cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social and legal consequences of I.Q. tests as classification instruments: Some warnings from our past

Abstract Social science instruments are not neutral. The concepts they are imbedded in, the aspects of reality they enable us to see, all have social and political consequences. That school psychologists need to pay close attention to the sociopolitical implications of their assessment instruments is illustrated through the woeful history of the use and misuse of the concept of intelligence in the United States during the first third of this century.
Lossless convexification of a class of non-convex optimal control problems for linear systems

We consider a class of finite time horizon optimal control problems for continuous time linear systems with a convex cost, convex state constraints and non-convex control constraints. We propose a convex relaxation of the non-convex control constraints, and prove that the optimal solution of the relaxed problem is also an optimal solution for the original problem. This lossless convexification approach enables the use of interior point methods of convex optimization to obtain globally optimal solutions of the original non-convex optimal control problem. We demonstrate this solution approach with a number of planetary soft landing problems.
Variable property effects on convection in a heat generating porous medium

Convection heat transfer in a fluid-saturated porous medium has many applications, such as in oil and gas production, grain storage, and geothermal energy. A number of numerical studies have been carried out using Darcy's law to formulate the natural convection heat transfer mathematically in enclosures of internally heat-generating porous media. This paper uses Irmay's momentum equation for radial and axial equations that include inertia terms with models an internally heat-generating porous medium in a short, vertical circular cylinder (R = 2m, H = 4m). The cylinder side and top are isothermal and at the same temperature (T{sub {infinity}}). The bottom surface of the cylinder is adiabatic. The variations in density and viscosity with temperature and inertia are investigated. For slow flows, the effect of inertia would be expected to be small. For large temperature variations, the effects of variable dynamic viscosity and density are expected to be large. The density and the dynamic viscosity of air were represented by the relationships {rho} = {rho}{sub {infinity}} (1 {minus} (T {minus} T{sub {infinity}})/T) and v = v{sub {infinity}} (1 + 2(T {minus} T{sub {infinity}})/T{sub {infinity}}). These relationships for {rho} and v are accurate for air between 20 and 200C.
MHC bias of Mls-1 recognition is not influenced by thymic positive selection.

Abstract In contrast to T cell recognition of conventional peptide/MHC, T cell recognition of superantigen is not MHC-restricted. However, an influence of MHC polymorphism on specificity is consistent with accumulating data suggesting a TCR/MHC interaction during T cell recognition of superantigen. We have previously shown that T cells from Vβ8.1 β-chain transgenic mice show an unexpected bias against recognition of Mls-1 presented by H-2 d spleen cells. In the current studies we have examined whether thymic positive selection in H-2 d mice, which selects T cells that see conventional antigen preferentially in the context of H-2 d , is able to overcome the strong bias against recognition of Mls-1/H-2 d . The data show that transgenic T cells from both H-2 d and H-2 k mice have comparable reactivity. The failure of thymic positive selection to overcome the bias against Mls-1/H-2 d suggests that the orientation of the putative TCR/MHC interaction during recognition of Mls-1 is not the same as during recognition of conventional peptide/MHC.
Coordinate regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis and secretory pathway gene expression in XBP-1(S)-induced endoplasmic reticulum biogenesis

Development of the expansive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) present in specialized secretory cell types requires X-box-binding protein-1 (Xbp-1). Enforced expression of XBP-1(S), a transcriptional activator generated by unfolded protein response-mediated splicing of Xbp-1 mRNA, is sufficient to induce proliferation of rough ER. We previously showed that XBP-1(S)-induced ER biogenesis in fibroblasts correlates with increased production of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), the primary phospholipid of the ER membrane, and enhanced activities of the choline cytidylyltransferase (CCT) and cholinephosphotransferase enzymes in the cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) pathway of PtdCho biosynthesis. Here, we report that the level and synthesis of CCT, the rate-limiting enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway, is elevated in fibroblasts overexpressing XBP-1(S). Furthermore, overexpression experiments demonstrated that raising the activity of CCT, but not cholinephosphotransferase, is sufficient to augment PtdCho biosynthesis in fibroblasts, indicating that XBP-1(S) increases the output of the CDP-choline pathway primarily via its effects on CCT. Finally, fibroblasts overexpressing CCT up-regulated PtdCho synthesis to a level similar to that in XBP-1(S)-transduced cells but exhibited only a small increase in rough ER and no induction of secretory pathway genes. The more robust XBP-1(S)-induced ER expansion was accompanied by induction of a wide array of genes encoding proteins that function either in the ER or at other steps in the secretory pathway. We propose that XBP-1(S) regulates ER abundance by coordinately increasing the supply of membrane phospholipids and ER proteins, the key ingredients for ER biogenesis.
Prevalence of myocilin mutations in adults with primary open-angle glaucoma in Ghana, West Africa.

PURPOSE Investigators have noted that primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in West Africa has an earlier age of onset and appears to be more clinically severe than in the United States and Europe. Primary open-angle glaucoma patients with mutations in myocilin have a similar phenotype. Therefore, we investigated the role of mutations in myocilin in patients with POAG in a West African population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients seen at the Emmanuel Eye Clinic in Accra, Ghana, were recruited for this study. Informed consent was obtained from all study patients. Glaucoma specialists from the sponsoring institution (PC, LWH, or RRA) ascertained all POAG and control patients. Age-matched unaffected controls were obtained in patients with an IOP < 22 mm Hg and normal-appearing optic nerves. PCR amplification of each of the three myocilin exons was performed. Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (Transgenomics Corp.) was used to detect allelic differences and samples demonstrating a mobility shift were sequenced in both directions. RESULTS Ninety unrelated affecteds with POAG and 76 control patients were recruited. Four individuals with severe POAG were found to have novel missense mutations in exon 3. Two exhibit an Asp380Asn mutation and two an Arg342Lys mutation. These changes were not detected in 152 ethnically matched control chromosomes. Fourteen affected individuals and eight controls exhibit a translationally silent polymorphism in codon 325 (Thr325Thr). CONCLUSIONS A total of 4.4% of patients with POAG have novel disease-associated mutations in myocilin. Mutations in myocilin appear to play a limited role in the pathogenesis of POAG in this region of West Africa.
Therapeutic potential of α-crystallin

Abstract Background The findings that α-crystallins are multi-functional proteins with diverse biological functions have generated considerable interest in understanding their role in health and disease. Recent studies have shown that chaperone peptides of α-crystallin could be delivered into cultured cells and in experimental animals with beneficial effects against protein aggregation, oxidation, inflammation and apoptosis. Scope of review In this review, we will summarize the latest developments on the therapeutic potential of α-crystallins and their functional peptides. Major conclusions α-Crystallins and their functional peptides have shown significant favorable effects against several diseases. Their targeted delivery to tissues would be of great therapeutic benefit. However, α-crystallins can also function as disease-causing proteins. These seemingly contradictory functions must be carefully considered prior to their therapeutic use. General significance αA and αB-Crystallin are members of the small heat shock protein family. These proteins exhibit molecular chaperone and anti-apoptotic activities. The core crystallin domain within these proteins is largely responsible for these prosperities. Recent studies have identified peptides within the crystallin domain of both α- and αB-crystallins with remarkable chaperone and anti-apoptotic activities. Administration of α-crystallin or their functional peptides has shown substantial inhibition of pathologies in several diseases. However, α-crystallins have been shown to promote disease-causing pathways. These two sides of the proteins are discussed in this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Crystallin Biochemistry in Health and Disease.
Processing robustness for a phenylethynyl-terminated polyimide composite

The processability of a phenylethynyl terminated imide resin matrix (designated as PETI-5) composite is investigated. Unidirectional prepregs are made by coating an N-methylpyrrolidone solution of the amide acid oligomer (designated as PETAA-5/NMP) onto unsized IM7 fibers. Two batches of prepregs are used: one is made by NASA in-house, and the other is from an industrial source. The composite processing robustness is investigated with respect to the prepreg shelf life, the effect of B-staging conditions, and the optimal processing window. Prepreg rheology and open hole compression (OHC) strengths are found not to be affected by prolonged (i.e., up to 60 days) ambient storage. Rheological measurements indicate that the PETAA-5/NMP processability is only slightly affected over a wide range of B-stage temperatures from 250 deg C to 300 deg C. The OHC strength values are statistically indistinguishable among laminates consolidated using various B-staging conditions. An optimal processing window is established by means of the response surface methodology. IM7/PETAA-5/NMP prepreg is more sensitive to consolidation temperature than to pressure. A good consolidation is achievable at 371 deg C (700 deg F)/100 Psi, which yields an RT OHC strength of 62 Ksi. However, processability declines dramatically at temperatures below 350 deg C (662 deg F), as evidenced by the OHC strength values. The processability of the IM7/LARC(TM) PETI-5 prepreg was found to be robust.
Interpersonal Violence in the Lives of Urban American Indian and Alaska Native Women: Implications for Health, Mental Health, and Help-Seeking

Objective. We surveyed American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) women in New York City to determine the prevalence of 3 types of interpersonal violence among urban AIAN women and the behavioral health and mental health factors associated with this violence.Methods. Using a survey, we questioned 112 adult AIAN women in New York City about their experiences with interpersonal violence, mental health, HIV risk behaviors, and help-seeking. The sampling plan utilized a multiple-wave approach with modified respondent-driven sampling, chain referral, and target sampling.Results. Among respondents, over 65% had experienced some form of interpersonal violence, of which 28% reported childhood physical abuse, 48% reported rape, 40% reported a history of domestic violence, and 40% reported multiple victimization experiences. Overwhelmingly, women experienced high levels of emotional trauma related to these events. A history of interpersonal violence was associated with depression, dysphoria, help-seeking behaviors, and a...
Nonlinear Control of Bioprocess Using Feedback Linearization, Backstepping, and Luenberger Observers

This paper addresses the analysis, design, and application of observer-based nonlinear controls by combining feedback linearization (FBL) and backstepping (BS) techniques with Luenberger observers. Complete development of observer-based controls is presented for a bioprocess. Controllers using input-output feedback linearization and backstepping techniques are designed first, assuming that all states are available for feedback. Next, the construction of observer in the transformed domain is presented based on input-output feedback linearization. This approach is then extended to observer design based on backstepping approach using the error equation resulted from the backstepping design procedure. Simulation results demonstrating the effectiveness of the techniques developed are presented and compared.
Functional Maintenance of Hepatocytes on Collagen Gel Cultured with Simple Serum-Free Medium Containing Sodium Selenite

Abstract We found that simple serum-free medium containing sodium selenite (Se) is effective for long-term maintenance of functional hepatocytes cultured on a pepsin-digested collagen gel (DC-gel). The concentration of Se was important for maintenance of hepatocytes, and its optimal concentration was 10 −7 ∼10 −6 M. The effect of Se was specific, as other metals did not have the same effect. The effect was equal to that of fetal bovine serum for maintenance of functional hepatocytes. Using this medium, we could obtained a high level of hepatocellular function including the production of albumin and transferrin, and activity of p450 throughout a long-term culture. Matrigel was almost equal to DC-gel for albumin secretion, but less effective for transferrin secretion, and P450 activity in long-term cultures. The growth of cells on DC-gel or matrigel was not observed, and cell morphology of a round-shaped form was similar on both substrata. These results indicate that serum-free medium containing Se in a DC-gel culture system provides a simple method for long-term culture of hepato-cytes.
Grammaticality judgments in a second language: Influences of age of acquisition and native language

Native Spanish early and late acquirers of English as well as native Vietnamese early and child acquirers of English made grammaticality judgments of sentences in their second language. Native Spanish early acquirers were not distinguishable from native English speakers, whereas native Spanish late acquirers had difficulty with all aspects of the grammar tested except word order. Native Vietnamese early acquirers had difficulty with those aspects of English that differ markedly from Vietnamese. Native Vietnamese child acquirers had more generalized problems, similar to those of native Spanish late acquirers. Thus, native language appeared to make a difference for early acquirers, whereas a later age of acquisition caused a more general problem. A processing-based model focusing on the difficulty non-native language learners have in rapidly decoding surface form is offered as a possible explanation for both effects.
Selecting Agonists from Single Cells Infected with Combinatorial Antibody Libraries

We describe a system for direct selection of antibodies that are receptor agonists. Combinatorial antibody libraries in lentiviruses are used to infect eukaryotic cells that contain a fluorescent reporter system coupled to the receptor for which receptor agonist antibodies are sought. In this embodiment of the method, very large numbers of candidate antibodies expressing lentivirus and eukaryotic reporter cells are packaged together in a format where each is capable of replication, thereby forging a direct link between genotype and phenotype. Following infection, cells that fluoresce are sorted and the integrated genes encoding the agonist antibodies recovered. We validated the system by illustrating its ability to generate rapidly potent antibody agonists that are complete thrombopoietin phenocopies. The system should be generalizable to any pathway where its activation can be linked to production of a selectable phenotype.
Extraction of starch by dimethyl sulfoxide and quantitation by enzymatic assay

A method for the rapid, sensitive, and specific determination of starch in plant tissues is described. Starch from a variety of plant tissues is solubilized by stirring for 24 h or by sonication for 40 min in dimethyl sulfoxide. Dilution of this extract to less than 20% dimethyl sulfoxide permits a nearly complete hydrolysis of the starch in less than 3 h with glucoamylase from Rhizopus niveus. Quantitation of liberated glucose by a coupled hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method provides an additional degree of specificity.
Minimization of the prime power consumption of a coupling-modulated gas laser transmitter

The prime power requirements of a coupling-modulated gas laser transmitter are presented. The latter consists of a gas discharge tube and electro-optic modulator inside a laser resonator. In performing the calculations, the laser discharge length and the modulator voltage are simultaneously varied so that the transmitted power remains constant. In this way, tradeoffs can be made between the prime power supplied individually to the discharge tube and to the modulator driver to obtain a transmitter configuration which minimizes the total prime power consumption. An analytical expression is derived which describes the effects of information bandwidth and transmitter output power on the prime power requirements. Specific numerical results are obtained for a CO2 laser transmitter based on presently available experimental data.
Teaching Whole-Group Classrooms: What Principals Should Know.

There are many reasons for teaching to the whole group in the classroom. This synthesis of research explores these reasons and the research reports upon which they are based.
Cuticle ultrastructure with respect to the lipid waterproofing barrier

Lipids (waxes) deposited on or incorporated in the epicuticle provide an important waterproofing barrier in most terrestrial insects and arachnids. Although the chemical nature of these lipids is well documented, ultra-structural evidence for their association with specific cuticular layers and sublayers is less conclusive. Difficulties here include relating layers observed with the electron microscope with layers seen under light microscopy, plus the fact that much lipid is removed in normal preparative procedures for electron microscopy. Moreover, epicuticular layers which presumably are lipid-rich are often resistant to organic solvents. The latter suggests that if lipid is present, much of it is bound, possibly to protein. Preliminary studies using new techniques such as myrcene partitioning and freeze-fracture microscopy which improve lipid retention and visualization have yielded some promising results. Scanning electron microscopy of surface waxes, in contrast, has revealed complex lipid accumulations which can be altered or removed by appropriate organic solvents. Surface waxes no doubt supplement lipids associated with epicuticular layers in restricting water loss, with the effectiveness of the former being dependent upon their thickness, physical structure and arrangement, and their chemical composition. Pore and wax canals are likely the major routes via which lipids are transported from sites of synthesis to the epicuticle, but the exact mechanisms involved must still be resolved.
Analysis of first ply failure in composite laminates

Abstract The mechanics of transverse cracking in an elastic fibrous composite ply is explored for the case of low crack density. Cracks are assumed to initiate from a nucleus created by localized fiber debonding and matrix cracking. It is found that cracks may propagate in two directions on planes which are parallel to the fiber axis and perpendicular to the midplane of the ply. In general, crack propagation in the direction of the fiber axis controls the strength of thin plies, while cracking in the direction perpendicular to the fiber axis determines the strength of thick plies. The theory relates ply thickness, crack geometry and ply toughness to ply strength. It predicts a significant increase in strength with decreasing ply thickness in constrained thin plies. The strength of thick plies is found to be constant, but it may be reduced by preexisting damage. Results are illustrated by comparison with experimental data.
Increasing physical activity in patients with arthritis: a tailored health promotion program

Objective: Despite recent studies showing the benefit of physical activity for people with arthritis, the vast majority of persons with arthritis are not sufficiently physically active. The purpose...
Neural networks for automatic target recognition

Abstract Many applications reported in artificial neural networks are associated with military problems. This paper reviews concepts associated with the processing of military data to find and recognize targets—automatic target recognition (ATR). A general-purpose automatic target recognition system does not exist. The work presented here is demonstrated on military data, but it can only be consideredproof of principle until systems are fielded andproven “under-fire”. ATR data can be in the form of non-imaging one-dimensional sensor returns, such as ultra-high range-resolution radar returns for air-to-air automatic target recognition and vibration signatures from a laser radar for recognition of ground targets. The ATR data can be two-dimensional images. The most common ATR images are infrared, but current systems must also deal with synthetic aperture radar images. Finally, the data can be three-dimensional, such as sequences of multiple exposures taken over time from a nonstationary world. Targets move, as do sensors, and that movement can be exploited by the ATR. Hyperspectral data, which are views of the same piece of the world looking at different spectral bands, is another example of multiple image data; the third dimension is now wavelength and not time. ATR system design usually consists of four stages. The first stage is to select the sensor or sensors to produce the target measurements. The next stage is the preprocessing of the data and the location of regions of interest within the data (segmentation). The human retina is a ruthless preprocessor. Physiology motivated preprocessing and segmentation is demonstrated along with supervised and unsupervised artificial neural segmentation techniques. The third design step is feature extraction and selection: the extraction of a set of numbers which characterize regions of the data. The last step is the processing of the features for decision making (classification). The area of classification is where most ATR related neural network research has been accomplished. The relation of neural classifiers to Bayesian techniques is emphasized along with the more recent use of feature sequences to enhance classification. The principal theme of this paper is that artificial neural networks have proven to be an interesting and useful alternate processing strategy. Artificial neural techniques, however, are not magical solutions with mystical abilities that work without good engineering. Good understanding of the capabilities and limitations of neural techniques is required to apply them productively to ATR problems.
Limitation of myocardial infarct size by metabolic interventions that reduce accumulation of fatty acid metabolites in ischemic myocardium.

Abstract The effects on myocardial damage of metabolic interventions by nicotinic acid, oxfenicine, or a combination of the two were assessed in open-chest dogs exposed to coronary artery occlusion for 6 hours. The accumulation of metabolites of free fatty acids (FFAs) was studied in tissue samples of the left ventricle taken 60 minutes after coronary occlusion in separate animals. The percentage of the hypoperfused zone that evolved to infarction was 96 ± 3% (mean ± SEM) in control dogs, 74 ± 4% in dogs treated with nicotinic acid ( p p p p
Influence of E. coli Septicemia and Nutrition on Growth, and Tissue and Fluid Changes of the Chick

Abstract NO consistent relationship between the dietary protein level and the resistance or susceptibility of the chick to microbial infections has been found. Steffee (1950) observed lowered resistance and increased mortality among protein-depleted birds from pneumococcal infection. Hill and Garren (1961) obtained different results with Salmonella gallinarum infection: increasing the protein level of the diet from 10% to 20% to 30% resulted in a progressively increased rate of mortality. Boyd and Edwards (1963) employed diets with 15% and 30% protein and found that birds receiving the high protein diet suffered lower mortality from E. coli and higher mortality from S. gallinarum and Newcastle disease virus inoculations. Fisher et al. (1964) demonstrated that birds prefed a supernormal protein diet showed greater immunity to and lower mortality from NDV infection. Blood cheimistry changes in the chick following microbial infections have been studied by Dooley et al. (1958), Shelton and Olson (1960), Cole and…
A Stefan problem for exothermic non-catalytic reactions

Resolution numerique par la methode de l'enthalpie d'un probleme de Stefan de fusion provoque par la reaction exothermique entre 2 solides
High-grade malignant stricture is predictive of esophageal tumor stage. Risks of endosonographic evaluation.

Background. Endosonography is very accurate for the preoperative staging of esophageal carcinoma. Approximately 20–38% of patients with esophageal carcinoma present with high-grade malignant strictures that preclude passage of the dedicated echoendoscope. In patients with such strictures, endosonographic staging of esophageal tumors may be performed after aggressive esophageal dilatation. However, aggressive dilatation and passage of the echoendoscope in patients with high-grade malignant strictures is not without risk. A detailed assessment of the tumor stage in patients presenting with high-grade malignant stenoses has not been previously reported to the authors' knowledge. Methods. Seventy-nine patients with esophageal carcinoma were staged preoperatively using endosonography. The results of preoperative staging were compared with the pathologic stage of the esophagectomy specimen when available or the surgical stage (detection of adjacent organ involvement [Stage T4] or metastatic disease [Stage M1] at the time of surgery). Results. Twenty-one patients (26.6%) presented with high-grade malignant strictures precluding endosonographic examination without prior esophageal dilatation. Nineteen of the 21 patients (91%) with high-grade malignant stricture had Stage III or IV disease by histopathologic examination of the surgical specimen. Five of these 21 patients (24%) sustained an esophageal perforation as a result of either wire-guided dilatation, or as a direct consequence of the endosonographic staging procedure. The discovery of metastatic lymph nodes proximal to the stricture resulted in successful staging (assessment of depth of tumor penetration and lymph node involvement) in only 2 of these 21 patients before esophageal dilatation (incomplete staging). Staging of the proximal aspect of the tumor was obtained in the remaining 19 patients before dilatation; however, the accuracy for such incomplete staging was only 33%. Conclusions. The majority of patients with esophageal carcinoma presenting with high-grade malignant strictures precluding endoscope passage without prior dilatation have a relatively advanced stage of disease (Stage III or IV) compared with those patients presenting with less severe stenoses. There is a significant risk for esophageal perforation (24%) when patients with high-grade malignant esophageal strictures undergo preoperative staging using endosonography. Patients with high-grade malignant strictures, therefore, present a relative contraindication to endosonography using the dedicated echoendoscope.
Climate change and poverty in Africa

Africa is most vulnerable to climate change, although it makes the least contribution to factors that result in global and regional climatic changes. High levels of vulnerability and low adaptive capacity across the continent have been linked to, among other things, poverty. This paper discusses and analyses the relationship between climate change and poverty in Africa. It investigates the relationship between climate change and poverty patterns in Africa, analyses the resultant impact, and discusses potential adaptation policies for moderating the consequences of climatic changes on poverty in the region. The record shows that climate change is happening. What is not discussed or is little researched is the potential devastating impact of climate change on socio-economic development in Africa and the policy measures available to the continent for adaptation.
Evaluation of limitation-of-medical-treatment forms used in emergency medicine residency programs in the United States.

Abstract Background: Patients are encouraged to complete limitation-of-medical-treatment forms (LMTFs), sometimes referred to as code status forms or do-not-resuscitate forms, before admission to hospitals or other health care facilities in the United States. Objective: The purpose of this study was to review, evaluate, and to assess the LMTFs currently used in emergency medicine residency training programs throughout the United States. Methods: In February 2009, researchers sent letters to all allopathic and osteopathic emergency medicine residency program directors (n = 193) requesting a copy of the LMTF used in their hospital. These forms were evaluated for content, consistency, and readability. Results: Sixty-five responses were received (corrected response rate=34%); 45 LMTFs were reviewed. Nineteen LMTFs required the signature of the patient, or the patient's appointed durable power of attorney for health care. The readability ranged from 11th to 17th grade (mean ± SD=13.16 ± 1.77), greatly exceeding the average Americans' 8 th -grade reading level. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that there is no standardization across LMTFs currently used in hospitals throughout the United States, and these forms are written above the literacy level of the average American adult. Therefore, there is a need to develop and disseminate an LMTF that is both consistent and better understood by the average American adult.
Ultrasonic monitoring of photoresist processing

A high frequency ultrasonic technique has been developed to monitor photoresist processing in situ during semiconductor manufacturing. Photoresist pre-exposure bake and development have been monitored using the sensor, and the post-exposure bake has been studies as well. The in-situ glass transition temperature (T g ) was determined during the prebake for I-line films down to 0.6micrometers as well as for chemically- amplified DUV resist of similar thicknesses. Using classical reflection theory, photoresist properties such as the density, thickness and acoustic velocity were determined during processing. This in situ parameter inversion method can be used to determine process endpoint if the optimal density, velocity, and thickness are predetermined. The T g for post-exposure bake of I-line resists is expected to be the T g of the novolac resin alone, without solvent present. Measurements using the described sensor have confirmed that the resin T g during postbake is 118 degrees C, the value of T g provided by Shipley. This provides a measurement of postbake as well as a confirmation that the sensor is measuring T g accurately. The development process was also monitored using this sensor. Results prove the usefulness of this sensor for in situ measurements of resist thickness changes during development. This was verified for different exposure doses and for resist coated on a wafer with circuit topography.
Model Channel Ion Currents in NaCl-Extended Simple Point Charge Water Solution with Applied-Field Molecular Dynamics

Using periodic boundary conditions and a constant applied field, we have simulated current flow through an 8.125-A internal diameter, rigid, atomistic channel with polar walls in a rigid membrane using explicit ions and extended simple point charge water. Channel and bath currents were computed from 10 10-ns trajectories for each of 10 different conditions of concentration and applied voltage. An electric field was applied uniformly throughout the system to all mobile atoms. On average, the resultant net electric field falls primarily across the membrane channel, as expected for two conductive baths separated by a membrane capacitance. The channel is rarely occupied by more than one ion. Current-voltage relations are concentration dependent and superlinear at high concentrations.
Magnetic field effects on twin dislocations

This paper attempts to determine the influence of a magnetic field on the motion of twin dislocations in order to understand the mechanism involved in magnetically driven shape memory alloys. In this paper, the nucleation of dislocations was not considered and thus the pre-existence of dislocations prior to the application of a magnetic field was assumed. The procedure used here is a general one, although for simplicity, the authors will apply the concepts to the (3 10 15)F transformation in ferrous alloys. The reason for this choice is the fact that twinning plays a crucial role in this phase transformation and the phenomenological crystallographic theory provides a reasonable description for this phase transition.
A Process-Based View of Floodplain Forest Patterns in Coastal River Valleys of the Pacific Northwest

Floodplains in the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion (PCE) stem from steep eroding mountain landscapes in a rain forest environment, and sustain a rich array of natural resources. Like floodplains elsewhere, many of the approximately 200 coastal river valleys are profoundly altered by flow regulation and land conversion for agriculture and urban development, and these activities have contributed to widespread declines in anadromous fishes and environmental quality. Some of the coastal river valleys, however, still retain many of their natural features, thereby providing important reference sites. Understanding fundamental biophysical processes underpinning natural floodplain characteristics is essential for successfully protecting and restoring ecological integrity, including inherent goods and services. This article examines factors underpinning the ecological characteristics of PCE floodplains, particularly riparian soils and trees. Drawing on over two decades of research and literature, we describe the spatial and temporal characteristics of physical features for alluvial PCE floodplains, examine the importance of sediment deposition and associated biogeochemical processes in floodplain soil formation, quantify vegetative succession and production dynamics of riparian trees, discuss how epiphytes, marine-derived nutrients, and soil processes contribute to tree production, describe the roles and importance of large dead wood in the system, the role of termites in its rapid decomposition, and show how large wood contributes to vegetative succession. These highly interconnected features and associated processes are summarized in a model of system-scale drivers and changes occurring over several centuries. Collectively, this integrated perspective has strong implications for floodplain rehabilitation, and we identify appropriate metrics for evaluating floodplain condition and functions. We draw heavily from our own experience on several well-studied rivers, recognizing additional studies are needed to evaluate the generality of concepts presented herein. As in any complex adaptive system, fundamental uncertainties remain and constraints imposed by the legacies of past human actions persist. Nevertheless, the evolving knowledge base is improving conservation strategies of lightly modified floodplains and is supporting the incorporation of emerging process-based perspectives into the rehabilitation of heavily modified systems.
Integrated Data‐Base Systems

The integrated database systems (IDS) concept is being adopted by major industrial engineering contractors for the purpose of providing data-processing links between facility design, construction, operations, and maintenance. An IDS typically combines computer-aided-design (CAD) and relational data-base management software in a single multiuser system. Descriptions of two recently developed systems are presented as case studies. These case studies illustrate the diverse approaches that can be taken to develop and implement truly effective systems that provide tangible cost-saving benefits. Major technological barriers to IDS development no longer exist. However, the extent to which integrated systems will become commonplace in the future depends in part on how rapidly the data-processing and construction industries remove other minor barriers that include a lack of graphical data exchange standards and a lack of common commodity codes for bulk construction materials.
Enumerative counting is hard

Abstract An n-variable Boolean formula may have anywhere from 0 to 2n satisfying assignments. Can a polynomial-time machine, given such a formula, reduce this exponential number of possibilities to a small number of possibilities? We call such a machine an enumerator and prove that if there is a good polynomial-time enumerator for #P (i.e., one where for every Boolean formula f, the small set has at most O(|f|1−e) numbers), then P = NP = P# P and probabilistic polynomial time equals polynomial time. Furthermore, we show that #P polynomial-time Turing reduces to enumerating #P.
A comment on class productions in elite secondary schools in twenty-first-century global context

In this closing essay, Lois Weis offers a broad overview of the contributions of this Special Issue on class production in elite secondary schools in the twenty-first-century global context. Drawing upon her own research within US privileged secondary schools, Weis explores the contemporary social, economic and political landscape as connected to much larger global shifts and increasing social stratification. The author further reflects upon the potential of multi-sited, longitudinal and global ethnographies as powerful methodologies and argues that this issue's contributions offer a new set of lenses through which we can begin to empirically investigate and theorise class production in a globalised context.
The Amazonia as a source of new economic plants

Those who understand and love the Amazon forest call it the Green Heaven. Those who misunderstand and despise it know it by the name of the Green Hell. A recent political figure has termed the Amazon a desert of trees which must be destroyed. Unfortunately this latter point of view seems now to be in the ascendency. Why should this vast area of 2,700,000 square miles be protected? There are many reasons for the preservation of this last great wet tropical forest which may comprise as many as 100,000 species of plants. Today I want to discuss with you only one of these reasons-but one which, for the future of mankind, appears to me to be one of the most compelling: its incalculable value as an untapped emporium of germ plasm for new economic plants. The great Russian botanist Vavilov postulated that there were eight major centres of the origin of cultivated plants. Some botanists have pointed out that these centres nearly cover the world's surface. This is not, however, a valid criticism. Most of Africa, with the exception of Abyssinia, has given little to the store of man's economic plants. Australia has yielded no major species. All of North America north of Mexico has been singularly parsimonious. What about the tropical Amazon forests? The tapioca plant, Manihot esculenta, appears to have originated in the Amazon. In pre-Columbian times, it had spread throughout tropical America. It now has taken its place as one of the dozen or thirteen major food plants of the world, having been accepted as the prime source of carbohydrate in many tropical parts of Africa and Asia. The cultivated pineapple, Ananas comosus, is thought to have originated in the western part of the Amazon Valley from wild types such as A. microstachys. Specialists now believe that the cultivated cacao tree, source of chocolate, arose through hybridization of wild species in the westernmost Amazon of Colombia and Ecuador. It is probable that the narcotic coca plant, Erythroxylon Coca, originated in the eastern or Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes. The southwestern part of the Brazilian Amazon appears to be the home of achiote, Bixa Orellana, now widely cultivated throughout the tropics; it arose possibly from the wild B. excelsa of the Acre area. Another recently domesticated plant of the Amazon is timb6 or barbasco, various species of Lonchocarpus, especially L. utilis, a main source of the insecticide rotenone. For many years now, the guarana plant, Paullinia cupana, has been cultivated in the central part of the Amazon for the preparation of various caffeine-rich beverages. But undoubtedly no native of Amazonia has so altered human life around the globe as the Para rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, one of the most recently domesticated of our major crops. Were it only for the impact of three of these cultigens on modern living-
Student Orientations for Online Programs

AbstractTraditionally, higher education institutions have developed orientation programs that are designed to help students make a successful transition to college. Now, considering this flow of virtual students, universities offering distance learning programs have to design orientation programs suited for the students that will take distance courses. This article introduces the issues to be considered in designing an orientation for students in online programs and presents the strategies being used currently in some Internet-based courses. Orientation for online courses serve the same objectives as orientation for college, in the sense that it can facilitate academic and social interactions, increase student involvement, enhance the sense of belonging to a virtual learning community, and help retention.
Taylor series solutions of explicit ODE's in a strongly typed algebra system

This paper describes how Taylor series solutions of explicit ODE's were implemented in a strongly typed algebra system. The use of hierarchical typing allows one to write code which can be modified and expanded easily in a mathematically structured way. We also give a brief explanation of recent work at UC Berkeley in the context of algebraic system building.
Low‐noise GaAs field‐effect transistor made by molecular beam epitaxy

Low‐noise GaAs metal‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MESFET’s) have been made using molecular beam epitaxy. A noise figure of 1.47 dB with 9.9‐dB associated gain has been achieved at 12 GHz, with a 0.6‐μm gate length by 300‐μm gate width FET device. These are the best results yet reported for low‐noise molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) GaAs FET’s, and comparable to the best performance devices made with vapor phase epitaxy and ion implantation. Equivalent circuit elements have been evaluated in an effort to understand the critical parameters necessary to achieve these results.
Teaching NeuroImages: Spherules in spine: Vertebral coccidioidomycosis

A 39-year-old African American immunocompetent man with frequent travels to Mexico presented with progressive descending weakness over 2 weeks. Physical examination revealed chest ulcers, cervical lymphadenopathy, spastic quadriparesis, decreased sensation to touch and pain up to C7 dermatome, hyperreflexia, and bilateral positive Hoffman and Babinski sign. MRI of the spine showed multilevel osteomyelitis and paraspinal abscesses involving the cervical and thoracic regions (figure, A). He underwent surgical debridement. Vertebral biopsy showed necrotizing, granulomatous inflammation and numerous thick-walled spherules (figure, B). Culture confirmed coccidioidomycosis. The patient was initiated on amphotericin B for 6 weeks, followed by fluconazole, and showed gradual clinical improvement.1
Materials Challenges for Advanced Combustion and Gasification Fossil Energy Systems

This special section of Metallurgical and Materials Transactions is devoted to materials challenges associated with coal based energy conversion systems. The purpose of this introductory article is to provide a brief outline to the challenges associated with advanced combustion and advanced gasification, which has the potential of providing clean, affordable electricity by improving process efficiency and implementing carbon capture and sequestration. Affordable materials that can meet the demanding performance requirements will be a key enabling technology for these systems.
Resistin-like molecule (RELM)-alpha and beta are allergen-induced cytokines with potent remodeling activity in the murine lung

Abstract Rationale In a mouse model of experimental asthma, we discovered the involvement of gene known as resistin-like molecule (RELM)-alpha and beta that are structurally related group of cytokines implicated in insulin resistance. We report that RELM-alpha and beta have a major role in macrophage activation and airway remodeling in the murine lung. Method The expression of RELM-alpha and beta mRNA was examined following allergen and Th2 cytokine delivery. To understand the in vivo role of RELMs, we intratracheally delivered these cytokines and examined the recruitment of inflammatory cells, collagen deposition and mucus production. Results We found RELM-alpha and beta were induced by respiratory allergen or Th2 cytokine (IL-13) exposure by a STAT 6 dependent mechanism. Interestingly, intratracheal delivery of both RELM cytokines induced dose-dependent accumulation of macrophages in the lung. The macrophages numbers in RELM-alpha and beta treated mice were 14.8 ± 4.2 × 10e4/lung and 11.9 ± 1.5 × 10e4/lung, respectively, in comparison to 3.2 ± 0.6 × 10e4/lung in control mice. Other inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and fibroblast increased significantly to a lesser extent. Furthermore, RELM delivery induced marked perivascular and peribronchial collagen deposition and goblet cell hyperplasia. The collagen deposition in RELM-alpha and beta treated mice were 1.5 ± 0.5 × 10e4/mm2 and 8.8 ± 1.1 × 10e3/um2 compared with 352 ± 53/um2 in control mice. A 23-fold increase in goblet cells were also observed in RELM-alpha treated mice. Conclusion The RELM cytokines are induced in the asthmatic lung, regulated by Th2 cytokines, and are potent inducers of lung remodeling.
Developing New Models for Collection Development

Changements dans l'enseignement superieur. Necessite pour les bibliotheques d'accompagner ce changement. Cas des bibliotheques de l'Universite de l'Arizona
Structural Thermodynamics of NMDA Receptor Ligand-Binding Domains

Neuronal signaling is based on the release and detection of glutamate within the synaptic cleft. Regulation of this signaling has implications in both learning and memory, while dysfunction is implicated in a variety of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Glutamate in the synaptic cleft is detected by glutamate receptors (GluRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are a class of GluRs that require the binding of both glycine and glutamate for receptor activation. Here, the free energy landscapes governing large-scale conformational transitions in the isolated ligand-binding domains (LDBs) of the NMDAR subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR3A are computed for both apo and holo forms using umbrella sampling simulations. The effects of both agonist insertion and amino acid substitutions on conformational stabilities in the various LBDs are examined.