cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First-order system least-squares (FOSLS) for modeling blood flow

The modeling of blood flow through a compliant vessel requires solving a system of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). Traditional methods for solving the system of PDEs do not scale optimally, i.e., doubling the discrete problem size results in a computational time increase of more than a factor of 2. However, the development of multigrid algorithms and, more recently, the first-order system least-squares (FOSLS) finite-element formulation has enabled optimal computational scalability for an ever increasing set of problems. Previous work has demonstrated, and in some cases proved, optimal computational scalability in solving Stokes, Navier-Stokes, elasticity, and elliptic grid generation problems separately. Additionally, coupled fluid-elastic systems have been solved in an optimal manner in 2D for some geometries. This paper presents a FOSLS approach for solving a 3D model of blood flow in a compliant vessel. Blood is modeled as a Newtonian fluid, and the vessel wall is modeled as a linear elastic material of finite thickness. The approach is demonstrated on three different geometries, and optimal scalability is shown to occur over a range of problem sizes. The FOSLS formulation has other benefits, including that the functional is a sharp, a posteriori error measure.
The relationship between inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase by lead and lead mobilization by ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA)☆

Abstract The effect of ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) on the activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and on the excretion of lead in the urine of lead-intoxicated rats is reported. Rats were given lead in their drinking water at 0.5 and 1% for varying periods of time or as single iv doses of 20–30 mg/kg. All the animals experienced a pronounced reduction in weight gains. Lead caused inhibition of ALAD in both blood and liver. Inhibition was greater in blood than in liver. Although EDTA itself caused slight inhibition of ALAD in rats not given lead, EDTA treatment of rats given lead resulted in rapid reactivation of the ALAD in liver. By contrast, EDTA treatment had little effect on lead-induced ALAD inhibition in blood. EDTA-induced lead excretion in the urine was inversely proportional to the liver ALAD activity. The correlation of the concentration of lead in the liver before treatment with ALAD activity was equally good. The results are discussed in regard to the value of the EDTA lead-mobilization test as a measure of the toxic fraction of the body burden of lead.
Effect of Johrei therapy on sleep in a murine model.

Context Sleep deprivation is an underrecognized problem that afflicts our society and can lead to reductions in vitality. However, vitality can be improved by Johrei therapy. We experimented on animals to distinguish the potential benefits of Johrei therapy independent of placebo effects. Objectives The central purpose of this study was to explore the sleep-promoting effects of Johrei in mice subjected to sleep interruption. The exploratory aim of the study was to determine the effect of Johrei on sleep as measured by tissue markers in the brain and electroencephalography-derived sleep in sleep-interrupted mice when compared with control mice. Design, Intervention, and Measurements Mice (n = 45; C57BL/J6) were randomly allocated to one of five study arms with nine animals per arm: Johrei therapy alone, sham controls, negative controls, sleep interruption, and sleep interruption plus Johrei therapy. The amount of sleep was evaluated by measuring proportion of C-fos reactive neurons versus non-C-fos reactive neurons in the medial preoptic area of brain. Results The proportion of C-fos reactive cells in sleep-interrupted mice that received Johrei therapy (14.5 ± 0.8%; sleep interruption plus Johrei therapy group) was greater than in sleep-interrupted mice (2.4 ± 1.3%; sleep interruption group) that received no such therapy ( P P = .07). Conclusions Johrei treatment results in better sleep as measured by proportion of brain tissue markers of recent sleep.
Storing elastic energy in carbon nanotubes

The potential performance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as springs for elastic energy storage is evaluated. Models are used to determine an upper bound on the energy density that can be stored in defect-free individual CNTs and in assemblies of such CNTs. The models reveal that optimal energy density may be achieved in small-diameter single-walled CNTs loaded in tension, with a maximum theoretical energy density for CNT groupings of 7.8 × 106 kJ m−3. Millimeter-scale CNT springs are constructed using 3 mm tall forests of multi-walled CNTs as the starting material, and tensile tests are performed to measure the springs' stiffness, strength and elastic properties. The measured strain energy density of these continuous CNT fibers is comparable to the energy density of steel springs.
A system-level perspective for efficient NoC design

With the advent of chip multiprocessors (CMPs) in mainstream systems, the on-chip network that connects different processing cores becomes a critical part of the design. There has been significant work in the recent past on designing these networks for efficiency and scalability. However, most network design evaluations use a stand-alone network simulator which fails to capture the system-level implications of the design. New design innovations, which might yield promising results when evaluated using such stand-alone models, may not look that attractive when evaluated in a full-system simulation framework. In this work, we present GARNET, a detailed network model incorporated inside a full-system simulator which enables system-level performance and power modeling of network-level techniques. GARNET also facilitates accurate evaluation of techniques that simultaneously leverage the memory hierarchy as well as the interconnection network. We also discuss express virtual channels, a novel flow control technique which improves network energy/delay by creating virtual lanes in the network along which packets can bypass intermediate routers.
Psychological functions in relation to lesion size and site in cryothalamectomy for parkinsonism.

Summa~y.-The relationship of number or size and site of unilaterally and bilaterally induced thalamic lesions to psychological changes in parkinsonians was assessed by means of quantifiable tests of cognition, perception, and recent memory. In no instance was lesion size or site, within the confines of the venttolateral nucleus of the thalamus, significantly or differentially related to cognitive or perceptual changes. These findings were discussed in terms of possible roles of thalamic nuclei in psychological functions. The "law of physiological safety," the role of functional compensation, and the presence of reladvely small lesions within a larger bilateral thalamic zone were considered in interpreting the results. Clinical implications were noted with regard to patient selection for placement of multiple lesions. The presence of wide individual differences in a brain's tolerance of lesion infliction was emphasized also.
Decreasing prostate specific antigen value leading to the diagnosis of a pituitary adenoma.

A 77-year-old white man had been followed since December 1995 for an elevated PSA of 10 ng./ml. Two transrectal ultrasound guided needle biopsies of the prostate in 1995 and 1997 were negative for carcinoma. Between April 1999 and July 2001 the PSA value decreased precipitously from 9.4 to less than 0.3 ng./ml. (fig. 1, A). The patient was neither taking medications nor consuming a diet known to cause a decrease in PSA value. He had been impotent for 5 years and had noticed no change in libido. He had noticed mild hot flashes for several years. Free and total testosterone levels had also decreased during the preceding several years (fig. 1, B). Further workup revealed that luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were low, at less than 1.0 and 1.2 mu./ml., respectively. Thyroid function tests demonstrated a normal level of thyrotropin at 2.1 U./ml., and low levels of free and total thyroxine at 0.5 ng./dl. and 4.7 g./dl., respectively. Prolactin was normal at 17 ng./ml. Evaluation for hypopituitarism with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed a pituitary macroadenoma measuring 1.9 by 2.5 cm. invading the right cavernous sinus (fig. 2). The patient had elected to undergo resection of the pituitary tumor when several days before surgery he presented to the emergency department with severe headache, diplopia and right ophthalmoplegia. Repeat brain MRI revealed no change in the pituitary tumor, and an angiogram revealed no intracranial hemorrhage. The patient underwent uncomplicated transsphenoidal resection of the pituitary tumor. Pathological examination demonstrated pituitary adenoma.
tRNA fragments in human health and disease

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is traditionally considered to be an adaptor molecule that helps ribosomes to decode messenger RNA (mRNA) and synthesize protein. Recent studies have demonstrated that tRNAs also serve as a major source of small non-coding RNAs that possess distinct and varied functions. These tRNA fragments are heterogeneous in size, nucleotide composition, biogenesis and function. Here we describe multiple roles that tRNA fragments play in cell physiology and discuss their relevance to human health and disease.
Mapping and LandformAnalysis of Coastal Regions with Radar

Although aerial photographs still constitute an important source of information for the coastal geomorphologist, data acquisition is severely limited in cloud-shrouded coastal environments. Sequential radar mapping of remote coastlines, however, will provide a practical and rapid method of updating maps and monitoring coastal processes. Contrasts in signal return from the land-water boundary produce a striking interface on radar imagery which is advantageous for the delineation and mapping of coastal features. Along the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia, marked discrepancies exist between available maps and the actual configuration as revealed by radar. In addition to the revision of coastal maps, radar imagery also provides the geomorphologist with most of the information interpretable from aerial photographs. Mud flats, beach ridges, natural levees, backswamp basins, beach features, and zones of breaking surf are examples of the observable features. Mangrove swamps, which abound on tropical shores throughout the world, provide a readily recognizable vegetation type which can be unmistakably interpreted from the imagery. Although offshore sediment transport cannot be directly interpreted, inferred trends can be obtained through sequential radar coverage. The Atrato River Delta of northwestern Colombia is cited as an example. Radar imagery interpretation has indicated marked landform differences between the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia. The partially submerged mountainous terrain of the southeastern coast is contrasted with the mangrove swamps, beaches, and barrier reefs of east-central Panama.
ADHD and retrieval-induced forgetting: Evidence for a deficit in the inhibitory control of memory

Research on retrieval-induced forgetting has shown that the selective retrieval of some information can cause the forgetting of other information. Such forgetting is believed to result from inhibitory processes that function to resolve interference during retrieval. The current study examined whether individuals with ADHD demonstrate normal levels of retrieval-induced forgetting. A total of 40 adults with ADHD and 40 adults without ADHD participated in a standard retrieval-induced forgetting experiment. Critically, half of the items were tested using category cues and the other half of the items were tested using category-plus-one-letter-stem cues. Whereas both ADHD and non-ADHD participants demonstrated retrieval-induced forgetting on the final category-cued recall test, only non-ADHD participants demonstrated retrieval-induced forgetting on the final category-plus-stem-cued recall test. These results suggest that individuals with ADHD do have a deficit in the inhibitory control of memory, but that this deficit may only be apparent when output interference is adequately controlled on the final test.
Buttonhole cannulation: the jury is still out.

To the Editor: In 2012, MacRae et al reported less frequent hematoma formation with buttonhole cannulation compared with standard needling. In a newly published long-term follow-up of that study, the authors observe a lack of benefit in survival of arteriovenous fistulas and a higher risk of infection with the buttonhole technique versus standard practice. As a result of a few other studies with similar results, buttonhole cannulation has fallen out of favor in the dialysis community. However, the follow-up study from MacRae et al raises important questions: Is the lack of survival benefit attributable to the increased risk of infectious complications? If infections can be prevented, will the fistulas last longer? A simple and relatively innocuous intervention with use of topical antimicrobial ointment prophylaxis has been demonstrated to reduce dramatically the risk of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients treated with nocturnal home hemodialysis. MacRae et al comment that topical mupirocin use was implemented toward the end of their study period, with no infections noted subsequently. Further longitudinal trials are needed to confirm this reduction in infectious risk and determine whether this translates into improved arteriovenous fistula survival. Moreover, refinements in the buttonhole technique itself (eg, use of polycarbonate pegs between treatments for creation of buttonhole tracks) were not evaluated in the MacRae et al study. These limitations highlight that it would be premature to abandon buttonhole cannulation, even for conventional hemodialysis patients. Ideal cannulation technique remains to be established. A cautious and individualized approach, with strict adherence to aseptic technique and updated protocols for creation of buttonhole tracks, is still warranted.
A reduced rate of bulky DNA adduct removal is coincident with differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells induced by nerve growth factor

Human SY5Y neuroblastoma cells which were differentiated in culture by treatment with 7S murine nerve growth factor for 5 weeks and selection with aphidicolin (L. Jensen, Dev. Biol. 120:56-64, 1987) demonstrated a considerably slower rate of removal of DNA adducts of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrenediolepoxide, and N7-methylguanine than did undifferentiated mitotic cells. A dramatic decline in unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by UV radiation was similarly observed. DNA polymerase beta and uracil DNA glycosylase were unchanged after differentiation, DNA polymerase alpha and DNA methylase decreased roughly threefold, and total apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease activity increased roughly threefold after treatment.
Prevention of bacterial pneumonia in HIV infection: focus on smoking cessation

HIV-infected individuals have a risk of bacterial pneumonia that is up to 25-fold higher when compared with persons without HIV infection [1,2]. While the risk for pneumonia is greater among those ...
EGF-induced activation of Akt results in mTOR-dependent p70S6 kinase phosphorylation and inhibition of HC11 cell lactogenic differentiation

HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells differentiate in response to lactogenic hormone resulting in expression of milk proteins including β-casein. Previous studies have shown that epidermal growth factor (EGF) blocks differentiation not only through activation of the Ras/Mek/Erk pathway but also implicated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3-kinase) signaling. The current study analyzes the mechanism of the PI-3-kinase pathway in an EGF-induced block of HC11 lactogenic differentiation. HC11 and HC11-luci cells, which contain luciferase gene under the control of a β-casein promotor, were treated with specific chemical inhibitors of signal transduction pathways or transiently infected/transfected with vectors encoding dominant negative-Akt (DN-Akt) or conditionally active-Akt (CA-Akt). The expression of CA-Akt inhibited lactogenic differentiation of HC11 cells, and the infection with DN-Akt adenovirus enhanced β-casein transcription and rescued β-casein promotor-regulated luciferase activity in the presence of EGF. Treatment of cells with Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, blocked the effects of EGF on β-casein promotor driven luciferase activity as effectively as PI-3-kinase inhibitors. While expression of CA-Akt caused a constitutive activation of p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) in HC11 cells, the inhibition of either PI-3-kinase or mTOR abolished the activation of p70S6K by EGF. The activation of p70S6K by insulin or EGF resulted in the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), elongation initiation factor 4E (elF4E) and 4E binding protein1 (4E-BP1). But lower levels of PI-3-K and mTOR inhibitors were required to block insulin-induced phosphorylation of RPS6 than EGF-induced phosphorylation, and insulin-induced phosphorylation of elF4E and 4E-BP1 was not completely mTOR dependent suggesting some diversity of signaling for EGF and insulin. In HC11 cells undergoing lactogenic differentiation the phosphorylation of p70S6K completely diminished by 12 hours, and this was partly attributable to dexamethasone, a component of lactogenic hormone mix. However, p70S6K phosphorylation persisted in the presence of lactogenic hormone and EGF, but the activation could be blocked by a PI-3-kinase inhibitor. PI-3-kinase signaling contributes to the EGF block of lactogenic differentiation via Akt and p70S6K. The EGF-induced activation of PI-3-kinase-Akt-mTOR regulates phosphorylation of molecules including ribosomal protein S6, eIF4E and 4E-BP1 that influence translational control in HC11 cells undergoing lactogenic differentiation.
Mortality in hepatectomy: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease as a predictor of death using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database

Background The predictive value of the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) for mortality after hepatectomy is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate whether MELD score predicts death after hepatectomy and to identify the most useful score type for predicting mortality. We hypothesized that an increase in this score is correlated with 30-day mortality in patients undergoing hepatic resection. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for hepatectomy. Original MELD, United Network of Organ Sharing-modified MELD (uMELD), integrated MELD (i-MELD), and sodium-corrected MELD (MELD-Na) scores were calculated. Mortality was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. MELD types were compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results From 2005 to 2011, 11,933 hepatic resections were performed, including 7,519 partial, 2,104 right, and 1,210 left resections, and 1,100 trisectionectomies. The mean duration of stay was 8.4 ± 22.0 days, and there were 275 deaths (2.4%). The 30-day mortality rates were 1.8%, 6.9%, 15.4%, and 25% according to uMELD strata of 0–9, 10–19, 20–29, and ≥30, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that increasing MELD stratum was independently associated with higher mortality (P Conclusion The postoperative 30-day mortality after hepatectomy increases with increasing MELD score across all MELD types. There is a 16% increase in the odds of mortality for each point increase in uMELD.
A study of thermal response of concrete towers employing linear regression

It has been shown that the variations of structural properties due to changing environmental conditions such as temperature can be as significant as those caused by structural damage and even liveload. Therefore, tracking changes that are correlated with environmental variations is a necessary step in order to detect and assess structural damage in addition to the normal structural response to traffic. In this paper, daily measurement data that is collected from the concrete towers of the Ironton-Russell Bridge will be presented and correlation of the collected measurement data and temperature will be overviewed. Variation of the daily thermal response of tower concrete walls will be compared with the daily thermal responses of the steel box within the tower and finally, thermal coefficient for compensating the thermal induced responses will be estimated.
Rapid-Growing Mycobacteria Infections in Medical Tourists: Our Experience and Literature Review

Background “Medical tourism” has gained popularity over the past few decades. This is particularly common with patients seeking elective cosmetic surgery in the developing world. However, the risk of severe and unusual infectious complications appears to be higher than for patients undergoing similar procedures in the United States. Objectives The authors describe their experience with atypical mycobacterial infections in cosmetic surgical patients returning to the United States postoperatively. Methods A review of patient medical records presenting with infectious complications after cosmetic surgery between January 2010 and July 2015 was performed. Patients presenting with mycobacterial infections following cosmetic surgery were reviewed in detail. An extensive literature review was performed for rapid-growing mycobacteria (RGM) related to cosmetic procedures. Results Between January 2010 and July 2015, three patients presented to our institution with culture-proven Mycobacterium abscessus at the sites of recent cosmetic surgery. All had surgery performed in the developing world. The mean age of these patients was 36 years (range, 29-44 years). There was a delay of up to 16 weeks between the initial presentation and correct diagnosis. All patients were treated with surgical drainage and combination antibiotics with complete resolution. Conclusions We present series of patients with mycobacterial infections after cosmetic surgery in the developing world. This may be related to the endemic nature of these bacteria and/or inadequate sterilization or sterile technique. Due to low domestic incidence of these infections, diagnosis may be difficult and/or delayed. Consulting physicians should have a low threshold to consider atypical etiologies in such scenarios. Level of Evidence 5![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Building Energy Conservation Technology Status and Development Trend in China

Nowadays,building is a major energy consumer in China,building energy conservation is an important part of the emission reduction in "Twelfth Five Year Plan". The paper describes the macro background of building energy conservation,analyzes policies of China in recent years for building energy conservation and its key points,based on the characteristics of the building energy consumption,introducing the main building energy technology and energy management contract,summarizes the building energy conservation's development and prospects.
Estriol and Placental Function

Providing a guide to placental adequacy and fetal weight, measurements of urinary estriol excretion in the last trimester can be of great assistance to the physician who must decide whether to interrupt a complicated pregnancy or permit it to continue with the goal of achieving greater fetal maturity. A plea is made for the more widespread use of this valuable tool in a variety of situations.
Nephrotic Syndrome in Anti-GBM Antibody Mediated Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis induced by antibodies to the glomerular basement membrane is a well recognized cause of renal disease and is responsible for 5% to 15% of all glomerular disease. The patients usually present with an acute nephritic syndrome followed by rapidly progressive renal failure. We report two patients who presented with the nephrotic syndrome and anti-GBM glomerulonephritis, and who exhibited differing clinical courses not characteristic of "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis" or Goodpasture's syndrome.
Fetal echocardiography: assessment of cardiovascular anatomy and function.

An approach is outlined using current ultrasonographic technologies to assess accurately fetal cardiac anatomy and physiology to diagnose prenatally a wide range of structural abnormalities in the fetal heart. Various transducer designs have inherent strengths and weaknesses, but under optimal conditions, two-dimensional echocardiography can describe fetal cardiac anatomy, M-mode echocardiography can be used to analyze precisely the atrial and ventricular components of the cardiac cycle, and Doppler flow can record precisely flow through various structures during the cardiac cycle. It is recommended that energy exposure remain below 100 mWATTS/cm2, spatial peak/temporal average. Usually, segmental anatomic study of the fetal heart takes 15 to 30 minutes to perform, unl'.ess complex structural heart defects are identified, in which case longer study is often necessary. Using this approach it should be possible to identify normal and abnormal structure, function, and rhythm in the fetal heart, thereby facilitating management decisions.
An Agonist-Specific Effect of Guanine Nucleotides on Binding to the Beta Adrenergic Receptor

We have previously characterized the binding of [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol to beta adrenergic receptor sites in two clonal lines of cultured cells [Maguire, M. E. , Wiklund, R. A., Anderson, H. J. & Gilman, A. G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem., 251, in press]. We now report that whereas guanine nucleotides have no effect on the binding of this iodinated antagonist, GTP, GDP, and guanylyl imidodiphosphate all impair the ability of beta adrenergic agonists to inhibit the binding of [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol. The nucleotides have no effect on the ability of other beta adrenergic antagonists to inhibit binding. Thus, with this method, beta adrenergic agonists and antagonists can be distinguished by means of binding alone; no assessment of "effect" need be made.
Imaging the Moon

When I first started observing the Moon in the early 1970s, it didn’t occur to me that I could take pictures of this world that astronauts were exploring at that very time. I assumed that only NASA, with its multi-billion dollar budget, could do such wonderful things. I was therefore excited to learn, a few years later when I joined an amateur astronomy club, that “regular” people could take good-quality photographs of the Moon using home-made telescopes and ordinary 35 mm single lens reflex (SLR) cameras. I still recall the excitement of taking my first lunar photographs, through a classic Cave 405 mm (16-inch) telescope that belonged (and still does) to the Syracuse Astronomical Society in upstate New York. They weren’t very good, but no matter — I was happy that I got any images at all!
Regulation in a ‘Deregulated’ Industry: Railroads in the Post-Staggers Era

The Staggers Rail Act of 1980 substantially reduced regulation of the US freight rail industry. However, a significant amount of rail traffic remains potentially subject to regulatory rate intervention. The prevailing regulatory framework embodies elements of traditional public utility regulation, including fully distributed costing. Furthermore, explicit earnings regulation may be under consideration. This research reviews the evolution of regulatory policy in the rail industry and documents some of the many potential drawbacks to explicit earnings regulation.
A Combinational Digital Logic Design Tool for Practice and Assessment in Engineering Education

As technology advances, computers are being used almost everywhere. In a 2013 US Census report (File and Ryan, 2014), 83.8% (up from 78.9% in 2012) of U.S. households reported owning a computer with 74.4% reporting internet use (73.4% high speed internet). In recent years, the shift in educational technologies has been moving towards gaming, more specifically serious gaming. Although this is an important trend, there is still much to be said about e-learning through a step-by-step interactive process using an online practice tool. This paper presents a detailed description of the Combinational Logic Design Tool (CLDT) (Morsi and Russell (2007). CLDT was designed and developed under the CCLI project, #0737242, funded by the National Science Foundation, which aimed to develop and disseminate a novel online practice tool for on demand review and assessment in Electrical and Computer Engineering education. The paper also reports on a formal assessment conducted in a Digital Logic Design Classroom and presents the results of this assessment.
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: Ophthalmic Variant (PCNSL-O)

Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a rare and aggressive lymphoma. Most PVRL are of the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell type that arise either in the retina or the vitreous representing ophthalmic variant of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL-O)
Chapter 10 – Separation of Stereoisomers

Stereoisomers differ in the spatial configuration of substitute groups within a molecule, and usually have similar physical and chemical properties. Their separation in conventional chromatographic systems is difficult or impossible without resorting to specific conditions. Conformational isomers can be interconverted by rotation about single bonds and correspond to different internal energy minima, for example, the chair and boat conformations of cycloalkanes. These energy minima are generally too small for distinction in chromatographic systems and single peaks are observed. Configurational isomers have significant energy barriers to interconversion and exist as distinct forms that are stable to typical separation conditions. Configurational isomers include geometric isomers, enantiomers, and diastereomers. Geometric isomers owe their existence to hindered rotation about double bonds. These have different physical and chemical properties, and can usually be separated, if at times with difficulty, in conventional chromatographic systems. Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other. The molecules, in which there is a permanent and rigid twist in the planes of atom connectivities, display chirality. The compounds, in which a pair of rings is joined at a single common atom, when the rings are substituted to distinguish between their two faces, also display chirality. The molecules in which two ring systems are joined by a single bond are chiral. If steric effects hinder complete rotation about this bond and the two ring systems are differently substituted, planes of symmetry are absent.
DYNAMICS AND CONTROL IN CELLULAR REACTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on dynamics and control in cellular reactions. The equations of motion at the metabolic level are derived from the application of the law of Guildberg and Waage to the various enzymatic interactions. The dynamical equations for some particular level can in practice be determined experimentally without regard to those substructures that are not normally excited. A frequent finding that suggests that certain metabolic intermediates maintain a constant ratio is only indicative of the fact that they are engaged in fast reactions. In regard to the theoretical aspects, further studies are required to integrate the concepts of feedback and control with the energetic and synthesizing reactions of the cell, particularly with respect to the ability of the cell to turn these reactions on and off in accordance with external and internal demands.
Randomized Prospective Trial Comparing the Use of Intravenous versus Oral Acetaminophen in Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Multimodal pain management has had a significant effect on improving total joint arthroplasty recovery and patient satisfaction. There is literature supporting that intravenous (IV) acetaminophen reduces postoperative pain and narcotic use in the total joint population. However, there are no studies comparing the effectiveness of IV vs oral (PO) acetaminophen as part of a standard multimodal perioperative pain regimen. Methods One hundred twenty patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty surgeries performed by one joint arthroplasty surgeon were prospectively randomized into 2 groups. Group 1 (63 patients) received IV and group 2 (57 patients) received PO acetaminophen in addition to a standard multimodal perioperative pain regimen. Each group received 1 gram of acetaminophen preoperatively and then every 6 hours for 24 hours. Total narcotic use and visual analog scale (VAS) scores were collected every 4 hours postoperatively. Results The 24-hour average hydromorphone equivalents given were not different between groups (3.71 vs 3.48) at 24 hours ( P = .76), or at any of the individual 4-hour intervals. The 24-hour average visual analog scale scores in group 1 (IV) was 3.00 and in group 2 (PO) was 3.40 ( P = .06). None of the 4-hour intervals were significantly different except the first interval (0-4 hour postoperatively), which favored the IV group ( P = .03). Conclusion The use of IV acetaminophen may have a role when given intraoperatively to reduce the immediate pain after surgery. Following that, it does not provide a significant benefit in reducing pain or narcotic use when compared with the much less expensive PO form.
A refined Hoeffding’s upper tail probability bound for sum of independent random variables

Abstract Using a refined arithmetic–geometric mean inequality, this paper gives an improved version of Hoeffding’s inequality which has a closed form and is easy to evaluate. Numerical simulation comparing the performance of the proposed inequality to the original version of Hoeffding’s inequality is also presented.
Dictating the Narrative and Resisting Dictatorships in Saᶜdī’s Novel al-Aᶜẓam

This article examines Ibrāhīm Saᶜdī’s novel, al-Aᶜẓam, in the context of dictator novels. I argue that Saᶜdī utilizes the forms and modes of narration to dictate, or tell, a story against dictatorship and resist oppressive domination. The novel, I suggest, marginalizes and parodies the voice of the dictator and centralizes the voice of marginalized characters in the overall narrative structure by utilizing a “dictatorial” form which permits who can and cannot speak. And by assuming the role of a dictator, the novel creates room for maneuver to not only resist closures but also to represent and critique the dissemination and repression of national history under autocratic and repressive powers. The article also shows how writers exploit the reader’s ability to relive the past vicariously through the act of reading to suggest the implicit demythologization of dictators.
Survival circuits in affective disorders

Neuroscientific investigation of maladaptive learning in affective disorders has highlighted aberrant functioning of corticolimbic survival circuits. In particular, altered functioning of amygdala-prefrontal cortex circuitry has been demonstrated during acquisition and extinction of maladaptive conditional fears. Studies of psychological and pharmacological treatments for affective disorders demonstrate altered activation within overlapping circuitries but suggest that the mechanisms of different treatments target different ‘access points’ within these circuits. Moving beyond the traditional boundaries of fear conditioning research, recent work has begun to investigate how positive valence systems (i.e., reward circuitry) contribute to maladaptive learning processes, and how effects vary across individuals with different diagnoses and subclinical presentations. Advances in this domain will be important for the development of future neuroscientifically-informed evidence-based treatments for affective disorders.
Three-color imaging using fluorescent proteins in living zebrafish embryos

The zebrafish embryo is especially valuable for cell biological studies because of its optical clarity. In this system, use of an in vivo fluorescent reporter has been limited to green fluorescent protein (GFP). We have examined other fluorescent proteins alone or in conjunction with GFP to investigate their efficacy as markers for multi-labeling purposes in live zebrafish. By injecting plasmid DNA containing fluorescent protein expression cassettes, we generated single-, double-, or triple-labeled embryos using GFP, blue fluorescent protein (BFP, a color-shifted GFP), and red fluorescent protein (DsRed, a wild-type protein structurally related to GFP). Fluorescent imaging demonstrates that GFP and DsRed are highly stable proteins, exhibiting no detectable photoinstability, and a high signal-to-noise ratio. BFP demonstrated detectable photoinstability and a lower signal-to-noise ratio than either GFP or DsRed. Using appropriate filter sets, these fluorescent proteins can be independently detected even when simultaneously expressed in the same cells. Multiple labels in individual zebrafish cells open the door to a number of biological avenues of investigation, including multiple, independent tags of transgenic fish lines, lineage studies of wild-type proteins expressed using polycistronic messages, and the detection of protein-protein interactions at the subcellular level using fluorescent protein fusions.
ISSUES AND MODELS FOR PLANNING AND REGULATING FREIGHT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

The rapid change in the United States’ freight transport system since deregulation in 1980 has forced both governmental regulatory bodies and individual carriers to reconsider their various operational characteristics. In particular, increased intermodal competition and a changing domestic economy require different planning methods than have been traditionally employed in the analysis of freight transportation operations, investments and regulation. This paper presents a general modelling system which is designed to address the type of “macroscopic” issues which arise in the planning and regulation of freight transport systems. The features and application of this model will be described, and the paper will conclude with a discussion on the extensions of this model and the possible use of such a system in the analysis and regulation of government-owned freight systems throughout the world.
Ion Transport in Gastric Mucosa

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on ion transport in gastric mucosa. The muscosal surface of the stomach has a large number of openings, which are the gastric pits that produce the gastric secretion. The physiology of secretion can be roughly divided into two parts: one concerned with the basic mechanism by which the cells elaborate the secretion and the second with the control mechanisms. Gastric secretion is controlled by both hormonal and reflex mechanisms. The taste or smell of food can cause the stomach to secrete under conditions where the food does not come in contact with the mucosa. Food in contact with the stomach stimulates the liberation of the hormone gastrin from the antrum into the blood stream. The gastrin in the blood reaches the stomach and stimulates the formation of gastric juice. When the pH of the stomach contents reaches about 2, further liberation of gastrin is inhibited, the acid acting as a negative feedback to gastrin secretion. The chapter discusses the anatomy and physiology of the stomach. Active transport of H+ and Cl− is also analyzed in the chapter.
Formation of oxidized organic compounds from Cl-initiated oxidation of toluene

Abstract The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from toluene can impact urban air quality and therefore human health. Most SOA studies have focused on OH chemistry; however recent work suggests that chlorine atoms (Cl) may affect tropospheric chemistry more than previously assumed. This work focuses on SOA formation from Cl-initiated oxidation of toluene under different conditions. The fast reaction between Cl and toluene enabled complete consumption of toluene in environmental chamber experiments and aging of the toluene SOA. A high resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer was used to observe several generations of gas-phase products. The presence of nitric oxides (NOx) appears to delay the formation of later generation products. Data from an aerosol chemical speciation monitor suggest that all SOA formed had high oxidation state, and that the bulk organic composition was different for SOA from Cl-dominated reactions compared to SOA from OH-dominated reactions. Addition of oxidant after all toluene had been consumed did not result in a significant change in the organic aerosol oxidation state, suggesting that the system may have reached an oxidative end-point in the particle phase.
Impacts of hydroelectric dams on fishes and fisheries in tropical rivers through the lens of functional traits

We summarize observed and expected impacts of hydroelectric dams on tropical fishes and fisheries through the lens of fish functional traits and consequences of shifting functional diversity for social-ecological systems. Following impoundment, stocks respond to environmental changes differently according to their functional traits, resulting in fairly predictable shifts in assemblage functional structure. The most vulnerable species are those with traits adaptive for habitats with fast flowing water, structural complexity, flood pulsing or those requiring connectivity across basins to complete their life cycle. Shifts in assemblage functional trait distributions are accompanied by reduced fishery yields and impacts to other ecosystem services. Research employing a functional traits approach should enhance assessment of impacts of impoundments on biodiversity, fisheries and ecosystem services, especially for data-deficient systems.
Fundamental considerations for integrating silicon photomultipliers in frequency domain diffuse optical spectroscopy

Diffuse optical spectroscopy is a well-established methodology for noninvasive functional imaging of biological tissue. Intrinsic contrast is provided by optical absorbers including hemoglobin, water, and lipid, which provides physiologicallyrelevant information on tissue composition, metabolism, and structure. Frequency domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (FD-DOS), unlike continuous-wave DOS, provides measures of absolute absorption and scattering using phase-resolved intensity-modulated (>50 MHz) light and enables deeper and more accurate tissue characterization. However, the imaging depth and sensitivity of FD-DOS is almost always constrained by photodetector sensitivity. It has been recently demonstrated that by using highly sensitive silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors, these limitations may be overcome. Though SiPMs are typically employed in photon-counting or pulsed time-domain measurement applications, they provide up to 30dB increase in signal to noise ratio and deeper tissue sensitivity, as compared to avalanche photodiodes in FDDOS. In this paper, we explore how fundamental SiPM characteristics affect the detection of FD-DOS signals. We develop simulations capable of evaluating and optimizing SiPM parameters (microcell size, microcell number, and recharge time constant) utilizing a Monte Carlo approach to SiPM response from modulated FD-DOS signals. The effects of these parameters are examined in relation to bandwidth and signal to noise ratio, thus providing a methodology for choosing the best SiPM for this unconventional application, and further improving FD-DOS performance.
Plasmonic Metasurfaces for the Near-Field Directional Control of Spontaneous Light Emission

We investigate the ability of gradient metasurfaces to promote directional light emission from an ensemble of dipole sources (colloidal quantum dots) in their near field. Well-collimated output beams along geometrically tunable directions are measured.
Long-term outcomes of a prospective randomized trial of 131Cs/125I permanent prostate brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose Iodine-125 (125I) is the most commonly used isotope for prostate brachytherapy (BT). Cesium-131 (131Cs) has a higher dose rate and shorter dose delivery time resulting in decreased duration of acute urinary morbidity. Long-term data suggest excellent oncologic outcomes; it is not known how outcomes compare. A prospective randomized trial comparing the two isotopes was initiated. Materials and Methods Patients with low- or intermediate-risk disease were treated with a BT in a single outpatient facility. Prescription dose was 144 Gy for 125I and 115 Gy for 131Cs. Androgen deprivation or supplemental EBRT was not allowed. The primary study objective was comparison of the mean EPIC Urinary Domain Score. Secondary objective was biochemical relapse-free survival (BRFS) comparison. Time-to-event for all outcomes of interest was measured from implant date. Results One hundred forty men were enrolled; 81.4% were low-risk and 18.6% were intermediate-risk. The median followup was 97 months. Urinary and sexual health-related quality of life did not differ between isotopes at any recorded time point. At 2 months after implantation, bowel health-related quality of life was worse with 125I; however, this difference was lost at subsequent time points. The 9-year BRFS was 87.2% and 84.0% for the 125I and 131Cs group, respectively (p = 0.897). There was no statistically significant difference in BRFS based on initial T stage, PSA, or Gleason score. Conclusions Short- and long-term urinary, sexual, and bowel quality of life, as well as long-term biochemical control were comparable between 125I and 131Cs. This report therefore supports the continued use of 131Cs as an effective and comparable alternative isotope.
0091 Association of socio-economic status and sexual violence among children in Malawi in 2013: a cross-sectional study

Statement of purpose The purpose of this study was to estimate the association between household socio- economic status (SES) and sexual violence among children in Malawi. Methods/Approach The Violence Against Children (VACS) was a national cross-sectional household survey among males and females aged 13- 24 in Malawi. The analysis sample was restricted to age group 13 - 17 (n = 1,057). The exposure was household SES. A SES score was constructed by using asset data and applying principal component analysis. The SES score was categorized into tertiles based on the distribution of the score (high, medium, low). The outcome was sexual violence in the past 12 months. Sexual violence included sexual touching, attempted sex, physically forced sex, and pressured sex. A logistic regression model was used to determine prevalence odds ratio (POR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between SES and sexual violence. Confounders in the final adjusted model included age, sex, marital status, orphan status, and gender inequity norms. Results The odds of sexual violence among children in high SES households is 1.24 times the odds of sexual violence among children in low SES households (POR: 1.24, 95% CI: 0.84, 1.85). The odds of sexual violence among children in medium SES households is 1.19 times the odds of sexual violence among children in low SES households (POR 1.19, 95% CI: 0.78, 1.80). High and medium SES were associated with higher odds of sexual violence among children aged 13- 17 in Malawi. Conclusion This study contributes to the growing body of research evaluating the association between SES and childhood violence in Africa. More research is needed to understand the cultural and geographical context of childhood violence in the region and in Malawi. Significance The findings of this study highlight the need for targeted interventions towards high and medium SES households to prevent violence against children in Malawi.
Diseases of the Peritoneum

This chapter addresses the diagnostic dilemmas encountered in everyday practice of surgical pathology regarding diseases affecting the female peritoneum. The disorders covered in this chapter range from inflammatory and nonneoplastic to benign and malignant tumors. Diagnostic considerations for conditions ranging from atypical endometriosis and atypical endosalpingiosis to small blue cell and spindle cell lesions in peritoneal biopsies are discussed. Problems related to differentiation of mesothelioma from benign mesothelial proliferations and carcinoma are addressed. Primary peritoneal carcinoma, secondary cancers in the peritoneum, and pseudomyxoma peritonei are also discussed.