cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying SST errors from an OGCM in relation to atmospheric forcing variables

The relationship between various atmospheric variables at the sea surface and climatological monthly means of sea surface temperature (SST) is investigated over the global ocean. The goal is to quantify the change in SST that results solely from variations in a particular atmospheric variable. This is accomplished using a series of numerical simulations from an atmospherically-forced ocean general circulation model (OGCM). It is first demonstrated that SST variations at all latitudes are generally strongly and positively correlated with increases in near-surface air temperature, and vapor mixing ratio and net shortwave radiation at the sea surface, while they are often moderately and negatively correlated with increases in near-surface wind speed. There is only a weak and negative relationship between variations in SST and those in net longwave radiation at the sea surface. Variations in the net shortwave radiation and vapor mixing ratio are found to have more influence in driving the seasonal cycle of SST than other atmospheric variables. Global averages of slope values from the least squares fit indicate that a 1 C change in air temperature results in �0.2 C change in SST. Similarly, a 1 g kg � 1 change in vapor mixing ratio gives �0.4 C change in SST, and 10 W m � 2 change in shortwave (longwave) radiation results in �0.13 C( �0.07 C) change in SST. All these values vary regionally, and are neither constant nor in the same direction everywhere. In addition, some atmospheric variables are already correlated to each other. Therefore, a fractional factorial design which involves the joint effects of all atmospheric variables on SST at the same time is further applied. Results from the factorial design are somewhat consistent with the simple linear regression analysis, in that a 2 C increase in air temperature can typically give an increase in SST, generally ranging between 0.5 and 0.8 C over the global ocean.
Design of Contoured Microscale Thermomechanical Actuators

In this paper, we disclose how to contour the beams of microscale thermomechanical actuators (TMAs) in order to enhance the actuator's thermal and mechanical performance. In this approach, we vary the cross-section of the heated beams over the length of the beams. Using this approach, the stored strain energy and axial stiffness of the beam may be modified to achieve an optimized force-displacement relationship. Examples are provided to show that in some designs: 1) the maximum achievable thermal strain of a driving beam may be increased by 29%, 2) actuator stroke may be increased by a factor of four, and 3) identical force or displacement characteristics may be achieved with a 90% reduction in power. This paper presents the theory and models used to predict the thermal and mechanical behavior of the actuator. The theory and models were used to create a deterministic link between the actuator's design parameters and the actuator's performance characteristics. The theory and models were combined within a design tool that is posted at http://pcsl.mit.edu. The tool has been used to generate performance plots that enable designers to: 1) understand the quantitative relationships between design parameters and performance and 2) rapidly converge upon first-pass design parameters.1695
Biomechanical analysis of acetabular revision constructs: is pelvic discontinuity best treated with bicolumnar or traditional unicolumnar fixation?

Pelvic discontinuity in revision total hip arthroplasty presents problems with component fixation and union. A construct was proposed based on bicolumnar fixation for transverse acetabular fractures. Each of 3 reconstructions was performed on 6 composite hemipelvises: (1) a cup-cage construct, (2) a posterior column plate construct, and (3) a bicolumnar construct (no. 2 plus an antegrade 4.5-mm anterior column screw). Bone-cup interface motions were measured, whereas cyclical loads were applied in both walking and descending stair simulations. The bicolumnar construct provided the most stable construct. Descending stair mode yielded more significant differences between constructs. The bicolumnar construct provided improved component stability. Placing an antegrade anterior column screw through a posterior approach is a novel method of providing anterior column support in this setting. Keywords: hip arthroplasty, revision hip arthroplasty, acetabular revision, discontinuity.
Statistical modeling: The two cultures

There are two cultures in the use of statistical modeling to reach conclusions from data. One assumes that the data are generated bya given stochastic data model. The other uses algorithmic models and treats the data mechanism as unknown. The statistical communityhas been committed to the almost exclusive use of data models. This commit- ment has led to irrelevant theory, questionable conclusions, and has kept statisticians from working on a large range of interesting current prob- lems. Algorithmic modeling, both in theoryand practice, has developed rapidlyin fields outside statistics. It can be used both on large complex data sets and as a more accurate and informative alternative to data modeling on smaller data sets. If our goal as a field is to use data to solve problems, then we need to move awayfrom exclusive dependence on data models and adopt a more diverse set of tools.
On the Use of Radar Depolarization Ratios for Estimating Shapes of Ice Hydrometeors in Winter Clouds

Abstract An approach is suggested to relate measurements of radar depolarization ratios and aspect ratios of predominant hydrometeors in nonprecipitating and weakly precipitating layers of winter clouds. The trends of elevation angle dependencies of depolarization ratios are first used to distinguish between columnar-type and plate-type particles. For the established particle type, values of depolarization ratios observed at certain elevation angles, for which the influence of particle orientation is minimal, are then used to estimate aspect ratios when information on particle effective bulk density is assumed or inferred from other measurements. The use of different polarizations, including circular, slant-45° linear, and two elliptical polarizations, is discussed. These two elliptical polarizations are quasi-circular and quasi-linear slant-45° linear, and both are currently achievable with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory’s Ka-band radar. In compari...
The Sixth Amendment: Version 1.0 ET Seq. - Commas, Clauses, and the Constitution

The Sixth Amendment is the repository of some of the oldest rights protected by the Constitution. These include the right to a speedy, public trial by an impartial jury in the locality of the alleged offense; the rights of confrontation and compulsory process; and the right to counsel. But the text of the Sixth Amendment proposed by Congress to the several states in 1789 and the texts ratified by each state vary in their use of capitalization and spelling. More remarkably, the proposed and ratified texts, as well as a selection of other sources thrown in for good measure, employ commas and semicolons in a variety of combinations, dividing and subdividing (or, in their absence, performing neither of these functions) the Sixth Amendment into clauses and subclauses.This Comment begins by painting a contemporary backdrop of punctuation-dependent constitutional interpretation in the aftermath of the Supreme Court’s decision in District of Columbia v. Heller. Then, a methodology is applied to the Supreme Court’s Sixth Amendment jurisprudence to determine possible future applications of Heller’s unique brand of constitutional interpretation in the specific, Sixth Amendment context.
Photoconductivity and Electro-Motive Force Study of Rare Earth Doped YSGG Laser Crystals

The photoconductivity and holographic current were studied in Er, Tm, and Ho doped YSGG laser crystals under visible and infrared excitation. The kinetics and spectroscopic studies showed that photoconductivity was linearly proportional to the excited state concentration of 4f states. Under excitation of the samples with two mutually coherent beams the holographic current was registered at the phase modulation of one of the beams. The holographic current was descnbed with a model accounting for the energy transfer, ionization, recombination, and diffusion and drift currents in the conduction band.
Rate-determining Attack on Substrate Precedes Rieske Cluster Oxidation during cis-Dihydroxylation by Benzoate Dioxygenase

Rieske dearomatizing dioxygenases utilize a Rieske iron–sulfur cluster and a mononuclear Fe(II) located 15 A across a subunit boundary to catalyze O2-dependent formation of cis-dihydrodiol products from aromatic substrates. During catalysis, O2 binds to the Fe(II) while the substrate binds nearby. Single-turnover reactions have shown that one electron from each metal center is required for catalysis. This finding suggested that the reactive intermediate is Fe(III)–(H)peroxo or HO–Fe(V)═O formed by O–O bond scission. Surprisingly, several kinetic phases were observed during the single-turnover Rieske cluster oxidation. Here, the Rieske cluster oxidation and product formation steps of a single turnover of benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase are investigated using benzoate and three fluorinated analogues. It is shown that the rate constant for product formation correlates with the reciprocal relaxation time of only the fastest kinetic phase (RRT-1) for each substrate, suggesting that the slower phases are not mechanist...
Understanding and interpreting generalized ordered logit models

ABSTRACTWhen outcome variables are ordinal rather than continuous, the ordered logit model, aka the proportional odds model (ologit/po), is a popular analytical method. However, generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models (gologit/ppo) are often a superior alternative. Gologit/ppo models can be less restrictive than proportional odds models and more parsimonious than methods that ignore the ordering of categories altogether. However, the use of gologit/ppo models has itself been problematic or at least sub-optimal. Researchers typically note that such models fit better but fail to explain why the ordered logit model was inadequate or the substantive insights gained by using the gologit alternative. This paper uses both hypothetical examples and data from the 2012 European Social Survey to address these shortcomings.
Characterization of enzymatic micromachining for construction of variable cross-section microchannel topologies

The ability to harness enzymatic activity as an etchant to precisely machine biodegradable substrates introduces new possibilities for microfabrication. This flow-based etching is straightforward to implement, enabling patterning of microchannels with topologies that incorporate variable depth along the cross-sectional dimension. Additionally, unlike conventional small-molecule formulations, the macromolecular nature of enzymatic etchants enables features to be precisely positioned. Here, we introduce a kinetic model to characterize the enzymatic machining process and its localization by co-injection of a macromolecular inhibitor species. Our model captures the interaction between enzyme, inhibitor, and substrate under laminar flow, enabling rational prediction of etched microchannel profiles so that cross-sectional topologies incorporating complex lateral variations in depth can be constructed. We also apply this approach to achieve simultaneous widening of an entire network of microchannels produced in the biodegradable polymeric substrate poly(lactic acid), laying a foundation to construct systems incorporating a broad range of internal cross-sectional dimensions by manipulating the process conditions.
Sexual Congruence Moderates the Associations of Hypersexual Behavior with Spiritual Struggle and Sexual Self-Concept

abstractEmerging adulthood is a period of development characterized by the maturation of more complex sexual and religious/spiritual (r/s) identities. In some cases, r/s may enhance positive sexual experiences; however, r/s may also exacerbate problems that result from sexual difficulties. In the current study, a cross-sectional survey was administered to university students (N = 295) to test whether the associations of hypersexual behavior with spiritual struggle and with sexual self-concept would differ based on sexual congruence. We found that the associations of hypersexual behavior with sexual anxiety and with some facets of spiritual struggle were more strongly positive among participants who perceived their sexual values and behaviors as incongruent. Also, the association between hypersexual behavior and sexual esteem was more strongly negative among those who perceived their sexual values and behaviors as incongruent. We discuss implications for future examinations of the intersectionality of sexu...
Mostly-unsupervised statistical segmentation of Japanese: applications to kanji

Given the lack of word delimiters in written Japanese, word segmentation is generally considered a crucial first step in processing Japanese texts. Typical Japanese segmentation algorithms rely either on a lexicon and grammar or on pre-segmented data. In contrast, we introduce a novel statistical method utilizing unsegmented training data, with performance on kanji sequences comparable to and sometimes surpassing that of morphological analyzers over a variety of error metrics.
Anarchism, Schooling, and Democratic Sensibility

This paper seeks to address the question of schooling for democracy by, first, identifying at least one form of social character, dependent, after Marcuse, on the historical emergence of a “new sensibility.” It then explores one pedagogical thread related to the emergence of this form of subjectivity over the course of the last two centuries in the west, and traces its influence in the educational counter-tradition associated with philosophical anarchism, which is based on principles of dialogue and social reconstruction as opposed to monologue and reproduction. The idea of a dialogical school has been made possible by a historical shift in adult views of child as interlocutor rather than “othered” object of adult formation—a shift that can be observed in an historical process of “closer approaches” between adult and child and a recognition of childhood and adulthood as forms of subjectivity that lie on a synchronous rather than a diachronic lifespan continuum. Finally the author identifies an archetype of “school” understood as a specific type of intentional community—an experimental zone in which participants are allowed and encouraged, through explicitly dialogical practice, to develop the personal and relational habits that make authentic democracy possible—a communal form that gives practical meaning to Dewey’s notion of school as “embryonic society”: a utopian space where natality is recognized as a fundamental cultural force, and where the evolutionary possibilities inherent in neoteny are taken as normative.
A comprehensive model of phonological variation: grammatical and non-grammatical factors in variable nasal place assimilation*

The past two decades have seen the development of several constraint-based models of phonological grammar that can handle variable phenomena. Most of these models, however, are purely grammatical, and do not allow for the contribution of non-grammatical factors towards determining the frequency structure of variation. This paper reviews different approaches to phonological variation, focusing on how grammatical and non-grammatical factors co-determine patterns of variation. Based on this review, a model is developed that incorporates influences from both grammatical and non-grammatical factors. The proposed model is grammar-dominant, in the sense that grammar defines the space of possible variation while non-grammatical factors only contribute towards the frequency with which the grammar determined forms are observed. Following Coetzee & Kawahara (2013), the model is developed in a version of noisy Harmonic Grammar that allows non-grammatical factors to scale the weights of faithfulness constraints up or down.
Identifying Individual Great Gray Owls (Strix nebulosa) and Snowy Owls (Bubo scandiacus) Using Wing Feather Bar Patterns

Abstract Bar patterns on flight feathers of Great Gray Owls (Strix nebulosa) and Snowy Owls (Bubo scandiacus) are variable, and can be used to recognize individual birds. Here I illustrate a method for taking photos of wings of captured owls and describe a way to arrange images of flying birds for comparison with photos of birds in flight or in the hand. I report four examples. First, two Great Gray Owls photographed in flight on different days at the same site were shown to be the same individual, but differed from a dead owl found at that location a month later. Second, I compared eight photographs of wintering Snowy Owls in flight in Saskatchewan and determined that they portrayed seven different owls. Third, I examined photos of breeding male first-year Great Gray Owls at neighboring nest sites and established that they were different birds. Finally, I compared photos of breeding female Great Gray Owls at the same nest site in 2011 and 2013, and determined that they showed two individuals. I suggest t...
Population Health During the Obama Administration: An Ambitious Strategy With an Uncertain Future.

The authors reflect on the efforts of U.S. President Barack Obama's Administration to improve population health in the nation, and it mentions issues involving access to health care and social services, as well as education quality, diet, and housing in America. The U.S. government's policies on job security, domestic abuse prevention, and environmental toxins are assessed, along with community health needs and Title IV of the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
Non-Semantics-Preserving Transformations for Higher-Coverage Test Generation Using Symbolic Execution

Symbolic execution is a well-studied method that has a number of useful applications, including generation of high-quality test suites that find many bugs. However, scaling it to real-world applications is a significant challenge, as it depends on the often expensive process of solving constraints on program inputs. Our insight is that when the goal of symbolic execution is test generation, non-semantics-preserving program transformations can reduce the cost of symbolic execution and the tests generated for the transformed programs can still serve as quality suites for the original program. We present five such transformations based on a few different program simplification heuristics that are designed to lower the cost of symbolic execution for input generation. As enabling technology we use the KLEE symbolic execution engine and the LLVM compiler infrastructure. We evaluate our transformations using a suite of small subjects as well as a subset of the well-studied Unix Coreutils. In a majority of cases, our approach reduces the time for symbolic execution for input generation and increases code coverage of the resultant suite.
Percutaneous Stone Surgery in Spina Bifida Patients--Are Stone-Free Rates Worth the Risk?

Abstract Purpose: Percutaneous stone surgery can be challenging in spina bifida (SB) patients due to their body habitus and spinal cord anomalies. A safe surgical approach may necessitate acceptance of lower stone-free (SF) rates. We seek to determine if anatomic complexity, as measured by spinal cord curvature and torso length, is associated with SF rates after percutaneous stone surgery in SB patients. We hypothesize that increasing anatomic complexity is associated with lower SF rates following percutaneous stone surgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and percutaneous cystolitholapaxy (PC) in patients with SB at our institution. We calculated individual Cobb angles for scoliosis and kyphosis and measured torso lengths to serve as surrogates of anatomic complexity. These parameters were used to test for associations between anatomic complexity and SF rates. Results: A total of 32 procedures were analyzed (15 PCNL, 17 PC). SF rates for PCNL and PC w...
Pediatric Tibial Shaft Fractures

Complete pediatric tibial shaft fracture (Fig. 49.1) workup includes evaluation of open vs. closed injury, neurovascular compromise, intra-articular vs. extra-articular, stability after reduction, associated injuries, and displaced/non-displaced.
Possible Future Trends of Vertical Integration in Agriculture

5W x jE ARE literally bombarded these days with statements that integration will change, if not revolutionize, our system of producing, processing, and marketing farm products. Newspaper and magazine articles, the radio and even television seem to be trying to out do each other for public attention on the question. The subject is discussed freely by laymen everywhere with mixed emotion, noticeable confusion, and often with some alarm. Just what are the facts? What, if any, revolutionary changes as a result of vertical integration might we expect on our farms and in the processing and marketing of farm products in the next five to 10 years? Vertical integration as used here means a tying together or linking of two or more steps in production and marketing. This is done by centralizing control and management with a view to improve the competitive position of a business enterprise. In this paper the definition shall be limited to include a linking of two or more hitherto separate firms and shall deal chiefly with the type of integration from the farm to the first receiver. The changes wrought in the market structure are fully as important in food distribution and might well have been a subject of a companion paper. In attempting to point out and analyze, at least in part, some of the economic forces which encourage vertical integration and certain forces which tend to deter its progress, it is hoped that this paper will provide certain guide posts to show the extent to which verical integration will find its way into the various phases of agriculture in the years that lie immediately ahead. Integration in its various forms is not new in business and industry. Integrated or industrial combinations have existed in America and other nations for more than a century. The combining of several complementary business enterprises have varied in character from complete mergers at the one extreme, to loosely drawn cartel agreements at the other. Through the certain types of mergers, the manufacturing plants, the financial structure, and the sales organizations of hitherto complementary units are united into a new, fully developed business enterprise. Perhaps the most complete vertical integration is found in the oil and gasoline industry where control is maintained by one ownership from the oil well to the retail gasoline service station. However, any number of other illustrations could be cited.
EZH2 inhibition in ARID1A mutated clear cell and endometrioid ovarian and endometrioid endometrial cancers

Clear cell carcinoma and endometrioid adenocarcinoma are histologic subtypes of ovarian and uterine cancer that demonstrate unique clinical behavior but share common underlying genomic aberrations and oncogenic pathways. ARID1A mutations are more frequently identified in these tumors, in comparison to other gynecologic histologies, and loss of ARID1A tumor suppressor function is thought to be an essential component of carcinogenic transformation. Several therapeutic targets in ARID1A mutated cancers are in development, including EZH2 inhibitors. EZH2 facilitates epigenetic methylation to modulate gene expression, and both uterine and ovarian cancers show evidence of EZH2 over expression. EZH2 inhibition in ARID1A mutated tumors acts in a synthetically lethal manner to suppress cell growth and promote apoptosis, revealing a unique new therapeutic opportunity. Several phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of EZH2 inhibitors are ongoing currently and there is considerable promise in translational trials for utilization of this new targeted therapy, both to capitalize on ARID1A loss of function and to increase sensitivity to platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapies. This review will synthesize the molecular carcinogenesis of these malignancies and their unique clinical behavior, as a foundation for an emerging frontier of targeted therapeutics – the synergistic inhibition of EZH2 in ARID1A mutated cancers.
A SURVEY OF MEAN CONVERGENCE OF MARTINGALES OF PETTIS INTEGRABLE FUNCTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a survey of conditions under which a martingale of Pettis integrable functions converges in the Pettis norm. Further, utilizing the Radon–Nikodym theorem can be thought of as circular as virtually every proof of the Radon–Nikodym theorem for vector integrals seems to boil down to looking at a convenient martingale. Thus, in a sense, the martingale theory can be considered as the basis for the Radon–Nikodym theory. The chapter discusses the mean convergence problem directly without use of the Radon–Nikodym theorem. It also discusses a theorem suggested by Phillips' proof of the Radon–Nikodym theorem for the Bochner integral.
Effect of tyrosine kinase inhibition on surfactant protein A gene expression during human lung development

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates surfactant protein (SP) A synthesis in human fetal lung explants. Ligand binding to the EGF receptor stimulates an intrinsic receptor tyrosine kinase with subsequent activation of second messengers. We hypothesized that inhibition of EGF-receptor tyrosine kinase activity would block SP-A expression in spontaneously differentiating cultured human fetal lung tissue. Midtrimester fetal lung explants were exposed for 4 days to genistein (a broad-range inhibitor of tyrosine kinases) and tyrphostin AG-1478 (a specific inhibitor of EGF-receptor tyrosine kinase). Genistein significantly decreased SP-A and SP-A mRNA levels without affecting either tissue viability or the morphological differentiation of alveolar type II cells. Tyrphostin AG-1478 also decreased SP-A content and SP-A mRNA levels in cultured fetal lung explants. Treatment with EGF could not overcome the inhibitory effects of either genistein or tyrphostin on SP-A; however, only tyrphostin inhibited EGF-receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. We conclude that specific inhibition of EGF-receptor tyrosine kinase with tyrphostin AG-1478 blocks the expression of SP-A during spontaneous differentiation of cultured human fetal lung tissue. Furthermore, exposure to genistein also decreases SP-A expression and blocks the effects of EGF in human fetal lung tissue without inhibiting EGF-receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. These findings support the importance of tyrosine kinase-dependent signal transduction pathways in the regulation of SP-A during human fetal lung development.
The Cultural Context of Stepfamilies

Stepfamilies do not live in a cultural vacuum. Neither do researchers, educators, practitioners, or policymakers. As we noted briefly in the first chapter, prevailing cultural values and belief systems about remarriages and stepfamilies affect the perspectives of individuals who study and work with stepfamilies. More importantly, cultural beliefs and values wield strong influences on the ways in which stepfamily members think about their relationships, interact together, and feel about each other (Bray, 1999; Berger, 2000). In short, stepfamily relationships and the dynamics of stepfamilies are determined, at least in part, by the prevailing ideologies in their cultural contexts. For this reason, we present a brief overview of the cultural milieu in which stepfamilies live before we explore stepfamily functioning in depth in later chapters. We think it is important to understand the social and psychological environments in which individuals create stepfamilies (e.g., remarrying adults), find themselves conscripted into stepfamilies (e.g., stepchildren), or interact with stepfamily members (e.g., teachers, clergy).
Validation of Protein Acetylation by Mass Spectrometry

Due to the key role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as lysine acetylation in numerous signaling and regulatory pathways, the ability to identify novel PTMs and to quantify their abundances provides invaluable information for understanding these signaling networks. Currently, mass spectrometry (MS) arguably serves as the most high-throughput and unbiased platform for studying post-translational modifications. Here we detail experimental and analytical procedures for the characterization of lysine acetylation on proteins in general and on histones in particular, which are among the most highly modified proteins in eukaryotic cells.
Entropy Traces in Lagrangian and Eulerian Calculations

We investigate the generation and propagation of errors in shock-capturing codes. We demonstrate that one type of error derives from the nonlinearity of the Hugoniot curve, but that this is not sufficient to explain all errors.
Comparing the vaginal wall sling with autologous rectus fascia and polypropylene sling: Short term outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Abstract Objectives: Many women are affected by stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Due to investigations of the safety of synthetic mesh slings, there has been renewed interest in autologous slings. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether different sling material affects outcomes and patient satisfaction. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent sling placement between May 2011 and April 2017 for SUI or stress-predominant mixed urinary incontinence. Patients were divided based on the sling material used: vaginal wall sling (VWS), rectus fascia sling (RFS), and soft polypropylene sling (SPS). Outcomes were compared using a Likert scale, the validated SEAPI score system, Incontinence Impact Questionnaire 7 (IIQ-7), and Incontinence Symptom Severity Index (ISSI). Results: There were 228 patients that underwent sling placement with 94 receiving VWS, 62 RFS, and 72 SPS. Mean follow-up was 14 months. There was no statistical difference in postoperative pad usage or satisfaction score between the groups. All three groups had a statistically significant postoperative improvement in subjective SEAPI scores and daily pad use. The VWS and RFS groups had significant improvement in their ISSI. The VWS group also had postoperative improvement in IIQ-7 score. Complication rates were rare and similar between all three groups. Conclusions: Patient satisfaction and outcomes were overall similar between all three sling materials. Based on our outcomes, we continue to use the VWS as a treatment option for patients with SUI and redundant vaginal wall tissue that are opposed to synthetic mesh slings.
Functional Connectivity Analysis on Scalp EEG for Identification of Deep Parenchymal Lesions (P3.279)

Objective: We examined whether functional connectivity analysis could be used to identify deep brain lesions by measuring their impact on phase lag angles between components of default mode network. Background: One of the hinderances to wider utilization of scalp electroencephalography is its low sensitivity to pathology involving deep brain structures. We propose that synchronization-mediated connectivity analysis techniques can be utilized to overcome this limitation, by measuring the effect of lesions on functional connectivity between superficial components. Design/Methods: Electroencephalograms were obtained from a patient before and after development of contusional intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Epochs with average phase lag indices greater than 0.99 for electrode pairs were collected and changes in phase lag angles were measured. Results: Positive correlation between the phase lag indices for the selected electrode pairs and occipital alpha amplitude was demonstrated. Shift in phase lag angles during the periods of inter-areal synchronized oscillation was greater for the electrode pair ipsilateral to the injury. Conclusions: Functional connectivity analysis may be used to identify pathology in deeper structures beyond superficial cortices. Disclosure: Dr. Joe has nothing to disclose. Dr. Newman has nothing to disclose.
13 – New Animal Models in Toxicology

This chapter deals with the new animal models in toxicology. The field of in vivo genetic engineering is evolving rapidly. The chapter illustrates that some of the gene-altered models can be invalidated for their intended uses in toxicology or simply abandoned for a variety of technical reasons. However, genetic technologies continues to improve to allow the creation of ever more sophisticated genetically altered models, which can replace those rejected for use in toxicology research and testing. Many of the new gene-altered mice, like the mouse models of the first genetically engineered generation, will be unique and valuable tools for the in vivo study of toxicological problems. Perhaps most significantly, they will continue to be useful for the in vivo confirmation of in vitro research findings. The new models can be designed to provide more accurate and relevant information for solving problems in toxicology and to significantly increase the predicitivity of animal testing for determining human toxicological risk.
Positive Expected Selves and Desistance among Serious Adolescent Offenders

Despite a recent surge of interest in the role that self-identity plays in the process of desistance from crime, prior research has been mostly qualitative and conducted with small samples of adult offenders. In addition, while what people expect to become in the future can also function as motivational and sustaining forces toward prosocial behavioral outcomes, empirical tests of identity-based theories of criminal desistance have focused on the measures of current self-identity. We intend to address both gaps to expand the scope of desistance literature. Drawing on 11-wave panel data of serious adolescent offenders, a modified version of negative binomial random-effects models is applied to estimate the within-individual effects of expectation of positive future selves on self-reported offending and official record of arrest. We found that a shift in a youth’s expectation of positive self-identity in the future is significantly related to a downward trend in both offending and arrest outcomes. This finding holds even after controlling for unobserved time-stable sources of heterogeneity and other important time-varying sources of potential confounders. This study not only explores one of the understudied topics in the desistance literature but also provides evidence-based knowledge on which characteristics need to be addressed to initiate and maintain prosocial life styles among serious adolescent offenders.
Analytical methods for conventional and emerging disinfection by-products in fresh-cut produce

Abstract The formation of toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) is among the main concerns in the use of chlorine sanitizers for washing fresh and fresh-cut produce to minimize microbial cross-contamination. Even so, robust analytical methods for measuring various DBPs in produce have been lacking. This study has established two liquid-liquid extraction methods, followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection, to measure 32 conventional and emerging DBPs in different produce types including lettuce, cabbage and strawberry. Good recoveries (50–130%) were achieved for most DBPs in the different produce. The method detection limits were in the range of 0.3–10 ng/g for trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, nitrogenous DBPs, and other carbonaceous DBPs. Preliminary screening analysis indicated one-third of the target DBPs were found in unwashed produce, and washing with chlorine significantly promoted DBPs’ formation and concentrations in the produce. The developed analytical methods will be useful tools for future research on food DBPs.
Manifestations of “the Ideal” in Cyberspace

This chapter presents an analysis of the positive comments on RateMyProfessors.com. Trends and patterns in the comments reveal what students desire in an “ideal professor.” The chapter suggests that, in seeking out “the ideal professor,” students reinforce the idea that they are consumers, as they inadvertently commodify college teaching.
Methods for rapid diagnosis of meningitis etiology in adults

Infectious meningitis can be caused by viral, bacterial or fungal pathogens. Despite widely available treatments, many types of infectious meningitis are still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Delay in diagnosis contributes to poor outcomes. Cerebrospinal fluid cultures have been used traditionally but are time intensive and sensitivity is decreased by empiric treatment prior to culture. More rapid techniques such as the cryptococcal lateral flow assay (IMMY), GeneXpert MTB/Rif Ultra (Cepheid) and FilmArray multiplex-PCR (Biofire) are three examples that have drastically changed meningitis diagnostics. This review will discuss a holistic approach to diagnosing bacterial, mycobacterial, viral and fungal meningitis.
Articulating the Moral Community: Towards a Constructive Ethical Pragmatism

Henry Richardson’s insightful monograph, Articulating the Moral Community, addresses a wide range of questions in moral philosophy. Its central aim is to show that and how we can add new, objective...
The Role of Online Communication Among Gang and Non-gang Youth

Youth gangs have traditionally been conceptualized as groups of youth who congregate or hang out on the street. The Eurogang definition, in fact, includes “street-orientation” as one of the criteria used to classify a youth group as a gang. With the advent of the Internet and subsequent expansion of social media, to what extent, if any, has this technological innovation resulted in a change in the underlying group dynamics of youth gangs? That is, does interaction and communication with others online affect behavior? In this chapter, we explore similarities and differences in the role of online communication on gang and non-gang youth. We find that gang youth have a stronger proclivity toward online communication relative to non-gang youth, and exposure to online-only peers who support crime is initially associated with self-reported delinquency and violence. However, the effect of online peers no longer endures after controlling for traditional peer delinquency, suggesting the online context is an extension of peer processes that take place within the street.
Climate migration and health system preparedness in the United States

Every country will have to prepare for climate change. Despite obvious risks to national security in terms of safety, food, and infrastructure as well as impending economic losses, countries like t...
From Pixels to Legs: Hierarchical Learning of Quadruped Locomotion

Legged robots navigating crowded scenes and complex terrains in the real world are required to execute dynamic leg movements while processing visual input for obstacle avoidance and path planning. We show that a quadruped robot can acquire both of these skills by means of hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL). By virtue of their hierarchical structure, our policies learn to implicitly break down this joint problem by concurrently learning High Level (HL) and Low Level (LL) neural network policies. These two levels are connected by a low dimensional hidden layer, which we call latent command. HL receives a first-person camera view, whereas LL receives the latent command from HL and the robot's on-board sensors to control its actuators. We train policies to walk in two different environments: a curved cliff and a maze. We show that hierarchical policies can concurrently learn to locomote and navigate in these environments, and show they are more efficient than non-hierarchical neural network policies. This architecture also allows for knowledge reuse across tasks. LL networks trained on one task can be transferred to a new task in a new environment. Finally HL, which processes camera images, can be evaluated at much lower and varying frequencies compared to LL, thus reducing computation times and bandwidth requirements.
Guided Synchronous Millimeter and Submillimeter Modes on Planar Structures

One of today's challenges for future sub-millimeter wave technology is the development of suitable guided structures for device integration and signal processing. We have made initial theoretical studies concerning the feasibility of propagating submillimeter waves along semiconductor interfaces as interface electromagnetic waves (IEM). In particular, our efforts have been directed toward structures in which synchronous propagation with millimeter waves might permit parametric interaction through a nonlinear material dielectric constant.
Formation of self-organized nano- and micro-diamond rings

We report formation of self-organized nanodiamond ring structures due to dynamical heterogeneity in super undercooled carbon, created by nanosecond laser melting of amorphous carbon layers. We envi...
Congenital Defects of Current Concern in Beef Cattle

Congenital defects are abnormalities of structure, formation of function present at birth. They may affect a single anatomical structure or function, an entire system, parts of several systems, or may involve several body systems, or combine functional and structural defects to form syndromes. Our consultancy program at Kansas State University utilizes a combination of clinical examination, pathology, genetics, research and a central congenital defects file, to assist breeders and the AI industry in the decision making process of breeding and defect monitoring programs. Congenital defects of current concern in beef cattle are reviewed here.
Efficient Road Crack Detection Based on an Adaptive Pixel-Level Segmentation Algorithm:

Cracks considerably reduce the life span of pavement surfaces. Currently, there is a need for the development of robust automated distress evaluation systems that comprise a low-cost crack detectio...
Minnesota, Moscow, Manhattan: Gus Hall’s Life and Political Line Until the Late 1960s: By a Tuomas Savonen, the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium 79, 2020, 503 pp., 30 Euros [$36] (Paperback), ISBN 978-951-653-451-3 (Pbk.)

Little in the way of biography has been written about Gus Hall (Arvo Halberg), General Secretary and later Chair of the Communist Party USA for a 50-year span beginning in 1959. A Soviet biography...
A Preliminary Examination of a Kindergarten School Readiness Assessment

This study examined selected parameters of two newly developed measures called AEPS-3 Ready-Set and Ready-Set Family Assessment of Children’s Skills (FACS). Ready-Set is a school readiness measure designed to gather information from teachers or other professionals on children’s kindergarten school readiness skills across important developmental areas. FACS is a companion measure developed to provide a simple way for parents to assess and report their child’s skills across the same developmental areas addressed by Ready-Set. Montessori educators practicing in Florida and Idaho observed groups of preschool-age children and completed the Ready-Set assessment on selected children. In addition, selected children’s parents completed the FACS designed to provide information about their child’s skills across the same developmental areas targeted by Ready-Set. Analyses found a robust correlation between parents’ and teachers’ ratings on total area scores and more modest agreements on individual items. Teachers reported that they considered Ready-Set a user-friendly tool that provided relevant information on children’s’ readiness skills. In addition, teachers reported they would use Ready-Set again, as well as recommend its use to co-workers. This study has implications for assessing school readiness of children from both teachers and parents.
A cartography of controversy concerning MAGA: political rhetoric, racism, and symbolism in schools

This study explored incidents in schools involving the controversial campaign slogan, Make America Great Again (MAGA). Using a cartography of controversies approach, we located news reports to unde...
Image-Guided Targeted Mitral Valve Tethering with Chordal Encircling Snares as a Preclinical Model of Secondary Mitral Regurgitation

Development of transcatheter mitral valve interventions has ushered a significant need for large animal models of secondary mitral regurgitation. Though currently used heart failure models that chronically develop secondary mitral regurgitation are viable, the severity is lower than patients, the incubation time is long, and mortality is high. We sought to develop a swine model of acute secondary mitral regurgitation that uses image-guided placement of snares around the mitral chordae. Twenty-seven adult swine (n = 27) were assigned to secondary mitral regurgitation induced by valve tethering with image-guided chordal encircling snares (group 1, n = 7, tether MR (tMR)); secondary mitral regurgitation by percutaneous posterolateral myocardial infarction causing ventricular dysfunction and regurgitation (group 2, n = 6, functional MR (fMR)); and control animals (group 3, n = 14). Regurgitant fraction in tMR was 42.1 ± 14.2%, in fMR was 22 ± 9.6%, and in controls was 5.3 ± 3.8%. Mitral tenting height was 9.6 ± 1.3 mm in tMR, 10.1 ± 1.5 mm in fMR, and 5.8 ± 1.2 mm in controls. Chordal encircling tethers reproducibly induce clinically relevant levels of secondary mitral regurgitation, providing a new animal model for use in translational research.
Learning non-native speech stop voicing as a result of exposure to foreign film

While access to authentic input from native speakers is critical when learning to produce speech in another language (Flege et al., 1997; Flege etal., 1995; MacKay et al., 2001; inter alia), this option is not always accessible to all learners. With that in mind, this study explores how another type of naturalistic exposure, foreign film, can contribute to the development of L2 speech by specifically examining non-native stop voicing. To explore this research question, French speech shadowing data from naive, monolingual English participants (n = 59) was collected before and after watching a short film in French. Collected productions were analyzed acoustically (voice onset time [VOT]) and through a series of AXB-style native French listener perceptual judgements (n = 221). While the acoustic analysis of VOT did not reveal a significant effect of film on duration when compared to a control group (n = 15), native listeners perceived post-film exposure productions to be significantly more target-like than pre-film exposure productions. This finding suggests that although VOT was seemingly unaffected by foreign film exposure, participants adjusted alternative acoustic correlates of voicing and that these modifications were perceptible to native listeners. This ultimately provides evidence for the effectiveness of foreign film exposure in non-native speech learning.
Pitting Inhibition by Surfactants Effect of the Charge of Headgroups

Surfactants have been tried as inhibitors of pitting corrosion of various materials such as stainless steels and aluminum alloys. In order to understand the structure-performance relationship in pitting inhibition, surfactants of different charged headgroups, i.e., anionic sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), cationic dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), and nonionic Triton-X-100 (Triton), were investigated as pitting corrosion inhibitors of 304 stainless steel in neutral NaCI solutions. SDS was found to increase the pitting resistance of 304 stainless steel, while neither DTAC nor Triton showed any inhibition effect, indicating that the negative headgroup is preferred in pitting inhibition of stainless steels. To identify the inhibition mechanism, adsorption of surfactants on 304 stainless steel particles was directly measured using the batch adsorption technique. All three surfactants tested adsorbed significantly on the stainless steel, suggesting that the adsorption alone is not sufficient for pitting inhibition. Results obtained for the electrophoretic mobility of the particles in surfactant solutions showed that only SDS made the surface of the stainless steel more negative. Based on these results the inhibition effect of the surfactants is explained in terms of competitive adsorption and electrostatic interactions between surfactants and chloride ions.