cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unsuspected pulmonary embolism: prospective detection on routine helical CT scans.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of unsuspected pulmonary embolism (PE) on routine thoracic helical computed tomographic (CT) scans and to quantify the improvement in PE detection by using a cine-paging mode on a workstation instead of hard-copy review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven hundred eighty-five patients referred for routine contrast medium-enhanced thoracic CT within 9 months were prospectively recruited. Helical CT was performed. Studies were prospectively interpreted by four radiologists. Two radiologists performed routine, undirected, hard-copy consensus review for official interpretation; two of three thoracic radiologists independently performed a dedicated workstation-based search for PE. The presence of PE involving the main, lobar, or segmental pulmonary arteries was assigned a score of 1-5 (1 = definitely negative, 5 = definitely positive) by each independent reviewer. Patients with a score of 4 or 5 underwent lower-extremity ultrasound, ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy, or both, fol...
Microstructure-property relationships in materials

Microstructures of materials differ fundmentally from the structures of isolated objects, in that objects normally possess specific form and size, whereas microstructure goes on and on as a continnum, never appearing quite the same in any two places and having no beginning or ending. Such “unbounded irregular structures” are amenable to precise characterization by the use of parameters that can be expressed in terms of totals in unit volume of material, sometimes called the “global parameters”. The methods of quantitative microscopy have, thus far, provided eight parameters of this kind, namely: length of line, area of surface, volume fraction, curvature of line, torsion of line, curvature of surface, number, and connectivity. Whenever a physical property can be related simply and directly to one of these parameters, the relation is insensitive to the value of any other geometric property of the structure, that is, it is shape-insensitive. Average geometric properties of microstructure can be had by taking ratios of the fundamental parameters. These can be used to formulate structure-property relationships when the average is made up of uniquely defined components. This condition has been found to prevail when the structure is in a configuration of minimum energy.
Improving the crystal ball: harnessing consumer input to create retail prediction markets

Purpose – Retail buyers' decisions result in billions of dollars of merchandise being purchased and offered for sale by retailers around the world. At present, retail buyers do not appear to be adequately harnessing consumer input to improve their forecasts. The purpose of this paper is to address this issue by introducing a new approach involving both retail buyers' consensus forecasts and those from a sample of “ordinary” consumers.Design/methodology/approach – The authors introduce a new approach to online forecasting that involves both retail buyers' consensus forecasts and those from a sample of “ordinary” consumers.Findings – The results suggest an opportunity to create what are termed retail prediction markets that offer significant potential to improve the accuracy of buyers' forecasts.Originality/value – The authors go beyond crowd sourcing technology and show how retail prediction markets may offer significant potential to improve the accuracy of retail buyers' forecasts.
Bend properties of sapphire fibers at elevated temperatures I: Bend survivability

Abstract The effect of temperature on the bend radius that a c -axis-oriented sapphire fiber can withstand was determined for fibers of various diameter. Bend stress rupture tests were performed for times of 1–100 h and temperatures of 300–1700 °C. Fibers would survive the bend test undeformed, would fracture or would deform. The bend survival radius was determined to be the radius above which no fibers fractured or deformed for a given time-temperature treatment. It was found that the ability of fibers to withstand curvature decreases substantially with time and increasing temperature and that fibers of smaller diameter (40–83 μm) withstood smaller bend radii than would be expected from just a difference in fiber diameter when compared with the bend results of the fibers of large diameter (144 μm). This was probably due to different flaw populations, causing high temperature bend failure for the tested sapphire fibers of different diameters.
Enhancing School Success with Mnemonic Strategies

Many students with disabilities and those at risk for educational failure exhibit problems with remembering materials covered in school. Suggestions for helping these students improve memory for school content are described in this article. In particular, mnemonic instruction is described and examples are provided of how it can be used to increase school learning and memory of students with learning difficulties.
The O.H. 7 (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) hominid partial brain endocast revisited

The O.H.7 brain endocast was reexamined using a stereoplotting apparatus to quantify the amount of distortion. Some 127 measurements for each of the left and right sides were taken and treated statistically by student t-tests, both in paired and grouped fashion. Grouped data indicated no significant left-right differences. Paired data suggested three small regions of distortion, which produced three pairs of left-right differences that were significantly different. Given the very local nature of these minor distortions, it is concluded that the original reconstruction by Tobias was essentially correct. In addition, multiple regression analyses of selected chord-arc dimensions suggest that a volume in excess of 700 ml is most probable.
The (1 × 3) missing-row surface structure of Be(1120)

We report an observation of a clean-surface reconstruction of a simple metal, a (1 × 3) structure on Be(1120). Kinematic analysis of low-energy electron diffraction indicates that the (1 × 3) reconstruction involves the displacement of atomic chains at the surface. The stabilities of the unrelaxed, bulk terminated surface and two proposed models based on missing rows were calculated using a first-principles pseudopotential method within the local-density approximation. Our results indicate that surface relaxation must be the determining factor in the stability of the reconstruction. Since Be has no occupied d-bands, the mechanism driving the reconstruction must be different from that of transition- and noble-metal missing-row reconstructions.
High strength generation in cement pastes

Abstract Unusually high strengths have been generated in materials produced by employing “hot-pressing” techniques, and intermediate ranges of strengths have been achieved by applying high pressures at room temperature, to portland cement pastes. By pressing at ca. 250°C and 50, 000 psi strengths are as high as 95, 000 psi (compressive), and 9250 psi (indirect tensile). The hot-pressed materials are volume stable when immersed in water and subsequently evacuated. The microstructures of such materials are very compact, consisting of an intergrowth of dense hydrated cement “gel” surrounding residual unhydrated cement grain cores. The lowest porosity of the materials measured was approximately 1.8%, by far the closest approach to zero porosity or theoretical density yet achieved in cement pastes. The effect of microstructure and porosity are discussed, and high pressure techniques are compared with other methods of strength generation.
Insights from Illustrators: The Rhetorical Invention of Paleontology Representations

This study focuses on the intersection of visual rhetoric with rhetoric of science by examining the rhetorical context in which natural science illustrators operate as they represent paleontology. Field methods were employed to study the rhetorical context in which paleontology becomes represented through art; this article reports the findings from the field study and contextualizes the study in rhetorical theories of invention and a discussion of social versus scientific facts. The research highlights some differences between what experts know and what public audiences perceive, offering insight into why those differences exist.
A molecular connectivity study of electron density in alkanes

Abstract Molecular connectivity indices have been developed which characterize contributions of neighboring atoms to the CNDO/2 calculated electronic charge of a carbon atom. An analysis of these indices reveals their ability to predict this charge to 0.001 electron.
Disrupting Entanglement of Black Holes

We study entanglement in thermofield double states of strongly coupled conformal field theories by analyzing two-sided Reissner-Nordstrom solutions in anti–de Sitter space. The central object of study is the mutual information between a pair of regions, one on each asymptotic boundary of the black hole. For large regions the mutual information is positive and for small ones it vanishes; we compute the critical length scale, which goes to infinity for extremal black holes, of the transition. We also generalize the butterfly effect of Shenker and Stanford [J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2014) 067] to a wide class of charged black holes, showing that mutual information is disrupted upon perturbing the system and waiting for a time of order logE/δE in units of the temperature. We conjecture that the parametric form of this time scale is universal.
Minimum-Variance and Maximum-Likelihood Deconvolution for Noncausal Channel Models

This paper extends the previous works of Mendel and his students on the subject of deconvolution from causal channel (wavelet) models to noncausal channel models. Noncausal wavelets occur, for example, in seismic data processing when a land vibrator is used to excite the Earth. Minimum-variance and maximum-likelihood deconvolution algorithms are developed herein for symmetrical and/or nonsymmetrical time-invariant wavelets that are excited by stationary and/or nonstationary white noise inputs. Minimum-variance deconvolution algorithms for a noncausal wavelet turn out to be quite different than those for a causal wavelet; however, maximum-likelihood deconvolution algorithms for a noncausal wavelet, which involve event detection and amplitude restoration, are essentially the same as those for a causal wavelet. Examples are provided that illustrate the performance of the different deconvolution algorithms.
Managing Slow‐Moving Perishables in the Grocery Industry

We address the value of information and value of centralized control in the context of a two-echelon, serial supply chain with one retailer and one supplier that provide a single perishable product to consumers. Our analysis is relevant for managing slow-moving perishable products with fixed lot sizes and expiration dates of a week or less. We evaluate two supply chain structures. In the first structure, referred to as decentralized information sharing, the retailer shares its demand, inventory, and ordering policy with the supplier, yet both facilities make their own profit-maximizing replenishment decisions. In the second structure, centralized control, incentives are aligned and the replenishment decisions are coordinated. The latter supply chain structure corresponds to the industry practices of company-owned stores or vendor-managed inventory. We measure the value of information and value of centralized control as the marginal improvement in expected profits that a supply chain achieves relative to the case when no information is shared and decision making is decentralized. Key assumptions of our model include stochastic demand, lost sales, and fixed order quantities. We establish the importance of information sharing and centralized control in the supply chain and identify conditions under which benefits are realized. As opposed to previous work on the value of information, the major benefit in our setting is driven by the supplier's ability to provide the retailer with fresher product. By isolating the benefit by firm, we show that sharing information is not always Pareto-improving for both supply chain partners in the decentralized setting.
Assessment of a Candidate Marker Constituent Predictive of a Dietary Substance-Drug Interaction: Case Study with Grapefruit Juice and CYP3A4 Drug Substrates

Dietary substances, including herbal products and citrus juices, can perpetrate interactions with conventional medications. Regulatory guidances for dietary substance–drug interaction assessment are lacking. This deficiency is due in part to challenges unique to dietary substances, a lack of requisite human-derived data, and limited jurisdiction. An in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approach to help address some of these hurdles was evaluated using the exemplar dietary substance grapefruit juice (GFJ), the candidate marker constituent 6′,7′-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB), and the purported victim drug loperamide. First, the GFJ-loperamide interaction was assessed in 16 healthy volunteers. Loperamide (16 mg) was administered with 240 ml of water or GFJ; plasma was collected from 0 to 72 hours. Relative to water, GFJ increased the geometric mean loperamide area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) significantly (1.7-fold). Second, the mechanism-based inhibition kinetics for DHB were recovered using human intestinal microsomes and the index CYP3A4 reaction, loperamide N-desmethylation (KI [concentration needed to achieve one-half kinact], 5.0 ± 0.9 µM; kinact [maximum inactivation rate constant], 0.38 ± 0.02 minute−1). These parameters were incorporated into a mechanistic static model, which predicted a 1.6-fold increase in loperamide AUC. Third, the successful IVIVE prompted further application to 15 previously reported GFJ-drug interaction studies selected according to predefined criteria. Twelve of the interactions were predicted to within the 25% predefined criterion. Results suggest that DHB could be used to predict the CYP3A4-mediated effect of GFJ. This time- and cost-effective IVIVE approach could be applied to other dietary substance–drug interactions to help prioritize new and existing drugs for more advanced (dynamic) modeling and simulation and clinical assessment.
Cost effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging in the workup of the dysosmia patient.

Background Intracranial causes of dysosmia are uncommon. Nonetheless, a missed intracranial disorder or neoplasm is worrisome. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used in diagnosis; however, the cost effectiveness of this practice is unclear. We hypothesize that MRI scans for idiopathic dysosmia will demonstrate sufficient significant findings to be a cost-effective screening tool. Methods Tertiary-care otolaryngology clinic records were queried for smell and taste disturbance. The patients underwent anosmia-protocol MRI of the brain for idiopathic dysosmia in 122 cases. Each MRI report was reviewed for dysosmia findings, intracranial neoplasms, and incidental findings. Results MRI was normal in 44.3%, there were dysosmia-related findings in 25.4%, and incidental findings in 40.2%. The most common related diagnosis was occult frontoethmoid sinusitis (18.8%). The most common incidental diagnosis was small vessel disease (21.1%). Intracranial neoplasms were observed in 6 patients (4.9%). Nine patients had intracranial causes of dysosmia including olfactory meningiomas, infarct, trauma, and atrophy. MRI cost per dysosmia etiology diagnosis was $9445. Costs increased to $32,355 and $48,880 per intracranial cause or neoplasm, respectively. Cost to diagnose 1 causal intracranial neoplasm was $146,400. From 1997 to 2003, median medical malpractice settlements ranged from $625,616 for misdiagnosis to $682,500 for delay in treatment to $1,750,000 for brain injury. The median jury award was $975,000 for misdiagnosis, $1,550,000 for delayed treatment, and $6,000,000 for brain injury. Conclusion MRI in idiopathic dysosmia yielded information regarding the diagnosis in one-quarter of cases. The implications of missing an intracranial neoplasm alone justify the cost of screening MRI for idiopathic dysosmia. © 2013 ARS–AAOA, LLC.
Small bowel obstruction due to phytobezoar: CT diagnosis

We report two cases of small bowel obstruction (SBO) due to phytobezoar impaction. In both cases, computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a well-defined, ovoid intraluminal mass with mottled gas pattern within the dilated small bowel at the site of obstruction and an abruptly collapsed lumen beyond the lesion. Recognition of these CT findings allows specific preoperative diagnosis of SBO owing to this uncommon lesion.
Energy dependence of the νr + 2νz = 3 coupling resonance limit in a superconducting cyclotron☆

Abstract The νr + 2νz = 3 coupling resonance limits the lower energy operating boundary of high magnetic field cyclotrons. This limit has been found to be dependent on the particle energy at the cyclotron extraction radius, where particle final energy is determined by its charge to mass ratio and the cyclotron central magnetic field through the standard isochronous cyclotron energy relation. This dependence increases the previously assumed operating range of the Michigan State University K500 cyclotron, thus allowing the acceleration of light ions at a lower energy and also predicts that the K500 cyclotron can produce energetic beams of 3He2+ and possibly protons. An approximation for this dependence is derived giving physical guidance to this process. The exact limits are computed using extrapolations from the measured magnetic fields. Experimental beams of 4He2+ have been accelerated in the new operating range, thus confirming the above results.
Circular dichroic spectroscopy of non-human α-macroglobulins☆

Abstract Bovine, chicken and frog α-macroglobulins and ovomacroglobulin were studied by circular dichroic spectroscopy over the region 205–250 nm. All four spectra exhibited negative ellipticity with minima at about 215 nm similar to that reported for human α 2 -macroglobulin. On reaction of the α-macroglobulins with trypsin, the spectrum of each of the four changed similarly. However, these proteins exhibited different conformational changes when treated with methylamine. These differences were exploited to determine which characteristics of α-macroglobulins correlate with changes in circular dichroic spectroscopy.
Determinants of potency and temperature-dependent function in the Aplysia bag cell peptides

Abstract Structure-activity relationships were determined for the natural bag cell peptides (BCPs) and for a series of synthetic analogues in terms of their ability to stimulate (at 30°C) and to inhibit (at 15°C) bag cell adenyl cyclase. We found that the core RLRF motif shared by all these peptides is active in this assay, and is stimulatory. The histidine residue C- terminal to this motif in β-BCP is superfluous in this respect. An electronegative residue C- terminal to RLRF is sufficient to induce temperature-dependent function. The Ala-Pro pair that is N- terminal to this motif in α-BCP increases potency, but does not alter function.
A novel approach for the detection of potentially hazardous pepsin stable hazelnut proteins as contaminants in chocolate-based food.

Contamination of food products with pepsin resistant allergens is generally believed to be a serious threat to patients with severe food allergy. A sandwich type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure pepsin resistant hazelnut protein in food products. Capturing and detecting rabbit antibodies were raised against pepsin-digested hazelnut and untreated hazelnut protein, respectively. The assay showed a detection limit of 0.7 ng/mL hazelnut protein or <1 μg hazelnut in 1 g food matrix and a maximum of 0.034% cross-reactivity (peanut). Chocolate samples spiked with 0.5−100 μg hazelnut/g chocolate showed a mean recovery of 97.3%. In 9/12 food products labeled “may contain nuts”, hazelnut was detected between 1.2 and 417 μg hazelnut/g food. It can be concluded that the application of antibodies directed to pepsin-digested food extracts in ELISA can facilitate specific detection of stable proteins that have the highest potential of inducing severe food anaphylaxis. Keywords: ELISA; h...
451 UREA CYCLE ENZYME ACTIVITIES AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF TETRACYCLINE-INDUCED FATTY LIVER

Tetracycline-induced fatty liver(TFL)in animals and humans produces clinical and biochemical features similar to idiopathic fatty liver of pregnancy and Reye's syndrome(RS). The light microscopic features of hepatic panlobular microvesicular steatosis with no necrosis or inflammation is common to TFL and RS. We measured hepatic urea cycle enzymes carbamyl phosphate synthetase(CPS),ornithine transcarbamylase(OTC),and arginase(ARG) in 20 day old weanling rats after administration of tetracycline 40 mg/kg and 100mg/kg intraperitoneally daily for 7 days. Tetracycline was infused daily intravenously to another group of 20 day old weanling rats for 3 days. Control rats were injected IP and IV with similar doses of ascorbic acid. Hepatic CPS,OTC and ARG was determined in the IP and IV tetracycline-injected rats and the ascorbic acid-injected(control)rats. Mean CPS values were 39.0±9.55 nanomol.cit./mg.prot/min,OTC 651.1±337.6 nanomol.cit/mg.prot./min. and ARG 3143.3±1954.2 nanomol.urea/mg.prot/min. In the TFL group the values for control animals were 35.5(CPS), 564.6(OTC), and 1762.7(ARG)respectively. E/M features revealed normal mitochondria with abnormal peroxisomes. TFL in weanling rats produced no depression of urea cycle enzyme activities and no mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities resembling RS. Further studies are in progress to define the biochemical and ultrastructural correlates of TFL as an animal model of RS.
Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Bilingual Education

Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Bilingual Education. Christina Bratt Paulston. Multilingual Matters, 84. Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide: Multilingual Matters, Ltd., 1992. 174 pp. n.p. (paper)
Novel enzyme activities and functional plasticity revealed by recombining highly homologous enzymes

Abstract Background: Directed evolution by DNA shuffling has been used to modify physical and catalytic properties of biological systems. We have shuffled two highly homologous triazine hydrolases and conducted an exploration of the substrate specificities of the resulting enzymes to acquire a better understanding of the possible distributions of novel functions in sequence space. Results: Both parental enzymes and a library of 1600 variant triazine hydrolases were screened against a synthetic library of 15 triazines. The shuffled library contained enzymes with up to 150-fold greater transformation rates than either parent. It also contained enzymes that hydrolyzed five of eight triazines that were not substrates for either starting enzyme. Conclusions: Permutation of nine amino acid differences resulted in a set of enzymes with surprisingly diverse patterns of reactions catalyzed. The functional richness of this small area of sequence space may aid our understanding of both natural and artificial evolution.
Rotavirus temperature-sensitive mutants are genetically stable and participate in reassortment during mixed infection of mice.

Abstract Mixed and single infections of 7-day-old suckling mice with SA11 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants and RRV wild-type were examined to determine if selection against is mutations occurred in the suckling mouse model. Single infections with is mutants indicated that mutant replication was restricted relative to wild-type and that disease was similarly reduced. Revertant (ts + ) progeny did not appear to be selected during infection. Mixed infection with is mutant and RRV wild-type revealed a reduction in the replication of RRV suggesting that the is mutants displayed an interference phenotype in vivo similar to that observed in vitro . However, reduced replication of the RRV parent in mixed infection did not result in a significant reduction in disease relative to RRV infection. When progeny from the mixed infections were isolated at the permissive temperature both is and ts + progeny were observed, and the genome segments of these progeny segregated in a manner consistent with the temperature phenotype of each progeny clone and the location of the is mutation determined in vitro . Selection of ts + progeny from mixedly infected mice at nonpermissive temperature yielded either the RRV parent or ts+ reassortants. The segregation of genome segments in these ts + reassortant progeny was consistent with the location of the is lesion determined previously in vitro . These results indicate the following with respect to infection of suckling mice with is mutants: (1) is lesions are genetically stable and are not selected against during in vivo infection, (2) is mutants cause disease with reduced severity, (3) is mutants interfere with the replication of wild-type virus in vivo but not with the severity of disease, and (4) mixed infection of suckling mice maybe useful in genetic studies with rotaviruses not adapted to growth in cultured cells.
Older Adults' Responses to Emotional Stimuli: A Cautionary Note

Thirty younger (mean age = 21 years) and 30 older (mean age = 73 years) adults were compared to determine if they had similar affective experiences to eight emotion films previously validated with young adults (Gross & Levenson, 1995). Participants rated their emotions, and heart rate was collected during two films of each emotion: amusement, anger, sadness, and fear. Older and younger adults were generally similar in their physiological and subjective responses to films, but with a few exceptions. Older adults reported more intense anger in response to one film and more intense nontarget negative emotions for both anger films compared with young adults. Some older adults also reported a negative response compared with young adults to one of the films designed to elicit amusement. Thus it is inappropriate to assume that emotional stimuli produce the same response across the adult life span.
Compact, low-power, photonic macrochip-based computing systems

We review progress in efficient silicon photonic interconnects. In particular, we discuss opportunities and challenges of compact, low-power, photonic macrochip-based computing systems enabled by WDM silicon photonic link technology with high bandwidth-density-distance product.
Iliotibial Band Syndrome: Soft Tissue and Biomechanical Factors in Evaluation and Treatment

Muscle performance factors and altered loading mechanics have been linked to a variety of lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders. In this article, biomechanical risk factors associated with iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) are described, and a strategy for incorporating these factors into the clinical evaluation of and treatment for that disorder is presented. Abnormal movement patterns in runners and cyclists with ITBS are discussed, and the pathophysiological characteristics of this syndrome are considered in light of prior and current studies in anatomy. Differential diagnoses and the use of imaging, medications, and injections in the treatment of ITBS are reviewed. The roles of hip muscle strength, kinematics, and kinetics are detailed, and the assessment and treatment of muscle performance factors are discussed, with emphasis on identifying and treating movement dysfunction. Various stages of rehabilitation, including strengthening progressions to reduce soft-tissue injury, are described in detail. ITBS is an extremely common orthopedic condition that presents with consistent dysfunctional patterns in muscle performance and movement deviation. Through careful assessment of lower quarter function, the clinician can properly identify individuals and initiate treatment.
Epigenetic effects of paternal diet on offspring: emphasis on obesity

Overnutrition, obesity, and the rise in associated comorbidities are widely recognized as preventable challenges to global health. Behavioral, metabolic, and epigenetic influences that alter the epigenome, when passed on to offspring, can increase their risk of developing an altered metabolic profile. This review is focused on the role of paternal inheritance as demonstrated by clinical, epidemiological, and experimental models. Development of additional experimental models that resemble the specific epigenetic sensitive situations in human studies will be essential to explore paternally induced trans-generational effects that are mediated, primarily, by epigenetic effects. Further elucidation of epigenetic marks will help identify preventive and therapeutic targets, which in combination with healthy lifestyle choices, can diminish the growing tide of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other related disorders.
Calutron experiments with milligram quantities of charge material

Abstract An ORNL electromagnetic isotope separator (calutron) has been operated with milligram amounts of uranium charge material. A series of nine experimental runs using 1 to 50 mg of charge (material) achieved process efficiencies ranging from 1 to 13%. In one of the experimental runs, 235 U was enriched from 0.72 (normal abundance) to 94.3% in a single pass.
“Post‐colonialism, or the house of Friday” — J.M. Coetzee's Foe

(1991). “Post‐colonialism, or the house of Friday” — J.M. Coetzee's Foe. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 87-92.
Constructing Circuits: Neurogenesis and Migration in the Developing Neocortex

Our knowledge of the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neurons has changed dramatically over the last 10 years. Whereas traditionally it was thought that glial and neuronal cells were separate cell lines with different lineages, we now know that this is not true. Radial glia are a type of neural stem cell that generate excitatory pyramidal neurons directly through asymmetric cell division in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the telencephalon and indirectly through the symmetric division of daughter intermediate precursor cells that divide in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Moreover, pyramidal neurons, once thought to migrate only along radial guide fibers to the developing layers of the cortex, have been shown to proceed through four distinct stages of migration during which they change shape, direction, and speed. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) inhibitory interneurons, on the other hand, are generated not in the cortex, but in the medial ganglionic eminence and migrate tangentially to their final cortical destinations. Evidence suggests that GABA activation may play a role in coordinating the generation and migration of both pyramidal and interneuron populations. At the end of neurogenesis, radial glial cells translocate to the cortex and transform into astrocytes. Although they do not actively divide in the adult brain, astrocytes may retain the potential to generate new neurons. These new findings have increased our understanding of the mechanisms underlying certain developmental disorders and, in doing so, reveal potentially useful modes of therapeutic intervention.
Non-Fermi-liquid behavior in itinerant antiferromagnets

We consider a two-dimensional itinerant antiferromagnet near a quantum-critical point. We show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, fermionic excitations in the ordered state are not the usual Fermi-liquid quasiparticles. Instead, down to very low frequencies, the fermionic self-energy varies as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2/3}$. This non-Fermi-liquid behavior originates in the coupling of fermions to the longitudinal spin susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}(q,\ensuremath{\Omega})$ in which the order-induced ``gap'' in the spectrum at $q=0$ dissolves into the Landau damping term at ${v}_{F}qg\ensuremath{\Omega}$. The transverse spin fluctuations obey the $z=1$ scaling characteristic of spin waves, but remain overdamped in a finite range near the critical point.
New algorithms for training feedforward neural networks

Abstract A new network that maps n -dimensional binary vectors into m -dimensional binary vectors using 3-layered feedforward neural networks is described. Algorithms to train this network are presented. The computing power of the new algorithms may be gauged from the example that the exclusive-Or problem that requires several thousand iterative steps using the backpropagation algorithm was solved in eight or fewer steps.
Atmospheric-turbulence compensation with self-referenced binary holographic interferometry

A technique to perform atmospheric compensation of ground-based telescopes by use of self-referenced interferometry with a binary holographic recording medium is analyzed for a 1.5-m aperture. Substantial image correction is predicted with a laser-illuminated beacon reference.
Single-Period Balancing of Pay-per-Click and Pay-per-View Online Display Advertisements

In this article, we study a balancing problem of web publishers for pay-per-view and pay-per-click contracts for online display advertising. Considering the details of contracts, we refine prior research results on the recommendation of optimal strategies. We examine the problem by formalizing a simple stochastic optimization problem for a single period of advertising contracts. We investigate how pricing and other contract components will affect the optimal display strategies analytically and numerically.
`Strong' and `superstrong' liquids, and an approach to the perfect glass state via phase transition

We show first that when the excitations described by the `bond lattice' model, and its `defect' model relatives, are allowed to interact, this simple class of model predicts the possibility of first-order transitions between viscous and fluid liquid states. Looking for support of this prediction, we examine the behavior of a series of `tetrahedral' liquids, all of which are famous for one or another aspect of their behavior. We show that when diffusivity data for these liquids, SiO2, BeF2, water, and liquid Si, are plotted on a reduced temperature scale with glass transition temperature as the scaling temperature, a systematic pattern is revealed in which a mild deviation, in the case of BeF2, from the `strong' extreme of the normal strong/fragile glass-former pattern becomes a (contentious) strong deviation in the case of water and develops finally into the predicted first-order transition deviation in the case of liquid Si. Unfortunately, in the latter two cases, the systematic strengthening of the anomalous character is associated with a decrease in the temperatures of occurrence, such that in each case they fall below the melting point. The corresponding competition with crystallization makes their observation difficult. Our account of the phenomenology, therefore, depends heavily on computer simulation studies, but extensive links to experimental results are given. We relate our findings to the recent observations that the amorphous states of Si and water are unique among glassy systems in showing little or no trace of the very low temperature (glassy state as opposed to liquid state) anomalies formerly considered `ubiquitous' among glassy systems. We interpret this to mean that systems with strong cooperativity in their excitations are able to access the lower minima on their respective configuration space potential energy hypersurfaces and thereby to reach states, which are close to the ideal of the `perfect glass'. In this state the residual entropy is near zero, and the defect-related boson peak and two-level tunneling system excitations are weak or absent. Such systems require unusual routes to access their glassy states and their properties are more closely related to those of crystals than to those of ordinary glasses. A new designation may be required. The range of such systems is large, embracing all the 3:5 and many 2:6 semiconductors.
Genetic Counselors’ Experience with Cell-Free Fetal DNA Testing as a Prenatal Screening Option for Aneuploidy

First identified in 1997, cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) has just recently been used to detect fetal aneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 18, and 21, showing its potential to revolutionize prenatal genetic testing as a non-invasive screening tool. Although this technological advancement is exciting and has certain medical applications, it has been unclear how it will be implemented in a clinical setting. Genetic counselors will likely be instrumental in answering that question, but to date, there is no published research regarding prenatal counselors' implementation of and experiences with cffDNA testing. We developed a 67 question survey to gather descriptive information from counselors regarding their personal opinions, experiences, thoughts, and concerns regarding the validity, usefulness, and implementation of this new technology. A total of 236 individuals completed a portion of the survey; not all respondents answered all questions. Qualitative questions complemented quantitative survey items, allowing respondents to voice their thoughts directly. Results indicate that counselors value cffDNA testing as a screening option but are concerned regarding how some obstetricians and patients make use of this testing. Further results, discussion, and practice implications are presented.
New constraints on buried Triassic basins and regional implications for subsurface CO2 storage from the SeisData6 seismic profile across the Southeast Georgia coastal plain

Reprocessing of the SeisData6 coastal plain profile was motivated by the need to provide enhanced subsurface imaging critical to site characterization studies for CO2 storage within the South Georgia Rift (SGR) basin. The objectives were to identify and interpret subsurface reflectors for evidence of the buried Triassic basin and its underlying characteristics. Our new interpretation, supported by analysis of well data, has helped substantiate the presence of a Triassic basin beneath the coastal plain sediments in Southeast Georgia. This basin is approximately 2.2 km (1.7 mi) deep and 170 km (106 mi) wide and appears to coincide with the subsurface convergence of the southwest and northeast extensions of the Riddleville and Dunbarton basins that are subsidiaries of the main SGR. It is characterized by distinctively higher seismic velocities relative to the overlying coastal plain sediments and manifests a series of subhorizontal reflectors below the topmost reflector. We reinterpreted the topmost reflector to originate from a change in velocity and density between the Cretaceous coastal plain sediments and the underlying Triassic rocks. This does not always originate from the Pre-Cretaceous basalt contrary to previous interpretations. The interpreted absence of basalt from this study is consistent with Heffner et al. (2012) showing that basalt is not prevalent throughout the SGR basin. Seismic discontinuities in the southeast of the basin suggest Triassic normal faults. Our data show no clear evidence for the Augusta fault that was identified in other studies in the vicinity of the Piedmont–coastal plain boundary in Georgia and South Carolina.
Discoid medial meniscus: Two cases of tears presenting as locked knee due to athletic trauma

Two patients with a rare, massive type of discoid medial meniscus have been described. Both presented with a locked knee due to athletic trauma in the third and fifth decade of life, respectively.Clinically, discoid meniscus has only nonspecific signs. The arthrogram has proved to be a helpful pre operative diagnostic tool. Definitive diagnosis and treat ment can be made with arthroscopy.
Minas Gerais in the Brazilian Federation, 1889-1937

One of three independent but coordinated studies on Brazilian regionalism, this book examines the complex dynamics of state-level and political structures in the politically important state of Minas Gerais.
Metrology Sampling Strategies for Process Monitoring Applications

Shrinking process windows in very large scale integration semiconductor manufacturing have already necessitated the development of control systems capable of addressing sub-lot-level variation. Within-wafer control is the next milestone in the evolution of advanced process control from lot-based and wafer-based control. In order to adequately comprehend and control within-wafer spatial variation, inline measurements must be performed at multiple locations across the wafer. At the same time, economic pressures prompt a reduction in metrology, for both capital and cycle-time reasons. This paper explores the use of modeling and minimum-variance prediction as a method to select the sites for measurement on each wafer. The models are developed using the standard statistical tools of principal component analysis and canonical correlation analysis. The proposed selection method is validated using real manufacturing data, and results indicate that it is possible to significantly reduce the number of measurements with little loss in the information obtained for the process control systems.
Edge diffraction in the vicinity of the tip of a composite wedge

The electromagnetic field due to a line source radiating in the presence of a two-dimensional composite wedge composed of a number of conducting and dielectric materials is obtained. The Fourier transform path integral method (FTPI) is described and used to perform the numerical analysis. An important feature of the FTPI method is that it is based on a global solution to the Helmholtz scalar wave equation. As such the method avoids numerical enforcement of boundary conditions and the necessity of reformulating the analytical/numerical equations for each geometric configuration. The total scattered field is presented for several cases where one of the dielectric wedge sections is lossy, including examples of microwave scattering from a crested ocean surface and an air-ocean-sea ice interface. >
Asparaginase-associated myelosuppression and effects on dosing of other chemotherapeutic agents in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia†

Although L-asparaginase (ASP) is associated with several toxicities, its myelosuppressive effect has not been well characterized. On DFCI ALL Consortium Protocol 05-01 for children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the Consolidation phase and the initial portion of the Continuation phase were identical for standard risk patients, except ASP was given only during Consolidation. Comparing the two treatment phases revealed that low blood counts during Consolidation with ASP resulted in more dosage reductions of 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate. The myelosuppressive effect of ASP should be considered when designing treatment regimens to avoid excessive toxicity and dose reductions of other critical chemotherapy agents.
Age and adjustment to prison: interactions with attitudes and anxiety

Interpersonal conflict and major misconducts indicative of aggressive behavior were examined as a function of age for a homogeneous set of prison inmates. In contrast to previous studies, a direct ...
Multichannel homodyne detection for quantum optical tomography

We present a multichannel optical homodyne detection setup suitable for measurements of quantum light statistics with ultrafast time resolution. We employ the setup to measure light statistics of diode lasers driven by both a direct and a pulsed current source. In particular, we measure the time-resolved second-order correlation function g(2) and photon number distribution. Our results provide information about the dynamics of the lasing transition.
External irradiation and one radium application for carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract Between August 1968 and May 1976 at the Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 264 patients with carcinoma of the cervix on intact uteri were treated with external irradiation followed by one radium application. Of these patients, 78 presented with Stage 1,126 with Stage II, 51 with Stage III, and 9 with Stage IV disease. In a majority of patients, external irradiation was given with 60Co when AP diameter was less than 17 cm, and with a 46 MeV Brown-Boveri Betatron when AP diameter was greater than 17 cm. A whole pelvic dose of 4000 rad was given for tumors smaller than 5 cm in size and 4500 rad for those larger than 5 cm. A dose was then given to the pelvic wall using 4 cm or 5 cm midline blocks. In Stage I disease, tumors of less than 2 cm received no pelvic wall irradiation and tumors greater than 2 cm and Stage HA patients received 1000 rad to both pelvic walls. In Stage IIB and IIIA disease, a dose of 1000 rad was given to the uninvolved pelvic wall and 1500 rad to the involved site. In Stage IIIB disease, after giving 1500 rad to the involved parametria, an additional 500 rad was given with a reduced field to the area of gross tumor in the parametrium. All patients had one radium application for 72 hr 7–14 days after completion of all external irradiation. There were no pelvic failures in Stage I patients, 8 56 in Stage IIA, 10/70 in Stage IIB, and 17 52 in Stage III. The 5 year no evidence of disease (NED) actuarial survival was 100% in early Stage III (less than 1 cm), 90% in Stage III (greater than 1 cm), 79% in Stage IIA, 58% in Stage IIB, 42% in Stage III and 23% in Stage IV. There was no difference in survival or complications between patients who had tandem and colpostats and those who had protruding tandem.
Formation of procedural beliefs about legal arenas: Do people generalize from loosely related past legal experiences?

Abstract Few studies have addressed how people develop beliefs about legal authorities' neutrality and fairness. Using a cross-sectional survey of taxpayers (N = 147), this study examines the sources and processes underlying the formation of these beliefs. Controlling for significant contributions of media stories about audits and past audit experiences, past loosely related negative legal events (traffic court) also shape perceptions that tax auditors are more biased and unfair. Information about police officers exchanged in conversations also creates perceptions that tax auditors are more biased. These generalization effects occur only when people do not have prior direct experience with tax auditors. For taxpayers with prior audit experience, positive experiences are related to more positive perceptions of auditors and media stories about tax audits produce more negative perceptions. The findings suggest that positive and negative past experiences shape beliefs only when they disconfirm prior perceptio...
The symmetric crosscap number of a group

Let G be a finite group. The symmetric crosscap number \tilde \sigma (G) is the minimum topological genus of any compact non-orientable surface (with empty boundary) on which G acts effectively. We first survey some of the basic facts about the symmetric crosscap number; this includes relationships between this parameter and others. We obtain formulas for the symmetric crosscap number for three families of groups, the dicyclic groups, the abelian groups with most factors in the canonical form isomorphic to Z_(2) , and the hamiltonian groups with no odd order part. We also determine \tilde \sigma (G) for each group G with order less than 16. The groups with symmetric crosscap numbers 1 and 2 have been classified. We show here that there are no groups with \tilde\sigma=3 ; this affirms a conjecture of Tucker.
Attribution of Positive and Negative Characteristics of Instructors as a Function of Attractiveness and Sex of Instructor and Sex of Subject

60 male and 60 female college students evaluated one picture of an attractive or unattractive male or female who was presented as an assistant professor of psychology. The attractive instructor, re...