cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rule enforcement in a public setting: The case of basketball officiating

This participant observation study examines some of the definitional and dramaturgical work performed by basketball officials attempting to enforce formal rules in the presence of audiences (e.g., spectators, coaches, players and fellow officials). Our analysis begins with the discovery that officiating requires participation in both a real world of physical events and objects, and a social world of subjective identifications. Second, we explore the contexts of legitimation by which decisions are justified. Third, we identify dramaturgical strategies used by officials to enhance legitimacy in the face of problematic decisions. Finally, we consider the assumptions officials make about the character of their work. The paper concludes with a discussion of indexical and interpretive features of organizational and bureaucratic use of formal rules, including the case of basketball officiating.
Forecasting simulations of indoor environment using data assimilation via an Ensemble Kalman Filter

Abstract Data assimilation is widely used in weather forecasting and other complex forecasting problems such as hydrology, meteorology, and fire dynamics. Among various data assimilation methods, the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) is one of the best solutions to large-scale nonlinear problems while the computational cost is relatively less intense than other forecasting methods. In this paper, a new application of EnKF to forecast indoor contaminant concentrations is presented. The first part of the paper introduces the fundamental theories of data assimilation. The second part is a case study of forecasting the concentrations of a tracer gas in a multi-zone manufactured house by using a mass balance model with an EnKF. The benefits of EnKF and several important parameters for EnKF were discussed including numbers of ensemble members and observations, time step of observations, and forecasting lead time. The EnKF method presented is one of the first studies applied to the indoor environment field. It was shown that by using EnKF, the predictability of the simple indoor air model for the multi-zone space was improved significantly.
Transport coefficients of a fermi liquid on the paramagnon model

Abstract Expression for the limiting low-temperature transport properties of a fermi liquid are calculated on the paramagnon model using the exact RPA spectral function for spin-fluctuations. These are applied to liquid 3 He.
Three-month-old infant with diarrhea, fever, and rash

DR: DAVIS: Our case today concerns a 3-month-old male infant from east Texas who was admitted in September ]987 to a local hospital, with fever, rash, and watery brown stools four or five times a day. The diarrhea had begun 3 weeks previously, and had lessened but resumed 3 days before admission; the rash had been present on the trunk and abdomen 1 day before admission; the infant had no vomiting, jaundice, or evidence of dehydration. A tick had been found on the baby's ear 4 days previously; the family owned a dog that was always kept outside. On initial examination in the physician's office, the baby appeared active and well nourished; a maculopapular rash covered his body and blanched on pressure. Temperature was 39.29 C, pulse rate 180 beats/min, respirations 44/min ~ blood pressure 90/54 mm Hg, an d weight 6 kg. The baby was admitted to a local hospital, where urinalysis results and cerebrospinal fluid were normal; a chest roentgenogram was also normal. Laboratory data included a leukocyte count of 27,900//4, with 37% banded neutrophils 'and vacuolization of neutrophils, platelet count 502,000/j~1, and hemoglobin level 11.2 gm/dl. The clinical impression was enteroviral infection, with meningococcemia Or possible Rocky Mountain spotted fever to be ruled out. Treatment was begun with ceftriaxone, 50 mg/kg given intravenously, and gentamicin, 2.5 mg/kg given intramuscularly every 12 hours. The baby had diminished fever and fed orally without difficulty, but he continued to have 8 to 10 "greenish mucoid stools" daily. The rash was evanescent. Bacterial cultures of blood, urine, and spinal fluid showed no growth after 48 hours. A local consultant in infectious diseases favored the diagnosis of enteroviral
Donor assessment scores: relevance and complete irrelevance.

Key Points 1. Donor assessment scores can be used to prognosticate recipient outcomes but are often not clinically relevant. 2. The donor risk index, the survival outcomes following liver transplantation score, and the Donor Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score have specific advantages and disadvantages with respect to accuracy and ease of use. 3. The significance of the donor assessment is undermined by an allocation system that sometimes limits ideal donor-recipient matching and whose sole objective is the minimization of wait-list mortality instead of the benefit of transplantation. Liver Transpl, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
Elastic stress-induced coercive field changes in Ni-Co-P films used in a rotating disk

The loss of recorded signal due to applied elastic stress on a NiCoP thin film recording material has been investigated by a new technique in which a uniform stress is applied by bending a sample in an applied demagnetizing field, and the change in total manetization of a uniformly magnetized sample is measured. The loss in magnetization is linear with the log of the number of bending cycles, for both convex and concave bending. Five cycles of bending under a stress of about 200 MPa reduces the coercive field of these films by several percent.
Experience and Inference in the Grounding of Theoretical and Practical Reasons: Replies to Professors Fumerton, Marras, and Sinnott–Armstrong

Professors Richard Fumerton, Ausonio Marras, and Walter Sinnott Armstrong have provided valuable and challenging examinations of The Architecture of Reason, and I am grateful for their work in producing these critiques and for the insight and ingenuity they exhibit in pursuing some of the difficult issues. In the space I have, I cannot do full justice to all the ques tions and problems they raise, but I will indicate along what lines the resources of the book provide for responses that may advance understanding of the topics in question. I will discuss the essays in the order that seems most natural given the overall picture of my account these replies are intended to sketch.
Debugging standard ML without reverse engineering

We have built a novel and efficient replay debugger for our Standard ML compiler. Debugging facilities are provided by instrumenting the user's source code; this approach, made feasible by ML's safety property, is machine-independent and back-end independent. Replay is practical because ML is normally used functionally, and our compiler uses continuation-passing style; thus most of the program's state can be checkpointed quickly and compactly using call-with-current-continuation. Together, instrumentation and replay support a simple and elegant debugger featuring full variable display, polymorphic type resolution, stack trace-back, breakpointing, and reverse execution, even though our compiler is very highly optimizing and has no run-time stack.
Electrodeposited 80Ni–20Fe (Permalloy) as a structural material for high aspect ratio microfabrication

Abstract This article summarizes results from a study directed toward evaluating electrodeposited 80Ni–20Fe as a structural material for the LIGA (German acronym for Lithographie, Galvanformung, Abformung, equivalent to lithography, electroplating and molding) process. Microstructure-property characteristics of pulsed plated and direct current (dc) plated samples were investigated. Little difference was observed in grain structure and crystallographic texture between each type of deposited sample, however, significant compositional modulation across each pulse in the pulse-plated samples was observed using energy dispersive X-ray spectral image analysis. Both types of electroformed samples were found to embrittle when subjected to heat treatments between 300 and 700 °C due to the presence of co-deposited sulfur. Electron microprobe and Auger analysis revealed that the observed embrittlement resulted from the migration of sulfur, entrained during the deposition process, to grain boundaries where it was present as both a uniformly dispersed grain boundary wetting agent as well as in coarse, blocky Ni/Fe sulfides. Conversely, samples heat treated at temperatures above 1000 °C were found to have recovered tensile ductility to values greater than the as-deposited samples.
Effect of Divalent Metal Cation on Actomyosin ATPase Kinetics

We have used transient time-resolved FRET (TR2FRET), intrinsic fluorescence and fluorescence of pyrene-labeled actin to characterize kinetics of actomyosin cycle with Mn.ATP and Co.ATP ligands. Manganese and cobalt are paramagnetic cations, suitable for high-resolution structural studies of ATP hydrolysis by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). We have shown recently that manganese cation unambiguously reports on the number of coordinated phosphates in the steady state, when myosin is trapped with ADP.AlF4 or AMPPNP. Then, the intimate details of ATP hydrolysis might be studied by transient pulsed EPR. But how relevant is the replacement of natural Mg.ATP with Mn.ATP or Co.ATP in myosin ATPase? The goal of the current study is to determine the effect of divalent 3d-cation on the actomyosin kinetics. We have used previously characterized D.discoideum myosin head construct. We have studied kinetics of the relay helix during the recovery stroke, using TR2FRET. We have monitored kinetics of acto-myosin interaction, using pyrene-labeled actin. We have complemented our study with the data on myosin intrinsic fluorescence, reflecting myosin conformational changes. In our report we compare the rates of ATP binding to actomyosin, ATP hydrolysis, actin binding to myosin in the presence of ADP, and ATP induced dissociation of actomyosin in the presence of ADP for Mn.ATP, Co.ATP, and Mg.ATP, used as a ligand. Supported by NIH AR59621 (YEN).
EXECUTIVE REWARD SYSTEMS: A CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISON*

This article examines executive compensation in the United States, France, and the Netherlands. A brief review of executive compensation literature is conducted to expose its implicit value systems. Next, a qualitative study examines the interpretive schemas that executives express about the pay-performance relationship; US-developed expectancy theory and agency theory serve as a benchmark. the results indicate that US executives understand compensation in different terms from those employed by their European counterparts.
A novel method for control of distributed storage devices in distribution: Ripple voltage injection with frequency droop

Ripple voltage injection has been used to control distributed loads to implement demand response. In this paper, we propose a novel technique to improve ripple control by utilizing frequency droop to control the power flow of distributed storage devices. Droop enables an arbitrary number of distributed devices to communicate bi-directionally to achieve power sharing. The response time of such a system is defined by the control and does not change as the number of storage devices increases. By controlling distributed storage through ripple control, communication systems on the grid are freed to perform other functions. The proposed control technique is explained and design and simulation are presented for the application of controlling electric vehicle chargers on a distribution feeder for frequency support.
The role of the scapula in the rehabilitation of shoulder injuries.

Objective: To present a clinical understanding of the role the scapula plays in the mechanics of shoulder function and specialized techniques for the rehabilitation of injuries around the shoulder girdle. Background: The scapular musculature is often neglected in the evaluation and treatment of shoulder injuries. This lack of attention often degenerates into the incomplete evaluation and rehabilitation of scapular dysfunction. Dysfunction or weakness of the scapular stabilizers often results in altered biomechanics of the shoulder girdle. The altered biomechanics can result in (1) abnormal stresses to the anterior capsular structures, (2) the increased possibility of rotator cuff compression, and (3) decreased performance. Description: We review the anatomy and role of the scapula, the pathomechanics of injury and dysfunction, and the evaluation and rehabilitation of the scapula. Clinical Advantage: Knowledge of how the scapular muscles influence function at the shoulder builds a strong foundation for the clinician to develop rehabilitation programs for the shoulder.
Cis-acting regulatory elements in the potato virus X 3' non-translated region differentially affect minus-strand and plus-strand RNA accumulation.

Abstract The 72 nt 3′ non-translated region (NTR) of potato virus X (PVX) RNA is identical in all sequenced PVX strains and contains sequences that are conserved among all potexviruses. Computer folding of the 3′ NTR sequence predicted three stem-loop structures (SL1, SL2, and SL3 in the 3′ to 5′ direction), which generally were supported by solution structure analyses. The importance of these sequence and/or structural elements to PVX RNA accumulation was further analyzed by inoculation of Nicotiana tabacum (NT-1) protoplasts with PVX transcripts containing mutations in the 3′ NTR. Analyses of RNA accumulation by S 1 nuclease protection indicated that multiple sequence elements throughout the 3′ NTR were important for minus-strand RNA accumulation. Formation of SL3 was required for accumulation of minus-strand RNA, whereas SL1 and SL2 formation were less important. However, sequences within all of these predicted structures were required for minus-strand RNA accumulation, including a conserved hexanucleotide sequence element in the loop of SL3, and the CU nucleotide in a U-rich sequence within SL2. In contrast, 13 nucleotides that were predicted to reside in SL1 could be deleted without any significant reduction in minus or plus-strand RNA levels. Potential polyadenylation signals (near upstream elements; NUEs) in the 3′ NTR of PVX RNA were more important for plus-strand RNA accumulation than for minus-strand RNA accumulation. In addition, one of these NUEs overlapped with other sequence required for optimal minus-strand RNA levels. These data indicate that the PVX 3′ NTR contains multiple, overlapping elements that influence accumulation of both minus and plus-strand RNA.
Local Fermi liquids: Where have all the instabilities gone?

Abstract We present the properties of Fermi liquids with the microscopic constraint of a local (i.e. momentum independent) self-energy. With this constraint, the forward-scattering sum rule imposes strong limitations on the Fermi-liquid parameters, which rule out any Pomeranchuk instabilities. For both attractive and repulsive interactions, ferromagnetism and phase separation are suppressed. Superconductivity is possible in an s-wave channel only. We also study the approach to the metal-insulator transition and find a Wilson ratio approaching the value 2. This ratio and other properties of Sri1−xLaxTiO3 are all consistent with the local Fermi-liquid scenario.
Estimating Alter-shielded gauge snowfall undercatch, snowpack sublimation, and blowing snow transport at six sites in the coterminous USA

Computing the monthly and winter water balance for cold regions can be difficult due to data scarcity. Historically, the spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and the number of variables measured have been limited. Currently, these data are once again becoming limited. To estimate the net snowpack accumulation, measured precipitation must be adjusted to consider precipitation underestimation due to gauge undercatch, the snow lost to sublimation, and blowing snow transport. Using existing formulations, hourly meteorological data were used to estimate snowpack sublimation and blowing snow transport losses for three winters at six National Weather Service (NWS) automated surface observation stations across the coterminous USA. Wind-induced undercatch was estimated from daily data for the collocated NWS Alter-shielded gauges. For the average wind speed sites (the average wind speed was from 2.4 to 4.3 m s -1 ), 70% of the snow that fell was caught, whereas at the low wind site (1.3 m s -1 ), 90% was caught and only 46% was caught at the high wind site (5.6 m s -1 ). Average snowpack sublimation ranged from 7 mm per month at either low wind or low precipitation sites to over 20 mm per month at average wind sites with either average precipitation and low humidity or high precipitation and moderate humidity. Blowing snow transport was only important at higher wind sites (>4 m s -1 ). A distinct relationship was not obvious for average monthly meteorology for undercatch versus snowpack sublimation plus blowing snow losses. Seasonally, they are approximately equal for more snowy and wet environments.
Dichlorofluorescein and Potassium Chromate as Indicators in the Argentometric Estimation of Salt in Butter

Potassium chromate has long been used as the indicator in the argentometric estimation of the sodium chloride content of solutions prepared in the analysis of butter according to the method of Kohman (4) as recommended by the Subcommittee on Butter Analysis of the American Dairy Science Association (1). Recently, Bryant (2) has suggested the substitution of the adsorption indicator, dichlorofluorescein, for potassium chromate as the titration indicator. Whereas potassium chromate solutions undergo a color change from yellow to orange-red and thence "brick-red," upon the addition of silver nitrate, salt solutions containing dichlorofluorescein undergo color transition from greenish-yellow fluorescent through whitish opalescent to pink. Under certain conditions the transition of the yellow to orange-red color in the chromate-silver nitrate reaction has not been considered sufficiently critical to permit sharp distinction of the colors. This lack of distinction may easily lead to utilization of an improper end point in the reaction, with accompanying error in the analysis, t tunziker specifically cautions, for example, against excess titration (3). Bryant has observed that the color change from white or whitish appearance to pink state is sudden, and, further, that the results obtained with the fluorescein dye are less (approximately 0.1 per cent salt equivalent) than when potassium chromate is used. The regults obtained using the two indicators, dichlorofluorescein and potassium chromate, when determining the salt content of solutions prepared in the routine analysis of butter received at the Department of Dairy Industry, and in experimental comparisons, are presented to indicate the differences which occur by use of the two methods.
Effect of presentation bias on selection of treatment option for failed endodontic therapy.

Objective The purpose of the study was to determine if treatment option presentation bias affects decision making by patients when they have failed endodontic therapy. Study design First-year dental students simulated the role of patients. All students were given the same scenario of a symptomatic tooth with failed endodontic therapy and asked to select from between 2 treatment options: nonsurgical endodontic retreatment or extraction and implant placement. One half of the students had characterizations of the treatment options biased toward nonsurgical retreatment, and the other half had characterizations of the treatment options biased toward extraction and implant selection. Statistical analysis was performed with chi-squared test. Results Biased presentations significantly influenced the treatment selection by the students (P = .0006). Conclusion If treatment options are presented in a biased manner to favor one option, the patient is more likely to select that treatment option.
Dynamics of electronic dephasing in the Fenna–Matthews–Olson complex

Electronic coherence has been shown to persist in the Fenna?Matthews?Olson (FMO) antenna complex from green sulfur bacteria at 77?K for at least 660?fs, several times longer than the typical lifetime of a coherence in a dynamic environment at this temperature. Such long-lived coherence was proposed to improve energy transfer efficiency in photosynthetic systems by allowing an excitation to follow a quantum random walk as it approaches the reaction centre. Here we present a model for bath-induced electronic transitions, demonstrating that the protein matrix protects coherences by globally correlating fluctuations in transition energies. We also quantify the dephasing rates for two particular electronic coherences in the FMO complex at 77?K using two-dimensional Fourier transform electronic spectroscopy and find that the lifetimes of individual coherences are distinct. Within the framework of noise-assisted transport, this result suggests that the FMO complex has been locally tuned by natural selection to optimize transfer efficiency by exploiting quantum coherence.
Formalin produces depolarizations in human airway smooth muscle in vitro.

Respiratory irritants may result in airway smooth muscle (ASM) depolarization and bronchoconstriction. We examined the effect of formalin on membrane potentials in human ASM in two types of in vitro preparations: strip preparations, which contain functional sensory and motor nerve endings and cultured cells, which lack these nerve endings due to the tissue dissociation process. Depolarizations occurred in atropine-treated strip preparations in response to formalin exposures, but not in similarly-treated cultured cells, suggesting a role for non-cholinergic mediators in formalin-induced depolarization. It is suggested that formalin may act as an irritant to produce bronchoconstriction that is mediated by the release of endogenous substance P (SP) from peripheral sensory nerve endings. This is supported by our observation that exogenous SP produced depolarizations of a magnitude similar to those produced by formalin in both strip preparations and cultured cells. In addition, capsaicin, which releases endogenous SP from nerve endings, produced depolarizations of a magnitude similar to formalin in strip preparations, but was without effect in cultured cells. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2006; 22: 59-63.
Transient release of calcium from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-specific stores regulates mouse preimplantation development

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate can regulate growth and differentiation by modulating the release of intracellular Ca2+ in a variety of cellular systems, and it is involved in oocyte activation. Recent studies suggest that mammalian preimplantation development may also be regulated by the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The rate of cavitation and cell division was accelerated after a transient elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels was induced in morulae by exposure to ethanol or ionomycin. Embryos exposed to BAPTA-AM, a chelator of intracellular Ca2+, exhibited a brief dose-dependent reduction in basal Ca2+ levels, a temporal inhibition of ionophore-induced Ca2+ signalling and a subsequent delay in blastocoel formation. BAPTA-AM at 0.5 microM did not significantly alter the basal intracellular calcium level, but chelated Ca2+ that was released after ethanol exposure and thereby attenuated the ethanol-induced acceleration of cavitation. BAPTA-AM also inhibited cell division to the 16-cell stage in a dose-dependent manner, which correlated with the inhibition of cavitation. Thimerosal and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate significantly elevated the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in mouse morula-stage embryos, providing evidence for the existence of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive Ca2+ stores. Although caffeine failed to release intracellular Ca2+, ryanodine induced a small biphasic release of Ca2+, suggesting that ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ stores may also exist in mouse embryos. Morulae exposed to the calmodulin inhibitor W-7 exhibited a dose-dependent delay in blastocoel formation. A 4 hour exposure to 10 microM W-7 did not significantly alter cavitation, but attenuated the ionophore-induced stimulation of blastocoel formation. This finding suggests that the developmental effects produced through Ca2+ signalling are mediated by calmodulin. Our results demonstrate that Ca2+ release in mouse morulae occurs predominantly through the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, and that alteration of intracellular Ca2+ levels can accelerate or delay embryonic growth and differentiation, providing a mechanistic link between the regulation of oocyte and embryonic development.
A clinical method for the detection and quantification of quick respiratory hyperkinesia.

Purpose Quick respiratory hyperkinesia can be difficult to detect with the naked eye. A clinical method is described for the detection and quantification of quick respiratory hyperkinesia. Method F...
Regulation of endothelial BK channels by heme oxygenase-derived carbon monoxide and caveolin-1.

A novel vasodilatory influence of endothelial cell (EC) large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels is present after in vivo exposure to chronic hypoxia (CH) and may exist in other pathological states. However, the mechanism of channel activation that results in altered vasoreactivity is unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that inhibition of either BK channels or heme oxygenase (HO) restores vasoconstrictor reactivity after CH. Additionally, administration of the scaffolding domain of caveolin (Cav)-1 inhibits EC BK activity and restores vasoconstrictor reactivity in this setting. These results led us to hypothesize that CH exposure results in a loss in Cav-1 inhibition of EC BK channels, resulting in their activation by HO-derived carbon monoxide (CO). Experiments were conducted on freshly dispersed aortic ECs from control and CH-exposed (barometric pressure: 380 mmHg for 48 h) rats. In electrophysiology experiments, outward currents were greater in cells from CH rats as well as from cells from control rats treated with the cholesterol-depleting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin. These enhanced currents were returned to control by HO inhibition. Channel activity could be restored by the CO donor CO-releasing molecule (CORM)-2 during HO inhibition. Administration of the Cav-1 scaffolding domain eliminated BK currents in cells from CH rats, and current was not restored by the addition of CORM-2. Colocalization experiments in ECs from control and CH rats demonstrated an association between HO-2, Cav-1, and BK. We conclude that EC BK channel activity is HO dependent in the absence of the inhibitory effect of the Cav-1 scaffolding domain.
Hardcopy to online publication-it can be done

The actual process of converting a monthly technical journal from a printed hardcopy publication to an online information source is analyzed. In publishing the hardcopy version, there were problems of high printing costs and late distribution. It was also found that readers were keeping stacks of back issues for reference. The online information source is easy to access, contains current information and a history of all information published during the two previous years, provides updated information between publication dates, and gives the users the opportunity to print a hardcopy at their own location. The task of selling an online publication to the users is also discussed. By concentrating on the needs of the users and working within the constraints of the local environment, it was found that publishing technical information online can benefit both the information users and the information providers. It is concluded that online publication is a positive step toward achieving the paperless office. >
Identifying the minimum clinically significant difference in acute pain in the elderly.

Study objective To identify the minimum clinically significant difference in pain in elderly emergency department (ED) patients. Methods This was an observational, prospective study of a convenience sample of patients aged 65 years or older with acute pain. Patients rated their pain on an 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS) on entering the study and every 30 minutes for 2 hours. The arithmetic minimum clinically significant difference was defined as the mean difference between current and preceding NRS scores when the subject described his or her pain as "a little less pain" or "a little more pain." The proportional minimum clinically significant difference was change in NRS in a 30-minute interval divided by the NRS at the beginning of the interval. We used generalized estimating equations to adjust for nonindependence of pain scores and to test trend over time. Results One hundred ninety-five patients were enrolled (mean age 74 years; 73% women; 51% Hispanic; 33% black). The arithmetic minimum clinically significant difference averaged over all periods was 1.5 (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 1.6), the proportional minimum clinically significant difference was 25% (95% confidence interval 20% to 29%). The arithmetic minimum clinically significant difference unexpectedly decreased over time: 2.1 from baseline to 30 minutes, 1.4 from 30 to 60 minutes, 1.3 from 60 to 90 minutes, and 1.0 from 90 to 120 minutes (P Conclusion The arithmetic minimum clinically significant difference in older ED patients was 1.5 NRS units and decreased over time, whereas the proportional change was 25% and more stable.
DOPA decarboxylase gene is associated with nicotine dependence

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is a prevalent and harmful behavior. Although the heritability of nicotine dependence (ND) is well documented and many candidate genetic regions have been identified, few of them were confirmed. This may be, in part, due to analytic methods that sacrifice power. Methods: Using a recently developed, more powerful method for testing association between a genetic marker and an ordinal trait, we analyzed data from 1879 smokers and nonsmokers from 600 nuclear families of African– or European–American (AA or EA) ancestry. This method increases power principally by accounting for differences in severity between affected subjects. Results: To demonstrate the more powerful method, we re-analyzed an existing dataset, which confirmed the association of the DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) gene on chromosome 7p11 with measures of nicotine dependence. Although none of the eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) studied were found to be significantly associated with nicotine dependence (una...
Challenges and opportunities of a revived regional engagement

In response to the commentaries on the paper on geographic engagement with grand regional narratives (Murphy, 2013), the author makes four basic points. The audiences for grand regional narratives should not be seen solely as policy elites; by extension, a variety of types of geographic scholarship can contribute to shaping large-scale regional narratives. Second, grand regional narratives necessarily have theoretical underpinnings, and there is no necessary opposition between them and microlevel studies. Third, geographically informed grand regional narratives can be produced that do not fall into essentialist traps, and they have much to contribute to public debate. Finally, there are significant constraints on efforts to shape grand regional narratives, but some effort to challenge those constraints is possible and important.
Coupling of a measuring eyepiece to a voltage divider to allow the continuous display of measured microscopic dimensions.

Abstract A Cooke-AEI Image-Splitting Measuring Eyepiece has been coupled to a voltage divider. The coupling is without backlash and thus produces a linear ratio between the micrometer rotation (the dimension measured) and the output voltage. This ocular assembly is being used to record the dimensions of contractile vacuoles in moving protozoa.
“OFF—BEAT” GEOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

(1958). “OFF—BEAT” GEOGRAPHIC REFERENCES. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 5-7.
Chirp control in the direct space-to-time pulse shaper

The dispersion properties of the direct space-to-time pulse shaper are investigated for the first time to our knowledge. We demonstrate that phase-front curvature of the input spatial profile leads to a chirp in the output temporal waveform, which one can compensate for by varying the separation between the pulse-shaping lens and slit. Furthermore, the output intensity profile remains invariant as the chirp is manipulated. These properties are fundamentally different than in the well-known Fourier-transform pulse shaper.
Nucleotide variation at the dopa decarboxylase ( Ddc ) gene in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster

We studied nucleotide sequence variation at the gene coding for dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) in seven populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Strength and pattern of linkage disequilibrium are somewhat distinct in the extensively sampled Spanish and Raleigh populations. In the Spanish population, a few sites are in strong positive association, whereas a large number of sites in the Raleigh population are associated nonrandomly but the association is not strong. Linkage disequilibrium analysis shows presence of two groups of haplotypes in the populations, each of which is fairly diverged, suggesting epistasis or inversion polymorphism. There is evidence of two forms of natural selection acting on Ddc. The McDonald-Kreitman test indicates a deficit of fixed amino acid differences between D. melanogaster and D. simulans, which may be due to negative selection. An excess of derived alleles at high frequency, significant according to the H-test, is consistent with the effect of hitchhiking. The hitchhiking may have been caused by directional selection downstream of the locus studied, as suggested by a gradual decrease of the polymorphism-to-divergence ratio. Altogether, the Ddc locus exhibits a complicated pattern of variation apparently due to several evolutionary forces. Such a complex pattern may be a result of an unusually high density of functionally important genes.
Midlatitude Wind Stress–Sea Surface Temperature Coupling in the Vicinity of Oceanic Fronts

The influences of strong gradients in sea surface temperature on near-surface cross-front winds are explored in a series of idealized numerical modeling experiments. The atmospheric model is the Naval Research Laboratory Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) model, which is fully coupled to the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) ocean model. A series of idealized, two-dimensional model calculations is carried out in which the wind blows from the warm-to-cold side or the cold-to-warm side of an initially prescribed ocean front. The evolution of the near-surface winds, boundary layer, and thermal structure is described, and the balances in the momentum equation are diagnosed. The changes in surface winds across the front are consistent with previous models and observations, showing a strong positive correlation with the sea surface temperature and boundary layer thickness. The coupling arises mainly as a result of changes in the flux Richardson number across the front, and the strength of the coupling coefficient grows quadratically with the strength of the cross-front geostrophic wind. The acceleration of the winds over warm water results primarily from the rapid change in turbulent mixing and the resulting unbalanced Coriolis force in the vicinity of the front. Much of the loss/gain of momentum perpendicular to the front in the upper and lower boundary layer results from acceleration/ deceleration of the flow parallel to the front via the Coriolis term. This mechanism is different from the previously suggested processes of downward mixing of momentum and adjustment to the horizontal pressure gradient, and is active for flows off the equator with sufficiently strong winds. Although the main focus of this work is on the midlatitude, strong wind regime, calculations at low latitudes and with weak winds show that the pressure gradient and turbulent mixing terms dominate the cross-front momentum budget, consistent with previous work.
Applicability of Repassivation Potential for Long-Term Prediction of Localized Corrosion of Alloy 825 and Type 316L Stainless Steel

Abstract Repassivation potential (Erp) was investigated for use as a parameter in the long-term prediction of pitting resistance of two Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys that are candidate materials for high-level nuclear waste containers. This potential was found to be independent of the extent of prior pit growth for alloy 825 (UNS N08825) and type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel (SS). Repassivation potential decreased by an increase in backward scan rate after pits were grown under potentiostatic conditions. This was related to the effect of potential on repassivation time. The corrosion potential (Ecorr) in simulated pit-crevice solutions increased with a decrease in pH and was independent of chloride (Cl−) concentration even to the point of depassivation. The depassivation pH (pHD) was independent of Cl− concentration and increased slightly with an increase in temperature. The relationship between repassivation potential and Ecorr in simulated pit solutions was discussed. It was hypothesized that the repassivatio...
Network Visualization of Human and Machine-Based Educational Standard Assignment

Rapid growth in the availability of digital libraries of K-12 curriculum, coupled with an increased emphasis on standard-based teaching has led to the development of automated standard assignment tools. To assess the performance of one of those tools and to gain insight into the differences between how human catalogers and automated tools conduct these standard assignments, we explore the use of network modeling and visualization techniques for comparing and contrasting the two. The results show significant differences between the human-based and machine-based network maps. Unlike the machine-based maps, the human-based assignment maps elegantly reflect the rationales and principles of the assignments; i.e., clusters of standards separate along lines of content and pedagogical principles. In addition, humans seem significantly more apt at assigning so-called ‘methodological’ standards.
Up-regulation of adhesion molecule expression in glomerular endothelial cells by anti-myeloperoxidase antibody

Background. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody directed against myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA) has been implicated in pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. It stimulates primed neutrophils to adhere to glomerular endothelial cells (GECs), thereby releasing reactive oxygen and other toxic substances and ultimately damaging the GECs. Though, a pathogenic role for MPO-ANCA is not fully understood, we hypothesized that MPO-ANCA modulates GEC functions by the increases in expression of adhesion molecules. Methods. A polyclonal rabbit anti-recombinant mouse MPO antibody (anti-rmMPO IgG) was evaluated in mouse GEC (mGEC) for its effect on adhesion molecule expression. The primary culture of mGEC was incubated with anti-rmMPO IgG or isotype control and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-1) was evaluated by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) analysis and ICAM-1 cell ELISA. Results. The real-time RT–PCR analysis showed that a treatment with 100mg/ml anti-rmMPO IgG increased the expression of mRNAs for ICAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin by approximately 12.5, 7.5 and 10.5-fold, respectively. ICAM-1 cell ELISA also substantiated increased expression of ICAM-1. This enhancement of ICAM-1 expression was mediated by the antigen specificity of anti-rmMPO IgG. In addition, there were several proteins in mGEC specifically immunoprecipitated with anti-rmMPO IgG. Conclusions. These results showed that anti-MPO antibody activates not only neutrophils, but also GEC, indicating that anti-rmMPO IgG-induced direct activation of GEC contributes to neutrophil adhesion to GEC, thereby increasing glomerular neutrophil infiltration in initiation and progression of pauci-immune glomerulonephritis.
Analysis of differentially-regulated genes within a regulatory network by GPS genome navigation

Motivation: A critical challenge of the post-genomic era is to understand how genes are differentially regulated even when they belong to a given network. Because the fundamental mechanism controlling gene expression operates at the level of transcription initiation, computational techniques have been developed that identify cis regulatory features and map such features into expression patterns to classify genes into distinct networks. However, these methods are not focused on distinguishing between differentially regulated genes within a given network. Here we describe an unsupervised machine learning method, termed GPS for gene promoter scan, that discriminates among co-regulated promoters by simultaneously considering both cis-acting regulatory features and gene expression. GPS is particularly useful for knowledge discovery in environments with reduced datasets and high levels of uncertainty. Results: Application of this method to the enteric bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica uncovered novel members, as well as regulatory interactions in the regulon controlled by the PhoP protein that were not discovered using previous approaches. The predictions made by GPS were experimentally validated to establish that the PhoP protein uses multiple mechanisms to control gene transcription, and is a central element in a highly connected network. Availability: The scripts and programs used in this work are accessible from the gps-tools.wustl.edu website. Data and predictions are available by request. Contact: groisman@borcim.wustl.edu Supplementary information: http://gps-tools.wustl.edu/BIOINF-2005-1246R1-Supplemental.pdf
Abstract 369: Greening Cardiology: Exploring the Sustainability Practices of Healthcare System Employees

Background: Despite taking initiatives to be sustainable, health care systems continue to underachieve their potential and produce exorbitant amounts of waste. We examined the personal sustainability practices of healthcare workers, contrasting their behavior at work with that at home, since the actions of people ultimately determine the effectiveness of sustainability campaigns. Methods: We gave 52 full-time employees of the University of Michigan Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories an anonymous online survey pertaining to sustainability practices at home and work. Paired t-tests were used to compare parallel questions about recycling and energy saving habits between work and home and the Wilcoxon Mann Whitney test was used to examine demographic trends. Results: Participant sustainability habits at home consistently scored lower means, indicating a higher degree of sustainability engagement, than at work_except for the recycling of bottles, containers, and paper products, which showed no significant difference, and the use of motion sensor power strips. Physicians were found to engage in energy saving habits at home significantly less than non-physician employees (mean score, 2.7 versus 2.1; p = .0014) but otherwise, no other demographic varied significantly. Conclusion: Healthcare employees have the personal mindset to be sustainable, but the workplace offers fewer opportunities to do so than their own homes. Healthcare systems may improve sustainability by better designing care processes to maximize recycling and minimize waste, and fostering the personal responsibility for sustainability that is found in the home environment by emulating the sustainability opportunities at home. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Where Theres Smoke, You May Be Fired: The Smoking Habits Of American Chief Executive Officers

This paper looks at the subject of CEO smoking behavior, as related to family social background, education, and occupational status. The article was developed from a data bank of 243 chief executive officers who responded to a comprehensive questionnaire about their personal habits and traits. Chief executives as a group contain far fewer smokers than the national average, and tend to discriminate against smokers. Career implications for aspiring junior executives are drawn.
Manipulating Mindfulness Benefits Creative Elaboration at High Levels of Neuroticism

Trait and state influences on creative performance have primarily focused on the trait of openness to experience and on states hypothesized to facilitate intrinsic task motivation. The present investigation (N = 81) sought to broaden our understanding of such influences. Neuroticism was hypothesized to predict lesser creative elaboration, whereas trait-level variations in mindfulness were hypothesized to predict greater creative elaboration. Both hypotheses were supported. In addition, the state of mindfulness was manipulated and hypothesized to result in higher levels of creative elaboration, particularly among neurotic individuals. An interaction of this type was found. Results are discussed in terms of a broadened perspective of creative performance, the distinction between creative elaboration and originality, and a model of the prefrontal cortex contrasting self-conscious versus task-oriented processing modes. Implications for understanding neuroticism are also discussed.
Use of A3 reports to focus design and construction conversations

This paper describes a project team's use of A3 reports to focus their conversations and direct their decision-making process throughout the design phase of a hospital project. A3s are named after the size of the paper they are presented on (approximately 11 x 17) and provide a concise description of options and tradeoffs associated with a given problem or decision. A3s are widely used at Toyota as conversation pieces and to document steps of the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle that supports their continuous improvement process. A3s combined with use of an integrated form of agreement (IFOA) promote the creation of shared understanding of various design options and associated design impacts, and thus support set-based design. This paper presents the development and use of an A3 report related to selection of a landscape architecture consultant. Research on this case study indicates A3 report detailing must advance in parallel to design development; otherwise, insufficient detail is available to facilitate `real time' decision making.
Effect of different fluids on rectified motion of Leidenfrost droplets on micro/sub-micron ratchets

Leidenfrost droplets, liquid droplets placed on a hot flat surface above the Leidenfrost temperature of the liquid, are an interesting model system to understand and achieve frictionless motion of droplets on a surface. Controlled unidirectional motion of otherwise random Leidenfrost droplets can be achieved by replacing the flat surface by a surface with topological ratchets. In this study, it is shown that an increase in the vapor layer thickness below the Leidenfrost droplet influences the droplet motion for underlying ratchets with various periods ranging from 1.5mm down to 800nm. This was exploited by systematically studying the Leidenfrost droplet motion of various liquids with low boiling points including acetone, isopropanol, and R134a on the aforementioned various ratchets. For all liquids with boiling points lower than water, no unidirectional motion was observed for 800nm. This indicates that the asymmetric vapor flow beneath the Leidenfrost droplet becomes negligible due to the large vapor layer thickness relative to the ratchet depth. However, unidirectional droplet motion was still observed for the micron and millimeter scale ratchets even when the ratchet surface temperature was increased up to 360°C and 230°C for acetone and isopropanol, respectively. This can be attributed to the insulating property of the thick vapor layer which prevents the droplet from producing more vapor with increasing temperature. Also reported, is the effect of the ratchet period on the droplet motion at room temperature using R134a droplets. Leidenfrost droplets on ratchet surfaces show rectified droplet motion without friction at the droplet/ratchet interface. Here we investigated the Leidenfrost droplet motion on miniaturized ratchets with the ratchet periods ranging from 800nm to 1.5mm using different fluids. We learn that the vapor layer thickness beneath the droplet with respect to the ratchet depth presents the limitation in obtaining the rectified motion.Display Omitted