cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slow Evolution of Zonal Jets on the Beta Plane

The authors study the stability of a barotropic sinusoidal meridional flow on a b plane. Because of bottom drag and lateral viscosity, the system is dissipative and forcing maintains a basic-state velocity that carries fluid across the planetary vorticity contours; this is a simple model of forced potential vorticity mixing. When the Reynolds number is slightly above the stability threshold, a perturbation expansion can be used to obtain an amplitude equation for the most unstable disturbances. These instabilities are zonal flows with a much larger length scale than that of the basic state. Numerical and analytic considerations show that random initial perturbations rapidly reorganize into a set of fast and narrow eastward jets separated by slower and broader regions of westward flow. There then follows a much slower adjustment of the jets, involving gradual meridional migration and merger. Because of the existence of a Lyapunov functional for the dynamics, this one-dimensional inverse cascade ultimately settles into a steady solution. For a fixedb, the meridional separation of the eastward jets depends on the bottom drag. When the bottom drag is zero, the process of jet merger proceeds very slowly to completion until only one jet is left in the domain. For small bottom drag, the steady-state meridional separation of the jets varies as (bottom drag) 21/3. Varying the nondimensional b parameter can change the instability from supercritical (when b is small) to subcritical (when b is larger). Thus, the system has a rich phenomenology involving multiple stable solutions, hysteritic transitions, and so on.
Models of Early Spring Survival of Wheat Leaf Rust in the Central Great Plains

Severe leaf rust epidemics, which result in economic yield reductions in the Great Plains wheat-producing region of the United States, are usually initiated by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici inoculum that has survived in the local field from the previous wheat crop until early spring. Models were developed for an epidemic year beginning at physiological maturity of one wheat crop to maturity of the following wheat crop. Meteorological variables for periods prior to final tiller development of the wheat crop during 1980 to 1992 at several sites in the central Great Plains winter-wheat-production area were used to model inoculum survival from one wheat crop until early spring of the next crop. Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify weather variables that explained the most variation in inoculum survival at the final tiller development wheat growth stage. Inoculum survival was recorded on a 0 to 9 scale with 0 indicating no survival and 9 indicating inoculum on all wheat plants in the field. Independent variables used in development of models were daily deviations from the 10-year average of maximum and minimum temperature, fungal temperature equivalence function, cumulative fungal temperature function, precipitation, cumulative precipitation, and snow cover averaged for 10-day periods prior to dates inoculum forecasts were desired. Models were constructed to forecast inoculum survival from data collected prior to fall wheat planting, the beginning of winter dormancy of the wheat, and the final tiller development wheat growth stage. Of the observed occurrences of leaf rust overwintering, 70% were forecast by models constructed using weather data prior to wheat planting decision time. Overwintering could be forecast by models constructed with data prior to the wheat entering winter dormancy 80% of the time. Models constructed with data collected prior to final tiller development in the spring forecast overwintering of leaf rust inoculum 95% of the time. Results from these models will be used to develop forecasts of leaf rust epidemics and resulting yield reductions.
One-way Dual-domain Propagators For Scalar P-wave In VTI Media

In this paper, we present one-way dual-domain scalar Pwave propagators for modeling and imaging in heterogeneous transversely isotropic solids with a vertically symmetric axis (VTI). It is derived from the rationalization of P-wave dispersion relation, which is obtained from scalar wave equations. The propagator consists of three parts: phase shift term in homogeneous general VTI medium; phase-screen term for isotropic slowness perturbations; and wide-angle correction term for anisotropic and elastic parameter perturbations. The phase shift is implemented in frequency-wavenumber domain, while the phase-screen and wide-angle term are implemented in frequency-space domain. This propagator is of high efficiency and accuracy for arbitrarily isotropic and anisotropic perturbations even at large propagation angles. The propagator can be used to extrapolate P-wave fields in isotropic or VTI background with strong isotropic or VTI perturbations.
THE INFLUENCE OF CORTISONE ON EXPERIMENTAL VIRAL INFECTION VIII. SUPPRESSION BY CORTISONE OF INTERFERON FORMATION IN MICE INJECTED WITH NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS

The administration, of 5.0 mg of cortisone 6 to 24 hr prior to the intravenous injection of mice with NDV was associated with a marked reduction in the interferon response as measured in serum and spleen. Reduced concentrations of interferon following cortisone pretreatment were demonstrable from 6 to 16 hr following injection of virus.
The mechanics of reinforcement

Mathematical principles of reinforcement were developed in order to (1) account for the interaction of target responding and other behavior; (2) provide a simple graphical representation; (3) deal with measurement artifacts; and (4) permit a coherent transition from a statics to a dynamics of behavior. Rats and pigeons were trained to make a target response while general activity was measured with a stabilimeter. The course of behavioral change was represented as a trajectory through a two-dimensional behavior space. The trajectories rotated toward or away from the target dimension as the coupling between the target response and the incentive was varied. Higher rates of reinforcement expanded the trajectories; satiation and extinction contracted them. Concavity in some trajectories provided data for a dynamic generalization of the model.
Rehabilitation after bauxite mining in south-western australia

Abstract Alcoa of Australia Ltd. mines bauxite in the Darling Ranges of south-western Australia. The company must operate within major environmental constraints, associated with competitive land uses, to ensure on-going access to ore reserves. A programme has been designed to manage environmental aspects of mine planning, rehabilitation operations and post-rehabilitation monitoring. This paper describes current pre- and post-mining operational and research programmes. Procedures which minimise land-use conflicts and restore or maintain pre-mining forest functions are outlined.
Group differences ≢ individual differences

Mealey's etiological distinction between primary and secondary sociopathy blurs the delineation between individual and group differences. She uses physiological evidence to support her claim of genetic influences, neglecting variability within social classes, frequency of delinquent behavior in upper and middle classes (measured by self-report), and discontinuity of criminal behavior across the life span. Finally, Mealey's proposals for differential intervention fall short of a future agenda, which should tailor to individual needs, not social classes.
Yeast flocculation: Flo1 and NewFlo phenotypes and receptor structure

Flocculation characteristics of 42 flocculent strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined. Two entirely distinct 'lectin-like' mechanisms of flocculation were distinguished by sugar, salt, and low pH inhibitions, protease sensitivity, and selective expression of flocculation. One group, termed Flo1 phenotype, was inhibited by mannopyranoses and contained all strains bearing known genes affecting flocculation. The other group, termed NewFlo phenotype, contained the majority of brewery ale stains and was inhibited by manno- and glucopyranoses. Detailed sugar-inhibition work revealed the probable receptor identity of both Flo1 and NewFlo flocculation, as being non-reducing termini of alpha-(1-3)-linked mannan side branches, two or three mannopyranose residues in length.
Selective disruption of gap junctional communication interferes with a patterning process in hydra

The cells that make up the body column of hydra are extensively joined by gap junctions, capable of mediating the rapid exchange of small hydrophilic molecules between the cytoplasms of neighboring cells. Both the rate of transfer of small molecules through the gap junctions and the rate of return of gap junction coupling after grafting experiments are sufficiently rapid to mediate events in the patterning of hydra tissue. Antibodies to the major rat liver gap junction protein (27,000 daltons) recognize a gap junction antigen in hydra and are effective in eliminating junctional communication between hydra cells. The antibodies perturb the head inhibition gradient in grafting operations, suggesting that cell-cell communication via gap junctions is important in this defined tissue patterning process.
A Lumped Parameter Model of the Cerebrospinal Fluid System

The many mutually interacting phenomena which control cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and reflect them to other physiologic systems constitute a rather complex mechanism. The classical piecemeal approach for analysis is not suited to study the interactions of multiple parameter changes or the manner in which some evoked change in the cerebrospinal fluid system reflects itself on other parts of the mechanism.
The influence of deficient retro-aortic rim on technical success and early adverse events following device closure of secundum atrial septal defects: An Analysis of the IMPACT Registry®.

Background Concern regarding aortic erosion has focused attention on the retro-aortic rim in patients undergoing device closure of atrial septal defects (ASD), but its effect on early outcomes is not well studied. Methods A multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing device occlusion of ASD between 1/2011-10/2014 was performed, using data from the IMproving Pediatric and Adult Congenital Treatment Registry. Subjects were divided between those with retro-aortic rim <5 and ≥5 mm. Primary outcomes were technical failure and major early adverse events. Case times were measured as surrogates of technical complexity. The effect of deficient retro-aortic rim on primary outcomes was assessed using hierarchical logistic regression, adjusting for other suspected covariates and assessing whether they represent independent risk factors Results 1,564 subjects (from 77 centers) were included, with deficient retro-aortic rim present in 40%. Technical failure occurred in 91 subjects (5.8%) and a major early adverse event in 64 subjects (4.1%). Adjusting for known covariates, the presence of a deficient retro-aortic rim was not significantly associated with technical failure (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 0.9–2.1) or major early adverse event (OR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.4–1. 2). Total case (P = 0.01) and fluoroscopy time (P = 0.02) were greater in subjects with deficient rim, but sheath time was not significantly different (P = 0.07). Additional covariates independently associated with these outcomes were identified. Conclusion Deficient retro-aortic rim was highly prevalent but not associated with increased risk of technical failure or early adverse events. Studies with longer follow-up are necessary to assess other outcomes, including device erosion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Reporter Without Borders: Internet Politics and State Violence in Uzbekistan

The murder of Alisher Saipov, an Uzbek journalist living in Kyrgyzstan, removed a vocal Internet critic of Uzbek president Islam Karimov.
Some Bayesian considerations in spectral estimation

SUMMARY This paper considers the problem of incorporating prior information about the shape and smoothness of a spectral density into the formation of a spectral estimate. Two types of finite dimensional parameters are considered, the spectral ordinates at a specified collection of frequencies and the amount of power in each of a set of frequency bands. A method which is conditional on the asymptotic distribution of periodogram averages is proposed. A formal procedure applies Bayes's theorem. A conjugate prior distribution is a product of inverted gamma distributions. The results extend to estimation of a spectral density matrix in the vector case.
Recent advances in applied malaria immunology

Our present knowledge of cellular and humoral factors which are involved in immunity to plasmodial infections are discussed. Immunization against plasmodial infection has been achieved in birds, rodents, simians, and humans. Avian hosts have been immunized against gametocytes which resulted in inhibition of gametocytes within the mosquito vector. Immunization of humans against plasmodial gametocytes would indirectly protect them against malaria by blocking mosquito transmission to other susceptible individuals. Immunization by sporozoites provides short-lived protection against sporozoite challenge, but gives no protection against erythrocytic forms. Some success has been obtained in immunizing avian and mammalian hosts with exoerythrocytic forms obtained from cultured avian cells. The most significant advances have occurred in immunizing simian hosts against simian or human malaria by vaccinating with fresh erythrocytic merozoites or a nonviable lyophilized antigen obtained from intraerythrocytic forms.
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 and 5 are differentially regulated in ovarian cancer of different histologic types

The family of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) comprises six members, which bind and regulate the functions of insulin-like growth factors. Overexpression of IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 contributes to the invasiveness and progression of several human cancers, but their role and clinical significance in ovarian cancer has not been investigated in detail. We examined IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 expression levels using two tissue microarrays, one containing six normal surface epithelium, six benign serous cysts, 10 serous borderline tumors, eight low-grade, and 20 high-grade serous carcinomas. The other comprising 441 ovarian cancers of different histologic types linked to a clinicopathologic database. Each tumor was sampled in duplicate with a 1.0-mm punch core needle. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using antibodies against IGFBP2 or IGFBP5. The staining intensity was scored semiquantitatively as negative (0), weak (1-10%), moderate (10-50%), or strong (50-100%) using computerized image analysis. Statistical analyses used Fisher's exact test and Kaplan-Meier method. IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 were overexpressed in high-grade serous carcinomas compared to normal surface epithelium, benign serous cysts, serous borderline tumors, or low-grade serous carcinoma. They were differentially expressed in different types of ovarian carcinomas, being more often expressed at high levels in high-grade serous carcinoma, malignant mixed mullerian tumors and undifferentiated carcinoma, and more often expressed at low levels or not at all in clear cell and mucinous carcinomas. We concluded that IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 might play a role in the development of high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma, but not in mucinous or clear cell ovarian carcinomas.
Leaning to the left: laterality in the zebrafish forebrain

How the brain becomes lateralized is poorly understood. By contrast, much is known about molecular cues that specify the left-right axis of the body, fashioning the asymmetric morphology and positioning of the visceral organs. In zebrafish, the Nodal signaling pathway functions in visceral asymmetry and also in the embryonic brain, to bias laterality of the epithalamus. Formation of an asymmetric pineal complex differentially influences adjacent diencephalic nuclei, the left and right habenulae, which acquire distinctive molecular and cellular features. Results from the genetically tractable zebrafish system provide a promising entry point for exploring how left-right biases are established and propagated in the developing vertebrate brain.
“Intimate Terrorism” and Gender Differences in Injury of Dating Partners by Male and Female University Students

A version of the partner violence typology developed by Johnson (Journal of Marriage and the Family 57: 283-294, 1995) that more fully reflects the inherently dyadic nature of partner violence is presented, as well as a method of using the Conflict Tactics Scales to identify cases in the typology, including “Intimate Terrorists.” Analysis of 13,877 university student dating relationships found a similar percent of male and female “Intimate Terrorists.” This is consistent with other studies of general populations and reflects inadequacies in Johnson’s methodology. Bidirectional violence, including Intimate Terrorism, was associated with the highest probability of injury, especially for women. The results suggest that programs to reduce partner violence, including reducing violence against women, should address violence and coercive control by both partners.
En passant synaptic varicosities form directly from growth cones by transient cessation of growth cone advance but not of actin-based motility.

Formation of terminal synapses at sites such as the neuromuscular junction involves transformation of the motile growth cone into the nonmotile synaptic terminal. However, transformation does not need to be the mechanism when a neurite forms multiple widely spaced synaptic varicosities along a target in an en passant configuration. Synaptic varicosities could form here by specialization of the neurite after the growth cone has advanced past the site. We examined this issue by using cocultures of identified sensory (SN) and motor (L7) neurons from Aplysia. Living SNs were labeled with fluorescent dye and their neurites were observed at high resolution every few minutes growing along the axon of L7, allowing a fine-grained analysis of the behavior of the growth cone at the sites of synapse formation. All varicosities whose formation was observed indeed developed from the growth cone. Sensory varicosities were shown by electron microscopy to contain features characteristic of active zones for transmitter release within a day of their formation on the motor axon. Growth cone advance slowed or stopped transiently during varicosity formation, but the motile activity of the peripheral region of the growth cone (veils and filopodia) was maintained. These results suggest that target "stop signals" involved in the formation of synapses, at least of the en passant variety, may be of a different type from the growth inhibitory molecules, such as the collapsins, which guide axons to their targets.
Distribution of volatile species in a refluxing polymer colloid

Monomer partitioning between the aqueous and polymer phases in a latex determines many properties of an emulsion polymerization, such as the reaction rate, molecular weight development and, if operated under refluxing conditions, the reaction temperature. A unique two-chamber vapor-liquid equilibrium cell was used during this investigation to obtain an in situ separation of the aqueous phase from the latex, thus permitting a direct determination of the compositions of the aqueous, polymer, and vapor phases in a latex, even under refluxing conditions. Thermodynamic analysis of the vapor-liquid equilibrium problem allows the prediction of the composition of all phases from measured values of the temperature and pressure only. These predictions agreed well with data from other investigations under nonrefluxing conditions and with the aqueous and vapor phase compositions from this investigation. The polymer phase composition data for vinyl acetate polymers with average molecular weights in excess of 106 showed consistently higher polymer volume fractions than predicted. This latter result may be due to crosslinking or strong entanglements resulting from increased chain branching at these high molecular weights.
Effects of habitat heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales on fish community assembly

Habitat variability at multiple spatial scales may affect community structure within a given habitat patch, even within seemingly homogenous landscapes. In this context, we tested the importance of habitat variables at two spatial scales (patch and landscape) in driving fish community assembly using experimental artificial reefs constructed across a gradient of seagrass cover in a coastal bay of The Bahamas. We found that species richness and benthic fish abundance increased over time, but eventually reached an asymptote. The correlation between habitat variables and community structure strengthened over time, suggesting deterministic processes were detectable in community assembly. Abundance of benthic fishes, as well as overall community structure, were predicted by both patch- and landscape-scale variables, with the cover of seagrass at the landscape-scale emerging as the most important explanatory variable. Results of this study indicate that landscape features can drive differences in community assembly even within a general habitat type (i.e., within seagrass beds). A primary implication of this finding is that human activities driving changes in seagrass cover may cause significant shifts in faunal community structure well before complete losses of seagrass habitat.
Accelerated Proliferation and Migration of Keratinocytes, Fibroblasts and Macrophages Isolated from H2-Calponin Knockout Mice

Calponin is a family of actin-associated regulatory proteins that play a role in modulating smooth muscle contractility and actin cytoskeleton functions. The h2 isoform of calponin is found in smooth muscle and certain non-muscle cells. Keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages express h2-calponin at significant levels. To investigate the function of h2-calponin in these cell types that are key players in wound healing, we studied primary cultures of epidermal keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts and peripheral macrophages isolated from h2-calponin knockout mice recently developed in our laboratory (Huang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 283:25887-99, 2008). Cell proliferation studies revealed faster growth rates of all of the three cell types from h2-calponin knockout mice as compared with that of wild type control cells. Similarly, the three types of cells exhibited faster migration in in vitro wound healing experiments when h2-calponin is absent. The results suggest that h2-calponin may be a regulatory factor in the balance of cell proliferation and migration during wound healing. We have previously observed that mechanical tension built in the cytoskeleton regulates h2-calponin expression and degradation in cells including keratinocytes and fibroblasts (Hossain et al., J. Biol. Chem. 280:42442-53, 2005; Biochemistry 45:15670-83, 2006). Therefore, experiments are underway to investigate the role of h2-calponin in the effect of mechanical tension on keratinocyte differentiation and skin wound healing.
Cellular evaluation of synthesized insulin/transferrin bioconjugates for oral insulin delivery using intelligent complexation hydrogels.

Insulin transport across the epithelial cell layer in the small intestine was studied using insulin/transferrin conjugates with and without the presence of P(MAA-g-EG) microparticles in contact with a co-culture of Caco-2/HT29-MTX cells. The insulin/transferrin conjugate was shown to increase transport relative to pure insulin by a factor of 7, achieving an apparent permeability of 37 x 10 9 cm · s -1 . The presence of P(MAA-g-EG) microparticles increased conjugate transport by a factor of 14 times relative to insulin, achieving an apparent permeability of 72.8 x 10 9 cm · s -1 . The presence of the microparticles in solution was found to improve conjugate transport by nearly 100% with little to no change in cell monolayer integrity.
Estimating Two‐Sided Logit Models

Logan (1996a) introduced a new micro-behavioral model of employment opportunity and choice, and a multivariate statistical method based on the micro-behavioral model. This article considers the connection between the behavioral model and the two-sided logit (TSL) statistical method in more detail than the original paper, discussing issues of parameter identification, model constraints, data reduction, and practical estimation. The article compares the EM gradient algorithm used in Logan (1996a) with an accelerated EM gradient algorithm and with a public-domain quasi-Newton algorithm. The latter two algorithms, now incorporated in a single program, greatly enhance the practicality of TSL modeling. Strategies for further development of TSL methods are also considered.
Mass filter studies of gases in a 90-liter getter-ion vacuum system

Abstract The basic residual gases present in a 90-liter titanium getter-ion vaccum system operating under different conditions are determined with the aid of a quadrupole-field mass filter. Mass spectra of gases in the system during successive temperature increases of molybdenum and tungsten filament heaters over a temperature range from 25°C to 1050°C for molybdenum and 25°C to 1250°C for tungsten are presented. Possible sources of the gases are discussed primarily in terms of outgassing characteristics of materials and interaction between gases and the surfaces on which they impinge. Fragments resulting from the introduction of solvents commonly used in cleaning vacuum hardware (acetone and isopropyl alcohol) are presented. Results show that major residual gases present in the getter-ion system are carbon monoxide, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, methane, and water vapor, with their order of prominence variable depending upon conditions. The introduction of hot tungsten or molybdenum filament heaters does not alter the gas profile appreciably until their surface temperatures reach about 1000°C, at which point outgassing from surrounding surfaces becomes appreciable. Carbon dioxide, carbon, and a host of hydrocarbons then play increasingly important roles. When acetone and isopropyl alcohol are introduced into the vacuum system, they dissociate quite readily and completely into several smaller components, in particular CH+, CH3+, C2H3+, C2H5+, and C3H3+.
A lexical metaschema for the UMLS semantic network

Objective: A metaschema is a high-level abstraction network of the UMLS's semantic network (SN) obtained from a partition of the SN's collection of semantic types. Every metaschema has nodes, called meta-semantic types, each of which denotes a group of semantic types constituting a subject area of the SN. A new kind of metaschema, called the lexical metaschema, is derived from a lexical partition of the SN. The lexical metaschema is compared to previously derived metaschemas, e.g., the cohesive metaschema.Design: A new lexical partitioning methodology is presented based on identical word-usage among the names of semantic types and the definitions of their respective children. The lexical metaschema is derived from the application of the methodology. We compare the constituent meta-semantic types and their underlying semantic-type groups with the previously derived cohesive metaschema. A similar comparison of the lexical partition and a published partition of the SN is also carried out.Results: The lexical partition of the SN has 21 semantic-type groups, each of which represents a subject area. The lexical metaschema thus has 21 meta-semantic types, 19 meta-child-of hierarchical relationships, and 86 meta-relationships. Our comparison shows that 15 out of the 21 meta-semantic types in the lexical metaschema also appear in the cohesive metaschema, and 80 semantic types are covered by identical meta-semantic types or refinements between the two metaschemas. The comparison between the lexical partition and the semantic partition shows that they have very low similarity.Conclusion: The algorithmically derived lexical metaschema serves as an abstraction of the SN and provides views representing different subject areas. It compares favorably with the cohesive metaschema derived via the SN's relationship configuration.
Coping and Adjustment in Children With Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders and Kidney Diseases: The Role of Illness Severity

The purpose of this study was to assess illness severity and its relation to psychosocial factors in children with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD) and kidney diseases (KD), two chronic health conditions having received little empirical study in the pediatric psychology literature. A secondary goal was to assess families' use of physicians for psychosocial support. Participants included 64 caregiver–youth (youths aged 8–20 years) dyads. Children with diagnoses of PIDD or KD were placed into one of three illness severity groups (mild, moderate, severe) based on objective ratings and compared with a healthy comparison group. Results indicated that children with mild illness reported less adaptive coping, and their caregivers reported more maladaptive coping compared to the other groups. In addition, children in the mild severity group were reported to have higher levels of internalizing behavior problems. Physicians were being utilized at a high rate by all groups regarding families's concerns of p...
Intervention in a `Divided World': Axes of Legitimacy

In the post-2001 era, many fear that the 'international community' that had been developing in the years after the Cold War is becoming irremediably divided. Challenges to the 'international community' have come from such radically disparate quarters as US unilateralism and Islamicist attacks on 'Western' internationalism. Many worry that such divisions will severely hamper the ability of the international community to intervene in local crises, whether for humanitarian purposes or to stop ethnic conflict. This article challenges the major assumptions upon which this common view is based. First, it rejects the notion that the 'international community' ever had the kind of unity that is retrospectively attributed to it. Secondly, it rejects the notion that such an illusory unity is necessary for the legitimacy of international interventions even of the boldest variety. Rather, by examining recent fears in light of the history of bold international action since World War I, it develops a complex schema for evaluating forms of international legitimacy and forms of critique of that legitimacy. In light of this analysis, it shows how legitimacy can be achieved, even if only provisionally, even under the most fractious international conditions. In particular, it shows how the achievement of such legitimacy depends on distinguishing actions in the name of internationalism from seemingly similar actions that lie in international law's discredited colonial past.
Nonlinear shell analysis of the space shuttle solid rocket boosters

A variety of structural analyses have been performed on the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB’s) to provide information that would contribute to the understanding of the failure which destroyed the Space Shuttle Challenger. This paper describes nonlinear shell analyses that were performed to characterize the behavior of an overall SRB structure and a segment of the SRB in the vicinity of the External Tank Attachment (ETA) ring. Shell finite element models were used that would accurately reflect the global load transfer in an SRB in a manner such that nonlinear shell collapse and ovalization could be assessed. The purpose of these analyses was to calculate the overall deflection and stress distributions for these SRB models when subjected to mechanical loads corresponding to critical times during the launch sequence. Static analyses of these SRB models were performed using a “snapshot picture” of the loads. Analytical results obtained using these models show no evidence of nonlinear shell collapse for the pre-liftoff loading cases considered.
Identification of human papillomavirus type 11 E4 gene products in human tissue implants from athymic mice

Abstract A new method has recently been described for the growth of human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV11), an agent associated with genital warts, in human tissue xenografts implanted under the renal capsules of athymic nude mice (J. W. Kreider et al. , 1986, J. Viriol. 59, 369–376; 1987, J. Virol. 61, 590–593). With this model it is now possible to study productive HPV11 infection under controlled laboratory conditions. To identify proteins encoded by the HPV11 E4 open reading frame in infected implants, we have cloned an HPV11 E4 genomic DNA fragment representing all of the E4 region thought to be expressed in vivo , as evidenced by cDNA cloning and R loop mapping. The cloned HPV11 fragment was expressed in Escherichia coli as a cro-β-galactosidase E4 fusion protein (Gal-E4 fusion). Rabbit antibodies raised against the Gal-E4 fusion protein were affinity purified using an HPV11 E1∧E4 fusion protein. The E1∧E4 protein was synthesized independently by expressing an HPV11 E1∧E4 cDNA in E. coli using a second expression vector. Affinity-purified anti-E4 antibodies identified putative E4 proteins of 10 and 11 kDa in both the condylomatous cyst walls and in the desquamated cells in the cavities of HPV11-infected human skin implants from athymic mice. Similar proteins were not detected in uninfected controls. Implications for use of the athymic mouse system are discussed.
Paramagnetic Resonance Detection along the Polarizing Field Direction

Strong rf power, modulated at a low frequency, was applied to a paramagnetic solid (diphenyl pycril hydrazil) in a dc field ${H}_{z}$ of up to 20 gauss. The resulting changes in ${M}_{z}$ at the modulation frequency produced a voltage in a coil oriented in the $z$ direction, to provide a measure of ${M}_{z}$. A sensitive test of the equation of motion of the spin magnetization was achieved by using 19.5-Mc/sec circularly polarized rf of up to 6 gauss in the $x\ensuremath{-}y$ plane, square wave modulated at 280 cps. The observed 280-cps signal was consistent with the Bloch equations, assuming relaxation toward the instantaneous applied magnetic field. As predicted, ${M}_{z}$ was not zero when ${H}_{z}=0$. A Bloch-Seigert effect was also observed.
Methanosarcina acetivorans 16S rRNA and transcription factor nucleotide fluctuation with implications in exobiology and pathology

Cultures of the methane-producing archaea Methanosarcina, have recently been isolated from Alaskan sediments. It has been proposed that methanogens are strong candidates for exobiological life in extreme conditions. The spatial environmental gradients, such as those associated with the polygons on Mars' surface, could have been produced by past methanogenesis activity. The 16S rRNA gene has been used routinely to classify phenotypes. Using the fractal dimension of nucleotide fluctuation, a comparative study of the 16S rRNA nucleotide fluctuation in Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A, Deinococcus radiodurans, and E. coli was conducted. The results suggest that Methanosarcina acetivorans has the lowest fractal dimension, consistent with its ancestral position in evolution. Variation in fluctuation complexity was also detected in the transcription factors. The transcription factor B (TFB) was found to have a higher fractal dimension as compared to transcription factor E (TFE), consistent with the fact that a single TFB in Methanosarcina acetivorans can code three different TATA box proteins. The average nucleotide pair-wise free energy of the DNA repair genes was found to be highest for Methanosarcina acetivorans, suggesting a relatively weak bonding, which is consistent with its low prevalence in pathology. Multitasking capacity comparison of type-I and type-II topoisomerases has been shown to correlate with fractal dimension using the methicillin-resistant strain MRSA 252. The analysis suggests that gene adaptation in a changing chemical environment can be measured in terms of bioinformatics. Given that the radiation resistant Deinococcus radiodurans is a strong candidate for an extraterrestrial origin and that the cold temperature Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5 can function in Siberian permafrost, the fractal dimension comparison in this study suggests that a chemical resistant methanogen could exist in extremely cold conditions (such as that which existed on early Mars) where demands on gene activity are low. In addition, the comparative study of the Methanococcoides burtonii cold shock domain sequence has provided further support for the correlation between multitasking capacity and fractal dimension.
Routes of acetylcholine leakage from cytosolic and vesicular compartments of rat motor nerve terminals.

Abstract Acetylcholine efflux at the rat neuromuscular junction was assayed following blockage of ACh transport into synaptic vesicles by 2-(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol (AH5183). [ 2 H 4 ]Choline was used as a labeled precursor. AH5183 completely blocked ACh efflux from the cytosolic compartment but had comparatively less effect on release from the unlabeled vesicular pool. Tissue [ 2 H 4 ]ACh levels increased after AH5183 addition due to cytosolic ACh retention. Thus, ACh in the non-vesicular pool (calculated to be 34% of the total ACh) may efflux solely via the AH5183-sensitive ACh transporter inserted into the terminal membrane. ACh released from the vesicular fraction was about 100-fold more than could be accounted for by miniature end-plate potentials; possible causes of this overestimate are discussed.
Molecular velocity distribution effects in kinetic studies by time-resolved mass spectrometry

Abstract Mathematical models were developed to describe the sampling of a rapidly reacting gas by time-resolved mass spectrometry. The flow of reaction mixture from a sampling orifice in the reactor wall to the mass spectrometer ion source was treated by application of the Boltzmann equation. The calculations demonstrate that for sufficiently rapid reactions the molecular velocity distribution of the detected species causes a distribution of arrival times at the ion source which complicates the kinetic analysis. The time-dependent signal is composed of two parts; one due to the rate of chemical reaction and the other due to the ion source arrival time distribution. Calculations done on the basis of both first and second order kinetics indicate the upper limit to the reaction rate which can be measured without causing substantial errors in rate constant determinations when conventional types of concentration time plots are used. These limits hold for effusive flow through the orifice, and at least to a first approximation also hold for convective and transition flow.
Dendrimer pattern formation in evaporating drops.

The redistribution of organic solutes during drop evaporation is a nanoscale self-assembly process with relevance to technologies ranging from inkjet printing of organic displays to synthesis of biosmart interfaces for sensing and screening. We have used solutions of dendrimer molecules with incrementally varying terminal site chemistry to explore whether the condensed dendrimer patterns resulting from microdroplet evaporation sensitively depend on, and are characteristic of, the surface chemistry of the solute molecules. This hypothesis has been experimentally confirmed by comparing the behavior of microdroplets of G4, G4-25%C12, and G4-50%C12 dendrimers dissolved in pentanol and deposited on mica substrates. For the dilute concentration studied here, the presence of periodically ‘scalloped' dendrimer rings is ubiquitous. The instability wavelength of the scalloped rings is found to be proportional to the width of the ring, similar to observations of the rim instability in dewetting holes. The effect of ...
Epiphytes on the rocky intertidal red alga RhodomelaLarix (Turner) C. Agardh: Negative effects on the host and food for herbivores?

Abstract The diversity of epiflora and fauna associated with a dominant turf-forming alga was examined in intertidal communities on the central Oregon coast. Epiphytes associated with the red alga, Rhodomela larix (Turner) C. Agardh, were examined by surveying intertidal areas for the presence of epiphytes, and by following changes in epiphyte cover in marked quadrats of R. larix . The alga is host for at least 17 species of sessile plants and animals. To determine the role of some of the larger epiphytes in the community, Rhodomela plants were marked and monitored and herbivore feeding was examined. Data suggest that epiphytes decrease the growth rate of their host, increase the probability of axis breakage and decrease reproductive output. Epiphytes provide food for littorine snails and gammarid amphipods that live in the beds of the plant. Amphipods were found to decrease epiphyte cover on R. larix in laboratory tanks, suggesting that these herbivores may have beneficial effects on the host plant.
The Insurance Factor? An Assessment of War Costs:

The arms racing literature includes studies of definitional questions, identification of racers, mathematical modelling, and assessments of the risks or benefits of ongoing races. The nature of the relationship between arms racing and the outbreak of interstate war has also received some attention. Relatively little theoretical or empirical work has been directed to the questions of whether wars following arms racing differ systema tically from other conflicts. Contrary to some recent assessments, arms race-related wars are argued here to be on the average of greater duration, magnitude, and severity than are other wars. In the Correlates of War data, arms race-connected wars as a separate class of events exact significantly higher casualties and tend to be somewhat longer in both calendar- and and nation-months than other wars. Significant differences exist in the entire sample, and in the sample of wars remaining after the outliers have been removed, which argues that the effects uncovered are not stati...
Hospitalization, depression and dementia in community-dwelling older Americans: findings from the national health and aging trends study.

Abstract Objective The objective was to estimate the prevalence of both dementia and depression among community-dwelling older Americans and to determine if hospitalization is independently associated with dementia or depression in this population. Method This cross-sectional study utilized data from a nationally representative, population-based sample of 7197 community-dwelling adults ≥ 65 years old interviewed in 2011 as part of the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Information on hospitalizations was obtained from self- or proxy-report. Possible and probable dementia was assessed according to a validated algorithm. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Results An estimated 3.1 million community-dwelling older Americans may have dementia, and approximately 5.3 million may have substantial depressive symptoms. After adjusting for demographic and social characteristics, medical diagnoses, smoking history, serious falls and pain symptoms, being hospitalized in the previous year was independently associated with greater odds of probable dementia (odds ratio [OR]: 1.42, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.16–1.73) and substantial depressive symptoms (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.29–1.99). Conclusions Dementia and depression are common in community-dwelling older Americans, and hospitalization is associated with these conditions. Additional research increasing understanding of the bidirectional relationship between hospitalizations, dementia and depression, along with targeted interventions to reduce hospitalizations, is needed.
Public Interest Design as Praxis

By incorporating values of inclusivity, social justice, and equity, public interest design inserts a critical lens into contemporary architectural thinking, practice, and pedagogy. Its emphasis on inclusive process and action over product creates a praxis that draws on trans-disciplinary knowledge to create change. Theories that underlie this praxis are the social production of space, the everyday, and the relational; key practices are activism, participation, and material agency. In combination, these approaches critically reframe the roles of architects and architecture in engaging current issues and provide relevant scaffolding for contemporary practice and pedagogy.
The Status of Pre‐employment Enquiry Restrictions on the Employment and Hiring Function

The Impact of EEOC rules pertaining to pre‐employment enquiries in a general sense has been two‐fold:
The stress field of a dislocation loop in an anisotropic solid

Abstract A new derivation for the stress field produced by an arbitrary non-planar dislocation loop in an anisotropic solid is present. It is found that the result differs from a formula reported previously by Willis [(1970) Stress fields produced by dislocations in anisotropic media. Phil. Mag. 21, 931–949], and it is shown that the difference is due to a term missed in a particular limiting process used to obtain the formula.
Synthesis of Majority/Minority Logic Networks

As CMOS technology reaches its physical limits, new technologies such as quantum-dot cellular automata, single electron tunneling, and tunneling-phase logic are being proposed as alternatives to CMOS technology. These technologies use either majority or minority logic to implement logic functions. Existing majority/minority logic synthesis methods, based on three-feasible networks, often result in suboptimal solutions. In this paper, an efficient algorithm to find the minimal majority gate mapping, along with a majority expression look-up table (MLUT) is developed. Based on the MLUT, a comprehensive majority/minority logic synthesis technique is proposed. A redundancy removal method is also developed to further optimize the synthesized circuit. This technique makes effort toward achieving different optimization goals and results in fewer majority gates and fewer levels than previous methods. For the 29 MCNC benchmark circuits, when targeted to optimize the logic levels, there is an average reduction of 7.0% in the number of levels as well as 6.3% in the number of gates. For optimization targeted to reduce gate counts, there is an average reduction of 9.5% in the number of gates as well as 0.8% in the number of levels, as compared to the best available method.
Uplink performance of TD-SCDMA systems

The time-division duplex synchronous code-division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) system is unique among all the third generation (3G) standards under development, and has a number of advantages over other CDMA systems. However, a potential drawback is the need for uplink synchronization and the sensitivity of system performance to time misalignment. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between synchronization operation and the correlation properties of the spreading codes used in this standard and show that they drive the requirement for strict uplink synchronization. Compared to the sensitivity to time misalignment, the performance loss due to time delay estimation errors of the main path is relatively small. To validate the analytical results, a realistic simulation of the TD-SCDMA standard is carried out.
THE PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF HEMOLYSIN

A method is described for the measurement of hemolysin concentration, which makes possible exact comparison of results obtained at different times and with different specimens of erythrocytes and alexin; and gives precise values with an error not greater than 2 per cent.