cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Study of the Structure, Stability and Oxygen Reduction Activity of Ultrathin Platinum Nanowires

Since the discovery of gold nanowires in 2000 and the later synthesis of similar ultrathin silver and platinum nanotubes, one-dimensional metal nanostructures have attracted a lot of scientific interest due to their peculiar, non-bulk structure and possible applications as nanoelectronic devices. However, platinum is widely used as a catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange fuel cells where the chemical reactivity and the durability of the nanomaterial used as a catalyst greatly depends on its size and the structure. In this work we use a plane wave pseudopotential implementation of density functional theory to investigate the structure and stability of number of single and double-wall platinum (n,m) nanotubes ranging in diameter from 0.3-2.0 nm in the gas phase and water environment. Furthermore, we are the first to address the possible application of platinum nanotubes as catalyst for oxygen reduction. The change in the catalytic activity with the size and the chirality of the nanotube is studied by calculating equilibrium adsorption potentials for ORR intermediates and by constructing free energy diagrams in the ORR dissociative mechanism network. In addition, the stability of the platinum nanotubes is investigated in the terms of electrochemical dissolution potentials and by determining the most stable state of the material as a function of pH and potential as represented in Pourbaix diagrams. Our results show that the catalytic activity and the stability towards electrochemical dissolution of platinum nanotubes depend greatly on size and their chirality. Based on the estimated overpotentials for ORR we could conclude that all smaller, ~0.5 nm in diameter single-wall platinum nanotubes consistently show a huge overpotential for oxygen reduction indicating a very poor catalytic activity toward ORR. This is the result of substantial structural changes induced by the adsorption of any intermediate in ORR on these nanotubes. Singlewall n=m platinum nanotubes with diameter larger than 1nm have smaller oxygen reduction overpotentials than bulk platinum for up to 180meV and have shown to endure highest cell potentials. However these are still for ~130 meV lower than the dissolution potentials for bulk indicating a possible corrosion problem.
Modeling stability of trapped ferromagnetic nanoparticle chains

The stability of ferromagnetic nanoparticle chains trapped in nanopores and subjected to external magnetic field is analyzed analytically and numerically in order to study the possibility of directing the assembly of strongly interacting nanoparticles in a two-dimensional array of nanopores. The hysteretic behavior of single-domain particles is described by the Stoner-Wolfharth model and accounted for with a time-stepping technique. The magnitude of the critical magnetic field needed to eject all but one particle from the pore is calculated as a function of field direction, number of particles in the chain, and other parameters showing the practical possibility of assembling a single ferromagnetic particle per surface site.
D2 receptors may modulate the function of the striatal transporter for dopamine : kinetic evidence from studies in vitro and in vivo

Recently it was hypothesized by others that the D2 dopamine receptor can regulate the uptake of dopamine. However, the evidence in support of this hypothesis, although compelling, was not based on observations related to direct measures of the kinetic activity of the transporter itself. Here kinetic evidence in support of this hypothesis is shown. The apparent time-resolved initial velocity of the transport of 1.0 microM dopamine into striatal suspensions, measured using rotating disk electrode voltammetry, was found to increase in the presence of the D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole, at 100 nM. This effect was reversed by sulpiride. In separate studies it was shown that acute and chronic treatments with haloperidol at 0.5 mg/kg, i.p., reduced the reuptake transport of dopamine in vivo following intrastriatal stimulation of its release by K+. Thus, it appears that D2 receptors may influence the functioning of the striatal transporter for dopamine. These results are consistent with a model in which presynaptically released dopamine may feed back onto the function of its transporter to increase the velocity of the clearance of synaptic dopamine following an action potential, suggesting the existence of a mechanism, in addition to release and synthesis modulation, for fine-tuning dopaminergic chemical signaling.
Leadership and Change in an Evolutionary Movement: An Analysis of Change in the Leadership Structure of the Southern Civil Rights Movement

Attitudes concerning the acceptance of black students on a Deep-South campus were measured by three surveys conducted during the first six years of desegregation. A strong and consistent trend toward increasing acceptance was analyzed using analysis of variance techniques, revealing that in- creasing liberality of incoming freshmen played a major role, but that even greater changes were associated with the student's academic year. Further analysis indicated that the latter changes were not, as traditionally held, of academic origin but, like the changes in enrolling freshmen, indicators of the pervasive influence of mass cultures and media. Academic tradition was also questioned by the finding that the observed relative liberalism of the Arts and Sciences students could be ac- counted for by differential recruitment, rather than the supposedly highly liberalizing effects of the curriculum. By implication, present attempts to limit cultural evolution through control of the mech- anisms of formal education are ineffective anachronisms. Desegregation of the public schools continues to be a major issue in American politics, even though over sixteen years have passed since the 1954 Supreme Court decision (Brown vs. Topeka, Kansas). Public attention has gen- erally been held by a succession of dramas played out in the lower-school setting, but on a few occasions the symbolic confrontation has taken place on college campuses. Since 1956, when the first attempt to desegregate its main campus was accompanied by riots (Simpson and Yinger, 1965:503), the University of This content downloaded from 157.55.39.170 on Tue, 20 Sep 2016 05:21:08 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
The spindle assembly checkpoint is satisfied in the absence of interkinetochore tension during mitosis with unreplicated genomes

The accuracy of chromosome segregation is enhanced by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). The SAC is thought to monitor two distinct events: attachment of kinetochores to microtubules and the stretch of the centromere between the sister kinetochores that arises only when the chromosome becomes properly bioriented. We examined human cells undergoing mitosis with unreplicated genomes (MUG). Kinetochores in these cells are not paired, which implies that the centromere cannot be stretched; however, cells progress through mitosis. A SAC is present during MUG as cells arrest in response to nocodazole, taxol, or monastrol treatments. Mad2 is recruited to unattached MUG kinetochores and released upon their attachment. In contrast, BubR1 remains on attached kinetochores and exhibits a level of phosphorylation consistent with the inability of MUG spindles to establish normal levels of centromere tension. Thus, kinetochore attachment to microtubules is sufficient to satisfy the SAC even in the absence of interkinetochore tension.
Chemical Mechanisms of Aging of Aerosol Formed from the Reaction ofn-Pentadecane with OH Radicals in the Presence of NOx

The effects of aging via gas-phase oxidation and heterogeneous/multiphase reactions on the composition and volatility of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) were investigated in a series of environmental chamber experiments. SOA was formed from the reaction of n-pentadecane, a C15 intermediate volatility alkane, with OH radicals in the presence of NOx under conditions corresponding to ∼1.5 and ∼15 h of daytime oxidation, and analyzed using a suite of real-time and offline methods. Functional group analysis indicated that the average number of nitrate, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, ester, acylperoxynitrate, and methylene groups per C15 molecule were 0.84, 1.07, 0.25, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, and 12.84 in less aged SOA and 1.25, 0.69, 0.32, 0.00, 0.33, 0.10, and 12.27 in more aged SOA, and the corresponding O/C, H/C, and N/C ratios determined by offline elemental analysis were 0.32, 2.20, and 0.062, and 0.31, 1.86, and 0.061, respectively, similar to each other and in good agreement with values calculated from functio...
Ovulation of the Excised Ovum of the Hen

Abstract PHILLIPS and Warren (1937), in studying ovulation in the hen, described ovulation of 6 excised ovarian follicles clamped at the stalk to maintain turgidity. Four of these were returned to the body cavity where they ovulated, and 2, kept moist with Ringer’s solution, ovulated outside the body. Phillips and Warren also observed the ovulation of 40 unsevered follicles in celiotomized hens. All ovulations recorded by these authors occurred in follicles expected to rupture within about an hour following initial observations. Follicles removed from the ovary about an hour before the time of expected rupture, and maintained thereafter in saturated atmospheres or in approximately isotonic solutions at 100°F., have been found capable of ovulation independently of any means of increasing turgidity (unpublished results from this laboratory). These exploratory tests yielded, however, only 14 completed ovulations from 47 follicles. The present study describes a simple and dependable technic by which ovulation of . . .
Abandoning the Rhetoric of Independence: Reflections on the Nonprofit Sector in the Post-Liberal Era

This paper argues that nonprofits scholarship before 1980 was premised on unex amined assumptions about the independence of the sector from government, business, and private wealth. These assumptions shaped the direction of empirical and theoretical research into nonprofits. They also underlay public policy towards nonprofits, particularly the 1969 Tax Reform Act. Only when the Reagan admin istration proposed massive cuts in federal spending did scholars begin to appreciate the dependence of the sector on government revenue. At the same time, they became aware of the importance of other kinds of dependency. The 1969 Tax Act had, in encouraging the professionalization of nonprofits management, created conflicts between professional managers and traditional financial, governance, and consumer constituencies, which in turn raised serious questions regarding organizational dependency. From within history and the social sciences came other theoretical and empirical insights that belied the sector's assertions ...
Spatially-localized NMR spectroscopy employing an inhomogeneous surface-spoiling magnetic field gradient. 1. Phase coherence spoiling theory and gradient coil design.

The use of a current-generated, inhomogeneous, surface-spoiling magnetic field gradient for enhancing magnetic resonance spatial localization, by rapidly inducing spin phase incoherence in surface lying regions of a sample is examined theoretically. A geometrically simple surface-spoiling magnetic field gradient coil design is presented and its gradient field characterized via computer simulations. Mathematical expressions describing the time dependence of net sample spin phase coherence under influence of the spoiling gradient are developed for application with homogeneous (B1) volume coils. The dependence of spoiling efficiency on the magnetogyric ratio of the nuclide under investigation and on the current driving the gradient field is described. Spoiling periods of ca 1–2 ms with driving currents of ca 0.5–1.0 A are predicted to be adequate for surface-spoiling experiments with rat, e.g., for noninvasive monitoring of liver. A companion article W. Chen and J. J. H. Ackerman, NMR Biomed., 3, 158–165 (1990)) describes implementation of the surface-spoiling technique with multicompartment models (phantoms) and with rat in vivo.
Performance analysis of dynamic soft real-time systems

Soft real-time processing is real-time processing in which some or all applications are allowed to miss deadlines, particularly in situations of system overload. Resource allocation decisions in such systems are often based in part on specifications of application utility or benefit and directly affect which applications will miss deadlines and by how much. A feedback mechanism is often provided to inform the applications of their current resource allocations, allowing them to modify their processing to provide the best possible performance. These characteristics result in a situation in which traditional measures of performance, both general-purpose and real-time, can provide incomplete or inaccurate measures of system and application performance. We examine these issues and shortcomings, identify performance factors that need to be measured to address them, and propose specific metrics to quantify these performance factors. We conclude with results from the application of these metrics to our QoS level soft real-time system.
Acid Catalysts Based on Cu/Ru Alumina: Conversion of Butyraldehyde to Dibutyl Ether

A system made by combining two nonalloying metals, ruthenuim and copper, using alumina as the oxide support was studied. This bimetallic supported catalyst has been used mainly in hydrogenolysis, dehydrogenation, and oxidation reactions of hydrocarbons. The preparation of such materials has been proposed to effect the selectivity and activity of a highly active metal by inclusion of a second less active metal. The samples were characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry (EPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area, and surface acidities. The techniques EPR and XRD are ideal for studying the electronic and structural changes of the samples at different temperatures and concentrations. The primary reaction involved in this study was the hydrogenation of an aldehyde to the corresponding alcohol. A secondary reaction occurred as well. The acid catalyzed, substitution or bimolecular dehydration of the alcohol to the dibutyl ether was observed under certain catalytic conditions. These catalysts appeared to act as acid/base. Therefore this reaction to produce the ether is of special importance. A correlation between the electronic, structural and catalytic properties has been made to understand molecular processes' role in catalytic phenomena.
On models of clipping distortion for lightwave CATV systems

We prove that the effective transfer function model by Frigo and the traditional series model used to analyze clipping distortion in lightwave CATV systems are identical.
Interactions among Cellular Compartments in Euglena during Chloroplast Development

Euglena gracilis KLEBS var. bacillaris PRINGSHEIM offers many inducements to students of organelle development and inheritance. SEYMOUR HUTNER, LUIGI PROVASOLI and their numerous co-workers at Haskins Laboratories persuaded the organism to grow luxuriently in axenic culture on a variety of completely defined media over the extraordinarily wide pH range of three to eight. They also showed that this strain of Euglena could be made to lose visible plastids and pigmentation reversibly by growth in the dark and irreversibly through growth on streptomycin (PROVASOLI et al. 1948). CRAMER & MYERS (1952) studied its photosynthetic properties while PRINGSHEIM & PRINGSHEIM (1952) who had originally isolated this strain, also showed that growth above 32 °C would bring about irreversible loss of plastids. Out of these observations has grown a body of knowledge and techniques for exploiting these useful attributes.
Abstract T P324: Sex Differences in Ischemic Outcomes and Inflammatory Responses in Neonatal Stroke

Background and Purpose: Neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS) is an important cause of motor and cognitive impairment in children. Clinically, male infants are more vulnerable to ischemic insult and suffer more long-term deficits than female infants though the mechanisms remain elusive. Inflammatory processes are fundamental in the pathophysiology of ischemia as microglial activation initiates the inflammatory response after ischemia. Recent studies report a sexual dimorphism in microglia numbers and expression of activation markers in neonatal brains under normal conditions. How these basal sex differences in microglia affect NAIS remains largely unexplored. This study investigated sex differences in stroke phenotypes and inflammation triggered by NAIS. We hypothesize that ischemia induces sex-specific tissue injury in male and female neonates, which is related to differences in microglial activation and inflammatory responses. Methods: Male and female C57BL6 mice were subjected to 60-minute Rice-Vanu...
Using Sweet Potatoes as a Basic Component to Develop a Medium for the Cultivation of Lactobacilli

Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) were investigated as a basic component to develop a medium for the cultivation of lactobacilli. Extract from baked sweet potatoes was used to form a sweet potato medium (SPM) which was supplemented with 0, 4, or 8 g/L of each nitrogen source (beef extract, yeast extract, and proteose peptone #3) to develop SPM1, SPM2, and SPM3, respectively. The growth of Lactobacillus in SPM was compared to lactobacilli MRS. Low inoculums’ levels (2–2.5 log CFU/mL) were used to investigate the suitability of SPM to support the growth of Lactobacillus. Lactobacillus strains were individually inoculated into batches of MRS, SPM1, SPM2, and SPM3 then incubated at 37 °C. The growth of Lactobacillus was monitored using turbidity (OD at 610 nm), bacterial population (log CFU/mL), and pH values. Our results showed no significant differences (p < 0.05) in the maximum specific growth rates (μ max) of Lactobacillus strains growing in MRS, SPM2, and SPM3. After 24 h on incubation, Lactobacillus strains grown in SPM2, SPM3, and MRS reached averages of 10.59 ± 0.27, 10.72 ± 0.19, and 10.41 ± 0.35 log CFU/mL, respectively. Slower growth rates were observed in SPM1 with 1.57 ± 0.55 log CFU/mL less of bacterial populations than MRS. SPM2 and SPM3 maintained higher pH values throughout the incubation period compared to MRS. Therefore, these findings indicated that SPM2, containing 12 g/L of nitrogen sources, is suitable for the growth of Lactobacillus, and SPM2 could be used as an alternative low-cost medium.
Factors Associated With Point-of-Care Treatment Decisions for Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

Importance Studies evaluating factors associated with disease severity in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) are limited, and the existing data are controversial. It is also unclear whether severity assessed by HS scoring methods correlate with partnered decision-making on treatment strategies, and thus the clinical relevance of these severity assessments is unknown. Objective To assess factors associated with disease severity as measured by point-of-care decisions on receipt or escalation of treatment for HS. Design, Setting, and Participants The retrospective cohort comprised 437 patients with HS ages 18 to 64 years at enrollment with at least 5 monitoring periods of 3 months’ duration. The study was performed at an academic medical center. Main Outcomes and Measures Receipt of treatment and treatment escalation. Results The average monitoring time of patients with HS was 4.2 person-years. The frequency of patients with HS with no treatment decreased over the monitoring period, while the frequency for receipt of treatment increased. Care by a dermatologist (odds ratio [OR], 6.7; 95% CI, 5.2-8.6) provided the strongest predictor of having received treatment for HS, and it was also associated with increased odds of escalating treatment (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.4-3.7). Tobacco smoking was associated with treatment escalation (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7) over time, whereas obesity was not associated with treatment or escalation. The likelihood of receiving (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.8) or escalating treatment (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0-1.4) was increased between ages 18 and 39 years. Male sex was not associated with treatment escalation. Conclusions and Relevance Clinician type, tobacco smoking, and age may be important clinical factors that patients and clinicians may consider in developing partnered short- and long-term treatment strategies. Obesity and sex do not seem to influence treatment decisions for HS.
A Model for the Evaluation of Estrogens: Withdrawal Bleeding in Ovariectomized Rhesus Monkeys

A system for evaluating estrogens in subhuman primates is presented. Estrone ethinyl estradiol mestranol Premarin diethylstilbestrol and pregpyrol (17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yno(32-c)pyrazol-17-ol) were administered by gavage daily for 10 days at 4 different dose levels to ovariectomized rhesus monkeys. 10 mcg estradiol-17beta was injected for 10 days between experiments. Pregpyrol and estrone are considerably more potent in this species than in humans while the other estrogens showed relatively similar potencies which suggests that the conversion of estrone to estradiol may occur more readily in the rhesus monkey than in humans. The delay in the onset of withdrawal bleeding for each estrogen was comparable with that following estradiol-17beta. Evaluation of the perianal sex skin indicated that mestranol and pregpyrol produced an increase in color at a dose that did not cause bleeding. The observed uniformity of withdrawal bleeding permits a ready evaluation of the potency of an estrogen in the subhuman primate.
Answering complex queries in an online community network

An online community network such as Twitter or amazon.com links entities (e.g., users, products) with various relationships (e.g., friendship, co-purchase) and make such information available for access through a web interface. The web interfaces of these networks often support features such as keyword search and "get-neighbors" — so a visitor can quickly find entities (e.g., users/products) of interest. Nonetheless, the interface is usually too restrictive to answer complex queries such as (1) find 100 Twitter users from California with at least 100 followers who talked about ICWSM last year or (2) find 100 books with at least 200 5-star reviews at amazon.com. In this paper, we introduce the novel problem of answering complex queries that involve non-searchable attributes through the web interface of an online community network. We model such a network as a heterogeneous graph with two access channels, Content Search and Local Search. We propose a unified approach that transforms the complex query into a small number of supported ones based on a strategic query-selection process. We conduct comprehensive experiments on Twitter and amazon.com which demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed algorithms.
Naticid gastropod predation on corbulid bivalves : effects of physical factors, morphological features, and statistical artifacts

Naticid gastropod predation is generally stereotyped or fixed regardless of conditions. Naticid predation on corbulid bioalves is said to be anomalous: characterized by unstereotyped behavior, low success, and predation frequencies lower than those predicted by cost-benefit analysis. Anomalous predation is an important phenomenon because it may provide insight into the evolution of naticid behavior or prey functional morphology, and because stereotypy is important methodologically. Previous authors have hypothesized that predation on corbulids is anomalous because naticid predation is inhibited by the presence of conchiolin layers within corbulid valves
Program Director's Response.

“The landscape of rehabilitation is changing,” as observed in the accompanying article by Norland et al.1(p556) These astute colleagues have identified a gap between DPT students' and faculty members' awareness of regenerative rehabilitation and thus advocate for incorporation of the principles of regenerative rehabilitation into our professional curricula. The chasm creates an opportunity for improvement, and the authors have advocated that we thoroughly examine our existing curricula and institute change to better prepare budding physical therapists for future practice. This is not the first time we have heard such a call. The Physical Therapy and Society Summit (PASS) held in 2009 reminded us of the need to keep up with recent developments in science and technology. We, in academic programs, were advised to ensure that our curricula addressed advances in genomics, molecular science, and technologies.2 Holding true to the theme, in the Eugene Michels Researchers' Forum at the 2012 Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), we were informed of opportunities for physical therapists to contribute to the burgeoning field of stem cell biology through regenerative rehabilitation.3 And recent clinical cases, such as that described by Gentile and colleagues,4 demonstrate that rehabilitation is key to success in tissue implantation and engineering in humans. As recognized by Norland and colleagues, the gap between basic science research and clinical practice is closing swiftly, and we must work hard to keep our curricula current. The Guide to Physical Therapist Practice 3.0 informs us that the physical therapist “selects, prescribes, and implements …
A cost and outcome analysis of pediatric single-incision appendectomy.

Abstract Background For appendicitis, single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy (SIA) has been proposed as an alternative to 3-port appendectomy (3PA). However, there remains controversy regarding outcomes and cost of SIA. We sought to review our experience with these two techniques to identify differences in these factors. Materials and methods The charts of children (0-17 y) who underwent appendectomy at a tertiary pediatric hospital from 2011-2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Appendectomy was either performed through traditional 3PA or SIA (laparoscopically assisted via externalization through an umbilical incision). Demographic data including age, body mass index, comorbidities, and gender were examined. Information on perforation, operative time and cost, length of stay, and infectious complications for both SIA and 3PA was identified. Data were analyzed using student t tests and chi square analysis. Results A total of 337 patients underwent appendectomy (141 SIA and 197 3PA), 35.6% of whom (40 SIA, 80 3PA) had perforated appendicitis. For nonperforated appendicitis, SIA had significantly shorter operative times, decreased operative costs, and length of stay. However, these differences were not found for perforated appendicitis. Regardless of appendicitis severity, there was no difference in rates of wound infection, abscess, or readmission between the two techniques. Conclusions Our study suggests that SIA is a faster, more cost effective alternative than 3PA for acute appendicitis. SIA did not result in increased infection rates for acute or perforated appendicitis and can be considered an equivalent alternative to 3PA in the surgical management of appendicitis.
150 PREVENTION OF PERINATAL HIV TRANSMISSION: A TWO-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE STUDY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA CHILDREN'S AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL 2002-2003

Objectives To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of mothers with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who delivered at the University of South Alabama Children9s and Women9s Hospital (USACWH) from January 2002 through December 2003. Methods Medical charts of all pregnant HIV-infected patients followed at the University of South Alabama Family Specialty Clinic (USAFSC) were reviewed; all patients delivered their infants at the USACWH during the study period. Patients9 charts (mother and infant) were then reviewed for clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological data along with documentation of medication regimens and infant outcomes. Results There were 16 mothers who delivered 15 infants in 2002, while there were 14 mothers who delivered 13 infants in 2003. The mothers9 ages ranged from 15 to 39 years of age (median 22 years); 23 of 30 mothers (77%) were African American. Nineteen (63%) women had HIV RNA levels 500 cell/μL. Twenty-six (87%) women received highly active antiretroviral therapy consisting of zidovudine, lamivudine, and/or nevirapine or nelfinavir. Sixteen (53%) women underwent cesarean delivery. All of the 28 infants born to HIV-infected women had negative HIV DNA PCR results at 4 to 6 months of age. Conclusions There were 30 HIV-infected mothers who delivered 28 infants in 2002 through 2003. There were no infants born with perinatally acquired HIV infection in our study population.
Designing a Reliable and Dynamic Multimodal Transportation Network for Biofuel Supply Chains

This paper presents a cost-efficient and reliable supply chain network design model for biomass to be delivered to biofuel plants. Biomass is bulky, so transportation modes such as rail and barge can be used to deliver this product. For this reason, this study focuses on multimodal supply chain designs for biofuel. Biomass supply is highly seasonal, but the high production seasons for biomass in the Southeast United States often coincide with or are followed by hurricanes, and drought seasons, both of which impact transportation. The dynamic multimodel transportation network design model this paper presents enables this supply chain to cope with biomass supply fluctuations and to hedge against natural disasters. The mixed-integer nonlinear programming model proposed is an &#x1d4a9;&#x1d4ab;-hard problem, and we develop an accelerated Benders decomposition algorithm and a hybrid rolling horizon algorithm to solve this problem. We tested the performance of the algorithm on a case study using data from the Southeast United ...
Foreign Aid Dependency Dilemmas

Humanitarian relief and economic development, largely financed by external aid, are the two largest areas of peacebuilding. Poverty and underdevelopment are common sources of conflict, just as economic growth can also increase ethnic tensions. Even India, despite a booming economy, rather than a failed state or basket case economy, as IMF officials used to refer to very poor countries, presents many challenges for peace, particularly communal conflict involving its deep pockets of poverty.1 They are separate and even conflicting activities, though NGOs can monitor, train, and provide both types of services. NGOs can provide goods and services when states need them and accept either emergency help or longer-term development. UN-NGO collaboration is designed to manage coordination challenges, since each peacebuilding situation poses singular political challenges. Saving lives is the clearest mandate, leading to logistical imperatives, but which may contradict longer-term development. The dilemma for HINGOs is whether to seek funding for minimalist humanitarian relief or a broader range of maximalist roles that overlap with economic reconstruction and development.2
Determination of trichloracetic acid in urine by Ion chromatography

Objective:To develop a simple and quick method for determination of the trichloracetic acid in urine by ion chromatography with gradient elution.Methods:Chromatographic separation was performed on IonPAC AS19 analytical column using 10 mmol～35 mmol KOH as an eluent,the flow rater was 1.00 ml/min,with suppressed conductivity detector.The urine samples were through high speed centrifuged and filtered through a 0.25 μm millipore filter,after a dilution and injected directly.Results:This method exhibited excellent relativity(r=0.9998)and good analytic precision(RSD5.0%).The samples' average recovery rates were in the range of 97.0%～101.2%.The detection limit was 0.06 mg/L.Conclusion:This method was convenient,fast,sensitive and practical.It can be applied to the analysis of emergency and mass urine samples.
TopoGromacs: Automated Topology Conversion from CHARMM to GROMACS within VMD

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation engines use a variety of different approaches for modeling molecular systems with force fields that govern their dynamics and describe their topology. These different approaches introduce incompatibilities between engines, and previously published software bridges the gaps between many popular MD packages, such as between CHARMM and AMBER or GROMACS and LAMMPS. While there are many structure building tools available that generate topologies and structures in CHARMM format, only recently have mechanisms been developed to convert their results into GROMACS input. We present an approach to convert CHARMM-formatted topology and parameters into a format suitable for simulation with GROMACS by expanding the functionality of TopoTools, a plugin integrated within the widely used molecular visualization and analysis software VMD. The conversion process was diligently tested on a comprehensive set of biological molecules in vacuo. The resulting comparison between energy terms show...
Early Stage Hit Triage for Plant Chemical Genetic Screens and Target Site Identification

The increasing use of plant biological screens of large compound libraries to discover informative chemical probes for plant chemical genetics requires efficient methods for hit selection and advancement. Downstream target identification and validation studies with selected chemistries can also be resource-intensive and have a significant failure rate. Several steps and considerations for early stage hit triage are outlined to increase the probability of success that downstream studies with the chemical probe will be robust and productive, especially for target site discovery. Conversely, problematic compounds can be shelved or avoided entirely, saving time and resources. These steps include assessment of compound availability, purity, stability and solubility; determination of the biological dose-response; early and iterative evaluation of analogs; avoidance of promiscuous "frequent-hitters"; consideration of physicochemical parameters affecting compound bioavailability and mobility, use of "low-barrier" biological testing systems; and assessing the potential for compound metabolism or bioconversion.
The Mathematical Theory of Renal Function

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the mathematical theory of the renal function. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron and its associated vasculature. In man, each kidney has about one million such units. Each nephron consists of a renal tubule, which is blind at one end and open at the other, and a tuft of capillaries, the glomerulus. Elaboration of the urine begins in the renal corpuscle, which is formed by the glomerulus thrust into the expanded blind end of the tubule. Under the effective driving force of the difference in hydrostatic and osmotic pressures between capillary and tubular fluid, a protein and cell-free filtrate of plasma enters the blind end of the tubule. currently, no comprehensive mathematical theory of renal function exists, but certain easily understandable physical and mathematical principles form the basis of any such theory. The chapter discusses these principles and explains the formulation of mathematical equations that describe the transport of water and various solutes by the kidney.
Collecting System Laceration Following Percutaneous Renal Biopsy

Percutaneous renal biopsy is used frequently in the investigation of renal disease. While the usual complications include flank pain, hematuria and retroperitoneal hematoma, collecting system injuries rarely are reported. The diagnosis and treatment of such an injury are discussed.
Rotamak offers new twist in the search for fusion

Nuclear fusion – the energy source of the stars – could one day become an unlimited source of energy on Earth. But to achieve fusion, a hydrogen plasma must be heated to temperatures of 100 million degrees and confined at high enough densities for thermonuclear reactions to occur. This is usually achieved on Earth by confining the plasma in a toroidal (doughnut-shaped) machine known as a tokamak. Demonstration devices have already produced megawatts of fusion power.
Forecasting time-to-failure of machine using hybrid Neuro-genetic algorithm – a case study in mining machinery

Forecasting of time-to-failure is an important aspect of a mining machine for the performance assessment, fault detection and schedule maintenance. The knowledge of failure time allows more defined arrangement of preventive maintenance. Traditional methods, including lifetime distribution models, fault tree analysis and Markov models, have a limitation of assuming a specific statistical distribution function to fit the failure time data. In this study, a hybrid data-driven method using neural network and genetic algorithm is proposed to forecast failure time. The forecasting model was developed using neural network algorithm and all the neural network parameters, i.e. input nodes, hidden nodes and the learning algorithms, are selected automatically using the genetic algorithm. The developed model was validated using the failure data of a mining machine. A case study was conducted investigating a load-haul-dump machine (LHD) in the mining industry. Failure historical data for the LHD machine were c...
Effect of Aerobic Storage before Vacuum Packaging on the pH, Color and Bacterial Flora of Beef1

Beef was stored aerobically for 2 or 6 d at 1 ± 1°C before vacuum packaging. Total numbers of aerobic bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermosphacta and lactic acid bacteria were determined by selectively plating stored samples. Meat color was evaluated with a color difference meter and a color panel. Aerobic plate counts, numbers of pseudomonads and B. thermosphacta , and pH each were higher in samples held aerobically for 6 d compared with those held aerobically for 2 d. The major effect of delayed vacuum packaging was to slow the growth of lactic acid bacteria and minimize the number of pseudomonads. The variation among treatments was similar in Pseudomonas spp. population for 21 d and in pH for 7 d, and there was no significant effect of packaging treatment in color. Results indicate that the initial treatment variations were lost as storage time progressed.
Transcending boundaries: Riga’s Baltic German entrepreneurs in an era of nationalism, revolution, and war

ABSTRACTInvestigating the politics of merchants and entrepreneurs, this paper discusses how Riga’s economic elite reacted to the challenges of nationalism, revolution, and war and (re)defined themselves during and after World War One. Riga’s entrepreneurs had traditionally sought protection of their businesses by maintaining close relations with the Russian tsar. War and the Russian Revolution forced them to look for protection elsewhere. This paper argues that orientation toward the German Empire in 1917/18 was not so much the outcome of desired national belonging but of economic pragmatism. Spatial identity and the perception of belonging to the Baltics proved stronger than national affiliation to Germany.
Bias reduction of peer influence effects with latent coordinates and community membership

The importance of peer influence on consumer actions plays a vital role in marketing efforts. However, peer influence effects are often confounded with latent homophily, which are unobserved commonalities that drive friendship. Understanding causality has become one of the pressing issues of current research. We present an approach to explicitly account for various causal influences. We implement a simulation framework to show the effectiveness of two latent homophily proxies, latent coordinates and community membership, in improving peer influence effect estimates on game downloads in a Japanese social network website. We demonstrate that latent homophily proxies have no significant improvement in peer influence effect bias in the available website data.
Rewriting dominant narratives of the academy: women faculty of color and identity management

AbstractDrawing on Delgado and Yosso’s counterstory, Yosso’s community cultural wealth, and Alsup’s borderland discourses, the authors, who are women of color academics, use narratives from their lives to discuss the ways in which they draw on resources in managing and reconfiguring their multiple identities within the academy. These include identities of scholars, mentors, teachers, community members, mothers, and partners. They suggest that rather than merely being socialized into cultural reproduction, as much of the literature oriented toward women of color advises them to do in order to become successful, they seek to actually engage in transforming their roles and that of the academy by consciously and repeatedly making present and visible facets of identity that have previously been more-or-less absent in higher education. By presenting these counter-narratives the authors attempt to engage with ways of self-positioning that are, especially for women of color in academia, not frequently discussed o...
Intercomparison of chemical mechanisms for air quality policy formulation and assessment under North American conditions

ABSTRACTThe intercomparison of seven chemical mechanisms for their suitability for air quality policy formulation and assessment is described. Box modeling techniques were employed using 44 sets of background environmental conditions covering North America to constrain the chemical development of the longer lived species. The selected mechanisms were modified to enable an unbiased assessment of the adequacy of the parameterizations of photochemical ozone production from volatile organic compound (VOC) oxidation in the presence of NOx. Photochemical ozone production rates responded differently to 30% NOx and VOC reductions with the different mechanisms, despite the striking similarities between the base-case ozone production rates. The 30% reductions in NOx and VOCs also produced changes in OH. The responses in OH to 30% reductions in NOx and VOCs appeared to be more sensitive to mechanism choice, compared with the responses in the photochemical ozone production rates. Although 30% NOx reductions generally...
Perceptions of Caring for Adolescents With Eating Disorders Hospitalized on a General Pediatric Unit.

Abstract Purpose To describe the perceptions of inpatient pediatric hospitalist physicians (HPs), registered nurses (RNs), and care assistants (CAs) at a tertiary pediatric hospital regarding caring for children with eating disorders (EDs) who are hospitalized for medical stabilization. Design and Methods A qualitative descriptive study was conducted using semi-structured individual interviews with aforementioned health care workers (HCWs) to explore their perspectives on caring for children/adolescents with EDs in relation to recent initiatives to transform their care. These initiatives focused on admitting patients to a designated “ED Unit”, development of an ED consult team, providing ED education to staff, and development of ED standardized order sets (SOSs). Results Twenty HCWs representing the three disciplines completed individual interviews. Most participants reported that the system changes led to more consistent care of patients with ED. Content analysis of the interviews revealed the following themes: awkwardness and uncertainties of care, navigating family dynamics, establishing therapeutic boundaries, and finding rewards in ED care. Conclusions Education, structure, and support for staff improved care for adolescents with EDs as perceived by HCWs. HCWs found satisfaction in providing care during the medical stabilization process. Study findings were positive for staff and future studies should include perceptions of patients/families to further design a therapeutic environment. Practice Implications Providing a standardized order set, expert consult team, and ongoing staff training can strengthen the therapeutic hospital environment for adolescents with EDs. Pediatric hospitals can provide excellent care for children with EDs while supporting their staff to provide a therapeutic environment.
Quantifying the effects of higher order coupling terms on fits using a second order Jahn-Teller Hamiltonian

Abstract The limitations associated with the common practice of fitting a quadratic Hamiltonian to vibronic levels of a Jahn-Teller system have been explored quantitatively. Satisfactory results for the prototypical X ∼ 2 E ′ state of Li3 are obtained from fits to both experimental spectral data and to an “artificial” spectrum calculated by a quartic Hamiltonian which accurately reproduces the adiabatic potential obtained from state-of-the-art quantum chemistry calculations. However the values of the Jahn-Teller parameters, stabilization energy, and pseudo-rotation barrier obtained from the quadratic fit differ markedly from those associated with the ab initio potential. Nonetheless the RMS deviations of the fits are not strikingly different. Guidelines are suggested for comparing parameters obtained from fits to experiment to those obtained by direct calculation, but a principal conclusion of this work is that such comparisons must be done with a high degree of caution.
Zeros of newform Eisenstein series on Γ0(N)

Abstract We examine the zeros of newform Eisenstein series E χ 1 , χ 2 , k ( z ) of weight k on Γ 0 ( q 1 q 2 ) , where χ 1 and χ 2 are primitive characters modulo q 1 and q 2 , respectively. We determine the location of a significant fraction of the zeros of these Eisenstein series for k sufficiently large.
Social Worker–Aided Palliative Care Intervention in High-risk Patients With Heart Failure (SWAP-HF): A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Palliative care considerations are typically introduced late in the disease trajectory of patients with advanced heart failure (HF), and access to specialty-level palliative care may be limited. Objective To determine if early initiation of goals of care conversations by a palliative care–trained social worker would improve prognostic understanding, elicit advanced care preferences, and influence care plans for high-risk patients discharged after HF hospitalization. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective, randomized clinical trial of a social worker–led palliative care intervention vs usual care analyzed patients recently hospitalized for management of acute HF who had risk factors for poor prognosis. Analyses were conducted by intention to treat. Interventions Key components of the social worker–led intervention included a structured evaluation of prognostic understanding, end-of-life preferences, symptom burden, and quality of life with routine review by a palliative care physician; communication of this information to treating clinicians; and longitudinal follow-up in the ambulatory setting. Main Outcomes and Measures Percentage of patients with physician-level documentation of advanced care preferences and the degree of alignment between patient and cardiologist expectations of prognosis at 6 months. Results The study population (N = 50) had a mean (SD) age of 72 (11) years and had a mean (SD) left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.33 (13). Of 50 patients, 41 (82%) had been hospitalized more than once for HF management within 12 months of enrollment. At enrollment, treating physicians anticipated death within a year for 32 patients (64%), but 42 patients (84%) predicted their life expectancy to be longer than 5 years. At 6 months, more patients in the intervention group than in the control group had physician-level documentation of advanced care preferences in the electronic health record (17 [65%] vs 8 [33%]; χ 2 = 5.1; P = .02). Surviving patients allocated to intervention were also more likely to revise their baseline prognostic assessment in a direction consistent with the physician’s assessment (15 [94%] vs 4 [26%]; χ 2 = 14.7; P Conclusions and Relevance Patients at high risk for mortality from HF frequently overestimate their life expectancy. Without an adverse impact on quality of life, prognostic understanding and patient-physician communication regarding goals of care may be enhanced by a focused, social worker–led palliative care intervention that begins in the hospital and continues in the outpatient setting. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT02805712.