cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intractable asphyxia at birth: analysis of the underlying conditions.

Abstract A review of clinical and pathological data on 10 000 consecutive deliveries revealed that the incidence of unexpected and intractable asphyxia at birth despite adequate resuscitation was 0.24%. Lung hypoplasia appeared to be the underlying non-viable condition in 22 out of 24 infants. Attention is drawn to congenital neuromuscular disorders which were found to be the cause of lung hypoplasia in at least 4 out of 22 infants. Some helpful hints for diagnosis are given which may contribute to the final decision making.
Enforcement following 0.08% BAC law change: Sex-specific consequences of changing arrest practices?

article i nfo Available online 23 April 2013 This research evaluated effects of stricter 0.08% BAC drunken driving law on changes in sex-specific DUI arrest rates, controlling for increased law enforcement resources and shifts in DUI-related behaviors. Another main purpose, the study assessed female/male differences in arrest increases due to broader enforcement standards and efforts. Panel data was assembled for 24 states over 1990-2007 on DUI arrests, alcohol policy, law enforcement resources, drinking and drunken driving prevalence. Two-way fixed-effects seemingly unrelated regression models predicted female versus male changes in DUI arrests following implementation of lower legal limits of intoxication, net controls. Findings suggest, first, that a broader legal definition of drunken driving intending to officially sanction less serious offenders (0.08% vs. 0.10% BAC) was associated with increased DUI arrests for both sexes. Second, growth in specialized DUI-enforcement units also was related to increased arrests. Whereas male and female arrest trends were equally affected by the direct net-widening effects of 0.08% BAC alcohol-policy, specialized DUI-enforcement efforts to dig deeper into the offender-pool had stronger arrest-producing effects on females, particularly prior to law change. Specifying how changes in law and enforcement resources affect arrest outcomes is an important pre-cursor to alcohol-policy analyses of effectiveness. A potential unintended consequence, effects of law and enforcement may differ across population segments.
Isolation of short-wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors in 4–6-week-old human infants

Spectral sensitivity was measured for nine infants, 4-6 weeks of age, and three adults under conditions of chromatic adaptation chosen to reveal the presence of short-wavelength-sensitive cones. Monochromatic test stimuli (400-550 nm) were presented at 2 Hz superimposed on a broadband, yellow background. Following 4 min of adaptation to the background, test stimuli were presented while recording the steady-state, visually-evoked cortical potential (VECP). Response averages were obtained for several radiance levels at each test wavelength, and the amplitude of the fundamental frequency was extracted from the digitized response with a fast-Fourier transform. These data were used to construct response vs intensity functions for each wavelength. A fixed criterion response was chosen from the latter family of functions to generate individual spectral sensitivity curves. These VECP spectral sensitivity functions matched the psychophysically-determined functions of adults, measured by the method of adjustment and with the same stimulus configuration. Peak sensitivity for infants and adults under these conditions occurred at about 440 nm, and the main lobe of the curve (400-500 nm) was well fitted by the Vos-Walraven short-wavelength cone fundamental. The only major difference between the infant and adult data was in the relative sensitivity of the secondary mode of the curves (above 500 nm). These results demonstrate the presence of short-wavelength-sensitive cones and a functional pathway to the visual cortex by 4-6 weeks of age.
Characterization of a cluster comprising ∼100 odorant receptor genes in mouse

With ∼1000 genes, the odorant receptor (OR) gene repertoire is the largest gene family in the mouse genome. Here we have established a 129/Sv BAC contig for mouse OR gene cluster 7 (Olfr7) on Chromosome (Chr) 9. The assembled ∼2-Mb contig consists of 75 BACs and may contain as many as 100 OR genes, or ∼10% of the mouse repertoire. Facilitated by the lack of introns in the coding region, we have determined the nucleotide sequence of 37 full-length, 2 partial, and 3 pseudo coding regions. These 42 OR genes and 3 additional OR genes previously mapped to the mouse Olfr7 cluster can be organized into 13 classes based on OR probe cross-hybridizations with 129/Sv mouse genomic DNA. OR genes belonging to the same class tend to be located next to each other within the cluster. Comparison of published full-length mouse and rat OR coding sequences with those identified here shows that the Olfr7 OR genes are highly related to each other, clustering on two major branches of an unrooted phylogenetic tree. Eight ORs contain an unusual NXC sequon at the amino-terminal extracellular domain that may represent a novel N-linked glycosylation site. The BAC contig presented here provides the substrate for sequencing of the cluster.
Chronic electrographic seizure reduces glutamine and elevates glutamate in the extracellular fluid of rat brain

Abstract Effects of spontaneous seizures on extracellular glutamate and glutamine were studied in the kainate-induced rat model of epilepsy in the chronic phase. Extracellular fluid from the CA1–CA3 regions of the hippocampus was collected with a 2-mm microdialysis probe every 2 min for 5 h. EEG seizures with no or mild behavioral components caused 2- to 6-fold elevation of extracellular glutamate. Concomitantly, extracellular glutamine decreased at t = 5 h to 48% of the initial value (n = 6). The changes in extracellular glutamate and glutamine correlated with the frequency and magnitude of seizure activity. In contrast, no change in either metabolite was observed in kainate-injected rats that did not undergo seizure during microdialysis (n = 6). In hippocampal tissue (9.4 ± 1.1 mg) that contained the region sampled by microdialysis and the site of kainate injection, intracellular glutamine concentration was significantly reduced in the seizure group, compared to that in no-seizure group. The observed elevation of extracellular glutamate strongly suggests that neurotransmitter glutamate was released at a rate faster than the rate of its uptake into glia, possibly due to down-regulation of the transporter. This reduces the availability of substrate glutamate for glutamine synthesis, as corroborated by the observed reduction of intracellular glutamine. This is likely to reduce the rate of glutamine efflux from glia and result in the observed decrease of extracellular glutamine. There remains an intriguing possibility that seizure-induced decrease of extracellular glutamine also reflects its increased uptake into neurons to replenish neurotransmitter glutamate during enhanced epileptiform activity.
Sliding flow method for exergetically efficient packed bed thermal storage

Abstract The feasibility of a thermal energy storage method is highly dependent on its exergetic efficiency. The two major components which cause exergy destruction in packed bed thermal energy storage methods are pressure drop and temperature dispersion. It is difficult to prevent exergy destruction with existing packed bed type thermal storage systems because the effect of most physical parameters on the pressure drop is opposite to that on the mixing or axial dispersion. We propose a new sliding flow strategy in which fluid inlet and outlet ports change as the temperature front in the bed moves. In this design the typical distance between two simultaneously active inlet and outlet ports will be approximately equal to twice the axial dispersion length. The computations presented in this paper show that the sliding flow method (SFM) is expected to perform significantly better than existing methods and will result in substantial reduction in exergy destruction. The major advantage of the SFM is its ability to decouple thermal behavior and pressure drop effects, thus reducing the design constraints.
A new microtensile tester for the study of MEMS materials with the aid of atomic force microscopy

An apparatus has been designed and implemented to measure the elastic tensile properties (Young's modulus and tensile strength) of surface micromachined polysilicon specimens. The tensile specimens are “dog-bone” shaped ending in a large “paddle” for convenient electrostatic or, in the improved apparatus, ultraviolet (UV) light curable adhesive gripping deposited with electrostatically controlled manipulation. The typical test section of the specimens is 400 μm long with 2 μm×50 μm cross section. The new device supports a nanomechanics method developed in our laboratory to acquire surface topologies of deforming specimens by means of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to determine (fields of) strains via Digital Image Correlation (DIC). With this tool, high strength or non-linearly behaving materials can be tested under different environmental conditions by measuring the strains directly on the surface of the film with nanometer resolution.
Potential role for targeted therapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: lessons from the cancer genome atlas and beyond.

Abstract The Cancer Genome Atlas project has identified and confirmed several important molecular alterations that form the basis for tumorigenesis and disease progression in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Profiling studies also have reported on validated biomarker panels that predict prognosis and may be used to identify patients who require more aggressive therapy. This article describes the major molecular alterations in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, and how several of these are being investigated as targets for novel therapeutics. It also highlights studies that identify biomarkers for platinum sensitivity, and efforts to integrate targeted therapeutics and companion theranostics for personalized treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Morphine potentiates LPS-induced autophagy initiation but inhibits autophagosomal maturation through distinct TLR4-dependent and independent pathways

Aim Opioids are the most prescribed analgesics for moderate and severe pain management; however, chronic use impairs host innate immune response and increases susceptibility to infection. Recently, autophagy has been shown to be an innate defence mechanism against bacterial infection. The effect of autophagy-induced bacterial clearance following morphine treatment has not been previously investigated. Methods Autophagosomes were visualized by confocal microscopy following GFP-LC3 transfection and also by transmission electron microscopy. The relative protein levels were analysed by Western blot. Macrophages were transfected with GFP-mcherry-LC3 simultaneously to monitor autolysosome formation and subsequent events that lead to degradation. Results Morphine treatment potentiated LPS-induced vesicular translocation of GFP-LC3 with a concurrent increase in LC3-II levels. In addition, morphine upregulated LPS-induced Beclin1 level, but downregulated Bcl-2 level. We further show that p38 MAP kinase signalling is required for autophagy activation. In contrast, morphine inhibited LPS-induced autophagosome maturation and autophagolysosomal fusion as indicated by the failure to recruit LAMP1 into autophagosome and reduced degradation of SQSTM1/p62 protein level. Morphine modulation of LPS-induced autophagosome maturation visualized using co-localization of GFP-mcherry-LC3 was TLR4 independent, but mediated through μ opioid receptor signalling. Correspondingly, morphine and LPS co-treatment significantly increased Streptococcus pneumoniae load, when compared with LPS treatment alone. Conclusion These observations imply that although morphine treatment facilitates LPS-induced autophagy, it inhibits autophagolysosomal fusion leading to decreased bacterial clearance and increased bacterial load. These observations support the increased susceptibility to infection and the prevalence of persistent infection in the drug abuse population.
Nonlinear birefringence of nematic liquid crystals

Liquid crystals consist of anisotropic organic molecules which are orientationally ordered in the nematic phase. The birefringence of these materials gives a measire of the degree of orientational order. In addition to the linear birefringence, liquid crystals possess large third order nonlinear susceptibilities. Due to the bulk anisotropy of these materials, the nonlinear refractive index 2 depends on the direction of polarization of light with respect to the nematic director. We have used the Z-scan technique' to determine the third-order nonlinear refractive indices n2 and nonlinear absorption coefficients j3 of the pure liquid crystal 5CB (4-cyano-4'--npentylbiphenyl) in both the nematic and the isotropic phases. We have measured the nonlinear refractive indices n211 and n21 for light polarized parallel and perpendicular to the director, using both a CW Ar laser and a nanosecond frequecy-.doubled Nd:YAG laser. The nonlinear index n2 of 5CB in its nematic phase, measured with 7ns Nd:YAG laser pulses, is more than two orders of magnitude larger than that of CS2, and originates in a self-defocusing process. We have also observed strong nonlinear birefringence, the divergence of the nonlinear refractive indices as the nematic-isotropic transition is approached from below, and strong polarization dependent nonlinear absorption.
Molecular modeling of inhibition of hydroxyapatite by phosphocitrate

Abstract Hydroxyapatite is one of the most important minerals in the human body. It constitutes almost the entire mineral phase of bones and tooth enamel. Its ubiquity, however, sometimes may lead to cases of unwanted biomineralization that results in many pathological conditions. Recently, it has been shown in vitro that the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals can be efficiently controlled using phosphocitrate, a naturally occurring compound. Phosphocitrate has been shown also to prevent sticking of cells to hydroxyapatite crystals. However, the molecular mechanism of phosphocitrate interactions with hydroxyapatite crystals was almost entirely unknown due to difficulties in analyzing the X-ray geometry of the unit cell of hydroxyapatite, which exhibits disorder in the hydroxyl ion positions. This study presents the first, to our knowledge, molecular modeling investigations of inhibition of hydroxyapatite crystals. We have used the Generalized Gradient Approximation of Density Functional Theory with the implementation of full periodic boundary conditions to optimize the positions of hydroxyl ions in the unit cell of hydroxyapatite crystal. We have applied molecular modeling to show that phosphocitrate binds to (100) crystal faces of hydroxyapatite, and we have analyzed the nature of stereospecificity of recognition and binding to these planes. We propose that the binding of phosphocitrate to the (100) face of hydroxyapatite induces morphological changes that may lead to diminished crystal growth or to its total cessation, and may also prevent cell sticking to hydroxyapatite.
Genomic Deletion of an Imprint Maintenance Element Abolishes Imprinting of Both Insulin-like Growth Factor II andH19

Insulin-like growth factor II (Igf2) is maternally imprinted in normal tissues with only the paternal copy of the gene being transcribed, whereas the contiguous gene H19is paternally imprinted. Dysregulation of IGF2 imprinting is commonly observed in Wilms' tumor and other human tumors. Previous work comparing promoter-specific imprinting of human and mouseIgf2 suggested the presence of a cis element upstream ofIgf2 that regulates or maintains the imprinting of three downstream promoters. To explore the molecular mechanism of maintenance of genomic imprinting, we targeted the region between insulin 2 andIgf2, where the cis imprint maintenance element (IME) resides in mouse fibroblasts. In those clones in which the targeting vector was randomly integrated into the genome, mouse Igf2remained imprinted. However, when the targeted region containing the IME was deleted by homologous recombination, whether from the paternal or maternal allele, activation of the imprinted maternal allele ofIgf2 was observed. In addition, there was a loss ofH19 imprinting when the IME was deleted. The requirement of IME from both parental alleles for the maintenance of genomic imprinting thus suggests the importance of a spatial structure of DNA around Igf2 and H19. Modifications in the IME, like abnormal methylation in Wilms' tumors, may represent a novel mechanism for loss of genomic imprinting.
The Effect of Dry-Cleaning and of Laundering With and Without Fabric Softeners on the Thermal Properties of Blankets1

The effects of repeated dry-cleanings and launderings with and without fabric softeners on the thickness, air perme ability, dimensional stability, and thermal insulative properties of two blanket ...
Polyacrylamide hydrogels as substrates for studying bacteria

Polyacrylamide hydrogels can be used as chemically and physically defined substrates for bacterial cell culture, and enable studies of the influence of surfaces on cell growth and behaviour.
Prediction of aerosol concentrations resulting from a burst of nucleation

Abstract The number of particles formed by a burst of homogeneous nucleation in a closed system is predicted approximately and found to depend, in the absence of initial aerosol, only on the dimensionless source rate of vapor, a dimensionless surface tension, and an appropriately defined Knudsen number. The effect of a seed aerosol on the ultimate number of particles formed is also studied. For the purposes of exploring the nature of systems in which a competition for vapor exists between nucleation and condensation, a closed system with a steady source of vapor is considered. It is shown that a narrow window exists within which seed particles can be used to control the ultimate number of particles formed in such a system.
Very long instruction work architectures and the ELI-512

By compiling ordinary scientific applications programs with a radical technique called trace scheduling, we are generating code for a parallel machine that will run these programs faster than an equivalent sequential machine - we expect 10 to 30 times faster. Trace scheduling generates code for machines called very long instruction work architectures. In very long instruction word machines, many statically scheduled, tightly coupled, fine-grained operations exwcute in parallel with a single instruction stream. VLIWs are more parallel extensions of several current architectures. These current architectures have never cracked a fundamental barrier. The speedup they get from parallelism is never more than a factor of 2 to 3. Not htat we couldn't build more parallel machines of this type: but until trace scheduling we did't know how to generate code for them. Trace scheduling finds sufficient paralleslism in ordinary code to justify thinking about a highly parallel VLIW. At Yale we are actualy buildingone. Our machine, the ELI-512 has a horizontal instruction word of over 500 bits and will do 10 to 30 RISC-level operations per cyple [Patterson 82]. ELI stands for Enormously Longword Instructions; 512 is the size of the instruction word we hope to achieve. (The current design has a 1200-bit instruction word).
Refractive index of water vapor in infrared windows

Abstract The refractive index of water vapor is calculated by line-by-line summation for wavelengths between 19 and 7.8μm. A simple formula for its dispersion and temperature dependence is given. We compare the line-by-line summation against measurements of refractive index for wavelengths near 10.6 and 3.4μm. The calculations are in good agreement with the data.
Spectropolarimetric Test of the Relativistic Disk Model for the Broad Emission Lines of Active Galactic Nuclei

Previously, it was claimed that the broad emission lines of the radio galaxy Arp 102B can be fitted by the line profile from a simple relativistic Keplerian thin disk. It was argued that the lines originating from the relativistic accretion disk could be polarized due to electron scattering, which is likely to be the dominant opacity in the line-emitting region of Arp 102B. In the present work, the expected polarization properties of these broad emission lines are calculated. The percentage of polarization depends strongly on the inclination angle. For some angles, the red peak of the polarized, double-peaked line profile can be higher than the blue peak. This is in contrast to the total line profile, in which the blue peak is always higher than the red one. Spectropolarimetric observations could, therefore, provide an independent test of the relativistic disk model for the broad emission lines of Arp 102B and other active galactic nuclei.
Refitting a bar-clip removable prosthesis attached to osseointegrated implants.

Abstract Refitting clip-retained complete dentures for patients with osseointegrated implants as abutments presents problems in maintaining occlusion and protecting the clip during processing. This article describes a technique for functionally relining osseotegrated prostheses containing anterior clip-bar attachments.
Successful Laboratory Mating of Apanteles congregatus, a Parasite of the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta,

Although males attempted courtship of females, Apanteles congregatus (Say) failed to copulate in laboratory cages, probably because of crowding and milling by the aggregation of insects and the positive phototactic response of the adults that drew them to the top of the cage. When 3×5-inch cards were placed horizontally in the cage to provide more surface area for copulation, and a 3-inch-wide opaque band was placed at the perimeter of the glass top to keep the wasps away from the sides of the cages, mating was achieved.
A Space-Time Multiscale Analysis System: A Sequential Variational Analysis Approach

AbstractAs new observation systems are developed and deployed, new and presumably more precise information is becoming available for weather forecasting and climate monitoring. To take advantage of these new observations, it is desirable to have schemes to accurately retrieve the information before statistical analyses are performed so that statistical computation can be more effectively used where it is needed most. The authors propose a sequential variational approach that possesses advantages of both a standard statistical analysis [such as with a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) or Kalman filter] and a traditional objective analysis (such as the Barnes analysis). The sequential variational analysis is multiscale, inhomogeneous, anisotropic, and temporally consistent, as shown by an idealized test case and observational datasets in this study. The real data cases include applications in two-dimensional and three-dimensional space and time for storm outflow boundary detection (sur...
Knut Schmidt–Nielsen. 24 September 1915 — 25 January 2007

Knut SchmidtNielsen, born in Trondheim, Norway, was the leading comparative physiologist of the second half of the twentieth century. He played a key role in the transformation of what, in the firs...
Green's-Function Approach to Inverse Compton Scattering

The emission, absorption, and transfer of radiation produced through the Compton interaction of relativistic electrons with microwave photons in a homogeneous source is considered. It is shown that the intensity of Compton-scattered radiation can be conveniently expressed in terms of a Green's function, and this enables the radiation-transfer problem for arbitrarily many scatterings to be formalized in terms of a series of appropriately defined scattering vertex functions and absorption propagators. A rigorous discussion of the cross section for inverse Compton scattering is presented which is valid both in the extreme relativistic ($\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gg}1$) and weakly relativistic limits ($\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\simeq}1$). Using these results the spectral behavior of the intensity of Compton-scattered radiation is evaluated explicitly for once- and twice-scattered photons; the qualitative features of the multiple-scattering problem are described. At sufficiently high frequencies the spectral behavior of the first- and all higher-order scatterings is the same.
ADHESION OF FUNGAL SPORES AND GERMLINGS TO HOST PLANT SURFACES

Firm adhesion of fungal plant pathogens to their hosts is critical at several stages in the host-parasite interaction. Spores of many fungal species are capable of rapid, non-specific attachment to various surfaces. This early adhesion, which often occurs well before germ tube emergence, prevents spores from being blown or washed from the host surface before infection can take place. Adhesion is critical for proper sensing of topographic signals involved in thigmotropic responses and for differentiation and function of appressoria. Four fungal pathogens which exhibit a variety of adhesion mechanisms have been selected for discussion.
Scaling neutron absorbed dose distributions from one medium to another

Central axis depth dose (CADD) and off-axis absorbed dose ratio (OAR) measurements were made in water, muscle and whole skeletal bone TE-solutions, mineral oil and glycerin with a clinical neutron therapy beam. These measurements show that, for a given neutron beam quality and field size, there is a universal CADD distribution at infinity if the depth in the phantom is expressed in terms of appropriate scaling lengths. These are essentially the kerma-weighted neutron mean free paths in the media. The method used in ICRU No. 26 to scale the CADD by the ratio of the densities is shown to give incorrect results. the OAR's measured in different media at depths proportional to the respective mean free paths were also found to be independent of the media to a good approximation. It is recommended that relative CADD and OAR measurements be performed in water because of its universality and convenience. A table of calculated scaling lengths is given for various neutron energy spectra and for various tissues and materials of practical importance in neutron dosimetry.
Framing the evidence for health smart homes and home-based consumer health technologies as a public health intervention for independent aging: a systematic review.

Abstract Introduction There is a critical need for public health interventions to support the independence of older adults as the world's population ages. Health smart homes (HSH) and home-based consumer health (HCH) technologies may play a role in these interventions. Methods We conducted a systematic review of HSH and HCH literature from indexed repositories for health care and technology disciplines (e.g., MEDLINE, CINAHL, and IEEE Xplore) and classified included studies according to an evidence-based public health (EBPH) typology. Results One thousand, six hundred and thirty-nine candidate articles were identified. Thirty-one studies from the years 1998–2011 were included. Twenty-one included studies were classified as emerging , 10 as promising and 3 as effective (first tier) . Conclusion The majority of included studies were published in the period beginning in the year 2005. All 3 effective (first tier) studies and 9 of 10 of promising studies were published during this period. Almost all studies included an activity sensing component and most of them used passive infrared motion sensors. The three effective (first tier) studies all used a multicomponent technology approach that included activity sensing, reminders and other technologies tailored to individual preferences. Future research should explore the use of technology for self-management of health by older adults; social support; and self-reported health measures incorporated into personal health records, electronic medical records, and community health registries.
An examination of loads and responses of a wind turbine undergoing variable-speed operation

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has recently developed the ability to predict turbine loads and responses for machines undergoing variable-speed operation. The wind industry has debated the potential benefits of operating wind turbine sat variable speeds for some time. Turbine system dynamic responses (structural response, resonance, and component interactions) are an important consideration for variable-speed operation of wind turbines. The authors have implemented simple, variable-speed control algorithms for both the FAST and ADAMS dynamics codes. The control algorithm is a simple one, allowing the turbine to track the optimum power coefficient (C{sub p}). The objective of this paper is to show turbine loads and responses for a particular two-bladed, teetering-hub, downwind turbine undergoing variable-speed operation. The authors examined the response of the machine to various turbulent wind inflow conditions. In addition, they compare the structural responses under fixed-speed and variable-speed operation. For this paper, they restrict their comparisons to those wind-speed ranges for which limiting power by some additional control strategy (blade pitch or aileron control, for example) is not necessary. The objective here is to develop a basic understanding of the differences in loads and responses between the fixed-speed and variable-speed operation of this wind turbine configuration.
The Role of Neonatal Thyroxin In Neurodevelopmental Disabilities † 1257

Recently, the concept that neonatal hypothyroxinemia (↓T4) is benign has been challenged and a link with cerebral palsy (CP) has been suggested. This study investigates a link between easily treatable ↓T4 and subsequent neurodevelopmental disorders. In this retrospective, case-control study data were collected in a regional university neonatal intensive care unit and its associated developmental high-risk follow-up clinic. Inclusion criteria for participation included: birth weight ≤1000 grams, born between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 1995, and survival-to-discharge. Eligible participants were selected based on availability of Thyroxin (T4) and accompanying developmental outcome data. Newborn screening procedures provided T4 and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) data for the study. Neurodevelopmental assessments were performed at adjusted ages of 4, 12, and 24 months, by an interdisciplinary developmental team utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID), the INFANIB assessment of neuromotor status and clinical assessment. Possession of T4 and developmental data provided inclusion of 60 subjects at 4 months, 82 at 12 months, and 53 at 24 months adjusted age. Analysis of data was done using Chi-square, contingency and stratified, and One-way Anova. Comparison of INFANIB results with thyroid function showed no significant association when controlling for the presence of Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) and Interventricular Hemorrhage (IVH). A similar conclusion was drawn for 12 month BSID results. Twenty-four month evaluations also suggested no significant relationship between T4 and developmental outcome as measured by BSID, however an association between the diagnosis of CP and Thyroid status was suggested (P≤.05). This study confirms the previously reported association between hypothyroxinemia and cerebral palsy, and fails to demonstrate an association with other abnormal neurological outcomes in this high risk population. A prospective interventional study will be needed to determine whether hypothyroxinemia is a contibuting factor in the development of CP or merely an early marker of cerebral injury.
Entry, Descent, and Landing with Propulsive Deceleration: Supersonic Retropropulsion Wind Tunnel Testing and Shock Phenomena

The future exploration of the Solar System will require innovations in transportation and the use of entry, descent, and landing (EDL) systems at many planetary landing sites. The cost of space missions has always been prohibitive, and using the natural planetary and planet's moon atmospheres for entry, and descent can reduce the cost, mass, and complexity of these missions. This paper will describe some of the EDL ideas for planetary entry and survey the overall technologies for EDL that may be attractive for future Solar System missions. Future EDL systems may include an inflatable decelerator for the initial atmospheric entry and an additional supersonic retro-propulsion (SRP) rocket system for the final soft landing. A three engine retro-propulsion configuration with a 2.5 inch diameter sphere-cone aeroshell model was tested in the NASA Glenn 1x1 Supersonic Wind Tunnel (SWT). The testing was conducted to identify potential blockage issues in the tunnel, and visualize the rocket flow and shock interactions during supersonic and hypersonic entry conditions. Earlier experimental testing of a 70 degree Viking-like (sphere-cone) aeroshell was conducted as a baseline for testing of a supersonic retro-propulsion system. This baseline testing defined the flow field around the aeroshell and from this comparative baseline data, retro-propulsion options will be assessed. Images and analyses from the SWT testing with 300- and 500-psia rocket engine chamber pressures are presented here. In addition, special topics of electromagnetic interference with retro-propulsion induced shock waves and retro-propulsion for Earth launched booster recovery are also addressed.
Observation of soliton interaction and planetlike orbiting in Bessel-like photonic lattices.

We demonstrate spatial soliton interaction and rotation in optically induced Bessel-like photonic lattices. Particlelike circular motion as well as planetlike orbiting of two solitons is observed under different initial excitations in the ring-shaped lattices. We show that, while small rotation/oscillation of solitons can be initiated by soliton self-bending, planetlike orbiting of a “satellite” soliton can be realized by imposing an initial angular momentum from a vortex beam. Our experimental results are corroborated by numerical simulations.
The Semiotics of Civil Rights in Consumer Society: Race, Law, and Food

Cooking and constitutionalism. Food and racial equity. I intend the juxtaposition to be jarring, even humorous. I would like to view it as a subtle indication of a historical trend in which central aspects of legal memory have been repressed from contemporary civic practice and important intellectual questions, concerning semiotics in consumer society, have been neglected in mainstream legal scholarship. As I will explain, the story of Ollie's barbecue suggests not only that cooking and constitutionalism are intricately linked, but also that the expansion of postwar economic life formed a material basis for this hidden bond. Considering the history of Ollie's thus can both illuminate the deep historical meaning of the Civil Rights Act, and also point the way toward a more general field of research, the development of what might be called a legal semiotics of consumption.
A Comparison of Combustor-Noise Models

The present status of combustor-noise prediction in the NASA Aircraft Noise Prediction Program (ANOPP)1 for current-generation (N) turbofan engines is summarized. Several semi-empirical models for turbofan combustor noise are discussed, including best methods for near-term updates to ANOPP. An alternate turbine-transmission factor2 will appear as a user selectable option in the combustor-noise module GECOR in the next release. The three-spectrum model proposed by Stone et al.3 for GE turbofan-engine combustor noise is discussed and compared with ANOPP predictions for several relevant cases. Based on the results presented herein and in their report,3 it is recommended that the application of this fully empirical combustor-noise prediction method be limited to situations involving only General-Electric turbofan engines. Long-term needs and challenges for the N+1 through N+3 time frame are discussed. Because the impact of other propulsion-noise sources continues to be reduced due to turbofan design trends, advances in noise-mitigation techniques, and expected aircraft configuration changes, the relative importance of core noise is expected to greatly increase in the future. The noise-source structure in the combustor, including the indirect one, and the effects of the propagation path through the engine and exhaust nozzle need to be better understood. In particular, the acoustic consequences of the expected trends toward smaller, highly efficient gas-generator cores and low-emission fuel-flexible combustors need to be fully investigated since future designs are quite likely to fall outside of the parameter space of existing (semi-empirical) prediction tools.
Observations on the History of Epidemiology in Western New York, 1843–1960

Epidemiology has a rich tradition in western New York State, beginning with the classic study by Austin Flint of a waterborne typhoid fever outbreak in North Boston in 1843. Other important investigations included the study of the Buffalo poliomyelitis epidemic of 1912, by Wade Hampton Frost, which provided a comprehensive characterization of the epidemiology of the disease, and the first case-control study of cigarette smoking and lung cancer, by Morton L. Levin et al., conducted at the Roswell Park Memorial Cancer Institute in the 1940s. Other studies carried out before 1960 and included in the review deal with additional typhoid fever outbreaks, tuberculosis, breast cancer, and coronary heart disease.
The utility of stream habitat and biota for identifying potential conflicting forest land uses: montane riparian areas.

Abstract Investigations since 1960 on the effects of land-management practices on riparian-stream systems often have produced contradictory results. Inconsistencies have occurred, in part, because of efforts that have not been totally comprehensive and, in part, because of poor study design and procedure. This paper reviews the literature on the use of fine sediment, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and fishes as indicators for identifying and describing the effects of various land-use practices on riparian-stream systems. Also, I present the results of my research on the effects of land-management activities on these three variables for several southwestern (U.S.A.) montane streams. The integration of these two sources of information (literature and empirical data) suggests it is valid to use these three variables in detecting the effects of multiple use activities on riparian-stream systems, although other variables (e.g., solar radiation, water quality, water temperature, riparian vegetation) cannot be ignored. More valid and reliable definition of the effects of land-use practices on this valuable, ever-declining forested- wetland resource will require collection of baseline data, study over an extended time-period on an ecosystem basis, and consideration of multiple physical and biotic features.
Rapid, quantitative high-performance liquid column chromatography of pseudouridine☆

Abstract A rapid, precise, and accurate chromatographic method for the determination of pseudo-uridine (ψ) in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. The ribonucleosides were first isolated with an affinity gel containing immobilized phenylboronic acid. The response for ψ was linear well above and below the range necessary to determine urinary ψ. Good precision was obtained for both matrix-dependent and matrix-independent samples. Supporting experimental data are presented on precision, recovery, chromatographic methods, sample cleanup and application to the analysis of urine samples from normal males and females, and patients with advanced colon cancer. In a comparison of 40 normals with 10 colon cancer patients, 9 of the 10 patients had a ψ: creatinine (Cr) ratio greater than x + 2σ for the normal population. This HPLC method is now being used extensively in our laboratory as a routine method for determination of ψ in urine from patients with various types of cancer and in chemotherapy response studies. Data are presented on the dynamics of ψ excretion by normal males and females. When the excretion of ψ was normalized with the excretion of creatinine, it was noted that samples collected at random have the same ψ: Cr ratio value as for the 24-h total collection, thus, allowing the use of random samples. The constancy of the ψ: Cr ratio implies that RNA turnover is constant and ψ excretion is independent of diet. Base values are presented for the ψ: Cr
Designing the face of an interface

As computers become more popular, more attention is being given to the readability of graphics that are displayed to the human operator. Doing so develops user trust and, consequently, more effective communication between human and machine. Displays in the form of menus, prompts, and help messages should be clear and consistent. To achieve clarity and consistency in graphic design, the author suggests using the reference grid in which a series of lines determines overall frame dimensions, defines essential areas for text, and specifies the number of columns. Typography, particularly line length, is important. If lines are too long, reading speed is slowed. Lower-case letters, which have more variety of shape, are generally more readable than all capitals. Tabs are most usefully set every five characters.
Mass- and charge-density modulation of graphite in potassium-graphite intercalates

X-ray evidence on a stage-II potassium-graphite crystal indicates that below the upper critical temperature, ${T}_{U}\ensuremath{\cong}123$ K, the disordered unregistered potassium layers order and rotate with respect to the graphite. We postulate that the alkali ordering is accompanied by both a static displacement and charge-density modulation of the adjacent graphite planes in which the potassium periodicity is impressed. We then make preliminary estimates of these modulation amplitudes. A simple $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$-space geometrical argument relates the rotation angle to the alkali ion size in K, Rb, and Cs compounds, and a universal curve is thereby generated which fits well the available data.
Testosterone and opioids interact to regulate feeding in a male migratory songbird

A male migratory songbird (dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis) was used as a model for studies on the influence of testosterone (T) on feeding, and on interactive effects on this behavior between T and the opioid antagonist naloxone hydrochloride (Nal). Administered chronically to birds exposed to nonstimulating photoperiods, T increased food intake by 30-58% without altering the body mass, the fat index, or the standard metabolic rate. An intramuscular injection of Nal decreased feeding temporarily in a dose-related manner. T-treated juncos exhibited a decreased sensitivity to the anorexic influence of Nal administration, demonstrating that T interacts with opioids to control food consumption. Neuroendocrine mechanisms that potentially account for this interaction are discussed.
159 Efficacy of High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation for Treatment of Severe Respiratory Failure in Neonates

Objective: Neonatal infants with severe respiratory failure have no response to conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV). Our goal was to evaluate the efficacy of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) for treatment of these infants.
Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm in an Elite Runner

A 41-year-old ultramarathon runner presented to his physician after having exercise-related chest pain that radiated down his left arm and seemed typical for myocardial ischemia. The patient had only a single risk factor. Extensive testing revealed a large thoracic aortic aneurysm. This case illustrates how the standard workup could miss this and other potentially lethal conditions in an extremely well-conditioned athlete.
Origins of domestication and polyploidy in oca (Oxalis tuberosa : Oxalidaceae): nrDNA ITS data.

As part of a study aimed at elucidating the origins of the octoploid tuber crop "oca," Oxalis tuberosa, DNA sequences of the internal trancribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA ITS) were determined for oca and several wild Oxalis species, mostly from Bolivia. Phylogenetic analysis of these data supports a group of these species as being close relatives of oca, in agreement with morphology and cytology, but at odds with traditional infrageneric taxonomy. Variation in ITS sequences within this group is quite low (0-7 substitutions in the entire ITS region), contrasting with the highly divergent (unalignable in some cases) sequences within the genus overall. Some groups of morphologically differentiated species were found to have identical sequences, notably a group that includes oca, wild populations of Oxalis that bear small tubers, and several other clearly distinct species. The presence of a second, minor sequence type in at least some oca accessions suggests a possible contribution from a second genome donor, also from within this same species group. ITS data lack sufficient variation to elucidate the origins of oca precisely, but have identified a pool of candidate species and so can be used as a tool to screen yet unsampled species for possible progenitors.
SU-GG-T-368: Long Term Stability of Thermal Type Power Meter Head Intercomparison

Purpose: Establishing the long term stability of laser power measurement in clinic is important for photodynamic therapy. The purpose of this study was to establish the long‐term stability among thermal type power head meters use for laser light fluence and power measurements. Method and Materials: Intercomparison among power meters was performed to determine the consistency of laser power and light fluence rate measured among different power meters. For measurements of power (mW), the beam diameter at the detector surface is smaller than the cross section of the power meter head receiver. For measurement of irradiance (mW/cm2), the light covers the entire aperture of the detector.Results: Power and fluence readings were measured and compared among five detectors, for different laser power settings and wavelengths. For all thermal type power meter suitable for power measurement less than 20W, the calibration of power of different power meters can generally change by 8% among different power meters. However, this calibration does not change over time and remains consistent to within 3% for all power meters. Similar results are obtained for laser fluence rate calibration except for a thermal type power meter head with thick absorbing coating that is suitable for measuring laser power up to 150 W, it's calibration factor can be different from other power meters for as much as 34%, 33% and 31% in fluence calibration, for 532nm, 630nm and 730nm, respectively. It's calibration can vary by over 25% over time. Conclusion: A comparison of power and fluence reading among several power heads used in PDT clinic shows long term consistency for power and light fluence rate calibration to within 3% regardless of wavelength. One should avoid using thermal type power meter head with thick coating, such the LS 150 power meter for light fluence rate calibration.
Magnetoresistance and spin-transfer torque in magnetic tunnel junctions

We comment on both recent progress and lingering puzzles related to research on magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). MTJs are already being used in applications such as magnetic-field sensors in the read heads of disk drives, and they may also be the first device geometry in which spin-torque effects are applied to manipulate magnetic dynamics, in order to make non-volatile magnetic random access memory. However, there remain many unanswered questions about such basic properties as the magnetoresistance of MTJs, how their properties change as a function of tunnel-barrier thickness and applied bias, and what are the magnitude and direction of the spin-transfer-torque vector induced by a tunnel current.