cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron accelerators driven by modulated intense relativistic electron beams.

This paper addresses the development of a new high-voltage-gradient linear accelerator. This accelerator was energized by a modulated intense relativistic electron beam with power in the multigigawatt range. A 0.2-cm-diam electron beam emerged from the accelerator with a peak current of \ensuremath{\sim}200 A and peak kinetic energy \ensuremath{\ge}60 MeV. The length of the accelerating structure was 1 m. Simple scaling laws suggest that similar accelerators with much higher average electric fields can be built.
Non-perturbative formulation of the static color octet potential

Abstract By dressing Polyakov lines with appropriate functionals of the gauge fields, we construct observables describing a fundamental representation static quark–antiquark pair in the singlet, adjoint and average channels of SU ( N ) pure gauge theory. Each of the potentials represents a gauge invariant eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian. Numerical simulations are performed for SU (2) in 2+1 dimensions. The adjoint channel is found to be repulsive at small and confining at large separations, suggesting the existence of a metastable ( N 2 −1)-plet bound state. For small distances and temperatures above the deconfinement transition, the leading order perturbative prediction for the ratio of singlet and adjoint potentials is reproduced by the lattice data.
The effects of congressional appropriation committee membership on the distribution of federal research funding to universities

Does congressional representation of a university affect the distribution of research funding to universities? This article studies two types of congressional representation: district representation, reflecting interests related to the politician's constituents, and alma mater affiliation, reflecting the politician's personal interests. I find that both types of representation matter and lobbying efforts by public and private universities may differ. Thus this article suggests politics plays a role in diverting funding that might be given to other institutions based under a more objective process, reducing the potential effectiveness of the funding on research activities.
Radiative transfer in axisymmetric, finite cylindrical enclosures

Modele de transfert radiatif axisymetrique a 2 dimensions pour un milieu heterogene, diffusant de facon anisotrope, emissif, absorbant base sur l'approximation d'harmoniques spheriques du 3eme ordre
The present-day star formation rate of the Milky-Way determined from Spitzer detected young stellar objects

We present initial results from a population synthesis model aimed at determining the star formation rate (SFR) of the Milky Way. We find that a total SFR of 0.68-1.45 M ? yr?1 is able to reproduce the observed number of young stellar objects (YSOs) in the Spitzer/IRAC GLIMPSE survey of the Galactic plane, assuming simple prescriptions for the three-dimensional Galactic distributions of YSOs and interstellar dust, and using model spectral energy distributions to predict the brightness and color of the synthetic YSOs at different wavelengths. This is the first Galaxy-wide measurement derived from pre-main-sequence objects themselves, rather than global observables such as the total radio continuum, H?, or FIR flux. The value obtained is slightly lower than, but generally consistent with previously determined values. We will extend this method in the future to fit the brightness, color, and angular distribution of YSOs, and simultaneously make use of multiple surveys, to place constraints on the input assumptions, and reduce uncertainties in the SFR estimate. Ultimately, this will be one of the most accurate methods for determining the Galactic SFR, as it makes use of stars of all masses (limited only by sensitivity) rather than solely massive stars or indirect tracers of massive stars.
A man-machine theorem-proving system

This paper describes a man-machine theorem-proving system at the University of Texas at Austin which has been used to prove a few theorems in general topology. The theorem (or subgoal) being proved is presented on the scope in its natural form so that the user can easily comprehend it and, by a series of interactive commands, can help with the proof when he desires. A feature called DETAIL is employed which allows the human to interact only when needed and only to the extent necessary for the proof. The program is built around a modified form of IMPLY, a natural-deduction-like theorem proving technique which has been described earlier. A few examples of proofs are given.
Computational study of effect of tabs on a jet in a cross flow

Abstract A three-dimensional viscous flow analysis is performed using a time-marching Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes code for the case of a jet in a cross flow with a delta tab placed on the windward side of the jet to inhibit mixing for film cooling applications. The flow configuration which was previously studied experimentally, involved a jet discharging normally from the floor of the wind tunnel test section into the cross flow with a momentum ratio (jet/cross-flow) of 36. The computed results are compared with the experimental data which include streamwise velocity and vorticity distributions at various axial locations downstream of the jet. The computational results show reasonably good agreement with the experimental data.
Generational Differences in Work-Family Conflict and Synergy

This paper examines differences in work-family conflict and synergy among the four generational groups represented in the contemporary workforce: Generation Y Generation X, Baby Boomers, and Matures using data from the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce (n = 3,502). Significant generational differences were found for work-family conflict (work interfering with family and family interfering with work) but not for work-family synergy. Mental health and job pressure were the best predictors of work interfering with family conflict for each generational group. Work-family synergy presented a more complex picture. Work-family conflict and synergy were significantly related to job, marital, and life satisfaction. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
What do discounted optima converge to?: A theory of discount rate asymptotics in economic models

Abstract This paper considers a sequence of stochastic dynamic problems in which the discount rate goes to zero. Sufficient conditions are given under which the limit of discounted optimal policies (and normalized values) are a (i) long-run average optimal and (ii) catching-up optimal policy (and value). These conditions are shown to be satisfied in many economic models. A new decision criterion for the undiscounted problem, the strong long-run average, is introduced. This criterion refines the long-run average, is often equivalent to the catching-up, and is easier to use than the latter since it has a recursive representation. A generalization of Fatou's lemma, which has wider applicability, is also proved.
Hands-on gravitational wave astronomy: Extracting astrophysical information from simulated signals

In this article we introduce an activity in which introductory astronomy students act as gravitational wave astronomers by extracting information from simulated gravitational wave signals. The process mimics the way real gravitational wave analysis is handled by using plots of a pure gravitational wave signal. The students measure the properties of the simulated signal and use these measurements to evaluate standard relations for astrophysical source parameters. Although the activity described focuses on circular binaries, the techniques described can be applied to other gravitational wave sources as well. A problem based on the discussion in this paper is available for use in introductory laboratory courses.
High Power Induction Free Electron Laser

Free electron laser (FEL) amplifiers driven by linear induction accelerators have considerable potential for scaling to high average powers. The high electron beam current produces large single pass gain and extraction efficiency, resulting in high peak power. The pulse repetition frequency scaling is limited primarily by accelerator and pulsed power technology. Two FEL experiments have been performed by the Beam Research Program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL): The ELF experiment used the 3.5-MeV beam from the Experimental Test Accelerator (ETA) and operated at a wavelength of 8.6 mm. This device achieved an overall single-pass gain of 45 dB, an output power of 1.5 GW, and an extraction efficiency of 35%. The microwave beam was confined in a waveguide in the 4-m-long wiggler. The PALADIN experiment uses the 45-MeV beam from the Advanced Test Accelerator and operates at a wavelength of 10.6 IA. Using a 15-m long wiggler a single pass gain of 27 dB was produced. Gain guiding was observed to confine the amplified beam within a beam tube that had a Fresnel number less than 1. The results of these expriments have been successfully modeled using a three dimensional particle simulation code. The Program also has ongoing efforts to develop wiggler, pulsed power and induction linac technology. A focus of much of this work is the ETA-II accelerator, which incorporates magnetic pulse compression drivers. One application of ETA-II will be to drive a 1 mm wavelength FEL. The microwave output will be used for a plasma heating experiment.
Efficiency and fairness of system-optimal routing with user constraints

We study the route-guidance system proposed by Jahn, Mohring, Schulz, and Stier-Moses [Operations Research 53 (2005), 600–616] from a theoretical perspective. As system-optimal guidance is known to be problematic, this approach computes a traffic pattern that minimizes the total travel time subject to user constraints. These constraints are designed to ensure that routes suggested to users are not much longer than shortest paths for the prevailing network conditions. To calibrate the system, a certain measure—called normal length—must be selected. We show that when this length is defined as the travel time at equilibrium, the resulting traffic assignment is provably efficient and close to fair. To measure efficiency, we compare the output to the best solution without guidance and to user equilibria. To measure unfairness, we compare travel times of different users, and show that they do not differ too much. Inefficient or unfair traffic assignments cause users to travel too long or discourage people from accepting the system; either consequence would jeopardize the potential impact of a route-guidance system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 48(4), 223–234 2006An extended abstract of a preliminary version appeared in the Proceedings of the 14th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms [24].
Packing-limited growth.

©2002 The American Physical Society. The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.65.056108
Level of Aspiration Measures and College Achievement

The purpose of this study was to provide some indication as to the amount and kind of relationship between general college achievement and goal discrepancy scores derived from certain group level of aspiration techniques recently developed. Goal discrepancy scores for several groups of college students were derived from aspiration statements made in connection with two group experimental tests and with regular course examinations. These discrepancy scores were correlated with scores from a scholastic aptitude test and with Grade-Point Average during the previous year at college. Partial correlation coefficients were computed between the goal discrepancy scores and Grade-Point Average, holding scholastic aptitude scores constant. There was no evidence uncovered to support the existence of a relationship between any of the goal discrepancy scores investigated and past academic achievement, whether or not scholastic aptitude is held constant. No curvilinear trends were discovered in the data. No consistent differences in the various correlations were apparent between aspiration instructions asking for expectations and instructions asking for goals.
Quantum geometrodynamics of the Bianchi IX cosmological model

The canonical quantum theory of gravity?quantum geometrodynamics (QG)?is applied to the homogeneous Bianchi type IX cosmological model. As a result, a framework for the quantum theory of homogeneous cosmologies is developed. We show that the theory is internally consistent and prove that it possesses the correct classical limit (the theory of general relativity). To emphasize the special role that the constraints play in this new theory, we compare it to the traditional ADM square-root and Wheeler?DeWitt quantization schemes. We show that, unlike traditional approaches, QG leads to a well-defined Schr?dinger equation for the wavefunction of the universe that is inherently coupled to the expectation value of the constraint equations. This coupling to the constraints is responsible for the appearance of a coherent spacetime picture. Thus, the physical meaning of the constraints of the theory is quite different from Dirac's interpretation. In light of this distinctive feature of the theory, we re-address the question of the dark energy effects in the Bianchi IX cosmological model for highly non-classical quantum states. We show that, at least for this model, for any choice of the initial wavefunction, quantum corrections will not produce accelerated expansion of the universe.
Project Management Contracts with Delayed Payments

When managing projects with considerable uncertainty, such as those arising in construction, defense, and new product development, it is customary for a manufacturer (project manager) to offer contracts under which each supplier (contractor) receives a prespecified payment when she completes her task. However, there are recent cases in which the manufacturer imposes “delayed payment” contracts under which each supplier is paid only when all suppliers have completed their tasks. By considering a model of one manufacturer and n ≥ 2 identical and independent suppliers with exponential completion times, we analyze the impact of both a delayed payment regime and a no-delayed-payment regime on each supplier's effort level and on the manufacturer's net profit in equilibrium. When the suppliers' work rates are unadjustable, we conjecture that the manufacturer is actually worse off under the delayed payment regime. However, when the suppliers' work rates are adjustable, we obtain a different result: the delayed payment regime is more profitable for the manufacturer either when the project revenue is sufficiently small or when the number of suppliers is sufficiently large.
Detection of Nucleic Acids with Graphene Nanopores: Ab Initio Characterization of a Novel Sequencing Device

We report an ab initio density functional theory study of the interaction of four nucleobases, cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine, with a novel graphene nanopore device for detecting the base sequence of a single-stranded nucleic acid (ssDNA or RNA). The nucleobases were inserted into a pore in a graphene nanoribbon, and the electrical current and conductance spectra were calculated as functions of voltage applied across the nanoribbon. The conductance spectra and charge densities were analyzed in the presence of each nucleobase in the graphene nanopore. The results indicate that due to significant differences in the conductance spectra the proposed device has adequate sensitivity to discriminate between different nucleotides. Moreover, we show that the nucleotide conductance spectrum is affected little by its orientation inside the graphene nanopore. The proposed technique may be extremely useful for real applications in developing ultrafast, low-cost DNA sequencing methods.
Percolation and Connectivity in the Intrinsically Secure Communications Graph

The ability to exchange secret information is critical to many commercial, governmental, and military networks. The intrinsically secure communications graph (iS-graph) is a random graph which describes the connections that can be securely established over a large-scale network, by exploiting the physical properties of the wireless medium. This paper aims to characterize the global properties of the iS-graph in terms of (1) percolation on the infinite plane, and (2) full connectivity on a finite region. First, for the Poisson iS-graph defined on the infinite plane, the existence of a phase transition is proven, whereby an unbounded component of connected nodes suddenly arises as the density of legitimate nodes is increased. This shows that long-range secure communication is still possible in the presence of eavesdroppers. Second, full connectivity on a finite region of the Poisson iS-graph is considered. The exact asymptotic behavior of full connectivity in the limit of a large density of legitimate nodes is characterized. Then, simple, explicit expressions are derived in order to closely approximate the probability of full connectivity for a finite density of legitimate nodes. These results help clarify how the presence of eavesdroppers can compromise long-range secure communication.
Iceberg size and orientation estimation using SeaWinds

Abstract SeaWinds scatterometer data from 1999 to 2009 has been used to detect and track large Antarctic icebergs on a daily basis. Here, we develop two estimation algorithms to supplement iceberg position reports with estimates of the iceberg's major-axis length, minor-axis length, and angle of rotational orientation. The first algorithm is an image-based approach while the second is based on raw SeaWinds measurements. Maximum-likelihood objective functions that relate SeaWinds backscatter observations to model predictions are developed. The utility of both estimation approaches is analyzed in simulation and with actual data via a case study of iceberg A22a. The image-based approach is found to outperform the measurement-based technique. Results are validated using high-resolution imagery. Estimates are also compared with reports compiled by the United States National Ice Center.
Clearing a Path Through the Forest: A Meta-Review of Interorganizational Relationships

Interorganizational relationships (IORs) encompass a broad array of collaborative exchanges, including strategic alliances, joint ventures, buyer—supplier agreements, licensing, co-branding, franchising, cross-sector partnerships, networks, trade associations, and consortia. Scholarly work in this area typically focuses on particular forms, which has made it difficult to build a holistic understanding of why organizations engage in these relationships. This article summarizes the IOR literature by conducting a meta-review, a review of the reviews that have covered various IOR forms and theories. Through this approach, the authors highlight similarities and differences among forms and acknowledge perspectives grounded in organizational economics and organization theory. In line with March’s seminal framework, the authors identify two pure forms of IORs: co-exploration and co-exploitation. Explicating these pure forms enables the integration of different theories and the reconciliation of the empirical real...
Growth and characterization of nickel-doped ZnS single crystals

Abstract Crystals of zinc sulfide containing up to 3 atomic percent of nickel were grown by chemical vapor transport using iodine as the transport agent. It was found that these crystals had the same long-wavelength IR transmission characteristics as pure ZnS. Furthermore, the addition of small amounts of nickel significantly increased the hardness of ZnS. These materials may be useful for the development of IR windows in the 8–12 μm range.
Search for Millisecond Periodic Pulsations in BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts

We present the results of searches for periodic pulsations in gamma-ray bursts detected by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. A total of 20 bright bursts are examined. The durations of the time-tagged event (TTE) data used a range from 0.065 to 1.048 s. These data cover either the onset of a very bright burst or the whole short burst. The photon arrival data are time-tagged with a time resolution of 2 μs. We examined various energy channels and time segments in the data for pulsations using fast Fourier transform. The periods searched cover the range 0.016-33.3 ms. We find no significant evidence for periodic pulsations in the above range, and the upper limits for the pulsations are presented in terms of statistical probabilities and pulsed fractional amplitudes.
Torsion pairs and filtrations in abelian categories with tilting objects

Given a noetherian abelian k-category of finite homological dimension, with a tilting object T of projective dimension 2, the abelian category and the abelian category of modules over End(T)op are related by a sequence of two tilts; we give an explicit description of the torsion pairs involved. We then use our techniques to obtain a simplified proof of a theorem of Jensen–Madsen–Su, that has a three-step filtration by extension-closed subcategories. Finally, we generalize Jensen–Madsen–Su's filtration to the case where T has any finite projective dimension.
Berge-Gabai knots and L-space satellite operations

Let P(K) be a satellite knot where the pattern P is a Berge–Gabai knot (ie a knot in the solid torus with a nontrivial solid torus Dehn surgery) and the companion K is a nontrivial knot in S^3. We prove that P(K) is an L–space knot if and only if K is an L–space knot and P is sufficiently positively twisted relative to the genus of K. This generalizes the result for cables due to Hedden [Int. Math. Res. Not. 2009 (2009) 2248–2274] and Hom [Algebr. Geom. Topol. 11 (2011) 219–223].
On the discontinuity of the costates for optimal control problems with Coulomb friction

This work points out that the costates are actually discontinuous functions of time for optimal control problems with Coulomb friction. In particular these discontinuities occur at the time points where the velocity of the system changes sign. To our knowledge, this has not been noted before. This phenomenon is demonstrated on a minimum-time problem with Coulomb friction and the consistency of discontinuous costates and switching functions with respect to the input switches is shown. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large N limit of orbifold field theories

Abstract We consider a certain orbifoldization of the N = 4 field theories that leads to N = 2, 1, 0 field theories in four dimensions. These theories were recently analyzed using the string theory perturbation technique. It was found that in the large N limit all correlation functions of the orbifold theories coincide with those of N = 4, modulo the rescaling of the gauge coupling constant. In this paper we repeat the same analysis using field theoretical language.
Future trends in software development for real-time industrial automation

"The_____is a desk-size, stored program computer. It has a medium-scale capacity and uses a single address system. The_____ has all the advantages of high component reliability, automatic operation, and ease of programming."
Length regulation of mechanosensitive stereocilia depends on very slow actin dynamics and filament severing proteins

Auditory sensory hair cells depend on stereocilia with precisely regulated lengths to detect sound. Since stereocilia are primarily composed of crosslinked, parallel actin filaments, regulated actin dynamics are essential for controlling stereocilia length. Here we assessed stereocilia actin turnover by monitoring incorporation of inducibly expressed β-actin-GFP in adult mouse hair cells in vivo and by directly measuring β-actin-GFP turnover in explants. Stereocilia actin incorporation is remarkably slow and restricted to filament barbed ends in a small tip compartment, with minimal accumulation in the rest of the actin core. Shorter rows of stereocilia, which have mechanically gated ion channels, show more variable actin turnover than the tallest stereocilia, which lack channels. Finally, the proteins ADF and AIP1, which both mediate actin filament severing, contribute to stereocilia length maintenance. Altogether, the data support a model whereby stereocilia actin cores are largely static, with dynamic regulation at the tips to maintain a critical length.
Symmetries of Holographic Super-Minimal Models

We compute the asymptotic symmetry of the higher-spin supergravity theory in AdS3 and obtain an infinite-dimensional non-linear superalgebra, which we call the super-W ∞[λ] algebra. According to the recently proposed supersymmetric duality between higher-spin supergravity in an AdS3 background and the ’t Hooft limit of the $ \mathcal{N}=2 $ $ \mathbb{C}{{\mathrm{P}}^n} $ Kazama-Suzuki model on the boundary, this symmetry algebra should agree with the ’t Hooft limit of the chiral algebra of the CFT, $ \mathcal{S}{{\mathcal{W}}_n} $ . We provide two nontrivial checks of the duality. By comparing the algebras, we explicitly match the lowest-spin commutation relations in the super-W ∞[λ] with the corresponding commutation relations in the ’t Hooft limit on the CFT side. We also consider the degenerate representations of the two algebras and find that any degenerate representation of the $ \mathbb{C}{{\mathrm{P}}^n} $ model can be a representation of the super-W ∞[λ] algebra and vice versa.
Cationic palladium(II) catalysis: C-H activation/Suzuki-Miyaura couplings at room temperature.

Cationic palladium(II) catalyst realized facile C−H activation of aryl urea with arylboronic acids at room temperature. This reaction is extremely mild to carry out aromatic C−H activations through...
Bilateral Testing of Nano-scale Fault-Tolerant Circuits

As the technology enters the nano dimension, the inherent unreliability of nanoelectronics is making fault-tolerant architectures increasingly necessary in building nano systems. Because fault-tolerant hardwares help to mask the effects caused by increased levels of defects, testing the functionality of the chip together with the embedded fault-tolerance becomes a tremendous challenge. In this paper, a new bilateral testing framework for nano circuits is proposed, where multiple stuck-at faults across different modules in a triple module redundancy (TMR) architecture are considered. In addition, a new test generator is presented for the bilateral testing that takes into account the enormous number of bilateral stuck-at faults possible with new types of guidance in the search, and it can generate a set of vectors that can test the TMR-based nano circuit as a single entity. Experimental results reported for ISCAS'85 and ITC99 circuits demonstrate that the bilateral testing can help to capture many more defects which the single stuck-at fault misses.
A Secret tunnel through the horizon

Hawking radiation is often intuitively visualized as particles that have tunneled across the horizon. Yet, at first sight, it is not apparent where the barrier is. Here I show that the barrier depends on the tunneling particle itself. The key is to implement energy conservation, so that the black hole contracts during the process of radiation. A direct consequence is that the radiation spectrum cannot be strictly thermal. The correction to the thermal spectrum is of precisely the form that one would expect from an underlying unitary quantum theory. This may have profound implications for the black hole information puzzle.
Spinodal decomposition in 3-space.

Using a cell-dynamical system (CDS) to model the separation of phases, we present the results of large-scale simulations of spinodal decomposition in 3-space of a symmetric binary alloy and incompressible binary fluid at critical quench. Our main results are (1) the reliable determination of the asymptotic or the almost asymptotic form factors for these systems, and (2) an understanding of the preasymptotic behavior of growth laws in terms of dispersion relations of interface fluctuations. To achieve (1) it is indispensable to have (i) methods to analyze the data, (ii) a scheme to simulate a system with fluid dynamic interactions, and (iii) a demonstration of the self-averaging nature of spherically averaged quantities. Item (iii) allows us to study sufficiently large systems with currently available computational resources. A careful stability analysis of our CDS model (such as artificial pinning, anisotropy, etc.) is also given. We must point out that the conventional data analysis coupled with artificial pinning and finite-size effects may spuriously give the theoretically desired results, especially in binary fluids. The asymptotic form factors are estimated in collage form from our large-scale late-time simulation results and various theoretical asymptotic results such as Tomita's sum rule. We may conclude that for binary fluids, the agreement between our form factor and ones obtained experimentally is excellent. This also clearly demonstrates that apart from time- and space-scale changes binary polymer systems so far studied and low-molecular-weight systems are not distinct; that is, no polymer effect has been observed in the form factor. In the case of binary alloys, the agreement with our form factor and various experimental results is not as good as the binary fluid case. This may be ascribed to various complications in solids, anisotropy, elastic effects, etc.
Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders

Musculoskeletal infections and inflammatory disorders in the pediatric population are commonly encountered, and they affect the bones, cartilage, muscle, soft tissues, and joints. Imaging plays a key role in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected musculoskeletal infection or inflammation. After thorough clinical examination and biochemical assessment, the imaging evaluation traditionally begins with plain radiography. Although neither specific nor sensitive, plain films still play a crucial role in narrowing the differential diagnosis and helping us to select the next most appropriate imaging study. They also are readily available and relatively inexpensive to perform. Additional imaging studies include ultrasound (US), CT, nuclear medicine, and MR imaging. Arguably, MR imaging is often the best imaging modality to diagnose early and chronic infectious/inflammatory conditions.
The Relation Between Earnings Management Using Real Activities Manipulation and Future Performance: Evidence from Meeting Earnings Benchmarks*

Earnings management can be classified into two categories: accruals management and real activities manipulation (RM). Accruals management involves within generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) accounting choices that try to ‘‘obscure’’ or ‘‘mask’’ true economic performance (Dechow and Skinner 2000). RM occurs when managers undertake actions that change the timing or structuring of an operation, investment, and ⁄or financing transaction in an effort to influence the output of the accounting system. Schipper (1989, 92) includes RM in her definition of earnings management and describes earnings management as ‘‘a purposeful intervention in the external financial reporting process, with the intention of obtaining some private gain...[a] minor extension of this definition would encompass ‘real’ earnings management, accomplished by timing investment or financing decision to alter reported earnings or some subset of it.’’ This paper examines the extent to which RM is associated with firms just meeting earnings benchmarks. Then, I examine the extent to which RM affects subsequent operating performance. Accruals management is not accomplished by changing the underlying operating activities of the firm, but through the choice of accounting methods used to represent those activities. In contrast, RM involves changing the firm’s underlying operations in an effort to boost current-period earnings. Both types of earnings management involve managers’ attempts to increase ⁄decrease earnings; however, one type affects operations and the
Judicial Expenditures and Litigation Access: Evidence from Auto Injuries

AbstractDespite claims of a judicial funding crisis, there exists little direct evidence linking judicial budgets to court utilization. Using data on thousands of auto injuries covering a 15-year period, we measure the relationship between state-level court expenditures and the propensity of injured parties to pursue litigation. Controlling for state and plaintiff characteristics and accounting for the potential endogeneity of expenditures, we show that expenditures increase litigation access, with our preferred estimates indicating that a 10 percent budget increase increases litigation rates by 3 percent. Consistent with litigation models in which high litigation costs undermine the threat posture of plaintiffs, increases in court resources also augment payments to injured parties. We present suggestive evidence that these effects are driven by general expenditures rather than judicial salaries.
Organic field emission device integrated with organic transistor

We report a potentially low-cost process which forms field emitters and transistors from organic materials at room temperature. By combining these two elements in series, a field emission structure is produced with reduced noise and low voltage control (approximately 20 V from full-on to full-off). All steps are accomplished entirely at room temperature without a micromachined gate structure. We show that noise is reduced from 37% root-mean-square without the integrated transistor controlling the current to 1.8% with the integrated transistor in high vacuum. Noise caused by gas exposure is reduced at pressures up to 10/sup -6/ torr. This provides a new, potentially low-cost emitter and circuit architecture that controls field emitters without the use of a micromachined gate, which can be expensive to fabricate. This architecture also allows the control of high threshold field emission devices using low voltages.
Pool halls, chips, and war games: women in the culture of computing

Computers are becoming ubiquitous in our society and they offer superb opportunities for people in jobs and everyday life. But there is a noticeable sex difference in use of computers among children. This article asks why computers are more attractive to boys than to girls and offers a cultural framework for explaining the apparent sex differences. Although the data are fragmentary, the world of computing seems to be more consistent with male adolescent culture than with feminine values and goals. Furthermore, both arcade and educational software is designed with boys in mind. These observations lead us to speculate that computing is neither inherently difficult nor uninteresting to girls, but rather that computer games and other software might have to be designed differently for girls. Programs to help teachers instill computer efficacy in all children also need to be developed.
Mn(III)-based oxidative free-radical cyclizations of γ,γ-bis(allylic) acetoacetates

Abstract Oxidative free-radical cyclizations of γ,γ-(bis)allylic acetoacetates demonstrate that 1,1-disubstituted double bonds are much more reactive than mono- or chloroalkyl-substituted double bonds. The product isolated suggests that bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes 25, 33 and 36 are formed from boat cyclohexyl radical 42 and tandem cyclization products 30, 37 and 38 are obtained from boat cyclohexyl radical 41.
Postsynaptic localization of PSD-95 is regulated by all three pathways downstream of TrkB signaling

BDNF and its receptor TrkB regulate synaptic plasticity. TrkB triggers three downstream signaling pathways; Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Phospholipase Cγ (PLC γ) and Mitogen activated protein kinases/ Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK/ERK). We previously showed two distinct mechanisms whereby BDNF-TrkB pathway controls trafficking of PSD-95, which is the major scaffold at excitatory synapses and is critical for synapse maturation. BDNF activates the PI3K-Akt pathway and regulates synaptic delivery of PSD-95 via vesicular transport (Yoshii et al. 2007). BDNF-TrkB signaling also triggers PSD-95 palmitoylation and its transport to synapses through the phosphorylation of the palmitoylation enzyme ZDHHC8 by a Protein kinase C (PKC) (Yoshii et al. 2011). The second study used PKC inhibitors chelerythrine as well as a synthetic zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) which was originally designed to block the brain-specific PKC isoform protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ). However, recent studies raise concerns about specificity of ZIP. Here, we assessed the contribution of TrkB and its three downstream pathways to the synaptic distribution of endogenous PSD-95 in cultured neurons using chemical and genetic interventions. We confirmed that TrkB, PLC and PI3K were critical for the postsynaptic distribution of PSD-95. Furthermore, suppression of MAPK/ERK also disrupted PSD-95 expression. Next, we examined the contribution of PKC. While both chelerythrine and ZIP suppressed the postsynaptic localization of PSD-95, RNA interference for PKMζ did not have a significant effect. This result suggests that the ZIP peptide, widely used as the “specific” PKMζ antagonist by many investigators may block a PKC variant other than PKMζ such as PKCλ/ι. Our results indicate that TrkB regulates postsynaptic localization of PSD-95 through all three downstream pathways, but also recommend further work to identify other PKC variants that regulate palmitoylation and synaptic localization of PSD-95.
Effective safeguards for computer system integrity

This paper reports the findings of a project to identify types of computer system integrity safeguards that would have been effective in preventing, detecting, or mitigating the effects of actual reported incidents of computer system integrity violations. More than 350 cases were analyzed and categorized among one of 26 types of violations and among one or more of 34 types of applicable safeguards. Brief definitions are provided for all categories, and distributions of incidents over the various violation categories and over the applicable safeguards are presented.The analysis revealed that most safeguards have a surprisingly narrow range of applicability, whether measured by number of cases or by number of violation categories affected. However, much broader violation coverage is possible through use of combinations of small numbers of safeguards. Directions for further research are discussed, including the need to develop measures of violation category importance and to include a consideration of safeguard cost, effectiveness, and operability factors.
Violent Crime, Entrepreneurship, and Cities

Abstract This paper estimates the impact of violent crime on the location of business activity and entrepreneurship in five US cities. Central to our analysis is the idea that different sectors of the economy will sort into high- and low-crime areas depending on their relative sensitivity to crime. We illustrate this by comparing retail industries to their wholesale counterparts, and high-end restaurants to low-end eateries. Because retail industries are dependent on pedestrian shoppers, they are expected to be especially sensitive to violent crime. Because high-end restaurants are dependent on evening business, they are expected to be especially sensitive to violent crime over the prime dinner hours. Findings indicate that retail, wholesale, high- and low-end restaurants are all more active in areas with higher local rates of violent crime, even after conditioning on an extensive set of model controls. This could arise because violent crime is attracted to our target industries. This also likely reflects that other sectors of the economy outbid our target industries for safer locations (e.g. residential). Further analysis confirms such sorting behavior. Retailers are more likely to locate in safer locations as compared to wholesalers in the same industry. Among restaurants, an increase in violent crime during the prime dinner hours equivalent to the sample max/min range would decrease the high-end share of local restaurants by roughly 40 percentage points. These findings indicate that entrepreneurs take violent crime into account when bidding for locations within a city. These finding also indicate that efforts to make distressed portions of cities more vibrant must give consideration to the need to ensure that such areas are safe.
Extended local Rytov Fourier migration method

We develop a novel depth‐migration method termed the extended local Rytov Fourier (ELRF) migration method. It is based on the scalar wave equation and a local application of the Rytov approximation within each extrapolation interval. Wavefields are Fourier transformed back and forth between the frequency‐space and frequency‐wavenumber domains during wavefield extrapolation. The lateral slowness variations are taken into account in the frequency‐space domain. The method is efficient due to the use of a fast Fourier transform algorithm. Under the small angle approximation, the ELRF method leads to the split‐step Fourier (SSF) method that is unconditionally stable. The ELRF method and the extended local Born Fourier (ELBF) method that we previously developed can handle wider propagation angles than the SSF method and account for the phase and amplitude changes due to the lateral variations of slowness, whereas the SSF method only accounts for the phase changes. The stability of the ELRF method is controlled ...
Content-adaptive mesh modeling for image restoration

In this work we explore the use of a content-adaptive mesh model (CAMM) in the classical problem of image restoration. In the proposed framework, we first model the image to be restored by an efficient mesh representation. A CAMM can be viewed as a form of image representation using non-uniform samples, of which the mesh nodes (i.e., image samples) are adaptively placed according to the local content of the image. The image is then restored through estimating the model parameters (i.e., mesh nodal values) from the data. There are several potential advantages of the proposed approach. First, a CAMM provides a spatially-adaptive regularization framework. This is achieved by the fact that the interpolation basis functions in a CAMM have support strictly limited to only those elements that they are associated with. Second, a CAMM provides an efficient, but accurate, representation of the image, thereby greatly reducing the number of parameters to be estimated. In this work we present some exploratory results to demonstrate the proposed approach.
Isoxazoline derivatives as potential inhibitors of the proteolytic enzymes human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3: a structure-activity relationship study.

Abstract A series of isoxazoline derivatives were synthesized and investigated for their in vitro inhibitory activity towards human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3.
The Neon Abundance of Galactic Wolf-Rayet Stars

The fast, dense winds that characterize Wolf-Rayet (W-R) stars obscure their underlying cores and complicate the verification of evolving core and nucleosynthesis models. Core evolution can be probed by measuring abundances of wind-borne nuclear-processed elements, partially overcoming this limitation. Using ground-based mid-infrared spectroscopy and the 12.81 μm [Ne II] emission line measured in four Galactic W-R stars, we estimate neon abundances and compare them to long-standing predictions from evolved-core models. For the WC star WR 121, this abundance is found to be 11 times the cosmic value, in good agreement with predictions. For the three less-evolved WN stars, little neon enhancement above cosmic values is measured, as expected. We discuss the impact of clumping in W-R winds on this measurement and the promise of using metal abundance ratios to eliminate sensitivity to wind density and ionization structure.
Comparison Of Mechanical And Electronic High-Speed Recording Systems

Commercially available mechanical, video, and electronic high-speed imaging systems are compared as part of an attempt to answer the question, will electronic cameras replace film cameras for high-speed recording? Of special interest is the relationship between spatial resolution and frame rate. Equally important is the compatibility of the imaging systems for recording different types of experiments and tests. The resolution of a number of systems that represent various classes of framing cameras has been compared at their maximum framing rate. Included are several classes of mechanically advanced framing cameras, electronic streak cameras operated in a framing mode, and high-speed video systems. Likewise, the resolution of various classes of streak and image motion cameras has been compared at their maximum temporal resolution. The results: at frame rates up to 25 Mf/s, mechanical cameras can record from 10 to 100 times more data per frame and several times as many frames per run as existing electronic cameras, and from 100 to 1000 times more data per frame than existing video cameras. Video systems are limited in resolution and speed but provide instant access to data. Electronic cameras provide faster frame and streak rates than mechanical cameras (up to 600 Mf/s) but are limited in resolution. Neither of these "electronic" technologies is expected to replace mechanical technologies for frame rates up to a few million frames per second. Future development of new electronic technologies using CCD arrays, however, may result in devices that are more competitive with conventional film techniques.
NMR experiments on a three-dimensional vibrofluidized granular medium.

A three-dimensional granular system fluidized by vertical container vibrations was studied using pulsed field gradient NMR coupled with one-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. The system consisted of mustard seeds vibrated vertically at 50 Hz, and the number of layers ${N}_{\mathcal{l}}l~4$ was sufficiently low to achieve a nearly time-independent granular fluid. Using NMR, the vertical profiles of density and granular temperature were directly measured, along with the distributions of vertical and horizontal grain velocities. The velocity distributions showed modest deviations from Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, except for the vertical velocity distribution near the sample bottom, which was highly skewed and non-Gaussian. Data taken for three values of ${N}_{\mathcal{l}}$ and two dimensionless accelerations $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=15,18$ were fitted to a hydrodynamic theory, which successfully models the density and temperature profiles away from the vibrating container bottom. A temperature inversion near the free upper surface is observed, in agreement with predictions based on the hydrodynamic parameter $\ensuremath{\mu}$ which is nonzero only in inelastic systems.
Trapped ions, entanglement, and quantum computing

A miniature, elliptical ring rf ion trap has been sued in recent experiments toward realizing a quantum computer in a trapped ion system. With the combination of small spatial dimensions and high rf drive potentials, around 500 V amplitude, we have achieved secular oscillation frequencies in the range of 5-20 MHz. The equilibrium positions of pairs of ions that are crystallized in this trap lie along the long axis of the ellipse. By adding a static potential to the trap, the micromotion of two crystallized ions may be reduced relative to the case of pure rf confinement. The presence of micromotion reduces the strength of internal transitions in the ion, an effect that is characterized by a Debye-Waller factor, in analogy with the reduction of Bragg scattering at finite temperature in a crystal lattice. We have demonstrated the dependence of the rates of internal transitions on the amplitude of micromotion, and we propose a scheme to use this effect to differentially address the ions.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.