cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural refinement and analysis of Mengo virus

The structure of Mengo encephalomyelitis virus was refined at 3 A resolution with a final R-factor of 0.221 and a root-mean-square deviation from idealized bond lengths of 0.019 A for 10 A to 3 A data with F ≥ 3σ(F). The Hendrickson-Konnert refinement was restrained by the phases derived from the molecular replacement averaging procedure and constrained by the icosahedral symmetry of the virus. The virus consists of 60 protomers each having three major subunits, VP1, VP2 and VP3, along with one smaller internal protein, VP4. The three major subunits form similar eight-stranded β-barrel structures. Alterations in the original sequence were found at position 45 in VP1 (Arg to Ala) and at position 58 in VP3 (Met to Val). The residues in loops I and II of VP1 (82 to 102), the “FMDV loop” in VP1 (205 to 213), the flexible loop of VP3 in the putative receptor attachment site (175 to 185) as well as the terminal regions 260 to 268 in VP1, 253 to 256 in VP2 and 13 to 15 in VP4 were built or modified in regions of weak density. The variation in temperature factors at the end of the refinement is over a wide range (from 2 to 80 A2), with the disordered outer and inner regions showing high mobility. Four cis proline residues, 105 in VP1, 85 and 152 in VP2 and 59 in VP3, have been identified. The disulfide bridge Cys86 to Cys88 in VP3 has been characterized. One phosphate ion and 233 water positions were included in the refinement. It is suggested that this phosphate is associated with the receptor attachment site. There are two major hydrogen-bonding networks involving solvent atoms; one involving only the subunits of a protomer, and the other connecting the protomers in a pentamer. The distribution of atom types around the icosahedral symmetry axes shows that the 5-fold channel is more hydrophobic than that along the 3-fold axis and that there are more charged residues around the 2-fold axis. The analysis of contacts between the different subunits supports the assignment of the protomeric unit. The five protomers that form the pentameric unit are held together by interactions involving the smaller VP4 protein and the amino termini of VP1 and VP3. The pentamers are associated by means of the amino-terminal region of the VP2 subunits, the βF strand of the VP3 subunits, the C terminus of the VP4 subunits and the electrostatic helical (αA) interactions of VP2 subunits across the icosahedral 2-fold axes. The superposition of the corresponding subunits of Mengo virus, human rhinovirus 14 and southern bean mosaic virus has provided an improved sequence alignment. The largest structural similarity is between the VP3 subunits of Mengo virus and rhinovirus, while the least similarity is between the VP1 subunits. The various specialized insertions in the different subunits can be associated with specific functional requirements.
Chemically Initiated Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Acid onto Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) Terpolymer and its Constituent Polymers

The graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS), has been initiated by the use of both benzoyl peroxide and azobisisobutyronitrile. Addition occurs in the butadiene region of the polymer, either by the loss of a vinylic hydrogen and subsequent radical formation and addition of monomer or by addition to the double bond. The amount of acrylic acid which may be added is dependent upon the time and temperature of the reaction and the concentration of monomer and initiator. Thermal analysis of the grafted samples show that the residue is less than that expected based upon the composition of the copolymer; similar results have been previously obtained for acrylic acid grafted by another technique. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A q-Analog of the Balanced 3F2 Summation Theorem for Hypergeometric Series in U(n)

Abstract In this paper we derive a q -analog of Holman′s U ( n ) generalization of the Pfaff-Saalschutz or balanced 3 F 2 summation theorem. This provides a multivariable generalization of Jackson′s classical q -analog of the balanced 3 F 2 summation theorem. We obtain our main result from our new general q -difference equations for "balanced" basic hypergeometric series in U ( n ) and "both" q -analog of Holman′s U ( n ) generalization of the Vandermonde summation theorem. Even the classical case of our proof appears to be new. The q -analog of U ( n ) Pfaff-Saalschutz is invariant under inversion of the base q and also multivariable reversal of series. Corresponding theorems for ordinary series are deduced by taking the limit as q → 1 of all these results.
Controlling spontaneous emission dynamics in semiconductor micro cavities

Spontaneous emission of light can be controlled, cavity quantum electrodynamics tells us, and many experiments in atomic physics demonstrated this fact. In particular, coupling an emitter to a resonant photon mode of a cavity can enhance its spontaneous emission rate: this is the so-called Purcell effect. Though appealing it might seem to implement these concepts for the benefit of light-emitting semiconductor devices, great care has to be taken as to which emitter/cavity system should be used. Semiconductor quantum boxes prove to be good candidates for witnessing the Purcell effect. Also, low volume cavities having a high optical quality – in other words a long photon storage time – are required. State-of-the-art fabrication techniques of such cavities are presented and discussed. We demonstrate spontaneous emission rate enhancement for InAs/GaAs quantum boxes in time-resolved and continuous-wave photoluminescence experiments. This is done for two kinds of cavities, namely GaAs/AlAs micropillars (global enhancement by a factor of 5), and GaAs microdisks (global enhancement by a factor of 20). Prospects for lasers, light-emitting diodes and single photon sources based on the Purcell effect are discussed.
Newborns Form “Prototypes” in Less Than 1 Minute

Past research demonstrated that newborns looked longer at live faces and two-dimensional still images of the mother than at the faces and images of strangers (Bushnell, Sai, & Mullin, 1989; Field, Cohen, Garcia, & Greenberg, 1985; Walton, Bower, & Bower, 1992). This study examined schema (prototype) theory as a basis for newborn's preference for the mother's face by creating composite (prototype) faces with a pixel averaging technique. Results obtained with a preferential operant-sucking procedure indicated that formation of a representation of faces was rapid. Newborns preferred to look at a composite of presented faces rather than a composite of unseen faces on the first-look presentation of each. The effect faded over the duration of the experiment.
Learning Economics: A Cautionary Tale

This essay supports Etzioni's (2015) “The Moral Effects of Economic Teaching” by conceptually analyzing the way that classical economics depicts the worldview of humankind and the methodology of its presentation to students and the general public. The essay concludes (with Etzioni) that this combination can create a morally corrupting paradigm for the student in search of truth.
Enzyme replacement therapy in 12 patients with MPS I–H/S with homozygous p.Leu490Pro mutation

We describe a cohort of 14 Hurler–Scheie patients homozygous for the p.Leu490Pro missense mutation in the α-l-iduronidase gene. Now based in the UK, they are all of Pakistani/Kashmiri descent; 64% were female; 11/14 (79%) had a sibling or cousin with MPS I and the parents are consanguineous in all cases. The median age at diagnosis was 1.8 years (range from antenatal diagnosis to 16.5 years). Twelve were on ERT with recombinant human α-l-iduronidase (IDUA; Laronidase, Genzyme) for a median duration of 22.5 months (range 2–71 months) and median age at commencement of ERT was 8.6 years (range 0.4–23.1 years). There was clear improvement in the size of liver and spleen as well as reduction in urine glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The mean (range) urine GAG levels in mg/mmol creatinine were 63.4 (28.9–105.6), 28.3 (10.9–41.4), 22.8 (12.1–43.1), 15.7 (9.2–24.8) and 16.3 (10.1–21.0) at commencement, 3 months post ERT, 6 months post ERT, 12 months post ERT and 24 months post ERT, respectively. Effects on growth were not clear as there does not seem to be an obvious trend of increase or decrease in height after commencement of ERT and this seems to be the case regardless of the age at which ERT was started.
Trehalose and glycogen depletion during DDT poisoning of American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana.

In DDT-treated American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.) (Orthoptera: Blattidae), glycogen and trehalose concentrations were lowered over a relatively short time span corresponding to the period from late hyperactivity to early prostration. Such a depletion did not occur in DDE (l,l,dichloro-2,2-bis( p -chlorophenyl) ethylene)-treated insects. This depletion corresponded with a peak in 14CO2 evolution from cockroaches receiving glucose-14C injections. The depletion occurred even when supplemental injections of up to 6 mg trehalose per cockroach were made, but was delayed by a rise in temperature. Dieldrin and propoxur poisoning caused a similar carbohydrate depletion. Carbohydrate depletion is proposed as a link between the effect of DDT on the nervous tissue and the response of the rest of the tissues of the insect.
Further ozone transport calculations and the spring maximum in ozone amount

Calculations of the covariance between ozone amounts and meridional wind in the lower stratosphere are presented for all stations in the northern hemisphere for the IGY-IGC. Northward ozone transport occurs by large-scale quasi-horizontal transient and standing eddies and the transport is a maximum early in the year. It is suggested that the transport is governed by the exchange of energy between the troposphere and stratosphere and data are presented on the energy transformations within the lower stratosphere and the transfer of energy into the region which support this suggestion. The vertical flux of energy is also calculated from tropospheric data and its seasonal changes are seen to be in the correct phase to explain the spring maximum in ozone amount.
The decomposition of silver oxide in KOH solutions

Abstract The decomposition of silver(I) oxide in aqueous potassium hydroxide has been studied using titrimetric, radioactive tracer, and gas evolution techniques. The rate of decomposition is dependent on temperature, photo effects, and the presence of foreign materials.
Bilateral hypernephroma with solitary pancreatic metastasis.

A case of bilateral renal carcinoma with an uncommon solitary metastasis is presented. Therapeutic rationale is discussed.
Maleic hydrazide: Should the Delaney amendment apply to its use?

The chemistry, metabolism, toxicology, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of maleic hydrazide have been reviewed. There is little doubt that this chemical is a mutagen and a carcinogen in cell cultures and animals, but no evidence is available on human carcinogenicity regardless of population exposure in manufacturing, agriculture, and the food chain (i.e., potato chips). An epidemiology survey should be conducted to ascertain possible human carcinogenicity in these populations. A long‐term ingestion experiment should be conducted in several animal species to establish whether maleic hydrazide is carcinogenic by this route. Biotransformation studies should be undertaken along with pharmacokinetic studies to obtain a better understanding of the chemical's metabolism and excretion. Such investigations would firmly establish whether the tolerance for maleic hydrazide should remain or whether the use of the compound should be banned under the Delaney Amendment.
The Population Impact of a Large School-Based Influenza Vaccination Campaign

Background The optimal vaccination strategy to mitigate the impact of influenza epidemics is unclear. In 2005, a countywide school-based influenza vaccination campaign was launched in Knox County, Tennessee (population 385,899). Approximately 41% and 48% of eligible county children aged 5–17 years were immunized with live attenuated influenza vaccine before the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 influenza seasons, respectively. We sought to determine the population impact of this campaign. Methods Laboratory-confirmed influenza data defined influenza seasons. We calculated the incidence of medically attended acute respiratory illness attributable to influenza in Knox and Knox-surrounding counties (concurrent controls) during consecutive seasons (5 precampaign and 2 campaign seasons) using negative binomial regression and rate difference methods. Age-stratified analyses compared the incidence of emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations attributable to influenza. Results During precampaign seasons, estimated ED visit rates attributable to influenza were 12.39 (95% CI: 10.34–14.44) per 1000 Knox children aged 5–17 years and similar in Knox-surrounding counties. During the campaign seasons, annual Knox influenza-associated ED visit rates declined relative to rates in Knox-surrounding counties: rate ratios 0.55 (95% CI: 0.27–0.83) and 0.70 (95% CI: 0.56–0.84) for the first and second campaign seasons, respectively. Overall, there were about 35% or 4.86 per 1000 fewer influenza-associated ED visits among Knox County children aged 5–17 years attributable to the campaign. No significant declines in Knox compared to surrounding counties were detected for influenza associated ED visits in children aged <5 years, all adults combined or selected adult age subgroups, although power for these analyses was limited. Alternate rate-difference analyses yielded consistent results. Conclusion Vaccination of approximately 45% of Knox school-aged children with influenza vaccine was associated with a 35% annual reduction (4.86 per 1000) in ED visit rates attributable to influenza. Higher vaccination coverage and/or larger studies would be needed to determine whether similar interventions have indirect benefits in other age groups.
Genes involved in osmoregulation during turgor-driven cell expansion of developing cotton fibers are differentially regulated.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers are single-celled trichomes that synchronously undergo a phase of rapid cell expansion, then a phase including secondary cell wall deposition, and finally maturation. To determine if there is coordinated regulation of gene expression during fiber expansion, we analyzed the expression of components involved in turgor regulation and a cytoskeletal protein by measuring levels of mRNA and protein accumulation and enzyme activity. Fragments of the genes for the plasma membrane proton-translocating ATPase, vacuole-ATPase, proton-translocating pyrophosphatase (PPase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, major intrinsic protein, and α-tubulin were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and used as probes in ribonuclease protection assays of RNA from a fiber developmental series, revealing two discrete patterns of mRNA accumulation. Transcripts of all but the PPase accumulated to highest levels during the period of peak expansion (+12–15 d postanthesis [dpa]), then declined with the onset of secondary cell wall synthesis. The PPase was constitutively expressed through fiber development. Activity of the two proton-translocating-ATPases peaked at +15 dpa, whereas PPase activity peaked at +20 dpa, suggesting that all are involved in the process of cell expansion but with varying roles. Patterns of protein accumulation and enzyme activity for some of the proteins examined suggest posttranslational regulation through fiber development.
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS IN PROCESS DESIGN

As steady-state and dynamic simulators with optimal controllers have evolved, tools for nonlinear analysis have been developed by reactor and thermophysical property specialists. Designers lag behind in developing and utilizing these tools, as many design strategies assume idealized behavior even though processes contain an increasing number of nonlinear elements. This article examines the sources of the nonlinear elements, often associated with physical and chemical interactions, in designs and their control systems. Promising methods for nonlinear analysis are reviewed. In each design activity, involving simulation, economic optimization, projections of controllability and operability, emphasis is on the sources of nonlinearities and solution methods. These are examined for the equality constraints and nonlinear programs in phase and chemical equilibria, in reactors and separators, and in the simulation and optimization of flowsheets. Also examined are the impact of non-linear predictive control in screening designs and methods to insure operability, in the face of uncertainties.
Health Services Utilization Between Older and Younger Homeless Adults

Purpose: Our purpose in the current study was to examine the relationship between health services utilization delivered by means of the Homeless Outreach Medical Services (HOMES) program and health services utilization delivered by means of the Parkland emergency room and inpatient units among a sample of older and younger homeless adults being served by the Parkland Health and Hospital System. Design and Methods: The HOMES program uses two 40-ft-long mobile medical units and a fixed-site outpatient clinic to provide primary health care on a walk-in, no-charge basis to individuals who are homeless. We used a quasi-experimental design, and we randomly selected health services utilization data from 293 male (50.4%) and 288 female (49.6%) homeless patients from among the 14,876 homeless patients aged 20-64 years who used HOMES and the Parkland Health and Hospital System between June 1, 1992, and June 30, 1999. The dependent variables were measurements of inpatient and outpatient utilization of psychiatric, substance abuse, and musculoskeletal services by homeless patients. Inpatient and outpatient utilization patterns by age were assessed. Data were analyzed using a split-plot repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and simple linear regression. Results: Older homeless individuals utilized the HOMES more than inpatient services for substance abuse and musculoskeletal conditions, but they utilized inpatient services the most for psychiatric-related conditions. Implications: This level of inpatient utilization is perhaps a result of greater severity or progression of mental illness among older homeless adults. The level of outpatient utilization is probably because the HOMES program mitigates many of the barriers that prevent homeless individuals from obtaining primary medical care.
A state-space approach for obtaining spectral models from nonpositive covariance models

The problem considered in this paper is the following: given a state-space model for a symmetric sequence {rj} which is not positive, (i.e. its Fourier transform takes on negative values}, find a model for a positive sequence {r- j} which gives a good approximation to {rj}. The positive covariance model can then be used to define a spectrum, if desired. This problem arises, for example, when the original covariance model comes from an estimated covariance sequence which is not positive. A solution to the positivity problem is given which uses state-space models and a scaled algebraic Riccati equation. The procedure leaves the poles of the original model and the value of r0 unchanged. A simulation example is given to compare the proposed method with a different approach based on an ARMA parameterization of the spectrum. In this example, the squared error between the given sequence and the sequence obtained by the proposed method is within 5% of the optimal value.
Ruptured Triceps Tendon Diagnosed Radiographically

SUMMARY The authors present two cases involving rupture of the triceps tendon that was initially diagnosed on radiographs. Tendon ruptures have been radiographically diagnosed before but only once by a fractured osteophyte of the triceps tendon, to our knowledge. The first case demonstrated this while the other showed an avulsion fracture at the tendon's insertions which has been described previously (seven times) on radiographs.
Predictors of Initial Nontherapeutic Anticoagulation With Unfractionated Heparin in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background— Although weight-based nomograms have improved the efficacy and safety of dosing unfractionated heparin in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, achieving therapeutic anticoagulation in practice remains challenging. Methods and Results— In the Enoxaparin and Thrombolysis in Reperfusion for Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (ExTRACT-TIMI) 25 study, 20 506 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were randomized to enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin, the latter dosed according to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association weight-based nomogram with centrally monitored activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs). A total of 6055 patients received study unfractionated heparin and a fibrin-specific lytic and had an initial aPTT drawn within 4 to 8 hours of starting therapy. Despite close adherence to recommended dosing, only 33.8% of initial aPTTs were therapeutic (1.50 to 2.00 times control); 13.2% were markedly...
Mechanical properties of rat soleus aponeurosis and tendon during variable recruitment in situ

The in vitro mechanical properties of tendons are well described, whereas little data exist for conditions mimicking those found in vivo. Descriptions of the in situ mechanical properties of aponeuroses are more common, but the results are variable. Our goal was to examine the mechanical properties of these tissues under conditions mimicking the in vivo state. Tissue strains were measured in the rat (Rattus norvegicus) soleus muscle directly from the spacing of metal markers implanted within the tissues of interest using an X-ray video microscope. Strains were measured for the tendon and three regions (proximal, middle and distal) of the aponeurosis. Muscle stimulation was accomplished through isolated ventral rootlets, allowing force to be graded in seven repeatable increments independent of muscle-tendon unit length. Peak strains (during maximal tetanic contraction at optimum length; P(o)) were approximately 5% in tendon and approximately 12% in all regions of the aponeurosis. At forces above 50% of P(o), tissue stiffness was nearly constant in all regions, and a pronounced toe region was observed only at forces below approximately 25% of P(o). Stiffness increased in all regions as the muscle-tendon unit was lengthened. These results suggest that using mechanical properties measured ex vivo or during single contractile events in situ to estimate the in vivo behavior of tendon and aponeurosis may lead to errors in estimating the distribution of strain among the contractile and series elastic elements of the muscle.
NMR and electron microscopy studies on irradiated lithium hydride

Abstract Gamma-irradiated lithium hydride has been studied with pulsed NMR and electron microscopy. Cubic voids were seen in the micrographs, and were shown to be hydrogen gas bubbles. Formation of these bubbles caused LiH to swell as much as 25 volume per cent on irradiation. The average bubble size seems to be mainly a function of the irradiation temperature; the average size ranges from 80–1500 A for irradiation temperatures between 120 and 265°C. Hydrogen gas in the bubbles gives rise to a motionally-narrowed NMR signal. The longitudinal relaxation time T1, appears to be a function only of the gas density, as is expected for gases. The transverse relaxation time T2m is strongly affected by wall interactions and, therefore, decreases markedly with decreasing bubble size.
Reconstructing non-stationary articulated objects in monocular video using silhouette information

This paper presents an approach to reconstruct non-stationary, articulated objects from silhouettes obtained with a monocular video sequence. We introduce the concept of motion blurred scene occupancies, a direct analogy of motion blurred images but in a 3D object scene occupancy space resulting from the motion/deformation of the object. Our approach starts with an image based fusion step that combines color and silhouette information from multiple views. To this end we propose to use a novel construct: the temporal occupancy point (TOP), which is the estimated 3D scene location of a silhouette pixel and contains information about duration of time it is occupied. Instead of explicitly computing the TOP in 3D space we directly obtain itpsilas imaged(projected) locations in each view. This enables us to handle monocular video and arbitrary camera motion in scenarios where complete camera calibration information may not be available. The result is a set of blurred scene occupancy images in the corresponding views, where the values at each pixel correspond to the fraction of total time duration that the pixel observed an occupied scene location. We then use a motion de-blurring approach to de-blur the occupancy images. The de-blurred occupancy images correspond to a silhouettes of the mean/motion compensated object shape and are used to obtain a visual hull reconstruction of the object. We show promising results on challenging monocular datasets of deforming objects where traditional visual hull intersection approaches fail to reconstruct the object correctly.
Stateless routing in network simulations

The memory resources required by network simulations can grow quadratically with the size of the simulated network. In simulations that use routing tables at each node to perform per-hop packet forwarding, the storage required for the routing tables is O(N/sup 2/), where N is the number of simulated network nodes in the topology. Additionally, the CPU time required in the simulation environment to compute and populate these routing tables can be excessive and can dominate the overall simulation time. We propose a new routing technique, known as Neighbor-Index Vectors, or NIx-Vectors, which eliminates both the storage required for the routing tables and the CPU time required to compute them. We show experimental results using NIx-Vector routing in the popular network simulator ns (S. McCanne and S. Floyd, 1997). With our technique, we achieve a near order of magnitude increase in the maximum size of a simulated network running ns on a single workstation. Further, we demonstrate an increase of two orders of magnitude in topology size (networks as large as 250000 nodes) by using this technique and running the simulation in parallel on a network of workstations.
Energy harvesting using optimized piezoelectric microcantilevers

This work investigates the optimal topology for harvesting energy using a micro cantilever. The objective is to maximize the amount of power output of a micro cantilever composed of an elastic and piezoelectric layer. Both layers are discretized using finite elements. The optimal topologies show large gains in power output over the initial configurations.
Experimental study of the hydrothermal reactivity of organic acids and acid anions: II. Acetic acid, acetate, and valeric acid

Organic acids and acid anions occur in substantial concentrations in many aqueous geologic fluids and are thought to take part in a variety of geochemical processes ranging from the transport of metals in ore-forming fluids to the formation of natural gas to serving as a metabolic energy source for microbes in subsurface habitats. The widespread occurrence of organic acids and their potential role in diverse geologic processes has led to numerous experimental studies of their thermal stability, yet there remain substantial gaps in our knowledge of the factors that control the rates and reaction pathways for the decomposition of these compounds under geologic conditions. In order to address some of these uncertainties, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the behavior of organic acids and acid anions under hydrothermal conditions in the presence of minerals. Reported here are results of experiments where aqueous solutions of acetic acid, sodium acetate, or valeric acid (n-pentanoic acid) were heated at 325°C, 350 bars in the presence of the mineral assemblages hematite + magnetite + pyrite, pyrite + pyrrhotite + magnetite, and hematite + magnetite. The results indicate that aqueous acetic acid and acetate decompose by a combination of two reaction pathways: decarboxylation and oxidation. Both reactions are promoted by minerals, with hematite catalyzing the oxidation reaction while magnetite catalyzes decarboxylation. The oxidation reaction is much faster, so that oxidation dominates the decomposition of acetic acid and acetate when hematite is present. In contrast to previous reports that acetate decomposed more slowly than acetic acid, we found that acetate decomposed at slightly faster rates than the acid in the presence of minerals. Although longer-chain monocarboxylic acids are generally thought to decompose by decarboxylation, valeric acid appeared to decompose primarily by “deformylation” to 1-butene plus formic acid. Subsequent decomposition of 1-butene and formic acid generated a variety of short-chain (≤C4) hydrocarbons and moncarboxylic acids as well as CO2. Valeric acid decomposition proceeded more rapidly (by a factor of 2) in the presence of hematite-magnetite-pyrite than with the other mineral assemblages, with the greater reaction rate apparently attributable to the effects of fluid chemistry. Valeric acid was observed to decompose at a substantially faster rate than acetic acid under similar conditions. The results suggest that decomposition of aqueous monocarboxylic acids may make a significant contribution to the conversion of petroleum to light hydrocarbons in natural gas and thermal fluids.
Twofold spatial resolution enhancement by two-photon exposure of photographic film

Two-photon absorption of photosensitive media can produce interference fringes with double spatial frequency. This requires the employment of multiple-frequency beams, which interfere with one another to produce a stationary image with double spatial resolution. The required beams were produced by frequency filtering of broadband radiation from a cw mode-locked femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser (? = 790 nm) in a dispersion-free pulse shaper. Then the two multifrequency rays converged from opposite edges of a lens, focusing on Kodak commercial film. The laser intensity was high enough to produce a two-photon exposure. The doubling of the spatial frequency of the interference pattern has been observed, but the contrast ratio of the pattern was limited by competition from the more usual one-photon absorption. Laser pulse parameters for a single-pulse two-photon exposure have been estimated.
Introduction and overview of statistical process control

An introduction to an overview of statistical process control is given. Three basic statistical tools are presented in the following order: X bar and R charts; capability; and gage repeatability and reproduceability. After a general introduction and overview of each tool is presented, an application/example of the tool is given. Influencing factors and other general information is included.
Locking-free Continuum Displacement Finite Elements with Nodal Integration

SUMMARY An assumed-strain flnite element technique is presented for linear elastic small-deformation models. Weighted residual method (reminiscent of the strain-displacement functional) is used to enforce weakly the balance equation with the natural boundary condition and the kinematic equation (the strain-displacement relationship). A priori satisfaction of the kinematic weighted residual serves as a condition from which strain-displacement operators are derived via nodal integration. A variety of element shapes is treated: linear triangles, quadrilaterals, tetrahedra, hexahedra, and furthermore quadratic (six-node) triangles and (27-node) hexahedra. The degrees of freedom are only the primitive variables (displacements at the nodes). The formulation allows for general anisotropic materials. A straightforward constraint count can partially explain the insensitivity of the resulting flnite element models to locking in the incompressible limit. Furthermore, the numerical inf-sup test is applied in select problems and several variants of the proposed formulations (linear triangles, quadrilaterals, tetrahedra, hexahedra, and 27-node hexahedra) pass the test. Examples are used to illustrate the performance with with respect to sensitivity to shape distortion and ability to resist volumetric locking. Copyright c ∞ 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE CARDIOTOXIC ACTION OF PREPARATIONS CONTAINING THE OXYGEN-LABILE HEMOLYSIN OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES : I. INCREASED SENSITIVITY OF THE ISOLATED FROG'S HEART TO REPEATED APPLICATION OF THE TOXIN.

1. A study has been made of the effect on the isolated frog's heart of a preparation derived from the supernatant fluid of cultures of hemolytic streptococcus. 2. The streptococcal preparation was found to induce systolic contracture, the contracture usually developing only after the second of two administrations of the preparation. It was found that a single application of the streptococcal preparation sensitized the heart to a second application. 3. The properties of the cardiotoxic factor so far as they have been studied were found to be identical with those of the oxygen-labile hemolysin of streptococci. The capacity of normal and of immune sera to neutralize the cardiotoxic action paralleled the antihemolytic potency of the sera.
Hospital and Clinical Laboratory Response to Mumps Exposures

Background In response to an outbreak of mumps in the Kansas City area, a multidisciplinary task force quickly formed in our hospital with the goal of protecting patients, families, and employees from the spread of this highly-communicable disease. Methods The clinical laboratory provided proactive mumps IgG testing for all hospital employees. A plan was executed to identify non-immune staff that may be susceptible to mumps. Additionally, the hospital provided immunizations for those employees whose titers were negative. Results Approximately 4,000 blood specimens were drawn from hospital personnel, and immunity was evaluated by measuring mumps-specific antibody. This information assisted in decisions that avoided a significant outbreak in a hospital setting. Conclusion The plan and how it was accomplished, along with costs, successes, and pitfalls, is presented.
Real Estate Agent Commission Disputes

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among Procuring Cause Law, real estate agent years of experience, and real estate commission disputes. A pilot survey was conducted in the southwestern United States among real estate agents, realtor(s), and brokers. After testing the hypothesis, the decision was made to fail to reject the hypothesis and conclude that real estate agent experience and not Procuring Cause Law produced favorable outcomes in disputes. As a result, the following recommendations were made: (a) Agency seller and buyer’s agreements should be used in each transaction to avoid disputes, (b) proper expectations and guidelines should be reviewed prior to starting any real estate transaction, (c) a checklist may assist in the assurance that all valuable information is reviewed, (d) agents could benefit from fully understanding Procuring Cause Law and sharing this information with their clients, (e) state and national regulatory requirements of the law could be modified for easi...
Autism and Schizophrenia: Intestinal Disorders

We examined Dohan's hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with the absorption of "exorphins" contained in gluten and casein. In addition, because of the work of Reichelt et al. (Reichelt, K.L., Saelid, G., Lindback, J. and Orbeck, H. (1986) Biological Psychiatry 21:1279-1290) and Rodriguez et al. (Rodriguez, Trav, A.L., Barreiro Marin, R, Galvez, Borrero, I.M., del Olmo Romero-Nieva, F. and Diaz Alvarez, A. (1994) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Aug; 182(8): 478-479), we carried out similar studies on a group of children with autism. In both syndromes we found similar patterns of peptide containing peaks (Ninhydrin positive) after molecular screening with Sephadex G-15. Immunoglobulin assay of IgA and IgG against gliadin and casein in serum was done. High titer IgG antibodies to gliadin were found in 87% of autistic and 86% of schizophrenic patients and high titer IgG antibodies to bovine casein were found in 90% of autistic and in 93% of schizophrenic patients. High titer IgA antibodies to gluten or casein were found in 30% of children with autism while in schizophrenic patients 86% had elevated IgA antibodies to gluten and 67% to casein; some normal children and adults have these antibodies but only in trace amounts. When schizophrenic patients were treated with dialysis or a gluten-casein free diet, or both (Cade, R., Wagemaker, H., Privette, R.M., Fregly, M., Rogers, J. and Orlando, J. (1990) Psychiatry: A World Prespective 1: 494-500) peptiduria and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scores fell while abnormal behavior diminished. A gluten-casein free diet was accompanied by improvement in 81% of autistic children within 3 months in most of the behavior categories. Our data provide support for the proposal that many patients with schizophrenia or autism suffer due to absorption of exorphins formed in the intestine from incomplete digestion of gluten and casein.
Modeling and Control of Heterogeneous Tumors under Chemotherapy

Tumor cells typically are genetically highly unstable and as a response to mutations, they frequently consist of heterogeneous agglomerations of various cell populations that exhibit a wide range of sensitivities towards particular chemotherapeutic agents. However, in response to different growth and apoptosis rates as well as increasing tumor cell densities, specific traits become dominant. We consider a mathematical model for cancer chemotherapy with a single chemotherapeutic agent for three distinctly separate levels of drug sensitivity and analyze the dynamic properties of the system under metronomic (continuous low-dose) chemotherapy. More generally, the optimal control problem of minimizing the tumor burden over a prescribed therapy interval is considered. Interestingly, when several levels of drug sensitivity are taken into account in the model, lower time-varying dose rates become a viable option. For simpler models that only distinguish between sensitive and resistant subpopulations, this only holds once a significant residuum of resistant cells has developed. For heterogeneous tumor populations, a more modulated approach that varies the dose rates of the drugs may be more beneficial than the classical maximum tolerated dose approach pursued in medical practice.
Adaptive Cloud Resource Allocation for Analysing Many Video Streams

The visual data generated by network cameras can be valuable for a wide range of scientific studies such as weather, wildlife, and traffic. The resource demands for analysis of the data may fluctuate significantly for some of these studies (for example, seasonal or during only rush hours). Cloud computing's pay-per-use can be a preferred solution for analysing large amounts of data from these network cameras. There are few studies focusing on how to allocate cloud resources to analyse many video streams from network cameras. Existing autoscaling and load balancing methods are inapplicable due to the nature of the workloads. This paper presents a solution to manage cloud resources analysing multiple video streams. When an analysis program is launched, the resource manager adjusts the resource allocation by one of two methods: gradually scaling up the number of instances or predicting the needed number of instances. Then, the resource manager monitors the utilization and scales the resources in response to the analysis program's loads. The proposed resource manager has been implemented using Microsoft Azure and demonstrated that the system can adaptively adjust resource to cater to the workload. We explore the trade-offs inherent to both methods. Gradually scaling up can reach more efficient resource allocation, but may take multiple trials. The prediction method is faster in making allocation decisions, but may need additional adjustment. We also investigate the impact of the types of virtual machines and find that smaller sizes are usually better in terms of performance-cost ratios.
Turning Point for a Turning Point: Advancing Emerging Adulthood Theory and Research

The present article reviews three key issues regarding the emerging adult life stage—the ways in which emerging adulthood represents a key turning point in the life span (and the influences that help to determine the path that a given individual will follow), differences in the experience of emerging adulthood between college students and noncollege-attending individuals, and international diversity in the existence and manifestation of emerging adulthood. Within each of these areas, extant knowledge is reviewed and areas in need of further attention are specified. In particular, the social, economic, and cultural forces that shape emerging adulthood are discussed in terms of who is most (and least) likely to experience emerging adulthood and the ways in which the stage is likely to manifest itself. Recommendations for future theorizing and research are presented.
Effect of Penicillin on the Tubercle Bacillus In vitro.

Summary and ConclusionsUsing appropriate experimental conditions, a virulent human strain of M. tuberculosis has been found to undergo partial lysis in the presence of high concentrations of penicillin.Small inocula of tubercle bacilli are highly susceptible to concentrations of penicillin as low as 1 unit per cc in the Tween-albumin medium. In the oleic acid-albumin medium, penicillin in a concentration of 100 units per cc causes no inhibition of growth, even with the smallest inoculaPreliminary experiments indicate that in both the solid and liquid oleic acid-albumin medium, penicillin in concentrations of 50 to 100 units per cc may prove a valuable adjunct in culturing tubercle bacilli from contaminated materials.
Dynamic and Galvanic Stability of Stretchable Supercapacitors

Stretchable electronics are emerging as a new technological advancement, since they can be reversibly stretched while maintaining functionality. To power stretchable electronics, rechargeable and stretchable energy storage devices become a necessity. Here, we demonstrate a facile and scalable fabrication of full stretchable supercapacitor, using buckled single-walled carbon nanotube macrofilms as the electrodes, an electrospun membrane of elastomeric polyurethane as the separator, and an organic electrolyte. We examine the electrochemical performance of the fully stretchable supercapacitors under dynamic stretching/releasing modes in different stretching strain rates, which reveal the true performance of the stretchable cells, compared to the conventional method of testing the cells under a statically stretched state. In addition, the self-discharge of the supercapacitor and the electrochemical behavior under bending mode are also examined. The stretchable supercapacitors show excellent cyclic stability u...
Fluorescence Bioimaging with Integrin-targeting Block Copolymer Probes

The synthesis of water soluble block copolymers conjugated with a hydrophobic 2PA fluorescent probe and RGD for bioimaging and toxicity studies for specifically target the ?v?3integrin over-expressing human epithelial U87MG cell lines was demonstrated.
Gender and support for expert advisers and elected officials in the US public sphere.

This article uses data from the US General Social Survey to examine the relationship between gender and support for different forms of cultural authority. An analysis of public attitudes about expe...
Early marketing of the theory of nutrition: the science and culture of Liebig's extract of meat.

L'extrait de viande de Liebig s'adapta aux dimensions scientifiques et culturelles de la nutrition au XIX e siecle
Pre- and postoperative imaging analysis for frontal sinus disease following conservative partial middle turbinate resection.

The prudence of partial or complete middle turbinate resection during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is controversial. The greatest concern regarding partial resection relates to the effect on the ...
Development of robust and multi-mode control of tearing in DIII-D

Neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) are instabilities that can produce undesirable magnetic islands in tokamak plasmas. They can be stabilized by applying electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) at the island. The NTM control system on DIII-D can now control multiple modes. Each of 6 mirrors that reflect ECCD beams into the plasma can be assigned to different surfaces in the plasma where NTMs are unstable. The control system then steers the mirrors to keep the beams aimed at the surfaces. The system routinely stabilizes one NTM preemptively and has now also been used to control two modes in the same discharge.
An in vivo evaluation of alpha adrenergic receptors in canine prostate.

Abstract The role of alpha2 adrenergic receptors in the prostate in vivo is unknown. A model was developed to measure canine prostatic urethral pressure in vivo, and to assess the ability of various alpha adrenergic blocking agents to affect prostatic pressure. In this model, an esophogeal pressure catheter is inserted into the prostatic urethra to record prostatic urethral pressure. We investigated the effects of alpha adrenergic agonists and antagonists on prostatic pressure using this model. Dose-response curves were generated for epinephrine, and were then repeated in the presence of either prazosin (alpha1 antagonist), yohimbine (alpha2 antagonist) or SK&F-86466 (alpha2 antagonist). Prazosin was the most potent of the three drugs in competitively blocking epinephrine-induced contraction of the prostate, with an inhibition constant of 0.24 µg./kg. calculated from the double reciprocal plot. Clonidine, an alpha2 adrenergic agonist, caused contraction of the prostate, which was also blocked by prazosin. Furthermore, the specific alpha2 agonist BHT-920 was totally inactive in our system. These results demonstrate that the increase in urethral pressure caused by alpha-adrenergic agonists can be blocked by alpha adrenergic antagonists. However, the specific alpha1 antagonist, prazosin, is more potent than alpha2 antagonists, and is also effective against an alpha2 agonist, clonidine. This suggests that blockade of alpha1 receptors may be a more useful strategy for causing relaxation of the prostate than blockade of alpha2 receptors.
Double Ended Lists Package

This package creates a data type called Del and provides 47 subprograms for manipulating values of this type. Basically Dels are finite sequences and the operations provided are similar to to those of Singly Linked Lists (Chapter 6), but some operations such as concatenation are more efficient (constant time rather than linear in the length of the arguments). In addition, more security against certain kinds of semantic errors is provided, since the package user does not have direct access to pointer values. For example, with Singly Linked Lists it is possible using the Set Next operation to create a circular list, causing other operations to loop indefinitely, but this is not possible with Dels.