cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing Unplanned Extubations in Pediatric and Cardiac Intensive Care Units

Background: Unplanned extubations (UE) can lead to increased mortality, morbidity, and length of stay. In 2016 UEs in PICU (0.41) and CVICU (0.34) met or exceeded the national average of 0.42 and 0.2 per 100 ventilator days in our hospital, leading to this project. In pediatric and cardiac intensive care units does endotracheal tube taping standardization, landmark documentation, and tape integrity assessments, compared to current practice decrease the rate of unplanned extubations? Methods: A collaborative, multidisciplinary UE Taskforce was formed. Solutions for Patient Safety initiatives shown to be effective in reducing UEs were adopted. A pre- and post-intervention data review was conducted, suggesting several areas for improvement. Three interventions adopted: a standardized 4-h tape integrity assessment; a single method of tube securement; and documenting measurement from an anatomical reference point via staff education. Results: Rates of UE per 100 ventilator days for April 2017-September 2017 were 0.463 for PICU and 0.595 for CVICU. After intervention of standardized tape method, staff education, and standardizing anatomical reference points the rate from October 2017-March 2018 for PICU per 100 ventilator days was 0.472 (2.068% change) and for CVICU was 0.664 (11.569% change). Conclusions: UE reduction was not achieved through standardized taping technique, establishing anatomical reference point, and tape integrity checks. Upon review of causative agents, patient repositioning and tube re-taping are commonplace. Future projects should include: longer data collection period, risk assessment scoring for high-risk patients, and additional support clinician during high-risk procedures to maintain airway. These suggestions are consistent with new Solutions for Patient Safety recommendations. Disclosures: None.
Using Multiple Methods to Describe Supports for the Transition from Head Start to Kindergarten

Head Start programs engage in multiple practices to support children and families during the transition to kindergarten. Children moving from Head Start to kindergarten often encounter discontinuities between the program and services they were receiving and the new elementary school environment. This paper uses multiple datasets and methods to provide a rich descriptive picture of the types of practices Head Start programs engage in to support the transition to kindergarten, including child and family focused transition practices and coordination practices with elementary schools. Data from a nationally representative sample of Head Start center directors (N = 129) showed that 95% reported having a formal transition process in place. However, reports on the specific practices that Head Start engaged in varied, with child and family focused practices reported by the majority of directors, but coordination practices showed more variability. Qualitative interview data with Head Start center directors (N = 16), suggest that child and family focused transition practices varied slightly, but coordination practices varied more depending on the Head Start center’s relationships with the elementary schools and local education agencies to which the children were transitioning. Together, these data sources suggest that Head Start policy and guidance around transition practices is leading to high implementation of transition practices that Head Start has control over, but more supports may be needed for Head Start to build relationships with elementary schools in order to strengthen coordination practices.
Sub-second heat inactivation of coronavirus using a betacoronavirus model.

Heat treatment denatures viral proteins that comprise the virion, making virus incapable of infecting a host. Coronavirus (CoV) virions contain single-stranded RNA genomes with a lipid envelope and four proteins, three of which are associated with the lipid envelope and thus are thought to be easily denatured by heat or surfactant-type chemicals. Prior studies have shown that a temperature as low as 75 ℃ with treatment duration of 15 min can effectively inactivate CoV. The degree of CoV heat inactivation greatly depends on the length of heat treatment time and the temperature applied. With the goal of finding whether sub-second heat exposure of CoV can sufficiently inactivate CoV, we designed and developed a simple fluidic system that can measure sub-second heat inactivation of CoV. The system is composed of a stainless-steel capillary immersed in a temperature-controlled oil bath followed by an ice bath, through which virus solution can flow at various speed. Flowing virus solution at different speed, along with a temperature control and monitoring system, allows the virus to be exposed to the desired temperature and treatment durations with high accuracy. Using mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a betacoronavirus, as a model CoV system, we identified that 71.8 ℃ for 0.51 s exposure is sufficient to obtain > 5 Log10 reduction in viral titer (starting titer: 5 × 107 PFU/mL), and that when exposed to 83.4 ℃ for 1.03 s, the virus was completely inactivated (> 6 Log10 reduction). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Deep learning for high-quality imaging and accurate classification of cells through Anderson localizing optical fiber

We demonstrate highly accurate and fast cell imaging and classification systems enabled by the combination of disordered optical fiber for data transport and deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) for data analysis. Disordered optical fiber feature unique light transport properties based on the principle of transverse Anderson localization. A dense network of single mode-like transmission channels results in high spatial resolution while providing robustness regarding bending and environmental changes. DCNNs optimized for cell image reconstruction or cell classification have been trained and applied to perform rigorous testing. We show artifact-free real-time image reconstruction and >90% correct classification of cell samples.
Is the installation of stormwater control measures (i.e., green infrastructure) associated with racial and ethnic minority displacement?

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Stormwater Control Measures (SCMs) (i.e., green infrastructure) are becoming common approaches to tackle urban stormwater. The efficient use of space and health/ecological benef...
Overcoming constraints of the model minority stereotype to advance Asian American health.

Asian Americans are the fastest growing U.S. immigrant group, projected to become the largest immigrant group by 2065, but the quantity of research on Asian Americans' health has not mirrored changing demographics. Asian Americans have been understudied for more than 25 years, with only 0.17% of National Institutes of Health (NIH) expenditures allocated to projects including Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander populations (Ðoan et al., 2019). This disproportionality may result in part from the model minority stereotype (MMS) being extended to health, perpetuating the ideas that Asian Americans are well-positioned with regard to health status and that associated research is not essential. Accordingly, the aims for this article are threefold: (a) bring attention to the inadequate representation of the Asian American population in health-related science, (b) question the MMS in health, and (c) outline potential pathways through which the MMS limits what is knowable on Asian American health issues and needs. We discuss the limited meaningfulness of nonrepresentative aggregated statistics purporting the model minority image and provide counterexamples. We also present a stereotype-constraints model with the MMS contributing to a bottleneck for Asian American health-related knowledge, accompanied by present-day circumstances (e.g., sparse data, few psychologists/behavioral medicine scientists focused on Asian American health). We conclude with initial recommendations for addressing MMS-associated constraints in psychology and more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Quantitative phase velocimetry measures bulk intracellular transport of cell mass during the cell cycle

Transport of mass within cells helps maintain homeostasis and is disrupted by disease and stress. Here, we develop quantitative phase velocimetry (QPV) as a label-free approach to make the invisible flow of mass within cells visible and quantifiable. We benchmark our approach against alternative image registration methods, a theoretical error model, and synthetic data. Our method tracks not just individual labeled particles or molecules, but the entire flow of material through the cell. This enables us to measure diffusivity within distinct cell compartments using a single approach, which we use here for direct comparison of nuclear and cytoplasmic diffusivity. As a label-free method, QPV can be used for long-term tracking to capture dynamics through the cell cycle.
Role of serotonin transporter function in rat orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive choice.

Impulsivity is a multi-faceted personality construct that plays a prominent role in drug abuse vulnerability. Dysregulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) systems in subregions of the prefrontal cortex has been implicated in impulsivity. Extracellular 5-HT concentrations are regulated by 5-HT transporters (SERTs), indicating that these transporters may be important molecular targets underlying individual differences in impulsivity and drug abuse vulnerability. The present study evaluated the role of SERT in mediating individual differences in impulsivity. Rats were tested for both impulsive action using the cued go/no-go task and for impulsive choice using a delay discounting task in a counterbalanced design. Following behavioral evaluation, Km and Vmax were obtained from kinetic analysis of [3H]5-HT uptake by SERT using synaptosomes prepared from both orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) obtained from each individual rat. Vmax for SERT in OFC, but not mPFC, was negatively correlated with mean adjusted delay scores in the delay discounting task. In contrast, Vmax for SERT in OFC and mPFC was not correlated with performance in the cued go/no-go task. To further evaluate the relationship between SERT function and impulsive choice, a selective SERT inhibitor, fluoxetine (0, 15, 50 and 150 pmol/side) was microinjected bilaterally into OFC and effects on the delay discounting task determined. Following stabilization of behavior, fluoxetine increased mean adjusted delay scores (decreased impulsivity) in high impulsive rats compared to saline microinjection, but had no effect in low impulsive rats. These ex vivo and in vivo results suggest that enhanced SERT function in OFC underlies high impulsive choice behavior.
Perforation of the interventricular septum by transvenous pacemaker catheter: Diagnosis by change in pattern of depolarization on the electrocardiogram∗

Abstract A case of interventricular septal perforation caused by a transvenous catheter electrode is presented. This complication occurred during temporary pacing and was first detected by a change in the pattern of depolarization shown on the electrocardiogram and later confirmed by thoracic roentgenogram and cinefluorography. Predisposing factors are discussed, and the need for electrocardiographic and radiographic monitoring is emphasized.
MRI in breast cancer therapy monitoring.

Breast MRI has several roles in the clinical management of breast cancer, including as a screening method for high-risk women, as a diagnostic tool used as an adjunct to mammography and ultrasound, and for the staging of disease extent prior to treatment. In addition to these uses, MRI is also employed to track small changes in tumor size and microenvironment. MRI has produced several early indicators of treatment response in clinical trials over the last 10 years, including initial lesion pattern, changes in lesion size, kinetic parameters, apparent diffusion coefficient and T2 value; the related technique of 1H MRS has also shown that choline concentration, T2 value and water-to-fat ratio are response indicators. In addition to measuring anatomical changes in the lesion size, as performed in traditional radiology, MRI has the ability to track vascular and cellular changes using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI, respectively. By adding 1H MRS to MRI examinations, metabolic changes can also be determined. These functional imaging techniques allow studies to focus on early time points relative to neoadjuvant treatment. Early treatment response predictors may allow therapy to be tailored to individual patients and thus aid in the realization of the goal of personalized medicine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arrow Mode Reboost Analysis for Space Station Freedom

Early flights of Space Station Freedom are gravity-gradient stabilized, but reboost to higher altitude while in Arrow Mode, where its truss is aligned with the direction of flight. Power concerns led to a proposal to activate Freedom's solar array beta gimbals for partial sun tracking during reboost. Further plume impingement concerns led to a baseline orientation of flight with the arrays leading. A baseline dynamic simulation for this maneuver is presented here. Several observations are made, particularly about large motions of the beta gimbals during the maneuver, and about simplified structural dynamic response of the arrays to the reboost and large slew environment. The results presented here may be used as a starting point for reboost analyses on other flight configurations, or in other orientations, or with higher-fidelity structural information.
Dynamically tuned design of the MFI thorax

This paper presents an analysis of the major mechanical component (the thorax) of the micromechanical flying insect (MFI), a centimeter sized aerial vehicle currently in development at UC Berkeley. We present a description of the kinematics of the mechanism which converts piezoelectric actuation into complex 3D wing motion. A complete non-linear modeling of the system based on the Lagrangian energy technique is presented. A design methodology is presented in order to achieve optimal matching conditions. Two kinds of sensors which are presently utilized on the MFI are described. Experimental results are presented which validate some of the modeled non-linear aspects of the mechanism.
Effects of Dietary Protein, Adenine, and Allopurinol on Growth and Metabolism of Rats

The effects of dietary protein level, 4-hydroxypyrazolo- (3,4-d)pyrimidine ( allopurinol ), and adenine on kidney morphology, his tology, and intracellular localization of adenine metabolites in rats are described. Rats fed semipurified diets containing 20% and 5% casein sup plemented with 0.4% adenine alone, and in combination with 0.033% allopurinol, had a smaller growth rate, a greater urine volume, larger kidneys and greater plasma urea nitrogen concentration compared with rats fed the control and the allopurinol supplemented diets. The level of dietary protein and the presence of allopurinol in the diet did not affect kidney weight, urine volume or plasma urea nitrogen concentration. Ap proximately 4% of the dietary adenine consumed was recovered as 2,8- dioxyadenine in the kidneys which were enlarged and pallid with ex tensive crystalline occlusions in the cortical tubules, localized areas of inflammatory response, and a sloughing of the tubular epithelial lining. Kidney cells from adenine-fed rats were devoid of structural integrity and had accumulations of electron dense material within the mitochondria. Removal of adenine from the diet reversed the adverse effects of adenine on growth rate, kidney weight and plasma urea nitrogen levels, but did not reverse the changes in urine volume. These studies show that the metabolic effects of dietary adenine were independent of dietary protein and allopurinol and, with the exception of urine volume, the metabolic effects were reversed when adenine was removed from the diet. J. Nutr. 107:1044-1052,1977.
On a Class of Non-commutative Imprimitive Association Schemes of Rank 6

Many facts about group theory can be generalized to the context of the theory of association schemes. In particular, association schemes with fewer than 6 elements are all commutative. While there is a nonabelian group with 6 elements which is unique up to isomorphism, there are infinitely many isomorphism classes of non-commutative association schemes with 6 elements. All examples previously known to us are imprimitive, and fall into three classes which are reasonably well understood. In this paper, we construct a fourth class of noncommutative, imprimitive association schemes of rank 6.
Malignant mesothelioma presenting as dysphagia diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound.

Malignant mesothelioma is a tumor involving the pleura or peritoneum. It characteristically presents with dyspnea, pleural effusions and pleuritic chest pain. Its diagnosis is established by pleural fluid cytology or pleural biopsy [1]. Based on our literature review, there are less than 10 published cases of malignant mesothelioma in which the initial presentation was dysphagia and the diagnosis was established by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine needle aspiration (FNA) [2,3]. An 81-year-old man was referred to our hospital for worsening dysphagia. This was associated with unintentional 22 lbs (10 kg) weight loss in the past 3 months. He had underlying severe chronic obstructive lung disease and congestive heart failure. The physical examination was significant for cachexia and decreased bilateral breath sounds with occasional wheezing. He had a barium esophagogram which showed midesophageal narrowing. A computed tomography of the chest demonstrated a mediastinal mass (Fig. 1). He underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy which showed extrinsic esophageal compression but no evidence of an esophageal mass. EUS demonstrated an extra-esophageal, subcarinal mass that was sampled by FNA (Fig. 2A). Cytology was consistent with malignant mesothelioma (Fig. 2B). In light of his multiple medical comorbidities, the patient opted for palliative treatment. A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube was placed for nutritional support due to his ongoing dysphagia. Figure 1 Computed tomography scan of the chest demonstrating a 7 cm mediastinal mass (arrow) Figure 2 (A) Endoscopic ultrasound showing an extra-esophageal, subcarinal hypoechoic mass. (B) Fine needle aspiration cytology demonstrated malignant mesothelioma (1000x Diff-Quik stain). Immunostaining was positive for calretinin, CK5/6, D2-40 and WT1
Correlates of major depressive disorder with and without comorbid alcohol use disorder nationally in the veterans health administration

Background and Objectives This study assesses medical and psychiatric comorbidities, service utilization, and psychotropic medication prescriptions in veterans with comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) relative to veterans with MDD alone. Methods Using cross-sectional administrative data (fiscal year [FY]2012: October 1, 2011–September 30, 2012) from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), we identified veterans with a diagnosis of current (12-month) MDD nationally (N = 309,374), 18.8% of whom were also diagnosed with current (12-month) AUD. Veterans with both MDD and AUD were compared to those with MDD alone on sociodemographic characteristics, current (12-month) medical and psychiatric disorders, service utilization, and psychotropic prescriptions. We then used logistic regression analyses to calculate odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of characteristics that were independently different between the groups. Results Dually diagnosed veterans with MDD and AUD, relative to veterans with MDD alone, had a greater number of comorbid health conditions, such as liver disease, drug use disorders, and bipolar disorder as well as greater likelihood of homelessness and higher service utilization. Conclusions and Scientific Significance Dually diagnosed veterans with MDD and AUD had more frequent medical and psychiatric comorbidities and more frequently had been homeless. These data suggest the importance of assessing the presence of comorbid medical/psychiatric disorders and potential homelessness in order to provide appropriately comprehensive treatment to dually diagnosed veterans with MDD and AUD and indicate a need to develop more effective treatments for combined disorders. (Am J Addict 2015;24:419 –426)
PREDICTING DESISTANCE IN A HIGH‐RISK SAMPLE: EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE OF INDIVIDUAL AND CONTEXTUAL FACTORS

Delinquent behavior typically emerges in early adolescence, peaks in mid-adolescence, and decreases in early adulthood (Tremblay et al., 2004). The age crime-curve has been observed across crime categories, countries, and historical periods (Hirschi & Gottfredson, 1983). Further, childhood antisocial behavior strongly predicts later antisocial behavior, yet not all children who display early behavioral problems continue to exhibit such behavior into adulthood (Moffitt, Caspi, Dickson, Silva, & Stanton, 1996). Thus, adolescence becomes a critical period for determining whether a youth will persist in or desist from criminal behavior (Loeber & Farrington, 2012). Desistance is the process that results in the termination of antisocial behavior and criminal activity (Laub & Sampson, 2001). As noted above, desistance typically takes place during late adolescence and early adulthood, irrespective of antisocial behavior onset (Loeber, Farrington, Stouthamer-Loeber, & White, 2008). Desistance is likely to result from a range of complex developmental, psychological, and sociological processes (Laub & Sampson, 2001). Although few theories exist to specifically explain desistance, both ecological and developmental-ecological perspectives have been applied to examining antisocial behavior in children and adolescents (Belsky, 1980; Bronfenbrenner, 1979;
Microtubules and filaments in the filopodia of the secondary mesenchyme cells of Arbacia punctulata and Echinarachnius parma.

In an attempt to understand the mechanism of contraction of the filopodia of the secondary mesenchyme cells and thus secondary invagination of the archenteron, the fine structure of these processes was examined. Whereas microtubules are commonly encountered in the cell body and at the base of the filopodia, very few (one or two) are present near the tip of the filopodia. Instead the slender processes are filled with 50-A filaments. Colchicine and hydrostatic pressure were applied to the embryos to elucidate the action of these different fibrous elements. Both agents cause cessation of archenteron movement and the disassembly of the microtubules. Hydrostatic pressure causes the disappearance of the filaments as well. Because of the small numbers of microtubules in the slender filopodia and the fact that in no other system is there any evidence for contraction of these elements, it was concluded that they do not function in the contraction process, but are probably involved in the formation of these cell extensions: hence the effect of colchicine on archenteron movement. The 50-A filaments, on the other hand, are likely candidates for the contraction process.
Acceleration mechanisms. 2: force-free reconnection

Abstract We suggest an unconventional view of the origin of most cosmic rays (CRs) in the universe. We propose that nearly every accelerated CR was part of the parallel current that maintains all force-free (f-f) magnetic fields. Charged particles are accelerated by the electric field E∥ produced by reconnection parallel to the magnetic field B . The inferred total energy in extragalactic cosmic rays is ∼ 10 60 ergs per galaxy spacing volume, provided that the assumed acceleration mechanisms do not preferentially only accelerate ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). This total energy is quite large, about 105 times the parent galactic CR or magnetic energy. We argue that the formation energy of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at galaxy centers, ∼ 10 62 ergs, becomes the only feasible source. We propose an efficient dynamo process which converts gravitational free energy into magnetic energy in an accretion disk around a SMBH. Aided by Keplerian winding, this dynamo converts a poloidal seed field into f-f fields, which are transported into the general intergalactic medium (IGM) eventually. This magnetic energy must also have been efficiently converted into particle energies, as evidenced by the radiation from energetic particles. In this view CRs of the IGM are the result of the continuing dissipation, in a Hubble time, of this free energy, by acceleration in situ within the f-f fields confined within the super-galactic walls and filaments of large scale structures. In addition, UHECRs are diffusively lost to the galactic voids at time scales below the GZK attenuation time, ∼ 10 8 years. Similarly, within the galaxy we expect that the winding by the disk rotation of the galaxy, by the rotation energy of magnetized neutron stars, and by the Keplerian winding of star formation disks are efficient sources of f-f magnetic field energy and hence the sources of galactic CR acceleration. To cite this article: S.A. Colgate, H. Li, C. R. Physique 5 (2004).
Stability of negative stiffness viscoelastic systems

We analytically investigate the stability of a discrete viscoelastic system with negative stiffness elements both in the time and frequency domains. Parametric analysis was performed by tuning both the amount of negative stiffness in a standard linear solid and driving frequency. Stability conditions were derived from the analytical solutions of the differential governing equations and the Lyapunov stability theorem. High frequency response of the system is studied. Stability of singularities in the dissipation tan 6 is discussed. It was found that stable singular tan δ is achievable. The system with extreme high stiffness analyzed here was metastable. We established an explicit link for the divergent rates of the metastable system between the solutions of differential governing equations in the time domain and the Lyapunov theorem.
Determination of protein in red cell membrane preparations by o-phthalaldehyde fluorescence

Abstract A simple o -phthalaldehyde method is presented for use with soluble and membrane proteins. Advantages over previously described methods are that no waiting period is required for fluorescence to develop and equal amounts of bovine serum albumin and red cell membrane protein produce about equal fluorescence intensity.
Strategic Interaction Between Rebels and the State: A Study of the Maoist Conflict in Nepal

The “people's war” in Nepal during 1996–2006, led to two significant outcomes—the elimination of monarchy and political victory for the Maoists. These political outcomes raise important questions about the process of Maoist conflict in Nepal. While several studies on political conflict are concerned about “why” such conflicts happen, I focus on “how” the strategy of conflict unfolded in Nepal. In this article, I argue that strategic interaction between rebels and the state explain why the conflict led to negotiated settlement in Nepal. To discuss the sequence of rebel–state interaction, I introduce a game theoretic model. In addition, I show how territorial control, target selection, and levels of violence used by the rebels in comparison to the state are crucial in understanding the conflict process. The case study in this article analyzes the relevance of rebel–state interaction to reveal micro processes of political conflict and further suggests that negotiation can become an important tactical choice ...
Fundamentals of Seismic Wave Propagation

The analytic characterization and modeling of seismic wave propagation using ray theory based formulations is a core aspect of seismology with a distinguished and very important history. Fundamentals of Seismic Wave Propagation, by Chris Chapman, provides a mathematically rigorous and substantially complete summary of theory and techniques, with exercises, written at an accessible level for intermediate-to-advanced seismology graduate students and for the general research community
Building object-oriented data structures in Ada 95

This paper demonstrates how the inheritance and storage control facilities of Ada 95, along with the generic package mechanism of Ada 83, can be used to create object-oriented data structures. By way of illustration, a class hierarchy of generic linear collections (stacks, queues, lists, and ordered lists) is presented.
ETHNIC AND PERSONALITY PATTERNS IN COLLEGE ENTRANCE

ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE attention has been given to personality differences between students of various colleges or fields of study, little is known about such differences in high school students who do and do not go on to college. For example, a re cent survey of research concerning factors related to college attendance did not include anyresearchon non-intellectual personality determinants (2). Differ ences between high school seniors and college fresh men can be determined from the norms of such tests as the California Personality Inventory and the Om nibus Personality Inventory, but the data do not al low one to decide whether they are the result of age or selection (7). Only slightly more is known about the relation ship between ethnic status and college attendance. In an early study Goetsch (5) found that Jewish and Scandinavian youths were more likely to go on to col lege than were those of French, Greek, and Italian backgrounds. Strodtbeck (9) found college aspira tion stronger in Jewish than in comparable Italian boys, and Rosen (8) reported higher educational as pirations among Greeks, Jews, white Protestants, and Negroes than in French and Italian groups. Stroup and Andrew (10) found that students from pre dominantly white high schools were more likely to attend college than were students from predominant ly colored ones. In an investigation very pertinent to the present one, Dole (3) studied the educational and vocational aspirations of Hawaii youths of various ages. Sur veying the plans of high school seniors, he found that those of Filipino or Hawaiian descent were corn par atively less likely to plan further education, those of Japanese ancestry were more likely to do so, and Caucasians were average in this regard; among those of Chinese descent, males were more likely to plan to go on, but females demon strated about average aspiration. The present investigation was designed to throw further light on the matter by studying the levels of educational attainment for persons of various per sonality and ethnic characteristics. Specifically, an attempt was made to determine the subsequent col lege status of a large group of subjects for whom cer tain personality and ethnic data had been gathered during their senior year of high school.
Friend Affiliations and School Adjustment Among Mexican-American Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Peer and Parent Support

Studies examining friendships among Mexican-American adolescents have largely focused on their potentially negative influence. The current study examined the extent to which deviant and achievement-oriented friend affiliations are associated with Mexican-American adolescents’ school adjustment and also tested whether support from friends and parents moderates these associations. High school students (N = 412; 49 % male) completed questionnaires and daily diaries; primary caregivers also completed a questionnaire. Although results revealed few direct associations between friend affiliations and school adjustment, several moderations emerged. In general, the influence of friends’ affiliation was strongest when support from friends was high and parental support was low. The findings suggest that only examining links between friend affiliations and school outcomes does not fully capture how friends promote or hinder school adjustment.
Brownian models of multiclass queueing networks: current status and open problems

This paper is concerned with Brownian system models that arise as heavy traffic approximations for open queueing networks. The focus is on model formulation, and more specifically, on the formulation of Brownian models for networks with complex routing. We survey the current state of knowledge in this dynamic area of research, including important open problems. Brownian approximations culminate in estimates of complete distributions; we present numerical examples for which complete sojourn time distributions are estimated, and those estimates are compared against simulation.
NEW BODY MASS ESTIMATES FOR CANIS DIRUS, THE EXTINCT PLEISTOCENE DIRE WOLF

(2006). New body mass estimates for Canis dirus, the extinct Pleistocene dire wolf. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 209-212.
Multivariate fluorescence imaging of gel on nylon 66 production pack screens

Fluorescence microscopy is an established technique for qualitative and quantitative surface imaging. Because many "real world" surfaces of Interest are optically rough (vertical variations on the order of 100 μm or more) it is of great interest to minimize the amount of spectral information lost because of depth-of-focus variations. Multivariate statistics on normalized spectra provide an ideal method for extracting information from such data. The following study examines nylon 66 gel on production pack screens via multivariate fluorescence imaging.
Channel estimation in narrowband wireless communication systems

Channel estimation is an integral part of standard adaptive receiver designs used in narrowband, digital wireless communication systems. In this tutorial paper, commonly used approaches to channel estimation are reviewed. Both time-invariant and time-varying channels are considered. For time-varying channels, both pilot symbol interpolation and data-directed channel tracking are considered. Applications include the Global System for Mobile communications, the Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution system, and another Time-Division Multiple-Access system known as Telecommunications Industry Association/Electronics Industry Association/Interim Standard—136 (TIA/EIA/IS-136 or IS-136). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parental Attitudes Regarding School-Based Sexuality Education in Utah

Sexuality education programs can be broadly categorized as either risk-avoidance or risk-reduction approaches. Health educators in Utah public schools must teach a state mandated risk-avoidance curriculum which prohibits the advocacy or encouragement of contraception. Multiple national surveys indicate that parents prefer a risk-reduction approach to sexuality education that promotes abstinence and the use of condoms or contraception for prevention of unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection. To date, no survey of Utah parents has been conducted.This study utilized an Internet survey to gather data from 344 Utah parents to analyze their preferences regarding school-based sexuality education, sexuality topics, and support for objectives from the National Sexuality Education Standards. The vast majority of Utah parents surveyed support a risk-reduction approach to sexuality education, a wide variety of sexuality topics, and the majority of National Sexuality Education Standards. Statistically s...
Enhanced electron emission from functionalized carbon nanotubes with a barium strontium oxide coating produced by magnetron sputtering

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were functionalized with a surface coating using magnetron sputter deposition. The CNT samples used were prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and were vertically aligned to the surface of the tungsten substrate. A thin layer of barium strontium oxide approximately 100 nm in thickness was deposited on their surface using magnetron sputtering. The oxide coating was uniform, covering the whole surface of the CNTs and significantly lowered the work function while preserving the geometry. The resulting oxide coated CNTs had a work function of 1.9 eV and a field enhancement factor of 467, which led to a significant improvement in both field and thermionic emission. Compared to uncoated CNTs, the field emission was increased by a factor of two, while the thermionic emission increased by more than four orders of magnitude. At 4.4 V/μm, a field emission current of 23.6 μA was obtained from an emitting surface of 0.012 cm2. Similarly, at 1.1 V/μm and 1221 K, a thermionic emission current of 14.6 mA was obtained.
Prediction of In-Situ Combustion Process Variables By Use of TGA/DSC Techniques and the Effect of Sand-Grain Specific Surface Area on the Process

This paper describes a new technique to predict the parameters that govern the performance of the in-situ combustion process. This prediction is accomplished by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the crude-oil combustion. The effect of surface area on the in-situ combustion-tube runs was also investigated.
Lucent lines and glenoid components: What do they portend?

Radiolucent lines in total shoulder arthroplasty around the glenoid component are not uncommon in post-operative x-rays and the incidence varies. A certain percentage progress and as the lines enlarge can lead to component loosening. One study reported a 9% incidence at 2 years and 27% incidence at 5 years. A recent long term study (15 to 20 years) reported a 73% incidence. Radiolucent lines can be caused by anatomy (posterior glenoid wear) or pathology (inflammatory arthritis) as well as technical factors such as glenoid implant design (metal back) and improper implantation techniques where the prosthesis is not fully seated or cement is used to fill a defect. Every attempt should be made to avoid lucent lines. Minimal bone should be removed from the glenoid vault and a pressure injection type of insertion is helpful in getting the cement into the cancellous bone. Furthermore a peg type of glenoid implant rather than a keel type is preferred as this has been associated with a lower incidence of radiolucent lines.
Instrumentation and control of the Brookhaven nuclear reactor

Safe startup and operation of the nuclear reactor require neutron-sensing instruments to cover a range of about 109. This coverage is obtained by a counting rate meter, a period meter, and a high level power indicator. At normal operating levels, the reactor is regulated by the high level power controller and protected by the high level trips. Emergency shutdown of the reactor can be initiated by any one of 54 different conditions. Since these safety circuits are almost 100% “fail safe”, careful design, good maintenance, and cautious operation have been necessary to avoid accidental shutdowns. The period trips and high level trips are provided in triplicate for safety and are coincidence-connected in pairs to guard against accidental shutdown. The use of suppressed-zero circuits has proved helpful. The theory of coincidence-connected trips is briefly discussed.
Treatment of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents

Summary The therapy of thyrotoxicosis in children and adolescents requires careful selection of a primary mode of therapy and secondary therapy if the hypermetabolic manifestations compromise the patient's function at home or in school. The three principle modes of primary therapy, thioamide blockade, subtotal thyroidectomy and radioiodine, are critically reviewed as to advantages, disadvantages, and results. Secondary symptomatic therapy is discussed with an emphasis on the usefulness of beta adrenergic blockade. The application of each potential mode of therapy is discussed. The etiology, natural history, and therapy of neonatal thyrotoxicosis is reviewed. The author concludes that for the majority of patients in this age group with toxic diffuse goiter, definitive thioamide therapy carries the least potential for major complications. An effective approach for utilizing methimazole is outlined.
Current status of haploidentical stem cell transplantation

Haploidentical stem cell transplantation is an alternative transplant strategy for patients without an human leucocyte antigen-matched donor. The historical experience with haploidentical stem cell transplantation has been characterised by the immunological consequences of crossing a major histocompatibility barrier, namely graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), graft rejection and impaired immune reconstitution. Ex vivo T-cell depletion of the graft may reduce the risk of GVHD, but at the expense of a higher risk of engraftment failure and relapse of the underlying malignancy. Myeloablative transplant strategies using vigorously T-cell-depleted 'megadose' stem cells appear to have improved the outcomes of selected patients with acute leukaemia. Non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation strategies, in which mixed chimaerism as a platform for adoptive cellular immunotherapy is intentionally induced, show promise for limiting GVHD and lessening transplant-related mortality. Future approaches, based on promising preclinical and early clinical observations, may include selective allodepletion of the graft, and manipulation of the cellular environment post-transplant using selected cellular populations or immunomodulatory soluble factors.
Bicarbonate catalysis of exchange synthesis of [51Cr]Cr(III)—EDTA and other chromium complexes

Abstract Exchange syntheses of trivalent chromium complexes often require heating, thus limiting tagging of heat-sensitive biological compounds with 51Cr. Bicarbonate at pH 6, accelerates the formation of mM Cr-EDTA. Accordingly, room temperature catalysis with [51Cr]Cr(III) at 10−7–10−8 M was investigated. Complexes were successfully formed with EDTA and iminodiacetic acid (electrophoretic analysis) and acetylacetone and tropolone (analyzed by chloroform extraction). The formation of these complexes normally requires extensive heating.
Effects of recent scientific developments on electronics education

The numerous scientific developments of the past decade or so have broadened the field of electrical engineering considerably. Consequently, engineering educators now are asking themselves how their curricula best can meet the new demands. Recent progress has been in the direction of more basic science in engineering, to give the student the underlying concepts from which he can evolve specialized tools and techniques.
Chromium mobility in freshwater wetlands

Abstract A wetland at a chromium-contaminated electroplating site was studied to determine its ability to immobilize subsurface chromium contamination. First, a site characterization was conducted to determine the lateral and vertical extent of chromium contamination in the sediment and pore water. The wetland was found to be highly contaminated, with sediment concentrations of up to 50,000 μg g−1. Chromium was partitioned largely on the sediment, with Kd's up to 317,000 mL g−1. No Cr(VI) was detected in the pore water. Sequential chemical extractions performed on the sediment found 60–90% of the chromium bound in the Fe Mn - oxide and residual fractions of the soil, with very little exchangeable or organic-bound chromium present. These results indicate that the chromium is very tightly bound to the sediment. XPS determined a very low Cr Si ratio on the solid surface. Batch leaching experiments using the contaminated sediment were conducted at pH 3, 4, and 5. Leaching of chromium from the sediment increased with lower pH, ranging from 0.02% to 0.34% of the total, and appeared to be solubility controlled. Results indicate that the wetland has been highly effective in immobilizing Cr, by reducing the Cr(VI) and precipitating it as a relatively insoluble Cr(III)-hydroxide.
A Study of the Reliability of Polar Cap Absorption as a Predictor of Geomagnetic Storms

Simulated predictions of geomagnetic storms are made, using polar cap absorptions derived from the IGY ionosonde records for two stations on each polar cap, published by Jelly and Collins. The larger storms are “predicted” 70 percent of the time, and the smaller storms 40 percent. This method (using only four stations) is incapable of predicting the size of the storm, although an earlier study using Hill's ionosonde data from 70 stations in the Northern Hemisphere indicated the size of the following storm fairly well. Several other methods of rapidly detecting solar emissions or polar cap absorptions are examined with regard to their utility as predictors of geomagnetic storms.
A computational model of visual attention based on saliency maps

Abstract In this paper we proposed a model for motion detection in video. The model gives a motion map which is combined with other feature maps to create a saliency map. An attention process was implemented on a computer using this algorithm and the results show that it properly reflects a human observer’s attention process to videos.
Use and effect of an anal defensive secretion in larval Chrysopidae (Neuroptera).

A substance exuded from the anus of chrysopid larvae and used for defense against ants is presumably the same as an adhesive secretion produced in the malpighian tubules, stored in the hindgut, and used in locomotion. The larvae, using the flexible abdominal tip, have two different methods of applying the defensive substance to the heads of ants. The number of consecutive times that very old larvae could defend themselves against ants was significantly lower than for young ones, possibly due to the impending onset of pupation. Chrysopid larvae replenish their defensive secretion quickly: ca. 80% in 24 h. The defensive substance also coats the cuticle and antennal sensilla of attacking ants, which subsequently could clean it off.
Linking Context with Reward: A Functional Circuit from Hippocampal CA3 to Ventral Tegmental Area

Reward-motivated behavior is strongly influenced by the learned significance of contextual stimuli in the environment. However, the neural pathways that mediate context-reward relations are not well understood. We have identified a circuit from area CA3 of dorsal hippocampus to ventral tegmental area (VTA) that uses lateral septum (LS) as a relay. Theta frequency stimulation of CA3 excited VTA dopamine (DA) neurons and inhibited non-DA neurons. DA neuron excitation was likely mediated by disinhibition because local antagonism of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors blocked responses to CA3 stimulation. Inactivating components of the CA3-LS-VTA pathway blocked evoked responses in VTA and also reinstatement of cocaine-seeking by contextual stimuli. This transsynaptic link between hippocampus and VTA appears to be an important substrate by which environmental context regulates goal-directed behavior.
Study of the two-dimensional spray formed near a discontinuity using the Helmholtz–Kirchoff theory of free jets

Abstract The Helmholtz–Kirchoff theory of free jets is used to develop a linearized potential flow solution for the fluid flow near the leading edge of a two-dimensional flat surface. This flow region is important in fluid–structure interaction problems in which spray is formed at an air–water interface near a discontinuity such as an edge or a corner. Potential uses of the results include studies of the spray formed near the chines of planing boats, ship bow slamming, ventilated or cavitating hydrofoils and wave impacts on breakwaters. The conformal transformations using the Helmholtz–Kirchoff theory are shown to be identical to previously published expressions using the Chaplygin method. In the past, this solution has been used in matched asymptotic expansions for complex problems such as determining the lift on a planing flat plate with a spoiler or studying the flow about a curved flat plate. Here, the solution near the spray root is explored further and computations are made of the free surface profile and the pressure distribution as a function of the spray angle, demonstrating the primary characteristics of this flow. The results are qualitatively compared with photographs from towing tank model experiments and an example problem is given.