cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of nurse leaders in the 21st century workplace

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, "To Err is Human,"1 alerted health care providers and consumers to the threats to patient safety and the need for what is known as transformational leadership in management of health care organizations. As the internal and external environment of current health care continues to be challenged by the attempt to create more reliable organizations, nurse leaders need to be prepared with skills for the successful implementation of complex initiatives and innovative approaches to facilitate the safest health care possible.
An aqueous, low temperature process for synthesizing PZT(53,47) thin films

Abstract The Deposition by Aqueous Acetate Solution (DAAS) technique has been developed for the preparation of thin films of Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3[PZT(53,47)] perovskites. This process, which employs titanium acetate, tends to establish a chemically bound network in the pre-annealed phase and facilitates the crystallization of ferroelectric lead perovskites at a relatively low temperature. The addition of surface wetting reagents and oxidants and the action of ultrasonic waves were shown to affect the crystallinity and film quality of PZT(53, 47) perovskites on Pt /Ti/SiO2/Si substrates. The band structure analysis of the FTIR spectrum is illustrated to be a simple way of monitoring the crystallization of PZT(53, 47) perovskites. Physical and electrical characterization of the resultant thin films were performed. The advantages of the DAAS process for fabricating thin ferroelectric films are examined.
Alteration of cellular RNA splicing and polyadenylation machineries during productive human cytomegalovirus infection

Alternative processing of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL37 pre-mRNA predominantly produces the unspliced UL37 exon 1 (UL37x1) RNA and multiple, lower abundance, alternatively spliced UL37 RNAs. The relative abundance of UL37x1 unspliced RNA is surprising because it requires the favoured use of a polyadenylation signal within UL37 intron 1, just upstream of the UL37 exon 2 (UL37x2) acceptor. Here, it was shown that a downstream element (DSE) in UL37x2 strongly enhanced processing at the UL37x1 polyadenylation site, but did not influence UL37x1-x2 splicing. There was a potential binding site (UCUU) for polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) at the UL37x1 polyadenylation/cleavage site and its mutation to UGGG reduced both polyadenylation and splicing of UL37x1-x2 minigene pre-mRNA, suggesting a role in both RNA processing events. To determine whether lytic HCMV infection altered the balance of RNA processing factors, which bind to UL37 pre-mRNA cis elements, these were investigated in permissively infected primary and immortalized human diploid fibroblasts (HFFs) and epithelial cells. Induction of polyadenylation factors in HCMV-infected, serum-starved (G(0)) HFFs was also investigated. Permissive HCMV infection consistently increased, albeit with different kinetics, the abundance of cleavage stimulation factor 64 (CstF-64) and PTB, and altered hypo-phosphorylated SF2 in different cell types. Moreover, the preponderance of UL37x1 RNA increased during infection and correlated with CstF-64 induction, whereas the complexity of the lower abundance UL37 spliced RNAs transiently increased following reduction of hypo-phosphorylated SF2. Collectively, multiple UL37 RNA polyadenylation cis elements and induced cellular factors in HCMV-infected cells strongly favoured the production of UL37x1 unspliced RNA.
Subperiosteal abscess of the orbit: evolving pathogens and the therapeutic protocol

Purpose Because of widespread antibiotic use, immunization against selective species, and the emergence of hypervirulent organisms, we sought to determine changes over time in the bacteriology of sinusitis-related subperiosteal abscess (SPA) of the orbit and their impact on patient outcomes under a uniform management protocol. Design Comparative case series. Subjects Patients ≤18 years of age with sinusitis-related SPA treated from 2002 to 2012; comparable cohorts from earlier time frames. Methods We analyzed culture results and outcomes in surgical cases, compared overall and age-specific results with those in a 1977 through 1992 patient series, and compared the proportion of patients Main Outcome Measures Patients requiring surgery; prevalence of pathogens; criteria prompting surgery; visual and systemic outcomes. Results Ninety-four patients met inclusion criteria: 53 (56%) recovered with medical therapy alone and 41 (44%) underwent surgical drainage. Compared with the 1977 through 1992 cohort, there was increased representation of Streptococcus anginosus group, S aureus , and group A β-streptococci. Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) accounted for 4 of 7 S aureus isolates. Of 94 patients, 74 (79%) were Conclusions The proportion of children
The impact of sleep disruption on complex cognitive tasks: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to build upon the state of knowledge about the impacts of sleep disruption into the domain of complex cognitive task performance for three types of sleep disruption: total sleep deprivation, sleep restriction, and circadian cycle. BACKGROUND: Sleep disruption affects human performance by increasing the likelihood of errors or the time it takes to complete tasks, such as the Psychomotor Vigilance Task. It is not clear whether complex tasks are affected in the same way. Understanding the impact of sleep disruption on complex cognitive tasks is important for, and in some instances more relevant to, professional workers confronted with unexpected, catastrophic failures following a period of disrupted sleep. METHOD: Meta-analytic review methods were applied to each of the three different areas of sleep disruption research. RESULTS: Complex cognitive task performance declines over consecutive hours of continuous wakefulness as well as consecutive days of restricted sleep, is worse for severely restricted sleep (4 or fewer hours in bed), is worse during the circadian nadir than apex, and appears less degraded than simple task performance. CONCLUSION: The reviews suggest that complex cognitive task performance may not be impacted by disrupted sleep as severely as simple cognitive task performance. APPLICATION: Findings apply to predicting effects of sleep disruption on workers in safety-critical environments, such as health care, aviation, the military, process control, and in particular, safety-critical environments involving shiftwork or long-duration missions. Language: en
Effects of the anti-inflammatory agents indomethacin, metiamide and acetylsalicylic acid on the induction of hyperplasia in hamster cheek-pouch epithelium and ear epidermis.

Previous studies have shown that agents such as indomethacin and hydrocortisone act to reduce the level of epidermal hyperplasia produced by various chemicals, but little information is available about the effects of such anti-inflammatory agents on the induction of hyperplasia in oral mucosa. Hamster cheek-pouch epithelium and ear epidermis were treated with indomethacin, metiamide and acetylsalicylic acid prior to treatment with turpentine, podophyllin or TPA. The levels of hyperplasia induced were monitored by rates of epithelial glycolysis, protein synthesis and mitosis. The response of the metabolic assays to epinephrine was also examined. Alone, turpentine, podophyllin and TPA each caused a 3–5 fold increase in the metabolic assays and loss of the normal tissue response to epinephrine. Tissues pretreated with indomethacin showed significant reductions in the levels of hyperplasia produced and they retained a normal response to epinephrine. No reduction in hyperplasia was observed following pretreatment with acetylsalicylic acid, an alternative inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis or with metiamide, a histamine blocker. The results indicate that the production of epithelial hyperplasia by turpentine, podophyllin and TPA can be inhibited by indomethacin.
Polymorphisms in the Human SNAIL (SNAI1) gene.

Abstract The human SNAIL is an important developmental protein involved in the formation of mesoderm and neural crest. The protein contains three classic and one atypical zinc-finger motif. The SNAI1 gene is composed of three exons. We have identified three SNPs in non-coding regions, two in the 5′UTR and one in intron 1, which can be detected by PCR followed by restriction enzyme digestion. We also identified a GGG/GGGG polymorphism in intron 1. We screened CEPH DNAs for these polymorphisms.
Performance driven circuit clustering and partitioning

In this paper, the problem of performance driven circuit partitioning is considered. The parameters taken into consideration to measure performance are power interconnection resource constraints. An algorithm is presented to build clusters in a bottom up manner while decomposing clusters for cutsize and delay minimization as well as power consumption and resource constraint. A partitioning method in a top down manner is applied based on the probability function.
Immersion wave soldering process

Immersion wave soldering is a new technique for soldering advanced printed circuit boards. In this process, an assembled and fixtured printed circuit board is immersed in a fluxing fluid and preheated to the soldering temperature. The fluxing fluid is glycerine activated with ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). After preheating and while still immersed in the fluxing fluid, the fixtured board is passed over a tin-bismuth eutectic (42% Sn, 58% Bi) solder wave. This technique has several advantages over conventional soldering processes, including elimination of solder dross formation, improved control over solder deposition, reduced thermal shock, easier cleaning after soldering, and improved flux effectiveness.
Neither Adaptive Thinking nor Reverse Engineering: methods in the evolutionary social sciences

In this paper I argue the best examples of the methods in the evolutionary social sciences don’t actually resemble either of the two methods called “Adaptive Thinking” or “Reverse Engineering” described by evolutionary psychologists. Both AT and RE have significant problems. Instead, the best adaptationist work in the ESSs seems to be based on and is aiming at a different method that avoids the problems of AT and RE: it is a behavioral level method that starts with information about both the trait in question and knowledge of the EEA. I describe some examples from the literature, and suggest how a behavioral level ESS might still contribute to the discovery and understanding of human psychology. Finally, I describe some remaining problems for adaptationist reasoning of this kind.
Routing in a delay tolerant network

We formulate the delay-tolerant networking routing problem, where messages are to be moved end-to-end across a connectivity graph that is time-varying but whose dynamics may be known in advance. The problem has the added constraints of finite buffers at each node and the general property that no contemporaneous end-to-end path may ever exist. This situation limits the applicability of traditional routing approaches that tend to treat outages as failures and seek to find an existing end-to-end path. We propose a framework for evaluating routing algorithms in such environments. We then develop several algorithms and use simulations to compare their performance with respect to the amount of knowledge they require about network topology. We find that, as expected, the algorithms using the least knowledge tend to perform poorly. We also find that with limited additional knowledge, far less than complete global knowledge, efficient algorithms can be constructed for routing in such environments. To the best of our knowledge this is the first such investigation of routing issues in DTNs.
RENAL ARTERY THROMBOSIS SECONDARY TO URETERAL OBSTRUCTION

Nephrolithiasis in patients with a solitary kidney can cause obstructive anuria. However, to our knowledge we report the first case of renal artery bypass graft thrombosis after acute ureteral obstruction in a solitary functioning kidney presenting with anuria. We propose that myogenically mediated renal artery hypoperfusion secondary to acute ureteral obstruction, with blood pooling at the renal artery anastomotic site of a previous abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, was responsible for the thrombotic event. Physiological evidence concerning renal artery hemodynamics in acute ureteral obstruction is reviewed.
Astrocytes Protect against Isoflurane Neurotoxicity by Buffering pro-brain–derived Neurotrophic Factor

BACKGROUND Isoflurane induces cell death in neurons undergoing synaptogenesis via increased production of pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) and activation of postsynaptic p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75). Astrocytes express p75, but their role in neuronal p75-mediated cell death remains unclear. The authors investigated whether astrocytes have the capacity to buffer increases in proBDNF and protect against isoflurane/p75 neurotoxicity. METHODS Cell death was assessed in day in vitro (DIV) 7 mouse primary neuronal cultures alone or in co-culture with age-matched or DIV 21 astrocytes with propidium iodide 24 h after 1 h exposure to 2% isoflurane or recombinant proBDNF. Astrocyte-targeted knockdown of p75 in co-culture was achieved with small-interfering RNA and astrocyte-specific transfection reagent and verified with immunofluorescence microscopy. proBDNF levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Each experiment used six to eight replicate cultures/condition and was repeated at least three times. RESULTS Exposure to isoflurane significantly (P < 0.05) increased neuronal cell death in primary neuronal cultures (1.5 ± 0.7 fold, mean ± SD) but not in co-culture with DIV 7 (1.0 ± 0.5 fold) or DIV 21 astrocytes (1.2 ± 1.2 fold). Exogenous proBDNF dose dependently induced neuronal cell death in both primary neuronal and co-cultures, an effect enhanced by astrocyte p75 inhibition. Astrocyte-targeted p75 knockdown in co-cultures increased media proBDNF (1.2 ± 0.1 fold) and augmented isoflurane-induced neuronal cell death (3.8 ± 3.1 fold). CONCLUSIONS The presence of astrocytes provides protection to growing neurons by buffering increased levels of proBDNF induced by isoflurane. These findings may hold clinical significance for the neonatal and injured brain where increased levels of proBDNF impair neurogenesis.
Biodistribution and Efficacy of Targeted Pulmonary Delivery of a Protein Kinase C-δ Inhibitory Peptide: Impact on Indirect Lung Injury.

Sepsis and sepsis-induced lung injury remain a leading cause of death in intensive care units. We identified protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) as a critical regulator of the acute inflammatory response and demonstrated that PKCδ inhibition was lung-protective in a rodent sepsis model, suggesting that targeting PKCδ is a potential strategy for preserving pulmonary function in the setting of indirect lung injury. In this study, whole-body organ biodistribution and pulmonary cellular distribution of a transactivator of transcription (TAT)-conjugated PKCδ inhibitory peptide (PKCδ-TAT) was determined following intratracheal (IT) delivery in control and septic [cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)] rats to ascertain the impact of disease pathology on biodistribution and efficacy. There was negligible lung uptake of radiolabeled peptide upon intravenous delivery [ 65% ID with minimal uptake in liver or kidney (<2% ID). IT delivery of a fluorescent-tagged (tetramethylrhodamine-PKCδ-TAT) peptide demonstrated uniform spatial distribution and cellular uptake throughout the peripheral lung. IT delivery of PKCδ-TAT at the time of CLP surgery significantly reduced PKCδ activation (tyrosine phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and cleavage) and acute lung inflammation, resulting in improved lung function and gas exchange. Importantly, peptide efficacy was similar when delivered at 4 hours post-CLP, demonstrating therapeutic relevance. Conversely, spatial lung distribution and efficacy were significantly impaired at 8 hours post-CLP, which corresponded to marked histopathological progression of lung injury. These studies establish a functional connection between peptide spatial distribution, inflammatory histopathology in the lung, and efficacy of this anti-inflammatory peptide.
Temperature dependence of myofilament Ca sensitivity of rat, guinea pig, and frog ventricular muscle.

Cooling the superfusate of intact ventricular muscle, from 30 degrees C to below 4 degrees C in less than 2 s, leads to contractures thought to reflect the amount of Ca available for release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). On rewarming, tension transiently increases in guinea pig and rat ventricular muscle. It has been proposed that this rewarming tension spike reflects changes in myofilament Ca sensitivity and maximum Ca-activated force (Cmax) associated with rewarming. There are differences in intracellular Ca regulation among cardiac muscle preparations. Some characteristics of rapid-cooling contractures (e.g., the magnitude of the rewarming spike) also differ between species. Therefore, the Ca sensitivity of skinned ventricular muscle from the rat, guinea pig, and frog was determined at 29 (22 degrees C for frog ventricular preparations), 8, and 1 degrees C. The results show that cooling rat and guinea pig ventricular muscle from 29 to 1 degrees C shifts the pCa vs. tension relationship toward higher [Ca2+] by 0.65 and 0.55 pCa units, respectively. Cooling to 1 degrees C also reduced Cmax to 3.3 and 7.8% of that at 29 degrees C in rat and guinea pig ventricular muscle, respectively. Similar results were found for frog ventricular muscle, in which cooling from 22 to 1 degrees C reduced Ca sensitivity by 0.6 pCa units and Cmax to 45.7% of its value at 22 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fatigue Resistance of Wind Blade Laminates Containing In-Plane Waviness Flaws

Summary Preceding studies 1,2 have explored the effects of waviness flaws on the static strength of blade laminates, showing severe strength loss for many flaw geometries. Blades containing undetected/unrepaired waviness are subject to spectrum fatigue loading in service, where the flaws may extend sufficiently to produce failure at low service loads. This paper will report the results of fatigue loading of laminates containing flaw geometries selected from the preceding studies. Preliminary results show progression of the waviness flaws to produce failure at relatively low applied fatigue loads, consistent with knockdowns found in static tests. The effects of waviness flaws on statistical aspects of strength and lifetime will be included in the paper. Modeling of the waviness flaws has shown that damage progression under axial loading is primarily driven by local shear stresses in the wave area 1 . Separate research over the past several years 3,4 has addressed creep/fatigue interactions for similar infused glass/epoxy laminates without artificial flaws, under shear loading. This work is being extended to explore the dominant creep/fatigue mechanisms responsible for damage progression in waviness flaws; in particular, whether criteria which control damage growth are cyclic or cumulative time based. Various loading conditions and flaw geometries will be included in the paper, although preliminary fatigue results are currently only available for a single case.
Confocal Raman Microscopy for in Situ Measurement of Octanol–Water Partitioning within the Pores of Individual C18-Functionalized Chromatographic Particles

Octanol–water partitioning is one of the most widely used predictors of hydrophobicity and lipophilicity. Traditional methods for measuring octanol–water partition coefficients (Kow), including shake-flasks and generator columns, require hours for equilibration and milliliter quantities of sample solution. These challenges have led to development of smaller-scale methods for measuring Kow. Recent advances in microfluidics have produced faster and smaller-volume approaches to measuring Kow. As flowing volumes are reduced, however, separation of water and octanol prior to measurement and detection in small volumes of octanol phase are especially challenging. In this work, we reduce the receiver volume of octanol–water partitioning measurements from current practice by six-orders-of-magnitude, to the femtoliter scale, by using a single octanol-filled reversed-phase, octadecylsilane-modified (C18-silica) chromatographic particle as a collector. The fluid-handling challenges of working in such small volumes ar...
GENETIC VARIATION IN A COURTSHIP-RELATED MALE CHARACTER IN DROSOPHILA SILVESTRIS FROM A SINGLE HAWAIIAN LOCALITY.

The large Drosophila species of Hawaii display sexual dimorphism and elaborate species-specific courtship patterns. Male characters related to courtship attract particular attention since they frequently constitute the most conspicuous taxonomic differences between Hawaiian species. The present study concerns intraspecific genetic variation in a courtship-related male character. D. silvestris, endemic to the geologically new volcanoes of Hawaii island, displays a brush of large dorsal cilia on the tibia of the foreleg of the male fly. This is used to stimulate the female during courtship. Genetic variation between local populations has previously been shown to exist for both sexual behavior and cilia number. The present paper reports the results of a study of cilia number variation in males collected at a single site over the period 1976-1980. Male progeny of females captured in nature were also studied. The mean number of cilia in the natural population was stable except for 1979 when it rose significantly, falling back again in 1980. The data indicate the existence of ample genetic variance for this character, existing as a balanced polymorphism in the natural population. The character appears to be under stabilizing selection. It is hypothesized that sexual selection is a contributing factor.
A Review of Commercial and Proprietary Weight Loss Programs

More than two thirds of the US adult population is overweight or obese, and many individuals use commercial and proprietary programs to lose weight. Few high-quality studies have examined the efficacy of these programs. This chapter summarizes the results of three types of commercial programs, as assessed by randomized controlled trials (RCTs). These programs include: (1) traditional nonmedical programs (e.g., Weight Watchers®); (2) medically supervised, very-low-calorie-diet programs (e.g., HMR®); (3) remotely-delivered programs (e.g., eDiets.com, Innergy™). This review found that two nonmedical programs, Weight Watchers and Jenny Craig, demonstrated long-term weight loss (i.e., at least 1 year). Medically supervised very low-calorie diet programs produced the largest weight losses observed; however, participants, on average, regained large amounts of weight. Remotely delivered programs show promise, but additional research is needed.
Clinical research of 146 children with inborn errors of metabolism

Objective To investigate the spectrum,age and clinical features in children with inborn errors of metabolism(IEM).Methods The clinical data of 146 children with IEM who were hospitalized in Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital from Jan 2003 to Dec 2007 were reviewed retrospectively.The diagnosis was based on clinical presentation and laboratory testing.Results Seventeen disorders in 9 categories were identified.The most common detected disorder was organic academia with detection rate of 36.3%,followed by mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with detection rate of 16.4%.Onset age of 91 cases(62.3%) and final diagnosis age of 53 cases(36.3%) were within 1 year old;onset age of 21 cases(14.4%) and final diagnosis of 40 cases(27.4%) were onset age of between 1 to 3 years old;onset age of 16 cases(11.0%) and final diagnosis age of 15(10.3%) cases were between 3 to 6 years old;onset age of 18 cases(12.3%) and final diagnosis age of 38 cases(26.0%) were after 6 years old.The common clinical presentation were mental development retardation or retrogression(85.9%),abnormal muscular tension(51.4%),seizure(41.8%),hepatomegaly(30.8%),hematological system abnormality(24.7%) and ataxia(12.3%).Conclusions There are many types of childhood onset IEM and the most common detected disorder was organic academia;The onset age of IEM was early and incidence of IEM gradually decreased with the age,However the age of diagnosis was delayed;IEM should be checked in children with mental development retardation or retrogression,abnormal muscular tension and seizures.
Fibrous Cap Thickness by Optical Coherence Tomography In Vivo.

Abstract Background Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging is considered to be the only imaging modality with sufficient resolution to measure fibrous cap thickness (FCT) in vivo. However, reproducibility of the measurements in vivo has been unsatisfactory. Objectives The authors aimed to investigate whether satisfactory reproducibility of FCT measurements by OCT in vivo can be achieved between independent observers. Methods One hundred seventy OCT pullbacks were analyzed by 2 independent observers with intravascular imaging expertise in accordance with current guidelines to assess the interobserver variability of FCT measurement by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The main sources of the variability were analyzed and incorporated in lesion assessment criteria. The same 170 OCT pullbacks were reanalyzed by the same observers using the developed criteria, and the interobserver reproducibility of the measurements was reassessed. On the basis of the developed criteria, a third independent observer interpreted all 170 OCT images. Assessment of the maximal lipid arc was also undertaken similarly before and after the development of interpretation criteria. Results The original ICC of the FC thickness was 0.56 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38 to 0.69). The poor definition of necrotic core facing border of FC and the neointimal presence of macrophages and calcification contributed to the high interobserver variability of FCT measurement. The ICC of FCT measurements by OCT in vivo was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80 to 0.93) after we developed lesion assessment criteria. The ICC for the maximal lipid arc assessment before and after was 0.76 and 0.82 respectively. The third independent observer was extensively coached and returned the ICC of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74 to 0.87) with observer 1 and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86 to 0.94) with observer 2. Conclusions Careful consideration of OCT features mimicking fibroatheroma lesions and imaging artifacts contributed to significantly higher levels of interobserver agreement. Interobserver variation can be partially resolved by development of standard interpretation algorithms.
Dose-response characteristics of intravenous ketamine on dissociative stereotypy, locomotion, sensorimotor gating, and nociception in male Sprague-Dawley rats

Clinicians administer subanesthetic intravenous (IV) ketamine infusions for treatment of refractory depression, chronic pain, and post-traumatic stress disorder in humans. However, ketamine is administered via the subcutaneous (SC) or intraperitoneal (IP) routes to rodents in most pre-clinical research, which may limit translational application. The present study characterized the dose-response of a subanesthetic IV ketamine bolus (2 and 5mg/kg) and 1-h infusion (5, 10, and 20mg/kg/h) on dissociative stereotypy, locomotion, sensorimotor gating, and thermal nociception in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The secondary aim was to measure ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations following IV ketamine bolus at 1, 20, and 50min and at the conclusion of the 1-h infusion using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results showed that ketamine bolus and infusions produced dose-dependent dissociative stereotypy. Bolus (2 and 5mg/kg) and 20mg/kg/h infusion increased locomotor activity while 5mg/kg/h infusion decreased locomotor activity. Both 10 and 20mg/kg/h infusions reduced the acoustic startle reflex, while 5mg/kg bolus and 20mg/kg/h infusion impaired pre-pulse inhibition. Ketamine 5mg/kg bolus and the 10 and 20mg/kg/h infusions induced significant and prolonged antinociception to the hotplate test. Plasma concentrations of ketamine decreased quickly after bolus while norketamine levels increased from 1 to 20min and plateaued from 20 to 50min. The peak ketamine plasma concentrations [ng/ml] were similar between 5mg/kg bolus [4100] vs. 20mg/kg/h infusion [3900], and 2mg/kg bolus [1700] vs. 10mg/kg/h infusion [1500]. These results support the findings from previous ketamine injection studies and further validate the feasibility of administering subanesthetic doses of IV ketamine infusion to rats for neuropharmacological studies.
Surface Roughness and Heat Transfer Improved Predictions for Aircraft Ice-Accretion Modeling

In an effort to improve the accuracy of current aircraft ice-accretion prediction tools, experimental and analytical studies have been conducted on airfoils roughened by natural ice accretion. Surf...
Ordinal arithmetic with list structures (preliminary version)

We provide a set of “natural” requirements for well-orderings of (binary) list structures. We show that the resultant order-type is the successor of the first critical epsilon number.
Presurgical Brain Mapping of the Ventral Somatomotor Network in Patients with Brain Tumors Using Resting-State fMRI.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Resting-state fMRI readily identifies the dorsal but less consistently the ventral somatomotor network. Our aim was to assess the relative utility of resting-state fMRI in the identification of the ventral somatomotor network via comparison with task-based fMRI in patients with brain tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 26 surgically naive patients referred for presurgical fMRI brain mapping who had undergone both satisfactory ventral motor activation tasks and resting-state fMRI. Following standard preprocessing for task-based fMRI and resting-state fMRI, general linear model analysis of the ventral motor tasks and independent component analysis of resting-state fMRI were performed with the number of components set to 20, 30, 40, and 50. Visual overlap of task-based fMRI and resting-state fMRI at different component levels was assessed and categorized as full match, partial match, or no match. Rest-versus-task-fMRI concordance was calculated with Dice coefficients across varying fMRI thresholds before and after noise removal. Multithresholded Dice coefficient volume under the surface was calculated. RESULTS: The ventral somatomotor network was identified in 81% of patients. At the subject level, better matches between resting-state fMRI and task-based fMRI were seen with an increasing order of components (53% of cases for 20 components versus 73% for 50 components). Noise-removed group-mean volume under the surface improved as component numbers increased from 20 to 50, though ANOVA demonstrated no statistically significant difference among the 4 groups. CONCLUSIONS: In most patients, the ventral somatomotor network can be identified with an increase in the probability of a better match at a higher component number. There is variable concordance of the ventral somatomotor network at the single-subject level between resting-state and task-based fMRI.
Fall and winter survival of brook trout and brown trout in a north-central Pennsylvania watershed

AbstractStream-dwelling salmonids that spawn in the fall generally experience their lowest survival during the fall and winter due to behavioral changes associated with spawning and energetic deficiencies during this time of year. We used data from Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis and Brown Trout Salmo trutta implanted with radio transmitters in tributaries of the Hunts Run watershed of north-central Pennsylvania to estimate survival from the fall into the winter seasons (September 2012–February 2013). We examined the effects that individual-level covariates (trout species, size, and movement rates) and stream-level covariates (individual stream and cumulative drainage area of a stream) have on survival. Brook Trout experienced significantly lower survival than Brown Trout, especially in the early fall during their peak spawning period. Besides a significant species effect, none of the other covariates examined influenced survival for either species. A difference in life history between these species, wi...
Estimates in generalized Morrey spaces for linear parabolic systems

Abstract In this study, we consider the parabolic system u t i − D α ( a i j α β D β u j ) = − div f i in the generalized Morrey Space L φ 2 , λ , where we aim to understand the regularity of the solutions to this system. We show that: (1) if a i j α β ∈ C ( Q T ‾ ) , then D u ∈ L φ 2 , λ ; and (2) if a i j α β ∈ V M O ( Q T ) , then D u ∈ L φ 2 , λ . Moreover, we obtain estimates of the gradient for the solutions to the system, thereby showing the regularity of the solutions.
Dehn surgery on ribbon knots

In this paper, we show that if 0-surgery along a ribbon knot &#x1d530; and 0-surgery along another knot &#x1d51f; give diffeomorphic 3-manifolds then &#x1d51f; has to be a slice knot. Moreover, they have diffeomorphic slice disk exteriors D4 − N(D&#x1d530;2)≅D4 − N(D &#x1d51f;2) for some ribbon disk D&#x1d530;2 and slice disk D&#x1d51f;2, where N(D&#x1d530;2) and N(D&#x1d51f;2) are tubular neighborhoods of D&#x1d530;2 and D&#x1d51f;2, respectively.
Comparative Effectiveness of Structural versus Regulatory Protein Gene Transfer on Articular Chondrocyte Matrix Gene Expression.

ObjectiveThe production of extracellular matrix is a necessary component of articular cartilage repair. Gene transfer is a promising method to improve matrix biosynthesis by articular chondrocytes....
Infiltration on sloping terrain and its role on runoff generation and slope stability

Abstract A modified Green-and-Ampt model is formulated to quantify infiltration on sloping terrain underlain by homogeneous soil wetted by surficial water application. This paper’s theory for quantifying infiltration relies on the mathematical statement of the coupled partial differential equations (pdes) governing infiltration and runoff. These pdes are solved by employing an explicit finite-difference numerical method that yields the infiltration, the infiltration rate, the depth to the wetting front, the rate of runoff, and the depth of runoff everywhere on the slope during external wetting. Data inputs consist of a water application rate or the rainfall hyetograph of a storm of arbitrary duration, soil hydraulic characteristics and antecedent moisture, and the slope’s hydraulic and geometric characteristics. The presented theory predicts the effect an advancing wetting front has on slope stability with respect to translational sliding. This paper’s theory also develops the 1D pde governing suspended sediment transport and slope degradation caused by runoff influenced by infiltration. Three examples illustrate the application of the developed theory to calculate infiltration and runoff on a slope and their role on the stability of cohesive and cohesionless soils forming sloping terrain.
Structural Properties of Two-Dimensional Metal-Ammonia Liquids in Graphite

The vast literature on three-dimensional (3D) bulk metal-ammonia solutions1–3 is testimony to the importance of these novel fluids as arenas for the study of the metal-insulator (M-I) problem.4 Since phase transitions such as the M-I transition exhibit marked dependence of the spatial dimensionality of the systems being explored,5 it is obvious that the prospect of studying metal-ammonia solutions in a two-dimensional (2D) environment is an intriguing one.
Sparse functional representation for large-scale service clustering

Service clustering provides an effective means to discover hidden service communities that group services with relevant functionalities. However, the ever increasing number of Web services poses key challenges for building large-scale service communities. In this paper, we address the scalability issue in service clustering, aiming to discover service communities over very large-scale services. A key observation is that service descriptions are usually represented by long but very sparse term vectors as each service is only described by a limited number of terms. This inspires us to seek a new service representation that is economical to store, efficient to process, and intuitive to interpret. This new representation enables service clustering to scale to massive number of services. More specifically, a set of anchor services are identified that allow to represent each service as a linear combination of a small number of anchor services. In this way, the large number of services are encoded with a much more compact anchor service space. We conduct extensive experiments on real-world service data to assess both the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach. Results on a dataset with over 3,700 Web services clearly demonstrate the good scalability of sparse functional representation.
Modeling the Transport of Chemically Active Constituents in the Stratosphere

A three-dimensional, spectral, primitive equation, atmospheric model incorporating comprehensive chemistry has been used to study dynamics and transport processes and to simulate the distribution of ozone and other trace constituents in the stratosphere. Preliminary results from a simulation of the seasonally varying evolution of several important constituents are presented. Comparisons of simulated species distributions with data obtained from satellite experiments demonstrate good agreement in many instances. Of particular interest is the occurrence of incursions or tongues of ozone-rich air parcels from lower latitudes into the polar cap region associated with the displaced polar vortex during a mid-winter stratospheric warming. During the period of enhanced dynamical activity, the model successfully simulates many aspects of observed ozone behavior as well as features described as wave-breaking and irreversible mixing observed in isentropic distributions of potential vorticity inferred from satellite temperature data. Examination of the evolving constituent distributions suggests that episodic transport of ozone into the polar region during wave-breaking events culminates with the production of a high-latitude, spring maximum in total column ozone.
State Factor Analysis

How ecosystems and soils evolve in time, differ from each other, and vary from one landscape to another, and why, is explored by state factor analysis. (Pedagogically speaking, the reader may wish to scan this chapter for orientation, then acquaint himself or herself with material in succeeding chapters and return to this one for critical perusal.)
Geotechnical engineering of land disposal systems

Land disposal of solid waste entails the placement of waste in above ground stockpiles or dike impoundments or conversely, burial/encapsulation in below ground vaults. Containment failure can result from either mass-stability failure of above ground structures or leakage from both types of disposal systems. Geotechnical considerations play an important role in preventing either type of failure.
Cool Japanese men: Studying new masculinities at Cambridge

While still in the early days of my graduate school career a professor asked me why I studied men. Looking around at my classmates, primarily men, I responded cheekily (though honestly), ‘I am as f...
Polymorph Selection via Sublimation onto Siloxane Templates

Diphenylurea (PU) crystallizes via slow evaporation from a range of solvents as phase pure α-PU or in a concomitant mixture with the less stable β-PU phase. Sublimation onto glass also yields α-PU in high phase purity. In contrast, sublimation onto siloxane-coated glass templates with various terminal groups (e.g., isocyanate, acetate, bromine) resulted in primarily β-PU. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the individual crystals on siloxanes exhibit a range of different morphologies (e.g., plates, needles, hollow tubes, spirals) which appear to be influenced by the terminal siloxane functionality. Under extended sublimation times (>5 h), mixtures of β and α become apparent on most siloxanes. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction studies showed that the β:α ratio changes as a function of distance from the siloxane, with more α-PU appearing at higher angles. Diffraction line intensities also indicate strong preferred orientations for β-PU crystallites within the polycrystalline layer with the fastest g...
Development of Technical Communication in China: Program Building and Field Convergence

This article examines the emergence of technical communication as an academic field in China from the perspectives of pedagogy, program building, market needs, professionalization, and local sociop...
Immunology of Auto-inflammatory Syndromes

The body’s first line of defense is the innate immune system, an ancestrally ancient response distinct from the adaptive immune system. At the heart of innate immunity are host germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, which sense conserved structural features present on pathogens or signs of tissue damage, and trigger production of inflammatory responses. In contrast, autoinflammation represents a disordered and inappropriate innate immune response, with excessive production of inflammatory cytokines in the absence of high-titer autoantibodies and antigen-specific T cells. This chapter reviews the innate immune system, with a particular focus on how defects in these immune sensors and their associated signaling pathways are linked to autoinflammation. Central to this is a large family of intracellular pattern recognition receptors including the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins and the NOD-like receptors (NLRs), which serve as key mediators in both innate immunity and autoinflammation largely through ability to form inflammasomes. Indeed, many autoinflammatory disorders converge at the level of inflammasome activation. Inflammasomes and other sensors trigger rapid production of inflammatory cytokines, and defective regulation and attenuation of cytokine responses can also underlie autoinflammation. In addition, the type I interferon response represents a distinct innate immune pathway able to elicit a potent antiviral response but when dysregulated is increasingly recognized as an important cause of autoinflammation. The objective of this overview of innate immune responses is to provide a framework for understanding autoinflammation and inform clinical diagnosis and rationally directed therapies.
Wavelength-resolved pump-probe transient-reflectivity characterization of optoelectronic devices

Significant advance has been made over the last decade in the development of broadband optoelectronic devices based on novel technologies such as 2D materials, metamaterials, plasmonics, negative electron affinity photoemission, etc. Understanding carrier dynamics in such devices, especially carrier relaxation and transportation near device surfaces, requires time-resolved, broadband reflective spectroscopy with femtosecond temporal resolutions. Femtosecond pump-probe reflectivity measurement (PPRM) has long been used to study carrier dynamics in semiconductor devices. However, conventional PPRM lacks the necessary bandwidth and the ability to make spectroscopic measurement. In this presentation, we report the demonstration of wavelength-resolved transient reflectivity measurement using a ultrabroad-band few-cycle pump-probe system. The system allows device transient reflectivity to be mapped onto a two-dimensional space formed by time and wavelength, providing a comprehensive characterization of ultrafast carrier dynamics. Preliminary results based on a GaAs substrate and GaAs/AlGaAs layered structures have offered interesting insights into device dynamics that otherwise would not be clear. These results demonstrate the feasibility of performing wavelength-resolved transient reflectivity measurement and the effectiveness of this technique in characterizing broadband optoelectronic devices.
Digital identity and the construction of distinctiveness by American wineries

Abstract Hospitality and tourism entrepreneurs need to balance uniqueness with conformity. Organizational identity theory proposes that an organization’s central and enduring attributes make it distinctive while helping observers categorize it. Since distinctive value creation is central to success in hospitality, this study asks how entrepreneurs in hospitality and tourism construct distinctive identity claims and how these identities help firms create distinctive value. The research context is the American winemaking industry, where entrepreneurs strive to present their wineries as destinations. The data comes from the digital identity statements of 314 members of the WineAmerica trade association. We identify seventeen identity themes and several clusters of themes that demonstrate how entrepreneurial claims shape distinctive organizational identities and contribute to distinctive value creation.
Polarization-Independent and Broadband THz Coherent Perfect Absorber based on Black Phosphorus Bifacial Metasurfaces

This work reports a novel black phosphorus (BP)-based metasurface exhibiting broadband and polarization-insensitive coherent perfect absorption (CPA) at THz frequencies. The proposed design is composed of a thin dielectric layer sandwiched between two BP monolayers patterned in patches. An equivalent microwave circuit model is developed to accurately model and analyze this design. It is shown that CPA can be achieved over a broad bandwidth of 1.5 THz for both TM and TE waves. The broadband and polarization-independent CPA response is achieved due to the ultrathin thickness of the proposed design and the anisotropic dispersive properties of BP. The presented ultrathin and broadband CPA devices can be used as tunable planar THz modulators, detectors, and signal processors.
Point-of-Care Laboratory Testing in Radiology

Established applications for point-of-care testing (POCT) in radiology include pre-procedural pregnancy testing, assessment of renal function prior to the administration of contrast agents, anticoagulation management before and in some cases during invasive procedures, and capillary blood glucose testing as indicated. Sites performing POCT must comply with US federal regulations stipulated in the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA), as well as additional requirements of accreditation agencies and some individual states. Although limited in number, outcome studies have demonstrated significant improvements in the timeliness and efficiency of radiology operations following implementation of POCT.