cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SEX, CHILDHOOD PETS AND YOUNG ADULTS' SELF-CONCEPT SCORES

The Tennessee Self-concept Scale and Companion Animal Bonding Scale were administered to 394 university students to determine the influence of pets on adults' self-concept scores. No significant main effects of sex, type of companion animal, or human-animal bond were found. Significant interactions, but no main effects were found for those who listed only dogs or cats as their most important childhood pet. The interaction of childhood pet by sex indicated that boys with dogs and girls with cats had higher scores and girls with dogs and boys with cats had lower self-concept scores. These results support the hypothesis that children's relationships with companion animals are linked to their adult self-concept scores in a complex interactive manner rather than as direct simple effects.
Using Qualitative Methods for Causal Explanation

The view that qualitative research methods can be used to identify causal relationships and develop causal explanations is now accepted by a significant number of both qualitative and quantitative researchers. However, this view is still controversial, and a comprehensive justification for this position has never been presented. This article presents such a justification, addressing both recent philosophical developments that support this position and the actual research strategies that qualitative researchers can use in causal investigations.
Genetic analysis of the S-mephenytoin polymorphism in a chinese population

The 4'-hydroxylation of S-mephenytoin exhibits a polymorphism in humans, with the poor metabolizer phenotype exhibiting a lower frequency in white (3% to 5%) than in Oriental populations (13% to 23%). Two mutations in CYP2C19 (CYP2C19m1 and CYP2C19m2) have recently been described that account for ~85% of white and 100% of Japanese poor metabolizers. This study examines whether these mutations account for the poor metabolizer phenotype in the Chinese population. The metabolism of S-mephenytoin exhibited a bimodal distribution in 244 unrelated Chinese subjects, although the distribution of the two phenotypes overlapped. In 75 selected Chinese subjects, CYP2C19 genotype analysis predicted the phenotype with 100% accuracy. The frequency of the poor metabolizer phenotype was ~11% (95% confidence interval 7% to 15%). The frequency of the CYP2C19m1 allele was 0.289, whereas that of CYP2C19m2 was 0.044. Homozygous extensive metabolizers had slightly lower ratios of SR-mephenytoin compared with heterozygous extensive metabolizers, showing a gene-dosage effect. These data show the advantages of genotype analysis in investigations of the mephenytoin phenotype in Oriental subjects. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1995) 58, 404–411; doi:
New uniplanar coplanar waveguide couplers

A new uniplanar coplanar waveguide (CPW) magic-T and a reverse-phase CPW hybrid-ring coupler were developed. Both circuits provide good amplitude and phase characteristics over a broad bandwidth. Experimental results showed that the magic-T has one octave bandwidth from 2 to 4 GHz and the hybrid-ring coupler has a 60% bandwidth from 2 to 3.6 GHz. >
Discourse Deficits Following Right Hemisphere Damage in Deaf Signers

Abstract Previous findings have demonstrated that hemispheric organization in deaf users of American Sign Language (ASL) parallels that of the hearing population, with the left hemisphere showing dominance for grammatical linguistic functions and the right hemisphere showing specialization for non-linguistic spatial functions. The present study addresses two further questions: first, do extra -grammatical discourse functions in deaf signers show the same right-hemisphere dominance observed for discourse functions in hearing subjects; and second, do discourse functions in ASL that employ spatial relations depend upon more general intact spatial cognitive abilities? We report findings from two right-hemisphere damaged deaf signers, both of whom show disruption of discourse functions in absence of any disruption of grammatical functions. The exact nature of the disruption differs for the two subjects, however. Subject AR shows difficulty in maintaining topical coherence, while SJ shows difficulty in employing spatial discourse devices. Further, the two subjects are equally impaired on non-linguistic spatial tasks, indicating that spared spatial discourse functions can occur even when more general spatial cognition is disrupted. We conclude that, as in the hearing population, discourse functions involve the right hemisphere; that distinct discourse functions can be dissociated from one another in ASL; and that brain organization for linguistic spatial devices is driven by its functional role in language processing, rather than by its surface, spatial characteristics.
Epitaxially-grown metamorphic GaAsP/Si dual-junction solar cells

The development and demonstration of methodologies for the heteroepitaxy of GaP on Si substrates, free of heterovalent interface related defects, and the subsequent metamorphic grading in the GaAsyP1-y alloy system necessary to achieve target III-V materials at sufficiently high quality, directly enable the achievement of monolithically-integrated multijunction solar cells utilizing both III-V and Si active sub-cells. Such devices hold promise for high photovoltaic performance at significantly reduced costs afforded by the Si platform. In this vein, early-stage prototype all-epitaxial GaAs0.75P0.25/Si dual-junction devices have been grown by a combination of MOCVD and MBE, demonstrating great promise for such an approach, and clear pathways for further improvement.
Event End-Point Primes the Undergoer Argument: Neurobiological Bases of Event Structure Processing

Telicity as an element of subatomic semantics is often formulated as a property of the verb referring to a change-of-state event (catch, vanish). Atelic verbs, on the other hand, refer to homogenous activities or states (tease, sleep). Telic, or change-of-state verbs infer existence of an affected event participant; thus telic verbs have been hypothesized to always assign the thematic role of the Patient, regardless of their transitivity status. The ERP data demonstrates that telicity is a salient cue for thematic role assignment during online comprehension, as the priming of the Patient by telic verbs is indexed by neurocognitive processes related to attention and cognitive load.
Analysis and Tests of a Cylindrical Shell Roof Model

Analytical expressions for the effective width of cylindrical shells are presented herein. These formulas are used for the analysis of a cylindrical shell roof acted upon by horizontal longitudinal...
Increased hepatic oxygenation following ethanol administration in the baboon.

SummaryThe effects of ethanol on hepatic oxygenation were measured by hepatic vein catheterization in the baboon. Chronic alcohol administration resulted in slightly lower oxygen tension in the hep...
Residents as Teachers: Disconnect between Faculty and Self Assessment of Skills (P07.233)

Objective: To study the impact of a new curriculum based on the One Minute Preceptor (OMP) on resident teaching skills through an Objective Structured Teaching Examination (OSTE). Background Residents serve an important role in teaching medical students and peers. Research on residents-as-teachers curricula is limited, especially in neurology. Design/Methods: Residents participated in a pre-OSTE, a curriculum based on the OMP, and post- OSTE. The curriculum consisted of a one hour session on the OMP. The OSTEs, consisted of 3 stations, measuring the five teaching “microskills” on a 4 point (0-3) Likert scale, with behavioral anchors. Residents and faculty (blinded to resident participation in the curriculum) graded performance on the OSTEs. While not randomized, some residents did not participate in all portions of this study. Descriptive statistics and student t test were used. Results: Of 18 residents, 14 participated in the pre-OSTE, 11 in the curriculum, 17 in the post-OSTE, and 9 in all 3 components of this study. Performance as graded by faculty improved from pre-OSTE (mean ± SD, 1.46 ± 1.42) to post-OSTE (2.20 ± 1.09, p Conclusions: An educational curriculum on the OMP improved resident performance on a post- OSTE graded by faculty, but not by resident self assessment. Overall residents more favorably assessed their teaching skills than by faculty assessment. No significant learning occurred as a result of participation in a pre-OSTE. Disclosure: Dr. Schuh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zaman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Roth has nothing to disclose.
Studies on Membrane Permeability in Platelets of Patients with Hereditary Spherocytosis

SummaryThe rates of intracellular Na accumulation in HS and normal platelets under blockade of active Na transport by ouabain were studied. No increased membrane permeability to the passive influx of Na was found in platelets isolated from patients with HS.
711 DIAGNOSING THE CARRIER STATE IN CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE (CGD)

Although laboratory diagnosis of CGD presents no difficulty, present techniques are insufficiently sensitive to detect those CGD heterozygotes in whom the majority of cells are functionally normal. We modified the test proposed by Preisig and Hitzig (Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1:409, 1971) to improve its sensitivity and accuracy. Peripheral blood leukocytes are exposed to heat killed C. albicans in the presence of 0.05% nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and 8% Group AB serum for 15 min. at 37C. Next, an equal volume of 0.2% eosin Y in phosphate buffered saline is added for 15 additional min. The cells are centrifuged, resuspended in a saline solution and examined microscopically. Noningested yeasts whether extracellular or adherent to the cell's surface, are stained red. All intracellular yeasts within normal neutrophils or monocytes are stained blue, by virtue of their content of reduced NBT. Yeast cells within neutrophils or monocytes from patients with CGD lack reduced NBT and appear white in color. Heterozygotes have two populations of leukocytes, one (normal) that contains blue yeast cells and the other (CGD) that contains white ones. In two heterozygous females we studied, only 11.5% and 26% of the neutrophils displayed the CGD phenotype. With the use of eosin Y to stain noningested Candida cells our method is sufficiently sensitive to detect heterozygotes with as few as 1-2% defective cells. We speculate that some females with clinical CGD may prove to be such heterozygotes.
"Nonsecretory" plasma cell myeloma: observations on seven cases with electron microscopic studies.

Seven cases of “nonsecretory,” but otherwise typical, plasma cell myeloma are reported. All were characterized by extensive osteolytic lesions and septic complications. In every instance, there was a moderate hypogammaglobulinemia with no detectable serum M -component or Bence Jones proteinuria. One patient had generalized amyloidosis. The “nonsecretory” myeloma cells were indistinguishable morphologically, including study by electron microscopy, from myeloma cells associated with monoclonal gammapathy. There was an abundance of rough, endoplasmic reticulum of the lamellar type or with variable degrees of cisternal dilatation. Because of the lack of differentiating features, and because of the finding of amyloid in one case, it was postulated that “nonsecretory” myeloma may produce protein fragments in amounts which are not identifiable as immunoglobulins or Bence Jones polypeptides by our present methods.
45Gb/s PAM4 VCSEL 850/940nm Transmission over OM3 and OM4 Multimode Fibers

We present experimental data demonstrating 45Gb/s VCSEL transmission over 200m of OM3 and 300m of wideband OM4 fibers at 850/940nm. The measured PAM4 OMA-sensitivity was -15.0 dBm at 2e-4 over 100m OM3 fiber at 850/940nm.
Relationship between Erythropoietin Levels and Intrarenal Oxygenation during Anuric Hemorrhagic Shock

It has been shown that the kidney plays a major role in the production (Jacobson and Krantz, 1970) and perhaps inactivation (Fisher et al, 1968a) of erythropoietin (erythropoietic stimulating factor, ESF). Although most investigators believe that the renal cortex is the site controlling ESF production (Jacobson and Krantz, 1970), the evidence is not conclusive. Increase in ESF levels has been observed under a variety of stimuli including production of renal infarcts (Abbrect et al, 1966), constriction of the renal artery (Fisher et al, 1968b; Fisher and Samuels, 1967), infusion of vasopressors (Fisher et al, 1968b), hypoxic hypoxia (Murphy et al, 1971), and normovolemic anemia (Naets, 1959). However, this increase is not always present after renal arterial constriction (Murphy et al, 1967a) and hemorrhage (Murphy et al, 1967b). In addition, tissue oxygenation measurements have brought further questions about the relationship between hypoxia and ESF production (Hardwick et al, 1963). The present study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between intrarenal oxygen availability (O2a) and consumption (VO2) and serum ESF levels during anuric hemorrhagic shock in rabbits.
Inhibitory effect of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells induced by dendritic cells on lung cancer xenograft in nude mice

Objective To detect the inhibitory effect of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells induced by dendritic cells (DCs) on the growth of xenografted lung cancer in nude mice. Methods The model of subcutaneous xenograft of lung cancer in nude mice was established. Mature DCs and CIK cells were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from lung cancer patients. The CIK cells wereinduced by DCs loaded with tumor lysates extracted with repeated freezing and thawing method from lung cancer. Tumor inhibitory effect was evaluated by injecting the induced DC-CIK cells into the lung cancer xenograft in nude mice. Results DC-CIK cells could significantly inhibit the growth of subcutaneous lung cancer xenograft, and the inhibitory effect wasmuch higher when compared to DC or CIK alone (P 0.05). Conclusion DC induced CIK cells could efficiently inhibit the growth of lung cancer xenograft.
1935: Rearmament and Abyssinia

For many, 1935 was the first year for some time that offered grounds for guarded optimism. There were reasons to believe, for example, that the worst effects of the world depression may have been passing away. Some found hope in the fact that on 7 June Stanley Baldwin had replaced the exhausted James Ramsay MacDonald and once again become Prime Minister. MacDonald’s powers had been failing for many months, and by this time his eyesight and his memory were insufficient to his duties. With his dream of a successful international disarmament agreement shattered, he exchanged Cabinet posts with Baldwin and his significance and reputation began rapidly to fade. Baldwin, the son of a Worcestershire ironmaster, moved into Number 10 Downing Street for the third and last time in his long career. It was on to his shoulders that the burden of maintaining the British Empire in peace once again fell.
Insights on slab-driven mantle flow from advances in three-dimensional modelling

Abstract The wealth of seismic observations collected over the past 20 years has raised intriguing questions about the three-dimensional (3D) nature of the mantle flow field close to subduction zones and provided a valuable constraint for how the plate geometry may influence mantle flow proximal to the slab. In geodynamics, there has been a new direction of subduction zone modelling that has explored the 3D nature of slab-driven mantle flow, motivated in part by the observations from shear wave splitting, but also by the observed variations in slab geometries worldwide. Advances in high-performance computing are now allowing for an unprecedented level of detail to be incorporated into numerical models of subduction. This paper summarizes recent advances from 3D geodynamic models that reveal the complex nature of slab-driven mantle flow, including trench parallel flow, toroidal flow around slab edges, mantle upwelling at lateral slab edges, and small scale convection within the mantle wedge. This implies slab-driven mantle deformation zones occur in the asthenosphere proximal to the slab, wherein the mantle may commonly flow in a different direction and rate than the surface plates, implying laterally variable plate-mantle coupling. The 3D slab-driven mantle flow can explain, in part, the lateral transport of geochemical signatures in subduction zones. In addition, high-resolution geographically referenced models can inform the interpretation of slab structure, where seismic data are lacking. The incorporation of complex plate boundaries into high-resolution, 3D numerical models opens the door to a new avenue of research in model construction, data assimilation, and modelling workflows, and gives 3D immersive visualization a new role in scientific discovery.
Rapid Discrimination Among Putative Mechanistic Models of Biochemical Systems

An overarching goal in molecular biology is to gain an understanding of the mechanistic basis underlying biochemical systems. Success is critical if we are to predict effectively the outcome of drug treatments and the development of abnormal phenotypes. However, data from most experimental studies is typically noisy and sparse. This allows multiple potential mechanisms to account for experimental observations, and often devising experiments to test each is not feasible. Here, we introduce a novel strategy that discriminates among putative models based on their repertoire of qualitatively distinct phenotypes, without relying on knowledge of specific values for rate constants and binding constants. As an illustration, we apply this strategy to two synthetic gene circuits exhibiting anomalous behaviors. Our results show that the conventional models, based on their well-characterized components, cannot account for the experimental observations. We examine a total of 40 alternative hypotheses and show that only 5 have the potential to reproduce the experimental data, and one can do so with biologically relevant parameter values.
Rāmakṛṣṇa’s samādhi revisited

The nineteenth-century priest of the Kālī temple at the village of Dakṣiṇeśvar near Calcutta, Rāmakṛṣṇa Paramahaṁsa, has been famous for his frequent bhava [emotional state or mood] or ecstasy, and samādhi or syncope [temporary loss of consciousness], believed to be a fallout of his divine madness [divyonmattata]. This madness is not to be understood as mental derangement but as a respectable erratic behaviour culturally associated with the state of a mystic. The Hindu Bhakti [devotional] movement produced numerous saints who appear, from the standpoint of society, as ‘crazy’, because of their indifference to the phenomenal world. In fact, Rāmakṛṣṇa consciously and forcefully imitated the reported ecstatic (and erratic) behaviour of Śrī Caitanya. This paper offers a critique of the pious and hagiographical accretions of the master’s divine madness and explores the motivations and modalities of his frequent withdrawal from the sensate world in large gatherings or in small groups, there being no clear or attestable account of his samādhi when no onlooker was around. Rāmakṛṣṇa’s reminiscence of his lone attempted suicide in the temple sanctum, thwarted by an epiphany, has been colourfully crafted and carefully circulated by his disciple biographer Svāmī Sāradānanda, but duly debunked by the saint’s famous record-keeper and biographer Mahendranāth Gupta. This paper thus mines the vernacular texts in search of the making of a Hindu mystic.
The very idea of a substructural approach to paradox

This paper aims to call into question the customary division of logically revisionary responses to the truth-theoretic paradoxes into those that are “substructural” and those that are “(fully) structural.” I proceed by examining, as a case study, Beall’s recent proposal based on the paraconsistent logic LP. Beall formulates his response to paradox in terms of a consequence relation that obeys all standard structural rules, though at the price of the language’s lacking a detaching conditional. I argue that the same response to paradox can be given using a consequence relation that preserves detachment rules for a conditional, though at the price of restricting structural rules. The question “Is paradox being blocked by invoking a substructural consequence relation?” is thus ill-posed. The lesson of this example, I conclude, is that there is no useful explication of the idea of a substructural approach to paradox.
High Dose Cytarabine (HiDAC) and Mitoxantrone (MITO) Is An Effective Induction Therapy for High-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).

Abstract 1048 Poster Board I-70 Background: Patients with high risk AML, including those with advanced age, relapsed or refractory disease, unfavorable cytogenetics, therapy-related myeloid neoplasm (t-MN), and multiple medical co-morbidities, carry a poor prognosis and outcomes after 7+3 induction chemotherapy are poor. Complete remission (CR) rates tend to be low and range from 12-63% and induction death rates range from 10-26%. We developed a novel, timed-sequential regimen that takes advantage of synergy when MITO follows cytarabine (VW Quinones et al. ASH 1996. abstr 849). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of all AML patients, except those with t(15;17), who received HiDAC/MITO from 2001-2008 at our institution. Patients with high risk AML defined by age >60 and/or at least two adverse prognostic features (cytogenetics, co-morbid conditions, antecedent hematologic disorder) received cytarabine at 3gm/m2 over four hours (with dose reduction to 2gm/m2 for patients >60 years old) on days 1 and 5 plus mitoxantrone at 30mg/m2 (with dose reduction to 20mg/m2 for patients >60) over one hour immediately following the HiDAC on days 1 and 5. The primary endpoints of the study were CR and toxicity determined by induction death defined as death within 30 days of initiation of treatment. Results: 78 consecutive patients received HiDAC/MITO for remission induction. The median age was 63 years (range 23-85); 27% of these patients had a Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) >2. The distribution of diagnoses is shown in the Table. 43 (56%) patients had poor-risk cytogenetics, 28 (37%) had intermediate-risk cytogenetics and 5 (7%) had good-risk cytogenetics. Overall CR rate was 45%, CRi rate 10%, refractory rate 36%, and induction death rate of 9%. Patients with AML with myelodysplasia related changes tended to have a lower CR rate (p=0.07) and were more likely to have a CRi. Notably, t-MN and relapsed/refractory patients had CR and induction death rates equivalent to de novo AML patients. Cytogenetics and CCI were also not associated with best response, p=0.7 and 0.94, respectively. Forty percent of patients proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) after receiving HiDAC/MITO. Overall survival at one year was 39%. Conclusions: In this high risk AML population, HiDAC/MITO induction was well tolerated and demonstrated an overall response rate of 55% and low induction death rate of 9%, allowing a substantial number of patients to proceed to alloSCT. High risk cytogenetics and multiple medical co-morbidities did not affect CR rate, and the CR rate was similar among relapsed/refractory, t-MN and de novo AML patients, which highlights the utility of this regimen for both high risk newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory patients with AML. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Counter-Insurgency in Pakistan: The Role of Legitimacy

The Pakistani security forces have won their fight against the insurgency of the Pakistani Taliban, though terrorism will remain a serious problem for the foreseeable future. Victory was won not ch...
Design, Use and Evaluation of P-FSEFI: A Parallel Soft Error Fault Injection Framework for Emulating Soft Errors in Parallel Applications

Future exascale application programmers and users have a need to quantity an application's resilience and vulnerability to soft errors before running their codes on production supercomputers due to the cost of failures and hazards from silent data corruption. Barring a deep understanding of the resiliency of a particular application, vulnerability evaluation is commonly done through fault injection tools at either the software or hardware level. Hardware fault injection, while most realistic, is relegated to customized vendor chips and usually applications cannot be evaluated at scale. Software fault injection can be done more practically and efficiently and is the approach that many researchers use as a reasonable approximation. With a sufficiently sophisticated software fault injection framework, an application can be studied to see how it would handle many of the errors that manifest at the application level. Using such a tool, a developer can progressively improve the resilience at targeted locations they believe are important for their target hardware.
Spectroscopy and Histology Demonstrate Lipids in Ischemic Rat Brain after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with Reperfusion

P73 Background: Elevated macromolecule signals, as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) after human stroke, are hypothesized to arise from mobile lipids that accumulate within macrophages. However, their chemical identity, cellular location, and clinical significance remain uncertain. Methods: Adult Wistar rats underwent a 90 minute middle cerebral artery occlusion with reperfusion. Animals survived for 2 to 5 days prior to sacrifice. Immediately after decapitation, 400 μm slices from an infarcted region of forebrain were prepared and perfused in artificial CSF at 36 degrees C, and studied by gradient-enhanced one-dimensional (1D) MRS and by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (COSY). Cryostat coronal sections from other, identically prepared rats were stained for lipid (Nile Red) and immunostained for microglia/macrophages (OX42). Results: The 1D spectra from infarcted samples contained broad resonances arising from lipid methylene and other fatty acyl protons that were absent in control samples. These assignments were confirmed by the COSY crosspeaks. Increases in crosspeaks from mobile polypeptides were not detected. The corresponding histologic specimens showed abundant lipid droplets within the infarct that were not seen in contralateral, uninfarcted tissue. These droplets were primarily located within OX42 immunostaining cells. Conclusions: Our model studies support the hypothesis that macromolecule signals detected by MRS in subacute stroke arise from mobile lipids concentrated in macrophages. These results help to clarify the spectroscopic findings in humans. Further histologic study is warranted to determine whether cells containing lipid droplets that are not stained by OX42 are also present.
Parenting Styles and their Effects

The type of parenting style a parent exhibits greatly affects child development. Diana Baumrind, Eleanor Maccoby, and John Martin were integral in identifying four main types of parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and indifferent. We explain how parenting style is manifested in infancy through early childhood. Additionally, we examine the characteristics of each parenting style and how each style affects children’s temperament, attachment relationships, academic success, and psychological development. The effects of parenting styles are embedded in class, cultural, and historical contexts. The typical definitions used for each parenting style may not accurately represent all cultures; therefore, we examine the effects of parenting styles for European, Asian, African, and Latin American cultures. Furthermore, we explain how various factors such as family socioeconomic status, maternal employment status, parental education level, parental stress, marital problems, and parental depression affect the parenting style a parent is likely to exhibit.
Optimal Settings for Multiple Groups of Smart Inverters on Secondary Systems Using Autonomous Control

To support distribution planning and operations engineers, this paper describes an optimal methodology for specifying smart inverter settings that will improve photovoltaic (PV) integration into distribution systems. The dynamic nature of the distribution system requires that a range of load and solar conditions be considered for this purpose. Time-series analysis was performed using Open-source Distribution System Simulator modeling environment to determine the overall impact on the distribution feeder. For the feeder investigated, the use of smart inverters was evaluated for mitigating potential voltage-related issues by reducing the magnitude and/or number of American National Standards Institute (ANSI) voltage violations, as well as meeting other objectives like increasing in substation power factor and reducing distribution system losses.
From a 'Two Thrust Approach' to a 'Two Sword One Thrust Strategy' to Combat Criminal Corruption: Government Enforcement of Compliance and Oversight by Sovereign Investors

The commitment of governments, international organizations and enterprises to combatting corruption appears to have intensified in recent years. The efforts of these institutions appear centered on a “Two Thrust Approach,” consisting of the simultaneous application of the development and enforcement of public legal regimes and the implementation and operation of private compliance systems. This system dies not produce regulatory coherence between the law making by the government and the compliance systems created by business are not coordinated well. However, recent regulatory and compliance trends suggest the emergence of a “Two Swords, On Thrust Strategy” as a supplemental approach to the enforcement of anti-corruption rules and norms. The Two Swords-One Thrust Strategy combines the power of state officials to exercise discretion in managing anti-corruption laws and the authority of financial institutions to control the access of enterprises to their investment universe or to exercise their shareholder authority to influence corporate behavior. The essay examines the possibility of developing this strategy. To that end, the essay first considers the emerging efforts to institutionalize rules for the exercise of prosecutorial discretion in criminal investigations to compel corporate governance reform. It then considers the “second sword”, the use of market power by sovereign investors to influence compliance oriented corporate governance reform that parallels those advanced by prosecutors. The essay ends by suggesting the utility of this strategy for Chinese anti-corruption efforts by considering the possibility of coordinating the work of the procuratorate with the financial power of Chinese sovereign wealth finds in the exercise of their shareholder power and their power to limit access to investment markets.
Challenges and opportunities in biopharmaceutical manufacturing control

Abstract This article provides a perspective on control and operations for biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Challenges and opportunities are described for (1) microscale technologies for high-speed continuous processing, (2) plug-and-play modular unit operations with integrated monitoring and control systems, (3) dynamic modeling of unit operations and entire biopharmaceutical manufacturing plants to support process development and plant-wide control, and (4) model-based control technologies for optimizing startup, changeover, and shutdown. A challenge is the ability to simultaneously address the uncertainties, nonlinearities, time delays, non-minimum phase behavior, constraints, spatial distributions, and mixed continuous-discrete operations that arise in biopharmaceutical operations. The design of adaptive and hybrid control strategies is discussed. Process data analytics and grey-box modeling methods are needed to deal with the heterogeneity and tensorial dimensionality of biopharmaceutical data. Novel bioseparations as discussed as a potential cost-effective unit operation, with a discussion of challenges for the widespread application of crystallization to therapeutic proteins.
Thermally Rearranged Polymer Membranes Containing Tröger's Base Units Have Exceptional Performance for Air Separations.

The influence of segmental chain motion on the gas separation performance of thermally rearranged (TR) polymer membranes is established for TR polybenzoxazoles featuring Troger's base (TB) monomer subunits as exceptionally rigid sites of contortion along the polymer backbone. These polymers are accessed from solution-processable ortho-acetate functionalized polyimides, which are readily synthesized as high-molecular-weight polymers for membrane casting. We find that thermal rearrangement leads to a small increase in d-spacing between polymer chains and a dramatic pore-network reconfiguration that increases both membrane permeability and O2 /N2 selectivity, putting its performance above the 2015 upper bound.
Clinical cardiac positron emission tomography: state of the art.

Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) has evolved rapidly from a relatively esoteric research tool into clinical applications providing unique, quantitative information on myocardial perfusion, metabolism, and cell membrane function and having a potentially significant impact on cardiovascular medicine. Although there are many different positron radionuclides for imaging diverse myocardial behavior, three radionuclides have reached accepted clinical utility. Cardiac PET using nitrogen-13-ammonia, rubidium-82, and fluoro-18-deoxyglucose has proved accurate and definitive in multiple university and private-practice sites for diagnosing and assessing severity and location of coronary artery disease in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients, for identifying injured but viable myocardium potentially salvageable by revascularization, and for ruling out clinically significant coronary artery stenosis with a high specificity in patients who might otherwise undergo coronary arteriography to document the absence of significant disease. 89 references.
Efficacy of immediate replacement of cranial bone graft following drainage of intracranial empyema.

OBJECTIVEIntracranial empyema is a life-threatening condition associated with a high mortality rate and residual deleterious neurological effects if not diagnosed and managed promptly. The authors present their institutional experience with immediate reimplantation of the craniotomy flap and clarify the success of this method in terms of cranial integrity, risk of recurrent infection, and need for secondary procedures.METHODSA retrospective analysis of patients admitted for management of intracranial empyema during a 19-year period (1997–2016) identified 33 patients who underwent emergency drainage and decompression with a follow-up duration longer than 6 months, 23 of whom received immediate bone replacement. Medical records were analyzed for demographic information, extent and location of the infection, bone flap size, fixation method, need for further operative intervention, and duration of intravenous antibiotics.RESULTSThe mean patient age at surgery was 8.7 ± 5.7 years and the infections were largel...
Isolated Word Analysis Using Biologically-Based Neural Networks

A dynamic synapse neural network (DSNN) for speech recognition system input filtering and the genetic algorithm (GA) used to optimize DSNN parameters is presented. DSNNs are trained to respond to a target word (TW) said by one female speaker or by 8 male and 8 female speakers. The response of the single-speaker trained DSNNs to all 16 speakers is similar to the 16-speaker-trained DSNN responses. TW training results in an ordering of the expected responses to the 9 words of the non-TW set. The ordering determined by single-speaker training matches the ordering determined by multi-speaker training; and in many instances, the single-speaker trained DSNN output matches the multi-speaker trained DSNN output. While searching the parameter space to best solve the isolated word recognition task, the GA implicitly searched the input space to find the input subset best describing the separatrix between TWs and non-TWs. Computation is decreased by concentrating optimization on this subset. The GA adapts as knowledge of this subset is learned. The GA begins as a random search, becoming a steady state GA and then a simple elitist GA over the course of optimization.
Sources of Resistance to the Soybean Cyst Nematode

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, was identified on soybean in the USA in 1954 (Winstead et al., 1955). Subsequently, several pathogenic races of the nematode were discovered (Ross, 1962). Golden et al. (1970) described four physiological races of SCN based on their reaction on five soybean lines (Table 1). Another race (race 5) was first reported from Japan (Inagaki, 1979) and it has now been isolated from a number of places in the USA (Anand et al., 1985; Young, 1982). Continuous cultivation of resistant soybean cultivars was found to change the parasitic capabilities of nematode populations (Triantaphyllou, 1975), consequently the field populations of SCN may be a mixture of several races. Currently races 3 and 4 are very prominent in the southeast and southern regions of the USA whereas race 5 has been reported in areas of mid-south, where race 4 resistant cultivars have been planted for a number of years.
Angiotensin II- and Alzheimer-Type Cardiovascular Aging.

Over the past millennium, great strides have been made in expanding the human life span. Such gains however, have come with the cost of increasing age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Slowing “biological” aging therefore may be a way to reduce morbidity and significantly impact the quality of life for the elderly. Enhanced angiotensin II (Ang II) signal transduction has been implicated in premature aging and evidence exists for the prolongation of life through blockade of the Ang II type-1 receptor (AT1R). In this Viewpoint article, we will discuss noteworthy similarities between Ang II pathophysiology and Alzheimer’s disease as potential intervention points to promote healthy aging.
Repression, Resistance, and Development of the Labor Movement in the United States

The symptoms that characterize the current state of American labor can be understood in the context of what produces and reproduces labor’s relation to capital. What in part defines this relation is capital’s ownership of the means of production. As a result, the working class must sell its labor power for a set period of time in order to live, producing during part of the work day surplus value and labor in the workplace under authoritarian conditions. It is this inequality of social power within political and economic institutions that explains over time why there is labor repression and a corresponding decline in the quality of life of the working class.
Non-destructive prediction of soluble solids and dry matter contents in eight apple cultivars using near-infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Soluble solids content (SSC) is an important factor for assessing quality of apples as it is linked to consumer taste preferences. Fruit dry matter content (DMC) is dominated by soluble sugar and starch concentrations at harvest, and therefore the DMC at the time of harvest can be strongly correlated with the post-storage SSC. The objective of this study was to develop models based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy using a commercially available handheld instrument to predict SSC and DMC of fruit at harvest and after storage. ‘Gala’, ‘Honeycrisp’, ‘McIntosh’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘NY1′, ‘NY2′, ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’ apples were tested. Partial least square regression was used to build calibration models for prediction of SSC and DMC. Models were also built for individual and multiple cultivars. Internal and external validations were applied to test the accuracy and precision of both models. In general, the individual- and multi-cultivar models have similar calibration performance. In internal validations, R2 and RMSE from multi-cultivar and individual-cultivar models were similar, but the slope values were higher in individual-cultivar than multi-cultivar models, indicating that the prediction using individual-cultivar model was more accurate. However, for individual-cultivar models, data-overfitting and the reference values distribution may lead to poor prediction in external validation. Overall the results support use of a portable NIR-based instrument to predict SSC and DMC, but to obtain precision and accurate predictions, calibration models should be built based on individual cultivars and the variability from seasonal and regional effects have to be taken into consideration.
A Survey of Nurse Leaders to Explore the Relationship Between Grit and Measures of Success and Well-being.

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to explore how a personality quality termed grit impacts the well-being and success of nurses who serve in positions of healthcare leadership.BACKGROUNDAs the responsibilities of nurse leaders become increasingly complex, there is concern that job satisfaction is b
Chapter 1 – Little Scientists

This chapter focuses on what initially sparked Fanuel & Jessica’s interests in science ultimately concluding with how each of the authors decided to pursue graduate school. It explores the best strategies to pique the interest of young people and is an apt reminder of the optimism and wonder that STEM lends to youth.
The Effects of Working Memory during Search Tasks of Varying Complexity

We report on a study that evaluated the effects of working memory and task complexity on participants' perceptions, behaviors, and outcomes. Twenty-four participants performed two search tasks of varying complexity and completed a psychometric test to measure working memory ability. Our results found several important trends. First, task complexity had an effect on participants' perceptions about temporal demand and satisfaction with the time spent on the task. Second, participants with higher working memory exerted more search effort (e.g., issued more queries). Third, participants with higher working memory had better outcomes, particularly during more complex tasks. Finally, while participants with lower working memory exerted less effort (engaged in satisficing behaviors) and had weaker outcomes, working memory did not affect participants' post-task perceptions about workload and satisfaction. We discuss implications of our results for developing search tools to support users with varying levels of working memory.
Investigation of Biomass Char Gasification Kinetic Parameters Using a Novel Miniaturized Educational System

A novel miniaturized, transparent reactor system for use as either a research or educational tool was developed for investigating biomass char gasification with oxygen to determine the kinetic parameters. Parametric temperature and pressure data taken can be used to distinguish the validity of assumptions inherent in the Avrami, the random pore (RPM), the unreacted core shrinking (UCSM), and a UCSM hybrid models (HM). The results demonstrate the UCSM for spherical and cylindrical geometries, and an HM variation with a best-fit exponent, that yields residual sums of squares 2 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than other models. An Arrhenius evaluation yielded an activation energy of 84.8 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factor of 1.34  103 s-1. An O2 reaction order of 0.85 indicates O2 adsorption on the char surface is the primary rate-controlling step. Data are consistent with a rapidly decreasing surface area as the reaction nears completion, suggesting available corresponding active sites for rapid chemisorption decrease as the reaction progresses. More importantly, the design of the system is safe to take into the classroom while simultaneously allowing students to view real-time reactions and produce repeatable data; this pushes the bounds on classroom interventions and learning.
Just Give Me Narcan and Let Me Go

One of my responsibilities as a resident physician in family medicine is to work at our health-care system’s community opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution program. While sitting at the table with a colleague waiting for a patient to show up, this 19-year-old Caucasian female walked in and introduced herself and sat at the other side of the table.
Abstract P1100: Angiotensin-(1-7) Via Angiotensin Type-1 Receptor Synergies Angiotensin Type-2 Receptor Response of Nitrite Formation in Kidney Cells

Angiotensin-(1-7) is evidently considered as an endogenous agonist for Mas receptor. Our recent studies show that MasR and AT2R physically interact and in response to their respective agonists Ang-...
Activity and survival benefit of second-line chemotherapy (2L-Ctx) in advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (APC): Pooled analysis of the literature.

e15019 Background: Many clinicians adopt a nihilistic approach to the management of APC. Delivery of 2L-Ctx is relatively uncommon and no recognized standard exists. We sought to examine the publis...
Chemical vapor deposition of the superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−x(s) from the gas phase

The deposition of the condensed phase YBa2Cu3O7−x from a gas mixture composed of YCl3, BaCl2, Cu3Cl3, and Ar reacting with another consisting of O2 and Ar in a flow system at elevated temperatures was investigated by means of the virtual equilibrium model, and the deposition rates were computed as a function of input gas stream compositions. The optimum growth conditions were identified.
Religion, Faith-Based Organizations, and Welfare Delivery in Contemporary Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the Volume

We begin the volume with a comparative consideration of the role and function of religious-based organizations in strengthening associational life in East Europe. The chapters in this collection investigate church–state relations in the post-communist period, church-provided welfare services, and public opinion about the role of the church. In surveying the chapters, we find considerable variation among the case-studies, and between the case-studies and the Western European experience.
Nutritional Implications in Preparing Patients for Total Gastrectomy

Prophylactic total gastrectomy is recommended to prolong life in individuals who carry the CDH1 variants associated with early diffuse gastric cancer. Loss of the stomach requires life-long changes in diet and poses a risk for select vitamin and mineral deficiencies that require supplementation and monitoring. This review covers the physiology of the stomach and the pathobiology and management of individuals post-gastrectomy with altered small bowel anatomy. Enhanced recovery after surgery guidelines (ERAS) for total gastrectomy reduces complication rates, enhances healing, and lessens hospital stay. Oral vitamin B12 in pharmacologic doses is equally effective to parenteral B12 supplementation post-gastrectomy. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an important hormone involved in the vasomotor symptoms of dumping syndrome that holds promise as a target for therapy. Although the stomach is not a vital organ, its motor and physiologic functions are important for nutrition and quality of life. Prevention of malnutrition and improving quality of life are accomplished by diet education, supplementation of vitamin B12 and other at risk vitamins and minerals, and monitoring throughout life.
You Are What You Do and Become What You’ve Done: The Role of Activity in Development of Self: A Non-Linear Dynamic Systems Relational Approach

The usefulness of professional knowledge is often judged by its ability to bring subjective experience into a comprehensive theoretical framework. In this article, the author uses the broad and rapidly developing parameters of modern systems theory to examine the relationships between “doing” and “being.”