cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eddy viscosity modeling in the prediction of turbulent, backmixed combustion performance

The turbulent flowfield in a backmixed combustor is modeled analytically by simultaneously solving the governing partial differential conservation equations. An algebraic and a two-equation eddy viscosity model are employed in the numerical simulation to account for the turbulence transport processes. Predicted distributions of isothermal flow properties are systematically compared to experimentally obtained data to appraise the eddy viscosity models. In addition, predicted distributions of reacting flow properties are presented to illustrate the applicability of current numerical methods to the prediction of continuous combustion flows. The turbulent momentum and mass transport properties are evaluated in isothermal flow for a range of mixing conditions. Both eddy viscosity models qualitatively describe the system hydrodynamics, but the detailed flow structure is inadequately represented. The mass transport predictions from the algebraic viscosity model agree favorably with experiment. The inferior performance of the two-equation viscosity model is remedied by refining the boundary condition specification for the turbulence energy dissipation rate. It is shown that the turbulence energy dissipation rate adjacent to critical solid walls strongly influences the overall mixing characteristics of the two-equation model. The isothermal flow results indicate that the algebraic eddy viscosity model provides cost-effective predictions of the general fluid flow patterns and mass transport trends in confined flows exhibiting strong recirculation. The two-equation eddy viscosity model provides better resolution of the small-scale turbulence processes but requires careful testing to ensure realistic predictions. The hot flow calculations accentuate the inadequate transport characteristics identified in the isothermal flow analysis and verify that considerable testing of the numerical model is required before proceeding to the complicating conditions of combustion.
Self-oscillations of an elastic plate sliding over a smooth surface

Abstract The 1-D problem of shear deformations of an elastic plate sliding over a smooth surface is analyzed analytically and numerically. The only source of dissipation in this model is the sliding friction at the interface. The non-monotonic characteristics of sliding friction proposed recently for rubber friction are used. The problem is then reduced to a recurrent set of algebraic equations and the analysis of this on a special phase diagram. In the region of self-oscillations, a complicated topological behavior of limit cycles is found—the sharpening of smooth initial conditions and the problem of non-uniqueness of solutions. The latter occurs when the dissipative forces are dominated. It is shown that in this case, the principle of choice based on the minimum of incremental dissipation corresponds to the inertialess descriptions of self-oscillations of the “relaxational type”. This is in good agreement with the exact numerical solution of the problem.
Formation of humic acids from air-oxidized Alaskan subbituminous coals

Abstract The results of a study aimed at evaluating the effect of air oxidation on humic acid production from two Alaskan subbituminous C coals are reported. Raw as well as partly acid-demineralized and debituminized samples of the coals were oxidized at 120 and 180 °C in a forced air circulating oven for up to 12 d. Humic acid was extracted from the oxidized samples by sodium hydroxide. The yield of humic acid increased with increase in temperature and oxidation time. Humic acid production was enhanced by partial demineralization. Solvent extraction of coal before oxidation hindered humic acid formation. The rate of humic acid formation increased at first with increase in oxidation time, reached a maximum and then decreased.
Trade services and the measurement of comparative USSR-USA consumption

Abstract This essay examines the novel attempt of Igor Birman to allow for differences in Soviet and United States trade services by measuring comparative per capita consumption in the two countries. Birman's computation appears to be faulty at a number of points, but the resulting lapses are partially remediable. More generally, the present inquiry may be methodologically and substantively clarifying in respect to a relatively neglected problem.
Adrenergic receptors as models for G protein-coupled receptors.

Approximately 80% of known hormones and neurotransmitters activate cellular signal transduction mechanisms by activating G protein-coupled receptors (Birnbaumer et al 1990). Studying the structure and function of these receptors has been challenging because they are not naturally abun­ dant proteins and they require a lipid environment to be fully active. The eDNA or genomic clones for many members of this class of receptors have recently been obtained. Applying the techniques of molecular biology to the study of G protein-coupled receptors has helped circumvent many of the technical difficulties that had complicated previous efforts to charac­ terize these proteins biochemically. The adrenergic receptors have been one of the most extensively studied classes of G protein-coupled receptors. Genomic and/or cDNA clones for nine types of adrenergic receptors have been obtained: two types of (XI receptors (Cotecchia et al 1988; Schwinn et al 1990); three types of C(2 receptors (Kobilka et al 1987; Lomasney et al 1990; Regan et al 1988; Weinshank et aI 1990); the /31 receptor (Frielle et aI 19 87); the /32 receptor (Dixon et al 1986); the /3 3 receptor (Emorine et al 1989) ; and the avian /3 receptor (Yarden et al 1986). Significant progress has been made in eluci­ dating the structural domains involved in ligand binding, G protein acti­ vation, and desensitization, and much of what is learned about the mech­ anism of action of adrenergic receptors will likely apply to the other
T lymphocyte development in the absence of Fcϵ receptor Iγ subunit: analysis of thymic-dependent and independent αβ and γδ pathways

During fetal development, early thymocyte progenitors transiently express low affinity Fc receptors for IgG (FcγR) of both FcγRII and III isoforms. Only the FcγRIII isoform requires association of an FcγRIII (CD16) α subunit with an FcϵRIγ homodimer for surface expression. To address the role of FcγR in ontogeny, we studied thymic development in FcϵRIγ−/− mice. We find that day 14.5 CD4−CD8− double-negative (DN) fetal thymocytes of FcϵRIγ−/− mice express mRNA of both FcγRIIb1 and FcγRIII. Surface expression of FcγRII/III is readily detected on these cells. It appears that FcγRIIb1, whose surface expression is FcϵRIγ independent, replaces FcγRIII during thymic development in these animals. Moreover, subsequent development into CD4+CD8+ double-positive and CD4+CD8− and CD4−CD8+ single-positive subsets appears normal even in the absence of FcϵRIγ. However, alterations were noted in adult animals among the DN αβ TCR+ thymocytes and peripheral splenic DN T cells as well as CD8αα+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL). In contrast to conventional T lymphocytes, which do not express either FcγRIII or FcϵRIγ, DN αβ TCR+ thymocytes and extrathymically derived αβ TCR+ and γδ TCR+ CD8αα+β− iIEL express TCR which incorporate FcϵRIγ as one of their subunits. Consistent with this, the TCR levels of these cells are lower than the TCR levels on cells from wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Despite the reduction in the level of surface TCR, the development of these cells was unaltered by the absence of FcϵRIγ. Thus, we observed alterations in adult DN αβ TCR+ thymocytes, splenic DN αβ TCR+ and DN γδ TCR+ large granular lymphocytes (LGL), and αβ TCR+ and γδ TCR+ CD8αα+β− iIEL, but no detectable changes in their major fetal thymic developmental pathways. Cultivation of peripheral DN αβ TCR+ and DN γδ TCR+ cells from FcϵRIγ−/− mice with interleukin-2 generates LGL which mediate natural killer activity. Unlike LGL from wild-type C57BL/6 mice, LGL from FcϵRIγ−/− mice lack FcγRIII expression and could not mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity through FcγRIII.
Evaluations of causal and conditional hypotheses.

This study examined evaluations of causal and conditional hyptheses on the basis of individual exemplars. Subjects were presented scenes describing something that is malfunctioning and is taken to an expert. The expert makes a causal diagnosis and a prediction concerning an outcome following treatment. Four types of outcome evidence were provided: (1) treatment is provided and the problem is eliminated; (2) treatment is not provided and the problem is eliminated; (3) treatment is provided and the problem is not eliminated; and (4) treatment is not provided and the problem is not eliminated. Subjects were required to judge whether individual exemplars prove the diagnosis, disprove the diagnosis, or fail to test the diagnosis. A second form of problem presented the same scenes but required evaluation of the conditional prediction. A third form of problem did not present the causal scenes; the subject evaluated the conditional predication and no context. Three content domains were used: medical, mechanical, ...
Discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers: relationship to antisocial personality disorder.

Rationale. Delay discounting is associated with impulsivity and drug abuse, and this study evaluated the relationship between discounting of delayed rewards and antisocial personality disorder (ASP).
Cultures of Empire

In view of the ever-increasing specialization and volume of contemporary scholarship, one can only applaud any effort to break down the boundaries that tend to be drawn around separate disciplines. In this provocatively ambitious essay, Ann Laura Stoler manages to do exactly that. She zeroes in on key trends in the scholarly literatures on European and American empires, identifies hitherto unrecognized points of convergence and congruence within those distinct literatures, and suggests potentially fruitful comparative projects that might uncover additional common ground. That an anthropologist who specializes in European imperialism-a self-identified interloper-has accomplished so much, and more, in this wide-ranging article makes hers an unusually important and welcome intervention in American history. My comments will concentrate on the utility of the insights Stoler offers, largely through the comparative lens that she deploys, for just one of the scholarly audiences her stimulating article addresses: students of United States foreign relations. There is much of value here for diplomatic historians, it bears emphasizing from the outset, especially if they accept Stoler's invitation to approach potential comparative projects with imagination and breadth of vision. By insisting upon the essential comparability of European and American experiences of empire, she joins a swelling chorus of U.S. historians who have been seeking to internationalize the study of American history. This intellectual ferment, abetted by the Organization of American Historians and well reflected in the pages of this journal, aspires to get a firmer handle on the distinctive and not-so-distinctive features of United States history by looking closely at how other states and societies responded to, and were shaped by, similar transnational processes. Slavery and the slave trade, emancipation, industrialization, immigration, the rise of organized labor, the emergence of movements for women's rights and other reforms, state development-each of those subjects has been enriched in recent years by scholars who have sought to place American developments within a broader, comparative frame of reference. So, too, has the study of U.S. imperialism, even if, as Stoler rightly notes, more extended and extensive conversations between students of the American empire and their Europeanist counterparts could redound to the benefit of both groups. Stoler is echoing, in this regard, a call issued in the past by Robin Winks, Emily Rosenberg, John Lewis Gaddis, Edward P. Crapol, and others for closer attention to major elements of convergence and divergence in the histories of American and
The reflective practitioner : Reaching for excellence in practice

Reflection is widely accepted as a tool for learning in higher education. It has been addressed in some areas of medical education but not in the pediatric literature.1–8 It is considered essential to professional practice. Reflection allows for the interconnections between observations, past experiences, and judgment to come to the fore in clinical decision-making.9,10 Reflection gives meaning to experience and promotes a deep approach to learning because it encourages trainees to reframe problems, question their own assumptions, and look at situations from multiple perspectives as they analyze their lived experiences.6,9–14 Reflection fosters lifelong learning because it encourages trainees to recognize gaps in their own knowledge and attend to their own learning needs.6 Reflection is particularly important in medicine, in which evidence-based practice and client-centered care require the physician to analyze best evidence while considering his or her values and assumptions vis-a-vis the values, beliefs, and goals of each patient. It enables trainees to recognize their own assumptions and how those assumptions might impact the therapeutic relationship and their clinical decisions. Reflection also helps practitioners develop a questioning attitude and the skills needed to continually update their knowledge and skills, which is essential in today's rapidly changing global health care environment.6 The importance of the reflective process is further acknowledged by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) as underlying a number of the expected competencies is the development of reflective practitioners.15 Much has been written about reflective practice, particularly with respect to how it can be incorporated into the classroom. However, little has been written about what reflection is, how it can be assessed, or how it can be facilitated in the clinical setting. To enable pediatric academic faculty and practicing pediatricians to facilitate reflective … Address correspondence to Margaret M. Plack, PT, EdD, Program in Physical Therapy, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 900 23rd St NW, Suite 6145, Washington, DC 20037. E-mail: hspmxp{at}gwumc.edu
Emergency management of the acutely burned patient

Of the estimated two million thermal injuries which occur in the United States annually, approximately 5% will require hospital care. The acutely burned patient requires comprehensive management, beginning with classification based on a “Rule of Nines” estimate of the body area involved. Percentage of second and third degree burns is used as a criterion for determining the need to hospitalize a burn patient. Tetanus prophylaxis is recommended in all acute burn cases. The Brooke and Dallas formulas may be used as means of determining fluid therapy requirements. When eschar constriction causes circulatory problems, escharotomy should be performed. Tracheostomy may be considered only when other methods of respiratory care, including endotracheal intubation, are inapplicable. Analgesia administration is done intravenously during early post-burn treatment. Other aspects of burn patient management to be considered are wound care, inhalation injury, and deep-structure damage often resulting from electrical burns.
Diffusion-Influenced Transport of Ions across a Transmembrane Channel with an Internal Binding Site

We develop a microscopic theory for ion transport across a transmembrane channel with an internal binding site. The ion flux is determined by the rate constants for binding to the internal site from the two sides of the membrane and the corresponding unbinding rate constants. The binding rate constants are formulated in terms of diffusion-influenced reactions. The theory allows a reconciliation of experimental data on the conductance of the influenza A M2 proton channel with the structure and dynamics of the protein.
Neutral C19-steroids and steroid sulfates in human pregnancy II. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 16α-hydroxyderhydroepiandrosterone, and 16α-hydrosydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in cord blood and blood of pregnant women with and without treatment with corticoids

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS), 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16α-OH-DS) and 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16α-OH-D) were measured in mixed cord plasma and maternal plasma of 6 pregnant women who were treated with prednisone and hydrocortisone succinate during pregnancy and labor. All three steroid hormones were markedly lowered in the fetal blood. (DS: M = 53 μ%, 16α-OH-DS: M = 45 μg%, 16α-OH-D = < 6 μg%). The level of these steroids appears to vary inversely with the amount of corticoids given to the mother. In the maternal blood DS was either not measurable or very low (range < 8–29 μg%) as compared with normal values for untreated pregnant women. No 16α-OH-D or 16α-OH-DS could be detected in the p lasma of these patients. Maternal urinary estriol, estrone, and estradiol were also decreased in three of the cases studied. It is hypothesized that the decrease of urinary estrogens in these patients is mainly due to a suppression of the release of C19-steroid hormones by the maternal and fetal adrenal; the suppression of the fetal adrenal by exogenous corticoids being of major importance. It is pointed out that in cases with corticoid treatment during pregnency a low urinary estrogen excretion does not need to interfere with the development of pregnancy and does not reflect a hazard to the fetus.
Using the Horizontal/Vertical Distinction to Advance Insights Into Consumer Psychology

This commentary aims to build on Shavitt, Lalwani, Zhang, and Torelli's (2006) target article and extant work that demonstrates the value added by considering people's vertical or horizontal orientation. I suggest several ways by which one might attempt to advance literature concerning the horizontal/vertical distinction as well as our understanding of consumer psychology. In particular, I offer ideas about how pertinent methodological concerns might be addressed, how this stream of work may help predict certain consumer activities or interests, and some ways by which this body of literature can be applied to other domains of inquiry. Hopefully, such ideas and suggestions will prompt further inquiry into this fertile area of research.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH ISOFLURANE (FORANE) Preliminary Communication

The clinical anaesthetic course of 100 patients anaesthetized with isoflurane is described. Induction techniques with isoflurane oxygen, nitrous oxide-isoflurane-oxygen, or intravenous thiopentone were devoid of serious complications, the worst being mild excitement. Relaxation for tracheal intubation was excellent. Maintenance of anaesthesia was characterized by respiratory depression, slight hypotension and tachycardia, good muscle relaxation, compatibility with adrenaline and phenylephrine, absence of ventricular arrhythmias, twitching, convulsions or e.e.g. seizure patterns. Nitrous oxide and narcotics decreased the required inspired isoflurane concentration for the same level of anaesthesia. Small doses of tubocurarine produced adequate relaxation. Awakening was rapid, accompanied by pain and shivering in a large proportion of patients. No hypotension was seen during recovery. No postanaesthetic complications were observed.
Multimodel Analysis of Energy and Water Fluxes: Intercomparisons between Operational Analyses, a Land Surface Model, and Remote Sensing

AbstractUsing data from seven global model operational analyses (OA), one land surface model, and various remote sensing retrievals, the energy and water fluxes over global land areas are intercompared for 2003/04. Remote sensing estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) are obtained from three process-based models that use input forcings from multisensor satellites. An ensemble mean (linear average) of the seven operational (mean-OA) models is used primarily to intercompare the fluxes with comparisons performed at both global and basin scales. At the global scale, it is found that all components of the energy budget represented by the ensemble mean of the OA models have a significant bias. Net radiation estimates had a positive bias (global mean) of 234 MJ m−2 yr−1 (7.4 W m−2) as compared to the remote sensing estimates, with the latent and sensible heat fluxes biased by 470 MJ m−2 yr−1 (13.3 W m−2) and −367 MJ m−2 yr−1 (11.7 W m−2), respectively. The bias in the latent heat flux is affected by the bias in th...
Economics and Interdisciplinary Exchange in Catholic Social Teaching and “Caritas in Veritate”

The social sciences, and particularly economics, play an important role in business. This article reviews the account of the interdisciplinary conversation between Catholic Social Teaching and the social sciences (especially economics) over the last century, and describes Benedict XVI’s development of this account in Caritas in Veritate. Over time the popes recognized that the technical approach of economics was a barrier to fruitful collaboration between economics and Catholic Social Teaching, both because the economic approach is reductionist, and because modern social science is skeptical of comprehensive accounts of human nature. Through an appeal to charity in truth, one can deduce from Caritas in Veritate that economists, along with business and management theorists, need to take seriously the project of reflecting on and promoting true human goods in society. To love the person one must reflect on what is truly good for the person; to discover the true good of the person, one must love the person.
Reconceptualizing Workplace Commitment to Redress a Stretched Construct: Revisiting Assumptions and Removing Confounds

To better understand the workplace commitments experienced by organizational members, we reconceptualize commitment to highlight its distinctiveness and improve its applicability across all workplace targets. We present a continuum of psychological bonds and reconceptualize commitment as a particular type of bond reflecting volitional dedication and responsibility for a target. We then present a process model applicable to any workplace target to bring clarity, consistency, and synergy to the research and management of workplace commitments.
Economic evaluation of hepatitis B vaccination in low-income countries: using cost-effectiveness affordability curves

OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe a method that explicitly considers both a health-care programme’s cost-effectiveness and its affordability. For illustration, we apply the method to the programme to vaccinate infants against hepatitis B in the Gambia. METHODS: We synthesized selected data and developed a computer-based model from the societal and payer perspectives to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of routine infant vaccination against hepatitis B in the Gambia compared with no vaccination. The primary outcome measure was cost per averted disability-adjusted life year (DALY), which was expressed in 2002 US dollars. We used Monte Carlo methods for uncertainty analysis to examine the affordability of the programme from the payer’s perspective, and we derived an affordability curve and cost-effectiveness affordability curves for the programme. FINDINGS: In the Gambia, vaccinating infants against hepatitis B is highly cost-effective. Compared with offering no intervention, the vaccination programme would cost US$ 28 per DALY averted from the societal perspective or US$ 47 per DALY averted from the payer’s perspective. The programme also has the potential to be affordable, starting at a relatively low budget of US$ 160 000 per year. Combining the two dimensions of the outcome measure, the probability that vaccinating infants would be both cost-effective and affordable is 40% at an annual programme budget of US$ 182 000 (the estimated total programme cost from the payer’s perspective), given a threshold cost-effectiveness value of US$ 47 per DALY averted. CONCLUSION: In the face of uncertainties about both the health and economic consequences of a vaccine programme, as well as the availability and magnitude of resources needed to fund the programme, cost-effectiveness affordability curves can provide information to decision-makers about the probability that a programme will be both cost-effective and affordable: these are distinct but equally relevant considerations in resource-poor settings.
Van Rensselaer Potter: an intellectual memoir.

Van Rensselaer Potter was the first voice to utter the word “bioethics,” yet he is too little appreciated by the bioethics community. My expectations for my first visit with Professor Van Rensselaer Potter were primed by conversations with leaders and historians of the field of biomedical ethics, including Warren Reich, Al Jonsen, and David Thomasma. When mentioning my interest in environmental ethics and my concerns for the current state of biomedical ethics, I was told that I must meet Van. On my first visit to Madison, Wisconsin, Van met me at the McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research at the University of Wisconsin, where he spent essentially his entire academic career as a basic oncological researcher. He was dressed informally and driving a rusting1984 Subaru station wagon with a license plate that read YES ZPG. We spent this first portion of our visit at the Institute where he is an Emeritus Professor and has contributed to understanding cancer metabolism as recognized by his election to the National Academy of Sciences. However, Van felt most at home in his shack located outside Madison. This country retreat included a rather primitive hut surrounded by acres of property owned by the family. I felt at the heart of Van's world when I sat in one of a pair of inexpensive plastic outdoor chairs in a particularly secluded part of the woods on the property, the place where Van himself communed with nature.
Functionalized polystyrene as a versatile support for olefin polymerization catalysts

Heterogeneous polyolefin catalysts based on metallocenium salts of weakly coordinating anions can be prepared via a series of simple reactions from lightly crosslinked chloromethylated polystyrene beads. Catalytic sites are distributed homogeneously throughout the polystyrene particles. The nonporous nature of these catalysts affords a high degree of control over the olefin uptake rate, avoiding problems of premature catalyst fragmentation that often plague high-surface-area heterogeneous catalysts based on highly reactive species. The choice of amine as the means of binding or templating allows catalysts based on a wide variety of metallocenes to be readily prepared by the same synthetic approach. The dative interactions between the metallocene cation and the amine functionality of the support material are sufficient to prevent extraction under polymerization conditions to yield excellent particle morphology of the polyolefin product, but they are not so strong as to affect the nature of the polyolefin produced. The polymer-supported catalysts have been used effectively for the polymerization of ethylene and polypropylene. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2979–2992, 2000
Mechanical Transmission of Human Protozoan Parasites by Insects

The filthy breeding habits, feeding mechanisms, and indiscriminate travel between filth and food make some groups of synanthropic insects such as nonbiting flies and cockroaches efficient vectors of human enteric protozoan parasites. Twenty-one species of filth flies have been listed by regulatory agencies concerned with sanitation and public health as causative agents of gastrointestinal diseases based on synanthropy, endophily, communicative behavior, and strong attraction to filth and human food. Outbreaks and cases of food-borne diarrheal diseases in urban and rural areas are closely related to the seasonal increase in abundance of filth flies, and enforced fly control is closely related to reductions in the occurrence of such diseases. Mechanical transmission of human parasites by nonbiting flies and epidemiological involvement of other synanthropic insects in human food-borne diseases have not received adequate scientific attention.
A flexible, privacy-preserving authentication framework for ubiquitous computing environments

The proliferation of smart gadgets, appliances, mobile devices, PDAs and sensors has enabled the construction of ubiquitous computing environments, transforming regular physical spaces into "Active Information Spaces" augmented with intelligence and enhanced with services. This new exciting computing paradigm promises to revolutionize the way we interact with computers, services, and the surrounding physical spaces, yielding higher productivity and more seamless interaction between users and computing services. However, the deployment of this computing paradigm in real-life is hindered by poor security, particularly, the lack of proper authentication and access control techniques and privacy preserving protocols. We propose an authentication framework that addresses this problem through the use of different wearable and embedded devices. These devices authenticate entities with varied levels of confidence, in a transparent, convenient, and private manner, allowing the framework to blend nicely into ubiquitous computing environments.
Nse1, Nse2, and a Novel Subunit of the Smc5-Smc6 Complex, Nse3, Play a Crucial Role in Meiosis

The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family of proteins play key roles in the organization, packaging, and repair of chromosomes. Cohesin (Smc1+3) holds replicated sister chromatids toge...
Scotopic spectral sensitivity of the optomotor response in the green treefrog Hyla cinerea.

Amphibians are unusual among vertebrates in having two spectral classes of rod photoreceptors, unique amphibian “green” rods and typical vertebrate “red” rods. Although amphibians have been the subject of extensive research on visual function, it is not known whether possession of two classes of rods is a general feature of Amphibia, nor is it clear to what behaviors each class of rods contributes. The Hylidae comprise one of the largest families within Amphibia but have been little studied with respect to visual function. Here, we demonstrate the presence of green and red rods in Hyla cinerea by microspectrophotometry and provide evidence for the contribution of green rods to one visually based behavior, the optomotor response. In addition, we discuss the role of green and red rods in visually based behavior in light of apparently conflicting demands resulting from the need to maximize absolute sensitivity, visual acuity, and color sensitivity. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Power to Detect Spatial Disturbances under Different Levels of Geographic Aggregation

Objective: Spatio and/or temporal surveillance systems are designed to monitor the ongoing appearance of disease cases in space and time, and to detect potential disturbances in either dimension. Patient addresses are sometimes reported at some level of geographic aggregation, for example by ZIP code or census tract. While this aggregation has the advantage of protecting patient privacy, it also risks compromising statistical efficiency. This paper investigated the variation in power to detect a change in the spatial distribution in the presence of spatial aggregation. Methods: The authors generated 400,000 spatial datasets with varying location and spread of simulated spatial disturbances, both on a purely synthetic uniform population, and on a heterogeneous population, representing hospital admissions to three community hospitals in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The authors evaluated the power of the M- statistic to detect spatial disturbances, comparing the use of exact spatial locations versus twelve different levels of aggregation, where the M- statistic is a comparison of two distributions of interpoint distances between locations. Results: When the spread of simulated spatial disturbances was contained to a small portion of the study region or affects a large proportion of the population at risk, power was highest when exact locations were reported. If the spatial disturbance was a more modest signal, the best power was attained at an aggregated level. Conclusions: The precision at which patients' locations are reported has the potential to affect the power of detection significantly.
Herrnstein's syllogism: Genetic and shared environmental influences on IQ, education, and income.

Genotypes may influence the phenotypic associations among IQ, education, and income. To investigate this hypothesis, we believe that the appropriate methodology requires estimation of genetic and environmental influences using data able to separate these influences. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) is a nationally representative sample that contains genetically-informative full- and half-siblings (28 ‐ 35 years old in 1992; Ns = 1943 full-siblings, 129 half-siblings). A biometric genetic model was fit that estimated the shared environmental and genetic variance components of IQ, years of education, and hourly income. The total heritabilities were 0.64 for IQ, 0.68 for education, and 0.42 for income. Heritabilities due to a common genetic factor were 0.35 for IQ, 0.52 for education, and 0.12 for income. Environmental influences due to a common shared environmental factor were 0.23 for IQ, 0.18 for education, and 0.08 for income. The model predicted a correlation of 0.63 between IQ and education and 0.34 between IQ and income. Sixty-eight percent of the former and 59% of the latter was genetically mediated; the remainder was mediated by common shared environment. These findings suggest that social inequality in the United States has its origin in both genetically-based traits and in different environmental backgrounds. The current study addresses an old issue about individual success in life that was renewed by the publication of The Bell Curve (Herrnstein & Murray, 1994). The primary empirical focus of that work was to address the problem of which of two sources of influence was a more important determinant of individual success: intelligence (IQ) or family socio-economic status (SES). Yet, The Bell Curve was also concerned with the under
Software patents and the metaphysics of Section 271(f)

Can shipment of one disk of software abroad give rise to worldwide liability for patent infringement? Is the Supreme Court ready to revisit the patentability of software?
Postural Control in Bipolar Disorder: Increased Sway Area and Decreased Dynamical Complexity

Structural, neurochemical, and functional abnormalities have been identified in the brains of individuals with bipolar disorder, including in key brain structures implicated in postural control, i.e. the cerebellum, brainstem, and basal ganglia. Given these findings, we tested the hypothesis that postural control deficits are present in individuals with bipolar disorder. Sixteen participants with bipolar disorder (BD) and 16 age-matched non-psychiatric healthy controls were asked to stand as still as possible on a force platform for 2 minutes under 4 conditions: (1) eyes open-open base; (2) eyes closed-open base; (3) eyes open-closed base; and (4) eyes closed-closed base. Postural sway data were submitted to conventional quantitative analyses of the magnitude of sway area using the center of pressure measurement. In addition, data were submitted to detrended fluctuation analysis, a nonlinear dynamical systems analytic technique that measures complexity of a time-series, on both the anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions. The bipolar disorder group had increased sway area, indicative of reduced postural control. Decreased complexity in the medio-lateral direction was also observed for the bipolar disorder group, suggesting both a reduction in dynamic range available to them for postural control, and that their postural corrections were primarily dominated by longer time-scales. On both of these measures, significant interactions between diagnostic group and visual condition were also observed, suggesting that the BD participants were impaired in their ability to make corrections to their sway pattern when no visual information was available. Greater sway magnitude and reduced complexity suggest that individuals with bipolar disorder have deficits in sensorimotor integration and a reduced range of timescales available on which to make postural corrections.
Animal tlatoque: attracting middle school students to computing through culturally-relevant themes

A popular approach to introducing students to computer science is to involve middle-school students in engaging programming activities. One challenge in such a program is attracting students who are not already positively predisposed to computing.In order to attract a diverse audience, we developed a summer program based on culturally-relevant themes that appealed to our two target audiences, females and Latina/os. This paper describes our success in developing and implementing a computing curriculum and recruiting materials for a 2-week summer camp integrating two themes, animal conservation and Mayan culture. Scratch programming was used to engage students in creating animations about animals and Mayan culture, allowing them an interdisciplinary experience that combined programming, culture, biology, art, and storytelling.Our recruiting efforts resulted in an application pool that was 73% female and 67% Latina/o, with only 6.5% in neither group. We had 34 students complete the program. Pre- and post- surveys showed that the number of students citing computer science as their top choice for a career doubled and interest in computer science as a career more than tripled.
Dermal cylindroma following x-ray epilation of the scalp.

SUMMARY.— Two patients are described in whom single dermal cylindromata on the scalp developed many years after x-ray epilation. This is believed to be the first record of this association.
Leveraging reads that span multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms for haplotype inference from sequencing data

Motivation: Haplotypes, defined as the sequence of alleles on one chromosome, are crucial for many genetic analyses. As experimental determination of haplotypes is extremely expensive, haplotypes are traditionally inferred using computational approaches from genotype data, i.e. the mixture of the genetic information from both haplotypes. Best performing approaches for haplotype inference rely on Hidden Markov Models, with the underlying assumption that the haplotypes of a given individual can be represented as a mosaic of segments from other haplotypes in the same population. Such algorithms use this model to predict the most likely haplotypes that explain the observed genotype data conditional on reference panel of haplotypes. With rapid advances in short read sequencing technologies, sequencing is quickly establishing as a powerful approach for collecting genetic variation information. As opposed to traditional genotyping-array technologies that independently call genotypes at polymorphic sites, short read sequencing often collects haplotypic information; a read spanning more than one polymorphic locus (multi-single nucleotide polymorphic read) contains information on the haplotype from which the read originates. However, this information is generally ignored in existing approaches for haplotype phasing and genotype-calling from short read data. Results: In this article, we propose a novel framework for haplotype inference from short read sequencing that leverages multi-single nucleotide polymorphic reads together with a reference panel of haplotypes. The basis of our approach is a new probabilistic model that finds the most likely haplotype segments from the reference panel to explain the short read sequencing data for a given individual. We devised an efficient sampling method within a probabilistic model to achieve superior performance than existing methods. Using simulated sequencing reads from real individual genotypes in the HapMap data and the 1000 Genomes projects, we show that our method is highly accurate and computationally efficient. Our haplotype predictions improve accuracy over the basic haplotype copying model by � 20% with comparable computational time, and over another recently proposed approach Hap-SeqX by � 10% with significantly reduced computational time and memory usage. Availability: Publicly available software is available at http://genetics.
Managing network resources in Condor

Data-intensive applications in the Condor high-throughput computing (HTC) environment can place heavy demands on network resources for checkpointing and remote data access. We have developed mechanisms to monitor, control and schedule network usage in Condor. By managing network resources, these mechanisms provide administrative control over Condor's network usage and improve the execution efficiency of Condor applications.
Image Recovery from Compressed Video Using Multichannel Regularization

In this chapter we propose a multichannel recovery approach to ameliorate coding artifacts in compressed video. The main shortcomings of previously proposed recovery algorithms for this problem was that only spatial smoothness was explicitly enforced. In this chapter we attempt to ameliorate the above problem. According to the proposed approach, prior knowledge is enforced by introducing regularization operators which complement the transmitted data. The term multichannel implies that both the spatial (within-channel) and temporal (across-channel) properties of the image sequences are used in the recovery process. More specifically, regularization operators are defined that in addition to spatial smoothness explicitly enforce smoothness along the motion trajectories. Since the compressed images due to quantization belong to known convex sets, iterative gradient projection algorithms are proposed to minimize the regularized functional and simultaneously guarantee membership to these sets. Numerical experiments are shown using H.261 and H.263 coded sequences. These experiments demonstrate that introduction of temporal regularization offers a significant improvement both visually and from a peak signal-to-noise ratio point of view.
Neuroimaging Investigations of Social Status and Social Hierarchies

Status-based hierarchical influences are believed to be of great consequence and guide much of the social interactions among animals and humans alike. Nevertheless, the impact of social status on human brain structures and functions has received relatively little attention, possibly as a consequence of challenges associated with defining this multifaceted construct. This chapter presents brain imaging investigations and explores how our own social status shapes us and how the social status of others shapes our responses to them. We first examine available evidence of the influence of social status on brain structure and cognitive development. We then review some of the recent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) investigations on the impact of social status on how we construe others. Finally, we present fMRI experiments demonstrating how individual differences in social status shape how we respond to others.
Early record on test moratoriums

The history of the U.S. and Soviet nuclear weapons testing moratoriums in the late 1950s and early 1960s should not be tilted in order to make points in the current debate.
Are Opioid Receptors Involved in the Brady cardiac and Hypotensive Action of Clonidine

Experimental evidence that supports or rejects an involvement of opioid receptors in the cardiovascular effects of clonidine was sought. In anesthetized rabbits, clonidine decreased blood pressure and heart rate. These effects were related to the clonidine dose. High doses of clonidine produced a biphasic response in blood pressure without resulting in a significant baroreflex. However, it was not difficult to produce hypotensive action of clonidine without the biphasic action using low doses of clonidine. A pretreatment of the animals with naloxone (1 mg/1 kg) prevented the hypotensive action of clonidine at low dose. This antagonistic action of naloxone against clonidine was also evident in other cardiac parameters such as heart rate and efferent sympathetic renal nerve activity. The antagonistic action was not demonstrably significant with the high doses of clonidine. The present study in normotensive anesthetized rabbits suggests that specific central interactions between opioid and adrenergic receptors can be demonstrated under defined conditions, although such interactions were reported in pathophysiologic conditions such as essential hypertension.
Determination of ephedrine hydrochloride in Feiyan Chuanshu oral solution by HPLC

OBJECTIVE To establish an RP-HPLC method for ephedrine hydrochloride in Feiyan Chuanshu oral solution.METHODS HPLC,column: HypersiL ODS-C18(250mm×4.0mm,5μm),mobile phase: acetonitrine-0.02mol·mL-1potassium dihydrogen phosphate(0.2% triethylamine,adjusted pH to 2.7 with phosphoric acid)(5∶95).The flow rate was at 1.0mL·min-1 and the detective wavelength was at 210nm. RESULTS The calibration curve was linear within a range of 12.8～76.8μg·mL-1 for ephedrine hydrochloride,the average recovery was 99.85% with RSD=0.27%(n=5).CONCLUSION The method is accurate with a good reproducibility and can be used as a quantitative analysis for preparation.
Tumor Heterogeneity and Tumor Immunity: A Chicken-and-Egg Problem

The overall mutational burden of a tumor is considered to be a predictive marker for the success of checkpoint blockade therapy. A recent study by McGranahan et al. reframes this notion by showing that clonal expression of neoantigens by tumor cells, rather than overall mutational burden, determines the response to checkpoint blockade therapy.
36-4: Effective Surface Treatment on the Cover Glass for Auto-Interior Applications

AG glass demonstrated strong scratch resistance and mechanical strength similar to Gorilla Glass® without AG. Surface treatment optimization needs to consider the main attributes: ambient CR, sparkle, and resolution of the display with suitable surface treatment for the Auto Interior display applications
Trial of Heat Inactivation of Selected Viruses Following Irradiation

Four selected viruses were irradiated in ground pork with an electron beam at absorbed doses of 4.4 to 5.27 kG. Irradiated and nonirradiated viruses were heated at four temperatures for four time intervals and assayed for surviving virus. Data were examined for evidence of irradiation-heat interaction to determine whether absorbed irradiation would sensitize virus so that a lesser amount of heat would be required for inactivation. It was determined that irradiation does not increase lability to heat to a level that has practical application in virus inactivation.
Remote Sensing of Cloud Cover Parameters

The problem of retrieving cloud cover parameters from visible and infrared radiances at the top of the atmosphere is not fully solved. The information contained in a single pixel, observed in these two channels, is insufficient to determine the principal cloud cover parameters. Some help is provided by two additional channels on the NOAA AVHRR radiometer. The near infrared channel at 0.85 μm, used with the visible channel at 0.63 μm, makes it possible to distinguish snow and ice covered surfaces, as well as land surfaces from clouds. The 3.7 μm channel provides information to distinguish among about six different cloud microphysical models, ranging from 4 μm liquid water to 32 μm ice particles.