cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reinforced fascia patch limits cyclic gapping of rotator cuff repairs in a human cadaveric model.

Background Scaffolds continue to be developed and used for rotator cuff repair augmentation, but clinical or biomechanical data to inform their use are limited. We have developed a reinforced fascia lata patch with mechanical properties to meet the needs of musculoskeletal applications. The objective of this study was to assess the extent to which augmentation of a primary human rotator cuff repair with the reinforced fascia patch can reduce gap formation during in vitro cyclic loading. Materials and methods Nine paired human cadaveric shoulders were used to investigate the cyclic gap formation and failure properties of augmented and non-augmented rotator cuff repairs with loading of 5 to 180 N for 1000 cycles. Results Augmentation significantly decreased the amount of gap formation at cycles 1, 10, 100, and 1000 compared with non-augmented repairs ( P Conclusions This study supports further investigation of reinforced fascia patches to provide mechanical augmentation, minimize tendon retraction, and possibly reduce the incidence of rotator cuff repair failure. Future investigation in animal and human studies will be necessary to fully define the efficacy of the reinforced fascia device in a biologic healing environment.
Detecting changes in arctic tundra plant communities in response to warming over decadal time scales

Detecting the response of vegetation to climate forcing as distinct from spatial and temporal variability may be difficult, if not impossible, over the typical duration of most field studies. We analyzed the spatial and interannual variability of plant functional type biomass from field studies in low arctic tussock tundra and compared these to climate change simulations of plant community composition using a dynamic tundra vegetation model (ArcVeg). Spatial heterogeneity of peak season live aboveground biomass was estimated using field samples taken from low arctic tundra at Ivotuk, Alaska (68.5°N, 155.7°W) in 1999. Coefficients of variation for live aboveground biomass at the 1 m2 scale ranged from 14.6% for deciduous shrubs, 18.5% for graminoids and 25.3% for mosses to over 57% for forbs and lichens. Spatial heterogeneity in the ArcVeg dynamic vegetation model was simulated to be greater than the field data, ranging from 37.1% for deciduous shrubs to 107.9% for forbs. Disturbances in the model, such as caribou grazing and freezing–thawing of soil, as well as demographic stochasticity, led to the greater variability in the simulated results. Temporal variances of aboveground live biomass over a 19-year period using data from Toolik Lake, AK fell within the range of field and simulation spatial variances. However, simulations using ArcVeg suggest that temporal variability can be substantially less than site-scale spatial variability. Field data coupled with ArcVeg simulations of climate change scenarios indicate that some changes in plant community composition may be detectable within two decades following the onset of warming, and shrubs and mosses might be the key indicators of community change. Model simulations also project increasing landscape scale spatial heterogeneity (particularly of shrubs) with increasing temperatures.
Nanostructured graphene metasurface for tunable terahertz cloaking

We propose and analyze a graphene-based cloaking metasurface aimed at achieving widely tunable scattering cancelation in the terahertz (THz) spectrum. This ‘one-atom-thick’ mantle cloak is realized by means of a patterned metasurface comprised of a periodic array of graphene patches, whose surface impedance can be modeled with a simple yet accurate analytical expression. By adjusting the geometry and Fermi energy of graphene nanopatches, the metasurface reactance may be tuned from inductive to capacitive, as a function of the relative kinetic inductance and the geometric patch capacitance, enabling the possibility of effectively cloaking both dielectric and conducting objects at THz frequencies with the same metasurface. We envision applications for low-observable nanostructures and efficient THz sensing, routing and detection.
A focus group study of Mexican immigrant men's perceptions of weight and lifestyle.

Objective Despite interest in family-centered obesity and diabetes prevention programs for Latinos, few studies have assessed men’s perspectives on obesity-related behaviors. The objective of this study was to explore Mexican immigrant men’s perspectives regarding weight, diet, and physical activity as they relate to the individual and the family.
Thermal and non-thermal processes in threshold switching

Abstract The paper is concerned with thermal and non-thermal operating conditions of threshold switches made of multicomponent chalcogenide glass alloys [Te40As35Ge7Si18]. The observed current-time and frequency-delay relationships are shown to be inconsistent with thermal and electro-thermal models when applied to threshold conditions, and suggest electronic interpretations.
Thermochemical efficiency of growth.

THE term ‘gross efficiency of growth’ has usually been meant to denote the ratio of the increase in body-weight during a given period of time to the amount of food ingested during this period. It had been shown previously1, using the albino rat as the experimental animal, that the gross efficiency of growth can be fitted quite satisfactorily to a logarithmic function, the actual efficiency Et at time t being represented by where E0 is the efficiency at weaning and A is a constant. This function decreases rapidly, and on the thirtieth day of post-weaning life the gross efficiency is only about one-third of the value at weaning. In subsequent publications2 it was pointed out, however, that the thermochemical significance of weight increments varies with age, as do the proportions of water retained and of protein and fats synthesized, so that consideration of gross efficiency does not adequately represent the energetics of growth, any more than the weight curve does.
Relationships among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, vascular plants and environmental conditions in oak savannas

Summary • We studied the relationships of plant and AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) species richness and community composition to each other and gradients in soil texture, nutrient content, and light availability in three oak savannas in southern Wisconsin, USA. • Sixty-three samples were analysed for plant and AMF composition along sun–shade and sand–loam gradients. Samples consisted of plant community composition at quadrat and point scales, point-scale AMF community composition, canopy transmittance, soil Kjeldahl nitrogen (N) content, available phosphorus (P), and texture. • Numbers of AMF and plant species at the point scale were positively correlated with each other and increased with soil texture/N content. The compositions of plant and AMF communities were also significantly correlated with each other and the soils gradient. The paradoxical increase in AMF richness on the most fertile soils may reflect their small soil pores or low P : N ratios. • Plant and AMF communities appear to respond to underlying environmental gradients in similar ways, perhaps reflecting similar responses to soil conditions by both groups, effects of one group on the other or both.
Recent DIII-D high power heating and current drive experiments

Abstract This paper describes recent DIII-D high power heating and current drive experiments. Described are experiments with improved wall conditioning, divertor particle pumping, radiative divertor experiments, studies of plasma shape and high poloidal β.
A Whiff of Reality: Empirical Evidence Concerning the Effects of Pleasant Fragrances on Work‐Related Behavior1

Two studies were conducted to investigate the potential effects on workrelated behavior of one environmental variable: pleasant fragrances. In Study 1, participants performed a word construction task under low or high stress while in the presence or absence of pleasant fragrances. Performance was significantly enhanced by fragrance in both stress conditions. In addition, exposure to pleasant fragrances significantly increased performance on an additional task (decoding written messages) completed by participants following exposure to stress. In Study 2, both exposure to pleasant fragrances and receipt of a small gift increased performance on the same word construction task used in Study 1. In addition, fragrance and a gift increased participants' willingness to engage in both immediate and delayed helping. Together, the results of these studies offer support for the view that pleasant fragrances can influence work-related behavior, and that such effects may be mediated, at least in part, by increments in positive affect.
Vacancy and charge ordering in the Th3P4 related structures

Abstract A tetragonal structural model for cationic vacancy ordering in the lanthanide sesquichalcogenides having the Th3P4 structure is developed from considerations involving the metal site stereohedra or Wigner-Seitz cells and tested by Madelung constant calculations. In addition the anion stereohedra are discussed as well as the Voronoi polyhedra for both metal and nonmetal sites. The electrostatic results include crystal potential calculations as a function of charge. Madelung constants and potentials were also calculated for charge ordering in semiconducting materials like Eu3S4 as a function of atomic position and c a ratio. In these materials electrostatic stability is associated with increasing vacancy and charge ordering.
Bioreducible Cationic Polymer-Based Nanoparticles for Efficient and Environmentally Triggered Cytoplasmic siRNA Delivery to Primary Human Brain Cancer Cells

siRNA nanomedicines can potentially treat many human diseases, but safe and effective delivery remains a challenge. DNA delivery polymers such as poly(β-amino ester)s (PBAEs) generally cannot effectively deliver siRNA and require chemical modification to enable siRNA encapsulation and delivery. An optimal siRNA delivery nanomaterial needs to be able to bind and self-assemble with siRNA molecules that are shorter and stiffer than plasmid DNA in order to form stable nanoparticles, and needs to promote efficient siRNA release upon entry to the cytoplasm. To address these concerns, we designed, synthesized, and characterized an array of bioreducible PBAEs that self-assemble with siRNA in aqueous conditions to form nanoparticles of approximately 100 nm and that exhibit environmentally triggered siRNA release upon entering the reducing environment of the cytosol. By tuning polymer properties, including bioreducibility and hydrophobicity, we were able to fabricate polymeric nanoparticles capable of efficient gen...
The use of noncontingent escape to reduce disruptive behaviors in children with speech delays

Noncontingent escape (NCE) was used to reduce disruptive behavior in 3 children during regularly scheduled speech therapy sessions. Results showed rapid decreases in disruptive behavior and accompanying increases in compliance across children. Findings suggest that speech therapists with little expertise in behavior analysis can effectively implement NCE.
Chemical foundations in understanding the step coverage problem in chemical vapour deposition using silane chemistry

Abstract The correlation between deposition kinetics and the step coverage problem (in relation to the deposition of thin films over the walls of a rectangular trench) in chemical vapour deposition using silane chemistry are investigated. For low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) of polysilicon, the near-unity value of the step coverage parameter (defined as the ratio of the film thicknesses at the bottom and at the top of the trench) is consistent with the near-zero order of the surface reaction with respect to silane, which indicates saturation of the surface with silicon-containing species. Although the LPCVD and plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition processes for SiO2 deposition in a trench, dimensions of around 1 μm, are characterized by a free molecular flow regime (the atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition process is described by a transitional flow regime), the step coverage parameter of the SiO2 thin films for all these processes presents similarly poor values (lower than 1). This behaviour can be interpreted in terms of the surface reaction kinetics, described by a reaction of order 0.5 with respect to silane, which indicates that the film surface is not saturated with silicon-containing species and that the flux of these species is reduced towards the bottom of the trench.
An accurate method for solution of one‐electron perturbation equations

An accurate nonvariational method for solution of one-electron nonhomogeneous equations arising in time-dependent perturbation theory is presented. The frequency-dependent dipole polarizability of hydrogen is calculated as an example.
Radiation Testing Results for the Intersil ISL71590SEH Temperature Sensor

We report the results of low and high dose rate 60Co total dose testing of the Intersil ISL71590SEH integrated temperature sensor together with a brief discussion of the part's electrical specifications and wafer fabrication process. We also report data for the part's performance in the single-event effects (SEE) and displacement damage (DD) environments. The part is shown to offer significantly improved hardness as compared to current industry standard temperature sensors.
The American and Soviet Cold War Space Programs

Although the Soviet Union met with initial success at the outset of the Cold War space race, it was the U.S. that achieved ultimate success over the course of the competition, as the U.S. matched and exceeded all Soviet space feats, possessed far more sophisticated applications satellites, and landed men on the moon numerous times in the face of a Soviet inability to do the same. There are many explanations for the ultimate success of the U.S. in the space race, which is the dependent variable, but the most significant of these explanations can be narrowed to three independent variables. The three independent variables determining the ultimate success of the U.S. space program in comparison to the Soviet Union space program are the focuses of the space programs; the economic philosophies of the two states; and a penchant for excessive secrecy, or lack thereof, in their respective scientific communities.
PMD emulation with importance sampling and Maxwellian length sections

We describe the application of importance sampling to PMD emulators consisting of a concatenation of birefringent sections with Maxwellian-distributed lengths. Use of this scheme offers significant advantages over emulators with fixed-length sections.
How should we teach tree-thinking? An experimental test of two hypotheses

Phylogenies are ubiquitous in college-level biology textbooks, yet many college students continue to struggle to interpret them correctly. Multiple activities and frameworks for teaching phylogenies have been proposed to address this problem. In an introductory biology course for majors, we tested two contrasting hypotheses about the best way for students to learn the basic principles of ‘tree-thinking’. We constructed two 30-minute, pencil-and-paper-based guided group activities: one focused on using a character matrix to build a tree and one focused on analyzing an existing tree. Groups of three students completed one of these activities during one class session of a large lecture course. All students completed an identical assessment the night of the activity. We confirmed that students in the two groups were of equal academic ability, and found that students in the ‘build your own tree’ treatment performed significantly better on the assessment than students in the ‘analyze an existing tree’ treatment. We also had first-year graduate students in a Biology PhD program complete the assessment, without doing the activity beforehand. The scores of undergraduates who had done a modified version of the tree building activity were indistinguishable from those of the graduate students. We recommend simple tree-building activities be a standard part of training for tree-thinking in introductory biology.
The Four Forces Shaping Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity was the topic in this paper. The author mention that advancing cybersecurity begins by recognizing all its aspects as a vector quantity with four distinct forces shaping its evolution. Rebranding exercise, organizational imperative, cyberspace domain, national defense priority were the forces mentioned and discussed.
Design of Adaptive Optics Based Systems by Using MEMS Deformable Mirror Models

MEMS deformable mirror technology has recently evolved from a specialized wavefront control device to a low cost and high performance product. To facilitate adoption of this emerging technology, th...
Comparison of radiative transfer approximations for a highly forward scattering planar medium.

Abstract We examine critically the accuracy of the two-flux, spherical harmonics and discrete ordinates methods for predicting radiative transfer in a planar, highly-forward scattering and absorbing medium. Numerical results for the radiative fluxes show that the two-flux and P3-approximations yield accurate results compared to solutions based on the FN-method. Indeed, these approximate methods are relatively simple and have potential for generalization to predict radiative transfer in multidimensional systems, as long as an appropriate simplification of the phase function is utilized.
Seed-Specific Over-Expression of an Arabidopsis cDNA Encoding a Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Enhances Seed Oil Content and Seed Weight

We recently reported the cloning and characterization of an Arabidopsis (ecotype Columbia) diacylglycerol acyltransferase cDNA (Zou et al., 1999) and found that in Arabidopsis mutant line AS11, an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutation at a locus on chromosome II designated as Tag1 consists of a 147-bp insertion in the DNA, which results in a repeat of the 81-bp exon 2 in the Tag1 cDNA. This insertion mutation is correlated with an altered seed fatty acid composition, reduced diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT; EC 2.3.1.20) activity, reduced seed triacylglycerol content, and delayed seed development in the AS11 mutant. The effect of the insertion mutation on microsomal acyl-coenzyme A-dependent DGAT is examined with respect to DGAT activity and its substrate specificity in the AS11 mutant relative to wild type. We demonstrate that transformation of mutant AS11 with a single copy of the wild-type Tag1 DGAT cDNA can complement the fatty acid and reduced oil phenotype of mutant AS11. More importantly, we show for the first time that seed-specific over-expression of the DGAT cDNA in wild-type Arabidopsis enhances oil deposition and average seed weight, which are correlated with DGAT transcript levels. The DGAT activity in developing seed of transgenic lines was enhanced by 10% to 70%. Thus, the current study confirms the important role of DGAT in regulating the quantity of seed triacylglycerols and the sink size in developing seeds.
A Note on Special Articles on Adaptive Clinical Trial Designs

In recent years, the use of adaptive designs in clinical trials has attracted much attention and been widely discussed within the pharmaceutical/biotechnology industry, regulatory agencies such as ...
Motivationally neutral stimulation of the nucleus basalis induces specific behavioral memory.

Abstract The cholinergic system has been implicated in learning and memory. The nucleus basalis (NB) provides acetylcholine (ACh) to the cerebral cortex. Pairing a tone with NB stimulation (NBstm) to alter cortical state induces both associative specific tuning plasticity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) and associative specific auditory behavioral memory. NB-induced memory has major features of natural memory that is induced by pairing a tone with motivational reinforcers, e.g., food or shock, suggesting that the cholinergic system may be a “final common pathway” whose activation promotes memory storage. Alternatively, NB stimulation might itself be motivationally significant, either rewarding or punishing. To investigate these alternatives, adult male rats ( n = 7) first formed a specific NB-induced memory (CS = 8.0 kHz, 2.0 s paired with NBstm, ISI = 1.8 s, 200 trials), validated by post-training (24 h) frequency generalization gradients (1–15 kHz) of respiration interruption that were specific to the CS frequency. Thereafter, they received the same level of NBstm that had induced memory, while confined to one quadrant of an arena, and later tested for place-preference, i.e., avoidance or seeking of the quadrant of NBstm. This NBstm group exhibited neither preference for nor against the stimulated quadrant, compared to sham-operated subjects ( n = 7). The findings indicate that specific associative memory can be induced by direct activation of the NB without detectable motivational effects of NB stimulation. These results are concordant with a memory-promoting role for the nucleus basalis that places it “downstream” of motivational systems, which activate it to initiate the storage of the current state of its cholinergic targets.
Minimum outage probability and optimal power allocation for fading multiple-access channels

We derive the optimal power allocation and minimum outage probability for fading multiple-access channels under the assumption that both the transmitters and the receiver have perfect channel side information. This minimum outage probability implicitly defines the outage capacity region. Two different assumptions about whether the outage declaration from each user is simultaneous or independent are considered.
The Emancipation Proclamation and British Public Opinion

(2005). The Emancipation Proclamation and British Public Opinion. The Historian: Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 1-19.
Les troubles psychiatriques et le modèle des espèces pratiques

Cet article explore la classification des troubles psychiatriques dans la perspective du modele des especes pratiques. En nous basant sur certains travaux en philosophie des sciences qui soutiennent que les elements chimiques et les especes biologiques ne possedent pas de veritables essences, nous affirmons que les troubles psychiatriques ne devraient pas etre compris, eux non plus, de facon essentialiste. Les troubles psychiatriques sont des « especes pratiques », non des « especes naturelles ». Ce modele represente une approche pragmatiste de la classification qui pose, compte tenu de l’infinie complexite du monde, qu’une multitude de decisions peuvent jouer un role legitime dans la definition des limites des categories. Il s’agit d’une approche nominaliste contemporaine qui considere les concepts et les categories comme provisoires et partiels, sans toutefois rejeter l’idee qu’ils sont des especes legitimes. Ce modele rejette ce que Ian Hacking a nomme le structurisme inherent, sans pour autant rejeter les especes. Le modele des especes pratiques rejette aussi l’eliminativisme. Il est en accord avec les arguments non essentialistes offerts par les eliminativistes, mais il n’accepte pas leurs conclusions austeres. Je discute finalement les complications et les imperfections du modele.
Process variation in silicon photonic devices

An array of passive silicon-on-insulator optical devices is laid out in repeating patterns on four foundry-fabricated wafers. The physical and optical characterization of these microrings, racetrack resonators, and directional couplers are found to exhibit significant variation in optical response. A device-heating experiment carried out on a number of different devices demonstrates that thermal effects are independent of the device’s location on the wafer. An analysis of the variation of the optical responses of the room-temperature devices is used to determine the process variation. We find that if we form successive arrays of the values of a quantity of interest (the peak wavelength of a transfer function) at a single device at some point on the wafer, and then increase the size of the array by including the values of the devices at ever greater distances from the original, then the variance of the values of the successive arrays increases linearly with the linear extent of the sample. That is, the process variation exhibits “random walk” pattern with spatial extent. We express the process variation in units of variance per length and find that our measured values agree with others in the literature; that is, the process variation is approximately 1 nm2/cm.
Bioinformatics Approaches to Single-Cell Analysis in Developmental Biology

Individual cells within the same population show various degrees of heterogeneity, which may be better handled with single-cell analysis to address biological and clinical questions. Single-cell analysis is especially important in developmental biology as subtle spatial and temporal differences in cells have significant associations with cell fate decisions during differentiation and with the description of a particular state of a cell exhibiting an aberrant phenotype. Biotechnological advances, especially in the area of microfluidics, have led to a robust, massively parallel and multi-dimensional capturing, sorting, and lysis of single-cells and amplification of related macromolecules, which have enabled the use of imaging and omics techniques on single cells. There have been improvements in computational single-cell image analysis in developmental biology regarding feature extraction, segmentation, image enhancement and machine learning, handling limitations of optical resolution to gain new perspectives from the raw microscopy images. Omics approaches, such as transcriptomics, genomics and epigenomics, targeting gene and small RNA expression, single nucleotide and structural variations and methylation and histone modifications, rely heavily on high-throughput sequencing technologies. Although there are well-established bioinformatics methods for analysis of sequence data, there are limited bioinformatics approaches which address experimental design, sample size considerations, amplification bias, normalization, differential expression, coverage, clustering and classification issues, specifically applied at the single-cell level. In this review, we summarize biological and technological advancements, discuss challenges faced in the aforementioned data acquisition and analysis issues and present future prospects for application of single-cell analyses to developmental biology.
Adaptive nonlinear control without overparametrization

A new design procedure for adaptive nonlinear control is proposed in which the number of parameter estimates is minimal, that is, equal to the number of unknown parameters. The adaptive systems designed by this procedure possess stronger stability properties than those using overparametrization.
Crystal structure of 2-[2-(hy-droxy-imino)-1-phenyl-propyl-idene]-N-phen-ylhydrazinecarbo-thio-amide.

In the title compound, C16H16N4OS, an intra­molecular C—H⋯S hydrogen bond is observed. With the exception of the phenyl ring of the phenyl­propyl­idene unit, the remainder of the mol­ecule has an almost planar skeleton with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.121 (5) A from the plane through the remaining 16 atoms. In the crystal O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds are observed between the terminal hy­droxy­imino groups, forming inverson dimers with R22(6) graph-set motifs. Additional C—H⋯N contacts stack the dimers along [100]. While no π—π inter­actions are present, weak C—H⋯O and O—H⋯Cg inter­actions are also observed and help stabilize the crystal packing.
Autoimmune/Inflammatory Arthritis Associated Lymphomas: Who Is at Risk?

Specific autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic diseases have been associated with an increased risk of malignant lymphomas. Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), dermatomyositis, and celiac disease have been consistently linked to malignant lymphomas. Isolated cases of lymphomas associated with spondyloarthropathies and autoinflammatory diseases have also been reported. Direct association between autoimmunity and lymphomagenesis has been reinforced by large epidemiological studies. It is still uncertain whether disease specific determinants or phenotypic or treatment related characteristics increase likelihood of lymphomagenesis in these patients. For example, recent literature has indicated a positive correlation between severity of inflammation and risk of lymphomas among RA and Sjogren's syndrome patients. It is also debated whether specific lymphoma variants are more commonly seen in accordance with certain chronic autoimmune arthritis. Previous studies have revealed a higher incidence of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas in RA and SLE patients, whereas pSS has been linked with increased risk of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. This review summarizes recent literature evaluating risk of lymphomas in arthritis patients and disease specific risk determinants. We also elaborate on the association of autoimmune arthritis with specific lymphoma variants along with genetic, environmental, and therapeutic risk factors.
Resonant Floquet scattering of ultracold atoms

In systems of ultracold atoms, pairwise interactions are resonantly enhanced by the application of an oscillating magnetic field that is parallel to the spin-quantization axis of the atoms. The resonance occurs when the frequency of the applied field is precisely tuned near the transition frequency between the scattering atoms and a diatomic molecule. The resulting cross section can be made more than two orders of magnitude larger than the cross section in the absence of the oscillating field. The low momentum resonance properties have a universal description that is independent of the atomic species. To arrive at these conclusions, we first develop a formal extension of Floquet theory to describe scattering of atoms with time-periodic, short-range interaction potentials. We then calculate the atomic scattering properties by modeling the atomic interactions with a square well potential with oscillating depth and then explicitly solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. We then apply the Floquet formalism to the case of atoms scattering with a contact interaction described by a time-periodic scattering length, obtaining analytic results that agree with those obtained by solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation.
Wilms' tumor of the ovary

Extrarenal Wilms' tumor of the ovary is a very rare tumor likely derived from embryonic mesonephros. We present the first reported case of a teratoid extrarenal Wilms' tumor of the ovary with a short review of the existing literature. In the case, a 26-year-old woman presented with back pain and was found to have a dermoid cyst; three years later, she presented again, now pregnant, with severe abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with an immature teratoma consisting of a Wilms' tumor (immature component) arising within a mature teratoma and treated exclusively with surgery and surveillance. The recovery from surgery was uneventful and the patient remains without evidence of disease with eleven months of follow-up.
Basics of Infant Conventional Mechanical Ventilation: An Interactive Animated Teaching Module.

Introduction While conventional mechanical ventilation is a common therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), pediatric residents receive insufficient instruction. This stand-alone compute...
Editorial Commentary: The Effect of Scapula Tilt and Best-Fit Circle Placement When Measuring Glenoid Bone Loss in Shoulder Instability Patients-More Information Complicates an Already Difficult Problem.

Abstract Scapular tilt affects bone loss measurement used for glenohumeral instability. The larger question of how to manage bone loss in glenohumeral instability remains unanswered.
A comparison of the Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover (D5) electric and a manual toothbrush in affecting gingivitis

This three-month clinical trial was designed to compare the effect of an electric and a manual toothbrush on reducing primarily gingivitis and secondarily, plaque, in a cohort of 70 healthy adults. After baseline evaluation of gingivitis, soft tissue trauma, and plaque, patients were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental groups, shown an instructional tooth brushing videotape, and had their teeth cleaned. Soft tissue trauma was again scored at 2 weeks. At 12 weeks all three clinical parameters were again evaluated. The results showed statistically significant reductions (baseline vs. 3-month) in both whole mouth (p = 0.003) and interproximal (p = 0.008) gingivitis scores for the electric toothbrush group. No significant reduction at three months compared to baseline was seen for the manual brush group. When gingivitis reductions were compared over the three-month test period, the electric brush was significantly better than the manual toothbrush in both whole mouth (p = 0.0007) and interproximal (p = 0.002) gingivitis reduction. No increase in soft tissue trauma and no significant differences in plaque reductions were seen for either toothbrush.
Mappings to Abelian Varieties

Let X = V/L be a complex torus and let S be a smooth connected variety. Let s0 be a fixed point of S. Let f : S → V/L be an analytic mapping. Then we have the pull-back mapping of differentials f* : V* = Γ(X, Ω X ) → Γ(S, Ω S ).
Chemical Intercellular Signalling Mechanisms in the Nervous System of the Nematode Ascaris suum: Potential Sites of Actions of New Generations of Anthelmintic Drugs

The existence of genetic drug resistance to existing anthelmintics presents a serious challenge, and emphasizes the urgent need for new generations of drugs. Fortunately, the potential for developing new drugs, acting on so far untargeted systems in parasites, seems high.
Generating Pseudorandom Numbers

Every Monte Carlo experiment relies on the availability of a procedure that supplies sequences of numbers from which arbitrarily selected nonoverlapping subsequences appear to behave like statistically independent sequences and where the variation in an arbitrarily chosen subsequence of length k (≥1) resembles that of a sample drawn from the uniform distribution on the k-dimensional unit hyper-cube \({\mathcal{I}^k}\). The words “appear to behave” and “resemble” alert the reader to yet another potential source of error that arises in Monte Carlo sampling. In practice, many procedures exist for generating these sequences. In addition to this error of approximation, the relative desirability of each depends on its computing time, on its ease of use, and on its portability By portability, we mean the ease of implementing a procedure or algorithm on a variety of computers, each with its own hardware peculiarities.
Event Structuring as a General Approach to Building Knowledge in Time-Based Collections

Many kinds of data collections are time-based or can be collected in a temporal manner. There has been a desire in the geography and geospatial communities to put temporal behavior on the same footing as spatial structure and to develop a comprehensive geo-temporal information system. In many cases, temporal information refers to sequences of happenings in the world. To efficiently represent such temporal information, we present event structuring as a general approach to build knowledge in time-based collections. In this case, an event is defined as a meaningful occurrence that has substantial impact on subsequent developments. A properly organized event sequence forms a narrative, or story. Such stories are powerful mechanisms for human understanding; not only are they in a form that make them easier to recall, but they also lead to mental models that can be intuited, examined, and joined together into larger models. In this paper, the proposed event structuring methods are not limited to geospatial data, but apply to any type of time-based collection such as text corpora. We first provide the definition of event structuring, and then describe detailed examples of event structures built upon different kinds of data. Last, we raise the need for an event descriptive language in order to generate, organize, and compare event structures.
Pemenuhan Kesehatan Gigi Anak Penyandang Retardasi Mental Dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia

Mental retardation is a decrease in cognitive, motoric and social abilities. Mental retardation in indonesia reach 30.460 in 2012. Mental retardation characterized by index IQ less than 70, it cause limitation in motoric skills such as brushing teeth. Theinability to brush their teeth will affect in their oral health, that can increase various oral disease, so children with mental retardation need a affirmative action. Law Number 36 Year 2009 on Health, Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 Year 2016 on Persons with Disabilities and Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 Year 2011 on Ratification Convention On The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities explained that children with mental retardation deserve highest degree of health without discrimination and get affirmative action according to their disability. A method of the research is a qualitative method.The approach method is juridical sociological. Data that used in this research are primary and secondary data.The primary data are from interviews with pediatric dentist, director of the hospital , teachers SLB , principal SLB and jurist. Secondary data are from literature study which supporting the primary data. The results show that the existing regulation only give an obligation for the government to fullfil. If they are not implementing the regulation, there is no reporting mechanism and regulatory sanctions. In practice, the right to obtain socialization or information about dental health of children with mental retardation, the right to access facilities and paramedics without discrimination, and the right to get affirmative action such as dental team service, communication, visitation hours, dental chair and treatment specifically stated on the regulation of the minister of health number 89 of 2015 on dental and oral health efforts is not based on that regulation. Without any sanctions, the existing regulation has not been able to guarantee the compliance the right of dental health for children with mental retardation. So that it isn’t sufficient as a basic for the compliance of the human rights.
An Evolutionary Stochastic Discrete Time-cost Trade-off Method

This study introduces a newly developed method for optimized time-cost trade-off under uncertainty. It identifies the optimal execution mode for each project activity that results in minimizing the...
Conformational analysis of crown ethers. Part 1. 12-Crown-4

Abstract An exhaustive conformational search of 12-crown-4 was performed with the MM3 program. The results of this search are discussed with respect to available experimental data. Conformers that have been observed in crystal structures are 1. (i) found to be among the lowest energy conformers (within 2 kcal mol −1 of the global minimum) and 2. (ii) the structural features are well reproduced by the model. After correction for symmetry and mixing, relative free energies indicate that, in non-polar solvents, 12-crown-4 consists of a mixture of conformers with four conformers that account for over 90% of the total. The most highly populated conformer has not previously been reported. Comparison of MM3 results with those of ab initio SCF calculations show a good agreement with the relative order of conformer stability for the six lowest energy conformers. Comparison of MM3 results with those of other force field models (MM2, AMBER, and WBFF) reveals that conformational search results on 12-crown-4 are highly force field dependent and indicates that care is required both in the choice of a force field model and in the interpretation of the calculation results.
Effects of temperature on surface-controlled dislocation multiplication in body-centered-cubic metal nanowires

Abstract Recent computational studies revealed that screw dislocations in body-centered-cubic (bcc) metal nanowires can self-multiply through cross-slip near the free surface. This unique process was termed surface-controlled dislocation multiplication (SCDM). In bcc metals, screw dislocation motion and its cross-slip behavior are often related to thermally activated processes; due to this relation, SCDM is expected to be highly temperature-sensitive. In this study, therefore, we investigated how temperature influences the SCDM in bcc molybdenum and niobium nanowires using atomistic simulations. Regardless of the difference in lattice resistance at a given temperature, both systems show similar trends of critical shear stress of SCDM with respect to temperature. The temperature dependence was found to be divided into three different regimes; (1) lattice-resistance-dominant; (2) segmentation-dominant; (3) steady-state segmentation. The presence of these three regimes will be discussed in terms of the temperature-dependence of the lattice resistance and the dynamics of dislocation segmentation in the nano-scale volume. Our results provide a fundamental understanding of screw dislocation behavior in bcc metals at the nanometer scale and varying temperatures.
New Research Directions on Disparities in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Obesity and type 2 diabetes disproportionately impact U.S. racial and ethnic minority communities and low-income populations. Improvements in implementing efficacious interventions to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes are underway (i.e., the National Diabetes Prevention Program), but challenges in effectively scaling-up successful interventions and reaching at-risk populations remain. In October 2017, the National Institutes of Health convened a workshop to understand how to (1) address socioeconomic and other environmental conditions that perpetuate disparities in the burden of obesity and type 2 diabetes; (2) design effective prevention and treatment strategies that are accessible, feasible, culturally relevant, and acceptable to diverse population groups; and (3) achieve sustainable health improvement approaches in communities with the greatest burden of these diseases. Common features of guiding frameworks to understand and address disparities and promote health equity were described. Promising research directions were identified in numerous areas, including study design, methodology, and core metrics; program implementation and scalability; the integration of medical care and social services; strategies to enhance patient empowerment; and understanding and addressing the impact of psychosocial stress on disease onset and progression in addition to factors that support resiliency and health.
Antecedents and consequences of cross-effects: An empirical analysis of omni-coupons

Abstract As the modern retail industry evolves from multi-channel to seamless omni-channel retailing, retailers are increasingly adopting omni-channel strategies, such as the usage of omni-coupons. A consumer may obtain an omni-coupon from a digital (catalog) channel and purchase either online or via the telephone channel. Past studies have not examined such cross-channel effects at the purchase incidence level. Using customer transaction data from an omni-channel retailer, we investigate the key drivers of cross-effects, and the impact of such cross-effects on two consumer purchase outcomes (purchase value and cross-buying). We specifically study two types of cross-effects, a) catalog-to-online and b) digital-to-telephone, and find that the effect of time variables and individual characteristics on them is asymmetric. We also show that the impact of such cross-effects on purchase outcomes depends on whether the omni-coupon was sourced digitally or from a catalog. Retailers aiming to increase cross-buying should prioritize catalog coupons, while those aiming to increase purchase value should prioritize digital coupons.
Fluvial activity in major river basins of the eastern United States during the Holocene

In the eastern United States, existing paleo-reconstructions in fluvial environments consist primarily of site-specific investigations of climate and human impacts on riverine processes. This paper...
Return Horizon and Mutual Fund Performance

Measures of investment performance, including alpha, the canonical measure of mean return after allowing for systematic (beta) risk, depend on return measurement horizon, because beta depends on horizon. We introduce a procedure that relies on a combination of theory and simulations to estimate long-return-horizon alphas and betas from short-horizon estimates. Compared to a benchmark of 41% estimated in monthly returns, the percentage of mutual funds with positive alpha estimates against the SPY decreases to 21% (increases to 46%) at the decade return horizon for funds with high (low) estimated monthly market betas. Alphas estimated from short-horizon (e.g. monthly) returns may be uninformative or even misleading regarding fund performance for investors with longer horizons.
Transient swelling behavior of the bovine caudal disc.

Abstract The intervertebral disc is an avascular composite structure, comprised of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and the annulus fibrosus (AF). Previous tissue-level experiments either examined relative differences in swelling capacity of the two disc regions at a single time point or tested explant structures that did not replicate in situ boundary conditions. Previous joint-level studies that investigated time-dependent fluid flow into the disc provided limited information about swelling-induced intradiscal strains with respect to time and boundary constraints. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate time-dependent swelling behavior of the intervertebral disc ex situ. The first study investigated time-dependent free-swelling response of the whole disc and the disc's subcomponents separately (i.e., NP and AF). Findings from this study showed that the swelling rate and swelling capacity of NP explants under free-swelling conditions were greater than AF explants. The second study evaluated the effect of boundary conditions on in-plane strain distributions of intact discs and AF rings. Swelling-induced strain was highly heterogeneous in AF rings, where negative circumferential strains were observed in the inner AF and tensile circumferential strains were observed in the outer AF. Radial strains in AF rings were an order of magnitude greater than circumferential strains. Restricting fluid flow only to the outer AF periphery reduced the swelling of the inner AF. Swelling of intact discs affected both NP and AF swelling behaviors, where NP hydration decreased by 60%. Furthermore, the presence of the NP reduced peak radial strains in the AF and resulted in uniform strain distribution throughout the AF. In conclusion, these studies highlight that tissue hydration and swelling-induced strains largely depend on regional biochemical composition and geometric boundary constraints.