cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE VITAMIN CONTENT OF FOODSTUFFS.

THE MILLENIUM of the dietitians will be attained when we know both the exact food requirements of the human being of every age and occupation, and the exact contribution made to these requirements by the available foodstuffs in all forms of preparation for the table. This millenium is still sufficiently remote of attainment, but a hopeful symptom of progress toward it lies in the increasing willingness to drop the taboo system in our attitude toward foods. That foods may be complete or incomplete in their ability to meet human requirements; that the intelligent action is to learn to combine enough of the incomplete forms to meet the 24-hour requirement and at the same time attain variety in diet; are views that are gradually replacing the limited vision of those faddists whose sole aim seems to be to classify foods into g,ood or bad categories. The attainment of data necessary to intelligent selection of a daily diet is, however, a slow process. The reasons for this in the matter of calorie requiremient, nutrient analysis and the like, are matters of common knowledge, for such experimentation has been before the workers in public health for many years. The difficulties in the way of accurate quantitative measurement of the vitamin content of foods are perhaps not so well understood.
The Conflict Between Zionism and Traditionalism Before World War I

The seeds of conflict between traditional Judaism and secular-political Zionism were inherent in the Zionist idea itself. The conflict between adherents of traditional Judaism who variously opposed the movement or affiliated themselves with it and secular nationalists who variously perceived religion as synonymous with the spirit of the ghetto and therefore an anathema, or sought to incorporate, in varying degrees, aspects of the Jewish traditional past into the new culture of the renascent homeland shaped the development of the Zionist movement.1
Plasma Glycoprotein Hormone α-Subunit in the Syndrome of Gonadal Dysgenesis: The Effect of Estrogen Replacement in Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism*

Elevated plasma LH and FSH levels in hypergonadotropic hypogonadism can be reduced byestrogen therapy, but the change in readily releasable glycoprotein hormone α-subunit with therapy is undefined. We administered 100 μg LRF iv to seven patients (11–19 yr old)with the syndrome of gonadal dysgenesis before and during 9 months of therapy with oral conjugatedestrogens at a dose of 0.3 mg/day. The control group was seven normal girls, aged 12–16 yr. Mean basal glycoprotein hormone levels for the untreated and treated gonadal dysgenesis groups and the control group were, respectively: α-subunit, 4.2, 1.3, and 0.8 ng/ml; LH, 9.3, 3.3, and 1.4 ng/ml; and FSH, 46.7, 17.8, and 1.6 ng/ml. Mean peak LRF-stimulated values for the untreated and treated gonadal dysgenesis groups and the control group were, respectively: α-subunit, 18.9, 5.1, and 3.7 ng/ml; LH, 43.4, 11.8, and 6.4 ng/ml; and FSH, 78.0, 23.3, and 3.6 ng/ml. Mean basal and peak plasma α-subunit, LH, andFSH concentrations in untreated patients with gonadal...
Hexosaminidase-A and Hexosamini-dase-B: Studies in Tay-Sachs' and Sandhoff's Disease

HUMAN tissues contain two isozymes of β-D-N-acetyl-hexos-aminidase1. Hexosaminidase-A (hex-A) is thermolabile and moves toward the anode on electrophoresis at pH 6.0, and hexosaminidase-B (hex-B) is relatively thermostable and moves toward the cathode. In Tay-Sachs' disease, which is found predominantly in Jewish populations, hex-A is absent but hex-B activity is increased2–5. In Sandhoff's disease, a variant of Tay-Sachs' disease, found mostly in non-Jewish populations, both enzyme activities are missing3,6. Thus, while it is apparent that there is a genetic relationship between hex-A and hex-B, the nature of this relationship has remained obscure. It has been suggested that hex-A may be derived from hex-B by the addition of neuraminic acid residues1,7.
Social Networking in Knowledge Management

Can enterprises use Web 2.0 technologies to improve the output of knowledge workers? A study of four knowledge-intensive firms offers insight into their use of social networking for knowledge management and the challenges it presents.
Cellular dose conversion factors for α-particle - emitting radionuclides of interest in radionuclide therapy

α-Particle–emitting radionuclides are of increasing interest in radionuclide therapy. The decay scheme of α-emitting radionuclides typically includes a chain of unstable progeny. It is generally assumed that α-particle emission by the parent radionuclide will break the chemical bond with its carrier molecule and that the resulting daughter atom will no longer be associated with the carrier molecule. If the daughter is very short lived, it will not have enough time to be carried any significant distance from the site of parent decay and a cellular, absorbed dose estimate must consider the energy deposited by the daughter as well as the parent. Depending on the site of parent decay and the expected removal rate of daughter atoms from this site, the contribution of emissions from longer-lived daughters may also be warranted. In this study, dose conversion factors (DCFs) for cellular dimensions that incorporate the fate of daughter radionuclides were derived for 225Ac, 213Bi, 211At, and 223Ra, the α-particle–emitting radionuclides of interest in radionuclide therapy. Methods: The dose contribution of daughter radionuclides at the site of parent decay was made dependent on a cutoff time parameter, which was used to estimate the fraction of daughter decays expected at the site of parent decay. Previously tabulated S values (cell-surface to nucleus and cell-surface to cell) for each daughter in the decay scheme were scaled by this fraction and a sum over all daughters was performed to yield a cutoff time–dependent set of corresponding DCF values for each radionuclide. Results: DCF values for the absorbed dose to the nuclear or cellular volume from cell-surface decays are presented as a function of the cutoff time for 4 different cellular and nuclear dimensions. Conclusion: In contrast to the cellular S values that account only for parent decay, the DCF values provided in this study make it possible to easily include the contribution of daughter decays in cellular α-particle emitter dose calculations.
Hospital nursing units in the USA: government ownership, Magnet designation, unit population age group and higher skill mix are associated with lower nursing turnover.

Commentary on: Staggs VS, Dunton N. Hospital and unit characteristics associated with nursing turnover include skill mix but not staffing level: an observational cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud 2012;49:1138–45.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Replacing nurse vacancies in hospitals is a substantial expense and hospitals are wise to explore strategies that minimise nursing turnover. The US hospitals that attracted and retained a high-quality RN workforce despite severe nursing shortages in the early 1980s were termed ‘magnet hospitals’. Magnet hospital … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DInternational%2Bjournal%2Bof%2Bnursing%2Bstudies%26rft.stitle%253DInt%2BJ%2BNurs%2BStud%26rft.aulast%253DStaggs%26rft.auinit1%253DV.%2BS.%26rft.volume%253D49%26rft.issue%253D9%26rft.spage%253D1138%26rft.epage%253D1145%26rft.atitle%253DHospital%2Band%2Bunit%2Bcharacteristics%2Bassociated%2Bwith%2Bnursing%2Bturnover%2Binclude%2Bskill%2Bmix%2Bbut%2Bnot%2Bstaffing%2Blevel%253A%2Ban%2Bobservational%2Bcross-sectional%2Bstudy.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.ijnurstu.2012.03.009%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22521853%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.03.009&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=22521853&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F16%2F4%2F119.atom
Field-friendly techniques for assessment of biomarkers of nutrition for development

Whereas cost-effective interventions exist for the control of micronutrient malnutrition (MN), in low-resource settings field-friendly tools to assess the effect of these interventions are underutilized or not readily available where they are most needed. Conventional approaches for MN measurement are expensive and require relatively sophisticated laboratory instrumentation, skilled technicians, good infrastructure, and reliable sources of clean water and electricity. Consequently, there is a need to develop and introduce innovative tools that are appropriate for MN assessment in low-resource settings. These diagnostics should be cost-effective, simple to perform, robust, accurate, and capable of being performed with basic laboratory equipment. Currently, such technologies either do not exist or have been applied to the assessment of a few micronutrients. In the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), a few such examples for which "biomarkers" of nutrition development have been assessed in low-resource settings using field-friendly approaches are hemoglobin (anemia), retinol-binding protein (vitamin A), and iron (transferrin receptor). In all of these examples, samples were collected mainly by nonmedical staff and analyses were conducted in the survey country by technicians from the local health or research facilities. This article provides information on how the DHS has been able to successfully adapt field-friendly techniques in challenging environments in population-based surveys for the assessment of micronutrient deficiencies. Special emphasis is placed on sample collection, processing, and testing in relation to the availability of local technology, resources, and capacity.
Selection and characterization of small random transmembrane proteins that bind and activate the platelet-derived growth factor β receptor

Growth factor receptors are typically activated by the binding of soluble ligands to the extracellular domain of the receptor, but certain viral transmembrane proteins can induce growth factor receptor activation by binding to the receptor transmembrane domain. For example, homodimers of the transmembrane 44-amino acid bovine papillomavirus E5 protein bind the transmembrane region of the PDGF beta receptor tyrosine kinase, causing receptor dimerization, phosphorylation, and cell transformation. To determine whether it is possible to select novel biologically active transmembrane proteins that can activate growth factor receptors, we constructed and identified small proteins with random hydrophobic transmembrane domains that can bind and activate the PDGF beta receptor. Remarkably, cell transformation was induced by approximately 10% of the clones in a library in which 15 transmembrane amino acid residues of the E5 protein were replaced with random hydrophobic sequences. The transformation-competent transmembrane proteins formed dimers and stably bound and activated the PDGF beta receptor. Genetic studies demonstrated that the biological activity of the transformation-competent proteins depended on specific interactions with the transmembrane domain of the PDGF beta receptor. A consensus sequence distinct from the wild-type E5 sequence was identified that restored transforming activity to a non-transforming poly-leucine transmembrane sequence, indicating that divergent transmembrane sequence motifs can activate the PDGF beta receptor. Molecular modeling suggested that diverse transforming sequences shared similar protein structure, including the same homodimer interface as the wild-type E5 protein. These experiments have identified novel proteins with transmembrane sequences distinct from the E5 protein that can activate the PDGF beta receptor and transform cells. More generally, this approach may allow the creation and identification of small proteins that modulate the activity of a variety of cellular transmembrane proteins.
Religious Commitment and the Logical Status of Doctrines

The great Falsification Debate about the logical status of religious beliefs seems fairly quiescent at present. Most philosophers of religion have opted for one or the other of two opposite responses to the falsificationists' challenge.
Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of a Cytokinin Oxidase from Maize

It is generally accepted that cytokinin oxidases, which oxidatively remove cytokinin side chains to produce adenine and the corresponding isopentenyl aldehyde, play a major role in regulating cytokinin levels in planta. Partially purified fractions of cytokinin oxidase from various species have been studied for many years, but have yet to clearly reveal the properties of the enzyme or to define its biological significance. Details of the genomic organization of the recently isolated maize ( Zea mays ) cytokinin oxidase gene ( ckx1 ) and some of its Arabidopsis homologs are now presented. Expression of an intronless ckx1 in Pichia pastoris allowed production of large amounts of recombinant cytokinin oxidase and facilitated detailed kinetic and cofactor analysis and comparison with the native enzyme. The enzyme is a flavoprotein containing covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide, but no detectable heavy metals. Expression of the oxidase in maize tissues is described.
Teaching signals and systems using the Virtual Laboratory environment in ECE at CMU

The author describes the integration of laboratory and classroom experiences for a sophomore level signals and systems course. She gives details of the Virtual Laboratory designed to provide a laboratory experience that is unified across all ECE courses and builds upon itself during the student's undergraduate education, and to enable the student to create virtually the same laboratory environment about any PC that has access to the campus network. The success of this course and changes that were implemented are discussed. The most successful laboratories and in-class demos are outlined, and write-ups are provided. >
Cardioprotection Afforded by Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Therapy Is Mediated by Cyclooxygenase-2 via a Nuclear Factor-κB–Dependent Pathway

Background— Gene therapy with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) markedly reduces myocardial infarct size; this effect is associated with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) upregulation and is ablated by COX-2 inhibitors. However, pharmacological inhibitors are limited by relative lack of specificity; furthermore, the mechanism whereby iNOS gene therapy upregulates COX-2 remains unknown. Accordingly, we used genetically engineered mice to test the hypothesis that the cardioprotection afforded by iNOS gene transfer is mediated by COX-2 upregulation via a nuclear factor (NF)-κB–dependent pathway. Methods and Results— Mice received an intramyocardial injection of Av3/LacZ (LacZ group) or Av3/iNOS (iNOS group); 3 days later, myocardial infarction was produced by a 30-minute coronary occlusion followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. Among Av3/LacZ-treated mice, infarct size was similar in COX-2−/− and wild-type groups. iNOS gene transfer (confirmed by iNOS immunoblotting and activity assays) markedly reduced infarct siz...
Combined Tumor Suppressor Defects Characterize Clinically Defined Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancers

Purpose: Morphologically heterogeneous prostate cancers that behave clinically like small-cell prostate cancers (SCPC) share their chemotherapy responsiveness. We asked whether these clinically defined, morphologically diverse, “aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC)” also share molecular features with SCPC. Experimental Design: Fifty-nine prostate cancer samples from 40 clinical trial participants meeting AVPC criteria, and 8 patient-tumor derived xenografts (PDX) from 6 of them, were stained for markers aberrantly expressed in SCPC. DNA from 36 and 8 PDX was analyzed by Oncoscan for copy number gains (CNG) and losses (CNL). We used the AVPC PDX to expand observations and referenced publicly available datasets to arrive at a candidate molecular signature for the AVPC. Results: Irrespective of morphology, Ki67 and Tp53 stained ≥10% cells in 80% and 41% of samples, respectively. RB1 stained MYC (surrogate for 8q) CNG and RB1 CNL showed in 54% of 44 samples each and PTEN CNL in 48%. All but 1 of 8 PDX bore Tp53 missense mutations. RB1 CNL was the strongest discriminator between unselected castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and the AVPC. Combined alterations in RB1 , Tp53 , and/or PTEN were more frequent in the AVPC than in unselected CRPC and in The Cancer Genome Atlas samples. Conclusions: Clinically defined AVPC share molecular features with SCPC and are characterized by combined alterations in RB1 , Tp53 , and/or PTEN . Clin Cancer Res; 22(6); 1520–30. ©2015 AACR .
Gender, Sexuality, and Coming to Terms with the Nazi Past

In the years leading to the sixtieth anniversary of the end of the Second World War, popular books and films have sparked lively discussions about the ways Germans use gender and sexuality to interpret the Nazi past. July 2003 saw the re-release of Eine Frau in Berlin , the anonymous diary of a woman who experienced the mass rapes surrounding the Battle for Berlin. In October of that year, the film Das Wunder von Bern ( The Miracle of Bern ) told a sentimental tale of a late-returning POW's relationship with his son. Coming on the heels of renewed discussions of German suffering, the popular film and best-selling diary formed something of a “his-and-hers” opportunity to revisit debates about guilt and trauma, Nazi-era dominance and postwar degradation, now with gender front and center. If these debates raised concerns that Germans might believe their sufferings have redeemed their guilt, Thor Kunkel's novel Endstufe raised a different specter: a Nazi guilt that is not redeemed, that is paired not with suffering but rather with pleasure. Endstufe , released in March 2004, describes scientists at the SS Hygiene Institute who, in their cocaine-filled leisure hours, produce and enjoy pornographic films.
TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL CONVECTION INSIDE A VERTICAL CYLINDER

The transient behavior for natural convection heat transfer within a vertical cylindrical enclosure was studied using the SIMPLER numerical algorithm. Initially, the temperature of the internal fluid was uniform. The unsteady state heat transfer was initiated by a temperature step change applied to all boundaries. The boundary temperature was then increased at the same rate as the center temperature until pseudosteady state was achieved. (Pseudosteady state is comparable to steady state convection for a fluid with uniform heat generation.) The transient heat transfer coefficient and the intensity of flow, along with the magnitude and the location of the minimum temperature, mean temperature, and maximum stream function are presented. Temperature and stream function contours are used to show the penetration of heat from the boundary and the development of the flow patterns. The local Nusselt number is also provided as supplementary information. A cylinder with HID = 1 was considered, with the Prandtl numbe...
Cross-Desensitization of CCR1, but Not CCR2, following Activation of the Formyl Peptide Receptor FPR1

The cross-regulation of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) plays an important role in the immune response. Studies from several laboratories have suggested that a hierarchy of sensitivities to cross-desensitization exists for the chemoattractant GPCRs. We carried out experiments to study the capacity of the formyl peptide receptor-1 (FPR1) to desensitize chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR2. Our results show that activation of FPR1 resulted in the desensitization and partial internalization of CCR1, but not CCR2, in both primary human monocytes and HEK293 cells coexpressing CCR1, CCR2, and FPR1 (HR1R2F cells). The desensitization of CCR1 by FPR1 stimulation was not due to the simple depletion of the Ca2+ stores, but was dependent on activation of protein kinase C. Furthermore, we found that the cross-desensitization of CCR1 by FPR1 was associated with CCR1 phosphorylation and moderate reduction of CCR1 cell-surface expression. In contrast, CCR2 was not phosphorylated or internalized after FPR1 activation. Additional studies showed that optimal cross talk between FPR1 and CCR1 was dependent on the functional activity of protein kinase Cβ. These results provide a mechanistic basis for the capacity of certain GPCR ligands to exert rapid and selective cross-inactivation of other chemoattractant receptors, and suggest that FPR1 is able to exert “traffic control” in the migration of inflammatory cells by rapidly inhibiting the cell responses to potentially “low-priority” chemoattractants such as CCR1 agonists without inhibiting the response to “higher priority” CCR2 chemoattractants.
A Substrate Integrated Fluidic Compensation Mechanism for Deformable Antennas

This work presents the design, theory, and measurement of a linearly polarized microstrip patch antenna with a substrate-integrated compensation mechanism to mitigate the detuning effects from a physical deformation (e.g., bending and twisting). In particular, we investigate the ability of an antenna to maintain its impedance bandwidth as it bends sharply through the center (from flat up to 90o pivoted about the ground plane). Compensation for this bending occurs through the displacement of electromagnetically functionalized colloidal dispersions (EFCDs) in a substrate-embedded capillary. Stability of the 2:1 VSWR (matched impedance) bandwidth has been examined numerically across the entire range of bending, and demonstrated experimentally using fixed-bend patch antennas on 4 mm thick isocane foam substrates to illustrate this concept.
From Passengers to Drivers: Parent Perceptions about How Adolescents Learn to Drive.

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for adolescents in most developed countries. In some countries including the United States, parents play a critical role in teaching adolescents to drive; however, little is known about what parents believe to be necessary in developing safe, skilled drivers, including the kind of instruction and experiences needed. The aim of this study was to address this gap in the research by describing what parents know and believe about the learning-to-drive process using semistructured interviews and surveys. U.S. parents were asked to identify and describe important skills and concepts, learning methodologies, common problems, and evaluation metrics for novice drivers. An emic account of the learning-to-drive period was generated to inform future interventions to support families and to generate hypotheses for future research.
Localized convection flows and field-aligned current generation in a kinetic model of the near-Earth plasma sheet

Three-dimensional (3-D) particle simulations are used to determine the characteristic field-aligned currents produced by an interchange-driven, localized plasma jet impinging on the near-Earth plasma sheet. The diversion of the plasma flow produces a region 2 sense current which enhances the cross-tail current, while the primary flow provides a current to the ionosphere whose signature is consistent with the auroral streamers. The high beta interchange mode and localized flows resulting from a tailward gradient in the equatorial magnetic field provide a physical realization of the plasma bubble model of plasma sheet convection.
Distributed first stage detection for node capture

The node capture attack on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be broken into three stages: node capture, node redeployment, and insider attacks. Existing detection techniques of the attack are mostly implemented in the second stage. Recent discovery proved the feasibility of quick and effective detection in the first stage. We propose a hello message based first stage detection scheme, which is faster, easier to execute, and more reliable than existing approaches. Two implementations FSD and SEFSD are provided. FSD is completely decentralized. SEFSD utilizes the base station to achieve energy efficiency and better security. Simulation shows the scheme outperforms existing techniques while illustrating SEFSD outperforms FSD in terms of message and energy overhead.
Safety of discontinuation of anti-coagulation in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices

Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs) are standard therapy for end-stage heart failure given their efficacy and durability. However, to prevent thrombotic device-related complications, these devices require systemic anti-coagulation and anti-platelet therapy. This can result in significant bleeding episodes, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and epistaxis, occurring in 15% to 45% of cases and occasionally warranting discontinuation of such therapy. The incidence of thrombotic complications, including pump thrombosis, neurologic complications and peripheral thromboembolic events, has been relatively low, ranging from 0% to 7% in large multicenter trials. Because bleeding complications predominate among the adverse events in patients with continuous-flow LVADs, major bleeding may occasionally warrant discontinuation of anti-coagulation therapy. The incidence of stopping anti-coagulation for prolonged periods and the safety profile with regard to thromboembolic complications in CF-LVAD patients has not been adequately described. We reviewed all patients receiving a CF-LVAD from June 2005 to October 2011 at the University of Minnesota. CF pumps included the HeartMate II (Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA), VentrAssist (Ventracor, Australia) and HVAD (HeartWare, Framingham, MA). Any patients whose anti-coagulation or anti-coagulation and anti-platelet therapy was discontinued for 430 days were included in the analysis. Patients with only temporary or biventricular mechanical circulatory support and patients who died within 30 days of LVAD placement were excluded from the analysis. We collected baseline and follow-up data, including patient characteristics, history of atrial fibrillation, history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, renal function at time of discontinuation, LVAD speed at time of discontinuation, and aortic valve opening on echocardiography within 3 months of discontinuation of anti-coagulation, anti-platelet and anti-coagulation use, and anti-coagulation hematologic parameters. After patients were discharged from the hospital, they
Arteriohepatic Dysplasia. I. Pitfalls in Diagnosis and Management

Differentiating intrahepatic cholestasis from extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction may be difficult. Four patients with intraoperative cholangiographic evidence of extrahepatic ductal atresia who underwent hepatoportoenterostomy are described. All were ultimately shown to have arteriohepatic dysplasia with hypoplastic but patent extrahepatic ductal systems. The difficulty in establishing an accurate diagnosis, hazards associated with hepatoportoenterostomy, and suggestions for evaluation and management are discussed.
Simulation of the climate of the XX century in the Alpine space

The purpose of this work is the analysis of the capabilities of the Limited Area Model COSMO-CLM in simulating the main features of the observed climate over an area characterized by complex orography. Two sets of simulations of the XX century climate have been carried out, at a spatial resolution of 14 km, in order to provide a detailed description of the climate variability on local scale, useful for impact studies. A first experimental set-up consists of a set of simulations driven by the boundary conditions provided by the global model SINTEX-G. Our aim is to test the capability of this experimental set in realistically reproducing the main characteristics of the Alpine region climate under present climate conditions in order to provide a reliable tool for future climate scenario investigations. A second set of simulations has been carried out, driven by ERA40 reanalysis, in order to test the influence of the global model boundary conditions. Results are shown in terms of 2-m temperature and total precipitation and they are compared with two observational datasets: CRU and ARPA Piedmont. A good capability of the model in reproducing both the mean field and the seasonal cycle of temperature is observed, while the precipitation is affected by accuracy problems, related to the resolution. Though the model resolution is fine enough to reproduce fairly well the intensity of winter precipitation, it often fails in its localization. As far as summer precipitation is concerned, the model resolution appears too coarse to simulate the localized convection, which characterizes summer precipitation over Alps.
Who was Mr Democracy? The May Fourth Discourse of Populist Democracy and the Radicalization of Chinese Intellectuals (1915-1922)

Democracy is a symbol of the May Fourth era, and one of the two cores of the so-called ‘May Fourth spirit’ that generations of Chinese liberal intellectuals energetically want to carry forward in order to promote the liberal develop ment of democratization in China. In an essay published in January 1919 to celebrate the third anniversary of the publication of Xin Qingnian (New Youth), Chen Duxiu, one of the intellectual leaders of the New Culture Movement, respectfully gave democracy and science the nicknames ‘Mr Democracy’ (de xiansheng) and ‘Mr Science’ (sai xiansheng), and proclaimed that ‘only these two gentlemen can save China from the political, moral, academic, and intellectual darkness in which it finds itself’.Chen Duxiu, ‘Xin qingnian zuian zhi dabianshu’ (New Youth's reply to charges against the magazine), Xin Qingnian (New Youth): (hereafter cited as XQN), Vol. 6, No. 1 (15 Jan. 1919), pp. 10-11. Seven decades later, on the eve of the People's Movement on the Tiananmen square in spring 1989, many Chinese intellectuals published enormous essays or articles on the legacies of the ‘May Fourth spirit’, challenging the official monopoly over the power of historical interpretation.For more details about the ideological struggle for the historical interpretation of the May Fourth spirit between official historians and liberal intellectuals, see Gu Xin, Zhongguo Qimeng de Lishi Tujing (Historical Image of the Chinese Enlightenment) (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1992). One of the major themes in these essays or articles was the appeal to the young generation of Chinese intellectuals to strive for liberty, democracy, and science by inheriting the ‘May Fourth spirit’.
Compensation of time-delay for control of civil engineering structures

Time-delay is an important issue in structural control. Applications of unsynchronized control forces due to time-delay may result in a degradation of the control performance and it may even render the controlled structures to be unstable. In this paper, a state-of-the-art review for available methods of time-delay compensation is presented. Then, five methods for the compensation of fixed time-delay are presented and investigated for active control of civil engineering structures. These include the recursive response method, state-augmented compensation method, controllability based stabilization method, the Smith predictor method and the Pade approximation method, all are applicable to any control algorithm to be used for controlled design. Numerical simulations have been conducted for MDOF building models equipped with an active control system to demonstrate the stability and control performance of these time-delay compensation methods. Finally, the stability and performance of the phase shift method, that is well-known in civil engineering applications, have also been critically evaluated through numerical simulations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Refrigeration System for 4.2°K

A year ago, a new refrigeration cycle was described [1,2]. Its basic simplicity showed promise of excellent reliability and ease of construction. It was able to reach 35°K and to generate refrigeration efficiently at 80°K and above in its most elementary form. The purpose of this paper is to show how the basic method with modifications can be used as the base for a small, simple helium-temperature refrigerator and to describe such an operating refrigerator.
Automated Evaluation of Text and Discourse with Coh-Metrix: The Importance of Text Cohesion

The need to better understand the important role of cohesion in comprehension was the primary inspiration to develop Coh-Metrix (hence the “Coh” in Coh-Metrix). There has been considerable evidence that cohesion critically determines both how challenging a text is and how well the reader will understand it. Decades of research have demonstrated the importance of cohesion to text comprehension, yet at the turn of this century there were no means available for objectively measuring the cohesion of a text. Studies that had manipulated cohesion (or coherence as it has also often been referred to) had used guidelines to increase or decrease cohesion for any given text version, but there existed no measures of text cohesion itself, particularly measures that could be calculated at large scales (i.e., automatically). This situation presented a clear need to provide researchers and educators with a tool to objectively measure cohesion. As we discussed in Chapter 1, one purpose of Coh-Metrix is to assess the characteristics of the text so that readers’ comprehension can be estimated for that particular text. Notably, however, Coh-Metrix provides estimates of the linguistic, semantic, and discourse characteristics of the text without taking into consideration such fundamental factors as the reader and the task. Any predictions based on Coh-Metrix values for a text should therefore be qualified by the multiple real-world factors that surround the text, including the reader and the task. Readers have varying abilities, knowledge, motivation, and purposes for reading. Tasks vary from reading under duress to reading to enjoy, to learn, and to solve problems. All of these factors potentially interact with the features of the text. A text feature may have one effect in one situation and an entirely different effect in another situation. Such interactions need to be considered carefully when interpreting Coh-Metrix output.
Subunit stoichiometry of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin in crystals and on membranes: a heptameric transmembrane pore

Elucidation of the accurate subunit stoichiometry of oligomeric membrane proteins is fraught with complexities. The interpretations of chemical cross-linking, analytical ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and low-resolution electron microscopy studies are often ambiguous. Staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin (alpha HL), a homooligomeric toxin that forms channels in cell membranes, was believed to possess six subunits arranged around a sixfold axis of symmetry. Here, we report that analysis of x-ray diffraction data and chemical modification experiments indicate that the alpha HL oligomer is a heptamer. Self-rotation functions calculated using x-ray diffraction data from single crystals of alpha HL oligomers show a sevenfold axis of rotational symmetry. The alpha HL pore formed on rabbit erythrocyte membranes was determined to be a heptamer by electrophoretic separation of alpha HL heteromers formed from subunits with the charge of wild-type alpha HL and subunits with additional negative charge generated by targeted chemical modification of a single-cysteine mutant. These data establish the heptameric oligomerization state of the alpha HL transmembrane pore both in three-dimensional crystals and on a biological membrane.
Fuzzy targeting of customers based on product attributes

Finding the right set of target customers for a given product is an important problem in business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce. We propose an approach to solve this problem based on product attributes. Our approach is based on the assumption that the interest of a customer in a product depends on the customer's interest towards its attributes. We use a collection of membership estimators to compute the degree to which a customer might be interested in a product. Each estimator is based on a particular product attribute, and takes into consideration purchase information about other products that are similar to the given one from the point of view of the attribute. Thus, each estimator generates a membership value for each customer in the target customer set based on a specific attribute. We then use these memberships and other customer information to predict the target customers. Our experimental results show a significant improvement in prediction accuracy when the proposed approach is used.
Diversity of Two Beetle Taxa at a Western Amazonian Locality (Coleoptera: Histeridae; Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)

Abstract We analyzed data from two beetle taxa, Pselaphinae (Staphylinidae) and Histeridae, collected during a seven-week expedition to Yasuni National Park (Napo Province, Ecuador) during June–August 1999. Smoothed species accumulation curves and richness estimators were used to assess the effectiveness of Berlese extraction, flight intercept traps, light traps, and a combination of other techniques in sampling these two focal taxa. From a total of 3,465 specimens, including 871 pselaphines and 2,574 histerids, we sorted 385 species, 178 pselaphine species and 207 histerid species representing 62 pselaphine genera and 63 histerid genera. We offer regional comparisons to assess the scale of diversity documented at Yasuni. Finally, we used these empirical data, richness estimates, and simple percentages to predict that beetle diversity at this site in Yasuni National Park ranges from 9,871 to 14,102 species, and total insect diversity ranges from 24,665 to 35,255 species.
Observational quantification of the optical properties of cirrus cloud

By blocking sunlight and trapping heat, cirrus clouds play a central role in the climate of Earth (Manabe and Strickler, 1964; Cox 1971; Ramaswamy and Ramanathan, 1989). Temperature contrasts are created by the consequent redistribution of radiative energy, which in turn plays a role in driving atmospheric motions and regional climate. Fundamentally, it is ice crystals that are responsible for radiative interactions, and their crystal shape and size distributions are consequently a major research focus. This chapter focuses in particular on light scattering by ice crystals in terrestrial cirrus.
Single-arm Phase II cancer survival trial designs

The current practice for designing single-arm Phase II trials with time-to-event endpoints is limited to using either a maximum likelihood estimate test under the exponential model or a naive approach based on dichotomizing the event time at a landmark time point. A trial designed under the exponential model may not be reliable, and the naive approach is inefficient. The modified one-sample log-rank test statistic proposed in this article fills the void. In general, the proposed test can be used to design single-arm Phase II survival trials under any parametric survival distribution. Simulation results showed that it preserves type I error well and provides adequate power for Phase II cancer trial designs with time-to-event endpoints.
Cold-spots and glassy nematicity in underdoped cuprates

There is now copious direct experimental evidence of various forms of (short-range) charge order in underdoped cuprate high temperature superconductors, and spectroscopic signatures of a nodal-antinodal dichotomy in the structure of the single-particle spectral functions. In this context we analyze the Bogoliubov quasiparticle spectrum in a superconducting nematic glass. The coincidence of the superconducting ``nodal points'' and the nematic ``cold-spots'' on the Fermi surface naturally accounts for many of the most salient features of the measured spectral functions (from angle-resolved photoemission) and the local density of states (from scanning tunneling microscopy).
e-Health Cloud: Privacy Concerns and Mitigation Strategies

Cloud based solutions have permeated in the healthcare domain due to a broad range of benefits offered by the cloud computing. Besides the financial advantages to the healthcare organizations, cloud computing also offers large-scale and on-demand storage and processing services to various entities of the cloud based health ecosystem. However, outsourcing the sensitive health information to the third-party cloud providers can result in serious privacy concerns. This chapter highlights the privacy issues related to the health data and also presents privacy preserving requirements. Besides the benefits of the cloud computing in healthcare, cloud computing deployment models are also discussed from the perspective of healthcare systems. Moreover, some recently developed strategies to mitigate the privacy concerns and to fulfil the privacy preserving requirements are also discussed in detail. Furthermore, strengths and weaknesses of each of the presented strategies are reported and some open issues for the future research are also presented.
Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of Fracture Surfaces From Oxide / Polymer Interfaces

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is used to characterize fracture surfaces in silicon oxide / silane adhesion promoter / BCB polymer systems. Fatigue striations were found on some samples, and these were correlated with the crack growth rate per fatigue cycle. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used to identify the species present on each surface, and it was found that striations only form when the fracture path is through the polymer.
Right ventricular failure after repair of left ventricular aneurysm.

This report summarizes the experience in two patients who have manifested severe right ventricular (RV) failure after resection of large left ventricular (LV) aneurysms involving the ventricular septum. In the first patient, early postoperative right atrial (RA) mean pressure (14 mm Hg) was similar to the mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure (16 mm Hg) and exceeded left atrial (LA) pressure (10 mm Hg). A right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale allowed adequate cardiac output at the expense of arterial desaturation. As RV function slowly improved, LA pressure exceeded RA pressure, pulmonary artery pulse pressure increased, and the shunt disappeared as the foramen ovale closed. In the second patient, initial attempts to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass with catecholamines and intra-aortic balloon pump were unsuccessful because of RV failure. RA pressure was 30 mm Hg and LA pressure was 12 mm Hg with a balloon-augmented peak arterial pressure of only 80 mm Hg. A ventricular assist pump (RA to PA) was used to wean the patient from bypass and resulted in adequate LA pressure (17 mm Hg), low RA pressure (6 mm Hg), and adequate cardiac index (1.9 L/min/m2). On the operative and first postoperative day, there was no pulse pressure generated from RV contraction and all PA pulse pressure (40115 mm Hg) was due to the assist pump. Beginning on postoperative day 2, the RV generated increasing PA pulse pressures. The patient was weaned from the RV assist device, which was removed on postoperative day 3; then the PA pressure was 36/18 mm Hg, RA pressure 16 mm Hg, and LA pressure 18 mm Hg. Both patients remain well. These case histories would indicate that the lack of septal motion may not be a contraindication to repair of LV aneurysm as has previously been suggested; however, in such patients, the possibility of RV failure would make the availability of an assist pump advisable. Recovery of RV function can be expected within a few days.
Embedding l∞ into the Space of Bounded Operators on Certain Banach Spaces

Sufficient conditions are given on a Banach space X which ensure that embeds in L(X), the space of all bounded linear operators on X. A basic sequence en is said to be quasisubsymmetric if for any two increasing sequences (kn) and (ln) of positive integers with (kn) ⩽ (ln) for all n, (ekn) dominates (eln). If a Banach space X has a seminormalized quasisubsymmetric basis then l∞ embeds in l(X). 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 46B28 (primary), 46B03 (secondary).
Rectal thiopental versus an intramuscular cocktail for sedating children before computerized tomography

The sedative effects of rectal thiopental sodium and an intramuscular cocktail of meperidine hydrochloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride and promethazine hydrochloride were compared in 72 pediatric patients undergoing computerized tomography (CT). Pediatric patients scheduled were randomly assigned to receive either the i.m. cocktail (2.0 mg/kg of meperidine, 1.0 mg/kg of both chlorpromazine and promethazine) or 25--45 mg/kg of thiopental rectally before scanning. Side effects, and onset, duration and depth of sedation were recorded by 14 unblinded investigators. Clarity of CT scans was rated by two blinded radiologists. Additional doses of sedatives were administered as necessary. Sedation was not achieved in 3% of the thiopental group or in 14+ of the i.m. cocktail group. Additional sedatives were required by eight patients in the thiopental group and by five patients in the cocktail group. The mean time for onset of sedation was 8 minutes with thiopental and 18 minutes with the cocktail. The mean duration of sedation was 7 hours for the cocktail group and 2.75 hours for the 25-mg/kg rectal thiopental group. All scans were diagnostic (acceptable) in the rectal thiopental group, but 14% of those in the i.m. cocktail group were nondiagnostic. Rectal thiopental is an effective alternative to an i.m. cocktail for sedating children before CT scans and may reduce the number of nondiagnostic scans.
The knob-Socket Model: An Amino Acid Code Describing Protein Tertiary Packing Structure

A construct that simplifies the complexity of residue packing would significantly impact our understanding and analysis higher order protein structure in the same way that the covalent peptide bond allows linear comparisons of protein sequences and main-chain hydrogen bonding patterns identify secondary structure. For every secondary structure type including the irregular coil elements, the knob-socket model decomposes the many-bodied and non-specific side-chain interactions into regular patterns of a 3-residue socket. The 3-residue socket describes packing interactions within secondary structure elements and exists in 2 states: free and filled with a knob. The 4-residue filled socket or knob-socket indicates tertiary structure packing between secondary structure elements. Amino acid composition analysis of the 2 sockets across secondary structure classes shows strong preferences for either a free state or packed with a knob. Therefore, the relative arrangement of these socket types in the secondary structure different elements defines the packing architecture of a protein and provides a correlation of a protein's primary sequence directly with its tertiary structure. This analysis characterizes packing structure even in irregular coil structure and that coil residues contribute as much to tertiary structure packing as alpha-helices. Moreover, the knob-socket construct decomposes the complicated 3D interactions of protein tertiary structure into an easily understood 2D representation called a packing surface topology map. This approach unambiguously illustrates the canonical packing patterns between alpha-helices and reveals the canonical packing patterns between beta-sheets as well as between alpha-helices and beta-sheets. Furthermore, knobs are found to consistently pack into individual sockets and only a few shapes of contiguous sockets (or pockets). These analyses and results demonstrate that the knob-socket model functions as a fundamental unit to describe packing in higher order protein structure.