cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opposite changes in APP processing and human Aβ levels in rats carrying either a protective or a pathogenic APP mutation

Cleavage of APP by BACE1/β-secretase initiates the amyloidogenic cascade leading to Amyloid-β (Aβ) production. α-Secretase initiates the non-amyloidogenic pathway preventing Aβ production. Several APP mutations cause familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the Icelandic APP mutation near the BACE1-cleavage site protects from sporadic dementia, emphasizing APP's role in dementia pathogenesis. To study APP protective/pathogenic mechanisms, we generated knock-in rats carrying either the protective (Appp) or the pathogenic Swedish mutation (Apps), also located near the BACE1-cleavage site. α-Cleavage is favored over β-processing in Appp rats. Consequently, non-amyloidogenic and amyloidogenic APP metabolites are increased and decreased, respectively. The reverse APP processing shift occurs in Apps rats. These opposite effects on APP β/α-processing suggest that protection from and pathogenesis of dementia depend upon combinatorial and opposite alterations in APP metabolism rather than simply on Aβ levels. The Icelandic mutation also protects from aging-dependent cognitive decline, suggesting that similar mechanisms underlie physiological cognitive aging.
Multicomponent granular mixing in a Bohle bin Blender-Experiments and simulation.

Abstract Study of mixing and segregation of granular materials was performed in a Bohle bin blender using both computational modeling and experiments. A multicomponent mixture of pharmaceutical excipients and coated theophylline granules, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was considered as the blend formulation. A DEM (Discrete Element Method) Model was developed to simulate the flow and mixing of the multicomponent blend to compare with the experimental data. DEM is a numerical modeling technique which incorporates all the material properties (such as Particle size, density, elastic modulus, yield strength, Poisson’s ratio, work function etc.) to simulate granular flow (such as mixing, conveying) of particles. In simulation, the degree (Relative standard deviation) of mixing in a Bohle bin blender was assessed as a function of critical processing parameters (loading pattern, rotational rate, and fill percentage). Numerical simulation results reveal radial mixing in a Bohle bin blender is faster than axial mixing due to symmetric geometry limitation. This study investigates a numerical model-based approach to study the effect of the critical process parameters on the mixing dynamics in Bohle bin blender for a moderately cohesive pharmaceutical formulation. The DEM model can be used to provide crucial insights to developed optimized mixing protocols to ascertain the best mixing conditions for different formulation. As for example, as we try to develop a mixing protocol for another formulation with different operational parameters such as loading pattern, rotational speed, and fill percentage, one can device an optimized mixing protocol of the formulation with the help of this DEM model.
Pediatric chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis of the mandible: Seattle Children's hospital 22-patient experience

Studies evaluating treatment responses for chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) are lacking. We aimed to measure and compare response rates of medical treatments, time to response of medical treatments among patients with CNO of the mandible, and describe bacterial contamination rates from biopsy. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients diagnosed with CNO of mandible between 2003 and 2017 and extracted demographic, clinical, laboratory, imaging and surgical data. Detailed medication use and response to medications were recorded. The primary outcome was response to medical treatments defined as improvement of presenting symptoms, inflammatory markers, and imaging if available. Medical treatments included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy, and pamidronate. Descriptive analysis was performed when appropriate. Multivariable logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier curves were applied to compare the responses to medical treatments and time to full response. We identified 22 patients with a median age of 11 and 36% were female. Four patients (18%) had multifocal bone lesions. CT findings (n = 21) showed lytic lesions (62%) and sclerosis (90%). MRI (n = 14) revealed hyperintensity within bone marrow (100%), soft tissue (71%) and bony expansion (71%). Non-antibiotic treatments including NSAIDs (n = 18), glucocorticoids (n = 10), DMARDs (n = 9), anti-TNF therapy (n = 5) and pamidronate (n = 6) were applied. Rates of full responses to anti-TNF therapy (60%) and pamidronate (67%) were higher than that to NSAIDs (11%) (p < 0.05). Patients receiving pamidronate responded more rapidly than those receiving anti-TNF therapy (median two vs 17 months, p = 0.01) when there was a full response. All had bone biopsies. Intraoral biopsy was performed in 12 of 13 operated in our center and the most common contaminants were Neisseria spp and Streptococcus viridians. Both anti-TNF and pamidronate appeared superior to NSAIDs alone in treating mandibular CNO. Patients receiving pamidronate responded faster than those receiving anti-TNF therapy.
A transient kinetic analysis of the evolution of a reducible metal oxide towards catalyzing nonoxidative alkanol dehydrogenation

Abstract Quantitative analyses of four sets of aerobic/anaerobic ethanol conversion transients point to the evolution of a native high-surface-area cerium oxide surface that effects the reduction half of the ethanol oxidation turnover to catalyzing, exclusively, nonoxidative ethanol dehydrogenation upon complete surface reduction. Aerobic–anaerobic switches at 498 K lead to new steady state dehydrogenation rates, rather than termination of catalytic acetaldehyde formation. Concurrent termination of oxygen imbalances (reflecting ceria reduction) and induction periods (reflecting active site creation) in anaerobic experiments point to ethanol dehydrogenation turnovers owing their provenance to surface reduction. Implausibly high vacancy densities obtained from analysis of oxygen imbalances when using acetaldehyde and CO2 formation rates, unlike those obtained when using water and CO2 formation rates, point to the catalytic origin of at least part of the acetaldehyde formed during both aerobic–anaerobic switches and anaerobic induction periods. Normalized water molar flow rates, used as a measure of the relative contributions of catalytic and stoichiometric routes to acetaldehyde formation, evince a transition from stoichiometric ethanol oxidation to catalytic ethanol dehydrogenation upon progressive surface reduction. High-temperature hydrogen pretreatments can be used to manipulate both the initial contribution of ethanol dehydrogenation to overall acetaldehyde formation as well as the fractional surface reduction that ethanol, rather than molecular hydrogen, effectuates. Alpha hydrogen-free titrants such as phenol, on the other hand, can be used to titrate sites contributing to catalytic alkanol dehydrogenation without altering the prevalence of stoichiometric routes responsible for site creation in the first place. The combination of transient experiments used herein capture, with clarity, the evolution in catalytic function of high-surface-area cerium oxide toward ethanol upon progressive reduction that originates from its stoichiometric conversion over a native, fully oxidized surface. Not unimportantly, the results also point to an avenue for the water-free synthesis of alkanals over reducible metal oxides.
Building an Improved Drought Climatology Using Updated Drought Tools: A New Mexico Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Systems Focus

Drought is a familiar climatic phenomenon in the United States Southwest, with complex human-environment interactions that extend beyond just the physical drought events. Due to continued climate variability and change, droughts are expected to become more frequent and/or severe in the future. Decision-makers are charged with mitigating and adapting to these more extreme conditions and to do that they need to understand the specific impacts drought has on regional and local scales, and how these impacts compare to historical conditions. Tremendous progress in drought monitoring strategies has occurred over the past several decades, with more tools providing greater spatial and temporal resolutions for a variety of variables, including drought impacts. Many of these updated tools can be used to develop improved drought climatologies for decision-makers to use in their drought risk management actions. In support of a Food-Energy-Water (FEW) systems study for New Mexico, this article explores the use of updated drought monitoring tools to analyze data and develop a more holistic drought climatology applicable for New Mexico. Based upon the drought climatology, droughts appear to be occurring with greater frequency and magnitude over the last two decades. This improved drought climatology information, using New Mexico as the example, increases the understanding of the effects of drought on the FEW systems, allowing for better management of current and future drought events and associated impacts.
Anesthetic Choice for Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: A National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry Analysis.

Objective The authors evaluated the type of anesthesia administered in atrial fibrillation ablation, hypothesizing that monitored anesthesia care is used less frequently than general anesthesia. Design A retrospective study. Setting National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry data, which are multi-institutional from across the United States. Participants Adult patients who underwent elective atrial fibrillation ablation between 2013 and 2018. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry data were evaluated, and covariates were selected a priori within multivariate models to assess for predictors of anesthetic type. A total of 54,321 patients underwent atrial fibrillation ablation; 3,251 (6.0%) received monitored anesthesia care. Patients who received monitored anesthesia care were more likely to be >80 years old (12.4% v 4.9%; p III (17.28% v 10.48%; p III resulted in a 7% (p Conclusions General anesthesia is the most common type of anesthesia administered for atrial fibrillation ablation. The type of anesthesia administered, however, varies with patient, procedural, and hospital characteristics.
Do urban open spaces provide refugia for frogs in urban environments

Urbanization is among the largest threats to wildlife populations through factors such as fragmentation, isolation, and habitat destruction. Urban open spaces, such as parks and golf courses, have the potential to provide wildlife with suitable habitat within an urbanized matrix. These refugia may be particularly important for amphibians, which represent one of the most endangered and least vagile vertebrate groups on earth. During the spring and summer of 2018, we conducted surveys to determine the presence of anurans at 51 wetland sites within the Piedmont ecoregion of South Carolina. Nearly one-third of these wetlands were located within urban open spaces, one-third in low development areas, and one-third in highly developed areas. Impervious surface and total road length surrounding the wetlands were measured at two scales, a core habitat scale (300 m) and average maximum migration scale (750 m), and we measured several within-wetland habitat variables. Urban Open Space wetlands had levels of surrounding impervious surface similar to High Urbanization wetlands at the larger scale and were intermediate between Low and High Urbanization wetlands at the smaller scale. The total length of road segments occurring within buffers (at both scales) surrounding our study wetlands was higher for Urban Open Space compared to Low and High Urbanization sites. Among the within-wetland variables measured, Low Urbanization sites had higher canopy cover and were more likely to have a terrestrial buffer zone relative to the other categories. Species richness decreased significantly as total road length increased among all wetlands. Wetland category was not a significant driver explaining species richness, but β-diversity was more variable among Urban Open Space wetlands than either Low or High Urbanization wetlands. Urban Open Space wetlands did not appear to increase suitability for anurans relative to High Urbanization wetlands. Urban Open Space wetlands had higher variability in species composition, which was perhaps attributable to the diversity among sites represented in the Urban Open Space category.
Multi-Agent Pathfinding with Hierarchical Evolutionary Hueristic A*

Multiagent pathfinding (MAPF) problem is an important topic to various domains including video games, robotics, logistics, and crowd simulation. The goal of a pathfinding algorithm for MAPF is to find the shortest possible path for each agent without collisions with other agents. Search is among the most fundamental techniques for problem solving, and A* is the best known heuristic search algorithm. While A* guarantees to find the shortest path using a heuristic function, it cannot handle the large scale and many uncertainties in MAPF. The main challenge of MAPF is the scalability. The problem complexity grows exponentially as both the size of environments and the number of autonomous agents increase, which becomes more difficult for A* to compute results in real time under the constraints of memory and computing resources. To overcome the challenges in MAPF, distributed approaches are introduced to reduce the computational time and complexity. Contrast to centralized approaches, which use a single controller to determine every move of all agents, distributed approaches allow each agent to search for its own solution. Distributed MAPF algorithms need to refine solutions for all agents that are collision-free. The algorithm should lead agents to take another path, or standby on the same node at the moment, to avoid conflicts between any two paths. Under the circumstances, an optimal solution is no longer simply finding the shortest path for each agent. Instead, it should contain a collision-free path for every agent, with the lowest makespan, which is the number of time steps required for all agents to reach their target. However, minimizing the makespan and the sum of cost for all agents is a NP-hard problem. Given MAPF problems often require to be solved in real time with limited resources, minimizing only the makespan is a more practical approach.To achieve accurate search and high scalability, a MAPF algorithm must fulfill the following requirements: 1) it is capable to compute collision-free paths for all agents; 2) it can provides an accurate priority decision mechanism to ensure solution optimality; and 3) it should maintain the successful rate to obtain a solution as the number of agents increases. In this paper, we proposed a novel hierarchical pathfinding technique named Multi-Agent Hierarchical Evolutionary Heuristics A* (MA-HEHA*). Our contributions in this paper are: 1) we propose MA-HEHA* that can identify bottleneck areas to reduce collisions in abstract search; 2) our algorithm evolves heuristic functions by itself to avoid potential conflicts during local search; 3) we prove that MA-HEHA* maintain high successful rate when the scalability is high; 4) we evaluate MA-HEHA* on different types of MAPF problems to show its effectiveness. Our experiment results show that ourMA-HEHA* can efficiently solve large scale MAPF problems compared to traditional MAPF approaches.
The catchment feature model for multimodal language analysis

The catchment feature model (CFM) addresses two questions in multimodal interaction: how do we bridge video and audio processing with the realities of human multimodal communication, and how information from the different modes may be fused. We discuss the need for our model, motivate the CFM from psycholinguistic research, and present the model. In contrast to 'whole gesture' recognition, the CFM applies a feature decomposition approach that facilitates cross-modal fusion at the level of discourse planning and conceptualization. We present our experimental framework for CFM-based research, and cite three concrete examples of catchment features (CF), and propose new directions of multimodal research based on the model.
Nanoconfined gelation in systems based on stearic and 12-hydroxystearic acids: A calorimetric study

Abstract This study applies differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to probe the effect of nanoconfinement on gelation of mineral oil (MO), soybean oil (SO), ethylene glycol (EG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polypropylene glycol (PPG) by low molecular weight gelators, stearic and 12-hydroxystearic acids. Nanoconfinement is accomplished by embedding the gels into silica nanopores. In agreement with our previous work on high molecular weight polymeric gelators, nanoconfinement invariably causes a decrease in the heat of gelation. The effect is linked to restricted molecular mobility, which hampers integration of the gelator molecules into the network as well as spatially limits its growth. A new effect discovered in this work is a decrease in the gelation temperature of the nanoconfined MO and SO systems. By combining an advanced isoconversional method with the Turnbull-Fisher nucleation model it has been possible to link this effect to deceleration of gelation that originates from an increase in the nucleation energy barrier. It has been proposed that whether nanoconfinement causes a decrease or an increase in the gelation temperature can depend on polarity of liquid. The proposal is upheld by measurements on the systems involving polar liquids (EG, PEG, PPG) that have demonstrated an increase in the gelation temperature under nanoconfinement.
Mental Health Disparities at the Intersections of Gender Identity, Race, and Ethnicity.

Purpose: Very little research has examined mental health among transgender people of color using population-based data. The objective of this study was to use large-scale data to examine mental hea...
HTTPA: HTTPS Attestable Protocol.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) protocol has become integral part of the modern internet technology. It is currently the primary protocol for commercialized web applications. It can provide a fast, secure connection with a certain level of privacy and integrity, and it has become a basic assumption on most web services on the internet. However, HTTPS cannot provide security assurances on the request data in compute, so the computing environment remains uncertain risks and vulnerabilities. A hardware-based trusted execution environment (TEE) such as Intel Software Guard Extension (SGX) provides in-memory encryption to help protect the runtime computation to reduce risks of illegal leaking or modifying private information. The central concept of SGX enables the computation happening inside the enclave, a protected environment that encrypts the codes and data pertaining to a security-sensitive computation. In addition, SGX provides provide security assurances via remote attestation to the web client, including TCB identity, vendor identity and verification identity. Here we propose a HTTP protocol, called HTTPS Attestable (HTTPA), by including remote attestation process onto the HTTPS protocol to address the privacy and security concerns on web and the access over the Internet. With HTTPA, we can provide security assurances to establish trustworthiness with web services and ensure integrity of request handling for web users. We expect that remote attestation will become a new trend adopted to reduce web services security risks, and propose the HTTPA protocol to unify the web attestation and accessing services in a standard and efficient way.
Journeys into Finnish Schools: Lives and Thoughts of Teachers and Principals I

This chapter goes to schools. It collects, through structured and open interviews, the thoughts and views of students, teachers, principals, and experts about their school system, their students’ success, and the daily life inside and outside the schools. It is a direct contrast and complement to the more academic framework of school success developed in Chaps. 1–4. The two chapters, 5 and 6, let teachers and principals, from all over Finland and from all types of schools (preschool, primary, lower, and upper secondary), speak their mind about education, the quality of teachers and teaching, their own personal stories, and their own views of what works and does not work in school education for today’s world. At the same time, these two chapters develop, with a narrative style, a menu of pedagogies, infrastructures, ethos, technologies, and leadership styles among 28 schools and 47 sections as many schools house not only one but often two, three, and four sections from preschool to upper secondary school.
Coordination of enzyme synthesis in the L-arabinose operon in Escherichia coli. I. The effect of manganous ion on the synthesis of L-arabinose isomerase.

Abstract Addition of manganous ion to growing cultures of Escherichia coli B/r results in at least a 2-fold increase in the specific activity of l-arabinose isomerase. The effect of Mn2+ is to cause the synthesis of an enzyme with a greater intrinsic activity and heat stability, but not to change the quantity of l-arabinose isomerase produced. Several divalent cations, including manganese, are able to confer heat stability. In contrast, Mn2+ is specifically required during synthesis for full activity. Mn2+ is unable to convert partially active enzyme to fully active enzyme either in vivo or in vitro.
Iron catalyzed CO2 hydrogenation to liquid hydrocarbons

Many of the catalysts which are useful in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are also capable of catalyzing the hydrogenation of CO2 to hydrocarbons. Our structure-function studies have shown that it is possible to control the selectivity of CO2 hydrogenation by specific iron-based catalysts to generate yields of C5 + hydrocarbons that are comparable to those produced with conventional CO based feedstocks.
"Because I am Muslim, I cannot wear a swimsuit": Muslim girls negotiate participation opportunities for physical activity.

Drawing on the works of postcolonial critical feminist and Arab Muslim feminist scholars, we discuss in this paper how 4 muslim girls (ages 14–17 years) negotiated their participation in opportunities for physical activity. Data collection methods included self-mapping questionnaires, digital photos, private journal entries, and recordings of informal conversations. We discuss (a) how three discursive challenges emerged in veiling-off opportunities for physical activity, and (b) how the girls uncovered alternative ways of being physically active. To promote active life practices with muslim girls, we need to (a) navigate the diversity of young muslims within the intersecting discourses in their lives that potentially challenge their participation in physical activities, and (b) honor young muslims' choices while negotiating their chances of maintaining physical activities.
Surface lattice dynamics of rutile TiO 2 ( 110 ) using helium atom surface scattering

The lattice dynamics of the ruffle TiO 2 (110) surface has been investigated by means of high-resolution helium atom scattering (HAS) techniques over the temperature range of ∼100-1000 K. HAS diffraction in the ΓX, ΓS, andΓY surface Brillouin zone directions indicates that almost the entire surface retains the bulk termination (1×1) structure under the preparation conditions employed. Surface phonon dispersion curves in the ΓX, ΓS, and rY regions of the surface Brillouin zone, obtained through inelastic atom scattering measurements of single-phonon creation and annihilation events, reveal changes in the surface forces as the temperature of the surface varies. Although model calculations for the dynamics of this surface are not currently available, the observed modes are interpreted, in part, by comparison with calculations reported for the rutile MgF 2 (110) surface.
Epigenetics for the social sciences: justice, embodiment, and inheritance in the postgenomic age

In this paper, I firstly situate the current rise of interest in epigenetics in the broader history of attempts to go “beyond the gene” in twentieth-century biology. In the second part, after a summary of the main differences between epigenetic and genetic mutations, I consider what kind of implications the sui generis features of epigenetic mutations may have for the social sciences. I focus in particular on two sites of investigation: (a) the blurring of the boundaries between natural and social inequalities in theories of justice and their possible implications for public policy and public health and (b) a deepening of the notion that the constitution of the body is deeply dependent on its material and socially shaped surroundings (“embodied constructivism”). In conclusion, I advance some cautionary reflections on some of the (known and unprecedented) problems that the circulation of epigenetics in wider society may present.
Efficient Energy Conversion in Photochromic Ruthenium DMSO Complexes

The photochromic compounds trans- and cis-[Ru(tpy)(Mepic)(dmso)](OSO2CF3) (2 and 3, respectively; tpy is 2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine; Mepic is 6-methyl-2-pyridinecarboxylate; dmso is dimethyl sulfoxide) and cis-[Ru(tpy)(Brpic)(dmso)](PF6) (4; Brpic is 6-bromo-2-pyridinecarboxylate) were prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, NMR, IR, and UV−vis spectroscopy. The geometry labels refer to the relationship between the carboxylate oxygen of the picolinate ligand and dmso. Electrochemical studies reveal that only the trans isomer shows S-to-O isomerization following oxidation of Ru(II) and O-to-S isomerization following reduction of Ru(III). The cis isomers of both complexes feature reversible one-electron Ru(III/II) couples. All complexes undergo phototriggered S-to-O isomerization following MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) excitation with quantum yields (ΦS→O) of 0.79 (2), 0.011 (3), and 0.014 (4). The methyl group in 2 promotes isomerization by hindering rot...
Comparison of perfluorochemical fluids used for liquid ventilation: Effect of endotracheal tube flow resistance

Neonatal endotracheal tubes with small inner diameters are associated with increased resistance regardless of the medium used for assisted ventilation. During liquid ventilation (LV) reduced interfacial tension and pressure drop along the airways result in lower alveolar inflation pressure compared with gas ventilation (GV). This is possible by optimizing liquid ventilation strategies to overcome the resistive forces associated with liquid density (ρ) and viscosity (μ) of these fluids. Knowledge of the effect of ρ, μ, and endotracheal tube (ETT) size on resistance is essential to optimize LV strategies. To evaluate these physical properties, three perfluorochemical (PFC) fluids with a range of kinematic viscosities (FC-75 = 0.82, LiquiVent™ = 1.10, APF-140 = 2.90) and four different neonatal ETT tubes (Mallincrokdt Hi-Lo Jet™ ID 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 mm) were studied. Under steady-state flow, flow and pressure drop across the ETTs were measured simultaneously. Resistance was calculated by dividing pressure drop by flow, and both pressure-flow and resistance-flow relationships were plotted. Also, pressure drop and resistance were each plotted as a function of kinematic viscosity at flows of 0.01 L · s−1 for all four ETT sizes. Data demonstrated a quadratic relationship with respect to pressure drop versus flow, and a linear relationship with resistance versus flow; both were significantly correlated (R = 0.92; P < 0.01) and were inversely related to ETT size. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between pressure drop or resistance and kinematic viscosity (R = 0.99; P < 0.01). For LV in neonates these data can be used to select the optimum ETT size and PFC liquid depending on the chosen ventilation strategy. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1997; 23:449–456. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sexualized aspects of consumer behavior: An empirical investigation of consumer lovemaps

Sexuality has not been investigated by marketers and consumer researchers in terms of the constructs and theories developed by sex researchers. This article takes a first step in applying their approaches by investigating in an empirical study the consumer lovemap, an aspect of the more general lovemap. It focuses, in particular, on two aspects of the consumer lovemap in relation to product use, namely, the Consumer Sexual Behavior Sequence, which is a model of sexual stages, and product sexualization. In addition, it assesses the individual difference effects of the trait of erotophobia-erotophilia and of one's own sex. The results indicate that the newly introduced approaches helped to explain consumers' perceptions of the use of various products. Both managerial and future research implications are drawn. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Commentary: ADHD and social disadvantage: an inconvenient truth? – a reflection on Russell et al. () and Larsson et al. ()

In the 1950's, many experts believed hyperkinesis was a neurotic reaction to inner conflicts arising from early family experiences. In the 1990's, many experts believed ADHD to be ‘genetic’ (without a mechanistic explanation of what that meant). Both views appear naive today in a scientific world grappling with the complexity of highly plastic gene expression, gene x environment interplay, and epigenetic, context-dependent emergence of psychopathology. Both views also fail to account for the uncomfortable fact that ADHD is also associated with social disadvantage – a level of analysis required in a developmental psychopathology approach. That developmental psychopathology approach, pioneered a generation ago, initially emphasized the accumulation of risk and protective factors, and emerged in a contemporary systemic approach that seeks to determine whether it is risk accumulation (e.g., allostatic load) or specific risk factors (e.g., family process) that mechanistically shape psychopathology. Despite the prominence of the developmental psychopathology perspective, the social context of ADHD is surprisingly neglected today. Both Russell et al. (this issue, 2014) and Larsson et al. (this issue, 2014) take strides toward remedying this state of affairs.
Exertional reversible cerebral vasoconstriction responsive to verapamil

We present a case of a 25-year-old male with severe headaches associated with exertion and sexual intercourse with vasoconstriction on magnetic resonance and CT angiograms done during his typical headaches. The headache syndrome and angiographic findings resolved after starting low-dose verapamil. Perhaps, some cases of primary exertional and primary headaches associated with sexual activity are associated with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction responsive to calcium channel blockers.
Effect of Roasting Corn at Different Temperatures on Grain Characteristics and In Vitro Starch Digestibility

Abstract The effect of roasting corn to 107, 135, and 163 C on grain characteristics and in vitro starch digestibility was studied. Changes in grain characteristics of roasted corn varied with the exit temperature of the corn (dry matter loss, heat required, water absorption increased; moisture content and density decreased). Furthermore, these changes tended to correspond with in vitro starch digestion by amylase enzyme without preliminary heating. Heating during the starch digestion moderated differences by different roasting temperatures. The highest roasting temperature resulted in the greatest in vitro starch digestion. Any of the grain characteristics except gelatinization and particle size served as an indicator of digestibility of the roasted product. No birefringence was lost due to any of the roasting temperatures suggesting that more than dry heat was necessary to produce gelatinization.
Insidious trends and social/environmental justice: public health's challenge for responding to hazard events.

The author reflects on trends in social and environmental health and the challenges that public health professionals face when responding to health hazards. He suggests that in addition to public health threats, several trends, including budget constraints, a lack of health professionals and increasing health and security issues, are challenging public health's ability to respond to hazardous events. He argues that public health needs to make changes to be able to respond to hazardous events.
A Twist on Facial Selectivity of Hydride Reductions of Cyclic Ketones: Twist-Boat Conformers in Cyclohexanone, Piperidone, and Tropinone Reactions

The role of twist-boat conformers of cyclohexanones in hydride reductions was explored. The hydride reductions of a cis-2,6-disubstituted N-acylpiperidone, an N-acyltropinone, and tert-butylcyclohexanone by lithium aluminum hydride and by a bulky borohydride reagent were investigated computationally and compared to experiment. Our results indicate that in certain cases, factors such as substrate conformation, nucleophile bulkiness, and remote steric features can affect stereoselectivity in ways that are difficult to predict by the general Felkin-Anh model. In particular, we have calculated that a twist-boat conformation is relevant to the reactivity and facial selectivity of hydride reduction of cis-2,6-disubstituted N-acylpiperidones with a small hydride reagent (LiAlH4) but not with a bulky hydride (lithium triisopropylborohydride).
Testosterone and human performance: influence of the color red

This study examined the testosterone responses of men to an exercise bout simulating a competitive sporting effort in order to determine if the wearing of red-colored apparel influenced the hormonal response. Male subjects (n=10) were placed into sets of matched-pairs and performed VO2max cycle ergometry exercise test to exhaustion to simulate the competitive effort. Each member of a pairing was randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups—the wearing of red-colored clothing, or the wearing of black-colored clothing. Blood samples were collected before exercise (REST), an immediate postexercise sample was collected at exhaustion (EXH), and a final sample was taken at 15 min into recovery (REC) from exercise. Blood was biochemically analyzed for total testosterone. In response to the exercise, performance characteristics (i.e., VO2max and maximal workload) of treatment groups did not differ significantly. A significant increase (P<0.01) in the testosterone was observed in both treatment groups postexercise at EXH and at REC as compared to REST. However, no differences were observed between treatment groups in the before or postexercise hormonal concentrations. These findings suggest that the wearing of red-colored apparel had no affects on the testosterone responses to an exercise bout simulating a competition.
Discrete mathematics in the high school curriculum

Discrete mathematics as a body of knowledge is necessary in today's technological world. The exact content of a discrete mathematics course still remains vague and mathematicians are uncertain of where the study of discrete mathematics should be emphasized. After examining discrete mathematics at the college level this paper looks at the possibility that discrete mathematics could begin in pre‐collegiate mathematics courses, that retraining of teachers is necessary, and that a different focus must be taken to meet the needs of today's student and the use of discrete mathematics.
Coherent atom optics in a two-well potential

We demonstrate a trapped atom interferometer with Bose-Einstein condensates and discuss experiments that evaluate the relative merit of different schemes, also including microfabricated atom chips
Orbital maneuvering vehicle: A new capability

The Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle (OMV) program is reviewed with reference to the current status of the program, vehicle description, and mission capabilities. The OMV, which will be available in 1991, will be able to economically deliver and retreive spacecraft from orbits beyond the practical limits of the Shuttle. It will be capable of meeting the present needs of the Space Transportation System and its payloads and the future space activities associated with the Space Station. In addition to the inherent capability of the OMV, it can be enhanced by the addition of special purpose mission kits to meet special mission needs, such as servicing, refueling, and recovery of tumbling satellites.
Biodegradation of DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene) is an extremely persistent environmental pollutant. Furthermore, the conversion of DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane to DDE by microorganisms has been termed a ‘dead-end side reaction’. In the present study we show that the wood-rotting basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium is able to degrade DDE. Biodegradation is demonstrated by formation of [14C]CO2 from [14C]DDE, by mass balance analysis and by identification of 4,4′-dichlorobenzophenone (DBP) as a metabolite of DDE.
Statistical CT noise reduction with multi-scale decomposition and penalized weighted least square for incomplete projection data

Tremendous efforts have been devoted to decreasing x-ray radiation dose in diagnostic CT while maintaining the image quality. The statistical noise reduction with iterative algorithm in the projection domain has been one of the major research subjects in CT technologies. Previously, we have proposed a statistical noise reduction with multi-scale decomposition and penalized weighted least square (PWLS) in the projection domain, in which the Markov Random Field (MRF) penalty function is incorporated. In this work, by taking the variation or irregularity of sampling interval along each dimension of the projection domain, we extend our previous method to deal with the situations of incomplete projection data, covering sparse view sampling, latitudinal data truncation and photon starvation. Using the computer- simulated projection data of a performance phantom and the FORBILD thorax phantom, we evaluate and verify the performance of the proposed method.
Maximizing recruitment efforts in a drug lipid-lowering trial with dietary intervention to lower LDL cholesterol☆

A select group of screened applicants initially disqualified from a four-center, primary prevention drug lipid-lowering trial because of borderline elevated serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, as defined in National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel I (NCEP-ATP I) guidelines, participated in a dietary intervention protocol that was incorporated into the screening phase of the trial. Seventy-seven screened applicants for the Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study entered the dietary program, which was overseen by an experienced registered dietitian at the central operations sites who collaborated with local staff at clinical sites during program implementation. NCEP-ATP I fat-modified step I diet specifications served as the basis for the intervention. The program, consisting of five sessions conducted over an 8-week period, primarily used written and audiovisual educational materials in combination with behavioral approaches. Of the original 77 participants, 36 responded to the intervention by achieving their LDL-C goal. Twenty-nine were nonresponders and 12 were dropouts. Responders achieved an average 11.7% drop in total cholesterol at the end of the 8-week program. Mean LDL-C decline paralleled total cholesterol change. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol also decreased significantly. These results were sustained for 24 of the responders attending the final screening visit approximately a month later, when another fasting blood lipid measurement was made. Participants who dropped out were more likely to be smokers. Pre- and postintervention nutrition data assessed by semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire for 20 screenees randomized into the study indicated significant reductions in total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and dietary cholesterol, all known to influence blood lipid levels. Similar programs may prove useful to other drug lipid-lowering trials to maximize recruitment efforts.
Reproduction of Social Structures: An Artificial Intelligence Model

Social structure is viewed as interaction animated by culture. Culture is modeled as comprising a system of transindividual Piagetian schemata guiding social action. Such a schema is reinforced when the action it mandates in some social setting yields the reactions from other people guided by their own schemata that fit its goal and expectations. An enduring social structure is a pattern of action that reproduces itself by stimulating and reinforcing the schemata animating its actions. These concepts are operationalized by a program written in PROLOG. The program takes as a knowledge base a representation of the preferences and judgments of social causality of subjects in some historical situation. It assembles schemata from this knowledge base that are stimulated by past actions of other subjects, and that then monitor the flow of action to see if the desired reactions to their action are forthcoming. The model is illustrated by simulating Skocpol's analysis of China's sociopolitical structure in the 193...
The Use of Volume Averaging Theory (VAT) for Evaluation of Surface Heat Transfer Augmentation

A model, based on Volume Averaging Theory (VAT), was developed to predict friction and heat transfer over augmented surfaces. The objective is to find augmentation that produces a higher heat removal relative to the increase in pumping power necessary to overcome the additional friction that is generated. This was accomplished with a numerical solution of the VAT transport equations for describing fully developed turbulent flow in a channel with augmented surfaces. Friction factor and Nusselt number results produced by the numerical simulation are compared with experimental data to validate the model and which of the augmented surfaces performs the best is clearly show.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Effect of ethoxyquin on the toxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline and on hepatic drug metabolism in mice

Abstract Diets containing the antioxidant ethoxyquin (6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) were fed to female CD-1 mice for 10–38 days to assess their effects on monocrotaline toxicity, liver glutathione levels and hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activities. Dietary ethoxyquin (0.25%) protected the mice against lethality as well as acute hepatotoxicity of monocrotaline as measured by the levels of alanine aminotransferase and asparate aminotransferase in plasma. Other feed additives with antioxidant properties such as vitamin C, vitamin E or selenium had no protective effect against monocrotaline lethality and hepatotoxicity. Dietary cysteine (1%) also protected mice against the lethality but not the acute hepatotoxicity of the alkaloid. With the exception of ethoxyquin, none of the other feed additives increased liver glutathione levels (mg/liver). Glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly increased by either dietary ethoxyquin or cysteine using chlorodinitrobenzene as substrate. Dietary ethoxyquin produced an increase in hepatic cytochrome P-450 content and an increase in the in vitro conversion of monocrotaline to pyrrole metabolites by liver microsomes. However, there was no effect of the feed additive on the activity of aminopyrine demethylase and on the concentration of pyrroles found in the liver 2 or 24 h after monocrotaline administration. Since ethoxyquin protected mice against monocrotaline lethality and hepatotoxicity despite no reduction in the in vivo activation of monocrotaline, the mechanisms involved are most probably a result of increased detoxication processes partly because of increased liver glutathione levels.
Absence of Clinical Pneumonia following Bronchoscopy with Contaminated and Clean Bronchofiberscopes

Two hundred forty-nine fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedures were surveyed for the presence of bronchoscopy-related pneumonia. The first 103 procedures were performed during a period when the fiberscope was presumably contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chart review of these 103 procedures and prospective epidemiologic surveillance of the remaining 146 procedures revealed no cases of bronchoscopy-related pneumonia.
A visual approach to investigating the bandwidth of transmission lines with non-Z 0 impedance

In electrical engineering education, there is currently no way to graphically study the bandwidth of transmission lines with arbitrary characteristic impedance. For the first time, this paper presents a visual approach to investigating non- Z 0 transmission lines, with a particular emphasis on bandwidth considerations. By plotting the Smith-chart locus of input impedance as a Z 0 generator is moved closer and farther from a load, insight is gained into the bandwidth of the circuit. The visual approach can be performed with a single Smith chart and back-of-the-envelope calculations in three steps: i) finding the λ 4 point, ii) drawing the locus, and iii) determining points of reference along the locus. A detailed explanation of each step is provided, along with example plots and additional analytical insights based on mathematical analysis. Three rules of thumb are discussed, and example applications are investigated. Finally, a visual analysis tool is presented (including MATLAB code) for students and educators to gain an intuitive understanding of non- Z 0 transmission lines.
Using Writing Assignments to Improve Self-Assessment and Communication Skills in an Engineering Statics Course

This study explores the use of writing as a tool for metacognition in the engineering classroom. We used the “explain-a-problem” type of assignment in the Engineering Statics course for four terms. The objectives associated with the assignments were grouped under student self-assessment, student communication, and administration. Performance on each of four grading criteria for each assignment was tracked throughout the terms. The data indicate that explain-a-problem does help students achieve the self-assessment and communication objectives, although the impact on overall course performance was not as significant as hoped. The assignment evolved to the point that the administrative objectives were also met.
Scope of hypnosis education in academia: Results of a national survey

The present article examines the current status of hypnosis training and the attitudes of program chairs toward inclusion of such training in doctoral education. A brief survey on hypnosis training was sent to all psychology doctoral programs accredited by the American Psychological Association (n = 218) as well as 24 nonaccredited doctoral programs. Twenty-six percent of responding programs (n = 44/170) report offering either required or elective coursework in hypnosis. Of those programs offering a course in hypnosis, the mean semester credit hours earned was 3. Although many program directors support opportunities for hypnosis education in doctoral education, other constraints (e.g., available faculty, required coursework) limit its availability.