cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Enigma of Rapid Repeat Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study of Teen Mothers

Abstract Study Objective Rapid repeat pregnancy accounts for 18% of teen pregnancies and leads to adverse health, economic, and developmental outcomes for teen mothers and their children. Few interventions have been successful in reducing rapid repeat pregnancy. In this qualitative study we examined adolescent mothers' perceptions of their decision-making and behaviors that helped prevent or promote a rapid repeat pregnancy. Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome Measures Semistructured interviews were conducted with 31 adolescent mothers, aged 16-21 years; 15 of these subjects experienced a repeat pregnancy within a year of their first child's birth and 16 had not. Two researchers used a grounded, inductive technique to identify emergent themes; interviews were subsequently coded accordingly. Counts were tabulated of the number of times themes were endorsed among those with or without a repeat pregnancy. Results Four overarching themes emerged from the interviews: intentionality regarding pregnancy planning, patients' degree of independence in making contraceptive choices, sense of control over life experience, and barriers to follow-through on contraceptive planning. Teens who had not experienced a rapid repeat pregnancy more often endorsed themes of intentionality in preventing or promoting a pregnancy, independence in decision-making, and feelings of control over their experience. Ambivalence and lack of decision-making about seeking another pregnancy were frequently endorsed by mothers who had experienced a second pregnancy. Conclusion Decision-making regarding seeking or preventing a rapid repeat pregnancy is complex for teen mothers; techniques to help support decision-making or to delay pregnancy until decision-repeat making is complete might be important in reducing rapid pregnancy.
Access-rights Analysis in the Presence of Subjects

Modern software development and run-time environments, such as Java and the Microsoft .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR), have adopted a declarative form of access control. Permissions are granted to code providers, and during execution, the platform verifies compatibility between the permissions required by a security-sensitive operation and those granted to the executing code. While convenient, configuring the access-control policy of a program is not easy. If a code component is not granted sufficient permissions, authorization failures may occur. Thus, security administrators tend to define overly permissive policies, which violate the Principle of Least Privilege (PLP). A considerable body of research has been devoted to building program-analysis tools for computing the optimal policy for a program. However, Java and the CLR also allow executing code under the authority of a subject (user or service), and no program-analysis solution has addressed the challenges of determining the policy of a program in the presence of subjects. This paper introduces Subject Access Rights Analysis (SARA), a novel analysis algorithm for statically computing the permissions required by subjects at run time. We have applied SARA to 348 libraries in IBM WebSphere Application Server - a commercial enterprise application server written in Java that consists of >2 million lines of code and is required to support the Java permission- and subject-based security model. SARA detected 263 PLP violations, 219 cases of policies with missing permissions, and 29 bugs that led code to be unnecessarily executed under the authority of a subject. SARA corrected all these vulnerabilities automatically, and additionally synthesized fresh policies for all the libraries, with a false-positive rate of 5% and an average running time of 103 seconds per library. SARA also implements mechanisms for mitigating the risk of false negatives due to reflection and native code; according to a thorough result evaluation based on testing, no false negative was detected. SARA enabled IBM WebSphere Application Server to receive the Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation Assurance Level 4 certification.
Computational fluid dynamics analysis of the initial stages of a VHTR air-ingress accident using a scaled-down model

Abstract An air-ingress accident is considered to be one of the design basis accidents of a very high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (VHTR). The air-ingress accident is initiated, in its worst-case scenario, by a complete break of the hot duct in what is referred to as a double-ended guillotine break. This leads to an initial loss of the primary helium coolant via depressurization. Following the depressurization process, the air–helium mixture in the reactor cavity could enter the reactor core via the hot duct and hot exit plenum. In the event that air ingresses into the reactor vessel, the high-temperature graphite structures in the reactor core and hot plenum will chemically react with the air, which could lead to damage of in-core graphite structures and fuel, release of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, core heat up, failure of the structural integrity of the system, and eventually the release of radionuclides to the environment. Studies in the available literature focus on the phenomena of the air ingress accident that occur after the termination of the depressurization, such as density-driven stratified flow, molecular diffusion, and natural circulation. However, a recent study shows that flow reversal could occur due to Taylor wave expansion near the end of the depressurization, which could affect subsequent stages of the air ingress accident scenario. Therefore, to properly understand and evaluate the depressurization effects, numerical simulations are performed for the double-ended guillotine break of the Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) cross vessel with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool, ANSYS FLUENT. A benchmark and error quantification study of the depressurization shows that the ANSYS FLUENT model can predict the depressurization problem with relatively low uncertainty. In addition, the computational results show that the depressurization of a double-ended guillotine break behaves as an isentropic process. The observed flow oscillations near the end of the depressurization promote mixing of helium gas and air near the break. The results of the CFD analyses also show that the density-driven stratified flow, which is postulated to be the next stage of the air-ingress accident scenario, is strongly dependent on the density difference between the air–helium mixture in the containment and the helium in the reactor vessel. Therefore, the flow oscillations near the end of the depressurization stage may have a minor, yet notable, effect to slow down the air ingress due to density-driven stratified flow by decreasing the bulk density of the gas mixture in the containment through the addition of helium and increasing the bulk density in the reactor vessel through the addition of air.
Peer-mediated check-in/check-out for students at-risk for internalizing disorders

The present study investigated the effectiveness of peer-mediated check-in/check-out (CICO) on the internalizing behaviors of elementary school students. A nonconcurrent multiple-baseline design across participants was utilized to evaluate the intervention's effectiveness for 3 students in 1st and 2nd grade. Two 5th grade students were trained to implement CICO under the supervision of an adult intervention specialist. The peer-mediated CICO procedure was effective for 2 of the 3 participants as evidenced by moderate to large effect sizes; however, all 3 participants were identified as "at-risk" on a universal screener for internalizing problems. The results suggest peer-mediated CICO may be a resource-efficient Tier II strategy to meet the needs of students engaging in internalizing behavior within a multitiered framework of service delivery.
Dual Detection System for Simultaneous Measurement of Intracellular Fluorescent Markers and Cellular Secretion

Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells within islets of Langerhans plays a critical role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Although this process is essential for maintaining euglycemia, the underlying intracellular mechanisms that control it are still unclear. To allow simultaneous correlation between intracellular signal transduction events and extracellular secretion, an analytical system was developed that integrates fluorescence imaging of intracellular probes with high-speed automated insulin immunoassays. As a demonstration of the system, intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) was measured by imaging Fura-2 fluorescence simultaneously with insulin secretion from islets exposed to elevated glucose levels. Both [Ca2+]i and insulin were oscillatory during application of 10 mM glucose with temporal and quantitative profiles similar to what has been observed elsewhere. In previous work, sinusoidal glucose levels have been used to test the entrainment of islets while monitoring either [Ca2...
Surgical management is associated with sexual dysfunction in gynecologic cancer

Introduction: This study aims to assess the role of route of hysterectomy, operative times, and lymphadenectomy on sexual function using the female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire. Metho...
First Complete Genome Sequence of Papaya ringspot virus-W Isolated from a Gourd in the United States.

ABSTRACT In the United States, the Papaya ringspot virus was first reported from papaya in Florida in 1949. Here, we determined the first complete genome sequence (10,302 nucleotides) of a Papaya ringspot virus-W isolate, which was collected from a commercial field of gourd in Tulsa, OK.
Drugs That Inhibit The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and Prevention of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and a leading cause of death worldwide. Pharmacological modulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis has been proposed as a potential target for the...
Safety++: Designing IoT and Wearable Systems for Industrial Safety through a User Centered Design Approach

In this paper, we describe Safety++, an IoT ecosystem of connected wearable elements aimed at improving safety in the workplace in the energy industry. Safety is a major concern for energy companies and, despite the large availability of protective equipment and the adoption of strict safety procedures, it still remains a problem. Unsafe behavior is the main cause of incidents and is not addressed by current solutions. We exploit advancements in IoT and wearable computing to design, build and test a platform aimed at improving awareness, peer supervision and emergency fast response in the workplace. We do this by following a user centered design approach, which takes into consideration the user needs and actual experience, in order to increase also the solution's acceptability and adoption. Results demonstrate that focusing on real time feedback, awareness and peer communication in IoT systems can reinforce safe practices and attitudes and lead to a safer environment in energy companies.
Headache as Complication of Cancer

Headache is a common symptom of brain tumors. Here we will review the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and management of the brain tumor headache. The classic brain tumor headache, typically progressive, worse in the morning and aggravated by Valsalva-like maneuvers, is an uncommon occurrence in clinical practice. Brain tumor headaches can present similarly to primary headaches in individuals predisposed to headaches. This suggests that there may be a shared pathophysiology between the primary headaches and the brain tumor headache. Patients with a history of headaches should undergo neuroimaging if the headache is accompanied by new symptoms, abnormal neurological exam or is different from their usual headache. New onset headache patients should be imaged if the headache is progressive, severe, associated with nausea or vomiting or an abnormal neurological exam. The treatment of the brain tumor headache should be tailored according to the specific etiology of the headache. A rigorous management of the brain tumor headache will contribute to preservation of quality of life in brain tumor patients.
A meta-analysis of the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis: genetic-based trait variation and herbivory resistance trade-offs

Non-native organisms are an abundant component of almost all global ecosystems. A prominent framework to explain the success of non-native plants is the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis. EICA predicts that plants escape from co-evolved herbivores after introduction into a non-native habitat. Assuming limited resources, a relaxation in selection pressures for resistance traits against the co-evolved specialist herbivores allows plants to allocate increased resources to traits related to fitness and/or competitive ability. Despite the prominence of the EICA hypothesis in the literature, empirical evidence has been mixed. We conducted a meta-analysis on 30 studies that focused on genetic-based trait variation and the trade-off between resistance traits and fitness to assess support for the EICA hypothesis. We found general support for EICA across studies. Performance of herbivores was higher on non-native plant populations than on native populations of the same species. Fitness trait values were higher in non-native populations, relative to native, and we found evidence for trade-offs between herbivore performance and plant fitness traits. Support for EICA was strongest when we focused on direct measurements of herbivore performance, and weakest when we assessed resistance traits, highlighting the complex and often unknown relationship between resistance traits and particular herbivores in many plant–herbivore systems.
A Multi-Modeling Approach to the Study of Animal Behavior

Animals are paradigms of complex systems. Therefore, models must be used to fully understand their emergent individual, group, and social behavior. Models can be physical, symbolic, mathematical, or computational, but they are always simpler than the animal systems they represent. Thus, models always have limitations. Viewed as tools for understanding, some models are better fit for investigating particular systems than others. Indeed, using models in science is much like using tools to build things. The use of tools is typically coordinated for the best success. For example, to drill a precise hole in a sheet of metal, several tools are needed: a ruler, pencil, punch, hammer, and drill. Holes can be made without some or all of these tools, but there will be a cost in precision and accuracy. To use models effectively in science, we need to understand their specific functions and limitations. Understanding these properties of models as tools is essential for their coordinated and effective use.
Temporally Patterned Chemical Communication: Is it Feasible?

The temporal characteristics of chemical signals are usually ignored in analyses of animal communication. At best the durability of chemical signals is mentioned and emphasized. It is possible that the communicative role of the temporal characteristics of chemical signals has been underestimated. Using examples from pheromonal communication in moths, evidence is presented that (1) some animals produce pulsed chemical signals, (2) the transmitting medium adequately preserves the temporal pattern of these signals over biologically relevant distances, and (3) the sensory receptors of the receiving animals are capable of detecting the temporal characteristics of these signals. These findings indicate that the temporal pattern of chemical signals merits closer scrutiny, and that pulsed chemical communication is feasible.
An Enhanced DNW-enclosed NMOS in FinFET Technology for Latch-up Improvement

An embedded lightly-doped region (LDR) is proposed to suppress DNW-induced latch-up susceptibility reported in the previous study. The proposed structures in FinFET technology are investigated through TCAD simulations and experiments. LDR shows a significant holding voltage improvement as well as excellent hot-temperature immunity, which are hard to be achieved by conventional methods.
Roles of Aesthetics and Affect in Mathematical Problem-Solving

The purpose of this chapter is to tease out some of the significant aspects of both aesthetic sense and affective issues (two under-researched domains) in the solving of nonroutine mathematical problems. Especially, as in the case of the nonroutine problem-solving involved in the Problem@Web Project, when students are not under compulsion to solve the mathematics problems, a significant question is as follows: What is it that gives them the motivation to do so and to persist in the face of difficulty in order to reach a solution? After presenting a vignette of a high school teacher who was particularly aware of the aesthetic elements of mathematics, and who stressed these in his teaching, I address some theoretical formulations of “the aesthetic”, taken from both the arts and the sciences. Aesthetics and affect are intimately connected, but they are not the same because they function differently in problem-solving processes. Further, I provide research evidence, by analysing both negative and positive affective pathways, that both are also intimately connected to the cognitive domain. Visual aspects of aesthetic sense are also examined. The patterning aspects of aesthetic sense often result in metaphoric thinking that has the potential to be fruitful and to overcome some of the affective states, such as discouragement, which threaten to derail the problem-solving processes. Some examples of metaphors that were ultimately fruitful are presented. Connections, patterns, and metaphors are recurring themes in my research that related to affect and to aesthetics. I present a brief vignette from the case of Sam, whose initial compartmentalization prevented him from solving a trigonometric problem, and an elegant visual solution by Leonor, to one of the problems presented in the Sub14 mathematics competition in which she participated. Finally, I close with suggestions for further research that might prove fruitful.
Attending to the "Visual" Aspects of Visual Storytelling: Using Art and Design Concepts to Interpret and Compose Narratives with Images.

Visual storytelling comes in many forms (e.g. films, comics, photographs, commercials) and is used for a range of purposes (e.g. to entertain, inform, persuade). Technological advances are enabling...
Tribal radio stations as key community informants and sites of resistance to mainstream media narratives

Rural US Indigenous communities are disproportionately affected by digital divides, insufficient infrastructures, and health disparities, so that community radio still represents a key medium in the lean mediascapes of these communities. The first US radio stations licensed to American Indian/Alaska Native tribes began broadcasting in 1971, about 50 years after the rise of rural radio in the US, which until then had almost entirely ignored Indigenous news, concerns, and voices. This paper draws on interview data from 2016 fieldwork conducted in Alaska and Arizona with two community radio stations serving the local, mostly Indigenous audience, to highlight how its historical ties to social activism continue to play a role in how tribal radio functions as a medium today. Tribal radio stations value not only traditional journalistic standards, but also advocacy for the community, combating stereotypes, and view themselves as distinct from mainstream and other community media.
The Aftermath of Defining “Authenticity” as Discourse: The Case of the Mevlevi Sema Ceremony

From the perspective of the academic study of religion, it would be deeply problematic to point to a specific iteration of a ritual and assert that it is more authentic than the other. Our current understanding of authenticity, as a discourse rather than an innate and naturalized category, means that the moment we search for the authentic we have left the realm of critical study. In this paper, I argue that scholars must find a way to remain empirical observers without rendering our intellectual community obsolete in the face of real-world issues. Through the example of the contemporary state of the Mevlevi Sema ceremony, I argue that scholars should strategically employ the language of authenticity for marginalized communities in need of protection or assistance. The Mevlevi Sema ceremony, through a complex history of state interference, transformed from primarily a religious ceremony to primarily a touristic and cultural endeavor. I explain how various Mevlevis and academics under the banner of the International Mevlana Foundation utilized the discourse of authenticity to define an “authentic” Mevlevi Sema ceremony while still keeping the ceremony in the domain of culture. Thus the paper concludes that the real-world dynamics of the case of the Mevlevi Sema ceremony demonstrates how the discourse of authenticity has a great deal of power in society, and how it can complicate traditional academic standpoints in relation to the category of authenticity.
The Most Insignificant Justice: Further Evidence

Professor David Currie's seminal' study of the insignificance of members of the Supreme Court2 raises more questions than it answers." Did Justice Duval[1]4 ever concur without opinion?6 Did the Justices display the same patterns in private law cases, or in privateer cases, as in constitutional cases? The masters of quiet observation in constitutional matters may have been biding their time and saving their influence, the better to dominate their Brethren in land tenure disputes. Did any of the candidates leave a significant, and thus disqualifying, legacy of influential opinions in any field? Professor Currie's narrow focus on constitutional decisions may obscure rather than illuminate the broader patterns of insignificance. In reading Professor Currie's work, I became concerned that
Learning from Lexical Perturbations for Consistent Visual Question Answering.

Existing Visual Question Answering (VQA) models are often fragile and sensitive to input variations. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to address this issue based on modular networks, which creates two questions related by linguistic perturbations and regularizes the visual reasoning process between them to be consistent during training. We show that our framework markedly improves consistency and generalization ability, demonstrating the value of controlled linguistic perturbations as a useful and currently underutilized training and regularization tool for VQA models. We also present VQA Perturbed Pairings (VQA P2), a new, low-cost benchmark and augmentation pipeline to create controllable linguistic variations of VQA questions. Our benchmark uniquely draws from large-scale linguistic resources, avoiding human annotation effort while maintaining data quality compared to generative approaches. We benchmark existing VQA models using VQA P2 and provide robustness analysis on each type of linguistic variation.
Bias in Medicine: Lessons Learned and Mitigation Strategies

Summary Cognitive bias consists of systematic errors in thinking due to human processing limitations or inappropriate mental models. Cognitive bias occurs when intuitive thinking is used to reach conclusions about information rather than analytic (mindful) thinking. Scientific progress is delayed when bias influences the dissemination of new scientific knowledge, as it has with the role of human leucocyte antigen antibodies and antibody-mediated rejection in cardiac transplantation. Mitigating strategies can be successful but involve concerted action by investigators, peer reviewers, and editors to consider how we think as well as what we think.
Low denitrification rates and variable benthic nutrient fluxes characterize Long Island Sound sediments

Organic matter (OM) loading drives benthic metabolism and controls nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and carbon (C) cycling in coastal sediments. To better understand the influence of OM on benthic metabolism, we conducted sediment core incubations in Long Island Sound, NY (USA), an estuary heavily influenced by anthropogenic nutrient loading. Cores were collected during the summer and winter at five stations along a west to east transect representing a gradient of high to low nutrient inputs and subsequent OM deposition. Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of environmental drivers of benthic fluxes as well as the first directly measured rates of sediment denitrification and N-fixation, thus providing a missing piece of the N budget for Long Island Sound. Our findings show greatest sediment oxygen demand (SOD) in the western basin during the summer. Sediments were a source of dissolved inorganic N and P. Compared to historic SOD and ammonium fluxes, our measurements were about 50% lower, potentially reflecting larger scale perturbations (e.g., warming temperatures, decrease wind speed) or reduced N loading through improved management of wastewater treatment facilities. Sediments were a source of nitrous oxide (mean (± standard error): 8.63 ± 3.18 nmol m−2 h−1) and methane (23.80 ± 18.05 nmol m−2 h−1). Net sediment denitrification rates were low (10.34 ± 7.61 µmol N2–N m−2 h−1) and did not vary significantly across stations or seasons. These sediments have a N removal efficiency of ~ 30% with the potential to remove approximately 9% of the total land-based N load entering Long Island Sound.
Novel Protein Therapeutics Created Using the Elastin-like Polypeptide Platform

Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are bioengineered proteins that have a unique physical property, a thermally triggered inverse phase transition, that can be exploited for drug delivery. ELP-fusion...
A framework for calculating orthogonal selectivities in multimodal systems directly from cell culture fluid.

This paper presents a straightforward approach for measuring and quantifying orthogonality directly in complex cell culture fluids (CCFs) without the requirement for tracking the retention behaviors of large sets of proteins. Null-producing CCFs were fractionated using linear salt gradients at constant pH on a set of multimodal resins. Fractions were then analyzed by ultraperformance-reversed phase liquid chromatography and the resulting chromatograms provided host cell protein (HCP) "fingerprints." Using these fingerprints, an inner product vector-based approach was employed to quantify the degree of orthogonality between pairs of resins and operating conditions for these large HCP protein sets. To compare resin orthogonality behavior in different expression systems, the Chinese hamster ovary and Pichia pastoris null-producing CCFs were examined. Orthogonality in multimodal systems was found to strongly depend on the expression system and the HCPs being screened. We also identified several unexpected pairs of multimodal resins within the same family that exhibited significant orthogonality. Furthermore, "self-orthogonality" was evaluated between resins operated at different pHs, and important operating regimes were identified for maximizing orthogonal selectivities. The framework developed in this paper for calculating orthogonality without the need for labor-intensive HCP tracking has important implications for efficient process development and resin/operating condition selection for both monoclonal antibody (mAb) polishing steps and non-mAb processes. In addition, this study provides a tool to unlock the untapped potential of multimodal resins by aiding in their rational selection and incorporation. Finally, the orthogonality framework here can facilitate the development of sets of next-generation multimodal resins specifically designed to provide highly orthogonal and efficient separations tailored for different expression systems.
Ophthalmic Manifestations of Carotid Artery Disease

The association of carotid artery disease with various serious ophthalmic disorders is well known. That has been discussed in previous chapters dealing with central retinal artery occlusion (Chap. 13), branch retinal arteriolar occlusion (Chap. 15), posterior ciliary artery occlusion (Chap. 18), and ocular ischemic syndrome (Chap. 21). Following is a brief composite account.
Paxillin and focal adhesion signalling

To facilitate a rapid response to environmental change, cells use scaffolding - or adaptor - proteins to recruit key components of their signal-transduction machinery to specific subcellular locations. Paxillin is a multi-domain adaptor found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Here it provides a platform for the integration and processing of adhesion- and growth factor-related signals.
Planning and Control for Automated Nanorobotic Assembly

Nanomanufacturing using Atomic Force Microcopy has been widely investigated. Most of nanomanipulation schemes go through the scan-design-manipulation-scan cycle manually which is time consuming and inefficient. Automated AFM tip path planning is desirable for nanomanufacturing, but does not receive much attention. In this paper, a CAD guided automated nanomanufacturing system is presented. Based on the CAD model of a nanostructure, the manipulation paths for both nanoparticles and nanorods are generated automatically. A local scanning method is developed to compensate for the random drift that may cause the failure of the nano-assembly. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed algorithm can be employed to manufacture nanostructures efficiently. The research work opens a door to the CAD guided automated nanomanufacturing.
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia Pathophysiology, Complications and Science-Based Interventions

The etiology of oropharyngeal dysphagia can be broad, and includes aging with atrophy, debilitation, stroke, neurodegenerative and muscular diseases, tumor and postsurgical deformity, as well as effects due to medications and drying of the mucosal membranes. Pathophysiology depends on the multiple causative factors, including the cortex and neural connections to generate the swallow, as well as the oropharyngeal musculature. While chronic debilitation and age may result in nutritional deficiency and poor hydration, the other causes generally present with aspiration risk more acutely. Bacteriologically, aspiration pneumonia is usually polymicrobial with a predominance of Gram-negative enteric bacilli. However, there is emerging evidence to suggest that odontogenic sources may complicate the severity of bacterial load. The principles behind science-based interventions are primarily aspiration assessment with bedside evaluation, and ultimately modified barium swallow (videofluoroscopy) or functional endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (with or without sensory testing). Each has its advantages and logistical concerns. Intervention and rehabilitation is unique to the patient's needs, but may include reconditioning and therapy with a speech and language pathologist, and surgical options. The emerging roles of neuroplasticity and external neuromuscular stimulation are also discussed.
A Graphical Tool and Methods for Assessing Margin Definition From Daily Image Deformations

Estimating the proper margins for the planning target volume (PTV) could be a challenging task in cases where the organ undergoes significant changes during the course of radiotherapy treatment. Developments in image-guidance and the presence of onboard imaging technologies facilitate the process of correcting setup errors. However, estimation of errors due to organ motions remain an open question due to the lack of proper software tools to accompany these imaging technological advances. Therefore, we have developed a new tool for visualization and quantification of deformations from daily images. The tool allows for estimation of tumor coverage and normal tissue exposure as a function of selected margin (isotropic or anisotropic). Moreover, the software allows estimation of the optimal margin based on the probability of an organ being present at a particular location. Methods based on swarm intelligence, specifically Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) are used to provide an efficient estimate of the optimal margin extent in each direction. ACO can provide global optimal solutions in highly nonlinear problems such as margin estimation. The proposed method is demonstrated using cases from gastric lymphoma with daily TomoTherapy megavoltage CT (MVCT) contours. Preliminary results using the Dice similarity index are promising and it is expected that the proposed tool will be very helpful and have significant impact for guiding future margin definition protocols.
Sibling Abuse Trauma: Assessment and Intervention Strategies for Children, Families, and Adults

Contents Foreword (David Finkelhor) * Preface * Acknowledments * Introduction * Part I: The Context of Sibling Development and Abuse * 1. The Sibling Domain * Systems Theory and Abuse Trauma * Definitions and Terminology * A Focus on Sibling Victims * Key Points* 2. Sibling Development Across the Lifespan * Sibling Development in Infancy and Early Childhood * Adolescent Sibling Development * Sibling Relations and Family Development* Adult Sibling Ties * Key Points * 3. Abusive Sibling Relationships * Overlapping Risk Factors for Sibling Assault and Incest Trauma * Key Points * Part II: Sibling Incest and Assault* 4. Sibling Incest * Characteristics of Sibling Incest Families * Male Victims * Brother-Brother Incest * Sister-Sister Incest * Sibling Incest Offenders * Traumatic Effects * Key Points * 5. Sibling Assault * Pandemic Family Violence * A Precursor for Future Violence * Psychological Maltreatment * Characteristics of Sibling Assault Families * Gender Differences * Traumatic Effects * Key Points * Part III: Assessment and Intervention with Children, Families, and Adult Survivors * 6. Assessment of Sibling Abuse * The Sibling Abuse Interview * Key Points * 7. Clinical Considerations with Children and Families * Cultural Influences * Abuse Trauma * Family-Based Approaches * Conjoint Therapy with Nonabusive Siblings * Key Points * 8. Specific Intervention Strategies with Children and Families * Sibling Abuse Family Configurations * Pseudoconsentual Sibling Incest * Peripheral-Parent Sibling Abuse * Pseudoparent Sibling Abuse (Two-Parent Family) * Pseudoparent Sibling Abuse (Single-Parent Family) * Pseudoparent Sibling Abuse (Stepfamily) * The Disorganized Family * 9. Psychotherapy with Adult Survivors of Sibling Incest or Assault * Case Illustrations * Family-of-Origin Sessions * Key Points * Afterword * Appendixes * Appendix A: About the Research Project * Characteristics of the Participants * Frequency of Sibling Incest and Assault, by Category of Abuse * Appendix B: Sibling Abuse Interview * Sibling Victim * Sibling Offender * Nontargeted Siblings * Sibling Subsystem * Individual Parent Interviews * Parental Subsystem * Family Interview * Appendix C: The Sibling Family-of-Origin Cartoon * Appendix D: Semistructured Adult Sibling Abuse Survivor Questionnaire * Interview Questions * References * Index
A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR

This chapter focuses on a bird's-eye view of the public sector. It presents a case study that is concerned with politicians' tax cuts in the perspectives of economics. The real point of representative government is to allow individual voters to pay little attention to their government. They elect representatives, who go off to the state or national capital and take care of government business without referring the details back to their constituents. If individual voters are sensible, they will pay attention only to those few bills that affect them greatly. Potential beneficiaries of much legislation are not only the major source of information; they are also biased in favor of greater and greater expenditures. Any legislator who wants to reduce the education budget must either plan the reduction himself or turn to the experts for advice. On the other hand, legislators who want to increase appropriations will receive enthusiastic expert cooperation. Further, the ignorance of the general public about special tax privileges should make tax breaks as easy to enact as appropriations bills. However, it seems to be true that the total of special tax benefits is considerably smaller than the total of special expenditure benefits.
Toward dynamic visualization for endoscopy simulation

We describe a dynamic volume-visualization tool for simulating endoscopic exploration. A high-resolution 3D radiographic image of the relevant anatomy is loaded into a workstation-based interactive system. The user then "navigates" through the anatomy using the 3D image as a virtual environment. The interactive system features an exact dynamic real-time volume-rendering engine and supplementary reference views. >
Isolation and characterization of a halophilic methanogen from Great Salt Lake

A halophilic methanogenic microorganism isolated from sediments collected from the southern arm of Great Salt Lake, Utah, is described. Cells were irregular, nonmotile cocci approximately 1.0 ..mu..m in diameter and stained gram negative. Colonies from anaerobic plates and roll tubes were foamy, circular, and cream-yellow. Methanol, methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine supported growth and methanogenesis. Hydrogen-carbon dioxide, formate, and acetate were not utilized. Sodium and magnesium were required for growth; the optimum NaCl concentration ranged between 1.0 and 2.0 M, with the minimum doubling time occurring at 2.0 M. The optimum growth temperature was 35/sup 0/C, with maximum growth occurring at pH 7.5. The DNA base composition was 48.5 mol% guanine + cytosine. SLP is the type strain designation (= ATCC 35705).
Time Series Analysis

Biological processes are inherently dynamic. From the tiniest molecule in our cells, to cells themselves, tissues, organisms and systems, nothing is essentially static. This includes the study of development, disease, and the action of drugs and aging. Continuous dynamic interactions at different spatial and temporal scales are ubiquitous and only through modeling the dynamics can we achieve a systems level knowledge in biology and genetics (Bar-Joseph et al., Nat. Rev. Genet. 13(8):552–564, 2012), [3]. Time series analysis is available in the Wolfram Language, and in this chapter we introduce the basic capabilities available through a variety of examples.
Female Sexuality and Growth

Carole Pateman. The Sexual Contract. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988. xi. 264 pp. $39.00 (cloth). Emily Honig and Gail Hershatter. Personal Voices: Chinese Women in the 1980's. Stanford University Press, 1988. vi. 387 pp. $42.50 (cloth); $12.95 (paper). Victoria Katherine Burbank. Aboriginal Adolescence: Maidenhood in an Australian Community, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988. xiv. 153 pp. $29.00 (cloth).
Signal Fading in Radio Communications

In this article we describe the causes of signal fluctuation in wireless systems and describe the phenomena of short-term and long-term fading. Some of the topics included are narrowband and wideband fading, Rayleigh fading, Ricean fading, lognormal fading, level crossing rates, average fade duration, channel coherence time, Doppler spread, delay spread, and coherence bandwidth. The impact of fading on the performance of systems and in the design of cell size is discussed. Keywords: signal fluctuation; multipath fading; shadow fading; wireless propagation; wireless communications
Rb-Sr isotope systematics and contrasting histories of late Archean gneisses, West Greenland

A reconsideration of the Rb-Sr isotope systematics in the late Archean gneisses of West Greenland shows that they can be divided into two groups with contrasting magmatic or metamorphic histories. Around Godthaab the gneisses were emplaced at 3000-3100 Ma, in part as magmas containing previously unrecognized excess radiogenic strontium. Because these rocks also contain varying amounts of early Archean lead, it appears that some of them contain silicate and other components of Amitsoq-type gneisses that were introduced by anatexis or magmatic contamination. To the south of Godthaab, in the Fiskenaesset region, the Rb-Sr isotope systematics contain no record for a crustal history prior to 2800 Ma. There the gneisses are the products either of a more recent addition of juvenile later Archean calc-alkaline magmas at 2800 Ma or of regional Rb and Sr metasomatism that has profoundly modified the Rb-Sr isotope systematics of 3000-3100 Ma gneisses during the 2800 Ma high-grade metamorphism. 33 references, 3 figures, 1 table.
The traveling-salesman problem (abstract)

The traveling-salesman problem is one of the classical NP-Complete problems. No current algorithms are available which can solve these problems in polynomial time, that is, the number of steps grows as a polynomial according to the size of the input. The traveling-salesman problem involves a salesman who must make a tour of a number of cities using the shortest path available. For each number of cities n, the number of paths which must be explored is n!, causing this problem to grow exponentially rather than as a polynomial.Three separate algorithms are examined. These are an iterative algorithm, a recursive algorithm, and a branch and bound algorithm. The iterative algorithm generates tours as the permutations of the first n - 1 integers (where n is the number of cities). The recursive algorithm begins with a subtour consisting of the starting city and uses a recursive subroutine to build all tours. The branch and bound algorithm builds a tree which represents tours. Each node of the tree has an associated bound, and when the bound of a node becomes larger than the cost of the best tour found so far, that node is no longer eligible for exploration. This pruning process allows this algorithm to delay exponential growth longer than the other two algorithms do. Two algorithms which develop near optimal solutions are also examined.
Inherited disorders of complement

Isolated complement component deficiencies are uncommon. Deficiencies of all eleven components and two inhibitors of the classical pathway have been described. Complete absence of the components of the alternative pathway has not been described. The consequences of a single defect in complement are often predictable from an understanding of the biologic activities associated with activation of the complement system. Deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor gives rise to the disease, hereditary angioedema; deficiency of the early components of the classical pathway are associated with lupus erythematosus; C3 and C3 inactivator deficiencies with pyogenic infections; C5 dysfunction with Leiner's disease; deficiencies of the terminal components with recurrent Neisseria bacteremia; and C9 deficiency with normal health. The complement system and its associated biologic activities are reviewed. The present knowledge of the inherited complement deficiencies and associated diseases, with particular emphasis on the dermatologic manifestations, genetics, and diagnosis, is summarized.
High Fidelity Vibratory Seismic (HFVS) II: Superior source separation

HFVS recording can be used to increase production rates and reduce costs for acquisition or to increase spatial sampling and improve data quality. With the HFVS technique, data from multiple vibrators sweeping simultaneously can be separated with 60 dB of separation. Superior separation is achieved, because measured vibrator signatures from multiple sweeps and multiple vibrators are used to design an optimal separation and inversion filter. After separation, the data from each vibrator can be processed as unique source points. Examples are shown of data quality improvements compared with traditional vibrator arrays from reduction of intra-array effects and suppression of ground roll. Improvements in data quality from reduced correlation sidelobes, harmonic noise, and coupling variations and the ability to accurately pick firstarrival times and control phase are discussed in a first paper (Krohn and Johnson, 2003).
N-terminal Isoforms of the Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ Channel Are Differentially Modulated by the Auxiliary β1-Subunit

The large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK(Ca)) channel is essential for maintaining the membrane in a hyperpolarized state, thereby regulating neuronal excitability, smooth muscle contraction, and secretion. The BK(Ca) α-subunit has three predicted initiation codons that generate proteins with N-terminal ends starting with the amino acid sequences MANG, MSSN, or MDAL. Because the N-terminal region and first transmembrane domain of the α-subunit are required for modulation by auxiliary β1-subunits, we examined whether β1 differentially modulates the N-terminal BK(Ca) α-subunit isoforms. In the absence of β1, all isoforms had similar single-channel conductances and voltage-dependent activation. However, whereas β1 did not modulate the voltage-activation curve of MSSN, β1 induced a significant leftward shift of the voltage activation curves of both the MDAL and MANG isoforms. These shifts, of which the MDAL was larger, occurred at both 10 μM and 100 μM Ca(2+). The β1-subunit increased the open dwell times of all three isoforms and decreased the closed dwell times of MANG and MDAL but increased the closed dwell times of MSSN. The distinct modulation of voltage activation by the β1-subunit may be due to the differential effect of β1 on burst duration and interburst intervals observed among these isoforms. Additionally, we observed that the related β2-subunit induced comparable leftward shifts in the voltage-activation curves of all three isoforms, indicating that the differential modulation of these isoforms was specific to β1. These findings suggest that the relative expression of the N-terminal isoforms can fine-tune BK(Ca) channel activity in cells, highlighting a novel mechanism of BK(Ca) channel regulation.
The chemistry of meteoric metals in the Earth's upper atmosphere

Abstract The presence of thin layers of free metal atoms at around 90 km in the upper atmosphere has been known for about fifty years. Layers of the alkali metals Na, K and Li, as well as Ca and Fe, have been observed. This discovery has posed two important questions. First, what is the source of the metals: interplanetary or terrestrial? Secondly, what is the nature of the chemistry that causes reactive metals such as sodium to exist in their atomic form in the atmosphere? The first part of this review covers the techniques that have been developed to observe the metal layers, including ground-, rocket- and space-based photometers, and in particular metal lidars. The many curious phenomena that have been observed are then described, such as the small scale-heights of the layers, the quite different seasonal variations of the three alkali metals, the large depletions of Ca and Fe relative to Na, and the dramatic appearance of sporadic Na layers. The second part of the review describes the recent advances ...
Three industrial heat pump installations operating in Canada

Abstract Three waste heat recovery systems including one or two heat pumps have been installed and operated in three different process industries for more than one year. These include an edible oils plant, Monarch Fine Foods in Rexdale, Ontario, a milk processing plant, Agrinove in Ste. Claire, Quebec and a lead smelter, Brunswick Mining and Smelting in Beledune, New Brunswick. Two of these installations have been monitored for an extended period of time; the monitoring system for the third was just recently installed. The operating characteristics for the three systems are presented along with some of the operational difficulties. The financial details of the three cases are presented giving capital investment of the installation, the value of the heat recovered by the system and the cost of the electricity used during one year of operation.