cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MO‐F‐110‐07: Comparison of S Values for Three Classes of Adult Computational Phantoms for I‐131 in the Thyroid

Purpose: To compare S values for three classes of adult computational phantoms for Iodine‐131 in the thyroid. Methods: S values between the thyroid (source organ) containing I‐131 and important target organs were compared for three classes of computational human phantoms: stylized (mathematical), voxel and hybrid. S values were calculated for International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) reference adult voxel phantoms and the University of Florida (UF) adult hybrid phantoms by using the Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX2.5, and compared with S values derived 30 years ago at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for their stylized phantom but using a different transport code. Eleven target organs were selected for comparison: brain, breast, stomach wall, small intestine wall, colon wall, heart wall, pancreas, salivary glands, thyroid, lungs, and active marrow. We also computed and compared specific absorbed fractions (SAF) and chord length distributions (CLD) among the phantoms for source and target organ‐pairs. Results: Our analysis showed on average, an underestimation of S values and, consequently, of organdoses for the ORNL stylized phantoms compared to the ICRP and UF phantoms. Inter‐organ distance and organ shape differences were identified as the main cause of the differences. Conclusions: The ICRP and UF phantoms are considered to more realistically model the human anatomy than the ORNL stylized phantoms. Therefore, the S value differences likely arise from unrealistic locations and shapes of the thyroid and target organs in the stylized phantoms. In addition, the S value differences between ICRP and UF phantoms illustrate there can be differences among phantoms designed to match the ICRP reference anatomy data, which suggests that human variability has not yet been fully described. This comparison indicates the value of the newer generation phantoms for conducting more reliable internal dosimetry.
Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes as acceptor materials in organic photovoltaics

Abstract The development of new acceptor materials has played an important role in advancing the efficiency of organic photovoltaics (OPV). In this review we survey two types of acceptors, fullerene derivatives and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The former has been the most successful type of acceptor in OPV, while the latter is a new type of acceptor that has shown encouraging spectroscopic results but its implementation in efficient devices is work in progress. We present some of the essential properties of an OPV acceptor, and the main experimental methodology used to characterize the photoconductivity of an OPV active layer comprising a donor-acceptor blend. We then discuss different aspects of donor-acceptor blends, or bulk heterojunctions, with a polymer donor and a fullerene or SWCNT acceptor. We show the basic charge-generation and recombination properties of a prototypical polymer-fullerene system, and discuss the significance of the molecular structure of the fullerene in terms of the mixing of the two components and its effect on photocarrier dynamics. In the case of the fullerene acceptors we also compare to OPV device efficiency. We discuss the role of charge and energy transfer from the polymer in exciton quenching in polymer-SWCNT blends, and show that the former results in the generation of long-lived charge carriers, similar to observations in polymer-fullerene blends. We show that SWCNT enrichment, to yield samples with only a few percent of metallic SWCNTs results in an enhancement of the photoconductance and carrier lifetime in P3HT-SCWNT blends. We also discuss the role that SWCNT diameter plays on the driving force for carrier generation, and suggest that smaller SWCNTs may be critical for efficient OPV device performance. Finally, we discuss the implications of the results of the photoconductivity studies on OPV device performance, and outline future challenges and open questions pertaining to the optimization of acceptors in OPV.
Glutathione S-transferase pi is upregulated in the stromal compartment of hormone independent prostate cancer.

Background Glutathione S-transferase (GST) pi is a detoxifying enzyme abundant in normal prostate basal cells but only rarely expressed in prostate cancer cells. The current studies are the first to focus on GST pi in the stromal compartment of prostate tumors. Methods We employed immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis to measure GST pi expression and subcellular localization in 21 primary and metastatic tumors from patients with hormone independent prostate cancer, as well as seven lymph node metastases and six prostatectomy specimens. Results GST pi was detectable in stromal cells in 17 of the 21 hormone independent prostate tumors. GST pi tissue distribution in hormone independent tumors coincided with vimentin staining, suggesting that GST pi is expressed by reactive fibroblasts and/or myofibroblasts. Conclusions The current results suggest that prostate cancer cells induce an injury response in the stroma during progression to hormone independence, which results in GST pi expression. Stromal GST pi may contribute to chemoresistence of advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 56: 98–105, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Anisotropic Nanoparticles by Seeded Emulsion Polymerization

Anisotropic polystyrene nanoparticles of diameters below 0.5 mu m were prepared by coating the surface of crosslinked polystyrene latex particles with a thin hydrophilic polymer layer prior to swelling the particles with styrene and then initiating second-stage free-radical polymerization. Conditions were found so that all particles had uniform asymmetry. The effect of surface chemistry on the development of particle anisotropy during seeded emulsion polymerization of sub-0.5 mu m diameter particles was studied. The extent and uniformity of the anisotropy of the final particles depended strongly on the presence of the hydrophilic surface coating. Systematic variation of the degree of hydrophilicity of the surface coating provided qualitative insight into the mechanism responsible for anisotropy. Conditions were chosen so that the surface free energy favored the extrusion of a hydrophobic bulge of monomer on the hydrophilic surface of the particle during the swelling phase: the presence of a hydrophilic layer on the particle surface causes this asymmetry to be favored above uniform wetting of the particle surface by the monomer. Kinetic effects, arising from the finite time required for the seed to swell with the monomer, also play a role.
Ion Channeling in Elastically Strained Superlattices

A review is given of the channeling behavior observed in superlattice materials. Elastic strains within the layers have been shown to be the source of the unusual ion dechanneling observed originally in InAs/GaSb and since observed in several other semiconductor superlattices. These strains occur because of the slight mismatch between the lattice constants of the two materials and cause the rows and planes of atoms in the crystal that are inclined to the surface normal to have small directional misalignments at the interfaces between the layers. The effects of these misalignments have been studied by computer simulations of ion trajectories in the crystal and shown to account in a reasonable manner for the observed dechanneling behavior. Calculations have been done as a function of the amount of misalignment to give an indication of how much dechanneling might be expected in other superlattices formed of any pair of materials that have slight mismatches. Various ways of measuring the amount of misalignment have also been studied by simulations and experiments.
Anxious self-talk: Development of the Anxious Self-Statements Questionnaire (ASSQ)

The present report describes the development of a self-statement inventory for the assessment of anxious self-talk, the Anxious Self-Statements Questionnaire (ASSQ). Psychometrically defined groups (using dual criteria) of high anxious and normal level anxious undergraduates were arranged in both initial item-selection and cross-validation samples. Thirty-two items discriminated between criterion groups. Estimates of reliability were quite acceptable. Males and females did not differ in responses to the ASSQ. Factor analysis revealed a three-factor solution. A second study found the ASSQ to be sensitive to a stressful event. Discussion includes consideration of the use of the ASSQ to assess intervention-produced change in the frequency of anxious self-talk, the need for further study using clinical samples, and the important of exploring the role of anxious self-talk by using multiple methods of measurement. The ASSQ may provide a measure to facilitate further study of the cognitive information processing difficulties associated with anxiety disorders.
Differences in Perceived Locus of Control Among Men and Women Adults and University Students in America and Greece

Summary Levenson's multidimensional I-E Scale was administered to 625 male and female university students and adults in America and Greece. The scores were categorized by sex, country, and employment status (job-holding adults or students) on each of the three control dimensions and then subjected to 2 × 2 × 2 analyses of variance. There were no significant sex main effects for any of the three I-E dimensions, thus calling into question previous cross-cultural findings that women were more external than men. Americans and Greeks did not differ on the Personal Control dimension, but Greeks did believe that they live in a more unpredictable environment than the Americans and also one in which powerful others control their outcomes. The results also indicated that students report having less of a sense of responsibility for their own actions than adults, but the two groups did not differ significantly on the Powerful-others or Chance dimensions. Finally, differences in the patterns of scoring across I-E cont...
Beyond instructional design: Making learning design a reality

The paper is based on the keynote presentation to the Online Learning and Teaching Conference held in Brisbane on September 23rd 2005. The theme of the conference, Beyond Delivery, was extremely timely as it marked the assertion that it was time to put the simple digitisation of materials behind us and focus on the active, engaging learning opportunities that effectively put the learning back into e-learning to take advantage of collaborative tools, learning communities and mediated conversation for new millennial learners. More importantly the statement that we are beyond delivery also suggests that it is time to embrace change and reflect on new ways to conceptualise the design of online learning environments.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus Inclusion Bodies in Tobacco Tissue Cultures

INCLUSION bodies have been described by a number of authors in cells of tobacco plants infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)1–5. The literature on virus inclusions in plant cells was reviewed by Smith6. Phase-contrast microscopic observations were recently made on inclusion bodies in TMV-infected epidermal cells of tobacco7,8. A ‘corner inclusion body’ was described in tobacco leaf cells9. Time-lapse pictures detailed inclusion bodies in isolated TMV-infected tobacco parenchyma cells in sterile culture10. The work recorded here describes and illustrates inclusion bodies seen not only in fresh callus cells but also in tobacco cells cultivated through two transfers in vitro.
Continuation of Tests of Resistant Sweet Corn Hybrid Plus Insecticides to Reduce Losses from Corn Earworm

The combination of a reduced rate (from 1 lb to 0.5 lb) and fewer applications (5) of insecticide, for control of Heliothis zea (Boddie) to a resistant sweet corn hybrid, (471–U6X81–1) resulted in significantly fewer damaged ears than with 7 applications of insecticide to a susceptible hybrid. Also, one application of insecticide at the reduced rate to the resistant hybrid gave control equal to that achieved with 7 applications to the susceptible hybrid. Thus, a program of insect control involving this resistant variety plus less insecticide would be more economical and would reduce pollution of the environment.
Habitat restoration affects immature stages of a wetland butterfly through indirect effects on predation

Habitat loss worldwide has led to the widespread use of restoration practices for the recovery of imperiled species. However, recovery success may be hampered by focusing on plant communities, rather than the complex suite of direct and indirect interactions among trophic levels that occur in natural systems. Through a factorial field experiment, we tested the effects of wetland restoration on egg and juvenile survival of a locally rare butterfly, Satyrodes appalachia, via tree removal and damming. Tree removal more than tripled S. appalachia host plant abundance, but neither restoration action directly affected S. appalachia egg and juvenile survival. Instead, we found strong indirect effects of habitat manipulation on S. appalachia egg and juvenile survival that were mediated through predation. The interaction of tree removal and damming significantly decreased predation of S. appalachia eggs relative to each treatment alone. Damming alone had a significant positive indirect effect on the survival of S. appalachia juveniles, likely because increases in standing water reduced predator access. Our results emphasize the need for experiments that evaluate the demographic responses of imperiled species to habitat restoration prior to management action and quantify potential indirect effects mediated through higher trophic levels.
Inhomogeneous precipitation patterns in a chemical wave. Effect of thermocapillary convection

Abstract Inhomogeneous BaSO 4 precipitation patterns are formed behind the traveling wave in the bistable chlorite-thiourea-barium chloride reaction system. The leading front is accompanied by a large evolution of heat, which causes convection. Thermocapillary convection is found to play a key role in the pattern formation. In shallow solution layers, BaSO 4 precipitates inhomogeneously in the wake of the wave, provided the surface tension is sufficiently high. In deeper layers, the convection at the surface becomes independent from the convective motion in the bulk of the solution. When the surface tension is lowered, however, only homogeneous BaSO 4 precipitation is observed in the wake of the leading front.
Zur dynamik realer Gase

Bei stromungsdynamischen Untersuchungen wird das Stromungsmittel fast stets als vollkommenes Gas vorausgestzt. Wei diese Einschrankung fallen gelassen werden kann, ohne das mathematische Komplikationen entstehen, soll im folgenden gezeigt werden. Die Dynamik des “realen” Gases entsteht aus derjenigen des vollkommenen Gases durch Umdeutung der mathemalischen Symbole. Die Theorie ist nicht auf alle Sloffe und jede Problemstellung anwendbar, aber fur die weitaus meisten technischen Falle brauchbar.
Semi-supervised Pattern Classification: Application to Structural MRI of Alzheimer's Disease

This paper presents an image-based classification method, and applies it to classification of brain MRI scans of individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). The high dimensionality of the image data is reduced using nonlinear manifold learning techniques, thereby yielding a low-dimensional embedding. Features of the embedding are used in conjunction with a semi-supervised classifier, which utilizes both labeled and unlabeled images to boost performance. The method is applied to 237 scans of MCI patients in order to predict conversion from MCI to Alzheimer's Disease. Experimental results demonstrate better prediction accuracy compared to a state-of-the-art method.
The influenza haemagglutinin-induced fusion cascade: effects of target membrane permeability changes.

To define the stages in influenza haemagglutinin (HA)-mediated fusion the kinetics of fusion between cell pairs consisting of single influenza HA-expressing cells and single erythrocytes (RBC) which had been labelled with both a fluorescent lipid (DiI) in the membrane and a fluorescent solute (calcein) in the aqueous space have been monitored. It is shown that release of solute from the target cell occurs, following the formation of the hemi-fusion diaphragm. These results are discussed in terms of a model in which fusion peptide insertion into the target membrane induces lipid stalks, which results in the formation of a hemifusion diaphragm and a fusion pore. Bilayer expansion due to overproduction of these stalks can give rise to collateral damage of target membranes.
An assessment of broad-band optical colours as age indicators for star clusters

We present an empirical assessment of the use of broad-band optical colours as age indicators for unresolved extragalactic clusters and investigate stochastic sampling effects on integrated colours. We use the integrated properties of Galactic open clusters (OCs) as models for unresolved extragalactic clusters. The population synthesis code STARBURST99 (SB99) and four optical colours were used to estimate how well we can recover the ages of 62 well-studied Galactic OCs with published ages. We provide a method for estimating the ages of unresolved clusters and for reliably determining the uncertainties in the age estimates. Our results support earlier conclusions based on comparisons to synthetic clusters, namely the (U - B) colour is critical to the estimation of the ages of star-forming regions. We compare the observed optical colours with those obtained from SB99 using the published ages and get good agreement. The scatter in the (B - V) observed - (B - V) model is larger for lower luminosity clusters, perhaps due to stochastic effects.
Gender Affects Renal Vasoconstrictor Response to Ang I and Ang II

Abstract —This study tested the hypothesis that gender affects the pressor and renal vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin (Ang) I and Ang II in salt-replete normotensive subjects. Ang I and Ang II were infused in graded doses into 9 men and 8 women in a randomized, single-blind, crossover study. There were no differences between genders in baseline blood pressure, heart rate, sodium excretion, renal plasma flow, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotype, ACE activity, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, or Ang II levels. Although pressor responses to Ang I and Ang II were similar in men and women, there was a negative relationship between the change in mean arterial pressure and the change in heart rate during Ang I and II infusion in women only. The half-time of the pressor response after discontinuation of Ang I but not Ang II infusion was greater in men than in women (9.5±2.2 versus 4.3±2.1 minutes, P 2 ; Ang II, −233±25 versus −175±18 U/1.73 m 2 ; P
Sensor-web Operations Explorer (SOX) for Earth Science Air Quality Mission Concepts

Future air quality missions will face significant measurement strategy design and implementation challenges. Characterizing the atmospheric state and its impact on air quality requires observations of trace gases (e.g., ozone [O3], carbon monoxide [CO], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], sulfur dioxide [SO2]), aerosols (e.g., size and shape distributions, composition), clouds (e.g., type, height, sky coverage), and physical parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure, humidity) across temporal and spatial scales that range from minutes to days and from meters to > 10,000 km. Validating satellite measurements is another major challenge, and it requires well organized and orchestrated sub-orbital sensor web deployments. No single sensor, instrument, platform, or network can provide all of the information necessary to address this issue. Constellations of spacecraft, integrated air-borne campaigns, and distributed sensor networks have been actively pursued to achieve the needed multi-dimensional observation coverage. However, these complicated sensor webs must address how to formulate the complex design trade space, how to explore the trade space rapidly, how to establish evaluation metrics, and how to coordinate observations optimally. The Sensor-web Operations Explorer (SOX) research task under the NASA Earth Science Technology Office addresses these challenges by creating a virtual sensor-web experiment framework that can support orbital and sub-orbital observation system simulation experiment.
Sip1 mediates an E-cadherin-to-N-cadherin switch during cranial neural crest EMT

The neural crest, an embryonic stem cell population, initially resides within the dorsal neural tube but subsequently undergoes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to commence migration. Although neural crest and cancer EMTs are morphologically similar, little is known regarding conservation of their underlying molecular mechanisms. We report that Sip1, which is involved in cancer EMT, plays a critical role in promoting the neural crest cell transition to a mesenchymal state. Sip1 transcripts are expressed in premigratory/migrating crest cells. After Sip1 loss, the neural crest specifier gene FoxD3 was abnormally retained in the dorsal neuroepithelium, whereas Sox10, which is normally required for emigration, was diminished. Subsequently, clumps of adherent neural crest cells remained adjacent to the neural tube and aberrantly expressed E-cadherin while lacking N-cadherin. These findings demonstrate two distinct phases of neural crest EMT, detachment and mesenchymalization, with the latter involving a novel requirement for Sip1 in regulation of cadherin expression during completion of neural crest EMT.
Dietary intake, socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease risk in African-American women

This study examined the dietary intake and socioeconomic factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among elderly, African- American women. Thirty-six African-American women between the ages of 57 to 77 years of age were recruited from senior citizen centers and community dwellings for older persons in metropolitan Atlanta, GA. All participants completed detailed 3-day food records and an assessment questionnaire that included questions on past medical history, family medical history, socioeconomic status (SES) and lifestyle practices. All participants were weighed and measured for height using calibrated scales. Resting blood pressure of all participants was also measured. The majority of subjects had dietary intakes that did not meet the recommended dietary guidelines. Both current annual income and educational attainment were significantly correlated (p<0.05) with number of CVD risk factors, educational attainment having the strongest relationship. These results suggest that SES may have a significant impact on the risk of CVD in African-American women and imply that individuals with low educational attainment should be targeted for dietary intervention and education as early as possible to prevent CVD.
Distributed Cooperative Search using Information-Theoretic Costs for Particle Filters, with Quadrotor Applications ∗

Search and rescue missions can be efficiently and automatically performed by small, highly maneuverable unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) teams. The search problem is complicated by a lack of prior information, nonlinear mapping between sensor observations and the physical world, and potentially non-Gaussian sensor noise models. To address these problems, a distributed control algorithm is proposed, using information theoretic methods with particle filters, to compute optimal control inputs for a multi-vehicle, coordinated localization of a stationary target. This technique exploits the structure of the probability distributions of the target state and of the sensor measurements to compute the control inputs that maneuver the UAVs to make observations that minimize the expected future uncertainty of the target state. Because the method directly uses the particle filter state and an accurate sensor noise model to compute the mutual information, it is no longer necessary to discard information by using linear and Gaussian approximations. To ensure safety of the vehicles, the algorithm incorporates collision avoidance and control authority constraints. The resulting information theoretic cost calculation is coupled amongst the vehicles and becomes prohibitive as the size of the UAV team becomes large. Therefore, single vehicle and pairwise approximations to the cost function are used that greatly reduce the computational burden and allow for development of a distributed algorithm for real-time optimization of vehicle trajectories. Simulation results are shown for a bearings-only sensor model with multiple vehicles. Initial flight tests of the Stanford Testbed of Autonomous Rotorcraft for Multi-Agent Control (STARMAC) show the feasibility of implementation of this algorithm on the quadrotor testbed and in real world situations.
Hierarchical Bayesian algorithm for diffuse optical tomography

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) poses a typical ill-posed inverse problem with limited number of measurements and inherently low spatial resolution. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian approach to improve spatial resolution and quantitative accuracy by using a priori information provided by a secondary high resolution anatomical imaging modality, such as magnetic resonance (MR) or X-ray. The proposed hierarchical Bayesian approach allows incorporation of partial a priori knowledge about the noise and unknown optical image models, thereby capturing the function-anatomy correlation effectively. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed method avoids undesirable bias towards anatomical prior information and leads to significantly improved spatial resolution and quantitative accuracy
A nomogram for rate correction of the Q-T interval in the electrocardiogram.

Abstract 1. 1. A nomogram for correcting the Q-T interval for heart rate, according to Bazett's formula, is presented. 2. 2. The Q-T corrected for rate represents the Q-T corresponding to a heart rate of 60 (cycle length 1.0 second). It is suggested that it be known as the Q-Tc. 3. 3. The lead in which the Q-T interval is largest is the correct lead in which to measure it.
Cross-correlation quantification of dyssynchrony: a new method for quantifying the synchrony of contraction and relaxation in the heart.

Background Quantification of left ventricular dyssynchrony using Doppler tissue imaging may improve selection of patients who will benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy. Most methods used to quantify dyssynchrony use a time-to-peak analysis, which is quantitatively simplistic and requires manual identification of systole and selection of peak velocities. Methods We developed and tested a new, highly automatable dyssynchrony parameter, cross-correlation delay (XCD), that does not require identification of systole or manual selection of peak systolic velocities. XCD uses all velocity data points from 3 consecutive beats (∼420 points). We tested XCD on 11 members of a positive control group (responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy with a ≥15% reduction in left ventricular end-systolic volume) and 12 members of a negative control group (normal 12-lead electrocardiogram and 2-dimensional echocardiogram findings). We compared XCD to septal-to-lateral delay in time-to-peak (SLD), maximum difference in the basal 2- or 4-chamber times to peak (MaxDiff), and SD of the 12 basal and midwall times-to-peak (Ts-SD). Results XCD and Ts-SD were significantly different between the positive and negative control groups (both P ≤ .0001). SLD and MaxDiff demonstrated no difference between the positive and negative control groups. XCD and Ts-SD were superior to SLD and MaxDiff in discriminating between positive and negative control groups (both P P = .003). Conclusion XCD is superior to existing parameters at discriminating patients with left ventricular dyssynchrony from those with normal function.
Woven fabric composites-part I: Predictions of homogenized elastic properties and micromechanical damage analysis

In Part 1, the finite element developments are described to first predict the homogenized elastic properties of woven fabric composites, followed by a progressive damage analysis for the subsequent investigation of micromechanical damage initiations and propagations in the representative unit cell of woven fabric composites. For progressive damage analysis, in-plane uniaxial tensile and shear loading are applied, respectively, to the unit cell. In order to make the boundaries of the unit cell remain straight, displacement control loading is applied instead of force control loading. The tensile and shear stress–strain curves are obtained and shown to be in good agreement with available experimental results. Utilizing the computational efforts in Part 1, the characterization of macro-crack initiation loads is carried out in Part 2 for the global damage analysis without the need to resorting to experimental data for the prediction of damaged properties. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A LONG RUN ECONOMIC EFFECT ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION FACILITY PLANS-REGIONAL AND NATIONAL

A MODEL FOR THE ESTIMATION OF LONG RUN AND GLOBAL ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITY PROJECTS IS PROPOSED. THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM APPLYING THIS MODEL TO A COMPARISON OF THE LONG RUN ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVE BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION PLANS OVER THE JAPAN INLAND SEA ARE DESCRIBED. THE MODEL IS BASED ON AN EXPANDED MOSES INTERREGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT (I-0) MODEL. THE I-0 MODEL IS USED TO ANALYZE THE INTERINDUSTRIAL AND INTERREGIONAL RELATIONSHIPS, AND ECONOMETRIC MODELS ARE USED TO GIVE TIME CONTINUITY TO THE MODEL. /AUTHOR/
Outcome predictors for the cognitive behavior treatment of bulimia nervosa : Data from a multisite study

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to discover clinically useful predictors of attrition and outcome in the treatment of bulimia nervosa with cognitive behavior therapy. METHOD: Pretreatment, course of treatment, and outcome data were gathered on 194 women meeting the DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa who were treated with 18 sessions of manual-based cognitive behavior therapy in a three-site study. Differences between dropouts and nondropouts and between recovered and nonrecovered participants were first examined descriptively, and signal detection analyses were then used to determine clinically significant cutoff points predicting attrition and abstinence. RESULTS: The dropouts were characterized by more severe bulimic cognitions and greater impulsivity, but it was not possible to identify clinically useful predictors. The participants with treatment failures were characterized by poor social adjustment and a lower body mass index, presumably indicating greater dietary restriction. However, early...
Hadronic and electromagnetic interactions of quarkonia

We examine the hadronic interactions of quarkonia, focusing on the decays $\ensuremath{\psi}(2S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(2S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(1S)\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$. The leading gluonic operators in the multipole expansion are matched onto the chiral Lagrangian with the coefficients fit to available data, both at tree level and loop level in the chiral expansion. A comparison is made with naive expectations loosely based on the large-${N}_{c}$ limit of QCD in an effort to determine the reliability of this limit for other observables, such as the binding of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ to nuclei. Crossing symmetry is used to estimate the cross section for inelastic $\ensuremath{\pi}J/\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\psi}}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\psi}(2S)$ scattering, potentially relevant for heavy ion collisions. The radiative decays $\ensuremath{\psi}(2S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(2S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(1S){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are determined at tree level in the chiral Lagrangian. Measurement of such decays will provide a test of the multipole and chiral expansions. We briefly discuss decays from the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(3S)$ and also the contribution from $\ensuremath{\pi}$'s to the electromagnetic polarizability of quarkonia.
Fission cross sections of 237Np from pommard

Abstract The 237Np(n, f) cross section has been measured from 32 eV to 2.2 keV and from 100 keV to 2.8 MeV. Energies of neutrons from the underground nuclear explosion Pommard were determined by time-of-flight from the source to the target foil located near the surface. Signals produced by fission fragments in solid-state detectors were recorded photographically. The 235U(n, f) and 6Li(n, α) reactions were used to measure the neutron flux. Grouped subthreshold resonances were observed. Above threshold, the cross section reached a maximum of about 1.7 b in the vicinity of 2.2 MeV.
Identification of extrahepatic bilirubin monoglucuronide and its conversion to pigment 2 by isolated liver.

Summary and ConclusionsThe pigment obtained by reversed-phase partition chromatography from the plasma of the hepatectomized dog has been shown to be bilirubin monoglucuronide (pigment 1). In the experiments performed, pigment 1 was of extrahepatic origin. The isolated perfused rat liver converts bilirubin monoglucuronide to bilirubin diglucuronide and excretes the diconjugate in the bile.
Boll Weevils in Nature Respond to Grandlure, a Synthetic Pheromone

Both sexes of Anthonomus grandis Boheman responded in the field to a synthetic pheromone mixture, grandlure. A wick-type formulation of grandlure containing glycerol, water, polyethylene glycol, and methanol was over 80% competitive as an attractant for 7 days with caged, live males fed cotton squares (flower buds) once or twice a week.
On Chairing a Games Research Conference

Chairing an academic conference, especially one like DiGRA, is a great honor and a great responsibility: it grants you a fair amount of power, at least for a short amount of time. I thought I would take advantage of that power and this platform to share my personal thoughts and opinions on what it means to run an academic conference in this field. In doing so I hope to clarify some of the things that, to me at least, were opaque about the process of chairing a conference. While I knew that chairing was a lot of work, understanding what that work was, how things should be done, and why they should be done a certain way was not clear to me until I was in the middle of it all. I hope that what follows serves two purposes: (1) clarify some of what is involved in chairing a conference in hopes that others (including students and new members to the field) can better understand some of the practices of this academic community and (2) encourage reflection and discussions on our practices and how they could be improved.
Toward a Dramaturgical Interpretation of Religion

A distinction is drawn between theatricality and dramaturgy as modes for interpreting social and religious life. By means of theatricality scholars tend to analyze life as "theater," as "playacting" or "role-playing." Theater is viewed as a metaphor for what "actually" occurs in life. By contrast, dramaturgists interpret life as essentially dramatic in its interpersonal and collective aspects, whether the drama is significant or trivial, good or poor, "genuine" or "theatrical. " But there are certain elements and conditions which must be present in order to increase the possibility of the deeper levels of drama. Religious, social and moral life do not routinely achieve these levels, but when it happens the participants and persons in the active audience can recognize the moment as extraordinary, perhaps as an event of awesome significance. It is within these moments that new religious and moral paradigms may arise. At such time role-playing and theatricality are eclipsed but do not totally disappear.
Rapid Determination of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Pet Food by LC-MS/MS

A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was established to analyze melamine and cyanuric acid in pet food and its ingredients.HILIC mechanism was utilized to separate small highly polar compounds such as melamine and cyanuric acid.In comparison with US FDA recognized GCMS and LC methods,it turned out that the current technique is superior with easy sample preparation,and the sensitivity and selectivity was found satisfactory.The LOD was 50 ng·L-1 for melamine and 1 μg·L-1 for cyanuric acid,respectively.
A Review on Epoxy and Polyester Based Polymer Concrete and Exploration of Polyfurfuryl Alcohol as Polymer Concrete

Petroleum based epoxy and polyester based thermoset resins can be used to produce high-quality polymer concrete. However, petroleum based resources are finite and this has necessitated the development of thermoset bioresins to be used as polymer concrete. Furfuryl alcohol (FA), a thermoset bioresin, is derived from lignocellulosic biomass and it can be polymerized into polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) in the presence of an acid catalyst. The highly exothermic polymerization reactions involving conversion of FA to PFA can be used to fabricate PFA based concrete with rock-like structure. The PFA based polymer concrete offers the broadest range of chemical resistance against acid and alkali over all other types of polymer concrete which are based upon different thermoset polymeric systems. In this review paper, we have discussed the formulations (incorporation of aggregates, fillers, and resin) and properties (especially compressive and flexural) of epoxy and polyester based polymer concrete. In another section, we have given the mechanical, thermal, and water resistance properties of PFA based biopolymer, biocomposites, nanocomposites, and polymer concrete. Lastly, we have tried to explore whether PFA can be used successfully as biopolymer concrete or not.
Europe 1992 and its Possible Implications for Nonmember Countries

A common market has been defined as combining a customs union with free factor movements, where a customs union involves free trade within the union together with common tariffs (Balassa, 1961, p. 2). After noting the extent to which the European Community (EC) has conformed to this definition of a common market, this chapter considers the changes that the implementation of the Europe 1992 program is expected to bring about.
Racial variation in steroid hormone and growth factor concentration: US African-American and white female newborns

A44 Purpose: Sex steroid hormones and the insulin-like growth factor-axis are associated with risk of female breast cancer. Whether the hormonal and growth factor milieu in utero may also contribute to adult breast cancer and explain the higher breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in younger African-American women is unknown. Thus, we evaluated variation in venous umbilical cord blood concentrations of sex steroid hormones and components of the IGF-axis between female African-American and white newborns. >Methods: Data were collected from 118 women who gave birth at two urban hospitals in Maryland. At the time of delivery, cord blood was collected from 77 African-American and 41 white full-term, uncomplicated births, along with mother’s age, placental weight, baby’s weight, parity-live births, birth season and time of birth. Cord blood was assayed for testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS), estradiol, sex-steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-2, and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). Geometric mean concentrations were compared without and with adjustment for birth weight, placental weight, mother’s age and parity, and time of day of birth. >Results: White mothers were older (28.1 vs. 24.1 yr, p Conclusion: We provide evidence of racial variation in sex steroid hormones and components of the IGF-axis in the in utero environment. Further work is needed to determine whether these observations may explain the racial disparity in breast cancer incidence and mortality in the US. >Funded by: National Cancer Institute U54 CA091409 and CA091431.
Changing the Frame

Berner suggests a process by which educational pluralism could replace uniformity as the cultural norm in the United States. She draws upon the work of Randall Collins, Christian Smith, and James Davison Hunter to suggest that cultural change requires, minimally, overlapping networks of individuals with high financial, political, intellectual, and social capital; who articulate a common goal over a long period of time; and create new institutions that embody those ideals; which must be plausible and morally compelling to the audiences they seek to persuade. Berner finds that educational changes in Finland, Alberta Canada, and the United Kingdom, map onto this theory, and contrasts them with the federal, bi-partisan accountability movement that took hold in the 1990s and 2000s, represented so well in the Obama Administration’s Race to the Top Initiative. Berner concludes by charting the possibilities and the challenges associated with plural education in the United States.
Episodic nature of continental arc activity since 750 Ma: A global compilation

Abstract Continental arcs have been recently hypothesized to outflux large amounts of CO2 compared to island arcs so that global flare-ups in continental arc magmatism might drive long-term greenhouse events. Quantitative testing of this hypothesis, however, has been limited by the lack of detailed studies on the spatial distribution of continental arcs through time. Here, we compile a worldwide database of geological maps and associated literature to delineate the surface exposure of granitoid plutons, allowing reconstruction of how the surface area addition rate of granitoids and the length of continental arcs have varied since 750 Ma. These results were integrated into an ArcGIS framework and plate reconstruction models. We find that the spatial extent of continental arcs is episodic with time and broadly matches the detrital zircon age record. Most vigorous arc magmatism occurred during the 670–480 Ma and the 250–50 Ma when major greenhouse events are recognized. Low continental arc activity characterized most of the Cryogenian, middle–late Paleozoic, and Cenozoic when climate was cold. Our results indicate that plate tectonics is not steady, with fluctuations in the nature of subduction zones possibly related in time to the assembly and dispersal of continents. Our results corroborate the hypothesis that variations in continental arc activity may play a first order role in driving long-term climate change. The dataset presented here provides a quantitative basis for upscaling continental arc processes to explore their effects on mountain building, climate, and crustal growth on a global scale.
Self-Assembling Zwitterionic Copolymers as Membrane Selective Layers with Excellent Fouling Resistance: Effect of Zwitterion Chemistry.

Membranes with high flux, ∼1 nm pore size, and unprecedented protein fouling resistance were prepared by forming selective layers of self-assembling zwitterionic amphiphilic random copolymers on porous supports by a simple coating method. Random copolymers were prepared from the hydrophobic monomer 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) and four zwitterionic monomers (sulfobetaine methacrylate, sulfobetaine 2-vinylpyridine, sulfobutylbetaine 2-vinylpyridine, and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) by free radical polymerization. All copolymers microphase separated to form bicontinuous ∼1.2 nm nanodomains with the zwitterionic domains acting as nanochannels for the permeation of water and solutes. The resultant membranes all had a ∼1 nm size cutoff independent of zwitterion chemistry. There were, however, significant differences in the hydrophilicity, water uptake, water flux, and fouling resistance among membranes prepared with different zwitterionic monomers. Membranes prepared from the copolyme...
Under-Wrapped Proteins in the Order–Disorder Twilight: Unraveling the Molecular Etiology of Aberrant Aggregation

Soluble folded proteins maintain their structural integrity by properly shielding their backbone amides and carbonyls from full hydration. Thus, a poorly wrapped backbone hydrogen bond or dehydron constitutes an identifiable structural deficiency. In this chapter we describe the physical properties of proteins that possess large clusters of dehydrons in their soluble structure. We show that these clusters represent unique structural singularities belonging to an order–disorder twilight and generate a sharp local quenching of the dielectric permittivity of the surrounding medium. The functional roles of these singularities are explored across natural proteins and related to their physical properties, with special emphasis on the molecular etiology of amyloidogenic aggregation. Our analysis required a description of interfacial water that cannot be properly captured by conventional continuous models, where solvent degrees of freedom are typically averaged out.
The spatial distribution of Mercury's pyroclastic activity and the relation to lithospheric weaknesses

Abstract Mercury's surface preserves a rich history of volcanism, impact cratering, and tectonic deformation. Geological observations show that the earliest evidence of thrust faulting that was induced by the secular cooling and resulting global contraction of the planet coincided with the waning stages of effusive volcanism, but that explosive volcanism continued beyond this point. Stresses from global contraction, however, would have precluded efficient vertical magma ascent. Sites of pyroclastic activity—manifest as irregular depressions surrounded by diffuse, spectrally distinct halos—spatially coincide with lithospheric discontinuities, such as faults or those associated with impact craters. The vast majority of explosive vents are situated on the floors, rims, central peaks, or peak rings of impact structures. A substantial portion of such vents is also proximal to thrust faults: they are most spatially concentrated at or within 20 km of faults, with ever fewer vents progressively farther from tectonic structures. We statistically evaluated the spatial distribution of sites of pyroclastic activity with respect to faults and impact craters by generating sets of random point locations of equal count to those volcanic sites, computing their spatial relationship to the mapped faults and craters, and comparing them to our observations. We find that although the observed proximity of vents to faults is indistinguishable from a random distribution, their spatial association with impact craters is non-random. To examine the interrelatedness of several geospatial relationships of lithospheric weaknesses and pyroclastic activity, we performed a principal component analysis that tested correlations between vent size, the presence of vents within a crater, the diameters and degradation states of those craters, and vent distance from mapped faults, which help tie together interpretations of magma volumes and eruption energies, repeated utilization of magma pathways, and durations of eruptive events in the geological context of global contraction. Results reveal a predominance of small-sized vents indicative of short-lived, low-volume pyroclastic activity that are consistent with suppressed volcanism after the onset of global contraction. Greater size ranges of vents are found in large impact craters and when faults are nearby, which points to denser fracture networks facilitating magma ascent.