cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eating up the food web.

Crafting effective responses to problems faced by the world’s oceans requires that we grasp the social drivers compelling harmful patterns of ocean use. One of the disquieting consequences of fishing is reduction in the mean trophic level of commercially captured species (fishing down the food web). While the trophic level of fisheries catch has declined in nearly two-thirds of the world’s ecosystems, the social drivers underpinning this have been assumed or asserted, not quantified. Here, we examine patterns in seafood cookbooks as a means to gain insight into the social drivers underlying the changes observed in the trophic level of capture fisheries. We searched libraries in Washington and Oregon, U.S. for seafood cookbooks published within the U.S. Pacific Northwest. We uncovered 3092 recipes published between 1885 and 2007 that met our criteria. We found large increases in average trophic level of recipes over time (‘eating up the food web’). This occurred largely because low trophic level invertebrates decreased in their frequency, while the representation of high-trophic level rockfish (Sebastes spp.), increased. We contend that cookbooks reveal much about the societal value of high trophic level species. Ultimately, sustainability of fisheries and marine ecosystems is not solely a biophysical problem – sustainability must also include the viability of socially shaped relationships between people and the sea. Knowledge of the drivers underlying the pattern of ‘eating up the food web’ should aide in developing policies that move beyond managing pressures (fishing), but also deal with the social drivers that generate those pressures.
Effects of isradipine, a new calcium antagonist, versus hydrochlorothiazide on serum lipids and apolipoproteins in patients with systemic hypertension.

Abstract The effect of isradipine versus hydrochlorothiazide on the lipid profile of 44 hypertensive patients was investigated in a double-blind, randomized, 2-center trial. Lipid profiles included total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL subclasses, (HDL 2 and HDL 3 ), low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-1 and apolipoprotein B. Isradipine had no effect on the lipid profile in short- (4 and 10 week) or long-term (52 week) studies. Hydrochlorothiazide increased serum triglycerides in 11 of 13 patients by a mean of 8% for the group (p
Preneoplastic conditions underlying bile duct cancer.

Background Malignancies arising from the biliary tract can arise from the epithelial lining of the biliary tract and surrounding tissues. Conditions that predispose to malignancy as well as preneoplastic changes in biliary tract epithelia have been identified. In this overview, we discuss preneoplastic conditions of the biliary tract and emphasize their clinical relevance.
The impact of genetic syndromes on children's growth

Genetic syndromes that include short stature are recognized by their effect on children's growth rates, by their effect on the growth rate and pubertal development in adolescence, and by the presence of stigmata associated with certain syndromes. The effects of Down, Seckel, Turner, Russell-Silver, Prader-Willi, and Noonan syndromes on growth and the growth-inhibiting features of achondroplasia, hypophosphatemic rickets, and Laron dwarfism are reviewed. The terminology used by professionals in discussing genetic alterations should minimize the effects of labeling and stigmatization and should emphasize the normal aspects of a child's life.
Melanoma Knowledge and Sun Protection Attitudes and Behaviors among College Students by Gender and Skin Type

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the melanoma and sun protection knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of college students attending a large Midwestern university. Further, gender and skin type (fair, medium, or dark) were examined as potential intervening variables. Results indicate that the college students studied had low knowledge levels related to melanoma and sun prevention behaviors. Their attitudes toward sun protection were in the medium range, being neither strongly positive nor negative. Their general sun protection behaviors and specific sunscreen use behaviors were fairly poor. Both gender and skin type were found to have a significant impact on melanoma knowledge and sun protection attitudes and behaviors. Females and those with fair skin were more knowledgeable and had better attitudes and behaviors. Implications of these findings for health educators are thoroughly discussed.
Unified microscopic approach to the interplay of pinned-Wigner-solid and liquid behavior of the lowest Landau-level states in the neighborhood of ν=(1)/(3)

Recently observed microwave resonances in the spectrum of a two-dimensional electon gas under high magnetic fields in the neighborhood of the fractional filling $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/3$ were interpreted as signatures of a weakly pinned Wigner solid. Using the rotating-and-vibrating electron-molecule (RVEM) theory [Yannouleas and Landman, Phys. Rev. B 66, 115315 (2002); Phys. Rev. A 81, 023609 (2010)], in conjunction with exact diagonalization, a unified microscopic approach is developed for the interplay between liquid fractional-quantum-Hall-effect (FQHE) and Wigner-solid states in the lowest Landau level (LLL) in the neighborhood of $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/3$. In contrast to more traditional treatments, the RVEM theory utilizes a single class of variational wave functions for the description of both the FQHE liquid and Wigner-solid states, and their coexistence. Liquid characteristics of the FQHE states are associated with the symmetry-conserving rotations and vibrations of the electron molecule. The liquid characteristics, however, coexist with intrinsic correlations that are crystalline in nature, as revealed by the conditional probability distributions. Although the electron densities of the symmetry-conserving LLL states do not exhibit crystalline patterns, the intrinsic crystalline correlations are reflected in the emergence of cusp yrast states in the LLL spectra. These cusp states correspond to fractional fillings in the thermodynamic limit and are the only ones to provide the global ground states of the system. It is shown that away from the exact fractional fillings, weak pinning perturbations (due to weak disorder) may overcome the energy gaps between adjacent global states and generate pinned broken symmetry ground states as a superposition of symmetry-conserving LLL states with different total angular momenta. The electron densities of such mixed states (without good angular momentum quantum numbers) exhibit oscillating patterns that correspond to molecular crystallites. These pinned Wigner crystallites represent finite-size precursors of the bulk Wigner-solid state. It is further shown that the emergence of these molecular crystallites is a consequence of the presence of RVEM components in the symmetry-conserving LLL states. In addition, it is shown that the RVEM approach accounts for the Wigner-solid state in the neighborhood of $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$, which was also found in the experiments. Utilizing results for sizes in a wide range from $N=6$ to 29 electrons, we address the extrapolation to the thermodynamic limit of the energetics of pinned Wigner crystallites, showing development of a crystal of enhanced stability due to contributions of quantum correlations. Furthermore, we address the size evolution of the crystal motifs (culminating in a hexagonal bulk two-dimensional Wigner lattice).
Cooperative Transients In Inter-Atomic Correlation In The Presence Of An Externally Applied Coherent Field: Relation To Intrinsic Mirrorless Optical Bistability

AbstractOur model, presented earlier, which predicts the circumstances under which intrinsic mirrorless optical bistability (OB) can occur due to atomic pair correlation in a small volume, is outlined and the results presented. These results, which predict a first-order phase transition in steady state for an externally- driven collection of a large number of atoms far removed from t her mo dynamic equilibrium, forms the motivation for a detailed microscopic examination of the dynamical behavior of atomic pair correlation in the pre­ sence of externally-applied coherent radiation. A model is presented and results are dis­ cussed for the transient dynamic evolution of two, two-level atoms separated from each other by a distance r in the presence of an externally-applied coherent radiation field. The results predict collective radiation reaction, frequency shifts, relaxation in terms of the atomic separation r (assumed much larger than single atom dimensions), the ex­ ternally-applied field intensity and spacial uniformity of the field with respect to the in t er - a tomi c vo 1 ume .IntroductionIn a previous calculation , we considered the steady-state response of a collection of N two-level atoms to the electromagnetic field in the dipole approximation. The electro­ magnetic field which interacts with the atoms was comprised of an internal field, to which the atoms can react spontaneously, and an externally-applied field which was taken to be in a coherent state. - The contributions from inter-atomic correlation by atomic pair in­ teraction via the internal radiation field was treated explicitly. In order to emphasize the nature of the collective atomic aspects, the atoms of the material were considered to be confined to a volume Vg of dimension which is much smaller than the resonance wave­ length X associated with°the atomic bare-state separation.In the electric dipole and rotating wave approximation, the Hamiltonian which . describes the system is, 1,3 -j_n units such thatn = c = 1H =00 N ^ ia> t N+ £ £ g^a. + h.c. + oTe ° I a. +h.c. , (1)k=o j=l ' * k J Jwhere e is the atomic bare state frequency and &o is the externally-applied field carrier frequency. The atomic operators are the usual Pauli operators, and a is the Rabi fre­ quency of the electromagnetic field envelope.After unitarily transforming to the doubly rotating frame , with rotation rates oo 0, to eliminate the explicit time-dependency in (1) and upon adiabatic elimination of the field variables1* 3, ai< (t) and a£(t), in steady state, then in the Heisenberg representation, the interaction part of (1) becomes
Association within twin pairs for a dichotomous trait.

We propose an odds-ratio measure of twin association for a dichotomous trait. This odds ratio can be estimated without arbitrarily specifying an index twin and without estimating additional nuisance parameters. Tests of association and confidence intervals may be computed easily, in contrast to those proposed previously [Donner et al. (1995) Genet Epidemiol 12:267–277] for a correlation measure of association. For testing homogeneity of association in two samples of twins, monozygotic and dizygotic, we propose a large-sample test and an exact test, both based on the odds-ratio parameterization. Large-sample tests of homogeneity are slightly anti-conservative when some cell counts are small, and the exact test may be preferred in these situations. We also propose a log-linear parameterization useful for modeling more complex data sets. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stability analysis of a class of biological network models

In this paper, we establish stability conditions for a special class of interconnected systems arisen in several biochemical applications. It is known that most of the biochemical processes can be represented using quasi-polynomial systems. We show that a special class of quasi-polynomial systems can be cast in the Lotka-Volterra canonical form. We study the asymptotic stability properties of a class of quasi-polynomial systems which are relevant to biological network models. First, we show that under some sufficient conditions the solutions of the quasi-polynomial systems (in the positive orthant) converge to the set of equilibrium points. These results are applied to parameterized models of three different biological systems: generalized mass action (GMA) model, an oscillating biochemical network, and a reduced order model with Hill function. We show that one can find the range of parameters for which a given parameterized model is stable.
The comet Halley diamagnetic cavity boundary

The magnetometer onboard the Giotto spacecraft observed a diamagnetic cavity surrounding the nucleus of comet Halley. A narrow transition layer with enhanced plasma density is formed at this shock-like boundary as a flux of cometary ions flowing into it from within the cavity is removed by electron-ion recombination. We examine the structure of this layer using both a two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical model and a one- dimensional hybrid code.
Crisis bargaining, domestic opposition, and tragic wars:

Why do democracies sometimes fight long, politically divisive wars that end poorly? I argue that electoral accountability, induced by party competition, can sometimes promote this and other tragic outcomes. To demonstrate this, I analyze a bargaining model in which one state is conceived of as a unitary actor while the other consists of a government and an opposition that is motivated both by electoral ambition and concern for the national interest. Perhaps surprisingly, it is the opposition’s concern for the national interest that causes the most tragic outcomes, as they may choose not to advocate peace when doing so would prevent war so as to avoid undercutting the government’s bargaining position. I close with a discussion of why the United States appears to be particularly prone to such tragic outcomes, treating the Vietnam War as an illustrative example.
The exercise bronchoprovocation test: standardization of procedures and evaluation of response.

Patients with asthma frequently develop acute, reversible, and usually self-terminating airway obstruction after or near the end of strenuous muscle exercise.‘. 2 This response may require quantitative assessment because of the poor correlation that exists between historical and laboratory evidence for exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB),:’ and it can be used to provoke airway obstruction in patients with suspected, but unconfirmed asthma. During the past few years a number of tests have been developed for the assessment of EIB. The increased utilization of such procedures makes standardization of the methods timely and necessary so that safe and adequate techniques are used and so that results obtained in different laboratories can be compared.
Development of Micrometastases: Earliest Events Detected With Bacterial lacZ Gene-Tagged Tumor Cells

For the study of micrometastases at their earliest stages, we transfected the lacZ gene, which codes for beta-D-galactosidase in Escherichia coli, into BALB/c 3T3 cells transformed by the Ha-ras oncogene (also known as HRAS1) of a human EJ bladder carcinoma. These cells were subsequently injected into 6-week-old, female athymic NCR-NU nude mice by several routes. With chromogenic detection of the product of the lacZ gene (a heterologous gene not observed in animal cells) by use of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, we easily identified tumor cells implanted in the lungs minutes after intravenous injection by the intensely blue staining of the cells harboring the lacZ gene. The number of lung-associated tumor cells remained constant for several hours after intravenous injection but then decreased to a stable level by 24 hours. At most sites of lung invasion, multiple tumor cells, rather than single cells, were identified; this finding suggests that cooperation among multiple cells may be important in the early stages of micrometastasis development. Within several days, a few foci of micrometastases were expanding by proliferation and/or migration of individual tumor cells among host lung cells. These results confirm that the lacZ gene is an ultrasensitive histochemical marker for analyzing both qualitatively and quantitatively the earliest stages of micrometastasis development in the lung and in other organs where micrometastases may ensue.
Deformation of extreme viscoelastic metals and composites

The figure of merit for structural damping and damping layer applications is the product of stiffness E and damping tan δ. For most materials, even practical polymer damping layers, E tan δ is less than 0.6 GPa. We consider several methods to achieve high values of this figure of merit: high damping metals, metal matrix composites and composites containing constituents of negative stiffness. As for high damping metals, damping of polycrystalline zinc was determined and compared with InSn studied earlier. Damping of Zn is less dependent on frequency than that of InSn, so Zn is superior at high frequency. High damping and large stiffness anomalies are possible in viscoelastic composites with inclusions of negative stiffness. Negative stiffness entails a reversal of the usual directional relationship between force and displacement in deformed objects. An isolated object with negative stiffness is unstable, but an inclusion embedded in a composite matrix can be stabilized under some circumstances. Ferroelastic domains in the vicinity of a phase transition can exhibit a region of negative stiffness. Metal matrix composites containing vanadium dioxide were prepared and studied. The concentration of embedded particles was sensitive to the processing method.
A Graphical Model of Keystone Predators in Food Webs: Trophic Regulation of Abundance, Incidence, and Diversity Patterns in Communities

I analyze a model of species interactions involving species that compete for a single resource and share a common "keystone predator" to study the "bottom-up" effects of productivity (potential car...
Cellular factors and IE62 activation of VZV promoters.

The varicella zoster virus IE62 protein transactivates promoters representing all three kinetic classes of viral genes. This is accomplished in conjunction with the general transcription machinery of the cell and specific cellular transcription factors that act at sites located within viral promoters. The incidence of a subset of specific recognition sites was examined for the ubiquitous cellular factors Sp1 and USF within the VZV genome. Evidence is also presented for a direct physical interaction between Sp1 and IE62.
Antigen-directed retention of an autoimmune T-cell line.

Abstract We have used the T-cell-mediated, organ-specific autoimmune disease model of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in the Lewis rat to study antigen-directed retention of autoimmune T helper cells in the target organ. We have compared the migration into the eye of two T-helper-cell lines: ThS, specific for retinal S antigen (S-Ag), that is uveitogenic to normal syngeneic recipients, and ThP, specific to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), that is non-uveitogenic. The retention of adoptively transferred 51Cr-labeled ThS and ThP was studied up to the stage of disease induction in unprimed animals, during the acute stage of EAU induced by active immunization with S-Ag, and during the acute stage of a uveitis induced by a nonocular antigen (bovine serum albumin, BSA). Low numbers of cells from the two lymphocyte lines were detected in the eyes of unprimed animals, with no obvious increase of ThS over ThP, despite induction of EAU in the recipient animals by the injected ThS cells. In S-Ag-induced EAU many more ThS accumulated in the eye than ThP. In BSA uveitis both T-cell lines accumulated in the eye to the same extent, but more than in control noninflamed eyes. These results demonstrate the presence of increased antigen-specific retention of circulating autoimmune T helper lymphocytes during the acute stage of an ocular antigen-specific, but not ocular antigen nonspecific, inflammation. Since detectable accumulation of ThS cells in the eye was not a prerequisite for the induction of EAU, this phenomenon appears to be the result, rather than the cause, of the autoimmune process.
Aesthetic problems in chemical peeling.

Abstract. Questionnaires were mailed to six physicians experienced in chemical peels regarding common problems encountered in the procedure. They are: Thomas H. Alt, M.D., Minneapolis, MN; Samuel J. Stegman, M.D., San Francisco, CA; James J. Stagnone, M.D., Albuquerque, NM; Robert Kotler, M.D., Los Angeles, CA; William H. Beeson, M.D., Indianapolis, IN; and Paul S. Collins, M.D., San Luis Obispo, CA. Their answers are presented in a panel format.
Effect of temperature on the fracture properties of epoxy polymer concrete

Abstract Fracture behavior of epoxy polymer concrete was investigated at various temperature and resin content using single edge notched beams loaded in four-point bending. The temperature was varied between 22°C and 120°C and the polymer content between 10% and 18% of the total weight of polymer concrete. The results were analyzed to examine the applicability of various fracture parameters such as critical stress intensity factor (K IC ), critical value of J-integral (J IC ) and fracture surface energy γ IC to characterize the fracture behavior of epoxy polymer and polymer concrete. The K IC for both epoxy polymer and polymer concrete reduces with increase in temperature while J IC and γ IC go through a maximum within the range of temperature considered in this study. All the fracture parameters increase with increase in polymer content. Epoxy polymer is more notch sensitive than polymer concrete. While the notch sensitivity of epoxy polymer decreases with increase in temperature, 14% polymer concrete remains almost unchanged up to 60°C.
"Biographical Lives" Revisited and Extended*

After reviewing the history, rationale, and Jim Rachels’ varied uses of the notion of biographical lives, the essay further develops its social dimensions and proposes an ontological analysis. Whether one person is leading one life or more turns on the number of separate social worlds he or she creates and maintains. Furthermore, lives are constituted by narrated events in a story. Lives, however, are not stories, but rather are extended “verbal objects,” that is, “narrative objects” with a hybrid character, both linguistic and by inference non-verbal. In this they are like facts, propositions, and histories, grasped only through their verbal expression. Being narrative and socially embedded, lives can arguably be extended beyond the death of the principal liver of a life by the commemorative actions of those who shared it. Jim hoped to persuade doctors to shift from a traditional Sanctity of Life principle to a Sanctity of Lives principle. Accordingly, they could stop pointless prolongation of biological life once a patient permanently loses consciousness, his criterion of the end of a biographical life. It might seem that allowing lives to be extended past that point or death would forego that clinical benefit, but that is not so.
Effects of afterload reduction on vena contracta width in mitral regurgitation

Objectives. We used color Doppler flow mapping to determine whether vena contracta width (VCW) is a load-independent measure of the severity of mitral regurgitation. Background. VCW has been proposed to be a relatively load-independent measure of mitral regurgitation severity in flow models using a fixed orifice. However, in patients with mitral regurgitation, VCW may not be load independent because of a dynamic regurgitant orifice. Methods. VCW, effective regurgitant orifice area and regurgitant volume were measured by quantitative Doppler mapping in 31 patients with chronic mitral regurgitation at baseline and during nitroprusside infusion. Patients with rheumatic heart disease, annular calcification or endocarditis were considered to have a fixed regurgitant orifice, whereas patients with mitral valve prolapse, dilated cardiomyopathy or ischemia were considered to have a dynamic regurgitant orifice. Results. Systolic blood pressure (148 ± 27 to 115 ± 25 mm Hg) and end-systolic wall stress (121 ± 50 to 89 ± 36) decreased with nitroprusside (p < 0.05). Although nitroprusside did not significantly change mean values for VCW (0.5 ± 0.2 to 0.5 ± 0.2 cm), regurgitant volume (69 ± 47 to 69 ± 56 ml) or effective regurgitant orifice area (0.5 ± 0.4 to 0.5 ± 0.6 cm2), individual patients exhibited marked directional variability. Specifically, VCW decreased in 16 patients (improved mitral regurgitation), remained unchanged in 7 patients and increased in 8 patients (worsened mitral regurgitation) with nitroprusside. Also, the VCW response to nitroprusside was concordant with changes in effective regurgitant orifice area and regurgitant volume, and was not different between dynamic and fixed orifice groups. Conclusions. Contrary to the results from in vitro studies, VCW is not load independent in patients with mitral regurgitation caused by dynamic changes in the regurgitant orifice. The origin of mitral regurgitation does not predict accurately whether the regurgitant orifice is fixed or dynamic. Finally, short-term vasodilation with nitroprusside may significantly worsen the severity of mitral regurgitation in some patients.
The effects of latamoxef, cefotaxime, and cefoperazone on platelet function and coagulation in normal volunteers

A bleeding diathesis characterized by in-vitro platelet dysfunction and prolongation of the template bleeding time (TBT) has been reported in patients receiving latamoxef ('moxalactam'), but not cefotaxime or cefoperazone. Hypoprothrombinaemia has been associated with the use of both latamoxef and cefoperazone in seriously ill and malnourished patients. We administered either latamoxef, cefotaxime or cefoperazone intravenously, at dosages within the range recommended by each manufacturer, to 14 normal volunteers. Latamoxef caused a dose and time dependent defect in platelet function characterized in vitro by abnormalities in aggregation to adenosine diphosphate and in vivo by prolongation of the template bleeding time. In two out of two subjects, a single 4 g dose of latamoxef caused neither prolongation of template bleeding times nor aggregation abnormalities. Two out of two subjects receiving latamoxef 6 g/day for six days had progressive prolongation of bleeding times to 12 and 15 min. Two additional subjects receiving latamoxef 12 g/day for four days had prolongation of template bleeding times to greater than 20 min. Of four subjects receiving cefotaxime 12 g/day for seven days, none had prolongation of template bleeding times or abnormalities in platelet aggregations. Of four subjects receiving cefoperazone 6 g/day, none had significant prolongation of template bleeding times and one had abnormalities in aggregation attributed to inadvertent salicylate ingestion. Prolongation of the prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time did not occur in any of the 14 volunteers. Latamoxef is more likely to interfere with platelet function than either cefotaxime or cefoperazone.
Models of asynchronous packet-switched multiple and partial multiple bus systems

Abstract Bus-based systems are very attractive because they are simple and easy to use. Most of the models available in the literature for bus-based systems are for circuit-switched systems. The throughput of a packet-switched system is higher than that of the circuit-switched system due to the fact that in a packet-switched system all the resources can be used at their own speed. Some models of packet-switched multiple bus systems are available in literature [2], where read and write references are treated equally. This means that a processor is blocked after it submits a memory reference, and it is kept in the blocked state until it receives the operand (for a read reference) or an acknowledge signal (for a write reference) from the memory. Some extra throughput can be obtained if the processors are allowed to go back to computation immediately after they submit write references. Stanford's DASH multiprocessor system [20] uses such a technique. This paper shows analytical models to determine the performance of packet-switched multiple and partial multiple bus systems, where the processors are blocked after read references but not after write references. The analytical models have been verified by the simulation models. The results show that when 20% of the memory references are for write operations, 12% more throughput can be achieved if the processors are not blocked after write references.
High Risk Students in Junior College: A Special Program.

The college student who is considered a “high academic risk” offers to teachers, counselors, and curricula a great challenge. Most “bright” students have to exert little effort to achieve academic successs; however, there are other students for whom learning comes only with great personal effort, as well as great patience and concern on the part of their instructors, who can also benefit from higher education. The results of Projectspeed, representing one attempt to do something with high-risk students, strongly suggest that developmental programs can have a measurably positive influence upon their participants.
Angular Distribution of Electrons Elastically Scattered from Copper Surfaces, Polished and Textured by Argon Flux

Angular distributions of the elastically scattered secondary electrons from two kinds of Cu surfaces, polished and textured by 2 keV Ar+ have been studied in the energy range from 50 eV to 2 keV. The results show that for the polished Cu surface the elastic scattering process is dominated by atomic scattering from single atoms (although, contributions from othei processes are also important). However when the textured surface was studied, new multiple peaks appeared on the angular distributions. Positions of these peaks for the various angles of incidence and primary energies indicate that their origin lies in the diffraction of the primary electrons on some kind of a polycrystalline structure. This structure is probably created by the process of recrystallization induced by ion sputtering similar to the sputtering induced crystallization process already known for some oxides and nonmetallic compounds.
Short-lived fission product measurements from >0.1 MeV neutron-induced fission using boron carbide

A boron carbide shield was designed, custom fabricated, and used to create a fast fission energy neutron spectrum. The fissionable isotopes 233, 235, 238U, 237Np, and 239Pu were separately placed inside of this shield and irradiated under pulsed conditions at the Washington State University 1 MW TRIGA reactor. A unique set of fission product gamma spectra were collected at short times (4 min to 1 week) post-fission. Gamma spectra were collected on single-crystal high purity germanium detectors and on Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s Direct Simultaneous Measurement system composed of HPGe detectors connected in coincidence. This work defines the experimental methods used to produce and collect the gamma data, and demonstrates the validity of the measurements. It is important to fully document this information so the data can be used with high confidence for the advancement of nuclear science and non-proliferation applications. The gamma spectra collected in these and other experiments are publicly available at https://spcollab.pnnl.gov/sites/gammadata/default.aspx or via the link at http://rdnsgroup.pnnl.gov. A revised version of this publication will be posted with the data to make the experimental details available to those using the data.
Cycle time distribution in circulating systems

Abstract The cycle time distribution (CTD) within closed, continuously circulating systems is defined and related to the residence time distributions of flow regions which make up such systems. Examples of the application of the CTD are noted and experimental methods for determining CTDs for various systems are summarized.
Mevalonate metabolism: role of kidneys

More than one-half of the amount of mevalonate that is metabolized by pathways not leading to sterols is accounted for by the action of the kidneys. Conversion of mevalonate in vivo to squalene and sterols in the kidneys is confined almost entirely to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in the cortex. More sterol than squalene is synthesized from mevalonate not only in the liver but also in the kidney.
Collagen formation and calcification in teleost scales.

Electron microscopy of scales from the marine teleost Hippoglossoides elassodon (Pleuronectidae) indicates a morphological and functional similarity to bone and teeth in that a cellular layer apparently deposits collagen fibers which increase in diameter in extracellular locations. The collagen fibers form layers with fiber axes alternating at approximately 90° in the plane of the scale so that the overall structure resembles plywood. The evidence suggests that the matrix between the fibers becomes more concentrated, finally crystallizing by the deposition of material resembling hydroxyapatite located between and within the collagen fibers.
The structure of time-optimal trajectories for single-input systems in the plane: the general real analytic case

For arbitrary single-input real analytic systems in the plane, in which the control enters linearly, we prove that the time-optimal trajectories are finite concatenations of “bang-bang” and singular arcs, with local bounds on the number of switchings. No “nondegeneracy” assumption is made other than real-analyticity. The analysis proceeds by applying our previous results on nondegenerate $C^\infty $ systems to study the behavior of the trajectories on a neighborhood of every point, except for the points in a discrete set of “branch points.” The branch points are then handled by a combination of control-theoretic arguments and the use of subanalytic set theory.
Characterization of a micro-helium discharge detector for gas chromatography

Abstract The characterization of a miniaturized helium discharge ionization detector (μHDID) for micro gas chromatography through a number of parameterized experimental measurements is presented. The response of the detector is directly related to the He discharge voltage, bias electrode-to-discharge distance, and collector-to-bias distance by a simple mathematical expression. The effect of the bias voltage and the bias and collector electrode spacings relative to the He discharge were found to improve the detector response as much as 12-fold depending on the design and various operational parameters. The detection of octane from a headspace injection was performed over 24 h of continuous operation with no noticeable degradation. Finally, a sensitivity test for octane in air was conducted using the design and parameters with the best response to obtain an absolute limit of detection of 60 pg for octane in air at 3.3 mW.
The rise of ROS

I gratefully acknowledge the generous, and continuous, support of my work over many years by the US Department of Energy, National Institute of Health, National Science Foundation, Department of Agriculture, and Environmental Protection Agency.
Mitochondrial imaging in dorsal root ganglion neurons following the application of inducible adenoviral vector expressing two fluorescent proteins.

Mitochondrial morphology and dynamics are known to vary considerably depending on the cell type and organism studied. The objective of this study was to assess the potential application of adenoviral-fluorescent protein constructs for long-term tracking of mitochondria in neurons. An adenoviral vector containing two fluorescent proteins, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) targeted to the cytoplasm to highlight the neuronal processes, and the red fluorescent protein (RFP) directed to mitochondria under the control of an inducible promoter, facilitated an efficient and accurate method to study mitochondrial dynamics in long-term studies. Dorsal root ganglion neurons from rat embryos were cultured and infected. The infected neurons exhibited green fluorescence after 24 h, while 16 h following induction with doxycycline, red fluorescence protein began to localize within mitochondria. The red fluorescent protein was transported into mitochondria at the cell body followed by distribution within processes. As the neurons aged, the expression of red fluorescent protein was confined to cytoplasmic vacuoles and not mitochondria. Further analysis suggested that the cytoplasmic vacuoles were likely of lysosomal origin. Taken together, the current study presents novel strategies to study the life history of cellular organelles such as mitochondria in long-term studies.
Chromatographic analysis of biologically active lipids from rabbit irides

Extraction of lipids from rabbit irides and subsequent gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatographic analysis of these extracts revealed the presence of a very low concentration of a biologically active substance(s). The active substance(s) represents one or more derivatives of prostanoic acid containing one or more hydroxyl groups in the molecule. Because these materials had little effect on ocular pressure, but did reduce pupil size in rabbits, it is likely that the active material is in the prostaglandin F family of compounds.
Community: issues, definitions, and operationalization on the web

This paper addresses the concepts of community and online community and discusses the physical, functional, and symbolic characteristics of a community that have formed the basis for traditional definitions. It applies a four-dimensional perspective of space and place (i.e., shape, structure, context, and experience) as a framework for refining the definition of traditional offline communities and for developing a definition of online communities that can be effectively operationalized. The methods and quantitative measures of social network analysis are proposed as appropriate tools for investigating the nature and function of communities because they can be used to quantify the typically subjective social phenomena generally associated with communities.
Determination of the secondary structure and global topology of the 44 kDa ectodomain of gp41 of the simian immunodeficiency virus by multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract The gp41 protein of the human (HIV) and simian (SIV) immunodeficiency viruses is part of the envelope glycoprotein complex gp41/gp120 which plays an essential role in viral infection. We present a multidimensional NMR study on the trimeric 44 kDa soluble ectodomain of SIV gp41 (e-gp41), comprising residues 27 to 149. Despite the large molecular weight and very limited spectral dispersion, complete backbone 1H, 13C, 13CO and 15N assignments have been made using a combination of triple resonance experiments on uniformly 13C/15N and 2H/13C/15N-labeled samples. The secondary structure of SIV e-gp41, derived on the basis of 13C chemical shifts, NH exchange rates, medium range nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE), and 3JHNα coupling constants, consists of a 49 residue helix at the N terminus (residues 29 to 77) and a 40 residue helix at the C terminus (residues 108 to 147), connected by a 30 residue loop which does not display any of the characteristics of regular secondary structure. The cross-peak intensities of the loop region in scalar correlation experiments suggests that it is more mobile than the core helical regions. The presence, however, of numerous long range NOEs, both intra and inter-subunit, within the loop indicates that it adopts a well-defined structure in which the loops from the three subunits interact with each other. Based on a number of long range intra and inter-subunit NOEs, a topological model is presented for the symmetric SIV e-gp41 trimer in which the N-terminal helices are packed within the protein interior in a parallel trimeric coiled-coil arrangement, while the C-terminal helices are located on the protein exterior, oriented antiparallel to the N-terminal helices.
Periodicity of the Earth's magnetic reversals

Reversals of the Earth's magnetic field may occur with a certain regularity. Using observed percentages of normal and reversed polarity during different time intervals, Negi and Tiwari1 detected several significant periodicities, notably one of 32–34 Myr. Raup2 used the dates of individual reversals to propose a 30-Myr period in the frequency of reversals, although Mazaud et al.3 obtained a periodicity of only 15 Myr. Like Negi and Tiwari's1 other detected short periods, the 15-Myr period may be harmonically related to a basic 30-Myr period4. It has also been suggested that these are accidental periodicities arising in a short record5,6, or are harmonics of the record length itself7. In fact, all of the cited studies have used different data, different record lengths and different methods of time-series analysis. Raup8 has consequently retracted his original claim. Here I present a much fuller analyis of the reversal record and show that a statistically significant period of ∼30 Myr does formally exist, in spite of the cited differences.
Distribution of Juvenile Bull Trout in a Thermal Gradient of a Plunge Pool in Granite Creek, Idaho

Abstract The distribution of juvenile bull trout Salvelinus confluentus was observed on three nights (0000–0200 hours) during July 24–28, 1992, in a large plunge pool in Granite Creek, a direct tributary to Lake Pend Oreille in northern Idaho. The pool contained a strong side-to-side thermal gradient (8–15°C) created by the confluence of Granite Creek (water temperature 15°C) with Sullivan Springs, a much colder (8°C) stream of comparable discharge. Juvenile bull trout chose the coldest water available (8–9°C). Distribution of bull trout within the plunge pool could not be attributed to differences in water depth, substrate, velocity, overhanging cover, or interactions with other fish.
A pharmacokinetic comparison of the corn oil versus microemulsion gelcap formulation of cyclosporin used de novo after renal transplantation

The initial poor absorption of the corn oil-based, gel capsule oral formulation of cyclosporin (CyA) greatly limits its use for inception of immunosuppressive therapy. Insufficient drug concentrations during the early post-transplant period predispose to renal allograft rejection. The present study served to compare the time required to achieve therapeutic CyA concentrations after de novo administration of the corn oil-based gel capsule (CyA-GC; n = 11) versus the microemulsion (CyA-ME; n = 11) formulation of CyA. During the 1st month after renal transplantation, patients underwent serial pharmacokinetic profiling from which we obtained observed and dose-corrected values of several parameters. Although patients in neither the CyA-GC nor the CyA-ME group adequately absorbed the drug during days 0–2, from day 3 to 4 patients in the CyA-ME group showed significantly greater absorption than those in the CyA-GC group (P = 0.041). Patients in the CyA-ME group reached the 1st month target average concentration (Cav) values ( ≥ 550 ng/ml) earlier than those in the CyA-GC group and required significantly lower daily CyA doses (P = 0.018). We conclude that therapeutic CyA levels can be achieved more rapidly and with lower doses of the drug after de novo administration of CyA-ME than with CyA-GC.
Improved trough for ultramicrotomy.

Troughs made of metal or tape have been used to provide liquid reservoirs for ultrathin sectioning with glass knives (Hayat 1970). However, these types of trough have certain limitations. the metal trough is difficult to use and its paraffin seal is easily broken, causing leaks. Hayat(1970) has even suggested that fumes from heating this paraffin may be carcinogenic. the tape trough is easier to seal but deforms easily while sections are being collected and does not always provide an even surface for the observation of interference colors. This report describes a method of making inexpensive plastic troughs that can provide a reservoir comparable to those used with diamond knives.
The contradictions of social democracy and the boundaries of hope

On May 12, 2008, my first child was born at the Mercy Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Actually, it was an outer suburb called Heidelberg, near where we were living at the time, but that is not important to the quasi-parable that begins this review. What is important is that, after a difficult birth and five minutes of oxygen assisted breathing, she began her life with the fabulous privilege of having two of the best citizenships in the world, as attested by the strange chubby-faced, slightly dazed looking mug shots on her US and Australian passports. I am very happy to know that if she winds up as one of those people who live to work, she can easily access the world's biggest and most important job, retail, music, capital, etc., market in the former. And if, instead, she is somebody who works to live, somebody who cultivates relationships, neighborhood, and community, there is always Australia, with its subsidized universities, penurious but reliable dole, and free hospitals, like Heidelberg's Mercy, where she spent her first 48 hours wrapped in swaddling in a gorgeous corner room, alone with her mom, looking out over the rolling hills that were once farm lands and are now an upscale suburb. Everything, including the oxygen, was free, paid for by the Australian working class. With babies suffering from hunger, dysentery, blindness, and other preventable tragedies of the combined and uneven development of the world capitalist system
Geomagnetic activity effects on thermospheric tides: a compendium of theoretical predictions

Abstract The theoretical effects of auroral activity on thermospheric tides are investigated using simulations from the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere-ionosphere general circulation model. Simulations for March, June, and December during solar cycle minimum and maximum are presented for three levels of geomagnetic activity representing quiet, moderate, and disturbed conditions. The mean, diurnal, and semidiurnal components of the model neutral temperatures and horizontal winds at geographic longitude 70 ° W at 17.5 ° N, 42.5 ° N, and 67.5 ° N are examined. The model predicts that the effects of varying geomagnetic activity are larger at solar cycle minimum than solar cycle maximum and increase with increasing latitude and altitude. In general, the predicted mean temperatures increase, the mean zonal winds become more westward and the mean meridional winds more equatorward as geomagnetic activity increases. In the upper thermosphere, the effects of geomagnetic activity on the mean and tidal neutral winds and temperatures are such that diurnal temperature amplitudes decrease, diurnal zonal winds generally decrease at low and middle latitudes and increase at high latitudes, and diurnal meridional winds increase; semidiurnal amplitudes generally increase. At low altitudes in high latitudes, increasing levels of geomagnetic activity cause tidal amplitudes to increase strongly, peaking near 140 km. At middle latitudes, the lower thermosphere diurnal winds increase in March and June and decrease in December. At low latitudes, the effects at low altitudes are generally small and complex. Comparison with observational and other theoretical results is inconclusive because of a lack of data.
Globular warming: how fat gets to the furnace

Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) transport lipid calories to tissues that need energy, but TRLs can also contribute to obesity and vascular disease. A newly discovered pathway shows how cold exposure increases the uptake and combustion of TRLs by brown adipose tissue, thereby correcting harmful hyperlipidemias (pages 200–205).
The possible role of the mitochondrial bound creatine kinase in regulation of mitochondrial respiration.

Abstract It was shown recently that skeletal and heart muscle mitochondria contain bound creatine kinase; the bound enzyme is different from the cytoplasmic one (Jacobs, Heldt and Klingenberg, 1964) . Because this enzyme is able, in the presence of creatine, to regenerate ADP continuously as phosphate acceptor for the respiratory chain it might have a role in the control of mitochondrial respiration in response to the requirements of muscle contraction. This paper presents quantitative data on the role of bound creatine kinase in mitochondrial respiration and gives evidence that extra mitochondrial adenine nucleotides are required for the function of this acceptor system which does not act as an acceptor for intramitochondrial ATP.