented the disease, although this fraction contains only traces of the known forms of vit. A. This “lard factor”, when added to the diet, was more resistant to the action of rancid lard than beta-carotene and vit. A palmitate.3. Aversion to the diet or improper intestinal fat absorption were not responsible for the results. 4. It was concluded that rancid fats are not toxic per se and that, under natural conditions, the “lard factor” may play an important part in the prevention of the disease ascribed to vit. A deficiency.
Implications of nitrogen‐rich glacial meltwater for phytoplankton diversity and productivity in alpine lakes

We compared phytoplankton diversity and productivity over various time scales in a set of lakes in the central Rocky Mountains of North America (fed by both glacial and snowpack meltwaters [GSF] and by snowpack alone [SF]) to better understand the influence of nitrogen-rich glacial meltwater on the structure and function of phytoplankton. Nitrate concentrations in GSF lakes were on average 44 times higher than in SF, even though only 0.01–0.59% of the catchment area of GSF lakes was covered by glaciers. In three lakes of each type, we determined the vertical distribution of algae, epilimnetic primary productivity rates, and nutrient-limitation patterns. Phytoplankton richness and community structure were compared between lake types in the nutrient enrichment experiments, as well as in the tops (i.e., modern) and bottoms (circa 1850) of sediment cores from four lakes of each type. Average primary productivity rates were five times higher in GSF lakes, but vertically integrated chlorophyll concentrations did not differ. However, algal biomass was higher in the epi- and metalimnion of GSF lakes, while it was equivalent in the hypolimnion of both lake types. Nutrient-limitation patterns differed between lake types, with GSF lakes limited by phosphorus and most SF lakes co-limited by nitrogen and phosphorus. Modern diatom species richness was lower in GSF compared with SF lakes, whereas differences between lake types were not apparent during the mid-19th century. Key differences in the structure and function of GSF compared with SF lakes imply that GSF lakes will take a different ecological trajectory if glaciers disappear.
Prevention of CMOS Latch-Up by Gold Doping

A major disadvantage of bulk CMOS integrated circuits is that they can exhibit SCR behavior when exposed either to modest levels of ionizing radiation (?? ? 108 rads (Si)/sec) or to an overvoltage (which is typically less than the substrate to p-well avalanche voltage). This paper discusses the successful application of gold-doping to CMOS integrated circuits to control substrate minority carrier lifetime, thus preventing latch-up. Data is presented showing the effects of the gold-doping upon junction integrity, oxide charge, surface state density, and radiation hardness. Junction arrays and split lots of a CMOS LSI circuit were fabricated to demonstrate that the gold-doped process does not reduce device yield. Data after bias-temperature stress-aging indicates that there is no statistically significant difference in the reliability between gold-doped and undoped CMOS circuits.
Improvement of Sorghum‐Wheat Composite Dough Rheological Properties and Breadmaking Quality Through Zein Addition

ABSTRACT Addition of sorghum flour to wheat flour produces marked negative effects on rheological properties of dough and loaf volume. Although there are notable differences in the chemical composition of sorghum proteins (kafirins) compared with wheat gluten that might imply poor functionality in breadmaking systems, a larger constraint may be the unavailability of kafirins due to encapsulation in protein bodies. In this study, zein, the analogous maize prolamin to kafirin, was used to determine the potential effects of protein-body-free prolamins on dough rheology and baking quality of wheat-sorghum composite flour. Mixograms run at 35°C (above the glass transition temperature of zein) were significantly (P < 0.01) improved with addition of zein. Mixogram peak heights increased while mixing time decreased uniformly with addition of zein. Dough extensibility studies showed an increase in maximum tensile stress, while baking studies showed an increase in loaf volume with increasing amounts of added zein. ...
Adjuvant polyarthritis. IV. Induction by a synthetic adjuvant: immunologic, histopathologic, and other studies.

A solution of an apparently nonimmunogenic synthetic compound, N,N-dioctadecyl-N',N'-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) propanediamine (CP-20961), suspended in mineral oil or olive oil (50 mg/ml), induced an acute, as well as a chronic, polyarthritis when single intradermal injections (0.2 ml) were made in the tail or hindpaw of Lewis rats. The polyarthritis was morphologically almost indistinguishable from classic adjuvant arthritis induced by Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), a disease generally thought to be the result of a delayed hyper-sensitivity reaction to a constituent(s) of the injected tubercle bacilli. The disease induced by CP-20961 and that induced by Freund's complete adjuvant followed the same time course and almost identical pattern of development of clinical and histopathologic features. Like the classic adjuvant arthritis, CP-20961 induced arthritis is suppressed by an immunosuppressive agent (cyclophos-phamide) or an antiinflammatory drug (phenylbutazone). The alkyldiamine (CP-20961) was found to be a potent adjuvant; a dispersion or a solution of the compound in mineral oil administered intraperitoneally enhanced the development of both the cell-mediated and the humoral immune responses to EL4 cells in the rat. These findings suggest that the immunogen responsible for the development of adjuvant arthritis is endogenous, e.g., a constituent of host tissue, a viral protein, or some complex of the two.
Specific heat and spin susceptibility of dilute alloys

Abstract The change in the specific heat and spin susceptibility of a metal of valence Z due to the introduction of a small number of impurity atoms with valence (Z + q) is calculated by the Thomas-Fermi method. It is shown that in the case of copper an exact Thomas-Fermi calculation accounts approximately for the seemingly linear behaviour of the change in Cv and X from q = 1 to q = 3 observed in recent experiments by R ayne . It does not, however, account for absolute values. In an appendix a check on the validity of the Thomas-Fermi theory is made for q
Temporal geochemical variations in above- and below-drainage coal mine discharge

Abstract Water quality data collected in 2012 for 10 above- and 14 below-drainage coal mine discharges (CMDs), classified by mining or excavation method, in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, USA, are compared with data for 1975, 1991, and 1999 to evaluate long-term (37 year) changes in pH, SO42−, and Fe concentrations related to geochemistry, hydrology, and natural attenuation processes. We hypothesized that CMD quality will improve over time because of diminishing quantities of unweathered pyrite, decreased access of O2 to the subsurface after mine closure, decreased rates of acid production, and relatively constant influx of alkalinity from groundwater. Discharges from shafts, slopes, and boreholes, which are vertical or steeply sloping excavations, are classified as below-drainage; these receive groundwater inputs with low dissolved O2, resulting in limited pyrite oxidation, dilution, and gradual improvement of CMD water quality. In contrast, discharges from drifts and tunnels, which are nearly horizontal excavations into hillsides, are classified as above-drainage; these would exhibit less improvement in water quality over time because the rock surfaces continue to be exposed to air, which facilitates sustained pyrite oxidation, acid production, and alkalinity consumption. Nonparametric Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank tests between 1975 and 2012 samples indicate decreases in Fe and SO42− concentrations were highly significant (p
Comparison between current models for the strength of particulate-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites with emphasis on consideration of Hall–Petch effect

Abstract There are several modeling methods available for predicting the strength of metal matrix nanocomposites. Among these, Zhang and Chen approach and Clyne method predict closer results to experimental values. However, in Zhang and Chen method, the effect of Hall–Petch strengthening is neglected which results in less precision of the results. In this study, the effects of all active strengthening mechanisms including Hall–Petch, Orowan, CTE mismatch and load bearing are considered, by using Clyne approach. The results are in good agreement with experimental data and more precise than those from other models. Furthermore, studies on different strengthening mechanisms showed that Hall–Petch strengthening mechanism is the most important factor, which should not be neglected even in micro-scale grain size.
Clinical and microbiologic outcomes in trauma patients treated for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Study Objectives. To determine clinical and microbiologic plus clinical success rates in critically ill trauma patients who received treatment for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Design. Retrospective medical record review. Setting. Level I trauma intensive care unit of a large academic medical center. Patients. A total of 101 patients who developed S. maltophilia VAP between January 1997 and December 2007. Measurements and Main Results. Patients' baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as characteristics of their VAP, were documented. The primary study outcome was the rate of clinical success in patients with S. maltophilia VAP; a secondary outcome was microbiologic plus clinical success rate in these patients. Standard definitions were employed to determine these outcomes related to VAP treatment. The study population had higher injury severity scores and a higher rate of traumatic brain injury than is typically observed in the study's intensive care unit. The median time to diagnosis of S. maltophilia VAP was 15 days (interquartile range 11–24 days). Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was the sole organism isolated in 34% of patients; the other patients had polymicrobial VAP. Despite inadequate empiric antibiotic therapy being administered to 97% of the patients, the overall clinical success rate was 87%. The microbiologic plus clinical success rate was 82%. The most common treatments for S. maltophilia VAP were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (77 patients received monotherapy, 9 received combination therapy) and ciprofloxacin (6 patients received monotherapy, 8 received combination therapy); all-cause and VAP-related mortality rates were 13% and 7%, respectively. Conclusion. Critically ill trauma patients with S. maltophilia VAP responded well to therapy despite high rates of inadequate empiric antibiotic administration. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was the most common therapy, but clinical success rates did not differ significantly based on antibiotic selection. This study adds significantly to the available S. maltophilia VAP outcomes data.
Raman scattering in magnetic europium telluride

Abstract Magnetic-phase and incident wavelength dependent light scattering result from each magnetic phase of EuTe and are analyzed in terms of one-spin, one-phonon mechanisms for spin-dependent Raman scattering and compared with shell model calculations to yield new information on the phonon dispersion relations for europium telluride.