cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The typed access matrix model

The typed access matrix (TAM) model is defined by introducing the notion of strong typing into the Harrison, Ruzzo, and Ullman model (HRU) (M. H. Harrison et al., 1978). It is shown that monotonic TAM (MTAM) has decidable, but NP-hard, safety for its acyclic creation cases. It is further shown that ternary MTAM has polynomial time safety analysis for its acyclic cases, even though it is, in general, equivalent to MTAM. Ternary MTAM thus has strong safety properties. The expressive power of ternary MTAM has been shown to be equivalent to MTAM in general. The results establish that strong typing is crucial to achieving a useful demarcation between decidable and undecidable safety, and ternary monotonic commands are critical for tractable safety analysis. >
Addressing ABET Criterion 3c Early in the Curriculum

The assessment of ABET Criterion 3c, related to a student’s ability to “design a system, component or process”, usually comes late in the curriculum since the skills and tools necessary for engineering design are presented throughout the curriculum. However, the so-called “soft” design constraints can be addressed and discussed early in the curriculum, if not actually applied with the design process. This early introduction to these constraints makes it easier to discuss their application later, for example in the capstone course. This paper presents examples of how manufacturability, code and standards, economics, ethics, and sustainability are introduced and student learning is assessed both directly (through homework assignments and exams) and indirectly (with surveys) in an early design class.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Directional Surface Wave Estimates from Doppler Sonar Data

Abstract A quick analysis for deriving directional-frequency spectra from surface grazing Doppler sonar data is presented. Here, “quick” refers to both the short time span of data required and computational ease. The technique employs time and space Fourier transforms to estimate the frequency-wavenumber power content for each sonar beam. The directional information is converted into the first four circular Fourier components at each frequency (including the mean power estimate) to facilitate rotation to true north coordinates. The motivation is to estimate the lowest few circular Fourier components of the directional wave distribution robustly and efficiently, without reducing the statistical stability afforded by the spatial extent of the army. Several potential difficulties inherent to Doppler sonar data are discussed in some detail; the quick analysis is robust with respect to these concerns. Using data from the Surface Wave Process Program (SWAPP), the quick analysis results are compared to those fro...
Estradiol effect on anterior crural muscles-tibial bone relationship and susceptibility to injury

The study's objective was to determine whether estradiol (E2) deficiency alters the functional relationship of muscle to bone and causes a differential increase in injury susceptibility. Ovariectomized 6-wk-old mice were administered E2 (40 micrograms. day-1. kg-1; n = 8) or the oil vehicle (n = 8) for 21 days. The anterior crural muscles of the left hindlimb were then stimulated to produce 150 maximal in vivo eccentric contractions. In vitro functional measurements were then made on the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and tibia from both the exercised and unexercised legs. The maximal isometric torque produced by the anterior crural muscles before the eccentric contraction protocol and the unexercised EDL maximal isometric tetanic force (P(0)) were higher in E2-treated mice by 18 and 14%, respectively (P or = 0.59). No evidence for increased injury susceptibility was found in either tissue from E2-deficient mice. In fact, the decrement in P(0) was only 36.9 +/- 3.8% in exercised EDL muscles from E2-deficient mice compared with 50.6 +/- 4.2% in exercised muscles from E2-treated mice (P = 0.03). Tibia stiffness was 3.9% higher in bones from exercised legs than in bones from unexercised legs (72.64 +/- 2.77 vs. 69.95 +/- 2.66 N/mm; P = 0.05) with ultimate load showing a similar trend (P = 0.07); no effect of E2 status was observed on these differences (P > or = 0.53). In conclusion, the functional relationship of bone to muscle and the susceptibility to injury in bone are not altered by the presence of E2 in ovariectomized mice; however, E2 does increase injury susceptibility in the EDL muscle.
Can Equitable Punishment Be Mandated? Estimating Impacts of Sentencing Guidelines on Disciplinary Disparities

This study empirically investigates the potentially unintended effects of state laws that sought to improve safety in U.S. public school by mandating standardized student punishment. We estimate the effects of exogenous state-level variation in the quantity and type of such mandates on race-based disciplinary disparities across students who commit serious offenses. Estimation results indicate that more severe punishments are imposed in schools with higher proportions of black or Hispanic students, but such disparities are significantly dampened in states that mandate a higher number of guidelines for serious offenses. However, more guidelines for less severe misconduct tend to increase race-based disciplinary disparities and increase the severity of punishments administered for serious offenses. These outcomes extend the existing sentencing guidelines literature and offer important insights for effectively crafting future policies.
Comprehension and semantic flexibility

Four studies of cued recall produced evidence that interpretation of familiar, unambiguous words varied with their sentential contexts. Each recall cue mentioned some property of a target word's referent, a property which was not explicitly identified during input. Cues were more effective when the properties were relevant, rather than irrelevant, to the events described by corresponding acquisition sentences. The research raised considerations pertinent to theories of semantic encoding, to semantic theories in linguistics, and to the role of normative data in psycholinguistic theories of comprehension.
Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Methods to Assess the Impact of Child Survival Programs in Developing Countries: The Case of a Program Evaluation in Ceara, Northeast Brazil

In evaluating public health programs, the tradition has been to design quantitative approaches, relying on epidemiological and statistical techniques to determine if and to what extent a program has an effect on a predetermined targeted population. More recently, however, qualitative methods such as rapid ethnographic assessments and focus groups have been implemented more frequently. This article describes an outcome evaluation of a community health workers program that integrated quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the impact of child survival interventions in reducing infant mortality and inadequate weight gain in children among municipalities in the state of Ceara, Northeast Brazil. By using multiple methods that combine quantitative and qualitative components, researchers can broaden their understanding of complex public health issues and direct use of data for decision making.
Adaptive modification of saccade size produces correlated changes in the discharges of fastigial nucleus neurons.

Saccade accuracy is known to be maintained by adaptive mechanisms that progressively reduce any visual error that consistently exists when the saccade ends. We used an experimental paradigm known t...
Airborne tunable diode laser measurements of formaldehyde during TRACE-P: Distributions and box model comparisons

[1] Airborne measurements of CH2O were acquired employing tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy during the 2001 Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE-P) study onboard NASA's DC-8 aircraft. Above ∼2.5 km, away from the most extreme pollution influences and heavy aerosol loadings, comprehensive comparisons with a steady state box model revealed agreement to within ±37 pptv in the measurement and model medians binned according to altitude and longitude. Likewise, a near unity slope (0.98 ± 0.03) was obtained from a bivariate fit of the measurements, averaged into 25 pptv model bins, versus the modeled concentrations for values up to ∼450 pptv. Both observations suggest that there are no systematic biases on average between CH2O measurements and box model results out to model values ∼450 pptv. However, the model results progressively underpredict the observations at higher concentrations, possibly due to transport effects unaccounted for in the steady state model approach. The assumption of steady state also appears to contribute to the scatter observed in the point-by-point comparisons. The measurement-model variance was further studied employing horizontal flight legs. For background legs screened using a variety of nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) tracers, measurement and model variance agreed to within 15%. By contrast, measurement variance was ∼60% to 80% higher than the model variance, even with small to modest elevations in the NMHC tracers. Measurement-model comparisons of CH2O in clouds and in the lower marine troposphere in the presence of marine aerosols suggest rather significant CH2O uptake by as much as 85% in one extreme case compared to expectations based on modeled gas phase processes.
Clock distribution scheme using coplanar transmission lines

The current work describes a new standing wave oscillator scheme aimed for clock propagation on coplanar transmission lines on a silicon die. The design is aimed for clock signaling in the gigahertz range (we are able to achieve clock rates of 8 GHz and above). The clock is transported as an oscillatory wave on a pair of conductors. An oscillatory standing wave is formed across a transmission line loop, which is connected beginning-to-end through a Mobius configuration. A single cross coupled inverter pair is required to maintain oscillation across the ring. The design is aimed to achieve low skew, low power and extreme high frequency global clock situations. The energy recycling nature of a standing wave along a transmission line allows us to keep very high frequencies oscillations along a conductor with almost no power consumption at all. A special wide input range driver was designed to convert the differential signals on the coplanar transmission lines into a square clock pulse for standard clock sinks. The design uses CMOS 90 nm BSim3v model cards for all simulations, with the transmission lines implemented on Metal8.
Fast Stochastic Motion Planning with Optimality Guarantees using Local Policy Reconfiguration

This work presents a framework for fast recon- figuration of local control policies for a stochastic system to satisfy a high-level task specification. The motion of the system is abstracted to a class of uncertain Markov models known as bounded-parameter Markov decision processes (BMDPs). During the abstraction, an efficient sampling-based method for stochastic optimal control is used to construct several policies within a discrete region of the state space in order for the system to transit between neighboring regions. A BMDP is then used to find an optimal strategy over the local policies by maximizing a continuous reward function; a new policy can be computed quickly if the reward function changes. The efficacy of the framework is demonstrated using a sequence of online tasks, showing that highly desirable policies can be obtained by reconfiguring existing local policies in just a few seconds.
Varicella-Zoster Virus Open Reading Frame 21, Which Is Expressed during Latency, Is Essential for Virus Replication but Dispensable for Establishment of Latency

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) open reading frame 21 (ORF21) is one of at least five VZV genes expressed in latently infected human and rodent ganglia. To determine whether ORF21 is required for latent and lytic infection, we deleted 99% of ORF21 from the viral genome. The ORF21 deletion mutant virus could be propagated only in a cell line expressing the ORF21 protein. Insertion of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) homolog of VZV ORF21, HSV-1 UL37, into the ORF21 deletion mutant failed to complement the mutant for growth in cell culture. Inoculation of cotton rats with the ORF21 deletion virus resulted in latent infection in numbers of animals similar to those infected after inoculation with the parental virus. The mean numbers of latent VZV genomes were similar in animals infected with parental and ORF21 deletion viruses. Transcription of ORF63, another latency-associated gene, was detected in ganglia from similar numbers of animals infected with the mutant and parental viruses. Thus, ORF21 is the first VZV gene expressed during latency that has been shown to be dispensable for the establishment of latent infection.
Lipoteichoic Acid-Induced Neutrophil Adhesion via E-Selectin to Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial-Cells (HUVECs)

Abstract We investigated whether lipoteichoic acid (LTA) induces the expression of E-selectin and neutrophil adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). LTA (0.01 - 30 μg/ml) induced the expression of E-selectin in a concentration-dependent manner with maximal response at 10 μg/ml. The expression level of E-selectin increased from 2 h after stimulation by LTA with the maximal level at 4-8 h. Neutrophil adhesion to LTA-treated HUVECs correlated with the levels of E-selectin expression. In addition, the adhesion was clearly inhibited by anti-human E-selectin monoclonal antibody CY-1787 as well as a sialyl Lewis X (SLeX) oligosaccharide. LTA-induced expression of E-selectin was inhibited by protein kinase C inhibitors, H-7 and staurosporine. These results indicate that LTA induced the expression of E-selectin and neutrophils adhered to HUVECs via E-selectin.
Mourning dove densities on Chihuahuan Desert rangelands

Abstract Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura L.) densities were determined using strip census techniques over a 2-year period (spring 1996 to winter 1998) on pastures in early-, mid-, and late-seral ecological condition. This study was conducted on the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center and adjacent Bureau of Land Management rangelands in south-central New Mexico on 6 adjoining pastures that were similar in terrain and shape. Mourning dove densities pooled across sampling periods (8) were different (P < 0.10) on pastures in mid- and early-seral condition. They averaged 10.3, 33.9, and 7.2 birds km−2 on pastures in late-, mid- and early-seral condition, respectively. Leatherleaf croton (Croton pottsii Lam.), the primary mourning dove food on all study pastures, was more abundant (P < 0.10) on late- and mid-seral pastures than on early-seral pastures. Therefore, heavy livestock grazing may adversely affect mourning dove populations in the Chihuahuan Desert by depleting leatherleaf croton. Autumn perenn...
An Additional Dimension to Marriage Enrichment: A Change of Heart

Over the last several years I have been involved in the marriage enrichment movement in one form or another. My initial involvement began as I created a marriage enrichment program for my doctoral dissertation. That led to my attending marriage enrichment workshops by David and Vera Mace and then to helping organize other marriage enrichment programs and classes. The major emphasis in all approaches I have encountered has been on teaching couples how to share feelings and to communicate better. As helpful and positive and growth-producing as that can be, I always felt something was missing in our approach. I was constantly troubled by the nagging reality that what we were doing was not really striking at the root of the issue of improving marital relationships in a lasting way. I was troubled by the research feedback which indicated that marriage retreats and workshops tended to be a flagpole experience and that people eventually tended to gravitate back to old ways of behaving a few months after attending a workshop. Thanks to Terry Warner and others at BYU who have been attempting to develop a philosophy of human nature and behavior which is consistent with the Gospel of Jesus Christ, I think the missing link to a large extent has been provided. By so stating I am not suggesting that the theory they have developed is the final answer or is even complete in its present form. What I am saying is that I think the theory puts the focus where it really belongs: on the attitudes of the individual rather than on one's ability to master certain communication techniques in order to have functional interpersonal relationships. let me hasten to say that I am all for learning to improve and perfect communication skills, but I don't see that as the lasting solution to marital discord. I think almost all people can communicate reasonably well when they want to, when their hearts or attitudes are right. They know how to listen, be respectful and kind when they want to. They do it with customers or clients or the bishop or their friends much of the time. The question becomes, why do people communicate so poorly at home where it really counts?
Constraint Processing in Design

A constraint is defined as an application of a design criterion at a specific location for a specific loading condition. Computer aids for constraint evaluation have been difficult to implement because various and involved logical procedures are required to build from input data to constraint values. A network-topological description of data relationships from input through derived attributes to constraint values is generalized to treat subscripted attributes. A SEEK procedure provides a simple and efficient algorithm for evaluation of any constraint or attribute. A WARN procedure indicates effects of design changes on the validity of previously derived data. These procedures appear appropriate for use of any specification with computer-aided design procedures such as review, sensitivity analysis, and modification, as well as their synthesis in formal optimization.
A mix of S and ΔS variants of STAT3 enable survival of activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells in culture

Activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC DLBCL) is characterized by increased expression and activator of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). ABC DLBCL cells require STAT3 for growth in culture. In ABC DLBCL cells, eosinophils and perhaps all cells, four variant STAT3 mRNAs (Sα, ΔSα, Sβ and ΔSβ) are present as a result of two alternative splicing events, one that results in the inclusion of a 55-residue C-terminal transactivation domain (α) or a truncated C-terminal domain with 7 unique residues (β) and a second that includes (S) or excludes (ΔS) the codon for Ser-701 in the linker between the SH2 and C-terminal domains. A substantial literature indicates that both α and β variants are required for optimal STAT3 function, but nothing is known about functions of ΔS variants. We used a knockdown/re-expression strategy to explore whether survival of ABC DLBCL cells requires that the four variants be in an appropriate ratio. No single variant rescued survival as well as STAT3Sα-C, Sα with activating mutations (A661C and N663C) in the SH2 domain. Better rescue was achieved when all four variants were re-expressed or Sα and ΔSα or Sβ and ΔSβ were re-expressed in pairs. Rescue correlated with expression of STAT3-sensitive genes NFKBIA and NFKBIZ. We consider a variety of explanations why a mix of S and ΔS variants of STAT3 should enable survival of ABC DLBCL cells.
A description of the first complete specimen of Diogenes guttatus Henderson, 1888 (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea: Diogenidae)

The apperception of the first complete specimen of Diogenes guttatus Henderson has permitted a verifiable redescription of the right cheliped, missing in the holotype. The newly discovered female is only slightly smaller than the male holotype, but exhibits considerable morphological variation in the armature of the left cheliped and telson. In addition to the structure and spination of the right cheliped, the armature of the second segment of the antennal peduncle and the spination of the right cheliped of this female supports the earlier assignment of two incomplete specimens from the Andaman Sea to D. guttatus.
A Revised Table for the Rapid Determination of the Orientation of Face-Centered Cubic Metals from Octahedral Traces

The first table for the determination of orientation from octahedral traces was published by Belaiew1 in connection with his work on the Widmanstaetten structure of steel. It was a table for about one hundred orientations and the corresponding sets of trace angles. The tedious calculations, which were performed by an astronomer friend of Belaiew’s and must have taken at least fifty working days, reached a high standard of accuracy.
Neuropsychological thinking at everyday clinical practice

In this paper, at first I noted the way how to pick up the neuropsychological signs and symptoms during routine neurological examination, and their diagnostic power. Second, I presented the clinical approach for dementia. Medical history should be obtained from both patients themselves and their caregivers. Examination of daily living activities and behavioral and psychological symptoms are necessary as well as neuropsychological examination.
The relationship of pyospermia and seminal fluid bacteriology to sperm function as reflected in the sperm penetration assay

The relationship of the parameters of seminal fluid analysis (SFA) and seminal fluid leukocyte concentration to the in vitro sperm penetration assay (SPA) was studied in 217 men from infertile couples. Significant positive correlations were found between the SPA and sperm count, sperm motility, and morphologically normal sperm. The total number of leukocytes per milliliter, the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes per milliliter (PMN), and the number of lymphocytes per milliliter were negatively correlated with the results of the SPA. The strongest correlation with an abnormal SPA (
How much factor V is enough

The authors Yang et al. demonstrate partial rescue of the lethal factor V (-)(-) phenotype in one of several (twelve) expression lines using a factor V minigene under control of an albumin promoter. The surviving progeny display low (0.1%) factor V and the authors conclude that mice expressing very low levels of factor V are capable of survival although they do have a hemorrhagic impairment which can be elicited following tail wounding.
Complete Resection of Craniopharyngiomas

Craniopharygiomas are challenging surgical lesions that frequently recur. Although complete resection reduces the risk of recurrence, aggressive resection can also cause hypothalamic–pituitary axis deficits and poor neuropsychological and quality of life outcomes, especially in children. Based on these opposing risks, controversy exists regarding the initial surgical management of craniopharyngioma, especially in patients without hypothalamic involvement. Whereas some centers advocate complete resection, others advise limited excision followed by radiotherapy for all patients. Recent prospective studies demonstrate that tumor location and extent of hypothalamic invasion determine the optimal treatment paradigm. Tumors that do not invade the hypothalamus are best treated with complete excision when possible, whereas tumors that invade the hypothalamus carry increased morbidity when complete resection is attempted and are best treated with limited resection and radiotherapy. Herein we review the outcomes of complete and limited resection and discuss management paradigms for craniopharyngioma.
Framing and Publishing

Gore (2007) advises, and I agree, that you publish before you are ready. That’s not to say that you send out unfinished work, but that you get stuff out the door. You can spend all your life editing and reworking a piece. But that piece won’t be published until you submit it somewhere. Sure, it may get rejected. That’s fine, submit it someplace else.
InGaAs Quantum Posts: Tunable Terahertz Nanostructures

Electron intersubband absorption in quantum post nanostructures is observed at THz frequencies. Absorption is strongly tunable via the Stark effect. Polarization and absorption measurements confirm coupling to transition predicted by theory.
Why Leaders Fight: Systematically Evaluating Leader Risk

By the time of his election to the presidency of Croatia at age sixty-nine, Franjo Tudjman had already lived a long, dramatic, and tragic life. Born at the end of World War I, he was a young man living dangerously as one of Tito's partisans in World War II. He was an ardent believer in Tito's vision for Yugoslavia, rising quickly through the military ranks. Tudjman spent his forties and fifties learning and writing prolifically about Croatian history, frequently clashing with the Communist government as his nationalist beliefs solidified. Sent to prison at age fifty, Tudjman was released by the authorities after he served ten months of a two year sentence. His incarceration proved to be an opportunity. As one writer notes: “Tudjman exploited his prison time, casting himself as a martyr for the Croatian cause, and wrote extensively on his experiences and his vision for Croatia.” By his early sixties, Tudjman had been in and out of prison for his extreme nationalist advocacy, finally being released for good at age sixty-two for health reasons. Tudjman's health concerns did not stop him from finalizing and carrying out his nationalist plan. In 1987, when he was sixty-five, Tudjman began traveling around Canada and the United States to solicit support from Croatian diaspora communities. By the time he became president of Croatia in 1991, he had a very specific nationalist legacy that he wanted to create. His vision for the country was so exclusivist that in his mind it necessitated a war to ethnically cleanse the nation. As a leader with the mentality of a true believer Tudjman took a paternalistic role toward the citizens of Croatia. Tudjman's life experiences combined to drive his self-efficacy about his martial decisions. “Yet if Tudjman saw himself as the hard-headed father of the contemporary Croatian state, he was also the idealistic, and disappointed, child of the former Yugoslav state.” Tudjman's life spanned much of the scope of modern Yugoslavia. “Born four years after the creation of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, he died eight years after Yugoslavia's dissolution. He embodied the ideals and faults of many members of the first generation: the ideologies of Croatia's ruling elite and its dissident intelligentsia.”
RelocaTE2: a high resolution transposable element insertion site mapping tool for population resequencing.

Transposable element (TE) polymorphisms are important components of population genetic variation. The functional impacts of TEs in gene regulation and generating genetic diversity have been observed in multiple species, but the frequency and magnitude of TE variation is under appreciated. Inexpensive and deep sequencing technology has made it affordable to apply population genetic methods to whole genomes with methods that identify single nucleotide and insertion/deletion polymorphisms. However, identifying TE polymorphisms, particularly transposition events or non-reference insertion sites can be challenging due to the repetitive nature of these sequences, which hamper both the sensitivity and specificity of analysis tools.We have developed the tool RelocaTE2 for identification of TE insertion sites at high sensitivity and specificity. RelocaTE2 searches for known TE sequences in whole genome sequencing reads from second generation sequencing platforms such as Illumina. These sequence reads are used as seeds to pinpoint chromosome locations where TEs have transposed. RelocaTE2 detects target site duplication (TSD) of TE insertions allowing it to report TE polymorphism loci with single base pair precision.The performance of RelocaTE2 is evaluated using both simulated and real sequence data. RelocaTE2 demonstrate high level of sensitivity and specificity, particularly when the sequence coverage is not shallow. In comparison to other tools tested, RelocaTE2 achieves the best balance between sensitivity and specificity. In particular, RelocaTE2 performs best in prediction of TSDs for TE insertions. Even in highly repetitive regions, such as those tested on rice chromosome 4, RelocaTE2 is able to report up to 95% of simulated TE insertions with less than 0.1% false positive rate using 10-fold genome coverage resequencing data. RelocaTE2 provides a robust solution to identify TE insertion sites and can be incorporated into analysis workflows in support of describing the complete genotype from light coverage genome sequencing.
Efficient Covert Two-Party Computation

Covert computation strengthens secure computation by hiding not only participants’ inputs (up to what the protocol outputs reveal), but also the fact of computation taking place (up to the same constraint). Existing maliciously-secure covert computation protocols are orders of magnitude more costly than non-covert secure computation, and they are either non-constant round [5] or they use non-black-box simulation [10]. Moreover, constant-round covert computation with black-box simulation is impossible in the plain model [10].
H+- and Na+- elicited rapid changes of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the biflagellated green alga Chlamydomonas

Although microtubules are known for dynamic instability, the dynamicity is considered to be tightly controlled to support a variety of cellular processes. Yet diverse evidence suggests that this is not applicable to Chlamydomonas, a biflagellate fresh water green alga, but intense autofluorescence from photosynthesis pigments has hindered the investigation. By expressing a bright fluorescent reporter protein at the endogenous level, we demonstrate in real time discreet sweeping changes in algal microtubules elicited by rises of intracellular H+ and Na+. These results from this model organism with characteristics of animal and plant cells provide novel explanations regarding how pH may drive cellular processes; how plants may respond to, and perhaps sense stresses; and how organisms with a similar sensitive cytoskeleton may be susceptible to environmental changes.
!THE $\aleph_1$-PRODUCT OF DG-INJECTIVE COMPLEXES

Given a left Noetherian ring R, we give a necessary and sufficient condition in order that a complex of R-modules be DG-injective. Using this result we prove that if (Ki)i∈I is a family of DG- injective complexes of left R-modules and K is the ℵ1-product of (Ki)i∈I (i.e. K ⊂ i∈I Ki is such that, for each n, K n ⊂ i∈I K n consists of all (xi)i∈I such that {i | xi � } is at most countable), then K is DG-injective.
Microsclerotial Enumeration, Size, and Survival of Calonectria pseudonaviculata.

Boxwood blight caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Cps) is an emerging disease in the United States. Understanding the biology and survival of microsclerotia, the resting propagules of Cps, is important to managing the disease and restoring Cps-infested sites. In this study, an image-analyzing software OpenCFU was adapted to enumerate microsclerotia produced in culture plates. Microsclerotial counts increased with time up to 42 days while their size continued to grow in a duration of 70 days. Additionally, younger microsclerotia were less sensitive to extreme temperatures of -10 and 40 °C than older ones. For instance, 21-day-old microsclerotia survived at almost twice-high rates as 70-day-old ones did after a 24-h exposure to -10 °C. Likewise, the 21-day-old microsclerotia survived at much greater rates than those 70-day-old ones (50 to 70 % vs. < 10 %) after a 24-h exposure to 40 °C. The practical implications of these results are discussed.
Stone Migration Devices

Cephalad stone migration during ureteroscopic lithotripsy can be problematic as it may lead to increased operative times, increased cost, and increased numbers of additional procedures required to treat clinically significant fragments which have migrated to the upper ureter or kidney. Since the early 2000s, a number of devices have been devised specifically for the purpose of prevention of stone migration. These devices have been shown to significantly limit the incidence of stone migration, and some urologists have found these to be a valuable tool in their arsenal when treating ureteral stones. Herein we review the currently available devices designed to prevent stone migration and the body of literature that has come from their use.
CD14 and lipopolysaccharide binding protein expression in a rat model of alcoholic liver disease

Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and CD14 play key intermediary roles in the activation of cells by endotoxin. As endotoxin has been postulated to participate in promoting pathological liver injury in alcoholic liver disease, we investigated the role of LBP and CD14 in alcoholic liver injury. Rats were fed intragastrically ethanol or dextrose and either medium-chain triglycerides, corn oil, or fish oil for 4 weeks. Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes were isolated. LBP and CD14 mRNA levels were measured in liver and individual cell types. The highest levels of LBP and CD14 mRNA levels in the liver were found in the fish oil/ethanol group, which was also the group with the greatest degree of pathological injury and inflammation. CD14 mRNA levels were also significantly elevated in groups fed unsaturated fatty acids with dextrose. CD14 expression was localized to the Kupffer cells and LBP expression to the hepatocytes. Expression of CD14 mRNA was also found in nonmyeloid cells in the two experimental groups (fish oil/ethanol and corn oil/ethanol) that had liver necrosis and inflammation. Our results suggest that enhanced LBP and CD14 expression correlates with the presence of pathological liver injury in alcoholic liver injury. Furthermore, unsaturated fatty acids may prime cells to respond to endotoxin by enhancing CD14 expression.
Third Grade Gives a Poetry Program

—with resulting pleasure to themselves and their first grade audiences, plus some lasting benefits.
On the African Peering Connectivity Revealable via BGP Route Collectors

Internet pervasiveness in Africa has been slowly but steadily increasing since the beginning of this millennium. Thanks to several organisations which donated time and resources, it is nowadays possible to claim that the AS ecosystems of several countries in Africa are now experiencing an early stage of the peering era. In this paper, we investigate the capability of the BGP route collectors publicly available to reveal the newborn peering connectivity in African countries. By analysing BGP data available with existing techniques we found that a lot of this connectivity is missing from the dataset, mainly due to the lack of data sources in the region. In most countries, this could theoretically be solved by introducing no more than ten new ASes sharing their full routing information to route collectors.
The Potential of College Completion: How Disability Shapes Labor Market Activity Differentially by Educational Attainment and Disability Type:

I conducted a descriptive analysis of how disability shapes labor market activity differentially by educational attainment and disability type using the American Community Survey, 2015 (N = 1,504,9...
Inpatient Management of Autoimmune Blistering Diseases: an Update, Review, and Practical Guide

Review the evaluation, management, and treatment of hospitalized autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBD) patients based on the current literature and expert opinion. The cost and prevalence of hospitalization for AIBD patients are increasing in the USA. Many factors associated with hospitalization of AIBD patients are related to patient access to dermatology care. Infections are a major cause for hospital admission among AIBD patients. The use of rituximab, especially early in the disease course, has transformed the outcomes among patients with pemphigus. After reading this review, dermatologists should be more familiar with the inpatient AIBD clinical evaluation, including the medical history, physical examination, and laboratory work-up; the management of complications of AIBD and therapy; and the treatment ladder for selecting a steroid-sparing therapy for AIBD patients.
Paid Family Leave and Children Health Outcomes in OECD Countries

During the past four decades, most OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries have adopted or expanded paid family leave, which offers leave to workers following the birth or adoption of a child as well as care for ill family members. While the effects of paid maternity leave on child health have been the subject of a large body of research, little is known about fathers' leave-taking and the effects of paid paternity leave. This is a limitation, since most of the recent expansion in paid family leave in OECD countries has been to expand leave benefits to fathers. Mothers' and fathers' leave-taking may improve child health by decreasing postpartum depression among mothers, improving maternal mental health, increasing the time spent with a child, and increasing the likelihood of child medical checkup. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of paid family leave on the wellbeing of children, extending what we know about the effects of maternity leave and establishing new evidence on paternity leave. The paper examines the effects of paid family leave expansions on country-level neonatal mortality rates, infant mortality rates, under-five mortality rates, and the measles immunization rates in 35 OECD countries, during the time period of 1990 to 2016. Using an event study design, an approximately 1.9-5.2 percent decrease in the infant, neonatal, and under-five mortality rates has been found following the adoption of paid maternity leave. However, the beneficial impact is not as visible for extension of paid leave to fathers. The implications and potential reasons behind the larger protective effects of maternity leave over paternity leave on child health outcomes are discussed.
Engineering the composition of bimetallic nanocrystals to improve hydrodeoxygenation selectivity for 2-acetylfuran

Abstract Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of 2-acetylfuran (2-AF) was examined at 473 K and 33 bar over carbon-supported, bimetallic catalysts. Monodispersed, Pt-based (PtNi, PtCo, and PtCu) and Ni-based (NiCu) nanocrystals (NCs) with well-defined sizes and compositions were prepared via colloidal synthesis. Steady-state, flow-reactor measurements demonstrate that selectivities for HDO reaction to 2-ethylfuran (2-EF) are strongly dependent on the alloy compositions. The HDO of 2-AF is shown to be sequential, where 2-EF can react further to form over-hydrogenated products. The NiCu3/C nanocatalyst was superior to the other bimetallics; with the optimal residence time, it achieved a selectivity of 75 % 2-EF with 80 % conversion of 2-AF, with good stability for up to at least five hours time-on-stream. Deactivation due to coking became an issue when the NCs were deposited on oxide supports with weak acidity (SiO2 and γ-Al2O3). This work provides insights into which bimetallic catalytic systems might be useful for HDO of 2-AF reaction.
High‐Speed Gas Chromatography

Emerging technologies have made high-speed GC practical and useful for an increasing range of applications.
Effects of Accommodative Monetary Policy on Crowd Out Before and After Quantitative Easing. Does “Pushing on a String” Occur?

This chapter looks at the effect of Federal Reserve purchases of securities before and after the start of the Quantitative Easing program. It chapter concludes that while purchases during the early QE years were, for the first time large enough to fully offset crowd out, they were excessively large and caused a measurable “pushing on a string” problem.
Appendix E: Excess PPSD

This appendix contains sections titled: Development of Eq. (2.4) Approximating kp as constant Approximation in Eq. (E.8)
Local structural evidence for strong electronic correlations in spinel LiRh 2 O 4

The local structure of the spinel LiRh${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$ has been studied using atomic-pair distribution function analysis of powder x-ray diffraction data. This measurement is sensitive to the presence of short Rh-Rh bonds that form due to dimerization of Rh${}^{4+}$ ions on the pyrochlore sublattice, independent of the existence of long-range order. We show that structural dimers exist in the low-temperature phase, as previously supposed, with a bond shortening of $\ensuremath{\Delta}r\ensuremath{\sim}0.15$ \AA{}. The dimers persist up to 350 K, well above the insulator-metal transition, with $\ensuremath{\Delta}r$ decreasing in magnitude on warming. Such behavior is inconsistent with the Fermi-surface nesting-driven Peierls transition model. Instead, we argue that LiRh${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$ should properly be described as a strongly correlated system.
Fontenelle, J.-B. Rousseau, Le Sage, Montesquieu, Diderot, Beaumarchais

Bernard le Bouvier de Fontenelle (1657–1757), whose unusual life span made him a living link between the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, appeared in minor roles in two of the plays discussed in Chapter III.1 He was pictured there as the young, elegant nephew of Pierre Corneille and as an entirely different character from the dignified mature man who appeared as the protagonist of a one-act comedy entitled Fontenelle. This rather dull dramatization by P.-A.-S. Petit and Joseph Servieres was staged at the Theâtre des Jeunes Artistes on November 6, 1801.
Input‐Output Programs

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 I/O Hardware 3 Software Issues 4 Conclusions
The Magical Neoliberalism of Network Films

Transnational network narrative films attempt a cognitive mapping of global systems through a narrative form interconnecting disparate or seemingly unrelated characters, plotlines, and geographies. These films demonstrate networks on three levels: a network narrative form, themes of networked social relations, and networked industrial production. While they emphasize realism in their aesthetics, these films rely on risk and randomness to map a fantastic network of interrelations, resulting in the magical meeting of multiple and divergent characters and storylines, spectacularizing the reality of social relations, and giving a negative valence to human connection. Over the last 20 years, the network narrative has become a prominent means of representing and containing social relations under neoliberalism.
Data assimilation of thermospheric mass density

[1] Accurate modeling of thermospheric mass density variation is of foremost importance to low Earth orbital prediction. The accuracy of empirical neutral density models based on global indices for solar and geomagnetic activity is inherently limited by the resolution of these indices. Assimilative modeling is appealing, as it provides a means to systematically identify and correct the inconsistencies between model specification and observations. In this paper we present a practical assimilative mass density specification methodology that optimally combines the mass density prediction by the Coupled-Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Plasmasphere-electrodynamics (CTIPe) model with in-situ observations of neutral mass density by research satellites such as Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). The methodology yields an analysis of the global density according to Bayes's rule under the assumption of Gaussian prior and observation error distribution (namely, by using the Optimal Interpolation or Kalman Filter update formula). To make best use of under-sampled global neutral mass density observations, the background (prior) error covariance is built on the principal component analysis to represent the long-distance correlation effectively, with an adaptive capability by using the maximum-likelihood method. The neutral mass density specification at 400 km can be improved up to 50% beyond what has been attained by the CTIPe by assimilating CHAMP and GRACE density observations.
Dehn surgery on arborescent links

This paper studies Dehn surgery on a large class of links, called arborescent links. It will be shown that if an arborescent link L is sufficiently complicated, in the sense that it is composed of at least 4 rational tangles T(pl/qi) with all qj > 2, and none of its length 2 tangles are of the form T(1/2ql, 1/2q2), then all complete surgeries on L produce Haken manifolds. The proof needs some result on surgery on knots in tangle spaces. Let T(r/2s, p/2q) (B, ti U t2 Li K) be a tangle with K a closed circle, and let M -B Int N(ti U t2). We will show that if s > 1 and p ; ?1 mod 2q, then OM remains incompressible after all nontrivial surgeries oln K. Two bridge links are a subclass of arborescent links. For such a link L(p/q), most Dehn surgeries on it are non-Haken. However, it will be shown that all complete surgeries yield manifolds containing essential laminations, unless p/q has a partial fraction decomposition of the form 1/(r 1/s), in which case it does admit non-laminar surgeries.
ECONOMIC SANCTIONS REVISITED: ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS INTO WHY THEY FAIL

Economic sanctions have a poor track record in achieving their objectives. In most cases, they are ineffective in bringing about policy change, cause increased suffering in the sanctioned country and reduce opportunities for business. This paper provides additional insights into why sanctions fail by examining two overlooked factors: power–dependency theory and pressure for political stability.
The second somatic sensory area (smII) of opossum neocortex

Organization of the neocortical second somatic sensory area (SmII) of anesthetized Virginia opossums has been examined utilizing micro-electrode recording techniques. SmII is situated between the first somatic sensory area (SmI) medially, and the rhinal fissure laterally. The head representation is located anteromedially within SmII, and the hindlimb representation posterolaterally, with the forelimb representation in between. Approximately 49% of SmII is devoted to representation of the head, 36% to forelimb representation, and 15% to trunk and hindlimb representation. All peripheral receptive fields (RF's) were either contralateral or bilateral. Approximately 63% of head RF's, 25% of forelimb RF's and 100% of hindlimb RF's were bilateral. For a given body locus, SmII RF's are larger than those for SmI. SmII is contained entirely within an area yielding evoked potentials responses to auditory click stimuli.
Neuropsychological deterioration and CT scan findings in chronic schizophrenia.

Abstract Structural abnormalities of the brain, particularly ventricular enlargement and prominence of cortical sulci, have been documented reliably in CT scan investigations of chronic schizohrenic patients. Although the clinical significance of these findings is still obscure, neuropsychological (NP) deficits have emerged as relatively robust correlates of the structural anomalies. Unfortunately, it remains unknown whether the previous findings of NP impairment in association with CT scan abnormalities reflect poor premorbid abilities or deterioration from previously higher levels. This study involved administration of an extensive NP battery and CT scans in a chronic schizophrenic sample. In addition to global and specific scales of NP functions, indices of premorbid ability and deterioration were also employed. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that CT scan findings are associated more with deterioration of functioning than with global measures of NP dysfunction or poor premorbid ability. Conversely, the findings suggest that in patients with normal scans, NP morbidity may be a consequence of failure in the acquisition of a normal cognitive repertoire.