cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of cellulase by Trichoderma reesei from dairy manure

Abstract Cellulase production by the fungi Trichoderma reesei was studied using dairy manure as a substrate. Data showed that T. reesei RUT-C30 had higher cellulase production than T. reesei QM 9414 and that a homogenized manure, treated by a blender to reduce fiber size, led to higher cellulase production. The cellulase production was further optimized by growing T. reesei RUT-C30 on homogenized manure. The effects of manure concentration, pH, and temperature on cellulase production were investigated with optimal parameter values determined to be 10 g/l manure (dry basis), 25.5 °C, and pH 5.7, respectively. Elimination of CaCl 2 , MgSO 4 , nitrogen sources (NH 4 + and urea) and trace elements (Fe 2+ , Zn 2+ , Co 2+ and Mn 2+ ) from the original salt solution had no negative influence on the cellulase production, while phosphate elimination did reduce cellulase production. Based on above results, the final medium composition was simplified with manure additives being KH 2 PO 4 , tween-80 and CoCl 2 only. Using this medium composition and a reaction time of 6–8 days, a maximum cellulase production activity of 1.74 IU/ml of filter paper activity, 12.22 IU/ml of CMCase activity, and 0.0978 IU/ml of β-glucosidase was obtained. This filter paper activity is the highest ever reported in cellulase production from agricultural wastes.
High-resolution NMR studies of transmembrane cation transport: use of an aqueous shift reagent for 23Na

Abstract 23Na NMR studies of large unilamellar vesicles of egg lecithin in salt solutions are reported. A shift reagent, the dysprosium nitrilotriacetate ion Dy[N(CH2CO2)3]3-2 has been used to distinguish between 23Na+ inside and outside the vesicles. When both are present and the shift reagent is present on only one side, two clearly distinct resonances are observed. Creation of a Na+ concentration gradient and subsequent catalysis of passive transport induced by the introduction of gramicidin can be monitored easily by using the relative intensities of the two resonances. We report the observation of transport both out of and into vesicles.
The Reopened Ventricular Septal Defect A Syndrome Following Unsuccessful Closure of Interventricular Septal Defects Particularly in Association with Infundibular Stenosis

The persistence of a left-to-right shunt due to the unsuccessful repair of a ventricular septal defect associated with infundibular stenosis has been described. A characteristic clinical picture has been reported. The main features include congestive heart failure, tricuspid insufficiency, and increased pulmonary blood flow. The severity of the symptoms appears to be due to the persistence of a left-to-right shunt at a time when the myocardium has been affected adversely by such operative insults as potassium arrest and ventriculotomy. The particular difficulties attending the repair of a ventricular septal defect with infundibular stenosis include the proximity of the defect to the hypertrophied muscle mass, the soft muscular margin of such a defect, and the tension on the suture line. Ivalon and Teflon prostheses have been disappointing in their failure to maintain the integrity of the repair. All of the patients were reoperated upon. Five survived and their defects are now closed. The second repairs we...
Growth of Bifidobacteria in Milk and Preparation of Bifidobacterium infantis for a Dietary Adjunct

Abstract Addition of .2% modified deMan, Rogosa, Sharp broth permitted growth of four species of Bifidobacterium in either 10 or 12% nonfat dry milk. Serial propagations of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium infantis , and Bifidobacterium longum were successful in the modified milk, but Bifidobacterium bifidum required addition of ascorbic acid. Cysteine (.05%) plus either pyruvic acid (.05%) or ascorbic acid (.2%) successfully replaced addition of the broth for Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum. Bifidobacterium infantis was stable to lyophilization, and lyophilized Bifidobacterium infantis showed no decrease of viability during storage for 4 mo at 4°C under air in a dessicator or during suspension (2×10 6 /ml) for at least 7 days in refrigerated pasteurized lowfat milk.
Financial Services and the WTO: Liberalisation Commitments of the Developing and Transition Economies

This paper analyses the results of the financial services negotiations under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) at the World Trade Organization (WTO). It shows that the negotiations have contributed to more stable and transparent policy regimes in many developing and transition countries, and that the commitments do not in any way compromise the ability of countries to pursue sound macroeconomic and regulatory policies. However, even though the number of countries that participated in the eventual agreement was impressive, the liberalizing content of commitments was in many cases quite limited. Numerical estimates suggest that, in general, the African and Eastern European participants made much more liberal commitments than the Asian and Latin American participants. On the whole, the outcome probably reflects the balancing by each participant of the benefits of unilateral bindings against the gain from retaining bargaining chips for future multi-sectoral negotiations. Certain aspects of the outcome raise concerns. First, there has been less emphasis on the introduction of competition through allowing new entry than on allowing (or maintaining) foreign equity participation and protecting the position of incumbents. Secondly, even where immediate introduction of competition was not deemed feasible, little advantage has been taken of the GATS to lend credibility to liberalization programmes by precommitting to future market access.
Cross section of slow neutrons on parahydrogen

The total cross section of slow neutrons on gaseous parahydrogen has been measured at several temperatures near 20$sup 0$K and with pressures ranging from 250 to 750 Torr. A previous experiment had suggested that the cross section would exhibit a significant pressure dependence. However, no such pressure dependence was observed. The data give a value for the neutron-proton coherent scattering length of (-3.733 +- 0.004) x 10$sup -13$ cm, in agreement with the latest liquid mirror measurements. (AIP)
Constant-volume thermodynamic functions for b.c.c. niobium-hydrogen solid solutions

Abstract Recent measurements of the composition and temperature variation of the elastic properties of niobium single crystals containing hydrogen in solid solution in the b.c.c. α-phase have been used to calculate the rigid-lattice thermodynamic functions of the solution from the measured constant-pressure thermodynamic functions. The results show large differences between the two sets of functions. The utility of rigid-lattice models is discussed.
Duration of refractory status epilepticus and outcome: loss of prognostic utility after several hours.

Summary Purpose: Outcome for patients with status epilepticus (SE) depends strongly on etiology. Duration of SE is also predictive, at least in the first 2 h, but beyond this it is unclear that duration of SE influences outcome significantly. We sought to determine the influence of duration of SE on outcome in patients with prolonged SE, and to compare this influence with that of other factors. Methods: We reviewed the clinical course and outcome of 119 patients with SE, diagnosed by both clinical manifestations and electroencephalography (EEG) evidence. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, we sought predictors of outcome (survival vs. death or vegetative state) among age, etiology (epilepsy, anoxia or severe hypoxia, or other), presence of earlier epilepsy, multiple medical problems, presentation in coma, and type of SE (focal or generalized). Results: Median duration of SE was 48 h. Survival was greater with a shorter duration, especially when <10 h (69% vs. 31% for longer duration; p < 0.05). Epilepsy as the etiology, and an earlier diagnosis of epilepsy offered a favorable prognosis (p < 0.01), but only the former on multivariate analysis. Coma and SE caused by anoxia/hypoxia were unfavorable factors. Once corrected for etiology, presentation in coma, and type of SE (focal or generalized), duration of SE did not have a significant effect on outcome. Overall mortality was high, 65%, but 10 patients survived SE lasting over 3.5 days. Conclusions: A duration of <10 h was associated with better outcome in SE, but this was not significant once etiology, presentation in coma, and type of SE were accounted for. Etiology of SE is still the primary determinant of outcome. Unless it follows anoxia, prolonged SE should not be considered a hopeless condition.
Purification and characterization of a 44-kDa recombinant collagen I α 1 fragment from corn grain.

This paper demonstrates that a fibrous, repetitive amino acid sequence collagen-related protein, a 44-kDa fragment of human collagen I alpha 1 (CIalpha1), was expressed in corn grain molecularly equivalent to that produced in recombinant yeast. The recombinant CIalpha1 was extracted and purified from early generation plants having low levels of recombinant protein accumulation. It was selectively extracted at low pH and purified by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, resulting in a 44-kDa CIalpha1 with >70% purity and 60% recovery. The N-terminal sequence, amino acid composition, and immunoreactivity closely matched those of an analogous 44-kDa CIalpha1 fragment produced by the yeast Pichia . The corn-derived 44-kDa CIalpha1 had an intact protein mass of 44088 Da, which is within 0.2% of the mass calculated from the expected sequence. Tandem mass spectrometry confirmed the primary sequence with 78% coverage. The amino acid composition analysis indicated a low level of prolyl hydroxylation. Glycoprotein staining revealed no glycosylation.
Enhancing Research Skills and Information Literacy in Community College Science Students

Community college science majors were assigned a team-based research project in a course sequence of General Biology I and II and were followed over a two-semester sequence during three academic years. The project was intended to introduce key General Education principles such as global citizenship, scientific reasoning, communication skills, information literacy, and stewardship. Conducted in partnership with library faculty, the assignment used course-integrated workshops and one-on-one reference instruction to help students produce research papers, learn the mechanics of online library research, and practice public speaking. Assignments were designed to emphasize and refine skills such as information literacy, critical thinking, and writing, while supplementing course content with current global events. Pre- and post-surveys were conducted to analyze assimilation of skills during General Biology I and mastering of those skills the following semester.
An augmented Young-Laplace model of an evaporating meniscus in a microchannel with high heat flux

High flux evaporations from a steady meniscus formed in a 2 micron channel is modeled using the augmented Young-Laplace equation. The heat flux is found to be a function of the long range van der Waals dispersion force which represents interfacial conditions between heptane and various substrates. Heat fluxes of (1.3-1.6) x 10(exp 6) W/m(exp 2) based on the width of the channel are obtained for heptane completely wetting the substrate at 100 C. Small channels are used to obtain these large fluxes. Even though the real contact angle is 0 deg, the apparent contact angle is found to vary between 24.8 deg and 25.6 deg. The apparent contact angle, which represents viscous losses near the contact line, has a large effect on the heat flow rate because of its effect on capillary suction and the area of the meniscus. The interfacial heat flux is modeled using kinetic theory for the evaporation rate. The superheated state depends on the temperature and the pressure of the liquid phase. The liquid pressure differs from the pressure of the vapor phase due to capillarity and long range van der Waals dispersion forces which are relevant in the ultra think film formed at the leading edge of the meniscus. Important pressure gradients in the thin film cause a substantial apparent contact angle for a complete wetting system. The temperature of the liquid is related to the evaporation rate and to the substrate temperature through the steady heat conduction equation. Conduction in the liquid phase is calculated using finite element analysis except in the vicinity of the thin film. A lubrication theory solution for the thin film is combined with the finite element analysis by the method of matched asymptotic expansions.
Realization of Matrices and Directed Graphs

We consider the problem of constructing a matrix with prescribed row and column sums, subject to the condition that the off-diagonal entries are in {0,1} and the diagonal entries are nonnegative integers. The pair of row and column sum vectors is called realizable if such a matrix exists. This is related to the problem of constructing a directed graph with a given degree sequence. We provide a characterization of vectors (A,B) which are realizable, and thereby obtain an optimal algorithm for constructing such a matrix when possible. We also point out an application of this algorithm to the heuristic solution of network flow problems.
A reactor and kinetic model for liquefaction of lignite in an upflow tubular reactor part II: Applications

Abstract A kinetic and reactor model for the CO-Steam process for the liquefaction of North Dakota lignite has been presented in Part I. The purpose of the model is to translate existing data into different process conditions to aid in scale-up. The major problem in the scale-up and design of reactors is to determine the values of the parameters of the models; otherwise the models will be of little practical value. The objective of Part II is to present a calculational algorithm to determine the significant parameters and then estimate them from experimental data. Experimental data supplied by the University of North Dakota Energy Research Center are used in developing the model. The effects of temperature, slurry flow rate, gas flow rate and mass transfer between the gas phase and the slurry phase on the product distribution are assessed.
Bridge Displacement Estimates from Measured Acceleration Records

Girder displacement is an important component of bridge design and evaluation because it is directly related to bridge stiffness and flexibility. The complex interaction between vehicle and bridge dynamics will result in vibration and deflection greater than that under equivalent static loading. However, field measurement of girder displacement generally is non-trivial. Different sensors and instrumentation systems can be used to measure bridge displacement. Some of these provide direct measurements, whereas others indirectly provide displacement through measurements of the angle of rotation, velocity, or acceleration of the girder. Indirect methods, however, require additional signal processing analyses to remove the effect of small errors in recordings caused by sensor drift, unknown initial bridge conditions, and signal noise. These errors become sufficiently large through successive integrations and greatly distort the integrated velocity and displacement signals. Two correction methods are examined, ...
Acoustic sounder system design for measurement of optical turbulence and wind profiles

An Acoustic Sounder System has been installed on the side of the cliff at North Oscura Peak, WSMR to provide important refractive index structure parameter, Cn2 data for laser propagation tests. The acoustic sounder system records echo information that is used to provide 3D wind and optical turbulence profiles. The received signal is the product of the interaction of the transmitted acoustic pulse with the small scale atmospheric temperature variations. This information is displayed as a time-height display of the signal intensity. The frequency of the received signals are processed and converted into time histories of the horizontal wind field. The data from the Acoustic Sounder is calibrated with the hot-wire anemometer temperature structure parameter (Ct2) data, and meteorological data measured locally to produce the Cn2 profile. The design and location of the Acoustic Sounder System will be discussed along with the methodology of extracting the turbulence. Many days of data have been collected and representative data will be shown.
Influence of renal failure on urodynamic, cystoscopic and radiologic evaluations of the lower urinary tract: Implications for the pre-renal transplant evaluation

A retrospective analysis of 175 consecutive renal transplant patients who underwent extensive urodynamic evaluation and cystoscopy was performed. Urodynamic abnormalities were few, but general trends appeared. Pretransplant patients tended to have small-capacity bladders (mean 280 cc) and low urine flow rates (mean 7 cc/sec). The flow rates returned to normal after transplantation regardless of preoperative urine volumes. Cystoscopy failed to demonstrate anatomical abnormalities not discovered on preoperative voiding cystourethrography, and no patient was found to have a lower urinary tract malignancy. A history and physical examination, urinalysis, urine culture, and voiding cystourethrogram constitute an adequate urologic screening evaluation for most renal transplant candidates. Although some patients require cystoscopy and urodynamic evaluation, we have abandoned the “routine” use of these studies.
Durability of Flexible Cystoscopes in the Outpatient Setting

Objective To ascertain cystoscope durability in relation to usage and cost in the outpatient setting. Methods Six flexible cystoscopes were provided to our outpatient clinic by 2 vendors. Five Wolf 7305.006S02 cystoscopes (Richard Wolf Medical Instruments Corporation, Vernon Hills, IL) and 1 Olympus CYF-5 (Olympus America, Center Valley, PA) were used 2477 times over a 14-month study period. Prospective data were accumulated on each cystoscope including type of procedure, number of uses until mechanical failure, physician usage, and maintenance costs. All staff was trained in proper handling and maintenance of cystoscopes utilizing an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) approved protocol. Retrospective comparison was performed of 1346 cystoscopic procedures during the previous 8 months before implementation of the processing protocol, with data including type and quantity of mechanical failures along with maintenance costs. Results Five total study period failures occurred in 4 cystoscopes, with a mean of 495.4 procedures/failure. In 3 separate cystoscopes, failure occurred after 70 (perforation of working channel), 194 (leak in bending rubber), and 236 uses (hole in bending rubber). One cystoscope had 2 failures after 168 (cut in bending rubber) and 255 uses (failed leak test). During the retrospective period, there were 10 failures, with a mean of 134.6 procedures/failure. Four failures were secondary to crushed insertion tubes. Comparison of retrospective and study period costs revealed a 43.9% decrease from $9.64 per procedure to $5.41 per procedure. Conclusion Outpatient flexible cystoscope durability seems directly related to optimization of handling and storage of cystoscopes. Costs related to mechanical failure were reduced with a rigorous reprocessing protocol.
Visual aspects of media literacy

A central component of media literacy should be an understanding of the representational conventions through which the users of media create and share meanings. This paper analyzes the representational conventions of visual communications. It distinguishes between semantic and syntactic conventions and focuses on those characteristics that most sharply differentiate visual language from other modes of communication. It examines the impact of visual literacy on viewers' cognitive growth and on their development as informed consumers of visual media.
Role of nitric oxide in neurodegeneration and vulnerability of neuronal cells to nitric oxide metabolites and reactive oxygen species

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced during the oxidative deamination catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) that converts l-arginine to l-citrulline. NO can also be released chemically from a group of compounds called NO donors, such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP). NO directly or through its metabolites is believed to be involved in several disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This chapter summarizes the role of NO and oxidative stress in neurodegeneration and describes the experimental evidence of increased vulnerability of neuronal cells to NO metabolites and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). As NO is a highly labile, unstable free gas, levels of the stable end products, such as nitrite and nitrate (NOx), were measured. When different cell types were treated with SNP, a significant level of NOx was detected in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which was more than the spontaneous release by SNP. Astrocytic, glial, and epithelial cell lines released significantly higher levels of NOx compared with neuronal cell lines after SNP treatment. Neuronal cells were more sensitive to SNP-induced cytotoxicity, as determined by lactate dehydrogenase assay. SNP-mediated toxicity is known to be due, in large part, to the accumulation of cyanide ions, and the ability of cells to protect themselves against this toxicity depends upon their levels of NO metabolites. Cell lines that generate more NOx, such as astrocytic and epithelial, are better protected against the SNP-induced toxicity than are less NOx-protecting neuronal cell lines. Our results suggest that various cell types metabolize SNP differently and that neuronal cell lines are more vulnerable than other cell types to SNP treatment. As neuronal cell lines lack an NO-generated protective mechanism, these cells are potentially primary targets for neurodegeneration by toxic agents including the free radicals and peroxynitrites.
Fluorescence anisotropy studies of molecularly imprinted polymers

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) is a biomimetic material that can be used as a biochemical sensing element. We studied the steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence and fluorescence anisotropy of anthracene-imprinted polyurethane. We compared MIPs with imprinted analytes present, MIPs with the imprinted analytes extracted, MIPs with rebound analytes, non-imprinted control polymers (non-MIPs) and non-MIPs bound with analytes to understand MIP's binding behaviour. MIPs and non-MIPs had similar steady-state fluorescence anisotropy in the range 0.11-0.24. Anthracene rebound in MIPs and non-MIPs had a fluorescence lifetime of τ = 0.64 ns and a rotational correlation time of φF = 1.2-1.5 ns, both of which were shorter than that of MIPs with imprinted analytes present (τ = 2.03 ns and φF = 2.7 ns). The steady-state anisotropy of polymer solutions increased exponentially with polymerization time and might be used to characterize the polymerization extent in situ. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical response of single living cells under controlled stretch and indentation using functionalized micro force sensors

There is increasing experimental evidence suggesting that extracellular and intracellular mechanical forces and deformations have a profound influence on a wide range of cell behavior such as growth, cell division and apoptosis (programmed cell death). In order to explore how cells adapt to applied controlled lateral deformations, we developed a novel functionalized micro force sensor that forms localized adhesion sites with single cells. We demonstrated that actin network plays a dominant role in providing mechanical integrity and strength to living cells. Under indentation, however, cell response is dramatically different. Its force response is linear to a deformation scale comparable to the undeformed cell size, followed by plastic yielding. Upon unloading, force response drops sharply resulting in strong hysteresis. These findings shed new light on the current understanding of cell mechano-biology, particularly in the area of angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, artificial tissue growth, and wound healing
Woman Suffrage in the Progressive Era: Patterns of Opposition and Support in Referenda Voting, 1910-1918

Sources of opposition and support for woman suffrage are analyzed with the use of the responses of male voters to constitutional referenda held in six key states during the Progressive era. Traditional axes of opposition and support for suffrage are examined, establishing that stable sources of suffrage support originate most often from Protestant and northern European constituencies (with the exception of Germans), whereas southern Europeans and Catholics (except for Germans) generally show no consistent patterns. Opposition to suffrage is most constant from Germans—both Catholic and Protestant—and from urban constituencies. A structural model indicating the greater importance of prohibition as an intervening variable compared to partisanship or turnout at the grass-roots level of voting behavior explicates the sources of direct and indirect support for suffrage while it also demonstrates the influence of educational commitment in determining suffrage voting patterns. Except in the West, opposition to suffrage was intense and greater at the grass-roots level than among legislative elites. The ultimate success of the federal amendment is discussed in the context of state referenda, the changed political climate after American entry into World War I, and the innovative efforts of state legislatures to grant “presidential” suffrage, thereby circumventing what proved to be the difficult referenda route.
ADVANCES IN CORROSION TESTING OF METALS IN CONTACT WITH TREATED WOOD

A January 2004 change in the regulation of wood preservatives used in the U.S.has increased the use of newer wood preservatives, such as alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) and copper azole (CuAz). These preservatives contain high amounts of cupric ions, which may be reduced to copper metal at the expense of less noble steel and galvanized fasteners in the wood. Preliminary testing using extreme accelerating conditions suggested newer preservatives are more corrosive than the previously used chromated copper arsenate (CCA), although it is unclear how corrosion rates measured in these extreme conditions relate to milder in-service conditions. This paper presents preliminary results of a 1 year solid wood exposure test. The results are compared to electrochemical data collected in wood extracts obtained in a previous study. Additionally, the results of a small exploration on the effect of tannins on the corrosion of metals in wood extracts are presented.
Moving Beyond the “I” in Motivation Attributes and Perceptions of Conservation Volunteer Tourists

Much research has examined why volunteer tourists volunteer abroad. However, little work has explored (1) if and how destination and organization attributes motivate volunteers or (2) manager perceptions of volunteer motivations. We identified attributes that pulled conservation volunteer tourists to the country, organization, and volunteer project. We compared these motivations and reasons for volunteering abroad with manager and volunteer coordinator perceptions of volunteer motivations. To collect data, we engaged in participant observation and conducted interviews with 36 volunteer tourists, 2 managers, and 3 volunteer coordinators at an Ecuadorian conservation volunteer project. Volunteers listed a range of motivations for their choices (e.g., reserve mission, price). Managers and coordinators correctly identified some motivations for volunteering abroad and selecting the destination, organization, and project (e.g., travel, price). However, they mentioned fewer reasons than volunteers and overlooked...
IL-17A promotes protective IgA responses and expression of other potential effectors against the lumen-dwelling enteric parasite Giardia.

Giardia lamblia is a leading protozoan cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. It colonizes the lumen and epithelial surface of the small intestine, but does not invade the mucosa. Acute infection causes only minimal mucosal inflammation. Effective immune defenses exist, yet their identity and mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Interleukin (IL)-17A has emerged as an important cytokine involved in inflammation and antimicrobial defense against bacterial pathogens at mucosal surfaces. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-17A has a crucial function in host defense against Giardia infection. Using murine infection models with G. muris and G. lamblia, we observed marked and selective induction of intestinal IL-17A with peak expression after 2 weeks. Th17 cells in the lamina propria and innate immune cells in the epithelial compartment of the small intestine were responsible for the IL-17A response. Experiments in gene-targeted mice revealed that the cytokine, and its cognate receptor IL-17RA, were required for eradication of the parasite. The actions of the cytokine were mediated by hematopoietic cells, and were required for the transport of IgA into the intestinal lumen, since IL-17A deficiency led to marked reduction of fecal IgA levels, as well as for increased intestinal expression of several other potential effectors, including β-defensin 1 and resistin-like molecule β. In contrast, intestinal hypermotility, another major antigiardial defense mechanism, was not impacted by IL-17A loss. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that IL-17A and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for intestinal defense against the important lumen-dwelling intestinal parasite Giardia.
Inflammatory monocytes activate memory CD8(+) T and innate NK lymphocytes independent of cognate antigen during microbial pathogen invasion

Summary Memory CD8 + T cells induced upon immunization exhibit improved functional features that contribute to protection of immunized hosts. Although both cognate antigen recognition and inflammation are important for memory CD8 + T cell reactivation, the relative contribution of these factors and the cell types providing these signals in vivo are poorly defined. Here, we show that Ly6C + CCR2 + inflammatory monocytes, a subset of monocytes, largely orchestrate memory CD8 + T and NK lymphocytes activation by differentiating into interleukin-18 (IL-18)- and IL-15-producing cells in an inflammasome and type I interferon-IRF3-dependent manner. Memory CD8 + T cells became potent effector cells by sensing inflammation from monocytes independently of their cognate antigen. Like NK cells, they underwent rapid mobilization, upregulated intense and sustained effector functions during bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, and contributed to innate responses and protection in vivo. Thus, inflammatory monocyte-derived IL-18 and IL-15 are critical to initiate memory CD8 + T and NK lymphocytes differentiation into antimicrobial effector cells.
AN INQUIRY INTO DIALOGUE, ITS CHALLENGES AND JUSTIFICATION

This article offers a socio-historical analysis of contemporary arguments favoring dialogue, with special emphasis on their relevance to public participation in governance and policy making. My argument begins with the historical roots of dialogue, and goes on to consider the variety of challenges to dialogue that emerged in the modern age. After considering the contemporary opposition, in light of these challenges, I portray dialogue's proponents as drawing on three families of arguments, each with a Classical legacy and response to modernity's challenges. The conclusion considers the significance of the arguments favoring public dialogue relative to recent changes in the political landscape in the U.S.
Evidence for a Symmetrical Requirement for Rab5-GTP in in Vitro Endosome-Endosome Fusion

Early endosome fusion, which has been extensively characterized using an in vitro reconstitution assay, is Rab5-dependent. To examine the requirement for Rab5 on both fusion partners, we prepared cytosol and endosomes depleted of Rab5. Unlike control cytosol, Rab5-depleted cytosol was only marginally active in the in vitro endosome fusion. However, fusion could be restored by the addition of wild-type Rab5 or Rab5 D136N, a mutant whose nucleotide specificity favors xanthine over guanine. The addition of Rab5 D136N restored fusion only in the presence of XTP. In the absence of XTP or in the presence of XDP, Rab5 D136N failed to restore fusion. When fusion was carried out with endosomal vesicles depleted of Rab GTPases (by preincubation of vesicles with GDP dissociation inhibitor), together with cytosol immunodepleted of Rab5, fusion was virtually absent. We then used immunodepleted cytosol and GDP dissociation inhibitor-treated vesicles to determine whether Rab5 is required by both fusion partners. Using separate sets of endosomal vesicles, we found that priming both sets of Rab5-depleted vesicles with Rab5 Q79L, a GTPase-defective mutant, substantially stimulated endosome fusion. Priming one set of vesicles with Rab5 Q79L and a second set of vesicles with Rab5 S34N failed to activate fusion. When both sets of Rab5-depleted vesicles were primed with Rab5 D136N supplemented with XTP, endosome fusion was stimulated, similar to that observed with Rab5 Q79L. However, when one set of vesicles was preincubated with Rab5 D136N plus XTP and the second set with Rab5 D136N and XDP, no stimulation of fusion was observed. We conclude that Rab5-GTP is required on both fusion partners for docking and fusion of early endosomes. To confirm the fusion of Rab5-GTP-positive vesiclesin vivo, we expressed GFP-Rab5 Q79L in fibroblasts and observed fusion of Rab5-positive vesicles. We failed to record fusion of Rab5-positive vesicles with Rab5-negative vesicles. We conclude that Rab5-GTP is required on both sets of endosomes for fusion in vitro and in living cells.
Discovering RNA-Protein Interactome by Using Chemical Context Profiling of the RNA-Protein Interface

SUMMARY RNA-protein (RNP) interactions generally are required for RNA function. At least 5% of human genes code for RNA-binding proteins. Whereas many approaches can identify the RNA partners for a specific protein, finding the protein partners for a specific RNA is difficult. We present a machinelearning method that scores a protein’s binding potential for an RNA structure by utilizing the chemical context profiles of the interface from known RNP structures. Our approach is applicable even when only a single RNP structure is available. We examined 801 mammalian proteins and find that 37 (4.6%) potentially bind transfer RNA (tRNA). Most are enzymes involved in cellular processes unrelated to translation and were not known to interact with RNA. We experimentally tested six positive and three negative predictions for tRNA binding in vivo, and all nine predictions were correct. Our computational approach provides a powerful complement to experiments in discovering new RNPs.
On the Application of Green's Function Integral Equation to the Motion Analysis of Floating Structures

In a previous paper a singularity panel method based on Green's third identity was developed and tested successfully. The application of this method could be used for the calculation of wave resistance and the motion characteristics of ships, submarines and offshore platforms. It was discovered that the application of this method to the submerged two-dimensional bodies depended strongly upon the boundaries of the region where the integral equation was used. In this paper the results of the parametric studies for each variable affecting the solution, such as water surface and sidesurface lengths, panel densities, etc., are presented. The results indicate stronger dependence on water surface length, side surface length and the number of body surface panels.
A cost-effective approach for the development of an integrated PC-PLC-robot system for industrial engineering education

Advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) instruction is and is likely to remain an important component of the industrial engineering education curriculum. As new manufacturing technologies become available and as existing manufacturing technologies become more integrated, industrial engineering departments must continuously develop their laboratory resources in order to provide their students with effective instruction. While financially limited departments cannot acquire state-of-the-art manufacturing equipment, they can provide improved hands-on AMT integration instruction without major capital investment. By developing an interface box between existing LabVolt PLC trainers and Microbot TeachMover robots, the industrial engineering department at a major Northeastern US university was able to provide its students with improved AMT integration instruction.
Invitation to a Bonfire: Reappraisal and Deaccessioning of Records as Collection Management Tools in an Archives—A Reply to Leonard Rapport

Despite Leonard Rapport's articulate argument for it, reappraisal and deaccessioning of archival records is an inappropriate tool for collection management. Such broad-scale review is warranted only when the generally applied standards of appraisal at an institution are erroneous, when there is systematic error rather than possible misjudgment in applying those standards in specific cases. The proper time for reappraising and possibly deaccessioning records is during the processing of newly accessioned records, which may render old ones redundant or irrelevant to the changing nature of the holdings.
On mobilization of lead and arsenic in groundwater in response to CO2 leakage from deep geological storage

On Mobilization of Lead and Arsenic in Groundwater in Response to CO 2 Leakage from Deep Geological Storage Liange Zheng a* , John A. Apps a , Yingqi Zhang a , Tianfu Xu a , Jens T. Birkholzer a a Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Mail Stop 90-1116, Berkeley, CA, USA Corresponding author: Tel: 1 510 486 5502, Fax: 1 510 486 5686, email: lzheng@lbl.gov (Liange Zheng) Abstract If carbon dioxide stored in deep saline aquifers were to leak into an overlying aquifer containing potable groundwater, the intruding CO 2 would change the geochemical conditions and cause secondary effects mainly induced by changes in pH In particular, hazardous trace elements such as lead and arsenic, which are present in the aquifer host rock, could be mobilized. In an effort to evaluate the potential risks to potable water quality, reactive transport simulations were conducted to evaluate to what extent and mechanisms through which lead and arsenic might be mobilized by intrusion of CO 2 . An earlier geochemical evaluation of more than 38,000 groundwater quality analyses from aquifers throughout the United States and an associated literature review provided the basis for setting up a reactive transport model and examining its sensitivity to model variation. The evaluation included identification of potential mineral hosts containing hazardous trace elements, characterization of the modal bulk mineralogy for an arenaceous aquifer, and augmentation of the required thermodynamic data. The reactive transport simulations suggest that CO 2 ingress into a shallow aquifer can mobilize significant lead and arsenic, contaminating the groundwater near the location of intrusion and further downstream. Although substantial increases in aqueous concentrations are
The Heroic Nature of Tax Lawyers

John Grisham's2 The Firm is it, the book that will change the image of the tax lawyer. Though a work of fiction, it gives birth to a new conception, a new vision, of the tax specialist that entire libraries of law review articles cannot duplicate. Those of us in the tax law business know that we are bright, engaging, and athletic; we combine animal magnetism3 with erudition. However, tax lawyers are lumped with accountants in the public mind,4 and are burdened with the images of thick spectacles, green eyeshades, cluttered minds, and unlimited capacities for boredom.5 One commentator has even stated that a "tax lawyer is
Preliminary observations on bone isografts within diffusion chambers.

Summary1. Surviving cells of bone isografts implanted subcutaneously within diffusion chambers form new bone and cartilage on the surface of original implant and on inner surface of filter. 2. No new bone formation was observed on exterior of filter. 3. It is suggested that the results obtained within diffusion chambers are due to cell modulation rather than induction.
Salinity and calcium effects on emergence, growth and mineral composition of seedlings of eight citrus rootstocks

Salt tolerance of several citrus rootstocks during emergence and the early seedling stage of development was studied under greenhouse conditions. Salinity delayed and depressed seedling emergence, reduced shoot and root biomasses, and altered the mineral concentration of young citrus seedlings, although the magnitude of these changes differed between rootstocks. The addition of 50 mol m'3 NaCl to a nutrient solution delayed seedling emergence by three to five days with the exception of Troyer citrange (TC). Final emergence was reduced by less than 30% in Carrizo citrange (CC), TC, and Swingle cit- rumelo (SC), and by more than 65% in Ridge pineapple (RP), Cleopatra mandarin (CM), and rough lemon (RL). In the 50 mol m~3 NaCl treatment, shoot and root biomass were reduced by over 50%. Even in the no-salt control treatment, emergence of the first seedling and time to 50% emergence varied between rootstocks. Troyer citrange seedlings emerged fastest beginning ten days after sowing. Carrizo citrange and SC eme...
On Estimates in Number Theory

(1963). On Estimates in Number Theory. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 70, No. 10, pp. 1063-1065.
Test research on bearing capacity of anchors used for sandstone reinforcement

According to the geological conditions of intermediate weathered sandstone ground, static load test of single anchor foundations and group anchor foundations were carried out. Based on the test results, the typical failure modes and the ultimate uplift bearing capacity of foundations are analyzed. Internal force distribution and effective anchorage depth are investigated through strain measurements. The results show that the rock anchor foundation can meet the bearing requirements of the upper structure for transmission line engineering. Rock anchor foundation benefits economically and socially when applied to intermediate weathered sandstone ground. When the anchorage depth of anchor is less than effective anchorage depth, the uplift bearing capacity of foundations can be improved by increasing anchorage depth and rock-socket depth. Horizontal load can affect the uplift stability of group anchors foundation adversely although it is not a control factor of foundation failure.
USE OF AN INDWELLING BRONCHIAL CATHETER MODEL OF BOVINE PNEUMONIC PASTEURELLOSIS FOR EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF VARIOUS COMPOUNDS

A model of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, using an indwelling bronchial catheter for inoculation and subsequent lavage of a single main stem bronchus of the lung, was evaluated in a preliminary efficacy trial of an experimental therapeutic compound. Inoculation of 10(7) Pasteurella haemolytica organisms into the bronchus consistently induced a focal pneumonic lesion with typical morphology of pneumonic pasteurellosis in the left or right caudal lung lobe. The experimental treatment caused significant (P less than 0.05) reduction in lung lesion volume, compared with that of a saline-treated control. It also caused significant (P less than 0.05) reduction in lavage fluid bacterial counts at 48 hours after inoculation, compared with counts in the controls. The inflammatory cell count and the percentage of neutrophils increased markedly in lavage fluids 8 hours after inoculation, but differences were not detected between treatments. Significant differences between treatments were not found in clinical signs, rectal temperature, or histologic changes. This model appears to be a sensitive indicator of treatment efficacy and has the advantage over previous models of pneumonic pasteurellosis of allowing sequential monitoring of the primary lesion site.
The Critical Role of Organic Chemistry in Drug Discovery

Small molecules remain the backbone for modern drug discovery. They are conceived and synthesized by medicinal chemists, many of whom were originally trained as organic chemists. Support from government and industry to provide training and personnel for continued development of this critical skill set has been declining for many years. This Viewpoint highlights the value of organic chemistry and organic medicinal chemists in the complex journey of drug discovery as a reminder that basic science support must be restored.
Online Store Perceptions: How to Turn Browsers into Buyers?

The aim of this empirical study is to compare perceptions regarding online shopping between those who browse the web but do not shop online (defined as online browsers) to the attitudes of online buyers. To address the research objective, surveys were administered to 231 online adult browsers and 311 online adult buyers. MANOVA and ANOVA results show that in contrast to online buyers, online browsers are more concerned about the design and security of online stores, customer service, and product offerings (price, selection, and quality). They also perceive themselves as less skilled at using the Web, more price-conscious and less time pressured than online buyers. Based on these findings, the study provides theoretical implications and points to specific actions that online marketers may undertake to address these perceptions.
The impact of US cyber policies on cyber-attacks trend

There is a general belief that cyber attacks on the United States are increasing, as indicated by the 30% increase in cyber-attack related news from 2014 to 2015. During the same time frame, however, the USA government enacted several policy measures meant to reduce or mitigate cyber-attacks. These recent developments have lead us to ask two questions, a) Have cyber-attacks on the United States actually increased, as perceived in the news media? b) What is the impact of changes in US cyber-policy on this trend in cyber-attacks? Our initial investigation reveals that in contrast to the perception, there has been a drop in the number of DDoS cyber-attacks on the USA. In this research, we compare the perceptions and the reality of cyber attacks by considering recent trends in cyber-related news and cyber-attacks (specifically DDoS type attacks). The analysis makes three important contributions: a) Using GDelt data, we show that from 2014 to 2015 the amount of news referring to cyber events have increased, but the sentiment expressed in such news has become more negative. b) Using DDoS-attacks data shared by Arbor Network, we show that from 2014 to 2016, there has been a marked decrease in the number of cyber-attacks on the USA. c) Using a time series intervention analysis, we show that the decline in cyber-attacks appears to be related to the changes in US cyber policy. In particular, the US President's authorization to prosecute malicious cyber actors significantly decreased the DDoS-attacks on the US.