cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep learning for electroencephalogram (EEG) classification tasks: a review.

Objective Electroencephalography (EEG) analysis has been an important tool in neuroscience with applications in neuroscience, neural engineering (e.g. Brain-computer interfaces, BCI's), and even commercial applications. Many of the analytical tools used in EEG studies have used machine learning to uncover relevant information for neural classification and neuroimaging. Recently, the availability of large EEG data sets and advances in machine learning have both led to the deployment of deep learning architectures, especially in the analysis of EEG signals and in understanding the information it may contain for brain functionality. The robust automatic classification of these signals is an important step towards making the use of EEG more practical in many applications and less reliant on trained professionals. Towards this goal, a systematic review of the literature on deep learning applications to EEG classification was performed to address the following critical questions: (1) Which EEG classification tasks have been explored with deep learning? (2) What input formulations have been used for training the deep networks? (3) Are there specific deep learning network structures suitable for specific types of tasks? Approach A systematic literature review of EEG classification using deep learning was performed on Web of Science and PubMed databases, resulting in 90 identified studies. Those studies were analyzed based on type of task, EEG preprocessing methods, input type, and deep learning architecture. Main results For EEG classification tasks, convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, deep belief networks outperform stacked auto-encoders and multi-layer perceptron neural networks in classification accuracy. The tasks that used deep learning fell into five general groups: emotion recognition, motor imagery, mental workload, seizure detection, event related potential detection, and sleep scoring. For each type of task, we describe the specific input formulation, major characteristics, and end classifier recommendations found through this review. Significance This review summarizes the current practices and performance outcomes in the use of deep learning for EEG classification. Practical suggestions on the selection of many hyperparameters are provided in the hope that they will promote or guide the deployment of deep learning to EEG datasets in future research.
The Second Anesthetists' Travel Club Meeting: Bootleggers, Madison and Ralph Waters!

Abstract The second annual meeting of any organization is almost as critical as the first. A second meeting begins to assure the viability and importance of the organization. After the very successful first meeting of the Anesthetists' Travel Club in Rochester, Minnesota, in December of 1929, Ralph Waters (1883-1979) was charged with hosting the 1930 meeting at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. The meeting was held Thursday December 18th through Saturday December 20th. Dr. Waters started the meeting at 8:00 am with a tour of the operating rooms of the Wisconsin General Hospital. Lunch followed at the Memorial Union with the afternoon split between experimental surgery, and the anatomy, and physiology laboratories. There was an early dinner before the group took in the basketball game between the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Wisconsin. Friday's meeting was very similar; starting in the operating rooms at 8:00 am followed by a Union Club lunch. The afternoon was spent in the Pharmacology laboratory with a 4:00 pm lecture entitled “Demonstration Clinical Effects of Barbiturates in Neuropsychiatry”. Dinner was held at the University Club. Saturday's program followed the same lines, but with an afternoon tea and a dinner at the Waters' home. In February1931, almost a year to the date from his first note, Waters wrote to those who had attended the meeting. He followed up on the clinical cases the group had seen, and commented upon the Guedel-Waters balloons for endotracheal tubes and the spinal he had performed. He even commented upon the use of cyclopropane in obstetrics. Thus, the Anesthetists' Travel Club meeting in 1930 successfully concluded.
Patrolling monocytes scavenge endothelial-adherent sickle RBCs: a novel mechanism of inhibition of vaso-occlusion in SCD

Painful vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) is the most common complication of sickle cell disease (SCD). Increasing evidence suggests that vaso-occlusion is initiated by increased adherence of sickle red blood cells (RBCs) to the vascular endothelium. Thus, the mechanisms that remove endothelial-attached sickle RBCs from the microvasculature are expected to be critical for optimal blood flow and prevention of VOC in SCD. We hypothesized that patrolling monocytes (PMos), which protect against vascular damage by scavenging cellular debris, could remove endothelial-adherent sickle RBCs and ameliorate VOC in SCD. We detected RBC (GPA+)-engulfed material in circulating PMos of patients with SCD, and their frequency was further increased during acute crisis. RBC uptake by PMos was specific to endothelial-attached sickle, but not control, RBCs and occurred mostly through ICAM-1, CD11a, and CD18. Heme oxygenase 1 induction, by counteracting the cytotoxic effects of engulfed RBC breakdown products, increased PMo viability. In addition, transfusions, by lowering sickle RBC uptake, improved PMo survival. Selective depletion of PMos in Townes sickle mice exacerbated vascular stasis and tissue damage, whereas treatment with muramyl dipeptide (NOD2 ligand), which increases PMo mass, reduced stasis and SCD associated organ damage. Altogether, these data demonstrate a novel mechanism for removal of endothelial attached sickle RBCs mediated by PMos that can protect against VOC pathogenesis, further supporting PMos as a promising therapeutic target in SCD VOC.
T Cell Transcriptional Profiling and Immunophenotyping Uncover LAG3 as a Potential Significant Target of Immune Modulation in Multiple Myeloma.

ABSTRACT Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is the standard of care for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The clinical significance of peripheral blood T lymphocyte (PBTL) immunologic changes associated with ASCT is poorly understood. Here we evaluated T cell transcriptional messenger RNA profiles and immunophenotypes to correlate immunologic senescence, exhaustion, and anergy with clinical endpoints in a cohort of patients with MM undergoing ASCT. ASCT induced global transcriptional T cell changes and altered molecular levels of markers of T cell subtypes, T cell activation, and exhaustion. These included reduced CD4/CD8 ratio, skewing toward the Th1 subset, reduced expression of costimulatory receptors CD27 and CD28, heightened T cell activation, and increased expression of immune modulatory molecules LAG3 and PD1. Multicolor flow cytometry experiments confirmed altered circulating CD4 and CD8 subsets and skewing toward differentiated effector cells. Moreover, ASCT promoted an exhausted immunophenotype in CD3+CD4+ subsets and a senescent immunophenotype in CD3+CD8+ subsets. Subset-specific altered expression was also seen for surface molecules with immunomodulatory function. ASCT affected soluble levels of molecules with immunomodulatory function by increasing plasma HVEM and TIM3. High molecular LAG3 level was associated with inferior event-free survival post-ASCT (hazard ratio=5.44; confidence interval, 1.92 to 15.46; P = .001; adjusted P [controlling for false discovery rate] = .038). Using a comprehensive evaluation of PBTLs on a molecular and phenotypic level, we have identified that ASCT induces global T cell alterations with CD4 and CD8 subset-specific changes. Moreover, LAG3 emerged as an early biomarker of adverse events post-ASCT. These findings will support the development of treatment strategies targeting immune defects in MM to augment or restore T cell responses.
Fast closed testing for exchangeable local tests

SummaryMultiple hypothesis testing problems arise naturally in science. This note introduces a new fast closed testing method for multiple testing which controls the familywise error rate. Controlling the familywise error rate is state-of-the-art in many important application areas and is preferred over false discovery rate control for many reasons, including that it leads to stronger reproducibility. The closure principle rejects an individual hypothesis if all global nulls of subsets containing it are rejected using some test statistics. It takes exponential time in the worst case. When the tests are symmetric and monotone, the proposed method is an exact algorithm for computing the closure, is quadratic in the number of tests, and is linear in the number of discoveries. Our framework generalizes most examples of closed testing, such as Holm’s method and the Bonferroni method. As a special case of the method, we propose the Simes and higher criticism fusion test, which is powerful both for detecting a few strong signals and for detecting many moderate signals.
Precision Research on Ginger: The Type of Ginger Matters

Ginger is a widely consumed spice and possesses numerous pharmacological properties. However, studies addressing the efficacy of ginger in humans have been inconsistent. Many confounding factors need to be considered when evaluating the health effects from ginger against chronic diseases, especially the levels of bioactive components in the ginger formulations used in human trials. Gingerols, the major compounds in fresh ginger, are liable to dehydrate and convert to shogaols, the major compounds in dried ginger, as a result of the instability of β-hydroxyl ketone when exposed to heat and/or acidic conditions. As a result of various heating and processing methods, the concentrations of gingerols and shogaols in ginger products vary significantly. Increasing evidence has shown that gingerols and shogaols have different bioactivities, molecular targets, and metabolic pathways, suggesting the importance of identifying the optimal oral ginger composition for a specific disease. In this perspective, we highlighted differences in the composition between fresh ginger and dry ginger, bioactivities, molecular targets, and metabolic pathways of gingerols and shogaols as well as future perspectives regarding precision research on ginger.
Oral side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICIT): An analysis of 4683 patients receiving ICIT for malignancies at Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham & Women's Hospital, and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 2011 to 2019.

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly accepted as a treatment option for several cancers. Although various systemic immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have been characterized, the effect of ICIs on the oral cavity and contiguous structures is still poorly understood. Methods Electronic medical records of 4683 patients in the Mass General Brigham Registered Patient Data Registry who received ICI therapy (ICIT) between December 2011 and September 2019 were reviewed. Reports of oral conditions were categorized into oral mucosal disorders, xerostomia, and dysgeusia. After applying exclusion criteria, demographic characteristics and clinical features were summarized for the patients who had oral irAEs. Results In total, 317 patients developed oral conditions that were associated with ICIT (incidence, 6.8%; 317 of 4683 patients). These conditions included xerostomia (68.5%), oral mucosal disorders (33.4%), and dysgeusia (24.0%). In patients with oral irAEs, respiratory cancer (28.4%) was the most common primary cancer, followed by melanoma (26.2%), and head and neck cancer (14.8%). Oral mucosal disorders developed after the initiation of ICIT between 2 and 851 days (between 1 and 1332 days in patients with xerostomia and between 1 and 1455 days in patients with dysgeusia). Of all oral irAEs, 50.9% developed within 3 months, and 85.5% developed within 12 months. Conclusions Oral side effects appear to be more common among patients who receive ICIT than has been previously reported. Concomitant cytotoxic regimens may exacerbate the risk of oral adverse events, perhaps representing the sum of the effects of different, but simultaneous or sequential, pathogenic mechanisms. Additional studies are warranted to better characterize oral irAEs and their biologic basis.
In Silico Evaluation of Cyclophilin Inhibitors as Potential Treatment for SARS-CoV-2

Background The advent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) provoked researchers to propose multiple antiviral strategies to improve patients' outcomes. Studies provide evidence that cyclosporine A (CsA) decreases SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro and decreases mortality rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. CsA binds cyclophilins, which isomerize prolines, affecting viral protein activity. Methods We investigated the proline composition from various coronavirus proteomes to identify proteins that may critically rely on cyclophilin's peptidyl-proline isomerase activity and found that the nucleocapsid (N) protein significantly depends on cyclophilin A (CyPA). We modeled CyPA and N protein interactions to demonstrate the N protein as a potential indirect therapeutic target of CsA, which we propose may impede coronavirus replication by obstructing nucleocapsid folding. Results Finally, we analyzed the literature and protein-protein interactions, finding evidence that, by inhibiting CyPA, CsA may impact coagulation proteins and hemostasis. Conclusions Despite CsA's promising antiviral characteristics, the interactions between cyclophilins and coagulation factors emphasize risk stratification for COVID patients with thrombosis dispositions.
The Elemental Compositionin Aboveground and Underground Organs of Some Agropyron Species Grown in Different Salt Concentrations

Salinity, which is more common in semi-arid and arid areas, is increasing every day with climate change, poor quality irrigation water, and soil structure. High salt concentration restricts plant production and causes productivity loss in agriculture. To sustain agriculture in saline soils, the determination of plant species resistant to salinity comes into prominence in areas with salinity problems. For this reason, the research was performed to determine the nutrients (i.e., Ca, Mg, P, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) accumulating at aboveground and underground parts of the three different Agropyron species, namely Agropyron cristatum , A. desertorum and A . elongatum (Syn. Elymus elongatus) under different salt concentrations (i.e., control, 5, 10 and 15 EC dS m -1 NaCl ). A. cristatum , A. desertorum , and A . elongatum species, which are quality forage crops grown in drought and salinity conditions, were determined to Ca content 1.03%, 1.01%, and 1.49% respectively, and Mg content. 0.13%, 0.11% and 0.20% respectively. As salt concentrations increased, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in the aboveground organ has increased compared to the control treatment but decreased in the underground organs. Ca and Mg content of the aboveground organs of A. elongatum grown at 10 EC dS m -1 NaCl increased by 204% and 98%, respectively, compared to the control. Fe content of the wheatgrass species in saline conditions was found quite high, and an average of 788 ppm of Fe was found in underground organs while this value was as 430 ppm in aboveground organs. The results showed that A. elongatum had more nutrient elements in both underground and aboveground parts of the crop by comparison to the other two Agropyron species under increased salinity levels.
Transthyretin variants as potential biomarkers for the detection of early stage ovarian cancer

5637 In a previously completed multi-center study, we obtained serum protein profiles of 503 samples from women with ovarian cancer or benign pelvic masses, and from healthy controls using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF/MS). Three biomarkers were discovered and independently validated to have discriminatory power in separating patients with early stage ovarian cancer from healthy controls. We have since identified the protein identities of these three biomarkers. One of them, corresponding to the peak at m/z 12.8kD, was purified and identified as a truncated form of transthyretin lacking the N-terminal ten amino acids. In a follow-up study, we observed using immunoassay that the serum level of full-length transthyretin was also down-regulated among patients with later stage ovarian cancer relative to that in healthy controls and patients with colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer. In this study, we further analyzed the roles of several individual variants of transthyretin in separating early stage ovarian cancer from healthy controls. Using SELDI mass spectrum data from 58 stage I/II invasive ovarian patients and 77 healthy controls, we identified two additional peaks, at m/z 6857D (doubly-charged) and 13.8kD, that are highly correlated with the originally identified peak at m/z 12.8kD (r = 0.83, 0.76, respectively) and between themselves (r = 0.83). Through immunoprecipitation and tandem mass spectrometry, these two peaks in turn were identified also to be variants of transthyretin. These two additional variants were both statistically significant in differentiating the early stage cancer cases and the healthy controls (p
Data Visualization in Earnings Conference Calls

As data visualization gains popularity in modern society, it is important to understand how this aspect of presentation affects accounting disclosures. By applying deep learning to create customized image recognition algorithms, I investigate firms’ use of data visualization in earnings conference calls. I hypothesize and find that firms tend to use more data visualization when information demand is higher, financial statement processing costs are higher, and operating performance is better. In addition, data visualization is positively associated with analysts’ information acquisition and earnings call informativeness. Overall, my results provide support for dual-coding theory, which predicts that in a situation where verbal stimuli dominate, an increase of imagery stimuli will enhance the audience’s memory and comprehension of the message.
On the Optimality of Greedy Policies in Dynamic Matching

We study centralized dynamic matching markets with finitely many agent types and heterogeneous match values. A network topology describes the pairs of agent types that can form a match and the value generated from each match. A matching policy is hindsight optimal if the policy can (nearly) maximize the total value simultaneously at all times. We find that suitably designed greedy policies are hindsight optimal in two-way matching networks. This implies that there is essentially no positive externality from having agents waiting to form future matches. We first show that the greedy longest-queue policy with a minor variation is hindsight optimal. Importantly, the policy is greedy relative to a residual network, which includes only non-redundant matches with respect to the static optimal matching rates. Moreover, when the residual network is acyclic (e.g., as in two-sided networks), we prescribe a greedy static priority policy that is also hindsight optimal. The priority order of this policy is robust to arrival rate perturbations that do not alter the residual network. Hindsight optimality is closely related to the lengths of type-specific queues. Queue-lengths cannot be smaller (in expectation) than Ο(1/e), where e is the general position gap that quantifies the stability in the network. The greedy longest-queue policy achieves this lower bound.
Introductory Workshop: On-Site Analysis Tno Congress December 1990, Karlsruhe

You are all well aware of how little information relating to the chemical composition of waste being transported is backed up by analysis; it is usually even less reliable than radioactivity data, or how clean-up decisions are often inadequately supported by analytical data. Why is this? Because of the need to weigh up the cost of analysis against disposal and clean-up costs. Let us take a slightly contaminated soil as an example, where I would have to carry out a chemical analysis for each m3 of the material, in order to be able to make a fairly representative decision. If this analysis cost 2,000 DM/m3, then it makes more sense from the commercial viewpoint not to carry it out at all, but to treat the material as highly contaminated hazardous waste or soil from the outset and have it transported, e.g. to a hazardous waste disposal site (300 DM/tonne) or to a soil purification plant (400 DM/tonne).
SU-F-303-10: Impact of Visual Biofeedback On Respiratory Reproducibility in 4DMRI

Purpose: Precise radiation therapy (RT) for abdominal lesions is complicated by respiratory motion and suboptimal soft tissue contrast in 4DCT. 4DMRI offers improved contrast. However, long scan times and irregular breathing patterns can be limiting. To address this, we introduced visual biofeedback (VBF) into 4DMRI. Methods: Eight healthy volunteers were consented to an IRB-approved protocol. Prospective respiratory-triggered, T2-weighted coronal 4DMRIs were acquired on an open 1.0T MR- SIM. VBF was integrated using an MR-compatible interactive breath-hold control system. Subjects visually monitored their breathing patterns to stay within pre-determined tolerances. 4DMRIs were acquired with and without VBF for 2–8 phase acquisitions. Normalized respiratory waveforms were evaluated for scan time, duty cycle (programmed/acquisition time), breathing period, end-inhale (EI) amplitude, and breathing variability (coefficient of variation, EI-COV). B-spline-based deformable image registration propagated contours from end-exhale (EE) to EI phases. Respiration-induced liver motion was calculated via centroid analysis and compared. Results: Incorporating VBF reduced 2-phase acquisition time (4.7±0.6 and 5.6±1.4 minutes with and without VBF, respectively) while reducing the amplitude EI-COV by 53.0±8.1%. On average, incorporating VBF reduced 8-phase 4DMRI acquisition times by 1.7±1.2 minutes and EI-COVs by 46.0±15.8%. Using VBF yielded higher duty cycles than free breathing (34.7% versus 28.3%, respectively). 4DMRI acquisition time was reduced for the cohort with VBF despite breathing rate remaining similar (10.5±4.0 with vs. 10.6±3.3 BPM without). Respiratory waveforms showed higher EI amplitude with VBF (0.84±0.05 a.u.) as compared to 0.72±0.06 a.u. without. This translated to differences in liver excursions, where superior-inferior, anterior-posterior, and left-right EE-EI displacements were 14.3±3.6, 4.8±2.1, and 1.6±1.0 mm, respectively, with VBF compared to 13.0±6.2, 3.8±2.4, and 1.2±1.4 mm without. Conclusion: Incorporating VBF system into 4DMRI substantially reduced acquisition time and breathing variability. While VBF reduced liver motion variability, differences in excursion were observed, suggesting that implementation will be required throughout the RT workflow. Research supported in part by a grant from Philips HealthCare (Best, Netherlands) and an equipment evaluation agreement with MedSpira.
Evaluation of an Intervention for Children Experiencing Homelessness

This study evaluated a two-part intervention provided during a summer program for children experiencing homelessness. First, teachers and the mental health team implemented a behavior management system to reinforce positive classroom behaviors. Second, a team of undergraduate and graduate students delivered mental health promotion services during classroom and small group activities. Mothers' and teachers' ratings indicated that the children's emotional and behavioral functioning was within normal limits and did not change over the course of the program. Mothers reported higher than normal levels of family distress. Lower school achievement was related to poor behavioral and emotional functioning and attrition. Strategies to ensure that “low achievers” and children with behavior problems do not drop out of summer programs need to be developed; shelters or schools may be optimal settings for providing family-focused interventions for this population.
Specificity of antitermination mechanisms: Suppression of the terminator cluster T1-T2 of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA operon, rrnB, by phage λ antiterminators

Transcription of the ribosomal RNA operons (rrn) in Escherichia coli is subject to an antitermination mechanism whereby RNA polymerase is modified to a termination-resistant form during transit through the rrn leader region. This antitermination mechanism is unable to overcome the T1-T2 terminator cluster located at the end of an rrn operon, such as rrnB. We have tested the specificity with which the T1-T2 terminators override an antitermination mechanism, by placing the terminator cluster downstream from the nut and qut sites recognized by phage λ N and Q gene antiterminators, respectively. Measurement of downstream gene expression shows that RNA polymerase modified by either N or Q reads through the T1-T2 terminators quite efficiently. This supports the view that T1-T2 are not superterminators, and that the rrn antitermination mechanism may have a restricted terminator specificity.
Social facilitation on the development of foraging behaviors in a population of autonomous robots

In this paper we propose an adaptive algorithm based on a combination of selective reproduction, individual learning, and social learning. Social learning consists of a simple facilitation process that regulates the strength of individual learning on the basis of the number of individuals located nearby. By testing this model in an experimental scenario, in which a population of 10 mobile robots has to develop a simple foraging behavior, we demonstrate how the model proposed produces effective results. By comparing the results obtained in different experimental conditions we also show how the method proposed out-performs other alternative algorithms based on genetic evolution or individual learning. Finally, we briefly discuss how the model proposed can help us to understand the role of social learning in biological organisms.
A Guide to Texas Pet Trusts

Dogs, cats, parrots, and other pet animals play extremely significant roles in the lives of many individuals. People own pets for a variety of reasons – they love animals, they enjoy engaging in physical activity with the animal such as playing ball or going for walks, and they enjoy the giving and receiving of attention and unconditional love. Research indicates that pet ownership positively impacts the owner’s life by lowering blood pressure, reducing stress and depression, lowering the risk of heart disease, shortening the recovery time after a hospitalization, and improving concentration and mental attitude.The primary goal of the pet owner’s attorney is to carry out the pet owner’s intent to the fullest extent allowed under applicable law. Accordingly, the attorney should select a method which has the highest likelihood of working successfully to provide for the pet after its owner’s death. (The pet owner should also determine if any special arrangements need to be made to care for the pet if the owner becomes disabled.) After discussing the history of providing for a pet after the owner’s death, this article discusses the variety of techniques currently available and comments on the advisability of each.Special features of this article include: sample pet trust provisions; "client-friendly" FAQs; summary of tax concerns with pet trusts; comprehensive appendix with links to all pet trust statutes (46 states plus D.C.).
Universality and the existence of quarks

The cross-sections for production of light and heavy quarks in π+-p scattering are calculated using the universality andSU6 symmetry of strong interactions. The results are several orders of magnitude larger than the upper limits set by experiments, which suggest that either quarks do not exist at all, or some very large potential barrier strongly suppresses their introduction in p-p and p-nucleus interactions.
Red, Black, Blue and Gray: Polarization and the American Presidency from FDR to Obama

In his celebrated speech at the 2004 Democratic National Convention Barack Obama declared “There is not a liberal America and a conservative America – there is the United States of America. There is not a black America and white America and Latino America and Asian America, there is the United States of America.” With these words Obama began his career in national politics, presenting himself as a politician who could transcend the nation’s ideological partisan and racial divides. Yet, within less than a year of his election he became the most ideological (red), partisan (blue) racial (black) and regional (white south, white non-south) polarizing president in the history of modern polling. This paper, a prolegomenon, uses Gallup poll data to compare ideological, racial, partisan and regional polarization in Obama’s first week, first six months and first year compared to all presidents from Eisenhower to the second George Bush (data are only available for these early periods starting with the Eisenhower administration). In order to understand the polarized Obama presidency, we construct an “attitudinal history” of polarization in American presidential history from FDR to Obama. This preliminary study focusing on the first year, attempts to begin to explain how Obama, the pragmatic centrist so quickly became the great polarizer.
A data mining framework for building intrusion detection models

There is often the need to update an installed intrusion detection system (IDS) due to new attack methods or upgraded computing environments. Since many current IDSs are constructed by manual encoding of expert knowledge, changes to IDSs are expensive and slow. We describe a data mining framework for adaptively building Intrusion Detection (ID) models. The central idea is to utilize auditing programs to extract an extensive set of features that describe each network connection or host session, and apply data mining programs to learn rules that accurately capture the behavior of intrusions and normal activities. These rules can then be used for misuse detection and anomaly detection. New detection models are incorporated into an existing IDS through a meta-learning (or co-operative learning) process, which produces a meta detection model that combines evidence from multiple models. We discuss the strengths of our data mining programs, namely, classification, meta-learning, association rules, and frequent episodes. We report on the results of applying these programs to the extensively gathered network audit data for the 1998 DARPA Intrusion Detection Evaluation Program.
Burge on Perception and the Disjunction Problem

According to the Disjunction Problem, teleological theories of perceptual content are unable to explain why it is that a subject represents an F when an F causes the perception and not the disjunction F v G, given that the subject has mistaken G's for F's in the past. Without an adequate explanation these theories are stuck without an account of how non-veridical representation is possible, which would be an unsettling result. In this paper I defend Burge's teleological theory of perception against the Disjunction Problem, arguing that a per- ceptual state's representing what I call an error-prohibiting disjunctive property is incompatible with the truth of perceptual anti-individualism. And because perceptual anti-individualism is at the heart of Burge's theory, I conclude that Burgeans need not be concerned with the Disjunction Problem.
Observer weighting of concurrent binaural information

Two experiments examined how listeners weight binaural information of individual components in a multicomponent complex when they are instructed to use this information in various ways. On each experimental trial of the first experiment, a two‐component complex consisting of a 553‐ and 753‐Hz pure tone was presented to listeners over headphones. Each component had an interaural difference of time (IDT) that was randomly chosen from a single distribution. Listeners were to indicate the apparent position of the intracranial image relative to the midline on the basis of either the IDT of the 753‐Hz component, the sum of the IDTs of the two components, or the difference between the two IDTs. Observer weights for the component IDTs were derived by computing the point‐biserial correlations between the IDTs of the components and the listeners’ left–right judgments. Three of the four listeners were found to adjust their weighting of the binaural information appropriately for each listening task, while the fourth listener consistently gave almost no weight to the 553‐Hz component regardless of the listening condition. In a second experiment, listeners were instructed to attend to the randomly selected IDT of one of three components (553, 753, or 953 Hz) and to indicate whether the intracranial image produced by that component was to the left or right of midline. Only one of six listeners gave greatest weight to the target component regardless of its frequency. The other five listeners gave significant weight to all three components in all listening conditions. In all cases, individual differences in percent correct performance could be attributed largely to individual differences in weights with little variation in internal noise.
HYDROGEN ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND STRESS-INDUCED LEAKAGE CURRENT IN SILICA

Hydrogen-related defects in oxygen-deficient silica, representing the material of a thermal gate oxide, are analyzed using first-principles calculations. Energetics and charge-state levels of oxygen vacancies, hydrogen, and their complexes in the silica framework are mapped out. The neutral hydrogen bridge, called ${E}_{4}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ in quartz, is identified as the trap responsible for stress-induced leakage current, a forerunner of dielectric breakdown in metal-oxide--semiconductor devices.
Stone's Hypothesis of “Personalizing” Shopping as Compensation for Urban Depersonalization: A Reconsideration*

Critics of Wirth's theory of urban life suggest that he underemphasized the extent of urban social networks that counteract trends toward depersonalization. One argument, by Stone. claims that persons who lack social ties at the neighborhood level compensate by establishing personal relationships in shopping, an activity normally considered highly pecuniary in orientation. A replication of Stone's theory for grocery shoppers shows just the opposite. If anything, persons who lack social ties at the neighborhood level also minimize “personalizing” in their grocery shopping.
Constructing and analyzing area-of-influence polygons by computer

Abstract An interactive FORTRAN IV program is presented which calculates unique area-of-influence polygons around points distributed in any pattern in a defined field. Irregular field boundaries can be approximated to any desired degree of accuracy. The program operates inexpensively enough to use for classroom instruction but also has been employed for commercial resource evaluation. Test data and output for an actual mining site are included.
Dynamic Paradigm for Future Power Grid Operation

Abstract For future power grids with intermittent renewable sources and responsive loads, it is essential to establish a dynamic operation paradigm in contrast to today's operation built on static state estimation. Recent developments in phasor technology make estimating dynamic states possible with high-speed time-synchronized measurement data. Advancements in high performance computing enable the associated computation to be finished within the short time intervals required for real-time power grid operation. This paper proposes such a dynamic paradigm with three fundamental components: dynamic state estimation, look-ahead dynamic simulation, and dynamic contingency analysis. Essentially, these three functions provide a complete picture of the current, future and potential dynamic states of a power grid. From these three components, other applications can then be developed for operation and control.
Quantitative Comparison of Initiation and Mutation Phenotypes in Hepatocytes of the Analbuminemic Rat

The potential relationship between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis has been examined in the Nagase analbuminemic rat treated with a single dose of benzo[a]pyrene, an incomplete liver carcinogen. The apparent mutation rate at the albumin locus was calculated by determining the number of hepatocytes expressing a cross-reactive product of albumin in analbuminemic rats treated with benzo[a]pyrene. The rate of initiation, the first stage in carcinogenesis, was determined by assessing the number of hepatocytes expressing the placental isozyme of glutathione S-transferase (PGST) after administration of benzo[a]pyrene. Since the expression of PGST may represent hepatocellular changes independent of initiation, promotion with phenobarbital was employed to clonally expand those putatively initiated hepatocytes expressing PGST. With immunohistochemical measures to assess changes in albumin expression, a threefold increase in the number of hepatocytes expressing albumin was detected after administration of benzo[a]pyrene in Nagase analbuminemic rats. A more than five-fold increase in altered hepatic foci (AHF) exhibiting increased PGST expression was observed in animals given benzo[a]pyrene treatment followed by phenobarbital, compared with those given benzo[a]pyrene alone. The number of albumin-expressing single hepatocytes detected was of the same order of magnitude as the number of individual hepatocytes and AHF expressing PGST, suggesting that similar events may be involved in their formation. Since 3 x 10(6) single hepatocytes expressing albumin were found in the analbuminemic rat liver after a single administration of benzo[a]pyrene, while less than 2 x 10(4) AHF expressing PGST were observed, formation of individual hepatocytes expressing albumin was a far more frequent event than clonal expansion of initiated hepatocytes in the Nagase analbuminemic rat. However, the number of loci of PGST expression including AHF and single hepatocytes is comparable to that of single hepatocytes expressing albumin.
Loss of concept identification in children with change in irrelevant facial features

In Experiment I, first and fourth graders were shown pictures of faces. Shapes of ears (relevant features) and of eyes and moustaches (irrelevant features) varied orthogonally. The task was to identify the faces according to the shape of the ears. In transfer, old or new shapes of eyes, ears, and moustaches varied independently over trials. Loss of discrimination was expected with new eyes and moustaches, and a greater loss with eyes, designated critical features (CF), than with moustaches, noncritical features (NCF), In Experiment II, first, fourth, and sixth graders were given the same task as in Experiment I. Half of each group was given 24 trials beyond criterion in acquisition. In both experiments, errors in identifying old ears increased significantly with age and with new CF and NCF. With additional training introducing one irrelevant feature increased errors more when the second one was also changed. No differential CF and NCF effects were found. The findings were consistent with a prototype model.
Fishing for prostanoids: Deciphering the developmental functions of cyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandins

Prostaglandin G/H synthases (PGHS), commonly referred to as cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), catalyze a key step in the synthesis of biologically active prostaglandins (PGs), the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)). PGs have important functions in a variety of physiologic and pathologic settings, including inflammation, cardiovascular homeostasis, reproduction, and carcinogenesis. However, an evaluation of prostaglandin function in early development has been difficult due to the maternal contribution of prostaglandins from the uterus. The emergence of zebrafish as a model system has begun to provide some insights into the roles of this signaling cascade during vertebrate development. In zebrafish, COX-1 derived prostaglandins are required for two distinct stages of development, namely during gastrulation and segmentation. During gastrulation, PGE(2) signaling promotes cell motility, without altering the cell shape or directional migration of gastrulating cells. During segmentation, COX-1 signaling is also required for posterior mesoderm development, including the formation of vascular tube structures, angiogenesis of intersomitic vessels, and pronephros morphogenesis. We propose that deciphering the role for prostaglandin signaling in zebrafish development could yield insight and ultimately address the mechanistic details underlying various disease processes that result from perturbation of this pathway.
Dinosaurs on Noah’s Ark? Multi-Media Narratives and Natural Science Museum Discourse at the Creation Museum in Kentucky

In recent decades, there has been growing interest in learning how museums reinforce and challenge popular culture. Scholars are beginning to examine the manner in which the use of objects, visual display, and media-saturated discourse in museums empowers their message. This study adds to this literature by examining the role of media, religion and the subjectivities of religious patrons in meaning-making practices at the Creation Museum in Kentucky. We learn that the museum's narrative resonates with the public memory regarding the role of traditional museums and a biblio-centric view of the world. This increases the veracity of its religious message.
Reinforcement of electrospun membranes using nanoscale Al2O3 whiskers for improved tissue scaffolds

Poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) is a promising material for tissue engineering applications; however, it can be difficult to create scaffolds with the morphology, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties necessary to support tissue growth. Typically, pure PCL scaffolds have good cellular adhesion, but somewhat low mechanical properties (elastic modulus and tensile strength). This study addresses these issues by incorporating Al(2)O(3) whiskers as reinforcements within PCL membranes generated by electrospinning. Membranes were prepared with Al(2)O(3) content ranging from 1 to 20 wt % and characterized using XRD, TEM, and SEM to determine composition and morphology. The Al(2)O(3) whiskers were well dispersed within the PCL fibers, and the membranes had a highly porous morphology. The elastic modulus was significantly improved by the well aligned whisker reinforcements as verified by tensile testing. The cell morphology and proliferation studies demonstrate Al(2)O(3) whisker reinforced PCL scaffolds maintained the good biocompatibility. These improvements demonstrate that Al(2)O(3) whisker reinforced PCL scaffolds can be considered as a biocompatible material for tissue engineering and dental applications.
In Vivo Protection of Fusobacterium necrophorum from Penicillin by Bacteroides fragilis

A mixed infection of Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium necrophorum was resistant to treatment with penicillin even though a pure F. necrophorum infection could be successfully treated with penicillin. Since B. fragilis alone did not produce infection, these results indicate that B. fragilis can protect F. necrophorum from penicillin in vivo. The extent of protection afforded by a strain of B. fragilis was related to its level of resistance to penicillin. Only a few cells of B. fragilis were required in the initial bacterial injection. Moreover, protection was demonstrated when B. fragilis cells were injected as late as 24 h after the F. necrophorum cells. Protection of F. necrophorum from penicillin by B. fragilis was also demonstrated in vitro.
Telomere Shortening in Formerly Abused and Never Abused Women

Recent studies suggest that chronic psychological stress may accelerate aging at the cellular level. Telomeres are protective components that stabilize the ends of chromosomes and modulate cellular aging. Women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) experience chronic stress and report worse health. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine telomeric DNA length in women who have experienced chronic stress related to IPV. We hypothesized that IPV exposure would be associated with shorter telomere length. The investigation used a cross-sectional design to study telomere length in women with a history of IPV exposure and control women who reported no prior exposure to IPV. Advertisements and public notices were used to recruit a convenience sample of healthy women. Mean leukocyte telomere length was measured in DNA samples from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay (qPCR). Telomere length was significantly shorter in the 61 formerly abused women compared to the 41 controls (t = 2.4, p = .02). Length of time in the abusive relationship and having children were associated with telomere length after controlling for age and body mass index (BMI) (F(2, 99) = 10.23, p < .001). Numerous studies suggest that women who experience IPV have poorer overall health. It is often presumed that the stress of IPV may be causing greater morbidity. Findings from this descriptive study suggest a link between IPV exposure, duration of IPV-related stress, and telomere length molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular aging.
Immunomodulation and drug acetylation: influence of the immunomodulator tilorone on hepatic, renal and blood N-acetyltransferase activity and on hepatic cytosolic acetyl coenzyme A content.

Abstract The biochemical alteration responsible for immunomodulator enhancement of drug acetylation in vivo was probed ex vivo and in vitro in the rat. Rat liver or kidney cytosol, obtained by differential centrifugation, or whole blood served as the source of N-acetyltransferase (NAT). Addition of tilorone (0.5–8.0mM) to incubation mixtures containing procainamide (PA, 0.6mM) and acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA, 0.42 mM) resulted in the inhibition of N-acetylprocainamide formation, while lower concentrations of tilorone had no effect. Pretreatment of rats with tilorone (50 mg/kg) administered orally 48 hr prior to sacrifice did not alter hepatic apparent Km and Vmax for NAT toward PA compared to control animals. Utilization of an AcCoA regenerating system in the incubation mixtures also resulted in no significant differences in the apparent Michaelis-Menten parameters obtained. Acetylation activity in kidney and whole blood also was not altered by immunomodulator pretreatment. Hepatic cytosolic AcCoA content was reduced significantly 48 hr after tilorone pretreatment (5.10 ± 2.1 vs 11.97 ± 2.2 nmol/mg protein) (P
Quantitation of Cap Z in conventional actin preparations and methods for further purification of actin.

Gel-filtration is commonly used to remove contaminants from conventional actin prepared by the method of Spudich and Watt. It has been shown that this procedure removes the majority of a factor that reduces the low-shear viscosity of actin. We have previously reported that this factor is Cap Z, a barbed end capping protein. We now establish that, even after gel-filtration, enough Cap Z can be present in conventionally prepared actin to affect events occurring at the barbed ends of actin filaments. We also demonstrate that the concentration of Cap Z can be reduced to more than a log below the KD for binding of Cap Z to actin by either (1) immunoabsorbtion of conventionally prepared actin with anti-Cap Z antibodies, or (2) an additional cycle of polymerization/depolymerization followed by repeat gel-filtration. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.