cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of stability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes from childhood to young adulthood.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the 5-year prospective stability of population-based and DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as to explore predictors of stability. Method A total of 708 twins ages 7 to 19 years who were identified from birth records of the state of Missouri and had participated in a study of ADHD were reassessed 5 years later in a blinded fashion. Stabilities of DSM-IV and population-based ADHD subtypes were compared using percentage of agreement with significance tested by the κ statistic. Predictors of stability of subtype diagnosis were determined using multivariate logistic regression. Results In general, 5-year ADHD subtype stability was poor to modest and ranged from 11.1% to 24.0% for DSM-IV for subtypes and from 14.3% to 35.3% for clinically significant population-derived subtypes. There were no predictors of diagnostic stability that applied across subtypes. There were subtype-specific predictors including a diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder for DSM-IV primarily inattentive ADHD; lower verbal IQ for DSM-IV combined type ADHD; and younger age, oppositional defiant disorder, and medication use for population-defined severe combined ADHD. Conclusions Population-defined ADHD subtype criteria demonstrated modestly improved diagnostic stability over 5 years compared to DSM-IV subtypes. Few correlates or predictors of stability were identified.
Calculations of the phi-psi conformational contour maps for N-acetyl alanine N'-methyl amide and of the characteristic ratios of poly-L-alanine using various molecular mechanics forcefields.

Abstract We generated φ -ψ conformational energy contour maps for the of N-acetyl alanine N'-methyl amide using the molecular mechanics forcefields AMBER, AMBER3, BI085, CFF91, CVFF, MM2, MM3, MM+, and SYBYL. With MM2, MM3, and MM+, we used a dielectric constant of ϵ = 1.5, the default effective value for these forcefields. With the other forcefields we used ϵ = 1 and 4, except with SYBYL, which, in Spartan 3.1, has no electrostatic term. All forcefields yielded the Ceq 7 conformation as a low-energy minimum or the global minimum. Most of the forcefields also yielded a minimum-energy conformation in the C5,αR, and αt. regions of the φ -ψ contour map. Fewer of the forcefields yielded a minimum in the Cax 7 region; however, adiabatic relaxation frequently lowered the relative energy of this region. Based on the appearance of the φ -ψ maps, the following pairs of forcefields were broadly similar (but not identical) to each other but dissimilar to the other pairs: AMBER3 and AMBER, BI085 and CHARMM, MM+ and M...
Head and neck cancer: the ideal stalking-horse for solid tumors.

At the onset, I want to express my appreciation for the honor of serving as your president for the past year. In 1979, President Gaisford discussed our responsibility for educating our colleagues in other disciplines on the intricacies of head and neck cancer. In 1980, President Chambers emphasized our service responsibilities utilizing aggressive treatment by whatever modality. In 1981, President Strong emphasized the need for recognition, cooperation and respect for all physicians working with head and neck cancer patients, recognizing our common needs and goals. In 1982, President Lore updated us on the tremendous strides being made in the development of a true educational program for surgeons, regardless of their basic discipline, in the art of caring for the patient with head and neck cancer. Today I want to talk with you about head and neck cancer, the ideal stalking-horse for solid tumors. Everyone asks, “What is a stalking-horse?” I know that some of you have consulted Webster’s dictionary: “A horse trained to allow a fowler to conceal himself behind it or under its coverings in order to get within easy range of the game without alarming it.” Ladies and gentlemen, the game we are after is the cure of solid tumors, and our stalking-horse is the ultimate biologic manifestation of the disease, head and neck cancer. Let us take a look at this stalking-horse. Head and neck cancer represents 5 percent of all cancers in the United States, approximately 51,000 new patients every year. It is an international health problem, being a major tumor type on the subcontinent of India and among the billion people of China. It lends itself well to many diagnostic modalities, including the time honored physical examination, and allows
Processing speed in normal aging: Effects of white matter hyperintensities and hippocampal volume loss

ABSTRACTChanges in cognitive functioning are said to be part of normal aging. Quantitative MRI has made it possible to measure structural brain changes during aging which may underlie these decrements which include slowed information processing and memory loss. Much has been written on white matter hyperintensities (WMH), which are associated with cognitive deficits on tasks requiring processing speed and executive functioning, and hippocampal volume loss, which is associated with memory decline. Here we examine volumetric MRI measures of WMH and hippocampal volume loss together in relation to neuropsychological tests considered to be measures of executive functioning and processing speed in 81 non-demented elderly individuals, aged 75–90. Correlational analysis showed that when controlling for age, both greater WMH volume and smaller hippocampal volume were correlated with slower performances on most tests with the exception of a battery of continuous performance tests in which only WMH was correlated wi...
An improved source model for aircraft interior noise studies

There is concern that advanced turboprop engines currently being developed may produce excessive aircraft cabin noise levels. This concern has stimulated renewed interest in developing aircraft interior noise reduction methods that do not significantly increase take off weight. An existing analytical model for noise transmission into aircraft cabins was utilized to investigate the behavior of an improved propeller source model for use in aircraft interior noise studies. The new source model, a virtually rotating dipole, is shown to adequately match measured fuselage sound pressure distributions, including the correct phase relationships, for published data. The virtually rotating dipole is used to study the sensitivity of synchrophasing effectiveness to the fuselage sound pressure trace velocity distribution. Results of calculations are presented which reveal the importance of correctly modeling the surface pressure phase relations in synchrophasing and other aircraft interior noise studies.
Domain Exchange between Human Toll-like Receptors 1 and 6 Reveals a Region Required for Lipopeptide Discrimination

Among the 10 human Toll-like receptors (TLRs), TLR2 appears to be unique in its requirement for cooperation with other TLRs, namely TLR1 and TLR6, to mediate cell signaling. Through reconstitution experiments, we have defined more precisely the function of these human TLRs. Human colonic epithelial cells cotransfected with TLR1 and -2 preferentially respond to a synthetic tripalmitoylated bacterial lipopeptide analogue (Pam(3)CSK(4)). However, examination of a wide variety of lipopeptide derivatives indicates that recognition by human TLR1 and -2 does not strictly correlate with the number or position of the acyl chains on the modified cysteine residue. Conversely, human TLR2 and -6 exclusively respond to lipopeptides possessing a diacylglycerol group. Most surprisingly, we have found that an R stereoisomer of diacylated macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2 (MALP-2) exclusively activates epithelial cells through TLR6 and -2 but not through TLR1 and -2. These results suggest that the chirality of the central carbon of the diacylglycerol group of these agonists is a structural determinant for human TLR recognition. Examination of chimeric receptors, generated by domain exchange between TLR1 and -6, has revealed that leucine-rich repeats 9-12 of the extracellular domain enable these receptors to discriminate between structurally similar lipopeptides. However, additional chimeric constructs reveal that this region alone is not sufficient to generate receptors that can functionally cooperate with TLR2. Our results support the idea that TLR1 and TLR6 diverged during evolution to differentially recognize natural lipoprotein structures and that this function has been conserved with respect to the human receptors.
Love and Lust: A Phenomenological Investigation

(2010). Love and Lust: A Phenomenological Investigation. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Vol. 41, Communicating Passions: Boredom, Love & Shame, pp. 8-32.
Amorphous manganese oxide remains amorphous upon lithium intercalation and cycling

Lithium intercalation in amorphous manganese oxide, synthesized by a room temperature aqueous oxidation route, is analyzed. As reported before, the material yields a very high intercalation capacity and also shows promising rate capability as cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries. The present study investigates the structure of the material using X-ray powder diffraction conducted on composite cathode pellets at different stages of discharge and after discharge/charge cycling. Contrary to the behavior of many crystalline manganese oxides that exhibit a tendency to undergo a transformation to a spinel-like phase, the amorphous manganese oxide does not show such a tendency and remains X-ray amorphous upon lithium intercalation and cycling. In fact, the material appears to become even more disordered upon repeated cycling. The results indicate the kinetic stability of the amorphous structure in allowing high-capacity, single-phase and reversible lithium intercalation and suggest the potential of far-from-equilibrium structures as promising intercalation hosts.
Hardware/software co-design for high performance computing: challenges and opportunities

This special session aims to introduce to the hardware/software codesign community challenges and opportunities in designing high performance computing (HPC) systems. Though embedded system design and HPC system design have traditionally been considered as two separate areas of research, they in fact share quite some common features, especially as CMOS devices continue along their scaling trends and the HPC community hits hard power and energy limits. Understanding the similarities and differences between the design practices adopted in the two areas will help bridge the two communities and lead to design tool developments benefiting both communities.
cAMP-dependent protein kinase is necessary for increased NF-E2.DNA complex formation during erythroleukemia cell differentiation.

When murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells are induced to differentiate by hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), erythroid-specific genes are transcriptionally activated; however, transcriptional activation of these genes is severely impaired in cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A)-deficient MEL cells. The transcription factor NF-E2, composed of a 45-kDa (p45) and an 18-kDa (p18) subunit, is essential for enhancer activity of the globin locus control regions (LCRs). DNA binding of NF-E2 and alpha-globin LCR enhancer activity was significantly less in HMBA-treated protein kinase A-deficient cells compared to cells containing normal protein kinase A activity; DNA binding of several other transcription factors was the same in both cell types. In parental cells, HMBA treatment and/or prolonged activation of protein kinase A increased the amount of NF-E2.DNA complexes without change in DNA binding affinity; the expression of p45 and p18 was the same under all conditions. p45 and p18 were phosphorylated by protein kinase A in vitro, but the phosphorylation did not affect NF-E2.DNA complexes, suggesting that protein kinase A regulates NF-E2.DNA complex formation indirectly, e.g. by altering expression of a regulatory factor(s). Thus, protein kinase A appears to be necessary for increased NF-E2.DNA complex formation during differentiation of MEL cells and may influence erythroid-specific gene expression through this mechanism.
Differential absorption sensor applied for liquid oxygen measurements.

Differential laser absorption was investigated for its merit in liquid oxygen (LOX) sensing. Whereas previous researchers have used differential absorption to detect trace concentrations of a substance, we use differential absorption to monitor small changes in large amounts of a substance. Two lasers of different wavelengths were intensity modulated 180 deg out of phase from each other and multiplexed into a single beam. After probing the LOX, the total transmitted signal was demodulated by a lock-in amplifier. Our experiment simulated rapid changes in LOX number density by varying the length of an ~73 mm path through pure LOX. In this experiment, we demonstrated the ability to monitor LOX number density with an uncertainty of ~1% with a time constant of 3 μs. The uncertainty could be halved by doubling the path length, and this improvement could be repeated as long as the relative intensity noise of the lasers is the dominating factor. We discuss the benefits of differential absorption for problems requiring an extended dynamic range.
Arrangement of dislocation networks in hot-pressed titanium diboride

Transmission electron microscopy identified two types of dislocation networks in as-received titanium diboride. Hexagonal dislocation networks composed of 1/3 type dislocations were identified and are a result of the interaction between parallel sets of a type dislocations on individual prism planes. Dislocations forming the hexagonal networks result in a reduction of energy, and are considered equilibrium structures. Square dislocation networks composed of 1/3 , [0001], and 1/3 type dislocations on basal, prism, and pyramidal planes were identified and are the result of parallel sets of ``a`` type dislocations reacting with parallel sets of ``c`` type dislocations to form unstable short dislocation segments composed of ``a + c`` type dislocations. Dislocations arranged in square networks do not result in an energy reduction, and are considered quasi-equilibrium configurations, more likely to dissociate or reorganize during deformation or further thermal processing than dislocations in the hexagonal coordination.
Food- and ICS-reinforced operant behavior following VMH lesions in conscious rats

Within-subjects temporal analyses of changes in operant behavior maintained by lateral hypothalamic (LH) self-stimulation and food reward were made following bilateral electrolytic destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of conscious female rats. LH self-stimulation rates increased immediately following lesioning; however, 24 h postlesion, responding returned to or below prelesion levels. Responding for food did not increase immediately following VMH destruction, but increments occurred 1½ h postlesion. Responding for food reward over 3 days postlesion remained significantly higher than prelesion control data. Significantly increased food intake and body weights were also present 24 h postlesion. Body weights continued to increase over the 30-day posttesting period. It was concluded that increases in ICS leverpressing following VMH destruction may result from possible analgesic or positive affective properties attributed to ICS and that the delayed increase in food leverpressing reflects the rat’s increased hunger motivation.
Image-Based Characterization of Fracture Surface Roughness

Analysis of images from SEM, optical and confocal microscopes provides insight into the roughness of fracture surfaces of cement-based materials. Several techniques including 3D surface reconstruction and 2-D vertical contour analysis are compared. Roughness parameters and fractal dimensions are computed to describe the degree of tortuosity of the fracture surface. The tortuosity of the surface (i.e. crack path) is an aspect that has not been adequately integrated into fracture mechanics models of cement-based materials. Topographic maps from confocal microscopy reveal orientation of the crack front throughout the fracture process, allowing analysis of mixed-mode character of nominally mode I fracture. These techniques allow quantification of microstructural parameters to be linked to material properties.
Hydroxyl time-series measurements in laminar and moderately turbulent methane/air diffusion flames

Picosecond time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence (PITLIF) is a developing technique used to probe minor-species concentrations in flames at rates sufficient for the study of turbulent fluctuations. This method has previously been applied to the measurement of CH signals in laminar and low-Reynolds number turbulent diffusion flames. In the present work, Laser-induced Fluorescence (LIF) measurements of OH are obtained in the same flames. The peak concentrations of the hydroxyl radical provide a signal-to-noise ratio sufficient to extend the measurements to a variety of axial and radial locations relative to the flame front. The time-series measured are used to compute power spectral densities (PSDs) which provide frequency information not available from more typical probability density functions. The PSDs are compared to those from the previous CH work and to expectations for scalars in moderately turbulent flames from the literature. These measurements provide the first known PSDs of the hydroxyl radical in a low-Reynolds number turbulent nonpremixed flame.
Discrete Approximations to Continuum Optimal Flow Problems

Problems in partial differential equations with inequality constraints can be used to describe a continuum analog to various optimal flow/cut problems. While general concepts from convex optimization (like duality) carry over into continuum problems, the application of ideas and algorithms from linear programming and network flow problems is challenging. The capacity constraints are nonlinear (but convex). In this article, we investigate a discretized version of the planar maximum flow problem that preserves the nonlinear capacity constraints of the continuum problem. The resulting finite-dimensional problem can be cast as a second-order cone programming problem or a quadratically constrained program. Good numerical results can be obtained using commercial solvers. These results are in agreement with the continuum theory of a “challenge” problem posed by Strang.
New and Old Dogielinotid Marine Amphipoda

Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit beschriebene dritte Art der Amphipodenfamilie Dogielinotidae wurde auf sublitoralem Sandboden in Nord-Kalifornien gefunden. Das Verbreitungsareal dieser Familie reicht von Japan und dem Ochotskischen Meer bis zum mittleren Breitengrad des nordostlichen Pazifischen Ozeans. Eine Strukturanalyse von Oberlippe und Epistom der neuen Art enthullt neue, sehr wichtige morphologische Kriterien der Familie. Die teilweise Wiederbeschreibung der Art Haustorioides munsterhjelmi Oldevig, von Sakhalin, weist darauf hin, das sich diese Gattung in der Tat von Doglielinotus unterscheidet.
Photon path depth in tissue phantoms: a comparison of visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths

Optical spectroscopy is being used increasingly in medical applications to noninvasively investigate tissues below the skin. In order to assure adequate sampling of tissues underlying the skin, photon penetration depth must be known. Photon penetration in tissues has been studied with near-infrared (NIR) light, but experimental study of visible light propagation in tissue has been limited. In this study, a micro-motion system coupled with a reflectance spectroscopy system was used to determine the penetration depth of visible-range and NIR photons (535-800 nm) in phantoms composed of Intralipid and hemoglobin. An absorbing target was placed at intervals of 0.1mm along a 15mm line perpendicular to and bisecting the line between the ends of the source and detector optical fiber bundles. Comparisons between detected light intensities at different target positions were used to determine the most probable photon path depths at 576 nm and at 760 nm. Scattering coefficients, hemoglobin concentrations, and source-detector separations were varied to evaluate their effects on the penetration depth of photons. Results from phantoms containing Intralipid only showed that the most-probable penetration depth at 576 nm was comparable to that at 760 nm. Larger sourcedetector separations resulted in deeper photon penetration depths for both spectral regions. Changes in scattering over a 4-fold range did not affect the photon path depth appreciably. In the presence of hemoglobin with a source-detector separation of 13 mm, the most probable depth of photon penetration in the visible range was greater than 2.5 mm, and was within 1 mm of the most probable depth of photon penetration in the NIR. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using the visible and NIR regions in transcutaneous reflectance spectroscopy.
Using Indirect Questions to Detect Intimate Partner Violence The SAFE-T Questionnaire

A screening instrument for detecting intimate partner violence (IPV) was developed using indirect questions. The authors identified 5 of 18 items studied that clearly distinguished victims of IPV from a random group of health conference attendees with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 87%. This 5-item instrument (SAFE-T) was then tested on 435 women presenting to three emergency departments and the results compared to a direct question regarding current abuse. The SAFE-T questions detected only 54% of the women who admitted being abused and correctly classified 81% of the women who said they were not victims. The 1-year prevalence of IPV in this sample of women presenting to an emergency department was 11.6%. The authors conclude that indirect questioning of women appears to be more effective at ruling out IPV in an emergency department population and may be less useful for women "early" in an abusive relationship.
Personality-and-culture: The case of national extraversion and word-of-mouth

One advantage of the recently revitalized “personality-and-culture” paradigm is its capacity to describe both individual- and culture-level differences. Another advantage is personality-and-culture's foundation in the extensive heritage of theory development and empirics in personality psychology itself, in which traits have been related to a variety of observable behaviors and to underlying physiological, neurological, and genetic structures. Personality-and-culture also builds on recent, substantial methodological and analytic advances specific to cross-cultural research including progress in data collection capabilities, in computational power, and in tools for statistical analyses of bias and equivalence. This article reviews these advances in personality-and-culture and then report preliminary empirics linking nation-level extraversion to differences in preferences for interpersonal sources of product information (i.e., word-of-mouth), thus clarifying national differences in reliance on interpersonal sources of information and, most importantly, demonstrating the general value of the personality-and-culture approach.
Molecular and ionic contamination monitoring for cleanroom air and wafer surfaces

Advances in the electronic industry toward large-scale integration of semiconductor devices have placed strict demands on the ability to measure and monitor ultratrace levels of impurities. Even though they have been found to have increasingly detrimental impacts on the performance and yield of semiconductor products, organic and non-metal ionic contaminants have not received the same attention as particles and metallics. Method developments for ultratrace measurements of molecular and ionic contamination are far behind the demands. This paper describes the use of different sampling and analytical techniques to assess and monitor molecular and ionic contaminants in cleanroom ambient air and on wafer surfaces. Thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry/nitrogen phosphorous detector is used for the identification and quantification of organic contaminants. Ammonium (NH4+) and inorganic anions are analyzed by using capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection methods. The identification and quantification of specific organic compounds, which outgas from cleanroom ULPA filters and wafer package boxes and tend to adsorb on silicon wafers, will be demonstrated. Ammonium and anion contamination for different wafer cleaning processes will be compared. The capabilities, applications, and limitations of these techniques will be discussed in further details.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Age-related changes in protein, RNA and DNA content and protein synthesis in rat testes

Abstract Changes in the content of protein, RNA, and DNA and cell-free synthesis of testes from Fischer F344 rats of various ages were studied. The protein, RNA, and DNA content of the testicular tissue decreased slightly from 3 to 20 months; however, an increase in the content of these macromolecules was observed from 18 to 30 months. Protein synthesis by the post-mitochondrial supernatant of testes from 3 to 30 month old rats decreased 47% with age. The largest decrease in protein synthesis occured from 12 to 20 months. The decreased cell-free protein synthetic activity was due to both microsomal and post-microsomal factors in the testicular post-mitochondrial supernatant.
A residue in the transmembrane segment 6 of domain I in insect and mammalian sodium channels regulate differential sensitivities to pyrethroid insecticides

Voltage-gated sodium channels are critical for electrical signaling in the nervous system. Pyrethroid insecticides exert their toxic action by modifying the gating of sodium channels. A valine to methionine mutation in the transmembrane segment 6 of domain I (IS6) of sodium channels from tobacco budworms (Heliothis virescens) has been shown to alter channel gating and reduce insect sodium channel sensitivity to pyrethroids. A valine to leucine substitution was subsequently reported in pyrethroid-resistant bedbug populations. Intriguingly, pyrethroid-resistant mammalian sodium channels possess an isoleucine at the corresponding position. To determine whether different substitutions at this position alter channel gating and confer pyrethroid resistance, we made valine to methionine, isoleucine or leucine substitutions at the corresponding position, V409, in a cockroach sodium channel and examined the gating properties and pyrethroid sensitivity of the three mutants in Xenopus oocytes. All three mutations reduced the channel sensitivity to three pyrethroids (permethrin, cismethrin and deltamethrin). V409M, but not V409I or V409L, caused 6-7mV depolarizing shifts in the voltage dependences of both activation and inactivation. V409M and V409L slowed channel activation kinetics and accelerated open-state deactivation kinetics, but V409I did not. Furthermore, the substitution of isoleucine with valine, but not with methionine nor leucine, at the corresponding position in a rat skeletal muscle sodium channel, rNav1.4, enhanced channel sensitivity to deltamethrin. Collectively, our study highlights an important role of residues at 409 in regulating not only sodium channel gating, but also the differential sensitivities of insect and mammalian sodium channels to pyrethroids.
Weather and legislation: the effect of drought and flood on water laws

Abstract Arid and semi-arid areas have always seemed to suffer from either an abundance or paucity of water. This paper addresses the impact of weather upon the legislative process. Specifically the influence on weather as measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index is regressed upon the water laws passed by the Arkansas legislature. Arkansas was chosen since like arid states it suffers from weather extremes such as the droughts and floods.
The measure matters: Language dominance profiles across measures in Spanish-English bilingual children.

The purpose of this study was to determine if different language measures resulted in the same classifications of language dominance and proficiency for a group of bilingual pre-kindergarteners and kindergarteners. Data were analyzed for 1029 Spanish–English bilingual pre-kindergarteners who spanned the full range of bilingual language proficiency. Parent questionnaires were used to quantify age of first exposure and current language use. Scores from a short test of semantic and morphosyntactic development in Spanish and English were used to quantify children's performance. Some children who were in the functionally monolingual range based on interview data demonstrated minimal knowledge of their other languages when tested. Current use accounted for more of the variance in language dominance than did age of first exposure. Results indicate that at different levels of language exposure children differed in their performance on semantic and morphosyntax tasks. These patterns suggest that it may be difficult to compare the results of studies that employ different measures of language dominance and proficiency. Current use is likely to be a useful metric of bilingual development that can be used to build a comprehensive picture of child bilingualism.
The autokinesis of an after-image

An after-image was found to move autokinetically in the absence of voluntary eye movements. Its direction of motion coincided with that of a normally viewed stimulus. The apparent movement of such a stabilized image could not be explained in terms of local sign theory.
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex supports affective future simulation by integrating distributed knowledge.

Although the future often seems intangible, we can make it more concrete by imagining prospective events. Here, using functional MRI, we demonstrate a mechanism by which the ventromedial prefrontal cortex supports such episodic simulations, and thereby contributes to affective foresight: This region supports processes that (i) integrate knowledge related to the elements that constitute an episode and (ii) represent the episode’s emergent affective quality. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex achieves such integration via interactions with distributed cortical regions that process the individual elements. Its activation then signals the affective quality of the ensuing episode, which goes beyond the combined affective quality of its constituting elements. The integrative process further augments long-term retention of the episode, making it available at later time points. This mechanism thus renders the future tangible, providing a basis for farsighted behavior.
The Cultural Forms of Trypanosoma ranarum (Lankester, 1871). I. Relation Between Cyclic Development of Culture Forms, Oxygen Consumption in the Presence of Glucose, and Malonate Inhibition.*

SYNOPSIS. Ten- or 12-day cultures of Trypanosoma ranarum in Diamond's SNB-9 medium contain large numbers of slender crithidia and considerably smaller numbers of pear-shaped crithidia, but in fresh media the pear-shaped bodies constitute about 93% of the population after 5 days whereas slender forms make up about 4–5%; the remainder are leishman bodies. Succeeding days show a different cycle in that the slender forms increase to some 93% at 10–13 days and the pear bodies decrease to some 3% of the total at the same time. When washed in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer alone, neither morphological type shows endogenous respiration; in glucose containing buffer, O2 consumption becomes evident; pear-shaped crithidia use, on an average, 12.6 μl O2/hr/108 whereas slender forms utilize 17.7 μl O2/hr/108 parasites. Malonate at 0.01 m inhibits O2 consumption of slender forms about 61% as compared to 27% with the pear-shaped bodies. A speculative discussion of the relation between morphological types, O2 consumption in the presence of glucose, and malonate inhibition is presented.
Financing of Emergency Medicine Graduate Medical Education Programs in an Era of Declining Medicare Reimbursement and Support

In May 2004, the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) National Affairs Committee was tasked with evaluation of graduate medical education (GME) funding in the face of declining Medicare reimbursement and support, and its implications for emergency medicine. This article was developed to educate the SAEM membership on the current status and climate of funding for GME and to serve as the basis of a position statement from SAEM on this topic. The paper presents the history and background on GME financing followed by currently known changes from the recently signed Medicare Act of 2003.
The Role Of Mission Planning In Mission Data Management For Tactical Reconnaissance

Modern tactical aircraft commanders face increasing threats on the battlefield of the 1990s, forcing their aircrews to fly at low altitudes and/or in night and adverse weather conditions. The dynamic nature of these threat and weather conditions requires responsive mission data management both on board the aircraft and on the ground during the mission planning process. Obviously the need exists for timely exploitation of intelligence data collected on previous missions, especially for tactical reconnaissance mission planning. In response to this need, Fairchild Communications & Electronics Company has developed an all digital mission planning system, known as the MAPS 300, which eliminates the manual cutting and pasting of paper charts and manual flight log calculations from the mission planning process. In addition, the MAPS 300 recommends minimum threat exposure routes and generates visual perspective views, permitting the aircrews to concentrate on selecting the mission tactics. The MAPS 300 is now in production for the U.S. Air Force as part of the Mission Support Systems II (MSS II) currently being procured for the F-4 NWDS, F-15E and F-111 aircraft. The MAPS technology has future applications for Strike Recce and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) programs.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Septin Filament Formation Is Essential in Budding Yeast

Septins are GTP-binding proteins that form ordered, rod-like multimeric complexes and polymerize into filaments, but how such supramolecular structure is related to septin function was unclear. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, four septins form an apolar hetero-octamer (Cdc11-Cdc12-Cdc3-Cdc10-Cdc10-Cdc3-Cdc12-Cdc11) that associates end-to-end to form filaments. We show that septin filament assembly displays previously unanticipated plasticity. Cells lacking Cdc10 or Cdc11 are able to divide because the now-exposed subunits (Cdc3 or Cdc12, respectively) retain an ability to homodimerize via their so-called G interface, thereby allowing for filament assembly. In such cdc10Δ and cdc11Δ cells, the remaining septins, like wild-type complexes, localize to the cortex at the bud neck and compartmentalize nonseptin factors, consistent with a diffusion barrier composed of continuous filaments in intimate contact with the plasma membrane. Conversely, Cdc10 or Cdc11 mutants that cannot self-associate, but "cap" Cdc3 or Cdc12, respectively, prevent filament formation, block cortical localization, and kill cells.
Fatigue Analysis of a Ceramic Pin Grid Array Soldered to an Orthotropic Epoxy Substrate

Thermal stresses and strains in the solder joints and plated-through-hole (PTH) copper pads/barrels of a pin-grid array (PGA) assembly under thermal cycling conditions have been determined in the present study. There are two major systems of thermal stresses/strains acting at the solder joint and copper. One is the transverse shear and vertical normal stress/strain due to the local thermal expansion mismatch between the pin, solder, copper, and FR-4. The other is the horizontal normal stress/strain due to the global thermal expansion mismatch between the ceramic PGA and the FR-4 printed circuit board (PCB). The effects of the local thermal expansion mismatch on the reliability of solder joint and PTH copper have been determined using a 3-D orthotropic-elastoplastic finite element method. The effects of the global thermal expansion mismatch on the reliability of solder joint and PTH copper have been determined by fatigue experiments. Fatigue life of the solder joint and PTH copper was then estimated based on the calculated strains and the fatigue data on solders and coppers.
Self-consistent 1/Nc expansion in the presence of electroweak interactions.

In the conventional approach to the 1/${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ expansion, electroweak interactions are switched off and large ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ QCD is treated in isolation. We study the self-consistency of taking the large ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ limit in the presence of electroweak interactions. If the electroweak coupling constants are held constant, the large ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ counting rules are violated by processes involving photon or weak boson lines. Anomaly cancellations, however, fix the ratio of electric charges of different fermions. This allows a self-consistent way to scale down the electronic charge e in the large ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ limit and, hence, restores the validity of the large ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ counting rules. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Minimizing the impact of spoof fabrication material on fingerprint liveness detector

Fingerprint liveness detection algorithms have been used to disambiguate live fingerprint samples from spoof (fake) fingerprints fabricated using materials such as latex, gelatine, etc. Most liveness detection algorithms are learning-based and dependent on the fabrication materials used to generate spoofs during the training stage. Consequently, the performance of a liveness detector is significantly degraded upon encountering fabrication materials that were not used during the training stage. The aim of this work is to design a simple pre-processing scheme that can improve the interoperability of liveness detectors across different fabrication materials — including those not observed during the training stage. Such a generalization ability is desirable in liveness detectors. Experiments on the LivDet 2011 fake fingerprint dataset suggest that (a) different fabrication materials when used in the training stage impart different degrees of generalization ability to the liveness detector and (b) the proposed pre-processing scheme improves generalization performance by upto 44%.
Electronic states of oxygen in gallium phosphide

The "classical" model described by Dean and others does not account for a number of the important electronic properties of oxygen in GaP. I summarize here the major experimental results which are unsatisfactorily explained by this model and present a new "weak-bonding" model, which does agree with experiment. This new model, which is based on spin multiplets formed from the four neighboring gallium bond orbitals modified by weak coupling to the central O atom, provides a detailed explanation of the experiments including Jahn-Teller and Zeeman effects and optically detected magnetic resonance.
Dipstick tests for secondhand smoke exposure

Introduction: We tested TobacAlert and NicAlert immuno-chromatographic strips for use as indicators of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Methods: Urine samples collected from SHS-unexposed volunteers were spiked with cotinine to concentrations of 5, 8, 13, and 23 ng cotinine/ml urine. One sample was not spiked and used as a control. According to manufacturer's instructions, 45 NicAlert and 45 TobacAlert dipsticks were prepared. The exercise was repeated once. Cotinine levels in urine samples were measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). STATA was used for statistical analyses. Results: Ninety NicAlert and 90 TobacAlert dipsticks were tested. Each strip was read by 3 different readers, for 270 NicAlert and 270 TobacAlert readings; 98/270 (36%) NicAlert and 104/270 (39%) TobacAlert readings agreed with the readings predicted by LC/MS-determined cotinine levels. Spearman's rho for the NicAlert strips was .13 and for the TobacAlert strips .23. Both were statistically significant. Using a dichotomous scheme to interpret any strip reading ≥1 as "positive," indicating SHS exposure, NicAlert strips were 94% sensitive and 31% specific, while TobacAlert strips were 89% sensitive and 60% specific. Discussion: NicAlert and TobacAlert strips performed poorly at low cotinine levels. While the strips could be used to pre-screen samples prior to more accurate testing, their use in the clinical or research setting to indicate SHS exposure should be restricted to carefully selected scenarios.
Relating Turbulence to Wind Turbine Blade Loads: Parametric Study with Multiple Regression Analysis

Different wind parameters are studied to find a set that is most useful in estimating fatigue loads on wind turbine blades. The histograms of rainflow counted stress ranges are summarized through their first three statistical moments and regression analysis is used to estimate these moments in various wind conditions. A systematic method of comparing the ability of different wind parameters to estimate the moments is described and results are shown for flapwise loads on three HAWTs. In the case of two of these turbines, the stress ranges are shown to be highly correlated with a turbulence measure obtained by removing a portion of the low-frequency content of the wind.
PUPAE OF ALLODAPINE BEES (HYMENOPTERA: XYLOCOPINAE)*

Except for hairs, pupae of allodapine bees have few characters not directly related to adult structures. The arrangement and attributes of the hairs, however, provide many characters which are described in this paper. In general, the groups of allodapine bees recognized previously on the basis of larvae and adults are supported by the hair patterns of pupae. Some or all of the longest hairs are hooked at their tips. Presumably these hooks serve to support the pupae where they are placed by adult bees. All the hairs presumably serve for protection against the surface of the rough burrow walls.
The Complex Chemistry of Peroxynitrite Decomposition: New Insights1

The yield of hydroxyl radicals produced in the decomposition of peroxynitrous acid (HOONO) at room temperature in deoxygenated and bicarbonate free water at pH ∼6.8 has been determined to be roughly 10%. This value rests on a detailed study of the decomposition of peroxynitrous acid in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide with stopped-flow kinetics and product analyses by unequivocal methods. The HO•/DMSO reaction is known to yield methane sulfinic acid (MSA) and CH3• radicals with 91% efficiency. MSA was quantified by 1H NMR and its measured yield was corrected to allow for its extensive further oxidation to methane sulfonic acid. Methyl radicals were quantified by trapping with a water-soluble, stable nitroxide. At low peroxynitrite concentrations these two techniques gave HO• yields of ca. 8% and ca. 13%, respectively. We conclude that in water the main (ca. 90%) decomposition pathway for peroxynitrite involves a rearrangement to nitric acid via an in-cage collapse of the singlet HO•/•NO2 radical pair wh...
Design of diffractive lenses that generate optical nulls without phase singularities

We exploit a technique, based on nonlinear optimization, to design diffractive lenses that focus optical nulls without any phase singularities. To ensure ease of fabrication, these lenses are composed of concentric circular zones. Furthermore, we show that this technique is readily extended to multiple wavelengths and can be used to improve tolerance to fabrication errors.
Design, capability, and cost of a Versatile Upper Stage /VUS/ family of vehicles.

Trade-off studies and a preliminary design were accomplished to investigate the Versatile Upper Stage (VUS) concept. This concept entails the development by one contractor of a family of stages with a great deal of commonality to perform a spectrum of potential unmanned automated missions planned through 1990. The trade studies and analyses revealed areas where the penalty for commonality between stages was excessive in weight and performance loss. This occurred in the selection of the vehicle structural shell. In many of the expensive subsystems, especially astrionics, it was found that establishing the requirements for all family members and the application of commonality in subsystem selection could result in significant savings.
Material properties and field-effect transistor characteristics of hybrid organic/graphene active layers

We report on the material properties and device characteristics of field-effect transistors (FETs) consisting of hybrid mono-layer graphene/organic semiconductor active layers. By capping with selected organic and polymeric layers, transformation of the electronic characteristics of mono-layer graphene FETs was observed. The off-state current is reduced while the on-state current and field-effect mobility are either unaffected or increased after depositing π−conjugated organic semiconductors. Significantly, capping mono-layer graphene FETs with fluoropolymer improved the on-off current ratio from 5 to 10 as well as increased the field-effect mobility by factor of two compared to plain graphene FETs. Removal of π−conjugated organic semiconductors or fluoropolymer from graphene FETs results in a return to the original electronic properties of mono-layer graphene FETs. This suggests that weak reversible electronic interactions between graphene and π−conjugated organic semiconductors/fluoropolymer favorably tune the material and electrical characteristics of mono-layer graphene.
High temperature thermodynamic properties of iron-nickel alloys

Abstract A correlation is presented for the thermodynamic properties of alloys of iron and nickel at high temperatures. It covers both solid and liquid phases and is in good agreement with the available experimental information. The correlation is based on the assumption that the solutions consist of a mixture of chemical species in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. The three-suffix Margules equations with zero ternary interactions and the regular solution assumption are used to describe the activity coefficients of the (assumed) species. The correlation is applicable over the full range of compositions, and is recommended for use at temperatures higher than 800 K. Values calculated for properties of interest are included.
Seasonal history ofMacrocentrus grandii [Hym.: Braconidae] andEriborus terebrans [Hym.: Ichneumonidae], two parasitoids of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis [Lep.: Pyralidae]

The seasonal histories and phenological relationships of European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), and its 2 parasitoids,Macrocentrus grandii (Goidanich) andEriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) were studied in southcentral Minnesota. Both parasitoids overwintered in mature borer larvae, broke diapause, completed development, and emerged at the same time as did borer adults. Thus the 1st generation parasitoids coincided with the peak abundance of their preferred larval instars of the 1st host generation. Both parasitoids had a 2nd generation, matching the bivoltinism ofO. nubilatis in Minnesota. The activity of 2nd generationE. terebrans was before the peak 2nd generation borer moth flight and was not synchronized with the peak abundance of 2nd generation borer larvae. The peak activity of 2nd generationM. grandii occurred after the peak 2nd generation borer moth flight and was fully synchronized with the peak abundance of 2nd generation borer larvae. Thus,M. grandii has both generations synchronized with the host seasonal history, and was the more effective of the 2 parasitoids.