cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
KIF13A mediates the activity-dependent transport of ESCRT-0 proteins in axons

Abstract Turnover of synaptic vesicle (SV) proteins is vital for the maintenance of healthy, functional synapses in neurons. Our previous work showed that the degradation of SV proteins is mediated by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway in an activity-dependent manner. Here, we characterize the axonal transport dynamics of ESCRT-0 proteins Hrs and STAM1, the first components of the ESCRT pathway critical for initiating SV protein degradation. Hrs- and STAM1-positive transport vesicles exhibit increased anterograde and bidirectional motility in response to neuronal firing, and frequent colocalization with SV pools. These ESCRT-0 vesicles are a subset of Rab5-positive structures in axons, likely representing pro-degradative early endosomes. Further, we identify kinesin motor protein KIF13A as essential for the activity-dependent transport of ESCRT-0 vesicles as well as the degradation of SV membrane proteins. Together, these data demonstrate a novel KIF13A-dependent mechanism for mobilizing axonal transport of ESCRT machinery to facilitate the degradation of SV proteins.
Rupture of splenic artery aneurysm in pregnancy with double-rupture phenomenon: A case report.

Abstract Background Rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm (SAA) is a rare and often life-threatening complication of pregnancy. The reported incidence is 0.01% to 10.4%. Maternal and fetal mortality have been reported to be as high as 75% and 95% respectively. Case Description A 26-year-old woman, gravida 5 para 3, presented at 32 weeks of gestation with diffuse abdominal pain and several episodes of syncope. An anchor diagnosis of abruption was made secondary to findings on presentation of intrauterine fetal demise and extensive history of substance abuse. Discussion This case is an example of anchoring bias despite good outcomes due to misleading prodromal and warning symptoms with initial favorable response to resuscitation. Conclusion A ruptured SSA should be considered in the differential of severe and unexplained pain in the left upper quadrant in pregnancy. A high degree of suspicion is required to make this diagnosis.
Addiction, recovery, and work: Surviving the daily grind.

BACKGROUND Employment is a predictor of sobriety for women in recovery from addiction, however, finding and maintaining employment is often a challenge. A number of interventions and a large body of research exist related to improving employment outcomes of women in recovery, but most fail to account for employment as an on-going, uneven process. OBJECTIVE This study applied a longitudinal, qualitative design to explore employment experiences of women in recovery, as well as how those experiences interact with participants' sobriety, health, and well-being. METHODS Nineteen women from two residential recovery programs were interviewed four times over the course of nine months. Data were analyzed using longitudinal coding. RESULTS Women encounter on-going struggle to find and keep employment, and multiple forces exacerbate this struggle. At the same time, positive work experiences described by some participants illustrate opportunities for the creation of new workplace structures that address employment needs of women in recovery while supporting sobriety and overall well-being. CONCLUSION Understanding employment as an on-going process that interacts with addiction and sobriety in complex and multiple ways could contribute to improved employment and health outcomes for women in recovery.
Metabolic plasticity enables lifestyle transitions of Porphyromonas gingivalis

Our understanding of how the oral anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis can persist below the gum line, induce ecological changes, and promote polymicrobial infections remains limited. P. gingivalis has long been described as a highly proteolytic and asaccharolytic pathogen that utilizes protein substrates as the main source for energy production and proliferation. Here, we report that P. gingivalis displays a metabolic plasticity that enables the exploitation of non-proteinaceous substrates, specifically the monocarboxylates pyruvate and lactate, as well as human serum components, for colonization and biofilm formation. We show that anabolism of carbohydrates from pyruvate is powered by catabolism of amino acids. Concomitantly, the expression of fimbrial adhesion is upregulated, leading to the enhancement of biofilm formation, stimulation of multispecies biofilm development, and increase of colonization and invasion of the primary gingival epithelial cells by P. gingivalis. These studies provide the first glimpse into the metabolic plasticity of P. gingivalis and its adaptation to the nutritional condition of the host niche. Our findings support the model that in response to specific nutritional parameters, P. gingivalis has the potential to promote host colonization and development of a pathogenic community.
The relaxant effect of diazoxide on isolated gravid and nongravid human myometrium.

Abstract A search for compounds is under way which will prevent the early onset of uterine contractility and reduce the incidence of prematurity. Suggestive in vivo evidence indicates that diazoxide, a benzothiazide derivative, may block uterine contractility. Our study in vitro on both nonpregnant and pregnant myometrium demonstrated that diazoxide, in doses of 10 to 20 μg per milliliter, blocks the myometrial activity. This relaxant effect appears significantly reversed by both an alpha and a beta blocking agent, suggesting that diazoxide action may be mediated via adrenergic receptors.
Association of enzymes with rat liver glycogen isolated by rate-zonal centrifugation.

Abstract 1. Rat liver glycogen was separated into fractions of relatively uniform particle sizes by large volume rate-zonal centrifugation of tissue homogenates with the use of sucrose density gradients. 2. After centrifugation, the distribution curve obtained by plotting the glycogen content of all collected fractions exhibited its maximum a short centrifugal distance from the zone which contained the starting sample. The curve then decreased progressively until an abrupt increase was noted in the zone containing the isopycnically banded membranes. 3. The distribution curves for the α-glucan phosphorylase and of UDP-glucose-glycogen transferase activities were similar to those for glycogen. 4. The phosphorylase-to-glycogen ratios decreased as the molecular weight of the glycogen particles increased, while the opposite was observed with the transferase-to-glycogen ratios. 5. The possible relationship between patterns of preferential binding of enzymes and the molecular weight spectra of glycogen characteristic of their origin are discussed.
Remote incremental linking for energy-efficient reprogramming of sensor networks

With sensor networks expected to be deployed for long periods of time, the ability to reprogram them remotely is necessary for providing new services, fixing bugs and enhancing applications and system software. Given the envisioned scales of future sensor network deployments, their restricted accessibility and the limited energy and computing resources of sensors, transmitting raw binary images is inefficient. We present a technique to minimize the cost of application evolution by remotely and incrementally linking updated modules at the base station and distributing deltas of the prelinked software modules. This paper provides details of our implementation, some preliminary results and surveys critical research issues in developing a comprehensive framework for reprogramming sensor networks.
Study of Doppler-broadened annihilation radiation in metals with a Ge(Li) detector

We have investigated the Doppler-broadened annihilation radiation spectra arising from positron-electron annihilation in twelve metals. A plot of αX2vs.EF for these metals, when grouped according to the periodic table, results in straight lines, (α is the effective-electron-mass ratiom*/m0,X is a measure of the observed broadening, andEF is the Fermi energy.) This feature is consistent with a simple theoretical model. In addition, it suggests a possible method for determining the electron effective mass in other metals. We have utilized this to estimate the effective-mass ratio for B as 2.8.
Jumps and Dynamic Portfolio Decisions

A central feature of the asset return data is non-normality, which raises important questions about asset allocation. This paper provides a general framework for analyzing optimal dynamic asset allocation problems in economies with infrequent events and where the investment opportunities are stochastic and predictable. Analytical solutions are obtained, from which we are able to do a thorough comparative study of the impacts of jumps. We also calibrate the model to the U.S. equity market and find that jump risk substantially reduces the investor's demand for stocks.
CHAPTER 49 – Ocular Disease

Publisher Summary The presence of uveitogenic antigens in the eye that are capable of inducing disease is a well-established concept. Several antigens have been isolated that are capable of inducing ocular inflammatory disease similar to that seen in humans. Retinal S-antigen or arrestin is one of the most potent uveitogenic antigens defined to date. It causes an immune-mediated, bilateral inflammatory response in the eye, or experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), when injected in microgram quantities at a site far from the globe. Several other uveitogenic antigens have since been identified, such as interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), recoverin, bovine melanin protein, rhodopsin, phosducin, RPE 65, and tyrosinase proteins. Furthermore, the establishment of and extensive studies using experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) models have greatly facilitated the understanding of autoimmune uveitis. Despite some evidence of the involvement of humoral immunity, cellular immunity is primarily responsible for the disease. Finally, the chapter discusses various treatment regimes for ocular diseases.
The Electrochemical Stability of Spinel Electrodes Coated with ZrO2 , Al2 O 3 , and SiO2 from Colloidal Suspensions

Stoichiometric LiMn 2 O 4 and substituted Li 1.05 M 0.05 Mn 1.9 O 4 (M = Al,Ni) spinel electrodes, coated with ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and SiO 2 from colloidal suspensions, have been evaluated in lithium cells. ZrO 2 -coated Li 1.05 Ni 0.05 Mn 1.9 O 4 electrodes provide the best cycling stability at 50°C. The excellent cycling stability is attributed to a porous network of amphoteric ZrO 2 particles, less than 4 nm in dimension, that protect the spinel surface from acid attack by scavenging HF and H 2 O from the electrolyte, while still allowing access of the electrolyte to the active electrode.
Contraception in Women with Autoimmune Diseases

Publisher Summary A decision regarding method of contraception is a personal one for any woman, guided by perceived effectiveness, risk of side effects, stage in reproductive life, and personal beliefs. The chapter discusses that for a woman with autoimmune disease, underlying medical illness provides yet another variable involved in this decision. Up-to-date knowledge of the relative risks and benefits of various forms of contraception and their potential interaction with autoimmune disorders is critical for both the patient and her physician. Contraceptive methods are reversible or irreversible; the focus is on reversible methods of contraception, which may be hormonal or nonhormonal. Barrier methods, unlike others, provide some protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a very effective method of contraception but are discouraged in nulligravid women due to increased risk of tubal infection and scarring. Menstrual blood flow is increased with copper IUDs, which is an issue for patients on anticoagulation therapy. IUDs are generally contraindicated in patients who are on chronic corticosteroid or immunosuppressives, ruling them out as alternatives for many autoimmune disease patients.
Nonlinear Acoustic Assessment of Precipitation-Induced Coherency Strains in Aluminum Alloy 2024

There currently exists no direct in situ method for nondestructively assessing the optimum heat treatment time for precipitation strengthening of bulk alloy material. We report here progress on our investigation of nonlinear acoustic methods as a nondestructive means of determining maximum material strengthening during the artificial aging of metallic alloys. We present the elements of an analytical model that predict the effects of precipitation-induced coherency strains generated during heat treatment on the magnitude of acoustic second harmonic signals. The predictions of the model are compared to experimental measurements of aluminum alloy 2024 artificially aged from T4 to T6 temper.
Results and Implications of First SNO

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) is an imaging, water Cerenkov detector operating deep underground in an active nickel mine near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. By exploiting 1000 tonnes of heavy water as a solar neutrino target, SNO is capable of making a model-independent test of the Solar Neutrino Problem using charged-current (CC), elastic-scattering (ES), and neutral-current (NC) interactions of 8B solar neutrinos on deuterium. Based upon 240 live days of data obtained during the pure-D20 running phase, a comparison of the CC interaction rate measured at SNO with the ES interaction rate measured at SuperKamiokande yields strong evidence for electron neutrino flavor conversion into active, non-electron neutrino species. In addition, the total active flux of 8B neutrinos has been experimentally determined for the first time and is in good agreement with the Standard Solar Model (SSM) prediction. The results and implications of these experiments are presented along with prospects and hopes for the future.
The question is not: "is race or class more important?".

Discussions about links between race and class are not new, but a recent resurfacing in the USA of the flawed question about which is more important leads me to choose this topic. While race may draw more attention here than in some other nations, the hideous genocide in the Sudan and ugly racial/ethnic divisions in many other places as well suggest that this discussion may have some wider relevance. The issue of socioeconomic influences on health was marginalised in the USA until the Cold War ended. Since the early 1990s, there has been an opening for …
Diagnostic Pathology: Kidney Diseases

Introduction Glomerular Diseases Minimal Change Disease Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Membranous Glomerulonephritis C3-Related Glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis of Infections HIV-Related Glomerular Disease IgA-Related Glomerulonephritis SLE and Related Autoantibody-Mediated GN Anti-GBM Nephritis Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Diseases Amyloidosis Idiopathic Fibrillary Glomerulopathies Diabetic Renal Disease Genetic Diseases of the Glomerulus Miscellaneous Glomerular Diseases Vascular Diseases ANCA Disease Non-ANCA Vasculitides Thrombotic Microangiopathies Hypertensive Renal Disease Thrombotic and Embolic Disease Other Diseases Affecting the Endothelium Tubulointerstitial Diseases Ischemic Injury Drug-Induced Tubulointerstitial Diseases Toxic Injury Immunologic Tubular Disease Genetic Diseases Affecting Tubules Miscellaneous Tubulointerstitial Diseases Infections of the Kidney Bacterial Infections of the Kidney Fungal, Rickettsial, and Parasitic Infections of the Kidney Viral Infections of the Kidney Developmental Diseases Cystic Diseases Ciliopathies Other Genetic Cystic Diseases Miscellaneous Cystic Diseases Diseases of the Collecting System Diseases of the Renal Allograft Introduction Rejection Recurrent and de Novo Diseases Nonimmunologic Injury Stable and Accepted Grafts Kidney Pathology in Recipients of Other Transplants Protocols Antibody Index Index of genes causing renal disease
Infrared spectroscopy, microscopy, and microscopic imaging of mineralizing tissues: spectra-structure correlations from human iliac crest biopsies.

Infrared microscopic images of the cortical region of human iliac crest biopsies have been obtained at ;7 mm spatial resolution and 8 cm ˛1 spectral resolution with a 64364 mercury‐cadmium‐telluride focal plane array detector coupled to a Fourier transform infrared microscope and a step scanning interferometer. Images of several spectral parameters provide information about the spatial distribution of the mineral (apatite) and protein (mostly collagen) components of the tissue. In addition, the image of a parameter known to reflect the crystallinity/perfection of the mineral phase, namely, the intensity ratio of bands at 1030 and 1020 cm ˛1 within the phosphate n 1 ,n 3 contour, revealed a progressive increase in the apatite crystal size/perfection from the osteonal center to the periphery. Finally, a detailed comparison of the spatial distribution of the I(1020)/I(1030) ratio for the same osteon obtained by array detection and by conventional point-by-point microspectroscopy revealed statistically identical behavior, thereby providing a validation of infrared imaging for structural analysis of apatite forming tissues. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. [S1083-3668(99)00101-X]
Best “ordering” for floating-point addition

This correspondence examines the influence of the summation order on the numerical accuracy of the resulting sum when the addition is performed using floating-point, finite-precision arithmetic. A simple statistical model is used to find the relative performance of various addition procedures. It is shown that phrasing the question in terms of finding a best ordering is overly restrictive since the most natural and accurate procedures for performing the addition utilize the storage of intermediate sums as well as performing orderings.
Mediastinal endocrine neoplasm in patients with multiple endocrine adenomatosis. A previously unrecognized association.

Three cases of multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA) associated with a mediastinal endocrine neoplasm are presented. The mediastinal tumor was morphologically identical to the one described by us in 8 patients who did not have MEA. It behaved in an aggressive fashion and was the cause of death in all 3 cases. We regard this neoplasm as belonging to the family of carcinoid tumors and suggest an origin from the thymus gland.
Needle Size Has Only a Limited Effect on Outcomes in EUS-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Several recent studies have investigated the utility of 19-, 22-, and 25-gauge needles in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS–FNA) of pancreatic and peri-pancreatic tumors.
An unsplit Godunov method for ideal MHD via constrained transport in three dimensions

We present a single step, second-order accurate Godunov scheme for ideal MHD which is an extension of the method described in [T.A. Gardiner, J.M. Stone, An unsplit godunov method for ideal MHD via constrained transport, J. Comput. Phys. 205 (2005) 509] to three dimensions. This algorithm combines the corner transport upwind (CTU) method of Colella for multidimensional integration, and the constrained transport (CT) algorithm for preserving the divergence-free constraint on the magnetic field. We describe the calculation of the PPM interface states for 3D ideal MHD which must include multidimensional ''MHD source terms'' and naturally respect the balance implicit in these terms by the @?.B=0 condition. We compare two different forms for the CTU integration algorithm which require either 6- or 12-solutions of the Riemann problem per cell per time-step, and present a detailed description of the 6-solve algorithm. Finally, we present solutions for test problems to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the algorithm.
Adaptive antenna arrays via spatially smoothed ESPRIT

The paper presents an adaptive technique to create multiple nulls to suppress multiple jammers. The adaptive technique is based on forward and backward smoothed ESPRIT (estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique), which is capable of handling both coherent and non-coherent narrow-band multiple signals. It is demonstrated to be effective and efficient. Computer simulations for a linear array of 32 elements have shown that the optimization technique can create wide as well as deep nulls, which correspond well to jammer widths and strengths. In all cases the SIR improves substantially and converges quickly.
Strategies for manipulating the prooxidative/antioxidative balance of foods to maximize oxidative stability

The biological tissues from which we derive foods are under constant oxidative stress from free radicals, reactive oxygen species and prooxidants. In response, biological tissues have developed multicomponent, multiphasic antioxidant systems to control oxidative reactions. These systems control free radicals, lipid oxidation catalysts, oxidation intermediates and secondary lipid oxidation breakdown products. Characterization of physical and chemical mechanisms which biological systems utilize to control oxidation can lead to identification of new antioxidative technologies to increase the oxidative stability of foods.
Gene fusions between TMPRSS2 and ETS family genes in prostate cancer: frequency and transcript variant analysis by RT-PCR and FISH on paraffin-embedded tissues

Recurrent gene fusions between TMPRSS2 and ETS family genes have recently been shown to occur at a high frequency in prostate cancer. In this study, we used formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and evaluated both TMPRSS2-ERG and TMPRSS2-ETV1 fusions by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The results were correlated to overexpression of the downstream ERG and ETV1 sequences. Of 82 cases examined, TMPRSS2-ETV1 fusion was seen in only one case, by FISH. In comparison, TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was documented in 35 cases (43%) by either RT-PCR or FISH. Deletion, rather than translocation, was found to be the main mechanism for TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion (81 vs 19%). RT-PCR and FISH results correlated well, with most positive cases resulting in overexpression of downstream ERG sequences. Several TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcript variants were identified, most of which are predicted to encode truncated ERG proteins. Prostate cancer of Gleason's scores 6 or 7 had more frequent TMPRSS2-ERG fusions than higher-grade tumors, but this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.42). On the other hand, mucin-positive carcinomas more often harbor such gene fusions when compared to mucin-negative tumors (P=0.004). These morphological correlates, and more importantly the potential correlation of such fusions to clinical outcome and treatment responses, should be further explored.
Bacillus lichenformis γ-Glutamyl Exopolymer: Physicochemical Characterization and U(VI) Interaction

Complexation by microbially produced exopolymers may significantly impact the environmental mobility and toxicity of metals. This study focused on the conformational structure of the bacterial exopolymer, {gamma}-D-poly(glutamic acid) and its interactions with U(VI) examined using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Solution pH, polymer concentration, and ionic strength affected the conformation of the exopolymer, and U(VI) binding was monitored. At low pH, low concentration, or low ionic strength, this exopolymer exists in an {alpha}-helical conformation, while at high pH, concentration, or ionic strength the exopolymer exhibits a {beta}-sheet structure. The change in exopolymer conformation is likely to influence the number and nature of exposed surface functional groups, sites most responsible for metal complexation. The authors found the polyglutamate capsule binds U(VI) in a binuclear, bidentate fashion; in contrast the glutamate monomer forms a mononuclear, bidentate complex with U(VI). The apparent polynuclear binding of U(VI) may induce {beta}-sheet structure formation provided the U(VI) Concentration is sufficiently high.
Low Noise, High throughput Small-Angle Neutron Scattering of Protein in Solution

Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) is well-suited to study structure and function of protein in solution by exploiting the natural scattering contrast difference between proteins and other biomolecules such as lipids and nucleic acids. The combination of high neutron flux and low experimental background makes the Bio-SANS instrument at ORNL's High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) an ideal tool to study proteins and other biomolecules within complex biological assemblies and composites, in situ and in-vivo. The procedures used for protein solution scattering at the Bio-SANS are presented here. The scattering signal is collected by a newly-developed Linear Position-Sensitive Detector (LPSD), which has a count rate capability of at least one million neutrons per second. It enables the Bio-SANS to utilize the full potential of the intense cold neutron source at HFIR. The detector-to-sample distance is adjustable from ∼1m to ∼15.3m to provide q-range from 0.0009 1/A to 0.7 1/A. The data collected at different distances are corrected against dark current, pixel efficiency, sample transmission and geometry to produce 1D profiles to be merged into a full scattering data set. A calibrated standard sample or direct beam intensity is used to obtain the absolutely scaled intensity of protein scattering. A few examples are presented here to demonstrate the procedure and the capability. They include scattering from protein crowded by another protein, membrane protein in a membrane-mimic environment, etc.
High performance multipath routing for datacenters

Performance-optimized datacenter networks aim to handle more efficiently the growing East-West intra-cluster traffic of BigData applications. The demanding latency constraints and traffic patterns of these applications expose the inherent bottlenecks of the often oversubscribed datacenter network topologies, favoring in stead the full-bisectional bandwidth fat-trees. And yet their topological benefits may remain unrealized in practical deployments, if such fabrics use single path or flow-level (ECMP hashing) multipath routing. Here we model in detail on Layer 2 the routing performance of modern fat-tree networks using stochastic permutations of bursty traffic. We first analytically simplify and then validate by accurate simulation models that the throughputs for `static' d-mod-k and for ECMP-like multipath routing are 63% and 47%, respectively. We also find that ECMP routing results in a wide spread of link loads under random permutation traffic, which manifests as a 3x throughput reduction for 30% of the flows. Furthermore, ECMP can lead to collisions of mouse and elephant flows, often increasing the flow completion time (FCT) of delay-sensitive flows by a factor of 10. In contrast, packet-based multipath outperforms all the others in this study.
Observations on neurons and neuroglia from the area of the mesencephalic fifth nucleus of the cat in vitro.

Neurons from the mesencephalic root of the fifth nucleus from the kitten have been maintained in vitro for periods up to 70 days. During this time they retained their characteristic form and structure as seen in sectioned material. Axonic processes as long as 8 mm have been measured. The occurrence of recurrent axons intertwining with dendritic arborizations of the same neuron is discussed. Modulations are described for astrocytes in relation to their possible dependence on the scarcity of connective tissue elements and a lack of an outer mesenchymal tissue zone in cultures of mesencephalic explants.
Extrapolation in multiresolutions

An extrapolation problem for multiresolution is studied. Solutions involve Hankel type operators defined in terms of the generating sequence of the scaling function of the multiresolution.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The einstein-wertheimer correspondence on geometric proofs and mathematical puzzles

The new letters fill gaps in what was known about the Einstein-Wertheimer correspondence. A previously published letter by Wertheimer, which was not presented here and which Miss Dukas believed was written in the winter of 1937, thanked Einstein for the beautiful example of the “ugly” and “beautiful” proofs concerning the theorem of Menelaus [11, p. 191]. Now it is dear that the reference was to the first new Einstein letter (Letter 1). The new letters also help to date the Wertheimer letter that was presented. Originally believed to have been written in 1934, it now seems dear that it was written in 1937, the same year as the new letters.
Role of the TIGN sequence in E. coli tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase

Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase in E. coli does not have the HIGH sequence that is normally characteristic of class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (EC 6.1.1.2), but instead contains a TIGN sequence at residues 17–20, which has been suggested to be equivalent to the HIGH sequence (Jones M.D. et al. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 1887–1891). We have overexpressed E. coli Trp-tRNA synthetase and have used site-directed mutagenesis to mutate Thr-17 in the TIGN sequence to alanine. The mutant enzyme has the same Km values as the wild-type for tryptophan or tRNATrp, and a slightly increased Km for ATP, from 0.37 to 0.64 mM. On the other hand, the kcat for either the first step or the overall reaction is decreased by a factor of 30. In comparing the Thr-17 and Ala-17 enzymes, the ΔΔG for the conversion of substrate to transition state is + 9.6 kJ/mol (2.3 kcal/mol). Thr-17 is therefore important in binding the substrate in the transition state, thus supporting the suggestion that TIGN may fulfill the role of a HIGH sequence.
Role of ion exchangers in mediating NaCl transport in the proximal tubule

Role of ion exchangers in mediating NaCl transport in the proximal tubule. The reabsorption of NaCl in the proximal tubule occurs passively through the paracellular pathway, and actively by a transcellular route. Transcellular NaCl transport involves Na + -coupled Cl − entry across the apical membrane by two mechanisms involving Cl − -organic anion exchange. One mechanism is Cl − -formate exchange with recycling of formate from lumen to cell by H + -coupled formate transport in parallel with Na + -H + exchange. A second mechanism is Cl − -oxalate exchange with recycling of oxalate from lumen to cell by oxalate-sulfate exchange in parallel with Na + -sulfate cotransport. Cl − exit across the basolateral membrane is most likely mediated by Cl − channels. Apical membrane Na + -H + exchange is involved in mediating both NaHCO 3 and NaCl reabsorption in the proximal tubule. Immunocytochemical studies indicate that NHE 3 is the principal Na + -H + exchanger isoform expressed on the brush border membrane. Detection of NHE3 in a subapical, intracellular, vesicular compartment in proximal tubule cells is consistent with its possible regulation by membrane trafficking. That NHE3 is the isoform responsible for apical membrane Na + -H + exchange activity is supported by studies of inhibitor sensitivity, and by studies demonstrating increased expression of NHE3 protein in association with enhanced Na + -H + exchange activity during renal maturation and in response to glucocorticoids and metabolic acidosis.
Internationalizing the accounting curriculum

Abstract The study of international investment and business activities is important, a fact recognized by the AACSB in requiring that all accredited schools incorporate a worldwide dimension into their curricula. The primary purpose of this article is to report how accounting departments are currently satisfying this worldwide dimension requirement. The information presented is based upon responses to a questionnaire sent to all AACSB-accredited accounting departments and programs.
Alternative splicing expression of U1 snRNP 70K gene is evolutionary conserved between different plant species.

A U1-snRNP—specific 70K (U1-70K) protein is intricately involved in both constitutive and alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs. Here, we report cDNA and cognate genomic sequences of the U1-70K gene of maize and rice. The maize and rice U1-70K genes bear strong similarity to the Arabidopsis gene and each encode three transcripts in roots and shoots. Alternative splicing produces two transcripts from each gene in addition to the mRNA encoding the wild type protein. In both cases, selective inclusion of intron 6 or utilization of a cryptic donor site within intron 6 sequence generates the two alternatively spliced transcripts. This evolutionary conservation of splicing patterns between different plant species suggests an important biological function for alternative splicing in the expression of U1-70K gene.
Parallel adaptive simulation of a plunging liquid jet

Abstract This paper is concerned with three-dimensional numerical simulation of a plunging liquid jet. The transient processes of forming an air cavity around the jet, capturing an initially large air bubble, and the break-up of this large toroidal-shaped bubble into smaller bubbles were analyzed. A stabilized finite element method (FEM) was employed under parallel numerical simulations based on adaptive, unstructured grid and coupled with a level-set method to track the interface between air and liquid. These simulations show that the inertia of the liquid jet initially depresses the pool's surface, forming an annular air cavity which surrounds the liquid jet. A toroidal liquid eddy which is subsequently formed in the liquid pool results in air cavity collapse, and in turn entrains air into the liquid pool from the unstable annular air gap region around the liquid jet.
Designing for Engaging Experiences in Mobile Social-Health Support Systems

How do you design for sustained engagement in the context of supporting or encouraging health and well-being? Two studies of a mobile social-health application reveal how different aspects of the sociotechnical design affect user engagement with the system.
Clinical significance of elevated mean arterial pressure in the second trimester

Several reports suggested using the mean arterial blood pressure during the second trimester to predict the future development of preeclampsia. The value of a second-trimester mean arterial blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg was reviewed in 39,876 reported cases of preeclampsia and 207 cases of eclampsia. The sensitivity ranged from 0% to 92% and the specificity varied from 53% to 97%. The predictive value of a positive test ranged from 0% to 43% and the predictive value of a negative test ranged from 76% to 98%. The predictive value of a positive test was not greatly higher than the incidence of hypertension in the whole population studied in the majority of the reports. There was a strong association of higher second-trimester mean arterial blood pressure in nulliparous women with eclampsia who had transient hypertension in later gestations and ultimately developed chronic hypertension. The data suggest that one sign of future chronic hypertension, that is, transient hypertension, is often predicted by high second-trimester mean arterial blood pressure, which may have the same significance. We think that if increased second-trimester mean arterial blood pressure levels predict anything, it is transient hypertension rather than preeclampsia-eclampsia.
A Gular Plate in Albula vulpes (L.)

THE Elopidae and Megalopidae are considered to be the most primitive families of teleosts chiefly for three reasons: (1) the presence of an unpaired gular plate; (2) the presence of a true ethmoidal commissure between the infra-orbital sensory lines of both sides1; (3) the conditions with regard to the skeleton of the caudal fin2. In addition it may be mentioned that the Elopidae still possess a bucco-hypophysial canal (in the parasphenoid)3 and that in the Megalopidae there persists a conus arteriosus with two rows of valves. The latter primitive character is also encountered in Albula vulpes (L.), which has therefore also been regarded as a primitive teleost.
A combined intramolecular Diels-Alder/intramolecular schmidt reaction: formal synthesis of (+/-)-stenine.

Financial support was provided by the National Institutes of Health (Grant GM-49093). J. Golden gratefully acknowledges the Madison A. and Lila Self Fellowship Program for its support. The authors also thank Dr. David Vander Velde for NMR assistance and Dr. Doug Powell for crystallographic data.
Images of Death and Slavery in Organizational Life

Organizational life is bounded by myths and symbols that affect the individual's behavior in mysterious ways. This paper examines the imagery of masters and slaves as a guide to the psychological dynamics of authority relationships in modern organizations. The master-slave relationship is related to the symbolic quest for immortality, and is analyzedfrom a historical and psychological perspective. Finally, its powerful imagery is connected to superior-subordinate relationships in modern organizations in order to demonstrate the continuing influence of the "irrational" in organizational life.
Reaction mechanism, bonding, and thermal stability of 1-alkanethiols self-assembled on halogenated Ge surfaces.

We have employed synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy to study the reaction mechanism, surface bonding, and thermal stability of 1-octadecanethiolate (ODT) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) at Cl- and Br-terminated Ge(100) surfaces. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also carried out for the same reactions. From DFT calculations, we have found that adsorption of 1-octadecanethiol on the halide-terminated surface via hydrohalogenic acid elimination is kinetically favorable on both Cl- and Br-terminated Ge surfaces at room temperature, but the reactions are more thermodynamically favorable at Cl-terminated Ge surfaces. After ODT SAM formation at room temperature, photoemission spectroscopy experiments show that Ge(100) and (111) surfaces contain monothiolates and possibly dithiolates together with unbound thiol and atomic sulfur. Small coverages of residual halide are also observed, consistent with predictions by DFT. Annealing studies in ultrahigh vacuum show that the Ge thiolates...
Translational Toxicology and the Work of the Predictive Safety Testing Consortium

Toxicology has always been translational—at least with respect to its primary focus on human “health.” The earliest “toxicologists” explored the effects of plant and animal poisons on humans, conducting experiments on (often unsuspecting) human subjects.1 Not until the sulfanilamide disaster of 1937, the 1938 US Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and the Nuremberg Code did animals become central to the experimental assessment of chemical safety.2,3 Now, with harmonization of requirements among various international regulatory agencies, the types and design of safety evaluation studies conducted to support first-in-human investigations have been reasonably standardized.4 Most drug safety studies are conducted in both a rodent and a nonrodent species, with the aim of identifying adverse reactions relevant to human health, potential target organs of toxicity, a dose for first-in-human studies, a margin of safety between the efficacious and toxic doses, and strategies for monitoring safety during clinical trials.5 Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2009); 85, 3, 327–330 doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.270
Modeling the Hydration Layer around Proteins: HyPred

Protein hydration plays an integral role in determining protein function and stability. We develop a simple method with atomic level precision for predicting the solvent density near the surface of a protein. A set of proximal radial distribution functions are defined and calculated for a series of different atom types in proteins using all-atom, explicit solvent molecular dynamic simulations for three globular proteins. A major improvement in predicting the hydration layer is found when the protein is held immobile during the simulations. The distribution functions are used to develop a model for predicting the hydration layer with sub-1-Angstrom resolution without the need for additional simulations. The model and the distribution functions for a given protein are tested in their ability to reproduce the hydration layer from the simulations for that protein, as well as those for other proteins and for simulations in which the protein atoms are mobile. Predictions for the density of water in the hydration shells are then compared with high occupancy sites observed in crystal structures. The accuracy of both tests demonstrates that the solvation model provides a basis for quantitatively understanding protein solvation and thereby predicting the hydration layer without additional simulations.
The Application of the Collocation Method Using Hermite Cubic Splines to Nonlinear Transient One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Problems

A collocation method for the solution of one-dimensional parabolic partial differential equations using Hermite splines as approximating functions and Gaussian quadrature points as collocation points is described. The method consists of expanding dependent variables in terms of piece-wise cubic Hermite splines in the space variable at each time step. The unknown coefficients in the expansion are obtained at every time step by requiring that the resultant differential equation be satisfied at a number of points (in particular at the Gaussian quadrature points) in the field equal to the number of unknown coefficients. This collocation procedure reduces the partial differential equation to a system of ordinary differential equations which is solved as an initial value problem using the steady-state solution as the initial condition. The method thus developed is applied to a two-region nonlinear transient heat conduction problem and compared with a finite-difference method. It is demonstrated that because of high-order accuracy only a small number of equations are needed to produce desirable accuracy. The method has the desirable characteristic of an analytical method in that it produces point values as against nodal values in the finite-difference scheme.
Long-term reduction of intraocular pressure after repeat argon laser trabeculoplasty.

Thirty-eight eyes (in 31 patients with glaucoma) that had shown a favorable response to an initial argon laser trabeculoplasty had a repeat laser trabeculoplasty four to 81 months (mean ± S.E.M., 23 ± 3 months) later because of inadequately controlled intraocular pressures. A mean (± S.E.M.) of 65 ± 3 burns (range, 50 to 115) were given during the initial laser trabeculoplasty, and 58 ± 2 burns (range, 36 to 100) were given during the first repeat treatment. Three months after the first repeat laser trabeculoplasty, one eye (3%) had undergone filtering surgery and 30 eyes (78%) were considered successes. Of the 30 eyes that were followed up for 12 months after the first repeat laser trabeculoplasty, two (7%) had undergone filtering surgery, three (10%) had received a second repeat laser trabeculoplasty, and 22 (73%) were successes. Fifteen eyes underwent a second repeat laser trabeculoplasty at six to 47 months (mean ± S.E.M., 21 ± 3 months) after the first repeat laser trabeculoplasty. Seven (47%) of these eyes required filtering surgery within three to 12 months after the second repeat laser trabeculoplasty. Four of 38 (11%) of the initial, two of 38 (5%) of the first repeat, and zero of 15 of the second repeat laser trabeculoplasty treatments resulted in a one- to two-hour rise in intraocular pressure of at least 10 mm Hg.
Localization of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase in the Multicellular Stages of Dictyostelium discoideum

Cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is secreted as the chemotactic signal by aggregating amoebae of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum . We have used ultramicrotechniques in the biochemical analysis of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PD) distribution in individual aggregates at various stages of development. With handmade constriction pipettes in microliter volumes, sections of lyophilized individuals weighing 20–100 ng could be assayed in a reaction coupled to 5′-nucleotidase. Phosphodiesterase activity was measured at pH 7.5 with 12 μM cAMP. cAMP-PD activity in aggregates ranged from 20–40 mmol/h/kg. In the pseudoplasmodium it had dropped to 5–10 mmol/h/kg and a difference in activity between the anterior prestalk cells and posterior prespore cells began to appear. The utmost posterior sections showed elevated phosphodiesterase from this stage onward. During culmination, activity rose to 40–60 mmol/h/kg associated with the developing stalk, while it declined in the spore mass. The papilla remained constant at 5–10 mmol/h/kg. The pattern of localization in the stalk was the same when cGMP was used as substrate. Extracellular phosphodiesterase inhibitor produced at the aggregation stage was found to reduce the localized activity in the culmination stage by 50–80%, with the most marked inhibition occurring in the center of the papilla. We found no evidence of endogenous heat-stable phosphodiesterase inhibitor within the culminating sorocarp.
Anti-IgE treatment of eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders

Background Eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) are commonly associated with atopy and are being recognized with increasing frequency. Current therapy for EGIDs is inadequate. Objective We sought to determine the efficacy of anti-IgE therapy in EGIDs and investigate the role of IgE in disease pathogenesis. Methods Nine subjects with EGIDs received omalizumab every 2 weeks for 16 weeks while other therapy was held constant. Blood absolute eosinophil counts, tissue eosinophil counts, symptom scores, and free IgE levels were serially measured. Allergen skin testing and flow cytometry for basophil activation and FcɛRI were determined at baseline and at week 16. Results Omalizumab was associated with a decrease in absolute eosinophil count at both the week 16 (34%, P = .004) and combined weeks 12 to 16 (42%, P = .012) time points. Tissue eosinophils decreased in the duodenum (59%) and gastric antrum (69%) but did not reach statistical significance ( P = .074 and .098, respectively). Esophageal eosinophil counts remained unchanged. Basophil and dendritic cell FcɛRI expression and free IgE levels were all significantly decreased ( P P Conclusion These results demonstrate that IgE-mediated processes contribute to the generation of eosinophilic inflammation in EGIDs and suggest that anti-IgE therapy might be effective in these disorders. Clinical implications Anti-IgE might be a potential therapy for EGIDs.
Properties of soy protein isolate/poly(ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate-co-maleic anhydride) blends

Blends of soy protein isolate (SPI) with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% poly(ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate-co-maleic anhydride) (PEEAMA), with or without addition of 2.0 wt % methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), were prepared by mixing with an intensive mixer at 150°C for 5 min, and then milling through a 1-mm sieve. Blends were then compression-molded into a tensile bar at 140°C. Thermal and mechanical properties and water absorption of the blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamical mechanic analysis (DMA), a test of modulus and tensile strength (with an Instron tensile tester), a water absorption test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The blends showed two composition-dependent glass transition temperatures. Furthermore, as the SPI content increased, the melting temperature of PEEAMA remained constant but the heat of fusion decreased. These results indicate that SPI and PEEAMA were partially miscible. Morphology observations support these results. Increasing the PEEAMA content resulted in decreases in the modulus and tensile strengths and increases in the elongation and toughness of the blends. Water absorption of the blends also decreased with increased PEEAMA content. Incorporating MDI further decreased the water absorption of the blends. The mechanism of water sorption of SPI was relaxation controlled, and that of the blends was diffusion controlled. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 407–413, 2003