cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparing future principals: facilitating the development of a mentoring mindset through graduate coursework

Aspiring school leaders rarely emerge from their principal preparation programs fully ready for the challenges that await them as new administrators, with much evidence revealing the need for continued mentoring and professional development. The author developed graduate course content that taught students the knowledge, skills and dispositions of protegeship in a principal preparation program, encouraging them to develop a mentoring mindset. A framework for protegeship, derived from several sources in the mentoring literature, is described. The author required students to approach individuals to formally mentor them. Student responses to this assignment indicated their acknowledgement of mentoring needs, awareness of the need for preparation and recognition of the benefits of seeking a mentor. This research contributes to the thin region of literature on protege preparation for mentoring. The protegeship framework and protege preparation activities can be adapted for mentoring programs in the United Stat...
Segmentation and classification of triple negative breast cancers using DCE-MRI

Triple-negative (TN) breast cancer has gained much interest recently due to its lack of response to receptor-targeted therapies and its aggressive clinical nature. In this study, we evaluate the ability of a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system to not only distinguish benign from malignant lesions on dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), but also to quantitatively distinguish triple negative breast cancers from other molecular subtypes of breast cancer. 41 breast lesions (24 malignant, 17 benign) as imaged on DCE-MRI were included in the dataset. Of the 24 malignant cases, 13 were of the TN phenotype. Using the dynamic signal intensity information from the DCE-MRIs, an Expectation Maximization-driven active contours scheme is used to automatically segment the breast lesions. Following quantitative morphological, textural, and kinetic feature extraction, a support vector machine classifier was employed to distinguish (a) benign from malignant lesions and (b) TN from non-TN cancers. In the former case, the classifier yielded an accuracy of 83%, sensitivity of 79%, and specificity of 88%. In distinguishing TN from non-TN cases, the classifier had an accuracy of 92%, sensitivity of 92%, and specificity of 91%. The results suggest that the TN phenotype has distinct and quantifiable signatures on DCE-MRI that will be instrumental in the early detection of this aggressive breast cancer subtype.
Neurolaw: Differential brain activity for Black and White faces predicts damage awards in hypothetical employment discrimination cases

Currently, potential jurors' racial biases are measured by explicit questioning––a poor measure because people often hide their views to adhere to social norms, and people have implicit views they are not consciously aware of. In this experiment, we investigated whether two alternative methods of measuring racial bias––a standard Black/White, good/bad Implicit Association Test (IAT) and neural activity, measured by fMRI, in response to seeing faces of Black and White individuals––could predict how much money subjects would award Black victims in hypothetical employment discrimination cases. IAT scores failed to predict how much money subjects awarded victims. However, in right inferior parietal lobule (BA 40) and in right superior/middle frontal gyrus (BA 9/10)––which have both previously been implicated in measuring biases and implicit preferences––the difference in neural activity between when subjects viewed Black faces paired with neutral adjectives and when subjects viewed White faces paired with neu...
Deep Sequencing Analysis Reveals Temporal Microbiota Changes Associated with Development of Bovine Digital Dermatitis

Bovine digital dermatitis (DD) is a leading cause of lameness in dairy cattle throughout the world. Despite 35 years of research, the definitive etiologic agent associated with the disease process is still unknown. Previous studies have demonstrated that multiple bacterial species are associated with lesions, with spirochetes being the most reliably identified organism. This study details the deep sequencing-based metagenomic evaluation of 48 staged DD biopsy specimens collected during a 3-year longitudinal study of disease progression. Over 175 million sequences were evaluated by utilizing both shotgun and 16S metagenomic techniques. Based on the shotgun sequencing results, there was no evidence of a fungal or DNA viral etiology. The bacterial microbiota of biopsy specimens progresses through a systematic series of changes that correlate with the novel morphological lesion scoring system developed as part of this project. This scoring system was validated, as the microbiota of each stage was statistically significantly different from those of other stages (P < 0.001). The microbiota of control biopsy specimens were the most diverse and became less diverse as lesions developed. Although Treponema spp. predominated in the advanced lesions, they were in relatively low abundance in the newly described early lesions that are associated with the initiation of the disease process. The consortium of Treponema spp. identified at the onset of disease changes considerably as the lesions progress through the morphological stages identified. The results of this study support the hypothesis that DD is a polybacterial disease process and provide unique insights into the temporal changes in bacterial populations throughout lesion development.
Hydrogenation of propylene and hydrogenolysis of cyclopropane on activated Mo(CO)6/alumina catalysts

Abstract The hydrogenation of propylene and the hydrogenolysis of cyclopropane has been studied on Mo(CO) 6 Al 2 O 3 activated in flowing He or H2. The γ-alumina was either partially dehydroxylated in flowing He at 475 °C (PDA) or nearly completely dehydroxylated at 950 °C (DA). In a pulse reactor with hydrogen carrier, Mo(CO) 3 PDA converted propylene both to ethylene + 2-butene (metathesis) and to propane (hydrogenation). Activation in He or in H2 to 300 °C (average ON ∼- +2 and +3, respectively) greatly enhanced the activity of Mo(CO) 3 PDA for hydrogenation which had to be measured in a flow reactor at −46 °C. Mo(CO) 6 DA activated to 300–500 °C in He or in H2 (average ON near zero) was an even more active catalyst and heating DA;He,300 ° in H2 to 500 °C led to a still more active catalyst. Hydrogenation was approximately zero order in propylene and first order in hydrogen. The same materials catalyzed the hydrogenolysis of cyclopropane at 0–100 °C. DA;He,300 ° and PDA;He,300 ° were the most active catalysts. Both single and double hydrogenolysis occurred as initial reactions to form propane and methane + ethane, respectively. Double hydrogenolysis was favored by molybdenum in lower ON.
International Expansion of Service Firms: Problems and Strategies

ABSTRACT Service firms face different obstacles than merchandise firms when expanding overseas. This paper examines the challenges and responses of service firms that have expanded internationally. The findings indicate that the most cited problem is that of host government restrictions, closely followed by marketing related problems and cultural differences. The responses of international service firms ranged from increasing control to using external resources to solve problems. It is important that service managers be sensitized to these problems and examine history of strategies used by others to overcome them.
Inferring protein domain interactions from databases of interacting proteins

We describe domain pair exclusion analysis (DPEA), a method for inferring domain interactions from databases of interacting proteins. DPEA features a log odds score, Eij, reflecting confidence that domains i and j interact. We analyzed 177,233 potential domain interactions underlying 26,032 protein interactions. In total, 3,005 high-confidence domain interactions were inferred, and were evaluated using known domain interactions in the Protein Data Bank. DPEA may prove useful in guiding experiment-based discovery of previously unrecognized domain interactions.
Index of Suspicion in the Nursery

A female neonate born at 38 weeks’ gestation presents to the emergency department on the eighth day after birth with a 2-day history of seizures. Two days ago, she began to have episodes of rightward eye deviation and shaking and stiffness of the right arm and leg. According to her parents, the episodes always occur while the neonate is awake, and she cries just prior to them. The spells typically last less than 15 seconds and are followed by heavy sleeping. Other than these spells, the neonate is acting normally and feeding appropriately, has remained afebrile, and her parents note no other complaints. The infant was born via a normal, spontaneous vaginal delivery to a 27-year-old multiparous woman. The pregnancy was complicated by diabetes mellitus, requiring glyburide therapy. Maternal screening test results included O-negative blood type; rubella-immune; and negative screening for syphilis, hepatitis B surface antigen, and group B streptococcal culture. The mother denies any history of herpes simplex viral infection. The neonate's delivery occurred less than 12 hours after rupture of membranes and meconium was present, but the infant was vigorous and required only routine resuscitation. Apgar scores were 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The neonate's hospital stay was unremarkable, and she was discharged on the second day after birth. On evaluation in the emergency department, the infant weighs 3,550 g (50th percentile) and has a temperature of 99.1°F (37.2°C), heart rate of 130 beats/min, respiratory rate of 40 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation of 98%. Physical examination reveals a normal-appearing neonate who has no evidence of trauma and exhibits appropriate behavior and activity. Head examination shows normal findings, with open and flat fontanelles and normal retinal examination findings. Results of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and abdominal examinations are normal. The neurologic examination reveals no abnormal movements, …
Prediction of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Response Using Diffusion-Weighted MRI

Pretreatment differences in serotonergic binding between those who remit to antidepressant treatment and those who do not have been found using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). To investigate these differences, an exploratory study was performed using a second imaging modality, diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI). Eighteen antidepressant-free subjects with Major Depressive Disorder received a 25-direction DW-MRI scan prior to eight weeks of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment. Probabilistic tractography was performed between the midbrain/raphe and two target regions implicated in depression pathophysiology (amygdala and hippocampus). Average fractional anisotropy (FA) within the derived tracts was compared between SSRI remitters and nonremitters, and correlation between pre-treatment FA values and SSRI treatment outcome was assessed. Results indicate that average FA in DW-MRI-derived tracts to the right amygdala was significantly lower in nonremitters (0.55±0.04) than remitters (0.61±0.04, p<0.01). In addition, there was a significant correlation between average FA in tracts to the right amygdala and SSRI treatment response. These relationships were found at a trend level when using the left amygdala as a tractography target. No significant differences were observed when using the hippocampus as target. These regional differences, consistent with previous PET findings, suggest that the integrity and/or number of white matter fibers terminating in the right amygdala may be compromised in SSRI nonremitters. Further, this study points to the benefits of multimodality imaging and suggests that DW-MRI may provide a pretreatment signature of SSRI depression remission at eight weeks.
Curing Mice with Large Tumors by Locally Delivering Combinations of Immunomodulatory Antibodies

Purpose: Immunomodulatory mAbs can treat cancer, but cures are rare except for small tumors. Our objective was to explore whether the therapeutic window increases by combining mAbs with different modes of action and injecting them into tumors. Experimental Design: Combinations of mAbs to CD137/PD-1/CTLA-4 or CD137/PD-1/CTLA-4/CD19 were administrated intratumorally to mice with syngeneic tumors (B16 and SW1 melanoma, TC1 lung carcinoma), including tumors with a mean surface of approximately 80 mm 2 . Survival and tumor growth were assessed. Immunologic responses were evaluated using flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. Results: More than 50% of tumor-bearing mice had complete regression and long-term survival after tumor injection with mAbs recognizing CD137/PD-1/CTLA-4/CD19 with similar responses in three models. Intratumoral injection was more efficacious than intraperitoneal injection in causing rejection also of untreated tumors in the same mice. The three-mAb combination could also induce regression, but was less efficacious. There were few side effects, and therapy-resistant tumors were not observed. Transplanted tumor cells rapidly caused a Th2 response with increased CD19 cells. Successful therapy shifted this response to the Th1 phenotype with decreased CD19 cells and increased numbers of long-term memory CD8 effector cells and T cells making IFNγ and TNFα. Conclusions: Intratumoral injection of mAbs recognizing CD137/PD-1/CTLA-4/CD19 can eradicate established tumors and reverse a Th2 response with tumor-associated CD19 cells to Th1 immunity, whereas a combination lacking anti-CD19 is less effective. There are several human cancers for which a similar approach may provide clinical benefit. Clin Cancer Res; 21(5); 1127–38. ©2014 AACR . See related commentary by Dronca and Dong, p. 944
Citizens' Perceptions of Ideological Bias in Research on Public Policy Controversies

How do ordinary citizens react to new policy-relevant findings that they learn about from media mentions or word of mouth? We conducted an experiment embedded in a random-digit-dial (RDD) telephone survey of 1,050 California adults. Respondents heard a description of a hypothetical study on one of four politicized topics or a politically neutral topic (nutrition) and were asked to describe their reactions to the study's main finding. As in prior research, citizens were more skeptical when the findings contradicted their prior beliefs about the topic. But, we also found effects of partisanship and ideology even after controlling for specific issue attitudes. Citizens, especially those holding conservative beliefs, tended to attribute studies with liberal findings to the liberalism of the researcher, but citizens were less likely to attribute conservative findings to the conservatism of the researcher.
Single-shot, electro-optic measurements at 10 GHz with a dynamic range of 2400:1

High-dynamic-range, single-shot pulse shapes were measured by temporally stacking pulses in a passive, fiber-optic network. The 256 replicas were combined to produce shapes with a bandwidth of 10 GHz and a dynamic range of 1000:1.
Hydrogen bonding revisited: Geometric selection as a principal determinant of DNA replication fidelity

Difluorotoluene, a nonpolar isosteric analog of thymine (T), contains fluorine atoms in place of oxygens on the pyrimidine ring and thus cannot form H bonds with A (1). Nevertheless, A⋅F base pairs are formed almost as well as A⋅T pairs by Escherichia coli proofreading-defective DNA polymerase I (KF exo−), as Moran et al. (2) report in this issue of the Proceedings [the chemical structures of F and T and space-filling models of each are shown in Moran et al. (2), figure 1]. The observation that KF exo− fails to discriminate strongly against A⋅F pairs applies when F is present either as a template base on DNA (3) or as a dFTP substrate (2). The apparently inescapable conclusion is that H bonds are not absolutely required for polymerase to form W–C base pairs selectively.
A 31P and 1H MAS NMR study of phosphate sorption onto calcium carbonate

The sorption of inorganic phosphate by two calcium carbonates, characterized by specific surface areas equivalent to 0.37 and 22 m 2 g-~, is studied using ~H and 3~p MAS NMR spectroscopy. The 3~p MAS and CP-MAS NMR spectra of the low-phosphate-concentration (0.79 ~mol P sorbed g-1 CaCO3) sample show that the sorbed phosphate is most likely unprotonated, but the 3~p nucleus has a dipolar coupling to nearby protons. At this low concentration, the sorbed phosphate is not in the form of hydroxyapatite, nor does its spectrum resemble the 3~p CP-MAS NMR spectra of amorphous calcium phosphates previously characterized by other investigators. The solid state 3~p NMR spectra of samples with 3.33-36.72 #tool P sorbed g-~ CaCO3 suggest the formation of a carbonated, apatitic-like phase. At phosphate addition levels that exceeded the computed monolayer coverage on the calcium carbonate surface, an apatitic-like phase and brushite were detected using 3~p CP-MAS NMR. The ~H MAS NMR spectra of the phosphorus-free, high-surface-area synthetic calcium carbonate sample show a peak at ca. 5 ppm due to physisorbed water and a sharp peak at 6.7 ppm that is tentatively assigned to HCO5 or Ca-OH at the surface. In the samples containing high levels of sorbed phosphate, the tH MAS NMR spectra exhibit the characteristic spectral features of brushite. The sorption of phosphate onto calcium carbonate is described by fitting the NMR-characterized, surface-sorbed P species using the constant capacitance model. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
O2 reduction to H2O by the multicopper oxidases.

In nature the four electron reduction of O2 to H2O is carried out by Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) and the multicopper oxidases (MCOs). In the former, Cytochrome c provides electrons for pumping protons to produce a gradient for ATP synthesis, while in the MCOs the function is the oxidation of substrates, either organic or metal ions. In the MCOs the reduction of O2 is carried out at a trinuclear Cu cluster (TNC). Oxygen intermediates have been trapped which exhibit unique spectroscopic features that reflect novel geometric and electronic structures. These intermediates have both intact and cleaved O–O bonds, allowing the reductive cleavage of the O–O bond to be studied in detail both experimentally and computationally. These studies show that the topology of the TNC provides a unique geometric and electronic structure particularly suited to carry out this key reaction in nature.
Using Student-student Feedback to Improve Term Projects and Project Presentations

Typically, most of the feedback to the students in a class is from the grader or instructor. However, enhanced student-student interactions and collaboration are known to improve student motivation and student learning. In this paper, student-student feedback exercises on term projects in the form of student review of reports and in-class cafe discussions in a graduate heat transfer class are described. Students were assigned individual projects and three-student `cafe' groups were formed. Each student submitted a mid-term report, sent it to the other students in the group for their review. Towards the end of the semester, an in-class `cafe' discussion session was implemented. The session involved each student presenting his or her project to the others in the group in turn. The instructor also helped facilitate the discussion. An end-of-semester assessment revealed that almost all students wanted it to be continued in the upcoming semesters.
A Longitudinal Path Analysis of Peer Victimization, Threat Appraisals to the Self, and Aggression, Anxiety, and Depression Among Urban African American Adolescents

Threat appraisals—individuals’ perceptions of how stressful situations may threaten their well-being—are an important but understudied mechanism that could explain links between peer victimization and adjustment. The goal of the present study was to examine relationships between physical and relational victimization by peers, threats to the self, and aggression, anxiety, and depression to better understand the cognitive evaluations that make youth vulnerable to negative adjustment. The sample comprised two cohorts of African American adolescents (N = 326; 54 % female; M = 12.1; SD = 1.6) and their maternal caregivers, who participated in three waves of a longitudinal study. Path models revealed significant direct effects from Time 1 relational victimization, but not physical victimization, to Time 2 threat appraisals (i.e., negative self-evaluations and negative evaluations by others), controlling for Time 1 threat appraisals. Significant direct effects were found from Time 2 threats of negative evaluations by others to Time 3 youth-reported aggression, controlling for Time 1 and Time 2 aggression. Significant direct effects also were found from Time 2 threats of negative self-evaluations to T3 youth-reported depression, controlling for Time 1 and Time 2 depression. Overall, findings highlight the need to consider the role of threats to the self in pathways from peer victimization to adjustment and the implications these appraisals have for youth prevention and intervention efforts.
The case for a hierarchical cosmology.

Once upon a time philosophers and cosmographers insisted that the motions of the planets must be circular and uniform. An irrelevant aesthetic concept of ‘perfection’ and a more valid mathematical need for simplicity were at the root of this long-held error. Nowadays, theoretical cosmologists insist that the large-scale distribution of galaxies most be homogeneous and isotropic, and most astonomers believe that the expansion of the universe is linear and isotropic and that it proceeds at a uniform rate measured by the Hubble ‘constant’ H.1, 2
Beam simulation and radiation dose calculation at the Advanced Photon Source with shower, an interface program to the EGS4 code system

The interface program shower to the EGS Monte Carlo electromagnetic cascade shower simulation code system was written to facilitate the definition of complicated target and shielding geometries and to simplify the handling of input and output of data. The geometry is defined by a series of namelist commands in an input file. The input and output beam data files follow the SDDS (self-describing data set) protocol, which makes the files compatible with other physics codes that follow the same protocol. For instance, one can use the results of the cascade shower simulation as the input data for an accelerator tracking code. The shower code has also been used to calculate the bremsstrahlung component of radiation doses for possible beam loss scenarios at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory.
Accountability in Higher Education: Exploring Impacts on State Budgets and Institutional Spending Patterns

Some argue that the public sector should employ greater use of objective, quantitative measures of organizational outcomes so that political leaders and the general public are better able to evaluate the performance of public agencies. Critics, however, contend that performance based accountability policies are often limited in their capacity to inuence the budgetary process or eectively impose topdown controls on administrative actors. Despite these concerns, performance based accountability regimes have become increasingly prevalent throughout government. One area where this debate has recently become salient is higher education, where there are several initiatives, at both the state and federal levels, to link institutional funding with student outcomes. Using data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data Source (IPEDS), this paper investigates whether these performance funding policies have inuenced state budgets or resource allocation priorities at public colleges and universities. Results indicate that performance funding policies have not had substantial impacts on either state budgets or university spending patterns.
Shock Wave Studies by Mass Spectrometry. III. Description of Apparatus; Data on the Oxidation of Acetylene and of Methane

consecutive mass spectra from several oscilloscopes arranged in series. A study has been made in this apparatus of the high-temperature oxidation of acetylene. It is shown that water and carbon monoxide are produced simultaneously during the reaction, suggesting that both of these combustion products are formed directly in the main chainbranching cycle. A reaction mechanism is proposed in which the important step leading to regeneration of hydrogen atoms is C2?H + 02 2CO + H. Some results of a preliminary study of the oxidation of methane at 1850 to 2050 'K are also reported. It is observed that under our conditions significant amounts of C2 hydrocarbons are formed early in the main chain-branching oxidation reaction. A useful new method for the study of very fast reactions in the gas phase has been developed in this laboratory. The method, which uses the Bendix time-of-flight mass spectrometer to follow rapid changes in gas concentration, was first applied by Kistiakowsky & Kydd (1957) to observe the products of flash photolysis. More recently, several reactions have been studied in the hot stationary gas behind a reflected shock wave. These include the decomposition of nitrous oxide and the polymerization and oxidation of acetylene (parts I and II of this series, Bradley & Kistiakowsky i96i a, b) and the decomposition of nitromethane (Bradley i96i). The dissociation of chlorine and of hydrazine has been studied by Diesen & Felmlee (i963) using similar equipment in another laboratory. The work described below is concerned principally with the mechanism of the high temperature oxidation of acetylene. Bradley & Kistiakowsky (i96 ib, hence
Enhanced crystallinity of microcrystalline silicon thin films using deuterium in reactive magnetron sputter deposition at 230 °C

We analyze the formation kinetics and microstructure of hydrogenated vs. deuterated microcrystalline (μc-Si:H or D) thin films using real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry, post- deposition thermal hydrogen evolution, and TEM. The films are deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering of a silicon target in Ar (1.65 mT) with added partial pressures of H2or D2(0-5.5mT) on Coming 7059 glass substrates at 230°C. Amorphous films are deposited when PH2=0. When hydrogen is added to the chamber, the reactive magnetron sputtering process generates a flux of fast neutral H which promotes μc-Si growth. The substitution of D for H varies the kinetics of hydrogen reflection from the target and implantation into the growing film. We analyze the amorphous to microcrystalline transition as a function of the isotope (H2or D2) and pressure used in the deposition process. We find that the films enter the microcrystalline regime at lower D2pressures than H2pressures. Furthermore, the data determined by ellipsometry have a different shape for deuterated films, compared to hydrogenated films at similar growth pressures. This indicates changes in band structure which we interpret as evidence for enhanced crystallinity.
Chronic neural recording using silicon-substrate microelectrode arrays implanted in cerebral cortex

An important aspect of the development of cortical prostheses is the enhancement of suitable implantable microelectrode arrays for chronic neural recording. The objective of this study was to investigate the recording performance of silicon-substrate micromachined probes in terms of reliability and signal quality. These probes were found to consistently and reliably provide high-quality spike recordings over extended periods of time lasting up to 127 days. In a consecutive series of ten rodents involving 14 implanted probes, 13/14 (93%) of the devices remained functional throughout the assessment period. More than 90% of the probe sites consistently recorded spike activity with signal-to-noise ratios sufficient for amplitudes and waveform-based discrimination. Histological analysis of the tissue surrounding the probes generally indicated the development of a stable interface sufficient for sustained electrical contact. The results of this study demonstrate that these planar silicon probes are suitable for long-term recording in the cerebral cortex and provide an effective platform technology foundation for microscale intracortical neural interfaces for use in humans.
Sensor and Electronic Biases/Errors in Air Temperature Measurements in Common Weather Station Networks*

Abstract The biases of four commonly used air temperature sensors are examined and detailed. Each temperature transducer consists of three components: temperature sensing elements, signal conditioning circuitry, and corresponding analog-to-digital conversion devices or dataloggers. An error analysis of these components was performed to determine the major sources of error in common climate networks. It was found that, regardless of microclimate effects, sensor and electronic errors in air temperature measurements can be larger than those given in the sensor manufacturer's specifications. The root-sum-of-squares (RSS) error for the HMP35C sensor with CR10X datalogger was above 0.2°C, and rapidly increases for both lower ( 30°C). Likewise, the largest errors for the maximum–minimum temperature system (MMTS) were at low temperatures (<−40°C). The temperature linearization error in the HO-1088 hygrothermometer produced the largest errors when the temperature was lower than −20...
Reinvigorating the study of organizational processes in social movements

We draw upon diverse theoretical perspectives in organizational analysis to identify four areas where a more serious interface between this "cognate" field and social movement research promises to deepen our understanding of social movement organizations (SMOs). These areas include conceptualizing social movements as organizational fields, thinking of activists as part of a labor market situated in the social movement sector, analyzing SMOs in terms of entrepreneurship and organizational change, and finally, looking more closely at processes of organizational decision making. We discuss studies by social movement scholars that implicitly or explicitly engage the cognate scholarship with an eye to identifying those areas where systematic research is lacking. We close by sketching some methodological approaches for addressing each of the lacunae we identify.
Dialkynyl carbene derivatives: generation and characterization of triplet tert-butylpentadiynylidene (t-Bu-C≡C-C̈-C≡C-H) and dimethylpentadiynylidene (Me-C≡C-C̈-C≡C-Me).

Triplet carbenes t-butylpentadiynylidene (t-BuC5H, 1a) and dimethylpentadiynylidene (MeC5Me, 1b) have been produced photochemically from their corresponding diazo compound precursors and studied spectroscopically in cryogenic matrices (N2 or Ar) at 10 K. The infrared, electronic absorption, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of these species exhibit numerous similarities to the spectra of pentadiynylidene (HC5H) and methylpentadiynylidene (MeC5H) recorded previously. EPR spectra yield zero-field splitting parameters that are typical for triplet carbenes with axial symmetry (t-BuC5H, 1a: |D/hc| = 0.61 cm−1, |E/hc| ∼ 0 cm−1; MeC5Me, 1b: |D/hc| = 0.62 cm−1, |E/hc| ∼ 0 cm−1). Electronic spectra are characterized by weak absorptions (T1 ← T0) in the near-UV and visible region (350−430 nm) with extended vibronic progressions. The electronic transitions of several −C5− carbenes are compared, and an apparent dependence of the transition wavelength on the level of alkyl substitution of the carbon chain is...
Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Sex Pheromone: Field Tests

In field tests, the known sex pheromone component, ( Z )-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z11-16:Ac), alone elicited good trap catches of male Pseudaletia unipuncta . Contrary to a published report, addition of trace amounts of ( Z )-11-hexadecen-1-ol to Z11-16-Ac did not increase trap catch. Likewise, addition of other components found in the extract of the sex pheromone gland, or compounds known to evoke a strong electroantennogram response did not increase trap catch. Addition of ( Z )-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate or ( Z )-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate decreased trap catch.
Special Incentives for Salesmen

A LTHOUGH special incentives can be of many types, "special incentives" are defined for this study as "those incentives that are not a part of the regular compensation plan." Where the agreement between company and salesman includes a predetermined bonus plan or a commission for sales beyond quota, such arrangement becomes a part of regular compensation and is excluded here. This study relates largely to sales contests and honor awards.l
Epidemiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Ohio, 1981: serologic evaluation of canines and rickettsial isolation from ticks associated with human case exposure sites.

Abstract A survey for the prevalence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) antibodies in dogs associated with confirmed human cases in Ohio was conducted during 1981. Twelve of 14 confirmed cases (85%) had a history of dog association prior to onset of RMSF. A total of 29 dogs were included in the study, with 16 dogs providing serum samples for antibody testing and the remainder providing tick samples. Serum samples tested by indirect microimmunofluorescence techniques revealed 12/16 dogs (75%) to be seropositive for Rickettsia rickettsii. A total of 310 ticks were collected from study dogs and the vegetation surrounding RMSF case exposure sites. Twenty-two (7.1%) of these ticks (all Dermacentor variabilis) were found to be infected with spotted fever group rickettsiae. Four ticks (1.3%) were infected with R. rickettsii, 13 (4.2%) with Rickettsia montana, and four (1.3%) with Rickettsia bellii. R. montana, a nonpathogen, was the only rickettsia found in dogs (antibodies) and ticks (isolation) associated with human cases in Southern Ohio.
Hypertonic induction of the cell adhesion molecule beta 1-integrin in MDCK cells

Cells of many organisms adapt to osmotic stress by accumulating compatible organic osmolytes. In Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, a renal epithelial cell line widely used as a culture model for the study of osmotic regulation in mammals, extracellular hypertonicity induces genes responsible for the accumulation of organic osmolytes. We have recently cloned from these cells a partial cDNA corresponding to a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily (tetraspan) family, CD9 antigen, and demonstrated its induction by hypertonicity [D. Sheikh-Hamad, J. D. Ferraris, J. Dragolovich, H. G. Preuss, M. B. Burg, and A. Garcia-Perez. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Cell Physiol. 39): C253-C258, 1996]. An association between CD9 and potential regulatory proteins, such as the heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like protein and the cell adhesion molecule beta 1-integrin, has been reported. Here, using beta 1-integrin-specific monoclonal antibodies and an antisense oligonucleotide probe, we demonstrate expression and hypertonic induction of beta 1-integrin in MDCK cells. Induction of the mRNA and protein occurs in 2 h and is maximal at 6 h, consistent with a regulatory role in the adaptation to osmotic stress. In addition, we show that accumulation of organic osmolytes markedly attenuates the hypertonic induction of the mRNA, a feature shared with genes involved in hyperosmotic stress response. Finally, we demonstrate that CD9 and beta 1-integrin are expressed in association at the cell membrane. Our findings suggest the existence of a cluster of integral membrane proteins that includes but may not be limited to CD9 and the adhesion molecule beta 1-integrin, which may play a role in the adaptation of kidney cells to osmotic stress, possibly at the regulatory level.
Targeting MCL-1/BCL-XL Forestalls the Acquisition of Resistance to ABT-199 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

ABT-199, a potent and selective small-molecule antagonist of BCL-2, is being clinically vetted as pharmacotherapy for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, given that prolonged monotherapy tends to beget resistance, we sought to investigate the means by which resistance to ABT-199 might arise in AML and the extent to which those mechanisms might be preempted. Here we used a pathway-activating genetic screen to nominate MCL-1 and BCL-XL as potential nodes of resistance. We then characterized a panel of ABT-199-resistant myeloid leukemia cell lines derived through chronic exposure to ABT-199 and found that acquired drug resistance is indeed driven by the upregulation of MCL-1 and BCL-XL. By targeting MCL-1 and BCL-XL, resistant AML cell lines could be resensitized to ABT-199. Further, preemptively targeting MCL-1 and/or BCL-XL alongside administration of ABT-199 was capable of delaying or forestalling the acquisition of drug resistance. Collectively, these data suggest that in AML, (1) the selection of initial therapy dynamically templates the landscape of acquired resistance via modulation of MCL-1/BCL-XL and (2) appropriate selection of initial therapy may delay or altogether forestall the acquisition of resistance to ABT-199.
Motif design based on reciprocal exchange

We now know how to design sequences that should be pretty good at leading to a particular motif. We have studied extensively how to make a branched junction with a number of arms, and how to prevent branch migration in one. In this chapter, we are going to discuss several different routes to designing motifs to use as the basis for making objects, lattices, and devices. The key concept in designing motifs is the notion of reciprocal exchange . This is a process found within biological systems, but we are going to approach it somewhat differently: we are not actually going to perform reciprocal exchange in the laboratory, but merely on paper. We will then use the sequence-selection procedures of the preceding chapter to make the strands that will come together to form the motifs we design. The notion behind reciprocal exchange is shown in Figure 3-1. The left side of the drawing shows two strands, a red strand and a blue strand. Following reciprocal exchange, we see on the right side a red–blue strand (going from upper left to lower right) and a blue–red strand (going from upper right to lower left). Thus, we still have two strands, but now they are each a mixture of the two strands we had before. We mentioned in Chapter 1 that the strands of DNA have a chemical polarity, called 5′ to 3′ polarity, so that one end of a strand is called the 5′ end and the other end is called the 3′ end. Following the reciprocal exchange shown in Figure 3-1, the red–blue strand contains the 5′ half of the red strand and the 3′ half of the blue strand, while the blue–red strand contains the 5′ half of the blue strand and the 3′ half of the red strand. Resolution in this context means that the crossover is cut and we go back to two juxtaposed bulges or hairpins. This is an idea that derives from recombination chemistry, where crossovers are resolved in one direction or the other to yield different products (e.g., see reference 3.2). So far, this is just a formalized concept. It would probably help to see what happens in the context of a double helix.
Cooperative Learning by Student Teams - Achievement Divisions Method (STAD) in Statistic Learning of St. Theresa International College's Students in Nakhorn Nayok Province, Thailand

The objective of this Research was to compare the average of exercises and the Achievement of Statistic Learning between the Cooperative Learning by Student Teams-Achievement Divisions method (STAD) and the normal study method. The experimental were selected into 2 groups of 40 students of Business Administration Faculty in Academic Year 2015, St. Theresa International College. The assessment was done and stated that:1) The significant of exercise average in Cooperative Learning by Student Teams-Achievement Divisions method (STAD) higher than the normal study method .01;2) The Achievement of Statistic Learning in Cooperative Learning by Student Teams-Achievement Divisions method (STAD) higher than the normal study method .01.
Translational Correlation: Vertigo

Vertigo can be either due to loss of peripheral input caused by damage to the labyrinth, vestibular nerve, unilateral impairment of vestibular nuclear, or vestibulocerebellar activity. It is essential to determine if the vertigo is central or peripheral because etiologies of central vertigo (ie, cerebellar/brain stem stroke) can be life threatening and require emergent intervention. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common cause of peripheral vertigos. Majority of BPPV are idiopathic. Characterized symptom of BPPV is a sudden-onset, rotatory vertigo, triggered by head movement. Particle repositioning maneuvers are proven to be effective in most cases. Vertigo is one of common clinical symptoms in patients with posterior circulation stroke. Medullary infarction and cerebellar infarction, involving posterior inferior cerebellar artery or anterior inferior cerebellar artery should be suspected when patients with vascular risk factors visit for dizziness.
Discussion: Sampling Frames for Collection of Agricultural Statistics

The first paper gives a brief account of some of the work carried out by the Statistical Reporting Service, USDA, concerned with updating the so-called "Master Sample" which for over 20 years has formed the main basis for area samples of farms. Briefly, the work uses various sources of information to improve and refine the stratification of total land into a more detailed system of substrata. There are four main strata: I. Cultivated land, II. Cities and towns, III. Nonagricultural land, and IV. Grazing land.
Sexual Behavior and Cancer Prevention

STVI are important and preventable causes of cancer. Sexual behaviors engaged in early in life may affect cancer risk many years later. Primary prevention of STVI acquisition can be enhanced by delaying the onset of sexual activity; abstaining from sex with individuals not known to be infection-free; consistently using latex condoms, and being vaccinated against HBV. Secondary prevention of some STVI-related cancers is possible through screening, early detection, and early treatment.
A non-negative approach to language informed speech separation

The use of high level information in source separation algorithms can greatly constrain the problem and lead to improved results by limiting the solution space to semantically plausible results. The automatic speech recognition community has shown that the use of high level information in the form of language models is crucial to obtaining high quality recognition results. In this paper, we apply language models in the context of speech separation. Specifically, we use language models to constrain the recently proposed non-negative factorial hidden Markov model. We compare the proposed method to non-negative spectrogram factorization using standard source separation metrics and show improved results in all metrics.
Continued Investigation Into 17-OHPC: Results From the Preclinical RUPP Rat Model of Preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia is characterized by elevated TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), antiangiogenic factors, such as sFlt-1 (soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1), increased uterine artery resistance index, and decreased of NO during pregnancy. Previously we showed that 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) administered into reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) rats on day 18 of gestation improved hypertension without improving pup weight. We hypothesized that earlier administration of 17-OHPC on day 15 of gestation could improve pathophysiology of preeclampsia and fetal outcomes in response to placental ischemia. Carotid catheters were inserted on day 18, and mean arterial blood pressure and samples were collected on day 19. Mean arterial blood pressure in normal pregnant rats was 102±2, 105±2 in normal pregnant+day 15 of gestation (GD15) 17-OHPC, 127±2 in RUPP and 112±1 mm Hg in RUPP+GD15 17-OHPC, P<0.05. Pup weight and litter size were improved from 1.9±0.05, 10.1±1.4 in RUPP to 2.1±0.07 g and 13.2±0.6 in RUPP+GD15 17-OHPC, P<0.05. Uterine artery resistance index was 0.8±0.03 in RUPP, which was decreased to 0.6±0.04 in RUPP+GD15 17-OHPC, P<0.05. Plasma TNF-α levels were 164±34 in RUPP and blunted to 29±9 pg/mL in RUPP+GD15 17-OHPC, P<0.05. Plasma nitrate-nitrite levels were 10.8±2.3 in RUPP rats and significantly increased to 25.5±5.2 µmol/L in RUPP+GD15 17-OHPC, P<0.05. sFlt-1 levels were 386±141 in RUPP rats, which were reduced to 110.2±11 in RUPP+17-OHPC, P<0.05. These data indicate that GD15 17-OHPC improves pathophysiology in RUPP rats, possibly via improving sFlt-1 reduced NO during pregnancy.
Thoracolumbar pain among fighter pilots

High +Gz forces place high stress on the spinal column, and fighter pilots flying high-performance fighter aircraft frequently] report work-related thoracic and lumbar spine pain. The aim of this study was to determine whether +Gz exposure causes work-related thoracolumbar spine pain among fighter pilots. A questionnaire was used to establish the occurrence of thoracic and lumbar spine pain during the preceding 12 months and during duties over the whole working career among 320 fighter pilots and 283 nonflying controls matched for age and sex. Thirty-two percent of the pilots and 19% of the controls had experienced pain in the thoracic spine during the preceding 12 months (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5-3.5; p = 0.002 for the pilots). Among the pilots, the OR increased up to 6.1 (95% CI = 1.6-23.1; p = 0.0007) with the number of +Gz flight hours. There was no difference between the groups with regard to lumbar pain during the preceding 12 months, but over their whole working careers fighter pilots (58%) had experienced lumbar pain during their duties more often than controls (48%) (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.3-2.6; p = 0.002). The greater the number of +Gz flight hours, the greater the occurrence of lumbar spine pain when on duty (OR = 26.9; 95% CI = 6.2-116; p = 0.0001 for the most experienced fighter pilots). The same was not true with regard to the number of +Gz flight hours and lumbar pain during the preceding 12 months. Age had no effect on pain in the thoracic or lumbar spine. Fighter pilots flying high-performance aircraft have more work-related thoracic and lumbar spine pain than controls of the same age and sex. The difference is explained by the pilots' exposure to +Gz forces.
The grammar of belief

W. V. O. Quine argued, notoriously and persuasively, that it is meaningless to quantify into opaque contexts (see, for instance, Quine 1943, 1953, 1956). I will refer to this claim as “Quine’s Thesis”. The idea is this. Suppose that C is any sentential context containing an occurrence of a singular term such that substitution of co-referential singular terms (SUB) is an invalid mode of inference with respect to this occurrence. Thus, in Quine’s terminology, C is an “opaque” context. Now let C* result from C by substituting a variable v for the term at the relevant opaque occurrence. Then Quine’s Thesis says that binding of this occurrence of v by a quantifier outside the scope of C* results in a meaningless expression.
Excipient or API Melt Processing via Injection Molding

This chapter first presents and discusses the physical phenomena taking place in both injection molding machines and the molds, which enable the injection molding process to produce shaped thermoplastic polymer products reproducibly, inexpensively and rapidly, with only minimum industrial waste stream. Industrial waste generated aside, it then addresses the question of whether the existing injection molding processes and equipment are appropriate for producing tablets of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) solid solutions in polymer excipients, where the total dissolution of the API in the molten excipient, and the absence of API process-generated degradation must be guaranteed. The arguments presented indicate the need for specific modifications of the existing injection molding processes, which change and improve the melting and laminar mixing generated, to assure API dissolution, and decrease the chances of API degradation originating from the process.