cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carcinoma of the Mammary Gland in an Inbred Stock of Albino Mice

This study is concerned with some of the morphologic aspects of spontaneous carcinoma of the mammary gland in an inbred stock of albino mice, the genetic features of which have been previously presented (1, 2). In an attempt to obtain some information on the evolution of these growths, two groups of mice were studied. In one the growths were relatively early, in the other the animals were permitted to die spontaneously with advanced growths. All the 90 mice used belonged to the “Albino A Stock” of Strong, of the 45th to the 48th generations of brother-to-sister matings. Approximately 90 per cent of all breeding females of this stock developed spontaneous carcinoma of the mammary gland. In 16 of the mice, the growths were relatively early; in 74 they were advanced. The mice with early tumors were used as breeders until the tumor was first noticed; they were then sacrificed. The mice with advanced tumors had been used as breeders but were segregated before the tumor appeared and prevented from reproductive activity until death.
Gestational weight gain as a predictor of longitudinal body mass index transitions among socioeconomically disadvantaged women.

Abstract Background: Socioeconomically disadvantaged women are at greater risk for gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention compared to socioeconomically advantaged women. This study examines the effect of gestational weight gain on body mass index (BMI) transitions 5 years after pregnancy in socioeconomically disadvantaged women. Methods: Gestational weight gain was assessed in 2136 postpartum women participating in the Fragile Families and Child Well-being study who experienced full-term, singleton gestations. Longitudinal BMI transitions were defined as a change or stability in BMI category between two time points: BMI before the index pregnancy and BMI 5 years after the index pregnancy. Logistic regression models estimated the association between gestational weight gain and longitudinal BMI transitions, controlling for health before the index pregnancy, pregnancy history, and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Excessive gestational weight gain was related to transitioning to a h...
Many Problems, One Solution Method: Teaching Statics without `Special Cases'

This paper outlines an approach to teaching Statics that is organized around five topics: free body diagrams, equilibrium, equivalence, separation of rigid bodies, and friction, without breaking the problems in to special cases. The course uses a consistent method of having students draw free body diagrams, develop equilibrium equations, and solve these equations for all types of problems. The course is supported by the use of conceptual Warm Up exercises that allow the instructor to assess student misconceptions at the beginning of a topic. After an outline of the course learning objectives and structure, the paper discusses the Warm Up exercises and assessment of student learning.
Integration of design, planning, and manufacturing subsystems in sheet metal processing

The elements and integration are described of a prototype manufacturing system which achieves a fully automated link between all CIM (computer-integrated manufacturing) functions from design to machine output. A generative computer-aided process-planning module operates directly on CAD exchange files, supplying part process information to a master production compiler. The compiler, in turn, combines small parts into standard sheet metal sizes and then issues efficient NC process instructions to a punch-and-shear machine series. >
Improving Multilingual Summarization: Using Redundancy in the Input to Correct MT errors

In this paper, we use the information redundancy in multilingual input to correct errors in machine translation and thus improve the quality of multilingual summaries. We consider the case of multi-document summarization, where the input documents are in Arabic, and the output summary is in English. Typically, information that makes it to a summary appears in many different lexical-syntactic forms in the input documents. Further, the use of multiple machine translation systems provides yet more redundancy, yielding different ways to realize that information in English. We demonstrate how errors in the machine translations of the input Arabic documents can be corrected by identifying and generating from such redundancy, focusing on noun phrases.
Vision, Power and Agency: The Ascent of Ngô Dình Diêm, 1945–54

This article challenges existing interpretations of Ngo Dinh Diem by examining his activities during the decade before he became leader of South Vietnam in 1954. Diem actively pursued power in these years, and he achieved it mainly due to his own efforts and to those of his Vietnamese allies. At the same time, he and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu were outlining the distinctive vision of modernisation which would inform South Vietnam's post-1954 nation-building strategies.
Transition of basaltic lava from pahoehoe to aa, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Field observations and key factors

Abstract Nearly all Hawaiian basaltic lava erupts as pahoehoe, and some changes to aa during flowage and cooling; factors governing the transition involve certain critical relations between viscosity and rate of shear strain. If the lava slows, cools, and stops in direct response to concomitant increase in viscosity before these critical relations are reached, it remains pahoehoe. But, if flow mechanics (flow rate, flow dimensions, slope, momentum, etc.) impel the lava to continue to move and deform even after it has become highly viscous, the critical relations may be reached and the lava changes to aa. Typical modes of transition from pahoehoe to aa include: (1) spontaneous formation of relatively stiff clots in parts of the flowing lava where shear rate is highest; these clots grow into discrete, rough, sticky masses to which the remaining fluid lava incrementally adheres; (2) fragmentation and immersion of solid or semi-solid surface crusts of pahoehoe by roiling movements of the flow, forming cores of discrete, tacky masses; (3) sudden renewed movement of lava stored and cooled within surface reservoirs to form clots. The masses, fragments, and clots in these transition modes are characterized by spinose, granulated surfaces; as flow movement continues, the masses and fragments aggregate, fracture, and grind together, completing the transition to aa. Observations show that the critical relation between viscosity and rate of shear strain is inverse: if viscosity is low, a high rate of shear is required to begin the transition to aa; conversely, if viscosity is high, a much lower rate of shear will induce the transition. These relations can be demonstrated qualitatively with simple graphs, which can be used to examine the flow history of any selected finite lava element by tracing the path represented by its changing viscosity and shear rate. A broad, diffuse “transition threshold zone” in these graphs portrays the inverse critical relation between viscosity and shear rate; the transition to aa is represented by the path of the lava element crossing this zone. Moving lava flows can be regarded as natural viscometers, by which shear stress and rate of shear strain at selected points can be determined and viscosity can be computed. By making such determinations under a wide range of conditions on pahoehoe, aa, and transitional flow types, the critical relations that control the pahoehoe-aa transition can be quantified.
Wait-free object-sharing schemes for real-time uniprocessors and multiprocessors

Several new wait-free object-sharing schemes for real-time uniprocessors and multiprocessors are presented. These schemes have characteristics in common with the priority inheritance and priority ceiling protocols, but are nonblocking and implemented at the user level. In total, six new object-sharing schemes are proposed: two for uniprocessors and four for multiprocessors. Breakdown utilization experiments are presented that show that the multiprocessor schemes entail less overhead than lock-based schemes.
Etanercept: An overview

Etanercept, a competitive inhibitor of TNF-alpha, is currently FDA approved for psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The molecular structure of etanercept, its mechanism of action, and results of clinical trials involving patients with psoriasis will be reviewed.
Admission neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predicts 90 day outcome after endovascular stroke therapy.

Objective Immune dysregulation influences outcome following acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Admission white blood cell (WBC) counts are routinely obtained, making the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) a readily available biomarker of the immune response to stroke. This study sought to identify the relationship between NLR and 90 day AIS outcome. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on patients who underwent endovascular therapy for AIS at West Virginia University Hospitals, Morgantown, West Virginia. Admission WBC differentials were analyzed as the NLR. Stroke severity was measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and outcome by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 90 days. Univariate relationships between NLR, age, NIHSS, and mRS were established by correlation coefficients; the t test was used to compare NLR with recanalization and stroke location (anterior vs posterior). Logistic regression models were developed to identify the ability of NLR to predict mRS when controlling for age, recanalization, and treatment with IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Results 116 patients were reviewed from 2008 to 2011. Mean age of the sample was 67 years, and 54% were women. Mean baseline NIHSS score was 17 and 90 day mRS score was 4. There was a significant relationship between NLR and mRS (p=0.02) that remained when controlling for age, treatment with IV tPA, and recanalization. NLR ≥5.9 predicted poor outcome and death at 90 days. Conclusions This study shows that the NLR, a readily available biomarker, may be a clinically useful tool for risk stratification when evaluating AIS patients as candidates for endovascular therapies.
Fatigue-induced changes in brain nonlinearity inferred by nonparametric and differential equation models of fMRI

In this paper we investigated the nonlinear sources of neurophysiologic changes in the motor cortex due to peripheral fatigue using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The changes in nonlinearity was tracked from pre- to post-fatigue resting state using patterns of singularities in the complex plane. A significant decrease in nonlinearity with an accompanying decrease in determinism was observed post fatigue. The possible contributing factors for such a change include decreased excitability of cortical neurons and/or changes in neurovascular coupling. The dynamical changes of nonlinearity during the task showed a decrease in nonlinearity in the initial phase of the task followed by a partial recovery that continued into the post-fatigue resting state. This observation not only proves the hypothesis that cortical effects of fatigue extend beyond the fatiguing task, but also strengthens the possibility of changes in the nonlinearity of neurovascular coupling as a result of fatigue. Subsequently the source of nonlinearity was characterized using a polynomial differential equation model. We found that the nonlinearity is primarily driven by a square relation and to some extent by a logarithmic relation. Also, the magnitude of the coefficients contributing to these nonlinearities decrease post-fatigue confirming the earlier observation.
Prioritizing Bottomland Hardwood Forest Sites for Protection and Augmentation

Abstract Bottomland hardwood forest has been greatly diminished by conversion to agriculture. Less than 25% of the pre-Columbian bottomland hardwood forests remain in the southeastern United States. Because of the valuable ecological and hydrological functions performed by these forests, their conservation and restoration has been a high priority. Part of these restoration efforts has focused on developing tools that can be used for both assessments at the landscape level and policy implementation at the local level. The distribution of bottomland hardwood forests in the Cache and White River watersheds in eastern Arkansas were examined using existing GIS databases. Criteria were developed to select areas that should be conserved or augmented for wildlife habitat. Over 67% of the study area was classified as agriculture, with bottomland hardwood forest the next largest habitat class. The thickness of a forest fragment was defined as the radius of the largest circle that can be inscribed in a fragment. Thi...
A weaker solar wind termination shock

In a recent analysis of anomalous cosmic ray spectra during 1994, Stone et al. [1996] derived a position and compression ratio for the solar wind termination shock of R ≈ 85 AU and ndownstream/nupstream ≈ 2.6, respectively. This compression ratio indicates a fairly weak shock, with Mach number M ≈ 2.4 if the magnetic field can be ignored. Such a weak shock so close to the Sun is difficult to reconcile with the standard picture of the outer heliosphere, which includes an inflowing hydrogen gas of density N = 0.06–0.08 cm−3. However, a consensus has been building for a higher hydrogen density, and Gloeckler [1996] estimates this value at N0=0.125±0.015 cm−3. We show that this new value of the inflowing hydrogen density can yield a solar wind Mach number near 85 AU which is low enough to match the claims of Stone et al.
Blood glucose monitoring technology: translating data into practice.

Objective: To describe how blood glucose software downloading has been successfully incorporated into a clinical practice by focusing on key data--frequency of testing, blood glucose averages, and standard deviations. Methods: The development of self-monitoring of blood glucose, including the spectrum of blood glucose monitors and diabetes management software programs, is reviewed, and clinical applications in specific cases are presented. Results: Since the 1980s, motivated patients with diabetes have used portable meters to monitor their blood glucose levels. The practice became a standard of care in 1993, when the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial demonstrated that maintaining near-normal glycemic levels could prevent or delay the long-term complications of type 1 diabetes. Since then, the technology of blood glucose monitoring has burgeoned--an array of memory meters and downloading software offers clinicians and patients more information than ever before. Yet, because health-care providers and...
Functional Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Proteins, Using a Cell-Cell Fusion Assay

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope proteins mediate the entry of virus into cells by binding to cellular receptors, resulting in fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane and permitting the viral genome to enter the cytoplasm. We report the development of a robust and reproducible cell-cell fusion assay using envelope proteins from commonly occurring genotypes of HCV. The assay scored HCV envelope protein-mediated fusion by the production of fluorescent green syncytia and allowed us to elucidate many aspects of HCV fusion, including the pH of fusion, cell types that permit viral entry, and the conformation of envelope proteins essential for fusion. We found that fusion could be specifically inhibited by anti-HCV antibodies and by at least one peptide. We also generated a number of insertional mutations in the envelope proteins and tested nine of these using the fusion assay. We demonstrate that this fusion assay is a powerful tool for understanding the mechanism of HCV-mediated fusion, elucidating mutant function, and testing antiviral agents.
Semi-supervised slot tagging in spoken language understanding using recurrent transductive support vector machines

In this paper, we propose a recurrent transductive support vector machine (rtsvm) for semi-supervised slot tagging. Taking advantage of the superior sequence representation capability of recurrent neural networks (rnns) and the semi-supervised learning capability of transductive support vector machines (tsvms), the rtsvm is stacking a tsvm on top of a rnn. The performance of the traditional tsvm is sensitive to the regularization weight for unlabeled data in semi-supervised learning. In practice, a suitable unlabeled data regularization weight is difficult to determine. To make the rtsvm semi-supervised learning robust, we propose a confident subset regularization method enforcing that the new decision boundaries learned from unlabeled data would not separate the confident clusters learned from labeled data. The experiments based on two datasets show that without using unlabeled data, the supervised version of rtsvm achieves significant F1 score improvement over previous best methods. By taking the unlabeled data into account, the semi-supervised rtsvm gets significant improvement over its supervised opponent.
Ethics of Genetic Counseling in Epilepsy

The ethical issues raised by families involved with epilepsy are reviewed from the Faculty of Medicine and Research Centre for Public Law, Universite de Montreal, Canada; and the Foundation for Genetic Medicine, Reston, MD.
Optimal Unemployment Insurance with Endogenous Negative Duration Dependence

This article characterizes optimal unemployment insurance (UI) in an economy with endogenous negative duration dependence in hiring rates for the unemployed. The characterization generalizes the standard Baily–Chetty result and is independent of the particular mechanism generating endogenous hiring rates. I find that at the social optimum, UI equates the moral hazard cost with the sum of the insurance benefit and a new externality correction term. The sign of this externality correction term depends, in part, on the responsiveness of hiring rates to the UI benefit. I show how the effect of UI on hiring rates in turn depends on the particular assumptions about firm behavior, considering the cases of employer screening and human capital depreciation models.
129 BARRIERS TO ACCRUAL TO CLINICAL TRIALS FOR BREAST CARCINOMA IN MINORITY WOMEN IN EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA.

Purpose Despite national statistics that indicate a lower incidence of breast carcinoma among African American women than Caucasian women, the mortality rate for African American women is higher. Data regarding these differences in mortality and incidence can only be obtained through inclusion of women of ethnic groups on large national clinical trials. Presently, fewer minorities enrol in clinical trials than Caucasian women. Some barriers to minority participation in clinical trials are common to all areas of the United States, whereas some factors are unique to specific geographic areas. This study was designed to determine what specific factors, such as illiteracy, impact minority enrolment onto clinical trials in rural eastern North Carolina. Methods All newly diagnosed breast cancer patients at our center were asked to participate in a pilot questionnaire study from August to October 2006. Information requested included distance to travel for therapy, education, income, and prior knowledge of cancer or clinical trials. Results Education levels, income levels, regular health care evaluations, and insurance coverage differed between the minority and nonminority participants. Religious affiliation did not differ between these groups. Eighty-three percent of Caucasian women recorded knowing what a clinical trial was and could provide a correct description of a clinical study; 30% of minority women knew the accurate definition of a clinical trial. No minority patients reported knowing someone who had participated in a clinical trial, whereas 17% of Caucasian women did. Forty percent of minority participants knew individuals who had been treated for cancer versus 50% of Caucasians. Sixty-seven percent of Caucasian women would participate in a clinical trial; 40% of minority women reported that they would participate. Conclusions There is a discrepancy between the economic and education levels of our minority and nonminority breast cancer patients in eastern North Carolina. This corresponds with uninsured patients and women who do not have the ability to obtain regular medical care. Additionally, personal experience with cancer treatments is different between the groups. A larger study is needed to gather more information on how to further define efforts for accrual to clinical trials.
The practice present condition and development thinking of construction modern agriculture in China

It accords with the objective trend of the economic development in new period in China,and adjust the inexorable law of the world agriculture development nowadays to push forward the modern agriculture construction.The develops thinking of modern agriculture is explicit gradually,the main targets are to ensure the agricultural product supply,increase the farmer income,provide the labor force employment,support the ecosystem environment...etc.The supportings are the modern science technique,modern industry equip,modern management technique,modern processing technology,modern marketing principle,the integral whole turn,the multi-function modern agriculture system establishes gradually with the market mechanism to combine together with produce,supply,marketing,trade industry and agriculture.
Test-Retest Reliability of a Shortened Version of the Hearing Aid Performance Inventory

Sixty-four elderly hearing aid users completed a shortened version of the Hearing Aid Performance Inventory (HAPI) on two occasions, separated by 1 to 2 months . The test-retest correlation was .80 for the overall scale and ranged from .70 to .85 for the four factor ratings. The mean overall rating and the mean ratings on each of the four factors demonstrated nonsignificant shifts from test to retest. The 95 percent confidence intervals for the overall scale and for each factor are presented for interpretation of differences in HAPI ratings between aided conditions.
Etiologic and Genetic Factors in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

The etiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains largely unknown. Isolated forms, familial cases, and a variety of associated chromosomal anomalies have been described. CDH may also occur as part of a syndrome. The high incidence of reported, associated major congenital anomalies may provide insight and guide researchers toward the etiology of CDH.
Identifying High Velocity Objects in Complex Natural Environments Using Neural Networks

Abstract Real-time tracking of highly dynamic and complex objects has been an important aspect of testing in the aerospace industry for several decades. This paper proposes a methodology to identify complex, high velocity targets of interest in a video stream. The targets used in this case are aircrew escape systems, ejection seats, as they are propelled from a dynamic aircraft test bed. Additionally, the testing environment is cluttered with natural and man-made artifacts that affect the background appearance and make the video stream data visually noisy. The object identification problem involves the extraction of critical information from the video stream and feeding it into a neural network that determines the position of the target of interest within the field of view. The results of the computer simulation and analysis were mixed, and show that the proposed methodology is a potentially viable solution but will require continued development.
Affective personalization of a social robot tutor for children's second language skills

Though substantial research has been dedicated towards using technology to improve education, no current methods are as effective as one-on-one tutoring. A critical, though relatively understudied, aspect of effective tutoring is modulating the student's affective state throughout the tutoring session in order to maximize long-term learning gains. We developed an integrated experimental paradigm in which children play a second-language learning game on a tablet, in collaboration with a fully autonomous social robotic learning companion. As part of the system, we measured children's valence and engagement via an automatic facial expression analysis system. These signals were combined into a reward signal that fed into the robot's affective reinforcement learning algorithm. Over several sessions, the robot played the game and personalized its motivational strategies (using verbal and non-verbal actions) to each student. We evaluated this system with 34 children in preschool classrooms for a duration of two months. We saw that (1) children learned new words from the repeated tutoring sessions, (2) the affective policy personalized to students over the duration of the study, and (3) students who interacted with a robot that personalized its affective feedback strategy showed a significant increase in valence, as compared to students who interacted with a non-personalizing robot. This integrated system of tablet-based educational content, affective sensing, affective policy learning, and an autonomous social robot holds great promise for a more comprehensive approach to personalized tutoring.
OTT-MKL1 and MKL1 Inhibit Wnt Signaling.

Abstract The OTT-MKL1 fusion gene product is generated as a result of t(1;22) in a subset of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia predominantly encountered in young children. Due to myelofibrosis and the age at presentation, patient samples are scarce. We generated Human Erythroid Leukemia (HEL) cell derived cell lines with tet-inducible OTT, MKL1 and OTT-MKL1 to further elucidate the function of the respective proteins. HEL cells can be induced to differentiate down the megakaryocyte lineage by TPA. Induction with doxycycline resulted in transcription and translation of the respective genes within hours. While overexpression of MKL1 led to enhancement of megakaryocytic differentiation, both OTT and OTT-MKL1 overexpression led to cell death over the course of several days by apoptosis as evident by staining for Annexin V and morphology. The apoptotic cell death was greatly enhanced by concomitant induction of differentiation by TPA. We performed microarray analysis comparing uninduced and 8-hour tet-induced samples in the presence or absence of TPA. While overexpression of OTT had only a minimal effect on the transcriptome of the HEL cells, both MKL1 and OTT-MKL1 significantly affected the gene expression of many genes. Using a false discovery rate cut-off of p
Wenn ein Tennisarm kein Tennisarm ist … Differenzialdiagnosen des lateralen Ellbogenschmerzes.

Zusammenfassung. Obwohl der laterale Ellbogenschmerz viele mogliche Ursachen hat, wird er immer noch zu oft reflexartig mit dem Tennisarm gleichgesetzt. Zwei aktuelle Studien zeigen jedoch, dass 75 % der Patienten mit chronischem, lateralem Ellbogenschmerz unter einer Ellbogeninstabilitat und nicht einem Tennisarm leiden. Der vorliegende Mini-Review soll die wichtigsten Differenzialdiagnosen des lateralen Ellbogenschmerzes in Ursache, Diagnostik, Behandlungsansatz sowie «pitfalls» und «red flags» beleuchten.
Experimental investigation of low aspect ratio, large amplitude, aeroelastic energy harvesting systems

Interest in clean, stable, and renewable energy harvesting devices has increased dramatically with the volatility of petroleum markets. Specifically, research in aero/hydro kinetic devices has created numerous new horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines, and oscillating wing turbines. Oscillating wing turbines (OWTs) differ from their wind turbine cousins by having a rectangular swept area compared to a circular swept area. The OWT systems also possess a lower tip speed that reduces the overall noise produced by the system. OWTs have undergone significant computational analysis to uncover the underlying flow physics that can drive the system to high efficiencies for single wing oscillations. When two of these devices are placed in tandem configuration, i.e. one placed downstream of the other, they either can constructively or destructively interact. When constructive interactions occurred, they enhance the system efficiency to greater than that of two devices on their own. A new experimental design investigates the dependency of interaction modes on the pitch stiffness of the downstream wing. The experimental results demonstrated that interaction modes are functions of convective time scale and downstream wing pitch stiffness. Heterogeneous combinations of pitch stiffness exhibited constructive and destructive lock-in phenomena whereas the homogeneous combination exhibited only destructive interactions.
The Promotion and Development of Interest: The Importance of Perceived Values

It is tempting to consider the development of interest as an intra-individual process. That is, whether a person becomes interested in a topic can be attributed mostly to individual differences in temperament and personality characteristics. However, motivation in general, and interest development in particular, is also a social phenomenon that may be influenced by one’s interactions with people while engaging in the activity of interest. In this chapter, we first outline the role of perceived value in the development of interest. Second, we review a program of research designed to enhance interest by facilitating perceptions of value for an activity. Third, we discuss how other people in our lives both directly and indirectly influence value and, as a result, the development of interest. Although the majority of the extant research literature is focused on direct interventions to influence value, and thereby interest, we outline several indirect pathways through which the social context can also contribute to an individual’s perception of value. We encourage researchers to explore the direct and indirect influences of the social context on value through both observational and experimental studies so that we can discover additional mechanisms that help explain how interest develops.
Information Systems Theory and Research: An Overview of Individual Information Processing

Converging and interacting developments in the disciplines of psychology, linguistics and artificial intelligence have brought about the emergence of the interdisciplinary field of cognitive scienc...
Efficacy and nephrotoxicity associated with various colistin dosing schemas for the treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) infections.

To the Editor,Based on the assumption that high doses of colistin are required in the treatment of serious multidrug resistant (MDR) infections, a recent article in the present journal has reported...
Neuro-Oncologic Considerations in Pediatric Oculoplastic Surgery

Primary orbital and periorbital tumors are rare in children and usually benign (Khan and Sepahdari Saudi J Ophthalmol 26(4):373–383, 2012). While some may threaten life, others may cause vision loss and disfigurement. For tumors that threaten only vision, treatment should balance the potential benefit of vision preservation against the potential late effects of surgery and other therapies. Clinical management of orbital tumors varies depending on tumor type and can present challenges to the oculoplastic surgeon. These tumors are best treated by a team of physicians with expertise in the orbital surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology as well as any underlying genetic predisposition.
Diagnostic Test Generation That Addresses Diagnostic Holes

A diagnostic test generation procedure targets fault pairs in a set of target faults with the goal of distinguishing all the fault pairs. When a fault pair cannot be distinguished, it prevents the diagnostic test set from providing information about the faults, and consequently, about defects whose diagnosis would have benefited from a diagnostic test for the indistinguishable fault pair. This is referred to in this paper as a diagnostic hole. This paper observes that it is possible to address diagnostic holes by targeting different but related fault pairs, possibly from a different fault model. As an example, this paper considers the case where diagnostic test generation is carried out for single stuck-at faults, and related bridging faults are used for addressing diagnostic holes. Considering fault detection, an undetectable single stuck-at fault implies that certain related bridging faults are undetectable. This paper observes that, even if a pair of single stuck-at faults is indistinguishable, a related pair of bridging faults may be distinguishable. Based on this observation, diagnostic tests for pairs of bridging faults are added to a diagnostic test set when the related single stuck-at faults are indistinguishable. Experimental results of defect diagnosis for defects that do not involve bridging faults demonstrate the importance of eliminating diagnostic holes.
Surprising Sequence Effects on GU Closure of Symmetric 2 × 2 Nucleotide RNA Internal Loops

GU base pairs are important RNA structural motifs and often close loops. Accurate prediction of RNA structures relies upon understanding the interactions determining structure. The thermodynamics of some 2 × 2 nucleotide internal loops closed by GU pairs are not well understood. Here, several self-complementary oligonucleotide sequences expected to form duplexes with 2 × 2 nucleotide internal loops closed by GU pairs were investigated. Surprisingly, nuclear magnetic resonance revealed that many of the sequences exist in equilibrium between hairpin and duplex conformations. This equilibrium is not observed with loops closed by Watson–Crick pairs. To measure the thermodynamics of some 2 × 2 nucleotide internal loops closed by GU pairs, non-self-complementary sequences that preclude formation of hairpins were designed. The measured thermodynamics indicate that some internal loops closed by GU pairs are unusually unstable. This instability accounts for the observed equilibria between duplex and hairpin confor...
Importance of Vegetables in Nutrition

Man has and always will be interested in food. The intake of proper nutrients is necessary for his well-being or there will be dire body dysfunctions. Proper nutrition means intake of many different kinds of foods with proper balance and in optimal amounts. The required amounts of nutrients can vary with sex, age, body size, activity, and the genetic and biochemical makeup of the individual. The environmental temperature is important in energy considerations. In the female, pregnancy and lactation can modify the requirements. All foods ingested supply a portion of the nutrients required.
Development of an Ion-Exchange Process for Removing Cesium from High-Level Radioactive Liquid Wastes

A process is now being developed to solidify and isolate the biologically hazardous radionuclides from approximately 20 million gallons of alkaline high level radioactive waste accumulated at the Savannah River Plant (SRP) and now being stored in large underground tanks. The waste consists mainly of liquid waste supernate, a damp sodium salt cake and a gelatinous, insoluble sludge. The process involves dissolving the salt cake in water, separating it from the sludge, washing the sludge and adding the washings to the dissolved salt cake. The aqueous portion is then treated by ion exchange to remove cesium-137, plutonium and other actinides and soluble strontium-90. After elution, the cesium and actinides are concentrated by evaporation and immobilized on zeolite. The strontium is similarly concentrated. The cesium-zeolite and strontium concentrate are combined with washed sludge for calcination. The calcined mixture is melted with glass frit to form a leach resistant glass. The final glass is encased in 0.8 m3 metal canisters. The decontaminated aqueous waste is concentrated by evaporation and returned to cleaned underground tanks for storage as a salt cake.
New Concepts of Treatment for Patients with Myelofibrosis

Seven years after the approval of the Janus kinase 1/2 (JAK1/2) inhibitor ruxolitinib, it remains the only drug licensed for the treatment of myelofibrosis. Patients who discontinue ruxolitinib have a dismal outcome, and this is, therefore, an area of significant unmet need. Given the central role that JAK-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation plays in disease pathogenesis, there have been many other JAK inhibitors tested, but most have been abandoned, for a variety of reasons. The JAK2-selective inhibitor fedratinib has recently been resurrected, and there has been a resurgence of interest in the failed JAK1/2 inhibitor momelotinib, which possibly improves anemia. Pacritinib, a non-myelosuppressive JAK2-selective inhibitor, is currently in a dose-ranging study mandated by regulatory authorities. A plethora of other targeted agents, most backed by preclinical data, are in various stages of investigation. These include epigenetic and immune therapies, agents targeting cellular survival, metabolic and apoptotic pathways, the cell cycle, DNA repair, and protein folding and degradation, among others. However, at this time, none of these is close to registration or even in a pivotal trial, illustrating the difficulties in recapitulating the clinical disease in preclinical models. Most current clinical trials are testing the addition of a novel agent to ruxolitinib, either in the frontline setting or in the context of an insufficient response to ruxolitinib, or attempting to study new drugs in the second-line, “ruxolitinib failure” setting. Emerging data supports the addition of azacitidine to ruxolitinib in some patients. Other strategies have focused on improving cytopenias, through amelioration of bone marrow fibrosis or other mechanisms. This is important, because cytopenias are the commonest reason for ruxolitinib interruption and/or dose reduction, and dose optimization of ruxolitinib is tied to its survival benefit. The activin receptor ligand trap, sotatercept, and the anti-fibrotic agent, PRM-151, have shown promise in this regard.
Incorporating mpMRI Biopsy data into established pre-RP nomograms: Potential impact of an increasingly common clinical scenario.

32Background: Current pre-radical prostatectomy (RP) nomograms predicting lymph node involvement (LNI) are based on systematic 12-core prostate biopsies (PBx). With the introduction of mpMRI, cogni...
Analog/Mixed Signal IP DFx from a Foundry perspective

Foundries are enabling fabless chip design companies to meet market demand of highly integrated devices for mobile applications, FPGAs and advanced network infrastructure products. Foundries makes significant investments in the development of advanced technology nodes to ensure future customer demands are met. This implies that fab utilization is of high importance. The importance of DFx to accelerate technology bring up and to enable fast customer volume ramp up cannot be argued. However, how much DFx should be included in a foundry IP portfolio can be debated. The foundry DFT team work as intermediary between customers and IP providers. Some DFT methodologies used to identify design and manufacturing constraints can be viewed as overkill and not compatible in an IP ecosystem, while other DFT features are missing and these gaps need to be addressed. A definite balance between expectations from customers for DFx features, and collaterals and features offered by IP providers need to be in place to ensure competitive IP offerings.
Fibronectin matrix as a scaffold for procollagen proteinase binding and collagen processing.

A novel fibronectin (FN) matrix–based mechanism for proteolytic processing of procollagen I is described. The procollagen proteinase BMP-1 binds the HepII domain of FN, and heparin increases BMP-1–...
Structural Basis of Protection against H7N9 Influenza Virus by Human Anti-N9 Neuraminidase Antibodies.

Summary Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) is a major target for small-molecule antiviral drugs. Antibodies targeting the NA surface antigen could also inhibit virus entry and egress to provide host protection. However, our understanding of the nature and range of target epitopes is limited because of a lack of human antibody structures with influenza neuraminidase. Here, we describe crystal and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of NAs from human-infecting avian H7N9 viruses in complex with five human anti-N9 antibodies, systematically defining several antigenic sites and antibody epitope footprints. These antibodies either fully or partially block the NA active site or bind to epitopes distant from the active site while still showing neuraminidase inhibition. The inhibition of antibodies to NAs was further analyzed by glycan array and solution-based NA activity assays. Together, these structural studies provide insights into protection by anti-NA antibodies and templates for the development of NA-based influenza virus vaccines and therapeutics.
Single step Production of graphite from organic Samples for Radiocarbon Measurements

We present a new low-cost, high-throughput method for converting many types of organic carbon samples into graphite for radiocarbon (14C) measurements by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The method combines sample combustion and reduction to graphite into a single procedure. In the Single Step method, solid samples are placed directly into Pyrex containing zinc, titanium hydride and iron catalyst. The tube is evacuated, flame sealed, and placed in a muffle furnace for 7 hr. A variety of organic samples have been tested including oxalic acid, sucrose, wood, peat, collagen, humic acid, and contamination swipe samples. The method significantly reduces the time required to produce a graphite sample for 14C measurement, with analytical precision and accuracy approaching that of traditional two-step combustion and hydrogen reduction methods. The details and applicability of the method are presented.
Talking With the 'Hermit Regime'| Close Encounters of the Nonnuclear Kind: The North Korean Public Relations Campaign in U.S. Media of the 1970s

Seeking to add a missing, nonviolent page to the history of U.S.–North Korea relations, this study examines Pyongyang’s initiatives in the area of public relations. It systematically organizes North Korea–related material from five major U.S. newspapers to reconstruct a complex public relations campaign that North Korea implemented during the 1970s through the U.S. media. The campaign was similar to those of other developing countries in its objective of gaining U.S. attention and influencing its policy making through mass media, but it differed from them in the intentional projection of a belligerent image. An analysis of frequency and contents of the coverage of North Korea as well as related policy debates demonstrates that the campaign enjoyed a qualified success. Although it did not lead to U.S. adoption of specific policies desired by North Korea, it helped a peripheral North Korea break through the hierarchies of information flows.
Yelp.com ratings and the businesses visited by cruise passengers in Bar Harbor, Maine

This study examines the effects of Yelp.com ratings on the businesses visited by cruise passengers that came to Bar Harbor, Maine. Results – based on survey data of where people report that they sh...
Enhanced cytotoxicity against solid tumors by bispecific antibody-armed CD19 CAR T cells: a proof-of-concept study

Although adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells has shown durable clinical efficacy in patients with CD19+ B cell malignancies, the application of this approach to solid tumors is challenging. The goal of this proof-of-concept study was to investigate whether loading of CD19-CAR T cells (CART19) with anti-HER2 or anti-EGFR bispecific antibodies (BiAb) will target HER2+/EGFR+ CD19− targets and signal the intracellular domain of CAR without engaging antigen-specific CD19 ScFv of CAR T cells. We used CART19 armed with anti-CD3 (OKT3) × anti-HER2 BiAb (HER2Bi) or anti-CD3 (OKT3) × anti-EGFR BiAb (EGFRBi) to evaluate the cytotoxicity directed at HER2 or EGFR expressing cancer cell lines compared with unarmed CART19 measured by short-term 51Cr release assay and long-term real-time cell analysis using xCelligence. We also determined the differences in exhaustion or effector phenotypes and cytokine profiles during the short- and long-term cytotoxicity assays. Specific cytotoxicity was exhibited by CART19 armed with HER2Bi or EGFRBi against multiple tumor cell lines. Armed CART19 and armed activated T cells (ATC) showed comparable specific cytotoxicity that ranged between 10 and 90% against breast, pancreatic, ovarian, prostate, and lung cancer cell lines at 10:1 E/T ratio. Serial killing (repeated killing) by HER2Bi-armed CART19 ranged between 80 and 100% at 10:1 E/T ratio against MCF-7 cells up to 19 days (up to 4th round of repeated killing) measured by a real-time cell analysis without CART19 becoming exhausted. HER2Bi- or EGFRBi-armed CART19 exhibited specific cytotoxicity against multiple HER2+/EGFR+/CD19− tumor targets in overnight and long-term serial killing assays. CART19 showed improved survival and were resistant to exhaustion after prolonged repeated exposure to tumor cells.
Molecular Dynamics Studies on the Effect of Surface Roughness and Surface Tension on the Thermodynamics and Dynamics of Hydronium Ion Transfer Across the Liquid/Liquid Interface.

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the effect of surface roughness and surface tension on the transfer of the classical hydronium ion (H3O+) across the water/1,2-dichloroethane inte...
Temminck's Gallus giganteus; a gigantic obstacle to Darwin's theory of domesticated fowl origin?

In 1813, based on the single foot of a large chicken, Temminck named a ‘new' species of junglefowl, Gallus giganteus. He considered this ‘species’ the ancestor of several large domesticated chicken breeds and believed it was one of six wild ancestral species of domestic fowl. Temminck's hypothesis was rejected by Blyth who thought Red Junglefowl G. gallus was the sole ancestor. The arrival into Britain of several very large Asian chicken breeds in the mid-19th century led to speculation that Temminck's G. giganteus may have been their wild ancestor. Darwin, who had initially agreed with Blyth, noted several peculiarities in the Cochin, a large Asian breed, which he concluded might not have been achieved by selective breeding, and questioned whether G. giganteus was involved in their ancestry. Temminck's giant junglefowl appeared to be a significant hurdle for Darwin in his effort to prove a single ancestral origin for domestic chickens.‘My very decided opinion, that we may seek in vain for wild types of G. giganteus' (letter from Blyth to Darwin, 1856).‘We have not such good evidence with fowls as with pigeons, of all breeds having descended from a single primitive stock' (Darwin 1868: 239).
Delineating the role of binge eating in cancer research.

Binge eating is defined as consumption of a large amount of food accompanied by a sense of loss of control over eating. While binge eating is associated with poor physical, behavioral, and psychosocial health, it has not been studied in cancer research. Therefore, the overarching goal of this review is to delineate the role of binge eating in cancer research and to spur new research in this area. Specifically, in this review, we outlined (1) binge eating as a possible risk factor that contributes to cancer risk, (2) how binge eating may develop after cancer diagnosis, and (3) how binge eating may be associated with health and relapse during survivorship. It is critical to elucidate the role of binge eating in the prevention of cancer and long-term cancer survivorship. This review suggested a number of ways that binge eating may increase risk for cancer as well as several pathways that may lead to the development of binge eating after cancer diagnosis. Level V: narrative review.