cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transsynaptic degeneration in the superficial dorsal horn after sciatic nerve injury: effects of a chronic constriction injury, transection, and strychnine

The lumbar and cervical spinal dorsal horns of adult rats with a chronic (8 days) constriction injury of the sciatic nerve on one side (and a sham operation on the other) were examined for signs of transsynaptic degeneration. The incidence of neurons with signs of degeneration (pyknosis and hyperchromatosis; 'dark neurons') was significantly increased in the lumbar dorsal horn on both sides. The ipsilateral lumbar increase was significantly greater than the contralateral increase. There was no increase in the incidence of dark neurons in the cervical dorsal horns of the same rats. The distribution of lumbar dark neurons was similar bilaterally. The majority of the dark neurons were found in the sciatic nerve's territory in laminae I-II. A second group of rats received the same surgery but in addition received a series of 7 daily subconvulsive doses of strychnine. Dark neurons were again found bilaterally (with ipsilateral predominance) in the sciatic nerve's territory in lumbar laminae I-II, but the incidence was significantly greater than that found in the group that did not receive strychnine. The same result was obtained in a third group of strychnine-treated rats when the sham operation was omitted. Thus the appearance of contralateral dark neurons is not dependent on unintentional nerve damage created by the sham procedure. An additional group of rats was sacrificed 8 days after receiving a unilateral sciatic nerve transection, a contralateral sham operation, and the 7 daily strychnine injections. There was no increase in the incidence of dark neurons in any of these rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thermal properties of drawn polytetrafluoroethylene

Polytetrafluoroethylene as polymerized (virgin) was drawn, sintered, and annealed. By thermal analysis the changes in crystal type and crystallinity and melting kinetics was analyzed. It is shown that this analysis permits control and optimization of the various processes. In addition, a new, high melting polytetrafluoroethylene (654 K) is described. It is assumed to be metastable due to strain in the surrounding amorphous fraction.
Contingent aftereffects distinguish conscious and preconscious color processing

The brain can process input without perception, but what distinguishes conscious from preconscious processing? Using aftereffects induced by quickly alternating images, we show that cortical mechanisms track color much faster than perception, responding well to color alternations that are too rapid to be perceptible. The more restricted frequency response of the conscious perception of color suggests that extra integrative steps give conscious color perception a time course substantially slower than that of early cortical mechanisms.
A remark on the level structure of 93Mo and the failure of j-determination by spectroscopic factor ratios near closed shells

Abstract The 95 Mo(p, t) 93 Mo reaction is used to establish the 1.69 MeV levelin 93 Mo as 5 2 + rather than 3 2 + as assigned in recent (d, p) and (d, t) studies. An explanation for this failure of j -value determination by comparison of spectroscopic factor ratios is presented.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Stroke Survivors: United States 1999 to 2001

Background and Purpose— Stroke mortality is higher among US blacks than it is among US whites. Few studies have examined racial and ethnic differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among stroke survivors, especially among Hispanics. Methods— Data are from 96 501 persons aged18 years or older who participated in the 1999, 2000, or 2001 National Health Interview Survey, a continuous annual household-based survey of the US population. Participants reported a history of stroke, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and coronary heart disease. Other CVD risk factors were current smoking, overweight/obese, inadequate physical activity, and binge drinking. Results— Stroke was reported by 2.8% of blacks, 1.3% of Hispanics, and 2.2% of whites. Among 2265 stroke survivors, blacks were 1.65-times more likely (95% CI, 1.55 to 1.75) and Hispanics were 0.73-times less likely (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.78) than whites to report hypertension. Hispanics and blacks were more likely than wh...
Comparison between the Electronic Structures of GaAs(111) and GaAs(1― 1― 1―) from Angle-Resolved Photoemission

Angle-resolved photoemission spectra have been measured for the polar (1 1 1) and (111) surfaces of GaAs. The results show definitively that although both faces exhibit a (2 x 2) reconstruction, the local geometries of the unit cells must be distinctly different.
Hemispheric asymmetry for face recognition: some effects of visual masking, hemiretinal stimulation and learning task.

Abstract Five overlearned target faces were presented hemiretinally and identified by name on the recognition trials (Experiment 1). A post-exposure pattern mask was projected by the opposite eye to either the same (MASK) or the opposite (DISTRACTOR) hemisphere as the targets. Target exposure durations yielding 50% accuracy showed significant left-hemisphere and temporal hemiretinal superiorities in DISTRACTOR, but not in MASK. In Experiment 2, recognition accuracy for six faces at a constant exposure duration, under DISTRACTOR and no-mask control conditions, replicated the left-hemisphere advantage. Manipulation of the information accompanying targets during the initial learning task, to encourage either “social” or “physical” encoding of the faces, produced a “crossover” pattern of contrasting hemispheric asymmetries under the two encoding conditions. The overall results suggest that within this design, face recognition can be accomplished in three different ways, producing either no hemispheric asymmetry, unidirectional asymmetry, or complex, contrasting asymmetries. These effects appear to have different functional loci. Hemiretinal differences and individual differences in encoding strategies also contributed to complex patterns of hemispheric asymmetry.
Optimal design of structures with buckling constraints.

The paper presents an iterative, finite element method for minimum weight design of structures with respect to buckling constraints. The redesign equation is derived from the optimality criterion, as opposed to a numerical search procedure, and can handle problems that are characterized by the existence of two fundamental buckling modes at the optimal design. Application of the method is illustrated by beam and orthogonal frame design problems.
XXXtortion?: inferring registration intent in the .XXX TLD

After a decade-long approval process, multiple rejections, and an independent review, ICANN approved the xxx TLD for inclusion in the Domain Name System, to begin general availability on December 6, 2011. Its sponsoring registry proposed it as an expansion of the name space, as well as a way to separate adult from child-appropriate content. Many independent groups, including trademark holders, political groups, and the adult entertainment industry itself, were concerned that it would primarily generate value through defensive and speculative registrations, without actually serving a real need. This paper measures the validity of these concerns using data gathered from ICANN, whois, and Web requests. We use this information to characterize each xxx domain and infer the registrant's most likely intent. We find that at most 3.8% of xxx domains host or redirect to potentially legitimate Web content, with the rest generally serving either defensive or speculative purposes. Indeed, registrants spent roughly $13M up front to defend existing brands and trademarks within the xxx TLD, and an additional $11M over the course of the first year. Additional evidence suggests that over 80% of annual domain registrations are for purely defensive purposes and do not even resolve.
A hybrid giant cell granuloma and fibro-osseous lesion of the mandible

Abstract We present a case of a 39-year-old African-American female who presents with a swelling of the left side of the face and jaw. A panoramic radiograph revealed a well-defined multilocular mixed lesion, which was predominantly radiolucent with scattered radiopacities within the left mandibular region along with thinning of the inferior cortex The histologic, radiographic, and clinical presentation are suggestive of a hybrid lesion with features of both central giant cell granuloma and cemento-osseous dysplasia. The patient was treated with complete surgical excision, curettage, and peripheral ostectomy. The post-operative course was uneventful. Hybrid lesions of the craniofacial bones comprised of both giant-cell and fibro-osseous components are uncommon, with only three such cases having been previously reported.
THERMAL GENERATED FEMORAL ARTERIAL CLOSURE: INITIAL EXPERIENCE WITH A NOVEL DEVICE

The aim of the study was to determine the safety and efficacy of a novel thermal femoral artery closure device (CardioDex; Caesarea, Israel). The device is comprised of a Nitinol anchor that is deployed via the existing introducer sheath, a battery power unit and a heating member inserted over the
Rapid profiling of protein kinase inhibitors by quantitative proteomics

The ability to determine structure-activity relationships (SAR) and identify cellular targets from cell lysates and tissues is of great utility for kinase inhibitor drug discovery. We describe a streamlined mass spectrometry-based chemoproteomics workflow to examine the SAR and target profiles of a small library of kinase inhibitors that consists of the drug dasatinib and a panel of general type II inhibitors. By combining a simplified affinity enrichment and on-bead protein digestion workflow with quantitative proteomics, we achieved sensitive and specific enrichment of target kinases using our small molecule probes. We applied the affinity matrices in competition experiments with soluble probes in HeLa cell lysates using less than 1 mg of protein per experiment. Each pull-down experiment was analyzed in a single nano LC-MS run. Stringent selection criteria for target identification were applied to deduce 28 protein targets for dasatinib and 31 protein targets for our general type II kinase inhibitor in HeLa cell lysate. Additional kinase and protein targets were identified with the general type II inhibitor analogs, with small structural changes leading to divergent target profiles. We observed surprisingly high sequence coverage on some proteins, enabling further analyses of phosphorylation sites for several target kinases without additional sample processing. Our rapid workflow profiled cellular targets for six small molecules within a week, demonstrating that an unbiased proteomics screen of cellular targets yields valuable SAR information and may be incorporated at an early stage in kinase inhibitor development.
Bargaining and Competition Revisited

We show the robustness of the Walrasian result obtained in models of bargaining in pairwise meetings. Restricting trade to take place only in pairs, most of the assumptions made in the literature are dispensed with. These include assumptions on preferences (differentiability, monotonicity, strict concavity, bounded curvature), on the set of agents (dispersed characteristics) or on the consumption set (allowing only divisible goods).
Analysis: Home Fructosamine Testing: Is Its Demise Premature?

643 GIVEN THE PROJECTED INCREASE in the U.S. population of the number of people with type 2 diabetes and the resulting negative financial impact to our society, the need for inexpensive new methods of screening large groups and better monitoring tests for those determined to be at risk of hyperglycemia is paramount. The gold standard test, A1C, has dropped in price, and at least two home test versions are known to this author: one in a mail-in test, the other an “at home test” that gives results in about 8 min. In theory, these A1C tests could be used for public screening and the results reviewed by health professionals on site, but A1C values are not known to show significant changes in glycemic control in less than 2–3 months. This relatively long interval to determine a change in control could result in missing those with glucose intolerance and gestational diabetes. When performing public health screenings it is common to find subjects who have changed their dietary and exercise habits and medication compliance immediately prior to the scheduled test. Most want to achieve the best possible “score,” making blood glucose values unreliable. The use of long-term markers such as the A1C test for screening purposes increases the chance of missing persons at the early stages of risk. The development of the medium-term marker fructosamine as a portable home test created the possibility of a rapid, inexpensive test that could be used for determining average glycemic control over a 10–14-day period. This shorter time frame should present the opportunity to quickly perform retrospective evaluation of changes in diet and exercise habits, possibly allow faster evaluation of changes in medication dosages, and serve as an inexpensive rapid screening test for impaired glycemic control. My colleagues and I set out to determine if fructosamine testing could be of value in monitoring persons with diabetes by creating a multisite, randomized, controlled trial. The 3-month results in the preceding article1 are worth noting. While the results had not reached the statistically significant point, there was enough evidence to encourage us to continue to enroll subjects for a follow-up period of 1 year. Additional data were collected for 6 months providing evidence that the difference had continued to grow, which indicated that this may be a method of self-monitoring that could result in better overall glycemic control when compared with currently accepted blood glucose self-monitoring standards. Our 6month results abstract has just been reviewed and accepted for presentation as a poster at the Second Annual Diabetes Technology Conference in Atlanta, GA on November 1 and 2, 2002. Additionally, we have collected 9 months of data from a majority of the currently enrolled subjects and have just finished following subjects at one site for 12 months. We intend to complete data collection, evaluate the evidence, and will present our final results for peer review.
DISCOVER: Discovering Important Segments for Classification of Video Events and Recounting

We propose a unified framework DISCOVER to simultaneously discover important segments, classify high-level events and generate recounting for large amounts of unconstrained web videos. The motivation is our observation that many video events are characterized by certain important segments. Our goal is to find the important segments and capture their information for event classification and recounting. We introduce an evidence localization model where evidence locations are modeled as latent variables. We impose constraints on global video appearance, local evidence appearance and the temporal structure of the evidence. The model is learned via a max-margin framework and allows efficient inference. Our method does not require annotating sources of evidence, and is jointly optimized for event classification and recounting. Experimental results are shown on the challenging TRECVID 2013 MEDTest dataset.
Sec18p (NSF)-Driven Release of Sec17p (α-SNAP) Can Precede Docking and Fusion of Yeast Vacuoles

S. cerevisiae inherits its vacuole by projecting vacuole-derived membrane vesicles and tubules into the bud, where they fuse to establish the daughter vacuole. This homotypic fusion event can be assayed in vitro. It requires Sec17p and Sec18p, the homologs of the mammalian alpha-SNAP and NSF, which cooperate in multiple steps of membrane trafficking. We now report that Sec17p, Sec18p, and ATP are only needed for an early stage of the reaction that results in Sec17p release. Sec17p and Sec18p actions precede, and are needed for, the step employing the Ras-like GTPase Ypt7p. Sec18p-driven release of Sec17p can even precede vacuole docking, as it can occur prior to mixing of vacuoles and is insensitive to vacuole concentration. Sec17p and Sec18p thus may function in a predocking stage of the reaction, rather than in bilayer fusion per se.
Terrestrial ultraviolet monitoring spectroradiometer intercomparisons: results and field standard development

Two interagency solar ultraviolet spectroradiometer intercomparisons (September 1994 and June 1995) have been conducted at Table Mountain outside Boulder, Colorado. A third intercomparison is planned for June 1996 at the same location. The intercomparisons were organized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) at a field site supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and included participants representing North American agencies currently monitoring solar ultraviolet irradiance. Instruments were characterized at the intercomparisons for wavelength error, bandwidth, and stray- light rejection. All instruments were calibrated for spectral irradiance responsivity by NIST personnel with specially developed quartz-halogen field irradiance standards. Thus, comparisons of synchronized solar irradiance measurements allowed true comparisons between instruments, without the added complication of differences in irradiance scales of the participants. Estimates of differences in individual network propagation of irradiance scales were made separately. In addition, there were extensive concurrent ancillary measurements in an effort to compile a standard data set. We will discuss the results of these experiments and the overall agreement between the participants.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hypnotic hallucinatory behavior

Abstract Hypnotic Hallucinatory Behavior It would appear to be important to refer to experiences as hallucinatory only when the eyes of the percipient are open, in the case of visual hallucinations, or when he “hears” with the impression that the sound is of external origin rather than localized within (as an experience on the level of imagining) in the case of auditory hallucinations. In such hallucinatory occurrences, incidentally, the subject may in certain instances question the nature of his experience and evaluate it critically even though the stimulus retains its validity as an apparently externally centered event. Negative visual hallucinations involving avoidance reactions are apparently an order of experience different from negative hallucinations which do not involve such avoidance reactions. Although sensory end-organ functioning may be the same in both such occurrences, there are apparently as yet poorly understood differences in functioning on a neurophysiological and neuropsychological leve...
Nuclear localization of diguanosine polyphosphates in Artemia embryos.

Abstract Diguanosine 5′-tetraphosphate and diguanosine 5′-triphosphate, previously known to occur in embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia salina, are present almost exclusively in the nucleus of Artemia cyst cells and, although decreasing in amount, remain in the nucleus during development of the cysts to swimming larvae. Their intranuclear localization raises the question of a possible regulatory role of these compounds during embryonic development of this organism.
Mass spectrometric studies of flame inhibition: Analysis of antimony trihalides in flames

Abstract The chemistry of SbBr3 and SbCl3 in 1 atm premixed fuel rich CH4 O2 and CH4 O2 N2 flames has been studied. Using line-of-sight mass spectrometric techniques, concentrations profiles were obtained for the major species SbX3, HX, CH3X, X, Sb, and SbO, where X = Br or Cl. Reaction mechanisms are indicated and their relation to flame inhibition discussed. Evidence for a negligible perturbation of the flame kinetics by the sampling procedure is given.
Suburban habitats and their role for birds in the urban–rural habitat network: points of local invasion and extinction?

Suburban habitats in naturally forested areas present a conundrum in the urban–rural habitat network. Typically, these habitats contain less than half of the native woodland bird species that would exist at these sites if they were not developed. They also contain more total bird species than if these sites were left in a natural state. This apparent contradiction raises the question of “How do suburban habitats function in the urban–rural habitat network?” In this study, we analyze bird distributions on three rural-to-urban gradients in different ecoregions of the United States: Oxford, Ohio; Saint Paul, Minnesota; and Palo Alto, California. All three gradients exhibit similar patterns of extinction of native species followed by invasion of common species and subsequent biotic homogenization with urbanization. This patterning suggests that suburban land uses, those represented by the intermediate levels of development on the gradients, are a point of extirpation for woodland birds as well as an entry point for invasive species into urban systems. Furthermore, there are consistent patterns in the functional characteristics of the bird communities that also shift with intensifying urbanization, providing insight on the possible mechanisms of homogenization and community structure in urban ecosystems including an increase in the number of broods per year, a shift in nesting strategies, a decrease in insectivorous individuals, an increase in granivorous individuals, and a decrease in territoriality. Consequently, it appears that there are specific traits that drive the shift in community composition in response to urban and suburban land use. These results have significant implications for improving understanding of the mechanisms of suburban community ecology and conserving birds in urban habitat networks.
ACCUMULATION OF POLYGLUCOSIDES IN ANAEROBIC RAT LIVER.

Abstract When rat liver slices or homogenates are subjected to anoxia, glycogen disappears. The major portion of the glycogen disappearing during anaerobiosis cannot be accounted for as an increase in glucose or lactate. Ninety per cent of the missing carbohydrate was recovered as a series of oligoglucosides containing from 2–5 glucose residues per molecule. These accumulate with time under anoxia, and appear to be a product of glycogen breakdown. Under anaerobiosis, oligoglucoside accumulation was 65 per cent greater than in the presence of air for both rat liver slices and homogenates.
The origin of the mammalian brain as a case of evolutionary irreversibility

The origin of the mammalian neocortex is usually considered as an improvement in the design of the brain. I suggest that the mammalian neocortex arose as a consequence of contingent adaptations in which there was no specific selection for more elaborate cognitive abilities. This perspective differs from the current view of brain evolution as a progressive phenomenon towards increased intelligence.
Huntington disease models and human neuropathology: similarities and differences

Huntington disease (HD) occurs only in humans. Thus, its natural pathogenesis takes place exclusively within the human brains expressing the causative, mutated protein huntingtin (mhtt). The techniques applicable to postmortem human HD brains are inadequate for investigating the cellular pathogenesis. The creation of genetically engineered animals represents a critical moment in neuroscience. Monitoring the actions of either normal, or abnormal proteins at subcellular levels, and at different time points is now possible thanks to these models. They are the necessary substitutes to investigate the wild type (whtt), or mhtt. The postmortem neuropathologic phenotype of the human HD is well documented. Its pattern and spectrum are highly predictable. From this point of view, the existent models do not exhibit the phenotypic constellation of changes seen in the human HD brains. On one hand, this deficit reflects the limitations of the methods of evaluation used in a clinical setting. On the other hand, it highlights the limitations of the animals. The validity of the models probably should be measured by their capacity of reproducing the cellular dysfunctions of HD rather than the phenotype of the postmortem human brains. Although not perfect, these models are essential for modeling the human disease in cells, which is not feasible with postmortem human HD brains. Nonetheless, their relevance to the patient population remains to be determined. Ultimately needed are means preventing the disease to occur, the discovery of which probably depends on these models.
148 EFFECTS OF Wnt3A SUPPLEMENTATION ON BOVINE BLASTOCYST CELL NUMBER AND ALLOCATION

Derivation of true bovine embryonic stem cells (ESC), as defined by their capacity to form robust teratomas and/or contribute to the germ line in chimeras, has not been achieved despite several attempts. It is possible that failures to derive bonafide bovine ESC are due to the inability of bovine embryonic cells to adapt to in vitro culture conditions that favor ESC derivation. Wnt pathways are involved in pluripotency and self-renewal of mouse and human ESC. Wnt signaling is also required for implantation competence in mouse blastocysts. Given the shared developmental potential between inner cell mass (ICM) and ESC, we hypothesized that Wnt could act on the ICM of bovine embryos increasing its proliferation potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of post-embryonic genome activation Wnt3A supplementation on blastocyst formation and cell allocation to ICM and trophectoderm (TE). In vitro fertilized bovine embryos at Day 4 of culture in KSOM medium were divided into 3 treatments: Control, no co-culture; co-culture with regular mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF); and co-culture with mouse L fibroblasts overexpressing Wnt3A protein (L-Wnt3A, Willert et al. 2003 Nature 423, 448-452). Embryos were cultured until Day 8 when blastocyst and hatching rates were recorded. Then, embryos were submitted to differential staining of ICM and TE by brief exposure to 0.25% Triton X-100 in PBS and staining with bisbenzimide and propidium iodide. Six IVF replications were performed and a total of 39 embryos were counted: 11 for Control, 16 for MEF, and 12 for L-Wnt3A. Only intact embryos after processing were used for cell count. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) in which each IVF was considered as a block with Tukey’s adjustment for mean comparison of rates and Bonferroni adjustments for mean comparison of cell counts. Results for blastocyst rate, hatching rate, ICM, TE, and total cell number are presented in the table below. Different superscript letters within columns indicate significant statistical difference (P < 0.05). These results indicate that L-Wnt3A fibroblast co-culture exerts a positive effect on bovine embryo cell number, resulting in a larger number of ICM cells in bovine embryos, which could be beneficial for ESC derivation attempts. Table 1.Blastocyst and hatching rates, ICM, TE, and total cell number results
Antimicrobial Agents of the Mammalian Lung † 1391

Antimicrobial peptides are abundant components of the mammalian innate immune system providing for the recognition of microbial organisms and their rapid inactivation. These molecular agents may play a key role in neonatal lung immunity based on: (1) the demonstration that their inactivation in airway secretions leads to loss of antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa (Cell (1997) 88:553-560); and (2) their absence in the developing human fetus (at least through the second trimester, Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol(1997) 16:343-349). Within the mammalian lung, two distinct classes of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides are present: the cationic, salt-sensitive, cys-rich defensins (PNAS (1991) 88:3952-3956) and the anionic, salt-insensitive, asp-rich peptides (PNAS (1996) 93:412-416). Contrasting markedly in structure, these two elements of innate immunity may function synergistically in host defense. We have isolated and characterized representatives of both classes from sheep as a model for human lung immunity. Sheep β-defensin 1 is a 42 amino acid cationic peptide containing the 6 conserved defensin-specific cysteine residues (Reviewed in Curr Opin in Immunol (1994) 6:584-589). Sheep heptapeptides H-DDDDDDD-OH, H-GDDDDDD-OH, and H-GADDDDD-OH are anionic, Zn-dependent antimicrobial agents. Immunohistochemical localization using peptide-specific polyclonal antisera demonstrates that both classes are present in airway columnar epithelium. Our studies identify specific interactions between these two host defense elements which may alter the antimicrobial milieu and change the pattern of pulmonary pathogen clearance. These results may help explain the recurrence of lung infections in patients subjected to mechanical bypass of airway defenses (e.g. during intubation) or affected by airway epithelial dysplasia (e.g. bronchopulmonary dysplasia). In addition, we have found a microbicidal synergy between the endogenous antimicrobial peptides and gentamicin, offering a novel therapeutic approach to enhancing the efficacy of conventional antibiotics.
The synthesis and characterization of vanadium difluoride, NaVF3, KVF3, and RbVF3

The divalent vanadium compounds, NaVF3, KVF3, and RbVF3, have been prepared. They have the cubic perovskite structure with lattice constants of 3.94, 4.10, and 4.17 A respectively. Magnetic susceptibility measurements showed large negative paramagnetic Curie temperatures, but no evidence of long-range antiferromagnetic order. The conditions under which pure VF2 can be prepared have also been studied and a diagram showing the relationship between temperature, hydrogen-hydrogen fluoride ratio, and the phases formed in the V-F system has been constructed. Single crystals of VF2 have been grown and characterized magnetically and optically.
Pseudotumor artifact of the dorsum sella in CT scanning.

Abstract Misinterpretation of CT scans in the skull base can result from artifacts due to abrupt density variations of anatomical structure. In this report a wide dorsum sella with low attenuation medullary cavity was initially mistaken on axial scans for an enhancing suprasellar mass. The correct diagnosis was made with follow-up scans based upon thinner cuts, slice angulation negative to the baseline, and reconstructed coronal and sagittal images,
The IceCube/IceTop air shower experiment

The energy range from the “knee” to the “ankle” on the cosmic ray spectrum is important for understanding the end of the galactic cosmic-ray spectrum and the transition to extra-galactic particles. IceCube with its surface array IceTop will be sensitive to the primary composition through its measurement of the ratio of energetic muons to shower size in coincident events. The combined data from the existing array comprising 9 in-ice strings and 16 surface stations is analyzed to verify its performance for cosmic ray detection. The capability of the full array for cosmic ray composition study is also discussed.
Neuroleptic-induced striatal dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice: relationship to dose and drug.

Clozapine and molindone administered to mice for 21 days did not elevate the density of striatal 3H-spiperone binding sites at doses clinically equivalent to 1.5 mg/kg haloperidol, which elevated binding by 29%. Thioridazine (25 mg/kg) elevated binding by 25%. It appears that clinically equivalent doses of clozapine and molindone have reduced ability to induce striatal D-2 dopamine receptor supersensitivity. These data are discussed in relationship to in vitro potencies and toxicity. The dose-response relationship of chronic haloperidol treatment and specific striatal 3H-spiperone binding was complex, i.e., binding was elevated at all doses, but the dose-response curve was concave upward. These data suggest that supersensitization is a complex interactive phenomenon comprised of elevation of striatal D-2 dopamine receptor density and other compensatory mechanisms.
First-Year Course Requirements and Retention for Community Colleges

Community colleges educate a diverse group of students. Effective first-year programs should focus on a variety of interventions that improve learning and retention. Students have academic, intellectual, and social challenges during their community college experience. First-year orientation programs should help students adapt. This article provides a brief history of the first-year experience, gives important guidelines for establishing first-year programs, and identifies the components that should be included in first-year programs.
Release Rates of Ketoprofen from Poloxamer Gels in a Membraneless Diffusion Cell

Release rates of ketoprofen from topical gels consisting of poloxamer 407 were evaluated using a membraneless diffusion cell with isopropyl myristate as the receptor medium. The effects of formulation variables such as polymer content (20–30%), drug (0.2–3.0%) and ethanol (0–20%) concentrations, pH (3.0–6.0), and temperature of the gels (25–45 °C) on drug release were studied. Release of ketoprofen from the gel decreased exponentially as the polymer concentration increased. Over the temperature range studied, the drug release rate appeared to correlate with the Arrhenius function. The change of the gel pH from 3 to 6 substantially increased the release rate of ketoprofen. The enhanced drug release in the presence of ethanol is attributed to the decrease in viscosity of the gel. With higher drug loading in the gel, an increase in the release rate, but a reduction of diffusion coefficient of the drug, was observed.
Heme binding and substrate-protected cysteine residues in P-450cam.

Reactions of the Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450-substrate complex or enzyme alone with 14C-labeled iodoacetic acid have been investigated at pH 7.0. After subsequent conversion of all of the cysteine residues to S-β-carboxymethylcysteinyl residues, tryptic peptides of the derivative were separated by either high performance liquid chromatography or two dimensional electrophoresis, and their amino acid compositions and partial sequences were determined. All but cysteine residue-134 reacted to some extent. This result implicated residue-134 as the thiol group which is the axial heme ligand since the heme was intact in all of the derivatives made. Reaction of the enzyme-substrate complex with “cold” iodoacetic acid followed by substrate removal and reaction with 14C-labeled iodoacetic acid resulted in radiolabeling of mainly cysteine-240. This suggested cysteine-240 to be an active site cysteine residue.
Reduction in DNA synthesis during two-photon microscopy of intrinsic reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide fluorescence.

Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) of endogenous reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(P)H) provides important information regarding the cellular metabolic state. When imaging the punctate mitochondrial fluorescence originating from NAD(P)H in a rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cell at low laser powers, no morphological changes are evident, and photobleaching is not observed when many images are taken. At higher powers, mitochondrial NAD(P)H fluorescence bleaches rapidly. To assess the limitations of this technique and to quantify the extent of photodamage, we have measured the effect of TPLSM on DNA synthesis. Although previous reports have indicated a threshold power for ‘‘safe’’ two-photon imaging, we find the laser power to be an insufficient indicator of photodamage. A more meaningful metric is a two-photon–absorbed dose that is proportional to the number of absorbed photon pairs. A temporary reduction of DNA synthesis in RBL cells occurs whenever a threshold dose of approximately 2 3 10 53 photon 2 cm 24 s 21 is exceeded. This threshold is independent of laser intensity when imaging with average powers ranging from 5 to 17 mW at 740 nm. Beyond this threshold, the extent of the reduction is intensity dependent. DNA synthesis returns to control levels after a recovery period of several hours.
Novel mathematical algorithm for pupillometric data analysis

Pupillometry is used clinically to evaluate retinal and optic nerve function by measuring pupillary response to light stimuli. We have developed a mathematical algorithm to automate and expedite the analysis of non-filtered, non-calculated pupillometric data obtained from mouse pupillary light reflex recordings, obtained from dynamic pupillary diameter recordings following exposure of varying light intensities. The non-filtered, non-calculated pupillometric data is filtered through a low pass finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Thresholding is used to remove data caused by eye blinking, loss of pupil tracking, and/or head movement. Twelve physiologically relevant parameters were extracted from the collected data: (1) baseline diameter, (2) minimum diameter, (3) response amplitude, (4) re-dilation amplitude, (5) percent of baseline diameter, (6) response time, (7) re-dilation time, (8) average constriction velocity, (9) average re-dilation velocity, (10) maximum constriction velocity, (11) maximum re-dilation velocity, and (12) onset latency. No significant differences were noted between parameters derived from algorithm calculated values and manually derived results (p?0.05). This mathematical algorithm will expedite endpoint data derivation and eliminate human error in the manual calculation of pupillometric parameters from non-filtered, non-calculated pupillometric values. Subsequently, these values can be used as reference metrics for characterizing the natural history of retinal disease. Furthermore, it will be instrumental in the assessment of functional visual recovery in humans and pre-clinical models of retinal degeneration and optic nerve disease following pharmacological or gene-based therapies.
An application of the Ramsey theorem to ordered r -tournaments

Abstract A known theorem states that there is a function f = f ( k ) such that every tournament T with at least f ( k ) vertices contains a transitive subtournament on k vertices. In this paper, the concept of an ordered r -tournament is introduced and the existence of an analogous function to f = f ( k ) is established.
Computer Science as a Lens on the Sciences: The Example of Computational Molecular Biology

This talk will trace the growing influence of fundamental ideas from computer science on the nature of research in a number of scientific fields. There is a growing awareness that information processing lies at the heart of the processes studied in fields as diverse as quantum mechanics, statistical physics, nanotechnology, neuroscience, linguistics, economics and sociology. Increasingly, mathematical models in these fields are expressed in algorithmic languages and describe algorithmic processes. The speaker will briefly describe connections between quantum computing and the foundations of quantum mechanics, and between statistical mechanics and phase transitions in computation. He will indicate how the growth of the Web has created new phenomena to be investigated by sociologists and economists. He will then focus in greater detail on computational molecular biology, where the view of living cells as complex information processing systems has become the dominant paradigm, and will discuss specific algorithmic problems arising in the sequencing of genomes, the comparative analysis of the resulting genomic sequences, the modeling of networks of interacting proteins, and the associations between genetic variation and disease.
Sensorimotor function and sensorimotor tracts after hemispherectomy

Hemispherectomy is currently the only effective treatment for relieving constant seizures in children with severe or progressive unilateral cortical disease. Although early hemispherectomy has been advocated to avoid general dysfunction due to continued seizures, it remains unclear whether age at surgery affects specific sensorimotor functions. Little is know about the anatomical status of sensorimotor pathways after hemispherectomy and how it might relate to sensorimotor function. Here we measured motor function and sensory thresholds of the upper and lower limbs in 12 hemispherectomized patients. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to determine status of brainstem corticospinal tracts and medial lemniscus. Hemispherectomy subjects showed remarkable recovery in both sensory and motor function. Many patients showed normal sensory vibration thresholds. Within the smaller Rasmussen's subgroup, we saw a relationship between age at surgery and sensorimotor function recovery (i.e. earlier was better). Anatomically, we found marked asymmetry in brainstem corticospinal tracts but preserved symmetry in the medial lemniscus, which may relate to robust sensory recovery. Age at surgery predicted anatomical status of brainstem sensorimotor tracts. In sum, we found that age at surgery influences anatomical changes in brainstem motor pathways, and may also relate to sensorimotor recovery patterns.
Polarization of reffected solar radiation over land, sea and cloud surfaces

Results of the measurements of the polarization of reffected solar radiation in the visible region over various land, sea and cloud surfaces carried out from a high altitude aircraft are presented. It is shown that the measurable polarization can be used as a sensitive parameter to determine atmospheric turbidity and the aerosol content.
Extreme pathways and Kirchhoff's second law.

The application of the loop law to eliminate thermodynamically infeasible solutions gives us an additional set of useful physicochemical constraints to determine allowable behavior of biochemical reaction networks. By utilizing the type III extreme pathways, the loop law can be implemented in flux balance without needing to perform a bilinear optimization. The importance of adding these constraints into genome-scale models now needs to be evaluated. In addition, the energy balance theory presented by Beard et al. (2002)xEnergy balance for analysis of complex metabolic networks. Beard, D.A., Liang, S., and Qian, H. Biophys. J. 2002; 83: 79–86Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMedSee all ReferencesBeard et al. (2002) provides a foundation for constraints-based analysis of reaction-free energies in large-scale biochemical systems and thus expands the scope of information available from constraints-based modeling of biochemical networks.
Glutathione reduces cytoplasmic vanadate. Mechanism and physiological implications

The mechanism by which cells reduce cytoplasmic vanadium(V) (vanadate) to vanadium(IV) was investigated using the human red cell as a model system. Vanadate uptake by red cells occurs with a rapid phase involving chemical equilibration across the plasma membrane and a slower phase resulting in a high concentration of bound vanadium(IV). The slow phase was inhibited in glucose-starved cells and restored upon addition of glucose indicating an energy requirement for this process. The time course of vanadium(IV) appearance (monitored by EPR spectroscopy of intact cells) paralleled the slow phase of uptake indicating that this phase involves vanadium reduction. The reduction of intracellular vanadate to vanadium(IV) was nearly quantitative after 23 h. The intracellular reduction is not enzymatic, since a similar time course of vanadium reduction and binding to hemoglobin was observed when glutathione was added to a hemoglobin + vanadate solution in vitro. Vanadium(IV) binding to hemoglobin was reduced by addition of ATP, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or EDTA, probably through chelation of the cation. The stability constant of the ATP-vanadium (IV) complex was determined to be 150 M-1 at pH 4.9. The time course of red cell vanadate uptake and reduction was followed in the concentration range in which approximately 60% inhibition of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is observed. It is concluded that vanadate is reduced by cytoplasmic glutathione in this concentration range and that the reduction explains the resistance of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase to vanadium in intact cells.
Do You Want Hash Browns with Those

In The Canning of Fishery Products (1919), J. N. Cobb, pulling out all gastronomic stops, noted that dogfish eggs “Are used for making puddings, pancakes, etc., and otherwise as a substitute for fo...
Selfish Routing and the Price of Anarchy

Selfish routing is a classical mathematical model of how self-interested users might route traffic through a congested network. The outcome of selfish routing is generally inefficient, in that it fails to optimize natural objective functions. The price of anarchy is a quantitative measure of this inefficiency. We survey recent work that analyzes the price of anarchy of selfish routing. We also describe related results on bounding the worst-possible severity of a phenomenon called Braess's Paradox, and on three techniques for reducing the price of anarchy of selfish routing. This survey concentrates on the contributions of the author's PhD thesis, but also discusses several more recent results in the area.
Design of survivable communications networks under performance constraints

The authors describe a network design algorithm that uses a set of deterministic connectivity measures which result in topologically survivable network designs that also meet processing and performance requirements. The authors briefly describe some applicable graph theoretic concepts and recently developed connectivity measures. They describe systematic procedures for improving the topological survivability of a network, and the overall network design process. A design example is presented. >
Adolescent Males' Knowledge and Attitudes About AIDS in The Context of Their Social World1

This study sought to find out how much total knowledge adolescents had concerning AIDS, what particular areas of knowledge were deficient, and how those areas might be related to attitudes and experiences in their social world. Seventy-eight adolescent males from one suburban and three urban high schools were interviewed. A 101-item questionnaire was used to assess: a) overall knowledge about AIDS; b) attitudes about sexuality, drugs, death, and AIDS and; c) related aspects of their social world, i.e., number of IV drug users known, and sources of information about AIDS. Analyses of variance were performed on overall knowledge of AIDS and on five content areas of knowledge. Race was shown to relate to significant differences in the knowledge scores. The social world associated with the urban samples were discussed as risk factors for minority youth. Different attitudes related to strengths and weaknesses in different areas of knowledge. Attitudes associated with deficiencies in different subareas of knowledge were discussed as additional risk factors and as presenting target areas for AIDS education efforts.
Palatability of liquid major tranquillizers

Those with mental disorder in later life may reject medication for various reasons. In the case of liquid medication this may be due not to mental disturbance or swallowing difficulty but to unpalatability of the medication. Thirty volunteers blind-tasted four major tranquillizer liquid medications and a palcebo. Not one of the active preparations was thought to be pleasant, each being associated with bad immediate or delayed taste. Undesirable taste may be a valid cause for rejection by patients of any age. As liquid medication is prescribed more frequently for elderly than for younger patients, palatability should be considered.