cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient notification and follow-up after suspension of treatment protocols. experience from four clinical trials of treatments for AIDS-related CMV retinitis.

Abstract We reviewed procedures for and data about patient notification of the suspension of the treatment protocol for four clinical trials. We also examined how data collected after the suspensions were used. All four trials were designed to evaluate treatments for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS and were conducted by the Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group. Documentation that patients were notified of the results varied from 62–100% with three of the four studies documenting the process for ⩾92% of patients. The median time between the recommendation for protocol suspension and patient notification varied from 7–49 days with three of the four trials at 12 days or fewer. Most of the analyses of data collected after the suspension of the treatment protocol did not focus on comparisons among treatment groups. Although they provided useful information about the long-term outcomes and the nature of the disease, they did not alter the conclusions about safety and efficacy from the randomized portion of the trial. Control Clin Trials 2001;22:62–68
Abstract LB-322: Casein kinase 2 is a major regulator of medulloblastoma growth

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, accounting for about 20% of all cases. While surgery, craniospinal irradiation, and chemotherapy have resulted in a cure rate of 70%, the surviving patients are afflicted with neurocognitive impairment, endocrine dysfunction, and a severe decrease in quality of life. Consequently, better and more effective treatments are needed to treat these young patients. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is an intriguing therapeutic target for MB because it is dysregulated in all the MB molecular subgroups and patients with high CK2 expression have a significantly worse prognosis. To elucidate the role of CK2 in MB we transduced multiple MB cell lines with CK2 isoforms. We discovered that a CK2 isoform, CK2a, increased tumorigenesis in both the Sonic Hedgehog and Group 3 MB subgroups, while knocking down expression ameliorated MB growth. Through these transduced cell lines we also determined that CK2 can regulate MB tumorigenesis through b-catenin and potentially GLI1. Moreover, mice orthotopically injected with MB cells over-expressing CK2a or CK2b displayed a reduced survival compared to control. We extended our analysis to a CK2 inhibitor, CX-4945, which is currently undergoing phase I/II clinical trials for toxicity and safety. Treatment with CX-4945 reduced MB cell growth and also reduced expression of MGMT, a well-known regulator of temozolomide (TMZ) efficacy. Our findings were corroborated when we screened 4,000 FDA approved compounds to identify molecules that work synergistically with CX-4945. TMZ was one of the major compounds that were identified in the screen, suggesting that CX-4945 treatment can sensitize MB cells to TMZ by dysregulating MGMT. Combinatorial treatment with CX-4945 and TMZ had a synergistic effect on reducing MB tumor growth. Together, our findings suggest that CK2 is a novel therapeutic target for MB and that combining CX-4945 and TMZ can lead to a promising new MB therapy. Citation Format: Ryan Nitta, Sara Matilda Bolin, Ginikachi Nwagbo, Teresa Purzner, Suzana Kahn, Yoon-Jae Cho, Gordon Li. Casein kinase 2 is a major regulator of medulloblastoma growth [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-322.
New Combinations in Crocodeilanthe (Pleurothallidinae, Orchidaceae)

Four new combinations in Crocodeilanthe (Pleurothallidinae, Orchidaceae) are proposed. A second-step lectotype is selected for Pleurothallis stelidioides and a first-step lectotype for Pseudostelis bradei.
Punishing Politeness: The Role of Language in Promoting Brand Trust

Morality is an abstract consideration, and language is an important regulator of abstract thought. In instances of moral ambiguity (e.g., ethically ambiguous business practices), individuals may pay particular attention to matters of interactional justice (i.e., how consumers are treated with politeness and dignity by the brand in question). Politeness in language has been linked to greater perceptions of social distance, which we contend is instrumental in regulating attitudes toward a brand. We posit that politeness in a brand’s advertising will impact consumers who are attuned to violations of interactional justice [i.e., those with low belief in a just world (BJW)]. In three studies, we demonstrate that the politeness used in advertising as well as consumers’ individual differences in BJW affect judgments and attitudes toward brands. Specifically, individuals with a low just world belief are more likely to harbor negative attitudes towards a brand with ethically ambiguous business practices if the language used in advertising is impersonal (politer) than when the language used in advertising is personal (less polite). Importantly, for individuals with a low BJW, lowered trust due to the advertisement’s language mediated the relationship between politeness and attitudes toward the brand. Theoretical and managerial implications of this research are discussed.
Endolegomena Loipa: The Forked Animal

In this third lecture, Quine returns to the mentalistic language accompanying perception and wonders to what extent it is physically defensible and respectable. He explains that even at the level of observation sentences we have a device for ascribing perceptual events. There is a bifurcation between physicalistic and mentalistic talk with basic observation sentences as seen in the difference between ‘It is raining’ and ‘Bob perceives that it is raining’. He explains how the relation of perception between humans and objects can fit his physicalistic framework while remaining very disjointed. What holds its disjointed nature together is a trait of a higher order found in the learning process itself. Each class of perceptual events, be they auditory, visual or otherwise, is a class by which a subject can be taught to name the object in question.
The antecedents and consequences of adolescent fatherhood: A systematic review.

Abstract Rationale Although several systematic reviews have addressed the antecedents and consequences of adolescent motherhood, none have examined adolescent fatherhood. Objectives The aims of this systematic review were to identify evidence-based factors that increase the probability of adolescent fatherhood and to identify outcomes that differ between adolescent fathers compared to two other groups, namely adult fathers and non-father age peers. The current study used a theoretical framework, Parke's systems view, to guide the review. Method The search strategy included a bibliographic search of PubMed and PsycINFO. To be included, publications had to be (a) peer-reviewed, (b) quantitative studies, (c) published in English, and (d) compare adolescent fathers ( 19 years) or to non-father peers (13- to 19-years old). Results A total of 2869 unique published sources were screened and 39 met these inclusion criteria. More than half of the articles focused on antecedents (k = 24), with the most consistent evidence showing that adolescent fathers come from disadvantaged backgrounds characterized by single-parent households and low parental socioeconomic status. There is also evidence that adolescent fathers were disproportionately Black or Latino (vs. White), had lower academic competence, engaged in more delinquent behavior (e.g., vandalism), and had peers who engaged in more anti-social behaviors. Articles on the outcomes of adolescent fatherhood (k = 23) yielded consistent evidence that their offspring are at greater risk of being preterm or low birthweight and psychological disorders as compared to the offspring of adult fathers. Conclusions Much of the literature was published prior to the year 2000, and methodological weaknesses are noted. Nonetheless, this review has implications for beginning to establish an evidence-based understanding of adolescent fathers. Future rigorous and theory-driven research can provide an even clearer picture and a basis for intervention.
Implementation of 3D printing technology in the field of prosthetics: Past, present, and future

There is an interesting and long history of prostheses designed for those with upper-limb difference, and yet issues still persist that have not yet been solved. Prosthesis needs for children are particularly complex, due in part to their growth rates. Access to a device can have a significant impact on a child’s psychosocial development. Often, devices supporting both cosmetic form and user function are not accessible to children due to high costs, insurance policies, medical availability, and their perceived durability and complexity of control. These challenges have encouraged a grassroots effort globally to offer a viable solution for the millions of people living with limb difference around the world. The innovative application of 3D printing for customizable and user-specific hardware has led to open-source Do It Yourself “DIY” production of assistive devices, having an incredible impact globally for families with little recourse. This paper examines new research and development of prostheses by the maker community and nonprofit organizations, as well as a novel case study exploring the development of technology and the training methods available. These design efforts are discussed further in the context of the medical regulatory framework in the United States and highlight new associated clinical studies designed to measure the quality of life impact of such devices.
Contrasting effects of inhibitors and biostimulants on agronomic performance and reactive nitrogen losses during irrigated potato production

Abstract Urea is the dominant form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer used globally. Various additives have been designed for co-application with urea to improve performance of N-intensive crops including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Few if any studies have compared ‘inhibitor’ additives with ‘biostimulants’ designed to enhance plant growth or microbial activity. Over two potato growing seasons (2015–2016) in an irrigated loamy sand in Minnesota, we quantified agronomic performance and N losses as both nitrate (NO3−) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in treatments receiving urea, with and without additives including: nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide (DCD) or 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), alone or combined with the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), or a biostimulant containing N-fixing microbes (NFM) by itself or combined with an amino acid blend (AAB). The biostimulants produced modest (˜10%) improvements in tuber yield, under limited conditions, compared to urea alone. However, NFM increased N2O emissions by 32–56%, in contrast to the inhibitors, which decreased N2O emissions by 42–75%. Compared to urea alone, the inhibitors tended to increase soil ammonium and decrease soil NO3− concentrations; however, no differences in soil inorganic N in the upper 0.3 m of the profile were observed with the biostimulants. During the growing season with greater rates of soil water flux (2015), none of the inhibitors decreased NO3− leaching, while NFM increased NO3− leaching by 23%. When AAB was combined with NFM, reactive N losses did not differ from the urea-only treatment. Biostimulants can have unintended impacts on reactive N losses and should be used with caution pending additional study to better understand their effects on biological processes, and to quantify their performance in other agro-ecosystems.
Knowledge of pelvic floor disorders in women seeking primary care: a cross-sectional study

Pelvic floor disorders including urinary incontinence (UI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) are common conditions; however, most women with these symptoms do not seek care. Failure to seek care may be related to misconceptions about these conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the baseline knowledge of UI and POP among adult women presenting to primary care clinics, as well as factors associated with knowledge levels. A survey with questions from previously validated UI and POP knowledge questionnaires (PIKQ-UI and PIKQ-POP, respectively) was self-administered to a cross-sectional group of adult female patients presenting to three primary care clinics: geriatric, community-based, and hospital-based. Participants’ demographics and medical histories were compared using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis for continuous variables and Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. In order to compare various covariates with knowledge non-proficiency on PIKQ-UI and PIKQ-POP scales, unadjusted and adjusted ORs with 95% CIs were calculated using bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression, respectively. Of 346 participants, knowledge non-proficiency was similar and consistent across clinic sites and reached 72.0% for UI and 53.6% for POP. On multivariate analysis, lower educational attainment, being unaware of UI or POP as medical conditions, and having no history of care-seeking for these conditions were significantly associated with knowledge non-proficiency on UI, POP, or both. Knowledge non-proficiency for UI and POP is common among women presenting for primary care. For UI, healthcare providers should assess patients’ actual understanding of the disease, especially among those with lower educational attainment, to eliminate any possible misconceptions. For POP, the focus should be on increasing awareness of this disease, as many women may have not previously heard of this condition. Simple strategies may increase knowledge in these areas and change care-seeking behaviors. None.
Wavefront Compensation Technique for Terrestrial Line of Sight Free Space Optical Communication

Free Space Optical Communication (FSOC) refers to an optical communication where unguided visible, infrared or ultraviolet light is used to carry the signal. In Wireless Optical Communication systems, optical signal is modulated and transmitted over the free space atmospheric channel. When the laser beam is propagating through the turbulent atmospheric channel it is heavily affected by various parameters. Generally, the intensity of the laser beam is greatly degraded by the phenomenon such as absorption and scattering effect due to natural atmospheric components namely gases, dust, smoke, precipitation, fog, rain etc. In other hand, the performance of FSOC is heavily affected by the fluctuation in the atmosphere. This fluctuation results in atmospheric turbulence effect such as beam wandering beam scintillation and wavefront aberration. Therefore, the performance of the FSOC is degraded by the atmospheric turbulence tremendously. Hence it is necessary to develop a suitable optoelectronic arrangements and algorithms to compensate the atmospheric turbulences. This paper shows the viability to improve the performance of FSOC by compensating the atmospheric turbulence effect. In this paper, a wavefront aberration compensation technique to mitigate the wavefront aberrations due to the channel is developed using the necessary opto electronic assembly. This paper mainly elaborates experimental implementation for calculation of wavefront aberration and also demonstrates the correction achieved experimentally.
When imagination becomes a disease: Dealing with hypochondriacal patients in clinical practice

Hypochondriacal patients are always a challenge. They require an overabundance of physicians’ time; they are responsible for excessive healthcare dollars; they demand extensive and often unnecessary testing; they make repeated visits for negligible issues; they are in search of a new medication
Special Collections in View: Marketing and Outreach as Reference Services

This article discusses the marketing and promotion of special collections in academic law libraries as complementary to, and a part of, effective reference services based in those collections. The ...
B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed α-Deuteration of Bioactive Carbonyl Compounds with D2O

An efficient deuteration process of α-C-H bonds in various carbonyl-based pharmaceutical compounds has been developed. Catalytic reactions are initiated by the action of Lewis acidic B(C6F5)3 and D2O, converting a drug molecule into the corresponding boron-enolate. Ensuing deuteration of the enolate by in situ-generated D2O+-H then results in the formation of α-deuterated bioactive carbonyl compounds with up to >98% deuterium incorporation.
Innovative health interventions at the intersection of neuroimaging and multimedia design

Abstract Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has contributed to significant advancements in our understanding of the brain and human behavior. Aided by recent theoretical and methodological advancements, fMRI has grown into a powerful tool for communication scholars to investigate how messages influence the brain. In this chapter, we review extant literature relating to the interacting roles of brain imaging technology and multimedia design. We focus this review in two primary areas: first, we discuss the use of neuroimaging as an individualized predictive tool for health-related outcomes of interest. Next, we review the promise of neuroimaging and media design for the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism.
Do habitat preferences improve fitness? Context-specific adaptive habitat selection by a grassland songbird

Animals are predicted to prefer high-quality over low-quality habitats, but adaptive habitat selection is less straightforward than often assumed. Preferences may improve only specific fitness metrics at particular spatial scales, with variation across time or between sexes. Preferences sometimes even reduce fitness. We investigated the context specificity of adaptive habitat selection, studying dickcissels (Spiza americana)—a polygynous songbird—as a model. From 2014 to 2015, we measured male and female habitat preferences at two scales (territories and landscape patches) on 21 grassland patches in Ringgold County, Iowa, USA. We tested whether preferences improved four fitness metrics—polygyny, avoidance of brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), fledgling productivity, and offspring condition. Both sexes preferred territories where offspring attained superior condition and patches where parasitism was infrequent. Females preferred patches where nests produced more fledglings, and in 2014, males on preferred (i.e., early-established) territories attracted more mates and produced more fledglings. However, males on non-preferred (i.e., late-established) territories were more successful in 2015. This inconsistency may have arisen because females were abundant and nest-predation rates were low in May–June 2014, allowing early-settling males to produce many young. In 2015, however, females were more abundant and nests more successful later in the breeding season. Our results show that habitat preferences do not uniformly improve fitness, and some benefits differ between sexes. Moreover, preference–fitness relationships only manifest at specific scales, and annual variation in population and predation dynamics can limit consistency. Detecting adaptive habitat selection thus requires multi-year measurements and careful consideration of relevant scales.
Evaluating optimal U for 3 d transition-metal oxides within the SCAN+ U framework

Redox-active $3d$ transition-metal oxides (TMOs) are crucial ingredients for multiple sustainable energy applications, including solar cells, batteries, catalysis, and solar thermochemical water splitting. However, any predictive modeling, such as that employing density functional theory, needs to describe accurately the energetics of redox reactions involving transition metals, if new candidate materials are to be identified in a reliable fashion. Recently, we demonstrated that the state-of-the-art, strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN) exchange-correlation functional requires a Hubbard $U$ correction (determined, e.g., from experimental oxidation enthalpies) to reproduce the ground-state structure, lattice parameters, magnetic moments, and electronic properties of Ce-, Mn-, and Fe-based oxides. In the present work, we extend our approach to identify optimal $U$ values for other $3d$ TMOs, specifically Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cu, within the $\mathrm{SCAN}+U$ framework. We determine optimal $U$ values of 2.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 2.5 eV for Ti, V, Co, and Ni oxides, respectively, while Cr and Cu oxides best reproduce redox thermodynamics without any $U$ correction at all. While the $U$ values required for Ti, V, Co, and Ni are lower than those needed within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) + $U$ or local density approximation (LDA) + $U$ approaches, inclusion of $U$ makes non-negligible improvements in ground-state property evaluations of these oxides. Here we also validate our optimal $U$ values by performing a number of transferability checks for each $3d$ material. A $\mathrm{SCAN}+U$ framework (with an appropriately determined $U$) therefore is needed to assess accurately the ground-state energies and qualitatively consistent electronic structures for (most) first-row TMOs.
Prognostic role of human papilloma virus status in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Objective Although the prognostic role of human papilloma virus (HPV) status in oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is well established, growing evidence shows that there may be a prognostic role for HPV status in hypopharyngeal SCC. The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic role of HPV status in hypopharyngeal SCC. Methods We performed a retrospective, population-based analysis of 1934 adult patients with HNSCC diagnosed between 2010-2016 and treated with a combination of surgery and/or radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, and a subset of 641 patients with hypopharyngeal SCC and known HPV status included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Head and Neck with HPV Status Database. Patient data were used to determine the adjusted 2-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort and the specific subgroup of hypopharyngeal cancer patients with known HPV status. Results Of the 1934 hypopharynx SCC cases, HPV status was unknown in 1294 (66.9%), and 167 (8.6%) were HPV positive; among hypopharynx cases with known HPV status, 21.6% were HPV positive. In models adjusting for sex, age, race/ethnicity, marital status and stage, patients with HPV-positive hypopharyngeal tumors had improved CSS compared with patients with HPV-negative tumors (CSS: HR: .57, 95% CI = .38 to .86, P = .008; OS: HR: .49, 95% CI = .34 to .71, P = Conclusion Our findings in a large cohort of hypopharyngeal SCC with known HPV status and cancer-specific survival support the hypothesis that HPV has a prognostic role in hypopharyngeal cancer. Consideration should be given to increased testing for HPV in hypopharyngeal SCC. Level of evidence 4.
Geometric Stability Classification: Datasets, Metamodels, and Adversarial Attacks

Abstract Many recent advances in machine learning have been motivated by classification problems. For example, classification methods are used to differentiate between “spam” and “non-spam” emails, identify hand written digits, and recognize the content of photos. For each application, a different model and model architecture will often perform best. Therefore, machine learning research has been enabled by readily available benchmark datasets. In particular, benchmark datasets have been used by researchers to demonstrate that novel methods can achieve high accuracy, and to demonstrate common vulnerabilities of classification methods to adversarial attacks. In the recent mechanics literature, there has been substantial interest in machine learning driven metamodels. Metamodels, or models of models, are appealing because once trained, they typically require orders of magnitude less compute time than full fidelity simulations. However, a better understanding of which machine learning methods and model architectures will perform best on mechanical data has been limited. Here we introduce an open source dataset “BIC” (Buckling Instability Classification) where a heterogeneous column is subject to a fixed level of applied displacement and is classified as either “Stable” or “Unstable.” In addition to introducing this benchmark dataset, we show baseline metamodel performance, and show two different types of adversarial attack. We anticipate that the open source BIC dataset will enable the future development of improved methods for classification problems in mechanics.
Deformation of the Fermi surface of a spinless two-dimensional electron gas in presence of an anisotropic Coulomb interaction potential.

We consider the stability of the circular Fermi surface of a two-dimensional electron gas system against an elliptical deformation induced by an anisotropic Coulomb interaction potential. We use the jellium approximation for the neutralizing background and treat the electrons as fully spin-polarized (spinless) particles with a constant isotropic (effective) mass. The anisotropic Coulomb interaction potential considered in this work is inspired from studies of two-dimensional electron gas systems in the quantum Hall regime. We use a Hartree–Fock procedure to obtain analytical results for two special Fermi liquid quantum electronic phases. The first one corresponds to a system with circular Fermi surface while the second one corresponds to a liquid anisotropic phase with a specific elliptical deformation of the Fermi surface that gives rise to the lowest possible potential energy of the system. The results obtained suggest that, for the most general situations, neither of these two Fermi liquid phases represent the lowest energy state of the system within the framework of the family of states considered in this work. The lowest energy phase is one with an optimal elliptical deformation whose specific value is determined by a complex interplay of many factors including the density of the system.
Semantic table-of-contents for efficient web screen reading

Navigating back-and-forth between segments in webpages is well-known to be an arduous endeavor for blind screen-reader users, due to the serial nature of content navigation coupled with the inconsistent usage of accessibility enhancing features such as WAI-ARIA landmarks and skip navigation links by web developers. Without these supporting features, navigating modern webpages that typically contain thousands of HTML elements in their DOMs, is both tedious and cumbersome for blind screen-reader users. Existing approaches to improve non-visual navigation efficiency typically propose 'one-size-fits-all' solutions that do not accommodate the personal needs and preferences of screen-reader users. To fill this void, in this paper, we present sTag, a browser extension embodying a semi-automatic method that enables users to easily create their own Table Of Contents (TOC) for any webpage by simply 'tagging' their preferred 'semantically-meaningful' segments (e.g., search results, filter options, forms, menus, etc.) while navigating the webpage. This way, all subsequent accesses to these segments can be made via the generated TOC that is made instantly accessible via a special shortcut or a repurposed mouse/touchpad action. As tags in sTag are attached to the abstract semantic segments instead of actual DOM nodes in the webpage, sTag can automatically generate equivalent TOCs for other similar webpages, without requiring the users to duplicate their tagging efforts from scratch in these webpages. An evaluation with 15 blind screen-reader users revealed that sTag significantly reduced the content-navigation time and effort compared to those with a state-of-the-art solution.
Identification of fifty-seven novel loci for abdominal wall hernia development and their biological and clinical implications: results from the UK Biobank

Familial aggregation is known for both hernia development and recurrence. To date, only one genome-wide association study (GWAS) limited to inguinal hernia has been reported that identified four risk-associated loci. We aim to investigate polygenic architecture of abdominal wall hernia development and recurrence. A GWAS was performed in 367,394 subjects from the UK Biobank to investigate the polygenic architecture of abdominal wall hernia subtypes (inguinal, femoral, umbilical, ventral) and identify specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with their risk. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis was performed to identify genes whose expression levels are associated with these SNPs. A genetic risk score (GRS) was used to assess the cumulative effect of multiple independent risk-associated SNPs on hernia development and recurrence in independent subjects (n = 82,064). Heritability (h2) was 0.12, 0.06, 0.16, and 0.07 for inguinal, femoral, umbilical, and ventral hernias, respectively. A high-level of genetic correlation (rg) was found among these subtypes of hernia. We confirmed the aforementioned four loci and identified 57 novel loci (P < 5 × 10–8), including 55, 3, 5, and 3 loci for inguinal, femoral, umbilical, and ventral hernias, respectively. Significantly different expression levels between risk/reference alleles of SNPs were found for 145 genes, including TGF-β2 and AIG1 for inguinal hernia risk and CALD1 for umbilical hernia risk. Finally, higher GRS deciles were significantly associated with increased risk for hernia development (Ptrend = 3.33 × 10–38) and recurrent hernia repair surgery (Ptrend = 3.64 × 10–14). These novel results have potential biological and clinical implications for hernia management in high-risk patients.
By Choice or by Force? Exploring the Nature of Informal Employment in Urban Mexico

Using a special module of the 2015 Mexican Labour Force Survey with information on workers' preferences for jobs with social security coverage, I estimate that 80 per cent of informal workers in large urban areas would prefer to work in a job that provides them with such coverage. The estimation of a discrete choice econometric model which distinguishes between wanting a formal job and the probability of getting one shows that schooling increases the chances of being hired in formal employment and of having higher earnings in it. Women with greater responsibilities at home are less likely to want formal employment, and they also face a lower probability of being hired in such jobs. The findings indicate the segmentation of Mexican labour markets and the rationing of formal jobs, together with the existence of workers who voluntarily participate in informal employment. However, the estimated fraction of involuntary informal workers is quite high.
Monitoring and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a commonly encountered medical condition that can lead to right ventricle compromise, systemic hypotension, and hemodynamic collapse. Early recognition of intermediate and high-risk PEs can help to reduce the likelihood of worsening clinical status. The diagnosis of PE can be aided by the use of computed tomography angiography (CTA), transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), and laboratory testing in the form of cardiac troponin, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and d-dimer. The clinical deterioration that can be associated with PEs is driven by a combination of thrombus formation as well as vasoconstriction within the pulmonary vasculature. These two elements work in conjunction to increase right ventricle (RV) afterload, to increase pulmonary vasculature resistance, and to decrease RV stroke volume. In the setting of increased pressure, the RV dilates resulting in decreased cardiac output as the interventricular septum shifts into the left ventricle (LV) cavity. Clot burden can be addressed with anticoagulation in low-risk cases; however intermediate and high-risk cases may involve systemic thrombolysis, catheter-directed therapy, surgical embolectomy, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Along with addressing the clot, in the setting of hypotension, vasopressors and inotropic support may be needed to maintain RV perfusion.
Phase 2 Study of Olaparib in Malignant Mesothelioma and Correlation of Efficacy With Germline or Somatic Mutations in BAP1 Gene.

Abstract Introduction PARP inhibition may enhance antitumor responses in BAP1-associated mesothelioma by inducing synthetic lethality. Methods A single-center, nonrandomized, phase 2 trial was conducted, in which patients with refractory mesothelioma were given olaparib 300 mg twice daily in a 21-day cycle until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. The primary objective was to determine the objective response rate on the basis of somatic or germline mutation status of DNA repair genes. The secondary objectives were to assess safety and tolerability and to determine progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Whole-exome sequencing was performed on blood and tumor. Results A total of 23 previously treated patients with pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma were enrolled and treated (germline BAP1, n = 4; germline MRE11A, n = 1; somatic BAP1, n = 8 mutations). There was one (4%) partial response, 18 (78%) with stable disease at 6 weeks, and four (17%) with progressive disease. The median overall PFS and OS were 3.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7–4.2 mo) and 8.7 months (95% CI: 4.7 mo–not estimable), respectively. The median PFS of germline BAP1 mutants (n = 4) was 2.3 months (95% CI: 1.3–3.6 mo) versus 4.1 months (95% CI: 2.7–5.5 mo) for wild-type (n = 19; p = 0.019). The median OS was 4.6 months (95% CI: 3.1–4.9 mo) for germline BAP1 mutation versus 9.6 months (95% CI: 5.5 mo–not estimable) in no germline mutation (p = 0.0040). Olaparib was safe with no new safety concerns. Conclusions Olaparib has limited activity in previously treated mesothelioma including patients with BAP1 mutations. Germline BAP1 mutations were associated with decreased PFS and OS.
Layer Assignment Approaches

Layer assignment is the process of determining which nets are to be routed on each layer of a multilayer routing substrate. There are several variants of this problem, corresponding to different physical characteristics of the routing environments in VLSI, printed circuit boards, and multichip modules.
Experimental Observations in the Magnetotail During an Interplanetary Disturbance

In the few years since it first became possible to observe the solar wind experimentally many studies have been made with the purpose of determining the degree to which each of the observable properties is responsible for disturbances within the earth’s magnetosphere. In many of these studies the parameter characterizing the degree of disturbance of the earth’s magnetosphere has been some index of disturbance in the surface magnetic field such as the K p index. Snyder et al. (1963) showed that K p was correlated with the velocity of the solar wind. Wilcox et al. (1967) and Schatten and Wilcox (1967) found that the K p index correlated with the magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic field, with the direction of its north-south component, B z, and with the Alfven Mach number and energy flux of the solar wind particles. Fairfield and Cahill (1966) and Fairfield (1968) observed that a southward pointing magnetic field in the magnetosheath was associated with high-latitude geomagnetic disturbances. Rostoker and Falthammer (1967) have supported these results. Nishida (1968) has shown that the DP2 geomagnetic variations, apparent at polar and equatorial stations, are coherent with variation in the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field. In a very recent work Hirshberg and Colburn (1969) have confirmed the correlation of K p with a southward pointing B z, with the intensity of B and with the variance of B. They found further, that the long initial phase of the Feb. 15, 1967 storm was terminated and the main phase began within an hour after the interplanetary magnetic field turned from northward to southward pointing.Hirshberg and Colburn (1969) conclude that the main phase of a magnetic storm may be initiated by arrival at the earth of the ‘driver gas’ whose shock wave, arriving perhaps many hours earlier, caused the storm sudden commencement.
High-power millimeter-wave transmitter for the NRL WARLOC radar

High power millimeter wave instrumentation radars have a number of important applications ranging from defense missions to basic scientific studies At the Naval Research Laboratory, a new high power 94 GHz radar named WARLOC has been developed. This radar employs a high power gyro-klystron as the final power amplifier and was developed during 1996-2001. The WARLOC radar has been integrated as a transportable system, using the 100 kW peak, 10 kW average power gyro-klystron amplifier, a low-loss transmission line, a quasioptical duplexer, and a Cassegrain antenna. The transmitter operation and waveguide system is the subject of this paper.
The Role of Choice in Discovery

In discovery with real data, one is always working with approximations. Even without noise, one computes over a finite set of unequally spaced numbers, approximating one’s values with this set. With noise, the values are even more uncertain. Along with the ambiguity of the exact values of numbers, there exists Occam’s razor to prefer simpler equations. That is, if a straight line will explain the data, then that is generally thought preferable to equations of higher power. It should be noted that this preference is a choice, however, and does not always work [8]. The preference needs to be codified to be automated, but codifying simplicity is not straightforward [8]. Finally, there needs to be a quantitative way to measure the goodness of an equation after it is chosen. Function finding is numeric induction, so there can never be certainty. But assigning a value to the inductive support provides a way to compare results across tasks. Thus dis- covery of functional forms can be divided into three tasks: 1_ choosing a search technique to find the set of best equations within the limitations of finite precision arithmetic and noise; 2_ choosing from among the best equations based on some criteria that encodes preference; and 3_ choosing a metric for the inductive support of the found equation
High-Spin States of Configuration ( 1 d 5 2 ) 5 + , 0 2 and ( 1 g 9 2 ) 9 + , 0 2 Strongly Populated by the ( α , d ) Reaction

The ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, d$) reactions on targets of $^{13}\mathrm{C}$, $^{14}\mathrm{C}$, $^{15}\mathrm{N}$, and $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ were studied using $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle beams of 40.1, 46.0, 45.4, and 44.5 MeV, respectively. Angular distributions were obtained. States where the captured protonneutron pair is in the ${{(1{d}_{\frac{5}{2}})}_{5+,0}}^{2}$ configuration coupled to an unperturbed target core are located and possible spin assignments are suggested. These states are $^{15}\mathrm{N}$, 13.03 MeV ($\frac{11}{2}\ensuremath{-}$), 11.95 MeV ($\frac{9}{2}\ensuremath{-}$); $^{16}\mathrm{N}$, 5.75 MeV (5+); $^{17}\mathrm{O}$, 7.74 MeV ($\frac{11}{2}\ensuremath{-}$), 9.14 MeV ($\frac{9}{2}\ensuremath{-}$); $^{22}\mathrm{Na}$, 1.528 MeV (5+). Separated isotopes $^{52}\mathrm{Cr}$, $^{54,56}\mathrm{Fe}$, $^{58,60,62}\mathrm{Ni}$, and $^{64,66,68}\mathrm{Zn}$ were used as targets to study the ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, d$) reaction with a 50-MeV $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle beam. States with a probable configuration of ${{(1{g}_{\frac{9}{2}})}_{9+,0}}^{2}$ were located. These states are $^{54}\mathrm{Mn}$, 9.47 MeV; $^{56}\mathrm{Co}$, 8.92 MeV; $^{58}\mathrm{Co}$, 6.79 MeV; $^{60}\mathrm{Cu}$, 5.99 MeV; $^{62}\mathrm{Cu}$, 4.75 MeV; $^{64}\mathrm{Cu}$, 4.57 MeV; $^{66}\mathrm{Ga}$, 2.99 MeV; $^{68}\mathrm{Ga}$, 2.88 MeV; $^{70}\mathrm{Ga}$, 2.88 MeV. The residual-interaction energies between the proton and neutron in the configurations ${{(1{d}_{\frac{5}{2}})}_{5+,0}}^{2}$, ${{(1{f}_{\frac{7}{2}})}_{7+,0}}^{2}$, and ${{(1{g}_{\frac{9}{2}})}_{9+,0}}^{2}$ were derived from the excitation energies determined in the present work and previous work on ${{(1{d}_{\frac{5}{2}})}_{5+,0}}^{2}$ and ${{(1{f}_{\frac{7}{2}})}_{7+,0}}^{2}$ states. For ${T}_{z}\ensuremath{\ne}0$ nuclides, an "interactionmodel" method was proposed to extract the residual-interaction energy. The mean values of the residualinteraction energies are about -3.9, -3.0, and -2.2 MeV, respectively, for the three mentioned configurations. There is a slight decrease of residual-interaction energy with increasing $A$. These results are reproduced satisfactorily by conventional shell-model calculations. Both the interaction-model method and Talmi's shell-model calculation method were used to calculate the excitation energies of states with the ${{(1{d}_{\frac{5}{2}})}_{5+,0}}^{2}$ configuration. In general, the former method gives better agreement with the experimental results.
Probabilistic ontologies for efficient resource sharing in semantic web services

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a key technology to support interoperability among data and processing resources. Semantic interoperability requires mapping between vocabularies of independently developed resources, a task fraught with uncertainty. Probabilistic ontologies enable representation of knowledge in domains characterized by uncertainty. As such, they promise to improve the quality of service descriptions, enable more thorough analysis of service composition opportunities, and provide a theoretically sound methodology for semantic mapping under uncertainty. This paper defines probabilistic ontologies, discusses their application to SOA, and presents a conceptual scheme for using a federation of ontologies (with both common and probabilistic ontologies) as a semantic mapping tool for service oriented information exchange systems with different levels of service descriptions (including legacy and probabilistic enabled descriptions).
Two-gigawatt burst-mode operation of the intense microwave prototype (IMP) free-electron laser (FEL) for the microwave tokamak experiment (MTX)

The MTX explored the plasma heating effects of 140 GHz microwaves from both Gyrotrons and from the IMP FEL wiggler. The Gyrotron was long pulse length (0.5 seconds maximum) and the FEL produced short-pulse length, high-peak power, single and burst modes of 140 GHz microwaves. Full-power operations of the IMP FEL wiggler were commenced in April of 1992 and continued into October of 1992. The Experimental Test Accelerator II (ETA-II) provided a 50-nanosecond, 6-MeV, 2-3 kAmp electron beam that was introduced co-linear into the IMP FEL with a 140 GHz Gyrotron master oscillator (MO). The FEL was able to amplify the MO signal from approximately 7 kW to peaks consistently in the range of 1-2 GW. This microwave pulse was transmitted into the MTX and allowed the exploration of the linear and non-linear effects of short pulse, intense power in the MTX plasma. Single pulses were used to explore and gain operating experience in the parameter space of the IMP FEL, and finally evaluate transmission and absorption in the MTX. Single-pulse operations were repeatable. After the MTX was shut down burst-mode operations were successful at 2 kHz. This paper will describe the IMP FEL, Microwave Transmission System to MTX, the diagnostics used for measurements, and tile operations of the entire Microwave system. A discussion of correlated and uncorrelated errors that affect FEL performance will be made. Linear and nonlinear absorption data of the microwaves in the MTX plasma will be presented.
High-Dose Chemotherapy as Initial Salvage Chemotherapy in Patients With Relapsed Testicular Cancer

PURPOSE: To assess the role of high-dose chemotherapy as initial salvage chemotherapy in patients with relapsed testicular cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From August 1992 to April 1998, 65 patients with testicular cancer were treated with high-dose carboplatin and etoposide followed by peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation or autologous bone marrow transplantation rescue as initial salvage chemotherapy at Indiana University. An identical course was given after hematopoietic reconstitution. Postchemotherapy resection of residual disease was performed in selected patients with incomplete radiographic response associated with normalization of markers. The median follow-up was 39 months (range, 16 to 91 months). RESULTS: Thirty-seven (57%) of the 65 patients are continuously disease-free. Three additional patients are disease-free with subsequent surgery. High-dose chemotherapy was associated with significant morbidity but no treatment-related mortality. CONCLUSION: High-dose chemotherapy as initial salva...
The Holding Time in Pure and Mixed Culture Fermentations

Continuous mixed culture fermentations have been studied in the continuous-stirred tank reactor. The residence or holding time, theta, is important in determining which of two mixed organisms shall dominate in numbers. Continuous ethanol and acetic-acid fermentations are known to the brewing industry. The continuous production of ethanol and acetic acid are contingent upon the cells of Saccharomyces and Acetobacter being alive and growing. These are known as growth-associated products. On the other hand, alpha-amylase and glucamylase, or fungal amylase, are known as nongrowth-associated products or secondary metabolites. The organisms that produce the secondary metabolites, for example, penicillin, cephalosporin, streptomycin, and aureomycin, undergo differentiation and growth. These are the higher microbial forms and are produced by batchwise fermentation of molds and actinomycetes. It is submitted that these higher microbial forms can be grown continuously and produce secondary metabolites in amounts so as to make the processes economically viable. It is possible to grow the organisms continuously in plug flow reactors so that the secondary metabolites that have hitherto not been considered for continuous production be so considered.
Media-Constructed Anti-Intellectualism: The Portrayal of Experts in Popular US Television Talk Shows.

While intelligence is generally regarded as valuable, some important contexts portray intelligence in a negative light. This study examines the popular portrayal of intellectual expertise through a content analysis of 200 of the 10 top‐rated popular US television talk shows. Results showed that experts in this sample were typically brought on late in the program, allotted little speaking time, placed among non‐experts, frequently interrupted, and sometimes disagreed with or challenged. In addition, “intellectual experts” were treated more negatively than “non‐intellectual” experts. These and similar data suggest a “leveling” of experts on television talk shows in that they seem to be treated no differently than non‐expert guests. Grounded in the theory of Cultivation, these findings indicate that television talk shows contribute to social‐order maintenance by weakening the status of intelligence through their treatment of experts.