cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spray-Drying of Biopharmaceuticals

Spray-drying is an ubiquitous application in the pharmaceutical industry, and its use in drug formulation will only continue to expand. The combination of spray-drying and biopharmaceuticals succeeds because of the versatility and flexibility of spray-drying techniques to accommodate fragile biologics and specific formulation requirements. This chapter includes a basic overview of spray-drying, examines alternative spray-drying techniques, and compares and contrasts spray-drying and lyophilization for the preparation of biopharmaceutical formulations. Additionally, this chapter discusses the optimization of excipients, equipment, and operational parameters through specific examples of spray-drying for biopharmaceutical applications including pulmonary delivery, vaccine stabilization and delivery, and inhaled insulin formulations. Ultimately, the choice between lyophilization and spray-drying to produce a solid drug formulation should be guided by the particular biopharmaceutical in question and the desired delivery route.
Does Sex Stereotyping Lead to a Higher Incidence of Male Dyslexia

Inconsistent and contradictory findings across cultures, with respect to sex differences in dyslexia raise doubts about physiological explanations for this male-prevalent condition. Additional doubts are raised due to recent disclosures of sexist bias in determining who shall be labeled as dyslexic.
Abstract P425: Frequency of Nut Consumption is Associated with Reduced Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease in a Very Large Community Cohort

Introduction: Consumption of nuts may improve lipids, insulin resistance and markers of inflammation, and increased nut intake has been associated with lower risk of coronary and cerebrovascular disease. However, an association between nut intake and peripheral artery disease (PAD) is less certain. The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the association between dietary nut consumption and presence of PAD defined by ankle-brachial index (ABI) Methods: Over 3.5 million self-referred participants from 2003-2008 at >20,000 US sites who completed a medical and lifestyle questionnaire were evaluated by screening ankle brachial indices Results: Among 3,503,770 individuals, mean age was 63.6 ±10.6 years and 63% were female. The consumption of nuts ranged from 20% with Conclusions: We present data from a very large community cohort, in which nut consumption exhibited an inverse step-wise relationship with PAD prevalence after correction for established risk factors for atherosclerosis. These observations suggest the need for more rigorous testing for a role for nuts in PAD prevention.
Relations Among Personality Traits, Mood States, and Driving Behaviors

One hundred sixty-three individuals participated in this study, which assessed relations among personality traits, mood states, and driving behaviors. Each participant underwent a standard driving evaluation on the road and completed the NEO PI-R Personality Inventory and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Results indicated that the mood states of depression-dejection, anger-hostility, fatigue-inertia, vigor activity, and tension-anxiety were related to Cautiousness while driving for young adults, while personality traits were not found to be related to driving. Implications of these findings are discussed.
New Universities Overseas

(1962). New Universities Overseas. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 33, No. 9, pp. 510-511.
The earth's forced nutations - Geophysical implications

Theories of nutation are examined critically to develop an extension of the theoretical description based on an earth in nonhydrostatic equilibrium. The estimation of nutation amplitude as a function of frequency is reviewed with reference to contributing variables such as the oceans, mantle anelasticity, and nonhydrostatic structure. Theoretical results by Wahr (1981) are compared to those of VLBI observations, and other VLBI data are used to discuss Wahr and Bergen's (1986) theoretical nutation admittances for an anelastic earth. The contributions associated with the tilt-over mode and with free-core nutations (FCN) are discussed, and the contribution of anelasticity is examined. The VLBI data show that nutation data are important sources of information regarding the earth's interior. Nutation amplitudes are derived with a model for a nonhydrostatically prestressed earth to determine the FCN contributions.
Evaluation of Improvement in Nasal Obstruction Following Nasal Valve Correction in Patients With a History of Failed Septoplasty

ImportancePatients with a septal deviation and concerns about nasal obstruction often undergo septoplasty to improve nasal airflow. Following primary septoplasty, however, some patients have persis...
Thermochemical stability of the HO2–HClO4 complex

Abstract The Van der Waals complex between hydroperoxy radical (HO2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been studied using the B3LYP density functional theory method, the second-order Moller–Plessett level of theory, as well as the coupled-cluster method (CCSD(T)) with basis sets as large as 6-311++G(3df, 3pd). Our calculations show stabilization energies for HO2–HOCl of 4.83, 5.03, 4.64, and 5.28 kcal/mol at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df, 3pd), MP2/6-311++G(3df, 3pd), CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df, 3pd) and G2 levels of theory, respectively.
Perfect hashing and CNF encodings of cardinality constraints

We study the problem of encoding cardinality constraints (threshold functions) on Boolean variables into CNF. Specifically, we propose new encodings based on (perfect) hashing that are efficient in terms of the number of clauses, auxiliary variables, and propagation strength. We compare the properties of our encodings to known ones, and provide experimental results evaluating their practical effectiveness.
CAMS verification of single-linked high-threshold D-criterion detected meteor showers

Abstract From preliminary 2010–2011 results of the Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance (CAMS) meteoroid orbit survey, which were combined with published 2007–2009 SonotaCo video meteor network data, 55 new meteor showers (##448–502) were identified and added to the IAU Working List on Meteor Showers in 2012. These showers were identified based on an automated single-linked D SH -criterion analysis of a combined 105,000 orbits with high-threshold (a low D SH V g > 40 km/s showers, 54% of the V g = 18–40 km/s showers, and 90% of the slow V g
Mining for strong negative associations in a large database of customer transactions

Mining for association rules is considered an important data mining problem. Many different variations of this problem have been described in the literature. We introduce the problem of mining for negative associations. A naive approach to finding negative associations leads to a very large number of rules with low interest measures. We address this problem by combining previously discovered positive associations with domain knowledge to constrain the search space such that fewer but more interesting negative rules are mined. We describe an algorithm that efficiently finds all such negative associations and present the experimental results.
Quantitative Trait Loci Involved in Genetic Predisposition to Acute Alcohol Withdrawal in Mice

Alcohol dependence (alcoholism) is accompanied by evidence of tolerance, withdrawal (physiological dependence), or compulsive behavior related to alcohol use. Studies of strain and individual differences using animal models for acute physiological dependence liability are useful means to identify potential genetic determinants of liability in humans. Behavioral and quantitative trait analyses were conducted using animal models for high risk versus resistance to acute physiological dependence. Using a two-step genetic mapping strategy, loci on mouse chromosomes 1, 4, and 11 were mapped that contain genes that influence alcohol withdrawal severity. In the aggregate, these three risk markers accounted for 68% of the genetic variability in alcohol withdrawal. Candidate genes in proximity to the chromosome 11 locus include genes encoding the alpha1, alpha6, and gamma2 subunits of type-A receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA. In addition, suggestive linkage is indicated for two loci on mouse chromosome 2, one near Gad1 encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase, and the other near the El2 locus which influences the seizure phenotype in the neurological mutant strain El. The present analyses detect and map some of the loci that increase risk to develop physiological dependence and may facilitate identification of genes related to the development of alcoholism. Syntenic conservation between human and mouse chromosomes suggests that human homologs of genes that increase risk for physiological dependence may localize to 1q21-q32, 2q24-q37/11p13, 9p21-p23/1p32-p22.1, and 5q32-q35.
Mining the space of graph properties

Existing data mining algorithms on graphs look for nodes satisfying specific properties, such as specific notions of structural similarity or specific measures of link-based importance. While such analyses for predetermined properties can be effective in well-understood domains, sometimes identifying an appropriate property for analysis can be a challenge, and focusing on a single property may neglect other important aspects of the data. In this paper, we develop a foundation for mining the properties themselves. We present a theoretical framework defining the space of graph properties, a variety of mining queries enabled by the framework, techniques to handle the enormous size of the query space, and an experimental system called F-Miner that demonstrates the utility and feasibility of property mining.
Closure systems and their structure

Abstract Closure is a fundamental property of many discrete systems. Transitive closure in relations has been well studied, as has geometric convexity closure and closure in various kinds of graphs. The closed sets of these uniquely generated, antimatroid operators illustrate a well-behaved internal structure. This paper shows that much of this structure is preserved by even closure operators that are not uniquely generated.
Txnip balances metabolic and growth signaling via PTEN disulfide reduction

Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) inhibits thioredoxin NADPH-dependent reduction of protein disulfides. Total Txnip knockout (TKO) mice adapted inappropriately to prolonged fasting by shifting fuel dependence of skeletal muscle and heart from fat and ketone bodies to glucose. TKO mice exhibited increased Akt signaling, insulin sensitivity, and glycolysis in oxidative tissues (skeletal muscle and hearts) but not in lipogenic tissues (liver and adipose tissue). The selective activation of Akt in skeletal muscle and hearts was associated with impaired mitochondrial fuel oxidation and the accumulation of oxidized (inactive) PTEN, whose activity depends on reduction of two critical cysteine residues. Whereas muscle- and heart-specific Txnip knockout mice recapitulated the metabolic phenotype exhibited by TKO mice, liver-specific Txnip knockout mice were similar to WT mice. Embryonic fibroblasts derived from knockout mice also accumulated oxidized (inactive) PTEN and had elevated Akt phosphorylation. In addition, they had faster growth rates and increased dependence on anaerobic glycolysis due to impaired mitochondrial fuel oxidation, and they were resistant to doxorubicin-facilitated respiration-dependent apoptosis. In the absence of Txnip, oxidative inactivation of PTEN and subsequent activation of Akt attenuated mitochondrial respiration, resulting in the accumulation of NADH, a competitive inhibitor of thioredoxin NADPH-reductive activation of PTEN. These findings indicate that, in nonlipogenic tissues, Txnip is required to maintain sufficient thioredoxin NADPH activity to reductively reactivate oxidized PTEN and oppose Akt downstream signaling.
Involvement of lysine 270 and lysine 271 of yeast 5S rRNA binding protein in RNA binding and ribosome assembly

Contributions of the highly conserved K270 and its neighboring K271 in the C-terminal region of the yeast ribosomal protein L1 to 5S rRNA binding and ribosome assembly were examined by in vivo and in vitro studies on the consequences of 14 substitution mutations. All mutant proteins with a single amino-acid substitution at either position were able to bind 5S rRNA in vitro to an extent comparable to the wild-type. Yeast cells expressing these mutant proteins, except the K270G mutant, grew at nearly normal rates. Mutations of K270 appeared to produce more demonstrable effects than those of K271. The double mutant K270,271G bound RNA poorly and yeast cells expressing the mutant protein grew 30% slower. Double mutants K270,271E and K270,271R were lethal, although the mutant protein was assembled into the 60S ribosomal subunits. The resultant subunits were not stable leading eventually to cell death. The in vitro RNA binding ability of the respective protein was reduced by 60% and 20%. Taken together, the present data identified K270 and K271 as important amino-acid residues in the function of the yeast ribosomal protein L1.
A Transnational Feminist Critique of Queer Tourism

This article frames queer tourism through two lenses. First, I explore how queer tourism and queer spatiality occlude questions of gender and efface the varied modalities of travel, tourism, mobility, and space/place–making activities of women, especially with respect to queer women and lesbians. Second, I point out the neocolonial impulses of all queer travel by highlighting the colonial history of travel and tourism and the production of mobility through modernity, and vice versa. Following M Jacqui Alexander’s (1997) claim that white gay capital follows the path of white heterosexual capital, how are queer women, queers of color, and postcolonial lesbian and gays also implicated in this process? Through these questions I propose to think about queer tourism and space through theories of intersectionality. In other words, how do we acknowledge and theorize “difference” in queer spaces? How do multiple identities, intersectionality, and social differences make the construction of queer space impossible?
Angiotensin metabolism by cerebral microvascular aminopeptidase a

Abstract Porcine cerebral microvessels were isolated by differential sieving and centrifugation and were characterized by microscopic examination and marker enzyme enrichment (γ-glutamyltransferase; EC 2.3.2.2). Purified microvessels contained a membrane-bound enzyme immunologically indistinguishable from renal aminopeptidase A (AmA; EC 3.4.11.7). AmA hydrolyzed both α-glutamyland α-aspartyl-2-naphthylamide, and hydrolysis was competitively inhibited by angiotensin II. Microvessel AmA hydrolyzed the N-terminal Asp 1 -Arg 2 bond of both angiotensin I and angiotensin II, whereas the angiotensin II antagonist saralasin [(Sar 1 Ala 8 angiotensin II] was resistant to N-terminal hydrolysis. Angiotensin metabolism was optimal at pH 8.5 and was inhibited by EDTA, o -phenanthroline and amastatin. Conversely, inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase (phosphoramidon), post-proline cleaving enzyme (Z-Pro-Prolinal), carboxypeptidase N [ d-l -mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropanoic acid (MERGETPA)] and angiotensin I converting enzyme (captopril) had no effect. The K m values of angiotensin I, angiotensin II and (Asn 1 ,Val 5 )angiotensin II for microvessel AmA were 40.1 ± 8.2, 35.3± 4.3 and 156 ± 22 μ M respectively. Cerebral microvascular aminopeptidase A may play a role in vivo in modulating angiotensin-mediated local cerebral blood flow, and in preventing circulating angiotensins from crossing the blood-brain barrier.
Time Directed Avalanches in Invasion Models

We define forward and backward time-directed avalanches for a broad class of self-organized critical models including invasion percolation, interface depinning, and a simple model of evolution. Although the geometrical properties of the avalanches do not change under time reversal, their stationary state statistical distribution does. The overall distribution of forward avalanches [ital P]([ital s])[similar to][ital s][sup [minus]2] is superuniversal in this class of models. The power-law exponent [pi] for the distribution of distances between subsequent active sites is derived from the properties of backward avalanches.
Aberrant DNA methylation of a cell cycle regulatory pathway composed of P73, P15 and P57KIP2 is a rare event in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia

Aberrant DNA methylation of multiple promoter associated CpG islands is a frequent phenomenon in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Recently, methylation of a cell cycle control pathway composed of P73, P15 and P57KIP2 has been shown to confer poor prognosis to adult patients with ALL. Using bisulfite PCR methods, we have explored the prevalence of methylation of this pathway in a cohort of children with ALL (N=20), and compared these results with those observed in a group of adult patients (N=53). P73 was methylated in 4 (20%) pediatric patients, P15 in 3 (15%), and P57KIP2 in 2 (10%). These compared to 14 (26%), p=0.5, 16 (30%), p=0.04 and 20 (37%), p=0.04, respectively in adult patients. Methylation of two or more genes was not observed in any pediatric patient, but in 15 (28%) adult patients (p=0.003). Poor survival of adult patients was associated with methylation of > or =2 genes (p=0.003). These results indicate that differences in DNA methylation of specific molecular pathways may contribute to the prognostic differences known to occur between pediatric and adult patients with ALL.
Tetrafluoromethane in the deep North Pacific Ocean

[1] Dissolved tetrafluoromethane (CF4) has been measured for the first time in the North Pacific Ocean. Surface water collected during calm weather is near equilibrium with the modern atmosphere. Deep water, isolated from atmospheric exchange for centuries, is near equilibrium with the preindustrial atmosphere, after accounting for an expected 5% addition of this low-solubility gas due to air injection during high-latitude deep-water formation. These results strongly suggest that dissolved CF4 is conservative in seawater and that the oceanic imprint of anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CF4 can be used as a time-dependent tracer of ocean ventilation and subsurface circulation processes. Although the continental lithosphere is a source of natural atmospheric CF4, we find no evidence of an oceanic lithospheric CF4 input into deep Pacific waters. The estimated upper limit of a potential oceanic lithospheric CF4 flux to the global atmosphere is on the order of 4% of that from the continental lithosphere.
Spike Timing Improves Olfactory Capabilities in Mammals

An issue that has puzzled neuroscientists for decades is what role, if any, temporal patterning of action potentials has in determining behavior. A study in this issue of Neuron by Cury and Uchida in the rat olfactory system provides evidence that such patterns could help mammals to identify and discriminate odors.
A Simple Method for Damping Transverse Motion of a High Intensity Electron Beam

We describe a simple electrostatic focusing method which efficiently damps transverse motion of a high intensity (both high current and high particle energy) electron beam. The principle is to create an electrostatic central force anharmonic potential field which phase mix damps transverse beam motion into increased beam emittance. The non-linear electrostatic field is created by a very resistive wire (L/ R time ~2 ns) strung axially down the accelerator vacuum pipe. Positive image charge equal to ~1/2 the negative beam charge is induced onto the wire. Since the beam self fields cancel to within 1/?2, the resultant wire electric field dominates. Experimental results showing the guiding, focusing and damping of transverse motion will be presented.
Teen Maternal Age and Very Preterm Birth of Twins

Background: As teen singleton pregnancy is associated with higher risks of adverse birth outcome, and twin pregnancy, regardless of maternal age, may result in poor outcome, teens pregnant with twins may represent a particularly vulnerable group. However, little has been documented regarding teen twin pregnancy outcome. Objective: To characterize the risk of very preterm birth among teens having twins. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of the US 1995–2000 Matched Multiple Birth Data Set. Methods: We calculated the risk of very preterm birth (<33 weeks' gestation) for teen and young adult mothers of twins (≤16 years, 17–18 years, 19–20 years), compared to 21–24 year olds, stratified by race/ethnicity. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated controlling for marital status and entry into prenatal care. Results: Odds of very preterm birth decreased significantly with increasing age. Odds ratios ranged from 2.07 (1.73,2.48) to 1.20 (1.11,1.29) according to maternal age for White teen mothers, from 1.76 (1.48,2.09) to 1.13 (1.03,1.24) for Black teen mothers, and from 2.19 (1.77,2.72) to 1.15 (1.02,1.31) for Hispanic teen mothers. Odds of very preterm birth among teen mothers of twins were about the same as those for teen mothers of singletons. Conclusions: Teens having twins have higher odds of very preterm birth than young adult mothers. However, the association between age and preterm birth was similar among teen mothers having twins as for those having singletons.
Boundary dilemmas in teacher–student relationships: Struggling with “the line”

Abstract The teacher–student relationship is viewed as integral to successful teaching and learning but, outside of a few exceptions, ethical boundary issues in this relationship have not been explored. The purpose of this study was to examine teachers' perspectives of their relationships with their students as well as how they described and negotiated relationship boundaries. Findings were organised into a typology of 11 categories of boundaries. The balance between demonstrating care while maintaining a healthy, productive level of control in the classroom was a recurring theme when discussing the boundaries.
LITERACY ASSESSMENT IN MIDDLE LEVEL GRADES: ALTERNATIVES TO TRADITIONAL PRACTICES

Three principles of assessment for middle school grades are proposed: (a) Literacy assessment is changing and must continue to change to reflect more appropriately the characteristics and needs of middle school students. (b) Literacy assessment must complement and support instructional practices that integrate the language arts and integrate content learning with language and literacy development in subject areas. (c) Literacy assessment must include informed teacher observation and substantive decision making regarding students' language and literacy development. Portfolio assessment; new standardized testing programs, such as the California Learning Assessment Program and the California Learning Record; and the Developmental Inventory (Ruddell, 1993) reflect the proposed principles.
Comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of construction and demolition (C&D) derived biomass and U.S. northeast forest residuals gasification for electricity production.

With the goal to move society toward less reliance on fossil fuels and the mitigation of climate change, there is increasing interest and investment in the bioenergy sector. However, current bioenergy growth patterns may, in the long term, only be met through an expansion of global arable land at the expense of natural ecosystems and in competition with the food sector. Increasing thermal energy recovery from solid waste reduces dependence on fossil- and biobased energy production while enhancing landfill diversion. Using inventory data from pilot processes, this work assesses the cradle-to-gate environmental burdens of plasma gasification as a route capable of transforming construction and demolition (CD a sensitivity analysis assesses these uncertainties in further detail.
Observation of the fluid-ion cyclotron instability by scattering of pulsed CO/sub 2/-laser radiation

Scattering of pulsed C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-laser radiation by current-driven waves in a plasma is observed. A theory of the fluid-ion cyclotron instability is developed. The measured dispersion of the wave, the electron density fluctuation associated with it, and its subsequent stabilization and damping are interpreted theoretically.
Quantifying surface-accessible quaternary charge for surface modified coatings via streaming potential measurements.

Prior research established that P[AB]-copolyoxetane polyurethanes with soft blocks having A = trifluoroethoxy (CF3CH2−O−CH2−, 3FOx) and B = dodecylammonium-butoxy (C12) are highly effective as polymer surface modifiers (PSMs). These PSMs displayed high contact antimicrobial efficiency against spray challenge that was attributed to surface concentration of quaternary charge. Herein, using a novel cell design and polymer coating process, streaming potential (SP) measurements are reported for estimating accessible surface charge density. Fused-silica capillaries were embedded in flat polypropylene sheets, and the inner capillary walls were coated with neat HMDI-BD(30)-P[(3FOx)(C12)-87:13-5100] (PU-1) and 1 wt % PU-1 in HMDI-BD(50)-PTMO-1000 (base polyurethane 2). Effects of annealing (60 °C) and electrolyte flow cycles on near-surface quaternary charge concentration were determined. Neat PU-1 had a constant SP that was cycle-independent and actually increased on annealing. As-cast 1 wt % PU-1 showed initial ...
Promoting health through structural change: Analysis of the origins and implementation of Norway's farm-food-nutrition policy

Abstract Based on interviews with officials in Norway during June, 1980 and on Norwegian studies. this paper presents an analysis of the development and first years of implementation of a unique. health-important national policy. The farm-food-nutrition policy of 1975–1976 seeks to bring agricultural policy into line with national nutritional and health goals, and world food needs. As such, it represents a public health approach to primary prevention. s analysis involves an examination of the antecedent conditions, including the enabling and constraining factors within Norway's political economy and international position, that led to the policy's design, adoption, and implementation. Within this framework, particular attention is given to the confluence of information (ideas and evidence embodied in proposals over a 20-year period) and organizational linkages that were necessary to bring about structural changes. gress toward implementation between 1976 and 1980 is assessed according to the extent to which implementing strategies were deployed and policy objectives were met. cussion includes prospects for further implementation and a note on the outlook for a similar approach to policy in the U.S.
Surimi Production from Partially Processed and Frozen Pacific Whiting (Merluccius productus)

Pacific whiting surimi was made from stabilized mince (SM), unstabilized mince (UM), and headed and gutted (H&G) fish kept in frozen storage and compared to a surimi control made from fresh fillets. SM was made by mixing fresh mince with 12% was sucrose and 0.2% w/w polyphosphates. Surimi was produced from SM, UM, H&G at 1, 30, 90, and 180 days and evaluated by torsion, measuring shear stress, and true strain. After 6 months, there were no differences (p>0.05) between surimi samples prepared from SM stored at -20 o C and -50 o C and the control surimi. UM and H&G fish produced surimi of inferior quality
Sedentariness at work: How much do we really sit

Sedentariness is associated with obesity. We examined whether people with sedentary jobs are equally inactive during their work days and leisure days. We enrolled 21 subjects of varying weight and body fat (11 men:10 women, 38 +/- 8 years, 83 +/- 17 kg, BMI 28 +/- 5 kg/m(2), 29 +/- 11 fat kg, 35 +/- 9% fat). All subjects continued their usual work and leisure-time activities whilst we measured daily activity and body postures for 10 days. The data supported our hypothesis that people sit more at work compared to leisure (597 +/- 122 min/day cf 484 +/- 83 min/day; P < 0.0001). The mean difference was 110 +/- 99 min/day. Similarly, work days were associated with less standing (341 +/- 97 min/day; P = 0.002) than leisure days (417 +/- 101 min/day). Although the walking bouts did not differ significantly between work and leisure (46 +/- 9 vs. 42 +/- 9 walking bouts/day); the mean free-living velocity of a walk at work was 1.08 +/- 0.28 mph and on leisure days was 0.94 +/- 0.24 mph (P = 0.03) and the average time spent walking was 322 +/- 91 min on work days and 380 +/- 108 min on leisure days (P = 0.03). Estimates of the daily energetic cost of walking approximated 527 +/- 220 kcal/day for work days and 586 +/- 326 kcal/day for leisure days (r = 0.72, P < 0.001). Work days are associated with more sitting and less walking/standing time than leisure days. We suggest a need to develop approaches to free people from their chairs and render them more active.
250 MHz proton NMR study of sonicated egg yolk lecithin dispersions in D2O. II. The doublet character of the resonance signal of the choline methyl groups

Abstract The proton resonance signal of the N + (CH 3 ) 3 groups of a sonicated dispersion of egg yolk lecithin in D 2 O has been recorded at 250 MHz under high resolution and slow sweep rate conditions. It is shown that the signal consists of two peaks with intensity ratio 1.85:1.00 and separated by ca. 5 Hz. It is demonstrated that these peaks arise from the choline methyl groups on the “inner” and “outer” surfaces of the bilayered vesicles. The observed chemical shift difference cannot be interpreted in terms of a bulk susceptibility effect if the vesicles are spherical. Alternative explanations of the effect are proposed.
John Gatu and the moratorium on missionaries

In 1971, John Gatu, General Secretary of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa, issued a famous moratorium on foreign missionaries and funds. The immediate reaction was strong and provoked a debate about mission that continues to this day. This article investigates Gatu’s motivation for such abrupt and controversial action and makes a case for considering the moratorium to be a milestone in mission history, marking the symbolic end of the colonial mission paradigm and the start of the postcolonial mission era.
The effect of desolvation on nucleophilic halogenase activity

Abstract The nucleophilic halogenases 5′-fluoro-5′-deoxyadenosine synthase (FDAS) and salinosporamide synthase (SalL) share 35% sequence identity, and both have been shown to catalyze chlorination, though only SalL does so under native conditions. High-resolution crystal structures of both enzymes support SN2 as the substitution mechanism, and thus desolvation of the halide through the exchange of protein residues for water must be a key component for both catalytic processes. QM/MM calculations and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations indicate that microsolvation of the nucleophile within the active site can serve to dramatically weaken the interaction between the chloride and a critical backbone amide. The resulting exposure of an otherwise shielded backbone amide is shown to induce structural disorder in the protein, thereby reducing the enzyme’s catalytic efficiency. This model highlights the importance of excluding water from the vicinity of a backbone amide through inclusion of a tightly bound halide ion, and raises the possibility that desolvation is driven, in part, by a need serve to preserve the integrity of the protein structure of the nucleophilic halogenases.
Causes and prevention of photochemical reduction of hexavalent chromium during x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy

We report on the photoreduction of hexavalent chromium during exposure to soft X-rays used in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Photoreduction of hexavalent chromium to the tetravalent state in both CrO 3 and K 2 CrO 4 was found to involve hydrocarbons adsorbed onto the sample surface during rough pumping with a rotary pump during sample entry. When rough pumping was performed by a Venturi pump and a sorption pump, no photoreduction was observed over a period of 6 h of exposure to soft X-rays. We also observed that Cr(IV) was stable under soft X-ray radiation. In the presence of water vapor in the vacuum chamber, Cr(IV) was chemically reduced to Cr(III). The findings of this study bring into question the applicability of current models explaining the photoreduction of high-valent chromium oxides during XPS, and are also of general interest.
Tensor glueball photoproduction and decay

Abstract Using vector meson dominance (VMD), tensor glueball photoproduction cross sections, asymmetries and widths are calculated. The predicted hadronic V V ′ decays are comparable for different vector meson ( V = ρ , ω and ϕ ) channels with the ωϕ width the largest but the radiative ωγ and ϕγ decays are suppressed relative to ργ by over a factor of 2. This decay profile is distinct from typical meson branching rates and may be a useful glueball detection signature. Results are compared to a previous VMD scalar glueball study.
Voting for Hitler and Stalin: Elections Under 20th-Century Dictatorships

Ralph Jessen and Hedwig Richter (eds) (2012), 380, Campus Verlag, Frankfurt and NewYork, £35.00 This book poses the intriguing question of why dictators bother to hold elections. Not only did Stali...
SUPPORT SERVICES FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES

The authors report on a survey of services and supports provided to students with disabilities at 28 community colleges and 39 area vocational technical centers in Florida. Supports were classified into 7 categories: counseling services, equipment supports, campus environment, student‐centered supports, developmental labs, program or course flexibility, and unique programs.
Improving American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program risk adjustment: incorporation of a novel procedure risk score.

BACKGROUND: Risk-adjusted evaluation is a key component of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP). The purpose of this study was to improve standard ACS NSQIP risk adjustment using a novel procedure risk score. STUDY DESIGN: Current Procedural Terminology codes (CPTs) represented in ACS NSQIP data were assigned to 136 procedure groups. Log odds predicted risk from preliminary logistic regression modeling generated a continuous risk score for each procedure group, used in subsequent modeling. Appropriate subsets of 271,368 patients in the 2008 ACS NSQIP were evaluated using logistic models for overall 30-day morbidity, 30-day mortality, and surgical site infection (SSI). Models were compared when including either work Relative Value Unit (RVU), RVU and the standard ACS NSQIP CPT range variable (CPT range), or RVU and the newly constructed CPT risk score (CPT risk), plus routine ACS NSQIP predictors. RESULTS: When comparing the CPT risk models with the CPT range models for morbidity in the overall general and vascular surgery dataset, CPT risk models provided better discrimination through higher c statistics at earlier steps (0.81 by step 3 vs 0.81 by step 46), more information through lower Akaike's information criterion (127,139 vs 130,019), and improved calibration through a smaller Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square statistic (48.76 vs 116.79). Improved model characteristics of CPT risk over CPT range were most apparent for broader patient populations and outcomes. The CPT risk and standard CPT range models were moderately consistent in identification of outliers as well as assignment of hospitals to quality deciles (weighted kappa ≥ 0.870). CONCLUSIONS: Information from focused, clinically meaningful CPT procedure groups improves the risk estimation of ACS NSQIP models.
More Than Just Friends Online Social Networks and Offending

The study of peer-group processes has a rich history in criminology. The dramatic growth in online social network websites has fundamentally changed peer-group interaction; however, relatively litt...
Decision policies minimizing risk in a multistage betting game

Abstract Considered in this paper is a decision task which has been employed to study multistage betting behavior. When the task commences, a decision maker (DM) is provided with some capital x ( x > 0) which he is required to allocate over m ( m > 1) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive alternatives, each of which occurs with probability p i ( p i > 0, i = 1,…, m ; Σ i =1 m p i = 1). If the amount y i is allocated to alternative i ( y i ≥ 0, Σ i =1 m y i = x ) and alternative i obtains, DM's capital for the next stage of the game becomes y i r i , where r i ( r i > 0) is the return per unit allocated to alternative i . The task consists of N stages. Defining risk in terms of the mean and variance of DM's bets, and assuming that the minimization of risk is DM's objective, decision policies satisfying this objective are derived in closed form and their testable properties are briefly discussed.
Adoption of soil conservation practices by farmers in erosion‐prone areas of Ohio: The application of logit modeling

Abstract Data were collected from land operators in erosion‐prone areas of six counties in Ohio to examine the factors that affect adoption of soil erosion control practices. A theoretical perspective was developed from selected components of diffusion and farm structure models. The study findings revealed that the theoretical perspective created for the study was inadequate to predict adoption behaviors examined. Respondents indicated that conventional tillage practices were most frequently used while soil conservation practices were seldom used. It was concluded that existing voluntary soil conservation programs will probably be ineffective until the costs of pollution become significantly higher.
A comparison of alcohol-related driving behavior of white and nonwhite North Carolina drivers

This paper broadens the knowledge of drinking/driving behavior by examining the involvement of North Carolina (NC) nonwhite drivers in alcohol-related (A/R) crashes and fatal crashes involving alcohol for the period of 1980 through 1988. The study identifies an A/R crash involvement problem for nonwhites, particularly nonwhite males above the age of 25 and nonwhite females above the age of 54. For ages 25 and higher, the A/R crash rates per licensed nonwhite male are at least twice those of white (Euro-caucasian) males. In addition, the driving while intoxicated (DWI) arrest rates per driver are approximately twice as high for nonwhite males as for white males of the same age. Through analysis of other data related to arrests for drinking and driving, single-vehicle nighttime (SVNT) crashes, breath alcohol concentration (BAC) levels of those arrested for DWI, and those involved in A/R crashes, and blood alcohol concentration of those involved in fatal crashes, a series of alternative explanations for this nonwhite involvement are examined. It is concluded that while nonwhite males and females may be involved in more crashes than whites at the same BAC level (as hypothesized by other researchers), there is also evidence that nonwhites appear to drive more often after drinking and also drive at slightly higher levels of BAC.
Dwell sensitivity Part I. Behavior and modeling

Abstract This paper examines the dwell sensitive behavior of materials subjected to creep-fatigue deformation. A study of published creep-fatigue data on seventeen materials was conducted to investigate the dwell sensitivity for different materials under different hold times applied in tension and compression. The seventeen materials selected were such that their melting temperatures varied from 250 to 1700°C, and the test temperatures ranged from 0.4 to 0.75 of the homologous temperature, where creep and fatigue interact. The dwell sensitivity was found to depend upon the test temperature, period of hold time, and hardening and softening phenomena of the materials subjected to a particular cyclic waveform. Since no previous model exists for the prediction of dwell sensitivity, it is conceptualized in a cycle in terms of hardening (H) and softening (S) and their combinations in tension (T) and compression (C) directions. Thus, for a cycle (TC), there are four possible combinations namely HS, HH, SH and SS. A demonstration of such combinations with H and S was made for a tensile dwell sensitive material where cycles produced tensile hardening and compressive hardening or HH were found to cause dwell sensitivity. However, for a compressive dwell sensitive material, the combinations were tensile hardening and compressive softening or HS. This study on dwell sensitivity attempts to address an important material behavior which is not very well understood and may initiate further research interests.
Percutaneous Prepubic Urinary Drainage in Normal Cats

Urinary drainage was maintained in six cats for 3 days using Stamey percutaneous suprapubic catheters. Necropsies were performed 7 to 9 hours after catheter removal in three cats and 5 days after catheter removal in three cats. The catheter tract in the bladders had sealed within 9 hours of catheter removal. Focal areas of hemorrhage were observed on gross examination. Histopathologic examination revealed focal areas of hemorrhage and inflammation. Throughout the study, the cats remained alert and had normal appetites and normal serum creatinine. All of the cats had gross hematuria that resolved within 24 to 48 hours of catheter insertion. Two cats developed bacteriuria.
Threshold Voltage and DIBL Variability Modeling Based on Forward and Reverse Measurements for SRAM and Analog MOSFETs

A physically based variability model is developed to explain threshold voltage ( $V_{T}$ ) and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) variations, and their correlations for static RAMs (SRAMs) and analog devices fabricated in a 32-nm high- $K$ metal-gate technology. Inputs to the model rely on forward (F) and reverse (R) measurement of transistor pair mismatch. The modeling results are validated on SRAMs and analog devices. Asymmetric and symmetric variation components of $V_{T}$ and DIBL variability are extracted by the model. Asymmetric variation is a major component responsible for the higher $\sigma V_{T}$ mismatch in saturation region compared with linear region, and higher DIBL variability.
User-centric private matching for eHealth networks - A social perspective

The widely deployed electronic health (eHealth) systems changed people's daily life due to the extraordinary benefits, such as more efficiency, higher accuracy and broader availability. Patients in the eHealth network use their personal health records (PHRs) to communicate with their physicians and obtain medical services. As a matter of fact, patients who share the same diseases or symptoms want to communicate with each other not only for treatment, but also for psychological therapy. However, without sufficient knowledge of the authenticity of other patients' PHRs, patients are reluctant to share their medical information. On the other hand, patients would accept the patient-to-patient interaction only if their privacy issues of PHR are also well preserved. In this paper, we design a privacy-preserving user-centric private matching scheme from a social perspective in eHealth networks, where patients use verified PHR to find other patients who share the same situations and derive different user-centric results based on each one's own policy. In our scheme, the matching process guarantees both the verifiability and the privacy of patients' PHRs. Based on security and efficiency analysis, we show that our work satisfies both the privacy preservation and practicality requirements.
As ordens de documentos, as ordens de atividades e as ordens de informações

In this article I will argue, from the perspective of a scholar of writing and literacy, that information has been (and will likely continue to be for the foreseeable future) tied to human texts—created, organized, circulated, and used within human activities. As we complete the conversion from older technologies of information storage based on the physical texts used directly within recognizable activities to digital inscription, storage, access and delivery of information, we are faced with choices that can either homogenize information or maintain visibility of human documents (whether material or virtual), the situations from which they arose, and the situations in which they will be used once accessed. As we develop tools, systems, and concepts to draw together more heterogeneous pieces from more heterogeneous circumstances, we also need to develop tools, systems and concepts to see information in its particular circumstances of use.
Host Location by the Horn Fly: Field Evaluation of an Artificial Device for Measuring Attraction to Various Stimuli

Field olfactometers were designed for presenting various stimuli to host-seeking horn flies and measuring the degree of response. The devices emitted desired levels of gases and heat, and their form was suitable for flies to orient to, land upon, and be entrapped. The temperature of the devices and CO2 affected orientation of flies to the devices. The data show that the devices are suitable for assessment of the parameters involved in host location.
How does the esophageal epithelium maintain its integrity

The esophageal epithelium maintains its integrity by both structural and functional epithelial defenses. Structural components are cell membranes and intercellular junctional complexes. Functional components are cellular defenses against acidification consisting of intracellular buffering by basic proteins and bicarbonate as well as epithelial transport (Na+/H+ exchange and Na(+)-dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchange). Epithelial repair is also a functional component and can be carried out by cell replication and possibly by epithelial restitution.
Performance Enhancement of Poly(lactic acid) and Sugar Beet Pulp Composites by Improving Interfacial Adhesion and Penetration

Sugar beet pulp (SBP), the residue from the sugar extraction process, contains abundant dietary fibers and is mainly used for feedstuff. In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and SBP composites were prepared using a twin screw extruder. The phase structure, thermal properties, mechanical properties, and water absorption of the composites were studied. The molecular weight change of PLA in the composites was also studied. Polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) was used as a coupling agent and resulted in significant increases in mechanical properties and water resistance. The tensile strength of the PLA/SBP (70/30 w/w) composite was only 56.9% that of neat PLA, but it was increased to 80.3% with the addition of 0.5% pMDI and further increased to 93.8% at 2% pMDI. With 50% SBP and 2% pMDI, the tensile strength of the composite was 87.8% of that of neat PLA. The microstructure of the composites indicated that the addition of pMDI greatly improved the wettability of the SBP particles by PLA and increased the penetration of PLA into the porous SBP. Consequently, the failure of the composites in mechanical testing changed from extensive debonding without pMDI to progressive rupture of the SBP particles with pMDI.
Numerical modelling of flow over a rigid wavy surface by LES

Abstract A flow field over a rigid wavy surface is numerically generated. The general concept of the large eddy simulation that captures the large scale flow structure is utilized. A coordinate transformation scheme is developed to transform any wavy surface to a flat surface. The numerical computations are carried out in the ω - ψ domain. The subgrid scales are resolved by utilizing a Smagorinsky subgrid model. The fourth-order central difference and the third-order upwinding schemes are used for the diffusive and convective terms, respectively. Adams-Bashforth and Dufort-Frankel schemes are used to solve the equations of the fluid motion. The computational scheme ensured a non-penetration and a no-slip boundary condition. The velocity profile, and the separation and reattachment locations are found to agree well with an experimental investigation.