cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of H1 antagonists on cholinomimetic-induced tremulous jaw movements: studies of diphenhydramine, doxepin, and mepyramine.

Abstract In several previous studies, tremulous jaw movements in rats have been used to assess the effects of antiparkinsonian drugs and atypical antipsychotics. Because antihistamines such as diphenhydramine are used as antiparkinsonian agents, and atypical antipsychotic drugs such as clozapine and olanzapine have high affinity for histamine H1 receptors, the present study investigated the effects of H1 antagonists on cholinomimetic-induced jaw movements. Diphenhydramine, doxepin, and mepyramine (all injected IP 2.5–20.0 mg/kg) were assessed for their ability to block the jaw movements induced by 5.0 mg/kg of the anticholinesterase tacrine. Within this dose range, only diphenhydramine produced a robust and significant reduction in jaw movement activity. Thus, diphenhydramine was subjected to further testing, which employed procedures previously used to assess the effects of other antitremorogenic drugs, such as clozapine. Diphenhydramine did not induce jaw movement activity. In addition to suppressing jaw movement activity after acute injections, diphenhydramine also suppressed tacrine-induced jaw movements after repeated (14-day) administration. In summary, the present results show that diphenhydramine suppresses cholinomimetic-induced jaw movements, an effect that is similar to other antiparkinsonian or antitremor drugs such as anticholinergics, L-DOPA, DA antagonists, and clozapine. Nevertheless, doxepin produced only mild effects, and mepyramine, which has a higher affinity and selectivity than diphenhydramine for H1 receptors, failed to suppress cholinomimetic-induced jaw movements. These results suggest that diphenhydramine suppresses tremulous movements through a mechanism that does not depend upon antagonism of histamine H1 receptors.
Cytotoxic T cells play no essential role in acute rejection of orthotopic corneal allografts in mice.

PURPOSE To determine whether cytotoxic T cells of the direct alloreactive type are activated and responsible for early, acute failure of orthotopic corneal allografts observed in eyes of C57BL/6 but not of BALB/c mice. METHODS Corneas from BALB/c and BALB.B mice were placed orthotopically in eyes of C57BL/6 and beta-2 microglobulin knockout mice (deficient in CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells). Graft fates were assessed clinically, and the T lymphocytes of recipients were assayed for the capacity to lyse target cells bearing donor major (MHC) and/or minor histocompatibility (minor H) antigens (direct and indirect pathways, respectively). RESULTS. Similar to BALB/c recipients, C57BL/6 mice with rejected cornea allografts acquired donor minor H-specific T cells. Unlike BALB/c recipients, C57BL/6 mice-both rejectors and acceptors-acquired donor MHC-specific T cells. beta-2 Microglobulin knockout mice showed rejection of corneal allografts in a manner indistinguishable from C57BL/6 mice, including early, acute rejection, yet T cells from beta-2 microglobulin knockout recipients of corneal allografts displayed no cytotoxic T cells specific for either donor MHC or minor H alloantigens. CONCLUSIONS Although C57BL/6 mice acquired donor MHC-specific cytotoxic T cells (direct alloreactive cells), neither these cells nor donor minor H-specific cytotoxic T cells (indirect alloreactive cells) play any essential role in corneal allograft rejection, including the early acute failure uniquely observed in C57BL/6 eyes.
Self-reported depressive symptoms in adolescence increase the risk for obesity and high BP in adulthood.

Abstract Background Negative psychological symptoms may impact cardiovascular (CV) risk factors such as obesity and abnormal blood pressure (BP). Currently, a third of the US population is obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and nearly half have high BP (BP > 120/80 mmHg). This research aims to investigate whether self-reported depressive symptoms in adolescence affect adulthood obesity and high BP. Methods We leveraged the data from a representative sample of US individuals collected by the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). We identified the survey questions pertaining to self-reported depressive symptoms in over 14,000 adolescents. Based on their follow-up health test in adulthood, we evaluated the impact of adolescent depressive symptoms on adulthood obesity and high BP by adjusting for socio-demographic, socio-economic and adolescent health status. Results This study reveals a high prevalence of obesity (36%) and high BP (66%) among young US adults with an average age of only 28 years. Excessive moodiness in adolescence significantly impacted the development of obesity in early adulthood (p-value Conclusions This study demonstrates self-reported moodiness in adolescence to be a significant predictor of obesity in adulthood. Feeling sad on most days increase the subsequent risk for high BP. Early intervention may improve lifestyle and CV outcomes.
When Organizational Advocacy and Public Advocacy Intersect in CSR: Examining Stage of Partnership and Activism in CSR Partnerships

CSR partnerships have evolved and taken various forms as companies and nonprofit organizations work toward creating societal change for the public good. This study examined public relations advocacy in the context of CSR communication through a 2 x 2 online experiment with a sample of 240 participants. Specifically, this study examined interactions between CSR fit, stage of partnership, and individuals’ activism levels on individuals’ attitude toward a company, a nonprofit, and skepticism levels toward the CSR partnership. High fit and philanthropic stage of partnership became significant factors on attitude toward the company. Individuals’ activism levels had a positive interaction with stage of partnership in predicting skepticism toward the partnership. Theoretical implications and practical applications for public interest communications are discussed.
Enrich and Expand Rare Antigen-specific T Cells with Magnetic Nanoparticles

We have developed a tool to both enrich and expand antigen-specific T cells. This can be helpful in cases such as to A) detect the existence of antigen-specific T cells, B) probe the dynamics of antigen-specific responses, C) understand how antigen-specific responses affect disease state such as autoimmunity, D) demystify heterogeneous responses for antigen-specific T cells, or E) utilize antigen-specific cells for therapy. The tool is based on a magnetic particle that we conjugate antigen-specific and T cell co-stimulatory signals, and that we term as artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs). Consequently, since the technology is simple to produce, it can easily be adopted by other laboratories; thus, our purpose here is to describe in detail the fabrication and subsequent use of the aAPCs. We explain how to attach antigen-specific and co-stimulatory signals to the aAPCs, how to utilize them to enrich for antigen-specific T cells, and how to expand antigen-specific T cells. Furthermore, we will highlight engineering design considerations based on experimental and biological information of our experience with characterizing antigen-specific T cells.
Telemedicine infectious diseases consultations and clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.

Telemedicine use is increasing in many specialties, but its impact on clinical outcomes in infectious diseases has not been systematically studied and reviewed. The proposed systematic review will evaluate the current evidence regarding the effect of telemedicine infectious diseases consultation on a range of clinical outcomes, including mortality, hospital readmission, antimicrobial use, and cost. Standard systematic review methodology will be used, with searches of Ovid MEDLINE 1946-, https://embase.com/ 1947-, Scopus 1823-, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and https://clinicaltrials.gov/ 1997-. There will be no restriction on language or year of publication. The primary outcome will be 30-day all-cause mortality and secondary outcomes will include readmission within 30 days after discharge from an initial hospitalization with an infection, patient compliance/adherence, patient satisfaction, cost or cost effectiveness, length of hospital stay, antimicrobial use, and antimicrobial stewardship. Bias will be assessed using standard Cochrane methodologies. Data will be grouped by outcome and narratively synthesized. Meta-analysis will be performed for outcomes with clinical or methodological homogeneity. The systematic review and meta-analysis will be registered through PROSPERO. Pre-planned subgroup analyses will be detailed. A number of studies have documented the feasibility of telemedicine for infectious diseases, but a synthesis of clinical outcomes data with telemedicine infectious diseases consultation has not been performed. This systematic review will analyze many clinical outcomes of telemedicine infectious diseases consultation. The findings of this study will add to established literature about feasibility of telemedicine consultation by synthesizing the evidence for clinical effectiveness. PROSPERO CRD42018105225
How to search for life in martian chemical sediments and their fluid and solid inclusions using petrographic and spectroscopic methods

Abundant resources and efforts have been employed in the search for life on Mars. Satellites, landers, and rovers have tested atmospheric gases, general sediment and rock compositions, and images of Mars surface in an effort to detect biosignatures left by any possible modern or ancient life. Chloride and sulfate minerals suggestive of past acid saline lakes have been found on Mars. In some terrestrial acid brine environments, these minerals trap microorganisms and organic compounds and preserve them for long geologic time periods within fluid inclusions and as solid inclusions. Some cells remain viable, especially in the isolated, microscopic aqueous environments of fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusions in these same saline minerals on Mars have yet to be examined. This paper describes petrographic and geochemical methods that have been used recently to detect and make general identifications of microorganisms and organic compounds preserved in modern and Permian Mars-analog acid saline lake halite and gypsum. It then makes recommendations for how martian chemical sediments could be examined for these biosignatures, both by rovers and in returned samples. This new protocol for the examination of martian chemical sediments and sedimentary rocks may provide the best way to identify any preserved biosignatures on Mars.
Editorial to the virtual issue highlighting neuroscience based research in eating disorders to mark the 49th Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting.

OBJECTIVE This virtual issue of the International Journal of Eating Disorders highlights recently published research that is based on neuroscience concepts, to mark the 49th Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting in Chicago, IL, in November 2019. METHODS AND RESULTS The collection of articles includes research published between 2018 and 2019 that fall within the broader field of clinical neuroscience. Those articles span a broad range of themes, including food intake regulation and reward circuitry, taste perception, decision-making, cognitive and emotional bias, and targeting altered brain circuits using novel therapeutic methods. DISCUSSION The eating disorders field as a whole is increasingly incorporating neuroscience-based concepts when studying those disorders and developing disease models. We hope that this virtual issue will further stimulate discussion and research that is focused on brain circuits and neurobiology to study etiology and pathophysiology of eating disorders to develop more effective treatments.
Federalism, Metropolitanism, and the Problem of States

The United States has long been an urban country, but it is fast becoming a metropolitan one. Population and economic activity are now concentrated in cities and their surrounding regions. The largest twenty of these city-regions accounts for almost fifty-two percent of total U.S. GDP. This “metropolitan revolution” represents a fundamental challenge to our current federalism. The old federalism assumed that capital and labor are fully mobile and that sub-national governments — in this case, states — will engage in competitive efforts to attract desirable investment while the federal government will assume the bulk of redistributive spending. The new federalism rejects the notion that economic growth can be attributed to interstate competition or that only central governments can effectively engage in social welfare redistribution. As economic activity becomes concentrated in cities, those cities become capable of engaging in forms of regulation and redistribution that standard models of fiscal federalism had deemed impossible. Our current state-based federalism, however, fails to appropriately align capabilities with responsibilities. Instead of empowering cities, states are increasingly seeking to defund, defang, and delegitimize them. The mismatch between the prevailing sites of productive economic activity and the location of regulation and redistribution has subverted the values conventionally associated with federalism. State power is being deployed to undermine accountability, limit experimentation, and prevent the effective exercise of local self-government. One consequence of the gap between state and city power is increased political polarization. Another consequence may be an institutional restructuring that better reflects the new geography of production and population.
Research Note: Investigating the Viability of Stylometric Analysis to Attribute Authorship of Supreme Court Opinions

Function word content analysis is a proven method previously used to study disputed authorship in documents such as historical letters and novels. It has been used in similar fashion to review Supr...
Amine-bridged periodic mesoporous organosilica nanomaterial for efficient removal of selenate

Abstract Contamination of selenate (Se(VI)), an important oxyanion, has been widely detected in numerous water sources because of its high water solubility and mobility. In this study, a family of amine-bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) with tunable and high contents of amine functionality were prepared through a facile (co–)condensation approach for adsorptive removal of Se(VI). The composition, structure and properties of amine-bridged PMOs were extensively characterized using various techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface area and porosity measurement, thermo-gravimetric analysis, zeta potential measurement, and elemental analysis. The optimal amine-bridged PMO had a high amine loading of 4.04 mmol/g. The Se(VI) adsorption behaviors strongly depended on the amine content of the amine-bridged PMOs. The optimal amine-bridged PMO exhibited both fast Se(VI) adsorption kinetics and a high Se(VI) adsorption capacity of ~ 175 mg/g, because of the high amine content, uniformly distributed amine functional groups within the mesoporous skeleton, and large surface area. Furthermore, the optimal amine-bridged PMO showed robust performance for efficient removal of Se(VI) under a wide range of pH and in the presence of various common co-existing anions, and can be conveniently regenerated and reused for multiple cycles. Combined spectroscopic characterization and aqueous adsorption experiments suggested that the primary mechanism for Se(VI) removal may be attributed to the formation of outer-sphere surface complexes between Se(VI) and the surface of amine-bridged PMOs.
Chapter 1 – Historical perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the historical perspective pertaining to the neurobiology of learning and memory.. Formal research on learning and memory began in the late 19th century. In 1885, empirical research on human learning and memory was initiated. However, laboratory research on learning in animal subjects began independently in 1898 by on the basis of planned experiments and unexpected observations during research on alimentary secretions. This research was followed up rapidly by other investigators. Although an extensive program of research on conditioning was conducted, few other laboratories took up this research until the late 1920s. Training and differential experience were demonstrated by the early 1960s to cause measurable changes in neurochemistry and neuroanatomy of weanling rats. An experiment also involved littermates that were either trained on a difficult problem or left untrained. The trained rats developed significantly higher total cortical enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity than their untrained littermates. However, later on instead of continuing to train rats in problem-solving tests, a time-consuming and expensive procedure, the animals in different environments were housed that provided differential opportunities for informal learning. Formation of long-term memory was demonstrated in the early 1970s that required synthesis of proteins in the hours following training. The chapter also illustrates the changing concepts of learning and memory formation and discusses the distinction between direct and modulatory processes in memory formation. Formation of short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term memories require a cascade of neurochemical events, and rather similar sequences have been found in birds, mammals, and invertebrates. Newer biomedical and behavioral techniques are adding to the knowledge of the neural mechanisms of learning and memory.
Geographic Distribution of Foot and Ankle Orthopedic Surgeons Throughout the United States

Background:At present, the geographic distribution of orthopedic foot and ankle (OFA) surgeons in the United States is poorly defined. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the geograph...
Molecular Localization of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1-Alpha in Post-Ischemic Myocardium Following in Vivo Prolyl-4 Hydroxylase-2 Gene Silencing

MOLECULAR LOCALIZATION OF HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1-ALPHA IN POST-ISCHEMIC MYOCARDIUM FOLLOWING IN VlVO PROLYL-4 HYDROXYLASE-2 GENE SILENCING By Julia Antoinette Messina, BS A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Advisor: Alpha A. Fowler Ill, MD Professor and Chair, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Internal Medicine Advisor: David G. Simpson, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Administration of small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for prolyl-4 hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) results in PHD2 inhibition, Hypoxia Inducible Factor-I (HIF-1) activation, and cardioprotection versus Ischemia Reperfusion (IR). This study observes the effects of siRNA-mediated PHD2 inhibition on the distribution of cardioprotective proteins by immunofluorescence and basic histology. Fifteen mice were divided into 5 groups: PHD2 Control, Non-Targeting scramble (NTS) Control, IR Control, PHD2 IR, and NTS IR. Histologically, tissue damage was 1 reduced dramatically in the PHD2 IR group compared to the NTS IR and IR control groups. From confocal images, total fluorescent pixels and intensities were quantified. The PHD2 IR group yielded the highest pixel quantity and intensity for HIF-1 and possessed increased pixels and intensity for Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, another cardioprotective protein. These results further demonstrate the cardioprotection and HIF-1 activation conferred by PHD2 siRNA administration and supports its role as a potential therapy to alleviate cardiac IR injury.
I’ll Confess to Be Included: Social Exclusion Predicts Likelihood of False Confession

Recent research has examined predictors of false confessions in criminal investigations. By incorporating a commonly utilized social rejection paradigm (Cyberball), the current study adds to the list of personality and situational predictors by examining the role of social exclusion—which is a likely by-product of long-lasting interrogation sessions—on the likelihood of false confessions. Results confirm the hypothesis that individuals experiencing social exclusion are more likely to confess than individuals who are not socially excluded. These results suggest that situational variables in interrogations (specifically ostracism and exclusion) that emphasize important personality considerations (such as the need to belong) are important for police organizations to consider reducing the likelihood of false confessions.
Impact of policy-based and institutional interventions on postoperative opioid prescribing practices.

Abstract Background We assessed the impact of policy-based and institutional interventions to limit postoperative opioid prescribing. Methods Retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent laparoscopic/open appendectomies, laparoscopic/open cholecystectomies, and laparoscopic/open inguinal hernia repair during a 6-month interval in 2018 (control), 2019 (post-policy intervention), and 2020 (post-institutional intervention) to assess changes in postoperative opioid prescribing patterns. A survey was collected for the 2020 cohort. Results Comparing the 762 patients identified in 2018, 2019, and 2020 cohorts there was a significant decrease in mean opioid tabs prescribed (23.5 ± 8.9 vs. 16.2 ± 7.0 vs. 12.8 ± 4.9, p Conclusion Formalized opioid-prescribing guidelines and statewide regulations can significantly decrease postoperative opioid prescribing with good patient satisfaction. Surgeon education may facilitate efforts to minimize narcotic over-prescription without compromising pain management.
Advanced laser-materials-processing techniques for nanofabrication of functional materials

Direct laser writing with ultrafast lasers surpasses limitations of conventional fabrication techniques that have low resolution, require multiple post-processing steps or are restricted to fabrication in 2D. The first part of the talk discusses fabrication of 3D metal-dielectric nanocomposite structures of tunable dimensions ranging from hundreds of nanometers to micrometers. By directly reducing metal ions with femtosecond pulses, direct laser written high-quality single-crystals, polymer-matrix embedded diffraction gratings are fabricated. The next part discusses methods of direct laser writing graphene structures. Graphene patterns written with ultrafast lasers show higher conductivity, indicating that limited thermal processes can help achieve better quality direct-laser-written graphene patterns.
Automatic Assessment of the Design Quality of Python Programs with Personalized Feedback.

The assessment of program functionality can generally be accomplished with straight-forward unit tests. However, assessing the design quality of a program is a much more difficult and nuanced problem. Design quality is an important consideration since it affects the readability and maintainability of programs. Assessing design quality and giving personalized feedback is very time consuming task for instructors and teaching assistants. This limits the scale of giving personalized feedback to small class settings. Further, design quality is nuanced and is difficult to concisely express as a set of rules. For these reasons, we propose a neural network model to both automatically assess the design of a program and provide personalized feedback to guide students on how to make corrections. The model's effectiveness is evaluated on a corpus of student programs written in Python. The model has an accuracy rate from 83.67% to 94.27%, depending on the dataset, when predicting design scores as compared to historical instructor assessment. Finally, we present a study where students tried to improve the design of their programs based on the personalized feedback produced by the model. Students who participated in the study improved their program design scores by 19.58%.
A Small RNA is Functional in Escherichia fergusonii Despite Containing a Large Insertion.

Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression; however, the impact of natural mutations on sRNA functions has not been studied extensively. Here we show that the sRNA MgrR contains a unique 53 bp insertion in Escherichia fergusonii, a close relative of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. The insertion is a repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequence that could block transcription, but full-length MgrR is produced in E. fergusonii, showing that the insertion has not affected sRNA production. Additionally, despite containing the large insertion, the sRNA appears to be functional because deletion of mgrR made E. fergusonii more susceptible to H2O2. The molecular details of MgrR's roles in H2O2defence are yet to be defined, but our results suggest that having an alternative function allowed the sRNA to be retained in E. fergusonii despite it sustaining a large, potentially disruptive mutation.
Comparison of body mass index with waist circumference and skinfold-based percent body fat in firefighters: adiposity classification and associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors.

This study aims to examine whether body mass index (BMI) overestimates the prevalence of overweight or obese firefighters when compared to waist circumference (WC) and skinfold-based percent body fat (PBF) and to investigate differential relationships of the three adiposity measures with other biological cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The adiposity of 355 (347 males and eight females) California firefighters was assessed using three different measures. Other CVD risk factors (high blood pressure, high lipid profiles, high glucose, and low VO2 max) of the firefighters were also clinically assessed. The prevalence of total overweight and obesity was significantly (p < 0.01) higher by BMI (80.4 %) than by WC (48.7 %) and by PBF (55.6 %) in male firefighters. In particular, the prevalence of overweight firefighters was much higher (p < 0.01) by BMI (57.3 %) than by WC (24.5 %) and PBF (38.3 %). 60–64 % of male firefighters who were assessed as normal weight by WC and PBF were misclassified as overweight by BMI. When overweight by BMI was defined as 27.5–29.9 kg/m2 (vs. the standard definition of 25.0–29.9 kg/m2), the agreement of the adiposity classification increased between BMI and other two adiposity measures. Obese firefighters had the highest CVD risk profiles across all three adiposity measures. Only when overweight by BMI was defined narrowly, overweight firefighters had substantially higher CVD risk profiles. Obesity and overweight were less prevalent in female and Asian male firefighters. BMI overestimated the prevalence of total overweight and obesity among male firefighters, compared to WC and skinfold-based PBF. Overweight by BMI needs to be more narrowly defined, or the prevalence of BMI-based overweight (27.5–29.9 kg/m2) should be reported additionally for prevention of CVD among male firefighters.
Effect of Mycoplasma on Interferon Production and Interferon Assay in Cell Cultures

Armstrong, D. (The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.), and K. Paucker. Effect of mycoplasma on interferon production and interferon assay in cell cultures. J. Bacteriol. 92:97-101. 1966.-The influence of mycoplasma on the production and action of interferon was studied in cultures of both L and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Mycoplasma hominis 1, the Negroni agent, and the F12 mycoplasma were used for infection of L cells, and M. hominis 1 and M. pneumoniae for inoculation of HEK cells. All strains were capable of multiplication in the culture systems employed. None produced detectable levels of interferon, and responsiveness of the cells to induction of interferon by virus remained unaltered. Infection with mycoplasma did not impair the sensitivity of the cells to the action of interferon, nor was the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus noticeably diminished.
Piecewise linear test functions for stability and instability of queueing networks

We develop the use of piecewise linear test functions for the analysis of stability of multiclass queueing networks and their associated fluid limit models. It is found that if an associated LP admits a positive solution, then a Lyapunov function exists. This implies that the fluid limit model is stable and hence that the network model is positive Harris recurrent with a finite polynomial moment. Also, it is found that if a particular LP admits a solution, then the network model is transient.
SIMULATION OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR DURING STEEL SOLIDIFICATION IN SLAB CONTINUOUS CASTING MOLD II. Model Verification and Results Analysis

Based on the thermal-mechanical coupling finite element model described in PartⅠof present work,the thermal behavior of one high strength ship plate steel solidifying in slab continuous casting mold was simulated with the practical continuous casting conditions of a steel plant,and the availability of the model was verified by in-plant measurement temperature.With this model,the thickness distributions and thermal behavior of air gap,mold flux(including liquid flux and solidified flux),and the variation characteristics of heat flux and surface temperature,as well as the influence of casting speed,mold taper,and mold flux properties on thermal behavior of the steel solidifying in mold were investigated.
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli use d-serine deaminase to modulate infection of the murine urinary tract

Summary Although once thought to be unique to bacteria, d-amino acids are also produced by mammals. For example, d-serine is excreted in human urine at concentrations ranging from 3.0 to 40 µg ml−1. An epidemiological survey demonstrated that urine isolates of E. coli are more likely to catabolise d-serine via expression of d-serine deaminase, DsdA than enteric disease isolates. The urosepsis strain, CFT073, and an isogenic dsdA mutant have similar growth kinetics in minimal or complex media. However, relative to the wild type, the dsdA mutant has a pleiomorphic cell shape and a prolonged, 4–6 h lag phase when grown in human urine. This suggests that d-serine catabolism provides a growth advantage in the urinary tract. Unexpectedly, in a direct competition model of urinary tract infection, the dsdA mutant was recovered 300-times more frequently than the wild type in the bladders of mice 48 h after infection. A new model of E. coli uropathogenesis is proposed where growth and gene expression are modulated in response to environmental d-serine levels. In support of this, the CFT073 dsdA mutant is hyperflagellated and more motile than the wild type indicating that intracellular levels of d-serine may directly or indirectly influence the expression of regulons associated with E. coli uropathogenesis.
Siting Observers on Terrain

This paper presents an experimental study of a new algorithm that synthesises separate programs, for fast viewshed, and for fast approximate visibility index determination. It has been implemented in a working testbed for siting multiple observers jointly to cover terrain from a full level-1 DEM, and to do it so quickly that multiple experiments are easily possible. Both the observer and target may be at a given fixed distance above the terrain. The process operates as follows. (1) An approximate visibility index is calculated for each point in the cell under consideration. (2) A set of tentative observers is selected from the highly visible points. (3) The actual observers are selected from them, so as to cover as much of the cell as possible, using a greedy algorithm. Various experiments with varying parameters were performed on the Lake Champlain West cell (raster data set), with observations such as the following. (1) Forcing tentative observers to be well spaced was more important than using the most visible tentative observers. (2) Most of the new observers added (because they covered the most unseen points) were already visible to an existing observer. (3) Randomly deleting many tentative observers before final selection did not reduce the final area covered.
Messenger RNA orientation on the ribosome. Placement by electron microscopy of antibody-complementary oligodeoxynucleotide complexes.

Messenger RNA orients on the small ribosomal subunit by base pairing with a complementary sequence in ribosomal RNA. We have positioned this ribosomal RNA segment and thus oriented the mRNA using a new technique–localization of an antibody-recognizable modified complementary oligodeoxynucleotide by electron microscopy. A synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to the message-positioning ribosomal RNA sequence was modified at either or both ends with different antigenic markers. Electron microscopy of subunit-oligodeoxynucleotide-antibody complexes allowed separate placement of each terminal marker of the oligodeoxynucleotide probe. The 5′-end of the complementary sequence contacts the subunit at the platform tip (rRNA nucleotide 1542). The message then extends along the interior side of the platform to the level of the fork of the cleft separating the platform from the subunit body, and displaced slightly to the convex side of the platform (rRNA nucleotide 1531). Based on our results and data from other laboratories, we propose a model for the positioning of messenger RNA on the 30 S subunit.
Weighing Down the Cloud: The Public Performance Right and the Internet After Aereo

In American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. v. Aereo, Inc., the Supreme Court concluded that Aereo’s streaming of broadcast television programs over the Internet to its subscribers was an infringing public performance under the Copyright Act of 1976 (“Copyright Act”). The Court interpreted the “Transmit Clause” of the Copyright Act to mean that when determining whether a performance created by a transmission is to “the public” the relevant audience is not that of a particular transmission, but of the work being transmitted. Thus, it did not matter that Aereo operated by creating unique copies and via separate transmissions available to only one subscriber when the same underlying work was being transmitted. However, the Court’s interpretation has the strong potential of sweeping up formerly legal activities of the developing cloud computing industry due to key shared features between it and Aereo: the remote storage of unique copies of the same work, transmitted to subscribers through separate transmissions. The Court’s opinion offers lower courts and cloud developers little guidance on how to apply the new interpretation, thereby creating legal uncertainty for future cloud developments and copyright law generally. This Note first reviews the development of copyright law, focusing on the revision to the public performance right, with special emphasis on how Supreme Court cases involving cable television influenced the passage of the Copyright Act and inclusion of the Transmit Clause. It then discusses subsequent technological developments that challenged
Accountability without angst? Public opinion and no child left behind

In this article, Frederick Hess discusses public opinion trends related to educational issues from the enactment of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) in 2002 through 2006. Using data from three separate public opinion polls, Hess analyzes the general public's and parents' opinions on several issues, including the proper use of large-scale assessments, the appropriateness of punitive action for failing schools, the place of school choice, and the responsibility for closing achievement gaps across groups. Among many important findings, the author determines that NCLB has had little effect on the public's general opinion of public schools; that there is little public support for the sanctioning of struggling schools; and that while the public feels that schools should not be blamed for existing achievement gaps, schools should be responsible for closing them. He concludes with a discussion of implications for policymakers and practitioners.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Viral Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Interacts with a Member of the Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 Pathway.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a gammaherpesvirus known to establish lifelong latency in the human host. We and others have previously shown that three KSHV homologs of cellular interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), known as viral IRFs (vIRFs), participate in evasion of the host interferon (IFN) response. We report that vIRF1 interacts with the cellular interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) E3 ligase, HERC5, in the context of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation and IFN induction. The ISG15 protein is covalently conjugated to target proteins upon activation of the interferon response. Interaction between vIRF1 and HERC5 was confirmed by immunoprecipitation, and the region between amino acids 224 and 349 of vIRF1 was required for interaction with HERC5. We further report that expression of vIRF1 in the context of TLR3 activation results in decreased ISG15 conjugation of proteins. Specifically, TLR3-induced ISG15 conjugation and protein levels of cellular IRF3, a known ISG15 target, were decreased in the presence of vIRF1 compared to the control. vIRF1 itself was also identified as a target of ISG15 conjugation. KSHV-infected cells exhibited increased ISG15 conjugation upon reactivation from latency in coordination with increased IFN. Furthermore, knockdown of ISG15 in latently infected cells resulted in a higher level of KSHV reactivation and an increase in infectious virus. These data suggest that the KSHV vIRF1 protein affects ISG15 conjugation and interferon responses and may contribute to effective KSHV replication. IMPORTANCE The KSHV vIRF1 protein can inhibit interferon activation in response to viral infection. We identified a cellular protein named HERC5, which is the major ligase for ISG15, as a vIRF1 binding partner. vIRF1 association with HERC5 altered ISG15 modification of cellular proteins, and knockdown of ISG15 augmented reactivation of KSHV from latency.
Showing off: Tests of an hypothesis about men's foraging goals

Abstract It is widely assumed that among hunter-gatherers, men work to provision their families. However, men may have more to gain by giving food to a wide range of companions who treat them favorably in return. If so, and if some resources better serve this end, men's foraging behavior should vary accordingly. Aspects of this hypothesis are tested on observations of food acquisition and sharing among Ache foragers of Eastern Paraguay. Previous analysis showed that different Ache food types were differently shared. Resources shared most widely were game animals. Further analysis and additional data presented here suggest a causal association between the wide sharing of game and the fact that men hunt and women do not. Data show that men preferentially target resources in both hunting and gathering which are more widely shared, resources more likely to be consumed outside their own nuclear families. These results have implications for 1) the identification of male reproductive trade-offs in human societies, 2) the view that families are units of common interest integrated by the sexual division of labor, 3) current reconstructions of the evolution of foraging and food sharing among early hominids, and 4) assessments of the role of risk and reciprocity in hunter-gatherer foraging strategies.
Universally programmable intelligent matter summary

We explain how a small set of molecular building blocks will allow the implementation of "universally programmable intelligent matter," that is, matter whose structure, properties, and behavior can be programmed, quite literally, at the molecular level.
Implications of the algebra of currents approach to higher symmetries

Abstract The implications of the algebra of currents approach to higher symmetries is studied in the case of the SU(4) higher symmetry group. We discuss in turn the commutator algebra of integrated current operators and the manner in which it is employed to deduce results normally ascribed to a higher symmetry group. Various simple cases of the method are considered for the purpose of elucidating its hidden consequences. Particular attention is given to the role of the angular momentum in the whole procedure and to the question of using zero momentum as against nonzero momentum states.
High-temperature batch hot-dip galvanizing. Part 1. General description of coatings formed at 560 °C

Abstract The batch high temperature hot-dip galvanizing (HT-HDG) process of silicon-killed steels was studied. Cold-rolled (CRS) and hot-rolled (HRS) structural steel panels were galvanized in a commercial kettle at immersion times ranging from 3 to 15 min at 560 °C. The thickness of the coatings and phase distribution was not strongly dependent on the immersion time or the type of steel used. The coatings formed at this temperature were found to be fully alloyed. However, in certain cases the flux film seemed to inhibit the complete alloying of the HT-HDG coatings. The coating consisted primarily of the 8 alloy with smaller amounts of the ζ and the Γ alloy. The latter was present only in small amounts at the zinc-steel interface. The surface of these alloy coatings consisted of small monoclinic crystals of the ζ alloy embedded in a layer which is a solid solution of the δ and ζ alloy. This surface was microporous. The microporous surface of the coatings enhanced paintability. The corrosion resistance of these coatings was equal if not better than conventional coatings. The hardness values of the HT-HDG coatings was higher compared to the conventional coatings. The alloyed surface of this coating renders it suitable for applications where abrasion and wear resistance are of significant importance.
Relational referents in the nursing home: The staff to resident link

The relationships between staff members and residents is seen to be an important part of the effective operation of a nursing home. This essay argues that aspects of this relational link are expressed through the referents used by staff members with regard to residents. Chi‐square analyses of conversational data reveal that the socialization stages and hierarchical levels of staff members are related to the type of referents employed. Specifically, members at the encounter stage use dysfunctional referents to a greater extent than members at other levels. As members become socialized these referents fall more closely in line with organizational values. Further, administrators are more likely to use organizationally approved referents, the nursing staff is most likely to use relational referents, and nurse aides are most likely to employ dysfunctional referents.
Elastic moduli of polycrystalline, high-temperature binary intermetallic compounds

Abstract Ultrasonic measurements have been done of the elastic constants of a number of binary intermetallic compounds that melt above 1500°C. The data give directly the stiffness and specific stiffness of these materials and are expected to be indicators of their strength and specific strength.
Variation in working memory capacity and intrusions: Differences in generation or editing?

The current study explored the reason for the relation between individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) and intrusions in free recall. High and low WMC individuals were tested in standard delayed free recall and externalised free recall in which participants recalled everything that came to mind. Additionally, in externalised free recall participants were instructed to press a key for each item that they knew was an intrusion. In delayed free recall, low WMC individuals recalled fewer correct items and more previous list and extralist intrusions than high WMC individuals. In externalised free recall, differences only arose in previous list intrusions. Furthermore, in externalised free recall it was found that low WMC were less likely to identify both types of intrusions than high WMC individuals. It is argued that the reason low WMC individuals recall more intrusions than high WMC in free recall is due to differences in both generation and editing abilities.
Electron-stimulated positive-ion desorption caused by charge transfer from adsorbate to substrate: Oxygen adsorbed on TiO 2 ( 110 )

The electron-stimulated desorption of ${\text{O}}^{+}$ from atomic oxygen $({\text{O}}_{t})$ species on the ${\text{TiO}}_{2}(110)$ surface has been investigated. Adsorbed ${\text{O}}_{t}$ species, produced by ${\text{O}}_{2}$ dissociation, desorb as ${\text{O}}^{+}$ ions by hole production in the $\text{Ti}(3p)$ level of lattice ${\text{Ti}}^{4+}$ ions. A factor of 600 increase in the ${\text{O}}^{+}$ desorption cross section for the ${\text{O}}_{t}$ species is observed compared to lattice O. Very efficient charge transfer from the ${\text{O}}_{t}$ species to the $\text{Ti}(3d)$ level, accompanied by a low reneutralization rate for the ${\text{O}}^{+}$ ions at the Ti sites, is postulated to be responsible for the greatly enhanced ${\text{O}}^{+}$ ion yield.
Interference mitigation in transmitted-reference ultra-wideband (UWB) receivers

Transmitted-reference (TR) ultra-wideband transceivers have recently become increasingly popular for their simplicity, capability to reduce the stringent UWB timing requirements, and robust performance in multipath channels. However, the performance of TR receivers is considerably limited by the severity of noise-on-noise component introduced by various types of channel noise such as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or narrowband interference (NBI) on the transmitted signal. It is expected that such receivers will perform poorly at low signal-to-noise ratio links, or in the presence of strong narrowband interferers. In this paper we propose a novel technique that maximizes the extraction of information from reference pulses for UWB-TR receivers. The scheme efficiently processes the incoming signal to suppress different types of interference prior to signal detection. The method described introduces a feedback loop mechanism to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of reference pulses in a conventional TR receiver. The performance of a conventional TR receiver and a feedback loop TR receiver in the presence of AWGN and strong narrowband interference is investigated by analysis and computer simulations. Our studies show that the reference enhancing feedback loop mechanism greatly improves the robustness of the link performance of TR receivers in the presence of non-UWB interference with modest increase in complexity.
Clinical outcome and psychoendocrinological findings in a case of lethal catatonia.

We examined the plasma values of cortisol before and after a dexamethasone suppression test because they are asoociated with the affective spectrum of psychotic disorders
Hierarchical control for large-scale systems with general multiple linear-quadratic structure

Abstract A class of large-scale linear control systems, where the overall objective function is a nonlinear function of multiple quadratic performance indices, is investigated in this paper. This type of large-scale control problem with a general multiple linear-quadratic structure is nonseparable in the sense of conventional hierarchical control. Hierarchical control is extended in this paper to large-scale nonseparable control problems, where multiobjective optimization is used as a separation strategy. The large-scale general multiple linear-quadratic control problem is embedded, under certain conditions, into a family of the weighted Lagrangian formulation. The weighted Lagrangian formulation is separable with respect to subsystems and can be effectively solved using the interaction prediction approach at the two lower levels in the proposed three-level solution structure. At the third level, the weighting vector for the weighted Lagrangian formulation is adjusted iteratively to search the optimal weighting vector with which the optimal control of the original large-scale nonseparable control problem is attained. One feature of this hierarchical control scheme is a derived analytical solution for the large-scale general multiple linear-quadratic control.