cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grief responses of pediatric house officers to a patient's death.

Abstract Twenty-five pediatric house officers were surveyed (14 M; 11 F) to assess their behavioral and psychophysiologic responses to patient death. Vignettes about the deaths of two pediatric patients were included as part of a self-administered questionnaire. The vignettes were followed by 14 behavioral and 20 psychophysiologic responses to the deaths depicted, and physicians were asked to indicate the expected occurrence of these reactions for themselves and for an ideal physician. Reported reactions were found to be similar to grief responses experienced with the death of a loved one. Significant differences were found between the responses of female and male house officers to patient death. Additionally, differences were found between the manner in which the physicians personally responded to a patient's death in comparison to the way they considered an ideal physician would respond. Practical suggestions are given, based on these data, for inclusion of information in death education courses for phy...
Contralateral hearing aid benefit in patients with cochlear implants

Abstract Two adult cochlear implant users, with a history of hearing aid use in their non-implanted ear, underwent speech perception and sound localization testing to investigate whether the use of a hearing aid programmed for low-frequency gain only, would be superior to a hearing aid programmed for both low- and high-frequency gain.
The fat emulsion agglutination test: a reliable and cost effective alternative to the latex agglutination test for rapid bedside CRP measurement.

Abstract We compared two tests for bedside C reactive protein (CRP) measurement: the latex agglutination test (LAT) and the fat agglutination test (FAT). FAT is based on the property of CRP to agglutinate fat emulsions in the presence of CaCl2. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of FAT and LAT to detect a CRP > 10 mg/1, determined with radial immunodiffusion (n = 500 pediatric patients, CRP range 0− > 80 mg/1), were 91%, 82% and 90% respectively for FAT and 82%, 95% and 85% for LAT. FAT reagent could be stabilized with NaN3 (0.02%) for at least one year, when stored at 4°C (n = 49). NaN3 (0.02%) had no effect on agglutination of FAT (n = 40). In conclusion, in pediatric patients, FAT is a reliable and cost effective alternative to LAT, if serum samples are used.
Intracoronary thrombolysis in syndromes of unstable ischemia: Angiographic and clinical results

Abstract For an assessment of the association of intracoronary thrombus with prolonged unstable myocardial ischemia and of the possible efficacy of local thrombolysis, 12 patients with recent prolonged unstable angina underwent 13 intracoronary streptokinase infusions. All patients had prolonged rest angina within 5 days of coronary angiography. Abnormal resting ECGs were present in all patients, and 10 had ECG changes referable to the ischemic-related vessel. There were seven native coronary and six bypass graft infusions with a mean streptokinase dose of 187,000 ± 22,000 IU (standard error of mean). Angiographic findings consistent with intracoronary thrombus were identified in 11 of 13 ischemia-related vessels. Evidence of partial or complete intracoronary thrombolysis was noted angiographically in 10 of 13 ischemia-related vessels (77%), although reestablishment of anterograde flow was seen in only two of six totally or subtotally occluded vessels. Nine patients experienced rest angina during the 48 hours prior to infusion, whereas only three experienced angina in the 48 hours following infusion. In conclusion, angiographic findings before and after thrombolysis in this preliminary study demonstrate a high frequency ofintracoronary thrombus in preinfarction syndromes. Furthermore, these limited observations suggest a decrease in angina frequency following thrombolytic therapy.
Subcellular phototoxicity of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA).

Background and Objective 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) is a new, promising photosensitizer for PDT of cancer. Subcellular toxicity induced by ALA and light exposure in single cells was studied to elucidate the mechanism of cell damage. Study Design/Materials and Methods CPAE, PTK2, and rat neonatal myocardial cells treated with ALA were examined for localization using fluorescence microscopy and for subcellular phototoxicity using 630 nm laser microbeam irradiation of specific subcellular regions. Results In CPAE and PTK2 cells, a large amount of fluorescence was detected in the peri-nuclear cytoplasm. In rat neonatal myocardial cells, the sensitizer selectively localized in the large mitochondria. In both cell types, there was little phototoxicity when the peripheral cytoplasmic region was exposed, as compared to considerable phototoxicity with exposure of either the perinuclear or nuclear regions. Conclusion Both the CPAE and PTK2 cells demonstrated that the nucleus followed by the perinuclear cytoplasm are the most sensitive cell areas with no sensitivity in the peripheral cytoplasm. Lasers Surg. Med. 22:14–24, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mineral concentrations in whole mice and rats used as food

Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (MD), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were measured in whole mice (five sizes) and rats (six sizes). Ca concentrations increased with age in both mice (1.2–2.3%) and rats (1.9–3.3%). Mg levels ranged from 0.09 to 0.13% (mice) and from 0.11 to 0.18% (rats), with the medium-size class of both species having the highest values. Cu (7.9–19.2 and 10.8–60.6 mg/kg) and Zn (58.0–82.5 and 73.2–113.6 mg/kg) generally decreased with age in both species, while Mn levels tended to increase with age (0.2–13.1 mg/kg, mice; 6.2–28.3 mg/kg, rats). Fe values were highest in neonates and adult size classes, ranging from 113.4 to 181.3 mg/kg (mice) and 111.3 to 332.6 mg/kg (rats). Rats usually contained higher concentrations of individual minerals than equivalent age categories of mice, even though both were fed identical diets. All rodents analyzed generally met known dietary requirements of mammalian carnivores, but differences between mice and rats were apparent. Specific mineral nutrient requirements for carnivorous birds and reptiles have not been determined. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Observations of the Geographical Variation of Cloud Nuclei

Abstract Airborne measurements at flight level of cloud nuclei have been carried out during approximately 100,000mi of flight over wide areas of the world. A thermal diffusion chamber was used to obtain cloud-nucleispectra which present the concentration of active nuclei as a function of supersaturation over the rangeof supersaturation of interest in cloud formation. The results confirm previous conclusions that continentalair masses are systematically richer in cloud nuclei and indicate that the median of cloud nuclei over theopen ocean is reasonably predictable and varied little from region to region. Over continents the medianspectrum does not seem to vary greatly even when North America was compared to Africa and Australia;however, the variability about the median is much greater over land when compared to ocean areas. Theresults indicate that the lifetime of cloud nuclei, at least over the oceans, is about 3 days. The results requirea widespread and relatively uniform source of cloud nuclei both over...
Ratio of Langerhans Cells to Thy-1+ Dendritic Epidermal Cells in Murine Epidermis Influences the Intensity of Contact Hypersensitivity

Abstract We have initiated a series of studies in vivo to investigate the physiologic role of Langerhans cells and Thy-1 + dendritic epidermal cells in the development and regulation of contact hypersensitivity. The density of I-A + Langerhans cells and Thy-1 + dendritic epidermal cells in ammonium thiocyanate-separated epidermal sheets was determined in ten strains of inbred mice using immunofluorescence microscopy with monoclonal anti-I-A and anti-Thy-1 antibodies. Mice of different inbred strains were sensitized by painting the left ear with varying doses of either oxazolone or trinitrochlorobenzene. From five to 20 days after sensitization, groups of mice were challenged with the relevant antigen and the intensity of contact hypersensitivity, as measured by ear swelling, was determined. We then determined whether the intensity and/or duration of contact hypersensitivity in different strains of mice was influenced by the density of Thy-1 + dendritic epidermal cells or the ratio of I-A + Langerhans cells to Thy-1 + dendritic epidermal cells. We found that there was marked variability in the density of Thy-1 + dendritic epidermal cells and I-A + Langerhans cells in the ten strains of mice studied. The ratio of I-A + Langerhans cells to Thy-1 + dendritic epidermal cells ranged from 0.5 in C57BL/10J mice to greater than 22 in AJ and BALB/cByJ mice. When small amounts of contact sensitizers were used to induce contact hypersensitivity (e.g., 20μg of oxazolone or trinitrochlorobenzene), there was consistent strain variability in the intensity of ear swelling. There was a significant correlation between the ratio of I-A + Langerhans cells to Thy-1 + dendritic epidermal cells and the intensity of contact hypersensitivity (Pearson's correlation coefficient 0.85, p = 0.002). Strains with the highest ratios of I-A + Langerhans cells to Thy-1 + dendritic epidermal cells had the most ear swelling. There were no consistent differences in the duration of contact hypersensitivity observed among the ten different strains. Our results indicate that Thy-1 + dendritic epidermal cells may play a physiologic role in down-regulating contact hypersensitivity in vivo.
Operational, quality, and risk management in the transfusion service: lessons learned.

For general health care, the difference between quality and safety has been unclear for measurable patient outcomes. In contrast, in the transfusion service (TS), the relationship between quality and safety has been direct and demonstrable. Case studies are summarized to illustrate the relationship between operations, quality management, and risk management in the TS. In blood availability for elective surgery over 3 audited intervals, the incidence of patients undergoing elective surgery without available crossmatched blood that had been requested was 1:333, 1:328, and 1:225 for pre-quality improvement, post-quality improvement, and subsequent postintervention audit assessment, respectively. In event discovery reports (EDRs) over 2 years, incidence of biologic product deviation reports (Food and Drug Administration reportable) was successfully reduced from 60 biologic product deviation reports (12%) of 507 EDRs in 2009 to 42 (12%) of 336 EDRs in 2010. In wrong blood in tube, 102 specimens were identified (by a change in patient's ABO/Rh) from 176 711 type and screen/cross-match specimens received over a 5-year interval, detected either by previous patient record of ABO/Rh or by a second specimen for blood type confirmation implemented in our TS for the last 3 years. No known cases of “mismatched” red blood cell transfusion have occurred during this interval. There is an inverse relationship between resources/time expended on quality and risk management relative to volumes of operations in the TS. Laboratory-based initiatives that improve patient safety and clinical outcomes need to have resources aligned with the personnel and time required for quality management and risk management.
A geometrical construction for Chebyshev Z-plane zeros

Chebyshev-sense equi-ripple response zeros for uniformly sampled antenna and digital-filter apertures may be obtained through means of a simple geometrical construction. This construction affords insight into the behavior of mapped Chebyshev polynomial zeros in the z -plane for both normal and oversampled, equiripple stop-band, "super-resolution" responses.
Cross-Shelf Exchange Driven by Oscillatory Barotropic Currents at an Idealized Coastal Canyon

Abstract Numerical simulations are used to study on-shelf transport of dense water by oscillatory barotropic currents incident upon an isolated coastal canyon. The physical system is a laboratory-scale annulus in which forcing is provided by an oscillatory modulation in the rotation rate and for which the external nondimensional parameters match those from an appropriate oceanic analog. The numerical simulations were conducted for comparison with a companion set of laboratory experiments, and these prior studies have shown good qualitative and quantitative agreement between the two. Here the numerical simulations are examined in further detail to determine the three-dimensional structure of the time-mean currents and density field on the shelf, to quantify the resulting onshore transport of dense water, and to expose the underlying nondimensional parameter dependencies. The incident barotropic currents produce, in equilibrium, an extensive pool of anomalously dense fluid on the shelf surrounding the canyo...
Exchange-rate volatility, exchange-rate regime, and trade volume: evidence from the UK–US export function (1889–1999)

Abstract This paper investigated the impact of exchange-rate volatility and exchange-rate regime on the British exports to the United States using data for the period 1889–1999. The empirical findings suggest that neither exchange-rate volatility nor the different exchange-rate regimes that spanned the last century had an effect on export volume.
Multiobjective air pollution monitoring network design

Abstract The methodologies currently available to optimize the locations of air pollutant monitoring stations typically include a single pollutant and a single objective. In this paper, multiple objective functions are introduced that provide performance measures describing the spatial coverage of the network and its ability to detect violations of standards for multiple pollutants. An additional objective regarding the effect of data validity in the design is also considered. The objective functions are cast in a manner that permits considerable flexibility in the model formulation. The numerical difficulties associated with the formulation are discussed as are extensions of the basic framework. The basic model and its extensions have been applied to the design of a monitoring network for Tarragona, Spain.
THE INACTIVATION OF THE VIRUS OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS BY SOAPS.

The capacities of certain compounds at pH 7.3-7.5 to inactivate the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis have been demonstrated. Among the more effective substances were the fatty acids chaulmoogric, linolic, linolenic, myristic, oleic, and ricinolic, and the detergents zephiran, duponol LS, and aerosol OT. Upon the oleic acid inactivation of the virus, studies have been made of such variables as pH, rate of inactivation, and relative amounts of virus and oleate for removal of the infectivity. The role of oxidation in the process was determined as negligible. Attempts to recover infectious virus from oleate-inactivated mixtures have been unsuccessful. It has been found that neither oleate nor ether-inactivated virus was capable of producing immunity in mice under the experimental conditions in which untreated virus induced a moderate immunity.
Direct Evidence from Electron Paramagnetic Resonance for Additional Configurations in Uncommon Paddlewheel Re27+ Units Surrounded by an Unsymmetrical Bicyclic Guanidinate

Three rare compounds have been synthesized and structurally characterized; these species have paddlewheel structures and Re27+ cores surrounded by four bicyclic guanidinates and two axial ligands along the Re–Re axis. Each possesses a formal bond order of 3.5 and a σ2π4δ1 electronic configuration that entails the presence of one unpaired electron for each compound. The guanidinate ligands characterized by having CH2 entities and a central C(N)3 unit that joins two cyclic units—one having two fused 6-membered rings (hpp) and the other having a 5- and a 6-membered ring fused together (tbn)—allowed the isolation of [Re2(tbn)4Cl2]PF6, 1, [Re2(tbn)4Cl2]Cl, 2, and [Re2(hpp)4(O3SCF3)2](O3SCF3), 3. Because of the larger bite angle of the tbn relative to the hpp ligand, the Re–Re bond distances in 1 and 2 (2.2691(14) and 2.2589(14) A, respectively) are much longer than that in 3 (2.1804(8) A). Importantly, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies at both X-band (∼9.4 GHz) and W-band (112 GHz) in the solid and...
Compatibility Of Rare Earth Screens With Automatic Exposure Control Systems

The performance of a General Electric automatic exposure control system with ionization chamber detectors was evaluated over a wide range of kVp's and acrylic phantom thicknesses for four different intensifying screens. For adult phantom thicknesses, the system kept density variations to within +0.2 optical density units for each screen. For pediatric patients, considerable excess density was observed at low mAs which was caused by stored charge in the transformer and cables. The density variations of all four screens were similiar above 70 kVp indicating that a single kVp compensation scheme is adequate for this type of detector. At 50 kVp variable compensation may be required.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Detection of the source of arterial emboli by transesophageal echocardiography: a case report.

Abstract We report a case acute lower extremity ischemia caused by emboli in which the initial diagnostic evaluation, including standard aortoiliofemoral arteriography and routine transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography, failed to reveal the offending source. Because of the strong clinical suspicion that the origin of the arterial occlusion was embolic, transesophageal echocardiography was performed. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated an aortic valvular lesion and cardiac surgery was performed on an emergency basis. The use of transesophageal echocardiography in evaluating the heart and thoracic aorta as a source of distal emboli is also discussed. (J Vasc Surg 1992; 15: 573–7.)
An assessment of residents' abilities to detect and manage domestic violence

Despite increased awareness of domestic violence (DV), little is known about residents' preparedness to diagnose and respond appropriately to abuse victims. We designed a pilot study to examine this. Seventy-one internal medicine residents participated in a 10-station standardized patient-based Clinical Skills Assessment. Forty (56%) were male and 31 (44%) were female; 46 (65%) were PGY I; 63 (89%) were trained internationally. One station presented a woman with headaches, whose underlying issue was DV. Forty (56%) residents correctly diagnosed DV. Thirty referred the patient for DV counseling. Eighteen addressed immediate safety concerns, and 23 asked about child abuse. Forty-eight (68%) made 1 or more incorrect recommendations. Thirty-six (51%) ordered unnecessary tests. Residents who did not diagnose DV spent nearly twice as much per patient on work-up (mean, $942.00), compared to those who diagnosed DV (mean, $421.00). Use of certain interviewing skills appeared to promote elicitation of DV. Assessment-driven educational interventions could help trainees improve their recognition of DV and make appropriate and cost-effective management choices.
The language of motivational interviewing and feedback: Counselor language, client language, and client drinking outcomes.

Previous research has suggested that motivational interviewing (MI) may affect client language, which in turn predicts client drinking outcome. In this study, we examined the relationship between counselor language and client language, personalized feedback and client language, and client language and client drinking outcome, in a sample of heavy-drinking college students. MI was delivered in a single session with or without a personalized feedback report (MI with feedback [MIF]; MI only). Sessions were coded using the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code 2.1. A composite drinking outcome score was used, consisting of drinks per week, peak blood alcohol concentration, and protective drinking strategies. We found three main results. First, in the MIF group, MI consistent counselor language was positively associated with client change talk. Second, after receiving feedback, MIF clients showed lower levels of sustain talk, relative to MI only clients. Finally, in the MIF group, clients with greater change talk showed improved drinking outcomes at 3 months, while clients with greater sustain talk showed poorer drinking outcomes. These results highlight the relationship between counselor MI skill and client change talk, and suggest an important role for feedback in the change process.
Statistical decay of gamma rays in (nth, γ) reactions

Abstract Isomer ratios obtained in doubly even targets in the (n th , γ) reaction are calculated using realistic level densities and spin cut-off parameters. The calculations were performed using the Monte Carlo method and the general agreement between the present calculations and experimental data is satisfactory. In one case the shape of the γ-ray spectrum was calculated and good agreement with experimental data was obtained.
Particle transport: Salt and migrate.

Adding simple salts to colloidal solutions provides a method of controlling the migration of particles in microfluidic devices.
Implementing Formative Mathematics Assessments in Prekindergarten.

The importance of early mathematics as a content area in today's preschool curricula is widely recognized. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) (2006) published Curriculum Focal P...
Nonuniform distribution of normal pericardial fluid.

It has been suggested that pericardial fluid functions as a lubricant rather than a means of transmitting pericardial pressure from one region of the heart to another. Since the functional behavior of pericardial fluid depends on fluid thickness, we measured pericardial volume and fluid distribution. In seven animals, we found that the normal canine pericardium contains 0.25±0.15 ml of pericardial fluid per kg of body weight, resulting in an average pericardial fluid thickness of only 0.34±0.27 mm. We next determined the pericardial fluid distribution in eight anesthetized mongrel dogs (17–29 kg). Color video images were recorded, while green dye (0.1 ml) was injected into the pericardial space overlying the ventricular apex to allow visualization of the pericardial fluid distribution. Within 26±17 s (range 15–53 s), dye reached the base of the heart. After 15 min of equilibration, the dye distribution appeared very nonuniform with dye accumulation over the interventricular and atrioventricular grooves. Little or no dye was present over the right and left ventricular free walls.
Sound localization in wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Abstract The ability of three wild Norway rats to localize sound was determined for single clicks and 100-ms white noise bursts. Chance level localization thresholds were 12° for clicks and 9.7° for white noise. A comparison of these results with published localization thresholds for the domestic albino rat yielded no significant differences. It appears that the combined effects of domestication and albinism have not affected the ability of the laboratory rat to localize sound. Instead, the relatively poor localization acuity of these ruts appears to he part of the normal variation in sound localization acuity found among different species of mammals.
Critique in Academic Disciplines and Active Learning of Academic Content.

This article argues for increased theoretical specificity in the active learning process. Whereas constructivist learning emphasizes construction of meaning, the process articulated here complements meaning construction with disciplinary critique. This process is an implication of how disciplinary communities generate new knowledge claims, which is comprised by an interaction of roles – authors construct claims and peers critique them. Because disciplinary critique drives and shapes generation of knowledge claims, specialized features of these claims both justify and define their meaning. Here science is offered as an example, in which critique drives measurement of key concepts, thereby anchoring their meaning in operational definitions. The account of active learning proposed sheds new light on both historical and contemporary characterizations of active learning in terms of taking a critical stance toward content, in which the learner questions and challenges content. Thus students, rather than teacher...
Prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases in an adolescent population: association with gender and race

Objectives To estimate the prevalence and severity of asthma in an adolescent population by sex and race. Methods Cross-sectional, population-based survey of school children. Setting Midwestern city experiencing damage from the 1993 Mississippi River flood. Participants: 2,693 children attending grades 7 to 12. Measurements Questions from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Results Two thousand six hundred ninety-three children were surveyed, for a response rate of 90%. In this population, 16.4% reported having ever been diagnosed with asthma; 25% reported wheezing in the last 12 months; 32% reported symptoms of rhinitis in the last 12 months; and 22% reported ever having hay fever. The prevalence rate for current asthma was 12.6%. Female students had significantly greater prevalence rates for current asthma (16.4% vs 9.0%, OR=1.85); ever-diagnosed asthma (18.5% vs 14.3%, OR=1.36); wheezing ≥ 4 times in the last 12 months (12.0% vs 5.6%, OR=1.95); current rhinitis (38.7% vs 25.4%, OR=1.73); and hay fever (26.4% vs 18.4%, OR=1.57). All associations with sex remained significant, except ever-diagnosed asthma, after controlling for other known risk factors in logistic regression. African-Americans had higher prevalence rates than other races with differences reaching statistical significance for ever-diagnosed asthma and current asthma; however, these relationships did not remain significant after controlling for other known risk factors in logistic regression. Conclusions Our prevalence rates were similar to those reported by other studies that used the ISAAC questionnaire. Female students reported significantly more asthma, wheezing, rhinitis, and hay fever than male students. Female students also reported more severe symptoms and a greater number of emergency room and hospital admissions.
Trinucleon binding energies calculated with rank six separable potentials

Abstract A number of separable potentials which include both attraction and repulsion in all partial waves and which provide good fits to the nucleon-nucleon phase parameters are used in calculations of the trinucleon binding energy.
Occurrence of the HNK-1 epitope (3-sulfoglucuronic acid) in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, chromaffin granule membranes, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans.

Abstract After biosynthetic labeling of sulfated glycoproteins in rat and goldfish brain and PC12 pheochromocytoma cells with sodium [ 35 S]sulfate, it was observed that all of the bands reactive with the HNK-1 antibody on immunoblots of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels corresponded with sulfate-labeled proteins detected by fluorography. These results support data from other studies, which indicate that the HNK-1 epitope is a 3-sulfoglucuronic acid residue. In addition to its presence in a wide range of nervous tissue glycoproteins, the HNK-1 epitope was also detected in chromaffin granule membranes, chondroitinase ABC, and in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of brain, cartilage, and chondrosarcoma. However, it is not present in the heparan sulfate proteoglycan of brain, or in either of two chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans in the chromaffin granule matrix.
Volume or value maximization in forestry: An historical rationale and a glance at emerging technologies

We examine the trend in timber production models from the earliest preference for volume maximization through modern economic value maximization models, and conclude with a glimpse at technological trends and their implications for future production modeling. Our contribution lies in the suggestion that each model may have been rational in its own historic biological and economic context. Biological and economic managers have focused their debate on the optimal production period. We examine the production period, and the debate, and predict the latter will vanish as new timber production technologies become widespread.
Mechanistic Study of the Negative Mode Fluorescence HPLC Detector

Abstract By means of a special cell assembly, the prefilter, primary absorption, self-absorption, and postfilter effects of an analyte compound upon the signal of a fluorescent probe (aniline) could be evaluated. The experimental evaluation allowed us to model a possible mechanism of response of the negative fluorescence HPLC detector described by Syang Y. Su and co-workers and to indicate possible improvements in the flow cell design. The negative fluroescence detector's response seems to be largely based upon the prefilter, primary absorption, self-absorption, and postfilter effects of the analyte.
Spiritual and religious components of patient care in the neonatal intensive care unit: sacred themes in a secular setting.

Spiritual and Religious Components of Patient Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Sacred Themes in a Secular Setting
Utilization of Cotton Gin Trash by Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Cotton gin trash was included at 0, 5, 15, or 25% in rations containing 50% concentrate for lactating dairy cows. The remainder of the roughage in each ration was cubed alfalfa hay. All rations were consumed readily. Mean milk production for all treatments was 28.0 kg/day and was depressed slightly by the two higher percents of cotton gin trash. Milk fat percentage was increased by higher cotton gin trash as compared to 5%. Digestibility of dietary protein was depressed and digestibility of fat increased by dietary inclusion of cotton gin trash. Changes of body weight and digestibility of acid detergent fiber and gross energy were not affected by diet.
Cross-linked chitosan improves the mechanical properties of calcium phosphate-chitosan cement.

Abstract Calcium phosphate (CaP) cements are highly applicable and valuable materials for filling bone defects by minimally invasive procedures. The chitosan (CS) biopolymer is also considered as one of the promising biomaterial candidates in bone tissue engineering. In the present study, some key features of CaP–CS were significantly improved by developing a novel CaP–CS composite. For this purpose, CS was the first cross-linked with tripolyphosphate (TPP) and then mixed with CaP matrix. A group of CaP–CS samples without cross-linking was also prepared. Samples were fabricated and tested based on the known standards. Additionally, the effect of different powder (P) to liquid (L) ratios was also investigated. Both cross-linked and uncross-linked CaP–CS samples showed excellent washout resistance. The most significant effects were observed on Young's modulus and compressive strength in wet condition as well as surface hardness. In dry conditions, the Young's modulus of cross-linked samples was slightly improved. Based on the presented results, cross-linking does not have a significant effect on porosity. As expected, by increasing the P/L ratio of a sample, ductility and injectability were decreased. However, in the most cases, mechanical properties were enhanced. The results have shown that cross-linking can improve the mechanical properties of CaP–CS and hence it can be used for bone tissue engineering applications.
Hemoglobin A1C in Home Parenteral Nutrition

Hemoglobin A1C or glycosylated hemoglobin has been described as being effective in monitoring long-term glucose control in diabetics. The usefulness of HbA1C in reflecting glucose homeostasis during chronic hypertonic dextrose infusions in 6 patients receiving cyclic home TPN was studied at monthly intervals. Grouped data for the 34 values representing study periods of 5 to 10 months averaged 7.5 ± 0.2% (Mean ± SEM) indicating that HbA1C levels were not elevated above normal (4-8%) in these patients while receiving a dextrose based diet. Final values of HbA 1C (7.3 ± 0.4%, mean ± SEM) although lower than early values (8.7 ± 0.6%, mean ± SEM) were not significantly different ( p > 0.05, Student's paired t-test). The change in HbA1C that occurred in these patients probably reflects the response to an altered glucose load infused by the patient.HbA1C is a convenient and apparently accurate method of evaluating chronic glucose tolerance in patients receiving home TPN and may be used as an alternate method for...
SU‐FF‐T‐431: Uncertainties in Superficial Dose From Helical Tomotherapy Delivery Due to Target Localization Errors

Purpose: To quantitate shallow‐depth dose calculation accuracy for IMRT breast treatment plans created with Tomotherapy system and to estimate the dose errors caused by setup errors. Methods: A cylindrical solid water phantom with radiochromic film was used for this purpose. The split phantom can hold a film in coronal or sagittal planes. A 5cm thick PTV was contoured by extending it to the surface of the phantom. A plan was optimized to treat the superficial PTV while limiting the dose to the surrounding critical structures. To evaluate the setup uncertainties multiple phantom plans were generated by shifting the phantom 5, 10 and 20 mm to right and up (7, 14, and 28mm distance) and simulated doses were compared against the measured doses. The 3D dose matrices from TPS for no‐shift and shifted phantom plans were exported in DICOM and were analyzed in MatLab. Doses from eleven transverse slices were analyzed to estimate the dose differences in the shifted phantom plans. Shifted phantom plan dose distributions were transposed back onto the patient PTV and computed dose difference histograms (DDHs) in the PTV volume. Results: The planning system overestimated the shallow‐depth dose by as much as 14%, but was smaller than 3% at depths greater than 5mm. PTV DDHs for no and 7 mm shifts showed <5% dose differences, while for 14 mm, the dose differences were ⩽10% and were very large for the 28 mm shift. Conclusion: Tomotherapy planning system computes the shallow‐depth dose within 14% accuracy at 1.0 mm and better than 3% for depths greater than 5mm. Setup errors ⩽7mm showed negligible dose errors, consistent with the use of image‐guided therapy. Large shifts were required to induce large dose errors in the PTV. Conflict of Interest: This work supported in part by Tomotherapy, Inc.
Pressure-induced structural transitions and phase decomposition in the Cd 2 Nb 2 O 7 pyrochlore

The structural transitions of the pyrochlore, ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, at pressures up to $32.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ have been investigated by in situ Raman scattering and angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction (ADXRD) methods. The x-ray diffraction results reveal that small amounts $(\ensuremath{\sim}7%)$ of metallic cadmium form by chemical decomposition at pressures greater than $4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. Both Raman and XRD results indicate that a pressure-induced structural distortion from pyrochlore to defect fluorite occurs in pyrochlore ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ at pressures of $12--14\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. Subsequently, a new high-pressure phase formed and the phase transition was complete at $\ensuremath{\sim}27\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. The high-pressure phase is either monoclinic or orthorhombic and transforms to either the pyrochlore (or defect fluorite) structure or the amorphous state when quenched to ambient conditions. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observation of the quenched sample confirmed the Cd loss and resulting mixture of ordered pyrochlore, defect fluorite, high-pressure phase, as well as amorphous domains.
Papain induced changes in rabbit oral tissues.

The experiment described in this paper suggests that intravenous injections of papain produce a drooping of rabbit ears. Papain appears to deplete not only ear cartilage but also rabbit gingival tissue of acid mucopolysaccharides. Although acid mucopolysaccharides are depleted by papain, no water loss was found in the gingival tissues.
Fluorescence analysis of late DNA replication in human metaphase chromosomes

Thymidine incorporated as a terminal pulse into chromosomes otherwise substituted with 5-bromodeoxyuridine can be detected by associated bright 33258 Hoechst fluorescence. The location of metaphase chromosome regions identified by this method as last to complete DNA synthesis is consistent with the results of autoradiographic analyses with tritiated thymidine. The very late-replicating regions correspond to a subset of those which appear as bands after chromosomes are stained by quinacrine or modified Giemsa techniques. The high resolution of the 33258 Hoechst fluorescence pattern within individual cells is especially useful for revealing variations in the order of terminal replication. Both homolog asynchrony and fluctuations in the distribution of bright 33258 Hoechst fluorescence within chromosomes from different cells are apparent and localized to individual bands. The results are consistent with the possibility that these bands constitute units of chromosome replication as well as structure.
Endosurgery of the future, today: lessons on how to bean innovator

This lecture summarizes the elements of innovation and demonstrates how one can apply the principles every day to be an effective surgical innovator.
13 Comparison of Impedance Cardiography to Direct Fick and Echocardiographic Measurement of Cardiac Index in Children.

BACKGROUND: Impedance cardiography (ICG) provides a continuous, noninvasive measurement of cardiac index (CI) that has been useful in the intensive care setting in adults. However, there is limited data in its application to children. The purpose of this study was to validate a now commercially available ICG system in children.
Usability analysis of 3D rotation techniques

We report results from a formal user study of interactive 3D rotation using the mouse-driven Virtual Sphere and Arcball techniques, as well as multidimensional input techniques based on magnetic orientation sensors. MultidimensionaI input is often assumed to allow users to work quickly, but at the cost of precision, due to the instability of the hand moving in the open air. We show that, at least for the orientation matching task used in this experiment, users can take advantage of the integrated degrees of freedom provided by multidimensional input without necessarily sacrificing precision: using multidimensional input, users completed the experimental task up to 36% faster without any statistically detectable loss of accuracy. We also report detailed observations of common usability problems when first encountering the techniques. Our observations suggest some design issues for 3D input devices. For example, the physical form-factors of the 3D input device significantly influenced user acceptance of otherwise identical input sensors. The device should afford some tactile cues, so the user can feel its orientation without looking at it. In the absence of such cues, some test users were unsure of how to use the device.
Defect Detection And Classification Using The Euler Number

A new approach to defect detection and classification in VLSI circuit pattern inspection is described, which employs the Euler number of a local image as a feature. Defect classification rules represented with the sum and diffierence of two Euler numbers for a local image and its complement are derived, and additional rules to eliminate false detections from acceptable edge roughness are introduced. Simulation results for real image data are also presented.
PROF: A Computer Program for Analyzing Group Differences Based Upon Profile Data

Dependent variables in psychological research often take the form of test profiles. A computer program is described which provides comprehensive information on profile differences among independent groups based upon profile centroid separation, shape, elevation, and scatter. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate measures of strength of association, test of homogeneity of covariance matrices, and comparative mean plots also are provided.
The latitudinal shift of the auroral belt

Abstract The term “auroral belt” is proposed to signify the region which is occupied by the aurora at a particular instant. It is shown that the center line of the auroral belt moves greatly with respect to its average location (namely the auroral zone), depending on the degree of the magnetic activity. When the magnetic activity is very low ( ΣK p 1 0 ) for 24 hours or more, the center line of the auroral belt in the midnight sector shifts to geomag. lat. as high as 75°. A moderate magnetic activity (ΣKp = 20 ~ 30) places the center line of the belt in the vicinity of the auroral zone in the midnight sector. For a short period (of the order 30 min) during great magnetic storms, the belt can be located along geomag. lat. as low as 50°.
Observation of an adiabatic shear band in AISI 4340 steel by high-voltage transmission electron microscopy

Adiabatic shear bands, formed in a hollow AISI 4340 steel cylinder subjected to dynamic expansion by means of an explosive charge placed in its longitudinal axis, were characterized. The adiabatic shear bands formed in this quenched and tempered steel were of the classical “transformed” type. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of etched surfaces revealed that alignment of the lamellae along the direction of shear seems to be the event that precedes shear localization. The transmission electron microscopy of a “white”-etching shear band having undergone a shear strain of approximately 4 revealed that it containedX (Fe5C2) carbides in a martensitic structure. These carbides were observed to form on (112) internal microtwins. Grains could not be resolved inside of the shear band, but they could be observed in the surrounding matrix material. A traverse of the shear band was made, and there existed no definite boundary between the matrix and the shear band. No evidence of a transformation to austenite was observed. Heat transfer calculations were conducted to help explain the features observed inside of the shear band. It is concluded that the “white”-etching bands, commonly referred to in the literature as “transformed” bands, do not exhibit a transformation at values of shear strain of up to 4. The enhanced reflectivity is an etching artifact and is possibly due to microstructural changes, a very small grain size, and carbide redissolution in the bands.
Coastal Erosion as a Natural Resource Management Problem: An Economic Perspective

Natural forces render the coastal environment an evolving landscape, with the majority of coastline in the U.S. exhibiting net erosion in recent decades. This article provides an interdisciplinary introduction to economic dynamic optimization models for analyzing beach replenishment and explores differences between these theoretically based welfare economic models and typical applications of benefit-cost analysis employed by public agencies and consultants. Welfare economic models conceptualize benefits of beach area as service flows accruing to nearby residential property owners, recreational beach users, and local businesses, while the costs include pecuniary engineering expenditures, opportunity costs, as well as negative impacts on the coastal environment. Combining information on net benefits with an equation representing beach dynamics, this framework is capable of identifying the conditions under which beach replenishment is welfare-enhancing, and an optimal replenishment schedule can be derived. B...
Rational Paradigms, A-Rational Religion and the Debate Over Secularization

La theorie du choix rationnel a provoque un debat entre les sociologues de la religion. L'A. s'attache aux aspects economiques du choix rationnel, puis aux autres. Ensuite, il utilise le debat sur la secularisation comme point de reference critique. Parce que la secularisation peut etre envisagee comme precurseur et condition necessaire d'une nouvelle etape de sacralisation, les tenants de la theorie du choix rationnel semblent avoir raison. En proposant sa theorie, L. Iannaccone pose trois questions importantes: celle de la theorie pour l'etude des religions, le role du choix dans la pratique, la nature de la rationalite impliquee dans ces recherches
Design of accelerometer-based inertial navigation systems

We examine the feasibility of designing an accelerometer-based (or gyroscope-free) inertial navigation system that uses only accelerometer measurements to compute the linear and angular motions of a rigid body. The accelerometer output equation is derived to relate the linear and angular motions of a rigid body relative to a fixed inertial frame. A sufficient condition is given to determine if a configuration of accelerometers is feasible. If the condition is satisfied, the angular and linear motions can be computed separately using two decoupled equations of an input-output dynamical system: a state equation for angular velocity and an output equation for linear acceleration. This simple computation scheme is derived from the corresponding dynamical system equations for a special cube configuration for which the angular acceleration is expressed as a linear combination of the accelerometer outputs. The effects of accelerometer location and orientation errors are analyzed. Algorithms that identify and compensate these errors are developed.
Current status of the hypothesis that mammalian ovulation is comparable to an inflammatory reaction.

This presentation reviews current information on the events that lead to rupture of an ovarian follicle. It contains a summary of the morphological changes that occur at the apex of a follicle wall during ovulation. Existing information shows that the tenacious connective tissue layers of the tunica albuginea and theca externa must be weakened before the follicle wall can dissociate and break open under the force of a modest intrafollicular pressure. These changes are probably dependent on transformation of quiescent thecal fibroblasts into proliferating cells in a manner that is characteristic of tissue responses to inflammatory reactions. The metabolic factors that initiate transformation of the fibroblasts are uncertain, but they are probably generated by gonadotropin-induced changes in the theca interna ancPgranulosa of a follicle as these layersbegin to luteinize during the ovulatory process.