cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A K/Ka-band distributed power amplifier with capacitive drain coupling

A 14- to 37-GHz GaAs MMIC distributed power amplifier is discussed. The amplifier has three FETs of varying periphery, all capacitively coupled to the gate line. The drain of the FET nearest the output is capacitively coupled to the drain line to increase output power. A gain of 4 to 5 dB has been achieved from 14 to 37 GHz. Output power of 20 dBm or greater has been demonstrated at frequencies up to 33 GHz at 1-dB gain compression. A maximum 1-dB gain-compressed output power of 23.5 dBm (220 mW) has been measured at 36 GHz. The circuit is completely monolithic, with all bias and matching circuitry included on the chip. >
Excitonic effects in absorption spectra of carbon dioxide reduction photocatalysts

The formation and disassociation of excitons play a crucial role in any photovoltaic or photocatalytic application. However, excitonic effects are seldom considered in materials discovery studies due to the monumental computational cost associated with the examination of these properties. Here, we study the excitonic properties of nearly 50 photocatalysts using state-of-the-art Bethe–Salpeter formalism. These ~50 materials were recently recognized as promising photocatalysts for CO2 reduction through a data-driven screening of 68,860 materials. Here, we propose three screening criteria based on the optical properties of these materials, taking excitonic effects into account, to further down select six materials. Furthermore, we study the correlation between the exciton binding energies obtained from the Bethe–Salpeter formalism and those obtained from the computationally much less-expensive Wannier–Mott model for these chemically diverse ~50 materials. This work presents a paradigm towards the inclusion of excitonic effects in future materials discovery for solar-energy harvesting applications.
Small Volume Resistivity Changes Observed Using MEG

Small rcgions of incrcascd electrical resistivity changes have been detected during spreading cortical dcpression (SCD) associated with seizures [1], Localization of these regions may be useful for finding the epileptic foci since it locatcs the region of SCD. Boone, Levi, and Holder [1] used electrical impedance tomography (EIT) with sub-dural electrodes and a transverse applied DC current to identify epileptic foci in a rabbit model. Since EIT is notoriously low in resolution, a technique of measuring electric impedance which gives greatcr resolution is desirablc. [2]
Environmentally compatible packaging of muscle foods

This chapter gives an overview of different types of meat packaging, approaches to source reduction and discusses specific research using bio-based packaging. Use of less packaging materials through thinner films and smaller packages without loss of strength or function are covered in some detail. Bio-based packaging materials can be extracted from biomass, synthesized from bio-derived materials and produced by micro-organisms including packaging materials cast and heat extruded. These bio-based materials include polysaccharide-, protein- and lipid-based compounds. Commercially available and research prototype packaging materials are also reviewed.
Computer laboratories for the theory of computing course

We describe, a set of structured laboratories designed for the theory of computing course. These laboratories include various types of exercises, including the writing of programs which perform tasks related to the concepts studied in class, as well as more traditional theory problems done with the aid of interactive computer programs.
Quantifying Dispersal of the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis, Coleoptera) with incomplete data and behavioral knowledge

Eradication programs for invasive species can benefit from tools that delineate infestations and identify patterns of spread to guide eradication priorities and activities. However, identifying these patterns in cryptic organisms such the Asian longhorned beetle can be complicated by the sometimes conflicting needs of rapid eradication and research. Here, we describe the use of a simple approach based on tools and concepts used in graph theory to infer beetle movement, using infested tree records collected by the Asian Longhorned Beetle Eradication Program in Worcester, MA, the largest infestation yet found in the U.S. Analyses included two sets of assumptions about beetle dispersal (representing a gap in knowledge of beetle biology), and two data sets of varying completeness, which were combined to develop and compare four scenarios of beetle dispersal in Worcester, MA. Together, these four scenarios suggest that the shape of the beetle dispersal-distance probability curve or dispersal kernel is more sensitive to assumptions about the predilection of beetles to disperse than to the size and completeness of the infested tree database, though both impacted inferred patterns of dispersal. The four scenarios are used to produce empirical estimates of dispersal risk around the current infestation, which can inform eradication efforts while recognizing the limits of data availability in a rapidly evolving eradication program. These estimates of dispersal also highlight the importance of continuing to integrate data collection into eradication programs, and the need to expand our understanding of beetle behavior and biology, as the data shown suggest that differences in dispersal behavior could dictate different eradication strategies.
Two algorithms for correcting phase aberration in a computer-controlled ultrasonic imaging system

Spatial inhomogeneities in the acoustic velocity of tissues degrade the performance of medical ultrasonic imaging systems. Two algorithms which can correct the phase aberration induced by the inhomogeneities are presented. The first algorithm adjusts the phases of signals transmitted and received from individual channels in a phased array scanner, one group of adjacent elements at a time. The second algorithm is based on the assumption that a phases error profile can be approximated by a sum of sine waves and the phase aberration can be corrected by subtracting components of the sum. Comparisons of the two algorithms are presented. >
Findings in routine pelvic examinations on 1,998 women

Abstract Routine pelvic examinations were done on a group of 1,998 presumably healthy, white women in the younger age levels. Approximately one-third of the women had some type of gynecologic condition predominantly of minor nature. The incidence of major pathology as presented here errs on the side of conservatism since some 10 per cent to 15 per cent of the women had previous pelvic examinations at the Procurement Offices, and some cases were undoubtedly eliminated because of major pelvic pathology. Despite this, the figures on incidence of fibromyomas uteri and ovarian cysts are higher, in the authors' opinion, than would be expected. The total incidence of fibromyomas was 27.5 per thousand, which is higher than one would expect in a predominantly young group. Nine ovarian cysts were found, six of which were large enough to require operation. Naturally the incidence of minor pathology would not be affected by any elimination due to previous pelvic examinations. The incidence of vaginitis per thousand was 13.5; total cervical erosions and cervicitis 122.1; cervical polyps 4.0; total malpositions 141.1; total cystic ovaries 24.0; and induration of the adnexa 8.5. These figures should represent the incidence per thousand in any similar group. Of the 1,998 women examined, ten were candidates for major surgery. Two cases, because of a history of metrorrhagia, were rejected and presumably would undergo diagnostic curettage. Eight cases required removal of cervical polyps. Twenty-seven had vaginitis. Two hundred and forty-four had cervical erosions or cervicitis. According to current gynecologic practice, treatment is advisable in these cases. This large group requiring treatment (291 out of 1,998) once again emphasizes the need for careful routine pelvic examinations.
Extending the frontiers: Reconciling accelerator and cosmic ray p-p cross sections

We simultaneously fit a QCD-inspired parametrization of all accelerator data on forward proton-proton and antiproton-proton scattering amplitudes, together with cosmic ray data (using Glauber theory), to predict proton-air and proton-proton cross sections at energies near {radical}(s){approx_equal}30 TeV. The p-air cosmic ray measurements provide a strong constraint on the inclusive particle production cross section, as well as greatly reducing the errors on the fit parameters--in turn, greatly reducing the errors in the high-energy proton-proton and proton-air cross section predictions. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
The effect of ergotamine tartrate on the abnormal electrocardiogram in patients previously prepared with tetraethylammonium chloride

Abstract The changes in the T waves which may occur with a change in posture, have been thought by some authors to be due to a change in sympathetic tone. Nordenfeldt, 7 in a series of experiments, demonstrated that the injection of ergotamine tartrate would prevent the recurrence of posturally inverted T waves in patients who previously had shown such changes with the assumption of the erect posture. Wendkos 11 stated that inverted T waves which may occur in the emotionally tense person or the neurocirculatory asthenic may be prevented or normalized by the use of a sympathicolytic drug. He also concluded that excessive sympathetic tone was responsible for the inverted T waves and that, with the use of ergotamine tartrate, a differentiation between functionally inverted and organically inverted T waves could be made. In a previous series of experiments 9 it was found that the positional inversion of previously upright T waves was not always prevented with the use of ergotamine tartrate and it was demonstrated also that normalization of inverted T waves due to organic heart disease could be induced by the administration of ergotamine preparations. 10 Because these results were not consistent with those of the previous investigators, it was thought that the normalization of inverted T waves by ergotamine was not due to changes in sympathetic tone. The appearance of anginal pain after the injection of ergotamine preparations and the normalizing of organically inverted T waves suggested a direct action of these preparations either on the coronary arteries or on the heart muscle. The development and clinical application of tetraethylammonium chloride introduced a means of blocking the transmission of impulses across the autonomic ganglia so that the direct action of ergotamine tartrate on the heart muscle or coronary arteries could be studied. During these experiments, some coincidental observations were made on the effect of tetraethylammonium chloride on the blood pressure and on the electrocardiogram.
Assembly Mapping of 30S Ribosomal Proteins from E. coli

An assembly map of 30S ribosomal subunits has been constructed. The assembly reaction is sequential and cooperative. The map may reflect the topological relationships among ribosomal proteins in the ribosomal structure.
Evaluating Latent Growth Curve Models Using Individual Fit Statistics

The usefulness of assessing individual fit in latent growth curve models was examined. The study used simulated data based on an unconditional and a conditional latent growth curve model with a linear component and a small quadratic component and a linear model was fit to the data. Then the overall fit of linear and quadratic models to these data was examined. The quadratic models fit the data well but the linear models did not, even though the quadratic component was very small. Then fit was examined at the individual level. Based on individual log likelihood values, a linear model fit most of the individual trajectories well. The article then demonstrates the use of individual fit indexes in empirical data and offers suggestions for assessing individual fit in applied research.
The market for video-on-demand

In spite of predictions to the contrary, video on demand service has yet to become a significant channel for distribution of audiovisual entertainment to consumers’ homes. In this paper, we examine the market for video on demand service under the assumption that quality of service is a threshold factor that consumers take into consideration when making their purchasing decision. Given this characteristic of consumer behavior, we model the joint demand for video on demand service and broadband network access. We then proceed to characterize the optimal solution to monopolist and duopolist content providers’ price and quantity decisions in this market. The comparative statics results are extended in a two-period game theoretic framework that addresses the timing issue of service adoption.
Antimalarial 1,2,4-Trioxanes Related to Artemisinin: Rules for Assignment of Relative Stereochemistry in Diversely Substituted Analogs

A series of rules has been developed, using mainly 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, for identification of relative stereochemistry in a variety of substituted antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxanes.
Measuring treatment effects of Cilostazol on clinical trial endpoints in patients with intermittent claudication

Intermittent claudication (IC) comprises the most common presenting symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which itself is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis. Typical symptoms of IC are aching pain, numbness, and fatigue in the lower extremities. Symptoms are induced by walking or exercise and usually resolve with rest. The cornerstone of treating IC is risk-factor reduction and a supervised exercise regimen. Pharmacotherapy specifically indicated for the treatment of IC includes a new drug, cilostazol, and the traditional drug, pentoxifylline. Cilostazol also has antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and vasodilatory activity, as well as a positive effect on serum lipids. Eight multicenter clinical trials, seven in the U.S. and one in the U.K., used objective and subjective clinical endpoints to assess the treatment efficacy of cilostazol. Objective endpoints included maximal and pain-free walking distance (MWD and PFWD, respectively), the ankle-brachial index, peripheral hemodynamic measurements, and serum lipid levels. Subjective endpoints, assessed by patient questionnaires, included perceived functional status and health-related quality of life. Cilostazol treatment showed statistically significant increases in MWD and PFWD within 4 weeks, as well as improvements in physical functional status at 24 weeks, compared with placebo and pentoxifylline. Increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreases in plasma triglycerides were also noted. Subjective assessments appeared to match objective parameters.
Rejection measurement based on linear discriminant analysis for document recognition

In document recognition, it is often important to obtain high accuracy or reliability and to reject patterns that cannot be classified with high confidence. This is the case for applications such as the processing of financial documents in which errors can be very costly and therefore far less tolerable than rejections. This paper presents a new approach based on Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to reject less reliable classifier outputs. To implement the rejection, which can be considered a two-class problem of accepting the classification result or otherwise, an LDA-based measurement is used to determine a new rejection threshold. This measurement (LDAM) is designed to take into consideration the confidence values of the classifier outputs and the relations between them, and it represents a more comprehensive measurement than traditional rejection measurements such as First Rank Measurement and First Two Ranks Measurement. Experiments are conducted on the CENPARMI database of numerals, the CENPARMI Arabic Isolated Numerals Database, and the numerals in the NIST Special Database 19. The results show that LDAM is more effective, and it can achieve a higher reliability while maintaining a high recognition rate on these databases of very different origins and sizes.
Functional Rescue of the Sarcoglycan Complex in the BIO 14.6 Hamster Using δ-Sarcoglycan Gene Transfer

Abstract Four types of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) are known to be caused by mutations in distinct sarcoglycan genes. The BIO 14.6 hamster is a model for sarcoglycan-deficient LGMD with a deletion in the δ-sarcoglycan (δ-SG) gene. We investigated the function of the sarcoglycan complex and the feasibility of sarcoglycan gene transfer for LGMD using a recombinant δ-SG adenovirus in the BIO 14.6 hamster. We demonstrate extensive long-term expression of δ-sarcoglycan and rescue of the entire sarcoglycan complex, as well as restored stable association of α-dystroglycan with the sarcolemma. Importantly, muscle fibers expressing δ-sarcoglycan lack morphological markers of muscular dystrophy and exhibit restored plasma membrane integrity. In summary, the sarcoglycan complex is requisite for the maintenance of sarcolemmal integrity, and primary mutations in individual sarcoglycan components can be corrected in vivo.
Cytisine increased smoking cessation in adults.

Source Citation West R, Zatonski W, Cedzynska M, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of cytisine for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1193-200. 21991893
Pediatric blunt liver injury: Establishment of criteria for appropriate management☆

Abstract There is no consensus regarding the most appropriate management of pediatric blunt liver injury. This study addresses this issue by reviewing our experience with blunt liver trauma in relationship to the grade of injury. Forty-one pediatric patients with blunt abdominal trauma and documented liver injury were managed from 1979 to 1989. Fifteen (37%) underwent celiotomy. Three children had extensive parenchymal injuries (grade IV or V) requiring resection and three others died intraoperatively, secondary to exsanguinating hemorrhage of associated injuries (grade V) to the hepatic veins and inferior vena cava. The need for celiotomy was obvious in these patients. In 9 of the 15 children who underwent exploration (60%), bleeding from the liver injury (grade II or III) had ceased by the time of celiotomy. These children did not appear to benefit from the operation. Twenty-six of the 41 patients (63%) were selected for nonoperative management because they were hemodynamically stable after initial resuscitation and did not show signs of associated intraabdominal injuries requiring surgical intervention. These children underwent evaluation by abdominal computed axial tomography scan (grade I, II, III, and IV injuries). Blood transfusions were given to keep the hematocrit above 30%. Seventeen of the 26 children managed nonoperatively (65%) did not require blood replacement. The mean (±SEM) transfusion volume for the remaining nine children was 14.8 ± 2.5 mL/kg. Blunt liver injury represents a spectrum from a minimal parenchymal hematoma to massive liver disruption. We conclude that celiotomy is necessary for hepatic injury when it is associated with continued massive bleeding. Hemodynamically stable injured children with transfusion requirements less than 40 mL/kg can be managed nonoperatively in an appropriate setting.
Semantics Empowered Web 3.0: Managing Enterprise, Social, Sensor, and Cloud-based Data and Services for Advanced Applications

After the traditional document-centric Web 1.0 and user-generated content focused Web 2.0, Web 3.0 has become a repository of an ever growing variety of Web resources that include data and services associated with enterprises, social networks, sensors, cloud, as well as mobile and other devices that constitute the Internet of Things. These pose unprecedented challenges in terms of heterogeneity (variety), scale (volume), and continuous changes (velocity), as well as present corresponding opportunities if they can be exploited. Just as semantics has played a critical role in dealing with data heterogeneity in the past to provide interoperability and integration, it is playing an even more critical role in dealing with the challenges and helping users and applications exploit all forms of Web 3.0 data. This book presents a unified approach to harness and exploit all forms of contemporary Web resources using the core principles of ability to associate meaning with data through conceptual or domain models and semantic descriptions including annotations, and through advanced semantic techniques for search, integration, and analysis. It discusses the use of Semantic Web standards and techniques when appropriate, but also advocates the use of lighter weight, easier to use, and more scalable options when they are more suitable. The authors' extensive experience spanning research and prototypes to development of operational applications and commercial technologies and products guide the treatment of the material. Table of Contents: Role of Semantics and Metadata / Types and Models of Semantics / Annotation -- Adding Semantics to Data / Semantics for Enterprise Data / Semantics for Services / Semantics for Sensor Data / Semantics for Social Data / Semantics for Cloud Computing / Semantics for Advanced Applications
BST-2/tetherin: a new component of the innate immune response to enveloped viruses

The interferon-inducible, transmembrane protein BST-2 (CD317, tetherin) directly holds fully formed enveloped virus particles to the cells that produce them, inhibiting their spread. BST-2 inhibits members of the retrovirus, filovirus, arenavirus and herpesvirus families. These viruses encode a variety of proteins to degrade BST-2 and/or direct it away from its site of action at the cell surface. Viral antagonism has subjected BST-2 to positive selection, leading to species-specific differences that presented a barrier to the transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) to humans. This barrier was crossed by HIV-1 when its Vpu protein acquired activity as a BST-2 antagonist. Here, we review this new host–pathogen relationship and discuss its impact on the evolution of primate lentiviruses and the origins of the HIV pandemic.
Inactivation of the human brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptor by oxidative damage catalyzed by a low molecular weight endogenous inhibitor from Alzheimer’s brain is prevented by pyrophosphate analogs, bioflavonoids and other antioxidants

Oxidative stress has been implicated as a contributing factor to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. An endogenous, low molecular weight (LMW) inhibitor from Alzheimer's brain inactivates the human brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). The inhibitor prevents agonist and antagonist binding to the mAChR as assessed by radioligand binding studies. The LMW endogenous inhibitor, which has components with molecular weights between 100 and 1000 Da, requires dissolved oxygen and glutathione. Prevention of inactivation of the mAChR with peroxidase suggests that the LMW endogenous inhibitor generates peroxide. Heme, previously shown to be present in the LMW endogenous inhibitor, also inactivates the mAChR in the presence of peroxide. Free radical damage to the muscarinic receptor by the endogenous inhibitor can be prevented through the use of naturally occurring antioxidants including bilirubin, biliverdin, carnosol, myricetin and quericetin. In addition, pyrophosphate, imidodiphosphate, bisphosphonates and related compounds also protect the muscarinic receptor from free radical damage. Inactivation of the mAChR by the LMW endogenous inhibitor is likely to be a factor in the continual decline of Alzheimer's patients, even those taking acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Natural antioxidants and pyrophosphate analogs may improve the effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and prove useful in the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease since the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is required for memory, and decreased cholinergic function is a critical deficit in Alzheimer's disease.
Studies on the pathogenesis of African swine fever. I. Quantitative studies on the sequential development of virus in pig tissues.

Assays for African swine fever virus (ASFV) were conducted on 16 tissues of pigs serially killed at daily intervals following intranasal inoculation of ASFV. Virus was first detected at 1 day postinoculation in the tonsils, mandibular lymph nodes, and in circulating leukocytes in the blood. Once virus appeared in blood, it spread rapidly throughout the body and was detected at 3 days in all tissues examined. Highest viral titers were observed in tissues containing a large component of reticulo-endothelial cellular elements (108 50% hemadsorption units per gram). This correlates favorably with the observation that the significant lesions of African swine fever occur in such tissues.
The redox behavior of rhenium halides. X. The reduction of rhenium(III) bromide by tertiary amines and phosphines

Abstract Rhenium(III) bromide reacts with pyridine, 3-chloro-pyridine, γ-picoline and benzimidazole to produce the rhenium(II) polymers [Re 3 Br 6 L 3 ] n . In contrast to this, pyrazine forms the unreduced adduct Re 3 Br 9 (pyz) 3 . Prolonged reaction of rhenium(III) bromide with tri-n-propylphosphine and ethyldiphenylphosphine in refluxing methanol results in disruption of the trimer and reduction to metalmetal bonded dimers of the type Re 2 Br 4 L 4 . Comparisons are made with the related reactions of rhenium(III) chloride.
Cryopumping for fusion reactors

Abstract Fusion reactors will exhaust large volumes of hydrogen species and helium, and cryopumps can satisfy the pumping needs. Two programs described here were undertaken to develop the high performance, continuous operation required. The capability of charcoal as a cryogenic sorbent was optimized and improved by use of specific charcoal types and grades, and by use of thermally conductive bonds for attaching the charcoal to the cryogenically cooled substrate. A 30% demonstrated pumping speed improvement is significant for a system in which the pump dimensions are measured in tens of square meters. An automatically controlled continuous duty cryopump system was developed, fabricated and demonstrated. The system pumps deuterium, and can be readily modified to pump helium by addition of a sorbent such as charcoal. This two-unit system has one unit being regenerated while the other unit is pumping. It is prototypical of a fusion reactor pump in which five units would be pumping for each unit that is being regenerated. Low tritium holdup is projected for an operational installation.
Semiempirical molecular orbital calculations: The ionization potentials of HgI2, the orbitals of the heavier elements, and the approximation of electron repulsion integrals

Calculations of the ionization potentials of HgI2 using the ARCANA computer program and atomic data from Hartree-Fock-Slater (HSF) calculations reasonably approximate the experimental values without the incorporation of experimentally derived molecular parameters. Inclusion of the occupied 5d shell of Hg and the empty 6s of I reveals the inadequacy of the practice, widely employed in several semiempirical procedures, of using the same electron repulsion integrals for dissimilar orbitals on the same atom. HSF calculations provide a convenient unified source of atomic orbital data for the less familiar elements.
Electric Breakdown in MgO Crystals at Elevated Temperature

Experiments are performed to determine the source of the increase in conductivity and consequent breakdown of MgO subject to moderate electric fields. Results are reported on the effect of the presence of impurities and metallic precipitates on the rate of current increase and on the defect microstructure observed by transmission electron microscopy. Experiments involving reversal of the polarity of the electric field are performed, and electron-paramagnetic-resonance spectra resulting from electric field treatment are described. The results are discussed in terms of stable metallic pathways, thermal emission of current carriers from colloids, and changes in the distribution of defects and impurities. Es werden Experimente ausgefuhrt, um die Ursache des Leitfahigkeitsanstiegs bis zur Zerstorung von MgO-Kristallen zu erklaren, der in einem angelegten elektrischen Feld auftritt. Dazu wird der Einflus von Verunreinigungen auf das zeitliche Verhalten des Stromanstiegs bestimmt, sowohl bei Stromflus in einer Richtung, als auch bei anschliesender Umpolung. In den elektrisch behandelten Proben konnen mit Hilfe von TEM-Aufnahmen sowie mit EPR-Experimenten metallische Ausscheidungen nachgewiesen werden. Die Ergebnisse werden bezuglich dreier Modelle diskutiert. Als erstes werden stabile metallische Faden angenornmen, ferner wird thermische Emission von Ladungstragern aus Kolloiden untersucht, und schlieslich wird eine stromabhangige Aderung der Defekte in Betracht gezogen.
Critical Issues: Preparation for New Literacy Researchers in Multi-Epistemological, Multi-Methodological Times:

In this Critical Issues, we argue that the preparation of novice literacy researchers should change in response to the growing diversification of epistemologies and methods employed in literacy research. We assert that the preparation of novice literacy researchers should be aimed at developing students who understand and appreciate a broad range of research epistemologies and methods. We suggest ways in which coursework related to research methods and epistemologies, research apprenticeships and mentoring, and the reading and writing of literacy research might intensify and adjust to meet this aim. We contend that whether our field will be characterized by methodological fragmentation or ecological balance will depend in large part on how we prepare future literacy researchers.
The Disruptive Behavior Scale: an objective assessment of unmanageable social behavior in adolescents.

The Disruptive Behavior Scale, a 26-item behavioral checklist, provides an objective measure of socially unacceptable public secondary school behavior and may prove to be of value in determining public school exit and reentry plans for disruptive adolescents. The checklist may be completed in 15-25 minutes and does not require direct administration. Test-retest reliability scores were significant (p less than .05) for all items; item-whole test scores were significant for all but 2 items. Both initial and replication validity studies that involved comparisons between public school students and adolescents expelled from public schools yielded significant differences (p less than .05) in the expected direction.
Is taurine a hypothalamic neurotransmitter?: A model of the differential uptake and compartmentalization of taurine by neuronal and glial cell particles from the rat hypothalamus.

Abstract Although taurine has been postulated to be a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the mammalian CNS, little is known concerning its role in brain function. Evidence suggesting that taurine may influence endocrine and homeostatic mechanisms via the hypothalamus resulted in our investigations into its function in this brain region. The main objectives of the research were to characterize the specific binding, uptake, and release of taurine in the hypothalamus. A specific aim was to examine the proposed neurotransmitter role for taurine in the hypothalamus. This was accomplished by comparing the characteristics and properties of the binding, uptake, and release of taurine with those for the classical neurotransmitters which satisfy the criteria for a neurotransmitter. On such a comparative basis, the characteristics of taurine uptake satisfy the neurotransmitter criterion of inactivation of taurine in the hypothalamus. However, the observed characteristics of taurine binding and release in the hypothalamus do not satisfy the respective neurotransmitter criteria of specific receptors and Ca 2+ -dependent evoked release. Therefore, solely on the basis of the experimental observations reported herein, we must conclude that taurine apparently does not function as a neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus. Two uptake systems were found in the P 2 fraction, a high affinity uptake system and a low affinity uptake system. Uptake systems for taurine have previously been reported in glial and nerve cell homogenates, and therefore, because of the known contamination of crude synaptosomal preparations with glial particles, we sought to determine the cellular origin of the two taurine uptake systems in our crude preparation. Using a variety of diverse biochemical techniques such as hypo-osmotic shock, release experiments and Arrhenius plots, we determined that physical changes of the media or depolarizing stimuli which would influence neuronal and glial cell particles differently, also had differing effects on high and low affinity taurine uptake or its release from the respective uptake compartments. We conclude that the high affinity taurine uptake system/compartment is located on/in neuronal membranes/particles and that the low affinity taurine uptake system/compartment is located on/in glial membranes/particles. Such a model for the differential cellular transport and compartmentalization of taurine into neuronal and glial cells has important implications concerning its possible role in the CNS.
Large amplitude, extremely rapid, predominantly perpendicular electric field structures at the magnetopause

[1] Electric fields with amplitudes to 140 mV/m and average durations of 7.5 milliseconds have been observed at the magnetospheric side of the dayside magnetopause. These fields are predominantly perpendicular to B, they are electrostatic, and they occur inside local minima in the plasma density. Because they have been observed at each of approximately seven opportunities, they must be a common feature of the magnetopause. They may be associated with the magnetospheric separatrix because computer simulations suggest such structures. Their complete characterization requires time domain measurements of plasma and three component fields with better than a few millisecond time resolution.
Determining the Frequency of Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Trovafloxacin, Grepafloxacin, and Gemifloxacin

Newer fluoroquinolones have good activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and may be useful clinically for the treatment of pneumonia. Although resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae has been reported, it is rare. The frequency of single-step resistance and the emergence of resistance were compared in serial transfer of 49 clinical isolates of penicillin-sensitive and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, grepafloxacin, and gemifloxacin. Single-step resistance frequencies to four times the minimum inhibitory concentration were 2.73×10-6 (±8.46×10-6) for ciprofloxacin, 1.78×10-7 (±4.62×10-7) for trovafloxacin, 5.45×10-7 (±1.24×10-6) for grepafloxacin, 6.78×10-7 (±1.38×10-6) for gemifloxacin, and 9.23×10-8 (±4.47×10-7) for levofloxacin. In serial transfer experiments, all isolates became resistant to clinically relevant levels of all fluoroquinolones after eight passages. The resistance occurred most rapidly with ciprofloxacin followed by grepafloxacin, gemifloxacin, trovafloxacin, and levofloxacin. These results show that strains with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones occur frequently in cultures of Streptococcus pneumoniae, and this organism can readily become resistant to clinically relevant concentrations of fluoroquinolones in vitro.
Comparison of the cycloplegic and mydriatic effects of 0.5% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine to Paremyd and the counteracting effects of dapiprazole

Abstract A study was conducted to compare the cycloplegic and mydriatic effects of Paremyd™, a formulation of 0.25% tropicamide and 1% hydroxyamphetamine, to 0.5% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine. The counteracting effects of Rev-Eyes™ (0.5% dapiprazole) were also evaluated. Employing a double-masked study, 56 subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Subjects were dilated bilaterally with either one drop each of 0.5% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine, or Paremyd™ and a placebo (0.9% NaCl). Near visual acuity, pupil size, and accommodative amplitude were measured at 30 min and then every hour for 5 additional hours. In a second phase of the study, 56 different subjects were selected and received 0.5% dapiprazole bilaterally 30 min after the randomly assigned dilating agent was instilled. Subjects receiving 0.5% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine experienced a greater level of cycloplegia than those who received Paremyd™. While the maximum pupillary size obtained was equivalent for both groups, those dilated with Paremyd™ exhibited a significant increase in recovery to the pre-mydriatic pupil size at the 3-, 4-, and 5-h measurements. The recovery rate of pupil size was enhanced significantly ( P
On the time-optimal trajectory planning and control of robotic manipulators along predefined paths

In this paper we study the problem of time-optimal trajectory planning and control of robotic manipulators along predefined paths. An algorithm that generates dynamically feasible time-optimal trajectories and controls is presented, which considers the complete dynamic model with both Coulomb and viscous friction. Even though the effects of viscous friction for fast motions become more significant than Coulomb friction, in previous formulations viscous friction was ignored. We propose a formulation that naturally leads to a convex relaxation which solves exactly the original non-convex formulation. In order to numerically solve the proposed formulation, a discretization scheme is also developed. Through simulation and experimental studies on the resulting tracking errors, applied torques, and accelerometer readings for a 6-axis manipulator, we emphasize the significance of penalizing a measure of total jerk. The importance of imposing acceleration constraints at the initial and final transitions of the trajectory is also studied.
Obesity and physical activity in college women: implications for clinical practice.

Purpose To investigate the relationships between levels of physical activity, health attitudes and behaviors, and specific health indicators in women attending college. Data Sources A convenience sample of 116 college women, ages 18 to 24 years, participated in this research study at a moderate-sized midwestern university.The data were obtained through self-administered questionnaire; trained technicians collected physiological measurements. Conclusions The young women in this study had, on average, normal body mass indexes (BMIs) and reported activity levels consistent with or greater than the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American College of Sports Medicine guidelines. Items used to assign participants into the appropriate stage of the transtheoretical model of change were correlated with participants’ perceived personal physical activity levels. Similarly, the participants, whose scores fell in the higher stages of the transtheoretical model, reported greater levels of physical activity; consumption of more fruits, vegetables, and water; and less consumption of high-fat/high-calorie foods. Implications for Practice The years between ages 18 and 24 are a critical time in the lives of young women.During this period, they develop physical activity and nutrition habits that will affect their health across the life span. Because of the sometimes insidious development of major health problems, young women's current health status may not accurately reflect the possible longterm results of negative health habits. Nurse practitioners (NPs) have many opportunities to identify and address major factors that, if unattended, may threaten the life-long health status of women. Health teaching in the areas of physical activity and dietary habits may be useful even in young women who appear to be healthy, are of normal weight, and are physically active.Poor dietary habits, if unattended, may eventually contribute to the development of obesity and related illnesses.
Price, quality, and grocery shopping behaviour

Female grocery shoppers were segmented using cluster analysis; subsequently, segment profiles were developed using discriminant analysis. Identified shopper segments were found to distinguish clearly between various money-saving tactics and to rely on such tactics to varying degrees. Also, they were found to differ in terms of preference, behavioural and demographic characteristics.
The GISP2 δ18O Climate Record of the Past 16,500 Years and the Role of the Sun, Ocean, and Volcanoes

Measured 18O/16O ratios from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice core extending back to 16,500 cal yr B.P. provide a continuous record of climate change since the last glaciation. High-resolution annual 18O/16O results were obtained for most of the current millennium (A.D. 818-1985) and record the Medieval Warm Period, the Little Ice Age, and a distinct 11-yr 18O/16O cycle. Volcanic aerosols depress central Greenland annual temperature (∼1.5°C maximally) and annual 18O/16O for about 4 yr after each major eruptive event. On a bidecadal to millennial time scale, the contribution of solar variability to Holocene Greenlandic temperature change is ∼0.4°C. The role of thermohaline circulation change on climate, problematic during the Holocene, is more distinct for the 16,500-10,000 cal yr B.P. interval. (Analogous to 14C age calibration terminology, we express time in calibrated (cal) yr B.P. (A.D. 1950 = 0 cal yr B.P.)). The Oldest Dryas/Bolling/Older Dryas/Allerod/Younger Dryas sequence appears in great detail. Bidecadal variance in 18O/16O, but not necessarily in temperature, is enhanced during the last phase of lateglacial time and the Younger Dryas interval, suggesting switches of air mass transport between jet stream branches. The branched system is nearly instantaneously replaced at the beginning of the Bolling and Holocene (at ∼14,670 and ∼11,650 cal yr B.P., respectively) by an atmospheric circulation system in which 18O/16O and annual accumulation initially track each other closely. Thermodynamic considerations of the accumulation rate-temperature relationship can be used to evaluate the 18 O/16O-temperature relationship. The GISP2 ice-layer-count years of major GISP2 climate transitions also support the use of coral 14C ages for age calibration.
Self‐consistent magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling: Theoretical studies

[1] A theoretical examination of the electrodynamical interaction between the ionosphere and the inner magnetosphere is presented. A self-consistent ring current (RC) model has been developed that couples the electron and ion magnetospheric dynamics with the calculation of the electric field. Two new features were taken into account in order to close the self-consistent magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling loop. First, in addition to the RC ions, we have solved an electron kinetic equation in our model. Second, using the relation of Galand and Richmond [2001], we have calculated the height integrated ionospheric conductances as a function of the precipitated high energy magnetospheric electrons and ions that are produced by our model. To validate the results of our model we simulate the magnetic storm of May 2, 1986, a storm that has been comprehensively studied by Fok et al. [2001], and have compared our results with different theoretical approaches. The self-consistent inclusion of the hot electrons and their effect on the conductance results in deeper penetration of the magnetospheric electric field. In addition, a slight westward rotation of the potential pattern (compared to previous self-consistent results) is evident in the inner magnetosphere. These effects change the hot plasma distribution, especially by allowing increased access of plasma sheet ions and electrons to low L shells. These results are consistent with recent observations from the IMAGE satellite. INDEX TERMS: 2736 Magnetospheric Physics: Magnetosphere/ionosphere interactions; 7807 Space Plasma Physics: Charged particle motion and acceleration; 2753 Magnetospheric Physics: Numerical modeling; 2730 Magnetospheric Physics: Magnetosphere—inner; KEYWORDS: magnetic storms, ring current, electric fields, numerical simulations
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Effects on the Primary Lipids of Lung Surfactant

The effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on lung surfactant are difficult to determine from analysis of human and animal lung lavage due to large variations in surfactant recovery, a lack of uniformity of smoke exposure, and the difficulties inherent in analyzing milligram quantities of a multicomponent biological material. An alternative is to examine specific components of lung surfactant in a Langmuir trough with a subphase conditioned by exposure to known quantities of ETS. Pressure−area isotherms and fluorescence microscopy measurements reveal that both the minimum surface tension and respreading of model lung surfactant monolayers and the morphology of the condensed phases at high lateral pressures are changed on subphases exposed to ETS. ETS alters the distribution and fraction of crystalline lipid domains in the monolayer, which are correlated with the minimum surface tension and monolayer viscosity in pristine lung surfactant monolayers. The minimum surface tension of the dominant lipid s...
Retaplase plus abciximab improves non-fatal outcomes, but not overall survival in people with diabetes and acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Abstract Question In people with diabetes and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, is half-dose reteplase plus abciximab more effective than reteplase alone? Study design Secondary analysis of multicentre randomised controlled trial. Main results For mortality at 30 days or 1 year, there was no significant difference between groups (see Table 1). Reteplase plus abciximab significantly reduced the risk of reinfarction, or recurrent ischaemia or angina compared with reteplase alone. Table 1 Clinical outcomes for people with diabetes and ST-segment myocardial infarction. Reteplase alone (n=1299) Half-dose reteplase plus abciximab (n=1334) P value Death within 30 days 8.8% 8.2% 0.57 Death within 1 year 13.0% 12.4% 0.64 Reinfarction 4.3% 2.5% 0.01 Recurrent ischaemia/angina 14.9% 11.8% 0.01 Authors’ conclusions Although treatment with reteplase plus abciximab did not provide a survival benefit for people with diabetes and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction compared with reteplase alone, nonfatal outcomes including reinfarction and recurrent ischaemia were substantially reduced.
Laparoscopic resection of cornual heterotopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer leading to successful live birth

Abstract Heterotopic cornual pregnancy refers to the co-existence of intrauterine and extrauterine cornual pregnancies. This is rare, but the incidence increases in pregnancies associated with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). A 36 year old gravida 2 para 0 woman with a history of bilateral salphingectomy underwent IVF-ET and was diagnosed with a heterotopic cornual pregnancy. She underwent diagnostic laparoscopy and wedge resection of the right cornual ectopic pregnancy. The intrauterine pregnancy progressed uneventfully and was delivered via caesarean section at 36 + 6 weeks. This case report illustrates the importance of early diagnosis of the condition, and how meticulous surgical technique is effective in removing the cornual ectopic pregnancy while preserving the intrauterine pregnancy.