cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Short-Range Interactions on Spreading

Abstract Two decades ago, the author concluded that, even if the macroscopic spreading condition is satisfied, the droplet may not spread completely over the entire surface of the solid (assumed large enough) as single atoms, but may form a planar droplet of multimolecular thickness, which has a rapid variation of angle near the leading edge. In the present paper, a simple and approximate expression for the free energy of a thin planar film which accounts for the attractive dispersion interactions and the repulsive Born interactions is used to identify the conditions under which spreading as a planar droplet or spreading as single atoms occurs. In addition, the case of very small planar droplets, assumed to have the shape of a disc, is treated. The radius and height of the disc depend upon the volume of the droplet when the latter is of the order of 10−18cm3. Such small volumes are encountered in supported metal catalysts. If the macroscopic spreading condition is not satisfied, but sufficiently strong short-range attractive forces are acting near the leading edge, the angle at the leading edge may become zero and spreading of a monolayer, bilayer, or multilayer from the droplet will occur. At equilibrium, the droplet coexists with the spread layer, and the angle at the leading edge between the droplet and the covered solid surface is finite. Explanations are suggested for (i) the absence of spreading (autophobicity) over a surface covered with a monolayer of molecules of the liquid of the droplet, and (ii) the superspreading of droplets of aqueous solutions of trisiloxane oligo (ethylene oxide) surfactants over a hydrophobic surface.
Nalfurafine prevents 5′-guanidinonaltrindole- and compound 48/80-induced spinal c-fos expression and attenuates 5′-guanidinonaltrindole-elicited scratching behavior in mice

Abstract The aims of the present study were to establish if nalfurafine, a kappa opioid agonist, inhibits compulsive scratching in mice elicited by the s.c. administration (behind the neck) of 5′-guanidinonaltrindole (GNTI), a kappa opioid antagonist; to assess if nalfurafine prevents c-fos expression provoked by GNTI or compound 48/80, two chemically diverse pruritogens; and to distinguish on the basis of neuroanatomy, those neurons in the brainstem activated by either GNTI-induced itch or formalin-induced pain (both compounds given s.c. to the right cheek). Pretreatment of mice with nalfurafine (0.001–0.03 mg/kg s.c.) attenuated GNTI (0.3 mg/kg)-evoked scratching dose-dependently. A standard antiscratch dose of nalfurafine (0.02 mg/kg) had no marked effect on the spontaneous locomotion of mice. Tolerance did not develop to the antiscratch activity of nalfurafine. Both GNTI and compound 48/80 provoked c-fos expression on the lateral side of the superficial layer of the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord and pretreating mice with nalfurafine inhibited c-fos expression induced by both pruritogens. In contrast to formalin, GNTI did not induce c-fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus suggesting that pain and itch sensations are projected differently along the sensory trigeminal pathway. Our data indicate that the kappa opioid system is involved, at least in part, in the pathogenesis of itch; and that nalfurafine attenuates excessive scratching and prevents scratch-induced neuronal activity at the spinal level. On the basis of our results, nalfurafine holds promise as a potentially useful antipruritic in human conditions involving itch.
The Characterization of Some Lactobacilli Found in Milk

Summary One hundred two lactobacilli isolated from 406 samples of milk and cream and 32 known lactobacilli were studied by the methods of Tittsler et al. (21) , Rogosa et al. (15) , and Briggs (4) . The isolation techniques are described. Ninety-two (90.1%) of the isolated cultures were named. L. casei comprised 50.0% of the 102 isolates: L. plantarum , 19.6; unidentified heterofermenters, 7.9; L. fermenti , 7.8; L. acidophilus , 6.9; L. brevis , 2.9; L. lactis , 2.0; unidentified homofermenters, 2.0; and L. bulgaricus , 1.0. L. plantarum was the most widely distributed of the species. The best sources of lactobacilli in this study were ungraded raw milk, Grade A raw milk, and sour cream. Data concerning resistance to 61.8° C. for 30 minutes are presented for all the cultures.
Electrochemical Oxidation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Boron-doped Diamond Film Electrodes

This research investigated NDMA oxidation by boron-doped diamond (BDD) film electrodes. Oxidation rates were measured as a function of electrode potential, current density, and temperature using rotating disk and flow-through reactors. Final NDMA reaction products were carbon dioxide, ammonium, and nitrate, with dimethylamine and methylamine as intermediate products. Reaction rates were first-order with respect to NDMA concentration and surface area normalized oxidation rates as high as 850 ± 50 L/m2-hr were observed at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. The flow-through reactor yielded mass transfer limited reaction rates that were first-order in NDMA concentration, with a half-life of 2.1 ± 0.1 min. Experimental evidence indicates that NDMA oxidation proceeds via a direct electron transfer at potentials >1.8 V/SHE with a measured apparent activation energy of 3.1 ± 0.5 kJ/mol at a potential of 2.5 V/SHE. Density functional theory calculations indicate that a direct two-electron transfer can produce a stabl...
Serotonin-like actions of quipazine on the central nervous system.

Abstract Cats were chronically implanted with multipolar subcortical and monopolar cortical electrodes. The effects of i.v. injection of quipazine and 5-hydroxytryptophan and the effects of local application of quipazine and serotonin to the pontine raphe were determined. The i.v. injection of quipazine induced behavioral alterations characterized primarily by sham-rage reactions, lack of responsiveness to external stimuli and catatonic stereotyped postures as well as EEG synchronization. These effects were essentially similar to those induced by the serotonin precursor and were abolished by pretreatment with cinanserin. Local application of quipazine and serotonin to the pontine raphe accelerated the onset of sleep and augmented total sleeping time. Evidence presented in this study suggests that the central actions of quipazine may be due to activation of serotonergic processes.
Enrollment management in the comprehensive community college: a case study of Bronx Community College

Faced with growing pressure to demonstrate student success and achieve financial stability, community colleges have increasingly turned to enrollment management. Using Bronx Community College as an example, this chapter examines the role institutional research can play in the enrollment management process.
A Reader's Guide to Family Stress Literature

This guide introduces the reader to family stress literature, including a variety of topics that are related to family stress: (a) health and family stress, as well as resilience research; (b) physical health issues and family stress; (c) biosocial models and family stress; (d) neighborhood and other community contexts and family stress; and (e) international perspectives on family stress. Next, the guide describes some research trends in response to specific stressors: (a) work and family; (b) family violence; (c) economic crisis, including the Great Depression and the Rural Stress Crisis; (d) natural and human-made disasters, with a special examination of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; (e) war; (f) military families' stressors; and (g) terrorism. Recommendations of materials for teaching about family stress in a variety of settings are included. The guide ends with other relevant information that may be of interest to the reader.
Race and the Relevance of Citizen Complaints Against the Police

The historically contentious relationship between the black community and the police is one of the most enduring and seemingly intractable challenges facing law enforcement and public officials in the United States. Given this troubled history, many cities have established civilian oversight of police to address issues of police misconduct, which are often colored by race. This article uses Albert Hirschman's theory of exit, voice, and loyalty to explore the phenomenon of the willingness of blacks who have filed complaints against the police in the city of Cleveland to use the citizen complaint process again in the future, despite their overwhelming dissatisfaction with the complaint process, whereas whites and other minorities would not. This paper has implications for enhancing public officials' and police administrators' understanding of the relevance of the citizen complaint process for blacks and improving the oversight of police and police-community relations.
Effect of excess MgSO4 or Mg(HCO3)2 in irrigation water on corn growth

Abstract Some irrigation waters have a high Mg/Ca ratio. The objective of the experiment reported herein was to compare the effect of high Mg in combination with different anions and different EC levels on the growth of corn (Zea mays L.). Corn was grown in the greenhouse in a calcareous soil equilibrated and irrigated with the following waters: 1) tap water (check, EC = 0.078 dS/m, SAR = 0.1); 2) Mg(HCO3)2, EC=1 dS/m; 3) Mg(HCO3)2, EC = 3; 4) MgSO4) EC=1; 5) MgSO4, EC=3; 6) MgSO4, EC = 6; and 7) and 8) mixed salts (Ec = 3 & 6 dS/m, SAR = 5, Ca: Mg = 3: 1, Cl: SO4 = 2: 1). Yield depressions of top growth caused by mixed‐salt waters (EC = 3 & 6) were 17 and 26%, respectively, compared to yields obtained with tap water. Single‐salt MgSO4 waters (EC = 1, 3 & 6) reduced corn tops 19, 38, and 59%, respectively, more than the mixed‐salt solutions at equivalent soil salinity levels probably due to Mg‐induced Ca deficiency. The Mg(HCO3)2 waters (EC = 1 & 3) reduced top growth 45 and 87% more than the mixed salt s...
Radio observations of Cygnus X-3 and the surrounding region.

ON September 7, 1972, Cygnus X-3 was observed with the Goldstone 64-m antenna at wavelengths of 13.1 cm, 3.55 cm and 1.95 cm. At 13.1 cm a map of received flux density has been constructed for a region 0.5×0.6 arc degree with a resolution of 8.15 arc min. This map reveals the presence of several partially resolved features having integrated flux densities in excess of one flux unit (Fig. 1).
Nonviolence in political theory

What does it mean to be part of a nonviolent social movement? How do power and power structures, individual autonomy, and social consent influence pragmatic and principled nonviolent movements? Iai...
Evaluation of in vivo cytokine expression in EAU-susceptible and resistant rats: a role for IL-10 in resistance?

Abstract Messenger RNAs for six cytokines (IL-12p40, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4, TNF-α and TGF-β1) expressed in vivo during development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) were quantitated by PCR in (uncultured) peripheral lymphoid cells and in the eyes of EAU-susceptible Lewis and EAU resistant F344 rats. Disease was induced by immunization with the R16 peptide of IRBP (in RT1Blhaplotype rats) or with whole IRBP (in all haplotypes). In the periphery, both Lewis and F344 expressed similar cytokine patterns. In ocular tissues, however, only Lewis expressed elevated type 1 and inflammatory cytokines (IL-12p40, IFN-γ and TNF-α), coincident with onset and peak of disease. Interestingly, naive F344 rats expressed higher basal levels of IL-10 mRNA in the eyes. To examine the possible involvement of this phenomenon in resistance, basal levels of IL-10 vs susceptibility to IRBP were compared in Lewis, BN, DA, F344 and ACI strains. Lewis, BN and DA were susceptible and had low levels of IL-10 mRNA in eyes. F344 and ACI were resistant and expressed high basal levels of IL-10 mRNA. In an in vitro study, recombinant rat IL-10 (but not human or mouse IL-10) suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ production by primed lymph node cells of R16 immunized rats, but did not suppress uveitogenic long-term T-cell lines polarized to the Th1 phenotype, suggesting that mature effector lymphocytes in the rat may lose their ability to be suppressed by IL-10. We propose that higher expression of the IL-10 gene in ocular tissues in some rat strains may represent a mechanism that contributes to a higher threshold of resistance to EAU, but this threshold may be overcome by a more mature Th1 effector with a reduced sensitivity to IL-10.
Self-Assembly of Coordinative Supramolecular Polygons with Open Binding Sites

The design and synthesis of coordinative supramolecular polygons with open binding sites is described. Coordination-driven self-assembly of 2,6-bis(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)pyridine with 60° and 120° organoplatinum acceptors results in quantitative formation of a supramolecular rhomboid and hexagon, respectively, both bearing open pyridyl binding sites. The structures were determined by multinuclear (31P and 1H) NMR spectroscopy and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, along with a computational study.
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are a common component of neuronal inclusions and astrocytic reaction in neurodegenerative diseases

Previously, we showed three differentially sulfated forms of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) associated with senile plaques, astrocytes and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. Here, monoclonal antibodies were used to demonstrate CSPGs in other neurodegenerative diseases. CSPGs were found associated with inclusions of Parkinson's, diffuse Lewy body, Pick's diseases, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Reacting astrocytes in each of these neurodegenerative diseases and Huntington's disease showed immunoreactivity for CSPG. CSPG distribution in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases suggests that similar mechanisms may be involved in the accumulation of proteoglycans in a number of filamentous inclusions.
Nonorthogonal image expansion by restoration with application to template matching

A novel approach for template matching is presented in this paper. This matching scheme is a specialized implementation of a general method for signal expansion by non-orthogonal bases. The basic principle is called expansion matching and involves signal expansion into a set of non-orthogonal template-similar basis functions. It is demonstrated that this matching technique is quite robust in conditions of noise, superposition, and severe occultation. A new and more practical discriminative signal-to-noise ratio for matching is proposed, and it is shown that expansion matching maximizes this ratio. Theoretical and experimental comparisons of expansion matching and the widely used correlation matching, (also known as matched filtering) demonstrate the superiority of our approach. It is also shown that the special case of expansion with a dense set of self-similar basis functions is equivalent to signal restoration. The generalized non-orthogonal expansion as well as the expansion matching can be implemented by our recently developed lattice architectures. Expansion matching can be implemented by restoration techniques as well. The lattice architectures are based on the central limit and can perform multiple-scale Gaussian smoothing of signals in parallel realtime. An adaptive configuration of these lattices is used to expand signals into any arbitrary bases set composed of Gaussian sets arranged in a wavelet configuration.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Human Poisoning by Zigadenus

Zigadenus (death camas) is a dangerous plant in the United States. The literature contains several well-documented nonfatal human cases of zigadenus poisoning. Fatal cases were recorded in interviews of 19th century western American Indians. This paper contains an account from early in the 20th century of some railroad workers who died shortly after eating the bulbs. The probable fatal dose, extrapolated from animal data, ranges from less than one-tenth pound (four-five bulbs) for a young child to a pound for an adult. Other parts of the plant such as nectar and seeds are also highly toxic.
Numerical modeling of Mars dust devils: Albedo track generation

[1] Dust devil tracks are abundant on Mars, and can significantly change the regional surface albedo, possibly altering regional-scale atmospheric circulations. However, little is understood about the formation of these features, besides their correlation with dust devils. The Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (MRAMS) is used here to explicitly simulate the formation of a dust devil track. The example dust devil (200 m in diameter) studied in detail here generates a track approximately 1.5 km long, 75 m wide, and 1-8 μm in depth, which compares well with observed real-world tracks. Valuable insight is gleaned from the study of the formation of this simulated track, which may be used to better interpret the linkage between observed dust devil tracks and the atmospheric and surface conditions that spawned them.
Look-ahead and look-behind shortcuts in large item category hierarchies: The impact on search performance

Websites use shortcuts to facilitate navigation of large hierarchies of item categories. Two common types of shortcuts used for this purpose are location breadcrumbs and down-to-child/up-to-parent links; frequently both are employed simultaneously. The combined used of these shortcuts provide proximal cues which enable the user to look-ahead and look-behind in the navigational structure. In this study, the impact of shortcut usage on search performance on a known-item search task is estimated. A controlled experiment was conducted using a realistic hypertext hierarchy of item categories. The results indicate that greater use of shortcuts decreases both time on task and lostness for the user, and that the decrease is associated with increased depth in the hierarchy. These findings provide insight into possible performance trade-offs involved in website designs that include look-ahead shortcuts for navigating large item category hierarchies.
Intercostal blocks for thoracic and abdominal surgery

Many surgical procedures of the thorax and abdomen are amenable to intercostal nerve blockade. Although thoracic or lumbar epidural anesthesia are frequently used for anesthesia and/or postoperative analgesia in some patients, intercostal nerve blockade may be a useful anesthetic option that more anesthesiologists should learn and use. With the continued development of local anesthetic drugs of longer duration, intercostal blockade may assume a more prominent role in the near future. Intercostal blockade is not without its risks. The most feared of these being pneumothorax. Unlike epidural anesthesia, where most side-effects are caused by physiological changes or adverse effects of the injected drugs, one can minimize the risk of pneumothorax with intercostal blockade by careful adherence to the block technique. Important aspects of patient selection, technique, drug choice, and expected outcomes of intercostal blockade in the surgical patient are reviewed.
Diverse genetic regulatory elements are required to direct the proper tissue-specific and developmental expression of the murine adenosine deaminase gene.

Development of an organism from a single cell to a multitude of diverse cell types requires the differential expression and repression of 75% of the genome and the ubiquitous expression of the remaining 25%. As an initial step in defining the biochemical mechanisms governing differential gene expression, we wish to define the cis-acting regulatory sequences involved. The enzymes of purine and pyrimidine metabolism offer the opportunity to investigate both the mechanisms of ubiquitious and tissue-specific gene expression. Most of these genes are expressed at low levels in most cell types and the expression of some are significantly upregulated in a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated manner. An excellent example of this pattern of expression is the murine adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene. Expressed in every tissue of the mouse, ADA expression is more than 100-fold higher in tissues at the fetal-maternal interface (decidua and placenta), the keratinizing epithelium of the upper gastrointestinal tract and the absorptive epithelium of the duodenum (1). Two phases of enhanced ADA expression occur at the fetal/maternal interface (2). From day 6 to 9 of gestation, high levels of ADA are found in maternal decidual cells. From day 9 through birth high levels of ADA are found in fetally derived cells primarily in the basal zone of the placenta. Following birth, ADA levels increase in the gastrointestinal epithelium (1).
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neurological disease modeling: progress and promises

The systematic generation of neurons from patients with neurological disorders can provide important insights into disease pathology, progression and mechanism. This review will discuss recent progress in modeling neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and highlight some of the current challenges in the field. Combined with other technologies previously used to study brain disease, iPSC modeling has the promise to influence modern medicine on several fronts: early diagnosis, drug development and effective treatment.
How Can OD Consultants and Researchers Assess Gamma Change? A Comparison of Two Analytical Procedures

Evaluation of organizational development (OD) interventions, especially with regard to gamma change, is criticalfor both OD practitioners and researchers. Yet how to assess gamma change has not been adequately resolved. An 18-month field study of an OD intervention was used to explore empirically two alternative procedures for assessing gamma change-namely the methods of Golembiewski, Billingsley and Yeager (1976b) as compared to a modification of the methods of Terborg, Howard, and Maxwell (1980). Results suggest important differences between the methods and these differences are explored in detail.
The evaluation, manipulation and identification of nondimensional numbers

This paper describes a computer program which evaluates, manipulates and identifies nondimensional numbers (pi terms, dimensionless numbers or factors) generated using the Buckingham Pi Theorem. Computations are performed using SYMBOLANG, an algebraic (symbol) manipulation package (solutions are kept in symbolic form). Manipulation occurs in two ways. First, many allowable combinations of pi terms (up to 720) are generated by changing the ordering of the dimensional equations which are solved. Second, a small group of operators (squaring, square-rooting, cube-rooting, reciprocating, and division of both the minimum and maximum exponent) are applied to each solution (these too are solutions and also kept in symbolic form). Numerical substitution into the symbolic forms produce scalars (evaluated solutions) for subsequent use (plotting, regression, factor analysis, etc.). Finally, every symbolic solution is compared with well-known nondminsional numbers (e.g., Reynold's, Weber's, etc.). If a match is not found, this information is displayed.
Pediatric Applications of Inulin and Oligofructose

Inulin-type fructans have been used in infants and children because of their prebiotic potential to modulate the intestinal flora and influence the innate and adaptive immune response favorably. A mixture of long chain inulin (5-60 monomers) in combination with galactooligosaccharides (GOS) (2-7 monomers) has been added to infant formula in Europe in a 10-90% ratio for over 5 y. Clinical studies have demonstrated that these prebiotic formulas have significant effects on flora composition, improve stool consistency, decrease intestinal permeability, and reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal (Gl) and respiratory infections and atopic dermatitis. Oligofructose in weaning foods consumed by toddlers increases fecal Bifidobacteria counts and decreases fecal Clostridia counts during consumption, leading to softer stools and fewer fever episodes and other Gl symptoms. Synergy, a mixture of oligofructose and long chain inulin, is protective of the Bifidus flora during amoxicillin treatment. Few studies are available in adolescents. Calcium absorption is improved especially by Synergy. The same product, combined with Lactobacillus Rhamnosus and Acidophilus, induces significantly favorable effects on colonic ammonia (NH3) metabolism. The demonstrated bifidogenic effect of inulin and oligofructose on intestinal microbiota is probably not the only mechanism involved but may be the key to important immune mediated effects.
Mimicking Electrodeposition in the Gas Phase: A Programmable Concept for Selected‐Area Fabrication of Multimaterial Nanostructures

An in situ gas-phase process that produces charged streams of Au, Si, TiO(2), ZnO, and Ge nanoparticles/clusters is reported together with a programmable concept for selected-area assembly/printing of more than one material type. The gas-phase process mimics solution electrodeposition whereby ions in the liquid phase are replaced with charged clusters in the gas phase. The pressure range in which the analogy applies is discussed and it is demonstrated that particles can be plated into pores vertically (minimum resolution 60 nm) or laterally to form low-resistivity (48 microOmega cm) interconnects. The process is applied to the formation of multimaterial nanoparticle films and sensors. The system works at atmospheric pressure and deposits material at room temperature onto electrically biased substrate regions. The combination of pumpless operation and parallel nozzle-free deposition provides a scalable tool for printable flexible electronics and the capability to mix and match materials.
Nutrition Programs Enhance Exercise Effects on Body Composition and Resting Blood Pressure

The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of exercise alone and exercise combined with specific nutrition programs on body composition and resting blood pressure rate. Adult participants (99 women, 22 men; aged 20-86 years) completed a combined strength and endurance exercise program (Exercise Only), or in conjunction with 1 of 2 nutrition plans (Exercise/Protein; Exercise/Protein/Diet). The Exercise-Only group performed 1 set of 9 resistance machines regimens interspersed with 3 bouts of recumbent cycling (5 minutes each). The Exercise/Protein group performed the same exercise program as Exercise-Only group, plus consumed 1.5 g of protein per kg of ideal body weight on a daily basis. The Exercise/Protein/Diet group followed an identical Exercise/Protein protocol along with a restricted daily caloric intake (1200-1500 cals/day for women; 1500-1800 cals/day for men). After 10 weeks of training, the Exercise/Protein group attained greater increases (P < 0.05) in lean weight and greater decreases (P < 0.05) in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) rate than the Exercise-Only group. The Exercise/Protein/Diet group experienced greater reductions (P < 0.05) in body weight, body mass index (BMI), percent fat, fat weight, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP) rate, and DBP rate than the Exercise-Only group, as well as greater reductions (P < 0.05) in body weight, BMI, percent fat, fat weight, and WC than the Exercise/Protein group. Our findings suggest that a higher protein nutrition plan may enhance the effects of exercise for increasing subject lean weight and decreasing DBP rate. The findings further indicate that a higher protein and lower calorie nutrition plan may enhance the effects of exercise for decreasing subject body weight, BMI, percent fat, fat weight, WC, SBP rate, and DBP rate, while attaining similar gains in lean body mass.
Determination of Wave Transmission Coefficients for Oyster Shell Bag Breakwaters

Problems are inevitable in the use of oyster shell bag breakwaters. Oyster shell bag breakwaters have been used in many locations throughout the USA to quantify their ecological benefits, but little research has been conducted regarding their wave attenuating properties. Quantitative information has been produced for traditional structures, but nothing has been published to describe the attenuating properties of an oyster shell bag breakwater. Currently, projects employing oyster shell bag breakwaters would need to adopt published methodologies for determining the transmissive properties of traditional materials or conduct individualized experimentation for their project to determine the adequate dimensions necessary to handle the hydrodynamic loads applied to them. Projects using this methodology could over design or under design the oyster shell bag breakwaters. The objective is to resolve this issue by conducting laboratory experiments in a controlled setting and comparing those results to existing methodologies available in the published literature. The results obtained in this report are a substantial finding in terms of constructing oyster shell bag breakwaters. The data obtained from testing is compared to published methodologies for measuring the wave transmission coefficient of low crested breakwaters (Van der Meer et al., 2005), which produces a distinguishable resemblance based on the 43 tests conducted during this study. However, additional testing should be conducted to enhance the initial findings by including practical application variables such as wave variability and structure placement in relation to the shoreline.
STUDIES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL VORTEX STREETS

Periodic vortex streets, often considered as a model for the organized structures observed in the wake of two-dimension al (2D) bluff bodies, are revisited. After the generation of the shear layers the formation of the vortices is mainly an inviscid process. An intrinsic scaling for the formation of vortex streets is found based on the invariants of motion for 2D inviscid flows; namely the kinetic energy, impulse, circulation and the translational velocity of the vortex system. We show that in the frame of reference of the invariants of motion the intrinsic shedding Strouhal number St defined based on the invariants of motion and the aspect ratio of the vortex street K (the ratio of the lateral distance to the streamwise distance between the centers of vortices) are literally the same. The formation of the vortex street is a manifestation of Kelvin's variational principle. Using the computational results from Saffman and Schatzman1 for the inviscid vortex streets of vortex patches we estimate values of the nondimensional energy and circulation of the vortex system for a wide class of vortex patches. A relaxational explanation of the vortex shedding is also offered. In this picture the bluff body is considered as a source of providing the system with invariants of motion. After the formation of the shear layers the system will relax toward its final equilibrium state where the formation of a vortex street is mandated by the invariants of motion for the two-dimensional Euler equations. Similar to the vortex ring pinch-off process it is speculated that the characteristics of the vortex system can be modified by modification in the rate of generation of invariants of motion. The two main methods for modifying a vortex system are the dynamical changing of the speed and the lateral spacing of the generated shear layers during the formation of circulation regions. This is often achieved by periodic streamwise and lateral oscillations of the bluff body.
Functional Communication Training in the Classroom: A Guide for Success

Researchers have consistently shown the effectiveness of functional communication training (FCT) to address both the communication and behavioral needs of children on the autism spectrum. The three steps of FCT include completing a functional behavior assessment, identifying a communication response, and developing a treatment plan. In addition, 10 support components aid in the successful implementation of FCT, which enhance the maintenance and generalization of learned skills. Although the authors introduced this approach in a therapeutic setting, the research has extended to natural environments including the home and school with considerable success. FCT consistently reduces challenging behavior and increases communication, therefore improving the quality of life for the child and parents.
Correlation-based watermarking method for image authentication applications

We propose a correlation-based digital watermarking technique for robust image pattern authentication. We hide a phase-based signature of the image back into its Fourier magnitude spectrum in the embedding stage. The detector computes the Fourier transform of the watermarked image and extracts the embedded signature. Authentication performance is measured by a correlation test of the extracted signature and the signature computed from the watermarked image. The quality of the watermarked image is obtained from the peak signal-to-noise ratio metric. We also furnish simulation results to show the robustness of our approach to typical image processing as found in JPEG compression
On anxiety and phobia

Abstract This paper proposes that the concept of anxiety is not a sound basis for organizing the study of phobia and related problems. Anxiety is an abstraction that has limited explanatory power because it refers to diverse physiological and psychological phenomena that are weakly correlated with one another and with actual maladaptive behavior. Proposals to include phobic behavior as a “system” of anxiety logically eliminate any possibility of examining the relationship between phobic behavior and anxiety. Anxiety theory has limited heuristic power because conceiving phobia treatments in terms of anxiety extinction yields generalities of little theoretical or therapeutic value. Maladaptive defensive behaviors and fearful feelings appear to be determined mainly by what people think, and we might profitably shift our attention from amorphous hypothetical anxiety causes to specific well-defined cognitive causes of phobic disability and distress.
Development of a sophomore year engineering program at Texas A&M University

Summary form only given as followsTexas A&M University is a member of the Foundation Coalition. This program, funded by the National Science Foundation, has been working on the educational reform at Texas A&M and the other schools for four years. The Sophomore Team at Texas A&M University began working on the development of a series of engineering science courses in late fall of 1994. The first courses were taught in fall 1995. This paper discusses the development of the courses and the institutionalization of them within the College of Engineering at Texas A&M University. The goals of the coalition are: active and collaborative learning teaming, and the use of technology in the classroom. The Foundation Coalition sophomore engineering educational program was based on the above goals and the use of conservation principles to describe engineering systems. The five courses, the sequencing of the courses, and engineering areas covered are shown in the following table. An effort has been made to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. One measure was to examine the grade point ratios of students in the coalition and in the traditional program. Another is to use similar examination questions and compare the results. This has been done for three of the courses and the results are presented and discussed. The assessment and evaluation area is important and considerably more work needs to be done. An assessment and evaluation plan is described, and future plans for the coalition activities are discussed.
Detecting Burrowing Owl Bloodmeals in Pulex irritans (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)

Pulex irritans L. is a cosmopolitan flea species that infests a wide variety of hosts. In North America it generally parasitizes large wild mammals, but in the Pacific Northwest an association has emerged between P. irritans and the western burrowing owl ( Athene cunicularia hypugaea ). While investigators have recognized this association for decades, it has not been clear if P. irritans feeds on burrowing owls, or if the owls serve exclusively as phoretic hosts. Here we describe using a real-time assay that was originally developed to identify bloodmeals in Ugandan cat fleas ( Ctenocephalides felis Bouche) to detect burrowing owl DNA in P. irritans collected from burrowing owls in southern Idaho. Of 50 fleas tested, 12 had no detectable vertebrate bloodmeal. The remaining 38 (76%) contained burrowing owl DNA. The assay did not detect vertebrate DNA in unfed fleas exposed to owl or mouse pelts and is therefore unlikely to detect DNA in fleas from vertebrates that have served exclusively as phoretic hosts. We conclude that P. irritans feeds on burrowing owls. We discuss the potential implications of this finding for burrowing owl conservation and enzootic plague dynamics.
Modulation of Innate Immune Responses via Covalently Linked TLR Agonists.

We present the synthesis of novel adjuvants for vaccine development using multivalent scaffolds and bioconjugation chemistry to spatially manipulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. TLRs are primary receptors for activation of the innate immune system during vaccination. Vaccines that contain a combination of small and macromolecule TLR agonists elicit more directed immune responses and prolong responses against foreign pathogens. In addition, immune activation is enhanced upon stimulation of two distinct TLRs. Here, we synthesized combinations of TLR agonists as spatially defined tri- and di-agonists to understand how specific TLR agonist combinations contribute to the overall immune response. We covalently conjugated three TLR agonists (TLR4, 7, and 9) to a small molecule core to probe the spatial arrangement of the agonists. Treating immune cells with the linked agonists increased activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and enhanced and directed immune related cytokine production and gene expres...
Determinants of Survival in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Study of 14,228 Patients.

Introduction Left untreated, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is associated with uniformly poor prognosis. Better survival has been reported with surgery-based multimodality therapy, but to date, no trial has demonstrated survival benefit of surgery over other therapies. We evaluated whether cancer-directed surgery influenced survival independently from other predictors in a large population-based dataset. Methods The SEER database was explored from 1973 to 2009 to identify all cases of pathologically-proven MPM. Age, sex, race, year of diagnosis, histology stage, cancer-directed surgery, radiation, and vital status were analyzed. The association between prognostic factors and survival was estimated using Cox regression and propensity matched analysis. Results There were 14,228 patients with pathologic diagnosis of MPM. On multivariable analysis, female gender, younger age, early stage, and treatment with surgery were independent predictors of longer survival. In comparison to no treatment, surgery alone was associated with significant improvement in survival [adjusted hazard ratio (adj HR) 0.64 (0.61–0.67)], but not radiation [adj HR 1.15 (1.08–1.23)]. Surgery and radiation combined had similar survival as surgery alone [adj HR 0.69 (0.64–0.76)]. Results were similar when cases diagnosed between 1973 and 1999 were compared to cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2009. Conclusions Despite developments in surgical and radiation techniques, the prognosis for MPM patients has not improved over the past 4 decades. Cancer-directed surgery is independently associated with better survival, suggesting that multimodal surgery-based therapy can benefit these patients. Further research in adjuvant treatment is necessary to improve prognosis in this challenging disease.
Oral fluid cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations following controlled intravenous cocaine administration.

Abstract Limited oral fluid (OF) pharmacokinetic data collected with commercially available collection devices after controlled cocaine administration hinder OF result interpretations. Ten cocaine-using adults provided OF, collected with Oral-Eze ® (OE) and StatSure Saliva Sampler™ (SS) devices, an hour prior to and up to 69h after 25mg intravenous (IV) cocaine administration. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine (BE) were quantified by a validated 2D-GC-MS method. Large inter-subject variability was observed. Cocaine was detected in OF in the first 0.17h sample after IV administration, with much more rapid elimination than BE. OE observed C max median (range) concentrations were 932 (394–1574)μg/L for cocaine and 248 (96.9–953)μg/L for BE. SS observed cocaine and BE C max median (range) concentrations trended lower at 732 (83.3–1892)μg/L and 360 (77.2–836)μg/L, respectively. OE and SS cocaine OF detection times were 12.5 and 6.5h and for BE 30.5 and 28.0h, respectively at 1μg/L. There were no significant pharmacokinetic differences between OE and SS OF collection devices, except cocaine half-life was significantly shorter in SS OF specimens. This difference could be attributed to differences in stabilizing buffers present in OF collection devices, which may affect cocaine stability in OF specimens, or decreased recovery from collection pads. Both OE and SS OF collection devices were effective in monitoring cocaine and metabolite concentrations with similar detection windows. Furthermore, we demonstrated that different confirmatory OF cutoffs can be selected to produce shorter or longer cocaine and metabolite detection windows to address specific needs of clinical and forensic drug testing programs.
Game Theoretic Models for Energy Production

We give a selective survey of oligopoly models for energy production which capture to varying degrees issues such as exhaustibility of fossil fuels, development of renewable sources, exploration and new technologies, and changing costs of production. Our main focus is on dynamic Cournot competition with exhaustible resources. We trace the resulting theory of competitive equilibria and discuss some of the major emerging strands, including competition between renewable and exhaustible producers, endogenous market phase transitions, stochastic differential games with controlled jumps, and mean field games.
Quantitative study of influence of estrogenic substances on serum lipids of rats fed atherogenic diet.

Summary1) In adult male albino rats varying amounts of estradiol, all within a range sufficient to produce testicular atrophy, differed in their effects on serum lipids, the smaller amounts causing marked elevation in serum cholesterol and less elevation in phospholipids than larger amounts. Administration of 0.333 mg estradiol benzoate daily resulted in marked elevation of serum cholesterol and phospholipids within 2 weeks, but the C/P ratio remained as low or lower than that of control animals. Over a 5-week period these values reached a peak, then fell in spite of constant diet and hormonal treatment. 3) Equivalent amounts of estriol daily had an effect on serum lipids similar to that of estradiol. 4) Equimolecular amounts of stilbestrol, progesterone, and a variety of substances chemically related to active estrogens had little acute effect on serum lipids under the conditions studied. 5) This experimental plan may be useful for studying simultaneous effects of other steroids on serum lipids and on th...
Chiari Type I Malformation and Seizures

Four children with epilepsy, ranging in age from 8 to 15 years, and diagnosed with Chiari type I malformation by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are reported from La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
“Achievement” and “ascription” in admission to an elite college: A political-organizational analysis

Researchers have typically understood access to elite positions in the social structure either in terms of a structural-functional focus on ability or a class-reproduction focus on inheritance. This paper argues, and empirically demonstrates with a study of access to Harvard College, that a political-organizational perspective incorporates and goes beyond the insights of each of these perspectives. Using concepts such as cultural capital (Bourdieu, 1977a) and organizational field (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983), hypotheses regarding who gets into Harvard College are generated and tested. Political mobilization as well as historic ties among elites are both key factors in determining admissions outcomes. Though academic merit is a prime determinant of admission to Harvard College, there was evidence that affirmative action for legacy applicants, minorities (but not Asians), athletes, and working-class males was also in effect.
Electoral Systems, Competition, and Incentives for Corruption

Electoral rules (Persson et al. 2003; Kunicova and Rose-Ackerman 2005) and competition (Charron 2011) affects the incentives for corruption. While there exists considerable empirical work, the literature on the microfoundations of agents’ incentives is sparse. This paper fills this gap by construct the microfoundations under a wide set of electoral rules. It provides an understanding of why we might witness variation in corruption when these institutions change. It finds that degree of competition is an important factor in determining the degree to which politicians face investigations. These results underscore the importance of electoral institutions as a fundamental cause of changes in corruption levels. The study has implications for the design of such institutions.
Treatment of cervical mucus with lectins: effect on sperm migration

Treatment of midcycle human cervical mucus with the lectins Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UE), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and peanut agglutinin (PA) did not alter the ability of spermatozoa to enter and migrate through the mucus. These lectins form glycoconjugates by binding to L-fucose (UE), N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid (WGA), and D-galactose and D-galactose-(1-3)-D-N-acetylgalactosamine (PA), sugars that are present in the carbohydrate side chains of the mucus glycoproteins (mucins). Ricinus communis, with high affinity for D-galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, did cause a significant decrease in sperm migration but only within the mucus (not at the sperm-mucus interface); this may have been because of an effect on sperm motility. These sugars are thought to be important for the secondary structure of the glycoproteins and for the cross linking between the mucins that produce the rheologic properties of cervical mucus. However, it appears that interference with the sugars by lectin binding does not significantly alter the ability of spermatozoa to migrate through cervical mucus.
Pyogenic granuloma: an unusual complication of papaverine injection therapy for impotence.

AbstractAn unusual complication of papaverine injection therapy is reported. A pyogenic granuloma formed after a single test dose of papaverine. Diagnosis, therapy and course of the patient are outlined.
Electronic Structure Evolution of Dilute III–V Nitride Alloys

This chapter gives an overview of the modern empirical pseudopotential method (EPM) and its application to the dilute III-V nitrides. Detailed analysis of super cell models of the nitrides supports the theory of alloy formation involving the interactions between nitrogen-induced localized cluster states (CS) with many Perturbed Host States (PHS). Super cell calculations of small nitrogen clusters show that comparatively few nitrogen's can introduce very deep, below band gap states, and thus details of nitride alloy nano structure are fundamental to determining nitride alloy properties. Pseudo potential modeling has also provided several predictions to be checked by experiment. The EPM distinguished itself from the phenomenological Band Anti-Crossing (BAC) model which ignores CS beyond the isolated nitrogen and uses a single host state, thus failing to explain the phenomena associated with the existence of numerous local environments in the alloy. The existence of CS is most strongly evident in photoluminescence (PL), where these states appear pinned in energy as a function of nitrogen concentration, and in pressure dependent measurements, where their distinct non-host-like (or “deep level”) nature is immediately apparent.