cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of pressure-strain correlation models for the flow behind a disk

Attention is given to the behavior of Reynolds stresses in the separated wake region behind a disk that is attached in a normal fashion to a long cylinder of small diameter. Computations of the turbulent flow were made in a region beyond a disk by using the second-order closure model of turbulence. It is found that the models of Naot et al. (1970) and Launder et al. (1975) yield similar results and are reliable; the energy distribution may nevertheless be improved for the case of reattaching shear flows by taking the effects of mean strain into account.
Evaluation of renal function with radio-renogram.

Conclusions(1) Routine I131 diodrast renograms frequently fail to demonstrate significant renal lesions. (2) Initial loading of tubular mechanism responsible for secretion of diodrast by competitive substance (for example, para-amino-hippurate) blocks concentration and secretion of I131 diodrast. (3) As tubules secrete the competing substance and plasma level gradually returns toward normal, the control kidney in cases of unilateral disease demonstrates, on successive injections of I131 diodrast, earlier appearance of uptake and secretion as well as greater quantitative uptake and secretion of I131 diodrast.
Flexible update management in peer-to-peer database systems

Promising the combination of dynamic configuration, scalability and redundancy, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have garnered tremendous interest lately. Before long, this interest extended to P2P sharing of disparate databases. While many have explored the data placement and coordination difficulties involved in such systems, far fewer have examined the unique challenges involved in updating P2P-distributed data items. In addressing that problem, we present an adapted version of the traditional quorum-consensus approach that is better suited to the P2P domain. Further, we explore the many tradeoffs introduced by this flexible update scheme, especially in the areas of data freshness, data availability, access latency and redundancy. Our simulation results demonstrate that if the data replication or quorum levels are sufficiently high it is possible to achieve a near-zero probability of stale data access. However, since more nodes are involved in quorum-building, the cost of high data confidence is slower access times. Keeping with the flexibility theme, our philosophy is to leave control in the hands of individual peers, letting them choose parameters and tradeoff performance to meet their unique needs.
A Theory of Access.

The term "access" is frequently used by property and natural resource analysts without adequate definition. In this paper we develop a concept of access and examine a broad set of factors that differentiate access from property. We define access as "the ability to derive benefits from things," broadening from property's clas- sical definition as "the right to benefit from things." Access, following this definition, is more akin to "a bundle of powers" than to property's notion of a "bundle of rights." This formulation includes a wider range of social relationships that constrain or enable benefits from resource use than property relations alone. Using this fram- ing, we suggest a method of access analysis for identifying the constellations of means, relations, and processes that enable various actors to derive benefits from re- sources. Our intent is to enable scholars, planners, and policy makers to empirically "map" dynamic processes and relationships of access.
Integrating Temporal Biases The Interplay of Focal Thoughts and Accessibility Experiences

We provide an integrative account of temporal biases (confidence changes, planning fallacy, impact bias, and hindsight bias). Students listed either 3 or 12 thoughts about success or failure before an upcoming real-life exam or immediately after learning their grades. Previous explanations had focused on how thought content alone (what comes to mind) influences temporal biases. We found, however, an interaction between thought content and accessibility experiences (how easily or difficultly thoughts come to mind). Thinking about 3 ways to succeed (success was easy to bring to mind) was equivalent to thinking about 12 ways to fail (failure was difficult to bring to mind), and conversely, thinking about 3 ways to fail was equivalent to thinking about 12 ways to succeed. In no case was thought content alone sufficient to predict the biases. These results have implications for debiasing strategies and other judgments over time.
Functional morphology of the avian medullary cone

The organization of the renal medulla of the Gambel's quail,Callipepla gambelii, kidney was examined to determine the number of loops of Henle and collecting ducts and the surface area occupied by ...
Abstract 602: Depot-Specific Angiogenic Pathways in Human Adipose Tissue: Changes With Type 2 Diabetes

Emerging evidence suggests that impaired adipose tissue (AT) angiogenesis leads to metabolic dysfunction. Differences in angiogenesis between the omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) depots were previously reported. The peri-pancreatic fat (PF) mass correlates with BMI in humans and may be a significant contributor to local inflammation in islets in type2 diabetes (T2D); however this depot was not yet characterized in humans. The aim of this project was to determine the depot-specific angiogenesis in human obesity and T2D. OM, SC and PF fat were collected from obese non-diabetic (ND) subjects (BMI>33). Capillary density assessed as CD31 immuno-positivity was 1.25-fold higher in the SC vs. OM AT (p=0.0033). Angiogenic sprouting from matrigel embedded AT explants showed a 1.3-fold increase in the number of branches in SC compared to OM (p 2 Profiler TM Human Angiogenesis PCR Pathway-Focused Array. In OM AT the highest pro-angiogenic expressors were FGF-1 and CXCL6. PF fat showed a 13-fold higher expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) as well as a 13-fold down-regulation of VEGF-C compared to the SC. This result suggests that TSP1 may be key for the angiogenic suppression in PF. We also examined functional angiogenesis and gene expression in OM and SC from T2D subjects (BMI>33, HbA1c>6.5%). In T2D, capillary density was decreased for SC (p=0.0065) and OM (p=0.0896) AT vs ND. Capillary sprouting in OM and SC explants was significantly reduced by 40% in T2D samples compared to ND. Gene expression of CD34 + CD31 + endothelial cells (EC) isolated from T2D SC showed a 4-17 fold down-regulation of CXCL6, IL-6, and IL-8 as well as HIF-1α compared to OM suggesting reduced hypoxia and inflammation. Also, TSP1 was 4-fold increased in EC from OM of T2D subjects. In conclusion, T2D OM and SC fat displayed reduced functional angiogenesis in vitro compared to ND. Gene expression analysis suggests depot-specific pathways regulating angiogenesis in obesity and T2D. TSP1 emerges as a key inhibitor of angiogenesis in human AT and the absence of functional angiogenesis in PF AT is of significance as it could contribute to peri-islet inflammation.
Liberation Movements: Friendships 'On the Border' of Colonial Mozambique's Hierarchies of Difference and Consciousness of Race, Class and Nation

In this paper, I explore the role of friendships and social exclusion on childrens consciousness of race, class and nation on two different types of borders in colonial Mozambique (1934-1975). I examine the friendships between poor White settler children and upwardly mobile children of color (assimilated Black and multiracial children, as well as children of East Indian and Middle Eastern descent) living in neighborhoods on the borders of Mozambiques racially segregated urban centers and how these friendships complicated the colonial hierarchies of difference based on cultural whiteness. I then explore how these border friendships influenced these childrens interaction with children of elite Whites when they met up in one of the few spaces where cultural whiteness drove them together: official schools. Elite white children tended to exclude poor white settler children from their school social circles, while their friendships with Black children from families that were part of the colonial ruling elite rarely extended beyond the schoolyard walls. The place of colonial schooling in childrens everyday experiences enables us to more fully understand the learning of power, agency and resistance as historically situated cultural practices. The paper is informed by oral histories as well as archival materials.
Another Look at NPIs in Definite Descriptions: An Experimental Approach

This paper addresses the issue of negative polarity items in the restrictor of definite descriptions. This matter has received little attention in the literature and the discussion of data has been contradictory. The goal of this paper is to review existing approaches to licensing and to offer additional data points to the debate. This paper reports two experiments. The first is a pen and paper judgment survey conducted in a large undergraduate course. The experiment explored subjects’ fine intuitions about NPIs in the restrictors of definite descriptions, as opposed to other environments. The second experiment was conducted online through the Amazon Mechanical Turk website. This experiment simultaneously investigated the influence of grammatical number and genericity/habituality on judgments concerning NPIs in the restrictors of definite descriptions.
Predictive model for the inadequate labor epidural analgesia: an outcome of the prospective observational study at university women's hospital.

BACKGROUND Continuous epidural analgesic infusions provide superior analgesia as compared to other forms of labor analgesia. However, inadequate analgesia after labor epidurals is not uncommon and has been found to be as high as 24% in some studies. The mechanism of these failures include inappropriate epidural catheter location, tissue compartmentalization within epidural space, delayed migration, kinking, occlusion or disconnection of correctly placed epidural catheter. AIMS The aim of our study was to examine the effect of various factors on the incidence of inadequate pain relief with labor epidurals. METHODS Eighteen independent potential risk factors for failed epidurals were collected from each parturient: patient characteristics (body mass index, history of failed epidural, opioid tolerance, illicit drug use and back abnormalities), labor details (parity, singleton versus multiples pregnancies, induced versus spontaneous labor, augmentation with oxytocin, malpresentation and cervical dilatation greater than 7 cm), epidural technique (experience of the operator-resident/specialist, method of loss of resistance-air/saline, paresthesia during epidural insertion, difficult insertion, ultrasound used, and number of attempts) and other factors (time of epidural insertion). RESULTS Data collected from 502 parturients showed that difficulty in placement of epidural catheter was reported in 43 (8.6%) patients. Inadequate pain reliefwas seen in 104 (21%) parturients. Cervical dilatation > 7 cm, previous failed epidural analgesia, paresthesia during epidural insertion, and loss of resistance using air were found to be the best predictors of inadequate epidural analgesia A constructed classification table showed that the predictive model correctly classified 96.7% of successful epidurals of producing adequate pain relief. However, the predictive model correctly classified only eighteen failed/inadequate epidurals (16.8%) as failures. Overall, 79.7% of the epidurals placed were successfully classified by the predictive model. CONCLUSION In parturients identified as being at high risk for failed epidural, ultrasound guidance, saline-based loss of resistance technique, and appropriate intra-epidural-space length of catheter are the methods that should be utilized to lower the incidence of failure.
A detection-driven and sparsity-constrained deformable model for fascia lata labeling and thigh inter-muscular adipose quantification

A deformable model for robust reconstruction of fascia lata surface is proposed.The model's deformation is driven through a discriminative detector.A sparsity-constrained optimization is used to suppress detection outliers. Quantification of the thigh inter-muscular adipose tissue (IMAT) plays a critical role in various medical data analysis tasks, e.g., the analysis of physical performance or the diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. Several techniques have been proposed to perform automated thigh tissues quantification. However, none of them has provided an effective method to track fascia lata, which is an important anatomic trail to distinguish between subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and IMAT in the thigh. As a result, the estimates of IMAT may not be accurate due to the unclear appearance cues, complicated anatomic, or pathological characteristics of the fascia lata. Thus, prior tissue information, e.g., intensity, orientation and scale, becomes critical to infer the fascia lata location from magnetic resonance (MR) images. In this paper, we propose a novel detection-driven and sparsity-constrained deformable model to obtain accurate fascia lata labeling. The model's deformation is driven by the detected control points on fascia lata through a discriminative detector in a narrow-band fashion. By using a sparsity-constrained optimization, the deformation is solved from errors and outliers suppression. The proposed approach has been evaluated on a set of 3D MR thigh volumes. In a comparison with the state-of-the-art framework, our approach produces superior performance.
Center-Based Child Care and Cognitive Skills Development: Importance of Timing and Household Resources.

Growing evidence has linked center-based early care and education settings to improvements in children’s cognitive skills. Additional research is needed to more carefully delineate when and for whom these associations are most pronounced. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (N ≈ 6,350; Flanagan & West, 2004), this study examined whether the beneficial effects of center-based care settings for children’s cognitive skills at age 5 differ by the age at which children experience these settings and for subgroups based on household income, parental education, and quality of the home learning environment. The results suggest that center-based preschool was supportive of the math and reading skills development of the sample as a whole. However, both center- and home-based care for 2-year-olds as well as 4-year-olds were beneficial for children from lower income, less educated, and less enriching family contexts, helping to diminish the cognitive skills gap between more and less advantaged children.
Syntheses, X-ray Crystal Structures, and Solution Behavior of Cationic, Two-Coordinate Gold(I) η2-Diene Complexes

A family of cationic gold π-diene complexes of the form {[P(t-Bu)2o-biphenyl]Au(η2-diene)}+SbF6– were isolated in >80% yield from reaction of various dienes with a mixture of [P(t-Bu)2o-biphenyl]Au...
THROUGH-THICKNESS THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF TWO RC BEARING WALLS UNDER FIRE

This paper discusses the through-thickness thermal behavior of two full-scale reinforced concrete (RC) bearing wall test specimens subjected to one-sided fire. The most probable fire exposure for RC wall structures is from one side of the wall only (i.e., compartment-type fire). This fire scenario causes steep thermal gradients through the wall thickness, leading to unsymmetrical fire damage and material degradation that can exacerbate out-of-plane eccentricity effects and compromise stability under service-level tributary gravity loads. A crucial step for the development of validated analytical tools to predict the structural fire behavior of RC walls is the ability to predict the through-thickness thermal gradients. With this objective, the measured thermocouple data from the test specimens is compared with 2D analytical predictions from two simulation software. The results generally show good predictions of the measured temperatures, with the largest discrepancies (in terms of percent error) near the unheated (i.e., back) face of each wall.
The Effect of Hydrophobic Patterning on Micromolding of Aqueous-Derived Silk Structures

A novel micromolding approach was developed to process liquid biopolymers with high aqueous solvent contents (>90% water). Specifically silk fibroin was cast into a well-defined scaffold-like structure for potential tissue engineering applications. A method was developed to pattern the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold surfaces. The water based biopolymer solution could then be directly applied to the desired regions on the cast surface. The variations in degree of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity on the PDMS surfaces were quantified through contact angle measurements and compared to the outcome of the molded silk structures. Through this method free-standing structures (vs. relief surface-patterning) could be fabricated.
Cultivation of the Virus of Infectious Myxoma on the Chorio-Allantoic Membrane of the Developing Duck Embryo

In 1938 Hoffstadt and Pilcher1 cultivated the virus of infectious myxoma on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo. This confirmed the work of Lush.2 The question then arose, because of the extreme specificity of the virus, as to whether it could be cultivated on developing embryos of a different avian species. Duck eggs were used by Himmelweit3 in 1938 for the cultivation of the viruses of infectious ectromelia and vaccinia.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Meeting 5-2-1-0 Recommendations among Children and Adolescents in the United States

Objective To evaluate racial/ethnic disparities among children and adolescents in meeting the 4 daily 5-2-1-0 nutrition and activity targets in a nationally representative sample. The 5-2-1-0 message summarizes 4 target daily behaviors for obesity prevention: consuming ≥5 servings of fruit and vegetables, engaging in ≤2 hours of screen time, engaging in ≥1 hour of physical activity, and consuming 0 sugar-sweetened beverages daily. Study design The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2012) data were used. The study sample included Hispanic (n = 608), non-Hispanic black (n = 609), Asian (n = 253), and non-Hispanic white (n = 484) youth 6-19 years old. The 5-2-1-0 targets were assessed using 24-hour dietary recalls, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, and sedentary behavior items. Outcomes included meeting all targets, no targets, and individual targets. Multivariable logistic regression models accounting for the complex sampling design were used to evaluate the association of race/ethnicity with each outcome among children and adolescents separately. Results None of the adolescents and Conclusions Despite national initiatives, youth in the US are far from meeting 5-2-1-0 targets. Racial/ethnic disparities exist, particularly among adolescents.
Orthogonal Wavelet Transform Dynamic Weighted Multi-modulus Blind Equalization Algorithm Based on the Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm

In order to improve the equalization of high-order QAM signals,the Orthogonal Wavelet Transform Dynamic Weighted Multi-Modulus blind equalization Algorithm based on the Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm(ICS-WT-DWMMA)was proposed.It took advantage of the weight vector which improved cuckoo search algorithm initialization of equalizer and the wavelet transform(WT)to reduce the signal autocorrelation.The DWMMA(Dynamic Weighted Multi-Modulus blind equalization Algorithm)adjusted the modulus in the cost function by weighted term composed of exponent of decision symbol.The MATLAB simulation results of underwater acoustic channel shew that,compared with Wavelet Weighted Multimodulus blind equalization algorithm and wavelet dynamic weighted Multimodulus blind equalization algorithm,the new algorithm had a faster convergence speed and steady-state error was smaller.
NMR Studies of Hydrogen Diffusion in Palladium and ß-LaNi5 Hydrides

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques have been employed extensively to study the dynamics of hydrogen diffusion in metal hydrides. The pulsed field gradient (PFG) spin-echo technique has been usedl to deduce the hydrogen diffusion coefficient, D, in transition metals. To overcome difficulties encountered with conventional PFG spin-echo technique in β-LaNi5 hydride, an alternating pulsed field gradient technique2 has also been introduced. Proton spin-lattice relaxation time T1 and the rotating frame, T1ρ measurements2–5 have also been used to obtain the correlation time which corresponds to the mean proton diffusion jump time, τD. However, the T1 and T1ρ data for many hydrides including LaNi5H7, Hf2RhH2.2, Hf2CoH3.8, PdHx, NbHx, Th4H15 etc. are anomalous and difficult to interpret. The slope on the high temperature side of the T1 or Tlρ minimum is always steeper than the slope on the low temperature side. The frequency dependence on the low temperature side is not quadratic and the departure can be large.2–5 The reported attempt frequencies as deduced from T1 and Tlρ data for different hydrides differ from each other by orders of magnitude. Several suggestions have been made to explain these anomalous results. These include: (a) two separate activation energies2 governing two types of hydrogen motion which is discarded subsequently4 because it leads to a ω2 dependence; (b) translational diffusion relaxation4 of nuclear spin model of Torrey6 but unfortunately no comparison of Torrey’s model predictions with data has been made; and (c) the reference made by Jones et al.3 and by Chang et al.4 to a recently proposed unified low frequency response model7 for possible explanation; but again no comparisons have been made.
Conditions for rotational temperature measurements in O 2 using laser-induced fluorescence

The application of ArF laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) for temperature measurement of O2 has been previously demonstrated in hot1 and cold2 low-speed air flows. In those measurements, one or more rotational lines within the Schumann-Runge ( B 3 ∑ u − − X 3 ∑ g − ) band are excited. Owing to the strong predissociation of the excited state, the fluorescence is proportional to the population of the initial absorbing state, which, in turn, is sensitive to temperature and density of O2. When the density is known1,2, a single line excitation may suffice for temperature measurement. Otherwise, excitation of two rotational lines is required and the temperature is determined from the fluorescence intensity ratio. Although the population of the rotational lines reaches thermal equilibrium within a few molecular collisions, the long lifetime of the vibrational levels in the X 3 ∑ g − state prevents their rapid thermalization. Therefore, the measurement accuracy behind sharp temperature gradients is limited by fluorescence from unrelaxed vibrational states. Accordingly, measurements in high speed or reacting flows requires isolated excitation of rotational lines from the same vibronic manifold. We determined the conditions for such isolated excitations by ArF, KrF, and Raman-shifted ArF lasers for O2 temperatures up to 1900 K. We also determined the temperature measurement uncertainty for realistic flow conditions.
Regional Variability and Uncertainty of Electric Vehicle Life Cycle CO2 Emissions across the United States

We characterize regionally specific life cycle CO2 emissions per mile traveled for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) across the United States under alternative assumptions for regional electricity emission factors, regional boundaries, and charging schemes. We find that estimates based on marginal vs average grid emission factors differ by as much as 50% (using National Electricity Reliability Commission (NERC) regional boundaries). Use of state boundaries versus NERC region boundaries results in estimates that differ by as much as 120% for the same location (using average emission factors). We argue that consumption-based marginal emission factors are conceptually appropriate for evaluating the emissions implications of policies that increase electric vehicle sales or use in a region. We also examine generation-based marginal emission factors to assess robustness. Using these two estimates of NERC region marginal emission factors, we find the following: (1) del...
The Colonial Impact

The French established control over the Vietnamese countryside in the middle-to-late-nineteenth century and proceeded to institute changes in administration and laws which opened up rural Vietnam to the forces of the world market. Markets for foreign and native products were soon developed through the sponsorship of French exporters and importers. The development of land markets was also aided by the French administrators. These administrators and legal advisers transformed Vietnamese property institutions by reinterpreting Vietnamese practices into compatibility with French conceptions of private and public property categories. The new categories were conducive to market exchange and through the market process, peasants and villages lost their rights to land and large shares of the agricultural produce. The variability of market demand and prices along with an unregulated extension of usurious moneylending resulted in rapid concentration of landed wealth in the hands of absentee landlords.
Direct Formation of Acetate from the Partial Oxidation of Ethylene on a Au/TiO2 Catalyst

The partial oxidation of ethylene to form adsorbed acetate on a Au/TiO2 catalyst at temperatures as low as 370 K is reported here using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Ethylene reacts with oxygen on Au/TiO2 to produce acetate on the TiO2 support as determined by the comparison with a blank TiO2 and Au/SiO2 catalyst. As shown by DFT calculations, O2 dissociation occurs at the dual-perimeter Au–Ti4+ sites of Au/TiO2 catalysts. Surprising, no ethylene oxide on the catalyst surface or in the gas phase is detected by either FTIR or GC–MS techniques at temperatures up to 673 K. The reaction pathway to ethylene oxide involves a higher barrier (~1.0–1.5 eV) than the pathway for acetate formation (~0.1–0.6 eV). The rate-limiting step to form adsorbed acetate was found to be the protonation of the H2C*C(OH)O* intermediate to produce the bound acetic acid. The theoretical initial deuterium kinetic isotope effect is ~3 which is consistent with the experimental data.
A High-Throughput Yeast Halo Assay for Bioactive Compounds

When a disk of filter paper is impregnated with a cytotoxic or cytostatic drug and added to solid medium seeded with yeast, a visible clear zone forms around the disk whose size depends on the concentration and potency of the drug. This is the traditional "halo" assay and provides a convenient, if low-throughput, read-out of biological activity that has been the mainstay of antifungal and antibiotic testing for decades. Here, we describe a protocol for a high-throughput version of the halo assay, which uses an array of 384 pins to deliver ∼200 nL of stock solutions from compound plates onto single-well plates seeded with yeast. Using a plate reader in the absorbance mode, the resulting halos can be quantified and the data archived in the form of flat files that can be connected to compound databases with standard software. This assay has the convenience associated with the visual readout of the traditional halo assay but uses far less material and can be automated to screen thousands of compounds per day.
A Thermodynamic Description of the Adsorption of Simple Water-Soluble Peptoids to Silica.

The first report of a water-soluble peptoid adsorbed to silica monitored by second harmonic generation (SHG) at the liquid/solid interface is presented here. The molecular insights gained from these studies will inform the design and preparation of novel peptoid coatings. Simple 6- and 15-residue peptoids were dissolved in phosphate buffered saline and adsorbed to bare silica surfaces. Equilibrium binding constants and relative surface concentrations of adsorbed peptoids were determined from fits to the Langmuir model. Complementary fluorescence spectroscopy studies were used to quantify the maximum surface excess. Binding constants, determined here by SHG, were comparable to those previously reported for cationic proteins and small molecules. Enthalpies and free energies of adsorption were determined to elucidate thermodynamic driving forces. Circular dichroism spectra confirm that minimal conformational changes occur when peptoids are adsorbed to silica while pH studies indicate that electrostatic inter...
Cytokines and Chemokines

Cytokines are small proteins used for intercellular communication in the immune system and beyond. They are subclassified based on membership in tumor necrosis factor, interleukin, interferon, transforming growth factor beta and chemokine superfamilies. Readily observed and easily accessible for manipulation and isolation, the skin is an excellent model system for studying the biology of cytokines. Important insights into mechanisms of cutaneous inflammation and immunity in health and disease have been and continue to be translated into the practice of dermatology and other areas of medicine. Cytokine-targeted therapies are now commonplace in the practice of dermatology, with many cytokine or cytokine receptor-target therapies in clinical trials for dermatologic diseases. As the list of available therapeutics grows, it is incumbent upon physicians to understand when and how to use these medications for safe and effective outcomes. To achieve this goal, a sound understanding of mechanisms of cutaneous inflammation and immunology mediated by cytokines is important.
Identification of multiple genetically distinct populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in a small coastal watershed

Management and restoration planning for Pacific salmon is often characterized by efforts at broad multi-basin scales. However, finer-scale genetic and phenotypic variability may be present within individual basins and can be overlooked in such efforts, even though it may be a critical component for long-term viability. Here, we investigate Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) within the Siletz River, a small coastal watershed in Oregon, USA. Adult Chinook salmon were genotyped using neutral microsatellite markers, single nucleotide polymorphisms and “adaptive” loci, associated with temporal variation in migratory behavior in many salmon populations, to investigate genetic diversity based upon both spatial and temporal variation in migratory and reproductive behavior. Results from all three marker types identified two genetically distinct populations in the basin, corresponding to early returning fish that spawn above a waterfall, a spring-run population, and later returning fish spawning below the waterfall, a fall-run population. This finding is an important consideration for management of the species, as spring-run populations generally only have been recognized in large watersheds, and highlights the need to evaluate population structure of salmon within smaller watersheds, and thereby increase the probability of successful conservation of salmon species.
ProSol DB: A Protein Solubility Database

Engineering non-native synthesis pathways in microbial hosts has shown promise in producing commercially useful molecules. The selection of highly soluble protein sequences to implement catalyzing reactions along synthesis pathways can be facilitated by predicting the solubility of protein sequences in the host. Current solubility predictors apply machine-learning algorithms, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Neural Networks (NN), to predict solubility using protein sequence features such as hydrophilicity, net charge and α-helix. Features are then used to build classifiers [1, 2], one-layered logistic regression models [3], or more sophisticated multi-layered models [4, 5] that determine protein solubility. We present in this poster a database, referred to as Protein Solubility Database (ProSol DB), that allows for quick lookup of predicted solubility values using Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers. We used ccSOL omics [6] to compute solubility prediction scores for various proteins from UniProKBt in E. coli. ProSol DB serves as a source of identifying protein sequences with high predicted solubility scores eliminating the need of recurring calls to protein solubility predictors. Combining the ProSol DB with synthesis pathway tools can assist in avoiding experimental efforts spent on expressing low solubility enzymes when more soluble alternatives are identified. This work promises to expedite the design-build-test cycle of metabolic engineering efforts.
Photolysis- and Dissolved Organic Matter-Induced Toxicity of Triclocarban to Daphnia magna

Triclocarban (TCC) is a common antimicrobial compound used in soaps and other household products and is found globally in many surface waters. This study investigated the acute toxicity of TCC and its photolyzed products to Daphnia magna using 50% 96-h lethal concentration (LC50) tests. The effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the toxicity of TCC photoproducts to D. magna were also studied. Direct photolysis of TCC formed photoproducts that were significantly less toxic (LC50 value of 2.67 ± 0.6 μM) than the parent TCC compound (LC50 value of 0.087 ± 0.3 μM). In contrast, the indirect photolysis of TCC in the presence of DOM produced photoproducts that were significantly more toxic (LC50 value of 0.032 ± 0.015 μM). Chlorinated anilines and isocyanates, identified by mass spectrometry, were formed in the presence of DOM as indirect photolysis products of TCC and were shown to be partially responsible for the observed toxicity.
Histology of Thrombectomy Specimen Reveals Cardiac Tumor Embolus in Cryptogenic Young Stroke.

A 25-year-old woman presented with acute onset of right hemiplegia and global aphasia with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 19. Computed tomography angiography demonstrated occlusion of the left proximal middle cerebral artery. She was thrombolysed with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (0.6 mg/kg) within 3 hours of onset of symptoms and was taken up for mechanical thrombectomy. The retrieved specimen appeared pale white and soft; histopathologic examination revealed a papillary neoplasm composed of papillae with hyalinized cores lined by endothelium, consistent with papillary fibroelastoma of cardiac origin. Transesophageal echocardiography showed no abnormalities, which can be explained by complete embolization of the mass into the cerebral circulation. On follow-up after 5 months, the patient recovered with only minimal aphasia and no cardiac symptoms. Our experience with this case highlights the importance of histopathologic examination of the mechanical thrombectomy specimen, as it provided the only clue to the etiology of stroke.
NF-κB and Inflammatory Bone Loss: “Alternative” Family Members Take Their Place at the Table

NF-κB is a critical signal for osteoclast (OC) differentiation downstream of RANKL, and its disruption blocks bone loss in a variety of disease models in mice. Differently from other TNF family members, RANKL activates both the classical NF-κB pathway, activating p65 and cRel, and the alternative pathway, inducing expression and activation of RelB. Our studies on the role of individual NF-κB subunits have demonstrated that p65 is important for OC precursor survival during a critical period of differentiation but is not necessary for transcription of the OC differentiation program [1]. In contrast, RelB is required for OC differentiation in vitro and for pathological bone loss in vivo [2]. Both deletion and activation of NIK, the upstream kinase regulating RelB activation, significantly modulates osteoclastogenesis, especially in models of inflammatory arthritis. Thus, the alternative NF-κB pathway represents an interesting potential target for the control of bone loss in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Ralph L. Huber, DMD: forgotten inventor of the "Tuohy" needle

The hypodermic needle popularized by Edward Tuohy, MD for use in his method of continuous spinal anesthesia has been incorrectly called the "Tuohy needle" since he first popularized it in 1945. It was recently determined that Ralph L. Huber, a Seattle dentist, was the inventor of this widely used needle. However, very little is known about Huber. There is no mention of him in the medical literature, and until recently, he was forgotten. Through the location of various primary sources, including the original needle point invented by Dr. Huber, this essay introduces the fascinating life of Dr. Huber, and also his personal notes about his inventions. Not only was he a prominent Seattle dentist, but also a prolific inventor.
Nanostructures: fabrication and applications

Abstract: Nanostructures refer to materials or structures that have at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nm. The various sub-fields of nanotechnology focus on the creation, characterization, and application of nanostructures. In this chapter, we discuss the fabrication and application of nanostructures commonly studied and used in nanotechnology. Nanostructures are fabricated by methods as simple as solution processing, and as complicated as advanced lithography. In addition to extensive efforts in the fabrication of nanostructures, current research and development of nanostructures also focus on the investigation of fundamental material properties, including mechanical, electrical, and optical properties at the nanoscale, and the development of novel applications in a broad range of engineering fields. In this chapter, we review some unique properties of nanostructures and discuss the most actively pursued applications.
Framing Federal School Nutrition Policy: The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act in the Nation’s News

The 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA) represented a major and controversial overhaul of national nutrition standards for foods served in the United States’ nearly 100,000 public schools. T...
Variation in metabolic rate and a test of differential sensitivity to temperature in populations of woolly sculpin (Clinocottus analis)

Abstract Variation in water temperature can have important effects on the energetics underlying metabolism, growth, and reproduction of many organisms. In order to anticipate how a species' allocation of energy may change in a warming ocean, we need to know the degree to which processes such as metabolic rate change with temperature (i.e., the thermal sensitivity of metabolism, Q10 ). In the context of long-term climate change, it will also be helpful to know whether local populations that experience different thermal regimes exhibit differences in thermal sensitivity. If so, it would indicate that thermal sensitivities of populations may adjust via acclimation or adaptation. We measured metabolic rates of Woolly Sculpin collected from two distant populations (Santa Cruz (SC) and Los Angeles (LA) counties, California, USA) and housed in a common environment. Using respirometry, we estimated resting mass-specific oxygen consumption ( MO2) and calculated metabolic rates (MR) at temperatures of 12 °C, 16 °C, and 20 °C for 59 fish. The Q10 value across this range of temperatures was 2.92. Populations did not differ with respect to overall MO2, nor did they vary in their degree of thermal sensitivity. However, the LA population had greater variation in MO2 among individuals when compared to the SC population. Larger variation in overall MO2 among individuals within specific populations may reflect greater genetic diversity , and this may buffer some populations against the effect of future increases in water temperature.
Pregnancy complications and premature cardiovascular events among 1.6 million California pregnancies.

Background Cardiovascular complications of pregnancy present an opportunity to assess risk for subsequent cardiovascular disease. We sought to determine whether peripartum cardiomyopathy and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy subtypes predict future myocardial infarction, heart failure or stroke independent of one another and of other risks such as gestational diabetes, preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction. Methods and results The California Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database was used to identify all hospitalised pregnancies from 2005 to 2009, with follow-up through 2011, for a retrospective cohort study. Pregnancies, exposures, covariates and outcomes were defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Among 1.6 million pregnancies (mean age 28 years; median follow-up time to event excluding censoring 2.7 years), 558 cases of peripartum cardiomyopathy, 123 603 hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, 107 636 cases of gestational diabetes, 116 768 preterm births and 23 504 cases of intrauterine growth restriction were observed. Using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, peripartum cardiomyopathy was independently associated with a 39.2-fold increase in heart failure (95% CI 30.0 to 51.9), resulting in ~1 additional hospitalisation per 1000 person-years. There was a 13.0-fold increase in myocardial infarction (95% CI 4.1 to 40.9) and a 7.7-fold increase in stroke (95% CI 2.4 to 24.0). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were associated with 1.4-fold (95% CI 1.0 to 2.0) to 7.6-fold (95% CI 5.4 to 10.7) higher risk of myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke, resulting in a maximum of ~1 additional event per 1000 person-years. Gestational diabetes, preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction had more modest associations. Conclusion These findings support close monitoring of women with cardiovascular pregnancy complications for prevention of early cardiovascular events and study of mechanisms underlying their development.
Serum Procalcitonin, Use of Antibiotics, and Patient Outcome

Objective: To evaluate the impact of serum procalcitonin (PCT) testing on use of antibiotics and patient outcome. Design: A retrospective chart review evaluation of the patients who had a serum procalcitonin test performed at one medical center. Setting: One academic medical center, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach. Participants: One hundred and forty four consecutive patients who had procalcitonin determined beginning in January 2014. Measurements: We analyzed patient age, mortality, length of stay in intensive care unit and total hospital stay, presence of positive blood culture, and if on antibiotics at forty- eight and one hundred and twenty hours after PCT determination. Results: There were seventy two patients with a positive PCT determination (>0.5 ng/ml) and seventy two patients with negative PCT (<0.5 ng/ml). Patients with a positive serum PCT had a longer hospital length of stay, longer length of stay in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), were more likely to have a positive blood culture, more likely to be on antibiotics at 120 hours after PCT, and had higher mortality, (p<.05). Conclusion: Serum PCT level appears to predict severity of illness, mortality, and continued use of antibiotics. Negative PCT did not predict stopping of antibiotic treatment at forty-eight hours after the test.
Evaluation of the Iowa Expanded Food and Nutrition Education program and food stamp nutrition education

v CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 Objectives 2 Thesis Organization 2 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3 Low-Income Families 3 Program Background 5 Program Curriculum 8 Theories and Approach to Education 11 Group Versus Individual Instruction 16 Program Audience 18 Quantitative Program Evaluation 20 Qualitative Program Evaluation 23 Call for Evaluation 24 CHAPTER III: METHODS 26 Subjects 26 Quantitative Data Collection 26 Qualitative Data Collection 27 Statistical Analysis 30 CHAPTER IV: QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EXPANDED FOOD AND NUTRITION EDUCATION PROGRAM AND FOOD STAMP NUTRITION EDUCATION 31 Abstract 3
Interfacing metals and compounds for enhanced hydrogen evolution from water splitting

Hydrogen production from water electrolysis with renewable energy input has been the focus of tremendous attention, as hydrogen is widely advocated as a clean energy carrier. In order to realize large-scale hydrogen generation from water splitting, it is essential to develop competent and robust electrocatalysts that will substantially decrease the overpotential requirement and improve energy efficiency. Recent advances in electrocatalyst design reveal that interfacial engineering is an effective approach in tuning the adsorption-desorption abilities of key catalytic intermediates on active sites, accelerating electron transfer, and stabilizing the active sites for long-term operation. Consequently, a large number of hybrid electrocatalysts consisting of metal/compound interfaces have been demonstrated to exhibit superior performance for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. This article highlights examples of these hybrid electrocatalysts, including noble metal and non-noble metal candidates interfaced with a variety of compounds. Specific emphasis is placed on the synthetic methods, reaction mechanisms, and electrocatalytic activities, which are envisioned to inspire the design and development of further improved electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution from water splitting on an industrial scale.
Ageing with schizophrenia: an update.

Purpose of review The aim of this review was to summarize the recent literature on the clinical symptoms, functioning, outcomes and treatments for older adults with chronic schizophrenia. Recent findings The number and proportion of older adults with schizophrenia is rapidly increasing. Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder and older adults with schizophrenia display significant variability in symptom severity, quality of life and overall outcomes. Many achieve stable disease remission, some display persistent nonremission and others experience fluctuating symptoms. Depression is commonly reported, and although rates of suicide are higher when compared with age-matched peers, the excess mortality seen in this population is mainly attributed to natural causes of death. Cognitive decline and reduced illness awareness have important implications for functional status and quality of life. Antipsychotics remain essential in the treatment regimen, although elderly patients with chronic disease may be good candidates for gradual dose reduction. Interdisciplinary treatment approaches as well as nonpharmacologic psychosocial interventions play a critical adjunctive role in the treatment of older adults with schizophrenia. Summary Research focusing on schizophrenia in late life is sparse. Too often, older patients are eliminated from research studies or averaged in with all age groups. Thus, there continues to be gaps in our understanding of modifiable predictors of remission and recovery, and the most efficacious and safest treatment approaches for this age group.