cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ‘YAN TATSINE DISTURBANCES IN KANO—A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE

Thursday, December 18, 1980 was a bright clear day in Kano, a welcome relief from the thick harmattan dust of the previous week. But that afternoon, a dark column of smoke rose up over the city. Word soon spread that the smoke came from trucks set on fire during a clash between police and followers of an obscure, and seemingly eccentric Muslim preacher by the name of Mallam Muhammadu Marwa, who was popularly called by the derisive nickname of Mallam Maitatsine. This nickname was derived from a Hausa phrase which he often used in his public preaching, “Wanda ba ta yarda ba Allah tatsine,” meaning roughly, “May God curse whoever doesn't agree with me.” Over the next ten days, Kano, the largest city in northern Nigeria, was engulfed in fear and confusion.1
A new cell loss recovery method using forward error correction in ATM networks

A new method using an FEC technique is proposed to enhance the ability of consecutive cell loss compensation due to buffer overflow in ATM networks. This article summarizes different applications of cell loss recovery, and presents the design of a new coding scheme and the codingsdecoding algorithm. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Churg-Strauss Syndrome: 2005-2008 Update

Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a rare necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis associated with eosinophil-rich granulomatous inflammation of tissues and vessels and is also associated with asthma and eosinophilia. Epidemiologic studies continue to show that CSS is the rarest of the necrotizing small-vessel vasculitides. However, it is not possible to know with any certainty if there has been an increase in incidence. There has been an attempt to divide the patients with CSS into an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive and cytoplasmic antibody-negative group. The former group has an increased frequency of renal involvement, parenchymal pulmonary disease, constitutional symptoms, and peripheral and central nervous system involvement, whereas the latter group has more frequent cardiac disease. The role of eosinophils and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies remains poorly defined but provocative. Leukotriene receptor antagonists do not appear to induce CSS but facilitate the tapering of glucocorticoids, which unmasks the condition. Glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide remain the foundation of treatment for vasculitis, but there are other promising and less toxic alternatives on the horizon.
De novo synthesis of milk triglycerides in humans

Mammary gland (MG) de novo lipogenesis contributes significantly to milk fat in animals but little is known in humans. Objective: To test the hypothesis that the incorporation of 13C carbons from [...
Structure of the copper(II) complex of 2-acetylpyridine hexamethyleneiminylthiosemicarbazone, [Cu(Lhexim)Br]

An anion (loss of 3N hydrogen) of a 2-acetylpyridine azacyclothiosemicarbazone coordinates in a planar conformation to the central Cu atom through the pyridyl N, azomethine N and thiolato S atoms. The interatomic distances are Cu{ie449-01}N = 2.016(6), Cu{ie449-02}N = 1.963(5) and Cu{ie449-03}S = 2.236(3) A, respectively, with the fourth co-ordination site occupied by a bromine atom, Cu{ie449-04}Br = 2.359(2) A.
Diatom symbionts in larger foraminifera from Caribbean hosts

Abstract Larger foraminifera, as a group, are the hosts for many different types of algae. The majority of modern families host small ( Amphistigina gibbosa and Heterostegina antillarum . A high number of hosts harbored more than one symbiont species. A new variety of Nitzschia frustulum was involved in many (33%) of the symbioses. Many of the isolates of this taxon, if it is to be considered only one, are extremely aberrant forms for the genus. Another common (18%) isolate was an unidentified species of Navicula . A highly variable Amphora sp. was also isolated. These taxa will require more detailed examination in the future. Many of the isolates from the Caribbean hosts also were known as endosymbionts from previous studies: Nitzschia laevis N. frustulum var. symbiotica N. valdestriata, Amphora tenerrima, Navicula muscatini, Cocconeis andersoni and Fragillaria shiloi . A number of endosymbiotic species, common in Indo-Pacific hosts, were not found in the Caribbean hosts studied. The results of the present study are in consonance with those of previous studies.
A logic modeling language for automated model construction

Abstract This paper describes PM ∗ (read PM-star) a first-order logic based language, that is the basis of a knowledge based system designed to help non-expert users construct Linear Programming models in the Production, Distribution and Inventory planning domain. Problems specified in PM ∗ define a logic model which is used to generate problem-specific inferences and inferences required to automate model construction. PM ∗ extends previous work on the PM language (Krishnan, 1988) through the integration of problem representation and model construction within a uniform predicate logic frame.
Fluctuation-response relations for multitime correlations

We show that time-correlation functions of arbitrary order for any random variable in a statistical dynamical system can be calculated as higher-order response functions of the mean history of the variable. The response is to a ``control term'' added as a modification to the master equation for statistical distributions. The proof of the relations is based upon a variational characterization of the generating functional of the time correlations. The same fluctuation-response relations are preserved within moment closures for the statistical dynamical system, when these are constructed via the variational Rayleigh-Ritz procedure. For the two-time correlations of the moment variables themselves, the fluctuation-response relation is equivalent to an ``Onsager regression hypothesis'' for the small fluctuations. For correlations of higher order, there is a further effect in addition to such linear propagation of fluctuations present instantaneously: the dynamical generation of correlations by nonlinear interaction of fluctuations. In general, we discuss some physical and mathematical aspects of the Ans\"atze required for an accurate calculation of the time correlations. We also comment briefly upon the computational use of these relations, which is well suited for automatic differentiation tools. An example will be given of a simple closure for turbulent energy decay, which illustrates the numerical application of the relations.
Studies of CO desorption and reaction with H2 on alumina-supported Ru

The temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of CO and temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) of chemisorbed CO in H2 have been studied on a RuAl2O3 catalyst. Adsorption at 303 K occurs molecularly and leads to the observation of two peaks in the TPD spectrum. The activation energies associated with these peaks are 27 and 37 kcal/mole. Upon heating above 415 K CO disproportionation takes place, forming CO2 and carbon. The carbon deposited on the catalyst surface readily reacts with H2 at 303 K to produce methane and ethane. These products are also formed during TPR of chemisorbed CO. The mechanism of CO disproportionation, the effect of surface carbon on the bonding of chemisorbed CO, and the reactions of chemisorbed CO with H2 are discussed.
Arthroscopic ulnar nerve decompression in the setting of elbow osteoarthritis.

Purpose To present the technique and outcomes of arthroscopic ulnar nerve decompression at the elbow in a series of patients with associated osteoarthritis. Methods A retrospective chart review identified all patients with symptomatic ulnar compression neuropathy and osteoarthritis at the elbow treated with arthroscopic decompression between March 2002 and June 2007. Information regarding preoperative symptom severity and function, associated arthritis and other disorders of the involved extremity, postoperative symptoms and function, complications, and reoperations were reviewed from the medical record. All patients were followed up for at least 12 months, and data collection included clinical evaluations and survey correspondence. Results Thirteen patients (15 elbows) were available for review. The series consisted of patients with an average age of 51 years (range, 20–75 y). All patients had arthroscopic ulnar nerve decompression, osteophyte resection, and capsulectomy during the same procedure. An average postoperative follow-up of 47 months revealed 7 excellent, 5 good, 1 fair, and 2 poor results. Three patients had reoperations because of persistent or recurrent symptoms. These 3 patients had severe (Dellon classification) symptoms including muscular wasting on presentation. Conclusions This technique appears to be a useful procedure for treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome at the time of elbow arthroscopic debridement arthroplasty. Additional follow-up and prospective comparative studies are indicated to further evaluate this technique. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Small Angle X-Ray Diffraction by Microemulsions

Microemulsion systems have been prepared by using a wide range of concentrations of surfactant. Some were isotropic liquids but others displayed the birefringence characteristic of liquid crystals. X-ray diffraction at small Bragg angles was found in most systems. This usually consisted of a single ring similar to the Debye-Scherrer photographs obtained with microcrystalline powders at higher Bragg angles and had Bragg spacings corresponding to from 60 to 200 Angstrom units. For those systems having a high surfactant concentration, there were generally maxima of intensity at positions perpendicular to the axis of the capillary tube sample holder suggesting orientation of larger particles or units such as those in liquid crystals. The calculated Bragg spacings increased with a decrease in concentration of surfactant and with an increase in concentration of toluene and/or aqueous phase. The results can be interpreted in terms of an expanding, lamellar, hydrous liquid crystalline system in which the aqueous phase forms layers between the polar faces of bimolecular sheets of surfactant molecules and the toluene forms similar layers between the non-polar faces. The mechanism for this as well as it's application to EOR is discussed in this study.
Apoptosis-resistant Mitochondria in T Cells Selected for Resistance to Fas Signaling *

Jurkat leukemic T cells are highly sensitive to the extrinsic pathways of apoptosis induced via the death receptor Fas or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand as well as to the intrinsic/mitochondrial pathways of death induced by VP-16 or staurosporin. We report here that clonal Jurkat cell lines selected for resistance to Fas-induced apoptosis were cross-resistant to VP-16 or staurosporin. Each of the apoptotic pathways was blocked at an apical phase, where common regulators of apoptosis have not yet been defined. The Fas pathway was blocked at the level of caspase-8, whereas the intrinsic pathway was blocked at the mitochondria. No processing or activity of caspases was detected in resistant cells in response to either Fas-cross-linking or VP-16 treatment. Also, no apoptosis-associated alterations in the mitochondrial inner membrane, outer membrane, or matrix were detected in resistant Jurkat cells treated with VP-16. Thus, no changes in permeability transition, loss in inner membrane cardiolipin, generation of reactive oxygen species, or release of cytochrome c were observed in resistant cells treated with VP-16. Further, unlike purified mitochondria from wild type cells, those obtained from resistant cells did not release cytochrome c or apoptosis-inducing factor in response to recombinant Bax or truncated Bid. These results identify a defect in mitochondria ability to release intermembrane proteins in response to Bid or Bax as a mechanism of resistance to chemotherapeuetic drugs. Further, the selection of VP-16-resistant mitochondria via elimination of Fas-susceptible cells may suggest the existence of a shared regulatory component between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis.
Review: individual DMARDs have similar efficacy for rheumatoid arthritis, but combination therapy improves response.

Source Citation Donahue KE, Gartlehner G, Jonas DE, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and harms of disease-modifying medications for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148...
Development of HIV entry inhibitors targeted to the coiled-coil regions of gp41.

The discoveries that synthetic peptides corresponding to the N- and C-terminal heptad repeat (HR) regions of gp41 have potent anti-HIV activity opened a new avenue to identification of small molecule HIV entry inhibitors targeted to the HIV gp41 coiled-coil regions. Based on the structural information of the HIV gp41 core, three distinct approaches to develop small molecule anti-HIV agents have been reported. Each of these approaches has specific advantages, which will have complementary effects on the design of new strategies for identification of more potent HIV entry inhibitors. It is expected that novel antiviral drugs targeted to the HIV gp41 coiled-coil regions will be developed in the near future for the chemotherapy and/or prophylaxis of HIV infection and AIDS.
DECREASED ERYTHROCYTE Na + PUMP ACTIVITY IN NORMOTENSIVE CHILDREN OF HYPERTENSIVE PARENTS

Increased erythrocyte (RBC) intracellular Na+ and depressed RBC Na+-pump activity (NaPA) occur in adults with essential hypertension (EH). Lithium-Na countertransport (Na influx) has been found to be increased in RBC of normotensive (N) children of hypertensive parents, and may serve as a marker for later EH. To examine whether RBC NaPA (Na efflux) was also associated with parental EH, and perhaps with an increased likelihood of subsequent EH, we assayed ouabain-sensitive 86Rb-uptake in the RBC of 61 N children, 41 with N parents (Group I), and 20 with at least 1 parent with EH (Group II). RBC NaPA was assessed both in plasma from the same subject and in a Krebs buffer. when NaPA was assayed in plasma, values were significantly lower in Group II, 3.07 ± 0.39 (mean ± sem) nmol/mg prot/30 min, compared to Group I, 4.35 ± 0.36 (p W), but no statistical significance. Thus, in a small biracial sample, NaPA was inhibited in N children whose parent(s) had EH. This may prove to be a sensitive marker for adult-onset EH, allowing prospective detection, intervention, and possible prevention of EH.
Digital calibration of inter-stage nonlinear errors in pipelined SAR ADC

A digital calibration technique to linearize the residue amplifier in pipelined SAR ADC based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is presented. The proposed technique utilizes a single, one-bit pseudorandom noise (PN) to simultaneously identify all coefficients of a correction polynomial. Behavioral simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique, in which the SNDR and SFDR performance of a 12-bit pipelined SAR ADC is improved from 54 dB and 69 dB to 72 dB and 100 dB, respectively. Some circuit design details are included for the PN injection circuit as well as the digital calibration logic.
Mechanistic Studies on Metal-pyrophosphate Hydrolysis. Structure of Tetraammine(chloroaquo)cobait(III) dichloride ([CO(NH3)4ClH20]2+•-2Cl−), an Acid Hydrolysis Product of Co(NH3)4HP2O7 and Co(NH3)4PO4

Abstract The octahedral complex tetraammine(chloroaquo)cobalt(III) dichloride is shown to be the HCl hydrolysis product of both P1,2-bidentate tetraammine(pyrophosphato)cobalt(III) [CO(NH3)4HP207 or CoPP] and bidentate tetraammine(phosphato)cobalt(III) [Co(NH3)4P04or CoP]. The complex crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with cell dimensions α=13.033(2)A, b=6.710(1) A, and c=10.318(2)A; the crystal structure was refined to a final disagreement index of 0.033. The average of the four Co-N distances is 1.944±6A. The Co-Cl distance is 2.257(2)A and the Co-O(W) distance is 1.971(4)A. Both protons of the coordinated water molecule are engaged in strong hydrogen bonds to the two nonbonded chloride counterions with 0(W)-C1 distances of 3.087(6)A and 3.123(6)A. Each nonbonded chloride is engaged in seven hydrogen bonding interactions resulting from the high ratio of hydrogen bond donors to acceptors in the CoP structure. Cobalt bisphosphate (CoP2) is the final enzyme hydrolysis product when CoPP is ...
The auditory pathway of the epileptic waltzing mouse. II. Partially deaf mice.

This study deals with degeneration occurring in the auditory pathway of the partially deaf epileptic waltzing mouse. Cellular changes include loss of Nissl material and swelling of the neurons. The fibers lose their myelin sheaths and ultimately disappear. These changes occur gradually and throughout the system, so that the animals slowly lose their hearing arid finally become deaf. Tests given to three of the four animals reported here show that the high tones are most affected, but the low tones are lost to a lesser extent. The specific locations of degenerative changes in the acoustic centers are described and related, as far as possible, to the tonotopic pattern in the auditory system as reported in the literature. This comparison brings out a caudorostral relationship between the medial geniculate and the primary auditory cortex.
Social identity theory and party identification

Objective. Given that the group aspect of party identification forms a central, yet largely unexplored element of American partisanship, social identity theory presents a compelling social-psychological theory of group belonging through which to reinterpret the contemporary understanding of partisanship. Methods. Using a mail survey of 302 randomly selected Franklin County, Ohio residents, levels of social identification with the Democratic Party, the Republican Party, and political independents are measured using the Identification with a Psychological Group (IDPG) scale. Scores on the IDPG are used to predict attitudes toward parties and the consistency of partisan behavior. Results. Levels of partisan social identity proved to be significant predictors of political party ratings, ideology, and party activities, even when taking traditional measures of partisan strength into account. Conclusions. Social identity is a fundamental aspect of partisanship, which, when measured, can lead to superior prediction and understanding of related political attitudes and behaviors.
Reflections on a Rape Trial: The Role of Rape Myths and Jury Selection in the Outcome of a Trial:

This article reviews arguments and jury deliberations froma rape trial that took place in spring 1999 and was retried 7 months later. It presents the circumstances of the case, the evidence and arguments of the prosecution and defense, discussions among jurors during the first trial, and the outcome of each trial. It also raises questions about the treatment of sexual assault victims in the courts, the effect of jury selection on the outcomes of trials, and the persistence of myths regarding women and sexual assault in American society.
Non-psychiatric hospitalization of people with mental illness: systematic review

Title. Non-psychiatric hospitalization of people with mental illness: systematicreview. Aim. This paper is a report of a literature review of the evidence regarding outcomes experienced by severely mentally ill individuals hospitalized in general medical-surgical settings for non-psychiatric conditions. Background. Severely mentally ill individuals experience chronic medical illnesses at a rate greater than the general population. When hospitalized in non-psychiatric settings, they tend to be experienced as ‘difficult’ by nurses and to have longer lengths of stay. Data sources. The CINAHL and PUBMED databases were searched from 1 to 9 March 2008 to identify studies published between 1998 and 2008 investigating outcomes among people with mental illness hospitalized for non-psychiatric illness in general hospitals. Methods. Included studies were those published in English in peer reviewed journals and investigating patient outcomes. The studies were reviewed for relevance and inclusion criteria; the methodological quality of studies was not evaluated. Results. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. All studies examining length of stay, costs of care or resource utilization showed increased measures for patients with psychiatric comorbidity. Interventions described included psychiatric liaison psychiatry and nursing, which failed to demonstrate improvement in outcomes. Conclusion. Nurses play a pivotal role in improving the inpatient care of this vulnerable population, but they struggle in their attempts to do so. Research to determine the best approaches to promote nurses’ knowledge, positive attitudes and self-confidence in caring for patients with psychiatric comorbidity is needed. Investigation of the patient perspective on the inpatient experience might also provide insight for designing effective care processes.
Concurrent application of TMS and near-infrared optical imaging: methodological considerations and potential artifacts

The simultaneous application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with non-invasive neuroimaging provides a powerful method for investigating functional connectivity in the human brain and the causal relationships between areas in distributed brain networks. TMS has been combined with numerous neuroimaging techniques including, electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Recent work has also demonstrated the feasibility and utility of combining TMS with non-invasive near-infrared optical imaging techniques, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and the event-related optical signal (EROS). Simultaneous TMS and optical imaging affords a number of advantages over other neuroimaging methods but also involves a unique set of methodological challenges and considerations. This paper describes the methodology of concurrently performing optical imaging during the administration of TMS, focusing on experimental design, potential artifacts, and approaches to controlling for these artifacts.
Auxiliary signal design for failure detection in high index differential-algebraic equations

Auxiliary test signals for active fault detection have been studied by several authors but traditionally for systems with discrete time or continuous time nonimpulsive causal models. Recently, a method for designing test signals for systems modeled by higher index differential algebraic equations has been developed. This paper examines more carefully when such a test signal exists and also how to get a useful test signal when the previous algorithm breaks down.
Identification and quantitative determination of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in blood platelets.

SummarySerotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) was identified in bovine platelets by the coincidence of its ultraviolet absorption spectrum with that of synthetic serotonin, and by the agreement of analyses based on ultraviolet absorption, Folin-Ciocalteu reaction and pharmacological assay using the rabbit ear and rat uterus. An average of 2.3 μg/mg of dry platelets was found, equivalent to at least 1.7 × 10−9 μg/platelet. This is more than sufficient to account for all of the serotonin found in bovine serum. No other indolic or phenolic substances were found in the platelet extracts.
A Multilevel Community Capacity Model for Sustainable Watershed Management

We present a multilevel community capacity model that responds to the question: What human community conditions, characteristics, and interactions are essential for sustainable watershed management? Specifically, we review relevant literature associated with community responses to ecological change. We examine the concept of community capacity and describe our theoretical model for understanding, assessing, and building community capacity for water resource protection, restoration, and enhancement projects. The multilevel model offers practical insight into individual actions, relationships, organizational structures, and coordinating policies that will enhance watershed planning and have cross-cutting implications for ecological and social system health. We believe this framework will foster resilient, adaptive, and transformative communities that are better equipped to plan for and respond to water resource threats at multiple scales.
The effect of external stimulus change on ethanol-produced dissociation

Rats which were subjected to aversive Pavlovian conditioning while in a state of ethanol-produced intoxication showed significantly less conditioned suppression of water drinking in the non-drugged state only if the external stimulus situation was also changed between conditioning and testing. This interaction between internal and external stimulus change supports a generalization-decrement explanation of drug-produced dissociation of memory. The number of conditioning trials was also manipulated, but this variable had no significant effect on the conditioned responses. In a second experiment, ethanol injections were given again shortly before testing. This treatment caused a normal degree of conditioned drinking suppression in rats conditioned in the ethanol state, indicating that state-dependent learning was responsible for the conditioned response deficit seen in the first experiment. The dissociation was asymmetrical since rats injected with ethanol before testing only showed a high degree of conditioned suppression.
Surface Magnetostatic Modes and Surface Spin Waves

Examination of the spatial configuration of the magnetostatic modes of a ferromagnetic body shows that those modes whose frequency lies between $\ensuremath{\omega}=\ensuremath{\gamma}{({B}_{i}{H}_{i})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}=\ensuremath{\gamma}({H}_{i}+2\ensuremath{\pi}M)$ are surface modes. It is also found that the complete spin-wave spectrum consists of a set of surface spin waves in addition to the spin-wave band usually considered. The magnetostatic mode spectrum thus merges smoothly into the spin-wave spectrum.The characteristic equation for the surface modes on a plane surface at an arbitrary angle to the applied dc field is given. The properties of the surface modes on plane surfaces and on spheroidal bodies are discussed.
Disorders of lung morphogenesis.

Summary Perinatal lung function depends upon formation of the conducting and gas exchange regions of the lung. The precise expression of transcription factors and signaling molecules is required for normal lung morphogenesis.
Apertureless near-field/far-field CW two-photon microscope for biological and material imaging and spectroscopic applications

We present the development of a versatile spectroscopic imaging tool to allow for imaging with single-molecule sensitivity and high spatial resolution. The microscope allows for near-field and subdiffraction-limited far-field imaging by integrating a shear-force microscope on top of a custom inverted microscope design. The instrument has the ability to image in ambient conditions with optical resolutions on the order of tens of nanometers in the near field. A single low-cost computer controls the microscope with a field programmable gate array data acquisition card. High spatial resolution imaging is achieved with an inexpensive CW multiphoton excitation source, using an apertureless probe and simplified optical pathways. The high-resolution, combined with high collection efficiency and single-molecule sensitive optical capabilities of the microscope, are demonstrated with a low-cost CW laser source as well as a mode-locked laser source.
Obligations of the engineer

THE ENGINEER, using the discoveries of pure science, has during the past 50 years revolutionized the home, commerce, communications, manufacturing, farming, and, unfortunately, war also. The engineer is a “doer.” That is, he likes to do things to make the world a better place to live in; to lighten our daily tasks. Why is it then that a profession which has created this new world and given us leisure is so little understood by the public in general? Because all of us, the student, the engineering school, industry, the technical society, and the engineer himself, have failed to meet our full obligations. We have made a dismal failure in dealing with things of the spirit.
The effects of matrix and fiber properties on the mechanical behavior and acoustic emission in continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composites

Abstract This paper examines and compares the mechanical properties and acoustic emission activity of four metal matrix composites (MMC's). The composites were manufactured with either 6061 Al or a high purity aluminum (HPAL) matrix. The two fibers used were the Nextel 440 and 610 fibers made by the 3M Corporation. The two fibers differed in stiffness, strength, composition and geometry. The strengths of the composites were found to increase from the 610/6061 composite to the 440/6061 and 440/HPAL composites to the 610/HPAL composite. The high strength and low ductility of the 6061 matrix led to a rapid propagation of failure in these materials. The increased ductility of the HPAL matrix slowed crack propagation and more fibers broke prior to failure of these composites. The increased stiffness of the 610 fibers led to an increase in residual stresses and earlier yielding of the matrix. A flat fracture surface was observed for all the composites with little fiber pullout indicating a strong fiber/matrix bond. The acoustic emission (AE) events could be separated into two regions for all the composites. Events in region one were attributed to dislocation motion during yielding of the matrix. The events in this region were predominantly low amplitude. Events in region two were attributed to continued dislocation motion and fiber or inclusion breaking (cracking). The events were predominantly lower amplitude with some higher amplitude events occurring. The cracking was more extensive in the 440 fiber composites due to the increased number of fibers breaking prior to failure as indicated by the increase in AE activity of the 440 composites compared with the 610 fiber reinforced composites.
Expression of CETP and of splice variants induces the same level of ER stress despite secretion efficiency differences

The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene has been associated with a variety of phenotypes, including HDL-cholesterol levels and, more sporadically, with cardiovascular disease, obesity, and extreme longevity. Alterations of CETP activity levels can be caused by single-base polymorphisms as well as by alternative splicing. In addition to the previously characterized alternative splicing that skips exon 9, we found additional minor variants and characterized the activity of the resultant proteins. The novel variants skipped exon 9 sequences and inserted one of two in-frame exons from Alu-derived intronic sequences. None of the alternatively spliced variants are efficiently secreted, and coexpression of them inhibits wild-type CETP secretion. Expression of the alternative spliced variants causes an induction of genes linked to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, including the neighboring HERPUD1 (homocysteine- and ER stress-inducible protein, ubiquitin-like domain-containing) gene. Unexpectedly, even though wild-type CETP is secreted much more efficiently than spliced variants, it induces the same degree of stress response as spliced variants, whereas a control secreted protein does not. CETP plays a complex role in modulating ER stress, with its expression inducing the response and its cholesteryl ester transfer activity and differential splicing modulating the response in other ways.
Primary Structure of the Human Platelet Serotonin 5‐HT2A Receptor: Identity with Frontal Cortex Serotonin 5‐HT2A Receptor

: Previous radioligand binding studies have demonstrated human platelet serotonin2A (5-HT2A) receptor binding sites. Pharmacological similarities between platelet and frontal cortex 5-HT2A receptor binding parameters have been demonstrated. However, it is not clear whether the platelet 5-HT2A receptor primary structure is identical to that of the brain receptor. Three overlapping cDNAs were obtained to span completely the coding region of the 5-HT2A receptor. These clones were sequenced with external and internal primers. The nucleotide sequence of human platelet 5-HT2A cDNA was identical to that reported for the human frontal cortex 5-HT2A receptor, except for nucleotide 102 (T C), which has been reported to represent a normal DNA polymorphism that does not alter the amino acid sequence. This finding may have implications in the study of neuropsychiatric disorders for which altered platelet 5-HT2A receptor binding has been demonstrated.
Spectrofluorometric analysis and electrical conductivities of styrene and methyl methacrylate polymers

Conductive polymers were obtained by using a new polymerization method where UV-light was used as a photochemical initiator. To obtain high molecular weights, optimum irradiation times were determined. The luminescence properties of polymers have been found to be useful for their identification. The use of luminescence spectroscopy as an analytical technique for polymer identification involves the measurement of fluorescence emission spectrum, which is obtained by exciting the polymer with UV-radiation. Fluorescence emission spectra of polystyrene (PS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) samples were taken at room temperature at excitation wavelengths at 290 nm and 292 nm, respectively. PPMA was prepared with different molecular weights, and the intensity of the fluorescence emission was correlated with polymer chain length. Conductivity versus molecular weight relation was established for each polymer. The plots obtained between conductivities and molecular weights can be used as a calibration curve. From the plot of emission intensity against polymer molecular weights, the molecular weights of unknown polymeric samples can be determined. The most efficient irradiation times were determined by using conductivity versus irradiation time plots. Conductivity versus temperature change of the polymeric samples at different temperatures was determined. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Above- and Belowground Biomass Allocation in Four Dominant Salt Marsh Species of the Eastern United States

Measurements of aboveground and belowground biomass allocations are important for characterization of structure and function in marsh ecosystems as various processes such as carbon sequestration, gas transport, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem resilience are affected by these allocations. We measured aboveground and belowground biomass, root and rhizome characteristics, leaf area index (LAI), and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of various tissues of four tidal marsh species in New Jersey by harvesting biomass during peak growing season. The aboveground biomasses for Spartina patens, S. alterniflora, Phragmites australis, and Distichlis spicata were 2.3, 2.2, 1.7 and 1.2 kg m−2, respectively. The ratio of belowground to aboveground biomass for S. alterniflora and D. spicata, harvested from a recently restored wetland were lower than in previous studies. LAI for S. alterniflora, D. spicata, P. australis, and S. patens were 8.4, 6.8, 4.8 and 3.7 m2 m−2, respectively. Diameter of rhizome and root, number of primary roots per node, root surface area to volume ratio, and C/N of various tissues varied with species. The measured above- and belowground biometric traits are crucial for a better understanding of carbon dynamics, and modeling greenhouse gas transport in marsh ecosystems.
Indirect Auger recombination as a cause of efficiency droop in nitride light-emitting diodes

InGaN-based light-emitting diodes(LEDs) exhibit a significant efficiency loss (droop) when operating at high injected carrier densities, the origin of which remains an open issue. Using atomistic first-principles calculations, we show that this efficiency droop is caused by indirect Auger recombination, mediated by electron-phonon coupling and alloy scattering. By identifying the origin of the droop, our results provide a guide to addressing the efficiency issues in nitride LEDs and the development of efficient solid-state lighting.
Premedication with fentanyl and midazolam decreases the reliability of intravenous lidocaine test dose.

UNLABELLED This study was performed to determine whether premedication with midazolam and fentanyl prevents reliable detection of an i.v. lidocaine test dose. Thirty ASA physical status I or II patients received either 3 mL of saline or 1.5 mg of midazolam (1.5 mL) plus 75 microg of fentanyl (1.5 mL) i.v. in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Five minutes later, lidocaine 1 mg/kg was injected i.v. At 1.5 min before and every minute after lidocaine administration, each subject was questioned regarding the presence of four symptoms of systemic lidocaine toxicity. Any new tinnitus, perioral numbness, metallic taste, or light-headedness within 5 min after lidocaine administration was considered a positive response. All 15 patients in the saline group (100% sensitivity) had a positive response to i.v. lidocaine, but only 9 of 15 patients in the sedation group had a positive response (60% sensitivity; P = 0.017). We conclude that midazolam and fentanyl premedication decreases the reliability of subjective detection of i.v. lidocaine. IMPLICATIONS Anesthesiologists often rely on subjective symptoms to prevent local anesthetic toxicity while performing regional anesthesia. Sedatives are often administered during the administration of regional anesthesia. This study demonstrates that typical sedation decreases the reliability of detection of local anesthetic toxicity by subjective symptoms.
Age of dam and maternal effects for dystocia in Holsteins.

Abstract Genetic correlations between dystocia in first with later parities and between direct with maternal effects for dystocia were estimated. Dystocia in first and later parities represent similar traits because of a large genetic correlation of .84. This similarity should allow calving reports on older dams and heifers to be combined in predicting a bull's calving performance. Correlations for direct with maternal effects were −.38 for the heifer population and −.25 for the cow (second and greater parities) population. This correlation would reduce progress from selecting for reduced dystocia if only direct effects were considered. Breeding programs to reduce dystocia should consider both direct and maternal performance.
Clinical characteristics and treatment readiness of male and female problem gamblers calling a state gambling helpline

Helplines for problem gamblers play a critical role in a systems approach but more information is needed on the people who call. Men and women problem gamblers differ in the consequences of their gambling, and these differences likely affect motivation to change gambling behaviors. This study examined gender differences in gambling consequences and readiness to change gambling behaviors among callers to the State of Michigan Problem Gambling Helpline. In total, 202 callers (n = 118 women; n = 84 men) were interviewed by telephone and asked questions about their gambling severity, psychosocial consequences of gambling, experience with the help they received from the helpline, and treatment readiness as assessed using the Stages of Change model. Women reported significantly greater problem gambling severity and financial consequences than men. They were more likely to have a family history of alcoholism, more likely to have sought mental health and gambling treatment than men. Women also reported greater re...
Treatment of stage D2 prostatic carcinoma with combined gonadal and adrenal suppression in a 60-year-old man

Abstract A 60-year-old man with stage D 2 prostatic carcinoma received treatment with a new luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone superagonist. After a seven-month remission, relapse of the disease occurred and an adrenal-suppressing dose of dexamethasone was added. The resulting combined gonadal and adrenal suppression led to another remission that lasted five months. This case supports other observations of the importance of adrenal androgen production in the pathobiology of prostatic carcinoma.
Effects of 3-Iodo-L-tyrosine, a Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor, on Eye Pigmentation and Biogenic Amines in the Planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala

Planarians (Dugesia dorotocephala) were evaluated as bioassay organisms to detect inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines. Thirty planaria per dose were exposed to 0 (control), 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 mM 3-iodo-L-tyrosine (monoiodotyrosine or MIT) in standard test media beginning 24 hr before decapitation and continuing for 13 days. Complete regeneration of normal heads occurred over the first 6 days in all dose groups, a response reported to be partially dependent on catecholamines. Beginning on Day 7, the black eye pigments began fading in the 0.1 and 1 mM dose groups and were completely absent macroscopically and histologically by Day 11. The 0, 0.001, and 0.01 mM dose groups did not lose visible eye pigments. On Day 13, 3 planaria/dose were harvested for histopathology; 15 planaria/dose were decapitated a second time and remained in MIT solutions; and 12 planaria/dose were left intact, placed in fresh control media, and evaluated for eye repigmentation. Normal head regeneration (including eyes) was detected grossly in all groups, even in those animals devoid of eye pigments at the time of decapitation. As before, eye pigments began fading 7 days after decapitation (Day 20 of experiment) and were completely absent in 73 and 33% of the animals in the 0.1 and 1 mM groups, respectively, on Day 25. All animals moved to control media reformed eye pigments, beginning within 48 hr. Analysis of the decapitated heads by HPLC-ECD on Day 13 revealed a significant decrease in dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) concentrations in MIT-exposed animals. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity (and possibly tyrosinase activity) was shown to be inhibited by the highest two concentrations for whole planaria homogenates in vitro.
Mercury in Dental Amalgam‐a Public Health Concern?

Dental amalgam has been the subject of intermittent controversy since it was introduced into dental practice approximately 150 years ago. The controversy has centered on the use of mercury in dental amalgam and the potential health implications to dental patients and dental health professionals from mercury exposure. In recent years the debate over the use of dental amalgam has intensified due to several articles in professional journals and media coverage by television and the press. This paper reviews the recent literature regarding dental amalgam, describes the activities of the antiamalgamists, examines the alternatives to dental amalgam, and reviews the recommendations for additional research. The existing scientific evidence does not demonstrate that mercury in dental amalgam poses a public health hazard. However, researchers on both sides of the controversy agree that much remains to be examined about the health implications of dental amalgam and that the subject merits continued research.
Evaluation of the impact of pattern fidelity on photomask inspectability

In recent years a manufacturable inspection recipe has been limited by the number of nuisance defects instead of the true sensitivity capability of the inspection tool for the top of the line products. In general, the nuisance defects are a result from either sub-resolution mask design or non- uniformity issue of mask pattern fidelity. Pattern fidelity here refers to corner rounding, line edge roughness and localized CD variation. Pattern fidelity plays an important role in inspectability. This study quantitatively evaluates the impact of pattern fidelity on mask inspectability. The first phase of this study, which is covered in this paper, will establish a correlation between KLA measured run-time- bias (RTB) and SEM/optical measured line width and corner rounding. The second phase of this study will focus on the impact of pattern fidelity resulting from different mask processes on inspectability in terms of nuisance defects. This paper will cover the initial results of the second phase study, including the comparison among different resist and different etch processes. The purpose of the study is to eventually establish pattern fidelity requirements for a given defect specification to ensure a manufacturable inspection process. As a result, one can use nuisance defect count as a mask process monitor.
Humboldt Slide — a large shear-dominated retrogressive slope failure

Abstract Humboldt Slide is a large, complex slide zone located on the northern California continental margin. Its three-dimensional architecture has been imaged by a combination of multibeam bathymetry, Huntec Deep-Tow seismic profiling, and sidescan sonar. The slide is interpreted to be Late Pleistocene to early Holocene in age and was caused by a combination of factors. The area of the slide is a local depocenter with high accumulation rates of organic-rich sediment; there has been local steepening of slopes by tectonic uplifts; and the entire area is one of high seismicity. Overall, the failure occurred by retrogressive, shear-dominated, minimum movement apparently as a sequence of events. Failure initially occurred by subsidence extension at the middle of the feature, followed by upslope retrogressive failure and downslope compression, and finally by translational sliding at the top of the slide. Degassing, as evidenced by abundant pockmarks, may have inhibited downslope translation. The slide may still be active, as suggested by offsets in Holocene hemipelagic sediment draped over some of the shear surfaces. Crown cracks occur above the present head of the failure and may represent the next generation of failure.
Discrimination and White Economic Loss: A Time Series Examination of the Radical Model

In this paper I test the radical view that racial discrimination is a tool used by capitalists to inhibit the grozvth of class solidarity among zvorkers of all races. Specifically, three hypotheses are considered: (1) discrimination against nonzvhites erodes the economic status of zvhites; (2) capitalists benefit from discrimination; and (3) discrimination prohibits the grozvth of zvorking class solidarity. Using multiple indicators of the major variables and employing annual time series data for the post-World War II period, no evidence zwas found to support any of these propositions. Additional analysis revealed further evidence which is inconsistent zvith the radical model.
Image-Based Process Monitoring Using Low-Rank Tensor Decomposition

Image and video sensors are increasingly being deployed in complex systems due to the rich process information that these sensors can capture. As a result, image data play an important role in process monitoring and control in different application domains such as manufacturing processes, food industries, medical decision-making, and structural health monitoring. Existing process monitoring techniques fail to fully utilize the information of color images due to their complex data characteristics including the high-dimensionality and correlation structure (i.e., temporal, spatial and spectral correlation). This paper proposes a new image-based process monitoring approach that is capable of handling both grayscale and color images. The proposed approach models the high-dimensional structure of the image data with tensors and employs low-rank tensor decomposition techniques to extract important monitoring features monitored using multivariate control charts. In addition, this paper shows the analytical relationships between different low-rank tensor decomposition methods. The performance of the proposed method in quick detection of process changes is evaluated and compared with existing methods through extensive simulations and a case study in a steel tube manufacturing process.