cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel patterns of physical activity in a large sample of preschool-aged children

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), shown to be associated with health benefits, is not well-characterized in preschool-aged children. MVPA is commonly described as a threshold amount to achieve. We examined a novel way to characterize MVPA patterns in preschool-aged children by gender and age. Preschool-aged children from Nashville, TN and Minneapolis, MN wore triaxial accelerometers. Four distinct MVPA patterns were identified: isolated spurt (IS), isolated sustained activity (ISA), clustered spurt (CS), and clustered sustained activity (CSA). Multivariable linear regression models were used to test associations of gender and age with each pattern. One thousand one hundred thirty-one children (3.9 years old, 51% girls, 30% overweight, 11% obese, and 76% Hispanic) wore accelerometers for 12.9 (SD = 1.4) hours/day for 6.7 (SD = 0.7) days. Children spent 53% of wear time in sedentary behavior and 13% in MVPA. On average, boys and girls achieved > 90 min/day of MVPA (98.2 min, SD = 32.3). Most MVPA (80%) was obtained in spurt-like (IS and CS) MVPA; however, girls spent a higher proportion of MVPA in IS and CS, and lower proportion of time in CSA (all p < 0.001). Controlling for gender, an increase of 1-year in age corresponded to a 1.5% increase in CSA (p < 0.05). How MVPA was obtained varied depending on the gender and age of the child. On average, boys spent more time in sustained MVPA than girls and MVPA was more sustained in older children. Utilizing these patterns could inform PA practice and policy guidelines. NCT01316653 , date of registration: March 3, 2011; NCT01606891, date of registration: May 23, 2012.
Fracture in viscoelastic media.

This chapter discusses the analytical extension of Griffith’s work to linearly viscoelastic materials. Through consideration of the simple case of a spherical flaw loaded by hydrostatic tension, it is found that the crack initiation criterion depends on the loading history. The chapter concludes with some remarks on fatigue fracture in elastomers.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VITREOUS AND SUBRETINAL FLUID.

Immunochemical analysis of human and bovine vitreous has shown that these structures contain many serum proteins. One of the alpha glolmlins appears to he present in human vitreous in concentrations higher than the serum itself. Pooled human vitreous revealed a precipitating antibody to an extracellular streptococcal antigen. With the most potent antisera available, human vitreous was shown to contain a minimum of 5 to 6 tissue antigens not shared with the serum, whereas bovine vitreous has shown 9 or more such antigens. It is thus clear that the soluble antigens of the vitreous are not entirely derived from plasma. Fifteen subretinal fluids from patients with idiopathic retinal detachments have been shown to contain vitreous "tissue" substances. These findings furnish proof that the vitreous is an integral part of the subretinal fluid, and thus may play an important role in the formation and progression of idiopathic retinal detachment.
Baroreflexes in Congestive Heart Failure

It has been known for many years that clinical congestive heart failure is accompanied by a neurohumoral excitatory state characterized by increased levels of norepinephrine and of muscle sympathetic nerve activity, plasma renin and vasopressin activity, increased circulating angiotensin II, and aldosterone. These neurohumoral mechanisms augment peripheral vasoconstriction and sodium retention by the kidney and are the hallmarks of clinical congestive heart failure. A similar neurohumoral excitatory state can be provoked in normal animals following acute interruption of sensory input from the arterial baroreceptors and from cardiac receptors with afferent vagal fibers [1]. We have previously suggested that the neurohumoral excitatory state could result in part from baroreflex abnormalities which may be present in congestive heart failure [2]. If this is so, then it is possible that such abnormalities could be present in the afferent limb of these reflexes, in the CNS, or in the neuroeffector mechanisms. Whether or not baroreflexes play an important causal role in the development of the neurohumoral excitatory rate, abnormalities of these reflexes still may be important in terms of interfering with the normal adaptive mechanisms for dealing with cardiovascular stresses to which humans are normally exposed. For example, exercise and emotion produce sympathoexcitation, tachycardia, and hypertension, which are modulated by baroreflex mechanisms.
Quantum dots for quantitative flow cytometry

In flow cytometry, the quantitation of fluorophore-tagged ligands and receptors on cells or at particulate surfaces is achieved by the use of standard beads of known calibration. To the best of our knowledge, only those calibration beads based on fluorescein, EGFP, phycoerythyrin and allophycocyanine are readily available from commercial sources. Because fluorophore-based standards are specific to the selected fluorophore tag, their applicability is limited to the spectral region of resonance. Since quantum dots can be photo-excited over a continuous and broad spectral range governed by their size, it is possible to match the spectral range and width (absorbance and emission) of a wide range of fluorophores with appropriate quantum dots. Accordingly, quantitation of site coverage of the target fluorophores can be readily achieved using quantum dots whose emission spectra overlaps with the target fluorophore.This chapter focuses on the relevant spectroscopic concepts and molecular assembly of quantum dot fluorescence calibration beads. We first examine the measurement and applicability of spectroscopic parameters, e, φ, and %T to fluorescence calibration standards, where e is the absorption coefficient of the fluorophore, φ is the quantum yield of the fluorophore, and %T is the percent fraction of emitted light that is transmitted by the bandpass filter at the detector PMT. The modular construction of beads decorated with discrete quantities of quantum dots with defined spectroscopic parameters is presented in the context of a generalizable approach to calibrated measurements of fluorescence in flow cytometry.
Exploring the effect of redox enzyme modulation on the biology of mouse aging

The oxidative stress theory of aging has been the most studied and tested mechanistic theory of why organisms age. However, most recent data on this theory suggest that broadly altering levels of oxidative stress or accumulation of oxidative damage has limited effects on the regulation of lifespan in mammals. This has led to the proposition that aging may be regulated through oxidation-induced changes to cellular redox state and redox signaling rather than through general oxidative stress mechanisms. Redox regulation of cell survival and homeostasis through modulating the pathways necessary for gene regulation, protein activation and deactivation, and apoptosis might then amplify minor alterations in oxidative stress to have drastic effects on an organism. In this chapter, we discuss the evidence that alterations in cellular redox state are associated with mammalian aging and discuss the mouse models available to test whether redox regulation is a significant factor in the aging process. In general, these data suggest that mammalian aging may be regulated in part by cellular redox state and support further investigation to address whether modulation of redox state can significantly alter lifespan and healthspan.
Plant Hormone Perception at the Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane is the perception site for multiple signals including hormones in both plants and animals. Research done in the past decade has identified receptors and perception mechanisms of the majority of plant hormones. Molecular genetic evidence now exists for PM perception of three of the plant hormones: brassinosteroids, cytokinins and abscisic acid. It is interesting to note that three distinct PM-localized perception and signal transduction modules exist for these three hormones. Brassinosteroids are perceived by PM-localized leucine rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), cytokinins by a two-component phosphorelay module similar to the prokaryotic two-component system, and abscisic acid by an atypical G-protein coupled signaling pathway.
Time Series Sanitization with Metric-Based Privacy

The increasing popularity of connected devices has given rise to the vast generation of time series data. Due to consumer privacy concerns, the data collected from individual devices must be sanitized before sharing with untrusted third-parties. However, existing time series privacy solutions do not provide provable guarantees for individual time series and may not extend to data from a wide range of application domains. In this paper, we adopt a generalized privacy notion based on differential privacy for individual time series sanitization and Discrete Cosine Transform to model the characteristics of time series data. We extend previously reported 2-dimensional results to arbitrary k-dimensional space. Empirical evaluation with various datasets demonstrates the applicability of our proposed method with the standard mean squared error (MSE) and in classification tasks.
The Association Between Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Factors and the Diagnosis and Treatment of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Objective Assessing race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) relationships with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, treatment, and access to care has yielded inconsistent results often based only on parent-report. In contrast, this study used broader ADHD diagnostic determination including case-definition to examine these relationships in a multisite elementary-school-based sample. Method Secondary analysis of children with and without ADHD per parent and teacher-reported Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria evaluated SES, race/ethnicity, and other variables through simple bivariate/multivariable models within and across: parent-reported diagnosis, medication treatment, and meeting ADHD study case-definition. Results The total sample included 51.9% male, 51.3% White, and 53.1% with private insurance; 10% had parent-reported ADHD diagnoses while 8.3% met ADHD study case-definition. In multivariable models, White children had higher odds of parent-reported diagnoses than Black, Hispanic, and Other Race/Ethnicity children (p Conclusion Children with underlying ADHD appear more likely to have assessment/medication treatment access if they are White, male, have health insurance (particularly Medicaid), and live in 2-parent households. While boys and children raised by single parents may have higher rates of ADHD diagnoses, false-positive diagnostic risk also appeared higher, inviting further investigation.
Dry versus wet? Implications on aerosol impaction and organic volume fraction

Abstract. Understanding the impact of sea spray aerosols (SSA) on the climate and atmosphere requires quantitative knowledge of their chemical composition and mixing states. Furthermore, single particle measurements are needed to accurately represent large particle-to-particle variability. To quantify the mixing state, organic volume fraction (OVF), defined as the relative organic volume with respect to the total particle volume, is measured after generating and collecting aerosol particles, often using deposition impactors. In this process, the aerosol streams are either dried or kept wet prior to impacting on solid substrates. However, the atmospheric community has yet to establish how dry versus wet aerosol deposition influences the impacted particle morphologies and mixing states. Here, we apply complementary offline single particle atomic force microscopy (AFM) and bulk ensemble high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques to assess the effects of dry and wet deposition modes on the substrate-deposited aerosol particles' mixing states. Glucose and NaCl binary mixtures that form core-shell particle morphologies were studied as model systems, and the mixing states were quantified by measuring the OVF of individual particles using AFM and compared to the ensemble measured by HPLC. Dry deposited single particle OVF data positively deviated from the bulk HPLC data by up to 60 %. The positive deviation was attributed to significant spreading of the NaCl core upon impaction with the solid substrate, which is not readily evident in AFM imaging and leads to underestimation of the core volume. NaCl core spreading under impaction was confirmed by imaging dry deposited NaCl particles. This problem was circumvented by (a) performing wet deposition and thus bypassing the effects of the solid core spreading upon impaction and (b) performing a hydration-dehydration cycle on dry deposited particles to restructure the deformed NaCl core. Both approaches produced single particle OVF values that converge well with the bulk and expected OVF values, validating the methodology. These findings illustrate the importance of awareness in how conventional particle deposition methods may significantly alter the impacted particle morphologies and their mixing states. Our work can help improve quantification and predictions of chemical mixing states of atmospherically-relevant aerosols.
Solar Variability Reduction Using Off-Maximum Power Point Tracking and Battery Storage

In this work a solar power tracking algorithm is implemented by filtering the incoming array's real-time maximum power point (MPP) to track the plant's average power output. It is shown that when variability reduction requirements are imposed, MPP is no longer the best operating strategy for maximum energy delivery. The resulting off-MPP algorithm follows a reduced set point in time intervals with high irradiance variability and avoids injecting into the grid the large power swings typical in photovoltaic (PV) arrays. The tracking algorithm is shown to couple well with energy storage systems (ESSs), such as batteries, resulting in reduced storage capacity requirements and power delivery necessary to offset solar variability. We show PV ramp rate violations are decreased significantly using the tracking algorithm and a minimally sized ESS.
Synthesizing Iris Images Using RaSGAN With Application in Presentation Attack Detection

In this work we design a new technique for generating synthetic iris images and demonstrate its potential for presentation attack detection (PAD). The proposed technique utilizes the generative capability of a Relativistic Average Standard Generative Adversarial Network (RaSGAN) to synthesize high quality images of the iris. Unlike traditional GANs, RaSGAN enhances the generative power of the network by introducing a "relativistic" discriminator (and generator), which aims to maximize the probability that the real input data is more realistic than the synthetic data (and vice-versa, respectively). The resultant generated images are observed to be very similar to real iris images. Furthermore, we demonstrate the viability of using these synthetic images to train a PAD system that can generalize well to "unseen" attacks, i.e., the PAD system is able to detect attacks that were not used during the training phase.
Comparing Insights From Inductive Qualitative Analysis Versus Automated NLP Algorithms For Analyzing Feedback In Digital Randomized Controlled Trials

Randomized controlled trials (i.e. A/B testing) is the gold standard for evaluating improvements and accelerating innovations in the digital space. Prior work has shown that qualitative user feedback is an effective and important tool in the analysis of A/B tests. However, manual inductive qualitative analysis of feedback-best practices today-is expensive and unscalable, which may lead to the omission of important insights about quality and user experiences. Prior work has shown various automated NLP algorithms to be effective in extracting insights from feedback in the digital domain. But we lack understanding of the differences in insights gained from a manual inductive qualitative analysis versus automated NLP algorithms, for analyzing digital randomized controlled trials (where a key objective is understanding differences between control and treatment conditions). In this paper, we compare insights from manual inductive qualitative analyses and from six automated NLP algorithms, using data from large-scale real-world digital randomized controlled trials. We find that collocation algorithms (notable, trigrams) are promising, providing similar insights as manual analyses with substantially lower cost; however, issues remain and improvements are needed. We discuss implications for future research and for operationalization.
Temperature affects susceptibility of intertidal limpets to bird predation

ABSTRACT High temperatures resulting in physiological stress and the reduced ability to resist predation can have life-or-death consequences for an organism. We investigated the effects of temperature on the susceptibility to predation for an ectothermic intertidal mollusc (the owl limpet, Lottia gigantea) and its predator (the black oystercatcher, Haematopus bachmani). The ability of L. gigantea to resist bird predation during low tide is determined by the tenacity of attachment to the rock. We developed a transducer to measure the force of predatory attacks on limpets by a captive black oystercatcher, and tested the hypothesis that exposure to warm temperatures during low tide emersion would affect the limpet9s ability to resist dislodgement in trials with a morphometrically accurate beak mimic and a live bird. In beak mimic trials, four times as many limpets exposed to warm low tides were removed, as compared with limpets exposed to cool low tides or in ‘no low tide’ submerged conditions. Minimum time before limpet removal in captive bird trials was more than six times longer for limpets in cool low tide or no low tide treatments compared with limpets in the warm low tide treatment. We measured shear forces up to 36.63 N during predatory strikes. These direct measurements of the forces exerted by a living oystercatcher provide context for interactions with multiple prey species. Our data suggest that naturally occurring variation in body temperatures among individual prey items in the field could be an important driver of predator–prey interactions and subsequently community patterns.
Initial results from the Advanced Scintillator Compton Telescope (ASCOT) Balloon Flight

A medium-energy gamma-ray Compton telescope called the Advanced Scintillator Compton Telescope (ASCOT) was designed to address the existing need for observations in the gamma-ray energy range of 0.4 - 20 MeV. Built on the legacy of COMPTEL instrument onboard NASA’s CGRO, ASCOT uses commercially available high-performance scintillators, such as Cerium Bromide (CeBr 3 ) and p-terphenyl in conjunction with Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) as compact readout devices to improve the instrument response. ASCOT also makes use of the Time-of-Flight background rejection technique along with the hardware advancement, an important tool for effective imaging in this energy range. ASCOT was developed with the goal of imaging the Crab Nebula at MeV energies during a high-altitude balloon flight. The instrument was successfully launched by NASA from Palestine (TX) on 5th July 2018. It operated stably and observed the Crab for ~5 hours from an altitude of 120,000 ft. Based on pre-flight calibrations and simulations results we expect a ~4.5 sigma detection of the Crab in the 0.2 - 2 MeV band. We present here the calibrated flight data along with preliminary results. The findings from ASCOT will demonstrate an improvement in the energy, timing, and position resolution using this advanced technology.
II – Stochastic Integrals

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview on stochastic integrals. A mathematical model of a system is useful because it simplifies and idealizes a complicated physical situation. However, such a model should not be used except in the situations in which the error resulting from the idealization is small. The model of a liquid as a homogeneous fluid with a continuous density is satisfactory for studying the flow of water in a pipe; it is misleading when used for the phenomena on the molecular scale. The Wiener model for the Brownian motion is satisfactory for phenomena involving time intervals of the order of a second. According to the property of inclusiveness, the model must apply to systems in which the permitted noises are processes belonging to some families large enough to include uniformly Lipschitzian processes, Brownian motion processes, and such modifications as have proved convenient in applications.
What Have We Learned in the Fields of Public Policy and Public Administration That Might Be Relevant to the Coronavirus Pandemic

The pandemanic situation is a classic “wicked problem” issue. It is not clear what its limits are and what frameworks are important to consider in dealing with it. This article focuses on the chall...
Suicide Safety Planning: Clinician Training, Comfort, and Safety Plan Utilization

Extant literature has demonstrated that suicide safety planning is an efficacious intervention for reducing patient risk for suicide-related behaviors. However, little is known about factors that may impact the effectiveness of the intervention, such as provider training and comfort, use of specific safety plan elements, circumstances under which providers choose to use safety planning, and personal factors which influence a provider’s decision to use safety planning. Participants were (N = 119) safety plan providers who responded to an anonymous web-based survey. Results indicated that most providers had received training in safety planning and were comfortable with the intervention. Providers reported that skills such as identifying warning signs and means safety strategies were routinely used. Providers who reported exposure to suicide were more likely to complete safety plans with patients regardless of risk factors. In addition, almost 70% of providers indicated a need for further training. These data provide important considerations for safety plan implementation and training.
Improving Accuracy of Federated Learning in Non-IID Settings.

Federated Learning (FL) is a decentralized machine learning protocol that allows a set of participating agents to collaboratively train a model without sharing their data. This makes FL particularly suitable for settings where data privacy is desired. However, it has been observed that the performance of FL is closely tied with the local data distributions of agents. Particularly, in settings where local data distributions vastly differ among agents, FL performs rather poorly with respect to the centralized training. To address this problem, we hypothesize the reasons behind the performance degradation, and develop some techniques to address these reasons accordingly. In this work, we identify four simple techniques that can improve the performance of trained models without incurring any additional communication overhead to FL, but rather, some light computation overhead either on the client, or the server-side. In our experimental analysis, combination of our techniques improved the validation accuracy of a model trained via FL by more than 12% with respect to our baseline. This is about 5% less than the accuracy of the model trained on centralized data.
Uncertainty quantification in density estimation from background-oriented Schlieren measurements

We present an uncertainty quantification methodology for density estimation from background-oriented Schlieren (BOS) measurements, in order to provide local, instantaneous, a posteriori uncertainty bounds on each density measurement in the field of view. Displacement uncertainty quantification algorithms from cross-correlation-based particle image velocimetry are used to estimate the uncertainty in the dot pattern displacements obtained from cross-correlation for BOSs and assess their feasibility. In order to propagate the displacement uncertainty through the density integration procedure, we also develop a novel methodology via the Poisson solver using sparse linear operators. Testing the method using synthetic images of a Gaussian density field showed agreement between the propagated density uncertainties and the true uncertainty. Subsequently, the methodology is experimentally demonstrated for supersonic flow over a wedge, showing that regions with sharp changes in density lead to an increase in density uncertainty throughout the field of view, even in regions without these sharp changes. The uncertainty propagation is influenced by the density integration scheme, and for the Poisson solver the density uncertainty on average increases on moving away from the regions where the Dirichlet boundary conditions are specified.
Online Explanation Generation for Planning Tasks in Human-Robot Teaming

As AI becomes an integral part of our lives, the development of explainable AI, embodied in the decision-making process of an AI or robotic agent, becomes imperative. For a robotic teammate, the ability to generate explanations to justify its behavior is one of the key requirements of explainable agency. Prior work on explanation generation has been focused on supporting the rationale behind the robot’s decision or behavior. These approaches, however, fail to consider the mental demand for understanding the received explanation. In other words, the human teammate is expected to understand an explanation no matter how much information is presented. In this work, we argue that explanations, especially those of a complex nature, should be made in an online fashion during the execution, which helps spread out the information to be explained and thus reduce the mental workload of humans in highly cognitive demanding tasks. However, a challenge here is that the different parts of an explanation may be dependent on each other, which must be taken into account when generating online explanations. To this end, a general formulation of online explanation generation is presented with three variations satisfying different "online" properties. The new explanation generation methods are based on a model reconciliation setting introduced in our prior work. We evaluated our methods both with human subjects in a simulated rover domain, using NASA Task Load Index (TLX), and synthetically with ten different problems across two standard IPC domains. Results strongly suggest that our methods generate explanations that are perceived as less cognitively demanding and much preferred over the baselines and are computationally efficient.
Quality of life and its influencing factors of advanced schistosomiasis patients in Qingpu District,Shanghai

Objective To assess the quality of life(QOL)of advanced schistosomiasis patients,and understand its influencing factors. Methods A questionnaire survey was carried out by using WHOQOL-BREF,and the information of demography,family,illness,health status,and health service was collected. Results Among the 217 advanced patients,the average age was(75.33±6.94)years,the ratio of male to female was 2∶5,89.86% of them were farmers,75.58% were illiterate or semi-illiterate,and 88.94% belonged to the splenomegaly type. Totally 61.29% of the cases had the scores over average for the overall QOL,but the scores for the health and well-being were lower. There were a significant difference among the average scores of different domains of QOL(χ2= 23.46,P 0.01). Both the year of being diagnosed and clinical classification was not associated with the scores of QOL. Regularly taking physical activities was significantly associated with each of all the 4 domains. The factors such as onset of acute disease in 2 weeks,taking therapeutic pills daily,marital status,age,etc. impacted the specific domains of QOL.The overall QOL and the 4 domains of the patients were at medium level;meanwhile,the score of physiological domain was lower than the scores of the other 3 domains. Conclusions The QOL(s)of advanced schistosomiasis patients in Qingpu District are relatively good. It is important to provide effective community health services and encourage the patients to take part in tempered sportsorphysicalactivitiesin order to keep their normalactivities ofdaily living.
Estimating passing sight distances for overtaking truck platoons – Calibration and validation using VISSIM

Abstract Two-lane highways comprise a substantial proportion of the nation’s highways. One of their critical aspects is the passing sight distance (PSD), which is the minimum distance required for executing a safe passing maneuver using the opposing travel lane. Sight distances that are shorter than the available PSD warrant the designation of no-passing zones. The PSDs, documented in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, are developed based on the premise that only one slower moving impeding vehicle is being overtaken. Yet, the oil and gas industry in Wyoming advises its truck drivers to travel in platoons creating a complicated situation for trailing vehicles. Passing a single impeding vehicle is cumbersome, not to mention passing multiple trucks. The PSD is augmented by the length of each truck in the platoon and the spacing among the trucks. In this research, an existing mathematical kinematics PSD model is implemented to compute the PSDs needed to pass multiple oil and gas trucks for a variety of scenarios belonging to two-lane highway segments with posted speed limits of 70 mph. The PSDs computed range from 1385 to 1915 ft depending on the number of trucks in the platoon and spacings between the trucks. The results are compared with those of VISSIM microsimulation models, which are validated using field traffic volume data. The discrepancies between the computed PSD results and those of the simulations are less than 3%. Furthermore, it is recommended to deploy passing lanes to mitigate the effects of truck platoons on traffic operations.
Reframing civic education through hip-hop artistic practices: an empowerment and equity based learning model for black adolescents

Using the Connected Learning framework as a conceptual lens, this study utilises interviews and focus groups to explore classroom outcomes of and Hip-Hop Music Education programme piloted within tw...
Heisenbergian explanation and Husserlian evidence: ontological significance in idealized language

In contemporary philosophy of science many theories of explanation are rooted in positivist or post-positivists accounts of explanation. This paper attempts to ground a phenomenological account of scientific explanation by using the works of Werner Heisenberg and Patrick Heelan. To explain something for Heisenberg is to describe what can be intersubjectively observed and conceptualized in an adequate language. However, this needs to be qualified, as not any adequate account will do. While Heisenberg thinks that Kant is right to think that a priori concepts are the conditions which make science, and thus explanation, possible, he also believes pure a priori concepts have a limited range of applicability. Neils Bohr shared this belief with Heisenberg, but thinks human thought can go no further. However, Heisenberg never gave up on the idea that we could create new concepts that act as a priori grounds for quantum entities. To go beyond Heisenberg, I believe that we should look to Husserl’s account of Evidenz and the material a priori to help us think about a phenomenological account of explanation.
Smartphone Location Spoofing Attack in Wireless Networks.

GPS-free outdoor localization becomes popular because of the expanding scale of WiFi deployments in metropolitan areas. As a substitution or complement to the Global Positioning System (GPS), WiFi localization systems provide very accurate results in WiFi-rich area. However, the current WiFi localization systems are not robust to WiFi external signal attack. In this study, we implement a reverse engineering model to decode the Android WiFi localization system output. With the aid of reverse engineering mode, we implement both static and dynamic external signal attacks to make the smartphone believing it is located in another location or moving along the attacker’s designed route using a portable programmed IoT device ESP8266. We also demonstrate that the WiFi based localization and navigation are vulnerable to external signal attacks by testing this attack on Android smartphone. Finally, we discuss the possible defense solutions and the future work. Our study indicates the smartphone is vulnerable to external signal attacks and there is an urgent need for defense solutions.
Ordered wrapping of poly(methyl methacrylate) on single wall carbon nanotubes

Abstract A unique crystalline signature not reported previously for atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA was observed in the X-ray diffraction of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT)/PMMA bucky papers indicating ordered PMMA wrapping on SWNT. This ordered PMMA wrapping was not observed in few wall carbon nanotubes (FWNT)/PMMA and multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT)/PMMA bucky papers.
Finite Soluble Groups

The foundations of the theory of finite soluble groups were laid in an influential series of papers by P. Hall between 1928 and 1937. After 1950 the subject developed further thanks to the work of R.W. Carter, W. Gaschutz, B. Huppert, and others. This activity has resulted in a theory of great elegance. Here we can only present a small part of this theory; for a complete account see the recently published book [bl9].
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Masquerading as an Infectious Syndrome

The clinical manifestations of anaplastic large cell lymphoma can be remarkably deceptive. A 41-year-old female presented with fever, productive cough, fatigue, arthralgias, and lymphadenopathy. She had been camping in the Southwest, and had visited some bat caves. At the same time, her son developed a similar illness. The patient’s white cell count was 23,000, and radiology demonstrated diffuse bilateral infiltrates. Extensive workup for bacterial and fungal organisms were noncontributory, however, a viral exposure could not be excluded. The patient subsequently developed an umbilicated vesicular rash on her torso. Initial skin biopsies showed a perivascular mixed infiltrate, with no evidence of microorganisms. After clinical progression, a subsequent skin biopsy demonstrated a perivascular infiltrate of large mononuclear cells, with vesicular nuclei and abundant cytoplasm, immunophenotypically characteristic of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. With elucidation of the process, lymphomatous involvement of the blood, pleural fluid, CSF, and nodal tissue was identified. Despite chemotherapy, the patient passed away. Exposure to an infectious agent may have unmasked the patient’s lymphoma.
Drug and alcohol use in fatally injured drivers in Washington State

Blood and/or urine from fatally injured drivers in Washington State were collected and tested for the presence of drugs and alcohol. Drug and/or alcohol use was a factor in 52% of all fatalities. Among single vehicle accidents, alcohol use was a factor in 61% of cases versus 30% for multiple vehicle accidents. Drugs most commonly encountered were marijuana (11%), cocaine (3%), amphetamines (2%), together with a variety of depressant prescription medications. Trends noted included an association of depressant use with higher blood alcohol levels, while marijuana use was associated with lower blood alcohol levels. Marijuana use was noted to be most prominent in the 15-30 year age group, stimulant use in the 21-40 year old group, and prescription depres- sant use was more prevelant in the 45+ age group. Drug use demographics in this population are consistent wi~ those noted in other jurisdictions.
Abstract IA18: ERK activity in mutant BRAF melanoma – A live report

The response of BRAF V600E/K melanoma patients to either RAF inhibitors or the RAF/MEK inhibitor combination is heterogeneous and short-term responses are associated with acquired resistance. Our previous studies have implicated compensatory FOXD3-ERBB3-AKT signaling as an adaptive response to targeted inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway. While adaptive responses likely modulate the initial tumor response to targeted inhibitors, stable changes drive acquired resistance leading to the re-growth of tumors that initially responded to RAF inhibitors. Outgrowth of resistant cells may be due to the acquisition of a secondary mutation and/or selection of pre-existing cells harboring genetic alterations that negate the effect of RAF inhibitors. To model acquired resistance to RAF inhibitors, we developed mutant BRAF melanoma ERK1/2 activity reporter xenograft models. This system enables quantitative analysis of ERK1/2 activity in response to pathway inhibitors across the whole tumor in a temporal manner. We have utilized this system to analyze the initial response to RAF inhibitors in vivo, as well as re-activation of the ERK1/2 pathway associated with acquired resistance. Furthermore, we are utilizing this model to analyze response and resistance to RAF/MEK inhibitor combinations and next-generation RAF inhibitors. Citation Format: Andrew E. Aplin. ERK activity in mutant BRAF melanoma – A live report. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Drug Sensitivity and Resistance: Improving Cancer Therapy; Jun 18-21, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(4 Suppl): Abstract nr IA18.
Biochemical Studies of Bacterial Sporulation and Germination XII. A Sulfonic Acid as a Major Sulfur Compound of Bacillus subtilis Spores

A sulfonic acid found to be a major constituent of spores of Bacillus subtilis was provisionally identified as 3-l-sulfolactic acid. This compound was completely absent from vegetative cells during growth, but large amounts accumulated in sporulating cells just before the development of refractile spores. Essentially all of the accumulated sulfolactic acid was eventually incorporated into the nature spore, where it may represent more than 5% of the dry weight of the spore. Germination resulted in the rapid and complete release into the medium of unaltered sulfolactic acid. This compound was not found in spores of Bacillus megaterium, B. cereus , or B. thuringiensis . Images
Collection and Analysis of Intake Data from the Integrated Survey

Intake data from the combined CSFII/NHANES survey will be used for many different purposes, each with specific data requirements and appropriate analytic methods. For monitoring and surveillance, the availability of Dietary Reference Intakes will allow estimates of the prevalence of inadequate intakes and the prevalence of intakes with a risk of adverse effects. The accuracy of the nutrient intake estimates will be enhanced by the 5-pass dietary recall methodology, availability of quantified dietary supplement intake data and expanded food and supplement composition data. Food-level dietary monitoring will be improved by using new databases to calculate servings of food groups from the Food Guide Pyramid and intakes of food commodities. Another major strength of the survey is the ability to relate intake data to health measures for individuals. Inferences will continue to be limited by a lack of usual intake for each individual, but the attenuation will be less with 2 d of data than with only 1 d, as in the past. Better data collection and analysis will also lead to more informed nutrition policies and programs. Innovative methods of analyzing the data should be investigated to minimize the effects of underreporting, provide better estimates of usual intake at both the group and individual levels and accurately combine nutrient intakes from foods and supplements. Future modifications to the intake collection methods might be considered to allow larger sample sizes for certain subgroups, more detailed information on supplement use, an expanded food frequency questionnaire, a different number of recall days and incorporation of diet and health knowledge questions.
Heat capacity of CH4 on graphite and the quantum cell model.

We present a discussion about calculated heat capacities for physisorbed systems based on a quantum-mechanical cell model. Recent calculations on monolayers have shown the lateral contribution to the heat capacity to be below the classical harmonic limit as the temperature is increased to near the triple line. We interpret this effect to be due to the increasing anharmonic nature of the potential. The effect is enhanced by the expansion of the lattice. New results for the methane-on-graphite system are given and compared to the experiments of Marx and Wassermann. Comparisons to classical Monte Carlo simulations show that the quantum cell theory gives good results for the equilibrium lattice constant, internal energy, and the heat capacity for the midrange of temperatures. As a limit of the quantum cell theory, the quantum corrected cell model is much more efficient in the middle- and high-temperature range.
Ideological Polarization and the Vanishing of Marginals: Retrospective Roll-Call Voting in the U.S. Congress

The extensive literature on the recent ideological polarization in the U.S. Congress has not provided much in the way of incremental and member-specific explanations. I develop such a theory; I posit that members’ past electoral performance can influence their ideological extremity. This link requires a reexamination of congress members’ roll-call vote calculus. To do so, I adapt the theory of citizen retrospective voting to congress members’ roll-call voting. This new theory also provides a missing link in many studies of ideological shirking and democratic accountability. I test and confirm the theory of retrospective roll-call voting for the current period of ideological polarization, 1970 to 2008. As such, I argue that the recent trend of vanishing marginals has been a contributing cause in the recent trend of ideological polarization in the U.S. House.
United States Surveillance over Mexican Lives at the Border: Snapshots of an Emerging Regime

Two processes intersect at the U.S.-Mexico border. The first is U.S. database surveillance of undocumented immigration and narcotics smuggling required by new, punitive, and indelible U.S. laws about "criminal aliens." The second is the deepening of the urbanization process, as new generations are born and raised in a border context. They intersect when young Mexican or Chicano men are interdicted carrying contraband drugs; their identities are entered into U.S. databases, and their life options are significantly shaped thereby. The overall effect is the strengthening of a surveillance regime over border people in the two nations.
HER2 amplification in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: correlation of two antibodies using gastric cancer scoring criteria, H score, and digital image analysis with fluorescence in situ hybridization.

We assessed 103 resected gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas for HER2 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and 2 commercial immunohistochemical assays. Of 103, 30 (29%) were FISH-amplified. Both immunohistochemical assays had greater than 95% concordance with FISH. However, as a screening test for FISH amplification, the Ventana Medical Systems (Tucson, AZ) 4B5 antibody demonstrated superior sensitivity (87%) compared with the DAKO (Carpinteria, CA) A0485 (70%). Of the cases, 28 were immunohistochemically 3+ or immunohistochemically 2+/FISH-amplified with the 4B5 assay compared with only 22 cases with the A0485 assay, representing a large potential difference in patient eligibility for anti-HER2 therapy. Cases with low-level FISH amplification (HER2/CEP17, 2.2–4.0) express lower levels of HER2 protein compared with cases with high-level amplification (HER2/CEP17, ≥4.0), raising the possibility of a differential response to anti-HER2 therapy. The H score and digital image analysis may have a limited role in improving HER2 test performance.
Some Aspects of Water Resources Planning and Management in Smaller Islands

This paper reviews some of the issues and problems peculiar to water resources development and management in island countries. It indicates difficulties encountered and prospective solutions; reference is made to the technical support being provided in this respect by the United Nations Department of Technical Co-operation for Development. Cet article passe en revue certains des problemes concernant la mise en valeur et la gestion des ressources en eau dans les pays insulaires. Il fait etat des difficultes rencontrees ainsi que des solutions envisagees. Il mentionne egalement l'aide technique fournie dans ce domaine par le Departement de la cooperation technique pour le developpement des Nations Unies. Este articulo examina algunos temas y problemas que son peculiares al desarrollo de recursos de agua y su administracion en los paises islas. Se senalan las dificultades encontradas y soluciones potenciales; a este respecto se mencionan la asistencia tecnica que provee el Departamento de Cooperacion Tecnica para el Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas.
Cell cycle analysis in asynchronous cultures using the BUdR-Hoechst technique.

Abstract Modifications of the BUdR-Hoechst technique have led to two significant findings: 1. 1. Fluorescence distinguishing chromatids with zero, one, or two BUdR-substituted DNA strands may be visually determined by sequentially staining slides with two different concentrations of the Hoechst dye; 2. 2. Use of a pulse-chase BUdR treatment with the sequential staining results in as many as seven different fluorescent patterns within the cell population. It is shown that each of the patterns reflects the number of divisions a cell has undergone both during and after treatment and provides a useful technique for studying the kinetics of a heterogeneous population of dividing cells.
Creep behavior of copper at intermediate temperatures—I. Mechanical characteristics

Abstract Creep experiments were conducted on polycrystalline copper in the intermediate temperature range from 623 to 973 K, corresponding to 0.46−0.72 Tm where Tmm is the absolute melting temperature. The stress exponent for creep, n, is ∼ 6.6 at the lowest testing temperature but decreases to ∼ 4.2 at temperatures above ∼ 723 K. The activation energy for creep, Qc, decreases linearly with increasing normalized stress from ∼ 180 kJ mol−1 at σ/G = 3 × 10−4 to ∼ 135 kJ mol−1 at σ/G = 2 × 10−3, where σ is the applied stress and G is the shear modulus. The apparent activation volume for creep, V∗, decreases with increasing strain at the lower temperatures and higher stresses but V∗ is essentially independent of strain and of the order of 1600 b3 at the highest testing temperature of 973 K, where b is the Burgers vector. An analysis of the experimental data shows that the creep behavior with n > 4.2 lies in the region of exponential creep above the power-law breakdown. Careful inspection of the data reveals no support for the concept of a region of low temperature climb controlled by diffusion along the dislocation cores.
KUKA takes up a modular approach to assembly

KUKA has been working with a major car manufacturer in Germany to develop a new approach to production.
A statistical theory of traffic flow on highways—III. Distributions of desired speeds

Abstract The development of statistical theories of traffic flow on highways has often started with a model in which each driver retains a fixed desired speed. This has been taken to mean that the distribution of desired speeds for the cars on the road at a given time was independent of density. However, it is shown that this model really implies that the desired speed distribution for the cars crossing any fixed point on the road in a certain period of time will be density-independent. The relation between the two distributions is computed, and the effect of the distinction on a theory of the density dependence of traffic behavior is discussed. The important input for a statistical theory of traffic flow seems to be a description of the desired speeds of the cars using the road in a period of time and a model of passing and queuing behavior. The number of cars crossing a fixed point in unit time appears to be more basic in such a theory than the density of cars.