cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN POLICE OFFICERS PARTICIPATING IN THE NORMATIVE AGING STUDY

There is evidence suggesting that male police officers are at a higher risk of developing coronary heart disease than males in the general population. Thus, 1648 men (including 220 police officers and 1428 non-police officers) were followed for 10 years to determine the incidence of coronary heart disease. Subjects were participants of the Normative Aging Study, a longitudinal study of aging initiated in 1963 at the Veterans Administration Outpatient Clinic in Boston, Massachusetts. Comparison of police officers and non-police officers showed no statistically significant differences in the crude incidence rates of coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, or death from coronary heart disease) and myocardial infarction alone. When baseline age, serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and body mass index were taken into consideration in multiple logistic regression analyses, the lack of significant differences between groups persisted. Police officers relative to non-police officers had an adjusted risk ratio (odds ratio) of 1.4 (95% confidence interval = 0.7-2.4) for coronary heart disease and 1.0 (95% confidence interval = 0.4-2.4) for myocardial infarction. Differences between occupational groups were not statistically significant.
A hierarchical grid feature representation framework for automatic image annotation

We propose a hierarchical-grid (HG) feature analysis framework for representing images in automatic image annotation (AIA). We explore the properties of codebooks constructed with different-sized grids in image sub-blocks, and co-occurrence relationship between VQ codewords constructed from different grid systems. The proposed HG approach is evaluated on the TRECVID 2005 data set using classifiers obtained with maximal figure-of-merit discriminative training. With multi-level and cross-level grid systems incorporating bigram information within and between higher and lower grid levels, we show that the AIA performance can be significantly improved. For 20 selected concepts from the 39-concept LSCOM-Lite annotation set, we achieve a best F 1 in almost all the concepts. The overall performance improvement with the combined multi-level and cross-level grid systems over the best single-size grid system in micro F 1 is about 12.1%.
Solid-state thin-film rechargeable batteries

Abstract Thin-film solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries are ideal micropower sources for many applications requiring high energy and power densities, good capacity retention for thousands of discharge/charge cycles, and an extremely low self-discharge rate. Batteries fabricated using the crystalline LiCoO2 cathode consistently provide the maximum power levels up to 30 mW/cm2, long cycle life, negligible self-discharge and rapid charge rates. Similarly promising results have also been obtained with crystalline LiMn2O4 cathodes, although good reproducibility has not been achieved. These fully lithiated cathodes can be used with Li-free or Li-ion thin-film anodes to produce batteries that can withstand high temperature solder bonding processes.
Cooperativity governs the size and structure of biological interfaces

Interfaces, defined as the surface of interactions between two parts of a system at a discontinuity, are very widely found in nature. While it is known that the specific structure of an interface plays an important role in defining its properties, it is less clear whether or not there exist universal scaling laws that govern the structural evolution of a very broad range of natural interfaces. Here we show that cooperativity of interacting elements, leading to great strength at low material use, is a key concept that governs the structural evolution of many natural interfaces. We demonstrate this concept for the cases of β-sheet proteins in spider silk, gecko feet, legs of caterpillars, and self-assembling of penguins into huddles, which range in scales from the submolecular to the macroscopic level. A general model is proposed that explains the size and structure of biological interfaces from a fundamental point of view.
CONVULSIVE REACTION IN A TWO-YEAR-OLD CHILD FOLLOWING THE ACCIDENTAL INGESTION OF AN OVERDOSAGE OF ISONIAZID

S. K., a 26-month-old white male, was admitted to the hospital because of several generalized convulsions in the preceding hour. The mother had tuberculous pleurisy with effusion in 1938. The father had pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitation in 1933 for which pneumothorax was induced from 1934 to 1939 and a lobectomy performed in 1940. Since 1942 neither parent showed signs of active tuberculosis. The patient was one of twins born 3 weeks prematurely by breech presentation. Birth weight was 1,955 gm. He breathed and cried spontaneously. The neonatal period was eventful, development was entirely normal and there were no serious illnesses or convulsions. Because of the family history of tuberculosis, the patient and 3 siblings were vaccinated on June 18, 1954 with 1/16 ml. of Rosenthal9s B.C.G. vaccine (dry freeze), intradermally. Tuberculin tests preceding vaccination were negative and became positive by September 11, 1954. Because the patient had a continuously draining ulcer at the site of vaccination and a large, tender, fluctuant axillary lymph node, treatment was started with streptomycin sulfate 250 mg. twice weekly and 50 mg. of isoniazid t.i.d. on August 4. On September 11, the streptomycin sulfate was reduced to 125 mg. twice weekly, but the isoniazid was continued at the original dosage. This regimen of therapy was maintained until admission to the hospital on November 1. About 1 hour before admission, the patient vomited several times while riding in the car with his mother. Shortly after this, the mother noted that ho seemed less alert and responsive than usual. He then had 3 generalized clonic convulsions in rapid succession, following which he became unconscious. He was brought immediately to the hospital.
Terrorist and criminal social network data sharing and integration

Social networks are valuable resources for intelligence and law enforcement force in their investigations when they want to identify suspects, terrorist or criminal subgroups and their communication patterns. However, missing information in a terrorist or criminal social network always diminish the effectiveness of investigation. Sharing and integration of social networks from different agencies helps increasing its effectiveness; however, information sharing is usually forbidden due to the concern of privacy protection. In this paper, we introduce the subgraph generalization and mechanism to integrate generalized information to conduct social network analysis.
Informed Trading and Option Spreads

We assess the presence and nature of strategic trading by informed investors in the options market. Specifically, we develop and test a model for the spread of an option that directly captures the effects of strategic trading by informed traders. We show that the underlying stock's spread has an important impact on the option spreads due to the hedging activities of option market makers. The initial hedging costs explain half the effective spread of at-the-money or in-the-money options. For out-of-the-money options, initial hedging costs explain less than one third of the spread, but nevertheless play an important economic role. Rebalancing costs associated with hedging are much smaller than the theoretical values, however. This suggests that although option dealers hedge their positions, they do not hold their positions for long. We also find that the adverse selection component of the underlying stock's spread explains a significant fraction of the option spread. More importantly, contrary to conventional wisdom, adverse selection costs are higher for (the most actively traded) at-the-money or slightly out-of-the-money contracts relative to out-of-the money options. The results of the array of tests conducted in this paper, taken together, suggest that informed traders trade strategically in options markets, recognizing the trade-off between leverage and transactions costs associated with option contracts of different moneyness.
A language effect in voice identification

Bilingual students recorded messages in English, Spanish, and English with a strong Spanish accent. Monolingual English-speaking subjects heard a single message and attempted to identify the voice in a six-person line-up 1 week later. The line-up message was delivered in the same language and accent as the initial message. Voices were identified best when speaking English and worst when speaking Spanish. Identification accuracy was intermediate for the accent condition. There were no reliable differences among conditions in false alarms when the target voice was absent from the line-up. The effect of language was replicated using a 30-min retention interval. Familiarity with the language and language constraints on voice characteristics were discussed as possible explanations of the language effect. Language: en
Stark Effect and Hyperfine Structure of Hydrogen Fluoride

The nuclear hyperfine structure constants and the electric dipole moment of hydrogen fluoride, ${\mathrm{H}}^{1}$${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$, in the ground-vibration and first excited rotation state have been measured in a molecular beam electric resonance experiment. The hfs constants are: ${c}_{\mathrm{F}}=307.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5$ kc/sec, ${c}_{p}=\ensuremath{-}70.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.3$ kc/sec, $\frac{2}{5}\frac{{g}_{p}{g}_{\mathrm{F}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{nm}}}^{2}}{h〈{r}^{3}〉}=57.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.44$ kc/sec. The apparatus was calibrated by observing Stark transitions in the ground-vibration and first excited rotation state of carbonyl sulfide, ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$${\mathrm{S}}^{32}$, which gave $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{HF}}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{OCS}}}=2.554\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0037$, or ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{HF}}=1.8195\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0026$ D, by using ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{OCS}}=0.7124\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002$ D. An absolute measurement of the OCS electric dipole moment gave ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{OCS}}=0.7120\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$ D. A digitally computed solution of the Stark effect with magnetic hyperfine structure was necessary to interpret the data. The theory and experiment are in good agreement over the range of electric-field strengths used in the experiment. The hfs constants are in excellent agreement with the averaged absolute values of these constants as measured in a molecular beam magnetic resonance experiment. The agreement has significance because of discrepancies between the results from the two resonance methods, for some other molecules, in previous experiments.
Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei stimulate differential inflammatory responses from human alveolar type II cells (ATII) and macrophages

Alveolar type II pneumocytes (ATII) and alveolar macrophages (AM) play a crucial role in the lung’s innate immune response. Burkholderia pseudomallei (BP) and Burkholderia mallei (BM) are facultative Gram-negative bacilli that cause melioidosis and glanders, respectively. The inhalation of these pathogens can cause lethal disease and death in humans. We sought to compare the pathogenesis of and host responses to BP and BM through contact with human primary ATII cells and monocytes-derived macrophages (MDM). We hypothesized that because BP and BM induce different disease outcomes, each pathogen would induce distinct, unique host immune responses from resident pulmonary cells. Our findings showed that BP adhered readily to ATII cells compared to BM. BP, but not BM, was rapidly internalized by macrophages where it replicated to high numbers. Further, BP induced significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion from ATII cells (IL-6, IL-8) and macrophages (IL-6, TNFα) at 6h post-infection compared to BM (p<0.05). Interestingly, BM induced the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in ATII cells and macrophages at 6h post-infection, with delayed induction of inflammatory cytokines at 24h post-infection. Because BP is flagellated and produces LPS, we confirmed that it stimulated both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR5 via NF-κb activation while the non-flagellated BM stimulated only TLR4. These data show the differences in BP and BM pathogenicity in the lung when infecting human ATII cells and macrophages and demonstrate the ability of these pathogens to elicit distinct immune responses from resident lung cells which may open new targets for therapeutic intervention to fight against these pathogens.
Is there a break-down of equal-time canonical commutation rules?

Hieu’s recent report of the break-down of equal-time canonical commutation relations for field operators is re-examined. It is shown that, if the Bjorken-Johnson-Low definition of equal-time commutator is used, the break-down is avoided.
Phosphorylation of RhoC GTPase by Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) is required for breast cancer cell migration and invasion.

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 2833 Recent evidence has suggested a role for Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) in cellular motility and invasion. Previously, we have demonstrated a role for RhoC GTPase in conferring a highly motile and invasive phenotype to inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) cells. RhoC contains a putative Akt phosphorylation site at serine 71, similar to the other members of the Rho subfamily. Studies have suggested that Akt phosphorylation of RhoC prevents GTP binding and subsequent activation of RhoC, thus leading to cellular motility. In this present study we examined the role of Akt phosphorylation of RhoC in breast cancer cell invasion. The SUM 149 inflammatory breast cancer cell line overexpresses RhoC, lacks the PTEN gene, and consequently expresses a constitutively active Akt. Using this SUM 149 IBC cell line, we demonstrate that RhoC is a reputed substrate for Akt phosphorylation. We are able to decrease phospho-RhoC levels and inhibit SUM 149 cellular motility through inhibiting Akt activation with commercially available Akt inhibitors. We are also able to inhibit cellular motility by inhibiting the phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway with LY294002 or decreasing total levels of Akt with siRNA. In contrast, the MDA435 breast cancer cell line expresses RhoC but has normal expression of PTEN and low active Akt levels. By introducing activated Akt into these MDA435 breast cancer cells, increased phospho-RhoC levels result, along with increased cell motility and invasion. These results suggest that Akt phosphorylation of RhoC in breast cancer cells is required for cellular migration and invasion.
Three-dimensional localization of low activity gamma-ray sources in real-time scenarios

Abstract Radioactive source localization plays an important role in tracking radiation threats in homeland security tasks. Its real-time application requires computationally efficient and reasonably accurate algorithms even with limited data to support detection with minimum uncertainty. This paper describes a statistic-based grid-refinement method for backtracing the position of a gamma-ray source in a three-dimensional domain in real-time. The developed algorithm used measurements from various known detector positions to localize the source. This algorithm is based on an inverse-square relationship between source intensity at a detector and the distance from the source to the detector. The domain discretization was developed and implemented in MATLAB. The algorithm was tested and verified from simulation results of an ideal case of a point source in non-attenuating medium. Subsequently, an experimental validation of the algorithm was performed to determine the suitability of deploying this scheme in real-time scenarios. Using the measurements from five known detector positions and for a measurement time of 3 min, the source position was estimated with an accuracy of approximately 53 cm. The accuracy improved and stabilized to approximately 25 cm for higher measurement times. It was concluded that the error in source localization was primarily due to detection uncertainties. In verification and experimental validation of the algorithm, the distance between 137 Cs source and any detector position was between 0.84 m and 1.77 m. The results were also compared with the least squares method. Since the discretization algorithm was validated with a weak source, it is expected that it can localize the source of higher activity in real-time. It is believed that for the same physical placement of source and detectors, a source of approximate activity 0.61–0.92 mCi can be localized in real-time with 1 s of measurement time and same accuracy. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the developed scheme make this algorithm a suitable candidate for its deployment in real-time localization of radioactive sources.
A Note on Government Procurement Policies Related to Mandates for Document Format Standards

A number of governments in Europe and elsewhere are considering or have considered recommending, requiring or mandating the internal use a particular document format standard, rather than allowing individual departments to choose for themselves or to select from some central government-approved short list of possible standards. Cost savings have been given as a primary motivation for these proposed policies. This brief note reflects on the potential costs that the requirement of a single document format standard can entail. It draws from an empirical study prepared in 2007 in connection with the Danish government’s evaluation of document format standardization. The available data indicate the importance of conducting a systematic impact assessment of any proposed policy related to requirements to restrict use of particular document format standards. I close the note with a proposal for the steps that governments should follow to fully assess the potential costs and benefits of such policies before deciding on any implementation.
Determination of image resolution from SAS image statistics

The quality of a SAS image is affected by the coherence across the synthetic aperture which is directly related to errors in motion estimation, compensation, or physical phenomena (e.g. medium instability or acoustic multipath). Operational use of a SAS system can benefit from metrics that estimate image quality and identify areas where sonar imagery is suboptimal. Furthermore, an estimate of the coherence across the synthetic aperture would be necessary to maintain a system calibrated response and use acoustic measurements to determine target or seafloor physical properties. This paper proposes techniques to determine the mean point object response and relates this parameter to image resolution. Unlike previous attempts to determine image resolution that relied on the use of specifically designed targets intended to provide an ideal point response, this technique relies on a statistical approach where the image is assumed to contain many point-like objects. The point objects are identified by comparison with seafloor statistics, and the 3dB peak width is measured for all identified point objects in the image. Analysis of the point object results provides the mean image resolution in two dimensions as well as local variability of resolution across the image. The resolution response provided by this technique was verified by reprocessing samples of SAS imagery while varying the aperture length and bandwidth and determining the resolution of the sample images. Comparison of the predicted and measured resolution response is shown.
The Reconstruction of a Postindustrial City

There is increasing competition between cities to attract investment. Older industrial cities have a particularly difficult time. It is in this context that there is an attempt to rewrite the meaning of the industrial city. Constructing a new, more positive picture involves marketing a new image, constructing a new environment, and reorienting a city's relationship with its physical environment. The process involves many actors, from business leaders eager to stimulate investment to local citizens' groups seeking to reclaim community space. This article examines these issues in the city of Syracuse, New York, and, in particular, documents the important changes in civic boosterism, the construction of a new iconography of the downtown, and the evolving discourse on environmental pollution.
Combining incidence and demographic modelling approaches to evaluate metapopulation parameters for an endangered riparian plant

Metapopulations are a central concept in ecology and conservation biology; however, estimating key parameters such as colonization rates presents a substantial obstacle to modelling metapopulations in many species. We develop spatial and non-spatial simulation models that combine incidence- and demographic-based approaches to build a relationship between observed patch occupancy, habitat turnover rates, colonization rates and dispersal scales. Applying these models to long-term observations of Pedicularis furbishiae (Furbish’s lousewort), a rare plant endemic to the Saint John River, we predict that observed habitat patches averaging 550 m in length receive colonizing seedlings with a yearly probability of 0.45 or 0.54, based on two different models. Predictions are consistent with a standard analytic metapopulation formulation modified to partition extinction drivers during the early and the late phases of a population’s life cycle. While the specific results rest on several simplifying assumptions, the models allow us to understand the impact that increasing rates of habitat turnover would have on the future survival of this species.
Of Symbolic Logic

In this chapter I propose to set forth some of the assumptions to which symbolic logic is bound by its formulations. I do not wish to interfere by interpolating my own ideas but since the topic is logic some working conceptions seems needed and appropriate.
Style-Me – An Experimental AI Fashion Stylist

“Style endures as it is renewed and evolved” believed French fashion designer Gabrielle Chanel [1]. In this study, we propose an AI based system called “Style-Me” as our answer to the question “Can an AI machine be a fashion stylist?” Style-Me is a machine learning application that recommends fashion looks. More specifically, Style-Me learns user preferences through the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The system scores user’s customized style looks based on fashion trends and users’ personal style history. Although much remains to be done, our implementation shows that an AI machine can be a fashion stylist.
An approximately G 1 cubic surface interpolant

Abstract In our earlier work on tangent plane continuous surface interpolation, we observed that many interpolation schemes often produce surfaces with drastic curvature variation. The curvature distributions are extreme enough to render the surfaces undesirable for many practicable applications. In an effort to improve the curvature distributions of surface interpolants, we have developed a surfacing method that (empirically) tends to produce surfaces possessing smoothly varying curvature. The surfaces produced by the method are comprised of cubic triangular parametric patches. An interesting feature of the method is that although the surfaces produced are globally only of class C 0 , they are “close” to being of class G 1 (tangent plane continuous). Moreover, the extent to which they are not of class G 1 can be made arbitrarily small using a refinement strategy.
Erectile Dysfunction: Etiology and Risk Factors

Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects a growing number of men in the United States and abroad, with significant impacts on sexual function and overall quality of life. The etiologies of ED are classified as organic or psychogenic, with the majority of causes being organic. The most common organic cause of ED is vasculogenic, although other major classes of ED etiologies include neurologic, endocrine, drug-induced, iatrogenic, and other medical and urological disorders. Clinicians are well served to keep in mind that virtually all cases of apparently organic ED have a psychogenic component. The risk factors for ED include cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors, and men with ED should be routinely screened for cardiovascular disease. Additional risk factors for developing ED include diabetes, lower urinary tract symptoms, hypogonadism, and other chronic conditions. Having a clear understanding of the etiologies and risk factors for ED facilitates the workup of ED and the development of a personalized, effective treatment approach.
Kathleen Brady, the Distinctiveness of Religion in American Law: Rethinking Religion Clause Jurisprudence

A review of Kathleen Brady, The Distinctiveness of Religion in American Law: Rethinking Religion Clause Jurisprudence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
Biotin Auxotrophy and Biotin Enhanced Germ Tube Formation in Candida albicans.

Due to the increased number of immunocompromised patients, infections with the pathogen Candida albicans have significantly increased in recent years. C. albicans transition from yeast to germ tubes is one of the essential factors for virulence. In this study we noted that Lee’s medium, commonly used to induce filamentation, contained 500-fold more biotin than needed for growth and 40-fold more biotin than is typically added to growth media. Thus, we investigated the effects of excess biotin on growth rate and filamentation by C. albicans in different media. At 37 °C, excess biotin (4 µM) enhanced germ tube formation (GTF) ca. 10-fold in both Lee’s medium and a defined glucose-proline medium, and ca. 4-fold in 1% serum. Two biotin precursors, desthiobiotin and 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid (KAPA), also stimulated GTF. During these studies we also noted an inverse correlation between the number of times the inoculum had been washed and the concentration of serum needed to stimulate GTF. C. albicans cells that had been washed eight times achieved 80% GTF with only 0.1% sheep serum. The mechanism by which 1–4 µM biotin enhances GTF is still unknown except to note that equivalent levels of biotin are needed to create an internal supply of stored biotin and biotinylated histones. Biotin did not restore filamentation for any of the four known filamentation defective mutants tested. C. albicans is auxotrophic for biotin and this biotin auxotrophy was fulfilled by biotin, desthiobiotin, or KAPA. However, biotin auxotrophy is not temperature dependent or influenced by the presence of 5% CO2. Biotin starvation upregulated the biotin biosynthetic genes BIO2, BIO3, and BIO4 by 11-, 1500-, and 150-fold, respectively, and BIO2p is predicted to be mitochondrion-localized. Based on our findings, we suggest that biotin has two roles in the physiology of C. albicans, one as an enzymatic cofactor and another as a morphological regulator. Finally, we found no evidence supporting prior claims that C. albicans only forms hyphae at very low biotin (0.1 nM) growth conditions.
Plasma transport in an Eulerian AMR code

A plasma transport model has been implemented in an Eulerian AMR radiation-hydrodynamics code, xRage, which includes plasma viscosity in the momentum tensor, viscous dissipation in the energy equations, and binary species mixing with consistent species mass and energy fluxes driven by concentration gradients, ion and electron baro-diffusion terms and temperature gradient forces. The physics basis, computational issues, numeric options, and results from several test problems are discussed. The transport coefficients are found to be relatively insensitive to the kinetic correction factors when the concentrations are expressed with the molar fractions and the ion mass differences are large. The contributions to flow dynamics from plasma viscosity and mass diffusion were found to increase significantly as scale lengths decrease in an inertial confinement fusion relevant Kelvin-Helmholtz instability mix layer. The mixing scale lengths in the test case are on the order of 100 μm and smaller for viscous effects ...
BehaviorShop: an intuitive interface for interactive character design frederick

Artificial Intelligence for interactive characters is held back by the difficulty of actually creating those characters. There is a need for intuitive tools which simplify the process of building complex AI characters. In this paper, we present BehaviorShop, a tool for building interactive characters, and the results of a study to test the effectiveness and ease of use of this tool. The majority (80%) of test subjects were able to successfully create a complex character using BehaviorShop. Our results show success with this interface, and the advantage of using the subsumption architecture as a paradigm for character creation.
Video Conferencing: An Intervention for Emotional Loneliness in Long-Term Care

ABSTRACTResidents in long-term care report high rates of emotional loneliness. The following pilot study examined an intervention to address these feelings. A sample of eight residents used videoconferencing (Skype) to communicate with very close family/friends one or more times each week for two months. Wilcoxon matched pairs tests suggested that the intervention was not associated with significant changes in affective well-being. However, desirable changes in various aspects of social support were evident and should be explored in future research that includes a larger sample size. The logistics of implementing this videoconferencing study were extensive and increasing the sample size would necessitate changes in research methods. Most notably, choice of the hardware as well as the availability of assistance to operate the hardware and software are aspects that need to be altered. Specific recommendations are made to facilitate future research and practice.
Agent-Based Modeling of Large-Scale Land Acquisition and Rural Household Dynamics

Large-scale land acquisition is a complex policy issue affecting many developing countries. This chapter analyzes how this issue affects rural households using a computational modeling approach. The case study examined is the South Omo Zone in southern Ethiopia, where ongoing large-scale land acquisition transactions generate new dynamics in climate-stressed rural communities living in fragile biophysical environments. The study presents a novel computational model called OMOLAND, a spatial agent-based model explicitly representing key components of South Omo’s rural system (households, enterprises, institutions, climate, and biophysical environment), their coupled interactions, and emergent dynamics. Here we show how humans, especially herders, are separately and jointly affected by environmental change and land acquisition patterns.
Zeolite Synthesis with Metal Chelate Complexes

Abstract X type zeolites have been synthesized in the presence of metallophthalocyanines (MPc, where M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) resulting in partial inclusion of these complexes. Synthesis variables such as metal loading, order of mixing, and aging will be discussed.
Simulation of stratigraphic architecture from statistical and geometrical characterizations

Stratigraphic modeling based on physical and geologic principles has been improved by more sophisticated process models and increased computer power. However, such efforts may reach a limit in their predictive power because of the stochastic, multiscaled nature of the physical processes involved. Building on techniques from the geostatistical literature, a conditional simulation method, dubbed “SimStrat,” has been developed to improve predictions of stratigraphic architecture from limited data. No physical processes are invoked. Rather, the prediction is based solely on geometric and statistical principals. The method takes as input sonar bathymetry, seismically defined stratigraphic horizons, and core-defined horizons. Each stratigraphic horizon is characterized using spectral modeling and coherence modeling for adjacent horizons. Predictions of subsurface horizons are improved where seafloor bathymetry conforms with the underlying strata. Conditional simulations can then be generated that conform to available data constraints and statistical characterization. Tests with synthetic data in one and two dimensions for differing spectral models confirm the reliability of the method.
The Glycocode: Translating Heparan Sulfate Fine Structure into Developmental Function

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an important component of the cell surface and extracellular matrix. HSPGs function in a wide variety of biological processes, including cell adhesion, signaling, migration, and proliferation. HSPGs are an information-dense family consisting of a core protein to which one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are attached. The information contained within the GAG chains allows for great complexity and a specificity to bind and regulate binding of growth factors and morphogens. It is therefore no surprise that HSPGs are involved in many developmental processes, such as neural migration, kidney formation, and placentation. Here we explore how the information-rich GAG chains control distinct aspects of development utilizing a “glycocode” model.
Suppression of dendritic cell necroptosis by pandemic influenza virus

The public health risk of a new pandemic influenza virus (IAV) approaching the scope and mortality of the devastating 1918 strain makes it important to identify virus-host mechanisms unique to pandemic strains. Human dendritic cell infection by two different H1N1 seasonal IAV strains (1991 and 1999) induces widespread RNA degradation and programmed cell death beginning at 4 h after infection. Characteristic of necroptosis, the cell death showed nuclear condensation and fragmentation that was caspase independent and RIP3 kinase dependent. Notably, infection with the pandemic 1918 and 2009 H1N1 IAV strains did not induce dendritic cell RNA degradation and necroptosis. Furthermore, necroptosis induced in dendritic cells by poly I:C exposure was suppressed by concomitant infection with the pandemic 2009 IAV. These results indicate that infection with the pandemic viruses not only fails to induce the dendritic cell necroptosis seen with the seasonal IAV strains, but that it actively suppresses necroptosis. Virus chimera studies implicate the HA virus segment as mediating the necroptosis inhibition by the pandemic IAV strains. Necroptosis leads to the release of intracellular components which serve as danger associated molecular patterns (DAMP), making this a highly immunogenic cell death mechanism. Consistent with this view, we find that the suppression of virus-induced necroptosis by the pandemic IAV reduces T cell activation. These studies show that pandemic viruses are unique in suppressing a key immunological danger signal. The suppression of the generation of DAMPs from infected immune cells may contribute to the pathogenicity of pandemic H1N1 IAV viruses.
Balanced and Unbalanced Reduced Factorial Designs

In this chapter, balanced and unbalanced reduced factorial designs for use in optimization of multicomponent behavioral, biobehavioral, and biomedical interventions are discussed. These designs, which include a carefully selected subset of the experimental conditions in a corresponding complete factorial, can be more efficient and economical than complete factorials when implementation of experimental conditions is expensive or logistically challenging. However, there are important trade-offs that the investigator must make in exchange for this efficiency and economy. Reduced factorial designs are not for every situation, but when used appropriately and strategically, they can make excellent use of limited research resources. Readers should be familiar with the material in all previous chapters, particularly Chaps. 3 and 4.
Case 9: Rare Diseases, Common Dilemmas

The President of a nonprofit that supports research for rare diseases faces the following funding dilemmas: contested bequests, board member pressures around funding decisions, collaboration with both nonprofit and government partners, and restricted versus unrestricted donations. This case highlights the many different paths that nonprofit leaders must navigate to secure and maintain the funding they need to carry out their mission. The authors push readers to step into the President’s shoes and figure out how to address these dilemmas to keep the doors open, all the while maintaining ethical rigor and transparency.
Unstable nonunions of the distal part of the humerus.

Background:Some nonunions of the distal part of the humerus are so unstable that the hand and the forelimb cannot be supported against gravity. The purpose of the present retrospective study was to analyze the results of open reduction and internal fixation, joint contracture release, and autogenous
Analytical Model Predictive Control

This presentation deals with the model predictive controllers that admit an analytical solution. In particular, short horizon and long(infinite) horizon controllers are considered. A general model predictive control(MPC) law is formulated, and it is then shown that in special cases the MPC law leads to the following: input-output linearizing control laws that inherently include optimal windup and directionality compensators model state feedback control and modified internal model control laws that inherently include an optimal directionality compensator proportional—integral(PI)and proportional—integral—derivative(PID)controllers that inherently include optimal windup and directionality compensators
An Economic, Ecological, and Cultural Evaluation of Agriculture in the American South

Economic theory predicts a free market will direct the activity of producers by giving the greatest rewards to those who produce goods most economically and efficiently. Producing crops economically means producing them by maximizing energy use efficiency through allocating land for production to the crops that are best adapted to that land. The theory has not held true in the South. Analysis of past and present agriculture shows that maximizing short term yield rather than using land efficiently has been the force guiding management decisions. Reasons include: The Colonial Imperative – The original English colonists were acting to maximize profit for British business through short-term exploitation. Ignorance – First settlers thought the soil was rich and could be exploited indefinitely. Subsistence farming – Many of the later immigrants were fighting for survival, and needed quick results. Slavery – This artificial energy subsidy allowed cotton and tobacco farming on land ill-suited to these crops. Market access – Access to markets (roads, railroads, canals) limited the exchange of products that could be grown efficiently. Costs – Even where access was developed, the cost of transportation and storage often outweighed the benefits of growing more energy efficient crops. Ineffective Communication – Lack of market information on the frontier limited ability for good economic decisions. Market distortions – Subsidies, tariffs, and embargoes restricted free trade, thereby interfering with the workings of Adam Smith’s “invisible hand of the marketplace”.
Kinetic States of Order in Highly Nonequilibrium Materials

Two concepts from the kinetic theory of disorder→order transformations are presented. Kinetics provides control over the path taken en route to equilibrium, permitting different types of microstructures to be synthesized. Variations in microstructural evolution can be parameterized by two or more order parameters. “Kinetic paths” through two or more order parameters are convenient for experimental study because they are independent of the vacancy concentration in the material. Saddle points in the free energy surface have little consequence to the thermodynamic state, but if an alloy approaches a saddle point its kinetic evolution tends to stall. This stalled state is an example of a “pseudostable” state.
Deliberation Across the Cultural Divide: Assessing the Potential for Reconciling Conflicting Cultural Orientations to Reproductive Technology

Cultural cognition can, and often does, result in a kind of cognitive illiberalism, exemplified by those who believe that welfarist considerations have an important role to play in the debate over reproductive technologies stand to benefit from an investigation into cultural cognition's effects on the debate. Understanding how cultural cognition has shaped and is likely to shape public reactions to emerging reproductive technologies can help those who are engaged in these policy discussions guard against the pull of cognitive illiberalism and help them clear effective paths to common ground that might otherwise have eluded them. Beginning that process is the goal of this Article. We proceed in three parts. Part I introduces the key concepts and propositions in the cultural theory of mass opinion that we deploy in this analysis. Part II explores the cultural character of debates over reproductive technology. We explore theoretical relationships between cultural orientations and key aspects of reproductive technology conflicts, such as how different cultural worldviews approach science, innovation, religion, and women's rights. To look at a specific case, we consider how arguments on genetic enhancement resonate with different cultural values, and we juxtapose these findings with a map of where the American public stands in general on cultural value questions. Part III adds a conception of public deliberation to the analysis and considers theoretical relationships between the features of deliberation and cultural orientations. Finally, Part IV brings this discussion back to the context of reproductive technology to consider briefly the potential for deliberative politics on these issues.
Prediction of Isothermal Inelastic Low Cycle Fatigue Response and Associated Life of High Temperature Isotropic Materials

ABSTRACT This paper presents a method for predicting the isothermal response and the associated low cycle fatigue life for isotroplc alloys at high temperature. The method is derived from a state variable constitutive relationship. The state variable represents a continuum measure of material resistance to inelastic flow. It evolves with hardening, softening and damaging micromechanisms, such that the method models the inf leunce of those micromechanisms on the material's response and fatigue life. The model presented here is phenomenological, however, the material constants and functions are evaluated from plastic responses where transgranular micromechanisms are dominant; therefore, the method is limited to predicting material life and response associated with transgranular plasticity micromechanisms. Extension to intergranular micromechanisms is still under consideration. The method is applied to Rene80 at 1800 F with good agreement between predicted and observed results.
Long-Duration Surface Anchoring With a Hybrid Electrostatic and Gecko-Inspired Adhesive

Many scenarios require access to locations that are difficult to reach; however, mobile and untethered robots for these applications operate on a limited reserve of energy. Researchers often design robots specifically to be able to wait for periods of time in low-power states, conserving energy, and protecting hardware during periods of inactivity. In this letter, we introduce a temporary anchor using a low-power hybrid electrostatic/gecko-inspired adhesive for robots such as quadrotors and wall-climbing systems to allow access to remote areas while providing the ability to safely hold a position for an extended duration. This letter presents a self-contained electrostatic and gecko-inspired adhesive anchor mechanism, which is particularly well suited for long-duration payload placement. With structural layers comprised of a rigid plate and a soft foam, this anchor distributes normal stress across the pad while maintaining the compliance required for effective use of the adhesives. This new approach to loading the hybrid adhesive increases the distance off-the-wall that a payload can be supported, even on rough surfaces. We model the capacity of the device and demonstrate carrying an 11.9 N load applied 12 mm off of a rough drywall surface with an adhesive area of 32 cm $^{-2}$ . We also offer two innovations that extend the mission-duration of an electrostatic adhesive anchor. We show that polyimide, a common dielectric layer in flex circuits, is prone to failing over a period of hours while both polyethylene-terephthalate and polyethylene-napthalate films demonstrate long-term stability under the applied electrical field. Furthermore, to reduce the power consumption of the adhesive, we introduce the concept of power-cycling, and reduce power consumption by an order of magnitude while still maintaining over 85 percent adhesion strength.This temporary anchor can be scaled in size to suit a given application, with virtually no difference in power draw or required electronics.We model the payload capacity of the anchor, and demonstrate performance on a variety of surfaces.
The Effect of Octanoic Acid on Essential Voice Tremor: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of octanoic acid on acoustic, perceptual, and functional aspects of essential voice tremor (EVT). STUDY DESIGN Prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. METHODS Sixteen participants with a diagnosis of EVT were randomized to a 3-week dosing condition of octanoic acid or placebo, followed by a 2-week washout period and crossover to the other condition for an additional 3 weeks. Baseline and post-testing sessions were completed before and at the completion of each condition. Primary outcome measures were the magnitude of amplitude and frequency tremor, measured from the acoustic signal. Secondary outcomes were auditory-perceptual ratings of tremor severity and self-ratings of voice handicap. RESULTS Magnitude of amplitude and frequency tremor were significantly lower after 3 weeks of octanoic acid dosing as compared to the placebo condition. Auditory-perceptual ratings of tremor severity did not show significant differences between conditions. A trend toward better voice was seen for the sustained vowel ratings, but not the sentence-level ratings. No significant differences between conditions were seen on self-reported voice disability as assessed on the Voice Handicap Index-10. CONCLUSIONS The results of this controlled investigation support the potential utility of octanoic acid for reducing the magnitude of tremor in people with EVT. Further research is needed to determine whether different dosing or treatment combinations can improve functional communication in EVT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Laryngoscope, 129:1882-1890, 2019.
Source Free Domain Adaptation Using an Off-the-Shelf Classifier

With the advancements in many data mining and machine learning tasks, together with the availability of large-scale annotated data sets, there have been an increasing number of off-the-shelf tools for addressing these tasks, like Stanford NLP Toolkit and Caffe Model Zoo. However, many of these tasks are time-evolving in nature due to, e.g., the emergence of new features and the change of class conditional distribution of features. As a result, the off-the-shelf tools are not able to adapt to such changes and will suffer from sub-optimal performance in the target application. In this paper, we propose a generic framework named AOT for adapting the outputs from an off-the-shelf tool to accommodate the changes in the learning task. It considers two major types of changes, i.e., label deficiency and distribution shift, and aims to maximally boost the performance of the off-the-shelf tool in the target domain, with the help of a limited number of target domain labeled examples. Furthermore, we propose an iterative algorithm to solve the resulting optimization problem, and we demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed AOT framework on text and image data sets.