cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gate Level Statistical Simulation Based on Parameterized Models for Process and Signal Variations

We propose gate level statistical simulation to bridge the gap between the most accurate Monte Carlo SPICE simulation and the most efficient circuit level statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) for a new level of efficiency-accuracy tradeoff. Our method is based on (1) a multi-point waveform characterization by signal arrival times at multiple voltage thresholds, (2) a parameterized current source gate model for process variations, (3) a parameterized gate performance model for process and signal waveform variations, and (4) Monte Carlo simulation. Our experimental results show that our proposed gate level statistical simulation achieves orders of magnitude of efficiency improvement based on the constructed gate models, while achieving within 3.91% (9.19%) accuracy in average for the means (standard deviations) of signal arrival times at multiple voltage thresholds
What Price Posture Training

(1932). What Price Posture Training? The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 3, No. 10, pp. 14-55.
MBO and Goal Directedness In a Hospital Context

In this article, we examine the attempt of two hospitals to implement management by objectives (MBO) as a means of improving organizational planning and control. Our conclusion is that, as a goal-directed form of management technology, MBO may lead to dysfunctional decision making at the institutional level within organizations, especially those facing complex, dynamic environments. However, if viewed as a philosophy of management administered at the sub-unit level, MBO may serve as a catalytic agent for encouraging decentralized decision making and performance evaluation.
STIMULUS CONTROL OF AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR.

The introduction of a warning signal preceding shocks greatly increased the effectiveness of avoidance responding. Periods of “warm-up” at the beginning of the session were eliminated, and the number of shocks received by the subjects was greatly reduced. With response-shock interval constant, response rate increased as the interval between the response and the onset of the warning signal was shortened. The response tended to occur shortly after the onset of the warning signal regardless of the duration of these “safe” periods. A greatly elevated response rate was maintained even when the duration of the safe period was reduced to 0.3 sec. Thus, the pre-shock signal obtained nearly exclusive control of the responding and overrode the usual “temporal discrimination” of the response-shock interval.
Hippocampal excitability increases during the estrous cycle in the rat: a potential role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

To test the hypothesis that induction of BDNF may contribute to changes in hippocampal excitability occurring during the female reproductive cycle, we examined the distribution of BDNF immunoreactivity and changes in CA1 and CA3 electrophysiology across the estrous cycle in rats. Hippocampal BDNF immunoreactivity increased on the day of proestrus as well as on the following morning (estrus), relative to metestrus or ovariectomized animals. Changes in immunoreactivity were clearest in mossy fiber axons of dentate gyrus granule cells, which contain the highest concentration of BDNF. Increased immunoreactivity was also apparent in the neuropil-containing dendrites of CA1 and CA3 neurons. Electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal slices showed robust cycle-dependent differences. Evoked responses of CA1 neurons to Schaffer collateral stimulation changed over the cycle, with larger maximum responses at both proestrus and estrus relative to metestrus. In area CA3, repetitive hilar stimuli frequently evoked multiple population spikes at proestrus and estrus but only rarely at other cycle stages, and never in slices of ovariectomized rats. Hyperexcitability in area CA3 at proestrus was blocked by exposure to the high-affinity neurotrophin receptor antagonist K252a, or an antagonist of the α7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor, whereas it was induced at metestrus by the addition of BDNF to hippocampal slices. These studies suggest that hippocampal BDNF levels change across the estrous cycle, accompanied by neurophysiological responses that resemble the effects of BDNF treatment. An estrogen-induced interaction of BDNF and α7 nicotinic receptors on mossy fibers seems responsible for estrous cycle changes in area CA3. Periovulatory changes in hippocampal function may, thus, involve estrogen-induced increases in BDNF expression.
Severe teratozoospermia and its influence on pronuclear morphology, embryonic cleavage and compaction.

Background: Fertilization, cell division and embryo development depend on genomic contributions from male and female gametes. We hypothesize that teratozoospermic sperm influences early embryo development and embryo compaction. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of embryos derived from intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. Two hundred thirty-five consecutive ICSI cycles were included in the study; all treatment was provided at the Cleveland Clinic Fertility Center. Patient cycles were divided by sperm morphology based on Kruger’s strict criteria: Group A, embryos where teratozoospermic sperm (0-2% normal) were used for ICSI and Group B, embryos where dysmorphic sperm (5-13% normal) were used for ICSI. All cycles analyzed were of patients doing day 3 embryo transfers. Outcome measures assessed included pronuclear (PN) pattern, syngamy, early cleavage, cell number, rate of compaction and blastulation of embryos left in culture and not transferred on day 3. Results: A total of 1762 embryos were analyzed. PN patterns were similar in Group A and Group B embryos. No differences were noted in syngamy, cleavage, cell number or blastulation rate. Studying the development of embryos in culture after day 3 transfer revealed a difference in the timeline for compaction. By day 4, 25% of Group A embryos had compacted compared to 36% in Group B (P = 0.0007). There was no difference found between Group A and Group B embryos in regards to blastulation. Conclusions: We did not find an association between sperm morphology and clinical outcomes. The impact of teratozoospermia may be masked in ICSI cycles where fertilization, implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate are the primary outcome measures. However, by examining the timeline of development, we were better able to discern a potential paternal effect at critical transition points from fertilization through activation.
Stabilization of stochastic hybrid systems

The authors address a stabilization scheme for a hybrid system whose state equations are governed by a stochastic switching process, which is modeled as a continuous-time finite-state Markov chain. The proposed linear control law switches its gain based on the imperfectly detected states of the Markov chain. It is assumed that the correct detection probability is the same for all Markov states. The range of the correct detection probability of the detector is computed by solving the conditions for the almost sure sample sure sample path stability of the closed-loop system. Two simple examples are provided to illustrate the technique. >
Documentation That Works

Clinical documentation allows the speech-language pathologist to chart the events, findings, and clinical impressions gleamed from the patient encounter. Good record keeping enhances clinical follo...
Limitations of stereotactic biopsy in the initial management of gliomas

Stereotactic biopsy is often performed for diagnostic purposes before treating patients whose imaging studies highly suggest glioma. Indications cited for biopsy include diagnosis and/or the "inoperability" of the tumor. This study questions the routine use of stereotactic biopsy in the initial management of gliomas. At The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, we retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 81 patients whose imaging studies suggested glioma and who underwent stereotactic biopsy followed by craniotomy/resection (within 60 days) between 1993 and 1998. All relevant clinical and imaging information was reviewed, including computerized volumetric analysis of the tumors based on pre- and postoperative MRI. Stereotactic biopsy was performed at institutions other than M. D. Anderson in 78 (96%) of 81 patients. The majority of tumors were located either in eloquent brain (36 of 81 = 44%) or near-eloquent brain (41 of 81 = 51%), and this frequently was the rationale cited for performing stereotactic biopsy. Gross total resection (>95%) was achieved in 46 (57%) of 81 patients, with a median extent of resection of 96% for this series. Diagnoses based on biopsy or resection in the same patient differed in 40 (49%) of 82 cases. This discrepancy was reduced to 30 (38%) of 80 cases when the biopsy slides were reviewed preoperatively by each of three neuropathologists at M. D. Anderson. Major neurologic complications occurred in 10 (12.3%) of 81 surgical patients and 3 (3.7%) of 81 patients undergoing biopsy. Surgical morbidity was probably higher in our series than it would be for glioma patients in general because our patients represent a highly selected subset of glioma patients whose tumors present a technical challenge to remove. Stereotactic biopsy is frequently inaccurate in providing a correct diagnosis and is associated with additional risk and cost. If stereotactic biopsy is performed, expert neuropathology consultation should be sought.
A model for RNA editing in kinetoplastid mitochondria: "guide" RNA molecules transcribed from maxicircle DNA provide the edited information.

Abstract A class of small RNA molecules possibly involved in RNA editing is present in the mitochondrion of Leishmania tarentolae. These "guide" RNA (gRNA) molecules are encoded in intergenic regions of the mitochondrial maxicircle DNA and contain sequences that represent precise complementary versions of the mature mRNAs within the edited regions. In addition, the 5′ portions of several gRNAs can form hybrids with mRNAs just 3′ of the preedited region. A model is presented in which a partial hybrid formed between the gRNA and preedited mRNA is substrate for multiple cycles of cleavage, addition or deletion of uridylates, and religation, eventually resulting in a complete hybrid between the gRNA and the mature edited mRNA.
SENSITIVITY OF 39 ALASKAN MARINE SPECIES TO COOK INLET CRUDE OIL AND NO. 2 FUEL OIL

ABSTRACT The sensitivities of 39 subarctic Alaskan species of marine fish and invertebrates to water-soluble fractions of Cook Inlet crude oil and No. 2 fuel oil were determined. This is the largest group of animals ever tested under similar test conditions with the same petroleum oils and analytical methods. Organisms bioassayed represent several habitats, six phyla, and 39 species including fish (9), arthropods (9), molluscs (13), echinoderms (4), annelids (2), and nemer-teans (2). Sensitivities were determined by 96-hour static bioassays. Concentrations of selected aromatic hydrocarbons were determined by gas chromatography; concentrations of paraffins were determined by infrared spectrophotometry. Although sensitivity generally increased from lower invertebrates to higher invertebrates, and from higher invertebrates to fish, sensitivity was better correlated to habitat. Pelagic fish and shrimp were the most sensitive animals to Cook Inlet crude oil with 96-h median tolerance limits (TLm's) from 1–3 mg...
Effect of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2-Expressing Muscle-Derived Cells on Healing of Critical-Sized Bone Defects in Mice

Background: Cells that express bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) can now be prepared by transduction with adenovirus containing BMP-2 cDNA. Skeletal muscle tissue contains cells that differentiate into osteoblasts on stimulation with BMP-2. The objectives of this study were to prepare BMP-2-expressing muscle-derived cells by transduction of these cells with an adenovirus containing BMP-2 cDNA and to determine whether the BMP-2-expressing muscle-derived cells would elicit the healing of critical-sized bone defects in mice. Methods: Primary cultures of muscle-derived cells from a normal male mouse were transduced with adenovirus encoding the recombinant human BMP-2 gene (adBMP-2). These cells (5 ¥ 105) were implanted into a 5-mm-diameter critical-sized skull defect in female SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency strain) mice with use of a collagen sponge as a scaffold. Healing in the treatment and control groups was examined grossly and histologically at two and four weeks. Implanted cells were identified in vivo with use of the Y-chromosome-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, and their differentiation into osteogenic cells was demonstrated by osteocalcin immunohistochemistry. Results: Skull defects treated with muscle cells that had been genetically engineered to express BMP-2 had >85% closure within two weeks and 95% to 100% closure within four weeks. Control groups in which the defect was not treated (group 1), treated with collagen only (group 2), or treated with collagen and muscle cells without adBMP-2 (group 3) showed at most 30% to 40% closure of the defect by four weeks, and the majority of the skull defects in those groups showed no healing. Analysis of injected cells in group 4, with the Y-chromosome-specific FISH technique showed that the majority of the transplanted cells were located on the surfaces of the newly formed bone, but a small fraction (approximately 5%) was identified within the osteocyte lacunae of the new bone. Implanted cells found in the new bone stained immunohistochemically for osteocalcin, indicating that they had differentiated in vivo into osteogenic cells. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that cells derived from muscle tissue that have been genetically engineered to express BMP-2 elicit the healing of critical-sized skull defects in mice. The cells derived from muscle tissue appear to enhance bone-healing by differentiating into osteoblasts in vivo. Clinical Relevance: Ex vivo gene therapy with muscle-derived cells that have been genetically engineered to express BMP-2 may be used to treat nonhealing bone defects. In addition, muscle-derived cells appear to include stem cells, which are easily obtained with muscle biopsy and could be used in gene therapy to deliver BMP-2.
Ibuprofen blocks changes in Na v 1.7 and 1.8 sodium channels associated with complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation in rat.

Abstract Although nerve growth factor plays a role in augmenting sodium channel expression in small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, the cytochemical mediators responsible for enhanced expression in large DRG neurons are unknown. To narrow the search for mediators involved in the increased production of sodium channels in large DRG neurons, we examined the effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition on sodium channel production during inflammation. Thirty minutes before the subcutaneous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), rats received ibuprofen (nonselective, cyclooxygenase inhibitor), NS-398 (selective, cyclooxygenase inhibitor), or vehicle. Withdrawal thresholds from thermal and mechanical stimulation were measured before and immediately after CFA injection and at selected hourly intervals after injection for the next 24 hours. Sodium channel up-regulation was then examined in DRG by using site-specific, anti–sodium channel antibodies, Na v 1.7 and 1.8. Both ibuprofen and NS-398 provided analgesia during the second phase of inflammatory hyperalgesia that begins 3 hours after CFA injection. The up-regulation, predominantly of Na v 1.7 and minimally of Na v 1.8 channels, seen in vehicle-treated rats was suppressed by both drugs at 24 hours after injection. By 72 hours after injection, no difference in labeling between the drug- and vehicle-treated animals was observed. Sodium channel labeling in large DRG neurons returned to baseline between 1 and 2 weeks after CFA injection, whereas small cell labeling persisted. The cytochemical signal for sodium channel up-regulation in the large DRG cells that most closely correlates with inflammatory hyperalgesia is mediated at least in part through products of the cyclooxygenase pathway. Perspective Expression of sodium channels in dorsal root ganglia increases dramatically during inflammation. The increase in sodium channels is thought to enhance neuronal excitability and to play a role in hyperalgesia and wound vigilance during healing. We provide evidence that prostaglandins play a role in signaling channel augmentation.
Toward a better understanding of the regional causes of local community richness

Despite widespread acknowledgement that local ecological communities are profoundly shaped by regional-scale influences, including evolutionary and biogeographic processes, this perspective has yet to be widely incorporated into ecological research. Drawing on recent research, we propose four steps towards making regional influences a stronger part of research on the richness of local communities: (1) identifying the regional-scale causes of variation in species richness in the systems ecologists study; (2) testing for effects of regional richness on local richness, using improved observational and experimental analyses to overcome earlier problems; (3) simultaneously analysing environmental influences on regional and local species richness as well as the influence of regional richness on local richness and (4) considering the potential reciprocal effects of local processes on regional richness. In conclusion, we suggest some ways that similar approaches could be applied to other aspects of community structure beyond species richness.
Temporal complexity of repolarization and mortality in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Increased repolarization variability has been observed in various cardiac conditions. However, data on its relation to heart rate variability and on its value in predicting adverse outcomes in high risk patients are limited. Forty-seven patients with decreased left ventricular function and ICDs had high resolution 10-minute ECG recordings and were followed for 781 ± 258 days (mean ± SD) on average. The interval from the R peak to the T wave peak with maximum amplitude (RTmax) and from the R peak to the T wave offset (RToff) were determined automatically on a beat-to-beat basis. Temporal beat-to-beat RTmax and RToff variability were analyzed using traditional summary statistics, a complexity measure (approximate entropy [ApEn]), and the short-term scaling exponent (α1). Eight (17%) patients died and 16 (34%) patients experienced death/appropriate ICD shock during follow-up. RTmax-ApEn was significantly higher in patients who died compared with patients who survived (1.24 ± 0.13vs1.01 ± 0.21, respectively, P = 0.008). When RTmax-ApEn was tested together with the α1 of the RR intervals, occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias before ICD implantation, and β-blockers usage in the Cox regression analysis, it still independently predicted mortality; hazard ratio = 3.36 (1.28–8.83, 95% CI, P = 0.014) for every 0.10-increase in RTmax-ApEn. None of the repolarization variability parameters independently predicted death/appropriate ICD shocks. Increased temporal complexity of repolarization (RTmax-ApEn) independently predicts mortality in ICD patients. (PACE 2003; 26:1931–1936)
Chronic threat and contingent belonging: protective benefits of values affirmation on identity development.

Two longitudinal field experiments in a middle school examined how a brief “values affirmation” affects students’ psychological experience and the relationship between psychological experience and environmental threat over 2 years. Together these studies suggest that values affirmations insulate individuals’ sense of belonging from environmental threat during a key developmental transition. Study 1 provided an analysis of new data from a previously reported study. African American students in the control condition felt a decreasing sense of belonging during middle school, with low-performing students dropping more in 7th grade and high-performing students dropping more in 8th grade. The affirmation reduced this decline for both groups. Consistent with the notion that affirmation insulates belonging from environmental threat, affirmed African American students’ sense of belonging in Study 1 fluctuated less over 2 years and became less contingent on academic performance. Based on the idea that developmentally sensitive interventions can have long-lasting benefits, Study 2 showed that the affirmation intervention was more effective if delivered before any drop in performance and subsequent psychological toll could unfold. The role of identity threat and affirmation in affecting the encoding of social experience, and the corresponding importance of timing treatments to developmentally sensitive periods, are explored.
Late summer protein supplementation for yearling cattle

Three studies were conducted to evaluate late summer protein supplementation for growing steers on Northern Great Plains rangeland. In Experiment 1, crossbred yearling steers (N = 80 per year, mean initial live-weight = 275 kg) were allotted to 1 of 2 treatments replicated in 3 pastures in each of 3 years. Treatments were summer-long grazing with or without protein supplementation in late summer. Protein supplement (26% crude protein) was fed at a rate of 1.68 kg (dry matter basis) every third day. In 1995, a third treatment was added to additional pastures consisting of 1.62 kg (dry matter basis) of a 40% crude protein supplement fed every third day. There was no weight gain response to protein supplementation. In Experiment 2, yearling steers grazing rangeland from May to September were fed either no supplement, 1.5 kg of a 22% crude protein safflower meal-based supplement, 1.2 kg of 26% soybean meal-based supplement or 1.2 kg of a 26% safflower and soybean meal-based supplement every third day in late summer. Live-weight gain, forage intake, and digestibility were not affected by supplementation. A third experiment using ruminally cannulated steers fed grass hay and the 3 protein supplements based on safflower and soybean meals showed an increase in ruminal ammonia concentrations but no other appreciable change in ruminal fermentation with protein supplementation. Supplementation with as much as 648 grams of protein every third day was not a viable means to increase gains of steers grazing Northern Great Plains rangelands during late summer under the conditions of this experiment.
Effects of ractopamine on genetically obese and lean pigs.

Twenty-eight genetically obese and 24 lean barrows (65.0 and 68.7 kg average BW, respectively) were allotted within genotype to a 16% CP corn-soybean meal basal diet or this basal diet + 20 ppm ractopamine (a phenethanolamine beta-adrenergic agonist) and allowed ad libitum access to feed for 48 d. Compared to lean pigs, obese pigs had lower ADG, gain to feed ratio, longissimus muscle area, predicted amount of muscle, and weights of trimmed loin and ham, ham lean, heart, spleen, kidney and gastrointestinal tract (P less than .05). Obese pigs also had shorter carcass but higher dressing percentage, backfat thickness, fat depth, fat area, untrimmed loin weight and fasting plasma urea N concentration (P less than .05). Dietary supplementation with 20 ppm ractopamine reduced daily feed intake and improved gain to feed ratio in both lean and obese pigs (P less than .05). Pigs fed ractopamine had shorter carcasses, less fat depth and fat area, smaller weights of stomach and colon plus rectum, but higher dressing percentages, longissimus muscle areas, weights of trimmed Boston butts, picnics and loins, ham lean and predicted amounts of muscle than pigs not fed ractopamine (P less than .05). Supplemental ractopamine had no effect on fasting plasma concentrations of urea N, nonesterified fatty acids, triglyceride or glucose (P greater than .05). No genotype x ractopamine interactions for the criteria described above were detected (P greater than .05). These results suggest that ractopamine will improve the efficiency of feed utilization and carcass leanness in swine with different propensities for body fat deposition.
Anxiety Disorders Among Children and Adolescents

Anxiety disorders represent the most common psychiatric illnesses affecting children and adolescents. Youths who suffer from anxiety disorders typically experience impairment in social, family, and educational domains of functioning. Despite the prevalence of youth anxiety disorders, identifying anxiety as the underlying cause can be a challenge. This article summarizes recent changes in diagnostic criteria in DSM-5, reviews core features of anxiety, and discusses how to recognize anxiety among youths. It also provides recommendations on how to differentiate anxiety from other diagnoses, with a focus on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Suggestions for evidence-based assessment methods and instruments will be made. This article will also review the current evidence base for treatments and provide recommendations for managing refractory cases from a behavioral perspective. The scope of the review focuses on the following constellation of anxiety disorders: separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. Although obsessive-compulsive disorder is not categorized with the other anxiety disorders in DSM-5, it will also be covered within this review.
Transfer of Learning

In order for students to master skills and knowledge, they must be able to transfer concepts they learn and apply them to new situations. Transfer of learning is a critical component of effective legal education. While more research must be done, some best practices have emerged. Ways for teaching law students for transfer include providing students with multiple opportunities for application of learning and emphasizing service to the community and experiential education. This section of the forthcoming book Building on Best Practices: Transforming Legal Education in a Changing World (Lexis 2015) provides a brief overview of this important characteristic of effective teaching.
Priorities and Optimization of Care in the Elderly — Minimizing Disability

An elderly individual undergoing abdominal surgery is likely to spend a little more than 3 months recovering, if recovering is understood to mean returning to a preoperative level of independent function. Functional recovery goes beyond whether the patient’s wound is healed or whether they awoke successfully from anesthesia to consider when, if ever, the patient resumes the life they were leading before they elected to have an operation [1]. With projections for increasing elderly populations in the next 2 decades in most countries, the degree of disability and services needed to provide for such disabilities becomes an important policy question.
Fault Tolerance through Invariant Checking for Iterative Solvers

Iterative solvers are typically used to solve linear systems involving large coefficient matrices. In recent years, graphics processing units (GPUs) have become a popular platform for scientific computing applications, and are increasingly being used as the main computational units in supercomputers. However, GPUs are becoming more vulnerable to transient faults caused by events such as alpha particle strikes and power fluctuations. As a result, the likelihood of a fault increases as more and more GPU computing nodes are used. Iterative solvers are generally considered to be inherently fault tolerant, but they can still be susceptible to errors. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of two Krylov subspace iterative solvers in the presence of faults, using a transient fault injection mechanism for NVIDIA GPUs. We identify, implement and evaluate some lightweight invariant checks for these iterative solvers and compare the error detection methods with other techniques for fault tolerance, and show that these checks have good error coverage and relatively low overhead.
Marine climatology of the tropical Americas

Surface circulation and climate in the sea areas surrounding the American Continents are discussed on the basis of ship observations for the period 1911–1970 compiled with a one degree latitude-longitude square spatial resolution. Charts depict sub-synoptic scale features in considerable detail, such as the wintertime intrusions of cold dry air from the Atlantic to the Pacific side of the Mexican-Central American land bridge at topographically favoured locations, manifesting themselves in plumes of high wind speed, anticyclonic vorticity, and low sea surface temperature far into the open Pacific. Double peaks in the rainy season are indicated for the Western Caribbean and the easternmost Pacific off the Central American coast, with the September/October maximum most dominant. Among the more significant large-scale features are the near-equatorial trough of low pressure, a kinematic axis, and zonally oriented bands of maximal cloudiness and precipitation frequency, with a seasonal migration of this ensemble from a most equatorward position in Northern winter farther northward during summer. The near-equatorial kinematic axis has the characteristics of a confluence zone over the Western Atlantic, whereas over the Eastern Pacific it is a discontinuity between the Southwesterly flow from the Southern hemisphere and the Northeast Trades. Most intense development is reached during Northern summer. The surface flow discontinuity is broadly embedded in the baric trough. The bands of maximal convergence, cloudiness and precipitation frequency stay well equatorward of the surface flow discontinuity in the Eastern Pacific throughout the year, whereas over the Western Atlantic they switch to the North of the kinematic axis during Northern winter.
Ecological Characterization as a Foundation for Prediction of Plains Village Tradition Site Locations in Central South Dakota

Upland Plains Village archaeological sites in Central South Dakota located by pedestrian survey were described in terms of physiography and vegetation. Randomly selected, non-archaeological sites were similarly described and served to define the universe of sites available for habitation along the east bank of the Missouri River/Lake Francis Case Reservoir. Physiographic differences between actual and “simulated” archaeological sites suggested that several factors were important in predicting the location of upland archaeological sites. These included location in Agropyron smithii dominated plant communities with less than 5° of slope, and southern exposure. The model accounts for nearly 70 per cent of all variability associated with location and distribution of archaeological sites.
Review of Jeremy R. Garrett, ed., The Ethics of Animal Research: Exploring the Controversy

The philosophical literature on animal ethics is now sufficiently mature, diverse, and large so as to have spawned numerous introductions to the field, anthologies, and reviews. The recently publis...
Sums of Powers of Integers

The sum lk + 2k + *+ nk of the first n positive integers each raised to a nonnegative integer power k arises often. Reflecting the variety of uses of such sums, many techniques for obtaining an expression for the sum and several forms for the resulting polynomial in n, e.g., expanded, in factored form, or in terms of Bernoulli polynomials, are well known. Denoting the sum lk + 2k + * +nk by S(n; k), we have
Area-Wide Pheromone Trapping of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis phloxiphaga (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California

In 1986 and 1987, traps baited with the pheromone of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) were operated adjacent to fields of processing tomatoes ( Lycopetsicon escutentum Miller) in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys of California to determine the seasonal flight patterns of male H. zea and Heliothis phloxiphaga Grote & Robinson. The latter species was attracted to the pheromone of H. zea and was commonly captured in traps. Results indicate there are at least two generations of H. zea per year in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. In general, trap catches of H. zea increased rapidly starting in mid-August and peaked during late August or early September. Tile timing of trapping events, defined as first catch, first peak, initiation of late peak, and late peak, was similar among locations monitored. This indicated that regional monitoring of this pest may be feasible, although further effort is needed to define early-season events better. Males of H. phloxiphaga were captured at all locations; these were generally trapped in greatest numbers in May and usually exceeded the numbers of H. zea captured from February to June. The capture of H. phloxiphaga in traps intended for H. zea can make interpretation of trap catches difficult, especially early in the season. Moon phase did not appear to influence the timing of peaks in H. zea trap catch.
Communicative signals support abstract rule learning by 7-month-old infants.

The mechanisms underlying the discovery of abstract rules like those found in natural language may be evolutionarily tuned to speech, according to previous research. When infants hear speech sounds, they can learn rules that govern their combination, but when they hear non-speech sounds such as sine-wave tones, they fail to do so. Here we show that infants’ rule learning is not tied to speech per se, but is instead enhanced more broadly by communicative signals. In two experiments, infants succeeded in learning and generalizing rules from tones that were introduced as if they could be used to communicate. In two control experiments, infants failed to learn the very same rules when familiarized to tones outside of a communicative exchange. These results reveal that infants’ attention to social agents and communication catalyzes a fundamental achievement of human learning.
EFFECTS OF STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE BEHAVIOR OF MENISCUS IN A MOLD UNDER ARGON GAS INJECTION

The liquid alloy of Pb-Sn-Bi was used to simulate the fluid flow phenomena in the continuous casting mold under argon gas injection and with electromagnetic field.The depressed effect of magnetic field on the fluctuation of meniscus was observed.The results show that when the magnetic field is imposed,the distribution of argon gas bubbles floating is changed,and the floating up of gas bubbles between the nozzle and the narrow side of mold is strengthened,hence the distribution of gas bubbles in the width direction of mold is more uniform,and the disturbance of floating gas bubbles near the nozzle on the meniscus is decreased.The magnetic field of 0.5 T can depress the fluctuation of meniscus caused by both injected argon gas and discharged stream from the nozzle.According to the similarity rule,it,is deduced that the suitable magnetic flux density for depressing the fluctuation of meniscus in the slab continuous casting mold with argon gas injection is 0.36 T for the practical continuous caster.
Design of Feeder Terminal Unit Based on Dual MPU with ARM9 and Digital Signal Processing

A design of feeder terminal unit based on dual MPU with ARM9 and DSP was discussed.It provid-ed total structure of hardware based on chip AT91RM9200 and TMS320F2812.The design method of some key hardware such as analog input processing,dual port RAM and battery charger were also introduced in detail.Em-bedded real-time operating system was used to design software.Experiment results showed that the feeder terminal unit worked reliably with high real-time performance.It met the requirements of power distribution automation sys-tem.
A CZT-based radioxenon detection system in support of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

In this work, a prototype radioxenon detection system was designed, developed and tested at Oregon State University to study the response of CdZnTe (CZT) detectors to xenon radioisotopes for monitoring nuclear explosions. The detector utilizes two coplanar CZT detectors and measures xenon radioisotopes through beta–gamma coincidence detection between the two detection elements. The CZT-based detection system offers excellent energy resolution and background count rate compared with scintillator-based beta–gamma coincidence detectors currently in operation at the IMS stations. In this paper, we briefly discuss the detector design and report our recent measurement results with 131mXe, 133mXe, and 133Xe produced in the TRIGA reactor at OSU.
Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

Present opinion combines the diagnosis and management of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Regarding deep venous thrombosis, clinical assessment based on major and minor diagnostic points in combination with ultrasound of the lower extremities showed useful positive predictive values when the clinical assessments and ultrasound were concordant. Subtle calf asymmetry may call attention to the possibility of thromboembolic disease. The prevalence of acute pulmonary embolism at a general hospital was evaluated. Importantly, the prevalence of unrecognized pulmonary embolism at autopsy has not changed in three decades. Further evaluation was made of the alveolar arterial oxygen difference in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. As with the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, the alveolar arterial oxygen difference is usually abnormal, but a normal value does not exclude pulmonary embolism. The criteria used for a low probability interpretation of ventilation-perfusion lung scans in the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED) were modified. Criteria for a very low probability assessment (< 10% positive predictive value) were also determined. Progress was made with helical CT and contrast-enhanced electron-beam CT, but with present technology their roles are limited. Selective digital subtraction angiography with a flow-directed catheter was useful in some patients. A strategy for diagnosis of thromboembolic disease that uses serial noninvasive leg tests was described. This strategy reduces the number of pulmonary angiograms required.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the appearance of a reflectance minimum at oblique incidence when unpolarized or circularly polarized light is reflected at a dielectric-conductor interface.

The appearance of a reflectance minimum at oblique incidence when unpolarized or circularly polarized light is reflected at a dielectric-conductor interface requires that the normal-incidence intensity reflectance R0 of the interface be >1/3 [J. Opt. Soc. A9, 957 (1992)10.1364/JOSAA.9.000957; Appl. Opt.53, 7885 (2014)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.53.007885]. However, R0>1/3 is only a necessary but insufficient condition for the interface reflectance to exhibit a minimum at non-normal incidence. A second condition, the subject of this study, restricts the normal-incidence reflection phase shift δ0 for s-polarized light to one of two non-overlapping bands: (a) 0≤δ0<δ0 max and (b) δ0 min<δ0≤180°. These two bands are associated with internal and external reflection, respectively. The limiting phase shifts δ0 max and δ0 min at the band edges are determined analytically as functions of R0.
An Inherited Genetic Variant in CEP72 Promoter Predisposes to Vincristine-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Adults With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Peripheral neuropathy is a major toxicity of vincristine, yet no strategies exist for identifying adult patients at high-risk. We used a case-control design of 48 adults receiving protocol therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who developed vincristine-induced neuropathy (NCI grade 2-4) during treatment, and 48 matched controls who did not develop grade 2-4 neuropathy. Peripheral neuropathy was prospectively graded by National Cancer Institute (NCI) criteria. CEP72 promoter genotype (rs924607) was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. Frequency of the CEP72 T/T genotype was higher in cases (31% vs. 10%, P = 0.0221) and the incidence of vincristine-induced neuropathy (grades 2-4) was significantly higher in patients homozygous for the CEP72 T/T genotype. 75% of the 20 patients homozygous for the CEP72 T allele developed grade 2-4 neuropathy, compared to 44% of patients with CEP72 CC or CT genotype (P = 0.0221). The CEP72 polymorphism can identify adults at increased risk of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy.
Feeding a sustainable chemical industry: do we have the bioproducts cart before the feedstocks horse?

A sustainable chemical industry cannot exist at scale without both sustainable feedstocks and feedstock supply chains to provide the raw materials. However, most current research focus is on producing the sustainable chemicals and materials. Little attention is given to how and by whom sustainable feedstocks will be supplied. In effect, we have put the bioproducts cart before the sustainable feedstocks horse. For example, bulky, unstable, non-commodity feedstocks such as crop residues probably cannot supply a large-scale sustainable industry. Likewise, those who manage land to produce feedstocks must benefit significantly from feedstock production, otherwise they will not participate in this industry and it will never grow. However, given real markets that properly reward farmers, demand for sustainable bioproducts and bioenergy can drive the adoption of more sustainable agricultural and forestry practices, providing many societal “win–win” opportunities. Three case studies are presented to show how this “win–win” process might unfold.
Application of Nonlinear Active Disturbance Rejection Control to One-DOF Electrostatic Actuators

In this paper, a non-linear active disturbance rejection controller (NADRC) is designed and originally applied to a non-linear one-degree-of-freedom electrostatic actuator (ESA). The imperfections of micro-fabrication and micro-packaging result in the modeling uncertainties of ESA. In addition, the ESA is inherently unstable due to pull-in phenomenon. So our control goal is to overcome the pull-in instability of ESA and achieve 99.99% of its full travel range despite of the presence of uncertainty. The NADRC consists of an extended state observer (ESO) and a feedback controller. Two kinds of ESOs are developed in this paper. They are high gain ESO (HG ESO) and the ESO with Fal nonlinearity (FAL ESO). The NADRC is independent of accurate model information, and therefore is a suitable controller for the uncertain ESA. The NADRCs with two different ESOs are simulated on the nonlinear ESA. A comparison study is conducted between both ESOs in terms of control performance and stability. The simulation results demonstrate the controllers with both ESOs reach our control goal successfully. While the NADRC with HG ESO generates larger control effort than the one with FAl ESO, the former is more robust against parameter variations and disturbance than the later.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Beware the Educational Fix: Limitations of Efforts to Promote Mental Health Literacy

Public health professionals seek to promote health literacy through education. In the mental health arena, such approaches have included teaching primary care gatekeepers to screen for early identification of suicide risk and teaching members of the general public to engage peers in need of mental health treatment and guide them into evidence-based care. Educational positivism is the belief that this pedagogic enterprise is unlimited, leading to a "more is better" approach. Despite its promise, however, educational approaches may have muted effects. Students in discrete training programs are often overwhelmed by too much information. Moreover, the effects of distributed training programs, which usually involve repeated training over longer periods, compete with already existing schemes of health action as well as the cacophony of other channels of information. Strategies to address these concerns are described.
Passive limb movement intervals results in repeated hyperemic responses in those with paraplegia

Repeated measures. Reports suggest passive limb movement (PLM) could be used as a therapy to increase blood flow and tissue perfusion in the paralyzed lower limbs of those with spinal cord injuries. However, the hyperemic response to PLM appears to be transient, lasting only 30–45 s despite continued limb movement. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the hyperemic response is repeatable across multiple short bouts of passive limb movement. Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Nine individuals with paraplegia 46 ± 6 years of age, 17 ± 12 years post injury (range: 3–33 years) with complete T3–T11 injuries were subject to 5 × 1 min bouts of passive knee extension/flexion at 1 Hz with a 1 min recovery period between each bout. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), femoral artery blood flow (FABF), skin blood flow (SBF), and tissue perfusion in the lower limb were recorded during baseline and throughout each bout of PLM. Despite no increase in HR (p ≥ 0.8) or MAP (p ≥ 0.40) across all four bouts of PLM, the average increase in FABF during each bout ranged from 71 ± 87% to 88 ± 93% greater than baseline (p ≤ 0.043). SBF also increased between 465 ± 302% and 582 ± 309% across the five bouts of PLM (p ≤ 0.005). Repeated bouts of PLM in those with SCI while in an upright position resulted in a robust and steady increase in FABF and SBF which could have implications for improving vascular health and tissue perfusion in the lower limbs of those with paraplegia.
A Substructure-Based Parallel Algorithm for Large Structure Eigenvalue Problems

In this paper, a parallel algorithm is presented for solving large structure eigenvalue problems. The computation is parallelized on the basis of a division of the structure into substructures. The algorithm resembles the basic subspace iteration algorithm, but the reduced subspace is augmented to include previous iterates for eigenvectors that have not yet converged, and substructure eigenvectors, which are computed by substructure processors when they might otherwise be idle. Including previous iterates results in convergence approximating that of the Lanczos method, and including substructure eigenvectors enhances convergence further. An advantage of the present approach over the Lanczos method is that the reduced subspace does not grow as large, because basis vectors that do not enhance convergence significantly are automatically removed from the subspace, decreasing storage requirements. A numerical example demonstrates the method and shows the results that can be expected.
Genetic improvisation model: a framework for real-time performance environments

This paper presents the current state in an ongoing development of the Genetic Improvisation Model (GIM): a framework for the design of real-time improvisational systems. The aesthetic rationale for the model is presented, followed by a discussion of its general principles. A discussion of the Emonic Environment, a networked system for audiovisual creation built on GIM's principles, follows.