cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing phosphorus fertilizer to reduce algae, maintain water quality, and sustain yields in water-seeded rice

In water-seeded rice systems, cyanobacteria (Nostoc spongiaeforme) hinder early-season crop growth by dislodging and reducing light to seedlings. Since algae are often phosphorus (P) limited, we investigated whether changing the timing of P fertilizer application could reduce algal growth without reducing crop yields or increasing mid-season water P concentrations to levels of concern for water quality. Water P and algae were monitored in 10 and 12 (respectively) side-by-side fields (16–60 ha in size) where P fertilizer was applied pre-plant or where P application was delayed until after rice plants had emerged above the surface of the floodwater (2–5 weeks after seeding). Early-season water P concentration and algal occurrence were higher (P < 0.001 and P = 0.018, respectively) when P fertilizer was applied pre-plant as opposed to delayed. In fields receiving a delayed P application, water P increased to as high as 1.68 mg L−1 immediately following application and subsequently declined by 0.054 mg L−1 day−1 (P = 0.029). A separate study evaluated the effect of P fertilizer timing on crop productivity and P uptake. Triple-super-phosphate was either not applied or was applied to the soil surface in the fall prior to the cropping season, immediately prior to planting, 35 days after seeding (DAS) and 49 DAS at a rate of 25 kg ha−1 P. P uptake and agronomic P use efficiency (APUE) were similar when P was applied at seeding or 35 DAS. However, relative to P application at seeding, yields were reduced by 6% and there was lower APUE when P was applied after harvesting the previous crop or at 49 DAS (P < 0.05). These results indicate that correctly timed, delayed fertilizer P applications can maximize rice yield while reducing early-season interference from algae. However, because delayed applications of P fertilizer also increased water P concentrations, drainage water must be managed carefully following application.
Takeover Resistance, Information Leakage, and Target Firm Value

This study examines the effect of management responses to takeovers on the value of the targetfirm. Three categories of takeover responses are identified: auction-inducing resistance, competitionreducing resistance, and support. Auction-inducing resistance is shown to increase competition for control of the target firm. This increased competition leads to increased gains to the target firm during the takeover battle relative to gains obtained when the initial takeover offer is supported. Competition-reducing resistance is shown to have the opposite effect.
A novel photoinduced electron transfer (PET) primer technique for rapid real-time PCR detection of Cryptosporidium spp.

We report the development of a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide primer that can be used to monitor real-time PCR. The primer has two parts, the 3′-end of the primer is complimentary to the target and a universal 17-mer stem loop at the 5′-end forms a hairpin structure. A fluorescent dye is attached to 5′-end of either the forward or reverse primer. The presence of guanosine residues at the first and second position of the 3′ dangling end effectively quenches the fluorescence due to the photo electron transfer (PET) mechanism. During the synthesis of nucleic acid, the hairpin structure is linearized and the fluorescence of the incorporated primer increases several-fold due to release of the fluorescently labeled tail and the absence of guanosine quenching. As amplicons are synthesized during nucleic acid amplification, the fluorescence increase in the reaction mixture can be measured with commercially available real-time PCR instruments. In addition, a melting procedure can be performed to denature the double-stranded amplicons, thereby generating fluorescence peaks that can differentiate primer dimers and other non-specific amplicons if formed during the reaction. We demonstrated the application of PET-PCR for the rapid detection and quantification of Cryptosporidium parvum DNA. Comparison with a previously published TaqMan® assay demonstrated that the two real-time PCR assays exhibited similar sensitivity for a dynamic range of detection of 6000–0.6 oocysts per reaction. PET PCR primers are simple to design and less-expensive than dual-labeled probe PCR methods, and should be of interest for use by laboratories operating in resource-limited environments.
Soft Bedrock Erosion Modeling with a Two-Dimensional Depth-Averaged Model

Many rivers in Taiwan have steep slopes, are subject to typhoon-induced flood flows, and contain soft bedrock that is exposed at many locations and easily erodible. The occurrence of extensive bedrock erosion has been a major threat to river infrastructure at many locations. Soft bedrock erosion, therefore, is an important process to consider for river projects in Taiwan. In this study, bedrock erosion models are reviewed. A specific model is proposed by combining two existing models incorporating both the hydraulic and abrasive scour mechanisms. The proposed bedrock erosion model is incorporated into a two-dimensional mobile-bed model, and the integrated model is tested by simulating bedrock erosion downstream of the Chi-Chi weir on the Choshui River in Taiwan. A calibration study is performed to determine appropriate values of the model parameters based on two and a half years of measured data. The model is then assessed based on a verification study that compares model predictions of bedrock erosion of...
The Mask Making Challenge

Key to the current and future success of optical microlithography is the excellence of mask making, more specifically the excellence of electron-beam mask making. Probe-forming e-beam mask makers have become the industry standard and provide the speed, flexibility, and accuracy required for today's pattern generation. Projected requirements for 0.5-µm lithography, however, present challenges in the form of pixel resolution, linewidth tolerance, design grid increments, overlay accuracy, throughput, and data management that require new approaches. Innovative new electron optics techniques such as the variable shaped beam and variable axis immersion lens, together with novel stage concepts and data compaction, that can meet those challenges are discussed.
LFAC-transmission systems for remote wind farms using a three-phase, six-pulse cycloconverter

This paper presents an alternative transmission system for remote wind farms to main grids using a low-frequency AC (LFAC) technology and a robust-modeling method for analysis of the alternative-transmission systems. The LFAC transmission system uses a lower frequency (20Hz/16.666Hz) than nominal frequency (60Hz/50Hz) of main grids by introducing a three-phase six-pulse cycloconverter. The benefits of the LFAC transmission system are demonstrated as follows: reduced-investment cost compared with HVDC-transmission systems and increased power transfer capability as compared with 60Hz-HVAC transmission systems. In this paper, the economical and technical benefits of LFAC transmission systems are presented, the modeling method using the quadratic-integration method is presented, and the superior properties of the quadratic integration are demonstrated with an example LFAC-transmission system.
Malignant Ameloblastoma: Concurrent Presentation of Primary and Distant Disease and Review of the Literature

Malignant ameloblastoma is a rare tumor of odontogenic origin with a metastatic focus. Distant metastatic disease is found most commonly in the lungs. A review of the literature shows that most cases of malignant ameloblastoma involve a disease-free period from primary tumor extirpation to the discovery of metastasis. This report describes the case of a 56-year-old man presenting with ameloblastoma of the maxilla and a solitary pulmonary metastasis concurrently. This represents a rare case in which there is a simultaneous diagnosis of primary ameloblastoma and a metastatic lesion. Appropriate workup for ameloblastoma includes surveillance for metastatic disease. Surgical resection of primary and distant disease is recommended. Chemotherapy and radiation may play a role in palliation when resection of metastatic disease is not feasible.
Narrative Motivation in Faulkner's A ROSE FOR EMILY

In the far-off light of Helen E. Nebeker's articles “Emily's Rose of Love” and “Emily's Rose of Love: A Postscript,” this article presents another, further possibility that at best compounds and at...
Long-Term Consequences of Developmental Alcohol Exposure on Brain Structure and Function: Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Activity

Developmental alcohol exposure both early in life and during adolescence can have a devastating impact on normal brain structure and functioning, leading to behavioral and cognitive impairments that persist throughout the lifespan. This review discusses human work as well as animal models used to investigate the effect of alcohol exposure at various time points during development, as well as specific behavioral and neuroanatomical deficits caused by alcohol exposure. Further, cellular and molecular mediators contributing to these alcohol-induced changes are examined, such as neurotrophic factors and apoptotic markers. Next, this review seeks to support the use of aerobic exercise as a potential therapeutic intervention for alcohol-related impairments. To date, few interventions, behavioral or pharmacological, have been proven effective in mitigating some alcohol-related deficits. Exercise is a simple therapy that can be used across species and also across socioeconomic status. It has a profoundly positive influence on many measures of learning and neuroplasticity; in particular, those measures damaged by alcohol exposure. This review discusses current evidence that exercise may mitigate damage caused by developmental alcohol exposure and is a promising therapeutic target for future research and intervention strategies.
3D chip stacking with C4 technology

Three-dimensional (3D) integration technology promises to continue enhancing integrated-circuit system performance with high bandwidth, low latency, low power, and a small form factor for a variety of applications. In this work, conventional C4 (controlled-collapse chip connection) technology is studied for robust interconnection between stacked thin chips. Various solder hierarchies to enable 3D chip stacking and packaging are investigated. Examples are presented to compare stacking schemes with sequential and parallel reflow. Chips as thin as 90 µm are stacked using conventional chip-placement and reflow processes, and the associated process challenges are investigated and discussed. Warpage of the thin chips is measured on various substrates. Rework of the chip stack has also been demonstrated through a temporary chip attachment operation, and the scalability of reworkable C4 is investigated.
Validation of twelve chemical spot tests for the detection of drugs of abuse.

Abstract Validation procedures are described for 12 chemical spot tests including cobalt thiocyanate, Dille–Koppanyi, Duquenois–Levine, Mandelin, Marquis, nitric acid, para -dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, ferric chloride, Froehde, Mecke, Zwikker and Simon's (nitroprusside). The validation procedures include specificity and limit of detection. Depending on the specificity of each color test, between 28 to 45 drugs or chemicals were tested in triplicate with each of the 12 chemical spot tests. For each chemical test, the final colors resulting from positive reactions with known amounts of analytes were compared to two reference color charts. For the identification of unknown drugs, reference colors from the Inter-Society Color Council and the National Bureau of Standards (ISCC-NBS) and Munsell charts are included along with a description of each final color. These chemical spot tests were found to be very sensitive with limits of detection typically 1 to 50 μg depending on the test and the analyte.
Lengths of stay for involuntarily held psychiatric patients in the ED are affected by both patient characteristics and medication use

Abstract Background Psychiatric patients experience longer treatment times (length of stay [LOS]) in the emergency department (ED) compared to nonpsychiatric patients. Although patients on involuntary mental health holds are relatively understudied, common wisdom would hold that times for these patients can only be affected by addressing systems issues because they are not free to leave. The objective of this study was to determine whether both selected ED and patient-specific factors were associated with longer LOS. We hypothesized that nonmodifiable factors (age, sex, agitation, presentation during evenings/nights, presentation during weekends, suicidal ideation) would prolong LOS but that potentially modifiable factors (such as use of medication) would reduce LOS. Methods A historical cohort of patients (January 1, 2009-August 16, 2010) placed on involuntary mental health holds was studied in 2 general EDs. A regression model was used to calculate the effects of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors on LOS. Results Six hundred forty patient visits met all inclusion/exclusion criteria. Longer LOSs were significantly associated with suicidal ideation, use of antipsychotics, and use of benzodiazepines, although agitation did not predict longer LOSs. Longer LOSs were also longer with presentation on the weekends. Conclusions Lengths of stay for patients on involuntary mental health holds are associated with several factors outside the control of the typical ED clinician such as the ability to clear holds quickly due to day of week or placement of the hold for suicidal ideation. Lengths of stay are also increased by factors within the control of the typical ED clinician, such as administration of calming medication.
Specification of Wintertime North American Surface Temperature

Abstract The extent to which wintertime North American surface temperature can be specified based on simultaneous sea surface temperature (SST) is quantified for the period 1982–98. The term specification indicates that the predictor and predictands are not lagged in time, as would be the case for true prediction. Four state-of-the-art general circulation models (GCMs) and linear empirical models with predictors derived from observations and dynamical models are considered. Predictors are derived from model hindcasts using principal component analysis (PCA), canonical correlation analysis (CCA), and discriminant analysis. The last technique has appeared in the climate literature, but its use in the present context appears new. A distinguishing feature of this paper is that several methods and models are compared in a common framework. The specification skill of GCMs for the period 1982–98 is statistically significant in the northwestern region near Washington State, British Columbia, and central Canada, w...
Elevated central nervous system prostaglandins in human immunodeficiency virus—associated dementia

The dementia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is poorly understood. Dementia is accompanied by infection and activation of macrophage lineage cells in the brain and production of toxic products by these cells has been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of dementia. Eicosanoids are potential products of activated macrophages that can mediate cell injury. We measured the levels of prostaglandin E2 in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-positive individuals with dementia and/or myelopathy and compared these levels with those of HIV-negative patients with other neurological diseases and HIV-positive patients without dementia. Cerebrospinal fluid prostaglandin E2 levels were increased in dementia. This increase was associated with severity of dementia and correlated with cerebrospinal fluid levels of neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin. Prostaglandins F2 alpha and thromboxane B2, additional products of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, were also elevated in dementia, but leukotriene C4, a product of the lipoxygenase pathway was not. Since synthesis of prostaglandins is regulated in part by the levels of inducible forms of cyclooxygenase, we measured the levels of cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 mRNAs in the brains of HIV-positive individuals with and without dementia by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Levels of intact cyclooxygenase-1 mRNA were higher in the brains of demented individuals, but this did not reach statistical significance. These data demonstrate that prostaglandins are increased in the central nervous system in HIV-associated dementia and may play a role in the development of neurological dysfunction.
Noninfectious ascitic fluid leukocytosis associated with penetrating duodenal ulcer

Ascitic fluid leukocytosis occurring in the cirrhotic patient in the absence of positive peritoneal cultures is often difficult to explain. A unique case of a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis, sterile ascites, and ascitic fluid leukocytosis demonstrated prior to the perforation of a duodenal ulcer has been presented. Based on the patient's clinical course and the pathological events in peptic ulceration of the stomach and duodenum, it is possible to postulate an explanation for the sterile ascitic fluid leukocytosis observed in this patient.
Effect of glass transition slope of underfill on solder joint fatigue life

In flip chip microelectronic packages, solder bumps are used to connect the silicon die and package substrate for electrical functionality. However, due to the large mismatch of silicon and organic package in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), the solder bumps undergo large viscoplastic deformation in temperature cycling test and in field operation. The viscoplastic damage accumulates cycle by cycle, which leads to the bump failure by fatigue cracking after hundreds or thousands of thermal cycles. Underfill plays a key role in solder joint fatigue lifetime. Besides the effects of underfill modulus, CTE, and the glass transition temperature T g , the slope of temperature-dependent modulus curve in the range of glass transition is also critical. Since the solder deformation is very sensitive to underfill modulus, the viscoplastic work is much larger when the temperature is above T g than below T g .
Multidisciplinary optimization of gas-quenching process

Distortion as a result of the quenching process is predominantly due to the thermal gradient and phase transformations within the component. Compared with traditional liquid quenching, the thermal boundary conditions during gas quenching are relatively simple to control. By adjusting the gas-quenching furnace pressure, the flow speed, or the spray nozzle configuration, the heat-transfer coefficients can be designed in terms of both the component geometry and the quenching time. The purpose of this research is to apply the optimization methodology to design the gas-quenching process. The design objective is to minimize the distortion caused by quenching. Constraints on the average surface hardness, and its distribution and residual stress are imposed. The heat-transfer coefficients are used as design variables. DEFORM-HT is used to predict material response during quenching. The response surface method is used to obtain the analytical models of the objective function and constraints in terms of the design variables. Once the response surfaces of the objective and constraints are obtained, they are used to search for the optimum heat-transfer coefficients. This process is then used instead of the finite-element analysis. A one-gear blank case study is used to demonstrate the optimization scheme.
Lung fluid balance in hypoxic, awake newborn lambs and mature sheep

To study the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia and associated transvascular flow of fluid into the lungs of newborn lambs and mature sheep, we collected lung lymph and measured pulmonary vascular
Regulation of expression of the c-myc proto-oncogene.

The c-myc proto-oncogene is normally subject to complex regulation at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in proliferating and differentiating cells. It is activated in response to growth stimuli and generally, though not always, repressed in response to differentiation signals. Abnormal, deregulated c-myc expression is a common feature of numerous malignancies and occurs by a variety of molecular mechanisms which probably reflect the existence of multiple factors responsible for its normal control. Here, I provide a detailed summary of recent progress and current views on c-myc gene regulation.
Synthesis and characterization of ultrafine cobalt ferrites

Ultrafine, nearly spherical particles of CoFe/sub 2/O/sub 4/ were prepared under mild hydrothermal conditions. These ferrite particles were found to be superparamagnetic with a narrow particle size distribution in the range 10.0-40.0 nm. The hydrothermal ferrite powders could be sintered to almost theoretical density with little or no intergranular porosity. The present study shows that magnetic measurements together with Mossbauer spectroscopy provide excellent tools for characterizing fine ferrite particles at macroscopic levels. >
925 PLASMAPHERESIS IN ADOLESCENT MIXED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE(MCTD)

MCTD is more severe in children than in adults. Since children are more susceptible to long term corticosteroid side effects, we treated a 12 y/o white female with biweekly plasmapheresis, and induced remission of her MCTD. She presented with Raynaud's phenomenon of 5 months duration plus diffuse swelling of distal extremities. Three months later tender 1 cm. red nodules appeared in the anterior aspects of her legs. This was followed by anorexia, weight loss, and increasing weakness. Her fingertips were cyanotic, but did not have ulcers. There was moderate weakness of the proximal muscles without synovitis or limitation of motion. She had leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and elevated sedrate. SGOT was 155, and LDH 588 units. ANA was (+) at 1/6400 with a speckled pattern. ENA was (+) at 1/10,240, but only to RPN fraction. C1Q of 2.4% was normal, but Raji cell assay was stronly (+). Antids DNA studies were negative. EMG revealed inflammatory findings became normal. On plasmapheresis q3w she has remained asymptomatic with normal lab titers. Her favorable responses suggest a wider use for this novel treatment in MCTD and other immune complex diseases of children.
Serpin conformational change in ovalbumin. Enhanced reactive center loop insertion through hinge region mutations

Ovalbumin is a noninhibitory member of the serpin superfamily that does not spontaneously undergo the loop-to-sheet conformational change upon cleavage of its reactive center that is characteristic of inhibitory serpins. We tested the hypothesis that ovalbumin could be turned into a proteinase inhibitor by increasing the rate of loop insertion through hinge region mutations alone. We found that none of the three variants examined showed any detectable proteinase inhibitory properties. However, replacement of the P14 arginine residue of ovalbumin by serine, either alone or in combination with changes of P12-P10 to alanine, resulted in a large increase in the rate of loop insertion into beta-sheet A following cleavage at the P1-P1' bond by porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE), as shown by the spontaneous formation of a loop-inserted form upon cleavage that has increased the thermal stability. From the magnitude of the increase in stability of the cleaved, loop-inserted forms of the P14 ovalbumin variants, as well as the accessibility of the P1-P1'-cleaved reactive center loop to further proteolysis at P8-P7, we concluded that the reactive center loop can only partially insert into beta-sheet A and therefore that ovalbumin is also defective in the ability of beta-sheet A to expand to fully accommodate the whole of the reactive center loop. This defect, through its effect on the extent and/or rate of loop insertion, is likely to be a principal reason for ovalbumin not being a proteinase inhibitor.
Hybrid effect at fiber breaks in twisted blended yarns

A previously developed micromechanical model is used to formulate the problem of a blended yarn, consisting of low elongation (LE) and high elongation (HE) fibers undergoing axial extension, with a fiber break in the central region of the hybrid fiber array. A hybrid parameter R, which is the ratio of the axial stiffness of the HE fibers to that of the LE fibers, is shown to have an important effect on the intact fiber stress concentration factor (SCF), and the broken fiber slip extent at the fiber break. While the SCF increases for HE fibers adjacent to broken LE fibers, it decreases for LE fibers adjacent to broken HE fibers as R takes on values away from unity (homogeneous yarn). Higher loading can therefore be sustained by the LE fibers, and a beneficial hybrid effect can be realized.
Selected results from a technology assessment of telecommunication-transportation interactions

Abstract Several findings from a technology assessment of the interactions between telecommunications and travel demand are reviewed. The study evaluated scenarios dealing with teleconferencing substitutes for business travel and decentralization of office activities to satellite centers, neighborhood centers, and work at home. The following findings emerged. Neighborhood centers and work at home scenarios could reduce commuting drastically. Moderate reductions may be possible by more optimum location of office activities in urban areas. Office decentralization from major central business districts could reduce the need for expensive new rapid rail transit or drastically cut revenues on existing systems. The decentralization scenarios all promise significant savings in the cost of supplying new urban transportation capacity when such capacity is not already available. Finally, “telework” could greatly increase residential location choice.
Acetyl phosphate-dependent activation of a mutant PhoP response regulator that functions independently of its cognate sensor kinase

Abstract The two-component system is a signal communication network generally consisting of a sensor kinase that receives inputs from the environment and modifies the phosphorylated state of a response regulator that executes an adaptive behavior. PhoP is a response regulator that controls virulence gene expression in Salmonella enterica. Transcription of PhoP-regulated genes is modulated by the Mg2+ levels detected by the sensor PhoQ. Here, we describe a PhoP mutant protein, PhoP∗, that functions in the absence of its cognate sensor, thereby allowing transcription of PhoP-activated genes independently of the Mg2+ concentration in the environment. The PhoP∗ protein harbors a S93N substitution in the response regulator receiver domain. PhoP∗-mediated transcription is abolished by either mutation of the aspartate residue that is conserved among response regulators as the site of phosphorylation or inactivation of the pta-encoded phosphotransacetylase. This enzyme mediates the production of acetyl phosphate, which has been shown to serve as a low molecular mass phosphate donor for certain response regulators. The purified PhoP∗ protein autophosphorylated from acetyl phosphate more efficiently than the wild-type PhoP protein in vitro. The PhoP∗ protein retained the capacity to interact with the PhoQ protein, which promoted phosphorylation of the PhoP∗ protein in vitro and abolished PhoP∗-mediated transcription under high Mg2+ concentrations in vivo. Cumulatively, our results uncover a role of PhoQ in transcriptional repression during growth in millimolar Mg2+ and define a mutant response regulator form with an increased capacity to be phosphorylated by acetyl phosphate.
Ventrolateral medulla and sympathetic chemoreflex in the rat

Splanchnic sympathetic nerve discharge (SND), phrenic nerve activity (PND) and putative sympathetic premotor neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) were recorded in urethane-anesthetized vagotomized rats without aortic baroreceptor afferents. Carotid chemoreceptor stimulation with brief N2 inhalation increased SND by 101 +/- 7%, raised mean arterial pressure (MAP) and increased the discharge rate of RVL premotor neurons by 46 +/- 12% (N = 32). During chemoreceptor activation. SND and most RVL neurons displayed pronounced central respiratory rhythmicity with maximal firing probability immediately after cessation of the PND (postinspiratory phase) and lowest probability during PND (inspiratory phase). Bilateral microinjection of the breed spectrum glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (Kyn, 5 nmol in 100 nl) into RVL blocked the sympathetic chemoreflex but left the sympathetic baroreflex intact. In contrast, bilateral microinjection of the same dose of Kyn into the caudal ventrolateral medulla (at obex level CVL) blocked the baroreflex but left the sympathetic chemoreflex intact. Bilateral microinjection of the GABAA agonist muscimol (87.5 pmol in 50 nl) into CVL produced effects identical to those of Kyn. These results confirm that the caudal ventrolateral medulla contains an essential relay of the sympathetic baroreflex and demonstrate that the same area plays no role in the sympathetic chemoreflex. The data suggests that these two reflexes could have a largely independent course through the medulla oblongata and that integration between the baroreceptor and chemoreceptor information used for sympathetic vasomotor control may occur as late as the premotor neuronal stage in RVL.
Increased myocardial stiffness due to cardiac titin isoform switching in a mouse model of volume overload limits eccentric remodeling

We investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of diastolic dysfunction in pure volume overload induced by aortocaval fistula (ACF) surgery in the mouse. Four weeks of volume overload resulted in significant biventricular hypertrophy; protein expression analysis in left ventricular (LV) tissue showed a marked decrease in titin's N2BA/N2B ratio with no change in phosphorylation of titin's spring region. Titin-based passive tensions were significantly increased; a result of the decreased N2BA/N2B ratio. Conscious echocardiography in ACF mice revealed eccentric remodeling and pressure volume analysis revealed systolic dysfunction: reductions in ejection fraction (EF), +dP/dt, and the slope of the end-systolic pressure volume relationships (ESPVR). ACF mice also had diastolic dysfunction: increased LV end-diastolic pressure and reduced relaxation rates. Additionally, a decrease in the slope of the end diastolic pressure volume relationship (EDPVR) was found. However, correcting for altered geometry of the LV normalized the change in EDPVR and revealed, in line with our skinned muscle data, increased myocardial stiffness in vivo. ACF mice also had increased expression of the signaling proteins FHL-1, FHL-2, and CARP that bind to titin's spring region suggesting that titin stiffening is important to the volume overload phenotype. To test this we investigated the effect of volume overload in the RBM20 heterozygous (HET) mouse model, which exhibits reduced titin stiffness. It was found that LV hypertrophy was attenuated and that LV eccentricity was exacerbated. We propose that pure volume overload induces an increase in titin stiffness that is beneficial and limits eccentric remodeling.
Action research paradigm in the field of training and development

Action research (AR) has been used in many social science fields as a practical problem‐solving method. What makes this paradigm unique and viable is that it allows research and practice to co‐exist and co‐work simultaneously in achieving organizational goals. The implementation of the AR paradigm in the field of training and development (TD thus, this paper provides methods and tools to utilize AR in T&D efforts and practice. In this paper, AR and T&D are overviewed, and the possible implications of AR for T&D, using the taxonomy of performance, are examined as an avenue for analysis.
CDK1 substitutes for mTOR kinase to activate mitotic cap-dependent protein translation

Mitosis is commonly thought to be associated with reduced cap-dependent protein translation. Here we show an alternative control mechanism for maintaining cap-dependent translation during mitosis revealed by a viral oncoprotein, Merkel cell polyomavirus small T (MCV sT). We find MCV sT to be a promiscuous E3 ligase inhibitor targeting the anaphase-promoting complex, which increases cell mitogenesis. MCV sT binds through its Large T stabilization domain region to cell division cycle protein 20 (Cdc20) and, possibly, cdc20 homolog 1 (Cdh1) E3 ligase adapters. This activates cyclin-dependent kinase 1/cyclin B1 (CDK1/CYCB1) to directly hyperphosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein (4E-BP1) at authentic sites, generating a mitosis-specific, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor-resistant δ phospho-isoform not present in G1-arrested cells. Recombinant 4E-BP1 inhibits capped mRNA reticulocyte translation, which is partially reversed by CDK1/CYCB1 phosphorylation of 4E-BP1. eIF4G binding to the eIF4E–m7GTP cap complex is resistant to mTOR inhibition during mitosis but sensitive during interphase. Flow cytometry, with and without sT, reveals an orthogonal pH3S10+ mitotic cell population having higher inactive p4E-BP1T37/T46+ saturation levels than pH3S10– interphase cells. Using a Click-iT flow cytometric assay to directly measure mitotic protein synthesis, we find that most new protein synthesis during mitosis is cap-dependent, a result confirmed using the eIF4E/4G inhibitor drug 4E1RCat. For most cell lines tested, cap-dependent translation levels were generally similar between mitotic and interphase cells, and the majority of new mitotic protein synthesis was cap-dependent. These findings suggest that mitotic cap-dependent translation is generally sustained during mitosis by CDK1 phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 even under conditions of reduced mTOR signaling.
A hospital use evaluation by numerical taxonomy.

Abstract The manner of customary use of a small hospital has been evaluated using a retrospective classification by numerical taxonomy. A 60 patient random file sample, of a small hospital outpatient medical facility, was reviewed. Groups of facility users were identified and characterized. No single major disease entity accounted for primary economic liability. The analysis correlating diseases with signs, symptoms, epidemiologic and ecologic variables reveals that the epidemiologic and symptomologic features are more closely related to medical care's economic costs. The validity of the classification appears partially verified by the comparison of predicted to known expenses for drugs. It is apparent that numerical taxonomy can provide a method for inventory for complex medical services.
Partially anomalous pulmonary venous connection: Demonstration of dual drainage allowing nonsurgical correction

We describe a novel percutaneous approach for correction of partially anomalous pulmonary venous connection. We describe two cases of dual pulmonary venous drainage where embolization of the anomalous pulmonary venous connection was successful.
Economic indicators of mental health service utilization in rural Appalachia

This exploratory study examined the relative predictive strengths of selected economic factors (welfare cases, banking activity, unemployment, retail sales, motor vehicle sales) for utilization of mental health services (hotline calls, intake at community mental health centers and admissions at mental hospitals) over a 78-month period in rural Appalachia. Monthly data were tested for autocorrelation and adjusted for seasonality and inflation. Regression analyses indicated that (a) economic factors did account for a considerable portion of variance in mental health factors; (b) these factors predicted mental hospital admissions and hotline calls; (c) strengths of these relationships were quite consistent across the areas sampled, but the directions sometimes were different; (d) welfare factors were the best predictors of utilization; (e) Aid to Families with Dependent Children was generally the best single predictor of utilization, especially when mental health factors were lagged by 3 months. A causative model describing the decision-making process involved in the utilization of mental health services was presented.
A fieldwork of the future with user enactments

Designing radically new technology systems that people will want to use is complex. Design teams must draw on knowledge related to people's current values and desires to envision a preferred yet plausible future. However, the introduction of new technology can shape people's values and practices, and what-we-know-now about them does not always translate to an effective guess of what the future could, or should, be. New products and systems typically exist outside of current understandings of technology and use paradigms; they often have few interaction and social conventions to guide the design process, making efforts to pursue them complex and risky. User Enactments (UEs) have been developed as a design approach that aids design teams in more successfully investigate radical alterations to technologies' roles, forms, and behaviors in uncharted design spaces. In this paper, we reflect on our repeated use of UE over the past five years to unpack lessons learned and further specify how and when to use it. We conclude with a reflection on how UE can function as a boundary object and implications for future work.
High-throughput assays for botulinum neurotoxin proteolytic activity: serotypes A, B, D, and F.

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are zinc metalloproteases that cleave and inactivate cellular proteins essential for neurotransmitter release. Because the paralytic effect of BoNT is a consequence of its enzymatic activity, selective inhibitors may be useful as drugs or as tools for further research. To expedite inhibitor discovery, we developed high-throughput, solid-phase protease activity assays for four of the seven BoNT serotypes: A, B, D, and F. Each assay consisted of a cleavable oligopeptide, based on the natural substrate sequence, labeled with fluorescein and covalently attached to maleimide-activated multiwell plates. Solutions of holotoxin or nontoxic catalytic domain of BoNT were incubated in substrate-coated wells, with or without test compounds, followed by transfer and assay of solubilized product in a multiwell fluorometer. Routine toxin concentrations ranged from 10 to 100 ng/ml, but concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml gave reproducible signals. The fluorescence assays were selective, gave very low background readings, and were stable upon prolonged storage. Using the nontoxic catalytic domain of BoNT A, we determined the relative inhibitory potencies of a family of structurally related pseudotripeptide compounds. Unlike previous methods, our assays did not employ antibodies or reverse-phase extraction steps, only well-to-well transfers, and were easily adapted to a high-throughput automated environment.
Migration of a gas bubble normal to a plane horizontal surface in a vertical temperature gradient

Abstract The effect of a horizontal plane solid surface on a gas bubble migrating in a direction normal to it, under the combined action of buoyancy and thermocapillarity, was investigated experimentally. Even though the bubbles changed substantially in size during the experiments, the migration velocities were found to be in very good agreement with the predictions from a quasi-static theory. The most interesting observation from the experiments is that it is possible for a bubble to move more rapidly, in the direction of the temperature gradient, in the presence of the surface than when isolated. It is necessary for the buoyant and thermocapillary forces to act in opposition for this to occur. This counterintuitive behavior is a consequence of the rapid decay of the disturbance velocity field arising from thermocapillarity compared to the relatively slow decay of the disturbance velocity field for body force driven motion.
Oncogenic PIK3CA Mutation and Dysregulation in Human Salivary Duct Carcinoma

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive malignant tumor with a high mortality, which resembles high-grade breast ductal carcinoma in morphology. The parotid gland is the most common location. Its molecular genetic characteristics remain largely unknown. We have previously reported high incidence of PIK3CA somatic mutations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, particularly in pharyngeal cancers. Here we examined the PIK3CA gene expression status and hotspot mutations in six cases of SDC by immunohistochemistry and genomic DNA sequencing. Immunohistochemistry showed that PIK3CA expression was elevated in all six patients with SDC. By DNA sequencing, two hotspot mutations of the PIK3CA gene, E545K (exon 9) and H1047R (exon 20), were identified in two of the six cases. Our results support that oncogenic PIK3CA is upregulated and frequently mutated in human SDC, adding evidence that PIK3CA oncogenic pathway is critical in the tumorigenesis of SDC, and may be a plausible drug target for this rare disease.
Tort Reform and Access to Justice: How Legal Environments Shape Lawyers' Case Selection

Howdolawyersdecidewhichcasestoaccept?Previousstudiessuggestthattheyuse a simple risk/return formula to make such decisions. I argue, however, that legal environments also shape lawyers' decisions. Analyses of in-depth interviews with lawyers across four states demonstrate that lawyers make different decisions about cases in different legal environments. Lawyers in states without tort reform emphasize the importance of how "likeable" ac lient may beto a potentialjury, whereaslawyersinstates withtortreforminstead focusonthe defendant's "liability." These differences have important implications for who has access to the civil justice system, and for consumer and medical protections more generally.
ADDRESSING THE IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEM: A GAMING APPROACH

Traditionally decision sciences has been plagued with the problem of implementation, i.e., transforming a sound theoretical technique into an operational system. Most researchers who study the problem concentrate on identifying factors which relate to implementation or on identifying the change process required to achieve implementation. In a recent study, Sorensen and Zand [24] demonstrate that the Lewin-Schein change theory explains the process necessary for achieving implementation. While the Lewin-Schein theory explains the required change process, the theory does not address the question of how one brings about change. The purpose of this article is to describe a “gaming” approach for accomplishing change. A case example is given to demonstrate the proposed implementation methodology.
Text summarization in the biomedical domain

Display Omitted First systematic review of text summarization in the biomedical domain.The study found a predominance of methods producing extractive summaries.Multiple documents were used as the source for summarization.Natural language processing, and hybrid techniques were prominently used.Research is needed on the application of text summarization in real settings. ObjectiveThe amount of information for clinicians and clinical researchers is growing exponentially. Text summarization reduces information as an attempt to enable users to find and understand relevant source texts more quickly and effortlessly. In recent years, substantial research has been conducted to develop and evaluate various summarization techniques in the biomedical domain. The goal of this study was to systematically review recent published research on summarization of textual documents in the biomedical domain. Materials and methodsMEDLINE (2000 to October 2013), IEEE Digital Library, and the ACM digital library were searched. Investigators independently screened and abstracted studies that examined text summarization techniques in the biomedical domain. Information is derived from selected articles on five dimensions: input, purpose, output, method and evaluation. ResultsOf 10,786 studies retrieved, 34 (0.3%) met the inclusion criteria. Natural language processing (17; 50%) and a hybrid technique comprising of statistical, Natural language processing and machine learning (15; 44%) were the most common summarization approaches. Most studies (28; 82%) conducted an intrinsic evaluation. DiscussionThis is the first systematic review of text summarization in the biomedical domain. The study identified research gaps and provides recommendations for guiding future research on biomedical text summarization. ConclusionRecent research has focused on a hybrid technique comprising statistical, language processing and machine learning techniques. Further research is needed on the application and evaluation of text summarization in real research or patient care settings.
Development for Cyclic Detection Laboratory of Transmission and Distribution State Maintenance and Test Equipment

Power production department is paying more and more attention to the test results of high voltage test instrument and equipment as the power construction is vigorously developing. Currently, the metrological verification of high voltage test instrument is mainly conducted by metrological department such as provincial Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) of the Power Grid, and standard appliances of measurement are stored in regular laboratory condition and inspection method of them is bottom-to-top periodic inspection by users, which has the disadvantage of inconvenient inspection. The cyclic detection laboratory developed in this paper, which can support comprehensive calibration and on-site detection for the main functions of mainstream high voltage test instruments of the market, is designed aiming at the requirements of cyclic detection for high voltage test instrument of power system. Operating principles and core technologies of the developed detection equipment are detailed introduced in this paper. By using the developed laboratory, performances of test instruments can be effectively assessed, diverse needs of metrological detection for high voltage test instrument of power system can be further met, and operation safety of power system and economic benefit of power industry can be improved as well as on-site metrological detection capacity being strengthened.
Terrestrial snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Gyaros Island (Cyclades, Greece)

Although most of the Cyclades and other Aegean islands and islets have been surveyed for land snails since the beginning of the 19th century, the island of Gyaros was not one of them. Five species were recorded by two geologists who studied the geology of the island in 1952. In our survey in March 2014 we found 20 species on the island. All species, with the exception of Chilostoma arcadica and Monacha rothii, are widespread in the Aegean and the Mediterranean.
Moral Structures and Axiomatic Theory

Axiomatic decision theory has proven to be a valuable analytical tool in many disciplines, and in this paper I discuss its application to moral theory. The first part of the paper discusses the general structure of moral theory, and it argues that morality need not be identified with a particular moral principle. The concept of a moral framework is introduced, and a framework for use in analyzing issues of distributive justice is presented in the second section. The application of this framework is discussed in the paper's final section, and two different moral situations are analyzed. The utilitarian principle is argued to be appropriate for the first situation in which a scarce good is to be efficiently distributed, while Rawls' difference principle is claimed to be the correct one for the more abstract issue of basic institutional justice.