cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the use of non-detrital dissolved organic matter by microheterotrophs on plant detritus in a woodland stream

SUMMARY 1. Recent studies provide evidence for the use of exudates from living plants by epilithic microheterotrophs in streams. This study investigated the possible use of such non-detrital sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by streatn microheterotrophs colonizing leaf litter. Biomass of bacteria and of fungi accumulating in situ on autumn-shed leaves in flow-through troughs from which light was excluded was compared to that accumulating on leaves in troughs open to natural illumination. 2. In experiments repeated at different times of year and in different stream sections, greater biomass of microheterotrophs consistently accumulated on the leaf detritus in troughs open to natural illumination. Differences in water temperature or in grazing of leaf surfaces by macroinvertebrates could not account for these consistent differences. Further, greater microheterotroph biomass accumulated on light- and dark-incubated leaves in a stream section relatively open to sunlight, compared to corresponding leaves in a section heavily shaded by canopy and understorey vegetation. 3. These and other results suggest that, to some yet undetermined extent, detritus-associated microheterotrophs use non-detrital DOM. This conclusion is consistent with a priori predictions based on consideration of microbial energetics involved in the use of detrital versus non-detrital DOM. 4. Studies of trophic pathways in streams and other aquatic habitats have failed to assess some potentially important sources of non-detrital DOM. The ability of available techniques to assess the relative roles of detrital and non-detrital sources of DOM is evaluated, and alternative approaches to this problem are suggested.
Dolomites from the Alekseev deposits

Two samples of Alekseev dolomite that were studied can be classified as DK-2 grade as specified by TU-14-2-232-77, and two samples DSM-1 as specified by OST 1484-82. Lime-periclase powder for converter refractories from sample 1T can be obtained by firing in a rotary kiln at 1720–1750°C; from sample 4T at 1750°C; and standard metallurgical dolomite grade DOM-1 as specified by OST 1485-82 from samples 2T, 3T — at 1700–1720°C.
The Social Ladder: A Rank-Based Perspective on Social Class

Scholars across the social sciences have studied social class for centuries. In this review, we suggest that social class is a fundamental means by which individuals are ranked on the social ladder of society. A rank-based perspective on social class shines light on several future areas of research: Specifically, understanding how social class ranks individuals vis-a-vis others leads to predictions about how class is signaled in interactions, influences social cognition and health, is shaped by global economic inequality trends, and changes across the life course. Importantly, our theory highlights the potential of experimental manipulations of social class rank for testing the causal role of social class in shaping basic patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior. Future predictions regarding the channels of social class rank signals, along with how position on the social ladder shapes political attitudes and interacts with cultural values, are considered.
Towards a ZHO output impedance UPS system

The spectrum of loads requiring clean uninterruptible power has expanded substantially during recent years. Since a number of these loads are unbalanced and/or non-linear, today's typical UBS can no longer guarantee clean power for a large portion of loads without additives and/or interfacing techniques. This paper provides a categorization of these loads, presents a thorough analysis of their effects, and surveys present partial solutions. Further, this paper presents a topology of a low impRianop 3-φ high power inverter stage to substantially alleviate the present difficulties UPS's are faced with when dealing with the new breed of loads.
Molecular marker test standardization.

A review of the status of standardization of laboratory tests of particular interest to oncologists is presented. Currently, relatively few of these tests are standardized; as a result, interlaboratory and interinstitutional comparison of data is problematic. In 1992, additional interlaboratory studies of common tumor markers will be initiated by the College of American Pathologists. The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards also has begun to develop standard methods and guidelines for these important tests
Regulation of the retinal determination gene dachshund in the embryonic head and developing eye of Drosophila

The retinal determination gene dachshund is distantly related to the family of Ski/Sno proto-oncogenes and influences the development of a wide range of tissues including the embryonic head, optic lobes, brain, central nervous system as well as the post-embryonic leg, wing, genital and eye-antennal discs. We were interested in the regulatory mechanisms that control the dynamic expression pattern of dachshund and in this report we set out to ascertain how the transcription of dachshund is modulated in the embryonic head and developing eye-antennal imaginal disc. We demonstrate that the TGFβ signaling cascade, the transcription factor zerknullt and several other patterning genes prevent dachshund from being expressed inappropriately within the embryonic head. Additionally, we show that several members of the eye specification cascade influence the transcription of dachshund during normal and ectopic eye development. Our results suggest that dachshund is regulated by a complex combinatorial code of transcription factors and signaling pathways. Unraveling this code may lead to an understanding of how dachshund regulates the development of many diverse tissue types including the eye.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF Cu NUCLEAR RELAXATION RATES AND THE ANISOTROPY IN Y1Ba2Cu3O7 BELOW Tc: EVIDENCE FOR AN UNCONVENTIONAL PAIRING STATE

The Cu nuclear relaxation rate W1 and their anisotropy ratio in the superconducting state are studied within a BCS pairing framework. Assuming that the strong scattering found in the normal state persists below Tc, the temperature dependence of W1 for both s-wave and d-wave pairing are shown to agree with experiments. However only in the d-wave case is the anisotropy ratio W1a/W1c found to drop near Tc and to increase at lower T, as observed in recent experiments. This provides strong evidence for the existence of the BCS coherence factors and an unconventional pairing state.
Description of Non-Specific and Specific Solute-Solvent Interactions in Liquid Chromatography with Mixed Eluents

Abstract A new description of solute retention in liquid chromatography with mixed eluents is proposed. This description involves non-specific solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions in the mobile and surface phases as well as association equilibria occuring in these phases. The general equation derived for the distribution coefficient is discussed with respect to the displacement and partition mechanisms of solute distribution between the mobile and surface phases.
A Comparison of Savings Account and Financial Asset Holdings of Bank and Savings and Loan Depositors

With the advent of numerous new types of savings accounts, the author conducted a study to determine the consumer usage of these new accounts and the relative ability of banks and savings and loans to retain their current savings account customers. He also investigated the financial asset holdings of savers.
Eocene-Oligocene extinction and paleoclimatic change near Eugene, Oregon

Thick ash-fl ow tuffs provide marker beds through fossiliferous Eocene and Oligocene marine and non-marine sedimentary rocks near Eugene, Oregon. New mapping, radiometric dating, and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of these tuffs and rocks now allow dating of local fossil fl oras. The Comstock, Goshen, Rujada, and Willamette fl oras have been widely used as evidence for Eocene-Oligocene climatic cooling and drying. Eocene leaves from Comstock and Hobart Butte included such thermophilic taxa as Liquidambar. The early Oligocene Goshen fl ora lacked Liquidambar but retained many thermophilic species with large leaves that have entire margins and acuminate apices (drip tips). In contrast, fossil leaves from later Oligocene Rujada and Willamette fl oras are small and serrate, and most lack drip tips. Marine faunas also indicate climatic cooling and local disappearance of thermophilic molluscs such as Anadara, Ficus, and Conus. Our dating and compilation of plant and molluscan fossil occurrences indicate a steady rise in species diversity from 46 Ma to maximal diversity of thermophilic taxa at 35‐34 Ma, then extinctions of 60% of plant species after 33.4 Ma and 32% of marine invertebrates after 33.2 Ma, both signifi cantly postdating the Eocene-Oligocene boundary at 33.7 Ma. Plant diversity rebounds during the early Oligocene, but marine invertebrates continue to decline into the Oligocene in part due to the retreat of fully marine environments from the Eugene area. Neither these data, nor evidence from coeval fossil plants and soils in central Oregon, support the notion of a “Terminal Eocene Event,” nor any other single, abrupt paleoclimatic shift or extinction. The Eocene-Oligocene biotic and climatic transition was drawn out over some 6 m.y. Abrupt forcings such as meteorite impacts or volcanic eruptions are less likely explanations for cooling and diversity decline than long-term processes such as mountain building, changing ocean currents, or reorganization of the carbon cycle by coevolution of grasses and grazers.
Renormalization group analysis of magnetic and superconducting instabilities near van Hove band fillings

Phase diagrams of the two-dimensional one-band t-t' Hubbard model are obtained within the two-patch and temperature-cutoff many-patch renormalization group approaches. At small t' and at van Hove band fillings antiferromagnetism dominates, while with increasing t' or changing filling antiferromagnetism is replaced by d-wave superconductivity. Near t'=t/2 and close to van Hove band fillings the system is unstable towards ferromagnetism. Away from van Hove band fillings this ferromagnetic instability is replaced by a region with dominating triplet p-wave superconducting correlations. The results of the renormalization-group approach are compared with the mean-field results and the results of the T-matrix approximation.
T-cell activation and receptor downmodulation precede deletion induced by mucosally administered antigen

The fate of antigen-specific T cells was characterized in myelin basic protein (MBP) T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (Tg) mice after oral administration of MBP. Peripheral Th cells are immediately activated in vivo, as indicated by upregulation of CD69 and increased cytokine responses (Th1 and Th2). Concurrently, surface TCR expression diminishes and internal TCR levels increase. When challenged for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis during TCR downmodulation, Tg mice are protected from disease. To characterize Th cells at later times after antigen feeding, it was necessary to prevent thymic release of naive Tg cells. Therefore, adult Tg mice were thymectomized before treatment. TCR expression returns in thymectomized Tg mice 3 days after MBP feeding and then ultimately declines in conjunction with MBP-specific proliferation and cytokine responses (Th1-type and Th2-type). The decline correlates with an increase in apoptosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that a high dose of fed antigen induces early T-cell activation and TCR downmodulation, followed by an intermediate stage of anergy and subsequent deletion.
Radiation use efficiency and leaf CO2 exchange for diverse C4 grasses.

Abstract Biomass accumulation of different grass species can be quantified by leaf area index (LAI) development, the Beer–Lambert light interception function, and a species-specific radiation-use efficiency (RUE). The object of this field study was to compare RUE values and leaf CO 2 exchange rates (CER) for four C 4 grasses. Biomass, LAI, and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted were measured during three growing seasons. CER was measured on several dates and at several positions in the canopies. Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) had the greatest RUE whereas sideoats grama [ Bouteloua curtipendula (Michaux) Torrey] had the lowest. Big bluestem ( Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and eastern gamagrass [ Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.] values were intermediate. The two species with the greatest differences in RUE, switchgrass and sideoats grama, had similar relative amounts partitioned to roots. Likewise differences among species in the accumulation of soil carbon showed trends similar to total shoot biomass production. The light extinction coefficients ( k ) of switchgrass, big bluestem, and eastern gamagrass were smaller than for sideoats grama, implying that light was more effectively scattered down into the leaf canopy of the first three grasses. Whole canopy CER values were calculated with a stratified canopy approach, using LAI values, the Beer–Lambert formula with appropriate extinction coefficients, and CER light response curves. Differences among species in RUE were similar to these values for estimated whole-canopy CER divided by the fraction of light that was intercepted. High LAI along with low k contributed to higher RUE in switchgrass, in spite of lower values for single-leaf CER.
Effects of dietary animal proteins on growth and body composition of the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional value of various dietary proteins for juvenile red drum. In the first 8-week feeding trial, diets containing similar quantities of lipid, carbohydrate, available energy and ash with 35% crude protein from either lyophilized whole-body croaker ( Micropogon undulatus ), striated beef muscle, red drum processing waste or commercially processed menhaden ( Brevoortia tyrannus ) fish meal were fed to juvenile red drum in brackish (6 ppt) water along with a control diet containing lyophilized muscle of red drum. The control diet produced significantly ( P
Parametric Study of the Generation of Shocks in Near-Critical Turbofan Nozzles

The purpose of this investigation is to identify the factors that contribute to internal shocks in the nozzles of engines operated at high subcritical pressure ratios and determine whether these factors can be controlled through design of the nozzle geometry. A number of parametrically generated nozzle geometries were tested using the computational fluid dynamics solver Wind-US, and the peak Mach numbers in the jet stream and the size and geometry of the shocks were extracted from the computational solutions. Axisymmetric and three-dimensional calculations found that regions of high curvature near the nozzle exit are the strongest factor to contribute to the generation of internal shocks. The strength of these shocks can be controlled by altering the nozzle design to move high-curvature regions upstream without changing the total nozzle length. Shocks can also be weakened and even eliminated by stretching the nozzle axially, reducing the curvature throughout. If a given nozzle profile is extended axially in this manner, there is a monotonic and nearly linear relationship between the length of the nozzle and the thrust it can produce before generating an internal shock. Finally, small corners or rough areas on a nozzle wall in the critical region near the nozzle exit can exacerbate the turning effects that cause internal shocks to form.
Research of Dynamics Simulation of a Six-DOF Segment Erector for Tunnel Boring Machine

In order to solve the problems such as more restriction conditions, complicated interference and longer design periods in the design process of segment erector for Tunnel Boring Machine, it is necessary to study on the dynamics simulation of TBM segment erector. The 3D virtual assembling model of a tunnel segment erector is built based on Pro/E software according to its design parameters such as structure and size. The model is simplified and optimized reasonably and various constraints are applied under variety working conditions. The dynamics characteristics of drives and the forces of each part are obtained and they will provide a boundary condition for strength check and basis for the power system design which is important for the further optimal design. The simulation results also provide an important reference for the mechanism design and type selection design for the power system of segment erector and design cycle is shortened for TBM segment erector.
Weight concerns among male smokers

Many smokers perceive that smoking controls their body weight and that stopping smoking leads to weight gain. This study examined characteristics associated with weight concerns in 72 male smokers enrolled in a controlled trial for smoking cessation. Motivation to quit smoking was found to be significantly lower in those with weight concerns (P < .001). Further investigation is needed to enable the tailoring of interventions for weight-concerned male smokers.
The Gravitational lens system B1422+231: Dark matter, superluminal expansion and the hubble constant

A gravitational lens model of the radio quasar B1422+231 is presented which can account for the image arrangement and approximately for the relative magnifications. The locations of the principal lensing mass and a more distant secondary mass concentration were predicted and subsequently luminous galaxies were found at these locations. This argues against the existence of substantial numbers of ``dark'' galaxies. The model suggests that if the compact radio source is intrinsically superluminal then the observed component motions may be as large as ~100c with image B moving in the opposite direction to images A and C. The prospects for a measuring the Hubble constant from a model incorporating lens galaxy locations, compact radio source expansion speeds and radio time delays, if and when these are measured, are briefly assessed.
Identifying Optimal Spectral Bands from In-situ Measurements of Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands using Second Derivative Analysis

Abstract Extensive, in situ, reflectance spectra (i.e., 252 bands) were acquired for the dominant botanical and substrate classes within Prentiss Bay and Horseshoe Bay, Lake Huron. These spectral radiance measurements were transformed into relative percent reflectance and then resampled to emulate the band configurations of the airborne, hyperspectral imagery that was also acquired of the sites. Second-derivative analysis was applied to these transformed spectra in order to identify which spectral bands were the most botanically explanative (i.e., optimal) for the differentiation of coastal wetland vegetation in the Great Lakes. This research identified 8 optimal bands in the visible–NIR wavelength region (in order of decreasing importance: 685.5, 731.5, 939.9, 514.9, 812.3, 835.5, 823.9 and 560.1 nm) that appear to contain the majority of the coastal wetland information content of the full spectral resolution, 48-band, hyperspectral signatures. A reduction of band number without significant information loss is important because it makes it practical to utilize small pixels without fear of sacrificing the ability to differentiate the botanical communities.
Regularity property of Donsker's delta function

LetL be the space of rapidly decreasing smooth functions on ℝ andL * its dual space. Let (L 2)+ and (L 2)− be the spaces of test Brownian functionals and generalized Brownian functionals, respectively, on the white noise spaceL * with standard Gaussian measure. The Donsker delta functionδ(B(t)−x) is in (L 2)− and admits the series representation $$\delta (B(t) - x) = (2\pi t)^{ - 1/2} \exp ( - x^2 /2t)\sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {(n!2^n )^{ - 1} H_n (x/\sqrt {2t} )} \times H_n (B(t)/\sqrt {2t} )$$ , whereH n is the Hermite polynomial of degreen. It is shown that forφ in (L 2)+,g t,φ(x)≡〈δ(B(t)−x), φ〉 is inL and the linear map takingφ intog t,φ is continuous from (L 2)+ intoL. This implies that forf inL * is a generalized Brownian functional and admits the series representation $$f(B(t)) = (2\pi t)^{ - 1/2} \sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {(n!2^n )^{ - 1} \langle f,\xi _{n, t} \rangle } H_n (B(t)/\sqrt {2t} )$$ , whereξ n,t is the Hermite function of degreen with parametert. This series representation is used to prove the Ito lemma forf inL *, $$f(B(t)) = f(B(u)) + \int_u^t {\partial _s^ * } f'(B(s)) ds + (1/2)\int_u^t {f''} (B(s)) ds$$ , where∂ * is the adjoint of $$\dot B(s)$$ -differentiation operator∂ s .
Remarks on $\aone$-homotopy groups of smooth toric models

We extend previous results on A 1 -homotopy groups of smooth proper toric varieties to the case of smooth proper toric models, i.e., smooth proper equivariant compactifications of possibly non-split tori, in characteristic 0.
Eigenvector mapping: a method for discerning solvent effects on vibrational spectra.

This paper reports a density functional theory (DFT) analysis of the adenine spectra in a hydrogen-bonding environment. We compare the theoretical vibrational spectra of 26 model systems in which water has been hydrogen bonded to adenine with the experimental frequencies of the solid state infrared spectra (150–1700 cm −1 ) of polycrystalline adenine and the experimental frequencies observed in matrix isolation spectra of adenine [J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 3527]. The vibrational eigenvectors of adenine are compared by taking the dot product to determine how the normal modes of the 15-adenine atoms are affected by different hydrogen bonding geometries. Using the isolated adenine molecule as a reference permits a comparison of different calculated spectra in terms of the projections of various normal modes and the determination of the potential energy redistribution among normal modes. This method creates a map of the normal modes using the isolated adenine molecule as a reference. Improvement in agreement between the polycrystalline data and a model of adenine with four waters is most striking. The improvement in the fit between matrix isolation data and a model of adenine with a single water was not as dramatic as the fit seen for the polycrystalline data, but the fact that a single hydrogen-bonded water shifted the spectra of the model to a closer fit than that of isolated adenine is important. We call this method eigenvector mapping. The eigenvector mapping method can be used to extract the normal modes of a parent molecule from a solvent model system. The application of this method is important because it aids in the interpretation of complex molecular interactions in terms of the spectrum of an isolated molecule. The eigenvector mapping procedure will be shown to greatly improve the correspondence between the model and the experimental data. © 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Ultralow Resistance Ohmic Contacts for p-Channel InGaSb Field-Effect Transistors

We demonstrate ultralow ohmic contact resistance to antimonide-based, p-channel quantum-well field-effect transistor (QW-FET) structures using a new p+-InAs/InAsSb cap structure. The incorporation of a p+-InAsSb layer enables the use of a thicker cap with lower sheet resistance, resulting in an improved contact resistivity. Using a Pd-based ohmic scheme, the composite cap structure resulted in a $4\times $ reduction in contact resistance compared with a standard p+-InAs cap. This translates into nearly $3\times $ improvement in the $g_{m}$ of fabricated InGaSb p-channel QW-FETs. Furthermore, Ni contacts on the composite cap were fabricated and a contact resistance of 45 $\Omega \cdot \mu \text{m}$ was obtained. An accurate contact resistivity extraction in this very low range is possible through nanotransmission line models with sub-100 nm contacts. In devices of this kind with Ni-based contacts, we derive an ultralow contact resistivity of $5.2 \cdot 10 ^{-8}~\Omega \cdot \textrm {cm}^{2}$ .
Patient-Centered Performance Management: Enhancing Value for Patients and Health Care Systems

All too often, the US healthcare system fails patients at two levels. Some patients fail to receive care that would clearly help them, while other patients receive care that will not benefit them (and may even be harmful).1,2 Worse, clinicians also might fail to inform patients about the risks and benefits they might incur from even simple and common treatments. Instead, the current focus on “one-size-fits-all” guidelines and performance measures (e.g., all patients should achieve a specified blood pressure [BP] threshold) discount key commitments to personalizing care based on individual risks and preferences, even to the point of promoting unnecessary and harmful treatment.3,4
Direct oxidation of L-cysteine by [FeIII(bpy)2(CN)2]+ and [FeIII(bpy)(CN)4]-.

The oxidation of l-cysteine by the outer-sphere oxidants [Fe(bpy)2(CN)2]+ and [Fe(bpy)(CN)4]- in anaerobic aqueous solution is highly susceptible to catalysis by trace amounts of copper ions. This copper catalysis is effectively inhibited with the addition of 1.0 mM dipicolinic acid for the reduction of [Fe(bpy)2(CN)2]+ and is completely suppressed with the addition of 5.0 mM EDTA (pH 10.0) for the reduction of [Fe(bpy)(CN)4]-. 1H NMR and UV−vis spectra show that the products of the direct (uncatalyzed) reactions are the corresponding Fe(II) complexes and, when no radical scavengers are present, l-cystine, both being formed quantitatively. The two reactions display mild kinetic inhibition by Fe(II), and the inhibition can be suppressed by the free radical scavenger PBN (N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone). At 25 °C and μ = 0.1 M and under conditions where inhibition by Fe(II) is insignificant, the general rate law is −d[Fe(III)]/dt = k[cysteine]to...
Indirect Presidential Influence, State-Level Approval, and Voting in the U.S. Senate

In the current era of polarization, bipartisanship between a president and senators of the opposite party seems unlikely. Yet, we expect that given a senator’s desire to please his constituents and ensure reelection, if a president is popular with constituents in a senator’s home state, he can have an indirect influence on the senator’s votes. We test this relationship using state-level presidential approval data, which are a district level cue for senators. The results suggest that when a president is popular with a senator’s constituents, the senator becomes increasingly likely to cast a vote in support of the president’s agenda regardless of partisanship. In fact, as approval in an opposite party senator’s state increases, his agreement rate increases by a greater margin than it does for senators of the president’s party. We also test the effect of reelection and determine that it tempers the bipartisanship a popular president can incite.
Universality in the bulk holds close to given points

Let @m be a measure with compact support. Assume that @x is a Lebesgue point of @m and that @m^' is positive and continuous at @x. Let {A"n} be a sequence of positive numbers with limit ~. We show that one can choose @x"[email protected]?[@x-A"nn,@x+A"nn] such that limn->~K"n(@x"n,@x"[email protected]?"n(@x"n,@x"n))K"n(@x"n,@x"n)[email protected]@pa, uniformly for a in compact subsets of the plane. Here K"n is the nth reproducing kernel for @m, and [email protected]?"n is its normalized cousin. Thus universality in the bulk holds on a sequence close to @x, without having to assume that @m is a regular measure. Similar results are established for sequences of measures.
A CMOS amplitude detector for RF-BIST and calibration

In this work, we present a wideband CMOS RF amplitude detector for on-chip self-test and calibration. The proposed detector offers a high conversion gain (−10V/V), thus allowing for very fine detection of RF amplitude changes, and has a wide dynamic range enabling detection of RF peak amplitude changes between 0 and 0.7V. Additionally, its wideband capabilities make it especially useful for today's multiband multi-standard applications such as WLAN and WiMAX. The detector is built in 0.18µm CMOS and uses a 1.8V power supply.
The effect of reserpine, chlorpromazine and nembutal on levels of dipeptides in rat brain and muscle

Abstract Rat brain levels of histidine, carnosine, and homocarnosine were determined after intraperitoneal injection of chlorpromazine (CPZ), sodium pentobarbital (PB), or reserpine (RSP). At the same time, rat muscle levels of histidine, carnosine, and anserine were determined. RSP, CPZ, and PB significantly lowered brain homocarnosine levels and RSP raised histidine levels. RSP, CPZ, and PB significantly lowered levels of muscle carnosine and anserine. PB and CPZ also lowered levels of muscle histidine.
John Dewey's Contribution to School Discipline

(1985). John Dewey's Contribution to School Discipline. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 155-157.
Radioimmunotherapy for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) combines the targeting advantage of a monoclonal antibody with the radiosensitivity of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cells. There are now two radioimmunoconjugates (RICs) – ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin™) and tositumomab (Bexxar™) – that are approved by the FDA in the US for relapsed low-grade or follicular B-cell NHL. Both agents target the CD20 antigen on B-cell lymphoma cells. In relapsed disease, single doses of RIT produce an 80% overall response rate, with approximately 20% of patients achieving durable responses. RIT is very well tolerated and is delivered on an outpatient basis over 1 week. The only significant toxicity is reversible myelosuppression. Both RIT agents have demonstrated high anti-tumor activity in patients who are refractory to rituximab. Current trials are testing RIT as initial therapy with rituximab maintenance, as adjuvant therapy after chemotherapy, or in high-dose protocols with stem-cell support.
Interaction of Silver(I) Ions with the Respiratory Chain of Escherichia coli: An Electrochemical and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Study of the Antimicrobial Mechanism of Micromolar Ag+†

Electrochemical techniques were used to study the behavior of Escherichia coli on the addition of <or=10 microM AgNO(3). Respiration in the presence of glucose was measured using a Clark ultramicroelectrode to determine the oxygen concentration as a function of time. The rate of respiration increased initially upon the addition of silver(I) because of the uncoupling of the respiratory chain, followed by cessation of respiration. The toxicity of 1 microM AgNO(3), as determined by the time until respiration ceased, increased in the absence of glucose and in the presence of K(+). The uptake of 1 microM Ag(+), measured from the stripping peak height of Ag electrodeposited on a 25 microm Pt ultramicroelectrode, showed a fastest uptake in the presence of glucose, although glucose was not required for uptake. Efflux of Ag(+) from cells was also detected in the presence of glucose. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to follow the uptake of 1 microM Ag(+) by living and dead E. coli immobilized on a glass slide coated with poly-l-lysine. Ferricyanide was used as an alternative electron acceptor to oxygen to probe the site of inhibition of Ag(+) in the respiratory chain.
Effect of pH on the Degradation and Regeneration of Betanine

The influence of pH (3.0–7.0) on betanine stability in solution was studied based on proposed reversible reaction kinetics. The forward and reverse rate constants and their activation energies were determined and found to be pH dependent. The influence of pH on two degradation products showed that betalamic acid was most stable as the pH of the reaction increased, while cyclodopa-5–0-glucoside was more stable as the pH decreased. The results support the reported conclusion that betanine is most stable at an intermediate pH range (4.0–5.0).
New concepts in wound management

Many wound care techniques originate in antiquity, and despite tremendous advances, dogma still clouds common practices. Recent literature has sought to disprove long-held beliefs and introduce simpler methods. Topical anasthetics containing epinephrine may be a safe and effective adjunct to injected local anesthetics for the digits. Tap water may be an inexpensive alternative for wound irrigation. Clean, nonsterile gloves may be adequate for use during closure of routine lacerations. Tissue adhesive has become a common method for wound closure, and modifications have been introduced to overcome many of the product's shortfalls. Absorbable suture may be a cosmetically viable option for repairing skin lacerations. Finally, evaluation of the need for tetanus prophylaxis is an important, but possibly underused, finish to the wound care process.
Robust interfaces for mixed-timing systems

This paper presents several low-latency mixed-timing FIFO (first-in-first-out) interfaces designs that interface systems on a chip working at different speeds. The connected systems can be either synchronous or asynchronous. The designs are then adapted to work between systems with very long interconnect delays, by migrating a single-clock solution by Carloni et al. (1999, 2000, and 2001) (for "latency-insensitive" protocols) to mixed-timing domains. The new designs can be made arbitrarily robust with regard to metastability and interface operating speeds. Initial simulations for both latency and throughput are promising.
Organization Science as Social Construction Postmodern Potentials

We critically examine three major assumptions of modernist organization science: rational agency, empirical knowledge, and language as representation. With these assumptions problematized, we are positioned for a postmodern turn in the discipline. From a postmodern standpoint, we are moved to replace rational agency with communal rationality, empirical knowledge with social construction, and language as representation with language as action. Outcomes for an organization science place special emphasis on reconstructing and enriching the aims and methods of research and on critical reflection, generative theorizing, and scholarly action within organizations.
Lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To examine recent publications on lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis for changes in surgical techniques, selection criteria of patients, and impact on quality of life. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent evidence focuses on cystic fibrosis patient subsets enabling better decisions about listing for lung transplantation as a therapeutic option. There is information about Burkholderia cepacia infection, ventilator dependence, young age, and arthropathy. In the US, the United Network for Organ Sharing has addressed perceived inequities in organ distribution by allocating organs by illness severity rather than time on the waiting list. A Lung Allocation Score ranks severity for patients 12 years of age and older for transplantation based on variables including lung function, oxygen and ventilatory needs, diabetes, weight and physical performance. Some recently studied important variables that influence survival in cystic fibrosis and after lung transplantation, including airway infections, pancreatic exocrine function and acute exacerbations, are not included in the Lung Allocation Score. Few publications have examined quality of life after transplantation, and a definitive work has yet to appear. SUMMARY: New information has refined decision-making about lung transplantation for patients with cystic fibrosis. We examine recent findings and make recommendations for patients, families and medical providers.
Control of megakaryocyte expansion and bone marrow fibrosis by lysyl oxidase

Lysyl oxidase (LOX), a matrix cross-linking protein, is known to be selectively expressed and to enhance a fibrotic phenotype. A recent study of ours showed that LOX oxidizes the PDGF receptor-β (PDGFR-β), leading to amplified downstream signaling. Here, we examined the expression and functions of LOX in megakaryocytes (MKs), the platelet precursors. Cells committed to the MK lineage undergo mitotic proliferation to yield diploid cells, followed by endomitosis and acquisition of polyploidy. Intriguingly, LOX expression is detected in diploid-tetraploid MKs, but scarce in polyploid MKs. PDGFR-BB is an inducer of mitotic proliferation in MKs. LOX inhibition with β-aminopropionitrile reduces PDGFR-BB binding to cells and downstream signaling, as well as its proliferative effect on the MK lineage. Inhibition of LOX activity has no influence on MK polyploidy. We next rationalized that, in a system with an abundance of low ploidy MKs, LOX could be highly expressed and with functional significance. Thus, we resorted to GATA-1low mice, where there is an increase in low ploidy MKs, augmented levels of PDGF-BB, and an extensive matrix of fibers. MKs from these mice display high expression of LOX, compared with control mice. Importantly, treatment of GATA-1low mice with β-aminopropionitrile significantly improves the bone marrow fibrotic phenotype, and MK number in the spleen. Thus, our in vitro and in vivo data support a novel role for LOX in regulating MK expansion by PDGF-BB and suggest LOX as a new potential therapeutic target for myelofibrosis.
Pyramidal cell response to patterns of synaptic input believed to underlie gamma osillations

The fast oscillations induced in the piriform cortex in response to olfactory stimuli were first recorded some 50 years ago [1]. Since then, 30–80 Hz oscillations (also called gamma) have been found in many other cortical areas as well [4]. The ubiquity of stimulus-induced oscillatory activity in the brain suggests that the neural activity that underlies such oscillations might be critical to neural computation [2]. The question then becomes: How does one elucidate the neural activity that gives rise to these oscillations?
A robust architecture for distributed inference in sensor networks

Many inference problems that arise in sensor networks require the computation of a global conclusion that is consistent with local information known to each node. A large class of these problems---including probabilistic inference, regression, and control problems---can be solved by message passing on a data structure called a junction tree. In this paper, we present a distributed architecture for solving these problems that is robust to unreliable communication and node failures. In this architecture, the nodes of the sensor network assemble themselves into a junction tree and exchange messages between neighbors to solve the inference problem efficiently and exactly. A key part of the architecture is an efficient distributed algorithm for optimizing the choice of junction tree to minimize the communication and computation required by inference. We present experimental results from a prototype implementation on a 97-node Mica2 mote network, as well as simulation results for three applications: distributed sensor calibration, optimal control, and sensor field modeling. These experiments demonstrate that our distributed architecture can solve many important inference problems exactly, efficiently, and robustly.
Fetal reduction for hyperreactio luteinalis

Objective To present an unusual case of hyperreactio luteinalis and a comprehensive review of the recent literature. Hyperreactio luteinalis is a benign ovarian condition of pregnancy that at times becomes life threatening. The medical literature provides only case reports. Design Case report and systematic review of the literature. Setting University Center. Patient(s) A multiparous woman with polycystic ovary syndrome who underwent ovarian stimulation with oral and injectable medications and conceived triplets. She presented at 10 weeks of pregnancy with hyperreactio luteinalis. Intervention(s) Fetal reduction to singleton. Main Outcome Measure(s) Resolution of condition. Result(s) The condition resolved 6 weeks after fetal reduction. The patient delivered at term without further complications. Conclusion(s) Our review showed that many unnecessary surgeries are performed to treat hyperreactio luteinalis. When feasible, fetal reduction may improve outcome and represents an effective approach that does not compromise maternal well-being or future fertility.
Proinflammatory cytokines alter/reduce esophageal circular muscle contraction in experimental cat esophagitis

Cholinergic mechanisms are largely responsible for esophageal contraction in response to swallowing or to in vitro electrical field stimulation (EFS). After induction of experimental esophagitis by...
New Testament Textual Criticism Past, Present, and Future: Reflections on the Alands’ Text of the New Testament

History, theory, and practice are interwoven in most realms of human knowledge, yet students approaching a field often care little about its history; they are more concerned with its application and how the discipline is practiced. This may be illustrated from the physical and biological sciences, where it is common not only for novices but even experts to take an interest only very late—if at all—in the history of science, and more so among physicians, to whom the history of medicine is usually a curiosity at best. Students first grappling with NT textual criticism are not likely to be different—they want to know the “jargon,” the “rules,” and the basic methods that will permit them to practice the art and (as they are more likely to view it) the science of textual criticism. In this particular subfield of NT studies, however, the history and the practice of the discipline cannot easily be separated. After all, the canons of criticism—the so-called “rules” in textual criticism—are anything but objective standards that can be applied in a rigid, mechanical fashion.
Security and performance analysis of a secure clustering protocol for sensor networks

Clustering protocols are often used in sensor networks. In many deployment scenarios, security is a key concern. In this paper we provide a secure solution to a commonly used clustering protocol, the LEACH protocol. We show that our protocol, the GS-LEACH protocol is more energy efficient than any of the secure flavors of LEACH. The GS-LEACH (grid-based secure LEACH) protocol uses pre deployment key distribution using prior knowledge of the deployment area. We also provide a detailed security analysis of our protocol and show that it is more secure than the secure versions of LEACH. Finally with the results of our simulation experiments we show that our protocol is very energy efficient and provides a longer network lifetime compared to the other flavors of LEACH.
Circuit design and modeling for soft errors

As semiconductor devices decrease in size, soft errors are becoming a major issue that must be addressed at all stages of product definition. Even before prototype silicon chips are available for measuring, modeling must be able to predict soft-error rates with reasonable accuracy. As the technology matures, circuit test sites are produced and experimentally tested to determine representative fail rates of critical SRAM and flip-flop circuits. Circuit models are then fit to these experimental results and further test-site and product circuits are designed and modeled as needed.
The global revolution in public management: Driving themes, missing links

Since the late 1970s, a truly remarkable revolution has swept public management around the world. Understanding this revolution means sorting through three issues: the basic ideas of reform; the connections between the reforms and governmental processes, like budgeting and personnel; and the links between these processes and governance. These reforms have proven surprisingly productive but, in the process, they have raised a new generation of fundamentally important issues that have been largely unexplored.
Climatology and trends in the forcing of the stratospheric zonal-mean flow

Abstract. The momentum budget of the Transformed Eulerian-Mean (TEM) equation is calculated using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA-40) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis 2 (R-2). This study outlines the considerable contribution of unresolved waves, deduced to be gravity waves, to the forcing of the zonal-mean flow. A trend analysis, from 1980 to 2001, shows that the onset and break down of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) stratospheric polar night jet has a tendency to occur later in the season in the more recent years. This temporal shift follows long-term changes in planetary wave activity that are mainly due to synoptic waves, with a lag of one month. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), the polar vortex shows a tendency to persist further into the SH summertime. This also follows a statistically significant decrease in the intensity of the stationary EP flux divergence over the 1980–2001 period. Ozone depletion is well known for strengthening the polar vortex through the thermal wind balance. However, the results of this work show that the SH polar vortex does not experience any significant long-term changes until the month of December, even though the intensification of the ozone hole occurs mainly between September and November. This study suggests that the decrease in planetary wave activity in November provides an important feedback to the zonal wind as it delays the breakdown of the polar vortex. In addition, the absence of strong eddy feedback before November explains the lack of significant trends in the polar vortex in the SH early spring. A long-term weakening in the Brewer-Dobson (B-D) circulation in the polar region is identified in the NH winter and early spring and during the SH late spring and is likely driven by the decrease in planetary wave activity previously mentioned. During the rest of the year, there are large discrepancies in the representation of the B-D circulation and the unresolved waves between the two reanalyses, making trend analyses unreliable.
The pursuit of value co-creation: Engineering service applications to achieve customer satisfaction

Exceeding customers' expectations becomes the goal whenever service providers develop products or services based on the needs of their customers. From the perspective of Service Science, value co-creation or interactions between the service provider and the customer create a value proposition mutual to both service system entities. Utilizing the infrastructure of the Interact-Service-Proposal-Agreement-Realized (ISPAR) model, we define a methodology for gauging value co-creation that emphasizes both interactivity and value proposition realization as critical factors. We conduct a comparative case study of the product development cycle of two service applications, Strategic Call Management and Custom Call Flow Framework. Results indicate value co-creation is achieved when a high degree of interactivity is maintained throughout the product development cycle, resulting in a value proposition realization rate.
A historical review of the development of television pickup devices (1930&#8212;1976)

A personalized account of the development of television pickup devices during the period 1930-1976 is related by a research worker active in the field since 1942. The story begins with the iconoscope and image dissector tubes and concludes with solid-state sensors of the CCD and CID variety. While the development is technical, the details have been minimized to provide a more comprehensive view.
Metamaterials and Photonic Crystals in Warsaw

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: Metamaterials and Photonic Crystals in Warsaw” for OE Vol. 44 Issue 11