cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disruption of Tight Junctions during Traversal of the Respiratory Epithelium by Burkholderia cenocepacia

Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic bacterial species capable of causing life-threatening respiratory tract infection in persons with cystic fibrosis (CF). Unlike most other pathogens in CF, which typically remain confined to the endobronchial spaces, B. cenocepacia can traverse airway epithelium to cause bacteremia and sepsis. The mechanisms by which this occurs, however, are unknown. We examined the transmigration of B. cenocepacia through polarized respiratory epithelium. Representatives of three "epidemic" lineages common among CF patients in North America were able to traverse polarized 16HBE14o- cells in vitro. Transmigration of bacteria was associated with significant perturbations in epithelial permeability, as measured by a loss of transepithelial electrical resistance and increased flux of bovine serum albumin across the cell layer. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling and trypan blue exclusion assays, as well as lactate dehydrogenase levels, did not indicate excessive cytotoxicity or cell death in infected cell layers. Rather, confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated the loss of occludin from tight junctions. In contrast, zonula occludens 1 was well preserved along intercellular borders. Western blot analysis showed a shift in the major occludin isoforms from high- to low-phosphorylation states during infection. These observations suggest that B. cenocepacia traverses polarized respiratory epithelium by the dephosphorylation and dissociation of occludin from the tight-junction complex.
A PROBABILISTIC METHOD FOR FIELD SOLUTIONS IN TWO-PHASE FLOWS

Solid-particle motion and related transport phenomena in two-phase flow are fluctuating processes in space and time. A deterministic method can describe only partially the intrinsic physics of these processes. In this paper, the fluctuations of the flow parameters are modelled by considering the spatial correlations, and a probabilistic computational method for two-phase flow is presented. The probabilistic governing equations have been discretized in space using a finite volume method, and then solved by applying the Neumann expansion method. This last method is time efficient, and its convergence can be guaranteed even for large fluctuations. A liquid-solid particle mixture flow in a circular pipe is taken as an example. Computational results illustrate the merit of the probabilistic approach for the prediction of two-phase flow phenomena.
Cytotoxicity evaluation of enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers in Caco-2 cells for oral delivery of salmon calcitonin

The usefulness of enzyme inhibitors and absorption enhancers with least mucosal cell cytotoxicity was evaluated on Caco-2 cell monolayers. The temporal cytotoxicity of several protease inhibitors at 500 μg/mL (e.g., turkey and chicken ovomucoids, aprotinin, and Protease Inhibitor Cocktail) and absorption enhancers [e.g., cholate (3%), glycocholate (3%), glycosursodeoxycholate (3%), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, 0.1%), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD, 5%), hydroxypropyl-γ-cylcodextrin (HP-γ-CD, 5%), γ-cylcodextrin (γ-CD, 5%), tetradecyl-β-D-maltoside (0.25%), octylglucoside (0.25%), citric acid (10%), glycyrrhetinic acid (0.34 mM), and Tween-80® (0.1%)] was measured by monitoring their effect on Caco-2 cell viability. Cell viability was measured by mannitol permeability measurements, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements, DNA-propidium iodide staining assay, and WST-1 assay (tetrazolium salt based assay). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.1%), a potent surfactant, was used as a positive control. Chicken and turkey ovomucoids were nontoxic to cells as evaluated by all the methods used. Aprotinin decreased the TEER, whereas plasma membrane damage was seen with Protease Inhibitor Cocktail after a 24-h period. With respect to the absorption enhancers, the toxicity increased directly as a result of an increase in the time of incubation. The enhancers EDTA and HP-β-CD can be used safely for a short period of time, whereas glycosursodeoxycholate, glycyrrhetinic acid, octylglucoside, HP-γ-CD, and γ-CD can be used for a longer period. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 93: 1070–1082, 2004
Multimode laser model with coupled cavities and quantum noise

A stochastic, semiclassical model is developed for a multimode, homogeneously broadened laser with rapid dipole dephasing, appropriate for semiconductor, Ti:sapphire, or dye lasers. The theory self-consistently incorporates population dynamics including temporal beating effects and relaxation oscillations, spatial hole burning, coherent-wave mixing, and quantum noise. The model is valid for single- and compound-cavity lasers in which the mode frequencies are well defined. We pay particular attention to finding a useful mode basis in the case that the gain medium does not completely fill the cavity. This situation can lead to coupled-cavity effects. For typical systems the model is valid for pump rates up to several times threshold and is tractable for numerical simulations. The theoretical development described in this paper is applied to an experimental system in a companion paper (J. Opt. Soc. Am. B14, 180 (1997)].
A non-quasi-static MOSFET model for SPICE-AC analysis

Based on an approximate solution to the nonlinear current continuity equation in the channel, an analytic non-quasi-static model for long-channel MOSFETs has been derived and implemented in SPICE. The model includes the large-signal transient and the small-signal AC analyses, although only the AC model is reported. Excellent agreement in simulation results has been achieved between this work and CODECS (a mixed device and circuit simulator). The CPU time required for this work is about twice as long as that for currently available quasi-static MOSFET models in SPICE. >
Synthesis, structure, and polymorphism of A 3 Ln Si 2 O 7 (A=Na, K; Ln =Sm, Ho, Yb)

Abstract Four new members of the A3LnSi2O7 family, K3SmSi2O7, Na3HoSi2O7, and two polymorphs of Na3YbSi2O7, are reported. K3SmSi2O7 crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P63/mcm, Na3HoSi2O7 and Na3YbSi2O7 crystallize in the hexagonal space group P63/m, and Na3YbSi2O7 crystallizes in the trigonal space group P31c. The Na3YbSi2O7 composition that crystallizes in P31c is a new structure type. The magnetic properties for the Ho and Yb analogs are reported.
Economics of Digital Bundling: The Impacts of Digitization on the Music Industry

Drawing from recent literature on bundling theory, this paper explores the implications of digital bundling for the music industry. Bundling can be very effective as both a profit-maximizing tool and a competitive weapon, particularly as electronic distribution of digital music files gains momentum. Contrary to the popular belief that digital distribution will lower barriers of entry and allow many new firms to enter, this study finds that bundling will lead to greater industry concentration and increasing market power for the large music companies. Despite the disrupting forces caused by digital technologies, the economics of bundling, the control of content, and the existing industry structure suggest that the major record labels will retain their power and the industry will continue to be concentrated, perhaps even becoming more so in the future.
Liturgical Fragments on Gnostic Amulets

For some time past I have been impressed with the importance of the so-called gnostic gems, more accurately called syncretistic amulets, as an aid to the study of Greek magical papyri, and have examined them wherever I could find them. During the summer of 1931 I was permitted to study the large collection in the British Museum, a favor for which I am indebted to the courtesy of Dr. George F. Hill, the Director, and Mr. Sidney Smith, the Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities. Mr. Smith and his associates in the Department gave me every facility for a minute examination of the stones and allowed me to have casts made from several of them. I have in preparation a group of studies of some amulets in the British Museum and others in various American collections, which I hope to publish with illustrations and interpretations. A preliminary account of two of the British Museum specimens seems to fall within the province of this Review.
Optical Bi-stability and Stationary Entanglement in Two Coupled Quantum Dots in a Cavity

We study the generation of entanglement between two coupled quantum-dots interacting with a quantized cavity field, preservation of steady-state entanglement in the presence of detuning and decoherence, and optical bi-stability shown by the cavity field.
Reactions of Some Panamanian Birds to Human Intrusion at the Nest

Current thinking about variation in life-history patterns among species of animals stresses variation in the effort expended by parents to rear their young (Steams 1976). Following Williams (1966), many authors have suggested that optimum reproductive effort is a compromise between augmenting any one year's productivity and increasing the probability of survival to the following breeding season. Reproductive effort presumably increases the risk of the parent's dying. If we assumed that the number of young reared is determined by both the level of parental effort and the availability of resources, tests of hypotheses concerning the optimization of effort would require the measurement of effort independently of resources and production. Adequate tests of such hypotheses have not been made, in part because reproductive effort is difficult to define and measure (Hirschfield and Tinkle 1975). Effort has many components, one of which may be the risk that parents assume to defend their offspring against potential predators. In this study, I report on the defensive behavior of adult birds near their nests and its relationship to other aspects of breeding behavior. Certainly behavior is not an adequate measure of risk, but if we assumed that the intensity of defense is a crude index to reproductive effort, we could test, at least tentatively, the hypothesis that effort and breeding productivity are directly related. Although Alexander Skutch and others have reported the breeding biology of many species of tropical birds, certain aspects of breeding behavior, including the reactions of adults and nestlings to human intrusion at the nest, have received little attention. The results reported in this paper are based on observations made during a study on development rates in tropical birds (Ricklefs 1976).
Cardiometabolic Health Among Cancer Survivors: A 13-Week Pilot Study of a Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training Program.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To explore the feasibility of combined aerobic and resistance training (CART) as a safe method of improving cardiometabolic health among cancer survivors. . DESIGN Descriptive and longitudinal pilot study for exercise intervention. . SETTING University campus in Los Angeles, California. . SAMPLE A multiethnic population of cancer survivors (N = 11) was recruited by convenience sampling and physician referral. . METHODS Consenting participants were prescribed CART for one hour per day, three days per week for 13 weeks. . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Components of cardiometabolic health were measured, including resting heart rate (HRrest), blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and android fat percentage at baseline and after 13 weeks of training. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive protein (CRP) also were assessed at baseline and after 13 weeks of training. . FINDINGS More than half of the participants reported living with at least two other chronic diseases or conditions in addition to a cancer diagnosis. Five of six African American and Hispanic participants reported the presence of at least two risk factors for metabolic syndrome, compared to one of five Caucasian participants. After 13 weeks of training, participants experienced an average decrease in waist circumference. Decrease in waist circumference was associated with a decrease in CRP. A relationship also was suggested between number of exercise sessions attended and improvement in HRrest. . CONCLUSIONS A CART intervention among cancer survivors should continue to be explored in a larger sample to establish efficacy and effectiveness at improving cardiometabolic health. Because of the higher risk of comorbidity among cancer survivors in comparison to cancer-free adults, improving cardiometabolic health is as important as monitoring cancer recurrence. A need exists for increased attention to the post-treatment cardiometabolic health of cancer survivors and also for examining potential cardiometabolic health disparities among non-Caucasian cancer survivors. . IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING CART may be a plausible alternative to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and improve cardiometabolic health among cancer survivors. Additional studies that continue to explore the efficacy and effectiveness of CART may provide more information to help nurses and physicians determine whether the cancer survivorship care plan should include an exercise-based alternative to intervene on cardiometabolic health.
Effect of Different Level of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Yield and Yield Components of Super Rice

Effect of different levels of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrition on the leaf area index,dry matter weight and yield components of super-rice ‘Jijing 88’and ‘Jijing 83’was different.The leaf area index and dry matter weight of ‘Jijing 88’,a fertilizer tolerant super-rice variety,was the best when nutrition levels was N200kg/ha,P100kg/ha and K120kg/ha.The leaf area index and dry matter weight of ‘Jijing 83’,a wide suitability super-rice variety,was the best when nutrition levels was N100kg/ha,P750kg/ha and K90kg/ha.The yield components of super-rice ‘Jijing 88’was the best when nutrition levels was N250kg/ha,P100kg/ha and K60kg/ha.The yield components of super-rice‘Jijing 83’was the best when nutrition levels was N100kg/ha,P75kg/ha and K90kg/ha.
Pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of pediatric behavioral issues.

Topic: A review of psychopharmacology and the genetic considerations with pharmokinetics is followed through a case study to demonstrate the optimal clinical treatment of the child with pediatric behavioral issues. Purpose: The knowledge of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences of medications in clinical practice is of the utmost importance for all pediatric nurse practitioners. Drug interactions occur when the efficacy or toxicity of a medication is changed with the addition of another medication or dosage change. Sources: An integrative literature review from nursing, medicine, psychology, and child psychiatry. Conclusions: The current climate of a child psychiatric specialist shortage leaves the charge of this vulnerable population in the hands of the primary care provider. Pediatric primary care now requires a clear understanding of the psychostimulant and non-stimulant medications, thorough screening of each child, appropriate dosage regulation, and close monitoring of all outcomes. It is imperative that pediatric nurse practitioners understand the pharmacological interactions and safety in the treatment of children with behavioral issues.
Secretory Organelles: II The Vesicular System

In addition to the cisternae and tubules that comprise the endomembrane system just given attention, several major types of vesicles are involved in the secretory processes of cells. One of these, the lysosome, has already received mention as being part of GERL (Chapter 6) and still earlier in connection with endocytosis and receptor sites in the discussion of membranes (Chapter 1, Sections 1.2.1 and 1.2.2). Here even more clearly than in the membranous organelles, secretion is revealed as the underlying mechanism for most cellular functions, for these little bodies carry the secreted products to where the action is finally to take place. But much more is involved in the functioning of these vesicular particles than mere conduction of finished products, as becomes evident as the lysosome, peroxisome, spherosome, and others of lesser importance are discussed.
Gathering the Threads: Religious Autobiography in Pre-colonial South Asia

This article investigates autobiography as an improvisatory mode of religious speech in pre-colonial South Asia, arguing (i) that autobiographical writing in early South Asia is marked by great spontaneity and invention of form in the absence of a proper literary genre; (ii) that we can discern distinctly South Asian ways of speaking autobiographically, ways that predate and differ from modern European understandings of autobiography and (iii) that autobiographical speech is used as a powerful technique for religious polemic in South Asia and appears in particular at moments of heightened religio-political competition and contestation. Along with a number of examples, two texts will be explored in greater detail: autobiographies by a seventeenth-century Jain merchant and religious reformer Banarasidas and a nineteenth-century Christian priest and convert from Islam, ‘Imad ud-din.
Yeast Hybrids in Winemaking

Summary Aim: There is significant variety in the choice of commercial yeast strains available for wine production. Yeast hybrids represent one class of commercial yeasts. The purpose of this review is to define what yeast hybrids are, to describe how they arise in nature and in the laboratory, and to discuss the features of these yeasts that differentiate them from non-hybrid strains. Key Themes: How does mating occur normally in yeast? What is a hybrid yeast strain? How do hybrid strains form in nature? How are hybrid wine strains constructed in the laboratory? Are natural hybrids of wine yeast found in nature? What are the features of laboratory-generated wine yeast hybrids? What are the impacts of hybrid strains on wine composition? Impact and Significance: Yeast influence wine aroma and flavor profiles in multiple ways1. In addition to the formation of ethanol, yeast can directly produce both positive and negative aroma impact compounds, such as esters, higher alcohols, higher aldehydes, and sulfur-volatile compounds. Some yeast strains can produce factors that enhance mouthfeel, and many can modify varietal aroma through enzymatic and chemical mechanisms. Yeast mannoproteins and polysaccharides may also affect wine stability. Last, yeast end products can alter the wine matrix and therefore the sensory expression of wine characters. Yeast hybrids combine traits of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other species in this genus, and thereby expand the metabolic repertoire of the strain. These yeasts can create novel characters in wine as well as conduct fermentation under nonstandard conditions.
After Contact – Then What?

Few topics ignite the imagination as do the prospects of encountering extraterrestrial life – and what this may mean for individuals, societies, and cultures. Until recently speculation fell largely within the realms of philosophy, science fiction, and UFO studies. By 1960, however, the theoretical feasibility of interstellar transmissions coupled with Frank Drake’s initial empirical search, Project Ozma, established a need to put such speculation on a firmer footing. Drake’s work had gained the attention of Donald Norman, a psychologist who was developing a report on the peaceful uses of outer space for the US Congress. Whereas most of this report dealt with topics such as communications satellites, remote sensing, and human space exploration, portions dwelled on the possible implications of the discovery.
Swann Set to Music

Chapter 3 takes up the famous example of Swann’s love for Odette as epitomized in the “petite phrase” of the Vinteuil sonata. Proust uses the representation of music in order to explore a key tension in Swann’s use of music: is it creative or reductive, and how would we decide? We ourselves become listeners when the text leads us to evaluate the way Swann listens to music and to decide whether music is a mere cover for erotic desire or whether this intertwining of music and eros is indeed a salient form of attentiveness to the power of music in that Swann allows music to take him where his consciousness does not want to go.
Are You Experienced

This study examines how experience within the field of journalism affects perceptions of journalistic norms and success. Utilizing in-depth interviews with 53 digital journalists working in both le...
Use of Diagnosis-related Group-Based Days of Therapy to Evaluate Fluoroquinolone Use Optimization Across a Large Healthcare System

Background Optimal use of fluoroquinolones (FQ) is a common antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) target based on well-cited risk for Clostridium difficile colitis and has gained national attention in the setting of recent FDA warnings about serious side effects. Identifying appropriate metrics for benchmarking poses a significant challenge. Diagnosis-related group (DRG) can be leveraged to focus large volumes of patient data to derive DRG-based days of therapy (DOT). Novant Health identified an opportunity to improve FQ use among patients with COPD and pneumonia (PNA) across the health system and created a FQ use optimization initiative based on inter-facility data that would otherwise not have been possible using the standard DOT per 1000 patient-days (PD) metric.
Basic fibroblast growth factor enhances myocardial collateral flow in a canine model

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a multifunctional peptide that may play an integral role in angiogenesis associated with coronary collateral formation and myocardial infarct healing. We sought to determine the effects of exogenously administered basic FGF on collateral blood flow to ischemic myocardium. Ameroid constrictors were used to cause gradual occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery in dogs. Basic FGF (110 micrograms, n = 9) or saline (n = 12) was given as a daily bolus injection directly into the collateral-dependent zone, beginning 10 days after placement of the Ameroid and continuing for 28 days. Collateral flow was assessed weekly as the ratio of collateral to normal zone (CZ/NZ) blood flow during maximal pharmacologically induced coronary vasodilation. The CZ/NZ increased in both treated and control dogs as a function of time; however, transmural collateral flow in basic FGF-treated dogs significantly exceeded that of control dogs by the second week of treatment. Final CZ/NZ blood flow ratios were 0.49 +/- 0.05 and 0.35 +/- 0.02 in the treated and control groups, respectively (means +/- SE, P = 0.0002). Treatment with basic FGF was also associated with significant increases in the numerical density of distribution vessels and endothelial cell DNA synthesis within the CZ. We also found that basic FGF had acute effects as a coronary vasodilator. Thus exogenous administration of basic FGF enhances maximal collateral blood flow in dogs with myocardial ischemia secondary to single-vessel coronary occlusion, an effect that is likely mediated through the direct angiogenic effects of the peptide, although its acute vasodilatory effects may also play a role.
The Cristofalo Indices of Mutant Human Cells

Cristofalo and Sharf [Exp. Cell. Res. 76, 419-27] observed a linear decrease with increasing population doubling level (PDL) in the proportion of WI-38 and WI-26 cells able to incorporate tritiated thymidine during replication. The possibility that this correlation may exist and reflect cellular aging in other cultures was investigated in this study which followed their experimental protocol.
Data Management and Pattern Recognition

Criteria which facilitate the design of an automatic data manager for a large data base are proposed. A syntactic pattern definition language provides a set of subdefinitions which can be preprocessed. A total expected cost graph for a pattern definition set is used to define preprocessed sets for various costs. The problem of the design of a preprocessor or automatic data manager is related to the specification of an appropriate adaptive system.
Execution replay for intrusion analysis

Computer intrusions are inevitable. When an intrusion happens, forensic analysis is critical to understanding the attack. An administrator needs to determine how the attacker broke in, what he changed, and what privileged information he may have seen. Unfortunately, current security logging systems are incomplete, leaving large gaps in the knowledge of what happened. Execution replay is a practical way to add completeness to forensic logging. To show this, we describe ReVirt, a virtual machine execution replay system capable of security-grade logging. ReVirt can reconstruct the entire past state of the system at any point in time, including memory and disk, and can re-execute. This enables security tools that use ReVirt to gather arbitrarily detailed information about the system before, during, and after an attack. ReVirt adds 0-12% runtime overhead during logging. A single 100 GB disk can log continuously from weeks to years. We also describe SMP-ReVirt, an execution replay system that can log and replay multiprocessor virtual machines. Races between the processors are detected using a concurrent-read, exclusive-write (CREW) protocol enforced with hardware page protections transparently to the virtual machine. This is the first execution replay system to log and replay a multiprocessor kernel outside of simulation. Performance depends heavily on the sharing rate of the workload. Some parallel applications run with overhead around 1%, while some run an order of magnitude slower with the logging enabled. Logging rates depend upon sharing rates. A 300GB disk can log workloads with low sharing rates for several years, and can even log workloads with very high sharing rates for several days.
Clinical communication: human-computer and human-human interactions

In 2006, health care in the United States encompassed 14 million professionals [1]. Such a large and complex network of employees introduces many challenges and limitations to the communication process. This research is a continuation of our efforts towards further understanding clinical communication by studying previously utilized methodologies in this field and then, proposing our new approach and its innovation. Moreover, in this paper, we discuss our results from a pilot study conducted at the Pulmonary ICU at the University of Missouri Hospital. The ultimate goal of this work is to develop a practical clinical communication model that identifies influencing communication factors. This model will serve as the foundation to our long term goal of building an ontology-driven educational tool that will be used to educate clinicians about miscommunication issues and as a means to improve it.
IL-10 Indirectly Downregulates IL-4-Induced IgE Production by Human B Cells.

Controlled allergic disease is associated with decreased allergen-specific IgE and increased allergen-specific IgG4. Although IL-10 has been shown to contribute to these changes, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This study explored how IL-10 differentially regulates human IgE and IgG4 production. Highly purified B cells and B cell subsets from healthy individuals were cultured with combinations of anti-CD40, IL-4, and IL-10. In other experiments, PBMCs isolated from healthy donors or from autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (STAT3 loss-of-function) subjects were cultured with combinations of IL-4 and IL-10. In B cell cultures, IL-10 had no significant effect on IL-4-induced IgE production but increased IL-4-induced IgG4 production over 20-fold. IL-4-induced transcription of Ce and Cγ4 germline transcripts (GLTs) by isolated B cells was not affected by IL-10. In PBMC cultures, IL-4 induced production of both IgE and IgG4 and increased expression of Ce and Cγ4 GLTs above baseline. Unlike in purified B cells, IL-10 diminished IL-4-induced IgE production and expression of Ce GLTs without affecting IgG4 production or expression of Cγ4 GLTs. PBMCs from autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome individuals failed to consistently modulate IgE production in response to IL-4 and IL-10. As measured by flow cytometry, the frequency of IL-10R+ cells was similar between IgE+ and IgG4+ B cells. These data suggest that IL-10 acts indirectly through accessory cells to modulate the production of IgE. For IgG4, IL-10 appears to act directly on B cells to drive IgG4 production, with its effects being downstream of germline transcription.
Computer Methods for Engineering with MATLAB® Applications

Substantially revised and updated, Computer Methods for Engineering with MATLAB Applications, Second Edition presents equations to describe engineering processes and systems. It includes computer methods for solving these equations and discusses the nature and validity of the numerical results for a variety of engineering problems. This edition now
What to Do About Chevron – Nothing

For thirty-five years, doctrinalists have tormented themselves trying to dissect the Supreme Court’s most infamous administrative-law doctrine: Chevron deference. We have asked when and how it applies. At the same time, we have asked whether Chevron should exist at all. In other words, does Chevron have any normative advantages that warrant its continued existence and prolific use? Despite thirty-five years to work out our differences, the academy — and the courts — remain torn on the answers to all of these questions.
Chapter IV – Mechanical Properties

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses mechanical properties of thin films; and the interface between film and substrate. The mechanical properties of thin films include: (1) flow strength; (2) fracture strengths of film and of interface between film and substrate; (3) friction and resistance to wear, elastic moduli, stress relaxation; and (4) piezoelectric properties. The mechanical properties of thin films affect their behavior in a variety of applications: (1) the plastic flow and fracture that occur during the operation of conductor lines upon electro-migration induced stress development are affected by the mechanical properties of the film as well as the mechanical constraints provided by the substrate and cladding; (2) adhesion of film to substrate is affected by the film's mechanical properties as well as the substrate/ film interface strength; and (3) wear of thin film head and recording media thin film over layers depend upon their mechanical properties. The chapter briefly reviews the fracture mechanics of the delamination process, the resistance of the interface to delamination, and the effect of interface structure on interface fracture.
Enhancement of WSe2 FET Performance Using Low-Temperature Annealing

In this study, we investigate a non-thermal annealing process for two-dimensional materials. Instead of high temperature, we exploit the electron wind force at near-room temperature conditions. It is an atomic-scale mechanical force that acts only in the defective regions, which is proposed to provide very high defect mobility. The process is demonstrated on back-gated WSe2 transistors. Electron wind force annealing was performed by passing current through the device channel while actively removing the Joule heating. We observe approximately one order of magnitude increase in the drain current, validating our hypothesis on the mobility imparted by the electron wind force to migrate and eliminate defects. To explain the atomistic mechanisms behind the room-temperature annealing, we perform molecular dynamics simulation. Computational evidence of defects annihilation and local metallic phase transformation supports the experimental results, which can enhance the device performance. Further developments of the proposed technique will potentially lead to time- and cost-effective post-processing of two-dimensional materials-based devices.
A mathematical model to estimate the state-specific impact of the Health Resources and Services Administration's Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program.

Background Access to and engagement in high-quality HIV medical care and treatment is essential for ending the HIV epidemic. The Health Resources and Services Administration’s (HRSA) Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) plays a critical role in ensuring that people living with diagnosed HIV (PLWH) are linked to and consistently engaged in high quality care and receive HIV medication in a timely manner. State variation in HIV prevalence, the proportion of PLWH served by the RWHAP, and local health care environments could influence the state-specific impact of the RWHAP. This analysis sought to measure the state-specific impact of the RWHAP on the HIV service delivery system and health outcomes for PLWH, and presents template language to communicate this impact for state planning and stakeholder engagement. Methods and findings The HRSA’s HIV/AIDS Bureau (HAB) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention‘s Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (CDC DHAP) have developed a mathematical model to estimate the state-specific impact of the RWHAP. This model was parameterized using RWHAP data, HIV surveillance data, an existing CDC model of HIV transmission and disease progression, and parameters from the literature. In this study, the model was used to analyze the hypothetical scenario of an absence of the RWHAP and to calculate the projected impact of this scenario on RWHAP clients, RWHAP-funded providers, mortality, new HIV cases, and costs compared with the current state inclusive of the RWHAP. To demonstrate the results of the model, we selected two states, representing high HIV prevalence and low HIV prevalence areas. These states serve to demonstrate the functionality of the model and how state-specific results can be translated into a state-specific impact statement using template language. Conclusions In the example states presented, the RWHAP provides HIV care, treatment, and support services to a large proportion of PLWH in each state. The absence of the RWHAP in these states could result in substantially more deaths and HIV cases than currently observed, resulting in considerable lifetime HIV care and treatment costs associated with additional HIV cases. State-specific impact statements may be valuable in the development of state-level HIV prevention and care plans or for communications with planning bodies, state health department leadership, and other stakeholders. State-specific impact statements will be available to RWHAP Part B recipients upon request from HRSA’s HIV/AIDS Bureau.
Interpretability of the audiogram by audiologists and physician non-specialists

The audiogram is frequently used by hearing specialists communicate test results to non-specialists, such as physicians. However, it relies on uncommon terminology and interpreting unusual graphica...
Optimization of capsule dopant levels to improve fuel areal density

Abstract Fuel areal density (ρR) of all recent indirectly driven, cryogenically-layered DT implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) show a deficit when compared to simulations. Across all designs, experimental ρR is lower than in 1D simulations without alpha energy or momentum deposition. A series of layered implosions were fielded at NIF to assess the impact of fuel-ablator instability, as caused by M-band preheat, on lower-than-expected fuel areal density. The stability of the fuel-ablator interface is modified by varying the Atwood number through a series of experiments where capsules were fielded with different ablator dopant levels. A key finding of this campaign is that optimization of 1D physics (shock timing) dominates stabilization of the fuel-ablator interface.
Water emissions put a damper on the coal-to-gas transition.

Unanticipated environmental and ecological consequences of human decision-making extend back at least as far as the early history of agriculture (1). Activities undertaken with the best of intentions, from biomanipulations (2) to alternative energy technologies (3), have had unexpected side effects leading to problematic, and sometimes long-term, socioecological change. As global momentum toward the adoption of cleaner and more sustainable energy systems grows, there is a need to critically and carefully evaluate the potential indirect consequences of this transition. Work by Xing et al. (4) published in PNAS highlights an under-studied side effect of the ongoing replacement of coal by natural gas: Increased water vapor emissions from combustion of natural gas may drive local increases in air pollution (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Pollution-induced haze and emission of combustion-derived water vapor over Yantai, China. Image credit: Piqsels. Although water vapor itself has no direct health consequences, moisture is a key contributor to many chemical reactions in the atmosphere that can produce particles that harm human health and well-being. The World Health Organization estimates that ∼7 million annual deaths globally are attributable to air pollution (5), but the effects of air pollution extend beyond mortality. Recent research has highlighted links between fine particulate concentrations and metrics as varied as GDP (6) and school attendance by children (7). Although some of these particles are emitted directly to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources, the majority are usually secondary aerosols produced by chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Here, the concentration of water vapor can be critically important. Many reactions that produce secondary particles are mediated by the presence of heterogeneous aerosols, which contain mixtures of water and other constituents, and the abundance, size, and composition of these aerosols depends strongly on atmospheric humidity (8, 9). In addition, elevated humidity and resulting increases in … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: gabe.bowen{at}utah.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Parallel Minimum Cuts in $O(m \log^2(n))$ Work and Low Depth

We present an $O(m \log^2(n))$ work, $O(\text{polylog}(n))$ depth parallel algorithm for minimum cut. This algorithm matches the work of a recent sequential algorithm by Gawrychowski, Mozes, and Weimann [ICALP'20, (2020), 57:1-57:15], and improves on the previously best known parallel algorithm by Geissmann and Gianinazzi [SPAA'18, (2018), pp. 1-11] which performs $O(m \log^4(n))$ work in $O(\text{polylog}(n))$ depth. Our algorithm makes use of three components that might be of independent interest. Firstly, we design a parallel data structure for dynamic trees that solves mixed batches of queries and weight updates in low depth. It generalizes and improves the work bounds of a previous data structure of Geissmann and Gianinazzi and is work efficient with respect to the best sequential algorithm. Secondly, we design a parallel algorithm for approximate minimum cut that improves on previous results by Karger and Motwani. We use this algorithm to give a work-efficient procedure to produce a tree packing, as in Karger's sequential algorithm for minimum cuts. Lastly, we design a work-efficient parallel algorithm for solving the minimum $2$-respecting cut problem.
Deterministic quantum logic gates based on optical nonlinearities in controllable cavities

A central goal in photonic quantum information processing is the ability to perform high-fidelity logic gates between multiple optical qubits. Here, we present our recent theoretical work on using optical nonlinearities to implement controlled-phase gates between two optical qubits. Our approach is based on using dynamically coupled cavities to convert photons travelling in a waveguide into highly confined cavity modes. This conversion enables very strong interactions between photons in quasi-monochromatic modes, which enables high fidelity gates. We will discuss gate protocols based on second- and third order nonlinear materials as well as interactions with two-level emitters.
Evidence for multiple sources of inductive potential: Occupations and their relations to social institutions.

Abstract Several current theories have essences as primary drivers of inductive potential: e.g., people infer dogs share properties because they share essences. We investigated the possibility that people take occupational roles as having robust inductive potential because of a different source: their position in stable social institutions. In Studies 1–4, participants learned a novel property about a target, and then decided whether two new individuals had the property (one with the same occupation, one without). Participants used occupational roles to robustly generalize rights and obligations, functional behaviors, personality traits, and skills. In Studies 5–6, we contrasted occupational roles (via label) with race/gender (via visual face cues). Participants reliably favored occupational roles over race/gender for generalizing rights and obligations, functional behaviors, personality traits, and skills (they favored race/gender for inferring leisure behaviors and physiological properties). Occupational roles supported inferences to the same extent as animal categories (Studies 4 and 6). In Study 7, we examined why members of occupational roles share properties. Participants did not attribute the inductive potential of occupational roles to essences, they attributed it to social institutions. In combination, these seven studies demonstrate that any theory of inductive potential must pluralistically allow for both essences and social institutions to form the basis of inductive potential.
The First Law of Thermodynamics

Now we come to one of the most important aspects of thermodynamics—in fact, possibly the most important single law of the physical world. Because of its significance, this may be the chapter that requires the greatest amount of your effort. The first law brings together heat, work, and system properties for both closed systems and open systems.
Analyzing the Influences of Course Design and Gender on Online Participation.

Interaction is a critical component of successful online learning and by extension an important component in overall online program quality. The researcher studied the impact of course design on participation in an online university course. The participants were university students’ (n= 62, male= 33, female= 29). Their responses from online discussions were analyzed using repeated measures factorial ANOVA finding a statistically significant decrease in student participation in weeks when major assignments were due. The impact of assignments was similar for female and male participants. Measures of effect size indicated that course design accounted for more variation in online participation than gender. The key finding of the study was that course design can have a significant impact on level of participation and therefore student success in the online course. Ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of the reduction in student participation are presented.
Power Ultrasound to Process Dairy Products

Conventional methods of pasteurizing milk involve the use of heat regardless of treatment (batch, high temperature short time – HTST or ultra high temperature – UHT sterilization), and the quality of the milk is affected because of the use of high temperatures. Consequences of thermal treatment are a decrease in nutritional properties through the destruction of vitamins or denaturation of proteins, and sometimes the flavor of milk is undesirably changed. These changes are produced at the same time that the goal of the pasteurization process is achieved, which is to have a microbiological safe product, free of pathogenic bacteria, and to reduce the load of deteriorative microorganisms and enzymes, resulting in a product with a longer storage life.
Case Acquisition in a Project Planning Environment

In this paper, we propose an approach to acquire cases in the context of project planning, without any extra effort from the end user. Under our definition, a case has a one to one correspondence with the standard elements of a project plan. We exploit this correspondence to capture cases automatically from project planning episodes. We provide an algorithm for extracting cases from project plans. We implemented this algorithm on top of a commercial project-planning tool and perform experiments evaluating our approach.
Ontology matching for spatial data retrieval from internet portals

This paper analyses reported difficulties in spatial data retrieval from Internet portals, based on results from an empirical survey. The analysis reveals the problems which cause user dissatisfaction and failure in the search process for spatial data sets. These problems are addressed in a new data search architecture. Within the architecture, the paper focuses on query expansion, which helps to overcome mismatches between the user's taxonomy of geographic features and the taxonomies in the knowledge base of the metadata search engine. The proposed data search architecture is formalized in an algebraic specification language, followed by the simulation of a search scenario for spatial data. The simulation demonstrates the advantage of query expansion techniques over simple keyword matching.
Vibrational spectra of centrosymmetric molecules: Part III. meso-3,4-dibromohexane and meso-2,3,4,5-tetrabromohexane

Abstract Liquid and solid-state infrared and liquid-state Raman spectra were obtained for meso-3.4-dibromohexane and meso-2,3,4,5-tetrahromohexane. The spectra show the dibromohexane to exist as two or more conformations in the neat liquid, including one that is centrosymmetric and one that is not centrosymmetric. The solid exists only as one of the two possible centrosymmetric conformations. This conformation probably has all six carbons coplanar. The tetrabromohexane is a solid at room temperature and there is only one conformer present. The lack of coincidence of Raman and infrared bands show that conformer to have a center of symmetry. No additional conformers were found in dilute carbon disulfide solution.
Recognizing the role of soil organic phosphorus in soil fertility and water quality

Abstract Despite the large scale implementation of conservation schemes aimed at reducing phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural lands, significant improvements in water quality at the watershed scale remain elusive. Changes in land management influence the speciation and cycling of P within soils and recent promotion of conservation practices to improve soil health revolve around increasing soil carbon stores, thereby increasing the pool of soil organic P. Adopting conservation tillage, use of cover crops, strategic crop rotations, and use of manures can increase organic P by 3–180% and microbial biomass pool of P by 30–240%. The role of organic P in soil fertility has been largely ignored in current soil testing methods, which in many cases may explain the lack of crop response to recommended fertilizer inputs in a growing number of trials. Conversely, soil organic P is gaining recognition as a potential source of P to runoff. This review explores the impact of adopting widely promoted “soil health” conservation practices on the speciation and cycling of soil P, with particular focus on the organic pool and the biotic processes regulating its accumulation and mobilization. Large stores of organic P exist in arable and grassland soils and strategies that increase the plant availability of these P stores could reduce the reliance on external P inputs, creating more sustainable P use. However, more detailed, mechanistic knowledge of soil organic P cycling, especially through the microbial biomass, is required. Furthermore, caution is needed to ensure that increasing the availability of organic P does not increase P loss in runoff effectively turning P sinks into P sources.