cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of trial-level bias scores to examine attention bias and attention bias variability among people with and without social anxiety disorder.

BACKGROUND Cognitive models of anxiety propose that people with anxiety disorders show elevated levels of attention bias toward threat, but the most commonly used index of attention bias, which measures the construct with an aggregate score of multiple trials across an experimental session, shows poor test-retest reliability. Newer indices that measure attention bias dynamically on a trial-to-trial basis show good reliability and enable researchers to measure not only overall attention bias toward threat, but also attention bias variability. METHODS The current study tested the hypothesis that people diagnosed with social anxiety disorder would show higher attention bias variability and higher attention bias toward threat when calculated dynamically and when calculated using the traditional aggregate index. Participants diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (n = 47) and controls (n = 57) completed a 160-trial version of the dot-probe task using emotional and neutral images of faces as stimuli. RESULTS Relative to controls, participants diagnosed with social anxiety disorder showed higher mean bias toward threat, but only when calculated using trial-level bias scores. There were no differences between groups on attention bias variability. DISCUSSION This is the first study to examine differences in attention bias and attention bias variability between people with and without social anxiety disorder using trial-level bias scores. Results suggest that attention bias, but not attention bias variability, is a feature of social anxiety psychopathology and that trial-level bias scores may be more sensitive than aggregated mean scores to detect it. These findings have implications for clinical interventions such as attention bias modification programs, which require precise measures of attention bias to accurately assess treatment outcomes.
Computed Torque Adaptive Control of Rigid Robots with Improved Transient Performance

This paper considers a modified model reference adaptive control scheme that can be used to improve the transients associated with the manipulator trajectory tracking error. The improvement in transient behaviour is achieved by using a modified model reference controller structure. The modification to the controller structure is motivated by treating the parameter mismatch as an external disturbance, and then designing an auxiliary control input to reject the latter. The design of the auxiliary control input uses standard results from L 1 optimal control theory. Using such a modified scheme, it is shown that arbitrary improvement in transient performance is possible only if the joint accelerations are avaiable for measurement. Otherwise, a condition involving a certain design parameter must be checked to determine if it is at all possible for the modified scheme to perform better than its unmodified counterpart. This condition does not involve the unkown robot parameters and can, therefore, be easily checked apriori.
Chapter 89 Dislocations in Shock Compression and Release

Abstract Shock-wave compression is an extreme regime of deformation characterized by strain rates on the order of 106–1010 s−1, pressures ranging from a few to hundreds of GPa, and shock and residual temperatures that can exceed the melting point. These shock waves can be generated by several means of rapid energy deposition at the material surface. The most common are detonation of explosives in contact with surface, impact of a flyer plate with surface (accelerated by explosives, by compressed gases in gun, or by lasers), or direct laser irradiation. The principal dislocation structures observed after shock-wave compression are illustrated and the principal mechanisms of dislocation generation in shock compression are discussed, with their relative merits and limitations. The effect of polycrystallinity on the shock-wave configuration and on the defects generated is presented. Polycrystallinity creates shock-front irregularities which can contribute to greater dislocation generation. Recent work, in which both shock or isentropic compression was applied to FCC metals, is reviewed. The microstructure changes from cells to stacking faults and eventually to deformation twins as the pressure is increased. An analytical model for the transition from slip to twinning under shock and isentropic compression is presented; a model for the transition from cells to stacking faults is also presented. The results of atomistic simulations are presented and compared with experimental measurements. Interestingly, the dislocation spacing predicted by molecular dynamics (MD) is orders of magnitude lower than transmission electron microscopy measurements on recovered specimens. MD computations reveal that a significant portion of the dislocations generated in shock compression is annihilated when the pressure decays back to the ambient value. Hence, one can postulate that most dislocations generated at the shock front are annihilated upon unloading. The reflections of shock waves at free surfaces generate tensile pulses that can initiate spalling and fragment the back of the specimens if of sufficient amplitude. A mechanism for the early growth of these voids through the emission of shear loops from the void surface and their expansion, is presented.
Numerical analysis of two ensemble eddy viscosity numerical regularizations of fluid motion

This report analyzes an efficient ensemble regularization algorithm for under-resolved and convection dominated flows (including ones at higher Reynolds numbers). Computing an ensemble simultaneously allows each realization to access ensemble data. This allows use of means and fluctuations in regularizations used for each realization. The combined approach of ensemble time stepping and ensemble regularizations allows direct calculation of the turbulent viscosity coefficient and gives an unconditionally stable algorithm. It also suggests reconsidering an old but not as well-developed definition of the mixing length. This mixing length vanishes at solid walls without van Driest damping, increases stability, and improves flow predictions in our preliminary tests. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 630–651, 2015
The Importance of Species: Perspectives on Expendability and Triage

Contributors ix Preface xiii Foreword xv Part I: USING EXPERIMENTAL REMOVALS OF SPECIES TO REVEAL THE CONSEQUENCES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION P. Kareiva and S. A. Levin 1 1. Native Thistles: Expendable or Integral to Ecosystem Resistance to Invasion? S. M. Louda and T. A. Rand 5 2. The Overriding Importance of Environmental Context in Determining the Outcome of Species-Deletion Experiments B. A. Menge 16 3. Species Importance and Context: Spatial and Temporal Variation in Species Interactions C.D.G. Harley 44 4. Effects of Removing a Vertebrate versus an Invertebrate Predator on a Food Web, and What Is Their Relative Importance? T. W. Schoener and D. A. Spiller 69 5. Understanding the Effects of Reduced Biodiversity: A Comparison of Two Approaches J. T. Wootton and A. L. Downing 85 Part II: THE ANTHROPOGENIC PERSPECTIVE P. Kareiva and S. A. Levin 105 6. Models of Ecosystem Reliability and Their Implications for the Question of Expendability S. Naeem 109 7. Predicting the Effects of Species Loss on Community Stability D. Doak and M. Marvier 140 8. One Fish, Two Fish, Old Fish, New Fish: Which Invasions Matter? J. L. Ruesink 161 9. Ecological Gambling: Expendable Extinctions Versus Acceptable Invasions M. J. Wonham 179 10. Rarity and Functional Importance in a Phytoplankton Community D. E. Schindler, G. C. Chang, S. Lubetkin, S.E.B. Abella, and W. T. Edmondson 206 11. Community and Ecosystem Impacts of Single-Species Extinctions D. Simberloff 221 Part III: LINKAGES AND EXTERNALITIES P. Kareiva and S. A. Levin 235 12. Social Conflict, Biological Ignorance, and Trying to Agree Which Species Are Expendable E. G. Leigh Jr. 239 13. Which Mutualists Are Most Essential? Buffering of Plant Reproduction against the Extinction of Pollinators W. F. Morris 260 14. The Expendability of Species: A Test Case Based on the Caterpillars on Goldenrods R. B. Root 281 15. An Evolutionary Perspective on the Importance of Species: Why Ecologists Care about Evolution S. R. Palumbi 292 16. Recovering Species of Conservation Concern-Are Populations Expendable? M. Ruckelshaus, P. McElhany, and M. J. Ford 305 17. Virus Specificity in Disease Systems: Are Species Redundant? A. G. Power and A. S. Flecker 330 Conclusion P. Kareiva and S. A. Levin 347 References 353 Index 415
Physical Properties of Bio-Diesel and Implications for Use of Bio-Diesel in Diesel Engines

In this study we identify components of a typical biodiesel fuel and estimate both their individual and mixed thermo-physical and transport properties. We then use the estimated mixture properties in computational simulations to gauge the extent to which combustion is modified when biodiesel is substituted for conventional diesel fuel. Our simulation studies included both regular diesel combustion (DI) and premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI). Preliminary results indicate that biodiesel ignition is significantly delayed due to slower liquid evaporation, with the effects being more pronounced for DI than PCCI. The lower vapor pressure and higher liquid heat capacity of biodiesel are two key contributors to this slower rate of evaporation. Other physical properties are more similar between the two fuels, and their impacts are not clearly evident in the present study. Future studies of diesel combustion sensitivity to both physical and chemical properties of biodiesel are suggested.
Mechanisms of onset for moderate Mach number instabilities of viscoelastic flows around confined cylinders

An examination of the upstream and downstream instabilities that occur for highly confined and bounded viscoelastic flows around a cylinder is presented. An elasticity number-Mach number (El-Ma) phase space is used to demonstrate that the onset of downstream instabilities at Ma = 1; these instabilities are instigated by the disturbance of the base flow by traveling elastic waves. After the onset of the downstream instability, an upstream instability eventually occurs for Ma crit ~ 10; however, this number is affected by both channel geometry and fluid properties. The upstream instability is instigated by perturbations of the flow field caused by the downstream instability and does not occur until a critical perturbation size at a given velocity is exceeded. The effects of these flow regimes on flow resistance are characterized by examining excess pressure drop; a significant increase in flow resistance is observed at the onset of the upstream instability.
CD86 Stimulation on a B Cell Activates the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt and Phospholipase Cγ2/Protein Kinase Cαβ Signaling Pathways

Stimulation of CD86 on a CD40L/IL-4-activated murine B cell increases the rate of mature IgG1 transcription by increasing the level of NF-kappaB activation, as well as Oct-2 expression and binding to the 3'-IgH enhancer. The signal transduction pathway activated by CD86 proximal to NF-kappaB activation is unknown. In this study, we show that CD86 stimulation on an activated B cell increases the activity of PI3K and the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1, Akt, and IkappaB kinase alphabeta. In addition, CD86 stimulation induces an increase in the phosphorylation of phospholipase Cgamma2 and protein kinase C alphabeta. CD86-mediated activation of these two signaling pathways leads to increased Oct-2 expression, increased gene activity mediated by NF-kappaB and 3'-IgH enhancer increased activity. These results identify a previously unknown signaling pathway induced by CD86 to regulate the level of B cell gene expression and activity.
Numerical prediction of magnetostrictive behavior in non-oriented electrical steel sheets

Due to the lack of experimental data of the magnetostrictive phenomenon in electrical steels (used in the manufacturing of electrical machines and transformers), an analytical model is proposed here. This analytical model creates directly the magnetostriction curve /spl lambda/(H). The data generated by this analytical model can be used in implementing numerical models requiring such data such as coupled magneto-elastic finite element models. The developed analytical model has provided the expected behavior of ferrous substances as published in the literature and demonstrated in this paper.
Ouabain is secreted by the adrenal gland in awake dogs

Ouabain has been identified in the plasma and adrenal glands of several mammals, including humans. To investigate possible adrenal secretion of ouabain in vivo, at rest, and in response to acute blood volume changes, we prepared trained adult dogs (n = 10) with splenectomy and unilateral adrenal venous (AV) cannulation. Two days later, after an overnight fast, dogs had either 1) 20% hemorrhage (hem) or 2) 20% blood volume expansion (exp; 6% Dextran 70, 0.9% NaCl) in random order. In AV and arterial plasma (ART), ouabain was measured by a ouabain-specific immunoassay, and cortisol and aldosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. ART and AV ouabain concentration did not change after hem or exp [P = not significant (NS)]. In 94 of 97 paired samples, the concentration of ouabain in AV was greater than that in ART (Wilcoxon, P < 0.001), and the mean ouabain concentration was greater in AV (756.4 +/- 85.7 pmol/l) than ART (235.4 +/- 18.5 pmol/l; P < 0.001). The mean AV-to-ART ouabain concentration ratio was 5.7 +/- 1.29. Adrenal secretion of ouabain was not influenced by hem or exp (analysis of variance, P = NS). Adrenal secretion of cortisol and aldosterone increased after hem (P < 0.05) and was unaltered by exp (P = NS). This study demonstrates that ouabain is secreted by the adrenal gland in the awake dog. However, adrenal ouabain secretion and arterial blood ouabain are not altered by acute hem or exp.
Nucleation and crystal growth of calcium sulfite hemihydrate

In slurry scrubbing processes for flue gas desulfurization the precipitation rate of calcium sulfite affects scrubber solution composition, SO2 absorption, sulfite oxidation, and limestone utilization. Sludge quality and disposal costs are also a function of precipitation kinetics. The nucleation and crystal growth rates of calcium sulfite hemihydrate were measured in a continuous flow crystallizer at conditions that produced agglomerate crystals. At 28 and 55°C, the nucleation rate, B°, varied from 0.25 to 23 × 108 #/m3-sec and was given at pH 5.5 by the correlation: The suspension density, MT, was varied from 7 to 90 kg/m3. The linear growth rate, G (m/sec), varied from 0.5 to 9 × 10−9 m/s as residence time was varied from 42 to 360 minutes. The nucleation rate constant had a maximum near pH 5.5 and was about 50% lower at pH 4.2 and pH 6.5. Gypsum saturation in solution caused both the nucleation and growth rates to decrease.
Asymmetric cell divisions promote stratification and differentiation of mammalian skin

To perform its function as an effective physical barrier our skin forms several layers of epidermal cells that are continually renewed. How this process occurs has been unclear, but previous studies in cultured skin cells suggested that stem cells at the base of the epidermis form new cells that migrate outwards to the skin surface. Work on mouse embryos now shows that the parent stem cells anchored at the base of the epidermis have the novel ability to replicate asymmetrically. They generate a ‘suprabasal’ cell, packed with integrins and growth factors, that stays put and above it a proliferative basal cell primed for differentiation and migration. The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium forming the barrier that excludes harmful microbes and retains body fluids. To perform these functions, proliferative basal cells in the innermost layer periodically detach from an underlying basement membrane of extracellular matrix, move outward and eventually die. Once suprabasal, cells stop dividing and enter a differentiation programme to form the barrier1. The mechanism of stratification is poorly understood. Although studies in vitro have led to the view that stratification occurs through the delamination and subsequent movement of epidermal cells2,3,4, most culture conditions favour keratinocytes that lack the polarity and cuboidal morphology of basal keratinocytes in tissue. These features could be important in considering an alternative mechanism, that stratification occurs through asymmetric cell divisions in which the mitotic spindle orients perpendicularly to the basement membrane5,6,7. Here we show that basal epidermal cells use their polarity to divide asymmetrically, generating a committed suprabasal cell and a proliferative basal cell. We further demonstrate that integrins and cadherins are essential for the apical localization of atypical protein kinase C, the Par3–LGN–Inscuteable complex and NuMA–dynactin to align the spindle.
The True Meaning of Education: A Radical Suggestion

(1987). The True Meaning of Education: A Radical Suggestion. The Educational Forum: Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 249-258.
Disposition: A Superfluous Construct in Teacher Education:

Unlike the literature on some dispositions, like field dependence—independence, in psychology, the dispositions cited in the teacher education literature (e.g., INTASC) have almost no explanatory value and very little meaning at the present time. This conclusion stems from an analysis of the cited teacher dispositions in terms of Underwood's levels of meaning in the behavioral sciences and shows that these dispositional constructs are little more than labels for particular behaviors. Although the construct, disposition, in teacher education may be superfluous at the present time, it is not entirely useless as it may provide a guiding hypothesis for further investigations.
G protein subunit dissociation and translocation regulate cellular response to receptor stimulation.

We examined the role of G proteins in modulating the response of living cells to receptor activation. The response of an effector, phospholipase C-β to M3 muscarinic receptor activation was measured using sensors that detect the generation of inositol triphosphate or diacylglycerol. The recently discovered translocation of Gβγ from plasma membrane to endomembranes on receptor activation attenuated this response. A FRET based G protein sensor suggested that in contrast to translocating Gβγ, non-translocating Gβγ subunits do not dissociate from the αq subunit on receptor activation leading to prolonged retention of the heterotrimer state and an accentuated response. M3 receptors with tethered αq induced differential responses to receptor activation in cells with or without an endogenous translocation capable γ subunit. G protein heterotrimer dissociation and βγ translocation are thus unanticipated modulators of the intensity of a cell's response to an extracellular signal.
Single molecule tracking studies of lower critical solution temperature transition behavior in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide).

Spatial and temporal heterogeneities in expanded and collapsed surface bound poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), pNIPAAm, films are studied by single molecule tracking (SMT) experiments. Tracking data are analyzed using both radius of gyration (R(g)) evolution and confinement level calculations to elucidate the range of behaviors displayed by single Rhodamine6G (R6G) molecules. Confined diffusion that is dictated by the free volume within surface tethered chains is observed with considerable dispersion among individual R6G molecules. Thus, the distribution of probe behavior reflects nanometer-scale information about the behavior of the probe-polymer system at temperatures above (T > T(LCST)) and below (T T(LCST). Temperature-dependent changes in confinement are evidenced at T > T(LCST) by a higher percentage of confined steps, longer periods of confined events, and smaller area of confined zones, as well as a shift in the overall distribution of R(g) evolution paths and final R(g) distributions.
Relationship of plasma clonidine to growth hormone concentrations in children and adolescents

The relationships of plasma clonidine to increases in growth hormone, blood pressure response and degree of sedation were studied in nine children with short stature after a 0.15 mg/m2 oral clonidine tolerance test. A direct correlation was found between the peak plasma clonidine concentration and the increase in plasma growth hormone (P = 0.055). The patients experienced varying degrees of blood pressure reduction and sedation that were unrelated to age. No correlation was found between the plasma clonidine concentration and degree of blood pressure reduction or degree of sedation. The half-life of oral clonidine ranged from 1.75 to 2.38 hours, which is significantly less than that for adults.
Interface Shape and Growth Rate Analysis of Se/GaAs Bulk Crystals Grown in the NASA Crystal Growth Furnace (CGF)

Selenium-doped gallium arsenide, Se/GaAs, bulk crystals have been grown on earth using NASA's crystal growth furnace (CGF) in preparation for microgravity experimentation on the USML-2 spacelab mission. Peltier cooling pulses of 50 ms duration, 2040 A magnitude, and 0.0033 Hz frequency were used to successfully demark the melt-solid interface at known times during the crystal growth process. Post-growth characterization included interface shape measurement, growth rate calculation, and growth rate transient determinations. It was found that the interface shapes were always slightly concave into the solid. The curvature of the seeding interfaces was typically 1.5 mm for the 15 mm diameter samples. This was in agreement with the predicted interface shapes and positions relative to the furnace determined using a numerical model of the sample/ampoule/cartridge assembly (SACA).
Methodological and Substantive Issues in the Measurement of Self-Directed Learning Readiness:

Since its development, the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale has been used in a number of studies that have supported the reliability and validity of the instrument. In the present study, grow...
On nuclear relaxation in dilute paramagnetic crystals

If the shell-of-influence model of nuclear spin relaxation is modified to include diffusion of nuclear polarization, one finds that the predicted relaxation time is unchanged for the typical conditions used in dynamic nuclear polarization. The observed relaxation time is determined by the coupling between the paramagnetic ion and the near nuclei, rather than by the rapid diffusion time to the distant nuclei.
The effects of carotenoid and food intake on caudal fin regeneration in male guppies

The trade-offs involved in allocating carotenoid pigments and food to healing and regrowing damaged caudal fin tissue v. other functions were examined in guppies Poecilia reticulata, a species in which females prefer males that display larger amounts of carotenoids in their skin. The guppies were derived from four natural populations in Trinidad that differed in resource availability but not predation intensity. Carotenoids, food and site of origin did not affect either absolute or relative fin regrowth, which suggested that fin regeneration in guppies was not constrained by carotenoid availability. It is possible that carotenoid intake influences fin regeneration in the presence of natural stressors such as predators. There was a significant negative interaction between food level in the laboratory and resource availability in the field: males from low-resource-availability sites regrew more fin tissue when raised on the high food level, and males from high-resource-availability sites regrew more fin tissue when raised on the low food level. The direction of this interaction runs counter to theoretical expectations.
An ultrastructural study of early myogenesis in the chick wing bud.

Abstract The recognition by light microscopy of muscle-forming and cartilage-forming regions at stage 22 and of the mature cell types at later stages is related to cytological changes at the ultrastructural level. The initial dichotomy between groups of compact, basophilic cells in the peripheral proximal regions, and apparently smaller cells loosely arranged in the central proximal region is a result of changes in cellular contact. The close association over broad surface areas in the muscle-forming region gives these cells their compact appearance whereas the limited extent of close contacts and the many filopodia of the cells in the cartilage-forming region makes them appear looser at magnifications at which these narrow projections cannot be resolved. These changes can be recognized coincidentally by light and electron microscopy during stage 22. In contrast, the changes that result in recognition of cartilage and muscle by electron microscopy occur earlier than light microscopy allows them to be visualized. In the cartilage region, the first metachromatic staining seems to be a result of the attainment of a minimal concentration of extracellular material that actually increases gradually from stage 22 onward. Initial fusion of myoblasts and organization of myofibrils at stage 26, on the other hand, appears to occur rather abruptly, but additional myotubes and muscle straps are added gradually. These initial changes cannot be recognized by light microscopy. The identification of muscle cells depends upon the alignment of Z discs and the formation of A and I bands during stage 27. The changes in numbers and distribution of ribosomes and glycogen particles at stage 22 and at fusion are other differentiative characteristics of muscle-forming cells. The significance of these changes, however, is not known.
Mou Zongsan's New Confucian democracy

Mou Zongsan was one of the most important Chinese philosophers of the twentieth century, yet his political thought is given little attention. This is unfortunate, because his political philosophy presents significant challenges to liberal views on freedom and the basis for democracy. Mou rejects the liberal understanding of freedom as absence of interference, and instead argues for a limited conception of positive freedom in government that includes teaching basic moral values. He bases democracy on the Confucian idea of respect for humanity's universal moral potential. At the same time, Mou also provides an alternative to many current conceptions of Confucian democracy, which favor pragmatist and communitarian interpretations. Mou's thought thus illustrates how Chinese conceptions of Confucian democracy frequently differ from those in English-language scholarship. The goal of this article is to examine how Mou creatively interpreted Confucian thought to develop a unique New Confucian theory of democracy that neither uncritically accepts liberalism nor discounts the importance of liberal features such as individual freedom and rights. It also considers major objections to Mou's view of democracy and his possible responses.
Sulfur copolymers for infrared optical imaging

The development of organic polymers with low infrared absorption has been investigated as a possible alternative to inorganic metal oxide, semiconductor, or chalcogenide-based materials for a variety of optical devices and components, such as lenses, goggles, thermal imaging cameras and optical fibers. In principle, organic-based polymers are attractive for these applications because of their low weight, ease of processing, mechanical toughness, and facile chemical variation using commercially available precursors. Herein we report on the optical characterization of a new class of sulfur copolymers that are readily moldable, transparent above 500 nm, possess high refractive index (n > 1.8) and take advantage of the low infrared absorption of S-S bonds for potential use in the mid-infrared at 3-5 microns. These materials are largely made from elemental sulfur by an inverse vulcanization process; in the current study we focus on the properties of a chemically stable, branched copolymer of poly(sulfur-random-1,3-diisopropenylbenzene) (poly(S-r- DIB). Copolymers with elemental sulfur content ranging from 50% to 80% by weight were studied by UV-VIS spectroscopy, FTIR, and prism coupling for refractive index measurement. Clear correlation between material composition and the optical properties was established, confirming that the high polarizability of the sulfur atom leads to high refractive index while also maintaining low optical loss in the infrared.
American political values and agency theory: A perspective

This paper explores the historical American political values which have shaped modern financial theory and agency theory. Financial agency theory's intellectual roots are shown to be located in the liberal tradition which espouses the instrumental nature of property and property rights. The paper also argues that financial theorists should recognize that, historically, economic efficiency was not a value or end in itself but merely a means by which more fundamental social goals might be achieved.
Congenital pulmonary stenosis resulting from dysplasia of valve.

A distinctive type of pulmonary valvular stenosis, termed "pulmonary valvular dysplasia," is described from six necropsies and 10 living children. The anatomic features of the stenotic pulmonary valve are unique in that there are three distinct cusps and no commissural fusion. The obstructive mechanism is related to markedly thickened, immobile cusps, characterized by the presence of disorganized myxomatous tissue. Several clinical features tend to distinguish this form of pulmonary stenosis. In each of 16 patients studied, a pulmonary ejection murmur was present, but this was not associated with an ejection click. Other features suggestive of this type of pulmonary stenosis were slow body growth, abnormal facies, and a positive family history of pulmonary stenosis. The electrocardiogram showed a greater degree of right axis deviation than is found in most cases of dome-shaped pulmonary stenosis. Right ventriculography revealed distinctive features of the pulmonary valve which were characterized by lack o...
Difference between occluded airway pressure and generated muscle pressure.

During the measurement of occluded airway pressure (Pao), the gas in the lung expands. This volume change causes Pao to underestimate the generated inspiratory muscle pressure (Pmus), which has been recommended as an index of respiratory drive. Analysis shows that the error is proportional to the thoracic gas volume at occlusion and to the effective respiratory system elastance (Ers′) and is inversely proportional to the dry atmospheric pressure. Examples of potential error in various species are presented. In normal human subjects at sea level measurement of Pao would underestimate Pmus on the order of 5 percent depending on Ers′. In subjects with large functional residual capacity due to obstructive lung disease, the error can be as large as 20 percent. It is recommended that, in all studies of occlusion pressure, an estimation of this error be made.
Black and White May Make a Rainbow: Cultural Creativity from Opposites.

This article reports on a narrative inquiry with two teacher-researchers of opposite ethnic, social class, and gender backgrounds about how their oppositions became an asset for their multicultural education. The study calls for educators to consider cultural creativity as a pertinent feature of multicultural education in today's polarized culture.
Cerebral blood flow in normal and abnormal sleep and dreaming

Measurements of regional or local cerebral blood flow (CBF) by the xenon-133 inhalation method and stable xenon computerized tomography CBF (CTCBF) method were made during relaxed wakefulness and different stages of REM and non-REM sleep in normal age-matched volunteers, narcoleptics, and sleep apneics. In the awake state, CBF values were reduced in both narcoleptics and sleep apneics in the brainstem and cerebellar regions. During sleep onset, whether REM or stage I-II, CBF values were paradoxically increased in narcoleptics but decreased severely in sleep apneics, while in normal volunteers they became diffusely but more moderately decreased. In REM sleep and dreaming CBF values greatly increased, particularly in right temporo-parietal regions in subjects experiencing both visual and auditory dreaming.
An object-oriented blackboard based approach for automated finite element modeling and analysis of multichip modules

This paper addresses the application of the blackboard system architecture and object-oriented data abstraction techniques to the domain of finite element modeling and analysis. Specifically, a hierarchical object-oriented database was used to represent the physical system at different levels of abstraction including the user-defined physical system level, a computer-generated, simplified physical model level, and the finite element model level. Object link relationships within a given abstraction level and across different abstraction levels resulted in seamless bidirectional information exchange. The blackboard system architecture employed provided a framework for distributed cooperative problem solving, for the application of simplifying domain-specific modeling assumptions, and for integrating the various software modules that are involved in the entire finite element modeling and analysis process. These methodologies were implemented in a prototype computational tool calledIMCMA theIntelligentMultichipModuleAnalyzer. An example illustrates howIMCMA automates finite element thermal analysis of small integrated circuit features in multichip modules through a two-step finite element submodeling process.
Chemometric studies for the characterization and differentiation of microorganisms using in situ derivatization and thermal desorption ion mobility spectrometry.

Whole-cell bacteria were characterized and differentiated by thermal desorption ion mobility spectrometry and chemometric modeling. Principal component analysis was used to evaluate the differences in the ion mobility spectra of whole-cell bacteria and the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) generated in situ after derivatization of the bacterial lipids. Alternating least squares served to extract bacterial peaks from the complex ion mobility spectra of intact microorganisms and, therefore, facilitated the characterization of bacterial strains, species, and Gram type. In situ thermal hydrolysis/methylation with tetramethylammonium hydroxide was necessary for the differentiation of Escherichia coli strains, which otherwise could not be distinguished by spectra acquired with the ITEMISER ion mobility spectrometer. The addition of the methylating agent had no effect on Gram-positive bacteria, and therefore, they could not be differentiated by genera. The classification of E. coli strains was possible by analysi...
A comparison of polymer-supported chlorotris-(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(i) to its homogeneous analog in the selective reduction of polynuclear heteroaromatic compounds

Abstract A comparison between polymer-supported chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) catalyst, P—Ph 2 PRh(Ph 3 P) 2 Cl, and its homogeneous analog in the selective hydrogenation of polynuclear heteroaromatic compounds provides evidence for differences in initial rates and in ability to exchange aromatic hydrogens for deuterium. Crosslinking of the polymer-supported catalyst also affected the hydrogenation rates, but diffusion into the polymer bead and surface mass transfer effects were not rate-limiting. High regioselectivity for the reduction of the nitrogen heterocyclic ring was found in the hydrogenation of a model coal liquid with the polymer-supported catalyst.
Photoiniferter-Mediated Polymerization of Zwitterionic Carboxybetaine Monomers for Low-Fouling and Functionalizable Surface Coatings

Surface-initiated photoiniferter-mediated polymerization (SI-PIMP) offers great promise for many applications primarily due to it lacking the requirement of a toxic catalyst as well as not being limited to specific types of monomers. In this work, zwitterionic carboxybetaine (pCB) polymer thin films with uniform and controlled thicknesses at high surface packing densities were achieved via SI-PIMP. It was found that the polymerization proceeded linearly with both UV-irradiation time and monomer concentration. Subsequent studies using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor showed pCB films to be ultralow fouling to undiluted human blood plasma. Antibody immobilization combined with excellent postfunctionalized protein resistance enabled the detection of an antigen down to 1 ng/mL from undiluted human plasma. These results demonstrate SI-PIMP as an attractive alternative to other commonly used polymerization techniques for zwitterionic monomers, such as atom transfer radical polymerization.
Coulomb effects in the 3He ground state

The effect of the proton-proton Coulomb interaction in the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ ground state is investigated. The rms radii, first-order and second-order Coulomb energy shifts, the validity of the hyperspherical approximation, and the various trinucleon densities are examined.
Modeling, synthetics and engineering applications of strong earthquake wave motion

State of the art in modeling, synthetics, statistical estimation, and engineering applications of strong ground motion is reported in this paper. In particular, models for earthquake wave motion are presented, in which uncertainties both in the earth medium and the seismic source are taken into consideration. These models can be used to synthesize realistic strong earthquake ground motion, specifically near-field ground motion which is quite often not well recorded in real earthquakes. Statistical estimation techniques are also presented so that the characteristics of spatially-correlated earthquake motion can be captured and consequently used in investigating the seismic response of such large scale structures as pipelines and long-span bridges. Finally, applications of synthesized strong ground motion in a variety of engineering fields are provided. Numerical examples are shown for illustration.
What concepts do

This paper identifies and criticizes a line of reasoning that has played a substantial role in the widespread rejection of the view that Fodor has dubbed “Concept Atomism”. The line of reasoning is not only fallacious, but its application in the present case rests on a misconception about the explanatory potential of Concept Atomism. This diagnosis suggests the possibility of a new polemical strategy in support of Concept Atomism. The new strategy is more comprehensive than that which defenders of the view, namely Fodor, have employed.
Insights into insulin-mediated regulation of CYP2E1: miR-132/-212 targeting of CYP2E1 and role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt (protein kinase B), mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in regulating miR-132/-212 and miR-122/-181a expression in primary cultured rat hepatocytes.

Several microRNAs (miRNAs) were selected for characterization of their response to insulin signaling based on in silico predictions of targeting CYP2E1 mRNA and previous reports implicating their role in hepatic metabolism and disease. CYP2E1 expression decreases with increasing insulin concentration and has been shown to be regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. In primary cultured rat hepatocytes, insulin at 0.1, 1.0, and 10 nM elevated miRNA-132 and -212 expression ∼2- and 1.8-fold, respectively, whereas expression of miRNA-181a and -122 increased ∼1.6- and 1.4-fold, respectively. In contrast, insulin failed to alter significantly the expression of miRNA let-7a. Mechanistic studies using inhibitors of PI3-K, Akt, and mTOR were used to examine the role of the insulin signaling pathway on miR expression and resulted in significant suppression of the insulin-mediated elevation of miR-132, miR-212, and miR-122 levels, with a lesser effect observed for miR-181a. Targeting of the rat CYP2E1 3′-untranslated region (UTR) by miR-132 and -212 was demonstrated with an in vitro luciferase reporter assay. These data show that insulin, which regulates CYP2E1 through the PI3-K, Akt, mTOR signaling pathway, also regulates the expression of miRs that target the 3′-UTR of CYP 2E1 mRNA and are involved in the regulation of hepatic metabolism and disease.
Exact solution of stable periodic one contact per N cycles motion of a damped linear oscillator contacting a unilateral elastic stop

Abstract An exact closed-form solution is developed for a damped single-degree-of-freedom oscillator contacting a unilateral stop once per N cycles of external sinusoidal force. It also includes the effect of a bias force. This solution was obtained by using two different displacement and velocity expressions for a two-region piecewise linear oscillator, continuity of displacement and velocity at the boundary of the two regions, and periodicity conditions. Contact duration is assumed as known and four simultaneous equations in four unknowns are solved exactly. The four unknowns are the amplitude of the sinusoidal force, phase angle of the assumed first contact, entry velocity, and exit velocity of mass. The stability of motion is checked using the closed-form expressions of elements of a 2×2 stability governing matrix. These elements are obtained by considering only first-order perturbations in periodic motion. Theoretical predictions based on exact solution agree with previous results and with results obtained using a numerical simulation approach. The relationships are studied in detail between input parameters (such as amplitude of external force, frequency of external force, bias force, gap, spring stiffness and damping constants) and output parameters (such as contact duration, phase angle at contact, entry velocity, exit velocity, maximum displacement and minimum displacement).
Structure of the continental margin of southwestern Panama

In southern Panama, a change from convergent to transform plate motion at the continental margin influenced the history of the associated continental shelf. Normal subduction of the Farallon and Cocos plates near Coiba Island (82° W, 7.5°N) off southern Panama ceased ∼3–5 m.y. ago when left-lateral transform motion was introduced due to the passage of the Nazca-Cocos-Caribbean triple junction. Subduction of the Farallon and Cocos plates during the Tertiary Period was accompanied by the landward development of a volcanic basement with a thick overlying sedimentary sequence. Mid-Tertiary uplift of the basement resulted in an unconformable surface which since subsided, was covered with shelf deposits, and was structurally faulted and folded. An industry 24-fold multichannel seismic profile which crosses the continental shelf on the Gulf of Chiriqui, near Coiba Island, is presented. The outer continental shelf here is topographically downbowed by a sedimentary basin. The mid-Tertiary acoustic basement is about 1 km beneath the basin and rises to the ocean floor between the basin and the shelf break. It probably represents a mid-Miocene erosional surface of the volcanic basement. Disruption of the acoustic basement and the overlying sedimentary reflectors indicates Quaternary episodes of normal faulting associated with the transform boundary. The Gulf of Osa, Costa Rica, is situated northwest of the triple junction and is presently undergoing subduction. Comparison of a seismic profile across the Gulf of Osa continental shelf with the Panama seismic profile reveals an acoustic basement with similar characteristics, but it is not cut by the high-angle faults which are present in the Gulf of Chiriqui. These faults may have been introduced in Panama by the conversion from a convergent to a transform plate boundary. Several of these faults may be projected across the continental shelf under the Gulf of Chiriqui for more than 100 km.
Morphological Differentiation induced by Prostaglandin in Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells in Culture

PROSTAGLANDIN is known to affect concentrations of cyclic AMP in some cells1. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP induces irreversible differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells in vitro2, which raises the question of whether prostaglandin would mimic this effect. I report here that prostaglandins (PG)E1 and PGE2 induce irreversible morphological differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture as shown by axon formation, whereas PGF2α does not.
Robustness of the exponential sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) when Weibull distributed failures are transformed using a “known” shape parameter

Abstract Assumptions accompanying exponential failure models are often not met in the life-testing of many products. Several authors have suggested sequential life testing techniques that transform Weibull failure times to an exponential density using the “known” Weibull shape parameter. In practice, this parameter is never known and must be estimated. This paper demonstrates that procedures based on this transformation are extremely sensitive to mis-specification of the shape parameter. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the shape parameter may be estimated with enough precision to successfully implement these procedures. Using a Weibull sequential test without the transformation yields better results; however, sensitivity analysis to shape parameter mis-specification is recommended before any specific test is implemented.
COMPARISON OF RESULTS YIELDED BY SEVERAL STATISTICAL MEASURES OF SCHOOL DESEGREGATION

Summary.-Several measures of school desegregation were computed for all public school districts in Florida. Outcomes of desegregation comparisons by district size indicated that selection of a particular index dictates the results. Implications for the validity of desegregation studies were discussed. Efforts to desegregate America's public schools have resulted in numerous attempts to formulate statistical measures of success (Cisin, 1970; Coleman, 1975; Farley & Taeuber, 1981; Rossell & Crain, 1973; Theil & Finizza, 1971). Typically the indices discussed here have taken the form of a unitary scale such thac their bounds are 0 and 1. In each case the formulation of an index has been accompanied by the notion thac it is monotone to the level of desegregation (or segregation) in a school system. Varying theoretical perspectives, however, have resulted in measures which have rhe pocential for producing conflicting results.' The purpose of this paper was to compare several desegregation indices when applied in the same situation. Procedure The sample comprised all 67 county school districts in the State of Florida. School enrollment daca for the 1978-79 school year were obtained for every school in the state from the management-information system of the Stare Department of Education. The size of the districts ranged from 880 to approximately 300,000. Five indices of desegregarion or racial isolation were computed for each district. The measures obtained from rhe literature represent a wide range of approaches to the quantitative assessment of desegregation. They do, however, have a strong point of congruence. The architects of each have made claims for the validity of that measure for the assessment of desegregarion. The five indices were as follows: Theil and Finizza's Measzcre of Racial Entropy ( 1971).
Nuclear excitation by electronic transition in 189 Os

Monochromatic x rays have been used to explore the phenomenon of nuclear excitation by electronic transition (NEET) in the ${}^{189}\mathrm{Os}$ atomic/nuclear system. A new theoretical approach to calculating this process has also been developed and predicts a value for the ``NEET probability,'' ${P}_{\mathit{NEET}},$ of $1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}.$ ${P}_{\mathit{NEET}}$ is the probability that a given atomic excitation (in this case a K vacancy), will result in the excitation of a specific nuclear state (in this case the 69.5-keV level in ${}^{189}\mathrm{Os}).$ This value is much lower than most of the calculated values given in the literature for this system. Our measurement gives the result ${P}_{\mathit{NEET}}l9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10},$ an upper limit which is several orders of magnitude lower than the values found in previous measurements, but which is consistent with the new calculation.