cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The interaction of high voltage systems with the environments of the Moon and Mars

High voltage systems designed for use on the lunar and Martian surfaces or in orbit will interact with environmental components such as electrically charged dust, low pressure atmospheres, ionospheric plasmas and neutrals, and chemically reactive species. As the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) advances from the realm of feasibility study to that of conceptual design, guidelines will be required to ensure that these effects are properly accounted for. A first step in providing such guidelines is the prioritization of interactions for each of the space or surface environments that will be encountered. For those issues that are identified as high priority, the state of environmental knowledge, emphasizing essential data, must be determined. This report describes possible means of obtaining such information, including ground tests, modeling and analysis, and flight experiments. The development of computational tools which will enable engineers to simulate and thereby quantify the interactions will be especially considered. Our analysis is drawn from various study and workshop activities undertaken within the last two years.
Interhost movement of adult cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).

Adult cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), marked with orange-red or green fluorescent dye were released on one cat to study movement to another cat over a 7-d period. When the cats were separated, 3-8% of the marked fleas moved to the other cat. When the cats were allowed to remain together, 2-15% of the fleas moved. The percentage of fleas unaccounted for ranged from 8-47%. When both cats lived together, 8-15% movement occurred no matter which cat was infested. The percentage of female and male fleas unaccounted for was 8-32 and 30-47%, respectively, highlighting the importance of host grooming. Significantly fewer female cat fleas moved from one host to another than did males. The likelihood of establishing new infestations by adult fleas transferring from one host to another exists. However, visitations to environments capable of supporting immature stages of fleas seem a more important source of flea infestations.
Spanners and message distribution in networks

We investigate the applicability of spanners as substructures that offer both low cost and low delay for broadcast and multicast. A k-spanner has the potential to offer lower delay than shared multicast trees because it limits the distance between any two nodes in the network to a multiplicative factor k of the shortest-path distance. Using simulation over random topologies, we compare k-spanners to single-source minimum-distance spanning trees and show that a k-spanner can have similar cost and lower delay. We illustrate that by varying the value of k a spanner can be made to gradually favor cost over delay. These results indicate the spanner can reduce the cost of flooding, which is a basic mechanism used in multicast routing protocols.
Metastatic Atrial Myxoma Presenting as Intracranial Mass

Metastases from atrial myxomas are uncommon. A patient with a left atrial myxoma that had been excised eight years earlier developed intracranial and skeletal metastases. The primary lesion had not recurred. The malignant potential of this neoplasm is discussed.
Development of Low-power and Real-time VC-1/H.264/MPEG-4 Video Processing Hardware

This paper covers a multi-functional hardware intellectual property (IP) for the encoding and decoding of digital moving pictures with low power consumption. The IP is mainly intended for mobile products such as cellular phones, digital still cameras (DSCs), and digital video cameras (DVCs). It includes VC-1 functionality for Internet content plus AVC (H.264) functionality for digital television broadcasting and MPEG-4 functionality for TV telephony, and is capable of processing D1-sized moving pictures (720 pixels by 480 lines) in real time at an operating frequency of 54 MHz. In addition, original algorithms employed in the IP reduce power consumption by up to 22%.
Correlation between thermal desorption spectroscopy and optical second harmonic generation for monitoring surface coverages

Abstract Optical second harmonic generation was used to monitor CO coverages on Cu(100) and Ni(111) in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber. In both cases, the adsorption kinetics were found to obey the simple Langmuir model. In monitoring CO coverages remained on Cu(100) and Ni(111) during a thermal desorption process, optical second harmonic generation correlates well with thermal desorption spectroscopy.
Note: Comments on generalized Heron polynomials and Robbins' conjectures

Heron's formula for a triangle gives a polynomial for the square of its area in terms of the lengths of its three sides. There is a very similar formula, due to Brahmagupta, for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral in terms of the lengths of its four sides. (A polygon is cyclic if its vertices lie on a circle.) In both cases if A is the area of the polygon, (4A)^2 is a polynomial function of the square in the lengths of its edges. David Robbins in [D.P. Robbins, Areas of polygons inscribed in a circle, Discrete Comput. Geom. 12 (2) (1994) 223-236. MR 95g:51027; David P. Robbins, Areas of polygons inscribed in a circle, Amer. Math. Monthly 102 (6) (1995) 523-530. MR 96k:51024] showed that for any cyclic polygon with n edges, (4A)^2 satisfies a polynomial whose coefficients are themselves polynomials in the edge lengths, and he calculated this polynomial for n=5 and n=6. He conjectured the degree of this polynomial for all n, and recently Igor Pak and Maksym Fedorchuk [Maksym Fedorchuk, Igor Pak, Rigidity and polynomial invariants of convex polytopes, Duke Math. J. 129 (2) (2005) 371-404. MR 2006f:52015] have shown that this conjecture of Robbins is true. Robbins also conjectured that his polynomial is monic, and that was shown in [V.V. Varfolomeev, Inscribed polygons and Heron polynomials (Russian. Russian summary), Mat. Sb. 194 (3) (2003) 3-24. MR 2004d:51014]. A short independent proof will be shown here.
Aortic pressure loading in dogs with myocardial infarction

Abstract Pressure function curves of the left ventricle were carried out in dogs with myocardial infarction produced by coronary ligation, using the technique of inflating a balloon in the ascending aorta. Under base-line conditions, the pressure function curve in animals with infarcts was depressed compared to sham operated animals. Infusion of the inotropic agents acetylstrophanthidin and isoproterenol elevated the pressure function curves in both groups of animals, but the response to isoproterenol was greatly reduced in animals with infarcts. These results show that pressure loading of the left ventricle may be used to reveal defects in ventricular performance in dogs with experimental myocardial infarction, in the absence of overt heart failure, and that infusion of inotropic agents such as isoproterenol may further accentuate this defect.
Reclaiming Humanistic Psychology From Modernity: Problems and Solutions:

This article begins as a lamentation over the historical demise of humanistic psychology programs in the United States and considers the critiques and alternatives to the humanistic tradition proposed during such transitions. The article isolates the core elements of the premodern humanistic tradition, outlines the central features of the cultural trend referred to as modernity, and shows how modernity has provided the fuel for most of the major critiques of and alternatives to the humanistic tradition. The article then shows how modernity has even influenced the way that humanistic psychology has appropriated its own premodern tradition. The article concludes with six concrete suggestions for reclaiming humanistic psychology from modernity hopefully setting it on a sounder, more valid, and potentially more effective course for the future.
Prevention of Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections: A Journey Toward Eliminating Preventable Harm

Central line–associated blood stream infections (CLABSI) are among the most common, lethal, and costly health care–associated infections. Recent large collaborative quality improvement efforts have achieved unprecedented and sustained reductions in CLABSI rates and demonstrate that these infections are largely preventable, even for exceedingly ill patients. The broad acceptance that zero CLABSI rates are an achievable goal has motivated and stimulated diverse groups of stakeholders, including public and private groups to develop policy tools and to mobilize their local constituents toward achieving this goal. Nevertheless, attributing reductions in CLABSI rates achieved by multifaceted quality improvement efforts solely to the use of checklists to ensure adherence with appropriate infection control practices is an easily made but crucial mistake. National CLABSI prevention is a shared responsibility and creating novel partnerships between government agencies, health care industry, and consumers is critical to making and sustaining progress in achieving the goals toward eliminating CLABSI.
Peasantry and City: Cultural Persistence and Change in Historical Perspective, a European Case

It is generally believed that peasant culture is incompatible with industrial civilization. Furthermore, peasant-city relationships are often dichotomized, suggesting maximal cultural distance. In view of data gathered in a peasant village of the Lower Rhineland it is argued here that over a period of seventy years at least the villagers were able not only to survive within an industrial civilization without losing their cultural identity but also to we industrial wage-earning as a means of preserving the essentials of their peasant way of life. Their ability to adapt to technological change is related here to a long history of previous adaptations beginning in the Middle Ages and leading to the Second Agricultural Revolution. Historical comparison between the city and the village suggests cultural continuity of urban lower class and peasantry rather than cultural polarity between the two segments. [Europe, culture and society; culture change; peasant culture]
Saccharomyces capensis--an inositolless yeast.

Saccharomyces capensis (N.I.U. No. 309) has been shown to have an absolute requirement for inositol and a partial requirement for biotin and pantothenate. Since the relation between growth of this yeast and concentration of inositol is nearly linear in the range of 0.18 to 1.0µg/ml of medium,S. capensis is an excellent organism to use for the bioassay of inositol.
The effect of dual training in internal medicine and pediatrics on the career path and job search experience of pediatric graduates.

Objective To compare the job search experience and career plans of medicine-pediatrics (med-peds) and pediatric residents. Study design Annual surveys of graduating med-peds and pediatric residents were compared from 2003 and 2004. Results The survey response rates were 58% for med-peds residents (n = 427) and 61% for pediatric residents (n = 611). Pediatric residents were more likely to be female or an International Medical Graduate. The groups were equally satisfied with their career choice and had equivalent debt. Med-peds residents were more likely to seek and accept generalist and hospitalist positions. Pediatric residents were more likely to seek subspecialty careers and research opportunities. More than 94% of med-peds residents expected to care for pediatric patients. Among residents seeking generalist positions, med-peds residents sent half as many applications to get the same number of interviews and offers as pediatric residents, were more likely to be offered their most desired position, and were more likely to accept a position in a rural area/small town. Med-peds residents had substantially greater starting salaries as hospitalists or generalists compared with pediatric residents. Conclusion Med-peds and pediatric trainees differ in their career plans, although primary care is their most popular choice. Med-peds– trained physicians have an easier job search experience and greater market valuation.
The basal speed of valley glaciers: an inverse approach

Geophysical inverse methods are used to calculate the basal motion of a glacier. They are applied to a one-dimensional forward model that can be linearized to make the analysis simpler. The inverse method finds a solution that fits the data within a given error. It selects for smooth solutions to discriminate against unrealistic oscillations. The method is applied to a simple model glacier of uniform shape and thickness to test how well a given basal motion field can be reconstructed. It shows, as expected, that optimizing for smoothness lowers maxima and increases minima of the solution. A step change in basal velocity is drawn out in the inversion over a distance that is given by the half-width of a resolving function. This is typically about three times the ice thickness, but is also affected by the sampling rate of the data. The method is then applied to two glaciers where suitable data are available: Brown Glacier on Heard Island, southern Indian Ocean, and McCall Glacier in the Brooks Range, Alaska, U.S.A. The McCall results agree well with earlier estimates of basal motion.
Aspiration in patients with head and neck cancer and tracheostomy

Tracheopulmonary aspiration is a common occurrence in patients with dysphagia associated with head and neck cancer. We performed quantitative scintigraphic analysis of tracheopulmonary aspiration in 125 patients with head and neck cancer; 58 of these patients had a tracheostomy. Tracheopulmonary aspiration occurred in 58% of patients with a tracheostomy and in 23% of patients without a tracheostomy. In six of seven patients with a tracheostomy, tracheopulmonary aspiration significantly increased when the obturator was removed and, in these patients, occlusion of the tracheostomy tube during feedings eliminated or reduced the complication. Our studies suggest that aspiration can be monitored accurately and conveniently by scintigraphy, and that this technique is useful in the evaluation and management of dysphagia in debilitated patients.
Betatron–Quastler era at the University of Illinois

New accelerator technology and a gathering of physicists and doctors interested in applications to therapy in the late 1940s made possible the development of early multimegavolt betatron techniques. Dr. Henry Quastler brought experience for an actual x‐ray treatment, and Dr. Lester Skaggs joined the group to extract the electron beam. Some of the collaborating students were G. D. Adams, H. W. Koch, J. S. Laughlin, L. H. Lanzl, and E. F. Lanzl. The physics staff had succeeded in sealing off a vacuum tube for the betatron, and further developments involved field flattening, exposure measurements, collimation, stray electron control, phantom tests, and development of a beam peeler.
Biogeography of coastal and anchialine amphipods of Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean

Over 8000 amphipods were examined from coastal (primarily intertidal) and anchialine pool habitats of Ascension Is. Twenty-seven species, of which 14 are undescribed, were identified. Comparison of species from Ascension with amphipods found in possible source areas suggests that most colonization of the island by these animals has been via the Benguela Current. Possible western Atlantic faunal contributions are significantly lower than for other marine taxa that have been studied at Ascension, all of which are generally characterized by having dispersive larval stages. The high proportion of apparently endemic species, which exceeds that described for amphipods of other oceanic islands, is probably due to both the island's isolation and incomplete faunal surveys in possible source areas. Amphipod species diversity is low, a probable consequence of the size, isolation, youth and low habitat variability of Ascension Is. Consistent with other Atlantic islands that have been studied, nestlers predominate (56...
Low-density thermodynamics of the Hubbard chain

All the three-electron wave functions and energy levels are obtained for the one-dimensional Hubbard model. The second and third virial coefficients for the system are calculated exactly. The virial expansion is converted into an electron density expansion which appears to converge much better than the virial series. The two-particle and three-particle contributions to the specific heat, entropy, intra-atomic correlation function, and magnetic susceptibility of the system are obtained and presented graphically.
Accuracy of self-report in detecting taste dysfunction.

Objective: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of responses to the following questionnaire statements in detecting taste loss: “I can detect salt in chips, pretzels, or salted nuts,” “I can detect sourness in vinegar, pickles, or lemon,” “I can detect sweetness in soda, cookies, or ice cream,” and “I can detect bitterness, in coffee, beer, or tonic water.” Responses to an additional item, “I can detect chocolate in cocoa, cake or candy,” was examined to determine whether patients clearly differentiate between taste loss and flavor loss secondary to olfactory dysfunction. Methods: A total of 469 patients (207 men, mean age = 54 years, standard deviation = 15 years; and 262 women, mean age = 54 years, standard deviation = 14 years) were administered a questionnaire containing these questions with the response categories of “easily,” “somewhat,” and “not at all,” followed by a comprehensive taste and smell test battery. Results: The questionnaire items poorly detected bona fide taste problems. However, they were sensitive in detecting persons without such problems (i.e., they exhibited low positive but high negative predictive value). Dysfunction categories of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) were not meaningfully related to subjects' responses to the questionnaire statements. Both sex and age influenced performance on most of the taste tests, with older persons performing more poorly than younger ones and women typically outperforming men. Conclusion: Although it is commonly assumed that straight-forward questions concerning taste may be useful in detecting taste disorders, this study suggests this is not the case. However, patients who specifically report having no problems with taste perception usually do not exhibit taste dysfunction. The difficulty in detecting true taste problems by focused questionnaire items likely reflects a combination of factors. These include the relatively low prevalence of taste deficits in the general population and the tendency of patients to confuse loss of olfaction-related flavor sensations with taste-bud mediated deficits.
Working Towards Merger Together Seeing Beyond Distrust and Fear

Proposals for the merger of regular and special education have been the subject of considerable debate among special educators. This article briefly explores some of the major arguments of the deba...
Optimal hedged portfolios: the case of jump-diffusion risks

Abstract The paper derives rules for optimal hedged portfolios when the foreign spot exchange rate changes follow a mixed jump-diffusion process. The paper shows that the sign of the third-order derivative of the utility function plays a crucial role in differentiating the jump risk from the diffusion risk. The result of the paper is compared to earlier ones under a diffusion process for the foreign exchange rate changes. The paper also draws some important implications along the line of the issue of the time-varying risk premiums in the foreign exchange market. (JEL 431).
The effects on eye movements of complexity, novelty, and affective tone

The major purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stimulus complexity, novelty, and affective tone on the direction of eye movements of male college students. Motion pictures were taken of S’s eye while he viewed pairs of stimuli. In no instance, in any part of the 10 sec. viewing interval, did Ss as a group fixate longer on unpleasant stimuli when they were paired with either pleasant or neutral stimuli; and pleasant stimuli consistently dominated neutral stimuli. Also, novel stimuli and complex stimuli tended to dominate their non-novel and less complex competitors. Differences in instructions were found to markedly affect the magnitude but not the direction of fixation-dominance.
Comments on the DATa ANalysis (DATAN) algorithm and rank annihilation factor analysis for the analysis of correlated spectral data

It is shown that the DATa ANalysis (DATAN) algorithm can be expressed in terms of rank annihilation factor analysis (RAFA). Subsequent advances in RAFA are applied to DATAN to eliminate the problems and restrictions associated with DATAN. The extension of DATAN in terms of the trilinear decomposition algorithm is discussed.
Convergence of Green's functions of ordinary differential equations

We study Green's functions for an ordinary differential operator L and the equation Lu-su=f on the infinite line and bounded but large intervals. Assuming that the spectral parameter s lies in the resolvent of L or is a simple eigenvalue of L, we give conditions for the convergence of Green's functions as the interval length goes to infinity.
Insulin degradation: mechanisms, products and significance

EIGHT YEARS have passed since our previous review of insulin degradation in this journal (1). Much information has been obtained during this period, but the opening statement in that review remains true: Insulin degradation is a complex and incompletely understood process at present. The subcellular site, the cellular and enzymatic mechanisms, and especially the biological functions of insulin degradation all continue to be active and important areas of research. Although significant progress has been made, definitive conclusions are scarce. The purpose of this review is to examine the progress, draw some tentative conclusions, and advance some speculations. Work performed before 1980 will be discussed only briefly, and questions posed in the previous review will be answered, if possible, from the new information now available. New questions will be posed for future consideration. I. Insulin Degrading Enzymes A. Insulin protease-insulin degrading enzyme The primary insulin degrading enzyme in tissues is a...
Confidence intervals for proportions of total variations in unbalanced two-way components of variance models using unweighted means

Approximate 1 — αupper, lower and two-sided confidence intervals for A and B, the ratios of the individual variances 2 A 2 Bto the total variation (ILM0001) are found for the unbalanced two-factor crossed components-of-variance model without interaction by using unweighted cell means. Results of a simulation study performed to estimate the levels of these approximate confidence intervals are given
Corpora lutea and oviposition in the lizard Sceloporus undulatus.

Gravid Sceloporus undulatus were either deluteinized or sham-operated. Some of each group were then treated with mammalian FSH or saline. FSH stimulated similar ovarian follicular growth irrespective of the presence or absence of corpora lutea. Deluteinization alone tended to reduce follicular growth and also elicited early oviposition.
Robust shear wave speed measurement using comb-push Ultrasound Radiation Force

Abstract —Measurement of shear wave propagation speed in tissues has clinical significance of indicating tissue stiffness and health state. Spatially Modulated Ultrasound Radiation Force (SMURF) imaging generates a shear wave of known wavelength in the tested material and measures the temporal frequency of the shear wave to determine shear wave propagation speed. Detection in SMURF is relatively simple, but the push beamforming is rather complicated. In this study we propose a new approach for push beamforming for SMURF. The ultrasound transducer elements are divided into several groups with inactive groups interleaving active ones that transmit unfocused push beams simultaneously to form comb-shaped radiation force field. We named such technique as “comb-push”. Both phantom and in vivo muscle results show consistent shear wave propagation speed measurement can be achieved using comb-push. Such a method potentially can be implemented in current commercially available ultrasound imaging systems.
Query abbreviation in the entity-relationship data model

Abstract This paper examines the idea of context inference, which is the ability of a query processor to infer the appropriate relationships between the classes mentioned in a query. Context inference has been the basis of Universal Instance (UI) data models. We show that context inference can be applied to the Entity-Relationship model, resulting in a compact, high-level language without the undesirable restrictions associated with UI databases. We also show how the traditional notions of inheritance and path expressions can be considered to be special cases of context inference.
On the geometry and the numerical approximation of cost of living and real income indices

The economic theory of the “true” cost of living and real income index numbers is described and illustrated geometically in the logarithmic price-income space. Special attention is paid to the real income index evaluated at the geometric means of the prices in the two periods and to the cost of living index evaluated at the utility level which is associated with these geometric mean prices and geometric mean income. It is shown that this particular pair of index numbers is the only pair which satisfies a certain simple set of axioms. It is also shown how these index numbers can be approximated on the basis of observable price-quantity data. The approximation is accurate up to the second order in price and income log-changes.
Animacy and the Acquisition of Tough Adjectives

This article reports on two novel word-learning experiments examining children’s use of subject animacy to categorize novel adjectives as either tough adjectives (e.g., easy, hard) or control adjectives (afraid, eager). In Experiment 1, a group of 4- to 7-year-olds watched videos with story contexts whose dialogues contained novel adjectives. Across two conditions of the experiment novel adjectives were used with either animate or inanimate subjects. Children categorized those adjectives used with inanimate subjects as tough adjectives. Experiment 2 presented 3- and 4-year-olds with video dialogues lacking story contexts but containing, depending on the condition, animate or inanimate subjects. Results show that children as young as 3 can categorize novel adjectives as tough adjectives when they are encountered with an inanimate subject, but older children (age 4 and up) also require semantic situational cues in categorizing these predicates.
A survey of some buckling problems.

As = stiff eiier area b = postbuckling coefficient (see Fig. 2) D = shell bending stiffness {=Et*/[l2(l *>)]} E = Young's modulus H = spherical cap rise (see Fig. 10) Is = stiffener moment of inertia Kij KZ = foundation moduli (see Fig. 7) k = parameter in imperfection spectrum (see Fig. 8) L = shell length Z = I/TT (buckle length) lc = critical value of / NC = classical buckling load per unit length n = circumferential wave number in spherical cap buckling P = load PC = classical buckling load PS = static buckling load of imperfect structure PD = dynamic buckling load PC = classical buckling pressure R = shell radius (cylinder, sphere, toroidal-segment boundary); correlation function (see Fig. 7) Rx . = meridional radius of curvature of toroidal segment s = stiff ener eccentricity (see Fig. 6) S = power spectral density of imperfection (see Fig. 7) W = deflection of column W = initial deflection of column Z = curvature parameter { =(L/Rt)(l j/)/} S = buckling displacement amplitude d_ — initial displacement amplitude A = rms initial displacement v = Poisson's ratio
Inhibition of the human placental NAD- and NADP-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenases by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Abstract A number of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are non-competitive or mixed inhibitors of human placental dehydrogenases. Cis - and trans -sulindac sulfide and cis - and trans -sulindac inhibit the NAD-linked enzyme as well or better than they inhibit various cyclooxygenases in vitro . The remainder of the compounds tested are at least one order of magnitude less effective as inhibitors of the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenases than they are as inhibitors of cyclooxygenases. cis - and trans -sulindac sulfide are sufficiently strong inhibitors of the NAD-linked enzyme (Kis of 7.8 μM and 6.8 μM respectively) to raise the possibility that they might also inhibit this enzyme in vivo .
Age and growth of larval Atlantic sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus

Of the Atlantic istiophorid billfishes, larval age-size relationships and growth rates have been examined only for blue marlin (Makaira nigricans). Using otolith microincrement analysis, we describe age-length and age- weight relationships for larval sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) collected from the Straits of Florida. Sagittae and lapilli were dissected from 70 larvae ranging from 2.8 to 15.2 mm in (notochord or standard) length. Comparisons between otolith images obtained by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated that increment widths were well within the resolving power of light microscopy. Indirect evidence and published descriptions of larval blue marlin otoliths suggest daily increment deposition. Estimated ages of specimens ranged from 3 to 18 days. Length data were fitted to age estimates with an exponential model (R 2 = 0.85). The estimated size-at-hatch for sailfish was 1.96 mm notochord length, and the daily instantaneous growth coefficient was 0.14. A power curve with exponent 3.05 described the length-dry weight relationship for sailfish. The instantaneous growth coefficient for an exponential regression of dry weight, converted from length, versus estimated age was 0.41. Growth in the length of sailfish larvae from the Straits of Florida was very similar to that described for blue marlin larvae from Exuma Sound, Bahamas.
The impact of electromigration in copper interconnects on power grid integrity

Electromigration (EM), a growing problem in on-chip interconnects, can cause wire resistances in a circuit to increase under stress, to the point of creating open circuits. Classical circuit-level EM models have two drawbacks: first, they do not accurately capture the physics of degradation in copper dual-damascene (CuDD) metallization, and second, they fail to model the inherent resilience in a circuit that keeps it functioning even after a wire fails. This work overcomes both limitations. For a single wire, our probabilistic analysis encapsulates known realities about CuDD wires, e.g., that some regions of these wires are more susceptible to EM than others, and that void formation/growth show statistical behavior. We apply these ideas to the analysis of on-chip power grids and demonstrate the inherent robustness of these grids that maintains supply integrity under some EM failures.
A Phylogeny of the Bears (Ursidae) Inferred from Complete Sequences of Three Mitochondrial Genes

Abstract Complete sequences of DNA are described for the cytochrome b, tRNAThrand tRNAProgenes of mitochondria of four extant species of ursids and compared to sequences of four other species of ursids previously studied by us. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the giant panda and the spectacled bear are the basal taxa of the ursid radiation. The ursines, a group which includes the sun bear, sloth bear, American black bear, Asiatic black bear, brown bear, and polar bear, experienced a rapid radiation during the mid Pliocene to early Pleistocene. The Asiatic black bear and American black bear are sister taxa. The brown bear and polar bear are the most recently derived of the ursines, with the polar bear originating from within a clade of brown bears during the Pleistocene. This paraphyletic association suggests that the rate of morphological evolution may be accelerated relative to that of molecular evolution when a new ecological niche is occupied. Calibration of the corrected average number of nucleotide differences per site with the fossil record indicates that transitions at third positions of codons in the ursid cytochrome b gene occur at a rate of approximately 6% per million years, which is considerably slower than comparable values reported for other species of mammal.
Effects of azadirachtin on levels of ecdysteroids and prothoracicotropic hormone-like activity in Heliothis virescens (Fabr.) larvae

Abstract Oral injections of 1 μg of the plant chemical azadirachtin into final (fifth)-instar larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabr.), reduced whole body and haemolymph titres of the moulting hormones, ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone, below those of control larvae, thereby preventing normal development to the pupal stage. Likewise, oral injections of 1 μg of azadirachtin reduced brain levels of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-like activity, which is the stimulation of in vitro moulting hormone synthesis by the prothoracic glands. In addition, prothoracic glands from azadirachtin-treated larvae were less receptive to stimulation in vitro and in vivo by control brain extracts of PTTH compared to control glands. However, azadirachtin did not directly inhibit the in vitro synthesis of moulting hormone when the compound was included in the incubation media with prothoracic glands from control larvae. A timely haemocoel injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone into azadirachtin-treated larvae resulted in partial recovery of development to the pupal stage. Based upon these data, we suggest that in preventing normal development of final-instar larvae of H. virescens, azadirachtin reduces moulting hormone titres by reducing PTTH titres and the receptivity of prothoracic glands to produce ecdysone via stimulation by PTTH.
The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of fetal genetic syndromes

The use of ultrasound in the prenatal diagnosis of fetal genetic syndromes is rapidly evolving. Advancing technology and new research findings are aiding in the increased accuracy of ultrasound-based diagnosis in combination with other methods of non-invasive and invasive fetal testing. Ultrasound as a screening tool for aneuploidy and other anomalies is increasingly being used throughout pregnancy, beginning in the first trimester. Given the number of recorded syndromes, it is important to identify patterns and establish a strategy for identifying abnormalities on ultrasound. These syndromes encompass a wide range of causes from viral, substance-linked, chromosomal, and other genetic syndromes. Despite the ability of those experienced in ultrasound, it is important to note that not all fetal genetic syndromes can be identified prenatally, and even common syndromes often have no associated ultrasound findings. Here, we review the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of fetal genetic syndromes.
Temperature Response of Frozen Peas to Di‐Thermal Storage Regimes

A mathematical model was developed for prediction of temperature fluctuations in warehouse stacks of frozen peas subjected to dithermal storage regimes. The model was tested by comparing its predictions with temperatures measured in frozen peas packed into a slab-shaped container. Satisfactory agreement was found between model and experiment. Other model predictions indicate that large container sizes and rapid fluctuation regimes result in the greatest thermal stability at interior locations in bulk-stored peas. Thermal properties of frozen peas were also determined as part of the experimental verification. The model can be used to evaluate quality changes in frozen products due to di-thermal storage and the energy needed to maintain a certain final quality.
Cenozoic faulting in the vicinity of the Charleston, South Carolina, 1886 earthquake

Multichannel seismic-reflection profiles in the meizoseismal area of the 1886 Charleston earthquake and nearby offshore area show evidence of Cenozoic faulting. Deformation observed on two land profiles defines a northeast-striking reverse(?) fault zone named the Cooke fault. A Jurassic-age basalt layer at 750 m depth has 50 m vertical displacement, southeast side down. Overlying Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic beds have decreasing displacement with decreasing depth. These displacements, coupled with larger (∼ 190 m) displacements of reflectors below the basalt, indicate continuing Cenozoic movement of a post–basalt-flow, pre–Late Cretaceous fault into Eocene time or later. The fault extends into a cluster of 1973–1978 epicenters; this suggests a possible causal relationship with seismicity. Marine multichannel seismic-reflection data combined with single-channel, high-resolution reflection profiles reveal Cenozoic faulting beneath the continental shelf near Charleston. A reverse fault 12 km offshore, named the Helena Banks fault, extends for at least 30 km and is observed as shallow as 10 m below the sea bottom, with the most recent movement in post-Miocene or Pliocene time. There is no known seismicity in the area of this fault. The reverse movement on the Helena Banks and Cooke faults is consistent with a northwest-southeast compressional stress regime. Elucidation of the relation, if any, between reactivated Triassic or older structures and/or a decollement (defined by diffractions at 11.4 ± 1.5 km depth) on the one hand and seismicity on the other will be important in assessing earthquake risk in many areas of similar tectonic setting outside of the Charleston region in the Atlantic coastal and continental margin area.
MLL-SEPT6 fusion transcript with a novel sequence in an infant with acute myeloid leukemia.

Abstract The MLL gene at 11q23 is a site of frequent rearrangement in acute leukemia with multiple fusion partners. A relatively uncommon rearrangement, associated with infant AML-M4, fuses the MLL and SEPT6 genes. SEPT6 , located at Xq24, is a member of a family of mammalian septins involved in diverse functions such as cytokinesis, cell polarity, and oncogenesis. We describe the case of an infant with acute myelogenous leukemia who showed cytogenetic evidence of rearrangement between 11q23 and Xq24 regions. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis suggested a possible break in the MLL gene, and molecular analysis using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing confirmed the expression of an MLL–SEPT6 fusion transcript with a novel sequence. The findings emphasize the importance of combined cytogenetic and molecular analyses in the workup of acute leukemia, especially in those leukemias that occur infrequently.
Beliefs about diagnosing asthma in young children.

Objectives. To determine what factors primary care pediatricians believe are important in establishing the initial diagnosis of childhood asthma and to identify variations in physicians9 beliefs concerning this clinical decision. Study Design. Massachusetts American Academy of Pediatrics Fellows were surveyed about their beliefs concerning the importance of 20 clinical factors associated with establishing the initial diagnosis of asthma. Results. Most clinicians considered recurrent wheeze (96%), symptomatic improvement with a bronchodilator (90%), recurrent cough (89%), exclusion of alternative diagnoses (87%), and suggestive peak flow findings (82%) as important in diagnosing asthma. However, there was substantial heterogeneity among clinicians as to which combinations of factors they each considered relevant; for example, only 60% identified all 5 of the above factors to be necessary or important. Further, 2 years and absence of fever during episodes) and these beliefs were more likely held by those clinicians in practice for >5 years. Conclusions. The majority of pediatricians believe several common clinical factors establish a diagnosis of childhood asthma, but disagree over what combinations of these factors are important. Some misconceptions persist despite wide dissemination of clinical practice guidelines. We believe that future asthma guidelines will need to organize diagnostic criteria in an easily understood format, like a decision tree, to facilitate early recognition of asthma in young children.
Identification of deoxyribonucleases in polyacrylamide gel following their separation by disk electrophoresis

Abstract A method is described for detecting and measuring deoxyribonucleases in polyacrylamide gels after their separation by disc electrophoresis. The procedure is based on an initial trapping of either native or denatured deoxyribonucleic acid in the gel matrix. Using crystallized deoxyribonuclease I, the quantitative reproducibility has been shown to be within 5%. The method is sensitive to less than 0.25 nanogram of this enzyme. Application of the method to crude enzyme preparations is demonstrated in examples using homogenates of Drosophila melanogaster.
SUPERCONDUCTING PENETRATION DEPTH OF LEAD.

The temperature dependence of the change in the superconducting penetration depth $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ from its value at absolute zero has been measured in polycrystalline and single-crystal specimens of lead, using radio-frequency fields at about 80 MHz. In the polycrystalline material, it has been found that the temperature dependence is the same as that of a weak coupling superconductor with $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{T}}{{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}}$ given by the BCS theory and with an energy gap $2{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}=3.75k{T}_{c}$, rather than $2{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}=4.3k{T}_{c}$, the value found from tunneling measurements. Near the transition temperature ${T}_{c}$, $\frac{d\ensuremath{\lambda}}{dy=418\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9}$ \AA{}, where $y={(1\ensuremath{-}{t}^{4})}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ and $t=\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}$. A full comparison with Nam's general formulation of the electromagnetic properties of superconductors (which encompasses strong coupling effects) awaits more detailed theoretical work on lead. Among the single crystals, there is a small anisotropy in the values of $\frac{d\ensuremath{\lambda}}{\mathrm{dy}}$ near ${T}_{c}$, and at lower temperatures a slight anisotropy in the form of the temperature dependence of $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. A review of all the relevant experiments on lead gives the following consistent values for the coherence length and London penetration depth of lead: ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}=960$ \AA{}, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{L}(0)=305$ \AA{}.
Two-phase flow distribution in 2D trickle-bed reactors

An extended discrete cell model (DCM), based on minimization of energy dissipation rate, is applied to predict two-phase flow distribution in the two-dimensional trickle-bed reactors. The main advantages of DCM are that it can qualitatively capture the experimental observations, and readily distinguish between flow distribution in prewetted and non-prewetted beds, as well as reflect the effects of bed structure and inlet liquid distributor on two phase flow distribution. For comparison purpose, the results of liquid distribution obtained by DCM are compared with both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and experimental observations in a 2D bed. The achieved qualitative and quantitative agreement justifies the use of DCM in predicting two phase flow distribution in packed beds. A particle wetting factor (f) has been introduced into DCM to account for the influence of particle surface wetting on liquid flow distribution. Analysis of DCM simulations presented based on maldistribution factor (mf ) provides a convenient way of quantifying the effects of particle surface wetting, distributor design and bed depth on the two-phase flow field.
Crack curving in anisotropic elastic solids

Abstract The stress analysis for slightly curved cracks in an elastic anisotropic homogeneous solid is given by using a perturbation method combined with the approach of Muskhelishvili. For predicting the direction of the crack growth, higher order asymptotic stress fields at the tips of quasi-statically growing cracks under planar loading conditions are derived, and the maximum normal stress ratio criterion for orthotropic materials is analyzed. In terms of this criterion, the relationship of intensity factors at the crack tip is given and the crack curving is estimated. The calculations show that cracks in anisotropic materials may deviate from the straight path even under symmetric loading, and that the crack path stability as affected by the T stress exhibits different qualitative behavior, compared with crack growth in isotropic materials.
Permutations and riemann surfaces

Abstract Another combinatorial proof of a theorem of Ree's on permutations is offered. This proof makes use of the notion of the genus of pair of permutations.
Adherence to Safe Handling Guidelines by Health Care Workers Who Administer Antineoplastic Drugs

The toxicity of antineoplastic drugs is well documented. Many are known or suspected human carcinogens where no safe exposure level exists. Authoritative guidelines developed by professional practice organizations and federal agencies for the safe handling of these hazardous drugs have been available for nearly three decades. As a means of evaluating the extent of use of primary prevention practices such as engineering, administrative and work practice controls, personal protective equipment (PPE), and barriers to using PPE, the National Institute for Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a web survey of health care workers in 2011. The study population primarily included members of professional practice organizations representing health care occupations which routinely use or come in contact with selected chemical agents. All respondents who indicated that they administered antineoplastic drugs in the past week were eligible to complete a hazard module addressing self-reported health and safety practices o...
Identification of pediatric septic shock subclasses based on genome-wide expression profiling.

Septic shock is a heterogeneous syndrome within which probably exist several biological subclasses. Discovery and identification of septic shock subclasses could provide the foundation for the design of more specifically targeted therapies. Herein we tested the hypothesis that pediatric septic shock subclasses can be discovered through genome-wide expression profiling.
Requirement for CD40 Ligand, CD4+ T Cells, and B Cells in an Infectious Mononucleosis-Like Syndrome

Respiratory challenge with the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV-68) results in productive infection of the lung, the establishment of latency in B lymphocytes and other cell types, transient splenomegaly, and prolonged clonal expansion of activated CD8(+) CD62L(lo) T cells, particularly a Vbeta4(+) CD8(+) population that is found in mice with different major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes. Aspects of the CD8(+)-T-cell response are substantially modified in mice that lack B cells, CD4(+) T cells, or the CD40 ligand (CD40L). The B-cell-deficient mice show no increase in Vbeta4(+) CD8(+) T cells. Similar abrogation of the Vbeta4(+) CD8(+) response is seen following antibody-mediated depletion of the CD4(+) subset, through the numbers of CD8(+) CD62L(lo) cells are still significantly elevated. Virus-specific CD4(+)-T-cell frequencies are minimal in the CD40L(-/-) mice, and the Vbeta4(+) CD8(+) population remains unexpanded. Apparently B-cell-CD4(+)-T-cell interactions play a part in the gammaHV-68 induction of both splenomegaly and non-MHC-restricted Vbeta4(+) CD8(+)-T-cell expansion.