cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultra-violet ion lasers

Abstract Cw laser action has been extended down to 220nm. Moreover, cw oscillation has been obtained on twenty additional transitions in the spectral range between 220 and 320 nm. Ultra-violet laser thresholds as low as 2 A have been observed. In comparison, rare gas ion lasers require 20 to 50 A to reach threshold. Metals of interest are sputtered into the discharge giving metal densities of 1014 atoms cm-3 without using external ovens or discharge heating. Recent attempts to scale the output power levels to 1 W cw are presented with particular emphasis on the 780 nm transitions of Cu II.
Consumer cohorts and demand elasticities

A mixed effects model is used to estimate intercepts, price and expenditure elasticities for vegetables, meat and fish in different cohorts. Results from Wald tests reveal that intercepts for fish are higher for older cohorts than for younger cohorts, and expenditure elasticities for meat are higher for older cohorts than for younger cohorts. The implication is that over time, when younger cohorts replace older cohorts, the total expenditure share for fish is likely to decrease contributing to a negative trend in fish consumption. For meat, the total expenditure elasticity is likely to decrease.
On the transfer time complexity of cooperative vehicle routing

Motivated by next-generation air transportation systems, this paper investigates the relationship between traffic volume and congestion in a multi-agent system, assuming that the agents can communicate their intentions with one another. In particular, we consider n independent mobile agents, each assigned an origin and a destination point, and study how the minimum time necessary to safely transfer all agents from their origin to their destination scales with the number of agents n. We provide an algorithm for which the transfer time scales logarithmically in n. This is an improvement over previous results that rely on more conservative conflict models because the agents do not leverage inter-agent cooperation to the same degree, resulting in transfer times that scale as √n.
Effect of Storage Temperature and Duration on the Behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Packaged Fresh‐Cut Salad Containing Romaine and Iceberg Lettuce

This study investigated the impact of storage temperature and duration on the fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on commercially packaged lettuce salads, and on product quality. Fresh-cut Romaine and Iceberg lettuce salads of different commercial brands were obtained from both retail and wholesale stores. The packages were cut open at one end, the lettuce salad inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 via a fine mist spray, and resealed with or without an initial N2 flush to match the original package atmospheric levels. The products were stored at 5 and 12 ◦ C until their labeled "Best If Used By" dates, and the microbial counts and product quality were monitored periodically. The results indicate that storage at 5 ◦ C allowed E. coli O157:H7 to survive, but limited its growth, whereas storage at 12 ◦ C facilitated the proliferation of E. coli O157:H7. There was more than 2.0 log CFU/g increase in E. coli O157:H7 populations on lettuce when held at 12 ◦ C for 3 d, followed by additional growth during the remainder of the storage period. Although there was eventually a significant decline in visual quality of lettuce held at 12 ◦ C, the quality of this lettuce was still fully acceptable when E. coli O157:H7 growth reached a statistically significant level. Therefore, maintaining fresh-cut products at 5 ◦ Co r below is critical for reducing the food safety risks as E. coli O157:H7 grows at a rapid, temperature-dependent rate prior to significant quality deterioration.
Medical/Psychiatric Comanagement by Nurse Practitioners in Chronic Hepatitis C Treatment: A Case Study

This article aims to increase access to care for patients with chronic hepatitis C who have medical and psychiatric comorbidities by reporting on a clinical advanced practice nursing comanagement model for evaluation, treatment, and follow-up care.
Pathways for psychosocial care of cancer survivors

Today, the growing number of survivors from many sites of cancer necessitates that thought be given to ways that ensure follow-up psychosocial care and its integration into ongoing medical surveillance. The establishment of standards of care together with evidence- and consensus-based clinical practice guidelines have provided a highly effective method of enhancing quality care for treatment of cancer. There remain, however, major problems in dissemination and application of these guidelines on the clinical level. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) formed a Panel on Distress Management that developed the first set of consensus-based standards for psychosocial care and clinical practice guidelines specific to cancer illnesses. This article proposes the extension of their concepts to cancer survivors. A model is presented that can assist oncologists and multidisciplinary teams in busy ambulatory settings to more readily identify those survivors who are distressed, whose quality of life is impaired, and who may benefit from further psychological evaluation and treatment. Three groups of cancer survivors are identified for whom pathways for psychosocial care should be defined and developed: 1) survivors with physical sequelae, often resulting in significant neuropsychologic and physical consequences; 2) survivors with psychological sequelae or psychiatric disorders that interfere with functioning and quality of life; and 3) survivors with subsyndromal symptoms who have no identified physical or psychiatric sequelae, but who may nonetheless need help integrating the cancer experience into their lives to increase a sense of purpose, direction, and well being. A rapid screening tool for distress could be used at the time of follow-up visits to oncologists or physicians to identify patients with psychological, social, or spiritual concerns and could serve as a pathway for evaluation and referral for psychosocial counseling. Treating distress in these areas is to be viewed as an integral part of surveillance for survivors, and pathways to ensure integration are important.
Laser-Excited Fluorescence of Dityrosine

In this research, laser-excited fluorescence was examined for sensitive detection of aqueous dityrosine. Samples were excited with a 6.3-mW, 325-nm helium-cadmium laser focused into a small volume-fluorescence cell with a 10-cm lens. The resulting fluorescence emission was collected perpendicular to the excitation and detected with two different schemes. An optical bandpass filter was used with a photomultiplier tube for sensitive quantitative measurement, while a photodiode array detector was used in conjunction with a spectrograph for qualitative characterization of fluorescence emission spectra. Dityrosine detection on the order of 2 × 10-11 M was obtained with the use of the photomultiplier tube with bandpass optical filter. The dityrosine fluorescence yield is found to vary with the solution pH, the relative concentrations of ferric and ferrous iron, and the amount of dissolved oxygen. A maximum fluorescence yield is observed for iron-free, oxygen-free alkaline solutions. Fluorescence quenching by oxygen is a cumulative photolysis effect that diminished fluorescence yield with increased irradiation time. Flowing the solutions minimized photolysis effects in oxygenated solutions. Quenching by ferrous and ferric iron is found to be due primarily to complex formation. The ferrous iron complex appears to have a fluorescence efficiency of ∼20% of the free dityrosine. The ferric iron dityrosine complex appears to have two ferric ions per molecule at low iron concentration. Other complexes may form at different concentrations. Solvent effects on dityrosine absorption and fluorescence spectra were also investigated. A red shift in dityrosine fluorescence maximum was observed in 1 M trichloroacetic acid and in N,N-dimethylformamide. The fluorescence emission maximum was shifted to the blue in acetonitrile and glacial acetic acid. These shifts were attributed to typical solvochromic behavior.
E. coli and Agrobacterium non-coding regulatory RNA discovery

In recent years non-coding regulatory RNAs were discovered to have far more important biological functions than previously thought. The most prominent examples are small interference RNAs and micro RNAs in eukaryote cells that collectively defined the RNA interference pathway and its many applications in biotechnologies, genetics and medicines. Although similar non-coding regulatory RNAs are postulated to exist in prokaryote cells as well, only a small number of these RNAs have been discovered so far, and those discoveries are limited to well-known bacteria like the E. coli. For most bacteria their non-coding regulatory RNAs have not been discovered. The rate-limiting factor in this discovery is the fact that trans-acting regulatory RNAs in prokaryotes only partial base-pair with their target genes, in contrast to the cis-acting regulatory RNAs which can usually be found on the opposite DNA strands of their target genes. We present a novel method that can identify trans-acting non-coding regulatory RNAs in prokaryotes using a whole-genome thermodynamic analysis approach with the software PICKY. Subsequently, both cis-and trans-acting non-coding regulatory RNAs can be validated using a whole-genome tiling microarray to detect expressed RNAs in prokaryotes.
Effect of Reprogramming on Primary Cilia Mechanics

The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) reprogramming has revolutionized the field of developmental biology. To realize the full potential of this promising technology, it is imperative to understand mechanical and chemical signaling pathways that coordinate the process of reprogramming. Primary cilia have been shown to play a critical role in mechano-chemical signaling across a wide spectrum of cell types, with major implications in maintaining homeostasis. Their functions in hiPSCs and their characteristic changes during the reprogramming process remain largely vague. This work focused on understanding how reprogramming affects the mechanical characteristics of primary cilia. Using immunofluorescence imaging assays and electron microscopy studies, we established for the first time the presence of primary cilia on fibroblasts derived hiPSCs. Using quantitative PCR assays, we identified changes of expression levels of pluripotency markers Nanog and Cripto as well as primary cilia signaling partners Hh, Ptch1, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3. Furthermore, morphometric analysis revealed that reprogramming resulted in an increase in curvature of primary cilia from ∼0.16 μ−1 to ∼0.78 μ−1 (p<0.02), indicating a significant change in Young's modulus ratio of at least 5-fold, and a decrease in the length of primary cilia from ∼2.64 μ to ∼0.7 μ (p<1.76x10−13). Taken together, this was the first systematic study showing the presence of primary cilia on human reprogrammed cells and demonstrating significant effects of the reprogramming process on primary cilia mechanics.
Reply to comment on ?Molecular arrangement in water: random but not quite?

In a recent paper (Petkov V, Ren Y and Suchomel M 2012 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 24 155102) we confirmed the presence of fine features in the molecular distribution function of water and showed that these features can be explained in terms of a simple model featuring water molecules forming tetrahedral units of different perfection and/or participating in rings of different sizes. In this reply we reaffirm our findings.
Eigenvalue and generalized eigenvalue formulations for Hankel norm reduction directly from polynomial data

Using the results of Adamjan, Arov and Krein [1], we develop a new algorithm for computing the optimal Hankel-norm approximants for SISO continuous-time systems. Given a rational transfer function f(s) = n(s)/d(s), we can construct optimal Hankel-norm approximants of all orders from the eigenvectors of a certain matrix M. The specific feature of this new algorithm is that the matrix M has the form 1/2(X2 -1Y2 - X1 -1Y1), where X1 and X2 are rearranged versions of the Hurwitz matrix of d(s), and Y1 and Y2 are obtained by arranging the coefficients of n(s) in a certain pattern. Further, M is a certain representation of the Hankel operator induced by f. Finally, if f(s) has lightly damped poles, the computation of M may be ill-conditioned, in which case a generalized eigenvalue formulation with coefficient matrices Xi and Yi is proposed.
The synchronization and timing of cytological events during gametogenesis inAllomyces macrogynus

Abstract A method is described with which the cytological events during gamete formation inAllomyces macrogynus can be examined in detail. Synchronous development was achieved using a microdroplet slide culture system to produce gametangia that were all of the same developmental age. Game-tothallic cultures were produced by inoculating 100 meiospores/100 μl of medium onto microscope slides and incubating the microdroplet cultures at 22°C in moist chambers. Forty-eight hours after inoculation, small hyphal fans were observed with each terminal hypha containing male and female gametangial pairs. These cultures showed a much more synchronous release of gametes than did other culture methods tried (i.e., liquid suspension cultures and agar plate cultures). After induction of gametogenesis in samples derived from microdroplet cultures, the time courses for lipid crown stage breakdown, flagellum formation, cytoplasmic cleavage, and nuclear cap formation were determined using transmission electron microscopy. This information was used to construct a timetable for these specific cytological events during gamete formation. The higher degree of synchrony of gametogenesis achieved with this method allows specific temporal events to be examined with much greater precision than has been previously possible.
Social comparisons at your fingertips: the importance of ingroup/outgroup status

An online experiment tested predictions on online users' selective viewing of social information. It was hypothesized that selections are affected by users' ingroup minority-versus-majority status, valence of portrayals, and ingroup and outgroup membership of featured individuals, specifically among users with low or moderate self-esteem. A sample of 113 women, 30-45 years old, served to test hypotheses. Examined numeric minority groups were stay-home mothers and working women without children as, as well as working mothers as numeric majority. As predicted, the majority group avoided positive ingroup member portrayals, whereas both minority groups preferred them.
A non-linear model to describe the material properties of single lamellae in the human annulus fibrosus

Roughly three out of four people experience low back pain [1]. Causes are generally unknown, but low back pain is often attributed to intervertebral disc degeneration. To understand low back pain better, much research has focused on a fundamental understanding of the disc. Physiologically analogous material properties may support improved modeling and understanding of disease progression. Unfortunately, to date, few material property data have been collected in a realistic environment.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Pharmacy as a patient-centered practice: Reflections from center stage.

Ten years ago in my Whitney address, I forecasted that our profession would be at center stage of health care in the new century.[1][1] Now, upon concluding 36 years as a pharmacy director, I want to share what I believe pharmacy must do to stay center stage and further advance our roles in health
2008 C. H. McCloy lecture. Social psychology and physical activity: back to the future.

In the early 1970s, both my academic career and the psychology subdiscipline within kinesiology began as “social psychology and physical activity.” Since then, sport and exercise psychology research has shifted away from the social to a narrower bio-psycho-(no social) approach, and professional practice has focused on the elite rather than the larger public. Psychology can contribute to an integrative and relevant professional discipline by going back to the future as social psychology and physical activity and by incorporating three of C. H. McCloy's themes (a) evidence-based practice, (b) beyond dualisms, and (c) commitment to public service. Our scholarship must move beyond dualisms to recognize complexities and connections and be truly scholarship for practice. Social psychology and physical activity can serve the public by advocating for inclusive, empowering physical activity programs that promote health and well being for all.
Inhibition of the RNA dependent DNA polymerase and the malignant transforming ability of Rous sarcoma virus by thiosemicarbazone-transition metal complexes

Abstract Several thiosemicarbazone-metal complexes inhibit the RNA dependent DNA polymerase and the transforming ability of Rous sarcoma virus. Some complexes are equally as active as the free ligand whereas the activity of others is greatly enhanced. The 2-formyl pyridine thiosemicarbazone copper (II) complex is the most potent compound of this class that we tested. Some copper complexes of salicylaldehyde derivatives are very active also, particularly N-n-butyl, N-n-hexyl and N-benzylsalicylaldimine; no nickel complex of any salicylaldehyde compound is active. In addition, other metal ligands, such as dithizone, diacetyl bis (mercaptoethylimine), N-butyl thiocarbamate, 0,0′ dimethyl dithiophosphate, potassium dithiooxalate, and cis-PtII(NH3)2Cl2 were tested with varying results.
Congenital Urethral Stricture

A fetus with severe infravesical obstruction displays characteristic findings on prenatal ultrasound (that is hydronephrosis, hydroureter, bladder distention, prostatic urethral dilatation and oligohydramnios). The most common cause of infravesical obstruction in a fetus is posterior urethral valves, which were first classified by Young et al1 and are hypothesized to be mesonephric duct remnants.2 We report a case of similar prenatal ultrasound findings in a full term male whose amniotic fluid level normalized in the third trimester and who was found to have a congenital urethral stricture.
Some social features of cognition

This paper describes and assesses a number of dispositions which are instrumental in allowing us to take on the opinions of others unselfconsciously. It is argued that these dispositions are in fact reliable in the environments in which they tend to come into play. In addition, it is argued that agents are, by their own lights, justified in the beliefs they arrive at as a result of these processes. Finally, these processes are argued to provide a basis for rejecting the claim that fixation of belief is radically holistic.
A decade of disciplinary, administrative, and protective control of inmates in the Washington State Penitentiary: A research note

Abstract Although prisons and their residents have been subjected to much empirical scrutiny, one area has received very little attention, solitary confinement as a mechanism of social control in prison. This study reports the results of an investigation of the uses of punitive isolation, administrative segregation, and protective custody during the decade between 1966 and 1975, at the Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla. Findings show significant fluctuations in the use of segregation. These changes were related to administration shifts at the Washington Department of Corrections.
Erraticity of rapidity gaps

The use of rapidity gaps is proposed as a measure of the spatial pattern of an event. When the event multiplicity is low, the gaps between neighboring particles carry far more information about an event than multiplicity spikes, which may occur very rarely. Two moments of the gap distribution are suggested for characterizing an event. The fluctuations of those moments from event to event are then quantified by an entropy-like measure, which serves to describe erraticity. We use ECOMB to simulate the exclusive rapidity distribution of each event, from which the erraticity measures are calculated. The dependences of those measures on the order q of the moments provide single-parameter characterizations of erraticity. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
The Impact of Multiple Tax Returns on Tax Compliance Behavior

ABSTRACT: Tax compliance research has used prospect theory to describe taxpayers' behavior finding that taxpayers with pending payments due (loss frame) report more aggressively than taxpayers with pending refunds (gain frame). Since taxpayers often file multiple returns and prior research has only examined the impact of single returns on compliance behavior, we extend the research by incorporating the element of taxpayers filing multiple returns (state and federal returns). This study compares taxpayers' behavior in a single net refund or single net payment due condition versus a multiple refund (larger refund and smaller payment due) or multiple payments due condition (larger payment due and smaller refund). Using mental accounting theory, the results show that taxpayers' aggressiveness shifts up in a refund position when the refund is presented as multiple returns rather than a single net return. Taxpayers' aggressiveness shifts down when their payment due position is presented as multiple returns rath...
Bereavement and Stress of a Miscarriage: As it Affects the Couple

Perinatal death affects nearly one-third of all pregnant women (Toedter, Lasker, & Alhadeff, 1988). Of the different forms of perinatal death, this study explored the psychological impact of grief and stress in couples who experienced a miscarriage. Using the Grief Experience Inventory—Loss Version and The Impact of Event Scale, this study specifically looked at the differences between the couple in how they grieve and experience the stress of the miscarriage. Profile analyses indicated that the women's overall response pattern to the bereavement scales was different from their partners. In addition, women reported significantly higher Intrusive Distress than their partners. Results suggest that a miscarriage affects the woman and her partner, as well as the relationship of the couple. The major purpose of this investigation was to study the psychological experience of a miscarriage, and to determine if women and their partners experience the loss differently.
The 68040 32-b monolithic processor

A 32-b single-chip processor has been developed that is user object-code compatible with members of the 68000 processor family. The 14-4-mm*15.5-mm device contains over 1.2 million transistors and is fabricated with a double-layer-metal CMOS process. The processor integrates three major functional units: an integer processor: a floating-point processor; and a Harvard-style memory unit. Each major unit is described, and the implementation techniques that were employed and selected circuit issues that were confronted in the design are discussed. >
Graph theory: linking online musical creativity to concert hall performance

Graph Theory links the creative music-making activities of web site visitors to the dynamic generation of an instrumental score for solo violin. Participants use a web-based interface to navigate among short, looping musical fragments to create their own unique path through the open-form composition. Before each concert performance, the violinist prints out a new copy of the score that orders the fragments based on the decisions made by web visitors.
Loss of desmocollin 3 in mice leads to epidermal blistering

Desmocollin 3 (DSC3) belongs to a subfamily of cadherins and is a major component of desmosomes in keratinocytes of stratified epithelia, such as the epidermis. Based on its amino acid sequence homology to classical cadherins, such as E-cadherin, it has been postulated that DSC3 functions as a cell-adhesion molecule. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the function of DSC3 in the development and maintenance of stratified epithelia, in particular the epidermis and hair follicles. Using a conditional null allele, we show that loss of Dsc3 function in the epidermis causes impaired cell–cell adhesion, leading to intra-epidermal blistering and telogen hair loss. Furthermore, the lesions in Dsc3-null skin resemble those observed in individuals with pemphigus vulgaris (PV), indicating that impaired Dsc3 function could be a potential cause of PV-like inherited or acquired skin blistering diseases.
Neurocardiogenic Syncope and Related Disorders of Orthostatic Intolerance

Received September 14, 2004; revision received January 31, 2005; accepted March 9, 2005. “We shall not cease from exploration and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time” — —T.S. Eliot, Four Quartets Syncope, defined as transient loss of consciousness and postural tone with spontaneous recovery, has both challenged and perplexed physicians since the dawn of recorded time. The earliest written accounts come from Hippocrates, and the word syncope itself is derived from an old Greek term meaning “to cut short” or “interrupt.” Recurrent episodes of syncope may result from a large number of different disorders, all of which cause a transitory reduction in cerebral blood flow sufficient to disturb the normal functions of the brain. Over the last 2 decades, considerable attention has been given to types of syncope that occur due to a centrally mediated (or “reflex”) fall in systemic blood pressure, a condition that has been referred to as vasovagal (and later neurocardiogenic) syncope. However, research into the nature of this disorder revealed that it is but one aspect of a broad and varied group of disturbances in the normal functioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), each of which may result in orthostatic intolerance, hypotension, and ultimately syncope. Continued investigations into the nature of these similar yet different disorders has led to the development of a system of classification that attempts to more accurately reflect our understanding of these conditions and their interrelationships.1 The present system of classification has proven both functional and clinically relevant and includes a group of disorders that most investigators have thought to be principally autonomic in nature. Because both the cardiologist and the cardiac electrophysiologist frequently are expected to both diagnose and treat these conditions, the following …
Bis(ethyl­enediamine)nickel(II) dinitrate

In the title complex, [Ni(C2H8N2)2](NO3)2, the two ethyl­enediamine groups, (en), and the nitrate anions are related by an inversion center at the Ni atom. The coordination about the Ni atom can be described as a tetragonally distorted octahedron with four equatorial sites occupied by the N atoms of the (en) groups and the two axial sites by the nitrate anions through a `semi-coordinating' Ni⋯O interaction of 2.5539 (15) A. The remaining O atoms of the nitrate groups participate in N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions with the (en) ligand.
Comparison of finite difference and control volume methods for solving differential equations

Abstract Comparisons are made between the finite difference method (FDM) and the control volume formulation (CVF). An analysis of truncation errors for the two methods is presented. Some rules-of-thumb related to the accuracy of the methods are included. It is shown that the truncation error is the same for both methods when the boundary conditions are of the Dirichlet type, the system equations are linear and represented in Cartesian coordinates. A technique to analyze the accuracy of the methods is presented. Two examples representing different physical situations are solved using the methods. The FDM failed to conserve mass for a small number of nodes when both boundary conditions include a derivative term (i.e. either a Robin or Neumann type boundary condition) whereas the CVF method did conserve mass for these cases. The FDM is more accurate than the CVF for problems with interfaces between adjacent regions. The CVF is (ΔX) order of accuracy for a Neumann type boundary condition whereas the FDM is (ΔX) 2 order.
Skirting the Issue: Teachers' Experiences "Addressing Sexuality in Middle School Language Arts"

AbstractThe goal of this study was to examine perceptions, attitudes, and reported practices of a group of middle level Language Arts teachers concerning sexuality-related issues. Through interviews with 15 teachers, the study found that sexuality was in one sense pervasive, as it came up frequently in the teachers’ practice. Yet at the same time the teachers worked hard to avoid the topic of sexuality, even if they believed discussion of sexuality issues could be beneficial. We found a benefit-risk tension that some of the teachers faced on a regular basis, as they struggled with the question of whether directly addressing sexuality was worth the risk. The teachers’ testimonies illustrate the extent to which they repress discussion of sexuality. However, because many of the teachers believed in a more direct approach with students, the findings indicate that small changes, such as breaking the silence around sexuality in teacher education and among school faculty and staff, might make a significant posit...
The effect of the atypical antipsychotic drug, amperozide, on carrier-mediated striatal dopamine release measured in vivo

The effect of the novel atypical antipsychotic drug, amperozide, on carrier-mediated dopamine efflux was studied using in vivo microdialysis in the striatum of awake-behaving rats. Amperozide was infused directly through the dialysis probe. This local infusion produced a concentration-dependent increase in striatal dopamine overflow. This increase was attenuated when a Ca(++)-free perfusion medium was used. Local infusion of amperozide blocked dopamine efflux after the systemic administration of amphetamine in a concentration-dependent manner. The antagonistic effect of amperozide (50 microM) on amphetamine-induced efflux of dopamine was not attenuated under Ca(++)-free conditions. Similar to its effects on amphetamine-induced dopamine efflux, amperozide (50 microM) attenuated the increase in dopamine overflow produced by ouabain (10 microM) but not veratridine (15 microM). The systemic coadministration of amperozide (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and haloperidol (2 mg/kg, i.p.) increased extracellular dopamine levels in an additive manner when compared to the increases observed after the administration of either drug alone. Overall, these data indicate that amperozide acts on the dopamine transporter to inhibit carrier-mediated release.
On-duty struck-by crashes

On-duty struck-by crashes are defined as traffic crashes that involve police officers, roadway workers, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians-first responders who are hit by a motorist while on duty assisting at an incident or in a work zone. The objective of this research was to summarize and analyze struck-by crashes on the basis of Wisconsin crash data. Crash data from 2000 to 2010 on Wisconsin's state trunk network were selected from the WisTransPortal database. Data reduction included several filtering steps and manual identification; 265 crashes were identified as struck-by crashes, and their characteristics and contributing factors were analyzed. Responder and worker struck-by crashes were analyzed separately because of their different characteristics, and all state trunk network crashes from 2000 to 2010 were used as a comparison group. Results showed that for responder crashes, police officers were the predominant victim. A large proportion of responder crashes occurred on rural Interst...
Management Communication in US MBA Programs: The State of the Art:

A study of 32 top-ranked MBA programs suggests that management communica tion is an important part of professional graduate management education. Eigh teen of the schools have required core courses...
Polymerization of acrylonitrile by boron trifluoride in amide solvents

The observed activity of boron fluoride-dimethyl formamide as a catalyst for the polymerization of acrylonitrile has been studied. It has been found that oxygen is a necessary third component, and that the polymerization is a free radical process. Evidence is presented that oxygen reacts with acidic complexes of dimethylformamide to give peroxides of the type HCON(CH3)CH2OOH, which acts as typical peroxide initiators.
Pathview: an R/Bioconductor package for pathway-based data integration and visualization

Summary: Pathview is a novel tool set for pathway-based data integration and visualization. It maps and renders user data on relevant pathway graphs. Users only need to supply their data and specify the target pathway. Pathview automatically downloads the pathway graph data, parses the data file, maps and integrates user data onto the pathway and renders pathway graphs with the mapped data. Although built as a stand-alone program, Pathview may seamlessly integrate with pathway and functional analysis tools for large-scale and fully automated analysis pipelines. Availability: The package is freely available under the GPLv3 license through Bioconductor and R-Forge. It is available at http://bioconduc tor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/pathview.html and at http://
On pseudoentropy versus compressibility

A source is comprehensible if we can efficiently compute short descriptions of strings in the support and efficiently recover the strings from the descriptions. A source has high pseudo-entropy if it is computationally distinguishable from a source of high entropy. In this paper, we present a technique for proving lower bounds on compressibility in an oracle setting, which yields the following results: 1. We exhibit oracles relative to which there exists samplable sources over {0, 1}/sup n/ of low pseudoentropy (say n/2) that cannot be compressed to length less than n - /spl omega/(log n) by polynomial size circuits. This matches the upper bounds in (Goldberg and Sipser, 1991, Trevisan et al., 2004), and provides an oracle separation between compressibility and pseudoentropy, thereby partially addressing an open problem posed in (Impagliazzo, 1999). 2. We also provide a separation between 1/s-metric-type pseudoentropy and 1/s-Yao-type pseudoentropy - which are two computational analogues of entropy introduced in (Barak et al., 2003) - for the class of oracle circuits of sizes (s polynomially bounded). This is the first known separation result for metric-type and Yao-type pseudoentropy. 3. In the random oracle model, we show that there exists in compressible functions as defined in (Dwork et al., 1996) where any substantial compression of the output of the function must reveal something about the seed. This yields the first known practical realization of incompressible functions, under the assumption that random oracles may be realized using cryptographic hash functions. Finally, we show that computational assumptions are needed to separate compressibility and pseudoentropy for samplable sources. In particular, if one-way functions do not exist, then any samplable flat source of entropy k can be compressed by circuits to length k + 0(log n); furthermore, any such source has 1/2-Yao-type pseudoentropy k + 0(log n).
Multishot diffusion-weighted FSE using PROPELLER MRI.

A method for obtaining diffusion-weighted images that are free from the artifacts associated with echo-planar acquisitions, such as signal pile-up and geometric warping, is introduced. It uses an ungated, multishot fast spin-echo (FSE) acquisition that is self-navigated. The phase of the refocusing pulses is alternated to minimize non-Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) artifacts. Several reconstruction methods are combined to make this method robust against motion artifacts. Examples are shown of clinical diffusion-weighted imaging and high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging.
Development of a universal gap repair vector for yeast-based screening of knockout rodents.

Recently, we reported the production of the first knockout rats by combining N-ethyl-Nnitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutagenesis with a yeast-based truncation screening method. To make this new knockout...
Digital object identifiers and their role in the implementation of electronic publishing

The major scientific, technical and medical (STM) publishers have developed the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system that will potentially offer improved order and reliability for the discovery and access of information on the global network. However, the system, as it is currently envisioned, does not meet the needs of all types of publishers, commands unknown overhead costs, is vague in application, and has features that potentially hinder access rather than facilitate it. The DOI development will need the input of not just publishers, but librarians, scholarly societies, and researchers to be effectively implemented on a worldwide scale and attract the system participants and users it will need to prevail.
Dispersion-managed solitons via an averaged variational principle

Abstract Constrained minimization is used as a computational strategy to approximate and study dispersion-managed solitons through their characterization as minima of an averaged variational principle. A basis of Hermite–Gaussian functions is used and the constrained minimization procedure is carried out to find such pulses. This method produces more accurate pulse shapes than the usual Gaussian approximations, propagating with less noise and providing a far better representation of the tail of the pulse. The success of this procedure provides confirmation that the dispersion-managed soliton is truly a minimum of the constrained variational principle. When the residual dispersion is negative, the dispersion-managed soliton can no longer be a minimum—a fact that is confirmed by our numerical simulations. Even in this case, however, approximate pulse shapes can be obtained using this finite dimensional approximation. Additionally, we find critical points other than the ground state. The most interesting is an excited bound state corresponding to a symmetric bisoliton.
An Enhanced Discrete Element Model for Predicting Hip Contact Stresses

Chronic exposure to excessive stress on articular cartilage in the hip joint predicts the progression and onset of osteoarthritis (OA) [1]. Discrete element analysis (DEA) has been used to predict cartilage contact stresses [2, 3]. Because of its low computational expense and relative ease of application, DEA could be an effective alternative to the finite element (FE) method for the study of contact stresses in the hip. Previous DEA models have assumed concentric hip joint geometry and constant cartilage thickness. These assumptions lead to underestimates for cartilage contact stress and predict unrealistic, simplified contact patterns [2, 4]. It is possible that DEA could provide more realistic predictions of cartilage contact stress if subject-specific bone and cartilage geometry were used. The objectives of this study were to develop a DEA model that accommodates subject-specific bone and cartilage geometry, and to compare DEA model predictions of cartilage contact stresses with predictions from validated FE models.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The tactical Tomahawk conundrum: designing decision support systems for revolutionary domains

Designing decision support systems for revolutionary domains is problematic because approaches such as cognitive task and work analyses are difficult to implement due to the lack of established domains or users. An example of such a conundrum is the development of in-flight retargeting capabilities for the US Navy's Tomahawk missile. The current version is a "fire-and-forget" missile. However, a new upgrade will allow redirection of missiles in-flight. This new capability means that not only will battlefield commanders have more flexibility, but also that an entire system of human control will be needed where none previously existed. For decision support systems in revolutionary domains like that of the new Tomahawk, the lack of an existing domain makes it difficult to design an effective decision support system. Using the Tomahawk as a case study, this paper demonstrates how the cognitive work analysis can be modified for application to intentional revolutionary domains.
Role of Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Colonic Carcinoma in the Modern Chemotherapy Era

The role of adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) in the treatment of resected, locally advanced colon cancer is unclear. One randomized controlled trial (Intergroup-0130) addressed this question but failed to meet its accrual goals. Since this trial, few attempts have been made to reassess the role of RT in this clinical setting. Sixty-two patients with non-metastatic, American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition stage T4 colonic adenocarcinoma were treated at our institution between 2000 and 2013. All underwent curative-intent surgery. Sixteen patients underwent resection only, 33 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy (ChT), and 13 patients received adjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT). Patients receiving adjuvant CRT were more likely to have T4b (vs. T4a) disease and were more likely to undergo R1 or R2 resection compared with those receiving adjuvant ChT alone. Despite this, multivariate analysis demonstrated that treatment with adjuvant CRT (vs. adjuvant ChT) enhanced locoregional control and disease-free survival (hazard ratio 0.044 and 0.145, respectively; p < 0.05). Adjuvant RT for T4 colon cancers may be appropriate in select patients, specifically those with T4b lesions and/or residual disease following resection.
Impaired cholesterol metabolism and enhanced atherosclerosis in clock mutant mice.

Background—Clock is a key transcription factor that positively controls circadian regulation. However, its role in plasma cholesterol homeostasis and atherosclerosis has not been studied. Methods and Results—We show for the first time that dominant-negative Clock mutant protein (ClockΔ19/Δ19) enhances plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis in 3 different mouse models. Detailed analyses revealed that ClkΔ19/Δ19Apoe−/− mice display hypercholesterolemia resulting from the accumulation of apolipoprotein B48–containing cholesteryl ester–rich lipoproteins. Physiological studies showed that enhanced cholesterol absorption by the intestine contributes to hypercholesterolemia. Molecular studies indicated that the expression of Niemann Pick C1 Like 1, Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol acyltransferase 1, and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in the intestines of ClkΔ19/Δ19Apoe−/− mice was high and that enterocytes assembled and secreted more chylomicrons. Furthermore, we identified macrophage dysfunction as another potent...
Optimal deployment and replenishment of monitoring wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) composed of inexpensive devices allow the possibility of large deployments aimed at monitoring remote, or possibly hostile, areas. However, due to the unique traffic patterns exhibited by monitoring sensor networks, the lifetime of a large WSN is constrained by the burden placed on nodes near the sink node to forward additional traffic as more nodes are deployed. We discuss approaches for deploying a WSN that will maximize the lifetime of an initial deployment. We then consider cases where the mission lifetime is of a duration such that overdeploying an initial network to meet this mission criteria would become prohibitively expensive. We then propose a replenishment control framework where additional nodes are added to an initial deployment in consecutive batches in order to meet mission lifetimes while reducing cost. The control framework consists of a failure process model used to forecast sensor failures due to energy depletion, and a two-stage limited lookahead controller used to determine the number of nodes to be added to the network and the approximate locations of their deployment.
Advanced Components in the Variable Precision Floating-Point Library

Optimal reconfigurable hardware implementations may require the use of arbitrary floating-point formats that do not necessarily conform to IEEE specified sizes. The authors have previously presented a variable precision floating-point library for use with reconfigurable hardware. The authors recently added three advanced components: floating-point division, floating-point square root and floating-point accumulation to our library. These advanced components use algorithms that are well suited to FPGA implementations and exhibit a good tradeoff between area, latency and throughput. The floating-point format of our library is both general and flexible. All IEEE formats, including 64-bit double-precision format, are a subset of our format. All previously published floating-point formats for reconfigurable hardware are a subset of our format as well. The generic floating-point format supported by all of our library components makes it easy and convenient to create a pipelined, custom data path with optimal bitwidth for each operation. Our library can be used to achieve more parallelism and less power dissipation than adhering to a standard format. To further increase parallelism and reduce power dissipation, our library also supports hybrid fixed and floating point operations in the same design. The division and square root designs are based on table lookup and Taylor series expansion, and make use of memories and multipliers embedded on the FPGA chip. The iterative accumulator utilizes the library addition module as well as buffering and control logic to achieve performance similar to that of the addition by itself. They are all fully pipelined designs with clock speed comparable to that of other library components to aid the designer in implementing fast, complex, pipelined designs
Age, period and cohort effects on adult physical activity levels from 1991 to 2011 in China

To date no work has differentiated the effects of age, period, and cohort on physical activity (PA) among Chinese adults, while also considering biological, behavioral, economic, and environmental factors over time. We used data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) between 1991 and 2011 (20 years). The outcomes of interest are metabolic equivalent of task (MET) hours per week from work and domestic activities. Age, individual characteristics, household size, asset ownership, urbanization were included as covariates. Analyses for adult (≥20y) males (n = 29,343) and females (n = 31,094) was conducted to explicitly assess differences in PA due to age vs period effects, and implicitly assess differences by cohorts due to the period-specific experiences across individuals of varying ages. The mean age of the sample rose from 41.31 to 50.8 years and PA decreased from 427.75 ± 264.35 MET hours per week (MET-hr/wk) in 1991 to 245.99 ± 206.65 MET-hr/wk in 2011, with much steeper declines for women compared to men. For both genders, we found non-linear decreases in PA with age over time. Controlling for age effects, negative period effects on PA were observed in each survey year, and were substantial from 1993 to 2000 for males and from 1993 to 2011 for females. The interaction between survey year and age (P < 0.05) were observed from 2004 to 2011. Higher community urbanicity, vehicle ownership, TV and computer ownership, overweight and obese, higher education served as negative predictors. Bicycle ownership, bigger household size, non-professional jobs, being married and having more children (for women) were positive predictors of PA (P < 0.05). Furthermore, at any given age, individuals who were younger at baseline had higher mean PA compared with individuals older at baseline. This study followed a large cohort of adults over a significant portion of their lives. Strong age and secular trends were observed, resulting in an increasing number of participants who have or are likely to lower their PA levels. These trends suggest that tackling the rapid PA decline among its population is of high priority for China’s public health outlook as its population ages and continues to experience significant economic and environmental changes.