cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scattering by a horizontal subsurface penny-shaped crack

The scattering by a horizontal subsurface penny-shaped crack subjected to axially symmetric loading is investigated. The formulation begins with deriving the response of a time harmonic point force in rectangular coordinates. Then, the integral representation and integral equations are converted into polar coordinates by applying the condition of axial symmetry. The results contain crack opening displacement (COD), stress intensity factors, scattered pattern and the frequency spectrum of the Rayleigh wave and the back-scattered longitudinal wave. Resonance phenomenon is compared with the plane strain case solved in an earlier paper.
Diazonaphthoquinone Molecular Glass Photoresists: Patterning without Chemical Amplification

Molecular glass photoresists have attracted increasing attention as next-generation replacements for traditional polymeric resists. Most of those reported so far have been based on a contrast generation mechanism known as chemical amplification, but increasing concerns as to the ultimate resolution obtainable by this process prompted us to investigate nonchemically amplified molecular glass resists. In this submission, we describe the synthesis of a p-tert-butyl calix[4]resorcinarene core functionalized with photoactive diazonapthoquinone groups (DNQ-CR). These materials are characterized using conventional wet chemistry techniques, such as NMR, and their amorphous nature was investigated via powder X-ray diffraction. Lithographic characterization using 405 nm radiation resulted in the formation of positive tone images, with both contrast and sensitivity increasing with the degree of functionalization. Exposure to electron-beam radiation resulted in the formation of negative tone images as small as 60 nm,...
Service-Learning: A New Priority for Career Centers

Service-learning is a term that has been in use for at least twentyfive years. Jane Kendall (1991) stated that she has discovered at least 147 different terms used to express the basic concept of service-learning. It's very difficult to define a concept with such broad usage, but Kendall has attempted to identify key elements of the term. She noted that a concept that has experienced so much resistance and debate over its clarification obviously entails a strong investment on the part of its proponents. There is something uniquely powerful about combining the concepts of service and learning together; this something is not explained by either of these terms alone. Service-learning incorporates two important factors which are not found in typical community service programs. These are an inclusion of the concept of learning and an emphasis on reciprocity. Learning involves doing, as is well-described in a quote from Confucius, "I read and I forget, I see and I remember, I do and I understand (Kendall, 1991, p. 10)." Students engaged in service-learning are involved in larger social issues which enhance theoretical classroom knowledge with real life experience, while at the same time providing needed benefits to the community. Reciprocity involves an emphasis on both parties, both the server and the served, as having input into the development of any program. A free-flowing of giving and receiving occurs between both parties,
Contested Cosmopolitanisms: Global Meetings and Local Mobilizations

This article analyzes the ways that Pittsburgh anarchist activists, politicians, and journalists framed the 2009 G-20 meetings and protests through a content analysis of newspaper articles and activist documents. Our analysis found that cosmopolitanism was a central discourse, but it was also contested. Pittsburgh anarchists introduced an open-community cosmopolitanism that prioritizes the local over the global as a site of struggle and also embraces expansion of rights and commitment to diversity and inclusivity. Somewhat unexpectedly, this open-community cosmopolitanism was successfully transmitted beyond activist discourse into the public and the local media. The anarchist activist open-community framing challenged Pittsburgh residents to question whether increased global corporate investments were best for Pittsburgh and, in doing so, fostered connections between local anarchist activists, local journalists, and local Pittsburgh residents. To reflect on the ways that activists contribute to ideas of cosmopolitanism, this article presents a theoretical model that incorporates individual and collective dispositions and multiple ideological standpoints. We also show how movement groups may strategically draw on these shared cosmopolitan dispositions to expand their movement base, communicate their messages, and challenge the hegemony of global capitalism.
Thermodynamic Control of 1,3-Boratropic Shifts of α- and γ-Stannyl-Substituted Allylboranes: Hyperconjugation Outweighs Steric Effects

(E)-δ-Stannyl homoallylic alcohols are prepared by an allene hydroboration−aldehyde allylboration sequence (Chen, M.et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 7881). Key to this reaction sequence is that the kinetic allene hydroboration product, 2a, is less stable than and isomerizes to the more sterically congested α-stannylallylborane 3a (see abstract figure). An M06-2X density functional analysis shows that the C−Sn to boron σ−π hyperconjugation interaction is sufficiently stabilizing to override the steric congestion in 3a.
Mapping the site of guanylylation on VP1, the protein primer for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus RNA synthesis

Abstract VP1, the putative virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) can be guanylylated in vitro whereupon it becomes a primer for in vitro RNA synthesis [Virology 208 (1995) 19]. The role of a template or other virion polypeptides in the reaction is unknown. To shed light on this question, his-tagged recombinant VP 1 (rVP1) was expressed both in Escherichia coli and insect cells and used in the guanylylation reaction. Unlike other viral VPg polypeptides, the purified rVP1 alone could guanylylate itself in vitro in a template-independent manner. Chemical and enzymatic cleavage in combination with site-directed mutagenesis mapped the site of guanylylation to serine 163. The purified rVP1 functioned as a primer as well as an RdRp in vitro, producing labeled dsRNA in the presence of [α 32 P] NTP and synthetically produced viral ss + RNA as a template. Only a single cycle of replication was observed and labeled VPg could be recovered from the dsRNA by RNase V 1 digestion. Denaturation of the dsRNA yielded genome-length labeled ssRNA, indicating that RNA synthesis was not initiated by 3′-end snap-back self-priming. Mutating serine 163 to alanine of rVP1 abolished both its self-guanylylating and polymerizing activity.
Neutron Diffraction and Susceptibility Study of Dilute La-Rare-Earth Alloys

Neutron diffraction and susceptibility data are reported for dilute solutions of rare-earth impurity in a La host. At magnetic impurity levels of 10 and 20 at.%, the La-Tb alloys show a broad neutron diffraction peak characteristic of short-range order at 7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the forward direction. At a magnetic impurity level of 5 at.%, this short-range order peak is absent, and the magnetic scattering in the ordered state is the same as the scattering in the paramagnetic state. Within experimental error, the Tb ions maintain their full moment and there is no change in the scattering which can be associated with spin compensation by the conduction electrons. Susceptibility data for these alloys are in many respects similar to results reported for Cu-Mn alloys, but there are important quantitative differences. Pure double-hcp La shows a nearly temperature-independent susceptibility in fair agreement with that predicted from the specific-heat density of states.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy: Causes, diagnosis, and treatment

Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a life-threatening condition of unknown cause that occurs in previously healthy women during the peripartum period. It is characterized by left ventricular dysfunction and symptoms of heart failure that can arise in the last trimester of pregnancy or up to 5 months after delivery. We review its possible causes and how to recognize and manage it.
Epstein-Barr virus replication linked to B cell proliferation in inflamed areas of colonic mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with increased disease severity in therapeutically immunosuppressed IBD patients. The role of EBV infection in patients with IBD who are unresponsive to medical therapy is unclear. Anti-viral strategies may be a viable treatment option if severity of EBV infection, reflected in peripheral blood, contributes to IBD progression. Objectives We investigated the role of EBV in IBD patients unresponsive to medical therapy by examining EBV reactivation and B-cell proliferation in colonic mucosa. Study design EBV DNA copy numbers were measured by real-time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 84 patients with IBD and 115 non-IBD controls in a retrospective cross-sectional study. EBV-infected cells in colonic mucosa were identified by immunohistochemistry. Results EBV load in PBMC was higher in patients with IBD than in non-IBD controls, especially in patients not responding to medication. Inflamed colonic mucosa of these patients had high levels of expression of lytic and latent EBV genes that localized to proliferating B-lymphocytes, which was not seen in patients responding to therapy. Conclusions EBV replication was associated with severe IBD and mucosal inflammation. Increased proliferation and EBV infection of B-lymphocytes in inflamed colonic mucosa highlight the potential role of EBV in mucosal inflammation. The immunomodulatory effects of EBV could delay the resolution of the IBD associated inflammation, thus contributing to disease progression. These results indicate that anti-viral therapeutic strategies for the resolution of IBD may be useful.
The effects of purification and serum proteins on the organ identifying properties of alkaline phosphatases from canine tissues.

Abstract The effects of four different environments on the organ-identifying characteristics of canine alkaline phosphatases were investigated. Crude tissue extracts, two successive stages of purification and a serum environment were used. Electrophoretic mobility of alkaline phosphatases from liver, bone, kidney, and intestine was unaffected by variations in the enzyme environment. Susceptibility of the isozymes to inhibitions by l -phenylanine, and 6 M urea were similarly unaffected. Sensitivity to heat inactivation was shown to depend markedly on the nature of the environment of the enzyme. Purified alkaline phosphatases from each tissue were less susceptible to heat inactivation than enzymes in crude extracts or serum. Bile alkaline phosphatase was less heat sensitive than enzyme from crude liver extracts but had a susceptibility similar to that of purified liver enzyme. When mixed with serum, bile enzyme became much more heat sensitive resembling sensitivity of purified liver enzyme mixed with serum. These findings were explained on a basis of differing environments rather than differing molecular properties of bile and liver alkaline phosphatases. Serums of dogs with biliary obstruction contained an increased alkaline phosphatase which had properties identical to liver enzyme. These properties did not vary with the magnitude of increased serum enzyme or with the duration of biliary obstruction.
New airway device for ventilation and monitoring in pediatric patients undergoing MRI study

A method of administering continuous positive airway pressure via a new airway device to prevent upper airway obstruction and preserve spontaneous respiration under total intravenous anesthesia has been adapted for children undergoing deep sedation for MRI studies. Presented herein is a retrospective study of 45 pediatric patients, ages 5 months to 7 years, who underwent an MRI study under general anesthesia using a modified nasal vestibule airway (NVA®), a pressure-sealing nasal cannula that can be used in conjunction with an anesthesia circuit to deliver nasal-CPAP during anesthesia. After inhalation induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane, an intravenous infusion of propofol was used to maintain anesthesia. A NVA®, downsized to fit the nasal vestibule of the child, was inserted, taped in place, and connected to a Mapleson F circuit. An extra long extension of corrugated tubing, a SNOR-SCOPE® circuit stethoscope, and the fluctuations of a reservoir bag allowed monitoring and assisted respirations from the foot of the MRI table. Other monitors included CO2 sampled at the mouth and the fluctuations of a PORTEX® disposable pressure gauge. The records of 45 pediatric patients were reviewed. No significant anesthesia complications were found. A new approach is offered to maintain airway patency, monitoring and spontaneous respirations in pediatric patients undergoing MRI study. This pressure-sealing nasal cannula can deliver CPAP under anesthesia while avoiding the requirement of an invasive airway and facilitating additional monitoring and control not possible with an ordinary nasal cannula. This NVA may be used in other locations in pediatric patients where endotracheal intubation is not necessary or impossible.
Advances in treatment for chronic granulomatous disease.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare congenital disorder resulting from a failure of neutrophils to produce oxidases. Patients are therefore prone to recurrent infections from various organisms including fungi and atypical bacteria. The mortality in patients with the X-linked form of CGD, the most common type, ranges from 3% to 5% per year and although management of infections has improved with advances in antimicrobial therapies, better methods are needed to be able to cure these patients. Peripheral blood stem cell or bone marrow transplantation, while curative, is not widely used due to the episodic nature of the infections and the belief by many that conservative management is preferable to the risks of transplantation. Still, as will be discussed, improvements in the field are making allogenic transplantation more desirable and tilting the risk benefit ratio in favor of this modality. Additionally, gene therapy, which has been a long touted method to cure CGD, has within the last 5–10 years become more and more of a reality and may be realized by the end of this decade.
Methylmercury sexual dimorphism in the mouse.

5–8 days after a single nontoxic dose of radioactive methylmercury chloride adult male mouse kidneys contain twice as much radioactive mercury per unit wet wt as do kidneys of similarly dosed adult females.
Mechanical stress: an independent determinant of early bioprosthetic calcification in humans.

Background Mechanical stress is one of the contributing factors for bioprosthetic calcification. A HeartMate XVE (Thoratec, CA) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has two identical porcine valves, one for inflow and the other for outflow. The inflow valve endures a higher closing pressure than the outflow valve; thus, an implanted LVAD offers an ideal human model to study the independent effect of stress on calcification. Methods Sixty-four pairs of LVAD inflow and outflow valves underwent gross examination, histologic study, and x-ray imaging. X-ray films were converted to digital images, and the calcification area was calculated. The distribution of calcium deposits was documented. The frequency and degree of calcification in both valves were analyzed (paired t test). Calcification of both valves in relationship to the duration of LVAD implantation and to the patient's age was also analyzed (linear regression). Results The mean age of patients supported with LVAD was 55 ± 12 years (range, 17 to 77 years). The mean duration of LVAD implantation was 265 ± 151 days (range, 3 to 630 days). Calcification developed more commonly in inflow valves. The calcification area (CA) was larger in the inflow valves (21.6 ± 30.7 mm 2 ) than in the outflow valves (15.1 ± 26.2 mm 2 , p p Conclusions Mechanical stress is an independent determinant of early bioprosthetic calcification in humans.
Looking for life on Mars? Try the salty bits

We explore Mars in the hope of finding life. It's a shame we're looking in the wrong places, says Alfonso F. Davila
Flow and non-flow event anisotropies at the SPS

Abstract A study of differential elliptic event anisotropies ( ν 2 ) of charge particles and high- p T pions in 158 AGeV/c Pb+Au collisions is presented. Results from correlations with respect to the event plane and from two-particle azimuthal correlations are compared. The latter give systematically higher ν 2 values at p T >1.2 GeV/c providing possibly an evidence of a non-flow semihard component.
Lattice of double wells for manipulating pairs of cold atoms

We describe the design and implementation of a two-dimensional optical lattice of double wells suitable for isolating and manipulating an array of individual pairs of atoms in an optical lattice. Atoms in the square lattice can be placed in a double well with any of their four nearest neighbors. The properties of the double well (the barrier height and relative energy offset of the paired sites) can be dynamically controlled. The topology of the lattice is phase stable against phase noise imparted by vibrational noise on mirrors. We demonstrate the dynamic control of the lattice by showing the coherent splitting of atoms from single wells into double wells and observing the resulting double-slit atom diffraction pattern. This lattice can be used to test controlled neutral atom motion among lattice sites and should allow for testing controlled two-qubit gates.
Nuclear medicine studies of aging—II. Femoral vessel uptake of 99mTc-diphosphonates vs age

Abstract Bone images obtained after use of 99m Tc-MDP were examined for activity presumed to be present in the femoral vessels. The criteria for this extraosseous uptake were: present on anterior views of the thighs, located medial to the femurs, extended outward and downward, approximately linear and continuous, and present on both thighs. Each image was graded as zero (not visible), one plus (barely detectable) and two plus (readily visualized). Using the mean age of each grouping (20–29 years depicted as age 25), the percent positive were noted to closely correlate with age. The earliest positive detected was in a 24 year old male; by age 80 years and greater, over 93% of the cases showed 1+ or 2+ activity. In addition, the average score increased linearly with age. These findings were correlated with literature data on femoral artery diameter and stiffness, and with information on aortic calcification.
Quantitative determination of capsaicinoids by liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry

Eight naturally occurring capsaicinoids have been determined in Capsicum by use of high-purity standards, with norcapsaicin as an internal standard. The solid standards were rigorously checked for purity. The sensitivity of electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and coordination ion-spray (CIS; with silver) toward the capsaicinoids were measured and compared. The highest sensitivity was found for positive-ion ESI. Method validation of the liquid chromatography-ESI-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) determination is reported, including tests for repeatability (4%), detection limit (5 pg injected), linear range (20-6 ng injected), quantitation (excellent linearity; < 2% relative standard deviation), and recovery (99-103%). The major and minor capsaicinoids in a commercial plant extract and in chili pepper fruits were quantified.
A Graph Theoretic Summation of the Cubes of the First n Integers

(2009). A Graph Theoretic Summation of the Cubes of the First n Integers. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 82, No. 5, pp. 363-364.
A New Method to Prepare Root Tip Chromosomes in Alfalfa

We used root tips of annual Medicago disciformis DC. (2n=2x=16), perennial M. sativa L. ‘Lahontan’ (2n=4x=32), and plants of Lahontan that were regenerated from anther calluses to test various enzyme treatments for root tip chromosome preparation. These Medicago entries responded similarly to the types of enzymes and duration of treatment. Treatment with an enzyme solution (5.0% pectinase and 2.5% cellulase) for a duration of 60 to 90 minutes at 37°C gave the best results. The reliability of this treatment and the number of chromosome-countable cells was high. Distribution of cells and spreading of chromosomes in a cell on a focal plane was easily achieved. Treatment periods of less than 1 hour resulted in incomplete digestion. When the digestion time exceeded 90 minutes, many cells were too fragile to be processed. Either pectinase or cellulase alone failed to completely digest the roots, even after treatment for 5 hours. A solution comprised of 5% pectinase and 5% cellulase was so drastic that controlling the treatment time became very critical and difficult.
Microbiological Research at Porton

The director of the Microbiological Research Establishment at Porton describes some of the highlights of the work carried out during 1967.
THYMUS IN NORMAL NEWBORN AND IN CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE

Radiological thymic size was compared in 3 groups of fullterm newborn infants in the first 2 days of llfe: Group(a)-50 normal (NNBs), Group(b)-39 severely cyanotic congenital heart disease (SCCHDs) with 21 complete D-transposition of great arteries (CTGA) 10 valvular pulmonary atresia/severe stenosis (PA), 5 tricuspid atresia(TA), 3 tetralogy of fallot (TOF) and Group(c) 21 mildly cyanotic congenital heart disease (MCCHDs) with 8 hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLH), 13 miscellaneous complex lesions (MCL). Diagnosis in groups (b) and (c) were confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiography. Frontal plain chest films were reviews! in all and thymic size was graded (G) as follows: absent-GO: small G1; moderate-G2 and large-G3. In NNBs 80% (40 and 50) revealed G1 to G3 thymus of which 20% were G3. In SCCHDs only 23% (9 of 39) had a thymus, all being G1 with CTGA 28.5% (6 of 21). PA 20% (2 of 10), TA 0% (0 of 5) and TOF 33% (1 of 3). In MCCHDs 62% (13 of 21) had thymus of G1/G2 (but none of G3) with HLH 75% (6 of 8) and MCL 54% (7 of 13). Thymus is often absent in SCCHDs in comparison to MCCHDs and NNBs in the first 2 days of life. The cardio-respiratory distress which accompanies HLH does not appear to alter thymic size in these infants as compared with NNBs. Level of arterial hypoxemia, which dictates the degree of cyanosis, probably is the pertinent stress factor which involutes thymus in infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Absence of thymus is not unique to CTGA in the newborn, but also is encountered in other types of SCCHDs.
Monolithic Integration of Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Capillary Electrophoresis and Electrospray Ionization on a Microfluidic Device

A microfluidic device capable of two-dimensional reversed-phase liquid chromatography−capillary electrophoresis with integrated electrospray ionization (LC-CE-ESI) for mass spectrometry (MS) -based proteomic applications is described. Traditional instrumentation was used for the LC sample injection and delivery of the LC mobile phase. The glass microfabricated device incorporated a sample-trapping region and an LC channel packed with reversed-phase particles. Rapid electrokinetic injections of the LC effluent into the CE dimension were performed at a cross-channel intersection. The CE separation channel terminated at a corner of the square device, which functioned as an integrated electrospray tip. In addition to LC-CE-ESI, this device was used for LC-ESI without any instrumental modifications. To evaluate the system, LC-MS and LC-CE-MS analyses of protein digests were performed and compared.
Kinetic theory and rheology of solutions of rigid rodlike macromolecules

Abstract It is known that the second normal-stress coefficient Ψ2 is quite sensitive to molecular structure. Here Ψ2 is tudied for suspensions of rigid rodlike molecules, which are modeled as rigid multibead rods with hydrodynamic interaction described by the Rotne-Prager-Yamakawa hydrodynamic-interaction tensor. It is shwon that Ψ2 is positive for N ⩽ 6 and negative for N ⩾ 7 for rods made up of osculating spheres. Results are also given for the viscosity η, the first normal-stress coefficient Ψ1, and the elongational viscosity, −η. The first two terms of the corotationnal memory-inegral expansion are given explicitly, and the effective-velocity-gradient method for accounting for hydrodynamic interaction is discussed.
The value of nutrition support in children with cancer

A positive stance towards nutrition support of the child with cancer assures potential for normal growth, development, and quality of life during extended oncologic treatment. Data from recent studies of children with cancer (advanced neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumor) demonstrate the importance of integrating nutrition staging, assessment, and support into treatment protocols. Patients with solid tumors and lymphomas who are malnourished at diagnosis have a poor outcome when compared to nourished counterparts. Enteral nutrition (intensive nutrition counseling and favorite, nutritious foods) is effective in low nutritional risk groups but ineffective in preventing or reversing protein-energy malnutrition in high nutritional risk groups. For high-risk groups, central parenteral nutrition is a relatively short-term, but important, support measure which allows children to grow despite extended periods of intense oncologic treatment. The patient's nutritional course may affect bone marrow suppression and the ability to tolerate aggressive chemotherapeutic treatment. Although treatment tolerance may be improved with nutrition support, adequacy of primary oncologic treatment outweighs other supportive factors as a determinant of ultimate survival.
Genetic variation in the extreme endemic Pedicularis furbishiae (Scrophulariaceae)

: Endemic species are commonly hypothesized to have little genetic variation because of inbreeding, genetic, bottlenecks, and/or other factors. We investigated genetic variation in, Pedicularis furbishiae(Scrophulariaceae), an endangered endemic of the St. John River valley in northern Maine, by examining electrophoretic patterns at 22 loci in 28 individuals distributed among four populations. No variation appeared at any of the loci, although this sample was sufficient to detect any variant alleles with a frequency of 5.2 percent or more with 95 percent probability. This lack of variation is probably due to founder effects accompanying the original postglacial establishment and subsequent repeated episodes of population establishment and local extinction along the St. John. Resumen: Existe la hipotesis comuum de que las especies endemicas tienen una poca variacion genetica, debido a la endogamia, cuellos de boca genetica, y/u otros factores. Investigamos la variacion genetica de la, Pedicularis furbishiae (Scrophulariaceae), una especie endemica en peligro de extincion en el valle del St. John, al norte de Maine, examinando los patrones electroforeticos en 22 loci de 28 individuos distribuidos entre 4 poblaciones. No se detecto variacion en ninguno de los loci, a pesar de que esta muestra fue suficiente para detectar qualquier alelo variante con una frequencia de 5.2% o mas, con una probabilidad del 95%. Esta falta de variacion es debida, probablemente, a los efectos del fundador acompanndo el establecimiento post glacial original y la subsecuente repeticion de episodios de establecimiento de la poblacion y extincion local a lo largo del St. John.
The Degradation Process Observed during Step Annealing of 73/27 HBA/HNA Copolyester

Stepwise annealing near the crystal-liquid crystal transition temperature was applied to a 73/27 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA)/2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid (HNA) copolyester to increase the melting transition from 281 to 316°C. An unexpected degradation process was observed when further annealing was applied at 305 °C. An irreversible loss of crystallinity was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The melt rheology of the step ordered 73/ 27 HBA/HNA copolyester was investigated using a dynamic rheometer. In contrast to the untreated and ordered sample, the degraded material exhibited an increase in melt viscosity (0.3 orders) after heating at 370 °C for 1 min, indicating some form of irreversible reaction. Furthermore, a plot of storage modulus versus loss modulus showed a completely different pattern for the degraded material. These observations suggest that a small amount of branching or cross-linking has occurred in the 73/27 HBA/HNA copolyester during step annealing at 305 °C. An attempt was made to simulate this process by adding 1 wt % of a cross-linkable oligomer to the 73/27 HBA/HNA copolyester. From the melt viscosity, it could be concluded that a small amount of branching (below 0.5 wt %) has occurred most likely in the crystalline regions of the ordered copolyester.
Re-analysis of the cuticular methylalkanes of Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri

Gas chromatographic retention times and electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry were used to identify two new series of dimethylalkanes in Solenopsis invicta Buen and Solenopsis richteri Forel. The first series consisted of internally branched dimethylalkanes with one methylene group between the branch points and were identified in an extract of cuticular lipids from S. invicta and S. richteri. The second new series consisted of 3,x-dimethylalkanes with odd carbon numbers, where x = 7, 9, or 11, and 4,x-dimethylalkanes with even numbers, where x = 8, 10, or 12. The mass spectrum published by Loket al. (1975), and which was tentatively identified as being that of 10,12-dimethyltricosane, is re-interpreted as being that of a mixture of 3,9- and 3,11-dimethyltricosanes. Internally branched monomethylalkanes, and 3- and 4-methylalkanes were found in the cuticular lipids of both species. 3,7,11-Trimethylalkanes were tentatively identified as being present in S. invicta. The n-alkanes and alkenes also were identified in S. richteri.
Nocodazole inhibition of the vasopressin-induced water permeability increase in toad urinary bladder

Nocodazole is a synthetic antitumor drug that binds rapidly to tubulin. When this drug is applied to toad bladder prior to vasopressin stimulation it inhibits the vasopressin response. A maximum inhibition (68%) is reached with a dose level of 10 micrograms/ml applied one-half hour prior to vasopressin stimulation (20 mU/ml). This compares with an inhibition of 50% seen with a 3-h exposure of the tissue to colchicine (0.1 mM) prior to stimulation with vasopressin. Application of nocodazole (1 microgram/ml) 3 min after hormonal stimulation shows no inhibition of the response at one-half hour past stimulation. These data support the view that microtubules are involved in the vasopressin-induced increase in water permeability in toad bladder and also indicate that this involvement is limited to the period prior to or directly after stimulation.
Private Goods, Club Goods, And Public Goods As A Continuum ∗

(1987). Private Goods, Club Goods, And Public Goods As A Continuum. Review of Social Economy: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 192-199.
Layered Aluminosilicate/Chromophore Nanocomposites and Their Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Assembly

Intercalation complexes of the fluorescent dye coumarin and lamellar aluminosilicate hectorite have been prepared and studied. The nanocomplexes are characterized by molecular order and thermal stability. Optical quality films of multilayered nanocomposites of coumarin and hectorite were prepared by a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique using a cationic polyelectrolyte. These films showed characteristic strong fluorescence at 465 nm.
Effects of air pollutants on pollen

In vivo and in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth are affected by air pollutants. The stimulation and inhibition of these pollen characteristics depend on the pollen species as well as on the pollutant and its concentration, the exposure time, the relative humidity during exposure and some other factors. Mitosis, gas exchange, size and chemistry of pollen can also be influenced by air contaminants. Pollen germination and tube elongation differ in their response to air pollution stress, and both are more susceptible in vitro compared to the in vivo situation. Some possible mechanisms of action are reported in this review study. The effects of air contaminants on pollen are discussed in relation to sexual reproduction, gametophytic selection and adaptation to stress. Pollen may be used as sensitive biological indicators of pollution
Concomitant chemotherapy and split-course radiation for cure and preservation of speech and swallowing in head and neck cancer.

To assess the ability of simultaneous cisplatin, 5-Fluorouracil, and radiation to substitute for surgery and radiation in advanced head and neck cancer, we have retrospectively selected from our phase II study a subgroup of 29 patients having primary disease requiring either more than a hemiglossec-tomy or a laryngectomy for control. Patients included 22 with stage IV and 7 with stage III disease, 12 tongue, 10 hypopharynx, and 7 larynx primaries. The treatment consisted of concurrent cisplatin, 5-Fluo-rouracil, and split-course radiation every other week for a total of 7 cycles within 13 weeks. With a median follow-up of 5 years, 86% of patients had preservation of speech and/or swallowing function. Median survival was 45 months, with 14 (48%) patients currently alive and disease free, 11 (38%) dead from their cancer, and 4 (14%) dead of other causes. The overall failure rate was 38%. Advanced-stage presence of N3 nodal disease and fewer than 7 cycles of chemotherapy received were significantly associated with increasing failure rates. This program of concomitant cisplatin, 5-Fluorouracil, and radiation produced control rates quite competitive with surgery and radiation and is appropriate for definitive testing in a randomized trial.
Education as recovery: neoliberalism, school reform, and the politics of crisis

Building upon critical education policy studies of crisis, disaster, and reform, this essay develops a theory of recovery that further elaborates the nature and operation of ‘crisis politics’ in neoliberal education reform. Recovery is an integral process in capital accumulation, exploiting material, and subjective vulnerability in order to bridge crisis to crisis. Capitalizing on crises, neoliberal reformers position privatization as the mechanism of recovery. Rather than acknowledge their complicity in creating crises, neoliberals externalize the demands of recovery onto schools, teachers, and students. This essay calls for critical educators, social justice advocates, and communities subjected to crises to refuse the neoliberal terms of recovery and to affirm the collective potential to break the cycle of crisis and recovery so intrinsic to capitalist accumulation. Although this essay emphasizes the dialectic of crisis and recovery in United States education policy, this lens is relevant across a varie...
Talking knowledge into being: Discursive and social practices in classrooms

The history of the articles in this issue has two dimensions: the history of the articles themselves, and the history of research on the relationship of language and education grounding these articles. As guest editors, we feel that both histories are essential to understanding why this particular set of articles was selected and to locating these articles within a growing history of research on language and classrooms. The former is generally included in an introduction such as this one, the latter is often invisible, because reader knowledge of “the field” is often assumed. However, given the breadth of interest of readers of Linguistics and Education ,and the depth of research across the range of areas on the relationship of lin- guistics and education in the past three decades, we feel that both histories are needed to contextualize these articles and to illustrate the particular contributions of the studies represented by the articles in this special issue. The Local History and Organization of the Volume The local history of the articles is grounded in a program of research being conducted by the Santa Barbara Classroom Discourse Group. This community is composed of teachers, researchers, and students who are concerned with under- standing how everyday life in classrooms is constructed by members through their interactions, verbal and other, and how these constructions influence what students have opportunities to access, accomplish, and thus, “learn” in schools. The members of this community share a common background in writing process and language as social process. Four of the articles in this issue (Floriani, Heras, Lin, and Brilliant-Mills) are drawn from two classrooms (sixth and seventh grade), which, in turn, are part of a series of linked ethnographic studies in Grades 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12
A computation method for Matrix Differential Games

A method is presented for solving the equilibrium equations associated with a Matrix Differential Game. The method is fail-safe, but may not produce an answer in degenerate cases.
Operator theory in the Hardy space over the bidisk (I)

In this paper, we identify the vector valued Hardy space with the Hardy space over the bidisk and construct a universal model for thecontractive analytic functions. We will also study some elementary properties of the submodules and show, in some cases, how the operator theoretical properties are related to the module theoretical properties. The last part focus on the study of double commutativity of compression operators.
Enron Et Al.: Paradigmatic White Collar Crime Cases for the New Century

The Enron et al. cases (i.e., the series of “corporate scandal” cases emerging in 2001–2002, beginning with Enron, and including such cases as WorldCom, Global Crossing, Adelphia, and Tyco) are the first major American white collar crime cases of the new century. This article identifies some of the key attributes of these cases. The Enron et al. cases can only be understood by applying criminological theory on several different levels; structural, organizational, dramaturgic and individualistic dimensions are applied to the Enron case in particular. The Enron et al. cases must also be understood in the context of an emerging postmodern society. The specific role of criminologists in explaining and responding to these paradigmatic new white collar crime cases is addressed. The article ends with some conjectures on the potential outcomes of the Enron et al. cases.
Finding the number of clusters in ordered dissimilarities

As humans, we have innate faculties that allow us to efficiently segment groups of objects. Computers, to some degree, can be programmed with similar categorical capabilities, which stem from exploratory data analysis. Out of the various subsets of data reasoning, clustering provides insight into the structure and relationships of input samples situated in a number of distributions. To determine these relationships, many clustering methods rely on one or more human inputs; the most important being the number of distributions, c, to seek. This work investigates a technique for estimating the number of clusters from a general type of data called relational data. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Impact of low donor to recipient weight ratios on cardiac transplantation

Background International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines for adult heart transplantation (HT) suggest a donor to recipient body weight ratio (WR) of greater than 0.8. For female to male transplants, a WR of greater than 0.9 is recommended. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing database was examined for adult HT from 1999 to 2011. Controls with a WR of 0.9 or greater (normal donor to recipient weight ratio) were compared with patients with a WR of 0.6 to 0.89 (WRL) and a WR of less than 0.59 (WRVL). The primary measured outcome was survival. Results Of the 21,928 patients undergoing HT, 14,592 (66.6%) were performed with a normal donor to recipient weight ratio, 7212 (32.9%) were performed with WRL, and 124 (0.6%) were performed with WRVL. In male donor to male recipient, male donor to female recipient, and female donor to female recipient HT, the use of WRL did not influence median survival ( P = .3621) and was not associated with increased mortality ( P = .7273). In female donor to male recipient HT, WRL was associated with decreased median survival (435 days, P = .0241) and was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio, 1.201; P = .0383). Conclusions HT can be safely performed using WRL donors between sex-matched and male to female transplants. However, in female to male transplants, WRL donors are associated with decreased survival. Although clinical circumstances will guide decision making, consensus criteria may be revisited to liberalize the pool of acceptable donors in an era of unprecedented donor shortage.
Molecular beam epitaxy growth of (Al, Ga)As/GaAs heterostructures

Abstract Single period (Al, Ga)As/GaAs structures, wherein the GaAs layer is unintentionally doped and the (Al, Ga)As/GaAs layer is doped with Si, have been grown with molecular beam epitaxy. These structures exhibited very high electron mobilities, especially at 78 K and below, because the electrons transfer into the GaAs layer, leaving their parent donors in the (Al, Ga)As layer. Owing to the severe band bending, these electrons are confined to a narrow triangular potential well and behave much like a two dimensional electron gas. Incorporation of an undoped (Al, Ga)As layer at the interface has been found to increase the electron mobility appreciably as a result of further separation of electrons and donors. When the GaAs layer is intentionally doped, the electron mobility was observed to decrease with increasing background concentration. Electron mobilities as high as 8160, 80, 900 and 115,000 cm 2 V -1 s -1 have been measured at 300, 78 and 10 K respectively, in Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As/GaAs structures. The GaAs layer was undoped, the undoped Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As layer thickness was 75 A and the charge carrier concentration of the electron gas was about 7 × 10 11 cm -2 .
Use of bifunctional imidoesters in the study of ribosome topography

Abstract Treatment of 30 s ribosomes from Escherichia coli with dimethyl suberimidate dihydrochloride, a bifunctional imidoester, was found to result in progressive cross-linking among ribosomal proteins, leading to high molecular weight aggregates, as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Treatment of cross-linked 30 s ribosomes with CsCl results in a core particle which still contains cross-linked proteins and has a high protein to RNA ratio. Treatment of core particles with this imidoester does not appear to result in cross-linking among core proteins. Analysis of the cross-linking patterns apparently places some constraints on models of 30 s ribosome structure. In contrast with results obtained with 30 s particles, 50 s ribosomal proteins did not appear to cross-link after treatment of the intact subunit with this agent. This finding can in part be explained by a relative lack of reactivity of 50 s amino groups toward imidoesters. The apparent lack of cross-linking among 50 s proteins, taken together with the low reactivity of their amino groups, suggests that the larger ribosomal subunit has a more compact structure than the 30 s particle, with many of the lysine residues either buried internally or complexed with ribosomal RNA.
Limited role of functional differentiation in early diversification of animals

The origin of most animal phyla and classes during the Cambrian explosion has been hypothesized to represent an ‘early burst’ of evolutionary exploration of functional ecological possibilities. However, the ecological history of marine animals has yet to be fully quantified, preventing an assessment of the early-burst model for functional ecology. Here we use ecological assignments for 18,621 marine animal genera to assess the relative timing of functional differentiation versus taxonomic diversification from the Cambrian to the present day. We find that functional diversity increased more slowly than would be expected given the history of taxonomic diversity. Contrary to previous inferences of rapid ecological differentiation from the early appearances of all well-fossilized phyla and classes, explicit coding of functional characteristics demonstrates that Cambrian genera occupied comparatively few modes of life. Functional diversity increased in the Ordovician and, especially, during the recoveries from the end-Permian and end-Cretaceous mass extinctions. Permanent shifts in the relationship between functional and taxonomic diversity following the era-bounding extinctions indicates a critical role for these biotic crises in coupling taxonomic and functional diversity. Functional differentiation and taxonomic diversity are related in modern ecosystems. Here, the authors show that functional differentiation lags behind taxonomic diversification early in the evolutionary history of marine animals and that important shifts in this relationship occur at major mass extinction events.
The gender regime of Swedish banks

Abstract Organizations have “gender regimes”, internal structures, processes and beliefs that distribute women and men into different tasks and positions. The case of a planned change in Swedish banks demonstrates how different local gender regimes affect the change process and how this process, in turn, affects women and men in diverse ways.