cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral manifestations of nonconvulsive status epilepticus

Enter Queen, with a taper. Gentleman: This is her very guise; and, upon my life, fast asleep. Observe her: stand close. Doctor: You see, her eyes are open. Gentleman: Ay but their sense is shut. Doctor: What is it she does now? Look, how she rubs her hands. Gentleman: It is an accustomed action with her, to seem thus washing her hands: I have known her to continue in this a quarter of an hour. . . . Doctor: Hark! She speaks: I will set down what comes from her, to satisfy my remembrance the more strongly. . . . [Later] Doctor: This disease is beyond my practice: Yet I have known those which have walked in their sleep who have died holily in their beds. . . . Doctor: . . .Look after her; remove from her the means of all annoyance, and still keep eyes upon her:—so, goodnight: My mind she has mated, and amazed my sight: I think, but dare not speak. Gentleman: Goodnight, good doctor. [exit].
The Harmonizing Outcomes with RevasculariZatiON and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) Trial: study design and rationale.

Background Advances in coronary angioplasty and adjunct pharmacology have improved patient outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, several areas for improvement remain. Hemorrhagic complications, which are common in patients receiving intense anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents during primary PCI to suppress ischemia, have been strongly associated with early and late mortality. Moreover, restenosis after bare-metal stents (BMSs) frequently results in symptom recurrence and the need for repeat rehospitalization and revascularization procedures. Newer pharmacologic agents and drug-eluting stents may address both of these issues. Study Design In the HORIZONS-AMI trial, 3,602 patients with AMI undergoing primary PCI were prospectively randomized to unfractionated heparin plus routine use of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors versus the direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin plus provisional use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors reserved for predefined thrombotic complications. In a second randomization, 3,011 eligible patients were randomly assigned to either a polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stent or to an otherwise identical BMS. The study was powered for the assessment of sequential safety and efficacy end points for each specific randomization, with clinical end points assessed at 30 days, 1 year, and then annually for 5 years. Summary The ongoing HORIZONS-AMI trial will determine whether bivalirudin monotherapy reduces bleeding complications and improves overall event-free survival compared with unfractionated heparin plus the routine use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients undergoing primary PCI for AMI. Furthermore, this study will determine whether paclitaxel-eluting stents safely reduce rates of ischemic target lesion revascularization compared with BMSs in the setting of primary PCI.
Quantum cryptography and quantum memory

In quantum key distribution (QKD), Alice selects a sequence of characters from a finite alphabet and transmits the corresponding signals, each described by a quantum state, to Bob. Between Alice and Bob, Eve---with her own receiver and transmitter---can eavesdrop. Eve is assumed to know beforehand all the possible states from among which Alice chooses. The central question is: Can Eve gain significant information about the key without influencing what Bob receives in ways that Alice and Bob can detect? This formulation implies that many options are available to Eve. It is the purpose here to discuss one of these options, where extensive use is made of the Schrodinger equation with spatial variables. This procedure of Eve---which consists of letting the quantum state of Alice scatter from a quantum memory and then, using the information thus obtained, sending a suitably chosen quantum state to Bob---is discussed in detail. Furthermore, there are ways for Alice to defeat this procedure by an unusual choice of her quantum states. This counter-measure is also presented and discussed.
Epitaxial Crystallization of Seeded Albite Glass

Glasses that are extremely difficult to crystallize are generally avoided in making glass-ceramics. It is now possible to crystallize such glasses epitaxially using isostructural seeds. The role of solid-state epitaxy in the crystallization of such albite (NaAlSi3O8) glass to glass-ceramic was investigated. The glass was seeded with extremely fine ZrO2 (nonisostructural) and albite (isostructural) seed crystals. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the albite-seeded glass, heat-treated at 1000°C for 100 h, epitaxially crystallized to albite, while the ZrO2 and unseeded glasses did not crystallize in identical heat-treatment conditions. In addition, the albite-seeded glass, heat-treated at 905°C for 10 d, crystallized mostly to albite, whereas the ZrO2 and unseeded glasses at the same conditions contained only a small amount (<5 wt%) of nepheline (NaAlSiO4). The microstructure of the epitaxially grown glass-ceramics showed that extremely fine crystals (∼0.2 μm thickness) were formed around the seed.
Copper uptake by inorganic particles — equilibrium, kinetics, and particle interactions: experimental

Abstract Copper uptake by ferric oxide and silica particles is studied through batch equilibrium and kinetic experiments under different conditions of pH and ionic strength. Acid–base titrations of the oxide particles indicate that the point of zero charge is 3.0 for the ferric oxide and 4.7 for the silica particles used in this study. For the same particles, electrokinetic measurements show an isoelectric point of 2.2 for ferric oxide and 2.7 for silica. The extent of metal removal is found to strongly depend on solution conditions and to increase with an increase in pH. Changes in ionic strength cause little or no significant change in the pH dependence of ion uptake. From control experiments, as well as from copper hydrolysis and speciation calculations, copper precipitation (as CuO) is evident above pH 6. In the acidic and neutral pH ranges, a marked increase in the ζ potential of both sorbents from baseline values is found during equilibrium copper uptake. Size distribution measurements show an increase in the number of flocculated sorbent particles at pH values corresponding to the steep increase in copper uptake. Further, at highly acidic pH ranges silica particles are found to be well stabilized and non-flocculating in equilibrium uptake studies. Similar findings are observed with ferric oxide particles at highly alkaline pH values. Kinetic studies indicate that copper uptake by ferric oxide is a much slower process as compared with uptake by silica under the conditions studied here. Also, the lower the sorbate/sorbent molar concentration ratio, the faster is the rate of copper uptake. With both particles, a rapid increase in ζ potential is observed within the first few minutes. Floc formation and breakage are evident from size distribution measurements. These findings indicate a possible role of metal ion uptake in particle flocculation kinetics through alteration of the ζ potential of sorbent particles.
Joint Modeling of Clinical Efficacy and Safety with an Application to Diabetes Studies

The purpose of drug development is to evaluate a drug's efficacy and safety profile. For a personalized medicine, it is important for patients and health care providers to understand the efficacy and safety trade-off when selecting a dose for a patient. In this article, we propose three different methods for jointly modeling the clinical safety and efficacy endpoints. These three methods model the correlation relationship in three different ways: modeling the joint distribution by a copula method, modeling conditional distributions, and modeling their correlations through individual means by a hierarchical model. We compare these three methods through simulations and apply these methods to a data set from a diabetes study.
Protein content and subculturing properties of senescing plant suspension cultures

Protein content, dry weight, cell viability, and the ability of cultures to be subcultured were measured at 4-d intervals beginning on Day 14 when cell division and expansion had stopped. Measurements were continued until the cultures had died.
Propene alkylation of biphenyl catalyzed by alumina pillared clays and related acidic oxides

Propene alkylation of biphenyl was catalyzed by alumina pillared clays, and, for comparison, by several other oxide acids including an alumina delaminated clay, an acid washed clay (K-10 montmorillonite) and zeolites (USY and H-mordenite). Relationships between pore structures and catalytic properties were investigated. The microporous catalysts afforded high yields of meta- and para-alkylated isomers at the expense of the more spatially demanding ortho-alkylated isomer.
Psychiatry and spirituality at the end of life: a case report.

and relief of symptoms at a hospital in upstate New York. During this hospitalization, Mr. X learned that his symptoms were not correctable and that he would be crippled for the rest of his life, which was estimated to be another six to nine months. Attempt at suicide Mr. X decided to commit suicide by copying the method of a noted physician who had successfully committed suicide in a New York hospital. Mr. X waited until after midnight, well after the hospital staff’s change of shift, and slit his wrists and throat. However, he was discovered before death, taken to surgery, repaired, and transferred to the intensive care unit.
Sensitization of adenylate cyclase by Gαi/o-coupled receptors

Activation of receptors coupled to inhibitory G proteins (Galpha i/o) has opposing consequences for cyclic AMP accumulation and the activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, depending on the duration of stimulation. Acute activation inhibits the activity of adenylate cyclase, thereby attenuating cyclic AMP accumulation; in contrast, persistent activation of Galpha i/o-coupled receptors produces a paradoxical enhancement of adenylate cyclase activity, thus increasing cyclic AMP accumulation when the action of the inhibitory receptor is terminated. This heterologous sensitization of cyclic AMP signaling, also called superactivation or supersensitization, likely represents a cellular adaptive response, a mechanism by which the cell compensates for chronic inhibitory input. Recent advances in our knowledge of G protein-mediated signaling, regulation of adenylate cyclase, and other cellular signaling mechanisms have extensively increased our insight into the mechanisms and significance of this phenomenon. In particular, recent evidence points to the Galpha(s)-adenylate cyclase interface as a locus for the expression of the sensitized adenylate cyclase response, and to isoform-specific phosphorylation of adenylate cyclase as one mechanism that can produce sensitization. Galpha i/o-coupled receptor-induced heterologous sensitization may contribute to enhanced Galpha(s)-coupled receptor signaling following neurotransmitter elevations induced by the administration of drugs of abuse and during other types of neuronal function or dysfunction. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of signaling pathways that are involved in sensitization and describe the potential role of sensitization in neuronal function.
Tracking cyberstalkers: a cryptographic approach

Stalking is a pattern of behavior over time in which a stalker seeks to gain access to, or control over, an unwilling victim. Such actions range from the benign to the malicious and may cause emotional distress or harm to the victim. With the widespread adoption of new technologies, new forums of Internet-mediated discourse now exist which offer stalkers unprecedented scope to locate and exert influence over victims. Cyberstalking, the convergence of stalking and cyberspace, has created new challenges for the prevention, detection, and prosecution of this new phenomenon as the traditional methods of detection by witnesses and enforcement through physical restraining orders often are inadequate.In this paper we suggest a cryptographic approach for tracking cyberstalkers. We first define the threat model in terms of the profile of a cyberstalker, as well as legal and law enforcement constraints. We then describe a monitoring system that addresses the basic admissibility requirements of our threat model, by capturing and verifying circumstantial evidence for use in cyberstalking investigations.
Cthrc1 Is a Novel Inhibitor of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling and Neointimal Lesion Formation

We identified collagen triple helix repeat containing-1 (Cthrc1) as a novel gene expressed in the adventitia and neointima on arterial injury and found that it functionally increases cell migration while reducing collagen deposition. To address the in vivo role of Cthrc1, we generated transgenic mouse lines that constitutively overexpress Cthrc1. An intercross of 2 transgenic lines produced offspring with brittle bones caused by a reduction in collagenous bone matrix. Hemizygous Cthrc1 transgenic mice developed normally but neointimal lesion formation and adventitial collagen deposition in response to carotid artery ligation were significantly reduced compared with wild-type littermates. In 75% of Cthrc1 transgenic mice, cartilaginous metaplasia of medial smooth muscle cells was observed as assessed by Alcian blue staining and expression of the chondrocyte marker collagen type II. Transforming growth factor-beta signaling was reduced in smooth muscle cells of Cthrc1 transgenic arteries, as demonstrated by reduced phospho-Smad2/3 immunoreactivity, whereas Smad signaling related to bone morphogenetic proteins was unaffected. Similarly, primary smooth muscle cells and PAC1 smooth muscle cells overexpressing Cthrc1 had reduced levels of phospho-Smad2/3 as well as procollagen. Furthermore, Cthrc1 inhibited transforming growth factor-beta-sensitive reporter constructs in smooth muscle but not endothelial cells. These data indicate that Cthrc1 is a cell-type-specific inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta, which in turn impacts collagen type I and III deposition, neointimal formation, and dedifferentiation of smooth muscle cells.
1736 BRONCHODILATOR EFFECTS ON NEONATAL CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION AND GAS EXCHANGE

The use of bronchodilators in newborn infants is common clinical practice; however, their effects on gas exchange and on the cardiovascular system have not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Isoetharine (I) nebulization, given during the first 3 days of life, on trans-cutaneous PO2 (PtcO2) and PCO2 (PtoCO2), heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) of 12 preterm infants with severe HMD treated with ventilator; BW 1570±537gm, GA 30±3wks. 2ml of I 0.08% were nebulized while connected to the ventilator at the same baseline mean airway pressure each day. Data obtained before (baseline) and 15 min after I were compared. There were no cardiac arrhythmias found during the study. HR, BP, and PtcO2 were not significantly different 15 min after I nebulization, however, PtcCO2 reduced from mean values of 45 to 43 mmHg in day 1(p<.05) from 48 to 44 mmHg in day 2(p<.05) and from 47 to 42 mmHg in day 3(p<.05). The absence of cardiovascular effects after I are explained by its selective action on B2 receptors. The decrease in PtcCO2 suggests that I nebulization, given at constant mean airway pressure, improves ventilation either by relieving bronchoconstrictioh with an increase in minute ventilation or improvement in ventilation-perfusion matching. We conclude that I is an effective drug to improve ventilation without significant cardiovascular side effects in infants with severe HMD.
Double filtration plasmapheresis in the treatment of myasthenic crisis--analysis of prognostic factors and efficacy.

Objectives To examine the prognostic factors and outcome of myasthenia gravis (MG) patients in crisis with double filtration plasmapheresis (DFP) treatment. Material and methods - A total of 15 patients experienced 20 episodes of crisis during the study period. Plasmapheresis was carried out using a double filtration method. Demographic information, clinical features of crisis, and associated complications were analyzed. Results - The median duration of crisis was 9 days. Chest infection was the most common precipitant of crisis. Twelve out of the 20 episodes (60%) responded well to DFP and mechanical ventilation was discontinued after the third session of DFP in 8 of them. Three significant predictors for prolonged crisis were shorter intervals between the onset of MG and the first crisis (P=0.04), higher serum bicarbonate levels at baseline (P=0.03) and the thymic pathology of thymoma (P=0.03). Conclusion - DFP can ameliorate the profound weakness in crisis and seems to be a rational therapy for patients with myasthenic crisis.
A populational survey of amino acids in Prosopis species from North and South America

Abstract Leaf extracts of 540 plants representing 24 species of the genus Prosopis from North and South America were analyzed by 2-D PC and high voltage electrophoresis for their protein and non-protein amino acids. In addition to the presence of the usual protein amino acids, most of the species examined contained high concentrations of the non-protein amino acids, pipecolic acid, 4-hydroxypipecolic acid and proline.
Capacity analysis of multi-product, multi-resource biotech facility using discrete event simulation

Use of simulation for capacity analysis is an upcoming field in Biotech industry. This paper discusses an application of discrete event simulation in the multi-product and multi-resource Filling Freeze Drying facility of Bayer Corporation's Berkeley site. The SIGMA/sup /spl reg// simulation model was used to estimate the current and future throughput capacity by taking into account current operations and various capital and efficiency improvement projects planned for near future. The model also identified certain project clusters with potential for large capacity gains, which otherwise would not have been visible. The model and its outcome are in use since 2001.
Shell-model interpretation of γ-ray transitions in p-shell hypernuclei

Abstract Information on 7 Λ Li, 9 Λ Be, 10 Λ B, 11 Λ B, 12 Λ C, 15 Λ N, and 16 Λ O from the Ge detector array Hyperball is interpreted in terms of shell-model calculations that include both Λ and Σ configurations with p-shell cores. It is shown that the data puts strong constraints on the spin dependence of the ΛN effective interaction.
Maximum power throughput in the multiphase brushless DC generator

An advanced control technique for maximum power throughput of the multiphase brushless DC (BLDC) generator is presented. In a generator of given rating the weight and size of the system affect the fuel consumption of the generation system directly, especially in vehicle applications. Therefore maximum power density is one of the most important issues in a stand-alone power generation system. A BLDC generator itself has high power density from the machine point of view and additional increases by special control means can be expected. Conventional rectification methods cannot achieve the maximum power possible because of nonoptimal current waveforms. An optimal control scheme to maximise power density and minimise machine size and weight in a multiphase, nonsinusoidal power supply system is proposed, incorporated into a control system, and verified by simulation and experimental work.
Fluorescent labeling and tracking of nanoclay

We report a methodology developed to detect and track stable fluorescent-labeled nanoclay, in polymer-clay nanocomposite films, and in a contact solvent after migration testing. Fluorescein-5-maleimide (fluorescein) or tetramethylrhodamine-5-maleimide (rhodamine) was covalently bonded to organically modified montmorillonite (o-MMT). Fluorescein- and rhodamine-labeled nanoclay showed good thermal stability up to 220 °C and the rhodamine-labeled nanoclay remained stable at 250 °C. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to confirm the tagging and to detect the fluorescent-labeled nanoclays in various systems.
Short Interfering RNA Accumulation Correlates with Host Recovery in DNA Virus-Infected Hosts, and Gene Silencing Targets Specific Viral Sequences

Viruses are both inducers and targets of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS), a natural defense mechanism in plants. Here we report molecular evidence of the ability of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses to induce PTGS in infected plants irrespective of the severity of or recovery from the symptoms. Our results reveal that five distinct species of cassava-infecting geminiviruses were capable of triggering PTGS by producing two classes of virus-specific short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of 21 to 26 nucleotides in two plant hosts, tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz). However, the efficacy of virus-induced PTGS varied depending on the intrinsic features of the virus and its interaction with the plant host. We found that symptom recovery over time in plants infected with the isolates of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV-[CM]) or Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus was associated with a much higher level of virus-derived siRNA accumulation compared to plants infected with viruses that do not show symptom recovery. Furthermore, we determined that the C terminus of AC1 that overlaps with the N terminus of AC2 early viral genes involved in virus replication were the primary targets for ACMV-[CM]-induced PTGS, whereas the C terminus of BC1 was targeted for the East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus. In addition, our results reveal the possibility for double-stranded RNA formation during transcription in ssDNA viruses, which explains in part how these viruses can trigger PTGS in plants.
The Limits of Bureaucratic Autonomy in Victorian Administration

(1987). The Limits of Bureaucratic Autonomy in Victorian Administration. The Historian: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 167-183.
MIGRATION AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: Bipluralism and the Western Democratic State

The dawn of the twenty-first century confronts Western democracies with a racialized class problem. The globalization of capitalism—mass geographic movement of peoples, capital, and markets on scales unprecedented since the Atlantic slave trade—has brought poor migrants into affluent nations. Migrants' descendants are replicating conditions associated with poor Blacks. Affluent Western democracies are hurtling toward biplural stratification defined by a multiracial underclass. Racialized class stratification stems from economic policies. Capitalist democracies' edifice of social policies—sanctioning expectations of rising prosperity, welfare “safety nets” for minimal consumption, low-wage migration policies—erroneously assumed that jobs and wages would continuously grow to absorb expanding populations. Overuse of low-wage migration policies commodified work relations in low-skilled jobs. Acculturated to demand affluent living standards and egalitarian human relations, educationally deprived descendants of migrants find commodified work regimens repellent. Despite large populations of jobless natives, some maintain that affluent democracies need more migrants to do the jobs that natives won't do. But jobless youth are alienated and prone to agency, as riots in England, the United States, and, more recently, France and other areas of Europe suggest. To avert the solidification of biplural societies, social policy must slow rates of migration from low living-standard economies, expand minimum wages and income transfers to working-citizen households, and provide documented immigrants clear avenues to citizenship. This agenda is more likely to succeed in the United States, where minority voting strength is gathering considerable momentum.
Micro-Based Examination of the Demand for Income-Redistribution Benefits

This article examines the possibility that two factors simultaneously motivate nonrecipient demand for income redistribution. The empirical analysis indicates that support for food stamp program benefits can be explained within a public good framework, while Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) benefits are desired as personal insurance against randomness in income as well as for the public good characteristics of the program. The presence of more than one motivation helps to explain the many differences in income-redistribution programs currently found in the United States.
Psychosocial and developmental characteristics of civilly committed sex offenders

A convenience sample of 38 civilly committed sex offenders completed questionnaires on selected psychosocial and developmental characteristics. More than half (61%) demonstrated an external locus of control. They had higher levels of empathy compared to normative data for the general population, and their levels of anger, aggression, and hostility were similar to male college students. Somatization was comparable to psychiatric outpatients. A high proportion reported at least one form of childhood trauma (87%), with 66% reporting childhood sexual abuse. Issues related to the use of self-report instruments with this patient population are discussed and recommendations for future studies are suggested.
Maternal absorption and placental transfer of sulfasalazine

Perforation is a known. albeit infrequent, complication of dilatation and curettage, especially in the gravid uterus. In the present case, the finding of Fallopian tube in the cervix and lower uterine segment cannot be explained on a basis other than perforation and surgical implantation. On repeated examinations of the specimen, no unequivocal site of rupture could be identified, although perforations and cesarean sections may heal rapidly and without obvious gross or histologic sequelae.’ Likewise, no evidence of tubal structures was found in the myometrium. despite step sections taken from the entire uterus. For this reason, it is necessary to postulate that the implanted fimbriated portion became separated from the remainder. I f the latter is correct, the survival of the implant is of interest in view of its interrupted vascular supply. The other possible pathogenesis of this finding is that of an ectopic focus of tissue. However, this is unlikely, in view of the patient’s multiparity, the previous curettage: and, especially, the infrequency of even rudimentary Miillerian remnants. Finally, prostaglandin therapy has been documented as a cause of uterine rupture and cannot be entirely excluded in the present case, although again the subsequent curettage appears to be a more likely occasion for the rupture. For the above reasons, it is suggested that this unusual finding of Fallopian tube in the uterine cervix is the result of implantation following perforation during curettage. ;
How soil moisture, rain pulses, and growth alter the response of ecosystem respiration to temperature

[1] In this paper, we analyzed 3 years of carbon flux data from continuous eddy covariance measurements to investigate how soil moisture, rain pulses, and growth alter the response of ecosystem respiration to temperature. The data were acquired over an annual grassland and from the grass understory of an oak/grass savanna ecosystem in California. We observed that ecosystem respiration was an exponential function of soil temperature during the winter wet season and a jump in ecosystem respiration occurred, at comparable temperatures, during the spring growth period. The depletion of the moisture from the soil reservoir, during spring, limited ecosystem respiration after its volumetric water content dropped below a threshold of 0.15 m 3 m � 3 . The senescence of grass during the summer switched the source of ecosystem respiration to heterotrophic bacteria and fungi. During the summer, respiration proceeded at a low basal rate (about 0.10 to 0.3 g C m � 2 d � 1 ), except when summer rain events stimulated large dynamic pulses in heterotrophic respiration. Peak respiratory pulses were on the order of 60–80 times baseline and could not be explained by functions that depend on mean soil moisture and temperature. We found that the magnitude of the respiratory pulses was inversely related to its prerain value and that the time constant, describing the exponential decay of the respiratory pulses after the rain event, was a function of the amount of rainfall. The amount of carbon lost, in association with a few summer rain events, was greater at the site with higher primary productivity and soil carbon content. INDEX TERMS: 0315 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions; 1615 Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805); 1866 Hydrology: Soil moisture; 3322 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions; KEYWORDS: respiration, carbon balance, savanna, biosphere-atmosphere interactions, eddy covariance Citation: Xu, L., D. D. Baldocchi, and J. Tang (2004), How soil moisture, rain pulses, and growth alter the response of ecosystem respiration to temperature, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB4002, doi:10.1029/2004GB002281.
Effect of overexpressing nhaA and nhaR on sodium tolerance and lactate production in Escherichia coli

Like other bacteria, Escherichia coli must carefully regulate the intracellular concentration of sodium ion (Na+). During the bacterial production of any organic acid, cations like Na+ invariably accumulate during a process which must maintain a near neutral pH. In this study, the E. coli nhaA gene encoding the Na+/H+ antiporter membrane protein and the nhaR gene encoding the NhaA regulatory protein were overexpressed in wild-type E. coli MG1655 and in MG1655 pflB (ALS1317) which lacks pyruvate formate lyase activity and thus accumulates lactate under anaerobic conditions. Expression of either the nhaA or nhaR gene on the high copy inducible expression vector pTrc99A caused a significant reduction in the growth rate of MG1655. No change in growth rate was observed for MG1655 or ALS1317 for Na+ concentrations of 0.75–0.90 M when the medium copy pBR322 plasmid was used to overexpress the two genes. In a fed-batch process to produce the model acid lactate with NaOH addition for pH control, lactate accumulation ceased in MG1655, MG1655/pBR322, MG1655/pBR322-nhaR and MG1655/pBR322-nhaA when the concentration reached 55–58 g/L. In an identical process lactate accumulation in MG1655/pBR322-nhaAR did not terminate until the concentration reached over 70 g/L. Although overexpression the genes did not improve growth rate at high Na+ concentrations, the overexpression of nhaA and nhaR together led to a 25% increase in lactate production. Thus, the observed (absence of) impact that these genetic modifications had on growth rate is a poor indicator of their effect on acid accumulation. The overexpression of nhaAR did not cause faster lactate production, but permitted the culture to continue accumulating lactate at 10% greater Na+ concentration.
Unsupervised sub-tree alignment for tree-to-tree translation

This article presents a probabilistic sub-tree alignment model and its application to tree-to-tree machine translation. Unlike previous work, we do not resort to surface heuristics or expensive annotated data, but instead derive an unsupervised model to infer the syntactic correspondence between two languages. More importantly, the developed model is syntactically-motivated and does not rely on word alignments. As a by-product, our model outputs a sub-tree alignment matrix encoding a large number of diverse alignments between syntactic structures, from which machine translation systems can eciently extract translation rules that are often ltered out due to the errors in 1-best alignment. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms three state-of-the-art baseline approaches in both alignment accuracy and grammar quality. When applied to machine translation, our approach yields a +1.0 BLEU improvement and a -0.9 TER reduction on the NIST machine translation evaluation corpora. With tree binarization and fuzzy decoding, it even outperforms a state-of-the-art hierarchical phrase-based system.
The bHLH Transcription Factor POPEYE Regulates Response to Iron Deficiency in Arabidopsis Roots

Global population increases and climate change underscore the need for better comprehension of how plants acquire and process nutrients such as iron. Using cell type–specific transcriptional profiling, we identified a pericycle-specific iron deficiency response and a bHLH transcription factor, POPEYE (PYE), that may play an important role in this response. Functional analysis of PYE suggests that it positively regulates growth and development under iron-deficient conditions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-on-chip analysis and transcriptional profiling reveal that PYE helps maintain iron homeostasis by regulating the expression of known iron homeostasis genes and other genes involved in transcription, development, and stress response. PYE interacts with PYE homologs, including IAA–Leu Resistant3 (ILR3), another bHLH transcription factor that is involved in metal ion homeostasis. Moreover, ILR3 interacts with a third protein, BRUTUS (BTS), a putative E3 ligase protein, with metal ion binding and DNA binding domains, which negatively regulates the response to iron deficiency. PYE and BTS expression is also tightly coregulated. We propose that interactions among PYE, PYE homologs, and BTS are important for maintaining iron homeostasis under low iron conditions.
DIVAA: analysis of amino acid diversity in multiple aligned protein sequences

Motivation: Multiple alignments of proteins are an effective way of identifying conserved amino acids that provide clues to functional relationships among proteins. Quantitation of the abundances of amino acids found at each position in a sequence motif can provide a basis for understanding the structural and functional constraints at each point. Distribution of information across a motif has been used previously, but the non-intuitive nature of the analysis has limited its impact. Results: Here, we introduce a quantitative measure of amino acid sequence diversity (DIVAA) that has a simple, intuitive meaning. Diversity, as a measure of sequence conservation or variation, is inextricably linked to the probability of selecting identical pairs from a distribution. We demonstrate its utility through the analysis of four populations: ATP-binding P-loops, hypervariable domains of kappa light chains, signal sequences, and the N- and C- termini of proteins. DIVAA provides a simple means to generate hypotheses concerning the contribution of individual residues to the functional and evolutionary relationships among proteins. Availability: Access to DIVAA software is available at RELIC (http://relic.bio.anl.gov)
A novel method of imaging lysosomes in living human mammary epithelial cells.

Cancer cells invade by secreting degradative enzymes which, under normal conditions, are sequestered in lysosomal vesicles. The ability to noninvasively label lysosomes and track lysosomal trafficking would be extremely useful to understand the mechanisms by which degradative enzymes are secreted in the presence of pathophysiological environments, such as hypoxia and acidic extracellular pH, which are frequently encountered in solid tumors. In this study, a novel method of introducing a fluorescent label into lysosomes of human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) was evaluated. Highly glycosylated lysosomal membrane proteins were labeled with a newly synthesized compound, 5-dimethylamino-naphthalene1-sulfonic acid 5-amino-3,4,6-trihydroxy-tetrahydro-pyran2-ylmethyl ester (6-O-dansyl-GlcNH2). The ability to optically image lysosomes using this new probe was validated by determining the colocalization of the fluorescence from the dansyl group with immunofluorescent staining of two wellestablished lysosomal marker proteins, LAMP-1 and LAMP-2. The location of the dansyl group in lysosomes was also verified by using an anti-dansyl antibody in Western blots of lysosomes isolated using isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. This novel method of labeling lysosomes biosynthetically was used to image lysosomes in living HMECs perfused in a microscopycompatible cell perfusion system. Mol Imaging (2003) 2, 24 – 36.
An improved digital sensor using delta modulation loop

A digital sensor system with an on-chip delta modulation loop is presented. The delta (/spl Delta/) modulator oversamples and modulates the analog sensor signal into a high frequency 1-bit digital pulse stream. A digital up-down counter, used as a primitive digital low pass filter, rejects the undesired high frequency quantization noise of the 1-bit digital pulse stream and improves its resolution. 10-bit resolution is achieved by using the oversampling ratio=1024. A sensor array can be constructed using this /spl Delta/ modulation loop. The sensor signal from each sensor element can be fully digitized using the time division multiplexing scheme. >
Undetermined Coefficient Problems for Nonlinear Elliptic and Parabolic Equations

In this talk we shall describe some numerical results arising from the problem of determining unknown coefficients that depend only on the function u in quasilinear second order partial differential equations of the form $$\Delta u\; = \;F(x.y.u. < u,{u_t})$$ (1.1) defined in a certain region and subject to overposed boundary conditions on its boundary. We include the possibility of a term u t in (1.1) since we intend to consider the case of parabolic as well as elliptic equations. This class of inverse problems has received a considerable amount of attention recently. and we refer the reader to references [1-7] for further details.
An Analysis of 19 International Case Studies of Stress Prevention Through Work Reorganization Using the Demand/control Model

Nineteen international case studies of workplace stress prevention initiatives are analyzed. The focus of these cases, which span a variety of workplaces and locations, is on preventing stress thro...
OXIDATION OF 1,2- AND 1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE BY BIRNESSITE IN ACIDIC AQUEOUS SUSPENSION

The rate and extent of oxidation of dihydroxybenzenes (DHB) to quinones in acetate-buffered suspensions of synthetic hirnessite were studied using Mn dissolution to monitor reaction progress. Concentration of free in 2+ in the aqueous phase was continuously monitored by electron spin resonance, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy was utilized to quantify dihydroxybenzene and quinone concentrations. Although dissolution of the oxide and release of Mn 2 + to solution generally accompanied phenol oxidation, a threshold oxidation level had to be exceeded before Mn 2+ appeared in solution. Once this threshold was surpassed, the mole quantity of Mn 2+ dissolved equaled the mole quantity of organic oxidized for 1,4-DHB, but exceeded the quantity of organic oxidized for 1,2-DHB. Thus, the latter phenol was more efficient in dissolving the oxide. Soluble phosphate suppressed Mn 2§ release without influencing the degree of organic oxidation, suggesting that phosphate chemically interacted with reduced Mn to hinder its dissolution. UV spectra provided tentative evidence for the transitory existence of Mn 3 +-1,4- DHB complexes in the solution phase. Infrared spectra of the birnessite after reaction with 1,4-DHB indicated some new features, which may have been a result of the reduction of surface Mn atoms to the 3 + oxidation state. These features were not present after reaction with 1,2-DHB, confirming that the latter phenol efficiently dissolved the oxide to release Mn 2+. Although the initial Mn dissolution was very rapid and was attributed to a surface reaction, further slow Mn release accompanied by more complete oxidation of the phenols suggests a process limited by the rate of dissolution of the solid.
Tiger Surgical Supplies, LTD: Pouncing on Doi Moi Opportunities in the Emerging Economy of Vietnam

With the liberalization of economy in 1987, foreign direct investment (FDI) began to flow into Vietnam. This paper presents a case study of a French manufacturer of surgical supplies who establishes a production facility near Ho Chi Minh City in an attempt to capitalize on Vietnam's low labor costs. The case explores the difficulties the company experiences in its dealings with the Vietnamese government, and a variety of cross-cultural management issues are addressed as well. The focus of the case is a French expatriate and a Vietnamese repatriate who experience many unforeseen difficulties in establishing and operating a facility in this newly emerging economy.
SINEs of progress: Mobile element applications to molecular ecology

Mobile elements represent a unique and under-utilized set of tools for molecular ecologists. They are essentially homoplasy-free characters with the ability to be genotyped in a simple and efficient manner. Interpretation of the data generated using mobile elements can be simple compared to other genetic markers. They exist in a wide variety of taxa and are useful over a wide selection of temporal ranges within those taxa. Furthermore, their mode of evolution instills them with another advantage over other types of multilocus genotype data: the ability to determine loci applicable to a range of time spans in the history of a taxon. In this review, I discuss the application of mobile element markers, especially short interspersed elements (SINEs), to phylogenetic and population data, with an emphasis on potential applications to molecular ecology.
A Multi-Agent System-Based Intelligent Heuristic Optimal Control System for A Large-Scale Power Plant

A large-scale power system is required to have a new control system to operate at a higher level of automation, flexibility, robustness, and optimization. In this paper, a multi-agent system based intelligent heuristic optimal control system (MAS-IHOCS) is presented for reference governor and optimal feedforward and feedback controls that improve the performance of the plant in a wide-range of operation. With the proposed architecture of a single agent and an organization of the multi-agent system, the MAS-IHOCS realizes the reference governor for generating optimal set-points and feedforward control actions by using particle swarm optimization (PSO). It also realizes feedback control actions which utilize optimal PI control gains obtained by using a differential evolutionary (DE) algorithm. The proposed MAS-IHOCS is a functional group in a multi-agent system-based intelligent control (MAS-IC), which has several functional groups that provide efficient ways to control locally and globally, and to accommodate and overcome the complexity of large-scale distributed systems.
A correlational study of stutterers' adaptation and voice initiation times

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the strength of the relationship, if any, between stutterers' amount of improvement in controlling phonation (voice initiation time) and their amount of improvement in stuttering during adaptation. Thirteen adult stutterers were required to participate in an adaptation task and a voice initiation time (VIT) task. The major finding was a weak, positive correlation between subjects' adaptation and their VIT difference scores. The correlation obtained, though weak, was interpreted to be informative; namely that while there is quite probably a laryngeal component in stuttering, it does not stand alone. It seems likely that the complexities of stuttering will not be fully understood until experiments include a number of potential or known dimensions of the disorder.
Chlorate Transport through Ion-Exchange Membranes

A laboratory scale chlor-alkali membrane cell was used to measure the chlorate concentration in the outlet NaOH as a function of current density, temperature, film thickness, brine strength and various membrane properties. The chlorate concentration in the NaOH increased with increasing anolyte chlorate spiking level and temperature and decreasing current density and carboxylate film thickness and was strongly dependent on the type of ion-exchange membrane used. In addition, the presence or absence of sacrificial fibers in the membrane did not measurably influence the resultant chlorate concentration. Chlorate ions were transported to the catholyte side by diffusion and electroosmotic convection and transported toward the anolyte side by migration. This balance between the three modes of transport dictates the chlorate concentration present in the NaOH product.
A new approach to global optimization and its applications to neural networks

A new approach to global optimization that alternately rocks the landscape of the objective function and rolls the ball representing the current state of the variable down to the bottom of the nearest valley is presented. The degree of perturbation is determined by a parameter called rock level. The rock level decreases in the process. The ball gets rocked out of local minima and eventually settles at a global minimum. Rock is affected by either perturbing the constants in the objective function or adding a perturbing function to it or both. Roll is performed by a local search. It is shown that the Hopfield net can be rocked to produce a combinatorially minimal solution and that the error backpropagation can be rocked to produce a globally optimal multilayer perceptron. >
The next generation of drug-delivery microdevices.

Advances in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and miniaturization technologies have enabled the creation of biomedical microdevices intended for use in the treatment of various chronic and acute illnesses. The ability to create very precisely defined micrometer and nanometer features allows for the production of a new generation of biomedical devices that can be implanted using minimally invasive procedures to provide controlled therapeutic drug delivery. We believe that there is a wide variety of pharmacological therapies in which these novel drug-delivery systems could be implemented, including treatments for cancer and trauma. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2009); 85, 5, 544–547 doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.4
Scintillation properties of semiconducting 6LiInSe2 crystals to ionizing radiation

Abstract 6LiInSe2 has gained attention recently as a semiconducting thermal neutron detector. As presented herein, the chalcogenide compound semiconductor also detects incident neutrons via scintillation, making 6LiInSe2 the only lithium containing semiconductor to respond to neutrons via both detection mechanisms. Both yellow and red crystals, which appear in the literature, were investigated. Only the yellow crystal responded favorably to ionizing radiation, similar to the semiconducting operation utilizing electrodes. The obtained light yield for yellow crystals is 4400 photons/MeV, referenced to Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO).The estimated thermal neutron light yield was 21,000 photons/thermal neutron. The two measured decay time components were found to be 31±1 ns (49%) and 143±9 ns (51%).This crystal provides efficient, robust detection of neutrons via scintillation with respectable light yield and rapid response, enabling its use for a broad array of neutron detection applications.
International Resource Data — International Resource Analyses

The ever increasing demand for energy and mineral resources has created an equally large demand for data pertaining to these resources. The basic data requirements are for location, quantity and quality of a resource. Although basic data requirements are easy to define, the acquisition of such data is difficult and at present data is inadequate to meet the needs of international resource analysis. The inadequacy of data can be categorized in three main areas: availability, credibility and applicability.
Teaching Visual Basic.NET objects-first

Object-orientation is the prevalent paradigm in programming. Despite this, programming students are usually taught procedural programming first in their first course. Even languages that are object-oriented, such as Java, are taught by first introducing many procedural constructs of the language before introducing concepts such as classes, inheritance, etc. It has been shown (at least anecdotally) that students who first learn procedural programming have a harder time learning object-oriented programming. It has also been shown (again, anecdotally) that it is easier for students to learn procedural programming after they've learned object-oriented programming than the other way around.