cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Not just who, but how many: the importance of partner abundance in reef coral symbioses.

The performance and function of reef corals depends on the genetic identity of their symbiotic algal partners, with some symbionts providing greater benefits (e.g., photosynthate, thermotolerance) than others. However, these interaction outcomes may also depend on partner abundance, with certain total numbers of symbionts providing greater net benefit under certain conditions. We suggest that symbiont abundance is a fundamental aspect of the dynamic interface between reef corals and the abiotic environment that ultimately determines the benefits, costs, and functional responses of these symbioses. This density-dependent framework suggests that corals may regulate the size of their symbiont pool to match microhabitat-specific optima, which may contribute to the high spatiotemporal variability in symbiont abundance observed within and among colonies and reefs. Differences in symbiont standing stock may subsequently explain variation in energetics, growth, reproduction, and stress susceptibility, and may mediate the impacts of environmental change on these outcomes. However, the importance of symbiont abundance has received relatively little recognition, possibly because commonly used metrics based on surface area (e.g., symbiont cells cm-2) may be only weakly linked to biological phenomena and are difficult to compare across studies. We suggest that normalizing symbionts to biological host parameters such as units of protein or numbers of host cells will more clearly elucidate the functional role of symbiont abundance in reef coral symbioses. In this article, we aim to generate testable hypotheses regarding the importance of symbiont abundance by first discussing different metrics and their potential links to symbiosis performance and breakdown, and then describing how natural variability and dynamics of symbiont communities may help explain ecological patterns on coral reefs and predict responses to environmental change.
PERSISTENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL LEADERSHIP: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INCREMENTAL INNOVATION*

In a model of competitive innovation, I derive theoretical conditions for an entrant to displace the incumbent firm by innovating in an undeveloped, substitute (emerging) technology. The main result presents conditions on profitability and innovation speed that yield a Markov Perfect Equilibrium in which the entrant pursues the emerging technology, while the incumbent chooses to persist with the established technology and collect short-run profits. Notably, this result does not require the entrant's superiority to the incumbent for innovation. Finally, when the model is calibrated to hard drive industry data, its predictions are consistent with the observed outcomes.
Age-dependent relationships between coloration and reproduction in a species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation in females

Males of many bird species exhibit delayed plumage maturation (DPM), a condition in which young individuals display an immature plumage. Several adaptive hypotheses have been suggested for the signaling utility of DPM in males. Tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor, however, are one of the few bird species to exhibit DPM in females, but not in males. Few studies have focused on the age-dependent signaling function of female plumage traits due to the uncommon nature of DPM in females. Therefore, we used reflectance spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy of sub-adult (melanin-based brown) and adult (iridescent-blue structural) female tree swallows to characterize plumage coloration. Next, we asked whether variation in plumage coloration in females reflects condition and reproductive performance between and within age classes. We found that older females were in better body condition and laid eggs earlier in the season compared to young females; however, average egg mass and reproductive success (number of offspring fledged and offspring condition) did not differ between age classes. There were significant relationships indicating that young females with more-ornamented (darker brown melanin) plumage laid smaller eggs, but hatched eggs earlier in the season leading to nestlings in better condition compared to less-ornamented young females. Older females that were more ornamented (brighter, greater blue chroma, and lower hues in iridescent plumage) laid heavier eggs, but ornamentation was negatively associated with immune function, health, and reproductive success. Together, these data suggest that female ornamentation reflects reproductive performance and that there are complicated relationships between plumage coloration, condition, and reproductive performance that ultimately influence reproductive success.
Objectivity in Economics: On the Choice of a Scientific Method

In discussions on the nature of economics, we frequently hear that a single methodological position is superior to all others, because it alone embodies the scientific method. This phenomenon is not unique to economics, and not all methodological statements in eco? nomics have dismissed every differing position as absurd. Still, we can usually count on a methodological statement to assert its authen? ticity as an offspring of "the scientific method." To support this as? sertion, the similar claims of other positions are repudiated either as outright pretenders to scientific paternity or as well-meaning but sim? ple-minded progeny of an illicit union between science and errant philosophical belief. Examples of the former response include Ludwig von Mises' dismissal of the Historical and Institutional schools as
Symmetry groups in d-space

We show that any finite-dimensional compact Lie group is isomorphic to the symmetry group of a full probability measure. The novelty of our proof is that an explicit formula for the measure and its support is given in terms of the Lie group. We also construct a full operator stable probability measure whose symmetry group has as its tangent space the tangent space of a given group. This provides a method for constructing an operator stable probability measure having a specified collection of exponents. A characterization of the compact groups of operators on a finite-dimensional space which can be the symmetry group of a full probability measure on that same space is given.
Voltage clamped class-E amplifier with Zener diode

A class-E amplifier with a clamped switch peak voltage by a Zener diode is proposed and experimented. The effect of the Zener diode on the switch voltage waveform, output power, and efficiency are examined. The experimental verification is presented using a prototype circuit.
A comparison of lecture, cooperative learning and programmed instruction at the college level

ABSTRACT An experimental design was used to test the effectiveness of three methods of instruction with undergraduate education majors. Ninety-five students were randomly assigned to lecture, cooperative learning and programmed instruction groups for a 2-week lesson on a common content area. Pre-test, post-test and delayed post-test measures of achievement were administered and the data were analyzed using analysis of variance. No differences in achievement were obtained across the three treatments, despite the fact that the study was designed with adequate statistical power. Results are interpreted in terms of sound educational principles that were common across the treatments.
Current sheet applicators for clinical microwave hyperthermia

Small lightweight applicators, intended to be operated in array configurations are described. Their radiative fields are induced by RF currents in a conducting sheet embedded a few millimeters below the dielectric covered aperture surface. In arrays, these elements can be used where conformity to body curvatures is necessary. The clinical prototypes are tuned to 434 MHZ and have a bandwidth of almost 20 MHZ, which accommodates the tuning and coupling changes due to different body movement, and tissue heterogeneities. They are relatively insensitive to air bubbles in bolus and scar tissue. Their inherent linear polarization allows easy visualization of the superposition of electric field vectors of each element of an array and provides deeper penetration on curved surfaces due to electric field vector addition in the medium. In the case of a large breast tumor, depth of heating of over 4 cm was achieved along the central axis of a 2*2 coherent array. Experimental evaluation of these elements, leading to clinical implementation, is described along with a clinical example. >
From Research Software to Open Source

It is a longstanding practice that software researchers share their source code with the research community, allowing other researchers to inspect their work and to build on it. Many widely used software systems originated as code distributions from research projects. Early examples include Berkeley Unix, sendmail, TEX, Emacs, and many others. The distribution practices of the research community evolved into the free software movement initiated by Richard Stallman, and the more recent open source and libre software movements. Eric Raymond has argued eloquently in "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" that the development processes that stem from these approaches to software development and distribution lead to higher quality software than the traditional proprietary approaches. There is much talk about open source in the commercial arena. In this paper we review the issues that surround the open source approach to software development. We consider the impact of open source on industry, on government, and on the research environment from which it emerged.
Predicting the Divorce Rate Down

Although the divorce rate is relatively high at present, it has reached what appears to be a plateau and there are some reasons for thinking that it will begin to decrease in the near future. Ten grounds for such a conclusion are cited here: decline in marriage rate; older age at marriage; higher proportion of single persons; mental health improvement in the population; upper limit on women in the labor force; slowdown in geographic mobility; end of the “cultural revolution”; end of “anomie of affluence”; exhaustion of latency effect of no-fault divorce laws; and a growing fear of the consequences of divorce. As with all predictions, the underlying assumption is that these causal conditions will continue for some time.
Differentiated B104 neuroblastoma cells are a high-resolution assay for micropatterned substrates.

Abstract The B104 neuroblastoma cell line was investigated for use as an assay for predicting the patterning of primary neurons. B104 cells were grown on four uniform substrates with the result that the cells preferred, in descending order, poly- d -lysine (PDL), phenyltrichlorosilane (PTCS), coverslip glass, and silicon dioxide coated coverslips. B104 cells were then grown on micropatterned PDL grids on silicon dioxide coated substrates with excellent patterning. Compliance of somata to the pattern, defined as the percentage of cell bodies in a grid field located on the grid pattern, was 86% after 8 h. Neurites were not as compliant, since only 10% of background areas were free of neurites and connected cells. Compliance at longer time periods was greatly reduced. With the addition of the differentiating agent dibutyrylcyclicAMP (DBcAMP), the compliance of somata was maintained at high levels for up to 72 h. Also, the compliance of neurites greatly increased (70%) and showed positive improvement with longer pattern path lengths, contrary to B104 cells without DBcAMP. At longer times neurite compliance was reduced (12% at 28 h and 44% at 72 h). Although there are differences in substrate preferences, the B104 system with DBcAMP appears to be a useful tool in the investigation of the technology of patterned substrates.
Genetic Background Selectively Influences Innominate Artery Atherosclerosis: Immune System Deficiency as a Probe

Objective— We sought to examine whether there is a site-specific effect on atherosclerosis of the absence of mature T and B cells caused by a recombination activating-gene deficiency in LDL receptor-deficient mice and whether this effect is influence by the extent of backcrossing to C57BL/6 mice. Methods and Results— Male mice were fed atherogenic diets for 3 months. In strain 1 mice, in which ≈93% of the genes were from C57BL/6 mice, the absence of mature T and B cells led to a significant reduction in atherosclerosis in both the aortic sinus and the innominate artery. In strain 2 mice, in which ≈99+% of the genes were from C57BL/6 mice, immune system deficiency led to a site-specific effect on atherosclerosis, with a reduction in atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus but not in the innominate artery, similar to previous results obtained with apolipoprotein E−/− mice. All of the immune system-incompetent mice had lower plasma total and VLDL cholesterol levels regardless of strain or diet, indicating that differences in lipid levels were unlikely to be responsible for these site-specific effects of immune system deficiency. Conclusions— These results suggest that immune system deficiency has a site-specific effect on atherosclerosis that is sensitive to the genetic background of the mice.
A Child's Expertise: Establishing Statutory Protection for Intersexed Children Who Reject Their Gender of Assignment

Intersexed children are born with genitalia and/or reproductive organs that do not look like those of most biological males or females. Doctors and parents usually assign an intersexed child a gender at birth or during early childhood. Occasionally, an individual will reject his or her gender of assignment and will want to take on a different gender role. Some clinicians and intersex advocates instruct parents to accept an intersexed child's expressions of gender identity and to support the child's gender role change. There is a risk, however, that parents may resist or prevent a child's gender transition due to their own discomfort with the idea or based on a physician's recommendation. A statutory framework that allowed intersexed minors to complete a social gender transition, coupled with a provision equating parental interference with this transition with actionable neglect, would protect intersexed children's autonomy and prevent the trauma that can result from a forced existence in a gender role with which a child does not identify. The proposed framework would likely survive a constitutional challenge by the parents of an intersexed child because the harm caused by the parental decision to interfere with a child's gender expression removes such interference from the realm of constitutionally protected parental decisionmaking.
Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression Affects Murine Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Progression

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation, is a cytoprotective enzyme upregulated in the vasculature by increased flow and inflammatory stimuli. Human genetic data suggest that a diminished HO-1 expression may predispose one to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development. In addition, heme is known to strongly induce HO-1 expression. Utilizing the porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) model of AAA induction in HO-1 heterozygous (HO-1+/-, HO-1 Het) mice, we found that a deficiency in HO-1 leads to augmented AAA development. Peritoneal macrophages from HO-1+/- mice showed increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including MCP-1, TNF-alpha, IL-1-beta, and IL-6, but decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta. Furthermore, treatment with heme returned AAA progression in HO-1 Het mice to a wild-type profile. Using a second murine AAA model (Ang II-ApoE-/-), we showed that low doses of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin can induce HO-1 expression in aortic tissue and suppress AAA progression in the absence of lipid lowering. Our results support those studies that suggest that pleiotropic statin effects might be beneficial in AAA, possibly through the upregulation of HO-1. Specific targeted therapies designed to induce HO-1 could become an adjunctive therapeutic strategy for the prevention of AAA disease.
Ventilatoy-associated pneumonia in pediatrics: characteristics of pathogens and strategies for anti-infections.

OBJECTIVE To explore the characteristics of the pathogens of ventilatoy-associated pneumonia(VAP) in pediatrics and the strategies for anti-infections.METHODS Among 68 pediatrics patients with VAP in intensive care unit(ICU) in hospital,the lower respiratory tract secretions were cultured and analyzed.RESULTS Among 81 strains of isolated pathogens in 68 patients,the Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 85.2%,the Gram-positive bacteria for 8.6% and the fungi for 6.2%.The predominant pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii,Stenotrophomonas maltophilia,Enterobacter cloacae,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli.The Gram-negative bacteria were only sensitive to piperacilin/tazobactam and imipenem/cilastatin(except S.maltophilia) and highly resistant to other common antibiotics.The Gram-positive bacteria were drug resistant to penicillins and β-lactam antibiotics.Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were not detected out.CONCLUSION The predominant pathogens of VAP in pediatrics are the Gram-negative bacteria and multi-drug resistant.Empirical antibacterial therapy and objective antibacterial therapy for patients with VAP are very important.
ApoE: In Vitro Studies of a Small Molecule Effector

Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), one of three isoforms of apoE, is the major risk factor for developing late onset Alzheimer’s disease. The only differences among these isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4) are single amino acid changes. Yet these proteins are functionally very different. One approach to ameliorating the effect of apoE4 with respect to Alzheimer’s disease would be to find small molecular weight compounds that affect the behavior of apoE4. Few studies of this approach have been carried out in part because there was no complete structure of any full-length apoE isoform until 2011. Here, we focus on one small molecular weight compound, EZ-482, and explore the effects of its binding to apoE. Using hydrogen–deuterium exchange, we determined that EZ-482 binds to the C-terminal domains of both apoE3 and apoE4. The binding to apoE4, however, is accompanied by a unique N-terminal allosteric effect. Using fluorescence methods, we determined an apparent dissociation constant of approximately 8 μM. Although E...
AN IN-SITU NITRIC OXIDE SENSOR FOR USE IN HIGH TEMPERATURE POWER PLANT EXHAUSTS

This paper presents the design methodology for a radiative emission based sensor that can non-intrusively monitor NO concentration levels in high temperature flows such as power plant exhausts. The measurement requires high spectral resolution (typically 1 nm or below) and relatively high optical throughput. A Fabry-Perot interferometer provides this capability and its conceptual design is discussed at length. Issues such as effects of optical collection angle on performance, proper calculation of the light collection properties of the interferometer, and a methodology to define an instrument performance are discussed in detail. In addition, the basics of the interferometer are reviewed along with the fundamentals of radiative emission measurements. Predictions for the instrument are a minimum resolvable NO level below 10 ppm based on a simple background subtraction scheme with a gas temperature of 800 K and a signal acquisition rate of 10,000 Hz. Lower concentrations should be measurable using more aggressive background subtraction methods.
Using Unscented Kalman Filter in Subsurface Contaminant Transport Models

Using a traditional numerical approach in subsurface contaminant transport models generates unavoidable deviation due to unknown or uncertain sources, inaccurate transport and hydraulic parameters, and numeric scheme errors. As a result, stochastic data assimilation or filtering techniques have been employed in the subsurface simulation processes to improve the accuracy of model results. The Kalman Filter (KF) has been widely used for estimation and tracking of linear systems. In the subsurface transport model, even if the system dynamics are linear, it can become a nonlinear one because of the presence of the unknown parameters. The Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is one of the data assimilation filters that offer a potential solution to the problem of model development with noisy and incomplete data when the system is nonlinear. The objective of this study was to apply the UKF in subsurface contaminant transport models and to find the contaminant plume. The performance was then evaluated in comparison with the KF and numerical model. A two dimensional transport model with advection and dispersion was used as the deterministic model of a conservative contaminant transport in the subsurface. Random Gaussian noises were added to the numerical method result to simulate the true solution and the observation data. Then the UKF and KF filtering techniques were applied for the data assimilation. An Error Standard Deviation (ESD) of pollutant concentrations was used to examine the effectiveness. The UKF can reduce 6~75% and 2~52% of prediction errors when compared with the numerical and KF results, respectively.
Consuming music in the digital age: technologies, roles and everyday life

Raphael Nowak's Consuming Music in the Digital Age is, at its heart, a scholarly examination of the quotidian use of and interaction with music in our contemporary times. It jumps off a broad based...
Ly6E/K Signaling to TGFβ Promotes Breast Cancer Progression, Immune Escape, and Drug Resistance

Stem cell antigen Sca-1 is implicated in murine cancer stem cell biology and breast cancer models, but the role of its human homologs Ly6K and Ly6E in breast cancer are not established. Here we report increased expression of Ly6K/E in human breast cancer specimens correlates with poor overall survival, with an additional specific role for Ly6E in poor therapeutic outcomes. Increased expression of Ly6K/E also correlated with increased expression of the immune checkpoint molecules PDL1 and CTLA4, increased tumor-infiltrating T regulatory cells, and decreased natural killer (NK) cell activation. Mechanistically, Ly6K/E was required for TGFβ signaling and proliferation in breast cancer cells, where they contributed to phosphorylation of Smad1/5 and Smad2/3. Furthermore, Ly6K/E promoted cytokine-induced PDL1 expression and activation and binding of NK cells to cancer cells. Finally, we found that Ly6K/E promoted drug resistance and facilitated immune escape in this setting. Overall, our results establish a pivotal role for a Ly6K/E signaling axis involving TGFβ in breast cancer pathophysiology and drug response, and highlight this signaling axis as a compelling realm for therapeutic invention. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3376-86. ©2016 AACR.
Analysis of Cooked Meat Products Sold in 320 Microbiological Tests

Objective Understanding of microbial contamination of cooked meat products sold by the state for food-borne disease prevention and control to provide the scientific basis.Method A total 320 samples of cooked meat products were collected the period 2005-2006,in accordance with the national standards for testing and evaluation.Results 130 passed in a total of 320 cooked meat products(160 urban and township 160) with overall pass rate of 40.6%.Aerobic bacterial count qualified 193,with a pass rate 60.3% while coliform bacteria 149 passes,with a pass rate 46.6%.In addition,33 opportunistic pathogens have been detected and the detection rate of 10.3%.Conclusion The degree of microbial contamination of cooked meat products sold is particularly serious.It is suggested to take measures for cooked meat products to prevent food poisoning and food-borne diseases.
Clinical observation of supplementary therapy of children with allergic rhinitis with astragalus and its effect on serum IL-4

Objective: To study the supplementary therapy effect with astragalus on children with allergic rhinitis (AR) and the changes of serum interleukin-4 (IL-4) Methods: 38 children with AR were randomly divided into treatment group (22 cases) and control group (16 cases) with general treatment. The 7.5 g (1/2 bag) astragalus three times a day was added orally to treatment group for 3 to 6 months . The rates of remission within 1 week and relapse within 3 months were observed in both treatment group and control group. The levels of serum IL-4 were determined before astragalus being used and 3 months after the usage. And then the changes in serum IL-4 were observed in treatment group, control group and 25 cases as normal control group respectively. Results: The rate of remission within 1 week was not different in treatment and control group ( χ2 = 0.806, P 0.05). The rate of relapse within 3 months was significantly lower in treatment group than those in control group ( χ2 = 4.674, P 0.05). The level of serum IL-4 was significantly decreased more in treatment group than that in control group ( q= 8.472, P 0.01) and not different in treatment group in comparison with normal control group ( q= 0.112, P 0.05), but was significantly higher in control group than that in III group ( q= 9.074, P 0.01) after astragalus therapy. Conclusion: Astragalus therapy can be helpful in diminishing relapse and the level of serum IL-4 of children with AR.
Ambroise Paré (1510 to 1590): a surgeon centuries ahead of his time.

In their extensive writings, Hippocrates and Celsus counseled physicians to be knowledgeable in both the medical and surgical management of patient recovery. However, their words fell by the wayside because cutting of the body was forbidden by the Roman Catholic Church. Furthermore, the contemporaneous Arabic medical teachings emphasized tradition and authority over observation and personal experience. This created an ever-growing rift between the schools of surgical and pharmacologic medicine with both groups denying their involvement in the other domain. Surgeons had been plagued by postoperative complications including infection, malnutrition, and muscular wasting for centuries. Surgeons were forced to re-examine how diet and exercise affected outcomes before the advent of microbiology and advances in pharmacology. All of this changed when Ambroise Pare, a 16th century surgeon, revolutionized the medical world with his astute observations of postoperative diet and exercise.
Quantitative metrics for assessment of chemical image quality and spatial resolution.

Rationale Currently objective/quantitative descriptions of the quality and spatial resolution of mass spectrometry derived chemical images are not standardized. Development of these standardized metrics is required to objectively describe the chemical imaging capabilities of existing and/or new mass spectrometry imaging technologies. Such metrics would allow unbiased judgment of intra-laboratory advancement and/or inter-laboratory comparison for these technologies if used together with standardized surfaces. Methods Two image metrics, viz., "chemical image contrast" (ChemIC) based on signal-to-noise related statistical measures on chemical image pixels and "corrected resolving power factor" (cRPF) constructed from statistical analysis of mass-to-charge chronograms across features of interest in an image, were developed. These metrics, quantifying chemical image quality and spatial resolution, respectively, were used to evaluate chemical images of a model photoresist patterned surface collected using a laser ablation/liquid vortex capture mass spectrometry imaging system under different instrument operational parameters. Results The calculated ChemIC and cRPF metrics determined in an unbiased fashion the relative ranking of chemical image quality obtained with the laser ablation/liquid vortex capture mass spectrometry imaging system. These rankings were used to show that both chemical image contrast and spatial resolution deteriorated with increasing surface scan speed, increased lane spacing and decreasing size of surface features. Conclusions ChemIC and cRPF, respectively, were developed and successfully applied for the objective description of chemical image quality and spatial resolution of chemical images collected from model surfaces using a laser ablation/liquid vortex capture mass spectrometry imaging system. Published in 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Benign Acute Myositis and Influenza Virus

Thirty-eight children (32 boys, 6 girls) with 41 episodes of myositis between 1978 and 1997 are reported from the Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia.
Contraband detection using high-energy gamma rays from 16O*

High-energy monoenergetic gamma rays (6.13 and 7.12 MeV) from the decay of excited states of the 16O* nucleus are highly penetrating and thus offer potential for non- intrusive inspection of loaded containers for narcotics, explosives, and other contraband items. These excited states can be produced by irradiation of water with 14-MeV neutrons from a DT neutron generator or through the 19F(p,alpha)16O* reaction. Resonances in 19F(p,alpha)16O* at proton energies between 340 keV and 2 MeV allow use of a low-energy accelerator to provide a compact, portable gamma source of reasonable intensity. The present work provides estimates of gamma source parameters and suggests how various types of contraband could be detected. Gamma rays can be used to perform transmission or emission radiography of containers or other objects. Through the use of (gamma,n) and (gamma,fission) reactions, this technique is also capable of detecting special nuclear materials such as deuterium, lithium, beryllium, uranium, and plutonium. Analytic and Monte Carlo techniques are used to model empty and loaded container inspection for accelerator-produced gamma, radioisotope, and x-ray sources.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Basis Functions in the Analysis of Evoked Potentials

ER data may be reduced to a more compact form by approximating the original responses by a linear combination of functions. Two main classes of approximating functions are discussed. The first of these are fixed basis functions. These are functions that do not depend upon the data. These are sine-cosine (Fourier), Walsh-Hadamard (square waves), Haar functions (square wave impulse func tions) , and polynomials. The other functions are random in that they depend upon the data. These arise from various multivariate statistical procedures. The procedures discussed are principal components, factor analysis, union-intersection tests, and canonical correlation.
Exploring Relationships between Body Appreciation and Self-Reported Physical Health among Young Women.

Body image, a multidimensional construct, affects women in myriad ways. Existing scholarship has established a relationship between body image and negative mental and sexual health outcomes and suggests that it may also be related to physical health outcomes. The purpose of the study reported in this article was to explore relationships between body appreciation, a multidimensional measure of body image, and self-perceived physical health among a sample of emerging adult women (N = 399). In this sample, body appreciation was positively and significantly related to self-perceived physical health. This study contributes to a growing body of literature on the consequences of body image among women and can be used to inform interventions aimed at improving the well-being of women.
A Snapshot of Racial and Geographic Distribution of Lung and Bronchus Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Mississippi, 2008-2012

To identify disproportionate burden for lung and bronchus cancer incidence and mortality rates in Mississippi from 2008-2012. Lung and bronchus cancer remains a major public health burden in the United States and Mississippi. We examined data from 2008 to 2012 for lung cancer incidence and mortality rates by demographics (age, sex, race) and geographic (Public Health Districts, and urban/rural) characteristics to identify potential health disparities. Data were extracted from the Mississippi Cancer Registry (MCR). It represents age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 population to the 2000 U.S. standard population and 95% confidence intervals. During 2008-2012, 12,579 people (overall rate of 78.63 per 100,000) were diagnosed with lung cancer in Mississippi. Overall, Whites in urban areas had a higher incidence (80.9) rate and Blacks had a higher mortality (62.94) rate. Based on the findings of age, sex, race, and geographic disparities, it is suggested that there is a need for more effective community-based interventions and preventative measures for cultural sensitive groups to reduce the burden of lung cancer in Mississippi. It also helps to coordinate a more comprehensive approach for the control of cancer planning efforts.
Drug-induced hepatitis: histologic clues to a difficult diagnosis

Abstract Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) results from two chief mechanisms of action: idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, which typically manifests with prominent inflammation, and intrinsic hepatotoxicity, which demonstrates necrosis with negligible inflammation. Clinically, DILI is classified into hepatitic, cholestatic, or mixed presentations based on the pattern of liver enzyme elevation. As many etiologic factors can result in abnormal liver enzymes, the clinical clue to diagnosing DILI is symptomatic and biochemical improvement upon withdrawal of the offending agent. Histologically, DILI manifests in four main patterns of injury: i) inflammation-predominant acute hepatitis, ii) necrosis-predominant acute hepatitis, iii) resolving hepatitis, and iv) syncytial giant cell hepatitis. In contrast to the characteristic features of both acute hepatitis and syncytial giant cell hepatitis, resolving drug-induced hepatitis lacks specific histologic features and may mimic other mild forms of chronic hepatitis. Ultimately, the presence of sinusoidal PASD + Kupffer cell aggregates – in the absence of significant hepatocellular inflammation or injury – is the histologic hallmark of resolving drug-induced hepatitis.
Gay and Bisexual Adolescent Boys' Perspectives on Parent-Adolescent Relationships and Parenting Practices Related to Teen Sex and Dating.

Close parent–adolescent relationships and specific parenting practices (e.g., communication about sex, monitoring) are associated with reduced sexual risk behavior among heterosexual youth. Despite gay/bisexual male youth being at increased risk of HIV, little is known about parental influences on their sexual behavior. As such, the goal of the current study was to examine parent–adolescent relationships and parenting practices related to teen sex and dating from the perspective of gay/bisexual adolescent boys. Online focus groups were conducted with 52 gay/bisexual male youth ages 14–17 years. Most gay/bisexual adolescent boys felt that their sexual orientation had an influence on their relationships with their parents and discussions about sex/dating. Although some felt that their relationships improved after coming out, a larger percentage reported that it put strain on their relationships. Discussions about sex/dating generally decreased after coming out, but some youth described positive conversations with their parents. Many reported that their parents struggled with whether or not to adapt parenting practices (e.g., rules about dating) after they came out. Youth consistently noted that parent–adolescent relationships and parenting practices depended on the adolescent’s level of outness. Findings have important implications for refining HIV prevention programs for gay/bisexual adolescent boys, especially interventions that include parents.
Single-Molecule Fluorescence Detection of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Membrane Discs.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is critical to normal cellular signaling pathways. Moreover, it has been implicated in a range of pathologies, including cancer. As a result, it is the primary target of many anticancer drugs. One limitation to the design and development of these drugs has been the lack of molecular-level information about the interactions and conformational dynamics of EGFR. To overcome this limitation, this work reports the construction and characterization of functional, fluorescently labeled, and full-length EGFR in model membrane nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs) for in vitro fluorescence studies. To demonstrate the utility of the system, we investigate ATP–EGFR interactions. We observe that ATP binds at the catalytic site providing a means to measure a range of distances between the catalytic site and the C-terminus via Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). These ATP-based experiments suggest a range of conformations of the C-terminus that may be a function of the phosp...
Algorithm 990: Efficient Atlasing and Search of Configuration Spaces of Point-Sets Constrained by Distance Intervals

For configurations of point-sets that are pairwise constrained by distance intervals, the EASAL software implements a suite of algorithms that characterize the structure and geometric properties of the configuration space. The algorithms generate, describe, and explore these configuration spaces using generic rigidity properties, classical results for stratification of semi-algebraic sets, and new results for efficient sampling by convex parametrization. The article reviews the key theoretical underpinnings, major algorithms, and their implementation. The article outlines the main applications such as the computation of free energy and kinetics of assembly of supramolecular structures or of clusters in colloidal and soft materials. In addition, the article surveys select experimental results and comparisons.
Classical phase diagram of the stuffed honeycomb lattice

We investigate the classical phase diagram of the stuffed honeycomb Heisenberg lattice, which consists of a honeycomb lattice with a superimposed triangular lattice formed by sites at the center of each hexagon. This lattice encompasses and interpolates between the honeycomb, triangular, and dice lattices, preserving the hexagonal symmetry while expanding the phase space for potential spin liquids. We use a combination of iterative minimization, classical Monte Carlo, and analytical techniques to determine the complete ground state phase diagram. It is quite rich, with a variety of noncoplanar and noncollinear phases not found in the previously studied limits. In particular, our analysis reveals the triangular lattice critical point to be a multicritical point with two new phases vanishing via second order transitions at the critical point. We analyze these phases within linear spin wave theory and discuss consequences for the $S=1/2$ spin liquid.
MICROCAVITIES IN PHOTONIC CRYSTALS

The introduction of a defect in a perfect photonic crystal can lead to the creation of sharp resonant electromagnetic states in the vicinity of the defect. The properties of these modes can be controled simply by changing the nature and the size of the defect. We compute the frequency, polarization, symmetry and field distribution of the resonant modes by solving Maxwell’s equations in the frequency domain. The temporal behavior of the modes is determined by using a time-domain analysis which allows us to compute the coupling efficiency and the losses in the microcavity.
Adult Cancer-Related Pain

Although prevalence estimates vary widely, pain is understood to be widespread among those with cancer, and, for many, such pain is undertreated. Cancer-related pain can be associated with a multitude of causes, courses, and treatments. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines have helped reduce the burden of pain among those with cancer, with the WHO Cancer Pain Ladder providing a simple algorithm for pain treatment. Opioid treatment continues to be a mainstay of cancer-related pain, and modifications of the WHO Cancer Pain Ladder may be required when pain is severe. As with all pain, psychological factors play an important role in cancer-related pain, with emotional distress, cognitive coping strategies like catastrophizing, and pain-related behaviors shown as important predictors of pain severity. Because of this, psychological and behavioral treatments have shown effectiveness in reducing cancer pain burden. Barriers to effective pain management include psychological barriers, such as a fear of opioid addiction, social variables, such as discriminatory patterns of prescribing, or cultural variables, such as a cultural emphasis on stoicism in the face of pain. As cancer develops into its advanced stages, pain management may move to the forefront of patient care. Palliative care programs are among the most effective approaches to reducing the undertreatment of cancer-related pain and are proven to increase patient quality of life while reducing healthcare costs. Unfortunately, inaccurate perceptions among both patients and physicians of palliative care as being for patients without hope continue to persist. Perceptions of palliative care, however, are beginning to change and the future of cancer treatment will likely see a greater multi-disciplinary and multi-specialty focus on the treatment of pain. Innovations such as patient navigation will also likely result in increased pain management and reduced ethnic disparities.
Novel 3D-printed methacrylated chitosan-laponite nanosilicate composite scaffolds enhance cell growth and biomineral formation in MC3T3 pre-osteoblasts

This study compared the effect of gelatin- and chitosan-based scaffolds on osteoblast biomineralization. These scaffolds have been modified using methacrylate and laponite nanosilicates to improve their mechanical strength and support osteoblast function. Scaffold materials were prepared to have the same compressive strength (14–15 MPa) such that differences in cell response would be isolated to differences in biopolymer chemistry. The materials were tested for rheological properties to optimize the bio-ink for successful 3D printing using a robocast-assisted deposition system. Osteoblasts were cultured on the surface of 3D-printed methacrylated chitosan-laponite (MAC-Lp), methacrylated gelatin-laponite (MAG-Lp), MAC, and MAG scaffolds. MAC-Lp scaffolds showed increased cell viability, cell growth, and biomineral formation as compared to MAG-Lp scaffolds. FTIR results showed the presence of higher biomineral phosphate and extracellular matrix (ECM) collagen-like amide formation on MAC-Lp scaffolds as compared to MAG-Lp scaffolds. MAC-Lp scaffolds showed increased density of ECM-like tissue from SEM analysis, stained mineral nodules from Alizarin staining, and the existence of Ca–P species evident by X-ray absorbance near edge structure analysis. In conclusion, MAC-Lp scaffolds enhanced osteoblast growth and biomineral formation as compared to MAG-Lp scaffolds.
Identifying the roles of acid–base sites in formation pathways of tolualdehydes from acetaldehyde over MgO-based catalysts

Pure and Al-substituted MgO catalysts are studied to identify the contributions of acid–base sites in the formation of two valuable xylene analogs, ortho- and para-tolualdehydes, from an ethanol derivative, acetaldehyde. The catalyst properties are characterized through XRD, 27Al MAS NMR, ICP-AES, N2 physisorption, TPD-MS, and DRIFTS experiments. Reactivity comparisons of untreated and CO2-titrated catalysts at 250 °C, coupled with CO2 DRIFTS studies on fresh and spent samples, indicate the formation of tolualdehydes from intermediates is initiated through deprotonation by a medium-strength basic site in a specific, metal–oxygen (M–O)-type coordination environment. Analyses of the catalytic surface properties and reactivity, pathways of formation, and natural bond orbital (NBO) charge distribution suggest C4 + C4 (rather than C2 + C6) mechanistic steps dominate tolualdehyde production over these catalysts under the investigated reaction conditions. Isomeric selectivity to ortho-tolualdehyde is 92 and 81 mol% over pure and Al-substituted MgO catalysts, respectively. We propose that the shift in isomeric selectivity towards para- upon introduction of a proximal Lewis acidic functionality (Al3+/MgO) to the catalyst is caused by electron redistribution in the conjugated enolate from the γ-C (forming ortho-) towards the α-C (forming para-) due to the carbonyl-O/Lewis acid coordination. This insight provides a framework for the development of next generation catalysts that give improved reactivity in cascade reactions of C2 feedstocks to aromatics.
Using an aquatic model, Xenopus laevis, to uncover the role of chromodomain 1 in craniofacial disorders

The chromodomain family member chromodomain 1 (CHD1) has been shown to have numerous critical molecular functions including transcriptional regulation, splicing, and DNA repair. Complete loss of function of this gene is not compatible with life. On the other hand, missense and copy number variants of CHD1 can result in intellectual disabilities and craniofacial malformations in human patients including cleft palate and Pilarowski-Bjornsson Syndrome. We have used the aquatic developmental model organism Xenopus laevis, to determine a specific role for Chd1 in such cranioafcial disorders. Protein and gene knockdown techniques in Xenopus, including antisense oligos and mosaic Crispr/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis, recapitulated the craniofacial defects observed in humans. Further analysis indicated that embryos deficient in Chd1 had defects in cranial neural crest development and jaw cartilage morphology. Additionally, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry revealed that decreased Chd1 resulted in increased in apoptosis in the developing head. Together, these experiments demonstrate that Chd1 is critical for fundamental processes and cell survival in craniofacial development. We also presented evidence that Chd1 is regulated by retinoic acid signaling during craniofacial development. Expression levels of chd1 mRNA, specifically in the head, were increased by RAR agonist exposure and decreased upon antagonist treatment. Subphenotypic levels of an RAR antagonist and Chd1 morpholinos synergized to result in orofacial defects. Further, RAR DNA binding sequences (RAREs) were detected in chd1 regulatory regions by bioinformatic analysis. In summary, by combining human genetics and experiments in an aquatic model we now have a better understanding of the role of CHD1 in craniofacial disorders.
Children and Family in Late Antique Egyptian Monasticism

This is the first book-length study of children in one of the birthplaces of early Christian monasticism, Egypt. Although comprised of men and women who had renounced sex and family, the monasteries of late antiquity raised children, educated them, and expected them to carry on their monastic lineage and legacies into the future. Children within monasteries existed in a liminal space, simultaneously vulnerable to the whims and abuses of adults and also cherished as potential future monastic prodigies. Caroline T. Schroeder examines diverse sources - letters, rules, saints' lives, art, and documentary evidence - to probe these paradoxes. In doing so, she demonstrates how early Egyptian monasteries provided an intergenerational continuity of social, cultural, and economic capital while also contesting the traditional family's claims to these forms of social continuity.