cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Looking for What's Lost: The Artistic Roots of Art Therapy: Mary Huntoon

Historically, attention has been paid to particular early practitioners and methodologies to the exclusion of others in the field of art therapy. This paper is about one early art therapist who is ...
Effects of Tiam 1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides transfection on the invasive and migratory potentials of gastric cancer cells in vitro and vivo

Background and purpose:As a regulatory factor of cytoskeletal structure,a close correlation existed between Tiam 1(T lymphoma invasion and metastasis inducing factor 1) and the invasion and metastasis of gastroenteric tumor.We aimed to observe the effects of Tiam 1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides(Tiam 1 ASODN) transfection on the invasive and migratory potentials of gastric cancer cells in vitro and vivo.Methods:The higher invasive and migratory subgroup(MH) were separated from human gastric cancer cell line MKN-45(M0) by laminin adhesion method in vitro.Tiam 1 ASODN was transfected into MH cells with liposome,and the expression of Tiam 1 mRNA and protein was determined by RT-PCR and ELISA separately.Changes in the invasive and migratory potentials of MH cells in vitro and vivo after transfected with ASODN were observed by Boyden chamber test and inoculation into nude mice respectively.Results:The expression of Tiam 1 mRNA and protein in MH cells after transfected with 0.43 μmol/L ASODN(0.162±0.018,0.982±0.119) was significantly lower than that of either Liposome-transfected cells(0.789±0.054,1.237±0.108),sense oligodeoxynucleotides(SODN)-Liposome-transfected cells(0.754±0.039,1.234±0.103) or No-transfected cells(0.801±0.065,1.290±0.182)(P0.05),compared to those three group,the expressions of Tiam 1 mRNA and protein in Tiam 1 ASODN group was lower by 20.2 to 21.5% and 76.1% to 79.6%,respectively.The invasive and migratory potentials of ASODN-transfected cells in vitro was(10±3,21±9) and were much more decreased than that of SODN-transfected cells(27±10,56±13) and No-transfected cells(26±6,53±12)(P 0.05).The lung metastatic rate of ASODN-transfected cells in nude-mice(1/5 = 20%) was much more inhibited than that of SODN-transfected cells(4/5 = 80%) and no-transfected cells(4/5 = 80%).Conclusions:Tiam 1 ASODN transfection can effectively suppress the expression of Tiam 1 in gastric cancer cells and impair its invasive and migratory potentials in vitro and vivo.
Ab Initio and Molecular Dynamics-Based Pair Potentials for Lanthanum Hexaboride

Lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) is a well-known refractory ceramic with unique mechanical and electrochemical behavior, leading to a diverse array of possible attractive applications. In this work, we present and discuss the development of interatomic potentials for LaB6 using a combination of density functional theory with molecular dynamics simulations. Density functional theory is employed to acquire energetic and dynamic data of the atoms in various configurations and environments. Lattice inversion techniques are then combined with other optimization procedures to yield potentials which can accurately capture the lattice dynamics–mean-square displacements and equilibrium energetics of the system as a function of temperature.
Thinking the Unthinkable: Time, Cinema and the Incommensurable

Henri Bergson (1859–1941) was one of the first twentieth-century philosophers to develop an ontology predicated on movement and duration (and, by extension, memory) rather than a discourse grounded in spatial metaphors (static matter). In Creative Evolution (1907) Bergson systematized his ontology in terms of a basic contradiction between the experienced nature of time and how we actually measure and conceptualize it. In his ‘Introduction’ to Creative Evolution, Pete Gunter notes that for Bergson, ‘Time is experienced as a flow; but the concepts through which time is measured are static. The moments of experienced time shade into each other without clear boundaries; but measured time contains sharp cuts’ (Bergson, 1983, pp. xx–xxi). It would thus be completely erroneous to confuse one type of time with the other, for this is tantamount to substituting a static (that is, spatialized) dimension for a truly dynamic and qualitative flux. Real time is a continuous, non-segmentable stream which cannot be captured or framed with mechanistic concepts. According to Bergson, ‘there is no feeling, no idea, no volition which is not undergoing change every moment: if a mental state ceased to vary, its duration would cease to flow […] The truth is that we change without ceasing, and that the state itself is nothing but change’ (Bergson, 1983, pp. 1–2).
Evaluating the effect of plant origin prebiotics (Raffinose and Stachyose) on iron status, intestinal functionality and intestinal bacterial populations in vivo

Iron (Fe) deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide. Certain prebiotics (e.g. inulin) have been shown to improve Fe absorption. This study investigates the effectiveness of var...
The Current Global Surgical Care Paradigm: An Introduction

Approximately 5 billion people around the world do not have access to safe, affordable surgical services when needed (Meara et al. in The Lancet, 386(9993):569–624, 2015). In further exploring the nature of this startling figure, an interesting trend becomes further apparent. Inequities related to access to surgical services becomes stratified based upon relative income distribution of countries. Simply stated, accessibility to surgical services varies in each country based upon their respective income classification. The World Bank classifies countries according to four income groupings, in which income is measured using gross national income (GNI) per capita, in U.S. dollars (Debas et al. in Disease control priorities, (Volume 1): Essential surgery. World Bank Publications, 2015). These four classifications are as follows: low-income countries (LICs) = $1045 or less, Middle-income countries (MICs) which are subdivided into lower-middle-income = $1046 to $4125 and upper-middle-income (UMICs) = $4126 to $12,745, and finally high-income countries (HICs) = $12,746 or more as shown in Fig. 1.1 (Debas et al. in Disease control priorities, (Volume 1): Essential surgery. World Bank Publications, 2015). Upon examination of these income classifications, stratification in accessibility to surgical services becomes evident, with the countries having the lowest gradients in accessibility to surgical services being that of low and middle-income countries (LMICs).
Continuous wave protocol for simultaneous polarization and optical detection of P1-center electron spin resonance

The ready optical detection and manipulation of bright nitrogen vacancy center spins in diamond plays a key role in contemporary quantum information science and quantum metrology. Other optically dark defects such as substitutional nitrogen atoms (`P1 centers') could also become potentially useful in this context if they could be as easily optically detected and manipulated. We develop a relatively straightforward continuous wave protocol that takes advantage of the dipolar coupling between nitrogen vacancy and P1 centers in type 1b diamond to detect and polarize the dark P1 spins. By combining mutual spin flip transitions with radio frequency driving, we demonstrate the simultaneous optical polarization and detection of the electron spin resonance of the P1 center. This technique should be applicable to detecting and manipulating a broad range of dark spin populations that couple to the nitrogen vacancy center via dipolar fields, allowing for quantum metrology using these spin populations.
Effects of hydrogen on fatigue behavior of near-alpha titanium alloys

Abstract The influence of hydrogen content on fatigue response was examined for a near-α titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si, in bimodal microstructural condition with ~70 vol% primary α. The hydrogen content was varied in the range 7–127 ppm (by weight). The fracture mechanism at crack-initiation sites changed from ductile tearing with localized plasticity in low (
Unconventional oil and gas chemicals and wastewater-impacted water samples promote adipogenesis via PPARγ-dependent and independent mechanisms in 3T3–L1 cells

Unconventional oil and natural gas (UOG) operations have contributed to a surge in domestic oil and natural gas production in the United States, combining horizontal drilling with hydraulic fracturing to unlock previously inaccessible fossil fuel deposits. >1000 organic chemicals are used in the production process, and wastewater is produced following injection and for the life of the producing well. This wastewater is typically disposed of via injecting into disposal wells for long-term storage, treatment and discharge from wastewater treatment plants, and/or storage in open evaporation pits; however, wastewater spill rates are reported at 2-20% of active well sites across regions, increasing concerns about the environmental impacts of these wastewaters. This study assessed adipogenic activity (both triglyceride accumulation and pre-adipocyte proliferation) for a mixture of 23 commonly used UOG chemicals and a small subset of UOG wastewater-impacted surface water extracts from Colorado and West Virginia, using 3T3-L1 cells and a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) reporter assay. We report potent and efficacious adipogenic activity induced by both a laboratory-created UOG chemical mixture and UOG-impacted water samples at concentrations below environmental levels. We further report activation of PPARγ at similar concentrations for some samples, suggesting a causative molecular pathway for the observed effects, but not for other adipogenic samples, implicating PPARγ-dependent and independent effects from UOG associated chemicals. Taken together, these results suggest that UOG wastewater has the potential to impact metabolic health at environmentally relevant concentrations.
Notes: The One-Tailed Test in Physical Education Research

(1958). Notes: The One-Tailed Test in Physical Education Research. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 117-119.
The Successes of Conservation

People who have worked in the field of conservation have a lot to be proud of. In the last 14 years, we have made dramatic improvements in the efficiency with which we use energy, and have made an impressive head start on weaning ourselves away from our fossil fuel habit. We’ll be looking at how far the U.S. and OECD have come, and looking ahead a bit to some accomplishments in the not-too-distant future. We’ll talk about conservation in general, but most of our examples will focus on buildings, the sector we know best and one that accounts for 38% of the $440 Billion annual U.S. energy bill.
Why Is Tumor tRNA Hypomodified with Respect to Q Nucleoside

Nucleoside Q is found exclusively in the first position of the anticodon in tRNATyr, tRNAHis, tRNAAsn, and tRNAAsp (Kasai et al. 1975b, 1976). Its function is unknown, and long-term Q-deficient, germ-free mice appear normal (Reyniers et al. 1981). However, queuirie metabolism is altered in neoplasia. Many tumors exhibit Q-deficient tRNA (Katze 1975; Okada et al. 1978; Roe et al. 1979) and queuine addition to tumor-bearing mice can reverse tumor tRNA Q deficiency (Katze and Beck 1980; Nishimura et al., this volume pp. 401–412) and may inhibit tumor growth (Katze and Beck 1980). It is unlikely that Q-deficient tRNA is necessary for the neoplastic state since the careful study of Marini and Mushinski (1979; Mushinski and Marini, this volume pp. 121–132) shows widely varying, repeatable isoaccepting patterns (largely due to differences in Q content) for the Q family of tRNAs from several Balb/c mouse plasmacytomas with similar growth rates and size at harvest. These large differences among such a similar group of tumors suggest that the alteration in Q metabolism is secondary to the neoplastic process.
The influence of distal antecedents on organization-public relationships

This study proposed a conceptual model of organization-public relationships (OPRs) that draws distinctions between the distal (enduring individual, organizational, and environmental factors) and pr...
Anatomy and Target Delineation: Definitive and Postoperative Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in Uterine Cancer

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy. Treatment often involves multimodality therapy with definitive surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy has been proven to reduce the risk of locoregional recurrence. Advanced technologies like intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) improve toxicity and quality of life. Use of IMRT requires accurate target volume delineation, so greater importance must be placed on simulation and creation of nodal clinical target volumes and vaginal internal target volumes. These same concepts are also important for medically inoperable endometrial cancer patients.
An update on: long-term outcomes of penile prostheses for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Penile prosthesis placement is the gold standard for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) refractory to medical therapy; however, limited data exist on the long-term outcomes of these devices.Areas covered: A PubMed search focused on long-term outcomes of penile prosthetics was performed. Studies with a follow-up of less than 5 years were excluded. Included studies were arranged chronologically by implant date to identify trends in device lifetime. Data were further scrutinized to separate device failure secondary to mechanical malfunction from device failure secondary to infection.Expert opinion: Limited data prevent accurate 15-year predictions for modern prosthetics. The 5- and 10-year overall survival of modern prosthetics is estimated to be 90.4% and 86.6%, respectively. Infection rates are estimated to be 1.5% and 1.8% at 8 and 10 years, respectively. While great strides have been made in device design, there is still potential for advancement in both infection rate reduc...
Compensation According to Integration

In this chapter, the eighth and final component of the “Fair CEO Compensation” octagonal framework, “Compensation according to Integration”, is explained. This chapter is about internal equity or internal fairness. First, the definition of internal fairness is presented, and then the reasons why CEOs are typically paid much higher than non-CEO executives are revealed. Afterwards, the theoretical framework of the fairness concept, already discussed in Sect. 2.2, is linked to the existing research on the pay gap or pay disparity. The pros and cons of having pay dispersion between the CEO and the TMT are discussed. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are illustrated.
Towards Half-Precision Computation for Complex Matrices: A Case Study for Mixed Precision Solvers on GPUs

The use of low-precision computations is popular in accelerating machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Hardware architectures, such as high-end graphics processing units (GPUs), now support native 16-bit floating-point arithmetic (i.e., half-precision). While half precision provides a natural 2×/4× speedup against the performance of single/double precisions, respectively, modern GPUs are equipped with hard- ware accelerators that further boost the FP16 performance. These accelerators, known as tensor cores (TCs), have a theoretical peak performance that is 8×/16× faster than FP32/FP64 performance, respectively. Such a high level of performance has encouraged researchers to harness the compute power of TCs outside AI applications. This paper presents a mixed-precision dense linear solver (Ax = b) for complex matrices using the GPU’s TC units. Unlike similar efforts that have discussed accelerating Ax = b in real FP16 arithmetic, this paper focuses on complex FP16 precisions. The developed solution uses a “half-complex” pre- cision to accelerate the solution of Ax = b while maintaining complex FP32 precision accuracy. The proposed solver requires the development of a high-performance mixed-precision ma- trix multiplication (CGEMM-FP16) that accepts half-complex inputs, and uses the TCs’ full-precision products and FP32 accumulations for the computation. We discuss two designs and their performance. Similar to the way fast GEMMs power the performance of LAPACK, the mixed-precision CGEMM- FP16 can enable the development of mixed-precision LAPACK algorithms. We illustrate this by integrating both CGEMM-FP16s into the development of mixed-precision LU factorizations of complex matrices. Finally, an iterative refinement solver is used to deliver complex FP32 accuracy using a preconditioned GMRES solver. Our experiments, conducted on V100 GPUs, show that the mixed-precision solver can be up to 2.5× faster than a full single-complex precision solver.
Determination of dielectric axes and transition moment directions in β-Ga2O3 from the polarization dependence of vibrational spectra

β-Ga2O3 is a promising ultrawide bandgap semiconductor for high power and extreme environment applications. The dominant O—H center in Ga2O3 has been assigned to a Ga(1) vacancy–2H (VGa(1)-2H) complex. An analysis of the polarization dependence of the vibrational absorption of the VGa(1)-2D center in monoclinic β-Ga2O3 provides a unique strategy for the determination of both the orientation of the principal dielectric axes in the near infrared and the direction of the vibrational transition moment of the defect.
Modified method of perturbed stationary states. V. Electron-capture cross sections for the reaction O 8 + + H ( 1 s ) → O 7 + ( n , l ) + H +

Electron-capture cross sections are reported for the reaction ${\mathrm{O}}^{8+}+\mathrm{H}(1s)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{O}}^{7+}(n,l)+{\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, with $n=4,5,6$ and $l=0$ through $n\ensuremath{-}1$. The cross section for $n=7$ is also estimated. The energy range extends from 13 eV/amu to 34 keV/amu. A Landau-Zener formula is given for use at lower energies. The calculations are quite analogous to those carried out for ${\mathrm{C}}^{6+}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{H}(1s)$ collisions in Phys. Rev. A 25, 1364 (1982), The modified perturbed-stationary-state calculation features the use of a mixed representation of diabatic and adiabatic states and the use of translation factors determined by Euler-Lagrange optimization within the mixed representation of states. One internuclear separation-dependent factor is used for the initial state, which correlates to ${\mathrm{O}}^{8+}+\mathrm{H}(1s)$. A second factor is used for all the ${\mathrm{O}}^{7+}$+${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ correlating states. Riley's semiclassical average approximation is used at low energies and the straight-line impact-parameter method is used at high energies. For the purpose of comparison, some calculations are also carried out by the method of Bates and McCarroll and by that of Piacentini and Salin. The approximation of neglecting $\ensuremath{\pi}$-$\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}$-$\ensuremath{\Delta}$ couplings is tested. The results are compared with those of other researchers.
Terminology, definitions and classification in the imaging of laryngoceles

ABSTRACT Objective We aim to better define the anatomy, criteria and classification of laryngoceles, and to raise the awareness to potential mimickers and anatomical variants leading to misdiagnosis. Methods A retrospective review of all computed tomography (CT) studies, performed over a decade, with the diagnosis of ‘laryngocele’ in the radiological report in a tertiary medical center. All relevant studies were reviewed by two independent readers for the presence of true laryngoceles. Results One hundred and twelve patients were included; average age was 54 (±18). Re-read of scans with 3D reconstructions resulted in detecting 58 (52%) true laryngoceles, with 19.5% bilateral laryngoceles. Anatomical variants and laryngocele mimickers formerly misdiagnosed as laryngoceles included 26/54 (48%) prominent ventricles, 19/54 (35%) saccules not meeting criteria for laryngocele, 8/54 (15%) prominent pyriform sinuses and one tracheal diverticulum. Conclusions: Intimate knowledge of the laryngeal anatomy, the criteria for a laryngocele and anatomical variants as well mimickers, is the key to avoid radiological misdiagnosis.
Establishment of a reference interval for a novel viscoelastic coagulometer and comparison with thromboelastography in healthy cats.

Background Viscoelastic analysis provides information on the dynamics and strength of clot formation as well as clot stability. A novel point-of-care viscoelastic test (Viscoelastic Coagulation Monitor Vet, VCM Vet) could be more cost-effective, simpler to use, and more portable than thromboelastography (TEG). Objectives The primary aim of this study was to establish a feline reference interval (RI) for the VCM Vet. A secondary aim was to compare VCM Vet analysis with TEG in healthy cats. Methods Fifty-six healthy cats were enrolled in this study. Linear regression was completed to determine whether age and CBC parameters were associated with the VCM Vet parameters and if TEG parameters were correlated with VCM Vet data. Statistical significance was set at P Results Fifty-three VCM Vet tracings were used to determine RIs for healthy cats. The determined RIs were: clot time (CT) 104-438 seconds; clot formation time (CFT) 104.5-488 seconds; alpha angle (AA) 30.5°-70°; a10 13.8-32.7 VCM units; a20 19.2-40.1 VCM units; maximum clot formation (MCF) 22.5-44.8 VCM units; Lysis Index 30 (Li30) 92.9%-100.9%; and Lysis Index 45 (Li45) 92%-100%. Linear regression identified a strong positive correlation between the CT and R-time measured using the VCM Vet and TEG methods, respectively; no other parameters were correlated. Conclusions The use of VCM Vet is feasible in cats, and we determined the first described feline RIs for this test. In general, the VCM Vet data did not correlate with TEG in healthy cats.
Clinical and Endoscopic Predictors of Hydrostatic Balloon Dilation Failure for Post-Bariatric Anastomotic Stricture Treatment.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients can develop anastomotic strictures. The initial management relies on endoscopic hydrostatic balloon dilation, but in a subset of patients, it may be unsuccessful despite several dilations, requiring a different treatment modality. We evaluated the factors associated with balloon dilation failure and need for revision surgery. Retrospective analysis from patients presenting with a post-RYGB anastomotic stricture who underwent balloon dilation from 2005 to 2018 at Cleveland Clinic Florida and Cleveland Clinic Main Campus. Demographic, clinical, surgical, endoscopic, and post-procedural variables were collected. Univariate and multivariate analysis with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) calculation for factors associated to dilation failure was performed. Eighty-nine patients were included in the analysis. Population was predominantly white (85.4%) and female (87.6%), with mean age 46.4 years and followed for a mean of 97.4 months. All patients presented dysphagia, with mean stricture diameter of 7.7 mm and associated marginal ulcer in 69%. Successful dilation was achieved in 65 patients, while 24 patients had dilation failure and underwent revisional surgery. Multivariate analysis showed a higher risk of dilation failure if time from RYGB to first dilation was >3 months (OR 4.95, 1.29–19.04; p = 0.02), and if nausea/vomiting were present before first dilation (OR 4.37, 1.11–17.16; p = 0.03). One patient had a perforation after dilation and was treated surgically. Post-RYGB anastomotic strictures can be successfully treated with hydrostatic balloon dilation. However, patients with dilations performed > 3 months after initial RYGB and nausea/vomiting have an increased risk of dilation failure and need for further interventions.
Liutex and Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for Coherence Structure in the Wake of Micro Vortex Generator

In 2016, a new criterion called Omega vortex identification was proposed by Liu et al., which has many advantages according to several studies. However, all the existing vortex identification methods are just a scalar and they are contaminated by shear. For the first time in history, a new vortex vector with both local rotation axis and rotation strength - called Liutex (with no shear) was introduced by Liu et al. in 2018. In this study, we load data directly from Liutex vector (Lx, Ly, Lz) instead of velocity (u, v, w). Moreover, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method is applied to analyze the coherent structure of the first eighth POD modes in the wake of micro vortex generator at Ma = 2.5 and Reθ = 5760 by using Liutex. Pairing of POD modes is clearly found, which is the sign of Kevin-Helmholtz instability. The observation of the mode paring strongly supports the new mechanism of MVG for reduction of flow separation, which is the interaction between the shock and the spanwise vortex rings generated by K-H instability.
A Survey on Mainstream Dimensions of Edge Computing

Driven by the booming of Internet of Things and 4G/5G communications, an increasingly large number of edge devices, e.g., sensors and cell phones, are continuously producing data service requests, which should be processed in high quality. Recent years have seen a paradigm shift from centralized cloud computing toward edge computing. Edge computing is a distributed computing paradigm that utilizes computing and storage resources of edge devices. Compared with traditional cloud computing, edge computing migrates data computation and storage to the edge devices. Recently many technical breakthroughs have been made in edge computing. This survey reviews existing research on edge computing with a focus on the three mainstream dimensions: resource allocation, data fusion and security. We present specific techniques of the three dimensions and how they can contribute to the improvement of edge computing. Emerging and prospective application fields that would benefit from edge computing are also discussed.
Outcomes of reoperative aortic root surgery.

Abstract Objective The study objective was to determine the impact of reoperative aortic root replacement on short-term outcomes and survival. Methods This was a retrospective study of aortic root operations from 2010 to 2018. All patients with a complete aortic root replacement were included, and patients undergoing valve-sparing root replacements were excluded. Patients were dichotomized by first-time sternotomy versus redo sternotomy, which was defined as having had a prior sternotomy for whatever reason. Within the redo sternotomy group, reoperative aortic root replacements were identified, being defined as a complete aortic root replacement in patients with a prior aortic root replacement; 1:1 nearest neighbor propensity matching was used to compare outcomes across groups. Kaplan–Meier survival estimates were generated and compared using log-rank statistics. Results A total of 893 patients undergoing complete ARR were identified, of whom 595 (67%) underwent first-time sternotomy and 298 (33%) underwent redo sternotomy. After matching, postoperative outcomes were similar for the first-time and redo sternotomy groups, including operative mortality. Redo sternotomy was not associated with reduced survival after aortic root replacement compared with first-time sternotomy (P = .084), with 5-year survival of 73.7% for first-time sternotomy and 72.9% for redo sternotomy. In the redo sternotomy group (n = 298), 69 (23%) were reoperative aortic root replacements and 229 (77%) were first-time aortic root replacements. After matching, postoperative outcomes were similar for the first-time and reoperative aortic root replacement groups, including operative mortality. Reoperative aortic root replacement was not associated with reduced survival, compared with first-time aortic root replacement (P = .870), with 5-year survival of 67.9% for first-time aortic root replacement and 72.1% for reoperative aortic root replacement. Conclusions Reoperative aortic root replacement can be performed safely and provides similar survival to first-time aortic root replacement.
Building and Connecting Components

While equations are an essential part of model development, it quickly becomes tedious to write out all the equations for the components in a system. In this chapter, we show how to reuse constitutive equations like Ohm’s law and automatically generate conservation equations for quantities like energy and mass. In doing so, it is possible to quickly build up large models of interacting components. Once again, examples will demonstrate various language features and the section at the end of the chapter will discuss these features in detail.
Ambivalent Attitudes with Regard to Discretion

The universal audiences to which the participants in the legal process address their arguments will have different conceptions of the amount of freedom that a decisionmaker, such as a judge or other public official, should have. In our previous discussion, we contrasted a universal or ideal audience that considered the public good to consist of a composite of individual goods with a similar audience for which the public good was more than the summation of individual goods. It is probably the case that an audience that considered the public good as something more than the summation of individual goods would, as a practical matter, prefer a more open-ended decisionmaking process, at least at some point in the decisionmaking process.1 Indeed, one of the criticisms directed towards Dworkin’s work was that his so-called model of principles was an attempt to cloak the broad-ranging judicial legislation that marked the United States Supreme Court during the Chief Justiceship of Earl Warren with an aura of respectability by arguing that, because a superhuman judge, such as Dworkin’s Hercules, could show that the Warren Court’s decisions flowed from some of the more basic principles of the American legal system, those decisions were not as free-ranging as they appeared.2
Engine Mapping Methodology

Developing engine calibrations to help achieve improved fuel economy, emissions and performance has become an increasingly complicated task as emission standards become more stringent and fuel economy standards become effective. A methodology was devised to project the economy that a specific vehicle could achieve over a selected driving cycle. This method can be used to determine the potential of control systems, exhaust treatment devices and drivetrain configurations to improve economy at specified emission levels. Optimum engine calibrations are defined to utilize these devices fully, from which automatic engine calibration strategies can be developed for vehicle verification.
Dependability of personality, life satisfaction, and affect in short-term longitudinal data.

The consistency of individual differences across time has implications for theory building and clinical applications. Indeed, personality psychologists have long worked to place constructs on the continuum of consistency of more trait-like to more state-like constructs. Recently, Chmielewski and Watson (2009) highlighted the importance of dependability coefficients for interpreting the results of stability studies. These coefficients provide an estimate of how strongly short-term transient error affects retest correlations for a given measure. In this article, we use a modified version of Kenny and Zautra's (1995, 2001) STARTS model to estimate dependability of personality, life satisfaction, and affect in a 2-month longitudinal study of 8 waves. Results from 226 undergraduate students indicated that personality ratings were least influenced by transient state factors, whereas affect was most influenced. We discuss these findings in terms of their implications for the continuum of consistency and for the practical issue of selecting retest intervals for dependability analyses.
On the Mystery of the Self & the Selection Problem: A Mathematical Approach

The self, which presents to us as an irreducible entity in which our subjective experience is directed onto, is often thought of as an unremarkable phenomenon or illusion. However, the mere perception of it cannot be neglected for our scientific endeavor to explain consciousness, and this point is illustrated through a multitude of thought experiments. These thought experiments also show the importance of differentiating selves between distinct conscious organisms, regardless of their individual phenomenological content. A distinction is made between an active subject (a self that is conscious) and a potential subject (a self that is unconscious). Potential subjects refer to selves that would otherwise be present in organisms that are currently unconscious or post-mortem. They can also refer to an infinite amount of imaginary selves that will never be born into existence. This infinite reference space shows that there is an explanatory gap between our knowledge that conscious organisms have selves and our knowledge that specific selves are mapped into specific organisms. This explanatory gap needs to be closed in order to design effective uploading technology to extend the life of our minds beyond the life of our body.
Degradation of linoleic acid hydroperoxides by a cysteine . FeCl3 catalyst as a model for similar biochemical reactions. I. Study of oxygen requirement, catalyst and effect of pH.

Abstract 1. 1. A redox reaction between cysteine and linoleic acid hydroperoxide was catalyzed by FeCl3 at pH values under 6. This reaction was assayed by the rate of O2 uptake, and resulted in formation of mainly oxodiene, epoxyhydroxyene and epoxyoxoene fatty acids as well as cystine and oxides of cysteine. 2. 2. The rate of O2 uptake was dependent upon the relative concentrations of FeCl3, linoleic acid hydroperoxide and cysteine. Rate dependence on FeCl3 concentration yielded a sigmoid curve, but rate dependence on concentrations of either cysteine or linoleic acid hydroperoxide was best described by a Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal plot. The possible participation of a linoleic acid hydroperoxide-cysteine-FeCl3 complex is discussed. 3. 3. About one-half mol of O2 was absorbed per mol of linoleic acid hydroperoxide, whereas O2 uptake per mol of cysteine amounted to one-fourth mol. A mechanism is proposed to account for the O2 uptake stoichiometry. 4. 4. In the presence of O2, the reaction products were oxooctadecadienoic acid and fatty acids derived from addition of O2 to an epoxyallylic radical (secondary hydroperoxidation). In the absence of O2, the products were oxooctadecadienoic acid and cysteine-fatty acid adducts. 5. 5. Either Fe(II) or Fe(III) salts were equally effective catalysts, but CN− or EDTA complexes of iron were ineffective catalysts. 6. 6. At pH values over 7 hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid became the only product formed from linoleic acid hydroperoxide. Hydroxydiene fatty acid formed in the presence or absence of either FeCl3 or O2. Only cysteine and alkaline pH values were essential to hydroxydiene formation. 7. 7. At pH values over 7, O2− was formed in the presence of O2, as ascertained by Superoxide dismutase-inhibitable O2 uptake and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. Rationale is presented that O2 was not involved in product formation from linoleic acid hydroperoxide. 8. 8. The reaction and products of linoleic acid hydroperoxide-cysteine-FeCl3 complex served as a model for the degradation of linoleic acid hydroperoxide by certain biological preparations.
Changing Student Beliefs about Poverty, Homelessness, and Community Service: Results from Interior Design Project Interventions

The purpose of this study was to examine undergraduate interior design student attitudes toward poverty, homelessness, and community service. A secondary purpose was to determine if exposure to design projects for those who have experienced hardship would change student beliefs. All freshmen (n = 14), sophomore (n = 22), junior (n = 13), and senior (n = 21) interior design undergraduate students at a public university completed a questionnaire based on several existing scales. During the semester, the sophomores worked on assignments that were designed to provide exposure to different socio-economic groups. First, students read the book Nickel and Dimed by Barabara Ehrenreich, which provided them with an overview of the problems associated with the poor. Next students completed three projects: (1) the design of a temporary homeless shelter, (2) a renovation of a childcare center office and reception area that provides services for low-income families, and (3) the design of a low-income, residential home. In all of these projects, students were required to conduct extensive information gathering so they could better understand the problems associated with poverty. At the end of the semester, the sophomores completed the questionnaire again and were asked additional questions regarding the class and projects. Student opinions towards the poor were more individualistic when compared to the middle class, yet when the middle-class comparison was removed, some of their attitudes provided a more complex understanding of poverty and homelessness. The semester-long intervention significantly shifted students' understanding that emphasized structural and multifaceted causes of poverty.
Anaesthetics differentially modulate the trigeminocardiac reflex excitatory synaptic pathway in the brainstem

The trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) occurs upon excitation of the trigeminal nerve with a resulting bradycardia and hypotension. While several anaesthetics and analgesics have been reported to alter the incidence and strength of the TCR the mechanisms for this modulation are unclear. This study examines the mechanisms of action of ketamine, isoflurane and fentanyl on the synaptic TCR responses in both neurones in the spinal trigeminal interpolaris (Sp5I) nucleus and cardiac vagal neurones (CVNs) in the Nucleus Ambiguus (NA). Stimulation of trigeminal afferent fibres evoked an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) in trigeminal neurones with a latency of 1.8 ± 0.1 ms, jitter of 625 μs, and peak amplitude of 239 ± 45 pA. Synaptic responses further downstream in the reflex pathway in the CVNs occurred with a latency of 12.1 ± 1.1 ms, jitter of 0.8-2 ms and amplitude of 57.8 ± 7.5 pA. The average conduction velocity to the Sp5I neurones was 0.94 ± 0.18 mm ms(-1) indicating a mixture of A-δ and C fibres. Stimulation-evoked EPSCs in both Sp5I and CVNs were completely blocked by AMPA/kainate and NMDA glutamatergic receptor antagonists. Ketamine (10 μm) inhibited the peak amplitude and duration in Sp5I as well as more distal synapses in the CVNs. Isoflurane (300 μm) significantly inhibited, while fentanyl (1 μm) significantly enhanced, EPSC amplitude and area in CVNs but had no effect on the responses in Sp5l neurones. These findings indicate glutamatergic excitatory synaptic pathways are critical in the TCR, and ketamine, isoflurane and fentanyl differentially alter the synaptic pathways via modulation of both AMPA/kainate and NMDA receptors at different synapses in the TCR.
Baker Tube Stitchless Plication

Operations for intestinal obstruction due to extensive adhesions, when patient has already undergone numerous similar operations
First- and second-born adolescents' decision-making autonomy throughout adolescence

First- and second-born adolescents' and their parents' perceptions of adolescents' decision-making autonomy were compared from ages 12 to 19 in a longitudinal sample of 145 predominantly White, middle class families. Utilizing a multivariate, multilevel modeling approach, differences in perceptions of adolescents' autonomy between parents and each adolescent, as well as by social-cognitive domain were examined. The present study found that when comparing parents' perceptions of their children at the same age, second-borns were granted more autonomy regarding conventional issues than first-borns during early adolescence, but by later adolescence first-borns were granted more autonomy regarding prudential issues than second-borns. However, comparisons between adolescents' and siblings' perceptions showed no differences. Potential reasons for, and implications of, differences in perceptions of adolescent autonomy are discussed.
A Review of “The Israeli Secret Services and the Struggle against Terrorism”

Ami Pedahzur's excellent work, The Israeli Secret Services and the Struggle against Terrorism, offers a long-overdue assessment of how Israel's intelligence services have done against the threat of...
Transdiagnostic Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression in Schools

Anxiety and unipolar depression are among the most common disorders affecting children and adolescents (Costello, Egger, & Angold, 2005). Anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia (SOP), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), and panic disorder (PD), are associated with cognitive, physiological, and emotional distresses and confer significant impairment across home, school, and social domains (Roblek & Piacentini, 2005). As a group, anxiety disorders affect between 6 and 18 % of youth (Woodward & Fergusson, 2001) and can contribute to significant and lasting impairment in social adjustment, academic functioning, and family relationships (Langley, Bergman, McCracken, & Piacentini, 2004; Ludwig, Lyon, & Ryan, Chap. 3). Major depressive disorder (MDD) can be diagnosed in as many as 20 % of teens in any given year (Lewinsohn, Hops, Roberts, Seeley, & Andrews, 1993), and its acute episodes (with intensive depressive symptoms lasting nearly every day for at least 2 weeks) are likely to be recurrent and associated with significant long-term outcomes (Lewinsohn, Clarke, Seeley, & Rohde, 1994; Sander, Herren, & Bishop, Chap. 5).
Wildlife disease and risk perception.

Abstract Risk perception has an important influence on wildlife management and is particularly relevant to issues that present health risks, such as those associated with wildlife disease management. Knowledge of risk perceptions is useful to wildlife health professionals in developing communication messages that enhance public understanding of wildlife disease risks and that aim to increase public support for disease management. To promote knowledge of public understanding of disease risks in the context of wildlife disease management, we used a self-administered questionnaire mailed to a stratified random sample (n = 901) across the continental United States to accomplish three objectives: 1) assess zoonotic disease risk perceptions; 2) identify sociodemographic and social psychologic factors underlying these risk perceptions; and 3) examine the relationship between risk perception and agreement with wildlife disease management practices. Diseases we assessed in the surveys were rabies, plague, and West...
Experimental study of the flow-structure interactions in an air- or helium-filled hard disk drive geometry

The increased rotating speed of the hard disk drive (HDD) causes an unsteady flow field between each stack of disks and leads to flow induced vibration on the slider suspension unit (SSU). This flow induced vibration can reduce the positioning accuracy of the SSU and lead to failure to read or write data. Therefore, reduction of turbulence kinetic energy around the SSU is an important step to improve the performance of the HDD. Several modifications have been investigated in air to decrease the direct effect of unsteady flows on the SSU (e.g. spoiler, damper, or divider in the region upstream of the arm). However, these methods are not fundamental solutions for reducing the vibrations on the SSU. Since the HDDs currently in use are filled with air, helium was selected to compare the flow pattern due to the differing inertial property. To visualize the flow pattern, particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were performed at the inter-disk mid-plane between a pair of disks near the arm and the SSU. The geometry is an expanded 2× model simulating Seagate cheetah 2.5-inch drive. For both the air and the helium filled drives, measurements have been performed for two different locations of the SSU for two different angular velocities of 1,000 and 3,000 rpm, corresponding to 5,000 and 15,000 rpm in the commercial drive. The results reveal that the flow patterns of the air and the helium flow are quite similar. However, with respect to the turbulence intensity around the SSU, the helium flow shows a drastic decrease compared with that of the air flow, resulting in much reduced positioning errors. As such, helium-filled drives have merit and should be looked into.
Comments on Barro and Lee

Beginning with Barro’s (1991) paper, we have seen a large number of cross-country growth regressions. In the present paper Barro and Lee make use of their recently assembled data set (Barr0 and Lee, 1993) on educational attainment, and they focus on the extent to which a few variables can distinguish between fastand slow-growing countries. The new data set is a valuable contribution and the empirical results are sensible (with one exception, which I will come back to). A weakness of the regression framework, however, is that it can say nothing about the channels through which various factors operate. I will begin my remarks by relating growth regressions to growth accounting, which allows one to speculate in a disciplined way about those channels, suggests some alternative interpretations of the current empirical results beyond those that the authors stress, and also suggests factors that may be useful to include in future work. The only peculiar empirical results in Barro and Lee’s work are the coefficients on the female schooling variables. Those variables behave oddly in almost all of the regressions, and I will conclude by offering an explanation for that behavior. On a purely mechanical level, growth in output must be generated by growth in inputs or by improvements in technology or by some combination of the two. Other factors that “cause” or “influence” growth government policy, market distortions, foreign trade, and so forth must work through these channels. Consider the aggregate production function
Methodology a study of the single radial hemolysis in gel system-III. Quantitation of complement

Abstract Application of the RHG method for quantification of complement (C′) is described. The measurements of potency obtained by the radial hemolysis in gel plates for different lots of C′ agree with the values obtained by conventional tube titration. With properly standardized plates, the RHG method can determine the CH 50 units of different lots of C′ using an experimentally determined area of lysis ( y ) value obtained for CH 50 /ml. This also allows the estimation of residual CH 50 /ml after complement fixation by antigen-antibody.
Granulocyte aggregation in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)--serial histologic and physiologic observations.

ABSTRACT Although a number of studies have suggested that granulocyte sequestration is an important pathophysiologic event in ARDS, histologic evidence of aggregated granulocytes in the pulmonary microvasculature is limited, and serial histologic data have not been reported with physiologic measurements. We report a patient with ARDS who demonstrated micro-vascular granulocyte aggregation and lung edema in sections of a lung biopsy obtained seven days after the onset of symptoms. Pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were normal immediately before the biopsy. A second biopsy performed 12 days later showed decreased lung edema and no evidence of intravascular leukostasis. This case provides histologic support for the hypothesis that granulocyte aggregates contribute to pulmonary edema associated with ARDS.
The Iron Horse and the Constitution: The Railroads and the Transformation of the Fourteenth Amendment

Preface Defiance and Defeat: The Railroads and the Granger Cases The Revival of "Grangerism" in Minnesota The Genesis of the Minnesota Milk Rate Case The Iowa Rate Fight The Appeal to the Supreme Court A Centennial Decision: The Roads Prevail The Struggle Renewed: The Eleventh Amendment, The Roads, and Minnesota in 1907 The Minnesota Rate Fight and the Genesis of Ex Parte Young The Eleventh Amendment and Ex Parte Young: The Court Decides Epilogue Notes Bibliographical Essay Index