cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interval Exercise Lowers Circulating CD105 Extracellular Vesicles in Prediabetes.

Background Extracellular vesicles (EV) are purported to mediate type 2 diabetes and CVD risk and development. Physical activity and a balanced diet reduce disease risk, but no study has tested the hypothesis that short-term interval (INT) training would reduce EV compared with continuous (CONT) exercise in adults with prediabetes. Methods Eighteen obese adults (age, 63.8 ± 1.5 yr; body mass index, 31.0 ± 1.3 kg·m) were screened for prediabetes using American Diabetes Association criteria (75 g oral glucose tolerance test). Subjects were randomized to INT (n = 10, alternating 3-min intervals at 90% and 50% HRpeak, respectively) or CONT (n = 8, 70% HRpeak) training for 12 supervised sessions over 13 d for 60 min·d. Cardiorespiratory fitness (V˙ O2peak), weight (kg), as well as ad libitum dietary intake were assessed and arterial stiffness (augmentation index via applanation tonometry) was calculated using total AUC during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test performed 24 h after the last exercise bout. Total EV, platelet EV (CD31/CD41), endothelial EV (CD105; CD31/ CD41), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) (CD31), and leukocyte EV (CD45; CD45/CD41) were analyzed via imaging flow cytometry preintervention/postintervention. Results The INT exercise increased V˙O2peak (P = 0.04) compared with CONT training. Although training had no effect on platelet or leukocyte EV, INT decreased Annexin V- endothelial EV CD105 compared with CONT (P = 0.04). However, after accounting for dietary sugar intake, the intensity effect was lost (P = 0.18). Increased ad libitum dietary sugar intake after training was linked to elevated AV+ CD105 (r = 0.49, P = 0.06) and AV- CD45 (r = 0.59, P = 0.01). Nonetheless, increased V˙O2peak correlated with decreased AV+ CD105 (r = -0.60, P = 0.01). Conclusions Interval exercise training decreases endothelial-derived EV in adults with prediabetes. Although increased sugar consumption may alter EV after a short-term exercise intervention, fitness modifies EV count.
Combined Omics Reveals That Disruption of the Selenocysteine Lyase Gene Affects Amino Acid Pathways in Mice.

Selenium is a nonmetal trace element that is critical for several redox reactions and utilized to produce the amino acid selenocysteine (Sec), which can be incorporated into selenoproteins. Selenocysteine lyase (SCL) is an enzyme which decomposes Sec into selenide and alanine, releasing the selenide to be further utilized to synthesize new selenoproteins. Disruption of the selenocysteine lyase gene (Scly) in mice (Scly−/− or Scly KO) led to obesity with dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance and lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes. As the liver is a central regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis, as well as selenium metabolism, we aimed to pinpoint hepatic molecular pathways affected by the Scly gene disruption. Using RNA sequencing and metabolomics, we identified differentially expressed genes and metabolites in the livers of Scly KO mice. Integrated omics revealed that biological pathways related to amino acid metabolism, particularly alanine and glycine metabolism, were affected in the liver by disruption of Scly in mice with selenium adequacy. We further confirmed that hepatic glycine levels are elevated in male, but not in female, Scly KO mice. In conclusion, our results reveal that Scly participates in the modulation of hepatic amino acid metabolic pathways.
Maternal and fetal exposures to fluoride during mid-gestation among pregnant women in northern California

Previous studies have shown a correlation between fluoride concentrations in urine and community water fluoride concentrations. However, there are no studies of the relationship between community water fluoridation, urine, serum, and amniotic fluid fluoride concentrations in pregnant women in the US. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal urine fluoride (MUF), maternal urine fluoride adjusted for specific gravity (MUFSG), maternal serum fluoride (MSF), amniotic fluid fluoride (AFF) concentrations during pregnancy, and community water fluoridation in Northern California. Archived samples of urine, serum and amniotic fluid collected from second trimester pregnant women in Northern California from 47 different communities in Northern California and one from Montana (n = 48), were analyzed for fluoride using an ion specific electrode following acid microdiffusion. Women’s addresses were matched to publicly reported water fluoride concentrations. We examined whether fluoride concentrations in biospecimens differed by fluoridation status of the community water, and determined the association between water fluoride concentrations and biospecimen fluoride concentrations using linear regression models adjusted for maternal age, smoking, Body Mass Index (BMI), race/ethnicity, and gestational age at sample collection. Fluoride concentrations in the community water supplies ranged from 0.02 to 1.00 mg/L. MUF, MSF , and AFF concentrations were significantly higher in pregnant women living in communities adhering to the U.S. recommended water fluoride concentration (0.7 mg/L), as compared with communities with less than 0.7 mg/L fluoride in drinking water. When adjusted for maternal age, smoking status, BMI, race/ethnicity, and gestational age at sample collection, a 0.1 mg/L increase in community water fluoride concentration was positively associated with higher concentrations of MUF (B = 0.052, 95% CI:0.019,0.085), MUFSG (B = 0.028, 95% CI: -0.006, 0.062), MSF (B = 0.001, 95% CI: 0.000, 0.003) and AFF (B = 0.001, 95% CI: 0.000, 0.002). We found universal exposure to fluoride in pregnant women and to the fetus via the amniotic fluid. Fluoride concentrations in urine, serum, and amniotic fluid from women were positively correlated to public records of community water fluoridation. Community water fluoridation remains a major source of fluoride exposure for pregnant women living in Northern California.
Suppression of pyramidal neuron G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channel signaling impairs prelimbic cortical function and underlies stress-induced deficits in cognitive flexibility

Background: Imbalance in prefrontal cortical (PFC) pyramidal neuron excitation:inhibition is thought to underlie symptomologies shared across stress-related disorders and neuropsychiatric disease, including dysregulation of emotion and cognitive function. G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK/Kir3) channels mediate excitability of medial PFC pyramidal neurons, however the functional role of these channels in mPFC-dependent regulation of affect, cognition, and cortical dynamics is unknown. Methods: In mice harboring a floxed version of the kcnj3 (Girk1) gene, we used a viral-cre approach to disrupt GIRK1-containing channel expression in pyramidal neurons within the prelimbic (PL) or infralimbic (IL) cortices. Additional studies used a novel model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) to determine the impact on PL GIRK-dependent signaling and cognitive function. Results: In males, loss of pyramidal GIRK-dependent signaling in the PL, but not IL, differentially impacted measures of affect and motivation, and impaired working memory and cognitive flexibility. CUS produced similar deficits in affect and cognition that paralleled a reduction in PL pyramidal GIRK-dependent signaling akin to viral approaches. Viral- and stress-induced behavioral deficits were rescued by systemic injection of a novel, GIRK1-selective agonist, ML-297. Unexpectedly, neither ablation of PL GIRK-dependent signaling or exposure to the CUS regimen impacted affect or cognition in female mice. Conclusions: GIRK-dependent signaling in male mice, but not females, is critical for maintaining optimal PL function and behavioral control. Disruption of this inhibition may underlie stress-related dysfunction of the PL and represent a therapeutic target for treating stress-induced deficits in affect regulation and impaired cognition that reduce quality of life.
Touch-induced mechanical strain in somatosensory neurons is independent of extracellular matrix mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Cutaneous mechanosensory neurons are activated by mechanical loads applied to the skin, and these stimuli are proposed to generate mechanical strain within sensory neurons. Using a microfluidic device to deliver controlled stimuli to intact animals and large, immobile, and fluorescent protein-tagged mitochondria as fiducial markers in the touch receptor neurons (TRNs), we visualized and measured touch-induced mechanical strain in C. elegans worms. At steady-state, touch stimuli sufficient to activate TRNs induce an average strain of 3.1% at the center of the actuator and this strain decays to near zero at the edges of the actuator. We also measured strain in animals carrying mutations affecting links between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the TRNs but could not detect any differences in touch-induced mechanical strain between wild-type and mutant animals. Collectively, these results demonstrate that touching the skin induces local mechanical strain in intact animals and suggest that a fully intact ECM is not essential for transmitting mechanical strain from the skin to cutaneous mechanosensory neurons.
Examining veteran housing instability and mortality by homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury

To examine the relationship between Veterans’ housing instability and mortality by homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury, this retrospective study examined administrative data from Veterans H...
Numerical Ranges in II1 Factors

In this paper we generalize the notion of the C-numerical range of a matrix to operators in arbitrary tracial von Neumann algebras. For each self-adjoint operator C, the C-numerical range of such an operator is defined; it is a compact, convex subset of ℂ. We explicitly describe the C-numerical ranges of several operators and classes of operators.
Complications and the Need for Long-Term Follow-Up after Secondary Speech Surgery: A National and Longitudinal Claims Analysis.

Background Although most patients attain normal speech after cleft palate repair, up to 20 percent require secondary speech surgery. Despite the frequency of these procedures, complications and rates of subsequent revisions of secondary speech surgery after all procedure types have never been reviewed using national, longitudinal data. Methods The authors examined insurance claims from Clinformatics Data Mart between 2001 and 2017. Cases were categorized as palatalprocedures (i.e., palatoplasty, revision palatoplasty, secondary lengthening, palatal island flap) or pharyngeal procedures (i.e., pharyngeal flap, dynamic sphincter pharyngoplasty) (n = 846). Continuous enrollment from 180 days before to 30 days after surgery was required. Patients were excluded if they underwent palatoplasty, or any surgery at less than 3 years of age, without a speech diagnosis. Outcomes included 30-day complications and rates of subsequent revision secondary speech surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between procedure type and complications. Results In this cohort, 52.5 percent underwent pharyngeal procedures, and 47.5 percent underwent palatal procedures. Complications occurred in 10.9 percent of patients and included respiratory complications (4.0 percent), bleeding (1.2 percent), dehiscence (3.6 percent), and critical care episodes (3.0 percent). There was no difference in complications between procedure types (OR, 0.87; 95 percent CI, 0.56 to 1.37; p = 0.56). The subsequent revision rate was 12.7 percent, but was 21.7 percent in patients with 3 years of postoperative enrollment. Conclusions Although complication rates were comparable to those in recent literature, rates of subsequent revisions of secondary speech procedures were high in patients with longer postoperative enrollment. Thus, these patients merit prolonged follow-up, as velopharyngeal dysfunction may recur over time. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
Public Response to a Social Media Tobacco Prevention Campaign: Content Analysis.

Background: Prior research suggests that social media–based public health campaigns are often targeted by countercampaigns. Objective: Using reactance theory as the theoretical framework, this research characterizes the nature of public response to tobacco prevention messages disseminated via a social media–based campaign. We also examine whether agreement with the prevention messages is associated with comment tone and nature of the contribution to the overall discussion. Methods: User comments to tobacco prevention messages, posted between April 19, 2017 and July 12, 2017, were extracted from Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Two coders categorized comments in terms of tone, agreement with message, nature of contribution, mentions of government agency and regulation, promotional or spam comments, and format of comment. Chi-square analyses tested associations between agreement with the message and tone of the public response and the nature of contributions to the discussions. Results: Of the 1242 comments received (Twitter: n=1004; Facebook: n=176; Instagram: n=62), many comments used a negative tone (42.75%) and disagreed with the health messages (39.77%), while the majority made healthy contributions to the discussions (84.38%). Only 0.56% of messages mentioned government agencies, and only 0.48% of the comments were antiregulation. Comments employing a positive tone (84.13%) or making healthy contributions (69.11%) were more likely to agree with the campaign messages (P=0.01). Comments employing a negative tone (71.25%) or making toxic contributions (36.26%) generally disagreed with the messages (P=0.01). Conclusions: The majority of user comments in response to a tobacco prevention campaign made healthy contributions. Our findings encourage the use of social media to promote dialogue about controversial health topics such as smoking. However, toxicity was characteristic of comments that disagreed with the health messages. Managing negative and toxic comments on social media is a crucial issue for social media–based tobacco prevention campaigns to consider.
Energy-efficient event pattern recognition in wireless sensor networks using multilayer spiking neural networks

Motivated by the energy-efficient computation of the brain, an energy-efficient wireless sensor network infrastructure is built for solving the pattern recognition task. In this work, spatiotemporal patterns originate from the wireless sensor nodes that use pulse-based networking schemes like pulse position-coded packet data unit and spiked time-division multiple access. Pulse-based networking schemes use spatiotemporal patterns to encode information rather than using traditional energy-expensive packets. These spatiotemporal patterns are learned through biologically plausible learning rule of Tempotron which is a neuronal binary classifier that uses a gradient-descent supervised learning rule to adjust the weights of synaptic inputs. A single Tempotron-trained spiking neuron is shown to read out information encoded in the spike timings of synaptic inputs. However, due to the simplicity of the single Tempotron classifier, its performance is inherently limited. In this work, we devise the multilayer spiking neuron training rules for event pattern classification in distributed wireless sensor networks. We also show that the proposed architecture improves classification accuracy by a considerable amount as compared to a single Tempotron model’s performance.
A Rebuttal-Based Social Norms-Tailored Cannabis Intervention for At-Risk Adolescents

Many past cannabis prevention campaigns have proven largely ineffective due in part to the diversity of adolescents’ cannabis-relevant beliefs. The current studies evaluated the impact of a sequential multiple message approach tailored to the usage norms of adolescents expressing negative attitudes toward a cannabis prevention appeal. A multiple-message strategy was implemented—initial unfavorable message evaluations were invalidated using attitudinal rebuttal feedback prior to presenting a third tailored communication. Participants were cannabis-abstinent middle and high school students (ages 11 to 16). Study 1 (N = 808) compared effects of gain- and loss-framed messages tailored to each student’s normative usage perceptions. In Study 2 (N = 391), students were randomly assigned to receive a tailored or non-tailored message after receiving feedback meant to destabilize anti-message attitudes. For at-risk adolescents in Study 1 who perceived cannabis use as normative, a tailored gain-framed message resulted in the lowest usage intentions (p < .05). In Study 2, a conditional multiple-moderated mediation model showed that for high-risk teens with normative beliefs and pro-cannabis attitudes, exposure to a tailored gain-framed communication was associated with decreased cannabis attitude certainty, and lower usage intentions 2 months later (p < .05). Findings have implications for sequential messaging utilization in mass media campaigns and support the efficacy of tailored messages over a one-size-fits-all media approach. Further, results suggest that systematically weakening resistance to persuasive communications and tailoring messages consistent with individually perceived peer norms is an effective prevention strategy.
Persian Authorship and Canonicity in Late Mughal Delhi: Building an Ark: Prashant Keshavmurthy, New York: Routledge (Iranian Studies, 33), 2016, ISBN 9780367876449 (hbk), 178 pp.

This book is an ambitious, deeply exciting history of subjectivity in eighteenth-century Persianate South Asia. Keshavmurthy crafts meticulous portraits of three authors: literary historian and bio...
A New Paradigm for On-chip Quantum Photonics: Highly Uniform Single Photon Source Arrays

We present a new class of on-chip scalable spatially-ordered single photon sources with highly promising spectral characteristics (uniformity 99.5% with potential unity indistinguishability) adequate for enabling long-sought monolithically integration or hybrid-integration with silicon photonics platforms for photonic quantum information processing.
"Who Ya Gonna C(S)ite?" Ghostbusters and the Environmental Regulation Debate

* Associate Professor of Law, Louisiana State University (LSU) Law Center. JD, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) Law School; AMLS, University of Michigan; MA, BA, Michigan State University. This Essay grew out of the introductory lecture and discussion of clips from Ghostbusters in an experimental course which I co-taught with Professors Melvyn R. Durchslag, Andrew P. Morriss, and Wendy E. Wagner at CWRU Law School in 1994 and 1995. See Christine A. Corcos et al., Teaching a Megacourse: Adventures in Environmental Policy, Co-Teaching, and Group Grading, 47 J. Legal Educ. 224 (1997). The term megacourse was created by the bemused and desperate Associate Dean, Wilbur C. Leatherberry, who tired of repeating the course's official title, Selected Problems in Environmental Law and Policy, along with four faculty names on every CWRU Law School curricular document. He eventually abbreviated the course title to "Mega" and the names to "Faculty." I wish to thank Dr. Morriss and Professor Wagner, kindred spirits, for many stimulating discussions about the importance of environmental law, law and film, slimers, etc. I am particularly indebted to Professor Wagner for her valuable comments on the symbolism of Ghostbusters and for the value-added pun in the title of this Essay. Professor Jay Bybee of LSU kindly provided guidance in the Chevron area, Professor John Devlin, also of LSU, made useful suggestions about pedagogy, symbolism, and the nature of evil over muffalattas and beer, and Professor Kenneth Muchison of LSU read the manuscript with great attention and contributed valuable criticisms. Professor Thomas C. Galligan gave questions about potential application of the Federal Tort Claims Act much more consideration than they deserve. Professor Jonathan Entin, of CWRU, commented wisely on a film he still has not seen. Thanks are also due to Cheryl Cheatham, CWRU Law Library, for her thoughtful comments on an early draft of this Article, and to Alison Colwell, CWRU Law School Class of 1996) and Jill Kuswa, LSU Law Center Class of 1998, for superb research assistance.
Ecological data sharing

Data sharing is the practice of making data available for use by others. Ecologists are increasingly generating and sharing an immense volume of data. Such data may serve to augment existing data collections and can be used for synthesis efforts such as meta-analysis, for parameterizing models, and for verifying research results (i.e., study reproducibility). Large volumes of ecological data may be readily available through institutions or data repositories that are the most comprehensive available and can serve as the core of ecological analysis. Ecological data are also employed outside the research context and are used for decision-making, natural resource management, education, and other purposes. Data sharing has a long history in many domains such as oceanography and the biodiversity sciences (e.g., taxonomic data and museum specimens), but has emerged relatively recently in the ecological sciences. A review of several of the large international and national ecological research programs that have emerged since the mid-1900s highlights the initial failures and more recent successes as well as the underlying causes—from a near absence of effective policies to the emergence of community and data sharing policies coupled with the development and adoption of data and metadata standards and enabling tools. Sociocultural change and the move towards more open science have evolved more rapidly over the past two decades in response to new requirements set forth by governmental organizations, publishers and professional societies. As the scientific culture has changed so has the cyberinfrastructure landscape. The introduction of community-based data repositories, data and metadata standards, software tools, persistent identifiers, and federated search and discovery have all helped promulgate data sharing. Nevertheless, there are many challenges and opportunities especially as we move towards more open science. Cyberinfrastructure challenges include a paucity of easy-to-use metadata management systems, significant difficulties in assessing data quality and provenance, and an absence of analytical and visualization approaches that facilitate data integration and harmonization. Challenges and opportunities abound in the sociocultural arena where funders, researchers, and publishers all have a stake in clarifying policies, roles and responsibilities, as well as in incentivizing data sharing. A set of best practices and examples of software tools are presented that can enable research transparency, reproducibility and new knowledge by facilitating idea generation, research planning, data management and the dissemination of data and results.
Fundamental period of irregular moment‐resisting steel frame structures

SUMMARY The determination of the fundamental period of vibration of a structure is essential to earthquake design. Current code equations such as American Society of Civil Engineers Standard (ASCE) 7-10 provide formulas for the approximate period of moment-resisting frames (MRFs), which are dependent only on the height of the structure or number of stories. Such a formulation is overly conservative and unable to account for structures with geometric irregularities. This study investigated the fundamental periods of MRFs with varying geometric irregularities. The fundamental periods based on vibration theory for each example were compared with empirical equations, including current code equations as well as equations proposed in recent literature. New equations are proposed for the fundamental periods of MRFs, which take into account vertical and horizontal irregularities. Through statistical comparison, it was found that a three-variable power model that is able to account for irregularities resulted in a better fit to the Rayleigh data than equations that were dependent on height only. The proposed equations were validated through a comparison of available measured period data for MRFs. They will allow design engineers to quickly estimate the fundamental period of MRF structures by taking into account irregularities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Putting on a green carnival: Youth taking educated action on socioscientific issues

Socioscientific issues in connection to energy production, use or influence on climate change continue to be at the forefront of local, national, and global debates. The pressing nature of these issues requires citizens not only to understand relevant disciplinary knowledge but also to have the ability to use that knowledge to take action. This paper investigates the work of youth in an after school science program designed to examine socioscientific issues as they took educated action in science by putting on a “green carnival” for their peers and community members in relation to green energy issues. We approached this study as a critical ethnography working with youth as they planned and implemented a community event. In particular, we were interested in examining what taking educated action in and for one's community looks like and how youth leveraged community-based and scientific expertise to engage in this work. Our findings indicate that the intersection of place-based and science expertise provided an impetus for youth to take educated action in and for their community. They also indicate that merging place-based understandings with core science ideas resulted in youth creating a space to open dialog and alter the relationship between science and their community. We discuss the implications for science educators to consider the role of educated action in both informal and formal science learning spaces in order to foster civic action using scientific expertise. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 286–314, 2014
System Software: An Introduction to Systems Programming

1. Background. Introduction. System Software and Machine Structure. The Simplified Instructional Computer (SIC). Traditional (CISC) Architectures. RISC Architectures. 2. Assemblers. Basic Assembler Functions. Machine-Dependent Assembler Features. Machine-Independent Assembler Features. Assembler Design Options. Implementation Examples. 3. Loaders and Linkers. Basic Loader Functions. Machine-Dependent Loader Features. Machine-Independent Loader Features. Loader Design Options. Implementation Examples. 4. Macro Processors. Basic Macro Processor Functions. Machine-Independent Macro Processor Features. Macro Processor Design Options. Implementation Examples. 5. Compilers. Basic Compiler Functions. Machine-Dependent Compiler Features. Machine-Independent Compiler Features. Compiler Design Options. Implementation Examples. 6. Operating Systems. Basic Operating System Functions. Machine-Dependent Operating System Features. Machine-Independent Operating System Features. Operating System Design Options. Implementation Examples. 7. Other System Software. Database Management Systems (DBMS). Text Editors. Interactive Debugging Systems. 8. Software Engineering Issues. Introduction to Software Engineering Concepts. System Specifications. Procedural Design. Object-Oriented Design. System Testing Strategies. 0201423006T04062001
The Quest for Educational Excellence

A review of the bookΓC£The Global Fourth Way: The Quest for Educational Excellence.ΓC¥ By Andy Hargreaves and Dennis Shirley. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2012. ISBN: 978-1412987868 ┬aIndividual chapters in The Global Fourth Way center on examples of high performance in Finland, Singapore, Alberta (Canada), Ontario (Canada), England, and California (US). Each captures the essence of educational models, practices, and issues in the region at large, before focusing on specific cases that support key values in their proposal. For example, in ΓC£Chapter Five ΓCo Alberta: Innovation with
Architecture-driven reuse of code in KASE

In order to support the synthesis of large, complex software systems, we need to focus on issues pertaining to the architectural design of a system in addition to algorithm and data structure design. An approach that is based on abstracting the architectural design of a set of problems in the form of a generic architecture, and providing tools that can be used to instantiate the generic architecture for specific problem instances is presented. Such an approach also facilitates reuse of code between different systems belonging to the same problem class. An application of our approach on a realistic problem is described; the results of the exercise are presented; and how our approach compares to other work in this area is discussed.
Knowledge and power in wildlife management

Who has knowledge and how it is communicated between groups can help determine who has power in wildlife management. Despite a trend toward more transactional processes that purposefully incorporate stakeholder knowledge, technical and science-based information remain dominant inputs for wildlife governance in the United States and elsewhere. Thus, most decision-making rests with wildlife managers and politicians, depends on scientific knowledge, and includes varying involvement of local stakeholders. Resultant tension from top-down wildlife governance can result in conflict over stagnated decision-making in wildlife management. Understanding public perceptions of knowledge and power can help improve management effectiveness that balances top-down and bottom-up approaches. We used Michigan wolf management as a case study to explore these ideas, the first study to our knowledge to explore this relationship in regard to a delisted endangered species. Through semi-structured interviews of highly involved stakeholders throughout Michigan (n = 21) 6 months after wolves were delisted in August and September 2012, we qualitatively explored public perceptions related to 1) power inequalities among groups and 2) the role of scientific knowledge in decision-making associated with hunting wolves in Michigan. Emergent themes related to relationships between power and knowledge in wolf management were 1) sources of knowledge for decision-making, 2) political power overrides science in decision-making, 3) special interests disenfranchise other publics, and 4) mistrust of decision-makers exists among stakeholders. With further testing and validation, these themes might inform predictive models and inferential studies useful for public participant planning and stakeholder engagement. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Introduction to Arthropods: Systematics, Behavior and Ecology

The variety of living forms bewilders us with their diversity. However, more detailed inspection reveals strong threads of unity running throughout. Systematics identifies these threads and uses them to devise useful groupings, or classifications, of organisms. These groupings enable biologists to identify specific kinds of organisms, i.e., to recognize whether or not a given organism has been previously described and where it fits relative to other organisms. Thus, three fundamental tasks of biosystematics are to establish identifications, provide descriptions and erect classifications. Modern biology recognizes organisms as the products of millions of years of evolution and therefore classifications are viewed logically as reflecting to a greater or lesser extent, phylogenetic relationships.
Measuring the Hospital Length of Stay/Readmission Cost Trade-Off Under a Bundled Payment Mechanism

Summary If patients are discharged from the hospital prematurely, many may need to return within a short period of time. This paper investigates the relationship between length of stay and readmission within 30 days of discharge from an acute care hospitalization. It applies a two-part model to data on Medicare patients treated for heart attack in New York state hospitals during 2008 to obtain the expected cost of readmission associated with length of stay. The expected cost of a readmission is compared with the marginal cost of an additional day in the initial stay to examine the cost trade-off between an extra day of care and the expected cost of readmission. The cost of an additional day of stay was offset by expected cost savings from an avoided readmission in the range of 15% to 65%. Results have implications for payment reform based on bundled payment reimbursement mechanisms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Causal IIR perfect reconstruction subband coding

A class of perfect reconstruction (PR) subband coding schemes is proposed. It uses a bank of causal stable recursive filters both at the analysis and synthesis ends. A general method of parametrizing all causal stable infinite impulse response (IIR) perfect reconstruction filters is given. A complete description of the entire class of linear phase (unstable) IIR subband coding schemes is provided. >
Performance evaluation of multi-gate fets using the BSIM-CMG model

In this paper, different multi-gate transistor configurations are analyzed using the BSIM-CMG model with emphasis on performance scaling with parameter changes. We examine the effect of key parameters on the leakage current, delay and dynamic power for basic logic gates and the mirror adder. Simulation results indicate a linear increase in the leakage current and the dynamic power with increasing number of fins. On the other hand, with larger number of gates, the static current decreases. Minimum static power dissipation can be achieved with high number of gates and a lesser number of fins.
Rotational distributions of CO from the 193 nm photodissociation of BH3CO using nonresonant four-wave mixing for VUV generation

Abstract BH 3 CO is photolyzed using an excimer laser operating at 193 nm and the nascent rotational energy distributions in CO ν″ = 0 and ν″ = 1 are measured by using laser-induced fluorescence of the fourth positive system of CO near 140 nm. The rotational energy distributions in the two manifolds can be characterized by temperatures of 362 ± 22 and 175 ± 8 K, respectively. The tunable VUV is generated using a nonresonant four-wave mixing process in Hg vapor. This technique has enabled us to extend the range of laser-induced fluorescence measurements in the vacuum ultraviolet using a single dye laser.
In-Situ Preparation of TiC/Al 2 O 3 , TiN/Al 2 O 3 and TiN/AIN Composites From Alkoxide-Derived Precursors

The reaction between furfuryl alcohol (FuOH) and the hydrolysis product of a mixture of Ti(O-n-Bu)4 and Al(O-sec-Bu)3 (Al:Ti=1:1) resulted in the formation of soluble polymeric solids. Pyrolysis of these polymers in argon yielded TiC/A2O3 composite at 1250 °C. When these polymers were pyrolyzed in ammonia, TiN/Al2O3 or TiN/AlN composite was formed. All these composites showed fine microstructure and excellent homogeneity. Furthermore, the structure and pyrolysis chemistry of these polymeric precursors as well as the microstructure of the pyrolysis products were studied by means of FTIR, TGA, XRD, SEM, TEM, STEM, Auger, elemental analyses etc.
Precipitated κ-opioid receptor agonist withdrawal increases glutamate in rat locus coeruleus

Abstract Extracellular fluid levels of excitatory amino acids (glutamate, Glu; and aspartate, Asp) in the locus coeruleus and the behavioral signs during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from κ-opioid receptor agonists, butorphanol and (5α,7α,8β)-(+)- N -methyl- N -[7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro[4,5]dec-8-yl]-benzeneacetamide (U-69,593), were investigated by in vivo microdialysis. Increases in levels of Glu, but not of Asp, were noted after naloxone (12 or 48 nmol/5 μl, locus coeruleus)-precipitated withdrawal in the rats which had been intracerebroventricularly infused with butorphanol (26 nmol/1 μl/h) or U-69,593 (26 nmol/10 μl/h) for 3 days. The Glu levels in the locus coeruleus increased following administration of naloxone before and during the first 15-min sample after the precipitation of withdrawal in the butorphanol- or U-69,593-dependent rats. Furthermore, behavioral evidence of withdrawal (teeth-chattering, wet-dog shakes, etc.) was detected following the naloxone challenge in the butorphanol- and U-69,593-infused rats, but not in saline-infused controls. These results provide direct evidence to support the role of excitatory amino acids within the locus coeruleus in butorphanol or U-69,593 withdrawal.
Three-dimensional Model of the Structure and Evolution of Coronal Mass Ejections

We present a new three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model that describes the evolution of coronal magnetic arcades in response to photospheric flows. The dynamics of the system is discussed, and it is shown that the model reproduces a number of features characteristic of coronal mass ejection (CME) observations. In particular, we propose explanations for the three-part structure of CMEs observed at the solar limb and the formation and evolution of sigmoids and overlaying arcades. The model includes the effects of finite resistivity in the system and morphological changes induced by reconnection are studied. Reconnection is found to prevent the formation of highly twisted magnetic structures if the magnitude of photospheric velocity is close to the observed values. In addition, we suggest a novel explanation for the splitting of the CME's core prominence material observed in some eruptions. The distinguishing features of the model are the novel numerical methods used to evolve the MHD system and the formulation of the boundary conditions. The stiffness of the resistive MHD equations constitutes a major difficulty for numerical simulations. Calculations in our model are performed using recently introduced exponential propagation techniques that allow efficient integration of the equations with time steps far exceeding the CFL bound that constrains explicit schemes.
Oxygen isotope ranking of late Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifers: Implications for Oligocene sea-surface temperatures and global ice-volume

Abstract Oxygen isotope analyses of late Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifers from low and middle latitude sites in the Atlantic Basin show that different species from the same samples can yield significantly different isotopic values. The range of isotopic values observed between species is greatest at low-latitudes and declines poleward. Many planktonic foraminifers exhibit a systematic isotopic ranking with respect to each other and can therefore be grouped on the basis of their isotopic ranking. The isotopic ranking of some taxa, however, appears to vary geographically and/or through time. Isotopic and paleontologic data from DSDP Site 522 indicate that commonly used isotopic temperature scales underestimate Oligocene sea surface temperatures. We suggest these temperature scales require revision to reflect the presence of Oligocene glaciation. Comparison of isotopic and paleontologic data from Sites 522, 511 and 277 suggests cold, low-salinity surface waters were present in high southern latitudes during the early Oligocene. Lowsalinity, high latitude surface waters could be caused by Eocene/Oligocene paleogeography or by the production of warm saline bottom water.
Rank Based Dickey–Fuller Test Statistics

This article provides various comprehensive comparisons between Breitung–Gourieroux and Granger–Hallman rank statistics for the unit root test. New analytical asymptotic properties for the Granger–Hallman rank statistic are demonstrated. The statistic is of a Dickey–Fuller type, where the observations are replaced with their rank counterparts. Weak convergence results are given for the nonstationary random walk process when the errors are assumed to have higher than two moments. Empirical percentiles of both Breitung–Gourieroux and Granger–Hallman rank statistics are presented for different sample sizes. In addition, empirical powers and sizes for these rank statistics and for the Dickey–Fuller test statistic are shown for different distributions of the error terms.
Salmonella poona infection and surveillance in a neonatal nursery

Abstract Background: This article reports the first known outbreak of Salmonella poona infection in a neonatal unit. Three babies had stool cultures positive for the organism. At the same time, S. poona was the cause of a nationwide food-borne outbreak associated with contaminated canteloupe. To minimize the neonatal outbreak, surveys were performed and control measures were instituted. Methods: Epidemiologic surveillance included the culture of rectal swabs collected from 48 employees, 18 babies, and four family members of the babies. Control measures used included the placement in cohorts and isolation of infected babies, strict adherence to universal precautions, and the restriction of visitation in the nursery. Results: A total of three babies and one employee in the surveillance were found to have Salmonella sp. An additional two hospitalized adult patients had S. poona . Of all the people included in the surveillance, only the three babies were found to have S. poona . The hospital employee had S. enteritidis . Conclusions: Timely culture results, rapid cohort placement of infected babies, and strict adherence to universal precautions led to the successful eradication of the organism.
Electrical impedance myography: transitioning from human to animal studies.

Abstract Objective To determine the feasibility of performing electrical impedance myography (EIM) in rats. Methods EIM was performed on the hamstring muscles of 6 healthy adult rats with applied frequencies of 2–300kHz. Studies were performed over a 6-week period, with 3 rats having recordings made from the skin (surface EIM) and 3 with recordings directly from the muscle (direct-muscle EIM). In addition, sciatic nerve crush was performed on one rat and comparisons made pre- and post-injury. Reactance and resistance were measured and the primary outcome variable, the phase angle ( θ ), calculated. Results EIM patterns in the rat hamstring muscles were qualitatively similar to those observed in human subjects. This held true for both surface and direct-muscle recordings, although direct-muscle data appeared less repeatable. Sciatic nerve crush data in the single rat showed a dramatic reduction in phase and a relative loss of frequency-dependence. Conclusions EIM data similar to that obtained from human subjects can be acquired from rat muscles with surface recordings proving more consistent and easier to obtain than direct-muscle recordings. Changes seen with sciatic nerve crush mirror those seen in patients with neurogenic injury. Significance These results support the possibility of performing EIM on rat models of neuromuscular disease.
Distribution and mating call of the treefrog,Hyla chrysoscelis, at the northeastern edge of its range

The morphologically identical species of treefrogs,Hyla chryoscelis andH. versicolor, differ in the pulse-rate of the mating call, as established by previous workers, but there is much more overlap in the ranges of variation of the two species than has been realized. Individuals of both species may utter calls at from about 25 to 35 pulses per second, so within this range the influence of tempeerature must be considered in arriving at a specific determination.Hyla chrysoscleis is recorded for the first time from Delaware (sympatric withH. versicolor) and New Jersey. The northern range limit of this species on the Atlantic Coast is at approximately 390 North latitude, so far as presently known.
Focal radiation therapy of brain metastases after complete surgical resection

Brain metastases are a frequent occurrence in cancer patients and result in significant morbidity and mortality. The three main treatments for brain metastases include surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy, alone or in combination. After resection alone, local recurrence rates are high. Whole brain radiation therapy can decrease the probability of recurrence; however, this has some disadvantages. Focal radiation therapy (FRT) may provide many of the same benefits without some of these disadvantages. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed patients with single brain metastases treated with FRT after surgery. Doses ranged from 14 Gy as single dose stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to 54 Gy in 27 2-Gy fractions as conformal fractionated radiotherapy. Four of the seven patients had a same-site recurrence, with an average time to recurrence of 115.5 d. Median dose in the patients that had same-site recurrence was 42 Gy. One of these patients is currently living. Two patients did not have recurrence, and one patient had a recurrence at a different site within the brain. The low rate of out-of-field recurrences during the patients life indicates focal radiation may be a reasonable therapeutic alternative. Given the number of patients with same-site recurrences, wide field margins around the tumor volume or higher radiation doses than those typically used in palliative regimens may be useful in post-excisional FRT. Additionally, we found that a longer delay in the initiation of FRT after initial diagnosis may result in a decreased time to same-site recurrence. However, further studies are warranted given the small number of patients in this study.
Role of divalent ions in poly U-directed phenylalanine polymerization

The activity of different divalent cations in the poly U-directed transfer of phenylalanine from phenylalanyl sRNA to polyphenylalanine was investigated. Highly purified protein fractions (ribosome-dependent GTPase and the protein fraction which complements with ribosome-dependent GTPase in phenylalanine polymerization) and ribosomes were used. The order of activities Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Mn2+ was found. The products were confirmed as polyphenylalanine by paper chromatography. The related ribosome-dependent GTPase reaction was also investigated. If ammonium ions were present, the order of activities was Mg2+ > Mn2+ > Ca2+. In the absence of ammonium ions, this order was reversed. The requirements of both polymerization and GTPase reactions were studied in solutions containing magnesium and calcium ions. Considerable polymerization was found in solution containing calcium ions in the absence of added ribosome-dependent GTPase. The requirements of the polymerization reaction were investigated in greater detail by chromatography of the products. Significant synthesis of smaller peptides in the absence of added ribosome-dependent GTPase was then detected in solutions containing magnesium ions. We have studied the effect of removal of residual magnesium ions from the calcium ion system by previous dialysis of the ribosomes against a calcium ion solution. These ribosomes were still active, but small amounts of magnesium ion were stimulatory. The ribosomes were inactive after dialysis in the absence of divalent ions.
The far-ultraviolet spectra and geometric albedos of Jupiter and Saturn

Spectra and geometric albedoes in the range 1200 to 1940 A are compiled for Jupiter and Saturn on the basis of IUE observations. The spectra of both planets are dominated by H Lyman-alpha emission line at 1216 A, although absorption bands of C2H2 are apparent at longer wavelengths, particularly in the spectrum of Saturn, and the C I line at 1657 A is also observed. Geometric albedoes show emission features corresponding to the weak H2 Lyman and Werner bands around 1230-1280 A, auroral Lyman band emission, C I emission, and C2H2 absorption from 1600 to 1900 A. A model of atmospheric absorption in homogeneously mixed atmospheres of H2 and trace molecular absorbers is then presented and fit to the Jupiter albedo, resulting in a predicted atmosphere containing C2H2 and an unidentified molecular or particulate absorber. Finally, north-south maps of Jupiter continuum emission show limb darkening, and a comparison of equatorial and polar spectra indicates a polar increase in C2H2 absorption and weaker polar H2 emissions than previously reported.