cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring diverse students' trends in chemistry self-efficacy throughout a semester of college-level preparatory chemistry

Chemistry self-efficacy has been defined as a student's beliefs about his or her own capability to perform a given chemistry task. These chemistry self-efficacy beliefs can be influenced by students' experiences in a course, and eventually, these beliefs could affect students' decisions to continue into STEM related-careers. In this study, we examined students' chemistry self-efficacy throughout a semester in a college preparatory chemistry course for science majors. Students' chemistry self-efficacy was measured five times during a semester using items from the Chemistry Attitudes and Experiences Questionnaire (CAEQ). A multilevel modeling analysis was performed with a growth curve model to examine changes in self-efficacy across the term, including the potential for differences by sex and race/ethnicity. Differences in expected CSE scores were noticeable at the beginning of the semester, but this gap was smaller by the end of the semester. Higher initial CSE scores and a negative trend as the term continued were observed for Black and Hispanic males when compared with White males. In contrast, the CSE trend for Hispanic females was found to be positive. The findings in this study showed the importance of measuring CSE beliefs at multiple time points and for students from demographic groups underrepresented in STEM fields, being alert to the potential for different CSE trajectories.
LYMPHOID CELLS IN DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY III. THE INFLUENCE OF X-IRRADIATION ON PASSIVE TRANSFER AND ON IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF SOLUBLE MEDIATORS

X-irradiation up to 480 R does not inhibit either adoptive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity or production in vitro of soluble mediators, such as migration-inhibitory factor (MIF). Above that dosage and as high as 3000 R, adoptive transfer is inhibited, but production of MIF is not. An increase in skin response occurred when 24-48 hr were allowed to elapse after intravenous transfer and before skin testing. Treatment of recipients with colchicine at the time of adoptive transfer inhibited the development of a skin reaction to specific antigen.
Work-Family Spillover and Health during Midlife: Is Managing Conflict Everything?:

Abstract Purpose. To examine the association between multiple dimensions of work-family spillover, and physical and mental health among working midlife adults. Design. Cross-sectional analyses of self reported data. Setting. The National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS), 1995. Subjects. Employed adults aged 35-65 years (n = 1547) who participated in the telephone interview and returned the mail-back questionnaires of the MIDUS (overall response rate of 60.8%). Measures. Independent variables included negative spillover from work to family, positive spillover from work to family, negative spillover from family to work, positive spillover from family to work. Self-rated physical health, chronic conditions, obesity, self-rated mental health, negative psychological well-being, and positive psychological well-being were outcomes. Results. Independent of negative spillover between work and family, more positive spillover from work to family was associated with better physical health (o...
Dysregulation of TrkB phosphorylation and proBDNF protein in adenylyl cyclase 1 and 8 knockout mice in a model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mediates neuron growth and is regulated by adenylyl cyclases (ACs). Mice lacking AC1/8 (DKO) have a basal reduction in the dendritic complexity of medium spiny neurons in the caudate putamen and demonstrate increased neurotoxicity in the striatum following acute neonatal ethanol exposure compared to wild type (WT) controls, suggesting a compromise in BDNF regulation under varying conditions. Although neonatal ethanol exposure can negatively impact BDNF expression, little is known about the effect on BDNF receptor activation and its downstream signaling, including Akt activation, an established neuroprotective pathway. Therefore, here we determined the effects of AC1/8 deletion and neonatal ethanol administration on BDNF and proBDNF protein expression, and activation of tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), Akt, ERK1/2, and PLCγ. WT and DKO mice were treated with a single dose of 2.5 g/kg ethanol or saline at postnatal days 5-7 to model late-gestational alcohol exposure. Striatal and cortical tissues were analyzed using a BDNF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or immunoblotting for proBDNF, phosphorylated and total TrkB, Akt, ERK1/2, and PLCɣ1. Neither postnatal ethanol exposure nor AC1/8 deletion affected total BDNF protein expression at any time point in either region examined. Neonatal ethanol increased the expression of proBDNF protein in the striatum of WT mice 6, 24, and 48 h after exposure, with DKO mice demonstrating a reduction in proBDNF expression 6 h after exposure. Six and 24 h after ethanol administration, phosphorylation of full-length TrkB in the striatum was significantly reduced in WT mice, but was significantly increased in DKO mice only at 24 h. Interestingly, 48 h after ethanol, both WT and DKO mice demonstrated a reduction in phosphorylated full-length TrkB. In addition, Akt and PLCɣ1 phosphorylation was also decreased in ethanol-treated DKO mice 48 h after injection. These data demonstrate dysregulation of a potential survival pathway in the AC1/8 knockout mice following early-life ethanol exposure.
Changing ventilator graphics in a patient with massive cerebral hemorrhage.

A 56-year-old woman with poorly controlled hypertension presented to the emergency department with aphasia, right-sided weakness, and an arterial blood pressure of 250/130 mm Hg. A computed tomography scan revealed a large left-sided cerebral hemorrhage. The patient’s neurologic condition worsened and she was intubated and mechanically ventilated (7200 ventilator, Puritan-Bennett, Pleasanton, California). On hospital day 3 her ventilator settings were: continuous mandatory ventilation mode, frequency 12 breaths/min, tidal volume 600 mL, fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) 0.35, peak inspiratory flow 70 L/min with a decelerating flow pattern. During a routine ventilator check the peak inspiratory pressure was 15 cm H2O and the total respiratory frequency was 18 breaths/min. The pressure/time and flow/time curves from the ventilator’s graphic monitor were unremarkable (not recorded). A few minutes later the low inspiratory pressure limit (set at 10 cm H2O) alarmed; a quick inspection revealed no circuit leaks or disconnection. Figure 1 shows the ventilator’s pressure/time and flow/time curves during that situation. The curves in Figure 2 were recorded 5 minutes after those in Figure 1.
Understanding the influence of adversaries in distributed systems

Transitioning from a centralized to a distributed decision-making strategy can create vulnerability to adversarial manipulation. We study the potential for adversarial manipulation in a class of graphical coordination games where the adversary can pose as a friendly agent in the game, thereby directly influencing the decision-making rules of a subset of agents. The adversary's influence can cascade throughout the system, indirectly influencing other agents' behavior and significantly impacting the emergent collective behavior. The main results in this paper focus on characterizing conditions by which the adversary's local influence can dramatically impact the emergent global behavior, e.g., destabilize efficient equilibria.
Delineation of gliomas with various doses of MR contrast material

PURPOSE To examine the effects of different gadolinium doses on the delineation of gliomas, particularly the demonstration of abnormal enhancement on T1-weighted images extending beyond the zone of apparent signal abnormality on corresponding T2-weighted images. METHODS During phase II clinical trials of gadoteridol, 23 patients with pathologically proved gliomas were studied by MR with various doses of gadoteridol, ranging from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/kg. RESULTS All of the gliomas were readily detected by T2-weighted images. Twelve of 23 patients demonstrated enhancement on T1-weighted images extending beyond the zone of apparent signal abnormality demonstrated on T2-weighted images. These findings were seen in none of the six patients (0%) studied at 0.05 mmol/kg, one of five patients (20%) studied at 0.1 mmol/kg, four of five patients (80%) studied at 0.2 mmol/kg, and seven of seven patients (100%) studied at 0.3 mmol/kg. CONCLUSIONS The detection of symptomatic gliomas does not require a contrast agent because they are generally large and readily demonstrated on T2-weighted images. However, the area of postcontrast enhancement of gliomas seems to be greater with higher doses of contrast agent. The cause of the abnormal enhancement extending beyond the zone of apparent signal abnormality on T2-weighted images seen in this limited study is unknown and probably represents tumor infiltration. The frequency of detection of such findings appears to be proportional to the dose of contrast material used.
PATHOGENICITY OF E1 AND E4 STRAINS OF PORCINE ENTEROVIRUSES IN SPECIFIC PATHOGEN-FREE PIGS.

Europe produced a severe nervous disease with high mortality in pigs and was associated with natural epizootics of polioencephalomyelitis (Trefney, 1930; Mayr and Hecke, 1960). The poliomyelitis suum virus which was isolated in Demark was serologically related to the Teschen group but was of a considerably milder virulence (Bendixon and Sjolte, 1955). In England the Talfan virus was isolated from a mild
Light-assisted anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays

Self-assembled arrays of titania nanotubes are synthesized via electrochemical anodization of Ti foils under the presence of UV–vis irradiation. Compared to control samples (anodized without light), the light-assisted anodized samples exhibit larger diameters as well as thicker nanotube walls, whereas the length of the nanotubes remains the same under otherwise similar synthesis conditions. Enhanced photoelectrochemical performance with light-assisted anodized samples under simulated AM 1.5 irradiation is observed by an increase in photocurrent density of 45–73% at 1.23 V (RHE). The enhanced photoelectrochemical performance is correlated to improved charge separation analyzed by Mott–Schottky. A mechanism on the photoeffect during anodization is presented. The morphology and improved properties obtained from the synthesis methodology may also find application in other fields such as sensing and catalysis
A framework for partitioning plant rooting profiles from neighbours using multiple data types

Aim Vertical root distributions (‘profiles’) influence plant water use and productivity, and the differentiation of root profiles between neighbouring species can indicate the degree of plant interactions and niche partitioning. However, quantifying multiple species' root distributions in the field can be labour intensive and highly destructive to the soil and plants. We describe a method for partitioning multiple species roots using minimally destructive methods to determine if neighbour interactions alter the root profile of a common desert shrub, Larrea tridentata (creosote bush). Location Sonoran Desert, central Arizona, USA. Methods We obtained root and soil samples from soil cores collected around Larrea growing alone and next to three different neighbouring species. Bulk root mass was measured for each soil sample, and Larrea and neighbouring species root presence was determined with molecular identification methods. Water extracted from the soil and paired stem samples was analysed for its stable isotope composition (D and 18O). Species-specific (i.e. Larrea and neighbouring species) root biomass and fractional active root area were estimated through a hierarchical statistical modelling approach that combined all three data sets and accounted for detection errors. Results The combined data model successfully partitioned Larrea root biomass from neighbouring plants and provided biologically relevant estimates of rooting profiles with greater certainty than individual analyses of each data source. The data model results indicate that plant neighbours alter Larrea's root profile; Larrea growing under tree species had significantly higher root biomass in shallow soil layers than Larrea growing alone. Conclusions Our framework requires minimally destructive sampling methods, and accounts for sampling errors associated with different methods. We demonstrate the utility of our approach with a common desert shrub species, which illustrated that plant neighbours can alter the Larrea vertical root profile. Our approach is useful in problematic study systems fraught with sample collection issues or supporting species with inhibitory compounds that prohibit the use of more sophisticated molecular methods to identify the presence of other species' roots.
0.13μm CMOS on-chip pulse forming circuit for short pulse generation

A traditional short pulse generator based on pulse forming circuit is implemented in a commercial 0.13 μm CMOS technology.This circuit is analyzed through CadenceTM Spectre simulation in which a standard on-chip meandered coplanar waveguide(CPW) is used as the pulse forming line and a CMOS transistor is used as the switch.An output pulse with the width of 8ps can be obtained when the length of CPW is 268μm.The proposed circuit with 4mm length CPW is fabricated and the pulses of ～160ps durations and 110-180 mV amplitudes on a 50Ω load are obtained when the power supply is tuned from 1.2 V to 2.0V.
Using Patient Perspectives to Inform the Development of a Behavioral Intervention for Chronic Pain in Patients with HIV: A Qualitative Study.

Background. Chronic pain is a common and disabling comorbidity in individuals living with HIV. Behavioral interventions are among the most effective and safe nonpharmacologic treatments for chronic pain. However, the success of a behavioral intervention is influenced by how well it is tailored to the target population’s biological, psychological, and social context. Given well-documented psychosocial vulnerabilities among persons with HIV, it is critical to develop a behavioral intervention for chronic pain tailored to this population. Objective . To use qualitative methods to investigate patient preferences for the structure and delivery of a behavioral intervention for chronic pain in individuals with HIV. Methods . Interviews and focus groups were used to elicit participant preferences. A thematic analysis approach, with an initial round of open coding, was used to develop the codebook and analyze the data. Results. Qualitative data from 12 interviews and 3 focus groups with patients living with HIV and chronic pain (total N = 24) were analyzed. Emergent themes fell into four major categories: perceived value of group sessions, incorporating peer leadership, and two key elements of how the intervention should be delivered: the HIV status of group participants and views on phone-delivered intervention content. Discussion . This study provides a framework for the structure and delivery of a behavioral intervention for chronic pain in individuals with HIV based on patient preferences. We will use these results to design our intervention, and hope that our approach informs the work of investigators in other disciplines who seek to incorporate patient preferences during intervention development.
Trans-generational specificity within a cnidarian–algal symbiosis

Ocean warming and other anthropogenic stresses threaten the symbiosis between tropical reef cnidarians and their dinoflagellate endosymbionts (Symbiodinium). Offspring of many cnidarians acquire their algal symbionts from the environment, and such flexibility could allow corals to respond to environmental changes between generations. To investigate the effect of both habitat and host genotype on symbiont acquisition, we transplanted aposymbiotic offspring of the common Caribbean octocoral Briareum asbestinum to (1) an environmentally different habitat that lacked B. asbestinum and (2) an environmentally similar habitat where local adults harbored Symbiodinium phylotypes that differed from parental colonies. Symbiont acquisition and establishment of symbioses over time was followed using a within-clade DNA marker (23S chloroplast rDNA) and a within-phylotype marker (unique alleles at a single microsatellite locus). Early in the symbiosis, B. asbestinum juveniles harbored multiple symbiont phylotypes, regardless of source (parent or site). However, with time (~4 yr), offspring established symbioses with the symbiont phylotype dominant in the parental colonies, regardless of transplant location. Within-phylotype analyses of the symbionts revealed a similar pattern, with offspring acquiring the allelic variant common in symbionts in the parental population regardless of the environment in which the offspring was reared. These data suggest that in this host species, host–symbiont specificity is a genetically determined trait. If this level of specificity is widespread among other symbiotic cnidarians, many cnidarian–algal symbioses may not be able to respond to rapid, climate change-associated environmental changes by means of between-generation switching of symbionts.
Altered natal dispersal at the range periphery: The role of behavior, resources, and maternal condition

United States Forest Service; University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station; Joint Fire Sciences Program Graduate Research Innovations [3005940]; University of Arizona NASA Space Grant Consortium Fellowship; University of Arizona Institute of the Environment Carson Scholars Fellowship; American Society of Mammalogists; American Museum of Natural History Theodore Roosevelt Graduate Student Research Award; Southwestern Association of Naturalists Howard McCarley Student Research Award; T & E Inc. Grants for Conservation Biology
The Importance of Viral Foodborne Illnesses Short Review

Virus borne disease arises from contaminated food which can occur in all stages of food handling Recently viral cases have been a load issue and significantly causes to most food borne illnesses Thus the need of their fast detection and finding the disinfecting methods is sought nbsp
When does cognitive decline occur in the period prior to the first episode of schizophrenia

Cognitive impairment is common in people with schizophrenia. These impairments are detectable prior to any signs of illness in people who are destined to develop the disease and they are as severe at the time of the first psychotic episode as they are after many years of illness. It was formerly believed that the major decline from the minor impairments seen in childhood to those seen at the time of the first episode occurred during the prodrome. Recent data suggests that there is little cognitive decline during the prodrome and that at the detection of the prodrome, decline has already occurred. Thus, the period of cognitive decline must be very early in the prodrome to psychosis.
Why Environmental Policies Fail

This book is for those who are not just interested in the ways humans have harmfully altered their environment, but instead wish to learn why the many governmental policies in place to curb such behavior have been unsuccessful. Since humans began to exploit natural resources for their own economic ends, we have ignored a central principle: nature and humans are not separate, but are a unified, interconnected system in which neither is superior to the other. Policy must reflect this reality. We failed to follow this principle in exploiting natural capital without expecting to pay any price, and in hurriedly adopting environmental laws and policies that reflected how we wanted nature to work instead of how it does work. This study relies on more accurate models for how nature works and humans behave. These models suggest that environmental laws should be consistent with the laws of nature.
The Cross Talk Between the Central Nervous System, Bone, and Energy Metabolism

Most physiological functions rely on a network of interorgan communication. Mouse genetics has revived this holistic views on physiology through the identification of novel interorgan communications that are unanticipated, functionally important, and would have been difficult to uncover otherwise. This chapter highlights this aspect of physiology by showing on the one hand, how the central nervous system regulates bone physiology and on the other hand, how bone influences several physiological processes as an endocrine organ.
Measurement of Lysosomal Size and Lysosomal Marker Intensities in Adult Caenorhabditis elegans

Assays have been developed to study trafficking in various tissues of Caenorhabditis elegans. Adult C. elegans intestinal cells are large and have extensive endocytic networks, thus making them a good system for deciphering the endocytic pathway using live imaging techniques. However, the presence of auto-fluorescent gut granules in adult intestine can interfere with the signals of endocytic compartment reporters, like GFP. Here we demonstrate a protocol adapted from the original method developed by the Grant laboratory to identify signals from reporters in adult intestinal cells. The goal of this protocol is to identify endocytic compartments tagged with fluorescent markers without any confounding effects of background autofluorescent gut granules in adult intestinal cells of Caenorhabditis elegans.
The capacity of trans-saccadic memory in visual search

Maintaining a continuous, stable perception of the visual world relies on the ability to integrate information from previous fixations with the current one. An essential component of this integration is trans-saccadic memory (TSM), memory for information across saccades. TSM capacity may play a limiting role in tasks requiring efficient trans-saccadic integration, such as multiple-fixation visual search tasks. We estimated TSM capacity and investigated its relationship to visual short-term memory (VSTM) using two visual search tasks, one in which participants maintained fixation while saccades were simulated and another where participants made a sequence of actual saccades. We derived a memory-limited ideal observer model to estimate lower-bounds on memory capacities from human search performance. Analysis of the single-fixation search task resulted in capacity estimates (4-8 bits) consistent with those reported for traditional VSTM tasks. However, analysis of the multiple-fixation search task resulted in capacity estimates (15-32 bits) significantly larger than those measured for VSTM. Our results suggest that TSM plays an important role in visual search tasks, that the effective capacity of TSM is greater than or equal to that of VSTM, and that the TSM capacity of human observers significantly limits performance in multiple-fixation visual search tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Free Press and National Security: Renewing the Case for a Federal Shield Law

Freedom of the press is a cherished freedom enshrined in the First Amendment and upheld in myriad contexts. However, under the prevailing case law and without a federal shield law, the executive branch may be able to “annex the journalistic profession as an investigative arm of government” to reveal its‘confidential’ sources as aid to prosecution. This would serve to chill the freedom of the press and conflicts with the spirit of the First Amendment. In many cases, courts have failed to extend the common law to such protection. The legislative branch should step in to make such protection clear. For example, in the field of national security, where the stakes are so high, the Government utilizes federal laws, such as the Espionage Act, to prosecute so state shield laws provide inconsistent and insufficient protection against federal prosecution. The case for a federal shield law is heightened in the matters of national security, which is different and where, arguably, the stakes are higher. Based upon the aforementioned discussion, this Article reinvigorates the argument in favor of a federal reporter’s shield law, specifically implemented as an evidentiary privilege under the Federal Rules of Evidence.
A Case for Using Locally Relevant Case-based Instruction in Recreation Education

AbstractRecreation is an applied field, like medicine, business, and law. These applied fields are replete with complex and ambiguous problems that are constantly faced by practitioners. As educato...
MONTAGUE GRAMMAR AND THE LEXICAL DECOMPOSITION OF CAUSATIVE VERBS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Montague grammar and the lexical decomposition of causative verbs. The theories of the syntax and semantics of natural language proposed by Montague and like-minded logicians share two important methodological premises with the school of American linguistics known as generative semantics: (1) no serious theory of the syntax of a natural language can be constructed apart from a semantic theory of that language, and (2) the analysis of the semantics of natural language is best approached through the existing theoretical framework of mathematical logic. The grammar of PTQ (Proper Treatment of Quantification) provides for the specification of the set of well-formed sentences of a fragment of English, the specification of the set of well-formed formulas of a certain artificial language, a procedure for mapping sentences of English onto formulas of the artificial language, and a model-theoretic interpretation of the formulas of the artificial language. In actuality, it is as yet quite unclear that all the words of a natural language or all natural languages will yield themselves to exhaustive decomposition into expressions formed out of some small set of semantic primitives.
A Comparison of Issues and Management Approaches in Moreton Bay, Australia and Chesapeake Bay, USA

Publisher Summary The chapter describes environmental problems that are not unique to one region and demonstrates that solutions are possible for a wide variety of problems. Coastal management programs can be viewed as “experiments.” While not having replication or controls, the challenge for science practitioners is to apply rigor to these coastal management case studies to develop global standards and to work toward more effective management practices. The global trend for increasing human pressures on coastal regions has created a suite of difficult but tractable environmental problems. Obtaining sustainable solutions to important environmental problems needs to be a major scientific focus.
MEMS-Based Technologies for Cellular Encapsulation

In the past, significant progress has been made in applying micro-electromechanical based systems to biomedical applications (BioMEMS). While the focus of such research has primarily been on diagnostic tools, more recently therapeutic applications have been explored. This paper discusses the current state of BioMEMS for therapeutic applications, particularly with respect to diabetes mellitus. A novel therapeutic application of microfabrication technology, a micromachined membrane-based biocapsule, has been developed for the transplantation of protein-secreting cells without the need for immunosuppression. Conventional lithographic techniques can be manipulated to produce monodisperse, nanoporous, biocompatible, silicon membranes. This new approach to cell encapsulation is based on microfabrication technology whereby immunoisolation membranes are bulk and surface micromachined to present uniform and well-controlled pore sizes as small as 10nm, tailored surface chemistries, and precise microarchitecture. Through its ability to achieve highly controlled microarchitectures on size scales relevant to living systems (from μm to nm), microfabrication technology offers unique opportunities to more precisely engineer biocapsules that allow free exchange of the nutrients, waste products, and secreted therapeutic proteins between the host (patient) and implanted cells, but exclude lymphocytes and antibodies that may attack foreign cells. Results indicate that both primary pancreatic cells and insulinoma cells can remain viable and functional within nanoporous silicon biocapsular environments. The cells within such environments can secrete insulin at rates comparable to unencapsulated cells. Moreover, these membranes are able to allow insulin and glucose diffusion, while hindering antibody diffusion. Implanted microfabricated biocapsules show in vivo biocompatibility and vascular ingrowth, particularly when modified with polyethylene oxide surface coating. Thus, microfabricated inorganic encapsulation devices may provide biocompatibility, in vivo chemical and mechanical stability, tailored pore geometries, and superior immunoisolation for encapsulated cells over conventional encapsulation approaches. By using microfabrication techniques, structures can be fabricated with spatial features from the sub-micron range up to several millimeters. These multi-scale structures correspond well with hierarchical biologic structures, from proteins and sub-cellular organelles to the tissue and organ levels.
Whole Brain Functional Connectivity Using Multi-scale Spatio-Spectral Random Effects Model

Functional brain networks produce connected low frequency patterns of activity when the brain is at rest which can be analyzed with resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) by fitting general linear models for signals acquired at a pre-defined seed region and other regions of interest (ROIs). However, typical rs-fMRI analysis tends to ignore spatial correlations in rs-fMRI data, hence biases the standard errors of estimated parameters and leads to incorrect inference. Spatio-temporal or spatio-spectral models can incorporate the spatial correlations in fMRI data. To date, these models have not targeted rs-fMRI connectivity analysis. Herein, we expand a spatio-spectral model from fMRI analysis based on several ROIs to whole brain rs-fMRI connectivity analysis. Our model captures distance-dependent local correlation (within an ROI), distance-independent global correlation (between ROIs), and temporal correlations for whole brain rs-fMRI connectivity analysis with or without confounders. Simulated and empirical experiments demonstrate that this spatio-spectral model yields valid inference for whole brain rs-fMRI connectivity analysis.
The Search for an Egalitarian First Amendment

Over the past decade, the Roberts Court has handed down a series of rulings that demonstrate the degree to which the First Amendment can be used to thwart economic and social welfare regulation—generating widespread accusations that the Court has created a "new Lochner." This introduction to the Columbia Law Review's Symposium on Free Expression in an Age of Inequality takes up three questions raised by these developments: Why has First Amendment law become such a prominent site for struggles over socioeconomic inequality? Does the First Amendment tradition contain egalitarian elements that could be recovered? And what might a more egalitarian First Amendment look like today? After describing the phenomenon of First Amendment Lochnerism, we trace its origins to the collapse of the early twentieth-century "progressive" model of civil libertarianism, which offered a relatively statist, collectivist, and labor-oriented vision of civil liberties law. The recent eruption of First Amendment Lochnerism is also bound up with transformations in the economic and regulatory environment associated with the advent of "informational capitalism" and the "information state." First Amendment Lochernism may reflect contemporary judicial politics, but it has deep roots. To figure out how to respond to the egalitarian anxieties besetting the First Amendment, it is natural to consult normative theories of free speech. Yet on account of their depoliticization and abstraction, the canonical theories prove indeterminate when confronted by these anxieties. Instead, it is a series of midlevel conceptual and jurisprudential moves that most often do the work of resisting First Amendment Lochnerism. This grammar of free speech egalitarianism, we suggest, enables the creative elaboration of a few basic motifs concerning the scope and severity of judicial enforcement, the identification and reconciliation of competing speech interests, and the quality and accessibility of the overall expressive system. If First Amendment Lochnerism is to be countered in any concerted fashion, the roadmap for reform will be found within this grammar; where it gives out, a new language may become necessary.
State inequality, socioeconomic position and subjective cognitive decline in the United States.

Abstract Background Social gradients in health have been observed for many health conditions and are suggested to operate through the effects of status anxiety. However, the gradient between education and Alzheimer’s disease is presumed to operate through cognitive stimulation. We examined the possible role of status anxiety through testing for state-level income inequality and social gradients in markers of socioeconomic position (SEP) for Alzheimer’s disease risk. Methods Using data from the cross-sectional 2015 and 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, we tested for the association between U.S. state-level income inequality and individual SEP on subjective cognitive decline (SCD) – a marker of dementia risk – using a generalized estimating equation and clustering by state. Results State income inequality was not significantly associated with SCD in our multivariable model (OR 1.2; 95% CI: 0.9, 1.6; p=0.49). We observed a clear linear relationship between household income and SCD where those with an annual household income of 50k to 75k had 1.4 (95% CI: 1.3, 1.6) times the odds and those with household incomes of less than $10,000 had 4.7 (95% CI: 3.8, 5.7) times the odds of SCD compared to those with household income of more than $75,000. We also found that college graduates (ref.) and those who completed high school (OR: 1.1; 95% CI 1.04, 1.2) fared better than those with some college (OR: 1.3, 95% CI 1.2, 1.4) or less than a high school degree (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.4, 1.7). Conclusions Income inequality does not play a dominant role in SCD, though a social gradient in individual income for SCD suggests the relationship may operate in part via status anxiety.
NO QUICK FIX: How Journalists Assess the Impact and Define the Boundaries of Solutions Journalism

The U.S.-based Solutions Journalism Network (SJN) defines its mission as supporting and connecting journalists interested in “rigorous reporting on responses to social problems” that can “strengthe...
“All These Look to You”: Reading Psalm 104 with Animals in the Anthropocene Epoch:

Psalm 104 is associated with biblical creation theology, but it seldom receives as much attention as the book of Genesis. Yet Genesis has been and continues to be used to justify human dominion ove...
Thin Magnetically Permeable Targets for Inductive Sensing: Application to Limb Prosthetics

The purpose of this research was to create a thin ferrous polymer composite to be used as a target for inductive sensing in limb prosthetics. Inductive sensors are used to monitor limb-to-socket distance in prosthetic sockets, which reflects socket fit. A styrene-ethylene-ethylene/propylene-styrene (SEEPS) polymer was mixed with iron powder at three concentrations (75, 77, 85 wt%), and thin disk-shaped samples were fabricated (0.50, 0,75, 1.00 mm thickness). For 85 wt% samples of 0.50 mm thickness, which proved the best combination of high signal strength and low target volume, inductive sensor sensitivity ranged from 3.2E5 counts/mm at 0.00-1.00 mm distances to 7.2E4 counts/mm at 4.00-5.00 mm distances. The application of compressive stress (up to 425 kPa) introduced an absolute measurement error of less than 3.3 μm. Tensile elasticity was 282 kPa, which is comparable to that of commercial elastomeric liners. Durability testing in the shoe of an able-bodied participant demonstrated a change in calibration coefficient of less than 3.8% over two weeks of wear. The ferrous polymer composite may facilitate the development of automatically adjusting sockets that use limb-to-socket distance measurement for feedback control.
How Does CREDENCE Inform Best Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors in CKD

CKD is a common complication in people with diabetes ([1][1]) and contributes to approximately half of all incident cases of ESKD in the developed world ([2][2]). CKD occurs in approximately 40% of people with type 2 diabetes ([3][3]); given the health-related effects of CKD, there is great need for
Madison, Bucklew, Dunn, and Murphy on Capital Punishment at the Margins

The death penalty has long been a moral and constitutional divide in American politics. Like abortion, it invokes deep ethical beliefs as well as constitutional principles. Two major cases and two requests for stays of execution decided this year question the methods of execution as possible violations of the Constitution. Can the state execute someone whose dementia precludes them from remembering the crime or understanding the reasons for their death? Can the state execute someone whose medical condition will cause extreme pain during the procedure? The Court has become increasingly divided between those who are impatient with decades of legal delays in carryout out death sentences and those who believe the current methods of execution violate the Eighth Amendment’s guarantee against cruel and unusual punishment.
Assessing the Impact of Video Compression on Background Subtraction.

Video cameras are deployed in large numbers for surveillance. Video is compressed and transmitted over bandwidth limited communication channels. Researches have increasingly focused on automated analysis algorithms to understand video. This raises the question “Does compression have an effect on automated analysis algorithms?”. This is a vital question in understanding the reliability of automated analysis algorithms. In this paper, we evaluated background subtraction algorithm’s performance on videos acquired using a typical surveillance camera under different scenarios. The videos in the dataset are collected from an IP-based surveillance camera and compressed using different bitrates and quantization levels. The experimental results provide insights on the different compression settings and their impact on the expected performance of background subtraction algorithms. Furthermore, we train a classifier that utilizes video quality to predict the performance of an algorithm.
Tax Reform as a Discovery Process

What is the best tax structure? Neither pundits and politicians nor economists can say for certain. Many have suggestions, but in reality there is no one tax system that will work for every state, let alone every municipality. The reason is simple: The broader policy environments underlying tax systems change over time. This chapter offers a radical tax reform proposal to address the impending state fiscal crisis. Key takeaways: (1) Federal taxation should be replaced with “Tiebout taxation,” where all taxes would be collected by the states and a uniform percentage of the state revenue would be given to the federal government. (2) Tiebout taxation won’t reveal the ideal tax code, but it will create fiscal incentives that will help by decentralizing the power to tax.
Planning for Problems in Crisis Management

Abstract : Chapter 1 of this report reviews the contract tasking and the project accomplishments. Chapter 2 describes procedures used to select 289 crises since 1946 for greater analysis. Characteristics of the 289 are presented and a sample of 41 is selected for more intensive analysis in Chapter 3, where over 70 different kinds of crisis management problems are examined for the 41 crises. Chapter 4 examines the relationships among the different types of problems based on the results of canonical correctional analysis. Chapter 5 examines the relationships between the environment in which the crisis occurred, the characteristics of the crisis, and the crisis management problems that were observed. Heavy use of regression analysis is made in detailing these relationships. Finally, Chapter 6 discusses the potential uses of the findings for crisis management planning.
Occupational Therapy Innovations in Home and Community Practice for People Living With Dementia

Most Americans with dementia live at home and families are commonly responsible for overseeing the daily activities of the person with dementia. Families require support, education, and skill-building to manage caregiving responsibilities. Occupational therapist are ideally suited to teach care partners tailored strategies for obtaining the “just right fit” between the capacities of the person and the demands of the environment, thus reducing behavioral symptoms, optimizing function and safety and enhancing well-being. Care of Persons with Dementia in their Environments (COPE) is an evidence-based intervention designed to address these outcomes. Over three phases, the occupational therapist employs a problem-solving method to identify strategies that address caregiver-reported difficulties related to managing daily activities, behavioral challenges and other caregiver concerns. This presentation describes the development and implementation of COPE highlighting the distinct approaches of occupational therapy in delivering home- and community-based services to persons living with dementia and their care partners.
Establishment of a High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Spectral Library for Screening Toxic Natural Products.

Many natural products have biological effects on humans and animals. Poisoning caused by natural products is common in clinical toxicology cases. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution-mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) has recently emerged as a powerful analytical tool for large-scale target screening, and the application of LC-HRMS can be expanded to evaluate potential natural product poisoning in clinical cases. We report the construction of an LC-HRMS spectral library of 95 natural products commonly implicated in poisoning, and an LC-HRMS assay was validated for definitive detection of natural products in urine and serum samples. For each compound, the limit of detection (LOD) was determined in the analytical range of 1.0 - 1000 ng/mL for urine samples and 0.50 - 500 ng/mL for serum samples. The mean (SD) of matrix effects for urine samples and that for serum samples were both -21% (22%), and the mean (SD) of recovery for serum samples was 89% (26%). The LC-HRMS assay was successfully applied to identify natural products in clinical cases. The spectral library parameters of each compound are provided in the supplementary material to aid other laboratories in identification of unknown natural toxins and development of similar methods on different mass spectrometry platforms.
Internet of Things Applied on Assistive Robotics

With the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the past two decades have seen a proliferation of Assistive Technology (AT) and its enabling impact on the lives of people with disabilities in the areas of accessing information, communication, and daily living activities. Due to recent emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), the research of assistive robotics has been contributing to assisting humans to manipulate and communicate with the robot in complex unstructured environments. The ongoing revolution of Internet of Things (IoT), together with the growing diffusion of robots applied in everyday life and industry, makes Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT) as the future direction for assistive robotics research. New advanced technologies and services are explored in assisting humans. This study provides an overview of the IoT and applications into robotics based on the building blocks of the IoT, along with recent trends and issues relevant to accessing technology for people with disabilities. This research also discusses the technologies in IoT that would benefit the applications of assistive robotics. The most important research challenges to be faced are also highlighted.
Replication package for representation of developer expertise in open source software

This describes the artifact associated with the article "Representation of Developer Expertise in Open Source Software" at the International Conference on Software Engineering 2021. The aim of the original paper was to define a feasible representation of a developer's expertise in specific focus areas of software development by gauging their fluency with different sets of APIs. The artifact is made available through Zenodo under the CC-BY-4.0 license at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4457107. The README file has detailed instructions on how to replicate the results presented in the original paper. The artifact includes the input dataset (with the developers' names and email addresses replaced by their corresponding SHA1 digest values to protect privacy) and all the associated scripts. The trained Doc2Vec models are also included in the artifact. These models can be used to obtain the Skill Space representations of developers, projects, and APIs without having to re-train the model.
Peripheral Manifestations in Age Related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Imaging and Findings.

Purpose: To review novel findings in research with ultra-widefield imaging for analysis of peripheral manifestations in macular degeneration (AMD). We introduce the evolving widefield imaging modalities while summarizing the analytical techniques used in data collection of peripheral retinal findings thus far. Our review provides a summary of advancements to date and a commentary on future direction for AMD research. Methods: This is a literature review of all significant publications focused on the relationship between AMD and the retinal periphery conducted within the last two decades. Results and Conclusion: Promising research has been undertaken to elucidate peripheral retinal manifestations in macular degeneration using novel methodology. Advancements in ultra-widefield imaging and fundus autofluorescence have allowed us to elucidate peripheral retinal pigmentary changes, drusen deposition, and much more. Novel grid overlay techniques have been introduced to aid in analyzing these changes for pattern recognition and grouping of findings. This review discusses these findings in detail, providing evidence for the pan-retinal manifestations of AMD. Inter-study discordance in analytical approach highlights a need for more systematic future study.
Pooled Analysis of Six Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Vasomotor Symptoms.

Objective To describe the effects of six interventions for menopausal vasomotor symptoms relative to control in a pooled analysis, facilitating translation of the results for clinicians and symptomatic women. The MsFLASH (Menopause Strategies: Finding Lasting Answers for Symptoms and Health) network tested these interventions in three randomized clinical trials (RCTs).
Model erroneously predicts failure for restoration of Lake Apopka, a hypereutrophic, subtropical lake

A recent paper (Bachmann et al., 1999) based on analysis of literature data predicts failure for restoration plans implemented by the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD) for Lake Apopka, a large (125 km2), shallow (mean depth=1.63 m), polymictic lake in central Florida. A marsh flow-way designed to remove particulates from inflowing water from Lake Apopka as a means to improve down-stream and lake-water quality is part of the restoration plan. According to Bachmann et al. (1999), restoration “will be ineffective in removing particles from the lake” and fail because estimated time for removal of 2.21 million tons of historic sediments in this constructed marsh flow-way is 329 years. This inadvertently proposed mining hypothesis given as a condition for successful restoration is based on questionable assumptions, i.e. removing all the historic sediments deposited over a 50-year period with the flow-way and exporting concurrent sedimentation while historic sediments are being removed. These questionable assumptions are used in an erroneous, discontinuous model of sediment dynamics that does not justify the alternate approach for restoration of Lake Apopka suggested in their paper.