cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alignment of Inertial Guidance Systems by Gyrocompassing-Linear Theory

The performance of an inertial guidance system can be only as good as the accuracy to which the system is initially aligned. Optical alignment can be performed with high precision, but involves external equipment which may be too elaborate for many operational applications. The alternative procedure of gyrocompass alignment uses the system's own instruments, and can be accomplished without any external equipment. When sufficient alignment time is available navigation errors due to gyrocompass alignment are no greater than other errors inherent in the system's instruments. In certain tactical operations it is desirable to sacrifice some accuracy in the interest of more rapid alignment. But, on the other hand, if alignment must be performed on a moving base, base motions may be filtered only by lengthening alignment time. In this paper some simple linear gyrocompassing schemes are described, and the basic dynamic relations are established for the dependency of alignment accuracy upon instrument characteristics, speed of alignment, and base motions during the alignment period. Upper bounds are established for alignment performance achievable under typical circumstances. I t is planned that a subsequent paper will extend the discussion to describe nonlinear effects and sampled-data techniques, and to present operational results including high-latitude, atsea, gyrocompass alignment of inertial ship navigation S3^stems.
Pseudotruncus arteriosus. Report of the oldest surviving patient.

Abstract A 43-year-old housewife with “pseudotruncus arteriosus” was presented and is believed to be the oldest individual with this anomaly described in the literature. An early ejection click, a continuous heart murmur heard over the precordium and left scapular area, mild cyanosis, and clubbing of the fingers and toes were the main clinical features. The difficulty in the clinical differential diagnosis from a truncus arteriosus with absent pulmonary arteries was emphasized.
Formal reasoning about software object translations

In this work we examine the problem of verifying translations from outputs of one system to the inputs of another system, which we refer to as the output-to-input translation problem. We present a formalization of this problem along with a verification mechanism based on constraint logic programming. Composition of systems is an important issue in the software reuse domain, and has applicability in other areas of software engineering such as transformation of information from one phase of the development process to another. Some challenges are to verify the translation mechanisms that may be needed to connect independently designed components and assess to what degree is the consumer component functionality enabled after the composition takes place. To this end we use constraint logic programming modeling techniques. Our model allows formalization of the translation problem in the form of constraints and relations between the outputs and the inputs of involved components. Since CLP tools are computationally expensive, we identify characteristics of translation problems for which our technique is practical. We conclude with an application of our translation framework within the Documentation Driven Software Development methodology.
Image and figure quality

AbstractAfter purchasing Elsevier's Earth and Planetary Sciences electronic journal back file package, problems with image and figure quality in articles became evident. Personnel at Elsevier verbally committed to rescanning any issues having at least one image or figure of unacceptable quality, if staff at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign would identify the problem issues. A study of 35 titles in the Earth and Planetary Sciences back file package revealed that, of the 6038 issues published before digital format was available, 73.6% had at least one image with unacceptable quality. The implications of poor image quality in electronic journals should be considered when libraries are deciding whether to discard print copies. Publishers and librarians should work together to ensure that print journals converted to digital format are of acceptable quality.
Epithelioid Osteosarcoma of Bone Immunocytochemical Evidence Suggesting Divergent Epithelial and Mesenchymal Differentiation in a Primary Osseous Neoplasm

Background. The combination of a primary osteosarcoma of bone with a second carcinomatous cell type has been recognized, although immunohistochemical studies currently have not been performed in an attempt to understand the histogenesis of such a tumor. Methods. In this report, the authors performed immunohistochemical studies on a primary osseous carcinosarcoma. Using a biotin-streptavidin peroxidase conjugate technique, the expression of keratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and vimentin was analyzed. The epithelial cells expressed cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen but did not express vimentin. The mesenchymal cells strongly expressed vimentin, and only rare cells expressed cytokeratin. Conclusions. The clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic data in this instance strongly suggest divergent differentiation of a primitive multipotential uncommitted stem cell in a primary osseous tumor. Cancer 1993: 712977-82. Results.
Neuro-ophthalmology as a career

This essay was written to discuss the reasoning behind the personal decisions made by 2 current neuro-ophthalmology fellows to pursue neuro-ophthalmology as a career. It is meant to enlighten the reader about what role neuro-ophthalmologists play in clinical practice, what makes neuro-ophthalmology unique to all other sub-specialties, and how this contributes to making neuro-ophthalmology not only one of the most medically interesting, yet rewarding sub-specialties in ophthalmology.
The effects of job security and other employment considerations on the organizational attitudes of IT professionals

IT professionals have faced a labor market with extremely fluctuating demand. Labor market changes such as outsourcing and off-shoring can create concerns about job security, which in turn may affect IT professionals' organizational attitudes. This paper uses psychological contract theory to examine the effects of job security and other employment considerations of IT professionals on their organizational attitudes. Findings of the study suggest that job security, compensation, and new opportunities have a positive effect on their job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Based upon these findings, a discussion is provided on the structure of employment considerations.
Principal components analyses of the MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales: identification of facet subscales.

The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) is a five-factor personality trait model designed for assessing personality pathology using quantitative dimensions. Harkness, McNulty, and Ben-Porath developed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) scales based on the PSY-5 model, and these scales were recently added to the standard MMPI-2 profile. Although the PSY-5 constructs are multidimensional in definition, explicit subscales for the broader PSY-5 scales have not been developed. The primary goals of this study were to empirically derive subscales for the MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales using principal components analysis (PCA) and to replicate these subscales with an independent sample. Individual PSY-5 scales were analyzed using PCA with an initial sample of 4,325 MMPI-2 protocols, and the component structure was replicated with a second sample of 4,277 MMPI-2 protocols. A third sample of 4,327 protocols was used to further evaluate the internal consistency reliabilities of the resulting facet subs...
Looped schedules for dataflow descriptions of multirate signal processing algorithms

The synchronous dataflow (SDF) programming paradigm has been used extensively in design environments for multirate signal processing applications. In this paradigm, the repetition of computations is specified by the relative rates at which the computations consume and produce data. This implicit specification of iteration allows a compiler to easily explore alternative nested loop structures for the target code with respect to their effects on code size, buffering requirements and throughput. In this paper, we develop important relationships between the SDF description of an algorithm and the range of looping structures offered by this description, and we discuss how to improve code efficiency by applying these relationships.
Gelastic syncope mistaken for cataplexy

Laughter is a complex human behavior that has an emotional and a physical component. We present a patient who suffered syncope as a result of intense laughter, and hypothesize that this is analogous to other types of Valsalva-induced syncope. We emphasize the clinical characteristics that differentiate gelastic syncope from cataplexy.
On the computation of Gauss quadrature rules for measures with a monomial denominator

Let d µ be a nonnegative measure with support on the real axis and let α ? R be outside the convex hull of the support. This paper describes a new approach to determining recursion coefficients for Gauss quadrature rules associated with measures of the form d µ ? ( x ) : = d µ ( x ) / ( x - α ) 2 ? . The proposed method is based on determining recursion coefficients for a suitable family of orthonormal Laurent polynomials. Numerical examples show this approach to yield higher accuracy than available methods.
Bending fatigue of hybrid composite rods

The flexural fatigue behavior of hybrid composite rods comprised of unidirectional carbon and glass fibers was investigated. Damage was evaluated by monitoring stiffness loss as a function of cycles, and bending fatigue failure was defined in terms of strength retention. The acoustic emission technique and microscopic examination were used to characterize damage progression and failure mechanisms. The number of cycles to failure depended on applied stress level, and a two-parameter Weibull analysis was used to incorporate probability of failure to the S–N curve. Damage initiated and propagated as a result of matrix cracking and fiber bundle failures within the GF shell. Bending fatigue damage only initiated when the hybrid was exposed to a deflection in excess of 42% of flexural strength, which does not occur in actual conductor field use. Damage reached a saturation point along the GF/CF interface because of the stress concentration that existed between the two material systems, resulting in asymptotic behavior of the stiffness loss. Because damage did not extend into the CF core, static mechanical properties were retained to ∼85% or more.
Solution NMR characterization of magnetic/electronic properties of azide and cyanide-inhibited substrate complexes of human heme oxygenase: implications for steric ligand tilt.

Solution 2D 1H NMR was carried out on the azide-ligated substrate complex of human heme oxygenase, hHO, to provide information on the active site molecular structure, chromophore electronic/magnetic properties, and the distal H-bond network linked to the exogenous ligand by catalytically relevant oriented water molecules. While 2D NMR exhibited very similar patterns of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy cross peaks of residues with substrate and among residues as the previously characterized cyanide complex, significant, broadly distributed chemical shift differences were observed for both labile and non-labile protons. The anisotropy and orientation of the paramagnetic susceptibility tensor, χ, were determined for both the azide and cyanide complexes. The most significant difference observed is the tilt of the major magnetic axes from the heme normal, which is only half as large for the azide than cyanide ligand, with each ligand tilted toward the catalytically cleaved α-meso position. The difference in chemical shifts is quantitatively correlated with differences in dipolar shifts in the respective complexes for all but the distal helix. The necessity of considering dipolar shifts, and hence determination of the orientation/anisotropy of χ, in comparing chemical shifts involving paramagnetic complexes, is emphasized. The analysis shows that the H-bond network cannot detect significant differences in H-bond acceptor properties of cyanide versus azide ligands. Lastly, significant retardation of distal helix labile proton exchange upon replacing cyanide with azide indicates that the dynamic stability of the distal helix is increased upon decreasing the steric interaction of the ligand with the distal helix.
Getting In and Getting Money: A Comparative Analysis of Admission Standards, Acceptance Rates, and Financial Assistance Across the Research-Practice Continuum in Clinical Psychology Programs

The diversification and proliferation of doctoral programs in clinical psychology call for their periodic comparative analysis to inform prospective applicants, their advisors, and the entire field. The authors surveyed directors of the 232 American Psychological Association (APA)–accredited doctoral programs in clinical psychology (98% response) regarding application numbers, acceptance rates, financial assistance, and credentials of incoming students. Results are summarized for all clinical programs and then separately for 6 types of programs along the practice–research continuum: freestanding PsyD, university professional school PsyD, university department PsyD, practice-oriented PhD, equal-emphasis PhD, and research-oriented PhD. Lower acceptance rates and higher Graduate Record Examination scores were strongly associated with programs oriented toward more research training; for example, research-oriented PhD programs admitted far fewer applicants (7% vs. 50%) than did freestanding PsyD programs. Freestanding PsyD programs awarded significantly less full financial assistance to incoming students (1% vs. 89%) and required 1 less year to complete than did PhD programs. Overall, PhD-level students were more likely to secure an APA or Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers internship than were PsyD students. The authors conclude with observations about the historical changes and heightened differentiation of doctoral training in clinical psychology.
The effect of microreflections on decision feedback equalization

In coaxial cable modems and terrestrial broadcasting, the appearance and disappearance of microreflections cause a temporary drop in SNR at the equalizer output. We describe mathematically the effect of the appearance/disappearance of a microreflection on the performance of a previously trained fractionally spaced equalizer.
Cyberinsurance: a risk management tool?

The design of the Internet contributes to a variety of security vulnerabilities. As every piece of software and hardware has some level of vulnerability to it, no amount of technology will ever completely eradicate risk. Cyberinsurance allows an organization to transfer the risk associated with the loss of data from the firm to the insurance provider. To date, cyberinsurance has not achieved the success that it was predicted; however, studies suggest that it is gaining momentum. As computer security threats continue to rise and additional cyberinsurance carriers enter the market with improved products, cyberinsurance will transition into a necessary risk management tool for organizations.
Distance Learning: The U.S. Version

Distance learning in higher education has developed differently in the United States from the way it developed many other countries. Driven by the developments in technology and fueled by partnerships with industry, distance education in the U.S. is charting unmapped waters. For over a century, universities have relied on students coming to them. Now they find that they must go to the students. This article examines some of the history, technology, research, and trends in distance education and raises key questions. What part does the profit motive play in the corporatization of education? How can traditional universities adjust to meet the needs of a changing population, and who will be the gatekeepers? The opportunity is here to improve on existing educational institutions and add flexibility to the monolithic institutions of traditional universities. Distance educators will need to be vigilant to ensure that the strengths of sound pedagogy are not lost in the race to embrace new technologies.
Reverse Normal-Boundary Intersection for Multi-Objective Optimization for Power Plant Operation

Abstract This paper examines the Pareto front arising in the multi-objective optimization problem for power plant operation. However, having the Pareto front alone only provides more information about the operation of the power plant. To utilize this information, first, a point from the Pareto front must be chosen, which for this application turns out to be a very simple choice. Then a method is required to quantitatively distinguish this point from the other points on the Pareto front so that a computer algorithm can consistently choose this point when optimizing power plant operation. This is accomplished by a single optimization problem inspired by the normal-boundary intersection approach for generating Pareto fronts. This in turn, creates a way to choose the correct point over and over again, and in addition, removes the need to use aggregation methods to quantify the different objectives. This creates a much more intuitive approach to mutli-objective optimization which will be referred to as reverse normal-boundary intersection.
Rule-based ranking schemes for antiretroviral trials

Endpoints are a continuing source of controversy in clinical trials of antiretroviral (specifically, anti-HIV) treatments. The most visible disagreement is about the respective roles of morbidity and mortality as endpoints, and laboratory measurements as endpoints. Laboratory measurements have been intensely examined as possible surrogates for clinical outcomes, but the definition of the usual clinical outcome-first occurrence or recurrence of an AIDS-defining condition or death-has received little critical scrutiny. First disease progression has serious weakness as an endpoint, and one should consider alternatives. In this paper, we suggest using rule-based schemes to rank patients' post-randomization histories and then using the ranks as an outcome measure, an extension of the work by Follmann et al. on heart disease. We evaluated six rule-based ranking schemes for antiretroviral trials by applying them to 60 participants in CPCRA 002 and comparing the results to subjective rankings given by five experts. The expert's rankings were in good agreement with each other, and the six rule-based schemes were clearly differentiated by their degree of agreement with the expert's rankings. The ranking scheme most in accord with the experts ranked patients first by seriousness of their most serious AIDS-defining disease, second by the timing of that disease, and the third by the total number of AIDS-defining diseases they experienced. Finally, we used this rule-based rankings to re-analyse CPCRA 002.
Internal motions in proteins examined by 13C NMR rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation: Chymotrypsinogen

Abstract The experimental observable for the NMR relaxation technique involving rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation in the presence of an off-resonance rf field consists of the ratio of the intensity of a resonance peak in the presence of an rf field applied off-resonance to the intensity in the absence of the applied field. The intensity ratio (R) is related to a relaxation rate ( 1 T 1ϱ off ) produced by the off-resonance irradiation. These relaxation parameters are shown to complement the usual spin-lattice relaxation rate ( 1 T 1 ), the linewidth ( W 1 2 ), and the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) in studies of protein mobility. The relaxation parameters are calculated and compared for two motional models, one simply involving random isotropic rotational tumbling and the other imposing internal rotation on the isotropic tumbling. Use of all the 13C NMR relaxation parameters to study protein mobility is illustrated for α-chymotrypsinogen A. A satisfactory fit of theoretical predictions to all the experimental relaxation data for the threonine Cβ resonance is obtained only when the theoretical relaxation parameters are calculated for an overall rotational reorientation time of 35 nsec and a correlation time for the internal motion of 20 nsec.
Shortcomings of a revised feasibility scale for predicting hearing aid use with older adults

Test-retest reliability and criterion validity of an extensively revised version of the feasibility scale for predicting hearing aid use (FSPHAU) was examined. Twenty-two older adults presenting with symmetrical mild to moderate sensory hearing loss completed the revised FSPHAU (pencil and paper) on two occasions prior to hearing aid fitting. The hearing handicap inventory for the elderly was administered during the fitting session and again six months following aid fitting. Test-retest reliability of the revised FSPHAU is not adequate, as revealed by a significant change in the distribution of scores between administrations. From a clinical standpoint, however, true change in an individual's scores was seen in only 4 subjects. In the absence of reliability, discussion of validity becomes moot. The revised FSPHAU cannot supplant trial use of amplification, as client success was not predicted based upon responses offered prior to aid use.
Quantifying ultra-rare pre-leukemic clones via targeted error-corrected sequencing

The quantification of rare clonal and subclonal populations from a heterogeneous DNA sample has multiple clinical and research applications for the study and treatment of leukemia. Specifically, in the hematopoietic compartment, recent reports demonstrate the presence of subclonal variation in normal and malignant hematopoiesis,1,2 and leukemia is now recognized as an oligoclonal disease.3 Currently, clonal heterogeneity in leukemia is studied using next-generation sequencing (NGS) targeting subclone-specific mutations. With this method, detecting mutations at 2–5% variant allele fraction (VAF) requires costly and time-intensive deep resequencing and identifying lower frequency variants is impractical regardless of sequencing depth. Recently, various methods have been developed to circumvent the error rate of NGS.4, 5 These methods tag individual DNA molecules with unique oligonucleotide indexes, which enable error correction after sequencing.
Software for Roundoff Analysis

This chapter discusses the method of utilization of the software for roundoff analysis. It discusses measuring rounding errors in terms of the extent to which the computational problem must be perturbed to achieve the same effect, the weak composition model of rounding error, reverse condition numbers, the direct comparison of two algorithms; it also provides a user's guide to the software. In backward error analysis, the rounding error is reflected back into the data (hence the name backward error analysis) and bounds are given for the difference between the original data and a set of data for which the computed values are the exact solution. The output values computed under the weak composition model will form a subset of the standard set of possible computed values. Thereafter, the reverse notion measures the degree of data perturbation needed to account for rounding of the true solution. Reverse condition numbers also give information on the stability of a composite program without reference to the weak composition model. The software package consists of a number of programs in a portable subset of Fortran (PFORT). Subsequently, the minicompiler operates on programs in a simple programming language designed for coding matrix algorithms; the minicompiler translates the program into a sequence of assignment statements. Finally, the action of the software forces certain restrictions on the size of the compiled program.
Facilitating scholarship among clinical faculty.

Abstract This article describes an evolving model of clinical scholarship for clinical-track faculty. Contemporary literature regarding scholarship emphasizes broader definitions of scholarship among university faculty, usually with an implicit focus on university faculty with doctoral degrees. Discussions of clinical scholarship focus on scholarship projects with clear application to improved patient care. Clinical-track faculty in university settings serve as exemplars of professional nurse clinicians for their students and for community-based colleagues, and also participate in university life as full faculty. Furthermore, scholarship for clinical faculty is consistent with their participation as academic scholars and as clinical scholars. An important strategy for fostering scholarship among clinical faculty in one school was the creation of a position, Director of Clinical Scholarship, with responsibilities for strengthening organizational support for scholarship activities among clinical-track faculty. Examples of activities and resources designed to foster scholarship are presented, along with preliminary evaluation of scholarship activities of clinical-track faculty. J Prof Nurs 17:141-146, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
A Mathematical Theory of Man-Machine Document Assembly

A mathematical model of document assembly using a computerized word processing system is introduced. In this process the operator prepares a typed document by assembling it from segments of text which are either retrieved from a file and copied on to the document or retyped by the operator. This model is used to obtain the optimal operation strategy, and the expected processing time as a function of the document's length and the man-machine parameters. Based on these results, some criteria are suggested for evaluating alternative word processors with respect to this application and for determining tradeoffs involved in designing such systems.
How to Encourage Students in a Library Instruction Session to Use Critical and Creative-Thinking Skills: A Pilot Study

Abstract This article describes a pilot study on how applications and methods are used to help students discover and apply critical and creative-thinking skills taught during a 50-min library instruction session. Learning these skills will help students understand how to ask questions of themselves in assessing which information sources to use for class assignments in the future.
Earthquake response of hysteretic mass-column using non-Gaussian closure

Abstract A non-Gaussian closure scheme based on the Edgeworth expansion of the probability density function is used to study the response of a hysteretic structure under random parametric excitation. The system considered consists of a weightless mass supporting a concentrated mass and it is subjected to the vertical and horizontal components of the ground acceleration modeled as nonstationary Gaussian white noise processes. The material of the structure exhibits bilinear hysteretic behaviour. The equation governing the motion of the system is transformed into an Ito stochastic differential equation. A set of ordinary differential equations governing the response statistics are obtained. These form an infinite hierarchy of equations which must be truncated in order to solve for moments of any order. The Edgeworth expansion of the joint density is used to truncate this infinite hierarchy. Such a closure scheme appears desirable since for hysteretic systems an explicit expression of the probability density is required. A frequently used closure scheme based on Gaussian assumption underestimates the response. The non-Gaussian density can be used in reliability studies.
Combination versus successive single agent chemotherapy in lymphocytic lymphoma

Fifty-three patients with advanced lymphocytic lymphoma were randomly assigned to treatment with the combination cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) or the same agents used successively in maximal doses (C-V-P). Complete remissions occurred in 68% with CVP and 48% with C-V-P. For patients with nodular lymphoma, the complete remission rate was 81% with CVP and 46% with C-V-P. In patients with diffuse lymphoma a complete remission rate of 50% was obtained with both regimens. The median duration of response was longer for patients who obtained complete remission with CVP (37+ months) than for those entering remission with C-V-P (25+ months). More patients treated with CVP still survive. Current results suggest that CVP is a better induction regime than C-V-P in patients with nodular lymphoma. However, in patients with diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma, neither regimen results in more than 50% complete remissions or significant numbers of prolonged responses. More effective therapy is needed.
Gravity anomalies associated with the Salisbury embayment, Maryland–southern Delaware

A simple Bouguer anomaly map has been made for an area that includes southern Delaware and the southern portion of the Eastern Shore of Maryland (lat 37°52.5′ to 38°37.5′N, long 75°00′ to 76°22.50′W). The map does not indicate the presence of the Salisbury embayment, which is known to underlie the mapped area. The map displays several anomalies that can be attributed to intrabasement sources, to variations in basement topography, or to a combination of both. Downward continuation of the map suggests that the sources are either located below the surface of the crystalline basement, or that the deep wells, Hammond 1 and Bethards 1, did not penetrate the basement complex as reported. The map suggests the presence of a sedimentary basin trending north-northeast in the vicinity of Chesapeake Bay. This basin appears to be bordered by two normal or high-angle reverse faults. The map also suggests the presence of another fault, which trends northeast and extends from a few kilometres northwest of Pocomoke City, Maryland, to Millsboro, Delaware, and continues to the northern boundary of the map.
Throughput estimation of users in GPRS networks based on packet data traffic modeling

Throughput estimation of users in a wireless packet data communication system utilizing the General Packet radio Service (GPRS) is investigated in this work. GPRS allows dynamic allocation of the bandwidth to a mobile terminal according to its traffic demand, which results in better resource utilization and a lower communication cost. The proposed user throughput estimation scheme relies on packet data traffic modeling. Since future wireless data services are mainly in web browsing, we consider a traffic model for today's WWW traffic that consists of ON/OFF two states with the ON period containing a sequence of document transmissions. A realistic traffic model is derived based on actual traffic data measurements. The throughput and transmission delay for fixed coding schemes can be obtained accordingly. This research effort contributes to the capacity planning of GPRS for its data services.
Extragenital malignant mixed müllerian tumor: review of the literature.

Abstract A case of extragential malignant mixed mullerian tumor (MMMT) of the heterologous type 11 years after treatment of a Stage I ovarian neoplasm in a 65-year-old patient is described. There was no evidence of a histologic relationship between these two neoplasms. This case represents the 10th report of an extragenital MMMT. The medical literature and histogenesis of this rare tumor are discussed.
Angle‐of‐deposition effects in evaporated amorphous germanium

An electron microscope modified for scanning selected area diffraction is used to investigate the angle-of-deposition effects on the atomic scale structure of evaporated amorphous germanium. It is found that films deposited at non-normal incidence differ structurally from normal incidence films. The results further indicate that these structural differences manifest themselves in the second diffraction peak. Ein Elektronenmikroskop, mit Abanderungen fur die Raster-Elektronenbeugung von ausgewahlten Bereichen (scanning selected area diffraction), wird benutzt, um den Einflus der Aufdampf-richtung auf die atomare Struktur amorpher Germanium-Schichten zu untersuchen. Es wird ein Unterschied in der Struktur zwischen Schichten mit senkrechter und schrager Aufdampfrichtung beobachtet. Dieser Unterschied ist besonders im zweiten Beugungsmaximum erkennbar.
Development of a container handling port simulation for demonstrating port related careers

In a world where next day delivery is a small price to pay for tardy gift selection and names of delivery companies have become verbs, we tend to forget that the relatively slow, ship-based transportation of goods enclosed in 40 by 8 by 8.6 feet boxes accounts for 95 percent of all world cargo movement. In the Hampton Roads region ports alone, approximately 1.2 million containers were handled in 2008. The ability of the region's ports to operate efficiently and safely while managing this load depends largely on the availability of trained personnel. However, availability of a skilled workforce to satisfy current and future needs of the port industry is of concern. This concern stems from the fact that students lack awareness about port-related careers something that limits the number of students that pursue education and training that could lead to port-related employment. This need motivated the development of an interactive, multimedia software tool whose purpose is to showcase careers involved in the daily operation of a port, while simultaneously providing a detailed understanding of the breadth and complexity of modern port activities. This paper describes the simulation and various design decisions that were made in order to achieve the goals of educating students about port operations while also motivating them to pursue such careers.
Fistulas between the aorta and the left renal vein

Abstract Two cases of aorta-left renal vein fistula (ALRVF) resulting from abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are reported. A review of the literature reveals only 10 other such cases. Clinical presentation included left flank pain in 75% of cases, hematuria in 92%, hypotension in 8%, a pulsatile mass in 58%, and an abdominal bruit in 75%. Intravenous pyelography was performed in 58% of cases and consistently showed decreased function of the left kidney. Arteriography was obtained in 58% of patients and was always diagnostic. Incidence, pathophysiology, and surgical management of this condition are discussed. (J VASC SURG 1987;6:191-3.)
INFERENCES ABOUT MANTLE MAGMA SOURCES FROM INCOMPATIBLE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION RATIOS IN OCEANIC BASALTS

Abstract It has been proposed that trace-element concentration ratios of basalts can be used like isotopic ratios to map the trace-element characteristics of mantle magma sources. We evaluate the assumptions and requirements of this approach and show that the magma source trace-element values inferred from data on basalts are dependent on the petrogenetic model assumed for the basalt. An approach to the analysis of incompatible element concentration ratio data is illustrated that uses the basalt data to obtain internally consistent fractionation models that take into account partial melting effects. The approach is applied to data on Ce/Pb and Nb/U in ocean island basalts (OIBs). Analysis of the basalt data in the literature provides evidence of substantial Ce/Pb fractionation during petrogenesis and a lesser amount of Nb/U fractionation. The estimated source compositions for OIBs in general are found to be consistent with their formation by admixture of (recycled) continental crustal material to the mantle, contrary to conclusions drawn previously from a less detailed analysis of the same data. We find that there are also correlations between trace-element composition and isotopic ratios that are consistent with continental crustal admixing. Other models for the magma source evolution may also be consistent with the data, but proper analysis requires specification of the petrogenetic parameters and consideration of the trace-element properties of the magma sources rather than the lavas. Large uncertainties in petrogenetic models translate to large uncertainties in source composition and weak constraints on the origins of the magma sources. Our analysis leads to estimates of the bulk partition coefficient for Pb (DPb); during mantle partial melting of spinel lherzolite source (DCe = 0.015), we calculate a DPb value of 0.035 ± 0.009 (1σ) and a value of 0.028 ± 0.009 (1σ) for partial melting of a garnet lherzolite source (DCe = 0.009). These values indicate that Pb is more compatible during mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and OIB petrogenesis than previously thought from experimental studies of silicate crystal/melt distribution coefficients, suggesting possibly, that sulfide, present as either a residual mantle phase or as a shallow fractionating phase, strongly influences the partitioning of Pb.
The Elusive Dermatofibromas

Dermatofibromas skin lesions seen in a dermatology practice. They are well circumscribed, solitary or multiple, usually hyperpigmented dermal nodules, typically less than 1 cm in diameter. They may be slightly protuberant, but are most often flat, and are generally located on the extremities. One of the clinical attributes of dermatofibromas is their persistency, as they undergo few changes, if any, along a course of many years. The little variability of fully evolved dermatofibromas is the reason why in practice they are seldom excised, unless excision is requested by the patient for cosmetic or other reasons. The frequency of their presentation does not imply, however, that we fully understand their nature (neoplasia vs reactive process), their cell of origin (dermal histiocyte vs fibroblast), or their relationship with other dermal tumors. Proof of this ambivalence is the multiple synonyms used to describe them, including dermatofibroma, histiocytoma cutis , or fibrous histiocy-toma, as well as the now less frequently used nodular
Behavioral experiments on a network formation game

We report on an extensive series of behavioral experiments in which 36 human subjects collectively build a communication network over which they must solve a competitive coordination task for monetary compensation. There is a cost for creating network links, thus creating a tension between link expenditures and collective and individual incentives. Our most striking finding is the poor performance of the subjects, especially compared to our long series of prior experiments. We demonstrate that the subjects built difficult networks for the coordination task, and compare the structural properties of the built networks to standard generative models of social networks. We also provide extensive analysis of the individual and collective behavior of the subjects, including free riding and factors influencing edge purchasing decisions.
Design and fabrication of a fully-compliant mechanism for control of cellular injection arrays

This paper reports on the design, fabrication, and testing of a fully-compliant mechanism designed for precise parallel guidance. The mechanism is designed to guide arrays of micro-scale needles for straight-line injections of thousands of culture cells simultaneously. During injection, the needle array is to be lowered into the cell culture dish. It must be guided carefully during insertion of the needles into the cells because any rotation or transverse motion of the needles during insertion can lead to tearing of the delicate cell membranes, leading to cell death. The injection system consists of a fully-compliant mechanism designed for straight-line motion, while resisting motions in other direction. Successive prototypes are shown to illustrate the process of design, and to illustrate the benefits of the final system. Prototypes were demonstrated using deep reactive ion etching of silicon wafers, as well as rapid prototyping using a three-dimensional printer in ABS polymer. The final system consists of a single, 3-D-printed part that incorporates compliance to guide the needle array over a distance of about 1.5 mm while restraining transverse deflections or rotations. Testing shows that injections performed using the system result in high cell viability, suggesting that the system appropriately restrains off-axis motions. While the system demonstrated here is designed specifically for biological research, it may be adapted to manufacturing, position control, or any other application requiring straight-line motion while minimizing transverse deflections or rotations.
EFFECTS OF SIMULATED INJURY ON THE ANTEROINFERIOR GLENOHUMERAL CAPSULE

Glenohumeral dislocation results in permanent deformation (nonrecoverable strain) of the glenohumeral capsule which leads to increased range of motion and recurrent instability. Minimal research has examined the effects of injury on the biomechanical properties of the capsule which may contribute to poor patient outcome following repair procedures. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of simulated injury on the stiffness and material properties of the AB-IGHL during tensile deformation. Using a combined experimental and computational methodology, the stiffness and material properties of six AB-IGHL samples during tensile elongation were determined before and after simulated injury. The AB-IGHL was subjected to 12.7 ± 3.2 % maximum principal strain which resulted in 2.5 ± 0.9 % nonrecoverable strain. The linear region stiffness and modulus of stress–stretch curves between the normal (52.4 ± 30.0 N/mm, 39.1 ± 26.6 MPa) and injured (64.7 ± 21.3 N/mm, 73.5 ± 53.8 MPa) AB-IGHL increased significantly (p = 0.03, p = 0.04). These increases suggest that changes in the tissue microstructure exist following simulated injury. The injured tissue could contain more aligned collagen fibers and may not be able to support a normal range of joint motion. Collagen fiber kinematics during simulated injury will be examined in the future.
Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4 Activate STAT1 Serine Phosphorylation by Distinct Mechanisms in Macrophages

Engagement of Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins activates multiple signal transduction pathways. These studies show that engagement of TLR2 and TLR4 leads to rapid phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT1 at serine 727 (Ser-727 STAT1) in murine macrophages. Only TLR4 engagement induced STAT1 phosphorylation at tyrosine 701, although this response was delayed compared with Ser-727 STAT1 phosphorylation. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase using LY294002 blocked TLR4-induced STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation, but this inhibitor had no effect on STAT1 serine phosphorylation. TLR-induced phosphorylation of Ser-727 STAT1 could be blocked by the selective p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580. However, activation of p38 was not sufficient to induce Ser-727 STAT1 phosphorylation in macrophages. TLR2-induced activation of Ser-727 STAT1 phosphorylation required the adapter protein MyD88, whereas TLR4-induced activation of Ser-727 STAT1 phosphorylation was not solely dependent on MyD88. Lastly, TLR4-induced activation of Ser-727 STAT1 phosphorylation could be blocked by rottlerin, a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C-δ. In contrast, rottlerin had no effect on STAT1 phosphorylation induced via TLR2. Together, these data demonstrate that activation STAT1 tyrosine and serine phosphorylation are distinct consequences of TLR engagement in murine macrophages. Furthermore, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, protein kinase C-δ, and a novel TLR2-specific signaling pathway appear to be necessary to induce Ser-727 STAT1 phosphorylation.
Efficacy and safety of iopromide for excretory urography

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES. Iopromide is a nonionic monomeric contrast agent. Initial laboratory and clinical data have shown that it is relatively safe. Efficacy for excretory urography has been shown to be good, comparable with other lowosmolality agents. The authors attempted to confirm these impressions in a randomized, double-blind comparison with equivalent doses of ioversol and iopamidol. METHODS. Two hundred adult patients undergoing excretory urography were studied. One hundred received iopromide, 40 received ioversol, and 60 received iopamidol (300 mg I/kg) as an intravenous bolus. Urographic films (obtained 1, 5, 15, and 20 minutes after the bolus, and postvoid) were interpreted by an observer blinded to contrast type. Visualization of renal parenchyma, pelvis and calyces, ureters, and bladder was independently assessed as excellent, good, poor, or nonvisualized. Vital signs were recorded before, 30 to 60 minutes after, and 24 hours after injection. Adverse reactions were sought, physical examinations were performed, and standard hematology and serum chemistry values were measured before and 1 day after injection; a 72-hour serum creatinine level was also measured. RESULTS. Ninety-eight percent of visualization scores were good or excellent; no significant differences among iopromide, iopamidol, and ioversol were found, nor were there any significant differences among groups in vital signs. Only one patient experienced a contrast-related physical examination change (subcutaneous extravasation). No significant changes with regard to hematology or serum chemistry values were observed; there was no contrast-induced nephropathy. Mild adverse reactions were experienced by 10% of patients; there were no significant differences in reaction rates among contrast agents. CONCLUSIONS. Iopromide at a dose of approximately 300 mg I/kg is safe and effective as an excretory urographic agent and is comparable in performance with ioversol and iopamidol.
Oral contraceptive failure rates and oral antibiotics

Background: Despite anecdotal evidence of a possibility of decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives (OCs) with some antibiotics, it is not known whether antibiotic use in dermatologic practices engenders any increased risk of accidental pregnancy. Objective: Our purpose was to examine the effect of commonly prescribed oral antibiotics (tetracyclines, penicillins, cephalosporins) on the failure rate of OCs. Methods: The records from three dermatology practices were reviewed, and 356 patients with a history of combined oral antibiotic/OC use were surveyed retrospectively. Of these patients, 263 also provided "control" data (during the times they used OCs alone). An additional 162 patients provided control data only. Results: Five pregnancies occurred in 311 woman-years of combined antibiotic/OC exposure (1.6% per year failure rate) compared with 12 pregnancies in 1245 woman-years of exposure (0.96% per year) for the 425 control patients. This difference was not significant ( p = 0.4) and the 95% confidence interval on the difference (−0.81, 2.1) ruled out a substantial difference (> 2.1 % per year). There was also no significant difference between OC failure rates for the women who provided data under both conditions, nor between the two control groups. All our data groups had failure rates below the 3% or higher per year, which are typically found in the United States. Conclusion: The difference in failure rates of OCs when taken concurrently with antibiotics commonly used in dermatology versus OC use alone suggests that these antibiotics do not increase the risk of pregnancy. Physicians and patients need to recognize that the expected OC failure rate, regardless of antibiotic use, is at least 1% per year and it is not yet possible to predict in whom OCs may fail.