cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemiluminescence mapping. I. Experimental method and initial measurments on the D+F2 and F+D2 reactions

Abstract Measurements by a new experimental chemiluminescence method of the nascent DF product vibrational distribution confirm earlier findings for the F + D 2 → DF(ν⩽4) + D reaction. The distribution for D + F 2 → DF(ν⩽15) + F shows a larger fraction (≈ 78%) of the reaction exothermicity channeled into product vibration than is observed by conventional chemiluminescence measurements on the parallel H + F 2 system (58%). The new method, termed chemiluminescence mapping for its simultaneous recording of spectrally and temporally resolved chemiluminescence, differs from the earlier arrested relaxation and measured relaxation techniques by the introduction of a short duty cycle pulsed molecular reagent source, a modified deuterium dissociation source, and signal averaged (time resolved), detection of the DF infrared emission. The chemiluminescence mapping technique results for D + F 2 and F + D 2 , are presented; apparent deviation from the energy distribution in the H + F 2 system is discussed.
Transfer function analysis of chemical kinetic systems.

Abstract A technique is developed for the analysis of complex coupled chemical reaction systems utilizing transfer functions to characterize the kinetic properties of each reaction process. The method of analysis involves linearization in the vicinity of some steady state of the system. A closed loop configuration of the reaction system imposes constraints upon the time course exhibited by the system, since the product of transfer functions around the loop must be unity. Instability of a particular steady state, and oscillatory behavior may be examined through this analytic approach.
Shape resonance enhancement of dipolar relaxation in ultra-cold atomic gases

We demonstrate that shape resonances can enhance the dipolar relaxation rate of atomic gases in the zero-temperature limit. We show that the rate coefficients exhibit resonance features as a bias magnetic field is swept through a region characterized by the resonances. Unlike Feshbach resonances which also enhance dipolar relaxation rates, the shape resonance mechanism does not affect the value of the collision s-wave scattering length. We discuss possible applications of the proposed mechanism in cold atomic gases or bosonic condensates.
Improvement of CMOS latch-up immunity using a high energy implanted buried layer

Abstract In this CMOS latch-up study, we compared the dc latch-up properties of devices fabricated in a p-type non-epi wafer with a high energy implanted buried p + layer to those fabricated in a p-type epi layer over heavily boron doped p + substrate. A p-type non-epi wafer with an implanted buried p + layer was found to be more effective than a p/p + epi wafer in reducing substrate resistance. The implanted non-epi wafer showed a factor of 8 improvement over the epi wafer in the NPN induced latch-up immunity. No significant device degradation was observed for devices fabracated on high energy implanted wafers.
Phase relations and adiabats in boiling seafloor geothermal systems

Abstract Observations of large salinity variations and vent temperatures in the range of 380–400°C suggest that boiling or two-phase separation may be occurring in some seafloor geothermal systems. Consideration of flow rates and the relatively small differences in density between vapors and liquids at the supercritical pressures at depth in these systems suggests that boiling is occurring under closed-system conditions. Salinity and temperature of boiling vents can be used to estimate the pressure-temperature point in the subsurface at which liquid seawater first reached the two-phase boundary. Data are reviewed to construct phase diagrams of coexisting brines and vapors in the two-phase region at pressures corresponding to those of the seafloor geothermal systems. A method is developed for calculating the enthalpy and entropy of the coexisting mixtures, and results are used to construct adiabats from the seafloor to the P-T two-phase boundary. Results for seafloor vents discharging at 2300 m below sea level indicate that a 385°C vent is composed of a brine (7% NaCl equivalent) in equilibrium with a vapor (0.1% NaCl). Brine constitutes 45% by weight of the mixture, and the fluid first boiled at approximately 1 km below the seafloor at 415°C, 330 bar. A 400°C vent is primarily vapor (88 wt.%, 0.044% NaCl) with a small amount of brine (26% NaCl) and first boiled at 2.9 km below the seafloor at 500°C, 520 bar. These results show that adiabatic decompression in the two-phase region results in dramatic cooling of the fluid mixture when there is a large fraction of vapor.
Effects of atenolol and diltiazem-SR on exercise and pressure load in hypertensive patients.

The effects of monotherapy with atenolol or diltiazem-SR on blood pressure, 24-h blood pressure (BP) load, and exercise capacity were tested in patients with mild to moderate (stages I and II) essential hypertension. After 3-week single-blind placebo therapy, patients with sitting diastolic blood pressure (SDBP) of 94-114 mmHg were randomized to atenolol 50 mg/day (62 patients) or diltiazem-SR 90 mg b.i.d. (60 patients) in a double-blind parallel study. Depending on SDBP response, the dose was increased to 100 mg/day for atenolol and 180 mg b.i.d. for diltiazem-SR. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements and exercise tolerance test by the Bruce protocol were done at the end of placebo and active treatment. Compared with placebo, both atenolol and diltiazem-SR significantly decreased heart rate (HR), sitting systolic blood pressure (SSBP), SDBP, ambulatory BP, BP load for waking and sleeping hours, area under the BP curve, rate-pressure product (p < 0.001), and exercise time (NS). Atenolol exerted a greater effect on ambulatory BP, HR, rate-pressure product, waking diastolic BP load, and area under the 24-h BP curve. The drugs were well tolerated and caused no serious side effects necessitating discontinuation of treatment. These findings indicate that (1) monotherapy for hypertension with atenolol or diltiazem-SR is effective and well tolerated, (2) it decreases the 24-h BP load, (3) it does not interfere with exercise capacity.
A model for the coevolution of the genetic code and the process of protein synthesis - Review and assessment

The contemporary genetic code and the process of protein biosynthesis most assuredly evolved from a simpler code and process. We believe that there was obligatory coevolution of the two and that the earlier code and process must have involved a more direct linkage between the amino acids and the informational macromolecule. We propose that an early form of translating existed in which amino acids were attached directly to the ‘messenger’ RNA along the backbone as 2’OH aminoacyl esters. These esters then condensed with each other on the RNA backbone yielding a peptide covalently attached to the RNA, without the use of tRNAs and ribosomes. This presentation is concerned with experimental data which indicate that such a simple translation system is possible and must have involved the following steps: (1) formation of the aminoacyl adenylate anhydride, (2) transfer of the amino acid from the adenylate to imidazole, (3) transfer of the amino acid from imidazole to 2’OH groups along the backbone of RNAs, (4) condensation of the amino acids to yield peptides. Steps (1)–(3) have been confirmed in chemical systems. Our preliminary evidence indicates step (4) is also possible. The aminoacylation of polyribonucleotides and the subsequent formation of peptides is a dynamic and experimentally accessible system for studying genetic coding specifities and our present studies are now concentrated on step (4), looking for such specifities.
A fast multi‐level convolution boundary element method for transient diffusion problems

A new algorithm is developed to evaluate the time convolution integrals that are associated with boundary element methods (BEM) for transient diffusion. This approach, which is based upon the multi-level multi-integration concepts of Brandt and Lubrecht, provides a fast, accurate and memory efficient time domain method for this entire class of problems. Conventional BEM approaches result in operation counts of order O(N 2 ) for the discrete time convolution over N time steps. Here we focus on the formulation for linear problems of transient heat diffusion and demonstrate reduced computational complexity to order O(N 3/2 ) for three two-dimensional model problems using the multi-level convolution BEM. Memory requirements are also significantly reduced, while maintaining the same level of accuracy as the conventional time domain BEM approach.
Coarticulatory organization for lip rounding in Turkish and English

A number of studies, involving English, Swedish, French, and Spanish, have shown that, for sequences of rounded vowels separated by nonlabial consonants, both EMG activity and lip protrusion diminish during the intervocalic consonant interval, producing a ‘‘trough’’ pattern. A two‐part study was conducted to (a) compare patterns of protrusion movement (upper and lower lip) and EMG activity (orbicularis oris) for speakers of English and Turkish, a language where phonological rules constrain vowels within a word to agree in rounding and (b) determine which of two current models of coarticulation, the ‘‘look‐ahead’’ and ‘‘coproduction’’ models, best explained the data. Results showed Turkish speakers producing ‘‘plateau’’ patterns of movement rather than troughs, and unimodal rather than bimodal patterns of EMG activity. In the second part of the study, one prediction of the coproduction, model, that articulatory gestures have stable profiles across contexts, was tested by adding and subtracting movement data signals to synthesize naturally occurring patterns. Results suggest English and Turkish may have different modes of coarticulatory organization.
Structure of nonlinear traveling-wave states in finite geometries.

Numerical simulation of coupled amplitude equations is used to investigate the effect of the wave propagation on the one-dimensional spatial structure of nonlinear wave states in finite geometries. The work is motivated by experiments on oscillatory convection in binary fluid convection. Predictions of confined states, temporally modulated confined states, and other dynamic states are discussed and compared with experiment.
Multi-functional military textile: Plasma-induced graft polymerization of a C6 fluorocarbon for repellent treatment on nylon–cotton blend fabric

Abstract This paper reports preparation of a dual functional 50/50 nylon/cotton blend fabric (NyCo) with an anti-bacterial bulk and repellent front surface using atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma. In this report, a C6 fluorocarbon monomer, 2-(perfluorohexyl)ethyl acrylate was graft polymerized using plasma on the front surface of a nylon–cotton fabric which was already grafted with polyDADMAC for anti-bacterial properties. The surface was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The presence of fluorine on the surface was mapped and confirmed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a uniform layer of fluorocarbon polymer on the fiber surface. High water contact angle of 144° was obtained on the surface. The surface also achieved a high American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Test Method 193 rating of 8 and AATCC Test Method 118 rating of 5 indicating that the surface could repel a fluid with surface tension as low as 25 dyn/cm.
DETECTION OF SCALE-SPECIFIC COMMUNITY DYNAMICS USING WAVELETS

The response of ecological communities to anthropogenic disturbance is of both scientific and practical interest. Communities where all species respond to disturbance in a similar fashion (synchrony) will exhibit large fluctuations in total biomass and dramatic changes in ecosystem function. Communities where some species increase in abundance while others decrease after disturbance (compensation) can maintain total biomass and ecosystem function in the face of anthropogenic change. We examined dynamics of the Little Rock Lake (Wisconsin, USA) zooplankton community in the context of an experimental pH manipulation conducted in one basin of the lake. A novel application of wavelets was used to partition patterns of synchrony and compensation by time scale. We find interestingly that some time series show both patterns of synchrony and compensation depending on the scale of analysis. Within the unmanipulated basin, we found subtle patterns of synchrony and compensation within the community, largely at a one-year time scale corresponding to seasonal variation. Within the acidified lake basin, dynamics shifted to longer time scales corresponding to the pattern of pH manipulation. Comparisons between pairs of species in different functional groups showed both strong compensatory and synchronous responses to disturbance. The strongest compensatory signal was observed for two species of Daphnia whose life history traits lead to synchrony at annual time scales, but whose differential sensitivity to acidification led to compensation at multiannual time scales. The separation of time scales inherent in the wavelet method greatly facilitated interpretation as patterns resulting from seasonal drivers could be separated from patterns driven by pH manipulation.
The efferent projections of the periaqueductal gray in the rat: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study. II. Descending projections.

The descending projections of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) have been studied in the rat using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. The tracer was injected into the dorsolateral or ventrolateral subdivisions of the PAG at rostral or caudal sites. It was found that the patterns of the descending projections of the rostral and caudal parts of the dorsolateral PAG were the same and that the patterns of the descending projections of the rostral and caudal parts of the ventrolateral PAG were the same. However, the patterns of projections of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral PAG subregions were substantially different. These results suggest that the dorsolateral and ventrolateral parts of the PAG are organized into longitudinal columns that extend throughout the length of the PAG. The axons of PAG neurons descended through the pons and medulla via two routes. A small fiber bundle was present in the periaqueductal gray and in the periventricular area. This bundle distributed fibers and terminals locally within the periaqueductal gray and in the locus coeruleus and Barrington's nucleus. A larger bundle had a diffuse arrangement in the pontine reticular formation, however, and it had a more restricted distribution in the medulla, where it occupied a position dorsolateral to the pyramid. This bundle supplied structures in the pontine and medullary tegmentum. The dorsolateral column preferentially supplied the locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus, the gigantocellular nucleus pars alpha, the rostral part of the paragigantocellular nucleus, and the region of the A5 noradrenergic cell group. The ventrolateral column preferentially supplied the nucleus raphe magnus, the caudal part of the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, and the rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus. © 1995 Willy-Liss, Inc.
The 2nd workshop on refactoring tools (WRT'08)

Refactoring is the process of applying behavior-preserving transformations to a program with the objective of improving the program's design. A specific refactoring is identified by a name (e.g., Extract Method), a set of preconditions, and a set of specific transformations that need to be performed. Tool support for refactoring is highly desirable because checking the preconditions for a given refactoring often requires nontrivial and non-local program analysis, and applying the transformations may affect many locations in the program. In recent years, the emergence of light-weight programming methodologies such as Extreme Programming has generated a great amount of interest in refactoring, and refactoring support has become a required feature in modern-day IDEs. Until now, there has not been a suitable forum for discussions among researchers and developers of such tools. This full-day event on refactoring tools fills that need, with a strongly practical focus. The workshop features both presentations given by developers and researchers in the field of refactoring, as well as demonstrations of practical refactoring tools.
Predicting the effect of angular momentum on the dissociation dynamics of highly rotationally excited radical intermediates.

We present a model which accurately predicts the net speed distributions of products resulting from the unimolecular decomposition of rotationally excited radicals. The radicals are produced photolytically from a halogenated precursor under collision-free conditions so they are not in a thermal distribution of rotational states. The accuracy relies on the radical dissociating with negligible energetic barrier beyond the endoergicity. We test the model predictions using previous velocity map imaging and crossed laser-molecular beam scattering experiments that photolytically generated rotationally excited CD2CD2OH and C3H6OH radicals from brominated precursors; some of those radicals then undergo further dissociation to CD2CD2 + OH and C3H6 + OH, respectively. We model the rotational trajectories of these radicals, with high vibrational and rotational energy, first near their equilibrium geometry, and then by projecting each point during the rotation to the transition state (continuing the rotational dynamics at that geometry). This allows us to accurately predict the recoil velocity imparted in the subsequent dissociation of the radical by calculating the tangential velocities of the CD2CD2/C3H6 and OH fragments at the transition state. The model also gives a prediction for the distribution of angles between the dissociation fragments’ velocity vectors and the initial radical’s velocity vector. These results are used to generate fits to the previously measured time-of-flight distributions of the dissociation fragments; the fits are excellent. The results demonstrate the importance of considering the precession of the angular velocity vector for a rotating radical. We also show that if the initial angular momentum of the rotating radical lies nearly parallel to a principal axis, the very narrow range of tangential velocities predicted by this model must be convoluted with a J = 0 recoil velocity distribution to achieve a good result. The model relies on measuring the kinetic energy release when the halogenated precursor is photodissociated via a repulsive excited state but does not include any adjustable parameters. Even when different conformers of the photolytic precursor are populated, weighting the prediction by a thermal conformer population gives an accurate prediction for the relative velocity vectors of the fragments from the highly rotationally excited radical intermediates.
Development of a measure of college students' adherence to religious doctrine concerning sexual behavior

AbstractObjective: The authors developed a 14-item measure of adherence to religious doctrine concerning sexual behavior (ARDSB). The ARDSB psychometric properties were investigated to better understand religious motivations associated with changes in sexual behavior that may provide support for sexual health promotion and prevention programs. Participants: Four hundred eighty-three undergraduates aged 18 to 26. Methods: Data were collected from an online survey during the 2012–2013 academic school year. Results: Principle components factor analysis identified 2 factors: reasons to break religious doctrine and reasons to adhere to religious doctrine concerning sexual behavior. The subscales had good internal consistency. Correlations, t tests, and analyses of variance of the subscales with measures of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity and self-reported sexual behavior and risk provide support for concurrent validity. Conclusions: The ARDSB could be employed as a measure to better understand sexual behav...
Reduction of protein adsorption and macrophage and astrocyte adhesion on ventricular catheters by polyethylene glycol and N-acetyl-L-cysteine.

Cellular obstruction of poly(dimethyl)siloxane (PDMS) catheters is one of the most prevalent causes of shunt failure in the treatment of hydrocephalus. By modifying PDMS using short- and long-chain mono-functional polyeth- ylene glycol (PEG604 and PEG5K, respectively) and N-acetyl- L-cysteine via adsorption and covalent binding (NAC and NAC/EDC/NHS, respectively), we increased surface wettabil- ity. We hypothesized that these surface modifications would inhibit protein adsorption and decrease host macrophage and astrocyte adhesion. Tested in a bioreactor set to mimic physiological flow, all modified surfaces significantly decreased albumin adsorption compared with PDMS (p < 0.05) except for PEG604-modified PDMS (p ¼ 0.14). All four modification strategies significantly reduced (p < 0.01) fibro- nectin adsorption. PEG604, PEG5K, NAC, and NAC/EDC/NHS reduced the average level of macrophage adhesion by 53%, 63%, 40%, and 58% (p <.0.05 except when comparing PDMS with NAC) and astrocyte adhesion by 47%, 83%, 91%, and 72% (p < 0.05 except when comparing PDMS with PEG604), respectively. Combined with saline soak results which sug- gest that the surface wettability is stable over 30 days for each modification, our results are consistent with the hypoth- esis that these modifications decrease cell adhesion on cathe- ters in vitro for the treatment of hydrocephalus. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 98A: 425-433, 2011.
Abstract 4637: Intra-individual changes in circulating IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio are associated with colorectal adenomatous polyps presence

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background: High levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been associated with increased risks of several cancers, including colorectal cancer. Methods: In a sub-cohort of the Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS), we examined the associations between circulating IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratios, as well as their change patterns during 10-year follow-up, with the presence of colorectal adenomatous polyps at the end of the follow-up. Results: The general trend was decrease of both variables with age. Based on this trend, two patterns were considered: “no increase” (variation within 15% of baseline and/or decrease) and “ever increase” (at least one increase of > 15%). In the subgroup of participants with normal glucose tolerance, “ever increase” was positively associated with colorectal adenoma: ORs were 3.65 (1.30-10.8) and 2.83 (1.00-8.22) for IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3, respectively. No association was found between actual levels of IGF-1 or IGF-1/IGFBP-3 at any time point and the presence of colorectal adenoma. Conclusion: Our data suggest that increase in circulating IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 may represent an unnatural trend of a disturbed signaling pathway, which could favor the development of precancerous lesions, such as colorectal adenoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4637. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4637
Analysis of a laminar-flow diffusional mixer for directed self-assembly of liposomes.

The present work describes the operation and simulation of a microfluidic laminar-flow mixer. Diffusive mixing takes place between a core solution containing lipids in ethanol and a sheath solution containing aqueous buffer, leading to self assembly of liposomes. Present device architecture hydrodynamically focuses the lipid solution into a cylindrical core positioned at the center of a microfluidic channel of 125 × 125-μm2 cross-section. Use of the device produces liposomes in the size range of 100–300 nm, with larger liposomes forming at greater ionic strength in the sheath solution and at lower lipid concentration in the core solution. Finite element simulations compute the concentration distributions of solutes at axial distances of greater than 100 channel widths. These simulations reduce computation time and enable computation at long axial distances by utilizing long hexahedral elements in the axial flow region and fine tetrahedral elements in the hydrodynamic focusing region. Present meshing technique is generally useful for simulation of long microfluidic channels and is fully implementable using comsol Multiphysics. Confocal microscopy provides experimental validation of the simulations using fluorescent solutions containing fluorescein or enhanced green fluorescent protein.
Effect of aspirin on induction of apoptosis in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells

Abstract Aspirin (ASA) and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit colorectal tumorigenesis. Apoptosis is a critical determinant of tissue mass homeostasis and may play a role in carcinogenesis. We studied the effect of ASA on the survival of a human colon cancer cell line using more sensitive methods than we had applied previously. ASA induced apoptosis in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells at concentrations ≥1 mM as established by: (a) morphological changes consistent with apoptosis in cells examined by fluorescence microscopy and semi-thin cell sections, and (b) DNA strand breaks: 45% of the cells were TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive at 3 mM at 72 hr, and 70% were positive by the comet assay. Electron microscopy also confirmed the induction of apoptosis by ASA. ASA-induced apoptosis was not associated with: (a) a ladder pattern on genomic DNA electrophoresis, or (b) a subdiploid peak on flow cytometry. Apoptotic bodies were virtually absent on standard morphological assessments and only a few were detected on semi-thin sections. For the above reasons, this apoptosis induced by ASA is “atypical,” and the unusual features of ASA-induced apoptosis, besides their taxonomic value, may offer clues to the mechanisms that control the process of apoptosis or perhaps the cancer chemopreventive properties of this compound. These findings demonstrate that ASA induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells, bolstering the hypothesis that apoptosis may be a mechanism by which NSAIDs inhibit colon carcinogenesis. These findings should be examined in animal and/or clinical research studies in vivo .
Towards pointer algebra

Abstract We show that the well-known unfold/fold transformation strategy is also fruitful for the (formal) derivation of correct pointer algorithms. The key to this extension is an algebra of partial maps which allows convenient description and manipulation of pointer structures at the functional level.
Inhibition of pain responses by activation of CB2 cannabinoid receptors

Cannabinoid receptor agonists diminish responses to painful stimuli. Extensive evidence demonstrates that CB 1 cannabinoid receptor activation inhibits pain responses. Recently, the synthesis of CB 2 cannabinoid receptor-selective agonists has allowed testing whether CB 2 receptor activation inhibits pain. CB 2 receptor activation is sufficient to inhibit acute nociception, inflammatory hyperalgesia, and the allodynia and hyperalgesia produced in a neuropathic pain model. Studies using site-specific administration of agonist and antagonist have suggested that CB 2 receptor agonists inhibit pain responses by acting at peripheral sites. CB 2 receptor activation also inhibits edema and plasma extravasation produced by inflammation. CB 2 receptor-selective agonists do not produce central nervous system (CNS) effects typical of cannabinoids retaining agonist activity at the CB 1 receptor. Peripheral antinociception without CNS effects is consistent with the peripheral distribution of CB 2 receptors. CB 2 receptor agonists may have promise for the treatment of pain and inflammation without CNS side effects.
Middle Age: a Review of the Literature and Its Implications for Educational Intervention:

This article reviews the research and theory related to one phase of adulthood—middle age— and suggests implications for educational practice. Contributions to the literature of mid dle age made by...
Use of a two-frequency ac bridge to measure 1/ f noise in copper films

Polycrystalline copper films have recently received considerable interest as a semiconductor interconnection metallization due to copper's low resistivity and low susceptibility to electromigration. In this paper the 1/f noise in polycrystalline copper films was measured over a temperature range of 300 to 600 K using a two-frequency ac bridge. Two lock-in amplifiers were used to demodulate the voltage across the bridge, resulting in two estimates of R(t) for the film, each measured at a different modulation frequency. The averaged cross-correlation spectrum of the two R(t) signals is a measure of the resistance fluctuation of the sample only, with no contribution from either the samples' Johnson noise and/or preamplifier noise; hence, no subtraction is necessary. With this technique we measured the noise magnitude and slope versus temperature and frequency for copper films. The temperature dependence of the noise magnitude showed a weak peak at 490 K. Using the conventional value of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{0}$ of ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}13}$ s, characteristic of point-defect diffusion, and the Dutta-Horn model for 1/f noise in metal films, we measured the mean activation enthalpy for grain boundary migration to be \ensuremath{\sim}1.1 eV. This was, subsequently, equated to the expected electromigration activation energy for copper films.
Pharmacokinetics and stability of the ch14.18-interleukin-2 fusion protein in mice.

The fusion protein formed from ch14.18 and interleukin-2 (ch14.18–IL-2), shown to exhibit antitumor efficacy in mouse models, consists of IL-2 genetically linked to each heavy chain of the ch14.18 chimeric anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of ch14.18–IL-2 in mice and assess its stability in murine serum. Following i.v. injection, the fusion protein was found to have a terminal half-life of 4.1 h. Detection of IL-2 following injection of the ch14.18–IL-2 fusion protein showed a similar half-life, indicating that the fusion protein prolongs the circulatory half-life of IL-2. Detection of human IgG1 following injection of ch14.18–IL-2 showed a terminal half-life of 26.9 h. These data suggested that the native fusion protein is being altered in vivo, resulting in a somewhat rapid loss of detectable IL-2, despite prolonged circulation of its immunoglobulin components. In vitro incubation of the ch14.18–IL-2 fusion protein in pooled mouse serum at 37 °C for 48 h resulted in a loss of its IL-2 component, as detected in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems and in proliferation assays. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis of the fusion protein incubated in mouse serum at 37 °C indicated that the ch14.18–IL-2 is cleaved, resulting in a loss of the 67-kDa band (representing the IL-2 linked to the IgG1 heavy chain) and the detection of a band of more than 50 kDa, slightly heavier than the IgG1 heavy chain itself. This suggests that the fusion protein is being cleaved in vitro within the IL-2 portion of the molecule. These studies show that (1) ch14.18–IL-2 prolongs the circulatory half-life of IL-2 (compared to that of soluble IL-2) and (2) the in vivo clearance of the fusion protein occurs more rapidly than the clearance of the ch14.18 antibody itself, possibly reflecting in vivo cleavage within the IL-2 portion of the molecule, resulting in loss of IL-2 activity.
How the color of an object influences its area measurement by digital imaging

Images from conventional black and white video systems are being digitized in computers to measure the area of small particles. The method was developed to accurately measure the area of trash in cotton. However, it can be applied to similar area measuring problems. Because a video system exhibits different sensitivities to light at different wavelengths, its output changes as the color of an image changes. Additionally, the spectral distribution of illumination influences the light reflected from objects. Video measurements for the background material were used to set the threshold value needed to identify image pixels associated with trash particles. The effect of particle color on its measured area was demonstrated with painted dots on panels and actual cotton samples.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Association of p63 with Proliferative Potential in Normal and Neoplastic Human Keratinocytes

p63, a recently identified member of the p53 gene family, encodes multiple products with transactivating, death-inducing, and dominant-negative activities. We show that in normal human epidermis, in hair follicles, and in stratified epidermal cultures, p63 protein is principally restricted to cells with high proliferative potential and is absent from the cells that are undergoing terminal differentiation. In normal human epidermis and in hair follicles, basal cells with abundant p63 are interspersed with cells with little or no p63. Whenever p63 mRNA is present, it encodes mainly truncated, potentially dominant-negative isotypes. In squamous cell carcinomas, the number of cells containing p63 and their distribution depends on the degree of anaplasia. In highly differentiated tumors, p63 is confined to a ring of basal-like cells surrounding, but at a distance from, centers of terminal differentiation. In less differentiated tumors, most cells contain p63 and their distribution is chaotic with respect to centers of terminal differentiation. p63 appears to be a valuable diagnostic marker for anaplastic keratinocytes.
Short-term stimulus control treatment of insomnia in older adults †

A 4-week stimulus control treatment was administered in small groups to 16 ambulatory, noninstitutionalized older adults with sleep onset insomnia. Nine subjects received immediate treatment, and 7 received delayed treatment. Subjective sleep onset latency was collected at baseline, at termination of treatment, and at a 6-week follow-up. Results showed a strong treatment effect which was replicated with the delayed treatment group; both groups maintained their gains through the 6-week follow-up period. The effectiveness of these procedures with the older insomniac is especially encouraging, since it is a much safer intervention than sedative-hypnotic medications.
The Development and Validation of Coping With Career Indecision

This paper reports on four studies which provide the initial reliability and validity estimates regarding Coping With Career Indecision (CCI; Larson, 1992), a career indecision instrument that focu...
Location coding on icosahedral aperture 3 hexagon discrete global grids

Discrete global grid systems (DGGSs) represent a relatively new, but increasingly popular, approach to the problem of representing geospatial location on computer systems. Despite growing interest amongst potential users in icosahedral aperture 3 hexagon DGGSs, the practical use of such systems has been hindered by a lack of efficient spatial indexing methods. In this paper we discuss the two primary approaches to developing multi-resolution location coding systems for DGGSs: pyramid addressing and path addressing. We then describe an efficient pyramid addressing system for icosahedral aperture 3 hexagon DGGSs, the quadrilateral 2-dimensional integer system. After reviewing the problems inherent in developing path addressing systems for hexagon-based DGGSs we describe a class of path-based location coding solutions for icosahedral aperture 3 hexagon DGGSs called modified generalized balanced ternary, and show how this system can be used to index vector data. We then discuss a subset of this system, the icosahedral aperture 3 hexagon tree, which can be used to index raster and bucket data structures. Conversion algorithms to/from geodetic coordinates are discussed.
Assessment of Integration of Technology in Education: Countering the “No Significant Differences” Argument

ABSTRACT Literature in the field of information technology in educations in full of references to “no significant differences” findings from studies on the efficacy of technology integration. These findings may be due factors such as flawed assessment procedures, widely varying definitions of technology integration, and research design problems. The current special issue focuses on the development and use of reliable and valid instruments and procedures to access technology integration. This editorial reviews the concepts of reliability and validity, and summarizes assessment methods presented in the articles in this special issue.
MISSION TO MARS TO COLLECT A STOREHOUSE OF SCIENTIFIC DATA

Just after Election Day, the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft (Figure 1) will embark on a journey to Mars to examine the surface and the seasonal variations of the atmosphere over an entire Mars year. Mars is an extremely rich mission target because the scientific questions it poses touch on geology, geophysics, geochemistry, atmospheric physics, climatology, biology, and—most of all—comparative planetology.
Endothelin at Pathophysiological Concentrations Mediates Coronary Vasoconstriction via the Endothelin-A Receptor

Background Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide. Controversy persists regarding the predominant ET receptor that mediates coronary vasoconstriction at pathophysiological concentrations. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that ET mediates local coronary vasoconstriction via the ET-A receptor at low concentrations of exogenous ET-1 designed to mimic pathophysiological states compared with pharmacological concentrations. Methods and Results ET-1 (group 1, n=5) or sarafotoxin, a specific ET-B receptor agonist (group 3, n=6) (each at 2 ng/kg per minute), was infused into the left circumflex coronary artery in the anesthetized dog. In group 2 dogs (n=5), the same dose of ET-1 was infused with 4 μg/kg per minute of the specific ET-A receptor antagonist FR-139317. In group 4 (n=5), the same dose of sarafotoxin was infused with 50 μg/kg per minute of the specific inhibitor of nitric oxide formation, NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA). No difference in hemodynami...
Helical computed tomography accurately reports urinary stone composition using attenuation values: In vitro verification using high-resolution micro-computed tomography calibrated to fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy

Abstract Objectives To assess the ability of helical computed tomography (CT) to differentiate regions of known mineral composition in typical, heterogeneous urinary stones. Interest is substantial in the urologic community in using radiologic imaging to determine accurately the composition of urinary calculi. Recent advances in CT make this a viable prospect, but the heterogeneity of most stones is a complicating factor. Methods The ability of micro-CT (a high-resolution laboratory instrument) to identify the mineral composition of stones was confirmed by calibrating micro-CT attenuation values to pure mineral regions of sliced stones using infrared microspectroscopy. Intact human urinary stones were then analyzed by micro-CT, and regions-of-interest of pure mineral were correlated with identical regions-of-interest from quad slice multi-detector row helical CT images. With helical CT, narrow slice widths were used to decrease volume-averaging errors, and bone windows were used so that internal stone structure was visible. Results When stones were imaged using helical CT at narrow slice widths, mineral-specific regions-of-interest yielded nonoverlapping attenuation values for uric acid (566 to 632 Hounsfield units [HU]), struvite (862 to 944 HU), calcium oxalate (1416 to 1938 HU), and hydroxyapatite (2150 to 2461 HU). Conclusions High resolution helical CT yields unique attenuation values for common types of stone mineral, but proper windowing is required to localize regions of homogeneity. The results of this in vitro study suggest that high-resolution helical CT may be able to identify stone composition at patient diagnosis.
Practical Strategies for Nursing Education Program Evaluation

Self-evaluation is required for institutions of higher learning and the nursing programs within them. The literature provides information on evaluation models and instruments, and descriptions of how specific nursing education programs are evaluated. However, there are few discussions in the nursing education literature of the practical aspects of nursing education program evaluation: how to get started, how to keep track of data, who to involve in data collection, and how to manage challenging criteria. This article discusses the importance of program evaluation in the academic setting and provides information on practical ways to organize the evaluation process and aggregate data, and strategies for gathering data from students, graduates, alumni, and employers of graduates.
Effect of chromate primer on corrosion fatigue in aluminum alloy 7075

Abstract The Center for Aircraft Structural Life Extension (CAStLE) at the United States Air Force (USAF) Academy has undertaken work to produce a standardized test method for determining the effect of a corrosion inhibitor containing chromate on small scale fatigue damage. CAStLE is specifically focusing their research on the effect of chromate primers on the pit-to-crack transition and crack growth under the USAF damage tolerant flaw size (1.5 mm). Quantifying the chromate effect on the small damage scale is necessary to provide a baseline to compare the efficacy of new and safer coatings on fatigue life. To correctly account for these factors, bare and chromate primered test specimens of AA7075-T651 were produced with a center hole and a corrosion pit at the edge of the hole, and subsequently fatigued using representative environments and loading schemes until a thumbnail crack of approximately 1 mm radius was produced. How chromate coatings effect fatigue crack growth is dependent on enough chromate leaching from a coating to reduce the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) in the time it takes to grow from a 300 μm pit to a 1 mm fatigue crack. The current results suggest that the amount of chromate required to leach from the primer to affect FCGR may be highly dependent on the amount of chloride present.
Hybrid approach to steady transonic normal shock-compressible laminar boundary layer interactions over airfoils with suction

Transonic airfoil flow is to a large degree affected by viscous-inviscid interactions. Among them a key role is played by the boundary layer interaction with the shock wave embedded in the flow field and the interaction of the boundary layer with the sustained adverse pressure gradients. The effects of these interactions can be controlled or suppressed by introducing surface mass transfer such as suction. This investigation deals strictly with the study of shock-laminar boundary layer interactions including distributed mass transfer. The present calculations agree with experiments on a swept LFC wing at low speeds which indicates that with a suitable choice of the extent of the airfoil surface over which suction is applied and adjustment of the suction velocity, full-chord laminar flow can be maintained and separation can be prevented completely.
Adaptations for Independent Living by Older Frail Households

This paper examines how well older frail households cope with the requirements of independent living. Three groups of requirements are considered: household operation activities, housing consumption adjustments, and health-related activities. The analysis is based on the Survey of Housing Adjustments conducted by the Census Bureau for the Department of Housing and Urban Development, supplemented by data from the Annual Housing Survey. We find that those lacking financial resources and informal support are less likely to cope with independent living requirements, and that families bear the major burden in helping frail elders meet these requirements.
Arctic Ocean Ice Thickness: Modes of Variability and the Best Locations from Which to Monitor Them*

Abstract Model simulations of Arctic sea ice and ocean systems are used to determine the major spatial and temporal modes of variability in the ice thickness. A coupled ice–ocean model is forced with daily NCEP–NCAR reanalysis surface air pressure and surface air temperature fields for the period 1951–2003 with the analysis of the results performed for the 51-yr period 1953–2003. Ice concentration data and ice velocity data (beginning in 1979) are assimilated to further constrain the simulations to match the observed conditions. The simulated ice thins over the study period with the area of greatest thinning in a band from the Laptev Sea across the Pole to Fram Strait. The thinning rate is greatest since 1988. The major spatial modes of variability were determined with empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) for the ice thickness within the Arctic Ocean. The first three EOFs account for 30%, 18%, and 15%, respectively, of the annual mean ice thickness variance. The first EOF is a nearly basinwide pattern, a...
Pain scores among emergency department (ED) patients: comparison by ED diagnosis.

Abstract Background Treatment for pain and pain-related conditions has been identified as the most common reason for Emergency Department (ED) visits. Objective This study was undertaken to characterize the distribution of self-reported pain scores for common ED diagnoses. Methods In this retrospective exploratory chart review, eligible participants included all adult ED patients age 18 years and over, with a self-reported triage pain score of 1 or higher during January–June 2011. Data were collected from ED electronic medical records. Results Among 1229 patients, the mean age was 44 years; 56% of patients were female, and 59% were white. The mean triage pain score for all patients was 7.1 (interquartile range 6–9). The most common reported diagnoses included: minor injuries (10%), abdominal pain (8%), and respiratory infections (8%). The diagnoses with the highest mean pain scores were: sickle cell crisis (mean pain score 8.7), back/neck/shoulder pain (8.5), and headache/migraine (8.3). Higher pain scores were significantly correlated with younger age ( p p p p Conclusion ED patients report a wide variety of pain scores. Factors associated with higher pain scores included younger age, female gender, African American race, Medicaid insurance status, multiple ED visits in the past year, and ED diagnoses of sickle cell crisis, back/neck/shoulder pain, and headache.
Bilinear-discontinuous numerical solution of the time dependent transport equation in slab geometry

Abstract A bilinear-discontinuous (BLD) discretization in space and time is described for the numerical solution of the discrete ordinates form of the time dependent, one speed neutral particle transport equation in slab geometry. Numerical results using the BLD method are compared with analytical approximations and other space-time discretization schemes. Analysis shows the BLD method is stable and third order accurate in the space and time dimensions independently.