cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Language-based Approach to Measuring Scholarly Impact

Identifying the most influential documents in a corpus is an important problem in many fields, from information science and historiography to text summarization and news aggregation. Unfortunately, traditional bibliometrics such as citations are often not available. We propose using changes in the thematic content of documents over time to measure the importance of individual documents within the collection. We describe a dynamic topic model for both quantifying and qualifying the impact of these documents. We validate the model by analyzing three large corpora of scientific articles. Our measurement of a document's impact correlates significantly with its number of citations.
Synthesis of Optical Interconnects and Logic Gates

The first part of this paper presents a method for designing guided wave optical interconnects with reduced clock skew, applicable in a chip-to-chip or intra chip situation. The interconnect consists of a multimode trunk waveguide and a set of single mode branch waveguides each of which couples one mode out of the trunk waveguide (see Fig.1). The graded-index guided wave interconnects can effectively reduce clock skew by suitable design of the refractive index profiles [1],[2]. This design is accomplished by properly tailoring the propagation constants of the guided modes to provide equal propagation times to a set of detectors. The scheme presented in this paper employs several optical channels, each having a different refractive index profile. This includes a main multimode channel and several single-mode waveguides coupled to the main line. Total system design takes into account the problem of clock skew as well as efficient coupling between the trunk and branch waveguides. An inverse scattering technique that provides the design parameters of an optoelectronic guided-wave structure from the prescribed transmission characteristics has been used to design the interconnect. This technique is contrary to the traditional techniques which require iterative adjustments of the design parameters to achieve the required transmission characteristics.
Predictors for clinical benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis.

Aim In this meta-analysis, we evaluated several predictors of benefit to single-agent immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients & methods Using the random-effect model, we assessed the comparative efficacy of ICIs over chemotherapy according to age, gender, smoking history, PD-L1 status and CNS involvement. Results Eight randomized trials were selected. In comparison to chemotherapy, ICIs demonstrated significant progression-free survival (PFS) superiority in ever-smoker, male and PD-L1 positive subgroups. Never-smoker was an unfavorable factor for ICIs. Female and PD-L1 nonexpressing patients demonstrated similar PFS between ICIs and chemotherapy. ICI's PFS benefit wasn't influenced by age or CNS involvement. The overall survival (OS) benefit of ICIs was consistent across all subgroups, except for never-smokers. Conclusion Male, ever-smoker and positive PD-L1 are indicative of benefit to ICIs in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer.
Race, ethnicity, and respectability: examining Afro-Caribbean identity politics through the Obama presidency

Public opinion research finds that a shared racial or ethnic identity can shape constituent support for political candidates and elected officials. While several studies find strong evidence of thi...
Effect of Alternative Paint Stripping Processes on the Fatigue Performance of Aluminium Alloys - Atmospheric Plasma De-painting

Typically, aircraft paint schemes lose their effectiveness for corrosion protection as well as cosmetic appearance every three to five years. As such, aircraft will undergo numerous removal and re-application cycles during their service lifetime to restore appearance, corrosion protection, or to enable inspection for fatigue cracks and corrosion damages. Current approved paint removal processes include chemical and abrasive media blasting. These processes yield high amounts of volatile organic compounds and generate large quantities of waste, which require proper disposal/treatment. They also have the potential to mask surface cracks and decrease the effectiveness of Liquid Penetrant Inspections (LPI). Concern over environment, safety and worker health with current paint removal processes has resulted in the enactment of new alternative removal processes during the past several years.
Fully automated head-twitch detection system for the study of 5-HT2A receptor pharmacology in vivo

Head-twitch behavior (HTR) is the behavioral signature of psychedelic drugs upon stimulation of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) in rodents. Following the previous report of a semi-automated detection of HTR based on the dynamics of mouse's head movement, here we present a system for the identification of individual HTR events in a fully automated fashion. The validity of this fully automated HTR detection system was tested with the psychedelic drug DOI in 5-HT2AR-KO mice, and via evaluation of potential sources of false-positive and false-negative HTR events. The increased throughput in data processing achieved via automation afforded the possibility of conducting otherwise time consuming HTR time-course studies. To further assess the versatility of our system, we also explored the pharmacological interactions between 5-HT2AR and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2). Our data demonstrate the potentiation effect of the mGluR2/3 antagonist LY341495 on DOI-induced HTR, as well as the HTR-blocking effect of the mGluR2/3 agonist and antipsychotic drug in development LY404039. This fully automated system can contribute to speed up our understanding of 5-HT2AR's pharmacology and its characteristic behavioral outputs in rodents.
Impact of a Pharmacist-Driven MRSA Nasal PCR Protocol on Pneumonia Therapy.

Background:Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing can rapidly detect MRSA colonization via nasopharyngeal swab. With a high negative predic...
Microplastic exposure to zooplankton at tidal fronts in Charleston Harbor, SC USA

Abstract Zooplankton, fish, marine mammals and birds forage at flood-tide front aggregation zones that form at the mouths of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina USA where semi-buoyant particulates and phytoplankton accumulate. Increased trophodynamics and the potential for the accumulation of semi-buoyant microplastic particles at aggregation zones may present a pathway of increased exposure for microplastic to enter the estuarine trophic system via ingestion by zooplankton. Optical and fluorescence microscopy were used to enumerate microplastic fiber and fragment concentrations, with melting point analysis applied for confirmation, in water sieved (sized 43–104 μm) from the upper meter of the water column at positions across tidal fronts. The Cooper River front contained significantly higher microplastic water concentrations, dominated by fragments, on the riverside and within the frontal zone versus the seaward side, indicating an input of microplastic from land-based sources. No significant increase in abundance of zooplankton was found within the Cooper River or Ashley River fronts. Microplastic in the gut of field-collected zooplankton was observed using fluorescence microscopy. Only zooplankton from the Cooper River were observed with ingested microplastic. Absence of detection in zooplankton from the Ashley River may be due to fibers being more prevalent than fragments in surface waters at that front. On average, 1% of the filter-feeding zooplankton observed contained ingested microplastic particles suggesting zooplankton may be selectively feeding. Although the fraction was small, it represents significant exposure to microplastic for pelagic fish species that may be feeding at flood-tidal fronts in Charleston Harbor.
Accrual Management and the Decision to Sell or Hold Shares Acquired from the Exercise of Employee Stock Options

This study extends the employee stock option literature by examining the impact of accrual management, before and after stock option exercise, on the timing of sales of shares acquired at exercise....
Dynamic life cycle economic and environmental assessment of residential solar photovoltaic systems.

Abstract With the increasing implementation of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, comprehensive methods and tools are required to dynamically assess their economic and environmental costs and benefits under varied spatial and temporal contexts. This study integrated system dynamics modeling with life cycle assessment and life cycle cost assessment to evaluate the cumulative energy demand, carbon footprint, water footprint, and life cycle cost of residential grid-connected (GC) and standalone (SA) solar PV systems. The system dynamics model was specifically used for simulating the hourly solar energy generation, use, and storage during the use phase of the solar PVs. The modeling framework was then applied to a residential prototype house in Boston, MA to investigate various PV panel and battery sizing scenarios. When the SA design is under consideration, the maximum life cycle economic saving can be achieved with 20 panels with no battery in the prototype house, which increases the life cycle economic savings by 511.6% as compared to a baseline system sized based upon the engineering rule-of-thumb (40 panels and 40 batteries), yet decreases the demand met by 55.7%. However, the optimized environmental performance was achieved with significantly larger panel (up to 300 units) and battery (up to 320 units) sizes. These optimized configurations increase the life cycle environmental savings of the baseline system byup to 64.6%, but significantly decrease the life cycle economic saving by up to 6868.4%. There is a clear environmental and economic tradeoff when sizing the SA systems. When the GC system design is under consideration, both the economic and environmental benefits are the highest when no battery is installed, and the benefits increase with the increase of panel size. However, when policy constraints such as limitations/caps of grid sell are in place, tradeoffs would present as whether or not to install batteries for excess energy storage.
Beyond osmium: progress in 1,2-amino oxygenation of alkenes, 1,3-dienes, alkynes, and allenes

Olefin 1,2-difunctionalization has emerged as a popular strategy within modern synthetic chemistry for the synthesis of vicinal amino alcohols and derivatives. The advantage of this approach is the single-step simplicity for rapid diversification, feedstock nature of the olefin starting materials, and the possible modularity of the components. Although there is a vast number of possible iterations of 1,2-olefin difunctionalization, 1,2-amino oxygenation is of particular interest due to the prevalence of both oxygen and nitrogen within pharmaceuticals, natural products, agrochemicals, and synthetic ligands. The Sharpless amino hydroxylation provided seminal results in this field and displayed the value in achieving methods of this nature. However, a vast number of new and novel methods have emerged in recent decades. This review provides a comprehensive review of modern advances in accomplishing 1,2-amino oxygenation of alkenes, 1,3-dienes, alkynes, and allenes that move beyond osmium to a range of other transition metals and more modern strategies such as electrochemical, photochemical, and biochemical reactivity.
Expression, Activity, and Regulation of Phosphorylating Enzymes in Tissues and Cells Relevant to HIV-1 Sexual Transmission.

Phosphorylating enzymes (PEs) are responsible for activating nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) such as tenofovir (TFV) and are critical for their conversion to obtain i...
P107 Predictors of Food and Water Stockpiling During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background The early months of the COVID-19 pandemic brought about significant disruptions in food supply chains, which increased consumers’ concern about possible food shortages and price gouging. To ensure personal food security, many consumers began stockpiling food and water in unusually large amounts. Objective The goal of this study was to investigate individual- and household-level predictors of food and water stockpiling (FWS) in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic among Non-Latino Black and Latino adults. Study Design, Settings, and Participants This study was a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data. Participants were 2,174 Non-Latino Black (66.4%) and Latino (33.6%) adults residing in a Midwestern state, who completed the survey in either May or June/July 2020. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Participants were asked to self-report (yes or no) if they stockpiled food and/or water in the prior 7 days in response to the pandemic. A variety of variables was examined, including education level, annual income, employment status, concerns about COVID-19, and self-quarantine status. Crude and adjusted logistic regressions were used to identify variables associated with FWS. Results Non-Latino Black participants had lower odds of reporting FWS compared to Latinos (OR 0.64; 95% CI, 0.51-0.79). Similarly, participants who were not concerned about COVID-19 had lower odds of FWS compared with those extremely concerned (OR 0.37; 95% CI, 0.20 – 0.71). In contrast, odds of FWS were higher among participants who were self-quarantining all the time compared to those who were not (OR 2.16; 95% CI, 1.31 – 3.59). Conclusion Results showed that Latinos, adults concerned about COVID-19, and self-quarantine status had significantly higher odds of FWS during the pandemic.
Biomechanics of the Ankle Joint

The ankle joint is one of the most complex articulations in the human body. Its motion or kinematics is highly intricate with movements around three planes or axes. This joint absorbs forces and generates propulsion on variable surfaces to provide stability between the body and ground during activities such as stance and gait. This chapter discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the ankle in its normal and arthritic state. Arthritis or degenerative joint disease (DJD) can cause pain and stiffness, which ultimately produce a dysfunctional gait with greater energy expenditures. Current surgical options for ankle arthritis include joint fusion or arthrodesis and joint replacement or arthroplasty. This chapter reviews the effect of both procedures upon ankle biomechanics. Arthrodesis treats DJD without improving ROM, which results in abnormal gait. Arthroplasty treats DJD with implants that replace the degenerative joint to increase ROM, which improves gait. Neither modern arthrodesis nor arthroplasty can restore normal ankle ROM, biomechanics, and gait. However, arthroplasty preserves more ROM than arthrodesis. Knowledge of ankle biomechanics promotes a better understanding of ankle function in normal and arthritic circumstances. Furthermore, familiarity with ankle biomechanics may allow for improvements in arthroplasty design to optimize and possibly normalize ankle biomechanics.
Stopping to Reflect

Our note is prompted by a recent article by Frank Arntzenius, “Some Problems for Conditionalization and Reflection,” which appeared in this Journal. Through a sequence of examples, that article purports to show limitations for a combination of two inductive principles that relate current and future rational degrees of belief: Temporal Conditionalization and Reflection: $${P}_{later}(A) = {P}_{later}\left(A|B\right) = {P}_{now}\left(A|B\right) $$ $$ {P}_{now}\left(A|{P}_{later}(A)=r\right)=r. $$ We will use the expression “Reflection holds with respect to the event A.” to apply to this equality for a specific event A.
VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY IN THE RAT. I. EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION ON RESPIRATORY DECLINE IN LIVER HOMOGENATES FROM RATS FED A VITAMIN E-DEFICIENT DIET.

Abstract Male Holtzman rats were maintained for approximately 3 weeks on either a vitamin E-deficient or vitamin E-supplemented diet. The capacity of liver homogenates from these animals to oxidize succinate, α-ketoglutarate, β-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate, malate, and DPNH was measured over extended periods of time, and in the presence of different substrate concentrations. The decline in rate of oxidation, with time of incubation, differed, depending on the substrate employed, the concentration of substrate, and whether vitamin E was present or absent in the diet of the donor animal. The concentration of α-ketoglutarate, β-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate, and malate influenced the respiratory decline of vitamin E-deficient homogenates differently from the manner in which it affected the decline of supplemented homogenates. There was no apparent differences in respiratory decline between deficient and supplemented homogenates due to differences in succinate or DPNH concentration at any given substrate concentration studied.
A study of improvement in decision-making skills through the use of expert systems

Expert systems have been developed to equip inexperienced managers and other professionals with expert knowledge. Recent research provides evidence that novices perform better while using an expert system, than without the aid of an expert system. There have been untested observations that personnel who used expert systems enhanced their own knowledge, whereby reducing the expertise gap between them and experts. This study was performed to confirm these observations. A laboratory experiment was conducted with two groups of novices. The two groups analyzed cases in the domain of development and implementation of financial information systems. Their task was to evaluate the risk involved in the projects discussed in realistic cases. The subjects evaluated thirty-five cases in five daily sessions. In each session, one group used an expert system to evaluate the first three cases. These subjects solved the other four cases without the aid of the system. The other group evaluated all of the cases without the aid of an expert system. For data analysis, only cases solved without the aid of the system were considered. The major hypotheses were that the novices who used the expert system would, over time, obtain better decision quality, shorten their decision-makingtime, and enhance their confidence in the decisions more than would subjects who did not use the system, when evaluating cases without the expert system. The users did improve their decision quality more than did the non-users. No difference was found between the groups with respect to decision-makingtime. The users' confidence in the decisions increased over time more than the non-users' confidence. It was also found there was no relationship between the users' attitude toward computers, and the improvement of their decision quality and increased confidence in their decisions. The implications of the findings are discussed as are future research directions.
Human Thermoregulatory Responses to Acute Cold Stress with Special Reference to Water Immersion

The sections in this article are: 1 Metabolic Adjustments to the Cold 1.1 Critical Temperature 1.2 Thermogenesis Below Critical Temperature 2 Heat Transfer and Thermal Adjustments to the Cold 2.1 Skin-to-Water Heat Transfer 2.2 Core-to-Skin Heat Transfer 2.3 Core-to-Core Heat Transfer 2.4 Core-to-Environment Heat Transfer 3 Thermal Balance in the Cold 3.1 Thermal Balance by Analysis of Survival Data 3.2 Thermal Balance Assessed by Thermal Models 3.3 Stability of Skin and Core Temperatures 3.4 Still Conditions vs. Voluntary Exertion
Viral Chemokine Receptors

When my lab sequenced the first chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CCR1 in 1991, the top BLAST hit for CCR1 was open reading frame (ORF) US28 of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), indicating an obvious common ancestor and a possible example of gene piracy. Pox virologists had already identified virally encoded TNF and IFN-γ binding proteins, copied from the host and redeployed as cytokine scavengers and immune evasion factors; however, there were no precedents for G protein-coupled receptors in viruses or signaling viral immunoreceptor homologs. Tom Schall, then at Genentech, who had candidate CC chemokine receptor clones, learned about our CCR1 discovery and proposed a collaboration. I told him about the key features of CCR1: its specificity for CCL3 and CCL5, as well as monocytes and lymphocytes, and its sequence homology to US28 (1); however, he eventually wanted to pursue CCR1 independently, and published it in Cell in fall, 1992 along with data that US28 could bind to CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5. A month earlier, our paper had been rejected by Cell for lack of sufficient binding data; however, we eventually published our paper in early 1993 in the Journal of Experimental Medicine (1), and the NIH received the patent for cloning CCR1.
The relation of basal metabolic gain during pregnancy to nonpregnant basal metabolism

Abstract The relationship between the nonpregnant basal metabolic level and the basal metabolic gain during pregnancy was investigated in 158 women of the Fels Research Institute series. Women who had the lowest nonpregnant basal metabolic rates tended to have the greatest pregnancy gains. Possible explanations of this finding, as well as a discussion of the exceptions which occur, are presented. In the Fels nonpregnant series, 44.8 per cent of the women had basal metabolic rates below −10 per cent on the basis of the Mayo Clinic standards. Basal metabolic rates during the ninth month of pregnancy were preponderantly at the level which would usually be considered normal for nonpregnant women. These facts can probably be explained on the basis of differences in the conditions under which various basals are measured. The low basal metabolic rates observed in the Fels series were compared with Davis' Milwaukee and Wilmington series, which also showed low values. The possible need for interpretation of test results in terms of the environment, significance the patient attaches to the test, general anxiety, and previous test experience is suggested.
Design of a feedback digitally controlled oscillator for linearity enhancement

This paper presents a novel feedback digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) to enhance a high linearity. Because of a negative feedback loop, the feedback DCO shows a linear relationship between an input digital control word and an output frequency. In addition, the feedback DCO has a low-pass and high-pass filtering effect on the input digital control word and a DCO noise, respectively. Hence, we are able to change and optimize the bandwidth of the feedback DCO according to the each noise sources. We designed the feedback DCO scheme in 130 nm CMOS technology. The peak-to-peak gain of the proposed feedback DCO is 17 MHz/LSB which is 96% smaller than a conventional DCO. The feedback DCO consumes 1.7 mW at 2.2 GHz output frequency.
Bit-detection with neural networks from high-density magnetic recordings: a comparison

In high recording densities on magnetic disks, neighboring symbols overlap substantially, thus resulting in a hard-to-interpret read signal. Neural network architectures were developed by others to correctly detect the recorded bits. Even though the proposed neural network architectures contain feedback loops, testing was reported only for "single-bit errors", meaning correct bits were used as feedback rather than the detected bits. The paper evaluates the proposed network architectures in a more realistic setting and addresses the issue of whether the performance gain due to specialization outweighs the performance loss due to sequence-errors (errors caused by the feedback of earlier errors).
Bence Jones Proteins and Light Chains of Immunoglobulins XIV.

The region on the light chain molecule responsible for expression of the kappa and lambda antigenic determinants was determined by comparative immunochemical analyses of intact Bence Jones proteins and naturally occurring or enzymatically derived fragments of Bence Jones proteins that lacked extensive portions of the V region or part of the C region. The reactivity of these fragments with numerous antisera having specificity for light-chain antigenic determinants indicated the essentiality of the intact light polypeptide chain for expression of the kappa and lambda antigenic determinants. The conformational dependency of the kappa and lambda antigenic determinants was also evidenced by denaturation-renaturation studies on kappa and lambda chains. The V domain, C domain, and interdomain 'switch' region contribute to the expression of kappa and lambda antigenicity and to certain isotypic and allotypic specificities.
Failure of Averaging in the Construction of a Conductance-Based Neuron Model

Parameters for models of biological systems are often obtained by averaging over experimental results from a number of different preparations. To explore the validity of this procedure, we studied the behavior of a conductance-based model neuron with five voltage-dependent conductances. We randomly varied the maximal conductance of each of the active currents in the model and identified sets of maximal conductances that generate bursting neurons that fire a single action potential at the peak of a slow membrane potential depolarization. A model constructed using the means of the maximal conductances of this population is not itself a one-spike burster, but rather fires three action potentials per burst. Averaging fails because the maximal conductances of the population of one-spike bursters lie in a highly concave region of parameter space that does not contain its mean. This demonstrates that averages over multiple samples can fail to characterize a system whose behavior depends on interactions involving a number of highly variable components.
A research methodology and-comparative study to determine differences in technology-transfer needs between rural and metropolitan small manufacturing enterprises

The purpose of this paper is to present research findings of a study conducted in Oklahoma, USA, to identify the different technology transfer characteristics unique to rural and metropolitan small manufacturing enterprises (SMEs). Rural and metropolitan manufacturers across Oklahoma in various SIC codes were asked to determine the importance of five technology transfer dimensions. This paper has investigated whether there were any differences between the technology transfer needs for SMEs located in different regions of the state.
On the resistance to crack initiation and growth

Abstract The resistance to crack propagation starting from crack initiation to complete fracture is discussed. A method which determines crack growth resistance utilizing the locus of any set of characteristic points on the load vs load-point displacement curves of specimens which differ only in initial crack length is presented. This generalized locus method can also be used to investigate the invariance of the crack resistance along any set of characteristic points. Experimental evaluation of the crack resistance from crack initiation to steady state propagation is performed using a polymeric material. The resistance to crack initiation is determined in terms of the critical J- integral value ( J c ). The resistance to crack propagation at maximum load point is also investigated utilizing the locus of the maximum load points on the load-displacement curves. The plateau resistance ( R p ) during extensive crack propagation is determined utilizing the total essential energy for a complete fracture which is the sum of the blunting energy and the integration of the resistance to crack propagation with respect to the cracking area. The experimental result supports the assumption that the crack initiation resistance ( J c ) and the plateau resistance ( R p ) values are invariant regardless of the initial crack length provided the irreversible deformation zone size around the crack tip is not confined by specimen geometry.
Interparty Competition in the American States: an Examination of Index Components:

EW aspects of political activities in the American states have attracted the attention as has the level of competition between the Democratic and Republican parties. In the wake of V. O. Key's (1949 and 1956) classic works in the field of state party systems and elections, numerous scholars have proposed measures of interparty competition (e.g., Ranney and Kendall 1954; Schlesinger 1955, 1960; Golembiewski 1958; Hofferbert 1964; Ranney 1965; Pfeiffer 1967; David 1972; Loevy 1984) while others have sought to determine the policy consequences of such competition (e.g., Dawson and Robinson 1963; Dye 1966, 1984; Sharkansky 1968; Cnudde and McCrone 1969; Lewis-Beck 1977; Jennings 1979). In comparison, much less effort has been devoted to the question of why the party systems in some states are more competitive than those in others; studies investigating the determinants of party systems generally point to the link between interparty competition and socioeconomic factors. Several recent studies have focused on changes in the nature and effects of interparty competition over time (Tucker 1982; Feigert 1985; Kenney and Rice 1985; Tucker and Herzik 1986). Absent from these studies, however, is a separate consideration of the various dimensions of an index of interparty competition. This paper explores this aspect of interparty competition by examining relationships among the components of the commonly used Ranney index. Interparty competition in the chambers of state legislatures and for the governorship are analyzed in an effort to enhance our understanding of state party systems.
A study of land‐atmosphere interactions during summertime rainfall using a mesoscale model

[1] A coupled mesoscale model (e.g., MM5V3) was used to investigate the mechanisms of land-atmosphere interaction during summertime rainfall in the southern Great Plains. Numerical experiments were conducted for two storms and for clear weather conditions using three distinct physical parameterizations of convective processes. Analysis of the dynamics of moisture and energy states in the boundary layer for all model grid cells revealed the existence of dual limit cycles in the model's phase space of Bowen ratio and relative humidity. The scaling behavior of these limit cycles is consistent with self-similarity of the second kind (i.e., in the sense of intermediate asymptotics). Specifically, the dual limit cycles suggest two distinct regimes of land-atmosphere interactions: (1) a divergent (splitting) trajectory of increasing diurnal variations of Bowen ratio and relative humidity for persistently dry weather conditions and (2) a convergent (merging) trajectory of rapidly decreasing Bowen ratio and increasing relative humidity for wet weather conditions. At the onset of rainfall the convergent cycle exhibits intermittent instability and collapses into a very limited region of high relative humidity and low Bowen ratio, the rainfall attractor. The position of the attractor in phase space is determined by surface controls of land-atmosphere interactions (e.g., soil moisture availability in our applications): That is, land surface heterogeneity determines the dynamic range of land-atmosphere interactions. Regionally, the footprint of these two regimes of land-atmosphere interactions is apparent in the correlation between Bowen ratio and the vertical distribution of relative humidity in the troposphere. In dry weather the correlation varies periodically from positive at night to negative during the day and generally does not penetrate into the upper air. Under wet conditions, however, the correlation is strong and persistently positive throughout the troposphere. These results support the argument that increased surface evaporation during rainfall affects stability conditions in the boundary layer, and thus convective activity in the model, therefore establishing a positive feedback mechanism of land-atmosphere interactions consistent with the rainfall attractor.
Production of single subnanosecond multi-line 10.6 μm laser pulses by fast optical gating

Abstract An electro-optic shutter, activated by a pulse generator switched with a laser triggered spark gap having a risetime of ∼120 psec, has been used to produce optical pulses of variable duration, as short as ∼600 psec, from the output of a uv photo-preionized CO 2 laser, which simultaneously oscillates on several rotational transitions.
Measuring the effectiveness of mental health courts: Challenges and recommendations.

How will we know if mental health courts are effective? The answers provided by future evaluation research will reflect the extent to which the social and procedural complexity of mental health courts drives the research design and plan. This article identifies the research challenges associated with studying the effectiveness of an intervention that is nonstandardized by nature and highly dependent on macro and local influences within the environment as well as personal preferences and relationship dynamics within the intervention itself. Explored are the research challenges related to isolating the independent effects associated with mental health courts. The article concludes with recommendations for how best to evaluate mental health courts to inform best practice and policy.
A research note on the history of the Chinese police

Although the modern Chinese police force was not born until the end of the nineteenth century under the influence of Western nations, various forms of law enforcement had been in existence in China's history long before the introduction of the Western modern policing. The present article provides a brief account of the historical evolution of the Chinese police, dating from the first dynasty in China (which existed more than four thousand years ago), to the most current development of the Chinese police in the People's Republic of China. The historical account allows readers to catch a glimpse of various forms of law enforcement that existed in different periods of China's history and their impact on the formation and structure of today's Chinese police.
Examining the language performances of children with and without specific language impairment: contributions of phonological short-term memory and speed of processing.

Purpose This study investigated the effects of processing speed and phonological short-term memory (PSTM) on children’s language performance. Method Forty-eight school-age children with specific la...
Soil Water Management in India

The growing demand for food in India, due to rising population and rapid industrialization, necessitates judicious and sustainable management of soil and water resources. While the increase in agronomic production of irrigated rice-wheat system (RWS) has been impressive since the 1970s, the low water- and fertilizer-use efficiency has caused degradation of soil quality and pollution of surface and ground waters. With increasing competition for soil and water for non-agricultural uses (e.g., urbanization, industrial use), the strategy is to increase production per unit input of scarce resources through agricultural intensification, and by reducing losses and optimizing the input-use efficiency. Strategies of soil-water management in India's dry farming regions include conserving water in the root zone, water harvesting, and recycling, and integrated nutrient management (INM) involving use of crop residue mulch and biosolids. Similarly, soil-water management in India's irrigated regions (e.g., RWS in the In...
Solid circulation system with shrinking core kinetics in both reactor and regenerator

Abstract This paper treats the behavior of solids which circulate between two environments, both in mixed flow. In the reactor the solid react and remove a component from the gas stream, in the regenator another reaction takes place releasing the captured material and restoring the solid to its initial state. Shrinking core kinetics is assumed in which case the particles will have a varying number of concentric rings of product. We related the mean composition of the solid stream with the system parameters (flow rate of solid and size of units) and the particle kinetics, and present the results in the form design charts.
COP9 Signalosome Regulates Autophagosome Maturation

Background—Autophagy is essential to intracellular homeostasis and is involved in the pathophysiology of a variety of diseases. Mechanisms regulating selective autophagy remain poorly understood. The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a conserved protein complex consisting of 8 subunits (CSN1 through CSN8), and is known to regulate the ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, it is unknown whether CSN plays a role in autophagy. Methods and Results—Marked increases in the LC3-II and p62 proteins were observed on Csn8 depletion in the cardiomyocytes of mouse hearts with cardiomyocyte-restricted knockout of the gene encoding CSN subunit 8 (CR-Csn8KO). The increases in autophagosomes were confirmed by probing with green fluorescent protein–LC3 and electron microscopy. Autophagic flux assessments revealed that defective autophagosome removal was the cause of autophagosome accumulation and occurred before a global ubiquitin-proteasome system impairment in Csn8-deficient hearts. Analyzing the prevalence of different stages ...
Energy distribution of Ni + ions recoiled from a Ni(100) surface

Abstract A Ni(100) single-crystal surface was bombarded by 5 keV Ne+, Ar+ and kr+ ions along [100] and [110] azimuths at an incident angle of 15° (measured from the surface). The various features observed in the energy distribution caused by direct and deflected recoils, i.e. knock-on and blocking processes, are identified by computer simulation of binary collisions involving different collision sequences, inelastic energy loss and thermal vibrations of surface atoms. Good agreement is obtained between experiment and computer simulation.
Does the Tumor Status of the Regional Lymph Nodes Really Matter in Melanoma

Over the last hundred years, there has been great debate among surgeons regarding the management of clinically negative regional lymph nodes in patients with cutaneous melanoma. The debate is based on the concept that if melanoma metastasizes, it spreads first to the regional lymph nodes and then to distant sites. Intuitive thinking suggests that the lymphatic pathways represent a clear and defined connection from the primary to the regional lymph nodes, and that physical soiling of the regional lymph nodes with tumor metastases likely occurs before any spread to distant sites. This theory is based on clinical observation of the natural history and progression of metastatic melanoma. If melanoma uniformly metastasizes first to the regional lymph nodes, then removal of these nodes early in the course of the disease should halt the metastatic progression and improve prognosis. Both single- and multiple-institutional retrospective studies have identified subgroups of patients who achieve a survival benefit from early elective lymph node dissection (ELND). However, the four randomized prospective studies1– 4 have failed to demonstrate any conclusive evidence that routine ELND in all melanoma patients is therapeutic, in part because a majority of patients do not have nodal metastases. Cost, potential morbidity, and lack of therapeutic value have made ELND impractical for the routine care of patients with clinically localized primary melanoma. However, if we can identify the subgroup of patients who have subclinical metastases limited to the regional lymph nodes, can we improve their survival by complete lymphadenectomy? With the development of the technique of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy (LM/SL) more than 10 years ago, 5 surgeons have renewed their interest in evaluation of the tumor status of regional lymph nodes. 6 Unlike staging based on clinical exam or conventional ELND, LM/SL allows pathologists to focus on a single lymph node. Very small volumes of tumor can be identified (by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR to melanoma-specific genes) in this sentinel lymph node. But what if the sentinel node is free of tumor? Does the absence of nodal involvement improve survival? The study reported in this issue of Annals of Surgical Oncology by Dessureault et al. 7 from the American Joint
High temperature behavior of Ni-base weld metal: Part I. Ductility and microstructural characterization

Abstract The ductility dip cracking resistance of two Ni-base Filler metals, Filler Metal 52 (FM-52) (59%Ni–29%Cr–9%Fe–1%Mn–1%Al) and Filler Metal 82 (FM-82) (72%Ni–20%Cr–1%Fe–3%Mn–3%Nb) was evaluated using the strain-to-fracture (STF) test. The reinterpretation of previously reported STF test results for these filler metals, is discussed, based on detailed microstructural characterization performed using electron microscopy. In Part II of this paper, new insight into the creep-like, grain boundary (GB) sliding mechanism responsible for intergranular cracking in these filler metals is presented.
Follow that felony!—an educational technique

Abstract To help the undergraduate student better understand the criminal justice system, the Society and Justice Program of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Washington offers a course in which the student traces the progress of a felon from just after arrest through the disposition of the case. This provides the student with an overview of the total system from a practical standpoint. Some of the benefits and difficulties are discussed.
Laser light scattering of PBLG in DMF

We report measurements of static and dynamic properties of poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) in dimethyl formamide at 25 °C using laser light scattering. Correlation-function profile analyses were performed using the histogram method. The resultant average linewidth and dispersion were reconfirmed using the cumulants method. We were able to determine the molecular-weight distribution of PBLG using the histogram method and to confirm the polydispersity for rod polymers in solution to be roughly Mw/Mn ∼ 1 + μ2/Γ2. In our analysis of the Rayleigh linewidth, we used both the rigid-rod model and the Fujime approach involving rod flexibility. We obtained very reasonable agreement between the Fujime theory and our experiments and concluded that for most stiff polymers of interest, it would be more appropriate to use the Fujime approach, which could also yield a rod-flexibility parameter. In semidilute solutions, we observed two effects, namely, a maximum in the diffusion coefficient and a broadening of the linewidth distribution function at both low and high frequencies, which were not predicted by the Doi-Edwards theory.
Membrane polypeptides associated with photochemical systems.

WE wish to report a specific relationship between certain chloroplast membrane polypeptides and functional properties of the chloroplast usually associated with one or the other of the two photochemical systems (designated PSI and PSII). We have known this by the analysis of the chloroplast membrane polypeptides of the wild type strain of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi and of mutant strains derived from it which have lost the capacity to carry out normal photosynthesis. These mutants have been characterized by the loss of particular membrane-bound components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain1,2. This relationship is supported by analysis of the membrane polypeptides obtained from chloroplast fractions of wild type C. reinhardi and spinach enriched for reactions characteristic of either PSI or PSII by fractionation of the membranes either with digitonin3,4 or ‘Triton X-100’5.
Direct determination of the island size distribution for parallelogram-shaped islands☆

Abstract It is shown that the size distribution, and not just the average size, of islands adsorbed on a surface can be determined directly from the LEED superlattice beam intensity, if the shape of the islands is known to be a parallelogram. The size distribution is obtained from the two-dimensional Fourier transform of a function that contains the angular distribution of the superlattice beam intensity.
Atomic emission from a gold scanning-tunneling-microscope tip.

We have demonstrated that a gold scanning-tunneling-microscope tip can be used as a miniature solid-state emission source for directly depositing nanometer-size gold structures. The emission mechanism is believed to be field evaporation of tip atoms, which is enhanced by the close proximity of the substrate. The technique has been used in air on Ag(111) surfaces to write several thousand features with no apparent degradation of the tip's ability to emit atoms.
Material Characterization of Porcine Lenticular Soluble Proteins

The soluble proteins present in the ocular lens impart important optical and dynamic mechanical properties on the lens. The short-range order of crystallin proteins grants transparency to a very concentrated protein solution. This unique protein system directly enables proper visual function of the eye. These proteins were investigated in steady and oscillatory shear. Steady shear data were fitted with a modified Herschel-Bulkley yield stress model that allows for a Newtonian plateau at low shear rates. The Cox-Merz rule was used in conjunction with large amplitude oscillatory shear to give insight into the degradation of the fluid structure with increasing strain. The shear thinning viscoelastic behavior of these proteins gives rise to beneficial mechanical properties and results from the same short-range order granting optical transparency.
Use Dialogue Journals With Secondary Learning Disabled Students

Using dialogue journals with LD students may encourage writing skills and open communication.
The relationship between normal and strike-slip faults in Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada, and its implications for stress rotation and partitioning of deformation in the east-central Basin and Range

Abstract This study expands on our earlier studies of the evolution of fracturing and faulting in the Jurassic aeolian Aztec Sandstone exposed over a large area in the Valley of Fire State Park, southeastern Nevada. Based on a nearly three-dimensional data set collected from 200-m-high cliff-face exposures with stair-case morphology composed of steep and flat parts, we find that a series of inclined, relatively low-angle normal faults and their splay fractures are precursors of the strike-slip fault network that we previously documented. We discuss the significance of this finding in terms of the tectonics of the broader area, stress rotation, partitioning of deformation, and the development of fracture clusters with compartmentalization of the structures as a function of spatial, depositional and deformational domains.
The Individual and Beyond: Reflections of the Life History Process

The life history, a narrative form which has a substantial if fragmented history in anthropology, is enjoying a resurgence of popularity, both as an end product and as a genre inviting reinterpretation and analysis. For the narrative ethnographer the life history offers rich ground for examination and discussion. Focusing upon ongoing life history research in northern Alaska by the author and others, this article explores some of the current dimensions of life history studies.
Low temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy of a DyBa2Cu3O7-x film

A superconducting film of DyBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x was examined below 30 K with a scanning tunneling spectroscopy, i.e. scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images and tunneling data were obtained over the same area. Images were observed and some I-V's showed charging effects.
Three Paths to Full Employment Growth

I. Introduction, 1. — II. Fiscal policy and the multipliers in a static world, 3. — III. The effect of alternative fiscal policies on growth, 6. — IV. The effect of alternative fiscal policies on the budget, 11. — V. Fiscal policy and the multipliers in a dynamic world, 12. — VI. The effect of productivity on growth and the budget, 16. — VII. A Simulation experiment, 18. — VIII. Conclusions, 21. — Appendix, 22.