cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggregate Disintegration and Wettability for Long-Term Management Systems in the Northern Appalachians

Assessment of the structural properties of discrete soil aggregates is fundamental to understanding soil erosional processes. Management-induced changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration may signifi cantly alter aggregate properties. The disintegration and wetting characteristics of individual aggregates and their relationships with SOC concentrations were determined for a Rayne silt loam (fi ne-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult) under long-term (>22 yr) moldboard plow (MP), no-till with (NTm) and without manure (NT), pasture, and forest systems in the northern Appalachian region. Aggregate disintegration was assessed based on the kinetic energy (KE) of simulated raindrops required to detach 1- to 8-mm aggregates at −0.01, −0.1, −1, and −154 MPa soil water potentials. Management affected aggregate resistance to the erosive energy of raindrops (P 5.0 μJ) for disintegration and those from MP soils the lowest (<1.9 μJ). At the −0.01 MPa potential, the KE needed to disintegrate aggregates in NTm was about three times higher than for NT, indicating that manure addition improved aggregate stability. Aggregates from cropland had very low water repellency, but those from forest management have some water repellency. Aggregate disintegration was correlated with measured soil erosion in which MP required the lowest raindrop KE to produce the highest runoff and soil loss. The SOC concentration explained 48% of the variability in aggregate disintegration and 86% in aggregate wetting. Long-term management altered aggregate disintegration, but its effects on aggregate wetting within agricultural practices were small.
Variant RSH/Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome with atypical sterol metabolism

The RSH/Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (RSH/SLOS) is an autosomal recessive malformation syndrome comprising microcephaly, developmental and growth retardation, characteristic facial anomalies, midline cleft palate, and genital and limb anomalies. Recently, biochemical evidence of an inborn error of cholesterol biosynthesis at the level of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) reductase was reported in children and adults with RSH/SLOS. We report on two sibs with a variant form of RSH/SLOS whose sterol metabolism in cultured lymphoblasts is abnormal but differs from that of patients with classical RSH/SLOS. The children have relatively mild physical and developmental abnormalities, but a phenotype still consistent with the diagnosis of RSH/SLOS. Their plasma cholesterol levels are only mildly depressed, and they have less markedly increased plasma levels of 7DHC than most patients with classical RSH/SLOS. Cultured lymphoblasts from our patients accumulated 7DHC to the same degree as classical RSH/SLOS lymphoblast when grown with cholesterol-depleted fetal calf serum. However, unlike other RSH/SLOS cells, the increase in cellular 7DHC levels was not suppressed when the cells were grown in the presence of cholesterol from untreated fetal calf serum. The parents' sterol metabolism was also strikingly abnormal in that the levels of 7DHC in their lymphoblasts were markedly elevated compared with those of lymphoblasts from other RSH/SLOS parents. Our findings suggest that these mildly affected RSH/SLOS sibs may have a genetic disorder of sterol metabolism that is related to but biochemically different from classical RSH/SLOS, possibly one affecting intracellular transport of sterols.
p‐Aminophenol‐induced hepatotoxicity in hamsters: Role of glutathione

p-Aminophenol (PAP) is a widely used industrial chemical and a known nephrotoxin. Recently, it was found to also cause hepatotoxicity and glutathione (GSH) depletion in mice. The exact mechanism of liver toxicity is not known. The aims of this study were to determine whether PAP can cause acute hepatotoxicity in hamsters and to further investigate the role of GSH in PAP-induced toxicity. PAP was administered ip to hamsters in doses of 200-800 mg/kg. Liver damage at 24 h after PAP administration was assessed by elevations in plasma enzyme activities and histopathologic examination. GSH and cysteine (Cys) levels in liver at 4 h were determined by HPLC. PAP decreased hepatic GSH concentration to 8% and Cys to 30% of vehicle control values. It increased plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity by 47-fold and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity by 113-fold. PAP also caused severe centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis. 2(RS)-n-Propylthiazolidine-4(R)-carboxylic acid (PTCA), a Cys precursor, attenuated the PAP-induced decreases in hepatic sulfhydryl levels; GSH and Cys were 39% and 78% of vehicle controls, respectively. PTCA also attenuated the PAP-induced elevations in plasma enzyme activities and hepatic necrosis. It was concluded that PAP hepatotoxicity is associated with depletion of hepatic GSH and can be prevented by PTCA.
A game framework to enhance the STEM pipeline

We discuss strategically employing game creation throughout the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) pipeline to improve the creativity, problem solving skill and ethical behavior of American collegiate graduates. Examples from K-12 through baccalaureate studies are presented to substantiate our argument that games should be further embraced as a means to produce needed computer scientists and engineers. We sketch a framework integrating all STEM pipeline phases that may be used as the context for dialog among academic and industry stakeholders. We mention middle and high school programs, collegiate software development contests and innovative product competitions in relation to STEM pipeline phases. We conclude by proposing a national tracking system for evaluating STEM pipeline effectiveness and student outcomes.
Fine structure of photoreceptors in the owl monkey.

The owl monkey (Aotes trivirgatus) differs from most primates in being nocturnal in habit and having primarily scotopic vision. Photoreceptor cells of the retina of this species were studied with the electron microscope and compared with corresponding cells of other primates. No striking qualitative differences were noted. Most of the receptors are typical rods, but approximately 5% are cones, based on the following features: shorter, tapering outer segments, discs with smooth rather than scalloped margins and with uniformly narrow internal spaces, the membranes of which in some cases are continuous with the plasma membrane; broad inner segments with numerous mitochondria; nuclei that lie immediately against the outer Junctional zone (outer limiting membrane) with relatively thick inner fibers leading to large pedicles in the floor of which are numerous typical “synaptic triads.” One relatively unusual feature of the rods is the prominence of the striated rootlets associated with the basal bodies of the cilium-like connecting pieces. An apparently intimate relation of the rootlets to investing mitochondria, especially to their tubular internal cristae, is discussed with regard to the possibility of a function for the rootlet other than static anchoring of the cilium.
Chronic social stress during puberty enhances tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity within the limbic system in golden hamsters

The present study was carried out to determine the effects of chronic exposure to social stress during puberty on the dopamine system in male golden hamsters. Experimental animals were socially subjugated between postnatal days 28 (P28) and 42. All animals were sacrificed on P46 and their brains processed for immunocytochemistry to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). A large increase in the number of TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons was noted within the posterior portion of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and the posterior portion of the medial division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in subjugated animals as compared to controls. This effect appeared to be site-specific as no difference was seen between groups in the periventricular nucleus, another steroid receptor-rich area. The data suggest that these dopamine neurons may play an important role in the behavioral changes associated with chronic social stress during puberty.
The metabolism of malate by cultured rat brain astrocytes.

Since malate is known to play an important role in a variety of functions in the brain including energy metabolism, the transfer of reducing equivalents and possibly metabolic trafficking between different cell types; a series of biochemical determinations were initiated to evaluate the rate of14CO2 production froml-[U-14C]malate in primary cultures of rat brain astrocytes. The14CO2 production from labeled malate was almost totally suppressed by the metabolic inhibitors rotenone and antimycin A suggesting that most of malate metabolism was coupled to the electron transport system. A double reciprocal plot of the14CO2 production from the metabolism of labeled malate revealed biphasic kinetics with two apparent Km and Vmax values suggesting the presence of more than one mechanism of malate metabolism in these cells. Subsequent experiments were carried out using 0.01 mM and 0.5 mM malate to determine whether the addition of effectors would differentially alter the metabolism of high and low concentrations of malate. Effectors studied included compounds which could be endogenous regulators of malate metabolism and metabolic inhibitors which would provide information regarding the mechanisms regulating malate metabolism. Both lactate and aspartate decreased14CO2 production from 0.01 mM and 0.5 mM malate equally. However, a number of effectors were identified which selectively altered the metabolism of 0.01 mM malate including aminooxyacetate, furosemide, N-acetylaspartate, oxaloacetate, pyruvate and glucose, but had little or no effect on the metabolism of 0.5 mM malate. In addition, α-ketoglutarate and succinate decreased14CO2 production from 0.01 mM malate much more than from 0.5 mM malate. In contrast, a number of effectors altered the metabolism of 0.5 mM malate more than 0.01 mM. These included methionine sulfoximine, glutamate, malonate, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and ouabain. Both the biphasic kinetics and the differential action of many of the effectors on the14CO2 production from 0.01 mM and 0.5 mM malate provide evidence for the presence of more than one pool of malate metabolism in cultured rat brain astrocytes.
Corruption in Public Service Delivery: Experience from South Asia's Water and Sanitation Sector

Summary. — This paper presents empirical information regarding the types and magnitude of corrupt behaviors documented in water supply and sanitation service provision in several South Asian localities. It also examines the strengths and weaknesses of current strategies to reduce corruption among several public water and sanitation bureaucracies in South Asia, drawing on interviews and focus group discussions with more than 1,400 staff, customers, and key informants. Where corruption has been reduced, two concomitant drivers are observed: a shift in the accountability networks of service providers, and a change in the work environment that increases the moral cost of misconduct. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Single Chain Fv Antibodies against the 25−35 Aβ Fragment Inhibit Aggregation and Toxicity of Aβ42†

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein in the brain. Immunization studies have demonstrated that anti-Aβ antibodies reduce Aβ deposition and improve clinical symptoms seen in AD. However, conventional antibody-based therapies risk an inflammatory response that can result in meningoencephalitis and cerebral hemorrhage. Here we report on the development of human-based single chain variable domain antibody fragments (scFvs) directed against the Aβ 25−35 region as potential therapeutics for AD that do not risk an inflammatory response. The 25−35 region of Aβ represents a promising therapeutic target since it promotes aggregation and is highly toxic. Two scFvs with differing affinities for Aβ were studied, and both inhibited aggregation of Aβ42 as determined by thioflavin T binding assay and atomic force microscopy analysis and blocked Aβ-induced toxicity toward human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells as determined by MTT and LDH release assays. These results provide ad...
Novel Regulation of CCL2 Gene Expression by Murine LITAF and STAT6B

Inflammation is a multifaceted process: beneficial as a defense mechanism but also detrimental depending on its severity and duration. At the site of injury, inflammatory cells are activated by a cascade of mediators, one of which is LITAF, a transcription regulator known to upregulate TNF-α. We previously showed that human LITAF forms a complex with human STAT6B, which translocates into the nucleus to upregulate cytokine transcription. To dissect the molecular implications of this complex, a murine model was developed and interactions between mouse STAT6B (mSTAT6B) and mouse LITAF (mLITAF) were analyzed. Both mLITAF and mSTAT6B expression were MyD88- and TLR ligand-dependent. Furthermore, mLITAF was found to mediate LPS-induced CCL2 gene transcription with the cooperation of mSTAT6B leading to CCL2 protein expression. In LITAF-deficient mice, mLITAF-mediated CCL2 production in macrophages was significantly reduced compared to the wild-type control animals. Mice knockdown for mSTAT6B by 6BsiRNA1 tail vein injection resulted in a decrease in serum TNF-α and CCL2 production. mLITAF/mSTAT6B complex is proposed to play a role in LPS-induced CCL2 expression and possibly other cytokines.
Transients of the electromagnetically-induced-transparency-enhanced refractive Kerr nonlinearity

We present a theory describing the transients and rise times of the refractive Kerr nonlinearity which is enhanced using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We restrict our analysis to the case of a pulsed signal field with continuous-wave EIT fields, and all fields are well below saturation. These restrictions enable the reduction of an EIT Kerr, four-level, density-matrix equation to a two-level Bloch-vector equation which has a simple and physically intuitive algebraic solution. The physically intuitive picture of a two-level Bloch vector provides insights that are easily generalized to more complex and experimentally realistic models. We consider generalization to the cases of Doppler broadening, many-level EIT systems (we consider the $D1$ line of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$), and optically thick media. For the case of optically thick media we find that the rise time of the refractive EIT Kerr effect is proportional to the optical thickness. The rise time of the refractive EIT Kerr effect sets important limitations for potential few-photon applications.
Support for Biological Research by an Academic Library: A Journal Citation Study.

Abstract Results of a study analyzing citations to journal articles in publications of the biology faculty at a large research university are presented. The 140 source items analyzed contained 4,913 journal references to 708 journals, of which 4,231 references were unique. The top 100 titles were ranked according to total citations by faculty members, and the results compared to rankings based on data in Journal Citation Reports Faculty citations were compared to journal holdings at the university, and survey forms were distributed to faculty citing volumes not held. Reprints, traveling to another library, and personal subscriptions were the most common methods of obtaining these items.
Gelsolin down-regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced intraamniotic tumor necrosis factor-α production in the midtrimester of pregnancy

Objective The purpose of this study was to identify gelsolin in midtrimester amniotic fluid and evaluate its interaction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Study Design Supernatants from 40 midtrimester amniotic fluid samples were incubated with Escherichia coli LPS, and gelsolin binding was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Unfractionated aliquots of 25 of the fluids were cultured ex vivo for 24 hours in the presence of LPS and supernatants tested for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 production, and the influence of antigelsolin antibody was evaluated. Results Each amniotic fluid was positive for gelsolin that bound to LPS. LPS-induced TNF-α production was inversely proportional to the amniotic fluid concentrations of LPS-bound gelsolin (r = -0.5047; P = .006). Preincubation with monoclonal antibody to gelsolin led to an increase in LPS-induced TNF-α production ( P = .01). There was no relationship between gelsolin and IL-10 production. Conclusion Gelsolin is present in midtrimester amniotic fluid, binds to LPS, and inhibits the induction of TNF-α.
Semiquantitative I‐123 IMP spect studies in late onset depression before and after treatment

Nine subjects with late onset unipolar depression were studied, before and after treatment, using I-123 iodoamphetamine SPECT. In all nine subjects clinical improvement was associated with a significant increase (p<0.01) in cerebral/cerebellar activity ratios that correlated well with the decline in Hamilton depression scores.
The use of contingency contracting to facilitate durability of behavior change: Weight loss maintenance

Abstract The data of a previous study (Mann, 1972) demonstrated that contingency contracting could be used successfully to reduce a subject's weight when items considered valuable by the subject were surrendered to the researcher and used both as reinforcing and as punishing consequences. Nevertheless, some subjects began to gain weight after the termination of treatment. Thus, for some subjects a method to facilitate durability of behavior change after treatment had been terminated appeared to be necessary. The data of this maintenance contract research extended the use of contingency contracting by demonstrating that similar contingencies could be used to maintain durability of behavior change with respect to weight-loss maintenance.
Helium in Vycor, constrained randomness, and the Harris criterion.

Standard arguments for the relevance or otherwise of random disorder at bulk criticality are reconsidered in relation to the crossover seen in the superfluid transition at low coverages of helium adsorbed in Vycor, a porous glass. It is argued that Vycor should be modeled by constrained randomness characterized by pair correlations vanishing with wave vector, q, as \ensuremath{\Vert}q${\ensuremath{\Vert}}^{\mathrm{theta}}$, with, physically, theta=2. Simple scaling and Harris arguments yield a randomness crossover exponent ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{R}$=\ensuremath{\alpha}-theta\ensuremath{\nu} (\ensuremath{\alpha} and \ensuremath{\nu} being the specific-heat and correlation-length exponents) but must be corrected, in the light of previous renormalization-group arguments, by taking proper account of nonlinear scaling fields or quadratic terms in the variation of transition temperature with disorder. In fact, constrained randomness is still relevant for \ensuremath{\alpha} positive (as at a Gaussian fixed point describing ideal Bose behavior in dimensions d4) but the quantitative effects are significantly reduced with, in particular, ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{R}$=1/2\ensuremath{\alpha}. The interpretation of the experiments as indicative of crossover to ideal Bose criticality is discussed in the light of the results.
Design and Development of a New 11,000 HP Industrial Gas Turbine

This paper describes the design and development of a new series 3000 two-shaft regenerative and simple cycle gas turbine for mechanical drive applications. Technical advances in the areas of aero-thermal, mechanical, controls, and materials design were combined to produce a machine with a regenerative cycle thermal efficiency of 32%. Increased automation and adaptability to remote control were provided by a new solid state control system and high pressure hydraulics.Copyright © 1969 by ASME
Moderating effects of job involvement and growth need strength on task-outcome relationships

Abstract The area of task design/job enrichment has been gaining increasing importance in the organizational behavior literature. The focus is often on individual differences and the impact of task characteristics on employee motivation, satisfaction, and performance. The individual differences examined as possible moderators of the impact of task characteristics include urban-rural residence, middle-class norms, Protestant ethic, and growth need strength. The results and utility of these variables as moderators are inconsistent, hence prescriptions for task design are inconclusive. This study includes a review of previous research on growth need strength as a moderator of the relationships between task characteristics and satisfaction, motivation, and performance. The inconsistencies in the results suggest a need for a possible reconcilation of the findings. Job involvement, in conjunction with growth need strength, is a variable hypothesized in this study to reconcile previous results. The results in this study are contrary to the hypothesized relationships. Job involvement and growth need strength, however, did jointly moderate the effects of task design. The results suggest that an individual difference approach to task design should be maintained.
Opiate Modulation of the Anterior Pituitary Hormone Response during Suckling in the Rat

We have investigated the influence of endogenous opiates on hormone responses during suckling in the rat. In complementary experiments, opiate receptors were blocked by naloxone (NAL) or endogenous opiate release from the pituitary was inhibited by dexamethasone (DEX). Serial blood samples from unanesthetized suckled rats were then assayed for plasma PRL, β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (β-END-LI), TSH, and GH levels. Identical studies were also done in saline-treated (control) suckled rats and in unsuckled rats exposed to control objects. Whereas suckling caused a rise in plasma PRL, β-END-LI, and GH, introduction of plastic control objects did not elevate hormone levels. NAL blocked the GH rise and depressed TSH levels, but did not significantly inhibit the PRL or β-END-LI response. DEX prevented the β-END-LI rise and blocked the GH rise, but did not inhibit TSH. DEX enhanced PRL release during suckling. These results demonstrate that 1) the responses of β-END-LI, PRL, and GH are not an artifact of th...
Dynamic Determination of Vapor/Water Interface Adsorption for Volatile Hydrophobic Organic Compounds (VHOCs) Using Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis: Procedure and Analysis of Benzene Adsorption

A rapid and accurate method has been developed to characterize equilibrium aqueous solution surface tension variations due to adsorption of volatile hydrophobic organic compounds (VHOCs) at the vapor/water interface. The procedure involves contacting an initially solute-free pendant water drop with an advecting air stream containing water vapor and slowly increasing VHOC vapor concentration at atmospheric pressure. Changes in aqueous surface tension, induced by interfacial solute adsorption, are measured by Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis-Profile (ADSA-P) with digital image processing. Bulk vapor-phase solute pressures (concentrations) are concurrently quantified using sample loop gas chromatograph injection. “Rapid” equilibrium between vapor-phase and interface-phase solute concentrations allows correlation of transient outputs, producing aqueous surface tension versus vapor-phase solute pressure isothermal relationships. Equilibrium aqueous solution surface tension/vapor-phase solute pressure isotherms...
Understanding Latina Immigrants Using Relational Cultural Theory

Latina immigrants face a number of challenges as they adapt to their new culture. This article presents Relational Cultural Theory (RCT) as a model for understanding the challenges Latina immigrants may present in psychotherapy. The RCT concepts of mutual empathy and empowerment, connections, condemned isolation, the central relational paradox, and power-over dynamics are used to understand the challenges Latina immigrants experience. Sociopolitical and cultural factors that interact to produce power-over dynamics are identified to show how Latina immigrants are at increased risk for major disconnections. A vignette shows how clinicians can use RCT to provide more culturally relevant treatment in their work with Latina immigrants.
Field Observation of Diurnal Dissolved Oxygen Fluctuations in Shallow Groundwater

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations influence many biogeochemical processes in groundwater systems but studies of temporal variability in DO are lacking. In this study, we used an optical DO probe to measure rapid changes in concentration due to plant-groundwater interaction at an alluvial aquifer field site in Iowa. Diurnal DO concentrations were observed during mid- to late-summer when soil conditions were dry, fluctuating approximately 0.2 to 0.3 mg/L on a daily basis. DO fluctuations in groundwater were out-of-phase with diurnal water table fluctuations, increasing during the day and decreasing at night. DO consumption at night is likely due to increased soil autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration linked with patterns of carbon supply derived from daytime photosynthetic activity, and consistent with available literature on diurnal soil respiration patterns. Although more work is needed to quantify specific processes, our results indicate the potential usefulness of the new optical DO technology to reveal insights regarding many ecohydrological processes.
On the chemical evolution of the carbonaceous chondrites

X-ray diffraction microtechnique has been applied to nine carbonaceous chondrites, so that a definite knowledge of their mineral composition has been obtained. The existence of magnesium sulphate, elemental sulphur and a magnetic spinel containing Fe3+ ion, has been confirmed. However, troilite is rare, and absent in many cases. Dolomite has been observed in meteorites for the first time, and pentlandite has also been found. Hydrous silicates, apparently alteration products of olivine, occur in several varieties which are distinct from chlorite and serpentine. Two unknown minerals have been found in Mokoia. Evidence is presented to show that these meteorites and their peculiar minerals can be accounted for by the preterrestrial action of water on olivine, troilite, iron, etc. The crystal perfection of the dolomite is evidence that the aqueous phase acted over a prolonged period certainly longer than 1000 years. Equilibrium studies make it clear that no special oxidizing agent is required to produce the sulphate or Fe3+. It is shown that one need not assume a planetary origin to account for the long-term presence of water. Our calculations show, rather, that an “internal atmosphere”, sealed by an ice layer from a low pressure exterior, could have persisted for at least several million years if the parent body were at an asteroidal distance from the sun.
Money demand instability: has it ended?

Abstract Some researchers suggest that much of the seeming instability in the post-1973 money demand occurred because of financial innovation and deregulation; money demand was in transition. Further unprecedented declines in the income velocity of circulation during 1985 and 1986 indicate that this hypothesized transition continues. Have the effects of financial innovation and deregulation run their course? Do additional unexpected shifts in velocity loom in the near future? Or has the transition come to a halt? These questions are examined using the methodology of Hafer and Hein (1982) as modified by Miller (1986). No evidence of structural shifts exists beyond 1986; M1 growth may have become a reliable monetary-aggregate target again. Further, the missing money has more than returned; more money is held today than predicted by the pre-1973 money demand function. Since M1 now includes interest-bearing transactions accounts and incorporates a saving motive, the finding is not counterintuitive.
Advances in simultaneous strategies for dynamic process optimization

Abstract Following on the popularity of dynamic simulation for process systems, dynamic optimization has been identified as an important task for key process applications. In this study, we present an improved algorithm for simultaneous strategies for dynamic optimization. This approach addresses two important issues for dynamic optimization. First, an improved nonlinear programming strategy is developed based on interior point methods. This approach incorporates a novel filter-based line search method as well as preconditioned conjugate gradient method for computing search directions for control variables. This leads to a significant gain in algorithmic performance. On a dynamic optimization case study, we show that nonlinear programs (NLPs) with over 800,000 variables can be solved in less than 67 CPU minutes. Second, we address the problem of moving finite elements through an extension of the interior point strategy. With this strategy we develop a reliable and efficient algorithm to adjust elements to track optimal control profile breakpoints and to ensure accurate state and control profiles. This is demonstrated on a dynamic optimization for two distillation columns. Finally, these algorithmic improvements allow us to consider a broader set of problem formulations that require dynamic optimization methods. These topics and future trends are outlined in the last section.
Rejuvenation of Appalachian topography caused by subsidence-induced differential erosion

Topographic relief continued to develop in the Appalachian Mountains, eastern USA, long after the tectonic forces that created the range had become inactive. Numerical modelling and reconstructions of sediment deposition in the Gulf of Mexico suggest that the topographic relief was rejuvenated by subsidence-induced differential erosion caused by sinking of the subducted Farallon slab in the underlying mantle. In ancient orogens, such as the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States, the difference between the high and low points—topographic relief—can continue to increase long after the tectonic forces that created the range have become inactive. Climatic forcing1 and mantle-induced dynamic uplift2,3 could drive formation of relief, but clear evidence is lacking in the Appalachian Mountains. Here I use a numerical simulation of dynamic topography in North America, combined with reconstructions of the sedimentation history from the Gulf of Mexico4, to show that rejuvenation of topographic relief in the Appalachian Mountains since the Palaeogene period could have been caused by mantle-induced dynamic subsidence associated with sinking of the subducted Farallon slab. Specifically, I show that patterns of continental erosion and the eastward migration of sediment deposition centres in the Gulf of Mexico closely follow the locus of predicted dynamic subsidence. Furthermore, pulses of rapid sediment deposition in the Gulf of Mexico4 and western Atlantic5 correlate with enhanced erosion in the Appalachian Mountains during the Miocene epoch, caused by dynamic tilting of the continent. The model predicts that such subsidence-induced differential erosion caused flexural-isostatic adjustments of Appalachian topography that led to the development of 400 m of relief and more than 200 m of elevation. I propose that dynamically induced continental tilting may provide a mechanism for topographic rejuvenation in ancient orogens.
Computational Study on C80 Enclosing Mixed Trimetallic Nitride Clusters of the Form GdxM3-xN (M = Sc, Sm, Lu)

Metallofullerenes of composition GdxM3-xN@C80 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 and M = Sc, Sm, Lu, were investigated with respect to their geometric, electronic, energetic, and magnetic properties by Density Functional Theory, using the generalized gradient approximation in combination with an on-site correlation approach. Equilibrium structures were identified for both the free GdxM3-xN (0 ≤ x ≤ 3, M = Sc, Sm, Lu) units and the composite of the trimetallic nitride core and the fullerene cage. Although the core clusters generally tend toward planarity upon encapsulation into C80, some species containing Sm atoms show a reversal of this trend. The electronic interaction between the cage and the core is characterized by the formation of a covalent region between both components. This effect proves to be strongest in those cases where no core rotation has been detected by experiment. Ferromagnetic ordering is favored by the free trimetallic nitride clusters involving Gd and Sm constituents. For GdxM3-xN@C80 (0 ≤ x ≤ 3 and M =...
Stoichiometry of Cr(VI) Immobilization Using Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron (nZVI): A Study with High-Resolution X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HR-XPS)

Remediation of chromium-contaminated sites presents both technological and economic challenges as conventional methods are often too expensive in removing chromium in the soil matrix such as chromium ore process residue (COPR). In this work, reduction and precipitation of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] by nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) are evaluated. Cr(VI) is rapidly reduced and immobilized on the iron nanoparticle surface. In the pH range of 4 to 8, the nZVI has a chromium removal capacity ranging from 180 to 50 mg Cr/g nZVI. Under similar conditions, microscale iron particles (100 mesh) typically have a capacity of less than 4 mg Cr/g Fe. Characterizations with high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS) indicate that Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III), which is subsequently incorporated into the iron oxyhydroxide shell of nZVI and form alloy-like Cr−Fe hydroxides with a representative formula approximating (Cr0.67Fe0.33)(OH)3 or Cr0.67Fe0.33OOH. The Cr−Fe hydroxide shell is relatively stable a...
Changes in the physicochemical characteristics of rabbit liver N-acetyltransferase during post-natal development

Abstract This study was undertaken to evaluate the characteristics of liver N -acetyltransferase, a drug conjugating enzyme, at different stages of development. This enzyme catalyzes the acetylation of isonicotinic acid hydrazide, various sulfonamides and other aromatic amines. Partially purified enzyme was prepared for these studies from the livers of 6–12-day-old, 3-week-old, and adult rabbits. One-week-old rabbits have less than 10% of the activity per g of liver found in mature animals. The relative activity increased to the adult level at about 4 weeks of age. Two distinguishing characteristics were noted in studies of enzyme from the youngest animals. These were: limiting K m for isonicotinic acid hydrazide, a kinetic parameter; and the activation energy for inactivation by heat, a physical characteristic. Enzyme from 3-week-old animals had the same limiting K m as that from adult animals. It is postulated that in addition to the different forms of N -acetyltransferase that exist in different tissues 1 there are different forms of the hepatic drug conjugating N -acetyltransferase that are specific for various developmental stages.
Total radiances and equivalent widths of isolated lines with combined Doppler and collision broadened profiles

Abstract Analytical expressions for total radiances and equivalent widths of isolated spectral lines with combined Doppler and collision broadened profiles are presented for isothermal paths.
Dual antiplatelet therapy with or without oral anticoagulation in the postdischarge management of acute coronary syndrome patients with an indication for long term anticoagulation: a systematic review

Currently, there is a lack of consensus among guidelines for the postdischarge treatment of patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who have a long-term indication for anticoagulation. We conducted a systematic review comparing the safety and effectiveness of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and triple therapy (TT; defined as DAPT plus an oral anticoagulant) in patients with ACS and a long-term indication for anticoagulation. We searched for clinical studies in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published between January 1995 and September 2013. Each investigator screened and abstracted data, assessed applicability and quality, and graded the strength of evidence. Meta-analysis of direct comparison was performed when outcomes and follow-up periods were comparable. Fourteen observational studies were identified that contained comparative effectiveness data on DAPT versus TT. No difference in the odds of mortality (OR 1.04, 95 % CI 0.59–1.83) or stroke (OR 1.01, 95 % CI 0.38–2.67) at 1–5 years was found between TT and DAPT. Major bleeding at 1–5 years (OR 1.46, 95 % CI 1.07–2.00) and nonfatal MI at 1–5 years (OR 1.85, 95 % CI 1.13–3.02) occurred more frequently in patients receiving TT. The results of this systematic review demonstrate that treatment with TT was associated with increased rates of nonfatal MI and major bleeding when compared with treatment with DAPT in the postdischarge management of ACS patients with an indication for oral anticoagulation. Until results of ongoing randomized trials assessing antithrombotic therapies define optimal management strategies, the current analysis suggests using caution when prescribing TT to these patients.
Is writing affected by spelling performance and beliefs about spelling

This study examined relations between self-efficacy and outcome expectancy beliefs and spelling and writing performance. Perceptions about spelling and writing were assessed in 258 collegeage participants. Spelling performance was measured through a 50-item spelling test and writing performance by a holistically scored writing sample. The most highly correlated variables included spelling outcome expectancy and writing outcome expectancy, spelling selfefficacy and writing self-efficacy, spelling performance and spelling self-efficacy, and spelling and writing performance. A causal model relating perceptions, spelling performance, and writing performance was proposed and its appropriateness estimated. Direct effects on spelling were found for spelling self-efficacy, while spelling self-efficacy had indirect effects on writing performance and spelling had a direct effect on writing performance. The causal model was discussed in terms of changing conceptions of writing instruction and traditional views of the role of spelling as a necessary component of good writing.
Spatial Grouping and Retroactive Inhibition in Free Recall

72 young adults learned two lists of unrelated words. The lists were presented on study pages either in a single vertical column or in three groups of five words each. More retroactive inhibition occurred when Lists 1 and 2 were spatially arranged in the same manner than when they were arranged differently. The results were consistent with previous studies varying similarity along other dimensions.
Interaction of the regulatory gene product with the operator site in the l-arabinose operon of Escherichia coli

Abstract The DNA binding properties of the araC protein in the absence of l -arabinose have been studied in Escherichia coli using the nitrocellulose membrane filter technique. Equilibrium competition experiments demonstrate that the araC protein binds specifically to the ara operator. The apparent Km of the interaction is 1 × 10−12 m at 20 °C. The rates of association and dissociation of the complex have also been determined. A ka of 2 × 109 m −1 s−1at 20 °C is calculated assuming binding to a single site. The half-life of the complex is three minutes. The equilibrium constant calculated from the ratio of ka to kd is 2.8 × 10−12 m at 20 °C. The good agreement between the equilibrium and kinetic determinations of the equilibrium constant suggest that the kinetic studies are providing true rate constants. It is calculated that about 1% of the purified araC protein is active with respect to operator binding activity.
CD40-Mediated Activation of the NF-κB2 Pathway

CD40 is a critical stimulatory receptor on antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. CD40-mediated activation of B cells is particularly important for normal humoral immune function. Engagement of CD40 by its ligand, CD154, on activated T cell membranes initiates a variety of signals in B cells including activation of MAP kinases and NF-B. The transcriptional regulator NF-B is in reality a family of factors that can promote B cell activation, differentiation, and proliferation. Complex and only partially understood biochemical mechanisms allow CD40 to trigger two distinct NF-B activation pathways, canonical (NF-B1) and non-canonical (NF-B2) NF-B. This brief review provides a summary of mechanisms responsible for activation of the latter, which appears to be particularly important for enhancing B cell viability at various stages in their life cycle and may also contribute to development of B cell malignancies. CD40 is also expressed by various cell types in addition to B cells, including T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and certain non-hematopoietic cells. Here too, while perhaps less extensively studied than in B cells, the CD40-mediated activation of NF-B2 appears to have important roles in cellular physiology.
Sensors Based on Radiation-Induced Diffusion of Silver in Germanium Selenide Glasses

In this study we demonstrate the potential radiation sensing capabilities of a metal-chalcogenide glass (ChG) device. The lateral device senses radiation-induced migration of Ag+ ions in germanium selenide glasses by measuring changes in electrical resistance between electrodes. These devices exhibit a high-resistance `OFF-state' (~ 1012 Ω) before irradiation, but following irradiation with either 60Co gamma-rays or UV light, their resistance drops to a low-resistance `ON-state' (~ 103 Ω). The devices have exhibited cyclical recovery with room temperature annealing of Ag doped ChG, which suggests potential use in reusable radiation sensor applications. Furthermore, the mechanisms of radiation-induced Ag/Ag+ transport and reactions in ChG are modeled using a finite element device simulator. The essential reactions captured by the simulator are radiation-induced carrier generation, combined with reduction/oxidation for both ionic and neutral Ag species in the chalcogenide film. The results provide strong qualitative evidence that finite element codes can simulate ionic transport reactions in the ChG and reveal plausible mechanisms for radiation-induced metal doping.
Polarization in Scattering by Complex Nuclei

Polarization effects in the elastic scattering of high-energy nucleons by complex nuclei are studied in terms of the impulse approximation. The principal aim is to reconcile the large polarization produced by complex nuclei with the smaller effects found in nucleon-nucleon scattering. It is shown that these results are not inconsistent and can indeed be understood in terms of simple physical arguments. While, in general, our knowledge of nuclear structure is not adequate for explicit calculation of these effects even in the impulse approximation, it can be shown that for a particular class of nuclei (the deuteron and the alpha-particle nuclei) the polarization is independent of the nuclear wave function. Calculations for these nuclei have been carried out in detail, using existing nucleon-nucleon phase shifts. The resulting polarization effects are found to be large, in rough agreement with experiment, although their angular dependence is not satisfactory. It is proposed that a study of polarization in elastic scattering by deuterium and helium be used as a tool for investigation of the nucleon-nucleon interaction.
Theoretical aspects of electron energy loss spectroscopy

surfaces, and of atoms within the outermost surface layers of crystals. In this paper, we review the theoretical description of the inelastic scattering events studied by the method, with emphasis on a series of recent calculations directed at a quantitative description of scattering events in which the electron emerges far from the specular direction or that of a Bragg beam, as a consequence of exciting a vibrational mode of short wavelength. 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION In both molecular and solid state physics, knowledge of vibrational spectra is of crucial importance. The array of frequencies tells us about both the nature of the chemical bonds present and places constraints on the structural arrangement of the basic entities, and selection rules associated with the various spectroscopies aid in the identification of the normal modes studied and lead to powerful limitations on the geometry of the system under study. Generally, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, with their complementary selection rules, suffice for the study of molecular vibrations. The vibrational spectra of crystals are far more complex than those of simple molecules (Born & Huang 1954). The normal niodes are wave-like excitations characterized by a wavevector Q, confined to a certain geometrical construction called the first Brillouin zone. The first Brillouin zone lies within a polyhedron, whose shape is dictated by the fundamental lattice (the Bravais lattice) upon which the quasimolecular units
The Price of Winning and the Impact on the NCAA Community

In many cases, athletics department spending has been spurred by a desire to field more competitive athletics programs, and it has been assumed that spending more would result in greater on-the-field success for the athletics program. However, little empirical evidence exists to support this assumption, and few studies have explored financials trends related to cost-benefit of intercollegiate athletics program. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between on-the-field success and spending while also exploring current trends. The authors drew longitudinal data from EADA reports and then examined the association with Directors’ Cup rankings at the end of these respective seasons. The results indicated that a relationship between overall expenses and on-the-field success does exist, and points to operating expenses, rather than coaching salaries and recruiting expenses, as having greatest influence on this relationship. The cost-benefit analysis and trends over time are also explored...
Plasma Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics following Controlled Oral Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Oromucosal Cannabis Extract Administration

BACKGROUND: Sativex®, a cannabis extract oromucosal spray containing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), is currently in phase III trials as an adjunct to opioids for cancer pain treatment, and recently received United Kingdom approval for treatment of spasticity. There are indications that CBD modulates THC's effects, but it is unclear if this is due to a pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interaction. METHODS: Cannabis smokers provided written informed consent to participate in this randomized, controlled, double-blind, double-dummy institutional review board–approved study. Participants received 5 and 15 mg synthetic oral THC, low-dose (5.4 mg THC and 5.0 mg CBD) and high-dose (16.2 mg THC and 15.0 mg CBD) Sativex, and placebo over 5 sessions. CBD, THC, 11-hydroxy-THC, and 11-nor- 9-carboxy-THC were quantified in plasma by 2-dimensional GC-MS. Lower limits of quantification were ≤0.25 μg/L. RESULTS: Nine cannabis smokers completed all 5 dosing sessions. Significant differences ( P < 0.05) in maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) and areas under the curve from 0–10.5 h postdose (AUC0→10.5) for all analytes were found between low and high doses of synthetic THC and Sativex. There were no statistically significant differences in Cmax, time to maximum concentration or in the AUC0→10.5 between similar oral THC and Sativex doses. Relative bioavailability was calculated to determine the relative rate and extent of THC absorption; 5 and 15 mg oral THC bioavailability was 92.6% (13.1%) and 98.8% (11.0%) of low- and high-dose Sativex, respectively. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that CBD modulation of THC's effects is not due to a pharmacokinetic interaction at these therapeutic doses.