cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscoelastic material inversion using Sierra-SD and ROL

In this report we derive frequency-domain methods for inverse characterization of the constitutive parameters of viscoelastic materials. The inverse problem is cast in a PDE-constrained optimization framework with efficient computation of gradients and Hessian vector products through matrix free operations. The abstract optimization operators for first and second derivatives are derived from first principles. Various methods from the Rapid Optimization Library (ROL) are tested on the viscoelastic inversion problem. The methods described herein are applied to compute the viscoelastic bulk and shear moduli of a foam block model, which was recently used in experimental testing for viscoelastic property characterization.
Frontal fibrosing alopecia.

Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a primary cicatricial alopecia first described by Kossard in 1994. It is considered a clinical variant of lichen planopilaris (LPP). In the last two decades, there have been an explosion of cases worldwide. While predominately seen in Caucasian, post-menopausal women, it has been reported in various ethnicities including African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and Indians as well as in pre-menopausal women and men.1-5 Characterized by progressive, scarring frontotemporal hair loss with perifollicular erythema, follicular keratinization, and reduced follicular orifices, the most common finding is bandlike recession of the scalp hairline.1-5 Accompanying features include eyebrow thinning, eyelash loss, body hair loss, facial papules, lonely hairs, and occipital alopecia.1-5 While typically asymptomatic, pruritus and trichodynia can occur. Eyebrow thinning often presents prior to scalp hairline regression and has been seen with milder hairline regression compared to individuals who do not experience eyebrow thinning first.2-4 Other dermatoses seen in patients with FFA include lichen planus on regions other than the scalp and lichen planus pigmentosus in non-Cacuasians. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
S3C: An architecture for space-efficient semantic search over encrypted data in the cloud

The recent rapid growth in Internet speeds and file storage requirements has made cloud storage an appealing option on both a personal and enterprise level. Despite the many benefits offered by cloud storage, many potential users with sensitive data refrain from fully utilizing this service due to valid concerns about information privacy. An established solution to this concern is to perform encryption on the user side with the key stored on a local machine, meaning the cloud will never see the user's plaintext data. However, by encrypting data on the user side data processing capabilities (e.g., searching) are lost. In particular, the ability to semantically search is of the user's interest in large datasets. In this paper, we present S3C, a system that provides a semantic search functionality over encrypted data in the cloud. S3C combines approaches from traditional keyword-based searchable encryption and semantic web searching. It offers a user transparent experience that accepts a simple multi-phrase query and returns a list of documents ranked by semantic relevance to the query. Our proposed approach is space-efficient, which makes it suitable for large scale datasets. Our minimal processing also allows the system to be run on thin clients such as smart-phones or tablets. We evaluate the performance of our system against various real-world datasets, and our results show that it produces accurate search results while maintaining minimal storage overhead (∼0.3% of the dataset size).
Observations on the recorded ground motion due to P, PcP, S, and ScS

The recorded motion of a point at the surface of the earth, in the vertical plane of propagation, upon the arrival of PcP and ScS, as well as of the direct P and S waves, is reproduced from the seismograms of the vertical, N-S and E-W component, long-period Benioff seismographs. It is found that P and PcP produce a back-and-forth vibration in the general direction of the incoming ray, and that S and ScS produce a motion the largest displacement of which is approximately perpendicular to the ray. PcP motion starts close to the vertical, but its horizontal component later increases. A minor S phase arriving close to and after PcP and a minor P phase arriving close to and before ScS are observed. The effect of these minor phases on the smaller component of the ground vibration caused by the waves reflected from the mantle-core boundary is discussed.
ASICs Function as Cardiac Lactic Acid Sensors During Myocardial Ischemia

From the point of view of sensation, the heart is a curious organ. Sensory neurons innervate it, but we all hope never to be aware of them. The only conscious sensation they cause is pain and the only trigger for this is ischemia—when the heart gets insufficient oxygen. It is a sensation often felt only in the last minute of life. This raises two fundamental questions: (1) what purpose do these neurons serve besides mediating ischemic pain?; (2) what signal activates them? Lactic acid is an obvious candidate for the signal because it is released by muscle whenever there is insufficient oxygen. However, researchers have argued that lactic acid cannot be a trigger for ischemic pain because metabolic acidosis does not cause chest pain even though it can drop pH to levels equivalent to those that occur during myocardial infarction. Here, we review data showing that cardiac sensory neurons express extremely high levels of an ion channel that is triggered by acid and is also enhanced by other chemicals that appear during ischemic acidosis, but not during metabolic acidosis. This resurrects consideration of lactic acid as a pain signal and provides a possible molecular target for selectively suppressing the signal.
Cybersecurity Framework Adoption: Using Capability Levels for Implementation Tiers and Profiles

With business data breaches on the rise, NIST introduced the 2014 Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) to help companies reduce the cybersecurity risks threatening their critical infrastructures. CSF’s key elements are described, with recommendations for organizations at various levels of adoption.
Prediction of Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Janus Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Significant efforts have been made in improving the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic activity in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), which are promising nonprecious catalysts. However, previous attempts have exploited possible solutions to activate the inert basal plane, with little improvement. Among them, the most successful modification requires a careful manipulation of vacancy concentration and strain simultaneously. To fully realize the promise of TMD catalysts for HER in an easier and more effective way, a new means in tuning the HER catalytic activity is needed. Herein, we propose exploiting the inherent structural asymmetry in the recently synthesized family of Janus TMDs as a new means to stimulate HER activity. We report a density functional theory (DFT) study of various Janus TMD monolayers as HER catalysts, and identify the WSSe system as a promising candidate, where the basal plane can be activated without large applied tensile strains and in the absence of significant density of vacancies. We predict that it is possible to realize a strain-free Janus TMD-based catalyst that can readily provide promising intrinsic HER catalytic performance. The calculated density of states and electronic structures reveal that the introduction of in-gap states and a shift in the Fermi level in hydrogen adsorbed systems due to Janus asymmetry is the origin of enhanced HER activity. Our results should pave the way to design high-performance and easy-accessible TMD-based HER catalysts.
The use of blood analyses to evaluate mineral status in livestock.

Mineral nutrition is important to livestock production, and blood mineral analysis is frequently used as a means of assessing mineral nutrition. Valuable information about the animal's mineral status can be gained from blood analysis, but there are clear limitations that must be considered. Many factors affect the variability in blood mineral concentration, and nutrition is only one. Sampling strategies and the interpretation of results must be designed to maximize nutritional variation and to minimize non-nutritional sources of variation. Sampling strategies, including recommended numbers of animals to test, are discussed.
Pruning feedforward neural network search space using local lipschitz constants

Combination of backpropagation with global search algorithms such as genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been deployed to improve the efficacy of neural network training. However, those global algorithms suffer the curse of dimensionality. We propose a new approach that focuses on the topology of the solution space. Our method prunes the search space by using the Lipschitzian property of the criterion function. We have developed procedures that efficiently compute local Lipschitz constants over subsets of the weight space. Those Local Lipschitz constants can be used to compute lower bounds on the optimal solution.
Signals of DCC Physics

This series of winter workshops is devoted to nuclear dynamics, a term referring to a broad range of physics topics that can be explored by bringing the nuclear system far away from its ordinary tranquil state, usually by means of nuclear collisions. As ever more powerful accelerators and increasingly refined detector systems are becoming available, the scope of these studies has steadily expanded. Not only has the accessible domain of the nuclear chart grown explosively, but prospects have appeared for probing fundamental features of strongly interacting systems. A long-standing goal has been to probe the non-perturbative properties of QCD and the expected transition to a deconfined quark-gluon plasma phase. Of somewhat more recent date is the recognition that high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions may also provide key insights into chiral symmetry. In particular, the collision may produce extended regions of space within which chiral symmetry is temporarily nearly restored and the subsequent non-equilibrium relaxation towards the normal vacuum may then produce large-amplitude coherent oscillations of the pion field. This hypothetical phenomenon, which has been dubbed disoriented chiral condensates, may lead to an enhanced emission of isospin-polarized soft pions.1–6 We shall briefly review the key DCC features and discuss various possible signals for its actual occurrence. For a recent DCC review, see ref. 7.
Dual-Mode Silicon Photonic Crystal Nanocavity Modulator with Indium Oxide Gate

We report an ultra-efficient indium oxide gated silicon photonic crystal nanocavity electro-optical modulator, which is based on a dual-mode operation of resonance tuning and electro-absorption. With only 0.35μm long electrode, we achieved a tuning efficiency of 250pm/V and a modulation strength of 4dB/V with 35% from electro-absorption.
Redfern’s Rules of Astrophotography at Sea

These seagoing astrophotography rules are based on hard knocks, mistakes and frustration all experienced while at sea aboard 28 (and counting) cruises totaling over a year at sea. I’ll share my growing pains with you as they are instructive and may help you to avoid them. Adhering to them will go a long way in getting astrophotographs that you will be proud of and even amazed by.
Native American Colorism: From Historical Manifestations to the Current Era:

Following conquest by European settlers Native Americans internalized Euro-American traditions and ideals. Salient among such ideals was the internalization of a bias as pertains to skin color defi...
Association of Neural Responses to Drug Cues With Subsequent Relapse to Stimulant Use

Importance Although chronic relapse is a characteristic of addiction to stimulants, conventional measures (eg, clinical, demographic, and self-report) do not robustly identify which individuals are most vulnerable to relapse. Objectives To test whether drug cues are associated with increased mesolimbic neural activity in patients undergoing treatment for stimulant use disorder and whether this activity is associated with risk for subsequent relapse. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study of 76 participants included a control group for baseline group comparisons. Veteran patients (n = 36) with stimulant use disorders were recruited from a 28-day residential treatment program at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System. Healthy controls (n = 40) were recruited from the surrounding community. Baseline data were collected between September 21, 2015, and January 26, 2018, from patients and healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging during a performance of a reward cue task. Patients’ stimulant use was subsequently assessed after treatment discharge (at approximately 1, 3, and 6 months) to assess relapse outcomes. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary measures included neural responses to drug and food cues in estimated mesolimbic volumes of interest, including the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens (NAcc), and ventral tegmental area. The primary outcome variable was relapse (defined as any stimulant use), assessed both dichotomously (3 months after discharge) and continuously (days to relapse). Brain activity measures were contrasted between groups to validate neural measures of drug cue reactivity, which were then used to estimate relapse outcomes of patients. Results Relative to controls (n = 40; 16 women and 24 men; mean [SD] age, 32.0 [11.6] years), patients (n = 36; 2 women and 34 men; mean [SD] age, 43.4 [13.3] years) showed increased mesolimbic activity in response to drug cues (medial prefrontal cortex,t74 = 2.90,P = .005, Cohend = 0.66; NAcc,t74 = 2.39,P = .02, Cohend = 0.54; and ventral tegmental area,t74 = 4.04,P Conclusions and Relevance Responses in the NAcc to stimulant cues appear to be associated with relapse in humans. Identification of neural markers may eventually help target interventions to the most vulnerable individuals.
RECURRENT GIANT CELL MYOCARDITIS AS DRIVER OF SEVERE CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT VASCULOPATHY

Giant cell myocarditis (GCM) is a rare but rapidly progressive, and usually fatal condition. While orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) is frequently necessary, there is an up to 25% risk of recurrence in the cardiac allograft. 63 year-old male with history of OHT due to end stage ischemic
Biocompatibility and functionalization of diamond for neural applications

Abstract Diamond has been studied as an interface between medical devices and the body because of its wide potential window, chemical inertness, mechanical hardness, capability for surface modification, tunable electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility. Diamond coatings have been considered for use in a variety of medical device applications, including protective coatings, biointerfaces, and biosensors. For example, diamond has been investigated for use in neural stimulation because it exhibits not only stability but also a wide potential window. This manuscript reviews the development of neural interfaces on the basis of diamond coatings, which can provide an improved quality of life for individuals suffering from many types of medical conditions.
Through Childhood Relationship with Grandparent, Enculturation Leads to Resilience in Native American Adults

ABSTRACTNative American grandparents foster culture in their grandchildren and that enculturation predicts positive outcomes. No research has examined whether the warmth of the grandparent/grandchi...
Emerging and established modes of cell death during acetaminophen-induced liver injury

Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is an important clinical and toxicological problem. Understanding the mechanisms and modes of cell death are vital for the development of therapeutic interventions. The histological and clinical features of APAP hepatotoxicity including cell and organelle swelling, karyolysis, and extensive cell contents release lead to the characterization of the cell death as oncotic necrosis. However, the more recent identification of detailed signaling mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction, the amplification mechanisms of mitochondrial oxidant stress and peroxynitrite formation by a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, mechanisms of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and nuclear DNA fragmentation as well as the characterization of the sterile inflammatory response suggested that the mode of cell death is better termed programmed necrosis. Additional features like mitochondrial Bax translocation and cytochrome c release, mobilization of lysosomal iron and the activation of receptor-interacting protein kinases and the inflammasome raised the question whether other emerging modes of cell death such as apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis and pyroptosis could also play a role. The current review summarizes the key mechanisms of APAP-induced liver injury and compares these with key features of the newly described modes of cell death. Based on the preponderance of experimental and clinical evidence, the mode of APAP-induced cell death should be termed programmed necrosis; despite some overlap with other modes of cell death, APAP hepatotoxicity does not fulfill the characteristics of either apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis or autophagic cell death.
Characteristics of postgraduate year 2 ambulatory care pharmacy residency programs in the United States.

PURPOSE A survey was conducted to evaluate the characteristics and structures of postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) ambulatory care pharmacy residency programs in the United States. The survey results can serve as a guide for current and newly emerging programs. METHODS A 24-question survey was sent to 138 US PGY2 residency program directors (RPDs) in February 2017 to identify key program characteristics, including program type (single-site or multisite), primary practice site, number of residents, length and type of rotations, staffing requirements, additional residency activities, precepting and teaching opportunities, RPD training and credentials, and number and qualifications of preceptors. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the findings. RESULTS A 40.6% response rate was achieved. Well over half (57%) of programs had been established within the preceding 5 years. A majority of RPDs reported that their program had 1 (53%) or 2 residents (31%) and/or was a single-site program (80%). Overall, 44 different types of rotations or experiences were offered by the programs. All surveyed programs offered additional teaching opportunities. There were no formal staffing duties in 29% of programs; professional organization membership and conference attendance were highly encouraged but typically not required of residents. Qualifications of the RPD and preceptors closely mirrored those delineated in residency accreditation standards. CONCLUSION There is an increased need for specialized training in ambulatory care in order to prepare pharmacists for the changing landscape in healthcare. The profession is adapting to this need, as evidenced by the rapid growth of PGY2 ambulatory care residency programs. Understanding characteristics can benefit continued growth to meet the needs of the profession.
Modern Corner, Edge, and Crack Problems in Linear Elastodynamics Involving Transient Waves

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the modern corner, edge, and crack problems in linear elastodynamics involving transient waves. The solution of corner, edge, and crack problems based on the equations of motion from the linear theory for a homogeneous, isotropic elastic material, is an important topic of long-standing interest, difficulty, and challenge. The basic difficulty in these problems is exhibited in the waveguide example of Love's treatment of the free longitudinal vibration of a finite-length, circular section, cylindrical rod. It is suggested that for a long, thin rod, this shear stress could be assumed to be zero because its mate on the neighboring lateral surface is zero. This type of approximation, with the simplifying features brought forth by the low-frequency long waves it represents, has led to a great deal of work on the creation and use of approximate one-dimensional theories for treating waveguide and vibration problems in the rod, plate, and shell. The formal solutions for the present mixed edge condition plate problems for the longitudinal impact problem and the analogous one for the mixed pressure shock both have in them the lowest branch-type integral. A method for obtaining wavefront approximations that is applicable to a broader class of waveguide problems than the Cagniard–deHoop method is presented. The transient response of two-dimensional cantilevered plates subjected to base motions is also elaborated.
ASIC Power Estimation Across Revisions using Machine Learning

ASIC chip revisions often include major changes, such as new features, timing updates, and bug fixes. It is important to be able to accurately estimate dynamic and leakage power for these changes, during the architectural planning stage. Using physical design data from prior revisions, we can train machine learning models that can predict standard cell power within 15% to 40% of the post-route implementation for the new ASIC. We also look at multiple different machine learning frameworks to find the optimal solution for this problem.
Cracked Pavement Slabs With Nonuniform Support

The analysis of plates and pavement slabs is examined and a method is presented which is not limited by the simplifying assumptions needed for closed-form solutions. The technique is based on a physical model of the problem which is described mathematically. The principal features are (1) representation of the plate or slab by a finite-element model of beam-column elements with freely discontinuous stiffness and load; (2) a rapid, direct solution of individual beams using recursive techniques; (3) an alternating-direction iteration method for combining the solution of the individual beams into a coordinated slab solution. All properties and loads can be freely variable from point to point. Concentrated or distributed loads can be handled including transverse loads, in-plane forces and external couples. Elastic restraints are provided by vertical support springs. A computer program which solves the equations implicitly for the deflection patterns has been developed. The method has application to a broad variety of complex plate and slab problems which cannot be solved by any other existing methods. Applications to complex pavement design problems are of particular interest.
Legal Rights of Children

Historically, children were considered the property of their fathers and had no legal rights themselves. All decisions that affected their lives were made by their fathers. All earnings they might have, belonged to their fathers. If they needed discipline, then it was the fathers’ responsibility and corporal punishment was allowed. These rights were accorded to the father, under the law, using the same philosophical belief that we discussed in the earlier chapters on marriage and families: parents will act in the best interests of their child. However, as we saw in the chapter on protecting abused family members, this does not always happen. Despite the Ninth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that recognizes certain basic personal rights for everyone, the law has always tolerated a certain amount of physical discipline and abuse from parent to child. It was not until the early 1970’s that corporal punishment of a child was outlawed in the U.S. except what is regulated in schools and at home, and criminal statutes against family violence were not enforced until the mid 1980’s. In many countries around the world, children still do not have the right not to be abused by a parent.
Characterization of a Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Line (NIH:OVCAR-3) with Androgen and Estrogen Receptors

A cell line, NIH:OVCAR-3, has been established from the malignant ascites of a patient with progressive adenocarcinoma of the ovary after combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, and cisplatin. OVCAR-3 grows as a cobblestone-like monolayer with foci of multilayering, is tumorigenic in athymic mice, clones in agarose, and has an abnormal karyotype which includes a homogeneous staining region and a double minute chromosome. The cultured cells and xenografts contain cytoplasmic androgen- and estrogen-binding macromolecules with the specificity of the respective steroid hormone receptors. These components have sedimentation coefficients of 7 to 9S in low-salt sucrose-density gradients, have dissociation constants of 250 and 9.6 pM, and are present at concentrations of 30 and 28 fmol/mg cytosol protein characteristic of androgen and estrogen receptors, respectively. OVCAR-3 is resistant in vitro to clinically relevant concentrations of Adriamycin (5 X 10(-8) M), melphalan (5 X 10(-6) M), and cisplatin (5 X 10(-7) M) with survival compared to untreated controls of 43, 45, and 77%, respectively. Furthermore, there are multiple histological similarities between the patient's original tumor, the cell line, and the transplantable tumor. These data indicate that OVCAR-3 may be of use for investigations as to the significance of androgens and estrogens and the mechanisms of cytotoxic drug resistance in ovarian cancer.
Abstract 4490: A novel tumor-targeting construct aimed at c-Met

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA C-Met is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is activated by the binding of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The HGF/c-Met pathway contributes to embryonic development, wound healing, cell proliferation and survival, motility and morphogenesis. It is also one of the most frequently dysregulated pathways in a variety of human cancers, including breast, ovarian, prostate, lung, and pancreatic. Importantly, cell surface elevation of c-Met has been associated with drug-resistance, including acquired resistance to current signal-blocking therapies. Tumor-targeting strategies that do not require signal inhibition may prove more effective on c-Met positive cancer cells. This may be addressed by ligands that recognize c-Met to trigger cell uptake of attached therapeutics, thus bypassing the need to block signaling. HGF has the potential to accomplish this but its requirement for tetramerization and disulfide bonding presents technical complications for therapeutics development. An alternative, and potentially superior ligand for c-Met targeting may possibly be derived from a bacterium that causes food-poisoning. The human pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes, binds c-Met to invade host cells through its surface proteins called Internalins. Specifically, Internalin B (InlB) triggers receptor-mediated endocytosis after c-Met binding. InlB and HGF recognize different regions of c-Met, and InlB does not require tetramerization or disulfide bonds for binding. Consequently, InlB is more suitable for recombinant protein production than HGF. We have previously shown that PBK10, a recombinant protein derived from the adenovirus capsid penton base, can mediate gene and drug delivery into cells through the membrane penetrating activity of the penton base. Moreover, PBK10 can be targeted to tumor cells via recombinant fusion to tumor-homing ligands. Here, we explore the possibility of fusing the receptor-binding site of InlB to PBK10 for targeting attached cytotoxic agents to c-Met positive cancer cells, and transporting such agents directly into these cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and membrane penetration. Citation Format: mitra mastali, Jessica D Sims, Jan M Taguiam, Chris Hanson, Felix Alonso Valenteen, Lali K. Medina-Kauwe. A novel tumor-targeting construct aimed at c-Met. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4490. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4490
The changing faces of America's children and youth

Recent U.S. Census Bureau projections indicate that by the middle of this century, non-Hispanic whites will cease to be a majority of the American population. In this article we document how for America's youngest residents, the future is already here. America's rapidly changing racial and ethnic composition has important implications for intergroup relations, ethnic identities, and electoral politics.
On Using Reinforcement Learning to Solve Sparse Linear Systems

This paper describes how reinforcement learning can be used to select from a wide variety of preconditioned solvers for sparse linear systems. This approach provides a simple way to consider complex metrics of goodness, and makes it easy to evaluate a wide range of preconditioned solvers. A basic implementation recommends solvers that, when they converge, generally do so with no more than a 17% overhead in time over the best solver possible within the test framework. Potential refinements of, and extensions to, the system are discussed.
Analysis of the Dot-Com Bubble of the 1990s

During the dot-com bubble of the 1990s, equity market valuation was a popular topic for investors, financial analysts and academics. Some questioned whether traditional accounting and financial information had lost its value relevance, as stocks traded at multiples of earnings well in excess of historic levels, leading Alan Greenspan to caution against irrational exuberance. This study examines the relation between market valuation and traditional accounting information before, during and after the bubble. We document a decline in the relation between market value and traditional accounting information during the bubble period followed by an increase after the collapse of the market in 2000. We also examine alternative explanations to the irrational exuberance theory, including the quality of earnings, and the aggressiveness of financial analysts' forecasts, finding weak support for either alternative.
Geographic Variation in Note Composition and Use of chick‐a‐dee Calls of Carolina Chickadees (Poecile carolinensis)

The aim of this study was to determine whether geographic variation exists in the composition of note types in the chick-a-dee call of Carolina chickadees. This determination is of interest for two reasons: earlier studies with a related species suggested minimal geographic variation in note composition, and geographic variation in social signals may represent important developmental or selection processes shaping signal use. Carolina chickadees were recorded in a naturalistic observation study in west-central Indiana. Chick-a-dee calls were analyzed and compared to calls from an eastern Tennessee population that had been described in a previously published study (Auk, 125, 2008, 896). Despite much similarity in the basic rules by which notes are organized to compose calls, there were several significant differences in how calls of the two populations were structured. Furthermore, birds from Indiana used their chick-a-dee calls in certain contexts in different ways compared to birds from Tennessee. These findings suggest interesting population-level variation in this call system, and future research should be able to determine whether these differences are driven by evolutionary, ecological, or developmental factors, or some combination of these factors.
Quantum corrections for thermodynamics

We generalize an expression for the trace of an operator due to Nishijima and derive, without the use of tedious mathematics, the Kirkwood expansion for the quantum-mechanical partition function. This expansion is applied to three simple systems and its use for more complex systems is thereby made clear.
Optimal Insurance: A Nonexpected Utility Analysis

This paper reviews some of the recent developments in the theory of decision making under risk and applies them to selected problems in the theory of optimal insurance, namely, the choice of optimal insurance coverage and the comparative statics analysis of the optimal insurance coverage with respect to the consumer’s risk aversion. The analysis highlights the methodology of local expected utility analysis.
Pérez, D. "Política, religión y medicina en Kant: el conflicto de las proposiciones

Perez, D. "Politica, religion y medicina en Kant: el conflicto con las proposiciones", Cinta de Moebio , Universidad de Chile 28 (marzo 2007): 91-103.
Unpacking the Institutional Complexity in Adoption of CSR Practices in Multinational Enterprises

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) operate in complex transnational organizational fields with multiple, diverse, and possibly conflicting institutional forces. This paper examines how such complex environments affect a firm's adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices. To capture the effect of transnational fields, we consider the institutional influences of all country environments to which the firm is linked through its portfolio of operations and propose that these effects will be weighted depending on their relative salience. We identify a set of factors that make certain pressures more salient than others, including firm's economic dependence on a particular country, heterogeneity of institutional forces within the firm's transnational field, exposure to leading countries with more stringent CSR templates, and intensity and commitment to particular economic linkages (i.e., foreign direct investment versus international trade). Our hypotheses are tested and supported in a study of 710 US MNEs from 2007 to 2011 with global ties to over 100 countries.
'She Said What?' 'He Did That?' Believing False Rumors

Why do false rumors spread? Why do otherwise sensible people believe them? Why are they sometimes impervious to correction? There are several answers. (a) Some false rumors gain traction because of their fit with prior convictions within particular groups and cultures. People are strongly motivated to accept certain beliefs, however groundless; they also have good reasons to accept some of those beliefs. Diverse groups will have diverse thresholds for accepting false rumors. It follows that particular rumors can have a tenacious hold on some groups and cultures while dying a rapid death in others; multiple equilibria are likely. (b) Informational cascades are often responsible for belief in false rumors. Such rumors typically spread as a result of such cascades; people believe them because they lack the information that would lead them to reject the signals given by the apparently shared beliefs of numerous others. The important point here is that with respect to many rumors, private signals are essentially nonexistent. (c) Reputational cascades help propagate false rumors. Sometimes people do not correct such rumors, and even endorse them, so as to curry favor or to avoid public opprobrium. Because of the role of early movers, multiple equilibria are (again) likely, as some groups come to believe rumors that other groups deem preposterous. (d) Group polarization accounts for the intensity with which people accept false rumors. Like-minded people, engaged in deliberation with one another, increase one another's confidence in rumors. Here too we see why false rumors are widely believed within some groups but widely rejected in others. As a result of group polarization, such rumors often become entrenched. (e) Biased assimilation can make false rumors exceedingly hard to correct. Because people with strong antecedent commitments process balanced information in a biased way, such information can strengthen people's commitment to false perceptions. That commitment can also be strengthened by corrections, which therefore turn out to be self-defeating. These points have significant implications for freedom of speech and the marketplace of ideas, especially in the age of the Internet; they demonstrate that the exchange of information may not produce convergence on truth and that damaging false reports will often be widely credited. A chilling effect on false rumors can be highly desirable; the goal should be to produce optimal chill, rather than no chill at all.
Non-binary (7, 2)-(9, 2) parallel counters for multiplier designs

Novel non-binary parallel counters including (7, 2), (8, 2) and (9, 2), for CMOS low-power, high performance multiplier design are presented. The circuits which utilize a non-binary arithmetic scheme, possess the following unique logic features: (1) three out of four signal bits propagating through pass transistors being 0s, (2) no more than half of the signal bits subject to value-change at any logic stage, (3) high speed, good silicon layout, and minimum interconnections.
Acoustic Radiation Pressure of Plane Compressional Waves

Both electromagnetic and acoustic waves exert forces of radiation upon an obstacle placed in the path of the wave, the forces being proportional to the mean energy density of the wave motion. In electromagnetics the action of these forces is relatively easily understood through the concept of Maxwell's electromagnetic stress tensor.The physical processes leading to these forces in a sound wave have been found to be considerably more complex; the difficulties belong to the fact that the acoustic wave equation is not linear and that a beam of finite cross section is subject to effects caused by the surrounding medium.Though many papers have been devoted to the subject and though various theoretical approaches have been made, some difficulties still seem to stand in the way of a clear understanding of the physics of the problem.The purpose of the present study is especially to throw light on the physical aspects. The approach adopted, which uses the momentum theorem, is believed to serve this purpose especially well. The expression for the radiation pressure is given in both Eulerian and Lagrangian coordinate systems.Special consideration is given to liquids of constant compressibility, since in such media the processes involved can be dealt with mathematically in a simple manner. The general case of a plane reflector with arbitrary reflection coefficient is treated; the modus operandi of the forces at the interface between liquid and obstacle is explained for some special cases, including the radiation forces on the interface between two nonmiscible liquids.Finally, a general relation is established between the energy density and the pressure caused by radiation falling normally upon a plane reflector, which, under certain assumptions, is valid in any fluid and at any amplitude.
Integrated Device–Fabric Explorations and Noise Mitigation in Nanoscale Fabrics

An integrated device-fabric methodology for evaluating and validating nanoscale computing fabrics is presented. The methodology integrates physical layer assumptions for materials and device structures with accurate 3-D simulations of device electrostatics and operations and circuit-level noise and cascading validations. Electrical characteristics of six different crossed nanowire field-effect transistors (xnwFETs) are simulated and current and capacitance data are obtained. Behavioral models incorporating device data are generated and used in fabric level simulations to evaluate noise implications of devices and sequencing schemes. Device characteristics are found to have different implications for logic “1” and logic “0” noise with faster devices being more (less) resilient to logic “1” (logic “0”) noise. A new noise resilient dynamic sequencing scheme is presented which isolates logic “0” noise events and prevents them from propagating to cascaded circuit stages, thereby enabling faster devices. Performance implications and optimizations for fabrics incorporating the new noise resilient scheme are discussed. The scheme is also analyzed and validated against an external noise source (power supply drooping). These results show that noise resilient nanofabrics can be designed through a combination of device engineering and fabric-level optimizations of the sequencing scheme. Performance optimizations and implications of device and physical layer assumptions on manufacturing are discussed.
COENZYME SPECIFICITY OF NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE CYTOCHROME C REDUCTASE FOR FLAVIN PHOSPHATES.

Effects of changes in the structures of flavin phosphates were studied to assess the coenzyme specificity of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate cytochrome c reductase (NADPH: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.3) from brewer's yeast. 1. 1. Among analogues of riboflavin 5′-phosphate which are symmetrically substituted in positions 6 and 7 of the isoalloxazine ring system, diethylriboflavin 5′-phosphate is as active as riboflavin 5′-phosphate, but decreasing activities are seen with the dibromo-, dichloro-, and diiodo-analogues. 2. 2. With analogues which are substituted in position 6 of the ring system, satisfactory activities of the 5′-phosphates of methyl- and, somewhat less, methyl-pyridinoriboflavin are observed; however carboxy and ethoxy substituents markedly diminish activity. 3. 3. Activities of 6,7-dimethylflavin phosphates bearing different side chains are progressively decreased with the shorter chains of the glycityl series of d-ribityl, d-erythrityl, and dl-glyceryl, respectively. Similarly with the alkyl chains, 2′, 3′, 4′-trideoxyribityl is better than 2′-deoxyglyceryl. 4. 4. Secondary hydroxyl groups on the chain confer greater activity, but are not obligatory as seen by the activities of 2′,3′,4′-trideoxyriboflavin 5′-phosphate and 2′-deoxyglyceroflavin 3′-phosphate. A reduction in activity is also seen when the 2′-hydroxy function is missing, as in 2′-deoxyriboflavin 5′-phosphate, or in l-configuration, as in d-araboflavin 5′-phosphate.
Minimum probability of error recognition of three-dimensional laser-scanned targets

Shape measurements form powerful features for recognizing objects, and many imaging modalities produce three-dimensional shape information. Stereo-photogrammetric techniques have been extensively developed, and many researchers have looked at related techniques such as shape from motion, shape from accommodation, and shape from shading. Recently, considerable attention has focused on laser radar systems for imaging distant objects, such as automobiles from an airborne platform, and on laser-based active stereo imaging for close-range objects, such as part scanners for automated inspection. Each use of these laser imagers generally results in a range image, an array of distance measurements as a function of direction. For multi-look data or data fused from multiple sensors, we may more generally treat the data as a 3D point-cloud, an unordered collection of 3D points measured from the surface of the scene. This paper presents a general approach to object recognition in the presence of significant clutter, that is suitable for application to a wide range of 3D imaging systems. The approach relies on a probabilistic framework relating 3D point-cloud data and the objects from which they are measured. Through this framework a minimum probability of error recognition algorithm is derived that accounts for both obscuring and nonobscuring clutter, and that accommodates arbitrary (range and cross-range) measurement errors. The algorithm is applied to a problem of target recognition from actual 3D point-cloud data measured in the laboratory from scale models of civilian automobiles. Noisy 3D measurements are used to train models of the automobiles, and these models are used to classify the automobiles when present in a scene containing natural and man-made clutter.
Subspaces, subsets, and partitions

Abstract To each k-dimensional subspace of an n-dimensional vector space ove GF(q) we assign a number p and a partition of p into at most k parts not exceeding n − k, in such a way that exactly qp of the subspaces map into a given partition. The construction may also be regarded as an order-preserving map from k-dimensional subspaces into k-element subsets.
The impact of vocational education on productivity

Abstract This study looks at the impact that vocational education has had on output via the production function in the United States over the period 1947–1970. The results suggest that each one percent increase in the number of students enrolled in vocational education programs eventually leads to a 0.31% increase in output.
Corporate Responses to HIV/AIDS: Experience and Leadership from South Africa

HIV/AIDS harms the viability and competitiveness of African businesses. As a consequence, companies increasingly subscribe to the view that taking a proactive role to combat HIV/AIDS is not simply a question of compassion and good corporate citizenship. Rather, these firms see assertive action against HIV as critical to their long-term profitability, and some have concluded that it is cost effective even in the short term. The article discusses how South African companies are taking action against HIV in ways that set new benchmarks, enhance the effectiveness of international AIDS advocacy efforts, and spur businesses across Africa and beyond to strengthen their corporate responses to HIV/AIDS.
Adult recipients of infant communications: A sex difference in the salience of early “social” smiling**

Three groups of male and female undergraduates were shown slides of babies' faces wearing smiling, neutral, or “other” facial expressions in a recognition memory task. Facial expressions of the memory “target” babies were systematically varied across groups. Group error rates for women were significantly lower than those for men on smiling faces only: there were no sex differences in recognition of neutral and “other” expressions. Arguments are presented for a biological rather than social learning interpretation.
Errors and ozone measurement

It is held that Mimm's (1993) comparison of hand-held TOPS instrument data with the Nimbus 7 satellite's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer's (TOMS) ozone data was intrinsically flawed, in that the TOMS data were preliminary and therefore unsuited for quantitative analysis. It is noted that the TOMS calibration was in error.
Variable rate of detection of immunoglobulin heavy chain V-D-J rearrangement by PCR: a systematic study of 41 B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and leukemias.

The use of clonospecific probes has recently been employed for the detection of minimal residual disease in B- and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. However, these methods are predicated upon the successful amplification of the V-D-J rearrangement in the genome of the tumor cells by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In order to determine whether the type of B-cell lymphoid malignancy influenced the rate of success of amplifying the region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement in these lesions, we studied 41 morphologically and immunologically well characterized B-cell neoplasms. DNA was extracted from frozen tissue of the lymphomas and leukemias, and subjected to PCR amplification using a 5′ immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region consensus Framework 3 region (FR3) primer, and a 3′ consensus primer for the immunoglobulin heavy chain joining region. One or two distinct bands, representing the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene, were detected in six of six small non-cle...
Orally Ingested Heparin Is Absorbed in, Humans:

It has been accepted for many years that orally ingested heparin is not absorbed. Recent evidence has shown that heparin placed in the stomach of rats is very rapidly absorbed and that it also quic...
Unsedated small-caliber endoscopy--a new screening and surveillance tool for Barrett's esophagus?

Unsedated small-caliber endoscopy—a new screening and surveillance tool for Barrett's esophagus?