cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditions for Similitude between the Fluid Velocity and Electric Field in Electroosmotic Flow

Electroosmotic flow is fluid motion driven by an electric field acting on the net fluid charge produced by charge separation at a fluid−solid interface. Under many conditions of practical interest, the resulting fluid velocity is proportional to the local electric field, and the constant of proportionality is everywhere the same. Here we show that the main conditions necessary for this similitude are a steady electric field, uniform fluid and electric properties, an electric Debye layer that is thin compared to any physical dimension, and fluid velocities on all inlet and outlet boundaries that satisfy the Helmholtz−Smoluchowski relation normally applicable to fluid−solid boundaries. Under these conditions, the velocity field can be determined directly from the Laplace equation governing the electric potential, without solving either the continuity or momentum equations. Three important consequences of these conditions are that the fluid motion is everywhere irrotational, that fluid velocities in two-dime...
Baghdad Nights: Evaluating the US Military ‘Surge’ Using Nighttime Light Signatures:

Baghdad Nights: Evaluating the US Military ‘Surge’ Using Nighttime Light Signatures John Agnew Thomas W. Gillespie Jorge Gonzalez Brian Min CCPR-064-08 December 2008 Latest Revised: December 2008 California Center for Population Research On-Line Working Paper Series
Synthesis of dendrimers containing 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol as a chiral, tetrafunctional central core with C2 symmetry

Abstract The synthesis of first through third generation dendrimers containing a chiral, tetrafunctional core and allyl ester termini is described. The molar rotations of the dendrimers were observed to become less negative with increasing generation; however, the rotations of the dendrimers were more negative than the starting central core.
α- and β-halomorphides: Stereochemistry, analgesic potency, toxicity, and interaction with narcotic receptors in vitro

Abstract The configuration of the halogen on the C-ring of several α- and β-halomorphides was determined by NMR. The analgesic potencies of these halomorphides and their interactions with narcotic receptors in rat brain homogenate were measured, as was the toxicity of the α- and β-chloromorphides. The halomorphides were examined as possible irreversible binders to the narcotic receptor.
Electrophilic quenching of dianions of 4-[5'-sulfonylmethylisoxazolyl]-1,4-dihydropyridines. A direct route to functionalized Hantzsch esters

Abstract An expedient entry into the preparation of Hantzsch Esters is presented. The method involves dilithiation and selective electrophilic quenching of 4-[5′-sulfonylmethylisoxazolyl]-1,4-dihydropyridines.
SYNTHESIS OF HIGHLY FUNCTIONALIZED ARENE SYSTEMS. NOVEL SELECTIVITIES OF INTRA- AND INTERMOLECULAR FRIEDEL–CRAFTS REACTIONS

ABSTRACT The intermolecular Friedel–Crafts acylation of electron-rich aromatic rings can be difficult in the presence of easily ionized groups. During these studies directed toward the synthesis of colchicine, it was observed that the stability of the cation is key to controlling alternative competing processes.
Nonradial g-mode oscillations in X-ray bursting neutron stars

The oscillation spectrum of nonradial g-modes in X-ray bursting neutron stars has been studied. The pulsation periods are found to be sensitive to the envelope temperature and range from about 15 ms to about 50 ms for the l = 1 g(1) mode during the X-ray burst. From a quasi-adiabatic stability analysis it is likely that a spectrum of l-pole g-modes is unstable due to the epsilon-mechanism associated with rapid alpha captures. As the thermal structure of the envelope of the neutron star changes on time scales less than 0.2 s during the rise of the X-ray burst, the oscillations are expected to be quasi-coherent during this phase. The calculated period derivatives are large during the burst and are about 1 ms/s. The pulsations are short-lived and are most likely to be seen in the immediate vicinity of the burst peak. Finally, the possible relevance of nonradial g-mode pulsations to the recently discovered quasi-periodic oscillations observed in a number of X-ray sources is discussed. 28 references.
Total synthesis and structure revision of petrobactin

Abstract The total synthesis and the revised structural assignment of petrobactin, a siderophore isolated from the marine bacterium Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, is reported. The key step in the synthesis involved condensation of N1-(2,3-dibenzoyloxybenzoyl)-N4-benzylspermidine with 1,3-di-(p-nitrophenyl)-2-tert-butyl citrate. Proton NMR spectra of the synthesized product compared with those reported for the natural product revealed that the compound did not contain 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl moieties as published; instead, the splitting pattern suggested 3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl fragments. The 3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl analogue was accessed via a similar route; the proton and carbon-13 NMR spectra of this compound were consistent with those reported for natural petrobactin.
Fluorous Synthesis: Fluorous Protocols for the Ugi and Biginelli Multicomponent Condensations

A new protocol for multicomponent condensation reactions that uses fluorous (highly fluorinated) substrates is introduced. This method takes advantage of the ease of purification of fluorous compounds by liquid-liquid extractions between fluorous and organic solvents. The application of this method to the Ugi and Biginelli reactions is described. The condensation products of these two reactions, amino acid amides and dihydropyrimidines, are easily obtained without chromatography in high purities, even though the other reagents are used in very large excesses. This is the first demonstration of the suitability of fluorous phase methods for combinatorial synthesis of "druglike" organic molecules.
A Quasi-Newton Preconditioned Newton–Krylov Method for Robust and Efficient Time-Domain Simulation of Integrated Circuits With Strong Parasitic Couplings

In this paper, the Newton-Krylov method is explored for robust and efficient time-domain simulation of integrated circuits with large amount of parasitic elements. Different from LU-factorization-based direct methods used in SPICE-like circuit simulators, the Newton-Krylov method uses a preconditioned Krylov-subspace iterative method for solving linearized-circuit equations. A key contribution of this paper is to introduce an effective quasi-Newton preconditioning scheme for Krylov-subspace methods to reduce the number and cost of LU factorization during an entire time-domain circuit simulation. The proposed quasi-Newton preconditioning scheme consists of four key techniques: 1) a systematic method for adaptively controlling time step sizes; 2) automatically generated piecewise weakly nonlinear (PWNL) definition of nonlinear devices to construct quasi-Newton preconditioners; 3) low-rank update techniques for incrementally updating preconditioners; and 4) incomplete-LU preconditioning for efficiency. Experimental results on a collection of digital, analog, and RF circuits have shown that the quasi-Newton preconditioned Krylov-subspace method is as robust and accurate as the direct method used in SPICE. The proposed Newton-Krylov method is attractive for simulating circuits with massive parasitic RLC elements for postlayout verification. For a nonlinear circuit with power/ground networks with tens-of-thousand elements, the CPU time speedup over SPICE3 is over 20X, and it is expected to increase further with the circuit size
Square‐Planar Noble Metal Iodate [M(IO3)4]n– (M = PdII, AuIII; n = 2, 1) Anions and Their Ability to Form Polar and Centrosymmetric Architectures

K+ salts of the square-planar noble metal iodate [M(IO3)4]n– (M = PdII, AuIII; n = 2, 1) anions have been prepared under mild hydrothermal conditions, and the structures elucidated to demonstrate that while both are highly polar anions, polar and centrosymmetric extended architectures can form using these building units. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Primary vesicoureteral reflux: review of current concepts

The well-known association between vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infection is the basis for pathophysiological and therapeutic implications which have dominated the literature on the subject for the last 2 decades. We critically review the following issues: (1) does urinary tract infection cause reflux? (2) does reflux predispose to infection? (3) does reflux predispose to pyelonephritis? (4) does reflux predispose to a renal parenchymal scar? (5) does long-term urinary antibiotic prophylaxis prevent renal damage in patients with reflux? We conclude that none of the reviewed issues have been rigorously proven or validated and that the role of vesicoureteral reflux in urinary tract infections needs to be redefined through well-designed, multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled studies using state of the art renal imaging techniques.
Transverse conductivity of a relativistic plasma in oblique electric and magnetic fields.

Resistive tearing is a primary candidate for flares occurring in stressed magnetic fields. Its possible application to the strongly magnetized environments (${H}_{z}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{12}$ G) near the surface of neutron stars motivates a quantum treatment of this process, which requires knowledge of the electrical conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ of a relativistic gas in a new domain, i.e., that of a low-density (${n}_{e}$) plasma in oblique electric [$\mathrm{E}=(0, {E}_{y}, {E}_{z})$] and magnetic fields. We derive the mathematical formalism for calculating $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and present numerical results for the range of parameter values ${10}^{9}\ensuremath{\le}{H}_{z}\ensuremath{\le}{10}^{12}$ G, $\frac{{E}_{z}}{{H}_{z}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, ${E}_{y}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\frac{{H}_{z}^{2}}{{E}_{z}}$, and ${10}^{20}\ensuremath{\le}{n}_{e}\ensuremath{\le}{10}^{25}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. We find that $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{{E}_{y}^{2}{E}_{z}{n}_{e}^{2}}{{H}_{z}^{2}}$ over this range.
ADV-MAC: Advertisement-Based MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Several Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks with the objective of minimizing energy consumption. For example, Sensor-MAC (S-MAC) was proposed to reduce energy consumption by introducing a duty cycle. Under variable traffic load, the fixed duty cycle of S-MAC results in energy loss due to idle listening along with higher latency and lower throughput compared to an adaptive duty cycle. Timeout-MAC (T-MAC) introduced such an adaptive duty cycle to handle variable traffic loads. However, nodes that do not take part in data exchange waste energy because of continuous renewal of their timeout values. In this paper we propose Advertisement MAC (ADV-MAC), a MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks that eliminates this energy waste by introducing the concept of advertising for data contention. ADV-MAC minimizes the energy lost in idle listening while maintaining an adaptive duty cycle to handle variable loads. Additionally, ADV-MAC enables energy efficient MAC-level multicasting. We provide detailed comparisons of the ADV-MAC protocol with S-MAC and T-MAC through extensive simulations. The simulation results show that ADV-MAC efficiently handles variable load situations and provides substantial gains over S-MAC and T-MAC in terms of energy (reduction of up to 45%) while faring as well as T-MAC in terms of throughput and latency.
Manual reconstruction of tumor volumes from CT scans for radiotherapy planning

Using a computed tomographic scan to construct a tumor volume on a simulation film has become an important part of radiation therapy treatment planning. Techniques for reconstruction of brain tumor volumes from computed tomographic scans onto simulation films are discussed. A technique for reconstructing by hand the tumor volume projection at a different angle from the plane of the computed tomographic scan is outlined. Ignoring beam divergence simplifies reconstruction, allowing it to be done by hand but introduces an additional error of at most 0.06, 0.15, 0.26 and 0.42 cm for tumors with maximum diameters of 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 cm, respectively. This technique provides the capability for limited 3-dimensional volume reconstruction of small tumors without the use of the computer.
Examples of specialized legal metadata adapted to the digital environment, from the U.S. code of federal regulations

Among print-based U. S. legal information resources, specialized tools that link discrete types of metadata substantially improve the efficiency of legal research. Many of these tools could be of considerable utility in the electronic information environment. However, many such tools require thorough redesign in order to make them optimally usable by digital systems. This paper presents a case study of one such tool---the U. S. Code of Federal Regulations' Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules, which links each statute to its corresponding regulations. Through examples of XML and RDF/OWL markup, the paper shows how such a tool might be adapted successfully to the electronic domain.
BULGE AND CLUMP EVOLUTION IN HUBBLE ULTRA DEEP FIELD CLUMP CLUSTERS, CHAINS AND SPIRAL GALAXIES

Clump clusters and chain galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (UDF) are examined for bulges in Near-Infrared Camera Multi-Object Spectrometer images. Approximately 50% of the clump clusters and 30% of the chains have relatively red and massive clumps that could be young bulges. Magnitudes and colors are determined for these bulgelike objects and for the bulges in spiral galaxies, and for all of the prominent star formation clumps in these three galaxy types. The colors are fitted to population evolution models to determine the bulge and clump masses, ages, star formation rate decay times, and extinctions. The results indicate that bulgelike objects in clump clusters and chain galaxies have similar ages and two to five times larger masses compared to the star formation clumps, while the bulges in spirals have roughly six times larger ages and 20 to 30 times larger masses than the clumps. All systems appear to have an underlying red disk population. The masses of star-forming clumps are typically in a range from 107 to 108 M ?; their ages have a wide range around ~102 Myr. Ages and extinctions both decrease with redshift. Star formation is probably the result of gravitational instabilities in the disk gas, in which case the large clump mass in the UDF is the result of a high gas velocity dispersion, 30 km s?1 or more, combined with a high gas mass column density, ~100 M ? pc?2. Because clump clusters and chains dominate disk galaxies beyond z ~ 1, the observations suggest that these types represent an early phase in the formation of modern spiral galaxies, when the bulge and inner disk formed.
B Lifetime Measurements with Exclusively Reconstructed B Decays

Data collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric B Factory at SLAC are used to measure the lifetimes of the B0 and B+ mesons. The data sample consists of 8.3 fb-1 collected near the ϒ(4S) resonance. B0 and B+ mesons are fully reconstructed in several exclusive hadronic decay modes to charm and charmonium final states. The B lifetimes are determined from the flight length difference between the two B mesons. The preliminary measurements of the lifetimes are and their ratio is
Resurrecting equilibria through cycles in an overlapping generations model of money

Abstract Momentary equilibria are defined as points that satisfy agents’ optimality conditions and market clearing at any date. However, some dynamic sequences commencing from such points may not be considered valid equilibria because they asymptotically violate some economic restriction of the model. This paper studies a pure-exchange monetary overlapping generations economy in which young and old agents face exogenous minimum consumption requirements, and money is the only asset. The presence of the minimum consumption requirement on the old is shown to produce multiperiodic monetary equilibria in which real balances cycle forever between “momentary” equilibrium points (those which generate monetary sequences that potentially violate equilibrium strictures asymptotically). The novelty is to show that segments of the intergenerational offer curve that would have been deemed dynamically invalid can, in fact, be used to produce asymptotically valid cyclical paths. Indeed, a limit cycle can bestow dynamic validity on momentary equilibrium points that had erstwhile been classified as dynamically invalid.
Pulse compression and modelocking by using TPA in silicon waveguides

We demonstrate a novel broadband pulse compression and modelocking scheme by using two-photon absorption in silicon waveguides. Experimentally we obtain greater than 20 fold pulse compression and 200ps modelocked pulses. The free carrier lifetime and the width of the modulation signal are found to be two critical parameters affecting the output pulse width. Theoretical calculations indicate that optical pulses of less than 20ps width are achievable by using the same technique.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Globular Cluster Evolution. IV. Direct Integration of Strong Interactions

We study the dynamical evolution of globular clusters containing populations of primordial binaries, using our newly updated Monte Carlo cluster evolution code with the inclusion of direct integration of binary scattering interactions. We describe the modifications we have made to the code, as well as improvements we have made to the core Monte Carlo method. We present several test calculations to verify the validity of the new code and perform many comparisons with previous analytical and numerical work in the literature. We simulate the evolution of a large grid of models, with a wide range of initial cluster profiles and with binary fractions ranging from 0 to 1, and compare with observations of Galactic globular clusters. We find that our code yields very good agreement with direct N-body simulations of clusters with primordial binaries, but yields some results that differ significantly from other approximate methods. Notably, the direct integration of binary interactions reduces their energy generation rate relative to the simple recipes used in Paper III and yields smaller core radii. Our results for the structural parameters of clusters during the binary-burning phase are now in the tail of the range of parameters for observed clusters, implying that either clusters are born significantly more or less centrally concentrated than has been previously considered or there are additional physical processes beyond two-body relaxation and binary interactions that affect the structural characteristics of clusters.
Convective Instabilities of Electrokinetic Flows in a Cross-Shaped Microchannel

We present a parametric experimental study of convective electrokinetic instability (EKI) in an isotropically etched, cross-shaped microchannel using quantitative epifluorescence imaging. The base state is a three-inlet, one-outlet electrokinetic focusing flow configuration where the centre sample stream and sheath flows have mismatched ionic conductivities. Electrokinetic flows with conductivity gradients become unstable when the electroviscous stretching and folding of conductivity interfaces grows faster than the dissipative effect of molecular diffusion. Scalar images, critical applied fields required for instability, and temporal and spatial scalar energy are presented for flows with a wide range of applied d.c. electric field and centre-tosheath conductivity ratios. These parameters impose variations of the electric Rayleigh number across four orders of magnitude. We introduce a scaling for charge density in the bulk fluid as a function of local maximum conductivity gradients in the flow. This scaling shows that the flow becomes unstable at a critical electric Rayleigh number (Rae,� = 205) and applies to a wide range of applied field and centre-tosheath conductivity ratios. This work is relevant to on-chip electrokinetic flows with conductivity gradients such as field amplified sample stacking, flow at the intersections of multi-dimensional assays, electrokinetic control and separation of sample streams with poorly specified chemistry, and low-Reynolds number micromixing.
Private Multiplicative Weights Beyond Linear Queries

A wide variety of fundamental data analyses in machine learning, such as linear and logistic regression, require minimizing a convex function defined by the data. Since the data may contain sensitive information about individuals, and these analyses can leak that sensitive information, it is important to be able to solve convex minimization in a privacy-preserving way.A series of recent results show how to accurately solve a single convex minimization problem in a differentially private manner. However, the same data is often analyzed repeatedly, and little is known about solving multiple convex minimization problems with differential privacy. For simpler data analyses, such as linear queries, there are remarkable differentially private algorithms such as the private multiplicative weights mechanism (Hardt and Rothblum, FOCS 2010) that accurately answer exponentially many distinct queries. In this work, we extend these results to the case of convex minimization and show how to give accurate and differentially private solutions to exponentially many convex minimization problems on a sensitive dataset.
Coronal Hole Influence on the Observed Structure of Interplanetary CMEs

We report on the coronal hole (CH) influence on the 54 magnetic cloud (MC) and non-MC associated coronal mass ejections (CMEs) selected for studies during the Coordinated Data Analysis Workshops (CDAWs) focusing on the question if all CMEs are flux ropes. All selected CMEs originated from source regions located between longitudes 15E – 15W. Xie, Gopalswamy, and St. Cyr (2013, Solar Phys., doi:10.1007/s11207-012-0209-0) found that these MC and non-MC associated CMEs are on average deflected towards and away from the Sun–Earth line, respectively. We used a CH influence parameter (CHIP) that depends on the CH area, average magnetic field strength, and distance from the CME source region to describe the influence of all on-disk CHs on the erupting CME. We found that for CHIP values larger than 2.6 G the MC and non-MC events separate into two distinct groups where MCs (non-MCs) are deflected towards (away) from the disk center. Division into two groups was also observed when the distance to the nearest CH was less than 3.2×105 km. At CHIP values less than 2.6 G or at distances of the nearest CH larger than 3.2×105 km the deflection distributions of the MC and non-MCs started to overlap, indicating diminishing CH influence. These results give support to the idea that all CMEs are flux ropes, but those observed to be non-MCs at 1 AU could be deflected away from the Sun–Earth line by nearby CHs, making their flux rope structure unobservable at 1 AU.
Skeletal status in rheumatoid arthritis: a preliminary report.

Twenty-six women with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis, according to the criteria of the AMERICAN RHEUMATISM ASSOCIATION, age-matched with controls were evaluated for bone mineral content and rigidity. Significant bone loss occurred in arthritics treated with corticosteroids. Bone losses at diaphyseal and metaphyseal sites were of similar magnitude—suggesting no preferential loss of trabecular bone. A significant decrease in relative ulnar rigidity was observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis not receiving corticisteroids. An even larger decrease was noted in subjects receiving corticosteroids.
User-driven visual mashups in interactive public spaces

Searching and presenting rich data using mobile devices is hard given their inherent I/O limitations. One approach for alleviating these limitations is device symbiosis, whereby the interaction with one's personal mobile device is augmented by additionally engaging with more capable infrastructure devices, such as kiosks and displays. The Celadon framework, previously developed by our team, builds upon device symbiosis for delivering zone-based services through mobile and infrastructure devices in public spaces such as shopping malls, train stations and theme parks. An approach for rich data visualization that is gaining wide popularity is mashups. In this paper we describe User-Defined Mashups -- a general methodology that combines device symbiosis and automated creation of mashups. We have applied this methodology to build a system that enables Celadon users to flexibly interact with rich zone information through their mobile devices, leveraging large public displays. Our system bridges public and personal devices, data and services.
Generalized Inverses and Asymptotic Properties of Wald Tests

We consider Wald tests based on consistent estimators of g-inverses of the asymptotic covariance matrix ∑ of a statistic that is n^1/2-asymptotically normal distributed under the null hypothesis. Under the null hypothesis and under any sequence of local alternatives in the column space of ∑, these tests are asymptotically equivalent for any choice of g-inverses. For sequences of local alternatives not in the column space of ∑ and for a suitable choice of g- inverse, the asymptotic power of the corresponding Wald test can be made equal to zero or arbitrarily large. In particular, the test based on a consistent estimator of the Moore-Penrose inverse of ∑ has zero asymptotic power against sequences of local alternatives in the orthogonal complement to the column space of ∑.
Preliminary Measurement of the Short Wave-lengths discovered by Schumann

FOR the past few years the writer has been engaged in an attempt to measure the short wave-lengths discovered by Dr. Victor Schumann, and very recently the attempt has proved successful.
A note on brane boxes at finite string coupling

Abstract We consider N =1 supersymmetric SU(Nc) gauge theories, using the type IIB brane construction recently proposed by Hanany and Zaffaroni. At non-zero string coupling, we find that the bending of branes imposes consistency conditions that allow only non-anomalous gauge theories with stable vacua, i.e., Nf≥Nc, to be constructed. We find qualitative differences between the brane configurations for Nf≤3Nc and Nf>3Nc, corresponding to asymptotically free and infrared free theories respectively. We also discuss some properties of the brane configurations that may be relevant to constructing Seiberg's duality in this framework.
Magnetospheric imaging: Promise to reality

[1] Measurements of the plasmas, energetic particles, and electric and magnetic fields within the Earth's magnetosphere have been made with ever greater coverage and precision throughout the past 46 years; but until recently, no images of this important environment were available. However, for 2 decades or more, theoretical estimates, data from sounding rockets, and background signals from orbiting instruments designed for in situ ion measurements accumulated to show that most of the plasmas contained in the inner magnetosphere could be imaged if new instruments designed for the purpose could be placed in a suitable high-altitude orbit. With the launch of the NASA IMAGE satellite in March 2000 the promise of magnetospheric imaging began to be realized. IMAGE provides nearly continuous imaging of the inner magnetosphere on a nominal timescale of 2 min. The discoveries made by IMAGE during its first 5 years of operation are reviewed in this paper.
Process-level large deviations for nonlinear Hawkes point processes

In this paper, we prove a process-level, also known as level-3 large deviation principle for a very general class of simple point processes, i.e. nonlinear Hawkes process, with a rate function given by the process-level entropy, which has an explicit formula.
Propagating Lyapunov functions to prove noise-induced stabilization

We investigate an example of noise-induced stabilization in the plane that was also considered in (Gawedzki, Herzog, Wehr 2010) and (Birrell, Herzog, Wehr 2011). We show that despite the deterministic system not being globally stable, the addition of additive noise in the vertical direction leads to a unique invariant probability measure to which the system converges at a uniform, exponential rate. These facts are established primarily through the construction of a Lyapunov function which we generate as the solution to a sequence of Poisson equations. Unlike a number of other works, however, our Lyapunov function is constructed in a systematic way, and we present a meta-algorithm we hope will be applicable to other problems. We conclude by proving positivity properties of the transition density by using Malliavin calculus via some unusually explicit calculations.
On the pseudo-achromatic number problem

We study the parameterized complexity of the pseudo-achromatic number problem: Given an undirected graph and a parameter k, determine if the graph can be partitioned into k groups such that every two groups are connected by at least one edge. This problem has been extensively studied in graph theory and combinatorial optimization. We show that the problem has a kernel of at most (k-2)(k+1) vertices that is constructable in time O(mn), where n and m are the number of vertices and edges, respectively, in the graph, and k is the parameter. This directly implies that the problem is fixed-parameter tractable. We also study generalizations of the problem and show that they are parameterized intractable.
A Coronagraph with a Band-limited Mask for Finding Terrestrial Planets

Several recent designs for planet-finding telescopes use coronagraphs operating at visible wavelengths to suppress starlight along the telescope's optical axis while transmitting any off-axis light from circumstellar material. We describe a class of graded coronagraphic image masks that can, in principle, provide perfect elimination of on-axis light, while simultaneously maximizing the Lyot stop throughput and angular resolution. These "band-limited" masks operate on the intensity of light in the image plane, not the phase. They can work with almost any entrance pupil shape, provided that the entrance pupil transmissivity is uniform, and can be combined with an apodized Lyot stop to reduce the sensitivity of the coronagraph to imperfections in the image mask. We discuss some practical limitations on the dynamic range of coronagraphs in the context of a space-based terrestrial-planet finder telescope and emphasize that fundamentally, the optical problem of imaging planets around nearby stars is a matter of precision fabrication and control, not Fraunhofer diffraction theory.
Matrix model as a mirror of Chern-Simons theory

Using mirror symmetry, we show that Chern-Simons theory on certain manifolds such as lens spaces reduces to a novel class of hermitean matrix models, where the measure is that of unitary matrix models. We show that this agrees with the more conventional canonical quantization of Chern-Simons theory. Moreover, large-N dualities in this context lead to computation of all genus A-model topological amplitudes on toric Calabi-Yau manifolds in terms of matrix integrals. In the context of type-IIA superstring compactifications on these Calabi-Yau manifolds with wrapped D6 branes (which are dual to M-theory on G2 manifolds) this leads to engineering and solving F-terms for = 1 supersymmetric gauge theories with superpotentials involving certain multi-trace operators.
Applications of C-H functionalization logic to cyclobutane synthesis.

The application of C–H functionalization logic to target-oriented synthesis provides an exciting new venue for the development of new and useful strategies in organic chemistry. In this article, C–H functionalization reactions are explored as an alternative approach to access pseudodimeric cyclobutane natural products, such as the dictazole and the piperarborenine families. The use of these strategies in a variety of complex settings highlights the subtle geometric, steric, and electronic effects at play in the auxiliary guided C–H functionalization of cyclobutanes.
The Seiberg-Witten map for a time-dependent background

In this paper the Seiberg-Witten map for a time-dependent background related to a null-brane orbifold is studied. The commutation relations of the coordinates are linear, i.e. it is an example of the Lie algebra type. The equivalence map between the Kontsevich star product for this background and the Weyl-Moyal star product for a background with constant noncommutativity parameter is also studied.
Scheduling jobs with unknown duration in clouds

We consider a stochastic model of jobs arriving at a cloud data center. Each job requests a certain amount of CPU, memory, disk space, etc. Job sizes (durations) are also modeled as random variables, with possibly unbounded support. These jobs need to be scheduled nonpreemptively on servers. The jobs are first routed to one of the servers when they arrive and are queued at the servers. Each server then chooses a set of jobs from its queues so that it has enough resources to serve all of them simultaneously. This problem has been studied previously under the assumption that job sizes are known and upper-bounded, and an algorithm was proposed that stabilizes traffic load in a diminished capacity region. Here, we present a load balancing and scheduling algorithm that is throughput-optimal, without assuming that job sizes are known or are upper-bounded.
Optimal Parallel Pattern Matching in Strings

Given a text of length n and a pattern, we present a parallel linear algorithm for finding all occurrences of the pattern in the text. The algorithm runs in O(n/p) time using any number of p ≤ n/log n processors on a concurrent-read concurrent-write parallel random-access-machine.
A Hybrid Inference Approach for Health Diagnostics with Unexampled Faulty States

System health diagnostics provides diversified benefits such as improved safety, improved reliability and reduced costs for the operation and maintenance of engineered systems. Successful health diagnostics requires the knowledge of system failures. However, with an increasing complexity it is extraordinarily difficult to have a well-tested system so that all potential faulty states can be realized and studied at product testing stage. Thus, real time health diagnostics requires automatic detection of unexampled faulty states through the sensory signals to avoid sudden catastrophic system failures. This paper presents a hybrid inference approach (HIA) for structural health diagnosis with unexampled faulty states, which employs a two-fold inference process comprising of preliminary statistical learning based anomaly detection and artificial intelligence based health state classification for real time condition monitoring. The HIA is able to identify and isolate the unexampled faulty states through interactively detecting the deviation of sensory data from the known health states and forming new health states autonomously. The proposed approach takes the advantages of both statistical approaches and artificial intelligence based techniques and integrates them together in a unified diagnosis framework. The performance of proposed HIA is demonstrated with a power transformer health diagnosis case study, where Mahalanobis distance serves as a representative statistical inference approach.
Non-extensive statistical mechanics of compressible turbulence

Abstract Non-extensive statistical mechanics approach to fully developed compressible turbulence is considered and is shown to be even more viable than that for incompressible turbulence. This approach affords a whole new perspective to spatial intermittency aspects in fully developed compressible turbulence on the one hand, and provides results that are consistent with those obtained previously by multi-fractal formulations. The results confirm uniformly that compressibility effects tend to reduce spatial intermittency in fully developed turbulence.
Collective flow as a probe of heavy-ion reaction dynamics

Abstract Collective flow of nuclear matter probes the dynamics of heavy-ion reactions and can provide information about the nuclear-matter equation of state. In particular, the incident-energy dependence of collective flow may be a sensitive means to deduce the existence of a quark-gluon plasma phase in the equation of state. Collective-flow measurements from 30 A MeV to 200 A GeV incident energies are briefly reviewed. Preliminary results on collective flow from the WA98 experiment at the CERN SPS are presented.
THE PERIOD-LUMINOSITY RELATION FOR THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD CEPHEIDS DERIVED FROM SPITZER ARCHIVAL DATA

Using Spitzer archival data from the SAGE (Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution) program, we derive the Cepheid period-luminosity (P-L) relation at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 μm for Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) Cepheids. These P-L relations can be used, for example, in future extragalactic distance scale studies carried out with the James Webb Space Telescope. We also derive Cepheid period-color (P-C) relations in these bands and find that the slopes of the P-C relations are relatively flat. We test the nonlinearity of these P-L relations with the F-statistical test and find that the 3.6, 4.5, and 5.8 μm P-L relations are consistent with linearity. However, the 8.0 μm P-L relation presents possible but inconclusive evidence of nonlinearity.
Interaction of Infall and Winds in Young Stellar Objects

The interaction of a stellar or disk wind with a collapsing environment holds promise for explaining a variety of outflow phenomena observed around young stars. In this paper we present the first simulations of these interactions. The focus here is on exploring how ram pressure balance between wind and ambient gas and postshock cooling affects the shape of the resulting outflows. In our models we explore the role of ram pressure and cooling by holding the wind speed constant and adjusting the ratio of the inflow mass flux to the wind mass flux (a/w) Assuming nonspherical cloud collapse, we find that relatively strong winds can carve out wide, conical outflow cavities and that relatively weak winds can be strongly collimated into jetlike structures. If the winds become weak enough, they can be cut off entirely by the infalling environment. We identify discrepancies between results from standard snowplow models and those presented here that have important implications for molecular outflows. We also present mass versus velocity curves for comparison with observations.
Unambiguous Quantization from the Maximum Classical Correspondence that Is Self-consistent: The Slightly Stronger Canonical Commutation Rule Dirac Missed

Dirac’s identification of the quantum analog of the Poisson bracket with the commutator is reviewed, as is the threat of self-inconsistent overdetermination of the quantization of classical dynamical variables which drove him to restrict the assumption of correspondence between quantum and classical Poisson brackets to embrace only the Cartesian components of the phase space vector. Dirac’s canonical commutation rule fails to determine the order of noncommuting factors within quantized classical dynamical variables, but does imply the quantum/classical correspondence of Poisson brackets between any linear function of phase space and the sum of an arbitrary function of only configuration space with one of only momentum space. Since every linear function of phase space is itself such a sum, it is worth checking whether the assumption of quantum/classical correspondence of Poisson brackets for all such sums is still self-consistent. Not only is that so, but this slightly stronger canonical commutation rule also unambiguously determines the order of noncommuting factors within quantized dynamical variables in accord with the 1925 Born-Jordan quantization surmise, thus replicating the results of the Hamiltonian path integral, a fact first realized by E.H. Kerner. Born-Jordan quantization validates the generalized Ehrenfest theorem, but has no inverse, which disallows the disturbing features of the poorly physically motivated invertible Weyl quantization, i.e., its unique deterministic classical “shadow world” which can manifest negative densities in phase space.
Shadow Pricing Market Access: A Trade Benefit Function Approach

Abstract Appropriate assessment of the social value of market access is at the core of a broad range of inquiries in trade research. We propose a new approach based on a trade benefit function to obtain the shadow value of net imports. Our approach is in keeping with well-established trade welfare measurement techniques, for the trade benefit function is dual to the standard trade expenditure function. This dual relation further allows for a direct retrieval of the shadow values of net imports from the trade benefit function. The operationality of our approach is demonstrated in a series of applications and simulations.
Minimal conformal technicolor and precision electroweak tests

We study the minimal model of conformal technicolor, an SU(2) gauge theory near a strongly coupled conformal fixed point, with conformal symmetry softly broken by technifermion mass terms. Conformal symmetry breaking triggers chiral symmetry breaking in the pattern SU(4) → Sp(4), which gives rise to a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson that can act as a composite Higgs boson. The top quark is elementary, and the top and electroweak gauge loop contributions to the Higgs mass are cut off entirely by Higgs compositeness. In particular, the model requires no top partners and no “little Higgs” mechanism. A nontrivial vacuum alignment results from the interplay of the top loop and technifermion mass terms. The composite Higgs mass is completely determined by the top loop, in the sense that m h /m t is independent of the vacuum alignment and is computable by a strong-coupling calculation. There is an additional composite pseudoscalar A with mass larger than m h and suppressed direct production at LHC. We discuss the electroweak fit in this model in detail. Corrections to $ Z \to \bar{b}b $ and the T parameter from the top sector are suppressed by the enhanced Sp(4) custodial symmetry. Even assuming that the strong contribution to the S parameter is positive and usuppressed, a good electroweak fit can be obtained for v/f ≲ 0.25, where v and f are the electroweak and chiral symmetry breaking scales respectively. This requires fine tuning at the 10% level.
Two-dimensional SCFTs from wrapped branes and c-extremization

We apply c-extremization [1], whose proof we review in full detail, to study twodimensional $ \mathcal{N} $ = (0, 2) superconformal field theories arising from the low-energy dynamics of D3-branes wrapped on Riemann surfaces and M5-branes wrapped on four-manifolds. We compute the exact central charges of these theories using anomalies and c-extremization. In all cases we also construct AdS3 supergravity solutions of type IIB and eleven-dimensional supergravity, which are holographic duals to the field theories at large N, and exactly reproduce the central charges computed via c-extremization.
Flow Characteristics of Hydraulic Fracture Proppants Subjected to Repeated Production Cycles

When fracture proppants are subjected to cyclic loading, the conductivity of the fracture is reduced. This paper presents laboratory results to quantify the degradation of sand and intermediate-strength proppants (ISP's) as closure stress is loaded cyclically to the proppant. The results imply that, if a deep gas well is opened and then shut in repeatedly, permanent damage to the hydraulic fracture will occur.
Reduced order modeling for low Reynolds number flow control

This paper presents recent analytical and experimental research to modify and control low Reynolds number flows over prototypical airfoils associated with micro-air-vehicles. The simplified experimental test geometry consists of a meso-scale piezoceramic actuated flap that undergoes peak amplitude displacements of 40 microns. The flap actuator array is designed to modify separation and reattachment location on the airfoil. The location of the reattachment on the upper surface of the prototypical airfoil is measured by an array of MEM's shear stress sensors located downstream. The focus of this paper is the discussion of the status and applicability of reduced order modeling techniques for the derivation of active feedback flow control strategies for the prototypical active airfoil. Frequently, reduced order models are derived from a library of component fluid modes which serve as the basis for a low dimensional approximation of the nonlinear Navier Stokes equations. The methodology discussed in this paper differs markedly from these approaches. We derive a technique employing multiresolution and wavelet approximations of nonlinear Volterra series that represent the input-output dynamics of the system. The accuracy of the resultant low- dimensional input-output models is validated on a benchmark nonlinear aeroelastic testbed.
Coordinate-free quantification of coverage in dynamic sensor networks

We present a methodology for analyzing coverage properties in dynamic sensor networks. The dynamic sensor network under consideration is studied through a series of snapshots, and is represented by a sequence of simplicial complexes, built from the communication graph at each time point. A method from computational topology called zigzag persistent homology takes this sequence of simplicial complexes as input, and returns a 'barcode' containing the birth and death times of homological features in this sequence. We derive useful statistics from this output for analyzing time-varying coverage properties.In addition, we propose a method which returns specific representative cycles for these homological features, at each point along the birth-death intervals. These representative cycles are then used to track coverage holes in the network, and obtain size estimates for individual holes at each time point. A weighted barcode, incorporating the size information, is then used as a visual and quantitative descriptor of the dynamic network coverage. Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted HighlightsEach sensor has only a list of its neighboring sensors, with no coordinates, or inter-sensor distance information.Using these snapshots of local information, we describe the dynamic coverage properties of the network.Quantitative output is a weighted barcode, obtained using zigzag persistent homology.Estimated hole size and duration are encoded in this barcode.Method is able to distinguish between different sensor network mobility patterns.
Number of irreducible polynomials and pairs of relatively prime polynomials in several variables over finite fields

We discuss several enumerative results for irreducible polynomials of a given degree and pairs of relatively prime polynomials of given degrees in several variables over finite fields. Two notions of degree, the total degree and the vector degree, are considered. We show that the number of irreducibles can be computed recursively by degree and that the number of relatively prime pairs can be expressed in terms of the number of irreducibles. We also obtain asymptotic formulas for the number of irreducibles and the number of relatively prime pairs. The asymptotic formulas for the number of irreducibles generalize and improve several previous results by Carlitz, Cohen and Bodin.
SYNTHESIS OF 2,4-DISUBSTITUTED N-ACYL-5,6-DIHYDRO-2-PYRIDONES

Abstract A simple two-step procedure converts 2-substituted N-acyl-2,3-dihydro-4-pyridones to 2,4-disubstituted N-acyl-5,6-dihydro-2-pyridones.
Saddle points and duality in generalized geometric programming

Extensions of the ordinary Lagrangian are used both in saddle-point characterizations of optimality and in a development of duality theory.