cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thyrotoxicosis in the very old

The records of 25 patients older than 75 years of age with the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism were reviewed. The mean age of the group (22 women and three men) was 81.5 years, the eldest being 95 years old. Twenty-one patients had Graves' disease, three had multinodular goiter, and one had toxic adenoma. Major presenting symptoms included weight loss (44 percent), palpitations (36 percent), and weakness (32 percent). The average number of thyrotoxic symptoms was only two per patient. Two patients were asymptomatic. Clinical signs included fine skin (40 percent), tremor (36 percent), atrial fibrillation (32 percent), and tachycardia (28 percent). The thyroid was palpable in only three patients with Graves' disease. Mean blood thyroxine level was 15.6 micrograms/dl (range, 11.5 to 24); blood triiodothyronine level was elevated in only half of the patients. One patient had triiodothyronine toxicosis. Mean 24-hour radioiodine uptake was 52 percent. Five patients had normal uptake. No correlation could be established between age, clinical symptoms, signs, and hormone blood levels. Because signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism in the very old may be too subtle for clinical diagnosis, all elderly subjects should have periodic screening of blood thyroxine levels.
HARVESTING VALUE FROM ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS

This article discusses ways for entrepreneurs to gain liquidity from their businesses, either with or without a sale of the business. In today's financial arena there is a wide variety of methods and financing vehicles that can enable private companies to harvest liquidity to meet their own needs for growth, the consumption requirements of their founders, or the challenges of tax and estate planning. For companies with limited growth opportunities but fairly stable cash flows, the alternatives range from orderly liquidation to highly leveraged transfers of ownership such as those accomplished by leveraged buyouts, ESOPs, and mezzanine finance. For companies with abundant growth opportunities, value is typically maximized through sale to a strategic buyer or an initial public offering of equity (although a new hybrid called the “private IPO” has recently emerged that looks more like an LBO than an IPO). In order to achieve its full potential, a company should be financed in such a way that enables it to continue through its natural business lifecycle, regardless of whether that matches the human lifecycle of its founder. So long as leadership succession can be arranged, the business lifecycle can determine the course of the company. Indeed, selling the business is the value-maximizing solution only if there is a strategic buyer willing to pay a premium above the business's stand-alone value, or if the founder wants to withdraw from the business and has no preferred successor. Moreover, for the vast majority of companies, going public is not the recommended means for “cashing out.” An IPO is likely to be a value-maximizing (and emotionally satisfying) experience only for (1) companies with valuable growth prospects that require funding for investment and (2) owner-entrepreneurs who are willing to subject themselves to the scrutiny and fluctuations of the market.
A photoreactive competitive inhibitor of the human lysosomal neuraminidase in cultured skin fibroblasts.

Summary A photoreactive, potent, competitive inhibitor of the human lysosomal neuraminidase in cultured skin fibroblasts has been prepared. The starting material, 2,3 dehydro-N-acetyl neuraminic acid methyl ester, was selectively tosylated at the C-9 position with tosyl chloride and subsequently peracetylated with acetic anhydride. The tosyl group was displaced with potassium thio acetate in dimethylformamide at 60°C for 80 min. 4-fluoro-3-nitrophenylazide was incorporated by reaction with the thio acetate product and equimolar sodium methoxide in methanol followed by reacetylation. Base hydrolysis gave the final product, 9-S-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-5-acetamido-2,6 anhydro-2,3,5,9-tetradeoxy-9-thio-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-enonic acid (W5). The yields at each step were 50–70%. Competitive inhibition kinetics were observed when W5 was tested with the fibroblast neuraminidase using 4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid as substrate giving an apparent Ki of about 10 μM. These results suggest that the terminal hydroxyl group at C-9 may not be important in the recognition and binding of the substrate by the enzyme. Also, the compounds prepared here may be useful as photoaffinity probes or ligands for affinity chromatography for purification.
Saccule contribution to immediate early gene induction in the gerbil brainstem with posterior canal galvanic or hypergravity stimulation

Immunolabeling patterns of the immediate early gene-related protein Fos in the gerbil brainstem were studied following stimulation of the sacculus by both hypergravity and galvanic stimulation. Head-restrained, alert animals were exposed to a prolonged (1 h) inertial vector of 2 G (19.6 m/s2) head acceleration directed in a dorso-ventral head axis to maximally stimulate the sacculus. Fos-defined immunoreactivity was quantified, and the results compared to a control group. The hypergravity stimulus produced Fos immunolabeling in the dorsomedial cell column (dmcc) of the inferior olive independently of other subnuclei. Similar dmcc labeling was induced by a 30 min galvanic stimulus of up to -100 microA applied through a stimulating electrode placed unilaterally on the bony labyrinth overlying the posterior canal (PC). The pattern of vestibular afferent firing activity induced by this galvanic stimulus was quantified in anesthetized gerbils by simultaneously recording from Scarpa's ganglion. Only saccular and PC afferent neurons exhibited increases in average firing rates of 200-300%, suggesting a pattern of current spread involving only PC and saccular afferent neurons at this level of stimulation. These results suggest that alteration in saccular afferent firing rates are sufficient to induce Fos-defined genomic activation of the dmcc, and lend further evidence to the existence of a functional vestibulo-olivary-cerebellar pathway of adaptation to novel gravito-inertial environments.
PROSE Therapy Used to Minimize Corneal Trauma in Patients With Corneal Epithelial Defects

Purpose To review the effectiveness of continuous or extended daily wear of Prosthetic Replacement of the Ocular Surface Ecosystem (PROSE) for treating recurrent or persistent corneal epithelial defects from a variety of causes that were refractory to conventional therapy in 9 patients. Design Retrospective case series. Methods The medical records of 9 patients with a history of recurrent or persistent corneal epithelial defects resistant to conventional medical treatment who received treatment at the Cullen Eye Institute between January 2011 and July 2012 were reviewed. Demographic information, etiology, prior treatment, and outcome of PROSE treatment were analyzed. Recurrence after cessation of PROSE and complications were also identified. Results The etiologies of recurrent or persistent corneal epithelial defects in this series included neurotrophic keratopathy, lattice and Avellino dystrophy, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and chemical/thermal injury. All patients were initially treated with bandage contact lens; however, continuous silicone hydrogel lens wear was not effective in preventing recurrence or healing corneal epithelial defects in all patients. Epithelial defects healed without recurrence in all 9 patients treated with PROSE. Eight patients developed recurrent epithelial defects when PROSE was discontinued, but rehealed after resuming PROSE. Visual acuity improved in 8 patients (88.9%) treated with PROSE. Conclusions Complex persistent or recurrent corneal epithelial defects that failed to heal with extended silicone hydrogel contact lenses healed with PROSE. PROSE therapy was well tolerated, but corneal epithelial defects recurred in all but 1 case following cessation of therapy.
Microradiography of thin sections of mineralized tissues

Abstract Previous investigators have emphasized that, in order to prevent structural superimposition in a microradiographic image, the section thickness must not exceed the lateral dimensions of the structure which is to be resolved. Because of their extreme fragility, thin sections of mineralized tissue are difficult to handle and thereby complicate the radiographic procedure. A method was devised whereby the specimen was permanently mounted on a thin film of plastic. This film supported the specimen and permitted repeated X-ray exposures to be made and allowed subsequent viewing of the specimen with light optics.
Mortality level, desired family size, and population increase

Although the worldwide population explosion has been created by a decline in death rates a further decline in mortality in the less developed nations may be an invaluable aid for curbing the current rate of world population growth. Results of several computer-simulation models are presented. Under these assumptions rate of population increase will be greatest when the level of mortality is of intermediate magnitude as now obtains in many less developed nations. In the developed nations where the mortality is low birth rates decline and the population increase is low. Changes in social structure may cause parents to feel less need to assure survival of at least 1 son to their old age. Social-security programs for the elderly may thus have a significant impact in causing a substantial reduction in rates of population growth. Although birth control campaigns may reduce fertility they alone are not likely to achieve low rates of population growth.
A New Gas Scintillation Detector for Fast Reactors

A gaseous scintillator which features gamma ray and system noise suppression has been studied for possible use in high power density breeder reactors. Spectroscopic information on the light emitted from several gases under fission fragment excitation has been obtained. This information is also useful for the nuclear pumped laser concept. Performance characteristics of a prototype detector at thermal neutron fluxes up to 2 × 1012 n/cm2-sec have been obtained and advantages of the concept are discussed.
SMA polymer thin film electrodeposition on carbon particles

Electrodeposition of styrene-co-maleic anhydride (SMA) polymer, as thin films on carbon particle substrates, was carried out in a fluidized electrode bed reactor (FEBR). Feeder current, time of deposition, flow rate of anolyte (i.e., bed expansion or bed porosity), concentration of SMA in the anolyte, and pH of the anolyte were the key parameters investigated. The film characteristics were evaluated through SEM and FTIR analyses, the amounts determined by weighing. The effect of these parameters on the electrodeposition process is discussed and optimum conditions for deposition are proposed. Also, a possible mechanism for electrodeposition, particularly for the SMA–carbon system, is discussed. Furthermore, where relevant, the parameters and mechanism are compared with those for our parallel work on the ethylene-co-acrylic acid (EAA)–carbon system.
Apoplexy in pituitary tumors, clinical and MRI analyses

Purpose The aim of the study is to evaluate the different types and incidence of pituitary tumors with apoplexy between 1988-2009. Methods Retrospective data analysis from the notes of the neuro-endocrine multidiciplinary workgroup and medical records of these patients treated by neurosurgeon or conservatively. Results complete notes were found from 5 years. Different ways of detection were found: the classic tumor pituitary apoplexy, accidental during MRI analyses and during surgery for an pituitary adenoma. Of the 82 macroadenomas, found in the notes over 5 years, in 17 cases an apoplexy was found, which is a higher incidency than described in the literature. From the in total 27 cases found during the 20 years period analysis, 15 cases had the classic pattern, with- at most- eyemovements disorders ; 10 cases had a subclinical pattern and were diagnosed by MRI, and or histopathological or biochemical; in 2 patients the mass was without tumor, and only hemorrhage. Conclusion Headache, eye motility disturbances and +/- chiasmal syndrome may pronounce in 20 % of the pituirary masses to an apoplexy. Because a pituirary mass frequently is managed with surgery, but conservative treatment is possible without complications, this differential diagnosis is important in neuro-ophthalmological clinical practice. The different MRI patterns will demonstrated during the presentation.
Aggressive variants of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a distinctive subtype of RCC with a more favorable prognosis than clear cell RCC. We describe the pathologic features of 23 solitary cases and 2 cases with coexistent papillary RCCs, 7 of which developed metastases. METHODS Cases were retrieved from the pathology files of our institutions. Clinical follow-up was obtained from the medical records. DNA analysis was performed on Feulgen-stained slides using image analysis. RESULTS Twenty-five cases were identified. All cases had characteristic pathologic features, including diffuse cytoplasmic reactivity for Hale's colloidal iron. DNA ploidy analysis of ten cases revealed a diploid pattern in five, a hyperdiploid pattern in four, and a hypodiploid pattern in one. Follow-up was available for 20 cases, and metastases developed in 7 (from 4 to 120 months after surgery). In 5 of these cases, the tumors were solitary and more than 8 cm in greatest dimension and metastases developed in the liver. In both cases with papillary RCCs in the same kidney, metastases developed in the lung, although which tumor metastasized is unknown. CONCLUSIONS Despite the overall favorable prognosis for chromophobe RCC, large tumors and those with coexistent papillary RCCs may produce in metastases. Cancer 1996;78:1756-61.
Automated generation of workspace requirements of mobile crane operations to support conflict detection

Modeling workspace requirements related to mobile crane operations could minimize delays associated with spatial conflicts and hazards on construction sites. To identify spatial conflicts related to crane operations, project engineers need to model and reason about spatio-temporal behaviors of cranes and coordinate them within a dynamic construction environment across time. Current approaches for identifying equipment-related spatial conflicts are based on discrete-event simulation of dynamic equipment motion. The accuracy of spatial conflicts detected using such approaches can be error-prone since it depends on a rate of time increment for the simulation to be set by the user. This paper presents an approach for generating workspaces that encapsulate spaces occupied by mobile cranes moving during an operation. It also discusses an assessment of the effectiveness of the approach in identifying spatial conflicts between mobile cranes and building components.
A specific scenario for the origin of life and the genetic code based on peptide/oligonucleotide interdependence.

Among various scenarios that attempt to explain how life arose, the RNA world is currently the most widely accepted scientific hypothesis among biologists. However, the RNA world is logistically implausible and doesn’t explain how translation arose and DNA became incorporated into living systems. Here I propose an alternative hypothesis for life’s origin based on cooperation between simple nucleic acids, peptides and lipids. Organic matter that accumulated on the prebiotic Earth segregated into phases in the ocean based on density and solubility. Synthesis of complex organic monomers and polymerization reactions occurred within a surface hydrophilic layer and at its aqueous and atmospheric interfaces. Replication of nucleic acids and translation of peptides began at the emulsified interface between hydrophobic and aqueous layers. At the core of the protobiont was a family of short nucleic acids bearing arginine’s codon and anticodon that added this amino acid to pre-formed peptides. In turn, the survival and replication of nucleic acid was aided by the peptides. The arginine-enriched peptides served to sequester and transfer phosphate bond energy and acted as cohesive agents, aggregating nucleic acids and keeping them at the interface.
Vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) contains a single spike (S) protein, which binds to its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), induces membrane fusion and serves as a neutralizing antigen. A SARS-CoV-S protein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotype using the VSVΔG* system was generated. Partial deletion of the SARS-CoV-S protein cytoplasmic domain allowed efficient incorporation into VSV particles and led to the generation of a pseudotype (VSV-SARS-St19) at high titre. Green fluorescent protein expression was demonstrated as early as 7 h after infection of Vero E6 cells with VSV-SARS-St19. VSV-SARS-St19 was neutralized by anti-SARS-CoV antibody and soluble ACE2, and its infection was blocked by treatment of Vero E6 cells with anti-ACE2 antibody. These results indicated that VSV-SARS-St19 infection is mediated by SARS-CoV-S protein in an ACE2-dependent manner. VSV-SARS-St19 will be useful for analysing the function of SARS-CoV-S protein and for developing rapid methods of detecting neutralizing antibodies specific for SARS-CoV infection.
Theology and Ecclesiology in the Miletus Speech: Reflections on Content and Context

Paul's address to the Ephesian elders in Acts 20 stands at the center of an extended treatment of the internal life of the church (20.1–21.17), and constitutes Luke's last portrait of the believing community. In this section, scenes of community life (20.7–12, 17–38; 21.8–14) alternate with travel episodes (20.1–6, 13–16; 21.1–7, 15–17) to show the relationship among groups of believers scattered around the Aegean and back to Caesarea. The resulting portrait of believing communities echoes some important features of the early descriptions of community life in Jerusalem. In this larger literary context, the speech to the Ephesian elders takes on a different appearance from its usual characterization as the farewell address of Luke's hero, Paul. The speech repeatedly connects the church to God, introducing Luke's larger themes of God's plan, the action of the Holy Spirit, and the instruction of Jesus himself. These features show that the church's future, in Luke's view, has less to do with its imitation of Paul than with its relationship to the God who calls it into being.
Absolute and relative refractory periods of the substrates for lateral hypothalamic and ventral midbrain self-stimulation

The pulse-pair paradigm was used to behaviorally assess the absolute and relative refractory periods of neurons subserving brain-stimulation reward. The amplitude of the second pulse was either equal to, 41% greater than, or 73% greater than the amplitude of the first pulse. In the equal amplitude condition, recovery from refractoriness began as early as 0.4 msec and did not asymptote until as late as 3.5 msec. A 41% increase in the intensity shortened the time course of recovery in five out of six cases. In only one of these five cases did a 73% increase in the intensity of the second pulse produce further changes in time course. Neither increase in the amplitude of the second pulse affected the time course of recovery in one subject. The absolute refractory periods of the directly stimulated reward-relevant neurons appear to be less than 1.5 msec and as short as 0.4 msec; some of these neurons have relative refractory periods that range between 1.0 and 3.5 msec.
Involvement of the area postrema in the regulation of sympathetic outflow to the cardiovascular system.

Abstract Summary: The circumventricular organs of the brain have been implicated in the central regulation of the cardiovascular system. The area postrema, which is the only circumventricular organ in the hindbrain, has received less attention than the others, but recent studies suggest that it may play an important role in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. Studies in rats and rabbits indicate that angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent hypertension is abolished by lesioning of the area postrema. Additional studies indicate that the hypertension associated with Ang II involves a resetting of the arterial baroreflex to a higher pressure. This upward resetting requires an interaction of neurons in the area postrema with barosensitive neurons terminating in the medial nucleus tractus solitarius (mNTS). Another peptide, arginine vasopressin (AVP), has been shown to enhance the sympathoinhibitory influence of the arterial baroreflex via an action at the area postrema. Studies in rabbits suggest that the sympathoinhibitory response is due to resetting of the baroreflex to a lower pressure. Electrophysiological studies, using an in vitro brain slice preparation, have shown that activation of area postrema neurons projecting to the mNTS alters the responsiveness of mNTS neurons to afferent inputs. It is postulated that α-adrenergic mechanisms are involved in these interactions.
Behavioraldominance and its relationship to habitat patch utilization by the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)

The influence of spacing behavior on population dynamics of small mammals has often been suggested. Patterns of habitat patch occupancy elucidated in previous studies of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) suggested that spacing behavior might be an important factor in population regulation of this species. In this study, habitat selection experiments in enclosures indicated that cotton rats preferred patches with shrubs present. However, this preference was density-dependent with more equal habitat occurrence at higher densities. Two experimental patchy habitats were created in open fields and were composed of alternating 0.2-ha squares with overhead shrub cover for possible predator protection present (preferred habitat) and with shrub cover removed by mowing. It was hypothesized that subordinate animals would occupy less preferred patches, thus exhibiting reduced fitness. Animals captured in patches with shrubs were larger, moved greater distances, and were in reproductive condition more often than animals in patches without shrubs. There was only a slight difference in survival rates between patch types, however. Behavioral encounters between animals captured in the two patch types resulted in animals from patches with shrubs exhibiting significantly more dominance-type behavior and winning encounters significantly more often than those from patches without shrubs. Results suggested that spacing behavior is important in regulating habitat occurrence of cotton rats. Dominant animals were able to occupy preferred habitat patches. It seems that dominance serves to ameliorate the increase in population density/unit area in good habitat by influencing the movement of subordinates into less preferred habitat. Normal mortality factors then decrease density in all habitats, whereupon density increases begin in good habitat and again spread into poorer habitat types.
LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE FAILURE OF A BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENT IN CENTRAL OREGON

During October 1996 a 10-km-long, double-lane, two-layer bituminous surface treatment (BST) was constructed near Bend, Oregon. The bottom BST layer consisted of an application of rapid setting high float emulsion (HFRS-2) followed by an application of 19- to 12.5-mm chips. The top layer consisted of various emulsions and 13- to 6.3-mm chips. Soon after construction up to 20 large commercial timber hauling trucks per day used the road during the wettest November and December in over 20 years. By the end of December 1996 most of the top layer of chips had disappeared, large numbers of potholes had developed, and the emulsion was not adhering to the bottom layer of chips. Failure resulted from interacting factors including a dust coating on the chips, an incompatibility of emulsion and chips, cold and wet weather, and a nearly impervious base course. The following lessons were learned from this project: (a) An adequate and accurate quality control and quality assurance plan should be in place before construc...
The vertical-horizontal illusion in a visually-rich environment

In the vertical-horizontal illusion the vertical dimension of a figure typically appears longer than the horizontal. Although there is a large body of research literature on this illusion, all of it refers to simple figures with well-drawn lines, exhibited against plain backgrounds. Our experiment has investigated the illusion using real-world objects in a visually-rich environment. Ten male and 10 female Ss were asked to judge the heights of 10 objects of various sizes and shapes. They made their estimates by having the experimenter mark off a horizontal distance that corresponded to the judged height of the object. Each S estimated the height of each object once a day for three consecutive days. The results show that, by and large, the illusion can be demonstrated for real objects in a visually-rich environment. There was, however,considerable variation among the objects. It appears that estimates of this kind may be influenced by size, size constancy, anchor effects, and angle of regard, along with other, as yet, unidentified factors.
Development of an affinity-driven cross-linker: isolation of a vitamin D receptor associated factor.

Abstract A vitamin D analogue containing an affinity and a photoaffinity probe (affinity-driven cross-linker, Double Label ) was synthesized. An unknown factor, associated with vitamin D receptor (VDR), was isolated from rat liver nuclear extract using a GST-VDR-ligand-binding domain fusion protein (GST-VDR-LBD), affinity labeled with Double Label , and protein–protein cross-linking by photolysis.
SYMPTOM AND TRAIT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA.

The following theses are presented: Symptoms in psychopathology are manifestations of traits. The traits are sources of the numerous and equivocal symptoms of schizophrenia-the psychological processes through which the individual behaves as he does. Hence any patient's course can be traced in the language of this small number of psychological processes. Also, the traits are psychological equipment used by the individual in his adaptive transactions with his environment. The differential recourse by individuals to the several traits make for differentiated reaction patterns in schizophrenia.
Interleaved convolutional coding for the turbulent atmospheric optical communication channel

The coding gain of a constraint-length-three, rate one-half convolutional code over a long clear-air atmospheric direct-detection optical communication channel using binary pulse-position modulation signalling is directly measured as a function of interleaving delay for both hard- and soft-decision Viterbi decoding. Maximum coding gains theoretically possible for this code with perfect interleaving and physically unrealizable perfect-measurement decoding were about 7 dB under conditions of weak clear-air turbulence, and 11 dB at moderate turbulence levels. The time scale of the fading (memory) of the channel was directly measured to be tens to hundreds of milliseconds, depending on turbulence levels. Interleaving delays of 5 ms between transmission of the first and second channel bits output by the encoder yield coding gains within 1.5 dB of theoretical limits with soft-decision Viterbi decoding. Coding gains of 4-5 dB were observed with only 100 mu s of interleaving delay. Soft-decision Viterbi decoding always yielded 1-2 dB more coding gain than hard-decision Viterbi decoding. >
Beliefs about the Causes of Racial Inequality: The Persisting Impact of Urban and Suburban Locations?

The purpose of this paper is to assess the classical theoretical propositions of Wirth and Stouffer regarding the independent impact of urban and suburban residency on beliefs about racial inequality. This paper further assesses the impacts of these social locations over a three-decade period. While scholars pose that city size positively impacts behavior, there is debate regarding the impact of these locations over time. Using the General Social Survey, findings demonstrate that while urbanism continues to have an independent impact on beliefs, the impact of suburban residency is much weaker and inconsistent. Analyses of over time trends reveal that the gap between urban and rural residents appears to have increased, with rural residents expressing more intolerant beliefs about the causes of racial inequality over time. These findings are further discussed in a broader theoretical context.
Uncovering MYC's full oncogenic potential in the hematopoietic system.

MYC is an important oncogene in hematopoietic neoplasms in humans, yet the mechanism by which MYC induces the malignant transformation of blood cells has remained elusive. Postulating that mouse models of deregulated MYC expression may be helpful for advancing our understanding of MYC-induced hematopoietic malignancies, Suzanne Cory and her associates took advantage of the Vav promoter to express MYC throughout the hematopoietic system in transgenic mice. In this issue of Oncogene, they report (Smith et al.) that the newly developed strain, referred to as VavP-MYC17, is prone to mature T-cell lymphomas (for which few good mouse models exist). They further show that VavP-MYC17 mice that are devoid of mature T cells (and B cells) because of genetic deficiency in Rag1 recombinase develop neoplasms of three distinct blood cell lineages: pre-T cells, pro-B cells, and macrophages. These findings establish that VavP-driven MYC has broad oncogenic potential in the hematopoietic compartment and prompts new views of the cellular assaults of deregulated MYC on hematopoietic stem and early progenitor cells.
Low-energy-electron collisions with sodium: Elastic and inelastic scattering from the ground state

The electron-Na system is the prototype for nonrelativistic scattering of a charged particle from a quasi-one-electron system. At scattering energies below several eV, e-Na cross sections are particularly sensitive to the exchange interaction and manifest a rich variety of near-threshold structures in various spin channels. By applying the nonperturbative coupled-channel R-matrix method in carefully converged calculations we have generated a comprehensive data base of accurate scattering quantities for studying these phenomena and for comparison to present and future experimental data. In particular, we examine elastic scattering and excitation of the 3p, 4s, 3d, and 4p excited states at energies from threshold to 8.6 eV. In addition to conventional integrated and differential cross sections, we consider partial cross sections for changes in the projection of the spin and orbital angular momentum of the Na valence electron, comparing results for all these quantities to experimental data where available.
On paradox without self-reference

The basic idea behind that account is that we need to distinguish straightforward inconsistency, or self-contradiction, of a set of assumptions, from paradoxicality. Both involve proofs of absurdity (1). But the proofs of absurdity in connection with straightforward contradictions are normalizable, whereas those in connection with paradoxes are not. Proofs are normalizable when they can be brought into normal form by a finite sequence of applications of reduction procedures. These reduction procedures are designed to get rid of unnecessary prolixity. Such prolixity can arise, most importantly, by applying an introduction rule for a logical operator and then immediately applying the corresponding elimination rule. The result is a sentence occurrence within the proof standing as the conclusion of an application of the introduction rule and as the major premiss of an application of the corresponding elimination rule. Reductions get rid of such 'maximal' sentence occurrences, which stand as unwanted 'knuckles' in the proof. The reduction procedures for the logical operators are designed to eliminate such unnecessary detours within proofs.1
Stripe-geometry Pb 1-x Sn x Te diode lasers

In order to avoid parasitic modes that frequently occur in conventional rectangular lead-chalcogenide diode laser structures, stripe junction lasers emitting at about 11 μm at 4.2 K have been fabricated from vapor-grown Pb 0.88 Sn 0.12 Te. Measurements of spectra, polarization, mirror illumination patterns, and far-field patterns provide conclusive evidence that these lasers emit in a fundamental spatial transverse mode. The emission spectra of the stripe lasers consist of regularly spaced modes corresponding to the longitudinal cavity with an effective index of refraction of 7.1. The measured width of the emitting region closely corresponds to the junction width both for the 50- and 100- μm-wide stripe lasers used. The depth of the emitting region perpendicular to the junction plane was measured to be approximately 50 μm in all of the lasers. As 2 S 3 dielectric coatings of various optical thicknesses have been sequentially applied to one end face in order to evaluate the gain and loss parameters of the active region from the threshold variation with reflectivity. Loss parameter values of 12-54 cm-1, gain parameter values of 0.084-0.24 cm/A, and internal quantum efficiencies of 0.013-0.055 are deduced from these measurements. In addition, the antireflection coating produced as much as a fourfold increase in output power at currents above threshold.
Semiparametric Tests of Conditional Moment Restrictions under Weak or Partial Identification

Abstract We propose two new semiparametric specification tests which test whether a vector of conditional moment conditions is satisfied for any vector of parameter values θ 0 . Unlike most existing tests, our tests are asymptotically valid under weak and/or partial identification and can accommodate discontinuities in the conditional moment functions. Our tests are moreover consistent provided that identification is not too weak. We do not require the availability of a consistent first step estimator. Like Robinson [Robinson, Peter M., 1987. Asymptotically efficient estimation in the presence of heteroskedasticity of unknown form. Econometrica 55, 875–891] and many others in similar problems subsequently, we use k -nearest neighbor (knn) weights instead of kernel weights. The advantage of using knn weights is that local power is invariant to transformations of the instruments and that under strong point identification computation of the test statistic yields an efficient estimator of θ 0 as a byproduct.
Retained nitrate, hydrated sulfates, and carbonaceous mass in federal reference method fine particulate matter for six eastern U.S. cities.

Abstract Material balance of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) measured with the Federal Reference Method (FRM) is developed for one rural and five urban locations in the eastern half of the United States using routine Speciation Trends Network (STN) and FRM chemical measurements and thermodynamic models. The Aerosol Inorganics Model is used to estimate retained particle bound water, and an ammonium nitrate evaporation model is used to estimate nitrate concentrations retained on the Teflon-membrane filter of the FRM. To address large uncertainties in carbonaceous mass calculated from STN carbon measurements, retained carbonaceous mass is derived by material balance between PM2.5 FRM mass and estimates of its non-carbon constituents. The resulting sulfate, adjusted nitrate, derived water, inferred carbonaceous material balance approach (SANDWICH) is compared with reconstructed fine mass (RCFM) using the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments monitoring program equation. For this study, the S...
Regulation of mitochondrial processes by protein S-nitrosylation.

Abstract Background Nitric oxide (NO) exerts powerful physiological effects through guanylate cyclase (GC), a non-mitochondrial enzyme, and through the generation of protein cysteinyl-NO (SNO) adducts—a post-translational modification relevant to mitochondrial biology. A small number of SNO proteins, generated by various mechanisms, are characteristically found in mammalian mitochondria and influence the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and other aspects of mitochondrial function. Scope of review The principles by which mitochondrial SNO proteins are formed and their actions, independently or collectively with NO binding to heme, iron–sulfur centers, or to glutathione (GSH) are reviewed on a molecular background of SNO-based signal transduction. Major conclusions Mitochondrial SNO-proteins have been demonstrated to inhibit Complex I of the electron transport chain, to modulate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, influence calcium-dependent opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), promote selective importation of mitochondrial protein, and stimulate mitochondrial fission. The ease of reversibility and the affirmation of regulated S-nitros(yl)ating and denitros(yl)ating enzymatic reactions support hypotheses that SNO regulates the mitochondrion through redox mechanisms. SNO modification of mitochondrial proteins, whether homeostatic or adaptive (physiological), or pathogenic, is an area of active investigation. General significance Mitochondrial SNO proteins are associated with mainly protective, bur some pathological effects; the former mainly in inflammatory and ischemia/reperfusion syndromes and the latter in neurodegenerative diseases. Experimentally, mitochondrial SNO delivery is also emerging as a potential new area of therapeutics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of cellular processes by S-nitrosylation.
Leader Positivity and Follower Creativity: An Experimental Analysis

Using an experimental research design, 191 working adults were randomly assigned to two experimental conditions in order to test a theoretical model linking leader and follower positive psychological capital (PsyCap). Multiple methods were used to gather information from the participants. We found when leader PsyCap was manipulated experimentally, it was positively related to follower PsyCap. Subsequently, follower PsyCap was significantly related to employee's originality of ideas; one important component of creativity in the workplace. We discuss the theoretical contributions of linking leader and follower PsyCap in what emerges as a directional contagion effect, and the mediating role of follower PsyCap in enhancing follower creative task performance. Further, employee selection and development as well as leadership development practical implications are discussed. We conclude with a discussion of limitations and future research directions.
Influences of Fraternity Membership, Athletics, and Male Living Arrangements on Sexual Aggression:

Fraternal membership, intercollegiate athletic participation, and sex composition of living arrangements were investigated as possible correlates of sexual coercion. Four hundred seventy-seven male undergraduates enrolled in a large southeastern university were surveyed in classroom settings regarding their experiences with sexual aggression and coercion, as well as their self-reported rape proclivity. Fraternity members displayed significantly more use of intoxicants in obtaining sex, and also more use of nonphysical verbal coercion, but no greater use of physical force, than independents (nonfraternity members). Athletes displayed greater rape proclivity, but no greater coercive/aggressive sexual behavior. Sex composition of living arrangements had no significant effect on rape proclivity or sexual victimization. The results are discussed in light of other recent evidence indicting fraternities for their sexual conduct.
Designer Viscoelastic Materials Tailored to Minimize Probabilistic Failures for Thermal Stress-Induced Dynamic Column Creep Buckling

ABSTRACT The dynamic response of linear viscoelastic temperature-dependent prismatic columns is investigated under axial compressive loads and due to thermal stresses and moments. Creep buckling instabilities and probabilities of material failures are analyzed to determine column life or survival times. Optimum designer materials are studied to minimize thermal stress and axial load effects while concurrently lowering failure probabilities and extending survival times.
Constraining volume by matching the moments of a distance distribution

The problem of computing a molecular structure from a set of distances arises in the interpretation of NMR data as well as other experimental methods that yield distance information. Techniques for computing structures must find conformations consistent with the distance data. There are often other constraints on the structure that must be satisfied as well. One of the most problematic constraints is the constraint on the total volume occupied by the atoms. In this paper, we use the first two moments (mean and variance) of an estimated distance distribution to constrain the volume of a computed structure. We show that a probabilistic algorithm for matching the first two moments of the estimated distance distribution significantly improves the quality of the solution, especially when the distance information alone is not sufficient to define the structure precisely. We also show that our method is not sensitive to small errors in the estimates of mean and variance of the distance distribution. Finally, we demonstrate the use of this constraint in computing a low-resolution structure of the 30S prokaryotic ribosomal subunit. Quantitative analysis of our results allows us to assess the information content contained in constraints on volume, and to show that in some cases addition of a volume constraint adds information roughly equivalent to doubling the number of input distances. Our results also demonstrate the flexibility of probabilistic representations of structural constraints, and the importance of including volume information to constrain structural computations-especially in the case of sparse data.
Tier-based Strictly Local Constraints for Phonology

Beginning with Goldsmith (1976), the phonological tier has a long history in phonological theory to describe non-local phenomena. This paper defines a class of formal languages, the Tier-based Strictly Local languages, which begin to describe such phenomena. Then this class is located within the Subregular Hierarchy (McNaughton and Papert, 1971). It is found that these languages contain the Strictly Local languages, are star-free, are incomparable with other known sub-star-free classes, and have other interesting properties.
Chromosome Abnormalities in the Placenta and Spontaneous Abortions

Data are presented confirming that placental chromosome abnormalities are more important than fetal chromosome abnormalities in determining fetal loss. Improved methodologies for studying chromosome abnormalities in spontaneous abortion (SAB) are presented that include results for 141 cases (gestational ages 6-24 weeks) with karyotypic study on placental as well as fetal tissue. Experience in two laboratories gave a success rate of >90% of specimens with identifiable placental tissues, an average turnaround time of 10 days for those that produced chromosome results, male-to-female ratio of >50% (indicating no impact of maternal cell contamination), and 30% of cases had chromosome abnormalities. More significantly, two cases (5% of all abnormal cases) showed an abnormal karyotype limited to the placenta. This illustrates the need to examine the placenta in cases of SAB and the importance of technical issues in laboratory studies.
Two Decades of Developments in Qualitative Inquiry: A Personal, Experiential Perspective

The publication of the third edition of Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods offers the author an opportunity to reflect back over two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry. Major d...
Numerical methods for the hydrodynamic device model: subsonic flow

An introduction to the hydrodynamic model for semiconductor devices is presented. Special attention is paid to classifying the hydrodynamic PDEs (partial differential equations) and analyzing their nonlinear wave structure. Numerical simulations of the ballistic diode using the hydrodynamical device model are presented, as an illustrative elliptic problem. The importance of nonlinear block iterative methods is emphasized. Arguments for existence of solutions and convergence of numerical methods are given for the case of subsonic electron flow. >
The potential value of phosphohistone-h3 mitotic index determined by digital image analysis in the assessment of pancreatic endocrine tumors in fine-needle aspiration cytology specimens.

Objective: According to the World Health Organization, pancreatic endocrine tumors are graded by assessment of the Ki67 proliferation index and/or mitotic count. The objective was to find comparable grading on the basis of the novel mitotic marker phosphohistone-H3 (PHH3). Study Design: A computer-assisted system was used to assess 23 cell blocks stained with PHH3 and Ki67 antibodies. We investigated possible cut-points for PHH3 and computed percent agreement between the PHH3- and Ki67-based grading. Results: The Spearman correlation between percent Ki67 positive and percent PHH3 positive was 0.76 (p = 0.001). A value of 0.3% for the lower cut-point (‘cut-point 1', differentiating between grades 1 and 2) and values of about 1.8-1.9% for the higher cut-point (‘cut-point 2', differentiating between grades 2 and 3) shows optimal agreement between PHH3 and Ki67 grading. The percentage of positive cells was much higher for Ki67 than for PHH3 (mean 10.6 vs. 3.0%). Conclusions: PHH3 has good correlation with Ki67, but the range of PHH3 positivity is much narrower than that of Ki67 (range 0-4% for PHH3 vs. 0-50% for Ki67). Therefore, to be as accurate, grading on the basis of PHH3 requires evaluation of a larger number of tumor cells for a precise determination of percent PHH3-positive nuclei.
Coherent transients: optical precursors and 0π pulses

We discuss the transient effects associated with short-pulse propagation in a linearly dispersive medium by comparing optical precursors with 0π pulses. The classical and quantum effects were, in the past, treated independently due to the different time scales. Using results from recent studies [Phys. Rev. Lett.96, 143901 (2006)] as well as the discussions by Varoquaux et al. [Phys. Rev. B.34, 7617 (1989)] and Burck [Hyperfine Interact. 123, 483 (1999)], we show analytically that precursors and 0π pulses describe the same physical phenomenon. We also show that most published results of transient pulse propagation can be expressed using one overarching equation. Finally, we give a physical interpretation of the analogy between precursors and 0π pulses as a medium-impulse response using a Green's function.
Failed Cytokinesis of Neural Progenitors in Citron Kinase–Deficient Rats Leads to Multiciliated Neurons

Most, if not all, cortical neurons possess a single primary cilium; however, little is known about the mechanisms that control neuronal ciliogenesis. The Citron kinase-deficient (Citron-K(fh/fh)) rat, a model in which failed cytokinesis during development produces cortical neurons containing multiple cellular organelles, provides a unique system in which to examine the relationship between centriole inheritance and neuronal ciliogenesis. In this study, we analyzed the cerebral cortex of these animals using immunohistochemistry, serial confocal, and electron microscopy to determine if the multinucleated neurons present in the cortex of these animals also possess multiple centrioles and cilia. We found that neurons containing multiple nuclei possessed multiple centrioles and cilia whose lengths varied across cortical regions. Despite the presence of multiple cilia, we found that perinatal expression of adenylyl cyclase III, a cilia-specific marker, and somatostatin receptor 3, a receptor enriched in cilia, were preserved in developing Citron-K(fh/fh) brain. Together, these results show that multinucleated neurons arising from defective cytokinesis can extend multiple cilia.