cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benefits of Agricultural R&D International Spillovers: The case of aquaculture

Abstract International spillovers from research and development (R&D) arise when technology developed in one geopolitical region is adopted by another region, resulting in a divergence between social and private benefits from the technology. Applying this concept to aquacultural R&D, study results based on a partial equilibrium model of the global fish market suggest the magnitude of spillovers depends crucially on where the R&D occurs. When the R&D occurs in the developing world and assuming the cost savings to the developed world from the technology transfer equals half the cost savings experienced by the developing world, spillover effects are shown to be negligible. A basic reason is that developing countries account for over 90% of the global production of farmed fish. Consequently, technology “leakages” to the developed world have a modest effect on the global supply of farmed fish, and thus on the price and welfare effects of the technology transfer. In contradistinction, spillovers associated with technology leakages in the other direction, namely from the developed to the developing world, are shown to be both large and economically important. When spillover effects are taken into account the global annual gain ($4.9 billion) from a 2.5% import tax used to fund aquacultural R&D in the developed world is estimated to be 4.9 times larger than the domestic annual gain ($1.0 billion).
Dissociable oscillatory networks support gain and loss processing in human orbitofrontal cortex

Human neuroimaging and animal studies have linked neural activity in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) to valuation of positive and negative outcomes. Additional evidence shows that neural oscillations, representing the coordinated activity of neuronal ensembles, support information processing in both animal and human prefrontal regions. However, the role of OFC neural oscillations in reward-processing in humans remains unknown, partly due to the difficulty of recording oscillatory neural activity from deep brain regions. Here, we examined the role of OFC neural oscillations (<30Hz) in reward processing by combining intracranial OFC recordings with a gambling task in which patients made economic decisions under uncertainty. Our results show that power in different oscillatory bands are associated with distinct components of reward evaluation. Specifically, we observed a double dissociation, with a selective theta band oscillation increase in response to monetary gains and a beta band increase in response to losses. These effects were interleaved across OFC in overlapping networks and were accompanied by increases in oscillatory coherence between OFC electrode sites in theta and beta band during gain and loss processing, respectively. These results provide evidence that gain and loss processing in human OFC are supported by distinct low-frequency oscillations in networks, and provide evidence that participating neuronal ensembles are organized functionally through oscillatory coherence, rather than local anatomical segregation.
Your Commitment is Essential to Success

Achieving real success in any endeavor throughout one’s life requires more than a half-hearted commitment; rather, it demands full engagement categorized by a complete understanding of the project or initiative that one is undertaking.
CoCoRV: a rare variant analysis framework using publicly available genotype summary counts to prioritize germline disease-predisposition genes

Sequencing cases without matched healthy controls hinders prioritization of germline disease-predisposition genes. To circumvent this problem, genotype summary counts from public data sets can serve as controls. However, systematic inflation and false positives can arise if confounding factors are not addressed. We propose a new framework, consistent summary counts based rare variant burden test (CoCoRV), to address these challenges. CoCoRV has consistent variant quality control and filtering, ethnicity-stratified rare variant association test, accurate estimation of inflation factors, powerful FDR control, and can detect rare variants in high linkage disequilibrium. When we applied CoCoRV to pediatric cancer cohorts, the top genes identified were cancer-predisposition genes. We also applied CoCoRV to identify disease-predisposition genes in adult brain tumors and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Given that potential confounding factors were well controlled after applying the framework, CoCoRV provides a cost-effective solution to prioritizing disease-risk genes enriched with rare pathogenic variants.
Neurophysiology during microvascular facial nerve decompression

Publisher Summary This chapter explores that microvascular decompression (MVD) of the facial nerve root eliminates the symptoms of hemifacial spasm (HFS) in 85%–95% of the patients and recurrences are rare. It reviews that intraoperative neurophysiologic recordings can guide the surgeon in identifying the anatomical location of the offending blood vessel or vessels. The chapter discusses that intraoperative neurophysiologic recordings can also provide evidence that the goal of the operation has been accomplished and it can increase the efficacy of the operation. The chapter also explores the fact that the abnormal muscle response disappears after the offending vessel has been moved off the facial nerve root makes the monitoring of the abnormal muscle responses a valuable tool to find the offending vessel and to ensure that it has been moved away from the facial nerve. Recordings of the abnormal muscle response can determine where a small vessel is implicated in the disorder. In few cases, more than one vessel must be moved off the facial nerve before the abnormal muscle response disappears totally.
Hemodynamic and Arrhythmogenic Effects of Cocaine in Hypertensive Individuals

Despite the increased risk of myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, and arrhythmias in patients with hypertension who use cocaine, the hemodynamic and arrhythmogenic effects of cocaine use have not been well characterized in this population. The authors hypothesized that patients with hypertension demonstrate extreme, transient changes in arterial pressures as well as new arrhythmic activity during cocaine use. Ambulatory blood pressures, heart rates, and electrocardiograms (AECGs) were recorded for 48 hours in 10 patients with a history of hypertension who smoke cocaine. Active cocaine use was identified through patient diaries and manual activation of the blood pressure cuff. Of the 10 patients studied (6 men, 7 African Americans, age 498 years), 8 were taking antihypertensive medications. The mean blood pressure prior to cocaine use was 126 ⁄77 mm Hg and average increase in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure after use was 74 mm Hg, 30 mm Hg, and 45 mm Hg, respectively (P<.0001 for all). There was no significant change in heart rate. AECGs demonstrated arrhythmic activity during cocaine use, including 6 patients with increased atrial and ventricular ectopy, 2 patients with episodes of nonsustained atrial tachycardia, and 1 patient with 3 episodes of nonsustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Cocaine use resulted in extreme elevations in arterial pressures in patients with hypertension taking medication. Cocaine use was also associated with an increase in arrhythmic activity. These findings may underlie the heightened risk of myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, and potentially lethal arrhythmias in patients with hypertension who use cocaine. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:744‐749. � 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Cocaine is the second most abused illicit drug and the most frequent cause of drug-related deaths in the United States. 1 It is estimated that more than 14 million people worldwide and 0.3% of the global population aged 15 to 64 years abuse cocaine regularly. 2 According to data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network from 2005, cocaine is also the most frequently cited illicit drug in emergency department visits in the United States, responsible for more than 448,000 visits annually. 3 Cocaine-related morbidity is due to its deleterious effects on the cardiovascular (CV) system. Cocaine exerts its sympathomimetic and arrhythmogenic effects primarily by two mechanisms: via blockade of presynaptic reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters and through impedance of the fast inward sodium channels responsible for phase 0 depolarization, similar to class I
Crossreactive Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-influenza A virus (IAV) specific CD8 memory T cells during acute symptomatic IAV infection. (VIR2P.1022)

We previously showed that crossreactivity is common between IAV and EBV in HLA-A2+ patients during infectious mononucleosis. IAV-M1 specific CD8 T cells, along with expanded populations of IAV-M1/EBV-BRLF-1 and IAV-M1/EBV-BMLF-1 double-tetramer+ cells were detected directly ex-vivo in 5 HLA-A2+ patients. Altered IAV-M1, EBV-BRLF1 and -BMLF1 TCR repertoires were observed over the course of infection and in comparison to healthy donors. After culture, cells were sorted and analyzed by gene array in order to assess global changes in immune responses following different stimulations, either cognate or crossreactive, in different patient populations. M1- and BRLF1-specific cells had similar immune-response gene signatures, but the BMLF1-specific CD8 cells were more similar to the two-crossreactive populations. Crossreactive M1/BRLF1 cells from the BRLF1 line were different in their activation status than the BRLF1-specific cells, consistent with BRLF1 ligand stimulation of different gene activation profiles in these two populations. These results suggest that during symptomatic IAV infection there is an expansion of EBV/IAV crossreactive memory CD8 T cell responses. Ongoing studies are investigating whether EBV-IAV cross-reactive CD8+ T cells may contribute to immunopathology during acute IAV infection.
Malignant lymphomas associated with immunodeficiency states

An increased incidence of malignant lymphomas is common to all types of immunodeficient patients whether they be of the natural or constitutionally occurring type, acquired as in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or of iatrogenic origin as in organ transplantation. Although there is some degree of heterogeneity, the most characteristic feature of these immunodeficient states is alteration of T-cell cytotoxic function. The malignant lymphomas show a variety of relatively common features, notably: rapid onset following the appearance of the immunodeficient state, a high degree of clinical aggressiveness, and a tendency to present in extranodal sites, particularly the central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal tract. The tumors are almost invariably of B-lymphocytic cell origin and while the histologic classifications reflect some diversity, the vast majority of tumors are described as Burkitt-like or diffuse large cell type. There appears to be a high degree of correlation with a preceding fulminant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection resulting in marked B-cell lymphoproliferation in the absence of effective T-cell control. Initially, the B-cell proliferation is clearly polyclonal and reactive in nature, although as time evolves, there appears to be selection of oligoclonal and even monoclonal cell populations. Such cells are latently infected with EBV and may express EBV nuclear protein two and latent membrane protein, which are characteristically seen in proliferating B-lymphocytes in response to growth transformation by EBV. While desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes may continue to demonstrate multiple lymphoid clonal populations, it is hypothesized that the hyperproliferative state favors genetic alterations which select out a single malignant clone. This transformed clone is evidenced by expression of a translocated, activated c-myc oncogene and decreased evidence of EBV nuclear protein two and latent membrane protein, that is, characteristics of Burkitt's lymphoma. Other large cell malignant lymphoma phenotypes may show similar findings. While most studies have continued to suggest that EBV plays a key role in the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of AIDS patients, some recent studies have suggested a less dominant role. Therefore, further exploration of the world of molecular biology will be needed to demonstrate whether other factors, namely additional viruses and/or oncogenes play a similar or significant role in the lymphomas of immunodeficient patients.
SNP-VISTA: An interactive SNP visualization tool

Background Recent advances in sequencing technologies promise to provide a better understanding of the genetics of human disease as well as the evolution of microbial populations. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are established genetic markers that aid in the identification of loci affecting quantitative traits and/or disease in a wide variety of eukaryotic species. With today's technological capabilities, it has become possible to re-sequence a large set of appropriate candidate genes in individuals with a given disease in an attempt to identify causative mutations. In addition, SNPs have been used extensively in efforts to study the evolution of microbial populations, and the recent application of random shotgun sequencing to environmental samples enables more extensive SNP analysis of co-occurring and co-evolving microbial populations. The program is available at http://genome.lbl.gov/vista/snpvista[1].
Monitoring recovery of gait balance control following concussion using an accelerometer

Despite medical best-practice recommendations, no consistent standard exists to systematically monitor recovery from concussion. Studies utilizing camera-based systems have reported center-of-mass (COM) motion control deficits persisting in individuals with concussion up to two months post-injury. The use of an accelerometer may provide an efficient and sensitive method to monitor COM alterations following concussion that can be employed in clinical settings. This study examined: (1) frontal/sagittal plane acceleration characteristics during dual-task walking for individuals with concussion and healthy controls; and (2) the effectiveness of utilizing acceleration characteristics to classify concussed and healthy individuals via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Individuals with concussion completed testing within 72 h as well as 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months post-injury. Control subjects completed the same protocol in similar time increments. Participants walked and simultaneously completed a cognitive task while wearing an accelerometer attached to L5. Participants with concussion walked with significantly less peak medial-lateral acceleration during 55-75% gait cycle (p=0.04) throughout the testing period compared with controls. Moderate levels of sensitivity and specificity were found at the 72 h and 1 week testing times (sensitivity=0.70, specificity=0.71). ROC analysis revealed significant AUC values at the 72 h (AUC=0.889) and two week (AUC=0.810) time points. Accelerometer-derived measurements may assist in detecting frontal plane control deficits during dual-task walking post-concussion, consistent with camera-based studies. These initial findings demonstrate potential for using accelerometry as a tool for clinicians to monitor gait balance control following concussion.
Relating NDVI to ecosystem CO2 exchange patterns in response to season length and soil warming manipulations in arctic Alaska

Abstract Climate change in the Arctic will differentially affect physiological rates, leaf phenology, and species composition of tundra, resulting in changing patterns and magnitudes of ecosystem CO2 flux. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) provides a potential means to infer changes in CO2 flux, but whether relationships developed between NDVI and flux components can be generalized across the entire growing season and in response to changes induced by climate warming is uncertain. To investigate how well such changes might be assessed using multispectral digital images, ecosystem CO2 fluxes and NDVI were compared throughout the 2002 growing season on experimental plots with increased growing season length and soil temperature at Toolik Lake, Alaska. Season length was increased by snow removal early in the season and soil temperatures were increased using heating cables. Carbon dioxide fluxes were measured using static chamber techniques and corresponding NDVI images were taken with an agricultural digital camera. The seasonal patterns of NDVI in all treatments showed an increase to a peak in early August followed by an abrupt decline, with the snow removal plots phenologically advanced compared to the controls. Net ecosystem production (NEP) showed uptake of CO2 early in the season leveling out to a slight loss of CO2 at peak season for both control and extended season plots. Gross primary productivity (GPP) closely followed the pattern of NDVI and the pattern of ecosystem respiration (Re) mirrored that of GPP. NDVI was significantly correlated to GPP and ecosystem respiration (R2 = 0.50 and 0.36 respectively) across plots, dates, and treatments combined. However, most of the covariation was across dates. After accounting for seasonal variation, NDVI never accounted for more than 25% of the remaining variation in flux measures. Analysis of covariance showed that a given NDVI value corresponded to different flux rates on different dates and to different Re among treatments after correcting for date. The slopes of the NDVI-GPP and NDVI-Re relationships were much steeper across dates than across plots. These plot-scale results suggest that NDVI alone is not sufficient to estimate carbon flux rate responses to climate change across space or years.
Learning and memory in workers reared by nutritionally stressed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies

Chronic nutritional stress can have a negative impact on an individual's learning ability and memory. However, in social animals that share food among group members, such as the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.), it is unknown whether group-level nutritional stress is manifested in the learning performance of individuals. Accordingly, we examined learning and memory in honey bee workers reared by colonies exposed to varying degrees of long-term pollen stress. Pollen provides honey bee workers with almost all of the proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals that they require as larvae and adults. Colonies were created that were either chronically pollen poor or pollen rich, or were intermediate in pollen supply; treatments altered colonies' pollen stores and brood-rearing capacity. Workers from these colonies were put through a series of olfactory-conditioning assays using proboscis-extension response (PER). PER thresholds were determined, then workers learned in olfactory-conditioning trials to associate two floral odors (one novel and the other presented previously without reward) with stimulation with sucrose and a sucrose reward. The strength of the memory that was formed for the odor/sucrose association was tested after olfactory-conditioning assays ended. Colony-level nutritional status had no effect on worker learning or memory (response threshold of workers to sucrose, acquisition of the odor/sucrose association, occurrence of latent inhibition, or memory retention over 72 h). We conclude that potential effects of chronic, colony-wide nutrient deprivation on learning and memory are not found in workers, probably because colonies use brood-rearing capacity to buffer nutrient stress at the level of the individual.
An implicit “drift-Lorentz” mover for plasma and beam simulations

In order to efficiently perform particle simulations in systems with widely varying magnetization, we developed a drift-Lorentz mover, which interpolates between full particle dynamics and drift kinetics in such a way as to preserve a physically correct gyroradius and particle drifts for both large and small ratios of the timestep to the cyclotron period. In order to extend applicability of the mover to systems with plasma frequency exceeding the cyclotron frequency such as one may have with fully neutralized drift compression of a heavy-ion beam we have developed an implicit version of the mover. A first step in this direction, in which the polarization charge was added to the field solver, was described previously. Here we describe a fully implicit algorithm (which is analogous to the direct-implicit method for conventional particle-in-cell simulation), summarize a stability analysis of it, and describe several tests of the resultant code.
Neural regulation of the heart: A model for modulation of voltage-sensitive channels and regulation of cellular metabolism by neurotransmitters

Abstract The effects of neurotransmitters on the heart are multifarious. The autonomic transmitters influence the function of a variety of ionic channels as well as several intracellular proteins. Effects on beat rate are mediated by effects on ionic channels in the membrane. The effects on peak systolic tension are probably largely due to changes in the Ca 2+ influx during the action potential and release of Ca 2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Changes in relaxation rate may be due to changes in the state of the contractile apparatus itself. In addition to the diversity of effector systems is a variety of mechanisms coupling the neurotransmitter receptors to these effectors. Some responses are coupled by cyclic-nucleotide-dependent phosphorylation, whereas other effectors are coupled by as yet unidentified mechanisms. Thus, there are multiple points of divergence in the action of autonomic transmitters on the heart. We do not yet understand, however, how these various points of divergence are independently controlled or how the various effector systems quantitatively contribute to the final physiological response of the heart to nervous input. It will be challenging and exciting to try to answer these questions.
Self-timing: A step beyond synchrony

Each part of a self-timed system starts work as soon as all its inputs are available, taking whatever time it needs to do its job and signaling when it is done. Each part waits for its predecessors to finish. The parts operate concurrently but not synchronously. Self-timed systems use local timing signals rather than a global clock Self-timing eliminates the rigidity and energy consumption of a global clock. Self-timed systems operate over a wide range of power supply voltage. They automatically go slower at reduced voltage, saving energy both from lower voltage and from reduced speed. Their power-saving properties are making them increasingly attractive. The design challenge posed by self-timing is the subject of this tutorial. Self-timed systems need the usual proofs of logical correctness. In addition, because they can take advantage of average rather than worst-case delay, analysis of circuit delay based on data statistics will be important. Of course, it's essential to check the timing of local signals, but commercial timing tools all check timing against a global “clock” signal that's absent from self-timed systems. Instead, self-timing focuses attention on the relative timing of pairs of signals. Self-timed systems pose all the elusive problems of concurrency: deadlock, non-determinism, and arbitration.
Special relativity and intersatellite tracking

Toward the end of 1987, a question was raised regarding the treatment of special relativity for the case of intersatellite tracking of future replenishment GPS satellites. The question has to do with the manner in which moving clocks appear to slow down because of relativity. The effect appears to be quite different depending on how we define the observer. In one case, we consider the observer to be in the frame of the receiving satellite, with the clock on the transmitting satellite. In the other case, the observer is in earth-centered inertial coordinates. The answer to the question regarding coordinate frames was found by considering classical Doppler together with special relativity. This paper shows that, since the dynamics of GPS is formulated in earth-centered coordinates, it is necessary that special relativity also be formulated in this coordinate frame.
Compliant wafer level package (CWLP) with embedded air-gaps for sea of leads (SoL) interconnections

Sea of Leads (SoL) is an ultrahigh I/O density (>10/sup 4/ leads per cm/sup 2/) compliant wafer level package (CWLP) that potentially enables terabit on/off chip electrical bandwidth as well as enhances on-chip high current (e.g. >290 A) distribution of a mixed-signal system-on-a-chip (SoC). The addition of embedded air-gaps may mitigate problems with thermal expansion between the chip and printed wiring board, increase effective compliance of the package for wafer level testing applications, and reduce the dielectric constant of the interconnect dielectric material. An SoL package with 12000/cm/sup 2/ leads has been designed and fabricated, along with a prototype SoL package with 1000/cm/sup 2/ leads on top of a dielectric layer containing embedded air-gaps.
The ultraviolet absorption spectrum as a criterion of the type of solubilization

The ultraviolet spectrum of the solubilizate affords a sensitive method for determining different modes of solubilization which have been interpreted to be (a) inclusion into the hydrocarbon interior of the micelles, (b) deep penetration of the palisade layer, (c) short penetration of the palisade layer, and (d) adsorption on the surface of the micelles.
Delirium in the elderly: Current understanding of pathophysiology

Delirium is a complex pathophysiologic syndrome. Understanding its anatomic, physiologic, and pathologic aspects is thought-provoking but extremely challenging. With the increase in life expectancy and increasing elderly population in many parts of the world, there is growing need for better management of various illnesses in this population. The aging brain is particularly vulnerable to certain clinical conditions. Among the neuropsychiatric syndromes, delirium remains one of the prevalent and poorly understood medical ailments. The limitations encountered to better understand the pathology are variation in symptom presentation, ethical issues involved, and lack of randomized, placebo-controlled trials due to association of high mortality rate. In spite of these hurdles, tremendous efforts from various experts and advances in brain imaging techniques has shed light into the brain regions, neuroanatomic pathways and various neurotransmitters that are implicated.
The effect of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) on functional recovery, local cerebral glucose utilization and blood flow after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) has been shown to enhance dendritic growth and improve functional recovery after experimental stroke. In this study, we examined the effect of BMP-7 on functional recovery, local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and local cerebral glucose utilization (LCMRglu) following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Sprague--Dawley rats (n=29) were anesthetized with halothane/nitrous oxide and received 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) by poly-L-lysine-coated intraluminal suture. Rectal and cranial temperatures were regulated at 37.0--37.5 degrees C. BMP-7 or vehicle (volume, 25 microl) was administered intracisternally in a blinded fashion at 24 h after MCAo. Neurological status was evaluated during occlusion (60 min) and daily for 2 days after MCAo. In matched animal groups, LCMRglu was measured autoradiographically with [(14)C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and LCBF with [(14)C]iodoantipyrine 48 h after MCAo. Four animals groups were studied: LCMRglu series (BMP-7, n=7; vehicle, n=8); LCBF series (BMP-7, n=6; vehicle, n=8). Average three-dimensional image data sets were constructed for each group and were compared by pixel-based statistical methods. Rectal and cranial temperatures, mean blood pressure, plasma glucose and blood gases were similar among groups. BMP-7 significantly improved the total neurological score compared to vehicle at 48 h after MCAo (7.3+/-0.4 vs. 9.0+/-0.2, respectively; P<0.0003). Compared to vehicle-rats, BMP-7 enhanced glucose utilization in the basal ganglia ipsilateral to stroke and improved LCBF in ipsilateral subthalamus, but decreased LCBF and LCMRglu in contralateral cortical regions.
On the Presence of Phyllosilicate Minerals in the Interstellar Grains

The composition of the interstellar silicate dust is investigated. Condensation or alteration of silicate grains at temperatures of a few hundred degrees, in the presence of H2O, would result in hydrous or phyllosilicates, the silicate type most abundant in the type I carbonaceous chondrites. Infrared spectra of small particles (∼ 0.1 μ) of the high temperature condensates, olivine and pyroxene, at 300 K and 4 K do not give a good match to the interstellar absorption band near 9.8 μ. Laboratory spectra of several phyllosilicates give better agreement as does the spectrum of a carbonaceous chondrite. We propose that the silicates in the interstellar grains are predominantly phyllosilicates and suggest additional spectral tests for this hypothesis.
Mixed-mode I–II–III delamination toughness determination via a shear–torsion-bending test

Abstract A new “shear–torsion-bending” (STB) test is introduced that allows for delamination toughness testing under any ratio of mode I, II and III loading. STB test specimens are similar to those that are used for existing mode I, II and mixed-mode I–II test methods. Three-dimensional finite element analyses are used to show that the distributions of energy release rates across the delamination front are relatively uniform, with the variations being reasonably similar to those that occur in other widely accepted test methods. Closed-form data reduction methods are introduced and are verified for a wide range of material and geometric properties. Thus, the STB appears to be a promising test for evaluating mixed-mode toughnesses of laminated composites under conditions where mode III is present. Use of the STB is illustrated by mode III delamination toughness testing on two different carbon/epoxy materials.
A procedure for designing/evaluating manual materials handling tasks

A large percentage of back injuries experienced by industrial workers is the result of performing manual materials handling tasks (MMH). Therefore, manual materials handling jobs should be designed to eliminate, or to minimize, worker risk. Based on the information available in the literature, a set of MMH capacity models has been developed to accommodate: (1) various types of tasks, such as lifting, lowering, carrying, pushing, and pulling, and (2) important MMH task parameters, such as frequency of handling, height/distance of handling, box sizes, and presence/absence of handles. The models can also be adjusted for work (shift) duration, body twist, and different population percentiles. Following the development of these models, a comprehensive job design/redesign procedure was developed. A ‘risk potential’ index was also constructed to evaluate the acceptance/rejection of each task element. The procedure is demonstrated with the help of two examples.
From Capitol Hill to Dupont Circle and Beyond: The Influence of Policy Actors in the Federal Higher Education Rulemaking Process

The federal higher education rulemaking process develops policies that can profoundly affect college students, higher education institutions, and other actors in the higher education policy community. But little has been researched about the influence that different types of actors have on higher education rulemaking. By analyzing interviews with 55 policy and higher education actors as well as reviewing documents, news articles, and websites, this case study examines the involvement and influence of different types of policy actors in higher education rulemaking. This research finds that federal bureaucrats, congressional officials, White House officials, and certain interest groups consistently participate in, and are often influential over, the higher education rulemaking process; however, no one category of actor consistently dominates the rulemaking process. Political actors are particularly influential in high-profile rules with easy-to-understand subject matters. In highly technical and less prominent rules, bureaucrats and certain interest groups often exercise greater power. This research illustrates the importance of understanding policy subject matter in determining which actors exercise the most power, and suggests that no single theory of bureaucratic policymaking is consistently correct about the types of actors that tend to control regulatory outcomes.
Airborne volcanic plume measurements using a FTIR spectrometer, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

A prototype closed-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometer system (FTIR), operating from battery power and with a Stirling engine microcooler for detector cooling, was successfully used for airborne measurements of sulfur dioxide at Kilauea volcano. Airborne profiles of the volcanic plume emanating from the erupting Pu′u′O′o vent on the East Rift of Kilauea revealed levels of nearly 3 ppm SO2 in the core of the plume. An emission rate of 2,160 metric tons per day of sulfur dioxide was calculated from the FTIR data, which agrees closely with simultaneous measurements by a correlation spectrometer (COSPEC). The rapid spatial sampling possible from an airborne platform distinguishes the methodology described here from previous FTIR measurements.
Secondary overtriage in a statewide rural trauma system

Abstract Background Rural hospitals have variable degrees of involvement within the nationwide trauma system because of differences in resources and operational goals. “Secondary overtriage” refers to the patient who is discharged home shortly after being transferred from another hospital. An analysis of these occurrences is useful to determine the efficiency of the trauma system as a whole. Materials and methods Data were extracted from a statewide trauma registry from 2007–2012 to include those who were (1) discharged home within 48 h of arrival and (2) did not undergo a surgical procedure. We then identified those who arrived as a transfer before being discharged (secondary overtriage) from those who arrived from the scene. Factors associated with transfers were analyzed using a logistic regression. Injuries were classified based on the need of a specific consultant. Time of arrival to the emergency department was analyzed using 8-h blocks, with the 7 AM–3 PM block as reference. Results A total of 19,319 patients fit our inclusion criteria of which 1897 (9.8%) arrived as transfers. Descriptive analysis showed a number of differences between transfers and nontransfers because of our large sample size. Thus, we examined variables that had more clinical significance using logistic regression controlling for age, injury severity score, the type of injury, blood products given, the time of arrival to initial emergency room, and whether a computed tomography scan was obtained initially. Factors associated with being transferred were injury severity score >15, transfusion of packed-red-blood-cells, graveyard-shift arrivals, and neurosurgical, spine, and facial injuries. Patients having a computed tomography scan were less likely to be transferred. Conclusions Secondary overtriage may result from the hospital's limited resources. Some of these limitations are the availability of surgical specialists, blood products, and overall coverage during the “graveyard-shift.” However, some of these transfers may be appropriate even though patients are ultimately discharged shortly after transfer.
An alternative UiO-66 synthesis for HCl-sensitive nanoparticle encapsulation

The use of zirconium propoxide (Zr(OnPr)) in place of zirconium chloride (ZrCl4) leads to an alternative synthesis route for producing high-quality crystals of UiO-66 with no generation of hydrochloric acid. This new method enables the inclusion of HCl-sensitive gold nanoparticles into the mother solution for encapsulation by UiO-66, laying the groundwork for the development of new MOF composites.
Pb diffusion in clinopyroxene

Abstract Chemical diffusion of Pb under anhydrous, pO2-buffered conditions has been measured in natural clinopyroxenes of two different compositions: one a near-end-member diopside and the other of more iron-rich composition (∼40% diopside component). The sources of diffusant were fused and finely ground mixtures of PbS powder and ground pyroxene. Experiments were run in sealed silica glass capsules with a solid buffer (to buffer at QFM). Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was used to measure diffusion profiles. The following Arrhenius parameters were obtained for diffusion normal to (110) over the temperature range 800–1100°C under QFM-buffered conditions: D=4.03×102exp(−544±40 kJ mol−1/RT) m2 s−1 (for Di95) D=2.20×10−4exp(−387±31 kJ mol−1/RT) m2 s−1 (for Di40). Diffusion in the more iron-rich clinopyroxene is faster and activation energy for diffusion lower than that for the near-end-member diopside. Little dependence of Pb diffusion on crystallographic orientation was noted in diopside. Diffusion of Pb is comparable to that of Sr in natural diopside, but faster than many other species in clinopyroxenes. The activation energy for Pb diffusion in diopside is relatively high and Pb diffusivities are fairly slow when compared with the extant diffusion data for other minerals. It follows as consequence of these relatively slow diffusivities that Pb closure temperatures are higher in diopside than for most other minerals, with the exception of a few phases such as zircon and garnet. The faster diffusivities that characterize Fe-rich clinopyroxenes will lead to somewhat depressed closure temperatures, but clinopyroxenes in general should be fairly retentive of Pb isotopic information when subjected to all but the most extreme thermal events.
Potential impacts of aggregator-controlled plug-in electric vehicles on distribution systems

This paper presents potential impacts on distribution systems from light-duty plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), when these are under the control of aggregators who desire to maximize their energy trading-related profits. The electric load characteristics of light-duty PEVs are developed using the travel pattern from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey. This PEV load is added to the existing non-PEV load within one of the prototypical feeders developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Blood-brain barrier for adrenaline.

The concentration of tritiumlabeled adrenaline was determined in various areas of cat brain after intravenous infusion. It did not exceed that expected from the blood content of the tissue except in the hypothalamus, where small but significant amounts of H3-adrenaline were found.
Types of muscle fibers in the extraocular muscles of birds.

Abstract Eye muscles of the quail, pigeon, sparrow and canary were examined histologically to see if their fibers are differentiated into two or more types, as has been described for mammals. In each oblique and rectus muscle examined, an area along the orbital border was found to be occupied by fibers of small cross-sectional area, and a more extensive central portion predominantly by large-caliber fibers. These fiber populations were separable on the basis of levels of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase activity, and to a lesser degree by glycogen content. All fibers stained strongly with the myosin adenosine triphosphatase reaction, the level of the activity being comparable to that in fast-twitch, mammalian limb muscles. The differences in features of location, size and histochemical reaction indicate that the rectus and oblique muscles in birds contain at least two types of fibers. The quadratus and pyramidalis muscles, which serve to advance the nictitating membrane, did not show segregation into zones of fibers, although in the pyramidalis two intermixed fibers were generally of larger size in the pyramidalis. Both fiber types stained darkly with myosin adenosine triphosphatase, suggesting that they were fast-twitch fibers.
Single-particle states in sup149Er and sup149Ho, and the effect of the Z=64 closure.

The decay of sup149Er was investigated by \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray spectroscopy. Based on these measurements the ssub1/2, dsub3/2, and hsub11/2 neutron states in sup149Er and the ssub1/2, dsub3/2, dsub5/2, and gsub7/2 proton states in sup149Ho were identified. A systematic examination of these proton states in N=82 isotones indicates a modest closure at Z=64, rather than a major one as suggested previously. Spherical Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov calculations for even-Z N=81 and odd-Z N=82 nuclei are compared with experiment.
Dynamics of Poly(styrenesulfonate) Sodium Salt in Aqueous Solution

The diffusion of poly(styrenesulfonate) sodium salt (NaPSS) was investigated using dialysis dynamic light scattering (DLS) and dialysis fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR). Never-dried or “virgin” NaPSS was synthesized directly from 4-styrenesulfonic sodium salt to achieve 100% sulfonation. Upon reducing the ionic strength directly in the DLS cell by dialysis, a clean sample developed clearly distinct fast and slow modes that were first identified as an extraordinary phase in low-salt solutions of poly-l-lysine by Lin, Lee, and Schurr [Biopolymers 1978, 17, 1041]. This result complements published polyelectrolyte investigations in a high-dielectric constant organic solvent, and also studies where the degree of ionization was tuned, which confirms that hydrophobic patches along the polymer chain are not required for the extraordinary behavior. The fast mode dominated even at low ionic strength, with scattering amplitude exceeding 70% of the total. For the virgin NaPSS sample in the dialysis cell, th...
Alternative strategies for selecting population controls: comparison of random digit dialing and targeted telephone calls.

PURPOSE: This project was carried out to identify a valid framework for selecting controls to be used in a population-based case-control study of breast cancer, and to compare participation rates and characteristics between women contacted using a standard random digit dialing (RDD) strategy and those who were sent a letter of presentation prior to telephone contact (targeted telephone calls, TTC). METHODS: Twelve hundred women, ages 20–74, were sampled from the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) and Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) records. Women for whom telephone numbers were obtained (N = 771) were randomly assigned to RDD or TTC. The respondents participated in a brief telephone interview. Odd ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate differences in characteristics of the respondents between the two contact strategies. RESULTS: Telephone numbers were obtained for 79% of women aged ⩾ 55 years and for only 38% of women aged < 55 years. Interviews were obtained for 48% of women for whom we obtained telephone numbers, and for 77% of women for whom eligibility was confirmed via telephone contact. Participation of target women appeared to be higher for the TTC than the RDD group (42% vs. 35%, p = 0.054). Among respondents who were ⩾ 55 years old, those in the TTC group were 80% more likely (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 0.9–3.4) to report a serious medical condition than women in the RDD group, 60% less likely (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–1.0) to report having used oral contraceptives, and 80% less likely (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.5) to report having had breast surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Characteristics of respondents differed according to method of contact. These differences, along with the sampling frame used, should be considered when interpreting findings of case-control studies.
Human-IAPP disrupts the autophagy/lysosomal pathway in pancreatic Β-cells: Protective role of p62-positive cytoplasmic inclusions

In type II diabetes (T2DM), there is a deficit in β-cells, increased β-cell apoptosis and formation of intracellular membrane-permeant oligomers of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Human-IAPP (h-IAPP) is an amyloidogenic protein co-expressed with insulin by β-cells. IAPP expression is increased with obesity, the major risk factor for T2DM. In this study we report that increased expression of human-IAPP led to impaired autophagy, due at least in part to the disruption of lysosome-dependant degradation. This action of IAPP to alter lysosomal clearance in vivo depends on its propensity to form toxic oligomers and is independent of the confounding effect of hyperglycemia. We report that the scaffold protein p62 that delivers polyubiquitinated proteins to autophagy may have a protective role against human-IAPP-induced apoptosis, apparently by sequestrating protein targets for degradation. Finally, we found that inhibition of lysosomal degradation increases vulnerability of β-cells to h-IAPP-induced toxicity and, conversely, stimulation of autophagy protects β-cells from h-IAPP-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these data imply an important role for the p62/autophagy/lysosomal degradation system in protection against toxic oligomer-induced apoptosis.
Subsensitivity of the norepinephrine receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system in brain: effects of nisoxetine versus fluoxetine.

Chronic administration of the norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor nisoxetine reduced the sensitivity of the NE receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system in rat cortex. This subsensitivity, unlike that caused by desipramine (DMI), was not related to a reduction in specific β-adrenergic receptor binding. The specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine had no effect on either neurohormonal sensitivity or 3H-dihydroalprenolol binding.
Enantiomeric separation of amino acids and nonprotein amino acids using a particle-loaded monolithic column

A solution is prepared of 5 μm silica particles modified with (S)-N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-1-naphthylglycine (particle 1) or (S)-N-3,5-dinitrophenylaminocarbonyl-valine (particle 2) suspended in liquid tetraethylorthosilicate, ethanol, and aqueous hydrochloric acid. This solution is injected under pressure into a 30 cm long, 75 μm inner diameter capillary column and heated for 1 h at 120°C after which the modified particles are embedded in a monolithic column of sol gel. The packed column measures approximately 15 cm from the inlet to the window used to view the laser-induced fluorescence. Thirteen different amino acids and three nonprotein amino acids are derivatized with the fluorogenic reagent 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) before injection onto the column for capillary electrochromatographic separation. The enantiomeric separation of the monolithic column packed with particle 1 results in a resolution ranging from 1.14 to 4.45, whereas that packed with particle 2 results in a resolution ranging from 0.79 to 1.17. On the basis of resolution and amount of chiral packing material the enantiomeric separation obtained by capillary electrochromatography is judged to be superior to that obtained previously with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).