cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of partial reward on lever pulling and activity level of retarded youth.

Summary.-30 youngsters from classes for the moderately retarded received partial or continuous reward for 20 lever-pulling trials. Contrary to predictions based on frustrative nonreward theory, neither speed of lever pulls nor free field activity following each trial differentiated reward groups. The present study examined frustrative behavior among moderately retarded youngsters by the typical lever-pulling method (5) and by the novel technique of free field-activity measurement. Production of frustration in Ss was attempted by nonrewarding instrumental responses which have also been rewarded. It was predicted that a group rewarded 50% of the time for pulling a lever would respond faster than one rewarded continuously (Partial Reinforcement Acquisition Effect) and that increases in activity following nonrewarded trials would occur for the 50% reward group (Frustration Effect). The latter directly follows from Amsel's (1) cheory of the energizing effects of frustration, documented in animal studies (2, 3). Method.-Fourteen boys and 16 girls from community-based classrooms for the trainably mentally retarded participated. Their mean chronological age was 14.2 yr. (Range: 6.2-20.6 yr.) and the median Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test IQ was 46. The two reward groups were closely matched according to mental age and sex. A single lever device similar to a unit described by Hayes and Routh (4) was attached to the inside door of an activity room which was 10 X 11% ft. and had a series of photoelectric eyes spaced at 1-ft. intervals, slightly above floor level. The beams formed a grid of 1-fr. squares, any interruption of the beam causing an impulse measurable by a digital counter. The room was plain with no window and was free of any obviously distracting stimuli. Each child selected either pennies or M&M candies (small hard-coated chocolates) to try to win and was then left alone in the activity room for five minutes to provide baseline activity recordings. The task was then explained and three rewarded practice trials given. Each S was told there would be time to wait after pulling the "stick" and that he should feel free to move aronnd the room while waiting and did not need to stand in front of the "stick." A buzzer signaled S to be ready to pull the lever with the onset of the light located on the lever box. There were 20 lever-pulling trials, separated by a 60-sec. interval during which recordings were made of S's movements about the room. The 60-sec. period was judged satisfactory to measure the duration of frustration effects. With longer intervals it seems possible that changes in activity level could arise from factors other than frustration, i.e., boredom.
Reservoirs Dispatching Automation System Based on Unified Platform for Intelligent Hydropower Plant

This paper introduced the unified platform for intelligent hydropower plant,studied the middleware and data modeling of reservoirs dispatching automation system based on unified platform,and then described the reservoirs dispatching applications including data monitor and query,economic dispatch and control,etc.
An unusual case of ischemic enteritis mimicking regional enteritis.

A patient treated for regional enteritis, 6 months later, was found to have ischemic enteritis secondary to infiltrative adenocarcinoma of the colon. The reversal of the abnormal small bowel pattern on X-ray was the first clue to the altered diagnosis. At surgery, compression of the mesenteric vessels by the tumor was found to be the pathogenesis of the ischemic change.
Catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over γ-Al2O2-supported rhodium catalysts

The partial oxidation of methane was studied over γ-Al2O3-supported catalysts for Rh loadings between 0.01 and 5.0 wt%. It was found that the activity and selectivities for loadings between 0.5 and 5.0 wt% are almost the same. As an example, detailed information is presented for the 1.0 wt% Rh/γ-Al2O3, which provides at 750°C (furnace temperature) an activity of 82% and selectivities of 96% to CO and 98% to H2, at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 720000 ml g−1 h−1. Its activity remained stable during our experiment which lasted 120 h. Possible explanations for this high stability are proposed based on TPR and XRD experiments. Pulse reactions with small pulses of CH4 and CH4/O2 (2/1) were performed over the reduced and unreduced Rh catalysts to probe the mechanistic aspects of the reaction. The partial oxidation of methane to syngas was found to be initiated by metallic rhodium sites, since the CO selectivity increased with increasing number of such sites.
Handedness, Stuttering and Allergies

The relationship of left-handedness to allergic disorders and stuttering, using epidemiological data of two French samples, is reported from L'Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Villejuif, France.
Blind turbo equalization using a generalized LDPC decoder

The standard LDPC decoder is generalized to compute joint posterior conditional probabilities of arbitrary sets of codeword bits given the received data. This generalized decoder is applied to the problem of blind turbo equalization. Blind channel identification is formulated as an expectation maximization problem. The solution depends on first and second order statistics of the transmitted code bits. Marginal and pairwise joint probabilities computed by the generalized LDPC decoder are used to evaluate the first and second order statistics for channel identification. Channel estimates are used by a MAP equalizer. Information is exchanged between the MAP equalizer and the LDPC decoder in a turbo fashion. After each turbo iteration, the channel is re-estimated. Simulation results compare blind turbo equalization with channel informed turbo equalization.
Achieving interfaith maturity through university interfaith programmes in the United Kingdom

AbstractGiven the recent surge in acts of violent, religious extremism around the world, this report investigates whether and how institutes of higher education in the United Kingdom are developing interfaith maturity in their student population. Using King and Baxter Magolda's framework for intercultural maturity, I analyze three case studies: The University of Cambridge’s Inter-Faith Programme and their scriptural reasoning program, London School of Economics and Political Science’s Faith Centre and its Faith and Leadership Certificate, and the University of Edinburgh’s multi-faith Chaplaincy and its Camino Peace Pilgrimage. Following the case study analysis, this report provides practical, policy recommendations meant to assist higher education administrators and policy-makers improve their interfaith programs with the intent to encourage their students to be respectful, engaging, and open to an increasingly diverse world.
A combined Averaging-Shooting Approach for the Trim Analysis of Hovering Insects/Flapping-Wing Micro-Air-Vehicles

Because of the wing oscillatory motion with respect to the body, the ight dynam- ics of biological yers as well as their man-made mimetic vehicles, apping-wing micro- air-vehicles (FWMAVs), are typically represented by multi-body, nonlinear time-periodic (NLTP) system models whose balance and stability analyses are quite challenging. In this work, we consider a NLTP system model for a two-degree-of-freedom FWMAV that is con ned to move along vertical rails. We combine tools from chronological calculus, geo- metric control, and averaging to provide a mathematically rigorous analysis for the balance of FWMAVs at hover; that is, relaxing the single-body and direct averaging assumptions that are commonly adopted in analyzing balance and stability of FWMAVs and insects. We also use optimized shooting to numerically capture the resulting periodic orbit and verify the obtained results. Finally, we provide a combined averaging-shooting approach for the balance and stability analysis of NLTP systems that (i) unlike typical shooting methods, does not require an initial guess; (ii) provides more accurate results than the analytical av- eraging approaches, hence relaxing the need for intractable high-order averaged dynamics; and (iii) allows a deeper scrutiny of the system dynamics, in contrast to numerical shooting methods.
Development of Lymphohematopoietic Progenitors during Human Embryonic Stem (hES) Cell Differentiation on OP9 Stromal Cells.

hES cells provide an unique opportunity to study the earliest stages of hematopoietic commitment which are not easily accessible in the human embryo. To model early hematopoietic development, we cultured H1 and H9 hES cell lines on OP9 stromal cells without the addition of cytokines. On day 2 of co-culture, hES cells up-regulated brachyury expression and began to form mesodermal-like colonies. A transient population of blast colony-forming cells (CFCs) with the potential to differentiate into blood and endothelial cells was detected on days 3–6 of co-culture. CD34+ cells first appeared on day 3–4 of co-culture, which was coincident with induction of the transcription factors GATA-1, GATA-2 and SCL. CD43+ and CD41a+ cells along with CFCs emerged 2 days later within CD34+ population; 3–4 days before the appearance of CD45+ cells. We were able to obtain up to 20% of CD34+ cells from hES/OP9 co-culture and isolate up to 107 CD34+ cells with more than 95% purity from a similar number of initially plated hES cells after 8–9 days of culture. The hES cell-derived CD34+ cells were highly enriched in CFCs, displayed CD90+CD117+CD164+CD38- phenotype of primitive hematopoietic progenitors, and contained ALDHhigh cells as well cells with verapamil-sensitive ability to efflux rhodamine 123. Isolated CD34+ cells differentiated into lymphoid (NK cells) as well as myeloid (neutrophils and macrophages) lineages when cultured on MS-5 stromal cells in the presence of SCF, Flt3-L, IL7 and IL3. These data indicate that hES cell/OP9 co-culture reproduces the major events that are observed during embryonal hematopoietic development, including the formation of lympho-myeloid progenitors. We employed OP9 system for identification of the phenotype of early hematopoietic progenitors in humans and to directly differentiate hES cells into different blood lineages.
Transitioning newly diagnosed patients with HIV into care.

Abstract:Fewer than half of the individuals in the United States with HIV are receiving the full benefit of treatment. Primary care providers play a pivotal role in creating a pipeline into HIV care following diagnosis. Using interview data and current literature, this article provides recommendatio
The Cost of a Presumed Public Good

The author offers three vulnerable personal narrative that serve as case studies to explore the cost of a presumed public good, relative to neoliberalism in higher education.
Dialysis During Infancy

Although end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is rare in infants, its development can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Only through the provision of experienced, multidisciplinary care can a favorable outcome be anticipated. Peritoneal dialysis is the renal replacement modality of choice for this age group and serves as an essential bridge until successful renal transplantation can occur. Using a case-based approach, we discuss the practice of peritoneal dialysis in infants including the unique ethical and technical considerations facing pediatric nephrologists and caregivers. Additionally, we review current guidelines concerning nutrition as well as the literature on complications and outcomes.
Diversifying Nanoparticle Assemblies in Supramolecule Nanocomposites Via Cylindrical Confinement

Many macroscopic properties such as collective chiral responses enhanced by coupled plasmonic nanoparticles require complex nanostructures. However, a key challenge is to directly assemble nanosized building blocks into functional entities with designed morphologies. For example, the DNA templated nanoparticle assembly has low scalability and requires aqueous conditions, while other approaches such as controlled drying and polymer templating access only simple 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D structures with limited assembly patterns. Here, we demonstrate a new self-assembly strategy that expands the diversity of 3-D nanoparticle assemblies. By subjecting supramolecular nanocomposites to cylindrical confinement, a range of new nanoparticle assemblies such as stacked rings and single and double helices can be readily obtained with a precisely defined morphology. Circular dichroism dark field scattering measurements on the single nanowire with Au helical ribbon-like assembly show chiral plasmonic response several orders of magnitude higher than that of natural chiral materials. The phase behavior of supramolecular nanocomposite under geometric constraints is quite different from that of block copolymer. It depends on the complex interplay among nanoparticle packing and phase behavior of parent block copolymers under confinement and can be governed by nanoparticle diffusion.
Anti-VEGF agents and the risk of arteriothrombotic events

Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, whether via sequestration of free VEGF or via inhibition of the tyrosine kinases activated by VEGF, is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin-I 2 (PG-I 2) production along with vascular endothelial cell death. Systemic administration of drugs that block VEGF signaling (eg, for cancer treatment) is associated with systemic complications such as hypertension and thrombosis. Evidence regarding the risk of systemic serious adverse events after intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents in patients with diabetic macular edema or neovascular age-related macular degeneration is inconsistent, in part because of study design limitations (eg, bias of ascertainment through strict enrollment criteria and/or inadequate power to identify the risk of low frequency events). Studies involving patients at high risk of arteriothrombotic events (eg, patients with diabetic macular edema) who have high exposure to intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy (eg, monthly aflibercept or ranibizumab injection) demonstrate an increased risk of all-cause mortality compared with randomized controls. The pharmacokinetics of anti-VEGF drug clearance from the systemic circulation and the documented sustained reduction in free plasma VEGF levels after intravitreal aflibercept and bevacizumab injection are consistent with these findings. Although the frequency of systemic serious adverse events after intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy is low, some patients may be at higher risk (eg, those with recent stroke or multiple strokes), and physicians may wish to take special measures with these patients to minimize the risk of systemic complications.
Evolving, innovating, and revolutionary changes in cardiovascular imaging: We've only just begun!

In this review, we highlight the need for innovation and creativity to reinvent the field of nuclear cardiology. Revolutionary ideas brought forth today are needed to create greater value in patient care and highlight the need for more contemporary evidence supporting the use of nuclear cardiology practices. We put forth discussions on the need for disruptive innovation in imaging-guided care that places the imager as a central force in care coordination. Value-based nuclear cardiology is defined as care that is both efficient and effective. Novel testing strategies that defer testing in lower risk patients are examples of the kind of innovation needed in today’s healthcare environment. A major focus of current research is the evolution of the importance of ischemia and the prognostic significance of non-obstructive atherosclerotic plaque and coronary microvascular dysfunction. Embracing novel paradigms, such as this, can aid in the development of optimal strategies for coronary disease management. We hope that our article will spurn the field toward greater innovation and focus on transformative imaging leading the way for new generations of novel cardiovascular care.
Bayesian hierarchical model for protein identifications

In proteomics, identification of proteins from complex mixtures of proteins extracted from biological samples is an important problem. Among the experimental technologies, mass spectrometry (MS) is...
Judicial Selection Methods in the American States: The Values of Merit Plans

This article examines the relative merits of judicial selection methods in the American states. The conventional wisdom holds that appointive judges act differently than elected judges, because they are more independent and are less vulnerable to public pressure. Existing theories suggest that appointive systems create more uncertainty; therefore, one should expect higher litigation rates in these systems. They also suggest that public pressure forces elected judges to be more productive. Using time-series data on litigation rates and opinions, I investigate the impact of switching in selection methods on judicial behavior. I use tests of structural break, with both known and unknown dates, to examine whether a switch from elective and appointive systems to a merit selection causes a structural regime change. I evaluate the results using asymptotic results in the literature as well as with Monte Carlo analysis. My results contradict the existing theories. A change in selection method causes a regime change, but the direction of the change is not consistent with the prediction of the theory. Moreover, I find that adopting a merit plan significantly reduces the number of opinions written by the supreme court justices, though some exceptions exist. All together, I conclude that the switch in the selection method affect the behavior of both judges and litigants. The effects on the behavior of the judges are stronger than the impact on the behavior of potential litigants.
Energy Supply Concerns: A United States Perspective on Electric Power Generation

This review discusses the outlook for electric power generation in the U.S. covering both traditional fossil fuel and renewable energy sources. Environmental policy, technology and economics combine with the advantages and disadvantages of each electric power source to drive the direction of the industry. Coal, while sensitive to carbon emissions regulations, will likely continue to play a large role; natural gas use will continue to be dependent on supply and price; nuclear power has the potential to grow, but requires new plant construction for the first time in 30 years; and despite projected growth in renewable energy sources (particularly for wind), changes in policy would be required to have renewable energy become a significant contributor to the electric power generation mix.
The Relevance of Endocasts for Studying Primate Brain Evolution

The most proximal evidence for brain evolution within any taxonomic group of animals is from paleoneurology, the study of brain endocasts. The higher primates, however, i.e., pongids and hominids, have a notorious reputation for not being too faithful in leaving solid, interpretable evidence on the surface of their endocasts. Whether this is because they are relatively large-brained creatures or simply phyletically perverse and spiteful in character, preferring that their brain phylogeny remain unknown because of meningeal tissues’ conspiring to eradicate all decent gyral and sulcal configurations, is unknown at present. Certainly the first factor, large brain size, is in all likelihood paramount. In any event, except for a very few exceptional cases in both chimpanzees and humans, the cortical gyri and sulci are covered by thick meninges and usually do not imprint their forms on the internal table of bone of the cranium.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Wave Propagation in Granular Media

One dimensional stress waves travelling in granular chains exhibit interesting characteristics such as filtering, tunability and wave mitigation because on the formation of solitary waves, and solitary wave trains, within them. An idealized one dimensional granular medium, consisting of a linear array of contacting spherical brass beads, was loaded dynamically in a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar, with loading pulses that span a variety of rates and profiles using pulse shaping techniques. Different chain lengths were studied to determine how solitary waves form in a varying length granular medium, as well as the speed of wave propagation. It is found that the wave speed propagates faster for longer chains of brass beads. The high loading rates of the Hopkinson bar also allowed us to investigate plastic dissipation effects in the granular chain when composed of different types of metals. To further our understanding of wave propagation in ductile ordered granular media, the experimental results are compared with companion numerical simulations based on a particle contact law that accounts for plastic dissipation. Knowing the behavior of a stress wave propagating through such materials can lead to arrangements that can produce desired stress wave mitigation characteristics as the waves travel through the granular chain.
Untold student stories: Examining educational budget cuts within urban school settings

School choice, which allows a school district to accept students from other districts, has been enthusiastically touted in the state of Michigan and recently on a national scale. The policy has bee...
Nursing: Addressing substance use in the 21st century

Over the past two decades, there has shift from focusing on the most severe end of the substance use continuum to earlier detection of persons who are at risk given the consequences associated with alcohol and other drug use. In 2017, the Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) undertook the development of core competencies for specific disciplines addressing substance use in the 21st century. This article presents the core competencies for nursing in accord with the 16 standards of practice and performance for nursing. The competencies for the registered nurse and the advanced practice nurse are intended to inform and guide nursing practice with a focus on prevention, intervention, treatment, and recovery supports for persons who are affected by substance.
Light-OPU: An FPGA-based Overlay Processor for Lightweight Convolutional Neural Networks

Lightweight convolutional neural networks (LW-CNNs) such as MobileNet, ShuffleNet, SqueezeNet, etc., have emerged in the past few years for fast inference on embedded and mobile system. However, lightweight operations limit acceleration potential by GPU due to their memory bounded nature and their parallel mechanisms that are not friendly to SIMD. This calls for more specific accelerators. In this paper, we propose an FPGA-based overlay processor with a corresponding compilation flow for general LW-CNN accelerations, called Light-OPU. Software-hardware co-designed Light-OPU reformulates and decomposes lightweight operations for efficient acceleration. Moreover, our instruction architecture considers sharing of major computation engine between LW operations and conventional convolution operations. This improves the run-time resource efficiency and overall power efficiency. Finally, Light-OPU is software programmable, since loading of compiled codes and kernel weights completes switch of targeted network without FPGA reconfiguration. Our experiments on seven major LW-CNNs show that Light-OPU achieves 5.5x better latency and 3.0x higher power efficiency on average compared with edge GPU NVIDIA Jetson TX2. Furthermore, Light-OPU has 1.3x to 8.4x better power efficiency compared with previous customized FPGA accelerators. To the best of our knowledge, Light-OPU is the first in-depth study on FPGA-based general processor for LW-CNNs acceleration with high performance and power efficiency, which is evaluated using all major LW-CNNs including the newly released MobileNetV3.
FEASIBILITY OF ECHOCARDIOGRAM GUIDED LEADLESS PACEMAKER PLACEMENT ON THE VENTRICULAR SEPTUM

The Micra leadless pacemaker should be implanted on the interventricular septum. The standard implantation protocol involves performing a right ventriculogram with contrast. In this early feasibility study, we aim to demonstrate that ultrasound guided placement is safe and non-inferior to
Detection System for Cigarette Smoke

Cigarette smoke can decrease air quality that affects human health. To create a smoke-free environment, it is important to have a system that can be used to detect the presence of hazardous gases in cigarette smoke. In this paper, we design and implement a wireless cigarette smoke detection system. The hardware utilises Arduino and four gas sensors, namely MQ-135, MQ-2, MQ-7 and MQ-9 to sense, collect, and send data wirelessly to Raspberry Pi using an ESP8266 ESP-01 Wi-Fi module. In the software side, we develop three programs, i.e. for Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and the web server. We show in real experiments that our system successfully gathers sensor readings from the gas sensors, sends data via wireless connection and stores it in the web server.
Exceptional Prime Divisors of Two-dimensional Local Domains

Throughout this paper, (R, M, k) will denote a 2-dimensional excellent normal (i. e., integrally closed) local (Noetherian) domain and K its field of fractions. We consider the normal local domains between R and K that are spots over R. Any such spot lies on the blow-up of some ideal I of R and on the normalized blow-up Proj(R[It]′) (where t is an indeterminate and ′ denotes integral closure) of an ideal generated by two elements. The purpose of the present article is to study containment relations among these spots and conditions under which they can appear on the normalized blow-up of a specific ideal I; in particular, we study conditions under which I can be chosen to be M-primary.
Women's Perceptions of Personal Selling: Some Positive Results

AbstractPrevious research has shown female college students are less favorably predisposed toward selling than males. However, recent trends in the educational and work environments lead one to expect females to be more favorable. This article investigates this expectation and presents findings that indicate females are indeed more positive toward selling than males. Suggestions are made for future research and recommendations are offered for marketing practitioners.
Septic arthritis in a patient after tonsillectomy.

Abstract Tonsillectomy is a common and relatively safe pediatric surgery. However, common and emergent complications from this procedure include hemorrhage, airway obstruction, and local infection. A rare but equally emergent complication is infection from hematogenous spread. We present a rare case of septic arthritis in a 6-year-old female of the ankle 3 days following tonsillectomy.
Visits with fathers involved in the criminal justice system and behavioral outcomes among children in foster care

Abstract This study examined the relation between paternal criminal justice involvement (i.e., biological fathers incarcerated upon children’s entry into foster care) and emotional and behavioral outcomes among children in foster care; gender and racial differences were considered. Further, this study investigated whether in-person visits with fathers with and without criminal justice involvement related to children’s outcomes. The sample included 274 children (M = 10.18, SD = 2.36 years) who entered foster care in 2011–2014 and whose fathers were allowed to have contact with them. About 15.7% of children had fathers who were incarcerated in a jail or prison when they entered foster care. Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling showed that paternal incarceration related to higher rates of externalizing behaviors but not internalizing symptoms. A significant interaction revealed the detrimental effects of incarceration were less pronounced among African American children. Finally, a significant interaction indicated that the association between paternal incarceration and externalizing behaviors was attenuated among children who had at least one visit with their fathers. These results support efforts to promote the psychological adjustment of children of color while also working to eliminate racial disparities in contact with the criminal justice system and promote health equity, along with encourage visits between fathers involved in the criminal justice system and children in foster care.
Abstract P108: The Cause and Treatment of Paroxysmal Hypertension

Introduction: The cause and treatment of paroxysmal hypertension (PH) (“pseudopheochromocytoma”) in the 98-99% of patients who do not have a pheochromocytoma has long been a mystery. It has been li...
Increased fracture toughness of additively manufactured semi-crystalline thermoplastics via thermal annealing

Abstract Polymeric components manufactured via freeform fabrication (FFF) typically have poor inter-laminar toughness resulting from incomplete bonding across layers during production. Here we study the effect of printing and post-processing on the inter-laminar toughness of additively manufactured semi-crystalline (poly-lactide (PLA)) structures. Specimens were subject to post-print thermal annealing to promote inter-laminar bonding, while post-annealing quenching rates were chosen to vary the induced degree of crystallinity in the final structure, as characterized via dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC). Critical elastic-plastic strain energy release rates (JIc) of annealed samples were evaluated using the single edge notched bend (SENB) geometry and post-testing fractography. The results show that as-printed PLA adopts an amorphous character with good inter-laminar toughness and ductility. Post-print annealing can double the toughness via increased interfacial wetting, but only if the material is quenched rapidly to preserve the amorphous character. In contrast, post-print annealing followed by slow cooling results in a semi-crystalline state (≈25% crystallinity) with low fracture toughness and brittle fracture behavior.
High Entropy and Sluggish Diffusion "Core" Effects in Senary FCC Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni-Mn Alloys.

Relative role of enthalpy and entropy in the stabilization of senary FCC Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni-Mn high entropy alloys was investigated via a high throughput combinatorial solid-to-solid diffusion couple approach. Many off-equiatomic compositions of FCC AlpCoqCrrFesNitMnu were generated by the diffusing Al and Ni in equiatomic Co20Cr20Fe20Ni20Mn20 alloy, i.e., the Al48Ni52 vs Co20Cr20Fe20Ni20Mn20 diffusion couple, annealed at 900°, 1000°, 1100°, and 1200 °C. Above 1000 °C, the solubility limit of Al in off-equiatomic AlpCoqCrrFesNitMnu alloy was determined to be higher than the solubility limit of Al in equiatomic AlxCoCrFeNiMn alloy. Compositions corresponding to the highest solubility limit of Al in off-equiatomic AlpCoqCrrFesNitMnu alloy exhibited a lower free energy of mixing, i.e., higher thermodynamic stability, than equiatomic AlxCoCrFeNiMn compositions, at 1100 °C and above. Therefore, the role of enthalpy was estimated to be significant in achieving higher thermodynamic stability in off-equiatomic alloys, since they always have lower entropy of mixing than their equiatomic counterparts. The magnitude of interdiffusion coefficients of individual elements in Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni-Mn alloys were compared to the interdiffusion coefficients in relevant quinary, quaternary, and ternary solvent-based alloys. Interdiffusion coefficients were not necessarily lower in FCC Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni-Mn alloys; therefore no sluggish diffusion was observed in FCC HEA, but diffusion of individual elements in BCC Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni-Mn alloy followed the sluggish diffusion hypothesis except for Ni. All compositions in the FCC Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni-Mn alloy were observed to comply with existing empirical single phase formation rules in high entropy alloys.
Normalization of breast MRIs using cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks.

Abstract Objectives: Dynamic Contrast Enhanced-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI) is widely used to complement ultrasound examinations and x-ray mammography for early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. However, images generated by various MRI scanners (e.g., GE Healthcare, and Siemens) differ both in intensity and noise distribution, preventing algorithms trained on MRIs from one scanner to generalize to data from other scanners. In this work, we propose a method to solve this problem by normalizing images between various scanners. Methods: MRI normalization is challenging because it requires normalizing intensity values and mapping noise distributions between scanners. We utilize a cycle-consistent generative adversarial network to learn a bidirectional mapping and perform normalization between MRIs produced by GE Healthcare and Siemens scanners in an unpaired setting. Initial experiments demonstrate that the traditional CycleGAN architecture struggles to preserve the anatomical structures of the breast during normalization. Thus, we propose two technical innovations in order to preserve both the shape of the breast as well as the tissue structures within the breast. First, we incorporate mutual information loss during training in order to ensure anatomical consistency. Second, we propose a modified discriminator architecture that utilizes a smaller field-of-view to ensure the preservation of finer details in the breast tissue. Results: Quantitative and qualitative evaluations show that the second innovation consistently preserves the breast shape and tissue structures while also performing the proper intensity normalization and noise distribution mapping. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the proposed model can successfully learn a bidirectional mapping and perform normalization between MRIs produced by different vendors, potentially enabling improved diagnosis and detection of breast cancer. All the data used in this study are publicly available at https://wiki.cancerimagingarchive.net/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=70226903 .
Introduction to part 3

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an introduction to the handbook on development economics, Part 3. In most societies, a family or a household is the basic decision-making unit, although in some of the developed countries and even some developing countries in Latin America, the cohesion of the family seems to be weakening. Decisions made by the households in a society significantly influence the course of its economic and social development. For example, the fertility decisions of households determine the growth (or lack thereof) of a nation's population. Household consumption provides the demand for goods and services and household savings and investment influence the accumulation of physical capital and its allocation across sectors and areas. In the celebrated model of Malthus, fertility of a household was not an endogenous-decision variable but depended in a mechanical way on its consumption relative to its subsistence needs. In contrast, contemporary analyses of household behavior under the rubric of the “new home economics” start from the presumption that a household, which is concerned with the welfare of its members. In addition to the productivity-based view of schooling, there are two other common perspectives. One is the so-called “signaling” hypothesis in which the role of schooling is simply to signal to potential employers the innate ability of the individual who has acquired school credentials. The other perspective attributes to education a socializing role rather than productivity per se, the socializing essentially implying that educated individuals adhere to certain norms of conduct that might have positive implications for their productivity in work.
ARGULUS YUCATANUS N. SP. (CRUSTACEA: BRANCHIURA) PARASITIC ON CICHLASOMA UROPHTHALMUS FROM YUCATAN, MEXICO

A new species, Argulus yucatanus, is described based on 14 specimens from Cichlasoma urophthalmus collected in Celestun Lagoon, Yucatan, Mexico. Diagnostic characters include the number of and shape of sclerites in the suction cup support rods, shape of and position of respiratory areas, and modif ications on the legs of males. In males, the coxae of the 2nd legs bear an angular lobe with 5-7 erect scales and 13-21 sensilla. The new species is compared to Argulus funduli Kroyer, 1863, A. chromidis Kroyer, 1863, A. cubensis Wilson, 1936, A. rhamdiae Wilson, 1936, and A. varians Bere, 1936. RESUMEN Una nueva especie, Argulus yucatanus, esta escrito de catorce especimenes de Cichlasoma urophthal- mus colectaron del Estero de Celestun, Yucatan, Mexico. Varios caracteres la distinguen con inclusion del numero de y de la forma de escleritos en las rayas de las v entosas, de las areas respiratorias y de las modificaciones en las patas de los machos. En los machos, las segundas parejas de las patas tienen un lobulo angular con 5-7 escamas erguidas y 13-21 sensillas. Argulus funduli Kroyer, 1863, A. chromidis Kroyer, 1863, A. cubensis Wilson, 1936, A. rhamdiae Wilson, 1936 y A. varians Bere, 1936 estan comparado a la nueva especie.
Lexical Processing in School-Age Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Children with Specific Language Impairment: The Role of Semantics

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and specific language impairment (SLI) often have immature lexical-semantic knowledge; however, the organization of lexical-semantic knowledge is poorly understood. This study examined lexical processing in school-age children with ASD, SLI, and typical development, who were matched on receptive vocabulary. Children completed a lexical decision task, involving words with high and low semantic network sizes and nonwords. Children also completed nonverbal updating and shifting tasks. Children responded more accurately to words from high than from low semantic networks; however, follow-up analyses identified weaker semantic network effects in the SLI group. Additionally, updating and shifting abilities predicted lexical processing, demonstrating similarity in the mechanisms which underlie semantic processing in children with ASD, SLI, and typical development.
Differential sensitivity of Synchaeta and Daphnia to nucleosides from Anabaena affinis

The cyanobacterium Anabaena affinis contains two nucleosides responsible for its toxicity: 9-deazaadenosine 5′-α-D-glucopyranoside (compound 1) and 9-deazaadenosine (compound 2). As expected, a strain of Daphnia pulex inhibited by A. affinis also was inhibited by these nucleosides. Surprisingly, however, a strain of D. pulex coexisting with A. affinis, and not inhibited by it, was equally or more inhibited by the nucleosides. LC50 values for compounds 1 and 2 were, respectively, 1.33 and 0.56 μg ml-1 for the former D. pulex and 0.79 and 0.54 μxg ml-1 for the latter. The resistant D. pulex, which benefits from the ingestion of A. affinis, may have evolved a mechanism to detoxify the nucleosides in its intestine. In contrast, Synchaeta pectinata, which is unaffected by A. affinis, was not inhibited by the nucleosides. High concentrations of compounds 1 and 2 (3.6 and 2.2 μg ml-1, respectively) reduced neither survivorship nor fecundity. The resistance of this rotifer to the dissolved nucleosides may be due to its inability to absorb them across its surface membranes, to its inability to metabolize them into more toxic compounds, or to its lack of a receptor for them. An evolved resistance seems unlikely, as S. pectinata probably does not ingest A. affinis. The effect of A. affinis on natural zooplankton communities should be very different from that of strains of Anabaena flos-aquae producing the alkaloid, anatoxin-a. The A. affinis should be ingested by many cladocerans but not rotifers, and it contains toxins which inhibit cladocerans but not S. pectinata and perhaps other rotifers. The A. flos-aquae is ingested by rotifers as well as cladocerans, and its toxin inhibits both rotifers and cladocerans.
Effect of chronic clenbuterol administration and exercise training on immune function in horses

Effects of longitudinal exercise training and acute intensive exercise (simulated race test) on immune function have not been reported in horses. Clenbuterol, a beta2-adrenergic agonist, is used to manage inflammatory airway disease in horses. This study investigated the interaction of 8 wk of exercise training with or without 12 wk of clenbuterol administration in horses. Twenty-three untrained standardbred mares (10 +/- 3 yr, Mean +/- SE) were used and divided into four experimental groups. Horses given clenbuterol plus exercise (CLENEX; n = 6) and clenbuterol alone (CLEN; n = 6) received 2.4 microg/kg BW of clenbuterol twice daily (in an average volume of 20 mL) on a schedule of 5 d on and 2 d off for 12 wk. The CLENEX group was also aerobically trained 3 d/wk. Mares given exercise alone (EX; n = 5) were aerobically trained for 3 d/wk, and the control group (CON; n = 6) remained sedentary. Both EX and CON horses were administered similar volumes (approximately 20 mL) of molasses twice daily. A simulated race test (SRT) resulted in an elevation in lymphocyte number postexercise (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference after acute exercise in either monocyte or granulocyte number. Acute exercise resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in the percentage of CD4+ and an increase (P < 0.05) in the percentage of CD8+ cells. The SRT resulted in a decreased lymphoproliferative response to pokeweed mitogen (P < 0.05). A SRT had no effect on antibody production in response to equine influenza vaccine. The EX group demonstrated greater cortisol concentrations at rest and at all other time points postexercise after completing the training regimen compared with CLENEX horses (P < 0.05). Preexercise (SRT) peripheral blood monocyte number was lower in CLENEX horses than in other treatment groups (P < 0.05). Clenbuterol and exercise training did not significantly affect post-SRT changes in leukocyte numbers. Exercise training resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in the percentage of CD8+ cells post-SRT compared with other groups, but the percentage of CD4+ cells was not altered by either clenbuterol or exercise conditioning. Lymphocyte proliferative response was not affected by clenbuterol or exercise treatment. Horses demonstrated responses to bouts of acute exercise as noted with other species, namely humans and rodents.
Entry of Solar Cosmic Rays into the Earth’s Magnetosphere

If the solar wind flowed past the magnetosphere smoothly with no instabilities and no tension force the pressure of the wind would close off the geomagnetic field at some distance behind the earth. The angle of closing would be the Mach angle which is equal to the reciprocal of the Mach number. Since M ∼p 6 the length of the tail would be ∼ 6 times the radius of the magnetosphere or about 100 RnE. A well developed neutral sheet would not be found in this magnetosphere since the normal component is not very much different from the horizontal component (see Figure 1 a from Johnson, 1960).
Psychometric Analysis and Revision of the Opinions Relative to Mainstreaming Scale

This article provides supporting evidence for the use of a revised version of the Opinions Relative to Mainstreaming (ORM) scale. Analyses of data produced by a test of the revised scale, the Opinions Relative to Integration of Students with Disabilities (ORI), indicated satisfactory item characteristics and adequate reliability and homogeneity. Initial support for ORI's construct validity was demonstrated by the results of regression analyses relating ORI scores to respondent sociodemographic and experiential data and scores on the Scale of Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons (SADP). The ORI should prove useful to researchers evaluating the attitudes of educators toward the integration of students with disabilities into general education classrooms.
The High-Value Care Considerations of Inpatient versus Outpatient Testing.

If a medical decision about high-value care involves a conflict between the principles of beneficence and justice, an explicit analysis of the individual case is necessary to ensure that the interests of both the patient and society are served.
Key policy, regulatory and standards issues in global satellite communications

The field of satellite communications is becoming at least as constrained and shaped by policy, regulatory and standards issues as it is by technology. Satellite communications is currently facing a host of challenging issues, including national economic competition, open trade issues, standards and protocols, spectrum and frequency allocation, definition of essential space services requiring public funding, institutional reform, international industrial patterns of change and consolidation, technology transfer, and the proper role of government in future space communications development. This article seeks to identify possible areas for reform with regard to 'paper satellites', multi-purpose frequency allocations, longer range spectrum planning, new standards-making approaches to seamless satellite-fiber interconnectivity, and reforms to more open international trade and licensing of satellite systems. Specific issues addressed include: Global trade and access to national markets in the new 'open markets' trading environment. Interoperability standards and protocols. Issues of compatibility among the satellite systems of the world. Access to needed frequency allocations for satellite services amid growing global demand for broad band multi-media services and the need to revise ITU planning processes. The difference in policy perspective and objectives between developed and developing countries in the field of satellite communications and its applications. The on-going problem of 'paper satellites' and the fact that 'due diligence' has not solved this problem. Needed regulatory reforms to encourage new types of interactive broadband, multi-media satellites. Institutional reforms of key entities (the ITU, INTELSAT, Inmarsat, etc.) in the coming decade. Technology transfer issues, especially those that involve sensitive or strategic issues as well as streamlined methods to protect international property rights. New patterns of industrial cooperation, merger and as the new global market emerges. The proper role of governmental R&D support in developing new technology, applications and markets.
Out-of-Home Placement of Children Exposed to Violence

There is growing concern about the increasing number of children in the USA who are exposed to community violence and the need to remove some of them from their families. This study examines risk factors for out-of-home placement among a large pool of children and adolescents who were referred for general clinical assessment following exposure to violence and/or psychological trauma in their communities or homes. Children with greater familial and environmental support and children exposed to incidents involving a non-parental personal threat were associated with a significantly lower risk of out-of-home placement. A greater likelihood of being placed out of home was associated with older age (adolescents), history of mental health service use, involvement with law enforcement agencies, higher clinical ratings of depression or impaired thought processes, lower clinical functioning and greater exposure to traumatic events. Evidence of maltreatment and a threat to life was associated with 13.6 times greater likelihood of being placed out of the home. This study raises an important issue in respect to the children's past use of mental health service and current symptoms. It is not just the risk of violence but also evidence of psychiatric problem that trigger out-of-home placement. Further studies are needed to assess the quality and effectiveness of mental health services provided to children exposed to violence.