cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equitable Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccines: An Analysis of Allocation Plans of CDC's Jurisdictions with Implications for Disparate Impact Monitoring (preprint)

Major global and national vaccine allocation guidelines urge planners to allocate vaccines in ways that recognize, and ideally reduce, existing societal inequities within countries. However, allocation plans of the US will be determined individually by each of the CDC’s 64 jurisdictions (states, the District of Columbia, five cities, and territories). We analyzed whether jurisdictions have incorporated novel approaches to reduce inequity, based on plans published by the CDC in early November 2020 (63 summaries [98% of all jurisdictions] and 47 full guidance documents [73% of all, including all 50 states]). Eighteen states adopted a novel proposal to use a disadvantage index to allocate vaccines more equitably, for five types of equity goals: 1) to prioritize disadvantaged groups directly, 2) to define priority groups in phased systems, 3) to plan tailored outreach and communication, 4) to plan the location of dispensing sites and 5) to monitor uptake. Yet just over a third of all states, and only half of the 16 states with the largest shares of disadvantaged populations—where reducing inequity would be most urgent—pursue such goals. While allocation frameworks are still evolving, the plans we analyzed mark important historical and practical benchmarks, and could become firm policy when COVID-19 vaccines are authorized and delivered. Vaccine roll-out poses unprecedented logistical and practical challenges. To minimize the risk that ethics and social justice falls by the wayside in the busy months to come, planners at the federal, state and local levels should carefully consider on what grounds they decline to adopt equity measures that other planners deem important and feasible for defining priority populations, designing allocation quotas, and just as critical, enabling, and monitoring, uptake.
Rapid antigen test had up to 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity for detecting COVID-19 in persons with mild symptoms

SOURCE CITATION: Gremmels H, Winkel BMF, Schuurman R, et al. Real-life validation of the Panbio COVID-19 antigen rapid test (Abbott) in community-dwelling subjects with symptoms of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;31:100677. 33521610.
Novel 2D velocity estimation method for large transient events in plasmas.

Dynamics of fast transient events are challenging to be analyzed with high time resolution. Such events can occur in fusion plasmas such as the filaments during edge-localized modes (ELMs). In this paper, we present a robust method—the spatial displacement estimation—for estimating the displacements of structures with fast dynamics from high spatial and time resolution imaging diagnostics [e.g., gas-puff imaging (GPI)] with sampling time temporal resolution. First, a background suppression method is shown, which suppresses the slowly time-evolving and spatially non-uniform background in the signal. In the second step, a two-dimensional polynomial trend subtraction method is presented to tackle the remaining polynomial order trend in the signal. After performing these pre-processing steps, the spatial displacement of the propagating structure is estimated from the two-dimensional spatial cross-correlation coefficient function calculated between consecutive frames. The method is tested for its robustness and accuracy by simulated Gaussian events and spatially displaced random noise. An example application of the method is presented on propagating ELM filaments measured by the GPI system on the National Spherical Torus Experiment spherical tokamak.
DRAM cell structures and technologies

Over a dozen different cell structures and technologies have been proposed in the past few years to reduce DRAM cell size. Each of the proposals represents a tradeoff between process complexity, cell size and cell perfarmance. This panel will attempt to identify the advantages and disadvantages of these competing approaches and try to understand the trend in cell structures and technologies for the next generation of DRAMs.
United States v. Jones: Fourth Amendment Applicability in the 21st Century

To control governmental actions, the Fourth Amendment must be applicable. That applicability question is a two sided inquiry: (1) does the governmental activity – which must be either a search or a seizure – invade (2) an individual interest protected by the Amendment? If one does not know what is protected by the Amendment, then it cannot be determined what the government can do without implicating it. If one does know what is protected, governmental intrusions of that protected interest must be analyzed to determine whether they are considered a search or seizure and accordingly required to be reasonable. United States v. Jones addressed that applicability question and is the subject of this essay. Jones is unlikely to have significant precedential value. The Scalia majority opinion offers little that is new: physical trespasses have always been viewed as implicating the Amendment and his opinion is notable primarily for reiterating that baseline view. The concurring opinions of Alito and Sotomayor offer vague observations about various technologies, using the reasonable expectation of privacy formula to project their views. Their comments are more likely to result in confusion rather than guidance for lower courts, illustrating the failings of the expectations framework. The Fourth Amendment protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects.” Grammatically, there is a relational aspect to the right set forth in the Amendment, which speaks of certain objects protected – people, houses, papers, and effects – but those objects are not absolutely shielded. Instead, the right to be “secure” is protected and I have long advocated invigorating that term and using it as the proper measure of the protection afforded by the Amendment. In contrast, Jones is a recycling of twentieth century arguments about property versus privacy that do not adequately confront the issues in the digital age.
Control Education in the Era of Microprocessors

Increased interest in applications and utilization of microprocessors in many industrial products combined with the benefits of process automation and automated manufacturing systems dictate the need for control engineers having good understanding of such fundamentals as modeling and system dynamics microprocessor-based control design, and feedback control theory. This paper presents an overview of our undergraduate and graduate curriculum in systems and control. The emphasis is on the utlization of microprocessors in control system designs.
Bringing Social Work Education to the Prairie

This article reports on an evaluation of a distance education program that offered all undergraduate social work courses over an interactive television network to four rural sites. Evaluations indicate few differences in satisfaction and student outcomes between the on-campus and distance cohorts. The on-campus and distance-site instructors also report a high level of satisfaction. Furthermore, results of an alumni survey conducted seven years following termination of the program found all graduates licensed to practice social work and 92% of these graduates currently employed as professional social workers. The article concludes with a description of lessons learned from the program.
High resolution DNS of jet stream generated tropopausal turbulence

[1] Tropopausal turbulence (TT), generated by jet streams, is examined, for different nonhomogeneous basic state forcing profiles, through high resolution three-dimensional (3D) direct numerical simulations (DNS). Turbulent core regions, on either side of the jet, are characterized by a dramatic decrease in Brunt-Vaisala frequency (N), minima in gradient Richardson number (Rig) and shear length scales, and maxima in buoyancy Reynolds number and buoyancy length scales. The edges of turbulent mixing layers are marked by N2-bulges, which provides an alternate mechanism for multiple tropopauses. While temperature variance peaks in the vicinity of these N2-bulges, velocity variances peak within the turbulent core. Multiple branches in the scaling of flux Richardson number with Rig are found typical for TT, a result having implications to the problem of turbulence parameterization.
Equations for a piezoelectric parallelepiped and applications in a gyroscope

Zero-dimensional equations for motions of a rectangular piezoelectric parallelepiped are derived from the three- dimensional equations of linear piezoelectricity by triple power series expansion in the length, width and thickness directions. The resulting equations are ordinary differential equations with time as the only independent variable. The lowest order equa- tions can describe motions with homogeneous shearing and stretching deformations as well as uniform electric fields. It is a generalization of the zero-dimensional theory of elastic bodies in the sense that electric coupling is included. The equations obtained are employed in the analysis of a ceramic plate thickness-shear piezoelectric gyroscope. Results useful to the under- standing and design of the gyroscope are obtained.
Changes in dimethyl sulfide oceanic distribution due to climate change

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is one of the major precursors for aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei in the marine boundary layer over much of the remote ocean. Here they report on coupled climate simulations with a state-of-the-art global ocean biogeochemical model for DMS distribution and fluxes using present-day and future atmospheric CO{sub 2} concentrations. They find changes in zonal averaged DMS flux to the atmosphere of over 150% in the Southern Ocean. This is due to concurrent sea ice changes and ocean ecosystem composition shifts caused by changes in temperature, mixing, nutrient, and light regimes. The largest changes occur in a region already sensitive to climate change, so any resultant local CLAW/Gaia feedback of DMS on clouds, and thus radiative forcing, will be particularly important. A comparison of these results to prior studies shows that increasing model complexity is associted with reduced DMS emissions at the equator and increased emissions at high latitudes.
The constant‐volume heat capacities of gaseous perfluorocyclobutane and propylene

The constant-volume heat capacities of gaseous perfluorocyclobutane and propylene have been measured over a considerable range of temperatures and densities with a new type of adiabatic calorimeter. This calorimeter differs from previous constant-volume gas calorimeters in having very thin walls and being equipped with an internal motor stirrer to provide temperature uniformity. The experimental results have been compared with the predictions of the BenedictWebb-Rubin and Martin-Hou equations, by use of published values of the zero-pressureconstant-volume heat capacity. The over-all agreement is satisfactory, with a maximum difference between the experimental and calculated heat capacities of 6.7%; however the comparison reveals several interesting. systematic differences between the experimental and calculated values of the derivatives of the constant-volume heat capacity with respect to temperature and density.
SNACK FOOD CONSUMPTION OF 12 YEAR OLD INNER‐CITY CHILDREN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ORAL HEALTH

The relations between reported frequency of consumption of 18 common snack foods, SES variables, and oral health scores were studied in 92 12-year-old children from three inner-city schools in Rochester, New York. The group was composed of 44 males and 48 females who were either black or had a Spanish surname. The study documented only a few significant relations between consumption of snack foods and DMF scores or overall oral health. Reported cake consumption correlated positively with total debris and gingivitis, and consumption of chewy candy and ice cream was positively related to DMF scores. Black females exhibited the greatest number of decayed and DMF teeth, and both male and female black children had significantly greater amounts of total debris, gingivitis and decayed teeth.
Tidal triggering of low frequency earthquakes near Parkfield, California: Implications for fault mechanics within the brittle‐ductile transition

[1] Studies of nonvolcanic tremor (NVT) have established the significant impact of small stress perturbations on NVT generation. Here we analyze the influence of the solid earth and ocean tides on a catalog of ∼550,000 low frequency earthquakes (LFEs) distributed along a 150 km section of the San Andreas Fault centered at Parkfield. LFE families are identified in the NVT data on the basis of waveform similarity and are thought to represent small, effectively co-located earthquakes occurring on brittle asperities on an otherwise aseismic fault at depths of 16 to 30 km. We calculate the sensitivity of each of these 88 LFE families to the tidally induced right-lateral shear stress (RLSS), fault-normal stress (FNS), and their time derivatives and use the hypocentral locations of each family to map the spatial variability of this sensitivity. LFE occurrence is most strongly modulated by fluctuations in shear stress, with the majority of families demonstrating a correlation with RLSS at the 99% confidence level or above. Producing the observed LFE rate modulation in response to shear stress perturbations requires low effective stress in the LFE source region. There are substantial lateral and vertical variations in tidal shear stress sensitivity, which we interpret to reflect spatial variation in source region properties, such as friction and pore fluid pressure. Additionally, we find that highly episodic, shallow LFE families are generally less correlated with tidal stresses than their deeper, continuously active counterparts. The majority of families have weaker or insignificant correlation with positive (tensile) FNS. Two groups of families demonstrate a stronger correlation with fault-normal tension to the north and with compression to the south of Parkfield. The families that correlate with fault-normal clamping coincide with a releasing right bend in the surface fault trace and the LFE locations, suggesting that the San Andreas remains localized and contiguous down to near the base of the crust. The deep families that have high sensitivity to both shear and tensile normal stress perturbations may be indicative of an increase in effective fault contact area with depth. Synthesizing our observations with those of other LFE-hosting localities will help to develop a comprehensive understanding of transient fault slip below the “seismogenic zone” by providing constraints on parameters in physical models of slow slip and LFEs.
Reconstruction of the naso-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) complex using the osteocutaneous radial forearm flap (OCRFF).

ObjectivesDescribe the utility of osteocutaneous forearm flaps in reconstruction of naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) defects.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary medical centers.Subjects and MethodsThe study was conducted on patients treated between the years 2000 and 2014 undergoing NOE resection with reconstruction using the radial forearm flap. Decision making, technical feasibility, need for revisions, and patient disease outcomes were included to assess the durability of reconstruction over remaining survival period.ResultsFifteen patients underwent NOE reconstruction in the timeframe studied. Five recent patients reported poor nasal airway but no diplopia or immediately clinically evident enopthalmus after NOE reconstruction in mean follow-up of 17.3 months. One-third of patients succumbed to disease in the study period, 3 without revision, and all but 2 surviving patients required revisions.ConclusionOsteocutaneous radial forearm flap (OCRFF) is a cosmetically acceptable method of rec...
Molecular beam epitaxial growth and structural design of In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As/InP HEMTs

Abstract Lattice-matched In 0.52 Al 0.48 As and In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As layers and two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) structures have been grown on (100) InP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with dimeric or tetrameric arsenic species. Surface morphology of 0.5 μm In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As layers is strongly influenced by the As 4 to group III flux ratio, and also by the arsenic species used in the growth. The RHEED oscillation study shows that the uses of As 2 or higher As 4 flux reduce the group III adatoms surface diffusion, hence improving the interface or surface roughness caused by the alloy clustering. This behavior is more obvious in the growth of In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As layers than In 0.52 Al 0.48 As. Two-dimensional electron mobilities of over 11,080 cm 2 /V⋯s at 300 K and 33,500 cm 2 /V⋯s at 77 K with sheet charge of 3.9×10 12 cm −2 have been achieved from this study.
Thermal Expansion of AgCl

The thermal coefficient of expansion of AgCl has been measured as a function of temperature from 120 to 710\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K (melting point = 728\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) by means of x-ray diffraction from small single crystals. Above 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the results agree well with the dilatometric measurements reported by Strelkow. Such agreement indicates that the concentration of Schottky defects in AgCl is not large enough to influence significantly the thermal expansion below 710\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The thermal expansion for the entire temperature range is described rather well by Gr\"uneisen's theory, (1) if it is assumed that thermally generated Frenkel defects contribute significantly to the high-temperature thermal expansion, and (2) if two parameters in the theory are chosen to give a good fit to the low-temperature ($Tl300$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) x-ray data. Attempts to determine the activation energy of the Frenkel defects from comparison of the thermal expansion data with theory indicate that certain constants of the theory are probably temperature dependent. Below 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the x-ray results differ significantly from the dilatometric results reported by Sreedhar. Low-temperature x-ray measurements of the thermal expansion of Al are, therefore, included and compared with existing data in the literature to demonstrate the validity of our experimental technique. The especially convenient experimental technique used is described.
Lipid composition of plasma membranes from developing chick muscle cells in culture

Abstract The lipid composition of the plasma membrane and crude particulate fractions from cultured chick muscle cells has been determined. The plasma membrane and crude particulate fractions were isolated from cells grown in high calcium medium to permit nonsynchronous fusion, from cells made to fuse synchronously by growth in low-calcium medium which was then changed to high-calcium medium to initiate synchronous fusion, and from cultures enriched for myotubes by growth in the presence of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. The lipid to protein ratio in the plasma membranes was unusually high (2.3–2.8, w/w). The major lipid constituents of the plasma membrane were phospholipids (1.8 μmoles/mg protein), cholesterol (0.6 μmole/μmole phospholipid), and tri- and diglycerides (0.03–0.08 μmole/μmole phospholipid). The phospholipids were composed of approx. 50% phosphatidylcholine, 30% phosphatidylethanolamine, 11% sphingomyelin, 6% phosphatidylinositol, and 3% phosphatidylserine. The fatty acid compositions of the plasma membranes were similar to those of the crude particulate fractions except that the plasma membrane fatty acids were slightly more saturated. No gross differences were observed in the lipid compositions of plasma membrane or crude particulate fractions from myoblasts, fusing cells, and myotubes.
Histopathological evaluation of the uterosacral ligament: is this a dependable structure for pelvic reconstruction?

OBJECTIVE To explore, by histological examination, whether the uterosacral ligament complex is an adequate support structure for vaginal vault suspension and other reconstructive procedures of the female pelvis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We dissected 14 fresh hemipelves from seven adult female cadavers. The uterosacral complexes were excised from the pelvic sidewall immediately beneath the uterosacral pedicle. The specimens were stained with connective tissue-specific Movat stain and evaluated microscopically for the presence of collagen and/or elastin. RESULTS Uterosacral tissue similar to that identified during pelvic reconstructive surgery was obtained in all cases. Six of the women had had a hysterectomy. A ligamentous structure with clearly aligned collagen and interspersed elastin was identified in only three specimens, two from one cadaver of a young woman who had not had a hysterectomy. The other specimens had an attenuated, poorly organized layer of collagen immediately beneath the peritoneum. CONCLUSION We could not consistently identify normal ligamentous tissue in the uterosacral complexes. The overwhelming majority of specimens from women who had had a hysterectomy showed disorganized tissue with reduced cellularity. This reinforces doubts about the integrity of these tissues as structural supports in pelvic reconstructive surgery, particularly in elderly women who have had a hysterectomy.
On Address Privacy in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The network addresses of principals in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) are conventionally assumed to be public information. This may cause devastating consequences for MANETs deployed in hostile environments. For example, attackers can easily locate a target principal based his known network address and then launch a pinpoint attack. This paper identifies address privacy as a new security requirement to prevent attackers from ascertaining network addresses of MANET principals. We further present Swarms, the first solution to satisfying this requirement. Swarms eliminates the conventionally explicit one-on-one mappings between MANET principals and network addresses and allows any two principals to communicate while blind to each other's address. We quantitatively measure the address privacy offered by Swarms via an entropy-based information-theoretic metric.
Speech-motor equivalence in aging subjects'.

The peak amplitude of EMG activity was measured from the orbicularis oris superior (OOS), orbicularis oris inferior (OOI), and masseter muscles for three normal, geriatric women (range 70 to 75 yr....
Use of SiCl4 as Silicon Precursor for Low-Temperature Halo-Carbon Epitaxial Growth of 4H-SiC

Chlorinated silicon precursor SiCl4 was investigated as an alternative to SiH4 with HCl addition as a source of additional chlorine in order to suppress the homogeneous nucleation during the low-temperature epitaxial growth at 1300°C. The homogeneous nucleation in the gas phase was further reduced compared to SiH4+HCl growth. The process window for obtaining good epilayer morphology during the CH3Cl/SiCl4 growth was found to correspond to Si supply-limited mode. At lower values of C/Si ratio formation of Si-rich polycrystalline islands/droplets took place. At high C/Si ratio, formation of polycrystalline SiC was the source of morphology degradation. The process window became increasingly narrower at higher Rg, which limited the possibility of significantly increasing Rg at such low growth temperatures. Generation of triangular defects became significant at Rg above 5-6 μm/hr, even when a nearly-optimal value of C/Si ratio was used. Similar experiments were conducted using C3H8, a more traditional precursor, instead of the halo-carbon precursor CH3Cl. While a similar growth rate could be achieved for the same SiCl4 flow rate, much lower values of the C/Si ratio were required. The morphology with C3H8 was worse within the process window. The C/Si process window for the C3H8/SiCl4 growth was much narrower compared to the CH3Cl/SiCl4 growth, and the window essentially disappeared at Rg > 3 4 μm/hr.
Shuttle Environment Effects On Coated Mirrors

oated mirrors used in optical instrument payloads designed for use at ultraviolet wave-lengths face the risk that molecular contamination, in small amounts, can degrade reflectivity. This can be particularly damaging if a combination of solar ultraviolet radiation and organic gases are present, resulting in photopolymerization of hydrocarbon tars onto a mirror surface. Shuttle flight data has suggested that high energy atomic oxygen may be used to clean a previously contaminated mirror. A passive flight experiment, relying only on before and after reflectivity measurements, was designed and built to investigate the effects of molecular contamination in space. A number of mirror samples were prepared with a variety of surface treatments. These included contamination of the mirrors with Dioptyl Phthalate, ultraviolet irradiation of a portion of the contaminated samples, and scratches on the mirror surfaces. The samples were mounted in scaled-down telescope barrel configurations to accurately simulate the effects of the exposure of a full-size astronomical telescope to ambient atomic oxygen flow. A total of nine small optical assemblies were mounted on a plate. The plate was then mounted on a Shuttle Payloads of Opportunity Carrier pallet, facing out of the Shuttle bay, and flown as part of the Hitch-Hiker-G payload on the STS-61C flight of January 1986. The results of this experiment are presented in this paper.
Preliminary evaluation of psychoeducational support interventions on quality of life in rural breast cancer survivors after primary treatment

Although most cancer survivors are at risk for being lost in the transition from treatment to survivorship, rural breast cancer survivors face special challenges that might place them at particular risk. This small-scale preliminary study had 2 specific aims: (aim 1) establish the feasibility of rural breast cancer survivors participation in a longitudinal quality of life (QOL) intervention trial and (aim 2) determine the effects of the Breast Cancer Education Intervention (BCEI) on overall QOL. Fifty-three rural breast cancer survivors were randomized to either an experimental (n = 27) or a wait-control arm (n = 26). Participants in the experimental arm received the BCEI consisting of 3 face-to-face education and support sessions and 2 face-to-face and 3 telephone follow-up sessions, along with supplemental written and audiotape materials over a 6-month period. Breast Cancer Education Intervention modules and interventions are organized within a QOL framework. To address the possible effects of attention, wait-control participants received 3 face-to-face sessions and 3 telephone sessions during the first 6 months of participation in the study, but not the BCEI intervention. Research questions addressing aim 1 were as follows: (a) can rural breast cancer survivors be recruited into a longitudinal intervention trial, and (b) can their participation be retained. Research questions for aim 2 were as follows: (a) do participants who received the BCEI show improvement in overall QOL, and (b) is the QOL improvement sustained over time. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures general linear mixed models. Results demonstrated the ability to recruit and retain 53 rural breast cancer survivors, that the experimental arm showed improvement in overall QOL (P = .013), and that there were significant differences in overall QOL between the experimental and wait-control groups at both months 3 and 6. Thus, it appears that at least some rural breast cancer survivors can and will participate in a larger trial and will maintain their participation and that those that do participate experience significant QOL benefit.
Evaluating the Use of Random Distribution Theory to Introduce Statistical Inference Concepts to Business Students.

Bootstrapping methods and random distribution methods are increasingly recommended as better approaches for teaching students about statistical inference in introductory-level statistics courses. The authors examined the effect of teaching undergraduate business statistics students using random distribution and bootstrapping simulations. It is the first such empirical demonstration employing an experimental research design. Results indicate that students in the experimental group—where random distribution and bootstrapping simulations were used to reinforce learning—demonstrated significantly greater gains in learning as indicated by both gain scores on the Assessment of Statistical Inference and Reasoning Ability and final course grade point averages, relative to students in the control group.
Maximal cliques in the Paley graph of square order

Copyright (c) 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Determining the clique number of the Paley graph of order q, q≡1 (mod 4r a prime power, is a difficult problem. However, the work of Blokhuis implies that in the Paley graph of order q 2 , where q is any odd prime power, the clique number is in fact q. In this paper we construct maximal cliques of size (1r/(2r(q+1r or (1r/(2r(q+3r, accordingly as q≡1 (mod 4r or q≡3 (mod 4r, in the Paley graph of order q 2 . It is believed that these are the largest maximal cliques which are not maximum. We also briefly discuss maximal cliques in some graphs naturally associated with the interior and exterior points of a conic in PG(2,qr for odd prime powers q.
‘Documentary Filmmaking in the Postmodern Age: Errol Morris & The Fog of Truth’

ABSTRACTIn this article, I examine the contemporary Western crisis of realist documentary through the lens of Errol Morris's filmmaking style. The recent widespread popularity of Morris's nonfiction films has in fact signaled a seemingly new trend within documentary filmmaking in the US. Taking Morris's Academy Award-winning ‘The Fog of War’ (2003) as a paradigmatic example of American postmodern documentary films pitched to a mass audience, this piece explores the concepts of “historical narrative” and “documentary truth” against a background of diminished public confidence in the “objectivity” of the camera. What has been the impact of the academic critique of realism on the evidential power of documentary filmmaking? How has the postmodern attack on historicism operated to subvert the ways in which documentary form is now conceived? More specifically, in what ways does ‘The Fog of War’ address the impasse that the ‘metanarrative’ of history has reached at the turn of the twentieth-first century? What m...
Angular correlation study of the levels of 97Nb populated in the decay of 97Zr

Abstract The level structure of 97Nb has been studied by measuring angular correlations of γ-rays emitted in the decay of 97Zr. The cascades measured were (energies in keV): 355–1750, 355-(602)-1148, 254-(703)-1148, 602–1148 and 703–1148. The deduced correlations permit unique spin-parity assignments to be made for the levels at 1148 ( 7 2 + ), 1750 ( 5 2 + ) and 1852 ( 5 2 + ) keV . Multipole mixing ratios have been deduced for the 254, 355, 602, 703 and 1148 keV transitions.
Suitability of Canola Residue for Cellulosic Ethanol Production

The acreage of winter canola in the Southeastern United States is presently limited but is expected to increase in the future as demand for biodiesel grows. The residue production of canola is known to be relatively high in comparison to other grain crops. Only the seed of canola is currently harvested and utilized, but if canola is to be grown more widely the crop residue could potentially be used for biofuel production. This proof of concept study investigated the value of canola crop residue as a feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production. The mean dry yield of residue for canola was found to be approximately 9 Mg/ha, which is higher than for other common winter crops produced in the Southeast. Cellulosic ethanol production from the residue was investigated through acid (H2SO4) and alkali (NaOH) pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase and cellobiase and hexose fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ethanol yield from the biomass was relatively low, at around 95 L per dry ...
Synthesis and properties of alkylated imidazoles

Alkylation of 4(5)-nitroimidazole-5(4)-sulfonamide with benzyl bromide occurred on both ring nitrogens. The structures of the products could be assigned by comparison of the chemical shifts of the sulfonamide hydrogens in the nmr spectra with those of the isomeric methyl derivatives, which were prepared by differing routes. Uv and nmr spectral data are reported for a number of bromo-, nitro-, mercapto-, sulfamyl- and amino- substituted imidazoles as well as for both of the isomeric methylated derivatives of the series.
Prediction of Stroke Motor Recovery Using Reflex Stiffness Measures at One Month

This study characterizes the recovery patterns of motor impairment after stroke, and uses neuromuscular measures of the elbow joint at one month after the event to predict the ensuing recovery patterns over 12 months. Motor impairment was assessed using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) of the upper extremity at various intervals after stroke. A parallel-cascade system identification technique characterized the intrinsic and reflex stiffness at various elbow angles. We then used “growth-mixture” modeling to identify three distinct recovery classes for FMA. While class 1 and class 3 subjects both started with low FMA, those in class 1 increased FMA significantly over 12-month recovery period, whereas those in class 3 presented no improvement. Class 2 subjects started with high FMA and also exhibited significant FMA improvement, but over a smaller range and at a slower recovery rate than class 1. Our results showed that the one-month reflex stiffness was able to distinguish between classes 1 and 3 even though both showed similarly low month-1 FMA. These findings demonstrate that, using reflex stiffness, we were able to accurately predict arm function recovery in stroke subjects over one year and beyond. This information is clinically significant and can be helpful in developing targeted therapeutic interventions.
Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in hyper-IgE syndrome

Patients with Hyper Immunoglobulin E Syndrome are predisposed to infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) as bronchiectasis develops. Pulmonary NTM infection should be aggressively looked for and treated in these patients.
Shortstopping runaway reactions

Runaway reactions continue to be a problem in the chemical industry. A recent study showed that 26.5% of our major chemical plant accidents are due to runaways. This article reviews the (a) historical perspective of runaways, (b) state of our knowledge of how to detect potential runaways, since detection is a key element of a successful inhibition process, and (c) state of our knowledge on how to shortstop, or inhibit, reaction. The objective of the research is to improve our plants safety performance in (a) identifying methods for successfully inhibiting runaway reactions under adverse conditions, and (b) highlighting future problems and limitations, as reactions are faster and reactors more complex. Computational Fluid Dynamics (Fluent) is the tool used in this study.
On the immunological nature of the long acting thyroid stimulator.

A series of experiments is reported designed to test the hypothesis that the long acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) of Graves' disease has antibody function. It was not possible to transfer LATS activity to new immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules in a dialysis bath or bound to cellulose, thus supporting the idea that LATS is an integral part of the IgG molecule. LATS was consistently removed from serum by a thyroid microsomal fraction and eluted from the microsomes under conditions appropriate for dissociation of antigen-antibody complexes. The eluted material contained a much larger quantity of LATS in proportion to its IgG content than the original serum. These findings were consistent with the hypothesis that LATS is an antibody. However, mixtures of LATS-containing serum and thyroid microsomes did not fix complement.
REPERTOIRES OF POWER: EARLY QING-CHOSŎN RELATIONS (1636–1644)

AbstractA few months after the founding of the Great Qing in 1636, Manchu troops descended on Chosŏn and eliminated a serious military threat. Situated to the immediate south of Manchuria, the kingdom of Chosŏn presented the new Qing Empire with a strategic problem. As an ally of the Ming, Chosŏn posed the serious threat of a combined Ming-Chosŏn attack on two fronts. The conquest began a period in which the Qing used the menace of a more devastating conquest to force Chosŏn to deliver soldiers and logistic aid to support its war efforts against the Ming. The Manchus complemented this with more “cultural” ways to persuade the Chosŏn. These combined efforts to treat Chosŏn as one of them, an insider who partook in practices such as hunting which were coded as Manchu, while at the same time recognizing the specific culture of Chosŏn and positioning the Qing in relation to that, mostly by manipulating Confucian discourse and practices. This essay argues that even before taking over Beijing in 1644 the Qing p...
Fibrinolytic Activity in Plasma From Horses With Gastrointestinal Diseases: Changes Associated With Diagnosis, Surgery, and Outcome

Plasma fibrinolytic activity was evaluated over 5 consecutive days in 59 horses admitted to the Large Animal Teaching Hospital with acute gastrointestinal diseases. Only horses hospitalized for at least 5 days were included in the study. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) were quantitated using standard chromogenic activity assays. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance; differences were considered significant when P < or = .05. Activity of PAI-1, the primary endogenous inhibitor of fibrinolysis, was significantly increased on hospital days 2, 4, and 5 in horses that died, when compared with those that were discharged from the hospital. Plasma PAI-1 activity was not different at admission, but was significantly increased on hospital days 2 and 3 in horses that underwent surgery, when compared with those that did not, suggesting an acute phase response to surgical intervention. Horses with strangulating intestinal lesions had significantly increased PAI-1 activity on day 3, while PAI-1 activity was significantly greater in horses with inflammatory conditions at the time of admission, when compared with horses with strangulating or nonstrangulating/noninflammatory lesions. Among all horses, PAI-1 activity was significantly higher and tPA activity was significantly lower on day 2 when compared with other hospital days. These results suggest that fibrinolysis is inhibited early in the course of inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases and in response to surgery. In addition, among all horses, the prognosis for survival was poor for those with persistently increased PAI-1 activity, reflecting treatment failure and the loss of hemostatic regulation.
Management of a term parturient with tracheal stenosis.

We describe the management of a 37-week parturient with a breech singleton pregnancy presenting with progressive dyspnoea caused by tracheal stenosis. The patient underwent bron-choscopy using a flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope and dilatation of a stenosis using a balloon-tipped catheter. Subsequently, the patiet had a normal delivery. (Br. J. Anaesth. 1994; 72: 354-357)
A MODEL FOR THE TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MANUFACTURING ASSESSMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION

This research presents a comprehensive investigation of the implementation of Total Productive Manufacturing (TPM) in major US industries and assesses the status of its implementation. The identification and categorization of the key characteristics of a TPM implementation are developed. An extensive survey was developed and conducted that allows companies to identify how they fit within the TPM philosophy and the way they highlight areas for improvement. Based on the survey, a new methodology to implement TPM was developed. This procedure builds upon traditional TPM procedures and equipment selection tools and further adds non-traditional tools. Value Stream Mapping was added to improve understanding of material flow in the manufacturing process. Failure Mode and Effects Criticality Analysis (FMECA) procedures introduced equipment reliability and probability of failure into the selection process. The comprehensive TPM methodology was demonstrated as a visual tool entitled, TPM Decision Matrix. The tool allows selection tradeoffs of various resources that are available in the industry. The methodology was tested in industry through a TPM implementation. The results showed that the equipment effectiveness in the company has improved by the new TPM results. The results also include several other major recommendations that have significant potential for enhancing factory effectiveness.
A layerwise beam element for analysis of frames with laminated sections and flexible joints

Abstract Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composites are being used currently as reinforcement for beams of conventional materials, such as concrete and glued-laminated timber (glulam). The common assumption of plane cross-sections through the laminate for laminated beams with dissimilar ply stiffnesses can lead to inaccurate results, articularly for rectangular sandwich beams with soft cores. In this paper, we extend the formulation of a 3-node beam finite element with layerwise constant shear (BLCS) to the analysis of plane frames with rectangular laminated sections and flexible joints. Experimental results for sandwich beams and glulam-FRP beams are used to illustrate the accuracy of BLCS. An A-frame with two distinct laminated cross-sections and a rigid or flexible apex joint is analyzed with BLCS and also plane-stress and layered-shell elements of ANSYS. The BLCS element predicts the response of the A-frame accurately and does not exhibit shear-locking.
Deep convective cloud scales and direct adjustment of upper troposphere moisture in TWP environment

A conceptually simple model based on cloud geometry is proposed to explain direct adjustment of moisture by convective clouds. The model is tested using deep convective cloud geometry and changes in upper tropospheric humidity in the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) during TOGACOARE. The model and the data emphasize the importance of clouds larger than a General Circulation Model (GCM) grid box in drying the upper topospheric environment and in sub grid scale clouds in moistening the upper topospheric environment. The convective cloud sizes and changes in moisture are shown to be linked to precipitation rates. The change from clouds that moisten to clouds that dry the environment occurs when the average cloud size in 6.8×104 km2 or rain rate of 2.1 mm hr−1. In a study of moisture change in the sub cloud layer due to convection, Barnes and Garstang (1982) demonstrated that precipitation rates greater than 2 mm hr−1 resulted in drying. The critical rain rates above which environmental drying occurs is similar for both upper tropospheric regions and the sub cloud. The similarity of the rain rates indicates that the model concepts maybe used to explain direct adjustment of moisture under a variety of conditions.
Conceptualizations of Decision Making in Nursing: Analytic Models and “Knowing the Patient”

Most studies of clinical decision making in nursing have been guided by analytic theories, such as information-processing and decision-analysis theories. Recently, some investigators have used naturalistic methods and have identified "knowing the patient" as relevant to clinical judgment. The author discusses two lines of inquiry and offers possible explanations for differences between the two conceptualizations of clinical decision making. Insights for future research are proposed.
Electronic Integrator for Micrometeorological Data

Abstract A transistorized, battery-operated integrator suitable for obtaining the time average of fluctuating electrical analogue signals in the field with relative errors of about 0.1 to 0.2 per cent is described. A solid state operational amplifier is used in an R-C integrator circuit. Continuous integration is accomplished by reversing the polarity of the input signal each time a fixed time-integral has occurred. The addition of a resistor to the ordinary R-C integrating circuit reduces the error resulting from the finite switching time. The integral is obtained by counting the input polarity reversals which are registered on a counter (mechanical or electronic) to be automatically recorded at desired intervals. The use of transistor converters allows the complete circuit as well as additional equipment to be operated several days from one 12V automobile battery.
Differential density separation of cellular suspensions.

Abstract A method is described for the rapid separation of cells from their suspending medium with only 1 5 th to 1 30 th the amount of contamination from the medium as with conventional centrifuging. The principle is to interlayer between the cells and the medium upon centrifuging an immiscible liquid whose density lies between that of the cells and medium. Quantitative measurement of the amount of contamination of the cells by the medium which does occur is achieved by adding a nonpermeable radioactively labeled substance to the suspension prior to centrifugation.
An integrated system for measuring sea ice motions

One of the objectives of the AIDJEX Spring 1972 Pilot Study was to develop an improved ability to measure the motions of sea ice in the central Arctic Ocean. An integrated system is described in which the basic measurements of position are acquired by the Navy Navigation Satellite System and a specially designed hydroacoustic tracking system. Celestial observations of ice floe azimuth give the system additional redundancy. These measurements are then related to ice velocities and accelerations by a series of time difference equations. Kalman filtering techniques are used in the data processing scheme. The power of this system was indicated by simulation runs and later confirmed by analysis of the field data. It appears that such a system can resolve the full spectrum of ice motions.
Malignant interstitial-cell tumor of the testis treated with o,p′-DDD

Abstract A case of malignant interstitial-cell tumor of the testis is reported, associated with increased excretion of 17-ketosteroids, Δ 5 , 3β-hydroxysteroids, and estrogens (presumably all secreted by the tumor metastases), aldosterone (possibly of adrenal origin), and gonadotropins (probably derived from the anterior pituitary). Short courses of dexamethasone in high dosage suppressed the urinary 17-ketosteroid output; and more prolonged suppression, along with temporary clinical improvement, was achieved with 2, 2-bis-[2-chlorophenyl-4-chlorophenyl]1, 1-dichloroethane (o,p′-DDD), combined with maintenance doses of dexamethasone. The high androgen output was reflected in a mild growth of abdominal hair, and preservation of appetite and muscular strength to a late stage. A clarification of the nomenclature of nongerminal tumors of the human testis is proposed.
Application of solar thermal technology to the destruction of hazardous wastes

Abstract We are currently developing a number of solar-driven technologies to detoxify or destroy hazardous chemical wastes. These activities are sponsored by the DOE Solar Thermal Program and are being conducted jointly by Sandia National Laboratories and the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI). Our efforts at Sandia are currently focused on two technologies: a low-temperature, photocatalytic process for destroying dilute organic compounds in contaminated water and a high-temperature thermal/catalytic process for destroying concentrated organic wastes by steam reforming. Our experimental, modeling, and systems applications efforts are aimed at bringing these technologies to the marketplace within the next three to five years.