cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Genesis of Three Nonsupercell Tornadoes Observed with Dual-Doppler Radar

Abstract Dual-Doppler radar analyses of three tornadoes associated with a multicellular line of storms are presented. The F2–F3 intensity tornadoes occurred on 15 June 1988 near Denver, Colorado, during the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) Project. These tornadoes developed from misocyclones of no larger than 2 km in diameter that formed along the collision of two surface outflows. The misocyclones were observed to build in height and intensify with time, coincident with rapid storm growth overhead. All three misocyclones were clearly associated with the maximum storm updrafts. Downdrafts and associated outflows did not play a role in the formation of one of the tornadoes, but may have contributed to the genesis of the other two tornadoes. It is clear that a downdraft is not a necessary condition for the formation of a nonsupercell tornado, but when present, likely plays a role in determining the timing and intensity of the tornado. This is achieved by the downdraft and outflow causing an increase in...
Purification of the N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphodiester α-N-Acetylglucosamindase from Human Lymphoblasts

The G1cNAc-1-phosphodiester α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (“uncovering enzyme”) plays a key role in the intracellular targeting of lysosomal enzymes by catalyzing the removal of N-acetylglucosamine exposing mannose-6-phosphate residues on high mannose and/or hybrid oligosaccharide chains of lysosomal enzymes. The subcellular localization of the uncovering enzyme has been proposed to be associated with the cis Golgi cisternae, but no definitive evidence exists as to either its exact location or structure.
Preclinical laboratory assessments of predictors of social rank in female cynomolgus monkeys

Physiological and behavioral differences between dominant and subordinate monkeys have been useful in preclinical models investigating numerous disease states. In captivity, it has been inferred that subordinate monkeys live in a context of chronic social stress and may be at risk for a variety of dysfunctions; however, the factors that influence eventual rank are not entirely known. The goal of the present study was to first evaluate several phenotypic characteristics as potential trait markers for eventual social rank and then to determine the consequences of social hierarchy on these measures (i.e., state markers). Baseline estradiol, progesterone, cortisol and testosterone concentrations were obtained from 16 pair-housed female cynomolgus monkeys before and after introduction into new social groups (n = 4/group). Furthermore, effects of the initial week of social rank establishment on outcome measures of cognitive performance and homecage activity were examined. Baseline body weight and mean serum estradiol concentrations were the only statistically significant predictors of eventual rank, with future subordinate monkeys weighing less and having higher estradiol concentrations. During initial hierarchy establishment, future subordinate monkeys had increased morning and afternoon cortisol concentrations, increased locomotor activity and impaired cognitive performance on a working memory task. After 3 months of social housing, subordinate monkeys had blunted circulating estradiol and progesterone concentrations. These findings demonstrate differential effects on gonadal hormones and cortisol as a function of social context in normally cycling female monkeys. Furthermore, disruptions in cognitive performance were associated with subordinate status, suggesting strong face validity of this model to the study of factors related to the etiology and treatment of human diseases associated with chronic stress. Am. J. Primatol. 78:402-417, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design and investigation of multivalent ligands for the detection and treatment of diseases

D of drugs for the detection and treatment of degenerative diseases such as cancer, prolonged and neuropathic pain, diabetes, etc. has proved to be very difficult. Most current treatments are inadequate, treat mostly symptoms, and have toxicities and development of tolerance that prevent effective long term use. Recent genomic and proteomic studies have shown that in many cases the diseases result from multiple changes in the expressed genome. These findings present opportunities for the development of new approaches to drug design and development. In particular it is possible to design multivalent ligands that can address 2 or more targets for the disease state, all in a single molecule. Depending on the nature of the target, different strategies are required so as to assure that each of the pharmacophores can act at their particular targets (receptor, accepter, enzyme, etc.) without interfering with the actions of the other pharmacophore. We illustrate these principles and this new approach for two different diseases. In the first case, we address the problem for designing ligands which can treat the most ubiquitous disease in the world, prolonged and neuropathic pain, without toxic side effects, for which there is no current effective treatment. We have designed bivalent and trivalent ligands that can act as antagonists at neurokinin-1 or bradykinin receptors and/or as agonists at the mu and delta opioid receptors in a single molecule. We can demonstrate that these ligands can treat neuropathic pain in vivo without toxicities or development of tolerance. In another example, we demonstrate the development of novel multivalent scaffolds that can target cancer cells but not normal cells, and thus can be used for the early detection and treatment of cancer. Victor J. Hruby, Med chem 2013, 3:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0444.S1.007
THE SPIRAL WAVEMAKER FOR LITTORAL DRIFT STUDIES

A technique for simulating an infinitely long beach in the laboratory is introduced, with the objective of eliminating end effects usually present with short straight beach sections. The technique involves the spiral wavemaker generating waves in the center of a circular basin. The wavemaker, consisting of a vertical right-circular cylinder oscillating in a small circle about its axis, is described in detail. Theoretical developments, using small-amplitude wave assumptions, show that the surface wave crests generated by the wavemaker may be described, at a particular time, as an Archimedian-type of spiral, with the wavemaker at its origin. Also, the crests impinge on the circular beach everywhere at the same angle of incidence. Experiments with a prototype spiral wavemaker verify the theory, with close results for shallow water waves. Littoral drift applications of the wavemaker are given.
Dual Quaternion based Spacecraft Rendezvous with Rotational and Translational Field of View Constraints

In this paper, we address spacecraft rendezvous with a tumbling asteroid. In order for the spacecraft to know its exact position relative to the asteroid, a vision sensor system must maintain continuous exposure to the asteroid while the spacecraft maneuvers. Such constrained motion not only restricts the approach trajectory toward the asteroid but also impacts the spacecraft’s attitude orientation during the maneuver. Together these restrictions constitute a challenging coupled rotationally and translationally constrained motion planning problem. In this direction, taking advantage of the unit dual quaternion parameterization which captures this combined motion simultaneously, we compactly represent the relative translational and rotational dynamics in deep space. We proceed to construct a convex representable subset to represent all feasible transitional and rotational motions. A convex quadratically constrained quadratic optimization program is formulated to find the control for the chasing spacecraft over this proposed convex subset based on the application of a piece-wise affine model predictive control framework. Brief stability analysis and simulation results for a typical constrained rendezvous mission are addressed to demonstrate the viability of the proposed methodology.
A quantitative separation of the females of Culicoides (Selfia) denningi, C. (S.) hieroglyphicus and C. (S.) jamesi (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).

Linear discriminant equations utilizing both adult and pupal characters are provided to separate females of Culicoides (Selfia) denningi, C. (S.) hieroglyphicus and C. (S.) JAMESI . In all cases, a small subset of characters was found that permits identification of females of the 3 species with a high degree of accuracy.
Analysis on etiological characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Pingdingshan City from 2009-2013

[Objective]To understand the etiological characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease( HFMD) in Pingdingshan City from 2009-2013,provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of HFMD. [Methods]The specimens were tested to identify the universal enterovirus( EV),human enterovirus 71( EV71) and coxsackie virus A16( CoxA16) by RT-PCR or real time RT-PCR.[Results]There were 1 918 HFMD cases of laboratory diagnosis in Pingdingshan City from 2009-2013. The dominant pathogen was EV71 during 2009-2012,while CoxA16 was dominant in 2013. The dominant pathogen has changed in different months. There was significant difference in the pathogenic form between urban and rural area( P 0. 001). The difference in the pathogenic form between males and females was not significant( P = 0. 072). There was significant difference in the pathogenic form among different career groups( P = 0. 010). The difference in the pathogenic form among different age groups was not significant( P = 0. 350). There was significant difference in the pathogenic form between severe cases and mild cases( P 0. 001),and the proportion of EV71 was positively correlated to the rate of severe cases( r = 0. 806).[Conclusion]It is important to strengthen the etiological surveillance of HFMD in Pingdingshan City,to effectively control HFMD.
Analysis on the Vicissitude of HFMD Etiology in Baodi District of Tianjin in 2011—2013

Objective To analyze the etiological characteristics of hand,foot and mouth disease( HFMD) in Baodi from 2011 to 2013,and to provide etiological basis for further control and prevention of HFMD. Methods The stool samples collected from patients with HFMD were detected and identified by fluorescent RT-PCR method. Results 132 EV cases of the 157 stool samples of HFMD cases were detected to be positive,and the positive rate was 84. 08%,of which 51 EV71 cases were positive,38 CA6 cases were positive,accounting for 38. 64% and 28. 79% of EV positive cases,and 85. 61% of all the infected respectively. There were no statistic significance as for the differences of infection positive rates among EV71,CA16,CA6 in different genders and other enterovirus and the mixed infection between CA16 and other enterovirus. The pathogen compositions from 2011 to 2013 was dynamic,and they dominated alternatively. Conclusion The major pathogens of HFMD in Baodi District from 2011 to 2013 were EV71 and CA6,which dominated alternatively and posed the possibility of mixed infection,thus,the long-term and continuous etiological surveillance for HFMD should be carried out.
Influence of Background Parameter Uncertainty on Parameter Identification

Except for two or three target parameters,all the remaining parameters(hereinafter referred to as background parameters) are usually assumed to be accurate in parameter identification.However,both models and operating conditions are highly random and uncertain in nature,typical or experiential values have to be used for the background parameters.It is also difficult to assign reasonable value-intervals for some background parameters.Errors of the background parameters will affect the identification errors of the target parameters,or even invalidate the identification.Based on stability mechanisms,the influence of background parameter uncertainty on parameter identification by using the difference index and its sensitivity analysis are investigated.Simulation results show that background parameter error may lead to serious error for identification or even no solution.This reveals the potentially very high risks for parameter identification.
Cancer of the rectum: a review of surgical options.

Options for the treatment of rectal cancer are local treatment, abdominoperineal resection with colostomy, extended Hartmann resection with colostomy, anterior resection with colorectal anastomosis, abdominoperineal resection with anastomosis, and anteroposterior resection with anastomosis. Because of these options, surgeons can establish intestinal continuity without compromising five-year survival.
L-Arginine Phosphate and its Analogues: New Harmonic Generators for High Power Lasers

Deuterated L-Arginine Phosphate (d-LAP) is a possible replacement for KDP in the next generation of high power lasers for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research. Lasers for ICF research will have output energies around 10 MJ, and will require robust materials for frequency doubling or tripling which can be fabricated into large aperture devices. The materials will need to have sufficient angular tolerance to convert spatially non-uniform beams efficiently, and must operate reliably at very high intensities.
Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Antibody (PCA-2)-related Chorea-Dystonia Syndrome.

There are several causes of adult-onset chorea, with Huntington’s disease (HD) being the most common. We report a patient who developed a complex movement disorder consisting of chorea and dystonia associated with caudate atrophy on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of a paraneoplastic etiology that can be easily confused with HD. He was found to have elevated titers of Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody (PCA-2) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Chemometric modeling of thermogravimetric data for the compositional analysis of forest biomass.

The objective of this study was to investigated the use of chemometric modeling of thermogravimetric (TG) data as an alternative approach to estimate the chemical and proximate (i.e. volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash contents) composition of lignocellulosic biomass. Since these properties affect the conversion pathway, processing costs, yield and / or quality of products, a capability to rapidly determine these for biomass feedstock entering the process stream will be useful in the success and efficiency of bioconversion technologies. The 38-minute long methodology developed in this study enabled the simultaneous prediction of both the chemical and proximate properties of forest-derived biomass from the same TG data. Conventionally, two separate experiments had to be conducted to obtain such information. In addition, the chemometric models constructed with normalized TG data outperformed models developed via the traditional deconvolution of TG data. PLS and PCR models were especially robust in predicting the volatile matter (R2–0.92; RPD– 3.58) and lignin (R2–0.82; RPD– 2.40) contents of the biomass. The application of chemometrics to TG data also made it possible to predict some monomeric sugars in this study. Elucidation of PC loadings obtained from chemometric models also provided some insights into the thermal decomposition behavior of the chemical constituents of lignocellulosic biomass. For instance, similar loadings were noted for volatile matter and cellulose, and for fixed carbon and lignin. The findings indicate that common latent variables are shared between these chemical and thermal reactivity properties. Results from this study buttresses literature that have reported that the less thermally stable polysaccharides are responsible for the yield of volatiles whereas the more recalcitrant lignin with its higher percentage of elementary carbon contributes to the yield of fixed carbon.
Striatal and Hippocampal Atrophy in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease Patients without Dementia: A Morphometric Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Analyses of subcortical gray structure volumes in non-demented idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) often but not always show volume loss of the putamen, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus. There is building evidence that structure morphometry might be more sensitive to disease-related processes than volume. OBJECTIVE: To assess morphometric differences of subcortical structures (putamen, caudate nucleus, thalamus, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, amygdala) as well as the hippocampus in non-demented individuals with PD relative to age and education matched non-PD peers. METHODS: Prospective recruitment of idiopathic no-dementia PD and non-PD peers as part of a federally funded investigation. T1-weighted isovoxel metrics acquired via 3T Siemens Verio for all individuals (PD n=72 (left side onset n = 27, right side onset n = 45); non-PD n = 48). FIRST (FMRIB Software Library) applications provided volumetric and vertex analyses on group differences for structure size and morphometry. RESULTS: Group volume differences were observed only for putamen and hippocampi (PD < non-PD) with hippocampal volume significantly associating with disease duration. Group shape differences were observed for bilateral putamen, caudate nucleus, and hippocampus with greater striatal atrophy contralateral to side of motor symptom onset. Hippocampal shape differences disappeared when removing the effects of volume. CONCLUSIONS: The putamen was the primary structure to show both volume and shape differences in PD, indicating that the putamen is the predominant site of basal ganglia atrophy in early to mid-stage PD. Side of PD symptom onset associates with contralateral striatal atrophy. Left onset PD might experience more extensive striatal atrophy than right onset PD. Hippocampus morphometric results suggest possible primary atrophy of CA3/4 and dentate gyrus.
An Interspecies Heart-to-Heart: Using Xenopus to Uncover the Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Disease

Given the enormous impact congenital heart disease has on child health, it is imperative that we improve our understanding of the disease mechanisms that underlie patient phenotypes and clinical outcomes. This review will outline the merits of using the frog model, Xenopus, as a tool to study human cardiac development and left-right patterning mechanisms associated with congenital heart disease. Patient-driven gene discovery continues to provide new insight into the mechanisms of congenital heart disease, and by extension, patient phenotypes and outcomes. By identifying gene variants in CHD patients, studies in Xenopus have elucidated the molecular mechanisms of how identified candidate genes affect cardiac development and left-right patterning, a process that has major impacts on cardiac morphogenesis. Xenopus is also a useful screening tool that helps define the biological relevance of identified patient mutations. Ongoing investigations continue to illuminate disease mechanisms using this organism. Analyses in model organisms can help to elucidate the disease mechanisms underlying CHD patient phenotypes. Using Xenopus to disentangle the genotype-phenotype relationships of well-known and novel disease genes could enhance the ability of physicians to efficaciously treat patients and predict clinical outcomes, ultimately improving quality of life and survival rates of patients born with congenital heart disease.
Stability of Feedback Control Systems

This chapter focuses on the stability of feedback control systems. It utilizes the transfer function modeling and an approach similar to the one of Chapter 7 , which introduces the concept of stability applied to open-loop (uncontrolled) dynamic systems. The closed-loop transfer function is employed for single-input, single-output (SISO) systems, and the closed-loop transfer function matrix is used for multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO or multivariable) systems to determine the pole position in the complex plane and to establish stable, marginally stable, or unstable behavior of feedback systems. The state-space model is also applied to determine the stability behavior of dynamic control systems. Analytical or MATLAB methods can be used to solve the characteristic equation related to the closed-loop transfer function or the closed-loop transfer function matrix when such solutions are available. The Routh–Hurwitz test or criterion is the analytical tool of choice for designing control systems with parameters, such as gains, that are originally undetermined. The method is illustrated by several examples. The root-locus method and the Nyquist criterion are introduced here to monitor the closed-loop pole migration between the left-hand complex plane and the right-hand complex plane for feedback system with a variable gain by analyzing the poles and zeros of the open-loop transfer function. For the same purpose, the Bode plots are utilized, as well as the phase and/or gain margins.
Incidental hepatic lesions detected on breast MRI: Rate of malignancy and implications for utilization.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to determine the rate of malignancy in incidentally detected T2 hyperintense hepatic lesions at breast MRI. Methods Incidental hepatic lesions identified during breast MRI, for which abdominal imaging was recommended, were retrospectively analyzed. Results Of the hepatic lesions, 97.3% were benign, and 2.7% were malignant, with a significant association between indication for the breast MRI and the malignancy status of the hepatic lesion (Fisher's Exact, P Conclusion Our initial experience suggests the benign nature of incidentally detected T2 hyperintense hepatic lesions at breast MRI in women without a newly diagnosed breast cancer.
Inflammatory Renal Disease

A disparity in terminology for inflammatory renal conditions has caused increasing difficulty in comparing observations reported in the radiologic vs urologic vs pathologic literature in the last two decades. The definitions of such terms as focal bacterial nephritis, lobar nephroma, and reflux nephropathy appear to vary by specialty, or the terms may be avoided altogether (Walsh et al. 1986; Gillenwater et al. 1987). The fact that many of these new terms are not recognized by the pathologist is also disconcerting. This feature carries over into the radiologic literature and has caused disagreement among radiologists as to the precise definition for each term. Focal bacterial nephritis and focal lobar nephroma have been used synonymously to indicate focal acute pyelonephritis by some radiologists, whereas others have used the latter term only if parenchymal destruction has occurred, but not a frank abscess.
35S-Sulfide incorporation during alkaline treatment of keratin and its relation to lanthionine formation.

Cattle hair exposed to solutions of 35S-sulfide ions at pH 12.5, hydrolyzed with acid, and analyzed for amino acids with simultaneous measurement of the radioactivity of the eluate from the analytical column showed 87 percent of the radioactivity incorporated in the hair in three amino acids: cysteic acid, lanthionine, and cystine. This and other evidence presented lend further support to the intermediacy of dehydroalanyl residues formed by a β-elimination reaction in the conversion of cystinyl residues to lanthionyl residues in proteins. The presence of radioactively labelled cystine in the hydrolyzate indicates that the dehydroalanyl residues are also capable of reforming cystinyl residues under these same conditions through a series of reversible reactions.
Einstein and the Lorentz-Poincaré Theory of Relativity

The title of this paper has reference to the well known remark which Whittaker has made about Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity in his book History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. In the Chapter entitled The Relativity Theory of Poincare and Lorentz’ he writes as follows: “In the autumn of the same year… Einstein published a paper which set forth the relativity theory of Poincare and Lorentz with some amplifications, and which attracted much attention… In this paper Einstein gave the modifications which must now be introduced into the for-mulae for aberration and the Doppler effect.”1 The question with which I am concerned in this paper is whether from a strictly empirical point of view Whittaker’s assessment is correct. I shall argue that the physical content of both of Einstein’s postulates the Postulate of Relativity and the Postulate — of the Constancy of the Velocity of Light — was in fact already known to Lorentz and Poincar6, and that the significance of Einstein’s theory vis-a vis Lorentz’s lies purely in its conceptual-epistemological content. Furthermore, we argue that Einstein’s theory is derivable from Lorentz’s by the addition of these purely conceptual innovations. On the other hand it is, of course, precisely because of its conceptual innovations that Einstein’s theory has been the subject of much philosophical interest.
Geographic variations in sperm counts: a potential cause of bias in studies of semen quality.

Objective To determine whether geographic variations in sperm counts might bias conclusions drawn from studies of semen quality. Design Reanalysis of published data from a meta-analysis of 61 studies from 1938 to 1990 that concluded a worldwide decline in semen quality over the last 50 years. Main Outcome Measures Influence of geographic location on sperm counts. Results Of 61 studies in the meta-analysis, only 20 included ≥ 100 men. These 20 studies collectively comprised 91% of the total men studied. We focused our reanalysis on these 20 studies. Of the studies before 1970, all were from the United States and 80% were from New York. These studies represented locations with the highest sperm counts. In contrast, after 1970, 80% of the studies were from locations not represented earlier, including five studies from third world countries, where sperm counts were low. Conclusions Sperm counts vary dramatically among different geographic locations. Geographic variations in sperm counts need to be considered when analyzing data from different locations.
Abstract 677: TTK: A novel target for radiosensitization in triple-negative breast cancers

Background: Increased rates of locoregional recurrence leading to poorer clinical outcomes have been observed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) despite the use of radiation therapy (RT), therefore approaches that result in radiosensitizaton in TNBC are critically needed. Our previous work identified a group of cell cycle kinases differentially expressed in estrogen receptor negative (ER-) versus estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC). Here we described the impact of elevated expression of one of these identified kinases, TTK, on radiation response and patient outcomes in TNBC. Methods: TCGA breast cancer datasets were used to determine TTK expression in the intrinsic subtypes of BC. TTK RNA and protein levels were measured using qPCR and western blot at baseline and after radiation treatment. Clonogenic survival assays were used to determine the radiosensitization in several cells after TTK inhibition. DNA damage was quantified using γH2AX staining in TNBC cell lines. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine the impact of TTK expression on locoregional recurrence (LRR) and overall survival (OS). A Cox proportional hazards model was constructed to identify potential factors of LRR-free survival in univariate (UVA) and multivariable analyses (MVA). Results: TTK expression is elevated in breast cancer tissue compared to normal breast tissue (Q-VAL: 8.70 E-291) and is most highly expressed in basal-like tumors. TTK is overexpressed in ER- versus ER+ tumors in both breast cancers patient samples (p-value: Conclusion: Our results support the rationale for developing translational clinical trials to investigate TTK inhibition as a novel radiosensitizing target in TNBC. Citation Format: Benjamin C. Chandler, Leah Moubadder, Cassie Ritter, Yashar Niknafs, Eric Olsen, Meleah Cameron, Meilan Liu, Kari Wilder-Romans, Shyam Nyati, Powel Brown, Arul Chinnaiyan, Corey Speers. TTK: A novel target for radiosensitization in triple-negative breast cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 677.
Numerical and experimental studies of additively manufactured polymers for enhanced fracture properties

Abstract A combination of computational and experimental investigation is performed to study additively manufactured (AM) polymers for enhanced fracture properties. Single edge notch tension specimens made of acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS) materials through fused deposition modeling with various build/raster orientations are studied, namely, horizontal builds with 45°/−45° (45–45) or 0°/90° (0–90) raster orientations, and vertical builds with layers perpendicular to the notch (V0). The measured fracture properties were found to highly depend on the build/raster orientations and crack kinking was observed in 45–45 samples to follow the weak inter-filament weld-lines. The extended finite element method (XFEM) using cohesive segment approach with anisotropic damage initiation and evolution criteria was developed to capture the dependency of fracture behaviors on build/raster orientations. Numerical parametric studies further show that the inter-filament bonding strength could be tuned to create alternate crack paths for maximum energy dissipated in AM polymer fracture. Finally, toughening mechanisms using topological patterns on the sample surface to deflect crack paths are demonstrated in experiments. This study sheds light on optimization of AM polymers for enhanced fracture properties.
Crip Feelings/Feeling Crip

If there is no crying in disability studies, then what becomes of those whose emotions are disabling or those whose disability is invalidated because it is considered just a feeling? The article ex...
The Economic Organization of the Household: The Economics of Marriage and Divorce

INTRODUCTION Similar to the changes in fertility and household time allocation, demographers have noted significant shifts in marriage and divorce patterns over the past fifty years. In 1950, the marriage rate per 1000 population was 11.1 and the divorce rate per 1000 population was 2.6. The median age at first marriage was 22.8 for males and 20.3 for females. Sixty-eight percent (66%) of all adult males (females) were married in 1950 and only 2.0 percent (2.4%) were divorced. By 2001, the marriage rate per 1000 population had declined to 8.4 and the divorce rate had risen to 4.0. The median age at first marriage had climbed to 26.9 for males and 25.1 for females. Only 60.8 percent (57%) of all adult males (females) were married in 2002 while 8.6 percent (11.2%) were divorced (U.S. Bureau of the Census 2000b; 2003). Clearly, over the past fifty years marriage rates have declined and both age at first marriage and divorce rates have risen significantly. Can economic theory help us understand why people marry and divorce and why patterns of marriage and divorce have changed over time? Economic theory is relevant as a (partial) explanation of marriage and divorce only if marriage and divorce can be viewed as economic activities over which the individuals involved have choice. As with fertility, if individuals have no choice over whether they are married or divorced, then economics is irrelevant.
Direct Determination of Pb in Cosmetics by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Suspension Sampling

There have been many difficulties surrounding cumbersome digestion processes and explosive boiling when attempting to detect metal elements in cosmetics.It is difficult to control the pretreatment process and it is necessary to use a lot of reagents,which easily leads to the high reagent blank.Content of lead(Pb) in cosmetics is far below the national limits(≤40 mg/kg),which cannot accurately be determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometric.In this paper a method is described for direct determination of Pb in cosmetics by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with suspension sampling.Sample digestion was not required as the cosmetics samples to be determined were directly placed into the Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer after suspension by 0.2% nitric acid and 0.1% Triton X-100.The instrument conditions were optimized and high pure argon was added to the drying compressed air in the graphite furnace ashing process,in order to eliminate the carbon residue when the number of samples was over 50,and to ensure the stability for long-term analysis.The matrix modifier was palladium nitrate.Palladium and Pb can form a stable palladium Pb metal compound,and significantly improve the atomic temperature.Standard addition method was conducted to eliminate the matrix interference.The detection limit of this method was 0.003 mg/kg.The recovery of Pb was in the range of 91.6%-106.8%,precision was in the range of 1.5%-2.1%(n=6).National standard reference materials GBW(E) 090028(cream) and GBW(E) 090027(powder) were determined by using this method and the results were consistent with the standard value.Compared with the results using the national standard method for detection,the results showed no significant difference.This method has low detection limit,can meet the testing requirements of trace Pb in cosmetics.
Internal and external stress factors associated with the identity development of transgender and gender variant youth

Transgender youth are among the most neglected and misunderstood groups in our society today. In addition to undergoing the regular perils of adolescence, these young people face an extraordinary degree of additional internal and external pressures associated with their identity development, centered around a society that is overwhelmingly uncomfortable with gender non-conformity. When left unchecked, these pressures amount to extreme isolation and confusion, which can lead to an array of biopsychosocial problems, from substance abuse to self-mutilation.
Faking Science: Scientificness, Credibility, and Belief in Pseudoscience.

Due to the prevalence of pseudoscience, scientific illiteracy, and fake news, scientists are increasingly concerned about pseudoscientific beliefs among individuals without advanced scientific trai...
Precious metal-free solar-to-fuel generation: SSM-DSCs powering water splitting with NanoCOT and NiMoZn electrocatalysts

A precious metal-free sequential series multijunction dye-sensitized solar cell (SSM-DSC)-powered water electrolysis system is demonstrated using NanoCOT and NiMoZn electrodes. A stable 3.9% solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency is achieved using a recently reported black organic dye and graphene electrodes for DSCs.
Telling Medical Professionals About Victimization by Intimate Partner: Analysis of Women Surviving Intimate Partner Violence:

This study investigated factors in women’s disclosure of intimate partner violence (IPV) to medical professionals. Its sample of 3,226 women surviving IPV was extracted from the National Intimate P...
Surgical Resection of Clinoidal Meningiomas without Routine Use of Clinoidectomy.

Objective Meningiomas of the anterior clinoid process (ACP) present significant surgical challenges given their anatomic relation to critical neurovascular structures. Routine anterior clinoidectomy is often described as a critical step in the resection of these tumors to reduce recurrence and improve visual outcomes. Anterior clinoidectomy, however, is not without risk and its benefits have not been clearly delineated. We present the outcomes of our series of surgically managed ACP meningiomas in which an anterior clinoidectomy was not routinely employed. Methods A retrospective review of all ACP meningiomas operated on between August 1997 and March 2019 was conducted. Patients with a recurrent tumor or with Results Twenty-nine patients were included in this study. Anterior clinoidectomy was performed in 3 patients (10.3%). Gross total resection was achieved in 22 patients (75.9%). Of the 21 patients (72.4%) who presented with visual deficits, vision improved in 18 patients (85.7%) and worsened in 2 (9.5%). Tumor recurrence occurred in 5 patients (17.2%) at a mean follow-up of 64.9 months. Perioperative morbidity was 10.3%. Permanent morbidity and mortality were 6.9% (vision deterioration) and 0%, respectively. Conclusions Resection of ACP meningiomas without routine anterior clinoidectomy minimizes potential risk while achieving gross total resection, recurrence, and visual improvement rates comparable with those in previously reported series.
Modelling defect severity for failure analysis of composites

Abstract Manufacturing induced defects in composite materials cannot be fully avoided. A good engineering approach is to assess the effects of defects on the structural performance and accept the defects to the extent they can be safely allowed. This requires knowing how severe the defects are with respect to the failure mode that can be affected by their presence. This chapter describes procedures for quantifying defect severity relevant to formation of transverse cracks in unidirectional composites. The failure analysis for this failure mode is described and the criticality of failure is related to the proposed defect severity measures.
Safety and efficacy of repeat Y90 radioembolization to the same hepatic arterial territory.

Objective:To study the efficacy and safety of repeat transarterial radioembolization (TARE) to similar hepatic arterial territories.Methods:Between 3/2011 and 4/2019, 26 patients (25 males and 1 Fe...
Utility of cell-free DNA concentrations and illness severity scores to predict survival in critically ill neonatal foals.

Plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels have been associated with disease and survival status in septic humans and dogs. To date, studies investigating cfDNA levels in association with critical illness in foals are lacking. We hypothesized that cfDNA would be detectable in the plasma of foals, that septic and sick-nonseptic foals would have significantly higher cfDNA levels compared to healthy foals, and that increased cfDNA levels would be associated with non-survival. Animals used include 80 foals of 10 days of age or less admitted to a tertiary referral center between January and July, 2020 were stratified into three categories: healthy (n = 34), sick non-septic (n = 11) and septic (n = 35) based on specific criteria. This was a prospective clinical study. Blood was collected from critically ill foals at admission or born in hospital for cfDNA quantification and blood culture. Previously published sepsis score (SS) and neonatal SIRS score (NSIRS) were also calculated. SS, NSIRS, blood culture status and cfDNA concentrations were evaluated to predict survival. Continuous variables between groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s post hoc test. Comparisons between two groups were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U-test or Spearman rank for correlations. The performance of cfDNA, sepsis score and NSIRS score to predict survival was assessed by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis including area under the curve, sensitivity and specificity using cutoffs. Plasma cfDNA was detectable in all foals. No significant differences in cfDNA concentration were detected between healthy foals and septic foals (P = 0.65) or healthy foals and sick non-septic foals (P = 0.88). There was no significant association between cfDNA and culture status, SS, NSIRS or foal survival. SS (AUC 0.85) and NSIRS (AUC 0.83) were superior to cfDNA (AUC 0.64) in predicting survival. Although cfDNA was detectable in foal plasma, it offers negligible utility to diagnose sepsis or predict survival in critical illness in neonates.
The Epidemiology of Microscopic Colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: Population-Based Study From 2011 to 2019.

Background & Aims Epidemiologic studies from Europe and North America have reported an increasing incidence of microscopic colitis (MC) in the late 20th century, followed by a plateau. This population-based study assessed recent incidence trends and the overall prevalence of MC over the past decade. Methods Residents of Olmsted County, MN, diagnosed with collagenous colitis (CC) or lymphocytic colitis (LC) between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2019 were identified using the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Clinical variables were abstracted by chart review. Incidence rates were age- and sex-adjusted to the 2010 US population. Associations between incidence and age, sex, and calendar periods were evaluated using Poisson regression analyses. Results A total of 268 incident cases of MC were identified with a median age at diagnosis of 64 years (range, 19–90 y); 207 (77%) were women. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of MC was 25.8 (95% CI, 22.7–28.9) cases per 100,000 person-years. The incidence of LC was 15.8 (95% CI, 13.4–18.2) and CC was 9.9 (95% CI, 8.1–11.9) per 100,000 person-years. A higher MC incidence was associated with increasing age and female sex (P Conclusions The incidence of MC and its subtypes was stable between 2011 and 2019, but its prevalence was higher than in previous periods. The incidence of MC continues to be associated with increasing age and female sex.
Impact Of Socia Isolation On The Health And Psychological Condition Of Students At The N. Y. Vaptsarov Naval Academy

The world is facing an unexpected crisis caused by the rapid spread of the new Covid-19 virus. The consequences for people and society are still being studied. This article presents a study conducted during the state of emergency with students at the N. Y. Vaptsarov Naval Academy. The cadets have observed all the imposed restrictions, continuing their life and education at school. The conducted survey shows the stress factors influencing the researched individuals and their coping strategies for living in the conditions of the structured military environment.
Limiting Donor Exposure in Hemotherapy

As with any medical therapy, transfusion has risks and complications that are inherent in its application. There are also many options in standard approaches and alternatives to allogeneic transfusion to be considered that allow hemotherapy to be tailored to the patient's needs, maximizing benefit while reducing risk. Transfusion of standard, allogeneic components selected at random and derived from an altruistic donation by a community volunteer donor continue to comprise the majority of transfusions. However, many steps can be taken to minimize allogeneic exposure and its consequences. Transfusing only when the benefits are clinically important and justify the risks is probably most important
The relationship between disordered eating and sexuality amongst adolescents and young adults

Research shows that gay and bisexual males are at increased risk for disordered eating symptoms (DES); however, studies examining DES amongst lesbians and bisexual women have produced mixed findings. Furthermore, few studies have included questioning or "unsure" individuals. This study examined DES symptoms in adolescents and young adults across self-reported sexual attraction and behavior. Participants were recruited from ten primary care sites in Pennsylvania and administered the Behavioral Health Screen (BHS) - a web-based screening tool that assesses psychiatric symptoms and risk behaviors - during a routine visit. As expected, males who were attracted to other males exhibited significantly higher disordered eating scores than those only attracted to members of the opposite sex. Males who engaged in sexual activities with other males also exhibited significantly higher scores than those who only engaged in sexual activities with females. Amongst females, there were no significant differences in DES scores between females who were only attracted to females and those only attracted to males. Those who reported being attracted to both sexes, however, had significantly higher scores, on average, than those only attracted to one sex. More surprisingly, females who were unsure of who they were attracted to reported the highest DES scores of all. These findings are contrary to previous assumptions that same-sex attraction plays a protective role against eating pathology in females. Females who are unsure or attracted to both sexes may actually be at increased risk for developing DES.
The Braid Group and Linear Rigidity

We introduce the BC-operation (short for braid-companion) on tuples of matrices. It corresponds to Katz's middle convolution operation on local systems, and generalizes it to fields K of arbitrary characteristic. It is based on the Burau–Gassner representation of the braid group. We expect many applications, in Galois theory (for finite K) as well as in Katz's original set-up of local systems and linear differential equations (where K = ℂ).
Theory of Vortex Sound: Lighthill's Theory

The Acoustic Analogy The sound generated by turbulence in an unbounded fluid is usually called aerodynamic sound . Most unsteady flows of technological interest are of high Reynolds number and turbulent, and the acoustic radiation is a very small byproduct of the motion. The turbulence is usually produced by fluid motion over a solid boundary or by flow instability. Lighthill (1952) transformed the Navier–Stokes and continuity equations to form an exact, inhomogeneous wave equation whose source terms are important only within the turbulent region. He argued that sound is a very small component of the whole motion and that, once generated, its back-reaction on the main flow can usually be ignored. The properties of the unsteady flow in the source region may then be determined by neglecting the production and propagation of the sound, a reasonable approximation if the Mach number M is small, and there are many important flows where the hypothesis is obviously correct, and where the theory leads to unambiguous predictions of the sound. Lighthill was initially interested in solving the problem, illustrated in Fig. 2.1.1a, of the sound produced by a turbulent nozzle flow. However, his original theory actually applies to the simpler situation shown in Fig. 2.1.1b, in which the sound is imagined to be generated by a finite region of rotational flow in an unbounded fluid. This avoids complications caused by the presence of the nozzle.
Ficino's idea of architecture: The 'mind's-eye view' in Quattrocento architectural drawings

Throughout many of Marsilio Ficino's writings of the 1460s, 70s, and 80s recurs the theme of the architect and the creation of a building's form in his mind. In the same period, Italian artists developed a new type of architectural drawing to suggest both the internal and external form of a centralized building in a single image. Wolfgang Lotz had used the phrase ‘bird's-eye view’ to refer to these drawings, found in the works of Filarete, Francesco di Giorgio, and Leonardo da Vinci. He excluded from consideration the related woodcut of the fictional Temple of Venus Physizoa in the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499). An analysis of the accompanying text suggests that this type of drawing relates to Ficino's concept of intuiting an architect's original design of a building – the total Idea, or ‘mind's-eye view’.
Targeted mice reveal a role for RAGE in an early inflammatory response to tobacco smoke (834.4)

The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) has increasingly been demonstrated to be an important modulator of inflammation in cases of pulmonary disease. Published reports involving tobacco smoke exposure have demonstrated increased expression of RAGE, its participation in pro-inflammatory signaling and its role in irreversible pulmonary remodeling. The current research evaluated the in vivo effects of short-term tobacco smoke exposure in RAGE null and control mice compared to identical animals groups exposed to room air only. Q-PCR and immunoblotting revealed elevated RAGE expression in controls after four weeks of exposure and an anticipated absence of RAGE expression in RAGE null mice regardless of smoke exposure. Inflammatory cell behaviors were assessed by determining the activation of ras, intracellular signaling kinases, and cytokine synthesis and secretion. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was procured from RAGE null and control animals prior to assessment for inflamma...