cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple model for calculating ballistic missile defense effectiveness

This paper develops a probabilistic model that can be used to determine the technical performance required for a defense to meet specific political/military objectives. The defense objective is stated as a certain probability that no warheads leak through the defense. The technical performance is captured by the interceptor single‐shot probability of kill and the warhead detection, tracking, and classification probability. Attacks are characterized by the number of warheads and undiscriminated decoys. Barrage and shoot‐look‐shoot firing modes are examined, with the optimal interceptor allocation derived for the shoot‐look‐shoot mode. Applications of this model for sizing national and theater missile ballistic missile defenses are discussed.
Minimizing power consumption in direct sequence spread spectrum correlators by resampling IF samples-Part II: implementation issues

Most modern digital receivers sample the received RF signal at an intermediate frequency, then downconvert to the baseband in the digital domain. Instead of correlating at the sampling frequency, the received Signal is downsampled to two samples per chip using an all-unity resampling filter presented in Part I of this paper. Four different resampling parallel correlator architectures are presented and compared in terms of power and area using analytical techniques as well as simulation data obtained from actual circuit layouts. The resampling process reduces the power consumption of the correlators by almost the resampling ratio, which is twice the chip frequency divided by the sampling frequency. Additional reduction of over a factor of two is possible using the architectures presented in this paper.
Prediction of Blood Lead by HPLC Assay of Erythrocyte Pyrimidine 5′-Nucleotidase

A simplified preparation of erythrocytes (rbc) for rbc pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase (P5N) is described and correlated with blood lead. Washed but unfiltered rbc are incubated with uridine monophosphate (UMP) and the amount of uridine liberated is measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). UMPase activity of unfiltered rbc of 20 normal subjects was 12.4 +/- 2.4 units, comparable to reported data obtained under varying conditions of preparation and P5N assay. In 20 lead-exposed adults and 20 controls, the regression coefficient for blood lead (PbB) predicted by rbc UMPase was In PbB = 4.77 - 0.22 UMPase; r2 = .61. If UMPase less than or equal to 7.6 units (mean, 2.0 SD) is considered abnormal, sensitivity for prediction of a blood lead greater than or equal to 40 micrograms/dL is 80%. Specificity, the percent of subjects with a UMPase greater than 7.6 units who had a blood lead less than 40 micrograms/dL, was 96%. Wider utilization of P5N, measured as UMPase, is proposed as a biologic correlate of blood lead.
A different type of amphibian mesoderm morphogenesis in Ceratophrys ornata

Ceratophrys ornata, the Argentinean horned frog, has a significantly different pattern of early morphogenesis than does the most studied amphibian, Xenopus laevis. Time-lapse videomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, histological sections and lineage tracers have shown that, in C. ornata, some prospective notochord, somite and tailbud mesoderm cells leave the surface epithelium of the archenteron by ingression. After gastrulation, SEM reveals cells with constricted apices and a bottle shape in three zones on the archenteron roof and in a fourth zone around the blastopore. Prospective somitic tissue ingresses first from two lateral zones, followed by ingression of prospective notochord from the medial zone and tailbud mesoderm from the circumblastoporal zone. This is unlike X. laevis, in which no cells with constricted apices are present on the dorsal surface of the archenteron, nor do any cells ingress into the deep mesodermal layers from the surface layer.
Assessing the human health implications of new veterinary drugs used in fish farming

Publisher Summary The majority of new drugs for aquaculture have been used either in mammalian medicine or in environmental pest management. In general, before any drug can be approved for use in animals intended for human consumption, a drug's sponsor must submit data to the regulatory agency detailing the drug's metabolism, toxicology test results, and residue levels in the target animal and/or laboratory animals. Such studies usually include information on the drug's toxicokinetic properties, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The data must come from valid, well-designed studies, often requiring adherence to internationally recognized protocols and are usually conducted under quite rigorous experimental circumstances. Many countries have banned a few specific drugs from use in aquaculture due to the potential for serious adverse effects in humans. Residues of approved drugs in animals can also have a variety of potentially harmful effects on humans. Such effects might be direct effects of the drug causing acute or chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, or allergic responses. There are also potential indirect effects. Indirect effects on public health may occur due to residues entering into the environment, altering the antimicrobial susceptibility of environmental bacteria or even human pathogens.
A Case of Trickle-down Feminism

“Trickle-down feminism,” a notion that rights and privileges enjoyed by an elite group of women will trickle down and benefit the majority of women, is wholly ineffective in promoting positive social change. It should be replaced by the principles of equalism, a belief in the value and responsibility of all people. Social workers, through our professional experience and knowledge of family dynamics, can play a pivotal role in promoting equalism over trickle-down feminism.
Note on the Effect of Hydroxylamine on Metrazol-Induced Fits in Rats Resistant and Susceptible to Audio-Fits

Srimmary.-This report concerned the effect of pre-treatment with hydroxylamine on subsequent susceptibility to metrazol-induced convulsions in laboratory rats susceptible, and those resistant, to sound-induced convulsions. Hydroxylamine failed to consistently protect audio-susceptible animals from doses of metrazol ordinarily effective in eliciting seizures. The reverse was true in the case of animals resistant to sound-induced convulsions. Roberts (1961) reported thac pre-treatment wich hydroxylamine produces increases in gamma-amino-buryric acid (GABA) in the rat's brain, as well as a decrease in susceptibility to doses of mecrazol ordinarily effective in elicicing convulsions. We (Griffiths, 1963) found, in general, thac hydroxylamine failed to consistently protect laboratory racs from seizures induced by auditory scimulacion. This noce is concerned with effects of hydroxylamine on metrazol-induced seizures among rats susceptible, and those resistanc, co sound-induced convulsions. Method.-A total of 36 adult male and female albino rats, 18 susceptible to audiogenic firs, and 18 resistanc to these seizures, served as Ss. A galvanized ~necal container, equipped wich a 110-v Power-master electric bell and Plexiglas top for observation purposes, was used to determine responses to the intense auditory stimulacion. Fifty adult albino rats, males and females, were selected at random from the colony maintained by the Department of Psychology at Moncana Scace University. These animals were exposed, individually, to auditory stimulation for 2-min. periods on alternate days for a total of 6 trials. Rats showing full pattern (Griffiths, 1942) convulsions 100% of the times tested and those failing to show the seizures during any of the tests, were selecced as Ss. One week following the last audio-cesc Ss were given intraperitoneal injections of mecrazol, starting wich 50 rng/kg body weight, and the dose effeccive in producing a convulsion was determined for each rat. All Ss experienced one mecrazol seizure. One week following the metrazol convulsion Ss were pre-created wich hydroxylamine (75 mg/kg body weight, i.p.). Ninety minutes following treatment Ss were given the injeccion of the amount of mecrazol previously determined as effective in producing a seizure.
Use of a Ferrous Oxidation-Xylenol Orange (FOX) Assay to Determine Lipoxygenase Activity in Barley and Malt

The objective of this research work was to develop a new high-throughput screening method for lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, which was based on the determination of lipid hydroperoxides by ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) assay. The final method employed extraction of a finely ground sample at a grist/buffer ratio of 1:20 for 30 min at 4°C. Extracts were incubated with linoleic acid for 5 min at 25°C, and the hydroperoxides formed were determined with the FOX reagent. Up to 100 samples can be analyzed per day with this method. The new method showed good reproducibility (coefficient of variation = 1.4―6.5%) and accuracy, although there are some disadvantages and limitations compared with the traditional UV assay. The FOX assay principal may be useful to barley breeders for screening large numbers of progeny, and also would have value to maltsters and brewers when conducting research work on LOX or performing routine quality assurance.
Rationality, Morality, and Impossibility Theorems

The impossibility theorem developed by Kenneth Arrow has implications for both rationality and morality in political thought. Transitivity in a collective ordering can be assured only with a decisive set, but this outcome is acknowledged as morally undesirable. The alternatives exhibited by the theorem thus seem to require a choice between rationality and morality. But exit routes can be cut out of this dilemma with the idea of a conditional ordering, one where warranting factors attach to a ranking of alternatives. Conditional orderings form two senses of collective rationality. One is represented by compound directives, which avoid the rational problems of the theorem by warranting local orderings. The second is moral fusion, which requires a reasoned dominance in collective outcomes. These two forms of conditional rationality put into relief the restricted scope of the composition rules and individualism of Arrow's theorem, and suggest alternative relationships of individual and social whole.
Optimal Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Transcriptional Circuits Using Next-Generation Sequencing

We propose a methodology for model-based fault detection and diagnosis for stochastic Boolean dynamical systems indirectly observed through a single time series of transcriptomic measurements using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data. The fault detection consists of an innovations filter followed by a fault certification step, and requires no knowledge about the possible system faults. The innovations filter uses the optimal Boolean state estimator, called the Boolean Kalman Filter (BKF). In the presence of knowledge about the possible system faults, we propose an additional step of fault diagnosis based on a multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) method consisting of a bank of BKFs running in parallel. Performance is assessed by means of false detection and misdiagnosis rates, as well as average times until correct detection and diagnosis. The efficacy of the proposed methodology is demonstrated via numerical experiments using a p53-MDM2 negative feedback loop Boolean network with stuck-at faults that model molecular events commonly found in cancer.
A Study on the Reproductive Behavior of the Northern Lapwing(Vanellus vanellus)

The reproductive behavior of the northern lapwing(Vanellus vanellus)was observed in Mudanjiang region,Heilongjiang province from 2006 to 2009.The result showed that northern lapwings belong to the summer migrants,migrating into this area at the end of March to early April and leaving in late September.The residence period was about six months.It began to nest by the end of April and nested in marsh meadow.Some individuals built nests in fields or wastelands;others nested on the ridges of the fields directly.Nests were relatively simple.The mating system was monogamous and the nesting period was 1~2 days.Adults started laying eggs 7~10 days after completing the nest.The clutch size was 4 and egg weights averaged 25.2 g.The female began to incubate immediately after laying the last egg.Incubation lasted 24~29 days and the hatching rate was 50%~100%.Chicks were precocious and the rearing period was about 30 days.
Pigment content and reflectance spectrum of Cryptomeria fortunei with acid rain and litter treatments

To understand the combined effects of acid rain and litter on Cryptomeria fortunei seedlings, pigment content and reflectance spectra in 3-year-old C. fortunei seedlings were tested with treatments of the control(ck), acid rain stress(pH 4.0, Tr1), litter addition(60 g, Tr2) and their combination(Tr3), which then compared with a correlation analysis. Results showed that compared to the control, chlorophyll content decreased 11.6% in Tr1, 26.1% in Tr2, and 39.1% in Tr3. Acid rain also decreased the reflectance spectral parameters(SR680, NDVI, PSNDa, PSNDb, RARSc, and SIPI) but increased mSR705 and RARSa(P0.05). For Tr2, some reflectance spectral parameters(RR, SR680, mSR705, NDVI, and PRI) were significantly less than the control(P0.05), and Tr3 made highly difference compared to the control(P0.01). Reflectance between 514-629 nm and 690-1 000 nm had a highly significant correlation(0.80r0.98), which was near 0.98, with the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b. In addition, r between chlorophyll content and the first derivative of reflectance spectra was highly significant within 424-486 nm, 552-682 nm, 698-755 nm, and 762-772 nm, that maximum r was near 0.96. The reflectance spectrum parameters, such as RR, RARSa and λred, were significantly correlated(P 0.05) with pigment content. The correlation coefficients between reflectance spectral parameters(RR, Dλblue, Sblue, Dλyellow, Syellow, Dλred, and Sred) and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll a/b were near 0.8. Therefore, acid rain enhanced the allelopathic effect in litter on chlorophyll a by increasing chlorophyll a degradation; visible light and the near infrared region were the sensitive areas of reflectance and first derivative in the leaves of C. fortunei; and reflectance spectral parameters RR, Dλblue, Sblue, Dλyellow, Syellow, Dλred, and Sred could be used to evaluate chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll a/b.
Experimental Research on Increasing Flotation Recoveries of Gold and Silver

The paper studied on increasing flotation recoveries of gold and silver in gold ore provided by Chifeng Yinhai Gold Co.,Ltd,researched the effect of grinding ore fineness,use level of entrapment reagent and assistant reagent,scavenger time and PH on flotation result by measuring phase composition,existence state of gold and silver and grain size adopting XRD/SEM Energy Spectrum.According to winnow experiment,open circuit synthesis condition experiment and closed-circuit experiment,it shows adding in T12 during floation can restrain fine deposit,sulfurize oxidized ore zone and produce preparation concentrate in which the gold grade can reach 60.2 g/t,the flotation recoveries can reach 87.50%;the silver grade can reach 6 767 g/t,the flotation recoveries can reach 75.21%,the suitable technical process was determined and the products can sale as admixture preparation concentrate.
2005 Indian Water Rights Settlement Conference Keynote Address

In September 2005, Native American Rights Fund and Western States Water Council brought the Indian Water Rights Settlement Conference to Moscow, Idaho. Native American Rights Fund is the oldest and largest nonprofit dedicated to asserting and defending Native American interests nationwide, and the Western States Water Council is composed of representatives appointed by the governors of eighteen western states, including Idaho. The conference brings together panel members representing tribal, state, federal agency, congressional, local, and environmental interests to discuss, argue, and at times resolve current issues facing the many efforts to settle Indian water rights in the western United States. Twenty one settlements have been achieved. Approximately that many remain. Those remaining are difficult and many involve contentious issues such as endangered species, water marketing, water quality, tribal – state jurisdiction, interstate allocation of water, and conjunctive management of ground and surface water. The federal will to fund Indian water settlements was high during the Bush I administration, began to drop precipitously during the Clinton administration, and has disappeared altogether during the Bush II administration. This made for lively and heated discussion of federal policy during the Moscow conference. In addition, the recently approved Nez Perce water settlement was highlighted on the second day of the conference with speakers representing the Tribe, the Idaho attorney general’s office, and the Department of the Interior. Professor Barbara Cosens of the University of Idaho, College of Law, who has spent the past fifteen years working on water settlements, and at the time of publication, was mediating efforts to settle water allocation on the Walker River in California and Nevada, delivered the following keynote address.
Babesia divergens in splenectomised calves: immunogenicity of lyophilised plasma from an infected animal.

An experiment was carried out in which three groups of splenectomised calves were inoculated on three occasions at fortnightly intervals with lyophilised plasma from an animal reacting to Babesia divergens infection. Two weeks later these three groups of calves, together with three control groups, were challenged with isologous, homologous or heterologous isolates of B divergens. Limited protection to isologous and homologous challenge was observed in the calves inoculated with plasma.
If You’ve Got Leavin’ on Your Mind: The Identification and Validation of Pre-Quitting Behaviors

This study introduces the concept of pre-quitting behaviors (PQBs), which employees in the process of leaving an organization may unknowingly “leak” and others can observe and use to identify those at risk of turnover. We develop a theoretical framework that explains how and why turnover proclivity can be encoded into observable PQBs. Then, on the basis of input from employees who voluntarily left and their managers, we identify a range of PQBs that served as the basis for an initial measure of the behaviors. Analysis of data to assess the validity of inferences based on the measure revealed that PQBs predicted future voluntary turnover over and above established antecedents of this outcome. Overall, this study suggests that the psychological and behavioral processes that activate and facilitate voluntary turnover are manifest in observable behaviors and thus opens a new line of inquiry into the process of employee turnover.
Onward to the Next Western History

The Committee on Race in the American West (CRAW) asked these scholars to participate in a roundtable discussion about the state of the field. Each talked about the specificity of his or her own work and how it related to both the academic field and the physical region of the West. The result was a dynamic discussion between panel members and audience that revealed the dramatic shifts in the historiography of the “next western history.”
Use of allografts in the primary repair of Truncus arteriosus in early infancy and replacement of previous conduits revisited

The use of allografts in the treatment of complex congenital cardiac disease in early infancy, such as primary repair of truncus arteriosus and their use in replacement of previous conduits, has experienced remarkable expansion and change since our original symposium in 1987. At that time, our interest centered on aortic allografts and to paraphrase our introductory statement “there had been an enormous resurgence in their use” (14). This was due to reports of excellent long-term results of this technique, the advent of cryopreservation and the effects of increased donor availability at that time, secondary to infant transplantation. Since that original report a number of dramatic changes have occurred in the allograft experience and only a few of those initial impressions still hold true. In the current update of our experience, we continue to note excellent long-term results within specific categories. Cryopreservation has been demonstrated to markedly improve availability. However, a donor problem has persisted as increased use has impacted the donor pool. In the case of truncus arteriosus, neonatal repair has become the standard due to the availability of small-sized allografts for pulmonary artery reconstruction, tissue to tissue anastomoses, and the avoidance of pulmonary hypertensive crises by early repair. Experience has demonstrated the superiority of pulmonary allograft over aortic allografts, avoiding problems first noted in our original article with aortic allografts in the infant population. In the case of replacement conduits, again, pulmonary allografts have demonstrated excellent results in all subgroups. Finally, while the original allograft placements in early infancy have provided extended graft survival far beyond the Dacron conduits previously used, methods of patch repair for allograft stenosis, rather than allograft replacement, are possible in selective patients and may avoid subsequent allograft replacement. The entire field of allograft repair of complex congenital cardiac disease has seen significant changes in the past 8 years, none more dramatic than in primary repair of truncus arteriosus and the replacement of previous conduits.
Wound, heal thyself

An in vivo cellular reprogramming strategy to generate epithelial cells from wound mesenchymal cells promotes healing and provides a new avenue for the treatment of nonhealing wounds.
Learning One's Place: Status Perceptions and Social Capital in Teacher Communities.

Teacher collaboration in communities is a popular instructional improvement policy. However, not all teachers are equally integrated into communities. So, they may not have the same opportunities t...
Differential vulnerability to neighbourhood disorder: a gene×environment interaction study.

Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is preventable, it is increasing in prevalence and it is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Importantly, residents of neighbourhoods with high levels of disorder are more likely to develop T2D than those living in less disordered neighbourhoods and neighbourhood disorder may exacerbate genetic risk for T2D. Method We use genetic, self-reported neighbourhood, and health data from the Health and Retirement Study. We conducted weighted logistic regression analyses in which neighbourhood disorder, polygenic scores for T2D and their interaction predicted T2D. Results Greater perceptions of neighbourhood disorder (OR=1.11, p Conclusion Findings in the present study suggested that minimising people’s exposure to vandalism, vacant buildings, trash and circumstances viewed by residents as unsafe may reduce the burden of this prevalent chronic health condition, particularly for subgroups of the population who carry genetic liability for T2D.
CATALYTIC DIMERIZATION OF TERMINAL ALKYNES BY A HAFNIUM CARBORANYL COMPLEX. A SELF-CORRECTING CATALYST

The dinuclear hafnium dicarbollide methyl complex (Cp*)(η5-C2B9H11)Hf(μ-η2:η3-C2B9H11)Hf(Cp*)Me2 (1; Cp* = C5Me5) catalyzes the regioselective dimerization of terminal alkynes RC⋮CH (R = Me, nPr, tBu) to 2,4-disubstituted 1-buten-3-ynes CH2C(R)C⋮CR. The selectivity for dimer rather than trimer or higher oligomers results from a “self-correcting” mechanism in which intermediate 8, which could potentially produce trimers or higher oligomers, undergoes an intramolecular cyclization reaction which ultimately yields the B-alkylated complex 6, which is too crowded to produce trimer in subsequent cycles.
Tensegrity: A Novel Conceptual Framework for Rehabilitation of Functional Deficits for Breast Cancer Survivors

The current approach to breast cancer rehabilitation is currently narrowly focused on addressing resultant problems such as lymphedema or shoulder pain. Referrals to rehabilitation are reactive responses to these problems. Taking a step back and looking at the breast cancer intervention in totality, it becomes apparent that steps could be taken to minimize or actually prevent some of the ensuing functional problems by proactively treating a breast cancer survivor. Rather than waiting for problems to arise, immediately post-intervention or ideally pre-intervention and throughout intervention referral of an individual to rehabilitation could provide a supportive role in the functional progression of the patient. Furthermore, while most orthopedic rehabilitation focuses on the function of a particular joint, with the extensive impact of the breast cancer treatments on the soft tissue of the body without any specific intervention at a joint, it is imperative that we begin to shift our rehabilitation approach to focusing on the alterations of the soft tissue prior to addressing any functional limitations in the joints, with the most common victim being the shoulder joint. This novel approach to breast cancer rehabilitation suggests initially addressing soft tissue limitations. As these limitations begin to resolve as optimally as possible, secondary consideration is then given to functional limitations of a joint such as the shoulder joint.
Prevalence and scope of advanced practice provider oncology care among Medicare beneficiaries with breast cancer

Advanced practice providers (APPs) have increasingly become members of the oncology care team. Little is known about the scope of care that APPs are performing nationally. We determined the prevalence and extent of APP practice and examined associations between APP care and scope of practice regulations, phase of cancer care, and patient characteristics. We performed an observational study among women identified from Medicare claims as having had incident breast cancer in 2008 with claims through 2012. Outpatient APP care included at least one APP independently billing for cancer visits/services. APP scope of practice was classified as independent, reduced, or restricted. A logistic regression model with patient-level random effects was estimated to determine the probability of receiving APP care at any point during active treatment or surveillance. Among 42,550 women, 6583 (15%) received APP care, of whom 83% had APP care during the surveillance phase and 41% during the treatment phase. Among women who received APP care during a given year of surveillance, the overall proportion of APP-billed clinic visits increased with each additional year of surveillance (36% in Year 1 to 61% in Year 4). Logistic regression model results indicate that women were more likely to receive APP care if they were younger, black, healthier, had higher income status, or lived in a rural county or state with independent APP scope of practice. This study provides important clinical and policy-relevant findings regarding national practice patterns of APP oncology care. Among Medicare beneficiaries with incident breast cancer, 15% received outpatient oncology care that included APPs who were billing; most of this care was during the surveillance phase. Future studies are needed to define the degree of APP oncology practice and training that maximizes patient access and satisfaction while optimizing the efficiency and quality of cancer care.
High Frequency Transformer Design for Medium Voltage Shipboard DC-DC Converter

This paper presents an optimized high-frequency transformer design for a 6 kV, 100 kW Isolated Modular Multilevel DC-DC (iM2DC) converter for shipboard application with 50 kHz transformer ac frequency. The Phase Shifted Square Wave Modulation (PS-SWM) scheme produces an unconventional, non-sinusoidal ac voltage waveform that makes the high-frequency transformer design challenging. This paper proposes an optimized transformer design method by accurately estimating the transformer’s power loss for iM2DC converter while still utilizing the advantages associated with PS-SWM modulation. The findings are later validated by a down scaled prototype.
The Fabric of Empire in a Native World: An Analysis of Trade Cloth Recovered from Eighteenth-Century Otstonwakin

The residents of Otstonwakin, an eighteenth-century multinational Native American village in Pennsylvania, were involved in extensive trade networks that resulted in the incorporation, modification, and selective adoption of a variety of European-manufactured goods and technologies. Although Native Americans in the fur trade era like those at Otstonwakin negotiated the exchange of a wide array of commodities including alcohol, firearms, iron tools, and brass kettles, the most commonly traded commodity was cloth. Despite its role as a cornerstone commodity, colonial trade cloth has received considerably less scholarly attention than more durable objects largely because very few textiles have survived into the twenty-first century. This article reports on a rare find, a preserved European textile from Otstonwakin's burial ground recovered in the 1930s and hitherto unanalyzed. By analyzing the fabric fragments, sewing thread, and lace with metallic thread, I explore the material and social negotiation of colonial identity on the Pennsylvania frontier.
Accumulation of rubidium-86 by the rabbit lens.

In rabbit lenses incubated in vitro in potassium-free Tyrode's solution, accumulation of Rb/sup 86/ remained linear for the initial 4 to 6 hr and in the K- free medium, a T/M (tissue/medium) ratio averaging 18 was found at 4 hr. In Tyrode's solution containing 3 meq K/sup +//I, the T/M ratio averaged 12 at 4 hr. Lenses from different animals varied in T/M ratio from 9 to 30 in a K/sup +/-free medium, but the lenses of the two eyes from the same animal accumulated Rb/sup 86/ at remarkably similar rates. A marked decrease (40%) in accumulation was noted when the medium was glucose-free. This was more marked when the medium was glucose- and K-free than when K was present. Galactose could replace glucose in the medium and restore normal T/M ratios. Accumulation of Rb/sup 86/ was not altered by the absence of oxygen, provided glucose was present, In a Ca- and K- free medium, the accumulation was reduced to less than 20% of the Ca-containing control. Variations of pH between 8.5 and 8.0 failed to alter accumulation of Rb/ sup 86/ but below 8.5 and above 8.0 it was decreased. Accumulation in K-free medium was not influenced by themore » addition of pitressin, insulin, glycine, deoxycorticosterone, acetazolamide, L-alanine, Na, lactate, choline, or Na ascorbate, The data of accumulation at various Rb concentrations could be fit approximately to a Lineweaver-Burk type plot. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, K/sub m/ (half-saturation concentration) approximated 2.3 mM Rb/sup +/, and the max velocity was estimated at 42 mmole/kg lens water per 4 hr. At K concentrations of 4.5 mM the accumulation of trace amounts of Rb/sup 86/ was reduced by 50%. Similar studies with NH/sub 4/ ion in a K-free medium suggested that NH/sub 4/ concentrations of approximates 12 mM irhibited the uptake of Rb/ sup 86/ by 50%. Various metabolic and other inhibitors decreased the capacity of the lens to accumulate Rb/sup 86/: iodoacetate, fluoride, cyanide, dinitrophenol, fluoroacetate, digoxin, and ouabain. It is concluded that the 4-hr uptake of Rb/ sup 86/m by lens incubated in a highly simplified medium provides a convenient and reproducible tool for studying cation transport in the lens. The results provided evidence for competitive irhibition by K and for the active transport of Rb into lens. The accumulation occurs against a concentration gradient, is temperature dependent, and is altered by competitive and metabolic inhibitors. (BBB)« less
Stim1 Polymorphism Disrupts Immune Signaling and Creates Renal Injury in Hypertension

Background Spontaneously hypertensive rats of the stroke-prone line (SHR-A3) develop hypertensive renal disease as a result of naturally occurring genetic variation. Our prior work identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism unique to SHR-A3 that results in truncation of the carboxy terminus of STIM1. The SHR-B2 line, which is also hypertensive but resists hypertensive renal injury, expresses the wild-type STIM1. STIM1 plays a central role in lymphocyte calcium signaling that directs immune effector responses. Here we show that major defects in lymphocyte function affecting calcium signaling, nuclear factor of activated T cells activation, cytokine production, proliferation, apoptosis, and regulatory T-cell development are present in SHR-A3 and attributable to STIM1. Methods and Results To assess the role of Stim1 variation in susceptibility to hypertensive renal injury, we created a Stim1 congenic line, SHR-A3(Stim1-B2), and STIM1 function was rescued in SHR-A3. We found that Stim1 gene rescue restores disturbed lymphocyte function in SHR-A3. Hypertensive renal injury was compared in SHR-A3 and the SHR-A3(Stim1-B2) congenic line. Histologically assessed renal injury was markedly reduced in SHR-A3(Stim1-B2), as were renal injury biomarker levels measured in urine. Stim1 deficiency has been linked to the emergence of antibody-mediated autoimmunity. Renal glomerular immunoglobulin deposition was greater in SHR-A3 than SHR-B2 and was reduced by Stim1 congenic substitution. Serum anti-double-stranded DNA antibody titers in SHR-A3 were elevated compared with SHR-B2 and were reduced in SHR-A3(Stim1-B2). Conclusions Stim1 deficiency in lymphocyte function originating from Stim1 truncation in SHR-A3 combines with hypertension to create end organ disease and may do so as a result of antibody formation.
Judicial Nominations to the Courts of Appeals and the Strategic Decision to Elevate

Although presidents regularly elevate district court judges to fill appellate court vacancies, research to date suggests that presidents elevate judges who are further from their preferences than n...
An “Implementation Mindset” in Normative Bioethics Will Have Unintended Consequences

We agree with Sisk and colleagues (2020) that specific normative guidance for medicine and biomedical research should be implemented, and we concur that implementation can be difficult. To address ...
U.S. banking concentration, 1820–2019

Abstract Concentration plays a key role in banking efficiency and stability, yet the literature lacks any long-run analysis of U.S. banking industry structure. This paper uses newly-collected archival data to provide the first study of banking concentration from the early years of the republic through 2019. While concentration was declining or stable before the mid-1920s, statistical tests identify a structural break thereafter, as concentration started steadily rising as a result of growth at the nation’s largest five banks, particularly those located in New York City. A second structural break in the mid-1990s further accelerated the upward trend in concentration before slowing down during the Great Recession.
Impact of a digital Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised on likelihood and age of autism diagnosis and referral for developmental evaluation.

The present study is a single-site quality improvement project within pediatric primary care involving the implementation of a digital version of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers–Revis...
Mapping the relationships between joint stiffness, modeled muscle stiffness, and shear wave velocity.

Shear wave velocity is commonly assessed to infer the muscular origins of changes in joint stiffness, but the exact relationship between shear wave velocity changes in muscle and joint stiffness ch...
Pediatric surgeon opioid prescribing behavior: A survey of the American Pediatric Surgery Association membership

Abstract Background The opioid crisis has led to increasing numbers of overdose fatalities in teens and young adults. Surgery, as a common cause of acute pain in children, drives much of the opioid prescribing in pediatrics. Therefore, we sought to characterize opioid prescribing practices of pediatric surgeons by surveying members of the American Pediatric Surgery Association (APSA). Study design After receiving approval from our institutional review board, we sent an online survey to the entire APSA membership. The survey included four vignettes of common pediatric surgical procedures with questions regarding analgesic prescribing practices, the rationale for these practices, and knowledge about opioid risk mitigation. Results Of 1127 APSA members contacted, 327 (29%) provided survey responses. For all vignettes, opioid prescribing was within standard ranges for 83% of respondents. Eighty-eight percent of respondents prescribed nonopioid pain medicine. Additionally, 25% reported routinely utilizing a prescription drug monitoring program, 64% did not tell patients how to dispose of opioids, and 37% did not know themselves how to dispose of leftover opioids. Conclusions Prescribing by APSA surgeons is largely within standard ranges, but improvement is needed, particularly regarding opioid disposal. Procedure-specific consensus guidelines for opioid prescribing and opioid risk mitigation strategies are warranted. Level of evidence Observational study, level III.
Modeling of Natural Disasters and Extreme Events for Power System Resilience Enhancement and Evaluation Methods

The frequency of disruptive and newly emerging threats (e.g. man-made attacks—cyber and physical attacks; extreme natural events—hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods) has escalated in the last decade. Impacts of these events are very severe ranging from long power outage duration, major power system equipment (e.g. power generation plants, transmission and distribution lines, and substation) destruction, and complete blackout. Accurate modeling of these events is vital as they serve as mathematical tools for the assessment and evaluation of various operations and planning investment strategies to harden power systems against these events. This paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of current practices in modeling of extreme events, system components, and system response for resilience evaluation and enhancement, which is a important stepping stone toward the development of complete, accurate, and computationally attractive modeling techniques. The paper starts with reviewing existing technologies to model the propagation of extreme events and then discusses the approaches used to model impacts of these events on power system components and system response. This paper also discusses the research gaps and associated challenges, and potential solutions to the limitations of the existing modeling approaches.
Cost-Effectiveness of Routine Screening for Autoimmune Encephalitis in Patients With First-Episode Psychosis in the United States.

Objective Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a highly treatable neurologic condition that can cause psychosis. Screening for AE is not currently recommended in routine workup for first-episode psychosis (FEP), owing partly to the high cost of testing for AE-associated neuronal autoantibodies. Methods This study used a decision-analytic model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of routine serum screening for AE compared with clinically targeted screening in patients with FEP. Model parameters drawn from prior published literature included the prevalence of neuronal autoantibodies in FEP (4.5%), serum autoantibody panel cost (US $291), remission probability with antipsychotics (0.58), and remission probability with immunotherapy for patients diagnosed with AE (0.85). Outcomes included quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), assessed over a 5-year horizon from the US health care sector and societal perspectives. ICER thresholds of $50,000/QALY to $150,000/QALY were used to define cost-effectiveness. The analysis was conducted between June 2018 and January 2020. Results Routine screening led to mean QALY gains of 0.008 among all patients and 0.174 among the subgroup of patients with neuronal autoantibodies. Mean costs increased by $780 from a societal perspective and $1,150 from a health care sector perspective, resulting in ICERs of $99,330/QALY and $147,460/QALY, respectively. Incorporating joint input data uncertainty, the likelihood routine screening has an ICER ≤ $150,000/QALY was 55% from a societal perspective and 37% from a health care sector perspective. The model parameter with the greatest contribution to overall uncertainty was the effectiveness of immunotherapy relative to antipsychotics. Conclusions Routine screening for AE in patients with FEP may be cost-effective in the United States. As further immunotherapy effectiveness data become available, a more definitive recommendation to perform routine screening could be warranted.
'Capitalist Tools in Socialist Hands'? China Mobile in the Global Financial Network

The paper analyses the evolution of China Mobile – one of China’s pioneer ‘national champions’, and one of the world’s largest telecom companies – through the lens of Global Financial Networks, an extension of the Global Production Networks approach, focusing on the role of advanced business services, world cities, and offshore jurisdictions in economic development. It demonstrates that despite being only a nascent Global Production Network, China Mobile is plugged firmly into the Global Financial Network, with incorporation in Hong Kong, cross-listing in Hong Kong and New York, and opaque offshore companies registered in the British Virgin Islands. Global advanced business services firms, with Goldman Sachs in the lead, have been instrumental in the very conception of China Mobile in 1997, and its subsequent expansion, thus helping the Chinese government consolidate and modernize the whole telecom sector. The case study highlights the position of Hong Kong as an onshore-offshore financial centre intermediating between global financial markets and Mainland China, and underwriting the reputation of China’s ‘national champions’. The analysis also points to the advantages of Beijing over Shanghai as a command centre of state owned and controlled enterprises, acting as a magnet for advanced business services. In political-economic terms, the articulation of China Mobile as a ‘national champion’ in the Global Financial Network sheds light on the limits of the Chinese model of centrally managed globalization and financialisation.
Wordplay in the Hebrew to Ben Sira

The Wisdom of Ben Sira, more than most other Hebrew texts that precede it, displays an obvious concern for language. In an essay published in 2008, Friedrich V. Reiterer calls attention to the use of polysemous words throughout Ben Siras book and in a footnote comments that further treatment of this field will enrich understanding of Sirach in the future, and is only at the beginning of research. Identifying which cases of wordplay derive from textual transmission is not easy, especially because Ben Siras textual history is so difficult to unravel. In some cases, the wordplay is of a more complex variety that plays on the meaning of a single word or even distinct but similar sounding words. Keywords: Ben Sira; Hebrew texts; wordplay
Experimental effects of habitat type on the movement ecology and stopover duration of spring migrant Northern Waterthrushes (Parkesia noveboracensis)

Long-distance migratory animals typically stop-over between migratory movements to rest and refuel. In species lacking stopover site fidelity, including most songbirds, timely arrival to breeding areas with sufficient energy stores for reproduction requires that migrants rapidly locate suitable stopover habitat in unfamiliar landscapes. Few studies have examined movement ecology in such species during stopover, and even fewer have addressed how these migrants adjust movement behaviors in response to encountering preferred or non-preferred habitats. We experimentally translocated spring transient Northern Waterthrushes (Parkesia noveboracensis) to preferred (bottomland) and non-preferred (upland) forest habitats and characterized subsequent fine-scale movements and stopover duration using radiotelemetry. Minimum stopover duration averaged 4.1 days and was 1.5 days longer in bottomland-released birds than in upland-released birds. Minimum stopover duration decreased by 1.4 days per week over the spring migratory period. For upland-released and bottomland-released birds, respectively, maximum distance moved from the release point was 635 ± 58 m and 326 ± 51 m on the day of the release and 773 ± 109 m and 504 ± 83 m on the following day. Upland-released individuals traveled nearly twice as far from the release point on day 1 as bottomland-released birds. Upon reaching bottomland habitats within 2.0 ± 0.3 h of release, subsequent distance moved on day 1 by upland-released birds was similar to that of bottomland-released birds. Cumulatively, these results indicate that initial exploratory movements were facultative and habitat dependent and that waterthrushes can successfully locate suitable stopover habitats in a heterogeneous landscape at the spatial scales we investigated.
On the Relative Merits of Software Reuse

Using process simulation and AI search methods, we compare software reuse against other possible changes to a project. such as reducing functionality or improving the skills of the programmer population. In one case, two generations of reuse were as good or better than any other project change (but a third and fourth generation of reuse was not useful). In another case, applying reuse to a project was demonstrable worse than several other possible changes to a project. Our conclusion is that the general claims regarding the benefits of software reuse do not hold for specific projects. We argue that the merits of software reuse need to be evaluated in a project by project basis. AI search over process models is useful for such an assessment, particularly when there is not sufficient data for precisely tuning a simulation model.
New Variants of Lift-and-Project Cut Generation from the LP Tableau: Open Source Implementation and Testing

We discuss an open source implementation and preliminary computational testing of three variants of the Balas-Perregaard procedure for generating lift-and-project cuts from the original simplex tableau, two of which are new. Variant 1 is the original procedure of [6] with minor modifications. Variant 2 uses a new procedure for choosing the pivot element: After identifying the set of row candidates for an improving pivot, the pivot element (and column) is chosen by optimizing over the entries of all candidate rows. Finally, Variant 3 replaces the source row with its disjunctive modularization, and after each pivot it again modularizes the resulting source row. We report on computational results with the above three variants and their combinations on 65 MIPLIB.3 instances.
Why Have Children in the 21st Century? Biological Predisposition, Social Coercion, Rational Choice

This review examines arguments and evidence pertaining to the question: why have children in settings where the net economic costs of children are clearly substantial? Thereview is organized around three themes: biologicalpredispositions, environment (social coercion) and rationalchoice. Specifically, we explore the argument that evolution hasproduced sets of genes that predispose persons to childbearing bymaking sex and parenthood pleasurable. We review sociologicalarguments regarding the pronatalism/antinatalism of societalinstitutions. Finally, we discuss arguments that stress therationality of childbearing decisions by appealing to biologicalpredispositions and the economic and non-economic values ofchildren. The authors speculate that while a modern socialstructure and rationale supportive of childbearing could beconstructed, such changes are not inevitable and may be difficultin the face of competing interests. Moreover, future social andtechnological change could alter the context of childbearingsubstantially. This uncertainty complicates policyrecommendations.