cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A resource for exploring the understudied human kinome for research and therapeutic opportunities

ABSTRACT The functions of protein kinases have been widely studied and over 60 kinase inhibitors are FDA-approved drugs. Membership in the human kinome is nonetheless subject to multiple overlapping and inconsistent definitions and is unevenly studied, complicating functional genomics and chemical genetics. We describe objective criteria for refining the definition of the human kinome to comprise an extended set of 710 kinase domains and a more narrowly curated set of 557 protein kinase like (PKL) domains. An online tool (www.kinome.org) makes it possible to sort these sets on multiple structural and functional criteria. Focusing on the least studied one-third of the kinome we find that many proteins are differentially expressed, essential in multiple cell lines, and mutated in the Cancer Genome Atlas. We show that some understudied kinases are high affinity off-targets of clinical-grade compounds and approved drugs and we describe an optimized small molecule library making use of this information for selective kinome perturbation. We conclude that the understudied kinome contains physiologically important proteins, including possible targets for future drug discovery campaigns.
"Don't Phos Over Tau": recent developments in clinical biomarkers and therapies targeting tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.

Phosphorylation is one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications found in aggregated tau isolated from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patient brains. In tauopathies like AD, increased phosphorylation or hyperphosphorylation can contribute to microtubule dysfunction and is associated with tau aggregation. In this review, we provide an overview of the structure and functions of tau protein as well as the physiologic roles of tau phosphorylation. We also extensively survey tau phosphorylation sites identified in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid from AD patients compared to age-matched healthy controls, which may serve as disease-specific biomarkers. Recently, new assays have been developed to measure minute amounts of specific forms of phosphorylated tau in both cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, which could potentially be useful for aiding clinical diagnosis and monitoring disease progression. Additionally, multiple therapies targeting phosphorylated tau are in various stages of clinical trials including kinase inhibitors, phosphatase activators, and tau immunotherapy. With promising early results, therapies that target phosphorylated tau could be useful at slowing tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation in AD and other tauopathies.
Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy with GHz resolution using soliton microcombs

Microcomb based dual-comb spectroscopy of methane in the mid-infrared is demonstrated with GHz resolution. This fine resolution is enabled by generating spectrally densified mid-infrared combs via interleaved difference-frequency-generation.
Do auditors react to real earnings management

Abstract Prior research has documented an association between audit effort and real earnings management [REM]. Specifically, audit report lags have been shown to be positively associated with REM. We investigate the auditor and firm characteristics underlying this association. Our results indicate that overall, REM is associated with longer abnormal audit report lags [ARLs]. We find, however, that this association is driven largely by non-accelerated filers. This result holds for both suspect firms (those firms just meeting earnings benchmarks) and non-suspect firms, for specialist as well as non-specialist auditors, and for profit as well as loss firms. Together our results indicate that when auditors are not constrained by the time pressure of accelerated filing, encountering REM is associated with greater audit effort. Our results may indicate, however, that with respect to accelerated filers, abnormal ARLs may be an imperfect proxy for additional effort. These results have implications for both future research and for the impact of accelerated filing deadlines on audit quality.
From Preservice to Inservice: Can Practicing Foreign Language Learning Online Help Teachers Transfer Linguistic, Cultural, and Technological Awareness into Teaching English Language Learners?

Wang (2012) suggested that preservice teachers perceived that their initial experiences as online language learners increased their linguistic, cultural and technological awareness, which would further benefit them when working with diverse students. However, that study was unclear about whether teachers perceived that they could transfer their awareness into teaching practice. Therefore, extending the pilot study, this follow-up study explored inservice teachers' perceptions of linguistic, cultural and technological awareness transfer in teaching English Language Learners by asking them to engage with an online language course and reflect on their experience. This study proposes a model for language teacher linguistic, cultural and technological awareness development and transfer, as well as discusses issues related to language teacher awareness transfer.
From Molecules to Life

A chemist will tend to look at the phenomenon of “life” from a rather different perspective than either a physicist or a biologist, practitioners of scientific disciplines most closely related to that of a chemist. Chemists view even complex phenomena in terms of a structural-functional relationship at a molecular level. Biologists, on the other hand, tend to view complex structures in a much more phenomenological manner, and physicists are often concerned not at all with the structure of matter, but simply with the relationship of that matter to energy in a given phenomenon. The molecular view taken by chemists (and biochemists) provides a different perpective of the nature of “living systems” and of the phenomenon of “life”.
A study of time window selection for electric power distribution system analysis

This work presents an analytical approach to time window selection in smart distribution systems. Given a time-varying load forecast, implicit temporal load capability is used to determine when control actions are required in order to avoid constraint violations, and thus maintain static security. In this manner, time windows for control decisions are selected analytically. A solution algorithm and case study are presented with simulations on a 2055-bus power distribution system. Results show that static security is maintained during peak loading conditions, with and without photovoltaic injections.
Stability of Earliest-Due-Date, First-Served Queueing Networks

We study multiclass queueing networks with the earliest-due-date, first-served (EDDFS) discipline. For these networks, the service priority of a customer is determined, upon its arrival in the network, by an assigned random due date. First-in-system, first-out queueing networks, where a customer's priority is given by its arrival time in the network, are a special case. Using fluid models, we show that EDDFS queueing networks, without preemption, are stable whenever the traffic intensity satisfies ρj<1 for each station j.
Examining Information Sharing and Relationship Building in Online Social Networks: An Emergent Analytic Framework

Studies of collaborative information use in electronic environments suggest that virtual communities share characteristics with face-to-face communities. The authors expand on an existing model to present an analytic framework for examining online social networks. The framework emphasizes the information sharing behaviors that are critical in building critical relationships in these online communities.
Stigma or Empowerment? What Do Disabled People Say About Their Representation In News and Entertainment Media?

This paper asked people who identify themselves as disabled to evaluate the American media’s presentation of disability. Disabled people internationally took an online survey on media representations. Respondents (N=390) say much of the American film, TV, and news representations of disabled people are problematic and disempowering.
Excretion of Taurine during Healing of Experimental Wounds

A comparison of the excretion of amino acids by normal and wounded rats on a high protein and protein-free diet was made. The nontaurine amino acid nitrogen excretion was found to be the same the control and wounded animals, although the rats on the high protein diet excreted considerably more amino acid nitrogen than did those on the protein-free diet. The wounded animals on the high protein diet had the same total nitrogen output but excreted significantly larger amounts of taurine than did the nonwounded controls. The wounded animals given the protein-free diet excreted the same amount of taurine but produced more total nitrogen than did the control rats. On the basis of the total nitrogen-taurine excretion ratios, data indicate that cystine is conserved by the wounded as compared to the normal animals.
Impacts of EU CAP Implementation on Bulgarian Farms

This paper assesses impacts of EU CAP implementation on Bulgarian farms of different type and specialization. First, a framework for assessing the CAP effects on farms is presented. Next, an evaluation is made of the impacts of CAP on: economic results and income of farms; production and governance efficiency of farms; level of competitiveness of farms; and economic, social, and environmental sustainability of farms. Finally, factors for improvement of CAP impact on farms in the country are identified.
Random dot product graph models for social networks

Inspired by the recent interest in combining geometry with random graph models, we explore in this paper two generalizations of the random dot product graph model proposed by Kraetzl, Nickel and Scheinerman, and Tucker [1,2]. In particular we consider the properties of clustering, diameter and degree distribution with respect to these models. Additionally we explore the conductance of these models and show that in a geometric sense, the conductance is constant.
Atmospheric Field Experiments for Evaluating Pollutant Transport and Dispersion in Complex Terrain

The Department of Energy is currently sponsoring a program of Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain (ASCOT) to improve the technology needed to assess the air quality impacts of developing energy resources in areas of complex terrain. The program uses field experiments, theoretical atmospheric physics research, and mathematical models to develop a measurements and modeling methodology that can be used to provide the air quality assessments in these areas. The ASCOT team is composed of scientists from several DOE-supported research laboratories and university programs.
Letter to the SEC on Money Market Fund Reform

In the wake of the near-calamitous run on Money Market Funds during last fall’s financial meltdown that produced, among other things, an emergency Treasury deposit guarantee program, the SEC has recently proposed a modest set of reforms. The reform package aims to improve the quality of MMF portfolio securities, shorten maturities, enhance portfolio liquidity, and provide a smoother resolution process for occasions when an MMF has “busted the buck.” The Comment Letter argues that the SEC has failed to grapple with the fundamental problems with MMFs revealed by last fall’s financial crisis and, in the main, its proposals will exacerbate systemic fragility, not reduce it. It is widely appreciated that MMF holders receive an unpaid-for benefit through an implicit, if imperfect, government guarantee of their accrued balances. The flaw with the SEC’s approach is that the regulatory effort to substitute for explicit deposit insurance and to limit the implicit subsidy through restrictions on MMF portfolios adds systemic risk to financial intermediation by heightening the pressure on short-term money markets in the critical function of maturity transformation. This flaw turns out to be fundamental and requires a rethinking of the general MMF framework.
Hip-Hop Education Resources

A debate about the effectiveness of hip-hop and education might well have been cutting edge in 1978 as hip-hop was blossoming in the New York City underground scene or 1987 when radio personality a...
Operational modal analysis of aluminum beams

Natural frequencies obtained by modal analysis are important to engineers interested in predicting the dynamic behavior of structures. Traditional modal analysis involves impact testing or shaker testing, where response signal and input force are measured to obtain the transfer function. However, for large structures, input excitation force measurement may be difficult, if not impossible. Large structures may be subjected to ambient excitation; operational modal analysis (OMA), also known as output-only modal analysis, has been used for extracting modal parameters of these types of structures. The main advantage of operational modal analysis is that no artificial excitation is needed, and the analysis is based on measurements of only the output data of the system. Operational modal analysis tests are performed under the actual operating conditions of the system without any change of boundary conditions; the tests use the ambient loads as input and thus do not interfere with the normal functioning of the s...
Treatment of wastes in the IFR fuel cycle

Abstract In both the reactor portion and the fuel-cycle portion of the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR), handling, treatment and disposal of wastes are simpler than in current fuel cycles. The vast majority (> 99.9%) of the very-long-lived radioactive TRU elements are not sent to the repository; rather, they are recycled. High-level waste volume from the IFR process (called “the pyroprocess”) is lower than that from either the direct disposal of spent fuel or from conventional PUREX-type reprocessing. The quantity of low-level waste is very low. In the pyroprocess, the actinides are recovered and separated from the bulk of the fission products by an electrorefining step wherein the actinides are electrotransported from chopped fuel elements and deposited at cathodes. The volatile fission products xenon, krypton, and tritium are collected for long-term storage and decay. Zirconium and the “noble metal” fission products (those that are less easily oxidized than zirconium) remain in the anode compartment, to be removed with the fuel cladding fragments and made into a metal waste form. The remaining fission products collect in the salt as chlorides. A process has been developed to periodically remove the contaminated salt from the electrorefiner, separate most of the fission products, and return the purified salt in a form that is ready for continuing use. To clean up the electrorefiner salt, the fission products are removed by ion exchange onto a column of Zeolite A. After the purification step, the column material and the contained fission products are converted to a mineral waste form for disposal. The processes and equipment for waste isolation and conversion to suitable disposal forms are described in this paper.
Residual higher-order aberrations caused by clinically measured cyclotorsional misalignment or decentration during wavefront-guided excimer laser corneal ablation.

Purpose To evaluate the impact of residual wavefront aberrations on optical image quality induced by cyclotorsional misalignment and centration error. Setting Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Methods Cyclotorsional misalignment and decentration were measured in 58 eyes of 38 patients using an iris-registration system. To calculate residual wavefront aberrations if iris registration was not engaged, each eye's preoperative wavefront map was rotated or decentered by the amounts calculated by iris registration; this wavefront was subtracted from the preoperative wavefront (6.0 mm pupil). The impact of the residual wavefront aberrations on optical quality were analyzed by (1) the root mean square of the total aberrations (2nd to 6th orders), lower-order aberrations (LOAs) (2nd order), and higher-order aberrations (HOAs) (3rd to 6th orders); (2) normalized polar Zernike coefficients; (3) polychromatic modulation transfer function (PMTF) with the Stiles-Crawford effect. Results On average, centration error induced 4.9 times, 2.8 times, and 8.7 times higher values of total aberrations, LOAs, and HOAs, respectively, than cyclotorsional misalignment. For all Zernike terms except 2nd-order astigmatism, centration error produced significantly higher values than cyclorotational misalignment (all P Conclusion Theoretically, image quality was reduced more by clinically measured decentration than by cyclotorsional misalignment.
In situ variable temperature atomic force microscopy measurements of copper growth on MgO(100)

Abstract The nucleation properties and thermal stability of the copper on MgO(1 0 0) have been investigated with variable temperature atomic force microscopy. Using non-contact imaging techniques, the nucleation and diffusion of submonolayer coverages of copper on MgO(1 0 0) have been visualized over the temperature range of 300–750 K. For deposition at 300 K, islands one to two layers in thickness form across the terraces of the MgO surface. Upon annealing, the average diameter of the copper islands increases slowly between 300 and 550 K. At higher temperatures, a dramatic increase in island diameter and height occurs. Time dependent images of the Cu/MgO system at temperatures above 550 K reveal a complex evolution of the island structures involving growth, decay, coalescence, and diffusion of the islands.
Averaging operators on the unit interval

In working with negations and t-norms, it is not uncommon to call upon the arithmetic of the real numbers even though that is not part of the structure of the unit interval as a bounded lattice. To develop a self-contained system, we incorporate an averaging operator, which provides a (continuous) scaling of the unit interval that is not available from the lattice structure. The interest here is in the relations among averaging operators and t-norms, t-conorms, negations, and their generators. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The hyperfine interaction Hamiltonian

Abstract A simplified alternate derivation is given for the hyperfine energy expression first discovered by Fermi. The starting point is the Dirac equation for an electron in the electromagnetic field of a nucleus. An approximate reduction is carried out, corresponding to neglect of terms second order and higher in v c . Energy terms proportional to the nuclear moment are evaluated and the delta function approximation for the contact term is justified. Radiative corrections are not considered.
Growth functions for rapid remembering

Abstract Children between ages 9 and 13 were tested for recognizing and remembering words from 6- and 12-word lists. Opportunities for using deliberate mnemonics were severely restricted. Developmental functions showed different growth patterns for remembering the items in a short list than for remembering order, and different patterns for storing items from a long list than for retrieving them. However, none of these functions was parallel to the growth function of rapid word recognition. This absence of parallel growth contradicted a hypothesis that memory develops when item recognition develops. The data suggested, instead, that modest but reliable gains in rapid processes of storage and retrieval contribute to memory development during middle childhood.
Infrared Spectrum of a Molecular Ice Cube: The S4 and D2d Water Octamers in Benzene-(Water)8

Resonant two-photon ionization, ultraviolet hole-burning, and resonant ion-dip infrared (RIDIR) spectroscopy were used to assign and characterize the hydrogen-bonding topology of two conformers of the benzene-(water) 8 cluster. In both clusters, the eight water molecules form a hydrogen-bonded cube to which benzene is surface-attached. Comparison of the RIDIR spectra with density functional theory calculations is used to assign the two (water) 8 structures in benzene-(water) 8 as cubic octamers of D 2 d and S 4 symmetry, which differ in the configuration of the hydrogen bonds within the cube. OH stretch vibrational fundamentals near 3550 wave numbers provide unique spectral signatures for these “molecular ice cubes.”
An ELISA for the detection of rhinovirus specific antibody in serum and nasal secretion

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which detects rhinovirus specific antibody in human sera and nasal secretions, has been developed. This sandwich ELISA utilizes a rabbit antirhinovirus hyperimmune serum as the capture antibody and was found to be very sensitive, detecting rhinovirus specific antibody in the serum at dilutions of 1:10(6) and 1:10(3.5) for IgG and IgA immunoglobulins, respectively. Thus, this new assay is 10(2)-10(4) times more sensitive than our standard neutralization test. Furthermore, this increase in sensitivity has enabled us to reliably detect rhinovirus specific immunoglobulins in unconcentrated nasal washings, which are thought to be particularly important for protection against rhinovirus reinfection. A preliminary study of the immune response in human volunteers challenged with rhinovirus using this new ELISA system is presented and further applications and potential of the method are also discussed.
Cartilage Tissue Engineering for Laryngotracheal Reconstruction: Comparison of Chondrocytes from Three Anatomic Locations in the Rabbit

Tissue engineering may provide a technique to generate cartilage grafts for laryngotracheal reconstruction in children. The present study used a rabbit model to characterize cartilage generated by a candidate tissue engineering approach to determine, under baseline conditions, which chondrocytes in the rabbit produce tissue-engineered cartilage suitable for in vivo testing in laryngotracheal reconstruction. We characterized tissue-engineered cartilage generated in perfused bioreactor chambers from three sources of rabbit chondrocytes: articular, auricular, and nasal cartilage. Biomechanical testing and histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical assays were performed to determine equilibrium unconfined compression (Young's) modulus, and biochemical composition and structure. We found that cartilage samples generated from articular or nasal chondrocytes lacked the mechanical integrity and stiffness necessary for completion of the biomechanical testing, but five of six auricular samples completed the biomechanical testing (moduli of 210 +/- 93 kPa in two samples at 3 weeks and 100 +/- 65 kPa in three samples at 6 weeks). Auricular samples showed more consistent staining for proteoglycans and collagen II and had significantly higher glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and concentration and higher collagen content than articular or nasal samples. In addition, the delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) method revealed variations in GAG spatial distribution in auricular samples that were not present in articular or nasal samples. The results indicate that, for the candidate tissue engineering approach under baseline conditions, only rabbit auricular chondrocytes produce tissue-engineered cartilage suitable for in vivo testing in laryngotracheal reconstruction. The results also suggest that this and similar tissue engineering approaches must be optimized for each potential source of chondrocytes.
[2-(4-Phenyl-4-piperidinyl)ethyl]amine based CCR5 antagonists: derivatizations at the N-terminal of the piperidine ring

Several series of CCR5 antagonists have been discovered by derivatization at the N-terminal of the piperidine ring of the core template 2. Some derivatives exhibited potent inhibition against HIV-1infection. The pharmacokinetic properties of the lead compounds 11a, 14a, 15b, and 16b have been evaluated in vivo.
Wing venation and Distal-less expression in Heliconius butterfly wing pattern development

Here we show that major color pattern elements of Heliconius butterfly wings develop independently of wing venation. We recovered a hybrid Heliconius displaying a mutant phenotype with a severe vein deficiency. Although this butterfly lacked most of its wing veins, the large, melanic banding patterns typical of the genus were conserved across the entire wing. The only obvious correlation between vein reduction and pigment patterns was a loss of vein-associated melanin stripes near the distal margin of the wings. We examined the expression of the eyespot-associated transcription factor Distal-less in a banded and a spotted species of Heliconius and found no obvious relationship between protein expression and the band or spot patterns typical of the genus. Together, our results suggest that the melanic bands and spots in Heliconius are unlikely to be derived from an eyespot determination system. We propose that major elements of Heliconius wing pattern formation are based primarily on a complex, whole-wing proximodistal axis system.
Erratum to: How negative truths are made true

The second sentence on page 317 reads “The challenge is that, prima facie, it is hard to see how a negative truth, e.g., of something could be (or even needs to be) made true by the existence of some entity”. This sentence should read “The challenge is that, prima facie, it is hard to see how a negative truth, e.g., that is concerned with the non-existence of something could be (or even needs to be)made true by the existence of some entity”.
Gas chromatographic analysis of endogenous catecholamines, phenolic amines and derived isoquinolines using short glass capillary columns and electron-capture detection

Abstract A gas chromatographic method is described for the concomitant separation and analysis of catecholamines, catecholamine or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine condensation products (tetrahydroisoquinolines), and their isomeric mono-O-methyl (phenolic) metabolites which may be present in neuronal tissues, utilizing short glass capillary columns and electroncapture detection. Isomeric phenolic amines that were not generally separable with conventional-packed gas chromatographic columns were rapidly resolved on the capillary system, and with their catecholamine or catechol isoquinoline precursors, quantitated with high sensitivity (0.25–7.0 pg) and reproducibility. Key steps in the approach with tissues include initial amine isolation with a weak cation-exchange resin (BioRex-70), fluoracyl derivative formation, and brief washing of the derivatives with ammonium phosphate buffer (pH 5.8)just prior to capillary analysis; overall recoveries of amines or alkaloids added to rat brain homogenates ranged from 79% to 89%. Application of the method is demonstrated in an assay of endogenous dopamine in rat corpus striatum and hypothalamus. This new procedure should complement and in some instances may be preferred over liquid chromatographic assays for catecholic and phenolic amines and isoquinolines, and ought to be applicable to mass spectrometric detectors as well.
The Rediscovery of H. pylori Bacteria in the Gastric Mucosa by Robin Warren, and Implications of this Finding for Human Biology and Disease

Every current medical student has learned the story of the discovery of the bacteria now known as Helicobacter pylori. Robin Warren, a clinical pathologist in Perth, Western Australia, observed gastric bacteria under the microscope that no one else believed existed, that is until a young medical resident, Barry Marshall, drank a homebrewed culture to prove that the bacteria cause gastritis. Fast forward 25 years and they are awarded the Nobel Prize for their discovery. Gastroenterologists are familiar with Marshall’s side of the story, since he is one of our own. Warren’s part in the initiation of the H. pylori saga is less well known in popular mythology, but it is well worth retelling. To do so, I have leaned heavily on Warren’s compelling 2005 address to the Nobel Committee [1] when he and Marshall were awarded the prize in medicine or physiology for their discovery of H. pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. The chapter Warren wrote in the fascinating book Helicobacter Pioneers edited by Barry Marshall, provides further details [2]. I also had the pleasure of speaking with Dr. Warren in June 2013, some 34 years almost to the day since his first written description of the gastric bacteria he had recognized in a patient’s routine pathology report, containing his remarkably prescient conclusions regarding their possible importance: Robin Warren in his lab. Perth, Western Australia, 1986
Optimal feedback control of a nonlinear system - Wing rock example

A procedure is presented for optimizing a state feedback control law for a nonlinear system with respect to a positive performance index. The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation is employed to derive the optimality equations wherein this performance index is minimized. The closed-loop Lyapunov function is assumed to have the same matrix form of state variables as the performance index. The constant interpolated terms of these matrix forms are easily determined so as to guarantee their positive definitenesses. The optimal nonlinear system is asymptotically stable in the large, as both the closed-loop Lyapunov function and performance index are positive definite. An unstable wing rock equation of motion is employed to illustrate this method. It is shown that the wing rock model using nonlinear state feedback is asymptotically stable in the large. Both optimal linear and nonlinear state feedback cases are evaluated.
The Spirituality of Justice: Bringing Together the Eco and the Social

While concern for social justice has contributed to social work being sensitive to women's rights, gender equity, racism, colonialism and many other forms of oppression, the profession's embeddedness in modernity has limited its ability to move beyond an anthropocentric mindset. Consequently social injustices that accompany environmental destruction, remain at the margins of social work practices. This article examines justice issues in the context of contemporary environmental challenges and points out that environmental destruction carries distinct, often severe, social injustices to which social work should attend. Spirituality can play a vital role in drawing social and environmental injustices together enabling a truly transformative and radical practice.
Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) RNA-binding protein activity and MnSOD protein expression.

All cells tested contain a cytosolic protein that binds to a defined region in the 3‘ untranslated region of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) RNA; both the MnSOD RNA-binding protein (MnSOD-BP...
Comparative in vitro activity of the two new 4-quinolones S-25930 and S-25932 against gram-positive bacteria isolated from cancer patients

The in vitro activity of S-25930 and S-25932, two new quinolone antimicrobial agents, against 306 gram-positive organisms representing 12 bacterial species, was evaluated and compared with the activity of ciprofloxacin, difloxacin, enoxacin, amifloxacin and A-56620. Both agents were active against staphylococcal species (including methicillin-resistant and coagulase-negative isolates),Bacillus spp. and group JK diphtheroids. They were less active against streptococcal species andListeria monocytogenes. Their activity against most isolates was superior to that of amifloxacin, enoxacin and difloxacin and similar to that of ciprofloxacin and A-56620.
391 SKIN LESIONS IN LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS

In considering the clinical features of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), a proliferation of Langerhans cells, an entire spectrum of findings may be encountered, from minor skin lesions to the diffuse infiltration of abdominal organs associated with continuous fever, weight loss and organ dysfunction. Cutaneous lesions are regarded as a common finding and, not infrequently, the first symptom in LCH. The lesions may have a variety of appearances; most common are brown to red papules which may show vesiculation, ulceration, crusting, or a hemorrhagic appearance. From 1975 to 1993 we reviewed 79 patients with LCH at the Sophia Children's Hospital in Rotterdam and at the Emma Children's Hospital/Academical Medical Center in Amsterdam. Eight patients were diagnosed with pure cutaneous LCH. Four patients were just observed and regressed spontaneously, the other four received a form of treatment. In a later stage one patient progressed to disseminated LCH with lung involvement. Clinical features at presentation of this patient did not distinguish from the other 7 patients. Of a group of 71 patients with other forms of LCH 28 patients developed skin involvement as part of the disease. The lesions resolved in the patients who were treated with chemotherapy. In those patients who did not receive chemotherapy the skin lesions were either observed or treated locally. We conclude that all patients with LCH apparently localized to the skin should initially be observed, however they need careful staging to assess whether it is part of a disseminated disease.
Albumin does not inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation.

Summary Bovine serum albumin which is fatty acid free, enhances the endothelium-dependent vasodilating effect of various agonists like acetyl-choline, carbachol, ATP, ADP and ionophore on rat aortic rings. The maximum effect was observed in buffers containing 5% albumin. Albumin has no effect on rings devoid of endothelium. On the other hand, both plasma and serum completely abolished the vasodilating effect of these agents.
ELEVEN MYTHS OF DENTOALVEOLAR SURGERY

Through the years, dentists who perform dentoalveolar surgery have perpetuated many myths and other unproven beliefs from one generation to another. Sometimes, these beliefs originated in older textbooks, while others were given birth by mentors sharing anecdotal experiences with their students. Even today, many of these scientifically unsupported statements are perpetuated in surgical textbooks and in continuing education forums and are passed on to students in dental schools. In today's evolving environment of evidence-based medicine and dentistry, these anecdotal observations do not withstand scrutiny. The purpose of this article is to review the more common surgical myths and to test their validity against scientific evidence.
Pattern Recognition by Piecewise Linear Discriminant Functions

A piecewise linear function is represented in terms of a set of linear functions through the use of the maximum and minimum functions. A procedure for finding piecewise linear discriminant functions for pattern recognition is described. The procedure iteratively uses the accelerated relaxation method to find every linear function in a piecewise linear function. The procedure was implemented by a Fortran program. Experimental results with the program showed that the procedure is promising for obtaining piecewise linear discriminant functions.
Laparoscopy for appendicitis and cholelithiasis during pregnancy: a new standard of care.

Background: Subsequent to a report from the authors’ institution, the laparoscopic management of symptomatic cholelithiasis and appendicitis during pregnancy has become the standard of care at LDS Hospital using institutional guidelines. For comparison with previous outcomes described by the authors, 59 additional laparoscopic cases are reported. Methods: Medical records of all pregnant patients at LDS Hospital who underwent open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy or appendectomy between 1998 and 2002 were reviewed. The outcomes were compared with the authors’ previous data. Results: The laparoscopic management of symptomatic cholelithiasis and appendicitis during pregnancy increased from 54% to 97%. No significant differences in preterm delivery rates, birth weights, or 5-min Apgar scores were found between the two periods. No birth defects or uterine injuries occurred. Conclusions: With the use of the authors’ guidelines, laparoscopy has become the standard of care for managing symptomatic cholelithiasis and appendicitis during pregnancy at LDS Hospital without significant increase in morbidity or mortality.
Manipulation and capture of Aβ amyloid fibrils and monomers by DC insulator gradient dielectrophoresis (DC-iGDEP)

Here we report a novel method for the manipulation and concentration of Aβ amyloid fibrils, implicated in Alzheimer's disease, using DC insulating gradient dielectrophoresis (DC-iGDEP). Fibril enrichment was found to be ∼400%. Simulations suggest that capture of the full range of amyloid protein aggregates is possible with optimized device design.
Existence of steady freefall of rigid bodies in a second order fluid with applications to particle sedimentation

Abstract We study the slow motion of rigid bodies of arbitrary shape sedimenting in a quiescent viscoelastic liquid under the action of gravity. The liquid is modeled by the full second order fluid equations with arbitrary material parameters α 1 + α 2 . We show existence of steady state solutions for small Weissenberg numbers and zero Reynolds numbers and apply our equations to study the steady state orientations of symmetric bodies sedimenting in viscoelastic fluids.
Prevalence of dermal pathway dominance in risk assessment of contaminated soils: A survey of superfund risk assessments, 1989–1992

Abstract Exposure to soil‐borne contaminants can occur through ingestion, inhalation and/or dermal absorption. A study was undertaken to assess the relative frequency with which dermal exposures are predicted to pose the greatest risk attributable to contaminated soils in Superfund risk assessments. Screening of over 200 risk assessments from the period 1989–1992 resulted in identification of 37 sites at which projected lifetime excess cancer risks attributed to dermal contact with soil were greater than the nominal regulatory threshold of 1.10‐4. At 19 of these sites, the dermal/soil pathway is estimated to contribute the largest carcinogenic risk associated with surface soil contamination, and may therefore drive cleanup of that medium. At 9 of the sites, the dermal/soil pathway is predicted to present a higher carcinogenic risk than any other pathway. Chemical contaminant type and estimates of soil adherence and surface area exposed appear to be the primary factors that distinguish sites at which derma...
The ballast resistor: An experimental study of a spatial pattern forming system

Abstract We report an experimental study of a simple physical system, namely a current-carrying ferromagnetic wire at the center of a gas-filled cylinder, which exhibits spatial pattern formation. This system is amenable to a complete theoretical analysis, and we obtain satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment.
Combination of large nanostructures and complex band structure for high performance thermoelectric lead telluride

The complexity of the valence band structure in p-type PbTe has been shown to enable a significant enhancement of the average thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) when heavily doped with Na. It has also been shown that when PbTe is nanostructured with large nanometer sized Ag2Te precipitates there is an enhancement of zT due to phonon scattering at the interfaces. The enhancement in zT resulting from these two mechanisms is of similar magnitude but, in principle, decoupled from one another. This work experimentally demonstrates a successful combination of the complexity in the valence band structure with the addition of nanostructuring to create a high performance thermoelectric material. These effects lead to a high zT over a wide temperature range with peak zT > 1.5 at T > 650 K in Na-doped PbTe/Ag2Te. This high average zT produces 30% higher efficiency (300–750 K) than pure Na-doped PbTe because of the nanostructures, while the complex valence band structure leads to twice the efficiency as the related n-type La-doped PbTe/Ag2Te without such band structure complexity.
Arrhythmias in Thoroughbreds During and after Treadmill and Racetrack Exercise

Introduction Healthy and poorly performing horses can display arrhythmias during exercise and immediately afterwards. The relationship of arrhythmias to exercise intensity or type, and their frequency of recurrence, are poorly understood. Clarification of these issues was the objective of this investigation. Methods Electrocardiograms were recorded on 9 Thoroughbreds during maximal and submaximal exercise on a racetrack (RA) and treadmill (TM). The frequency of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias for RA and TM were compared using Fisher's Exact Test. Results 65 workouts (TM = 46, RA = 19; median[range]: 4/horse[2–14]) were performed. Exercising arrhythmias were detected in 4/9 horses (12/65 workouts) and there were post-exercise arrhythmias in 7/9 horses (20/65 workouts). A single exercising electrocardiogram per horse often did not display all arrhythmias detected over several workouts. 3/9 horses exhibited arrhythmias during the first and second runs while the other 6 had none. 4/9 had 1 post-exercise arrhythmia. Of 6 horses with >3 runs, 1 displayed arrhythmias each time, 3 never had arrhythmias and 2 sometimes showed arrhythmias during exercise (1/9 and 4/8 workouts, respectively). All 6 intermittently had post-exercise arrhythmias (median[range]: 50% [9–75%] of workouts). Presence of arrhythmias was positively related to intensity and all occurred at ≥94%HRmax. The frequency of arrhythmias following RA (29%) and TM (12.5%) was not statistically different. Conclusions Gallops on TM or RA were equally effective for detecting arrhythmias. The presence/absence of exercising arrhythmias was more repeatable than post-exercise arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are more likely to be detected at maximal or near-maximal intensities. A larger population needs to be studied before firm conclusions are drawn. Ethical Animal Research The study was approved by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol. Sources of funding: Department of VCS, Washington State University. Competing interests: none.
Calculation of unsteady two-dimensional laminar and turbulent boundary layers with fluctuations in external velocity

A numerical method is proposed for calculating unsteady two-dimensional laminar and turbulent boundary layers with allowance for fluctuations in external flow velocity. An eddy-viscosity formulation is used to model the Reynolds shear stress term appropriate to turbulent flow, and the governing boundary layer equations are solved by a two-point finite-difference scheme. For illustration, the method is applied to the calculation of the phase angles between the shear stress at the wall and an oscillating external laminar boundary layer on a flat plate. The effectiveness of the method (for engineering purposes) is demonstrated by comparing calculations for turbulent flows with experimental data.
OPTIMUM HYPERSONIC LIFTING SURFACES CLOSE TO FLAT PLATES

Abstract : Consideration is given to the lower surface of a lifting airfoil which is close to a flat plate in shape. The lift-to-drag ratio is analyzed mathematically.
“Paul Has Been Forgotten”: Women, Gender, and Revivalism during the Gilded Age

During gigantic urban revivals in 1875 and 1876, the Chicago-shoe-salesman-turned-religious-evangelist Dwight Lyman Moody set the northern United States ablaze with the fires of a great religious awakening. Over two million Americans of all Protestant affiliations attended his meetings in Brooklyn, Philadelphia, New York City, and Chicago. Although his popularity had been unrivalled, Moody worried about his campaign that would begin in Boston in 1877. To carry the day, he knew that he would need the help of “the New England women.” “What a power they would be,” Moody claimed. For this reason, he sought out Frances E. Willard, an up-and-coming female leader and temperance advocate. When the two met, the evangelist asked, “Will you go with me to Boston and help in the women's meetings?” After considering the invitation for several days, Willard agreed to join him. She did more than merely minister to women, however. On one occasion, as she recounted later, “Mr. Moody…placed my name upon his program” to “literally preach” to men and women. Willard wondered aloud if the sight of a woman preaching would shock the audience: “Brother Moody…, perhaps you will hinder the work among these conservatives.” Responding, Moody “laughed in his cheery way, and declared that ‘it was just what they needed.’”
Black Womanhood: Essence and its Treatment of Stereotypical Images of Black Women:

One could assume it is a given that Essencemagazine dispels stereotypical images of Black women and that it works to liberate them from the strictures imposed on them by a world in which they live ...
Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch in the Treatment of Diabetes: An Argument that a Chance to Cut is a Chance to Cure

Diabetes is an increasing global health problem. Current medical strategies have had limited effect in controlling and curtailing the complications of the disease. Morbidly obese patients with type 2 diabetes are at particular risk of the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Bariatric surgery in these patients has been shown to induce glycemic control and even obviate the need for chronic medical therapy. Of all the bariatric procedures, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch is the most effective in inducing diabetes remission. The mechanism for this is likely multifactorial and not limited to weight loss alone. Understanding how this and other bariatric procedures affect diabetes may help to elucidate a new paradigm in treating both obese and nonobese patients with diabetes.
Bridging three worlds : Hungarian-Jewish Americans, 1848-1914

Between 1848 and 1914, approximately 100,000 Jews emigrated from Hungary to the United States. They came in two waves. The first group, catalyzed by the 1848 revolutions against the Austrian monarchy, consisted mainly of political dissidents and well-educated, cosmopolitan, middle-class Jews seeking greater personal, religious, and political freedoms in the New World. The second and much larger group, which began to arrive around 1880, consisted primarily of poor peasants and unskilled labourers, beckoned to America by the promise of vast economic opportunity. In the abundant literature on Jewish immigration to the United States, virtually nothing has been written specifically about the Hungarian-Jewish experience, which differed in many respects from that of other Jewish national groups. "Bridging Three Worlds" offers such a chronicle, relating the immigrants' history from their political and cultural roots in the Old Country to their acculturation as citizens in a newly adopted land. Based on primary archival material, oral histories, and secondary sources, the book is also informed by the author's own experiences as an American of Hungarian-Jewish origins.
Substrate-Specific Gene Expression in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the Chytrid Pathogen of Amphibians

Determining the mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction is critical for understanding and mitigating infectious disease. Mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity are of particular interest given the recent outbreaks of fungal diseases in wildlife populations. Our study focuses on Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the chytrid pathogen responsible for amphibian declines around the world. Previous studies have hypothesized a role for several specific families of secreted proteases as pathogenicity factors in Bd, but the expression of these genes has only been evaluated in laboratory growth conditions. Here we conduct a genome-wide study of Bd gene expression under two different nutrient conditions. We compare Bd gene expression profiles in standard laboratory growth media and in pulverized host tissue (i.e., frog skin). A large proportion of genes in the Bd genome show increased expression when grown in host tissue, indicating the importance of studying pathogens on host substrate. A number of gene classes show particularly high levels of expression in host tissue, including three families of secreted proteases (metallo-, serine- and aspartyl-proteases), adhesion genes, lipase-3 encoding genes, and a group of phylogenetically unusual crinkler-like effectors. We discuss the roles of these different genes as putative pathogenicity factors and discuss what they can teach us about Bd’s metabolic targets, host invasion, and pathogenesis.