cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LOCALIZING AMYGDALA STRUCTURE DIFFERENCES IN LATE-LIFE DEPRESSION

The amygdala is critical for processing emotional information and plays an important role in late-life depression (LLD). Volumetric studies of the amygdala have been inconclusive with reports of increased, decreased, and no volume changes. This study investigates amygdala shape morphometry to test the hypothesis that if structural changes are specific to certain nuclei, then shape changes may be apparent even when overall volume changes are inconsistent. We have developed a method of shape morphometry based on the work of to localize regions of structural differences. The method relies on generating surface meshes for segmented amygdalae, calculating distances from surface points to the medial manifold, and comparing the distance measures at corresponding surface points between groups. Resulting statistical maps revealed significant structural differences in multiple regions of both amygdalae. Shape morphometry can potentially relate local structure variation to underlying neuroanatomy for a better understanding of LLD neuropathology
Prodynorphin-derived Peptide Expression in Primate Cortex and Striatum

Abstract The distributions of four prodynorphin-derived peptides, dynorphin A (1–17), dynorphin A (1–8), dynorphin B, and α-neo-endorphin were determined in 10 cortical regions and the striatum of the old world monkey (Macaca nemestrina). α-neo-endorphin was the most abundant peptide in both cortex and striatum. The concentrations of all four peptides were significantly greater in the striatum compared to the cortex. In general, concentrations of each peptide tended to be higher in allocortex than in neocortex. Possible inter- and intradomain processing differences, as estimated by ratios of these peptides, did not vary within cortex, but the intradomain peptide ratio, dyn A (1–17)/dyn A (1–8), was significantly greater in cortex than in striatum. These results indicate that prodynorphin is, in some ways, uniquely processed in the primate. Particularly unusual is the relatively low abundance of prodynorphin-derived products in the cortex, in the face of moderately high levels of kappa opiate receptor expression.
Historical Evidence and Plausible History: Interpreting the Berlin Gestapo's Attempted “Final Roundup” of Jews (also known as the “Factory Action”)

MOST historians who address it agree that the street protest by non Jews for their Jewish family members constitutes the most plausible explanation for the Gestapo's release of intermarried Jews incarcer ated at Berlin's Rosenstrasse. Had the women not protested, the Jews (or the overwhelming majority) most likely would have been deported to either death or labor camps. This view holds that regime leaders released the Jews for tacti cal reasons, not because it was cowed or had moral scruples.1 Although Wolf Gr?ner has characterized this long-established interpretation as "legend," his evidence on balance supports rather than challenges it. In his article, "The Factory Action and the Events at the Rosenstrasse in Berlin: Facts and Fictions about 27 February 1943?Sixty Years Later," which appeared in Central European History in 2003, Gr?ner relies heavily on a docu ment found in Frankfurt an der Oder to argue that the Gestapo never intended to harm intermarried German Jews arrested in early 1943.2 Gr?ner claims addi tional support from documents he uses to uncover the Gestapo's motive for incarcerating some two thousand intermarried Jews for a week or more: to
Ambiguity, Risk and Portfolio Choice under Incomplete Information

of ambiguity and incomplete information on behavior? This paper shows that it is optimal to first use any prior to perform Bayesian estimation and then to maximize expected utility with that prior based on the resulting estimates. Finally, the paper shows that a hedging demand arises that is aected by both ambiguity and estimation risk.
Pricing granularity for congestion-sensitive pricing

One of the key issues for implementing congestion pricing is the pricing granularity (i.e. pricing interval or time scale). The Internet traffic is highly variant and hard to control without a mechanism that operates on very low time-scales, i.e. on the order of round-trip-times (RTTs). However, pricing naturally operates on very large times-scales because of human involvement. Moreover, structure of wide-area networks does not allow frequent price updates for many reasons, such as RTTs are very large for some cases. In this paper, we investigate the issue of pricing granularity, identify problems, and propose solutions.
Habitat associations of birds of prey in urban business parks

Various species of raptors, or birds of prey, have been found living and hunting in all parts of the urban environment, including complexes of business and light industrial facilities, commonly known as business parks. Conservation in business parks is a growing concern due to the amount of land they occupy and their pattern of development of formerly vacant land on the fringes of urban areas. We conducted call-broadcast surveys for raptors at a set of 155 survey points within the business park landscape of the St. Louis area to answer the question of what landscape characteristics of business parks are predictors of presence of raptors. The detection data from these surveys was used to model the occupancy probability of the target species of raptor at each survey site and to determine the effect of landscape variables at each site on occupancy probabilities. We detected nine species of raptors at business parks. The red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), the American kestrel (Falco sparverius), and the Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperii) were the most commonly detected species. The probability of raptor occupation was negatively associated with lawn cover. Occupancy probabilities of red-tailed hawks and Cooper’s hawks were positively associated with woodland cover, and American kestrel occupancy probability was positively associated with grassland cover. Based on this study, we would recommend that businesses concerned with the conservation of raptors in and around their properties plan to develop less lawn area, preserve or plant more native grassland, and preserve woodlots.
Risks of Communication Early Adolescent Girls' Conversations with Mothers and Friends about Sexuality

Explored in this study were the ways in which mothers and their early adolescent daughters experience their communication with each other about sexuality-related topics; those experiences were comp...
The electrical characteristics of active sodium transport in the toad bladder.

The mechanism responsible for active sodium transport in the urinary bladder of the toad appears to be located at the serosal boundary of the epithelial cell layer of the bladder. Studies of the potential step observed at the serosal boundary in the open-circuited state were undertaken in an attempt to define the factors responsible for its production. Glass micropipettes were used to measure the serosal potential step in bladders exposed on the serosal side to solutions of high potassium or of high potassium and low chloride concentration. Observed potentials exceed the maximum values which would have been expected if the serosal potential step were a potassium or chloride diffusion potential. Measurements of net cation flux exclude the possibility of a diffusion potential at this border due to the passive movement of any anionic species. The observed independence of transbladder potential and short-circuit current from the pH of the serosal medium over a wide range of pH makes it unlikely that the observed serosal potential step is a hydrogen ion diffusion potential. We conclude that the active sodium transport mechanism in toad bladder is "electrogenic."
A quality assurance phantom for IMRT dose verification

We have investigated a quality assurance (QA) phantom that was specially designed to verify the accuracy of dose distributions calculated by a commercial inverse planning optimization system (CORVUS) and by the Monte Carlo method for intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). The QA phantom is a PMMA cylinder of 30 cm diameter and 40 cm length with various bone and lung inserts. A procedure was developed to measure the absolute dose at any point inside the QA phantom. Another cylindrical phantom of the same dimensions, but made of water, was used to confirm the results obtained with the PMMA phantom. The PMMA phantom was irradiated by 4, 6 and 15 MV photon beams and the dose was measured using an ionization chamber and compared to the results calculated by CORVUS and by the Monte Carlo method. The results show that the dose distributions calculated by both CORVUS and Monte Carlo agreed well (within 2% of dose maximum) with measured results in the uniform PMMA phantom for both open and intensity-modulated fields. Similar agreement was obtained between Monte Carlo calculation and measured results with the bone and lung heterogeneities inside the PMMA phantom. Following the positive results of this study, our QA phantom has been integrated as a routine QA procedure for patient's IMRT dose verification at Stanford since 1999.
Management of Nonpalpable Incidental Testicular Masses

Purpose: We report on 4 patients who presented with nonpalpable testicular masses discovered on scrotal ultrasound, and offer treatment recommendations based on our experience and a review of the literature.Materials and Methods: Four patients underwent intraoperative ultrasound guided localization and excisional biopsy of nonpalpable testicular parenchymal masses. Radical orchiectomy was performed in 2 patients because of testicular cancer. Patient age, clinical presentation, ultrasound results, frozen section and permanent pathology results are reported.Results: During a 3-year period 1,040 scrotal ultrasounds were performed for indications other than retroperitoneal mass at a single institution, and nonpalpable testicular parenchymal masses were discovered in 4 patients with an age range of 22 to 31 years. Testis mass size ranged from 5 to 6 mm in maximum diameter and serum tumor markers were negative in all patients. Frozen section pathology indicated benign lesions in all patients and permanent patho...
Ah Receptor Activation by Dioxin Disrupts Activin, BMP, and WNT Signals during the Early Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Inhibits Cardiomyocyte Functions

The AHR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates gene-environment interactions. Genome-wide expression profiling during differentiation of mouse ES cells into cardiomyocytes showed that AHR activation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; Dioxin (TCDD), its prototypical ligand, disrupted the expression of multiple homeobox transcription factors and inhibited cardiomyocyte contractility. Here we treated ES cells with TCDD at daily differentiation intervals to investigate whether TCDD-induced loss of contractility had a developmental window of sensitivity. Surprisingly, contractility was an AHR-dependent TCDD target solely between differentiation days 0 and 3 during the period of panmesoderm development, when TCDD also disrupted expression of genes in the TGFβ/BMP2/4 and wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT)signaling pathways, suppressed the secretion of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP4), WNT3a, and WNT5a and elevated the secretion of Activin A, as determined by ELISA of the secreted proteins in the culture medium. Supplementing the culture medium with BMP4, WNT3a, or WNT5a during the first 3 days of differentiation successfully countered TCDD-induced impairment of contractility, while anti-WNT3a, or anti-WNT5a antibodies or continuous Noggin (a BMP4 antagonist) or Activin A treatment inhibited the contractile phenotype. In Ahr(+/+), but not in Ahr(-) (/) (-) ES cells, TCDD treatment significantly increased mitochondrial copy number, suggestive of mitochondrial stress and remodeling. Sustained AHR activation during ES cell differentiation appears to disrupt the expression of signals critical to the ontogeny of cardiac mesoderm and cause the loss of contractility in the resulting cardiomyocyte lineage.
Factors Affecting the Risk of Brain Metastases After Definitive Chemoradiation for Locally Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma

PURPOSE: As therapy for locally advanced non–small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) improves, brain metastases (BM) may become a greater problem. We analyzed our chemoradiation experience for patients at highest risk for the brain as the first failure site. METHODS: Records for 150 consecutive patients with stage II/III NSCLC treated definitively with chemoradiation from June 1992 to June 1998 at the University of Pennsylvania were reviewed. Most patients (89%) received cisplatin, paclitaxel, or both. All had negative brain imaging before treatment. Posttreatment brain imaging was performed for suspicious symptoms. Incidence of BM was examined as a function of age, sex, histology, stage, performance status, weight loss, tumor location, surgery, radiation dose, initial radiation field, chemotherapy regimen, and chemotherapy timing. RESULTS: Crude and 2-year actuarial rates of BM were 19% and 30%, respectively. Among pretreatment parameters, stage IIIB was associated with a higher risk of BM (P < .04) versus sta...
Determining the Limit of Hardness in Ternary Carbide thin Films

In this study we examine the structure and mechanical properties of ternary carbide films, with the objective of understanding the role that residual stress, density, grain size, texture and crystallinity play in determining film hardness. The main variables we used to alter film structure are the nominal film compositions and substrate bias voltage. The systems examined here are Ti-Hf-C and Hf-Si-C, and are compared to previous work on Ti-Si-C. The Hf-Si-C films show hardness levels above that of HfC alone. Residual stress measurements show a compressive stress to be present, with the exception of the -25V sample where the stress was tensile. However, compositional analysis of the biased samples by XPS reveals that Si content in the films is reduced by the application of substrate bias. Consistent with this, the films with higher bias have larger grain sizes and better crystallinity. For the Ti-Hf-C films, the results for hardness vs. bias are consistent with known stress and densification effects of the bias, and values are consistent with rule-of-mixtures expectations.
Process study on the reuse system of engineering design based on IDEF

Product design can be divided as primary creative design,self-adaptable design and model changing design,and yet 80% designs in engineering practice are the reuse design of designing knowledge,information and data.On the basis of re-suing of engineering design and of analytical study of IDEF modeling,the model of IDEF0 system that supports the reuse process was established,and the process of reuse system of engineering design was analyzed.Finally,the key link of engineering design reuse,which supports the reuse of the structuralizeation of designing knowledge and of the abstractive scheme,was approached.
A control scheme for four-leg inverter based on three-phaseintegrated compensation

A control scheme based on three-phase integrated compensation is proposed for four-leg inverter.The functions of four legs are analyzed in the power conversion process,and the integrated compensation strategy for three-phase voltages is formed.In the proposed compensation strategy,unbalanced factor is compensated by the fourth leg,and phase voltages are synthetically compensated by the fourth leg and every phase legs,so that the advantage of the four-leg topology is exerted and the control ability is increased under the resistance and inductance unbalance loads.Based on the integrated compensation strategy,an integral algorithm is proposed to approach inductor voltage according to the property that inductor current is sine-wave,a closed-loop control structure is constructed,and an integrated control scheme is proposed for four legs.The proposed control scheme avoids high frequency interference introduced by the differential algorithm and the phase difference made by additional filters,and makes output voltages converge on the ideal waveform.The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by simulation results.
Thermodynanics and petrology of cummingtonite

Natural cummingtonite encompasses virtually the entire compositional range from Mg to Fe end-member. It occurs in several metamorphic rock types, but predominantly in amphibolites and metaironstones. Most examples were produced under amphibolite-facies conditions, although the full range for cummingtonite is at least 400-800 'C and < I I 5 kbar. Cummingtonite is also a critical indicator of T, er,o, and fo,in silicic volcanic rocks from shallow magma chambers. The solution properties of cummingtonite reflect the entropic and enthalpic consequences of temperature-dependent, long-range ordering of Mg and Fe2* on the Ml + M3, M} and M4 sites, plus modest site-mismatch energies. Solutions show small positive departure from ideal at 700-800'C and both positive and negative behavior at lower temperatures depending on composition. The quenched state of M-site ordering has an influence on the symmetry of the unit cell (C2/ m vs. P2,/ m) and on the optical indicatrix. The kinetics of diffusion of Fe2* and Mg among sites appears to be site dependent. Magnesio-cummingtonite from 0 to about l0o/o grunerite is less stable than magnesian anthophyllite at metamorphic temperatures of 600-700 'C. The inversion loop in the system FMSH, with anthophyllite as the low-temperature form, probably has a minimum temperature close to the Fe end. The paragenesis of cummingtonite with olivine and quartz (found in metamorphosed iron formation) is confined to pressures below l0 kbar, temperatures below 740 .C, and /o, no more than 0.5 log unit above QFM. The paragenesis of cummingtonite with orthopyroxene and quartz typifies more Mg-rich compositions and generally signifies higher temperatures and in many instances higher pressures, and a temperature maximum (extremum) exists in the isobaric T-Xo,diagram. The composition of cummingtonite together with magnetite, quartz, and HrO fluid is a sensitive indicator of /o,. Cummingtonite must be Mg rich to coexist with hematite. Temperature and fo, determined from iron titanium oxide phenocrysts and measured cummingtonite compositions in rhyolites from the Taupo Zone, New Zealand, agree well with predicted relations. The agreement is less good for dacites from Saint Helens and Pinatubo. With increasing pressure, reactions between cummingtonite and the components of feldspar produce biotite and hornblende and restrict the occurrence of cummingtonite in amphibolites and systems of granitic composition.
Hemodynamics and metabolism in ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Abstract Measurements of CBF and CMR in human ischemia and infarction have provided valuable insight into the pathophysiology of stroke and important guidance to the development of therapeutic strategies. Further research combing therapeutic manipulation with CBF and CMR will be important for developing optimal methods to treat ischemic cerebrovascular disease. At this time, no value has been demonstrated for these techniques in individual patient care decisions. Although now widely available, CBF and CMR measurements should still be considered clinical research tools until they can be shown to provide benefit in reducing morbidity and mortality or reducing medical expenses in clinical practice.
Single polymer dynamics under large amplitude oscillatory extension

The dynamics of single polymers in large-amplitude oscillatory extensional flow are studied over a wide range of flow strengths and cycle frequencies using a combination of single-molecule experiments and Brownian dynamics simulations.
The Cost of Firearm Violence Survivorship.

An introduction is presented in which the authors discuss a report in the journal which deals with hospitalization costs and other aspects of firearm violence survivorship in America, and it mentions the Medicaid, self-pay, and private health insurance programs in the U.S.
Differences between elements of the same order in a finite field

Abstract In 1975, Michael Szalay showed that for any prime p > 10 19 and any integer δ with 1 ≤ δ ≤ p − 1 , there exist at least two primitive roots g and h modulo p such that g − h ≡ δ ( mod p ) . Very recently, Brazelton, Harrington, Kannan and Litman have shown that for any n > 6 , there exists a prime p ≡ 1 ( mod n ) for which there are two elements a and b of order n modulo p such that a − b ≡ 1 ( mod p ) . In this article, we extend these ideas to investigate arbitrary differences δ between elements of the same arbitrary order n modulo a prime p ≡ 1 ( mod n ) . Moreover, we show how all elements of a specific order n can be derived from a single fixed difference δ. Finally, we deduce a result concerning the differences between primitive roots for certain primes p ≡ 3 ( mod 4 ) .
Does Pledging of Shares by Controlling Shareholders Always Destroy Firm Value

Controlling shareholders often pledge their ownership in the firm to offer collateral for either their personal loans or loans to the firm. Pledging of shares modifies their payoff structure, without altering their control rights. This modification in the payoff structure can influence the incentives of controlling shareholders and have real effects on firm value and performance. Using data from India, the study finds that share pledges for personal loans reduce the effective ownership of controlling shareholders and destroy firm value. On the contrary, share pledges for firm loans mitigate problems of limited pledgeability of cashflows and may increase the value of firms.
Modified Zener Theory to Accurately Predict Impact Force Histories for Soft Impactors Employing Spiral Sensing

While predicting the impact force histories from the Zener impact model with different material properties of impactors, several discrepancies were observed and reported in this article. To overcome these discrepancies, a modified Zener model is proposed to accurately calculate impact force histories. In the original Zener theory, nonlinear Hertzian contact law was used, and it was assumed that impact forces are transmitted through natural intensity factors depending on coupled physical properties of the plate and the impactor. However, when the force histories were predicted, a diverging trend appeared for softer materials with elastic moduli below 20 GPa. It is hypothesized that the primary reasons for this divergence are due to the contact time delay and the viscoelastic dissipation of energy, which are not considered in current Zener models. Several modifications of the model have been proposed since its inception, but it has been found that they are not independently sufficient to accurately predict impact force histories. In this article, a modified Zener theory is proposed introducing two new parameters in the governing differential equation derived from the sensor phase lag index and the dominant frequency band through a set of experiments employing a spiral sensing mechanism followed by an optimization process. The spiral lag index shows an unexpected peculiar trend with soft impactors (< 20 GPa), which are distinctly different from hard impactors and are judicially incorporated in the model. Furthermore, the force histories are accurately reconstructed with the proposed modifications.
Endoscopic Abscess Septotomy: A Less Invasive Approach for the Treatment of Sleeve Gastrectomy Leaks.

Abstract Background: Postoperative leaks develop in a low percentage of patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), representing a rare yet devastating postoperative complication inc...
ORBITAL ATHERECTOMY FOR TREATMENT OF COMPLEX SEVERELY CALCIFIED CORONARY ARTERY LESIONS: INSIGHTS FROM A VETERANS AFFAIRS COHORT

Coronary artery calcification remains a significant challenge to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Orbital atherectomy (OA) is an effective treatment for severely calcified coronary artery lesions prior to PCI, but, few data are available to support the use of OA in “real-world” complex
Giving Reports, Addresses, and Lectures

Know your material. Rehearse. Get help to use the best supporting media. Never read your speech.
The Modern Pauper

Ever since war and famine have occurred, there have been welfare policies to deal with the poor. Although these policies are complex and shift during various periods, some firm generalizations can be made. Often the immediate task of welfare policy was to help deal with disorder; throughout history, armies of the poor have posed threats to society. A second task was the relief of misery; despite the strong social control features of welfare policy, there has always been a humanitarian voice. The third task was preservation of labor markets; relief had to be given under such terms and conditions as would not encourage those who could work to seek welfare instead. This last point is known as the principle of “less eligibility”—that is, the terms of relief had to be less desirable than the conditions of the lowest-paid labor. This is the essence of the work requirement, which often conflicts with the other two principles.
El Proyecto Paraguas (the Umbrella Project): Craft Knowledge as Tactical Tool in Marginalized Communities in Argentina

El Proyecto Paraguas is part of an ongoing exploration of “craft in the age of globalization” that was initiated during Argentina’s economic and political meltdown in early 2000s and partially inserted in the horizontal autonomic processes taking place in the country at that time. There, in partnership with local groups and NGOs, we started testing ideas about “social technology.” Looking to survey, rescue, update, and promote popular technological knowledge (handweaving in this case), we proposed a partnership between two groups: a community of rural basket weavers and a collective of urban scavengers. This partnership could mutually benefit both groups and the surrounding community. In worlds where survival is the most basic form of entrepreneurship, we proposed an “umbrella” where two disenfranchised economies and cultures were brought together to share and exchange technologies, knowledge, and resources but also to build skills like leadership and consensus building to increase their economic and political leverage. In this paper I will elaborate on the premises, processes, and futures of this tactical proposal.
TCTAP C-166 Aortic Aneurysm Treated by Aortic Stent-graft Combined with Occlusion Device: Tips and Pitfalls to Rescue the Covered Left Carotid Artery

### Patient Initials or Identifier Number 181603056BM ### Relevant Clinical History and Physical Exam Male 78-year-old History of uncontrolled hypertension but no DM or COPD Admitted to our hospital due to a recent hoarse voice. First physical examination showed BP of 170/100 mmHg, no abnormal
Ancestral Genome Reconstruction

Reconstruction of extinct ancestral genomes is an important topic in comparative genomics and has a wide range of applications. By comparing a current-day species against its ancestor, we can deduce how it differs from the ancestor and infer detailed information about the evolution of species. With more and more fully sequenced genomes becoming available, we are able to reconstruct ancestors at the whole genome level by using evolutionary events such as genome rearrangements, gene insertions, deletions and duplications. In this chapter, we will present the concepts related to whole genome evolution and ancestral reconstruction. We will review evolutionary models and algorithms in pairwise comparison of genomes, computing of the median problem and optimizations in inferring phylogenies and ancestors from multiple genomes.
Gulf Stream Ring Water Intrusion on the Mid-Atlantic Bight Continental Shelf Break Affects Microbially Driven Carbon Cycling

Warm core, anticyclonic rings that spin off from the Gulf Stream circulate through the region directly offshore of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. If a warm core ring reaches the continental shelf break, its warm, highly saline water may subduct under cooler, fresher continental shelf surface water, resulting in subsurface waters at the shelf break and over the upper continental slope with high temperatures and salinities and distinct physical and chemical properties characteristic of Gulf Stream water. Such intruding water may also have microbial communities with distinct functional capacities, which may in turn affect the rate and nature of carbon cycling in this coastal/shelf environment. However, the functional capabilities of microbial communities within ring intrusion waters relative to surrounding continental shelf waters are largely unexplored. We investigated microbial community capacity to initiate organic matter remineralization by measuring hydrolysis of a suite of polysaccharide, peptide, and glucose substrates along a transect oriented across the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf, shelf break, and upper slope. At the outermost sampling site, warm and salty water derived from a Gulf Stream warm core ring was present in the lower portion of the water column. This water exhibited hydrolytic capacities distinct from other sampling sites, and exhibited lower heterotrophic bacterial productivity overall. Warm core rings adjacent to the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf have increased in frequency and duration in recent years. As the influence of warm core rings on the continental shelf and slope increases in the future, the rate and nature of organic matter remineralization on the continental shelf may also shift.
Empirical Application of Rubinstein Bargaining Model in Western U.S. Water Transactions

Water transactions are proposed as a policy tool for increasing regional drought resilience and improving allocative efficiency. However, water trading deviates considerably from classical competit...
Sex-specific relationships among iron status biomarkers, athletic performance, maturity, and dietary intakes in pre-adolescent and adolescent athletes.

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among biomarkers of iron status, athletic performance, growth and development, and dietary intakes in pre-adolescent and adolescent male and female athletes. Two-hundred and forty-nine male (n = 179) (mean ± standard deviation for age = 12.0 ± 2.1 years, height = 156.3 ± 13.9 cm, and weight = 49.1 ± 16.5 kg) and female (n = 70) (12.0 ± 2.2 years, 152.4 ± 12.3 cm, 45.3 ± 14.5 kg) athletes volunteered for capillary blood sample, anthropometric, athletic performance, and dietary intake assessments. Outcomes included maturity offset from peak height velocity, percent body fat, estimated muscle cross-sectional areas, vertical jump height (VJ), broad jump distance (BJ), pro-agility time (PA), L-cone time, 20-yard dash time (20YD), power push up (PPU) force, dietary intakes, and ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations. Athletic performance was consistently correlated with Hb in males (r = .237–.375, p 0.05). After partialing out age and height, VJ, PA, LC, and 20YD remained correlated with Hb in males (|rHb,y.Age| = .208–.322, p = 0.001–0.041; |rHb,y.Height| = .211–.321, p = 0.001–0.038). After partialing out iron intake, PA and LC remained correlated with sTfR in females (|rsTfR,y.ironintake| = .516–.569, p = 0.014–0.028). Iron status biomarkers demonstrated sex-specific relationships with anaerobic exercise performance in youth athletes, which may be more dependent on maturity status and dietary intake than age. Moderate relationships between sTfR and athletic performance in adolescent female athletes emphasizes the importance of iron intake in this demographic.
Effect of modelling complexities on extreme wind hazard performance of steel lattice transmission towers

Reliable computational models of transmission towers are key to improved hurricane risk management of transmission systems. However, a comprehensive understanding of involved complexities and their...
An Evolutionary Response to Harvesting

Evolutionary game theory uses a generating function to define the fitness of any individual bounded by the same evolutionary constraints. Using a single generating function, we investigate the effect of harvesting with a model which has a single evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). We show that harvesting will promote an evolutionary response from the community which will result in a decrease in yield. Of particular interest are the circumstances under which harvesting promotes the coexistence of several strategies in a community that would otherwise have a single-strategy ESS.
International Debt: The Constructive Implications of Some Some Moral Mathematics

Present arrangements governing the accumulation and discharge of debt by states are difficult to justify fully on the basis of underlying normative considerations. States are different from individuals in important respects and the deontological justifications that explain why individuals have a strong burden to abide by promises to repay do not straightforwardly apply to countries. Consequentialist considerations must play a central role in determining what norms should govern the accumulation and discharge of sovereign debt. Modified background norms for the accumulation and discharge of international debt which permit countries' repayments to be made formally contingent on specific circumstances and the reasons that these circumstances have arisen are more likely to be morally justifiable than the existing rules, which in general require countries to repay their debts according to an inflexible schedule. Modified rules for the accumulation and discharge of international sovereign debt can codify the moral and legal basis for existing ad hoc deviations and present a justifiable framework within which international lending and borrowing can take place.
Old Methods for Young People? Toward Addressing Unique Needs of Young Stroke Survivors

While the incidence of stroke increases with age, a substantial portion of those affected are 10% of young stroke survivors are not able to function independently 10 years after the index stroke.5
A seven-year review of eclampsia with special reference to treatment with veratrum viride

Abstract During the past fifty years innumerable methods of treatment for eclampsia have been advanced. Some of these have held their place in the armamentarium but many have fallen by the wayside. It is one from the latter group that, it seems, should still have a definite place in the therapeutic role, namely, Veratrum viride . It is true that this was not discarded by all and that many general practitioners in the South and even some of the Medical Centers continued to use this routinely. I refer particularly to the Department of Obstetrics at the University of Cincinnati. In the October 1940, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association , Dr. Flemming and Dr. Bryant, of the Department of Obstetrics at the University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, reported a study of 120 cases on which Veratrum viride had been used with only 1.6 mortality, and even those included in the mortality group, on further investigation, could hardly be included in the group of failures. It was from this report that further interest was aroused for this particular method of treatment. Soon after joining the resident staff of Obstetrics at the John Gaston Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, in July 1941, permission was obtained from Dr. W. T. Pride, Chief of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Tennessee School of Medicine, to begin the use of this drug in the treatment of eclampsia where a number of such patients are encountered each year. We used very much the same method as that outlined by Dr. Flemming and Dr. Bryant except for minor modifications at times which will be mentioned later in this report. After using Veratrum viride for approximately one year with uniformly good results, it was suggested by Dr. J. R. Rheinberger, Associate Professor of Obstetrics, that we make a seven-year study of treatment of eclampsia as followed in our hospital, using for a comparative study the last year, during which time Veratrum viride had been used. This was done and our report deals with the years 1936 to 1942 inclusive. During these seven years 150 cases were diagnosed as eclampsia of pregnancy.
Calculation of molecular rotation by summation of partial conformational contributions

Abstract The optical rotations of two families of compounds, both having the 1,6-anhydro-β- d -hexopyranose structure as the fundamental skeletal unit, have been expressed as algebraic summations of empirical rotatory contributions from various conformational elements of asymmetry. The calculations have been made for 1,6-anhydro-monodeoxy-β- d -hexopyranoses and their diacetates, and for the 2,7-anhydro-β- d -heptulopyranoses and their tetraacetates, by using terms calculated 1 for the parent 1,6-anhydro-β- d -hexopyranoses and four new terms to describe interactions previously untreated. The calculated rotations are in satisfactory agreement with constants reported in the literature, and indicate conformational uniformity throughout the entire class of examples.
Option Theory and Defaultable Mortgage Pricing

The existing mortgage pricing literature either fails to consider the default option or gives numerical results only. Solutions using numerical methods not only do not provide the intuition of analytic solutions, but also are very expensive in computation time, since a supercomputer is frequently required. We, therefore, have employed the Cox-Ross [1976] approach to price a fixed-rate mortgage with a default option. We are able to provide analytic solutions, comparative statics and more simulation results not available in existing models.
The Physical Context for Thin Layers in the Coastal Ocean

Abstract : Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient, sustainable, and relocatable observing system suitable for a variety of exploratory, process-oriented oceanographic studies and naval applications. Our basic strategy is to combine technology development with significant field experiments which advance our understanding of the ocean environment. During the LOCO program our goal is to describe how the structure and evolution of thin layers vary regionally and temporally in different physical environments and under different forcing regimes. Specifically, we hope to address three significant research questions: 1. How does thin layer structure and occurrence frequency vary in different physical and biological environments and under different forcing regimes? 2. What are the typical horizontal spatial scales associated with these layers, and what processes control their horizontal extent and spatial structure? 3. On what timescales are layers generated and destroyed, and how is this evolution related to the ambient physical environment and atmospheric forcing?
Land Without Plea Bargaining: How the Germans Do It

As the death grip of adversary procedure has tightened around the common law criminal trial, trial has ceased to be workable as a routine dispositive proceeding. Our criminal justice system has become ever more dependent on processing cases of serious crime through the nontrial procedure of plea bargaining. Unable to adjudicate, we now engage in condemnation without adjudication. Because our constitutions guarantee adjudication, we threaten the criminal defendant with a markedly greater sanction if he insists on adjudication and is convicted. This sentencing differential, directed towards inducing the defendant to waive his right to trial, makes plea bargaining work. It also makes plea bargaining intrinsically coercive. I have elsewhere had occasion to point to the host of irremediable deficiencies moral, juridical, practical that inhere in the plea bargaining system.' Plea bargaining is such a recent2 and transparent evasion of our cherished common law tradition of criminal trial that its well-meaning practitioners and proponents feel a deep need for reassurance that what they are doing is not so bad as it looks. Rather lately, apologists for American plea bargaining have been sounding a theme purportedly derived from comparative law. As a corollary to the proposition that plea bargaining is not really so bad, the claim is advanced that everybody else does it too. Plea bargaining is said to be universal, at least in the legal systems of advanced industrial countries. 3
The Legal Content of School Psychology Journals: A Systematic Survey.

The many challenges that school psychologists face inevitably include legal issues. In light of the agreement between the two primary professional organizations for school psychologists that understanding of law is a critical competency, this study analyzed the extent of law-based articles in leading school psychology journal articles published from 1970 to mid-2013. The method was a systematic multi-step search, selection and coding process. The primary findings included that (a) a very small proportion of the articles in five leading school psychology journals contained a notable level of legal content; (b) the number of these articles initially trended upward but stabilized at a lower level during recent decades; (c) assessment and special education were the most frequent subject categories, and (d) the principal sources of law were federal legislation/regulations and court decisions. The discussion includes implications for professional practice and recommendations for follow-up research.
Electric vehicle performance in 1994 DOE competitions

The US Department of Energy (DOE) through Argonne National Laboratory sponsored and recorded energy data of electric vehicles (EVs) at five competitions in 1994. Each competition provided different test conditions (closed-track, on-road, and dynamometer). The data gathered at these competitions includes energy efficiency, range, acceleration, and vehicle characteristics. The results of the analysis show that the vehicles performed as expected. Some of the EVs were also tested on dynamometers and compared to gasoline vehicles, including production vehicles with advanced battery systems. Although the EVs performed well at these competitions, the results show that only the vehicles with advanced technologies perform as well or better than conventional gasoline vehicles.
A Selective, Annotated Bibliography on Carbonate Rocks

The object of this bibliography is to provide a starting point in bibliographic research on carbonates from almost every possible viewpoint--not only origin and diagenetic changes, but also the role they play in such diverse fields as geomorphology, petroleum, ground water, and mineral deposits; only purely igneous, paleontologic, and biomineralogical studies are excluded. The bibliography has a definite sedimentary bias. References are grouped into: general, petrography and sedimentation, geochemistry, ecology and paleoecology, porosity and petrophysics, geomorphology and weathering, hydrology, carbonates as hosts for mineralization, uses, and bibliography.
The effects of aging on basement membrane in the testis

Age-related increases in basement membrane thickness have been noted in many tissues, including the testis. The current investigation examined the morphology of the basement membrane in the aged Brown Norway rat and sought to determine whether the accumulation of basement membrane was the result of an increase in the expression of the basement membrane genes. The aged testis was characterized by atrophy of the seminiferous tubules. Closer examination of the degenerated tubules revealed that the seminiferous epithelium was completely devoid of germ cells and that the basement membrane of these tubules was thickened and highly convoluted. In some animals, there was a measurable increase in basement membrane thickness in tubules of normal diameter together with an apparently normal epithelium, suggesting that the thickening is not solely due to a shrinkage of the tubules. To determine whether an increase in basement membrane synthesis was responsible for the thickening, the expression of the genes for laminin, collagen IV, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and fibronectin was analyzed by Northern blot. There were no changes in the expression of the genes for the laminin B1 and B2 chains, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, or fibronectin that could be correlated with increasing age. Surprisingly, however, the levels of mRNA for the laminin A chain and collagen IV decreased with age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Operator Choice and the Evolution of Robust Solutions

This research demonstrates that evolutionary pressure favoring robust solutions has a significant impact on the evolutionary process. More robust solutions are solutions that are less likely to be degraded by the genetic operators. This pressure for robust solutions can be used to explain a number of evolutionary behaviors. The experiments examine the effect of different types and rates of genetic operators on the evolution of robust solutions. Previously robustness was observed to occur through an increase in inoperative genes (introns). This work shows that alternative strategies to increase robustness can evolve. The results also show that different genetic operators lead to different strategies for improving robustness. These results can be useful in designing genetic operators to encourage particular evolutionary behaviors.
Taurine activates delayed rectifier KV channels via a metabotropic pathway in retinal neurons

Taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the retina, throughout the CNS, and in heart and muscle cells. In keeping with its broad tissue distribution, taurine serves as a modulator of numerous basic processes, such as enzyme activity, cell development, myocardial function and cytoprotection. Despite this multitude of functional roles, the precise mechanism underlying taurine's actions has not yet been identified. In this study we report findings that indicate a novel role for taurine in the regulation of voltage-gated delayed rectifier potassium (K(V)) channels in retinal neurons by means of a metabotropic receptor pathway. The metabotropic taurine response was insensitive to the Cl(-) channel blockers, picrotoxin and strychnine, but it was inhibited by a specific serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist, MDL11939. Moreover, we found that taurine enhanced K(V) channels via intracellular protein kinase C-mediated pathways. When 5-HT(2A) receptors were expressed in human embryonic kidney cells, taurine and AL34662, a non-specific 5-HT(2) receptor activator, produced a similar regulation of K(IR) channels. In sum, this study provides new evidence that taurine activates a serotonin system, apparently via 5-HT(2A) receptors and related intracellular pathways.
Exploration of turbulent heat fluxes and wind stress curl in WRF and ERA‐Interim during wintertime mesoscale wind events around southeastern Greenland

The strong, mesoscale tip jets and barrier winds that occur off the coast of southeastern Greenland drive large surface turbulent heat fluxes that may impact deep ocean convection. The turbulent fluxes and wind stress curl associated with 10 m wind patterns identified using the self-organizing map technique are investigated for 10 winters (1997–2007, November-December-January-February-March) in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA-I) and a regional simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 50 km. Sensible heat flux differences between WRF and ERA-I are primarily due to differences in near-surface temperature, while latent heat flux differences are driven by both moisture and wind speed differences. The largest turbulent flux differences occur over the marginal ice zone where the fluxes in WRF are larger than in ERA-I due to specified sea ice thickness that influences the near-surface atmospheric temperature and moisture; WRF has larger magnitude wind stress curl over the Irminger Sea. Patterns of strong westerly tip jet with barrier flow are most likely to impact preconditioning and convection in the Irminger Sea compared to other manifestations of westerly tip jets, and easterly tip jets are expected to have localized ocean impacts south of Cape Farewell.