cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adjustment toward peace: An introduction

Abstract The recent experience of El Salvador offers valuable lessons for economic policy in post-conflictual transitions. In the wake of a negotiated settlement to a civil war, economic policy must support the adjustment toward peace. In the short run, policy must promote not only macroeconomic stabilization but also political stabilization. This requires the mobilization of resources and the maintenance of political will for implementation of immediate peace-related needs such as the reintegration of excombatants into civil society and the strengthening of democratic institutions. Long-run policy objectives must encompass not only the attainment of macroeconomic balances, but also equity, that is, balance in the distribution of income and wealth; balanced investment in human, natural, and physical capital; and democratization in the broad sense of a more balanced distribution of power. In the end, policies which fail to build on the crucial complementarities between peace and development are unlikely to achieve either goal.
CEO Pay and the Lake Wobegon Effect

The "Lake Wobegon Effect," which is widely cited as a potential cause for rising CEO pay, is said to occur because no firm wants to admit to having a CEO who is below average, and so no firm allows its CEO's pay package to lag market expectations. We develop a game-theoretic model of this Effect. In our model, a CEO's wage may serve as a signal of match surplus, and therefore affect the value of the firm. We compare equilibria of our model to a full-information case and derive conditions under which equilibrium wages are distorted upward.
Manager's intentions toward entering into strategic marketing alliances: an empirical investigation

The precursors, processes, and outcomes associated with strategic alliances are shaped in important ways by the background of the decision-makers involved in alliance formation. Building on the theory of planned behavior and employing a multi-industry sample, the research reported investigates the relationship between a manager's attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control and intention to enter into strategic alliances, and the moderating effect of the manager's prior strategic alliance experience. The hypotheses are tested in the context of strategic marketing alliances. We discuss managerial isomorphism as a competing explanation for the study findings.
Domain decomposition iterative procedures for solving scalar waves in the frequency domain

The propagation of dispersive waves can be modeled relevantly in the frequency domain. A wave problem in the frequency domain is difficult to solve numerically. In addition to having a complex–valued solution, the problem is neither Hermitian symmetric nor coercive in a wide range of applications in Geophysics or Quantum–Mechanics. In this paper, we consider a parallel domain decomposition iterative procedure for solving the problem by finite differences or conforming finite element methods. The analysis includes the decomposition of the domain into either the individual elements or larger subdomains (\(blocks\) of finite elements). To accelerate the speed of convergence, we introduce relaxation parameters on the subdomain interfaces and an artificial damping iteration. The convergence rate of the resulting algorithm turns out to be independent on the mesh size and the wave number. Numerical results carried out on an nCUBE2 parallel computer are presented to show the effectiveness of the method.
Analysis of Triacylglycerols and Free Fatty Acids in Algae Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

To assess the suitability of microalgal strains for biodiesel production the lipid content and composition, especially individual triacylglycerols (TAG) and free fatty acids (FFA) must be determined. In this study, the compositions and concentrations of TAG and FFA were analysed in four halophytic algal species, Dunaliella salina, D. tertiolecta, D. bardawil, and D. granulata. These species were selected as part of a larger screen to identify species suitable for biofuel feedstocks. An accelerated solvent extraction instrument was used for lipids and fatty acid extraction using a dichloromethane–hexane solvent system. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) detection was optimized and applied to the quantitative analysis of TAG and FFA in the different algal extracts. Individual TAG were characterized structurally using direct electrospray ionization (ESI) MS and MS/MS techniques. Cationic adducts (NH4+) of TAG were detected and quantified in the positive ESI MS and MS/MS modes, while the negative ESI mode was used for FFA analysis. Over 20 TAG were identified and quantified in the four Dunaliella strains. Analysis of FFA compositions demonstrated that the most abundant FFA in these four algal species were palmitic, linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids.
Norm violations and the role of marketplace comparisons in positioning brands

This paper investigates how consumer norms regarding the use of marketplace comparisons can influence the effectiveness of positioning strategies. Using an experimental method and student samples, we provide evidence across a set of three studies that comparing a focal brand to an offering from the same product category (i.e., a within-category comparison) represents an expected marketplace tactic, while comparing a brand to a rival from a different category (i.e., a between-category comparison) constitutes a deviation from the norm. Studies one and two utilize an experimental design that manipulates comparison type to demonstrate the effect of norm violations on positioning outcomes. Consistent with the proposed theoretical framework, within-category comparisons were perceived as a more appropriate tactic and were thus more effective in positioning the focal brand than were between-category comparisons. Study three employs a two-factor experimental design to demonstrate the moderating effects of attribute claims. Specifically, the results from this study indicate that the general effect of comparison type established by studies one and two are contingent upon the size of the superiority being claimed in the comparison.
Rearing and Biology of Lydella jalisco (Diptera: Tachinidae), a Parasite of Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Mexico

Life history and rearing methods are described for Lydella Jalisco Woodley, a recently described tachinid parasite of Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar). The parasite was discovered near Ameca, Jalisco, Mexico, parasitizing up to 48% of E. loftini larvae in sugarcane. Extensive surveys of stalkboring pyralids in other sugarcane growing regions of Mexico failed to detect this tachinid parasite attacking E. loftini or any other stalkborer. Female L. Jalisco were attracted to and ovolarviposited on the fresh frass produced by E. loftini larvae tunneling in sugarcane stalks. The preoviposition period averaged 14 d, and number of progeny per female fly ranged from 228 to 534. The planidial 1st instar penetrated host integument through the pleural midintersegmental membranes. Percentage of parasitization was highest on full-grown host larvae (6th instars) under both field and laboratory conditions. In all cases, only 1 parasite emerged from each host. L. Jalisco is a larval parasite; only 5% of the total parasite emergence occurred from host pupae when full-grown larvae were used as hosts. Maggot developmental time decreased as age of host larvae increased, and ranged from 12 d for 6th instars to 19 d for 2nd- and 3rd-instar hosts. Parasite pupal developmental time remained constant (12 d) regardless of host age. Manually placing a single, surface-sterilized, 1st-instar maggot onto a host was the most efficient host infesting technique, yielding an average of 62% (maximum 75%) fly puparia. The placement of groups of surface-sterilized maggots suspended in distilled water on the surface of the artificial diet harboring host larvae yielded an average of 45% (maximum 70%) fly puparia. During dissection of the adult fly to harvest maggots, the bacterium Serratia marcescens (Bizzio) contaminated the maggots and subsequently invaded the E. loftini larva with the fly maggot. Hosts invaded by the bacteria became septicemic, which resulted in a high mortality of hosts. However, septicemia was controlled by surface sterilizing the maggots with formalin before inoculating host larvae. Allowing gravid adult female flies to ovolarviposit on sugarcane stalks previously infested with host larvae yielded only 43% (maximum 63%) fly puparia, but this technique avoided the problem of contamination of hosts with S. marcescens . Field and laboratory studies showed that L. Jalisco is highly specific to E. loftini . The potential of L. Jalisco for biological control of E. loftini and other stalkborers is discussed.
Laser Modification of Ultracold Atomic Collisions: Theory

Specific molecular mechanisms are proposed for associative ionization collisions of ultracold sodium atoms in a hybrid optical trap. When an intense, strongly detuned optical trap laser is on, the ionization rate is modulated by molecular bound-state resonances which are strongly affected by field dressing. When the weak, slightly detuned optical molasses lasers are on to provide cooling, an excitation mechanism which produces the two excited atoms at large internuclear separation in different hyperfine states accounts for the lower observed ionization rate.
Mechanisms of asbestos-induced squamous metaplasia in tracheobronchial epithelial cells

Within 1 to 4 weeks after exposure to asbestos, differentiated rodent and human tracheobronchial epithelial cells in organ culture undergo squamous metaplasia, a putative preneoplastic lesion chara...
Bragg-Matched Photorefractive Two-Beam Coupling in Organic-Inorganic Hybrids

This review article presents the concept of photorefractive beam coupling in hybrid photorefractive cells comprising a liquid crystal layer adjacent to inorganic photorefractive windows. The roles of the liquid crystal layer and the photorefractive windows, as well as the overall advantages of this architecture, are explained. The mechanism involved and the required window parameters to break the local alignment symmetry in order to achieve Bragg-matched two-beam coupling in a liquid crystal layer are discussed.
Attenuation of cisplatinum-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat by high salt diet, furosemide and acetazolamide

The influence of variations in sodium chloride diet, furosemide and acetazolamide on nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatinum have been investigated in the rat by measuring serum creatinine concentrations 5 days after cisplatinum (5 mg/kg, ip) administration. Sodium chloride depletion enhanced, while sodium chloride loading minimized changes in renal function. Increases in urine flow rate following a dextrose water load failed to alter the nephrotoxic response. Both furosemide and acetazolamide, given 30 min before cisplatinum, attenuated the nephrotoxic response. In contrast, neither sodium chloride loading, furosemide, nor acetazolamide influenced the change in renal function when given 30 min after cisplatinum. These observations indicate that renal damage due to cisplatinum can be modified by alterations in dietary salt and by diuretics and that the extent of ultimate renal damage is dependent on factors occurring immediately after cisplatinum administration.
CLINICAL REALITY OF LOWERING TOTAL AND LDL CHOLESTEROL

I recall first learning of the importance of cholesterol from the work of Dr Ancel Keys, based on his landmark epidemiological studies subsequently identified as the Seven Countries Study.1 These population-based studies, in my own mind years ago, provided a general reference for judging the prevalence of coronary artery disease while providing a marker for risk of coronary artery disease over the long term. Most practitioners did not think of potential benefits to individual patients based on any short-term lowering of cholesterol levels, and treatment options were limited until the introduction of gemfibrozil and the statin drugs. The article by Andrews and colleagues2 in this issue of Circulation reflects how dramatically our understanding has changed regarding the consequences of elevated total and LDL cholesterol levels and the opportunities to intervene with effective treatment strategies. In this study, selected patients with documented coronary artery disease associated with myocardial ischemia on ambulatory ECG monitoring were randomized to an American Heart Association step 1 diet plus lovastatin or the diet plus a placebo. Four to 6 months after randomization, lower mean total and LDL cholesterol levels were found in those randomized to lovastatin therapy. The 25% reduction in LDL in the lovastatin group was associated with a “highly significant” reduction in myocardial ischemia compared with the control group, based on quantification of myocardial ischemia by 24-hour ECG monitoring. The authors appropriately conclude that “cholesterol lowering with lovastatin appears to be effective in eliminating myocardial ischemia during …
Fusion of a third molar to a supernumerary tooth with an associated dentigerous cyst

During a routine oral examination of a 19 year-old Black male, a bony impaction of his mandibular left third molar fused to an inverted supernumerary tooth with a cystic cavity was found. Histologic examination confirmed the presence of a dentigerous cyst.
Calcium Store Depletion Induces Persistent Perisomatic Increases in the Functional Density of h Channels in Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons

The regulation of intracellular calcium by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a critical role in neuronal function. While the consequences associated with depleting calcium from the ER have been studied in multiple systems, it is not known whether the intrinsic properties of a neuron change in response to such perturbations. In this study, we demonstrate that the depletion of calcium from the ER of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons induces a persistent, perisomatic increase in the density of functional h channels resulting in a reduction in intrinsic excitability and an increase in the optimal response frequency. This form of intrinsic plasticity is dependent on the elevation of cytoplasmic calcium, inositol triphosphate receptors, store-operated calcium channels, and the protein kinase A pathway. We postulate that this form of depletion-induced intrinsic plasticity is a neuroprotective mechanism that reduces excitability after depletion of calcium stores triggered through altered network activity during pathological conditions.
On the interpretation of experiments on osmotic pressure.

Abstract Scholander and his coworkers have described in These Proceedings several experiments in which the osmotic pressure exerted by colloidal particles appears to be altered when the particles are subject to an external force; they interpret the experiments as showing that the traditional explanation of osmotic pressure is wrong (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 68, 1093-1094; 68, 1569-1571; 70, 124-128). (In their view the osmotic pressure is determined by the concentration of the colloidal particles at the free surface rather than at the semipermeable membrane.) This note shows that one must also consider the way in which the external force changes the total hydrostatic pressure in the liquid. When that is done, the experiments of Scholander et al. are quantitatively consistent with the traditional interpretation of osmotic pressure.
An analysis of cercopithecoid odontometrics. I. The scaling of the maxillary dentition.

The relations between two tooth indices, post-canine area and incisor width in the upper jaw, and three variables, diet, body weight and body weight dimorphism, were examined separately for the males and females of 29 cercopithecoid species. Each species was assigned to one of three diet classes (folivore, frugivore, omnivore). Data on the other variables consisted of species means (log-transformed) obtained from published sources. The analytic techniques used were bivariate and multiple regression, the tooth indices being the dependent variables. All tooth indices scaled isometrically within diet classes, and all except female incisor width scaled with positive allometry across diet classes. In both sexes, the body weight adjusted mean incisor width of folivores was significantly smaller than that of either frugivores or omnivores. In the females, the body weight adjusted mean post-canine areas did not differ significantly across diet classes, while in the males the omnivores had a larger body weight adjusted mean post-canine area than either the folivores or frugivores. Female post-canine area was the only tooth index for which body weight dimorphism was a significant predictor. Extrapolations of these findings to other extant and to fossil primate species are discussed.
A General Stochastic Model for the Prediction of Biodiversity Losses Based on Habitat Conversion

We present a model of species extinction rates that depends on the distribution of species and rates of habitat conversion. This model allows prediction of numbers of species lost as well as current extinction rates. We apply the model to plant species in the Neotropics. We examined distribution data for 51 angiosperm taxa, comprising 4258 species from Flora Neotropica monographs. Of these, 25.7% had been recorded as occurring in a single locality, with 12.8% and 9.5% being recorded from two or three localities respectively. Assuming that 18.7% of Neotropical forested area has been cleared since 1950, when 60,000 plant species existed, the model predicts that 3020 species will have been lost by 1992. At current deforestation rates, the entire Neotropics loses between 71 and 95 plant species per year. We also apply the model to individual Neotropical countries and find annual rates of within-country extinctions ranging from 0 per year in Belize to 63 per year in Ecuador. We suggest a means by which the model may be tested in the field. Presentamos un modelo de las tasas de extincion de especies que depende de la distribucion de las especies y de las tasas de conversion del habitat. Este modelo permite predecir el numero de especies extintas como asi tambien las tasas de extincion. Nosotros aplicamos el modelo a especies de plantas de las areas Neotropicales. Se examinaron los datos de distribucion de 51 taxones de angiospermas que comprendion 4.258 especies obtenidas de las monografias de Flora Neotropical. De este numero 25.7% han sido registradas como presentes en una sola localidad mientras que 18.7% y 9.5% han sido registradas en dos o tres localidades respectivamente. Si se asume que 18.7% de las areas boscosas Neotropicales han sido taladas desde 1950, cuando existian 60.000 especies de plantas, el modelo predice que 3.020 especies habran desparecido en 1992. A las tasas de deforestacion actual, la perdida en areas Neotropicales sera entre 71 y 95 especies de plantas por ano. Tambien aplicamos el modelo a paises que se encuentran ubicados en el area Neotropical, y encontramos que las tasas anuales de extincion varian entre 0 por ano en Belize y 63 por ano en Ecuador. Sugerimos un metodo por medio del cual el modelo puede ser probado en el campo.
Digital Equity in Education: A Multilevel Examination of Differences in and Relationships between Computer Access, Computer Use and State-Level Technology Policies.

Using data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) state assessment and a survey of state-level technology policies, this study examined digital equity in education as a multilevel organizational phenomenon with data from 70,382 students in 3,479 schools and 40 states. Students in rural schools or schools with higher percentages of African American students were likely to have less access to computers. With respect to computer use, girls and students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch were more likely to use computers more frequently when computers are available in the classroom. With respect to relationships between computer access and computer use, having computers available in a lab increases the likelihood of higher levels of computer use. The results suggested that no more than 5% of the variance in computer access can be attributed to state factors, and less than 1% of the variance in computer use was between states. The findings suggested that where student technology standards are integrated into subject-area standards, computer use was likely lower than in other states. In states where pre-service teachers must meet technology-related requirements to receive their teaching credential and states where funds earmarked for technology are distributed as competitive grants, computer use was likely to be higher.
Theoretical studies of neutral silane-ammonia adducts

Abstract Ab initio calculations including electron correlation have been performed on the neutral species SiH 4 ·NH 3 and SiF 4 ·NH 3 . The calculations involved complete optimization of all bonding parameters using second-order perturbation theory (MP2). Some of the energetics for the SiH 4 ·NH 3 adduct were computed at the optimized geometry using fourth-order perturbation theory (MP4). Both adducts are found to be bound, the silane adduct weakly and the silicon tetrafluoride adduct strongly. Full vibrational analyses have been carried out at the MP2 level of theory. Vibrational frequencies are reported for both adducts and compared to available matrix isolation data for the case of SiF 4 ·NH 3 .
Impaired early- but not late-phase insulin secretion in subjects with impaired fasting glucose

Subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. We recently demonstrated that IFG subjects have increased hepatic insulin resistance with normal insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. In this study, we quantitated the insulin secretion rate from deconvolution analysis of the plasma C-peptide concentration during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and compared the results in IFG subjects with those in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT). One hundred and one NGT subjects, 64 subjects with isolated IGT, 24 subjects with isolated IFG, and 48 subjects with combined (IFG + IGT) glucose intolerance (CGI) received an OGTT. Plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations were measured before and every 15 min after glucose ingestion. Insulin secretion rate (ISR) was determined by deconvolution of plasma C-peptide concentration. Inverse of the Matsuda index of whole body insulin sensitivity was used as a measure of insulin resistance; 56 subjects also received a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. The insulin secretion/insulin resistance (disposition) index was calculated as the ratio between incremental area under the ISR curve (∆ISR[AUC]) to incremental area under the glucose curve (∆G[AUC]) factored by the severity of insulin resistance (measured by Matsuda index during OGTT or glucose disposal during insulin clamp). Compared to NGT, the insulin secretion/insulin resistance index during first 30 min of OGTT was reduced by 47, 49, and 74% in IFG, IGT, and CGI, respectively (all < 0.0001). The insulin secretion/insulin resistance index during the second hour (60–120 min) of the OGTT in subjects with IFG was similar to that in NGT (0.79 ± 0.6 vs. 0.72 ± 0.5, respectively, P = NS), but was profoundly reduced in subjects with IGT and CGI (0.31 ± 0.2 and 0.19 ± 0.11, respectively; P < 0.0001 vs. both NGT and IFG). Early-phase insulin secretion is impaired in both IFG and IGT, while the late-phase insulin secretion is impaired only in subjects with IGT.
Particle Filters for Target Tracking using Vision Data for Micro-Air Vehicles

This paper considers a target tracking problem using vision data for micro-air vehicles (MAV’s). Most previous visual tracking algorithms are not appropriate for rapidly ∞ying MAV’s with limited computational abilities. The proposed target tracker consists of two parts | an image processor and a particle fllter. The image process detects a target with high contrast against background and yields bearing measurements of the target. Since the segmentation image process does not always successfully recognize the target due to noise in the images, the particle fllter compensates and estimates the location of targets in the presence of noise and uncertainty. Experiments show that the proposed visual tracking algorithm performs well in the presence of noise and runs in real time adequate for a rapidly ∞ying MAV.
Use of thiolated oligonucleotides as anti-fouling diluents in electrochemical peptide-based sensors

We incorporated short thiolated oligonucleotides as passivating diluents in the fabrication of electrochemical peptide-based (E-PB) sensors, with the goal of creating a negatively charged layer capable of resisting non-specific adsorption of matrix contaminants. The E-PB HIV sensors fabricated using these diluents were found to be more specific and selective, while retaining attributes similar to the sensor fabricated without these diluents. Overall, these results highlight the advantages of using oligonucleotides as anti-fouling diluents in self-assembled monolayer-based sensors.
Location Theory of the Nonhuman Sector

Abstract The Thunen model is adapted in direct and inverse forms to analyze animal populations and their spatial structures for the cases of single point and uniform locations of food. The model emphasizes competition for territory rather than direct competition for food, with intraspecific territorial competition increasing with population density. One among a number of theoretical results is that increased availability of food increases competition costs, and there is a symmetric effect for decreases, offering a dampening or cushioning effect on population changes in response to certain environmental changes. The approach offers a simple unification of population-territory and population-population interactions.
Prehospital Notification by Emergency Medical Services Reduces Delays in Stroke Evaluation Findings From the North Carolina Stroke Care Collaborative

Background and Purpose—Individuals with stroke-like symptoms are recommended to receive rapid diagnostic evaluation. Emergency medical services (EMS) transport, compared with private modes, and hospital notification before arrival may reduce delays in evaluation. This study estimated associations between hospital arrival modes (EMS or private and with or without EMS prenotification) and times for completion and interpretation of initial brain imaging in patients with presumed stroke. Methods—Among patients with suspected stroke identified and enrolled by the North Carolina Stroke Care Collaborative registry in 2008 to 2009, we analyzed data on arrival modes, meeting recommended targets for brain imaging completion and interpretation times (<25 minutes and <45 minutes since hospital arrival, respectively) and patient- and hospital-level characteristics. We used modified Poisson regression to estimate adjusted risk ratios and 95% CIs. Results—Of 13 894 eligible patients, 21% had their brain imaging complete...
Scientific Rigor Recommendations for Optimizing the Clinical Applicability of Translational Research.

The approval of new therapies to treat neurodegenerative disease conditions by the Food and Drug administration (FDA) has been hindered by many failed clinical trials, which were based upon “significant” efficacy in preclinical or translational studies. Additional problems during drug development related to significant adverse events and unforeseen toxicity have also hampered drug development. Recent reviews of preclinical data suggests that many studies have over-estimated efficacy due to poor or inadequate study design, exclusion of important data (negative or neutral) and lack of study randomization and blinding. This article describes in detail a set of recommendations to improve the quality of science being conducted in laboratories worldwide, with the goal of documenting in the peer-reviewed literature, including Journal of Neurology and Neurophysiology, the scientific basis for the continued development of specific strategies to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Spinal cord injury, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The minimum recommendations for effective translational research include the need for model justification, study group randomization and blinding, power analysis calculations, appropriate statistical analysis of all data sets, and a conflict of interest statement by investigators. It will also be beneficial to demonstrate reproducible efficacy in multiple species and in studies done by independent laboratories.
Multi-rate adaptation with interference and congestion awareness

Rate adaptation plays a central role in the efficiency of data transmissions in wireless networks. Due to the complex physical-layer effects of wireless links, including interference, attenuation, and multi-path fading, designing a rate adaptation algorithm that performs well in most scenarios is a challenging problem. We present the Multi-rate Adaptation with Interference and Congestion Awareness (MAICA) scheme, which is compatible with existing 802.11 implementations and relies only on acknowledgment packets for its operation. Extensive simulations, analytical model, and real-world experiments are used to show that MAICA consistently performs better than prior rate adaptation schemes used to date, especially in dense and congested wireless networks.
Adaptive sliding mode control of grasped object slip for prosthetic hands

Sliding mode and integral sliding mode slip prevention controllers are implemented for a prosthetic hand and compared to a proportional derivative shear force feedback slip prevention controller. The integral sliding mode slip prevention controller provides a robust design framework for slip prevention while addressing the issue of reducing the amount of deformation imparted to the grasped object to stop slip. Averaged results from bench top experiments show that the integral sliding mode slip prevention controller produces the least amount of deformation to the grasped object while simultaneously preventing the object from being dropped.
Statistical theory for the stochastic Burgers equation in the inviscid limit

A statistical theory is developed for the stochastic Burgers equation in the inviscid limit. Master equations for the probability density functions of velocity, velocity difference, and velocity gradient are derived. No closure assumptions are made. Instead, closure is achieved through a dimension reduction process; namely, the unclosed terms are expressed in terms of statistical quantities for the singular structures of the velocity field, here the shocks. Master equations for the environment of the shocks are further expressed in terms of the statistics of singular structures on the shocks, namely, the points of shock generation and collisions. The scaling laws of the structure functions are derived through the analysis of the master equations. Rigorous bounds on the decay of the tail probabilities for the velocity gradient are obtained using realizability constraints. We also establish that the probability density function Q() of the velocity gradient decays as jj 7=2 as !1 . c 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Construction, Theory, and Application of Magnetic Field Balances

The paper describes the development and construction of magnetic field balances for measuring the vertical and horizontal intensity of earth magnetism. The main features of the theory are given and instructions to apply them. Success has been obtained with the instruments mainly over salt domes, iron-ore deposits, and igneous rocks such as granite ridges. Examples of such measurements are demonstrated. Literature.
Performance enhancement techniques for TCP over wireless links

In this paper, TCP performance over a multi-hop ad hoc wireless network testbed is evaluated. We propose a method to improve the TCP performance using the Snoop protocol developed for last-hop wireless networks and packet salvaging feature of the well-known dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol. Our objective is to improve the TCP performance without changing the protocol itself. To this end, two different modules (i.e., Snoop and packet salvaging modules) are included in the system architecture. These modules are used to hide the wireless link errors from TCP layer and to reduce the number of end-to-end packet retransmissions. The performance of the proposed method is tested over an experimental testbed for two routing protocols (DSR and ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV)) and our results show that TCP performance can be improved by 19%.
Combining discriminative re-ranking and co-training for parsing Mandarin speech transcripts

Discriminative reranking has been able to significantly improve parsing performance, and co-training has proven to be an effective weakly supervised learning algorithm to bootstrap parsers from a small in-domain seed labeled corpus using a large amount of unlabeled in-domain data. In this paper, we present systematic investigations on combining discriminative reranking and co-training, including co-training reranked parsers and co-training rerankers. We show that combining discriminative reranking and co-training could improve the F-measure by 1.8%-2% absolute compared to co-training two state-of-the-art Chinese parsers without reranking, for parsing Mandarin broadcast news and conversation transcripts.
The Role of Stimulability in the Assessment and Treatment of Spanish-Speaking Children.

Stimulability has been used successfully in planning treatment of phonological disorders in English-speaking children. The effectiveness of stimulability on the treatment of phonological disorders in speakers of languages other than English has not been investigated. Specifically, its role in treatment planning of phonological disorders in Spanish-speaking children has yet to be explored. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of stimulability in the assessment and treatment of phonological disorders in Spanish-speaking children. Further, a case study applying these principles to a Spanish-speaking child with a phonological disorder is presented.
On the Typology of Palatalization

This article presents a typological overview of palatalization, addressing issues such as the definition of palatalization, palatalization types, the sounds that undergo palatalization (targets), and the sounds that trigger palatalization (triggers). In exploring these issues we review five typological studies of palatalization that present a series of implicational relationships among palatalization targets and triggers. For example, if labials palatalize, so do coronals and dorsals, and if low front vowels trigger palatalization, so do high front vowels. The generalizations in these studies further make predictions about possible palatalization grammars we should expect to find, or to not find, in the world’s languages.
An Enhanced Automatic Algorithm for Estimation of Respiratory Variations in Arterial Pulse Pressure During Regions of Abrupt Hemodynamic Changes

We describe an improved automatic algorithm to estimate the pulse-pressure-variation (PPV) index from arterial blood pressure (ABP) signals. This enhanced algorithm enables for PPV estimation during periods of abrupt hemodynamic changes. Numerous studies have shown PPV to be one of most specific and sensitive predictors of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. The algorithm uses a beat detection algorithm to perform beat segmentation, kernel smoothers for envelope detection, and a suboptimal Kalman filter for PPV estimation and artifact removal. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of the algorithm and assess its performance on over 40 h of ABP signals obtained from 18 mechanically ventilated crossbred Yorkshire swine. The subjects underwent grade V liver injury after splenectomy, while receiving mechanical ventilation, and general anesthesia with isoflurane. All subjects in the database underwent a period of abrupt hemodynamic change after an induced grade V liver injury involving severe blood loss resulting in hemorrhagic shock, followed by fluid resuscitation with either 0.9% normal saline or lactated ringers solutions. Trained experts manually calculated PPV at five time instances during the period of abrupt hemodynamic changes. We report validation results comparing the proposed algorithm against a commercial system (pulse contour cardiac output, PICCO) with continuous PPV monitoring capabilities. Both systems were assessed during periods of abrupt hemodynamic changes against the ldquogold-standardrdquo PPV, calculated and manually annotated by experts. Our results indicate that the proposed algorithm performs considerably better than the PICCO system during regions of abrupt hemodynamic changes.
Synthesis of D‐Desosamine and Analogs by Rapid Assembly of 3‐Amino Sugars

D-Desosamine is synthesized in 4 steps from methyl vinyl ketone and sodium nitrite. The key step in this chromatography-free synthesis is the coupling of (R)-4-nitro-2-butanol and glyoxal (trimeric form) mediated by cesium carbonate, which affords in crystalline form 3-nitro-3,4,6-trideoxy-α-D-glucose, a nitro sugar stereochemically homologous to D-desosamine. This strategy has enabled the syntheses of an array of analogous 3-nitro sugars. In each case the 3-nitro sugars are obtained in pure form by crystallization.
Differential Herbicide Concentration Effect on PSIIα and PSIIß

In the present work we investigated the effect of various PSII herbicides on PSIIα and PSIIβ. We selected representative herbicide groups from the different “thermodynamic” groups of inhibitors established by thermoluminescence [Droppa et al. 1981; Demeter/Vass, 1982]. The results showed that at low concentrations all herbicides inhibit electron flow through both PSIIβ and PSIIβ. When used at relatively high concentrations, they selectively quench the variable component of the Chl a fluorescence emission. The effect is first manifested as a quenching of Fvβ, the variable fluorescence yield controlled by PSII β. Progressive with herbicide concentration increase the quenching of Fv, the variable fluo-rescence yield controlled by PSIIα is also manifested. Kinetic measurements of the absorbance change at 320 nm reflect the photoreduction of Qα and Qβ [Melis/Duysens, 1979]. The ΔA320 measurements as a function of herbicide concentration gave results similar to those obtained by fluorescence induction. We conclude that both PSIIα and PSIIβ contain the same herbicide-binding polypeptides. The differential concentration effect of these herbicides on PSIIα and PSIIβ might reflect the chloroplast structural differentiation in grana and stroma-exposed thylakoids.
Comparing three methods of computerised cognitive training for older adults with subclinical cognitive decline

Cognitive rehabilitation for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early Alzheimer's disease is readily available to the geriatric population. Initial evidence suggests that techniques incorporating motivational strategies to enhance treatment engagement may provide more benefit than computerised training alone. Seventy four adults with subclinical cognitive decline were randomly assigned to computerised cognitive training (CCT), Cognitive Vitality Training (CVT), or an Active Control Group (ACG), and underwent neuropsychological evaluations at baseline and four-month follow-up. Significant differences were found in changes in performance on the Modified Mini Mental State Examination (mMMSE) and measures of verbal learning and memory across treatment groups. Experimental groups showed greater preservation of functioning on the mMMSE than the ACG group, the CVT group performed better than the ACG group on one measure of verbal learning and both measures of verbal memory, and the CCT group performed better than the ACG group on one measure of verbal learning and one measure of verbal memory. There were no significant group differences between the CVT and CCT groups on measures of verbal learning or memory. It was concluded that computerised cognitive training may offer the most benefit when incorporated into a therapeutic milieu rather than administered alone, although both appear superior to more generic forms of cognitive stimulation.
Designing patient-specific 3D printed craniofacial implants using a novel topology optimization method

Large craniofacial defects require efficient bone replacements which should not only provide good aesthetics but also possess stable structural function. The proposed work uses a novel multiresolution topology optimization method to achieve the task. Using a compliance minimization objective, patient-specific bone replacement shapes can be designed for different clinical cases that ensure revival of efficient load transfer mechanisms in the mid-face. In this work, four clinical cases are introduced and their respective patient-specific designs are obtained using the proposed method. The optimized designs are then virtually inserted into the defect to visually inspect the viability of the design . Further, once the design is verified by the reconstructive surgeon, prototypes are fabricated using a 3D printer for validation. The robustness of the designs are mechanically tested by subjecting them to a physiological loading condition which mimics the masticatory activity. The full-field strain result through 3D image correlation and the finite element analysis implies that the solution can survive the maximum mastication of 120 lb. Also, the designs have the potential to restore the buttress system and provide the structural integrity. Using the topology optimization framework in designing the bone replacement shapes would deliver surgeons new alternatives for rather complicated mid-face reconstruction.
Large Eddy Simulation of Early Stage Contrails: Effect of Atmospheric Properties

Prediction of growth and persistence of aircraft condensation trails involves uncertainties arising from numerous factors. It is sensitive to the atmospheric thermodynamic variables. Ambient relative humidity (RH) and temperature are themselves dicult to predict accurately, and they also aect the contrail growth. This study carries out Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of aircraft wake-contrail system to find the sensitivity of contrails to atmospheric conditions. A mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is used to simulate the wake-jet flow and ice particle evolution. The microphysics model used is described. Unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated atmospheric conditions are studied. Quantitative comparison for total ice amount and particle statistics is presented for various values of ambient temperature, RH, and jet exhaust temperature. The focus is on early stage (up to 15sec) ice particle growth of a typical subsonic transport aircraft.
Rice Leaf Reduction Causes and Countermeasures of Field Cultivation and Management in the Later Period

From the rice leaf reduction angle,on the basis of clarifying rice characteristics,the rice leaf reduction of rice in cold region was introduced emphatically,the reduction of leaf diagnosis method and field characteristics of growth were made clear,and according to the actual growth survey of rice status in reclamation area in 2010,some corresponding reduced rice leaf cultivation management technical measures were put forward.
Using eye- and gaze-tracking to interact with a visual display.

The analysis presented covers three broad areas of implementation of eyeand gaze-tracking (with the description of current research and functional prototypes): 1) Gaze-tracking for mobile devices: Recent advances in eyeand gaze-tracking make it possible to use Web-cams or smart phone cameras for eye-tracking. 2) Gaze-tracking in a museum/gallery context: Ability to track visitors’ gaze direction offers a wide range of new possibilities for enhancing visitor experience in a museum. Just focusing (looking) at a detail of a painting a visitor can gain more detailed information. Collecting visitors gaze direction data also opens up a whole new area of research. 3) Gaze-tracking for medical information display: Most of the information in medical imaging field already exists in digital format (PET, CAT, MRI scans). This information is crucial when performing surgery and so far has been delivered by hand. The use of a gaze-sensitive display would allow a surgeon to access relevant information just by looking at a display. The author of the paper holds US patent for “interacting with visual display using eye and gazegestures” (US 7,561,143 ‘B1).
Assessment of Sexual Efficiency in Patients After the Pull-Through Operation for Stricture of the Posterior Urethra

AbstractThe results of a long-term assessment of sexual efficiency in patients who underwent Solovov’s method for stricture of the posterior urethra are presented. Analysis of 67 patients revealed that 76.11 per cent still were capable of erection, 67.16 per cent maintained normal sexual relations, 83.6 per cent had normal ejaculation and 18 per cent fathered offspring.
Multidimensional Model of Working with the Family

Three students and a field instructor provide family therapy and test the validity of the team approach and its effectiveness in a limited time
Neuroendocrine Gene Regulation and Body Weight Control: FoxO1 Protein and Transcriptional Regulation

The insulin-regulated transcription factor FoxO1 is a central player in metabolism that integrates various environmental and metabolic cues to generate dynamic gene expression programs. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms involved in FoxO1's effects in hypothalamic neurons and the inherent implications for physiopathologic processes in energy homeostasis. Particular emphasis is placed on the emerging body of evidence pointing to a multi- layered control of melanocortinergic tone by FoxO1 in concert with the leptin-induced transcriptional activator Stat3.
Mechanisms of Cell Growth Regulation by Heparin and Heparan Sulfate

Publisher Summary Heparin (HP) and heparan sulfate (HS) modulate cell proliferation through a number of interrelated direct and indirect mechanisms. A large number of growth factors that modulate tissue development and repair, bind to and are regulated by HS proteoglycans (HSPG)) on the surface of cells and within the extracellular matrix. The chemical and physical mechanisms underlying the ability of HS to function as a coreceptor for fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) have received considerable attention over the past 10–15 years. The use of oligosaccharides and chemically modified forms of HP as well as HS have demonstrated that a pentasaccharide with N -sulfated glucosamine residues and at least one iduronic acid containing a sulfate in the 2- O -position is the minimal HP unit that can bind FGF-2. The ability of HS to function as a co-receptor for FGF through the stabilization of FGF-receptor complexes is the best characterized activity of HS in growth factor biology. Consequently, it is tempting to speculate that this type of mechanism is mirrored throughout the large family of HP-binding growth factors.
Stress-assisted diffusion in glassy polymers

Diffusion in many polymers cannot be described adequately by the usual diffusion equation, based on concentrated-dependent diffusion coefficient.