cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autonomic control algorithm selection in decentralised power systems: a voltage control case study

As power systems evolve into “Smart Grids” and beyond, they will increasingly rely on numerous sophisticated control algorithms to meet the demands of users and optimise operation. However, it is unlikely that a single algorithm can deliver the best performance for all possible network configurations, conditions and performance objectives. By judiciously selecting different algorithms better overall performance can be achieved. This paper describes an approach to selecting control algorithms for power systems; including a case study demonstrating both the need for and the effectiveness of algorithm selection for a voltage control problem on an 11 kV network. (4 pages)
Restoring Pastors Following a Moral Failure: The Effects of Self-Interest and Group Influence

We studied attitudes toward restoring a pastor following a moral failure using an experimental design. Sixty undergraduates (43 women, 17 men) read a narrative in which a pastor admitted to an adulterous affair with a congregant. Following exposure to one of four conditions formed by the two levels of two independent variables, a self-interest condition (pastoral counseling referral) and a group discussion condition, participants provided their forgiveness and restoration to ministry ratings. After adjusting for participant gender, we found a significant main effect for group discussion and the interaction of self-interest and group discussion. We discussed the possible implications for group and self-interest factors when considering pastoral restoration.
2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) stimulates a conformationally coupled calcium release pathway in the NG115-401L neuronal cell line

We report in this study a 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) activated Ca2+ pathway in NG115-401L (401L) neuronal cells bearing resemblance to hormonal and ryanodine receptor activated pathways. We observed that 2-APB, in contrast to much earlier work, did not inhibit store operated Ca2+ channel (SOC) function, but rather induced potent Ca2+ discharge responses that robustly activated SOC-mediated Ca2+ influx. Further, these studies intriguingly revealed that the 2-APB-induced Ca2+ release pathway likely couples conformationally to targets in the plasma membrane, as membrane permeabilization or actin perturbation abolished the ability of the compound to stimulate Ca2+ signals. These findings suggest that conformationally sensitive complexes form between endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane components that not only regulate Ca2+ influx, previously proposed as the conformational coupling hypothesis, but are also required to promote Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. These observations further characterize the 401L neuronal cell line as having unique characteristics that may prove useful in gaining insight into the nature of the coupling mechanism linking Ca2+ release to Ca2+ influx.
TurboKnot: rapid prediction of conserved RNA secondary structures including pseudoknots

Motivation: Many RNA molecules function without being translated into proteins, and function depends on structure. Pseudoknots are motifs in RNA secondary structures that are difficult to predict but are also often functionally important. Results: TurboKnot is a new algorithm for predicting the secondary structure, including pseudoknotted pairs, conserved across multiple sequences. TurboKnot finds 81.6% of all known base pairs in the systems tested, and 75.6% of predicted pairs were found in the known structures. Pseudoknots are found with half or better of the false-positive rate of previous methods. Availability: The program is available for download under an open-source license as part of the RNAstructure package at: http://rna.urmc.rochester.edu. Contact: ude.retsehcor.cmru@swehtam_divad Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Multispecies Allometric Models Predict Grass Biomass in Semidesert Rangeland

Multispecies allometric models to predict grass biomass may increase field study efficiency by eliminating the need for speciesspecific data. We used field measurements during two growing seasons to develop single-species and multispecies regression models predicting the current year’s aboveground biomass for eight common cespitose grass species. Simple and stepwise regression analyses were based on natural log expressions of biomass, basal diameter, and height, and a dummy variable expression of grazing history. Basal diameter had the strongest relationship with biomass among single-species (adjusted R 2 5 0.80 to 0.91) and multispecies (adjusted R 2 5 0.85) models. Regression slopes (b) for diameter among single-species (b 5 1.01 to 1.49) and the multispecies (b 5 1.25) models suggests that biomass will double when diameter increases ,75%. Height and grazing history added little predictive value when diameter was already in the model. When applied to actual populations, biomass estimates from multispecies models were within 3–29% of estimates from the single-species models. Although the multispecies biomass–size relationship was robust across the cespitose life-form, users should be cautious about applying our equations to different locations, plant sizes, and population size-structures.
Chameleon: Virtualizing idle acceleration cores of a heterogeneous multicore processor for caching and prefetching

Heterogeneous multicore processors have emerged as an energy- and area-efficient architectural solution to improving performance for domain-specific applications such as those with a plethora of data-level parallelism. These processors typically contain a large number of small, compute-centric cores for acceleration while keeping one or two high-performance ILP cores on the die to guarantee single-thread performance. Although a major portion of the transistors are occupied by the acceleration cores, these resources will sit idle when running unparallelized legacy codes or the sequential part of an application. To address this underutilization issue, in this article, we introduce Chameleon, a flexible heterogeneous multicore architecture to virtualize these resources for enhancing memory performance when running sequential programs. The Chameleon architecture can dynamically virtualize the idle acceleration cores into a last-level cache, a data prefetcher, or a hybrid between these two techniques. In addition, Chameleon can operate in an adaptive mode that dynamically configures the acceleration cores between the hybrid mode and the prefetch-only mode by monitoring the effectiveness of the Chameleon cache mode. In our evaluation with SPEC2006 benchmark suite, different levels of performance improvements were achieved in different modes for different applications. In the case of the adaptive mode, Chameleon improves the performance of SPECint06 and SPECfp06 by 31p and 15p, on average. When considering only memory-intensive applications, Chameleon improves the system performance by 50p and 26p for SPECint06 and SPECfp06, respectively.
The Impact of American Politics on Perceptions of Women's Golfing Abilities

We examine the relationship between political environments and perceptions of women's physical abilities. Using a sample of 496 golf courses located in the United States, we find a significant relationship between state political affiliations, ratings of senators and congressional representatives on a liberal to conservative continuum, and perceptions of gendered physical abilities. Institutional theory is presented as an explanation for the regional variation in perceptions of women's golfing abilities. Implications and results are discussed. Suggestions for further research are presented.
Practical models for practical flexible arms

A laboratory robot with 3 m links is modeled using an assumed mode method. The model is compared to experiments and to several theoretical limiting cases. The most demanding comparison is the comparison of frequency response results for joint motion, link deflection and tip deflection. We conclude that with care the models of an arm can be effective in controller design in spite of hydraulic actuators and non-ideal kinematics and structure.
Erlotinib: preclinical investigations.

Erlotinib (Tarceva) is an orally available selective small-molecule inhibitor of HER1/EGFR tyrosine kinase with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 2 nM for purified tyrosine kinase. This agent has been shown to produce stasis or regression of tumor growth in human cancer xenograft models, including non-small-cell lung cancer models. Ongoing preclinical investigations indicate that inhibition of the MAPK and Atk signaling pathways downstream of HER1/EGFR may be required for optimal antitumor effects. Erlotinib exhibits inhibition of MAPK and Atk kinases at concentrations higher than those required for HER1/EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition; such findings suggest that maximal inhibition of HER1/EGFR, requiring high erlotinib doses, is necessary for optimum antitumor activity. These considerations are supported by tumor models, including non-small-cell lung cancer models, showing dose-related antitumor effects up to high doses of erlotinib. Erlotinib exhibits additive antitumor effects when combined with chemotherapeutic agents (cisplatin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, gemcitabine [Gemzar], and capecitabine [Xeloda]), radiation therapy, and other targeted agents (eg, bevacizumab [Avastin]). Recent studies indicate that erlotinib inhibits the EGFRvIII mutant at concentrations higher than those required for inhibition of wild-type receptor. Ongoing investigation will help to determine optimal dosing and dose frequency of erlotinib in various cancers in the clinical setting.
Regulation of Luteal Regression: The Ewe as a Model

This article focuses on mechanisms that regulate functional and structural regression of the corpus luteum (CL) with special emphasis on the role of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) in mediating these events in large luteal cells in the ewe. Progesterone produced by the CL is absolutely required in all mammals for implantation and early maintenance of pregnancy. Luteal regression at the end of the nonpregnant cycle involves loss of progesterone production and tissue destruction via physiologic cell death, apoptosis. These are distinct events termed functional and structural regression, respectively. In many mammals, including ewes, luteal regression is initiated by prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) of uterine origin. However, the exact mechanisms of this regulation are not well understood. Functional regression appears to be directly stimulated by PGF2 alpha via activation of its membrane receptor. Whether structural regression is also initiated directly by PGF2 alpha is not known. The ovine CL contains two morphologically and functionally distinct steroidogenic cell types, designated small and large. Receptors for PGF2 alpha are exclusively located on large cells. Thus, the signal for regression is received in those cells. These data provide strong evidence that the intracellular determinant of regression resides within the large cell.
Sperm Motility in Men With Spinal Cord Injuries Is Enhanced by Inactivating Cytokines in the Seminal Plasma

The goal of this study was to determine whether inactivating specific cytokines in seminal plasma improves sperm motility in men affected by spinal cord injury (SCI). For this purpose, we used monoclonal antibodies to interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 1 beta (IL1-beta), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), all 3 cytokines having been previously detected at high concentrations in the seminal plasma of patients with SCI. In a group of 17 SCI men with low sperm motility (mean +/- SE, 20.1% +/- 3.1%), treatment with the 3 monoclonal antibodies at the median neutralization dose concentrations for 1.0 to 1.5 hours improved sperm motility in all cases. Effectiveness was higher in those specimens with a pretreatment sperm motility between 11% and 30% (from 19.3% +/- 1.4% to 41.9% +/- 4.9%, P < .0002), suggesting that pretreatment sperm motility might represent an indicator of cell damage and, therefore, a factor that influences monoclonal antibody effectiveness. To the best of our knowledge, these results represent the first rational treatment for improving low sperm motility in these severely affected patients.
Nature of Radiation-Induced Point Defects in Amorphous SiO2 and their Role in SiO2-ON-Si Structures

Molecular-scale models for the post-irradiation buildup of interface states in SiO2-on-Si structures are critically examined in light of (i) the natures of paramagnetic point defects in amorphous silicon djoxide known from electron spin resonance and (ii) recent electrical data1,2 obtained for γ-irradiated MOSFETs. Evidence is cited for the production of atomic hydrogen in the oxide layer, powered by the recombination of excitons (bound e-h pairs) at the sites of OH groups. There is strong new evidence2 that a small fraction (~1 %) of this H0 reacts directly with the interface to form electrically-active interface states. However, the majority of the radiolytic H0 may be converted to mobile protons by reaction with oxide trapped charges in the form of small polarons. Under such conditions, the field-aided drift of these protons to the interface is believed to be the rate limiting step in the long-term buildup of interface states.
Clinical Aspects of Sucrose and Fructose Metabolism

The per capita consumption of sugars in the United States accounts for ∼21% of total calorie intake. Most Americans eat and enjoy sugar-containing foods every day, but the use of sugars in the diabetic diet has traditionally been proscribed for fear of aggravating hyperglycemia. However, short-term and most longerterm studies demonstrate that dietary sucrose does not cause a greater postprandial rise in plasma glucose than isocaloric amounts of other common carbohydrates. The available evidence suggests that sucrose has a glycemic effect similar to that of bread, potatoes, and rice. Dietary fructose, in contrast, may produce a lesser postprandial rise in plasma glucose than other common carbohydrates. There is considerable controversy aboutthe effects of dietary sucrose and fructose on serum lipids, and their effects on other metabolic events, such as the nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins, are uncertain. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to allow diabetic patients to consume sugar-containing foods as long as they do so in a controlled fashion.
Accurate, Pre-RTL Temperature-Aware Design Using a Parameterized, Geometric Thermal Model

Preventing silicon chips from negative, even disastrous thermal hazards has become increasingly challenging these days; considering thermal effects early in the design cycle is thus required. To achieve this, an accurate yet fast temperature model together with an early-stage, thermally optimized, design flow are needed. In this paper, we present an improved block-based compact thermal model (HotSpot 4.0) that automatically achieves good accuracy even under extreme conditions. The model has been extensively validated with detailed finite-element thermal simulation tools. We also show that properly modeling package components and applying the right boundary conditions are crucial to making full-chip thermal models like HotSpot accurately resemble what happens in the real world. Ignoring or over-simplifying package components can lead to inaccurate temperature estimations and potential thermal hazards that are costly to fix in later designs stages. Such a full-chip and package thermal model can then be incorporated into a thermally optimized design flow where it acts as an efficient communication medium among computer architects, circuit designers and package designers in early microprocessor design stages, to achieve early and accurate design decisions and also faster design convergence. For example, the temperature-leakage interaction can be readily analyzed within such a design flow to predict potential thermal hazards such as thermal runaway.
Neutral hydrogen gas distribution and kinematics in NGC 7479

We have investigated the effects of a bar and an asymmetric spiral structure on the neutral hydrogen distribution and kinematics in the strongly barred spiral galaxy NGC 7479. The strongest 21-cm line emission at 1-kpc resolution comes from the western spiral arm which appears to be slightly inclined to the plane of the main disc. In contrast, the area within the radius of the bar is devoid of 21-cm line emission. The radio continuum emission at 21 cm follows the bar dust lanes, but beyond 3 kpc from the nucleus the radio continuum emission has a peculiar morphology, unlike that of optical and near-infrared images. We did not detect any low surface brightness gas-rich companions in the near neighbourhood of NGC 7479. This leads us to propose that the strong western spiral arm was created in a recent minor merger.
Modeling the performance of low latency queueing for emergency telecommunications

Event simulation and analytic modeling are used to evaluate the performance of low latency queueing (LLQ), a queueing discipline available in some Internet packet switching routers for integrated services performance assurance. LLQ combines priority queueing with class-based weighted fair queueing (CBWFQ). Priority queueing is used to ensure satisfying tight delay constraints for real-time traffic, whereas CBWFQ is used to ensure acceptable throughput for traffic classes that are less sensitive to delay. Simulations are developed both using a commercial product, OPNET Modeler, and also custom simulators that we developed. Our custom simulators model two different approaches to CBWFQ; and comparisons between the approaches and that of the commercial simulator are conducted. Our computational experiences (central processing unit [CPU] times for model execution and postprocessing) in using the simulators are described. This work is an important first step in the ability to model a proposed enhancement to LLQ which may be beneficial to emergency telecommunications services.
A New Representation for Faults in Combinational Digital Circuits

A new representation for faults in combinational digital circuits is presented. Faults that are inherently indistinguishable are identified and combined into classes that form a geometric structure that effectively subdivides the original circuit into fan-out-free segments. This fan-out-free characteristic allows a simplified analysis of multiple fault conditions. For certain circuits, including all two-level single-output circuits, it is shown that the detection of all single faults implies the detection of all multiple faults. The behavior of any circuit under fault conditions is represented in terms of the classes of indistinguishable faults. This results in a description of the faulty circuit by means of Boolean equations that are readily manipulated for the purpose of fault simulation or test generation. A connection graph interpretation of this fault representation is discussed. Heuristic methods for the selection of efficient tests without extensive computation are derived from these connection graphs.
Strengths-Based Social Work Assessment: Transforming the Dominant Paradigm:

This is a review of some of the conflicts between traditional problem-based assessments and alternative, strengths-based approaches. It offers useful tools and strategies for incorporating client-centered, strengths-based practice in settings where social workers are required to use assessment processes based on the medical model and deficit-based language of psychopathology and the DSM. It also promotes a process of infiltrating, influencing, and transforming the of assessment process so that it reflects a more holistic and strengths-based social work perspective. Examples are provided for incorporating the strengths perspective in practice.
Magnetic Causes of Solar Coronal Mass Ejections: Dominance of the Free Magnetic Energy Over the Magnetic Twist Alone

We examine the magnetic causes of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) by examining, along with the correlations of active-region magnetic measures with each other, the correlations of these measures with active-region CME productivity observed in time windows of a few days, either centered on or extending forward from the day of the magnetic measurement. The measures are from 36 vector magnetograms of bipolar active regions observed within -30" of disk center by the Marshal Space Flight Center (MSFC) vector magnetograph. From each magnetogram, we extract six whole-active-region measures twice, once from the original plane-of-the-sky magnetogram and again a h r deprojection of the magnetogram to disk center. Three of the measures are alternative measures of the total nonpotentiality of the active region, two are alternative measures of the overall twist in the active-region's magnetic field, and one is a measure of the magnetic size of the active region (the active region's magnetic flux content). From the deprojected magnetograms, we find evidence that (1) magnetic twist and magnetic size are separate but comparably strong causes of active-region CME Productivity, and (2) the total free magnetic energy in an active region's magnetic field is a stronger determinant of the active region's CME productivity than is the field's overall twist (or helicity) alone. From comparison of results from the non-deprojected magnetograms with corresponding results from the deprojected magnetograms, we find evidence that (for prediction of active-region CME productivity and for further studies of active-region magnetic size as a cause of CMEs), for active regions within approx.30deg of disk center, active-region total nonpotentiality and flux content can be adequately measured from line-of-sight magnetograms, such as from SOH0 MDI.
Isolation of Candida parapsilosis: Report of Two Cases

Infection caused by Candida parapsilosis as a complication of other diseases occurs most frequently in patients who are debilitated. Other predisposing factors include treatment with antibiotics, immunosuppressive agents, or corticosteroids, and intravenous feeding. The cases of two patients with infections produced by C. parapsilosis as complications of other diseases are presented.
Two New Mallophaga

Female: The head is more than twice as broad as long. Figure 1 shows the ventral aspect of the head and prosternal plate. The cephalic margin is slightly angular. The sides are swollen and form a flap over the antennal fossa. The unpigmented eyes are prominent and without spines. The most remarkable feature is the gular plate. It lacks distinct caudally projecting spineous processes which are characteristic in all other species in this genus. On each side of the caudal margin of the gular plate is a heavily chitinized triangular area. The gular plate contains a very conspicuous oval opening. The palpi are four-segmented; the distal segment the longest; the third segment is about half as long as the first and second.
Gender violence and discrimination in Russia: Learning from an American–Russian partnership

Russian social services and the social work profession have experienced dramatic growth since the 1990s due to numerous political, societal, and economic changes. This article discusses gender viol...
Signal transduction pathways that regulate cell survival and cell death

Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) is a physiological process critical for organ development, tissue homeostasis and elimination of defective or potentially dangerous cells in complex organisms. Apoptosis permits cell death without a concomitant inflammatory response in the surrounding tissues. The process of apoptosis depends on the reception of multiple extracellular and intracellular signals, integration and amplification of these signals by second messengers and finally, activation of the death effector proteases. Defects in control of apoptotic pathways may contribute to a variety of diseases including cancer, autoimmune and neurodegenerative conditions and AIDS. While many components of the regulatory network controlling apoptosis have been defined, the mechanisms of action and patterns of interaction of these factors remain controversial. This article summarizes some of the known aspects of signaling pathways involved in apoptosis.
Tools, information sources, and methods used in deciding on drug availability in HMOs

The use and importance of specific decision-making tools, information sources, and drug-use management methods in determining drug availability and use in HMOs were studied. A questionnaire was sent to 303 randomly selected HMOs. Respondents were asked to rate their use of each of four formal decision-making tools and its relative importance, as well as the use and importance of eight information sources and 11 methods for managing drug availability and use, on a 5-point scale. The survey response rate was 28%. Approximately half of the respondents reported that their HMOs used decision analysis or multiattribute analysis in deciding on drug availability. If used, these tools were rated as very important. There were significant differences in levels of use by HMO type, membership size, and age. Journal articles and reference books were reported most often as information sources. Retrospective drug-use review was used very often and perceived to be very important in managing drug use. Other management methods were used only occasionally, but the importance placed on these tools when used ranged from moderately to very important. Older organizations used most of the management methods more often than did other HMOs. Decision analysis and multiattribute analysis were the most commonly used tools for deciding on which drugs to make available to HMO members, and reference books and journal articles were the most commonly used information sources. Retrospective and prospective drug-use reviews were the most commonly applied methods for managing HMO members' access to drugs.
The impact of the different severe infections on the outcome of liver transplantation. A study of 150 patients

Severe infection (Sev Inf) is still the main cause of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation (LTx) [2,3,4]. The aim of our study was to analyze how each type of infection, bacterial, fungal or viral, influences the rates of morbidity and mortality after LTx.
The influence of hospitality leaders’ relational transparency on followers’ trust and deviance behaviors: Mediating role of behavioral integrity

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of leader’s relational transparency on follower organizational deviance through followers’ perception of leader’s behavioral integrity and their trust in leader. Multi-level modeling results from a multisource survey-based field-study with 24 hospitality student project teams (N = 149) show that behavioral integrity mediates the relationship between leader’s relational transparency and follower’s trust in leader. Furthermore, multi-level path analysis suggests that leader’s relational transparency, a team-level construct, exerts a cross-level effect on follower’s organizational deviance through the mediating roles of behavioral integrity and follower’s trust in leader. The study has yielded theoretical and practical implications that are useful for hospitality leaders.
Localization of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2 to the intestinal crypt stem cell compartment.

Abstract The data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled “Distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in the murine small intestine” (E.D. Muise, N. Gandotra, J.J. Tackett, M.C. Bamdad, R.A. Cowles, 2016) [1] . We recently demonstrated that neuronal serotonin stimulates intestinal crypt cell division, and induces villus growth and crypt depth (E.R. Gross, M.D. Gershon, K.G. Margolis, Z.V. Gertsberg, Z. Li, R.A. Cowles, 2012; M.D. Gershon, 2013) [2] , [3] . Scopolamine, a nonspecific muscarinic receptor antagonist, inhibited serotonin-induced intestinal mucosal growth [2] . Here we provide data regarding the localization of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2 to the intestinal crypt stem cell compartment.
Patterns of microhabitat and larval host-plant use by an imperiled butterfly in northern Florida

The quality of habitat for a given species is fundamental to its persistence in that habitat space. Herbivorous insects often require a specific combination of host plants, floral resources, and physical features such as shelter. Identifying these different habitat features is a focus of ecology and conservation, particularly for managing rare or imperiled taxa. We investigated the patterns of microhabitat and host plant use of the rare frosted elfin butterfly, Callophrys irus, a larval host-plant specialist found in frequently disturbed sand plains, barrens, and sandhill pine-oak forests of the eastern United States. Previous studies have been conducted on populations in the Northeastern and Midwestern US, but the southern part of its range remains unstudied. Our efforts focused on a persistent C. irus colony in northeastern Florida, resulting in a geographically referenced census of larval host-plant Lupinus perennis, along with a multiple year survey of microhabitat features relevant to both C. irus adults and immatures. Results of the larval host-plant census revealed that the highest densities of host plants were located distant to the highest densities of C. irus. Hot-spot analysis confirmed the significance of this pattern, suggesting different habitat requirements for larval host-plant L. perennis and C. irus individuals in order to achieve maximum potential densities. Our survey of C. irus immatures showed a similar pattern of microhabitat affinity that was previously recorded in the Northeast and Midwestern US, including large larval host-plants, low amounts of ground cover vegetation, and the presence of some shade. Unique to our study we found that the presence of other herbivores of L. perennis such as larvae of the crambid moth Uresiphita reversalis had a negative effect on encountering C. irus immatures. Our results suggest that management that aims to conserve these species needs to include habitat factors that favor the overlap of these species and to consider where their densities are the highest.
The 4Ps of Breast Cancer Chemoprevention: Putting Proven Principles into Practice

The pioneering Royal Marsden Tamoxifen Prevention Trial recruited 2,471 eligible high-risk women to be randomized to either placebo or tamoxifen (20 mg daily) for 8 years. Breast cancer incidence was evaluated at a median of 18.4 years from the start of the study. There was a 32% reduction in estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER/PR)-positive breast cancers after tamoxifen treatment finished. Translational research, to study "the good, the bad, and the ugly of tamoxifen" in the 1980s, subsequently ensured women's safety from possible increases in osteoperosis, coronary heart disease, and endometrial cancer. Other tamoxifen chemoprevention trials followed. The result of laboratory research was the unanticipated discovery of raloxifene to prevent osteoporosis and breast cancer at the same time. A new group of medicines, now known as selective ER modulators, was established. Indeed, the ability to prevent or delay multiple diseases with a single cheap medicine has the potential to alleviate pressure on health care systems that are overwhelmed. It is a priority to educate physicians appropriately to apply recommended proven medicines as preventives. Cancer Prev Res; 10(4); 219-22. ©2017 AACRSee related article by Detre, et al., Cancer Prev Res 2017;10(3):171-6.
Empiricism and Fielding’s Theory of Fiction

Henry Fielding may not seem the obvious writer to turn to for an empiricist defense of fictions. After all, studies of his place in the history of the novel have tended to highlight his relative detachment from the world of sense perception. Ian Watt has famously contended that Defoe and Richardson go farther than Fielding in providing “an authentic account of the actual experiences of individuals,” while Catherine Gallagher argues that Fielding helps inaugurate the modern category of fiction by having his characters refer not to particular persons (as Defoe’s did) but to generalizations. Judging by these very prominent statements, Defoe and Richardson present reality from the bottom up, while Fielding assesses it from the top down; and while their pictures of life are copied directly from the original, his are refracted through the categorizing prisms of neoclassicism.
Intravitreal bevacizumab alters type IV collagenases and exacerbates arrested alveologenesis in the neonatal rat lungs.

ABSTRACTPurpose/Aim: Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) is an irreversible vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor used off-label to treat severe retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low gestational age neonates. VEGF and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) participate in lung maturation. We tested the hypothesis that intravitreal bevacizumab enters the systemic circulation and has long-lasting effects on lung MMPs. Materials and Methods: Neonatal rats were exposed to: (1) hyperoxia (50% O2); (2) intermittent hypoxia (IH) (50% O2 with brief episodes of 12% O2); or (3) room air (RA) from birth (P0) to P14. At P14, the time of eye opening in rats, a single dose of Avastin (0.125 mg) was injected into the vitreous cavity of the left eye. A control group received equivalent volume saline. At P23 and P45, lung MMP-2 and MMP-9, and TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were assessed in the lungs. Results: At P23, Avastin increased MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 levels ...
Risk Factors for Heart Failure and Its Costs Among Children with Complex Congenital Heart Disease in a Medicaid Cohort.

Little research attention has been paid to the occurrence of heart failure (HF) in children with complex congenital heart diseases (CHDs). Herein, we describe the prevalence, risk factors, and costs associated with HF in complex CHD. Patients aged ≤17 years and diagnosed with a complex CHD on multiple service visits over a 15-year period in the SC Medicaid dataset (1996–2010) were tracked and analyzed. The cohort included 2999 unduplicated patients; 51.0% were male; 34.4% were African American. HF was diagnosed in 7.6%. Single ventricle lesions, genetic syndromes, and ventricular arrhythmia were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of being diagnosed with HF, controlling for development of comorbid pulmonary hypertension. Patients with HF received significantly more subspecialty care, more surgeries, more hospitalizations, more total days of inpatient care, and more emergency department care than those without HF. Patients with significantly higher total care costs paid by Medicaid had HF, more cardiac surgeries, and more specialized mechanical or other support procedures, controlling for diagnosed single ventricle CHD, a genetic syndrome, and number of non-cardiac surgeries. Complex CHD patients with HF incur significantly higher care costs but require multifaceted, intensive supports for management of incident complications and comorbid conditions.
Gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: A review of the literature on ascertainment and prevalence

There is no standard approach to measuring GI symptoms in individuals with ASD, despite postulated interactions. The objectives of this study were to (a) describe the range of GI symptom ascertainment approaches in studies of ASD, (b) describe the range of prevalence estimates across studies, and (c) assess associations between ascertainment approach and prevalence estimates. Studies published from 1/1/1980 to 1/31/2017 were collected via PubMed. Eligibility included studies with at least ten individuals with ASD that measured GI symptoms or conditions. We excluded review and hypothesis papers. We extracted information on study design, GI symptom ascertainment method, demographics, and ASD diagnostic criteria. From a subset of studies, we extracted GI symptom estimates. Out of a possible 386 titles, 144 were included. The prevalence range for constipation was 4.3–45.5% (median 22%), for diarrhea was 2.3–75.6% (median 13.0%), and for any or more than one symptom was 4.2–96.8% (median 46.8%). GI symptoms differed significantly by age of individuals, primary goal of study, study design, study sample, and who reported symptoms (P < .05). Due to small sample size, we were not able to test for associations between every GI symptom and study characteristic of interest, or examine associations between GI symptoms and intellectual or verbal disability. Studies used a broad range of methods to ascertain GI symptoms in ASD. GI symptoms varied widely across these studies, with significant differences by study characteristics. Our findings highlight the need for a reliable, valid GI assessment tool to be used consistently across studies of ASD. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary We reviewed studies having to do with autism spectrum disorder and the gastrointestinal system, dating back to 1980. We found that the median prevalence of constipation was 22.2%, diarrhea 13.0%, and any symptom 46.8%. All symptoms had a wide range of estimates across studies. GI symptoms were associated with characteristics of the study, including who measured the GI symptoms. We call for the development of a reliable and valid GI questionnaire for studies of ASD.
The Effects of a CEO's Educational Background on the Choice of IPO Location

Drawing on upper echelons theory, this paper examines the role CEOs’ educational backgrounds play in their firms’ choice of domestic versus foreign IPO location. Our sample consists of the entire p...
Student Reactions to and the Effectiveness of the Flipped Classroom Across Learning Domains

This chapter identifies six learning domains that are critical to a well-rounded education and conducts a comprehensive review of the literature on outcomes associated with flipped learning for each learning domain. Based on this review, the chapter provides guidance regarding the learning goals, types of courses, and students most likely to benefit from flipped learning. In the science, technology, engineering, or math fields flipping results in higher examination scores than lecture-based courses. Limited research on flipped learning in the social sciences is positive, but more mixed, suggesting that the technique must be employed strategically to be beneficial. There is also emerging evidence that flipped learning may be more effective than lecture-based learning in promoting learning goals such as higher-order thinking, self-regulation, engagement, and academic and interpersonal skills.
Chemistry of the Melanocyte-stimulating Hormones

The melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH; intermedin) of the pituitary gland are polypeptides of low molecular weight. Although assays of naturally-occurring and synthetic corticotropins (ACTH) have unequivocally demonstrated that ACTH possesses an intrinsic melanocyte-stimulating activity, most of the melanocyte-stimulating activity found in the whole pituitary derives from the presence of specific melanocyte-stimulating hormones. A possible exception to this statement may be the activity found in the pituitaries of birds and cetaceans, animals which possess no true pars intermedia.
Sn/MWCNT Nanocomposites Fabricated by Ultrasonic Dispersion of Ni-Coated MWCNTs in Molten Tin

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are regarded as a desirable filler to develop advanced composites including advanced solders due to their exceptional mechanical properties. However, some issues remain unsolved for metallic composites owing to “wetting” and nonuniform dispersion of CNTs. In this study, electroless nickel coating onto CNTs was used to overcome these issues. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used for this study, and Ni-coated MWCNTs were dispersed in molten Sn assisted by sonication and compared with MWCNTs without Ni coating. Adding 3 wt.% Ni-coated MWCNTs, which corresponds to 0.6 wt.% pure CNTs, resulted in an increase in tensile strength by 95% and hardness by 123%. Nickel coating also prevented separation of the CNTs from the molten metal due to buoyancy effects, leading to more uniform dispersion.
Exploring the Sources of Design Innovations: Insights from the Computer, Communications and Audio Equipment Industries

Abstract Whereas business research has focused on the impact of design innovations on market response and financial performance, the sources of design innovations, as opposed to those of technological innovations, have largely escaped investigation. In this research, we examine the organizational, financial, and environmental drivers of design innovations and how they contrast to technological innovations. Our study utilizes a unique dataset encompassing a 10-year window of innovation output drawn from the computer, communications, and audio and video equipment manufacturing industries. Our results suggest that design innovations are driven primarily by investments in research and development and slack organizational resources. Interestingly, we find that design innovations are more prevalent in smaller but fast-growing markets as opposed to technology innovations, which are prevalent in larger markets. Contrary to expectations, we find no association between marketing investments and design innovations. Our research contributes to the extant business literature by considering the sources of design innovations separately from the sources of technology innovations. We also contribute to the literature by distinguishing design and technology patents, developing a deeper understanding of design innovation, and illuminating a lesser understood source of competitive advantage for firms.
Reading and Servicing Meters

Meters are purchased in Rochester under a blanket contract in January of each year. This contract covers a hundred meters or a fraction thereof, with a guarantee against any advance in price and the benefit of any reduction in price during the term of the contract. Some 13 years ago, the Board of Public Utilities, then in office, ordered a change in the type of meters to be purchased, when the contract was to be renewed. The Mayor and some of the Aldermen objected, stating that the contract was in-valid and ordered the Board to advertise forbids, which meant that we had to purchase a cheaper meter, made for competitive purposes and which the majority of the Board did not want. Upon my suggestion the Board by unanimous vote passed a resolution to purchase now and in the future the type of meter of which the City of Rochester had a majority of meters installed and of reputable make. It has nearly standardized our meters and eliminated the friction between the powers that be and the Board of Public Utilities having charge of the water and light departments. While the price of the meter adopted is somewhat higher, it has given us the freedom to purchase a meter best adapted to our needs, regardless of price and sales talk of other types of meters, a freedom of action that would no doubt be appreciated by many water superintendents in the selections of their meters. In fairness to the manufacturer of water meters, I wish to state that I do not in any way discredit the efficiency of their meters, as I know there are many good meters made and sold. However, I do believe that the water superintendent is best suited to select the type of water meter needed, rather than the Aldermanic Body of the City.
Attributions and Information Processing

Attribution theory has been called “the dominant theoretical perspective” in social psychology (Aron & Aron, 1986). For more than a quarter of a decade now, the study of how people go about explaining the causes of their own and other people’s behavior has been a cornerstone of social psychology research. Work on attributions began as an extension of research on person perception, but the applications of some of the findings soon became apparent to psychologists working in other areas. Consequently, understanding the attributions people make for themselves and the behavior of others has proven quite useful in understanding such diverse topics as depression, educational achievement, and relationships.
Atomic-Scale Structure and Chemistry of Segregation at Matrix/Precipitate Heterophase Interfaces

We study experimentally the local chemistry and atomic structure of heterophase interfaces on an atomic scale. In this work, the heterophase precipitate/matrix interfaces of small molybdenum nitride precipitates in an α-iron matrix are investigated on a subnanometer scale by 1-dimensional atom-probe field-ion microscopy (1D-APFIM) and 3-dimensional atom-probe microscopy (3DAPM). Molybdenum nitride precipitates are generated by annealing Fe- 2 at.% Mo- X, where X = 0.4 at.% Sb or 0.5 at.% Sn, at 550°C, in an ammonia/hydrogen atmosphere. Internal nitridation at this temperature produces thin, coherent platelet-shaped molybdenum nitride precipitates. 1D-APFIM selected area analyses are efficient in determining the composition of the precipitates and it is found that a possible Sn or Sb segregation at coherent matrix/precipitate interfaces is either nonexistent or below the detection limit of 1D-APFIM. 3DAPM analyses, however, provide significantly better counting statistics and detect a small, but significant segregation of Sb at the matrix/precipitate interface with a Gibbsian interfacial excess of 0.30 ± 0.15 nm−2. This is in distinct contrast to the segregation behavior of Sn or Sb at the interfaces of semicoherent coarse precipitates produced by internal nitridation at 600°C, for which much larger Gibbsian interfacial excesses of Sn or Sb, up to 7 ± 3 nm−2, have been measured. In contrast, the thin platelets are either coherent or have significantly fewer misfit dislocations than is geometrically necessary for a full compensation of the lattice parameter misfit between precipitate and matrix. This demonstrates that Sn or Sb segregation with an appreciable Gibbsian interfacial excess is related to the presence of misfit dislocations at the interfaces of the coarse precipitates.
Multi-object Tracking Cascade with Multi-Step Data Association and Occlusion Handling

Multi-object tracking is a fundamental computer vision task with a wide variety of real-life applications ranging from surveillance and monitoring to biomedical video analysis. Multi-object tracking is a challenging task due to complications caused by object appearance changes, complex object dynamics, clutter in the environment, and partial or full occlusions. In this paper, we propose a time-efficient detection-based multi-object tracking system using a three-step cascaded data association scheme that combines a fast spatial distance only short-term data association, a robust tracklet linking step using discriminative object appearance models, and an explicit occlusion handling unit relying not only on tracked objects’ motion patterns but also on environmental constraints such as presence of potential occlud-ers in the scene. Our experiments on UA-DETRAC multi-object tracking benchmark dataset consisting of challenging real-world traffic videos show promising results against state-of-the-art trackers.