cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How embodied cognition is being disembodied

Embodied cognition has been reframing our understanding of mind, brain, perception, action, and cognition more generally, since at least the 1990s, following the publication of The Embodied Mind by Varela, Thompson and Rosch. That landmark publication did not appear out of nowhere. It was building on the ongoing work in phenomenological philosophy from the time of Merleau-Ponty. With The Embodied Mind, and a growing number of publications since, the resources found in phenomenology, as well as pragmatism (especially the work of Peirce and Dewey) have now gained a foothold in the cognitive sciences and have been turning some things around in philosophy of mind.
Abstract 312: P190-B RhoGAP overexpression disrupts mitosis, alters cell polarity, and increases adhesion and invasion in mammary epithelial cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Breast cancer causes approximately 40,000 deaths each year in the United States alone. Collective epithelial invasion is an important process in tumor progression, and it also occurs in the normal mammary gland (MG) through specialized structures called terminal end buds (TEBs) that proliferate and migrate to drive ductal outgrowth during MG development. P190-B RhoGAP is highly expressed in TEBs, suggesting it may regulate the invasive process of MG development. Indeed, tetracycline-inducible p190-B overexpression causes perturbations in TEB morphology, stromal composition, and MG branching morphogenesis. In the current study, we analyzed the gene expression patterns of MECs isolated from p190-B overexpressing mice to determine how p190-B regulates epithelial morphogenesis as well as stromal-epithelial interactions. We investigated the expression patterns of p190-B and investigated the effects of overexpression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We further investigated the effects of p190-B overexpression on primary MECs in a three-dimensional (3D) culture MEC morphogenesis assay in reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) and in adhesion assays. Microarray results demonstrated that a large number of genes involved in regulating mitotic cell division and the PI3K pathway of proliferation/survival signaling are altered in p190-B overexpressing primary MECs. Real-time PCR confirmed a number of genes are significantly up- or down-regulated in these pathways. Consistent with these findings, p190-B localizes to the mitotic spindle and kinetochores during metaphase of mitosis and to the midbody at cytokinesis. Furthermore, overexpression of p190-B caused abnormal centrosome formation, multipolar spindles, failed cytokinesis, and multinucleation in MCF-7 cells. In addition, primary MECs overexpressing p190-B demonstrated increased adhesion to laminin and type IV collagen, components of the basement membrane, and primary MECs overexpressing p190-B cultured in rBM showed increased disrupted acinar formation, loss of cell polarity, and invasion. P190-B overexpression alters cell polarity and mitosis and regulates adhesive and invasive properties in MECs. These phenotypes may be critical for TEB structure and function during MG branching morphogenesis. We propose that p190-B overexpression may contribute to tumorigenesis by disrupting mitosis and promoting invasion. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 312.
How fitting! The influence of fence-context fit on price discrimination fairness

Abstract Price discrimination fairness research demonstrates that the level of familiarity consumers have with a price discrimination tactic influences their fairness judgments. In this paper, the authors empirically demonstrate that these findings are not universal. Specifically, the findings indicate that the fit between the (a) variables upon which the price discrimination tactic focuses and (b) the decision criteria by which products or services offered by the firm are judged (i.e., fence-context fit) moderates the impact of the familiarity on price discrimination fairness judgments. Two experiments examine how the factors of fence-context fit and familiarity lead to different price discrimination fairness judgments and provide process evidence of a critical affective component of consumer response to price discrimination tactics based on suspicion. The findings provide implications for managers to carefully consider price discrimination policies by taking adequate precautions in an effort to reduce perceptions of unfairness.
Analysis on Injector Spray Targeting Infuence on In-Cylinder Wall Wetting of GDI Engine

Using numerical calculation analysis method,an investigation of influence of two kinds of spray targeting schedules on in-cylinder wall wetting was conducted for a side-mounted injector GDI engine. The contribution of every hole of the first schedule was also calculated.Results show that in-cylinder wall wetting of the second schedule is reduced greatly.The wall wetting is sensitive to the spray targeting, especially some particular sprays.The in-cylinder wall wetting can be reduced by optimizing the spray targeting to a certain degree.
CLOUD COVER FROM AVHRR：ALGORITHMS AND THOUGHTS

Owing to the important role clouds play in atmospheric radiation，many algorithms have been developed to retrieve cloud cover from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer（AVHRR）data. The threshold technique，used in International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project （ ISCCP），is a straightforward method and has provided the scientific community valuable results，Spatial Coherence Method，aiming at allowing for partly cloud filled satellite pixels，successfully identifies cloud layers and improves the quality of cloud overcast plxels．CLAVR（Clouds from AVHRR）and APOLLO（AVHRR Processing over land cloud and ocean），by making use of the MCSST（Multiple Channel Sea Srrface Temperature）retrieval，enables cloud type classification and improves the quality of cloud-free pixels. Bispectral Method，with the best- fit between the satellite data and theoretical calculations，obtains cloud cover，cloud particle size and cloud emissivitv simultaneously. To establish apromising cloud cover retrieval scheme，it seems nscessary to combine the valuable scientific thoughts behind each of the developed algorithms.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum Presenting as Fournier’s Gangrene

We report a case of pyoderma gangrenosum presenting as Fournier's gangrene. Although both processes have a similar presentation effective management is markedly different. Whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics and aggressive surgical debridement are necessary to control Fournier's gangrene, immediate institution of corticosteroids and local wound care are indicated for pyoderma gangrenosum.
Ability evaluation and self-evaluation as types of social comparisons.

An analysis of Festinger's theory of social comparison processes suggests that the comparison of abilities really involves two distinct processes. Ability evaluation involves determining how one stands relative to others in the performance of the ability. Self-evaluation involves determining how one ought to perform by comparing with others similar to oneself on attributes related to the ability. The results of an experiment indicate that these two components can be distinguished empirically as separate aspects of the social comparison process.
What Is a Colony Before Colonialism? Humanist and Antihumanist Concepts of Governmentality from Foucault to Montaigne

This chapter explores writing by Renaissance humanists about colonies. It argues that before the emergence of the great imperial colonial projects in the late sixteenth century (undertaken by Spain, England, and France, principally) humanist writers developed a somewhat different discourse on colonies—a discourse in which the main point of reference was not America, but Rome and the Roman colonial experience. Through an engagement with Michel Foucault’s writing on space and governmentality, the chapter shows how, in such writers as Rabelais, Machiavelli, More, and Montaigne, colonies function as laboratories for thinking about government, and about the relationship between the government of the self and the government of others.
Aquaporin-3 mediates hydrogen peroxide-dependent responses to environmental stress in colonic epithelia.

The colonic epithelium provides an essential barrier against the environment that is critical for protecting the body and controlling inflammation. In response to injury or gut microbes, colonic epithelial cells produce extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which acts as a potent signaling molecule affecting barrier function and host defense. In humans, impaired regulation of H2O2 in the intestine has been associated with early-onset inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Here, we show that signal transduction by H2O2 depends on entry into the cell by transit through aquaporin-3 (AQP3), a plasma membrane H2O2-conducting channel. In response to injury, AQP3-depleted colonic epithelial cells showed defective lamellipodia, focal adhesions, and repair after wounding, along with impaired H2O2 responses after exposure to the intestinal pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Correspondingly, AQP3−/− mice showed impaired healing of superficial wounds in the colon and impaired mucosal innate immune responses against C. rodentium infection, manifested by reduced crypt hyperplasia, reduced epithelial expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, and impaired bacterial clearance. These results elucidate the signaling mechanism of extracellular H2O2 in the colonic epithelium and implicate AQP3 in innate immunity at mucosal surfaces.
Regulation of Piezo Channels by Cellular Signaling Pathways.

The recently identified mechanically activated Piezo1 and Piezo2 channels play major roles in various aspects of mechanosensation in mammals, and their mutations are associated with human diseases. Recent reports show that activation of cell surface receptors coupled to heterotrimeric Gq proteins increase the sensitivity of Piezo2 channels to mechanical stimuli. Activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway was also shown to potentiate Piezo2 channel activity. This phenomenon may play a role in mechanical allodynia or hyperalgesia during inflammation. Both Piezo1 and Piezo2 channels are inhibited upon depletion of plasma membrane phosphoinositides, in response to phospholipase C activation by Ca2+ influx via the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channels. This review will discuss current knowledge on regulation of Piezo channels by these intracellular signaling pathways.
Emotion Processes in Knowledge Revision.

In recent years, a number of insights have been gained into the cognitive processes that explain how individuals overcome misconceptions and revise their previously acquired incorrect knowledge. Th...
Colorectal interventions: Rectovaginal fistulas

Rectovaginal fistulas are defined as an epithelial-lined communication between the rectum and the vagina that commonly occurs as a result of obstetric trauma, although alternative etiologies are frequently observed. Patients present with vaginal discharge and gas with or without fecal incontinence, depending on concomitant anal sphincter dysfunction. The morbidity associated with rectovaginal fistulas is high, especially in their effect on quality of life. The mainstay of treatment is surgical repair, which can involve local, regional, or transabdominal approaches. We describe the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and currently available treatment options for various types of rectovaginal fistula, with a focus on their relevance to the elderly population.
Modeling the risk of salmonellosis from consumption of pistachios produced and consumed in the United States

The risk of salmonellosis from consumption of pistachios produced and consumed in the U.S. was assessed through quantitative microbial risk assessment. Data on Salmonella prevalence and concentration on pistachios, nut crop volume, storage times and temperatures during processing and handling, and reductions during storage or from roasting were derived from laboratory experiments, published literature, and industry expert opinion. Uncertainty was analyzed via what-if scenarios for Salmonella prevalence, concentration, storage reduction, treatment variability, portion of crop treated, and increased consumption. The estimated U.S. incidence of salmonellosis when 100% of pistachios were exposed to a 4 ± 0 log reduction treatment averaged 1.4 cases per billion servings, or 0.05% of untreated product volume yield an arithmetic mean risk of >1 case/year.
Next Steps for Gene Identification in Primary Hypertension Genomics.

See related article, pp 743–750 Blood pressure (BP) genomics informs on the root origins of primary hypertension, which are still unclear. Since 2008, the field of BP genetics has changed with evidence accumulating from genome-wide association studies. In this issue of Hypertension , Zeller et al1 describe a different approach to BP gene discovery by using RNA expression profiles instead of DNA variants. Using DNA variants, 24 large genome-wide association studies have been published to date, and the number of new loci is steadily increasing with a large contribution from the latest studies with 150 000–320 000 individuals in the discovery phase (Table; Figure). In total, ≈300 variants have now been replicated to be associated with systolic BP and diastolic BP and their phenotypic derivatives (full list and references to individual studies at www.bloodpressuregenetics.org). Some consider the glass half-full and others half-empty on the new knowledge gained by BP genome-wide association studies. It is clear that novel findings have been added, but at the same time, much of the heritability is not yet captured by the variants identified. To date, only ≈3% to 4% of phenotypic variance is explained by the variants identified,2 translating to …
A comparison of methodologies for estimating delivered forest residue volume and cost to a wood-based biorefinery

Abstract Plant location can be a major factor in the financial success of a company when feedstock transport costs are high, such as for wood-based biorefineries. Biorefineries sited near large amounts of forest residue can better mitigate against the risk of reduced feedstock availability due to exogenous market constraints. Two methodologies for estimating the volume and cost of delivered forest residues to a biorefinery are presented. Both methodologies are based on data provided by the U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program. The first methodology is past-predictive in that it uses individual state Timber Product Output (TPO) datasets, while the second methodology is future-predictive in that it uses a spatially explicit economic optimization model of the U.S. forestry sector coupled with stand data at FIA plot locations to project near- and medium-term residue volumes. A Total Delivered Feedstock Cost Model is used with both biomass estimation methods to enable comparison of facility supply curves. A case study assesses four pulp mills, considered as candidate repurposed biorefinery locations, for their ability to procure sufficient biomass under average- and low-yield scenarios utilizing both methods. The facility that procures sufficient feedstock to meet annual biorefinery demand at the least cost under both yield scenarios theoretically provides the least risk to investors in terms of insufficient feedstock availability. The past-predictive methodology was found to be best-suited for refining a list of candidate facilities for further analysis. The future-predictive methodology is best-suited for a robust analysis of facilities using multiple economic and policy scenarios.
A Boundary Element Shape Design Sensitivity Analysis Formulation for Thermal Radiation Problems

Effective shape optimization procedures for nonlinear thermal problems can be developed that utilize the concept of design sensitivity analysis (DSA). DSA provides an economical procedure to obtain the rates of change of all thermal response quantities involved in the problem with respect to the design variables that control the shape. In this paper, implicit differentiation of the discretized boundary element analysis (BEA) equations is performed to produce a DSA formulation that includes radiation boundary conditions. An example problem is presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of this approach.
Occasional, obligatory, and habitual stone tool use in hominin evolution

Archeologists have long assumed that earlier hominins were obligatory stone tool users. This assumption is deeply embedded in traditional ways of describing the lithic record. This paper argues that lithic evidence dating before 1.7 Ma reflects occasional stone tool use, much like that practiced by nonhuman primates except that it involved flaked-stone cutting tools. Evidence younger than 0.3 Ma is more congruent with obligatory stone tool use, like that among recent humans. The onset of habitual stone tool use at about 1.7 Ma appears correlated with increased hominin logistical mobility (carrying things). The onset of obligatory stone tool use after 0.3 Ma may be linked to the evolution of spoken language. Viewing the lithic evidence dating between 0.3-1.7 Ma as habitual stone tool use explains previously inexplicable aspects of the Early-Middle Pleistocene lithic record.
Personal Perspectives on Using Automatic Speech Recognition to Facilitate Communication between Deaf Students and Hearing Customers

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and the wide use of smart phones and their apps have allowed huge inroads when preparing deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH) students to be effective and productive in the hearing workplace. This paper presents both a hearing instructor's experiences and a deaf researcher's observations when preparing deaf and hard of hearing students as computer technicians for the hearing work place.
Correction to: Non-Uniform Microphone Arrays for Robust Speech Source Localization for Smartphone-Assisted Hearing Aid Devices

In the original publication of the article, Fig. 1 was incorrect. The correct figure is shown below.
A New Covenant of Blessing: Negotiating Change in Eating Disordered Families:

On the basis of the theory that there is a systemic nature to eating disorders, a program is proposed that outlines a treatment approach in which parents are active participants. The use of formal ...
Role of the blood coagulation cascade in hepatic fibrosis.

Liver is the primary source of numerous proteins that are critical for normal function of the blood coagulation cascade. Because of this, diseases of the liver, particularly when affiliated with se...
Ultrasonic Image Improvement through the Use of Bayesian Priors Which are Based on Adjacent Scanned Traces

Improvement in an ultrasonic image can be obtained by using the echo amplitude in adjacent traces of the ultrasonic signal to form a Bayesian prior. The location of an echo in a trace is usually accompanied by an echo in the adjacent traces, as the beam width is greater than the distance between traces. A scaled version of the sum of the adjacent traces is used as a prior. By keeping the area under the curve at a constant value (as the probability must sum to unity), a consistent criterion is maintained. Adjacent traces with no echoes would result in a uniform prior. An example is presented in which the known shape of an object is more closely recovered than the shape inferred when the adjacent trace information is not used. The technique might be regarded as a Markoff process, as only the adjacent trace (channel) is used in forming the prior.
Vertebral Body Rotation in Patients with Lumbar Degenerative Scoliosis: Surgical Implication for Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

Background To investigate changes of oblique corridor in patients with lumbar degenerative scoliosis and determine proper working angle with respect to the direction of vertebral axial rotation during the oblique lumbar interbody fusion procedure. Methods The distance of oblique corridor and the rotational angle of the left or right apex group were measured on axial T2 magnetic resonance images and then compared with those of the propensity score-matched control group. Results Fifty-five patients of the left apex group and 57 patients of the right apex group were compared with the equal number of patients of the propensity score-matched control group. The distance of oblique corridor in the left apex group was shorter than that in the control group at the levels of L1-2 and L2-3. In contrast, the distance of oblique corridor in the right apex group was longer than that of the control group at the level of L2-3. Patients of the left apex group showed the vertebral body rotating to the left side from L1-2 to L5-S1, whereas in the right apex group, the vertebral body rotated to the right side at the levels of L1-2, L2-3, and L3-4. Conclusions In the left apex group, the oblique corridor was decreased from psoas overlap, and coupled axial rotation to the left side might increase the risk of contralateral nerve root injury during orthogonally working. Thus, surgeons should pay attention to the state of coupled vertebral axial rotation of lumbar degenerative scoliosis for the oblique lumbar interbody fusion procedure.
Developing properties in porous tapes from die-drawing of polypropylene composites

The objective of this research was to investigate process limits and properties of porous tapes obtained by solid-phase die-drawing of talc-filled polypropylene to a thickness of 1 mm, which is low...
Enquiry into a Self-regulated Teaching Assistant Development Program in China: The Yin and Yang of Success

This paper presents a qualitative study aimed at identifying the quality of graduate student engagement in a self-regulated teaching assistant development program of an international university in Macau, China. The study also intended to test the relevance of a virtual mechanism, operated asynchronously through the Internet, for keeping both communication and reflection alive within the space of the project. Grounded Theory was selected for data analysis. Empirical data was extracted from non-structured interviews and class observation reports. Empirical evidence shows that the participants have primarily been concerned with the meaning of their actions, and only secondarily with criteria situated in the context of that meaning. Implications of this study and suggestions for subsequent efforts to highlight the potential impact of new media in self-regulated teacher education programs are included.
Kinematic Approximation of Position Accuracy Achieved Using Optical Observations of Distant Asteroids

NASA’s Deep Space 1 mission demonstrated that a spacecraft can be navigated autonomously during deep-space cruise operations using only optical navigation measurements. A methodology is developed t...
Short-term toxicity effects of Prymnesium parvum on zooplankton community composition

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can disrupt aquatic communities through a variety of mechanisms, especially through toxin production. Herbivorous and omnivorous zooplankton may be particularly susceptible to HAB toxins, due to their close trophic relationship to algae as grazers. In this study, the acute toxigenic effects of the haptophyte Prymnesium parvum on a zooplankton community were investigated under laboratory conditions. Total zooplankton abundances decreased during 48-h exposure, although species responses to P. parvum densities varied. Changes in community composition were driven by declines in Daphnia mendotae and Keratella spp. abundances, which resulted in an average shift in copepod abundance from 47.1 to 72.4%, and rotifer abundance from 35.0 to 7.1%. Total cladocerans were relatively unchanged in relative abundance (11.1–10.4%), though the dominant cladoceran shifted from Daphnia mendotae (61.3% of cladocerans) to Bosmina longirostris (81.5% of cladocerans). Daphnia mendotae and Keratella spp. are known to be non-selective or generalist feeders and were likely harmed through a combination of ingestion of and contact by P. parvum. Proportional increases in copepod and Bosmina abundances in the presence of P. parvum likely reflect selective or discriminate feeding abilities in these taxa. This study corroborates previous field studies showing that P. parvum can negatively affect zooplankton, reflecting species-specific differences in zooplankton-P. parvum interactions. Such changes can alter zooplankton community composition, leading to substantial food-web consequences and potential long-term ecosystem-level impacts in lakes that experience blooms.
Design of an Improved Dual-Stator Ferrite Magnet Vernier Machine to Replace an Industrial Rare-Earth IPM Machine

This paper develops an improved dual-stator Vernier machine using ferrite magnet materials, aiming to replace an industrial interior permanent magnet machine with rare earth magnets in a low speed industrial application. The improved Vernier machine design adapts the single winding dual-stator topology with an empty inner stator core mainly to improve the torque density and eliminate the heat from the inner stator windings of conventional dual-stator Vernier machines. A drum rotor is also proposed to provide mechanical and structural enhancements. This paper compares the performance of the improved Vernier machine design against an industrial interior permanent magnet machine with rare earth magnets. The comparison shows that the improved design using ferrite magnets has even higher torque density and efficiency than those exhibited in the industrial interior permanent magnet machine with rare earth magnets. The improved Vernier machine design has considerable potential to replace industrial rare earth interior permanent magnet machines in low speed applications.
E2M: an energy-efficient middleware for computer vision applications on autonomous mobile robots

Autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) have been widely utilized in industry to execute various on-board computer-vision applications including autonomous guidance, security patrol, object detection, and face recognition. Most of the applications executed by an AMR involve the analysis of camera images through trained machine learning models. Many research studies on machine learning focus either on performance without considering energy efficiency or on techniques such as pruning and compression to make the model more energy-efficient. However, most previous work do not study the root causes of energy inefficiency for the execution of those applications on AMRs. The computing stack on an AMR accounts for 33% of the total energy consumption and can thus highly impact the battery life of the robot. Because recharging an AMR may disrupt the application execution, it is important to efficiently utilize the available energy for maximized battery life. In this paper, we first analyze the breakdown of power dissipation for the execution of computer-vision applications on AMRs and discover three main root causes of energy inefficiency: uncoordinated access to sensor data, performance-oriented model inference execution, and uncoordinated execution of concurrent jobs. In order to fix these three inefficiencies, we propose E2M, an energy-efficient middleware software stack for autonomous mobile robots. First, E2M regulates the access of different processes to sensor data, e.g., camera frames, so that the amount of data actually captured by concurrently executing jobs can be minimized. Second, based on a predefined per-process performance metric (e.g., safety, accuracy) and desired target, E2M manipulates the process execution period to find the best energy-performance trade off. Third, E2M coordinates the execution of the concurrent processes to maximize the total contiguous sleep time of the computing hardware for maximized energy savings. We have implemented a prototype of E2M on HydraOne, a real-world AMR. Our experimental results show that, compared to several baselines, E2M leads to 24% energy savings for the computing platform, which translates into an extra 11.5% of battery time and 14 extra minutes of robot runtime, with a performance degradation lower than 7.9% for safety and 1.84% for accuracy.
Finite Element-Predicted Effects of Screw Configuration in Proximal Humerus Fracture Fixation

Internal fixation with the use of locking plates is the standard surgical treatment for proximal humerus fractures, one of the most common fractures in the elderly. Screw cut-out through weak cancellous bone of the humeral head, which ultimately results in collapse of the fixed fracture, is the leading cause of failure and revision surgery. In an attempt to address this problem, surgeons often attach the plate with as many locking screws as possible into the proximal fragment. It is not thoroughly understood which screws and screw combinations play the most critical roles in fixation stability. This study conducted a detailed finite element analysis to evaluate critical parameters associated with screw cut-out failure. Several clinically relevant screw configurations and fracture gap sizes were modeled. Findings demonstrate that in perfectly reduced fracture cases, variation of the screw configurations had minor influence on mechanical stability of the fixation. The effects of screw configurations became substantial with the existence of a fracture gap. Interestingly, the use of a single anterior calcar screw was as effective as utilizing two screws to support the calcar. On the other hand, the variation in calcar screw configuration had minor influence on the fixation stability when all the proximal screws (A-D level) were filled. This study evaluates different screw configurations to further understand the influence of combined screw configurations and the individual screws on the fixation stability. Findings from this study may help decrease the risk for screw cut-out with proximal humerus varus collapse and the associated economic costs.
Learning approximate MRFs from large transactional data

In this abstract we address the problem of learning approximate Markov Random Fields (MRF) from large transactional data. Examples of such data include market basket data, co-authorship networked data, etc. Such data can be represented by a binary data matrix, with an entry (i, j) takes a value of one (zero) if the item j is (not) in the basket i. “Large” means that there can be many rows or columns in the data matrix. To model such data effectively in order to answer queries about the data efficiently, we consider the use of probabilistic models. In this abstract, we consider employing frequent itemsets to learn approximate global MRFs on large transactional data. We conduct an empirical study on real datasets to show the efficiency and effectiveness of our model on solving the query selectivity estimation problem, that is to approximately compute the marginal probability of sets of items (see [1] for the experimental results). Translated into the social network domain, this is the problem of computing the likelihood of seeing a particular combination of grocery items in the market basket domain, or the probability of a group of professors coauthoring a paper in a co-authorship network, etc. This marginal probability computation is also useful for anomalous link detection [2] in social network analysis. A link in a social network corresponds to a pair of items. The links whose associated marginal probabilities are significantly low can be thought of as anomalous.
Delayed Decompression of Obstructing Stones with Urinary Tract Infection is Associated with Increased Odds of Death.

Purpose:Obstructive pyelonephritis is considered a urological emergency but there is limited evidence regarding the importance of prompt decompression. We sought to investigate whether delay in dec...
A Systematic Review of Frequency Building and Precision Teaching with School-Aged Children

This paper presents a systematic review of the literature that assessed the effectiveness of frequency building and precision teaching with school-aged children. The authors evaluated studies in accordance with the What Works Clearinghouse standards and the council for exceptional children standards for evidence-based practices in special education. A total of 11 studies examining the effectiveness of frequency building and precision teaching for 170 participants were included in this review. Additionally, effect sizes were calculated for eligible studies. Small to large effects were found for all included variables. Overall, results indicated that the combination of frequency building and precision teaching is an effective method for increasing a variety of academic skills with school-aged children. Limitations, recommendations for future research, and implications for practitioners are discussed.
The role of pay and sense of community in the turnover of outdoor adventure education field staff.

Outdoor adventure education (OAE) organizations continually struggle with voluntary turnover of OAE field staff. The unconventional work environment of this unique population creates challenges and difficulties that lead to turnover. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between turnover predictor variables and intent to turnover (IT) of OAE field staff. The five predictor variables chosen were (a) tenure, (b) career development opportunities, (c) sense of community, (d) compensation satisfaction, and (e) burnout. Results suggest that compensation satisfaction’s pay subscale and sense of community were significant negative predictors of IT. These findings provide evidence for turnover predictors unique to OAE field staff. Additionally, these findings can aid OAE administrators in prioritizing time and resources when combating employee turnover.Subscribe to JOREL
Culturing homogeneous microtissues at scale.

Microwell arrays enable the culture of thousands of organoids with increased homogeneity, and facilitate high-content image-based analyses and high-throughput drug screens.
Vaccination and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions: When Can the UK Relax About COVID-19? (preprint)

Abstract The announcement of efficacious vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 has been met with worldwide acclaim and relief. Many countries already have detailed plans for vaccine targeting based on minimising severe illness, death and healthcare burdens. Normally, relatively simple relationships between epidemiological parameters, vaccine efficacy and vaccine uptake predict the success of any immunisation programme. However, the dynamics of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is made more complex by age-dependent factors, changing levels of infection and the potential relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) as the perceived risk declines. In this study we use an age-structured mathematical model, matched to a range of epidemiological data, to consider the interaction between the UK vaccination programme and future relaxation (or removal) of NPIs. Our predictions highlight the population-level risks of early relaxation leading to a pronounced wave of infections, and the individual-level risk relative to vaccine status. While the novel vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 offer a potential exit strategy for this outbreak, this is highly contingent on the transmission blocking action of the vaccine and the population uptake, both of which need to be carefully monitored as vaccine programmes are rolled out in the UK and other countries.
Protecting the Global Mental Health of Forcibly Displaced Children From the COVID-19 Pandemic.

* Abbreviation: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 Forcibly displaced children and families are among the most vulnerable groups in the world, now with an unprecedented 30 million children displaced by conflict and a peak of 19 million children internally displaced.1 Public health crises, such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, highlight the preexisting refugee crisis, placing them at greater mental health risk. Although children are not the highest risk cohort to suffer serious illness from COVID-19,2 pandemic-related policies, health precautions, and psychosocial stressors are potentially damaging for vulnerable children and families such as forcibly displaced youth. Basic public health measures, such as social distancing, hand hygiene, and self-isolation, are difficult to implement in camps, settlements, and homes because of overcrowded living situations, poor access to basic sanitation, and lack of access to health services, leaving displaced children at risk for contracting disease. Many forcibly displaced families are understandably distrusting of government requests for public health measures because they are fleeing governments that are the cause of violence and armed conflict.3 These psychosocial stressors can lead to a worsening of mental health, especially when combined with a history of potentially traumatic events … Address correspondence to Suzan Song, MD, MPH, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington University, Medical Faculty Associates, 2120 L St, NW Suite 600, Washington, DC 20037. E-mail: suzan.song{at}post.harvard.edu
Art Commentary for the Middlebrow: Promoting Modernism & Modern Art through Popular Culture—How Life Magazine Brought “The New” into Middle-Class Homes

Abstract This study examines the role of Life in defining a new lifestyle based on modernism in the interwar period. With its first issue in 1936, Life embodied modernity as it pioneered a way of reaching an audience through the photo-essay. Life's presentation of art and modernity, one thread in training its readers how to be middle class, is placed within the artistic and cultural environment of the time. This paper argues that the editors of Life “domesticated” modern art through a series of strategies: monetary value, artistic practice, and biography. Life's tying of art to modernity is discussed within the context of other institutions that also believed art was integral to creating modern society — the Museum of Modern Art and the federal government through the WPA. An examination of the interplay among these three cultural actors provides insight into the larger historical issues of art production, circulation, and consumption, and the role of the government, elite institutions, and the media in pr...
Gender Representation in Notable Children's Picture Books: 1995–1999

Although females comprise 51% of the population, they are represented in less than that amount in children's literature. Psychologists and leaders of liberation groups affirm that gender stereotyping in children's books has detrimental effects on children's perception of women's roles. Therefore, illustrated children's books that view women positively can be used to eliminate these stereotypes. Eighty-three Notable Books for Children from 1995 to 1999 were analyzed for gender of main character, illustrations, and title. This research updated LaDow's content analysis method and revealed that contrary to earlier studies, steps toward equity have advanced based on the increase in females represented as the main character (S. LaDow, 1979). Although female representation has greatly improved since the 70s, gender stereotypes are still prevalent in children's literature.
eResearch Workflows for Studying Free and Open Source Software Development

This paper introduces eResearch workflow tools as a model for the research community studying free and open source software and its development. The paper first introduces eResearch as increasingly practiced in fields such as astrophysics and biology, then contrasts the practice of research on free and open source software. After outlining suitable research data sets the paper introduces a class of tools known as scientific workflow frameworks, focusing on one—Taverna—and introducing its features. To further explain the tool a complete workflow used for original research on FLOSS is described. Finally the paper considers the trade-offs inherent in these tools.
Optical gain and loss spectra of driven degenerate two-level transitions

Summary form only given. Studies of the classic problem of two non-degenerate atomic energy states exposed to an intense monochromatic driving field have enabled fundamental discoveries in quantum optics including inversionless optical gain, multiphoton laser action, and electromagnetically induced transparency. Nevertheless, the level degeneracy present in many atomic systems can and has been shown to play key roles in a variety of unique driven atom dynamics ranging from light-shift mediated stimulated Raman optical gain and lasing to electromagnetically induced absorption. To date, however, the potentially rich dynamics of these novel systems has received relatively little attention. Atomic barium (Ba) possesses a diversity of naturally abundant isotopes with varying degrees of level degeneracy, making it ideally suited to studies of degenerate two-level driven atom dynamics.
fMRI of Memory in Aging and Dementia

In the human brain, functionally and anatomically defined systems exist for actively encoding, consolidating, and retrieving memories of experiences (episodic memory); accumulating and accessing factual information in a body of knowledge (semantic memory); and processing and manipulating information (working memory). These three declarative memory systems can be distinguished from other nondeclarative memory systems such as procedural learning and priming.1–4 Brain-behavior studies using a variety of approaches, from lesion-based research to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), demonstrate distinct, though interrelated, neural circuitry for working, episodic, and semantic memory.4,5 Each of these three memory systems is affected somewhat differently by aging and dementia. In this chapter, the episodic, semantic, and working memory systems will be considered in turn, with special attention to changes associated with aging and with memory disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment.
Electron microscopical studies of frozen-dried yeast: III. Formation of the tetrad in Saccharomyces

Abstract Sporulating cells of diploid Saccharomyces, stained selectively for basophilia, were studied at periodic intervals during the formation of the nuclear tetrad with the aid of light microscope controls. With initiation of the sporulation cycle, the vegetative nucleus undergoes two divisions the final four products of which are roughly halved in volume. Both divisions are of the vesicular type as in vegetative nuclei, and display an organization of 50 A to 80 A basophile particles (DNA-protein) and submicroscopic cord-like bodies. This organization lacks the morphological and behavioral attributes of classical meiotic nuclei, and is therefore considered to consist of “chromosomal substance” so as to distinguish it from the properties of true chromosomes. The peripheral clusters of the nuclei in sporulating cells are morphologically distinct from those of vegetative nuclei. The uniqueness of yeast nuclei involved in the sporulation cycle consists in their conforming to a true, Mendelian meiosis.
Practical means for estimating pork carcass composition.

A. P. Schinckel and C. H. Kuei Three hundred sixty-one market-weight barrow and gilt carcasses were physically dissected into bone, skin, fat and muscle. A three-variable multiple linear regression equation containing the same independent variables (warm carcass weight, loth rib loin muscle area and loth rib fat depth) used (U.S.) to determine pork carcass lean weight was found to be the most practical means for predicting weight of muscle standardized to 10% fat. Multiple linear regression equations containing more than three independent variables produced only slight improvements in R2 values; however, the standard deviation about the regression line was not greatly improved by the addition of more independent variables to this threeindependent-variable regression model. A single multiple linear regression equation using the three independent variables above may not be adequate to describe variation over the entire live-weight range for all hogs marketed in the U. S. For most accurate muscle weight prediction, different equations should be used for weight subclasses with one equation for carcasses under 100 kg and another for those heavier than 100 kg. A single prediction equation for muscle weight was adequate for carcasses of both barrows and gilts. (Key Words: Pork, Carcass Composition, Muscle Weight.) J. Anim. Sci. 1990. 68:3987-3997
Isolation of Cerebellar Granule Cells from Neonatal Rats

Cerebellar Granule Cells in Neurotoxicology (Jan Oberdoerster, Aventis Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina). Cultured neurons allow the researcher to investigate mechanisms of toxicity on a relatively uniform population of cells. Primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells are post-mitotic neurons that are readily isolated and may be used for experimental procedures including electrophysiology, neuronal maturation, and various biochemical and molecular analyses.
Therapeutic implications of cancer stem cells

Most cancers comprise a heterogenous population of cells with marked differences in their proliferative potential as well as the ability to reconstitute the tumor upon transplantation. Cancer stem cells are a minor population of tumor cells that possess the stem cell property of self-renewal. In addition, dysregulation of stem cell self-renewal is a likely requirement for the development of cancer. This new model for cancer will have significant ramifications for the way we study and treat cancer. In addition, through targeting the cancer stem cell and its dysregulated self-renewal, our therapies for treating cancer are likely to improve.
Anti-tumor activity of N-thiolated β-lactam antibiotics

An ongoing strategy for cancer treatment is selective induction of apoptosis in cancer over normal cells. N-thiolated β-lactams were found to induce DNA damage, growth arrest and apoptosis in cultured human cancer cells. However, whether these compounds have a similar effect in vivo has not been studied. We report here that treatment with the β-lactam L-1 caused a significant inhibition of tumor growth in a breast cancer xenograft mouse model, associated with induction of DNA damage and apoptosis in vivo. These results suggest that the synthetic antibiotic N-thiolated β-lactams hold great potential to be developed as novel anti-cancer drugs.
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF VECTOR-BASED SEARCH SYSTEMS : APPLICATION TO CARBON-13 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHEMICAL SHIFT PREDICTION

A database partitioning algorithm is described for use in increasing the speed of vector-based search systems. When implemented with a library of n-dimensional vectors to be searched, the algorithm...