cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Asymmetry in the Perceived Duration of Color Stimuli

20 right-handed males judged the duration of small and large colored circles, which were briefly exposed in the left, center, and right visual fields. Perceived duration was a logarithmic function of exposure duration and a positive function of size and chromaticity. Over-all accuracy was equivalent in the left and right visual fields, but the effects of chromaticity and duration on subjects' judgments were asymmetrical. These and other findings suggest a two-process model of time perception in which there is right hemispheric control over a visual information processor and left hemispheric control over a timer.
Physical approach to depth dose distributions in a water phantom irradiated by a teleisotope photon beam.

The physical basis of deposition of radiation dose within a homogeneous phantom irradiated by a monoenergetic photon beam has been studied in terms of photon attenuation and energy-absorption properties of the phantom material. A semi-empirical model based on the Klein--Nishina formula for Compton scattering, and the ratio of multiply scattered to singly scattered photon fluences, has been developed for the scatter dose component within a realistic phantom to determine the central-axial percent depth dose (PDD) and off-central-axis ratios (OCR). Differences between the predicted and measured values of PDD and OCR for cobalt-60 and cesium-137 beams are less than 3% for fields of equivalent-square-side less than 20 cm, and less than 5% for larger fields. Beam profiles of all field sizes can be well simulated by this model and reasonable agreement has been found between the predicted and tabulated values of scatter functions and the backscatter factor for cobalt-60 beams. This formulation involves no variable parameters, and is valid for all values of the source-to-surface distance, field length and width, and field shape. However, the algorithm developed is not suitable for routine multiple-field treatment planning because it requires large computer memory size.
Copy Number Variation detection from 1000 Genomes project exon capture sequencing data

Background DNA capture technologies combined with high-throughput sequencing now enable cost-effective, deep-coverage, targeted sequencing of complete exomes. This is well suited for SNP discovery and genotyping. However there has been little attention devoted to Copy Number Variation (CNV) detection from exome capture datasets despite the potentially high impact of CNVs in exonic regions on protein function.
Graphite Oxide/Polyoxometalate Nanocomposites as Adsorbents of Ammonia

Adsorbents for ammonia were prepared by modifications of graphite oxide with addition of a polymer followed by impregnation with either one of two different Keggin polyanions: H3PW12O40 or H3PMo12O...
Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity does not parallel copper levels in copper supplemented HL-60 cells.

The objective of this research was to develop a method for measuring Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) (E.C. 1.15.1.1) in HL-60 cells and subsequently examine the relationship between cellular copper levels and the activity of this copper-requiring enzyme. In cells such as the neutrophil or HL-60 promyelocyte cell line, the activity of Cu/Zn-SOD cannot be measured because of an increase in the oxidation rate of the substrate by some unknown compound in the cells. Others have utilized heat treatment to inactivate the responsible compounds, however, we found that heat treatment of HL-60 cells resulted in a loss of over half of the activity of the enzyme. The method described here utilizes sodium azide to inhibit the substance(s) that are responsible for the enhanced rate of pyrogallol's oxidation. Gel filtration data confirmed that the compound responsible for the enhanced rate of pyrogallol oxidation was sensitive to azide and did not affect Cu/Zn-SOD activity. When HL-60 cells were incubated with various levels of copper, Cu/Zn-SOD activity did not reflect the cellular copper levels.
Characterization of dispersed heteropoly Acid on mesoporous zeolite using solid-state 31P NMR spin-lattice relaxation.

Dispersion and quantitative characterization of supported catalysts is a grand challenge in catalytic science. In this paper, heteropoly acid H3PW12O40 (HPA) is dispersed on mesoporous zeolite silicalite-1 derived from hydrothermal synthesis using carbon black nanoparticle templates, and the catalytic activity is studied for 1-butene isomerization. The HPAs supported on conventional zeolite and on mesoporous zeolite exhibit very different activities and thus provide good model systems to investigate the structure dependence of the catalytic properties. The HPA on mesoporous silicalite-1 shows enhanced catalytic activity for 1-butene isomerization, while HPA on conventional silicalite-1 exhibits low activity. To elucidate the structural difference, supported HPA catalysts are characterized using a variety of techniques, including 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, and are shown to contain a range of species on both mesoporous and conventional zeolites. However, contrary to studies reported in the literature, conventional NMR techniques and chemical shifts alone do not provide sufficient information to distinguish the dispersed and aggregated surface species. The dispersed phase and the nondispersed phase can only be unambiguously and quantitatively characterized using spin-lattice relaxation NMR techniques. The HPA supported on mesoporous zeolite contains a fast relaxation component related to the dispersed catalyst, giving a much higher activity,more » while the HPA supported on conventional zeolite has essentially only the slow relaxation component with very low activity. The results obtained from this work demonstrate that the combination of spinning sideband fitting and spin-lattice relaxation techniques can provide detailed structural information on not only the Keggin structure for HPA but also the degree of dispersion on the support.« less
Alaska Dental Health Aide Program

Background. In 1999, An Oral Health Survey of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) Dental Patients found that 79% of 2- to 5-year-olds had a history of tooth decay. The Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium in collaboration with Alaska’s Tribal Health Organizations (THO) developed a new and diverse dental workforce model to address AI/AN oral health disparities. Objectives. This paper describes the workforce model and some experience to date of the Dental Health Aide (DHA) Initiative that was introduced under the federally sanctioned Community Health Aide Program in Alaska. These new dental team members work with THO dentists and hygienists to provide education, prevention and basic restorative services in a culturally appropriate manner. Results. The DHA Initiative introduced 4 new dental provider types to Alaska: the Primary Dental Health Aide, the Expanded Function Dental Health Aide, the Dental Health Aide Hygienist and the Dental Health Aide Therapist. The scope of practice between the 4 different DHA providers varies vastly along with the required training and education requirements. DHAs are certified, not licensed, providers. Recertification occurs every 2 years and requires the completion of 24 hours of continuing education and continual competency evaluation. Conclusions. Dental Health Aides provide evidence-based prevention programs and dental care that improve access to oral health care and help address well-documented oral health disparities. Keywords: dental workforce; dental mid-level providers; dental therapist (Published: 5 August 2013) This paper is part of Supplement 1, 2013, ICCH15 Proceedings . More papers from this Supplement can be found here . Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2013, 72 : 21198 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21198
Searching for images: the analysis of users' queries for image retrieval in American history

Users' queries for visual information in American history were studied to identify the image attributes important for retrieval and the characteristics of users' queries for images. The queries were collected from 38 faculty and graduate students of American history in 1999 in a local setting. Pre- and post-test questionnaires and interview were employed to gather users' requests and search terms. The Library of Congress American Memory photo archive was used to search for images. Thirty-eight natural language statements, 185 search terms provided by the participants, and 219 descriptors indicated by the participants in relevant retrieved records were analyzed to find the distribution of subject content of users' queries. Over half of the search requests fell into the category "general/nameable needs." It was also found that most image content was described in terms of kind of person, thing, event, or condition depending on location or time. Title, date, and subject descriptors were mentioned as appropriate representation of image subject content. The result of this study suggests the principle categories of search terms for users in American history, suggesting directions for the development of indexing tools and system design for image retrieval systems.
New data and concepts concerning the ventricular gradient.

The ventricular gradient or QRST area is theoretically independent of ventricular activation sequence, provided recovery properties remain constant. Recent studies have shown that ventricular recovery is altered by ectopic stimulation and we report evidence that the alteration affects QRST area in a systematic fashion. The paper also summarizes evidence that the independence of QRST area from activation order depends on the use of leads which furnish equal opportunity for expression of activation and recovery processes. Finally, a new quantity titled the “primary T wave” which represents the time course of the ventricular gradient is described.
Towards Autogestion in socialist France? The impact of industrial relations reform

Industrial relations reform (the ‘Auroux laws') represented a test case of the French Socialists’ intentions to bring about workers’ self‐management (autogestion). This article examines (1) the laws’ major provisions, (2) reactions by employer and worker groups, and (3) primary impacts of the reforms. The analysis argues that the Auroux laws do not challenge employers’ authority, and thus do not embody the principles of autogestion; rather, the laws attempt to modernise labour‐management relations by encouraging bargaining and providing workers a stronger institutional voice. The article concludes by explaining why the Socialists, once in power, abandoned autogestion as a governing principle.
Perfectionism in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder patients

Considerable theory and anecdotal evidence has suggested that patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) are more perfectionistic. Evidence with non-clinical populations supports this hypothesis. However, no data are available on levels of perfectionism among patients diagnosed with OCD. The present study extends findings on perfectionism and OCD by comparing perfectionism levels of OCD-diagnosed patients with those of non-patients and a group of patients diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA). As predicted, patients with OCD had significantly elevated scores on Total Perfectionism, Concern Over Mistakes, and Doubts About Actions compared to non-patient controls. However, they did not differ from patients with PDA on Total Perfectionism or Concern Over Mistakes. Patients with OCD did have higher Doubts About Actions scores than those with PDA. The implications for the role of perfectionism in OCD and other anxiety disorders are discussed.
Inactivation of two homologues of proteins presumed to be involved in the desiccation tolerance of plants sensitizes Deinococcus radiodurans R1 to desiccation.

Mutational inactivation of the genes designated DR1172 and DRB0118 in Deinococcus radiodurans R1 greatly sensitizes this species to desiccation, but not to ionizing radiation. These genes encode proteins that share features with the desiccation-induced LEA76 proteins of many plants and the PCC13-62 protein of Craterostigma plantagineum, suggesting that D. radiodurans may serve as a useful model for the study of desiccation tolerance in higher organisms.
ENDOR at S-band (2–4 GHz) microwave frequencies

Abstract Theory, techniques, and applications of electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) at microwave frequencies lower than X band are considered. Low microwave frequency exploits the hyperfine enhancement effect, resulting in significantly higher effective RF field strengths than in a comparable X-band experiment. The microwave frequency dependences of the magnitude of the CW-ENDOR effect and of ENDOR resolution are discussed. A practical structure for ENDOR at S-band microwave frequencies, incorporating a loop-gap resonator, is described. Experimental results on 14N ENDOR of the P1 center in diamond and 1H matrix ENDOR of γ-irradiated sucrose are presented.
Decoding Subject-Driven Cognitive States with Whole-Brain Connectivity Patterns

Decoding specific cognitive states from brain activity constitutes a major goal of neuroscience. Previous studies of brain-state classification have focused largely on decoding brief, discrete events and have required the timing of these events to be known. To date, methods for decoding more continuous and purely subject-driven cognitive states have not been available. Here, we demonstrate that free-streaming subject-driven cognitive states can be decoded using a novel whole-brain functional connectivity analysis. Ninety functional regions of interest (ROIs) were defined across 14 large-scale resting-state brain networks to generate a 3960 cell matrix reflecting whole-brain connectivity. We trained a classifier to identify specific patterns of whole-brain connectivity as subjects rested quietly, remembered the events of their day, subtracted numbers, or (silently) sang lyrics. In a leave-one-out cross-validation, the classifier identified these 4 cognitive states with 84% accuracy. More critically, the classifier achieved 85% accuracy when identifying these states in a second, independent cohort of subjects. Classification accuracy remained high with imaging runs as short as 30–60 s. At all temporal intervals assessed, the 90 functionally defined ROIs outperformed a set of 112 commonly used structural ROIs in classifying cognitive states. This approach should enable decoding a myriad of subject-driven cognitive states from brief imaging data samples.
Latino Neighborhoods and Latino Neighborhood Poverty

To present a national socioeconomic portrayal of Latino neighborhoods, this study examines 1980 and 1990 census tracts that are at least 50 percent Latino. It investigates the determinants of poverty rates and transitions into and out of poverty concentration. A special focus in this analysis is the relationship between immigration and poverty.
Plasma elevations of tumor necrosis factor-receptor-1 at day 7 postallogeneic transplant correlate with graft-versus-host disease severity and overall survival in pediatric patients.

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is known to play a role in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a cause of significant morbidity and treatment-related mortality (TRM) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). We measured the concentration of TNF-Receptor-1 (TNFR1) in the plasma of HCT recipients as a surrogate marker for TNF-α both prior to transplant and at day 7 in 82 children who underwent a myeloablative allogeneic HCT at the University of Michigan between 2000 and 2005. GVHD grade II–IV developed in 39% of patients at a median of 20 days after HCT. Increases in TNFR1 level at day 7 post-HCT, expressed as ratios compared to pretransplant baseline, correlated with the severity of GVHD (P = .02). In addition, day 7 TNFR1 ratios >2.5 baseline were associated with inferior 1-year overall survival (OS 51% versus 74%, P = .04). As an individual biomarker, TNFR1 lacks sufficient precision to be used as a predictor for the development of GVHD. However, increases in the concentration of TNFR1, which are detectable up to 2 weeks in advance of clinical manifestations of GVHD, correlate with survival in pediatric HCT patients.
Coding for delay-insensitive communication with partial synchronization

Assume that information is transmitted in parallel among many lines in such a way that an electrical transition represents a 1 and an absence of a transition represents a 0. The propagation delay in the wires varies and results in asynchronous reception. The challenge is to find an efficient communication scheme that will be delay-insensitive. One of the common solutions to this problem is to use a handshake mechanism. Namely, the transmitter sends the next vector only after getting an acknowledgment that the current vector was received. A natural question is: how does the receiver know that reception of the current vector is complete? This problem was solved by Verhoeff (1988) by using the so-called unordered codes. However, in practice, it is common that the communication lines are arranged in pairs (double-rail) such that the propagation delay on the lines within a pair is identical. In general, the lines can be arranged in groups (of size larger than 1) where transmission within a group is synchronized. The authors have created a few delay-insensitive schemes that take advantage of partial synchronization within groups. To achieve that, they have generalized to arbitrary alphabets the following known results: Sperner's theorem on unordered sets, Henry-Knuth's (Henry, 1982; Knuth, 1986) construction of balanced codes, and Berger's (1961) construction of unordered codes. Finally, they have focused on practice, and constructed a code that uses double-rail channels but has the advantage that it is a rate 3/4 code as opposed to the rate 1/2 double-rail code (that is the common code being used in real systems). >
Calcium carbonate in termite galleries – biomineralization or upward transport?

Termites and soil calcium carbonate are major factors in the global carbon cycle: termites by their role in decomposition of organic matter and methane production, and soil calcium carbonate by its storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide. In arid and semiarid soils, these two factors potentially come together by means of biomineralization of calcium carbonate by ter- mites. In this study, we evaluated this possibility by testing two hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 states that termites biomineralize calcium carbonate internally and use it as a cementing agent for building aboveground galleries. Hypothesis 2 states that termites transport calcium carbonate particles from subsoil horizons to aboveground termite galleries where the carbonate detritus becomes part of the gallery construction. These hypotheses were tested by using (1) field docu- mentation that determined if carbonate-contain- ing galleries only occurred on soils containing calcic horizons, (2) 13 C/ 12 C ratios, (3) X-ray diffraction, (4) petrographic thin sections, (5) scanning electron microscopy, and (6) X-ray mapping. Four study sites were evaluated: a C4- grassland site with no calcic horizons in the underlying soil, a C4-grassland site with calcic horizons, a C3-shrubland site with no calcic hori- zons, and a C3-shrubland site with calcic horizons. The results revealed that carbonate is not ubiq- uitously present in termite galleries. It only occurs in galleries if subsoil carbonate exists within a depth of 100 cm. 13 C/ 12 C ratios of carbonate in termite galleries typically matched 13 C/ 12 C ratios of subsoil carbonate. X-ray diffraction revealed that the carbonate mineralogy is calcite in all galleries, in all soils, and in the termites them- selves. Thin sections, scanning electron micros- copy, and X-ray mapping revealed that carbonate exists in the termite gut along with other soil particles and plant opal. Each test argued against the biomineralization hypothesis and for the upward-transport hypothesis. We conclude, therefore, that the gallery carbonate originated from upward transport and that this CaCO3 plays a less active role in short-term carbon sequestra- tion than it would have otherwise played if it had been biomineralized directly by the termites.
Perturbed hard-chain theory: An equation of state for fluids containing small or large molecules

Generalized van der Waals theory is used to establish a partition function that considers the effect of density on rotational and vibrational motions in addition to translational degrees of freedom. A three-parameter equation of state is derived from this partition function. The equation of state is applicable to small, spherical (argon-like) molecules and also to large, structurally complex molecules, including polymers. Parameters are presented for three polymers and twenty-two common fluids including light hydrocarbons, heavy hydrocarbons, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and water. The equation of state gives good liquid densities, and vapor pressures, and fair second virial coefficients.
PARENTAL IMPRINTING AND HUMAN DISEASE

▪ Abstract Parental imprinting is a process that results in allele-specific differences in transcription, DNA methylation, and DNA replication timing. Imprinting plays an important role in development, and its deregulation can cause certain defined disease states. Absence of a paternal contribution to chromosome 15q11–q13, due to hemizygous deletion or uniparental disomy, results in the Prader-Willi syndrome. The absence of a normal maternal copy of the same region causes Angelman syndrome. The Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is associated with the failure of normal biparental inheritance of chromosome 11p15, and loss of imprinting is observed in several cancers including Wilms' tumor. The study of the molecular basis of abnormal imprinting in these disorders will facilitate the identification and characterization of other imprinted human disease loci.
A broadband self-healing phase synthesis scheme

This paper presents a full-range broadband phase synthesis scheme with autonomous phase correction functionality. The on-chip phase measurement is achieved by a set of on-chip LO self-/inter-mixing testing sequences, which eliminates the need for auxiliary test tones. As a design example, a 2-to-6GHz quadrature phase synthesis system in a 65nm CMOS is demonstrated. The phase self-healing scheme achieves an RMS phase error of less than 0.6° and a full 360° interpolation within the entire band.
SERUM FERMENTS AND ANTIFERMENT DURING TRYPSIN SHOCK STUDIES ON FERMENT ACTION. XXII.

1. The intravenous injection of trypsin in dogs results in a shock similar in many respects to anaphylactic and peptone shock. 2. The injection is followed by a marked rise of serum protease and lipase. 3. The antiferment usually shows a distinct drop in titer, with a recovery following in from four to twenty-four hours. 4. The non-coagulable nitrogen shows no constant alteration, but is never greatly changed in amount. 5. Inactivated preparations were in some respects followed by symptoms similar to those following the injection of the active preparation. 6. Subcutaneous and gastric absorption was practically without effect. 7. Intestinal absorption was followed by an increase in serum protease without evidence of intoxication, or by typical symptoms of acute poisoning. 8. The leucocyte curve bears no constant relation to the serum protease or lipase.
New steps for tobacco control in and outside of China.

In China during the last decade, citizens have rarely agitated against the ubiquity of cigarettes, at the same time that tobacco products have been responsible for killing more than a million people a year and tobacco-control programs have been enjoying a marked growth in logistical support, discursive attention, and funding. In this article, the author argues that China’s ongoing popular quiescence regarding tobacco stems in part from strategic miscalculations that public health advocates are making. Favoring conceptual logics of expertise, population management, health economics, disease etiology, and rational choice, tobacco control in China is leaving unproblematized the political economic sources of cigarettes, the social suffering tobacco generates, and the ethics, everyday practices, and desires binding citizens and cigarettes together into webs of sociality. Bringing anthropological research to bear, the article describes ways that these strategic miscalculations have unfolded and makes suggestions for alternative ways that public health advocates can help Chinese citizens achieve the collective purpose to repudiate tobacco.
A Beam-Spill Monitor for LAMPF

A beam-spill monitor system for the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) has been developed to meet the LAMPF requirements of fast action, reliability, long life in the LAMPF beam-channel radiation environment, and a variable sensitivity which can be changed by over 1000:1. Approximately fifty of these systems will be required, hence, low cost per system has been an important consideration in its development. The detector, an all-glass side window multiplier tube immersed in a mineral oil scintillator, has a useful range from 10-3 to 5 × 105 R/h. The electronics consist of a fast nonlinear electrometer, a threshold detector, a fast switch, a peak detector, and an envelope amplifier. The manner in which these interface with the LAMPF Fast Protect System and the analog and binary inputs to the control computer is described.
Conciliatory gestures promote forgiveness and reduce anger in humans

Conflict is an inevitable component of social life, and natural selection has exerted strong effects on many organisms to facilitate victory in conflict and to deter conspecifics from imposing harms upon them. Like many species, humans likely possess cognitive systems whose function is to motivate revenge as a means of deterring individuals who have harmed them from harming them again in the future. However, many social relationships often retain value even after conflicts have occurred between interactants, so natural selection has very likely also endowed humans with cognitive systems whose function is to motivate reconciliation with transgressors whom they perceive as valuable and nonthreatening, notwithstanding their harmful prior actions. In a longitudinal study with 337 participants who had recently been harmed by a relationship partner, we found that conciliatory gestures (e.g., apologies, offers of compensation) were associated with increases in victims’ perceptions of their transgressors’ relationship value and reductions in perceptions of their transgressors’ exploitation risk. In addition, conciliatory gestures appeared to accelerate forgiveness and reduce reactive anger via their intermediate effects on relationship value and exploitation risk. These results strongly suggest that conciliatory gestures facilitate forgiveness and reduce anger by modifying victims’ perceptions of their transgressors’ value as relationship partners and likelihood of recidivism.
Modification of an Aerosol Mask to Provide High Concentrations of Oxygen in the Inspired Air: Comparison to a Nonrebreathing Mask

With a few simple modifications, an aerosol mask was adapted to deliver high concentrations of oxygen. We compared the delivery of high concentrations of oxygen by this modified aerosol mask (MAM) with that of a nonrebreathing mask (NRM) in five normal volunteers and six patients with respiratory failure. Besides improved oxygenation, the MAM also permitted the following: humidification of the inspired oxygen, nebulization of bronchodilators, oropharyngeal suctioning, and performance of fiberoptic bronchoscopy. In lieu of intubation and mechanical ventilation, MAM may be a better alternative to a NRM for maintaining adequate oxygenation until the clinical situation improves.
Organization of Total Materials/Logistics Management

A primary contributor to a successful enterprise is an effective materials/logistics management organization. Managements that are poorly organized will not achieve their objectives and generally will operate below optimal profit levels.
Ideological conflict, African American reparations, tort causation and the case for social welfare transformation

In this article the author applies a torts causation framework in order to examine the case for African American reparations. The focus is on group claims as opposed to individual claims for reparations. The causation analysis is undertaken drawing an analogy to mass toxic torts. The author concludes that the best case for reparations is that they be made in the form of social welfare programs delivered by the federal government.
The Missile Next Door: The Minuteman in the American Heartland by Gretchen Heefner (review)

the road of life, and it was not fully organized until late January 1942. The failure of efforts to break the blockade in 1941 and 1942 affected morale. The authors offer a detailed examination of the local officials within the Communist Party, government, and security services charged with running the besieged city. Aleksei Kuznetsov, the Second Secretary of the Leningrad party organization, was a competent official facing impossible tasks. From the trials of the blockade, Kuznetsov emerged with a vision for the revival of Peter the Great’s city as a window on the outside world. That was not to be. He was executed during the “Leningrad affair” in 1950. The other side of the control apparatus in Leningrad was the NKVD and the NKGB, which handled internal affairs and state security respectively. These men were the sword and shield of the revolution who fought the battle against counterrevolutionary agitation, subversion, and sabotage, relying on a network of informants. The “competent organs” provided to party and state officials periodic assessments of public attitudes, with special attention to signs of discontent. There was no shortage of discontent. But their archives provide evidence of mishandled investigations reminiscent of Captain Louis Renault’s “arrest the usual suspects” in Casablanca. The security services began the war still arresting Trotskyites but then found echoes of the Platonov and Tukhachevskii affairs to explain conspiracies among academicians and professors who were supposedly scheming to turn Leningrad over to the Germans. The historian Evgeny Tarle, who had been arrested during the Platonov affair, was presented as the candidate for foreign minister in a pro-German government following the defeat of the USSR, the same position Tarle supposedly would have received in the case of the Platonov affair in 1930. It did not matter that Tarle was the author of popular patriotic works, and as a Jew not likely to be an agent of Nazi Germany. On at least one occasion, Petr Kubatkin, the head of the Leningrad NKVD, quashed an investigation involving a stukach (informer) who was guilty of acting as an agent provocateur to promote his own interests, dropping the matter of the “activists” or “starving professors.” This book makes an important contribution to our understanding of the siege of Leningrad and the operation of the Soviet system in times of crisis.
Abstract A047: Targeting androgen receptor decreases proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer

Recent studies demonstrate that the androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in up to a third of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and define a subtype of TNBC with a “luminal AR” gene signature. We hypothesized that AR+TNBC are dependent on AR for growth and that inhibiting AR activity by preventing nuclear localization and DNA binding will decrease proliferation and tumor burden in preclinical models of breast cancer. Indeed, knock down of AR expression using a lentiviral shRNA significantly reduced proliferation in cell line models of TNBC compared to cells transduced with a non-targeting control (2-fold reduction, p<0.001). Propidium iodide cell cycle analysis demonstrated that TNBC cells with reduced AR expression had a 22% increase in the percentage of cells in S-phase (p<0.001). In TNBC cells that exhibit androgen-stimulated growth, reduced AR expression inhibited response to ligand. Enzalutamide, an AR inhibitor, inhibited ligand mediated nuclear translocation of AR as assessed by nuclear cytosolic fractionation and significantly decreased baseline proliferation of TNBC in vitro (p<0.001). In MDA453 xenografts, enzalutamide significantly decreased tumor volume and weight by up to 85% and increased apoptosis as measured by cleaved caspase-3 by 60% compared to mice that received DHT alone. In addition, a 50% reduction in nuclear AR was observed in the tumors of mice treated with enzalutamide. Thus AR may play an important role in a subset of TNBC and presents an opportunity for targeted therapy. Citation Format: Valerie Barton, Nicholas D'Amato, Jennifer Richer. Targeting androgen receptor decreases proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research: Genetics, Biology, and Clinical Applications; Oct 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2013;11(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A047.
Current and Future Drug Therapies for Claudication

The primary objectives of claudication treatment are to reduce cardiovascular mortality and improve walking ability. Patients with claudication have 60% mortality over 10 years, with most deaths due to myocardial infarction and stroke. Aggressive risk-factor modification is required in all these patients, particularly smoking cessation, lipid modification, and treatment of hypertension, diabetes and elevated homocysteine levels. Aspirin, ticlopidine and clopidogrel are all effective in reducing the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and vascular death, and thus antiplatelet therapy should be considered in all claudicants. Patients with disabling claudication should be considered for therapies that relieve claudication pain and improve exercise performance, the most effective being exercise training and smoking cessation. Pentoxifylline, the only approved claudication drug in the United States, has modest efficacy in improving treadmill exercise performance. Other drugs shown to be of some benefit in pa...
Nanotailored Thermoplastic/Carbon Nanotube Composite Strain Sensor

This paper presents the development of polymer-nanofiller systems as strain sensor materials and the development of novel sensor fabrication and characterization techniques. The developed sensor has shown to overcome the limitations of conventional strain sensors — having the capability to measure macroscale strains in any desired direction over a finite surface area, which may be subjected to combined loading modes, including tension, compression, flexure, and shear. They have sufficient flexibility and toughness to accommodate most curved surfaces and corners in components and structures. The methodologies use high aspect ratio multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in order to take advantage of their capability to form efficient conductive network. The results will lead to tailoring of sensor performance, particularly sensitivity factor, by controlling conductive network and optimizing sensor design and fabrication. To date, sensitivity factor of almost 20 at 1 wt.% of MWNTs in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been achieved. The developed sensor can be used in various military and commercial applications, including macroscale strain sensing over a wide surface area (e.g. aircraft skin), high sensitivity strain sensing on stiff components, and crack detection at critical stress concentrated regions for health monitoring.© 2006 ASME
Effect of Lamotrigine on the EEG

The effects of add-on lamotrigine (LTG) therapy on EEG paroxysmal abnormalities and background activity are evaluated retrospectively in 53 children and adolescents (mean age 12.5 years) with refractory epilepsy followed at Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA.
Sexual Dysfunction in Women: A Practical Approach

Sexual dysfunction in women is a common and often distressing problem that has a negative impact on quality of life and medication compliance. The problem is often multifactorial, necessitating a multidisciplinary evaluation and treatment approach that addresses biological, psychological, sociocultural, and relational factors. Criteria for sexual interest/arousal disorder require the presence of at least three specific symptoms lasting for at least six months. Lifelong anorgasmia may suggest the patient is unfamiliar or uncomfortable with self-stimulation or sexual communication with her partner. Delayed or less intense orgasms may be a natural process of aging due to decreased genital blood flow and dulled genital sensations. Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder includes fear or anxiety, marked tightening or tensing of the abdominal and pelvic muscles, or actual pain associated with attempts toward vaginal penetration that is persistent or recurrent for at least six months. Treatment depends on the etiology. Estrogen is effective for the treatment of dyspareunia associated with genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Testosterone, with and without concomitant use of estrogen, is associated with improvements in sexual functioning in naturally and surgically menopausal women, although data on long-term risks and benefits are lacking. Bupropion has been shown to improve the adverse sexual effects associated with antidepressant use; however, data are limited. Psychotherapy or sex therapy is useful for management of the psychological, relational, and sociocultural factors impacting a woman's sexual function. Clinicians can address many of these issues in addition to providing education and validating women's sexual health concerns.
Different Essences of Western and Chinese Cultures

Under the influence of different geographic environments, production modes, social structures (political systems), cultural origins, historic developments and thoughts; Chinese culture has the following features of: neutrality, humanity, morality, internalization, collectivity and nativity. However, western culture has different ones: being radical, religious, wise, externalized, individual and innovative. The two cultures show quite different features.
Applications of Transparent and Heat-insulated Nano-dope in Construction Energy Conservation

The transparent and heat-insulated nano-dope,which was selective to absorption of sunlight with different spectrum,could be developed and applied widely in structural glasses.It was not only economically affordable,but also power frugal and environment-friendly.It provided energy-saving for structures with a new train of thought.
Combining reliability and timeliness in industrial wireless networks: An experimental assessment

Communication over the ether is by nature erratic and, consequently, wireless networks are unsuitable for hard real-time distributed control applications typical of industrial plants. However, scheduling strategies employed by real-time operating systems, along with channel redundancy and advanced bandwidth management, can be used to improve their determinism and make them suitable for soft real-time applications. This paper presents an approach that combines such techniques and a preliminary implementation, which relies on IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), employed to assess its feasibility. Results show that data exchange determinism can be substantially improved towards the level required by many soft real-time applications.
A Comprehensive Review of Postoperative Management of Descemet’s Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty

ABSTRACTIntroduction: As Descemet’s Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK) continues to gain in popularity, the postoperative management of DMEK surgery is becoming increasingly important, as these management strategies may affect postoperative success rates. Materials and Methods: This article reviews the current evidence for postoperative management in DMEK. Results: There are variable strategies in the postoperative management of DMEK as it relates to postoperative positioning, need for and timing of rebubble, tamponade agent utilized (both primarily and at rebubble), steroid agent and tapering schedule, timing of secondary regraft when required, and postoperative monitoring. Discussion: While a great deal of attention is rightly devoted to developing better surgical techniques for DMEK, we believe it is also crucial to develop a better understanding of and evidence-based best practice in the postoperative management of DMEK, as this may have important implications for outcomes.
Dermal Melanocytoses, Blue Nevi, and Variants

The subject of this chapter includes blue nevi and related proliferations of melanocytes, usually dendritic or spindled, primarily involving the reticular dermis. The nomenclature for this group of lesions is in part related to their clinical description (“blue nevus”) and/or distinct histopathological characteristics (“cellular” blue nevus). They share a mutation profile: mutations involving GNA11/GNAQ are common in this group of lesions [1, 2].
Multiobjective and Multistakeholder Choice

This technical note considers how one makes choices in situations where there are multiple objectives and attributes that measure performance against these objectives. In some instances, given attributes may be important because they measure impacts of a choice on specific stakeholders. The note considers elimination of alternatives by aspects, dominance, and some decision rules that do not require compensatory trade-offs (lexicographic, satisficing). Methods for "rate and weight" (linear additive scoring rules) are described and illustrated.
Characterization and Differentiation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from Other Mycobacteria Using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne’s disease in cattle, is responsible for significant economic losses to the U S dairy industry. The pathogen has also been associated with chronic human diseases like Crohn's disease, type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Determining causation requires rapid characterization and source tracking the pathogen. Here, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry to characterize and differentiate strains of MAP from 14 other species of Mycobacterium from bovine, human and environmental sources. Lysates from cells disrupted by bead beating in TFA-acetonitrile solution were analyzed by MALDI-TOF. MAP strains were differentiated by mass spectral profiles that are distinct from each other and from other Mycobacterium species. Cluster analysis of spectral profiles indicates two distinct clusters, one dominated by the members of avium complex and a second group dominated by members of fortuitum and parafortuitum complexes. We believe that MALDI-TOF methods can be used to differentiate and source-track MAP strains.
The Role of the Therapeutic Relationship in Psychopharmacological Treatment Outcomes: A Meta-analytic Review.

Objective:Patient nonadherence to psychopharmacological treatment is a significant barrier to effective treatment. The therapeutic relationship is known to be a critical component of effective psychological treatment, but it has received limited study. A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the role of the therapeutic relationship in the delivery of effective psychopharmacological treatment.Methods:PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Ingenta, and the Web of Science–Science Citation Index were searched, including reference lists of found articles. Meta-analytic methods were used to examine the association between the physician-patient therapeutic relationship and outcomes in psychopharmacological treatment.Results:Eight independent studies of psychopharmacological treatment reported in nine articles met the inclusion criterion (1,065 participants) of being an empirically based study in which measures of the therapeutic relationship were administered and psychiatric treatment outcomes were assessed....
Medical Treatment: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Oral CAIs were introduced half a century ago for the treatment of glaucoma. Although their use in glaucoma care has been replaced largely by topical therapy, they are still an important therapeutic option in acute situations when topical therapy does not reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) adequately, as a last resort in patients who cannot tolerate topical therapy, or when surgery needs to be delayed or is contraindicated. Therefore, ophthalmologists should remain familiar with the pharmacology of CAIs.
Thromboembolic complications following aminocaproic acid use in patients with hematologic malignancies

Aminocaproic acid is frequently used in patients with hematologic malignancy that present with thrombocytopenia with or without hemorrhage. We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the safety of aminocaproic acid in 109 patients with hematologic malignancies. Patients were included if aminocaproic acid had been administered for at least 24 hours for the prevention or treatment of thrombocytopenic hemorrhage. Our primary outcome was thromboembolic complications defined as arterial or venous thrombotic events objectively confirmed by imaging studies. Thromboembolic complications occurred in five patients (4.6%) and all were venous thromboses. Other than the underlying malignancy, these patients also had many concurrent risk factors including indwelling central venous catheters, which could have contributed to thromboses. In conclusion, in our population of patients with a variety of hematological malignancies, aminocaproic acid does not appear to be associated with a high incidence of thromboembolic complications.
Psychometric Properties of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Use in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review.

Background:Despite the high costs of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries to patients and society, we are not aware of any systematic reviews that have been performed on patient-reported outcome instruments designed for this patient population. The purpose of the present review is to identify c
Teaching Trump: A Case Study of Two Teachers and the Election of 2016

ABSTRACTThis case study investigated how two 8th-grade teachers planned for, delivered, and reflected on their teaching of the 2016 Presidential Election. Data sources included classroom observations, teacher interviews, and lesson plans. Despite integrating student-centered lessons about the election with social and political events in US History from1792-1861, one teacher, Ms. Smith, struggled to navigate burgeoning issues that galvanized students. During the six-week unit, both teachers maintained neutral positions on the candidates; however, after the election, Ms. Smith allowed her disdain for Donald Trump to seep into her teaching. Because exigent political events, such as presidential elections, hold great potential to accelerate students' political socialization, more needs to be learned about how teachers do and should manage the teaching of controversial issues in the social classroom.
Ptilodene, a novel icosanoid inhibitor of 5-lifoxygenase and Na+/K+ ATPase from the red marine alga ptilota FilicinaJ. Agardh

Abstract A new fatty acid with novel sites of oxidation was isolated and spectroscopically defined from the red marine alga ptilota filicina (Caramiales). The pure natural product showed inhibitory activity to human 5-lipoxygenase dog kidney Na+/K+ ATPase and the growth of several pathogenic gram positive and negative bacteria.
Mechanisms of Homogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation and Related Processes

Homogeneous catalytic processes such as hydrogenation, hydroformylation and oligomerization are typically multistep processes as exemplified by the widely accepted mechanism of the Rh(PPh3)3Cl-catalyzed hydrogenation of olefins depicted below (L=PPh3):1