cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Diversity in education: an Integrative approach

(1991). Human Diversity in education: an Integrative approach. Teaching Education: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 211-213.
Application-specific array processors

An application-specific array processor (ASAP) means a high-speed, application-driven, massively parallel, modular, and programmable computing system. The ever-increasing super-high-speed requirement (in giga/tera FLOPS) in modern engineering applications suggests that mainframe scientific computers will not be adequate for many real-time signal/image processing and scientific computing applications. Therefore, the new trend of real-time computing systems points to special-purpose parallel processors, whose architecture is dictated by the very rich underlying algorithmic structures and therefore optimized for high-speed processing of large arrays of data. It is also recognized that a fast-turnaround design environment will be in a great demand for such parallel processing systems. This has become more realistic and more compelling with the increasingly mature VLSI and CAD technology. Therefore, a major advance in the state of the art in the next decade or so is expected. How to effectively design an application-specific parallel processing system which leads to a fast-turnaround design methodology is discussed. >
Automated analysis of cardiovascular images

In order to provide clinically useful information, such as blood flow rates, ventricular function, and three-dimensional motion, images of the vascular system must be analyzed quickly, accurately, and with minimal user interaction. Techniques are being developed with the goal of providing the information while the patient is still on the table. Inspection of the 3-D vascular structure may provide useful information for diagnosis and treatment planning. For determination of the 3-D structures, a technique based on stereoscopic images is used. The measurement of blood flow rates may be useful for evaluation of the functional significance of stenosis, determination of coronary flow reserve, and assessment of interventional procedures. With the advent of ultrasound, ultrafast computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, images of cross-sectional slices at many levels within the heart can be obtained. >
Neuroticism and Responsiveness to Error Feedback: Adaptive Self‐Regulation Versus Affective Reactivity

Responsiveness to negative feedback has been seen as functional by those who emphasize the value of reflecting on such feedback in self-regulating problematic behaviors. On the other hand, the very same responsiveness has been viewed as dysfunctional by its link to punishment sensitivity and reactivity. The present 4 studies, involving 203 undergraduate participants, sought to reconcile such discrepant views in the context of the trait of neuroticism. In cognitive tasks, individuals were given error feedback when they made mistakes. It was found that greater tendencies to slow down following error feedback were associated with higher levels of accuracy at low levels of neuroticism but lower levels of accuracy at high levels of neuroticism. Individual differences in neuroticism thus appear crucial in understanding whether behavioral alterations following negative feedback reflect proactive versus reactive mechanisms and processes. Implications for understanding the processing basis of neuroticism and adaptive self-regulation are discussed.
Electronic counting in growth studies of Mycobacterium avium.

Metabolically uniform cells of Mycobacterium avium were obtained by selective filtration. The life cycle of these cells was followed by photomicrographs, electronic enumeration, and sizing and by viability and protein determinations. The cells elongate to form filaments several times their initial length; the increase in mass is reflected by a five- to sixfold increase of total protein in the culture. The filaments then fragment causing the production of viable coccobacilli. The techniques employed to obtain this form of growth are described and comparisons with nocardial growth are noted. Images
Cell Line Dependency for Antiviral Activity and in Vivo Efficacy of N-Methanocarbathymidine against Orthopoxvirus Infections in Mice

Abstract A novel carbocyclic thymidine analog, N-methanocarbathymidine [(N)-MCT], was evaluated for inhibition of orthopoxvirus infections. Efficacy in vitro was assessed by plaque reduction assays against wild-type and cidofovir-resistant strains of cowpox and vaccinia viruses in nine different cell lines. Minimal differences were seen in antiviral activity against wild-type and cidofovir-resistant viruses. (N)-MCT's efficacy was affected by the cell line used for assay, with 50% poxvirus-inhibitory concentrations in cells as follows: mouse = 0.6–2.2 μM, rabbit = 52–90 μM, monkey = 87 to >1000 μM, and human = 39–220 μM. Limited studies performed with carbocyclic thymidine indicated a similar cell line dependency for antiviral activity. (N)-MCT did not inhibit actively dividing uninfected cells at 1000 μM. The potency of (N)-MCT against an S-variant thymidine kinase-deficient vaccinia virus was similar to that seen against S-variant and wild-type viruses in mouse, monkey, and human cells, implicating a cellular enzyme in the phosphorylation of the compound. Mice were intranasally infected with cowpox and vaccinia viruses followed 24 h later by intraperitoneal treatment with (N)-MCT (twice a day for 7 days) or cidofovir (once a day for 2 days). (N)-MCT treatment at 100 and 30 mg/kg/day resulted in 90 and 20% survival from cowpox virus infection, respectively, compared to 0% survival in the placebo group. Statistically significant reductions in lung virus titers on day 5 occurred in 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg/day treated mice. These same doses were also active against a lethal vaccinia virus (WR strain) challenge, and protection was seen down to 10 mg/kg/day against a lethal vaccinia virus (IHD strain) infection. Cidofovir (100 mg/kg/day) protected animals from death in all three infections.
Evaluation of the critical parameters of a sensitive ELISA test using purified infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus antigens

Abstract An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the survey or titration of bovine sera for the presence of IgG antibodies against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus was developed. The optimal conditions of serum dilution, antigen concentration, conjugate dilution, substrate concentrations, and reaction time were established using the signal/ noise (S/N) ratio as the determining criterion. Equilibrium density gradient purified IBR virus was used as antigen at an optimal concentration of 0.60 μg/cuvette. The use of purified antigen allowed the testing of sera at a 1 : 10 dilution without nonspecific reaction. The conditions of conjugate dilution, substrate concentration and reaction time were shown to have significant effects on the ELISA test. Results from 35 sera showed this optimized ELISA procedure to be as much as 1000-fold more sensitive than the serum neutralization plaque reduction assay. Numerous sera showing no neutralizing titer to IBR virus were found to be positive when examined by this ELISA method.
Identification of differentially expressed genes under drought stress in perennial ryegrass

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a widely used cool-season forage and turf grass species. Drought stress can significantly affect the growth and development of grass plants. Identification of genes involved in drought tolerance facilitates genetic improvement of perennial ryegrass. A forward and a reverse cDNA library were constructed in drought-tolerant (PI 440474) and drought-susceptible (PI 204085) accessions by using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). A BLAST search revealed that 95 of 256 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) obtained from the two libraries showed significant sequence homologies to genes with known functions. They were classified into different putative functional groups including amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, transcription, protein synthesis and destination, energy, photosynthesis, signal transduction, cellular transport and detoxification. Among them, 50 ESTs were from forward library (the drought tolerant over the susceptible accession). The expression patterns (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) of the selected genes encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in additional accessions contrasting in drought tolerance were generally consistent with patterns of differentially expressed genes identified through SSH. The GPX fragment had a high degree of nucleotide diversity (pi = 0.0251) in the selected perennial ryegrass accessions. The results suggest that differentially expressed genes between drought tolerant and susceptible accessions may play an important role in the drought tolerance of perennial ryegrass. They can be used as candidate genes in examining nucleotide polymorphisms and conducting the association analysis of genes with drought tolerance.
Formation of Resistant Starch by a Twin-Screw Extruder

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential to increase the level of resistant starch (RS) in extruded products by optimizing extruder conditions. Three experiments were conducted as randomized complete block designs with two replicates. In the first experiment, corn starch, wheat starch, and potato starch were added at a level of 30% (w/w) to degerminated yellow corn meal to investigate the influence of starch type. In the second experiment, citric acid (CA) monohydrate was added to corn meal at levels of 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% (w/w). The third experiment was a full-factorial arrangement to evaluate the effect of high-amylose corn starch (HACS) level (0, 15, 30%, w/w) and CA level (0, 5, 7.5%, w/w) at two screw speeds (200 and 300 rpm). In the first experiment, the means for RS plus dietary fiber for the different starch formulations ranged from 1.27 to 2.28%. In experiment 2, adding CA increased RS plus dietary fiber content to a maximum of 5.23% at 7.5% CA. In the third experiment, ...
FIRAS optical alignment and performance during vibration qualification and cryogenic cycling.

NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) is designed to investigate the Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR), that permeates the universe as a consequence of the Big Bang. This 3 degree Kelvin radiation is a fossil that contains much information about the early universe. The Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS), will investigate the spectral isotropy of this ancient remnant and look for clues as to the subsequent evolution of the universe. The instrument is a cryogenically cooled, modified Michelson interferometer which operates in the 1 cm to 100 micron wavelength range. FIRAS is designed to provide absolute spectral information, therefore, all possible perturbations to the instrument response must be investigated to minimize distortions of the data. This paper discusses the methodology and resultant variations in the instrument performance noted during room temperature, and liquid nitrogen, (LN2) temperature vibration qualification. Reference alignment shifts in critical components such as the instrument wire-grid beamsplitter are correlated to changes in the instrument spectral response.
Designing a memory aid to support software developers

Developers rely on knowledge of project artifacts to avoid usage errors and on knowledge of their activities to maintain orientation and trace decisions. Unfortunately, human memory is unreliable, and existing documentation practices are costly and limited in their ability to draw attention to preserved knowledge. We propose a unified memory aid aimed at addressing these problems using episodic and contextual presentations of lightweight subjective knowledge elements supplied by the developers and objective events elicited from IDE monitors. In particular, directives on call targets are pushed into the attention of client code authors.
Determination of the distribution of poly(dimethylsiloxane) segment lengths at the surface of poly[(dimethylsiloxane)-urethane]-segmented copolymers by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectra were recorded from submonolayer thin films of aminopropyl end-capped poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and from thick films (ca. 50 μm) of poly[(dimethylsiloxane)−urethane] (PU−DMS)-segmented copolymers. Ions detected and assigned to fragments in the low-mass range (m/z ≤ 300) provided structural information about the repeat units and the end groups. The high-mass spectrum of the PDMS homopolymer yielded a series of ions assigned to Ag+-cationized oligomers; this enabled determination of the molecular weight distribution in comparison with GPC measurement. In the high-mass (m/z = 800−3500) spectra of thick PU−DMS films, the peak series was assigned to a simple fragmentation process. That process would yield ions where the intact PDMS segment is present; it therefore can be used to evaluate the PDMS segment length distribution at the surface of the copolymer. It was found that the distribution of PDMS segment lengths segregated at the surface of the thick film was almo...
Composite Fermion hierarchy of quantum-Hall states

Abstract In Jain's composite Fermion (CF) approach to the fractional quantum-Hall effect, flux tubes carrying an even number, 2 p 0 , of flux quanta are attached to each electron. In the mean-field approximation (MFA) the CFs have an effective filling factor ν * 0 related to the electron filling factor ν 0 by ( ν * 0 ) −1 =( ν 0 ) −1 −2 p 0 . If ν * 0 is equal to an integer n 1 , then ν 0 = n 1 (1+2 p 0 n 1 ) −1 describes an incompressible state belonging to the principal Jain sequence. If ν * 0 is not an integer, one can write ν 0 *= n 1 + ν 1 where ν 1 describes the quasiparticle occupancy of the partially filled shell. Ignoring all but this partially filled shell, the CF transformation can be applied to these quasiparticles to obtain ( ν * 1 ) −1 =( ν 1 ) −1 −2 p 1 . If ν * 1 is not an integer, we can repeat the process to obtain ν −1 l =2 p l +( ν l +1 + n l +1 ) −1 . If all n l are equal to unity, this relation generates Haldane's continued fraction. The CF hierarchy picture not only predicts the values of the degeneracy of the lowest Landau level at which L =0 incompressible fluid ground states occur, it predicts the low energy states of the spectrum for any degeneracy. The picture rests on the assumption that the MFA gives an adequate description of the CFs at the hierarchy level being considered. This assumption can be tested by comparing its predictions with numerical calculations for finite-size systems, and it shows that the MFA fails for most fractions outside the Jain sequence.
Innate immunity and its role in type 1 diabetes.

Purpose of reviewOver the last 2 decades, studies addressing mechanisms of type 1 diabetes have focused primarily on the role of T lymphocytes in disease mechanisms. Recent investigations, however, suggest that the innate immune system plays a key role in promoting the response of autoreactive T cel
Application note: Embedded sensor technology for real time determination of animal lying time

Lameness in dairy animals poses an immediate and significant animal welfare and economic concern. A new sensor has been developed to monitor and record the lying patterns of dairy cows in order to benefit the study of lameness. The sensor utilizes an embedded accelerometer to measure the orientation of the hind leg of an animal based on the relative direction of the gravitational field. A microcontroller with nano-watt power technology facilitates sensor sampling, data recording and time stamping, and interfacing with external hardware systems. The interrupt triggered firmware protocol enabled low power consumption and made efficient use of microcontroller's resources. A single measurement axis, oriented with the vertical position of the animal's hind leg, was found to be sufficient in determining lying activity. In repetitive testing on three unique Holstein dairy cows, the layometer sensor recorded 100% of the lying events and had a total difference in lying time of 2.2% when compared to a human observer. It was also shown that unique sensors provided a statistically similar response when applied to the same test animal. The technology presented within this publication is protected under international patent application PCT/US2008/059234.
Interaction of trimethylaluminum with Ru(001)

Abstract The interaction of trimethylaluminium (TMA) with Ru(001) has been studied by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), temperature programmed static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TPSSIMS), and temperature programmed desorption spectroscopy (TPD). TMA adsorbed on Ru(001) at 110 K takes a monomeric rather than dimeric gas phase form. TMA adsorbs on Ru(001) in a “standing up” configuration with two methyl groups attached to Ru(001) and the other methyl group pointed away from the surface. With heating, the adsorbed TMA molecules partially decompose, and the products desorbed are hydrogen and small amounts of (CH 3 ) 2 AlH. The decomposition can be described in terms of a stepwise cleavage of the Al-C bonds. Al(CH 3 ) (a) is formed on the surface at 500 K and decomposes between 500 and 750 K.
Quantification of complexity of power electronics based systems

Power electronics are becoming increasingly important in modern ship board power systems. They are used for development and implementation of controls and to interface different electrical modules such as loads, batteries and generators that produce, store or consume energy. Power electronic systems are suitable for control because they provide fast operation in the range of microseconds. However, fast control operations can also add complexity to the system. Unintended complex dynamics can arise if the system (inertia) is unable to adapt to the control actions. This article studies the complexity and emergent phenomena that may develop in a ship board power system because of the power electronic components, coupling between these components, as well as feedback mechanisms such as control loops and those of human and environmental origin. A statistical complexity measure, referred to as structural complexity, is used to quantify the degree of complexity that arises during the system evolution. This metric of complexity is computed using permutation entropy and ordinal patterns. A modified procedure for structural complexity called multivariable structural complexity is developed to compute the system wide complexity. This multivariable structural complexity is also used to assist the modelling process and the decision of the best model candidate that captures observed aspects of complexity from the system data history. Various case studies on complexity quantification are conducted on simulated data from a noise coupled buck converter, two parallel connected buck converters and an electric ship board power system.
Rheed in-plane rocking curve analysis of biaxially-textured polycrystalline MgO films on amorphous substrates grown by ion beam-assisted deposition

We have developed a method for biaxial texture determination in polycrystalline films using reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) in-plane rocking curves, Experimental RHEED in-plane rocking curves were taken at 25 keV and 2.7 incidence angle from 11 nm thick, nominally [1 0 0]-textured MgO films grown on amorphous Si 3 N 4 by ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD). The experimental RHEED in-plane rocking curves were analyzed by comparing them with RHEED in-plane rocking curves calculated using a kinematical simulation. The model enables a quantitative correlation between biaxial texture and RHEED in-plane rocking curve measurements. RHEED results are compared to X-ray rocking curve film analysis.
Hemangioblastoma of the optic nerve

A 43-year-old woman presented with progressive loss of vision in the right eye. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a prominently enhancing lesion of the optic nerve, thought preoperatively to represent an optic nerve meningioma or optic neuritis. Histological examination of the excised tumor showed this lesion to be hemangioblastoma. Her family history was unremarkable. However, subsequent review of the preoperative MRIs and postoperative imaging studies showed two small cerebellar lesions, probably hemangioblastomas, and renal, pancreatic, and adnexal cysts, establishing the diagnosis of von Hippel-Lindau disease.
Role of radiative transfer in maintenance and destruction of stratocumulus clouds

A mesoscale numerical model is used to study the physical processes in the maintenance of a stratocumulus topped boundary layer. The model includes a surface energy budget, closure using a scheme based on the turbulence kinetic energy, a five category cloud physics scheme and radiative transfer. Model results demonstrate the role radiative flux divergence plays in the maintenance of a stratocumulus layer. Radiative heating and cooling of the cloud layer destabilizes the upper boundary layer and decouples that portion of the boundary layer from the surface layer. Eventually, sufficient solar radiation reaches the surface to overcome the decoupling and the cloud layer dissipates.
Connecting Cluster Anion Properties to Bulk: Ion Solvation Free Energy Trends with Cluster Size and the Surface vs Internal Nature of Iodide in Water Clusters

There is disagreement in the literature on whether small water clusters (up to ∼60 waters) accommodate an excess iodide anion at the surface, in the interior, or in states intermediate between the two extremes. Small cluster solvation data, the results of ion simulations in model polar solvent clusters of intermediate size, and limiting continuum dielectric trends at large cluster size have been combined to illustrate the progression of the free energy of ion solvation from the smallest cluster size to bulk, establishing a set of general expectations for cluster ion solvation properties vs cluster size. The surface vs internal state issue for iodide in water clusters is examined in the context of the cluster ion properties of solvation thermochemistry, electron vertical detachment thresholds, and vertical detachment energies with specific regard to variation with cluster size and extrapolation to bulk. In aqueous systems, the anionic cluster property of vertical detachment threshold is shown to bear a bet...
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate on needle biopsy: histologic features and clinical significance

Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) has been described in radical prostatectomies. However, there is limited information as to its histologic features and clinical significance when seen on prostate biopsy. A total of 27 cases of prostate biopsies with only IDC-P (ie no infiltrating cancer anywhere on the biopsy) were studied from the consult files of one of the authors. IDC-P was defined as malignant epithelial cells filling large acini and prostatic ducts, with preservation of basal cells forming either: (1) solid or dense cribriform patterns or; (2) loose cribriform or micropapillary patterns with either marked nuclear atypia (nuclear size 6 x normal or larger) or comedonecrosis. The numbers of cores involved by IDC-P in the biopsies ranged from 1 to 7, with >1 core involved in 17 cases. The architectural patterns of IDC-P were solid (12), dense cribriform (19), loose cribriform (17), and micropapillary (5). More than one pattern was present in 24 of 27 cases. The cytological features frequently observed in IDC-P were marked pleomorphism (18), non-focal comedonecrosis (22), and mitoses (20). Basal cells were observed on regular hematoxylin and eosin stained slides in 14 cases; in all the cases, basal cells were confirmed by immunohistochemical stains for high molecular weight cytokeratin (n=25) and/or p63 (n = 4). After the diagnosis of IDC-P on prostate biopsies, patients were treated by radical prostatectomy (6), radiation (7), hormone (5), combined radiation and hormone (1), or watchful waiting (2). The follow-up information was not available for six patients. The follow-up times ranged up to 4 years with an average of 2.1 years. In all six radical prostatectomy specimens, high-grade infiltrating carcinoma with Gleason score 8 or 9 was present with five cases also revealing prominent IDC-P. Non-focal extraprostatic extension of carcinoma was observed in five of the six prostatectomy cases with two cases also demonstrating vascular invasion. Three of 16 patients who did not receive radical prostatectomy developed bone metastases. Our study indicates that IDC-P on prostate biopsies is frequently associated with high-grade cancer and poor prognostic parameters at radical prostatectomy as well as potentially advanced disease following other therapies. These findings support prior studies that IDC-P represents an advanced stage of tumor progression with intraductal spread of tumor. Consideration should be given to treat patients with IDC-P on biopsy aggressively even in the absence of documented infiltrating cancer.
Escaping the quicksand and getting back on the trail of team projects

Working in a team environment can be either an efficient and productive means of completing projects or a nightmare where the project never seems to end. Most of us have been a part of projects where we felt that "if we were able to do this by ourselves, it would have been finished a long time ago." It feels as if the project continues to go on and on; people are always changing their minds as to what it is the team is supposed to do, or some members of the team never seem to do their share of the workload. Sometimes we appear to be part of a "team", but in actuality, we are just part of an unorganized group of people who have no guidance as to what they are supposed to be accomplishing, or don't know if they are really doing what they were asked to do. Sometimes projects never seem to end - mainly because the team doesn't know how to end it.At ASU West, our IT department has incorporated what is known as the Seven-Step Continuous Improvement Model to help guide our project teams from start to finish. This process was shared with ASU from Oregon State University, and has become a great stabilizing force in improving our IT department's ability to work effectively in a team environment and finish projects more efficiently than before. We now have clear starting points, milestones along the way, and a clear ending point to each project.This paper will outline and demonstrate each of the seven steps in our process, share the documentation that we have developed for our internal use, and give examples of how this process is working in our environment. What this paper does not do is talk about team member dynamics, specific roles of each team member, etc. This presentation will focus specifically on the process.
Roentgenographic manifestations of pulmonary histoplasmosis. Classified according to clinical types.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The course of pulmonary histoplasmosis was clearly demonstrated in this series of roentgenographic films. They showed:
Maximizing cartilage formation and integration via a trajectory-based tissue engineering approach

Given the limitations of current surgical approaches to treat articular cartilage injuries, tissue engineering (TE) approaches have been aggressively pursued. Despite reproduction of key mechanical attributes of native tissue, the ability of TE cartilage constructs to integrate with native tissue must also be optimized for clinical success. In this paper, we propose a “trajectory-based” tissue engineering (TB-TE) approach, based on the hypothesis that time-dependent increases in construct maturation in-vitro prior to implantation (i.e. positive rates) may provide a reliable predictor of in-vivo success. As an example TE system, we utilized hyaluronic acid hydrogels laden with mesenchymal stem cells. We first modeled the maturation of these constructs in-vitro to capture time-dependent changes. We then performed a sensitivity analysis of the model to optimize the timing and amount of data collection. Finally, we showed that integration to cartilage in-vitro is not correlated to the maturation state of TE constructs, but rather their maturation rate, providing a proof-of-concept for the use of TB-TE to enhance treatment outcomes following cartilage injury. This new approach challenges the traditional TE paradigm of matching only native state parameters of maturity and emphasizes the importance of also establishing an in-vitro trajectory in constructs in order to improve the chance of in-vivo success.
Transverse Aeolian Ridges on Mars: First results from HiRISE images

Abstract Three images obtained by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) were analyzed for the information they could provide regarding Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) on Mars. TARs from five locations in a HiRISE image of the floor of Ius Chasma show remarkably symmetric (cross-sectional) profiles, with average slopes for the entire feature of ~ 15°; these results apply to TARs that span an order of magnitude in wavelength and a factor of 6 in height. A HiRISE image of Gamboa impact crater in the northern lowlands shows low albedo sand patches
Direct Simulation Monte Carlo for astrophysical flows – I. Motivation and methodology

We describe a hybrid Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code for simultaneously solving the collisional Boltzmann equation for gas and the collisionless Boltzmann equation for stars and dark matter for problems important to galaxy evolution. This project is motivated by the need to understand the controlling dynamics at interfaces between gases of widely differing densities and temperature, i.e. multiphase media. While more expensive than hydrodynamics, the kinetic approach does not suffer from discontinuities and it applies when the continuum limit does not, such as in the collapse of galaxy clusters and at the interface between coronal halo gas and a thin neutral gas layer. Finally, the momentum flux is carried, self-consistently, by particles and this approach explicitly resolves and thereby ‘captures’ shocks. The DSMC method splits the solution into two pieces: 1) the evolution of the phase-space flow without collisions; and 2) the evolution governed the collision term alone without phase-space flow. This splitting approach makes DSMC an ideal match to existing particle-based n-body codes. If the mean free path becomes very small compared to any scale of interest, the method abandons simulated particle collisions and simply adopts the relaxed solution in each interaction cell consistent with the overall energy and momentum fluxes. This is functionally equivalent to solving the Navier-Stokes equations on a mesh. Our implementation is tested using the Sod shock tube problem and the non-linear development of an Kelvin-Helmholtz unstable shear layer.
Dynamic tuning of hair bundle mechanoreceptors in a sea anemone during predation

The sea anemone Haliplanella luciae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) detects chemical and mechanical stimuli from prey. Hair bundle mechanoreceptors on the tentacles participate in regulating discharge of microbasic p-mastigophore nematocysts. Properly stimulated hair bundles sensitize the anemone to discharge nematocysts into objects that contact the tentacles. The hair bundle mechanoreceptors are composed of stereocilia derived from a multicellular complex. This complex consists of a single sensory neuron surrounded by two to four supporting cells. The mechanoreceptor is similar in many ways to vertebrate hair cells of the acousticolateralis system. However, anemone hair bundles are adjustable in structure and responsiveness according to the activity of two different chemoreceptors. One chemoreceptor binds N-acetylated sugars and the other binds amino compounds including proline. N-acetylated sugars induce lengthening of the hair bundle and a downward shift in frequencies that elicit maximal discharge of microbasic p-mastigophore nematocysts. Furthermore, N-acetylated sugars shift maximal discharge to smaller amplitude vibrations. Thus, N-acetylated sugars likely tune hair bundles so that small, swimming zooplankton stimulate maximal discharge. Proline leaks into the seawater from the hemolymph of wounded prey. Proline induces shortening of the hair bundle and shifts maximal discharge of nematocysts to higher frequencies and to larger amplitude vibrations. Thus, proline likely tunes hair bundles so that small, wounded, prey stimulate maximal discharge of nematocysts as they struggle to escape. Thus, suitably sized prey stimulate maximal discharge of microbasic p-mastigophore nematocysts upon first contacting the anemone tentacle and again upon attempting to escape.
Discussion of “Modeling the Evolution of Incised Streams. II: Streambank Erosion” by Eddy J. Langendoen and Andrew Simon

The authors are to be congratulated on having successfully implemented a conceptual model for two bank failure mechanisms into their numerical model CONservational Channel Evolution and Pollutant Transport System CONCEPTS and on having validated it against long-term field data of streambank erosion. A comparison of measured and simulated cross sections at the study site indicates reasonable behavior of their numerical model of bank stability for streambank failure. As noted by the authors, CONCEPTS does not predict the increased shear stress along an outer riverbank caused by the helical flow pattern within a bend. Curved channel flow is associated with a helical motion—often termed “secondary flow”— generating a transverse velocity component in addition to the main streamwise velocity. Yalin and da Silva 2001 mention the prominence of the secondary flow that progressively decreases as the width-to-depth ratio B / h of a curve increases. The authors’ treatment of the missing helical motion within their field validation is, however, questionable. The increased shear stresses at the bend apex due to secondary flow are accounted for by a reduction of the critical shear stress. However, the range of critical shear stresses used, between 1 Pa up- and downstream of the bend and 8 Pa at the bend apex, is surprising. This is nearly a one-order-of-magnitude difference, while the magnitude of the secondary flow velocity is typically some 10% of the streamwise velocity magnitude Blanckaert and de Vriend 2004. The range of the selected critical shear stresses appears therefore to be extremely large. This is also reflected by the results presented. Cross sections with a small critical shear stress of 1 Pa underlie stronger and temporally increased streambank retreat than those considered using a higher critical shear stress of 4 Pa. The discusser therefore questions the sensitivity of the authors’ approach relative to the selected model to account for secondary flow. Were simulations also made with a larger or smaller ratio of critical shear stresses at cross sections along a typical bend? Finally, the discusser would like to ask the authors how the critical shear stresses can be selected in terms of bend hydraulics, topography and geotechnical data?
Structural and spectroscopic comparison of methylaminophenylcarbenepentacarbonyltungsten(0) with tungsten carbonyl carbene complexes lacking a heteroatom

Crystallographic and Spectroscopic data for (CO)5− WC(NHCH3)C6H5 provide evidence that there is comparatively little metal-carbene π-bonding in this and other zero-valent tungsten carbonyl carbene complexes. The W-Ccar bond length of 2.19(2) A indicates that its bond order is significantly lower than 2.0. Resonances in the13C n.m.r. spectrum for CO w.r.t. tetramethylsilane at 195 and 215 ppm and an asymmetric CO stretching frequency of 2060 cm−1, in addition to structural similarities, imply analogous bonding in other zero-valent tungsten carbonyl carbene complexes, including those lacking a heteroatom bonded to the carbene carbon.
Of heapers, splitters and academic woodpiles in the study of intense religious experiences

Il existe au moins deux types d'experiences religieuses pour l'homme: l'experience ordinaire et la mystique. L'experience ordinaire comprend les pensees, les emotions, les sensations, les perceptions. Ces experiences sont generalement intentionnelles. Les objets rencontres au cours de ces experiences sont distincts du moi. Leur contenu est en changement constant. Les experiences mystiques sont souvent presentees comme non intentionnelles. L'on y rencontre des objets tout a fait lies au moi. Du point de vue epistemologique, de telles experiences sont presentees comme une nouvelle forme d'experience
Structural Investigation of the GlmS Ribozyme Bound to Its Catalytic Cofactor

The GlmS riboswitch is located in the 5'-untranslated region of the gene encoding glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P) synthetase. The GlmS riboswitch is a ribozyme with activity triggered by binding of the metabolite GlcN6P. Presented here is the structure of the GlmS ribozyme (2.5 A resolution) with GlcN6P bound in the active site. The GlmS ribozyme adopts a compact double pseudoknot tertiary structure, with two closely packed helical stacks. Recognition of GlcN6P is achieved through coordination of the phosphate moiety by two hydrated magnesium ions as well as specific nucleobase contacts to the GlcN6P sugar ring. Comparison of this activator bound and the previously published apoenzyme complex supports a model in which GlcN6P does not induce a conformational change in the RNA, as is typical of other riboswitches, but instead functions as a catalytic cofactor for the reaction. This demonstrates that RNA, like protein enzymes, can employ the chemical diversity of small molecules to promote catalytic activity.
Role for Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 2 (MIP-2), MIP-1α, and Interleukin-1α in the Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Response to Viral Antigen

BALB/c mice sensitized to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) develop a vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response upon intradermal virus antigen challenge. Although CD4(+) T cells are a key mediator of this response, neutrophils are the most abundant cells at the antigen challenge site both initially and at the peak of the reaction. We investigated what role, if any, neutrophils play in the DTH to a viral antigen. We show here that antibody-mediated depletion of neutrophils 1 day before antigen challenge significantly suppressed ear swelling and markedly reduced cellular influx. Additionally, neutrophil depletion was associated with decreased expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) and MIP-1alpha, as well as with a >60-fold increase in HSV-1 replication. Neutralizing antibodies to neutrophil chemoattractants MIP-2 or MIP-1alpha but not KC significantly suppressed DTH and sharply reduced neutrophil accumulation in the ear pinna. Purified bone marrow-derived neutrophils exposed to interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) produced chemokines in an 8-h assay. Administration of neutralizing antibody to IL-1alpha significantly reduced ear swelling and suppressed the levels of MIP-2, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES. We conclude that neutrophils are a critical component of the DTH response to viral antigen. They are recruited to the DTH test site by MIP-2 and MIP-1alpha, where they can be activated by IL-1alpha. The infiltrating cells also help suppress virus replication in immunized mice.
Slot Antenna Design for Wireless Communications Systems

In this paper, we present the practical considerations of designing antennas for cellular handsets as well as several antenna miniaturization techniques that can be used to reduce the size of planar slot antennas. Examples of miniaturized slot antennas that are 15 to 20 times smaller than traditional dipole or patch antennas are presented and discussed. Miniaturization techniques that can be used to reduce the size of cavity-backed slot antennas, by as much as 80%, are also presented. It is shown that, even with the very small cavity- dimensions, the antennas still demonstrate front-to-back ratios of 4-7 dB. Moreover, an example of a miniaturized on-chip slot antenna integrated with a low noise amplifier on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip is also presented and discussed. Finally a particular antenna configuration, optimized to possess good performance characteristics for a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna module in small real estates, is presented and discussed. (9 pages)
Radio Detection of SN 1986E in NGC 4302

Radio observations of SN 1986E show a clear detection of emission at 6 cm wavelength about 8 months after optical discovery. Combined with a number of new upper limits and a study of the possible models, these observations suggest that SN 1986E was probably a fairly normal Type IIL supernova, somewhat similar to SN 1980K, with radio emission at roughly the expected levels. This detection agrees with the general correlation between radio detection and late-time optical emission.
EFFECT OF STABILIZING AGENTS AND ASPARTAME ON THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF ORANGE SHERBET

An orange sherbet incorporating aspartame as a partial sweetener was formulated. Due to a significant reduction of the total solids content, the following stabilizers were used individually and in combination to determine their effectiveness in improving the sherbet quality: arabinogalactan, carrageenan, guar gum, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, locust bean gum, a proprietary ice cream stabilizer, a proprietary sherbet stabilizer, purified wood cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and xanthan gum. Preference tests and modified texture profiles were utilized to determine the desirability of the different sherbet formulations. After hardening and after 4 wk of −25°C storage, the formulations with 37.5% of the sweetness as aspartame with either xanthan gum or the combination of carrageenan and locust bean gum were equal in desirability to the control.
The Use of Imagery in the Modification of Attitudes Toward the Elderly: A Preliminary Report.

The purpose of the study was to attempt to change the attitudes of college students toward the elderly by the manipulation of imagery. It was hypothesized that pairing (in imagination) a reinforcing situation with an elderly individual would result in behavior change toward elderly people in general. Results indicated significant changes in the positive direction on an attitude questionnaire for the experimental group and no significant changes for the control group. Possible further studies in this are are discussed.
Intra- and Interband Free-Carrier Absorption and the Fundamental Absorption Edge in n-Type InP

The infrared absorption in $n$-type InP was studied as a function of free-carrier concentration from 3.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ to \ensuremath{\sim} ${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ in the spectral range of 10 \ensuremath{\mu} to the fundamental absorption edge. The Burstein shifted edge, the normal intraband free-carrier absorption, and the interband free-carrier absorption were analyzed. The fundamental edge shifts to higher energy with increasing free-carrier concentration but only by 47% of the expected Burstein shift. The energy separation between the central-conduction-band minimum and the next higher conduction valleys in InP was found to be 0.90 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 eV.
Facile One-Pot, One-Step Synthesis of a Carbon Nanoarchitecture for an Advanced Multifunctonal Electrocatalyst**

A one-pot/one-step synthesis strategy was developed for the preparation of a nitrogen-doped carbon nanoarchitecture with graphene-nanosheet growth on the inner surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The N-graphene/CNT hybrids exhibit outstanding electrocatalytic activity for several important electrochemical reactions as a result of their unique morphology and defect structures, such as high but uniform nitrogen doping, graphene insertion into CNTs, considerable surface area, and the presence of iron nanoparticles. The high-yield synthetic process features high efficiency, low-cost, straightforward operation, and simple equipment.
Who discovered the twin method

The twin method is usually credited to Francis Galton's 1875 article on twins. However, Galton did not propose the comparison between identical and fraternal twin resemblance which is the essence of the twin method. Although the twin method was “in the air” in the mid-1920s, the first descriptions of the method appeared in an article by Curtis Merriman and in a book by Hermann Siemens, both in 1924, 50 years after Galton's paper.
Tissue distribution and elimination of radiolabelled methyltestosterone fed to adult blue tilapia

Abstract Radioactivity levels in 10 tissues were monitored for 21 days after adult (1-year-old) blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus , were fed a single meal of a diet containing 30 μg unlabelled methyltestosterone (MT) per gram of feed and radiolabelled MT ( 3 H-labelled steroid nucleus and 14 C-labelled 17α-methyl group). Radioactivity was highest in all tissues 6–12 h after the feeding; about 90% of the radioactivity was in the digestive tract, liver, gall bladder, and kidney. Radioactivity declined nearly 90% by 4 days and only 0.5% of original radioactivity (67 ng/g of fish) remained after 21 days. Half of the remaining exogenous hormone was in digestive and excretory tissues; concentrations in muscle were less than 1 ng/g of tissue. Ratios of 3 H: 14 C in tissues were similar to those incorporated in the diet and suggested that the 17α-methyl group was not removed during metabolism.
Solutes Modify a Conformational Transition in a Membrane Transport Protein

The bacterial outer-membrane vitamin B12 transporter, BtuB, undergoes a dramatic order-to-disorder transition in its N-terminal energy-coupling motif (Ton box) upon substrate binding. Here, site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) is used to show that a range of solutes prevents this conformational change when ligand is bound to BtuB, resulting in a more ordered Ton box structure. For each solute examined, the data indicate that solutes effectively block this conformational transition through an osmotic mechanism. The molecular weight dependence of this solute effect has been examined for a series of polyethylene glycols, and a sharp molecular weight cutoff is observed. This cutoff indicates that solutes are preferentially excluded from a cavity within the protein as well as the protein surface. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the conformational change to solution osmolality is consistent with a structural model predicted by SDSL. When the Ton box is unfolded by detergents or mutations (rather than by ligand binding), solutes, such as polyethylene glycols and salts, also induce a more structured compacted conformation. These results suggest that conformational changes in this class of outer membrane transporters, which involve modest energy differences and changes in hydration, may be modulated by a range of solutes, including solutes typically used in protein crystallization.