cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distribution of membrane-glycogen complexes in the orbital surface layer of rabbit superior rectus

Abstract The distribution of membrane-glycogen complexes along the length of individual muscle fibers was compared among three fiber populations in the orbital surface layer of rabbit superior rectus. These three populations were (a) 61 singly innervated fibers (SIFs), (b) 10 multiply innervated fibers of relatively constant 10 μm diameter (10 μm MIFs), and (c) 22 multiply innervated fibers which are of about 5 μm diameter toward the middle of their length and of about 15 μm diameter toward their proximal and distal segments (5–15 μn MIFs). The orbital surface layer was sampled by electron microscopy at 68 sequential locations. Membrane-glycogen complexes were not seen in any of the 1738 samples of the SIFs. In the MIFs, such complexes were observed in 14% of the 1541 samples. However, both the 10 μm MIFs and 5–15 μm MIFs displayed a preferential concentration of membrane-glycogen complexes toward their distal fiber portions, and such complexes were seen in about 50% of the MIF samples near the beginning of the muscle's distal third. In the distal portion of 5–15 μm MIFs, there was a direct relationship between their increasing fiber diameter and their increasing frequency of occurrence of membrane-glycogen complexes.
Learning networks in rainfall estimation

This paper utilizes Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), standard Support Vector Regression (SVR), Least-Squares Support Vector Regression (LS-SVR), linear regression (LR) and a rain rate (RR) formula that meteorologists use, to estimate rainfall. A unique source of ground truth rainfall data is the Oklahoma Mesonet. With the advent of the WSR-88D network of radars data mining is feasible for this study. The reflectivity measurements from the radar are used as inputs for the techniques tested. LS-SVR generalizes better than ANNs, linear regression and a rain rate formula in rainfall estimation and for rainfall detection, SVR has a better performance than the other techniques.
The synaptic vesicle proteome: A comparative study in membrane protein identification

A proteomic analysis of the synaptic vesicle was undertaken to obtain a better understanding of vesicle regulation. Synaptic vesicles primarily consist of integral membrane proteins that are not well resolved on traditional isoelectric focusing/two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (IEF/2-DE) gels and are resistant to in-gel digestion with trypsin thereby reducing the number of peptides available for mass spectrometric analysis. To address these limitations, two complementary 2-DE methods were investigated in the proteome analysis: (a) IEF/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE) for resolution of soluble proteins and, (b) Benzyl hexadecyl ammonium chloride/SDS-PAGE (16-BAC/SDS-PAGE) for resolution of integral membrane proteins. The IEF/SDS-PAGE method provided superior resolution of soluble proteins, but could only resolve membrane proteins with a single transmembrane domain. The 16-BAC/SDS-PAGE method improved separation, resolution and identification of integral membrane proteins with up to 12 transmembrane domains. Trypsin digestion of the integral membrane proteins was poor and fewer peptides were identified from these proteins. Analysis of both the peptide mass fingerprint and the tandem mass spectra using electrospray ionization quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry led to the positive identification of integral membrane proteins. Using both 2-DE separation methods, a total of 36 proteins were identified including seven integral membrane proteins, 17 vesicle regulatory proteins and four proteins whose function in vesicles is not yet known.
Radar micro-Doppler simulations of classification capability with frequency

Classifying human signatures using radar requires a detailed understanding of the RF scattering phenomenology associated with humans as well as their motion. We model humans engaged in the activity of walking and analyze the separability of different body parts with frequency as well as lookdown angle. This work seeks to estimate the ability to classify the micro-Doppler signals generated by human motion, and especially arm motion, as a function of the radar frequency and other parameters. The simulations imply that for classification using arm motion, frequencies at Ku-band or higher are probably required, and that lookdown angle has a significant effect on the classification capability of the radar. Additionally, the sensitivity of the system required to isolate the motion of different body parts is estimated.
Differential dependency network analysis to identify condition-specific topological changes in biological networks

Motivation: Significant efforts have been made to acquire data under different conditions and to construct static networks that can explain various gene regulation mechanisms. However, gene regulatory networks are dynamic and condition-specific; under different conditions, networks exhibit different regulation patterns accompanied by different transcriptional network topologies. Thus, an investigation on the topological changes in transcriptional networks can facilitate the understanding of cell development or provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of certain diseases, and help identify the key genetic players that could serve as biomarkers or drug targets. Results: Here, we report a differential dependency network (DDN) analysis to detect statistically significant topological changes in the transcriptional networks between two biological conditions. We propose a local dependency model to represent the local structures of a network by a set of conditional probabilities. We develop an efficient learning algorithm to learn the local dependency model using the Lasso technique. A permutation test is subsequently performed to estimate the statistical significance of each learned local structure. In testing on a simulation dataset, the proposed algorithm accurately detected all the genes with network topological changes. The method was then applied to the estrogen-dependent T-47D estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line datasets and human and mouse embryonic stem cell datasets. In both experiments using real microarray datasets, the proposed method produced biologically meaningful results. We expect DDN to emerge as an important bioinformatics tool in transcriptional network analyses. While we focus specifically on transcriptional networks, the DDN method we introduce here is generally applicable to other biological networks with similar characteristics. Availability: The DDN MATLAB toolbox and experiment data are available at http://www.cbil.ece.vt.edu/software.htm. Contact: yuewang@vt.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Software Technique for Diagnosing and Correcting Memory Errors

A software diagnostic that eliminates 2-bit and some 3-bit errors is described. The diagnostic procedure tests memory for errors that cannot be corrected by ECC (error correcting code): single error correct, double error detect. When an uncorrectable error is found, the diagnostic attempts to reduce it to a I-bit error. This is done either by reconfiguring the memory to distribute failing bits across different ECC words or by replacing the failing chip with a spare. The result is that memory cards that previously had to be replaced can now continue to function. Thus, the life of memory cards can be prolonged. The diagnostic can also perform preventive maintenance when run in an alternate mode. In this mode, all combinations of the memory are tested to determine if there is reserve. Reserve is defined as: 1) The capability of reconfiguring the card to obtain another functional state of memory (in addition to the current operational state), or 2) The availability of functional spare chips that have not been used. Preventive maintenance is by replacing cards that have no reserve. Then, memory operation can continue error free.
Maximal Functions Fourier Transform and Distributions

We have already seen that the convolution of a function with a fixed density is a smoothing operation that produces a certain average of the function. Averaging is an important operation in analysis and naturally arises in many situations. The study of averages of functions is better understood by the introduction of the maximal function which is defined as the largest average of a function over all balls containing a fixed point. Maximal functions are used to obtain almost everywhere convergence for certain integral averages and play an important role in this area, which is called differentiation theory. Although maximal functions do not preserve qualitative information about the given functions, they maintain crucial quantitative information, a fact of great importance in the subject of Fourier analysis.
Structure and Mechanism of Action of AMPA and Kainate Receptors

Structural studies on glutamate receptor ion channels (iGluRs) have reached a level of sophistication that was impossible to imagine when the individual receptor genes were cloned in the 1980s. Because these membrane proteins mediate excitatory responses at approximately 60% of synapses in the brain, they have attracted enormous interest due to their role in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, development of the CNS, and disease. There has also been immense interest in understanding how these molecules work. In this chapter I will highlight some of the key advances in our understanding of the function of glutamate receptor ion channels which have arisen from structural work, and address some of the most important issues which remain unanswered. The results discussed focus almost entirely on AMPA and kainate receptors, while NMDA receptors are discussed in the chapter by Yuan et al.
Combined opportunistic beamforming and receive antenna selection [cellular downlink applications]

Opportunistic beamforming with proportional fair scheduling is a very promising technique that exploits multiuser diversity to achieve high data rates on the downlink while ensuring a certain level of fairness. However, it greatly improves system performance only for a sufficiently large mobile user population. This paper proposes a technique enhancing opportunistic beamforming at the transmitter with antenna selection at each mobile receiver to overcome this limitation. Significant performance improvement is achieved, especially for small number of users. The simplicity and inexpensive deployment of this technique make it a highly desirable enhancement to opportunistic beamforming.
System identification using a retrospective correction filter for adaptive feedback model updating

In this paper we use a retrospective correction filter (RCF) to identify MIMO LTI systems. This method uses an adaptive controller in feedback with an initial model. The goal is to adapt the closed-loop response of the system to match the response of an unknown plant to a known input. We demonstrate this method on numerical examples of increasing complexity where the initial model is taken to be a one-step delay. Minimum-phase and nonminimum-phase SISO and MIMO examples are considered. The identification signals used include zero-mean Gaussian white noise as well as sums of sinusoids. Finally, we examine the robustness of this method by identifying these systems in the presence of actuator noise.
The two active sites in human branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase operate independently without an obligatory alternating-site mechanism

A long standing controversy is whether an alternating activesite mechanism occurs during catalysis in thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes. We address this question by investigating the ThDP-dependent decarboxylase/dehydrogenase (E1b) component of the mitochondrial branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC). Our crystal structure reveals that conformations of the two active sites in the human E1b heterotetramer harboring the reaction intermediate are identical. Acidic residues in the core of the E1b heterotetramer, which align with the proton-wire residues proposed to participate in active-site communication in the related pyruvate dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus, are mutated. Enzyme kinetic data show that, except in a few cases because of protein misfolding, these alterations are largely without effect on overall activity of BCKDC, ruling out the requirement of a proton-relay mechanism in E1b. BCKDC overall activity is nullified at 50% phosphorylation of E1b, but it is restored to nearly half of the pre-phosphorylation level after dissociation and reconstitution of BCKDC with the same phosphorylated E1b. The results suggest that the abolition of overall activity likely results from the specific geometry of the half-phosphorylated E1b in the BCKDC assembly and not due to a disruption of the alternating active-site mechanism. Finally, we show that a mutant E1b containing only one functional active site exhibits half of the wild-type BCKDC activity, which directly argues against the obligatory communication between active sites. The above results provide evidence that the two active sites in the E1b heterotetramer operate independently during the ThDP-dependent decarboxylation reaction.
A Novel Coding Scheme for Practical Economic Dispatch by Modified Particle Swarm Approach

This paper proposes a new approach and coding scheme for solving economic dispatch problems in power systems through simulated annealing like particle swarm optimization (SA-PSO). This novel coding scheme could effectively prevent obtaining infeasible solutions through the application of stochastic search methods, thereby dramatically improving search efficiency and solution quality. Many nonlinear characteristics of power generators, and their operational constraints, such as generation limitations, ramp rate limits, prohibited operating zones, transmission loss, and nonlinear cost functions, were all considered for practical operation. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method were demonstrated by four system case studies and compared with previous literature in terms of solution quality and computational efficiency. The experiment showed encouraging results, suggesting that the proposed approach was capable of efficiently determining higher quality solutions addressing economic dispatch problems.
Tumor uptake and elimination of 2', 2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (gemcitabine) after deoxycytidine kinase gene transfer : Correlation with in vivo tumor response

Purpose : We hypothesized that tumor uptake and elimination of 2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine/2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate (dFdCyd/dFdCTP) would be altered after dCK gene transfer and that this change would result in an enhanced cytotoxic effect. To test this hypothesis, we examined dFdCyd/dFdCTP uptake and clearance in HT-29 human colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorine-19 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (F-19 MRS). Experimental Design : HT-29 tumors were grown from cells infected with either the retroviral vector alone (LNPO-LacZ) or vector containing the dCK gene ( LNPO-dCK ). HPLC and F-19 MRS analyses were performed after a single 160 mg/kg i.p. injection of dFdCyd. Tumor response was determined in animals receiving a similar dosing schedule of dFdCyd. Results : HPLC experiments revealed an increased tumor accumulation of dFdCTP in xenografts overexpressing dCK compared with wild-type controls ( P ≤ 0.05). dFdCTP in the dCK-infected tumors was easily identified at 24 h postinjection. Conversely, no dFdCTP could be detected in the control xenografts 14 h postinjection. Subsequent F-19 MRS experiments confirmed an altered uptake, revealing a 2.5-fold greater accumulation of dFdCyd/dFdCTP in the dCK xenografts. Whereas a modest tumor growth delay was observed in the wild-type tumors receiving dFdCyd, dCK xenografts demonstrated a marked tumor growth delay following treatment ( P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions : These data support the hypothesis that increased expression of dCK cDNA in HT-29 xenografts results in an enhanced dFdCTP accumulation and prolonged elimination kinetics, and ultimately a potentiated in vivo tumor response to dFdCyd. Related to these effects, changes in the overall tumor metabolism of dFdCyd/dFdCTP was detectable by noninvasive F-19 MRS. These data are relevant to future preclinical and clinical studies evaluating dCK gene transfer and dFdCyd therapy.
Estrogen Causes Dynamic Alterations in Endothelial Estrogen Receptor Expression

Estrogen receptor (ER)alpha mediates many of the effects of estrogen on the vascular endothelium. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether estrogen modifies endothelial ERalpha expression. In experiments in cultured ovine endothelial cells, physiological concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (E2, 10(-10) to 10(-8) mol/L) caused an increase in ERalpha protein abundance that was evident after 6 hours of hormone exposure. Shorter (2-hour) E2 treatment caused ERalpha downregulation. In contrast to the upregulation in ERalpha after long-term E2, the expression of the other ER isoform, ERbeta, was downregulated. Both nonselective ER antagonism with ICI 182,780 and the inhibition of gene transcription with actinomycin D blocked the increase in ERalpha with E2. In studies using the human ERalpha gene promoter P-1 coupled to luciferase, an increase in ERalpha gene transcription was evident in endothelial cells within 4 hours of E2 exposure. The transcriptional activation was fully blocked by ICI 182,780, whereas the specific ERbeta antagonist RR-tetrahydrochrysene yielded partial blockade. Overexpression of ERalpha or ERbeta caused comparable 10- and 8-fold increases, respectively, in ERalpha promoter activation by E2. Thus, long-term exposure to E2 upregulates ERalpha expression in endothelial cells through the actions of either ERalpha or ERbeta on ERalpha gene transcription; in contrast, E2 causes ERbeta downregulation in the endothelium. We postulate that E2-induced changes in ERalpha and ERbeta expression modify the effects of the hormone on vascular endothelium.
Distributed queue packet scheduling algorithms for WDM-based networks

Two protocols for scheduling variable-length packet transmissions in an optical passive star network using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) are specified and analyzed. These protocols require: a separate channel for transmission of control packets, a fixed transmitter and receiver and a tunable transmitter and receiver. The distinction between these protocols and other WDM protocols is that message transmissions are initiated by the receipt of a control message; other schemes schedule packet transmission for some fixed point in the future. This flexibility allows these protocols to avoid "head-of-line" blocking which is a problem encountered in some other protocols. The protocols presented place no constraints on the size of a message, the size of a packet or on the number of available data channels; maintain a distributed queue for each of the output nodes; and guarantee that there are no receiver or data channel collisions. The delay characteristics of these protocols are analyzed and compared to those of the TTAS algorithm.
VARIANTS OF OVINE ALKALINE SERUM PHOSPHATASES AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH THE R-O BLOOD GROUPS.

SummaryWhen sheep sera are subjected to electrophoresis in starch gels and the gels are stained with phosphatase dyes, it is possible, with few exceptions, to demonstrate 2 clearly demarcated zones of phosphatase activity named A and B, in decreasing rate of migration. All 177 samples exhibited activity in zone A and some in zone B. It is shown that phosphatase activity in zone B is highly correlated with the presence of the soluble blood group substance called O (or r). The nature of the association between “B” phosphatase and the O substance is not known.
Phosphorylation of the U(L)31 protein of herpes simplex virus 1 by the U(S)3-encoded kinase regulates localization of the nuclear envelopment complex and egress of nucleocapsids.

Herpes simplex virus 1 nucleocapsids bud through the inner nuclear membrane (INM) into the perinuclear space to obtain a primary viral envelope. This process requires a protein complex at the INM composed of the UL31 and UL34 gene products. While it is clear that the viral kinase encoded by the US3 gene regulates the localization of pUL31/pUL34 within the INM, the molecular mechanism by which this is accomplished remains enigmatic. Here, we have determined the following. (i) The N terminus of pUL31 is indispensable for the protein's normal function and contains up to six serines that are phosphorylated by the US3 kinase during infection. (ii) Phosphorylation at these six serines was not essential for a productive infection but was required for optimal viral growth kinetics. (iii) In the presence of active US3 kinase, changing the serines to alanine caused the pUL31/pUL34 complex to aggregate at the nuclear rim and caused some virions to accumulate aberrantly in herniations of the nuclear membrane, much as in cells infected with a US3 kinase-dead mutant. (iv) The replacement of the six serines of pUL31 with glutamic acid largely restored the smooth distribution of pUL34/pUL31 at the nuclear membrane and precluded the accumulation of virions in herniations whether or not US3 kinase was active but also precluded the optimal primary envelopment of nucleocapsids. These observations indicate that the phosphorylation of pUL31 by pUS3 represents an important regulatory event in the virion egress pathway that can account for much of pUS3's role in nuclear egress. The data also suggest that the dynamics of pUL31 phosphorylation modulate both the primary envelopment and the subsequent fusion of the nascent virion envelope with the outer nuclear membrane.
Interferometric Studies of Thick Film Critical Behavior

Consider a film of thickness L ≈ 1 µm, consisting of a critical binary fluid mixture trapped between parallel flat surfaces. Scaling theory supplies a number of predictions regarding the effects of restricted geometry on the critical properties of such a film.1 These are based on the ansatz that the relevant scale of thickness for the film is determined by the bulk correlation length ξ(T) which scales with the 3d critical exponent ν. ξ diverges, and becomes comparable to L as the film temperature approaches the bulk critical temperature, Tc∞; at which point the presence of the walls introduces a constraint which lowers the symmetry of the system.
A Long Optical Path in a Restricted Space

An instrument is described for attaining a long optical path by repeated traversal between a concave spherical mirror and a totally reflecting prism. Its properties are outlined and compared with those of other devices for similar purposes. The number of traversals is in principle unlimited (we have used ours in practice for several numbers of traversals up to twelve) but the angular spread of the final beam is less than that of the first traversal by an amount that might become serious for a very large number of traversals. The final image, which is almost free of aberration, is as large, and in favorable cases almost as bright, as the source; the prism yields greater brightness than an all-mirror device at short wave-lengths, but less at long wavelengths. The optical adjustments are simple, even for many traversals. The optics of the instrument is considered in detail, with special attention to the influence of the prism angle upon the effective aperture of the emergent beam. A model of the instrument, now in use, is described.
MIND-READING AND METACOGNITION: NARCISSISM, NOT ACTUAL COMPETENCE, PREDICTS SELF-ESTIMATED ABILITY

In this paper, we examine the relationship between people's actual interpersonal sensitivity (such as their ability to identify deception and to infer intentions and emotions) and their perceptions of their own sensitivity. Like prior scholars, we find the connection is weak or non-existent and that most people overestimate their social judgment and mind-reading skills. Unlike previous work, however, we show new evidence about who misunderstands their sensitivity and why. We find that those who perform the worst in social judgment and mind- reading radically overestimate their relative competence. We also find origins of these self-estimates in general narcissistic tendencies toward self-aggrandizement. We discuss evidence from two studies, one involving the Interpersonal Perception Task (the IPT-15) and another focusing on inferences about partners after a face- to-face negotiation exercise. In both cases, actual performance did not predict self-estimated performance but narcissism did.
Evaluation of WindSat wind vector performance with respect to QuikSCAT estimates

The WindSat instrument was launched on January 6, 2003 as part of a risk reduction effort to assess the potential of using spaceborne fully polarimetric radiometry to measure the marine wind vector. Microwave radiometry on the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites has long provided wind speed measurements. Fully polarimetric radiometry offers the additional possibility of obtaining wind direction as well. By contrast, the QuikSCAT satellite uses active microwave measurements to estimate the wind vector from space. It represents the most comprehensive satellite dataset against which to compare WindSat measurements. In this paper, we systematically compare temporally and spatially coincident WindSat and QuikSCAT wind vector measurements against the design goals of the WindSat instrument, taking into consideration expected differences related to instrument precision and the spatial and temporal variability of the wind field.
Epicardial echocardiography: diagnostic utility for evaluating aortic valve disease during coronary surgery

Intraoperative epicardial echocardiography is commonly used to evaluate the ascending aorta for atheromatous disease before cannulation and cross clamping. In addition, it may serve as a cardiac imaging technique in patients where placement of a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probe is contraindicated, probe advancement is difficult, or a TEE probe is not available. We report a patient who was taken to the OR for coronary artery bypass grafting. Intraoperative TEE was planned to evaluate aortic valve function. However, attempts to place a TEE probe were abandoned due to high resistance on probe insertion. Epicardial echocardiography revealed previously undiagnosed aortic valve disease resulting in replacement of this valve.
GAP-JUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN FEEDER CELLS AND RECIPIENT NORMAL EPITHELIAL CELLS CORRELATES WITH GROWTH STIMULATION

LA7 rat mammary tumor cells stimulate the proliferation, in culture, of three normal epithelial cell types, namely mouse mammary, rat mammary, and mouse thymic cells. Gap-junctional communication between LA7 feeders and mouse mammary cells was demonstrated by microinjection of lucifer yellow, which traveled from LA7 to the surrounding mouse mammary cells. The amount of 3H-uridine exchange between feeder and recipient mouse mammary, rat mammary, and mouse thymus cells correlated with the growth rate induced by the feeders. Cells of the Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) line, which do not appreciably stimulate mouse mammary cell growth when used as feeder cells, also exchange little 3H-uridine with them. Expression of connexins Cx43, 32, and 26 was studied in all these cell lines and strains by immunocytochemistry. Mouse mammary cells expressed Cx26, and a few mouse thymic cells expressed Cx32. LA7, mouse mammary, mouse thymic, and rat mammary cells all expressed easily detectable amounts of the gap-junction protein Cx43, in contrast to MDCK cells, which expressed only a hint of the protein. These results suggest that gap junctions composed of Cx43 are those by which the normal epithelial cells communicate with the LA feeders. Thus, the ability of feeder cells to stimulate proliferation in recipients correlates with the expression of Cx43 in both members of the feeder/recipient pair and the capacity to form functional gap junctions between these cells.
Modified Technique to Create Diabolo Stent Configuration

Diabolo stent configuration aids in stent positioning, stability, and creating a controlled defect with a predetermined size. A number of techniques to create the diabolo configuration have been previously described. The indications for creating a controlled "defect" are rapidly growing and include the Fontan circulation, patients with severe end-stage pulmonary hypertension, restrictive atrial communication in the setting of hypoplastic right or left heart syndrome, and diastolic left heart failure. We describe an alternative technique using a prefabricated readily available tool (gooseneck snare) to create a diabolo stent configuration. The chosen balloon expandable stent is mounted on a 5-mm gooseneck snare centered on an angioplasty catheter larger than 5 mm diameter. When deployed, the snare restricts the central waist to 5 mm and both ends expand to a larger diameter creating a dumbbell/diabolo configuration. A total of six diablo stent configurations were successfully implanted in four patients with failing Fontan physiology; five to create a transcatheter fenestration and one to relieve atrial septal restriction. Data expressed as median and IQR. Their weight was 24.8 kg (19.6-46.95), and age years was 9.2 (6.28-13.23). There were no complications and a consistent diabolo configuration with a 5-mm central waist was created in all patients. The snare serves as a sterile, preconfigured, radiopaque, readily available tool of adequate length and strength, to create consistent diabolo stent configuration without any modifications. This technique is a simple, reproducible, and easy to learn.
Adam Smith’s Approach to Public Policy: Astounding Deviation or Artful Moderation?

Recent academic work has attempted to change the interpretation of Adam Smith from the founder of free market economics to a proponent of something much more akin to the modern welfare state. In a well known article Jacob Viner even claims that Smith’s departures from liberty were so great that an index of them would have astounded Smith. I suggest that Smith’s polite rhetorical strategy – represented by his explicit praise of the moderate rule Solon – has been under-appreciated. This paper aims to examine the Wealth of Nations with Smith’s polite approach in mind. I show that Smith’s interventionism was more limited than some suggest, and that some of the interventions contravened the liberty principle only mildly. I also show that virtually all of the interventions entertained or endorsed by Smith were part of the status quo in Scotland at the time. The approach also provides potential explanations for some of Smith’s well known inconsistencies, such as his endorsement of restriction in banking and lending at interest.
A Brief Assessment of Supreme Court Opinion Language, 1946-2013

Supreme Court merits briefs are often the Justices’ and clerks’ primary resources for constructing opinions and they are designed for this purpose. The language, citations, arguments, and discussion contained within the briefs are oriented to provide the Court with a complete picture of each case. But how does the Court utilize this resource? The Court only occasionally cites briefs in its opinions, yet the effects of briefs far supersede this minimal but obvious relationship outcome. Another way to view the effect of briefs is through the trajectory of the Supreme Court’s language. Merits briefs provide the Court with access to case specific information and templates on which it can base opinions. This article examines the extent that the Court uses merits brief language in its opinions. Using linguistic analysis software, this article compares nearly 9,500 merits briefs between 1946 and 2013 with their respective opinions to examine the language that each opinion shares with merits briefs filed in the case. The article then locates the factors that lead the Court to incorporate varying amounts of language from the briefs in its majority opinions. The main findings are that the factors are relatively stable across time and that the most meaningful components are the receptivity or ideology of the justice, the influence of the brief-writer, and attributes specific to each case.
Stability of temporal resolution of the tactile sensory system for a one-year interim

The ability of the tactile sensory system to resolve time differences between successive pulses (threshold of fusion) depends not only on the physical properties of the stimulus but also on the characteristics of the observer. It has previously been demonstrated that subjects' training and level of sophistication can influence tactile fusion thresholds. but the stability of the fusion threshold has not yet been investigated (1). This study was done to provide information concerning the stability of tactile fusion thresholds over an extended period of time. The subjects were three adult males trained in psychophysical techniques. Detailed descriptions of the vibrotactile pulse-generation system and the critical fusion threshold procedure can be found elsewhere (2). Vibrotactile fusion thresholds were obtained from the anterior midline dorsal surface of the tongue and the thenar eminence of the right hand. The pulses generated were I-msec. square waves with the second sequentially generated pulse having a variable time of onset from the first pu!se. The pulses were presented at 15 dB sensation level. To obtain fusion thresholds, the two pulses were presented to the test structure starting with an interpulse interval of 40 msec. This interpulse interval was then decreased until a fusion point (the stimuli were perceived as one) was reached. When a fusion point was reached, the interpulse interval was increased until the subject reported the presence of two stimuli again. The test p:ocedure ended when four reversal points were obtained. The mean of the four reversals was accepted as the critical fusion threshold for each subject and test site. One year later, the same subjects were retested using identical experimental instrumentation methods and procedures. The mean fusion thresholds and standard deviations were 20.86 msec. and 0.45, respectively, for the tongue and 20.13 msec. and 1.40, respectively, for the hand. The mean fusion thresholds and standard deviations taken 1 yr. later were 20.70 msec. and 0.58, respectively, for the tongue and 19.20 msec. and 1.60, respectively, for the hand. No appreciable difference occurred in mean fusion thresholds or standard deviations for either test scrucrure over one year. These findings suggest that temporal resolution, as demonstrated by vibrotactile fusion threshold technique, remained stable over time for the tongue and thenar eminence of three normally functioning male adults. The stability shown by the fusion thresholds suggests that these thresholds may provide a sensitive index of the neurological integriry of both the oral and nonoral tactile sensory systems. Further research is warranted in which larger samples are utilized to assess the stability of tactile fusion thresholds.
Comparison of Thermoregulation of Four Ornithischian Dinosaurs and a Varanid Lizard from the Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation: Evidence from Oxygen Isotopes

The 180 values of vertebrate bone phosphate are dependent upon the 180O values of their body water and the temperature of bone deposition. This allows the measurement of the temperature fluctuation during bone deposition for individual skeletal elements within any individual. 8180 results for bones from a varanid lizard and four Late Cretaceous ornithischian dinosaurs (Orodromeus makelai, Hypacrosaurus stebingeri, Montanaceratops sp., and a juvenile Achelousaurus horneri) from the Campanian Two Medicine Formation in Montana are compared. Results from the varanid indicate that bone deposition occurred over a range of 10-15?C, as expected for an ectotherm. Results from the dinosaurs indicate that bone deposition occurred over a range 2-7?C within the body core and 3-8 C in the extremities. The intrabone and interbone pattern of 6180 values suggests that these dinosaurs were primarily homeotherms with all but Orodromeus exhibiting regional heterothermy. Homeothermy over the size range of the individual dinosaurs suggests that they had metabolic rates elevated above those of modern ectotherms and the range of isotopic variability suggests intermediate endothermy.
PREPARATION OF HIGHLY POTENT HUMAN PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS.

SummaryHuman FSH and LH fractions, equal in potency to any previously reported, have been further purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The most potent of these new fractions was 94 times more active than NIH-FSH-S1 and 2.9 times more active than NIH-LH-S1, respectively.The writers are indebted to Jean Batchelder, Lynn Crook, and Karin Westphal for skilled technical assistance, to Professors G. A. Brecher and A. E. Wilhelmi for critical reading of the manuscript, and to Endocrinology Study Section, N.I.H., for supplies of XIH-LH-S1 and NIH-FSH-S1.
Ultrastructure and Development of Mutinus Caninus and the Occurrence of an Eight-Spored Basidium

SUMMARY Fruit bodies of Mutinus caninus were grown in the laboratory on a special nutrient-supplemented straw medium. Fruit bodies were cryosectioned, fixed, dehydrated, critical-point dried, and observed using scanning-electron microscopy and photography. Young fruit bodies were differentiated into a peridium and an inner core from which the gleba and pseudostem differentiated. A gelatinous layer developed between the peridium and inner core and gradually increased in thickness during fruit body development. Hymenial differentiation began as a cluster of indistinct chambers. Pseudostem formation occurred after hymenial differentiation. Eight basidiospores were produced on each basidium. Numerous cells, formed in folds in the wall of the pseudostem early in development, increased in size as development proceeded. Their expansion apparently caused the elongation of the pseudostem.
Using Nonlinear FE Modeling to Understand the Effect of Boundary Conditions on Precise Surfaces of Inflatable Structures

Developing ultra-lightweight, deployable, and adaptive systems has become a trend in aerospace and aeronautics over the last two decades. The incorporation of inflatable structures can produce significant advantages in stowed volume to mechanical effectiveness and overall weight for many aerospace systems. Most inflatable systems are designed to precisely control internal or external surfaces, or both, to achieve a desired response or structure. The dynamics and structure of inflatable systems is directly related to the configuration of interfacing boundaries. Designing new inflatable systems will be predicated on developing verified models of structures that comprise inflatable systems. The current efforts are an important foundation for future designs. This paper presents nonlinear finite element (FE) simulations performed to evaluate the effect of various boundary conditions on the geometric precision of a surface representing typical internal/external surfaces commonly incorporated into inflatable structures.
Collaborative, trust-based security mechanisms for a regional utility intranet

This article investigates network policies and mechanisms to enhance security in SCADA networks using a mix of TCP and UDP transport protocols over IP. It recommends creating a trust system that can be added in strategic locations to protect existing legacy architectures and to accommodate a transition to IP through the introduction of equipment based on modern standards such as IEC 61850. The trust system is based on a best-of-breed application of standard information technology (IT) network security mechanisms and IP protocols. The trust system provides seamless, automated command and control for the suppression of network attacks and other suspicious events. It also supplies access control, format validation, event analysis, alerting, blocking, and event logging at any network-level and can do so on behalf of any system that does not have the resources to perform these functions itself. Latency calculations are used to estimate limits of applicability within a company and between geographically separated company and area control centers, scalable to hierarchical regional implementations.
Consideration of preservative-free eye drops for multiple administrations

After review of preservative use in eye drops for multiple administrations,the status of preservative-free eye drops is analyzed in this article;the content and sense of tests for preservative effect are introduced as well.Considering manufacturing condition,environment and practical use,the rationality is discussed for preservative-free eye drops for multiple administrations.
An analysis of factors affecting survival in 150 patients with renal carcinoma.

AbstractA review of 150 patients with renal carcinoma revealed that 45 per cent were hospitalized with distant metastases or tumors that were unresectable, Although the behavior of the neoplasm in the 55 per cent who were theoretically curable was generally unpredictable, longevity and survival were markedly increased in patients with tumors less than 8cm, in size and concomitantly with other acknowledged features of low stages of the disease. Since patients can survive with tumor for long periods and metastases may occur many years after the operation prognosis must be guarded and long followup is needed to assess the results of therapy at any stage of the disease.
Microvolt T-wave alternans amplifies spatial dispersion of repolarization in human subjects with ischemic cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Introduction In experimental models, spatial dispersion of repolarization (DOR) due to discordant cellular alternans predisposes to ventricular fibrillation. To test the hypothesis that microvolt T-wave alternans (MTWA) in humans causes spatial DOR, we measured Tpeak-Tend interval (Tpe) and Tpe/QT ratio, electrocardiographic indices of spatial DOR. Methods Mean Tpe and Tpe/QT were compared in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients with positive and negative MTWA studies. Results MTWA was positive in 12 and negative in 24 patients. Tpe and Tpe/QT were higher in MTWA + subjects compared to MTWA- subjects during exercise (64.5 ± 6.8 vs. 54.9 ± 8.7 ms, p = 0.001 and 0.218 ± 0.03 vs. 0.177 ± 0.02, p = 0.001) but not at rest. Conclusion Ischemic cardiomyopathy patients have increased Tpe and Tpe/QT when MTWA is induced during exercise, suggesting that MTWA causes increased spatial DOR in humans. Future studies are needed to determine if Tpe and Tpe/QT during exercise might predict increased risk of SCD alone or in combination with measurement of MTWA.
What are the precautions with proton pump inhibitor use for reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects 10% to 20% of the western world's population. Current treatment guidelines recommend proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as first-line therapy. Although PPIs cause mild adverse reactions, they pose risks, particularly for older adults with comorbidities.
The Political Ethics of Constitutional Change and Constitutional Stewardship

Discussing the Constitution’s political history, this chapter explores constitutional changes from the Emancipation Proclamation and American Reconstruction through the Civil Rights Movement and the same-sex marriage debate to illustrate how returning to the document’s foundational ideas enables public servants, as constitutional stewards, to expand the Constitution’s protections of individual freedom and political equality to marginalized groups. The chapter then provides a decision-making framework, employing self-reflection and reliance on constitutional principles, as a guide for evaluating the ethical efficacy of policies, statutes, and practices, focusing on an example related to the Defense of Marriage Act. The central argument is that career public servants who employ such constitutional thinking aids can uphold the Constitution’s core value, as they promote significant changes resulting in greater political inclusion.
On the Determinants of Economic Growth

Anyone who follows the economy by reading the financial press might be led to think that business cycles, the mechanics of expansions and recessions, are the most important policy problem facing any government. Forecasts of the end of an expansion or analyses of what is causing a recession tend to make the headlines of the financial press and be allocated prime time in televised news programmes.
A Tale of Two Twin Higgses: Addressing Little Hierarchy in Natural 2HDM Framework

In original twin Higgs model, vacuum misalignment between electroweak and new physics scales is realized by adding explicit $\mathbb{Z}_2$ breaking term. Introducing additional twin Higgs could accommodate spontaneous $\mathbb{Z}_2$ breaking, which explains the origin of this misalignment. We introduce a class of two twin Higgs doublet models with most general scalar potential, and discuss general conditions which trigger electroweak and $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry breaking. Various scenarios on realising the vacuum misalignment are systematically discussed in a natural two Higgs double model framework: explicit $\mathbb{Z}_2$ breaking, radiative $\mathbb{Z}_2$ breaking, tadpole-induced $\mathbb{Z}_2$ breaking, and quartic-induced $\mathbb{Z}_2$ breaking. We investigate the Higgs mass spectra and the Higgs phenomenology in these scenarios.
Regulation of chloride self exchange by cAMP in cortical collecting tubule

The hormonal control of Cl transport was examined in rabbit cortical collecting tubules using the lumen-to-bath 36Cl tracer rate coefficient (KCl, nm/s). Tracer movement via Cl-HCO3 exchange was minimized by using HCO3-CO2-free solutions. The electrical driving force was minimized by treating with amiloride. Under these conditions, net Cl transport was zero, yet there was a large KCl that fell 88% on removing bath (trans) Cl. These results are consistent with the mechanism of tracer flux being predominantly Cl self exchange. KCl fell spontaneously with time in vitro; after this decline KCl could be stimulated with 8-bromo-cAMP. cAMP present from the onset of perfusion prevented the time-dependent fall in KCl. When tracer movement was restricted to diffusion by eliminating Cl self exchange (0 Cl bath), cAMP had no effect on KCl. Although both isoproterenol and vasopressin are known to stimulate adenylate cyclase in this epithelium, only isoproterenol mimicked the cAMP effect on KCl. The isoproterenol effect was blocked by either propranolol or prostaglandin E2. Lumen addition of the disulfonic stilbene DIDS had no effect on KCl. Lumen addition of furosemide or trichloromethiazide had minimal or no effect. Taken together, these results indicate that Cl self exchange is regulated by beta-adrenergic agents acting via cAMP. The lack of an effect of vasopressin suggests cellular heterogeneity in this response to cAMP.
Measurements of electron-RF interactions and noise in a low frequency crossed-field amplifier

A low-frequency (100 to 200 MHz), low-power crossed-field amplifier has been constructed for studying nonlinear RF-wave-electron interactions, for investigating noise mechanisms, and for verifying numerical simulations by using in situ diagnostics during amplification. Operating in the injected-beam mode, the device has achieved gain as high as 7 dB at 150 MHz with a 10 W drive. Measurements of the local RF field in two dimensions show gain in the local field at the output end of the circuit. Measurements of the electron density profile verify the predicted cycloidal beam pattern, and measurements during amplification show local electron density increases near the anode. Measurements of the noise using an RF probe indicate noise generation during secondary electron emission from the sole. >