cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipoxygenase in trout gill tissue acting on arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids.

Lipoxygenase activity was characterized in the gill tissue of fresh-water trout. Incubation of arachidonic acid with gill preparations yielded 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid as the major product, suggesting a 12-lipoxygenase. Eicosapentaenoic acid was similarly converted to the 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid. Both arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were converted with equal apparent velocities and affinities into single monohydroxy derivatives. Analyses of the hydroxy product of docosahexaenoic acid were consistent with 14-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid. This enzyme activity was localized to the cytosolic fraction and displayed a broad pH optimum around pH 7. The enzyme was insensitive to the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and aspirin but activity was strongly inhibited in the presence of the lipoxygenase inhibitors, SnCl2(5 mM), esculetin (10 μM) and eicosatetraynoic acid (100 μM).
The effects of total exposure duration and interrupted versus continuous exposure in flooding therapy

The present study examined the effects of total exposure duration and interrupted versus continuous exposure on flooding for public speaking anxiety. Total exposure durations of 100, 150, and 200 min were compared with either 50 min of continuous scene presentation or with two 25-min presentations separated by a 10-min interval. Dependent measures included behavioral, self-report and physiological indices. Continuous exposure was clearly superior to interrupted exposure. Explanation for this finding may be found in the habituation data on self-reported anxiety during treatment sessions. Continuous exposure led to a curvilinear pattern of self-reported anxiety, with anxiety first increasing then decreasing. Interrupted flooding led to increasing linear patterns of anxiety during each session. Total exposure duration of 100 min (two sessions) appeared sufficient for this population and disorder.
Theory and Practice: A Jewish Physician in Paris and Avignon

Not otherwise known as a bright era for the Jews of Christian Europe, the late fourteenth century nonetheless counted a number of thriving Jewish medical careers. One physician who surfaced in this period was Jacob b. Solomon of Avignon (sometimes called Jacob b. Solomon haTzarfati), whose career has been documented in two cities. In northern France, the land of his ances tors, we find him in the 1370s in the orbit of the University of Paris and its pres tigious medical faculty. By the early 1380s, however, Jacob was at the papal court in Avignon, where or near where he was raised. There, in his own day at least, he achieved some renown while serving as physician to Pope Clement VII's brother, Count Pierre of Geneva. North and south, Jacob's extant writings emphasize his French cultural loyalties and his reverence for both medical learning and his Christian patrons. This is evident in what is probably Jacob's least-known work, a tractate on vertigo that describes a consultation in Paris for an unnamed (but dizzy) knight beloved of the French king. Indeed, Jacob's treatise on vertigo reflects a close fam iliarity with the medical program at the University of Paris and a working relation ship with at least one member of its senior medical faculty. While paying homage to the Paris curriculum and its masters, Jacob adapted their teachings and literary conventions in significant ways. By sensibly modifying the recommendations of his textbooks, notably Avicenna's Canon, Jacob acknowledged the limitations of theoretical prescriptions under real-life constraints. At the same time, he pro duced a literary work that is a startling blend of theory and practice, a remarkable accomplishment on two counts. First is the Parisian masters' disinclination toward
Cathode and Anode Optimization in a Virtual Cathode Oscillator

We are fabricating and testing several different types of cathodes for the same vircator driven by a single shot Marx generator and pulse forming line (300 kV, 60 ns, 30 Omega). The cathodes types, each with an emitting area of ~32 cm2, include the original velvet with a new geometry, carbon fiber, pin-array, and an array of all metal cathodes. The metal cathodes are made from aluminum and oxygen free copper fashioned to similar geometries with either a chemical etch or a CNC machining process. The vircator is tested with all of these cathodes using both polarity configurations and evaluated for beam voltage, current density, microwave output, and single shot lifetime. In addition to the cathode testing, several stainless steel and tungsten anode meshes with varying transparencies (50% - 80%) are evaluated. The construction and testing of an anode fashioned from Tantalum (70% transparency) is also discussed. Electron beam uniformity of the metal cathodes is investigated with the emitted electron beam current-density distribution evaluated in both time and space. Optimization of output power using resonant effects is also examined.
Nanoparticle Assembly of Mesoporous AlOOH (Boehmite)

The first examples of a new mesoporous form of crystalline AlOOH (boehmite) were prepared using aluminum sec-butoxide as the alumina precursor and an amine surfactant as a hierarchical structure di...
On the approximate solution of complex combat games

We view air-to-air combat as a two-target differential game between armed opponents. Although it is presently beyond the state of the art to solve for the optimal controls for both of the opponents, we can constrain the game to searching for each initial condition for the "best" guidance law for each opponent from the sets of those considered. This constraint changes evaluation of the game to that of a discrete game, which can be solved by enumeration. As an example, a one-on-one two-dimensional air-to-air combat game has been designed. The game includes both attack and evasion guidance laws for both aircraft. To decide which of the guidance laws to use, the quantized initial-condition space is flooded with four simulated fights for each initial condition, depicting the strategies for the two opponents: attack-attack, attack-evasion, evasion-attack, and evasionevasion, and the outcomes are recorded. For each initial condition, the minimax procedure from discrete games selects the best choice from the available strategies for both players. The results are feedback and outcome charts that can be used to turn one of the automatic opponents into an intelligent opponent against a human pilot.
SuReQL: A subgraph match based relational model for large graphs

Due to the emergence of social networks and biological networks, large graph management and analysis becomes a research area with growing interests. In this paper, we study the problem of modelling large graphs. A subgraph match based relational model is designed to represent a large graph. In this model, subgraphs are considered as virtual relations; subgraph matches could be viewed as tuples; and vertices are treated as attributes. A set of relational algebra operators are defined on this model so that the model is relationally complete. An SQL-like query language, namely SuReQL, is invented to provide an easy interface to query the large graphs.
Pulmonary function in infiltrative lung disease.

Total lung capacity (TLC), vital capacity (VC), diffusing capacity (DL) and deflation pressure volume curves of the lung (PST) were measured in 33 patients with roentgenographic evidence of infiltrative lung disease. The decrease in TLC was a result of decrease in VC in all but three patients. When lung volume was reduced, PST was increased and when lung volume was normal, PST was also normal. Of 17 patients with normal TLC and PST, DL was reduced in 7 and normal in 10. Of 14 patients with reduced TLC and increased PST, DL was normal in 4 and reduced in 10. In this study, PST measurement did not contribute to quantitating lung disease independent of lung volume. DL measurements may be abnormal in the presence of normal lung volume. All these tests may be within normal range in the presence of extensive infiltrative disease on chest roentgenogram.
The effect of certification with the ISO 9000 Quality Management Standard: A signaling approach

Abstract Theory suggests that certification with a management standard may reduce information asymmetries in supply chains and thereby generate a competitive advantage for certified firms. This article uses an 11-year panel of U.S. manufacturing facilities to test whether certification with the ISO 9000 Quality Management Standard generates a competitive advantage. Results suggest that certified facilities grow faster after certification and that operational improvements do not account for this growth. Results also indicate that the growth effect is greater when buyers have greater difficulty acquiring information about suppliers.
Thermal conductivity of nanoscale colloidal solutions (nanofluids)

Researchers have been perplexed for the past five years with the unusually high thermal conductivity (k) of nanoparticle-laden colloidal solutions (nanofluids). Although various mechanisms and models have been proposed in the literature to explain the high k of these nanofluids, no concrete conclusions have been reached. Through an order-of-magnitude analysis of various possible mechanisms, we show that convection caused by the Brownian movement of these nanoparticles is primarily responsible for the enhancement in k of these colloidal nanofluids.
Acid rain in Asia

Acid rain has been an issue of great concern in North America and Europe during the past several decades. However, due to the passage of a number of recent regulations, most notably the Clean Air Act in the United States in 1990, there is an emerging perception that the problem in these Western nations is nearing solution. The situation in the developing world, particularly in Asia, is much bleaker. Given the policies of many Asian nations to achieve levels of development comparable with the industrialized world—which necessitate a significant expansion of energy consumption (most derived from indigenous coal reserves)—the potential for the formation of, and damage from, acid deposition in these developing countries is very high. This article delineates and assesses the emissions patterns, meteorology, physical geology, and biological and cultural resources present in various Asian nations. Based on this analysis and the risk factors to acidification, it is concluded that a number of areas in Asia are currently vulnerable to acid rain. These regions include Japan, North and South Korea, southern China, and the mountainous portions of Southeast Asia and southwestern India. Furthermore, with accelerated development (and its attendant increase in energy use and production of emissions of acid deposition precursors) in many nations of Asia, it is likely that other regions will also be affected by acidification in the near future. Based on the results of this overview, it is clear that acid deposition has significant potential to impact the Asian region. However, empirical evidence is urgently needed to confirm this and to provide early warning of increases in the magnitude and spread of acid deposition and its effects throughout this part of the world.
The inhibition of l(—)-palmitylcarnitine oxidation by α-ketoglutarate in rat liver mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of α-ketoglutarate addition to uncoupled rat liver mitochondria oxidizing L(—)-palmitylcarnitine plus L-malate was studied with regard to various metabolic parameters. 2. 2. L(—)-Palmitylcarnitine plus L-malate oxidation was strongly inhibited by α-ketoglutarate in uncoupled rat liver mitochondria. This inhibition was dependent upon the concentration of α-ketoglutarate. 3. 3. Citrate production was markedly inhibited following α-ketoglutarate addition but ketogenesis was not stimulated. The inhibition of citrate production was not correlated with a high ATP level in the mitochondrial suspension but followed closely the inhibition of oxygen consumption. 4. 4. ADP addition prevented the establishment of the α-ketoglutarate induced inhibitory state. The prevention of the inhibitory state by ADP addition was atractyloside sensitive but oligomycin insensitive. 5. 5. The inhibitory state induced by α-ketoglutarate oxidation was not specific for L(—)-palmitylcarnitine plus L-malate oxidation but caused strong inhibition of the oxidation of all NAD-linked substrates. Succinate oxidation was not affected. 6. 6. It is postulated that this inhibitory effect induced by α-ketoglutarate was due to an elevated intramitochondrial level of GTP which inhibited NAD-linked substrate oxidation.
College students' perceptions of persons with intellectual disability at three different ages

Studies of the perception of persons with intellectual disabilities have primarily focused on the evaluator's peers without specific reference to age or gender of the target person with intellectual disability. Using the semantic differential technique (assessments based on three independent factors: evaluation, activity and potency), 320 college students evaluated 1 person with intellectual disability, where gender (male, female) and age (3, 12, 20 years) were specified. Results indicated statistically different perceptions in the activity factor by age. The older the person with intellectually disability was, the more negative the perceptions on the activity factor. Implications of the results are discussed.
Analysis of complex lipid mixtures by thin-layer chromatography and complementary methods

Further work has been done on the application of thin-layer adsorption chromatography to the fractionation of complex lipid mixtures into classes.
Dynamic traction and early passive movement for fractures of the proximal interphalangeal joint

Unstable intra-articular fractures that involve the proximal and middle phalanges often lead to joint stiffness and loss of function. Ten patients with comminuted intra-articular fractures of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint were treated by dynamic traction splinting and early mobilizations. Distal traction, with a force of 300 g, was provided by a rubber band connecting a transosseous wire to a movable component on an arcuate splint made of thermoplastic material. Intermittent passive movement was carried out on a timed schedule. Follow-up at 16 months (5 months to 5 1/2 years) showed a pain-free final range of motion (ROM) of 87° (5° to 92°), with preservation of articular symmetry and space. This is the first report of treatment of intraarticular fractures in the hand by a combination of dynamic traction and passive movement.
Efficient datalink security in a bandwidth-limited mobile environment - an overview of the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN) security concept

When fully implemented, the global ATN will span organizational and international boundaries and facilitate implementation of air traffic management applications that improve communication reliability and maximize airspace utilization. To counter potential threats to these critical communications, the ATN specifies requirements for an integrated security solution. As described in this paper, the ATN security solution is based on an underlying open-system framework that supports cryptographic optimization techniques targeted to meet the specific challenges of the aeronautical communications environment. Application of this security solution provides the security services necessary to protect ATN communications while minimizing security overhead exchanged via the bandwidth-limited air-ground data link.
Processes Controlling the Initial Mass Function: Interstellar Turbulence and Magnetic Fields

The observed flattening of the initial stellar mass function at low mass can be accounted for in terms of the different interstellar cloud size-mass scaling and different ambipolar diffusion time scaling for small, thermally-supported clouds and larger clouds supported primarily by turbulent pressure.
Gait changes over time in stance control orthosis users

This report presents objective motion analysis measurements of 14 stance control orthoses (SCO) users during a prospective open-enrollment 6-month clinical field trial. Participants were fitted wit...
Women's Unemployment During Transition: Evidence from Czech and Slovak Micro-data

We analyse women’s weekly probabilities of leaving unemployment in the Czech and Slovak Republics (CR and SR) in order to investigate three questions: 1) Why are unemployment rates much lower in the CR than the SR?; 2) Does the unemployment compensation scheme (UCS) substantially lengthen unemploy-mentspells?; and 3) Why are women’s unemployment rates higher than men’s? We find that differences in the behaviour of the individuals, employers and institutions in the SR and CR (as measured by differences in coefficients) play a larger role in determining the CR’s shorter female unemployment spells than do differences in measured demand and demographic variables. The UCS has only a moderate effect on duration and its impact is greater in the CR. The differences between men’s and women’s spells (in each republic) are explained more by differences in coefficients than by differences in observed characteristics. JEL classification: C41, H53, J23, J64, O15, P2.
Small forces and large firms: Foundations of the RBV

The article presents a synthesis of several papers I have written, mostly in the economics literature, since the publication of ‘A resource-based view of the firm’ (Wernerfelt, 1984). The starting point is a very small force: the reduction in bargaining costs when several bargains are pooled into one. I show how one can construct a theory of the firm based on this force and defend the theory by arguing that it makes predictions consistent with several stylized facts. In addition, the theory suggests that firms should decide on their strategy and scope based on excess capacity of productive resources—exactly like the RBV.
On the Motion of a Rotating Circular Cylinder filled with Viscous Fluid

The solution for an infinite cylinder filled with viscous fluid, rotating about its axis under the action of a constant couple, has already been obtained by the present writer by the operational method of Heaviside and Bromwich, and previously by other means by T. H. Havelock.
Do parents value drowning prevention information at discharge from the emergency department

Abstract Study Objective: We determined parent recall and perceived usefulness of drowning prevention messages included in routine computer-generated discharge instructions. Methods: All pediatric emergency department patients' computerized discharge instructions included 3 prevention messages: wear a life vest, swim in safe areas, and do not drink alcohol while swimming or boating. Parents were telephoned 1 to 2 weeks after the visit and asked to recall the prevention messages and rate the usefulness of the instructions. Responses were linked with patient characteristics and ED visit variables (day and time of visit, duration of ED visit, severity of condition, diagnostic category, number of tests, and treatments). Results: Of 914 parents who were contacted, 795 were eligible. Of those, 619 (78%) completed the interview. Fifty percent of parents recalled receiving drowning prevention information; of these, 41% recalled unaided the life vest messages and 35% of 155 parents who did not own a life vest stated they would subsequently consider buying their child a life vest. Most (88%) rated the prevention information useful or very useful. No patient or visit variables were associated with usefulness ratings. Conclusion: Written injury prevention messages with discharge instructions were well received by parents of children in a pediatric ED. The ED may be a setting where families could receive injury prevention education.[Quan L, Bennett E, Cummings P, Henderson P, Del Beccaro MA. Do parents value drowning prevention information at discharge from the emergency department? Ann Emerg Med. April 2001;37:382-385.]
Characterization of an Epizootic of Pulmonary Edema in Swine Associated with Fumonisin in Corn Screenings

In 1989, corn screenings were associated with acute interstitial pulmonary edema, hydrothorax, and death in swine. Attack rate was 5-50%, case fatality rate was 50-90%, and clinical course was 1-2 days. Screenings from farms with pigs affected with pulmonary edema contained 20-330 micrograms fumonisin B1 per gram. Screenings containing 92 micrograms fumonisin B1 per gram fed to weanling pigs caused pulmonary edema and death. Sterilized corn inoculated with Fusarium moniliforme and diluted 1:1 with clean corn contained fumonisin B1 (17 micrograms/g) and caused acute pulmonary edema when fed for 5 days. Survivors developed subacute hepatotoxicosis with individual hepatocellular necrosis, hepatomegalocytosis, and increased numbers of mitotic figures. Similar liver lesions occurred in pigs given fumonisin B1 intravenously at 0.8 mg/kg body weight for 14 days.
Novel type of red-shifted chlorophyll a antenna complex from Chromera velia: II. Biochemistry and spectroscopy

A novel chlorophyll a containing pigment-protein complex expressed by cells of Chromera velia adapted to growth under red/far-red illumination [1]. Purification of the complex was achieved by means of anion-exchange chromatography and gel-filtration. The antenna is shown to be an aggregate of ~20kDa proteins of the light-harvesting complex (LHC) family, unstable in the isolated form. The complex possesses an absorption maximum at 705nm at room temperature in addition to the main chlorophyll a maximum at 677nm producing the major emission band at 714nm at room temperature. The far-red absorption is shown to be the property of the isolated aggregate in the intact form and lost upon dissociation. The purified complex was further characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. This work thus identified the third different class of antenna complex in C. velia after the recently described FCP-like and LHCr-like antennas. Possible candidates for red antennas are identified in other taxonomic groups, such as eustigmatophytes and the relevance of the present results to other known examples of red-shifted antenna from other organisms is discussed. This work appears to be the first successful isolation of a chlorophyll a-based far-red antenna complex absorbing above 700nm unrelated to LHCI.
Friend me or you'll strain us: understanding negative events that occur over social networking sites.

Abstract Social networking sites (SNSs) provide the ideal infrastructure for the maintenance of existing relationships and the development of new contacts. Although these Web-based technologies supplement offline relationships, several of their characteristics have the potential to provoke negative experiences. The interpersonal strain and other relational problems stemming from negative events have recently gained notoriety. This investigation examines personal accounts of users who have experienced these negative events, which are described as any encounter or behavior exercised by others that instigates interpersonal strain, on SNSs to understand better the nature of this phenomenon. Using a mixed-methods approach, open coding of open-ended responses revealed 10 negative event types that surface during participation on SNSs. Quantitative coding was then used to identify a cut-off point for the most frequently experienced negative events. The findings reveal that the three most commonly experienced nega...
The Use of Cyclododecane to Protect Delicate Fossils During Transportation

Physical examination and study of fossil vertebrates often requires partial or complete removal of delicate elements from a protective substrate. Although necessary for research, such extensive exp...
Hardware-software co-designing benchmark-driven superpipelined instruction set processors

This paper focuses on the issues of designing an optimal superpipelined ISP (instruction set processor) driven by a set of benchmark programs. Most issues discussed in this paper also apply to VLIW and superscalar processors. >
A simple method to derive bounds on the size and to train multilayer neural networks

A new derivation is presented for the bounds on the size of a multilayer neural network to exactly implement an arbitrary training set; namely the training set can be implemented with zero error with two layers and with the number of the hidden-layer neurons equal to Hash 1>or=p-1. The derivation does not require the separation of the input space by particular hyperplanes, as in previous derivations. The weights for the hidden layer can be chosen almost arbitrarily, and the weights for the output layer can be found by solving Hash 1+1 linear equations. The method presented exactly solves (M), the multilayer neural network training problem, for any arbitrary training set. >
The Role of Pulmonary Follow-up in Reducing Health Care Utilization in Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

ObjectiveTo determine whether pulmonary follow-up affects rates of rehospitalization and visitations to emergency departments (EDs) in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, the authors identified all preterm infants born at ≤32 weeks’ gestation with at least one outpatient visit to a pulmonary follow-up clinic at Children’s Hospital Boston or a high-risk primary neurodevelopmental follow-up clinic for preterm infants. ED visits and rehospitalizations were identified through electronic medical records.ResultsInfants with pulmonary follow-up compared with infants without pulmonary follow-up were, respectively, younger (mean gestational age 26.3 ± 2.3 vs 28.3 ± 2.3 weeks, P < .0001), smaller at birth (birth weight <1200 g, 87.6% vs 57.2%, P < .0001), and needed more supplemental oxygen (55.7% vs 2.6%, P < .0001) and diuretics (65.8% vs 4.7%, P < .001) at the time of discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Although rates of rehospitalization ...
Tip Clearance Investigation of a Ducted Fan Used in VTOL UAVS: Part 2—Novel Treatments via Computational Design and Their Experimental Verification

Ducted fan based vertical lift systems are excellent candidates to be in the group of the next generation vertical lift vehicles, with many potential applications in general aviation and military missions. Although ducted fans provide high performance in many ”Vertical Take-Off and Landing” (VTOL) applications, there are still unresolved problems associated with these systems. Fan rotor tip leakage flow adversely affects the general aerodynamic performance of ducted fan VTOL UAVs. The current study utilized a three dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) based CFD model of ducted fan for the development and design analysis of novel tip treatments. Various tip leakage mitigation schemes were introduced by varying the chordwise location and the width of the extension in the circumferential direction. Reduced tip clearance related flow interactions were essential in improving the energy efficiency and range of ducted fan based vehicles. Full and inclined pressure side tip squealers were also designed. Squealer tips were effective in changing the overall trajectory of the tip vortex to a higher path in radial direction. The interaction of rotor blades and tip vortex was effectively reduced and the aerodynamic performance of the rotor blades was improved. The overall aerodynamic gain was a measurable reduction in leakage mass flow rate. This leakage reduction increased thrust significantly. Experimental measure
Optical and millimetre wave pulse propagation through fog and rain layers

Pulse propagation in random media is studied by solving the two-frequency radiative transfer equation and transforming the solution into the time domain via Fourier transforms. We briefly review several known techniques of solving the radiative transfer equation and describe a simple and effective finite element method which allows for the investigation of pulse propagation through highly anisotropic media. Specifically, pulse delay and broadening are calculated by solving the radiative transfer equation with empirically determined coefficients for fog and rain layers. In addition, first-order multiple scattering and diffusion approximations are compared to the solutions of the radiative transfer equation, and are found to be useful depending on the values of the single-scattering albedo, optical depth and asymmetry parameter.
No Man Is an Island: The Need to Belong and Dismissing Avoidant Attachment Style

The need to belong theory proposes that all human beings need social connections. However, dismissive avoidant individuals claim to be comfortable without close relationships and appear to be indifferent to how other people think of them. The current studies examined the association between dismissing avoidant attachment and the desire to feel accepted by others. In Study 1, high-dismissive participants reported experiencing higher than average levels of positive affect and state self-esteem after learning that other participants accepted them. In Study 2, high-dismissive participants felt better about themselves and experienced higher levels of positive affect after learning that in the future they would be successful in interpersonal relative to independent domains or controls. The results of these studies suggest that dismissive avoidants do not represent a counterexample to the hypothesis that all human beings have a fundamental need and desire to belong.
Investigation of Geometric Imperfection in Inflatable Aerospace Structures

Communication and solar array inflated structures must be deployed to a very precise geometric configuration in order to meet quality requirements of their application. The focus of this paper is on geometric imperfections associated with inflated structures. To further understand some of the elements, that derive imperfection in a parabolic inflated communication and solar array structures, a computational model is proposed. This computational approach is dictated by the geometric complexity, deformation sensitivity as function of load and boundary conditions, and nonlinear characteristics of inflated structure assemblies. The deformation of a single component depends on the flexibility/stiffness of other components due to their interaction. In order to simulate such deformations of the multicomponent inflated structure, in the present study, the computational model consists of main parabolic shape envelope (reflector and canopy), torus, and catenary’s support and uses geometric nonlinear finite element....
Incorporating Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations to Promote Holistic Communication Between Older Adults and Nursing Students:

With the increased life expectancy, older adults will interact with multiple health care providers to manage acute and chronic conditions. These interactions include nursing students who use various health care settings to meet the clinical practicum requirements of their programs. Nursing faculty are charged with facilitating students' learning throughout the program from basic human needs, to holistic communication, to advanced medical surgical concepts. Despite educating students on holistic communication, there remains a lack of a reliable framework to undertake the task of teaching holistic communication skills. Nursing students preparing to function as licensed practitioners need to develop appropriate knowledge to holistically care for older adults. The purpose of this article is to examine Hildegard Peplau's interpersonal relations theory as a framework to assist nursing students to understand holistic communication skills during their encounters with older adults. Peplau's theory provides nursing a useful set of three interlocking and oftentimes overlapping working phases for nurses' interaction with patients in the form of the nurse-patient relationship. Nursing education could adopt the three phases of Peplau's interpersonal relations theory to educate students on holistically communicating with older adults.
From Field to Table: A Review on the Microbiological Quality and Safety of Wheat-Based Products

Throughout history, wheat-based foods have been considered among the safest of all foods produced for human consumption. In part, this claim reflects both the low risk profile of low-moisture foods and the thermal processes used to produce the finished product. Nevertheless, raw flour contains a number of potential hazards, which, if not properly managed, may have the potential to result in serious public health consequences. These hazards are mostly microbiological in origin and arise mainly during production and distribution through the wheat supply chain. The physical processes carried out during milling have minimal impact on the level of contamination present on grain; therefore, the initial microbiological quality of wheat grain has a strong influence on the ultimate quality and safety of milling end products. Although most flour-based foods are processed and consumed in forms that are less likely to be contaminated with pathogens, refrigerated dough products have the potential to be a safety hazard...
Single-Molecule Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging: From Early Steps to Recent Advances

The initial steps toward optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules arose out of the study of spectral hole-burning in inhomogeneously broadened optical absorption profiles of molecular impurities in solids at low temperatures. Spectral signatures relating to the fluctuations of the number of molecules in resonance led to the attainment of the single-molecule limit in 1989. In the early 1990s, many fascinating physical effects were observed for individual molecules such as spectral diffusion, optical switching, vibrational spectra, and magnetic resonance of a single molecular spin. Since the mid-1990s when experiments moved to room temperature, a wide variety of biophysical effects may be explored, and a number of physical phenomena from the low temperature studies have analogs at high temperature. Recent advances worldwide cover a huge range, from in vitro studies of enzymes, proteins, and oligonucleotides, to observations in real time of a single protein performing a specific function inside a living cell. Because each single fluorophore acts a light source roughly 1 nm in size, microscopic observation of individual fluorophores leads naturally to localization beyond the optical diffraction limit. Combining this with active optical control of the number of emitting molecules leads to superresolution imaging, a new frontier for optical microscopy beyond the optical diffraction limit and for chemical design of photoswitchable fluorescent labels. Finally, to study one molecule in aqueous solution without surface perturbations, a new electrokinetic trap is described (the ABEL trap) which can trap single small biomolecules without the need for large dielectric beads.
A Novel Time-Varying Spectral Filtering Algorithm for Reconstruction of Motion Artifact Corrupted Heart Rate Signals During Intense Physical Activities Using a Wearable Photoplethysmogram Sensor

Accurate estimation of heart rates from photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals during intense physical activity is a very challenging problem. This is because strenuous and high intensity exercise can result in severe motion artifacts in PPG signals, making accurate heart rate (HR) estimation difficult. In this study we investigated a novel technique to accurately reconstruct motion-corrupted PPG signals and HR based on time-varying spectral analysis. The algorithm is called Spectral filter algorithm for Motion Artifacts and heart rate reconstruction (SpaMA). The idea is to calculate the power spectral density of both PPG and accelerometer signals for each time shift of a windowed data segment. By comparing time-varying spectra of PPG and accelerometer data, those frequency peaks resulting from motion artifacts can be distinguished from the PPG spectrum. The SpaMA approach was applied to three different datasets and four types of activities: (1) training datasets from the 2015 IEEE Signal Process. Cup Database recorded from 12 subjects while performing treadmill exercise from 1 km/h to 15 km/h; (2) test datasets from the 2015 IEEE Signal Process. Cup Database recorded from 11 subjects while performing forearm and upper arm exercise. (3) Chon Lab dataset including 10 min recordings from 10 subjects during treadmill exercise. The ECG signals from all three datasets provided the reference HRs which were used to determine the accuracy of our SpaMA algorithm. The performance of the SpaMA approach was calculated by computing the mean absolute error between the estimated HR from the PPG and the reference HR from the ECG. The average estimation errors using our method on the first, second and third datasets are 0.89, 1.93 and 1.38 beats/min respectively, while the overall error on all 33 subjects is 1.86 beats/min and the performance on only treadmill experiment datasets (22 subjects) is 1.11 beats/min. Moreover, it was found that dynamics of heart rate variability can be accurately captured using the algorithm where the mean Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the power spectral densities of the reference and the reconstructed heart rate time series was found to be 0.98. These results show that the SpaMA method has a potential for PPG-based HR monitoring in wearable devices for fitness tracking and health monitoring during intense physical activities.
Structure Determination of Large Macromolecular Complexes Using NMR

Structures of macromolecular complexes are essential for understanding diverse biological processes involved in signal transduction and transcription. Many such complexes are relatively weak and not amenable to crystallographic analysis. Intelligent application of nuclear magnetic resonance, in combination with solution X-ray scattering and sophisticated simulated annealing strategies, can make significant contributions to probing the structures of such complexes in solution in instances where structures of individual domains or proteins are known. This article briefly summarizes advances in this area.
Occupational factors associated with obesity and leisure-time physical activity among nurses: A cross sectional study

Background and objective Adverse working conditions contribute to obesity and physical inactivity. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of occupational factors with obesity and leisure-time physical activity among nurses.
Emergency contraception: Sources of information and perceptions of access among young adults

Emergency contraception (EC) can prevent pregnancy for up to 5 days after unprotected sex. Although EC has become increasingly available, little is known about perceptions of young adults regarding access to EC or whether information sources about EC relate to perceived access among young adults. Over a 1-week period in November 2013, a self-report survey was administered to 352 college students (67% women) at the student union of a large, public university in the southeastern United States. The survey assessed three aspects of EC: perceived access, information sources, and prior use. Twenty-one percent of participants had used EC. Participants reported relatively high perceptions of access to EC, with females reporting higher perceptions of access than males. Prior to the study, 7.4% of students had never heard of EC; the remaining students had heard of EC from an average of four sources. Among women, hearing of EC from media, interpersonal, or health education sources was significantly associated with greater perceived access (ps .10). Future EC awareness efforts for women should leverage all three of these sources, while future research should examine specific sources to focus on the content, quality, and frequency of messages.
A distant trophoblast-specific enhancer controls HLA-G expression at the maternal–fetal interface

HLA-G, a nonclassical HLA molecule uniquely expressed in the placenta, is a central component of fetus-induced immune tolerance during pregnancy. The tissue-specific expression of HLA-G, however, remains poorly understood. Here, systematic interrogation of the HLA-G locus using massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) uncovered a previously unidentified cis-regulatory element 12 kb upstream of HLA-G with enhancer activity, Enhancer L Strikingly, clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated deletion of this enhancer resulted in ablation of HLA-G expression in JEG3 cells and in primary human trophoblasts isolated from placenta. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that Enhancer L specifically controls HLA-G expression. Moreover, DNase-seq and chromatin conformation capture (3C) defined Enhancer L as a cell type-specific enhancer that loops into the HLA-G promoter. Interestingly, MPRA-based saturation mutagenesis of Enhancer L identified motifs for transcription factors of the CEBP and GATA families essential for placentation. These factors associate with Enhancer L and regulate HLA-G expression. Our findings identify long-range chromatin looping mediated by core trophoblast transcription factors as the mechanism controlling tissue-specific HLA-G expression at the maternal-fetal interface. More broadly, these results establish the combination of MPRA and CRISPR/Cas9 deletion as a powerful strategy to investigate human immune gene regulation.
The significance of the level of serum IL-21 level in children with acute Kawasaki disease

Objective To probe the serum IL-21 level in children with acute Kawasaki disease. Methods The level of serum IL-21 from 60 children with acute KD and that in 40 normal children were detected by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay(ELISA) respectively. Results The level of serum IL-21 in acute KD patients was obviously higher than that in healthy control(P0.05). In addition,the level of serum IL-21 level in acute KD patients showed positive correlation with the degree of coronary artery dilatation(r =0.497,P 0.05). Conclusion The evident increase of serum IL-21 level in acute KD patients has positive correlation with the degree of coronary artery dilatation,which suggests that IL-21 may play a activity in KD. It takes important part in the development of KD,and is an evident mark to predict the complication occurence of CAL in acute KD patients.
Postcardiotomy ECMO Support after High-risk Operations in Adult Congenital Heart Disease.

Background Cardiac operations in high-risk adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients may require mechanical circulatory support (MCS), such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or intraaortic balloon pump (IABP), to allow the cardiopulmonary system to recover. Methods We reviewed records for all ACHD patients who required MCS following cardiotomy at our institution from 1/2001 to 12/2013. Results During the study period, 2264 (mean age 39.1 years, females ∼54.1%) operations were performed in ACHD patients of whom 24 (1.1%) required postoperative MCS (14 males; median age 41 years, range 22–75). Preoperatively the 24 patients had a mean systemic ventricular ejection fraction of 47% (range 10–66%); 72% of these patients were in NYHA class III/IV heart failure. The common underlying diagnoses included pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (20%), tetralogy of Fallot (16%), Ebstein anomaly (12%), cc-TGA (12%), septal defects (12%), and others (28%). Operations performed were valvular operations with/without maze (58.2%), Fontan conversion (21%), coronary bypass grafting with valvular operations (12.5%), and heart transplant (8.3%). Indications for MCS were left-sided (systemic) heart failure (32%), right-sided (subpulmonary) heart failure (24%), biventricular heart failure (36%), persistent arrhythmia (4%), and hypoxemia (4%). Forty-two percent were placed on ECMO only; in the second group, IABP was attempted and subsequently followed by ECMO initiation. The mean duration of MCS was 8.4 days (range 0.8–35.4). Common morbidities included coagulopathy (60%), renal failure (56%), and arrhythmia (48%). Overall, 46% of patients survived to hospital discharge. Deaths were due to either multi organ failure or the underlying cardiac disease; sepsis was the primary cause of death in one patient. Median follow-up for survivors was 41 months (maximum 106 months). NYHA functional class was I/II in all 8 late survivors. Conclusions Following complex operations in high-risk ACHD patients, MCS may be required. Despite significant morbidity, nearly half of patients survive to hospital discharge.
The Primacy of Politics: The Background and the Foundations

In the nineteenth century, Europe underwent an economic, political, and social transformation. The spread of capitalism increased the continent's wealth and dynamism, which in turn fostered the diffusion of European culture and civilization across the globe. The forces that were driving Europe to the height of its power, however, were also generating social and political turmoil. Dissatisfaction with the reigning liberal order grew over the course of the nineteenth century. Ultimately, the practical consequences of unfettered capitalism – dramatic inequalities, social dislocation, and atomization – generated a backlash against liberalism and a search for ideological alternatives. As one of the great observers of the liberalism of the era, L. T. Hobhouse, noted, if “The nineteenth century might be called the age of Liberalism …its close saw the fortunes of that great movement brought to its lowest ebb.” The most important challenge from the left came in the form of Marxism, which during the second half of the century gathered enough adherents to spawn its own political movement. By the time of the Second International, (1889–1914), orthodox Marxism had become the dominant doctrine within most socialist parties. The most distinctive features of this orthodox Marxism were historical materialism and class struggle, which combined to produce a view of history as being propelled forward by economic development and the ever-sharpening class conflict generated by it.
A Family of Solution Fixed Point Maps: Partial Decoupling

For the remainder of the book, we restrict our attention to the drift-diffusion model. Moreover, we employ the so-called quasi-Fermi levels, originally introduced in Chap. 2, and designated below by v and w. For our purposes, we shall thus study variants of the following model, discussed in §2.5.
The Mediation of Racial Differences in Hypertension by Sleep Characteristics: Chicago Area Sleep Study.

Background Racial disparities in hypertension prevalence in the United States are established. Given our understanding of racial and ethnic disparities in sleep characteristics and demonstrated associations between sleep characteristics and hypertension, we tested whether sleep characteristics mediated racial disparities in hypertension. Methods Analyses were performed in the Chicago Area Sleep Study, a population-based cohort study of 154 Blacks, 128 Whites, 103 Hispanics, and 109 Asians without obstructive sleep apnea. Participants underwent 7 days of wrist actigraphy monitoring. Algorithms were used to determine sleep duration and sleep maintenance (the percent of sleep in the sleep period). Hypertension was determined as systolic blood pressure >140mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure >90mm Hg or the use of antihypertensive medications. We estimated sample prevalence ratios for hypertension before and after adjustment for sleep characteristics and also conducted mediation analysis. Results The sample prevalence of hypertension was highest in Blacks (36%), followed by Hispanics (14%), Asians (8%), and Whites (5%). The sample prevalence ratio for hypertension for Blacks vs. Whites was 5.52 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.36, 13.23) after adjusting for age, sex, and education. Adjustment for sleep duration had no influence on the effect estimate, but adjustment for sleep maintenance attenuated the sample prevalence ratio to 4.55 (95% CI: 1.91, 11.14). Sleep maintenance mediated 11.4% of the difference in hypertension prevalence between Blacks and Whites in this sample. Conclusions Sleep maintenance mediated a small but significant portion of the disparity in hypertension between Blacks and Whites. Future research should investigate the mechanisms underlying these findings.