cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic Incorporation of a Small, Environmentally Sensitive, Fluorescent Probe into Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Here, we report that the fluorescent amino acid, 3-(6-acetylnaphthalen-2-ylamino)-2-aminopropanoic acid (Anap), can be genetically incorporated into proteins in yeast with excellent selectivity and efficiency by means of an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair. This small, environmentally sensitive fluorophore was site-specifically incorporated into Escherichia coli glutamine binding protein and used to directly probe local structural changes caused by ligand binding. The small size of Anap and the ability to introduce it by simple mutagenesis at defined sites in the proteome make it a useful local probe of protein structure, molecular interactions, protein folding, and localization.
Ohio's 2010 Lake Erie Charter Fishing Industry

ABSTRACT Charter fishing provides important angler access to Lake Erie sport fishing. It is economically important to local harbor communities, with 79% of charter anglers coming from over 50 miles away. To update information from our 2006 survey, we conducted a mail survey of 500 randomly selected Ohio charter boat captains in early 2010 and received usable information from 239 captains. In 2010 the Ohio Department of Natural Resources licensed 786 charter guides compared to 783 licensed captains in 2006. Possibly reflecting difficult economic times, charter firms in 2010 made on average 10.1 fewer trips per firm (34.6) than in 2006 (44.7). These captains made an estimated 21,082 charter trips in 2010, of which over 81% were full-day and almost 19% were half-day trips. Mean total revenues earned in 2010 ($15,132 ± $16,110) declined over 13% from 2006. Declining harvests, invasive species, and increasing operating costs highlight the concerns noted by captains responding to the survey. Policies and action...
How science web sites are leveraging DLESE search web services to extend value to their users

This demonstration illustrates the use of two search services offered by the Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE) and shows how they have been used to create customized discovery interfaces for library resources in science Web sites.
Kinect Development Kit: A Toolkit for Gesture- and Speech-Based Human-Machine Interaction [Best of the Web]

Kinect is a device for human?machine interaction, which adds two more input modalities to the palette of the user interface designer: gestures and speech. Kinect is transforming how people interact with computers, kiosks, and other motion-controlled devices from fun applications like playing a virtual violin, to applications in health care and physical therapy, retail, education, and training.
Milliroentgen Dosimetry with Thermoluminescence

The primary purpose of this letter is to point out that thermoluminescence can be used for the measurement of extremely small radiation exposures in the range of ionization chambers and film badges.
Influence of parents' eating behaviors and child feeding practices on children's weight status.

JOHANNSEN, DARCY L., NEIL M. JOHANNSEN, AND BONNY L. SPECKER. Influence of parents’ eating behaviors and child feeding practices on children’s weight status. Obesity. 2006;14:431–439. Objective: To investigate the effects of mothers’ and fathers’ eating behaviors, child feeding practices, and BMI on percentage body fat and BMI in their children. Research Methods and Procedures: Four hundred fiftyeight parents (239 mothers, 219 fathers) were asked to complete two questionnaires: the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Child Feeding Questionnaire, which measure dimensions of parent eating behavior and child feeding practices, respectively. Parent BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight; children’s measures included BMI and percentage fat assessed by DXA. Regression analyses were used to analyze relationships between parents’ BMI and questionnaire scores and children’s weight status. Results: One hundred forty-three mothers and 68 fathers returned questionnaires, representing parents of 148 children 3 to 5 years old (78 boys). Children’s weight was related to mothers’ BMI, but not fathers’. Girls had a greater BMI if either parent reported being overweight as a child, and both girls and boys were likely to be overweight if their mothers believed they had risky eating habits (fussiness, eating too much, etc.). Girls with fathers who were more controlling had a higher percentage fat; these fathers were also more concerned about their daughters’ future health. Discussion: Mothers exert a strong influence over their children’s weight and seem to be more concerned about their children’s eating behaviors; however, fathers play a role in imposing child feeding practices. Gender bias may be present in child feeding, as suggested by dissimilar effects of parent practices on the weight status of girls vs. boys. Fathers should be included in future studies analyzing parent feeding practices and children’s weight outcome.
Metabolism, of nitrogen and acetone bodies in fasting hypophysectomized rats after low protein diet.

ConclusionsHypophysectomy does not prevent the decrease in nitrogen excretion or increase in ketosis during fasting after a low protein diet. These responses therefore have their origin at least in part in other tissues.The teclinical assistance of Miss Ethel Buchwald is gratefully acknowledged.
Integrating effective flexibility measures into a strategic supply chain planning model

Abstract This paper develops models for capacity, product mix, distribution and input supply flexibility and integrates them in a strategic level, mixed integer supply chain (SC) planning model as a way of addressing demand and supply uncertainty, as well as improving market responsiveness. Capacity flexibility is modeled via the SC’s production capacity planning to address budgeted demand and ensure the fulfillment of prospective demand increases when considering various market scenarios. This model selects an optimal number of products from fast moving and extended product range options—based on the product mix flexibility. The model confirms a quick response to a changing marketplace by considering elements like transportation and supply lead time along with the probabilities of stock out options when addressing input supply and distribution flexibility. This paper proposes a solution procedure to solve the model for real world problems, and investigates the sensitivity of the model outputs with respect to changes in flexibility measures.
Administration of the TRIS salt of α-tocopheryl hemisuccinate inactivates CYP2E1, enhances microsomal α-tocopherol levels and protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity

A series of tocopherol compounds were examined for their capacity to protect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Of the tocopherol compounds tested in our study, only the tris salt of d-alpha-tocopheryl hemisuccinate (TS-tris) protected against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. The administration of d-alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) and the nonhydrolyzable tocopherol ether, d-alpha-tocopheryloxybutyrate tris salt (TSE-tris), failed to protect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. TS-tris was the only tocopherol which significantly decreased CYP2E1 activity after 18 h. This decrease in CYP2E1 activity is likely to limit the activation of CCl4 and protect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Our results also suggest that TS-tris protection against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity correlates with the enhanced capacity of TS-tris to deliver alpha-T and increase the antioxidant status of hepatocytes. TSE-tris did not increase cellular alpha-T levels, while administration of TS-tris produced large increases in alpha-T levels in liver homogenates as well as in liver nuclei, microsomes, mitochondria and plasma membranes. This enhanced ability to deliver tocopherol equivalents to parenchymal liver cells may be related in part to the ability of TS-tris to form liposomes in aqueous solutions. TS-tris administration protected against CCl4-induced microsomal lipid peroxide formation and inactivation of the microsomal enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). Supplementation of animals with alpha-T protected against microsomal lipid peroxide formation but not against the inactivation of G6Pase. Based on our findings, we propose that high cellular levels of alpha-T protect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity by scavenging CCl4 radicals as well as protecting against lipid peroxidation. Our results do not support the importance of microsomal lipid peroxidation as an early event in acute CCl4-induced hepatic necrosis.
Managing access control complexity using metrices

General access control models enable flexible expression of access control policies, but they make the verification of whether a particular access control configuration is safe (i.e., prevents the leakage of a permission to an unauthorized subject) difficult. The current approach to expressing safety policy in such models is to use constraints. When the constraints are verified, then the configuration is verified to be safe. However, the addition of constraints to an access control configuration significantly increases its complexity, so it quickly becomes difficult to understand the access control policy expressed in the configuration such that future changes can be made correctly. We propose an approach whereby the complexity of each access control configuration is estimated, so the administrators can see the effect of a configuration change on the future ability to maintain the configuration. We identify metrics for making complexity estimates and evaluate these metrics on some constraint examples. Our goal is to enable the use of flexible access control models for safety-critical systems by permitting limited use of constraints that do not complicate the configuration beyond a maintainable complexity.
Deep-Trench Process Technology for Three-Dimensionally Integrated SOI-Based Image Sensors

Large arrays of scientific imaging devices are in demand for wide-field-of-view imaging systems. We present a deep-trench process technology that enables the fabrication of SOI-based, 3-D-integrated, 4-side-abuttable image sensor "tiles" that can be assembled into large-area focal plane arrays. We demonstrate low-leakage, functional devices with 13.4-mum spacing between tile edge and the first imaging pixel.
Precipitation strengthening of binary AlLi alloys by δ′ precipitates

Abstract The published data on the strengthening of binary AlLi alloys by δ′ precipitates are analyzed according to a recent version of the theory of order strengthening. The results are found to agree with the data provided that the antiphase boundary energy γapb on {111} is assigned a value in the range 0.140–0.160 J m−2. The present results are in essentially perfect agreement with a recent analysis of the contribution of δ′ precipitates to the strengthening of ternary AlLiCu alloys, which contain T1 precipitates in varying proportions; in that study, γapb was found to be 0.150 J m−2. The succss of the current analysis indirectly supports uhe validity of the generalized superposition rule used to extract the δ′ contribution from the overall strength of the ternary alloys. The results of this study show that the δ′ contribution can be characterized uniquely by the order-strengthening mechanism. It is also shown that with this value of γapb the theoretically predicted dislocation pair spacings and average particle sizes at peak strength are in very good agreement with most of the available experimental results.
Evaluations of the work of men and women as a function of the sex of the judge and type of work.

Forty-two male and 42 female subjects selected from a large city, a small town, or a university campus were asked to evaluate four pen and ink sketches and four quotations. Two sketches and two quotations were associated with fictitious women's names while the remainder were associated with fictitious men's names. A three-way interaction indicated that women tended to discriminate against the productions attributed to men, and men significantly discriminated against the productions of women. But all discriminations were limited to intellectual productions (quotations).
Recent developments in the pathophysiology of bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is the most common cancer in the urinary tract, and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) accounts for more than 90% of bladder tumors. Bladder cancer is responsible for 4.5% of all new malignant neoplasms and 1.9% of cancer deaths in the United States. According to 1993 estimates, 52,000 new cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in the United States, and almost 10,000 deaths were caused by this disease. TCC is a heterogeneous neoplasm with a variable natural history and behavior pattern. Seventy to 80% of bladder cancers are manifested as early stage, superficial papillary lesions; 20% are initially diagnosed as invasive disease. Superficial tumors have a great propensity to recur, and 10-20% progress to invasion of the bladder wall. Patients with invasive tumors are at high risk for disease progression, and despite definitive therapy (frequently cystectomy), the overall 5-year mortality rate is almost 50%. Basic and clinical research have led to a better understanding of bladder cancer and are leading to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This report summarizes new concepts in the pathophysiology of bladder cancer, focusing on TCC, the most common histologic type of bladder tumor.
Neural reactivity to monetary rewards and losses in childhood: longitudinal and concurrent associations with observed and self-reported positive emotionality.

Abstract Reward reactivity and positive emotion are key components of a theoretical, early-emerging approach motivational system, yet few studies have examined associations between positive emotion and neural reactivity to reward across development. In this multi-method prospective study, we examined the association of laboratory observations of positive emotionality (PE) at age 3 and self-reported positive affect (PA) at age 9 with an event-related potential component sensitive to the relative response to winning vs. losing money, the feedback negativity (ΔFN), at age 9 (N = 381). Males had a larger ΔFN than females, and both greater observed PE at age 3 and self-reported PA at age 9 significantly, but modestly, predicted an enhanced ΔFN at age 9. Negative emotionality and behavioral inhibition did not predict ΔFN. Results contribute to understanding the neural correlates of PE and suggest that the FN and PE may be related to the same biobehavioral approach system.
Faster fluorescence microscopy: advances in high speed biological imaging

The past decade has seen explosive growth in new high speed imaging methods. These can broadly be classified as either point-scanning (which offer better depth penetration) or parallelized systems (which offer higher speed). We discuss each class generally, and cover specific advances in diffraction-limited microscopes (laser-scanning confocal, spinning-disk, and light-sheet) and superresolution microscopes (single-molecule imaging, stimulated emission-depletion, and structured illumination). A theme of our review is that there is no free lunch: each technique has strengths and weaknesses, and an advance in speed usually comes at the expense of either spatial resolution or depth penetration.
Plasminogen activator dependent pathways inthe dissemination of human tumor cells in the chick embryo

Summary We have previously shown that inhibition of uPA activity of a human tumor- HEp3-results in a drastic reduction of its metastasis in the chick embryo. Using 125 IUdR-labeled tumor cells, we have now studied the role of uPA in individual steps of tumor metastasis. We found that, 48 hr after inoculation of tumor cells on the CAM, the organs of the embryos, inoculated with cells in which uPA was inhibited, contained 4-fold less cells than the controls. Neither the initial advance of the tumor mass into the CAM nor the process of extravasation was affected by the inhibition of tumor uPA. However, the infiltration of the CAM mesenchyme by individual tumor cells was blocked when tumor uPA activity or production was inhibited. In addition, indirect evidence implicated uPA as an essential factor in the tumor cell intravasation.
Estrogen Receptors Bind to and Activate the HOXC4/HoxC4 Promoter to Potentiate HoxC4-mediated Activation-induced Cytosine Deaminase Induction, Immunoglobulin Class Switch DNA Recombination, and Somatic Hypermutation

Estrogen enhances antibody and autoantibody responses through yet to be defined mechanisms. It has been suggested that estrogen up-regulates the expression of activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID), which is critical for antibody class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), through direct activation of this gene. AID, as we have shown, is induced by the HoxC4 homeodomain transcription factor, which binds to a conserved HoxC4/Oct site in the AICDA/Aicda promoter. Here we show that estrogen-estrogen receptor (ER) complexes do not directly activate the AID gene promoter in B cells undergoing CSR. Rather, they bind to three evolutionarily conserved and cooperative estrogen response elements (EREs) we identified in the HOXC4/HoxC4 promoter. By binding to these EREs, ERs synergized with CD154 or LPS and IL-4 signaling to up-regulate HoxC4 expression, thereby inducing AID and CSR without affecting B cell proliferation or plasmacytoid differentiation. Estrogen administration in vivo significantly potentiated CSR and SHM in the specific antibody response to the 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl hapten conjugated with chicken γ-globulin. Ablation of HoxC4 (HoxC4−/−) abrogated the estrogen-mediated enhancement of AID gene expression and decreased CSR and SHM. Thus, estrogen enhances AID expression by activating the HOXC4/HoxC4 promoter and inducing the critical AID gene activator, HoxC4.
TH‐C‐304A‐03: MVCT Auto‐Contouring for Adpative Radiation Therapy

Purpose: We develop a megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) auto‐contouring strategy through contour propagation from planning kilovoltage CT to MVCT. Daily pre‐treatment MVCT taken on the Helical Tomotherapy (HT, TomoTherapy, Inc, Madison, WI) can be used to adaptively modify existing treatment plans provided that we have reliable auto‐contouring tool so we may realize and maximize the potential for adaptive therapy using HT. Methods and Materials: The study includes five head‐and‐neck (HN) and five prostate patients. For each case, physicians outline all regions of interest (ROIs) on the planning CT. Daily MVCTs are acquired during patient setup. Scale Invariance Feature Transformation (SIFT), a feature detection algorithm, is used in contour propagation. Distinctive features from the local area of each ROI are automatically detected on input images and their correspondences are established with the SIFT algorithm. Based on the matched pairs, a spline interpolation is used to register the rest of the points and to obtain a deformation field which is used to warp the contours from the planning CT to the MVCT. Special attention is paid to rectum, bladder and tumor, where contours from various input images may differ greatly. Quantitative assessment of the proposed algorithm is also performed using a number of digital phantoms generated with known vector fields.Results: The digital phantom experiments show that the propagation error is within 1.5 mm, establishing the high accuracy of the auto‐contouring method. For clinical cases, the calculation gives a mean error of less than 3mm in HN patients. For prostate patients, the error for prostate is larger than 4mm in some areas and needs physician's editing of the automatically generated contours. Rectal contour error is within 3mm. Conclusions: A reliable contour propagation technique has been developed for MVCT image segmentation, a useful tool to maximize the potential for adaptive therapy using HT.
Deep Space One Spacecraft System Engineering Techniques and the Application of Heuristic Reasoning

The Deep Space One Project is part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) New Millennium Program. The team is chartered with the design, development, and in-flight validation of new technologies. The knowledge gained in flight will be instrumental in the success of future projects as they strive to build “faster, better, cheaper” spacecraft for NASA, the nation, and the world. There are a total of twelve new technologies planned to fly as part of the first deep space mission, many of which were either selected by the program and/or project manager independently or some that were coupled un-conditionally with one another. These technologies include the miniature imaging camera and spectrometer, autonomous on-board optical navigation, and the small deep space transponder. However, the most striking of these are arguably the ion propulsion system and advanced solar concentrator array, the combination of which will result in a ten fold or order of magnitude increase in impulse (ratio of force over the propellant mass) over a conventional chemical system. At the time of this writing, the Deep Space One Project is nearing completion of the thirty-three month development life cycle and is being mechanically and electrically integrated and tested at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. This paper discusses the system engineering techniques used to date, especially the application of heuristic reasoning, in the design, development, and test of the Deep Space One spacecraft.
Extensional rheology of a shear-thickening cornstarch and water suspension

A filament-stretching rheometer is used to measure the extensional viscosity of a shear-thickening suspension of cornstarch in water. The experiments are performed at a concentration of 55 wt.%. The shear rheology of these suspensions demonstrates a strong shear-thickening behavior. The extensional rheology of the suspensions demonstrates a Newtonian response at low extension rates. At moderate strain rates, the fluid strain hardens. The speed of the strain hardening and the extensional viscosity achieved increase quickly with increasing extension rate. Above a critical extension rate, the extensional viscosity goes through a maximum and the fluid filaments fail through a brittle fracture at a constant tensile stress. The glassy response of the suspension is likely the result of jamming of particles or clusters of particles at these high extension rates. This same mechanism is responsible for the shear thickening of these suspensions. In capillary breakup extensional rheometry, measurement of these suspensions demonstrates a divergence in the extensional viscosity as the fluid stops draining after a modest strain is accumulated.
Creating a literate environment in Freshman English: Why and how

(1987). Creating a literate environment in Freshman English: Why and how. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 4-20.
Design and implementation of a diagnostic compiler for PL/I

PL/C is a compiler for a dialect for PL/I. The design objective was to provide a maximum degree of diagnostic assistance in a batch processing environment. For the most part this assistance is implicit and is provided automatically by the compiler. The most remarkable characteristic of PL/C is its perseverance—it completes translation of every program submitted and continues execution until a user-established error limit is reached. This requires that the compiler repair errors encountered during both translation and execution, and the design of PL/C is dominated by this consideration.PL/C also introduces several explicit user-controlled facilities for program testing. To accommodate these extensions to PL/I without abandoning compatibility with the IBM compiler, PL/C permits “pseudo comments”—constructions whose contents can optionally be considered either source text or comment.In spite of the diagnostic effort PL/C is a fast and efficient processor. It effectively demonstrates that compilers can provide better diagnostic assistance than is customarily offered, even when a sophisticated source language is employed, and that this assistance need not be prohibitively costly.
Leucine transport into brush border membrane vesicles from guts of Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Manduca sexta

Abstract 1. 1. Compared to crude homogenates, Manduca sexta brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) had increased specific activity of marker enzymes leucine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase while Leptinotarsa decemlineata BBMV had increased leucine aminopeptidase specific activity and decreased alkaline phosphatase specific activity. 2. 2. L. decemlineata BBMV were impermeable to a proton gradient while M. sexta BBMV sustained an alkali cation gradient. 3. 3. Both K + -stimulated and K + -independent unidirectional leucine transport pathways were identified in M. sexta BBMV while only cation-independent unidirectional leucine transport was identified in L. decemlineata BBMV.
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: effects of testosterone on reproduction and establishment.

Abstract Gonadectomy of the host reduced the establishment of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in male mice, but elevated the recovery of worms from female hosts. Similarly, production of eggs by individual females of N. brasiliensis decreased and increased in gonadectomized male and female animals, respectively. Implantation of testosterone-filled capsules caused a dosage-dependent release of eggs by helminths in gonadectomized hosts of both sexes. Maximal production of eggs by nematodes was found when plasma testosterone in the host exceeded 20 ng/ml. Treatment of gonadectomized mice of both sexes with testosterone implants gave recoveries of worms that were similar to the number of helminths in intact male mice. Ligation of the bile duct of male mice that were implanted with testosterone reduced both establishment and reproduction of N. brasiliensis .
Nonionic Contrast Medium: Effects on Blood Coagulation and Complement Activation In Vitro:

A nonionic contrast medium was evaluated in vitro for its effects on coagula tion and complement activation in comparison to a low osmolal contrast agent. In clotting assays each contrast medium wa...
Effect of Natural Organic Matter on Zinc Inhibition of Hematite Bioreduction by Shewanella putrefaciens CN32

The effect of zinc on the biological reduction of hematite (α-Fe2O3) by the dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium (DMRB) Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 was studied in the presence of four natural or...
LIM Domain Kinases as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Neurofibromatosis Type 2

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is caused by mutations in the NF2 gene that encodes a tumor-suppressor protein called merlin. NF2 is characterized by formation of multiple schwannomas, meningiomas and ependymomas. Merlin loss-of-function is associated with increased activity of Rac and p21-activated kinases (PAKs) and deregulation of cytoskeletal organization. LIM domain kinases (LIMK1 and 2) are substrate for Cdc42/Rac-PAK and modulate actin dynamics by phosphorylating cofilin at serine-3. This modification inactivates the actin severing and depolymerizing activity of cofilin. LIMKs also translocate into the nucleus and regulate cell cycle progression. Significantly, LIMKs are overexpressed in several tumor types, including skin, breast, lung, liver and prostate. Here we report that mouse Schwann cells (MSCs) in which merlin function is lost as a result of Nf2 exon2 deletion (Nf2(ΔEx2)) exhibited increased levels of LIMK1, LIMK2 and active phospho-Thr508/505-LIMK1/2, as well as phospho-Ser3-cofilin, compared with wild-type normal MSCs. Similarly, levels of LIMK1 and 2 total protein and active phosphorylated forms were elevated in human vestibular schwannomas compared with normal human Schwann cells (SCs). Reintroduction of wild-type NF2 into Nf2(ΔEx2) MSC reduced LIMK1 and LIMK2 levels. We show that pharmacological inhibition of LIMK with BMS-5 decreased the viability of Nf2(ΔEx2) MSCs in a dose-dependent manner, but did not affect viability of control MSCs. Similarly, LIMK knockdown decreased viability of Nf2(ΔEx2) MSCs. The decreased viability of Nf2(ΔEx2) MSCs was not due to caspase-dependent or -independent apoptosis, but rather due to inhibition of cell cycle progression as evidenced by accumulation of cells in G2/M phase. Inhibition of LIMKs arrests cells in early mitosis by decreasing aurora A activation. Our results suggest that LIMKs are potential drug targets for NF2 and tumors associated with merlin deficiency.
A hierarchically distributed non-intrusive agent aided distance relaying protection scheme to supervise Zone 3

Abstract The post-mortem analysis of few blackouts in US and Europe has revealed that the Zone 3 of step-distance protection is one of the primary causes of blackouts in power systems. In order to provide the Zone 3 relays with situational awareness and prevent its undesirable tripping, we propose a non-intrusive agent based relay supervised distance protection scheme. In the proposed scheme, every relay protecting a transmission line is associated with an agent that has the ability to sense and communicate with the other agents in the network. Based on the responsibilities assigned to them, the agents are hierarchically distinguished as master and slave agents. Whenever a relay senses a fault, its associated slave agent communicates with the master agent to distinguish a fault as a real fault or unreal fault and respectively to trip or not to trip. Distance relay protection scheme is a time critical application. Therefore OPNET simulations are performed to evaluate different communication and networking topologies, physical media of communication, networking protocols to ascertain the topology that meets the timing requirements of the protection scheme. The problem of adapting the proposed scheme to a larger power grid is modeled as an integer programming Multiple Facility Location (MFL) problem.
Conversion of rice straw to bio-based chemicals: an integrated process using Lactobacillus brevis

Commercialization of lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for bio-based chemical production is problematic due to the high processing costs of pretreatment and saccharifying enzymes combined with low product yields. Such low product yield can be attributed, in large part, to the incomplete utilization of the various carbohydrate sugars found in the lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we demonstrate that Lactobacillus brevis is able to simultaneously metabolize all fermentable carbohydrates in acid pre-processed rice straw hydrolysate, thereby allowing complete utilization of all released sugars. Inhibitors present in rice straw hydrolysate did not affect lactic acid production. Moreover, the activity of exogenously added cellulases was not reduced in the presence of growing cultures of L. brevis. These factors enabled the use of L. brevis in a process termed simultaneous saccharification and mixed sugar fermentation (SSMSF). In SSMSF with L. brevis, sugars present in rice straw hydrolysate were completely utilized while the cellulase maintained its maximum activity due to the lack of feedback inhibition from glucose and/or cellobiose. By comparison to a sequential hydrolysis and fermentation process, SSMSF reduced operation time and the amount of cellulase enzyme necessary to produce the same amount of lactic acid.
Interacting sojourners: A study of students studying abroad

This research note describes the out-of-class experiences of students who took part in a yearlong study-abroad program in Maynooth, Ireland. The study examines how the program influenced students’ ...
Motivating Latino caregivers of children with asthma to quit smoking: a randomized trial.

Objective: Secondhand smoke exposure is associated with asthma onset and exacerbation. Latino children have higher rates of asthma morbidity than other groups. The current study compared the effectiveness of a newly developed smoking cessation treatment with existing clinical guidelines for smoking cessation. Method: Latino caregivers who smoked (N = 133; 72.9% female; mean age = 36.8 years) and had a child with asthma were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 2 smoking cessation counseling interventions during a home-based asthma program: (a) behavioral action model (BAM; modeled on clinical guidelines for smoking cessation) or (b) precaution adoption model (PAM; feedback on the caregiver's carbon monoxide level and child's secondhand smoke exposure using Motivational Interviewing). Counseling was delivered by a bilingual Latina health educator, and the content was tailored to Latino values and culture. It was not necessary for smokers to want to quit smoking to participate. Smoking cessation was biochemically verified and secondhand smoke exposure was objectively measured through passive nicotine monitors. Results: Intent-to- treat analyses showed that 20.5% of participants in the PAM condition and 9.1 % of those in the BAM condition were continuously abstinent at 2 months posttreatment (OR = 2.54; 95% CI = 0.91-7.10), whereas 19.1% of participants in the PAM condition and 12.3% of those in BAM condition were continuously abstinent at 3 months posttreatment (OR = 1.68; 95% CI = 0.64-4.37). Secondhand smoke exposure decreased only in the BAM condition (p < .001), an effect due to less smoking around the child among nonquitters in this condition. Asthma morbidity showed significant decreases in the posttreatment period for the PAM group only (p < .001). Conclusions: Results provide support for targeting specific populations with theory-based interventions.
John Randolph Haynes, California progressive

1. 'My idea of my biography' 2. First decade in the city of angels 3. A reformer at 44 Direct legislation: the means to all reform ends 5. Less than socialism: municipal ownership and regulation 6. Godfather of urban reform 7. From city to state: Haynes and the California progressives, phase I 8. 'The rise and fall of goo-goo' 9. A reformer's passage through World War I 10. 'We cannot afford to permit the reactionaries to dig in' 11. Preparing for the afterlife: the origins of the Haynes foundation 12. 'The unfortunate Dr. Haynes': young-cryer boom through Rolph-Porter Bust 13. New dealer Haynes 14. A reformer's remembrance Notes Bibliographic notes Index.
New Deal Agricultural Policy: An Evaluation

PERHAPS in no period of American history were the efforts of the federal government to resolve the almost unresolvable problems of the farm prosecuted with greater vigor and optimism than during the New Deal years. What administrators and politicians thought and did about the depressed state of the farmers more or less set the pace for policy making in the post-World War II decades and deserves serious study. Any attempt to assess or reassess the agricultural policy of the New Deal requires a definition of what one means by that policy and a statement of what historians have had to say about it. New Deal farm policy included a series of complex and interrelated programs that aimed to elevate the long-range social and economic position of the farmers, rather than simply attain stated price objectives. The policy was as comprehensive in character as political considerations permitted, seemingly contradictory and inconsistent, and the product of many minds and influences at work outside and inside the Department of Agriculture before and after the Roosevelt administration took office. The Department of Agriculture was among the most prestigious of all federal government agencies of cabinet rank and played a crucial and dominant role in all this. But other agencies participated too; and since their actions had a definite bearing on the farmer, they and their programs must be considered a part of farm policy. Agencies which liberal groups easily could believe were more constructive and creative in their approach than the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) included: the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), which during the course of its existence provided many rural communities with relief; the Resettlement Administration (RA), which became an official part of the Department of Agriculture only after
A Novel Family of Ordered, Mesoporous Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Polymers Containing Covalently and Multiply Bound Microporous Organic Hosts

We have prepared a new family of periodic hybrid polymers containing microporous cavities provided by covalently bound organic hosts. Cyclodextrin (CD) or calixarene (CX) hosts are attached to four or more trialkoxysilyl groups, which are polymerized to form a polysilsesquioxane matrix. Structural integrity is provided by copolymerization with tetraethoxysilane, which produces a polysilicate co-matrix. Periodic order is created by carrying out the polymerization in the presence of a surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The resulting as-synthesized polymers from these three starting materials were characterized by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The 13C and 29Si spectra provided evidence for intact polysilsesquioxane, polysilicate, organic host, and surfactant. Removal of the surfactant by washing produced a polymer containing cavities of mesoporous dimensions, in addition to the microporous host cavities. The purpose of introducing mesoporosity is to allow enhanced access of gu...
Global History and Critiques of Western Perspectives.

The article discusses the parameters of the expanding field of global history and its wider methodological implications. In a first step the author outlines the rising interest in transcultural and global history that can be observed in many parts of the world. In this context different approaches to global history as well as alternative methodologies and periodizations are discussed. In a second step the author reflects upon the possibilities and challenges for global history in an age in which universalism and Eurocentrism have long come under attack from many different directions. The article discusses dependency theory and subaltern studies as two very different precursors to the current critiques of Eurocentrism. The impact and legacy of such schools, the author argues, cannot be ignored by global historians, even though they do not need to get directly involved in these academic discourses. The piece ends with scenarios for multipolar and pluralistic perspectives on the past.
An improved quasiclassical trajectory method for state to state reactive scattering cross sections and rate constants

A systematic scheme is developed for the incorporation into quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) methodology of recent advances in the understanding of vibrationally adiabatic barriers in collinear atom + diatom reactions. The resulting hybrid QCT method centers on a definite set of rules for optimally combining the results of forward and reverse trajectory calculations. It is argued, and demonstrated by practical examples, that the hybrid method will give a more consistently reliable account of the threshold behavior of collinear reaction cross sections than the conventional QCT method. Extension of the method to the three dimensional F+H2 reaction gives similarly encouraging results, both for state to state reaction cross sections and for rate constants.
Near-IR FT Raman spectroscopy of human aorta

ABSTRACT Near-infrared FT'-Raman spectroscopy has been used to obtain the Raman spectra from human cadaver specimens of calcified atherosclerotic aorta, normal, and fibrous atherosclerotic aortic tissues. The feature in the Raman spectra where compared with Raman spectra from protein such as clastin, and col-lagen, amino acids (tyrosin and tryptophan), ,and lipoprotein (cholesterol). Differences Ranian spec- Era in the different tissues offer a potentially new optical diagnostic approach to discriminate calcilied plaque Ironi the other tissue types. 1. Introduction: Near-infrared (IR) Fourier transform (ET) Raman SpeCtroScopy is potentially of significantimportance in the study of biological macromolecules. Most Raman research has concentrated in thevisible region. Biological samples and tissues absorb in visible, and as a result, have a significant fluorescence background. Despite this, visible Ranian speciroscopy, because of resonance enhance-ment of the Raman signal strength has frequently been the key means of acquiring a spectrum.
Nuclear factor-κB as a therapeutic target in critical care medicine

Nuclear factor-kappaB is a transcriptional factor required for the gene expression of many inflammatory mediators. Nuclear factor-kappaB activation requires removal and degradation of its inhibitor kappaB, an event that occurs after phosphorylation of inhibitor kappaB by a complex of inhibitor kappaB kinases. These events allow nuclear factor-kappaB to translocate into the nucleus, where it binds to kappaB elements and initiates transcription. Inappropriate and prolonged activation of nuclear factor-kappaB has been linked to several diseases associated with inflammatory events, including septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ischemia, and reperfusion injury. Thus, the key role of nuclear factor-kappaB in regulating inflammation makes this factor a therapeutic target for reducing tissue and organ damage. Regulation and control of nuclear factor-kappaB can be achieved by gene modification strategies or by pharmacologic inhibition of the key components of the cascade that leads to nuclear factor-kappaB activation. The purpose of our review is to describe these novel therapeutic approaches and their potential efficacy.
Control of panel response to turbulent boundary-layer and acoustic excitations

Nonlinear response of a panel structure results when forced by a subsonic turbulent boundary layer and puretone sound in a wind tunnel. It is a coupled problem, where flow, structure, and sound interact. The structure exhibits a broadband response typical of turbulent boundary-layer loading with superimposed pure tone and harmonics over the band, a process which is statistically stationary, but non-Gaussian. The mechanism is an energy transfer process : the amount of energy supplied to the harmonics is removed from the low-frequency band and the fundamental tone. The objective is to control the nonlinear wave using a time-harmonic actuator tone. Full control is almost achieved using a single controller. Two steps are taken : first, control the harmonics by feeding the energy back into the fundamental and low-frequency band, and second, control the fundamental tone to shift the energy further back into the low-frequency band. Consequently, the response of the panel is reduced to the broadband level of the turbulent boundary-layer excitation, a reduction in peak amplitude power level by 20 dB or more. The experiments are motivated by considerations for aircraft interior noise and structural response.
Estimation of Lojasiewicz exponents and Newton polygons

Computation of topological invariants of an isolated singularity for a complex analytic map germ f : (C", 0) --, (C, 0), has been facilitated by the introduction of the Newton polygon F+(f) of f. For those germs f which are "non-degenerate" with respect to their polygon, a modification of C" can be constructed by "dualizing the polygon." This allows one to place f in a normal crossing form in a neighborhood of any point in the preimage of the origin in C". If the invariant can be expressed when f is in this monomial form in terms of the exponents of the monomials then the standard procedure is to interpret these exponents in terms of the geometrical characteristics of the polygon. In this way, Varcenko has computed the zeta function of the monodromy operator [-9] and the oscillatory index [10] for a nondegenerate germ. One invariant as yet not computed is the "C o degree of sufficiency" v I for the map germ f. This number is the smallest integer v satisfying the property that terms of order greater than v do not modify the topological type of the polynomial consisting of those terms in f of order at most v. More precisely, let fv be the polynomial consisting of all terms in f with order at most v ("v th jet of f at 0"). Then for any germ g all of whose terms have order at least v +1, f~+g is topologically equivalent to fv at 0, as germs of maps on C". v I is the smallest integer with this property, fvs is a "C o sufficient jet." A natural desire is to express vy in terms of F+ (f). We do this for n = 2 by imposing a nondegeneracy condition stronger than that imposed by Varcenko. Nonetheless, this is still a "generic" condition in the sense defined in Sect. (4). In Sect. (2), we present a few of the salient details concerning toroidal modifications, not all of which have appeared in print by now. Sect. (3) contains the derivation of our formula for the generic v I in the case of two variables. Before proceeding, however, we present, without very much comment, the formal constructions from analytic geometry which act as our computational guide.
Time perception with and without a concurrent nontemporal task

Prospective time estimates were obtained from human subjects for stimulus durations ranging from 2 to 23 sec. Presence and absence of a concurrent nontemporal task was manipulated within subjects in three experiments. In addition, location of the task within temporal reproduction trials and psychophysical method were varied between groups in Experiments 2 and 3, respectively. For long-duration stimuli, the results of all three experiments conformed to results in the literature, showing a decrease in perceived duration under concurrent task conditions, in accord with attentional resource allocation models of timing. The effects of task location and psychophysical method on time estimates were also compatible with this analysis. However, psychophysical functions obtained under task conditions were fit well by power functions, an outcome that would not be anticipated on the basis of attention theory. The slopes of the functions under no-task conditions were steeper than those under task conditions. The data support the perceptual hypothesis that different sources of sensory input mediate timing under task and no-task conditions.
Increasing ventilator surge capacity in disasters: Ventilation of four adult-human-sized sheep on a single ventilator with a modified circuit

Summary Objective Recent manmade and natural disasters have focused attention on the need to provide care to large groups of patients. Clinicians, ethicists, and public health officials have been particularly concerned about mechanical ventilator surge capacity and have suggested stockpiling ventilators, rationing, and providing manual ventilation. These possible solutions are complex and variously limited by legal, monetary, physical, and human capital restraints. We conducted a study to determine if a single mechanical ventilator can adequately ventilate four adult-human-sized sheep for 12 h. Methods We utilized a four-limbed ventilator circuit connected in parallel. Four 70-kg sheep were intubated, sedated, administered neuromuscular blockade and placed on a single ventilator for 12 h. The initial ventilator settings were: synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation with 100% oxygen at 16 breaths/min and tidal volume of 6 ml/kg combined sheep weight. Arterial blood gas, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure measurements were obtained from all four sheep at time zero and at pre-determined times over the course of 12 h. Results The ventilator and modified circuit successfully oxygenated and ventilated the four sheep for 12 h. All sheep remained hemodynamically stable. Conclusion It is possible to ventilate four adult-human-sized sheep on a single ventilator for at least 12 h. This technique has the potential to improve disaster preparedness by expanding local ventilator surge capacity until emergency supplies can be delivered from central stockpiles. Further research should be conducted on ventilating individuals with different lung compliances and on potential microbial cross-contamination.