cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemotopic odorant coding in a mammalian olfactory system

Systematic mapping studies involving 365 odorant chemicals have shown that glomerular responses in the rat olfactory bulb are organized spatially in patterns that are related to the chemistry of the odorant stimuli. This organization involves the spatial clustering of principal responses to numerous odorants that share key aspects of chemistry such as functional groups, hydrocarbon structural elements, and/or overall molecular properties related to water solubility. In several of the clusters, responses shift progressively in position according to odorant carbon chain length. These response domains appear to be constructed from orderly projections of sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium and may also involve chromatography across the nasal mucosa. The spatial clustering of glomerular responses may serve to "tune" the principal responses of bulbar projection neurons by way of inhibitory interneuronal networks, allowing the projection neurons to respond to a narrower range of stimuli than their associated sensory neurons. When glomerular activity patterns are viewed relative to the overall level of glomerular activation, the patterns accurately predict the perception of odor quality, thereby supporting the notion that spatial patterns of activity are the key factors underlying that aspect of the olfactory code. A critical analysis suggests that alternative coding mechanisms for odor quality, such as those based on temporal patterns of responses, enjoy little experimental support.
Extracellular histones promote thrombin generation through platelet-dependent mechanisms: involvement of platelet TLR2 and TLR4

The release of histones from dying cells is associated with microvascular thrombosis and, because histones activate platelets, this could represent a possible pathogenic mechanism. In the present study, we assessed the influence of histones on the procoagulant potential of human platelets in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and in purified systems. Histones dose-dependently enhanced thrombin generation in PRP in the absence of any trigger, as evaluated by calibrated automated thrombinography regardless of whether the contact phase was inhibited. Activation of coagulation required the presence of fully activatable platelets and was not ascribable to platelet tissue factor, whereas targeting polyphosphate with phosphatase reduced thrombin generation even when factor XII (FXII) was blocked or absent. In the presence of histones, purified polyphosphate was able to induce thrombin generation in plasma independently of FXII. In purified systems, histones induced platelet aggregation; P-selectin, phosphatidylserine, and FV/Va expression; and prothrombinase activity. Blocking platelet TLR2 and TLR4 with mAbs reduced the percentage of activated platelets and lowered the amount of thrombin generated in PRP. These data show that histone-activated platelets possess a procoagulant phenotype that drives plasma thrombin generation and suggest that TLR2 and TLR4 mediate the activation process.
Motivating Students to Read in the Content Classroom: Six Evidence-Based Principles

Teachers who plan content area instruction with evidence-based principles of reading engagement in mind will seek ways of making learning interesting and worthwhile; will create learning contexts that maximize participation in reading, writing, and thinking; and will always account for motivation and engagement when considering students' classroom experiences. إن الأساتذة الذين يخططون لتعليم مجال المحتوى وفي ذهنهم المبادئ المبنية على أدلة إشغال القراءة سيبحثون عن طرق لتجعل التعلم مثيرا ومفيدا وسيخلقون سياقات التعلم التي تستغل المشاركة في القراءة والكتابة والتفكير إلى أقصى حد وسيأخذون بعين الاعتبار الدافع والانشغال حين يتأملون تجارب الطلاب في غرفة الصف. 教师在设计学科教学时，如能考虑到有关投入阅读的循证原则，便会寻找方法使学习成为有趣的和有意义的活动；更会为学生创造一些鼓励充份参与阅读，写作，和思考活动的学习环境；也一定会把学习动机和投入学习这两个因素加进学生课堂学习经验的考虑中。 Les enseignants qui preparent un enseignement sur un theme specifique en ayant en tete des principes bases sur les recherches relatives a l'investissement dans la lecture vont chercher des facons de rendre l'apprentissage interessant et valable; vont creer des contextes qui maximisent la participation en lecture, ecriture, et la reflexion; et tiendront toujours compte de la motivation et de l'investissement quand ils penseront a ce que vivent les eleves dans la classe. Учителя, которые следуют принципам увлекательного чтения по той или иной учебной дисциплине, всегда ищут способы сделать процесс обучения содержательным и ценным в глазах учеников, создают такую учебную среду, которая максимально стимулирует учащихся к активному чтению, письму и размышлению, а при планировании уроков всегда учитывают такие важные его аспекты, как мотивация и поддержание интереса учащихся. Los maestros que planean su instruccion de contenido teniendo en cuenta principios basados en evidencia de la lectura participativa buscaran maneras de hacer la ensenanza interesante y valiosa; crearan contextos de aprendizaje que llevan al maximo la participacion en la lectura, la escritura y el acto de pensar; y siempre tendran en cuenta la motivacion y la participacion al considerar las experiencias de los estudiantes en el salon de clase.
Allogeneic effect on induction of thyroglobulin antibodies and thyroid lesions in mice

All previous attempts failed to induce thyroglobulin antibodies or thyroid infiltrates in mice immunized with homologous thyroglobulin without adjuvants. However, an allogeneic effect obviated the need of adjuvants for triggering thyroglobulin-reactive lymphocytes to produce thyroglobulin antibodies or thyroid lesions.
Exploring the drivers' side of the “blend wall”: U.S. consumer preferences for ethanol blend fuels

Abstract Analysis of stated preferences from over 2300 U.S. respondents shows that general attitudes nationwide favor the use of ethanol as a motor fuel but a sizeable segment (~ 20%) indicated strong unwillingness to buy ethanol blend fuels. Results from a discrete choice experiment analyzed using mixed logit regressions show that, all else constant, price-per-gallon and miles-per-gallon dominated preferences for fuel attributes but ethanol content made the average consumer more likely to choose a blend fuel. Findings provide strong evidence of heterogeneity in preferences driven by attitudes but also affected by age and income. At a point of price per mile equivalence for ethanol and gasoline, in a market where gasoline, E20 and E85 were available with no regulatory, supply or technological constraints, E85 would dominate market share. In this case ethanol would account for 56% of volume of motor fuels consumed. Our results show a high level of consumer substitutability of gasoline with ethanol and willingness to choose high ethanol blend fuels – which could help expand ethanol use beyond the current regulatory and technological limits of the blend wall.
Spatially Controlled Chemistry Using Remotely Guided Nanoliter Scale Containers

In this communication we describe a new chemical encapsulation and release platform using 3D microfabricated nanoliter scale containers with controlled porosity. The containers can be fabricated of magnetic materials that allow them to be remotely guided using magnetic fields. The favorable attributes of the containers that include a versatile highly parallel fabrication process, precisely engineered porosity, isotropic/anisotropic chemical release profiles, and remote magnetic guiding provide an attractive platform for engineering spatially controlled chemical reactions in microfluidic systems.
Bilateral Lower Extremity Sequential Compression Devices (SCDs): A Novel Approach to the Management of Intra-Dialytic Hypotension in the Outpatient Setting—Report of a Case Series

Intra-dialytic hypotension (IDH) affects as many as 15–50% of patients during hemodialysis. Several treatment approaches and preventative methods are available. These therapeutic options are often ineffective and cumbersome, and some of the causative factors such as poor cardiac reserve are commonly not amenable to any therapy. Enhanced external counter pulsation (EECP) is increasingly being utilized by cardiology services as an adjunct to the long-term management of chronic congestive heart failure as well as in the management of otherwise refractory angina. EECP works by mechanistically improving venous return, enhancing peripheral resistance, and ultimately improving the cardiac index. We speculated that bilateral lower extremity sequential compression devices (SCDs), commonly used in the inpatient setting for DVT prophylaxis, could indeed serve as mini-EECP devices. We carried out an outpatient pilot study of its use to prevent IDH in three patients who otherwise had failed other treatment approaches....
Morphological variation and airflow dynamics in the human nose

Airflow dynamics are recognized as being important to the functioning of the human nose in conditioning and filtering inspired air, yet these dynamics are poorly understood. Despite considerable research on airflow dynamics by otolaryngologists, respiratory physiologists, and toxicologists, major disagreements remain about the nature of airflow in the human nose. Specifically, there is little consensus about the character of nasal airflow regimes (laminar or turbulent) and about the major pathways of airflow through the internal chamber. Additionally, a number of features in the human nose have been argued to enhance airflow turbulence, thus increasing the exposure of moving air to the nasal mucosa and facilitating heat and moisture exchange in cold and/or dry climates. These features include: an inferior orientation of the nares; a nasal sill that is high relative to the floor of the internal nasal chamber; a nasal valve that is small in cross-sectional area relative to that of the internal chamber; and large, projecting conchae. The claim that these features affect airflow dynamics has never been tested. To clarify the nature of human nasal airflow and to test these claims of functional significance to nasal variation, we studied airflow across physiological flow rates using water and dye flowing through anatomically accurate acrylic models of human nasal air passageways (with adjustment of water flow rates to maintain dynamic similarity). The models were derived from direct casting of the nasal passageways of 10 Caucasian ("leptorrhine") cadavers (six male, four female). Measures of naris angle, nasal sill height, nasal valve area relative to internal chamber cross-sectional area, and relative projection of the inferior and middle turbinates were taken directly on the resulting casts. The relationships between aspects of nasal morphology and turbulent air flow were evaluated by examining the flow regimes (laminar, semiturbulent, or turbulent) at varying flow rates, with the expectation that the greater the development of the proposed turbulence-enhancing features the slower the flow rate at which flow would shift from one regime to another. Flow characteristics (both flow regimes and principal pathways) were highly variable within our sample. The relative projection of the inferior turbinate was the only variable that significantly affected the flow rate at which flow became turbulent. However, more projecting turbinates appear to laminate flow rather than to induce turbulence. Nostril orientation was moderately correlated with flow dynamics (with more inferiorly directed nares producing turbulence at slower flow rates), but this correlation was not statistically significant. Relative nasal valve area and nasal sill height were unrelated to turbulence in our models.
Gender and Migration in Southern Europe. Women on the Move

Gender and Migration in Southern Europe. Women on the Move. Floya Anthias and Gabriella Lazaridis. eds. Berg: Oxford, New York. 2000.263 pp. ISBN:. 85973 231. (cloth),. 85973 236. (paper).
A Great Challenge

Evaluations, benchmarks, and challenges are essential for scientific advancement of multimedia. A great challenge is still needed to capture imagination of the broader community and mark our progress in the multimedia field.
Family caregiving in cases of hip fracture.

The growing incidence and cost and the serious nature of hip fracture in the elderly require a closer examination of the family's role in the rehabilitation process and how it can be assisted in that role. In this prospective study, 57 family caregivers provided information before the hospital discharge of the patient with hip fracture and at 2, 8, and 14 weeks postdischarge. They were asked about caregiving demands and problems, caregiver mood, expectations about recovery, and advice to future caregivers. A brief follow-up was conducted at 6 months. The care recipients were all women and had been living at home before injury. The postdischarge location of the patient (e.g., in a residence shared with the caregiver, in a different residence, or in a nursing home) was a major factor in the types of caregiving activities but not in total demand. Nonspouses cited the most problems. Mood distress did not change over time. Caregivers appeared to have unrealistic expectations about the length of the recovery period; by 14 weeks, 35% judged the care recipient's mobility to be worse than expected, and 20% felt that the patient had more pain than expected. The most frequent advice to future caregivers was to have patience and to give encouragement.
Neuropathological correlates of late-life depression.

Evaluation of: Tsopelas N, Stewart R, Savva GM et al.; the MRCFAS study. Neuropathological correlates of late-life depression in older people. Br. J. Psychiatry 198, 109–114 (2011).The relationship between depression and both dementia and cerebrovascular pathology has, for good reason, received much attention from researchers and clinicians alike. Over previous decades, several generations of hypotheses have linked depression to the etiology or pathophysiology of dementia. Similarly, a host of studies have looked at the interplay between cerebrovascular pathology and late-life depression. This has resulted in new concepts of late-life depression, such as vascular depression. The study under evaluation sought to assess the neuropathological correlates of late-life depression by examining brains donated for study by a large sample of participants in the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. The study is unique in its large size, representative sample of participants and rigorous excl...
Effects of body awareness and aggressive activation on ego functioning of schizophrenics.

Stdmnzary.-This study investigated the effects of bodily self-awareness and aggressive activation on the ego functioning of schizophrenics. 36 hospitalized male schizophrenics were seen in a balanced design for a control condition, a condition involving a "self-awareness manipulation" intended to reduce ego disturbance and a condition involving subliminal aggressive stimulation intended to increase disturbance. In response to the self-awareness condition, there was a significant improvement in ego functioning on two of six variables investigated, i.e., reduced pathological thinking on a story recall rest and increased cognitive efticiency on a card-sorting test. After the aggressive condition there was significantly more ego disturbance on two of the six variables, i.e., increased pathological non-verbal behavior and reduced memory accuracy on the story recall test. These data were seen as offering support for (1) the thesis of Austin DesLauriers that increasing bodily self-awareness can be therapeutic for schizophrenics and (2) the formulation of Robert Bak and other psychoanalytic writers that implicates conflict over aggression as underlying ego disrurbance in schizophrenia.
Lithium ion emission from a liquid metal ion source of LiNO3

Abstract The preparation of a liquid metal ion source of LiNO 3 is described. Stable emission of ion current was attained for several hours at currents up to 20 μA. Angular intensities were typical of other liquid metal ion sources ranging from 18 μA at threshold to 38 μA at the highest emission currents investigated. About 8% of the emission current was due to Li + emission. A surprising result was the finding of a 110-eV FWHM energy spread in the energy distribution which was comprised of two peaks.
Prognostic Staging System for Recurrent, Persistent, and Second Primary Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx

Objective To develop a practical staging system for predicting mortality of patients with recurrent squamous cell tumors of the oral cavity and oropharyngeal mucosa. Design and Setting An inception cohort at an academic medical center. Patients A total of 308 patients who had evidence of recurrent, persistent, or second primary tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 1991, of whom 162 (52.6%) met inclusion criteria. Main Outcome Measure One-year mortality. Results The median survival time was 10 months. In bivariate analysis, the TNM stage of the recurrent tumor, invasion of pharyngeal constrictors and the floor-of-mouth muscles, weight loss, local and systemic symptoms, and eating function had significant effects on mortality. Multivariable analysis (done by conjunctive consolidation and Cox regression) identified constrictor invasion, the TNM stage of the recurrence, and weight loss as having a substantial effect on mortality. A composite 4-stage system using these 3 variables demarcated 1-year survival rates of 88.2% (30/34), 71.9% (23/32), 32.6% (16/49), and 4.2% (2/47). Conclusions The TNM status of recurrent tumors predicts mortality, but constrictor muscle invasion and weight loss also have major prognostic importance. The consolidation of these variables into a composite staging system successfully stratifies patients with widely divergent mortality rates. Improved staging of recurrent head and neck tumors can lead to more effective decisions about the comparisons and merits of additional treatment.
Melting temperature of lead and sodium at high pressures

Abstract We have redetermined the melting temperature of lead and sodium as a function of pressure in a new pressure cell made up of low strength materials. Many of the anomalies reported in a prior determination of the melting curve of lead have largely disappeared. The slope of our new melting curve for lead is in close agreement with the slope computed from thermochemical data. One new curve for sodium differs only slightly from the prior published curves.
Selected Maternal-Infant Care Practices of Spanish-Speaking Women

To ascertain which postpartum maternal-infant care practices were prevalent in a large southern California hospital's Spanish-speaking population, an informal survey was taken of 30 Hispanic women. The survey consisted of an initial interview in the hospital and a second interview in the patient's home. The latter interview covered seven open-ended questions regarding umbilical cord care and "La Cuarentena" practices. Results from the small survey suggest that cultural practices are observed by Hispanic women. Nursing implications for those working with Spanish-speaking patients are discussed.
Recruitment and Population Dynamics of a Coral Reef Fish

Daily otolith increments were used to determine the daily pattern of settlement of the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum), a Caribbean coral reef fish. Recruitment occurs in brief and sporadic episodes even though bluehead wrasses spawn every day. Patterns of recruitment do not correspond to patterns of mortality on the reef. The composition of the adult population directly reflects the relative rates of recruitment of juveniles the year before. The population dynamics of this species may therefore be determined by the supply of recruits and not by the supply of space or some other resource on the reef.
An experimental realization of premixed methane/air cylindrical flames

The objectives of the present article are to report the development of an inward burning premixed cylindrical flame radiant tube and experimental verification of the similarity of the combustion species concentration and temperature fields. Methane and air were mixed with each other at the molecular level in a tee and in a long tube before entering the burner. Major conclusions of the present study are as follows: (1) The novel burner can stabilize steady state cylindrical flames at various radial positions within an annulus. (2) Measurements of concentrations of combusting species at different axial locations show that they are a function of radial distance only. Complete combustion was achieved without fuel leakage within the least count of the present instrument. Present experimental results support the existence of similarity in the flow field predicted by Takeno and Ishizuka. (3) Temperature measurements exhibit a self-similar radial profile for various axial distances. The self-similar temperature profiles and the large gradient in temperature near the outer wall indicate that the present configuration can result in a very high performance radiant tube.
Rapid assessment of mycobacterial growth inside macrophages and mice, using the radiometric (BACTEC) method

Abstract Setting: Conventional methods of determining the growth and drug susceptibility of mycobacteria either in macrophages or in vivo are time consuming and laborious. Objective: We sought to develop a simple and rapid method for assessing growth and susceptibility of mycobacteria in macrophages and in vivo. Design: The radiometric (BACTEC) method was compared with the conventional method for rapid assessment of growth and susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) to clofazimine (CFM) and its two analogues (B4100 and B4101) in macrophages and in beige mice. Results and conclusions: A linear relationship was observed between growth index (GI) readings by the BACTEC method and the colony forming unit (CFU) counts obtained by conventional plating on 7H11 agar in vitro of lysates from infected macrophages and of homogenates from the infected organs. There was also a good agreement between the two methods with respect to susceptibility of MAC to CFM and its analogues both in macrophages and in spleen. The BACTEC method, in addition to being quick and simple, was found to be more consistent. Our studies thus demonstrate that the radiometric method has potential application in rapid screening of drugs for antimycobacterial activity in macrophages and in animals besides its established value in in vitro screening.
Heterogeneity of c-myc expression in histologically similar infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast.

Anti-c-myc monoclonal antibody was used to evaluate the distribution of the c-myc protein in normal and tumor cells of infiltrating ductal carcinoma. A semiquantitative method for reporting immunohistochemical assay results (c-myc score) that enables correlations on a more quantitative basis was used in this study. HL-60 cells demonstrated the strongest nuclear staining when fixed in cold acetone (4° C) for 10 min. All 24 specimens of infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast and 7 of 11 samples of normal breast tissues studied revealed the presence of c-myc protein. The level of expression in normal breast tissue was much lower than that in breast cancer. Heterogeneity in expression was found within individual tumors and there were substantial differences in the level of expression among different tumors. The subcellular site of staining was predominantly nuclear, occasionally nuclear and cytoplasmic in the same cell, and rarely only cytoplasmic. All four patients with tumor cells located in close proximity to the ductal basement membrane and over-expressing c-myc protein had positive lymph nodes, suggesting that these tumors are more likely to metastasize.
Cytological Basis of "Sex Ratio" in Drosophila pseudoobscura

Cytological investigations of both laboratory and wild "sex ratio" lines of Drosophila pseudoobscura reveal that, contrary to earlier reports, no extra replication of the X chromosome occurs in primary spermatocytes. Normal disjunction of the sex chromosomes at anaphase I leads to equal numbers of X-bearing and Y-bearing secondary spermatocytes. In the latter, the Y chromosome regularly shows a "degeneration" at second anaphase. The "sex ratio" effect can be explained in terms of regularly nonfunctional products of meiosis.
Terminal N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Proteins and N-Acetylglucosamine Binding Proteins from Organelles and Membranes of Developing Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Cotyledons

Summary Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and transit vesicles, the organelles involved in intracellular transport of storage proteins, were isolated from developing pea cotyledons. After organelle lysis and washing of the membranes with salt to remove the bulk of the matrix proteins, additional proteins were eluted from all three membrane fractions with N-acetylglucosamine. A N-acetylglucosamine-binding, 67,000 Mr integral membrane protein was released from all three membrane fractions, as well as protein body membranes, by treatment with Triton X-100 and partially purified by affinity chromatography.
Targeted deletion of melanocortin receptor subtypes 3 and 4, but not CART, alters nutrient partitioning and compromises behavioral and metabolic responses to leptin

Mouse lines with targeted disruption of the cocaine amphetamine-related transcript (CART), melanocortin receptor 3 (MCR3), or melanocortin receptor 4 (MCR4) were used to assess the role of each component in mediating the anorectic and metabolic effects of leptin, and in regulating the partitioning of nutrient energy between fat and protein deposition. Leptin was administered over a 3 day period using either intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular routes of injection. The absence of MCR4 blocked leptin's ability to increase UCP1 mRNA in both brown and white adipose tissue, but not its ability to reduce food consumption. In contrast, deletion of MCR3 compromised leptin's ability to reduce food consumption, but not its ability to reduce fat deposition or increase UCP1 expression in adipose tissue. Leptin-dependent effects on food consumption and adipocyte gene expression were unaffected by the absence of CART. Repeated measures of body composition over time indicate that the absence of either MCR3 or MCR4, but not CART, increased lipid deposition and produced comparable degrees of adiposity in both lines. Moreover, modest increases in fat content of the diet (4 to 11%) accentuated fat deposition and produced a rapid and comparable 10-12% increase in % body fat in both genotypes. The results indicate that nutrient partitioning, as well as the anorectic and metabolic responses to leptin, are dependent on integrated but separable inputs from the melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor subtypes.
Green adjustments to GDP

Abstract A review of the green national accounts literature shows that there is little agreement on whether to adjust gross or net product, or on the sign of some of the adjustments proposed. A series of models is presented, following Weitzman, to examine the treatment in the national accounts of living resources, heterogeneous resource deposits, resource discoveries, environmental services, carbon emissions and defensive expenditures by households. A key conclusion is that expanding the accounts to include non-market environmental services results in a measure of welfare rather than product (although net national product is the starting point), and that the level of environmental services is an integral component of this welfare measure. These results are compared with the standard national accounts. Greener measures of wealth per capita and savings rates will have more policy relevance in gauging progress towards sustainable development than adjustments to national product.
Simulation and Psychomotor Skill Acquisition: A Review of the Literature

Abstract Decreased opportunities for skill practice and mounting concerns that graduate nurses are not competent in basic psychomotor skills requires nurse educators to reevaluate methods to teach these skills. Simulation offers a fresh approach to psychomotor skills education allowing the student to integrate knowledge from all three learning domains while practicing the skill. This article discusses the current state of the science on the use of simulation for psychomotor skill acquisition. This literature review identifies that limited empirical evidence exists to support the efficacy of simulation to teach psychomotor skills, most notably within the discipline of nursing. The existing data stem from studies with limitations that affect the interpretation and generalizability of the results. These findings suggest the need for further research in the area of simulation and psychomotor skill acquisition within nursing education.
On a unique tree representation for P 4 -extendible graphs

Several practical applications in computer science and computational linguistics suggest the study of graphs that are unlikely to have more than a few induced paths of length three. These applications have motivated the notion of a cograph, defined by the very strong restriction that no vertex may belong to an induced path of length three. The class of P4-extendible graphs that we introduce in this paper relaxes this restriction, and in fact properly contains the class of cographs, while still featuring the remarkable property of admitting a unique tree representation. Just as in the case of cographs, the class of P4-extendible graphs finds applications to clustering, scheduling, and memory management in a computer system. We give several characterizations for P4-extendible graphs and show that they can be constructed from single-vertex graphs by a finite sequence of operations. Our characterization implies that the P4-extendible graphs admit a tree representation unique up to isomorphism. Furthermore, this tree representation can be obtained in polynomial time.
Multiple antigen constructs (MACs): induction of sterile immunity against sporozoite stage of rodent malaria parasites, Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii.

We prepared multiple antigen constructs (MACs) using circumsporozoite (CS) proteinbased B-epitopes from Plasmodium berghei, (PPPPNPND)2 and Plasmodium yoelii, (QGPGAP)3QG, along with a P. berghei T-helper epitope KQIRDSITEEWS. Mice were immunized with individual MACs in oil-in-water or water-in-oil vehicles containing block copolymer (P1005) and detoxified RaLPS (RaLPS) as well as other adjuvants. Sporozoite challenge results demonstrated that MACs in adjuvant could induce antibodies capable of active and passive protection. Water-in-oil vaccines induced the highest level of protection in mice immunized with either P. berghei or P. yoelii MACs. In a study aimed at co-eliciting immunity against P. berghei and P. yoelii, three immunizations with MACs induced protective antibodies against P. berghei but not P. yoelii parasite challenge. Therefore, it can be concluded that individually MACs are capable of inducing strong and protective immune responses to either species of rodent malaria, and that protection can be passively transferred. When MAC formulations were used together as a combined vaccine, P. berghei MACs induced a strong protective antibody response while P. yoelii MACs induced a weaker nonprotective response.
Neither a mentalist nor a reductionist be

There is basis for concern that applied psychophysiology, if not the field of biofeedback, is being coopted by, and merged into, a reborn “inner” model, with the return of “cognition” to preeminence in the “psych” and “neuro” disciplines. Despite currently fashionable views that such mentalistic inventions and neuro/psychological developments somehow illuminate behavior or offer simpler accounts of behavioral facts, there is little or no evidence that any such construction has ever told us anything new about behavior.
‘The roar of the bomb’: Violence as universal communication in Gadar Party writings

This article examines the role of violence in Shabash and ‘History of the Freedom Movement in India: The Ghadar Movement, 1913–1918’, two key texts of the Gadar Party, a US-based political party of South Asians that campaigned for Indian independence in the early twentieth century. In these texts, violence operates both as universal communication and as a critique of the possibility of universal communication. Acts of violence allow oppressed societies to secure the status of civilized nations. Violence also operates as a historiographic principle that enables the writing of universal history, linking present with past and incorporating national histories into global narratives. On the other hand, violence fails to sustain communities beyond a narrow conception of political community. The body that suffers violence negates the very possibility of communication. I also argue that violence in these contradictory roles brokers a relationship between national identity and global belonging in Gadar thought.
Initial observations of Radarsat imagery at fire-disturbed sites in interior Alaska

Abstract Previous research has shown that wet soil conditions found at fire-disturbed sites in the boreal region produce bright backscatter on ERS imagery compared with the surrounding unburned forest. ERS-2 and Radarsat imagery collected at two incidence angles is presented and compared. Measured brightness is also compared to backscatter model results. It is found that Radarsat imagery collected at incidence angles similar to ERS-2 result in a similar, relatively bright backscatter from the fires scar, while backscatter from Radarsat image collected at a higher incidence angle is relatively dark. Model results confirm that incidence angle is critical in determining the relative brightness of the backscatter from fire scars. These results have implications when looking at broad-coverage SAR images which span a large range of incidence angles from near to far range.
Factors mathematicians profess to consider when presenting pedagogical proofs

This paper concerns proof presentation at the university level. We report on a study in which we observed ten mathematicians constructing or revising proofs for pedagogical purposes. We highlight the factors that they claimed to consider when completing these tasks. We found that intended audience and medium (lecture or textbook) influenced proof presentation. We also found that, although mathematicians generally valued pedagogical proofs featuring diagrams and emphasizing main ideas, these mathematicians did not always incorporate these aspects in the proofs they constructed or revised.
Policy implications of uncertainty in modeled life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels

Biofuels have received legislative support recently in California’s Low-Carbon Fuel Standard and the Federal Energy Independence and Security Act. Both present new fuel types, but neither provides methodological guidelines for dealing with the inherent uncertainty in evaluating their potential life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions reductions are based on point estimates only. This work demonstrates the use of Monte Carlo simulation to estimate life-cycle emissions distributions from ethanol and butanol from corn or switchgrass. Life-cycle emissions distributions for each feedstock and fuel pairing modeled span an order of magnitude or more. Using a streamlined life-cycle assessment, corn ethanol emissions range from 50 to 250 g CO2e/MJ, for example, and each feedstock-fuel pathway studied shows some probability of greater emissions than a distribution for gasoline. Potential GHG emissions reductions from displacing fossil fuels with biofuels are difficult to forecast given this high degree of unc...
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIRECTIVE INTERVIEWING

Questions in which the interviewer indicates what answer he expects from the respondent, in part or in whole, are generally avoided in research interviewing. The widespread rejection of this technique can be traced to studies by William Stern and his colleagues showing that such questions strongly bias respondents' answers.' Even though a limiting condition on this biasing was suggested by Cantril's finding that ". . . where opinion was well crystallized, biasing statements had relatively little effect on the results,"2 the caveat against directive3 questions has generally been accepted without qualification by professional users of the research interview. The striking exception to this rule is the use by Kinsey and his colleagues of questions that would 6.6. . not make it easy for a subject to deny his participation in any form of sexual activity. It is too easy to say no if he is simply asked whether he has ever engaged in a particular activity ... We always begin by asking when they first engaged in such activity."4 The rationale for this procedure was that, by conveying the interviewer's acceptance of illicit or taboo behavior, it served to counteract the social norms against reporting such behavior. Nevertheless, many critics have argued that, particularly among more suggestible respondents at lower levels of intelligence or education, this directive technique may well have led to overreporting of sexual activities, rather than simply to reporting of the socially unpopular truth.5
Biocomposites Prepared from Fiber Processing Waste and Glycerol Polyesters

Biocomposites were prepared by the addition of flax fiber processing waste to glycerol and adipic acid mixtures. The processing waste consisted of fiber, cuticle, and shive fragments generated during the commercial cleaning of retted flax bast fibers. These waste materials were added at 1, 3, or 5 wt% levels to polymer formulations containing either 10% or 20% molar excess acid. The solids were randomly mixed with the polymer and cured at 125˚C. Tensile properties of the resulting biocomposites were determined by ASTM D 3039/D 3039M. Biocomposites formulated with 20% excess acid showed an increase in Young's modulus from 1.44 MPa to 8.56 MPa and ultimate load from 4.50 N to 8.77 N with 5 wt% added solids compared to control specimens. The percent strain values for these samples showed a corresponding decrease as the level of added solids increased.
Palaeobiology of Silurian Leptaeninae (Brachiopoda) from Gotland, Sweden

Leptaenine brachiopods are common and widespread on Gotland. Lepidoleptaena poulseni and Leptaena rhomboidalis retained a functional apical pedicle throughout ontogeny, and both had strong adductor muscles and robust ornamentation, allowing them to occupy shallow water and high energy environments. A pedicle-shortening muscle is present within the pedicle tube of Leptaena rhomboidalis. Leptaena sperion, L. depressa visbyensis, and L. depressa lata inhabited low energy environments, retaining very slender pedicles. L. depressa depressa and L. parvorugata atrophied the pedicle early and then lived ambitopically in deeper water. The presence or absence of the apical pedicle strongly influenced the cardinal process morphology. Leptaenine shells had a small gape. The lophophore was simple, similar to productids and Leptaenoidea. In closed valves, the inner epithelium of leptaenine trails remained exposed to the sea. This was probably important in gas exchange. The life position of pedically attached species was with the disc vertical. Some ambitopic specimens may have retained a similar attitude. Shells of L. depressa depressa and Lepidoleptaena poulseni commonly are encrusted by epibionts, apparently without problems for larger shells. Small shells are shown to have been killed by bryozoan epizoans. Repaired shell damage is rare on the disc but is common along the commisure.
What can we learn about hadronic intermittency from finite fractal sets

The formalism recently introduced in hadronic intermittency is used to understand the dynamics of one-dimensional fractal sets. We examine the translation invariance, factorial and cumulant moments, and the fractal dimensions of the phase space as the nonlinearity of the sets is changed in a broad range from intermittent to chaotic. We show that the dynamical content of the sets is strongly interwoven with the magnitude of the fractal dimensions of the phase-space correlations. We simulate events by properly transforming the logistic map so that relevant density histograms of hadronic particle distributions are qualitatively produced. We use this as a toy model to understand the rapidity phase-space behavior of these distributions. By studying the fractal dimensions of these models we show that the hadronic data show very weak intermittency in the rapidity phase space.
Nineteen Dubious Ways to Compute the Exponential of a Matrix, Twenty-Five Years Later ⁄

In principle, the exponential of a matrix could be computed in many ways. Methods involving approximation theory, differential equations, the matrix eigenvalues, and the matrix characteristic polyn...
An improved kernel for arrays of cylindrical dipoles

An improved kernel governing the interaction between parallel, nonstaggered, perfectly conducting cylindrical dipoles is introduced. The formulation is used to evaluate the symmetric component kernel for the circular array asymptotically as the number of dipoles tends to infinity while the ratio of the number of dipoles to the radius of the circle remains constant. It is shown that, under suitable conditions, the imagery part of this kernel tends to zero exponentially, suggesting the existence of exponentially narrow resonances. >
Sociopolitical development, work salience, and vocational expectations among low socioeconomic status African American, Latin American, and Asian American Youth

Structural barriers constrain marginalized youths’ development of work salience and vocational expectations. Sociopolitical development (SPD), the consciousness of, and motivation to reduce, sociopolitical inequality, may facilitate the negotiation of structural constraints. A structural model of SPD’s impact on work salience and vocational expectations was proposed and its generalizability tested among samples of low-socioeconomic-status African American, Latin American, and Asian American youth, with Educational Longitudinal Study data. Measurement and temporal invariance of these constructs was first established before testing the proposed model across the samples. Across the three samples, 10th-grade SPD had significant effects on 10-grade work salience and vocational expectations; 12th-grade SPD had a significant effect on 12th-grade work salience. Tenth-grade SPD had significant indirect effects on 12th-grade work salience and on 12th-grade vocational expectations for all three samples. These results suggest that SPD facilitates the agentic negotiation of constraints on the development of work salience and vocational expectations. Given the impact of adolescent career development on adult occupational attainment, SPD may also foster social mobility among youth constrained by an inequitable opportunity structure.
A Logical Approach to the Treatment of Massive Periretinal Proliferation

Based on the improved understanding of massive periretinal proliferation (MPP) as a proliferative membraneforming disease, a new therapeutic approach is presented with the technique of pars plana vitreous surgery. Not only vitreous membranes but also preretinal membranes are removed. Forty-seven consecutive patients who suffered from severe massive periretinal proliferation were operated on with this technique and followed for six months or more. Seventeen patients (36%) had an attached retina. Twelve patients had a major visual improvement. The major postoperative complication was phthisis bulbi, found in ten eyes (21%).
Matching substance abuse patients to appropriate treatments: A conceptual and methodological approach

Abstract The paper describes a non-intrusive, computer assisted, program evaluation design for matching sub-types of substance abuse patients to appropriate treatment programs in any multi-modal treatment network. The design incorporates the methodological advantages of an experimental paradigm without the administrative and clinical problems of random patient assignment, and untreated control groups. The specific objectives of this design are: 1. (1) The development of a generalizable evaluation process to efficiently match patients with programs. 2. (2) An overall increase in treatment success through improvement of treatment assignment procedures. 3. (3) A general improvement in cost-effectiveness through reductions in patient drop-out, recidivism, and treatment overlap.
Identifying Markov blankets with decision tree induction

The Markov blanket of a target variable is the minimum conditioning set of variables that makes the target independent of all other variables. Markov blankets inform feature selection, aid in causal discovery and serve as a basis for scalable methods of constructing Bayesian networks. We apply decision tree induction to the task of Markov blanket identification. Notably, we compare (a) C5.0, a widely used algorithm for decision rule induction, (b) C5C, which post-processes C5.0 's rule set to retain the most frequently referenced variables and (c) PC, a standard method for Bayesian network induction. C5C performs as well as or better than C5.0 and PC across a number of data sets. Our modest variation of an inexpensive, accurate, off-the-shelf induction engine mitigates the need for specialized procedures, and establishes baseline performance against which specialized algorithms can be compared.
The Role of Forgetting in Undermining Good Intentions

Evaluating others is a fundamental feature of human social interaction–we like those who help more than those who hinder. In the present research, we examined social evaluation of those who not only intentionally performed good and bad actions but also those to whom good things have happened (the lucky) and those to whom bad things have happened (the unlucky). In Experiment 1a, subjects demonstrated a sympathetic preference for the unlucky. However, under cognitive load (Experiment 1b), no such preference was expressed. Further, in Experiments 2a and 2b, when a time delay between impression formation (learning) and evaluation (memory test) was introduced, results showed that younger (Experiment 2a) and older adults (Experiment 2b) showed a significant preference for the lucky. Together these experiments show that a consciously motivated sympathetic preference for those who are unlucky dissolves when memory is disrupted. The observed dissociation provides evidence for the presence of conscious good intentions (favoring the unlucky) and the cognitive compromising of such intentions when memory fails.
Time to opioid administration after implementation of an intranasal fentanyl protocol.

Background Prompt and effective analgesia is a mainstay of emergency department (ED) medicine; however, it is often delayed in times of overcrowding and by the need to establish intravenous (IV) access. Thus, noninvasive analgesic administration by means of the intranasal route could potentially reduce time to analgesic administration by eliminating IV line insertion. Methods This retrospective study evaluated time from physician entry into patient's room to opioid administration after implementation of an intranasal fentanyl protocol. Data were collected on pediatric patients who received intranasal fentanyl in the ED 225 days after protocol implementation. Time to opioid administration was then evaluated against historical controls given IV opioids in the same ED 90 days before protocol implementation. Results Seven patients were included in the intranasal fentanyl group and were evaluated against 47 patients given IV opioids. Time from physician entry into patient's room to opioid administration was significantly reduced for intranasal fentanyl (20.43 ± 11.54 minutes) vs IV opioids (42.04 ± 31.55 minutes; P = .002), and IV line insertion was avoided in all 7 intranasal fentanyl patients. No significant differences in adverse events were noted. Conclusion This study provides evidence that administration of fentanyl via the intranasal route in the ED decreases time to administration of opioids in pediatric patients.
Dehydrolanuginolide, a cytotoxic constituent from the fruits of Michelia doltsopa

Abstract A bioassay-directed isolation scheme yielded three known germacranolides (dihydroparthenolide, lanuginolide and 11,13-dehydrolanuginolide) from an ethanol extract of the fruit of the title plant. Dehydrolanuginolide was identified as the plant constituent responsible for 9KB cytotoxicity.