cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repeated dose (28-day) administration of silver nanoparticles of varied size and coating does not significantly alter the indigenous murine gut microbiome

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used as antimicrobials in a number of applications, including topical wound dressings and coatings for consumer products and biomedical devices. Ingestion is a relevant route of exposure for AgNPs, whether occurring unintentionally via Ag dissolution from consumer products, or intentionally from dietary supplements. AgNP have also been proposed as substitutes for antibiotics in animal feeds. While oral antibiotics are known to have significant effects on gut bacteria, the antimicrobial effects of ingested AgNPs on the indigenous microbiome or on gut pathogens are unknown. In addition, AgNP size and coating have been postulated as significantly influential towards their biochemical properties and the influence of these properties on antimicrobial efficacy is unknown. We evaluated murine gut microbial communities using culture-independent sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments following 28 days of repeated oral dosing of well-characterized AgNPs of two different sizes (20 and 110 nm) and coatings (PVP and Citrate). Irrespective of size or coating, oral administration of AgNPs at 10 mg/kg body weight/day did not alter the membership, structure or diversity of the murine gut microbiome. Thus, in contrast to effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics, repeat dosing of AgNP, at doses equivalent to 2000 times the oral reference dose and 100-400 times the effective in vitro anti-microbial concentration, does not affect the indigenous murine gut microbiome.
Approximation of time-varying multiresolution data using error-based temporal-spatial reuse

We extend the notion of multi-resolution spatial data approximation of static datasets to spatio-temporal approximation of time-varying datasets. By including the temporal dimension, we allow a region of one time-step to approximate a congruent region at another time-step. Approximations of static datasets are generated by refining an approximation until a given error-bound is met. To approximate time-varying datasets we use data from another time-step when that data meets a given error-bound for the current time-step. Our technique exploits the fact that time-varying datasets typically do not change uniformly over time. By loading data from rapidly changing regions only, less data needs to be loaded to generate an approximation. Regions that hardly change are not loaded and are approximated by regions from another time-step. Typically, common techniques only permit binary classification between consecutive time-steps. Our technique allows a run-time error-criterion to be used between non-temporally consecutive time-steps. The errors between time-steps are calculated in a pre-processing step and stored in error-tables. These error-tables are used to calculate errors at run-time, thus no data needs to be accessed.
Effect of acetoacetate, butyrate, and uncoupling ionophores on growth and product formation of Clostridium acetobutylicum

Addition of 8–12 mM acetoacetate (AA) in uncontrolled-pH batch cultures ofC. acetobutylicum led to significant solvent production and averted the complete growth inhibition observed in control cultures. In controlled-pH cultures, the AA effect on solvent formation was not quite as pronounced, and that and the effect of 20 mM butyrate could be simulated and enhanced by the addition of FCCP, a potent uncoupler. The AA and butyrate effects on solvent production appear directly associated with their uncoupling action.
Photon-Assisted CVD Growth of Graphene Using Metal Adatoms As Catalysts

A photon-assisted CVD growth scheme of graphene using metal adatoms as catalysts at the edge of a graphene seed on noncatalytic surfaces, such as silicon dioxide (SiO2), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and graphene, is reported based on first-principles calculations. We systematically examine the possible graphene edge reactions with carbon precursors such as methane, ethylene, or acetylene, using Cu and Ni adatoms as catalysts. The metal atoms adsorbed at the graphene edge capture the ambient ethylene or acetylene molecules, and initiate a series of edge reactions that would be energetically unfavorable in the absence of metal adatoms catalysts. We also suggest that ultraviolet photons can be used to dissociate the stable metal–ethylene or metal–acetylene complex in order to sustain the catalytic reactions. The growth rate of the graphene seed is shown to be slightly higher when on an h-BN or graphene substrate. In principle, this process could also be used to heal graphene defects between flakes or impr...
Substrates Influence Stimulatory Effect of Mevalonic Acid on Carotenoid Production in Red Yeasts

ABSTRACT Stimulation of carotenogenesis in carotenoid producing red yeasts, algae, or bacteria for enhanced carotenoid production has been achieved by mevalonic acid addition. Recently, carotenoid-enriched feed was produced by Phaffia rhodozyma fermentation of inexpensive animal feeds. Because mevalonate improves carotenoid yield in P. rhodozyma in synthetic medium, this study tested whether a similar enhancement was possible in biobased substrates. Four concentrations, 0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.1% of mevalonate as a precursor of P. rhodozyma production of astaxanthin and β-carotene were evaluated in five substrates: defatted rice bran, full fat rice bran, wheat bran, corn whole stillage, and synthetic media. Additionally, four concentrations, 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5% of apple pomace and tomato pomace were also evaluated as precursors of carotenogenesis in P. rhodozyma fermentation of corn whole stillage and rice bran. Mevalonic acid, tomato pomace, and apple pomace enhanced carotenoid yields in all substrates i...
Application of equilibrium exchange kinetics to studies of kinetic properties at high enzyme concentrations: Experiments with yeast hexokinase P-II

Abstract The usefulness of isotope exchange at equilibrium measurements to define both the kinetic parameters and the kinetic reaction mechanism of enzymes at high levels of enzyme is demonstrated by studies of yeast hexokinase P-II. Additional support for this new application of equilibrium exchange kinetics, based upon previously published studies of a variety of enzymes, is also presented, and the advantages and limitations of this approach are discussed.
Buckling of a nonlinear elastic rod

Abstract The buckling of a pin-ended slender rod subjected to a horizontal end load is formulated as a nonlinear boundary value problem. The rod material is taken to be governed by constitutive laws which are nonlinear with respect to both bending and compression. The nonlinear boundary value problem is converted to a suitable integral equation to allow the application of bounded operator methods. By treating the integral equation as a bifurcation problem, the branch points (critical values of load) are determined and the existence and form of nontrivial solutions (buckled states) in the neighborhood of the branch points is established. The integral equation also affords a direct attack upon the question of uniqueness of the trivial solution (unbuckled state). It is shown that, under certain conditions on the material properties, only the trivial solution is possible for restricted values of the load. One set of conditions gives uniqueness up to the first branch point.
Shell Membranes of Eggs Differing in Shell Quality from Young and Old Hens

Abstract The relationship of shell quality of eggs from young (28 wk.) and old (72 wk.) hens, differing in shell quality, to the amount of shell membranes and chemical composition of the membranes was studied. Eggs from older hens had less shell membrane by weight than eggs from young hens. The age effect on membrane weight was much greater when expressed as weight per gram of egg since eggs from older hens were larger. Eggs with greater shell deformation had less shell membrane by weight and per gram of egg. Shell weight, shell thickness and percent shell of the egg were less, in eggs from old hens and in eggs with higher shell deformation. Shell membrane nitrogen was lower in eggs trom old hens but there were no differences in % total lipids due to treatment groups. Shell magnesium was less in eggs with higher shell deformation but greater in eggs from old hens. There were no differences in shell ash and calcium content due to treatment group.
Simulated Annealing Search Algorithm for the Determination of Activation Energies and Arrhenius Prefactors from Limited Experimental Kinetic Data

We present a kinetics search algorithm that can be used to determine the activation energies and Arrhenius prefactors for the elementary reaction steps in an overall reaction scheme from a small set of concentration versus time data. The algorithm assumes the availability of a small set of experimental kinetic data for species concentrations for at least two different temperatures. The search algorithm is based upon the minimization of a so-called error function that is the squared difference between the experimentally measured species concentrations and species concentrations that are predicted from a guessed set of activation energies and Arrhenius prefactors that govern each of the elementary steps in the reaction mechanism. The activation energy search algorithm presented in this work is based on the Simulated Annealing heuristic minimization algorithm. We test the search algorithm on three types of chemical reactions: a consecutive reaction with a reversible step, a parallel reaction, and a represen...
Narcissism and academic dishonesty: The exhibitionism dimension and the lack of guilt

Abstract Narcissism is associated with morally questionable behavior in the workplace, but little is known about the role of specific dimensions of narcissism or the mechanism behind these effects. The current study assessed academic dishonesty among college students. One hundred and ninety-nine participants either self-reported or reported others’ cheating behavior and completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Raskin & Terry, 1988 ). The exhibitionism dimension of the NPI predicted greater cheating; this effect was explained by the lack of guilt. The effects of exhibitionism held for the self but not other-report conditions, highlighting the key role of the self in narcissism. Findings held when controlling for relevant demographic variables and other narcissism factors. Thus the narcissists’ ambitions for their own academic achievement lead to cheating in school, facilitated by a lack of guilt for their immoral behavior.
Gas jets in fluidized media, turbulent diffusion flames, and condensing vapor jets in liquids

Abstract Dimensional analysis and similitude is used to examine the integral characteristics of turbulent diffusion flames, jets in fluidized media, and condensing vapor jets. Data such as flame length, momentum flux and mass entrainment for these disparate jets are described in a common dimensionless frame. This, entrainment in turbulent diffusion flames permits an estimate of the particle entrainment in gas jets in fluidized media. Conversely, since the penetration length of gas jets in fluidized media is affected by the gas to solid density ratio, similitude permits an assessment of flame to ambient density ratio upon turbulent diffusion flame length.
Increased platelet reactivity in patients given orbofiban after an acute coronary syndrome: an OPUS-TIMI 16 substudy

Patients receiving the oral glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitor orbofiban in the OPUS -TIMI 16 trial had a paradoxical increase in platelet reactivity with respect to both fibrinogen binding and alpha-granule degranulation, suggesting a mechanism for the lack of efficacy of orbofiban in the trial. Thus, sensitive assays of platelet reactivity may be helpful in the design of further clinical studies and implementation of antiplatelet therapy in patients.
Local ERM activation and dynamic growth cones at Schwann cell tips implicated in efficient formation of nodes of Ranvier.

Nodes of Ranvier are specialized, highly polarized axonal domains crucial to the propagation of saltatory action potentials. In the peripheral nervous system, axo–glial cell contacts have been implicated in Schwann cell (SC) differentiation and formation of the nodes of Ranvier. SC microvilli establish axonal contact at mature nodes, and their components have been observed to localize early to sites of developing nodes. However, a role for these contacts in node formation remains controversial. Using a myelinating explant culture system, we have observed that SCs reorganize and polarize microvillar components, such as the ezrin-binding phosphoprotein 50 kD/regulatory cofactor of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHERF-1), actin, and the activated ezrin, radixin, and moesin family proteins before myelination in response to inductive signals. These components are targeted to the SC distal tips where live cell imaging reveals novel, dynamic growth cone–like behavior. Furthermore, localized activation of the Rho signaling pathway at SC tips gives rise to these microvillar component–enriched “caps” and influences the efficiency of node formation.
Network community: virtual space for physical bodies

Increasing numbers of on-line venues for learning and engagement are emerging as virtual spaces become more accessible and commonplace. As analysts, we seek ways of talking about these spaces through a common language for understanding their organization and the nature of the interactions within them. This paper draws on a framework presented by Mynatt, et al., (1998) which provides a lens for viewing on-line community as a set of affordances. I apply this framework in a virtual educational setting, and conclude with a discussion of its applicability as a lens through which to analyze virtual community.
Testosterone Induced Growth of the Oviduct in the Frog, Rana pipiens: Evidence for Local Aromatization

Ovariectomized and immature frogs were injected with estradiol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or a combination of estradiol with one of the androgens. Controls were treated with oil. Dry oviduct weights were compared across groups. Ovariectomized animals treated with testosterone or estradiol plus testosterone had the largest oviducts, whereas oviducts were slightly smaller in groups treated with estradiol alone. DHT had no effect in mature ovariectomized animals and only a very slight effect in immature animals. Protein content of oviducts showed little significant difference between groups. These results suggest that oviduct growth in testosterone-treated animals may be due to aromatization of testosterone to estradiol. To test this hypothesis, oviduct tissue was incubated in vitro with or without testosterone. Estradiol levels in the medium were much higher when testosterone was present, indicating that aromatization can occur in the oviduct.
Impact of functional support on health-related quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND It has been shown that social integration and the availability of social support influence quality of life. However, little is known about the relation between social support and mental and physical health in patients with colorectal cancer. In the current study, the authors examined the effects of social network size, as well as emotional and instrumental support, on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS Six hundred thirty-six veterans with colorectal cancer were asked to complete a telephone interview, which included a measure of social support (the Berkman–Syme Index) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 12-Item Survey. Mean physical composite scale (PCS) and mental composite scale (MCS) scores were compared across groups. RESULTS No difference in mean PCS or MCS scores was found between patients who had larger social networks and patients who had smaller social networks. The availability of emotional and instrumental support was associated with higher MCS scores, whereas the availability of instrumental support was associated with lower PCS scores. CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of network size, the availability of emotional support and instrumental support had an impact on HRQOL in patients with colorectal cancer. More emphasis needs to be placed on understanding how various types of social support, individually and collectively, influence physical and mental health in patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
CRESYL VIOLET AS A STAIN FOR ROOT TIP SMEARS.

To be able to stain the nuclear structures by a simple method, so that the chromosomes are stained intensely against a clear background, in a relatively short period of time is an advantage for a biologist especially involved in mutation studies, when numerous preparations are to be made for comparative study of the morphology of the chromosomes1.
Reservoir competence of the rice rat (Rodentia: Cricetidae) for Borrelia burgdorferi.

The reservoir competence of the rice rat, Oryzomys palustris , for Borrelia burgdorferi is described. Infected Ixodes scapularis Say ( I. dammini , Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin) nymphs were used to infect animals. Borrelia infection was diagnosed by xenodiagnostic feeding of noninfected I. scapularis larvae and by reisolation of the spirochetes from blood and other tissues. Rice rats acquired B. burgdorferi and maintained spirochete infection for 5–9 wk. B. burgdorferi were cultured from samples of skin and urinary bladders from all animals killed on day 21 (three rats), 35 (three rats), or 56 (three rats) after infection. The spirochetes were also detected in blood samples obtained 1 and 2 wk after exposure. Spirochetes that persisted for 5 wk in rice rats did not lose their infectivity for golden Syrian hamsters. The prepatent period for infecting xenodiagnostic ticks was 1 wk. Overall, 75.6% of I. scapularis larvae ( n = 694) that fed on infected rice rats acquired B. burgdorferi. Prevalence of infection reached 83% in ticks that fed on tick-exposed animals during the 2nd–4th wk, 68% during the 5th wk, and 17.4% during the 9th wk. The duration of rice rat infectivity for ticks exceeded 2 mo. I. scapularis nymphs infected as larvae on rice rats transmitted B. burgdorferi. Taken together, these studies confirm the reservoir competence of the rice rat for B. burgdorferi.
A time framework based on magnetostratigraphy for the siwalik sediments of the Khaur area, Northern Pakistan

The magnetostratigraphy of eleven new sections in the Khaur area of northern Pakistan is presented. All specimens have been subjected to thermal demagnetization. The sections, taken in adjacent ravines incising the Siwalik formations nearly penpendicular to strike, form a temporal framework in which to interpret the biological and lithological information. A composite section is constructed from several long sections and is correlated to the magnetic polarity time scale (Chron 6 to Chron 15), providing absolute age information for the biostratigraphic zonations of Barry et al. (1982). Detailed sections along the strike of major stratigraphic marker beds document an isochronous horizon and form the basis for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The preservation of a polarity transition in fluvial sediments suggests continuity of sedimentation on a time scale of 103–104 years.
Iodine Content of Some Water Supplies in Goitrous Regions.

The following determinations of iodine in drinking water of goitrous regions are uniformly low, except in the case of Lasalle, Ill. Lasalle has 2 water supplies. It is stated that there is less goiter among those persons drinking water from these drift wells than the other source of supply, which was not analyzed.
Assignment of relative and absolute configuration of acyclic polyols and aminopolyols by circular dichroism - trends follow fischer's sugar family tree

Abstract Reference CD curves (measured in methylcyclohexane) of a homologous series of 1 ,2-polyols up to pentols derivatized as anthroates at 1-OH and p-methoxycinnamates at the remaining hydroxyl groups show a systematic trend that greatly simplifies assignments of relative and absolute configurations. The same trend also holds for the corresponding 1-aminopolyols, but not for 2-aminopolvols.
Collagenase activity in the gastro-intestinal tract.

An experimental study in rabbits demonstrates that a significant postoperative decrease in bursting wall pressure is associated with a similar reduction in the colonic collagen from around the anastomosis. Mature collagen is broken down by the action of specific enzyme collagenase. This has been estimated by a tissue-culture method and is produced by viable explants of mucosa. There is a significant increase in the amount of this enzyme produced post-operatively and it is suggested that this is responsible for the decrease in collagen and weakness of the colon. An increased amount of enzyme is produced by explants from the colon than from those of other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract. This is regarded as an important reason for the high incidence of colonic and rectal anastomotic breakdown compared with breakdown of anastomoses in other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract. Following colonic anastomosis there is increased collagenase production not only locally but throughout the gastro-intestinal tract, suggesting that wound healing is not only under local control.
Microscopic Theory of the Proximity-Induced Josephson Effect

The proximity-induced Josephson effect is studied microscopically by analysis of the quasiclassical transport equations in a sandwich geometry. The main Shapiro step is found at $V=\frac{h\ensuremath{\nu}}{4e}$. It is thus concluded that the proximity-induced Josephson effect is not seen in a recent experiment by Han et al.
Free‐living and aggregate‐associated Planctomycetes in the Black Sea

We examined the distribution of uncultured Planctomycetes phylotypes along depth profiles spanning the redox gradient of the Black Sea suboxic zone to gain insight into their respective ecological niches. Planctomycetes phylogeny correlated with depth and chemical profiles, implying similar metabolisms within phylogenetic groups. A suboxic zone sample was split into > 30 and 30 μm fraction except for members of the Scalindua genus, which were apparently free-living. Sequences from Candidatus Scalindua, known to carry out the anammox process, formed two distinct clusters with nonoverlapping depth ranges. One cluster, only 97.1% similar to the named species, was present at high nitrite/nitrate and low ammonium concentrations in the upper suboxic zone. We propose this sequence type be named ‘Candidatus Scalindua richardsii’. A second cluster, containing sequences more similar to ‘Candidatus Scalindua sorokinii’, was present at high ammonium and low nitrite conditions in the lower suboxic zone. Sequences obtained from the sulfidic zone (1000 m depth) yielded Planctomycetes from two uncharacterized Planctomycetacia clusters and three potentially new genera as well as sequences from the uncultured OP3 phylum.
Recent advances in the application of expressed protein ligation to protein engineering

Expressed protein ligation is a technique for joining recombinantly expressed proteins to polypeptides containing biophysical probes, post-translational modifications or unnatural amino acids. Recent advances have expanded the scope of expressed protein ligation and have allowed the approach to be applied to the study of basic biological questions.
Rayleigh-Taylor Gravity Waves and Quasi-periodic Oscillation Phenomena in X-Ray Binaries

Accretion onto compact objects in X-ray binaries (black hole, neutron star (NS), white dwarf) is characterized by non-uniform flow density profiles. Such an effect of heterogeneity in presence of gravitational forces and pressure gradients exhibits Rayleigh-Taylor gravity waves (RTGW). They should be seen as quasiperiodic wave oscillations (QPO) of the accretion flow in the transition (boundary) layer between the Keplerian disk and the central object. In this paper the author shows that the main QPO frequency, which is very close to the Keplerian frequency, is split into separate frequencies (hybrid and low branch) under the influence of the gravitational forces in the rotational frame of reference. The RTGWs must be present and the related QPOs should be detected in any system where the gravity, buoyancy and Coriolis force effects cannot be excluded (even in the Earth and solar environments). The observed low and high QPO frequencies are an intrinsic signature of the RTGW. The author elaborates the conditions for the density profile when the RTGW oscillations are stable. A comparison of the inferred QPO frequencies with QPO observations is presented. The author finds that hectohertz frequencies detected from NS binaries can be identified as the RTGW low branch frequencies. The author also predicts that an observer can see the double NS spin frequency during the NS long (super) burst events when the pressure gradients and buoyant forces are suppressed. The Coriolis force is the only force which acts in the rotational frame of reference and its presence causes perfect coherent pulsations with a frequency twice of the NS spin. The QPO observations of neutron binaries have established that the high QPO frequencies do not go beyond of the certain upper limit. The author explains this observational effect as a result of the density profile inversions. Also the author demonstrates that a particular problem of the gravity waves in the rotational frame of reference in the approximation of very small pressure gradients is reduced to the problem of the classical oscillator in the rotational frame of reference which was previously introduced and applied for the interpretation of kHZ QPO observation by Osherovich & Titarchuk.
Vapor pressure of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by a gas chromatographic headspace technique

Abstract The vapor pressure of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene was determined by a gas chromatographic headspace technique. The vapor pressure from 12-40°C was derived from the experimental data using the ideal gas law and then compared to extrapolations of literature data obtained by the Knudsen effusion technique. Excellent agreement was obtained. Advantages of the chromatographic headspace method over the effusion method were: (1) scrupulous purity was found tob e unnecessary since volatile impurities were chromatographically separated from the compound of interest, (2) the method was sensitive, to less than 10 -7 torr, using an electron capture detector, and (3) the method was experimentally simple, requiring materials that are readily available, i.e. , a gas chromatograph, a temperature bath, a few septum-capped bottles, and gas-tight syringes.
Optical coherence tomography of bleb-like subretinal lesions after retinal reattachment surgery.

PURPOSE: To report the optical coherence tomographic characteristics of persistent bleb-like subretinal lesions after retinal reattachment surgery, including scleral buckling and cryopexy. METHODS: Case reports. RESULTS: In two eyes of two patients yellow to yellowish-orange bleb-like lesions were found in the posterior pole after retinal reattachment surgery. The common aspects of the surgery were scleral buckling procedures and cryopexy. There were subretinal precipitates in some of the lesions. The lesions showed no associated leakage during fluorescein or indocyanine green angiography. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated that the bleb-like lesions were tiny retinal detachments. CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography examination of bleb-like subretinal lesions showed that they were actually retinal detachments. Our patients and previously reported patients developed these lesions after scleral buckling and cryopexy. These lesions may represent persistent retinal detachment because of the presence of protein in the subretinal fluid.
Scaling and the small-wave-vector limit of the form factor in phase-ordering dynamics.

The consequences of the scaling hypothesis in phase-ordering dynamics are examined. Dynamics governed by the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau and Cahn-Hilliard-Cook equations are studied. An upper bound is found for the dynamical exponents. It is also found that for a critical quench with Cahn-Hilliard-Cook dynamics, if the length scale of the patterns increases as ${t}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ and the form factor behaves as ${k}^{\ensuremath{\delta}}$ for small $k$ then $\ensuremath{\delta}$ must be \ensuremath{\ge} 4. Experimental and numerical results give $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\simeq}4$.
Satellite-constellation design

Presents the rudiments of constellation design to familiarize the reader with some of this field's methods, issues, and concerns. Two exotic constellations are under consideration for various missions.
An evolutionary approach for nuclear stage development

Reusable nuclear shuttles /RNS/ for interorbital and escape missions, discussing alternate stage configurations, radiation shielding, subsystem options, etc
Inhibition of Rap1A binding to cytochrome b558 of NADPH oxidase by phosphorylation of Rap1A

Rap1A is a low molecular weight guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein in human neutrophil membranes whose cellular function is unknown. Rap1A was found to form stoichiometric complexes with the cytochrome b558 component of the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase system. The (guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-gamma-S)-bound form of Rap1A bound more tightly to cytochrome b558 than did the guanosine diphosphate-bound form. No complex formation was observed between cytochrome b558 and H-Ras-GTP-gamma-S or Rap1A-GTP-gamma-S that had been heat-inactivated, nor between Rap1A-GTP-gamma-S and hydrophobic proteins serving as controls. Complex formation between Rap1A-GTP-gamma-S and cytochrome b558 was inhibited by phosphorylation of Rap1A with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase. These observations suggest that Rap1A may participate in the structure or regulation of the NADPH oxidase system and that this function of the Rap1A protein may be altered by phosphorylation.
The determinants of international reserves in the small open economy: The case of Honduras☆

Abstract The strong monetary approach to the balance of payments suggests that for a small open economy with a fixed exchange rate, international-reserve losses are due to money-supply growth in excess of growth in money demand, where money demand is assumed to be a stable function of exogenously given income and world prices. This paper tests the applicability of the strong monetary approach to Honduras during the period 1960–1983. Although the strong monetary approach provides a statistical explanation of reserve movements during this period, insights into the underlying causes of reserve changes can be obtained through recognition of the importance of the income terms of trade in determining both real income and domestic-credit growth in the small open economy.
On The Relevance of Signed Languages to Research in Interpretation

Abstract: Research using interpreters who work with signed languages can aid us in understanding the cognitive processes of interpretation in general. Using American Sign Language (ASL) as an example, the nature of signed languages is outlined first. Then the difference between signed languages and manual codes for spoken languages is delineated, and it is argued that these two manners of communicating through the visual channel offer a unique research opportunity. Finally, an example from recent research is used to demonstrate how comparisons between spoken-language interpreters and signed-language interpreters can be used to test hypotheses regarding interpretation.Resume: Les recherches sur les interpretes travaillant avec les langues des signes peuvent nous aider a comprendre les processus cognitifs de l'interpretation en general. Prenant comme exemple la American Sign Language (ASL), l'auteur souligne tout d'abord la nature des langues des signes. Puis est decrite la difference entre les langues des signes et les codes manuels pour les langues parlees, et il est montre que ces deux types de communication par le canal visuel presentent des possibilites tres interessantes pour la recherche. En fin d'article, il est montre a travers une recente etude comment les comparaisons entre les interpretes des langues parlees et ceux des langues des signes peuvent etre utilisees pour tester des hypotheses relevant de l'interpretation.
Cis -Acting Elements Regulate Expression of the Cardiac Specific Homeobox Gene, Csx/Nkx2.5

Cis -Acting Elements Regulate Expression of the Cardiac Specific Homeobox Gene, Csx/Nkx2.5
Absorption spectra of Cr3+ in Al2O3 under shock compression

Unpolarized absorption spectra of single crystals of Cr3+ doped Al2O3 (synthetic ruby) have measured using a new, time-resolving, dispersive, streak photographic system over the range ∼350 to ∼700 nm during a series of shock loading experiments. The crystal field absorptions assigned to the transition 4 A 2g→4 T 2g were observed to shift in a series of experiments from 555±1 nm at atmospheric pressure to 503±5 nm at 46 GPa. In a single experiment at 32 GPa the 4 A 2g→4 T 1g transition was observed to shift from 405±1 to 386±5 nm. The present data extrapolate downwards in compression toward the 10 GPa data of Stephens and Drickamer (1961) although both crystal field absorption energies increase considerably less with compression than predicted by the simple ionic point charge model. The single datum observed for the Racah parameter B, 588±38 cm−1 at 32 GPa, is consistant with previous results to 10 GPa and the trend of decreasing B, with compression expected from the divergence of the data from the point charge model due to increasing covalancy.
Two alternatives in national governance of marine hard minerals in the U.S. exclusive economic zone

Abstract Even though market conditions and expert consensus show minerals development is years away, two different approaches are being espoused for governing this activity in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone. This paper discusses the events leading up to these two attempts to govern marine hard minerals and presents a set of criteria to define the national interest in offshore hard minerals. Using this criteria, the paper compares the two alternatives, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and the Lowry Bill, and concludes that amending the former would be preferable to passing the latter.
PI-3K controls B cells' sweet tooth

Comment on Doughty et al, page [4458][1] B cells need to meet specific energy demands of their rapid exponential growth. Doughty and colleagues show that B-cell–receptor engagement increases glucose metabolism through PI-3K signaling. Mature lymphocytes have specific energy requirements that
Fetomaternal aspects of immunization with RA27/3 live attenuated rubella virus vaccine during pregnancy

1. Weibel, RE, Stokes J, Buynak EB, Whitman JE, Leagus MB, and Hilleman MR. Live attenuated rubelia virus vaccines prepared in duck embryo cell culture: clinical test in families and in an institution, JAMA 205:554, 1968. 2. Veronelli JA: An open community trial of live rubella vaccines, JAMA 213:1829, 1970. 3. Scott HD, and Byrne EB: Exposure of susceptible pregnant women to rubella vaccines, JAMA 215:609, 1971. 4. Halstead SB, and Diwan AR: Failure to transmit rubella virus vaccine, JAMA 215:634, 1971. 5. Fleet WF, Schaffner W, and Lefkowitz WB: Exposure of susceptible teachers to rubella vaccines, Am J Dis Child 123:28, 1972.' 6. Grillner L, Hedstr6m C-E, Bergstr/Sm H, Forssman L, Rigner A, and Lycke E: Vaccination against rubella of newly delivered women, Scand J Infect Dis 5:237, 1973. 7 . Heggie AD, and Robbins FC: Natural rubella acquired after birth: clinical features and complications, Am J Dis Child 118:12, 1969. 8, Meyer HM, Parkman PD, Hobbins TE, Larson H, Davis WJ, Simsarian JP, and Hope HE: Attenuated rubella viruses: laboratory and clinical characteristics, Am J Dis Child 118:155, 1969. 9. Brimovici-Klien E, Hite RL, Byrne RT, and Cooper LZ: Isolation of rubella virus in milk after post-partum immunization, J PEDIATR 91:939, 1977. 10. Horstmann DM: Rubella: the challenge of its control, J Infect Dis 123:640, 1971.
icuARM-An ICU Clinical Decision Support System Using Association Rule Mining

The rapid development of biomedical monitoring technologies has enabled modern intensive care units (ICUs) to gather vast amounts of multimodal measurement data about their patients. However, processing large volumes of complex data in real-time has become a big challenge. Together with ICU physicians, we have designed and developed an ICU clinical decision support system icuARM based on associate rule mining (ARM), and a publicly available research database MIMIC-II (Multi-parameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II) that contains more than 40,000 ICU records for 30,000+patients. icuARM is constructed with multiple association rules and an easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI) for care providers to perform real-time data and information mining in the ICU setting. To validate icuARM, we have investigated the associations between patients' conditions such as comorbidities, demographics, and medications and their ICU outcomes such as ICU length of stay. Coagulopathy surfaced as the most dangerous co-morbidity that leads to the highest possibility (54.1%) of prolonged ICU stay. In addition, women who are older than 50 years have the highest possibility (38.8%) of prolonged ICU stay. For clinical conditions treatable with multiple drugs, icuARM suggests that medication choice can be optimized based on patient-specific characteristics. Overall, icuARM can provide valuable insights for ICU physicians to tailor a patient's treatment based on his or her clinical status in real time.
ON THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF CUBENE C8H6

Abstract Hartree-Fock (HF) and multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) wavefunctions of cubene C 8 H 6 have been calculated which indicate that the ground state 1 A 1 of the molecule is better described as a diradical than a CC double bonded structure. The 3 B 2 state is found to lie ≈ 0.94 eV above the ground state and the 1 B 2 state ≈ 4.4 eV above the ground state. The dissociation energy for β-CH bond cleavage in the cubyl radical C 8 H 7 to form C 8 H 6 ( 1 A 1 ) + H is estimated to be 74 kcal/mol compared to 91 kcal/mol for CH bond cleavage in cubane C 8 H 8 to form C 8 H 7 + H. β-CH bonds in the cubyl radical are much stronger than β-CH bonds in acyclic alkyl radicals.
Polarization of luminescence and site symmetry of the Xe center in diamond

Abstract We report on polarized photoluminescence studies of the Xe ion-related optical center in diamond. The sample was a single crystal CVD diamond film grown along the (0 0 1) crystallographic plane. The film was irradiated with 180 keV Xe+ ions at room temperature at a dose 5×1012 cm−2 and annealed at 1400 °C. The emission of the sample with laser excitation at 647 nm exhibits the first and second order Raman spectra of diamond, a broad band due to the phonon sideband of the GR1 center, and the Xe center-related features: two zero phonon lines at 813 nm and at 794 nm and a respective vibrational sideband. The Huang–Rhys factor for the Xe center was estimated to be exp(−S)=0.3 at room temperature. The polarization of the Xe center photoluminescence was studied as a function of the sample rotation. The center was established to be a 〈1 1 1〉 oriented defect with a circular dipole absorption transition at 647 nm, a circular dipole emission transition at 794 nm, and a linear dipole emission transition at 813 nm. Possible models of the center were discussed.
Following movement of domain IV of elongation factor G during ribosomal translocation

Translocation of mRNA and tRNAs through the ribosome is catalyzed by a universally conserved elongation factor (EF-G in prokaryotes and EF-2 in eukaryotes). Previous studies have suggested that ribosome-bound EF-G undergoes significant structural rearrangements. Here, we follow the movement of domain IV of EF-G, which is critical for the catalysis of translocation, relative to protein S12 of the small ribosomal subunit using single-molecule FRET. We show that ribosome-bound EF-G adopts distinct conformations corresponding to the pre- and posttranslocation states of the ribosome. Our results suggest that, upon ribosomal translocation, domain IV of EF-G moves toward the A site of the small ribosomal subunit and facilitates the movement of peptidyl-tRNA from the A to the P site. We found no evidence of direct coupling between the observed movement of domain IV of EF-G and GTP hydrolysis. In addition, our results suggest that the pretranslocation conformation of the EF-G–ribosome complex is significantly less stable than the posttranslocation conformation. Hence, the structural rearrangement of EF-G makes a considerable energetic contribution to promoting tRNA translocation.
Meta‐Analysis of the Effects of Peer‐Administered Psychosocial Interventions on Symptoms of Depression

Many community mental health centers have implemented peer treatment models that employ recovered former clients as cost-efficient adjunct providers. The effectiveness of these and other peer-administered interventions (PAIs) for treating depression symptoms has not been well-established. The current study is a meta-analysis of PAIs’ effects on depression symptoms. Twenty-three eligible studies were identified. Study characteristics were coded by multiple raters, random-effects models were used to compare mean effect sizes, and mixed-effects models were used to test for moderation. PAIs produced significant pre-post reductions in depression symptoms (d = .5043 [95 % CI .3675–.6412]). In direct comparisons, PAIs performed as well as non-peer-administered interventions (.0848 [−.1455–.3151]), and significantly better than no-treatment conditions (.2011 [.0104–.3918]). PAIs that involved a professional in a secondary treatment role were significantly less effective than those that were purely peer-administered, and educational/skills-based PAIs produced better outcomes than those that were mainly supportive. Follow-up data, when available, indicated that PAIs’ benefits were maintained. PAIs reduce depression symptoms and warrant further study. The clinical significance of PAIs’ benefits, and whether they are better suited as stand-alone or adjunct treatments, remain to be established. Implications for the roles of mental health professionals are discussed.
Stiffness-Based Assessment of Pavement Foundation Materials Using Portable Tools

Traditional pavement quality assurance has focused on soil density and moisture content. Implementation of new mechanistic design methods calls for measuring the resilient modulus of constructed layers to determine whether it matches the modulus used during the pavement design process. Several tools have been marketed for this purpose in recent years. Eleven soil test beds were constructed at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center to evaluate three of these tools. The study showed that the tools were simple to use and generally obtained repeatable results, but additional information regarding the true nature of the modulus measured by these tools was required to implement their use.
A Low-Cost Time Transfer Receiver for Contributions to Coordinated Universal Time

This paper describes a low-cost time transfer receiver that allows timing laboratories, including national metrology institutes and other designated institutions, to contribute data to the computation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The time transfer receiver compares a laboratory’s local realization of UTC, to signals broadcast by Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. It stores the measurement results in a format compatible with international standards, and sends data via the Internet to the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) for inclusion in the UTC computation. In addition to being inexpensive, the receiver was designed to be easy to use, allowing recently established timing laboratories to begin contributing to UTC with a minimal investment in training.
A perspective on the southern Italian sequence: the second tonary of the manuscript Monte Cassino 318

The medieval sequence was one of the most distinguished artistic achievements of the Carolingian age. In creating the genre, Frankish poet–musicians moulded text and music into a new and extraordinary synthesis, and created a composition that stood proudly apart from the Gregorian Propers that surrounded it in the Mass. The new style must have spread quickly throughout the Frankish Empire, eventually reaching well beyond its borders. Pieces from the earliest centres travelled far and wide and inspired new works at every turn — faithful imitations or adaptations, as well as works in which the style was consciously modified to reflect the different aesthetics of distant realms. The legacy of surviving sources, however, does not permit the details of these early developments to be traced; even the precise dates and places where the sequence was first cultivated remain obscure. The earliest surviving sources from most regions give access to only relatively mature stages of development, which already reveal a complex web of interrelationships that has been difficult to untangle.
The pathogenesis and pathology of rabies virus infection

After devoting four years to the s tudy of rabies, Pas teur said: ~c To begin by looking for a cure is generally a fruitless task. To act in such a way is just hoping to hit upon progress by chance. [I t is] much bet ter to t ry first to unders tand the nature [of the infection], the cause and the course of the disease, in the distant hope t ha t one day you will find a means of prevention. If rabies today is no longer an insoluble problem, it is to this method of working t h a t we owe our progress ~ [13]. I t is because of this kind of perspective t ha t we acknowledge Pas teur as the father of infectious disease pathogenesis. Pas teur ' s mot ive in studying the pathogenesis of rabies was to develop rat ional means for t r ea tmen t and prevention of disease in the individual. His focus on the individual was continued by generations of investigators who followed, and this still is our focus when we consider therapeut ics . Today, however, pathogenetic concepts must extend to whole host populations as well, so as to provide a rat ional basis for understanding viral natural history. To illustrate: in rabies in feral animal populations, the fatal outcome of a very high proport ion of all infections serves to circumvent the development of any degree of natural c~ herd immuni ty ,, t ha t would otherwise deter the movement , persistence and reintroduction of the virus. In nature, rabies virus cycles in concert with the empty ing and repopulat ing of reservoir host econiches; the slow course of infection in individual reservoir host animals assures tha t virus will survive until new susceptible generations repopulate econiches to a density suitable for efficient virus transmission [9]. If the fatal outcome of rabies infection in the individual animal is a key to its natural history in whole populations, then an explanat ion of its pathogenetic basis has added interest [8]. The explanation is immediate ly extendable from experimental animal species, to wildlife species, to domestic animal species and to man there is no pathogenetic difference between rabies infection in reservoir host species, such as dogs, foxes and raccoons, and t h a t in c~ dead-end ~ host species, such as cattle, horses and man. Differences in virus transmission relate more to different biting tendencies of various animals when they are rabid.