cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating genomic resources for a threatened Caribbean coral (Orbicella faveolata) using a genetic linkage map developed from individual larval genotypes

Genomic methods are powerful tools for studying evolutionary responses to selection, but the application of these tools in non-model systems threatened by climate change has been limited by the availability of genomic resources in those systems. High-throughput DNA sequencing has enabled development of genome and transcriptome assemblies in non-model systems including reef-building corals, but the fragmented nature of early draft assemblies often obscures the relative positions of genes and genetic markers, and limits the functional interpretation of genomic studies in these systems. To address this limitation and improve genomic resources for the study of adaptation to ocean warming in corals, we've developed a genetic linkage map for the mountainous star coral, Orbicella faveolata. We analyzed genetic linkage among multilocus SNP genotypes to infer the relative positions of markers, transcripts, and genomic scaffolds in an integrated genomic resource. To illustrate the utility of this resource, we tested for genetic associations with bleaching responses and fluorescence phenotypes, and estimated genomewide-wide patterns of population differentiation. Mapping the significant markers identified from these analyses in the integrated genomic resource identified hundreds of genes linked to significant markers, highlighting the utility of this resource for genomic studies in O. faveolata. The functional interpretations drawn from genomic studies are limited by the genomic resources available for identifying genes associated with genetic markers. The resource developed in this study provides a framework for comparing genetic studies of O. faveolata across genotyping methods or references, and illustrates an approach for integrating genomic resources that may be broadly useful in other non-model systems.
Recognition of Action Units in the Wild with Deep Nets and a New Global-Local Loss

Most previous algorithms for the recognition of Action Units (AUs) were trained on a small number of sample images. This was due to the limited amount of labeled data available at the time. This meant that data-hungry deep neural networks, which have shown their potential in other computer vision problems, could not be successfully trained to detect AUs. A recent publicly available database with close to a million labeled images has made this training possible. Image and individual variability (e.g., pose, scale, illumination, ethnicity) in this set is very large. Unfortunately, the labels in this dataset are not perfect (i.e., they are noisy), making convergence of deep nets difficult. To harness the richness of this dataset while being robust to the inaccuracies of the labels, we derive a novel global-local loss. This new loss function is shown to yield fast globally meaningful convergences and locally accurate results. Comparative results with those of the EmotioNet challenge demonstrate that our newly derived loss yields superior recognition of AUs than state-of-the-art algorithms.
Plexus-Specific Detection of Retinal Vascular Pathologic Conditions with Projection-Resolved OCT Angiography.

Purpose To evaluate the projection-resolved (PR) OCT angiography (OCTA) algorithm in detecting plexus-specific vascular abnormalities in retinal pathologic conditions. Design Cross-sectional observational clinical study Participants Patients diagnosed with retinal vascular diseases and healthy volunteers. Methods Eyes were imaged using an OCT system operating at 840 nm and using the split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation algorithm. A novel algorithm suppressed projection artifacts inherent to OCTA. The volumetric scans were segmented and visualized on different plexuses. Main Outcome Measures Qualitative observation of vascular abnormalities on both cross-sectional and en face PR-OCTA images. Results Eight illustrative cases are described. In cases of diabetic retinopathy, retinal vessel occlusion, and retinitis pigmentosa, PR-OCTA detected retinal nonperfusion regions within deeper retinal plexuses not visualized by conventional OCTA. In age-related macular degeneration, cross-sectional PR-OCTA allowed the classification of choroidal neovascularization, and, in a case of retinal angiomatous proliferation, identified a vertical vessel contiguous with the deep capillary plexus. In macular telangiectasia, PR-OCTA detected a diving perifoveal vein and delineated subretinal neovascularization. Conclusions Application of PR-OCTA promises to improve sensitive, accurate evaluation of individual vascular plexuses in multiple retinal diseases.
Filtering techniques for data streams

With the growth in popularity and complexity of streaming applications, there is a rising need for sophisticated analyses of massive high speed data generated by such applications. Such analyses often need to be performed in near real-time, using limited system resources. Under such conditions, it is very important to find an appropriate balance between the efficiency of processing and the accuracy of the produced results. A common technique is to filter the stream with suitable conditions so that the resulting data size is manageable, and the analyses are still accurate. The work presented by this thesis focuses on a number of complex filtering techniques that are of interest in data steam processing in general and in network traffic monitoring in particular. These techniques allow the analyst to define a filtering condition that is more appropriate for the particular query at hand than the simpler random uniform sampling. First, we propose a single operator which captures a common thread of evaluation of sampling queries and can be specialized to implement a wide variety of quite sophisticated stream sampling algorithms within an operational data stream management system and scale in performance to line speeds. Additionally, we propose a solution for flow sampling mechanism, which integrates the logic of flow aggregation as well as flow sampling into one procedure that works directly on IP traffic. Next, we introduce the notion of the inverse distribution for massive data streams, and present algorithms that draw a uniform sample from the inverse distribution in the presence of inserts and deletes to the stream; such a sample can be used for a variety of summarization and filtering/mining tasks. Another contribution of this thesis is the development of a filter join operator, which makes it feasible to evaluate a common type of join query that searches for records matching dynamic criteria on high speed data streams, in an efficient, stable and accurate manner. We also present analyses of query transformations which expose the filter join operator in conventional query join. Finally, we study the problem of matching regular expression that can span multiple data records in a data stream in the presence of stream quality problems, such as duplicates and out-of-order records; we present a number of algorithms that can match regular expressions over multiple data stream records without stream reassembly, by maintaining partial state of the data in the stream. The ideas presented in this thesis are motivated by actual practical problems that arise in data stream processing, and are further validated by the presented experimental studies.
Properties of programs with monotone and convex constraints

We study properties of programs with monotone and convex constraints. We extend to these formalisms concepts and results from normal logic programming. They include tight programs and Fages Lemma, program completion and loop formulas, and the notions of strong and uniform equivalence with their characterizations. Our results form an abstract account of properties of some recent extensions of logic programming with aggregates, especially the formalism of smodels.
Inversion of applicative programs

A technique is presented for taking a program written in pure LISP and automatically deriving a program which computes the inverse function of the given program The scheme is based on a set of rules for inverting the primitive functions plus a method of solving for variables introduced by non-invertible functions. As an example, a program to reverse a list is inverted.
Individual differences and their effect on the nature of speech motor errors in younger and older adults

Older adults have been reported to have a greater propensity towards speech errors [MacKay & James, Psych & Aging, 19(1), 93–107 (2004)],but as with many age-related effects, there is considerable variability in results and a need to identify behavioral predictors. The present study employs a motor speech paradigm, whereby both younger and older adults repeated word pairs (e.g., “top-cop”) timed to a metronome in an accelerating rate task. The metronome had a steady rate for half the task (8s) and then increased at a linear rate. Participants also completed evaluations of motor speech, sensory, and cognitive abilities, so that these individual characteristics can be correlated with speech error tendencies. Articulatory data of speech movements were collected in the form of ultrasound tongue contours and lip aperture derived from facial video. Articulatory results are discussed in terms of speech error gradience in the context of previous work [Pouplier, Proc. XVth ICPhS, 2245–2248 (2003)], with emphasis on how well speakers adapt to the changing metronome rate, and how this affects error incidence in younger versus older adults.
The Weight of the Continuous Past: Transitional (In)Justice and Impunity States in Central America

Central America’s Northern Triangle is infamous for high levels of violent crime and human rights abuses, producing “impunity states” in which violence typically goes unpunished. That violence reflects the broader impunity or “transitional injustice” that has persisted since the peace accords and transitions to democracy of the 1980s and 1990s. Several “posttransitional” trials for past human rights violations in recent years in Guatemala were made possible by institutional strengthening efforts in the prosecutorial agency, led by a unique United Nations commission. Significant progress away from broad impunity may also be seen in the 2015 “Guatemalan Spring,” in which a sitting president was forced to resign and submit to prosecution in connection with a corruption scandal. Comparisons of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras suggest that institutional strengthening is necessary before “posttransitional justice,” or an end to impunity more generally, can be possible.
The Sequential Unfolding of First Phase Syntax: Tutorial and Applications to Development

Purpose This tutorial is an introduction to first phase syntax (FPS; Ramchand, 2008). FPS provides a new, cross-linguistically motivated perspective on clause internal structure. A new sequence of ...
Kinetic studies of adenylyl cyclase of fat cell membranes. I. Comparisons of activities measured in the presence of Mg++-ATP and Mn++-ATP. Effects of insulin, GMP-P(NH)P, isoproterenol, and fluoride.

The kinetics of fat cell adenylyl cyclase were studied, with AMP-P(NH)P and Mn++ or Mg++ as the divalent cation. In general, the reaction times were not linear. In the presence of fluoride or GMP-P(NH)P, the time curves were concave upwards; in other cases (i.e., basal activity, insulin, or isoproterenol), transient rates tended to decrease with time during the assay. Kinetic data were analyzed according to a previously described procedure (Torreset al., 1978b) which isolates two kinetic components: initial and final.
Characterisation and diagnosis of ulcers in inpatient dermatology consultation services: A multi-centre study.

Accurate and prompt diagnosis of skin ulcers is critical to optimise management; however, studies in hospitalised patients are limited. This retrospective review of dermatologic consultations included 272 inpatients with skin ulcers between July 2015 and July 2018 in four U.S. academic hospitals. The median age was 54 years and 45% were male. In 49.3% of the patients, skin ulcers were considered the primary reason for admission. Ulcers of 62% were chronic and 49.6% were located on the lower extremities. Pyoderma gangrenosum (17.3%), infection (12.5%), and exogenous causes (11.8%) were the leading aetiologies; 12% remained diagnostically inconclusive after consultation. Diagnostic agreements pre-dermatology and post-dermatology consult ranged from 0.104 (n = 77, 95% CI 0.051-0.194) to 0.553 (n = 76, 95% CI 0.440-0.659), indicating poor-modest agreement. This study highlights the diagnostic complexity and relative incidences of skin ulcers in the inpatient setting.
A challenging case of spontaneous bacterial empyema in a cirrhotic patient.

Spontaneous Bacterial Empyema (SBEM) is distinguished as a primary infection of pre-existing hepatic hydrothorax in the absence of cardiopulmonary or pleural disease. It is an under-recognized comp...
Analysis of fatty acids in seeds of Sugar plum by GC-MS

The fatty acid's composition and content of Sugar plum's seeds were analyzed.Their fat oil was extracted by Soxhlet,methyled by potassium hydroxide-methanol solution,and analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry.The results showed that the seeds of Sugar plum had rich unsaturated fatty acid,and the contents of linoleic acid was 88.20%,so the seeds of Sugar plum had great development and utilization value.
Living Systems Theory: Using a Person-in-Context Behaviour Episode Unit of Analysis in Career Guidance Research and Practice

This chapter introduces key features of The living systems theory of vocational behavior and development (LSVD). Its particular focus is on describing and explaining the functioning of behaviour episodes, which are the fundamental, person-in-context units of analysis that can be used in individual, person-centered career counselling and research. Behaviour episodes are the building blocks that individuals use to construct their career pathways. They are context-specific, goal-directed, biological and behavioural patterns that unfold over time until clients achieve, change, postpone or fail to achieve their goals. Career counsellors must appreciate the fact that each client is a unique person who functions as a complex organisation of parts and processes through which they seek to achieve their goals. Thus, understanding their clients’ individual histories of behaviour episodes, their current circumstances and the goals they seek to achieve, is essential. When using this framework, counselling represents a dynamic process that is in contrast to prominent models in vocational psychology that focus on presumably stable and enduring features such as vocational interests and personality. Importantly, it also empowers counsellors to engage in a more holistic guidance process that is specifically tailored to each client.
Exploring the Link between Autoimmune Disorders and Pain with Sexual Activity in Ova-Having Individuals

This article proposes a connection between autoimmune disorders and pain with sexual activity in ova-having individuals. The authors focus on accumulating research from psychology data, medical dat...
Affinity selection–mass spectrometry for the discovery of pharmacologically active compounds from combinatorial libraries and natural products

Invented to address the high-throughput screening (HTS) demands of combinatorial chemistry, affinity selection-mass spectrometry (AS-MS) utilizes binding interactions between ligands and receptors to isolate pharmacologically active compounds from mixtures of small molecules and then relies on the selectivity, sensitivity, and speed of mass spectrometry to identify them. No radiolabels, fluorophores, or chromophores are required. Although many variations of AS-MS have been devised, three approaches have emerged as the most flexible, productive, and popular, and they differ primarily in how ligand-receptor complexes are separated from nonbinding compounds in the mixture. These are pulsed ultrafiltration (PUF) AS-MS, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) AS-MS, and magnetic microbead affinity selection screening (MagMASS). PUF and SEC AS-MS are solution-phase screening approaches, and MagMASS uses receptors immobilized on magnetic microbeads. Because pools of compounds are screened using AS-MS, each containing hundreds to thousands of potential ligands, hundreds of thousands of compounds can be screened per day. AS-MS is also compatible with complex mixtures of chemically diverse natural products in extracts of botanicals and fungi and microbial cultures, which often contain fluorophores and chromophores that can interfere with convention HTS. Unlike conventional HTS, AS-MS may be used to discover ligands binding to allosteric as well as orthosteric receptor sites, and AS-MS has been useful for discovering ligands to targets that are not easily incorporated into conventional HTS such as membrane-bound receptors.
Glass transition temperature studies of planetary ball milled glasses: Accessing the rapidly cooled glassy state in Na4P2S7-xOx, 0 ≤ x ≤ 7, Oxy-thio phosphate glasses

Abstract This report details the very first in-depth study of the glass transition temperature (Tg) for planetary balled milled (PBM) Na4P2S7-xOx (NaPSO), where 0 ≤ x ≤ 7, glasses. For 0 ≤ x ≤ 5, fully amorphous, homogeneous, and chemically reacted compositions can be prepared. For samples with 5 5, both Tg and Tc decrease sharply, becoming nearly identical at x = 7 where glass formation essentially ceases. For smaller values of x, Tc increases with both chain length and the structural complexity of the composition but decreases sharply for glass-ceramics of x > 5.
Directed Self-Placement: Subconstructs and group differences at a U.S. university

Abstract Directed Self-Placement (DSP) is an approach that brings together self-efficacy and course selection to guide enrollment of college students into first-year writing courses. The study in this article emerged in an institutional scenario in which the DSP process at a U.S. university changed from a reading and writing task with reflective questions to reflective questions only. In turn, the scenario provided an important opportunity for examining the impact of the presence of a constructed response task on students’ answers to the same DSP reflective questions. The study especially examines whether the presence of a task influenced two sub-constructs in student self-assessments: their proficiency in academic, written English, and their autonomy, or their need for help from a professor to complete reading and writing tasks during their first year of college. The results show differences in the students’ self-assessments of proficiency and autonomy based on whether or not they completed a task, but these differences were statistically significant only for certain student groups. The article closes by addressing implications, including the need for future research that investigates disaggregation and consequence for all students in support of fairness and justice in assessment design and use.
Computational design of β-fluorinated morphine derivatives for pH-specific binding

Abstract Opioids such as morphine are important pain-relieving drugs but also carry a risk of harmful side effects including addiction. Morphine is active in both healthy and inflamed tissue, however, decreasing the pKa of the biochemically-active amine group can promote selective binding in the more acidic conditions of inflamed tissue and reduce harmful side effects associated with opioids. Herein, we explore the impact of fluorination on the pKa of fluoromorphine derivatives to identify which will bind selectively in inflamed tissue. Theoretical pKa values are determined at the M06-2X(SMD)/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory by calculating the Δ G aq values for the amine deprotonation reactions.
Group 13 Lewis acid catalyzed synthesis of metal oxide nanocrystals via hydroxide transmetallation.

A new transmetallation approach is described for the synthesis of metal oxide nanocrystals (NCs). Typically, the synthesis of metal oxide NCs in oleyl alcohol is driven by metal-based esterification catalysis with oleic acid to produce oleyl oleate ester and M-OH monomers, which then condense to form MxOy solids. Here we show that the synthesis of Cu2O NCs by this method is limited by the catalytic ability of copper to drive esterification and thus produce Cu+-OH monomers. However, inclusion of 1–15 mol% of a group 13 cation (Al3+, Ga3+, or In3+) results in efficient synthesis of Cu2O NCs and exhibits size/morphology control based on the nature of M3+. Using a continuous-injection procedure where the copper precursor (Cu2+-oleate) and catalyst (M3+-oleate) are injected into oleyl alcohol at a controlled rate, we are able to monitor the reactivity of the precursor and M3+ catalyst using UV-visible and FTIR absorbance spectroscopies. These time-dependent measurements clearly show that M3+ catalysts drive esterification to produce M3+-OH species, which then undergo transmetallation of hydroxide ligands to generate Cu+-OH monomers required for Cu2O condensation. Ga3+ is found to be the “goldilocks” catalyst, producing NCs with the smallest size and a distinct cubic morphology not observed for any other group 13 metal. This is believed to be due to rapid transmetallation kinetics between Ga3+-OH and Cu+-oleate. These studies introduce a new mechanism for the synthesis of metal oxides where inherent catalysis by the parent metal (i.e. copper) can be circumvented with the use of a secondary catalyst to generate hydroxide ligands.
Intra-articular Injection of a Dextran Polymer Combined with Antibiotic Medications for Bacterial Infective Arthritis in Dogs: 14 Cases

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the use of an intra-articular delivery of a dextran polymer (IADP) for bacterial infective arthritis in dogs. Materials and Methods Cases of bacterial infective arthritis treated with IADP were reviewed. Resolution of infection was based on joint fluid cytology. Lameness scores, total nucleated cell counts, and per cent neutrophils were monitored throughout treatment. Results There were 14 dogs included in the study. The stifle was the most commonly affected joint. The median number of injections per dog was 3 with a median of 2 weeks between injections. Amikacin was combined with the dextran polymer in 13 cases and imipenem was used in 1 case. Concurrent oral antimicrobials were used in 12/14 cases, and surgery for infection was performed in 10/14 cases. Cytological evidence of infection resolved in 11/14 cases. Median lameness scores throughout treatment decreased from severe (grade ¾) at initial presentation to mild (grade ¼) at the final recheck. Median total nucleated cell counts and per cent neutrophils decreased from 40,000 white blood cell/µL and 91% to 2,200 white blood cell/µL and 4% respectively. A transient worsening of lameness was the main side effect documented in 5/14 cases. Conclusion Intra-articular dextran polymer combined with antimicrobials was generally well tolerated; however, the efficacy of IADP was unknown in this population since most dogs received concurrent oral antimicrobials and/or surgery.
Where and How Chew's Second Delaunay Refinement Algorithm Works

Chew’s second Delaunay refinement algorithm with offcenter Steiner vertices leads to practical improvement over Ruppert’s algorithm for quality mesh generation, but the most thorough theoretical analysis is known only for Ruppert’s algorithm. A detailed analysis of Chew’s second Delaunay refinement algorithm with offcenters is given, improving the guarantee of well-graded output for any minimum angle threshold � ∗ ≤ 28.60 ◦ .
TSH and Thyroidal Responses to Continuous and Intermittent TRH Administration

Several hypothalamic-releasing hormones have been isolated, and the responses to them characterized. Single doses cause transient dose-dependent increases in the serum levels of the respective pituitary hormones. The responses to prolonged administration vary, depending on the method and frequency of administration, and are determined by factors such as inhibition by target gland hormones, depletion of hormone stores, and down-regulation of pituitary receptors. With regard to TRH, short-term infusions raise serum TSH for the duration of the infusion, and prolonged intrathecal TRH administration causes sustained increases in serum TSH, T4, and T3 (1–5). However, repeated individual intravenous or oral doses of TRH result in reduced TSH responses after several days (6–9). This study was undertaken to compare the TSH and thyroidal responses to the same total TRH dose given intermittently and continuously in the same subjects.
The U.S. survey for faint blue objects

A spectrophotometric study of the blue and UV-excess starlike objects in the U.S. survey (Usher, 1981) has been conducted. Observations were obtained with a resolution of about 20 A over the 3500-7000-A wavelength range. Considered within the sample are 42 DA white dwarfs, 4 DB/DO white dwarfs, 13 subdwarf B stars, 12 subdwarf O stars, and 13 horizontal branch stars. The sample is analyzed using numerical convolution photometry.
The Numerical Analysis of a Turbulent Compressible Jet

A numerical method to simulate high Reynolds number jet flows was formulated and applied to gain a better understanding of the flow physics. Large-eddy simulation was chosen as the most promising approach to model the turbulent structures due to its compromise between accuracy and computational expense. The filtered Navier-Stokes equations were developed including a total energy form of the energy equation. Subgrid scale models for the momentum and energy equations were adapted from compressible forms of Smagorinsky's original model. The effect of using disparate temporal and spatial accuracy in a numerical scheme was discovered through one-dimensional model problems and a new uniformly fourth-order accurate numerical method was developed. Results from two- and three-dimensional validation exercises show that the code accurately reproduces both viscous and inviscid flows. Numerous axisymmetric jet simulations were performed to investigate the effect of grid resolution, numerical scheme, exit boundary conditions and subgrid scale modeling on the solution and the results were used to guide the three-dimensional calculations. Three-dimensional calculations of a Mach 1.4 jet showed that this LES simulation accurately captures the physics of the turbulent flow. The agreement with experimental data was relatively good and is much better than results in the current literature. Turbulent intensities indicate that the turbulent structures at this level of modeling are not isotropic and this information could lend itself to the development of improved subgrid scale models for LES and turbulence models for RANS simulations. A two point correlation technique was used to quantify the turbulent structures. Two point space correlations were used to obtain a measure of the integral length scale, which proved to be approximately 1/2 D(sub j). Two point space-time correlations were used to obtain the convection velocity for the turbulent structures. This velocity ranged from 0.57 to 0.71 U(sub j).
An Information Theory of Copyright Law

The dominant American theory of copyright law is utilitarian, in offering the incentive of limited copyright protection to creators to generate material that is valuable to society. Less settled is the question of the sorts of works that copyright law seeks to encourage: Ever more copyrightable creations? Only some that are artistically worthy? What makes a work valuable to society? This Article seeks to answer important aspects of these questions by examining them through the lens of information theory, a branch of applied mathematics that quantifies information and suggests optimal ways to transmit it. Using these concepts, this Article proposes that what makes expressive works valuable to society is that they make a contribution in at least one of two principal ways: by using that expression to communicate knowledge — be it systematic, factual, or cultural — and by conveying expression that is enjoyable in and of itself. Information theory sheds light on how copyright law can spur these valuable works. In undertaking this analysis, this Article explores the implications for the central doctrines of copyright law, including copyrightability, the idea-expression distinction, infringement, and fair use. In this context, this Article also considers whether we want distinct creators communicating these valuable types of information or whether it is optimal to unify particular communications of information in a single creator.
The Canadian Generic Medicines Panel

Among the most important criticisms of the World Trade Organization that echoed loudly in the protests in Seattle in November 1999 is that the WTO unduly constrains the regulatory autonomy of Member States, defeating or frustrating democratic choices in important areas of social, economic, environmental and cultural policy. When properly interpreted and applied, many WTO rules do, however, permit a considerable amount of regulatory dwersity, provided the domestic policies in question do not discriminate against foreigners. The area where the WTO does interfere most explicitly in the abhty of governments to strike a balance in their policies between diverse public values is that of intellectual property. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights does prescribe substantive standards of intellectual property protection,' limiting the abhty of democratic polities to strike their own balance between the provision of incentives for innovation on the one hand and consumer welfare on the other; nor are these the only public values at stake, as debates surroundmg biodwersity and intellectual property clearly illustrate. Moreover, on a conventional economic analysis, unlike the removal of tariffs, quotas and other overtly discriminatory trade barriers, raising intellectual property protection may actually reduce total domestic and even global economic welfare. For example, in the case of increased patent protection, the adhtional monopoly rents to producers may generate little addtional (efficient) innovation, whde creating substantial welfare losses to consumers, who are deprived of cheaper imitations of patented products.2 As Maskus suggests:
New and emerging pharmacologic therapies for type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity.

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity continue to be common disorders that many clinicians and patients struggle to control. There are likely numerous reasons for poor control of these diseases, including medication efficacy and adverse effects, access to medications and health care, poor adherence, and lack of lifestyle changes by patients. Several new and emerging medications may help resolve these issues. Objective The goal of this article is to review new and emerging medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Methods The Food and Drug Administration drug approval list for 2011 and 2012 was searched to identify newly approved drugs for type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. New drug entities or existing drug entities with a new indication were included. To identify emerging therapies, we performed targeted searches on clinicaltrials.gov using the listed disease states and Phase III studies. PubMed was searched with these drug names to identify clinical trials for inclusion in this review. Preclinical trials and non–English-language publications were excluded, as were trials not evaluating the efficacy of these agents. The websites goodRx.com and rxpriceverify.com were used to identify pricing. Results For type 2 diabetes, exenatide extended-release causes fewer adverse effects and better efficacy than the daily exenatide formulation. The new sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor drug class has a unique mechanism of action, hemoglobin A 1c reductions near 1%, and seemingly few adverse effects. With respect to dyslipidemia, icosapent ethyl effectively lowers triglyceride levels by ∼20% to 45% (depending on baseline triglyceride level), with little effect on LDL-C. For treatment of obesity, lorcaserin is a novel anorexic agent that results in an ∼5.5-kg mean weight loss, and phentermine-topiramate controlled-release reduces weight by ∼12.2 kg. Conclusion Although these agents certainly add to our armamentarium, none appear to offer significant advantages over currently available options. High costs will likely prevent these novel agents from being used as first-line agents in most patients. Further studies will help to more clearly define their roles in therapy.
Ground-based lidar for atmospheric boundary layer ozone measurements

Ground-based lidars are suitable for long-term ozone monitoring as a complement to satellite and ozonesonde measurements. However, current ground-based lidars are unable to consistently measure ozone below 500 m above ground level (AGL) due to both engineering issues and high retrieval sensitivity to various measurement errors. In this paper, we present our instrument design, retrieval techniques, and preliminary results that focus on the high-temporal profiling of ozone within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) achieved by the addition of an inexpensive and compact mini-receiver to the previous system. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the lowest, consistently achievable observation height has been extended down to 125 m AGL for a ground-based ozone lidar system. Both the analysis and preliminary measurements demonstrate that this lidar measures ozone with a precision generally better than 10% at a temporal resolution of 10 min and a vertical resolution from 150 m at the bottom of the ABL to 550 m at the top. A measurement example from summertime shows that inhomogeneous ozone aloft was affected by both surface emissions and the evolution of ABL structures.
Chemotherapeutic treatment of extensive optic pathway tumors in infants

Two infants, ages 14 and 4 months, with extensive optic pathway tumors were treated with intensive chemotherapy called MADDOC: nitrogen mustard, doxorubicin, cis-platinum, dacarbazine, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide. The first child had hydrocephalus with an enhancing mass at the hypothalamus which followed the optic radiation to include the lateral geniculate body and medial temporal lobe. A v-p shunt was placed, and biopsy revealed a Grade 11 astrocytoma. One month later, the child developed malignant ascites. Intensive induction chemotherapy was then begun with cis-platinum 100 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 3 g/m2 for two initial cycles. The ascites resolved within one week, and chemotherapy was continued for 10 courses of the 6-drug MADDOC regimen. CT scans showed a gradual shrinkage of the tumor mass by approximately 70%. The enhancing areas continued to decrease in size through 20 months after completing MADDOC. The child has not received radiation and is well 4 years 7 months post diagnosis. The second infant had massive enlargement of the right optic nerve with an enhancing chiasmatic mass extending into the suprasellar space, hypothalamus, and brain stem. This infant was not biopsied; she also received induction MADDOC chemotherapy for 12 cycles. CT scans showed a definite decrease in the chiasmatic mass by the fifth cycle, with continued reduction by approximately 40% after 10 months. Twenty-three months from diagnosis there was asymptomatic evidence of tumor growth. The child is being treated with carboplatinum and remains ophthalmologically and radiographically stable 43 months from diagnosis.
Pharmacotherapeutic Treatment Strategies for Antidepressant Nonresponse

Patients who do not respond to initial antidepressant treatment are more difficult to treat and have lower odds of remission than those who fully or partially respond to initial pharmacotherapy. Potential treatment options for nonresponders include combination and switching strategies, both of which can be done within a single class of medications or across medication classes. Choosing the correct strategy and appropriate pharmaceutical option or options requires consideration of not only algorithm recommendations, but also a variety of variables including, but not limited to, the patient's symptom and side effect profiles.
Traumatic pneumomediastinum caused by isolated blunt facial trauma: A case report

Traumatic pneumomediastinum is most often identified as an incidental finding in the setting of blunt or penetrating neck, chest, or abdominal trauma. There are only a few cases in the medical literature of a pneumomediastinum following isolated facial trauma. We present a patient who sustained fractures of the lateral and anterior walls of the right maxillary sinus, floor of the right orbit, and right zygomatic arch. Subcutaneous emphysema overlaid the right facial region and extended to the left side of the neck and into the mediastinum. We describe this unusual complication with respect to the anatomic relations of the facial and cervical fascial planes and spaces with the mediastinum.
Vascular activity of polycations and basic amino acids: L-arginine does not specifically elicit endothelium-dependent relaxation.

Irrespective of their stereochemistry (D- or L-form), polycations such as poly-lysine, poly-arginine and poly-histidine elicited endothelium dependent relaxation of pre-contracted rat aortic rings in a dose-dependent manner (ED50 ≤ 10−7 M). In contrast, the basic amino acids arginine, glutamine, histidine and lysine caused only endothelium-potentiated relaxation at high concentrations (ED50 > 10−3 M). Both heparin (1U/ml) and dextran sulphate (10 μg/ml) abolished relaxation by the polycations but had no effect on the responses to the basic amino acids or acetylcholine. These results indicate that the vasodilatory property of the polycations is due to an electrostatic interaction with unionic domains on the endothelial surface, whereas the basic amino acids elicit a non-specific relaxation. Therefore, L-arginine per se cannot be the immediate precursor of nitric oxide, the proposed endothelium-derived relaxing factor.
A nonlinear approach to the multiorigin, multidestination fleet deployment problem

The problem of minimal-cost operation of a fleet of ships carrying a specific amount of bulk cargo from several origin ports to several destination ports during a specified time interval is examined. The fuel oil cost, a major component of the total operating cost, is realistically modeled as a nonlinear function of the vessels' operating speeds. Introduction of both full load and ballast speeds as independent variables results in a nonlinear optimization problem in which the vessels' allocation to the available routes and the optimal speed selection problem are coupled. Within the framework of our model, each vessel of the fleet may load at any origin, unload at a destination and return to the same origin. The solution method developed utilizes specific features of the above fleet deployment model, and may reduce substantially the dimensionality of the problem. Under certain conditions, decoupling of the speed selection from the vessel allocation problem can be achieved, and linear programming can be used to obtain an optimal solution. In the general case, a projected Lagrangian method appears to be more appropriate for the problem under consideration.
Interaction of metyrapone with adrenal microsomal cytochrome P450 in the guinea pig

Abstract Studies were carried out to compare the actions of metyrapone on adrenal mitochondrial and microsomal cytochrome P450-containing enzymes in the guinea pig and rat. As expected. addition of metyrapone to adrenal mitochondria inhibited 11β-hydroxylation in both species. the shape of the type II difference spectrum produced by metyrapone in mitochondria differed somewhat in rat ( g DO.D. 425−405 nm ) and guinea pig ( g DO.D. 425−390 nm ) and the magnitude of the speetrum was far greater in rat adrenal mitochondria, paralleling species differences in cytochrome P450 concentration (rat > guinea pig). In rat adrenal microsomes, metyrapone produced a small “reverse type I” spectral change (ΔO.D. 420-385nm ) but did not affect either 21-hydroxylation or the interaction of progesterone with eytochrome P450(as determined spectrally). In guinea pig adrenal microsomes, in contrast, metyrapone produced a large type II spectral change (ΔO.D. 423-408nm ) and inhibited both 21-hydroxylation and ethylmorphine demethylation, cytochrome P450-dependent reactions. The magnitudes of type I spectra produced by 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and ethylmorphine in guinea pig adrenal microsomes were significantly diminished by prior addition of metyrapone. The results indicate that metyrapone interacts with both microsomal and mitochondrial cytochrome P450 in the guinea pig and that its adrenal sites of action, therefore, are species dependent.
How to assess and control urinary incontinence.

Admitted to your medical-surgical unit with pneumonia, Frances Allen, 72, has already used the bedpan twice to void small amounts since you started your admission assessment. Now she says she needs to go to the bathroom again. She doesn't seem confused-in fact, as you talk with her, you realize she is quite articulate, although clearly uncomfortable and anxious. You ask her if she'd had any problems with bladder control before coming to the hospital. She tells you that she often leaks urine during the day and, when she gets up at night to use the bathroom, she's frequently wet before she can even get her slippers on. She denies leakage when she sneezes or coughs. Carl Jensen, 65, underwent coronary artery bypass grafting 12 days ago. He's been rather slow to recover, but hopes to be discharged in another two or three
Measurement and simulation of photoluminescence spectra from vertical-cavity quantum-well laser structures

We compare photoluminescence data collected in either a surface-normal configuration (NPL) or with the pump and collection paths perpendicular to a cross-section of the epitaxial layers (XPL) for various vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers and distributed quantum well structures. We report the spatial resolution of the XPL technique, particularly as it applies to distinguishing features in complex multilayer structures. We assess a potential simulation method for transforming the perturbed NPL spectra into the unperturbed XPL spectra, taking into account a number of experimental and material parameters which may influence the lineshape. These factors include the pump field distribution and its influence on the weighting of the emitters, the collection optics, and the changes in the dispersive complex dielectric constant of the quantum wells. This information is of import not only to optimizing device manufacture, but to basic physical and materials research as well. Whereas the XPL technique is a relatively simple but destructive characterization tool, a complete understanding of NPL emission could be made to yield the same information via rapid, nondestructive means.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Changes in the levels of viral and cellular gene-transcripts in the cell cycle of SV40 transformed mouse cells

We have analyzed the regulation of transcription of integrated SV40 DNA and of five cellular genes during the cell cycle of two lines of SV40 transformed mouse 3T3 cells. These cells (ts SV3T3) are temperature sensitive for the expression of the transformed phenotype and at the nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) become arrested in G1 at low serum concentrations. SV40 specific RNAs are not detected either in the nuclear or in the cytoplasmic poly(A+)RNA of quiescent cells, suggesting control at the level of transcription. After serum stimulation, however, viral transcription increases and reaches its maximum during S-phase. The expression of a group of selected housekeeping genes has received parallel analysis to determine whether other cellular genes, beside the integrated SV40, are shut off in G1 arrested cells or are expressed in restricted periods of the cell cycle. We have found that, while the mRNAs for collagen, adenosinphosphoribosiltransferase (APRT) and the mouse major histocompatibility complex (H2) are present throughout the cell cycle, the genes coding for the multifunctional protein CAD and dehydrofolate reductase are cell-cycle regulated.
The coherence length of the peculiar velocity field in the universe and the large-scale galaxy correlation data

This study presents a method for obtaining the true rms peculiar flow in the universe on scales up to 100-120/h Mpc using APM data as an input assuming only that peculiar motions are caused by peculiar gravity. The comparison to the local (Great Attractor) flow is expected to give clear information on the density parameter, Omega, and the local bias parameter, b. The observed peculiar flows in the Great Attractor region are found to be in better agreement with the open (Omega = 0.1) universe in which light traces mass (b = 1) than with a flat (Omega = 1) universe unless the bias parameter is unrealistically large (b is not less than 4). Constraints on Omega from a comparison of the APM and PV samples are discussed.
Optimization of MammoSite therapy

Abstract Purpose Radiation source anisotropy causes about 10% of a spherically shaped planning target volume surrounding a MammoSite balloon to receive less than the prescribed dose. The principal dose-limiting factor for MammoSite therapy is the dose to the overlying skin. Additional limiting factors potentially include the dose to portions of the heart and lung. The goal of optimization is to deliver the prescribed dose to as much of the planning target volume as possible while avoiding toxicity to adjacent organs. Methods and materials An experimental CT-based high-dose-rate brachytherapy treatment planning system was used to investigate optimization strategies for MammoSite treatment. This system implements a linear optimization of high-dose-rate dwell times on the basis of constraints assigned to points of interest and a set of potential dwell positions. Results The cylindrical symmetry of the MammoSite catheter limits the optimization process to creating spherical, ellipsoidal, or egg-shaped isodose distributions whose major axis is oriented along the catheter axis. If the dose to a limiting structure, such as skin, is not an issue, the use of multiple dwell positions can compensate for source anisotropy and create a more spherical isodose surface enclosing the planning target volume compared with a single dwell position. When skin becomes a dose-limiting factor, the catheter axis orientation, source anisotropy, dwell position, and dwell weighting can be exploited to limit the skin dose while simultaneously preserving the prescribed dose to as much of the target volume as possible. Conclusion Optimization of MammoSite therapy using multiple dwell positions within the balloon is both possible and practical.
Gender Stereotyping and Adolescent Sexual Behavior: A Test of Temporal Order1

Prior to the present study, the proposal by sexual socialization theorists that there is a relationship between gender stereotyping and adolescent sexual behavior had never been empirically tested. The purposes of this paper were (a) to test the relationship between gender stereotyping and adolescent sexual behavior and (b) to determine the direction and temporality of the relationship. Panel data from a probability sample of 1,607 black and white adolescents were used. The findings indicate a relationship between female stereotyping and sexual behavior for female but not for male adolescents. Interaction analyses indicate that the strength, direction, and temporality of the relationship varies by age, race, mother's education, and the number of hours the mother is employed. In general, females with traditional female stereotypes were more likely to begin having sexual intercourse earlier than those with nontraditional stereotypes. These findings are discussed in the context of societal encouragement of traditional female stereotyping.