cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrospective: In Memory of John Maynard Smith (1920-2004)

With the passing of John Maynard Smith, the world has lost one of the last great evolutionary theorists of the 20th century. In this retrospective, [Richard Lewontin][1] reminisces about his longtime colleague and friend. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/304/5673/979
Parallel RAMs with owned global memory and deterministic contex-free language recognition

We identify and study a frequently occurring subclass of Concurrent-Read, Exclusive-Write Parallel Random Access Machines (CREW-PRAM's). Called Concurrent-Read, Owner -Write, or CROW-PRAM's, these are machines in which each global memory location is assigned a unique “owner” processor, which is the only processor allowed to write into it. Most known CREW-PRAM algorithms are in fact CROW-PRAM algorithms. We show that the class of languages recognizable in time O(logn) on CROW-PRAM's is precisely equal to the class LOGDCFL of languages log space reducible to deterministic context free languages, and demonstrate the stability of the CROW-PRAM model. Our characterization theorem is based on a new and simpler proof of a result due to Klein and Reif that the recognition problem for any deterministic context free language can be solved in time O(logn) on a CREW-PRAM. We show that the simulation can actually be carried out on the CROW-PRAM model mentioned above. Next, using the same basic machinery, we give a new and simpler proof of the results by von Braunmuhl, Cook, Mehlhorn, and Verbeek that DCFL recognition can be done in O(log2n) space and polynomial time, simultaneously, i.e. in SC2. Further, we obtain a technical improvement to their result in that our algorithm requires only a O(log2n) height pushdown store, rather than general space.
Site specific atomic polarizabilities in endohedral fullerenes and carbon onions

We investigate the polarizability of trimetallic nitride endohedral fullerenes by partitioning the total polarizability into site specific components. This analysis indicates that the polarizability of the endohedral fullerene is essentially due to the outer fullerene cage and has insignificant contribution from the encapsulated unit. Thus, the outer fullerene cages effectively shield the encapsulated clusters and behave like Faraday cages. The polarizability of endohedral fullerenes is slightly smaller than the polarizability of the corresponding bare carbon fullerenes. The application of the site specific polarizabilities to C60@C240 and C60@C180 onions shows that, compared to the polarizability of isolated C60 fullerene, the encapsulation of the C60 in C240 and C180 fullerenes reduces its polarizability by 75% and 83%, respectively. The differences in the polarizability of C60 in the two onions is a result of differences in the bonding (intershell electron transfer), fullerene shell relaxations, and intershell separations. The site specific analysis further shows that the outer atoms in a fullerene shell contribute most to the fullerene polarizability.
Content-aware manipulations for image and video collections

Digital photography and videography have become ubiquitous. With ever-cheaper and more capable cameras, found in dedicated devices and, increasingly, in multipurpose smartphones and tablets, it is now easier than ever for the casual user to generate their own dense stream of personal multimedia data. With popular photo and video sharing sites, like Flickr, Facebook, and YouTube, users can share their images and video with the world, making for a vast amount of multimedia data stored at home and on the web. This flood of data presents many challenges, particularly for the non-professional, to manage their data, for example, to apply simple photographic adjustments, or to find interesting shots worth keeping among megabytes of data from even a short weekend trip. At the same time, researchers have a unique opportunity to exploit the vast amount of publicly available multimedia data to make graphics tasks easier for the individual. This dissertation presents work that seeks to address some of these challenges, and, where possible, exploit existing data sets to do so. First, we discuss a general approach that finds images similar to a given input from among a collection of photographs, from which various task-specific properties are transferred to the input. We demonstrate this basic approach in two distinct settings—image restoration and CG image enhancement. Next, we focus on collections of video. We first present a method for efficiently browsing and summarizing collections of related videos. Our approach is based on a simple pairwise video alignment that identities a relevant sequence of video clips that best matches an input video. Finally, we discuss our work on replacing facial performances in video that requires no special hardware and can be used to retarget existing footage to synthesize new performances.
Variability of the Harris-Benedict equation in recently published textbooks.

The Harris-Benedict equation, as cited in a selection of textbooks of medicine, surgery, and nutrition, was compared with the original monograph published by the Carnegie Foundation. A significant amount of variation was found in published versions of this equation. Of 24 published versions, eight were sufficiently variant to produce errors of 7% to 55% in calculations of nutrition requirements. The error is usually in the constant term for one of the two Harris-Benedict equations. Either the constant term for men is increased to a value approximately the same as for women, or the constant term for women is reduced to be approximately equal to that for men. The primary reason appears to be the lack of availability in medical libraries of the original Carnegie Foundation publication by Harris and Benedict. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition16:566-568, 1992)
Ultrasonic phase-shift oxygen measuring system

The ultrasonic phase shift due to a change in the total weight of molecules in the propagating medium is utilized to measure the partial concentration of oxygen. A new way to compensate the effect of temperature on the speed of sound is developed to give a reliable and robust measurement system. The developed system had a linearity coefficient of 0.99738 around room temperature (16.64 degrees C) and a maximum error percent rate of 2.32%/ degrees C when temperature changes 5.4 degrees C for 20% oxygen gas. The system developed can be used for diverse applications; measurement of O/sub 2/ concentration in medical applications, gas chromatography, or sensing diverse mixtures of binary gas. >
Cross modulation of whistler mode and HF waves above the HAARP ionospheric heater

[1] The HF facility of the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) is employed to generate ELF/VLF radiation by modulation of overhead auroral electrojet currents for magnetospheric wave injection and propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. HAARP induced ducted magnetospherically amplified whistler mode signals are observed to return to the vicinity of the HF facility and experience cross modulation with simultaneous HF transmissions. The cross modulation effect results from modification of the attenuation properties of the ionospheric medium by HAARP HF waves in the daytime ionosphere. The cross modulation concept is subsequently investigated as a new method for ELF/VLF wave generation with the HAARP heating facility using two co-located HF beams. The new generation method is observed to generate radiation from 630 Hz–37 kHz. Observed amplitudes are an order of magnitude lower than fundamental frequencies generated using conventional AM, but of the same order as AM second harmonics.
A new spectrophotometric method for simple quantification of melanosomal transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes.

Three major difficulties must be overcome to establish a quantitative method for melanosomal transfer analysis: (i) establishing a three-dimensional co-culture reassuring direct melanocyte to keratinocyte transfer, (ii) separation of melanocytes and keratinocytes following co-culture and (iii) melanosome quantification in each cell population. Melanocytes and keratinocytes are cultured on the opposite sides of the porous membrane of hanging cell inserts (1mum pores, 2x10(6) pores/cm(2) ). Cell separation is performed after 3days of co-culture by simple trypsinisation. Melanosome quantification in separated cell populations was accomplished by an ELISA-like method using gp-100 as the antigen. Melanocytes and keratinocytes come into 'direct' contact through the pores, and melanosomal transfer is accomplished without cell passage through the membrane. Cell separation by simple trypsinisation results in pure melanocyte and keratinocyte populations. Melanosome quantification by the ELISA-like method proved to be sensitive and specific to distinguish the known inhibitors and inducers of melanosomal transfer.
Fossil slabs attached to unsubducted fragments of the Farallon plate

As the Pacific–Farallon spreading center approached North America, the Farallon plate fragmented into a number of small plates. Some of the microplate fragments ceased subducting before the spreading center reached the trench. Most tectonic models have assumed that the subducting oceanic slab detached from these microplates close to the trench, but recent seismic tomography studies have revealed a high-velocity anomaly beneath Baja California that appears to be a fossil slab still attached to the Guadalupe and Magdalena microplates. Here, using surface wave tomography, we establish the lateral extent of this fossil slab and show that it is correlated with the distribution of high-Mg andesites thought to derive from partial melting of the subducted oceanic crust. We also reinterpret the high seismic velocity anomaly beneath the southern central valley of California as another fossil slab extending to a depth of 200 km or more that is attached to the former Monterey microplate. The existence of these fossil slabs may force a reexamination of models of the tectonic evolution of western North America over the last 30 My.
Cytochemical studies of GERL and its role in secretory granule formation in exocrine cells.

the structure and cytochemistry of GERL was studied in several different exocrine secretory cells, including the exorbital lacrimal gland, parotid, lingual serous (von Ebner's), submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands, and exocrine pancreas of the rat; the lacrimal, parotid and pancreas of the guinea-pig; and the lacrimal gland of the monkey. GERL was morphologically and cytochemically similar in all cell types studied. It was located in the inner Golgi region and consisted of cisternal and tubular portions. Immature secretory granules were in continuity with GERL through multiple tubular connections. Modified cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, with ribosomes only on one surface, closely paralleled parts of GERL. GERL and immature granules were intensely reactive for acid phosphatase activity, while the inner Golgi saccules were reactive for thiamine pyrophosphatase and nucleoside diphosphatase activities. In the rat exorbital lacrimal and parotid glands, reaction product for endogenous peroxidase, a secretory enzyme, was present in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi saccules, immature and mature secretory granules. GERL was usually free of reaction product or contained only a small amount. The widespread occurrence of GERL in secretory cells, and its intimate involvement with the formation of granules, suggest that it is an integral component of the secretory process.
A Fokker-Planck description of multivalent interactions

Abstract A dynamic model is presented which uses a mean first passage time to characterize multivalent binding as the continuum limit of a one-step stochastic process. The use of a stochastic model instead of a model based on rate equations permits consideration of fluctuations in the number of bonds formed. The importance of fluctuations to the problem of multivalent interactions, especially low affinity interactions, is discussed. Assumptions for the theory are based on data in which liposomes were used as a model system for multivalency. The data suggest a linear sequential process of bond rupture, and thus a high degree of cooperativity in the microscopic events associated with multivalent liposomal binding.
Ultralow thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric figure of merit in SnSe crystals

The thermoelectric effect enables direct and reversible conversion between thermal and electrical energy, and provides a viable route for power generation from waste heat. The efficiency of thermoelectric materials is dictated by the dimensionless figure of merit, ZT (where Z is the figure of merit and T is absolute temperature), which governs the Carnot efficiency for heat conversion. Enhancements above the generally high threshold value of 2.5 have important implications for commercial deployment, especially for compounds free of Pb and Te. Here we report an unprecedented ZT of 2.6 ± 0.3 at 923 K, realized in SnSe single crystals measured along the b axis of the room-temperature orthorhombic unit cell. This material also shows a high ZT of 2.3 ± 0.3 along the c axis but a significantly reduced ZT of 0.8 ± 0.2 along the a axis. We attribute the remarkably high ZT along the b axis to the intrinsically ultralow lattice thermal conductivity in SnSe. The layered structure of SnSe derives from a distorted rock-salt structure, and features anomalously high Gruneisen parameters, which reflect the anharmonic and anisotropic bonding. We attribute the exceptionally low lattice thermal conductivity (0.23 ± 0.03 W m(-1) K(-1) at 973 K) in SnSe to the anharmonicity. These findings highlight alternative strategies to nanostructuring for achieving high thermoelectric performance.
Antioxidant Supplementation Ameliorates Molecular Deficits in Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome

Background Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an inborn error of cholesterol biosynthesis characterized by diminished cholesterol and increased 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) levels. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is highly reactive, giving rise to biologically active oxysterols. Methods 7-DHC-derived oxysterols were measured in fibroblasts from SLOS patients and an in vivo SLOS rodent model using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Expression of lipid biosynthesis genes was ascertained by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The effects of an antioxidant mixture of vitamin A, coenzyme Q10, vitamin C, and vitamin E were evaluated for their potential to reduce formation of 7-DHC oxysterols in fibroblast from SLOS patients. Finally, the effect of maternal feeding of vitamin E enriched diet was ascertained in the brain and liver of newborn SLOS mice. Results In cultured human SLOS fibroblasts, the antioxidant mixture led to decreased levels of the 7-DHC-derived oxysterol, 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one. Furthermore, gene expression changes in SLOS human fibroblasts were normalized with antioxidant treatment. The active ingredient appeared to be vitamin E, as even at low concentrations, it significantly decreased 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one levels. In addition, analyzing a mouse SLOS model revealed that feeding a vitamin E enriched diet to pregnant female mice led to a decrease in oxysterol formation in brain and liver tissues of the newborn Dhcr7 -knockout pups. Conclusions Considering the adverse effects of 7-DHC-derived oxysterols in neuronal and glial cultures and the positive effects of antioxidants in patient cell cultures and the transgenic mouse model, we believe that preventing formation of 7-DHC oxysterols is critical for countering the detrimental effects of DHCR7 mutations.
Researching the Urban Margins: What Can the United States Learn from Latin America and Vice Versa?:

Over the decade and a half that I have been conducting research on poverty and marginality in Latin America (with a specific focus on Argentina), I have become increasingly aware of the lack of dialogue between scholars working on similar issues north and south of the border. The striking similarities in the ways neoliberal economic policies and political transformations are now affecting the lives of the urban poor throughout the Americas might present a good (and well overdue) opportunity to break down artificial, but well-entrenched, “area-studies” boundaries and to scrutinize the manifold (sometimes similar, sometimes not) processes that are shaping the dynamics of urban relegation throughout the continent. True, ghettoes, inner-cities, favelas, villas, comunas, poblaciones, colonias (to mention a few of the terms used to describe the territories where multiple deprivations accumulate throughout the region) are not the same urban forms. While a few economic, political, and/or demographic dynamics that gave birth to, say, a villa miseria in Buenos Aires and the ghetto in Chicago (such as rapid industrialization and mass migration) may have some resemblances, the differences (racial segregation, housing policies, etc.) are far too important to be ignored. The causes and experiences of destitution in the developed North and the (always) developing South are, indeed, quite varied. And yet, years of field research at the urban margins armed with theoretical tools developed with diverse realities in mind have convinced me that sustained and serious engagement between researchers of urban poverty and/or marginality throughout the Americas can lead to better understandings and explanations of the diverse ways in which neoliberal states and economies bolster social and economic vulnerabilities. What can urban sociologists in the United States take away from reading about current dynamics in the sprawling informal settlements in Latin America? Conversely, what can urban sociologists in Latin America learn from reading about the living conditions in enclaves of urban poverty in the United States and the predicament of their residents? In this brief essay, I highlight a few themes found in both bodies of urban poverty research, which have rarely converged in a fruitful exchange; themes present in one literature that can benefit the other; and one theme that, surprisingly enough, has received little (if no) attention in either the United States or Latin America. In doing so, rather than focus on the substantive similarities in the forms and meanings of dispossession, I draw attention to the ways in which social scientific studies of urban poverty in some places
An interpretation of Argentine economic growth since 1930. Part II

(1966). An interpretation of argentine economic growth since 1930Part I. The Journal of Development Studies: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 14-41.
What is a philosophical effect? Models of data in experimental philosophy

Papers in experimental philosophy rarely offer an account of what it would take to reveal a philosophically significant effect. In part, this is because experimental philosophers tend to pay insufficient attention to the hierarchy of models that would be required to justify interpretations of their data; as a result, some of their most exciting claims fail as explanations. But this does not impugn experimental philosophy. My aim is to show that experimental philosophy could be made more successful by developing, articulating, and advancing plausible models of the data that are collected and the analyses that are employed.
PET/CT for staging and follow-up of pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Purpose While FDG PET/CT for the evaluation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in adult patients has documented advantages and disadvantages compared with conventional imaging, to our knowledge, no studies of FDG PET/CT for the evaluation of NPC in pediatric patients have been performed. In this investigation, we studied the utility of FDG PET/CT in children with NPC.
Ligandinuria in nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis

Ligandinuria in nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis. Ligandin (GSH-S-transferase B), an abundant intracellular soluble protein in rat proximal tubules, hepatocytes, and small intestinal mucosal cells, is believed to be a component of an organic anion transport system. Its presence in urine was determined immunologically and catalytically in adult, female, Sprague-Dawley rats that were given mercuric chloride or potassium dichromate. These nephrotoxic agents produce severe renal failure, with epithelial necrosis in the proximal tubule. Mercuric chloride preferentially injures the terminal part of the proximal tubule, while potassium dichromate damages more proximal segments. Ligandinuria was consistently detected immunologically and catalytically from 6 to 24 hr following injection of mercuric chloride. Potassium dichromate administration did not result in immunologically detectable ligandinuria; however, GSH-S-transferase activity, which provides a more sensitive assay, was frequently detected. The findings are consistent with immunofluorescent localization of ligandin in the proximal tubule. Immunologic or enzymatic measurement of ligandin in urine may provide a sensitive index of acute injury to the proximal tubule. Ligandinurie dans la necrose tubulaire aigue nephrotoxique. La ligandine (GSH-S-transferase B ), qui est une proteine intracellulaire abondante dans les tubes proximaux de rat, les hepatocytes et les cellules muqueuses de l'intestin grele, serait un element d'un systeme de transport d'acide organique. Sa presence dans l'urine a ete determinee par des techniques immunologique et catalytique chez des rats Sprague-Dawley adultes femelles apres l'administration de HgCl 2 ou de K 2 Cr 2 O 7 . Ces produits nephrotoxiques determinent une insuffisance renale severe avec une necrose epitheliale du tube proximal. HgCl 2 lese surtout la partie terminale du tube proximal alors que K 2 Cr 2 O 7 lese des segments plus proximaux. La ligandinurie a ete detectee a la fois par les techniques immunologique et catalytique entre la 6e et la 24e heure apres l'injection de HgCl 2 . L'administration de K 2 Cr 2 O 7 n'a pas eu pour consequence une ligandinurie detectable par la technique immunologique. Cependant l'activite de la GSH-S-transferase, qui est un temoin plus sensible, a ete souvent mise en evidence. Ces constatations recoupent la localisation par immunofluorescence de la ligandine dans le tube proximal. Les determinations immunologique ou enzymatique de ligandine dans l'urine sont un temoin sensible d'une lesion aigue du tube proximal.
Quantifying stream thermal regimes at multiple scales: Combining thermal infrared imagery and stationary stream temperature data in a novel modeling framework

Accurately quantifying stream thermal regimes can be challenging because stream temperatures are often spatially and temporally heterogeneous. In this study, we present a novel modeling framework that combines stream temperature data sets that are continuous in either space or time. Specifically, we merged the fine spatial resolution of thermal infrared (TIR) imagery with hourly data from 10 stationary temperature loggers in a 100 km portion of the Big Hole River, MT, USA. This combination allowed us to estimate summer thermal conditions at a relatively fine spatial resolution (every ∼100 m of stream length) over a large extent of stream (∼100 km of stream) during the warmest part of the summer. Rigorous evaluation, including internal validation, external validation with spatially continuous instream temperature measurements collected from a Langrangian frame of reference, and sensitivity analyses, suggests the model was capable of accurately estimating longitudinal patterns in summer stream temperatures for this system (validation RMSEs < 1°C). Results revealed considerable spatial and temporal heterogeneity in summer stream temperatures and highlighted the value of assessing thermal regimes at relatively fine spatial and temporal scales. Preserving spatial and temporal variability and structure in abiotic stream data provides a critical foundation for understanding the dynamic, multiscale habitat needs of mobile stream organisms. Similarly, enhanced understanding of spatial and temporal variation in dynamic water quality attributes, including temporal sequence and spatial arrangement, can guide strategic placement of monitoring equipment that will subsequently capture variation in environmental conditions directly pertinent to research and management objectives.
Particle size measurements with phase contrast microscopy

Abstract Identical samples of particulate materials were sized with phase contrast and with bright-field microscopy and the results were compared. The phase microscopy revealed from approximately 30% to 70% more of the small particles than the bright-field microscope. Photomicrographs of polystyrene latex spheres of known sizes were used to determine the accuracy of size measurements with phase contrast of particle sizes close to the limit of resolution. Only with phase contrast is it possible to size accurately particles as small as the theoretical limit of resolution of the objective. With bright-field microscopy the limit of accurate size measurements is highly dependent on the optical properties of the particles.
Conformational conversion of the boat and chair structures of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-ene

The conversion between the chair and boat forms of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-ene have been studied using ab initio calculations at the Hartree–Fock and MP2 levels using the 6-31G(d,p) basis set with relative energies determined at the CCSD(T)/MP2 level. The transition state has been located and the activation barrier calculated to be 6.6 kcal/mol; and, the relative energies for the two conformers are close, with the boat form being 4 kcal/mol more stable. Transition-state theory was used to evaluate the equilibrium thermodynamics. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Aplasia of the Anterior Arch of Atlas Associated With Multiple Congenital Disorders: Case Report

Background and importance Congenital clefts and aplasias of the atlas vertebra are rare. A nonfused posterior arch occurs in 4% of the population; in contrast, a nonfused anterior arch occurs in only 0.1%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of the combination of anterior arch aplasia and a cleft of the posterior arch of the atlas associated with Klippel-Feil and Treacher-Collins syndromes and Sprengel deformity. Clinical presentation An 11-year-old girl presented with neck pain and symptoms of myelopathy, including upper- and lower-extremity paresthesia. Computed tomography revealed significant congenital bony anomalies of the cervical spine, with congenital fusion of C2 through C5. There was aplasia of the anterior ring of C1 (A 2.3-cm gap was present within the anterior aspect of the lateral masses). The posterior elements of C3 and C4 were fused, and signs of Sprengel deformity were present. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed effacement of the ventral cerebrospinal fluid space at the craniocervical junction and mild mass effect at the cervicomedullary junction. Flexion and extension views showed abnormal motion at the craniocervical junction. There was no evidence of atlantoaxial instability, basilar invagination, or Chiari malformation. Occipito-C4-scapular fusion was performed to prevent spinal cord injury and further neurological symptoms. Postoperatively, the patient did extremely well, and her preoperative symptoms resolved. Conclusion We describe a rare case of aplasia of the anterior arch of the atlas and posterior arch midline cleft in association with Treacher-Collins syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, and Sprengel deformity. The patient's atlantoaxial instability was managed surgically with a unique construct that provided occipito-C4-scapular fusion.
Unusual histological findings in a child with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

We report a 2-year-old child with corticosteroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome whose renal biopsy revealed light microscopically normal glomeruli but highly unusual finger-like projections and arches of the glomerular basement membrane. To our knowledge, the association between nephrotic syndrome and this patient’s rare ultrastuctural lesion has not been previously documented in the literature. It is not certain whether this basement membrane is pathogenic or a striking but coincidental developmental anomaly.
Enzymatic transfer of 14C-glucosamine from UDP-N-acetyl-14C-glucosamine to endogenous acceptors in a golgi apparatus-rich fraction from liver

Abstract A Golgi apparatus-rich fraction isolated from rat liver catalyzes the transfer of glucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to endogenous protein acceptors. The Golgi-associated transfer accounts for almost half of the total activity of the original homogenate. Plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum fractions are practically devoid of activity. GDP-mannose and GTP stimulate this transfer, possibly by sparing UDP-N-acetylglucosamine from enzymatic hydrolysis. UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UTP, UDP, and UMP are inhibitory. Digestion with pronase converts the radioactive product of this transfer into a trichloroacetic acid-soluble form. All of the radioactive material cochromatographs with glucosamine, following acid hydrolysis of pronase glycopeptides.
Spiraling into Transformative Learning.

This article explores how technical and vocational learning may spiral into transformative learning. Transformative learning theory is reviewed and the learning tasks of critical theory are used to integrate various approaches to transformative learning. With this as a foundation, the article explores how transformative learning can be fostered in adult vocational education.
N-Alkylcyanopyridinium-Mediated Photoinduced Charge Separation across Dihexadecyl Phosphate Vesicle Membranes

The triplet-photoexcited [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphinato]zinc(II) (3ZnTPPS4-) ion underwent rapid one-electron oxidation by a series of N-alkyl-4-cyanopyridinium (CnCP+) ions. In aqueous solution, the quenching rate constants (kq ≅ 4 × 109 M-1 s-1) were insensitive to the N-alkyl chain length over the range examined (n = 1−16). Charge recombination was also rapid (kr ≅ 1.3 × 108 M-1 s-1) and independent of the chain length. However, when dihexadecyl phosphate vesicles were included in the reaction medium, both kq and kr decreased progressively with increasing chain length. The chain-length dependence of kq was in quantitative accord with a dyamical model wherein the relative rate constants were determined by CnCP+ partitioning between the aqueous phase and the aqueous−organic membrane interface, with only the aqueous-phase component being reactive toward 3ZnTPPS.4- The decrease in kr with increasing chain length was attributed to capture of the neutral lipophilic CnCP0 radicals within th...
Implementation issues for a source level symbolic debugger

This paper deals with issuces that have emerged as a result of a successful implementation of a source level symbolic debugger for HP-1000 computer systems. By analyzing a user's thought processes during a debugging session we created a powerful and easy to use tool for program analysis.
Effects of art therapy with prison inmates: A follow-up study

Abstract A pilot study conducted to measure the effects of art therapy with prison inmates (Gussak, 2004) demonstrated marked improvement in mood. The results of this study encouraged a quantitative follow-up study the following year. This study used the Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale (FEATS) and the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form (BDI-II) as pre and post-test assessments to assess the effects that art therapy had on an adult male prison population, specifically on decreasing depression and improving socialization skills. A control group pre-test/post-test design was implemented for this study. An experimental group members attended group art therapy for eight weeks, one session per week. They also completed the assessments prior to, and at the end of the sessions. A control group did not receive the services but still completed the pre and post-test assessments during the same amount of time. The changes in BDI-II scores and the scores of all 14 categories of the FEATS from pretest to posttest (i.e., post-test score – pre-test score) were calculated and the differences were analyzed using independent-sample t tests to find differences between the experimental and control groups. The BDI-II results supported the assumption that art therapy was effective in reducing depression in the adult male inmates. The results from the FEATS, however, did not yield supportive data. Thus, although the art therapy was effective with the experimental population, the quantitative results were mixed. This article concludes with a case vignette that supports the notion that art therapy was effective, and an explanation on why the FEATS may not have been as effective a measurement tool in this particular study.
SCRIPTURE AND SLAUGHTER: THE CIVIL WAR AS A THEOLOGICAL AND MORAL CRISIS

In a well-known 1964 essay on the “recovery” of American religious history, Henry F. May observed that some scholars had “revived” religious interpretations of the nation's greatest political crises, including the Civil War. But there was more work to be done. “A religious, or partly religious explanation of the Civil War,” May suggested, would “rest on two assertions: that serious and intractable moral conflicts were important in causing the war and that in nineteenth-century America such conflicts were particularly difficult to avoid or compromise because of the dominance of evangelical Protestantism in both sections.” In fact, both the importance of the moral conflict over slavery and the role of evangelicalism in intensifying hostilities were already attracting attention as historians reexamined previous emphases on economic factors and political bungling as explanations of a tragically unnecessary war.
Mechanical valve closing dynamics: relationship between velocity of closing, pressure transients, and cavitation initiation.

In this study, the closing dynamics of mechanical heart valves was experimentally analyzed with the valves mounted in the mitral position of anin vitro flow chamber simulating a single closing event. The average linear velocity of the edge of the leaflet during the final 2.065° of the traverse before closing was measured using a laser sweeping technique, and the negative pressure transients at 2 mm from the leaflet inflow surface in the fully closed position was recorded at the instant of valve closure. The cavitation number was computed for the various mechanical valves at a range of load at valve closure. The data were correlated with cavitation bubble visualization previously obtained with the same experimental set up. Cavitation incipience with mechanical valves was found to be independent of the flexibility of the valve holder. For the same loading rate at valve closure, valves with flexible (polyethylene) leaflets were found to close with comparable velocity to those with rigid (pyrolytic carbon) leaflets, but the negative pressure transients did not reach magnitudes close to the vapor pressure for the fluid with flexible leaflets. For the same leaflet closing velocity (and hence the cavitation number), valves with a seat stop or a seating lip in the region of maximum leaflet velocity were observed to cavitate earlier, suggesting that the effect of “squeeze flow” may be an important factor in cavitation incipience.
NATURE OF INTRINSIC BREAKDOWN OF CHIRAL SYMMETRY IN TERMS OF PHYSICAL FIELDS.

A method for considering the intrinsic breakdown of chiral $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ symmetry is presented. The method is principally based on the knowledge of the physical masses of the particles whose fields transform linearly under the symmetry group. The exact Hamiltonian of asymptotic fields for the parity couples (${0}^{+}$,${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) and (${1}^{+}$,${1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) is considered, and the nature of the resulting transformations is described. It is shown that the transformation does differ appreciably from the simple (3,${3}^{*}$) form, which has been recently assumed. It is found that the representations which include subgroups of $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ beyond the singlet and octet are restricted by the physical masses but cannot all simultaneously be made to vanish. It is shown that a universal condition on the fields considered exists, which requires the vanishing of the commutator between the axial charge and the divergence of the $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ vector generator for those specific cases in which $\ensuremath{\Delta}Ig1$ and/or $\ensuremath{\Delta}Yg1$. This condition provides mass formulas among the scalar and pseudoscalar particles and among the vector and axial-vector particles which are in good agreement with experiment.
Emphysematous pyelonephritis: An emergency indication for the plain abdominal radiograph

We report the case of a 59-year-old diabetic woman with emphysematous pyelonephritis. The patient presented with nausea, vomiting, and right flank pain of three days duration. The diagnosis was established by a plain abdominal radiograph in the emergency department. Aggressive rehydration, control of diabetes, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, and early right nephrectomy resulted in rapid clinical improvement. Emphysematous pyelonephritis is rare and often fatal. Survival depends on early diagnosis and aggressive combined medical and surgical management.
Hyperleptinemia in mares and geldings: assessment of insulin sensitivity from glucose responses to insulin injection.

Four experiments were conducted 1) to assess the use of glucose responses to insulin injections as a means of estimating insulin sensitivity in horses and 2) to compare the insulin sensitivities of normal horses vs. those displaying hyperleptinemia (HL). In Exp. 1, HL mares and geldings (n = 4 each) and 4 mares and geldings with normal leptin concentrations (NL) were injected intravenously with 20 and 100 mU/kg of BW of bovine insulin on 2 separate occasions in December 2008. In Exp. 2, the experimental protocol was repeated in late April 2009. In Exp. 1, the 20 mU/kg of BW dose of insulin caused a greater (P 0.1), whereas the greater dose revealed differences (P 0.1) for LL mares, regardless of BCS, and was less (P < 0.01) than for mares with increased leptin concentrations. It was concluded that a dose of 50 mU/kg of BW of recombinant human insulin could be used safely to start the dose-response curve; smaller or larger doses could then be applied as appropriate to get sufficient data for estimation of ED50. Experiment 4, conducted in October of 2009, assessed the repeatability of the estimates for ED50 obtained in Exp. 3. Six mares with LL vs. increased leptin concentrations received the 50 mU/kg dose of insulin; appropriate larger or smaller doses were used to obtain estimates of ED50. Estimates obtained were highly correlated (r = 0.91) with those obtained in Exp. 3, with an average within-mare CV of 8.9%; this is equal to or better than the repeatabilities of the currently used methods of assessing insulin sensitivity in horses. It was concluded that hyperleptinemic horses, which are also hyperinsulinemic and have exaggerated insulin responses to glucose injection, are indeed less sensitive to insulin than normal horses with reduced leptin concentrations of the same body condition.
Assessing the direct effects of the ebola outbreak on life expectancy in liberia, sierra leone and Guinea.

BACKGROUND: An EVD outbreak may reduce life expectancy directly (due to high mortality among EVD cases) and indirectly (e.g., due to lower utilization of healthcare and subsequent increases in non-EVD mortality). In this paper, we investigated the direct effects of EVD on life expectancy in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea (LSLG thereafter). METHODS: We used data on EVD cases and deaths published in situation reports by the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as data on the age of EVD cases reported from patient datasets. We used data on non-EVD mortality from the most recent life tables published prior to the EVD outbreak. We then formulated three scenarios based on hypotheses about a) the extent of under-reporting of EVD cases and b) the EVD case fatality ratio. For each scenario, we re-estimated the number of EVD deaths in LSLG and we applied standard life table techniques to calculate life expectancy. RESULTS: In Liberia, possible reductions in life expectancy resulting from EVD deaths ranged from 1.63 year (low EVD scenario) to 5.56 years (high EVD scenario), whereas in Sierra Leone, possible life expectancy declines ranged from 1.38 to 5.10 years. In Guinea, the direct effects of EVD on life expectancy were more limited (<1.20 year). CONCLUSIONS: Our high EVD scenario suggests that, due to EVD deaths, life expectancy may have declined in Liberia and Sierra Leone to levels these two countries had not experienced since 2001-2003, i.e., approximately the end of their civil wars. The total effects of EVD on life expectancy may however be larger due to possible concomitant increases in non-EVD mortality during the outbreak.
An accurate two-phase approximate solution to an acute viral infection model

During an acute viral infection, virus levels rise, reach a peak and then decline. Data and numerical solutions suggest the growth and decay phases are linear on a log scale. While viral dynamic models are typically nonlinear with analytical solutions difficult to obtain, the exponential nature of the solutions suggests approximations can be found. We derive a two-phase approximate solution to the target cell limited influenza model and illustrate its accuracy using data and previously established parameter values of six patients infected with influenza A. For one patient, the fall in virus concentration from its peak was not consistent with our predictions during the decay phase and an alternate approximation is derived. We find expressions for the rate and length of initial viral growth in terms of model parameters, the extent each parameter is involved in viral peaks, and the single parameter responsible for virus decay. We discuss applications of this analysis in antiviral treatments and in investigating host and virus heterogeneities.
Neurochemical bases of plasticity in the magnocellular oxytocin system during gestation.

Abstract The central and systemic release of oxytocin (OT) has been well documented during parturition and lactation. In preparation for the demands of these events, the magnocellular hypothalamic neurons of the central OT system undergo a variety of biochemical, molecular, electrophysiological, and anatomical adaptations during gestation. However, the mechanisms responsible for these changes have not been well established. A number of neurochemical mediators have been implicated in contributing to the plasticity in the OT magnocellular system during gestation, including ovarian hormones, as well as central neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), and central neurosteroids, e.g., allopregnanolone. In addition, several lines of evidence suggest that central OT release and subsequent OT receptor stimulation may contribute to adaptations of the OT system during gestation, and may be necessary for its subsequent functioning during lactation. Here, we review evidence for involvement of the neurochemical systems implicated in contributing to adaptations that occur in the OT system during the course of gestation.
Polysomnography indexes are discordant with quality of life, symptoms, and reaction times in sleep apnea patients.

Objective We tested whether polysomnography (PSG) indexes were associated with sleepiness, quality of life, or reaction times at baseline and as outcome measures following surgical or sham treatment for patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Study design and methods Mild-moderate OSAS subjects were measured before and 8 weeks after surgical or sham treatment in this prospective longitudinal study. Measures included standard PSG indexes, sleepiness, quality of life, and reaction times. Associations were examined with Spearman correlations and multivariate linear regression. Results Correlations between baseline PSG and non-PSG measures ranged from −0.22 to 0.25 (n, 87 subjects; mean correlation, 0.00 ± 0.11), with one positive association significant of 56 tested (arousal index and SF36 Mental Component Summary, r, 0.25; P = 0.03). Correlations between change in PSG and non-PSG measures ranged from −0.37 to 0.35 (n, 54 subjects; mean correlation, −0.05 ± 0.19), with no significant positive association of 56 tested. Regression analyses confirmed these results. Conclusions PSG indexes are not consistently associated with sleepiness, quality of life, or reaction time, both at baseline and as outcome measures in patients with mild-moderate OSAS. PSG indexes may not quantify some important aspects of OSAS disease burden or treatment outcome. Clinically important outcomes should be measured directly. EBM rating: A.
Solvent proton relaxation studies of cytochrome c oxidase solutions

The interaction of solvent water protons with the bound paramagnetic metal ions of beef heart cytochrome c oxidase has been examined. The observed proton relaxation rates of enzyme solutions had a negative temperature dependence, indicating a rapid exchange between solvent protons in the coordination sphere of the metal ions and bulk solvent. An analysis of the dependence of the proton relaxation rate on the observation frequency indicated that the correlation time, which modulates the interaction between solvent protons and the unpaired electrons on the metal ions, is due to the electron spin relaxation time of the heme irons of cytochrome c oxidase. This means that at least one of the hemes is exposed to solvent. The proton relaxation rate of the oxidized enzyme was found to be sensitive to changes in ionic strength and to changes in the spin states of the metal ions. Heme a3 was found to be relatively inaccessible to bulk solvent. Partial reduction of the enzyme caused a slight increase in the relaxation rate, which may be due to a change in the antiferromagnetic coupling between two of the bound paramagnetic centers. Further reduction resulted in a decreased relaxation rate, and the fully reduced enzyme was no longer sensitive to changes in ionic strength. The binding of cytochrome c to cytochrome c oxidase had little effect on the proton relaxation rates of oxidized cytochrome oxidase indicating that cytochrome c binding has little effect on solvent accessibility to the metal ion sites.
Nonresident father support and reunification outcomes for children in foster care

Abstract Over the past decade an interest in fathers and their contributions to family stability and children's healthy development has heightened the attention paid within the child welfare field to identifying, locating, and involving fathers. The article presents findings from analyses of data on nonresident fathers and child welfare case outcomes for foster children. Using data available from a telephone survey of child welfare caseworkers, together with administrative data on case outcomes, a positive association between nonresident father support and reunification outcomes for foster children is shown. The sample of foster children with nonresident fathers who provided financial support, nonfinancial support, or both types of supports, were far more likely to experience a reunification outcome than children whose fathers did not provide these supports. The findings demonstrate associations between support and reunification but cannot demonstrate causality given the cross-sectional nature of the dataset. More research is needed to better understand the nature of nonresident father support in the lives of foster children, and the quantity and quality of interactions between mothers, nonresident fathers, and their children.