cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palace Intrigue: Missiles, Treason, and the Rule of Law in Bolivia

The Bolivian presidency is a precarious position, not only because so many presidents have left office under duress, but because former presidents are subject to legal jeopardy.The case of Eduardo Rodriguez Veltze illustrates the weakness of the rule of law in Bolivia and the political motivations that sustain it. Rodriguez was a respected Chief Justice of Bolivia’s Supreme Court. He reluctantly assumed the presidency during a political crisis and shepherded the country through peaceful elections in 2005 that brought Evo Morales to the presidency. He was subsequently charged with treason in a case that involved the transfer from the Bolivian military to the United States of some obsolete surface-to-air missiles. The Rodriguez case was politically important enough to be useful for the Morales Government, but only briefly, and the moment passed. Now, the case’s obscurity and the fecklessness of the Bolivian courts have left Rodriguez in legal and professional limbo. Full disclosure from the U.S. government regarding its involvement in the missiles case might clear Rodriguez’s name.
The Queer Intimacy of Global Vision: Documentary Practice and the AIDS Pandemic

This paper examines the visual and narrative geographies of AIDS in the documentaries Pandemic and A Closer Walk (both of which came out in 2003). Each film offers a travelogue of diverse sites aff...
Natural and thermocapillary convection in multiple liquid layers

A numerical and experimental investigation is conducted of the fluid dynamics of immiscible liquid layers, as encountered in the liquid encapsulation of electronic melts. Attention is given to the convective flow in multiple liquid layers that are driven by temperature gradients that are either parallel or perpendicular to the liquid/liquid interfaces. The experimental and theoretical results obtained are noted not to be in agreement for differential side-heating of a three-layer system.
Immunohistochemistry of prostatic acid phosphatase

The human prostatic acid phosphatase is a specific marker for the prostatic epithelial cells. By using an immunoperoxidase staining method for this enzyme, it is possible both to identify the prostatic epithelial cells and to recognize the prostatic origin of metastatic lesions of prostate cancer. Of the tissues containing prostatic epithelial cells from 120 patients, positive staining reaction was detected in 114 (95%), and negative in 6. In nonprostatic tissues from 242 patients, weak but positive staining reaction was detected in 8 (3.3%), including tissues from one renal cell carcinoma and 7 breast carcinomas. Of 27 patients in whom tumor tissues were tested at a time when tumor origin was unknown, the staining reaction was positive in 14 patients later found to have prostate cancer. It was negative in 6 patients with nonprostatic carcinoma and 7 patients with carcinoma of unknown primary. Although this immunohistochemical technique for prostatic acid phosphatase appears promising in diagnosing metastatic prostate cancer, its clinical significance and limitations remain unclear, and there are considerable technical problems yet to be solved. These problems are best approached by joint collaborative efforts of the various investigators interested in prostate cancer.
Effects of Short-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency on Developmental Expression of Metabolic Enzyme Genes in the Mouse

Abstract Patients with an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency share the disease features of hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, tissue fatty change, hypoketonemia, carnitine deficiency, and organic acidemia due to apparent disruption of normal fatty acid, glucose, and urea metabolism. Most of the acute clinical episodes occur in young children. These episodes are precipitated by fasting and are often fatal, with the in vivo mechanisms essentially unknown. Since the genes of the rate controlling enzymes of these pathways are tissue and developmentally regulated at the transcriptional level, we measured, throughout neonatal development, the steady-state mRNA levels of long-chain, medium-chain, and short-chain (SCAD) acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), carbamyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS), ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), and argininosuccinate synthetase (AS) in fed or fasted SCAD-deficient BALB/cByJ mice compared to BALB/cBy controls. Overall, our results showed no major effects on expression of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases due to SCAD deficiency, regardless of age or fasting. In SCAD-deficient mice we found depressed mRNA expression and enzyme activity for the urea cycle enzymes CPS and AS at 6 days of age, and found no apparent effects on expression of gluconeogenic enzymes PC or PEPCK. There was a period of overall lower gene expression for most genes at 6 and 15 days, which appears to be in parallel with the developmental period when children with these diseases are most severely affected.
Normal tissue complication probability estimation by the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman method does not accurately predict spinal cord tolerance to stereotactic radiosurgery.

Purpose To determine whether normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) analyses of the human spinal cord by use of the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman (LKB) model, supplemented by linear–quadratic modeling to account for the effect of fractionation, predict the risk of myelopathy from stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Methods and Materials From November 2001 to July 2008, 24 spinal hemangioblastomas in 17 patients were treated with SRS. Of the tumors, 17 received 1 fraction with a median dose of 20 Gy (range, 18–30 Gy) and 7 received 20 to 25 Gy in 2 or 3 sessions, with cord maximum doses of 22.7 Gy (range, 17.8–30.9 Gy) and 22.0 Gy (range, 20.2–26.6 Gy), respectively. By use of conventional values for α/β, volume parameter n , 50% complication probability dose TD 50 , and inverse slope parameter m , a computationally simplified implementation of the LKB model was used to calculate the biologically equivalent uniform dose and NTCP for each treatment. Exploratory calculations were performed with alternate values of α/β and n . Results In this study 1 case (4%) of myelopathy occurred. The LKB model using radiobiological parameters from Emami and the logistic model with parameters from Schultheiss overestimated complication rates, predicting 13 complications (54%) and 18 complications (75%), respectively. An increase in the volume parameter ( n ), to assume greater parallel organization, improved the predictive value of the models. Maximum-likelihood LKB fitting of α/β and n yielded better predictions (0.7 complications), with n = 0.023 and α/β = 17.8 Gy. Conclusions The spinal cord tolerance to the dosimetry of SRS is higher than predicted by the LKB model using any set of accepted parameters. Only a high α/β value in the LKB model and only a large volume effect in the logistic model with Schultheiss data could explain the low number of complications observed. This finding emphasizes that radiobiological models traditionally used to estimate spinal cord NTCP may not apply to the dosimetry of SRS. Further research with additional NTCP models is needed.
Conversion of Polydisperse Au Nanoparticles into Monodisperse Au25 Nanorods and Nanospheres

We report a facile conversion of polydisperse Au nanoparticles (1−3.5 nm) into well-defined monodisperse 25-atom (Au25) nanorods and nanospheres via one-phase and two-phase thiol etching, respectively. Our method involves two main steps: first, small Au nanoparticles (polydisperse, predominantly 1−3.5 nm) were prepared by NaBH4 reduction of Au(III) salt in the presence of triphenylphosphine; subsequently, these polydisperse Au nanoparticles were used as a common precursor for shape-controlled synthesis of Au25 nanorods and nanospheres following one-phase and two-phase thiol etching, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the Au25 particle shape can be conveniently controlled by using different types of thiol ligands in the second step of thiol etching. These ultrasmall Au25 nanoparticles do not support surface plasmons as do their larger counterparts (i.e., Au nanocrystals); instead, they exhibit molecular-like optical absorption behavior. This conversion process is striking in two features, size focu...
IS EXTINCTION AGE DEPENDENT

Abstract Age-dependent extinction is an observation with important biological implications. Van Valen's Red Queen hypothesis triggered three decades of research testing its primary implication: that age is independent of extinction. In contrast to this, later studies with species-level data have indicated the possible presence of age dependence. Since the formulation of the Red Queen hypothesis, more powerful tests of survivorship models have been developed. This is the first report of the application of the Cox Proportional Hazards model to paleontological data. Planktonic foraminiferal morphospecies allow the taxonomic and precise stratigraphic resolution necessary for the Cox model. As a whole, planktonic foraminiferal morphospecies clearly show age-dependent extinction. In particular, the effect is attributable to the presence of shorter-ranged species (range < 4 myr) following extinction events. These shorter-ranged species also possess tests with unique morphological architecture. The morphological ...
Unfavorable Market Conditions, Institutional and Financial Development, and Exits of Foreign Subsidiaries

Abstract In this paper, we examine how market conditions in host countries affect the entry and exit decisions of multinational corporations' foreign subsidiaries. Taking the real options perspective, we expect that smaller investments will be associated with more flexible entries and exits. We also predict that better-established host countries with greater institutional and financial development will facilitate the exits of foreign subsidiaries with smaller investments under unfavorable market conditions. We run a Cox proportional hazard rate model with a dataset of Korean foreign direct investments, and find that when market conditions become more unfavorable, foreign subsidiaries making smaller investments that were endogenously chosen under the influence of market demand uncertainty are more likely to engage in earlier exits than subsidiaries making larger investments. We also find that strong institutional and financial development positively moderates small subsidiaries' exits under conditions of unfavorably resolved uncertainty.
Re-emergence of hypothalamically elicited eating following change in food.

Abstract Rats with lateral hypothalamic electrodes were administered electrical stimulation until the elicited eating of one type of food had emerged to asymptotic levels. Experimental animals later were presented with a different diet, and elicited eating underwent another emergence process. This re-emergence occurred despite the fact that animals had had deprivation experience with the second food immediately prior to stimulation experience with it. These data present interpretative difficulties for the hypothesis that elicited behavior reflects the activation of neural systems underlying deprivation-induced consummatory activity and that the anomalous characteristics of elicited responding can be attributed to an emotionality state which theoretically is also evoked by the stimulation.
Loop Detector Segmentation Error and Its Impacts on Traffic Speed Estimation

Most traffic sensors currently deployed along the existing freeway systems are single-loop detectors that directly measure only volume and lane occupancy. Because loop detector actuations (event data) consume extra resources to store and transfer, transportation agencies typically aggregate loop detector measurements into 20- or 30-s intervals in field traffic controllers before sending them to the Traffic System Control Center for archiving. Therefore, only aggregated volume and lane occupancy data for each aggregated interval are available for use. During the aggregation process, however, a vehicle may be present on a loop when the current aggregation interval terminates. In that case the vehicle is counted toward the following interval, but part of its scan counts is mistakenly assigned to the current interval. The incorrect number of scan counts can cause occupancy measurement errors, referred to as segmentation error (SE) in this study. This error occurs frequently and adversely affects the quality o...
Lewis acid mediated control of allylic epoxide opening in carbocyclization and halide addition pathways

Abstract Various novel carbocyclization processes were observed to occur in Lewis acid mediated cyclizations of an allylic epoxide substrate with a tethered enol(ate) function as nucleophile. Both cation-olefin polycyclization pathways and SN-prime macrocyclization processes were observed to occur in the presence of different Lewis acid additives. Lewis acid additives were also observed to direct the stereochemistry of allylic epoxide opening by SN-prime addition of halide ions. This provided a route to the corresponding E- or Z-allylic halides, which served as substrates in an alternative, successful approach to the terpestacin/fusaproliferin ring system by a subsequent alkylative macrocyclization reaction.
Effect of chlorofluoromethane infrared radiation on zonal atmospheric temperatures

Abstract A GCM sensitivity experiment has been carried out to estimate the change of atmospheric climate due to the radiative effects of 10 ppb of chlorofluoromethanes (CFM's). This was done with NCAR's old 12-layer stratosphere GCM and with an appropriate specified change of ocean temperature. Two maxima in zonal average temperature change were found, both in the tropics, one in the upper troposphere and one centered at the tropopause. In these regions the temperature change exceeds the surface temperature change by greater than a factor of 2. If this temperature change is scaled down to correspond approximately to that inferred for indefinite continuation of the 1975 CFM emission, the model calculation indicates that the temperature of the tropical tropopause would still increase by about 2 K. If stratospheric water vapor concentrations are controlled by the saturation vapor pressure at the trapopause, an increase of tropical tropopause temperature would imply an increase in stratospheric water vapor co...
Reduction of Biliverdin-C14 to Bilirubin-C14 in vivo

SummaryRadiochemically pure biliverdin-C14 was administered intravenously to rats prepared with an external biliary fistula. A major fraction of the pigment was rapidly reduced to bilirubin and was recovered from the bile as conjugated bilirubin-C14. The results are consistent with the view that bili-verdin may be an intermediate in the degradation of hemoglobin to bilirubin.
Social skills and negative life events: Testing the deficit stress generation hypothesis

People who possess poor social skills have been hypothesized to experience negative events and consequently become vulnerable to psychosocial problems. This is characterized as the social skills deficit stress generation hypothesis. Two studies were conducted to examine this hypothesis. In study 1, 677 university students completed measures of social skills and negative life events that had occurred over the past three months. In study 2, 142 students participated in a 9 month, 3 wave longitudinal study that assessed social skills at times 1 and 3 and negative life events at times 2 and 3. Results of the investigations indicate generally negative associations between social skills and negative life events, but these associations were stronger concurrently than prospectively. Although social skills were predicted to be associated with negative life events that are social in nature, in most cases they were equally predictive of nonsocial negative life events. The associations between the social skills and life events were consistently small in magnitude.
Quasar evolution: not a deficit at low redshifts

Hawkins and Stewart (1981) have argued that the conventional interpretation of complete quasar samples in terms of a cosmological evolution of quasars is not unique. It has been suggested that these data can also be interpreted as due to a deficit in the density of quasars. Hawkins and Stewart have argued that such a deficit could be either apparent, due to an observational selection which biases against the inclusion of low-z quasars, or real, due to a lower density of quasars at low redshifts. The present investigation is concerned with this new interpretation. In order to test the interpretation of Hawkins and Stewart (1981) as directly as possible, the investigation is restricted to the same type of quasar samples considered by Hawkins and Stewart. It is found that the obtained results contradict clearly Hawkins and Stewart's assertion. Quasar evolution is not just a deficit of quasars at low redshifts, neither apparent nor real.
Analytic solution for the propagation velocity in superconducting composites

The propagation velocity of normal zones in composite superconductors has been calculated analytically for the case of constant thermophysical properties, including the effects of current sharing. The solution is compared with that of a more elementary theory in which current sharing is neglected, i.e., in which there is a sharp transition from the superconducting to the normal state. The solution is also compared with experiment. This comparison demonstrates the important influence of transient heat transfer on the propagation velocity.
On the Role of a Compliant Surface in Long Squeeze Film Bearings

The problem of compliant surface journal bearings with large slenderness ratio (length/diameter → ∞) is analyzed for the case of small journal eccentricities. In this model an elastic circular cylinder has an axial length that is large compared to its diameter. The elastic cylinder is rubber, the inner rubber surface is wetted with a Newtonian lubricant, and the outer rubber surface is bound to a rigid surface. Immersed within the lubricant is a rigid circular journal. The journal is held fixed, and a translatory motion is assigned to the rigidly backed elastomer bearing. The resulting squeeze film is analyzed for near concentricity between the undeformed rubber surface and the rigid journal. The development of the model proceeds from the basic Navier displacement equations for a solid and the Stokes equations for the fluid. The special case of Poisson’s ratio going to 1/2 is used for the solid. The field equations are linear; a nonlinearity is a consequence of the boundary conditions. Discrete distributions of singularities are used to represent the coupled fluid and elastic deformation. Surface stress traction vectors are matched at the liquid-solid interface. Explicit expressions for changes of the fluid film gap due to rubber deformation, together with the associated change in fluid film pressure, are presented.
A One-dimensional Model of Blood Flow in Arteries with Friction and Convection Based on the Womersley Velocity Profile

In this paper, we present a one-dimensional model for blood flow in arteries, without assuming an a priori shape for the velocity profile across an artery (Azer, Ph.D. thesis, Courant Institute, New York University, 2006). We combine the one-dimensional equations for conservation of mass and momentum with the Womersley model for the velocity profile in an iterative way. The pressure gradient of the one-dimensional model drives the Womersley equations, and the velocity profiles calculated then feed back into both the friction and nonlinear parts of the one-dimensional model. Besides enabling us to evaluate the friction correctly and also to use the velocity profile to correct the nonlinear terms, having the velocity profile available as output should be useful in a variety of applications. We present flow simulations using both structured trees and pure resistance models for the small arteries, and compare the resulting flow and pressure waves under various friction models. Moreover, we show how to couple the one-dimensional equations with the Taylor diffusion limit (Azer, Int J Heat Mass Transfer 2005;48:2735-40; Taylor, Proc R Soc Lond Ser A 1953;219:186-203) of the convection-diffusion equations to drive the concentration of a solute along an artery in time.
Inhomogeneous charging characteristics of polycrystalline alumina surfaces

Electron-induced surface charging characteristics of sintered alumina were studied in relation to the polycrystalline features, such as (a) grain boundaries, (b) non-uniform distribution of grain size, and (c) orientation of grains, by adopting the scanning electron microscope `electrostatic mirror technique.' Significant variation in the charging characteristics of grains and grain boundary regions were not observed for bombardment with low energy ( 1. Interestingly, for higher energies (> 8 keV) corresponding to (delta) < 1, the grain boundary regions were found to charge more negatively than the grains. The electrostatic mirror studies reveal that (1) the mirror image formation is not possible at high density defect zones, (2) the size of the mirror images, formed at one location varies significantly from that formed at another location, due primarily to the variation in the defect prone grain boundary volumes and, (3) the size of the image, formed on the grain, varies from that formed on another, due to variation in the crystallographic orientation of the grains. The results suggest that alumina undergoes inhomogeneous charging under electron bombardment.
The group fallacy and public speaking

(1931). The group fallacy and public speaking. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 40-49.
Functional assessment aided by motion laboratory studies

The physician needs to integrate the results of the assessment of overall patterns of functional use (Table 1), static contractures, dynamic deformities of motor imbalance for multiple levels of involvement (shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand), and sensory deficiencies. This information is combined with a general assessment of the child's mentation, motivation, and generalized medical condition. Certain patients benefit most from surgical intervention in cerebral palsy. Patients with spastic deformities or flaccid control of specific movements can be helped significantly. In patients with flaccid control of certain movements, such as absent ability to extend the wrist or abduct the thumb, surgery is centered on tendon transfers to augment the patient's ability to perform that movement. In patients with excessive spasticity or musculotendinous contracture, surgery is centered on muscle lengthening. In general, patients with athetosis are not treated surgically; the only surgical treatment considered for the athetotic patient is fusion, as this helps preposition the limb in a desired position and "simplifies" the system for the patient to control. Sensibility deficiencies do not preclude effective tendon transfer but do limit the overall use of the limb; patients with sensibility deficiencies need to be coached to use visual input as their afferent information. Motor deficiencies can be assessed by observation, examination, functional testing, and motion laboratory analysis. Combining an assessment of shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, thumb, and finger abilities and disabilities helps provide the physician with an overall plan of upper limb reconstruction using soft tissue releases, tendon transfers, and joint stabilization procedures to address the upper limb functional deficiencies. The ideal candidate for tendon transfer surgery is 7 years of age or older so they can be cooperative with postoperative rehabilitation and motivated to improve the use of their limb. Children with passive use of their limb (Functional Use Classification levels 1-3) can be improved most, on average 2.7 levels to active use of their limb (Functional Use Classification levels 4-6). An overall treatment plan is synthesized, taking into account the child's capabilities, disabilities, and potential, in the context of the child's age and expectations. The assessment techniques discussed in this article are the first step to appropriate treatment.
Automated generation of individually customized visualizations of diagnosis-specific medical information using novel techniques of information extraction

Managing pediatric patients with neurogenic bladder (NGB) involves regular laboratory, imaging, and physiologic testing. Using input from domain experts and current literature, we identified specific data points from these tests to develop the concept of an electronic disease vector for NGB. An information extraction engine was used to extract the desired data elements from free-text and semi-structured documents retrieved from the patient"s medical record. Finally, a Java-based presentation engine created graphical visualizations of the extracted data. After precision, recall, and timing evaluation, we conclude that these tools may enable clinically useful, automatically generated, and diagnosis-specific visualizations of patient data, potentially improving compliance and ultimately, outcomes.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SIMPLICITY VS COMPLEXITY IN DETERMINISTIC MODELS: AN APPLICATION TO AIDS DATA

This paper addresses the issue of how much complexity can be added to an AIDS model and still be supported by the data. Attention focuses on three models for a particular risk group in a particular geographic location to explain the AIDS epidemic. Statistical analysis shows that the simplest of models perform as well as the more complex ones in explaining the observed patterns in available data. Fitted parameters (risk group size, transmission parameter) are approximately equal for the three models. The models also produce similar predictions for the number of infected and diagnosed AIDS cases. Statistical curvature measures indicate that the simple three-compartment model is sufficiently close to “linear” for statistical inference to be adequate. We conclude that for the purpose of predicting trends of spread, simple models are as appropriate as the more complex ones.
Temporal Effect of Depressive Symptoms on the Longitudinal Evolution of Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity

Objective Depression is common in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) population, yet little is known of its effect on the course of disease activity. The aim of our study was to determine if prevalent and incident depressive symptoms influenced longitudinal changes in RA disease activity. Methods RA patients with and without depressive symptoms were identified using single-item questions from an existing registry sample. Mixed-effects models were used to examine changes in disease activity over 2 years in those with and without prevalent and incident depressive symptoms. Outcome variables included composite disease activity, joint counts, global assessments, pain, function, and acute-phase reactants. Model-based outcome estimations at the index dates and corresponding 1- and 2-year changes were calculated. Results Rates of disease activity change were significantly different in patients with a lifetime prevalence of symptomology, but not incident depressive symptoms, when compared to controls. Prior symptoms were associated with slower rates of disease activity decline, evidenced by the estimated 1-year Clinical Disease Activity Index changes: −3.0 (−3.3, −2.6) and −4.0 (−4.3, −3.6) in patients with and without lifetime prevalence, respectively. Analogous results were obtained for most of the other disease activity outcomes; although, there was no temporal effect of prevalent symptoms of depression on swollen joints and acute-phase reactants. Conclusion Depressive symptoms temporally influence the evolution of RA disease activity, and the magnitude is dependent on the time of symptomatic onset. However, the effect is limited to patient-reported pain, global assessment, and function, as well as physician-reported global assessment and tender joints.
Biological Coal Conversions

AbstractThe discovery in 1982 that microorganisms can interact with, and presumably modify, the chemical structure of coal has focused attention on the potential for the use of microbial cultures or isolated microbial enzymes in coal conversion. Biological processes based on this activity will promote the effective utilization of lowrank coal, which is poorly suited to direct combustion. Research in this area may also support the development of improved biological technologies for the cleaning of highrank coal and/or the treatment of coalderived waste.
Chemical composition of Luna 20 rocks and soil and Apollo 16 soils.

Review of the abundances of 24 major, minor, and trace elements measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis in Luna 20 metaigneous rocks, breccia, and soil, and in Apollo 16 soils. The similarities and differences observed are discussed. The bulk compositions of Luna 20 and Apollo 16 rocks and soils show close similarity between the two highland sites. Interelement correlations observed previously for maria are also found in highland samples. Luna 20 and Apollo 16 soils are low in alkalis. Both soils show an apparent Cd-Zn rich component similar to that observed at the mare sites and high Tl abundances relative to mare sites.
Wavelength dependent efficient photoreduction of redox mediators using type II ZnSe/CdS nanorod heterostructures

One-dimensional quantum confined nanorod heterostructures (such as CdSe/CdS and ZnSe/CdS dot-in-rod) have been intensively investigated as light harvesting and charge separation materials for solar energy conversation because of the possibilities of rational incorporation of catalysts and achieving long distance charge separation though the selection of component materials with desired band alignment and dimension (diameter and length). To establish design principles for these materials, we have examined the redox mediator (methyl viologen, MV2+) photoreduction process using ZnSe/CdS type II dot-in-rod nanorods. We show that the steady state MV2+ photoreduction quantum yields, in the presence of mercaptopropionic acid as electron donor, were 34% at 550 nm and 90% at 415 nm, respectively. Using transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved fluorescence decay, we followed the rates of electron and hole localization within the rod, interfacial transfer to acceptors, and charge recombination processes. It was shown that 550 nm excitation generated excitons in the charge transfer state with holes in the ZnSe seed and electrons at the CdS bulb region surrounding the seed. Electron transfer to MV2+ formed a charge separated state with relatively small electron–hole spatial separation, leading to a larger charge recombination loss and a smaller steady-state quantum yield of MV2+ photoreduction. The excitons generated in the CdS rod region by 415 nm excitation underwent three charge separation pathways. The majority pathway led to long-distance charge separation with the electrons in the reduced MV2+ adsorbed on the rod and holes localized in the ZnSe seed, which suppressed recombination and resulted in the observed higher steady state quantum yield. We discuss possible approaches to control the branching ratios of different exciton localization/dissociation pathways and to improve the quantum efficiency of photoreduction.
Effect of Prenatal and Postnatal Injections of the Pituitary Gland in the White Rat.

SummaryVirulent bacteria put in the nares of rabbits soon appear in the general circulation and produce septicemic infections. Less virulent bacteria also appear in the blood but may not cause infection. Killed bacteria put into the nares stimulate systemic antibody production. Bacteria occurring in the nasal passages in the carrier state stimulate a very rapid antibody response. These observations indicate that the mucous membrane of the upper air passages is reactly permeated by bacteria and their products.
The Importance of the History of Science to the American Society of Zoologists

As the history of science has developed as a professional intellectual discipline, it has had and will continue to have an important role in defining science and its place in our culture. Such definitions should be based on as much information as possible. Scientists can help supply some of this information through participation in symposia on the history of science. In addition, scientists can learn much about the nature of their discipline by becoming aware of the concepts of science which are derived from the careful analysis of its history. Efforts should be made to bring historians of science and scientists together for their mutual benefit.
Biographical sketch: Albert P. Iskrant, MA, FAPHA.

This biographical sketch on Albert P. Iskrant corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: The Etiology of Fractured Hips in Females, available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-010-1267-y. The article can also be accessed on the American Journal of Public Health web site at http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/58/3/485.
The Traffic in Meaning

This paper was addressed to an American audience in response to Mary Louise Pratt's Una Lecture, “English-only vs. National Security: Language and contemporary geopolitics”, at the University of California, Berkeley on March 16, 2004. It makes the point that it is not enough for Americans to learn foreign languages; they must also understand that speaking a language other than English is an opportunity to see things from a different perspective. Increasing the glossodiversity of the U.S. should be accompanied by an increase in semiodiversity, that is, an opening up of language learners to the diversity of worldviews both in the U.S. and in the world today. The paper is followed by responses by Alastair Pennycook and Azirah Hashim, to which Claire Kramsch gives a brief reply.
Representativeness: From Caucus to Convention in Iowa

Iowa caucus attenders and state convention delegates in 1980 were similar in their presidential preferences and political opinions and displayed patterns similar to those found in other studies of leaders and followers. However, Democratic leaders were slightly more representative of their followers on measures of candidate preference, which we attribute to their use of a proportional representation rule for delegate selection. They were also closer in social representation, which apparently follows from their use of affirmative action rules and other guidelines. Republican activists tend to be higher in social status than Democratic activists, but not on every measure. The Republican leaders were somewhat closer to their followers in representativeness of opinions than were Democratic leaders and followers. We observed that Democratic delegates were the most liberal group, followed by Democratic caucus attenders, then Republican caucus attenders, and (least liberal) Republican delegates.
Relationships Among Adolescents' Perceptions of Friends' Behaviors, Academic Self-Concept, and Math Performance

Research suggests friendships play an important role in adolescents' social well-being as well as affecting their academic motivation and academic performance. Still, how friendships actually affect academic outcomes is not completely understood, particularly the role of peer perceptions. The present study offers an empirical explanation for how perceptions of friends' social and academic behaviors might affect academic outcomes. Using a nationally representative sample of 8,040 tenth graders, the authors tested a meditational model examining how perceptions of friends' academic and social behaviors might affect math self-concept and math performance. Results suggest that perceptions of friends' academic behaviors relate to academic performance, but only when perceptions align with one's self-concept. Perceptions of friends' social behaviors were negatively related to math self-concept and academic performance. Tests of gender moderation suggested negligible gender differences for how perceptions of friends' social and academic behaviors related to math self-concept and math performance.
Locality Sensitive Information Brokerage in Distributed Sensor Networks

In sensor network applications, sensors often need to retrieve data from each other. Information brokerage is a scheme that stores data (or index files of data) at rendezvous nodes, so that every sensor can efficiently finds the data it needs. A very useful property for information brokerage is locality sensitivity, which means that a sensor close the original source of the data should also be able to retrieve the data with a small communication cost. Given the locality sensitivity requirement, the key is to design an information brokerage scheme that minimizes the storage cost. In this paper, we present a locality sensitive information brokerage scheme. It is designed for general locality-sensitive requirements, which include the linear data-retrieval cost (a frequently studied scenario) as a special case. We also prove that for a large class of networks, in the scenario of linear data-retrieval cost, our scheme achieves the asymptotically optimal storage cost. The result also proves the optimality of a few other schemes in the literature.
Synaptic localization and neural regulation of an N- acetylgalactosaminyl transferase in skeletal muscle

We have previously documented the properties of a approximately 220-kDa cell surface glycosyltransferase that transfers N-acetylgalactosamine to oligosaccharide chains (Balsamo et al., 1986b). Because N- acetylgalactosamine-terminated carbohydrates are concentrated at the neuromuscular junction (Scott et al., 1988), we assayed skeletal muscle for the presence of the N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase. Using immunohistochemical methods, we found that the enzyme is localized at neuromuscular junctions on normal adult rat muscle fibers. Biochemical assays confirm that junctional areas are highly enriched in the approximately 220-kDa immunoreactive species as well as in enzyme activity associated with the approximately 220-kDa species. This restricted distribution is dependent on synaptic integrity, as the enzyme appears extrasynaptically on denervation. These results provide a plausible metabolic basis for the localization of a synapse-specific carbohydrate and demonstrate that the expression of a glycosyltransferase is regulated by synaptic interactions.
Road traffic injury prevention

In November of last year, ministers from over 70 countries attended the First Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety, hosted by the Russian Federation and held in Moscow. The resulting “Moscow Declaration” calls upon the United Nations to declare a “Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–20”. In addition to promoting the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) report on road traffic injury prevention, it also highlights the particular needs of vulnerable road users—pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists and users of public transit—who contribute at least half of road traffic mortality.1 The declaration was a welcome acknowledgement to members of the injury prevention community who have long recognised the disproportionate burden of traffic injury borne in low and middle-income countries. As those countries invest in transport infrastructure in a push to reap the economic benefits of motorisation, their share of the road traffic injury burden seems destined to increase in both absolute and …
A walking prescription for statically-stable walkers based on walker/terrain interaction

The walker/terrain interaction phenomena for the control of a statically stable walking machine are described. The algorithms, measures, and knowledge of walker/terrain interaction phenomena are then combined to form a prescription for how to walk on general terrain. This prescription consists of two parts: nominal control and reactive control. The function of nominal control is the evaluation and execution of planned motions, based on predicted foot force redistributions, to achieve reliable locomotion. The function of reactive control is the monitoring of walker/terrain interaction in real-time to detect anomalous conditions and then respond with the appropriate reflexive actions. Simulations and experiments have been used to test and verify various aspects of the walking prescription. >
Self‐consistency of fractional precipitation method for determining molecular weight distribution in a polymer sample

Molecular weight distribution curves have been determined for two samples of polystyrene by fractionating them with a conventional single-stage precipitation technique and followed by measurement of the average molecular weights of the fractions by viscometry. The experimental results obtained were analyzed by the usual method of plotting cumulative distribution curves. Subsequently, the distribution curve for a mixture of aliquots of the two samples was obtained and found to agree with the expected curve, which would be the sum of the curves in the two constituent samples. This finding confirms the internal self-consistency of this method for determining molecular weight distribution curves.
Comparative antimicrobial spectrum and activity of the desfluoroquinolone BMS284756 (T-3811) tested against non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli

Objective To compare the in vitro activity of BMS284756, a desfluoroquinolone, with four fluoroquinolones against 129 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, 97 Stenotrophomonas/Burkholderia group strains and 43 Acinetobacter spp. strains by three in vitro test methods. Methods The activity of BMS284756 was determined using the NCCLS reference broth microdilution method and E test (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden). These methods were compared for test accuracy, and 5-μg disk zone diameters were compared for interpretative accuracy using the susceptible breakpoint of ≤4 mg/L recommended by the manufacturer. All strains tested were derived from the 1999–2000 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program organism collection. Results Comparative quinolone potency against P. aeruginosa was as follows: ciprofloxacin (MIC 50 , 0.25 mg/L)>gemifloxacin (MIC 50 , 0.5 mg/L)>levofloxacin = gatiflox-50, 1 mg/L)>BMS284756 (MIC 50 , 4 mg/L). The MIC 50 value for BMS284756 versus Stenotrophomonas/Burkholderia group was 2 mg/L. This potency was similar to that of other quinolones reported previously. The MIC 50 results for the Acinetobacter spp. were ciprofloxacin at >2 mg/L, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin and gemifloxacin at 4 mg/L, and BMS284756 at >4 mg/L, all intermediate or resistant concentrations. The E test results compared favorably with the reference dilution test results for P. aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas/Burkholderia group, and Acinetobacter spp., with an overall essential agreement of 97.0% ± 2 log 2 dilution steps. E test MIC results tended to be slightly lower when testing Stenotrophomonas/Burkholderia group strains. The disk diffusion method correlated well for P. aeruginosa ( r = 0.94), Stenotrophomonas/Burkholderia group ( r = 0.84) and Acinetobacter spp. ( r = 0.99) strains. Conclusions BMS284756 was generally less active than other comparison quinolones when tested against non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli. Its spectrum remains equivalent only if dosing schedules substantiate a proposed susceptible breakpoint of ≤4 mg/L.
An assessment of burnout in undergraduate athletic training education program directors.

Abstract Context: Athletic training education program directors (ATEPDs) often manage their time among students, program administration, and patient care. Objective: To assess the level of burnout ...
Rhabdomyolysis in the Intensive Care Unit

Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical syndrome defined by muscle breakdown and subsequent release of intracellular contents. There are many etiologies of rhabdomyolysis, classified here as congenital and acquired; compartment syndrome secondary to trauma with reperfusion injury is one common precipitating factor. Regardless of the underlying etiology, the pathophysiology follows a similar pathway via myocyte destruction and release of myoglobin into the systemic circulation. Rhabdomyolysis-induced renal failure is caused by the precipitation of myoglobin in the renal tubules which is enhanced under acidic conditions. A high index of clinical suspicion is required to promptly recognize rhabdomyolysis, especially in the unconscious patient. Presenting symptoms include tea-colored urine and muscle weakness or fatigue. The diagnosis is confirmed most reliably with the finding of elevated serum creatine kinase levels. Early, aggressive resuscitation with either normal saline or lactated Ringer's solution to maintain an adequate urine output is the most important intervention in preventing the development of acute renal failure. There is insufficient clinical evidence supporting the routine administration of diuretics and bicarbonate to protect against the development of acute renal failure.
Detection Performance of the Cell Averaging LOG/CFAR Receiver

The cell averaging LOG/CFAR receiver is a special implementation of a constant-false-alarm-rate (CFAR) receiver in which the noise level estimate is derived from a set of contiguous time samples of the output of a logarithmic (LOG) detector as obtained from a tapped delay line. This CFAR receiver is capable of operating over a larger dynamic range of noise levels than a conventional cell averaging CFAR receiver, but with somewhat poorer detectability. The performance in stationary Gaussian noise of the cell averaging LOG/CFAR receiver with no post-detection integration is determined in this paper. For a small number of reference noise samples, results were obtained by a Monte Carlo simulation using the technique of importance sampling. For a large number of reference noise samples, a second moment analysis gave the desired results. Both these results can be summarized in the following simple formula, NLOG = 1.65NLIN - 0.65, which relates the number of reference samples required by each of the two receivers for equivalent performance. Thus, for the cell averaging LOG/CFAR receiver to give the same detection performance as the conventional cell averaging CFAR receiver, the number of reference noise samples has to be increased by up to 65 percent.
You've Got Answers: Towards Personalized Models for Predicting Success in Community Question Answering

Question answering communities such as Yahoo! Answers have emerged as a popular alternative to general-purpose web search. By directly interacting with other participants, information seekers can obtain specific answers to their questions. However, user success in obtaining satisfactory answers varies greatly. We hypothesize that satisfaction with the contributed answers is largely determined by the asker's prior experience, expectations, and personal preferences. Hence, we begin to develop personalized models of asker satisfaction to predict whether a particular question author will be satisfied with the answers contributed by the community participants. We formalize this problem, and explore a variety of content, structure, and interaction features for this task using standard machine learning techniques. Our experimental evaluation over thousands of real questions indicates that indeed it is beneficial to personalize satisfaction predictions when sufficient prior user history exists, significantly improving accuracy over a "one-size-fits-all" prediction model.
Encephalomyeloneuropathy with CRMP-5 antibodies in a patient with a primary mediastinal serinoma

A 23-year-old nonsmoking man presented with difficulty walking, numbness, and weakness progressing over several months. By the time of presentation, the patient was not ambulatory. He was afebrile with normal vital signs and general examination. Neurologic examination demonstrated normal vision, mildly decreased strength, and severely diminished sensation to vibration and proprioception in both lower extremities. His temperature and pinprick sensation were mildly diminished in both legs and arms. Reflexes were diffusely diminished but not absent. He exhibited significant dysmetria in both upper and lower extremities. No tremor or other abnormal movements were noted.