cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Static quark potential according to the dual-superconductor picture of QCD.

We use the effective action describing long-range QCD, which predicts that QCD behaves as a dual superconductor, to derive the interaction energy between two heavy quarks as a function of separation. The dual-superconductor field equations are solved in an approximation in which the boundary between the superconducting vacuum and the region of normal vacuum surrounding the quarks is sharp. Further, non-Abelian effects are neglected. The resulting heavy-quark potential is linear in separation at large separation, and Coulomb-like at small separation. Overall it agrees very well with phenomenologically determined potentials.
Scholarship Reconsidered for the Professoriate of 2010.

The main thesis in this paper argues that the predominant system of defining, conducting, and rewarding scholarship today is mismatched with the shifting mission of higher education. Success in the current monolithic system is based on one's record of publication in adjudicated journals, not on the generation and dissemination of knowledge that benefits academic disciplines, students, and other constituent groups. Three metaphors are used to partially capture the growing crisis in higher education, a crisis fostered by a widening gulf between how faculty members prioritize their time and how the public, students, and state funding agencies perceive faculty members should be doing so. Several alternative models of scholarship are mentioned, with one based on Ernest Boyer's (1990) Scholarship Reconsidered discussed at length for its implications for the amalgamated subdisciplines of physical education and the sport sciences.
Immunological Effects of Tobacco Smoking in “Healthy” Smokers

The history of tobacco smoking is quite extensive having existed for many years. Over the past 10-15 years significant gains have been made in curbing exposure to tobacco smoke, but tobacco smoke continues to contribute to significant disease. The immunological effects of cigarette smoking have been evaluated and can provide important insight into mechanism of disease. With the extensive growth in elucidation of basic immune processes within healthy host, further research is possible to aide understanding of immune alterations associated with smoking. Specifically, in the area of cellular immunity in which over 30 different cytokines contributing various regulatory functions in immunity, there are many proteins and mechanisms that may be altered. This review will cover the current state of knowledge in the areas of humoral, cellular immunity including results of cytokine studies in healthy smokers.
Atomic scale defects in 4H SiC/SiO 2 using electron spin resonance

In this study we report on ESR results on silicon carbide blanket wafers. The samples studied had p-type 4H-SiC substrates with a resistivity of 1000 ohm-cm. The SiC wafers had a 5mum epitaxially grown surface layer which was doped with Al to 5e15 cm-3. The oxide (about 500Aring thick) was grown using Cree's standard dry-wet process with a NO post-oxidation anneal.
Vitamin D Status and Health.

Vitamin D is a unique nutrient in that it is actually a prohormone obtained by endogenous synthesis from sun exposure on 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin and from certain foods and dietary supplements. Endogenous synthesis produces cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and is transported to the liver bound to the vitamin D-binding protein (DBP). In foods and dietary supplements, vitamin D exists either as cholecalciferol or plant-derived ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). Both forms of the ingested vitamin are absorbed via the lymphatic system and transported to the liver. Vitamin D occurs naturally in a limited number of foods, and fish are found to have the highest amounts of the vitamin. Fortified foods provide the major dietary food sources of vitamin D (e.g., milk and milk products, margarines, and breakfast cereals) in the United States (Whiting and Calvo, 2006). In the liver, vitamin D is converted to 25(OH)D by the enzyme 25-hydroxylase. Conversion to the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D...
Human Origins Studies: A Historical Perspective

Research into the deep history of the human species is a relatively young science which can be divided into two broad periods. The first spans the century between the publication of Darwin’s Origin and the end of World War II. This period is characterized by the recovery of the first non-modern human fossils and subsequent attempts at reconstructing family trees as visual representations of the transition from ape to human. The second period, from 1945 to the present, is marked by a dramatic upsurge in the quantity of research, with a concomitant increase in specialization. During this time, emphasis shifted from classification of fossil humans to paleoecology in which hominids were seen as parts of complex evolving ecosystems. This shift is in no small part due to the incorporation of neo-Darwinian synthetic theory. Finally, technological innovation and changes in social context are considered as influences on human origins studies.
Constructing Political Logic The Democratic Peace Puzzle

The statistical observation that war between democratic states is exceptionally rare and the seemingly contradictory finding that democracies nevertheless do go to war have posedan intriguing puzzl...
Prescription of Barbiturates and Other Dangerous Drugs

PRESCRIPTION OF BARBITURATES AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS A great deal of confusion exists among both physicians and pharmacists in Massachusetts regarding the refilling of prescriptions of the so-cal...
Diversity partitioning without statistical independence of alpha and beta

Diversity partitioning has become a popular method for analyzing patterns of alpha and beta diversity. A recent evaluation of the method emphasized a distinction between additive and multiplicative partitioning and further advocated the use of multiplicative partitioning based on a presumed independence between alpha and beta. Concurrently, additive partitioning was criticized for producing dependent alpha and beta estimates. Until now, the issue of statistical independence of alpha and beta (in either type of partitioning) has not been thoroughly examined, partly due to confusion about the meaning of statistical independence. Here, we adopted a probability-based definition of statistical independence that is essentially identical to the definition found in any statistics textbook. We used a data simulation approach to show that alpha and beta diversity are not statistically independent in either additive or multiplicative partitioning. However, the extent of the dependence is not so great that it cannot be overcome by using appropriate statistical techniques to control it. Both additive and multiplicative partitioning are statistically valid and logically sound approaches to analyzing diversity patterns.
Electrostatic control of peptide side-chain reactivity using amphiphilic homopolymer-based supramolecular assemblies.

Supramolecular assemblies formed by amphiphilic homopolymers with negatively charged groups in the hydrophilic segment have been designed to enable high labeling selectivity toward reactive side chain functional groups in peptides. The negatively charged interiors of the supramolecular assemblies are found to block the reactivity of protonated amines that would otherwise be reactive in aqueous solution, while maintaining the reactivity of nonprotonated amines. Simple changes to the pH of the assemblies’ interiors allow control over the reactivity of different functional groups in a manner that is dependent on the pKa of a given peptide functional group. The labeling studies carried out in positively charged supramolecular assemblies and free buffer solution show that, even when the amine is protonated, labeling selectivity exists only when complementary electrostatic interactions are present, thereby demonstrating the electrostatically controlled nature of these reactions.
Dechlorination of chloromethanes on iron and palladium-iron bimetallic surface in aqueous systems

Iron granules and palladium-treated iron granules (Pd/Fe[sup 0]-H[sub 2]O) in contact with water have been tested as a potential means to dechlorinate chloromethanes (CCl[sub 4], CHCl[sub 3], and CH[sub 2]Cl[sub 2]) that are commonly generated in teaching chemistry laboratories. Palladium treatment enhanced the rate of dechlorination of CCl[sub 4] by a factor of about seven compared to the untreated Fe[sup 0]-H[sub 2]O, but the potential toxic effect of palladium remains a concern. Oxygen in the aqueous solution reduced the dechlorination rates of CCl[sub 4] with both Fe[sup 0]-H[sub 2]O and Pd/Fe[sup 0]-H[sub 2]O by at least a factor of three. Nevertheless, from the consideration of remediating solvent wastes, both systems appear suitable for treating CCl[sub 4] and possibly CHCl[sub 3] wastes, even in the presence of oxygen. The reactivities of the three chloromethanes toward the Fe[sup 0]-H[sub 2]O were vastly different. The dechlorination rate of CCl[sub 4] was by far the highest, followed by that of CHCl[sub 3], and CH[sub 2]Cl was virtually unreactive toward the Fe[sup 0]-H[sub 2]O system. Dechlorination reactions of CCl[sub 4] and CHCl[sub 3] were systematically examined on both Fe[sup 0]-H[sub 2]O and Pd/Fe[sup 0]-H[sub 2]O. On the basis of the data, it appears that CCl[submore » 4] is successively dechlorinated to form CH[sub 4] via the formation of partially dechlorinated intermediates. Proton transfer to various intermediates produces the chloromethanes: CHCl[sub 3], CH[sub 2]Cl[sub 2], and CH[sub 3]Cl. Furthermore, CH[sub 4] formation, independent of the proton-transferring reactions, appears to be selectively stimulated by palladium.« less
N-phenylglucosylamine hydrolysis: a mechanistic probe of β-glucosidase.

Abstract The spontaneous hydrolysis of glycosylamines, where the aglycone is either a primary amine or ammonia, is over a hundred million-times faster than that of O- or S-glycosides. The reason for this (as pointed out by Capon and Connett in 1965) is that, in contrast to the mechanism for O- or S-glycoside hydrolysis, hydrolysis of these N-glycosides (e.g., glc-NHR) involves an endocyclic C–O bond cleavage resulting in formation of an imine (iminium ion) which then reacts with water. Since ring-opening is kinetically favored with glycosylamines, compounds such as phenylglucosylamine can be a useful probes of enzymes that have been suggested to possibly follow this mechanism. With β-glucosidase from sweet almonds, the enzyme is highly efficient in catalyzing the hydrolysis of phenyl glucoside (kcat/knon ∼ 1014) and phenyl thioglucoside (kcat/knon ∼ 1010) while with either the almond or the Aspergillus niger enzyme or with yeast α-glucosidase, there is no detectable catalysis of phenylglucosylamine hydrolysis (kcat/knon
Photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene using TiO2 coated optical microfibers

TiO2 particles have been attached to optical microfibers to allow the irradiation of the interior of a powdered photocatalyst, and the UV initiated photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene was followed using 13C solid-state NMR.
Optimized Design of Piezoelectric Flap Actuators for Active Flow Control

Piezoelectric flap actuators are often used in active flow-control applications. However, effective design tools are lacking in the flow-control community. This paper discusses theoretical modeling, experimental validation, and optimal design of piezoelectric unimorph and bimorph flap actuators. First, two different finite element models are described. One is a simple beam model that assumes a perfect bond exists between the piezoelectric patch and the shim,whereasthesecondincorporatesalinearelasticshearelementforthebondlayer.Thesemodelsarethenusedto predict the magnitude of the dc response (tip displacement per unit applied voltage) and the natural frequency (a measureofthebandwidth)oftheseactuators.Next,anapproximateanalyticalmodelisdevelopedtofacilitatedesign optimization. The models are compared with experimental data obtained from a parametric study in which 10 otherwise identical unimorph piezoelectric actuators with varying piezoelectric patches are fabricated and characterizedusingalaserdisplacementsensor.Allmodelsproduceestimatesthatareaccuratetowithin15%and 10% for the dc response and natural frequency, respectively. The analytical model is also extended to bimorph actuators. Finally, a general design optimization procedure is presented, and representative results are provided.
A method for the characterization of fuel failure in operating PWRs

A method is presented for the determination of the number of defective fuel pins in PWRs. The method uses measured values of reactor coolant activity of two fission-product isotopes (e.g. 131I and 133I) and evaluates the possible number of failures of two different sizes of break. Encouraging results have been obtained for two different reactors which experience a significant amount of failed fuel verified by sipping. The present method can be extended for application to BWRs.
Density functional study of structural trends for late-transition-metal 13-atom clusters

Because reactivity increases as particle size decreases and competition between numerous structures are possible, which affects catalytic and magnetic properties, we study the structural trends of late-transition-metal 13-atom clusters using density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation to exchange-correlation functional. We consider open structural motifs, such as bilayer and cubic (recently found to have lower energy), and find new bilayer candidates that are even lower in energy. To study the influence of $d$-orbital filling on structural trends, we focus on Pt, Pd, and Rh clusters and find several new, low-energy structures for ${\mathrm{Pt}}_{13}$ and ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{13}$ from searches using a first-principle molecular dynamics high-temperature annealing. We find that 13-atom clusters prefer less square-cubic order as the $d$-orbitals gradually fill in the order of Rh, Pt, and Pd, and generally, low symmetry, open structures are preferred to high symmetry, compact ones, a trend explained from their electronic structures. For completeness, we briefly comment on improved exchange-correlation functionals affects on cluster morphology.
Digital library research in the US: an overview with a knowledge management perspective

The provision of information resources and services is now readily available online via digital libraries furnished by a wide variety of information providers. Information is no longer just text and pictures, and is now available in a wide variety of multimedia formats. Digital libraries represent a new form of information technology in which content management, service delivery and social impact matter as much as technological advancement. In addition, for digital library researchers there is a need to transform information access to knowledge creation and management. Based on research in the USA in the Digital Libraries Initiative and the National Science Digital Library programmes, a review is provided of significant past and emerging digital library research activities, and research based on new knowledge management concepts and technologies is suggested.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of DNA-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles

Molecular dynamics methods have been used to study a 2 nm gold nanoparticle that is functionalized with four single stranded DNAs at the atomistic level. The DNA strands, which are attached to the [111] faces of a 201 atom truncated octahedral gold particle with a -S(CH2)6- linker, are found to be perpendicular to the surface of the particle, with the alkane chain lying on the surface. There are no significant hydrogen bonding interactions between the adsorbed ss-DNAs during the simulation. Even though the expected radius would be 49 A (3.4 A per base) for a Watson−Crick DNA structure, the simulation with 0.5 M salt shows a radius of about 29 A (2.2 A per base), which is a result that is consistent with recent experimental reports. It is also found that the sodium concentration within 30 A of the gold particle is about 20% higher than the bulk concentration. This is consistent with an observed increase in the melting temperature of DNA when many functionalized gold particles are hybridized together.
Climate variability, economic adaptation, and investment timing

Recent models of adaptation to climate change have allowed economic agents perfect foresight about future climatic conditions. We argue that it is time to move beyond assumptions of perfect foresight to consider the impacts of changing climate predictability on adaptation dynamics. An option value investment model is used to illustrate the impact of one significant determinant of predictability - climate variability - on the timing of adaptation. Decreased predictability leads to postponed adaptation and increased pre-adaptation damage costs, indicating that estimates of the damage reductions to be gained through adaptation based on perfect foresight have been excessively optimistic.
Prevention of intimal hyperplasia with recombinant soluble P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-immunoglobulin in the porcine coronary artery balloon injury model.

AbstractOBJECTIVESThe role of P-selectin in the process of restenosis was evaluated using a recombinant immunoglobulin (Ig) chimera form of its ligand, soluble P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-Ig (rP...
Structural properties of spinal nerve roots: Biomechanics

The biomechanics of spinal nerve roots obtained from normal and nerve-crushed mice were evaluated. Photographs and longitudinal force measurements were taken as nerve roots were elongated through mechanical failure. Proportional limit stress and strain as well as the apparent modulus were calculated from photographic and force measurements to characterize nerve root strength, elasticity, and stiffness, respectively. Resulting mechanical data were indicative of an extremely weak material. Comparisons of nerve and nerve root mechanical properties revealed major differences. While nerve root elasticity was comparable to nerve, nerve root strength was only 10% that of nerve and root stiffness was only 20% of nerve values. Differences in nerve and root mechanics are attributed to the large discrepancies in relative amounts of connective tissue. Also in sharp contrast with peripheral nerve, unilateral nerve crush produced no significant alterations in root mechanics. Comparisons of nerve and nerve root strengths suggested possible pathways for dissipation of peripherally applied forces through epineurial and dural structures.
5.2.1 Development Life Cycle Mobile

Life cycle models are of continuing interest to systems engineers and management because they provide a structure on which to base decisions and measure progress. The community has yet, however, to settle on a general model with which it is comfortable. Each of the models that have gained popularity over the years have had something to offer but have also failed to capture enough of the essence of the life cycle to provide the desired comfort. The models that have achieved wide use provide an intuitive metaphor, allowing users to quickly understand the status of the system with respect to the model. The life cycle mobile takes another step forward in the search for a comfortable model. It attempts to provide the necessary structure for decision making, maintain an intuitive metaphor, and most importantly reflect the actual way systems get developed.
Basidiomycete mycelia and spore-allergen extracts: Skin test reactivity in adults with symptoms of respiratory allergy

One hundred fifty adults, with respiratory-allergic disease, and 14 control subjects, without symptoms of respiratory allergy, were skin prick tested with 16 common inhalant allergens, 12 extracts of mycelia from Basidiomycetes grown in vitro, and/or 10 to 15 basidiospore extracts. Eighty-three subjects (58%) had positive skin tests to two or more of the common inhalant allergens. Twenty-seven percent of the study subjects had positive skin reactions to one or more of the Basidiomycete mycelia extracts, and 32% demonstrated positive skin reactions to one or more basidiospore extracts. None of the 14 control subjects had positive skin reactivity to basidiospore extracts. Skin prick reactivity of study subjects to 15 different basidiospore extracts ranged from 5% for Cantharellus cibarius to 17% for Scleroderma sp. The prevalence of skin test reactivity to basidiospores did not differ significantly from the reactivity to commercial mold extracts of several common species of the Fungi Imperfecti (6% for Cladosporium herbarum or Penicillium notatum to 13% for Alternaria tenuis). These results demonstrate that a significant number of individuals reporting symptoms of respiratory allergy have skin test reactivity to basidiospores and suggest that these spores are important fungal aeroallergens in the New Orleans environment.
Properties of thermally-treated wheat gluten films☆

Effects of thermal treatments on selected properties of wheat gluten film were studied. Films were cast from heated alkaline aqueous solutions of wheat gluten, ethanol and glycerin and subsequently heat treated at 65, 80, or 95 °C for 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, or 24 h. Water vapor permeability (WVP), Hunter L, a and b values, tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (E) were determined and compared with untreated film (control). Significant reduction in WVP of film occurred with increasing curing temperature and exposure time. Hunter L value (whiteness) decreased, whereas a (redness) and b (yellowness) values increased with increasing heat treatment temperature and exposure time. Also, an increase in TS and a decrease in E were present with increasing treatment temperature and exposure time.
Exact Dirac propagator in a magnetic “sheet”

Abstract We derive the exact fermionic Green function in an idealized magnetic field configuration, which becomes exact in the infinite energy limit. The fields under consideration can be produced, e.g., in peripheral ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Exploration of global gene expression patterns in pancreatic adenocarcinoma using cDNA microarrays.

Pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. We used cDNA microarrays to analyze global gene expression patterns in 14 pancreatic cancer cell lines, 17 resected infiltrating pancreatic cancer tissues, and 5 samples of normal pancreas to identify genes that are differentially expressed in pancreatic cancer. We found more than 400 cDNAs corresponding to genes that were differentially expressed in the pancreatic cancer tissues and cell lines as compared to normal pancreas. These genes that tended to be expressed at higher levels in pancreatic cancers were associated with a variety of processes, including cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, cytoskeletal remodeling, proteolytic activity, and Ca ++ homeostasis. Two prominent clusters of genes were related to the high rates of cellular proliferation in pancreatic cancer cell lines and the host desmoplastic response in the resected pancreatic cancer tissues. Of 149 genes identified as more highly expressed in the pancreatic cancers compared with normal pancreas, 103 genes have not been previously reported in association with pancreatic cancer. The expression patterns of 14 of these highly expressed genes were validated by either immunohistochemistry or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction as being expressed in pancreatic cancer. The overexpression of one gene in particular, 14-3-3σ, was found to be associated with aberrant hypomethylation in the majority of pancreatic cancers analyzed. The genes and expressed sequence tags presented in this study provide clues to the pathobiology of pancreatic cancer and implicate a large number of potentially new molecular markers for the detection and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Temporal and Biomechanical Characteristics of Oropharyngeal Swallow in Younger and Older Men

As the U.S. population ages, there is increasing need for data on the effects of aging in healthy elderly individuals over age 80. This investigation compared the swallowing ability of 8 healthy yo...
A T cell-binding fragment of fibrinogen can prevent autoimmunity

The C-terminal domain of the fibrinogen γ chain (γC) has been shown to bind to the integrins αIIbβ3, αMβ2 and αVβ3. It has also been reported that a peptide derived from the αMβ2-binding site of γC can suppress an animal model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here we have truncated γC at position 399 to remove the prothrombotic αIIbβ3-binding site. We show that this truncated version of γC, termed γC399tr, can bind to activated T cells. In addition, T cells incubated with γC399tr secreted less IFN-γ when stimulated with antigen and APC; however, cytokine secretion was unaltered when T cells were stimulated non-specifically with a mixture of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. Thus, only antigen-dependent T cell activation is inhibited by γC399tr. When administered intraperitoneally, γC399tr potently inhibited actively induced EAE and reversed ongoing disease. We hypothesize that the ability of γC399tr to inhibit autoreactive immune responses is a result of its ability to bind integrins. This activity was not solely dependent on the αMβ2 integrin-binding site. When polyalanine was substituted for the αMβ2-binding site, the resulting γC390polyA was still able to inhibit EAE. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that T cells can bind to fibrin (ogen), an important extracellular matrix protein that is deposited at sites of inflammation. Our results also identify γC399tr as a novel therapeutic molecule.
G Protein β Subunit Types Differentially Interact with a Muscarinic Receptor but Not Adenylyl Cyclase Type II or Phospholipase C-β2/3

In comparison with the alpha subunit of G proteins, the role of the beta subunit in signaling is less well understood. During the regulation of effectors by the betagamma complex, it is known that the beta subunit contacts effectors directly, whereas the role of the beta subunit is undefined in receptor-G protein interaction. Among the five G protein beta subunits known, the beta(4) subunit type is the least studied. We compared the ability of betagamma complexes containing beta(4) and the well characterized beta(1) to stimulate three different effectors: phospholipase C-beta2, phospholipase C-beta3, and adenylyl cyclase type II. beta(4)gamma(2) and beta(1)gamma(2) activated all three of these effectors with equal efficacy. However, nucleotide exchange in a G protein constituting alpha(o)beta(4)gamma(2) was stimulated significantly more by the M2 muscarinic receptor compared with alpha(o)beta(1)gamma(2). Because alpha(o) forms heterotrimers with beta(4)gamma(2) and beta(1)gamma(2) equally well, these results show that the beta subunit type plays a direct role in the receptor activation of a G protein.
Landlord Involvement in Environmental Decision-Making on Rented Missouri Cropland: Pesticide Use and Water Quality Issues1

The need to better understand landlord involvement in decision-making related to pesticide use and water quality issues is evidenced by several trends. These trends include the increasing documentation of water pollution by farm pesticides, the changing characteristics of farm ownership and operator tenure, and evolutions in resource policy and protection planning. This paper utilizes a theoretical approach to the sociology of land tenure to interpret results from an investigation of landlord involvement in environmental decision making regarding pesticide selection on rented land. Eight counties with high susceptibility of water contamination by pesticides were selected for study. Structured, in-person interviews were administered to in-county landlords, and a mail survey was used to poll out-of-county landlords. Results indicate that participation is generally low with very little difference between landlord groups. Renters make most of the organizational and operational decisions on rented farmland. Landlord participation is predominantly based on economic, rather than on social or environmental, factors. Furthermore, while economic variables are important predictors of participation for both groups, gender and social ties to the renter tend to increase local landlord involvement, but not absentee involvement These results have important implications for both federal programs and further research on land tenure and environmental stewardship.
The importance of prediction testing in evolutionary biology

It is clear from the above discussion that if I had wished to do so I could have truthfully presented every paper as either testing a prediction, presenting evidence needed in the test of a prediction, or presentin a D-N explanation. (I would not have been able to do this if I had not been sufficiently familiar with the evolutionary literature to recognize what hypotheses were at stake in several of the papers; even when the authors mention the hypotheses they frequently do so only in enough detail to put their paper in context for the knowledgeable biologist.) Since these biologists are working in a period of normal science under the paradigm of the modern synthetic theory of evolution, none of these papers is presented as a test of the modern synthetic theory; but since this theory was used in the derivation of each prediction, each one is a test of it as well as of the hypothesis mentioned. Thus, once we learn to recognize the predictions beneath their cloaks of invisibility, we discover that prediction testing is not, as philosophers have claimed, at best peripheral to evolutionary biology; it is central to evolutionary biology.
Phospholipid binding by proteins of the spectrin family: a comparative study.

Abstract Erythroid and neuronal spectrin (fodrin) are both known to interact strongly with the aminophospholipids that occur in the inner leaflet of plasma membranes. In erythroid spectrin the positions of the binding sites within the constituent (αI and βI) polypeptide chains have been defined, and also the importance of the lipid interaction in regulating the properties of the membrane. Here we report the locations of the corresponding binding sites in the αII and βII chains that make up the fodrin molecule. Of the 10 lipid-binding repeats in the erythroid spectrin chains 5 are conserved in fodrin; one cluster of 3 consecutive structural repeating units in αI erythroid spectrin (repeats 8–10) is displaced by one repeat in αII fodrin (repeats 9–11). Fodrin also contains one binding site at the N-terminus of the αII chain, not present in the erythroid protein. The regions of the two spectrins containing equivalent lipid-binding sites show a much higher degree of sequence identity than corresponding repeats that do not share this property. The evolutionary conservation of the distribution of a large proportion of strong lipid-binding sites in the polypeptide chains of these two proteins of disparate character argues for a specific function of fodrin-phospholipid interactions in the neuron.
Free and Forced Nonlinear Dynamics of Composite Shell Structures

Natural frequencies and forced responses of thin laminated composite shells of general form are investigated using a high-order curved shell finite element. The effect of geo metric nonlinearity is included in the determination of the forced responses which are ob tained using Newmark's numerical integration scheme. A class of shell problems which are general with respect to geometry; boundary conditions; number, stacking sequence, and angle of orientation of the lamina; and load function can be solved using the present formulations. Numerical results and their comparisons with existing solutions are pre sented for cylindrical shells, shells of positive and negative Gaussian curvature, spherical caps, and shells of translation with different boundary conditions.
Cavity quantum electrodynamics in a carbon nanotube

Abstract An excited atom placed inside a metallic carbon nanotube cannot radiate if the frequency of its emission is below the cutoff frequency for electromagnetic wave propagation in the cavity. However, we demonstrate that it can be de-excited through the emission of surface plasmons on the nanotube. The observable effect will be a substantial enhancement in the lifetime of dipole-allowed transitions. The lifetimes of excited states of Helium (2p → 1s) in the carbon nanocavities are calculated for this nonradiative decay mechanism and the radial dependence of the lifetimes discussed.
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN JAPAN, CHINA MAINLAND, AND INDIA – SOME WORLD IMPLICATIONS1

(1960). INDUSTRIALIZATION IN JAPAN, CHINA MAINLAND, AND INDIA – SOME WORLD IMPLICATIONS1. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 193-215.
Depth Distribution, Diet, and Overwinter Growth of Lake Trout (Salvelinus Namaycush) in Southeastern Lake Michigan Sampled in December 1981 and March 1982

Abstract Lake trout were collected in graded-mesh gill nets and forage fishes were collected in trawls in mid December 1981 and late March 1982. The length ranges of 317 lake trout caught in December and 138 in March were 280–767 and 286–857 mm, and the age ranges I–XI and II–XIV, respectively. Three year classes (1977–79) made up almost 80% of the catches of lake trout in both sampling periods. Lake trout were most abundant at depth of 18 to 37 m in December (water temperatures, 5.5–6.8°C) and at 28–64 m in March (water temperatures, 1.0–1.3°C). Fish of the 1977–79 year classes completed 9 to 24% of their annual growth in length, and 14 to 39% of their growth in weight, between mid December and late March. Lake trout ate mainly alewives ( Alosa pseudoharengus ) especially young-of-the-year, in December, but primarily slimy sculpins ( Cottus cognatus ) in March, when alewives were mainly at depths of greater than those occupied by most lake trout. Other important food items were rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax ) and, in deeper water, deepwater sculpins ( Myoxocephalus thompsoni ) Bloaters ( Coregonus hoyi ) were eaten only sparingly, although they were abundantly available in both sampling periods. Perhaps this species, which coevolved with the lake trout in Lake Michigan and was important in the native trout's diet, is better able to avoid capture by the trout than are the exotic alewife and rainbow smelt. It may not again become a major forage species unless the other food sources become scarce.
Hypothesis dual hormonal regulation of sodium balance

Abstract The concept that prostaglandins may antagonize the renin-angiotensin system and increase sodium excretion must now be modified. New information that prostaglandin A 1 stimulates aldosterone in man, and that sodium restriction increases both prostaglandin A and aldosterone levels, suggests the possibility that prostaglandins, as well as angiotensin II, may stimulate aldosterone secretion. This dual system could result in additive or synergistic effects on aldosterone secretion. In addition, there is the possibility that angiotensin-induced vasoconstriction might be counteracted by prostaglandin-induced vasodilation.
Listening to children: Participation rights of minors in Italy and the United States

This article compares laws and policies in Italy and the US regarding children's right to be heard and to engage in the life of the community. Italy has adopted a strong children's rights perspective, informed by the principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). The US, with its pre-modern constitution and resistance to international law, has been slow to recognise children's rights to voice and agency. The US Supreme Court has extended some due process rights to children in criminal court proceedings, but the US lags far behind Italy in recognition of children's rights to participate in civic life and collective decision-making. Child well-being rankings may reflect these differences in attitudes towards children's rights. Italy ranks significantly higher than the US on objective measures of child well-being and Italian children report superior peer and family relationships.
Neuronal specificity and growth cone guidance in grasshopper and Drosophila embryos

Abstract Studies on a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems point to the existence of specific chemical cues for both growth cone guidance and target recognition. Open questions, however, include how many recognition labels and how specific is their expression? Here we review our recent studies on insect embryos aimed at trying to answer these questions, focusing in particular on the specificity of two identified growth cones (aCC and pCC) in the CNS of the grasshopper and Drosophila embryos. Ablation experiments demonstrate the selective affinities of the aCC and pCC growth cones for particular axonal surfaces; in some cases such ablations result in temporal and spatial transplants which further demonstrate this exquisite specificity. Our results suggest the differential expression of many different surface recognition molecules in the developing CNS (labelled pathways hypothesis), a notion reminiscent of Sperry's chemoaffinity hypothesis. The SOX2 monoclonal antibody reveals an antigen in the Drosophila embryo that correlates with this model: SOX2 is expressed by the aCC and the small subset of neurons whose axons fasciculate with it.
Enabling the user interface

Presenting a consistent interface to the user is one of the objectives of Systems Application Architecture (SAA). The development of SAA applications is simplified by providing enabling interfaces which help an application developer support the SAA user interface. Rather than providing a single-level en-abling interface, SAA offers a spectrum of levels spread over two interfaces: the SAA Presentation Interface and the SAA Dialog Interface. This gives the application developer the freedom to choose the appropriate level of interface for the application.
Public support for law enforcement agencies’ recording of arrest statistics by race: a research note

This paper discusses research pertaining to law enforcement agencies' recording of crime statistics by race. Using data from a 2010 statewide poll in Pennsylvania, we examined whether there was support for the current policy that requires police to record the race of arrestees. In addition, the poll asked Pennsylvanians (N = 758) whether they believe that recording race and crime statistics promotes racial stereotypes. The study also examined the influence of several covariates (gender, age, race, and education) on the dependent measures. In particular, two hypotheses were tested; first, whether Whites would be more likely to support the recording of race statistics than non-Whites, and second, whether non-Whites would be more likely than Whites to believe that the recording of race statistics promotes racial stereotypes. The study found support for both hypotheses. The implications of these results are discussed.
Instantaneous stiffness analysis and simulation for hexapod machines

Abstract This paper introduces a derivation and simulation technique of instantaneous stiffness for 6–6 Stewart platforms (hexapods) with the interest in increasing machining accuracy of the new type hexapod machines. It clearly expresses that high non-linearity of motions and driving forces of the parallel mechanisms results in the asymmetric stiffness matrix, and the change in geometry and the loading are the significant factors to the asymmetry. Also, based on the theoretical calculation the simulations for the hexapod machining cycles numerically and illustratively present the instantaneous stiffnesses and deflections of the end-effector (tool tip). Therefore, this work can provide a theoretical principle and an application tool for the anticipation and the evaluation for hexapod machining performance, design optimisation and machining accuracy control, etc.
Material design method for the functionally graded cemented carbide tool

The aim of this study is to apply the concept of functionally graded materials (FGMs) to tool materials and to develop high-performance cutting tools. The requirement of the graded structure is that the surface is highly wear resistant cermet, and the inside is tough cemented carbide. Compressive residual stress was introduced to the material surface by grading the composition. To develop the new material, the cutting condition of broken cermet was investigated and their cutting temperature distribution was measured by a newly developed measuring method. Then Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) analysis was performed to calculate the generated thermal stress. The new material was developed with the aim to introduce the compressive residual stress over the calculated thermal stress. As a result developed tools demonstrated higher wear resistance, breakage resistance, thermal crack resistance and peeling resistance over those of conventional tools in the market.
The Spreading Kinetics of Ag–28Cu(L) on Nickel(S): Part II. Area of Spread on Surfaces Plated with Electrolytic Ni

Furnace brazing is commonly used in the electronic industry to attach I/O pins, lid-seal rings, and heat spreaders to cofired multilayer ceramic packages. Despite the widespread industry usage of electrolytic and electroless Ni coatings to render base metal surfaces wettable by braze fillers, there is no fundamental treatment of “brazeability” in the published literature that can be used by the materials technologist to design coatings for a given application. In this study, dynamic hot stage microscopy is used to establish the parameters that control the spreading of eutectic Ag–Cu braze on surfaces plated with electrolytic Ni. The effects of plating thickness, substrate type, plating annealing, and the braze thermal cycle are considered. A braze spreading mechanism developed for polycrystalline Ni foil in Part I of this study is linked to Ni-plated surfaces through consideration of differences in microstructure. Eventual extension of this improved understanding to surfaces plated with electroless Ni–B and Ni–P deposits will result in shortened product design time and improved manufacturing process control.
The global challenge for adequate and safe water

This paper was presented as a lecture for the 2005 Clarke Prize. It addresses the global challenge for adequate and safe water through several cases involving water scarcity and quality. The first case, in Namibia, exemplifies water scarcity and the harnessing of water science and technology to extract water for potable use from a nontraditional source – domestic wastewater. The second case focuses on water scarcity and the implications for national stability and regional peace, illustrated by Israel and its neighboring countries. The third discussion is related to water quality, specifically the lack of safe drinking water in the developing world. Drawing from these cases, it is shown that global water scarcity and quality problems involve complex technological, societal, cultural, economical, and political aspects.
High-performance 5-um 640 x 480 HgCdTe-on-sapphire focal plane arrays

A high-performance 5-μm 640 X 480 HgCdTe/CdTe/Al2O3 infrared focal plane array (FPA) that offers full TV-compatible resolution with excellent sensitivity at temperatures below 120 K has been developed. Mean FPA D* at 95 K and background of 1014 photons/cm2 s is background-limited at ~1 x 1012 cm Hz1/2/W for the typical mean quantum efficiency of 60 to 70%. The key technology making this large, high-sensitivity device producible is the epitaxial growth of HgCdTe on a rugged CdTe-buffered sapphire substrate. Mean camera noise-equivalent temperature difference NEΔT of 13 mK has been achieved at ≤ 120 K operating temperature and 3.4- to 4.2-μm passband; this is about an order of magnitude better than similar currently available cameras, which use PtSi FPAs and require cooling to ≤ 77 K to maintain performance at low scene temperatures.
Timely prediction of low-altitude radar performance in operational environments using in situ atmospheric refractivity data

A shipboard radar decision aid that may be used to predict low-altitude radar performance and assist the radar operator in maximising system capabilities in the existing propagation environment is discussed. The system, developed for use aboard US Navy AEGIS-class ships, uses expendable rocketborne radiosondes to make high-resolution measurements of the atmosphere. A version of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory's electromagnetic parabolic equation (EMPE) propagation model is used to calculate the effects of the measured refractivity environment on the propagation of energy radiated by the radar. A radar model uses these data in predictions of the system's low-altitude target detection capabilities. The effects of many radar operator controllable options on target detectability may be evaluated in the propagation environment with this system. A significant portion of the data acquisition-to-display process has been automated. Design and implementation of this system and results of at-sea testing are discussed.
Implicit Memory Effects When Using Pictures with Children and Adults: Hypermnesia Too?

Abstract Pictorial stimuli were used to investigate implicit- and explicit-memory phenomena in 3 experiments. The general procedure involved the presentation of a series of pictures during a study phase, followed by an implicit-memory test and an explicit-memory test. In the implicit-memory test, participants were presented with picture fragments and were instructed to write down what the fragment looked like. In the explicit-memory test, participants were asked to make a yes/no recognition decision regarding each picture. For children, implicit memory for pictures was robust when they were tested after a 48-hr interval, but that effect declined after 1 week; a similar implicit-memory effect for pictures was seen with college students; and the time course of the implicit-memory effect for pictures among college students (all short intervals of less than 1 week—1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days) produced a more elevated implicit-memory performance than during the immediate testing condition. Hypermnesia may have been...
FORWARD-BACKWARD SEMICLASSICAL SIMULATION OF DYNAMICAL PROCESSES IN LIQUIDS

Forward-backward semiclassical dynamics (FBSD) provides a practical methodology for including quantum mechanical effects in classical trajectory simulations of polyatomic systems. FBSD expressions for time-dependent expectation values or correlation functions take the form of phase space integrals with respect to trajectory initial conditions, weighted by the coherent state transform of a corrected density operator. Quantization through a discretized path integral representation of the Boltzmann operator ensures a proper treatment of zero point energy effects and of imaginary components in finite-temperature correlation functions, and extension to systems obeying Bose statistics is possible. Accelerated convergence is achieved via Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics sampling techniques and through the construction of improved imaginary time propagators. The accuracy of the methodology is demonstrated on several model systems, including models of Bose and Fermi particles. Applications to liquid argon, neon and para-hydrogen are presented.
Estimating a Proposed Family Policy's Effects Incorporating Labor Supply Responses to an Assured Child Support Benefit

Assured child support benefits are an important component of many proposals to reform the child support system. The authors estimate costs and the likely effects of assured benefits on poverty and welfare participation under two scenarios: with and without incorporating the labor supply changes of custodial parents. They find that in each situation assured benefits will reduce poverty rates and the poverty gap; welfare caseloads and expenditures will also fall. When parents are allowed to change the number of hours they work, the impact of assured benefits will be about the same, but the costs of the assured benefit program will increase.