cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemical aspects of chemotherapy of mouse colon carcinoma: fluoropyrimidines and pyrazofurin.

Fluorouracil was metabolized to nucleotides and incorporated into RNA of mouse colon carcinomas and normal tissues. No significant difference was observed in three mouse colon tumors, but the extent of incorporation of the analog into RNA of normal colon tissue was lower than that in colon tumors. Fluorouracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity, although low, was observed to be about five times higher in mouse colon carcinomas than it was in normal colon tissue. Fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, as anticipated, inhibited the incorporation of [6-3H]-2′-deoxyuridine into DNA of colon carcinomas and normal tissues. Colon and spleen tissue made a more rapid recovery of capacity for DNA synthesis than did colon tumors. In normal tissues examined the recovery from inhibition of DNA synthesis by fluorodeoxyuridine appeared to be more rapid than was recovery from fluorouracil inhibition. Effects of pyrazofurin, an inhibitor of orotidylic acid decarboxylase, on pyrimidine synthesis in mouse colon carcinomas and in normal tissues was analyzed by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography. Consequences of pyrazofurin-induced inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis in mouse colon carcinomas were evident in decreased pools of pyrimidine ribonucleotides. Orotidylic acid did not accumulate behind this block but elevated levels of orotic acid and orotidine were observed in acid-soluble extracts. The maximum reduction in uracil ribonucleotide pools was observed 24 hours after pyrazofurin treatment. Recovery of uracil ribonucleotide pools was evident within 48 hours and was complete 72 hours after treatment. The maximum levels of orotic acid and orotidine in colon carcinomas were attained 24 hours after treatment; these levels remained elevated above control levels for 72 hours after pyrazofurin treatment. The pool of uracil ribonucleotides was not depressed in colon and spleen tissue from pyrazofurin-treated animals; nevertheless, pronounced elevation of orotic acid and orotidine levels in these normal tissues was observed. These results reveal differences in effects of pyrazofurin on pyrimidine ribonucleotide pools in mouse colon carcinoma and in colon tissue. These differences may be due in part to availability or extent of utilization of exogenous pyrimidines or precursors of pyrimidines. Such differences may be exploited by means of scheduled combination chemotherapy with inhibitors of pyrimidine synthesis and pyrimidine analogs.
Sibling response to chronic illness: the role of the clinical nurse specialist.

The effect of chronic illness on siblings is a topic in which limited current research has been done. Typically the sibling relationship is one of the strongest of family bonds, and a chronic illness may help or hinder that relationship. Chronic illness in a family can interfere with a well sibling's physical and emotional growth and development as well as the development of the family as a whole. Assessing sibling responses based on developmental levels and providing anticipatory guidance for parents can foster optimal adjustment to a difficult situation. Personal and professional experiences will be cited to illustrate the complex process of adjusting to having a brother or sister with a chronic illness.
An object-oriented simulation environment for airbase logistics:

The subject of this paper, the Integrated Model Development Environment (IMDE), addresses basic difficulties experienced in simulating airbase logistics. These difficulties arise during two major m...
LXVIII.—A new species of the genus Lepeophtheirus from the North Pacific

(1938). LXVIII.—A new species of the genus Lepeophtheirus from the North Pacific. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 599-604.
Rapid Estrogen Receptor Signaling Mediates Estrogen-Induced Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation

Objective— The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a crucial role in vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis, after percutaneous coronary intervention. Many studies have shown that estrogen inhibits VSMC proliferation in response to vascular injury in the mouse carotid injury model. However, the mechanisms that mediate these effects remain unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which estrogen inhibits VSMC proliferation. Approach and Results— We established a novel transgenic mouse line, referred to as the disrupting peptide mice, in which rapid estrogen receptor (ER)–mediated signaling is abolished by overexpression of a peptide that prevents the ER from forming a signaling complex necessary for rapid signaling. Carotid artery VSMCs from disrupting peptide mice or littermate wild-type female mice were obtained by the explant method. In VSMCs derived from wild-type mice, estrogen significantly inhibited VSMC proliferation. Phosphorylation levels of Akt and extracellular regulated kinase induced by platelet derived growth factor were significantly inhibited by estrogen pretreatment. Estrogen enhanced complex formation between ERα and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2), and enhanced PP2A activity. The blockade of PP2A activity abolished the estrogen-induced antiproliferative effect on VSMCs. In contrast, none of these effects of estrogen observed in the wild-type VSMCs were observed in VSMCs derived from disrupting peptide mice. These results support that rapid, non-nuclear ER signaling is required for estrogen-induced inhibition of VSMC proliferation, and further that PP2A activation by estrogen mediates estrogen-induced antiproliferative effects. Conclusions— These findings support that PP2A activation via rapid, non-nuclear ER signaling may be a novel target for therapeutic approaches to inhibit VSMC proliferation, which plays a central role in atherosclerosis and restenosis.
Phytoplankton species structure in the central North Pacific, 1973-1996 : variability and persistence

Acquisition of recent phytoplankton samples from JGOFS' station ALOHA and the Climax area prompted updating and re-evaluation of 23 years of floristic data from the summer central North Pacific environment. Recurrent group analysis clearly shows the dichotomy between shallow and deep associations. A new finding is that the deep flora consists of two related groups of species whose abundance centers are vertically displaced from one another. At the Climax area, the species structure in both shallow and deep strata persisted throughout the study period. Within each stratum, differences in rank orders of species' abundances between station ALOHA and the Climax area are no greater than expected from physical mixing processes. However, abundances of species in the deeper recurrent groups were significantly lower at ALOHA.
A knowledge-based debugger for real-time software systems based on a noninterference testing architecture

On the basis of a general mechanism for reproducing the execution behavior of real-time software systems, a new approach is suggested for a knowledge-based debugger for real-time software systems. A description is given of the use of noninterference architecture to collect the program execution history of a target system without interfering with the execution of the target system. Thus, the timing constraints of a real-time software system can be preserved. To eliminate the redundant information in the collected execution history, a postprocessing mechanism is introduced to organize the necessary information for testing and debugging. The redundant data, which are useless for debugging certain types of error, are removed, and only the required data proceed to the debugging phase. A knowledge-based debugging tool is then used to assist users in localizing errors. Examples are used to illustrate the approach in detecting synchronization and timing errors of real-time software systems. >
PLANet: an active internetwork

We present PLANet: an active network architecture and implementation. In addition to a standard suite of Internet-like services, PLANet has two key programmability features: (1) all packets contain programs; and (2) router functionality may be extended dynamically. Packet programs are written in our special purpose programming language PLAN, the Packet Language for Active Networks, while dynamic router extensions are written in OCaml, a dialect of ML. Currently, PLANet routers run as byte-code-interpreted Linux user-space applications, and support Ethernet and IP as link layers. PLANet achieves respectable performance on standard networking operations: on 300 MHz Pentium-II's attached to 100 Mbps Ethernet, PLANet can route 48 Mbps and switch over 5000 packets per second. We demonstrate the utility of PLANet's activeness by showing experimentally how it can nontrivially improve application and aggregate network performance in congested conditions.
The role of information in a community of hobbyist collectors

This article marries the study of serious leisure pursuits with library and information science's (LIS) interest in people's everyday use, need, seeking, and sharing of information. Using a qualitative approach, the role of information as a phenomenon was examined in relation to the leisure activity of hobbyist collecting. In the process, a model and a typology for these collectors were developed. We find that the information needs and information seeking of hobbyist collectors is best represented as an interrelationship between information and object needs, information sources, and interactions between collectors and their publics. Our model of the role of information in a particular domain of hobbyist collecting moves away from the idea of one individual seeking information from formal systems and shifts towards a model that takes seriously the social milieu of a community. This collecting community represents a layer of a social system with complex interactions and specialized information needs that vary across collector types. Only the serious collectors habitually engage in information seeking and, occasionally, in information dissemination, in the traditional sense, yet information flows through the community and serves as a critical resource for sustaining individual and communal collecting activities. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thigmomorphogenesis: a complex plant response to mechano-stimulation

In nature, plants are challenged with hurricane winds, monsoon rains, and herbivory attacks, in addition to many other harsh mechanical perturbations that can threaten plant survival. As a result, over many years of evolution, plants have developed very sensitive mechanisms through which they can perceive and respond to even subtle stimuli, like touch. Some plants respond behaviourally to the touch stimulus within seconds, while others show morphogenetic alterations over long periods of time, ranging from days to weeks. Various signalling molecules and phytohormones, including intracellular calcium, jasmonates, ethylene, abscisic acid, auxin, brassinosteroids, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, have been implicated in touch responses. Many genes are induced following touch. These genes encode proteins involved in various cellular processes including calcium sensing, cell wall modifications, and defence. Twenty-three per cent of these up-regulated genes contain a recently identified promoter element involved in the rapid induction in transcript levels following mechanical perturbations. The employment of various genetic, biochemical, and molecular tools may enable elucidation of the mechanisms through which plants perceive mechano-stimuli and transduce the signals intracellularly to induce appropriate responses.
Primary, Secondary, Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome: is there a difference?

Abstract Following broad recognition of the disorder called Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS), it has come to be subcategorized into Primary (PAPS), Secondary (SAPS), and Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (CAPS). Primary utilized when there is no associated disorder, secondary with an associated autoimmune disorder such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and “catastrophic” when thrombosis occurs at multiple sites in a short space of time. Are these entities different? Such differences should be demonstrated in terms of their clinical presentation, disease course, pathogenesis, or management. If no differences exist, is there a basis for continued use of these terms? This manuscript will attempt to explore distinctions between subgroups of the APS and reasons for or against perpetuation of these classifications in the literature.
A SAT-based algorithm for reparameterization in symbolic simulation

Parametric representations used for symbolic simulation of circuits usually use BDDs. After a few steps of symbolic simulation, state set representation is converted from one parametric representation to another smaller representation, in a process called reparameterization. For large circuits, the reparametrization step often results in a blowup of BDDs and is expensive due to a large number of quantifications of input variables involved. Efficient SAT solvers have been applied successfully for many verification problems. This paper presents a novel SAT-based reparameterization algorithm that is largely immune to the large number of input variables that need to be quantified. We show experimental results on large industrial circuits and compare our new algorithm to both SAT-based Bounded Model Checking and BDD based symbolic simulation. We were able to achieve on average 3x improvement in time and space over BMC and able to complete many examples that BDD based approach could not even finish.
Effect of dietary fish oil on coronary artery and aortic atherosclerosis in African green monkeys.

Studies were carried out for 2.5 to 3 years in adult male African green monkeys (grivet subspecies) fed diets containing 22% of calories as lard or fish oil with 40% of calories as fat and 0.75 mg cholesterol/Kcal to determine if isocaloric substitution of menhaden fish oil for lard affects coronary artery atherosclerosis. The average total plasma cholesterol concentrations during the experimental period were significantly lower for the fish-oil group (231 +/- 37 mg/dl) compared to the lard group (360 +/- 44 mg/dl), but this difference did not become apparent until after 5 months of experimental diet consumption. High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were 30% lower (p less than 0.01) for the fish-oil group also (57 +/- 5 vs. 82 +/- 6 mg/dl). Plasma triglyceride concentrations were low for both groups, but after about 5 months of diet consumption, they were higher for the animals fed fish oil (25 +/- 2 mg/dl) compared to their lard-fed counterparts (15 +/- 1 mg/dl). Coronary artery intimal area (in this case a measure of early atherosclerotic lesion size) was low in all animals but was significantly less (p less than 0.03) for the fish oil vs. lard groups (0.01 +/- 0.002 vs. 0.03 +/- 0.009 mm2). More atherosclerosis was found in other arteries, and a trend was seen of less atherosclerosis in the thoracic aorta and common carotid arteries of the fish-oil group. The size of lesions in the abdominal aorta was similar between diet groups, but microscopic examination of arteries of the lard group revealed relatively more cholesterol monohydrate crystals compared to the arteries of the fish-oil group. Chemical analysis showed that there was less esterified cholesterol (1.46 +/- 0.71 vs. 3.43 +/- 0.74 mg/g, p = 0.04) and free cholesterol (3.7 +/- 2.15 vs. 7.05 +/- 1.68 mg/g, p = 0.08) in the abdominal aortas taken from the animals fed fish oil. There was a significant correlation between low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesteryl ester (CE) fatty acid ratio (i.e., saturated + monounsaturated/polyunsaturated species) and the amount of esterified (r = 0.59) and free (r = 0.63) cholesterol in the abdominal aortas. Compared to the lard group, animals fed fish oil had significantly lower LDL CE melting temperatures (26 +/- 1 vs. 38 +/- 1 degree C) and significantly smaller LDL particles (2.68 +/- 0.10 vs. 3.25 +/- 0.38 g/mumol). Therefore, the potentially antiatherogenic effects of dietary fish oil include its ability to decrease the concentration, size, CE content, and CE melting temperature of plasma LDL.
MALDI tissue profiling of integral membrane proteins from ocular tissues

MALDI tissue profiling and imaging have become valuable tools for rapid, direct analysis of tissues to investigate spatial distributions of proteins, potentially leading to an enhanced understanding of the molecular basis of disease. Sample preparation methods developed to date for these techniques produce protein expression profiles from predominantly hydrophilic, soluble proteins. The ability to obtain information about the spatial distribution of integral membrane proteins is critical to more fully understand their role in physiological processes, including transport, adhesion, and signaling. In this article, a sample preparation method for direct tissue profiling of integral membrane proteins is presented. Spatially resolved profiles for the abundant lens membrane proteins aquaporin 0 (AQP0) and MP20, and the retinal membrane protein opsin, were obtained using this method. MALDI tissue profiling results were validated by analysis of dissected tissue prepared by traditional membrane protein processing methods. Furthermore, direct tissue profiling of lens membrane proteins revealed age related post-translational modifications, as well as a novel modification that had not been detected using conventional tissue homogenization methods.
Application of GaAs and InP-based HEMT technology to MILSATCOM systems

The development in our laboratory of microwave high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) to enhance the front-end performance of space and terrestrial MILSATCOM systems is described. The application of two HEMT types, the GaAs-based PHEMT and the InP HEMT, to EHF receivers and transmitters is reviewed.
Cost-Effectiveness of a Novel Molecular Test for Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules

Context: Determining which patients with thyroid nodules require surgery is limited by cytologically indeterminate findings. A new approach for preoperative molecular classification of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules has a reported sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 75%; however, its cost-effectiveness has yet to be assessed. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the 5-yr cost-effectiveness of routine use of a molecular test in adult patients with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration biopsy results from a societal perspective. Design: A 16-state Markov decision model was developed. Probabilities, costs, and quality-adjusted life years (QALY) were estimated from literature review, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services data, Medicare reimbursement schedules, and expert opinion. Setting and Subjects: Decision analysis of a hypothetical group of adult patients with cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules was conducted. Main Outcome Measures: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio wa...
A Chemokine Receptor CXCR2 Macromolecular Complex Regulates Neutrophil Functions in Inflammatory Diseases

Inflammation plays an important role in a wide range of human diseases such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, arteriosclerosis, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. Neutrophilic accumulation in the inflamed tissues is an essential component of normal host defense against infection, but uncontrolled neutrophilic infiltration can cause progressive damage to the tissue epithelium. The CXC chemokine receptor CXCR2 and its specific ligands have been reported to play critical roles in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory diseases. However, it is unclear how CXCR2 is coupled specifically to its downstream signaling molecules and modulates cellular functions of neutrophils. Here we show that the PDZ scaffold protein NHERF1 couples CXCR2 to its downstream effector phospholipase C (PLC)-β2, forming a macromolecular complex, through a PDZ-based interaction. We assembled a macromolecular complex of CXCR2·NHERF1·PLC-β2 in vitro, and we also detected such a complex in neutrophils by co-immunoprecipitation. We further observed that the CXCR2-containing macromolecular complex is critical for the CXCR2-mediated intracellular calcium mobilization and the resultant migration and infiltration of neutrophils, as disrupting the complex with a cell permeant CXCR2-specific peptide (containing the PDZ motif) inhibited intracellular calcium mobilization, chemotaxis, and transepithelial migration of neutrophils. Taken together, our data demonstrate a critical role of the PDZ-dependent CXCR2 macromolecular signaling complex in regulating neutrophil functions and suggest that targeting the CXCR2 multiprotein complex may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for certain inflammatory diseases.
Analysis of the Autonomy of Maize Dwarf1 Action in Genetic Mosaics

Genetic mosaic maize plants that contained dwarf1 sectors in otherwise normal plants were analyzed. The analysis of dwarf1 sector growth relative to the surrounding wild-type tissue should test the hypothesis that Dwarf1 controls the production of a diffusible factor. Maize dwarf1 sectors did not show altered growth relative to the surrounding tissue, indicating that Dwarf1 controls the production of a diffusible factor. As Dwarf1 has been proposed to control the conversion of GA20 to biologically active GA1, these results suggest that GA, itself is the diffusible factor.
Ocean acidification exerts negative effects during warming conditions in a developing Antarctic fish

Anthropogenic CO2 is rapidly causing oceans to become warmer and more acidic, challenging marine ectotherms to respond to simultaneous changes in their environment. While recent work has highlighted that marine fishes, particularly during early development, can be vulnerable to ocean acidification, we lack an understanding of how life-history strategies, ecosystems and concurrent ocean warming interplay with interspecific susceptibility. To address the effects of multiple ocean changes on cold-adapted, slowly developing fishes, we investigated the interactive effects of elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and temperature on the embryonic physiology of an Antarctic dragonfish ( Gymnodraco acuticeps), with protracted embryogenesis (∼10 mon ths). Using an integrative, experimental approach, our research examined the impacts of near-future warming [−1 (ambient) and 2°C (+3°C)] and ocean acidification [420 (ambient), 650 (moderate) and 1000 μatm pCO2 (high)] on survival, development and metabolic processes over the course of 3 w eeks in early development. In the presence of increased pCO2 alone, embryonic mortality did not increase, with greatest overall survival at the highest pCO2. Furthermore, embryos were significantly more likely to be at a later developmental stage at high pCO2 by 3 w eeks relative to ambient pCO2. However, in combined warming and ocean acidification scenarios, dragonfish embryos experienced a dose-dependent, synergistic decrease in survival and developed more slowly. We also found significant interactions between temperature, pCO2 and time in aerobic enzyme activity (citrate synthase). Increased temperature alone increased whole-organism metabolic rate (O2 consumption) and developmental rate and slightly decreased osmolality at the cost of increased mortality. Our findings suggest that developing dragonfish are more sensitive to ocean warming and may experience negative physiological effects of ocean acidification only in the presence of an increased temperature. In addition to reduced hatching success, alterations in develop ment and metabolism due to ocean warming and acidification could have negative ecological consequences owing to changes in phenology (i.e. early hatching) in the highly seasonal Antarctic ecosystem.
Remote Sensing in the Study of Coastal Processes

The quantifiable determination of important coastal parameters remotely rather than by in situ measurements combined with automatic data reduction and analysis will result in a greatly increased understanding of the parameters being studied. This paper gives a progress report on joint Corps of Engineers-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) efforts to apply remote sensing in coastal studies. The devices used were multiband photography, the infrared scanner, the Side Looking Airborne Radar and various image enhancement and processing devices.
332 PATIENT EDUCATION VIA THE MEDLINEPLUS.GOV INTERNET SITE IN EAST TENNESSEE.

Background It is well known that the more education patients have about their diseases, the better equipped they are to take responsibility for their personal health. The American College of Physicians (ACP) recently joined with the National Library of Medicine in a project called "Information Rx " in an effort to help physicians direct their patients to reliable health information free of commercial bias at the Web site MedlinePlus.gov. Objective To evaluate the usefulness of the MedlinePlus.gov site as perceived by patients who were referred to the site by their internal medicine physician. Design Questionnaire consisting of 27 items given to interested patients. Setting University-based primary care internal medicine practice in northeastern Tennessee. Patients 37 volunteer internal medicine patients. Results The survey revealed that while most participants (68%) routinely look up medical information, only 49% of referred patients had used MedlinePlus.gov. Of those who used the site, 89% were satisfied with the information they found there, 89% would use MedlinePlus.gov again, and most patients (56%) would recommend the site to others. Limitations Small sample size, high percentage of respondents had not used the site yet, and lack of extensive demographic data on participants. Conclusions Patients who used the MedlinePlus.gov site at the recommendation of their physician found it easy to use and informative. They reported being likely to use the site again and to refer others to it as well. Internists may find this free Internet source to be helpful in educating their computer-literate patients about their chronic diseases.
A Simple Cost-Effective Approach to Enhance Performance of Bifacial Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

A simple cost-effective approach was demonstrated to increase the rear efficiency and ratio of rear-to-front efficiencies for bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). This was achieved by enhancing the transparency of the counter electrode of the DSC using a composite of platinum- and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (Pt/AZO). The thermally deposited composite Pt/AZO counter electrodes exhibited transmittance T550 nm = 0.70–0.74 versus Pt with 0.63. The comparable front power conversion efficiency (PCEfront) of fabricated DSCs using the composite Pt/AZO counter electrodes suggested that the presence of AZO in the composite had minimal effect on the catalytic activity of the platinum. DSCs with composite Pt/AZO counter electrode presented superior rear PCEs compared with platinum counterparts and was attributed to higher short-circuit current density $J_{{\rm sc}}$ resulting from the larger transmittance of the composite counter electrode. The higher PCErear / PCEfront of the composite-based DSCs compared with Pt-based DSC suggested that such transparent composite counter electrodes could be employed in bifacial DSCs.
Ab initio energetics for modeling phase stability of the Np-U system

Abstract The Np-U system has been rarely studied despite this alloy being a key binary subsystem of metallic nuclear fuels. This study aims to further the understanding of the phase stability of the Np-U system through ab initio calculations. We first examined an existing CALPHAD model based on available experimental phase boundary data. We then focused on phases of which the CALPHAD model reproduces reasonably the experimental data and examined if values of the effective Hubbard U (i.e., U eff ) parameter for Np and U fitted previously in the Np-Zr and U-Zr systems are also applicable to the Np-U system, using CALPHAD predicted enthalpies as references. We found that in general DFT + U predicts improved or at least similarly accurate enthalpies compared to standard DFT when the U eff ’s used are within the ranges of single-structure optimized U eff ’s (0.65–0.9 eV for Np and 1–1.5 eV for U)—for example, the multi-structure optimized U eff ’s (0.9 eV for Np and 1.24 eV for U)—determined in our previous U-Zr and Np-Zr studies. Finally, we focused on the intermediate phase ζ(Np,U), which at present is poorly characterized by experiments and unsatisfactorily described in the CALPHAD model. Based on ab initio calculated formation enthalpies for ordered end members and the compound energy formalism, we predicted its site occupations as functions of composition and temperature. Our study demonstrated that U eff ’s fitted for U and Np determined in the U-Zr and Np-Zr systems may be transferable to the Np-U system and also provided new prediction of the site occupations for ζ(Np,U), which may serve as reference for future experimental and modeling study of the Np-U system.
A Search for Isotopic Phase Separation in Hydrogen-Deuterium Mixtures

This work was originally started in the hope that information obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance experiments would provide additional data on the type of transition known as isotopic phase separation. In particular, it seemed probable that NMR experiments could readily distinguish the difference between a transition from the randomly mixed state (the high temperature equilibrium configuration) to the isotopically ordered state involving rearrangement of the isotopes into interpenetrating sublattices and a transition involving only a clumping together into small domains. The system hydrogen-deuterium was chosen for investigation, since Kogan, Lazarev, and Bulatova1 had reported observing such a phase separation at the relatively high temperature of 16.4°K. At such high temperatures, the diffusion rates are large enough2 so that domains of macroscopic size can form in a relatively short time. Since the line-width is dependent on the concentration of orthohydrogen molecules, one would expect to observe a transition from a simple line into a composite line with both a very broad and a very narrow component in the event a phase separation occurred. At high temperatures T < 12°K, pulsed NMR techniques were employed, since the true line-width was swamped by magnetic field inhomogeneities. No such transitions were observable from the T1 and T2 data. At temperatures below 12°K, the solid absorption line becomes very broad and steady-state (broad line) techniques are applicable.
Making Markets in the Welfare State: HEALTH CARE MARKETS

The debate over the role of markets in public services rages most fiercely in the health sector. Health services affect people at all points in their life, are provided by professionals with strong organized interests, and have experienced faster growth than almost all other economic sectors. Consequently, citizens using the health care sector, the large and growing health care workforce, and taxpayers who foot the bill for public expenditure, all have a major stake in health care reform. The question of what markets offer to patients, workers, and taxpayers, takes on a particular urgency, as health services can be literally a “life or death” matter. This chapter shows that despite using a common language of markets, left- and right-wing parties have built qualitatively different markets. In England and the Netherlands, conservative reformers increased private responsibility for financing somewhat, while more dramatically expanding competition through clearly developed contracting. These Austerity Markets increased the power of the state and insurers as purchasers of services, while undercutting doctors and offering little to patients. By contrast, in recent years, Britain's Labour party modified the English health care market, increasing public financing and competition around individual choice. These reforms built on the early experience of Swedish health care reform, where policymakers on the Left also introduced competition among hospitals for patients. These Consumer-Controlled markets had dramatically different outcomes than the Austerity Markets – reorienting care around patients and reducing waiting times, albeit at the expense of financial control by the state.
The Abuse Intervention Model: A Pragmatic Approach to Intervention for Elder Mistreatment

Ten percent of older adults experience elder mistreatment, and it is much more common in older adults with dementia. It is associated with higher rates of psychological distress, hospitalization, and death and, in the United States, costs billions of dollars each year. Although elder mistreatment is relatively common and costly, it is estimated that fewer than 10% of instances of elder mistreatment are reported. Given these data, there is a great need for research on interventions to mitigate elder mistreatment and for a practical model or framework to use in approaching such interventions. Although many theories have been proposed, adapted, and applied to understand elder mistreatment, there has not been a simple, coherent framework of known risk factors of the victim, perpetrator, and environment that applies to all types of abuse. This article presents a new model to examine the multidimensional and complex relationships between risk factors. Theories of elder mistreatment, research on risk factors for elder mistreatment, and 10 years of experience of faculty and staff at an Elder Abuse Forensics Center who have investigated more than 1,000 cases of elder mistreatment inform this model. It is hoped that this model, the Abuse Intervention Model, will be used to study and intervene in elder mistreatment.
Redefining advances in modern oncology research

I am excited to be the new Editor-in-Chief of Advances in Modern Oncology Research and would like to thank the founding Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Omar Abdel Rahman, for his diligent service to the journal since its inception in 2015. AMOR, the abbreviation commonly used for the journal means “love” in Spanish. As an Open Access journal, I hope that AMOR will be a global platform to disseminate knowledge in modern oncology research from both basic and clinical scientists with a passion to find a cure for cancer.
Comparison of the effects of commercial coated and uncoated ZnO nanomaterials and Zn compounds in kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants.

Abstract Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants were grown for 45 days in soil amended with either uncoated (Z-COTE®) and coated (Z-COTE HP1®) ZnO nanomaterials (NMs), bulk ZnO and ZnCl2, at 0–500 mg/kg. At harvest, growth parameters, chlorophyll, and essential elements were determined. None of the treatments affected germination and pod production, and only ZnCl2 at 250 and 500 mg/kg reduced relative chlorophyll content by 34% and 46%, respectively. While Z-COTE® did not produce phenotypic changes, Z-COTE HP1®, at all concentrations, increased root length (∼44%) and leaf length (∼13%) compared with control. Bulk ZnO reduced root length (53%) at 62.5 mg/kg and ZnCl2 reduced leaf length (16%) at 125 mg/kg. Z-COTE®, at 125 mg/kg, increased Zn by 203%, 139%, and 76% in nodules, stems, and leaves, respectively; while at the same concentration, Z-COTE HP1® increased Zn by 89%, 97%, and 103% in roots, stems, and leaves, respectively. At 125 mg/kg, Z-COTE HP1® increased root S (65%) and Mg (65%), while Z-COTE® increased stem B (122%) and Mn (73%). Bulk ZnO and ZnCl2 imposed more toxicity to kidney bean than the NMs, since they reduced root and leaf elongation, respectively, and the concentration of several essential elements in tissues.
A linear estimator for transmission line parameters based on distributed parameter line model

Transmission line parameters are critical inputs to a variety of power system analysis algorithms. To ensure the precision of line parameters, this paper proposes a novel linear method to estimate transmission line parameters, including series resistance, series reactance, and shunt susceptance, for non-compensated and series-compensated lines. Voltage and current phasors obtained by phasor measurement units (PMUs) from both ends are utilized in the algorithm. Linear least squares method is applied when multiple sets of measurements are available for improved accuracy. Distributed parameter line model is employed in developing the algorithm. An optimal estimator is also proposed, which can detect and identify possible measurement errors, although this type of method is no longer linear. The estimated line parameters can be used to determine line temperature and conductor sag. Evaluations studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Transformative learning, tribal membership and cultural restoration: A case study of an embedded Native American service-learning project at a research university

This research examines the case of a service-learning project embedded within a CBPR-based Native American tribal nation and research university collaboration in the US. Transformative learning (TL) served as the theoretical framework by which we, the multidisciplinary research team, came to appreciate the significance of the tribal nation’s lived history and deep sense of cultural loss, as well as the social impact of the service-learning project. To date, the majority of research on transformative learning has focused on the individual. This research builds on the work of a growing cadre of TL theorists who consider the role of the collective in transformation. This is especially salient for community-focused research efforts that incorporate service-learning. In this case, we treat consciousness raising, observed through documents, direct observation and participant observation, as evidence of collective transformation. Results indicate that the service-learning project served as a catalyst for tribal nation higher education students and tribal leaders to collectively engage in critical reflection. In doing so, both groups came to develop new, emergent views of tribal membership. Students, in particular, emerged with transformed world views and deepened cultural connections, while tribal leaders came to appreciate service-learning relative to tribal needs. We thus assert that service-learning can be a culturally appropriate, sustainable educational mechanism that has application across a wide range of Indigenous communities, thereby highlighting the instrumentality of this case. The research also indicates how higher education institutions and fellow researchers oriented to CBPR may render more successful their future collaboration practices with historically marginalised communities. We advocate that service-learning be directed by the tribal nation or community in question. As such, the community’s lived experience and world view becomes the focal point of the partnership, thereby making it culturally relevant and broadening the views of other stakeholders.
The effect of e-cigarette warning labels on college students' perception of e-cigarettes and intention to use e-cigarettes

Abstract Objective This study examined the effect of two e-cigarette warning labels on college students' perceived advantages and risks of e-cigarette use, as well as students' intentions to use e-cigarettes. The company-produced e-cigarette warning label carries abundant information with small font size while the governmental warning label has only two sentences presented in large font size. The effect of both labels have not yet been examined and verified. Methods Data were collected in October 2015 from college students at a Midwestern university. A pretest-posttest design was employed with 338 students exposed to the warning label proposed by the FDA and 328 students exposed to the label created by e-cigarette companies. Structural equation modeling analysis was implemented to examine the effect of warning labels with the analytical model grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior. Results Findings showed that college students' perceived advantages of e-cigarette use were positively related to their intentions to use e-cigarettes, while perceived risks were negatively associated with their intentions. When comparing two labels, the governmental label was found to reduce college students' intentions to use e-cigarettes via increasing perceived risks of e-cigarette use ( β = 0.10, p Conclusions The warning label proposed by the FDA is more effective than that created by e-cigarette companies, however, has room for improvement to make a greater impact on e-cigarette use intention.
Depositional processes of alluvial fans along the Hilina Pali fault scarp, Island of Hawaii

Abstract A series of previously unstudied alluvial fans are actively forming along the Hilina Pali escarpment on the south flank of Kīlauea volcano on the Island of Hawaii. These fans are characterized by their steep slopes, coarse grain sizes, and lobate surface morphology. Fans are fed by bedrock channels that drain from the Ka'ū Desert, but sediment is mostly sourced from deeply eroded alcoves carved into the Hilina Pali. Examination of recent deposits indicates that the fans are dominantly constructed from gravel and larger sized sediment. Flow discharges calculated using field measurements of channel geometries and the Manning equation indicate that events inducing sediment transport are of high magnitude and occur during high intensity precipitation events, including Kona storms. The fans along the Hilina Pali appear to be a rare example of fans formed predominately from sieve lobe deposition owing to the area's high slopes, high discharge, coarse bedload, and limited supply of fine-grained sediment. Given such conditions, sieve lobe deposition can form large lobes consisting of boulder-sized material, which may have implications for the identification of depositional processes when interpreting the stratigraphic record.
Methods of Assessing STING Activation and Trafficking

The signaling adapter protein STING is crucial for the host immune response to cytosolic DNA and cyclic dinucleotides. Under basal conditions, STING resides on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER ) , but upon activation, it traffics through secretory pathway to cytoplasmic vesicles, where STING activates downstream immune signaling. Classical STING activation and trafficking are triggered by binding of cyclic dinucleotide ligands. STING signaling can also be activated by gain-of-function mutations that lead to constitutive trafficking of STING. These gain-of-function mutations are associated with several human diseases such as STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or familial chilblain lupus (FCL). This dynamic activation pathway presents a challenge to study. We describe methods here for measuring ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activation of STING signaling in HEK293T cells. We also describe a retroviral-based reconstitution assay to study STING protein trafficking and activation in immune competent cells such as mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), which avoids the use of plasmid DNA. These methods will expedite research regarding STING trafficking and signaling dynamics in the settings of infection and autoimmune diseases.
Hematologic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease: Leukocyte and Monocyte Function

CKD is associated with a state of immunodeficiency and chronic inflammation. The uremia-associated immunodeficiency state is caused by decreased phagocytic capability of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes, defective antigen presentation, reduced function and levels of Toll-like receptors, reduced capability of cytokine production, decreased numbers of T and B cells, and alteration in T helper cell numbers and ratios. These effects culminate in defects of both innate and adaptive immunity. On the other hand, uremia is associated with a state of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, due to a state of decreased cellular apoptosis, spontaneous leukocyte activation, increased reactive oxygen species generation, and defects in regulatory T cells. CKD patients have an immune response that is chronically activated, but is functionally compromised.
When Things Go From Bad to Worse: The Impact of Relative Contextual Extremity on Benjamin Montgomery’s Positive Leadership and Psychological Capital:

Drawing from positive organizational behavior, psychological capital has been shown to be a beneficial resource allowing leaders to remain positive and future-oriented. While having hope, optimism,...
Area and International Studies: Stakeholders

In most nations, the stakeholders in area and international studies (A&IS) are government agencies. However, in the United States, A&IS stakeholders are found in education and the private sector as well as in government, resulting in a high level of organizational development, complexity, and productivity. A&IS represent a crossing point between academic disciplines, research and policy institutions, numerous ethnic foreign-language communities, various international exchange organizations, foreign and domestic corporate interests, national security agencies, and issue-oriented oppositional movements. As a result, the A&IS enterprise is contested by shifting coalitions defined by such factors as professional self-interest, intellectual paradigms, national security threats, and ideological agendas.
Two More Variations on the Triangular Theme

The orbit method was created 40 years ago (see [K1]) in the attempt to describe the unitary dual N for the group N of upper triangular matrices with units on the main diagonal.
Birds as Laboratory Animals

Abstract Birds are used for a variety of teaching and research purposes. While domesticated species like chickens, turkeys, and quail are probably the most frequently used birds, a range of species that vary widely in terms of their behavior and their husbandry and care needs may be kept. We provide an overview of some aspects of the anatomy, physiology, and behavior of birds, and address general aspects of avian care in the laboratory setting. These include housing, environment, nutrition, environmental enrichment, handling, transport, special management practices (sexing, identification, incubation, insemination, chick rearing), field studies, amelioration of pain and distress, and euthanasia. While there is a great deal of information about these topics available for poultry, there is much less for captive wild species, so individuals responsible for their care will need to consult relevant literature and experts to ensure that the needs of those species are met in the laboratory setting.
Role Playing in Online Education: A Teaching Tool to Enhance Student Engagement and Sustained Learning

Discovering new ways to inspire students is a worthy teaching goal. When students love what they are learning, the process feels meaningful, they retain the information better, and the experience motivates them to learn more. Encouraging a love of learning can be a particular challenge in an online class, however, since the teacher does not see the students face-to-face and therefore lacks the visual cues that typically indicate how much students understand, what excites them, and what they still need to know.