cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stall Precursor Identification in High-Speed Compressor Stages Using Chaotic Time Series Analysis Methods

This paper presents a new technique for precursor identification in high-speed compressors. The technique is a pseudo-correlation integral method referred to as the correlation method. To provide a basis for comparison, the traveling wave energy technique, which has been used extensively to study prestall data, is also briefly presented and applied. The correlation method has a potential advantage over the traveling wave energy method because it uses a single sensor for detection. It also requires no predisposition about the expected behavior of the data to detect changes in the behavior of the compressor. Both methods are used in this study to identify stall precursive events in the pressure fluctuations measured from circumferential pressure transducers located at the front face of the compressor rig. The correlation method successfully identified stall formation or changes in the compressor dynamics from data captured from four different configurations of a NASA Lewis single-stage high-speed compressor while it was transitioned from stable operation into stall. This paper includes an exposition on the use of nonlinear methods to identify stall precursors, a description of the methodologies used for the study, information on the NASA high-speed compressor rig and experimental data acquisition, and results from the four compressor configurations. The experimental results indicate that the correlation method provides ample warning of the onset of rotating stall at high speed, in some tests on the order of 2000 rotor revolutions. Complementary features of the correlation method and the traveling wave energy method are discussed, and suggestions for future developments are made.
Synthesis of resveratrol using a direct decarbonylative Heck approach from resorcylic acid

The phytoalexin resveratrol has been made using a decarbonylative Heck reaction. The acid chloride derived from 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid was coupled with 4-acetoxystyrene in the presence of palladium acetate and N,N-bis-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)dihydroimidazolium chloride to give the substituted stilbene in 73% yield as the key step.
Engineering the soul of management in the nano era

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propagate a goal‐driven engineering process – an engine of invention, innovation, and growth – to be the soul of management for organizations to recover from the malaise that arose from illusions of creating capital wealth through deceptive paradigms where individual gains took precedence over the needs of a healthy human enterprise.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a result of ideas generated from author's world travels. Moving around in the world exposing oneself to organisms, to danger, one discovers serendipity and learns as much from other cultures as one can. Although some of life's lessons are learned in the carpe diem (e.g. not putting hands in the fire), others become apparent only after the fact (after the fire is put out!). Mind travel is as important as physical travel. Mind travel allows us to pay for an experience once and then have it again and again at no additional charge, learning new lessons with each repetition of physical or mental tr...
An Econometric Analysis Of Two Possible Land Reform Strategies In Nigeria

Land reform is concerned with changing the institutional structure governing man’s relationship with the land, involving intervention in the prevailing pattern of land ownership, control and usage in order to change the structure of holdings, improve land productivity and broaden the distribution of benefits. Land reform is an aggregate of ideas and courses of action designed to resolve tenure problems. Nigeria is, an agrarian nation with over 56.8% of her working force engaged in farming. Doner and Kanel emphasize the significant contribution of the agricultural sector towards the overall economic development of underdeveloped countries, such as Nigeria where more than. 50% of the working population is engaged in farming. Agricultural reforms has the advantage of provision of more employment, more equitable income distribution, a wider relevant structure for the growing manufacturing sector, a better base for farm financed welfare, and more rational investment policies in both the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors of the economy. Traditional land tenure system defined the opportunity to earn income in farming and provided the security that an individual would always have access to some part of his family’s land. However, investment in land improvement and increases in productivity are hindered by tenure rules. The unknown nature of the ultimate results of tenure changes increases the risks involved in initiating any program of land reform.
Active names: flexible location and transport of wide-area resources

In this paper, we explore flexible name resolution as a way of supporting extensibility for wide-area distributed services. Our approach, called Active Names, maps names to a chain of mobile programs that can customize how a service is located and how its results are transformed and transported back to the client. To illustrate the properties of our system, we implement prototypes of server selection based on end-to-end performance measurements, location-independent data transformation, and caching of composable active objects and demonstrate up to a five-fold performance improvement to end users. We show how these new services are developed, composed, and secured in our framework. Finally, we develop a set of algorithms to control how mobile Active Name programs are mapped onto available wide-area resources to optimize performance and availability.
Light Scattering Studies of AN Electrorheological Fluid in Oscillatory Shear

We have conducted a real time, two-dimensional light scattering study of the nonlinear dynamics of field-induced structures in an electrorheological fluid subjected to oscillatory shear. We have developed a kinetic chain model of the observed dynamics by considering the response of a fragmenting/aggregating particle chain to the prevailing hydrodynamic and electrostatic forces. This structural theory is then used to describe the nonlinear rheology of ER fluids.
ARGOSY: ARchitecture for Going to the Outer solar SYstem

ll solar system objects are, in principle, targets for human in situ exploration. ARGOSY (ARchitecture for Going to the Outer solar SYstem) addresses anew the problem of human exploration to the outer planets. The ARGOSY architecture approach is scalable in size and power so that increasingly distant destinations—the systems of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—can be reached with the same crew size and time requirements. To enable such missions, achievable technologies with appropriate margins must be used to construct a viable technical approach at the systems level. ARGOSY thus takes the step past Mars in addressing the most difficult part of the Vision for Space Exploration: To extend human presence across the solar system.
Phase transitions for a planar quadratic contact process

Abstract We study a two dimensional version of Neuhauser's long range sexual reproduction model and prove results that give bounds on the critical values λ f for the process to survive from a finite set and λ e for the existence of a nontrivial stationary distribution. Our first result comes from a standard block construction, while the second involves a comparison with the “generic population model” of Bramson and Gray (1991) [3] . An interesting new feature of our work is the suggestion that, as in the one dimensional contact process, edge speeds characterize critical values. We are able to prove the following for our quadratic contact process when the range is large but suspect they are true for two dimensional finite range attractive particle systems that are symmetric with respect to reflection in each axis. There is a speed c ( θ ) for the expansion of the process in each direction. If c ( θ ) > 0 in all directions, then λ > λ f , while if at least one speed is positive, then λ > λ e . It is a challenging open problem to show that if some speed is negative, then the system dies out from any finite set.
Development of a Web-based Vegetation Spectral Library (VSL) for Remote Sensing Research and Applications

All objects on the Earth's surface absorb and reflect portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Depending on the composition of the material, every material has its characteristic spectral profile. The characteristic spectral profile for vegetation is often used to study how vegetation patterns at large spatial scales affect ecosystem structure and function. Analysis of spectroscopic data from the laboratory, and from various other platforms like aircraft or spacecraft, requires a knowledge base that consists of different characteristic spectral profiles for known different materials. This study reports on establishment of an online and searchable spectral library for a range of plant species and landcover types in the Arctic, Anatarctic and Chihuahuan desert ecosystems. Field data were collected from Arctic Alaska, the Antarctic Peninsula and the Chihuahuan desert in the visible to near infrared (IR) range using a handheld portable spectrometer. The data have been archived in a database created using postgre sql with have been made publicly available on a plone web-interface.
The Economics of Commercial Real Estate Preleasing

Preleasing of to-be-built commercial real estate space is a pervasive worldwide practice. Although such preleasing is an extensive and significant activity, it has not received adequate attention in the real estate economics and finance literature. Using an equilibrium micro-economic agency model, this paper examines the economics of commercial real estate preleasing. The equilibrium prelease contract rent is a function of several variables, including the expected spot market rent, financing benefits from preleasing, developer-lessor and tenant-lessee risk-hedging behavior, the interplay between lessor and lessee default options, and the market capitalization rate. Our paper demonstrates how the distribution of risk preferences for lessees (and lessors) generates separating market equilibrium for the prelease and spot lease. We also consider the impacts of developer default and the lessee cancellation clause on the prelease rent equilibrium.
Distributed inference in the presence of eavesdroppers: a survey

The distributed inference framework comprises a group of spatially distributed nodes that acquire observations about a POI and transmit computed summary statistics to the fusion center. Based on the messages received from the nodes, the FC makes a global inference about the POI. The distributed and broadcast nature of such systems makes them quite vulnerable to different types of attacks. This article focuses on efficient mitigation schemes to mitigate the impact of eavesdropping on distributed inference and surveys the currently available approaches along with avenues for future research.
Intelligent Personal Health Record: Experience and Open Issues

Web-based personal health records (PHRs) are under massive deployment. To improve PHR’s capability and usability, we previously proposed the concept of intelligent PHR (iPHR). By introducing and extending expert system technology and Web search technology into the PHR domain, iPHR can automatically provide users with personalized healthcare information to facilitate their daily activities of living. Our iPHR system currently provides three functions: guided search for disease information, recommendation of home nursing activities, and recommendation of home medical products. This paper discusses our experience with iPHR as well as the open issues, including both enhancements to the existing functions and potential new functions. We outline some preliminary solutions, whereas a main purpose of this paper is to stimulate future research work in the area of consumer health informatics.
Childcare Market Failure

In the United States, family law norms and childcare policy have long reflected the view that childcare is a private, family matter. But childcare has crossed the private-public divide. In the absence of parents at home providing care, a substantial childcare market has emerged. And that market is failing. Our law, policy, and legal scholarship have yet to recognize and account for this new reality. This Article confronts the problem on its own terms, using economic analysis to diagnose our childcare crisis as a market failure, and makes the case for more active and explicit government intervention in the childcare market. Economic theory not only helps us understand why the market is failing, but also recommends specific law and policy levers—subsidies, regulation, and information—to mitigate market failure, enabling us to craft more responsive reforms. In the end, the market lens shifts our focus from what is private about caring for children to what is public about it. From this vantage point, the Article makes plain that our childcare market is too big—and too important—to fail.
Introduction to effective Lagrangians for QCD

References to the sources of the three lectures by the speaker on chiral Lagrangians are given together with some very brief discussions.
Behavior of Current Divergences under SU 3 × SU 3

We investigate the behavior under SU3×SU3 of the hadron energy density and the closely related question of how the divergences of the axial-vector currents and the strangeness-changing vector currents transform under SU3×SU3. We assume that two terms in the energy density break SU3×SU3 symmetry; under SU3 one transforms as a singlet, the other as the member of an octet. The simplest possible behavior of these terms under chiral transformations is proposed: They are assigned to a single (3,3*)+(3*,3) representation of SU3×SU3 and parity together with the current divergences. The commutators of charges and current divergences are derived in terms of a single constant c that describes the strength of the SU3-breaking term relative to the chiral symmetry-breaking term. The constant c is found not to be small, as suggested earlier, but instead close to the value (-sqrt[2]) corresponding to an SU2×SU2 symmetry, realized mainly by massless pions rather than parity doubling. Some applications of the proposed commutation relations are given, mainly to the pseudoscalar mesons, and other applications are indicated.
The Existence of Self-Enforcing Implicit Contracts

Implicit contracts are nontrivial Nash equilibria to the post-hiring trading game between a worker and the employer. These are supported by intrafirm, rather than labor market, reputations. The existence of an implicit contract that supports efficient trade is proved in a simple model.
On the ranking uncertainty of labor market wage gaps

Using a log-wage model, Horrace and Oaxaca (2001) propose estimators of the gender wage gap across industry classifications. One estimator involves the maximum over sample estimates of population parameters, and inference on this estimator follows with the implicit assumption that the sample maximum equals the population maximum. This paper proposes inference procedures for this estimator that relax this assumption. Specifically, multiple comparisons with the best methods are used to construct simultaneous confidence intervals for industry wage gaps. Using data on fourteen industry classifications, inference experiments indicate that differences in gender wage gaps across industries are insignificant at the 95% level.
BAD REPUTATION UNDER BOUNDED AND FADING MEMORY

I relax the full memory assumption in Ely and Valimaki's (2003) mechanic game, where reputation is bad. Under bounded memory (only recent periods are observed), long memory still yields bad reputation due to an “echo” where bad signals cause future motorists to not hire, causing further lack of hiring, and so on. Short memory avoids bad reputation by making it “useless,” because consumers never learn enough information to change their decisions. No “happy middle” exists under bounded memory where consumers learn valuable information without tempting the mechanic into harmful signaling and thereby unraveling the market. By contrast, “fading memory” (past periods are randomly sampled with “fading” probabilities) achieves this happy middle by offering valuable information in a way that bounds the probabilities of these reputational echoes. Possible fading memory implementations (e.g., for review websites) are described and generalized to a broader class of games. (JEL C73, D8)
Stability Inequalities for Projections of Convex Bodies

The projection function $$P_K$$PK of an origin-symmetric convex body K in $${{\mathbb {R}}}^n$$Rn is defined by $$P_K(\xi )=|K\vert {\xi ^\bot }|,\ \xi \in S^{n-1},$$PK(ź)=|K|źź|,źźSn-1, where $$K\vert {\xi ^\bot }$$K|źź is the projection of K to the central hyperplane $$\xi ^\bot $$źź perpendicular to $$\xi $$ź, and |K| stands for volume of proper dimension. We prove several stability and separation results for the projection function. For example, if D is a projection body in $${{\mathbb {R}}}^n$$Rn which is in isotropic position up to a dilation, and K is any origin-symmetric convex body in $${{\mathbb {R}}}^n$$Rn such that that there exists $$\xi \in S^{n-1}$$źźSn-1 with $$P_K(\xi )>P_D(\xi ),$$PK(ź)>PD(ź), then $$\begin{aligned} \max _{\xi \in S^{n-1}} (P_K(\xi )-P_D(\xi )) \ge \frac{c}{\log ^2n} \big (|K|^{\frac{n-1}{n}} -|D|^{\frac{n-1}{n}}\big ), \end{aligned}$$maxźźSn-1(PK(ź)-PD(ź))źclog2n(|K|n-1n-|D|n-1n),where c is an absolute constant. As a consequence, we prove a hyperplane inequality $$\begin{aligned} S(D) \le \ C \log ^2n \max _{\xi \in S^{n-1}} S(D\vert \xi ^\bot )\ |D|^{\frac{1}{n}}, \end{aligned}$$S(D)≤Clog2nmaxźźSn-1S(D|źź)|D|1n,where D is a projection body in isotropic position, up to a dilation, S(D) is the surface area of $$D,S(D\vert \xi ^\bot )$$D,S(D|źź) is the surface area of the body $$D\vert \xi ^\bot $$D|źź in $${{\mathbb {R}}}^{n-1},$$Rn-1, and C is an absolute constant. The proofs are based on the Fourier analytic approach to projections developed in [12].
Start-up Community Narratives: The Discursive Construction of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems:

Entrepreneurial ecosystems are receiving growing attention. However, past research has primarily focused on the physical characteristics and artefacts of such systems. The social construction of entrepreneurial ecosystems, and particularly the discourse involved in their creation, evolution and promotion, has not been examined. To address this omission in past research, this conceptual article builds on the work from several disciplines on a specific type of discourse: narratives. Theory is developed regarding the types of narratives constructed in entrepreneurial ecosystems and their functions. The theorising draws from and synthesises multiple streams of research, including work on sense-making, identity construction, legitimacy and attention.
Improving Reading Skills by Encouraging Children to Read in School: A Randomized Evaluation of the Sa Aklat Sisikat Reading Program in the Philippines

We show that a short-term (31-day) reading program, designed to provide age-appropriate reading material, to train teachers in their use, and to support teachers’ initial efforts for about a month, improves students’ reading skills by 0.13 standard deviations. The effect is still present three months after the program but diminishes to 0.06 standard deviations, probably due to a reduced emphasis on reading after the program. We find that the program also encourages students to read more on their own at home. We find no evidence that improved reading ability improves test scores on other subjects.
Base Mediated Synthesis of Alkyl-aryl Ethers from the Reaction of Aliphatic Alcohols and Unsymmetric Diaryliodonium Salts

The base mediated coupling of aliphatic alcohol pronucleophiles with unsymmetric diaryliodonium salt electrophiles is described. This metal-free reaction is operationally simple, proceeds at mild temperature, and displays broad substrate scope to generate industrially important alkyl-aryl ethers in moderate to excellent yield. The synthetic utility of these reactions is demonstrated, and aspects of sustainability are highlighted by the use of unsymmetric aryl(mesityl)iodonium arylating reagents.
Impact of Exit Ramp Geometric Treatments at Diverging Diamond Interchanges on Queue Spillback

Diverging diamond interchanges (DDIs) have swept the country as an innovative interchange system since the original U.S. installation in Springfield, Missouri, in 2009. Although the DDI provides many benefits, prior research identified some operational challenges found at some of the first DDIs built around the country. This study explored the challenge of limited capacity for the right turn at the DDI ramp terminal intersection and associated queue spillback concerns that have been observed at several sites. The study investigated the impact of five geometric treatments at a DDI’s right-turn exit ramp, including a channelized turn lane with an auxiliary lane, dual right-turn lanes, right turn on red (RTOR), dual right-turn lanes with RTOR, and a slip lane. The results showed that any treatment that decreased the green-to-cycle length ratio for the right turn from the exit ramp simultaneously reduced queues at the exit ramp and the outbound through movement at the crossover. However, treatments that did n...
Bounding duality gap for separable problems with linear constraints

We consider the problem of minimizing a sum of non-convex functions over a compact domain, subject to linear inequality and equality constraints. Approximate solutions can be found by solving a convexified version of the problem, in which each function in the objective is replaced by its convex envelope. We propose a randomized algorithm to solve the convexified problem which finds an $$\epsilon $$∈-suboptimal solution to the original problem. With probability one, $$\epsilon $$∈ is bounded by a term proportional to the maximal number of active constraints in the problem. The bound does not depend on the number of variables in the problem or the number of terms in the objective. In contrast to previous related work, our proof is constructive, self-contained, and gives a bound that is tight.
The Argument from Transnational Effects II: Establishing Transnational Democracy

Earlier versions of this article were presented at a conference at the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study, at an in‐house faculty workshop at the University of Iowa and as part of the International Legal Theory Colloquium at New York University Law School. I owe a debt of gratitude to colleagues who provided me with critical feedback, in particular to Arthur Bonfield, Armin von Bogdandy, Ann Estin, Herbert Hovenkamp, Benedict Kingsbury, Mattias Kumm, Todd E. Pettys and Joseph Weiler. I should also like to acknowledge how much I benefited from having been part of a group of ‘constitutionalists’ that was resident at the Berlin Institute during the academic year of 2007/08. Attending a weekly conversation with Petra Dobner, Dieter Grimm, Bogdan Iancu, Martin Loughlin, Fritz W. Scharpf, Gunther Teubner and Rainer Wahl has been highly conducive to the clarification of my constitution
Nbs/Nist Gas Thermometry from 0 to 660°c

In the NBS/NIST Gas Thermometry program, constant-volume gas thermometers, a unique mercury manometer, and a highly accurate thermal expansion apparatus have been employed to evaluate temperatures on the Kelvin Thermodynamic Temperature Scale (KTTS) that correspond to particular temperatures on the 1968 International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-68). In this paper, we present a summary of the NBS/NIST Gas Thermometry project, which originated with planning activities in the late 1920s and was completed by measurements of the differences t(KTTS)-t(IPTS-68) in the range 0 to 660 °C. Early results of this project were the first to demonstrate the surprisingly large inaccuracy of the IPTS-68 with respect to the KTTS above 0 °C. Advances in several different measurement techniques, development of new, specialized instruments, and two distinct sets of gas thermometry observations have resulted from the project.
Copper(II)-mediated O-arylation of protected serines and threonines.

An effective protocol toward the O-arylation of β-hydroxy-α-amino acid substrates serine and threonine has been developed via Chan–Lam cross-coupling. This Cu(II)-catalyzed transformation involves benign open-flask conditions that are well-tolerated with a variety of protected (Boc-, Cbz-, Tr-, and Fmoc-) serine and threonine derivatives and various potassium organotrifluoroborates and boronic acids.
The Sociology of José Medina Echavarría

66THE WORD sociology by itself gives us no precise idea of the content of that science." (R75)2 An amazing variety of problems, data, methods, and opinions have been given the label sociological, ever since the days of Auguste Comte, whose work displayed a system of philosophy, zeal for social reform, and a program for developing a new science. Even today, after 100 years, we find press and radio applying the name sociologist to kind ladies who visit the poor, journalists eager to reform our penal institutions, clergymen who preach good will among men, professors who speculate about the nature of society, and researchers who assemble concrete data to test hypotheses about human relations. Concerned about this confusion, a contemporary Spanish sociologist, Jose Medina Echavarria, has set himself the task of outlining, anew the objectives, procedures, and subject matter that might fruitfully engage the attention of people called sociologists. He formulated his problems in terms of what he called "dichotomies."
A Direct Synthesis of Allenes by a Traceless Petasis Reaction

A one-pot synthesis of allenes by the 2-nitrobenzenesulfonylhydrazide-mediated coupling of hydroxyaldehydes or ketones with alkynyl trifluoroborate salts is reported. This mild process involves in situ formation of a sulfonylhydrazone that reacts with alkynyl trifluoroborates to generate a transient propargylic hydrazide species. Decomposition of this unstable hydrazide via an intermediate monoalkyldiazine produces the allene products through an alkene walk mechanism.
Alkane C–H Insertion by Aryne Intermediates with a Silver Catalyst

Arynes generated directly from alkyne building blocks in the presence of silver catalysts effectively activate primary, secondary, and tertiary alkane C–H bonds. This C–H insertion requires only a catalytic amount of silver complex and modest heating compared to harsh conditions and extra promoters including directing groups, oxidants, and bases in typical transition-metal-based C–H bond functionalizations. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the C–H bond-breaking and new bond-forming events take place in a concerted manner, rendering a formal 1,2-addition of C–H bond across the π-bond of arynes.
Does the 360 Feedback Process Create Actionable Knowledge Equally Across Cultures

Essential to an organization's capacity for sustainable growth is the ability of its managers to learn better skills that improve performance. Millions of dollars are spent each year on development...
Behavior of Post-Tensioning Strand Systems Subjected to Inelastic Cyclic Loading

AbstractPost-tensioning (PT) strands have been employed in a number of self-centering seismic force-resisting systems as part of the restoring force mechanism that eliminates residual building drif...
Native functionality in triple catalytic cross-coupling: sp3 C–H bonds as latent nucleophiles

The use of sp(3) C-H bonds--which are ubiquitous in organic molecules--as latent nucleophile equivalents for transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions has the potential to substantially streamline synthetic efforts in organic chemistry while bypassing substrate activation steps. Through the combination of photoredox-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and nickel catalysis, we have developed a highly selective and general C-H arylation protocol that activates a wide array of C-H bonds as native functional handles for cross-coupling. This mild approach takes advantage of a tunable HAT catalyst that exhibits predictable reactivity patterns based on enthalpic and bond polarity considerations to selectively functionalize α-amino and α-oxy sp(3) C-H bonds in both cyclic and acyclic systems.
Morphus: Supporting Online Reconfigurations in Sharded NoSQL Systems

While sharded NoSQL stores offer high availability, reconfiguration operations present a major pain point in deployments today. For instance, in order to change a configuration setting, such as the shard (or primary) key of a database table, the prevalent solutions entail shutting down the database, exporting and re-importing the table, and restarting the database. This goes against the NoSQL philosophy of high availability of data. Our system, called Morphus, provides support toward reconfigurations for NoSQL stores in an online manner. Morphus allows read and write operations to continue concurrently with the data transfer among servers. Morphus works for NoSQL stores that feature master-slave replication, range partitioning, and flexible data placement. This paper presents: 1) a systems architecture for online reconfigurations, incorporated into MongoDB and 2) optimal algorithms for online reconfigurations. Our evaluation using realistic workloads shows that Morphus completes reconfiguration efficiently, offers high availability, and incurs low overhead for reads and writes.
Sonographic Findings in Infants with Macrocrania

This study compares the sonographic and CT findings in a group of infants with macrocrania and correlates those findings with neurologic outcome to determine the diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of sonography. Sonographic findings in 255 infants with macrocrania are described. Of the 195 term infants examined, 130 had normal sonograms, 11 (5.6%) had significant abnormalities, and 54 had increased intra- and/or extraaxial fluid spaces. Of the 60 former preterm infants, 33 had normal sonograms, four (6.7%) had significant abnormalities, and 23 had increased fluid spaces or small resolving germinal matrix hemorrhages. The patients with significant abnormalities usually had head circumferences greater than the 95th percentile and had neurologic abnormalities. There was good correlation between sonography and CT in 30 of the 36 patients evaluated by both. In six there was mild discrepancy in the volume of the extraaxial fluid. No significant abnormality was missed by sonography. CT did not contribute any additional information. Neurologic follow-up was available for 202 patients. Nineteen percent of the term infants and 24% of the former preterm infants were abnormal on neurologic follow-up. Most patients with normal sonograms were normal on follow-up. Twelve of the term and four of the preterm infants with normal sonograms were developmentally delayed on follow-up. Increased CSF in the ventricles and/or extraaxial spaces was a common abnormality, but it usually is associated with a normal neurologic outcome and represents “benign macrocrania.” We conclude that an infant with an enlarged or enlarging head should have a neurologic examination and head circumference measurement. If the patient has a head circumference greater than the 95th percentile, particularly if there are abnormal neurologic findings, further evaluation is indicated. Sonography is the initial procedure recommended since it accurately evaluates ventricular size, extraaxial fluid, and congenital malformations. If sonography is normal or shows mildly increased fluid spaces, then follow-up head circumference measurement and clinical evaluation will probably suffice. CT is indicated if there is a significant abnormality on sonography that requires further clarification.
Risk‐Adjusting the Returns to Venture Capital

We adapt stochastic discount factor (SDF) valuation methods for venture capital (VC) performance evaluation. Our approach generalizes the popular Public Market Equivalent (PME) method and allows statistical inference in the presence of cross-sectionally dependent, skewed VC payoffs. We relax SDF restrictions implicit in the PME so that the SDF can accurately reflect risk-free rates and returns of public equity markets during the sample period. This generalized PME yields substantially different abnormal performance estimates for VC funds and start-up investments, especially in times of strongly rising public equity markets and for investments with betas far from one.
On Sample-Path Staleness in Lazy Data Replication

We analyze synchronization issues between two point processes, one modeling data churn at an information source and the other periodic downloads to its replica (e.g., search engine, web cache, distributed database). Due to pull-based synchronization, the replica experiences recurrent staleness, which translates into some form of penalty stemming from its reduced ability to perform consistent computation and/or provide up-to-date responses to customer requests. We model this system under non-Poisson update/refresh processes and obtain sample-path averages of various metrics of staleness cost, generalizing previous results and exposing novel problems in this field.
Law and Negotiation: A Role for a Transformative Approach?

Feminist critique of negotiations that aim to bring about peaceful political settlements has consistently pointed to the glaring absence of the critical analysis of and response to gender relations as part of both the modus operandi and substantive output of those processes. Just as war is a gendered phenomenon war is a gendered phenomenon (working off gender relations that subordinate women), so too the processes that respond to it and aim to negotiate its end and create an aftermath, are inherently gendered. Where the goal is a peace that works for ‘everyone’, then negotiation needs to respond to structural gendered conditions that limit the potential that negotiation holds for women. The concept of transformation has been espoused by feminists as key to altering the structural inequalities that determine a systemic gendered order that works to de-privilege women and women's interests. As a concept, ‘transformation’ holds great potential to regenerate processes of negotiation towards promoting women's ability to have agency over their lives. This article begins a consideration of what transformation might mean for the practice of negotiation and how it might be advanced to make negotiations responsive to gender relations so that a peace that serves women as well as men is worked towards
Detector Damage at X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Sources

Free-electron lasers (FELs) opened a new window on imaging the motion of atoms and molecules. At SLAC, FEL experiments are performed at LCLS using 120 Hz pulses with $10^{12}$ to $10^{13}~\mathrm {photons}$ in 10 fs (billions of times brighter than at the most powerful synchrotrons). Concurrently, users and staff operate under high pressure due to flexible and often rapidly changing setups and low tolerance for system malfunction. This extreme detection environment raises unique challenges, from obvious to surprising, and leads to treating detectors as consumables. We discuss in detail the detector damage mechanisms observed in 7 years of operation at LCLS, together with the corresponding damage mitigation strategies and their effectiveness. Main types of damage mechanisms already identified include: (1) x-ray radiation damage (from “catastrophic” to “classical”), (2) direct and indirect damage caused by optical lasers, (3) sample induced damage, (4) vacuum related damage, (5) high-pressure environment. In total, 19 damage mechanisms have been identified. We also present general strategies for reducing damage risk or minimizing the impact of detector damage on the science program. These include availability of replacement parts and skilled operators and also careful planning, incident investigation resulting in updated designs, procedures and operator training.
Biochemical characterization of the neutrophil-specific antigen NB1

Neutrophil-specific alloantibodies and the antigens they recognize are important in clinical medicine, but little is known about the structure of these antigens. Alloimmunization to the antigen NB1 is a clinically important cause of neonatal neutropenia and febrile transfusion reactions. To study the immunochemistry of the NB1 antigen, we prepared neutrophil plasma membranes and granules by nitrogen cavitation and differential centrifugation and then analyzed them by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting with alloantibodies to several neutrophil-specific antigens. Two different antisera to the neutrophil-specific antigen NB1 identified an approximately 55-Kd protein by immunoblotting on neutrophil membranes from four NB1-positive donors but not on neutrophil membranes from five NB1-negative donors. Four anti-NB1 antisera immunoprecipitated a 58- to 64-Kd protein from extracts of NB1-positive neutrophils surface-labeled with 125I using lactoperoxidase, but not from similarly treated NB1-negative neutrophils. Normal human serum did not immunoprecipitate or immunoblot any proteins from these same neutrophil preparations. The NB1 antigen was detected by immunoblotting in secondary granules but was not found in primary granules. The electrophoretic mobility of the antigen was decreased slightly by reduction, suggesting that intrachain disulfide bonds were present. After reduction, the antigen could no longer be recognized by anti-NB1 antisera, but treatment of the antigen with periodate had no effect on the ability of anti-NB1 antisera to recognize the antigen, suggesting that it is not a carbohydrate. The data suggest that the neutrophil-specific antigen NB1 is present on a 58- to 64-Kd surface glycoprotein that is also present in secondary granules, and that the NB1 epitope is not a carbohydrate but probably resides in the tertiary structure of the protein backbone.
Data Sketching for Large-Scale Kalman Filtering

In an age of exponentially increasing data generation, performing inference tasks by utilizing the available information in its entirety is not always an affordable option. This paper puts forth approaches to render tracking of large-scale dynamic processes via a Kalman filter affordable, by processing a reduced number of data. Three distinct methods are introduced for reducing the number of data involved in the correction step of the filter. Toward this goal, the first two methods employ random projections and innovation-based censoring to effect dimensionality reduction and measurement selection, respectively. The third method achieves reduced complexity by leveraging sequential processing of observations and selecting a few informative updates based on an information-theoretic metric. Simulations on synthetic data compare the proposed methods with competing alternatives, and corroborate their efficacy in terms of estimation accuracy over complexity reduction. Finally, monitoring large networks is considered as an application domain, with the proposed methods tested on Kronecker graphs to evaluate their efficiency in tracking traffic matrices and time-varying link costs.
Titanium Coating of the Boston Keratoprosthesis.

Purpose We tested the feasibility of using titanium to enhance adhesion of the Boston Keratoprosthesis (B-KPro), ultimately to decrease the risk of implant-associated complications. Methods Cylindrical rods were made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), PMMA coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) over a layer of polydopamine (PMMATiO2), smooth (Ti) and sandblasted (TiSB) titanium, and titanium treated with oxygen plasma (Tiox and TiSBox). Topography and surface chemistry were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Adhesion force between rods and porcine corneas was measured ex vivo. Titanium sleeves, smooth and sandblasted, were inserted around the stem of the B-KPro and implanted in rabbits. Tissue adhesion to the stem was assessed and compared to an unmodified B-Kpro after 1 month. Results X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated successful deposition of TiO2 on polydopamine-coated PMMA. Oxygen plasma treatment did not change the XPS spectra of titanium rods (Ti and TiSB), although it increased their hydrophilicity. The materials did not show cell toxicity. After 14 days of incubation, PMMATiO2, smooth titanium treated with oxygen plasma (Tiox), and sandblasted titanium rods (TiSB, TiSBox) showed significantly higher adhesion forces than PMMA ex vivo. In vivo, the use of a TiSB sleeve around the stem of the B-KPro induced a significant increase in tissue adhesion compared to a Ti sleeve or bare PMMA. Conclusions Sandblasted titanium sleeves greatly enhanced adherence of the B-KPro to the rabbit cornea. This approach may improve adhesion with the donor cornea in humans as well. Translational relevance This approach may improve adhesion with donor corneas in humans.
From the ternary Eu(Au/In)2 and EuAu4(Au/In)2 with remarkable Au/In distributions to a new structure type: The gold-rich Eu5Au16(Au/In)6 structure

The ternary Eu(Au/In)2 (EuAu(0.46)In(1.54(2))) (I), EuAu4(Au/In)2 (EuAu(4+x)In(2-x) with x = 0.75(2) (II), 0.93(2), and 1.03(2)), and Eu5Au16(Au/In)6 (Eu5Au(17.29)In(4.71(3))) (III) have been synthesized, and their structures were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. I and II crystallize with the CeCu2-type (Pearson Symbol oI12; Imma; Z = 4; a = 4.9018(4) A; b = 7.8237(5) A; c = 8.4457(5) A) and the YbAl4Mo2-type (tI14; I4/mmm; Z = 2; a = 7.1612(7) A; c = 5.5268(7) A) and exhibit significant Au/In disorder. I is composed of an Au/In-mixed diamond-related host lattice encapsulating Eu atoms, while the structure of II features ribbons of distorted, squared Au8 prisms enclosing Eu, Au, and In atoms. Combination of these structural motifs leads to a new structure type as observed for Eu5Au16(Au/In)6 (Eu5Au(17.29)In(4.71(3))) (oS108; Cmcm; Z = 4; a = 7.2283(4) A; b = 9.0499(6) A; c = 34.619(2) A), which formally represents a one-dimensional intergrowth of the series EuAu2-"EuAu4In2". The site preferences of the disordered Au/In positions in II were investigated for different hypothetical "EuAu4(Au/In)2" models using the projector-augmented wave method and indicate that these structures attempt to optimize the frequencies of the heteroatomic Au-In contacts. A chemical bonding analysis on two "EuAu5In" and "EuAu4In2" models employed the TB-LMTO-ASA method and reveals that the subtle interplay between the local atomic environments and the bond energies determines the structural and site preferences for these systems.
Severe muscle trauma triggers heightened and prolonged local musculoskeletal inflammation and impairs adjacent tibia fracture healing.

Objectives Complicated fracture healing is often associated with the severity of surrounding muscle tissue trauma. Since inflammation is a primary determinant of musculoskeletal health and regeneration, it is plausible that delayed healing and non-unions are partly caused by compounding local inflammation in response to concomitant muscle trauma. Methods and results To investigate this possibility, a Lewis rat open fracture model [tibia osteotomy with adjacent tibialis anterior (TA) muscle volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury] was interrogated. We observed that VML injury impaired tibia healing, as indicated by diminished mechanical strength and decreased mineralized bone within the fracture callus, as well as continued presence of cartilage instead of woven bone 28 days post-injury. The VML injured muscle presented innate and adaptive immune responses that were atypical of canonical muscle injury healing. Additionally, the VML injury resulted in a perturbation of the inflammatory phase of fracture healing, as indicated by elevations of CD3(+) lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages in the fracture callus at 3 and 14d post-injury, respectively. Conclusions These data indicate that heightened and sustained innate and adaptive immune responses to traumatized muscle are associated with impaired fracture healing and may be targeted for the prevention of delayed and non-union following musculoskeletal trauma.
Joint optimization of power allocation and training duration for uplink multiuser MIMO communications

In this paper, we consider a multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) communication system between a base station equipped with multiple antennas and multiple mobile users each equipped with a single antenna. The uplink scenario is considered. The uplink channels are acquired by the base station through a training phase. Two linear processing schemes are considered, namely maximum-ratio combining (MRC) and zero-forcing (ZF). We optimize the training period and optimal training energy under the average and peak power constraint so that an achievable sum rate is maximized.
Visualizing the Histotripsy Process: Bubble Cloud–Cancer Cell Interactions in a Tissue-Mimicking Environment

Abstract Histotripsy is a non-invasive ultrasonic ablation method that uses cavitation to mechanically fractionate tissue into acellular debris. With a sufficient number of pulses, histotripsy can completely fractionate tissue into a liquid-appearing homogenate with no cellular structures. The location, shape and size of lesion formation closely match those of the cavitation cloud. Previous work has led to the hypothesis that the rapid expansion and collapse of histotripsy bubbles fractionate tissue by inducing large stress and strain on the tissue structures immediately adjacent to the bubbles. In the work described here, the histotripsy bulk tissue fractionation process is visualized at the cellular level for the first time using a custom-built 2-MHz transducer incorporated into a microscope stage. A layer of breast cancer cells were cultured within an optically transparent fibrin-based gel phantom to mimic cells inside a 3-D extracellular matrix. To test the hypothesis, the cellular response to single and multiple histotripsy pulses was investigated using high-speed optical imaging. Bubbles were always generated in the extracellular space, and significant cell displacement/deformation was observed for cells directly adjacent to the bubble during both bubble expansion and collapse. The largest displacements were observed during collapse for cells immediately adjacent to the bubble, with cells moving more than 150–300 μm in less than 100 μs. Cells often underwent multiple large deformations (>150% strain) over multiple pulses, resulting in the bisection of cells multiple times before complete removal. To provide theoretical support to the experimental observations, a numerical simulation was conducted using a single-bubble model, which indicated that histotripsy exerts the largest strains and cell displacements in the regions immediately adjacent to the bubble. The experimental and simulation results support our hypothesis, which helps to explain the formation of the sharp lesions formed in histotripsy therapy localized to the regions directly exposed to the bubbles.
Describing Inverse Problems

This chapter shows that inverse problems can be classified on the basis of the mathematical structure of the theory connecting the data and model parameters. The simplest theory is the explicit linear theory, which has the form of a matrix equation relating a vector of model parameters to a vector of data. The most complicated is the implicit nonlinear problem, in which the data and model parameters are mixed together in nonlinear relationships. A series of six exemplary inverse problems are discussed, starting with the simple notion of fitting a straight line to data exhibiting a linear trend, and culminating with acoustic tomography and X-ray imaging. In each case, the mathematical relationship between the data and model parameters is derived and classified. The meaning of the term solution to an inverse problem is debated; for depending upon the context and one's point of view, any of several rather different quantities can be considered solutions. Solutions can include estimates of model parameters, deterministic or probabilistic bounds, probability density functions, and estimates of localized averages.