cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment and Interpretation of Body Composition in Physical Education

(2006). Assessment and Interpretation of Body Composition in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 77, No. 7, pp. 46-51.
Computer controlled isotope ratio measurements and data analysis

Abstract The computer control system for tandem accelerator mass spectrometry measurements at the University of Rochester is described. Special emphasis is given to the statistical methods used in the data analysis.
Growing Up in the Projects: The Economic Lives of a Cohort of Men Who Came of Age in Chicago Public Housing

Empirical research by labor economists relies overwhelmingly on data collected in largescale, government funded surveys. The availability of such data dramatically lowers the cost of conducting research for any individual scholar. Large sample sizes and extensive breadth of variables allow precise testing of a wide variety of hypotheses. Combined with enormous increases in computing capabilities and the development of new techniques to analyze such data, these data sets have transformed the field of labor economics (James Heckman, 2000). The use of large-scale survey data, however, has not come without a cost. The set of questions that can be addressed is constrained by the variables that have been collected. These studies are typically nationally representative, with sample sizes too small to undertake detailed analysis in particular localized geographic areas or very specific subsets of the overall population. Because the researcher is removed from the data-collection process and the analysis is national in focus, understanding of institutional detail is de-emphasized. Ethnography, used by sociologists and anthropologists, represents the polar opposite of the standard economic approach. An ethnographer integrates himself or herself into the community being analyzed, paying careful attention to the context in which the actors operate. Such studies tend to rely almost exclusively on qualitative analysis, rarely gathering systematic quantitative data. The benefits to such an approach are that the researcher structures the analysis to answer precisely the desired question, and the depth of specific knowledge acquired by the sociologist allows for a richer understanding of the problem. The costs of such an approach are that it is time-intensive, cannot be replicated, and is of questionable generalizability. In this paper, we report preliminary findings of a joint study undertaken by an economist and an ethnographer that aims to integrate the usual economic and ethnographic approaches to empirical research.1 Focusing on the residents of one high-rise housing-project building in Chicago, we have attempted to reconstruct retrospectively the economic and social histories of all young males who spent their adolescence in the housing project in the early 1990's. Through the use of an extensive net of community contacts, we have to date succeeded in locating 105 of these 118 men, who are now in their late twenties and early thirties. For almost all of these men, we have obtained not only extensive self-reported information, but also, evaluations of these men by other community members on a wide range of characteristics.
AMEBA: An acid sensitive aldehyde resin for solid phase synthesis

Abstract Oxidation of 4-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxymethylphenoxy)methyl polystyrene resin produced AMEBA resin 1 , a novel acid sensitive aldehyde resin. Reductive amination of AMEBA resin generated resin bound amines which were derivatized as sulfonamides, amides, ureas, and carbamates. Cleavage of the resin under mild acidic conditions generated the derivatized amines in high purity and moderate yield.
Characterization of Mg and Mn Substitution in AIPO4-5

Abstract We have examined the framework substitution of Mg and Mn into the A1PO4-5 structure by studying the adsorption of reactive probe molecules, including ethylamine, isopropylamine, 2-propanol, and propene. Lattice parameters from X-ray diffraction suggests that there is a maximum framework substitution of 5 mol% for both metals. However, samples with 5 mol% Mg or Mn appear to contain large concentrations of defects in the structure, based on the observation of slow adsorption of branched alkanes. In simultaneous temperature-programmed-desorption (TPD)/ thermogravimetric-analysis (TGA) measurements, both amines reacted to an olefin and ammonia in a well-defined decomposition feature between 575 and 650 K for isopropylamine and between 625 and 675 K for ethylamine. By comparison wth similar results on high-silica zeolites, the sites which decompose the amines are known to be Bronsted acid sites and decomposition occurs through an alkylammonium ion intermediate. For low concentrations of Mn and Mg (
Microbial and antibiotic resistant constituents associated with biological aerosols and poultry litter within a commercial poultry house

Poultry are known to harbor antibiotic resistant and pathogenic bacteria, and as such poultry litter and poultry house air can be contaminated with these bacteria. However, the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in biological aerosols and litter is largely not understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of aerosolized bacteria and endotoxin, particularly fecal indicators, staphylococci, and enterococci, associated with poultry house and outdoor air. Aerosol samples were collected at multiple locations on the farm and in the house. Antibiotic resistance was investigated using the Kirby Bauer method on selected isolates using twelve different antibiotics spanning both narrow to broad spectrums of effectiveness. Overall there was a cyclical increase in bacterial concentrations as flocks progressed from pre-flock to late-flock, with >2 orders magnitude lower concentration during pre-flock periods (no chickens), in both the litter and aerosol samples. The house environment provided for significantly concentrated bacterial and endotoxin levels. It was estimated that Staphylococcus bacteria accounted for at least 90% of cultured aerobic bacteria and culture-independent 16S rRNA analyses demonstrated that significant population changes occurred from pre- to late-flock. Rarely was an isolate resistant to more than 4 antibiotic classes; however there was a trend upwards in overall resistance of enterococci as the flock cycle progressed. It appears that although levels of antibiotic resistant bacteria were highly concentrated within the house, levels were much lower outside of the house, and very little house escape occurred.
A real-time fluorescence method to monitor the melting of duplex DNA during transcription initiation by RNA polymerase.

Abstract The melting of duplex DNA in the vicinity of the transcription start site is an essential step of transcription initiation. Here we describe a fluorescent promoter technique which allows the melting of promoter DNA to be observed in a real-time manner with high sensitivity. We have constructed a 114-bplacUV5 promoter fragment (−89 to +25) which contains a fluorescence probe in the region between the −10 consensus hexamer and the transcription start site. This region was chosen to incorporate a fluorescence probe as it undergoes strand separation subsequent to binding RNA polymerase (RNAP) (i.e., open complex formation). Upon mixing RNAP and fluorochrome-labeled promoter a time-dependent biphasic change in fluorescence was observed. The second slower component was shown to be due to the open complex by comparing the fluorescence data with the kinetics of open complex formation as measured by using alternative methods of open complex detection. The rate constants for open complex formation and dissociation were determined and found to be in excellent agreement with previously reported values. The techniques presented herein can generally be applied to other systems. Furthermore, this method will serve as an important research tool as well as it could be used in designing high-throughput assays involving transcription complexes.
Research on Hard Rock Tunnel Boring Machine Based on Digital Mockup

A digital mockup of hard rock tunnel boring machine was built in order to study the design method of these large equipments. Technology of digital mockup is introduced and the application background and practical requirement of tunnel boring machine has been discussed in this paper. The kinematics model and FEM model were built based on this digital mockup. The results of simulation experiment can be used to provide pre-feasibility validation and optimization of the equipment.
Ultra-lightweight optics for laser communications

Recent applications of the very light Al/SiC metal-matrix composite SXA in the construction of telescopes for use as receiver antennas in optical intersatellite communication systems are reviewed and illustrated with drawings and diagrams. Data on the mechanical properties (specific stiffness, fundamental frequency, dynamic response, and fracture toughness) and the thermal expansion, distortion, and diffusivity of SXA are compared with those for Al 6016-T6, Be I-70A, SiC, and Zerodur in tables, and the advantages of SXA structural foams of density 250-500 kg/cu m are indicated. The criteria evaluated for optimization of the mirror shape and the overall telescope design are discussed, and four prototype Cassegrain telescopes (with Meinel or Dall truss structures) are described in detail.
Predicting changes in cortical electrophysiological function after in vitro traumatic brain injury

Finite element (FE) models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are capable of predicting injury-induced brain tissue deformation. However, current FE models are not equipped to predict the biological consequences of tissue deformation, which requires the determination of tolerance criteria relating the effects of mechanical stimuli to biologically relevant functional responses. To address this deficiency, we present functional tolerance criteria for the cortex for alterations in neuronal network electrophysiological function in response to controlled mechanical stimuli. Organotypic cortical slice cultures were mechanically injured via equibiaxial stretch with a well-characterized in vitro model of TBI at tissue strains and strain rates relevant to TBI (up to Lagrangian strain of 0.59 and strain rates up to 29 $$\hbox {s}^{-1})$$ . At 4–6 days post-injury, electrophysiological function was assessed simultaneously throughout the cortex using microelectrode arrays. Electrophysiological parameters associated with unstimulated spontaneous network activity (neural event rate, duration, and magnitude), stimulated evoked responses (the maximum response $${R}_{\mathrm{max}}$$ , the stimulus current necessary for a half-maximal response $${I}_{50}$$ , and the electrophysiological parameter $$m$$ that is representative of firing uniformity), and evoked paired-pulse ratios at varying interstimulus intervals were quantified for each cortical slice culture. Nonlinear regression was performed between mechanical injury parameters as independent variables (tissue strain and strain rate) and each electrophysiological parameter as output. Parsimonious best-fit equations were determined from a large pool of candidate equations with tenfold cross-validation. Changes in electrophysiological parameters were dependent on strain and strain rate in a complex manner. Compared to the hippocampus, the cortex was less spontaneously active, less excitable, and less prone to significant changes in electrophysiological function in response to controlled deformation (strain or strain rate). Our study provides functional data that can be incorporated into FE models to improve their predictive capabilities of the in vivo consequences of TBI.
The Vice Principalship in Urban High Schools: A Field Study.

The most important duty of the city school assistant principal is protection of the school against its turbulent social environment.
On the question of neutrino emission from the sun

The astrophysics and elementary-particle physics fields havc been puzzled for more than a decade by the fact that, on the one hand, it is widely believed that one of the important sources of the sun's energy entails the beta decay process, whereby an enormous neutrino flux must be created in its domain; but, on the other hand, the neutrino flux that would then be expected to be detected at the earth 's surface has not been seen. The first investigators who discovered this negative result were DAvis and his collaborators (~). They looked for the solar neutrino flux in detectors deep under the earth 's surface. Subsequently it was proposed by t'ONTECORVO and his co-workers (2) that ])avis' negative result may be due to neutrino oscillations. That is, it was postulated by them that beta-neutrinos, v~, t ransmute into mu-neutrinos, v~, before reaching the earth 's surface. This idea was in part s t imulated by the earlier discovery by DANBY and his co-workers (3) that v~ and v~ are indeed physically distinguishable. The betaneutrinos are associated with the beta weak interaction, such as
Generating random numbers on a simplex

Algorithms for three types of random compositional vectors are provided in this article. The first is intuitive. Random basis (“open”) vectors are transformed into compositional vectors by dividing each vector's components by the sum of its components. The second algorithm uses a coordinate transformation to map uniform random vectors in a d-dimensional hypertetrahedron into uniformly distributed compositional variables on the d + 1 dimensional simplex. The third algorithm operates upon a logratio population covariance matrix and vector of means to produce random compositional vectors drawn from the same distribution. The statistical attributes of the crude compositional data also are honored by this method.
Comparative measures of performance for U.S.-based international equity mutual funds

Abstract This paper compares an international two-index model to an International Arbitrage Pricing Theory (IAPT) two-factor model to evaluate the performance of 37 U.S.-based international mutual funds over the 1985–1993 period. Results from the index model confirm prior research that international funds perform as well as the market proxy. In contrast, the IAPT model implies superior investment performance by the international funds. Moreover, the two models produce different relative performance rankings. Intertemporal comparisons of the models indicate that the multifactor IAPT model better reflects the international equity return-generating process.
A soluble dihydrofolate reductase from human placenta: Purification and properties

Abstract A soluble dihydrofolate reductase has been isolated from normal human placenta and purified almost 30,000-fold. This enzyme has two pH optima and a molecular weight of 20,000–22,000. It is activated by potassium chloride and by urea and is inhibited by methotrexate and other folic acid antagonists. Despite similarities among the dihydrofolate reductases of the human placenta and the rat and mouse liver, these enzymes are stimulated to a different extent by potassium chloride and urea, they have different turnover numbers, and they are inhibited to a different extent by certain folic acid antagonists.
Epigenetic regulation of oligodendrocyte identity

The interplay of transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers, including histone modifications, DNA methylation and microRNAs during development is essential for the acquisition of specific cell fates. Here, we review the epigenetic "programming" of stem cells into oligodendrocytes, by analyzing three sequential stages of lineage progression. The first transition from pluripotent stem cells to neural precursors is characterized by repression of pluripotency genes and restriction of the lineage potential to the neural fate. The second transition from multipotential precursors to oligodendrocyte progenitors is associated with the progressive loss of plasticity and the repression of neuronal and astrocytic genes. The last step of differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors into myelin-forming cells is defined by a model of derepression of myelin genes.
Mass Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Studies of the Nutritional Supplement Chromium(III) Nicotinate

Despite chromium nicotinate’s popular use as a chromium nutritional supplement, the structure and composition of chromium nicotinate have only been poorly described. As solid chromium nicotinate is intractable, being insoluble or unstable in common solvents, studies on the solid have been limited, and studies of the solution from which the “compound” precipitates have additionally provided little additional data. The results of mass spectrometric and spectroscopic investigations designed to further elucidate the structure and composition of chromium nicotinate are described. The results demonstrated that the three common methods for producing “chromium nicotinate” all yield different compounds, all of which are polymers of Cr(III), oxygen-bound nicotinate, hydroxide, and water. Implications for interpreting results of nutritional studies of “chromium nicotinate” are discussed.
Regional localization of sex-specific Bkm-related sequences on proximal chromosome 17 of mice

Development and fertility in the mouse are known to be influenced by loci mapped to the T/t complex of chromosome 17. Recent evidence suggests that one or more genes near this region may also be associated with sex determination. Washburn and Eicher recently reported partial to complete sex reversal with the Thp deletion on some genetic backgrounds and suggest that this result may be due to a primary sex-determining locus (Tas) that is closely linked to, or a part of, the T locus. Sex-specific, Bkm (banded Krait minor satellite DNA)-related sequences are known to have autosomal as well as heterogametic sex chromosomal copies, but specific regions of autosomal localization have not been described. We now demonstrate the presence of chromosome Y-related DNA sequences on proximal chromosome 17 in Sex-reversed (Sxr) and normal mice using in situ hybridization of mitotic chromosomes with 3H-labelled pCS316 (ref. 4), a probe that shows major hybridization to the proximal portion of the mouse chromosome Y. These data, and those of Washburn and Eicher, argue for a gene(s) related to sex determination or differentiation within the proximal portion of mouse chromosome 17.
The Presence of Family History and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk Factors in Rural Children.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is reaching epidemic proportions among children and adolescents. School health fairs offer an opportunity to identify children with risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study identified selected risk factors (i.e., high-risk racial/ethnic group, obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated casual blood glucose, elevated total cholesterol, and the presence of acanthosis nigricans) for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural children with or without a family history of diabetes during annual school health fairs. Of the children screened, 40% (673) presented with two or more of the identified risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The presence of multiple risk factors in participants reporting a positive family history of diabetes mellitus versus those with no family history was not statistically significant. Based on the study results, factors other than family history may be more predictive for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural school children.
Considerations on ritual subincision practices

Australian subincision practices have long puzzled many researchers. By including ritual and other subincision practices it is hoped that the ritual occurrences can be better understood. Brief ethn...
Adolescents' attitudes toward sports, exercise, and fitness predict physical activity 5 and 10 years later.

Abstract Objective To determine whether adolescent attitudes towards sports, exercise, and fitness predict moderate-to-vigorous physical activity 5 and 10 years later. Method A diverse group of 1902 adolescents participating in Project Eating and Activity in Teens, reported weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and attitudes toward sports, exercise, and fitness in Eating and Activity in Teens-I (1998–99), Eating and Activity in Teens-II (2003–04), and Eating and Activity in Teens-III (2008–09). Results Mean moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was 6.4, 5.1, and 4.0 hours/week at baseline, 5-year, and 10-year follow-up, respectively. Attitudes toward sports, exercise, and fitness together predicted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity at 5 and 10 years. Among the predictors of 5- and 10-year moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, attitude's effect size, though modest, was comparable to the effect sizes for sports participation and body mass index. Adolescents with more-favorable attitudes toward sports, exercise, and fitness engaged in approximately 30%–40% more weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity at follow-up (2.1 hour/week at 5 years and 1.2 hour/week at 10 years) than those with less-favorable attitudes. Conclusion Adolescents' exercise-related attitudes predict subsequent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity independent of baseline behavior suggesting that youth moderate-to-vigorous physical activity promotion efforts may provide long-term benefits by helping youth develop favorable exercise attitudes.
Changes in aerodynamics during vocal cord dysfunction

BackgroundChanges in laryngeal airflow dynamics during episodes of vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) have not been well described. Very little is known about how inspiratory airflow is impacted when the vocal cords transition from normal inhalation state to a paradoxical adducted state; and how much change in laryngeal airflow and resistance occur before symptoms of stridor and air hunger emerge. This study provides new insight on the effects of VCD on respiratory airflow using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. MethodsComputed tomography images of a subject with normal vocal cords opening at the time of scanning were digitally modified to mimic an episode of VCD. To quantify and compare changes in inspiratory flow during VCD attack and normal inhalation, steady-state, laminar simulations were performed for three different breathing rates. ResultsPressure-flow analysis during VCD revealed that increasing inspiratory effort is not as efficient as in normal inhalation. Airflow resistance at the epiglottis was higher in the normal state (0.04Pa.s/mL versus 0.02Pa.s/mL) than in VCD; while resistance at the glottis and trachea remained roughly the same (0.04Pa.s/mL) during normal inhalation, it escalated during VCD (0.11Pa.s/mL and 0.13Pa.s/mL at the glottis and trachea, respectively). Peak airflow velocity and vorticity occurred around the glottis during VCD, and at the epiglottis during normal inhalation. ConclusionsThis pilot study demonstrates that attempting to force more inspired air will yield greater glottal resistance during VCD. Furthermore, there were evidence of abrupt laryngeal pressure gradient, chaotic airflow and high concentration of shear stresses in the glottal region. At different inhalation rate, mass flow rate in the normal cavity more than doubles flow in the VCD cavityVisualization results showed a much slower flow above the glottal region in the VCD cavity than in the normal cavityDuring episodes of VCD trying to increase inspiratory pressure so as to inhale more air may result in greater glottal resistance.
Non-precious oxygen reduction catalysts prepared by high-pressure pyrolysis for low-temperature fuel cells

Abstract Iron-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were produced by pyrolysis of iron-acetate and Ketjenblack ® carbon with varying amounts of 2,2′-bipyridine in a closed, constant-volume vessel. The total surface nitrogen content detected by XPS varied from 0.6 to 2.2 at% when the nitrogen precursor loading was varied from 1.5 to 11.3 wt%. The amount of nitrogen in the Fe-pyridinic form is estimated to vary between 0.12 and 0.24 at%, correlating to catalytic activity (current density) variation from 0.07 to 1.9 mA cm −2 at a catalyst loading of 0.5 mg cm −2 . These results support the theory that iron associated with pyridinic nitrogen is a component of the catalytic active site responsible for oxygen reduction.
Performance of Post-juvenile Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Fed Diets Manufactured by Different Processing Techniques

Four different methods of pelleting—extruded (EXT), steam pelleted (STM), using a Universal Pellet Cooker (UPC), and expanded (EXP)—were performed on subsamples of a single batch of mash to determine the effects on feed pellet characteristics, in vivo feed digestibility, and performance of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fed the diets for 16 wk. Results indicated that the STM feed was the most (851 g/L) and UPC feed the least (672 g/L) dense, and that UPC feed had the highest % float (8.3%) and, of the pellets that sank, the fastest sink rate (15.1 cm/sec). While some differences occurred among pelleted diets in loss of dry matter (% dry loss) after incubation in a water bath for up to 10 min, the overall % dry loss was only approximately 1–2%. The method of pelleting did not affect fish weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or specific growth rate. Measurement of the apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter of the test diets using Cr2O3 as the marker ranged from 71–89%. While it appeared that the method of pelleting can affect feed characteristics and the amount of feed offered to the fish, fish performance was not affected.
Noise modulation of synaptic weights in a biological neural network

Abstract In order to link neural network theory and neurobiology, a hypothesis for modulation of synaptic weights is proposed which is consistent with synaptic biophysics. The hypothesis states that membrane potential variance is an adaptive variable for neurons, and predicts that injecting noise into neurons will alter synaptic weights calculated from recorded syaptic currents. Tests in neurons of Aplysia provide no evidence for associative or nonassociative modulation over a 1–2 h term, but suggest the use of time integral of conductance as a biological measure of synaptic weight.
Structural Heterogeneity of Phospholipase D in 10 Dicots

The occurrence of multiple forms of phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.4) was investigated in different tissues of castor bean (Ricinus communis) and in other plant species. Phospholipase D variants were resolved by nondenaturing and isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detected by immunoblotting using anti-phospholipase D antibodies and by enzyme activity assay. Three phospholipase D variants were produced differentially in the roots, endosperm, cotyledons, and hypocotyl of 5-day postgermination seedlings of castor bean. Furthermore, different patterns of phospholipase D variants were found in the different regions of hypocotyl (elongated and hook). Multiple phospholipase D forms were found in florets of cauliflower and broccoli, leaves of cabbage, celery, tomato, and potato, and alfalfa sprouts, suggesting that structural heterogeneity of phospholipase D occurs widely in plants.
Influence of poultry-manure-removal schedules on various Diptera larvae and selected arthropod predators.

The effects of weekly manure removal, monthly removal, and no removal on populations of fly larvae and selected predators (Acarina: Macrocheles muscaedomesticae Scopoli, Fuscuropoda sp. (undescribed), Parasitidae; Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Hydrophilidae; Diptera: Ophyra leucostoma (Wiedemann)) were studied for a full fly season at each of 2 northern California ranches. Third-instar larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica L., the false stable fly, Muscina stabulans (Fallen), and Calliphoridae were most abundant in 1-week-old manure; those of the little house fly, Fannia canicularis (L.), the coastal fly, Fannia femoralis Stein, and the black garbage fly, O. leucosloma , reached greatest numbers in 2- to 3-week-old manure. Unremoved manure had the least numbers of dipterous larvae, with the exception of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). All predators studied were most abundant in unremoved manure. Abstention from manure removal favored the predators; monthly or bi-weekly removal favored the dipterous larvae.
Conformation of the oligosaccharide receptor for E-selectin.

A tetrasaccharide related to the blood group oligosaccharides, known as sialyl LewisX, has been proposed as the receptor for the lectin responsible for leukocyte adhesion named alternatively as E-selectin or ELAM-1. The 13C- and 1H-nmr spectra have been completely assigned for a tetrasaccharide model of this receptor, Neu5Ac α-(2 3)-Gal β-(1 4)-[ Fuc α-(1 3)-] GlcNAc β-NHAc. Quantitative nuclear Overhauser data (NOESY) have been recorded and analyzed by a complete spin matrix simulation method. Conformational space was exhaustively searched and all conformational models whose simulated NOESY spectra matched the experiment were found. Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics calculations were carried out to test whether the experimental conformations are low energy and thus likely to represent true single conformations for the tetrasaccharide. It was concluded that while the LewisX trisaccharide portion of the compound adopts a single conformation, there is likely to be some flexibility about the Neu5Ac α-(2 3)-linkage. A model featuring fast exchange between two different conformations of this linkage is found to be consistent with both the nmr experiments and the molecular dynamics simulations. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An 11-year-old boy with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory failure.

Healio.com/Pediatrics | 181 Editor’s note: Each month, this department features a discussion of an unusual diagnosis. A description and images are presented, followed by the diagnosis and an explanation of how the diagnosis was determined. As always, your comments are welcome via email at pedann@Healio.com. An 11-year-old African-American boy with no significant medical history presented to the emergency department (ED) with a 1-week history of dry, non-productive cough associated with shortness of breath and headaches. No history of fevers, vomiting, diarrhea, throat or ear pain, or recent travel was noted. The
Economic sanctions and official ethnic discrimination in target countries, 1950–2003

Conventional studies on the consequences of sanctions tend to focus on the target society as a whole without specifying how foreign economic pressures might affect the well-being of vulnerable groups within target countries – the same groups who often disproportionately bear the burden of sanctions. This study explores the extent to which sanctions increase the likelihood of discriminatory government practices against one of the globally most vulnerable groups, ethnic groups. It is argued that sanctions contribute to the rise of official ethnic-based economic and political discrimination through contracting the economy and creating incentives for the target government to employ ethnic-based discriminatory policies. Using data on over 900 ethnic groups from 1950 to 2003, the results lend support for the theoretical claim that sanctions prompt the government to pursue ethnic-based discriminatory economic and political practices in multiethnic countries. The findings also indicate that multilateral sanctions...
PERSON: a personnel simulation for the Department of State

Hiring projections, union demands, projecting current trends and the potential impact of new or proposed legislation are the raison d'etre for the Department of State Personnel Simulation On-Line System (PERSON). It projects the distribution of Foreign Service Officers and provides an annual analysis of promotions and separations over a ten-year period.A "scratch pad" technique allows up to twenty sets of parameters to be updated from a CRT. Each pad consists of nine matrices representing various aspects of attrition, promotion, requirements and recruitment. The model program then uses these parameters as batch input. Calculations start with the highest Foreign Service class. Within classes, records are processed by job function.Conceptually, individual records are passed against these matrices and can be thought of as passing through two groups of filters. The first group tends to remove people from the system. The second group moves people upward or laterally through the system. This process is repeated for each year of the simulation requested by the user.The PERSON system has been operative since July 1972.
Mechanism of Ethylene Oligomerization by a Cationic Palladium(II) Alkyl Complex that Contains a (3,5-Me2-pyrazolyl)2CHSi(p-tolyl)3) Ligand

The reactivity of the ethylene oligomerization catalyst (N^N)Pd(Me)(ethylene)+ (5), which contains a silyl-capped bis-pyrazolyl methane ligand (N^N = (3,5-Me2-pyrazolyl)2CHSi(p-tolyl)3 (1)) was investigated. The reaction of (N^N)PdMeCl (3) with Li[B(C6F5)4] and ethylene in CH2Cl2 generates 5. Complex 5 undergoes ethylene insertion at −10 °C with a rate constant of kinsert,Me = 3.3(3) × 10−3 s−1. Complex 5 catalytically oligomerizes ethylene to branched C6–C20 internal olefins (−10 to 20 °C; 2.7–30 atm ethylene). NMR studies show that an equilibrium mixture of base-free β-agostic secondary alkyl (N^N)PdR+ species (8) and ethylene adducts (N^N)Pd(R)(ethylene)+ (9) is present under oligomerization conditions. Complex 9 decomposes to Pd0 at 20 °C, resulting in catalyst decomposition. (N^N)Pd(R)(L)+ species containing R groups that can function as internal donors (either η2-acyl or agostic β-H) undergo a dynamic process that exchanges the two pz* rings and are thermally unstable. It is proposed that catalyst d...
Determination of Body Segment Parameters and Their Effect in the Calculation of the Position of Center of Pressure During Postural Sway

In a previous paper [1], the position of the foot center of pressure of an average-built man was calculated and experimentally measured while moving the body together as a three-link inverted pendulum. The calculations gave almost the same results for center of pressure as did the measurements. However, when the center of pressure of a heavily built person was calculated with the same model, it was found not to agree with the experimental measurements when established tables for body segment parameters were used. In contrast, when a geometrical method for calculating body parameters was used which took the build of the subject into account, good agreement between measurements and calculations was obtained. Experimental and theoretical results using different methods to obtain body segment parameters are presented.
Effect of Diet Composition on the Toxicity of Zinc for the Chick

The addition of 2000 p.p.m. of zinc to a corn-soybean meal, corn-fish meal or a sucrose-soybean meal chick diet resulted in little or no evidence of toxicity when fed to chicks to two weeks of age. Addition of the same amount of zinc to a sucrose-fish meal ration reduced weight by 35-40% and reduced bone ash from 47 to 34% in two week old chicks. Zinc was found to be toxic at a level of 800 p.p.m. when added to the sucrose-fish meal ration. Replacing increments of sucrose in a sucrose-fish meal ration with ground corn caused a linear decrease in zinc toxicity. Similar dietary effects were not found for toxic levels of selenium, fluorine or molybdenum. The results are the same as those previously noted for toxicity of vanadium. 9 references, 5 tables.
Effect of drying conditions on carbon supported mercuric chloride catalysts

Abstract The effect of drying conditions on the concentrations of water and mercuric chloride for carbon supported mercuric chloride catalysts is discussed. Reduction in catalyst water content is significantly affected by the flow rate of the nitrogen drying gas, and temperature and time were found to have a minimal effect. Loss of mercuric chloride from catalyst only becomes significant at temperatures >180°C and variation in time or nitrogen flow rate did not have a significant effect. A modified Karl Fischer method for the determination of water in porous carbon samples is discussed.
Characterization of the Proximal Promoter Region of the Rat Somatostatin Receptor Gene, SSTR4

Abstract In the present study, the putative promoter region of rSSTR4 gene has been cloned and characterized. Primer extension and RNAase protection analysis reveals the existence of multiple transcriptional initiation sites, the five major ones mapping between −126 and −18 relative to the ATG initiation codon. Sequence analysis reveals that the region lacks TATA and CCAAT promoter elements, possesses a high GC content and contains a number of potential SP1 binding sites. In addition, potential AP-2, GCF, and PuF binding sites and an octimer motif were also identified. Thus, the promoter of rSSTR4 shows similar features to promoters of highly regulated growth factor receptors and oncogenes. The potential role these transcriptional binding sites play in regulating rSSTR4 expression is currently being investigated.
A guide to rotations in quantum mechanics

To lay a foundation for the study and use of rotation operators in graduate quantum mechanics and in research, a thorough discussion is presented of rotations in Euclidean three space (R3 ) and of their effect on kets in the Hilbert space of a single particle. The Wigner D-matrices are obtained and used to rotate spherical harmonics. An extensive ready-reference appendix of the properties of these matrices, expressed in a consistent notation, is provided. Careful attention is paid throughout to various conventions (e.g. active versus passive viewpoints) that are used in the literature.
Excitation using two lasers: effects of continuum-continuum transitions

Abstract We present analytic results for population transfer between two bound states using two lasers. Consideration of continuum-continuum transitions leads to new concepts that replace pulse energy, exponential transition law, and Lorentzian form of photoelectron energy distribution.
Dominance, Prosocial Orientation, and Female Preferences: Do Nice Guys Really Finish Last?

Three multimethod studies (total N = 348) probed the hypothesis that women's attraction to men would be influenced by male prosocial orientation. In Study 1, prosocial men were rated as more physically and sexually attractive, socially desirable, and desirable as dates than were nonprosocial men. Dominant men were no more attractive than low-dominance men, and male dominance did not interact with male prosocial orientation in eliciting attraction from women. In Study 2, prosocial orientation was manipulated to avoid «personalism» but still affected attraction. Across all measures attraction was an interactive function of dominance and prosocial tendencies. Dominance alone did not increase any form of attraction measured. In Study 3, male prosocial tendencies and dominance interacted to affect women's attraction to men. Results are discussed in terms of the place of altruism and dominance in evolutionary approaches to human interpersonal attraction
Neutron-proton analyzing power measurements from 375 to 775 MeV.

As part of an experimental study of the nucleon-nucleon interaction at medium energy, the free neutron-proton analyzing power A„{0„, T„) has been measured at nine incident neutron energies in the range 375 ~ T„»775 MeV and for neutron c.m. angles in the range 57' ~ 0„*~ 159'. Unpolarized neutrons with a broad continuum of energies, produced by interaction of an 800 MeV proton beam with a beryllium target, were scattered from a polarized proton target. At each angle, for the whole energy region, the scattered neutron and conjugate recoil proton were detected in coincidence. A previously unseen minimum is observed in the energy dependence of A„(0*— 100') near 625 MeV. I. INTRODUCTION Understanding of the isoscalar (I=O) part of the nuclear force at medium energies requires comprehensive measurements of neutron-proton (n-p ) scattering observables, including those involving the spins and relative orbital angular momenta of the nucleons. Experimental activity in this field began more than 20 years ago, ' although it was recognized-much earlier that information on the- noncentral nature of the nuclear force must be obtained through measurements of spin dependence. Nucleon-nucleon (N S) phase--shift analyses (PSA's) combine the proton-proton (p-p ) and n-p data in such a way that the I = 1 phases are determined by the generally more accurate p-p data; the I=0 phases can only be determined after n -p experiments have been done. The analyzing power is directly sensitive to those phase shifts which depend on spin-orbit terms. Analyzing power measurements in the medium-energy region will contribute to an understanding of the energy dependence of spin-orbit forces in the I =0 D and 6 waves. Measurements of the analyzing power are also of particular importance because the measurements of other spin observables almost always hinge upon knowledge of the analyzing power. Most of the previous "n-p*' data in the 500— 800 MeV region were actually p-"n" data obtained by quasi-free proton-deuteron scattering. The experiment reported here is a measurement of the free n panalyzing -power A„(0„*,T„) for neutron c.m. angles 57'~ 8„*~ 159 and laboratory energies 375 ~ T„~775 MeV. In this experiment a neutron beam of large energy spread was collimated onto a polarized proton target, so that free n -p analyzing power data for a given angular range of about 16 deg in the center of mass were accumulated simultaneously for the wide region of neutron energies between 375 and 775 MeV. Since normalization errors caused by uncertainties in the target polarization were the same for all energies at each angle setting, the shape of the energy dependence of A„(O„*,T„) at each angle was reliably determined in this experiment, since energy-dependent false asymmetries were considered to be negligible.
The Effect of Auditory Masking on the Fluency of Normal Speakers

The effect of masking noise on the disfluency frequency of 20 adult nonstutterers was investigated. The majority of the subjects became more fluent under this condition. This suggests that an increase in fluency when speaking in the presence of masking noise does not differentiate stutterers from normal speakers.
LEAF TYPES IN THE ARACEAE

Leaf types in the Araceae are described and classified on the basis of their morphology and functional role. Four classes are recognized on the basis of their association with the initiation of new shoot axes, the continuation of axes, the resting of axes, or the termination and renewal of axes. The basic types are described with the terms leaf, prophyll, mesophyll, bracteole, mesobracteole, cataphyll, and blastophyll. These terms are modified with the terms monopodial, sympodial, proleptic, sylleptic, resting, flagellar, stolon, reduced, and foliage. This represents an unconventional terminology because some of the modifiers refer to the structure of the stem to which the leaves are attached, rather than to the form of the leaf itself. The intent is to draw attention to the impact of shoot organization on leaf form, and to develop a leaf terminology that will aid in describing shoot organization. LEAF TYPES in the Araceae have been described
Influence of correlations on the trajectories of zeroes of the matrix elements for bound–bound and bound–free transitions in electron scattering

Abstract The topology of the trajectories of the zeroes of the electron scattering matrix elements has been obtained in the Born approximation. At small-momentum transfer, K the behaviour of the trajectories depends on the positions and the number of Cooper minima. We demonstrate strong correlation effects in this K area. At the high momentum, the positions of the zeroes depend only slightly on the energy transfer to the atomic electron, and correlation effects are not important.
Diversity Education at a Predominately White Catholic College

This article discussed the successes that have occurred in a graduate and an undergraduate course in diversity education and English language acquisition at a small, predominantly white college. The activities and assignments that are discussed in this article have been refined by the four professors who teach the courses to enable candidates to examine their own biases and the power they have as teachers in a classroom. In addition, the assignments and activities educate and begin to provide candidates with the tools to address cultural capital and how to work with families and students who have different beliefs than themselves.
Solid-State 77Se NMR and XRD Study of the Structure and Dynamics of Seleno-Oxyanions in Hydrotalcite-like Compounds

We report here the first 77Se nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and XRD study of the dynamical and structural behavior of selenate and selenite in hydrotalcite-like compounds (HT-SeO4 and HT-SeO3). The swelling properties and dynamical behavior of the anions in HT-SeO4 and HT-SeO3 are very different, and the results provide significant new insight into the structure and dynamical behavior of the interlayer and surface anions of this important group of compounds. HT-SeO4 expands from a one water layer to two water layer structure in response to increasing relative humidity, and the structural transition is captured by both the 77Se chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) and the basal lattice spacing. Although selenate is a tetrahedral anion, the observed 77Se CSA is uniaxial, probably due to the combined effects of hydrogen bonding to the hydroxyls of octahedral layer and the H atoms of interlayer waters, and Coulombic interaction with the positive charge of the main layer. The selenate reorientation frequency fol...
Efficient Gene Replacements in Toxoplasma gondii Strains Deficient for Nonhomologous End Joining

A high frequency of nonhomologous recombination has hampered gene targeting approaches in the model apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. To address whether the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway could be disrupted in this obligate intracellular parasite, putative KU proteins were identified and a predicted KU80 gene was deleted. The efficiency of gene targeting via double-crossover homologous recombination at several genetic loci was found to be greater than 97% of the total transformants in KU80 knockouts. Gene replacement efficiency was markedly increased (300- to 400-fold) in KU80 knockouts compared to wild-type strains. Target DNA flanks of only approximately 500 bp were found to be sufficient for efficient gene replacements in KU80 knockouts. KU80 knockouts stably retained a normal growth rate in vitro and the high virulence phenotype of type I strains but exhibited an increased sensitivity to double-strand DNA breaks induced by treatment with phleomycin or gamma-irradiation. Collectively, these results revealed that a significant KU-dependent NHEJ DNA repair pathway is present in Toxoplasma gondii. Integration essentially occurs only at the homologous targeted sites in the KU80 knockout background, making this genetic background an efficient host for gene targeting to speed postgenome functional analysis and genetic dissection of parasite biology.
Senate committee trims NSF, increases NASA funding

By a vote of 25-0 on September 9, the full Senate Appropriations Committee sent to the floor its version of HR2491, the VA, HUD, Independent Agencies Appropriations bill for fiscal year 1994. The bill funds the National Science Foundation and NASA, among others. The Senate bill reduces NSF's fiscal 1994 budget by $39.3 million, or 1%, from the House version of HR2491. Under the Senate bill, NSF would receive a 9% increase over the current year, rising to $2981.9 million (current year: $2733.6 million; fiscal 1994 request: $3180.2 million.)