cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Dorsal SHH-Dependent Domain in the V-SVZ Produces Large Numbers of Oligodendroglial Lineage Cells in the Postnatal Brain

Neural stem cells in different locations of the postnatal mouse ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) generate different subtypes of olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons. High Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling in the ventral V-SVZ regulates the production of specific subtypes of neurons destined for the OB. Here we found a transient territory of high SHH signaling in the dorsal V-SVZ beneath the corpus callosum (CC). Using intersectional lineage tracing in neonates to label dorsal radial glial cells (RGCs) expressing the SHH target gene Gli1, we demonstrate that this region produces many CC cells in the oligodendroglial lineage and specific subtypes of neurons in the OB. The number of oligodendroglial cells generated correlated with the levels of SHH signaling. This work identifies a dorsal domain of SHH signaling, which is an important source of oligodendroglial cells for the postnatal mammalian forebrain.
The acoustical biology of elasmobranchs

A report on the auditory capabilities and their associated functions of elasmobranch fishes along with a brief review of the physics of underwater sound as it relates to hearing by fishes is provided. The inner ears of elasmobranchs possess structures that are no different from other fishes, except for an enlarged macula neglecta, which is unique among fishes. Hearing abilities among sharks (the only elasmobranchs examined) have demonstrated highest sensitivity to low frequency sound (40 Hz to approximately 800 Hz), which is sensed solely through the particle-motion component of an acoustical field. Free-ranging sharks are attracted to sounds possessing specific characteristics: irregularly pulsed, broad-band (most attractive frequencies: below 80 Hz), and transmitted without a sudden increase in intensity. Such sounds are reminiscent of those produced by struggling prey. A sound, even an attractive one, can also result in immediate withdrawal by sharks from a source, if its intensity suddenly increases 20 dB [10 times] or more above a previous transmission. Present evidence also shows that the lateral line system does not respond to normal acoustical stimuli. Morphological and physiological evidence suggest that the maculae neglecta possess acoustical relevance and may explain directionality of response despite physical principles that provide still other hypotheses for acoustical directionality. Brain centers controlling acoustical response, particularly among sharks, must be explored in the near future with careful consideration of the habits of subjects based on indications of species-differences regarding the importance of acoustical stimuli to their activities. Numerous facts and ideas about the acoustical biology of elasmobranch fishes make certain that future research will be most rewarding.
A patterned approach for linking knowledge-based systems to external resources

Knowledge-based systems (KBSs) have been developed and used in industry and government as assistance systems, voting partner systems, and embedded applications. As web-based systems change the face of software implementations, these closed, internal KBSs need to be integrated into multicomponent applications that provide updated and extensible services. Therefore, KBSs must be adapted to an environment in which data and control are exchanged with external processes and resources; complementing other participating systems or using them to refine its own results. This integration can be a daunting task. If improperly done, it can result in an inefficient and unmanageable composite application. One approach to simplifying this task is the use of architectural patterns for integration. These patterns are assembled from functional entities that resolve component interoperability conflicts. In this paper, we describe an architectural pattern called the Knowledge Director pattern, which directs the integration of a closed KBS into a broader application environment.
Transesophageal echocardiography. Indications and technical considerations.

For the past decade, TEE has provided unequalled 2-D images of the heart, and recent advances in technology now permit Doppler examination, multiplane imaging, and pediatric examination. The technique requires trained personnel and specialized equipment. The safety of this procedure is assured by careful attention to procedural guidelines, and complications are rare.
Glutamic Acid, a Putative Neurotransmitter of Cerebellar Granule Cells: Evidence from the Virally Induced Granuloprival Cerebellum

When one considers various metabolic compartments in the brain or in a brain region, an obvious important consideration has to do with different neuronal classes. In most parts of the brain, too little is known of the types of neurons involved to delineate them into separate classes. However, the well-defined cellular organization of the cerebellum has made it feasible to classify the cell types in the cerebellum.
Mechanical failure mechanisms of hydrated products of tricalcium aluminate: A reactive molecular dynamics study

Abstract Hydrogarnet, ettringite, and monosulfoaluminate are known as the most important hydrated products of tricalcium aluminate, a major phase of ordinary cement with applications as a sustainable binder material. To understand the mechanical strength and performance of this important category of materials under external loads, the atomic structures of them are investigated at the nano-scale in the current study. Through an extensive set of reactive molecular dynamics simulations, the mechanical behavior of the representative crystalline structures is examined under uniaxial tensile strains and the corresponding stress–strain curves are obtained. The effects of strain direction and rate on the stress–strain behavior are particularly investigated. From the stress–strain curves, both elastic response and plastic response of the hydrated phases of tricalcium aluminate are determined. A comprehensive chemical bond and structural damage analysis is also performed to characterize the failure mechanisms under high tensile strains.
Ionizing radiation and heart risks

Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the two leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As advancements in radiation therapy (RT) have significantly increased the number of cancer survivors, the risk of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (RICD) in this group is a growing concern. Recent epidemiological data suggest that accidental or occupational exposure to low dose radiation, in addition to therapeutic ionizing radiation, can result in cardiovascular complications. The progression of radiation-induced cardiotoxicity often takes years to manifest but is also multifaceted, as the heart may be affected by a variety of pathologies. The risk of cardiovascular disease development in RT cancer survivors has been known for 40 years and several risk factors have been identified in the last two decades. However, most of the early work focused on clinical symptoms and manifestations, rather than understanding cellular processes regulating homeostatic processes of the cardiovascular system in response to radiation. Recent studies have suggested that a different approach may be needed to refute the risk of cardiovascular disease following radiation exposure. In this review, we will focus on how different radiation types and doses may induce cardiovascular complications, highlighting clinical manifestations and the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of radiation-induced cardiotoxicity. We will finally discuss how current and future research on heart development and homeostasis can help reduce the incidence of RICD.
A novel carbohydrate, differentiation antigen on fucogangliosides of human myeloid cells recognized by monoclonal antibody VIM-2.

A mouse monoclonal antibody, VIM-2, specific for human blood cells of myelomonocytic lineage, was found to bind to a series of minor gangliosides isolated from the cells of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (Uemura, K., Macher, B.A., DeGregorio, M., Scudder, P., Buehler, J., Knapp, W., and Feizi, T. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 846, 26-36). TLC immunostaining studies with the VIM-2 antibody of gangliosides from normal human neutrophils, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia cells showed that the total amount and the ratio of the VIM-2 gangliosides varies among these different myeloid cells and appears to be related to the level of cellular differentiation. Purification of these gangliosides from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells was aided by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure used in conjunction with high performance liquid chromatography. Structures for two of the immunoreactive gangliosides (a ceramide decasaccharide, VIII3NeuAcV3-Fuc-nLc8Cer and a ceramide dodecasaccharide X3-NeuAcVII3Fuc-nLc10Cer) are proposed from negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the native gangliosides, methylation analysis, and the combined use of glycosidase treatment and TLC immunostaining with carbohydrate sequence specific antibodies. The VIM-2 antigen was thus characterized as involving the sialofucooligosaccharide sequence.
Supporting sustained adoption of education innovations: The Designing for Sustained Adoption Assessment Instrument

Every year, significant effort and resources are expended around the world to develop innovative instructional strategies and materials to improve undergraduate Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics education. Despite convincing evidence of efficacy with respect to student learning, most will struggle to become successfully propagated to reach widespread use. To help developers improve their propagation plans and to encourage sustained adoption, we have developed an assessment instrument that supports development, analysis, evaluation, and refinement of propagation plans. Based on our synthesis of the literature, our analysis of successfully propagated innovations, and our analysis of a subset of funded NSF CCLI proposals, we argue that a primary reason for the lack of adoption is that developers focus their efforts on dissemination (spreading the word) instead of propagation (promoting successful adoption). To help developers focus on development of more effective propagation plans, the Designing for Sustained Adoption Assessment Instrument (DSAAI) is based on three primary bodies of literature: (1) change theory, (2) instructional systems, and (3) effective propagation strategies. The assessment instrument was designed in the form of a rubric to help education developers identify strengths and areas for improvement of their propagation plans. Based on extensive testing across several different groups of users, the DSAAI is divided into four main sections: identification of product type, features of target instructional strategies and/or materials, a propagation activities checklist, and aspects of the propagation plans that influence likelihood of successful propagation. The instrument has proven useful for a variety of audiences to evaluate and improve proposals and current research projects. Education developers who provided feedback during the development of this assessment instrument found it useful because it helped them not only evaluate their propagation plans but also become aware of other strategies they could use to help develop and disseminate products of current projects, as well as strategies for supporting future adopters. Grant writing consultants can use it to provide feedback to their clients, and funding agencies can use parts of the DSAAI framework to evaluate grant proposals.
Comment on “Early stage time evolution of a dense nanosecond microdischarge used in fast optical switching applications” [Phys. Plasmas 22, 123518 (2015)]

In an effort to understand the opaque nature of high-voltage nanosecond microdischarges and their ability to block 532 nm nanosecond laser pulses, as demonstrated by Bataller et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 223501 (2014)], Levko and Raja have published a paper [Phys. Plasmas 22, 123518 (2015)] which simulates spark discharges in 1 bar of xenon gas. At this ambient pressure, Levko and Raja simulate final electron densities much too low to explain the observed opacity and conclude the probing laser generates the requisite ionization for self-blocking. However, the experimental findings of Bataller et al. showed opacity being reached at 10 bar, an order of magnitude larger than the pressure simulated by Levko and Raja. Furthermore, Bataller et al. showed the spark remained opaque for very low laser intensities, insufficient to cause any significant ionization. Although the simulation performed by Levko and Raja could have merit at 1 bar, it is not an appropriate comparison to the regime studied by Bataller et al.
SEED DISPERSAL AND THE EVOLUTION OF DIOECISM IN FLOWERING PLANTS-A RESPONSE TO HERRERA.

GAL, A. E. 1968. An improved method for the detection and radioassay of monosaccharides on thin-layer or paper chromatograms. J. Chromatography 34:266-268. HUNT, J. H. 1982. Trophallaxis and the evolution of eusocial hymenoptera, p. 201-205. In M. D. Breed, C. D. Michener and H. E. Evans (eds.), The Biology of Social Insects. Westview Press, Boulder. ISHAY, J., AND R. IKAN. 1968. Food exchange between adults and larvae in Vespa orientalis F. Anim. Behav. 16:298-303. JEANNE, R. L. 1980. Evolution of social behavior in the Vespidae. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 25:371-396. MARCHAL, P. 1897. La castration nutriciale chez les Hymenopteres sociaux. Comptes Rendus Soc. Biol. Paris 1897:556-557. MASCHWITZ, U. 1966. Das Speichelsekret der Wespenlarven und seine biologische Bedentung. Z. Verg. Physiol. 53:228-252. MATTHEWS, R. W. 1968a. Microstigmus comes: sociality in a sphecid wasp. Science 160:787-788. 1968b. Nesting biology of the social wasp Microstigmus comes (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae). Psyche 75:23-45. MONTAGNER, H. 1963. Etude preliminaire des relations entre les adultes et le couvain chez les guepes sociales du genre Vespa, au moyen d'un radio-isotope. Insectes Sociaux 10:153-165. 1964. Etude du comportement alimentaire et des relations trophallactiques des males au sein de la societe de guepes, au moyen d'un radioisotope. Insectes Sociaux 11:301-316. MORIMOTO, R. 1960. Experimental study on the
Differential medium for the isolation and identification of Mycobacterium fortuitum complex

A single medium efficiently selects for an identifiesMycobacterium fortuitum complex on the basis of bile tolerance and arylsulfatase activity.
Endothelial cell heterogeneity: antioxidant profiles determine vulnerability to oxidant injury.

AbstractHuman umbilical vein endothelial cells were more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide lysis than cow pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Conversely, activated neutrophils which utilize hydrogen peroxide-mediated cell cytotoxicity cell mechanisms were more toxic to the cow pulmonary artery cells. This discordance was not related to neutrophil adhesion to either cell type or cell passage number. The antioxidant profiles of the endothelial cells revealed that cow pulmonary artery cells were rich in catalase to consume bolus hydrogen peroxide presented to them, while human umbilical vein endothelial cells utilize glutathione peroxidase-linked mechanisms to detoxify a slower more sustained release of hydrogen peroxide generated by neutrophils. Endothelial cells from different species and sites may utilize diversified antioxidant protective mechanisms.
Understanding and fixing multiple language interoperability issues: the C/Fortran case

We performed an empirical study to understand interoperability issues in C and Fortran programs. C/Fortran interoperability is very common and is representative of general language interoperability issues, such as how interfaces between languages are defined and how data types are shared. Fortran presents an additional challenge, since several ad hoc approaches to C/Fortran interoperability were in use long before a standard mechanism was defined. We explored 20 applications, automatically analyzing over 12 million lines of code. We found that only 3% of interoperability instances follow the ISO standard to describe interfaces; the rest follow a combination of compiler-dependent ad hoc approaches. Several parameters in cross-language functions did not have standards-compliant interoperable types, and about one-fourth of the parameters that were passed by reference could be passed by value. We propose that automated refactoring tools may provide a viable way to migrate programs to use the new interoperability features. We present two refactorings to transform code for this purpose and one refactoring to evolve code thereafter; all of these are instances of multiple language refactorings.
Acetyl L-carnitine targets adenosine triphosphate synthase in protecting zebrafish embryos from toxicities induced by verapamil and ketamine: An in vivo assessment.

Verapamil is a Ca2+ channel blocker and is highly prescribed as an anti-anginal, antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive drug. Ketamine, an antagonist of the Ca2+ -permeable N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptors, is a pediatric anesthetic. Previously we have shown that acetyl l-carnitine (ALCAR) reverses ketamine-induced attenuation of heart rate and neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. Here, we used 48 h post-fertilization zebrafish embryos that were exposed to relevant drugs for 2 or 4 h. Heart beat and overall development were monitored in vivo. In 48 h post-fertilization embryos, 2 mm ketamine reduced heart rate in a 2 or 4 h exposure and 0.5 mm ALCAR neutralized this effect. ALCAR could reverse ketamine's effect, possibly through a compensatory mechanism involving extracellular Ca2+ entry through L-type Ca2+ channels that ALCAR is known to activate. Hence, we used verapamil to block the L-type Ca2+ channels. Verapamil was more potent in attenuating heart rate and inducing morphological defects in the embryos compared to ketamine at specific times of exposure. ALCAR reversed cardiotoxicity and developmental toxicity in the embryos exposed to verapamil or verapamil plus ketamine, even in the presence of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester, an inhibitor of intracellular Ca2+ release suggesting that ALCAR acts via effectors downstream of Ca2+ . In fact, ALCAR's protective effect was blunted by oligomycin A, an inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate synthase that acts downstream of Ca2+ during adenosine triphosphate generation. We have identified, for the first time, using in vivo studies, a downstream effector of ALCAR that is critical in abrogating ketamine- and verapamil-induced developmental toxicities. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
STRUCTURE-FUNCTION STUDIES ON PEDF A Noninhibitory Serpin with Neurotrophic Activity

The neuronal differentiating and survival activities and presence of PEDF next to the neural retina support the idea that this serpin plays a neurotrophic role in vivo. The knowledge of the PEDF structure has provided information on the determinants for the noninhibitory and neurotrophic activities. PEDF has characteristics of a substrate rather than an inhibitor of serine proteases. Further studies are needed to identify the missing structural elements on PEDF that would confer serpin inhibitory activity. An N-terminus peptide region provides the neurotrophic function to the PEDF protein while other structural characteristics are dispensable (e.g. signal peptide, oligosaccharides on the polypeptide backbone, serpin exposed loop). During evolution PEDF might have lost its inhibitory activity and gained its neurotrophic function. Particular activities on other serpins have been reported (e.g. angiotensinogen, maspin, etc.). PEDF is an example of the separation of inhibitory and particular activities in a serpin.
Alcohol and Adolescence

Alcohol is the drug of choice for most substance-abusing adolescents and is the drug most often associated with teenage deaths. This article summarizes what is known about the inheritance of alcohol abuse, as well as the physical, developmental, psychosocial, and behavioral factors related to adolescent alcohol use.
Differentiation of Salmonella enterica serovars and strains in cultures and food using infrared spectroscopic and microspectroscopic techniques combined with soft independent modeling of class analogy pattern recognition analysis.

Detection of pathogenic microorganisms in food is often a tedious and time-consuming exercise. Developing rapid and cost-effective techniques for identifying pathogens to subspecies is critical for tracking causes of foodborne disease outbreaks. The objective of this study was to develop a method for rapid identification and differentiation of Salmonella serovars and strains within these serovars through isolation on hydrophobic grid membrane filters (HGMFs), examination by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and microspectroscopy, and data analysis by multivariate statistical techniques. Salmonella serovars (Anatum, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, Kentucky, Muenchen, and Typhimurium), most of which were represented by multiple strains, were grown in tryptic soy broth (24 h at 42°C), diluted to 102 to 103 CFU/ml, and filtered using HGMFs. The membranes were incubated on Miller-Mallinson agar (24 h at 42°C), and typical Salmonella colonies were sonicated in 50% acetonitrile and centrifuged. Resulting pellets were vacuum d...
An Introduction to Heidegger’s Philosophy

The central issue is the question of Being. Heidegger’s principal intention is to reawaken the Western world to what he feels has been lost in the history of Western metaphysics. In Heidegger’s interpretation, Being, a process of dynamic emergence, equated with the life force in all primitive societies, was converted by western philosophers into a transcendent Form, a substance, or a God. As a consequence, philosophy as thinking disappears behind the engineering of increasingly elaborate metaphysical systems that lead us to forget the mystery of Being. Heidegger proposes that we go back to a point in the history of ideas where the thinking of Being involved a relation to a dynamic process, rather than the erection of metaphysical scaffolding.
Coronary artery cyclic AMP content during adrenergic receptor stimulation

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the mechanical response of coronary smooth muscle following adrenergic receptor stimulation was mediated by changes in cyclic AMP content. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP caused relaxation of coronary artery strips. Aminophyline caused relaxation and a 254% elevation of cyclic AMP content (P less than 0.005). Phenylephrine caused contraction but no significant change in cyclic AMP content (P greater than 0.4). Epinephrine alone caused contraction and a 99% elevation of cyclic AMP content (P less than 0.001). The alpha blocker, phentolamine, reversed the mechanicaal response to epinephrine, but it did not significantly (P greater than 0.15) reduce the effect of epinephrine on cyclic AMP content. Propranolol enhanced the contractile response to epinephrine and attenuated the epinephrine-induced increase in cyclic AMP content. These results suggest that the contraction of coronary arteries associated with alpha-receptor stimulation is not mediated by changes in cyclic AMP content; however, relaxation associated with beta-receptor stimulation may be mediated by an increase in cyclic AMP content.
Cocaine administration dose-dependently increases sexual desire and decreases condom use likelihood: The role of delay and probability discounting in connecting cocaine with HIV.

Objectives Although cocaine use has been linked to sexual HIV risk behavior for decades, the direct effects of cocaine on sexual desire and sexual decision-making are unexamined. Research suggests delay discounting (devaluation of future outcomes) and probability discounting (devaluation of uncertain outcomes) play roles in condom use decisions. This study examined the effect of cocaine administration on sexual desire, hypothetical condom use, and discounting tasks.
Angiopoietin pathway gene expression associated with poor breast cancer survival.

Angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of cancer and is essential for cancer progression and metastasis. However, clinical trials with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway inhibitors have failed to show overall survival benefit in breast cancer. Targeted therapy against the angiopoietin pathway, a downstream angiogenesis cascade, could be effective in breast cancer. This study investigates the association of angiopoietin pathway gene expression with breast cancer survival using a “big data” approach employing RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A total of 888 patients with adequate gene expression, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) data were selected for analysis. DFS and OS were calculated for patients with high and low expression of angiopoietin and VEGF pathway genes using TCGA data. Gene-specific thresholds to dichotomize patients into high and low expression were determined and survival plots were generated. The TCGA cohort was representative of national breast cancer patients with respect to stage, pathology, and survival. High Ang2 gene expression was associated with not only decreased DFS (p = 0.05), but also decreased OS (p < 0.05). High co-expression of Ang2 and its receptor Tie2 was associated with both decreased DFS and OS (p < 0.05). There was strong correlation between angiopoietin and VEGF pathway genes. While high expression of VEGFA alone was not associated with survival, high co-expression with Ang2 was associated with decreased OS. This study validates TCGA as a representative database providing genomic data and survival outcomes in breast cancer. Our TCGA data support the angiopoietin pathway as a key mediator in the pathologic angiogenic switch in breast cancer.
First report of a prospective trial of proton therapy and concomittant capecitabine for patients with nonmetastatic unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

326 Background: Review initial outcomes for patients enrolled on the University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute PC01 protocol for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. Methods: The protocol received Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval in 7/2007. The first patient was enrolled in 4/2010. The accrual target was 66 patients to test if the Serious Adverse Event (SAE) ratecould be reduced from 15% (expected) to less than 5%. Protocol therapy consisted of proton therapy to a planning target volume (PTV) dose of 59.4 Cobalt Gray Equivalent (CGE) at 1.8CGE per fraction with concomitant oral Capecitabine (1000mg PO BID 5 days/week on radiation treatment days). Only gross disease was targeted. Results: 12 patients were enrolled. 1 patient died of a gunshot wound 5 days after starting treatment so only 11 patients are reported. Median follow up from start of treatment: 13 months (range 2 to 21 months). Median age: 68 (range 51 to 86) years. Gender: Males 5, Females 6. Race/Ethnicity: 9 White, 2 His...
Special Olympics: Custom Foot Orthoses for Athletes with Genetic Disorders

Mentally and physically handicapped individuals, such as those afflicted with Down syndrome and cerebral palsy, have gait problems that progress with age. These gait abnormalities frequently lead to the eventual development of foot pain if not corrected. No matter what the etiology, foot pain can lead to a decrease in activity and mobility and, for the mentally handicapped, the eventual removal of community participation [1]. Studies have found that early identification and correction with conservative care of lower extremity foot deformities commonly seen with the mentally and physically challenged can lead to improved development of the individual both physically and socially [2, 3]. This chapter covers orthoses, shoe gear, and shoe modifications to help with the most common pedal problems associated with active mentally and physically challenged individuals, with the hope of improving physical activity and wellness.
Off Pump Robotic-Assisted LVAD (HeartWare, HVAD) Placement via Left Mini Thoracotomy

Patients who require left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement frequently either have had previous cardiac surgery or will require future sternotomy. As a result, approaches to avoid sternotomies have been explored. Our group has had success with robotic-assisted left mini anterior thoracotomy placement of LVADs. This approach has the advantage of allowing the graft to lie in an anatomic location while avoiding the morbidity associated with a redo median sternotomy. Here we describe our technique, which can be easily adopted by those with experience in robotic-assisted thoracic procedures as well as with LVAD placement through a hemisternotomy and anterior thoracotomy.
Neurologic Status on Presentation as Predictive Measurement in Success of Closed Reduction in Traumatic Cervical Facet Fractures

Background Dislocations to cervical facets resulting from traumatic injury often lead to neurologic impairment and can be treated both surgically and in a closed manner. Objective We sought to evaluate the utilization of closed reduction in the initial management of bilateral facet dislocations over the past 10 years at our institution. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients who experienced subaxial cervical facet injury within the Penn Health System between 1 June 2006 and 1 June 2016 to identify patients with bilateral jumped/perched facets. The neurologic injury was identified on the basis of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) spinal cord injury score. Analysis of variance and 2-sample t-tests were used to compare continuous distributions, and chi-square tests were used to compare categorical distributions. Results We focused our analyses on patients who presented with bilateral jumped/perched facets with (ASIA A and B) or without (ASIA C, D, E) complete voluntary motor deficit and underwent attempted closed reduction. We found that the rate of successful closed reduction was significantly higher in incomplete motor deficits (5/5, P = 0.04, chi-square test) as compared with complete motor deficits (n = 2/11). Conclusion Our results demonstrate a significant difference in the success rate of closed reduction in patients with good neurologic status on presentation (ASIA A or B), compared with those with poor neurologic status (ASIA C, D, and E). These results suggest that closed reduction should be attempted in patients with good motor examinations on presentation, whereas those with significant deficits may benefit from earlier surgical intervention.
Distinguishing Damages Paid from Compensation Received: A Thought Experiment

This symposium contribution argues that the shortcomings of patent damages doctrine arise in part from the conflicting normative aims of this body of law. On the one hand, patent damages should provide just enough compensation to induce invention and commercialization of a technology but nothing more, thus mitigating deadweight loss. On the other hand, damages should deter infringement and shunt would-be infringers into licensing negotiations with patentees. The current regime of “make-whole” damages largely effectuates the second aim by providing patentees with the full market value of their infringed technologies, even when such damages exceed inducement costs. To help resolve this divergence, this Article proposes distinguishing the amount of compensation that patentees receive from the amount of damages that infringers pay. Within this framework, infringers would pay damages based on the current regime of make-whole damages, thus deterring infringement and encouraging licensing. However, courts would compensate a patentee up to this amount based on the patentee’s inducement costs of invention and commercialization, including a reasonable profit. If make-whole damages paid by an infringer exceed inducement costs, courts would allocate any surplus to government agencies to fund research and development, thus advancing the goals of the patent system. This Article assesses the pros and cons of this proposal, observing that such a “decoupling” regime encourages patentees and infringers to settle, thus eliminating any patent surplus. This is a feature rather than a bug, however, as such settlement would promote more competitive market entry relative to the current status quo while guarding against overly diminishing incentives to invent.
Prostatosis, Prostatitis or Pelvic Floor Tension Myalgia?

Patients with symptoms suggestive of prostatitis or prostatosis who do not have pathogenic bacteria in the prostatic secretions may, in fact, not have prostatic problems. The possibility of pelvic floor tension myalgia should be considered in these patients.
Spouse abuse. Care goes beyond the office door.

Domestic violence is an underreported and underrecognized problem with immense medical, social, psychological, and emotional costs. Vigilance in recognizing the victim of spouse abuse and direct questioning of the patient about the possibility are the first steps in identification and treatment. Being alert to signs of abuse in the face of patient denial is also important. Treatment of the medical and surgical sequelae of abuse is just the initial stage of therapy. A concerned, knowledgeable team that can address the patient's individual psychological and emotional needs while providing a safe alternative living situation and referral resources is critical to success. Great caution should be used in prescribing psychotropic medication. Clear documentation of an abused patient's injuries serves both the victim and the physician well, but reporting the information to authorities should only be done when it is legally required or at the patient's request. Language: en
Least squares in calibration: weights, nonlinearity, and other nuisances.

Abstract In the least-squares fitting of data, there is a unique answer to the question of how the data should be weighted: inversely as their variance. Any other weighting gives less than optimal efficiency and leads to unreliable estimates of the parameter uncertainties. In calibration, knowledge of the data variance permits exact prediction of the precision of calibration, empowering the analyst to critically examine different response functions and different data structures. These points are illustrated here with a nonlinear response function that exhibits a type of saturation curvature at large signal like that observed in a number of detection methods. Exact error propagation is used to compute the uncertainty in the fitted response function and to treat common data transformations designed to reduce or eliminate the effects of data heteroscedasticity. Data variance functions can be estimated with adequate reliability from remarkably small data sets, illustrated here with three replicates at each of seven calibration values. As a quantitative goodness-of-fit indicator, χ 2 is better than the widely used R 2 ; in one application it shows clearly that the dominant source of uncertainty is not the measurement but the preparation of the calibration samples, forcing the conclusion that the calibration regression should be reversed.
Single-Period Examples

In this chapter we consider simple examples in one-period models, whose continuous versions will be studied later in the book. Principal–Agent problems in single-period models become more tractable if exponential utility functions are assumed. However, even then, there are cases in which tractability requires considering only linear contracts. Optimal contracts which cannot contract upon the agent’s actions are more sensitive to the output than those that can. When the agents’ type is unknown to the principal, the agents of “higher” type may have to be paid more to make them reveal their type.
BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF RECENT DISCOVERIES IN THE MARINE STEROL FIELD

Abstract Marine sterols exhibit widely varied and often complex patterns of alkylation, dealkylation and side chain cyclopropane construction. These marine sterols occur at concentrations which reflect a structural role in the membrane. Only a single sterol, cholesterol, has been used in the majority of membrane biological and biophysical studies, In this paper the possible functional significance of the unusual structural features unique to the various marine sterols is explored. Also, the extent of the existing survey of sterol compositions of marine organisms is evaluated, important unexamined groups of marine organisms are pointed out, and the importance of marine sterol distributions to various biological fields is discussed.
Old Arctic carbon stability

The Arctic stores vast amounts of soil carbon, much of which is likely to be lost to the atmosphere as the climate warms. A clever new analytical approach suggests that even carbon that has been stored for hundreds to thousands of years is vulnerable to warming.
Perceptions of Academic Tenure, Post-Tenure Review Policies, and Organisational Commitment in University Academic Staff.

This study investigated the relationships between perceptions of academic tenure, post-tenure review policies, and three dimensions of organisational commitment (affective, continuance, and normati...
Food and housing insecurity and homelessness among students in an open-enrollment university*

This paper reports on survey findings assessing the extent of food and housing insecurity and homelessness at an open enrollment institution of higher learning in the U.S. A random sample of 3000 d...
Caddisfly (Insecta: Trichoptera) diversity in the Ozarks and tallgrass prairie transitional zone, Arkansas and Missouri, USA

Adult caddisfly (Trichoptera) community assemblages were studied in nine streams located in the transitional zone of the Ozarks and tallgrass prairie ecoregions. Seventy-two species, 36 genera, and 15 families were collected from among these streams. Cluster analysis showed taxa similarity among sites was grouped by geographic proximity rather than stream type, but, within the primary clusters, there also was separation among the streams. Predominantly spring-fed streams were less closely related to the other streams in those clusters. Among streams within a park, there were distinct differences among their respective faunas, which is likely due to local physical and chemical differences in those streams. An NMDS analysis was consistent with the similarity analysis with streams ordinating primarily based on geographic proximity (stress = 0.07, R2 = 0.76) and not stream type (multiresponse permutation procedure: A = 0.289, p = 0.003). Results from free permutation testing showed half of the environmental variables included in the model were significant (p ≤ 0.05). The most important findings of this study are that highest taxa similarities were among streams in the same park (local scale) as opposed to similar stream types among parks (regional scale), but there also was substantial variation among stream types within parks due to local factors.
Gender and Total Joint Arthroplasty: Variable Outcomes by Procedure Type.

Abstract Background Recent reports on the influence of gender on the outcomes of total joint arthroplasty were limited by either lack of longitudinal data or absent stratification by total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA). As a result, there remains a lack of clarity on this topic. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was queried for all primary, elective THAs and TKAs performed between 2011 and 2017. Differences in demographics, comorbidity profiles, operative time, hospital length of stay (LOS), and 30-day outcomes were compared between male and female patients. Multivariate analyses were performed separately for THA and TKA. Results A total of 418,885 patients were analyzed; 59.1% were females. Compared with males, females were likely to be older, have a higher body mass index, identify as nonwhite, and require preoperative functional assistance (P 2 days than males. Discussion A variable effect of gender was observed on the post–total joint arthroplasty LOS and outcomes depending on the procedure type (THA or TKA). Differences attributed to gender should be accounted for in risk-stratification models. Future studies are also needed to elucidate the underlying causes of gender differences in joint arthroplasty.
Area, not number, dominates estimates of visual quantities

The study of numerical estimation collectively spans hundreds of papers and hundreds of thousands of citations. Interest in this topic hinges on one assumption: that we can approximate number independently of continuous spatial dimensions (e.g., area). Accordingly, many studies have specifically tried to demonstrate sensitivity specific to number while controlling other dimensions. However, recent work demonstrates that perceived area (based on psychophysical judgments) differs from true area (i.e., a precise pixel count). This difference raises concerns about most past studies of approximate number, by asking if they have systematically controlled for the wrong dimension(s). Building on recent findings that the percept of area may be systematically illusory, the current study examines the relation between perceived area and number. Four experiments reveal that (1) perceived area, but not mathematical area, strongly influences numerosity judgments, (2) perceived area influences perceived number but not the reverse, (3) number acuity is greatly reduced in stimuli controlled for perceived area, and (4) the ability to make area discriminations on the basis of ‘additive area’ but not mathematical area predicts number discrimination ability. Together, these findings highlight a potentially serious confound in prior work, raising new theoretical and methodological challenges for the field.
Four-lepton Z boson decay constraints on the standard model EFT

We discuss how four-lepton decays of the $Z$ boson probe currently unconstrained flat directions in the parameter space of the standard model effective field theory (SMEFT). We derive the constraints from these decays on four-lepton operators in the SMEFT and show how the LHC data for this process complements probes from neutrino-trident production. Future differential measurements with high-luminosity data can strongly constrain four-lepton operators and remove all flat directions in the four-muon sector of the SMEFT. We comment briefly on the possibility of using rare $Z$-decays to $\ensuremath{\tau}$-leptons to probe untested directions in the SMEFT parameter space.
Avoiding Adverse Drug Withdrawal Events When Stopping Unnecessary Medications According to the STOPPFrail Criteria.

Objective To provide clinicians with information about avoiding adverse drug withdrawal events (ADWEs) when discontinuing unnecessary medications as per the STOPPFrail criteria. Data sources Searches of MEDLINE (1970-June 2020), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (through June 2020), Google Scholar (through June 2020). Study selection Reviews and original studies of ADWEs. Data extraction Tapering protocols for specific drugs/ classes from randomized controlled deprescribing trials. Data synthesis Six drug classes were identified as being high risk for physiological ADWEs. Conclusion The occurrence of ADWEs is rare in comparison to adverse drug reactions in older adults. Few drugs/classes have been reported to have physiological ADWEs with abrupt discontinuation. For these we provide information about tapering protocols and symptom monitoring to avoid ADWEs.
Why Persons with Serious Mental Illness End Up Homeless

Serious mental illness (SMI) and homelessness each create significant burden on impacted individuals and pose major system- and provider-level challenges. With annual estimates of roughly 11 million individuals suffering from a serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or severe bipolar disorder and greater than a half a million people experiencing homeless on a given night in the United States, the magnitude of each issue is sobering. Additionally, individuals with serious mental illness experience high rates of co-occurring substance use disorders and medical conditions and die on average 25 years younger than the general population. Homelessness is also a complex issue that can result from a number of factors and brings with it stigma and elevated morbidity and mortality.
Appropriateness of antibiotic selection for pneumonia in the emergency department: pre- and post-order set changes.

OBJECTIVES Emergency department (ED) providers face pressure to meet sepsis mandates such as prompt administration of antibiotic therapy, which can lead to the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. In recent years, there has also been a push to adhere to institutional antibiotic stewardship goals including decreasing inappropriate antibiotic therapy and limiting duration of therapy. Previous literature has demonstrated that the incorporation of clinical decision support (CDS) tools in electronic medical records can aid in guiding appropriate antibiotic prescribing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether the implementation of a CDS tool could improve antibiotic selection for pneumonia management in the ED. METHODS This was a retrospective single-centre observational study conducted in patients that presented to the ED with pneumonia. In November 2018, a CDS tool was incorporated into the ED sepsis order set to guide practitioners in selecting appropriate antibiotics for pneumonia. Antibiotic prescribing patterns were assessed pre-CDS (January-February 2018) and post-CDS (January-February 2019) implementation. Patients were included if they were 18 years of age or older, had an ED visit with ICD10 code reflective of pneumonia, and had at least one antibiotic ordered from the ED sepsis order set. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients prescribed appropriate antibiotic therapy for pneumonia based on patient risk factors pre- and post-CDS implementation. KEY FINDINGS There were 161 patients in the pre-CDS group and 119 patients in the post-CDS group included in the study. There was a significant improvement in the selection of appropriate antibiotics in the post-CDS group (31.9% versus 65.3%, P < 0.0001) with no significant differences in duration of antibiotics, intubation rates, vasopressor initiation, length of stay, mortality or 30-day readmission. CONCLUSION The implementation of a CDS tool for empiric management of pneumonia in the ED significantly improved the selection of appropriate antibiotics.
The Brutish museums: the Benin Bronzes, colonial violence and cultural restitution

Can the twinned destinies of the colonial anthropology museum and the looted cultural heritage of Benin ever be recast? This is one question among several that guides Dan Hicks' recent monograph, T...
An Integrated System for Connecting Cybersecurity Competency, Student Activities and Career Building.

For educators, preparing students who are able to solve cybersecurity problems requires not only a curriculum that provides students with interdisciplinary knowledge but also activities that develop their skills and competencies to solve problems that call for an interdisciplinary approach. To facilitate this process, we have developed a system called Cyberpassport, which integrates students’ academic and career goals with cybersecurity co-curricular activities. This system is designed for students to search and register for cybersecurity activities, and track their own progress, for advisors to support their mentoring efforts, and for activity hosts such as faculty members or industry professionals to facilitate connection with interested students. Usability testing was conducted to test the application’s functionality as well as user experience and interest. Preliminary results indicate that users found the system easy to use and beneficial for a career in cybersecurity. Furthermore, this is the first mobile events app developed that aligns with the skills and competencies defined by the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) cybersecurity workforce framework.