cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online Question-Answering (Q&A)

Using online communities or crowds to satisfy information needs is becoming more common. This chapter reviews various ways in which people seek information from others by asking questions through online services. These services, referred to here as online Q&A, are categorized as expert-based, community-based, collaborative, and social. A comparative analysis, along with examples, is presented to show how these services differ in meaningful ways. Going beyond the types of online Q&A, we’ll discuss their content and users. The discussion on content is divided into questions and answers. The description of users is based on asking and answering behaviors, as well as some views on balancing those two actions. Finally, the chapter introduces several special classes of users in online Q&A services and what they could mean for a given Q&A platform’s success and survivability.
A regularized multi-metric active learning framework for hyperspectral image classification

Utilization of both spectral and spatial features for hyperspectral image classification can often improve the classification accuracy. However, the high dimensionality of the input data and the limited number of labeled samples are two key challenges for supervised techniques. In this paper, a regularized multi-metric learning approach is proposed for feature extraction and combined with active learning (AL) to deal with these issues simultaneously. In particular, distinct metrics are assigned to different types of features and then learned jointly. Also, the proposed regularizer helps to avoid overfitting at early AL stages by taking advantage of the unlabeled data information. Finally, multiple feature are projected into a common feature space, in which a new batch-mode AL strategy combining uncertainty and diversity is performed in conjunction with k-nearest neighbor (ANN) classification to enrich the set of labeled samples. Experiments on a benchmark hyperspectral dataset illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
INTRODUCTION TO LIFE CYCLE: REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND GROWTH

Evolution place heavy emphasis on reproduction, for the way an organism reproduces affects profoundly its contribution to future generations
Current Issues in Leisure Services: Looking Ahead in a Time of Transition. Joseph J. Bannon (Ed.), Recreation and Leisure: An Introductory Handbook. Alan Graefe and Stan Parker (Eds.)

(1991). Current Issues in Leisure Services: Looking Ahead in a Time of Transition. Joseph J. Bannon (Ed.), Recreation and Leisure: An Introductory Handbook. Alan Graefe and Stan Parker (Eds.) Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 188-190.
Correction to: Black spot infection in juvenile steelhead trout increases with stream temperature in northern California

The original version of this article contained two mistakes, which we detail here. First, the percent infected data for sites 6 and 7 were inadvertently switched in the published version of Table 1.
Learning curves of novice anesthesiology residents performing simulated fibreoptic upper airway endoscopy

In various medical and surgical specialties, it is essential to acquire fibreoptic upper airway endoscopy skills for successful endotracheal intubation, especially when faced with a difficult airway. The aim of our study was to evaluate the learning curves of residents performing fibreoptic upper airway endoscopy in the simulation environment. Following a standardized video and practice session, 16 residents newly enrolled in the anesthesiology program performed nasal fibreoptic endoscopy of the upper airway (endpoint being the carina) on a high fidelity simulator. Weekly 20-min sessions continued for a period of one month. Each attempt was designated as either a “success” or a “failure” based on the study participant’s ability or inability to visualize the carina in ≤60 sec and with ≤five collisions with the simulated mucosal wall. Proficiency was attained when the downward graphical trend of the cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis crossed two adjacent boundary lines, i.e., an acceptable failure rate was reached. The residents’ mean number of attempts at fibreoptic airway endoscopy was 47 (9) with a range of 32–64. Time to visualization of the carina was 51 (36) sec. Three classical patterns of CUSUM trends were observed: proficient (n = 7); not proficient with a downward (improvement) trend (n = 3); and not proficient with an upward (worsening) trend (n = 6). The number of attempts at which proficiency was achieved varied from 27 to 58. There is a large variation in the learning curves of residents performing fibreoptic upper airway endoscopy. The training for fibreoptic airway endoscopy should be tailored to the needs of each individual.
Supersymmetric contributions to the ϵ′ and ϵ CP violating parameters

Abstract We consider the contributions to ϵ, ϵ′ ϵ and the electric dipole moments due to flavor blind mechanisms of CP violation, found in supersymmetric models.
Germ Cell Tumors of the Ovary and Dysgenetic Gonads

Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors account for less than 5 % of ovarian cancers. However, since these tumors primarily involve women during the reproductive years, making fertility-conserving treatment an important matter, they are highly significant. Germ cell neoplasms are also of interest because some of the processes involved in their genesis relate to early embryonic development, reproduction, and determination of an individual’s sex – all fascinating and important matters.
Pancreas divisum: endoscopic therapy.

Pancreas divisum is the most common congenital malformation of the pancreas and has been implicated as a cause of pancreatic disease. This article discusses the endoscopic therapy of symptomatic pancreas divisum.
Hypercytokinemia in Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a frequently missed and almost uniformly fatal childhood disorder. It is characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, coagulopathy, and hypertriglyceridemia. The pathogenesis of FHL is not known but the above clinical and laboratory findings are compatible with reported in vitro and in vivo effects of several inflammatory cytokines. We measured circulating interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor/cachectin (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in nine children with FHL. During active disease, elevated IFN-gamma was detected in seven of seven children, TNF in six of six, and IL-6 in two of six children studied. Thus, important inflammatory cytokines are augmented in active FHL and may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Soluble CD8 was also increased in seven of seven children, which suggests a pathophysiologic importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Because FHL appears to be associated with a systemic hypercytokinemia, our results also indicate that studies of FHL may contribute to the understanding of cytokine effects in vivo. Moreover, FHL is a hereditary disorder, suggesting that the hypercytokinemia is caused by a genetic defect in cytokine regulation.
CPI-C programming in C: an application developer's guide to APPC

Client/server networks are growing at an explosive rate, as is the need for new applications. One of the most popular distributed protocols currently in use is APPC, and the preferred programming interface for APPC is CPI-C, the Common Programming Interface for Communications. This text aims to provide everything the programmer needs to know to use CPI-C to write distributed applications in a modern networking environment. Written specifically for programmers, this how-to guide includes illustrative examples, guidelines, tips, templates and reusable C code samples. The book takes the reader from a simple pair of programs through all the sophisticated techniques needed for modern client/server applications. The text includes: strategies to decide which networking technologies to use in developing new distributed applications; tips on how to handle as many clients as possible with as few sources as possible; a complete library of CPI-C call, parameter and constant value with source code examples; techniques for robust error handling; advice on aspects of CPI-C that authors don't recommend, and why; and a disk of reusable source code.
Adsorption of Water on Cu2O and Al2O3 Thin Films

The initial stages of water condensation, approximately 6 molecular layers, on two oxide surfaces, Cu2O and Al2O3, have been investigated by using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at relative humidity values (RH) from 0 to >90%. Water adsorbs first dissociatively on oxygen vacancies producing adsorbed hydroxyl groups in a stoichiometric reaction: Olattic + vacancies + H2O = 2OH. The reaction is completed at ∼1% RH and is followed by adsorption of molecular water. The thickness of the water film grows with increasing RH. The first monolayer is completed at ∼15% RH on both oxides and is followed by a second layer at 35−40% RH. At 90% RH, about 6 layers of H2O film have been formed on Al2O3.
Vortex liquid disorder and the first order melting transition in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ

We present transport measurements in high quality untwinned crystals of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ in fields up to 8 T. We find an extremely sharp resistive transition at the first order vortex freezing transition ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$, with width much narrower than the zero field transition width. The resistive transition as a function of magnetic field is equally sharp with freezing occurring within 10 Oe in a field of about 6 T. There is dramatic asymmetric hysteresis in the field dependence of the resistivity related to the unpinned nature of the vortex liquid state.
Deportation meets development: a case study of return migration in Guatemala

ABSTRACTUsing Guatemala as a case study, this article seeks to examine how countries like Guatemala can harness the political, economic and social capital of returned migrants and leverage the opportunities presented by return migration for sustainable human and economic development. To conceptualise the ways in which migration might contribute to Guatemala’s development, the country’s historical context, current demographics, societal challenges and state of development must be taken into account. The article identifies the challenges and opportunities of return migration for development in Guatemala. Drawing on several theoretical perspectives, the article makes policy recommendations in consideration of how return migration from a more-developed nation to a less-developed nation might become an opportunity for development.
Understanding Dyslexia in the Context of Developmental Language Disorders

Purpose The purpose of this tutorial is to discuss the language basis of dyslexia in the context of developmental language disorders (DLDs). Whereas most studies have focused on the phonological sk...
Looking back, looking forward: forty years of the Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

The inception, development, and rise of the Journal of Behavioral Medicine (JOBM) has paralleled that of the field of behavioral medicine. Under the leadership of founding editor, W. Doyle Gentry, published its first issue in 1978. The subsequent 40 years have seen JOBM progress to the level of a top tier journal publishing inter-disciplinary work devoted to furthering understanding of physical health and illness through the theories and methodologies of behavioral science. In recent years, JOBM has become a prominent international platform for scientific communication in the field of behavioral medicine. The present article examines many of the important milestones JOBM has achieved and examines the scope and impact of the most highly cited papers in the journal’s history. As Stephen Weiss and Gary Schwartz predicted 40 years ago, behavioral medicine is in a unique and powerful position to address a broad range of issues surrounding individual, community, and population health. It is the hope of the current editorial team that in the next 40 years the journal will facilitate a broadening of the clinical and public health contexts that the science and practice of behavioral medicine addresses and informs.
Oxidized Lipoproteins Enhance the in Vitro Tube Formation by Endothelial Cells Cultured on Matrigel

When U937 monocyte-like cells were pretreated with oxidized low density lipoproteins (LDL) or oxidized lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] and subsequently the U937 cells were co-cultured with human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs), or human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) seeded on Matrigel, angiogenic differentiation and formation of microtubules were enhanced. The effect was depended on the concentration of the oxidized lipoproteins and it was negligible when U937 was treated with native lipoproteins. Under optimum conditions, 250 ug LDL or 200 ug oxidized lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], respectively, preincubated with 106 U937 cells per ml of media, for 24 hours, followed by 24 hours of co-culture with endothelial cells (EC) seeded on Matrigel (50,000 cells per 300 uL Matrigel), gave similar results with the average capillary length of the microtubules increasing from 160±25 to 400±40um. When potentially active components of oxidized LDL, like malondialdehyde, hexanal, 4-hydroxynonenal and lysophospholipids were pre-incubated with U937 cells prior to co-culturing them with HMVECs and HUVECs on Matrigel, only malondialdehyde and lysophospholipids, gave an effect similar in size to the oxidized lipoproteins. Antibodies (moAb Mac-1) directed against the CD1 lb/CD18 epitopes inhibited adhesion of U937 cells to EC and formation of microtubes when used in conjunction with moAbs towards ICAM-1(CD54). Blockage of tube formation by antibodies to Mac-1 and ICAM-1 seems to suggest that there is a link between the formation of a complex between adhesion molecule CD lib/CD 18 and adhesion molecules CD54 from ICAM-1 and tube formation as observed in co-cultures of activated U937 and HMVECs or HUVECs grown on Matrigel.
College Warrior Athlete Initiative and academic nursing.

The College Warrior Athlete Initiative (CWAI) determined if a key element of military occupational culture, referred to as the “battle-buddy” concept of pairing college athletes with veterans, coul...
Heterogeneity of red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency in Egypt

Abstract Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) was partially purified from blood of 52 Egyptian males and the variants characterized biochemically and electrophoretically. Subjects were from multiple geographic regions within Egypt. There were 18 abnormal variants plus the normal G-6-PD B+ (9 subjects). Previously described variants were G-6-PD's A+ (2), Ibadan-Austin (2), Debrousse (5), A- (1), Ramat-Gan (6), "Athens-like" (4), Mediterranean (3), Kabyle (2), Tel-Hashomer (3), Ohio (2), Chicago (1), Madrona (1), and West Bengal (1). Four new variants were characterized: G-6-PD's Tahta, Siwa, El-Kharga, and El-Fayoum. G-6-PD deficiency in Egypt, as elsewhere, is a heterogeneous defect.
The Impact of Arthroplasty Fellowship Training on Total Joint Arthroplasty: Comparison of Peri-Operative Metrics between Fellowship-Trained Surgeons and Non-Fellowship-Trained Surgeons

Abstract Background We sought to identify differences between total joint arthroplasties (TJAs) performed by adult reconstruction fellowship-trained surgeons (FT) than non-fellowship-trained surgeons (NFT). Methods A single-institution database was utilized to identify patients who underwent elective TJA between 2016 and 2019. Results In total, 16,882 TJAs were identified: 9111 total hip arthroplasties (THAs) and 7771 total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). Patients undergoing THA by FT surgeons were older (63.11 vs 61.84 years, P Conclusion For both THA and TKA, patients had significantly shorter surgical times, LOS, and required less opioids when their procedure was performed by FT surgeons compared to NTF surgeons. Patients who had their TJA performed by a FT surgeon achieved higher Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care scores and were discharged home more often than NFT surgeons. In an era of value-based care, more attention should be paid to the patient outcomes and financial implications associated with arthroplasty fellowship training. Level III Evidence Retrospective Cohort Study.
Tolerance, prediction, and confidence intervals

Abstract This chapter provides definitions and contextual settings for tolerance, prediction, and confidence intervals (CIs) in general. This chapter then provides methods and examples of tolerance intervals for measurements from a population of patients, and CIs for a mean (with both known and estimated standard deviations), a proportion, a median, a variance (or standard deviation), and a correlation coefficient.
Identification of potential non-nucleoside MraY inhibitors for tuberculosis chemotherapy using structure-based virtual screening.

The efforts to limit the spread of the tuberculosis epidemic have been challenged by the rise of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis. It ...
The effect of frailty on postoperative readmissions, morbidity, and mortality in endometrial cancer surgery.

Abstract Objectives To determine the impact of frailty on postoperative readmission, morbidity, and mortality among patients undergoing surgery for endometrial cancer. Methods Patients with endometrial cancer undergoing hysterectomy between 2010 and 2014 were identified using the Nationwide Readmissions Database. Frailty was classified using criteria outlined by the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups Frailty Diagnoses Indicators. Primary outcomes were divided by index surgical admission (intensive level of care, mortality, non-routine discharge), 30-days (readmission and mortality), and 90-days (readmission and mortality) after discharge. Multivariable log linear regression models were fit to analyze the effect of frailty on these outcomes, adjusting for patient, hospital, and clinical factors. Results From 2010 to 2014, there were 144,809 surgical endometrial cancer cases with a 1.8% frailty rate. Frailty was associated with an increased risk of intensive level of care (aRR = 3.61, 95% CI: 2.95, 4.42), non-routine discharge (aRR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.51, 1.68), and inpatient mortality (aRR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.68, 2.51) during index admission. Frail patients were more likely to be readmitted within 30 days (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.22–1.47) and 90-days (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.12, 1.32), and were at increased risk of mortality during their 30-day readmission (aRR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.28–2.39). Frailty was not associated with 90-day mortality. Hospitalization costs for frail patients were significantly higher than for non-frail patients during index admission and readmissions within 30 and 90 days (p Conclusions Frailty affects postoperative outcomes in endometrial cancer patients and is associated with an increased rate of readmission and 30-day mortality among those who are readmitted. Gynecologic cancer providers should screen for frailty and consider outcomes in frail patients when counseling them for surgery.
Suicide Ideation and Thwarted Interpersonal Needs Among Psychiatric Inpatients: A Network Approach:

We aimed to demonstrate the utility of an item-level network analysis approach to suicide risk by testing the interpersonal psychological theory of suicide (IPTS) among 402 psychiatric inpatients. ...
Hydrogen: molecules, metal or plasma?

We tend to think of hydrogen as a very simple material. The hydrogen atom is most people's introduction to atomic structure and quantum mechanics, and the hydrogen molecule is the simplest and best studied example of a compound structure. As a gas of hydrogen molecules is heated up, it first dissociates and then ionises to form a simple plasma, in accordance with the ideas developed by the Indian physicist Saha almost 70 years ago.
Olmec archaeology and early Mesoamerica

1. Introduction 2. 'Great Stone Faces of the Mexican Jungle' 3. Olman, the land of the Olmecs 4. Olmec beginnings 5. Olmec transformations: the Middle Formative period 6. The Olmecs and Mesoamerica 7. Collapse, continuity, and evolution: Late Formative Olman 8. The Olmecs and their legacy.
Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Storm

The clinical presentation of thyrotoxicosis occupies a spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic (subclinical) disease to a life-threatening metabolic crisis characterized by multisystem dysfunction and a high mortality rate. Thyroid storm occurs when the net effect of these factors surpasses an individual patient’s ability to maintain adequate metabolic, thermoregulatory, and cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms. At least one in ten thyroid storm patients dies from their disease. The high morbidity and mortality associated with thyroid storm require both early recognition and a decisive commitment to an aggressive multifaceted therapeutic intervention.
Regional patterns of c-fos mRNA expression in rat hippocampus following exploration of a novel environment versus performance of a well-learned discrimination

Previous studies using c-fos cRNA in situ hybridization demonstrated a differential involvement of hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3 in the acquisition of an olfactory discrimination (Hess et al., 1995). The present experiments employed the same method to examine changes in neuronal activity associated with two related behaviors: (1) initial exploration of the training apparatus and (2) performance of a well- learned odor discrimination. Rats in the two groups had similar labeling patterns within hippocampus indicating increased expression in all three major subfields with the greatest effect being in CA1. This pattern of “CA1 dominance” was notably different from that produced during early stages of two-odor discrimination learning in prior experiments. Hippocampal labeling in exploration and performance rats differed in that (1) hybridization was greater in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus in the former group and (2) a tendency for labeled cells to occur in clusters was more evident in exploration animals. Levels of c-fos mRNA in olfactory and visual structures were not predictive of expression patterns within hippocampus although labeling in piriform cortex and dentate gyrus was correlated in rats performing a well- practiced discrimination. Moreover, the pattern of hybridization in olfactory bulb was found to be behaviorally dependent. These results, together with those from previous studies, indicate that hippocampus has multiple patterns of regional activation but that one of these is common to very different behavioral circumstances. It is hypothesized that this common pattern emerges whenever the animal responds to distant cues using species-specific or well-learned behaviors and involves coordinated temporal convergence of sensory and septal/brainstem inputs.
Advice Networks and Local Diffusion of Technological Innovations

Classical writers such as John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx speculated that the standard of living could not rise indefinitely unless advances in technology increased the yield of the means of production. Neoclassical growth theory, based on capital accumulation, supports this intuition [1]. Digital tools increase personal productivity. Communication technologies enhance the coordination among individuals and increase the efficacy and efficiency of collective efforts. In both ways, technology contributes with wealth creation and the overall welfare of the community.
Microbial hydroxylations. VII. Kinetic studies on the hydroxylation of 19-norsteroids by Curvularia lunata.

Abstract 19-Nortestosterone induces hydroxylases for its own metabolism by Curvularia lunata NRRL 2380, optimum induction times of 1–3 h being indicated. Comparison of product spate and hydroxylation rates for vegetative cell culture incubations and for cell-free enzyme systems suggests that the vegetative cell system may be used for study of the initial kinetics of hydroxylation of steroid substrates without interference of endogenous cellular metabolism. Double reciprocal plots of kinetic data establish that the three major modes of transformation of 19-nortestosterone (to the 10β-, the 11β-, and the 14α-monohydroxylated derivatives) have identical apparent Michaelis constants (Km 0.34 mM). Mathematical treatment of a model system supports identical Km values as found experimentally. Arguments based on these kinetics are presented which suggest that the 19-norsteroid hydroxylase system of C. lunata NRRL 2380 not be three individual hydroxylases acting independently but rather be a single hydroxylase of more generalized function.
SIMsim: an end-to-end simulation of SIM

We present the basic elements and first results of an end-to-end simulation package whose purpose is to test the validity of the Space Interferometer Mission design. The fundamental simulation time step is one millisecond, with substructure at 118 ms, and the total duration of the simulation is five years. The end product of a given wide-angle astrometry run is an estimated grid star catalog over the entire sky with an accuracy of about 4 micro-arcseconds.
Biological Samples in Environmental Analysis: Preparation and Cleanup

The most difficult samples to analyze are those derived from biological sources. The analysis of biological samples requires the ability to extract and isolate a wide range of environmental pollutants from an even wider range of matrices, from simple bacteria to tissues and fluids from humans, from fungi to the complex tissues and structures of the plants and products that compose the food chain. These matrices comprise a variety of cells, connective tissues and fibers, fluids and related materials that introduce literally thousands of different organic and inorganic compounds to every analysis effort. In order to recognize and assess the nature and severity of pollution and its impact on humans as well as the flora and fauna that constitute our environment, highly efficient and selective methods for the extraction and cleanup of such samples must be developed. New developments in analytical science have been brought to bear on this problem, speeding the extraction and analysis process while making the resulting analyses more sensitive and selective. The present article examines the historical approach to the extraction and cleanup of biological samples for the analysis of pollutants, and reviews recent advances in technology and methodology that have proven applicable to this field.
Achieving Core Indicators for HIV Clinical Care Among New Patients at an Urban HIV Clinic.

Abstract Following the release of the 2010 National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued core clinical indicators for measuring health outcomes in HIV-positive persons. As early retention in HIV primary care is associated with improved long-term health outcomes, we employed IOM indicators as a guide to examine a cohort of persons initiating HIV outpatient medical care at a university-affiliated HIV clinic in the Southern United States (January 2007–July 2012). Using indicators for visit attendance, CD4 and viral load laboratory testing frequency, and antiretroviral therapy initiation, we evaluated factors associated with achieving IOM core indicators among care- and treatment-naive patients during the first year of HIV care. Of 448 patients (mean age = 35 years, 35.7% white, 79.0% male, 58.4% education beyond high school, 35.9% monthly income > $1,000 US, 47.3% uninsured), 84.6% achieved at least four of five IOM indicators. In multivariable analyses, persons wit...
Velocity-selective-inversion prepared arterial spin labeling.

Purpose To develop a Fourier-transform based velocity-selective inversion (FT-VSI) pulse train for velocity-selective arterial spin labeling (VSASL). Methods This new pulse contains paired and phase cycled refocusing pulses. Its sensitivities to B0/B1 inhomogeneity and gradient imperfections such as eddy currents were evaluated through simulation and phantom studies. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) quantification using FT-VSI prepared VSASL was compared with conventional VSASL and pseudocontinuous ASL (PCASL) at 3 Tesla. Results Simulation and phantom results of the proposed FT-VSI pulse train demonstrated excellent robustness to B0/B1 field inhomogeneity and eddy currents. The estimated CBF of gray matter and white matter for the FT-VSI prepared VSASL, averaged among eight healthy volunteers, were 49.5 ± 7.5 mL/100 g/min and 14.8 ± 2.4 mL/100 g/min, respectively. Excellent correlation and agreement between the FT-VSI method and conventional VSASL and PCASL were found. The averaged signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) value in gray matter of the FT-VSI method was 39% higher than VSASL using conventional double refocused hyperbolic tangent pulses and 9% lower than PCASL. Conclusion A novel FT-VSI pulse train was demonstrated to be a suitable labeling module for VSASL with robustness of velocity-selective profile to B0/B1 field inhomogeneity and gradient imperfections. Compared with conventional VSASL, FT-VSI prepared VSASL produced consistent CBF maps with higher SNR values. Magn Reson Med 76:1136-1148, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is the presence of a two vessel cord a predictor of decreased survival in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

IN INFANTS WITH CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA? KATHERINE BIANCO (F), AARON B. CAUGHEY, ROBERTA KELLER, MARY E NORTON, KERILYN NOBUHARA, JODY A FARRELL, ROBIN BISGAARD, HANMIN LEE, DIANA FARMER, MICHAEL R. HARRISON, RUTH B. GOLDSTEIN, ROBERT H BALL, University of California, San Francisco, Obstetrics, Gynecology andReproductive Sciences, San Francisco, California, University of California, San Francisco, Neonatology/Pediatrics, San Francisco, California, University of California, San Francisco, Pediatric Surgery, San francisco, California, University of California, San Francisco, Department of Radiology, San Francisco, California OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between single umbilical artery (SUA) and survival in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study of all prenatally diagnosed fetuses with CDH referred to the Fetal Treatment Center at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), from 1992 to 2004. We compared survival rates for fetuses with CDH and the presence of congenital anomalies to those with isolated CDH. We excluded patients with fetal surgery or an abnormal karyotype. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted; Chi-square test was used. RESULTS: There were 230 neonates who met inclusion criteria. The overall survival was 48%. We found a significant decreased survival in the group with SUA compared with isolated CDH: 12.5% vs. 50% Pr = 0.004 (Table). SUA remained predictive when included in an analysis of minor anomalies and survival (e.g. cleft lip, pyelectasis, polydactyly, vertebral abnormalities) (22.9% vs. 53.8%, Pr !0.001). Of the major anomalies (cardiac, GI, or renal), only cardiac was powered to demonstrate a significant decrease in survival (7.15% vs. 50%, Pr = 0.002). We found no differences in ECMO requirements and survival (37.2% vs. 35.7%, Pr =0.841), although the need for supplemental oxygen at the time of discharge was significantly higher in infant with CDH and others anomalies (23.6% vs. 61.9%, Pr =0.02). CONCLUSION: The presence of certain anomalies such as SUA is associated with lower survival in infants affected with CDH. This prognostic information can be utilized to counsel patients with CDH. Survival of infants with CDH with and without congenital anomalies
Computing the Analysis of Variance Table for Experiments Involving Qualitative Factors and Zero Amounts of Quantitative Factors

In a factorial experiment involving two factors, one quantitative and one qualitative, one may simply treat both factors as qualitative and obtain an analysis of variance table by straightforward methods. The sum of squares due to the quantitative factor can then be partitioned into sums of squares due to the linear, quadratic, etc. orthogonal contrasts, while the sum of squares due to the qualitative factor can be partitioned into meaningful orthogonal contrasts. If, however, one of the levels of the quantitative factor is zero, the analysis is complicated by the fact that a zero amount of each level of the qualitative factor is the same treatment. It is clear, for example, that if one applies a zero amount of six different fertilizers to six experimental units, one treats each experimental unit in exactly the same way. The foregoing situation arises frequently in biological assay and detailed analyses have been derived under the assumption that the quantitative factor follows a particular response law for each level of the qualitative factor. A short summary of this type of analysis is given in Kempthorne [1, Sec. 18.8]. I have been unable to find in the literature any description of how to compute the analysis of variance table for the situation where one of the levels of the quantitative factor is zero. The computations for the analysis of variance table which is appropriate for experiments involving quantitative and qualitative factors including zero amounts are presented in the remainder of this paper. Suppose that a factorial experiment involves one quantitative factor, A, having a levels and one qualitative factor, B, having b levels. When none of the levels of the quantitative factor A is a zero amount, the usual analysis of variance table for a two-way classification with one observation per experimental unit applies. If yij denotes the yield of the experimental unit that receives level i of factor A and level j of factor B, the sum of squares due to factor B,
In vivo extracellular recording of striatal neurons in the awake rat following unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions.

The purpose of this study was to further understand the functional effects of dopaminergic input to the dorsal striatum and to compare the effects of dopaminergic lesions in awake and anesthetized animals. We examined the effects of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the ascending dopaminergic bundle on the firing properties of dorsal striatal neurons in the awake freely moving rat using chronically implanted microwire electrode arrays. We recorded extracellular activity of striatal neurons under baseline conditions and following the systemic injection of apomorphine in awake and anesthetized subjects. Firing rates were higher in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA lesion compared to rates of neurons from the contralateral unlesioned hemisphere. Striatal firing rates from sham and no-surgery control rats were, in general, higher than those from the contralateral unlesioned striatum of experimental subjects. Apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg, sc) normalized the differences in firing rates in lesioned animals by increasing firing of neurons within the contralateral unlesioned side, while simultaneously decreasing firing of neurons within the ipsilateral lesioned side. Mean firing rates were substantially higher in awake animals than in subjects anesthetized with chloral hydrate, perhaps reflecting anesthesia-induced decreases in excitatory input to striatal neurons. Chloral hydrate anesthesia decreased firing rates of neurons in the lesioned, unlesioned, and control striata to a similar degree, although absolute firing rates of neurons from the 6-OHDA-lesioned striata remained elevated over all other groups. Unilateral 6-OHDA lesions also altered the pattern of spike output in the awake animal as indicated by an increase in the number of bursts per minute following dopaminergic deafferentation. This and other burst parameters were altered by apomorphine. Our findings show that effects of dopaminergic deafferentation can be measured in the awake behaving animal; this model should prove useful for testing the behavioral and functional effects of experimental manipulations designed to reduce or reverse the effects of dopaminergic cell loss. In addition, these results suggest that the contralateral changes in striatal function which occur in the unilateral dopaminergic lesion model should be considered when evaluating experimental results.
Channelling ethnicity through electoral reform in Sri Lanka

This article analyses the impact that electoral changes in Sri Lanka have had in encouraging greater inclusion of ethnic minorities and inter-ethnic cooperation. It examines the data for elections held after 1990 and finds a gradual increase in the number of minority candidates, MPs and cabinet ministers. It also finds a greater influence by the minorities in the election of the president and over the policies of the two major parties towards the issue of power sharing. These positive trends are, however, impacted on by other aspects of the constitutional and political system which are highly destabilising.
High-Energy Astronomy: 60 New Octaves of Discovery Space*

The birth of cosmic-ray physics rang in the last century, and X-rays from beyond the Earth were first detected just prior to the author's conception. High-energy astronomy is, then, a young science, but it is not too early to revisit some of its history, where lessons for the new millennium may be found. Two numbers—the surface temperature of the Sun and the gravitational acceleration constant on Earth—define the param- eters of biological radiation detectors. For the 5000 years of recorded history and for countless prior millennia, our view of the universe was, as a consequence, restricted to a single octave of the electromagnetic spectrum. The technology of the last century has greatly enhanced the instruments that natural se- lection has provided, increasing their sensitivity a billionfold and their resolution by a factor of more than a thousand. These advances have wrought profound changes in our cosmology and our cosmogony—but they still show us primarily a universe of stars, of galaxies of stars, and of clusters of galaxies of stars. The more profound change of the last century is our ability to escape our biological destiny and sample the other 99 octaves of cosmic radiation arriving each second at Earth. This new vision reveals the blackness of space to be an anthropocentric conceit; the dark clouds in the Milky Way glow at millimeter wavelengths, the blank spaces between cluster galaxies are suf- fused with X-ray light, and the entirety of spacetime is ablaze with cosmic microwaves. Our inventory of the universe, as well as our understanding of its origin and evolution, have altered fundamentally as a consequence of our new-found vision. My remit for this series was to review "high-energy astron- omy." The scope of the subject, of the instrumental techniques, even of the quanta involved—X-rays, gamma rays, cosmic rays, and neutrinos at least—is daunting for a three-page piece. But the scope of the history is more manageable, so I will adopt a historical approach. First, however, some definitions. While a physicist might rationally define X-rays and gamma rays as arising from atomic and nuclear processes, respectively, such ambiguity is bureau- cratically intolerable. Some long-lost NASA memorandum de- fined high-energy astrophysics as beginning at 100 eV, and we will adopt this as the lower limit for the quanta we query in
Development of a Structurational Model of Identification in the Organization

In response to the growing interest in issues related to attachment in organizations, this paper develops a theory of identification in the workplace based on three key aspects of Structurational theory. In this model, the identification process is treated as a duality involving identities that create and are created by identifications, which are themselves observed in social interactions with others. The structural component of this model is composed of several possible identities conceptualized primarily in terms of regions varying in size or position and tenure, possessing front and back regions, and displaying both unique and overlapping regions with one another. The existence of multiple identities implicates multiple corresponding “targets” of attachment and expressions of connection. Activity and activity foci are included in the model to help define the situation and thus account for identification with one target as opposed to or along with others at various times. In this situation-sensitive view, activity is presumed to “link” to a certain identity region (or set of overlapping regions) more so than to others. The essay closes by discussing some of the advantages of a Structurational view of identification.
PERSPECTIVE: Licensing for Environmental Assessment Professionals: The Time Has Come

Conditions in today's environmental site assessment industry dictate the necessity of a new type of licensing program designed to cover environmental professionals originating from a wide variety o...
A Novel System A Isoform Mediating Na+/Neutral Amino Acid Cotransport

Abstract A cDNA clone encoding a plasma membrane alanine-preferring transporter (SAT2) has been isolated from glutamatergic neurons in culture and represents the second member of the system A family of neutral amino acid transporters. SAT2 displays a widespread distribution and is expressed in most tissues, including heart, adrenal gland, skeletal muscle, stomach, fat, brain, spinal cord, colon, and lung, with lower levels detected in spleen. No signal is detected in liver or testis. In the central nervous system, SAT2 is expressed in neurons. SAT2 is significantly up-regulated during differentiation of cerebellar granule cells and is absent from astrocytes in primary culture. The functional properties of SAT2, examined using transfected fibroblasts and in cRNA-injected voltage-clamped Xenopus oocytes, show that small aliphatic neutral amino acids are preferred substrates and that transport is voltage- and Na+-dependent (1:1 stoichiometry), pH-sensitive, and inhibited by α-(methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB), a specific inhibitor of system A. Kinetic analyses of alanine and MeAIB uptake by SAT2 are saturable, with Michaelis constants (K m) of 200–500 μm. In addition to its ubiquitous role as a substrate for oxidative metabolism and a major vehicle of nitrogen transport, SAT2 may provide alanine to function as the amino group donor to α-ketoglutarate to provide an alternative source for neurotransmitter synthesis in glutamatergic neurons.
Immaculate conceptions in sub-saharan Africa: exploratory analysis of inconsistencies in the timing of first sexual intercourse and first birth.

Abstract Survey data from a number of developing countries show that a considerable proportion of parous women report that they had their first birth one or more years before they first had sexual intercourse. In this paper, I use data from eight African Demographic and Health Surveys to explore factors that contribute to cross‐national differentials in the prevalence of these “immaculate conceptions.” The results suggest that this data problem results not only from recall errors, but also from the fact that some respondents misinterpret the question on first sexual intercourse and report their age at the onset of intercourse with either their first or current husband rather than their age at sexual initiation.
Epidermoid cyst of the breast: Mammography, ultrasound, MRI

Epidermal cysts are common cysts located cutaneously or subcutaneously in the head, neck, and trunk. However, deep epidermal cysts of the breast are very rare, and are frequently associated with traumatic implantation. We present the case of a 62-year-old woman with a palpable mass in the right breast. The patient was evaluated using mammography, ultrasound, and MRI, which uniquely characterized the mass and revealed a second mass. Histological analysis revealed fragments of an epidermoid cyst. The origin of the cysts and location deep within the breast tissue likely were due to a previous bilateral-reduction mammoplasty.
Hepatitis B Immunization Coverage Among Vietnamese-American Children 3 to 18 Years Old

Objective. Persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are at increased risk of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Although HBV infection is relatively uncommon in the United States, the disease is endemic in persons born in Southeast Asia, including Vietnamese-Americans. Current US infant immunization recommendations and state-mandated school-entry programs have left many nontargeted age-cohorts unvaccinated and at risk of infection. To assess the need for catch-up hepatitis B immunizations, this study reports the hepatitis B immunization rates of Vietnamese-American children 3 to 18 years old living in the metropolitan areas of Houston and Dallas, Texas, and the Washington, DC, area. Design. We conducted 1508 telephone interviews with random samples of Vietnamese households in each of the 3 study sites. We asked for hepatitis B immunization dates for a randomly selected child in each household. Attempts were made to verify immunization dates through direct contact with each child9s providers. Low and high estimates of coverage were calculated using reports from providers when reached (n = 720) and for the entire sample (n = 1508). Results. Rates of having 3 hepatitis B vaccinations ranged from 13.6% (entire sample) to 24.1% (provider reports, Dallas), 10.3% to 26.4% (Houston), and 18.1% to 37.8% (Washington, DC). Children living in the Texas sites, older children, children whose families had lived in the United States for a longer time, and children whose provider was Vietnamese or who had an institutional provider were less likely to have been immunized. The odds of being immunized were greater, however, for children who had had at least 1 diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, and pertussis shot, and whose parents had heard about HBV infection, and were married. Conclusions. The low rates of hepatitis B vaccine coverage among children and adolescents portend a generation which, too old to benefit from infant programs and school entry laws, will grow into adulthood without the protection of immunization. Increased efforts are needed to design successful catch-up campaigns for this population.
Evidence for Alteration in the Processing of Dopamine in the Anterior Pituitary Gland of Aged Rats: Receptors and Intracellular Compartmentalization of Dopamine*

Receptors for dopamine and the subcellular localization of dopamine in the anterior pituitary gland were studied in young cycling female rats and in aged, constant estrous female rats. Dopamine receptors were quantified in membrane preparations of anterior pituitary tissue using [3H] spiperone as the ligand. On the basis of saturation isotherms, it was calculated that the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) and binding capacity for [3H] spiperone binding to pituitary membranes from young rats were 34.2 pM and 82 fmol/mg protein, respectively. The relative binding capacity of membranes from aged rats was 35% greater than that of membranes from young rats. There was no difference in the Kd values in aged and young rats. When the relative binding of [3H] spiperone by anterior pituitary membranes from individual animals was quantified by incubation with a’ saturating concentration of the ligand, it was found that [3H] spiperone binding in aged rats was significantly greater than that in young rats. When th...
Simulation of frequency tracking loops with complex targets

This paper was written for the analog user to relate some of our experience in the area of signal processing (in this case signal processing by a radar receiver) to fit the theme of the Eastern Simulation Council meeting at which it was presented."In the paper we attempted to give a complete but simple picture; by describing the signals and system, de veloping the simulation models, instrumenting the models with available computing equipment and finally by dis cussing simulation difficulties. (We wish that we had more modern equipment so that the instrumentation, particu larly of the dc models, could be more significant relative to state-of-the-art.)"