cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Future evolution of nearby large-scale structures in a universe dominated by a cosmological constant

Abstract We simulate the future evolution of the observed inhomogeneities in the local universe assuming that the global expansion rate is dominated by a cosmological constant. We find that within two Hubble times (∼30 billion years) from the present epoch, large-scale structures will freeze in co-moving coordinates and the mass distribution of bound objects will stop evolving. The Local Group will get somewhat closer to the Virgo cluster in co-moving coordinates, but will be pulled away from the Virgo in physical coordinates due to the accelerated expansion of the Universe. In the distant future there will only be one massive galaxy within our event horizon, namely the merger product of the Andromeda and the Milky Way galaxies. All galaxies that are not gravitationally bound to the Local Group will recede away from us and eventually exit from our event horizon. More generally, we identify the critical interior overdensity above which a shell of matter around an object will remain bound to it at late times.
THE ART OF BEING CRENTE: THE BANIWA PROTESTANT ETHIC AND THE SPIRIT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The central objectives of this article are to describe and analyze the Baniwa Art Project, a sustainable development project based on intensive production and commercialization of basketwork, which the Baniwa Indians of the Northwest Amazon (population approximately 12,000), with the assessment of the SocioEnvironmental Institute (ISA), a major NGO in Brazil, launched in the late 1990s. The goals of this project were to enhance the value of the Baniwa basket-making tradition, increase production within the limits of the sustainable use of natural resources, generate income for indigenous producers and their political associations, and train indigenous leadership in the skills of business management. This very successful project was initiated shortly after the creation of the Indigenous Organization of the Icana River Basin (OIBI) and essentially involves 16 of the more than 100 Baniwa communities of the Icana River and its tributaries in Brazil. This article reflects on how young Baniwa evangelical politi...
High-T/sub c/ superconducting coplanar waveguide filter

Coplanar waveguide (CPW) low-pass filters made of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7- delta / (YBCO) on LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates, with dimensions suited for integrated circuits, were fabricated and packaged. A complete filter gives a true idea of the advantages and difficulties in replacing thin-film metal with a high-temperature superconductor in a practical circuit. Measured insertion losses in liquid nitrogen were superior to the loss of a similar thin-film copper filter throughout the 0- to 9.5-GHz passband. These results demonstrate the performance of fully patterned YBCO in a practical CPW structure after sealing in a hermetic package. >
Childhood Obesity: Is There Effective Treatment?

Though rates appear to have recently pla-teaued in some US demographic subgroups, including non-Hispanic white individuals and those of higher socioeco-nomic status, stark racial and ethnic disparities are stillevident as the prevalence of obesity among Hispanic andAfrican American children is nearly twice that of non-Hispanicwhitechildren.
A prospective, blinded trial of touch prep analysis versus frozen section for intraoperative evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has largely replaced axillary dissection (ALND) for axillary staging in early breast cancer. However, intense pathologic evaluation is not routinely available intraoperatively; therefore, patients with SLN metastasis may require a second surgery for completion ALND. We hypothesized that a single-section approach (by either frozen section [FS] or touch preparation analysis [TPA]) could be accurate for intraoperative SLN evaluation. We performed a prospective, blinded study of patients undergoing SLNB for breast cancer from September 2004 to July 2006. SLNs were bivalved along the long axis, underwent FS and TPA of the facing halves, followed by routine sentinel node processing (serial sectioning with hematoxylin/eosin staining). A single pathologist reviewed all study slides and was blinded to the permanent section interpretation. We analyzed 233 nodes from 118 patients. Overall, 21% of patients (N = 25) had SLN metastasis by serial-section histopathology. Single-section FS and TPA had similar sensitivities (0.67 and 0.66, P = .82) and specificities (0.995 and 0.995, P = 1.0) for detection of SLN metastasis, yielding equivalent accuracies (95%). All micrometastases (<2 mm; N = 4) were missed by both techniques. False positives were rare—only one in each group (2% overall). Single-section TPA and FS have similar accuracies and can be safely used to identify the majority of patients with SLN metastasis, sparing these patients a delayed ALND. False-negative results from TPA or FS occur in patients with micrometastatic disease, for which the role of completion ALND remains controversial.
Effects of tonicity and pH on apyrase of Acanthamoeba sp. cells and cell fractions

Abstract The effects of tonicity were studied on the rate of hydrolysis of ATP by Acanthamoeba sp. cells, isolated mitochondria and microsomes as influenced by pH, Mg, Ca and ageing. The ATP hydrolyzing system of this amoeba and its particulates resembles that of an apyrase rather than an ATPase. Optimal pH's for apyrase are 3.2 for whole cells and microsomes, and 4.6 for mitochondria. Apyrase is activated almost equally well by either Mg or Ca ions. Ageing increased particulate apyrase activity only in mitochondria, not in microsomes, and only at suboptimal pH's, in the warm, and with Mg present. Apyrase activity was stimulated in hypotonie and inhibited in hypertonic media not only in whole cells and mitochondria, but also in microsomes. With whole cells, increases in the Mg or Ca ion concentration and the duration of exposure to these activators increased apyrase activity at all tonicities. The results have been discussed and interpreted with reference to Mg and Ca binding and permeability to apyrase sites. The inhibition of apyrase of whole cells, mitochondria and microsomes is coincident with a decreased K influx transfer coefficient under hypertonic conditions.
Lepidopteris callipteroides, an earliest Triassic seed fern of the Sydney Basin, southeastern Australia

Earliest Triassic shales in the Coal Cliff Sandstone, Caley Formation, Widden Brook Conglomerate and Dooralong Shale (all basal Narrabeen Group) of the Sydney Basin contain a low diversity fossil flora that survived the greatest mass extinction of all time at the Permian-Triassic boundary. Only one species of seed fern is known from this flora and its affinities were unclear until discovery of its reproductive organs and complete large leaves. An ovuliferous reproductive organ, Peltaspermum townrovii sp. nov., can be attributed to the same plant as the leaves because of their identical stomatal apparatus, which is cyclocytic with papillae overhanging the stomatal pit. Polleniferous organs, Permotheca helbyi sp. nov., may have belonged to the same plant, but are only linked by evidence of association on the same bedding plane yielding no other gymnosperms. Pollen masses found within the polleniferous organ include grains identified as Falcisporites australis (de Jersey) Stevens (1981) when found dispersed....
Taylor Cylinder Testing of Anisotropic Materials

Frequently, Taylor cylinder specimens are fabricated from rolled plate stock. The rolling process induces an anisotropic response in the cylinder upon impact. If the rolling and transverse directions can be clearly identified, then it is possible to fabricate the cylinders so that the longitudinal axis of the cylinder is aligned with either direction. The response of specimens fabricated in this way is reasonably uniform, in spite of the fact that the cross sections have an elliptical geometry. Earlier work [1] provided a modified one-dimensional analysis with which data can be reduced from anisotropic cylinder tests and dynamic stress estimates can be made. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of tests performed on specimens taken from rolled copper. The results show that the cross sections of the specimens are clearly uniform ellipses with the major and minor axes of the ellipse roughly constant along the shaft. Very satisfactory estimates of dynamic strength using a modified one-dimensional, strain rate dependent theory may then be made. Fabrication of cylinders from the plates that are not axially aligned to the rolling or transverse directions permits testing of the theory by comparing simulations of the response to actual impacts.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Transpupillary thermotherapy versus plaque radiotherapy for suspected choroidal melanomas.

Abstract Purpose To examine the outcomes and complications of transpupillary thermotherapy for treatment of small choroidal melanomas. Design Retrospective case-matched comparative study and retrospective observational study. Participants The case-matched study consisted of 36 patients treated with either transpupillary thermotherapy or plaque radiotherapy (18 patients per group). The observational study consisted of 21 patients treated with transpupillary thermotherapy alone (primary transpupillary thermotherapy) and 9 patients treated with transpupillary thermotherapy plus plaque radiotherapy (adjuvant transpupillary thermotherapy). Main outcome measures Visual acuity, local tumor control, and metastasis. Results The case-matched groups did not differ significantly with respect to age, gender, initial visual acuity, tumor location, or length of follow-up (mean, 33 months for transpupillary thermotherapy vs. 40 months for plaque radiotherapy). There was no significant difference in final visual acuity ( P = 0.810) or postoperative visual acuity change ( P = 0.919) between the 2 groups. In the observational study, the mean follow-up was 32 months (range, 4–58 months). Indications for primary transpupillary thermotherapy included documented growth (10 patients) and the presence of ≥3 risk factors for growth (11 patients). Retinal complications occurred in 16 patients (76%). The mean posttreatment visual acuity change was minus 2 lines (range, minus 9 to plus 7 lines). Local failure occurred in 6 patients (29%). Local failure was associated with an increased number of transpupillary thermotherapy spots per session ( P = 0.023) and decreased tumor pigmentation ( P = 0.001). Indications for adjuvant transpupillary thermotherapy included tumor radioresistance (6 patients) and the presence of risk factors for local failure (3 patients). All 9 tumors that received adjuvant transpupillary thermotherapy regressed rapidly, with no local failures. The mean postoperative visual acuity change was −1.9 lines (range, −9 to +5 lines). No patient in either study developed metastasis. Conclusions The recent interest in transpupillary thermotherapy as primary therapy for choroidal melanoma is based largely on the assumption that transpupillary thermotherapy may provide better visual outcomes than plaque radiotherapy. However, this study found no significant difference in visual outcomes between transpupillary thermotherapy and plaque radiotherapy. Further, the local failure rate with transpupillary thermotherapy was substantially higher than with plaque radiotherapy. The most promising role for transpupillary thermotherapy seems to be as an adjunct to plaque radiotherapy. The appropriate indications for transpupillary thermotherapy in the management of choroidal melanoma need to be re-evaluated.
Priming effects on recognition performance

Ss memorized a target list of 40 nouns, half of which were from one semantic category (animals) and the remainder from another (body parts). In a recognition test, Ss were presented with a series of 40 targets (list items) and 40 distractors. Every item in the test sequence was preceded by an item that was either a target or distractor and semantically related (from the same semantic category) or unrelated (from the other category). In addition, any two targets tested in succession were chosen such that half were also adjacent to one another in the memorized list. Thus, half the target items were tested in the same context in which they were studied, and half were not. The results were interpreted in terms of a model that identifies independent encoding and decision stages in recognition memory. Semantic priming apparently facilitated the encoding stage since Ss were faster when successive items were semantically related, but accuracy of recognition was unaffected. Contextual priming effects were independent of semantic priming effects and apparently affected the decision stage of recognition. Providing the same study and test context improved accuracy and resulted in a nonsignificant decrease in response latency.
Factors affecting body temperatures of toads.

Summary. Factors influencing levels and rates of variation of body temperature (Tb) in montane Bufo boreas boreas and in lowland Bufo boreas halophiIus were investigated as an initial step toward understanding the role of natural thermal variation in the physiology and energetics of these ectothermic animals. Body temperatures of boreas can vary 25-30~ C over 24-h periods. Such variation is primarily due to both nocturnal and diurnal activity and the physical characteristics of the montane environment. Bufo boreas halophilus are primarily nocturnal except during breeding and are voluntarily active at body temperatures ranging between 10 and 25 ~ C. Despite variation in T b encountered in the field, boreas select a narrow range of T b in a thermal gradient, averaging 23.5 and 26.2~ C for fasted individuals maintained under field conditions or acclimated to 20 ~ C, respectively. In a thermal gradient the mean T b of fasted halophilus acclimated to 20 ~ C is 23.9 ~ C. Skin color of boreas varies in the field from very dark to light. The dark skins absorb approximately 4% more radiation than the light ones. Light colored boreas should absorb approximately 5% more radiation than similarly colored halophilus. Evaporative water losses increase directly with skin temperatures and vapor pressure deficit in both subspecies, Larger individuals heat and cool more slowly than smaller ones. Calculation of an enery budget for boreal toads suggests that they could sit in direct sunlight for long periods without fatally overheating, providing the skin was continually moist.
Submarine seep of carbon dioxide in Norton Sound, Alaska

Earlier workers have described a submarine gas seep in Norton Sound having an unusual mixture of petroleum-like, low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. Actually, only about 0.04 percent of the seeping gas is hydrocarbons and 98 percent is carbon dioxide. The isotopic compositions of carbon dioxide (δ13CPDB = –2.7 per mil) and methane (δ13CPDB = –36 per mil, where PDB is the Peedee belemnite standard) indicate that geothermal processes are active here.
The effect of polyamine depletion on the cytotoxic response to PUVA, gamma rays and UVC in V79 cells in vitro.

Abstract Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) depletes cells of polyamines, sensitizing cells against the action of antineoplastic drugs and altering ability to repair radiation-induced DNA strand breaks. Others have hypothesized that the mechanism by which polyamine depletion sensitizes cells is through inhibition of DNA strand break repair or through altering the spectrum of initial DNA damage. We have compared the effect of polyamine depletion on cytotoxic effects in V79 cells for three agents that damage DNA: PUVA (8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet light, 365 nm), γ-rays and UVC (ultraviolet light, 254 nm) in polyamine depleted V79 cells. DFMO pretreatment sensitizes cells to PUVA and γ-ray toxicity but not to UVC. Unlike UVC photoinduction of DNA lesions, PUVA- and γ-ray-induced DNA damage is modulated by chromatin structure. Our results suggest that polyamine depletion sensitizes cells to the action of PUVA and γ-rays by mechanisms disparate from those for UVC, suggesting that the level or type of initial damage, rather than DNA repair, per se, may be the more important determinant of enhanced cytotoxicity.
EFFECTS OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF ANDROGEN ON THE TESTES OF THE PREPUBERAL RAT1

THERE HAVE BEEN numerous reports that androgens have an inhibitory effect on II the testes of the intact rat (1—4). However, Cutuly and his coworkers have presented evidence that this effect is not obtained with all dosages (5, 6), i.e., very large doses of androgens, instead of inhibiting the testes, maintain them at a normal size. This evidence seems to have been neglected by other workers, perhaps because it happened to be incidental data included in studies on another subject. It correlated well, however, with the well known fact that androgens in similarly large doses apparently had a direct effect on the testes of hypophysectomized rats and could maintain them at a normal sise (7, 8). It seems logical to believe that the dosages used by other workers in the intact rat (which were lower than those used by Cutuly et al.) were sufficient to depress the hypophyseal gonadotropic function but insufficient to maintain the testes.
Study of the source process of the 1992 Colombia Ms=7.3 earthquake with the empirical Green's Function Method

The source time function (STF) of the October 18, 1992 Colombia Ms=7.3 earthquake has been determined using long-period, teleseismic surface and body waveform data and the Empirical Green's Function (EGF) method. Love and SH waveforms of a Ms=6.7 foreshock were treated as the EGFs and deconvolved from the mainshock waveforms to obtain the relative STF. This indicated that the Ms=7.3 mainshock was a double event followed 100 seconds later by a large aftershock (not previously reported). The source durations for the mainshock and the aftershock are about 45 and 25 seconds, respectively. Based on the source radiation directivity, the rupture directions for the mainshock and aftershock are about S50°W. The total length of the fault for the mainshock and aftershock is about 140 km, which agrees with the fault dimension estimated using the aftershock distribution. The seismic moment releases for the three asperities on the rupture surface are 1.0×1019, 6.9×1019 and 2.3×1019 Nm, with respect to time.
Nutritional factors adversely influencing the glucose/insulin system.

For the majority of people, particularly if they do not smoke, the food they eat is the largest controllable factor determining their long-term health. The disproportionate consumption of foods high in fat, especially high in saturated fat, and high in simple sugars at the expense of foods high in complex carbohydrate and unsaturated fat has the potential of inducing abnormal metabolic processes in a normal healthy individual and to promote chronic degenerative diseases. Some of the effects of individual macronutrients such as fat, refined sugars and alcohol in promoting abnormalities in glucose/insulin system are presented. These nutrients were chosen because they also have the ability to alter oxidative state of the individual, which in turn could affect the glucose/insulin system. This review focuses on the role of dietary nutrient interactions in influencing the glucose/insulin system through the generation of reactive oxygen species. The importance of dietary macronutrient interaction with micronutri...
Low desire, trauma and femininity in the DSM-5: a case for sequelae

The recently released DSM-5 (2013) includes a new sexual dysfunction: female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD). For the first time, the low sexual desire disorders are split along gender lines, and lack of sexual ‘receptivity’ is offered as a criterion for diagnosis in women only. Although ‘severe relationship distress’ or other ‘significant stressors’ are to be considered during evaluation for FSIAD, the patient’s trauma history is not evaluated as part of the protocol. The presence of violence or distress can potentially elicit a differential diagnosis, but what constitutes ‘severity’ is not articulated either, except to designate ‘partner violence’ as the primary example. Thus, past relational violence, sexual abuse and trauma are not explicitly considered – nor is the vast spectrum of gendered violations that many women describe experiencing on a regular basis. I examine potential problems with separating the trauma diagnoses (i.e., post-traumatic stress disorder, depersonalisation/derealisatio...
On the Herzfeld theory of metallization: Application

Abstract The Herzfeld criterion for metallic behavior and the conditions for its applicability are discussed briefly. It is emphasized that in applying this criterion to predict the onset of insulator-to-metal transitions resulting from the application of pressure, change in dopant or carrier concentration, etc., it is necessary to take into account not only the change in density but also the change of the pertinent electronic polarizability.
Efficient Learning on Point Sets

Recently several methods have been proposed to learn from data that are represented as sets of multidimensional vectors. Such algorithms usually suffer from the high demand of computational resources, making them impractical on large-scale problems. We propose to solve this problem by condensing i.e. reducing the sizes of the sets while maintaining the learning performance. Three methods are examined and evaluated with a wide spectrum of set learning algorithms on several large-scale image data sets. We discover that k-Means can successfully achieve the goal of condensing. In many cases, k-Means condensing can improve the algorithms' speed, space requirements, and surprisingly, learning performances simultaneously.
Habitat-specific predation susceptibilities of a littoral rotifer to two invertebrate predators

The rotifer Euchlanis dilatata lives associated with submerged vegetation in the littoral zone of freshwater lakes and ponds. I assessed habitat-specific predation susceptibilities for this rotifer in the presence of three aquatic macrophytes (Myriophyllum exalbescens,Elodea canadensis, and Ceratophyllum demersum) and two predators (damselfly nymphs — Enallagma carunculata; and cnidarians - Hydra). Rotifer survival was greatest on Myriophyllum in the presence of both predators. Conversely, the presence of the other macrophyte species actually increase rotifer suspectibility to predation by damselfly nymphs. I also manipulated plant structural complexity. As predicted, decreasing the relative complexity of each plant resulted in lower rotifer survival.
Chemical Differences between K and Na in Alkali Cobaltates

${\mathrm{K}}_{x}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ shares many similarities with ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, as well as some important differences (no hydration-induced superconductivity has been reported). At ${T}_{c2}=20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, ${\mathrm{K}}_{0.5}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ becomes an insulator with a tiny optical gap, as happens in ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.5}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ at $52\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. This similarity, with a known common structure, enables direct comparisons to be made. Using the K-zigzag structure recently reported and the local density approximation, we compare and contrast these cobaltates at $x=0.5$. Although the electronic structures are quite similar as expected, substantial differences are observed near the Fermi level. These differences are found to be attributable mostly to the chemical rather than the structural difference. Although Na is normally considered to be fully ionic, K has a somewhat more highly ionic character than does Na in these cobaltates.
Migration in transference cells with and without membranes—application to osmionic demineralization☆

Abstract The topics treated in this paper concern: potential gradients and ionic migration in transference cells containing single or multiple electrolytes of any valency type; cells containing two identical working electrodes and single ion-permeable membrane; and the four-membrane osmionic cell. Osmionic demineralization is then developed from the theoretical analysis as a practical problem.
Wood ducks (Aix sponsa) as potential reservoirs for avian influenza and avian paramyxoviruses.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) and avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) are important pathogens of poultry worldwide, and both commonly occur in wild waterfowl, especially ducks in the family Anatidae. Although wood ducks (Aix sponsa) are members of the Anatidae, their behaviour differs from most other species in this family, which could affect the transmission of IAVs and APMVs. We collected cloacal and oropharyngeal swab and blood samples from more than 700 wood ducks across nine states in the eastern United States of America. No IAVs were isolated, and based on blocking enzyme-linked immunoassay ELISA results, antibodies to IAVs were only detected in 0.2% of samples. In contrast, 23 (3%) APMVs were isolated (22 Newcastle disease virus and 1 APMV-6), and antibodies to multiple serotypes of APMVs were detected in more than 60% of the samples. After-hatch-year birds were more likely to be antibody positive for APMV-4 and APMV-6 compared to hatch-year birds. Female birds were more likely to be antibody positive for A...
Taking the brake off T cells in chronic viral infection.

During chronic viral infections, CD8+ T cells lose much of their ability to proliferate, produce cytokines and kill. A new discovery shows how to restore their antiviral function.
Sociology and susan sontag: Re-shaping the discipline

Synopsis Sociology's origins lie in moral idealism, in a concern to end human misery and, instead, create a humanistic society. It has betrayed these origins through an overconcern with its stature as a science. The desire for academic respectability has limited sociology to conventional methodological practices, whereas, to fulfil its original ambitions it needs a broader vision and wider data base than is conventionally permitted. Indeed, those works outside the academic framework, from the avant-garde to Feminist scholarship, come closer to explaining modernity than does the discipline commissioned to do so. The continuity between all acts of intellectuality and conceptuality is based upon the human experience. The emergence of interpretative frameworks and metalanguages limits understanding: there is a need for broader research questions and perspectives. Feminist scholarship offers that vision and the works of Susan Sontag, her concern with art, photography, language and modernity, illustrate the principles of this alternative scholarship. With sociology reshaped through a new perspective, its research questions would focus on the authoritarianism of knowledge systems; the hierarchical arrangement of ideas; the infantilism of individuals through certain linguistic practices; and the need to construct knowledge which is emancipatory. The arts, the avant-garde, marginal voices and alternative knowledge systems should, thus, become beacons for sociology in its desire to understand the modern, social experience.
Case-control study of birth characteristics and the risk of hepatoblastoma.

Abstract Background : Hepatoblastoma is a malignant embryonal tumor typically diagnosed in children younger than five years of age. Little is known on hepatoblastoma etiology. Methods : We matched California Cancer Registry records of hepatoblastomas diagnosed in children younger than age 6 from 1988 to 2007 to birth records using a probabilistic record linkage program, yielding 261 cases. Controls ( n =218,277), frequency matched by birth year to all cancer cases in California for the same time period, were randomly selected from California birth records. We examined demographic and socioeconomic information, birth characteristics, pregnancy history, complications in pregnancy, labor and delivery, and abnormal conditions and clinical procedures relating to the newborn, with study data taken from birth certificates. Results : We observed increased risks for hepatoblastoma among children with low [1500–2499g, Odds Ratio (OR)=2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29–3.15] and very low birthweight ( Conclusion : These findings confirm previously reported associations with low birthweight and preeclampsia. The relation with multiple birth pregnancies has been previously reported and may indicate a relation to infertility treatments.
Clinical Experience Shows That Catastrophic Late Effects Associated With Ablative Fractionation Can Be Avoided by Technological Innovation

The development of high-precision radiation therapy delivery technology has expedited a burgeoning interest in ultrabrief, intensified treatment courses that yield tumoricidal effects of unprecedented potency. Whereas novel medical treatments that provide enhanced clinical benefits can be associated with escalated risks of toxicity, it is absolutely essential for radiation oncologists to exercise caution and discipline as these new strategies are evaluated and implemented in the clinic. However, it is argued here that clinical experiences reported to date already support the durable safety and efficacy of so-called "ablative" schedules of radiation therapy. Furthermore, until the cancer problem is solved once and for all, it is the obligation of the radiation oncology community to continue to pursue new means to improve on results of the past.
The effects of dosage, and of estrogen, androgen or salicylate administration on the degree of body temperature elevation induced by progesterone.

THE literature concerning the thermogenic effect of progesterone has by now attained sizeable proportions (see the review by Palmer, 1949), yet with the exception of the study of Isreal and Schneller (1950), and those reported in abstract by Permian (1948), and Nieburgs and Greenblatt (1948), practically no attempt has been made to study either the quantitative aspects of this effect, or the essential physiologic processes involved. Isreal and Schneller (1950) and Perlman (1948) indicate that the rise in body temperature is related to the dose of progesterone. Nieburgs and Greenblatt (1948) state that in rats the effect is present in the absence of ovaries, adrenals and thyroids. In the main, concomitant administration of estrogens does not alter the thermogenic effect of progesterone (Buxton and Atkinson, 1948; Davis and Fugo, 1948; Isreal and Schneller, 1950) although estrogens alone are almost uniformly claimed to have a temperature depressing effect.
Ab initio quantum-mechanical characterization of the electronic states of anthraquinone, quinizarin, and 1,4-diamino anthraquinone

The ground and excited singlet and triplet states of 9,10-anthraquinone and its 1,4-dihydroxy and 1,4-diamino derivatives are investigated by ab initio configuration interaction calculations, using a floating Gaussian basis. For anthraquinone the calculated electronic absorption spectrum is consistent with previous experimental and theoretical results. The possible mechanisms of intersystem crossing and intensity borrowing in phosphorescence are discussed in terms of first- and second-order spin-orbit and vibronic perturbations of the computed singlet and triplet states. The calculated spectra of the 1,4-disubstituted derivatives are more complex than previously suggested from low-resolution polarized absorption studies. The principal effect of 1,4-substitution by electron donating groups is shown to be a powerful conjugative effect which significantly modifies selected molecular orbitals of anthraquinone; the resultant effect on the absorption spectra is the creation of two new substituent-induced π π* transitions, one of which corresponds to the intense visible absorption band of these systems.
Targeting pediatric pedestrian injury prevention efforts: teasing the information through spatial analysis

BACKGROUND: : Pediatric pedestrian injuries remain a major cause of childhood death, hospitalization, and disability. To target injury prevention efforts, it is imperative to identify those children at risk. Racial disparities have been noted in the rates of pediatric pedestrian injury and death. Children from low-income families living in dense, urban residential neighborhoods have a higher risk of sustaining pedestrian injury. Geographic information systems (GIS) analysis of associated community factors such as child population density and median income may offer insights into prevention. METHODS: : Using trauma registry E-codes for pedestrian motor vehicle crashes, children younger than 16 years were identified, who received acute care and were hospitalized at the University of Chicago Medical Center, a Level I pediatric trauma center, after being struck by a motor vehicle from 2002 to 2009. By retrospective chart review and review of the Emergency Medical Services run sheets, demographic data and details of the crash site were collected. Crash sites were aggregated on a block by block basis. A "hot spot" analysis was performed to localize clusters of injury events. Using Gi* statistical method, spatial clusters were identified at different confidence intervals using a fixed distance band of 400 m (∼¼ mile). Maps were generated using GIS with 2000 census data to evaluate race, employment, income, density of public and private schools, and density of children living in the neighborhoods surrounding our medical center where crash sites were identified. Spatial correlation is used to identify statistically significant locations. RESULTS: : There were 3,521 children admitted to the University of Chicago Medical Center for traumatic injuries from 2002 to 2009; 27.7% (974) of these children sustained injuries in pedestrian motor vehicle injuries. From 2002 to 2009, there were a total of 106 traumatic deaths, of which 29 (27.4%) were due to pedestrian motor vehicle crashes. Pediatric pedestrian motor vehicle crash sites occurred predominantly within low-income, predominantly African-American neighborhoods. A lower prevalence of crash sites was observed in the predominantly higher income, non-African-American neighborhoods. CONCLUSIONS: : Spatial analysis using GIS identified associations between pediatric pedestrian motor vehicle crash sites and the neighborhoods served by our pediatric trauma center. Pediatric pedestrian motor vehicle crash sites occurred predominantly within low-income, African-American neighborhoods. The disparity in prevalence of crash sites is somewhat attributable to the lower density of children living in the predominantly higher income, non-African-American neighborhoods, including the community immediately around our hospital. Traffic volume patterns, as a denominator of these injury events, remain to be studied. Language: en
Metabolic function in Drosophila melanogaster in response to hypoxia and pure oxygen.

This study examined the metabolic response of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to O2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 21% and at 100%. The metabolic rate of flies exposed to graded hypoxia remained nearly constant as O2 tensions were reduced from normoxia to ∼3 kPa. There was a rapid, approximately linear reduction in fly metabolic rate at P O2s between 3 and 0.5 kPa. The reduction in metabolic rate was especially pronounced at P O2 levels 16 h exposure was uniformly lethal. Flies exposed to pure O2 for 24 h showed no apparent alteration of metabolic rate, even though such O2 tensions should damage respiratory enzymes critical to mitochondria function. Within a few hours the metabolic rate of flies recovering from exposure to repeated short bouts of anoxia was the same as flies exposed to a single anoxia exposure.
Knowledge and policy action in urban development: if we know so much, why is the urban condition not improving?

In spite of the wealth generation potential of the world’s large metropolitan cities, poor living conditions for much of the world’s urban population persist. Although the city has been widely studied, urban policy often remains ineffective. The paper adopts a policy process approach to analyze the relationship between knowledge and governmental action. Impediments to improving urban policy are found in the inadequate capacity of government to act and in the politics of democratic decision-making. The paper recommends that a pragmatic view of knowledge generation be adopted.
Analyzing spatial aggregation error in statistical models of late-stage cancer risk: a Monte Carlo simulation approach.

Purpose This paper examines the effect of spatial aggregation error on statistical estimates of the association between spatial access to health care and late-stage cancer.
Brain Development and Learning

Learning is generally conceived to be an associative process, as is evident from the structure of learning experiments (2). In classical conditioning, two stimuli are paired in anticipation that the first will acquire certain properties of the second, as when a tone that is followed repeatedly by the presentation of food to a dog comes to elicit salivation. Instrumental conditioning differs from classical in that the pairing of stimuli is contingent upon the behavior of the animal. For example, a tone is followed by food only if the animal presses a lever in response to the tone, and the contingency serves also, of course, to pair the response with the food. As to the nature of the associations formed in such experiments and the conditions necessary for their formation, there has been considerably less agreement (5, 16). Are sensory events associated, or are there associations between sensory and motor events, or both? Is temporal contiguity the only condition for the formation of associations, or do motivational processes play a critical role? A related question of considerable importance is whether learning has undergone any fundamental change in the course of evolution. If it has, then no general answers to questions about associative mechanisms are to be expected; work with different animals may provide quite different answers.
A bacterial signal peptide is functional in plants and directs proteins to the secretory pathway

The Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LT-B) has been used as a model antigen for the production of plant-derived high-valued proteins in maize. LT-B with its native signal peptide (BSP) has been shown to accumulate in starch granules of transgenic maize kernels. To elucidate the targeting properties of the bacterial LT-B protein and BSP in plant systems, the subcellular localization of visual marker green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to LT-B and various combinations of signal peptides was examined in Arabidopsis protoplasts and transgenic maize. Biochemical analysis indicates that the LT-B::GFP fusion proteins can assemble and fold properly retaining both the antigenicity of LT-B and the fluorescing properties of GFP. Maize kernel fractionation revealed that transgenic lines carrying BSP result in recombinant protein association with fibre and starch fractions. Confocal microscopy analysis indicates that the fusion proteins accumulate in the endomembrane system of plant cells in a signal peptide-dependent fashion. This is the first report providing evidence of the ability of a bacterial signal peptide to target proteins to the plant secretory pathway. The results provide important insights for further understanding the heterologous protein trafficking mechanisms and for developing effective strategies in molecular farming.
The Theoretical Fundamentals of the Screen Printing Process

The basic parameters of screen printing are discussed, and an analytical model of the screen printing process is introduced. The ink roll in front of the squeegee is treated as a pump generating, close to the squeegee edge, high hydrostatic pressure which injects ink into the screen meshes. The shearing of the ink, the mechanics of screen snap‐off and the ink transfer taking place behind the squeegee are also analysed.
A neural network approach for predicting software development faults

Accurately predicting the number of faults in program modules is a major problem in the quality control of a large scale software system. In this paper, the use of the neural networks as a tool for predicting the number of faults in programs is explored. Software complexity metrics have been shown to be closely related to the distribution of faults in program modules. The objective in the construction of models of software quality is to use measures that may be obtained relatively early in the software development life cycle to provide reasonable initial estimates of quality of an evolving software system. Measures of software quality and software complexity to be used in this modeling process exhibit systematic departures of normality assumptions of regression modeling. This paper introduces a new approach for static reliability modeling and compares its performance in the modeling of software reliability from software complexity in terms of the predictive quality and the quality of fit with more traditional regression modeling techniques. The neural networks did produce models with better quality of fit and predictive quality when applied to one data set obtained from a large commercial system. >
Surgical adhesive increases burst pressure and seals leaks in stapled gastrojejunostomy

Abstract Background Leakage from a gastrointestinal anastomosis in bariatric surgery is a catastrophic complication and is the second-most preventable cause of death after Roux-en- Y gastric bypass. Several adjuncts for staple line reinforcement have been investigated to reduce the incidence of this complication. The purpose of our study was to determine whether a commercially available tissue sealant (BioGlue) could reinforce a stapled gastrojejunal anastomosis and whether it could seal an artificially created anastomotic leak. Methods Circular-stapled gastrojejunostomies were performed on freshly explanted porcine stomach and intestine. Experiment 1 consisted of 10 control nonreinforced gastrojejunostomies and 10 gastrojejunostomies reinforced with BioGlue. The staple lines were submerged in saline and exposed to increased pressure using constant-rate infusion of air. The burst pressures were recorded at the point of visible leakage from the anastomosis. In experiment 2, a small defect was created in 10 gastrojejunostomies. The burst pressures were recorded before and after application of BioGlue to the anastomosis. The data were analyzed using the 2-tailed paired t test. Results In experiment 1, the burst pressure was significantly increased in the reinforced gastrojejunostomies, from 27.4 ± 8.4 mm Hg to 59.1 ± 19.2 mm Hg (P Conclusion These ex vivo findings suggest that the surgical adhesive BioGlue can reinforce both intact and defective stapled gastrojejunal anastomoses. Additional in vivo study is warranted to determine whether BioGlue can prevent or help seal gastrojejunal leaks.
Current Steering in Magnetic Circuits

Magnetic switches are described in which the current from an energizing source is guided or steered through one out of many possible parallel branches, the conducting branch being selected by the presetting of appropriate magnetic elements. Only a few tubes are required for energization, and the outputs, obtained with reasonable efficiency, are substantially independent of exact circuit parameters. Current steering is achieved either by core-diode combinations or by transfluxors. Decoding switches, of both types, for the selection of one out-of-many outputs according to an input code are described in detail. A current of precise amplitude of the order of amperes is switched to a selected path in microseconds. Steered decoders are ideal for addressing core memories. A commutator switch for delivering sequentially a given current to a number of loads is described. Current steering makes possible simple magnetic counters and universal code converters. Experimental results of laboratory models of decoders and commutators are given. The principle of current steering broadens greatly the usefulness of magnetic switches by providing economy of associated electronic drivers and accuracy of switched currents.
Synthesis of 2,5-dihydroxy[carboxy-14C]benzoic acid for electrochemical protein modification

The synthesis of 2,5-dihydroxy[carboxy-14C]benzoic acid (gentisic acid) is described. The procedure utilized [carboxy-14C]salicylic acid as a starting material. Salicylic acid was converted to gentisic acid using potassium persulfate hydroxylation. The mixture of hydroxylation products in this reaction was easily separated by UV-visualized quartz column chromatography to obtain the desired isomer in high purity (overall yield of 38%). This procedure may be used for micro and semimicro preparation of the title compound.
Solid solution strengthening of ZnS

A series of ZnS-rich wurtzite solid solutions containing 8, 12 and 16 mol% Ga2S3 has been prepared. The influences of the fabrication conditions and microstructure on the mechanical properties were examined. It has been demonstrated that ZniGa2Si +2,is tougher and harder than pure ZnS due to a solid-solution strengthening effect. The hardness of the solid solutions increases with increasing concentration of Ga2S3and decreasing grain size, the grain-size dependence being of the Hall-Petch type. Finer-grained solid solutions with moderate concentrations of Ga2S3 have the highest fracture toughness. Whereas the hardness increases monotonically with increasing mole fraction of Ga2S3, the fracture toughness is a maximum at around 12% Ga2S3.
Determinants of Primary Caregiver Stress and Burden: Area of Residence and the Caregiving Networks of Frail Elders*

This research examines the association among characteristics of the caregiving network, primary caregiver stress and burden, and area of residence. The purpose is two-fold: to determine whether the structure of the relationship between the caregiving network, and stress and burden is uniform across rural, small city, and urban samples; and, to assess whether stress and burden are explained by a similar set of variables within area of residence categories. The data are drawn from a matched sample of 1,388 impaired elders and their primary caregivers from the 1982 National Long-Term Care Survey and the National Survey of Informal Caregivers. In general, the analysis shows that several characteristics of the care-receiver and the primary caregiver have a differential effect on stress and burden across residential categories, and that, within rural, small city, and urban samples, the determinants of stress and burden are not homogeneous. When the frail elder is able to reciprocate by doing chores, babysitting, or providing some other type of assistance for the primary caregiver, however, both stress and burden are reduced in all three residential categories. Similarly, the increased provision of assistance with instrumental activities of daily living by the primary caregiver uniformly increases stress and burden. These findings suggest that interventions designed to alleviate primary caregiver stress and burden may be able to have some common components, but may also need to be tailored in some ways to specific residential environments.