cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of the virtual crack closure technique in engineering FE calculations

Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT) for stress intensity factor (SIF) calculations was proposed 30 years ago. This technique has not yet been implemented in large commercial finite element codes. The intended aim of the paper is to show general conditions of applying the VCCT in conjunction with commercial programs. An overview of the VCCT is presented. Equations for three-dimensional brick elements are given. Algorithms of applying the VCCT are presented and precisely explained. General conditions and limitations for using the VCCT with commercial software are provided. An example of implementing the VCCT in the MSC.Patran follows. The presented example consists of two PATRAN-dedicated procedures. In this way a useful tool for fracture mechanics calculations has been created.
A Controlled Family Study of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Tourette's Disorder

ABSTRACT Objective Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently comorbid with Tourette's disorder (TD), it is unclear whether they have a common genetic etiology. Familial relationships between DSM-IV ADHD and TD are studied in TD + ADHD, TD-only (TD-ADHD), ADHD-only (ADHD-TD), and control groups. Method Case-control, direct-interview family study of 692 relatives of 75 TD + ADHD, 74 TD-only, 41 ADHD-only, and 49 control probands collected between 1999 and 2004. Age-corrected prevalence rates, odds ratios, and predictors of TD, ADHD, and OCD among relatives are estimated from blinded best-estimate diagnoses using survival Kaplan-Meier and generalized estimating equation regression analyses. Results In relatives of the TD-only group, although ADHD exceeded control rates ( p = .03), ADHD-TD ( p = .51) rates were not increased. In the ADHD-only group, TD was increased ( p = .004) but TD-ADHD rates were not increased ( p = .18). Comorbid ADHD + TD diagnoses in relatives were elevated in all case groups ( p ≤ .03). TD in relatives predicted comorbid ADHD ( p p p = .002) and TD ( p Conclusions TD and ADHD are not alternate phenotypes of a single underlying genetic cause. There is an increased risk of comorbid ADHD and TD in affected families, possibly reflecting some overlapping neurobiology or pathophysiology.
SOME RESPONSES TO RATING STIMULI BY PRACTICED RATERS.

Summary.-The study was concerned wirh the manner in which personal data variables may affect responses to selected rating scale stimuli and how rating task opinions might yield other particular results. The rating format using 24 traits on a 5-point scale was designed to be familiar to [he 42 adjutant officers (Ss) rating 3 defined stereotype ratees. Four rating sessions were conducted with complete ratings collected from all Ss for each ratee. Ten personal data variables identified each S and a questionnaire was developed to sample the opinion effect. Ss were shown to rate the defined ratees significantly higher as a result of adjutant service exceeding 5 yr. and their opinion of confidence in making the requested ratings. The practiced Ss showed some significant variance as have other raters, in spite of controlled ratee behavior. It is sugges:ed that rating variables as reviewed may be examined by multiple correlation techniques to evaluate them as suppressor variables, thereby improving rating validity and prediction of performance. When personnel ratings are obtained, these measures seem to indicate more than ratee behavior. The rating scale structure (format) and context in which ratings are made can produce subtle but significant differences in evaluations (Barrett, Taylor, Parker, & Martins, 1958; Campbell, Hunt, & Lewis, 1958; Young, Holtzman, & Bryant, 1954). Since a basic aim in rating techniques is to assess individual differences and improve personnel administration, the rating process must be reviewed periodically to deal with any extraneous factors (Paterson, 1950). Because significant variance in ratings can be attributed to rater-oriented variables, two aspects of rater traits were explored for effects that might be produced when experienced raters were utilized. It was hypothesized that the usual personal data (background) variables for Ss would affect their rater responses significantly, while any opinions abo~lc the over-all rating task would also significantly influence the responses to the rating scale stimuli.
An information based approach to improving overhead imagery collection

Recent growth in commercial imaging satellite development has resulted in a complex and diverse set of systems. To simplify this environment for both customer and vendor, an information based sensor management model was built to integrate tasking and scheduling systems. By establishing a relationship between image quality and information, tasking by NIIRS can be utilized to measure the customer's required information content. Focused on a reduction in uncertainty about a target of interest, the sensor manager finds the best sensors to complete the task given the active suite of imaging sensors' functions. This is done through determination of which satellite will meet customer information and timeliness requirements with low likelihood of interference at the highest rate of return.
Catalysts of Change

Abstract In 1986, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), a U.S. nongovernmental organization, began an unprecedented collaboration with the Soviet Academy of Sciences to establish three U.S. nuclear monitoring stations in the vicinity of the Soviet nuclear test site in Semipalatinsk. This transnational collaboration of scientists accomplished what U.S. administrations from Eisenhower to Carter had tried and failed to do, namely, to place U.S. scientists and their seismic monitoring equipment on Soviet soil. This chapter analyzes how, why, and to what extent this coalition of U.S. and Soviet scientists succeeded in shaping Soviet foreign policy and at the same time altering the nuclear test ban debate in the United States. The chapter places this project in a framework of transnational relations and highlights the importance of trust between the involved scientists, in particular between the project leaders, NRDC physicist Thomas Cochran and Soviet Academy physicist and vice‐president Yevgeny Velikhov.
FLOATING-ZONE CRYSTAL GROWTH WITH A HEATED AND IMMERSED SHAPER : EXPERIMENTS

Abstract The conventional floating-zone crystal growth process was modified such that a shaper in the form of a step is heated and immersed in the melt zone during growth. This modified process was studied using NaNO 3 as a model material. Single crystals were grown from 6 mm diameter cast rods of NaNO 3 . It was demonstrated that crystals with a very uniform diameter and smooth surface can be grown by this modified process. The effect of the temperature and travel speed of the step was examined. Some problems encountered during crystal growth and their corrections were described, i.e., gas porosity, crystal cracking, melt creeping and crystal wandering. It was found that the heated step helped prevent melt creeping and crystal wandering. For comparison crystal growth was also carried out using an immersed sheet heater.
Efficient recovery of principal components from compressive measurements with application to Gaussian mixture model estimation

There has been growing interest in performing signal processing tasks directly on compressive measurements, e.g. low-dimensional linear measurements of signals taken with Gaussian random vectors. In this paper, we present a highly efficient algorithm to recover the covariance matrix of high-dimensional data from compressive measurements. We show that, as the number of data samples increases, the eigenvectors (principal components) of the empirical covariance matrix of a simple matrix-vector multiplication of the compressive measurements converge to the true principal components of the original data. Also, we investigate the perturbation of eigenvalues of the covariance matrix under random projection of the data to find conditions for approximate recovery of them. Furthermore, we introduce an important application of our proposed method for efficient estimation of the parameters of Gaussian Mixture Models from compressive measurements. We present experimental results demonstrating the performance and efficiency of our proposed algorithms.
The Byzantine Generals strike again

Can unanimity be achieved in an unreliable distributed system? This problem was named "The Byzantine Generals Problem," by Lamport, Pease and Shostak [1980]. The results obtained in the present paper prove that unanimity is achievable in any distributed system if and only if the number of faulty processors in the system is: 1) less than one third of the total number of processors; and 2) less than one half of the connectivity of the system''s network. In cases where unanimity is achievable, algorithms to obtain it are given. This result forms a complete characterization of networks in light of the Byzantine Problem.
Hormonal and metabolic effects of olanzapine and clozapine related to body weight in rodents

Objective: To characterize a model of atypical antipsychotic drug-induced obesity and evaluate its mechanism. Research Methods and Procedures: Chronically, olanzapine or clozapine was self-administered via cookie dough to rodents (Sprague-Dawley or Wistar rats; C57Bl/6J or A/J mice). Chronic studies measured food intake, body weight, adiponectin, active ghrelin, leptin, insulin, tissue wet weights, glucose, clinical chemistry endpoints, and brain dopaminergic D2 receptor density. Acute studies examined food intake, ghrelin, leptin, and glucose tolerance. Results: Olanzapine (1 to 8 mg/kg), but not clozapine, increased body weight in female rats only. Weight changes were detectable within 2 to 3 days and were associated with hyperphagia starting ∼24 hours after the first dose. Chronic administration (12 to 29 days) led to adiposity, hyperleptinemia, and mild insulin resistance; no lipid abnormalities or changes in D2 receptor density were observed. Topiramate, which has reversed weight gain from atypical antipsychotics in humans, attenuated weight gain in rats. Acutely, olanzapine, but not clozapine, lowered plasma glucose and leptin. Increases in glucose, insulin, and leptin following a glucose challenge were also blunted. Discussion: A model of olanzapine-induced obesity was characterized which shares characteristics of patients with atypical antipsychotic drug-induced obesity; these characteristics include hyperphagia, hyperleptinemia, insulin resistance, and weight gain attenuation by topiramate. This model may be a useful and inexpensive model of uncomplicated obesity amenable to rapid screening of weight loss drugs. Olanzapine-induced weight gain may be secondary to hyperphagia associated with acute lowering of plasma glucose and leptin, as well as the inability to increase plasma glucose and leptin following a glucose challenge.
How precise is egg discrimination in weaverbirds

The village weaverbird, Ploceus cucullatus, lays eggs of an extremely broad range of appearance between individuals. This variation is thought to have evolved as a counteradaptation to brood parasitism by the diederik cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius. The primary objective of our study was to characterize the relationship between egg appearance and egg rejection in the African village weaverbird. We test predictions of three hypotheses in a study in The Gambia, West Africa: (1) interindividual egg variability permits individuals to discriminate between own and foreign eggs by rejecting eggs in proportion to the difference in appearance from their own; (2) village weavers remember the appearance of their own eggs and do not require a discordancy within their clutch, nor even the presence of one of their own eggs, in order to distinguish a foreign egg as such; and (3) colour and speckling contain the signature information by which village weavers can distinguish their eggs from foreign ones; whereas shape and mass, being less reliable, do not. We analysed rejection behaviour according to egg appearance differences by logistic regression. Results supported all three hypotheses. We estimated the predictive efficacy of our model, the amount of explained variation and the relative contribution of various egg appearance factors to discrimination by the host. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that interindividual egg variation in this species facilitates offspring recognition and is a counteradaptation to either interspecific or intraspecific brood parasitism.
Approach motivation and cognitive resources combine to influence memory for positive emotional stimuli

Inspired by the elaborated intrusion theory of desire, the current research tested the hypothesis that persons higher in trait approach motivation process positive stimuli deeply, which enhances memory for them. Ninety-four undergraduates completed a measure of trait approach motivation, viewed positive or negative image slideshows in the presence or absence of a cognitive load, and one week later completed an image memory test. Higher trait approach motivation predicted better memory for the positive slideshow, but this memory boost disappeared under cognitive load. Approach motivation did not influence memory for the negative slideshow. The current findings support the idea that individuals higher in approach motivation spontaneously devote limited resources to processing positive stimuli.
Questions of evolution

The discovery of the first millisecond pulsar 11 years ago revitalized pulsar astronomy and led to a number of large-scale, continuing surveys that have so far discovered at least 16 other fast pulsars in the galactic disk. On page 603 of this issue, Bell, Bailes and Bessell now report the discovery of the probable companion star to the pulsar J0437-4715. At a distance of about 140 parsecs, PSR J0437-4715 is not only our nearest millisecond pulsar but possibly even our nearest radio pulsar, and is, like most millisecond pulsars, in a binary system. The discovery of the companion star provides an independent estimate of the age of the pulsar, which can also be deduced from the rate of slowing of the pulsar.
Short-term turning in presence of wind as a trajectory optimization problem

In this paper, we concentrate on formulating a short-term-turn of an aircraft as an optimal control problem. Our main aim will be to analyze the problem by investigating the optimal turn at minimum time in existence of given path constraints. In this problem formulation, heading angle becomes a state variable and therefore cannot be used as a control action. On the other hand, with the assumption that ‘bank angle changes could occur instantaneously’, it is possible to convert bank angle into a control variable, together with thrust. Thus, in our problem formulation, optimal control problem becomes a ‘minimum time’ problem. Correspondingly, solution strategies are provided in the paper. for this purpose method of collocation will be used to analyze the problem numerically. Solution strategies are limited to 2D problems in x-y axis. Moreover, a 2D-wind model has been defined to demonstrate the effects of the wind in (constrained) trajectory optimization. Obtained results show that better minimum time solution(s) in existence of wind conditions could be obtained and solution(s) could provide unique insights into the trajectory optimization problem in existence of wind.
Monte Carlo studies of intersubband relaxation in semiconductor microstructures

In recent years, a number of time-resolved photoexcitation experiments have been reported which directly measure the decay of photoexcited carriers due to inter-subband scattering in semiconductor quantum wells and superlattices. Various techniques such as differential transmission, photoluminescence spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy have probed different regimes of this non-equilibrium carrier relaxation. Particle simulation using Monte Carlo techniques has proved particularly useful for modeling the non-stationary behaviour of carriers during and after ultrafast laser excitation in such experiments. Here a discussion is given of hot carrier dynamics in heterojunction systems during photoexcitation, and the modelling of the dynamics using ensemble particle simulation. Comparison is made with different experiments which measure the effects of intersubband relaxation in single and multiple quantum wells.
Enhanced loading and activity retention of bioactive proteins in hydrogel delivery systems

A simple, general and effective technique is developed for increasing the loading of bioactive macromolecules into hydrogels using the principles of aqueous two-phase extraction. Model proteins, ovalbumin and alpha-amylase, were loaded into hydrated gels by soaking the gels in a buffered solution of protein containing 12 wt% PEG-10000 and 0.22 M salt (KCl, KBr or KI). The PEG and salts were expected to enhance protein sorption according to aqueous two-phase extraction heuristics. In the absence of the solution additives, the gels absorbed little protein. But protein loading up to 270 mg ovalbumin/g polymer and 67 mg alpha-amylase/g polymer was obtained when the PEG and salt were added; loading was not significantly dependent upon salt type. Ovalbumin release from hydrated gels was diffusion-controlled. The diffusion coefficient was 1.10 (-7) cm2/s, consistent with protein absorption into the gel rather than adsorption onto the surface. Release kinetics of both proteins from dried, glassy gels matched conventional behavior for release of absorbed drugs from glassy polymers. Finally, alpha-amylase activity was retained even after drying the loaded gel at 65 degreesC, conditions which denatured the enzyme when not absorbed in the gel.
Recent advancements in dynamical tropical cyclone track predictions

Considerable advancements have recently been made in understanding tropical cyclone motion. Based on these new understandings, the requirements for accurate tropical cyclone motion prediction with dynamical models can be specified. Four issues related to dynamical track prediction are the initial specifications of the environmental wind field, the symmetric vortex and the asymmetric vortex structure, as well as the adequacy of the models to predict the time evolution of each of these three components of the total wind field. Recently developed barotropic and limited-region or global baroclinic models are examined in terms of these issues. The capability of the Hurricane Research Division barotropic model to provide skillful track forecasts to 48 h retrospectively substantiates that tropical cyclones motion is governed by barotropic dynamics to first order. Limited-region baroclinic models are demonstrated to have many of the numerical characteristics, physical process representations, and initial condition specifications that will be required to properly predict tropical cyclone tracks. In particular, the semioperational Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model most closely addresses all of the above issues, and has demonstrated potential for markedly improved tracks for a small sample of cases. Finally, the inclusion of some aspects of tropical cyclone structure in the initial conditions of global baroclinic models has improved their track predictions. Thus, the outlook is for a significant improvement in dynamical track predictions.
Service Pricing: a Differentiation Premium Approach

States that current pricing strategies used in the service industries are often too simplistic and ineffective in the face of complex environmental conditions. Introduces the Pricing Differentiation Premium Model, which includes in the firm′s pricing strategy its ability to differentiate itself from competitors. Discusses possible strategies for influencing differentiation premiums which can improve the pricing discretion of the service provider.
Extension of the Harris magnetic field model to obtain exact, two‐dimensional, self‐consistent X point structures

[1] Harris [1962] developed a one-dimensional current sheet model in a magnetic field that was self-consistent with a collisionless Maxwellian plasma. This model has served as a starting point for many current sheet studies. Kan [1973] showed how this approach could be extended to two dimensions, but there has been little further application of this extension to magnetospheric problems. We have followed Kan's technique and give exact analytic expressions for plasma and magnetic field structures in the vicinity of a two-dimensional magnetic X point. The plasma is Maxwellian with arbitrary electron to ion mass ratio, but in the present stage of work the flow is constrained to be perpendicular to the plane containing the X point. The model is flexible in that it contains parameters that should allow it to be adapted to particular observational geometries and to be extended further using perturbation techniques to higher dimensions.
Practice activities and career satisfaction among fellows of the South Atlantic Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.

OBJECTIVE: The practice activities and career satisfaction of obstetricians and gynecologists in private practice were compared with those in a teaching faculty setting. STUDY DESIGN: The 475 fellows of the South Atlantic Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists were surveyed; 314 responses (66.1%) were received. Private practice and teaching faculty respondents were compared regarding practice description, factors influencing choice of practice type, practice activities, and career satisfaction. Data were examined by χ 2 testing and analysis of variance. RESULTS: Patient care involvement was the primary influence in practice choice by 86.0% of private practitioners; interest in teaching was the most important single factor for 58.2% of the teaching faculty. Significantly more teaching faculty than private practitioners had done research work during residency (81.2% vs 53.4%, p p CONCLUSION: Professional activities of private practice physicians differ from those of teaching faculty physicians. The great majority of both groups are satisfied with their careers.
Cardiac cell-repair therapy: clinical issues.

The possibility that cardiac cell-repair therapy might become a clinical reality is a challenge worthy of the current state of technological and scientific expertise at the start of the 21st century. The success of preclinical and early clinical studies is a strong inducement to move ahead with larger clinical trials, but caution is warranted given our lack of understanding of the potential mechanisms by which cell-repair therapy exerts a benefit on ventricular function, perfusion, and infarct size, irrespective of the type of cell, method, site, and disease entity. There are multiple clinical, mechanistic, and safety questions requiring answers, and these will be forthcoming only if the design of clinical trials is carefully tailored to answer specific questions. These questions, in turn, will require the use of different and multiple end points, depending on the specific issue and study. Accordingly, this review addresses the limitations of current clinical studies, the design of future trials, and the concept of a hierarchical series of end points that might provide answers to a host of different questions. Clinical and basic scientists need to approach the next generation of trials in partnership.
Evaluation of malignant invasion of the carotid artery by CT scan and ultrasound

Carcinoma adherent to the carotid artery may be present in advanced head and neck cancers. Angiography, ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are available for the preoperative evaluation of the carotid artery. This study demonstrates that CT is not accurate in demonstrating malignant invasion of the carotid artery. Ultrasonography appears to be the best modality for assessing carotid artery invasion. Magnetic resonance imaging may prove helpful in this determination.
Bridging Diet Related Attitudes and Behaviors to Reduce Heart Disease Risk

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To identify factors within attitudes toward dietary change as a tool in modifying behaviors in individuals with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Factors impacting an individual's decision to initiate diet-related changes to reduce heart disease risk are poorly understood. The purposes of this study were to identify (1) attitudes toward adoption of a low fat/cholesterol diet and (2) if nutrition counseling changed attitudes and dietary behaviors. Prior to individualized nutrition counseling, seventy-three adults between the ages of 35 and 65 years with total cholesterol levels >200mg/dl were surveyed regarding behaviors consistent with NCEP Step One Diet. Clients also completed a 31 item attitude inventory based on Rogers' Innovation-Decision Model to assess attitudes toward adoption of a low fat diet. Two months after counseling, participants were resurveyed. After counseling, participants held significantly more positive attitudes toward making appropriate dietary decisions. Attitudes were positively associated with adoption of a low fat diet, prior to and after individualized counseling. Confirmatory orthogonal factor analysis using generalized least squares provided the best predictive model of attitudes toward dietary change. The model revealed two factors, one related to difficulty adopting specific food behaviors and issues surrounding compatability of the diet with the individual's lifestyle. It appears that personal attitudes toward dietary change impact the decision to make dietary change and that counseling focusing on specific dietary changes result in positive behaviors reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. It is apparent that assessment of individuals' attitudes toward making change is an important tool in effective nutrition counseling.
An Improved Green–Ampt Infiltration and Redistribution Method for Uneven Multistorm Series

Robust hydrologic models require an accurate formulation of infiltration and soil water redistribution. The application of Richards' equation can provide the most accurate description of these processes but for some applications it can be computationally intensive and prone to numerical instability and convergence errors. A conceptual, physically based formulation like the Green–Ampt with Redistribution (GAR) can be an attractive alternative in many applications. Original GAR applications, however, showed significant errors in simulated surface water content for soils with high saturated hydraulic conductivity values, and an increasing surface water content deviation after subsequent redistributions during long simulations. A modified GAR method (MGAR) is proposed that provides improved infiltration and soil water redistribution predictions during uneven multistorm time series for a wide range of soils. An increased number of redistributing wetting fronts more accurately represents the naturally curvilinear soil water content profile during the redistribution phase. A redistribution coefficient decreases the surface soil water prediction during nonuniform precipitation series as a function of three variables: saturated hydraulic conductivity, redistribution number, and redistribution time for each storm event in the time series. Simulations of uneven multistorm precipitation time series using GAR and MGAR for 11 soil textural classifications were compared against Richards' equation. The MGAR markedly improved surface soil water predictions (coefficients of efficiency >0.935 and RMSE <0.011). The method also provided a good approximation of average water content for soil observation depths within the top 1 m, corresponding with the area of interest for many vadose zone modeling applications.
The synthesis and purification of 2, 6-di-tert-buytl-p-cresol-−14C6

2, 6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol-14C6 was synthesised by reacoting p-cresol-14C6 with isobutylene using concetentrated sulfurica acid as catalyst. Purification of the Labelled butylated p-cresol involved very careful recrystalliation of this product from absolute alcohol. Proof of radiochemical purity was determined using thin layer chromatography and autoradiography. Internal liquid acintillation counting techniques were used to determine the apeacific activity of the compound.
Exchange bias of polycrystalline Co on single-crystalline Fe x Zn 1 − x F 2 thin films

The exchange bias of polycrystalline Co films grown on epitaxial, 67-nm-thick single-crystalline films of (110) ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ films was measured as a function of Fe concentration. A set of samples was grown with a pure, 1.0-nm-thick ${\mathrm{FeF}}_{2}$ layer at the interface, and another set was grown without the interface layer. Unlike previous measurements of twinned ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ films, the exchange bias of samples with the pure interface layer remained relatively constant as the Fe concentration was decreased from $x=1.0$ to 0.35. A decrease in ${H}_{E}$ with increasing $x$ in samples without the pure interface layer was also observed, which can be explained by a weakening of the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{F}}_{2}∕\mathrm{Co}$ exchange interaction as the Fe concentration is decreased. Evidence for the creation of frozen domains in the antiferromagnet was obtained from vertical shifts in the hysteresis loops at low temperatures for samples with $x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.75$, which agrees with the critical concentration ${x}_{C}=0.76$ above which antiferromagnetic domains are not expected to form due to lack of percolation of nonmagnetic impurities. The large enhancement of exchange bias expected from the domain state model is not observed in these samples because of the existence of the critical concentration in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{F}}_{2}$.
Mapping the literature of addictions treatment

OBJECTIVES This study analyzes and describes the literature of addictions treatment and indexing coverage for core journals in the field. METHODS Citations from three source journals for the years 2008 through 2010 were analyzed using the 2010 Mapping the Literature of Nursing and Allied Health Professions Project Protocol. The distribution of cited journals was analyzed by applying Bradford's Law of Scattering. RESULTS More than 40,000 citations were analyzed. Journals (2,655 unique titles) were the most frequently cited form of literature, with 10 journals providing one-third of the cited journal references. Drug and Alcohol Dependence was the most frequently cited journal. The frequency of cited addictions journals, formats cited, age of citations, and indexing coverage is identified. CONCLUSIONS Addictions treatment literature is widely dispersed among multidisciplinary publications with relatively few publications providing most of the citations. Results of this study will help researchers, students, clinicians, and librarians identify the most important journals and bibliographic indexes in this field, as well as publishing opportunities.
Results of a union-based smoking cessation intervention for apprentice iron workers (United States).

Objective Blue-collar workers are more likely to smoke, smoke more heavily, and have less success in quitting compared to white-collar workers, and this occupational gap is growing over time. Effective smoking cessation interventions among blue-collar workers are needed to address growing class-based disparities. Methods We used a pre–post study design to test feasibility and effect size of a smoking cessation trial in a union apprenticeship training program for iron workers (n=337). The 4-month intervention drew upon a health promotion–health protection model for smoking cessation among blue-collar workers. We conducted pairwise analyses to assess pre–post intervention differences in 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence measured 1 month after intervention was completed. Additional secondary outcomes, including smoking frequency, intensity, intention and self-efficacy to quit, were also assessed. Results Baseline smoking prevalence was 41%. We observed a 19.4% post-intervention quit rate among baseline smokers. There were statistically significant positive changes pre- and post-intervention in intention to quit smoking, self-efficacy to quit, and a reduction in the number of days smoked. Participation in pro-active intervention components was associated with a three-fold (OR = 3.0, 1.15, 7.83) increase in the likelihood of quitting. Overall, participation in intervention components was low. Conclusions Labor union apprenticeship programs represent a promising venue for smoking cessation interventions, particularly those that draw upon a health promotion–health protection model.
Entrapped Devices after PCI

In contemporary practice, entrapped devices are rarely encountered during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) but can be associated with serious morbidity and mortality. We present a case of a 62 y/o male who presented with an acute coronary syndrome. Revascularization was performed and complicated by guide wire entrapment and fracture. Cardiologists should be aware of this complication and the treatment options available.
The power and politics of English

Abstract: The issues related to power and politics of the English language are presented specifically in relation to the unprecedented global spread of the language. Several perspectives—linguistic and non-linguistic—used to conceptualize the relationship between language and power are considered, particularly that of Michel Foucault. The power-related issues, and their manifestations and implications, are seen in terms of various control-acquiring strategies resulting in political manipulations and language conflicts. The interplay of power and politics within the three Concentric Circles of English (Kachru, 1985a) is shown in issues related to sociolinguistics, linguistic innovations and language pedagogy. It is claimed that the most vital power is that of the ‘ideological change’ which has been attributed to the knowledge of the English language and literature in the Outer and Expanding Circles. The paper aims at providing a blueprint for the study and conceptualization of selected issues related to the power and politics of an international language.
Effects of Nanofluid on Peristaltic Flow of a Carreau Fluid Model in an Inclined Magnetic Field

In the present article we talk about the influence of a nanofluid on the peristaltic flow of a Carreau fluid model in the presence of an inclined channel and magnetic field. The mathematical modeling of the proposed problem is given for the two- dimensional and directional flow. The governing highly nonlinear coupled equations are simplified by means of the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximation. The solutions of the simplified coupled nonlinear equations are calculated using an analytical approach. At the end, graphical results are displayed to show the effects of various emerging parameters of interest. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(4): 368–383, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21082
Some analytical properties of solutions to a two-dimensional steadily translating inviscid bubble

We consider some analytical properties for a steadily translating two-dimensional bubble in an inviscid irrotational flow when surface tension effects are included but gravity neglected. For a general value of the Bernoulli constant, we show that a conformal mapping function from a unit circle to the exterior of the bubble has a very specific polar decomposition. The pole locations and corresponding residues are determined numerically, while, in specific limits, their values are determined asymptotically.
Turbulence-driven secondary flows in a curved pipe

If the torque exerted on a fluid element and the source of streamwise vorticity generation are analyzed, a turbulence-driven secondary flow is found to be possible in a curved pipe. Based on this analysis, it is found that the secondary flow is primarily induced by high anisotropy of the cross-stream turbulent normal stresses near the outer bend (furthest from the center of curvature of the bend). This secondary flow appears as a counterrotating vortex pair embedded in a Dean-type secondary motion. Recent hot-wire measurements provide some evidence for the existence of this vortex pair. To verify the formation and extent of this turbulence-driven vortex pair further, a near-wall Reynolds-stress model is used to carry out a detailed numerical investigation of a curved-pipe flow. The computation is performed specifically for a U-bend with a full developed turbulent flow at the bend entrance and a long straight pipe attached to the exit. Numerical results reveal that there are three vortex pairs in a curved pipe. The primary one is the Dean-type vortex pair. Another pair exists near the pipe core and is a consequence of local pressure imbalance. A third pair is found near the outer bend and is the turbulence-driven secondary flow. It starts to appear around 60° from the bend entrance, grows to a maximum strength at the bend exit, and disappears altogether at about seven pipe diameters downstream of the bend. On the other hand, calculations of developing laminar curved-pipe flows covering a range of pipe-to-bend curvature ratios, Reynolds number, and different inlet conditions fail to give rise to a third cell near the outer bend. Therefore, experimental and numerical evidence together lend support to the formation of a pair of turbulence-driven secondary cells in curved-pipe flows.
Nonlinear magnetization in superconductors with s + d ordering

The nonlinear magnetization in the Meissner regime is considered within the Ginzburg-Landau theoretical framework. A calculational method in the case of conventional superconductors (one order parameter) is developed and this method is extended for the case of two order parameters ($s+d$ mixing). In the mean field analysis, corrections to the penetration depth are of order ${H}_{0}^{2}$ where ${H}_{0}$ is the applied field. The anisotropy in the penetration depth is calculated and the temperature dependence of the magnetization is extracted. Signatures of the different ordering possibilities are derived. We discuss the relevant experimental results in the light of these calculations.
Coronary Arteries in Fetuses, Infants, and Juveniles

The coronary arteries of young individuals ranging from fetuses to young adults were studied. Sclerotic lesions were not demonstrated in the coronary arteries of fetuses. In infants the early stages of arteriosclerosis were frequently present and consisted of rupture, degeneration and regeneration of the internal elastic membrane, deposition of mucopolysaccharide, and proliferation of endothelial cells and fibroblasts. These alterations were most prominent in infants of 3 to 4 months. In older individuals there was an apparent decrease in the rate of intimal fibrosis. The lesions of the coronary arteries of young individuals were identical with the early phases of arteriosclerosis in adults.
Synthesis and optical properties of Sn-rich Ge1 – x – ySixSny materials and devices

Abstract Sn-rich Ge 1 − x − y Si x Sn y alloys ( y > x ) have been deposited on Si(100) using recently developed growth processes aimed at achieving the material quality and compositions required to investigate their optical emission properties. The samples are produced using two different methods, each providing optimal quality material within distinct composition ranges of low (2–4% Sn and 1–2% Si) and high (5–10% Sn and 3–4% Si) Sn and Si contents, allowing a comprehensive investigation of their optical response over the targeted 2–10% Sn range. The growth processes are based on ultra-low temperature (310–260 °C) Ultra-High Vacuum Chemical Vapor Deposition and Gas-Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy techniques using stoichiometric reactions of highly reactive hydride sources, including Ge 4 H 10 , Ge 3 H 8 , Si 4 H 10 and SnD 4 . Under these conditions the depositions produce monocrystalline layers exhibiting high quality microstructure, flat surfaces, and large thicknesses of 450–600 nm. The latter provide a significantly high volume-fraction of GeSiSn active component away from the inherently defective GeSiSn/Si(100) interface, leading to dramatically improved optical quality materials which are found to exhibit a tunable direct-gap photoluminescence below 1550 nm. Photocurrent measurements of prototype photodiodes were also used to corroborate and further explore the dependence of the direct gap on the Si/Sn concentration. Collectively the results indicate that thermally superior Ge 1 − x − y Si x Sn y alloys may offer an alternative technology to Ge 1 − y Sn y analogs for long-wavelength applications beyond the absorption edge of elemental Ge.
Financial Strain, Negative Interaction, Coping Styles, and Mental Health Among Low-Income Latinos

This study examines the relationship between financial strain and depressive symptoms in later life, and potential psychosocial mediators of this relationship. Drawing on a sample of 214 low-income Latino older adults, we used structural equation modeling to test the direct effect of chronic financial strain on depressive symptomatology, and the indirect effects via social support, negative interaction, and coping styles. Findings indicated that financial strain increased the level of depressive symptoms among this sample. Avoidance and approach-related coping styles emerged as independent determinants of depressive symptoms albeit in opposite directions; higher levels of avoidance coping was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. Contrary to previous findings on the general population, findings from the current study indicate that social support and negative interaction were not directly associated with depressive symptoms. Financial strain mediated the effect of sociocultural (nativity status, years of U.S. residence) and social status factors (age, education) on depressive symptoms. This study highlights the differential impact of financial strain and coping styles on psychological well-being, and the potential psychosocial targets of interventions for older adults with chronic health care conditions.
Factors Influencing Perceived Value of and Attitude toward E-commerce among Online Shoppers in China

This paper examines factors that influence the attitude and perception toward e-commerce in China. It proposes an integrative framework linking five factors of consumer perceptions of e-commerce with attitude toward ecommerceand the perceived value of e-commerce. This framework is subsequently tested through a field study. Results show that each factor had a significant impact on at least one of the result variables. This paper further discusses avenues of research in e-commerce acceptance in differentcultures.
Homocysteine and MTHFR Mutations

Homocysteine is a chemical in the blood that is produced when an amino acid (a building block of protein) called methionine is broken down in the body. We all have some homocysteine in our blood. Elevated homocysteine levels (also called hyperhomocysteinemia) may cause irritation of the blood vessels. Elevated levels of homocysteine show an increased risk for (1) hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), which could eventually result in a heart attack and/or stroke, and (2) blood clots in the veins, referred to as venous thrombosis. The purpose of this Cardiology Patient Page is to explain the relation between elevated homocysteine levels and blood clots in the arteries and veins; to discuss the causes of elevated homocysteine levels, including common genetic variants in the MTHFR gene (see the “What Do I Need to Know About a Hereditary Predisposition?” section); and to describe ways to monitor and lower homocysteine levels to possibly improve health. In 1962, it was reported that people with a rare genetic condition called homocystinuria were prone to develop severe cardiovascular disease in their teens and 20s. In this condition, a defective enzyme causes an accumulation of homocysteine in the blood, resulting in very high levels. Studies of children with homocystinuria led to the discovery that elevated homocysteine levels are a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and blood clots in the arteries and veins. Although homocystinuria is a rare disease (affecting about 1 in 200 000 people), many more people have mildly or moderately elevated homocysteine levels. Some people have elevated homocysteine levels (Table 1) caused by a deficiency of B vitamins and folate in their diets. High homocysteine levels are also seen in people with kidney disease, low levels of thyroid hormones, psoriasis, and with certain medications (such as antiepileptic drugs and methotrexate).1 It has been recognized …
Multilevel citizenship (democracy, citizenship, and constitutionalism)

From a theoretical perspective citizenship has become an increasingly amorphous concept, evolving from Marshallian and Weberian understandings of a category rooted in rights and compulsory associat...
(252) Adherence to CONSORT and ACTTION guidelines for adverse event reporting in non-pharmacologic, non-interventional analgesic clinical trials: ACTTION systematic review and recommendations

s The Journal of Pain S39 (252) Adherence to CONSORT and ACTTION guidelines for adverse event reporting in non-pharmacologic, non-interventional analgesic clinical trials: ACTTION systematic review and recommendations M Hunsinger, S Smith, A McKeown, M Parkhurst, M McDermott, D Turk, and R Dworkin; Pacific University School of Professional Psychology, Hillsboro,
Some key factors for the successful application of full-waveform inversion

While low-wavenumber components of an Earth model can be constructed using reflection tomography, full-waveform inversion (FWI) is capable of deriving a model with high accuracy that covers the full range of the spatial spectrum, from low to high wavenumbers, supported by the seismic data. This data-domain algorithm minimizes the mismatch in both amplitude and phase between the recorded data set and a numerically simulated one. The inversion is commonly solved using a local gradient-based iterative scheme, like the steepest decent or conjugate-gradient method. The model update is proportional to the gradient of the objective function and is computed by crosscorrelating a forward extrapolated source wavefield with a backward propagated data residual, which is computationally equivalent to reverse time migration of the data residual.
Impact of atmospheric gravity waves on the jovian ionosphere

Abstract We investigate the effects of atmospheric gravity waves on the vertical and horizontal structure of the ionosphere of Jupiter. The presented non-linear, two-dimensional model of the jovian ionosphere allows for spatially and temporally varying neutral wind and temperature fields and tracks the time evolution of six ionospheric species, H + , H 2 + , H 3 + , He + , HeH + , and CH 4 + . An analytical approach is used to validate the model results for linear, small-amplitude waves and to elucidate the mechanisms that leads to perturbations in the density of the main ion species, H+ and H 3 + . We demonstrate that the long-lived H+ ions are perturbed directly by wave dynamics whereas short-lived ions such as H 3 + are perturbed by chemical interactions with other perturbed ion species. The model is then applied using larger gravity wave amplitudes consistent with observations. Atmospheric gravity waves propagating at high altitudes create layers of enhanced electron density similar to the system of layers observed during the J0-ingress radio occultation of the Galileo spacecraft. Our best fit to the J0-ingress observation is achieved using an 82 min period forcing wave with horizontal and vertical wavelengths of 500 km and 60 km respectively, and peaks at 510 km above the 1 bar pressure level. We further investigate the effects of the wave-induced ion flux on the background ionospheric structure and demonstrate that in the presence of a gravity wave the background density profiles of the H+ and H 3 + ions are significantly modified. We also find that the column density of H 3 + has variations that can exceed 10% as the wave propagates.