cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerosol indirect effect studies at Southern Great Plains during the May 2003 Intensive Operations Period

During May 2003 the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program conducted an Intensive Operations Period (IOP) to measure the radiative effects of aerosol and clouds. A suite of both in situ and remote sensing measurements were available to measure aerosol and cloud parameters. This paper has three main goals: First, it focuses on comparison between in situ retrievals of the radiatively important drop effective radius r(sub e) and various satellite, airborne, and surface remote sensing retrievals of the same parameter. On 17 May 2003, there was a fortuitous, near-simultaneous sampling of a stratus cloud by five different methods. The retrievals of r(sub e) agree with one another to within approx.20%, which is approximately the error estimate for most methods. Second, a methodology for deriving a best estimate of r(sub e) from these different instruments, with their different physical properties and sampling volumes, is proposed and applied to the 17 May event. Third, the paper examines the response of r(sub e) to changes in aerosol on 3 days during the experiment and examines the consistency of remote sensing and in situ measurements of the effect of aerosol on r(sub e). It is shown that in spite of the generally good agreement in derived r(sub e), the magnitude of the response of r(sub e), to changes in aerosol is quite sensitive to the method of retrieving r(sub e) and to the aerosol proxy for cloud condensation nuclei. Nonphysical responses are sometimes noted, and it is suggested that further work needs to be done to refine these techniques.
Accruals: An overview

Abstract The paper provides a broad discussion of the topic “accruals”. Though much of what is said is familiar from the literature on accruals, the paper tries to develop concepts and show how theses forge tight links across a variety of themes. The starting point of the analysis concerns the construct of an accrual. The case is made that it should rest solely on consecutive balance sheets and the splitting of assets/liabilities into (i) cash and approximate cash, assets/liabilities and (ii) all other kinds of assets/liabilities. Given this divide of assets/liabilities one can measure the components in the foundation equation: cash earnings + net accrual = comprehensive earnings. The paper then proceeds to discuss how the net accrual relates to growth in a firm’s operating activities and the extent to which it can be informative or misleading. This topic in turn integrates with the issue of a firm’s quality of earnings and the role of accounting conservatism. Among the remaining topics, the paper discusses how one conceptualizes diagnostics to assess whether or not a period’s accrual is likely to be biased upwards or downwards. It gives rise to a consideration of how one constructs accruals that may be more informative than GAAP accruals and the role of value-relevance studies to assess the information content of accrual constructs. The paper ends with a list of suggestions how future research may be modified in light of the discussions in this paper.
Shifting Priorities: Print and Electronic Serials at the University of Montana

Following a library-wide brainstorming session and retreat, the Dean of the Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library tasked an ad-hoc committee to discuss implications for the library and its users if certain processes were implemented or eliminated in order to streamline the processing of serials. As the library's collection continues to shift from print to electronic, the processing of serials needs to shift with it. This paper focuses on the committee and its deliberations, as it discussed the state of electronic and print journals at The University of Montana.
Cerebral serotonin regulation by phenylalanine analogues and during hyperphenylalaninemia

Abstract Severe hyperphenylalaninemia induced in infant rats by 3 days of treatment with p-chloro-phenylalanine (p-clphe) plus phenylalanine (phe) did not lower the tryptophan concentration of the brain, and the cerebral serotonin (5-HT) deficiency was attributable entirely to the known suppression of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) by p-clphe. The decrease in 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was thus no more pronounced than in rats which, treated with p-clphe alone, were devoid of hyperphenylalaninemia. Suppression of TPH was found to also underlie the decrease in cerebral 5-HT caused by treatment with α-methylphenylalanine (α-mephe) alone: a 22% loss of midbrain TPH activity was detectable 24 hr after an injection only, reverted toward the normal during the next 2 days, and was clearly unrelated to the weak competitive inhibition of the enzyme by α-mephe in vitro. However, α-mephe (unlike p-clphe, when administered together with phe, did not suppress TPH, nor did it counterbalance the reduction of cerebral tryptophan uptake by excess phe. Thus the 5-HT diminution in the rat model of phenylketonuria produced by treatment with α-mephe plus phe was attributable to hyperphenylalaninemia and the inhibition of tryptophan transport to the brain. Injection of tryptophan was found to restore the cerebral 5-HT level in the face of persistently severe hyperphenylalaninemia.
On sharing secrets and Reed-Solomon codes

Shamir's scheme for sharing secrets is closely related to Reed-Solomon coding schemes. Decoding algorithms for Reed-Solomon codes provide extensions and generalizations of Shamir's method.
The worldwide impact of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) are emerging as one of the most promising means to prevent pediatric disease. The 7-valent PCV (PCV-7) has been extensively evaluated in clinical trials and recent evidence from the introduction of PCV-7 through national immunization programs has demonstrated impact on pneumococcal disease. METHODS: Clinical trials have shown PCV-7 to be effective against the more severe forms of pneumococcal infections: pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) as well as overall child mortality. A review shows the tremendous impact PCV-7 has had to date and the potential further benefits of the emerging multi-valent vaccines. RESULTS: Since its introduction the PCV-7 has substantially reduced the incidence of IPD hospital admissions due to pneumonia and acute otitis media in numerous mostly high income low-disease burden countries. The reductions in IPD and pneumonia have also been observed among unvaccinated age groups in countries with routine use of PCV-7 demonstrating that PCV-7 provides herd immunity. Some settings observed an increase in rate of nonvaccine serotype IPD yet rates of overall and vaccine-serotype IPD show marked reductions post-PCV-7 introduction. Limited data are available on the impact of PCV-7 in lower income countries. The available data from efficacy trials from The Gambia and South Africa suggest that PCV-7 will have substantial impact on reducing pneumococcal disease. CONCLUSION: PCV-7 has shown dramatic reduction in disease and mortality rates in the countries in which it has been introduced. The newly introduced 10-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal vaccines are expected to have substantial disease impact but monitoring is essential to determine their true impact and sustain further introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
Mechanical vs electrical relaxation in Agl-based fast ion conducting glasses

Abstract Results of a low frequency mechanical relaxation study of a fast ion conducting system, and comparison of mechanical with electrical conductivity relaxation in the same system, are reported, using the system AgI + AgPO3. As predicted from conductivity studies, the mechanical relaxation in the highest conducting glasses occurs at very low temperatures ∼ −170°C. Studies of the system AgIAgBO2 and exploratory work on mixed oxyanion glasses are also reported. The tensile (Young's) moduli are consistent with values recently obtained from GHz range light-scattering studies. The dispersion in Young's modulus due to the fast ion relaxation is very large, even exceeding those seen in mixed alkali glasses, and it occurs over a much wider temperature range than the corresponding dispersion in the electrical modulus, even though the loss peaks occur within 3 K of one another. The electrical and mechanical loss peaks are found to have the same temperature dependence, and this fact is used to develop a reduced representation of the mechanical relaxation data, suitably normalized in frequency space (ωτ). Both the normalized loss peak height and halfwidth in this representation imply exceptional departures from exponential relaxation with β = 0.25 in the Kohlrausch decay function Θ(t) = exp − ([t/τ]β). The mechanical relaxation evidently has elements both slower and faster than those characterizing the electrical relaxation. A general “relaxation map” of τ vs 1/T for mechanical and electrical phenomena in this system is proved.
Coordinate regulation of PTH/PTHrP receptors by PTH and calcitriol in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells

Coordinate regulation of PTH/PTHrP receptors by PTH and calcitriol in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells. High levels of PTH result in desensitization of target cells to further stimulation with PTH in vivo and in vitro . While studies in vitro demonstrate that the effect of PTH can be direct, it is also possible that studies in vivo may be complicated by the fact that other potential regulators of PTH action, such as increased levels of calcitriol, may play a role. Thus, we examined the actions of calcitriol and PTH on PTH/PTHrP-receptor expression in confluent cultures of UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells treated with calcitriol, PTH or both hormones for one to three days. Following these treatments, studies of PTH receptor binding, cAMP generation, and steady-state levels of PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA were performed. Exposure to PTH resulted in a decrease in PTH stimulated cAMP generation by 88 ± 2%, and PTH binding by 63 ± 3%. Levels of PTH/PTHrP-receptor mRNA decreased progressively reaching 20% of control values after three days of PTH (100mm) treatment. Calcitriol also resulted in a dose and time-dependent decrease in PTH/PTHrP-receptor mRNA, decreasing by 72 ± 4% after 48 hours. PTH receptor binding and cAMP generation were diminished by 42 ± 3% and 42 ± 4%, respectively. Co-incubation of UMR 106-01 cells with submaximal doses of calcitriol and PTH together revealed that the levels of PTH/PTHrP-receptor mRNA were decreased by both hormones together to a greater extent than with either alone. These studies show that both calciotropic hormones, PTH and calcitriol, are potent regulators of PTH/PTHrP-receptor gene expression in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells. Thus, stimulation of calcitriol production by PTH may result in a coordinated down-regulation of PTH receptor expression by these hormones.
Enhancement of rat and human phagocyte superoxide anion radical production by cadmium in vitro

The mechanism by which cadmium produced oxidizing effects in vivo is unknown. We show that cadmium enhances the production of Superoxide anion radical (O2−), a reactive oxygen species, in digitonin-stimulated phagocytes from man and rat. Cadmium concentrations ranging from 3.6 × 10−2M to 3.6 × 10−4M inhibited O2− production in rat alveolar macrophages or human granulocytes. However, when activated in the presence of 3.6 × 10−5M cadmium, the production of O2− was increased by a factor of 2.11 ± 0.25 above control levels in human granulocytes and 3.6 ± 0.62 above control levels in rat alveolar macrophages. This effect by levels of cadmium within the range of those occurring during in vivo toxicity might provide an explanation for the oxidizing effects of this metal ion.
Knowledge and use of academic portfolios among primary care departments in U.S. medical schools.

Background and Purpose: Portfolios are used to summarize and communicate the academic accomplishments of faculty seeking career development and promotion. Method: We assessed knowledge and use of the portfolio in a cross sectional survey of 435 academic chairpersons of family medicine and division directors of general internal medicine and general pediatrics. Results: Of the 241 respondents (55% response rate), 69% reported knowledge of portfolios and 55% used portfolios. Satisfaction with the source of information on a faculty candidate was greater when portfolios were used (85.5% of respondents) than when they were not used (67.3% of respondents; p = .01). Increased knowledge and use of portfolios was associated with respondents working at institutions with academic fellowships/advanced education programs or who had fellowship training (ps = .01). Conclusion: Results suggest that leaders of primary care departments use portfolios to promote the career development of their faculty and that portfolio use ...
Six months clinical evaluation of prefabricated veneer restorations after partial enamel removal.

Summary Thirty-three preformed plastic laminate veneers were placed in maxillary anterior teeth of twenty-one subjects. The indications for veneer placement were intrinsic staining of large conventional composite restorations or discolouration caused by previous endodontic therapy. The veneer restorations were evaluated clinically over a 6-month period for retention, colour match, surface texture, marginal integrity and gingival response. Twenty-nine restorations were available for evaluation at 6 months. Three restorations exhibited bonding failure during the study period, giving an overall retention rate of about 91%. Deep brown discolouration in two teeth could not be adequately matched with the opaquer and shader pastes supplied with the kit. Only one patient exhibited any change in veneer surface texture during the study period. Slight, but clinically inconsequential deterioration of marginal integrity was also noted in several restorations. The gingival response to the veneer restorations was uniformly excellent. It was concluded that restoration with preformed veneers, using the enamel reduction and heat adaptation techniques, provided an aesthetic, conservative and functional alternative to fixed prosthodontic therapy in selected cases.
Dye sensitized solar cells prepared by flames stabilized on a rotating surface

Abstract A previously developed flame synthesis method was applied to the preparation of mesoporous titania films for application in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The method combines the synthesis of narrowly sized, ultrafine metal oxide particles with controllable chemical and phase purity and the deposition of these particles into a uniform, porous thin film in a single step. The current work used a series of ethylene–oxygen–argon flames to produce DSSC anode films of wide ranging properties. The performance of the solar cells prepared with these anode films was studied at the fundamental level with respect to variations of the titania crystal phase purity and content resulting from changes primarily from flame stoichiometry changes. Based on the basic relationship established among flame synthesis condition-material property-cell performance, a highly efficient DSSC was designed, which shows photocurrent densities better than some of the best performing cells reported to date. Additional studies have focused on a demonstration of the suitability of the flame process in engineering TiO2 films structurally and chemically with the potential of further improved DSSC efficiency.
Systematic construction of global socioeconomic pathways using internally consistent element combinations

Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) describe alternative outcomes for socioeconomic development. Papers describing the conceptual framework for SSPs refer to challenges to mitigation and to adaptation as fundamental concepts. Identifying which socioeconomic factors are the most important determinants of these challenges, and how to combine them in an internally consistent manner, is critical to scenario design. Here we demonstrate a systematic and traceable approach for identifying and prioritizing scenario elements. In this study, we identify 13 determinants of mitigation and adaptation challenges at a globally aggregated scale based on a survey of 25 experts. In addition, we use 19 expert elicitations and a cross-impact balance analysis to create approximately 1.5 million combinations of trends for these determinants and rank them in terms of internal consistency. Using the 1,000 most consistent combinations, we construct composite metrics for challenges to mitigation and adaptation to uncover distinguishable characteristics for five types of SSPs: those with Low, Medium, and High challenges to both mitigation and adaptation (consistent with SSPs 1–3), and those in which adaptation challenges or mitigation challenges dominate (consistent with SSPs 4–5). We find a distinguishing characteristic for mixed typology SSP4 (low mitigation challenges, high adaptation challenges): High trends for innovation capacity could lower challenges to mitigation but not necessarily challenges to adaptation. We also find that a low trend for quality of governance consistently corresponds to higher challenges to adaptation. These findings are suggestive for future research on the SSPs in particular, while our analytical approach is instructive for scenario development in general.
Protein, nonprotein, and total nitrogen in seedlings of potatoes

Analyses for secific gravity, total solids, total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, and nonprotein nitrogen are reported for 73 seedling samples grown in Maine, and for 10 selections grown in Idaho. The interactions between the various constituents, as indicated by regression analysis, are discussed. These samples indicate a potential for breeding a variety of potato with a higher than average protein content, but further work is necessary to determine the inheritance pattern. This work is in progress.
Fatal hyperammonemia after repeat renal transplantation

A 35-year-old man had symptomatic hyperammonemia and normal liver function after repeat kidney transplantation. He presented with gastrointestinal symptoms, which quickly progressed to altered mental status. Therapy was instituted to clear the ammonia, but the ammonia level continued to rise. Eventually, the patient became unresponsive, and an emergent computed tomographic scan showed cerebral herniation. Urine acids and serum organic acids were not diagnostic of any urea cycle disorder. Histology did not reveal a clear etiology for the hyperammonemia.
In a sea of change: health transitions in the Pacific

Abstract This paper describes the changing spectrum of health and disease in the island communities of the Pacific, providing evidence for multiple health transitions in the region. Overall, mortality levels have improved during the past decade in over half the island groups. Infectious disease is on the decline but remains important in Melanesia, along with elevated infant and maternal mortality rates. HIV/AIDS exacerbates serious problems posed by STDs. Diseases of modernization are on the increase, especially in urbanized Polynesian and Micronesian communities. Women face unique problems in some areas, including marked status differentials, teen pregnancy and violence. Alcohol use, violent conflicts and adolescent suicide are growing concerns in the islands. Ecological disruption has led to degraded environments, especially in urban areas, and increases in diseases associated with these as well as fish poisoning and malaria. Risks of exposure to nuclear toxicity, a threat for half a decade, remain. Health services face particular challenges owing to problems of scale, fragmentation, and stagnant economies.
Negative ionospheric storms seen by the IMAGE FUV instrument

[1] Data from the IMAGE SI-13 instrument are used to study depletions in the OI 135.6 nm dayglow intensity due to two magnetic storms observed on 8 June and 15 July 2000. Results show that the SI-13 instrument is sensitive to changes in the 135.6 nm dayglow caused by depletion of the O/N2 column density ratio. It is found that depletion levels in the SI-13 images are weaker than those in the true O/N2 values or electron density parameters, such as NmF2 (peak F2 electron density) due to the N2 LBH contribution in the SI-13 intensities. A depletion of −20% (8 June 2000) and −50% (15 July 2000) in the SI-13 intensities corresponds to −50% and −90% reductions in NmF2, respectively. AURIC simulations indicate that −67% is the maximum depletion level that can be seen in the SI-13 intensities. The Millstone radar, digisonde and DMSP observations reveal that the electron density depletion extended from the low F-layer altitudes up to 840 km. Owing to the prevailing thermospheric circulation pattern, the depletions cover a wide area (at least 1/8 Earth surface) over the Northern Hemisphere for both of the cases. A deep depletion was always seen first in the morning side and then at later local times. The atmosphere took about 12 hours (8 June case) and more than 24 hours (15 July case) to recover. The results from the SI-13 images are in a good agreement with digisonde, radar, and DMSP observations. The depletion in the SI-13 intensity can be explained by the Joule and particle heating in the high-latitude regions. The heating has two effects: (1) The heated air is nitrogen-rich/oxygen-depleted and (2) a wind surge created by the heating in the night side moves the oxygen-deplete air upward and transports it to lower latitudes together with the neutral wind. Corotation with the Earth brings the oxygen-depleted air to the dayside.
Light-stimulated production of dissolved DMSO by a particle-associated process in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is an abundant form of methylated sulfur in marine systems and it is known to be produced from dimethylsulfide (DMS). Using radiolabeled 35S-DMS and gas chromatography techniques, we quantified the dissolved DMSO (DMSOd) produced from photo- and biological oxidation of dissolved DMS and compared the DMSOd production from these pathways with the net change in DMSOd concentrations in unfiltered seawater samples. The net change in DMSOd in light-exposed treatments exceeded DMSOd production from photo- plus biological oxidation of dissolved DMS. This indicated that DMSOd was produced by one or more light-driven processes likely associated with particulate material. Results from in situ incubation arrays showed that the relative importance of DMSOd production processes was dependent on irradiation depth, with the unidentified particle-associated process and dissolved DMS photooxidation the main DMSOd sources close to the surface (0–10 m) and biological oxidation of dissolved DMS the main process at depths at which the light level was low (.10 m). Deckboard and in situ incubations revealed that DMSOd production from the particle-associated process was stimulated by ultraviolet radiation. Higher particle-associated production of DMSOd in samples more prone to suffer light-induced stress supports the hypothesis that this process was related to phytoplanktonic biosynthesis and release of DMSO because of oxidative stress. Our results suggest that particle-associated DMSOd production is an important source of DMSOd in surface waters of the Ross Sea and also help to explain why DMSOd is periodically the main organosulfur compound detected in the upper water column.
One third of dynamic protein expression profiles can be predicted by a simple rate equation

Cells respond to environmental stimuli with expression changes at both the mRNA and protein level, and a plethora of known and unknown regulators affect synthesis and degradation rates of the resulting proteins. To investigate the major principles of gene expression regulation in dynamic systems, we estimated protein synthesis and degradation rates from parallel time series data of mRNA and protein expression and tested the degree to which expression changes can be modeled by a simple linear differential equation. Examining three published datasets for yeast responding to diamide, rapamycin, and sodium chloride treatment, we find that almost one-third of genes can be well-modeled, and the estimated rates assume realistic values. Prediction quality is linked to low measurement noise and the shape of the expression profile. Synthesis and degradation rates do not correlate within one treatment, consistent with their independent regulation. When performing robustness analyses of the rate estimates, we observed that most genes adhere to one of two major modes of regulation, which we term synthesis- and degradation-independent regulation. These two modes, in which only one of the rates has to be tightly set, while the other one can assume various values, offer an efficient way for the cell to respond to stimuli and re-establish proteostasis. We experimentally validate degradation-independent regulation under oxidative stress for the heatshock protein Ssa4.
Synthesis, characterization and crystal structure of Os3(CO)8(η1-C(OMe)Ph)(μ3-CPh)(μ3-COMe), a cluster with a carbene and two carbyne ligands

Abstract Treatment of Os 3 (CO) 9 (μ 3 -CPh)(μ 3 -COMe) sequentially with phenyllithium and methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate provides the Fischer-type carbene complex Os 3 (CO) 8 (η 1 -C(OMe)Ph)(μ-CPh)(μ 3 -COMe). The complex has been characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy and the crystal structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Sensor Fusion In A Nonlinear Dynamical System

The performance of estimators for nonlinear dynamical systems during a sensor failure can be improved by the use of fusion of multiple sensors. When linear sensor models are used, the effect of feeding back a priori estimates obtained from other sensors is not important. However, if nonlinear sensor models are required, significant performance enhancement can be obtained by using feedback through a central processor. In some cases, simple modifications of the linear estimation schemes can be used even for highly nonlinear sensors. "Outer logic" can be used to detect sen-sor failures and modify the estimation algorithms accordingly. Fusion equations and Monte-Carlo simulation runs of nonlinear radar models fused with infrared models demonstrate the effectiveness of "outer logic" design for sensor failures. Results show the sensor fusion tracking accommodations provided by good "outer logic" design can improve nonlinear dynamical system performance of used multi-sensor suites.
A UML-based language for specifying domain-specific patterns

Abstract Cost-effective development of large computer-based systems can be realized through systematic reuse of domain-specific design experience. Such experience can be captured by domain-specific design patterns, that is, patterns specifying design solutions for well-defined families of applications. This paper presents a pattern specification notation called the Role-Based Metamodeling Language (RBML) and shows how it can be used to express domain-specific patterns. An RBML pattern defines a domain-specific sub-language of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Developers can use the sub-language to create UML diagrams for applications in the domain addressed by the pattern. An RBML pattern characterizing checkin–checkout (CICO) applications is presented. Applications in the CICO domain manage checking in and out of items. Examples of such applications are car rental, library, and video rental systems. The paper also describes how a UML model of a library system can be obtained from the RBML CICO pattern.
Can we afford international human rights

In a recent important book,The Ethics of International Business, Tom Donaldson argues that multinational corporations (as well as individuals and nationstates) must, at a minimum, respect international human rights. For a purported right to be such a fundamental right it must satisfy three conditions. Donaldson calls the third condition the “fairness-affordability” condition. The affordability part of this condition holds that moral agents must be capable of paying for the burdens and responsibilities that a proposed human right would impose. If this is impossible, then the purported right is not an international human right.
Characterization of α1, β1, and γ1 laminin subunits during rabbit fetal lung development

Laminin-1 is an extracellular matrix protein composed of three polypeptide chains that are designated alpha 1, beta 1, and gamma 1. We investigated the expression of laminin alpha 1, beta 1, and gamma 1 subunit chains during several stages of rabbit fetal lung development. Utilizing polyclonal antibodies directed against human placental laminin and immunoblot analysis, we found that the highest levels of laminin alpha 1, beta 1, and gamma 1 subunit chains in the fetal lung were present on day 26 of gestation (term = 31 days), coincident with the initiation of alveolar epithelial cell differentiation. Levels of the laminin chains were approximately five times higher in fetal lung at day 26 of gestation than in adult lung tissue. Different temporal patterns of laminin alpha 1, beta 1, and gamma 1 subunit chain expression were observed, data suggestive that the chains are independently regulated during lung development. Laminin was localized to the basement membranes of bronchi, bronchioles, prealveolar ducts, and blood vessels in fetal lung tissue, as shown by immunostaining with polyclonal laminin antibodies. A similar staining pattern was observed in adult lung tissue, but the alveolar wall was also stained. Laminin was also observed surrounding a few mesenchymal cells in fetal lung on day 19 of gestation; the number of positive mesenchymal cells increased with lung development. Laminin alpha 1 subunit chains, detected using a monoclonal antibody, were present in the basement membranes of bronchi, bronchioles, prealveolar ducts, and blood vessels in fetal lung tissue. No laminin alpha 1 chain staining was observed in the mesenchyme of early fetal lung tissue. Using a monoclonal antibody, laminin beta 1 subunit chains were immunolocalized in the basement membranes of bronchi, bronchioles, in prealveolar ducts, and surrounding some mesenchymal cells in fetal lung tissue. Laminin alpha 1 and beta 1 subunit chains in adult lung tissue were present in basement membranes of airways, blood vessels, and alveoli. Thus, changes in the localization and accumulation of laminin near the time of alveolar type I and type II epithelial cell differentiation suggest that laminin may play a role in mediating the differentiation of these cell types during rabbit fetal lung development.
Olefin isomerization regiochemistries during tandem action of BacA and BacB on prephenate in bacilysin biosynthesis.

BacA and BacB, the first two enzymes of the bacilysin pathway, convert prephenate to an exocylic regioisomer of dihydrohydroxyphenylpyruvate (ex-H2HPP) on the way to the epoxycyclohexanone warhead in the dipeptide antibiotic, bacilysin. BacA decarboxylates prephenate without aromatization, converting the 1,4-diene in prephenate to the endocyclic 1,3-diene in Δ4,Δ8-dihydrohydroxyphenylpyruvate (en-H2HPP). BacB then performs an allylic isomerization to bring the diene into conjugation with the 2-ketone in the product Δ3,Δ5-dihydrohydroxyphenylpyruvate (ex-H2HPP). To prove that BacA acts regiospecifically on one of the two prochiral olefins in prephenate, we generated 1,5,8-[13C]-chorismate from bacterial fermentation of 5-[13C]-glucose and in turn produced 2,4,6-[13C]-prephenate via chorismate mutase. Tandem action of BacA and BacB gave 2,4,8-[13C]-7R-ex-H2HPP, showing that BacA isomerizes only the pro-R double bond in prephenate. Nonenzymatic isomerization of the BacA product into conjugation gives only th...
Deliberation in Six Juries: A Participant Observer Study

Since the 1930s, jury deliberation has been studied only through questionnaire or interview, or experimental methods. This paper uses a participant observer approach to the study of deliberations in six juries. Juries were found to be concerned both with the issues in the trial and with the intersection of their own and the trial participants' birgraphies. Their deliberations included assessments of the moral character of the criminal participants, the competence of the attorneys and judges, both from within the context of jurors' own life experiences. The imagery of the “good juror,” the interactions with fellow jurors, and the extra-jury everyday life contingencies brought to the jury room also influenced deliberations.
Design of a spatial-chromatic human vision model for evaluating full-color display systems

Two general characteristics of full-color display systems which are known to impact image quality include the ability of the display system to transfer modulation (chromatic as well as achromatic) and the degree to which the display system adds noise (chromatic and achromatic) to the signal. This paper describes a model of human spatial-chromatic vision and a corresponding procedure for using the model to evaluate color display systems. Together the proposed model and procedure constitute a color image quality metric which is responsive to the modulation transfer and noise generating characteristics of a display system. The proposed human vision model employs processing stages which simulate blurring by the optics of the eye, linear spectral absorption by three classes of cone, addition of internal noise, nonlinear transduction by retinal mechanisms, derivation of opponent-color images, and calculation of the responses of linear spatial mechanisms with finite spatial frequency and orientation bandwidth. A summary of the modulation detection, discrimination, and suprathreshold contrast perception performance of the model is presented and compared with human performance data from the visual science literature. A procedure for evaluating display systems using the model is described and the results of several analyses of display systems are presented. High correlations between predictions made by the model and the results of image quality studies from the display design literature have been obtained with no free parameters in the model. The results of the validation studies conducted so far suggest that the proposed method for evaluating color display systems is viable and warrants critical examination.
Chemokine release is associated with the protective action of PACAP-38 against HIV envelope protein neurotoxicity.

Abstract The envelope protein (gp120) of the human immunodeficiency virus produces neuronal cell death in cultures that can be prevented by co-treatment with pituitary adenylate activating peptide-38 (PACAP-38) or chemokines. To investigate the hypothesis that a functional relationship exists between these two protectants, the release of chemokines was measured in rat astrocyte cultures after PACAP-38 treatment. Chemokine analyses were performed by immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis. Bell-shaped dose–responses for PACAP-mediated release of chemokines into the culture medium were observed with EC 50 's of 3×10 15 M (RANTES: regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted), 3×10 −11 M (MIP-1β) and 10 −7 M (MIP-1α). In addition, PACAP-mediated depletion of chemokines from cultured astrocytes exhibited inverted bell-shaped curves, with similar EC 50 's to those observed for chemokine measurements of the medium. Comparative studies with structurally related peptides (vasoactive intestinal peptide [VIP] and secretin) revealed that PACAP was the most potent secretagogue for RANTES on astrocyte cultures. Gp120-mediated neuronal cell death was prevented by co-treatment with PACAP-38, although the efficacy of protection varied significantly among the gp120 isolates. A bi-model dose–response was observed with EC 50 's of 3×10 −15 and 3×10 −11 M. Co-treatment with neutralizing antiserum to RANTES attenuated PACAP-mediated protection from toxicity associated with gp120. In contrast to previous studies with VIP and gp120 toxicity, co-treatment with anti-MIP-1α did not affect PACAP-induced protection. These studies support the hypothesis that PACAP produces neuroprotection from gp120 toxicity, in part, through the release of RANTES and this mechanism is distinct from that observed with VIP.
Improvement of the lifetime of radio frequency antenna for plasma generation

At Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory different antenna protection schemes have been investigated for the radio frequency-driven multicusp ion source. It was found that the antenna lifetime can be greatly enhanced by an additional shielding, which consists of porcelain, quartz or boron nitride. Different antenna configurations and their influence on the plasma generation will be discussed. Antenna life time greater than 500 hours continuous wave operation has been demonstrated in hydrogen plasma using a novel quartz antenna design.
A review of binders in iron ore pelletization

The majority of iron ores must be ground to a fine particle size to allow the iron oxides they contain to be concentrated, and the concentrate must then be agglomerated back into large enough particles that they can be processed in blast furnaces. The most common agglomeration technique is pelletization, which requires the use of binders to hold the iron oxide grains together so that the agglomerates can be sintered into high-strength pellets. Although bentonite clay is the most commonly used binder, there are many other possibilities that could be competitive in a number of situations. This article reviews the numerous types of binders (both organic and inorganic) that have been considered for iron ore pelletization, including discussion of the binding mechanisms, advantages and limitations of each type, and presentation of actual pelletization results, so that the performance of the various types of binders can be compared and evaluated.
Interaction of peristaltic motion with poiseuille flow

The effect of Poiseuille flow on peristaltic transport has been investigated in a two-dimensional mathematical model of peristalsis for the case when the wall of the channel executes a sinusoidal motion of small amplitude. Closed-form solutions have been obtained for limiting values of Reynolds number and the Poiseuille flow parameter, while the method of Frobenius series solution has been used for the general case. It is found that the mean flow reversal is strongly dependent on the Poiseuille flow. The position of flow reversal may change drastically from the center of the channel to the boundaries. Numberical results are reported for various values of the physical parameters of interest.
Distribution of K-papovavirus in infected newborn mice.

Summary Newborn mice were inoculated orally with 100 ld 50 of K-papovavirus and the distribution of virus in fatally infected animals was studied by in-situ nucleic acid hybridization methods and immunoperoxidase staining for K virus capsid (V) antigen. Histopathologically, K virus produced extensive involvement of pulmonary endothelial cells, resulting in interstitial pneumonia, and widespread involvement of other endothelial cell populations throughout the systemic circulation. Endothelial cells in lungs, kidneys and other organs exhibited both specific hybridization for K virus nucleic acids and positive staining for K virus V antigen, indicative of productive infection. Scattered, apparently extravascular cells within brain parenchyma also exhibited both specific hybridization and immunohistological staining for K virus V antigen. In contrast, specific hybridization for K virus nucleic acids, in the absence of immunohistochemical labelling of K virus V antigen, suggesting transcription of viral DNA without expression of viral proteins, was detected in renal tubular epithelial cells and nonvascular, apparently lymphoid cells within the spleen and lymph nodes. The present study confirms the predominantly endotheliotropic nature of K virus infection in newborn mice and also demonstrates that the virus invades renal epithelial, lymphoid and possibly glial cells during primary infection.
The effect of oral antiplatelet agents on tissue plasminogen activator-mediated thrombolysis in a rabbit model of thromboembolic stroke.

OBJECTIVE The success of thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke relies on timely reperfusion. The current study examines the efficacy of antiplatelet agents as adjuvants for thrombolytic therapy. METHODS Using an established rabbit model of clot embolization and a randomized blinded design, rabbits (n = 8 in each group) were orally pretreated daily for 5 days with adjuvant aspirin (1 mg/kg of body weight or 20 mg/kg), ticlopidine (100 mg/kg), or vehicle (sodium carbonate). On the 6th day, tissue plasminogen activator (6.3 mg/kg administered intravenously over 2 h), was initiated 1 hour after embolization. RESULTS In all groups, cerebral blood flow (CBF) was reduced to < 10 ml/100 g/min immediately after clot embolization. After the initiation of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), there was significant restoration of CBF in the control (t-PA only) and ticlopidine groups (P < 0.05) only. Restoration of CBF generally correlated with brain infarct size (percent hemisphere, mean +/- standard error of the mean), which was 18.0 +/- 7.0 in the t-PA only group versus 11.0 +/- 3.3, 26.5 +/- 5.8, and 21.5 +/- 3.4 in the ticlopidine, low-dose aspirin, and high-dose aspirin groups, respectively (ticlopidine versus aspirin, P < 0.05). Clot lysis was identical in the control and ticlopidine groups, with 6 of 8 animals demonstrating complete clot lysis. Aspirin antagonized clot lysis in a dose-related manner, with low-and high-dose aspirin groups noting clot lysis in four of eight and two of eight animals, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with ticlopidine significantly reduced brain infarct size when compared with aspirin treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, whereas ticlopidine treatment did not affect clot lysis or CBF relative to t-PA alone, aspirin therapy resulted in antagonism of clot lysis and was associated with a more modest restoration of blood flow. This study provides a background for a more comprehensive understanding of the balance of thrombogenicity and thrombolysis and may assist in the development of novel therapies to expedite cerebrovascular patency and reduce ischemic and reperfusion-mediated neuronal injury.
The dynamic behavior of production in the extractive industry

Abstract In this article an intrinsically non-linear model in the stock-flow adjustment framework is proposed for describing the dynamic pattern of production behavior of the extractive industry in the United States, where the extractive industry is defined to include four segments of exhaustible resources: metal, coal, oil and gas, and stone and earth minerals. The coefficient of adjustment of the model is assumed to vary over time and is determined by unexpected changes in public policy actions rather than taking on a fixed value independent of time as commonly assumed. The model is estimated from quarterly observations covering the 1962–1984 period by the non-linear least-squares method, and is compared with the constant coefficient of adjustment model estimated by the ordinary least-squares and seemingly unrelated regressions approaches. The empirical findings are of practical importance to the formulation of energy policies.
Vibrational spectra of transition metal hexafluoride crystals. II. Two-particle and mixed crystal spectra as techniques for determination of densities

Abstract In part II of this series two techniques for obtaining densities of exciton states are discussed: heavily doped crystals and two-particle overtone and combination bands. It is demonstrated through Raman spectra and calculations that (νi + ν1) combination bands yield very nearly true density of states functions for νi in the case for which ν1 is essentially dispersionless. The mixed crystal method for density of states determinations is compared to the combination band technique and approximate mixed crystal concentrations appropriate for such studies can be calibrated for individual bands. It is pointed out that the overtone method, whenever applicable, is both simpler and more accurate for exciton state studies. Detailed analyses of ν1 and 2ν1 show that the major contribution to overtone intensity comes from the second order polarizability derivative and not anharmonic contributions.
Analysis of a storage ring combined-function magnet: trajectory calculation and alignment procedure

Abstract Using an accurate trajectory calculation based on the measured magnetic field, a standard alignment procedure for a straight combined-function dipole magnet is described. The nonlinear equation of a particle is integrated analytically as well as numerically to obtain and compare the path length of a reference particle, the effective length of the magnet and linear transfer matrix elements. Using calculated results, an alignment scheme for the two families of combined-function magnet in SPEAR3 is proposed.
The implementation of a digital filter bank

A review of the VLSI implementation methodology for real-time digital signal processing, particularly for a digital filter bank design, is presented in this paper. The emphasis is placed on exploiting multilevel parallelisms in the computation algorithm and implementation conditions. Some of the parallel processing techniques for maximum efficiency based on VLSI multiprocessor implementation are discussed. A special purpose systolic array architecture for a second-order recursive digital filter module is developed.
Preventing Truancy and Dropout Among Urban Middle School Youth: Understanding Community-Based Action From the Student's Perspective

This case study explores how a community-based truancy prevention program mediates against absenteeism, truancy, and dropping out and positively transforms the lives of Black and Latina/Latino midd...
Neuronal precursor-restricted transduction via in utero CNS gene delivery of a novel bipartite HSV amplicon/transposase hybrid vector.

Abstract The ability to modify genetically in utero the precursors of neuronal lineage contributing to multiple postmitotic cell types in the adult central nervous system would provide a means to evaluate strategies to ameliorate conditions affecting cellular patterning, metabolism, or survival. The herpes simplex virus (HSV)-derived amplicon, a vector devoid of viral genes and with the largest known payload capacity, normally exists episomally within nuclei of transduced cells, thus precluding conveyance during mitosis. Herein, we modify the Tc1-like Sleeping Beauty ( SB ) transposon system to create an integrating amplicon vector platform wherein provision of transposase in trans effectively catalyzes integration of a transgenomic segment. Cotransduction with a Rous sarcoma virus promoter-driven β-galactosidase–neomycin (βgeo) fusion flanked by SB terminal repeats (HSVT-βgeo) and a second expressing the SB transposase gene under HSV immediate-early 4/5 gene promoter control (HSVsb) resulted in integration and extension of expression duration. Most notably, in utero intraventricular application led to extensive transgene expression within neuronal precursors and their derivatives without attendant adverse consequences, suggesting this new platform could be used to evaluate prenatally the function of gene products in neuronal lineages and evaluate therapeutic strategies for correction of genetic abnormalities affecting the developing CNS.
Determination of Absolute Configuration Using Kinetic Resolution Catalysts

A new method was developed to assign the absolute configuration of molecules using kinetic resolution catalysts. Secondary alcohols were acylated in the presence of Birman's S-HBTM and R-HBTM catalysts, and the fast-reacting catalyst was identified by NMR analysis of the reaction mixture. A mnemonic was developed to assign configuration based on the identity of the fast-reacting catalyst. The method uses only 1-3 mg of alcohol, and it is more convenient than the Mosher method. The kinetic resolution strategy may be extended to other classes of molecules.