cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The formation of virus crystalline and paracrystalline arrays for electron microscopy and image analysis.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the study of several isometric, rod-like, and filamentous viruses that have been prepared for the purpose of image analysis with the aid of recent negative staining procedures. These observations are discussed in relation to a modification of the preparative techniques and their use in the gradual dissociation of virus particles within the crystalline arrays. The natural ability of certain types of virus to form crystals or paracrystalline arrays, within infected cells or from liquid suspensions, is recognized by the workers concerned with the early applications of X-ray diffraction methods. The role played by the mica surface during the crystallization process is a matter for further study. A simple explanation for the crystalline arrays described in this chapter is that when a pure solution containing particles of uniform dimensions is dried, there is a natural tendency for regular aggregation to occur, resulting in the formation of either hexagonal or square nets. The current development and use of image analysis is being actively explored in a number of laboratories with considerable success. There is experimental evidence that shows a clear overlap between the structural information recorded in high-resolution electron micrographs of certain viruses and the data derived from X-ray diffraction work.
Environmental Justice in the Renewable Energy Transition

This article considers environmental justice in the specific context of renewable energy goals. As a key component of sustainable development and a central concern for green economy advocates, renewable energy is uniquely situated on the policy spectrum, tying local communities that host renewable projects to global strategies for curbing unsustainable warming trends. The fact that climate change will disproportionately affect the poorest members of society underscores the importance of sustainable development to environmental justice. Yet, early on, some anticipated the potential for conflict between sustainable development and environmental justice, predicting the broader sustainable development agenda might prove insensitive to environmental justice concerns. And indeed, in the renewable energy context, the broad-stroke compatibility between renewable energy goals and environmental justice may obscure the potential for conflicts in implementation. At the same time, I argue, renewable energy offers unique opportunities both to avoid environmental injustice and to affirmatively advance environmental justice as well. Part I of the article addresses the role of renewable energy in sustainable development and its potential for advancing environmental justice objectives. With a focus on the U.S. and electricity generation, Part II evaluates environmental justice in the related contexts of renewable energy policy and project development. Environmental justice remains relevant to how energy facilities are sited, but also bears on how “renewable energy” or “clean energy” is defined in law. More broadly, it is proving relevant to issues of exclusion and access to renewable energy benefits, including those associated with a “green economy.” The article concludes by addressing possibilities for enhancing, and avoiding conflicts between, what are, at their most basic, compatible goals: renewable energy expansion for sustainable development and environmental justice.
Crosstalk Cascades for Frame-Rate Pedestrian Detection

Cascades help make sliding window object detection fast, nevertheless, computational demands remain prohibitive for numerous applications. Currently, evaluation of adjacent windows proceeds independently; this is suboptimal as detector responses at nearby locations and scales are correlated. We propose to exploit these correlations by tightly coupling detector evaluation of nearby windows. We introduce two opposing mechanisms: detector excitation of promising neighbors and inhibition of inferior neighbors. By enabling neighboring detectors to communicate, crosstalk cascades achieve major gains (4-30× speedup) over cascades evaluated independently at each image location. Combined with recent advances in fast multi-scale feature computation, for which we provide an optimized implementation, our approach runs at 35-65 fps on 640×480 images while attaining state-of-the-art accuracy.
The relationship between serum creatinine, serum cystatin C and glomerular filtration rate in pediatric renal transplant recipients: a pilot study.

We hypothesized that serum cystatin C more accurately reflects glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in pediatric renal transplant recipients than serum creatinine. Nineteen pediatric renal transplant recipients, 15 maleand4female,ranginginagefrom8.35 yr to 19.06 yr(median 13.52 yr), were enrolled in the study over an 18-month period. Twenty-eight measurements of 99m Tc-DTPA GFR were compared with simultaneous measurements of serum cystatin C and Cr. Linear regression analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine the relationship between creatinine, cystatin C and GFR. The correlation coefficients(R2) for the relationship of 1/Cr to DTPA-GFR and for 1/cystatin C to DTPA-GFR were 0.64 and 0.58, respectively. We concluded that there is no significant difference between serum cystatin C and serum creatinine as markers of GFR. Serum cystatin C, which costs more to measure than serum creatinine, offers no advantage in monitoring the renal function of pediatric renal transplant recipients.
The Effect of a Combined Glenoid and Hill-Sachs Defect on Glenohumeral Stability A Biomechanical Cadaveric Study Using 3-Dimensional Modeling of 142 Patients

Background:Bone loss in anterior glenohumeral instability occurs on both the glenoid and the humerus; however, existing biomechanical studies have evaluated glenoid and humeral head defects in isolation. Thus, little is known about the combined effect of these bony lesions in a clinically relevant model on glenohumeral stability.Hypothesis/Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the biomechanical efficacy of a Bankart repair in the setting of bipolar (glenoid and humeral head) bone defects determined via computer-generated 3-dimensional (3D) modeling of 142 patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability. The null hypothesis was that adding a bipolar bone defect will have no effect on glenohumeral stability after soft tissue Bankart repair.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:A total of 142 consecutive patients with recurrent anterior instability were analyzed with 3D computed tomography scans. Two Hill-Sachs lesions were selected on the basis of volumetric size representing t...
Design and evaluation of a system to support collaborative search

We describe a collaborative search system called Results Space to support small groups of users in conducting asynchronous collaborative searches. We discuss the design of the system and present results from a laboratory evaluation. We also describe the development of an asynchronous collaborative task scenario (based on a task from the TREC Robust test collection) designed to elicit naturalistic behaviors with the system. Our results show that participants used the collaborative features not just to avoid duplication of effort, but also to check and refine collaborators' work, to gain a general understanding of collaborator's actions, and to get ideas for new queries. Although we expected participants to use the collaborative awareness mechanisms to find and rate new items, we found that participants were more likely to make ratings for result items that had been previously rated by their collaborators. Considered together, these results suggest a range of tactics and behaviors that collaborative search tools should support.
Design of a Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Model Based on a Generalized Vertical Coordinate

Abstract The isentropic system of equations has particular advantages in the numerical modeling of weather and climate. These include the elimination of the vertical velocity in adiabatic flow, which simplifies the motion to a two-dimensional problem and greatly reduces the numerical errors associated with vertical advection. The mechanism for the vertical transfer of horizontal momentum is simply the pressure drag acting on isentropic coordinate surfaces under frictionless, adiabatic conditions. In addition, vertical resolution is enhanced in regions of high static stability, which leads to better resolution of features such as the tropopause. Negative static stability and isentropic overturning frequently occur in finescale atmospheric motion. This presents a challenge to nonhydrostatic modeling with the isentropic vertical coordinate. This paper presents a new nonhydrostatic atmospheric model based on a generalized vertical coordinate. The coordinate is specified in a manner similar to that of Konor an...
Access and Connectivity Trade-Offs in Transit Stop Location

A formulation is proposed to address the trade-off between transit user access and trip connectivity. Transit access is typically regarded as the physical proximity to transit service. Additional stops can provide greater access to the service and reduce walking distance to stops. However, closer stops do not guarantee that routes serving the stops are well connected to desired trip destinations. In general, transit riders are willing to walk longer distances to access a stop that has frequent transit service, requires less wait time, and is well connected to their desired destinations. Frequent stops on the way to these desired destinations, although they provide shorter walking distance for some passengers, increase dwell time; this dwell time results in a smaller portion of the network's being connected within a certain travel time, which is an important element of the connectivity of the system. The proposed methodology considers both the impact of access distance to transit stops and trip connections...
Rate of convergence of positive linear operators using an extended complete Tchebycheff system

Abstract Let [a,b] ⊂ R and let {Lj}j ϵ N be a sequence of positive linear operators from Cn + 1([a, b]) to C([a, b]), n ⩾ 0. The convergence of Lj to the unit operator I is closely related to the weak convergence of a sequence of positive finite measures μj to the unit measure δt, t ϵ [a, b]. Very general estimates with rates are given for the error ¦∝ [a, b] f dμ j − f(t)¦ , where f ϵ Cn + 1([a, b]), in the presence of an extended complete Tchebycheff system. These lead to sharp or nearly sharp inequalities of Shisha-Mond type and are connected to the theory of best L1 approximations by generalized polynomials.
Is asteroid 951 Gaspra in a resonant obliquity state with its spin increasing due to YORP

[1] Asteroid 951 Gaspra appears to be in an obliquity resonance with its spin increasing due to the Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack effect (YORP effect, for short). Gaspra, an asteroid 5.8 km in radius, is a prograde rotator with a rotation period of 7.03 hours. A 3 × 106 year integration indicates that its orbit is stable over at least this time span. From its known shape and spin axis orientation and assuming a uniform density, Gaspra's axial precession period turns out to be nearly commensurate with its orbital precession period, which leads to a resonance condition with consequent huge variations in its obliquity. At the same time, its shape is such that the YORP effect is increasing its spin rate. YORP may be a reason for small asteroids entering resonances in the first place: they speed up or slow down and fall into resonances. The continued action of YORP probably ultimately causes asteroids to leave resonances, so that they are quasi-stable states.
Differences in Physician Access Patterns to Hospice Care

Abstract Few issues in health care have recently generated as much discussion as the two seemingly unrelated topics of out-of-hospital health care financing and compassionate care of patients at the end of life. These two topics meet where health care costs cross paths with the economic viability of hospice and palliative medicine. In this study, we evaluated 101 admissions to a large Medicare-certified hospice in the last quarter of 1995 to assess factors associated with timing of referral to hospice. Mean length of stay in hospice was 55 days; median was 23 days. The majority of patients had cancer diagnoses (74%). Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no statistically significant difference in mean patient lengths of stay between oncologist-referred and nononcologist-referred patients. However, when we compared patient lengths of stay lasting less than—versus longer than—30 days, more patients referred by nononcologists were in hospice longer than 30 days (χ 2 = 3.92, P t = −4.06, P
Technology diffusion and environmental regulation: the adoption of natural gas-fired combined cycle generating units

Even though environmental policy can affect the path of technology diffusion, the economics literature contains limited empirical evidence of this relationship. This paper provides insight into the technology adoption decisions of electric generating firms. Specifically, the diffusion of combined cycle (CC) generating units is examined. This technology is ‘environmentally friendly’ in that, it is cleaner and more efficient than alternative generating units. The empirical model explores the decision to adopt a CC generating unit and the extent to which the technology is adopted in response to environmental regulations imposed on producers. Zero-inflated models are used to evaluate adoption decisions at the plant-level as well as the firm-level. This research shows that environmental regulation has a significant effect on technology choice and the extent of adoption in this industry. Findings suggest that the stringency of regulations that control the building of new generating units is particularly influen...
Faith Factors and Internal Health Locus of Control in Patients Prior to Open-heart Surgery

This study explored the relationships between faith factors and internal health locus of control (IHLC) beliefs. Based on a review of different relationships of perceived control, spiritual surrender and faith factors in the liberation, we assumed a multivariate association among them. Using data from two sequential interviews and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons’ Adult Cardiac Database, we tested these associations in a final sample of 202 middle-aged and older patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Primary findings from two-step multiple regression analyses supported hierarchical multi-faceted hypotheses. Greater internal control was positively associated with private prayer for coping, an event-specific, ‘vicarious’ control strategy, but negatively related to subjective religiosity, general faith measure controlling for other confounders, especially cardiac-significant ones.
Electrostatic channeling in the bifunctional enzyme dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase

The bifunctional enzyme dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) carries out two distinct reactions, with the dihydrofolate produced by the TS-catalyzed reaction acting as the substrate for the DHFR-catalyzed reaction. Brownian dynamics simulation techniques were used to investigate the possible role of electrostatics in determining efficient channeling of the substrate, by explicitly simulating substrate diffusion between the two active sites. With a substrate charge of -2, almost all (> 95%) substrate molecules leaving the TS active site reached the DHFR active site at zero ionic strength. Under the same conditions, but in the absence of electrostatic effects, successful channeling was reduced to only around 6%: electrostatic effects therefore appear essential to explain the efficient channeling observed experimentally. The importance of substrate charge, the relative contributions of specific basic residues in the protein, the role played by the second monomer of the dimer in channeling and the effects of changing ionic strength were all investigated. Simulations performed for substrate transfer in the opposite direction suggest that channeling in DHFR-TS is not strongly directional and that the role of electrostatics is perhaps more one of restricting diffusion of the substrate than one of actively guiding it from the TS to the DHFR active site. The results demonstrate that electrostatic channeling can be a highly efficient means of transferring charged substrates between active sites in solvent-exposed environments.
The history of science and medicine as theoretical sources for the comparative study of contemporary medical systems

Abstract This paper addresses the task of applying theoretical perspectives from the histories of science and medicine to the comparative analysis of contemporary medical systems. Two major perspectives are identified and discussed: the notion of paradigm science, stemming from the writings of Thomas Kuhn, and the notion of themata, adopted from the writings of Gerald Holton. Examples of the application of these perspectives are given with respect to competing medical systems in America, notably Christian Science, chiropractic, osteopathic and allopathic healing methods.
Oxidation of Dihydrogen by Iridium Complexes of Redox-Active Ligands

Unsaturated organoiridium complexes were prepared with amidophenolate ligands derived from 2-(2-trifluoromethyl)amino-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol (H2tBAF) and 2-tert-butylamino-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol (H2tBAtBu). The following 16e complexes were characterized: Cp*M(tBAR) with M = Ir (1F and 1t-Bu), Rh (2F), and (cymene)Ru(tBAF) (3F). These complexes undergo two 1e oxidations at potentials of about 0 and −0.25 V vs Cp2Fe0/+. The magnitude of ΔE1/2 is sensitive to the counteranions, and the reversibility is strongly affected by the presence of Lewis bases, which stabilize the oxidized derivatives. Crystallographic measurements indicate that upon oxidation the amidophenolate ligands adopt quinoid character, as indicated by increased alternation of the C−C bond lengths in the phenylene ring backbone and shortened C−N and C−O bonds. Unlike the charge-neutral precursors, the cationic [Cp*M(tBAR)]+ are Lewis acidic and form well-characterized adducts with PR3 (R = Me, Ph), CN−, MeCN (reversibly), and CO. In the abse...
Continued expansion of the Heart Team concept

The concept of a multidisciplinary Heart Team approach to treating cardiovascular disease has garnered increasing interest in recent years. This team-based approach has been a cornerstone of practice in other medical fields, such as oncology and solid organ transplantation. Advances in technology and new therapeutic strategies now offer multiple treatment options to patients with complex coronary artery or valvular heart disease, making therapeutic decision-making more challenging. There is a growing literature that use of a Heart Team for management of these complex cardiovascular diseases has demonstrated great merit. While the composition and implementation of Heart Team will vary, this multidisciplinary team-based approach will become the standard of care in cardiovascular medicine in the future.
A novel chloroplast-localized protein EMB1303 is required for chloroplast development in Arabidopsis

To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying chloroplast development, we isolated and characterized the albino mutant emb1303-1 in Arabidopsis. The mutant displayed a severe dwarf phenotype with small albino rosette leaves and short roots on a synthetic medium containing sucrose. It is pigment-deficient and seedling lethal when grown in soil. Embryo development was delayed in the mutant, although seed germination was not significantly impaired. The plastids of emb1303-1 were arrested in early developmental stages without the classical stack of thylakoid membrane. Genetic and molecular analyses uncovered that the EMB1303 gene encodes a novel chloroplast-localized protein. Microarray and RT-PCR analyses revealed that a number of nuclear- and plastid-encoded genes involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast biogenesis were substantially downregulated in the mutant. Moreover, the accumulation of several major chloroplast proteins was severely compromised in emb1303-1. These results suggest that EMB1303 is essential for chloroplast development.
Federalist principles for healthcare data networks

Applying federalist principles to networked health record data could facilitate realization of the potential of shared health data.
Fusaric acid: A novel agent and mechanism to treat HNSCC

Abstract Objective A new class of carboxylic acids has tumoricidal activity for head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). Fusaric acid (FA) can chelate divalent cations, especially zinc, and inactivate zinc finger proteins involved in DNA repair and protein synthesis. Methods 2 squamous carcinoma lines were utilized for in vitro and in vivo portions of this study. Cell counting and flow cytometry were used to analyze cells in culture in treatment and control groups over 96 hours. HNSCC subcutaneous implants were created in treatment and control groups of BALB-c nude mice (N = 30). Results In vitro studies demonstrated significant changes in cell numbers and cell cycle. In vivo studies of daily intralesional therapy for 1 month also showed reduced onset of growth and overall growth compared to controls. Conclusion FA appears to have a tumoristatic/tumoricidal effect on HNSCC. Further nude mice studies are needed to optimize dosing and administration regimens for FA in anticipation of clinical trials.
Insights into the ion-assisted nucleation of diamond on silicon

The ion-assisted nucleation of diamond was studied in a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition system to gain insights into the processes controlling this phenomenon. The dependence of the nucleation density on bias voltage and temperature, as well as experiments with an electrically isolated substrate, are consistent with an ion bombardment mechanism for diamond nucleation. However, the growth of these nuclei is dominated by neutral species rather than ions. Measurements of the bias current under various conditions also provide details on the roles of the incident ion flux and substrate electron emission during this process. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations of the ion energy distribution at the substrate are compared to experimental measurements. Preferential sputtering, thermal spike, and carbon subplantation nucleation mechanisms are assessed based on the experimental and modeling results.
Robust Finite Element Model for the Design of Thermoelectric Modules

Thermoelectric devices for power generation have been receiving increased attention as an emerging sustainable energy technology because of recent advances in thermoelectric materials and the tremendous thermal resources available. Little focus has been given to the effective implementation of thermoelectric materials in power generation modules and efficient module design. With recent exploration into new module configurations, it is imperative that a comprehensive model be developed as a design tool. A new three-dimensional, device-level, multiphysics modeling technique is developed for the purposes of designing and evaluating thermoelectric module configurations. Using the new model, we identify and explore several geometric parameters which are critical to module performance. The impact on device performance of solder, ceramic interface, and electrical contact thickness, as well as the leg spacing, is evaluated for a standard unicouple configuration. Results are compared to the standard one-dimensional constant property models commonly used in thermoelectric module design.
Iterative Trapping of Gaseous Volatile Organic Compounds in a Capillary Column

The iterative trapping method has been developed for concentrating gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) prior to gas chromatographic analysis. VOCs are trapped in a 50 cm × 0.53 mm metal capillary column coated with a 7 μm thick film of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Iterative trapping does not employ the two-step thermal desorption approach used by most VOC concentrating techniques. Instead, a four-step cycle involving synchronized changes in flow direction and temperature is repeated throughout the sampling process. This iterative process causes VOCs to accumulate within the capillary well past the level where a standard two-step method reaches its saturation limit. Iterative trapping is capable of sampling and desorbing C5 through C11 n-alkanes with uniform efficiency. This new technique, in its current form, is most appropriate for focusing VOCs from gas volumes on the order of 10 mL. Iterative trapping increases the focusing power of a weak sorbent like PDMS and allows narrow chromatographic peaks...
Electrochemical sensors for polyionic macromolecules: development and applications in pharmaceutical research.

Abstract The first electrochemical sensors responsive towards polyionic heparin and protamine – two clinically important polymeric drugs – have been fully developed. The response mechanism of these sensors has been completely elucidated. As well as their significance in measuring blood heparin levels in clinically relevant concentration ranges, these polyion sensors could also find broad applications in pharmaceutical research, such as in the study of the binding events between heparin (or protamine) and other polycationic (or polyanionic) macromolecules. In addition, the sensors could be employed in the design of blood assays for a range of clinically important proteases and their inhibitors by utilizing either protamine or specially designed synthetic polypeptides as the substrates
Structural analysis of fuzzy controllers with nonlinear input fuzzy sets in relation to nonlinear PID control with variable gains

The popular linear PID controller is mostly effective for linear or nearly linear control problems. Nonlinear PID controllers, however, are needed in order to satisfactorily control (highly) nonlinear plants, time-varying plants, or plants with significant time delay. This paper extends our previous papers in which we show rigorously that some fuzzy controllers are actually nonlinear PI, PD, and PID controllers with variable gains that can outperform their linear counterparts. In the present paper, we study the analytical structure of an important class of two- and three-dimensional fuzzy controllers. We link the entire class, as opposed to one controller at a time, to nonlinear PI, PD, and PID controllers with variable gains by establishing the conditions for the former to structurally become the latter. Unlike the results in the literature, which are exclusively for the fuzzy controllers using linear fuzzy sets for the input variables, this class of fuzzy controllers employs nonlinear input fuzzy sets of arbitrary types. Our structural results are thus more general and contain the existing ones as special cases. Two concrete examples are provided to illustrate the usefulness of the new results.
IRAS observations of optically selected galaxies. I - The properties of the UGC redshift sample

The FIR properties of more than 2400 optically selected galaxies in the Uppsala General Catalog are examined. The galaxies were detected by IRAS at 60 and 100 microns and have measured redshifts. A simple radiative transfer model is presented to study the nature of dust-heating sources. It is shown that for many normal disk galaxies, dust heated by old disk stars competes with dust heated by UV photons from newly formed stars. It is found that the 60-micron/100-micron flux density ratio may be used as an indicator of the dominant dust-heating source. Scaling relations with galaxy size and mass are presented which make it possible to estimate the contributions of any cirrus-like component to the total FIR luminosity.
NASIG's Core Competencies for Electronic Resources Librarians Revisited: An Analysis of Job Advertisement Trends, 2000–2012

Abstract During its relatively short existence, the electronic resources librarian has often shared responsibilities with other areas of librarianship. To highlight the uniqueness and provide a level of understanding about the position, the North American Serials Interest Group developed NASIG's Core Competencies for Electronic Resources Librarians based on a study which analyzed the occurrence of descriptors – responsibilities and qualifications – from job ads posted between 2005 and 2009. The aim of this article is to build on NASIG's Core Competencies by expanding the time period considered. Data from the additional years brings to light both rising and declining trends reflecting changes in electronic resources librarian responsibilities and requirements. The author contends that the findings reported in this article may be useful for refining NASIG's Core Competencies as the profession evolves.
Generalized state space averaging

A general circuit analysis program which treats arbitrary circuits that are switched between two modes is described. The circuit description is input by entering each element and the nodes it is between. The program can handle up to 40 nodes and 80 branches. The approach is to obtain the state equa­tions for each mode and combine them using the switching times to obtain a single set of state equations. The nominal equations are solved to give the equilibrium operating point duty cycle and state variables. The perturbation equations can then be used to obtain poles and zeros of selected network functions from which Bode plots can be made. The circuit can be easily changed. Extensions to three modes is straightfor-ward.
Integrating Drama into the Social Studies Class

L about the world is the primary goal of school and the focus of social studies content. The use of drama as a teaching rather than a performance technique can make the world more understandable to students by recreating significant world events within the safety of knowing that these events are not really happening. As Heathcote (1975) explains, "Dramatization makes it possible to isolate an event or to compare one event to another, to look at events that have happened to other people in other places and times." Drama can be used in the social studies classroom not only to motivate students but also to help them learn content. In many places today, as in ancient times, meaning is given to observable events through storytelling and through real or symbolic acting out of events. Teachers can make use of these powerful techniques to deepen the students' understanding of social studies content.
Superholomorphic anomalies and supermoduli space

Abstract Superholomorphic structure on supermoduli space is constructed. Variations with respect to supermoduli of the effective action and the Faddeev-Popov determinant in the superstring are calculated. One finds a superholomorphic anomaly which cancels in the critical dimension and leads to a superholomorphic splitting of the quantum measure on supermoduli.
Winter Wheat Yield and Profitability from Dividend and Vitavax Seed Treatments

Fungicide seed treatment is required to protect winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from infection by smut fungi in the Pacific Northwest(PNW). Vitavax (carboxin-2,3-dihydro-5-carboxanilido-6-methyl-1,4-oxathiin) dominated this market for 25 yr before Dividend phenoxy)-2-chlorophenyl]-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole) was registered as a smut-control treatment in 1994. Relative effects of these fungicides on productivity and profitability of winter wheat are not known; therefore, the objectives of this study were to collect data relative to those factors under commercial conditions. Twenty four experiments that included these fungicides were performed over 5 yr at 12 locations, using seven cultivars. Up to 44 comparisons of cultivar x location x year were possible for some fungicide treatments and application rates. Grain yields were equivalent for Vitavax-treated and untreated seed. Dividend increased yield 5% (2.7 bu/acre) over the Vitavax treatment, for an $8.25 increase in net profit per acre. Profitability of Dividend was increased by reducing the application rate from the standard rate of 0.5 fl oz/cwt to 0.25 fl oz/cwt. Profitability of Dividend was higher in regions where wheat production is less than 40 bu/acre than in areas of higher productivity. Five winter wheat cultivars differed in yield response to Dividend. Neither fungicide affected test weight or kernel weight. This research demonstrated that, by using Dividend, producers can maintain profitability while reducing fungicide application rates by a factor of 10.
Lower Silurian Tuscarora (Clinch) dispersal patterns in western Virginia

The Tuscarora Sandstone (Clinch equivalent) is a basal Silurian orthoquartzitic sandstone prominently exposed in the Valley and Ridge province of western Virginia. Directional analysis of paleocurrent structures and grain size distribution indicates that the Tuscarora-Clinch clastic material was deposited on a paleoslope that dipped uniformly northwestward. The provenance area was an extensive line source located in the Blue Ridge–Piedmont complex eastward of the present outcrop belts. The basin-source contact (paleo-fall line) for the Tuscarora-Clinch deposits was evidently situated some 80 km farther east of the present Valley and Ridge–Blue Ridge boundary prior to late Paleozoic folding and faulting.
A New Species of Dicopomorpha (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) with Diminutive, Apterous Males

A new species of Dicopomorpha is described of adults reared from and dissected from eggs of Echmepteryx hageni (Packard) (Psocoptera: Lepidopsocidae). Females differ from the described (South American) species in having funicular segment 2 similar in length to the preceding segment rather than much shorter. Males are completely wingless, lack eyes, and are ≈0.4 times the body length of females. These males, ≈139-240µm long, are the smallest adult insects currently known. A mature female occupies most of the volume of a host egg, but from 1 to 3 mature males may share the host egg with a female. Movement of the male outside of the host egg appears to be limited.
Multimodality imaging of an inadvertently placed defibrillator lead in the left ventricle

A 77-year-old woman with a history of internal cardiac defibrillator (ICD) placement 5 years earlier was referred for transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) to evaluate mitral regurgitation. An electrocardiogram revealed ventricular pacing with unexpected right bundle …
The impact of head angle on monaural and binaural performance with directional and omnidirectional hearing aids.

Objective:To evaluate the impact of head turn and monaural and binaural fittings on the sentence reception thresholds of hearing-impaired listeners wearing directional and omnidirectional hearing aids.Design:Sentence reception thresholds were measured for 20 listeners fit monaurally and binaurally w
Kingship and Catholicism in Posthumous Representations of Charles II, 1685–1714

Examining Charles II's changing posthumous reputation from his rumored deathbed conversion to Catholicism through the political upheaval of the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries demonstrates the profound effects affairs of state during the reigns of James II, William III, and Anne had on ideas of kingship. From elegists' depictions as the glory of the Stuart monarchy, Charles became James' feared counterpart during debates over the Copies of Two Papers Written by the Late King Charles II, and finally a distinctly human ruler. Published posthumous representations of Charles II suggest increasing willingness to consider kings as fallible men who made contestable decisions.
Thermal stabilization of an active alumina and effect of dopants on the surface area

The α-AI2O3 transformation of a monolithic active alumina has been increased from 1200 to ∼1380‡ C through structural incorporation of silica. This shift is significant since α-Al2O3 transformation determines the limits of the usefulness of these materials as catalysts and catalyst carriers. The thermal stabilization effect is optimized at around 6% silica doping. At elevated temperatures, the material containing no silica rapidly loses surface area, primarily by α-Al2O3 transformation, whereas the material containing excess silica loses surface area by classical sintering.
The evolution of nitrogen from pulverized, subbituminous coal burnt in a one-dimensional flame

Experiments on the behavior of fuel nitrogen in two fuel-rich, subbituminous, pulverized-coal/O2/Ar flames stabilized on a flat-flame burner are reported. The fuel nitrogen was inventoried by measuring gas-phase concentrations of HCN, NO, NH3, N2, and the solid-phase nitrogen content as a function of reaction time. Coal nitrogen release is more extensive in the leaner, hotter flame. NO and NH3 are primary gas-phase intermediate species in both flames, with HCN also appearing for the richer condition, and N2 is the ultimate nitrogen product. Particle and gas temperature profiles, obtained with an infrared pyrometer, are similar early in the flames, but the particles were observed to cool more rapidly than the gas. The data were used to determine a first-order rate constant for coal-nitrogen release and an overall rate constant for N2 formation.
A Heterologous DNA Prime-Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicon Particle Boost Dengue Vaccine Regimen Affords Complete Protection from Virus Challenge in Cynomolgus Macaques

A candidate vaccine (D1ME-VRP) expressing dengue virus type 1 premembrane and envelope proteins in a Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus replicon particle (VRP) system was constructed and tested in conjunction with a plasmid DNA vaccine (D1ME-DNA) expressing identical dengue virus sequences. Cynomolgus macaques were vaccinated with three doses of DNA (DDD), three doses of VRP (VVV group), or a heterologous DNA prime-VRP boost regimen (DDV) using two doses of DNA vaccine and a third dose of VRP vaccine. Four weeks after the final immunization, the DDV group produced the highest dengue virus type 1-specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses and virus-neutralizing antibody titers. Moderate T-cell responses were demonstrated only in DDD- and DDV-vaccinated animals. When vaccinated animals were challenged with live virus, all vaccination regimens showed significant protection from viremia. DDV-immunized animals were completely protected from viremia (mean time of viremia = 0 days), whereas DDD- and VVV-vaccinated animals had mean times of viremia of 0.66 and 0.75 day, respectively, compared to 6.33 days for the control group of animals.
The Marx Modulator Development Program for the International Linear Collider

The ILC Marx Modulator Development Program at SLAC is working towards developing a full-scale ILC Marx 'Reference Design' modulator prototype, with the goal of significantly reducing the size and cost of the ILC modulator, while improving overall modulator efficiency and availability. The ILC Reference Design prototype will provide a proof-of-concept model to industry in advance of Phase II SBIR funding, and also allow operation of the new 10MW L-Band Klystron prototypes immediately upon their arrival at SLAC.
Correlation functions in D = 1 random surfaces from effective field theory

Abstract We compute n -point functions in D = 1 random surfaces from an effective field theory. The results are useful to show certain universality in the low momentum p regime.
31P and 1h NMR as probes of domain alignment in a rigid crystalline surfactant mesophase.

A viscous reverse hexagonal surfactant mesophase containing bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) and α-phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), with comparable volume fractions of isooctane and water, was characterized by Fourier transform 31P and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Shear alignment was reflected through both 31P NMR and 1H NMR spectra. A complicated 31P spectrum was observed as a result of superposition of chemical shifts according to the distribution of crystalline domains prior to shear. The initially disordered samples with polydomain structures become macroscopically aligned after Couette shear. 31P NMR chemical shift anisotropy characteristics are used to elucidate orientation of the hexagonal phase. Interestingly, 1H NMR spectra exhibit spectral changes upon shear alignment closely corresponding with that of 31P NMR spectra. These observations complement the findings of mesophase alignment obtained using SANS and imply that 31P and 1H NMR spectroscopy can be used as probes to define microstructure...
Effect of solutes on dislocation motion - A phase-field simulation

Abstract Based on recent advances in phase-field models for integrating phase and defect microstructures as well as dislocation dynamics, the interactions between diffusional solutes and moving dislocations under applied stresses are studied in three dimensions. A new functional form for describing the eigenstrains of dislocations is proposed, eliminating the dependence of the magnitude of the dislocation Burgers vector on the applied stress and providing correct stress fields of dislocations. A relationship between the velocity of the dislocation and the applied stress is obtained by theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. The operation of Frank–Read sources in the presence of diffusional solutes, the effect of chemical interactions in solid solution on the equilibrium distribution of Cottrell atmosphere, and the drag effect of Cottrell atmosphere on dislocation motion are examined. The results demonstrate that the phase-field model correctly describes the long-range elastic interactions and short-range chemical interactions that control dislocation motion.
Tunneling ionization and harmonic generation in krypton gas using a high-intensity, 1-um, 1-ps laser

SUMMARYWe have seen second and third harmonic generation of a 1-pm, i-ps laser in a jet of krypton gas. Under these laserconditions, the production mechanism for both second and third harmonic requires the presence of an ionized medium. Thirdharmonic results differ in several ways from longer pulse experiments at the same laser wavelength, but second harmonicresults are in basic agreement with experiments done in a gas cell. Current experiments include: (1) a characterization of the plasma conditions under which harmonic generationoccurs, (2) an investigation of harmonic and ion production for laser pulse lengths between I PS and 30 ps, and (3) an investigation of higher order harmonic production. 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe would like to thank Y. H. Chuang, S. Uchida, and H. Chen for assistance in rebuilding the laser, D. Stricklandfor help on the ion spectroscopy experiments and J. H. Eberly for many helpful discussions. This work was supported by theNational Science Foundation under contract No. PHY 8822730. Additional support was provided by the U.S. Department ofEnergy Division of Inertial Fusion under agreement No. DE-FCO3-85DP40200 and by the Laser Fusion Feasibility Project
Immunocytochemical colocalization of GABA-B receptor subunits in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons of the sheep

GABA has been shown to play an important role in the control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone secretion in many mammals. In sheep, seasonal differences in the ability of GABA-B receptor antagonists to alter pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion have led to the hypothesis that this receptor subtype mediates the increased inhibitory effects of estradiol on GnRH and luteinizing hormone pulse frequency seen during the non-breeding season (anestrus). The aim of the present study was to use multiple-label immunocytochemistry to determine if ovine GnRH neurons contain the GABA-B receptor subunits R1 and/or R2, and to determine whether there are seasonal differences in the colocalization of these subunits in GnRH neurons. A majority of GnRH cells in the preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, and medial basal hypothalamus of both breeding season and anestrous ewes contained either GABA-B R1 or R2 subunits; a subset of GnRH neurons in breeding season (42%) and anestrous ewes (60%) contained both subunits. In contrast to colocalization within cell bodies, GnRH fibers in the median eminence did not colocalize GABA-B receptor subunits. Although the percentage of GnRH neurons expressing GABA-B receptor subunits tended to be higher in anestrus than in the breeding season, there were no significant seasonal differences in R1 and R2 subunit colocalization in GnRH cell bodies. Thus, while GABA may act directly on GnRH cell bodies via GABA-B receptors in the sheep, any role that GABA-B receptors may play in seasonal reproductive changes is likely mediated by other neurons afferent to GnRH cells.
A generalized approach for sub- and super-critical flows using the Local Discontinuous Galerkin method

Abstract We present a generalized approach to solve sub- and super-critical flows using the Local Discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method. The 5-equation model is used to capture multiple phases. This model converges to the Euler equation when only one phase is present. The formulation is independent of the equation of state (EOS) in each phase and thus allows for a more accurate representation of the different fluids by using their appropriate EOS. The multi-phase model includes the convection of the volume fraction, which is modeled by a Hamilton–Jacobi equation. This appears to be the first study that demonstrates the solution of the volume fraction in a two-phase model using the LDG method. A modified moment limiter is used to prevent oscillations close to discontinuities and shows that limiting using primitive instead of conservative variables is significantly bigger in two phase flows when compared to a single phase flow. An additional limiting technique to minimize the numerical diffusion is introduced, which is shown to be especially important at the interface. Canonical test cases are used to verify and validate the formulation in one, two, and three dimensions. Finally, the new two-phase LDG approach is applied to shock–bubble interaction studies and compared to available data.
MORAL FACTS AS CONFIGURING CAUSES

: The overarching aim of this essay is to argue that moral realists should be “causalists” or claim that moral facts of certain kinds are causally efficacious. To this end, I engage in two tasks. The first is to develop an account of the sense in which moral facts of certain kinds are causally efficacious. After having sketched the concept of what I call a “configuring” cause, I contend that the exercise of the moral virtues is plausibly viewed as a configuring cause. The second is to show that the causalist position I develop can withstand objections inspired by the work of Robert Audi and Jaegwon Kim.
Studies on the interaction of intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 and receptors. I. Receptors in rat liver☆

Abstract The vitamin B12 receptor substances of rat liver have been studied, and it was found that they are composed of a protein portion (RP) and a nonprotein portion. The latter is thought of as a cofactor and appears subsequently to be nucleic acid. A substance or substances in rat liver homogenates which combined with vitamin B12 in the presence of intrinsic factor concentrate (IFC), appear to be receptor protein-soluble RNA complexes. The reaction may be described as follows: IF + vitamin B12 → IF-vitamin B12 (1) IF-vitamin B12 + RP-RNA → RP-RNA-IF-vitamin B12 (2)
A universal equation of state for solids

The total energy versus interatomic spacing of ionic, metallic, covalent, and rare-gas solids is examined, and a universal form for pressure as a function of volume for all classes of solids in compression is derived. The relation is shown to hold for pressure-volume data for hydrogen and deuterium, xenon, cesium, molybdenum, sodium chloride, and magnesium oxide.