cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International research ethics: the problem of the justice toward the less developed countries

Today, in order to protect the population of developing countries from the risk of exploitation by international research sponsors, we must recur to the concepts of "distributive justice" and "justice as reciprocity". "Distributive justice" requires that the risks and benefits of research be distributed with equity (give to everyone what he/she needs) among all persons and groups in society. "Justice and reciprocity" requires that all research subjects receive benefits because of their participation. It will not be justified that if one subject patient has received placebo, at the end of the study he/she will not receive the drug that was therapeutically proved by the research. There is exploitation when rich or powerful persons or agencies take advantage of the poverty, weakness or dependency of others using them for their own goals (those of the rich or powerful) without adequate benefits to compensate the individuals or groups depending or less powerful. The International Ethical Guidelines CIOMS and the Document UNAIDS establish that the products of research must be made reasonably available in the country where the research takes place. UNAIDS document specifies that an AIDS vaccine must be made available to other populations with a high risk for VIH infection, but there is no legal empowerment to guarantee that this takes place. Nevertheless, human rights could be used as an instrument to justify the existence of justice obligations. This is the case of the International Treaty for Economical, Social and Cultural Rights article 12: "Right to the highest level of physical and mental health that could be reached". It requires that the nations take specific steps, including prevention, treatment and control of various types of diseases, and the creation of the conditions that assure medical care and services to all.
Eat Me Up

Hauck-Lawson's concept of food voice argues that what a person chooses to eat can make powerful statements about identity. In my dissertation fieldwork, a qualitative comparative case study of amateur male cooks, an urban firehouse and a competition barbecue team, I expected that the food voice would be powerful and prevalent. Since men are often identified as taciturn, I expected to draw heavily on their food voices in order to further analyze their communication. I found instead that in the case of the firefighters their food voice at first glance bore little resemblance to their spoken voice as it related to their experiences with food. Their food voices were not attempting to reinforce the spoken voices of the firefighters, but rather shouted over the spoken voices to express what the men were really saying, a food voice rhetoric of nurturing amidst a hyper-masculine spoken voice.
The Socialization of Conflict and Its Limits: Gender and Gun Politics in America*

Objective This study considers efforts by gun rights and gun regulation groups to socialize the conflict over firearms policy by engaging a coveted issue public—women. I assess whether gun rights groups have succeeded in weakening women's support for gun control laws and increasing women's firearms ownership. I also examine whether gun regulation groups have succeeded in mobilizing their female sympathizers for political action. Methods Drawing on two survey archives spanning several decades, I use descriptive statistics and logistic regression to analyze the relationship between women and guns over time. Results Gun rights groups have had little success in persuading women to become “pro-gun” in attitudes or behaviors. Gun regulation groups have mobilized their female sympathizers but not enough to offset the political engagement of pro-gun men. Conclusion The findings suggest that civic identities, organizational capacities, and countervailing pressures constrain efforts to socialize conflict through persuasion and mobilization.
¡HOLA, Amigos! Toward Preventing Anxiety and Depression in Older Latinos.

Given the prevalence and morbidity of depression and anxiety in later life, the inadequacies of current treatment approaches for averting years living with disability, the disparities in access to the mental healthcare delivery system, and the workforce shortages to meet the mental health needs of older Latinos, development and testing of innovative strategies to prevent depression and anxiety are of great public health significance and have the potential to change practice. Although impediments to good depression and anxiety outcomes exist for all older adults, they are even more pronounced for older Latinos, who tend to have fewer socioeconomic resources. These factors underscore the need for prevention-based interventions that are effective, scalable, relevant, respectful, and specific to this population. The Happy Older Latinos are Active (HOLA) program is a community health worker–led, multicomponent, health promotion intervention. The diverse needs and circumstances of older Latinos (highly sedentary, culture-specific health beliefs, service disparities) were incorporated into the design of HOLA to reduce risk factors and improve health-related outcomes associated with common mental disorders in this group. The authors describe HOLA (highlighted in this case example) and why health promotion interventions like HOLA may hold promise as effective, practical, and nonstigmatizing interventions for preventing common mental disorders in older Latinos who are at risk for developing these disorders.
Characteristics of Subgroups in the Adult Baby/Diaper Lover Community

Abstract Background There is a lack of research on adult baby/diaper lover (ABDL) behavior, particularly from community samples. Prior studies have not examined differences between the AB and DL subgroups in the ABDL community. Aim To explore whether endorsements of AB role-play enjoyment and ratings of sexual enjoyment during ABDL activity were related to parenting and attachment variables, negative mood states, and reported problems with ABDL and to explore differences by relationship status and by sexual orientation. Method Data from a larger survey of an online ABDL community were analyzed. The final sample included 1,795 men and 139 women. Outcomes Participants completed questions about their ABDL interests, the short form of the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, the Maternal and Paternal Relationship Scales designed for this study, the shortened version of the Profile of Mood States, and questions about problems with ABDL. Results Greater enjoyment of role playing was associated with being raised by a single female caregiver, a more negative paternal relationship, higher attachment anxiety, and more negative mood states. Differences based on relationship status and sexual orientation were minimal. Participants who most liked no sexual activity reported higher enjoyment of role playing and lower enjoyment of sexual activity in ABDL behavior compared with other groups. Regardless of sexual orientation, men rated sexual enjoyment in ABDL higher than role-play enjoyment. Ratings of sexual interest in diapers were generally not different from ratings of sexual interest in adults. Clinical Implications ABDL clients who enjoy role playing and want to understand their behaviors might wish to explore family-of-origin experiences more than clients who find diapers erotic. Clients who find diapers erotic are likely to have other sexual interests. ABDL subgroups are generally comfortable with their practices and might not have a need for therapy. Strengths and Limitations Despite the lack of a comparison group, this study has a large, non-psychiatric sample of a marginalized sexual subculture and affirms that such individuals should not be readily pathologized. Conclusion In contrast to persons who find diapers erotic, AB role playing is more likely to be an interpersonal, non-sexual behavior helping some individuals decrease attachment anxiety and negative mood states. Atypical behaviors are not troubling for some individuals, regardless of the origins and motivations of the behavior. Zamboni BD. Characteristics of Subgroups in the Adult Baby/Diaper Lover Community. J Sex Med 2017;14:1421–1429.
Clinical Outcomes of Low-Dose Methotrexate Therapy as a Second-Line Drug for Intravenous Immunoglobulin-Resistant Kawasaki Disease

Purpose Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is the standard treatment for Kawasaki disease (KD). However, there is still no standard treatment for IVIG-resistant KD. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose methotrexate (MTX) as a treatment for IVIG-resistant KD. Materials and methods We retrospectively analyzed 10-year data for patients with IVIG-resistant KD who were administered MTX at Severance Children's Hospital. Results The subjects included 75 patients with KD aged 5 months to 9.2 years who had been administered MTX. Their maximum body temperatures decreased significantly within 24 h of therapy. The patients' C-reactive protein levels were significantly lower 1 week after administering the first dose of MTX than those before treatment. No adverse effect for MTX was observed. Conclusion MTX treatment of IVIG-resistant KD resulted in rapid defervescence, improvement of clinical symptoms, and normalization of acute-phase reactants in all patients. Thus, MTX could be a candidate treatment for IVIG-resistant KD.
A highly selective “off-on” fluorescent sensor for subcellular visualization of labile iron(III) in living cells

Abstract A highly selective fluorescent sensor “RhHPA” derived from a condensation reaction between rhodamine hydrizine and 6-hydroxymetyl-pyridine-2-aldehyde has been developed for selective Fe3+-imaging in living cells. The sensor exhibits marked selectivity and sensitivity towards Fe3+, with a chelation-induced “off-on” response. The sensor binds to Fe3+ at 1:1 stoichiometry with high affinity (apparent binding constant 1.27 × 107 M−1) and displays a distinct change in colour and fluorescence upon the alteration of free Fe3+ levels with a reversible response and little interference with other biological relevant metal ions. The sensor works at pH 5–9 that covers most of the physiological pH range. Cell imaging studies demonstrated that the sensor is capable of detecting basal level Fe3+ as well as the dynamic changes in Fe3+ levels in live cells at subcellular resolution, with two labile Fe3+ pools identified in mitochondria and endosomes/lysosomes in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) for the first time.
Interactive Computer Graphics Analysis of Rock Block Movement

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an interactive computer graphics analysis of rock block movement. Several limit equilibrium-based analysis techniques are used in an initial confirmation study of the ability of the distinct element method to model the behavior of assemblages of blocks. An adequate numerical evaluation of the response of a jointed rock mass requires the correct modeling of the discontinuities present. There is a linear relationship between the span and the horizontal thrust required for stability of the mass. However, in contrast to linear arch theory, the models examined by the block model indicate that the relationship involves the joint friction coefficient. The chapter describes the relationship between the required support force and the potential ultimate roof load. The failure to incorporate fully the dilatancy properties of real joints in the analysis leads to a value of the mass strength that is very low. The potential ultimate roof load and the empirical support design methods represent a conservative value of design load.
E-Services: A Synthesis and Research Agenda

Services marketing research increases in both intensity and relevance as services contribute an increasing share of the world’s economy and as firms and their customers increasingly interact through electronic networks. E-services present sharp new challenges to both researchers and practitioners because the processes from beginning to end of the e-service value chain are markedly different than those for offline services and because the electronic environment offers increased flexibility throughout the value chain. This flexibility creates the requirement to impose some sort of structure on all of the possible service and channel design choices. E-service flexibility creates an opportunity, and the need, to think about the consumer early in the design process. Finally, flexibility makes it difficult, but critically important, to consider various scenarios suggesting future developments in e-services. Our goal is to provide an over-view of the past and some projections for the future in the new field of e-services.
System decomposition for temporal concept analysis

Temporal concept analysis is an extension of formal concept analysis (FCA) that introduces a time component to concept lattices allowing concepts to evolve. This time component establishes temporal orderings between concepts represented by directional edges connecting nodes within a temporal lattice. This type of relationship enforces a temporal link between concepts containing certain attributes. The evolution of concepts can provide insight into the underlying complex system causing change, and the concepts evolving can be seen as data emission from that complex system. This research utilizes models of complex systems to provide frequency histograms of activity in well-defined sub-networks within a system. Analyzing systems in this way can provide higher levels of contextual meaning than traditional system analysis calculations such as nodal connectedness and throughflow, providing unique insight into concept evolution within systems.
Wavelet Image Compression: A Comparative Study

We are making a comparative study of image compression methods using 5 transform methods; 3 standardized and 2 wavelet based transforms. After the image is transformed with each of the 5 transforms, the transformed image is quantized to zero-out all transform values that correspond to the high-frequency components of the image. Quantization is followed by image encoding that minimizes the data storage requirements for the quantized residuals. Each transform method is compared using the criteria: (1) compression ratio, (2) signal to noise ratio (SNR), and (3) mean squared error (MSE) of the reconstructed image compared to the original. The objective of this comparative study is to determine if either or both of the wavelet transforms outperform the three standardized transforms.
Seasonal Variability and Drivers of Microzooplankton Grazing and Phytoplankton Growth in a Subtropical Estuary

Rates of microzooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth are seldom measured with respect to time, yet such estimates may better reflect temporal variability in coastal phytoplankton communities and offer insight into mechanisms that control populations. To assess seasonal patterns in rates, we performed 41, weekly dilution experiments over a full year in the Skidaway River Estuary (GA), measuring rates of phytoplankton growth, microzooplankton grazing, and viral lysis based on total chlorophyll and group-specific abundances (Synechococcus spp., picoeukaryotes, and nanoeukaryotes). Seasonal variability in microzooplankton grazing (0-2.11 d-1) and phytoplankton growth rates (0-2.43 d-1) was observed, with highest values typically recorded in summer and lowest in winter. Grazing pressure was strongest in winter-spring, as phytoplankton accumulation rates were often negative (-0.16-0.28 d-1). Rates varied similarly over seasons for chlorophyll, pico-, and nanoeukaryotes, while rates on Synechococcus spp. were rarely significant in dilutions and did not follow seasonal trends. Few experiments (7%) yielded significant rates of viral lysis. Temperature correlated most strongly with phytoplankton growth rates (R2 = 0.46-0.56), but not grazing rates (R2 = 0.11-0.27), which were more likely driven by observed seasonal shifts in plankton community composition (e.g. fall diatom blooms). Establishing temporal rate measurements is critical to identify factors that drive phytoplankton growth and mortality and accurately predict shifts in phytoplankton population dynamics and food web processes within marine systems.
Staphylococcus lentus Sinusitis: A New Sinonasal Pathogen:

Background:The pathogens most commonly associated with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis include Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, and Moraxella catarrhalis. The pathogens most commonly ...
A meta-analysis of the efficacy of gabapentin for treating alcohol use disorder.

Background and aims Studies of the efficacy of gabapentin for treating alcohol use disorder (AUD) have yielded mixed findings. The aims of our study were to estimate gabapentin's effects on six alcohol-related outcomes, test potential moderators, examine publication bias and evaluate the quality of the studies. Methods Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Using PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov, we selected RCTs of gabapentin's effects on alcohol consumption or a biochemical correlate of it, excluding studies limited to other primary outcomes or that combined gabapentin with other medications. We assessed study quality and used a random-effects model to analyze each outcome measure and the Egger regression test and funnel plots to assess publication bias. Results We identified seven RCTs of gabapentin that met study criteria. The quality of the studies overall was good, and there was no evidence of publication bias. Four to seven studies contributed to the analysis of the six outcome measures. For all outcome measures the effect estimates were in a direction that favored gabapentin over placebo. However, only for percentage of heavy drinking days was there good evidence of a benefit (g = -0.64, 95% confidence interval = -1.22 to -0.06). Conclusions Although gabapentin appears to be more efficacious than placebo in treating AUD, the only measure on which the analysis clearly favors the active medication is percentage of heavy drinking days. Additional studies are needed to define more clearly the role of gabapentin in AUD treatment.
Second-Order Filtering Algorithm for Streaming Optimization Problems

We consider the minimization of the sum of convex objectives with overlapping decision variables. These types of objectives occur in streaming signal reconstruction applications, where the observations of the signal occur in frames, and the loss functions for each frame are connected through overlapping basis functions. We show that a Newton-type algorithm for solving this type of problem can be extremely efficient when the coupling between the terms is “weak,” which we characterize with a certain notion of block-diagonal dominance of the Hessian. We apply the algorithm to the streaming reconstruction of the intensity function of a nonhomogeneous Poisson process and show that almost nothing is lost if the updates are performed using a finite buffer.
Development of IIoT Monitoring and Control Security Scheme for Cyber Physical Systems

Industry 4.0 or the fourth industrial revolution encapsulates future industry development trends to achieve more intelligent manufacturing processes, including reliance on Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). The increase in online access and control given by the incorporation of CPSs introduces a new challenge securing the operations of the CPS in that they are not supported by standard security protocols. This paper describes a process used to effectively protect the operations of an IIoT system by implementing security protocols on the CPS within the IIoT. A series of predefined boundary conditions of the safety critical parameters for which a heating and cooling CPS can safely operate within were established. If the CPS is commended to operate outside of these boundaries, it will disconnect from all external communication network and default to some pre-defined safe-operation mode until the system has been evaluated locally by an administrator and released from the safe-mode. This method was tested and validated by establishing a sample IIoT and CPS testbed setup which monitor and control the temperature of a target environment. An attack was initiated to force the target environment outside of the determined safety-critical parameters. The system responded by disabling all network ports and defaulted to the safe-operation mode established previously.
Understanding Determinants of Patient Preferences Between Stool Tests and Colonoscopy for the Assessment of Disease Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Evidence is now available in support of using fecal biomarkers to monitor disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patient adherence is often cited as a barrier to implementation. We assessed patient determinants for using stool tests to monitor disease activity. Prospective interview of IBD patients using an analytic hierarchy matrix survey built to understand preferences for choosing between stool testing or colonoscopy for monitoring disease activity, after considering different test criteria (accuracy, preparation, pain, complications). Theoretical thresholds of misclassification were posed to patients to see how they might consider shifting from colonoscopy to stool testing. A total of 100 patients (n = 51 CD, n = 46 male) were interviewed with median age and disease duration of 44 years (IQR 27-63) and 9 years (IQR 5-21), respectively. Stool-based testing was preferred over colonoscopy by 60% initially; however, a majority of participants changed their choice to colonoscopy after learning more about the diagnostic performance of currently available stool tests for disease monitoring (p < 0.001). Across all sub-groups, accuracy was ranked as the top criterion when choosing between stool-based testing and colonoscopy for disease activity assessments. Most patients were willing to choose stool-based testing over colonoscopy for disease monitoring if the stool test was wrong at most 1 in 20 times (5% misclassification rate). Accuracy is the most important criteria for IBD patients when choosing monitoring strategies, and a high degree of confidence is required of stool test results for patients to choose this strategy.
Bôcher’s Theorem with Rough Coefficients

A classical theorem of Bocher says a positive harmonic function on a punctured domain $\mathcal {O}\setminus p$ in Euclidean space can be written as the sum of a constant multiple of the Green function with pole at p and a function harmonic on all of $\mathcal {O}$ . Here we establish such a result in the setting of functions on a Riemannian manifold with rather rough metric tensor.
Repeat intravenous r-tPA administration four days after initial thrombolytic therapy for recurrent ischemic stroke: A case report and review of literature

Abstract Stroke is a significant source of morbidity and mortality within the United States. The current standard of care for treatment of acute ischemic stroke is intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (IV r-tPA). However, IV r-tPA is contraindicated within 3 months of a previous stroke due to concern for symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). We describe the case of a 77-year-old female who developed aphasia and right-sided quadrantanopsia and was found to have a calcified embolus in the M3 branch of her left middle cerebral artery. She was given IV r-tPA with subsequent symptom resolution and no MRI evidence of acute or subacute infarct. 4 days after index stroke, she had recurrence of her symptoms, receiving a second dose of IV r-tPA. She improved clinically. Non-contrast CT 24 hours afterwards showed minimal foci of intraparenchymal hemorrhage without midline shift or mass effect. She remained neurologically stable and improved significantly with inpatient rehabilitation.
Simplification of epistemic networks using parsimonious removal with interpretive alignment

A key goal of quantitative ethnographic (QE) models, and statistical models more generally, is to produce the most parsimonious model that adequately explains or predicts the phenomenon of interest. In epistemic network analysis (ENA), for example, this entails constructing network models with the fewest number of codes whose interaction structure provides sufficient explanatory power in a given context. Unlike most statistical models, however, modification of ENA models can affect not only the statistical properties but also the interpretive alignment between quantitative features and qualitative meaning that is a central goal in QE analyses. In this study, we propose a novel method, Parsimonious Removal with Interpretive Alignment, for systematically identifying more parsimonious ENA models that are likely to maintain interpretive alignment with an existing model. To test the efficacy of the method, we implemented it on a well-studied dataset for which there is a published, validated ENA model, and we show that the method successfully identifies reduced models likely to maintain explanatory power and interpretive alignment.
Accurate solution of wave propagation problems in elasticity

Abstract The accurate solution of wave propagations in general two- and three-dimensional solids is still difficult and frequently impossible to achieve with the current computational schemes and computers available. We present in this paper a solution scheme that has much promise for the accurate solution of wave propagations in general solids. The procedure is based on the use of “overlapping finite elements” and direct time integration. The overlapping finite elements are effective because the spatial dispersion error is relatively small and can be monotonically reduced using a finer mesh. Similarly, the time integration dispersion errors can also be reduced monotonically as the time step becomes smaller. Hence the key property of the solution scheme is that the total dispersion error in the simulation of multiple waves traveling through solids is monotonically reduced as the spatial discretization and time stepping become finer. We summarize the ingredients of the solution scheme and illustrate the characteristics in the solution of some wave propagation problems that are difficult to solve accurately. These solutions may be benchmark solutions to use in the evaluations of other computational schemes.
Existence of extremal metrics on almost homogeneous manifolds of cohomogeneity one —IV

This paper is the first of a series of papers in which we generalize our results in (Asian J. of Math. 4, 817–830 (2000); J. Geom. Anal. 12, 63–79 (2002); Intern. J. Math. 14, 259–287 (2003)) to the general complex compact almost homogeneous manifolds of real cohomogeneity one. In this paper we deal with the exceptional case of the G 2 action (Cf. Intern. J. Math. 14, 259–287 (2003), p. 285). In particular, we prove the existence of Kahler-Einstein metric on this manifold.
Some biological implications of a differential-Hebbian learning rule

Klopf (1988) presents a formal real-time model of classical conditioning which generates a wide range of behavioral Pavlovian phenomena. We describe a replication of his simulation results and summarize some of the strengths and shortcomings of the drive-reinforcement model as a real-time behavioral model of classical conditioning. To facilitate further comparison of Klopf#’s model with neuronal capabilities, we present a pulse-coded reformulation of the model that is more stable and easier to compute than the original, frequency-based model. We then review three ancillary assumptions to the model#’s learning algorithm, noting that each can be seen as dually motivated by both behavioral and biological considerations.
Mead, George Herbert (1863–1931)

George Herbert Mead was a leading figure in American pragmatic philosophy, along with William James, Charles Sanders Peirce, and John Dewey. Mead never published a finished version of his theories, and his ideas and lectures were gathered together by students in several posthumous publications.
Herbicide transformation. II. Studies with an acylamidase of Fusarium solani.

Replacement cultures liberated 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) from 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (propanil). The kinetics of the conversion suggest a requirement for de novo enzyme synthesis, but the system was not influenced by chloramphenicol or puromycin. Enzyme activity was detected when acetanilide (K(m) = 0.195 mm) was used to replace propanil as substrate. Fungal acylamidase (E.C. 3.5.1., an aryl acylamine amidohydrolase) was concentrated by salt precipitation and characterized. The Fusarium solani acylamidase exhibited an optimum at pH 7.5 to 9.0 and was inactivated in 10 min at 50 C. The enzyme was not sensitive to methyl-carbamate or organophosphate insecticides, but the herbicide, Ramrod (N-isopropyl-2-chloroacetanilide), acted as a competitive inhibitor of acetanilide hydrolysis (K(i) = 0.167 mm). Hydrolysis rates were decreased by various para substitutions of acetanilide. Chloro substitution in the acyl moiety of acetanilide also reduced the rate of hydrolysis. 3,4-Dichloroacetanilide was less susceptible to enzyme action than acetanilide, but 3,4-dichloropropionanilide was hydrolyzed much more rapidly than propionanilide. The fungal acylamidase was highly specific for N-acetylarylamines. It did not catalyze hydrolysis of formanilide, butyranilide, dicryl, Karsil, fenuron, monuron, or isopropyl-N-phenylcarbamate. It appears to differ from acylamidases that have been isolated from rice, rat liver, chick kidney, and Neurospora.
Parasitism Genes: What They Reveal about Parasitism

Nematodes are parasites of plants and animals that have evolved diverse and often specific mechanisms to promote a given parasitic lifestyle (Baldwin et al. 2004; Jasmer et al. 2003), including modifications of developmental and reproductive potential, dissemination amongst and location of primary or alternate hosts, and survival strategies in the absence of a suitable host or favorable environment. The genetic pathways underlying these lifecycle adaptations may have parallels with or origins in nonparasitic nematode species that must also adapt to a dynamic or unstable niche. Distinct to the parasites, however, are adaptations to obtain organic nutriment while living in or on another organism. The products of such parasitism genes “may be manifested as morphological structures that provide access to parasitism of a particular host (e.g. a nematode stylet) or they may play critical physiological roles in the interaction of the nematode with its host” (Davis et al. 2000).
Observation of an anomalous quasi-one-dimensional behavior in Na 2 Ru 4 O 9-δ single crystals

The magnetic susceptibility ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$(H\ensuremath{\parallel}b), ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$(H\ensuremath{\perp}b) (2\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}700 K) and electrical resistivity \ensuremath{\rho}(T) (2\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}300 K) of single crystals ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ru}}_{4}$${\mathrm{O}}_{9\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ (\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\ge}0) with various oxygen content were measured. The crystal structure is monoclinic with single, double, and triple chains along the b axis. The most striking feature is the drastically large anisotropy reflected in the resistivity which exhibits metallic behavior along chains and semiconducting behavior perpendicular to the chains. The resistivity ratio for these two directions ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$ is larger than ${10}^{5}$. This ratio is exceptionally large, indicating that the anisotropy of the bandwidth is substantial. While the magnetic susceptibility ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$(H\ensuremath{\parallel}b) undergoes a drastic change due to oxygen removal, the electrical resistivity along the conducting chains ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$(T) alters only slightly, however, the resistivity perpendicular to the chain ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$(T) changes more significantly at low temperatures. It is argued that the different sensitivity to oxygen content reflected in magnetic and transport properties may indicate decoupling of spin and charge, and can be attributed the complexity of the crystal structure. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Imaging performance of annular apertures. 3:Apodization and modulation transfer functions

Apodization functions with decreasing transmission and their opposite, functions with increasing transmission, are investigated for various central obstruction ratios. The resultant modulation transfer functions are presented for various transmission functions and central obstruction ratios. Conclusions applicable to the improvement of imaging performance are discussed.
Summation of arousal in partial fetishism

A summation model of classical conditioning was used to describe the deviant sexual arousal pattern of a male psychiatric patient. Penile assessment showed a response to a compound stimulus (radio static plus a picture of a woman) that was approximately equal to the sum of the responses to each component alone. The subject's self-report of sexual arousal followed a similar pattern. A distinction was made between total and partial fetishism. It was suggested that what may be particularly troublesome in partial fetishism is the potential for high levels of summated arousal.
Free tissue transfers and replantation.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the indications and contraindications for free flap reconstruction. 2. Describe the indications, anatomy, harvest technique, and advantages and disadvantages of the workhorse free flaps. 3. Describe the indications and contraindications for extremity replantation. 4. Describe the techniques and management for extremity replantation. SUMMARY: Microsurgical free flap reconstruction uses a multitude of surgical flaps available to meet the needs of the recipient site. These include cutaneous, muscle, bone, fascia, or some combination of these as available options. Furthermore, sophisticated reconstruction has been enhanced by the development of perforator flaps, enabling multicomponent reconstruction to be performed with reduced donor-site morbidity. It is mandatory that proper debridement of the defect be performed before reconstruction, and that the anastomosis is performed without tension or twisting outside of the zone of injury. There are indications for both musculocutaneous and perforator flaps, and selection is dependent on recipient-site characteristics in addition to function and aesthetics of both the recipient and donor sites. Muscle flaps provide well-vascularized pliable tissue and are used for deep space obliteration, whereas fasciocutaneous flaps are used for flatter, more superficial wounds. Microsurgical replantation of an amputated extremity offers a result that is usually superior to any other type of reconstruction. However, replantation of extremities involves more than microsurgery, as repair of bony and tendon injury must be undertaken as well. This article focuses on the indications, technique, and results of free flap reconstruction and replantation.
Duration of Spermatogenesis in the Mouse

A RISE in frequency of dominant lethals in matings at successive intervals during the first few weeks after irradiation of male mice has been observed by Brenneke1 and Hertwig2 for X-rays, and by Russell et al.3 for neutrons. Thus Bateman's4 results with exposure to 200 r. of X-rays confirm the earlier observations. Bateman's4 interpretation of his data and the subsequent discussions by Auerbach5 and Sirlin and Edwards6 concern the determination of the stage in which gametes available at successive weeks were irradiated. As emphasized by Auerbach5, and now accepted by Bateman7, Bateman's results4 do not contradict the essentially parallel response of mice and Drosophila that had been partially demonstrated in the earlier work. However, in spite of the attention this subject now has received, several points need clarification, especially in relation to the description and timing of normal Spermatogenesis in mice.
Characterization of mouse fetal lung cells cultured on a pigskin substrate

Lung organ bits taken from full-term mice were explanted on the dermal surface of sterile, dead pigskin. The cells migrated onto the pigskin dermis and proliferated to form an organoid culture consisting of ductular structures separated by a matrix of epithelial cells. Cells within the ductular structures were ciliated, produced mucin, and exhibited the activities of nonspecific esterase and gamma-glutamyl transferase; therefore they were considered to be derived from bronchial epithelium. Cells forming the matrix possessed the activities of nonspecific esterase and alkaline phosphatase and contained lamellar structures typical of surfactant-producing pneumocyte Type II cells; therefore they were considered to be derived from alveolar precursor cells.
Non-Hermitian quantum dynamics

An algorithm previously obtained for complex-energy modal probabilities in non-Hermitian quantum dynamics is generalized to determine expectation values for arbitrary observables. When cast in conventional form, the formalism including the generalized algorithms appears as a natural generalization of conventional quantum theory, in that conventional quantum theory obtains in the continuous Hermitian limit.
The degree of bone mineralization is maintained with single intravenous bisphosphonates in aged estrogen-deficient rats and is a strong predictor of bone strength.

The treatment of osteoporotic women with bisphosphonates significantly reduces the incidence of bone fractures to a degree greater than can be explained by an increase in bone mineral density. In this study, 18-month Fischer 344 rats were ovariectomized and treated with a single dose of risedronate (intravenous, iv, 500 μg), zoledronic acid (iv, 100 μg) or continuous raloxifene (2 mg/kg, po, 3×/week). High resolution microCT was used to measure lumbar vertebral bone microarchitecture, the degree of bone mineralization (DBM) and the distribution of mineral. Small angle X-ray scattering was used to investigate mineral crystallinity. We found prolonged estrogen deficiency, reduced trabecular bone volume, and increased micro architecture bone compression strength lowered the degree of mineralization. Treatment with resorptive agents (bisphosphonates > raloxifene) prevented the loss of mineralization, trabecular bone volume and bone compression strength. Crystal size was not changed with OVX or with anti-resorptive treatments. In conclusion, in the aged estrogen-deficient rat model, single intravenous doses of two bisphosphonates were effective in maintaining the compressive bone strength for 180 days by reducing bone turnover, and maintaining the DBM to a greater degree than with raloxifene.
Confidence in the death penalty and support for its use: Exploring the value-expressive dimension of death penalty attitudes

Recent media and political attention has raised public awareness of a number of issues surrounding the death penalty. Questions regarding innocence, fair trials, and equitable access to counsel and...
Reduced Dendritic Spine Density in Auditory Cortex of Subjects with Schizophrenia

We have previously identified reductions in mean pyramidal cell somal volume in deep layer 3 of BA 41 and 42 and reduced axon terminal density in deep layer 3 of BA 41. In other brain regions demonstrating similar deficits, reduced dendritic spine density has also been identified, leading us to hypothesize that dendritic spine density would also be reduced in BA 41 and 42. Because dendritic spines and their excitatory inputs are regulated in tandem, we further hypothesized that spine density would be correlated with axon terminal density. We used stereologic methods to quantify a marker of dendritic spines, spinophilin-immunoreactive (SP-IR) puncta, in deep layer 3 of BA 41 and 42 of 15 subjects with schizophrenia, each matched to a normal comparison subject. The effect of long-term haloperidol exposure on SP-IR puncta density was evaluated in nonhuman primates. SP-IR puncta density was significantly lower by 27.2% in deep layer 3 of BA 41 in the schizophrenia subjects, and by 22.2% in deep layer 3 of BA 42. In both BA 41 and 42, SP-IR puncta density was correlated with a marker of axon terminal density, but not with pyramidal cell somal volume. SP-IR puncta density did not differ between haloperidol-exposed and control monkeys. Lower SP-IR puncta density in deep layer 3 of BA 41 and 42 of subjects with schizophrenia may reflect concurrent reductions in excitatory afferent input. This may contribute to impairments in auditory sensory processing that are present in subjects with schizophrenia.
Benzoyl-Substituted Ferrocenes: An Attractive New Class of Anionic Photoinitiators

Spectroscopic, photochemical, and photoinitiation studies are reported for a series of monobenzoylferrocenes and 1,1‘-dibenzoylferrocenes. These nonionic metallocene complexes absorb strongly in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength regions owing to electronic transitions of mixed ligand field/charge-transfer character. Irradiation of the complexes in methanol results in ring−metal cleavage to yield a benzoyl-substituted cyclopentadienide carbanion and the corresponding half-sandwich iron(II) complex. This process occurs with an appreciable quantum efficiency (>0.30 at 546 nm) for 1,1‘-dibenzoylferrocenes; in contrast, monobenzoylferrocenes are appreciably less photosensitive. When the solvent is neat ethyl α-cyanoacrylate, the photogenerated carbanion initiates rapid anionic polymerization of this electrophilic monomer. Several factors that can influence the performance of benzoyl-substituted ferrocenes as anionic photoinitiators are considered.
Dirofilariasis in a 22-year-old airman deployed to the Mediterranean.

ABSTRACTA 22-year-old male U.S. Navy airman with new nontender subcutaneous, 4-cm mass inferior to the right anterior costal margin was sent for routine biopsy. Sudden appearance of axillary lymph nodes prompted immediate excisional biopsy of the primary mass. Pathological evaluation was initially read as Onchocerca volvulus, the filarial nematode classically responsible for river blindness. Subsequent evaluation by Armed Forces Institute of Pathology resulted in a change of diagnosis to Dirofilaria species, not pathogenic in humans. The author discusses the literature of Dirofilaria infestations in humans, and how they may affect U.S. servicemen and women traveling to endemic areas.
The role of infection in the genesis and complications of atherosclerosis.

Introduction One of the hottest topics in cardiovascular research during the past 5 years has been the role of infection in the genesis of atherosclerosis and its complications. Recently, I reviewed the publications in my reprint archive dealing with this topic. This archive is the result of 35 years of “ripping and saving” from multiple journals. I found more than 30 articles published in the past 3 years on the topic of atherosclerosis and infection. Four of these articles were reviews or editorials, and the rest were original scientific reports from peer-reviewed journals. This editorial cannot, by virtue of limited space, present an in-depth, annotated review of this field. Rather, I put my own personal spin on the topic based on my own reading of the literature. The brief bibliography that is appended to this editorial contains the references to the four review articles or editorials that have addressed atherosclerosis and infection recently, as well as a few selected original reports that I feel are of particular interest. The concept that infection might be an important factor in the genesis of atherosclerosis and its complications is not a new idea. Scientists originally suggested it more than 100 years ago. In recent decades, interest has revived in this topic, and hundreds of original scientific reports have been published. Experimental animal studies have clearly demonstrated a relationship between models of arterial disease thought to resemble human atherosclerosis and infection with a variety of microorganisms. These animal models show a connection between the genesis and progression of these atherosclerosis-like arterial lesions and infection with a variety of viruses and bacteria. Recent work has focused on four microorganisms: Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), Helicobacter pylori (HP), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Thus, experimental models strongly support the idea that infection with a variety of microorganisms might play a role in the genesis of human atherosclerosis and its complications. Given the results of the experimental animal models of human atherosclerosis, four important clinical questions come to mind: 1) Do infections with various microorganisms play a role in the initiation of human atherosclerosis? 2) Do infections with various microorganisms play a role in the progression of human atherosclerosis? 3) Do infections with various microorganisms cause complications of atherosclerosis, eg, myocardial infarction and stroke? 4) Will antimicrobial or antiviral therapy alter the natural history of human atherosclerosis? At the present time there are relatively few clinically relevant experimental data to inform us regarding the answers to the four questions just stated.
Classical Electromagnetic Interaction of a Charged Particle with a Constant-Current Solenoid

The classical electromagnetic interaction for a charged particle with a long, constant-current solenoid is investigated in the context of classical electromagnetism. The conservation laws connected with energy, linear momentum, and angular momentum are first verified. Then the changes in the electromagnetic field quantities are evaluated explicitly, and the values are seen to have interesting connections with the solenoid vector potential. The calculations are of interest in connection with the Aharonov-Bohm effect involving the passage of electrons past a solenoid, and the classical expressions for energy and momentum are reminiscent of terms in the quantum-mechanical calculations.
Insulin and progesterone activate a common synthetic ribosomal protein S6 peptide kinase in Xenopus oocytes.

Abstract A synthetic peptide Arg-Arg-Leu-Ser-Ser-Leu-Arg-Ala, the structure of which is based on that of a phosphorylated sequence in ribosomal protein S6, was employed as a probe for stimulated kinase activity in Xenopus laevis oocytes induced to mature with insulin or progesterone. Insulin elicited an early (20–30 min) 3-fold stimulation of S6 peptide phosphorylating activity that was not evident with progesterone. However, both hormones produced a delayed 7–12-fold stimulation of S6 peptide phosphorylating activity at the time of germinal vesicle breakdown. The results of DEAE-Sephacel, Sephacryl S-200, TSK-400, and heparin-Sepharose chromatographic fractionation experiments imply that a common S6 peptide kinase is activated as a consequence of short and long term insulin exposure, as well as in long term progesterone treatment of oocytes. Omission of potassium from the oocyte culture medium greatly facilitated insulin-induced meiotic maturation.
A model of the pulmonary arterial bed in adults and infants

Abstract A microcomputer model based on an equivalent model of the systemic arterial circulation was used to simulate the pulmonary arterial circulation. The elements chosen to represent the physical properties of the pulmonary arterial bed were determined from the characteristic impedances and time delays in the system. A terminal resistance that provided a reflection coefficient of 0.56 at a heart rate of 75 min−1 was chosen. The model simulated normal values for pressure and blood velocity in the main pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillary bed of adults and newborn infants. The results indicate that the relatively simple physical principles used to explain systemic hemodynamics are equally applicable to the pulmonary arterial circulation.