cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanofluidic rocking Brownian motors for multi-channel separation of spherical nanoparticles with nanometer scale resolution

Rocking Brownian motors achieve directional motion in highly diffusive environments by combining an inherently asymmetric static potential energy landscape and an oscillating “rocking” force [1, 2]. Our nanofluidic imple- mentation [3] features a confining wall with a ratchet-type nano-topography and AC electric fields as driving force. The potential energy landscape is due to electrostatic interactions between the charged particles and wall surfaces in close proximity. Based on this scheme, we have developed a nanoparticle size-separation device [4]. Along the particle transport direction, one of the confining walls features a sawtooth-like topography with a superimposed slope. In turn, we obtain a ratchet-shaped potential with increasing potential energy barrier heights caused by the decreasing nanofluidic gap. A sharp drop in particle current occurs as the potential barriers increase. The drop happens the later, the smaller the particle size. This allows for a sequential separation of the particle suspension into multiple sub-populations. The device was modeled by solving the Fokker-Planck equation. We show that the physics of the separation mechanism is governed by the energy landscape under forward tilt of the ratchet. The separation resolution is thus only dependent on the applied force. Experimentally, we demonstrate the separation of spherical gold particles of nominal 80 and 100 nm diameters with an applied voltage of 3.5 V and a sorting time of 20 s. We achieve a resolution of 2 nm, in accordance with our simulation results.
A Clinical Conundrum: Intensifying Glycemic Control in the Presence of Advanced Diabetic Retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a potentially devastating complication of diabetes because of the risk of developing blindness. While therapies to prevent blindness are improving, in much of the world visual impairment continues to occur and impact on the lives of people with diabetes and the societies they live in (1,2). Glycemic control has been shown to provide protection from progression of DR (3–5), but there appear to be limits to that protection. Lowering A1C with a goal of achieving A1C <7% was no better than using a goal slightly above that (6.8% vs. 7.3%) when baseline A1C was ∼7.5% at the outset; this small decrement and small continued difference did not further protect the retina (6). Furthermore, if duration of diabetes is sufficiently long, even relatively tight control is eventually associated with development of DR (3–5), suggesting that there are other factors that mediate DR besides glycemia (7,8). Another factor that might limit the effect of improving glycemia to prevent progression is the presence of advanced DR at the time of initiating a glycemic control trial (9). The Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT) did not show evidence of protection against DR progression, explained by the severity level of DR at the start of the trial (9), which was greater than in other comparable large trials (3–5). This month's issue of Diabetes Care contains another publication from the VADT with the major outcome focused on eye procedures that were performed subsequent to entry into …
Epistemic Coherentism: “Circles” of Justification

Epistemic coherentism provides a solution to the regress problem that is most popular among contemporary philosophers. But talk of the coherence theory of justification can be misleading. For ‘coherentism’ is actually an imprecise catchword referring to several very different theories of justification. Yet these different coherence theories do have at least one feature in common: the denial that justification requires foundations. By clarifying this metaphorical talk of foundations, we can get at the heart, or at least at one of the hearts, of epistemic coherentism. For present purposes we may regard a foundation of justification as a belief that is justified independently of any justificatory relations to other beliefs and somehow supports other justified beliefs that are not foundations. Coherentism excludes such foundations by affirming that all justified beliefs are justified in virtue of their relations to other beliefs. Thus, on the coherentist solution to the regress problem no evidence chains terminate in immediately justified, foundational beliefs. In a sense, all justification is inferential.
Analysis of membrane protein topology using alkaline phosphatase and beta-galactosidase gene fusions.

Publisher Summary This Chapter describes a simple genetic method for identifying the disposition of different parts of a polypeptide chain relative to the membrane, the topology of the membrane protein. This approach is based on the finding that the specific activities of certain enzymes (sensor enzymes), when fused to a membrane protein, reflect the subcellular disposition of the membrane protein fusion site. The chapter describes methods in Escherichia coli for using alkaline phosphatase (the PhoA product, normally a periplasmic protein) and β -galactosidase (the LacZ product, normally a cytoplasmic protein) fusions to analyze topologies of cytoplasmic membrane proteins. The rationale for using gene fusions for the study of membrane protein topology is described in the chapter. The subcellular location of alkaline phosphatase or β -galactosidase attached to a membrane protein generally corresponds to the normal location of the junction site in the unfused membrane protein. The combined use of alkaline phosphatase and β -galactosidase fusions thus provides high enzyme activity signals for both periplasmic and cytoplasmic sites in cytoplasmic membrane proteins. It is also possible to interconvert alkaline phosphatase and β -galactosidase fusions to compare the activities of the two enzymes fused at a single site.
Abstract 11914: Coronary Sinus Lead Extraction_Laser Required

Introduction: Studies of coronary sinus (CS) lead extraction have reported high success rates with manual traction, but largely included leads with dwell times less than 3 years. Our aim was to evaluate CS lead extractions of more chronic leads and establish if dwell time was correlated to complexity of extraction. Methods: This is a single center, retrospective review of 96 consecutive lead extraction procedures. A total of 14 CS leads were identified. Results: Of the 14 CS lead extractions, 13 were successful from an endovascular approach. Indications included 8 cases of endocarditis, 4 pocket infections, 1 dislodged lead and 1 malfunctioning lead. Six extractions were performed with manual traction, dwell time of these leads ranged from 5 months to 28 months, with an average implant time of 10.8 months. Eight extractions required use of a laser sheath (LS) to free the lead from adhesions. In no case was the LS used within the CS. The dwell time of these leads ranged from 45 months to 114 months, with an average lead age of 83.4 months. One LS case also required use of a rotating mechanical sheath. In one LS assisted extraction, the lead fragmented within the CS and could not be recovered endovascularly despite the use of multiple snares. This lead fragment was removed via an open surgical approach. Conclusion: CS leads require the use of advanced extraction tools in the majority of patients. All leads placed in the preceding 28 months were removed with simple manual traction, however all leads that were in place for more than 3 years required use of a LS. In contrast to prior reports, we found that coronary sinus leads posed the same procedural challenges as other cardiac leads and typically require advanced extraction tools. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
The critical path for multiple faults

The critical path technique for determining the single stuck-at faults detected by a test is extended to multiple faults by defining masking paths. A masking tree is used to represent the masking relationships among individual faults. These relationships are then used to determine which multiple faults are actually detected by a test. >
Leadership Plan Addendum – Organization

The Economic Development Department of New Mexico is critical to the growth of the state. The department offers many incentives to private business to encourage industry leaders to select New Mexico as a location for expansion to relocation. The term “Economic Development” is ambiguous in its meaning. The basis break down of this term falls between helping existing businesses to continue their operations, and luring major corporations to relocate to New Mexico.
DIFFUSIVE FRACTIONATION OF REE DURING MANTLE MELTING: EXPERIMENTS AND MODELS

Models for the chemical evolution of melts and their solid residues (including batch, fractional, and dynamic melting models) commonly assume that the solid and liquid remain in equilibrium during melting (e.g., Shaw, 1970; Langmuir et al., 1977). However, because the approach to equilibrium is limited by chemical diffusion in the solid phases, this assumption holds only when the rate of chemical diffusion is rapid compared to the melting rate (e.g., Qin, 1992; Iwamori, 1993). Here we discuss our recent experimental results on the diffusion rates of rare earth elements (REE) in high-Ca pyroxene (cpx) and pyrope-rich garnet at upper mantle pressures and temperatures. We find that diffusion rates of REE in these minerals are sufficiently slow for only partial equilibrium to be maintained under realistic melting conditions. A general model is developed for describing diffusion- controlled chemical fractionation during dynamic partial melting of a polyphase solid, and is used to simulate the distribution of REE between solid phases and melt during decompression melting of garnet and spinel lherzolites. Under conditions relevant to melting beneath mid-ocean ridges, fractionation of the REE is significantly different than would be expected for an equilibrium dynamic melting process. Diffusive fractionation is especially severe for cpx, in which diffusion rates of the REE depend strongly on their ionic radii. The diffusivity of La (i.r. = 0.116 nm) in cpx is a factor of ~35 slower than Yb (i.r. = 0.099 nm). This results in a strong diffusive fractionation in which the larger light REE are held within the cores of cpx grains at concentrations far above equilibrium concentrations, while the heavy REE more closely approach equilibrium with the residual melt (Fig. 1). Diffusive fractionation by cpx results in REE patterns in the residual solid that are far less steep than patterns produced by equilibrium dynamic melting (Fig. 2). In contrast to cpx, REE diffusivities in pyrope-rich garnet are nearly independent of ionic radius and are very similar to each other. Thus diffusive fractionation of the REE by garnet is very weak, and REE patterns produced by disequilibrium dynamic melting are similar in form to those produced by an equilibrium process. The rate of diffusion of REE in garnet is similar to Yb in cpx, so that strong diffusion zoning (such as that seen in Fig. 1 for Ce) is only expected if melting rates are very high or the grain size is very large.
Studies on Cytochrome c Peroxidase XVIII. RECOMBINATION OF APOENZYME WITH PROTOPORPHYRIN AND PROTOHEME MONOMETHYL ESTERS

Abstract Protoporphyrin monomethyl ester and protoheme monomethyl ester were recombined with apocytochrome c per-oxidase. The iron-free porphyrin-protein complex has absorption maxima at 408, 511, 547, 576, and 629 nm. The complex has no peroxidase activity. The protoheme monomethyl ester complex reacts with a stoichiometric amount of hydrogen peroxide to form a fairly stable peroxide intermediate (Compound ES) which exhibited an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal of a "free radical" type at g = 2.0. The EPR spectra of the synthetic enzymes containing protoheme mono- or dimethyl ester show that the enzymes were a mixture of high and low spin compounds at -196° similar to native enzyme. On careful observation, however, the EPR signal of the modified enzymes shows the presence of two different components with slightly different g values. The two components have similar properties in the reaction with cyanide and hydrogen peroxide and also in their electrophoretic and chromatographic patterns. The enzymic activity of the monoester enzyme in the peroxidation of yeast ferrocytochrome c was only 5.6% of that of the native enzyme. It was concluded that both of the propionic groups at positions 6 and 7 of the porphyrin ring are essential for the extremely high turnover rate of cytochrome c peroxidase.
Multidisciplinary task force for controlling drug expenses

The establishment of a multidisciplinary task force to control increasing drug costs is described. From 1986 to 1992, dollars spent on drugs at a 964-bed teaching hospital increased from $9.8 million to $26.8 million, despite a tightly controlled formulary, prudent purchasing practices, prescribing restrictions, an antimicrobial order form program, a target-drug program, and an active pharmacy-run cost intervention program. These increases occurred as a result of changes in the mix of drugs prescribed, increases in outpatient volume, inflation, and price increases resulting from the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. A multidisciplinary task force composed of seven teams--AIDS and related issues, ambulatory care, medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, surgery, and systems and procedures--was formed to identify ways to reduce drug expenses and enhance revenue. Each team made recommendations designed to reduce the rate of growth of pharmaceutical expenses. To implement these recommendations, the task force used a variety of verbal and written strategies to educate and communicate with physicians, pharmacists, nurses, pharmaceutical company representatives, and patients. A system was developed so that goal achievement could be monitored. The program, which was implemented on September 16, 1991, and continued through September 30, 1992, reduced the growth in drug expense by $2.33 million. As a result of the program, control of the drug expenses became an institutional priority, not merely a pharmacy department priority. By establishing a multidisciplinary team approach involving physicians, administrators, nurses, and pharmacists, a substantial reduction in the growth of drug expenses can be achieved.
Mid-infrared spectroscopy as a polymer selection tool for formulating amorphous solid dispersions.

Objectives The development of amorphous solid dispersions is of increasing interest in the delivery of bioactive compounds; however, there is a need for a methodology that enables the rational selection of polymers for solid dispersion formulations with optimal stability to crystallization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy for this purpose. Methods Polymers evaluated included poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), Eudragit E100 (E100), carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), HPMC acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Model crystalline bioactive polyphenols included quercetin and naringenin. Amorphous solid dispersions were prepared by dissolving both polyphenol and polymer in a common solvent followed by solvent evaporation. Mid-IR spectroscopy was used to determine and quantify the extent of polyphenol–polymer interactions, and powder X-ray diffraction was used to monitor physical stability following storage at different environmental conditions. Key findings The mid-IR analysis suggested the following rank order for the crystallization-inhibiting performance of the different polymers: E100 > PVP > HPMCAS > HPMC ≥ CMCAB > PAA. The initial performance of the different polymers was evaluated using the highest concentration of polyphenol for which x-ray amorphous solid dispersions could be prepared via rotary evaporation. The observed stability followed that predicted from the mid-infrared spectroscopy evaluation of intermolecular interactions. The dispersions with better polyphenol–polymer interactions were stable against crystallization when exposed to high relative humidity and high temperatures; on the other hand, systems that had weak interactions were not stable to crystallization when stored at moderate environmental conditions. Conclusions Based on the observed ability of mid-IR analysis to enable the characterization of intermolecular polyphenol–polymer interactions and based on the correlation between the extent of intermolecular interactions and the crystallization-inhibiting performance of polymers, it can be concluded that this technique is an important tool for the rational formulation of solid dispersions with optimized physical stability.
Toward a Vibrant IPE Literature: Commiserating with Cohen

It is difficult to read Jerry Cohen's missive about the IPE literature and respond with anything but applause. I too am concerned with the myriad articles in IPE that endlessly explore marginal variations on a narrow theme. (I would like to think that even if it were my preferred “narrow theme,” it would still concern me.) We should also be cognizant of the costs of publishing only articles that articulate overly particularistic “new” visions of the great questions of our age. The disconnected “islands of theory” that would emerge could peak our interest, but they might not add up to much. Surely there is some middle ground that could offer both interesting speculation and cumulation. I offer six suggestions. 1. Interesting work is available, and we might explore new ways to get it into our premier journals. If I had a good article in a specialized area, would I submit it to a first-tier journal? Perhaps not. Publishing in a niche journal that is read by scholars working in my exact area may provide more impact than waiting months for a decision by a discipline-wide journal (with a very low acceptance rate) to determine whether my work is interesting enough for everyone else. Editors and editorial boards who actively encourage submissions of interesting work from niche communities could help, but this is notoriously difficult. Perhaps a modified version of the “special issue” would be useful in such circumstances. Special issues are hard to organize as each article must be independently reviewed and pass muster. But a novel or promising line of research might generate an invitation for just two submissions to be presented in a “mini-symposium.” Editors could invite several such mini-symposia at a time, to increase the chance that …
Human mammary epithelial antigens (HME‐Ags) in the circulation of nude mice implanted with a breast tumor and non‐breast tumors

Human mammary epithelial antigens (HME-Ags) obtained from the membrane of the human milk fat globule (HMFG) were tested for their possible role as breast tumor markers. Specific antisera raised against HME-Ags were used to monitor plasma concentrations of these antigens in nude mice implanted with a human breast tumor. The level of plasma HME-Ags, determined by radioimmunoassay, was significantly higher in animals transplanted with a human breast tumor (mean +/- standard error; 687 +/- 184 ng/ml) than those with other types of human tumors (colon carcinoma: 50 +/- 29; lung carcinoma: 82 +/- 78; medulloblastoma: less than 30; and Wilson melanoma: less than 30) and healthy control animals (49 +/- 22). Removal of the breast tumor resulted in a significant drop of HME-Ags level to "background" values, suggesting that animals with the breast tumor did release into the circulation HME-Ags which could be possibly used as breast-tumor markers in breast tumor diagnosis.
An Examination of Integrated Cognitive-Interpersonal Vulnerability to Depression: The Role of Rumination, Perceived Social Support, and Interpersonal Stress Generation

This research examined an integration of cognitive and interpersonal theories of depression by investigating the prospective contribution of depressive rumination to perceptions of social support, the generation of interpersonal stress, and depressive symptoms. It was hypothesized that depressive ruminators would generate stress in their relationships, and that social support discontent would account for this association. Further, depressive rumination and dependent interpersonal stress were examined as joint and unique predictors of depressive symptoms over time. Participants included 122 undergraduate students (M age = 19.78 years, SD = 3.54) who completed assessments of depressive rumination, perceptions of social support, life stress, and depressive symptoms across three waves, each spaced 9 months apart. Results revealed that social support discontent accounted for the prospective association between depressive rumination and dependent interpersonal stress, and that both depressive rumination and dependent interpersonal stress contributed to elevations in depressive symptoms over time. These findings highlight the complex interplay between cognitive and interpersonal processes that confer vulnerability to depression, and have implications for the development of integrated depression-focused intervention endeavors.
What do Japanese and Korean Have in Common?: The History of Certain Grammaticalizations

Abstract. Many of the verb endings of modern Japanese and Korean have been created by contracting structures that consist of the stem + attached strings of particles and auxiliaries. Most of the auxiliaries have been taken from free verb stems that were grammaticalized for special purposes. Though the paradigmatic systems grew independently in the two languages, many of the ingredients go back to a common source that we can reconstruct on the basis of their shapes and meanings. Korean and Japanese share certain configurations of meaning and grammar, such as the well-known marking of focus, that are realized by markers which are not directly cognate in these structures but can be seen as cognate with forms in other structures within each language. These two languages have much more in common with each other than either has with any other language. This is why we think it is possible to reconstruct a prehistoric ancestor that can be called proto Korean-Japanese.
Pakistan: Preliminary National Greenhouse Gas Inventory

This paper represents a summary of the Preliminary Inventory of Greenhouse gases of Pakistan during 1999?2000?study period. The gases covered in the inventory are the direct greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane & nitrous oxide) and indirect greenhouse gases (carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, non?methane volatile organic compounds, halocarbons and sulphur dioxide). GHGs producing sectors in the country are divided into five sectors i.e. Energy, Industrial processes, Agriculture, Land?use change and forestry and Waste (guided by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). In each of above a series of emission sources were identified and emission from all these are reported. Two approaches were used (Reference approach and Source category approach) for GHGs estimation. Energy sector is at top, due to its highest share in the anthropogenic source of emission, with Carbon dioxide at biggest shared among the direct and indirect GHGs. A total 93257.39 Gig grams (Gg) of CO2 emitted after consuming 1472953.89 Tera Joules (TJ) fossil fuels by the 137.5 million people. From the past few years, economic graph showed batter results, which stated that lot of resource mobilization has happened over the years, especially in energy sector to meet the country commercial/ domestic demands (Economic Survey of Pakistan, 1999?2000). Lot of interest shows from few years to explore the domestic resources and reduces the country import bill, particularly incase of Coal & Natural gas. Consumption of these hydrocarbons prescribed a scenario of acceding trend in the GHGs emission graph in near future. Inventory also addresses Mitigating options to cut down emissions pace of GHGs, which are not only feasible for country local environment, but based on domestic technology too. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management Vol. 7(2) 2003: 49-54
Maria Edgeworth's Fostering Art and the Fairy Tales of Oscar Wilde

Maria Edgeworth, writer of lengthy treatises on education as well as novels often accused of an overbearing didacticism and marked by the influence of her father's rationalist, Enlightenment ideals, and Oscar Wilde, writer of urbane and sparkling society comedies as well as one scandalous, decadent novel, are rarely evoked together.
A small rugged imaging X-ray spectrometer: A lixiscope with good energy resolution

Abstract A new prototype Lixiscope (Low Intensity X-ray Imaging Scope) is described for operation in the 20–200 keV region. In addition to good spatial resolution, the new prototype is capable of providing simultaneous gamma-ray or X-ray single-photon counting, imaging, and energy resolution. The observed energy resolution determined from gamma-ray pulse-height spectra is only a factor of two poorer than that of a NAI(T1)-PMT (photomultipler tube) system. Taking into account the good spatial resolution, such a Lixiscope is thus equivalent to operating thousands of NaI(T1)-PMT systems in parallel with minimal degradation in overall energy resolution. These characteristics make the new prototype Lixiscope a compact and rugged device eminently suited for possible low-flux imaging applications.
Modification of sudden onset auditory ERP by involuntary attention to visual stimuli

To investigate the cross-modal nature of the exogenous attention system, we studied how involuntary attention in the visual modality affects ERPs elicited by sudden onset of events in the auditory modality. Relatively loud auditory white noise bursts were presented to subjects with random and long inter-trial intervals. The noise bursts were either presented alone, or paired with a visual stimulus with a visual to auditory onset asynchrony of 120 ms. In a third condition, the visual stimuli were shown alone. All three conditions, auditory alone, visual alone, and paired visual/auditory, were randomly inter-mixed and presented with equal probabilities. Subjects were instructed to fixate on a point in front of them without task instructions concerning either the auditory or visual stimuli. ERPs were recorded from 28 scalp sites throughout every experimental session. Compared to ERPs in the auditory alone condition, pairing the auditory noise bursts with the visual stimulus reduced the amplitude of the auditory N100 component at Cz by 40% and the auditory P200/P300 component at Cz by 25%. No significant topographical change was observed in the scalp distributions of the N100 and P200/P300. Our results suggest that involuntary attention to visual stimuli suppresses early sensory (N100) as well as late cognitive (P200/P300) processing of sudden auditory events. The activation of the exogenous attention system by sudden auditory onset can be modified by involuntary visual attention in a cross-model, passive prepulse inhibition paradigm.
Depression is correlated with the psychological and physical aspects of sexual dysfunction in men.

Depression is correlated with the psychological and physical aspects of sexual dysfunction in men
Androgen receptors in chemically‐induced colon carcinogenesis

Cytoplasmic extracts (105,000 x g supernatants) prepared from the colon of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine hydrochloride (DMH) treated male BD-IX rats bound 3H-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) with high affinity (Kd = 3 x 10(-9) M) and low capacity (n = 20 fmoles/mg protein). Unoccupied saturable binding sites were not detected in normal intact colon but were observed in colons from gonadectomized rats. DHT receptors were present in both the ascending and descending segments of the colon. The DHT binding components sedimented as 7--8S species on linear sucrose density gradients and were effectively displaced by cyproterone acetate, but not by progesterone. Forty percent of the DMH-induced colon tumors also bound DHT with high affinity and limited capacity. These results suggest that the sex steroids are involved in carcinogen-induced colon tumorigenesis, and the action is mediated by their association with sex steroid specific receptors.
Biomechanical Assessment of Anchored Cervical Interbody Cages: Comparison of 2-Screw and 4-Screw Designs

BACKGROUND A new anchored cervical interbody polyetheretherketone spacer was devised that uses only 2 integrated variable-angle screws diagonally into the adjacent vertebral bodies instead of the established device that uses 4 diagonal fixed-angle screws. OBJECTIVE To compare in vitro the stability provided by the new 2-screw interbody spacer with that of the 4-screw spacer and a 4-screw anterior plate plus independent polyetheretherketone spacer. METHODS Three groups of cadaveric specimens were tested with 2-screw anchored cage (n = 8), 4-screw anchored cage (n = 8), and standard plate/cage (n = 16). Pure moments (1.5 Nm) were applied to induce flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation while measuring 3-D motion optoelectronically. RESULTS In all 3 groups, the mean range of motion (ROM) and lax zone were significantly reduced relative to the intact spine after discectomy and fixation. The 2-screw anchored cage allowed significantly greater ROM (P < .05) than the standard plate during flexion, extension, and axial rotation and allowed significantly greater ROM than the 4-screw cage during extension and axial rotation. The 4-screw anchored cage did not allow significantly different ROM or lax zone than the standard plate during any loading mode. CONCLUSION The 2-screw variable-angle anchored cage significantly reduces ROM relative to the intact spine. Greater stability can be achieved, especially during extension and axial rotation, by using the 4-screw cage or standard plate plus cage.
The total software upward/downward compatible R 65XX microcomputer family

Abstract Rockwell International has with their new R 65XX microcomputer family addressed themselves to the problem of still increasing trends in the software/hardware cost ratio. This problem was solved in an optimum fashion with the new software upward/downward compatible 8-bit microcomputer family, which employs NMOS depletion load technology. Eleven completely software upward/downward compatible CPU's are in the offering. Therefore, practically the total application spectrum can be satisfied with this microcomputer family. Hence, technical personnel has to learn only one instruction set for many applications and investment in development systems is needed only once. The Rockwell R 65XX flexible development system price is held at an absolute minimum. In addition, Rockwell offers a complete system approach for the R 65XX family. A large selection of ROM, RAM, peripheral and combo-devices is made available. This allows the customer to realize almost his total design with LSI microcomputer devices. High level languages are available to further reduce cost. The future will also hold many more cost saving and interesting technologies like bubble memories etc. in store.
Effects of orally inoculated bacteria on gastrointestinal flora of newborn mice.

SummaryThe emergence and persistence of Gram-positive cocci, lactobacilli and coli-form organisms in the gastrointestinal tracts of Swiss mice from birth to weaning were investigated. Changes in normal bacterial ecology due to oral feedings with both normal and abnormal organisms were described. Proteus vulgaris and to a lesser extent Pseu-domonas aeruginosa delayed the emergence and decreased the quantity of both lactobacilli and Escherichia coli. These mice had moderate increases in growth rates over those of the control groups. Recently isolated Shi-gella species when fed to newborn mice survived passage through the stomach. They did not persist in the G. I. tract nor cause changes in the mice.
Evaluation of Individual Fiber Wear Resistance Using Accelerated Life Testing

Three-dimensional woven materials have recently been suggested as cartilage replacements due to their advantageous mechanical properties. Interfiber abrasion is important for the longevity of the implant as well as the minimization of wear debris. Due to the large material design space, a rapid screening process is desired to identify fibers with high abrasion resistance. A potential screening process is explored by direct wear investigation of orthogonal fibers. Wear volumes, wear coefficients, and debris morphology are investigated for polyester (PET), poly-ether ether ketone (PEEK), titanium, nylon, and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers. A novel test apparatus was developed to allow direct observation of fiber–fiber wear. Wear coefficients were found to be dependent on translating fiber material and were used to deduce a relative ranking of abrasion resistance. This method shows potential for distinguishing preferred fiber pairings for cartilage replacements and provides valuable...
OLIG2 is differentially expressed in pediatric astrocytic and in ependymal neoplasms

The bHLH transcription factor, OLIG2, is universally expressed in adult human gliomas and, as a major factor in the development of oligodendrocytes, is expressed at the highest levels in low-grade oligodendroglial tumors. In addition, it is functionally required for the formation of high-grade astrocytomas in a genetically relevant murine model. The pediatric gliomas have genomic profiles that are different from the corresponding adult tumors and accordingly, the expression of OLIG2 in non-oligodendroglial pediatric gliomas is not well documented within specific tumor types. In the current study, the pattern of OLIG2 expression in a spectrum of 90 non-oligodendroglial pediatric gliomas varied from very low levels in the ependymomas (cellular and tanycytic) to high levels in pilocytic astrocytoma, and in the diffuse-type astrocytic tumors (WHO grades II–IV). With dual-labeling, glioblastoma had the highest percentage of OLIG2 expressing cells that were also Ki-67 positive (mean = 16.3%) whereas pilocytic astrocytoma WHO grade I and astrocytoma WHO grade II had the lowest (0.9 and 1%, respectively); most of the Ki-67 positive cells in the diffuse-type astrocytomas (WHO grade II–III) were also OLIG2 positive (92–94%). In contrast to the various types of pediatric astrocytic tumors, all ependymomas WHO grade II, regardless of site of origin, showed at most minimal OLIG2 expression, suggesting that OLIG2 function in pediatric gliomas is cell lineage dependent.
A parallel inference engine (PIE) (abstract only)

Artificial Intelligence has become more and more of a commercial activity in the early 80's time frame. The idea of the separation of knowledge from inference has stimulated our thought processes into area that we were unable to pursue previously. The conventional languages to support A.I. applications, however, do not lend themselves to real-time applications, especially real-time embedded applications. The primary successful applications have been done from scratch and only reference on knowledge base. However, communication between and synchronization of knowledge bases is a task that is critical for real-time applications.This paper will describe a development environment focused on real-time embedded systems with A.I. as a part of the deliverable system. This environment will support object-oriented design and object-oriented programming, generic knowledge packages such as frames, and a very flexible inference engine.The parallel inference engine is blackboard-driven and has the following features : forward chaining, backward chaining, mixed mode reasoning, constraint satisfaction, dynamic rule ordering, powerful tracing capability, and support for multiple knowledge bases This parallel inference engine runs as a task type in ADA. It uses the inherent generic structure of ADA to help implement many features that would be difficult in languages such as Lisp and Prolog. Using the tasking structure in ADA and the ADA rendezvous, the problem of distributing knowledge over multiple bases is accomplished.This system may be used in stand-alone mode or may be invoked from an already existing systems as a task. Communication between multiple knowledge bases is accomplished by a standard blackboard technique. Security among knowledge is possible because users may restrict rules that are sensitive from communicating outside of the invocation of this particular rule base. The user interface to building these knowledge base is the standard VAX editor.There are numerous applications for embedded A.I. systems. For example, process control system in nuclear power plant control system, embedded real-time applications such as missile guidance and control system, weather monitoring system, chemical refinery system, operating system for multi-processor configuration system, and so on. In addition, this will be suited for the diagnostics and consultation systems also.
Extended-release formulation of morphine for subcutaneous administration

Pain arising from cancer tends to be chronic and chemotherapy of cancer pain usually requires narcotics. Most injectable narcotics, however, have short half-lives (T1/2) and require either continuous infusion or repeated frequent injections which are both inconvenient and uncomfortable. An extended-release formulation of morphine sulfate (Depo/Morphine) in a lipid-based drug-delivery system was characterized and tested in an animal model. The encapsulation efficiency was 53%±4%, and the in vitro release T1/2 in human plasma at 37° C was 12.1±1.1 days. Following s.c. administration of Depo/Morphine, the total amount of morphine remaining at the s.c. injection site decreased monoexponentially with a T1/2 value of 2.59±0.16 days as compared with 0.46±0.04 h following the injection of unencapsulated morphine. The morphine concentration in plasma also decreased monoexponentially with a T1/2 value of 8.33±2.13 days as compared with 0.45±0.21 h for unencapsulated morphine. Cataleptic behavior was observed in mice injected with unencapsulated morphine but not in those given an identical dose of morphine in the form of Depo/Morphine. In conclusion, Depo/Morphine has potential as an extended-release formulation of morphine and may be useful in chemotherapy of cancer pain as well as in maintenance therapy of narcotic addicts.
Electromagnetic modeling of the proposed DESDynI synthetic aperture radar antenna

The proposed DESDynI mission is in pre-formulation by NASA and ISRO for Earth-orbit remote sensing. The mission is envisioned as an interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) operating at L-band and S-band. The proposed instrument features a new mode of radar imaging known as SweepSAR and would be capable of fully polarimetric radar measurements. The radar instrument would be equipped with a large-aperture antenna comprising a deployable reflector antenna and arrays of patch elements. This paper focuses on the electromagnetic modeling of the instrument antenna. Results from two independent electromagnetic modeling programs are described that show good agreement in the accommodated antenna patterns.
Scratch + Xbox Kinect: a magical combination for outreach (abstract only)

Participants will learn how to install Scratch, the Xbox Kinect libraries, and the software that integrates the two. The participant will then practice basic Scratch programming, and then learn how to program Scratch when connected to an Xbox Kinect. Five programming challenges will be given to participants, ranging from easy to difficult. During these activities, the participants will experience the excitement of using their bodies (instead of a mouse and keyboard) as the program controller. Discussions will be held to think about human-computer interactions, standard interaction models, etc., as well as how to help students engage more deeply with computer programming activities. Participants will work in teams of 3 or 4 using participant-supplied laptops running Windows 7.
Comparison of methods for the generation of immunoreactive fragments of a monoclonal antibody (B72.3) reactive with human carcinomas

Abstract Immunoglobulin fragments, whether of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, offer a number of advantages over the intact immunoglobulin. The generation of immunoreactive fragments from monoclonal antibodies (MAb) is not always a straightforward task. Both pepsin and papain can be used to digest MAb to a bivalent molecule with a M r of 100 000. However, pepsin digestion does not always result in immunoreactive fragments and a stable consistent product by papain digestion is often difficult to obtain. MAb B72.3 is an example of both situations. MAb B72.3 reacts with a glycoprotein (TAG-72) with a molecular weight greater than 10 6 . MAb B72.3 has been shown to exhibit a high degree of selective reactivity with colon, breast and ovarian carcinomas and has been used for radioimmunodiagnosis in model systems and in clinical trials. A third enzyme, bromelain, in the same family of sulfhydryl proteases as papain, has been used to generate a fragment of MAb B72.3, with a M r of approximately 100 000. The bromelain-generated fragment of MAb B72.3 retained 100% immunoreactivity as measured in competitive solid-phase radioimmunoassays and could be generated with consistent results from one preparation to another. Both the bromelain- and papain-generated fragments were radiolabelled with 125 I without significant loss of the MAb's reactivity to tumor extracts. Differences were observed between the bromelain- and papain-generated fragment when compared in vivo. Fragmentation of MAb B72.3 with bromelain has yielded a superior bivalent fragment for radioimmunolocalization.
Synergism between alkylating agent and cis-platin with moderate local hyperthermia: the effect of multidrug chemotherapy in an animal system.

The combined effect of multidrug chemotherapy given in combination with hyperthermia was investigated using early-generation isotransplants of a spontaneous fibrosarcoma, FSa-II in C3Hf/Sed mice. Combinations of various types of chemotherapeutic agents, including alkylating agents, cyclophosphamide (CY) and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU); antibiotics, bleomycin (BLM) and mitomycin C (MMC); an antimetabolite, 5-fluorouracil (5FU); and a platinum complex, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cDDP), were examined using the tumour growth (TG) time assay. Simultaneously, the effect of glucose on the response to thermochemotherapy was investigated. Graded doses of the multidrugs were given i.p. immediately before hyperthermia with or without a glucose dose of 5 g/kg given i.p. 60 min before hyperthermia. Hyperthermia was given by immersing the tumour-bearing murine feet into a water bath set at 41.5 +/- 0.05 degrees C for 60 min. Dose-response curves were obtained between the TG time and drug dose. The thermal enhancement ratio (TER) was expressed as a ratio of the slope of the dose-response curve obtained at 41.5 degrees C to that obtained at room temperature. To evaluate normal tissue damage, the number of white blood cells (WBC) was counted from a day before treatment to the 21st day after treatment. A substantial thermal enhancement of the anti-tumour effect was observed in all five multidrug regimens tested. Glucose administered prior to thermochemotherapy further enhanced the antitumour effect. The TER was largest for the combination of CY+cDDP (TER was 5 without glucose). The second largest TER was obtained for a combination of CY+cDDP+MMC (TER was 4.1 without glucose and 6.5 with glucose). The antitumour effects of these two combinations were synergistic at a test elevated temperature only. No synergistic effect was found at room temperature for any of the drug combinations tested. The smaller TERs were observed in the treatment regimens that included 5FU. In general, a decrease in the number of WBC following multidrug chemotherapy was slightly less than that following the individual drugs.
Imaging and Quantitation of Chemiluminescence Using Photoexcitable Storage Phosphor Screen

Abstract A novel storage phosphor (SrS:Ce,Sm) imaging screen optimized for the detection of luminescence has been developed. When coupled with an appropriate scanning system, this screen exhibits the following characteristics: (i) a range of visible light detection between 400 and 500 nm with a peak response at 450 nm; (ii) sensitivity comparable to X-ray film; (iii) 200-μm resolution; (iv) linear dynamic range greater than four orders of magnitude; and (v) a uniformity of response of ±1.32% coefficient of variation. These features facilitate the detection and accurate quantitation of light radiation produced from the enzymatic catalysis of chemiluminescent substrates such as 1,2-dioxetanes and luminol. Its suitability for chemiluminescent applications is demonstrated by the analysis of cosmid hybridization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay samples.
Characterization of gentamicin pharmacokinetics in patients hemodialyzed with high-flux polysulfone membranes

Abstract To characterize the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin during and after hemodialysis (using polysulfone Fresenius F-80 membranes (Fresenius USA, Inc, Walnut Creek, CA), surface area 1.6 m 2 ), eight patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing chronic hemodialysis receiving the drug for therapeutic indications were enrolled. Intradialytic gentamicin half-life, clearance, and amount of gentamicin recovered during a hemodialysis session were also determined. Serum gentamicin concentrations were analyzed using fluorescence polarization immunoassay. The amount of gentamicin recovered was 64.3 ± 14.4 mg, whereas the intradialytic gentamicin half-life was 2.24 ± 0.83 hours, with a clearance of 116 ± 9 mL/min. Gentamicin concentrations rebounded by 27.86% ± 16.4% at 1.5 ± 0.52 hours after the end of the hemodialysis session. The decrease in gentamicin concentrations comparing maximum rebound to prehemodialysis concentrations was 53.54% ± 9.97%. A variable yet substantial amount of gentamicin is removed during hemodialysis using F-80 membranes; hence, supplemental doses are necessary to avoid potential treatment failures. The supplemental doses of gentamicin calculated based on gentamicin concentrations obtained immediately postdialysis could be overestimated if the postdialysis rebound concentrations are not considered. A dosing regimen is suggested using the pharmacokinetic parameters defined by the present study and population estimate of volume of distribution.
ENZYMIC OXIDATION OF EPINEPHRINE TO ADRENOCHROME BY THE SALIVARY GLAND.

Abstract An enzyme in the cat salivary gland that oxidizes epinephrine to adrenochrome is described. Enzyme activity is measured by trapping the unstable adrenochrome with β-phenylisopropylphenylhydrazine. Several catecholamines were found to serve as substrates for the enzyme. Ascorbic acid, GSH and diethyldithiocarbamate inhibit, and monophenols increase enzyme activity.
Products and mechanism of secondary organic aerosol formation from reactions of n-alkanes with OH radicals in the presence of NOx

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from reactions of n-alkanes with OH radicals in the presence of NOx was investigated in an environmental chamber using a thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer for particle analysis. SOA consisted of both first- and higher-generation products, all of which were nitrates. Major first-generation products were δ-hydroxynitrates, while higher-generation products consisted of dinitrates, hydroxydinitrates, and substituted tetrahydrofurans containing nitrooxy, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups. The substituted tetrahydrofurans are formed by a series of reactions in which δ-hydroxycarbonyls isomerize to cyclic hemiacetals, which then dehydrate to form substituted dihydrofurans (unsaturated compounds) that quickly react with OH radicals to form lower volatility products. SOA yields ranged from ∼0.5% for C8 to ∼53% for C15, with a sharp increase from ∼8% for C11 to ∼50% for C13. This was probably due to an increase in the contribution of first-generation products, ...