cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HABITAT USE PATTERNS AND RANGES OF THE BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

I studied behavior and range patterns of individual bottlenose dolphins during 1984 in the mid-eastern Gulf of California, Mexico. Dolphin sighting rate was significantly higher in areas close to estuary mouths, 0.306 sighting per hour compared with 0.155 sighting per hour in areas distant from estuary mouths. Dolphins used these estuarine areas to feed; 61% of all behavior observed near estuaries was feeding as compared with 23% elsewhere. Traveling comprised 61% of all behavior observed in areas distant from estuary mouths. Estuaries are sites of large concentrations of nutrients which support great numbers of filter-feeding zooplankton and fish. Bottlenose dolphins may specialize on estuarine prey, or rhey may feed in estuarine areas simply because of the abundance of potential prey that these systems support. 'In either case, data on relative numbers, distribution patterns, behavior and diet indicate that this is a general trend in habitat use for many coastal populations of this species in the Pacific and Atlantic. Ranges of a few individuals spanned a minimum of 65 km of coastline, and animals were nor permanent residents of a monitored bay. In contrast, dolphins off the coast of Sarasota, Florida, have been reported to be year-round residents with smaller ranges. This difference in degree of site fidelity may be related to habitat differences. The west coast of Florida is dotted with numerous and large estuarine systems which may host permanent prey populations and support resident groups of dolphins. The Gulf of California coastline contains few estuaries; most are small and perhaps support prey resources which are ephemeral, requiring dolphins to range over larger distances in search of food.
Kinetic characteristics of hamster (mesocricetus auratus) brown fat (Na+/K+)-ATPase: Effects of catecholamines

1. The (Na+/K+)-ATPase activity of brown fat membranes is increased by norepinephrine, the physiological mediator of thermogenesis in this tissue. 2. This increased ATPase activity was inhibited approximately 50% by either propranolol (a beta-adrenergic blocker) or phentolamine (an alpha-blocker). 3. The alpha-agonist, phenylephrine and the beta-agonist, isoproterenol, also stimulated the ATPase activity. 4. That these latter effects were receptor-specific is supported by the finding that: (a) l(-)isoproterenol stimulation was inhibited by propranolol but not by phentolamine; (b) d(+)isoproterenol had no stimulatory effect on the ATPase activity; and (c) the l(-)phenylephrine-induced increase was inhibited by phentolamine but not by propranolol. 5. (-)norepinephrine, l(-)isoproterenol and l(-)phenylephrine all decreased the apparent Km for K+ of the (Na+/K+)-ATPase but did not alter the apparent Km for ATP or the Vmax of the reaction.
Filiform-mode hydride corrosion of uranium surfaces

Abstract Hydride nucleation and growth has previously been studied in uranium with an air-formed oxide. Preferred directional growth of uranium hydride has not been observed, presumably due to the constraint of the oxide layer and/or the presence of a surface layer distorted by mechanical grinding and polishing. Instead, hydrides typically first form as subsurface blisters that do not exhibit preferred growth directionality. By eliminating the strained surface layer through electropolishing, removing the natural oxide through ion sputtering, avoiding exposure of the uranium to air, and then exposing uranium to high purity hydrogen in an environmental cell, hydride growth patterns emerge that correspond to defect structures within the microstructure. These hydride growth patterns are similar to filiform corrosion, a type of corrosion that frequently forms under thin protective films. This work describes the first reported observation of filiform-like corrosion in uranium. The uranium hydride initiates at defects, but grows into filaments up to 20 μm wide, and tends to form in straight lines, largely propagating along twin boundaries. Propagation is driven by hydrogen reaction at the filament head, promoted by more efficient delivery of reactant. However, this phenomenon does not involve an electrochemical process associated with conventional filiform corrosion and is therefore described as filiform-like. Hydride growth was observed using optical microscopy for a period of nearly three years. Sample characterization included automated electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements to determine growth directions. Observation of this anomalous hydride growth provides clues as to the mechanisms operating in uranium hydriding for more conventionally prepared sample surfaces.
An investigation of the precipitation-hardening process in aluminum alloy 2219 by means of sound wave velocity and ultrasonic attenuation

Abstract The precipitation-hardening process in aluminum alloy 2219 has been investigated by means of dynamic measurements of sound wave velocity, ultrasonic attenuation and hardness. Measurements of these properties as a function of aging time at constant temperatures (150, 175 and 220 °C) were found to exhibit prominent changes and anomalies that were related to the formation of θ″ and θ′ precipitates in aluminum alloy 2219. From the temperature dependence of the sound velocity and ultrasonic attenuation, the activation energies for formation of θ″ and θ′ were found to be 4.7 kcal mol−1 and 9.9 kcal mol−1 respectively. A thermally activated process, with an activation energy of 26.6 kcal mol−1, was apparently responsible for the loss of coherency of θ′ precipitates and the resulting decrease in hardness. The occurrence of contemporaneous peaks in both hardness and ultrasonic attenuation provides the experimental evidence for this assumption. The growth law for θ′ particles was determined from the precipitation kinetics. The θ′ precipitates, in their semicoherent form, follow a two-dimensional growth law. The coarsening of θ′ and the subsequent loss of coherency are approximately governed by a three-dimensional growth law. Sound wave velocity measurements indicate that the ultimate value of the elasticity of aluminum alloy 2219 depends on the age-hardening temperature. The elastic moduli increase with increasing aging temperature. This behavior is attributed to the relatively larger volume fraction of precipitates, of intrinsically higher elastic moduli than the matrix, that results from aging at increased temperatures. The plastic behavior, however, as manifested by peak values of the hardness, was found to decrease with increasing aging temperature. The frequency dependence of the ultrasonic attenuation indicates that a relaxational mechanism is operative. The fact that the occurrence of attenuation peaks depends also on the average distribution of the precipitate size is evidenced by the effect of plastic deformation prior to aging on the location of the attenuation peaks. The present investigation has demonstrated the operational feasibility of an ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation method for monitoring the precipitation process, over a wide temperature interval, in aluminum alloys during its progress.
Aluminum&#8212;Silicon Schottky barriers and ohmic contacts in integrated circuits

Experimental observations (electrical characteristics and in depth Auger analysis) have been made of the interface behavior in aluminum-silicon contacts. The barrier heights of these contacts (φ bn for n-type, φ bp for p-type silicon) are sensitive to heat treatments (HT) that are a part of normal integrated circuit processing. If oxide layers (≃20 A) are present in the Al-Si interface, φ bn can be as low as 0.45 eV and φ bp as high as 0.75 eV. One can obtain reproducible barrier heights φ bp ≃ 0.7 eV and φ bp ≃ 0.5 eV by HT at T ≤ 300deg;C. As the temperature of HT is increased (up to ≃ 550deg;C) φ bn can reach ≃ 0.9 eV and φ bp drop to < 0.35 eV. The HT at higher temperatures are accompanied by changes in the Al and Si profiles across the interface region. Two mechanisms have been found to be responsible for the changes in barrier height: 1) the removal of positive charges from the oxide, and 2) metallurgical reactions between the Al and Si. These two mechanisms have been separated and their individual behaviors qualified.
Temporal cost of switching between kinds of visual stimuli in a memory task

These experiments measured the extra time required to respond when the type of stimulus was changed from one trial to the next. Heretofore, switching costs have been measured for a change in task, but we wished to isolate the cost of changing the sensorial component per se and its necessary analytical processing, as distinct from changing the question being posed or the type of response to be given. Thus, the task was identical throughout the experiments: continuous recognition in a single, 240-trial session, in which the subject was required to distinguish initial from repeat appearances of a stimulus, the single repetition of each stimulus occurring after 1-31 intervening trials. There were two categories of 200-ms stimuli, linguistic (words and non-words) and images (multiple-colored or gray scale panels, human faces, or butterflies); and two conditions of switching, predictable (alternating on each trial) or unpredictable, in which the switch occurred after three to eight trials of one kind. In the majority of cases, there was a robust switching cost, from 24 to 92 ms. The similarity of costs in the predictable and unpredictable modes suggests that this cost is derived at least as much from terminating the modus operandi for the preceding type of stimulus as from a reconfiguration of processing for the new type of stimulus. In the switch between words and images, the costs were "paradoxical" (asymmetrical), in that the switching from an image to a word was more costly than the reverse, that is, changing from the more to the less difficult required the greater time. This, too, is compatible with the idea that termination of the previous mode of processing is a major component of the cost. Thus, in contemplating the neuronal/cognitive events underlying visual memory, consideration must be given to the inertia of pre-existing linkages.
Association of executive function and performance of dual-task physical tests among older adults: analyses from the InChianti study

BACKGROUND: previous studies have reported an association between cognitive function and physical performance, particularly among older adults. OBJECTIVE: to examine the association between executive function and performance difference on complex versus usual walking tasks in a sample of non-demented older adults. DESIGN: population-based epidemiological study of older people residing in the Chianti area (Tuscany, Italy). PARTICIPANTS: 737 community-dwelling individuals aged 65 years and older. METHODS: gait speed (m/s) was measured during the performance of complex walking tasks (walking/talking, walking/picking-up an object, walking/carrying a large package, walking over obstacles, walking with a weighted vest) and reference walking tasks (7 m usual pace, 7 m fast pace and 60 m fast pace). Executive function was assessed using the Trail Making Test (TMT). Other measures included Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), sociodemographic characteristics and selected physiological impairments. RESULTS: gait speed for the selected reference and complex walk tasks was consistently lower among participants with poor executive function. Per cent decline in gait speed compared with the reference task differed by executive function for certain tasks (e.g. walking/obstacles: 30 versus 24% decline in low versus high executive function respectively, P = 0.0006) but not for others. CONCLUSIONS: poor executive function is associated with measures of gait, including specific challenges. Overall, the results showed that the cost associated with the addition of a challenge to the basic walking task differs by executive function and the nature of the task. Further research is needed to determine whether improvement in executive function abilities translates to better performance on selected complex walking tasks. Language: en
Successful software management style: steering and balance

Project management style is a significant determinant separating successful projects from failures. Software project managers are more likely to succeed if they use techniques that are more like managing a movie production than an engineering production. Contrary to conventional wisdom, steering leadership is better than detailed plan-and-track leadership.
Computations of unsteady transonic aerodynamics using prescribed steady pressures

On utilise une methode inverse pour obtenir le champ d'ecoulement stationnaire et la forme de profil correspondant a une distribution de pression stationnaire donnee. Les effets instationnaires sont calcules a l'aide de codes numeriques. Comparaison avec les resultats experimentaux
A Simple, Inexpensive Multinuclear Adapter for Multinuclear Operation by Routine Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometers

Abstract A multinuclear adapter which can quickly and reversibly be attached to virtually any currently available nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer is described. This adapter can be built in less than a day by almost anyone at a total cost of approximately $20. Use of this adapter for 19F operation of a Perkin-Elmer Hitachi R20B is demonstrated. The 19F performance is comparable to normal proton operation with no probe modifications. Operation at frequencies for other nuclei would require probe modifications. The adapter consists of one crystal oscillator and two transistorized mixers. All connections to the spectrometer are made by BNC connectors; no permanent connections are made to the spectrometer. Return to normal proton operation is therefore, very fast and completely reversible. The unit was tested using an external water lock signal. Operation with an internal lock signal would be somewhat more difficult, but should be possible.
Enzymatic polymerization and characterization of new poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s by a bacterial polymerase

Two new 3-hydroxyalkanoates, 3-hydroxy-3-cyclopropylpropionate (3CyP3HP) and 3-hydroxy-4-chlorobutyrate (4C13HB), were prepared, and their coenzyme A (CoA) thioester derivatives were polymerized in aqueous solutions with the polymerase enzyme of a bacterium which can produce poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as intracellular, reserve polymers. The polymerase used for the in vitro polymerization reactions was that of E. shaposhnikovii (EsPHAS), which was produced by a recombinant strain of E. coli harboring the appropriate gene. The polymerase of R. eutropha (RePHAS) was also evaluated for the in vitro polymerization of the two monomers, but it was inactive with the CoA thioester of 3CyP3HP. The propagation rates of the two monomers with the EsPHAS polymerase were 1.2 and 6.7 mol of monomer reacted per mole of enzyme catalyst per second of reaction time for 3CyP3HPCoA and 4Cl3HBCoA, respectively, and the number-average molecular weights of the PHAs obtained were 371 000 and 189 000, respectively. Both polymers were crystalline, and their crystallinity and NMR spectra indicated that both contained only one chiral center (100% isotactic) even though both of the monomers were racemic mixtures.
Organizational Socialization: Processes for New Communication Faculty

This study identifies features of organizational socialization for new faculty members in communication departments across the United States. Results of the investigation indicate that the amount of time spent in orientation activities is the best predictor of satisfaction upon arrival in the workforce. It is also apparent, however, that satisfaction with organizational entry is not as high as satisfaction with the job interview. It is recommended that individuals responsible for socializing new faculty take additional steps to make newcomers feel welcome and comfortable in their new environment. Through activities such as developing a departmental mentoring program, offering opportunities for informal interaction with colleagues, and providing adequate information on departmental policies and procedures, novice faculty members believe they will more easily adapt to their new work environment.
Performance Prediction of Range Finder Systems

Starting with the threefold concept of a range finder system, target, range finder, and operator, equations are developed and explained which enable prediction of performance of such a system, based on assumed parameters, in terms of probability versus range. Two cases are discussed: (1) when the range finder system is used by itself and performance criterion is expressed as some small percentage of the true range, and (2) when the range finder is used in conjunction with a weapon system and performance criterion relates to the probability of obtaining hits on vertical targets at various distances from the range finder—weapon system combination.
Does the quality, accuracy, and readability of information about lateral epicondylitis on the internet vary with the search term used?

Background Concern exists over the quality, accuracy, and accessibility of online information about health care conditions. The goal of this study is to evaluate the quality, accuracy, and readability of information available on the internet about lateral epicondylitis.
Gauged Galileons From Branes

We show how the coupling of SO(N) gauge fields to galileons arises from a probe brane construction. The galileons arise from the brane bending modes of a brane probing a co-dimension N bulk, and the gauge fields arise by turning on certain off-diagonal components in the zero mode of the bulk metric. By construction, the equations of motion for both the galileons and gauge fields remain second order. Covariant gauged galileons are derived as well.
Acceleration and Delay of Sexual Maturation in Female Mice via Chemosignals: Circadian Rhythm Effects

Two experiments tested whether the male urinary chemosignal that accelerates puberty in female mice or the urinary chemosignal from grouped females that delays puberty are affected by circadian rhythms. The experiments also tested whether there is a circadian component for the response system(s) of the young recipient female mice for the onset of first vaginal estrus. Male urine collected at 0600 h was more effective in inducing earlier maturation than urine collected at 0000, 1200 or 1800 h. Urine from grouped females collected at all four times produced significant delays in first estrus, but urine collected at 0000 h produced longer delays than urine from 0600, 1200 or 1800 h. For male urine, application at 0600 h produced significant acceleration relative to urine treatment at 0000, 1200 or 1800 h. No differences were recorded in age of puberty in females treated with urine from grouped females when urine was applied at the four different time points. Possible interpretations of these results involve circadian variations for various hormones and related physiological processes in both donor and recipient mice.
A peripheral mechanism of fever: differential sensitivity to the antipyretic action of methyl scopolamine

The organophosphate pesticide (OP) chlorpyrifos leads to an acute period of hypothermia followed by a delayed fever in the rat. Methyl scopolamine, a peripheral muscarinic antagonist, is thought to have little effect on body temperature of the rat because it does not cross the blood brain barrier. However, administration of methyl scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) during the period of chlorpyrifos-induced fever results in a rapid recovery of core temperature. This indicates a peripheral cholinergic pathway is operative in the febrile response to chlorpyrifos and possibly other modes of fever. In this study, we evaluated the possible antipyretic role of methyl scopolamine (i.p.) to a variety of stimuli that lead to fever-like responses in the rat: stress-induced (handling and cage switch), chlorpyrifos-induced (15 mg/kg, p.o.), nocturnal-induced, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever (50 μg/kg, i.p.). Methyl scopolamine led to marked reversal in the elevated core temperature caused by handling, cage switch, and during the nocturnal phase. It is of interest to note that all these elevations of core body temperature are prostaglandin mediated and are blocked with the antipyretic drug, sodium salicylate. However, LPS-induced fever, also a prostaglandin dependent fever, was unaffected by methyl scopolamine. Methyl scopolamine also lowered baseline core temperature when administered during the afternoon, but not during the morning in unstressed animals. It is proposed that a peripheral cholinergic pathway, possibly mediated through afferent vagal pathways, is operative in controlling core temperature during fevers associated with stress, nocturnal phase, and a pesticide. During recovery from exposure to a LPS, the fever appears to be mediated independently of peripheral cholinergic activation.
The changing media environment of presidential campaigns

We argue that the process selecting a president is important and that this important democratic decision requires information. Given that virtually no voters learn about the candidates for the presidency via personal contact, and that what information is available to voters varies by medium, this makes the question of where voters obtain information about the candidate very important. National Election Studies longitudinal data from 1952–2000 reveals that 82% report that they learn about presidential campaigns from television, 69% from newspapers, 48% from radio, 71% from debate, and 72% from political discussion. However, we argue that the media environment is dynamic (e.g., cable television and the Internet have dramatically changed the information available to voters). We correlate media use with election year, showing that use of newspapers to learn about presidential elections had dropped over time, along with radio and debates. Use of television and magazines do not show a clear trend. Political dis...
Determinants of social dominance in eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis): a quantitative assessment

Abstract This study, conducted from January 1979 to August 1981 at the Rachelwood Wildlife Research Preserve, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., examined the structure of the dominance hierarchy in a free-ranging population of eastern gray squirrels ( Sciurus carolinensis ), using physical attributes and behavioural patterns correlated with social status for groups observed in arena trials. Multivariate statistical analyses (principal components and linear discriminant function analyses) of over 380 agonistic interactions indicated that the primary determinants of dominance were the animals' sex and age, and that the frequency of display of key agonistic behaviour patterns could predict an individual's age (i.e. dominance) status, with over 94% accuracy. Non-parametric analyses of variance (Kruskal-Wallis and Jonckheere-Terpstra procedures) showed that adults significantly out-ranked immatures of both sexes. No significant differences in status were found in comparisons between immature animals and among adults, although average rank consistently increased with age among adults. Within sex/age groups, weight of the animals did not significantly influence status. These results support those determinants of dominance proposed in several earlier studies of gray squirrel social behaviour and behavioural ecology.
H/L chondrite LaPaz Icefield 031047 - A feather of Icarus?

Abstract Antarctic meteorite LAP 031047 is an ordinary chondrite composed of loosely consolidated chondritic fragments. Its petrography, oxygen isotopic composition and geochemical inventory are ambiguous and indicate an intermediate character between H and L chondrites. Petrographic indicators suggest LAP 031047 suffered a shock metamorphic overprint below ∼10 GPa, which did not destroy its unusually high porosity of ∼27 vol%. Metallographic textures in LAP 031047 indicate heating above ∼700 °C and subsequent cooling, which caused massive transformation of taenite to kamacite. The depletion of thermally labile trace elements, the crystallization of chondritic glass to microcrystalline plagioclase of unusual composition, and the occurrence of coarsely crystallized chondrule fragments is further evidence for post-metamorphic heating to ∼700–750 °C. However, this heating event had a transient character because olivine and low-Ca pyroxene did not equilibrate. Nearly complete degassing up to very high temperatures is indicated by the thorough resetting of LAP 031047’s Ar–Ar reservoir ∼100 ± 55 Ma ago. A noble gas cosmic-ray exposure age indicates it was reduced to a meter-size fragment at
The Therapist’s Voice

Judith Ruskay Rabinor, Editor The author thanks Leah Doyle, Ph.D. and Bill Adler for their comments on this paper. Contributions to The Therapist’s Voice can be sent to Judith Ruskay Rabinor, 36 Biarritz Street, Lido Beach NY 11561. E-mail: jrrabinor@aol.com
Microspectrophotometry of the photoreceptors of palaeognathous birds — the emu and the tinamou

With the aid of a microspectrophotometer the visual pigments and oil globules in the retina of the emu (Dromiceius novae-hollandiae), the brushland tinamou (Nothoprocta c. cinerascens) and the Chilean tinamou (Nothoprocta perdicaria sanborni) were characterized. All three of these palaeognathous birds contain in their rods a typical rhodopsin with λmax near 500 nm. Each of these birds has cones containing iodopsin-like visual pigments with λmax in the 560–570 nm spectral region. No unequivocal evidence was obtained for the presence of cone pigments other than this iodopsin-like pigment, although one cell thought to be a cone, and containing a visual pigment with λmax near 498 nm, was observed in the retina of the brushland tinamou. The oil globule systems of the three palaeognathous species are identical to each other and are much simpler than is typical for neognathous birds in that only two different types of globule are present, one with λT50 at 508 nm and another with λT50 at 568 nm. Comparison of the data with observations made on neognathous species indicates (1) that palaeognathous birds probably have poorer color discrimination capabilities than neognathous birds and (2) that the tinamou is more closely related to the ratites than to the galliform species.
AMP-activated protein kinase regulates gene expression by direct phosphorylation of nuclear proteins

One of the primary functions of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is to regulate the metabolic pathways in response to reduced cellular energy charge. Most of the known targets of the kinase are cytoplasmic enzymes involved in both catabolic and anabolic metabolism. In addition, activation of AMPK in many cells results in changes in the pattern of gene expression. Although some of these effects are undoubtedly secondary responses to modified cellular metabolism, it is possible that in addition to its well-characterized function in the cytoplasm, AMPK also directly phosphorylates and regulates proteins involved in gene transcription. There are now several examples of transcription factors, cofactors and components of the transcriptional core machinery that are directly phosphorylated and regulated by AMPK. Here I review these examples and discuss the significance of AMPK activity in the nucleus.
A Longitudinal Study of Use of an Interactive Health Communication System

This study analyzes individuals' transaction log data as patients engage in an interactive health communication system (IHCS) and reports on how changes in searching and browsing behaviors predict their psychological and emotional quality of life during a cancer experience. What the results most strongly indicate about effective IHCS usage in accounting for various benefits is that it depends on how a patient uses the system. That is, improvements in a patient's status were linked to her commitment to use IHCS services over weeks of time, through either consistency or an increase in searching and browsing behaviors.
Low temperature diffusion of oxygen in titanium and titanium oxide films

Abstract Work in our laboratory and elsewhere indicates that the thermal ignition characteristics of Ti-based pyrotechnics are controlled by diffusion of oxygen from a surface coating into the bulk of the metal. Diffusion of oxygen in Ti at temperatures greater than 700 K has previously been modeled using Fick's law. No work has been reported at lower temperature, and the results from previous high temperature oxidation studies are both inconsistent and insufficient to define diffusion behavior for the temperature range 400 to 800 K. We have conducted Ti oxidation experiments in oxygen ambients of 3 to 700 Torr, at temperatures from 400 to 800 K, for periods from 1 to 100 h. Oxygen concentration profiles were determined by Auger analysis combined with sputter depth profiling. Calibration of the Auger atomic concentrations were confirmed by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopic measurements. Results show growth of four distinct oxide regions which are consistent with the titanium-oxygen phase diagram. Growth of the oxide regions is independent of the oxygen partial pressure and appears to be diffusion controlled. Fick's law with a constant diffusion coefficient was assumed, and an Arrhenius expression for the oxygen diffusion coefficient in each region was evaluated from the experimental data. Activation energies for oxygen diffusion range from about 9 to 43 kcal/mol, and indicate that the thermal ignition mechanism is controlled by growth of a TiO2 region adjacent to the gas-solid interface.
Re-interpretation of OSO-III scintillation counter measurements of hard solar X-ray spectra

Hard solar X-ray spectra measurements, reinterpreting OSO 3 scintillation counter response due to pulse pile-up
Effect of initial conditions and loading path on earthquake nucleation

[1] Previous studies of earthquake nucleation on faults with rate- and state-dependent friction show that nucleation process initially consists of a characteristic phase of localization to a limiting dimension, followed in some cases by a late-stage nucleation-zone expansion. Processes controlling the nucleation zone dimension are of interest for understanding scaling of the minimum earthquake dimensions and scaling of premonitory processes associated with earthquake nucleation. We examine the relationships among stressing history (loading path), initial conditions, and scaling of nucleation dimensions. Recent studies show that late-stage expansion depends strongly on the ratio of the rate-state parameters a and b. Increasing a/b to the limiting value of 1 favors expansion. We further find that initial conditions of frictional state θ and slip rate v strongly regulate the effect of a/b on nucleation-zone expansion. Significant nucleation-zone expansion is restricted to a narrow region around a critical point in the domain of initial conditions. The critical point marks a point of divergent paths of evolving slip rate and frictional state. Away from the critical point, nucleation-zone expansion decreases rapidly and becomes rather weak. We conclude that evolution of θ and v in natural earthquake cycles generally follows paths that significantly restrict nucleation-zone expansion, even for relatively large a/b values. This finding suggests that premonitory signals generated by a fast-slipping nucleation zone immediately before earthquakes may be small and difficult to detect.
Dispositional forgiveness and adult attachment styles.

(2006). Dispositional Forgiveness and Adult Attachment Styles. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 146, No. 4, pp. 509-512.
Safety and Effectiveness of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Patients Between the Ages of 17 and 19

Bariatric surgery is becoming more appealing as an option in addressing adolescent obesity. Concerns that may be encountered status postbariatric surgery include complications and failure to lose weight. The aim of our study is to describe safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) in patients between the ages of 17 and 19. A retrospective chart review was completed on LRYGB patients between January 2005 and May 2012. Fifteen patients less than 20 years of age were included. One patient was lost to follow-up, and therefore, 14 patients under the age of 20 were matched to 14 patients greater than 20 years of age for gender (p > 0.99), preoperative body mass index (BMI) (p > 0.96), and follow-up interval (p > 0.80). Mean postoperative BMI at last follow-up did not show statistical difference between the two (p > 0.74). Mean percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) in patients under the age of 20 was 43.1 ± 14.6, 70.5 ± 17.0, 69.8 ± 17.3, and 54.8 ± 8.5 % at postoperative 6, 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. In patients over the age of 20, mean %EWL was 39.9 ± 12.6, 67.0 ± 18.6, 60.2 ± 11.3, and 56.2 ± 6.2 %. Both group of patients showed improvement/remission of their comorbid conditions. No statistical difference was present between the two groups in terms of weight loss and comorbidity resolution. Each group had a single patient that required a revision for weight regain. LRYGB in younger patients almost the age of 20 is both safe and effective when compared to matched adults in regard to weight loss, comorbid condition, and complications.
Internal excitation of methyl radicals produced in the photolysis of acetone at 193 nm and the collisional enhancement of the infrared emission intensity in the .nu.3 spectral region

Time-resolved IR emission spectroscopy has been used to monitor the fluorescence in the C-H stretch region of methyl radicals produced in the 193-nm photolysis of acetone. Spectra collected at 20-cm -1 resolution in the ν 3 spectral region do not exhibit any structure. This indicates that the emission in this region is due to both the ν 3 fundamental of CH 3 and combination bands of the radical which overlap each other. Modes other than ν 3 (00n0) must contribute to the observed emission in the 3000-3350-cm -1 region
Comparison of alternative carrier-suppressed return-to-zero modulation formats

Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero modulation (CS-RZ), in which there is a 180-degree phase shift between successive pulses, reduces the effects of intrachannel impairments. However, there are a number of variants of CS-RZ that differ in their method of generation, their bandwidth requirements, and their performance. It is shown that a recently proposed technique, in which the RZ signal is generated by filtering a CW signal that is square wave phase modulated (termed CWSW), performs comparably or better than alternative techniques. Relative to a modified duobinary system that results in alternate mark inversion( AMI), CWSW achieves better performance in systems with small dispersion, but slightly poorer performance in systems with larger dispersion and dispersion compensation. The small improvement in performance of AMI relative to CWSW in this latter case is achieved at the expense of requiring a larger transmission bandwidth and more complex transmitter. The physical basis of the impairments in these systems, a peak intensity enhancement phenomenon in CWSW that counters the effects of dispersion, and factors affecting the bandwidth of alternative techniques is discussed.
Jack Cade's rebellion of 1450

(1994). Jack Cade's rebellion of 1450. History of European Ideas: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 106-107.
Conceptual Generalization and Retention by Young Children: Age, Modelingl, and Feedback Effects

Summary The effects of modeling and corrective feedback on conceptual rule acquisition and retention was studied with three- and four-year-old children. Brief observation of a model was effective in creating significant acquisition and retention of conceptual rule judgments and explanations. Corrective feedback improved the child's ability to explain the conceptual rule but did not assist nonverbal performance. The facilitative influence of corrective feedback was largely confined to the four-year-old age group. In general, four-year-old children were more successful than three-year-olds in learning to provide viable reasons for conceptual judgments. The pedagogical significance of these findings are discussed.
Phytochrome changes correlated to mesocotyl inhibition in etiolated Avena seedlings.

The elongation of etiolated Avena mesocotyls is inhibited by red light (660 mmu). Immediately after exposing mesocotyl sections to varying doses of red light the ensuing concentrations of phytochrome in the far-red absorbing form (P(730)) were measured. The extent of mesocotyl inhibition observed 5 days later is proportional to the logarithm of P(730) concentration in mesocotyl tissue at the time of red light exposure.The inhibition of mesocotyl growth by red light can be reversed partially by subsequent exposure to far-red light (730 mmu). Increasing doses of far-red light result in decreasing concentrations of P(730) as compared with the original P(730) level due to the preceding red light exposure. The reduced mesocotyl inhibition of seedings which had been exposed to red and far-red light is proportional to the logarithm of P(730) concentration remaining in the tissue at the end of the two light exposures.This indicates that the same correlation exists between P(730) concentration and growth response whether the seedlings had been exposed to red light only or to red followed by far-red light.
Constraint Dissipative Hydrodynamics (HydroRattle) Algorithm for Aggregate Dynamics

Chem ical Eng neer ng, Kyung Hee Un vers ty, Gyeongg -do 449-701, Korea(Received May 14, 2012; CL-120592; E-mail:albertsk@hawaii.edu)A constraint hydrodynamics algorithm for non-Brownianspherical particles in aqueous systems is developed byapplying the RATTLE algorithm to Stokesian dynamics.Hydrodynamic interactions were calculated using far-ﬁeldgrand mobility tensors, and the holonomic translationalforceswere determined using the time-dependent Lagrange multiplier.The proposed constraint algorithm successfully describes thedynamic motion of acolloidal chainwith an initial helicalstructure under the inﬂuences of unidirectionalﬂuid ﬂow andgravitationalforce.In numerous applications of chemical, environmental, andbiomedical engineering disciplines, dynamics ofindividual andaggregated particles are ubiquitous in nano- and mesoscalephenomena. An aggregate can be considered as a structuralcollection ofindividual particles with geometrical constraints,e.g., paired particles (dimers), setting ﬂocs, and colloidal chainsand rings. To simulate the true dynamic motion of the connectedmolecules/particles of various sizes, a constraint mechanismmust be applied to molecular dynamics (MD) or Browniandynamics (BD). The basic task in constraint dynamics istodynamically determine constraint forces, to maintain the (center-to-center) distance invariant (i.e., holonomic constraints) be-tween two stuck particles. As an alternative to a constraintmechanism, the Hookean potential can be applied betweentwo paired particles, but this is computationally much moreexpensive because of the short time scaleofintermolecularvibrations.Constraint forces are calculated as negative derivatives ofthe constraint potential to maintainholonomic constraints usingLagrange’smultipliers.
Simple Anti-Windup Controllers

The paper describes digital implementation of proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) compensators for a class of multiple-input multiple-output dynamic systems to regulate actuators in a coordinated manner. In practice, actuators of systems to be controlled are constrained to preset operating ranges. Integrator windups can occur if any of the actuators saturate and the controller continues to integrate the errors. The situation can often lead to a significant performance degradation and may result in unstable operation. A systematic approach is presented to implement a multivariable controller that is free from integrator windup. The concept is based on conditional integration and coordination to avoid windup in any of the integrators. The method is applicable to a digital multivariable controller with lead and lag actions. The concept has been demonstrated on a resaturator in the integrated gassification combined cycle (IGCC) process evaluation facility.
The Role of Problem Classification in Online Meta-cognition

Agents operating in open environments must be able to adapt their processing to available resources, deadlines, their goal criteria, and their current problem solving contexts. This paper describes the role of meta-cognition in this process; in particular, we define a meta-cognition framework that uses Naive Bayesian classification of the agent's current context in order to represent the meta-level control problem as a Markov Decision Process.
Evaluation of sol‐gel processed BaO·nAl2O3 materials as NOx traps

Among various strategies to treat NOx, trapping is considered an economical, consumer transparent approach for gasoline engines. The conventional NOx traps are based on alkaline-earth metal impregnated alumina. These traps work well, but cannot sustain their NOx trapping efficiency after repeated exposure to high temperatures during regeneration. In search of thermally stable materials, a series of sol-gel processed BaO·nAl2O3 (n = 1, 4, 6) materials including BaO·6Al2O3 molecular sieves were synthesized and evaluated as NOx traps using simulated exhaust at a 25,000 h−1 space velocity. Changes in structure and surface properties occurring on thermal treatment of sol-gel processed BaO·nAl2O3 materials significantly affect the NOx trapping efficiency of these materials. Among these materials, sol-gel processed and precious metal impregnated BaO·6Al2O3 powder offers the optimum combination of thermal stability and NOx trapping efficiency. We deposited this powder on a honeycomb substrate, impregnated it with 2% Pt and 0.4% Rh, and reevaluated it. The NOx trapping efficiency of this catalyst is 95% (cf. 75% for the powder) at 310°C. Our data on Pt/BaO·6Al2O3 also suggest that the optimum lean cycle length for this class of NOx traps is 1 min. The efficiency of NOx traps decreases rapidly and falls in 10–20% range with an alternating 5 min lean cycle and 1 min rich cycle.
Estimation of Contact Force on Composite Plates Using Impact-Induced Strain and Neural Networks

A method of determining the contact force on laminated composite plates subjected to low velocity impact is developed using the finite element method and a neural network. The backpropagation neural network is used to estimate the contact force on the composite plates using the strain signals. The neural network is trained using the contact force and strain histories obtained from finite element simulation results. The finite element model is based on a higher order shear deformation theory and accounts for von-Karman non-linear strain-displacement relations. The non-linear time dependent equations are solved using a direct iteration scheme in conjunction with the Newmark time integration scheme. The training process consists of training the network with strain signals at three different locations. The effectiveness of different neural network configurations for estimating contact force is investigated. The neural network approach to the estimation of contact force proved to be a promising alternative to more traditional techniques, particularly for on-line health-monitoring system.
Glucose transport in the heart

The heart is a unique organ in many ways. It consists of specialized muscle cells (cardiomyocytes), which are adapted to contract constantly in a coordinated fashion. This is vital to the survival of the organism given the central role of the heart in the maintenance of the cardiovascular system that delivers oxygen, metabolic substrates and hormones to the rest of the body. In order for the heart to maintain its function it must receive a constant supply of metabolic substrates, to generate ATP to maintain contractile function, without fatigue. Thus the heart is capable of utilizing a variety of metabolic substrates and is able to rapidly adapt its substrate utilization in the face of changes in substrate supply. The major metabolic substrate for the heart is fatty acids. However, up to 30% of myocardial ATP is generated by glucose and lactate, with smaller contributions from ketones and amino acids. Although glucose is not the major metabolic substrate in the heart at rest, there are many circumstances in which it assumes greater importance such as during ischemia, increased workload and pressure overload hypertrophy. Like all other cells, glucose is transported into cardiac myocytes by members of the family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs). In this regard, cardiomyocytes bear many similarities to skeletal muscle, but there are also important differences. For example, the most abundant glucose transporter in the heart is the GLUT4 transporter, in which translocation to the plasma membrane represents an important mechanism by which the net flux of glucose into the cell is regulated. Because cardiomyocytes are constantly contracting it is likely that contraction mediated GLUT4 translocation represents an important mechanism that governs the entry of glucose into the heart. While this is also true in skeletal muscle, because many muscles are often at rest, insulin mediated GLUT4 translocation represents a quantitatively more important mechanism regulating skeletal muscle glucose uptake than is the case in the heart. In contrast to skeletal muscle, where most GLUT1 is in perineural sheaths (1), in the heart there is significant expression of GLUT1 (2), which under certain circumstances is responsible for a significant component of basal cardiac glucose uptake. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of glucose transporter expression, and the regulation of glucose transport into myocardial cells.
Health Reform: The Politics

I was in Washington, DC with my two sons (then 9 and 13) the weekend of March 19–21, 2010. As we emerged from the Union Station Metro stop that bright Saturday morning, I got goose bumps when I saw the Capitol Dome, in part because I like public spaces, but also because it was a momentous weekend. That day, the House began debating the final passage of the Senate bill as well as the reconciliation bill that paved the way for final passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) that was signed into law on March 23, 2010.
Vigilance deficit in learning disabled children: a signal detection analysis.

SUMMARY To test the proposition that learning disabled children manifest a sustained deficit within a detection theory analysis, the Continuous Performance Test (cf, Sykes, Douglas and Morgenstern, 1973) was administered lo normal and learning disabled boys. Children were tested on two task lengths (4:45 and 9:50 minutes) and two modalities (auditory and visual) in which dependent measures were correct detections and false responses, d' and B values As expected, learning disabled children made significantly fewer correct detections and ware false responses and were less sensitive (d') to critical stimuli than normal children There was no strong evidence to indicate disabled and Normal children differ on response criterion (B). B decreased significantly with time on cask for both groups, whereas d' remained relatively unchanged. Results were interpreted as supporting the notion that learning disabled children suffer a reduction in processing capacity rather than a loss of sustained attention over time.
A new design for the genome sequence data base

Five years have passed since the Genome Sequence DataBase (GSDB, but at that time GenBank) implemented a first version of the Electronic Data Publishing (EDP) paradigm. The database operation is again being completely redesigned, with the overall philosophy of continually measuring and improving the services provided. The three major goals of the redesign are to: (1) bring the implementation of EDP to maturity by supporting on-line editing by the community; (2) facilitate third-party annotation in order to stay up to date with the on-going discovery process involved in fully characterizing existing sequences; and (3) modularize genome data services by designing GSDB to rely on other public databases for data not central to the DNA sequence database. This article describes the design requirements and the new schema. >