cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression, activity and cytotoxicity of pertussis toxin S1 subunit in transfected mammalian cells

Pertussis toxin (PT) comprises an active subunit (S1), which ADP-ribosylates the alpha subunit of several mammalian G proteins, and the B oligomer (S2–S5), which binds glycoconjugate receptors on cells. In a previous report, expression of S1 in Cos cells resulted in no observable cytotoxicity, and it was hypothesized that either S1 failed to locate its target proteins or the B oligomer was also necessary for cytotoxicity. To address this, we stably transfected S1 with and without a signal peptide into mammalian cells. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed the function of the signal peptide. Surprisingly, we found that S1 was active in both transfectants, as determined by clustering of transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and ADP-ribosylation of G proteins. Constructs with a cysteine-to-serine change at residue 201 or a truncated S1 (residues 1–181) were also active when transfected into cells. Constructs with an inactive mutant S1 had no activity, confirming that the observed results were due to the activity of the toxin subunit. We conclude that S1 is active when expressed in mammalian cells without the B oligomer, that secretion into the endoplasmic reticulum does not prevent this activity and that the C-terminal portion of S1 is not required for its activity in cells.
Photic driving of the critical flicker frequency.

A light pulsing above the critical flicker frequency (CFF) significantly elevates, and one pulsing below CFF significantly depresses, subsequent CFF measurements. The characteristics of these phenomena, their dependence upon the duration of fixation, the luminance of the measuring and the adaptation lights, and the duration of the after-effect are described in the present series of experiments. The effects are virtually as pronounced if the pulsing adaptation light is viewed with one eye and the measuring light with the other, as when both adapting and measuring lights are seen by the same eye. It is proposed that the driving is a direct consequence of a change in the frequency characteristics of the responses of cells in the visual system to photic stimulation. Measurements of the brightness of lights, pulsing at various rates immediately after viewing lights pulsing above and below the CFF, confirm certain predictions of this hypothesis.
Intracellular pH-regulating mechanism of the squid axon. Relation between the external Na+ and HCO-3 dependences.

The intracellular pH-regulating mechanism of the squid axon was examined for its dependence on the concentrations of external Na+ and HCO3-, always at an external pH (pHo) of 8.0. Axons having an initial intracellular pH (pHi) of approximately 7.4 were internally dialyzed with a solution of pH 6.5 that contained 400 mM Cl- and no Na+. After pHi had fallen to approximately 6.6, dialysis was halted, thereby returning control of pHi to the axon. With external Na+ and HCO-3 present, intracellular pH (pHi) increased because of the activity of the pHi-regulating system. The acid extrusion rate (i.e., equivalent efflux of H+, JH) is the product of the pHi recovery rate, intracellular buffering power, and the volume-to-surface ratio. The [HCO3-]o dependence of JH was examined at three fixed levels of [Na+]o: 425, 212, and 106 mM. In all three cases, the apparent Jmax was approximately 19 pmol X cm-2 X s-1. However, the apparent Km (HCO3-) was approximately inversely proportional to [Na+]o, rising from 2.6 to 5.4 to 9.7 mM as [Na+]o was lowered from 425 to 212 to 106 mM, respectively. The [Na+]o dependence of JH was similarly examined at three fixed levels of [HCO3-]o: 12, 6, and 3 mM. The Jmax values did not vary significantly from those in the first series of experiments. The apparent Km (Na+), however, was approximately inversely related to [HCO3-]o, rising from 71 to 174 to 261 mM as [HCO3-]o was lowered from 12 to 6 to 3 mM, respectively. These results agree with the predictions of the ion-pair model of acid extrusion, which has external Na+ and CO3= combining to form the ion pair NaCO3-, which then exchanges for internal Cl-. When the JH data are replotted as a function of [NaCO3-]o, data from all six groups of experiments fall along the same Michaelis-Menten curve, with an apparent Km (NaCO3-) of 80 microM. The ordered and random binding of Na+ and CO3= cannot be ruled out as possible models, but are restricted in allowable combinations of rate constants.
The Competitive Ethos in Television Newswork.

This article seeks a broad‐based critical understanding of competition in the television news business. It views competition not only in terms of a corporate drive for profit but also as a way in which television newsworkers make sense of their jobs and socially construct their world. Yet through these competitive norms and practices, newsworkers inadvertently help legitimate the societal status quo and perpetuate corporate control of the media. Furthermore, this “competitive ethos”; pervades American culture and may have destructive consequences.
Growth Dynamics of Cladophora Glomerata in Western Lake Erie in Relation to Some Environmental Factors

Cladophora was monitored at two sites in western Lake Erie during 1979 and 1980 as part of a lake-wide Lake Erie Cladophora Surveillance Program. Two distinctive zones within the littoral region were colonized by the alga, the eulittoral (splash zone) and infralittoral (defined in the present study as the 0.5–4 m depth zone). Cladophora of the eulittoral zone became established in May and remained present until late fall. The infralittoral zone Cladophora exhibited a bimodal growth pattern related to the seasonal temperature regime, with growth occurring from April to July and again from September to November. The infralittoral zone supported the largest share of biomass, which resulted in nuisance accumulations upon the beaches in the island region. Peak biomass was observed from mid-June to early July, obtaining maximum values of 102 gDW/m2 and 214 gDW/m2 for the 1979 and 1980 seasons, respectively. The depth to which Cladophora colonized was limited by light availability; maximum depth of growth occurred between 2 and 4 m in western Lake Erie due to the turbid nature of the basin. Phosphorus and nitrogen were not limiting to Cladophora growth in western Lake Erie; tissue nutrients remained above the critical levels defined by Gerloffand Fitzgerald (1976) throughout the season.
Colossal permittivity materials: Doping for superior dielectrics

The search for materials with colossal permittivity for use in capacitors has been met with limited success. A newly discovered co-doped titanium oxide material has an extremely high permittivity and negligible dielectric losses, and is likely to enable further scaling in electronic and energy-storage devices.
The Effect of Lighted Incubation on Ribonucleic Acid, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, and Protein Content of Chick Embryos

Abstract Fertile Single Comb White Leghorn eggs were incubated in either normal darkened incubators or in lighted incubators. After 8 days of incubation, embryo weight and the total content of ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and protein were higher for the light-treated embryos than for the embryos in the dark. The concentration of RNA, DNA, and protein was the same for both treatments. The concentration of adenosine triphosphate in the lighted embryos was lower than that of the embryos in the dark at both 7 and 8 days of incubation.
Healing and Hope in the Midst of Devastation: reflections on Katrina in the Aftermath of September 11

This article reflects on Hurricane Katrina within the background and context of 9/11. Included are other tragedies experienced in the School of Medicine when, combined with 9/11, laid the foundation for our continued working through Katrina.
NO parkin in Parkinson's disease.

In their report “ S -nitrosylation of parkin regulates ubiquitination and compromises parkin's protective function” (28 May, p. 1328; Science Express 22 Apr.), K. K. K. Chung et al . raise the intriguing possibility that nitric oxide (NO) may contribute to the degenerative process in Parkinson's
Variation in the resumption of cycling and conception by fecal androgen and estradiol levels in female Northern Muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus).

We measured fecal androgen (T+DHT) and estradiol (E2) levels in female northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) at the Estacao Biologica de Caratinga/RPPN Feliciano Miguel Abdala, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to evaluate the hormonal bases underlying individual variation in the resumption of cycling and conception. We found that androgen levels were significantly lower in females than in males, and that there were no consistent patterns in female androgen levels across precycling or cycling conditions. Females that resumed cycling earlier in the study (weeks 4-8) had higher precycling E2 levels and correspondingly lower precycling androgen/E2 ratios than females that resumed cycling later (weeks 12-16). There were no differences in female precycling androgen levels, but cycling females that conceived during or immediately after the study period had lower androgen levels and threefold higher E2 peaks than the one cycling female that failed to conceive. These results suggest that minimum E2 thresholds are necessary for both the resumption of ovarian cycling and conception. Individual variation in these components of fertility may be regulated by differences in E2 levels, which affect androgen/E2 ratios, rather than by androgen levels per se. Further research into the relative concentrations of T vs. DHT will be necessary to fully evaluate whether androgens affect cycling and conception in this species.
Observations of Hurricane Hortense with two over‐the‐horizon radars

Hurricane Hortense was observed in the Atlantic Ocean on 12 September 1996 by two high-frequency over-the-horizon radars in Texas and Virginia, looking at backscatter from the ocean surface. Dual radar coverage permits construction of an unambiguous surface-wind-direction field and a vector surface-current field with about 15-km resolution in the storm's vicinity. The known location of a storm band coincides with a region of surface convergence indicated by the radar. The surface-current field lags the wind field by about 3 h and shows the strongest ocean response to the right of the storm track, with near-inertial rotation in the storm's wake. Analysis of surface-wave directionality shows that it depends on the recent wind-direction history at each point.
Detection of lipid bilayer membranes formed on silica fibers by double-long period fiber grating laser refractometry

Abstract The formation of lipid bilayer membranes on silica optical fiber surfaces is critical to the development of new optical biosensors based on supported lipid bilayer membrane technology. This paper reports on a new long period fiber grating (LPFG) method using double gratings, one serving as the sensor and another as the reference to correct for environmental factors, to study supported lipid membranes on a silica optical fiber. A method for correcting the effect of the environmental variation on sensor responses is described. The measurements show that formation of eggPC lipid bilayer membranes on the silica optical fiber surface takes place in about 3 min, which is accompanied with about a 500 picometer decrease in the resonance coupling wavelength of the sensor grating. The formation process of eggPC lipid bilayer membranes with and without Gramicidin was measured. It was found that while the presence of Gramicidin does not affect the rate of lipid bilayer membrane formation on the silica fiber, it causes a greater decrease in the resonance coupling wavelength than pure eggPC because of the increased film refractive index. Formation of a lipid bilayer membrane on the silica optical fiber surface was verified by confocal microscopy and through fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis, confirming the formation of a single lipid bilayer on the surface of the silica fiber with a diffusion coefficient of 1.2 μ m2 s−1.
Exploring the Metaphorical Models of Transgenderism

This article explores the metaphorical models English speakers employ in their understanding of transgenderism. Transgender is the term ascribed to those who have begun or completed a change in their sex characteristics from male to female or female to male. Using both qualitative and quantitative measures, I examine an archive of narrative data and a transition-specific corpus to show how spoken and written narrative support a spatially based representation of gender identity and transition. Two robust models are revealed in the data, each carrying a set of suppositions consequential to how speakers understand their lived experience. I show how metaphor-evoking trigger lexemes relate to each model and can be used jointly to demonstrate conceptual salience. This investigation should be seen as part of an ever-growing body of research directed at revealing the unconscious assumptions, which organize speakers’ comprehension of complex topics with political relevance (cf. Charteris-Black, 2004; Lakoff, 2002,...
Orthognathic surgery: a significant contribution to facial and dental esthetics

Esthetic dentistry was once a specialty of the family dentist and the orthodontist. Today it is a field for the prosthodontist, periodontist, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, and others. When jawbones are malpositioned, unesthetic facial contours can result, and dental compensations occur that can be additionally unattractive. Orthodontic attempts to correct malocclusion or other disharmonies of the dentition in affected individuals without surgical intervention can cause tooth instability and result in less than satisfactory cosmetic results. The treatment of orthognathic surgeons is especially well suited for full-face esthetic appearance—the picture the patient views each day in the mirror.
An Evaluation of Striped Bass Fingerling Culture

Abstract This paper presents a synopsis of investigations concerned with culture of striped bass (Morone saxatilis, Walbaum) fingerlings. An historical review of significant events includes the development of hatcheries and rearing techniques. Changes in food habits and feeding behavior occur with early development of the fish. Early instars of copepods and cladocerans are preferred natural foods until the fish are about 10 mm in total length. The diet of fish in the 10–30 mm size group consists mainly of adult copepods supplemented with some cladocerans and insect larvae. Fish in the 30–80 mm size group utilize fewer copepods while cladocerans and insect larvae make up the major portion of the diet. Insect larvae are the most important foods of fish in the 80–100 mm size group. A comparison of first year growth rates of pond-reared striped bass with those sampled from natural waters on the mid-Atlantic Coast indicates that both groups of fish grow at approximately the same rate for the first 30 days, aft...
Separation of plutonium and americium by low-temperature fluorination

The authors have demonstrated separation of Pu and in-grown Am using the gaseous reagent dioxygen difluoride. Aged PuF{sub 4} was fluorinated at room temperature to generate PuF{sub 6} gas, which was trapped separately and reduced to PuF{sub 4}. The reaction product contained very little Am. Unreacted solid had elevated concentrations of Am that were consistent with a material balance. Use of a gaseous reagent and product enabled remote handling during reaction and purification. This result demonstrated a simple and minimal waste alternative that may have application to a number of actinide purification problems.
Heat transfer in spent fuel storage

Abstract Heat transfer and fluid flow analyses are described for the underwater storage of spent fuel from nuclear power reactors. The analytical methods and supporting test measurements have been employed by General Electric Company in the design and licensing of two spent fuel storage systems: (a) High-density racks for storage of BWR spent fuels in at-reactor water basins [1]. (b) Multi-element baskets for storage of BWR and PWR spent fuel in GE's facility near Morris, IL [2]. The results show that natural convection flow through individual spent fuel bundles provides safe and effective temperature control. Under accident conditions the relatively slow dynamics of the basin system permits timely repair to a loss of basin cooling capability without significant risk to the spent fuel in storage.
Molecular evolution of the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO)

The evolutionary relationship of the RuBisCO large subunit gene(s) (rbcL) of several prokaryotes was examined using the technique of heterologous DNA hybridization. Restriction fragments of cloned rbcL from Anacystis nidulans 6301, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and maize were nick-translated and used as probes. The C. reinhardtii and maize probes hybridized with restriction fragment(s) only from cyanobacteria: Agmenellum quadruplicatum, Fremyella diplosiphon, and Mastigocladus laminosus. In addition, the A. nidulans probe hybridized with restriction fragment(s) from Alcaligenes eutrophus, Chromatium vinosum, Nitrobacter hamburgensis, Paracoccus denitrificans, Pseudomonas oxalaticus, Rhodomicrobium vannielii, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, Thiobacillus intermedius, Thiobacillus neapolitanus, and Thiothrix nivea. The elucidated fragment of Rhodopseudomonas species is presumably for the Form I RuBisCO LSU of these organisms. The R. rubrum probe hybridized only to a restriction fragment(s) from R. capsulata, R. palustris, R. sphaeroides, T. neapolitanus, and T. nivea. The fragment(s) of Rhodopseudomonas species is the Form II rbcL of these organisms. The restriction fragments of T. neapolitanus and T. nivea were also different from those elucidated by the A. nidulans probe, suggesting the presence of a second (different) rbcL in these organisms. Positive hybridization was not obtained using any of the probes with DNA from Beggiatoa alba, Chlorobium vibrioforme or Chloroflexus aurantiacus. It appears that all rbcL have evolved from a common ancestor. Our data are consistent with and supportive of the evolutionary scheme for RuBisCO proposed by Akazawa, Takabe, and Kobayashi [1].
The use of microfiche and com indexes to improve municipal document control

Abstract In 1979 The Urbana Free Library and the City of Urbana, Illinois, began a cooperative project designed to solve storage and access problems involving City publications. The Urbana Municipal Documents Project utilizes a variety of micrographic and computer-indexing techniques to reduce file bulk, produce security copies, distribute copies to a number of agencies, provide easy updating of files, allow rapid retrieval and reproduction, and provide the broadest possible subject access. This article explains the working of the Project, with particular emphasis on micrographic and COM (computer output microfiche) technology, and discusses economic, administrative, and political considerations.
EXTENSION OF THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO TURBULENT SYSTEMS

Abstract The energy equations applicable to the mean state of a turbulent fluid are reviewed, and a concept of the relative flux of turbulent kinetic energy is defined. It is shown that such irreversible processes as the decay of mean motion into turbulence, the relative flux of turbulent energy, and eddy diffusion are not governed by the classical laws of thermodynamics, but properly belong in the field of eddy thermodynamics proposed by Richardson. It is found that there exists an eddy analogue of the entropy which is a function of the eddy energy and partial densities of the various constituents of a fluid, and which observations suggest is consistently created by irreversible phenomena of turbulence. This property of eddy entropy is incorporated into a statement which is called the second law of eddy thermodynamics.
Gender, Colonialism and Citizenship in the Modern Middle East

Books reviewed in this article: Selma Botman, Engendering Citizenship in Egypt Margaret L. Meriwether and Judith E. Tucker (eds), A Social History of Women and Gender in the Modern Middle East Elizabeth Thompson, Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon
Ultrastructural characterization of F-actin isolated from Acanthamoeba castellanii and identification of cytoplasmic filaments as F-actin by reaction with rabbit heavy meromyosin.

Abstract The structures of purified ameba F-actin and cytoplasmic filaments of Acanthamoeba castellanii have been studied by electron microscopy. In negatively stained preparations, purified ameba F-actin is a beaded filament about 60Ain diameter and up to 3 μ long, with a double helical substructure similar to muscle F-actin. When reacted with rabbit muscle heavy meromyosin, ameba F-actin forms a complex consisting of a periodic linear array of ‘arrowheads’ with a spacing of 370Athat is indistinguishable from the complex between rabbit muscle F-actin and heavy meromyosin. The long thin 80Afilaments that are seen in electron micrographs of thin sections of untreated Acanthamoeba are still present after extraction of the amebas with glycerol. After treatment of the glycerinated amebas with the heavy meromyosin, distinct arrowhead complexes form along the filaments. This reaction specifically identifies the filaments as actin, first, because it can be blocked by Mg-pyrophosphate or Mg-ATP, compounds which are known to dissociate actin and heavy meromyosin and second, because the reaction does not occur with the non-specific mixture of proteins found in goat serum. The identification of the cytoplasmic filaments as F-actin strongly suggests that the filaments participate in the movement of the ameba.
Immunology of Parasitic Helminth Infections

Parasitic helminths, or worms, comprise a diverse group of metazoan organisms that infect billions of people and their domesticated animals worldwide ([22][1]). In large part, helminthiases are caused by members of the phyla Nematoda and Platyhelminthes ([59][2], [68][3]). Species belonging to both
La acción ritual indígena ante el sistema mundial: ritos marubo de curación, solidaridad y resistencia

Este ensayo examina el papel de los rituales y discursos ceremoniales marubo en los enfrentamientos con el sistema global en sus aspectos politico-economicos. Durante y despues de la fiebre del caucho (aprox. 1890-1920), los antepasados de los marubo migraron desde sus ubicaciones previas hasta un nuevo lugar en las cabeceras de los riachuelos de la cuenca del Yavari, aislandose de la participacion en las actividades economicas del comercio del caucho. Ahi, construyeron una alianza entre miembros de diferentes etnias pano. La alianza fue mediada por el desarrollo de un nuevo sistema ceremonial centrado en los ritos de curacion y las fiestas, ambas categorias justificadas por una filosofia de antiviolencia, intercambio y cuidado mutuo, explicitamente pensada para sobrevivir a la fiebre del caucho. Con el tiempo, la alianza se convirtio en fusion etnica, dando lugar a una nueva identidad etnica. A finales del siglo XX, los marubo se enfrentaron a una reintegracion al sistema global, a traves de la incorporacion a la organizacion burocratica del estado brasileno. Otra vez crearon una alianza interetnica, la organizacion indigena CIVAJA. Esta alianza fue mediada por las reuniones del movimiento indigena y sus discursos sobre autonomia y poder indigena. El ensayo concluye mostrando un ejemplo concreto del uso del sistema ceremonial marubo para invertir las relaciones de poder entre indigenas y burocracia.
The effect of syllable repetition rate on vocal characteristics

Abstract This study examined whether mean vocal fundamental frequency ( F 0 ) or speech sound pressure level (SPL) varies with changes in syllable repetition rate. Twenty-four young adults (12 M and 12 F) repeated the syllables/p∧/,/p∧tə/, and/p∧təkə/at a modeled “slow” rate of approximately one syllable per second, at a self-selected “comfortable” rate, and at their maximum rate. For both male and female subjects there was a significant increase in F 0 , but not SPL, between the “slow” and “maximal” and between the “comfortable” and “maximal” repetition rates. Conversely, there was no significant difference in mean F 0 associated with syllable type, whereas significant SPL differences were most likely due to differences in plosive aspiration, syllable stress, and juncture between the mono-, bi-, and tri-syllabic sequences. These results suggest that there is a laryngeal adjustment that attends an increase in speech rate, lending additional support for speech and voice treatment strategies that employ rate modification techniques. Learning outcomes: The reader will be able to: (1) outline the advantages and disadvantages of using a syllable-repetition task to evaluate speech rate; (2) describe how vocal F 0 and speech SPL are affected by changes in speech rate; and (3) describe the clinical and theoretical implications of the results from this study.
The distribution of afferents representing the right and left eyes in the cat's visual cortex

Abstract The presumed anatomical basis for ocular dominance columns in the cat's visual cortex was demonstrated autoradiographically. Transneuronal transport of radioactive materials following an intraocular injection of tritiated proline and fucose was used to identify the set of thalamocortical afferents representing the injected eye. In normal cats, ipsilateral to the injected eye discrete patches of silver grains were visible in layer IV and the base of layer III of areas 17 and 18. The distribution of grains in the contralateral hemisphere of area 17 was almost continuous in layer IV, but there were clear indications of periodic fluctuations in concentration. This pattern of labeling presumably reveals the overall pattern of the physiologically defined ocular dominance columns. As expected, there was a strip of heavy labeling within the monocular segment of the contralateral hemisphere and a corresponding absence of label in this region ipsilateral to the injected eye. When large portions of the fourth layer in areas 17 and 18 of the ipsilateral hemisphere were reconstructed from serial parasagittal into a system of irregular bands roughly 0.5 mm wide separated by gaps of similar width containing less label. The bands ran mediolaterally and perpendicular to the anatomical 17–18 border. The combined size of a left and right eye band was about 1 mm, both in cortex representing central and peripheral visual fields. The bands almost doubled in width within area 18. In the contralateral hemisphere the bands were less distinct due to the widespread presence of label in layer IV. This arrangement suggested that geniculocortical afferents from the two eyes share a good deal of fourth layer territory. One cat with artificially produced squint and one short-term monocularly d deprived kitten were also studied. The primary effect of both forms of deprivation was to render the system of fourth layer bands more distinct, particularly within the hemisphere contralateral to the eye injection.
Ventral motor neuron alterations in rat spinal cord after chronic exercise.

The observed differences in the soma and nuclear diameters reflect chronic changes specific to each exercise regimen used.
Photoreceptor orientation in the primate eye.

IT is usually considered that the outer portions* of photoreceptor cells of primate and other retinas behave as light pipes or waveguides1,2, each receptor preferentially accepting rays which are coaxial or nearly coaxial with the receptor's axis of cylindrical symmetry3. A receptor takes advantage both of a long axial path and of the planar orientation of its visual pigment molecules4–7 for maximal light absorption while at the same time confining light to one point in the retinal plane and in visual space. Preferential acceptance thus leads simultaneously to high sensitivity and to good angular resolution, for light detection.
Costs and benefits of vehicle inspection: a case study of the Maryland region

Abstract Vehicle emission inspection programs, as required by the Clean Air Act amendments of 1977, are now in place in over 40 regions of the U.S. Their purpose is to reduce the in-use emissions of vehicles, and hence to improve air quality and provide health and other economic benefits. We examine the full social costs and benefits for a representative emission inspection program, the Maryland program in the Baltimore/Washington corridor. Using data from a survey of drivers, we are able to estimate the full social costs of the program. We also estimate the joint reduction of both carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon (HC) pollution and the resulting benefits. Both cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses are performed. We find the costs to be many times higher than a reasonable measure of the benefits in the Maryland region. Also, the costs are high relative to the cost of reducing pollution from other sources. We simulate some modifications to the Maryland program to determine ways to make it more cost-effective. Extending the inspection to include older vehicles, and increasing the repair limit for the waiver policy would improve the efficiency of the program.
Real Time Vibrational Spectroscopy Using Raman Induced Phase Conjugation In Liquids And Solids

A real time technique to measure phonon dynamics using the Raman induced phase conjugation technique in combination with streak-camera technology is described. The technique is used to carry out spectral measurements of the third order nonlinear susceptibility and to determine vibrational and optical phonon dephasing kinetics in liquids and solids
Comments on "Effects of carrier diffusion on the small-signal behavior of IMPATT diodes"

The above paper presented computed results for the effects of carrier diffusion on the small-signal behavior of avalanche diodes. It is suggested that these results be treated with caution, since the equations solved are not those normally associated with the problems under consideration. Other aspects of the paper1which could be misleading are also indicated.
Some critical uniaxial experiments for viscoplasticity at room temperature

Abstract An austenitic AISI Type 304 stainless steel, a ferritic A533B pressure vessel steel and a Ti-7Al-2Cb-1Ta alloy were tested using a servocontrolled MTS axial-torsion testing machine. Tests involved changes in strain rate between 10−8 and 10−3 s−1 and intermittent creep periods of less than 1200 s duration. The tests show that inelastic work is not a suitable repository for modeling strain (work)-hardening and the Bauschinger effect is found to be rate dependent. Upon an increase in stress level, creep rate can decrease. This anomaly can be reproduced by a theory of viscoplasticity based on overstress previously proposed by the first author and his co-workers.
Molecular characterizations of the equine herpesvirus 1 ETIF promoter region and translation initiation site.

Abstract The equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) homolog of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) tegument phosphoprotein, αTIF (Vmw65; VP16), was identified previously as the product of open reading frame 12 (ORF12), was shown to trans -activate immediate-early (IE) gene promoters, and was described as a 60-kDa virion component designated ETIF. However, the ETIF promoter region and transcription initiation site were not identified. The poly(A) signal of the gene 11 (UL49 homolog) lies just upstream of the first ETIF translation initiation codon, indicating that the first ATG may not be used for initiating ETIF translation. Another in-frame translation initiation codon (ATG2) is located 88 bp downstream of the first ETIF initiation codon (ATG1). Western blot analysis showed that the expressed ETIF protein migrated in SDS–PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 56 kDa, the same molecular weight identified in SDS–PAGE analysis of the KyD EHV-1 virion preparations. The ETIF expression vector pCETIF, which contains ATG2, trans -activated the IE promoter more efficiently than the pC12 containing both ATG1 and ATG2. S1 nuclease analyses mapped the 5′ initiation site of the 1.4-kb transcript approximately 17 to 21 nt downstream of the ATG1. The nucleotide sequence upstream of the ATG1 did not have any promoter activity, while the nucleotide sequence upstream of the ATG2 had promoter activity. In transient transfection assays, the pETIFM2 vector, which was mutated in the ATG2, did not trans -activate the IE promoter; however, the pETIFM1 vector, which was mutated in the ATG1, trans -activated the IE promoter. These results demonstrated that the ATG2 of the ETIF ORF is the ETIF translation initiation codon. ETIF trans -activated only the IE promoter, not early (EICP0, EICP22, EICP27, and thymidine kinase) or late (IR5) promoters, confirming that EICP0, EICP22, and EICP27 are early genes.
Transcriptional Profiles of Treponema denticola in Response to Environmental Conditions

The periodontal pathogen T. denticola resides in a stressful environment rife with challenges, the human oral cavity. Knowledge of the stress response capabilities of this invasive spirochete is currently very limited. Whole genome expression profiles in response to different suspected stresses including heat shock, osmotic downshift, oxygen and blood exposure were examined. Most of the genes predicted to encode conserved heat shock proteins (HSPs) were found to be induced under heat and oxygen stress. Several of these HSPs also seem to be important for survival in hypotonic solutions and blood. In addition to HSPs, differential regulation of many genes encoding metabolic proteins, hypothetical proteins, transcriptional regulators and transporters was observed in patterns that could betoken functional associations. In summary, stress responses in T. denticola exhibit many similarities to the corresponding stress responses in other organisms but also employ unique components including the induction of hypothetical proteins.
COCORP profiles from the Montana plains: The Archean cratonic crust and a lower crustal anomaly beneath the Williston basin

New COCORP deep seismic reflection profiles from the Montana plains between the Rocky Mountains and the Williston basin image the crystalline continental basement of the Archean Wyoming cratonic province on a regional scale. The crust is, in general, reflective throughout its entire thickness. West of the Williston basin, the crust-mantle boundary is at the base of the reflective zone and is not marked by the presence of any distinctive reflections. The lowermost crust beneath the Williston basin is, in contrast, characterized by a prominent, laterally extensive zone of relatively high-amplitude reflections. If, as the spatial correlation suggest, the anomalously reflective lower crustal zone is causally related to the subsidence of the basin, then the data place constraints in addition to those of the sedimentary record on physical models for the evolution of the Williston basin.
NDE reliability and process control for structural ceramics

The reliability of microfocus x-radiography and scanning laser acoustic microscopy for detecting microvoids in silicon nitride and silicon carbide was statistically evaluated. Materials- and process-related parameters that influenced the statistical findings in research samples are discussed. The use of conventional x-radiography in controlling and optimizing the processing and sintering of an Si3N4-Si02-Y203 composition designated NASA 6Y is described. Radiographic evaluation and guidance helped develop uniform high-density Si3N4 modulus-of-rupture bars with improved four-point flexural strength (857, 544, and 462 MPa at room temperature, 1200 C, and 1370 C, respectively) and reduced strength scatter.
Transition to turbulence in pipe flow for water and dilute solutions of polyethylene oxide

An experimental study of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a long 0·248in. I.D. pipe is reported for both water and dilute water solutions of polyethylene oxide which exhibit turbulent flow drag reduction (the Toms phenomenon). The drag-reducing solutions, ranging in effectiveness from near zero to the maximum attainable, are observed to undergo transition in a similar way to the Newtonian solvent in that the solutions exhibit intermittency and the growth rates of the turbulent patches are essentially equal to those of the pure solvent. The growth rate of turbulent patches indicates that drag reduction is associated with the small-scale structure of the turbulence near the pipe wall while patch growth is associated with the larger-scale turbulence in the outer flow. For low-disturbance pipe inlet conditions the strong drag-reducing solutions are observed to undergo transition at lower Reynolds numbers than the pure solvent.
Sources of Consumer Satisfaction with Retail Outlets: Issues and Evidence

This paper identifies and compares the underlying dimensions of two types of retail stores. The dimensions and a situational variable are then used to explain retail satisfaction. The retail dimensions were similar across type of store and consistent with previous research. Contrary to some previous retail satisfaction research, however, dimension satisfaction was a poor predictor of store satisfaction. The situational variable (stockout) entered the stepwise multiple regressions first and explained the most variance in retail satisfaction for both retail types. This finding is consistent with the generally accepted Oliver product satisfaction model. Retail satisfaction conceptualization and measurement issues are discussed in light of the findings.
Impact of Amoxicillin Prophylaxis on the Incidence, Nature, and Duration of Bacteremia in Children After Intubation and Dental Procedures

Background— Controversy exists about the impact of prophylactic antibiotics on bacteremia after invasive dental procedures. The purpose of this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study wa...
"Vascular age" is advanced in children with atherosclerosis-promoting risk factors.

Background— Obesity and familial dyslipidemia in children are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis by pathological examination. We sought to determine whether these children had increased carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis similar to 45-year-old adults. Adult CIMT percentile tables were used for comparison because normative CIMT data for children are limited. Methods and Results— Seventy children, ages 6 to 19 years, with obesity- and atherosclerosis-promoting risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and tobacco smoke exposure, or with familial dyslipidemia, underwent carotid artery ultrasound. Advanced “vascular age” (VA) was defined as having maximum CIMT that was ≥25th percentile for race- and sex-matched 45-year-old adults. Mean age was 13.0±3.3 years. Forty (57%) of 70 children had body mass index ≥95th percentile for age and sex. Maximum CIMT for obese children was 0.53±0.05 mm and for familial dyslipidemic children was 0.52±0.04 mm. Advanced VA was seen in 30 (75%) of obese children and 22 (73%) of familial dyslipidemic children. Thirty (75%) of obese children had >3 mutable atherosclerosis-promoting risk factors; these children had a nonsignificantly higher maximum CIMT compared with obese children with ≤3 risk factors (0.54±0.06 mm versus 0.52±0.03 mm, P =0.07). Obese children with high fasting triglyceride levels were more likely to have advanced VA. Conclusions— VA is advanced and comparable in obese children with atherosclerosis-promoting risk factors and in children with familial dyslipidemia. Advanced VA is prevalent in obese children with high fasting triglyceride levels. Received May 15, 2009; accepted November 5, 2009. # CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE {#article-title-2}
Stability and performance of intersecting aircraft flows under decentralized conflict avoidance rules

This paper considers the problem of two intersecting aircraft flows under decentralized conflict resolution rules. Considering aircraft flowing through a fixed control volume, new air traffic control models and scenarios are defined that enable the study of long-term aircraft flow stability. For a class of two intersecting aircraft flows, this paper considers conflict scenarios involving arbitrary encounter angles. It is shown that aircraft flow stability, defined both in terms of safety and performance, is preserved under the decentralized conflict resolution algorithm considered. It is shown that the lateral deviations experienced by aircraft in each flow are bounded.
Preparing Special Education Teachers for Urban Settings.

In this article, we describe a special education personnel preparation program designed to prepare special educators to meet the increased demand for urban special educators. The urban school environment demands special educators who are prepared to teach students not only with diverse linguistic, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds, but students for whom poverty, disease, and transience are major elements of their life style. The program was designed to provide immersion in urban schools while learning the instructional and collaborative skills needed to thrive in an environment that few of the graduate students had been exposed to. In addition to its focus on urban education issues, the sequence of the internship was unusual in that interns completed their internship during the initial rather than final year of the program. Through an analysis of interviews with graduate students and mentor teachers from all three years of this project, we provide a discussion of the expanded role and responsibilities of s...
The effect of a hydrogen peroxide wound care regimen on tensile strength of suture.

Objective: To compare the tensile strength of nylon, polypropylene, and fast-absorbing gut sutures treated with either 3% hydrogen peroxide or water for a period of 5 days to emulate a wound care r...
Generalized Expectation Criteria for Semi-Supervised Learning of Conditional Random Fields

This paper presents a semi-supervised training method for linear-chain conditional random fields that makes use of labeled features rather than labeled instances. This is accomplished by using generalized expectation criteria to express a preference for parameter settings in which the model’s distribution on unlabeled data matches a target distribution. We induce target conditional probability distributions of labels given features from both annotated feature occurrences in context and adhoc feature majority label assignment. The use of generalized expectation criteria allows for a dramatic reduction in annotation time by shifting from traditional instance-labeling to feature-labeling, and the methods presented outperform traditional CRF training and other semi-supervised methods when limited human effort is available.
Effects of 13 cis-Retinoic Acid on Growth and Differentiation of Human Follicular Carcinoma Cells (UCLA RO 82 W-l) in Vitro

Dedifferentiation of human thyroid tumors is frequently found in humans. The effect of retinoids (13 cis-RA) was studied on the proliferation and differentiation of a human follicular cell line in vitro (UCLA R0 82 W-1). A significant and dose-dependent reduction (P less than 0.001) in cell number and [3H] thymidine uptake was found in cells exposed to 13 cis-RA up to 10 microM. Higher concentrations of 13 cis-RA, however, led to a dose-dependent restoration of cell proliferation. Various parameters of differentiation increased under the influence of 13 cis-RA (10 microM) over nonexposed cells. The 125I uptake increased 4-fold over that in control nonexposed cells (P less than 0.05). [125I] Epidermal growth factor binding increased 5-fold, and [125I] human TSH binding increased significantly after exposure to 13 cis-RA (P less than 0.02). Deiodinase activity, however, was significantly lower in 13 cis-RA exposed cells than in control cells. The present study shows that 13 cis-RA (10 microM) drives the tumor cells toward a more normal state of proliferation and differentiation.
Identification of novel quaternary domain interactions in the Hsp90 chaperone, GRP94

The structural basis for the coupling of ATP binding and hydrolysis to chaperone activity remains a central question in Hsp90 biology. By analogy to MutL, ATP binding to Hsp90 is thought to promote intramolecular N-terminal dimerization, yielding a molecular clamp functioning in substrate protein activation. Though observed in studies with recombinant domains, whether such quaternary states are present in native Hsp90s is unknown. In this study, native subunit interactions in GRP94, the endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90, were analyzed using chemical cross-linking in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry. We report the identification of two distinct intermolecular interaction sites. Consistent with previous studies, one site comprises the C-terminal dimerization domain. The remaining site represents a novel intermolecular contact between the N-terminal and middle (M) domains of opposing subunits. This N+M domain interaction was present in the nucleotide-empty, ADP-, ATP-, or geldanamycin-bound states and could be selectively disrupted upon addition of synthetic geldanamycin dimers. These results identify a compact, intertwined quaternary conformation of native GRP94 and suggest that intersubunit N+M interactions are integral to the structural biology of Hsp90.
A Nested-Reactance Feedback Power Amplifier for $Q$ -Band Applications

A power amplifier (PA) topology is presented that incorporates a feedback network around the transistor to satisfy matching requirements. Circuit parameters can be tuned for small- and large-signal circuit operation. The PA is fabricated in a 120-nm SiGe BiCMOS process and performs from 36 to 41 GHz. The PA achieves a saturated output power of 23 dBm and a peak power-added efficiency of 20% at 38 GHz. This is the highest reported output power from a single PA at Q -band in silicon.
Decisions About Substance Abuse Among Adolescents in Juvenile Detention

Ethnographic research was done to discover how adolescents make decisions about substance abuse while in juvenile detention. Segments of transcribed data from small focus group discussions portray the perspectives of 20 teenage girls in one juvenile detention facility located in a large metropolitan area. Observations and individual interviews corroborated the dynamic interactive dialogue occurring among the teens during group discussions. The young women described the situations and problems that led to substance abuse and their subsequent detention. The sharing of life experiences provided an opportunity to reinforce resolutions to change and plans to abstain from troublesome behaviors in the future. Language: en
From City to City: Tan Malaka, Shanghai and the Politics of Geographical Imagining

This paper focuses on the geographical imagining and agency of colonised people by exploring particular accounts in the life-experience manuscript of Tan Malaka (1897-1949), a displaced Indonesian “radical”, who found himself in Shanghai in January 1932 and engulfed in the semi state of war between China and Japan. It traces the ways in which this adventure in Shanghai both shaped and was shaped by how this “hero of national independence” confronted colonialism and the nationalist agitations in Jakarta in the 1940s. It, thus, traces the ways in which the landscape and contradictions in the social space of the (colonial) city heightened the consciousness of people in the colonial world, transforming the way they thought about their social and political identities.