cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydromechanics of low-Reynolds-number flow. Part 4. Translation of spheroids

The problem of a uniform transverse flow past a prolate spheroid of arbitrary aspect ratio at low Reynolds numbers has been analysed by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The solution is found to depend on two Reynolds numbers, one based on the semi-minor axis b, R[sub]b = Ub/v, and the other on the semi-major axis a, R[sub]a = Ua/v (U being the free-stream velocity at infinity, which is perpendicular to the major axis of the spheroid, and v the kinematic viscosity of the fluid). A drag formula is obtained for small values of R[sub]b and arbitrary values of R[sub]a. When R[sub]a is also small, the present drag formula reduces to the Oberbeck (1876) result for Stokes flow past a spheroid, and it gives the Oseen (1910) drag for an infinitely long cylinder when R[sub]a tends to infinity. This result thus provides a clear physical picture and explanation of the 'Stokes paradox' known in viscous flow theory.
Memory-Efficient index for cache invalidation mechanism with OpenJPA

OpenJPA is an implementation of the Java Persistence API (JPA) for Apache, with a caching layer for database queries. However the caching performance is poor when an application includes write transactions, because the OpenJPA cache-invalidation mechanism is coarse-grained and this results in a low cache hit rate. In this research, we implemented an index mechanism for cache invalidation optimized for the data access patterns. The sizes of the index can be adjusted for the available cache memory. The results of our benchmark indicated that the optimized index drastically improved the performance of OpenJPA even with a small index size in various data access pattern scenarios.
Leukemia and Exposure to X-Ray: A Report of 6 Cases

1. Six cases of leukemia occurring in patients exposed to varying doses of x-ray are reported in this article. 2. The difficulties in evaluating the dosage of radiation is well illustrated in most of these cases. 3. Latent periods were variable and difficult to estimate accurately. It is pointed out that the latent periods in radiation-induced leukemia usually are from three to 10 years in length. 4. All cases in this group were acute leukemias; in four the onset simulated aplastic anemia and diagnosis was verified only after bone marrow aspiration or biopsy. 5. The difficulties in establishing criteria for the diagnosis of radiation-induced leukemia in the present inadequate state of our knowledge are pointed out. In all cases of leukemia attributed to ionizing irradiation it is urgently necessary to publish all information in as complete detail as possible.
Intravascular US-Guided Portal Vein Access: Improved Procedural Metrics during TIPS Creation

Abstract Purpose To evaluate transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) outcomes and procedure metrics with the use of three different image guidance techniques for portal vein (PV) access during TIPS creation. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent TIPS procedures for a range of indications during a 28-month study period identified a population of 68 patients. This was stratified by PV access techniques: fluoroscopic guidance with or without portography (n = 26), PV marker wire guidance (n = 18), or intravascular ultrasound (US) guidance (n = 24). Procedural outcomes and procedural metrics, including radiation exposure, contrast agent volume used, procedure duration, and PV access time, were analyzed. Results No differences in demographic or procedural characteristics were found among the three groups. Technical success, technical success of the primary planned approach, hemodynamic success, portosystemic gradient, and procedure-related complications were not significantly different among groups. Fluoroscopy time ( P = .003), air kerma ( P = .01), contrast agent volume ( P = .003), and total procedural time ( P = .02) were reduced with intravascular US guidance compared with fluoroscopic guidance. Fluoroscopy time ( P = .01) and contrast agent volume ( P = .02) were reduced with intravascular US guidance compared with marker wire guidance. Conclusions Intravascular US guidance of PV access during TIPS creation not only facilitates successful TIPS creation in patients with challenging anatomy, as suggested by previous investigations, but also reduces important procedure metrics including radiation exposure, contrast agent volume, and overall procedure duration compared with fluoroscopically guided TIPS creation.
Experimental Grain Refiners for Carbon Steels

A series of master alloys designed to make rare earth oxide, rare earth aluminum oxide, or rare earth sulfide inclusions were created to determine which inclusions acted as heterogeneous nuclei. Plate test castings having additions of the various master alloys were produced to understand the refinement produced and the mechanical properties. The plates underwent tensile testing and metallographic analysis. For comparison, no addition and rare earth silicide addition heats were also poured. The rare earth oxide and sulfide master alloys formed the intended inclusions. The rare earth aluminum oxide master alloy had very poor homogeneity and contained inclusions with far lower aluminum contents than intended. Only the rare earth silicide reduced the grain size, resulting in improved mechanical properties. This would indicate that simple oxides or sulfides do not play a significant role in the nucleation in steel, but the more complex oxides and probably oxysulfides play the dominate roles.
The Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment

The tropical Pacific Ocean exhibits several intriguing features. For nearly 50% of the tropical Pacific (30°N to 30°S), sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) are within a narrow range between 300 K and 303 K, and less than 0.01% of the ocean surface has SSTs in excess of 304 K (Figure 1). Furthermore, deep convection is triggered only when SSTs exceed 300 K. In regions of deep convection and warm SST, the reduction of outgoing longwave energy by the atmospheric water vapor increases so rapidly with SST that it exceeds the rate of increase of blackbody surface emission. Thus the surface-atmosphere system in the warm pool loses its ability to radiate excess energy to space. Without some negative feedback process, the greenhouse effect would produce a runaway warming. Ramanathan and Collins [1991] (hereafter RC) found that the warm ocean is also covered by thick cirrus anvil clouds, which reflect a significant amount of solar energy back to space. They concluded that the anvils produced by deep convection act like a thermostat to regulate the flow of solar energy to the ocean.
Online aggregation

Aggregation in traditional database systems is performed in batch mode: a query is submitted, the system processes a large volume of data over a long period of time, and, eventually, the final answer is returned. This archaic approach is frustrating to users and has been abandoned in most other areas of computing. In this paper we propose a new online aggregation interface that permits users to both observe the progress of their aggregation queries and control execution on the fly. After outlining usability and performance requirements for a system supporting online aggregation, we present a suite of techniques that extend a database system to meet these requirements. These include methods for returning the output in random order, for providing control over the relative rate at which different aggregates are computed, and for computing running confidence intervals. Finally, we report on an initial implementation of online aggregation in POSTGRES.
Transatlantic Fuentes: Between “The Two Shores” of Multiculturalism and Glossocentrism

The cultural program that Jeronimo de Aguilar pronounces at the end of Carlos Fuentes9s short story “The Two Shores” appears to be inconsistent with the fundamentals of democratic liberalism and multiculturalism upon which they are ostensibly based. Furthermore, cultural visions like those in “The Two Shores” lend signifying imagery and empower cultural institutions, the media, and political authorities to exert symbolic violence upon minorities, thereby negating the multiculturalism that such visions claim to be promoting.
Mechanism and Gödel's Theorems

that some interesting difficulties arise. In Section IV of his paper Benacerraf constructs what he considers to be a Lucas-type argument, apparently in an attempt to see what, if anything, follows from Gddel's theorems for the mechanism issue. And indeed he does produce an interesting and relevant result-roughly, that if men are Turing machines then there are certain limitations on what they can prove about their own deductive abilities. But in the Appendix that immediately follows Section IV Benacerraf seems to take back this result by giving an argument that undercuts the original argument of Section IV. Furthermore, the argument of the Appendix is paradoxical in that it appears to force us to conclude either that a seemingly analytic assumption is false or that a seemingly valid rule of inference is invalid. Hence we are left with the impression that one can remove the implications of Gddel's theorems for mechanism only at the price of accepting a paradox. In Section 3 of this paper I show how to avoid the purported implications of G6del's theorems for mechanism without accepting the paradoxical argument of the Appendix to Benacerraf's paper. This will be preceded (Section I) by a brief summary of the argument given in Benacerraf's Section IV, and (Section z) by a summary, criticism, and reconstruction of the argument given in the Appendix to Benacerraf's paper.2
A comparison of immune cytolysis and virus-induced fusion of sensitive and resistant cell types.

SummaryThe relative sensitivities to immune cytolysis of rhesus monkey kidney (MK) cells and baby hamster kidney (BHK21-F) cells have been investigated. BHK21-F cells are significantly more sensitive to lysis by anticellular antibodies and complement than are MK cells. BHK21-F cells infected with the parainfluenza virus SV5 are susceptible to lysis by antiviral antibodies and complement, where MK cells are resistant. Previous studies indicated that BHK21-F cells are extremely sensitive to cell fusion induced by SV5, and that MK cells are resistant. Thus, the relative sensitivities of these two cell types to one membrane injury, immune cytolysis, parallels their sensitivities to another membrane alteration, virus-induced cell fusion. Some biological implications of these differences in the plasma membranes of the two cell types are discussed.
Grain Proc: a Real-Time Granular Synthesis Interface for Live Performance

GrainProc is a touchscreen interface for real-time granular synthesis designed for live performance. The user provides a real-time audio input (electric guitar, for example) as a granularization source and controls various synthesis parameters with their fingers or toes. The control parameters are designed to give the user access to intuitive and expressive live granular manipulations.
Angiographic Management of Post-Prostatectomy Bleeding

A case is reported of angiographic localization and management of a severe, life-threatening hemorrhage secondary to transurethral resection of the prostate in a 90-year-old man. The classical methods of controlling post-prostatectomy bleeding are discussed.
Oxidant Stress, Antioxidant Defense, and Liver Injury

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are formed in the liver as a consequence of normal cellular processes (e.g., mitochondrial respiration and xenobiotic metabolism). Under physiological conditions, production of ROS/RNS is tightly regulated by endogenous antioxidants. However, when the balance between ROS/RNS production and antioxidant defense is disturbed, oxidative stress develops. In addition to causing direct cell injury, there is increasing evidence that oxidative stress can activate cell signaling pathways, leading to nuclear receptor activation, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, or even cell death through apoptosis or necrosis. It is believed that these occur in the mechanisms of liver injury in many etiologies, and biomarkers of oxidative stress have become useful tools for mechanistic investigations in both basic and translational research. Here, we discuss the sources of ROS and RNS in the liver, the pathophysiological consequences of oxidative stress, endogenous antioxidant defenses, and the therapeutic potential of pharmacological antioxidants.
Intracranial Hemorrhage in Term Infants

The authors identified 12 cases of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) among 23,000 infants born at the Beth Israel and Brigham and Women’s Hospitals in Boston, MA, in 1982 and 1983.
The temperature dependence of insulation characteristics of transformer oil at low temperatures

This paper presents the test methods of studying insulation characteristics of transformer oil at low temperatures. Karamay DB-45 transformer oils were selected as the initial specimens. Oil samples of different quality indexes were obtained after processing by the vacuum oil purifier. Each kind of oil sample was carried out experiments on insulating properties at low temperatures. The temperature dependence of the dielectric strength of transformer oil at low temperatures (−20°C∼10°C) is obtained by statistical analysis of test results. ①The relation curves of breakdown voltage vs. temperature show “U”-type features when the water content is high. ②Water content is the main influence factor of breakdown voltage of transformer oils. ③In general, the values of the transformer oil breakdown voltage measured at room temperature do not represent their breakdown voltage level at low temperatures. ④If the oil samples meet the requirements of the current EHV/UHV transformer oil standards, the impact of temperature on the breakdown voltage is very small at low temperatures. ⑤The permittivity and the dielectric loss factor of transformer oils little change in the range of −20°C∼10°C.
Faith in Ethnographic Process

This article addresses methodological points related to ethnography that are not found as commonly in social scientific methods sections: the anxiety related to the development of ethnographic research question(s), decisions regarding sampling, and the extensive process of coding and analysis. I argue that embracing serendipity in ethnographic research and developing trust in an analytic method is a valuable stance for addressing sociological and practical theological questions in the study of dynamic religious communities.
Series-fed planar dipole array antenna

A planar dipole array antenna operating around 2.4 GHz is presented. The array has five dipole elements that are excited in phase to reduce the elevation beamwidth for reducing undesired multipath signals and increase gain. The array is fed from the bottom with a single coaxial connector which sequentially excites all array elements in phase via a twin wire transmission line. The antenna is just 8mm wide and 1.27mm thick.
The mechanism of sulphur transfer between carbon-saturated iron and CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 slags

The area of the slag-metal interface is a rate-determining factor in the transfer of sulphur from iron to CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 slags in a carbon-saturated system. Concentration gradients are removed by convection rather than diffusion. The sulphur crosses the interface in chemical combination with iron which is later reduced to pellets, accompanied by evolution of CO gas and formation of a stable calcium-sulphur compound in the slag.
Simulated Patient (SP) methodology for communication training in any discipline

Introduction: The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Standardized Patient (SP) Program has assisted with communication skills training in medical and other health science departments since 2002. We will explore how the realism of training interpersonal communication skills with Simulated/Standardized Patient (SP) “role play” can enhance the quality and versatility of any communication-based evaluation or training in health and a variety of other environments. Description: Since the early 1960s, collaborations with the dramatic arts have been leveraged in “educational acting” within medical schools around the world. Formal programs that employ SPs to teach and test interpersonal skills using educational “role play” techniques are now common. An SP is defined as “a person trained to consistently portray a patient or other individual in a scripted scenario for the purposes of instruction, practice, or evaluation”. SP methodology is a powerful tool to utilize when training objectives relate to the understanding of individual perspectives, cultural, technical and professional behaviors. Program Results: Initially formed to support the School of Medicine, the desire for collaborative and interprofessional learning has expanded our program’s scope to include seven other health sciences within the University. As interpersonal communication skills have been shown to improve patient-centric care and customer satisfaction, this training provides experiential practice and measurable outcomes of these foundational skills. Implications: As all disciplines move more towards improving the experience of the “consumer”, an increased concern with end user satisfaction is essential. The transferability of SP methodology is applicable across many fields, including Law, Business and Social Work among other programs. Continued collaboration has significant potential for training professionals in all disciplines.
Development of a Live Attenuated Vaccine Against Varicella

Varicella zoster (VZ) virus was first isolated in tissue culture by Weller (1953), about 30 years ago. As Krugman (1984) has pointed out, vaccines against polio, measles, and rubella became licensed at the most within 16 years after it was possible to propagate the respective agents in the laboratory. The hepatitis B virus vaccine was developed even before that agent could be propagated. It might therefore seem surprising that there is, after 30 years, no vaccine licensed for prevention of disease caused by VZ virus. Fortunately, however, despite this long lag period a vaccine has been developed and it is being tested. This vaccine will probably become commercially available within the next few years.
Thermal Analysis of Acrylamide-Based Polymers

Examination of the literature regarding the determination of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polyacrylamide (PAM) reveals several complications. One complication is that PAM is reported to strongly bind about 2–9% water in spite of intensive drying1. If this water is not removed, it might be expected to act like a plasticizer and lower the Tg of the polymer. Another complication is that removal of this’ water requires extensive drying. The use of elevated temperatures for this purpose2–9 may lead to polymer degradation problems including imidization1 and crosslinking5. Alternatively, use of low temperture drying conditions4–6 leads to uncertainties regarding the amount of strongly bound water which may remain in the polymer. A final complication is that the Tg of PAM has been reported to be in the range of 153–188°C4,7–9, well above the temperatures at which polymer decomposition and crosslinking have been indicated to occur.
ENCOURAGING OLDER ADULTS TO PROTECT THEIR MOBILITY: CDC’S MOBILITY PLANNING TOOL

With longer lives, older adults can expect an increased period of reduced mobility due to age-related changes. CDC developed the Mobility Planning Tool to encourage retirement-aged (defined as 60–74) adults to adopt behaviors to prepare for future mobility changes. This presentation will describe how the tool increased desired mobility-related behaviors. The tool was tested by surveying 377 retirement-aged adults with no mobility limitations about mobility-related behaviors. Following the initial survey, half of the participants (treatment group) received the tool; the other half (control group) received nothing. Two weeks later, both groups completed a follow-up survey. At follow up, the treatment group was significantly more likely to report having engaged in physical activity to increase strength (87% vs.72%), checked their home for fall hazards (90% vs. 61%), and gathered information about transportation alternatives (53% vs. 30%). Providing information on maintaining optimal mobility can increase mobility-related behaviors in retirement-aged adults.
MORTALITY OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION WHO LEAVE THE HOSPITAL AGAINST MEDICAL ADVICE

Patients with acute myocardial infarction(MI) who are admitted to a hospital and are discharged against medical advice (DAMA) may receive fewer cardiovascular interventional procedures with resultant higher mortality as compared to matched controls. The rate of procedures and all-cause mortality in
Correctional Officer Mental Health Training: Analysis of 52 U.S. Jurisdictions:

Research indicates correctional officer (CO) mental health training may be effective in facilitating the safety and security of both inmates and COs. We assessed Department of Corrections’ CO prese...
One-step replica-symmetry-breaking phase below the de Almeida-Thouless line in low-dimensional spin glasses

The de Almeida-Thouless (AT) line is the phase boundary in the temperature-magnetic field plane of an Ising spin glass at which a continuous (i.e., second-order) transition from a paramagnet to a replica-symmetry-breaking (RSB) phase occurs, according to mean-field theory. Here, using field-theoretic perturbative renormalization group methods on the Bray-Roberts reduced Landau-Ginzburg-type theory for a short-range Ising spin glass in space of dimension d, we show that at nonzero magnetic field the nature of the corresponding transition is modified as follows: (a) For d-6 small and positive, with increasing field on the AT line, first, the ordered phase just below the transition becomes the so-called one-step RSB, instead of the full RSB that occurs in mean-field theory; the transition on the AT line remains continuous with a diverging correlation length. Then at a higher field, a tricritical point separates the latter transition from a quasi-first-order one, that is one at which the correlation length does not diverge, and there is a jump in part of the order parameter, but no latent heat. The location of the tricritical point tends to zero as d→6^{+}. (b) For d≤6, we argue that the quasi-first-order transition could persist down to arbitrarily small nonzero fields, with a transition to full RSB still expected at lower temperature. Whenever the quasi-first-order transition occurs, it is at a higher temperature than the AT transition would be for the same field, preempting it as the temperature is lowered. These results may explain the reported absence of a diverging correlation length in the presence of a magnetic field in low-dimensional spin glasses in some simulations and in high-temperature series expansions. We also draw attention to the similarity of the "dynamically frozen" state, which occurs at temperatures just above the quasi-first-order transition, and the "metastate-average state" of the one-step RSB phase, and discuss the issue of the number of pure states in either.
Plasma Ceramide Species Are Associated with Diabetes Risk in Participants of the Strong Heart Study

Background Few studies have assessed the associations of ceramides and sphingomyelins (SMs) with diabetes in humans. Objective We assessed associations of 15 circulating ceramides and SM species with incident diabetes in 2 studies. Methods The analysis included 435 American-Indian participants from the Strong Heart Study (nested case-control design for analyses; mean age: 57 y; 34% male; median time until diabetes 4.3 y for cases) and 1902 participants from the Strong Heart Family Study (prospective design for analyses; mean age: 37 y; 39% male; median 12.5 y of follow-up). Sphingolipid species were measured using stored plasma samples by sequential LC and MS. Using logistic regression and parametric survival models within studies, and an inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis across studies, we examined associations of 15 ceramides and SM species with incident diabetes. Results There were 446 cases of incident diabetes across the studies. Higher circulating concentrations of ceramides containing stearic acid (Cer-18), arachidic acid (Cer-20), and behenic acid (Cer-22) were each associated with a higher risk of diabetes. The RRs for incident diabetes per 1 SD of each log ceramide species (μM) were 1.22 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.37) for Cer-18, 1.18 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.31) for Cer-20, and 1.20 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.32) for Cer-22. Although the magnitude of the risk estimates for the association of ceramides containing lignoceric acid (Cer-24) with diabetes was similar to those for Cer-18, Cer-20, and Cer-22 (RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.26), the association was not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing (P = 0.007). Ceramides carrying palmitic acid (Cer-16), SMs, glucosyl-ceramides, or a lactosyl-ceramide were not associated with diabetes risk. Conclusions Higher concentrations of circulating Cer-18, Cer-20, and Cer-22 were associated with a higher risk of developing diabetes in 2 studies of American-Indian adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005134.
Sound Event Detection Using Point-Labeled Data

Sound Event Detection (SED) in audio scenes is the task that has been studied by an increasing number of researchers. Recent SED systems often use deep learning models. Building these systems typically require a large amount of carefully annotated, strongly labeled data, where the exact time-span of a sound event (e.g. the ‘dog bark’ starts at 1.2 seconds and ends at 2.0 seconds) in an audio scene (a recording of a city park) is indicated. However, manual labeling of sound events with their time boundaries within a recording is very time-consuming. One way to solve the issue is to collect data with weak labels that only contain the names of sound classes present in the audio file, without time boundary information for events in the file. Therefore, weakly-labeled sound event detection has become popular recently. However, there is still a large performance gap between models built on weakly labeled data and ones built on strongly labeled data, especially for predicting time boundaries of sound events. In this work, we introduce a new type of sound event label, which is easier for people to provide than strong labels. We call them ‘point labels’. To create a point label, a user simply listens to the recording and hits the space bar if they hear a sound event (’dog bark’). This is much easier to do than specifying exact time boundaries. In this work, we illustrate methods to train a SED model on point-labeled data. Our results show that a model trained on point labeled audio data significantly outperforms weak models and is comparable to a model trained on strongly labeled data.
Effects study on the thermal stresses in a LEU metal foil annular target.

Abstract The effects of fission gas pressure, uranium swelling and thermal contact conductance on the thermal–mechanical behavior of an annular target containing a low-enriched uranium foil (LEU) encapsulated in a nickel foil have been presented in this paper. The draw-plug assembly method is simulated to obtain the residual stresses, which are applied to the irradiation model as initial inputs, and the integrated assembly-irradiation process is simulated as an axisymmetric problem using the commercial finite element code Abaqus FEA. Parametric studies were performed on the LEU heat generation rate and the results indicate satisfactory irradiation performance of the annular target. The temperature and stress margins have been provided along with a discussion of the results.
Exploring the Gendered Nature of Digital Social Networks

This chapter examines entrepreneurs’ engagement with online social network sites (SNS) and the (positive and/or negative) roles they play relative to their networking. More specifically, given the widespread claims that the disembodiment of actors online creates a neutral meritocracy of opportunity, we explore how gender relates to entrepreneurs’ use of and experiences with social media networking sites. By drawing on role congruity theory, the chapter considers whether proven offline differences in the (dis)advantages women and men entrepreneurs experience also carry over to the online entrepreneurial environment as well as whether they are likely to relate to the manner in which men and women entrepreneurs cultivate and/or engage with online network ties. Social media features and affordances are reviewed and proposals are developed related to how gender role norms might relate to an entrepreneurs SNS network. Specific social media features and affordances examined include SNS profiles, broadcasting communication behaviors, and social grooming. Additionally, the possibly more nefarious sides of SNS are considered. Specifically, the effects of context collapse and gendertrolling are examined relative to how their effects might impact women entrepreneurs as they work to cultivate and/or engage current or potential network partners through SNS.
Assessing the Relationship between Gestational Glycemic Control and Risk of Preterm Birth in Women with Type 1 Diabetes: A Joint Modeling Approach.

Background. Characterizing maternal glucose sampling over the course of the entire pregnancy is an important step toward improvement in prediction of adverse birth outcome, such as preterm birth, for women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Objectives. To characterize the relationship between the gestational glycemic profile and risk of preterm birth using a joint modeling approach. Methods. A joint model was developed to simultaneously characterize the relationship between a longitudinal outcome (daily blood glucose sampling) and an event process (preterm birth). A linear mixed effects model using natural cubic splines was fitted to predict the longitudinal submodel. Covariates included mother’s age at last menstrual period, age at diabetes onset, body mass index, hypertension, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Various association structures (value, value plus slope, and area under the curve) were examined before selecting the final joint model. We compared the joint modeling approach to the time-dependent Cox model (TDCM). Results. A total of 16,480 glucose readings over gestation (range: 50-260 days) with 32 women (28%) having preterm birth was included in the study. Mother’s age at last menstrual period and age at diabetes onset were statistically significant (beta = 1.29, 95% CI 1.10, 1.72; beta = 0.84, 95% CI 0.62, 0.98) for the longitudinal submodel, reflecting that older women tended to have higher mean blood glucose and those with later diabetes onset tended to have a lower mean blood glucose level. The presence of nephropathy was statistically significant in the event submodel (beta = 2.29, 95% CI 1.05, 4.48). Cumulative association parameterization provided the best joint model fit. The joint model provided better fit compared to the time-dependent Cox model ( ; ). Conclusion. The joint model approach was able to simultaneously characterize the glycemic profile and assess the risk of preterm birth and provided additional insights and a better model fit compared to the time-dependent Cox model.
Abnormal Endothelial Gene Expression Associated With Early Coronary Atherosclerosis

Background We examined feasibility of a unique approach towards gaining insight into heritable risk for early atherosclerosis: surveying gene expression by endothelial cells from living subjects. M...
Feeding Styles and Child Eating Behaviors: A Multi-Method Approach

During the early twentieth century, research on child eating targeted the type of food children ingested and the adequacy/deficiency of nutrients in their diets. Simultaneously, psychologists were studying how parents socialize their children into becoming adults. Subsequently, a multidisciplinary field emerged regarding the development of child eating behaviors grounded in the idea that parents play an important role in socializing children’s eating. Early studies showed that patterns of general parenting were associated with child eating and obesity risk. However, subsequent studies focusing on feeding children provided a more proximal target for studying eating behaviors in the family context. Consequently, the construct of feeding styles emerged in the literature. Numerous studies over the past two decades have shown that feeding styles are differentially associated with child outcomes, with the most consistent relationships found between the indulgent feeding style, problematic child eating, and higher weight status. Interest in feeding styles led to the question of the stability of feeding styles over situations and time. Whether parents exhibit the same feeding behaviors across meals and situations or whether feeding varies over time is an important question for prevention research. This chapter covers the stability of common self-reported and observed feeding in studies among families with low-income levels. Additionally, the direction of effects—whether child weight predicts parental feeding or if parental feeding predicts later child weight—is also presented. Intervention programs may choose to target parental feeding behaviors at young ages to prevent the development of childhood obesity.
High Resolution, Deep Imaging Using Confocal Time-of-Flight Diffuse Optical Tomography

Light scattering by tissue severely limits how deep beneath the surface one can image, and the spatial resolution one can obtain from these images. Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is one of the most powerful techniques for imaging deep within tissue – well beyond the conventional $\sim$ ∼ 10-15 mean scattering lengths tolerated by ballistic imaging techniques such as confocal and two-photon microscopy. Unfortunately, existing DOT systems are limited, achieving only centimeter-scale resolution. Furthermore, they suffer from slow acquisition times and slow reconstruction speeds making real-time imaging infeasible. We show that time-of-flight diffuse optical tomography (ToF-DOT) and its confocal variant (CToF-DOT), by exploiting the photon travel time information, allow us to achieve millimeter spatial resolution in the highly scattered diffusion regime ( $> \!\!50$ > 50 mean free paths). In addition, we demonstrate two additional innovations: focusing on confocal measurements, and multiplexing the illumination sources allow us to significantly reduce the measurement acquisition time. Finally, we rely on a novel convolutional approximation that allows us to develop a fast reconstruction algorithm, achieving a 100× speedup in reconstruction time compared to traditional DOT reconstruction techniques. Together, we believe that these technical advances serve as the first step towards real-time, millimeter resolution, deep tissue imaging using DOT.
Conditional Cash Lotteries Increase COVID-19 Vaccination Rates

Conditional cash lotteries (CCLs) provide people with opportunities to win monetary prizes only if they make specific behavioral changes. We conduct a case study of Ohio's Vax-A-Million initiative, the first CCL targeting COVID-19 vaccinations. Forming a synthetic control from other states, we find that Ohio’s incentive scheme increases the vaccinated share of state population by 1.5 percent (0.7 pp), costing sixty-eight dollars per person persuaded to vaccinate. We show this causes significant reductions in COVID-19, preventing at least one infection for every six vaccinations that the lottery had successfully encouraged. These findings are promising for similar CCL public health initiatives.
Dynamics of three-body half collisions: Ultraviolet and visible photodissociation of s-tetrazine

Abstract Ultraviolet (266 nm) and visible (532 nm) photodissociation of collision-free s-tetrazine show asymmetric dynamics with production of one translationally cool and one translationally hot HCN molecule. Furthermore, visible and ultraviolet dynamics are nearly identical, arguing that two-photon excitation is necessary for photodissociation in the visible.
SATISFACTION PRINCIPLE IN MODELING BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS: Do biological systems optimize or satisfy?

Satisfaction principle is introduced as a basis for explanation of the homeostatic behavior of biological organisms in changing environment. The principle is applied to explain the response of the eye‐tracking system which could not have been explained either by classical feedback approach or by using the optimization principle.
SENT data transmission with low EMC emissions

A new digital communication point-to-point protocol, called SENT is briefly described. The main focus of this article is the analysis of SENT EMC emissions and their minimization. The theoretical limitations when using a conventional approach for emission suppression with slope shaping are described. Finally a new approach with better EMC performance is described and its performance is presented.
Hilfsmittel bei Stuhlinkontinenz

Die Haufigkeit von Stuhlinkontinenz liegt bei Bewohnern von Pflegeheimen bei 47 Prozent und nimmt mit steigendem Alter zu. 15,4 Prozent aller Menschen uber 50 Jahre leiden unter Stuhlinkontinenz. (vgl. Ass. Prof. Dr. Conrad Friedrich Institut fur Biostatik und Dokumentation an der Med. Univ. Innsbruck, Nov. 2003)
Temporal characterization of the 19-MV, 700-kA HERMES III electron beam

The shot-to-shot variation of the HERMES III Accelerator parameters at the electron-beam diode, the time dependence of the electron flow in the diode, and the time dependence of the subsequent radiation produced from the bremsstrahlung target are measured and compared with model results. The measurements are made with current shunts, H{minus} range filters, a calorimeter, a fast-framing {gamma}-ray camera, and Compton diodes. The measurements show that the peak voltage and energy delivered to the target are 19 {plus minus}0.2 ({plus minus}2) MV and 327{plus minus}6 ({plus minus}60) kJ, respectively; the electron beam converges to a radius of 14.0{plus minus}0.3 cm near peak power; and the FWHM of the radiation pulse varies from 14.5{plus minus}0.9 ns at the radiation focus to 23.6{plus minus}0.9 ns in the far field. (The errors not in parentheses correspond to the RMS shot-to-shot variation. Those in parentheses correspond to the estimated systematic uncertainty.) The measurements agree with the calculated shot-variability and the dynamics of the electron flow, and suggest that the model can be used to predict the response from similar multi-stage, coaxial, high-power accelerators. With over 1000 shots accumulated between the commissioning of HERMES III and the present set of measurements, no degradation of outputmore » has been observed. 5 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.« less
Einstein-Schrodinger theory using Newman-Penrose tetrad formalism

The Einstein-Schrodinger theory is modified to include a large cosmological constant caused by zero-point fluctuations. This ``extrinsic'' cosmological constant which multiplies the symmetric metric is assumed to be nearly cancelled by Schrodinger's ``bare'' cosmological constant which multiplies the nonsymmetric fundamental tensor, such that the total cosmological constant is consistent with measurement. This modified Einstein-Schrodinger theory is expressed in Newman-Penrose form, and tetrad methods are used to confirm that it closely approximates ordinary general relativity and electromagnetism. A solution for the connections in terms of the fundamental tensor is derived in the tetrad frame. The tetrad form of an exact electric monopole solution is shown to approximate the Reissner-Nordstrom solution and to be of Petrov type-D.
Not Enough Hours in the Day: Work Hour Insecurity and a New Approach to Wage and Hour Regulation

When it was passed, the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act sought to address the “evils” of underpay and overwork by establishing a minimum wage and requiring premium overtime pay. However, today’s low-wage, hourly workers more often face underwork than overwork. In this paper, we examine the scope of the problem of work hour insecurity, particularly employers’ practice of sending workers home early from scheduled shifts. We assess tools for addressing the resulting income and scheduling instability, principally state “reporting pay” laws. We evaluate the laws’ capacity to promote work hour security, and consider paths for strengthening such protections in law.
Orphan chemoattractant receptor GPR15 mediates dendritic epidermal T-cell recruitment to the skin

Homing of murine dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) from the thymus to the skin is regulated by specific trafficking receptors during late embryogenesis. Once in the epidermis, Vγ3δ1 TCR DETCs are maintained through self-renewal and participate in wound healing. GPR15 is an orphan G protein-linked chemoattractant receptor involved in the recruitment of regulatory T cells to the colon. Here we show that GPR15 is highly expressed on fetal thymic DETC precursors and on recently recruited DETCs, and mediates the earliest seeding of the epidermis, which occurs at the time of establishment of skin barrier function. DETCs in GPR15(-/-) mice remain low at birth, but later participation of CCR10 and CCR4 in DETC homing allows DETCs to reach near normal levels in adult skin. Our findings establish a role for GPR15 in skin lymphocyte homing and suggest that it may contribute to lymphocyte subset targeting to diverse epithelial sites.
Plasmid ecology of marine sediment microbial communities

It is well documented that bacteria can readily exchange genetic information under artificial conditions typically used in most laboratory studies as well as to some extent in nature. The three mechanisms by which such genetic exchange can occur are transformation, transduction and conjugation. Transformation is the uptake of free DNA into a cell from the surrounding environment, while bacterial viruses mediate the exchange of genetic material during transduction and conjugation involves the direct transfer of DNA during cell-to-cell contact. In most cases, plasmids mediate the transfer of DNA during conjugation events, although chromosomal transfer can also occur. This review will focus mainly on plasmids and the role of conjugation in marine sediment microbial communities. Plasmids, although often dispensible, provide a unique plasticity to an individual host cell or to an entire microbial community ‘genome’. Specifically, plasmid-encoded traits mobilized throughout microbial communities can provide a means of rapid adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Examples of such adaptation can be seen in the increased frequencies of catabolic plasmids and antibiotic and heavy metal resistance plasmids within microbial populations upon exposure to selective pressures. Presently, the view of plasmid diversity and horizontal transfer dynamics is predominantly based on broad- and narrow-host-range plasmids isolated from bacteria of clinical and animal origins. While the exchange of plasmids is most likely an important mechanism by which bacterial populations in clinical environments can evolve and adapt, there remains a general lack of information regarding the role of plasmid-mediated transfer in marine ecosystems and how indigenous plasmids impact the microbial community structure and function. The combined application of molecular biology and microbial ecology techniques is providing new approaches to address the ecological role of plasmids in marine environments.
“Living Cadavers” in Bangladesh: Bioviolence in the Human Organ Bazaar

The technology-driven demand for the extraction of human organs--mainly kidneys, but also liver lobes and single corneas--has created an illegal market in body parts. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, in this article I examine the body bazaar in Bangladesh: in particular, the process of selling organs and the experiences of 33 kidney sellers who are victims of this trade. The sellers' narratives reveal how wealthy buyers (both recipients and brokers) tricked Bangladeshi poor into selling their kidneys; in the end, these sellers were brutally deceived and their suffering was extreme. I therefore argue that the current practice of organ commodification is both exploitative and unethical, as organs are removed from the bodies of the poor by inflicting a novel form of bioviolence against them. This bioviolence is deliberately silenced by vested interest groups for their personal gain.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN FRESH AND IN CANNED ONIONS

The content of 15 essential elements was determined in fresh and canned onions by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The elemental content of fresh onions was compared with that of canned onions. All data were analyzed statistically. There were significantly higher amounts of chloride, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, sodium, and tin in all the canned onions than in the fresh onions; higher amounts of magnesium, phosphorus and potassium in the fresh onions than in the canned onions, and no significant differences in manganese and zinc between the fresh and the canned samples. The addition of calcium chloride to seven canned samples produced a significantly higher content of calcium in the processed samples while there was no significant difference in the calcium content of fresh and processed onions in the nine samples that did not have calcium chloride added during processing. Fresh and canned onions supply small percentages of the essential elements included in the research for which RDA's have been established or estimated. Element retention in the canned onions was at least 65% and in several instances over 100%.
Avoiding Locks and Atomic Instructions in Shared-Memory Parallel BFS Using Optimistic Parallelization

Dynamic load-balancing in parallel algorithms typically requires locks and/or atomic instructions for correctness. We have shown that sometimes an optimistic parallelization approach can be used to avoid the use of locks and atomic instructions during dynamic load balancing. In this approach one allows potentially conflicting operations to run in parallel with the hope that everything will run without conflicts, and if any occasional inconsistencies arise due to conflicts, one will be able to handle them without hampering the overall correctness of the program. We have used this approach to implement two new types of high-performance lock free parallel BFS algorithms and their variants based on centralized job queues and distributed randomized work-stealing, respectively. These algorithms are implemented using Intel cilk++, and shown to be scalable and faster than two state-of-the-art multicore parallel BFS algorithms by Leiserson and Schardl (SPAA, 2010) and Hong et al. (PACT, 2011), where the algorithm described in the fast paper is also free of locks and atomic instructions but does not use optimistic parallelization. Our implementations can also handle scale-free graphs very efficiently which frequently arise in real-world scenarios such as the World Wide Web, social-networks, biological interaction networks, etc.
Characterization of third-body media particles and their effect on in vitro composite wear

Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare four medium particles currently used for in vitro composite wear testing (glass and PMMA beads and millet and poppy seeds).
Clinical manifestations and survival among adults with (SLE) according to age at diagnosis

ObjectivesThe objective of this paper is to determine the effect of clinical and laboratory manifestations, and medication prescribing, on survival according to patient age at diagnosis in a large ...
Generalization of resonant switches and quasi-resonant DC-DC converters

The concept of resonant switch topology is defined and is used to develop a procedure to classify known quasi-resonant converters or to synthesize new ones. Two new resonant switch topologies and the corresponding classes of converters are identified by the synthesis procedure. The steady-state performance of one converter is analyzed and verified.