cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A defense of conscience in healthcare

Summary Robert P. George is McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence and Director of the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions at Princeton University. In “A Defense of Conscience in Healthcare ”, Dr. George reacts to Ethics Committee Opinion #385 of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Among other things, the opinion proposes that physicians in the field of women's health be required as a matter of ethical duty to refer patients for abortions and sometimes even to perform abortions themselves. Dr. George first responds to this imperative by challenging the nature of elective abortion itself as normal healthcare, based on the implicit judgment that pregnancy, when unwanted, is in effect a disease. In fact, the issues in dispute are philosophical; they cannot be resolved by science or methods of scientific inquiry. If this is the case, there is therefore no justification to compel morally sincere physicians who disagree with this judgment to violate their conscience or else leave the practice of medicine entirely. The ACOG statement fails to acknowledge the widespread debate about abortion in our society and the moral sincerity of pro-life practitioners.
Roots of Mathematics Anxiety in College Students

A majority of college students exhibit feelings of fear and discomfort when put into situations that require the use of mathematics. These students are characterized to be mathematics- anxious and tend to overlook the idea that one can gain many benefits from learning the subject. This paper investigates the various factors that have led to and influenced the feelings of mathematics anxiety in 13 undergraduate students pursuing non-mathematics-related majors. Through the use of questionnaires and interviews with each participant, the factors contributing to their mathematics anxiety were studied. Participants attributed teacher attitude, poor instruction, failure, and school tracking to initiating their mathematics anxieties. These findings revealed that the development of the participants’ feelings of anxiety toward mathematics was somehow rooted to an experience in school, which highly influenced their attitudes toward mathematics and shaped their self-perceptions of their mathematical abilities.
Towards improving care for disorders of consciousness.

Disorders of consciousness (DOCs), including vegetative and minimally conscious states, represent a financial, medical and ethical conundrum. Recently published guidelines for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of DOCs should lead us to reconsider our management strategies for these challenging disorders.
Interspecies Differences in Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate Stability in Plasma.

Tenofovir (TFV) alafenamide fumarate (TAF) is an antiretroviral that has been evaluated in alternative drug delivery systems in several species. The ex vivo stability of TAF was evaluated. TAF was stable in dog, sheep, and macaque-spiked plasma. A negative bias was observed in TAF recovery in rabbit-spiked plasma; there was complete loss of TAF and corresponding over-estimation of TFV in rodent-spiked plasma. These data highlight considerations when evaluating TAF and TFV concentrations in pre-clinical studies.
Protecting the Web from Misinformation

Nowadays, a huge part of the information present on the Web is delivered through Social Media and User-Generated Content (UGC) platforms, such as Quora, Wikipedia, YouTube, Yelp, Slashdot.org, Stack Overflow, Amazon product reviews, and much more. Here, many users create, manipulate, and consume content every day. Thanks to the mechanism by which anyone can edit these platforms, its content grows and is kept constantly updated. However, malicious users can take advantage of this open editing mechanism to introduce misinformation on the Web.
Piecewise Parabolic Phase Modulation Scheme for Suppression of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering

We study piecewise parabolic sawtooth and triangle phase modulation for the suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering. We compare different modulation schemes and show threshold enhancement using piecewise parabolic phase modulation.
Sleep Disturbances and Atopic Dermatitis: Relationships, Methods for Assessment, and Therapies

Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin conditions and is associated with sleep disturbances in 47% to 80% of children and 33% to 90% of adults. Herein, we review the literature on sleep disturbances experienced by patients with atopic dermatitis, as well as the mechanisms that may underlie this. We present subjective and objective methods for measuring sleep quantity and quality and discuss strategies for management. Unfortunately, the literature on this topic remains sparse, with most studies evaluating sleep as a secondary outcome using subjective measures. The development of portable, at-home methods for more objective measures offers new opportunities to better evaluate sleep disturbances in atopic dermatitis research studies and in clinical practice.
Using generalizability theory and the ERP Reliability Analysis (ERA) Toolbox for assessing test-retest reliability of ERP scores part 1: Algorithms, framework, and implementation.

Abstract The reliability of event-related brain potential (ERP) scores depends on study context and how those scores will be used, and reliability must be routinely evaluated. Many factors can influence ERP score reliability; generalizability (G) theory provides a multifaceted approach to estimating the internal consistency and temporal stability of scores that is well suited for ERPs. G theory's approach possesses a number of advantages over classical test theory that make it ideal for pinpointing sources of error in observed scores. The current primer outlines the G-theory approach to estimating internal consistency (coefficients of equivalence) and test-retest reliability (coefficients of stability). This approach is used to evaluate the reliability of ERP measurements. The primer outlines how to estimate reliability coefficients that consider the impact of the number of trials, events, occasions, and groups. The uses of two different G-theory reliability coefficients (i.e., generalizability and dependability) in ERP research are elaborated, and a dataset from the companion manuscript, which examines N2 amplitudes to Go/NoGo stimuli, is used as an example of the application of these coefficients to ERPs. The developed algorithms are implemented in the ERP Reliability Analysis (ERA) Toolbox, which is open-source software designed for estimating score reliability using G theory. The toolbox facilitates the application of G theory in an effort to simplify the study-by-study evaluation of ERP score reliability. The formulas provided in this primer should enable researchers to pinpoint the sources of measurement error in ERP scores from multiple recording sessions and subsequently plan studies that optimize score reliability.
Association Between Olfactory Dysfunction and Critical Illness and Mortality in COVID-19: A Meta-analysis.

The emerging literature regarding the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) suggests that patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD) have a milder disease course with improved clinical symptomato...
Human Anguish and God’s Power

Persons anguished by another's profound suffering are often outraged by well-intentioned efforts to console them which suggest that God 'sent' that horrific suffering to their loved one for a 'purpose' according to a tailor-made 'plan' for just that person. However, the outraged reaction simply deepens the anguish. This book argues that such 'consolation' is theologically problematic because it assumes that unrestricted power is what makes God 'God.' Against that it outlines an account of 'who' and 'what' the Triune God is, framed in terms of God's intrinsic 'glory,' the attractive and perfectly self-expressive self-giving in love that is God's life, and sets limits to the range of things we can say God 'does.' Correlatively it offers an account of different senses in which God is 'sovereign' and 'powerful', one which reflects three ways God relates to all else: to create, to bless eschatologically, and to reconcile, as is scripturally narrated.
Tourism and reconciliation in an enduring rivalry: The case of Kartarpur Corridor on India–Pakistan border

Abstract This study aims to position the role of the Kartarpur corridor, a unique collaborative visa-free setting situated on the international border between Pakistan and India, as an interactional performative platform between tourists from both of the countries within the theoretical streams of tourism-peace studies. Classical grounded theory approach was considered that involved interviews from Pakistani and Indian tourists and service personnel in the Kartarpur setting. The findings add to the discursive discourses on the relevance of the contact-hypothesis in the debate surrounding the tourism-peace nexus within the novel setting of Kartarpur. Further, it evidences the evolving role of geo-political discourses in tourist encounters and signifies the relevance of memory-heritagization in relation to reconciliation tourism. It steers the debate towards relatively underutilized discourse of tourist identity as a pivotal tenet in the tourism-peace connection. The findings offer implications for the policy makers, practitioners and destination marketing organizations of divided nations.
Trace element solubility from food following enzymolysis

Food items were treated with enzymes simulating gastric and intestinal digestive juices and the amounts of soluble lead, cadmium, zinc, iron, and copper, were determined. Enzyme treatment was conducted in two stages involving (I) pepsin at pH 2,5 followed by (II) pancreatin and amylase at neutral pH. Solubility was determined after each stage and additionally after post enzymolysis acidification. The foods examined comprised wholemeal bread, spinach, canned tomato, ox liver, pig kidney, canned crabmeat, beefburger, and canned corned beef, the last sampled from within the bulk and adjacent to the side seam of the can. Analyte solubility varied with (I) different food items, (II) processing or preparation of foods of similar origin, (III) action of pepsin or pancreatic enzymes and (IV) pH. Reasons for the variations are discussed.
Arterial oxygenation influences central motor output and exercise performance via effects on peripheral locomotor muscle fatigue in humans

Changing arterial oxygen content (C(aO(2))) has a highly sensitive influence on the rate of peripheral locomotor muscle fatigue development. We examined the effects of C(aO(2)) on exercise performance and its interaction with peripheral quadriceps fatigue. Eight trained males performed four 5 km cycling time trials (power output voluntarily adjustable) at four levels of C(aO(2)) (17.6-24.4 ml O(2) dl(-1)), induced by variations in inspired O(2) fraction (0.15-1.0). Peripheral quadriceps fatigue was assessed via changes in force output pre- versus post-exercise in response to supra-maximal magnetic femoral nerve stimulation (DeltaQ(tw); 1-100 Hz). Central neural drive during the time trials was estimated via quadriceps electromyogram. Increased C(aO(2)) from hypoxia to hyperoxia resulted in parallel increases in central neural output (43%) and power output (30%) during cycling and improved time trial performance (12%); however, the magnitude of DeltaQ(tw) (-33 to -35%) induced by the exercise was not different among the four time trials (P > 0.2). These effects of C(aO(2)) on time trial performance and DeltaQ(tw) were reproducible (coefficient of variation = 1-6%) over repeated trials at each F(IO(2)) on separate days. In the same subjects, changing C(aO(2)) also affected performance time to exhaustion at a fixed work rate, but similarly there was no effect of Delta C(aO(2)) on peripheral fatigue. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the effect of C(aO(2)) on locomotor muscle power output and exercise performance time is determined to a significant extent by the regulation of central motor output to the working muscle in order that peripheral muscle fatigue does not exceed a critical threshold.
A comparison of results from an edge-plasma model with those from a two-dimensional fluid code

We have just completed a comparison of predictions for the scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma, from a physics model with the more accurate ones from a two-dimensional fluid code, the B2 code. The results presented here show rather good agreement on values of plasma temperature in the SOL and of divertor heat load, for a rather wide range of Tokamak sizes and parameters. We are therefore confident that this model will provide a suitable divertor module for both the new ITER systems code, SUPERCODE, and other applications requiring fast but accurate modelling of edge plasma parameters at least within the range of the present benchmarks.
Localization of Enzymes in Mycoplasma.

Pollack, J. D. (University of Connecticut, Storrs), Shmuel Razin, and Robert C. Cleverdon. Localization of enzymes in Mycoplasma. J. Bacteriol. 90:617–622. 1965.—Cells of eight parasitic and two saprophytic Mycoplasma strains were lysed by use of osmotic shock, and the membranes were separated from the soluble fraction by use of differential centrifugation. Cell fractions were tested for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2) oxidase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH2) oxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, ribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease activities. Adenosine triphosphatase was confined to the membrane fraction of all Mycoplasma strains. The NADH2 oxidase activity was associated with the membranes of the saprophytic M. laidlawii and with the soluble fraction of the parasitic Mycoplasma strains. NADPH2 oxidase activity was detected only in the soluble fraction of the parasitic strains. Glusose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was demonstrated only in the soluble fraction of M. laidlawii. Ribonuclease activity was found usually in both membrane and soluble fractions, but was generally higher in the membrane fraction. In the human and bovine Mycoplasma strains, deoxyribonuclease activity could not be demonstrated in the soluble fraction; in the remaining strains, activity was highest in the soluble fraction. Dissolution of M. laidlawii strain B membranes by sodium deoxycholate significantly increased membrane-NADH2 oxidase and adenosine triphosphatase activities.
The Right to Civil Defense in Torts: Chapter 1 - The Incivility of Civil Litigation

According to conventional wisdom, the tort system is a hallowed place where injured victims receive their venerable day in court so they can right the wrongs committed against them. Despite the poignancy of this account, it is merely an idyllic assumption. The only real truth is that every tort claim begins as an unproven accusation of responsibility with an unconditional demand for satisfaction. Once filed in court, that claim becomes an even more aggressive tort action, which commences a strategic campaign of coercive maneuvers. Indeed, stripped of its noble veneer, such an action is simply the aggrieved person’s as-yet unjustified attack against her suspected offender to compel the latter’s submission. Like any personal assault, this invasive measure poses a significant threat to the liberty of its recipient. Yet a tort action is even more troubling, since it brandishes state authority, targets an unwitting and unwilling subject, and harms that subject even if she emerges victorious.In my forthcoming book "The Right to Civil Defense in Torts," I explore the historical, theoretical, practical, and constitutional dimensions of this scheme. Given the public hazard of the tort process, I reach the explosive conclusion that all civil defendants enjoy a due process right against such litigation so long as it remains unsubstantiated. This right accounts for the very existence of both tort law and procedure, which establish the normative and formal obstacles to seeking recourse against one’s adversaries. While current requirements offer adequate protection in some tort actions, they fall far short in negligence cases, where both the defendant’s duties and the plaintiff’s enforcement powers are inherently circumstantial, extremely flexible, and highly unpredictable. The book solves this problem by proposing a groundbreaking procedure that finally provides the necessary justification for a plaintiff’s right to sue for negligence. Because this right, and the right to recourse more generally, is defined, limited, and counterbalanced by the right to civil defense, the current project reveals the fatal deficiencies of the patently one-sided civil recourse theory of torts while also laying the groundwork for a more robust theory of liberal justice.The book’s first chapter — entitled "The Incivility of Civil Litigation" — offers a detailed overview of the entire work, including more specific explanations of the issues noted above.
Best Practices for the Law of the Horse: Teaching Cyberlaw Through Simulations

This Article discusses ways of using role-playing simulations and skills- and values-based methods for teaching Cyberlaw. Although Judge Easterbrook once mocked Cyberlaw as no more than 'the law of the horse,' Lawrence Lessig justly noted the value of Cyberlaw to a modern law school curriculum. Indeed, by examining shifts from existing paradigms, Cyberlaw provides a unique perspective to the study of law. Therefore, looking to Best Practices in Legal Education, the Carnegie Report, and The MacCrate Report, this Article discusses ways of using role-playing simulations and a skills- and values-based approach for teaching Cyberlaw. As discussed in the Article, the author’s Cyberlaw class was often run as an experimental role-playing game, with the author as the 'senior partner' of a fictional law firm and the students as 'associates.' The author created live on-line role-playing experiences for the students, who were responsible for acting as lawyers to a fictional 'client.' Adverse parties were also fictional, and the author - also acting as the adverse party - was able to create individualized student experiences that permitted detailed exploration of many aspects of Cyberlaw. Importantly, such an approach can enhance doctrinal teaching rather than replace it. Specifically, using skills and value simulations helped students to obtain a deep understanding of Cyberlaw issues and concepts. Equally so, teaching Cyberlaw through role-playing simulations helped students to obtain a better appreciation of general lawyering skills and values.
Theories for the Winds from Wolf Rayet Stars

The massive and fast winds of Wolf Rayet stars present a serious momentum problem for the line-driven wind theories that are commonly used to explain the fast winds of early type stars. It is perhaps possible for the winds to be driven by lines, if multiple scattering occurs and if there are a sufficient number of lines in the spectrum so that large fraction of the continuum is blocked by line opacity in the winds. Several other mechanisms are discussed, in particular two that rely on strong magnetic fields: a) Alfven wave driven wind models like those recently developed by Hartmann and MacGregor for late type supergiants and b) the “Fast Magnetic Rotator” model that was developed by Belcher and MacGregor for the winds from pre-main sequence stars. In either model, large magnetic fields (≈104 gauss) are required to drive the massive and fast winds of Wolf Rayet stars. Smaller fields might be possible if the multiple scattering line radiation force can be relied on to provide a final acceleration to terminal velocity.
Parallel framework for dimensionality reduction of large-scale datasets

Dimensionality reduction refers to a set of mathematical techniques used to reduce complexity of the original high-dimensional data, while preserving its selected properties. Improvements in simulation strategies and experimental data collection methods are resulting in a deluge of heterogeneous and high-dimensional data, which often makes dimensionality reduction the only viable way to gain qualitative and quantitative understanding of the data. However, existing dimensionality reduction software often does not scale to datasets arising in real-life applications, which may consist of thousands of points with millions of dimensions. In this paper, we propose a parallel framework for dimensionality reduction of large-scale data. We identify key components underlying the spectral dimensionality reduction techniques, and propose their efficient parallel implementation. We show that the resulting framework can be used to process datasets consisting of millions of points when executed on a 16,000-core cluster, which is beyond the reach of currently available methods. To further demonstrate applicability of our framework we perform dimensionality reduction of 75,000 images representing morphology evolution during manufacturing of organic solar cells in order to identify how processing parameters affect morphology evolution.
Modeling and simulation of long-wave infrared InAs/GaSb strained layer superlattice photodiodes with different passivants

Abstract Current–voltage characteristics of long-wave infrared (LWIR) InAs/GaSb strained layer superlattice photodiodes (cut-off wavelength ∼10 μm), passivated with different surface passivants, have been modeled and simulated using ATLAS software from SILVACO. The simulated results are fitted to previous experimental results obtained on unpassivated devices and those passivated by silicon-dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (Si x N y ) and zinc sulfide (ZnS). Surface parameters in terms of surface recombination velocity, shunt resistance and interface trap density are extracted for different passivants. The performance of silicon-dioxide passivated diode is solely dominated by a shunt leakage path with a shunt resistance value of 0.56 Ω-cm 2 . Extracted electron and hole surface recombination velocities have values of 10 5 cm/s and 10 7 cm/s for unpassivated, 10 3 cm/s and 10 5 cm/s for Si x N y passivated and 10 2 cm/s and 10 3 cm/s for ZnS passivated devices. Interface trap density follows a similar trend with values of 10 15 cm −2 , 8.5 × 10 14 cm −2 and 10 10 cm −2 for unpassivated, Si x N y passivated and ZnS passivated devices respectively. The suitability and limitations of the simulation tool are discussed.
Uptake and secretion of host proteins by Taenia crassiceps metacestodes.

Although the presence of intact host proteins in the cyst fluid of cyclophyllidean metacestodes has been well documented, the underlying reason for protein uptake is poorly understood. To investigate this discrepancy, both the cyst fluid (CF) and excreted/secreted (E/ S) proteins were collected in vitro from Taenia crassiceps metacestodes 16 wk postinfection in Balb/cJ female mice. The CF and E/S were subsequently immunoblotted using rabbit anti-mouse whole serum antibodies as a probe. The results show that whole host proteins were not only internalized by metacestodes but also secreted as well. The predominant secreted host protein was 66 kDa and was confirmed to be mouse serum albumin. The amount of secreted albumin decreased daily, whereas the concentration of albumin in the cyst fluid remained consistent. This suggests that the secretion of albumin is a coordinated function rather than a random event. It is probable that albumin cycling may be an evolved mechanism providing multiple benefits for the l...
Fueling of QH-mode plasmas on DIII-D with pellets and gas

The quiescent high confinement mode (QH-mode) discovered on DIII-D [K.H. Burrell et al. Phys. Plasmas 8 (2001) 2153; C.M. Greenfield et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 4544] has the promising features of stationary good H-mode plasma confinement with an H-mode edge, but without the periodic edge localized modes (ELMs) common in H-mode that produce a divertor pulsed heat load. Experiments have been carried out with pellet and gas fueling to determine if the QH-mode is robust to theses edge perturbations. Pellets of different sizes were injected from several different locations [L.R. Baylor, T.C. Jernigan et al. J. Nucl. Mater. 290 (2001) 398] and gas puffs were introduced to study core fueling in QH-mode plasmas. The QH-mode is generally a low density operating regime and so there is interest in developing a fueling scheme that can lead to high density to make the QH-mode attractive as a burning plasma scenario. Results indicate that the QH-mode is maintained with small perturbations in density, however large pellet perturbations and gas puffs lead to an almost instantaneous transition to ELMing H-mode.
Treatment of severe steatorrhea with ox bile in an ileectomy patient with residual colon.

Patients with ileectomy can present with severe steatorrhea due to bile acid depletion. While exogenous bile acid would seem to be ideal therapy for this condition, it is not often used because it is though that the bile acid would be malabsorbed and would enter the colon, producing a secretory diarrhea. This report describes a patient who had an ileectomy and partial right colon resection for Crohn's disease and then developed severe steatorrhea due to bile acid malabsorption. Although steatorrhea was reduced from 134 to 9 g/24 hr with chronic ingestion of ox bile extract, stool weight did not increase with ox bile (stool weight 669 g/24 hr before therapy and 507 g/24 hr after therapy). In this patient, oral bile acid supplementation reduced fat excretion markedly, but did not aggravate diarrhea, even though the colon was still present. This result may have been due to impaired solubility of bile acid in fecal fluid due to an acid pH or to binding of bile acid with particles of solid stool. Ingestion of ox bile extract does not necessarily increase stool weight in patients with defective fat absorption due to bile acid malabsorption and can be tried with caution in an effort to diminish steatorrhea.
Characterization of Mode I and Mode II delamination growth and thresholds in AS4/PEEK composites

Composite materials often fail by delamination. The onset and growth of delamination in AS4/PEEK, a tough thermoplastic matrix composite, was characterized for mode 1 and mode 2 loadings, using the Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) and the End Notched Flexure (ENF) test specimens. Delamination growth per fatigue cycle, da/dN, was related to strain energy release rate, G, by means of a power law. However, the exponents of these power laws were too large for them to be adequately used as a life prediction tool. A small error in the estimated applied loads could lead to large errors in the delamination growth rates. Hence strain energy release rate thresholds, G sub th, below which no delamination would occur were also measured. Mode 1 and 2 threshold G values for no delamination growth were found by monitoring the number of cycles to delamination onset in the DCB and ENF specimens. The maximum applied G for which no delamination growth had occurred until at least 1,000,000 cycles was considered the threshold strain energy release rate. Comments are given on how testing effects, facial interference or delamination front damage, may invalidate the experimental determination of the constants in the expression.
Characterization of the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in rats after intravenous bolus administration of buprenorphine

The purpose of this project was to characterize the dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine (BN) and norbuprenorphine (NBN), the primary metabolite, after intravenous administration of different doses of BN to rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups and received a single intravenous bolus dose of 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg of BN. A separate study was performed where BN and NBN were simultaneously administered intravenously (1 mg/kg+1 mg/kg). Plasma samples were obtained by centrifugation of the blood and analyzed for BN and NBN using a sensitive and selective gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) bio-analytical method. Noncompartmental and compartmental methods were used to perform pharmacokinetic data analysis. BN declined triexponentially with a dose-dependent increase in its volume of distribution, V(ss) (8.37-18.2 l/kg) and clearance CL (2.70-6.10 l/h per kg). The pharmacokinetics of NBN were linear and biexponential. Coadministration of BN and NBN resulted in a significant increase in the volume of distribution and clearance of BN. The present results suggest that the nonlinear disposition in the clearance and volume of distribution of BN can be attributed, in part, to the increasing concentration of the metabolite.
The effect of high pressure and controlled stretching on the intramolecular twist of p-N-N-dimethylaminobenzylidenemalononitrile in polyvinylacetate and polyvinylchloride

Abstract The effect of pressure and controlled stretching has been measured on both the steady-state and time-dependent emission from p-N-N-dimethylaminobenzylidenemalononitrile (DMABMN) in polyvinylacetate (PVA) and polyvinylchloride (PVCl). Using a model involving the radiative and non-radiative rates of dissipation of the excited state energy as well as the transfer rates between the planar and twisted excited states, one can predict the changes in steady-state emission from the time-dependent data for both the effect of pressure and controlled stretching.
Relationship of belief systems to shame and guilt

Abstract This study examines the relationship of the four belief systems of extrapersonalism, cynicism, egoism and contextualism as treated by Harvey and associates to shame and guilt evoked by five clusters of scenarios: dishonesty, harm to another person, trust violation, social impropriety and exposed inadequacy. Extrapersonalists reported the strongest guilt of the four systems from dishonesty, greater shame than cynics and egoists, but not contextualists, from social impropriety, and greater shame from exposed inadequacy than contextualists, but not cynics or egoists. Cynics reported less guilt from harm to another person than extrapersonalists, egoists or contextualists, and less guilt from trust violation than extrapersonalists or egoists. Of the three belief systems test definers of each system, all definers of extrapersonalism correlated significantly positively with guilt from the cluster dishonesty but nonsignificantly with guilt from harm to another person and trust violation as well as with shame from exposed inadequacy. All definers of cynicism correlated significantly negatively with guilt from harm to another person and trust violation, but near zero with shame from social impropriety and exposed inadequacy. All three BST definers of egoism correlated significantly positively with guilt from harm to another person and trust violation and with shame from Exposed Inadequacy, but nonsignificantly with guilt from dishonesty and shame from social impropriety. Only one definer of contextualism correlated significantly with feelings from any scenario: constancy of change correlated positively with guilt from harm to another person.
Biochemical characterization of the rabbit urinary bladder base and body

Functionally, the urinary bladder can be divided into two sections: the bladder body and bladder base. Pharmacologically, the bladder body responds to a greater extent than the bladder base to cholinergic agonists (contraction), beta-adrenergic agonists (relaxation), and purinergic agonists (contraction), whereas the bladder base responds to a greater extent than the bladder body to alpha-adrenergic agonists (contraction). The autonomic receptor density parallels the pharmacological response; that is, the bladder body contains higher densities of muscarinic cholinergic and beta-adrenergic receptors than the bladder base, whereas the base contains a higher density of alpha-adrenergic receptors. The purpose of this present study was to compare a variety of biochemical factors between the rabbit urinary bladder base and body. Sections of rabbit bladder body and base were rapidly dissected and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Tissue concentrations of DNA, RNA, hydroxyproline, lipids, glycogen, cyclic AMP, CP, ATP, ADP, and AMP were determined. The results demonstrated that the bladder base contained a 34% greater concentration of DNA, whereas the bladder body contained a 127% greater concentration of RNA. The bladder base contained 39.6% and 36% greater concentrations of hydroxyproline and glycogen, respectively. The concentration of lipids, cyclic AMP, and adenine nucleotides was equal in the two areas. The observed differences between bladder body and base may be related to the significantly greater work (energy utilized to actively expel urine) performed by the bladder body.
Transcription of the yeast mitochondrial genome requires cyclic AMP.

Using various mutant strains and nutritional manipulations, we investigated a potential role for cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the regulation of mitochondrial (mt) gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In RAS mutants known to have either abnormally low or high cellular levels of this nucleotide, we show that both mt transcription rate and overall mt transcript levels vary directly with cellular cAMP levels. We further show that nutritional downshift of actively growing cells causes a severe, rapid fall in cAMP levels, and that this fall is concomitant with the stringent mt transcriptional curtailment that we and others have previously shown to follow this nutritional manipulation. In in vitro mt transcription assays using intact organelles from downshifted and actively growing cells, stringently curtailed mt gene expression can be restored to 75% of control levels by addition of cAMP to the assay mix. Consistent with these observations a RAS2vall9mutant strain, which cannot adjust cAMP levels in response to external stimuli, shows no mt stringent response following nutritional downshift. We also demonstrate a significant but transient increase in both mt transcript levels and mt transcription rate following shift of actively respiring wild-type cells to glucose-based medium, a manipulation known to cause a short-lived pulse of cAMP in yeast; similar manipulation of the RAS2vall9mutant strain generates no such response. Taken together all these observations indicate that cellular cAMP levels are involved in the regulation of mt transcription in yeast. Moreover, the lack of a mt stringent transcriptional response following downshift in a strain in which the BCY1 gene had been insertionally inactivated suggests that cAMP may influence mt transcription via a mt cAMP-dependent protein kinase. These results link mt gene expression with mechanisms governing growth control and nutrient adaptation in yeast, and they provide a means by which nit gene expression might be coordinated with that of related nuclear genes.
Atomistic examination of the unit processes and vacancy-dislocation interaction in dislocation climb

Atomistic analyses of thermodynamic and kinetic barriers to the unit processes of dislocation climb in body-centered cubic iron are presented. Binding of vacancies to the core is demonstrated to be equivalent to particle adsorption, thereby reducing the number of independent barriers to unit climb. The extent to which vacancy energetics are poorly predicted by elasticity theory of dislocation strain fields near the core, as well as the deviation of migration barriers near versus far from the core, are also quantified.
Understanding and procedural knowledge in mathematics instruction 1

Abstract Using ideas developed recently in the theory of understanding language, an analysis is given of the process of understanding mathematical concepts. An analysis also is given of procedural knowledge in mathematics, based on recently developed theories of problem solving including production systems and automaton models. A suggestion is made as to how these theories might be synthesized to provide an analysis of performance of mathematical skills with understanding. Two examples of such performance are described, in the form of theories that are realized as computer programs, and there is discussion of ways in which these theories succeed and fail in representing procedural knowledge with understanding.
Temporal variability of the elemental composition of African dust measured in trade wind aerosols at Barbados and Miami

Abstract Large quantities of African dust are carried across the North Atlantic by Trade Winds every summer. The deposition of this dust has an impact on biogeochemical processes in the Tropical and Western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean and it contributes to the formation of soils on Caribbean islands, the Bahamas, and the southeastern US. Here we report on a study of the temporal and spatial variability of the elemental composition of aerosol samples collected in the Trade Winds at Barbados and Miami over the summers of 2003 and 2004. Our objective is to identify characteristics that might serve as a useful tool to identify natural and anthropogenic sources of specific elements or element classes placing a special focus on dust-linked species. To this end we measured a large suite of elements: Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ho, La, Li, Lu, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Th, Tl, Tm, U, V, Y, Yb and Zn. Most elements exhibited a surprising uniformity that is highly correlated with dust concentration as determined by aerosol filter ash residues and by Mn concentration, shown to be an excellent proxy for dust. The concentrations of most elements are very close to average upper crustal abundances. We measured the greatest enrichments and the largest variability for As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, elements known to have major anthropogenic sources. For some elements, most notably the Lanthanides, we found statistically significant differences between high-dust-load samples and low-load samples and also between individual dust peaks. However, the absolute differences were generally quite small. Consequently we feel that on a sample-by-sample basis the elemental composition of dust is unlikely to serve as useful indicator of source regions with the possible exception of the Lanthanides. The uniformity of dust composition suggests that a major fraction of the dust is either derived from regions having similar composition or from multiple different sources followed by mixing during transport.
Farm marketings and state procurements: Definitions and interpretations∗

(1963). Farm marketings and state procurements: Definitions and interpretations. Soviet Studies: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 152-166.
Hemodynamic Deformation of Alveolar Socket Walls

Simultaneous recording of carotid arterial pressure and relative displacement of alveolar socket walls in dogs indicates a direct relationship between hemodynamic force and alveolar wall displacement. The effect was enhanced by the administration of ephedrine and diminished by histamine.
Crystal field excitations in RE2CuO4 (REPr, Nd)

Abstract The magnetic excitation spectra of Pr 2 CuO 4 and Nd 2 CuO 4 determined by inelastic neutron scattering over the temperature range 15–300 K are reported. Well-defined transitions between the rare earth ion crystal field levels have been observed up to about 100 meV for both compounds. The results are analyzed in terms of a crystal field model under the scheme of intermediate coupling calculated by spherical tensor techniques. The calculated crystal field excitation spectra and magnetic susceptibilities agree well with experiments. No measurable influence of the rare earth crystal field structures by the antiferromagnetic ordering of copper spins is found in these materials.
Geometrie manifold approximation using union of tangent patches

This paper addresses the problem of data-adaptive learning of the ambient geometry of a nonlinear, non-intersecting submanifold of a Euclidean space. It accomplishes this goal by exploiting the local linearity of the (sub)manifold and approximating it using a union of tangent patches (UoTP). In addition, it translates the problem of projecting a new data point onto the learned UoTP into a series of convex optimization problems. It then derives a procedure for encoding (projecting) data points onto a UoTP that involves an efficient solution to each of the posed optimization problems. Finally, it demonstrates the value of capturing the geometry of manifolds by comparing the superior denoising performance of the proposed framework on both synthetic and real data sampled from nonlinear manifolds with that of stat-of-the-art denoising algorithms.
Photodisintegration of the Triton with Velocity-Dependent Potentials

We apply the sum rules of Levinger and Bethe to calculate the integrated cross section (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{int}}$) and the bremsstrahlung-weighted cross section (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{b}$) for the photodisintegration of the triton, using the wave function ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0}=N{\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}(\frac{\ensuremath{\kappa}}{2})({r}_{12}+{r}_{13}+{r}_{23})]+A\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}(\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{2})({r}_{12}+{r}_{13}+{r}_{23})]}$ and two-body velocity-dependent central potentials both for $^{1}S$ and $^{3}S$ states. The values of the wave-function parameters $\ensuremath{\kappa}$, $A$, and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ are those determined from a variational calculation of the binding energy of the triton. Our values of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{int}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{b}$ agree reasonably well with those of Mathur et al. obtained by using hard-core wave functions and potentials, and also with the experimental values of Gorbunov et al.
The binding of cortisol by plasma protein.

Abstract When plasma cortisol concentrations are less than 30 μg./100 ml., the steroid is tightly bound by protein and cannot be ultrafiltered. When the concentration is raised higher than 40 μg./100 ml., either by addition of exogenous cortisol in vitro or as a result of the effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or of sickness on the endogenous cortisol concentration, approximately 15% of the steroid is ultrafiltrable. There appears to be no qualitative difference between the binding of exogenous and endogenous steroid at high concentrations. These data seem to indicate that two different types of binding of cortisol occur in human plasma.
RU-26988--a new tool for the study of the mineralocorticoid receptor.

Aldosterone binds to two renal cytosol receptors, one with high affinity and low capacity (Type I or mineralocorticoid) and another with lower affinity but greater capacity (Type II or glucocorticoid receptor). One of the ways to study Type I receptors isolated from Type II receptors is to block the latter with a steroid which shows high affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor and low affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor. Dexamethasone has been used widely for this purpose but previous investigations and this study have found that dexamethasone competes with [3H]aldosterone for Type I receptor binding with a relative activity of 26% that of aldosterone and therefore is less than ideal as a glucocorticoid receptor blocker. RU-26988 (11β, 17β-dihydroxy-17α-pregnane-l,4,6-trien-20-yn- 21-methyl-3-one) is a recently synthesized glucocorticoid that shows very low affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor. RU- 26988 competes with [3H]aldosterone and [3H]2α-methyl-9α-fluorocortisol, a powerful mineralo...
Three-dimensional magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo imaging (3D MP RAGE)

A new three-dimensional imaging technique which is applicable for 3D MR imaging throughout the body is introduced. In our preliminary investigations we have acquired high-quality 3D image sets of the abdomen showing minimal respiratory artifacts in just over 7 min (voxel size 2.7 X 2.7 X 2.7 mm3), and 3D image sets of the head showing excellent gray/white contrast in less than 6 min (voxel size 1.0 X 2.0 X 1.4 mm3).
Trellis decoding for MPEG-4 streams over wireless channels

Most video coding standards, including MPEG-4, use variable length codes to encode the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of intra frames and inter frames, and the motion vector information. Although variable length codes can achieve good compression, they are very sensitive to channel errors, especially in wireless channels, which are characterized by bursty errors. Joint source-channel decoding (JSCD) is emerging as a potential alternative to traditional error resilience methods for dealing with this sensitivity to channel errors. This paper describes one such JSCD for the reliable transmission of MPEG-4 video over wireless channels. We apply the maximum a posteriori probability based JSCD developed for first order Markov sources to both inter and intra coded macroblocks. Experiments indicate that the proposed decoder gives significant improvements (9 dB in some cases) for MPEG-4 video with error resilience at various channel error rates.
Clozapine Therapy for Older Veterans

OBJECTIVE: The effectiveness of clozapine treatment in a treatment-refractory sample of older adult veterans with primary psychosis was examined. METHODS: Data were collected over a five-year period for patients age 55 and older who were given clozapine because of a history of treatment-refractory or treatment-intolerant psychosis. At initiation of clozapine therapy, baseline demographic, clinical, and psychopathology data were collected. At baseline and quarterly, patients' psychopathology was rated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and involuntary movements were rated with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). RESULTS: The 329 patients age 55 or older who received clozapine during the study period represented 10 percent of all patients on clozapine therapy in the VA system. Of the 312 patients for whom demographic information was available, 294 were men and 18 were women. Overall, patients improved on clozapine therapy, although wide variation in drug response was observed. Compl...
An assessment of universal versus risk-based hepatitis C virus testing of source patients postexposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare workers

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of universal versus risk-based hepatitis C (HCV) testing of source patients' (SPs) postexposure to blood and body fluids on the HCV exposure rates among healthcare workers. Methods: Exposure and test result information between 1993 and 2004 was abstracted from the Johns Hopkins Bloodborne Pathogen Database. A Poisson regression model estimating HCV infection among underlying SPs based on partial testing was developed and applied. Results: After adjusting for the effect of partial testing of SPs, the estimated underlying prevalence of HCV-positive SPs increased slightly during the study period, from 11.9% to 15.1%, but the trend was not statistically significant. Yield curve of HCV-positive SPs rose quickly when SPs' testing rates were low but became flat when SPs' testing rates were high. Conclusion: Reliance on HCV risk factors to screen SPs resulted in an underestimation of the prevalence of HCV in SPs before 1997 when the testing rates were between 15.4% and 25.6%. When SPs' testing rates were above 65%, our model predicted no additional yield of HCV-positive SPs.
Mechanism and potential applications of THz air photonics

We present experimental and theoretical investigations on the THz wave generation and detection using ambient air or selected gases as the THz emitter and sensor, as well as the potential applications of THz air photonics.
An Adaptive Electronic Hybrid Transformer

A hybrid transformer is used to couple simultaneously both a transmitter and a receiver to the same end of a telephone line with minimum crosstalk. Under ideal circumstances the transformer provides a cancellation signal at the input terminals of the receiver to exactly cancel the signal induced by the local transmitter. This paper describes a simple electronic device that closely behaves as a hybrid transformer operating under ideal conditions. Rejection on dial-up lines is between 50-80 dB. Adaption time is on the order of 50 ms.