cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth and anthocyanin accumulation rates of carrot suspension cultures grown with excess nutrients after semicontinuous culture with different limiting nutrients at several dilution rates, pHs, and temperatures.

When carrot cell cultures, after growth in semicontinuous culture, were transferred to media containing excess nutrients, they grew at different rates. The growth rates were generally higher after semicontinuous culture at higher dilution rates. There appears to be a limit on dilution rate above which growth rate does not increase. These changes were also displayed by clones from the parental culture. The possibility that these changes in growth rate reflect a need for the cultures to adapt to their new conditions is discussed. The growth rates of the cultures is markedly increased at 25°C compared with 22°C with little further increase at 28°C. Growth rate is altered by less than 20% when pH is changed from 4.5 to either 5.5 or 4.2. The rates of anthocyanin accumulation by the cultures were similar under all conditions tested except at 22°C. They were larger than the rates of dry weight accumulation. In contrast, the amounts of anthocyanin accumulated in the clones and in the parental cultures grown at pH 5.5 instead of pH 4.5 were very different. The observations were interpreted as showing that the clones differ in the rate of metabolism but not in the rate of synthesis of anthocyanins and that at pH 5.5 the rate of metabolism of anthocyanins but not the rate of synthesis is higher than it is at pH 4.5. The use of semicontinuous cultures as a source of inoculum for batch cultures rather than as a source of biomass for extraction of chemicals is discussed.
Make it real: effective floating-point reasoning via exact arithmetic

Floating-point arithmetic is widely used in scientific computing. While many programmers are subliminally aware that floating-point numbers only approximate the reals, few are cognizant of the dangers this entails for programming. Such dangers range from tolerable rounding errors in sequential programs, to unexpected, divergent control flow in parallel code. To address these problems, we present a decision procedure for floating-point arithmetic (FPA) that exploits the proximity to real arithmetic (RA), via a loss-less reduction from FPA to RA. Our procedure does not involve any form of bit-blasting or bit-vectorization, and can thus generate much smaller back-end decision problems, albeit in a more complex logic. This tradeoff is beneficial for the exact and reliable analysis of parallel scientific software, which tends to give rise to large but benignly structured formulas. We have implemented a prototype decision engine and present encouraging results analyzing such software for numerical accuracy.
Grouping nearly coplanar polygons into coplanar sets

Publisher Summary The propagation of errors in geometric algorithms is a very tricky problem. Small arithmetic errors in the computations may lead not only to errors in the numerical results—such as the coordinates of vertices and edges—but also to inconsistencies in the combinatorial results—such as the vertex and edge adjacencies in the topological description of an object. Inconsistencies can be a more serious problem than numerical errors as they can lead to infinite loops or a program that bombs out on certain inputs. For example, most polyhedral modelers that accommodate coplanar faces correctly handle polygons that are really coplanar or that meet at large angles but may fail on polygons that meet at nonzero angles that are sufficiently small. This chapter presents a very simple and reliable technique for grouping polygons into coplanar sets so that no two sets meet at an angle smaller than ∈ and no polygon's normal or position is perturbed by more than a small, fixed δ.
Iron(VI) : hypothetical candidate for the martian oxidant.

As a result of the Viking missions of the early 1970s, the presence of a strong oxidant in martian soil was suggested. Here we present a hypothesis, testable by near-term missions, that iron(VI) is a likely contributor to the martian oxidative pool. In this context, ferrate(VI) salts, with FeO{sub 4}{sup 2-} anion, were studied for their spectral and oxidative properties. Ferrate(VI) has distinctive spectroscopic features that make it available for detection by remote sensing reflectance spectra and contact measurements via Moessbauer spectroscopy, and the relevant miniaturized instrumentation has been developed or is under way, while for the returned samples XANES spectroscopy is shown to be a method of choice. Ferrate(VI) is capable of splitting water to yield molecular oxygen, and oxidizing organic carbon into CO{sub 2}. These activities were strongly abated after treatment at elevated temperatures, similar to observations with martian soil samples in the Viking mission.
Drosophila retinophilin contains MORN repeats and is conserved in humans

The function of conserved novel human genes can be efficiently addressed in genetic model organisms. From a collection of genes expressed in the Drosophila visual system, cDNAs expressed in vertebrates were identified and one similar to a novel human gene was chosen for further investigation. The results reported here characterize the Drosophila retinophilin gene and demonstrate that a similar gene is expressed in the human retina. The Drosophila and human retinophilin sequences are 50% identical, and they share an additional 16% conserved substitutions. Examination of the cDNA and genomic sequence indicates that it corresponds to the gene CG10233 of the annotated genome and predicts a 22.7 kDa protein. Polyclonal antibodies generated to a predicted retinophilin peptide recognize an antigen in Drosophila photoreceptor cells. The retinophilins encode 4 copies of a repeat associated with a Membrane Occupation and Recognition Nexus (MORN) function first discovered in junctophilins, which may interact with the plasma membrane. These results therefore show that Drosophila retinophilin is expressed in fly photoreceptor cells, demonstrate that a conserved human gene is expressed in human retina, and suggest that a mutational analysis of the Drosophila gene would be valuable.
No major increase for NASA under Bush budget plan

The Bush Administration's proposed 15.1- billion budget for NASA for fiscal year 2003 represents an increase of just .7% ($98 million) above the current 2002 budget level. While the budget proposal reflects an effort by the administration to encourage improvements in the agency's financial management and other performance metrics, scientists have questioned how changes in the budget would affect several programs. These changes include NASA's proposal to halt funding for the New Horizons Pluto-Kuiper Belt Mission (see Eos, 5 March 2002) and a temporary moratorium on significant new Earth science mission starts.
Zum Ursprung der Oberflächenstruktur des Mondes

Die Oberflache des Mondes vermittelt einen Eindruck von den Geschehnissen, die sich wahrend eines relativ kurzen Zeitraumes nach seiner Bildung, die etwa mit der Entstehung der Erde zusammenfallt, ereignet haben. Es wird gezeigt, welche Einflusse – chemische Zusammensetzung, Satellit-Einfalle, Staubbildung usw. – entscheidend waren. Einige Beobachtungen lassen sich bisher noch nicht schlussig deuten.
Operative Management of Crohn's Disease of the Colon Including Anorectal Disease

Evaluation and management of the patient who has Crohn's disease of the colon, rectum, and anus is challenging for even the most experienced provider. Because of its broad spectrum of presentation, recurrent nature, and potential for high morbidity, the surgeon needs to not only treat the acute situation but also keep in mind the potential long-term ramifications. Although there are exciting new medications and treatment modalities yielding promising results, surgery continues to remain at the forefront for the care of these patients. This article reviews various surgical options for the patient who has Crohn's disease of the colon, rectum, and perianal region with emphasis on symptomatic resolution and optimization of function.
Electrophysiological diagnosis of interdigital neuropathy of the foot

We have devised a method of sensory nerve conduction in the interdigital nerves of the foot using the near-nerve needle and signal averaging techniques. In 40 normal controls between the ages of 20 and 59, there was no difficulty in recording sensory compound nerve action potential (CNAP) in the various interdigital nerves. The amplitude of sensory CNAP ranged from 0.4-8.8 muV. The mean maximum nerve conduction velocities ranged from 33.3-40.5 M/second. In the group between 50-59 years old, nerve conduction changes due to aging were noted. In five patients with interdigital neuropathy (IDN) of the foot, a selective marked decrease in the amplitude of the CNAP in the involved interdigital nerve ("abnormal dip phenomenon") was the most characteristic electrophysiological finding. The present technique is capable of recording the sensory CNAPs in the interdigital nerves of the foot and confirming the diagnosis of IDN electrophysiologically.
Identification of a family of BspA like surface proteins of Entamoeba histolytica with novel leucine rich repeats

Leucine rich repeats serve as recognition motifs for surface proteins from bacteria and eukaryotes. The BspA protein from Bacteroides forsythus mediates bacterial binding to fibronectin and contains leucine rich repeats of the Treponema pallidum (TpLRRP) family. Here we show that the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica contains multiple BspA-like proteins, including a family of surface proteins which possess a new form of a leucine rich repeat that differs from the standard Treponema pallidum- like leucine rich repeat (TpLRRP) by possessing two conserved cysteine residues.
Scattering Studies on Mixtures of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) with Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)

Molten and semi-crystalline mixtures of PEO and PMMA have been investigated by small angle neutron and X-ray scattering. It has been found that the Flory Huggins interaction parameter, evaluated from the intermolecular scattering function, is quite small and is apparently dominated by entropic contributions. Scattering profiles from the semi-crystalline mixtures clearly show that the PMMA is incorporated within the amorphous phase between the crystalline PEO lamellae.
Floating Point Architecture Extensions for Optimized Matrix Factorization

This paper examines the mapping of algorithms encountered when solving dense linear systems and linear least-squares problems to a custom Linear Algebra Processor. Specifically, the focus is on Cholesky, LU (with partial pivoting), and QR factorizations. As part of the study, we expose the benefits of redesigning floating point units and their surrounding data-paths to support these complicated operations. We show how adding moderate complexity to the architecture greatly alleviates complexities in the algorithm. We study design trade-offs and the effectiveness of architectural modifications to demonstrate that we can improve power and performance efficiency to a level that can otherwise only be expected of full-custom ASIC designs. A feasibility study shows that our extensions to the MAC units can double the speed of required vector-norm operations while reducing energy by 60%. Similarly, up to 20% speedup with 15% savings in energy can be achieved for LU factorization. We show how such efficiency is maintained even in the complex inner kernels of these operations.
Effects of Caloric Restriction on Expression of Testicular Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Associated with the Metabolic Activation of Carcinogens

Abstract Previous work demonstrated that microsomal cytochrome P4502A1 (CYP2A1) is expressed in rat testicular Leydig cells. The present study investigates the effects of diet, age, and strain on rat testicular CYP2A1 expression and assesses the potential role of testicular CYP2A1 in the metabolic activation of carcinogens. Inad libitum-fed 18-week-old Fischer 344 rats, testicular CYP2A1 immunoreactive protein and testosterone 7α-hydroxylase activity (7α-TOHase) exhibited a circadian variation with a daytime maximum and a nighttime minimum (82.2 ± 42.0 and 21.9 ± 4.5 pmol 7α-hydroxytestosterone/min/mg protein, respectively). Caloric restriction (to 60% ofad libitumconsumption), which reduces the severity of Leydig cell tumors in rats, decreased expression of both CYP2A1 and testicular 7α-TOHase >80% and eliminated their circadian variation. Conversely, caloric restriction induced a circadian rhythm in testicular 7-benzyloxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity. Testicular microsomes fromad libitum-fed rats having peak diurnal 7α-TOHase activity had significantly greater (30%) microsome-mediated aflatoxin B1-DNA binding activity compared to microsomes prepared from nocturnal phasead libitum-fed or calorically restricted rats which expressed low 7α-TOHase activity. In 12-month-old Fischer 344 rats, high CYP2A1 expression was correlated with severe Leydig cell hyperplasia (r= 0.80), whereas CYP2A immunoreactive protein and 7α-TOHase were expressed at lower levels in Sprague–Dawley than in Fischer 344 rats and were undetectable in pig, monkey, and human testes. These are strains/species that do not exhibit significant Leydig cell hyperplasia. This suggests that caloric intake, strain, and circadian factors may all mediate testicular CYP2A1 expression in the rat and that CYP2A1 may in turn influence carcinogen activation and pathological status in the testis.
Measurements of 3H(p, n)3He neutron polarizations for Ep = 1.5 to 5.0 MeV

Abstract Using neutron time-of-flight techniques and a liquid-helium polarization analyzer, eleven neutron polarizaton angular distributions (P(θ)) have been measured for 3H(p, n )3He for proton energies from 1.50 to 5.00 MeV. Using Legendre polynominal expansions of σ(θ) and P(θ)σ(θ), values of P(θ) and P2(θ)σ(θ) were calculated, and a contour map of P(θ) was produced for the energy range 1.5 to 5.0 MeV.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE NODAL AND VASCULAR ANATOMY IN THE NEOTROPICAL CYATHEACEAE. III. NODAL AND PETIOLE PATTERNS; SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS'

of leaf traces. A characteristic petiole pattern is found in all members of the Cyatheaceae. There is an increase in the complexity of the petiole vascular tissue which results in a gradation from the undivided strand in Metaxya, to the three-parted petiole pattern in Lophosoria, and finally to the much-dissected petiole vascular tissue in the advanced genera. Nodal and vascular anatomy data basically support Tryon's phyletic scheme for the family. The SphaeropterisAlsophila-Nephelea line shows certain tendencies toward increased complexity of nodal and vascular anatomy, whereas the Trichipteris-Cyathea-Cnemidaria line shows the same anatomical and morphological characters in a direction of increased simplification or reduction.
LEADERS' ANTICIPATED AND TARGETS' SELF-REPORTED RESISTANCE TO TASK ASSIGNMENTS: A REPLICATION

This is a follow up study of Barbuto's 2000 work in which leaders' ratings and targets' self-reported resistance to task assignments are compared. Scores on the Anticipated Resistance Indicator among 650 leader-member dyads measure resistance based on Barbuto's 1997 five concentric zones of Preference, Indifference, Legitimate, Influence, and Noninfluence, examined from both leaders' and targets' perspectives. Responses indicated that leaders tend to underestimate followers' willingness to perform assigned tasks. In addition, leaders tend to overestimate targets' unwillingness to perform undesirable, less enjoyable tasks.
Partner violence impacts the psychosocial and psychiatric status of pregnant, drug-dependent women

The present study compared pregnant, drug-dependent women reporting current partner abuse (n=26) or no partner abuse (n=76) at treatment enrollment on initial psychosocial and psychiatric functioning. Abused pregnant women presented with more severe alcohol and family/social problems and greater rates of psychiatric problems and comorbidity than nonabused women did. The abused women reported that their partners had greater rates of alcohol and illicit drug use, relative to the partners of the nonabused women. Results suggest that treatment should address the women's relationships with their partners, especially when substance abuse and violence issues are present.
The levels and kinetics of oxygen tension detectable at the surface of human dermal fibroblast cultures.

Low oxygen tension has recently been shown to stimulate cell growth and clonal expansion, as well as synthesis and transcription of certain growth factors and extracellular matrix components. These results have been obtained by exposing cell cultures to a hypoxic environment. Using an oxygen probe, we have now studied how experimental conditions affect the oxygen tension detectable at the cell surface. Dissolved oxygen tension was directly related to the height of the medium above the cell surface (r = 0.8793, P = 0.021), but was constant when no cells were present in the flask (r = -0. 9732, P = 0.001). In both human dermal fibroblasts and NIH/3T3 cultures, oxygen tension decreased linearly as cell density increased (r = -0.835, P < 0.0001; r = -0.916, P < 0.0001, respectively). When human dermal fibroblasts were exposed to 2% O(2), maximum hypoxic levels (0 mmHg) were achieved within approximately 15 min, and the recovery time was within a similar time frame. The addition of rotenone, an inhibitor of cellular respiration, blocked this decrease in oxygen tension at the cell surface, suggesting that cellular consumption of oxygen is responsible for the decline. Finally, we examined the cell-surface oxygen tension in control and acutely wounded human skin equivalents (HSE), consisting of a keratinocyte layer over a type I collagen matrix containing fibroblasts. We found that oxygen tension dropped significantly (P < 0.0001) in acutely wounded areas of HSE as compared to unwounded areas of HSE and that this drop was prevented by the addition of mitomycin C. These results indicate that cell-surface oxygen tension is indirectly related to cell density, and that the amount of detectable oxygen at the cell surface is a function of cell density, the oxygen tension in the incubator, and increased cellular activity, as occurs after injury.
Reactive Geometries in Lewis Acid-Mediated Diels−Alder Reactions: Insights from Covalently Attached Acids1

Reaction of diastereomeric β-benzyloxy enones with TiCl4 results in the cleavage of the benzyl ethers and yields substrates for Diels−Alder reactions which incorporate covalently attached Lewis acids. The axial CH2OTiCl3 group of 2a unambiguously directs complexation of the Lewis acidic titanium to the carbonyl oxygen anti to the enone carbon−carbon double bond in an out-of-plane coordination geometry, while the equatorial CH2OTiCl3 of 2e directs complexation to an anti in-plane coordination geometry. The mono-THF adduct of the out-of-plane complex, 2a·THF, is found to undergo cycloaddition reactions with cyclopentadiene 2.1−2.4 times more rapidly than the corresponding in-plane complex 2e·THF. These results suggest that out-of-plane coordination geometries may play a significant role in titanium-derived Lewis acid-mediated Diels−Alder reactions and provide confirmation of our previous rate studies with substrates in which TiCl4 coordination is directed by simple chelation effects.
Spectroradiometric calibration of telescopes using laser illumination of flat field screens

It is standard practice at many telescopes to take a series of flat field images prior to an observation run. Typically the flat field consists of a screen mounted inside the telescope dome that is uniformly illuminated with a broadband light source. These flat field images are useful for characterizing the relative response of CCD pixels to light passing through the telescope optics and filters, but carry limited spectral information and are not calibrated for absolute flux. We present the results of performing in situ, spectroradiometric calibrations of a 1.2 m telescope at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Mt. Hopkins, AZ. To perform a spectroradiometric calibration, a laser, tunable through the visible to near infrared, was coupled into an optical fiber and used to illuminate the flat field screen in situ at the telescope facility. A NIST traceable, calibrated photodiode was mounted on the telescope to measure the spectral flux reaching the aperture. For a particular filter, images of the screen were then captured for each laser wavelength as the wavelength was tuned over the filter bandpass. Knowledge of the incident flux then allows the relative responsivity of each CCD pixel at each wavelength to be calculated.
Design of an analytic centric MS degree in information sciences and technologies

In this paper, we present the design, development, and offering of a new Master of Science (MS) curriculum in Information Sciences and Technologies (IST) at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). The new curriculum resulted as we enhanced our original MS curriculum to accommodate to the key technological advances in computing as well as the new demands in IT industry. The new curriculum is featured by its analytic centric foundation that provides students a systematic training in analytical thinking and equips them with a solid skill set to manage and analyze different types of data in scale. A number of concentration tracks are also offered that are build upon the foundation to further advance students' learning and expose them to the state-of-the-art in key computing domains.
What is centric relation

Abstract 1 The correct centric relation is essential in complete denture construction. 2 Prosthodontists disagree as to what constitutes centric relation and how it is best registered. 3 The present accepted definition of centric relation is based upon the relationships of the mandibular condyles to the glenoid fossae under normal or ideal conditions. 4 The Gothic arch tracing is the best visual device for ascertaining the horizontal relationships of mandibular positions and two dimensional movements. 5 The Gothic arch tracing does not determine centric relation. 6 A sharp Gothic arch tracing may be obtained with the condyles in more than one location in the glenoid fossae. 7 A method is advocated to utilize and analyze Gothic arch tracings in order to determine centric relation.
The Roots of the Bush Doctrine: Power, Nationalism, and Democracy Promotion in U.S. Strategy

mocracy is central to the George W. Bush administration’s prosecution of both the war on terrorism and its overall grand strategy, in which it is assumed that U.S. political and security interests are advanced by the spread of liberal political institutions and values abroad. In an approach variously characterized as “democratic realism,” “national security liberalism,” “democratic globalism,” and “messianic universalism,” the Bush administration’s national security policy has centered on the direct application of U.S. military and political power to promote democracy in strategic areas. In a summer 2004 interview, Bush expressed his “deep desire to spread liberty around the world as a way to help secure [the United States] in the long-run.”1 According to Bush, “As in Europe, as in Asia, as in every region of the world, the advance of freedom leads to peace.”2 This generic statement of cause and effect is also applied speciacally to terrorism: “democracy and reform will make [Middle Eastern states] stronger and more stable, and make the world more secure by undermining terrorism at its source.”3 More broadly, the Bush administration proposes a liberal international order grounded in U.S. military and political power; as its 2002 National Security Strategy (NSS) contends, the unparalleled U.S. position of primacy creates a “moment of opportunity to extend the beneats of freedom across the globe . . . [the United States] will actively work to bring the hope of democracy, development, free markets, and free trade to every corner of the world.” This view appears to be contingent on the belief that U.S. power is “the sole pillar upholding a liberal world order that is conducive to the principles [the United States] believes in.”4 The Roots of the Bush Doctrine
The initial growth of disturbances in a baroclinic flow

The growth of perturbations in a baroclinic flow is examined as an initial value problem. Although the long time asymptotic behavior is dominated by discrete exponentially growing normal modes when they exist, these do not form a complete set and initial intensification is shown to be dependent on the continuous spectrum. The vertical structure of perturbations emerges as an important influence on initial growth, and physically realistic disturbances are shown to grow to amplitudes where nonlinear effects are important before obtaining normal mode form. Connection is made with the work of Arnol'd (1965) and Blumen (1968) and the numerical experiments of Simmons and Hoskins (1979). Application of these results to cyclogenesis in geographically fixed areas is suggested and implied constraints on numerical models discussed.
Prediction of 3-year developmental outcomes from sleep development over the preterm period

Abstract This study explored whether the developmental status of 3-year-old prematurely born children could be predicted from the development of sleep–wake behaviors during the preterm period. Sleep–wake states were observed weekly in 71 preterms from the time they were no longer critically ill until term or discharge, and the general linear mixed model was used to model the development of preterm behaviors for both individuals and the group. At 3 years, the home environment and developmental status of 51 children was assessed. Individual infants’ deviations from group slopes and intercepts of eight preterm sleep variables were used as predictors. Cluster analyses of the predictor variables were found to relate to Stanford-Binet IQ, language, and fine and gross motor abilities at 3 years post-term. Children in Cluster 4, which showed more rapid active sleep development, averaged higher IQs and better language and fine motor abilities than children in other clusters.
Effectively Finding the Right Keywords for the Target Audience

The Net and Web technologies effectively and efficiently accelerate secure e-commerce transactions by reducing what is known as the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for commercial activities that a business normally incurs. Businesses choose a keywords advertising that best describes their main Web pages. The pages are then navigated to via hyperlinks usually dropped onto the splash or home page. This method is called content-targeted advertising. However, content-targeted advertising carries the challenge of what is known as "vocabulary impedance" when there is mismatch between the vocabulary of a Web page and the vocabulary of an advertisement. We propose to use a combination of content-targeted advertising and vocabulary- impedance strategies to result in the maximization of Internet ads' revenues.
In-situ deformation studies of an aluminum metal-matrix composite in a scanning electron microscope

Tensile specimens made of a metal-matrix composite (cast and extruded aluminum alloy-based matrix reinforced with Al2O3 particulate) were tested in situ in a scanning electron microscope equipped with a deformation stage, to directly monitor the crack propagation phenomenon. The in situ SEM observations revealed the presence of microcracks both ahead of and near the crack-tip region. The microcracks were primarily associated with cracks in the alumina particles. The results suggest that a region of intense deformation exists ahead of the crack and corresponds to the region of microcracking. As the crack progresses, a region of plastically deformed material and associated microcracks remains in the wake of the crack.
Comparative study of compound components in 14N(14N, α) and 12C(16O, α) reactions

Abstract Experimental spectra of the reaction 14 N( 14 N, α) were measured at 111 MeV. Continuum spectra extending to high excitation energy of 24 Mg do not show any structure which is completely at variance with the reaction 12 C( 16 O, α). A compound evaporation calculation reproduces the smooth components of the spectra of both reactions. The same theoretical prediction, however, seems to contradict the conjecture that the compound process yields the broad peaks in the 12 C( 16 O, α) reaction.
A quantitative study of tissue dynamics in Venus's flytrap Dionaea muscipula (Droseraceae). II. Trap reopening

Changes in normalized cell length (NCL) and tissue volume densities (V,) of five trap tissues were studied during reopening of fully closed traps of Venus's flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis). Four trap-reopening stages were identified based on morphological changes observed in time-lapse video: (1) Sealed-the last stage of trap closure before the trap began to reopen; (2) Deappressed-characterized by a convex bulge in the upper region of the trap; (3) Release-in which the bulge region moved closer to the trap margins initiating lobe separation while the marginal tynes remained interdigitated; (4) Fully opened-the trap lobes assumed a morphology similar to that of a nonstimulated trap. Morphological changes associated with trap reopening occurred as a series of relatively fast (1-5h) and slow (10-15 h) movements and appeared to be a reversal of the morphologies observed during trap closure. However, comparison of changes in NCL of trap tissues during closure and reopening showed very little statistical correlation indicating that the tissue dynamics associated with trap closure were not simply reversed during reopening. Although the precise cell movements that provided driving force for trap morphological change were not delineated in this study, comparison of NCL data suggested that tissues in the trap lobe were alternately "active" and "quiescent" in temporally and regionally complex patterns. Changes in the NCL of analogous tissues on opposite sides of the mid-trap tissues within a trap region showed high positive correlation values, which indicated the possibility of coordinated activity in opposing tissues.
Procedural voice and distributive justice: their influence on mentoring career help and other outcomes

Abstract The theory on antecedents of mentoring benefits remains in its infancy. To build theory concerning predictors of proteges' career mentoring help, satisfaction with the mentoring relationship, perceived conflict with the mentor, and overall evaluation of the mentor's guidance ability, we recruited 140 employed college students to participate as proteges in a simulated mentoring relationship. We used structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among proteges' perceptions of procedural voice and distributive justice and how they affect all four outcomes. Results generally support our initial theoretical model and illustrate the importance of voice in facilitating positive perceptions of distributive justice as well as personal and organizational outcomes. Implications for future research and practice are offered.
666 VISCERAL PROTEIN RESPONSES IN INFANTS ON PARENTERAL NUTRITION

Current methods for assessing early nutritional recovery in infants receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) are unsatisfactory. Measurements of anthropometrics and transferrin and albumin are inadequate due to sluggish responses in these parameters. We have prospectively evaluated the usefulness of monitoring changes in the rapid turnover transport proteins, retinol binding protein (RBP) and prealbumin (PA), as early markers for nutritional recovery in 25 malnournished infants requiring PN. Subjects had an average weight of 2.6±0.8 kg, gestational age of 36.4±3.9 wk and postnatal age of 4.8±5.5 wk. Blood samples were obtained prior to PN, and approximately every third day (d) thereafter for 2 wks. PA and RBP determination were performed by radial immunodiffusion. An increase in both RBP and PA was noted after only 5-7 d of PN [RBP (mg/dl): 1.68±0.56 to 2.37±0.62 p 2gm/kg/d protein had significant increases in both RBP and PA. Those receiving ≤2gm/kg/d failed to show an increase in either protein after 2 wks. An average caloric intake of >100 cal/kg/d had no differential influence on RBP or PA when compared to infants on fewer calories. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that PA values correlated with RBP values observed simultaneously (r=0.5888, p<0.0001). These studies indicate that PA and RBP are useful measures of protein repletion in infants requiring PN.
Unintentional strangulation in children: A professional approach to the problem

Abstract Unintentional strangulation in children is a preventable cause of injury. Health care providers caring for injured children may not always consider the positive impact that they can have after such an incident. After caring for a child who had experienced a life-threatening accident involving a cable tie, the author explored the options available to health care providers in preventing similar incidences in other children. (Int J Trauma Nurs 2001;7:60-3.)
Most directed forgetting in pigeons can be attributed to the absence of reinforcement on forget trials during training or to other procedural artifacts.

In research on directed forgetting in pigeons using delayed matching procedures, remember cues, presented in the delay interval between sample and comparisons, have been followed by comparisons (i.e., a memory test), whereas forget cues have been followed by one of a number of different sample-independent events. The source of directed forgetting in delayed matching to sample in pigeons was examined in a 2 x 2 design by independently manipulating whether or not forget-cue trials in training ended with reinforcement and whether or not forget-cue trials in training included a simultaneous discrimination (involving stimuli other than those used in the matching task). Results were consistent with the hypothesis that reinforced responding following forget cues is sufficient to eliminate performance deficits on forget-cue probe trials. Only when reinforcement was omitted on forget-cue trials in training (whether a discrimination was required or not) was there a decrement in accuracy on forget-cue probe trials. When reinforcement is present, however, the pattern of responding established during and following a forget cue in training may also play a role in the directed forgetting effect. These findings support the view that much of the evidence for directed forgetting using matching procedures may result from motivational and behavioral artifacts rather than the loss of memory.
Endovascular Intervention for Treatment of Claudication: Is It Cost-Effective?

Background Treatment of claudication with endovascular intervention (EVI), a procedure designed to enhance quality of life, is on the rise despite being expensive. We examined clinical outcomes and costs for treatment of claudication with EVI. Methods Records of all EVI performed at a University Health Center during a single year were reviewed for functional capacity, Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Council (TASC) classification, procedure, reintervention, and financial data. Sustained clinical success (SCS) (improvement without target extremity revascularization [TER]) and secondary sustained clinical success (SSCS) (improvement with TER) were tracked over 2 years follow-up. Results There were 77 patients (90 limbs). Mean follow-up was 14.8 ± 7.7 months (1-30). Procedural success was 94%. Two-year SCS and SSCS were found to be 28 ± 9% and 49 ± 11%, respectively. SCS differed significantly from TASC ( p = 0.02), whereas SSCS did not ( p = 0.33). Mean time to reintervention was 11.7 ± 6.6 months. Two-year TER-free rate (65 ± 7%) did not differ significantly by procedure ( p = 0.26), the artery treated ( p = 0.24), or TASC ( p = 0.18). Two-year costs for EVI were $13,886, differing significantly by TASC ( p = 0.017) and by the artery treated ( p Conclusions TER was necessary in more than one-third of limbs to maintain 2-year SSCS in 49% of patients. EVI was twice as expensive as estimated 2-year costs for supervised exercise and pharmacotherapy, and 10 times more costlier than a 3-month trial. Mandating a trial of conservative therapy before EVI merits consideration.
An Examination of Current Assessment Practices in Northeastern School Districts.

Despite the central role of assessment in special education, there is a paucity of current research on instruments and methods used in schools. Special education directors ( N = 164) in five northeastern states responded to an electronic survey related to the use of assessment instruments and methods in their districts. Data are presented regarding district decision-making related to instrument selection and purchase as well as professional development for district staff. The specific use of tests in academic, adaptive, intelligence, and content areas are also presented, as is the frequency of use of 11 assessment procedures, including response to intervention. Implications for preservice and in-service training are discussed.
Acupuncture for the treatment of cocaine addiction : investigation of a needle puncture control

We conducted a 6-week, single-blind study of acupuncture for cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients (N = 40) for the purpose of identifying an appropriate needle puncture control for use in future large-scale clinical trials. Patients were randomly assigned to receive daily acupuncture in three auricular sites plus one body site (LI-4), or in control sites within 2-3 mm of the four active sites. Overall, there was a positive response to treatment on a variety of drug-related and psychosocial measures. Cocaine use decreased significantly for patients in both needle puncture groups. The only statistically significant difference between the two types of needle puncture was on ratings of craving. Subjects rated each type of needle puncture as equally credible and perceived no significant differences on the acute effects of the two types of needle insertions. Power calculations based on these findings suggest that very large sample sizes would be required to detect treatment differences between this control condition and active acupuncture. Alternative controls are suggested, and the challenges inherent in implementing controlled clinical trials of acupuncture are discussed.
A stereotaxic implant technique for the weanling rat

A modified technique for permanently implanted electrodes in the weanling rat is presented. As a reliable and durable technique, long-term stimulation of the juvenile rat is made possible.
Wind-tunnel test results of airfoil modifications for the EA-6B

Wind-tunnel tests have been conducted (to determine the effects on airfoil performance for several airfoil modifications) for the EA-6B Wing Improvement Program. The modifications consist of contour changes to the leading-edge slat and trailing-edge flap to provide a higher low-speed maximum lift with no high-speed cruise-drag penalty. Airfoil sections from the 28- and 76-percent span stations were selected as baseline shapes with the major testing devoted to the inboard airfoil section (28-percent span station). The airfoil modifications increased the low-speed maximum lift coefficient between 20 and 35 percent over test conditions of 3 to 14 million chord Reynolds number and 0.14 to 0.34 Mach number. At the high-speed test conditions of 0.4 to 0.80 Mach number and 10 million chord Reynolds number, the modified airfoils had either matched or had lower drag coefficients for all normal-force coefficients above 0.2 as compared to the baseline airfoil. At normal-force coefficients less than 0.2, the baseline (original) airfoil had lower drag coefficients than any of the modified airfoils.
Analytic forms of the perpendicular cosmic ray diffusion coefficient for an arbitrary turbulence spectrum and applications on transport of Galactic protons and acceleration at interplanetary shocks

We investigate cosmic ray scattering in the direction perpendicular to a mean magnetic field. Unlike in previous articles we employ a general form of the turbulence wave spectrum with arbitrary behavior in the energy range. By employing an improved version of the nonlinear guiding center theory we compute analytically the perpendicular mean free path. As shown, the energy range spectral index, has a strong influence on the perpendicular diffusion coefficient. If this parameter is larger than one we find for some cases a perpendicular diffusion coefficient that is independent of the parallel mean free path and particle energy. Two applications are considered, namely transport of Galactic protons in the solar system and diffusive particle acceleration at highly perpendicular interplanetary shock waves.
New model for flow over open cavities. II - Assessment for seal leakage

A fast approach for computing crossflow over any number of open-top cavities is assessed for both reliability and computer resource requirement in the context of labyrinth seals. The recirculating flow region of each cavity is deleted from the computational domain in order to allow a 77.4% reduction in the number of grid points. The new partial-region solution agrees within 7.0% (worst case) of the original full-region bulk values. Also, the new model agrees with leakage measurements of Stocker within 7.4%. Moreover, only 4.7% and 22.6% of the CPU time and storage, respectively, consumed by the original state-of-the-art approach were required by the new procedure.
Marriage, parenting, and testosterone variation among Kenyan Swahili men.

Male variation in testosterone (T) levels may, in part, reflect a differential behavioral allocation to mating and parenting effort. This research tests whether demographic indicators of pair bonding and parenting were associated with salivary T levels among Kenyan Swahili men. Men in the sample were either unmarried (N = 17), monogamously married (N = 57), or polygynously married (N = 14), and between ages 29-52. In contrast with earlier findings among North American men, monogamously married men did not have lower T levels than unmarried men. However, among all married men, men with younger genetic children tended to have marginally lower T levels. Polygynously married men, all of whom had two wives, had higher T levels than all other Swahili men. Possible explanations of higher T levels among polygynously married men are explored.
Strength and corrosion properties of Portland cement mortar and concrete with mineral admixtures

Abstract This work aims to validate the design assumptions by the California Department of Transportation in order to better define the strategies used to design concrete structures with adequate corrosion mitigation and thus a “maintenance-free” service life. To this end, various laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the compressive strength of and chloride diffusivity in mortar and concrete samples with cement partially replaced by various minerals (class F and class N fly ash, ultra-fine fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag), the porosity of mineral concretes, the freeze–thaw resistance of mineral mortars in the presence of deicers, and the effect of supplementary cementitious materials on the chloride binding and chemistry of the pore solution in mortar.
Estimating the level of protection: The implications of seasonal price fluctuations☆

Abstract The Nominal Protection Coefficients (NPCs), Effective Protection Coefficients (EPCs), and Producers Subsidy Equivalents (PSEs) are usually estimated from annual prices which are the unweighted average of seasonal prices. In the presence of seasonal fluctuations in prices, the NPCs, EPCs, and PSEs, estimated from annual data, can seriously over/underestimate the actual protection received by the producers and consumers. The bias results from the fact that price and quantity traded normally relate negatively, and unweighted average price consistently overestimates the trade-weighted average price. The bias in the NPC estimates is demonstrated both theoretically and empirically. In most cases, quantity traded at each price is not known, and the paper suggests empirical methods for estimating the trade weights.
Cytogenetic distinction between the TK+ and TK− chromosomes in the L5178Y TK+ / − 3.7.2C mouse-lymphoma cell line

We have analyzed the banded metaphase karyotypes of the L5178Y TK+ / − 3.7.2C mouse-lymphoma cell line as well as a class of slow growing (σ) TK+ / − mutants which show chromosome 11 rearrangements. We have discovered a centromeric heteromorphism in the chromosomes 11 (the known location of the thymidine kinase gene in the mouse) which, together with the types of chromosome rearrangements thus far catalogued for TK+ / − → TK− / − mutagenesis, allows us to propose a cytogenetic distinction between the TK-competent (TK+) and TK-deficient (TK−) chromosome.
Nuclear-Gene Mutations Suppress a Defect in the Expression of the Chloroplast-Encoded Large Subunit of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase

The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant 76–5EN lacks photosynthesis because of a nuclear-gene mutation that specifically inhibits expression of the chloroplast gene encoding the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39). Photosynthesis-competent revertants were selected from mutant 76–5EN to explore the possibility of increasing Rubisco expression. Genetic analysis of 10 revertants revealed that most arose from suppressor mutations in nuclear genes distinct from the original 76–5EN mutant gene. The revertant strains have regained various levels of Rubisco holoenzyme, but none of the suppressor mutations increased Rubisco expression above the wild-type level in either the presence or absence of the 76–5EN mutation. One suppressor mutation, S107–4B, caused a temperature-conditional, photosynthesis-deficient phenotype in the absence of the original 76–5EN mutation. The S107–4B strain was unable to grow photosynthetically at 35°C, but it expressed a substantial level of Rubisco holoenzyme. Whereas the 76–5EN gene encodes a nuclear factor that appears to be required for the transcription of the Rubisco large-subunit gene, the S107–4B nuclear gene may be required for the expression of other chloroplast genes.
User Participation: A Study of Types of Participation, Effects, Mediators, and Individual Differences.

This article presents a study which attempts to clarify the meaning of participation by separating participation into distinct types and relating each type to evaluation of the environment. The study was a simulation of the process of designing dormitory rooms which contrasted three types of participation, while controlling for quality of the design: (1) Self-Planning (SP)-generating alternative designs and choosing one; (2) Choice (C)-Choosing a design from two alternative designs generated by others; (3) No Participation (NP). Type of participation was significantly related to participants' reports of how much they would like living in the room. SP subjects and C subjects liked the rooms significantly more than the NP subjects, while SP and C subjects did not differ significantly from each other. SP and C subjects reported that participation made them feel significantly more creative, responsible, and helpful, and less anonymous than NP subjects. Attitudes about the architects were significantly affecte...
Police Perceptions and Job Satisfaction

The literature includes analyses of the perceptions of the police regarding public, political, and institutional support, along with the consequences of such perceptions. Herein attention is focused on the perceptions of line officers assigned to field duty regarding supervisory and administrative support. Nine hundred questionnaires were distributed to 18 different-sized departments in 15 different states and a 72% return rate achieved. Using perceptions of supervisory and administrative support, separate multiple regression analyses were employed. It was found that sizable portions of police perceptions of the two kinds of support were accounted for by the independent individual and environmental level variables.