cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure from motion with impaired local-speed and global motion-field computations

Humans can recover the three-dimensional structure of moving objects from their changing two-dimensional retinal image, in the absence of other cues to three-dimensional structure (Wallach and O'Connell 1953; Braunstein 1976). In this paper, we describe a patient, A.F., with bilateral lesions involving the visual cortex who is severely impaired on computing local-speed and global-motion fields, but who can recover structure from motion. The data suggest that although possibly useful, global-motion fields are not necessary for deriving structure from motion. We discuss these results from the perspective of theoretical models for this computation.
Identifying novel phenotypes of vulnerability and resistance to activity-based anorexia in adolescent female rats.

Objective Activity-based anorexia is a translational rodent model that results in severe weight loss, hyperactivity, and voluntary self-starvation. The goal of our investigation was to identify vulnerable and resistant phenotypes of activity-based anorexia in adolescent female rats. Method Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained under conditions of restricted access to food (N = 64; or unlimited access, N = 16) until experimental exit, predefined as a target weight loss of 30–35% or meeting predefined criteria for animal health. Nonlinear mixed effects statistical modeling was used to describe wheel running behavior, time to event analysis was used to assess experimental exit, and a regressive partitioning algorithm was used to classify phenotypes. Results Objective criteria were identified for distinguishing novel phenotypes of activity-based anorexia, including a vulnerable phenotype that conferred maximal hyperactivity, minimal food intake, and the shortest time to experimental exit, and a resistant phenotype that conferred minimal activity and the longest time to experimental exit. Discussion The identification of objective criteria for defining vulnerable and resistant phenotypes of activity-based anorexia in adolescent female rats provides an important framework for studying the neural mechanisms that promote vulnerability to or protection against the development of self-starvation and hyperactivity during adolescence. Ultimately, future studies using these novel phenotypes may provide important translational insights into the mechanisms that promote these maladaptive behaviors characteristic of anorexia nervosa. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:737–746)
Identification of posttranscriptionally active inhibitory sequences in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA: novel level of gene regulation.

Abstract cis-acting inhibitory region (IR) sequences were identified within the gag/pol gene of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by using a novel feedback-stimulated, rev-independent tat reporter gene to screen HIV-1 sequences in transient expression assays. Two regions, a 1,295-nucleotide segment in the gag gene (IR-1) and a 1,932-nucleotide segment of the pol gene (IR-2), each inhibited reporter gene expression 10- to 20-fold. IR-1 and IR-2 both contained subsequences which inhibited reporter gene expression. Introduction of IR sequences into a heterologous reporter plasmid, pCMV-CAT, resulted in decreased chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression, suggesting that the inhibitory effect was not restricted to a reporter gene under the control of the HIV-1 promoter. The presence of HIV IR sequences in cis did not alter relative levels of reporter gene RNA; however, fractionation studies revealed IR-containing RNA accumulated in the nucleus. These findings demonstrate that IR sequences within the gag/pol region affect gene expression by altering the cellular distribution of viral RNA.
An Analysis of Wave Propagation in Bubbly Two-Component, Two-Phase Flow

Wave propagation in bubbly two-phase, two-component flow was analyzed to assess the validity of some interfacial transfer laws for two-fluid models of two-phase flow. A dispersion relation was derived from the linearized conservation equations and the Rayleigh equation. The phase velocity and wave attenuation calculated from the dispersion relation, compared well with existing high- and low-frequency data. The virtual mass term was found to have a significant effect on wave dispersion in the bubbly flow regime. Thermal effects were found to be important in determining the resonance phenomenon and wave scattering was a major source of damping at frequencies higher than the resonance frequency.
Smoking as a risk factor in the health of women

It is estimated that more than 200 million women smoke worldwide. It is also estimated that if current smoking rates among men and women persist worldwide, by 2025, 9% of the world's deaths and disabilities will be related to tobacco use. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer (lung, cervix, pancreas, kidney, bladder, esophagus, pharynx), pulmonary disorders, cerebrovascular disease, and many other health risks. Smoking also adversely affects fertility and reproductive outcomes. Although a greater percentage of women smoke in developed than in developing countries, women in developing countries appear to be initiating smoking habits in increasing numbers. If current trends persist, the adverse effects of smoking on women's health clearly will continue to escalate.
Estimating Economic Losses from Earthquakes Using an Empirical Approach

We extended the U.S. Geological Survey's Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) empirical fatality estimation methodology proposed by Jaiswal et al. (2009) to rapidly estimate...
Arterial Supply to the Nodal Tissue in the Dog Heart

A study of the hearts of 107 dogs revealed that the blood supply to the sinoatrial node was from three sources: right coronary artery, left coronary artery, and right internal mammary artery. A dominant pattern of supply was found in 90 hearts. Three variations are described. The importance of arterial anastomoses to the sinus node and their role in the formation of an extracardiac coronary arterial system are discussed.
Funktionelle Gemischtmetall‐organische Gerüste mit Metalloliganden

Die Immobilisierung funktioneller Zentren innerhalb von Metall-organischen Gerusten (MOFs) ist fur ihre Fahigkeit zur Erkennung kleiner Molekule und somit fur ihre funktionellen Eigenschaften von groser Bedeutung. Das Metalloligandverfahren ermoglicht es uns, eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher funktioneller Zentren wie offene, katalytisch aktive und photoaktive Metallzentren, chirale Porenumgebungen und Poren abstimmbarer Grose/Krummung in Gemischtmetall-organischen Gerusten (M′MOFs) zielgerichtet zu immobilisieren. In diesem Kurzaufsatz richten wir die Aufmerksamkeit auf einige wichtige funktionelle M′MOFs mit Metalloliganden fur die Gasspeicherung und -trennung, die enantioselektive Trennung, die heterogene asymmetrische Katalyse und die Sensorik sowie als photoaktive, nanoskalige Materialien fur die Wirkstoff-Freisetzung und biomedizinische Bildgebung.
Guidance, Navigation, and Control Technology System Trades for Mars Pinpoint Landing

Landing site selection is a compromise between safety concerns associated with the site’s terrain and scientific interest. Therefore, technologies enabling pinpoint landing (sub-100 m accuracies) on the surface of Mars are of interest to increase the number of accessible sites for in-situ research as well as allow placement of vehicles nearby prepositioned assets. A survey of various guidance, navigation, and control technologies that could allow pinpoint landing to occur at Mars has shown that negligible propellant mass fraction benefits are seen for reducing the three-sigma position dispersion at parachute deployment below approximately 3 km. Four different propulsive terminal descent guidance algorithms were analyzed with varying applicability to flight. Of these four, a near propellant optimal, analytic guidance law showed promise for the conceptual design of pinpoint landing vehicles. The existence of a propellant optimum with regards to the initiation time of the propulsive terminal descent was shown to exist for various flight conditions. In addition, subsonic guided parachutes are shown to provide marginal performance benefits due to the timeline associated with Martian entries, and a low computational-cost, yet near fuel optimal propulsive terminal descent algorithm is identified. This investigation also demonstrates that navigation is a limiting technology for Mars pinpoint landing, with overall landed performance being largely driven by navigation sensor and map tie accuracy.
The t -mixture model approach for detecting differentially expressed genes in microarrays

The finite mixture model approach has attracted much attention in analyzing microarray data due to its robustness to the excessive variability which is common in the microarray data. Pan (2003) proposed to use the normal mixture model method (MMM) to estimate the distribution of a test statistic and its null distribution. However, considering the fact that the test statistic is often of t-type, our studies find that the rejection region from MMM is often significantly larger than the correct rejection region, resulting an inflated type I error. This motivates us to propose the t-mixture model (TMM) approach. In this paper, we demonstrate that TMM provides significantly more accurate control of the probability of making type I errors (hence of the familywise error rate) than MMM. Finally, TMM is applied to the well-known leukemia data of Golub et al. (1999). The results are compared with those obtained from MMM.
On the Achievable Extrinsic Information of Inner Decoders in Serial Concatenation

In this paper we address the extrinsic information transfer functions of inner decoders for a serially concatenated coding scheme. For the case of an AWGN channel, we give a universal proof for the fact that only inner encoders yielding an infinite output weight for a weight-one input sequence, such as recursive convolutional encoders, lead to perfect extrinsic information at the output of the corresponding SISO decoder. As an example we consider bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative demapping (BICM-ID) and insert an additional recursive precoder prior to the mapping operation. Simulation results show that the proposed system does not suffer from an error floor and thus significantly outperforms BICM-ID systems that solely use mappings as inner encodings, even when they are optimized.
Phthalocyanine polymers. I. Poly[2,2′‐(4,4′,4″‐,4‴‐metal phthalocyanino)‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazoles] as new high temperature resistant polymers

A novel class of poly(metal phthalocyanino) benzimidazoles were prepared by the condensation reaction between metal (Cu, Co, and Zn), 4,4′,4″,4‴-tetracarboxyphthalocyanine, and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine. The reaction was investigated by melt and solution condensation methods. These polymers showed excellent thermal and thermooxidative stability and are noteworthy for their high char yield (86–90%) at 800°C in an anerobic atmosphere. Elemental analyses, spectra, and TGA studies were used to characterize these materials. Isothermal gravimetric analyses were carried out to determine their long-term thermal stability.
A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR FORCED CONVECTION COOLING IN ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

This study deals with simulation and modeling of forced convection cooling in electronic components. A computational model is developed for two-dimensional laminar fluid flow and heat transfer in cooling channels formed by stacked printed circuit boards with electronic blocks. The computational procedure involves solving two-dimensional continuity, momentum and energy equations with the assumption of periodic fully developed velocity and temperature conditions in the flow direction. A parametric study is carried out to present results for the local and average Nusselt number, and friction factor with varying Reynolds number and geometric parameters.
Population Shape Regression from Random Design Data

Regression analysis is a powerful tool for the study of changes in a dependent variable as a function of an independent regressor variable, and in particular it is applicable to the study of anatomical growth and shape change. When the underlying process can be modeled by parameters in a Euclidean space, classical regression techniques (Hardle, Applied Nonparametric Regression, 1990; Wand and Jones, Kernel Smoothing, 1995) are applicable and have been studied extensively. However, recent work suggests that attempts to describe anatomical shapes using flat Euclidean spaces undermines our ability to represent natural biological variability (Fletcher et al., IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 23(8), 995---1005, 2004; Grenander and Miller, Q. Appl. Math. 56(4), 617---694, 1998). In this paper we develop a method for regression analysis of general, manifold-valued data. Specifically, we extend Nadaraya-Watson kernel regression by recasting the regression problem in terms of Frechet expectation. Although this method is quite general, our driving problem is the study anatomical shape change as a function of age from random design image data. We demonstrate our method by analyzing shape change in the brain from a random design dataset of MR images of 97 healthy adults ranging in age from 20 to 79 years. To study the small scale changes in anatomy, we use the infinite dimensional manifold of diffeomorphic transformations, with an associated metric. We regress a representative anatomical shape, as a function of age, from this population.
Nonabelions in the fractional quantum Hall effect

Applications of conformal field theory to the theory of fractional quantum Hall systems are discussed. In particular, Laughlin's wave function and its cousins are interpreted as conformal blocks in certain rational conformal field theories. Using this point of view a hamiltonian is constructed for electrons for which the ground state is known exactly and whose quasihole excitations have nonabelian statistics; we term these objects “nonabelions”. It is argued that universality classes of fractional quantum Hall systems can be characterized by the quantum numbers and statistics of their excitations. The relation between the order parameter in the fractional quantum Hall effect and the chiral algebra in rational conformal field theory is stressed, and new order parameters for several states are given.
Optimal sizing of capacitors placed on a radial distribution system

A capacitor sizing problem for capacitors placed on a radial distribution system is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem, and a solution algorithm is developed. The object is to find the optimal size of the capacitors so that the power losses will be minimized for a given load profile while considering the cost of the capacitors. The formulation also incorporates the AC power flow model for the system and the voltage constraints. The solution algorithm developed for the capacitor sizing problem is based on a Phase I-Phase II feasible directions approach. Novel power flow equations and a solution method, called DistFlow, for radial distribution systems are introduced. The method is computationally efficient and numerically robust, especially for distribution systems with large r/x ratio branches. DistFlow is used repeatedly as a subroutine in the optimization algorithm for the capacitor sizing problem. The test results for the algorithm indicate that the method is computationally efficient and has good convergence characteristics. >
Cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in biotin deficient rats.

SummaryThe rates of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in normal and biotin deficient rats were determined by means of heavy water administration. In biotin deficient rats the rate of cholesterol synthesis was found to be normal and the rate of fatty acid synthesis slightly increased. It was shown that the increased rate of fatty acid synthesis is related to the inanition accompanying biotin deficiency and not to the deficiency itself.
Early Onset Absence Epilepsy

Neuropsychological evaluations, behavior patterns, and outcomes were studied in a retrospective analysis of 10 patients (7 girls, 3 boys) with onset of absence epilepsy before age 3 years, referred between 1986 and 2002 at Hopital Henri Gastaut, Marseille, and Hopital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.
Le sacré et la recherche du Dieu révélé selon Romano Guardini

Cet article envisage la question du sacre a partir de la reflexion de Romano Guardini (1885-1968) sur l'experience religieuse. Pour lui, l'ancienne culture, la « moderne », touche a sa fin, et le christianisme s'en trouve comme desenveloppe, mis a nu. Dans ce dialogue contemporain de la foi avec la culture, Guardini rehabilite le sacre. Ambigu et ambivalent, le sacre est pourtant un socle du divin preparant a la relation personnelle au divin.
HPLC Determination of Content and Entrapment Efficiency of Hydroquinone Liposome

Objective To prepare and determine the content and entrapment efficiency of Hydroquinone liposome.Methods Hydroquinone liposome was prepared by evaporating and ultrasound method,determined the concentration and the entrapment efficiency of Hydroquinone liposome by HPLC.Results Hydroquinone had a good linear relationship in a range of 5.0 ~50.0 μg/ml.The entrapment efficiency of Hydroquinone liposome in three groups reached 83.26%,89.13%,80.75% respectively.Conclusion The technology of preparing Hydroquinone liposome was feasible and the method of quality control was simple and accurate.
The Emerging Role of Protein Phosphorylation as a Critical Regulatory Mechanism Controlling Cellulose Biosynthesis

Plant cell walls are extracellular matrices that surround plant cells and critically influence basic cellular processes, such as cell division and expansion. Cellulose is a major constituent of plant cell walls, and this paracrystalline polysaccharide is synthesized at the plasma membrane by a large protein complex known as the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). Recent efforts have identified numerous protein components of the CSC, but relatively little is known about regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Numerous phosphoproteomic surveys have identified phosphorylation events in CSC associated proteins, suggesting that protein phosphorylation may represent an important regulatory control of CSC activity. In this review, we discuss the composition and dynamics of the CSC in vivo, the catalogue of CSC phosphorylation sites that have been identified, the function of experimentally examined phosphorylation events, and potential kinases responsible for these phosphorylation events. Additionally, we discuss future directions in cellulose synthase kinase identification and functional analyses of CSC phosphorylation sites.
The Milnor–Totaro Theorem for Space Polygons

If κ denotes the curvature and τ the torsion of a closed, generic, and oriented polygonal space curve X in \(\mathbb{E}^3\), then we show that ∫X √(κ2 + τ2) ds = ∫X κ ds + ∫X | τ | ds > 4π if τ is positive. We also show that ∫X √(κ2 + τ2) ds ≥ 2πn if no four consecutive vertices lie in a plane and X has linking number n with a straight line. These extend theorems of Milnor and Totaro.
Pigmented Spindle Cell Nevus of Reed of the Eyelid.

Purpose: To report the clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features of the first pigmented spindle cell nevus (PSCN) of Reed documented to have appeared in the eyelid. Methods: The findings of clinical and histopathological examination are presented, along with differential diagnoses and a review of the pertinent literature. Case: A 3-year-old boy presented with a rapidly growing, heavily pigmented left lower lid papule raising the concern of malignancy, warranting excisional biopsy. Nests of predominantly junctional Mart-1-positive spindle cells were identified by histopathological examination. The cells were largely uniform in size, elongated, surrounded by granular and coarse melanin, with a Ki-67 proliferation index of 0-2%. Five-month follow-up did not evidence any recurrence or invasive behavior of this benign melanocytic tumor. Conclusion: This is the first documented case of PSCN of Reed, a distinct entity from Spitz nevus, presenting in the eyelid. The differential diagnoses include spindle cell and superficially spreading malignant melanoma as well as dysplastic nevus. Integration of clinical and histopathological findings with immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hybridization markers plays a central role in the diagnosis.
Germ-Cell-Specific Inflammasome Component NLRP14 Negatively Regulates Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Sensing to Promote Fertilization

Summary Cytosolic sensing of nucleic acids initiates tightly regulated programs to limit infection. Oocyte fertilization represents a scenario wherein inappropriate responses to exogenous yet non-pathogen-derived nucleic acids would have negative consequences. We hypothesized that germ cells express negative regulators of nucleic acid sensing (NAS) in steady state and applied an integrated data-mining and functional genomics approach to identify a rheostat of DNA and RNA sensing—the inflammasome component NLRP14. We demonstrated that NLRP14 interacted physically with the nucleic acid sensing pathway and targeted TBK1 (TANK binding kinase 1) for ubiquitination and degradation. We further mapped domains in NLRP14 and TBK1 that mediated the inhibitory function. Finally, we identified a human nonsense germline variant associated with male sterility that results in loss of NLRP14 function and hyper-responsiveness to nucleic acids. The discovery points to a mechanism of nucleic acid sensing regulation that may be of particular importance in fertilization.
Modeling the Spread of HIV and HCV Infections Based on Identification and Characterization of High-Risk Communities Using Social Media

Epidemiological dynamics of diseases, which may be transmitted due to sexual behavior or injecting drug use, can vary across demographic, socio-behavioral, and geographic population groups. Typically, studies modeling infection dissemination in such settings use simulated data and employ simplified contact networks. Here, we demonstrate feasibility of simulating HIV/HCV epidemics over a real-world contact network inferred using social media mining. Such networks can lead to more realistic modeling of disease transmission patterns in high-risk population than what is possible at the current state-of-the-art. In particular, we studied how topological characteristics of transmission networks are reflected by viral phylogenies.
Tension pneumocephalus mimicking septic shock: a case report

Tension pneumocephalus can lead to rapid neurologic deterioration. We report for the first time its association with aseptic systemic inflammatory response syndrome mimicking septic shock and the efficacy of prompt neurosurgical intervention and critical care support in treating this condition. A 64-year-old man underwent 2-stage olfactory groove meningioma resection. The patient developed altered mental status and gait instability on postoperative day 6. Imaging showed significant pneumocephalus. The patient subsequently developed worsening mental status, respiratory failure, and profound shock requiring multiple vasopressors. Bedside needle decompression, identification and repair of the cranial fossa defect, and critical care support led to improved mental status and reversal of shock and multiorgan dysfunction. Thorough evaluation revealed no evidence of an underlying infection. In this case, tension pneumocephalus incited an aseptic systemic inflammatory response syndrome mimicking septic shock. Prompt neurosurgical correction of pneumocephalus and critical care support not only improved neurologic status, but also reversed shock. Such a complication indicates the importance of close monitoring of patients with progressive pneumocephalus.
Economies of obligation: Patronage as relational wealth in Bolivian gold mining

Recent scholarship in anthropology offers critical attention to inequality as a constitutive feature of social life to which specific legal, cultural, and religious traditions supply diverging answ...
Cardiac/Hemodynamic Monitoring

The number of people in the United Stated over the age of 65 years continues to grow. As a result, trauma, a disease once thought of as inflicting only the young, has changed its demographic distribution. This older population has become an increasingly larger portion of those requiring trauma and emergency care. However, due to pre-existing comorbid diseases and decreases in physiologic reserve, the care required for the elderly patient can be somewhat challenging and complex. The following chapter will focus on cardiovascular issues and management in the elderly including various modalities of hemodynamic monitoring to help provide care.
Navigating Sexualization as a Sexuality Professional: Recommendations from Sexuality Educators at the 2016 National Sex Ed Conference.

Sexuality professionals are likely to experience unwanted sexualization based solely on their profession. Sexuality professionals are sexualized by various groups of people including strangers, col...
An Analysis of Public Marijuana Policy

Marijuana use has become the symbol of an entire range of problems in our society, each of which exacerbates attempts at rational solutions
Hypermedia and instruction: where is the match?

We have recently begun a major project to design, develop, and implement an enriched learning environment (ELE) for undergraduate education. Our initial thinking was very technology oriented. A hypermedia environment would allow students to explore a knowledge domain and see the relations between ideas; it would allow students and instructors to create new links and new units of information reflecting their interests and needs; it would permit faculty to catalogue and organize their instructional materials and permit them to create high quality text, graphics, and even animation in the comfort of their office; and finally, it would permit students and faculty to communicate and debate. We were attempting to define a technology that would be all things for all students and instructors. It would be a tool that would serve any use of a database and any communication in the learning process. Those rather naive notions have long since passed.
Laboratory Testing for Tick-Borne Infections in a Large Northeastern Academic Medical Center: An 11-Year Experience.

Objectives We evaluated changes in the testing menu, volume, and positivity rates for tick-borne illnesses in a New England medical center over an 11-year time frame. Methods Testing data were obtained by a retrospective review utilizing searchable data from a laboratory information system archive. Results Testing for tick-borne infections (TBI) increased 5.3-fold over an 11-year time period and the number of positive test results increased threefold. Annual rates for Lyme serology positivity varied from 14% to 29% and for western blot confirmation from 26% to 48%. Test volumes and the number of positive results increased for all TBI endemic to our region. Conclusions Our results confirm national trends suggesting increasing rates of TBI and substantially increased testing. This may reflect a greater incidence of TBI in our region and/or increased awareness of these infections.
Racial And Ethnic Differences In The Attainment Of Behavioral Health Quality Measures In Medicare Advantage Plans

As the Medicare population becomes more diverse and its demand for behavioral health care grows, a better understanding of racial/ethnic disparities in the quality of behavioral health care is crucial. Medicare Advantage (MA) plans are accountable through the public reporting of quality performance on measures, including the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS). We examined HEDIS data on eight MA behavioral health care quality measures, using mixed-effects logistic regressions to distinguish racial/ethnic differences within and between MA health plans. We found that performance differed across racial/ethnic groups by more than 10 percentage points on most quality measures. Significant within-plan disparities were found in twenty of twenty-four comparisons of racial/ethnic minority groups with whites. Within-plan disparities varied widely across plans, with performance being equivalent across racial/ethnic groups in some plans and widely divergent in others. Unlike other types of medic...
Advances in understanding flotation mechanisms

Flotation of minerals is governed by many processes at the solid/liquid/gas interface, such as adsorption and precipitation of surfactants. In this paper, the basic principles governing these processes and hence flotation are discussed. Also, recent techniques such as fluorescence and ESR spectroscopy which have been used to study in situ surfactant adsorption and to obtain information on the structure of adsorbed layer are discussed.
Hierarchical Active Learning with Proportion Feedback on Regions.

Learning of classification models in practice often relies on human annotation effort in which humans assign class labels to data instances. As this process can be very time-consuming and costly, finding effective ways to reduce the annotation cost becomes critical for building such models. To solve this problem, instead of soliciting instance-based annotation we explore region-based annotation as the feedback. A region is defined as a hyper-cubic subspace of the input feature space and it covers a subpopulation of data instances that fall into this region. Each region is labeled with a number in [0, 1] (in binary classification setting), representing a human estimate of the positive (or negative) class proportion in the subpopulation. To learn a classifier from region-based feedback we develop an active learning framework that hierarchically divides the input space into smaller and smaller regions. In each iteration we split the region with the highest potential to improve the classification models. This iterative process allows us to gradually learn more refined classification models from more specific regions with more accurate proportions. Through experiments on numerous datasets we demonstrate that our approach offers a new and promising active learning direction that can outperform existing active learning approaches especially in situations when labeling budget is limited and small. Code related to this paper is available at: https://github.com/patrick-luo/hierarchical-active-learning.git.
Stable Ion Studies of the Chrysene Skeleton. Protonation of Chrysene, 6-Halochrysenes, 6-Acetylchrysene, and 4H-Cyclopenta[def]chrysene: NMR Studies of Charge Distribution in Chrysenium Cations and AM1 Calculations

Chrysene (1), 6-fluorochrysene (2), 6-chlorochrysene (3), and 6-bromochrysene (4) are cleanly monoprotonated in FSO3H·SbF5 (ca. 10:1)/SO2ClF at the C-12 position. 6-Acetylchrysene (5) is CO-protonated in FSO3H/SO2ClF with significant charge delocalization into the chrysene and provides a model for a C-6-protonated chrysenium cation. 4H-Cyclopenta[def]chrysene (6) is protonated at C-5 (site of bromination and acetylation). The observed chrysenium (methanochrysenium) cations are those predicted by AM1 to have the lowest energies. The NMR characteristics of the resulting arenium ions are discussed and the Δδ 13Cs are compared with AM1 calculated changes in charges [Δqc = qc(ion) − qc(neutral)]. Possible relationships between the charge delocalization path in chrysenium ions and metabolic activation of chrysenes by electrophilic pathways via the bay-region epoxide ring opening (→ PAH−DNA adduct) are evaluated.
Evaluating the LUVOIR Coronagraph Sensitivity to Telescope Aberrations

Direct imaging of exoplanets in their habitable zone is extremely challenging due to two main factors: the proximity of the planet to the parent star and the flux ratio between the planet and the parent star, usually to the order of 10−10in the visible. Future missions like the Large UV-Optical-Infrared (LUVOIR)Surveyor and the Habitable exoplanet Imaging Mission (HabEx) require large apertures and coronagraphs with active wavefront control to be able to suppress the starlight so faint planets can be detected and characterized adjacent to their parent star. The Extreme Coronagraph for Living Planet Systems (ECLIPS) is the coronagraph instrument on the LUVOIR Surveyor mission concept. The Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraph (APLC) is one of the baselined mask technologies to enable 10−10 contrast observations in the habitable zones of nearby stars. The LUVOIR concept uses a large, segmented primary mirror (8–15 meters in diameter) to meet its scientific objectives. For such an observatory architecture, the coronagraph performance depends on active wavefront sensing and control and metrology subsystems to compensate for errors in segment alignment (piston and tip/tilt), secondary mirror alignment, and global low-order wavefront errors. For the LUVOIR-A architecture (15m obscured telescope), we evaluate the sensitivity to segment-to-segment tip/tilt, piston, power (focus), astigmatism, coma, trefoil and spherical errors, and to errors induced by misalignment of the secondary mirror. Here we present the latest results of the simulation of these effects and discuss the achieved contrast for exoplanet detection and characterization under these circumstances.
Assessing Connection Adequacy for Arguments with Institutional Warrants

An institutional warrant is backed by the rules of some institution, such as a branch of law or a particular game.
Performance Analysis of AODV and DSR Routing Protocols of MANET under Wormhole Attack and a Suggested Trust Based Routing Algorithm for DSR

The nodes in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) can self-assemble themselves, locomote unreservedly and can interact with one another without taking any help from a centralized authority or fixed infrastructure. Due to its continuously changing and self-organizing nature, MANET is vulnerable to a variety of attacks like spoofing attack, wormhole attack, black hole attack, etc. This paper compares and analyzes the repercussion of the wormhole attack on MANET's two common routing protocols of reactive category, specifically, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) by increasing the number of wormhole tunnels in MANET. The results received by simulation will reveal that DSR is greatly affected by this attack. So, as a solution, a routing algorithm for DSR which is based on trust is proposed to prevent the routes from caching malicious nodes.
Multilocus analysis of Gallid herpesvirus 1 in layer chickens in Iraq

Background and aim Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes a highly pathogenic respiratory disease that affects poultry. It is also known as Gallid herpesvirus 1. ILT prophylaxis measures often include using live attenuated vaccines. The live attenuated vaccine can, however, lead to the formation of new strains of ILTV as a result of vaccine reversion and recombination with field strains. Therefore, this study was performed to explore the multilocus variation of ILTV strains of field and vaccine origin. Samples were tested from two distinctive geographical areas in Iraq as little is known about the ILTV genetic diversity within these areas. Materials and methods The polymerase chain reaction method was utilized to generate sequencing templates of six highly polymorphic genes, including UL54, UL52, gB, ICP18.5, ICP4, and gJ in the layer chicken sample (n=15). The Western blotting technique was also employed to detect and estimate the native molecular weight of gE. Results The results revealed an important degree of genetic relatedness between the field and vaccine strains across all genes. In addition, gE was found to be expressed natively at 49 kDa. Conclusion The findings of this study may be used to improve the production process of the vaccine for more effective ILT prophylaxis and could further the understanding of epidemiologists and immunologists to better control ILT in the future.
Is there an international disaster risk reduction regime? Does it matter?

Abstract Global cooperation on disaster risk reduction seems to have risen dramatically over the last twenty-five years. From the 1994 Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World through the 2015 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, countries gradually made stronger pledges and policy changes aimed at substantially reducing disaster risk and losses. Alongside these global efforts, important regional frameworks have emerged aiming to increase national capacities through cooperation and coordination across geographic regions. What are we to make of these efforts at multinational and multi-actor governance? This article explores two key questions: Are we witnessing the inception of a global disaster risk reduction regime? To the extent that we can classify this as a regime, what are the implications for understanding global collective action around disaster risk reduction? The analysis here suggests that it may be too early to classify this as a regime, but aspects of cooperation are trending in that direction. The language of regimes provides a systematic and relatively comprehensive framework for thinking about inherent tensions around global disaster risk reduction.
Is the uphill road the one more taken? How task complexity prompts action on non-pressing tasks

Abstract In both personal and professional spheres, consumers decide when to initiate action on important tasks. Often, for important yet seemingly less-pressing tasks (e.g., saving for retirement), action initiation begins too late. This research is based on the novel insight that for purportedly non-pressing tasks, increasing perceived task complexity acts as a signal of urgency and prompts action, especially for novices. Studies 1 and 2 use a retirement savings context to demonstrate that, for novice investors (millennials, new job-market entrants, individuals with low financial literacy) who perceive retirement saving as non-pressing, framing the task as complex (versus simple) signals urgency and increases likelihood of action. In two additional studies, we replicate these effects to nudge individuals to take immediate online action (pilot) and protect online security (study 3). We discuss implications for corporations, policy makers, and consumers.
Determining the potential clinical value of panel-based pharmacogenetic testing in patients with chronic pain or gastroesophageal reflux disease.

We aimed to determine the potential value of panel-based pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing in patients with chronic pain or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) who underwent single-gene PGx testing to guide opioid or proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, respectively. Of 448 patients included (chronic pain, n = 337; GERD, n = 111), mean age was 57 years, 68% were female, and 73% were white. Excluding opiates for the pain cohort and PPIs for the GERD cohort, 76.6% of patients with pain and 71.2% with GERD were prescribed at least one additional medication with a high level of PGx evidence, most commonly ondansetron or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The most common genes that could inform PGx drug prescribing were CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and SLCO1B1. Our findings suggest that patients with chronic pain or GERD are commonly prescribed drugs with a high level of evidence for a PGx-guided approach, supporting panel-based testing in these populations.
China’s Debt Trap in Pakistan? A Case Study of the CPEC Project:

Existing literature on China–Pakistan trade relations mainly deals with potential opportunities for Chinese investment, while no study has so far specifically analysed Chinese investment in light o...
Mass Spectrometry, High‐Resolution, (Homolog)‐Type Analysis of Petroleum and Synfuel Distillates and Refinery Streams

The complex chemistry and chemical engineering of fossil fuel materials including petroleums, coal-derived liquids, tar sands, shale oils, refinery streams and refined products can often be adequately simplified by expressing the composition of these materials in terms of group types. Group (chemical) types are series of homologous compounds that exhibit similar chemical properties and a regular gradation of physical properties. A homologous series of compounds, the members of which are termed homologs, contains compounds in which successive members exhibit the same difference in chemical formula with the homologous unit of present interest being CH2. Mass spectrometry (MS) is an ideal, extensively used technique in analyzing for chemical types in terms either of the total amounts of the various homologous series of compounds present in a sample or of the individual members (homologs) of the various series of homologous compounds present in a sample. The focus of this article is the fundamentals of homolog-type analysis because analyses expressed in terms of the amounts of individual homologs rather then in terms of the total amounts of group types benefits the understanding/prediction of the effect of experimental conditions on feedstock production/transportation, product distributions in feedstock refining, end-product quality and environmental impacts. A homolog-type analysis also permits the determination/prediction of chemical/physical properties of a sample that can be expressed as a function of composition; examples being reaction rates, distillation curves and elemental analyses. The discussion of techniques for obtaining the “molecular ion mass spectra” required to produce homolog-type analyses focuses on the use of all glass heated inlet systems (AGHIS) and direct probes for sample introduction, low-voltage electrons for ion formation, and double focusing magnetic sector (DF) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass analyzers to resolve isobaric ions.
Paraexponentials, Muckenhoupt weights, and resolvents of paraproducts

We analyze the stability of Muckenhoupt's RHd and Ad classes p p of weights under a nonlinear operation, the A-operation. We prove that the dyadic doubling reverse H6lder classes RHd are not preserved under the AP operation, but the dyadic doubling Ap classes Adare preserved for 0 < A < 1. We give an application to the structure of resolvent sets of dyadic paraproduct operators.
Nitric oxide attenuates α2-Adrenergic receptors by ADP-ribosylation of Giα in ciliary epithelium

PURPOSE To determine the mechanism by which nitric oxide (NO) regulates alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor coupling to adenylyl cyclase in bovine ciliary epithelium. METHODS Ciliary epithelial explants were dissected, cultured, and labeled with [(3)H]adenine. [(3)H]Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) was measured under basal conditions and after exposure to forskolin, isoproterenol, clonidine, yohimbine, pertussis toxin, and the NO donor spermine-NO. Endogenous and NO-stimulated ADP-ribosylation of ciliary epithelial membrane proteins was determined by [(32)P]nicotinamide adenosine diphosphate (NAD) labeling and autoradiography. The three isoforms of the G(i)alpha protein subunit were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Basal [(3)H]cAMP content was 13.4 +/- 1.3 picomoles/mg protein (SEM). Both isoproterenol and forskolin stimulated [(3)H]cAMP accumulation to 36.0 +/- 3.9 and 73.2 +/- 17.5 picomoles/mg protein, respectively. Clonidine did not affect basal [(3)H]cAMP levels, but attenuated both isoproterenol- and forskolin-mediated [(3)H]cAMP accumulation to 23.2 +/- 4.4 and 31.6 +/- 4.6 picomoles/mg protein, respectively. Yohimbine antagonized the clonidine-mediated adenylyl cyclase inhibition. Pertussis toxin blocked the effect of clonidine. In the presence of the NO donor spermine-NO, the clonidine-mediated inhibition of forskolin- and isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation was attenuated completely. NO significantly stimulated endogenous [(32)P]ADP-ribosylation of a 40-kDa membrane protein. Western blot analysis with specific antibodies revealed expression of all three G(i) subtypes--G(i1)alpha, G(i2)alpha, and G(i3)alpha--in bovine ciliary epithelium. CONCLUSIONS NO attenuates alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in ciliary epithelium through ADP-ribosylation of the G(i)alpha subunit. The findings demonstrate heterologous regulation between the NO and cAMP signaling pathways in ciliary epithelium.
Synthesis and interconversion of reduced folylpolyglutamates.

Publisher Summary Tetrahydrofolate (THF) is the coenzyme for several enzymes involved in one-carbon metabolism. The physiological form of THF contains a chain of glutamate residues linked through the γ-carboxyl group. To accommodate the naming of these derivatives, they are named as polyglutamate derivatives of tetrahydropteroate (HaPte), which has no glutamate residue. Tetrahydrofolate then becomes HaPteGlu and the pentaglutamate form HaPteGlu 5 . This chapter describes a method for synthesizing 5-formyl-H 4 PteGlu n , where n is 1 to 6, and the interconversion of this derivative to the other one-carbon derivatives. The concentration of H 4 PteGlu n is determined by measuring the increase in absorbance at 340 nm following the addition of 20 μ g of C 1 -THF synthase to a solution of HaPteGlu n , 0.1 m M NADP + , 20 mi L -serine, 0.2 mg of serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) in 1 ml of potassium N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethane sulfonate (KBES), pH 7.3, containing 5 m M 2-mercaptoethanol. The HnPteGlu n concentration is obtained by dividing the total absorbance change at 340 nm by the extinction coefficient of 7200 M –1 cm –1 , which is the result of the combined absorbance at 340 nm of NADPH and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate at pH 7.3. This extinction coefficient of 7200 M -1 cm -1 changes with pH, so it is important that the pH be pH 7.3.
Malthus vs. History: Speed of Convergence in the Malthusian World

This paper derives the speed of convergence to steady state in the Malthusian world, and provides some rough estimates. The basic message is that the half life of a shock in a Malthusian economy was probably quite long, on the order of two centuries. Various extensions, such as capital accumulation, technological growth, social classes, inheritance laws, non constant elasticities are considered but generally these are shown not to have much of an effect. One exception is that economies with coercive labor institutions are likely to converge much faster than ones with free labor markets. The implications of a slow speed of convergence for welfare, technology adoption, and the nature of institutions are considered and shown to be quite important.
Restoration of fusion in children with intracranial tumors and incomitant strabismus.

Abstract Purpose Intracranial tumors may cause eye misalignment and interruption of sensory fusion. The ocular misalignment may be permanent or may be corrected after tumor treatment with or without specific strabismus treatment. This report analyzes the binocular vision outcome of children with misaligned eyes from brain tumors who regain orthotropia. Design A retrospective noncomparative case series. Participants Twenty-three surviving children less than 18 years of age with a new heterotropia and absence of fusion associated with the development of a brain tumor. Interventions Tumor resection/radiation/chemotherapy and necessary strabismus management. Main outcome measure Stereopsis (≥ 4 of 10 circles) measured with the Randot II stereo test at near fixation. Results Fourteen children regained orthotropia either after tumor therapy, strabismus treatment, or both. Ten of these 14 children with realigned vision regained high-grade stereovision. Nine patients did not regain orthotropia and were excluded. The mean age at tumor diagnosis of the fusing group was 9.9 years (range, 3–17 years) compared with 8.5 years (range, 6–12 years) in the four realigned nonfusing patients. The mean duration of misalignment was 12 months (range, 2–51 months) for the fusing group, and 45 months (range, 14–120 months) for the nonfusing group. Conclusions Children and adolescents with brain tumor–associated eye misalignment may regain the ability to fuse if their misalignment can be corrected. An improved prognosis was noted for those patients when the misalignment had been present for a shorter duration. These data suggest that the outcome may be better for incomitant strabismus than that reported for acute comitant esotropia.