cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial (set) 2-structures. Part I: basic notions and the representation problem

The notion of a labeled partial 2-structure is introduced and studied. It generalizes the notion of a (labeled) 2-structure studied in [1] and [2] and it provides a convenient mathematical framework for studying graphs. In particular, a subclass of labeled partial 2-structures, the so-called labeled partial set 2-structures corresponds very closely to those graphs that are state spaces of concurrent systems. Part I of this paper investigates the basic theory of labeled partial 2-structures and it considers the problem of representing partial 2-structures as partial set 2-structures.
Impurity-Induced Structural Transformation of a MgO Grain Boundary

A combination of atomic-resolution Z -contrast imaging and first-principles density-functional calculations are used to establish that Ca impurities segregating to particular atomic columns in MgO grain boundaries induce a structural transformation. The presence of Ca in the boundary structure is independently confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy. The calculated electronic structure indicates that stabilization of the new boundary structure by Ca is a mechanical rather than an electronic effect. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society }
Photoelectronic properties of Cu3PS4 and Cu3PS3Se single crystals

Single crystals of Cu/sub 3/PS/sub 4/ and Cu/sub 3/PS/sub 3/Se grown by chemical vapor transport were shown to be diamagnetic p-type semiconductors. Electrical measurements showed room temperature resistivities ranging from 1 to 5 ohm-cm and carrier concentrations of 10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/. Both materials were shown to be active as cathodes for the photoelectrolysis of water. Spectral response measurements show that substitution of selenium for sulfur lowers the optical band gap from 2.38(5) eV for Cu/sub 3/PS/sub 4/ to 2.06(4) eV for Cu/sub 3/PS/sub 3/Se. 5 figures, 2 tables.
Fault mechanics and the kinematics of block rotations

In many strike-slip tectonic settings, large rotations (up to 100°) of crustal blocks have been inferred from paleomagnetic data. These blocks are bounded by sets of parallel faults, which accommodate the relative motion between the blocks as regional deformation progresses. Simple geometrical considerations require that the faults must also rotate. In this paper we show that on the basis of mechanical considerations, the amount of fault rotation permissible under a stationary stress field is limited to 20° to 45°. Consequently, block rotations that are larger than 40° or 45° require more than one set of accompanying faults to accommodate the block rotation. Examples of such multiple sets with 40° to 45° between them, as predicted by the model, were recognized in Sistan, Iran; in Yerington, the Lake Mead area, Nevada; and in southern California.
The Use of 66kV technology for Offshore Wind Demonstration sites

Near-to-shore wind farms, such as the UK's Round 1, connect their generation to shore at 33kV. This is also currently the standard distribution voltage (or collection voltage) for interarray networks. Larger, further-from-shore wind farms normally use offshore substations to step-up generation to a higher voltage, e.g.132kV/170kV before transmission back to shore. Recent research shows that a submarine cable capable of being used for 66kV networks, i.e. a “wet-type” cable, could be type-tested and made available. The Carbon Trust is currently progressing work to qualify and type-test this cable, which presents opportunities for standard collection voltages to increase from 33kV to 66kV. This paper presents the benefits of utilising 66kV for near-shore and medium distance offshore wind farms, both for UK and international demonstration wind farm projects. The benefits include the potential to reduce the amount of submarine cabling required, reduced losses in the connection at 66kV versus 33kV, and the potential to eliminate offshore substations in some cases. The costs and benefits have been quantitatively and qualitatively assessed and detail is provided for 33kV/66kV equipment cost comparisons (switchgear, cable and transformers), cost reduction/benefit impacts of substation and cabling rationalisation, and full-life difference in losses and hence revenue from generation. The paper specifically addresses the feasibility of developing a system implementing 66kV at the Blyth Offshore Demonstration site. Also presented are potential enablers and barriers to 66kV market uptake such as supply chain readiness, the feasibility of demonstrating the proposed 66kV technology at dedicated sites in the UK and outline design and feasibility considerations for certification at 66kV with an emphasis on Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) certification. It is concluded that moving to 66kV could lead to capital cost and full-life benefits compared with the present standard voltage of 33kV for many near and medium distance-to-shore wind farms. However, steps to accelerate market uptake should also be considered by exploring enablers (testing, demonstration, certification, etc.) and solutions to related barriers.
Climatic Controls and Hydrologic Impacts of a Recent Extreme Seasonal Precipitation Reversal in Arizona

Abstract The winter (December–February) of 2005/06 ranked as the driest in the instrumental record (since 1895) for nearly all regions of Arizona. The city of Phoenix, Arizona, recorded no precipitation during this time period, which was part of a record dry streak of 143 days without measurable precipitation. More important, the Salt and Verde watersheds, which supply the greater Phoenix area with approximately 50% of its water supply, received less than 3% of normal precipitation. Remarkably, this historically dry winter was preceded by the second wettest winter on record in 2004/05, a winter that filled reservoirs statewide and ameliorated a drought that has persisted since 1996 in some parts of the state. This study begins with a brief overview of the historical context of such reversals of extreme seasonal precipitation in Arizona followed by an analysis of the teleconnective impacts. The authors find that while an extreme reversal such as this has only happened once before in Arizona (1904/05 and 19...
Evaluation and management of patients with pulmonary disease before thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

The risks of respiratory complications after thoracic and cardiovascular surgeries are particularly high for patients with chronic pulmonary disease and are associated with prolonged hospital stays and increased mortality. The primary goals of preoperative management are to identify risk factors and institute interventions likely to reduce subsequent postoperative pulmonary complications. Smoking, symptomatic obstructive lung disease, respiratory infection, obesity, and malnutrition are all potentially modifiable risk factors. Chest physiotherapy is indicated in all patients regardless of risk factor profile. Providing a thoughtfully designed, multifaceted course of preoperative care can result in a clinically significant reduction in postoperative morbidity and mortality, particularly if instituted well in advance of surgery.
African-European honeybee hybrids have low nonintermediate metabolic capacities

BECAUSE of a number of behavioural, ecological and physiological factors, African honeybees (Apis mellifera scutellata) are better adapted to tropical environments than European bees. African bees achieve higher rates of reproduction and colony growth partly by collecting more pollen relative to nectar1 and by allocating more nutrients to brood rearing2. African colonies generate more swarms3,4 which travel far greater distances5. These adaptive traits have been dramatically manifested in the neotropics: African bees have formed large expanding feral populations, whereas few European bees have survived outside apiaries6. The feral populations consist of African matrilines7–9 that have not hybridized extensively with European drones from apiaries10. Perhaps because of their European heritage, hybrids are poorly adapted to the tropics and thus do not survive. European matrilines, however, do not become part of the feral population, even after repeated backcrossing with feral African drones7–10. Conceivably, negative heterosis could further reduce hybrid survival, where European maternal factors are particularly detrimental7. We report here physiological findings consistent with these possibilities. Mass-specific metabolic capacities were higher in African bees than in European bees and were low and nonintermediate in hybrids. Thus, higher metabolic and flight capacities may contribute to African bees' competitive advantages in the tropics.
MBA education, business ethics and the case for shareholder value

The appropriate MBA curriculum has been debated for nearly a half century. More recently, critics contend that the emphasis on functional fields in MBA education has incorrectly elevated the importance of shareholder value resulting in unethical behavior. Although some criticism of MBA programs has merit, shareholder wealth maximization should remain the dominant management objective because it is relatively easy to implement and generally consistent with the interests of stakeholders.
Application of the parachor model to the prediction of miscibility in multi-component hydrocarbon systems

While most thermodynamic properties refer to individual fluid phases, interfacial tension (IFT) is unique in the sense that it is a property of the interface between the fluid phases. The IFT, being a sensitive property strongly dependent on the composition of the interacting phases, is a good indicator of mass transfer effects between the phases. Furthermore, a condition of zero interfacial tension is essential to attain miscibility of the fluid phases in contact. Based on this concept, a new technique of vanishing interfacial tension (VIT) has been reported recently for experimental determination of fluid–fluid miscibility. Similar to the VIT technique in concept, a computational model based on parachor IFT calculations has been proposed in the present study for miscibility prediction. This model has been compared with VIT experiments and EOS calculations. For this purpose, Rainbow Keg River (RKR) reservoir fluids have been used, since the phase behaviour data necessary for miscibility calculations and the VIT experimental results were readily available. The parachor computational model resulted in over-predictions of miscibility when compared to VIT experiments and EOS calculations. These over predictions appear to be due to the inability of the parachor model to account for counter-directional mass transfer effects that can occur in reality between the fluids. Thus, in addition to demonstrating the importance of counter-directional mass transfer effects on fluid–fluid miscibility, this study has identified the need to incorporate these mass transfer effects in the proposed parachor computational model to compute fluid–fluid miscibility.
Survey of North Carolina Hospital Policies Regarding Visitor Use of Personal Protective Equipment for Entering the Rooms of Patients under Isolation Precautions

Objective. To explore the range of hospital policies for visitor use of personal protective equipment (PPE) when entering the room of patients under isolation precautions.Design. Survey using an online questionnaire.Setting. Acute care hospitals registered in the North Carolina Statewide Program for Infection Control and Epidemiology (SPICE).Methods. A total of 136 North Carolina hospitals were invited to participate in an online survey. The survey questionnaire was developed, reviewed, and pilot tested, and then it was distributed through SPICE listserv registered e-mail addresses. The survey was conducted from February 6 to March 30, 2012.Results. Among 93 respondent hospitals (response rate, 68.4%), 82 acute care hospitals (60.3%) were included in the analyses. Substantial variation was observed with regard to hospital policies for visitor PPE use when visiting patients under isolation precautions. A total of 71% of hospitals had a hospital visitor policy, and 96% of respondents agreed that hospitals s...
Distribution of immunoassayable glucagon in gastrointestinal tissues

Abstract Glucagon has been identified by a specific radioimmunoassay in extracts of canine stomach and duodenum, rat stomach, duodenum, and jejunum, and human jejunum. Canine stomach glucagon appears to be similar to glucagon of pancreatic origin with respect to its immunoreactivity, its gel filtration elution pattern, and its in vivo hyperglycemic activity. The implication of these findings are briefly discussed.
The strategic impetus for social network ties: reconstituting broken ceo friendship ties

Research on organization–environment relations has focused primarily on formal linkages between organizations such as board interlock ties as a strategy for managing resource dependence. This study examines whether top corporate executives may maintain more informal ties to executives of other firms in order to manage uncertainty arising from resource dependence. Our point of departure is prior research on boards of directors that has examined whether so-called ‘broken board ties’ (i.e., ties that are disrupted due to executive turnover) tend to be reconstituted, and whether resource dependence explains the likelihood of reconstitution. These studies have generally provided little evidence that corporate board ties are used to manage resource dependence. We draw from theory and research on social embeddedness and friendship to suggest that, as a strategy for managing dependence, the maintenance of friendship ties between top executives provides benefits that are comparable to the supposed benefits of board cooptation, while imposing fewer constraints on the organization. Our theory leads to the contention that, despite limited prior evidence that resource dependence determines the formation of formal board ties, corporate leaders may nevertheless reconstitute informal (i.e., friendship) ties to leaders of other firms that have the power to constrain their firms' access to needed resources when those ties have been disrupted (e.g., due to turnover of the CEO's friend). We test our hypotheses with a unique dataset that includes survey data from U.S. corporate leaders collected at two points in time, thus permitting an assessment of whether top executives reconstitute broken social ties to leaders of other firms, and whether various sources of resource dependence predict the likelihood of reconstitution. We discuss implications for strategic perspectives on inter-organizational relations and the sociological literature on embeddedness. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
C-reactive protein: an activator of innate immunity and a modulator of adaptive immunity.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase serum protein and a member of the pentraxin protein family. Its host defense functions predate the adaptive immune system by millions of years. Our current understanding of CRP interactions with complement and with Fcγ receptors (FcγR) have led to an increased appreciation of the regulatory role of CRP in inflammation and autoimmunity. This review outlines the role of CRP in infection, inflammation, and autoimmune disease. We provide a discription of recent studies, which suggest that CRP acts through FcγR to reduce inflammation and protect from certain autoimmune diseases. A general description of the proposed function of CRP is provided as a framework for future in vestigation.
The effect of irrelevant information in a multidimensional oddity task

Two studies were conducted using oddity problems with geometric designs as stimuli. The number of bi-leveled dimensions in the stimuli was either 3, 5, or 7, with one dimension relevant, for the major variable in each study. In the first study, the relevant dimension was varied, while in the other study only one relevant dimension was employed. Trials to criterion were affected by the relevant dimension variable in the first case and by the number of irrelevant dimensions in the second.
Metabolism of oxamyl in mice and twospotted spider mites.

The metabolic fate of oxamyl was examined in mice and twospotted spider mites,Tetranychus urticae Koch. Mice treated intraperitoneally with oxamyl-14C eliminated 96.4% of the dose in the urine (88.7%) and feces (7.7%) by 96 hr; 75.7% of the dose was eliminated during the initial 6 hr. Organosoluble urinary radioactive material ranged from 24.6% at 6 hr to 6.5% at 72 hr and consisted of oxamyl, methylN-hydroxy-N′,N′-dimethyl-1-thiooxamimidate (DMTO), methylN-hy-droxy-N′-methyl-1-thiooxamimidate (MTO),N,N-dimethyl-1-cyanoforma-mide (DMCF), N,N-dimethyloxamic acid (DMOA),N-methyloxamic acid (MOA), methylN′-methyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]-1-thiooxamimidate (DMO), and several unknowns. Although some of the water-soluble urinary radioactive material was cleaved withβ-glucuronidase and aryl sulfatase, most of it was resistant to cleavage by enzymes and acid (9% HCl). Tissue levels of radiocarbon were low. Oxamyl metabolites formedin vitro by mouse liver subcellular fractions included DMCF, DMOA, MOA, DMTO, DMO, and several unknowns. Twospotted spider mites absorbed and metabolized oxamyl. The total internal radioactive material increased from 6.1% at 1 hr to 44.5% at 24 hr. Radioactive compounds isolated from two-spotted spider mites in addition to oxamyl included DMCF, DMOA, MOA, DMTO, DMO, and several unknowns.
Anaerobic threshold and the determination of training target heart rates in premenarchal girls.

The capability of children to respond to endurance training with increased aerobic capacity is unclear. Prepubertal subjects may require higher target heart rates than adults to increaseV o 2 max, and previous studies failing to demonstrate aerobic trainability in children may have involved inadequate exercise intensity. In this study, heart rates at the anaerobic threshold, measured noninvasively as the ventilatory breakpoint (VBP), were determined during treadmill testing of 12 premenarchal girls to establish a metabolic-based target rate. The mean heart rate at VBP was 171 beats/min (±12 SD) with a range from 147 to 194 beats/min. Although a wide intersubject variability was observed, the rates at VBP exceeded those predicted by standard formulas for calculating target heart rates in adults by over 10 beats/min in a majority of the girls. These data indicated that target heart rate guidelines designed for training older individuals may not adequately stress oxygen delivery systems in prepubertal subjects.
Multiple use of the auditory cortex: interaction at a single point.

Abstract The results of this averaged evoked potential study of area A1 of the cat's auditory cortex in the anesthetized preparation indicate: monaural and interaural phase registration at frequencies above 4 kHz: and “priming” of the area A1 to register a stimulus from the side other than the one to which it has just responded in an alternating sequence. Area A1 is “biased” to contralateral stimulation. The recovery cycle of the response to ipsilateral ear stimulation with respect to that to contralateral ear stimulation is clearly different from the recovery cycle in the reverse conditions. The multiple use of a cortical location on the surface of area A1, indicates a multiplicity of spatiotemporal patterning which, at the limit, would approach a permutation of spatiotemporal events for stimulus registration.
JHK photometry of Comet Bowell (1982I)

Comet Bowell (1982I) was observed at JHK (1.25, 1.68, 2.25 microns) with the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on March 10, 1981, June 3-5, 1981, and February 22, 1982. The inner coma was no brighter near perihelion in February 1982 than it was in 1981. Total area x albedo of the grains within 10,000 km of the nucleus was about 5 x 10 to the 12th/sq cm.
Strategies to evaluate goodness of reference strips for in-season, field scale, irrigated corn nitrogen sufficiency

The nitrogen (N) sufficiency approach to assess plant N status for in-season N management requires a non-N-limiting reference to make N recommendations. Use of reference strips in fields with spatially variable soils and the impact this variability has within N enriched reference strips are not well understood. Consequently three strategies were investigated to evaluate the impact of spatially variable sandy soils within reference strips in two commercial center pivot-irrigated corn fields. Evaluation strategies were: (i) ignore soil spatial variability throughout the reference strips, (ii) account for soil variability in the reference strips based on second-order NRCS soil map units, and (iii) account for soil variability based on apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) data as a surrogate for soil texture differences in the reference strips. A sufficiency index (SI) calculated from radiometer measured canopy reflectance data (SIsensor) and from SPAD chlorophyll meter data (SImeter) at two growth stages during corn vegetative growth were used to assess N sufficiency within the N enriched reference strips. By ignoring soil spatial variability in the reference strips, corn in the sandier soils was designated N deficient. Accounting for soil spatial variability using NRCS soil mapping units improved N sufficiency designations of corn in the reference strip for the different soil types contained within the reference strip but tended to designate corn in lighter texture areas within a mapping unit as N deficient. Use of ECa as a surrogate for soil texture typically performed best for classifying corn N sufficiency throughout the reference strip and is recommended as a method to obtain reference strip normalizing values in fields with spatially variable sandy soils.
Surge measurement errors of coaxial cables

NEARLY ALL surge or impulse voltage measurements involve the use of a cathode ray oscillograph (CRO) and measuring cable. All cables have a certain amount of attenuation and their surge impedance is never the same for all frequencies as indicated in several studies. In low-voltage impulse work (where very short cables can be used) such factors may be negligible under certain conditions, but for measuring high-voltage surges, a fairly long cable (50 feet or longer) is usually required and possible errors caused by the cable should be considered, especially for measuring steeply rising surges. The purpose of this paper is to discuss such errors and devise method for measuring and minimizing them.
Quality of Life and Toxicity From Passively Scattered and Spot-Scanning Proton Beam Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer

Purpose To report quality of life (QOL)/toxicity in men treated with proton beam therapy for localized prostate cancer and to compare outcomes between passively scattered proton therapy (PSPT) and spot-scanning proton therapy (SSPT). Methods and Materials Men with localized prostate cancer enrolled on a prospective QOL protocol with a minimum of 2 years' follow-up were reviewed. Comparative groups were defined by technique (PSPT vs SSPT). Patients completed Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaires at baseline and every 3-6 months after proton beam therapy. Clinically meaningful differences in QOL were defined as ≥0.5 × baseline standard deviation. The cumulative incidence of modified Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade ≥2 gastrointestinal (GI) or genitourinary (GU) toxicity and argon plasma coagulation were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results A total of 226 men received PSPT, and 65 received SSPT. Both PSPT and SSPT resulted in statistically significant changes in sexual, urinary, and bowel Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite summary scores. Only bowel summary, function, and bother resulted in clinically meaningful decrements beyond treatment completion. The decrement in bowel QOL persisted through 24-month follow-up. Cumulative grade ≥2 GU and GI toxicity at 24 months were 13.4% and 9.6%, respectively. There was 1 grade 3 GI toxicity (PSPT group) and no other grade ≥3 GI or GU toxicity. Argon plasma coagulation application was infrequent (PSPT 4.4% vs SSPT 1.5%; P =.21). No statistically significant differences were appreciated between PSPT and SSPT regarding toxicity or QOL. Conclusion Both PSPT and SSPT confer low rates of grade ≥2 GI or GU toxicity, with preservation of meaningful sexual and urinary QOL at 24 months. A modest, yet clinically meaningful, decrement in bowel QOL was seen throughout follow-up. No toxicity or QOL differences between PSPT and SSPT were identified. Long-term comparative results in a larger patient cohort are warranted.
Perception of Robot Passability and Aperture Width during Direct Line of Sight and Teleoperation Conditions

The current experiment examined the ability of participants to judge the passability of a robot through an aperture and to reproduce the width of the aperture in both Direct Line of Sight (DLS) and Teleoperation (TO) conditions. Previous research performed in our laboratory has shown that participants overestimate robot passability in teleoperation conditions (i.e. they state that the robot can pass when it cannot). The current study aimed to replicate past findings as well as to determine the cause of overestimation during TO. Twelve Clemson University undergraduate students participated in both the DLS and TO conditions. Similar to previous research, participants judged smaller apertures as passable in the TO condition compared to the DLS condition. Results showed that participants' reproductions of aperture sizes were overestimated, which likely leads to the overestimation of robot passability during TO. Participant estimations of aperture size and judgments of robot passability help to quantify the di...
Immunofluorescent Localization of Growth Hormone and Prolactin in the Adenohypophysis of Fetal Sheep

An indirect fluorescent antibody technique has been used to determine the first appearance and subsequent development in ovine fetal pituitaries of specific cellular sites of reaction to fluorescein-labeled antibodies developed against ovine GH and ovine prolactin. Herlant’s tetrachrome staining technique was also employed for cellular differentiation of adenohypophyseal acidophils. In older fetuses, newborn lambs and adult ewes, Herlant’s stain effectively differentiated 2 types of pituitary acidophils, orange “aurantiphils” and reddish “erythrophils.” The fluorescent antibody technique established that only the aurantiphils exhibited fluorescence with anti-GH; the erythrophils specifically responded with antiprolactin. Specific fluorescence with anti-GH was absent in fetal pituitaries of less than 43 days of fetal age; it was first observed between 43 and 53 days. At about 58 days and thereafter, anti-GH fluorescence was present in the anterior pituitary in abundance, initially at a period when Herlant’...
Gate dielectric properties of silicon nitride films formed by jet vapor deposition

Abstract High-quality silicon nitride (or oxynitride) films made by a novel jet vapor deposition (JVD) technique are described. The JVD process utilizes a high-speed jet of light carrier gas to transport the depositing species onto the substrate to form the desired films. The film composition has been determined to consist primarily of Si and N, with some amounts of O and H. MNS capacitors based on the JVD nitride films deposited directly on Si exhibit relatively low densities of interface traps, fixed charge, and bulk traps. The interface traps at the nitride/Si interface exhibit different properties from those at the SiO 2 /Si interface in several aspects. In contrast to the conventional CVD silicon nitride, the high-field I-V characteristics of the JVD silicon nitride fit the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling theory over 4–5 orders of magnitude in current, but do not fit at all the Frenkel-Poole transport theory. This is consistent with the much lower concentration of electronic traps in the JVD silicon nitride. Results from the carrier separation experiment indicate that electron current dominates the gate current with very little hole contribution. Both theoretical calculation and experimental data indicate that the gate leakage current in JVD silicon nitride is significantly lower than that in silicon dioxide of the same equivalent oxide thickness. Compared to their MOSFET counterparts, MNS transistors exhibit reduced low-field transconductance but enhanced high-field transconductance, perhaps due to the presence of border traps.
Fighting speech with speech: David Duke, the anti-defamation league, online bookstores, and hate filters

Examination of the handling of one recently published book, white supremacist David Duke's My Awakening, points out some important technologically-driven changes in the way books are marketed. At Duke's website, copies of the book can be ordered and lengthy excerpts are presented. A detailed review and a different selection of excerpts of My Awakening are presented at the website of an organization opposed to Duke's ideas: the Anti-Defamation League, which markets software designed to block access to websites such as Duke's. The major online bookstores sell My Awakening, posting reviews submitted by members of the public, most of whom give it and Duke's politics the highest possible rating. Filtering software may recognize Duke's website and block access to hateful rhetoric there, but similar rhetoric posted as online book reviews remains publicly available; rather than attempting to adapt filtering software to public forums such as online bookstores, information must be added at such sites enabling human visitors to detect hate speech.
Caring for intubated newborns: analgesia and sedation. Collaborative discussions between the Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesú and the Mayo Clinic

Abstract Pain relief and sedation are essential for critically ill newborns. Unfortunately, assessment of pain and need for sedation remain difficult. The collaborative discussions in 2007 between the Ospedale Paediatrico Bambino Gesu and the Mayo Clinic provided us with an opportunity to compare and contrast the assessment of pain, assessment of need for sedation and measures used to relieve pain/provide sedation. We began our session with a review of pain assessment tools in newborns and current options for pain relief and sedation. We discussed a pilot audit of analgesia use in the newborn intensive care unit at the Mayo Clinic and the challenges of escalating opiate doses in certain patients. Dr Marina Cuttini from Ospedale Paediatrico Bambino Gesu provided European perspectives. Discussions considered how to improve our bedside nursing assessment of newborn pain. A potential for future collaboration may be to compare analgesia doses for intubated newborns in Rome with doses used in Rochester, either by retrospective chart review or in a prospective study. We might also compare the management of opiate withdrawal in newborns. Research into non-opiate analgesia for newborns may give us new options to avoid opiate side-effects.
Rock On! Band Together to Fight Hunger: Results from a Food Insecurity Awareness Project.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate a service-learning project conducted at a public university in the southern United States of America. A sample of 46 undergraduates enrolled in two sections of a liberal studies personal nutrition seminar course participated in a food insecurity awareness project. The service-learning component entailed volunteering at a community kitchen. In addition, students planned, organized and implemented a band concert fundraiser for a regional food bank. Students designed tee-shirts, fliers, and concert tickets. Classroom components of the project included assigned readings, seminar questions, quiz and discussion, and a guest speaker. Students completed a survey at the conclusion of the project. Results showed that volunteering and fundraising, as ranked by students, seemed to be among the most important components to help students understand food insecurity. The findings suggest that students increased their awareness of food insecurity through the mix of pedagogical approaches used.
Relationships among rate-dependent stiffnesses of asphalt concrete using laboratory and field test methods

As the application of nondestructive testing on pavements in service becomes more frequent, it is increasingly important to relate the resulting stiffnesses to those from laboratory test methods. The relationship among stiffnesses measured from five test methods currently used for asphalt concrete is addressed: creep compliance, complex modulus, impact resonance, falling weight deflectometer, and surface wave. Established relationships from linear viscoelastic theory are used to relate stiffnesses, including a comparison of creep stiffness, S(t), and relaxation modulus, E(t), calculated from creep compliance, D(t). Using laboratory and field measured stiffnesses, a linear relationship was discovered between stiffness and frequency on a log-log scale.
Multivalent hydrogen bonding block copolymers self-assemble into strong and tough self-healing materials

Triblock copolymers having glassy PMMA blocks and dynamic hydrogen bonding blocks were synthesized by sequential atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The dynamic triblock copolymers self-assemble into nanocomposite materials exhibiting a combination of mechanical strength, toughness, and self-healing capability.
Prolonged antioestrogenic activity of ICI 46, 474 in the ovariectomized mouse.

Prolonged antiestrogenic activity of ICI 46474 the trans-isomer of 1-(para-beta-dimethyl aminoethoxyphenyl)-12-diphenylbut-l-ene in the ovariectomized mouse was studied. The ability of the uterus and vagina to accumulate radio-labeled estradiol in vivo at various times after the administration of ICI 46474 was compared with the ability of the vagina to respond to estrogen. 3-mg ICI 46474 subcutaneously (sc) produced vaginal refractoriness to sc administered estradiol for up to 6 weeks. Maximum accumulation of (6 7-tritiated)estradiol-17beta was found in the uterus and vagina after 3-4 hours. 6 weeks after ICI 46474 administration radioactivity in the vagina was comparable to the controls and by 10 weeks uterine levels returned to control values. ICI 46474 caused an estrogenic effect upon the uterus whereas the vagina appeared to be initially stimulated and was then unable to respond to or bind estradiol.
Stability of interconnected random access networks

The interconnection of two random access networks via a bridge link is considered. Sufficient conditions for the stability of the interconnected system are derived, using an easier-to-analyze auxiliary system.
Odds of observing the multiverse

Eternal ination predicts our observable universe lies within a bubble (or pocket universe) embedded in a volume of inating space. The interior of the bubble undergoes ination and standard cosmology, while the bubble walls expand outward and collide with other neighboring bubbles. The collisions provide either an opportunity to make a direct observation of the multiverse or, if they produce unacceptable anisotropy, a threat to inationary theory. The probability of an observer in our bubble detecting the eects of collisions has an absolute upper bound set by the odds of being in the part of our bubble that lies in the forward light-cone of a collision; in the case of collisions with bubbles of identical vacua, this bound is given by the bubble nucleation rate times (HO=HI) 2 , where HO is the Hubble scale outside the bubbles and HI is the scale of the second round of ination that occurs inside our bubble. Similar results were obtained
MÖssbauer Effect Study of the Absence of Fe Magnetism in Superconducting Sc2Fe3Si5 and Th7Fe3

There are only a few Fe-based compounds which are superconducting since the depairing of Cooper pairs is unavoidable in the presence of an Fe moment. In Sc2Fe3Si5 and Th7Fe3, Mossbauer measurements on 57Fe show that there is no magnetism at the Fe site in either compound. The isomer shift values indicate the reason behind this identical magnetic behavior to be quite different in its electronic origin.
Scalar measures of performance in rare-event situations

A set of 14 scalar, nonprobabilistic measures—some old, some new—is examined in the rare-event situation. The set includes measures of accuracy, association, discrimination, bias, and skill. It is found that all measures considered herein are inequitable in that they induce under- or overforecasting. One condition under which such bias is not induced (for some of the measures) is when the underlying class-conditional distributions are Gaussian (normal) and equivariant.
Applications and extensions of Goursat normal form to control of nonlinear systems

The Goursat normal form theorem gives conditions under which a Pfaffian exterior differential system is equivalent to a certain normal form. This paper details how the Goursat normal form and its extensions provide a unified framework for understanding feedback linearization, chained form, and differential flatness. >
A Multimedia Information Repository for Cross Cultural Dance Studies

Multimedia technologies provide effective means for studying the evolution of dance across time and space. The study may be at the micro level which analyzes the development of an individual's performance and the movements of the dancer(s) in 3D space and over the length of the dance. However, at the macro level, diffusion of dance throughout the world over a span of time may be investigated in order to trace particular dance repertoires that may have traveled across various cultures and traditions. Although clearly different with respect to the expected objectives, both micro level analysis and macro level analysis require detailed comparison of patterns on the basis of certain characteristics that are deemed significant for a given dance. These characteristics are diverse in nature and may include such parameters as design formations, use of space (including level, direction, etc.), dynamics, paraphernalia (e.g., swords, sticks, etc.), sound, and color. We present the design of a multimedia information system with two complimentary aims. The first is to automate, to the greatest degree possible, the process of comparison and analysis of dance and human movement. Much of the information about dance exists in the form of video, images, audio and written commentaries, all collected into a digital library. As dance related materials are added, a wide variety of routines are needed to extract the necessary low level features from the multimedia objects. These low level features are then interpreted to human understandable features and patterns, which will be used for analysis by specialists. The second aim is to bring artists and technologists closer in a meaningful way.
Safety hazards associated with air‐emission controls

Air-emission controls have been installed in refineries since 1990 to comply with environmental regulations such as Benzene NESHAP and the Clean Air Act. Companies have experienced incidents associated with these air-emission controls, but the extent of the problem could not be quantified. In this paper, we present the results of a survey of the member companies of API's Safety and Fire Protection Subcommittee (SFPS) to determine the number and type of air-emission controls which have been installed, and the types of incidents which they have experienced. The survey was completed in February 1998. We obtained responses from eight SFPS member companies, including 16 refineries, 1 gas plant, 2 chemical plants and 1 marketing terminal. A total of 2,110 air-emission controls have been installed at these facilities and 70 incidents associated with these controls have been reported. Of the 70 incidents a number involved recurring events associated with the same air-emission control, so when these events are deleted, only 32 unique incidents remain. 15 of these unique incidents resulted in injury or significant property damage. Carbon canisters are the most common air-emission control installed (769) and there have been 10 unique incidents associated with carbon canisters/beds, of which 5 resulted in injury or significant property damage. Given the prevalence of carbon canister installations and the associated incidents, the SFPS Emission Control Safety Work groups decided to focus mitigation/prevention efforts on carbon canisters. If carbon beds are overloaded with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or highly reactive materials, they can overheat and catch fire, which can then provide an ignition source for VOC vapors. The industry however does not appear to be fully aware of the hazards associated with the use of carbon canisters and the limitations on their use. In many installations safeguards to prevent fires or explosions may be necessary. Typical safeguards include: pre-wet new canisters to prevent excessive heat buildup. avoid applications where adsorption of highly reactive chemicals such as ketones, aldehydes and organic acids may occur. avoid VOC concentrations in excess of 10,000 ppmv. provide flame arrestors to pre vent flashback to VOC sources. provide vacuum breakers directly on process equipment to prevent air ingress into hot carbon canisters. We believe that the widespread use of carbon canisters presents the need to develop appropriate guidelines to prevent further incidents. The objective of this project was to research and evaluate the safety hazards associated with certain air-emission control systems used in the petroleum industry and to develop recommendations to address these hazards.
Remote Healthcare Monitoring System Architecture using Sensor Networks

Ubiquitous processing is impacting several applications affecting our lives. In this paper we propose a remote health care monitoring system that uses sensor networks to extend the coverage of medical application to underserved area. We delineate the challenges that face researchers in this area. In addition, the paper describes the general architecture and proposes a MAC scheme for healthcare sensor networks (MACH) that adapts channel provisioning based on the information criticality. MACH enables emergency traffic to meet its quality of service (QoS) requirements. Performance evaluation using analytical modeling shows that our proposed MAC give preference to emergency traffic which is crucial for medical applications.
A numerical and experimental study on gap compensation and wavelength selection in UV-lithography of ultra-high aspect ratio SU-8 microstructures

Abstract This paper presents a study on UV-lithography of thick SU-8 resist using air gap compensation and optimal wavelength selection for ultra-high aspect ratio microstructures. Both numerical simulations and experiments were conducted to study effects of different lithography conditions: broadband light source with and without air gap compensation, filtered light source with glycerol liquid, and filtered light source with Cargille refractive index matching liquid. A thick PMMA sheet was used as an optical filter to eliminate most of the i-line components of a broadband light source. Using the filtered light source and gap compensation with the Cargille refractive index liquid perfectly matching that of SU-8, patterns with feature sizes of 6 μm thick, 1150 μm tall (aspect ratio of more than 190:1) and high quality sidewalls were obtained. Microstructures with height up to 2 mm and good sidewall quality were also obtained and presented. The study also proved that Cargille refractive index matching liquid is compatible with UV-lithography of SU-8 and may be used as an effective air gap compensation solution.
Two New Treefrogs from Normanby Island, Papua New Guinea

We describe two new species of lowland Litoria from Normanby Island, off the southeastern tip of New Guinea. One new species is a medium-sized member of the Litoria thesaurensis species group and differs from the other three members of that group in having a combination of white bones, extensive webbing, a loud quacking call, and a uniformly yellow color pattern. The second species is apparently a member of the Litoria bicolor species group and differs from other Papuan members of that group in a number of important morphological features (relative head shape, absence of vomerine teeth, absence of alary processes on the hyoid) that suggest the L. bicolor species group may not be a monophyletic assemblage. Both new species are currently known with certainty only from Normanby Island but seem likely to occupy at least the remainder of the D'Entrecasteaux archipelago as well.
Effects of buspirone on the immediate positive and delayed negative properties of intravenous cocaine as measured in the conditioned place preference test

In prior work, we have demonstrated that the behavioral effects of cocaine adhere to the predictions of the opponent-process theory of drug action. Animals develop conditioned place preferences for distinct locations paired with the immediate effects of IV cocaine, but learn to avoid places paired with the effects present 15-min post-injection. It was of interest to assess the putative role of 5-HT in producing the negative properties of cocaine since cocaine acts to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) and since such actions have been associated with anxiogenic consequences. Male rats were administered a reinforcing dose of cocaine (1.0 mg/kg IV) and then placed - either immediately or after a 15-min delay - into one side of a two-compartment (black-white) conditioned place preference (CPP) box for 5-min. On alternate days, the animals received IV saline injections and were placed in the opposite side of the CPP box. This continued for eight days after which animals had experienced 4 pairings of cocaine with one side (black or white) of the CPP apparatus, and 4 saline pairings with the opposite side. Other groups of rats were treated identically except that 30-min prior to placement into the apparatus, these animals received an IP injection of saline or buspirone (a partial 5-HT1A agonist) at a dose that we have shown to be anxiolytic (2.5 mg/kg IP). Control animals experienced either buspirone or saline pretreatments without cocaine. Our results confirm that animals increase the time spent on the side paired with the immediate effects of cocaine (compared to baseline), but tend to avoid the side paired with effects present 15-min post-injection. Buspirone had no effect on the immediate rewarding properties of cocaine, but completely reversed the negative properties present 15-min post-cocaine. These results are consistent with the view that attenuation of 5-HT neurotransmission (via the autoreceptor agonist properties of buspirone) can reverse the negative impact of IV cocaine.
Metal Uptake in Plants and Health Risk Assessments in Metal‐Contaminated Smelter Soils

Metal pollution is an important concern because of its potential to affect human health. Metals such as lead and cadmium can enter soil via the food chain and exceed normal limits, producing harmful effects. In this study, six common garden and residential plant species were grown in soils from Spelter, WV, USA, contaminated with a variety of metals including lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu). Plant species included radish, carrot, chicory, spinach, lettuce, and clover. Metal concentrations in plant tissues were compared with metal concentration in soil by a multi-step chemical extraction. The largest accumulation of Pb (126 mg kg−1) and Zn (1493 mg kg−1) was seen in radish roots, with Cd (40 mg kg−1) having the largest accumulation in carrot roots. Comparisons of plant availability with soil chemical extractions indicated that the combined soluble and exchangeable fractions could estimate available Zn and Cd for all six plant species. For Pb and Cu, however, the comparisons indicate that these two elements were not readily available in Spelter soils. A health risk assessment was carried out for residents at Spelter on the basis of edible tissue concentrations and publicly available consumption data. Uptake of Cd by carrot roots was about five times more than the regulatory limits for men, eight times more for women, and 12 times more for children. On the basis of the results, carrot and lettuce grown in these soils have the potential to cause toxicological problems in men, women, and young children resulting from Cd and Zn accumulation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.