cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making Better Influenza Virus Vaccines

Killed and live influenza virus vaccines are effective in preventing and curbing the spread of disease, but new technologies such as reverse genetics could be used to improve them and to shorten the lengthy process of preparing vaccine seed viruses. By taking advantage of these new technologies, we could develop live vaccines that would be safe, cross-protective against variant strains, and require less virus per dose than conventional vaccines. Furthermore, pandemic vaccines against highly virulent strains such as the H5N1 virus can only be generated by reverse genetics techniques. Other technologic breakthroughs should result in effective adjuvants for use with killed and live vaccines, increasing the number of available doses. Finally, universal influenza virus vaccines seem to be within reach. These new strategies will be successful if they are supported by regulatory agencies and if a robust market for influenza virus vaccines against interpandemic and pandemic threats is made and sustained.
Fine-mapping the putative chromosome 17q21-22 prostate cancer susceptibility gene to a 10 cM region based on linkage analysis.

Prostate cancer linkage studies have suggested the existence of a prostate cancer susceptibility gene on chromosome 17q21–22. We now report the results of an extended linkage analysis including 95 new multiplex prostate cancer families and 9 additional microsatellite markers resulting in a maximum LOD score of 2.99 at approximately 81–82 cM for all 453 pedigrees. Results from these 95 new pedigrees provide additional support for a chromosome 17q21–22 prostate cancer susceptibility gene. Inclusion of the 9 additional markers significantly reduced the size of the candidate region, as defined using a 1-LOD support interval, especially when focusing analyses on subsets of pedigrees with four or more confirmed affecteds or average age of diagnosis less than or equal to 65 years. A novel subset analysis of only those families (n = 147) that had four or more prostate cancer cases and an average age of prostate cancer diagnosis ≤ 65 years results in a maximum LOD score of 5.49 at 78 cM with a 1-LOD support interval of 10 cM. This large set of pedigrees with four more prostate cancer cases characterized by early-onset disease will serve as a useful resource for identifying the putative 17q21–22 prostate cancer susceptibility gene.
How Institutions Communicate: Institutional Messages, Institutional Logics, and Organizational Communication

Institutional messages provide a conceptual and empirical link between the predominantly macro world of institutions and the micro world of organizational communication. The concept of the institutional message is used colloquially but has not been developed theoretically.The conception that emerges from a review of the scholarly and primitive uses is that institutional messages are collations of thoughts that take on lives independent of senders and recipients. They may have the force of rules, spread intentionally or unintentionally via multiple channels to narrow or wider audiences. This essay considers the institutionality of messages in terms of their endurance, reach, encumbency, and intentionality. Institutional messages carry institutional logics—patterns of beliefs and rules. They are collations of thoughts that are intentional, enduring, have a wide reach, and encumber organizational participants to engage in certain behaviors or to take performative responses. It is argued that individuals and ...
Parathyroid neoplasms: clinical, histopathological, and tissue microarray-based molecular analysis.

We studied 45 patients with typical and 8 with atypical parathyroid adenomas as well as 20 with parathyroid carcinomas. Clinical, pathological, and molecular analyses were conducted on all adenomas. Clinical data were analyzed for 20, histopathologic slides for 16, and tissue specimens for 8 patients with carcinoma. Molecular expression profiles were investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for Ki-67, p53, mdm2, p21, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, and p27 on paraffin-embedded tissues arrayed on tissue microarrays. Trabecular growth and vascular, capsular, and soft-tissue invasion were characteristic of parathyroid carcinomas but not of typical adenomas. No adenomas recurred. Seventy-four percent of carcinomas recurred, most in the neck. Seventy-nine percent of patients with such illness died of disease after an indolent, multiply recurrent course responsive to repeated resections; the 5-year survival rate was 50%. High Ki-67 proliferative index was seen in 2% of adenomas and 25% of carcinomas, whereas p27 expression was present in 80% of adenomas and 18% of carcinomas. The molecular phenotype, p27(+)Bcl-2(+)Ki-67(-)mdm2(+), was observed in 76%, 29%, and 0% of typical and atypical adenomas and carcinomas, respectively. The complexity of molecular phenotypes increased with tumor aggressiveness. Parathyroid carcinoma is an aggressive disease with a propensity for multiple recurrences. It is characterized by capsular, vascular, and soft-tissue invasion. Recurrence portends poor outcome. Molecular markers, Ki-67 and p27, may distinguish parathyroid carcinoma from adenoma. The molecular phenotype, p27(+)Bcl-2(+)Ki-67(-)mdm2(+), appears to be unique to nonmalignant parathyroid tumors, and multimarker phenotypes are more complex in carcinomas.
Rolling with the Punches: Examining the Socialization Experiences of Kinesiology Doctoral Students.

Purpose: An increasing body of literature examines the socialization experiences of graduate students on a myriad of topics across academic disciplines. However, relatively absent from these discussions are the perspectives of kinesiology doctoral students. Using Weidman, Twale, and Stein's framework for graduate and professional student socialization, this research examined the doctoral education and socialization perspectives of 12 kinesiology students at 3 research institutions. Method: A phenomenological case-study approach incorporating interviews, both individual and focus group, and journals served to obtain participants' perspectives. Traditional data analysis, coding, thematic category development, and interpretation techniques were used. Results: Participants provided critical experiences, enlightening perspectives, and specific recommendations regarding their socialization into the kinesiology academic field and profession. Four major thematic categories were derived from the data: (a) transiti...
Performance Enhancement of CMOS VLSI Circuits by Transistor Reordering

A method which uses transistor reordering for the performance enhancement of CMOS circuits is presented. The proposed technique achieves significant reduction in propagation delays with little effect on layout area. The technique can be coupled with transistor sizing to achieve unbounded improvement in circuit delay, and it can be used to decrease dynamic power dissipation. In particular, excellent results have been achieved when the method is applied to data path circuits.
Alkoxide derived SrBi2Ta2O9 phase pure powder and thin films

Phase pure powder and thin films of the novel ferroelectric materials SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) have been prepared using the organic precursors. The xero-gel formed was dried and characterized using TGA and DTA to determine the organic burn out and crystallization temperature of SBT. Powder X-ray diffraction was used systematically to check the crystallinity of SBT. Phase pure SBT powder was formed as low as 650°C and thin films at 600°C in comparison to other earlier reported work. SEM micrographs show a grain size of ≈0.1 μm and show crack free films with a film thickness of 2 μm.
A router primitive approach for building diverse network services

The vantage points of routers along end-to-end paths in the Internet have long made them a compelling target for additional functionality. In this paper, we describe a new method for router data plane programmability that is simple, general, flexible and safe and enables complex network services to be built and deployed. Our method targets network processor (NP)- and FPGA-based routers, and is based on two central ideas: (1) primitive functions for routers that are designed for specific target service domains, and (2) a primitive-aware programming language that is expressive, easy to use and easy to analyze. To demonstrate our method, we describe a set of primitive functions in the context of three diverse domains — network measurement, real-time applications and traffic engineering. Next, we describe Morpheme, our primitive-aware programming language, and show how it can be statically analyzed to safeguard router processor and memory resources. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method by implementing the primitive functions in the Click modular router [1] and a prototype Morpheme compiler. Through a series of microbenchmark experiments, we substantiate the capabilities of our prototype implementation.
Attenuation of tolerance to, and physical dependence on, morphine in the rat by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of NG-monomethyl- l -arginine (NMMA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), on the development of tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine was determined in the rat. 2. 2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered tolerant to and dependent on morphine by the subcutaneous implantation of four morphine pellets (each containing 75 mg morphine base) during a 3 day period. Placebo pellet implanted rats served as controls. 3. 3. Chronic administration of morphine resulted in the development of tolerance to the analgesic action of morphine. Twice daily injections of NMMA (4 or 8 mg/kg) attenuated the tolerance to morphine as evidenced by higher analgesic response in NMMA treated than in vehicle treated morphine tolerant rats. 4. 4. Chronic administration of morphine also resulted in the development of physical dependence as evidenced by the appearance of a variety of symptoms including stereotyped jumping response following naltrexone injection. Concurrent treatment with NMMA inhibited naltrexone-induced jumping response but other responses like fecal boli formation, wet dog shakes, teeth chattering, rearing and ejaculations were not modified. 5. 5. It is concluded that inhibition of NOS can attenuate the development of tolerance to, and physical dependence on, morphine in the rat. However, it appears that higher doses of NOS inhibitors are required in the rat than in the mouse for blockade of both tolerance and physical dependence processes.
Growth factors/chemokines in diabetic vitreous and aqueous alter the function of bone marrow-derived progenitor (CD34⁺) cells in humans.

Ocular ischemic microenvironment plays a critical role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). In this study, we investigated the effect of vitreous and aqueous obtained from proliferative...
Use of personal measurements for ozone exposure assessment: a pilot study.

Abstract During summer 1991, we collected indoor, outdoor, and personal ozone concentration data as well as time-activity data in State College, Pennsylvania. These concentrations were measured for 23 children and their homes using passive ozone samplers. Outdoor concentrations were also measured at a stationary ambient monitoring site. Results from this pilot study demonstrate that fixed-site ambient measurements may not adequately represent individual exposures. Outdoor ozone concentrations showed substantial spatial variation between rural and residential regions. Ignoring this spatial variation by using fixed-site measurements to estimate personal exposures can result in an error as high as 127%. In addition, evidence from our pilot study indicates that ozone concentrations of a single indoor microenvironment may not represent those of other indoor microenvironments. Personal exposures were significantly correlated with both indoor (r = 0.55) and outdoor (r = 0.41) concentrations measured at home sites. Multiple regression analyses identified indoor ozone concentrations as the most important predictors of personal exposures. However, models based on time-weighted indoor and outdoor concentrations explained only 40% of the variability in personal exposures. When the model included observations for only those participants who spent the majority of their day in or near their homes, an R2 of 0.76 resulted when estimates were regressed on measured personal exposures. It is evident that contributions from diverse indoor and outdoor microenvironments must be considered to estimate personal ozone exposures accurately.
Influence of place of articulation on some acoustic correlates of the stop voicing contrast in Parisian French

Abstract This study examines place of articulation effects on short-lag V(oice) O(nset) T(ime) [VOT], closure and voiceless interval (VOT+closure) durations of Parisian French word-initial stops produced in post-voiced and -voiceless contexts. Group analyses show a monotonic increase in average short-lag VOT, the more retracted the tongue in all contexts for /p, t, k/ and /b, d, ɡ/ produced with interrupted voicing; labial closures are systematically longer than alveolar and velar closures in all contexts for /b, d, ɡ/ and /p, t, k/; average voiceless interval durations for /p, t, k/ are invariant across places of occlusion; there are no significant correlations between VOT and closure and between VOT and the voiceless interval durations. The monotonic increase in short-lag VOT, congruent with findings in languages with a different phonetic inventory, is ascribed to passive universal processes. The lack of any significant inverse relationship between VOT and closure in Parisian French and in some languages intimates that place-related VOT changes are not strictly determined physiologically by differences in closure durations. The lack of any significant correlation between VOT and the voiceless interval suggests that place-conditioned VOT variations are independent of the abduction gesture in Parisian French.
Nucleation rates of nitric acid dihydrate in 1:2 HNO3/H2O solutions at stratospheric temperatures

Nucleation rates of nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) in 1∶2 HNO3/H2O solutions between 194 and 183 K were measured by observing the freezing behavior of liquid drops with 7 – 33 µm diameter and with concentration of 64 weight percent HNO3 using an optical microscopy technique. The nucleation rate increases from 3.1×105 cm−3s−1 at 194 K to 1.3x109 cm−3s−1 at 183 K. These results suggest that NAD might not nucleate homogeneously in binary or quasi-binary nitric acid stratospheric aerosols in relevant time scales.
Molecular mechanics (MM3) study of the structures and energetics of corannulene (C20H10), cyclopentacorannulene (C22H12) and the hemi‐spherical C30H10

Molecular mechanics (MM3) calculations were carried out on the title compounds. Comparison between the MM3 results and those of semi-empirical and ab initio calculations and experiment indicates that the MM3 results are at least as good as results of much more expensive calculations. The MM3 calculations predict that unlike corannulene and cyclopentacorannulene, the transition state of the bowl-to-bowl inversion of the related C30H10 is non-planar, and the activation barrier is too high for this motion to occur.
Electrodeposition and morphology analysis of Bi–Te thermoelectric alloy nanoparticles on copper substrate

Abstract Nanoscale Bi–Te particles with thermoelectric properties on copper substrate were investigated. The substrate was prepared by electroplating copper layer on a copper zinc alloy plate in a copper sulfate solution. Electrodeposition of the Bi–Te alloy particles was then performed in a nitrate bath. The electrolyte is composed of 0.05 M bismuth nitrate and 0.01 M tellurium dioxide dissolved in 2.0 M HNO 3 . Cyclic voltammetry and quartz microbalance tests associated with the electrodeposition process were conducted to show the mechanism and kinetics of the deposition. The morphology and compositional analysis of Bi–Te was obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) respectively. The morphology analysis suggested that nanoscale Bi–Te particles were obtained and the EDS results indicated that the surface of the copper substrate contained Cu 2 O. The atomic ratio 1:1 for Bi:Te in the alloy, which is equivalent to the weight percentage of Bi:Te = 62%:38% was confirmed from the data obtained.
Prioritization of research addressing antipsychotics for adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder.

This article describes the development of a prioritized agenda for research about the benefits and harms of antipsychotic medication use for adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder. Stak...
Testing Growth-Center Hypotheses

A technique developed by Casetti, King, and Odland (Casetti et al., 1971) for testing growth-center hypotheses is analyzed and found to be sound in principle, but requiring modification in certain specifics. Refinements and modifications relative to problems of scale, ‘center-specificity’, directionality, and spatial-temporal resolution are explained and demonstrated through empirical reanalysis of Casetti et al.'s original data, and also a case study of intraurban Milwaukee as a growth-center analog.
Flexible-geometry conformational energy maps for the amino acid residue preceding a proline.

Previously calculated Conformational energy maps suggest that the α-helical conformation for the residue preceding a proline is disfavored relative to the extended conformation by more than 7 kcal/mol. In known protein structures this conformation is observed, however, to occur for about 9% of all prolines. In addition, introduction or removal of prolines at theoretically unfavorable positions in proteins and peptides can have modest effects on stability and structure. To investigate the discrepancy between calculation and experiment, we have determined how the conformation of the proline affects the calculated energy. We have also explored the effect of bond length and bond angle relaxation on the Conformational energy map. The Conformational energy of the preceding residue is found to be unaffected by the conformation of the proline, but the effect of allowing covalent bond relaxation is dramatic. If bond lengths and angles, and dihedral angles within the pyrrolidine ring, are allowed to relax, a calculated energy difference between the α and β conformations of 1.1 kcal/mol is obtained, in reasonable agreement with experiment. The detailed shape of the calculated energy surface is also in excellent agreement with the observed Conformational distributions in known protein structures. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hyperpolarizing photoreceptors in the eye of a primitive chordate, Salpa democratica

Intracellular responses were obtained from the microvilli-bearing photoreceptor cellsof the urochordate, Salpa democratica. Resting potentials in the dark were very low (−14.3 ± 1.8mV). Light caused a graded hyperpolarizing responseof up to 70 mV in amplitude which was associated with an increase in membrane conductance. The estimated reversal potential for the response was approx − 80 mV. At low light intensities, the slow development of both the response and the underlying conductance change suggests that at least one intermediate reaction occurs at a very slow rate in these cells. Animal classification. Phylum Chordata; Subphylum Urochordata; Class Thaliacea; Genus Salpa.
Juvenile Involvement in Fratricide and Sororicide: An Empirical Analysis of 32 Years of U.S. Arrest Data

Despite the interest in juvenile homicide offenders, few studies have systematically examined their involvement in incidents involving specific victims. This study focused on one victim type, the killings of siblings. To date, siblicide research has been based primarily on case studies. Bivariate and multivariate techniques were used to systematically investigate offender, victim, and incident characteristics associated with fratricides and sororicides committed by juvenile homicide offenders in single victim, single offender incidents over a 32-year period (1976–2007), as recorded in the Supplementary Homicide Report data base. Juvenile sororicide offenders, relative to juvenile fratricide offenders, were significantly more likely to be female and to kill younger victims. The article concludes with a discussion of the findings in terms of past research, their implications for intervention and prevention, and directions for future research.
Opioids activate both an inward rectifier and a novel voltage-gated potassium conductance in the hippocampal formation

Opioid receptors were found to activate two different types of membrane potassium conductance in acutely dissociated neurons from the CA1/subiculum regions of the adult rat hippocampal formation. Opioid-responsive neurons were distinguished based on their morphology and electrophysiological responses. In one population of neurons having a multipolar, nonpyramidal cell shape, mu-selective opioid agonists increased an inward rectifying potassium current. Opioid activation of the inward rectifying conductance resulted in small outward potassium currents at resting membrane potentials and increased inward currents at hyperpolarized potentials. In a second population of nonpyramidal neurons, mu opioid agonists increased a novel voltage-gated potassium current. This current was blocked by internal CsCl2, unaffected by external BaCl2 or CdCl2, irreversibly activated by intracellular GTP-gamma-S, and inactivated by sustained depolarization. In contrast to the inward rectifying conductance, the voltage-gated conductance was not activated at resting membrane potentials or hyperpolarized potentials. The opioid-activated, voltage-gated conductance represents a new class of G protein-regulated potassium current in the brain.
Electrocardiograms of deceptive form in ventricular hypertrophy.

(Since 1911, a monthly clinical or clinical pathologic conference has been held for the clinical clerks—volunteer third and fourth year medical students—and staff of the oldest known clinic for the care of ambulatory cardiac patients in existence.1 At each of the conferences held on Oct. 30, 1952 and Nov. 20, 1952, a case was presented which displayed during life an electrocardiogram with a configuration quite the opposite of what might be expected from the type of ventricular hypertrophy found after death. Since in one instance the hypertrophy was of the right ventricle and in the other of the left, the fortuitous and instructive coincidence seemed worth recording especially for the purpose of re-emphasizing the undesirability of making anatomic deductions from a purely physiologic method. The proceedings of the two conferences have been condensed into one.)
Constraining Credential Usage in Logic-Based Access Control

Authorization logics allow concise specification of flexible access-control policies, and are the basis for logic-based access-control systems. In such systems, resource owners issue credentials to specify policies, and the consequences of these policies are derived using logical inference rules. Proofs in authorization logics can serve as capabilities for gaining access to resources. Because a proof is derived from a set of credentials possibly issued by different parties, the issuer of a specific credential may not be aware of all the proofs that her credential may make possible. From this credential issuer’s standpoint, the policy expressed in her credential may thus have unexpected consequences. To solve this general problem, we propose a system in which credentials can specify constraints on how they are to be used. We show how to modularly extend wellstudied authorization logics to support the specification and enforcement of such constraints. A novelty of our design is that we allow the constraints to be arbitrary well-behaved functions over authorization proofs. Since all the information about an access is contained in the proofs, this makes it possible to express many interesting constraints. We study the formal properties of such a system, and give examples of constraints.
A general procedure for estimation of corticosteroid response in individual rats

Abstract A procedure is presented whereby microliter volumes of plasma, obtained rapidly and repeatedly from the tail vein of unanestheti zed rats, can be analyzed for corticosterone. Preliminary results suggest that (I) basal levels are considerably lower and (2) the latency to corticosteroid stress response is shorter than previously reported.
Electronic spectra of PS I mutants: the peripheral subunits do not bind red chlorophylls in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.

Abstract Steady-state fluorescence and absorption spectra have been obtained in the Q y spectral region (690–780nm and 600–750nm, respectively) for several subunit-deficient photosystem I mutants from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The 77K fluorescence spectra of the wild-type and subunit-deficient mutant photosystem I particles are all very similar, peaking at ∼720nm with essentially the same excitation spectrum. Because emission from far-red chlorophylls absorbing near 708nm dominates low-temperature fluorescence in Synechocystis sp., these pigments are not coordinated to any the subunits PsaF, Psa I, PsaJ, PsaK, PsaL, or psaM. The room temperature (wild-type–mutant) absorption difference spectra for trimeric mutants lacking the PsaF/J, PsaK, and PsaM subunits suggest that these mutants are deficient in core antenna chlorophylls (Chls) absorbing near 685, 670, 675, and 700nm, respectively. The absorption difference spectrum for the PsaF/J/I/L-deficient photosystem I complexes at 5K reveals considerably more structure than the room-temperature spectrum. The integrated absorbance difference spectra (when normalized to the total PS I Q y spectral area) are comparable to the fractions of Chls bound by the respective (groups of) subunits, according to the 4-A density map of PS I from Synechococcus elongatus . The spectrum of the monomeric PsaL-deficient mutant suggests that this subunit may bind pigments absorbing near 700nm.
Improving the Practicum or Internship Experience in Cataloging

The perceived importance of hands-on work in cataloging education led the authors to survey people who completed a cataloging practicum or internship, as well as supervisors of cataloging practicum students or interns, to assess the successes and possible failures of the experience. Responding to the survey were 137 practicum or internship students and 131 supervisors. After analyzing the results of the survey, the authors compiled a list of best practices for students and supervisors in order to provide readers with practical advice on this important subject.
Validation of reference genes for gene expression studies in virus-infected Nicotiana benthamiana using quantitative real-time PCR.

Nicotiana benthamiana is the most widely-used experimental host in plant virology. The recent release of the draft genome sequence for N. benthamiana consolidates its role as a model for plant–pathogen interactions. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is commonly employed for quantitative gene expression analysis. For valid qPCR analysis, accurate normalisation of gene expression against an appropriate internal control is required. Yet there has been little systematic investigation of reference gene stability in N. benthamiana under conditions of viral infections. In this study, the expression profiles of 16 commonly used housekeeping genes (GAPDH, 18S, EF1α, SAMD, L23, UK, PP2A, APR, UBI3, SAND, ACT, TUB, GBP, F-BOX, PPR and TIP41) were determined in N. benthamiana and those with acceptable expression levels were further selected for transcript stability analysis by qPCR of complementary DNA prepared from N. benthamiana leaf tissue infected with one of five RNA plant viruses (Tobacco necrosis virus A, Beet black scorch virus, Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, Barley stripe mosaic virus and Potato virus X). Gene stability was analysed in parallel by three commonly-used dedicated algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. Statistical analysis revealed that the PP2A, F-BOX and L23 genes were the most stable overall, and that the combination of these three genes was sufficient for accurate normalisation. In addition, the suitability of PP2A, F-BOX and L23 as reference genes was illustrated by expression-level analysis of AGO2 and RdR6 in virus-infected N. benthamiana leaves. This is the first study to systematically examine and evaluate the stability of different reference genes in N. benthamiana. Our results not only provide researchers studying these viruses a shortlist of potential housekeeping genes to use as normalisers for qPCR experiments, but should also guide the selection of appropriate reference genes for gene expression studies of N. benthamiana under other biotic and abiotic stress conditions.
Mutant huntingtin and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal, inherited neurodegenerative disorder that gradually robs affected individuals of memory, cognitive skills and normal movements. Although research has identified a single faulty gene, the huntingtin gene, as the cause of the disease, a cure remains elusive. Strong evidence indicates that mitochondrial impairment plays a key part in HD pathogenesis. Here, we highlight how mutant huntingtin (mtHtt) might cause mitochondrial dysfunction by either perturbing transcription of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins or by direct interaction with the organelle and modulation of respiration, mitochondrial membrane potential and Ca 2+ buffering. In addition, we propose that mtHtt might convey its neurotoxicity by evoking defects in mitochondrial dynamics, organelle trafficking and fission and fusion, which, in turn, might result in bioenergetic failure and HD-linked neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Finally, we speculate how mitochondria might dictate selective vulnerability of long projection neurons, such as medium spiny neurons, which are particularly affected in HD.
Hydrogen ion buffering during complete brain ischemia.

Abstract As a first step to quantify [H + ] changes in brain ischemia we used H + -selective microelectrodes and enzyme fluorometric techniques to describe the relationship between interstitial [H + ] ([H + ] 0 ) and peak tissue lactate after cardiac arrest. We found a step function relationship between [H + ] 0 and tissue lactate rather than the linear titration expected in a homogeneous protein solution. Within a blood glucose range from 3–7 mM, brain lactate rose from 8–13 mmol/kg along with a rise in [H + ] 0 of 99 ± 6nM(0.44 ± 0.02pH At higher blood glucose levels (17–80 mM), brain lactate accumulated to levels of 16–31 mmol/kg; concurrently [H + ] 0 rose by 608 ± 16nM(1.07 ± 0.02pH ). The unchanging level of [H + ] 0 between 8–13 and 16–31 mmol/kg lactate implies that [H + ] 0 is at a steady-state, but not equilibrium with respect to [H + ] in other brain compartments. We propose that ion-transport characteristics of astroglia account for the observed relationship of [H + ] 0 to tissue lactate during complete ischemia and suggest that brain infarction develops after plasma membranes in brain cells can no longer transport ions to regulate [H + ].
The prediction error in CLS and PLS : the importance of feature selection prior to multivariate calibration

Classical least squares (CLS) and partial least squares (PLS) are two common multivariate regression algorithms in chemometrics. This paper presents an asymptotically exact mathematical analysis of the mean squared error of prediction of CLS and PLS under the linear mixture model commonly assumed in spectroscopy. For CLS regression with a very large calibration set the root mean squared error is approximately equal to the noise per wavelength divided by the length of the net analyte signal vector. It is shown, however, that for a finite training set with n samples in p dimensions there are additional error terms that depend on σ2p2/n2, where σ is the noise level per co-ordinate. Therefore in the ‘large p—small n’ regime, common in spectroscopy, these terms can be quite large and even dominate the overall prediction error. It is demonstrated both theoretically and by simulations that dimensional reduction of the input data via their compact representation with a few features, selected for example by adaptive wavelet compression, can substantially decrease these effects and recover the asymptotic error. This analysis provides a theoretical justification for the need to perform feature selection (dimensional reduction) of the input data prior to application of multivariate regression algorithms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE RESPONSE OF THE SUCCINOXIDASE SYSTEM OF RAT LIVER HOMOGENATES TO A SINGLE DOSE OF THYROXINE

INTRODUCTION THE in vivo effect of thyroxine on the metabolic rate of whole animals, on the oxygen consumption of isolated tissues and on the activity of various enzyme systems has been reviewed by Barker (1951). The mechanism of thyroxine action has been studied most generally in chronically thyroxinized animals. Barker, Kiely and Lipner (1949) have indicated the time lag between the administration of thyroxine and the first measurable increase in the oxygenconsumption of the whole animal. Barker and Klitgaard (1952) have demonstrated the unequal response of the tissues of rats to thyroxine. The earliest response elicited occurred 6 hours following a single injection of thyroxine, and liver slices responded in 12 hours. An understanding of the mechanism of thyroxine action involves the elucidation of the cellular processes responding to thyroxine prior to the changes which have been recorded. This study is concerned with the time response of the liver succinoxidase system of thyroidectomized rats to thyr...
Two Crystalline Forms of Low-Spin [Fe(TMP)(5-MeHIm)2]ClO4. Relative Parallel and Perpendicular Axial Ligand Orientations

The preparation and characterization of two crystalline forms of [Fe(TMP)(5-MeHIm)2]ClO4 with distinctly different molecular structures are reported. Crystal structure analysis shows that paral-[Fe...
Correlation of Cerebral Metabolites With Clinical Outcome Among Patients With Severe Congestive Heart Failure

Patients with severe congestive heart failure have deranged cognition,1 2 and their ability to manage everyday problems is impaired.3 Cardiovascular reflexes, as well as autonomic and endocrine functions that may involve the central nervous system, are also profoundly disrupted. It is therefore of the utmost importance to understand the consequences of severe congestive heart failure for brain function and metabolism. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) is generating interest for 2 reasons. First, 1H MRS provides a new probe of cerebral function that measures important brain metabolites by detecting the hydrogen nuclei in these molecules. Furthermore, this examination is becoming widely available, and the patient’s experience is virtually identical to that with conventional MRI. A large number of biochemical intermediates, neurotransmitters, peptides, and structural molecules could, in principle, be detected by MRS; however, biological factors and current limitations on the MRS experiment limit the number of different signals that may be observed in routine clinical examinations. For example, the concentration of the metabolite must be high, which means that important neurotransmitters (such as dopamine or serotonin) and low-concentration metabolites cannot be observed. Another factor is the molecular weight and physical environment of the compound: ideally, the molecular weight is low and the molecule is freely diffusing in aqueous solution. Large molecules, such as relatively immobile membrane lipids or proteins, do not contribute discrete resonances in the clinical1H magnetic resonance spectrum. Another factor is the chemical structure itself. Organic molecules contain many hydrogen nuclei in different positions …
Cowabunga!: a system to facilitate multi-cultural diversity through couchsurfing

Many organizations endeavor to promote diversity through their ideals and goals. Couchsurfing.org (CS) has a large presence in that realm. They have made it their mission to "create inspiring experiences: cross-cultural encounters that are fun, engaging and illuminating". However, even in this presumably open-minded community the participants are often advised by experienced couchsurfers (CSers) to filter their couch-searches within homogenous members to increase response rates. It is human nature to interact with people similar in values and belief systems. We propose Cowabunga!, a mobile application which augments multi-cultural exchanges instigated by CS. By facilitating chance meetings that would not happen otherwise, our solution is helping people get spontaneous exposure to others with whom they may have nothing in common except their CS membership.
Anti-cytokeratin 20 staining of Merkel cells helps differentiate basaloid proliferations overlying dermatofibromas from basal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Basaloid epidermal proliferations (BEP), morphologically resembling basal cell carcinoma (BCC), have been described overlying dermatofibromas. Distinguishing the two is important because of non-aggressiveness of BEP and local aggressiveness of BCC. The aim of this study is to determine whether CK20 antibody staining for Merkel cells can be used as an adjunct method to differentiate BEP from BCC. METHODS Ten cases of BEP overlying dermatofibromas were selected. Ten cases of BCC were used as control. The two groups were stained with CK20 antibody. Numerical density of CK20 stained Merkel cells in peri-lesional epidermis, BEP and BCC was determined by examining 300 cells at 400X in two separate areas by three independent pathologists. To determine statistical significance, the results were compared using t-test method. RESULTS Density of Merkel cells in peri-lesional epidermis was 0.2-0.3%. No merkel cells were detected in the BCC. BEP overlying dermatofibromas showed an obvious increase in CK 20 stained Merkel cells. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.02) CONCLUSIONS: We report a significant increase in CK20 stained Merkel cells in BEP overlying dermatofibromas as compared to BCC. CK20 antibody staining for Merkel cells can be used as an adjunct method to differentiate BEP overlying dermatofibromas from BCC. Mahmoodi M, Asad H, Salim S, Kantor G, Minimo C. Anti-CK20 staining of Merkel cells helps differentiate basaloid proliferations overlying dermatofibromas from basal cell carcinoma.
214 Improved Survival with Sustained Release Metoprolol When Compared to Carvedilol in Patients with Ischemic Heart Failure: A Comparative Effectiveness Analysis

Improved Survival with Sustained Release Metoprolol When Compared to Carvedilol in Patients with Ischemic Heart Failure: A Comparative Effectiveness Analysis S. Shore, V. Aggarwal, R. Zolty. Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
Saudis and Expats: An Agent-Based Model of the Saudi Arabian Labor Market

Saudi Arabia like the other states of the Arabian Peninsula faces an unprecedented challenge: How to transform an economy that was largely driven by foreign labor, that was bought with oil money, into an economy that employs its own people and that creates wealth without depleting its oil wealth. The challenge to ‘Sauditize’ the economy cannot be guided by past experiences in other countries, simply because there are none.
Cart3D Analysis of Plume and Shock Interaction Effects on Sonic Boom

A plume and shock interaction study was developed to collect data and perform CFD on a configuration where a nozzle plume passed through the shock generated from the wing or tail of a supersonic vehicle. The wing or tail was simulated with a wedge-shaped shock generator. Three configurations were analyzed consisting of two strut mounted wedges and one propulsion pod with an aft deck from a low boom vehicle concept. Research efforts at NASA were intended to enable future supersonic flight over land in the United States. Two of these efforts provided data for regulatory change and enabled design of low boom aircraft. Research has determined that sonic boom is a function of aircraft lift and volume distribution. Through careful tailoring of these variables, the sonic boom of concept vehicles has been reduced. One aspect of vehicle tailoring involved how the aircraft engine exhaust interacted with aft surfaces on a supersonic aircraft, such as the tail and wing trailing edges. In this work, results from Euler CFD simulations are compared to experimental data collected on sub-scale components in a wind tunnel. Three configurations are studied to simulate the nozzle plume interaction with representative wing and tail surfaces. Results demonstrate how the plume and tail shock structure moves with increasing nozzle pressure ratio. The CFD captures the main features of the plume and shock interaction. Differences are observed in the plume and deck shock structure that warrant further research and investigation.
Hypogranular Platelets in a 78-Year-Old Man

Patient: 78-year-old white man Chief Complaint : Abdominal aortic aneurysm with thrombocytopenia History of Present Illness: The patient has had a mildly decreased platelet count since 2004, which had become progressively lower. He had started taking a new oral hypoglycemic agent, sitagliptin phosphate (Januvia; Merck and Co, Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ), in 2006 for his type-2 diabetes; there was speculation at the time that the decrease in platelets (Table 1) was related to the addition of this new medication to his regimen. No increased mucocutaneous bleeding was noted. No serious hemostatic challenges such as major surgery were recorded. Medical History: The patient has multiple comorbidities, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic renal insufficiency, coronary artery disease, post-myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, erosive gastritis, and duodenal adenomas. Medications: The patient takes multiple medications, including warfarin sodium (Coumadin; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New York, NY), furosemide (Lasix; Sanofi-Aventis LLC, Paris, France), simvastatin (Zocor; Merck and Co, Inc), sitagliptin phosphate (Januvia), glimepiride (Amaryl; Sanofi-Aventis LLC), pioglitazone (Actos; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Osaka, Japan), lisinopril, colesevelam (Welchol; Daiichi Sankyo Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan), and cholestyramine. Family History: No family history of abnormal bleeding or clotting is noted. Physical Examination: The patient was alert and oriented to person, place, and time without acute distress. No purpura, petechiae, or ecchymoses were observed. No lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, or splenomegaly was present. The patient reported no fevers, night sweats, or unexplained weight loss. The review of systems revealed no other pertinent hematologic findings. Laboratory Findings: The bone marrow was slightly to moderately hypercellular, and all 3 cell lineages were present. The bone marrow contained an adequate number of megakaryocytes with normal morphology and without clusters or dysplastic features. The immunohistochemical stain for factor VIII–related antigen helped to enhance visualization of megakaryocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells. Granulopoiesis was increased …
Data requirements for satiation theories: a rejoinder to Price.

Some earlier methodological and theoretical criticisms of studies of reversible perspective reported by Price have recently been examined by him. Several of these criticisms are expanded here, and some problems inherent in the use of grouped data relative to a satiation theory of perceptual fluctuation such as his are discussed.
Emerging roles for ectodomain shedding in the regulation of inflammatory responses

The multistep model of leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation has helped elucidate specific molecular cues for each of the individual steps. However, it is less clear how cells transition between the different steps and how the complex interactions are coordinately regulated. Once a leukocyte sticks to the endothelium, it only takes a few minutes to reach the subendothelial basement membrane, so the transitions and regulatory mechanisms must be rapid. We put forward the hypothesis that proteolytic shedding of cell surface proteins provides a mechanism to aid in the rapid transition of cells and coordinate the complex, multistep process of leukocyte recruitment in response to inflammatory stimuli. Support for this hypothesis is provided from analyses of disease states and from studies with protease inhibitors and genetically engineered mutations that prevent "ectodomain shedding" of cell surface proteins and consequently perturb the inflammatory response.
Application of machine learning approaches on quantitative structure activity relationships

Machine Learning techniques are successfully applied to establish quantitative relations between chemical structure and biological activity (QSAR), i.e. classify compounds as active or inactive with respect to a specific target biological system. This paper presents a comparison of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Decision Trees (DT) in an effort to identify potentiators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), compounds that have potential as novel treatments against schizophrenia. When training and testing each of the three techniques on the same dataset enrichments of 61, 64, and 43 were obtained and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.77, 0.78, and 0.63 was determined for ANNs, SVMs, and DTs, respectively. For the top percentile of predicted active compounds, the true positives for all three methods were highly similar, while the inactives were diverse offering the potential use of jury approaches to improve prediction accuracy.
A sensitive coupled technique for separation of endorphins: Multiple forms of B-endorphin in rat pituitary intermediate vs. anterior lobe

A technique is described which couples High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to radioimmuno assays (RIA) , thus achieving high sensitivity with good specificity. This method allows the separation and detection of multiple forms of immunoreactive peptides. Using this procedure, we have characterized the B-E-like immunoreactivity in rat pituitary. It had been previously reported that most of the B-E-sized material in both intermediate and anterior lobe of rat pituitary is not true B-El_31. We now report that N-acetyl B-El-27, which is inactive at the opiate receptor, is indeed the predominant peptide in rat intermediate lobe, with B-El-31 representing a low proportion of the immunoreactivity. On the other hand, the opiate active B-ENDl_31 is the predominant peptide in the anterior lobe. These findings have important implications for the physiological and behavioral roles of the pituitary opioids.