cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An empirical investigation of patent and trademark ownership propensity and intensity in the U.S. food and drink industry

We use patent and trademark ownership data to study product, process, and marketing innovation by 157 manufacturers in the U.S. public food and drink industry. For the 2000-2014 period, most patented innovations relate to processes for manufacturing and designs for marketing, whereas patented innovations in food and drink products or compositions are relatively few. Meanwhile, intellectual property in general is more often protected by trademark ownership. Empirically, we specify a panel logistic model and a panel negative binomial model to study the relationship of firm characteristics to the propensity and intensity of patent and trademark ownership, respectively. In each model, firm size exhibits a significant and positive relationship to the propensity and intensity of patented innovations in products, processes, and marketing. Past innovation, past income, and firm age also have a positive relationship to patent and trademark ownership in most models, whereas leverage is only estimated to negatively ...
Design considerations and performance of a variable gain, variable bandwidth signal processing circuit for acoustoelectric imaging

Acoustoelectric (AE) imaging is a new technique for mapping current densities in the heart and brain at a high resolution determined by the size of the ultrasound (US) focus. Because the amplitude of the AE interaction signal in biological tissue is weak (on order of 1 μV), detection of small currents is challenging with poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Because optimal detection depends on minimizing background noise, the design and performance of the recording system, especially amplifiers and filters, is crucial for efficient and sensitive AE imaging. The amplitude and bandwidth of the AE signal depends on a variety of factors, including the US bandwidth and beam pattern, distribution of current densities, properties of the recording electrodes, and amount of averaging/sampling. The primary goal of this work was to optimize the design and performance of the acoustoelectric differential amplifier, including signal processing circuits, to minimize noise and maximize sensitivity for detection of the AE signal. Variable gain, band-pass filter (BPF) cutoffs, and bandwidth are critical design parameters for optimizing the AE imaging platform for mapping weak electric currents in tissue.
Transport in the Central Nervous System

Most of the prominent and important effects of narcotic analgesics on the body are a result of their action in the central nervous system (CNS). The sites and mechanisms of action of these drugs in the nervous system are unknown. One approach to identifiying a site or mechanism of action of a drug is to study its distribution within the responsive tissues. In the case of the narcotic analgesics the significance and specificity of sites of drug localization in the CNS can be evaluated by correlating the rise and fall of drug concentration at various sites with the onset and duration of pharmacological actions (for example, analgesia), by studying the effects of narcotic antagonists (for example, nalorphine or naloxone) on the distribution of the drug, and by determining the effects of tolerance development on the tissue concentrations of narcotic analgesics. This approach to identifying a site of narcotic action in the nervous system has proven to be unrewarding in the intact animal (for example, see Mule et al.,(1, 2, 7) Hug et al.,(3, 4) Johannesson et al.,(5, 6) and Chernov and Woods(8) and see Way and Adler(9) for earlier references). First, unique sites of localization were not detected. Second, changes in localization induced by nalorphine or tolerance development were small, often neither biologically nor statistically significant. Third, in the intact animal there are numerous factors that influence the uptake of drugs by the nervous system, and the reproducibility and interpretation of experiments thereby are made difficult. Finally, the techniques employed would not be likely to detect sites of localization at the cellular or subcellular levels.
Basic Concepts of Mössbauer Spectroscopy

This chapter will present a concise overview of the basic principles of the Mossbauer effect. Because this book is not intended as a teaching text, and because there are several excellent books1–5 dealing with the topic in depth, this chapter will not provide the detailed background required for a full understanding of the effect. Rather, it will try to present the necessary ideas in terms that are easily followed by the scientist familiar with the basic techniques of spectroscopy. Those readers already familiar with the technique will want to proceed to the subsequent chapters, which deal with various aspects and applications of the Mossbauer effect in detail. The reader who is new to the Mossbauer effect will benefit from the following discussion. It is, however, suggested that this reader consult with any of the textbooks mentioned above for more details.
Studies on Turbatrix aceti β-N-acetylglucosaminidase: 1. Purification and physicochemical characterization

Abstract N -Acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase was purified, from the culture medium of the nematode Turbatrix aceti , to homogeneity, as judged by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and ultracentrifugation. The purification scheme involved the following steps: (i) concentration of the culture medium by ultra-filtration by an Amicon PM-30 membrane; (ii) ammonium sulfate precipitation; (iii) DEAE-Sephadex and (iv) Sephadex G-200 chromatography; and (v) affinity chromatography on succinyldiaminopropyl amino-Sepharose bearing the ligand p -aminophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1-thio-β- d -glucopyranoside. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 112,000 ± 4800 and 124,000 as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by gel filtration through Sephacryl S-200, respectively. The enzyme showed a pH optimum of 4.8 for N -acetylglucosaminidase and 5.4 for N -acetylgalactosaminidase. The detailed substrate specificity studies were carried out on both synthetic and natural oligosaccharides and glycopeptides. The chitin oligosaccharides and asialo-agalacto complex type as well as high mannose-type glycoproteins such as fetuin and ovalbumin, respectively, were good substrates for the enzyme. Substrate analogs in which the oxygen atom of the acetamido group was replaced by sulfur atom proved to be poor substrates.
Synthesis and Properties of Vitamin A and Some Related Compounds

Following the preparation of rich concentrates of vitamin A (vitamin A alcohol, vitamin A1, axerophthol) from the unsaponifiable matter of fish liver oils, the following formula was established by Karrer, Morf and Schopp (89):
Plant Domestication: Diffuse Origins and Diffusions

ABSTRACT Theories concerning origins of agriculture have traditionally been strongly influenced by the view that agriculture is too complex and difficult of conception to have occurred more than a few times or, possibly, even more than once. It was considered a gift of the gods, a unique discovery or an invention. The inspiration was rare and spread from its center(s) by diffusion. An opposing view holds that there was no need for divine intervention, discovery or invention. Preagricultural peoples had long commanded the biological information required to practice agriculture, but chose not to do so. Studies of surviving hunter-gatherers have revealed that they possess an enormous botanical Tore and are well aware of the life cycles of plants. Their knowledge of local animals is also intimate. The process began on a base of knowledge, not ignorance, if no discovery or invention was necessary and adequate information about plants and animals was general knowledge, then people could take up agriculture at any time or place that suited them, within reasonable ecological limits. If this view is correct, agricultural origins would, themselves, be diffuse. Archaelogical, anthropological, botanical and geographic evidence, accumulated in the last 20 years, tends to support the concept of diffuse origins, without denying that diffusion of cultigens and agricultural systems has taken place. We can detect evidence of plant, and sometimes animal husbandry widely diffused around the world in roughly the same time range. When we do find clear cases of diffusion of agricultural systems, we often find that the local recipient populations had already made some tentatives toward indigenous agriculture before the alien system arrived. Under these situations, the concept of center of origin tends to loose meaning.
H3PO4 treatment to enhance the electrochemical properties of Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 and Li(Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2)O2 cathodes

Abstract In this study, Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 (NMC333) and Li(Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2)O2 (NMC532) have been subjected to a phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution treatment to form a thin Li3PO4 coating on their surfaces. The Li3PO4 coating formed is found to be very potent in enhancing the specific capacity of the first discharge as well as the rate capability and capacity retention in the subsequent charge/discharge cycles for both NMC333 and NMC532. The specific capacity of the first discharge for NMC532 has been increased drastically from ∼160 mA h g−1 for pristine NMC532 to ∼250 mA h g−1 for Li3PO4-coated counterpart at 0.1C and such a large capacity enhancement is retained throughout the subsequent cycles at 1C. The final specific capacity of Li3PO4-coated NMC532 is 187 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 1C, whereas the corresponding value of pristine NMC532 is only 50 mA h g−1. The rate capability has also been improved significantly with Li3PO4-coated NMC532 exhibiting ∼150 mA h g−1 capacity at 6C while pristine NMC532 showing zero capacity. Similar improvements have also been achieved with NMC333. These results demonstrate that the H3PO4 treatment is a facile and general method to improve the electrochemical properties of NMCs with different compositions and can be utilized for practical applications.
Developing wonder: Teaching theatre for the very young through collaboration with developmental psychology

ABSTRACTIf Theatre for the Very Young is to flourish in the United States, college and professional actor training programs must develop a pedagogy of this genre to prepare future theatre makers. I...
Longitudinal examination of the relationship between changes in white matter organization and cognitive outcome in chronic TBI.

Background and Objective: Changes in cerebral white matter organization have been documented in acute phases of recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, little is known about reorganiza...
Avian Health across the Landscape: Nestling Immunity Covaries with Changing Landcover

The landscape composition of an organism's home range or territory should influence aspects of its condition, including measures of immune function. Changes in immunocompetence arising from variation in landcover may provide important links between habitat changes and patterns of disease spread. To establish a baseline understanding for whether immune measures covary with changes in landcover, we examined associations between immunological parameters and landcover composition for adults and nestlings of five shrubland bird species. Specifically, we examined the bacteria-killing ability (BKA) of the blood plasma and profiles of the five avian leukocytes as our measures of immune function, and assessed the proportion of area around each bird's nest that was composed of the four major landcover types in the Midwestern USA: row crop agriculture, developed, forest, and grass/shrub. We performed landcover assessments at 100 and 1000 m radius buffers to identify whether associations between habitat and immune function differed at the two spatial scales. As part of this work, we examined age and species-related immunological variation, as well as associations among the immune parameters. There was little evidence linking variation in immune function to landcover composition for the adults at either spatial scale, but there were numerous associations for nestlings, and these were stronger at the 1000 than 100 m spatial scale. The proportion of grass/shrub around the nest had the largest impact on immune function, although the effect varied by immune parameter and species. BKA and basophils were inversely associated with grass/shrub for all species, whereas lymphocytes were positively associated with grass/shrub for all species. We also documented species-level differences among adults and nestlings for BKA and all leukocytes except monocytes. As expected, we found that nestlings had reduced levels of BKA, lymphocytes, monocytes, and elevated heterophils compared with adults (except for field sparrow-Spizella pusilla-nestlings, which had higher lymphocytes). Basophils generally did not differ by age class, and eosinophils exhibited species-specific patterns, in which they were higher for nestling American robins (Turdus migratorius) and gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) compared with adults, but lower in the other nestlings. Heterophils and lymphocytes were inversely associated for all species and age classes, and basophil levels were positively associated with BKA across species and age classes. Together, these findings bolster our understanding of age and species-specific variation in immune function, and provide evidence that immune measures can covary with changes in landcover.
Prosthetic Joint Infection due to Actinomyces species: A case series and review of literature.

Abstract. Background: Actinomyces prosthetic joint infections (APJIs) are rare and optimal medical and surgical treatment strategies are unknown. The purpose of our study was to characterize the demographics, risk factors, management and outcomes of patients with PJIs due to Actinomyces spp. Methods: Using a retrospective cohort study design, the medical records of all patients with Actinomyces spp. total hip or knee arthroplasty infection (APJI) seen at a single institution between January 1, 1969 and December 31, 2016 were reviewed. We abstracted information including patient demographics, co-morbidities, joint age, surgical history, microbiology, management and outcomes. A simultaneous literature search via PubMed was performed to identify cases of APJI published in literature and a descriptive analysis was performed. Results: Eleven cases were identified over a 47 year study period at our institution. Seven patients (64%) were female. The median age at the time of diagnosis of infection was 71 years (range, 57-89). The knee was involved in six cases (55%) followed by the hip in 5 (45 %) cases. Three cases had dentures, broken teeth, or poor dentition. Actinomyces odonotlyticus was the most commonly found subspecies at our institution. Median ESR and CRP values were 61mm/hr and 64 mg/L respectively. Eight (72%) patients were managed with 2 stage exchange. Most patients received a course of beta-lactam therapy for 6 weeks. Ten cases (91%) were free of failure after a median duration of follow-up of 2 years (range, 0.67 - 5 years). The median duration from joint arthroplasty to the onset of symptoms was 162 days, range (20-3318). Six (54%) had a history of prior PJI with a different microorganism at the same joint site and 4 patients had history of prior 2 stage exchange (36%). In the literature group, we identified 12 cases and the most common subspecies was Actinomyces israelii; most patients underwent two stage exchange and were treated with 6 weeks of beta lactam antibiotics. Conclusions: Based on our observational study, Actinomyces PJI presents as a late complication of TJR, may be associated with prior PJI at the index joint and antecedent dental manipulation may portend as an additional risk factor. Treatment includes two stage exchange and beta- lactam therapy for 6weeks. These results will help clinicians in improved understanding and management of APJIs which although are rare but warrant special attention as population with implanted joint arthroplasties continues to rise.
Foreign Fighter Returnees from Syria and Iraq

In May 2014, Mehdi Nemmouche opened fire at the Jewish Museum in Brussels. In August 2015, Ayoub El Khazzani staged a terrorist attack on a Thalys train in France. In November 2015, Abdelhamid Abaaoud orchestrated a wave of terrorist attacks in Paris. Nemmouche, El Khazzani, and Abaaoud were all returnees from Syria and Iraq. This chapter examines the threats foreign fighter returnees have already posed for their home countries. It specifically focuses on ISIS’s anti-Western agenda and analyzes the group’s use of foreign fighters. The chapter discusses ISIS-directed and ISIS-inspired terrorist attacks and traces the role foreign fighter returnees have played in them.
Risk Based Optimization of Electronics Manufacturing Supply Chains

The main challenges of electronics supply chains include unpredictable customized demands, short product lifecycles, high inventory costs, and long lead-times. To handle these challenges and provide rapid responses to customer orders, it is necessary to determine an effective long-term risk mitigation strategy for these businesses. This book chapter proposes a risk-based optimization framework for electronic supply chains that adopts a hybrid fabrication–fulfillment manufacturing approach. The problem is modeled as a two-stage stochastic model that determines the best strategies for supplier selection, capacity allocation, and assembly lines placement considering the risks associated with demand uncertainty, supply interruptions, delays, and quality and equipment failures. The proposed solution method integrates learning with optimization techniques where artificial network is used to reduce search time of the stochastic optimization model. A case study for an integrated supply chain of high-end server manufacturing is used to illustrate the validity of the model and assess the quality and robustness of the solutions obtained by this technique.
Searches for b → u Transitions at CLEO

Recent CLEO searches for b→u transitions in B decays are listed, and the search for the charmless decays B -→p p π - and B 0→p p π + π - is described in detail. CLEO fails to see these charmless decays, although the experiment is sensitive enough to observe them easily at the level reported by ARGUS.
Development and Validation of a Prognostic, Risk-Adjusted Scoring System for Operative Upper-Extremity Infections.

Purpose Acute infections of the distal upper extremity (UE) can require one and possibly multiple debridements . We aimed to develop and validate a prognostic scoring system based on patient, infection, and microbiology risk factors to help with operative planning and patient counseling. Methods We studied all acute surgical UE infections distal to the elbow joint over a 5-year period. A split-sample design was created with 1:1 randomization into development and validation samples. The primary outcome was infection persistence, defined as the need for additional operative drainage according to usual indications. Multivariable logistic regression identified risk factors for persistent infections in the development sample, which was translated to a simple clinical scoring system derived from regression coefficients. The model was then tested separately against the validation sample. Results A total of 602 patients were included; 31% of all infections exhibited persistence. Independent risk factors from the development sample included diabetes (3 points), smoking (2 points), leukocytosis at presentation (2 points), animal bite mechanism (3 points), osteomyelitis (4 points), tenosynovitis (7 points), pyarthrosis (3 points), necrotizing fasciitis (11 points), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (3 points). These were all confirmed in the validation sample. Infections were categorized into 3 groups based on risk for persistent infection: low (less than 8 points), medium (8–11 points), and high (12 points or more). In the validation sample, the probability of persistent infection for these 3 groups was 23%, 57%, and 79%, respectively. The c statistic for the model in the validation sample was 0.79. Conclusions Persistence of acute surgical distal UE infections is mediated by patient and microbiology factors, as well as infection mechanism and type. Surgeons can use this risk-adjusted prognostic scoring system to anticipate which infections may require additional therapeutic debridement and plan operative schedules and counsel patients accordingly. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic II.
When a gain becomes a loss: The effect of wealth predictions on financial decisions

Abstract When people make financial decisions, they need not only think about their current financial situation, but also about changes in future wealth. This work investigates people's beliefs about their future wealth and how these beliefs impact financial decisions. Using a joint experimental and computational cognitive modeling approach, we show that people's future beliefs serve as reference points when making investment decisions. These results are further supported by data from a large-scale cross-sectional survey (n = 4606) showing that people's beliefs about the future value of their assets are related to investment decisions between risky (i.e., stock market index) and safe (i.e., bond earning a fixed amount per year) options. In both the experiments and survey, we hypothesize that outcomes that are nominally stated as sure gains can become coded as losses due to belief-based reference points. This pattern leads to an increase in riskier choices across positive outcomes for individuals with optimistic beliefs about their future wealth.
Data-driven estimation of forward reachable sets

The computation of reachable sets is an effective way to characterize and verify the behavior of safety-critical cyber-physical systems. However, many systems of practical interest possess high-dimensional, analytically intractable, and possibly unknown dynamics, which make the computation of safe sets with formal guarantees difficult or impossible. In these cases we can employ a data-driven approach to reachability analysis instead. The data-driven approach uses a finite ensemble of sample trajectories to compute reachable set estimates which are guaranteed to achieve high accuracy in a probabilistic sense.
Báez, Jillian M. In Search of Belonging: Latinas, Media, and Citizenship: Urbana, IL: University of Illinois press, 2018. 202 pp, $26.00 (paperback). ISBN: 978-0-252-04179-2

In Search of Belonging: Latinas, Media, and Citizenship is an insightful, timely, and detailed analysis that uses ethnography skillfully to uncover how Latinas’ search for national belonging and di...
Worst Pain Severity Profiles of Oncology Patients Are Associated With Significant Stress and Multiple Co-Occurring Symptoms.

Abstract Little is known about the associations between pain, stress, and co-occurring symptoms in oncology patients. Purpose was to identify subgroups of patients with distinct worst pain profiles and evaluate for differences among the subgroups in demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as stress and symptom scores. Oncology outpatients (n = 1305) completed questionnaires prior to their second or third chemotherapy cycle. Worst pain intensity was assessed 6 times over 2 chemotherapy cycles using a 0 to 10 numeric rating scale. The 371 patients (28.4%) who had ≤1 occurrence of pain over the 6 assessments were classified as the None class. For the remaining 934 patients whose data were entered into the latent profile analysis, 3 distinct worst pain profiles were identified (ie Mild [12.5%], Moderate [28.6%], Severe [30.5%]). Compared to None class, Severe class had fewer years of education and a lower annual income; were less likely to be employed and married; less likely to exercise on a regular basis, had a higher comorbidity burden, and a worse functional status. Compared to None class, Severe class reported higher levels of general, disease-specific, and cumulative life stress and lower levels of resilience, as well as higher levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. This study is the first to identify distinct worst pain profiles in a large sample of oncology patients receiving chemotherapy and associated risk factors. Perspective Unrelieved pain remains a significant problem for oncology patients receiving chemotherapy. High levels of stress and co-occurring symptoms contribute to a more severe pain profile in these patients.
The Relevance of the Dual Systems Model for Predicting Offending Among College Students: The Moderating Role of Deviant Peer Influence:

Past research as indicated the relevance of the dual systems model for understanding offending. However, there is a dearth of research focused on how deviant peer influence may condition the relati...
Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment procedure for congenital cervical germ cell tumor

Abstract Congenital cervical germ cell tumors are a rare location for extragonadal germ cell tumors that may lead to acute airway obstruction. We present the unique case and successful resection of an immature cervical teratoma. Urgent Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) procedure was performed via Cesarean section with subsequent endotracheal intubation to maintain the airway. Successful surgical resection of the mass at day six of life was performed showing histologically immature teratoma along with gliomatosis in surrounding lymph node tissue. The patient recovered well with no abnormalities on follow up at 14 months.
Aging triggers an upregulation of a multitude of cytokines in the male and especially the female rodent hippocampus but more discrete changes in other brain regions.

Background Despite widespread acceptance that neuroinflammation contributes to age-related cognitive decline, studies comparing protein expression of cytokines in the young versus old brains are surprisingly limited in terms of the number of cytokines and brain regions studied. Complicating matters, discrepancies abound-particularly for interleukin 6 (IL-6)-possibly due to differences in sex, species/strain, and/or the brain regions studied. Methods As such, we clarified how cytokine expression changes with age by using a Bioplex and Western blot to measure multiple cytokines across several brain regions of both sexes, using 2 mouse strains bred in-house as well as rats obtained from NIA. Parametric and nonparametric statistical tests were used as appropriate. Results In the ventral hippocampus of C57BL/6J mice, we found age-related increases in IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17, eotaxin, G-CSF, interfeuron δ, KC, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, rantes, and TNFα that are generally more pronounced in females, but no age-related change in IL-5, MCP-1, or GM-CSF. We also find aging is uniquely associated with the emergence of a module (a.k.a. network) of 11 strongly intercorrelated cytokines, as well as an age-related shift from glycosylated to unglycosylated isoforms of IL-10 and IL-1β in the ventral hippocampus. Interestingly, age-related increases in extra-hippocampal cytokine expression are more discreet, with the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and cerebellum of male and female C57BL/6J mice demonstrating robust age-related increase in IL-6 expression but not IL-1β. Importantly, we found this widespread age-related increase in IL-6 also occurs in BALB/cJ mice and Brown Norway rats, demonstrating conservation across species and rearing environments. Conclusions Thus, age-related increases in cytokines are more pronounced in the hippocampus compared to other brain regions and can be more pronounced in females versus males depending on the brain region, genetic background, and cytokine examined.
Innovations in Heart Transplantation: A Review.

Advanced heart failure affects tens of thousands of people in the United States alone with high morbidity and mortality. Cardiac transplantation offers the best treatment strategy but has been historically limited by donor availability. Recently, there have been significant advances in organ allocation, donor-recipient matching, organ preservation and expansion of the donor pool. The current heart allocation system prioritizes the sickest patients to minimize waitlist mortality. Advances in donor organ selection including predicted heart mass calculations and more sophisticated antibody detection methods for allosensitized patients offer more effective matching of donors and recipients. Innovations in organ preservation such as with organ preservation systems have geographically widened the donor pool. The use of hepatitis C donors is possible with the advent of effective direct-acting antiviral agents to cure donor-transmitted hepatitis C. Finally, further expansion of the donor pool is occurring with the utilization of higher-risk donors with advanced age, medical comorbidities, and left ventricular dysfunction and advances in donation after circulatory death. This review provides an update on the new technologies and transplantation strategies that serve to widen the donor pool and more effectively match donors and recipients so that heart transplant candidates may derive the best outcomes from heart transplantation.
Channel Catfish Estrogenicity and Sewer Overflows; Implications for Xenoestrogen Exposure

Effluent from wastewater-treatment plants contains compounds that possess estrogenic activity. The southwestern Pennsylvania area has over 400 sewer overflows (SOs) that release untreated sewage. We sought to determine if the estrogenicity index (EI) of channel catfish from dense areas of SOs differed from catfish that are less impacted by SOs, using MCF-7 and BT-20 cell cultures. The MCF-7 human breast cancer line is estrogen receptor (ER) positive, while the BT-20 line is ER negative. The EI is based on the ratio of MCF-7 proliferation from application of fish extract to the response achieved from physiological levels of estradiol. Catfish caught near dense concentrations of SOs had significantly higher MCF-7 EIs than catfish from areas of less dense SOs, (p=0.02). The ER negative BT-20 cell line exhibited no proliferative response. We hypothesize that fish caught in concentrated areas of SOs have bioaccumulated more xenoestrogens than fish caught in less SO impacted areas. River water from SO contaminated areas is the primary source of drinking water for Allegheny County residents, potentially exposing large population groups to xenoestrogens. Our data suggest that evaluation of the estrogenicity of fish should be incorporated into risk assessment paradigms. Estrogen-screen evaluation of channel catfish is proposed as one model for further development.
Synthesis and implications: China's nutrition transition in the context of changes across other low- and middle-income countries.

The China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) is important for its insights into current and future diet, physical activity, and obesity-related changes in China and for understanding underlying processes common across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). While China modernized later than Latin American countries, many changes seen in China echo those in Latin America and in other LMICs. In general changes in physical activity and diet behaviors in China have occurred at a faster pace relative to other LMICs. Modernization of the overall Chinese food system has lagged behind most other LMICs, yet the now-rapid changes in the Chinese food system are similar to what has been seen in other LMICs. Further, there is variation in these changes across social and geographic space. The incidence of obesity and noncommunicable diseases has increased as the major health burden has shifted toward the poor. This paper examines changes in China and addresses the literature and issues that link these changes with those in other LMICs. In many ways the detailed 20-year CHNS, with nine repeated measures, provides a remarkable window through which to understand nutrition-related changes in other LMICs.
Nucleotide sequence of Rous sarcoma virus RNA at the initiation site of DNA synthesis: The 102nd nucleotide is U.

Abstract The T 1 oligonucleotide in the genome Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) that corresponds to the initiation site of DNA synthesis in vitro was identified by hybridization of genome RNA with RSV strong stop DNA (the initial 101-nucleotide long fragment synthesized in endogenous reactions) and partially sequenced. The sequence of (C 2 , U 2 ) A-U-U-U-G found corresponds to the d(A-A-T-G-A-A-G) sequence at the 5′ end of the DNA product plus the CA-OH sequence at the 3′ end of the tRNA Trp primer. Therefore the nucleotide opposite the terminal A of the primer is the complementary U. Furthermore, no internal repetition of more than 30 nucleotides of the 5′ sequence could be detected.
Iron bioavailability of low and high phytic aid maize produced via recurrent selection (1042.4)

Phytic acid is a potent inhibitor of iron absorption and is abundant in staple food crops. Low phytic acid (lpa) maize mutants have been produced, but have poor germination rates. The first objective of this study was to determine if conventional breeding can be used to select for phytic acid content in maize without reductions in germination rate, and the second objective was to determine the iron bioavailability of maize produced through this method. For the first objective, the BS11 maize population was used in a recurrent selection breeding program to selectively breed for both low phytic acid (BS11LPA) and high phytic acid (BS11HPA) content, and germination tests were performed for both groups and compared with the lpa mutant. For the second objective, maize samples were subjected to in vitro digestion and then applied to Caco-2 cells to assess iron bioavailability. Our results show that phytic acid content is significantly different among all three maize varieties, with BS11HPA>BS11LPA>lpa mutant (p...
A new Doppler processing technique for detection performance improvement in existing airborne radars

This paper discusses a new signal processing technique for target detection performance improvements in existing airborne early warning radar systems. A new Doppler processing algorithm, called the Doppler domain localized generalized likelihood ratio detector, is considered, and its performance compared to the approaches currently in use for weak target detection in severe clutter. It is shown that a significant performance improvement can be achieved by augmenting the existing Doppler and constant false alarm rate signal processors with this new approach.
Thermodynamic constraints on non-equilibrium solidification of ordered intermetallic compounds

Abstract Thermodynamic constraints on permissible values of temperature, liquid composition, solid composition and long-range order parameter at the freezing interface during non-equilibrium solidification of intermetallic phases are defined in terms of the liquid and solid free energy functions.
The Operational Mesogamma-Scale Analysis and Forecast System of the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command. Part IV: The White Sands Missile Range Auto-Nowcast System

Abstract During the summer months at the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command’s (ATEC) White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), forecasting thunderstorm activity is one of the primary duties of the range forecasters. The safety of personnel working on the range and the protection of expensive test equipment depend critically on the quality of forecasts of thunderstorms and associated hazards, including cloud-to-ground lightning, hail, strong winds, heavy rainfall, flash flooding, and tornadoes. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Auto-Nowcast (ANC) system is one of the key forecast tools in the ATEC Four-Dimensional Weather System (4DWX) at WSMR, where its purpose is to aid WSMR meteorologists in their mission of very short term thunderstorm forecasting. Besides monitoring the weather activity throughout the region and warning personnel of potentially hazardous thunderstorms, forecasters play a key role in assisting with the day-to-day planning of test operations on the range by providing guidan...
Evaluation of neutron and gamma detectors for high-temperature well-logging applications

Nuclear methods based on neutron and gamma-ray detection have been used for decades in the well-logging industry, including both oil and gas logging, for characterization purposes. Current well-logging tools operate in the range of 150 to 175°C. For geothermal logging applications, however, operations at higher temperatures are needed. In this paper, the results for neutron and photon detector measurements at higher temperatures, environmental tests, and modeling and simulations are presented.
Combined Action upon Muscle of Adenosine Triphosphate, Acetylcholine and Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium Ions

IN a note published in Nature in 1944, Buchtal and Kahlson1 have pointed out that the close intra-arterial injection of 5 μgm. acetylcholine after introduction of adenosine triphosphate increases the intensity and duration of the mechanical response of muscle. The combined action of these substances is of considerable interest, in view of the important part taken by adenine triphosphate in muscular contraction and of the participation of acetylcholine in the transmission of impulses at the myoneural junction.
Analysis of the Spin Exchange Interactions in the Three Phases of Vanadium Pyrophosphate, (VO)2P2O7, in Terms of Spin−Orbital Interaction Energy

The spin exchange interactions in the ambient-pressure orthorhombic (APO), high-pressure orthorhombic (HPO), and ambient-pressure monoclinic (APM) phases of the vanadium pyrophosphate, (VO)2P2O7, were analyzed by calculating the spin−orbital interaction energies Δe − Δe0 of their spin dimers. The anisotropy of the spin exchange interactions in the HPO phase is well explained by the Δe − Δe0 values. For the APO phase, the reported crystal structure does not provide accurate enough Δe − Δe0 values to conclude unambiguously which of the V1−V2 and V3−V4 chains has a larger spin gap and which of the bridged and edge-sharing spin dimers has a stronger spin exchange interaction in the V1−V2 and V3−V4 chains. The APM phase is predicted to exhibit essentially two spin gaps, with a large spin gap for the V8−V5−V7−V6 chain and a very small one for the V4−V2−V3−V1 chain.
Macrophages influence a competition of contact guidance and chemotaxis for fibroblast alignment in a fibrin gel coculture assay

Rat dermal fibroblasts were dispersed initially in the outer shell of a fibrin gel sphere, while the inner core either was devoid of cells or contained peritoneal exudate cells (primarily macrophages), thereby mimicking the inflammatory phase of wound healing. The fibroblasts compacted floating fibrin microspheres over time. In the absence of macrophages, the initial distribution of fibroblasts (only in the shell) induced circumferential alignment of fibrin fibrils via compaction of the shell relative to the core. The aligned fibrils created a contact guidance field, which was manifested by strong circumferential alignment of the fibroblasts. However, in the presence of macrophages, the fibroblasts exhibited more radial alignment despite the simultaneous contact guidance field in the circumferential direction associated with compaction. This was attributed to a chemotactic gradient emanating from the core due to a putative factor(s) released by the macrophages. The presence of a radial chemotactic stimulus was supported by the finding of even greater radial alignment when fibrin microspheres were embedded in an agarose-fibrin gel that abolished compaction and consequently the contact guidance field. Our assay permits the simulation of tissue morphogenetic processes that involve cell guidance phenomena and tractional restructuring of the extracellular matrix.
The Feminist Revelation

In the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association for the fall of 1988, we find the view that “the power of philosophy lies in its radicalness.” The author, Tom Foster Digby, tells us that in our own day “the radical potency of philosophy is particularly well-illustrated by contemporary feminist philosophy” in ways that “could eventually reorder human life.” The claim that philosophy is essentially radical has deep historical roots.Aristotle and Plato each created a distinctive style of social philosophy. Following Ernest Barker, I shall call Aristotle's way of doing social philosophy “whiggish,” having in mind that the O.E.D. characterizes ‘whig’ as “a word that says in one syllable what ‘conservative liberal’ says in seven.” Later whigs shared with Aristotle the conviction that traditional arrangements have great moral weight, and that common opinion is a primary source of moral truth. The paradigm example of a whig moral philosopher is Henry Sidgwick, with his constant appeal to Common Sense and to “established morality.” On the more liberal side, we have philosophers like David Hume who cautions us to “adjust [political] innovations as much as possible to the ancient fabric,” and William James who insists that the liberal philosopher must reject radicalism.In modern times, many social philosophers have followed the more radical example of Plato, who was convinced that common opinion was benighted and in need of much consciousness-raising. Looking on society as a Cave that distorted real values, Plato showed a great readiness to discount traditional arrangements. He was perhaps the first philosopher to construct an ideal of a society that reflected principles of justice, inspiring generations of utopian social philosophers.
Formulation of two-dimensional radiant heat flux for absorbing-emitting plane layer with nonisothermal bounding walls

Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 9, No. 9, Sept. 1966, pp. 987-992. 20 Nonnemacher, T. F., "Jacob! Polynomial Solution of the Boltzmann Equation and Some Remarks about the Connection between the Spherical Harmonics and Case Methods," Developments in Transport Theory, edited by E. Inonu and P. F. Zweifel, Academic Press, New York, 1967, pp. 343-356. 21 Giovanelli, R. G., "Radiative Transfer in Non-Uniform Media," Australian Journal of Physics, Vol. 12, No. 2, June 1959, pp. 164-170. 22 Traugott, S. C., "Radiative Heat-Flux Potential for a Nongrey Gas," AIAA Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1966, pp. 541542. 23 Shen, S. F., "On the Differential Equation Approximation in Radiative Gas Dynamics," Rept. NOL TR 67-23, May 1967, Naval Ordnance Lab. 24 Heaslet, M. A. and Warming, R. F., "Application of Invariance Principles to a Radiative Transfer Problem in a Homogeneous Spherical Medium," Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Vol. 5, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1965, pp. 669-682. 25 Ambarzumian, V. A., "A Point-Source of Light within a Scattering Medium," Bulletin 6, 1945, Erevan Astronomical Observatory. 26 Heaslet, M. A. and Warming, R. F., "Radiative Transport and Wall Temperature Slip in an Absorbing Planar Medium," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 8, No. 6, June 1965, pp. 979-994. Viskanta, R. and Crosbie, A. L., "Radiative Transfer through a Spherical Shell of an Absorbing-Emitting Gray Medium," Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Vol. 7, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1967, pp. 871-889.
Impulsivity and Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder: Subtype Classification Using the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale

This study examined the classification accuracy of the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS) in discriminating several attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes, including predominantly inattentive type (ADHD/I), combined type (ADHD/C), and combined type with behavioral problems (ADHD/ODD), between each other and a non-ADHD control group using logistic regression analyses. The sample consisted of 88 children ranging in age from 9.0 years to 12.8 years, with a mean of 10.9 years. Children were predominantly male (74%) and Caucasian (86%) and in grades 3–7. Results indicated that the UPPS performed well in classifying ADHD subtypes relative to traditional diagnostic measures. In addition, analyses indicated that differences in symptoms between subtypes can be explained by specific pathways to impulsivity. Implications for the assessment of ADHD and conceptual issues are discussed.
Operative repair for aortic aneurysms: the gold standard.

Surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is being challenged by newer, minimally invasive therapies. Such new treatment strategies will need to prove themselves against concurrent results of standard operative AAA repair, within defined medical risk and aneurysm morphological categories. We review the natural history of AAAs, the medical risk levels for elective AAA repair, aneurysm morphology and its impact on operative mortality, the issue of high-risk patient treatment, and the current standard of care for AAAs based on single-center, multicenter, and population-based statistics. In good-risk patients, aneurysms > 5 cm in diameter are best treated by replacement with a prosthetic graft. Operative mortality should be 90%. Aortic endograft techniques must meet or exceed these standards if they are to supplant standard surgical repair.
Obesity induces functional astrocytic leptin receptors in hypothalamus

The possible role of astrocytes in the regulation of feeding has been overlooked. It is well-established that the endothelial cells constituting the blood–brain barrier transport leptin from blood to brain and that hypothalamic neurons respond to leptin to induce anorexic signaling. However, few studies have addressed the role of astrocytes in either leptin transport or cellular activation. We recently showed that the obese agouti viable yellow mouse has prominent astrocytic expression of the leptin receptor. In this study, we test the hypothesis that diet-induced obesity increases astrocytic leptin receptor expression and function in the hypothalamus. Double-labelling immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopic analysis showed that all astrocytes in the hypothalamus express leptin receptors. In adult obese mice, 2 months after being placed on a high-fat diet, there was a striking increase of leptin receptor (+) astrocytes, most prominent in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus. Agouti viable yellow mice with their adult-onset obesity showed similar changes, but the increase of leptin receptor (+) astrocytes was barely seen in ob/ob or db/db mice with their early-onset obesity and defective leptin systems. The marked leptin receptor protein expression in the astrocytes, shown with several antibodies against different receptor epitopes, was supported by RT–PCR detection of leptin receptor-a and -b mRNAs in primary hypothalamic astrocytes. Unexpectedly, the protein expression of GFAP, a marker of astrocytes, was also increased in adult-onset obesity. Real-time confocal imaging showed that leptin caused a robust increase of calcium signalling in primary astrocytes from the hypothalamus, confirming their functionality. The results indicate that metabolic changes in obese mice can rapidly alter leptin receptor expression and astrocytic activity, and that leptin receptor is responsible for leptin-induced calcium signalling in astrocytes. This novel and clinically relevant finding opens new avenues in astrocyte biology.
The Effect of Water Vapor on Oxidation Performance of Alloys Used in Recuperators

The use of a recuperator to recover waste heat from the exhaust gases is one method for improving a microturbine’s energy efficiency. This study looked at the effect of water vapor in the exhaust gas on the oxidation resistance of a current technology stainless steel and several high performance replacement alloys. Alloys of interest are high-Cr, Ni-base superalloys such as alloy 625 and aluminum-containing alloys such as Haynes alloy 214 and Plansee alloy PM2000, which is an oxide-dispersed FeCrAl. The latter two alloys form a protective external alumina scale which is more resistant to water vapor environments than chromia scales. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy characterization of the specimen surface oxides after laboratory exposures showed only minor effects of the addition of water vapor to the environment, which is consistent with the excellent corrosion resistance of these high performance alloys.© 2002 ASME