cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Rotating Arc Spark Plug in a Natural Gas Engine

Large natural gas engines are durable and cost-effective generators of power for distributed energy applications. Fuel efficiency is an important aspect of distributed generation since operating costs associated with fuel consumption are the major component of energy cost on a life-cycle basis; furthermore, higher fuel efficiency results in lower CO2 emissions. Leaner operation of natural gas engines can result in improved fuel efficiency; however, engine operation becomes challenging at leaner air-to-fuel ratios due to several factors. One factor in combustion control is ignition. At lean air-fuel mixtures, reliable and repeatable ignition is necessary to maintain consistent power production from the engine, and spark plug quality and durability play an important role in reliability of ignition. Here research of a novel spark plug design for lean natural gas engines is presented. The spark plug is an annular gap spark plug with a permanent magnet that produces a magnetic field that forces the spark to rotate during spark discharge. The rotating arc spark plug (RASP) has the potential to improve ignition system reliability and durability. In the study presented here, the RASP plug was operated in a small natural gas engine, and combustion stability (measured by the coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP)) was measured as a function of air-to-fuel ratio to characterize the ignition performance at lean mixtures. Comparisons were made to a standard J-plug spark plug.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Mediation of chemoattractant-induced changes in [Ca2+]i and cell shape, polarity, and locomotion by InsP3, DAG, and protein kinase C in newt eosinophils.

During chemotaxis large eosinophils from newts exhibit a gradient of [Ca2+]i from rear to front. The direction of the gradient changes on relocation of the chemoattractant source, suggesting that the Ca2+ signal may trigger the cytoskeletal reorganization required for cell reorientation during chemotaxis. The initial stimulatory effect of chemoattractant on [Ca2+]i and the opposite orientations of the intracellular Ca2+ gradient and the external stimulus gradient suggest that more than one chemoattractant-sensitive messenger pathway may be responsible for the generation of spatially graded Ca2+ signals. To identify these messengers, Ca2+ changes were measured in single live cells stimulated with spatially uniform chemoattractant. On stimulation spatially averaged [Ca2+]i increased rapidly from or = 400 nM and was accompanied by formation of lamellipods. Subsequently cells flattened, polarized and crawled, and [Ca2+]i fluctuated around a mean value of approximately 200 nM. The initial Ca2+ spike was insensitive acutely to removal of extracellular Ca2+ but was abolished by treatments expected to deplete internal Ca2+ stores and by blocking receptors for inositol-trisphosphate, indicating that it is produced by discharge of internal stores, at least some of which are sensitive to InsP3. Activators of protein kinase C (PKC) (diacyl glycerol and phorbol ester) induced flattening and lamellipod activity and suppressed the Ca2+ spike, while cells injected with PKC inhibitors (an inhibitory peptide and low concentrations of heparin-like compounds) produced an enhanced Ca2+ spike on stimulation. Although cell flattening and lamellipod activity were induced by chemoattractant when the normal Ca2+ response was blocked, cells failed to polarize and crawl, indicating that Ca2+ homeostasis is required for these processes. We conclude that InsP3 acting on Ca2+ stores and DAG acting via PKC regulate chemoattractant-induced changes in [Ca2+]i, which in turn control polarization and locomotion. We propose that differences in the spatial distributions of InsP3 and DAG resulting from their respective hydrophilic and lipophilic properties may change Ca2+ distribution in response to stimulus reorientation, enabling the cell to follow the stimulus.
Cost Comparison of β2-Agonist Bronchodilators Used in the Treatment of Asthma

Because of increases in the morbidity and mortality associated with asthma, coupled with shrinking health care resources, the costs associated with therapy with beta 2-agonists in metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), the most frequently used class of therapeutic agents, were examined. Recent recommendations suggested a change in drug therapy for asthma, away from theophylline and toward patient-administered MDIs containing beta 2-agonists or corticosteroids. These recommendations are expected ultimately to reduce overall costs by decreasing morbidity due to asthma and by reducing hospital services. Furthermore, differences exist among the various beta 2-agonists. For example, for patients treated with albuterol inhalers, total asthma drug costs, the costs of additional asthma drugs, and hospital costs were lower than those for patients treated with metaproterenol inhalers, despite the higher acquisition cost of albuterol. Using the maximum recommended number of daily inhalations and standardized pricing data, the daily costs of nine individual beta 2-agonists in MDIs were calculated. These varied from $0.61 for albuterol to $1.28 for pirbuterol, but would be lower for patients who required fewer daily inhalations on an as-needed basis. In addition, agents that can be dosed as needed (i.e., albuterol) are likely to be more cost-effective choices for formularies than more expensive new bronchodilators such as salmeterol, which must be given twice/day on a regular basis.
Japanese and English: borrowing and contact

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the two kinds of English extant in Japan today. These are ‘Japanized English,’ based on the use of English loanwords spoken by Japanese among themselves, and ‘the Japanese variety of English,’ spoken as a second language with foreigners. It is argued that these varieties have their origins in three lines of linguistic contact between Japan and the West (particularly America and Britain) during the past century: a line of pidginization, a line of borrowing, and a line of formal English instruction. By examining the unique results of this contact situation, insight can be gained on both the dynamics of Japanese culture and the viability of English as an international language.
Information Technology as Business History: Issues in the History and Management of Computers

Preface General Introduction to the Study of Computing History The Industry's Structure An Introduction to the History of the Information Processing Industry Patterns in Office Equipment Technology and Business Practices The Applications for Computers The Case for Studying the History of How Computers Were Used Commercial Applications of the Digital Computer in American Corporations, 1945-1995 The Management of Information Processing Issues to be Studied in the History of Information Processing Management Information--the Corporate Asset Evolution of Information Processing Management, 1945-1995 Bibliographic Essay Index
Comparison of the primary sequence of spring viremia of carp virus M protein with that of vesicular stomatitis virus.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of Spring viremia of carp virus mRNA coding for the matrix protein (M) has been determined from a complete DNA copy cloned in the Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322. The clone is 710 nucleotides long and, excluding the 3' homopolymeric end (representing the mRNA polyadenylic acid sequence), encodes a protein of some 223 amino acids (25,600 Da). The protein has more basic than acidic amino acids and no significant amino- or carboxy-terminal hydrophobic domains. The predicted amino acid sequence of the M protein of Spring viremia of carp virus can be aligned with that of vesicular Stomatitis virus, revealing a significant amount of homology (28%). The carboxyterminal regions of the two proteins exhibit much less homology than their amino termini.
Influence of Storage Environment on Ease of Shell Removal from Hard-Cooked Eggs

Abstract A series of trials was conducted to evaluate the influence of altered storage environment of fresh eggs on ease of shell removal after hard cooking. Eggs were collected within either 6 or 24 hr of oviposition, stored for 24 hr under test conditions, hard cooked in boiling water, cooled in ice water, and peeled by hand. Ease and effectiveness of peeling were evaluated using a 1 to 3 scoring system where 1 = easy to peel and 3 = very difficult to peel, with resultant egg damage. Storing eggs in a closed environment with a 10% NaOH solution improved ease of peel when compared with a storage environment containing just air or water. The average peel score of eggs treated in the NaOH environment was 1.7 compared with scores of 2.4 in an air environment and 2.4 in an environment with water. The NaOH-treated environment increased albumen pH to 8.49 compared with 8.11 of eggs stored in the air environment. The influence of environment on egg albumen pH appeared to be the major factor contributing to improved ease of shell removal.
The cytoskeleton of isolated murine primitive erythrocytes.

Cytoskeletons of primitive erythrocytes have been isolated from the embryos of day 12 pregnant C57/Bl mice and examined by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Microtubules are the most prominent cytoskeletal component. They are found either singly or organized into loose bundles just under the plasma membrane, but do not form classical marginal bands in most cells. Immunofluorescence with a polyclonal tubulin antiserum confirms this distribution and further reveals numerous mitotic figures among the cells. Rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin and heavy meromyosin labeling reveal that actin is localized in the cortex of the primitive erythrocyte in the form of 6 nm filaments. Antibody directed against avian erythrocyte alpha spectrin demonstrates that spectrin is also found in the cortex. Occasional 10-nm intermediate filaments, observed in the primitve erythrocytes by electron microscopy, are believed to be of the vimentin class based on positive reaction of the cells with vimentin-specific antiserum. In addition, a band in erythrocyte cytoskeletons comigrates in SDS-polyacrylamide gels with vimentin isolated from mouse kidney. Spectrin and actin were also found to be associated with the membrane of primitive erythrocytes when membrane ghost preparations were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
The role of perceived motion in smooth pursuit eye movements.

Abstract We examined responses of the smooth pursuit system under open-loop conditions: (1) Subjects tracked an isolated target, oscillating sinusoidally at frequencies 0.3–1.5 Hz. When a variation of the Duncker illusion increased perceived target motion (leaving retinal target motion unaltered), pursuit responses increased. (2) Measurements of perceived target motion during open-loop pursuit support the hypothesis that pursuit eye movements per se contribute to perceived motion. (3) We interpret these results as evidence for a positive feedback loop in the pursuit system, related to perception. This loop may account for the high gain of the open-loop pursuit system.
Correlation Properties of Black-Body Radiation in the Context of the Electron Cyclotron Emission of a Magnetized Plasma (*).

The quest for the cause of the anomalously large heat transport in magnetically confined thermonuclear plasmas has motivated detailed studies of fluctuations of various plasma parameters and, among others, of the electron temperature fluctuations. For an optically thick plasma the fluctuations of the electron cyclotron emission, ECE, are proportional to the electron temperature fluctuations up to a critical frequency where this ceases to be true. For the ultimate purpose of recovering, by correlation analysis, the actual plasma temperature fluctuations from the fluctuations of the measured radiation at frequencies above the critical, the mutual correlation properties of two ECE beams are analyzed and a criterion is obtained to decide when the thermal radiation fluctuations are uncorrelated and hence ignorable.
Hyalinizing Clear Cell Carcinoma: Report of Eight Cases and a Review of Literature

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) is an extremely rare neoplasm with a female predominance, composed of nests of monomorphic clear cells within a hyaline stroma. This tumor often follows an indolent course and treatment includes wide surgical excision with or without adjuvant radiotherapy. We report eight cases of HCCC identified at two academic institutions in six women and two men, ranging in age from 25 to 86 years. Histologically, all cases demonstrated cords, trabeculae, and nests of monomorphic clear cells as well as cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. Mild cellular atypia was occasionally seen and mitoses were very rare. Seven cases demonstrated a hyalinized stroma, and one case, a myxoid stroma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for epithelial markers and negative for desmin and actin. Seven cases were negative for S-100. Cells were also positive for periodic acid-Schiff and negative for mucin. The important clinicopathologic features and the differential diagnoses of HCCC, as well as a review of the literature are discussed.
Mixed Convection On a Vertical Plate With an Unheated Starting Length

The effect of an unheated starting length on combined forced and natural convection adjacent to a vertical plate has been investigated by solving the nonsimilar laminar boundary layer equations. The solutions were carried out numerically for prescribed values of the governing parameters which include the starting length Reynolds number Re0 , a mixed convection parameter gβ(ΔT)ν/U∞3, and the Prandtl number (which was assigned a value of 0.7). The local heat transfer results show that the presence of the unheated starting length can significantly accentuate the effects of buoyancy relative to the case of no starting length. The degree of accentuation of the buoyancy effects is strongly influenced by the magnitude of gβ(ΔT)ν/U∞3. When this parameter is on the order of 10−3 , the natural convection contribution to the heat transfer coefficient is markedly increased owing to the starting length. On the other hand, when gβ(ΔT)ν/U∞3 is about 10−5 the buoyancy contribution is essentially unaffected by the starting length. The shape of the velocity profile is also found to be highly responsive to the interaction between the buoyancy and the starting length. As a by-product of the research, the accuracy of a well-known integral momentum/energy solution for pure forced convection with a starting length was established. In addition, velocity profiles for mixed convection without a starting length were compared with those of experiment in order to appraise a proposed explanation for a disparity that had been previously identified in the literature.
Use of a swine bioassay and a RT-PCR assay to assess the risk of transmission of swine hepatitis E virus in pigs

The objective of this study was to assess the risk of transmission of swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV) to naive pigs by inoculation with tissues or feces collected from pigs infected experimentally with swine HEV. Seventy-five, 3-week-old pigs were assigned randomly to 24 groups of 3-4 pigs and inoculated with homogenates of tissues (liver, heart, pancreas, or skeletal muscle) or a suspension of feces from swine HEV-infected pigs collected at 3, 7, 14, 20, 27, or 55 days post inoculation (DPI). Each inoculum was prepared as a 10% suspension (w/v) in PBS buffer and tested by a semi-quantitative RT-PCR for swine HEV RNA and by the swine bioassay. The inoculation route was intravenous for liver, heart and pancreas, and via stomach tube for skeletal muscle and fecal suspension. The liver homogenate inocula and feces collected at 3-7 and 14-20 DPI were positive for swine HEV RNA by RT-PCR. The pigs inoculated with liver homogenates collected at 3-7 and 14-20 DPI developed anti-HEV antibodies and swine HEV RNA was detected in their sera. Pigs inoculated with heart, pancreas, skeletal muscle homogenates or fecal suspensions failed to develop anti-HEV antibodies. These findings suggest that there is a potential risk of transmission of swine HEV via liver tissue from infected pigs in the early stages (3-20 DPI) of infection and the in vitro RT-PCR assay correlates well with the swine bioassay.
LAREDO: a new instrument for sampling and in situ incubation of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids

Abstract We describe a new hydrothermal vent sampler, LAREDO, designed to capture hot fluids and incubate them in situ at conditions characteristic of deep-sea hydrothermal vents for periods of hours to days. To accomplish this, LAREDO was engineered to operate at ambient pressures to 6000-m water depth (600 bar), in the flow of hot (to 420°C) acidic (to pH of 3) effluent with large particle loads and fast flow rates (>1 m s −1 ). Key features of the LAREDO sampler include the novel application (in this environment) of a torsion bar to generate the energy required to seal the sample chambers, independent and continuous temperature records in two of the three sample chambers, and remote (electronic) or manual (by submersible) modes of closure. Results of LAREDO's first operational field tests on smokers at 9°51′N×104°18′W along the East Pacific Rise indicated successful capture of vent fluid (up to 91% pure effluent by analysis of magnesium content) without leaks after tests of several different instrument configurations. High-resolution temperature records (a datum every 2 s for each thermocoupled chamber) indicated achievement of high temperatures (>150°C) in at least one chamber on all dives. The field tests also pointed to simple modifications of LAREDO's design that will improve its ability to monitor the temperature of the captured fluids and to close autonomously on the seafloor. With these improvements and its demonstrated capacity for in situ capture and incubation, LAREDO represents a useful new tool to expand upon biological and geochemical research in the harsh smoker environment.
Response: mechanisms of targeting CD47-SIRPα in hematologic malignancies

Zhao et al[1][1] raise several issues from our prior work[2][2],[3][3] characterizing the mechanism of targeting CD47 in human hematopoietic malignancies. We reported that a blocking anti-CD47 antibody can eliminate multiple human tumor types and that a major mechanism is through phagocytosis via
Frank Beach Award Winner: Steroids as neuromodulators of brain circuits and behavior.

Abstract Neurons communicate primarily via action potentials that transmit information on the timescale of milliseconds. Neurons also integrate information via alterations in gene transcription and protein translation that are sustained for hours to days after initiation. Positioned between these two signaling timescales are the minute-by-minute actions of neuromodulators. Over the course of minutes, the classical neuromodulators (such as serotonin, dopamine, octopamine, and norepinephrine) can alter and/or stabilize neural circuit patterning as well as behavioral states. Neuromodulators allow many flexible outputs from neural circuits and can encode information content into the firing state of neural networks. The idea that steroid molecules can operate as genuine behavioral neuromodulators – synthesized by and acting within brain circuits on a minute-by-minute timescale – has gained traction in recent years. Evidence for brain steroid synthesis at synaptic terminals has converged with evidence for the rapid actions of brain-derived steroids on neural circuits and behavior. The general principle emerging from this work is that the production of steroid hormones within brain circuits can alter their functional connectivity and shift sensory representations by enhancing their information coding. Steroids produced in the brain can therefore change the information content of neuronal networks to rapidly modulate sensory experience and sensorimotor functions.
A model of academic enablers and mathematics achievement in the elementary grades

The purpose of this study was to test a model of the relations between specific academic enablers (motivation, interpersonal skills, engagement, and study skills) and mathematics achievement. Using teacher judgments of academic enablers and achievement, we examined the fit of this model for primary (Grades K-2) and intermediate (Grades 3–6) samples of elementary students. The results of structural equation modeling analyses indicated that prior achievement and interpersonal skills predict motivation, which then predicts study skills and engagement. These latter skills, in turn, are positively associated with academic achievement. Differences in magnitude of specific model pathways, however, were noted between the primary and intermediate samples. Implications of the findings and directions for future research regarding models of academic enablers are discussed.
Home Range and Movements of the Green Frog, Rana Clamitans

The significance of "home range" as a biological concept in the life histories of animals was greatly clarified by Burt (1943) who pointed out that the home range is the area over which an animal normally travels in search of food. Breder et al. (1927) showed that green frogs had favorite spots near which they stayed and to which they returned when taken away. They demonstrated homing ability of green frogs by tagging and moving them from place to place, the maximum distance in their experiments being about 110 meters. My observations are in agreement with the results of their experiments, but because no artificial conditions were created by displacement of animals, some information about the causative factors involved in movements and the nature of the home range was obtained. It is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness to Frederick H. Test for directing this study, to James A. Gregory for permission to use the study area, to Eugene P. Odom and Edward J. Kuenzler for critical reading of the manuscript.
The effect of melodic and temporal contour on recognition memory for pitch change.

This study was designed to explore the kinds of temporal patterning that foster pitch-difference discrimination. Musicians and nonmusicians rated the similarity of pairs of 9-note melodies that could differ in the pitch chroma of a single note at any of five serial positions. In a complete factorial design, there were 84 standard melodies (4 pitch patterns × 21 rhythms), each of which was paired with 10 octave-raised comparisons; 5 comparisons were identical to the standard in chroma and 5 had a single changed chroma. A literature review suggested that temporal accent occurs for tones initiating a lengthened temporal interval and for tones initiating a group of three or more intervals; pitch-level accent is a product of pitch skips on the order of 4 semitones or of the change of direction of the pitch contour. In this study there were three classes of temporal patterns.Rhythmically, consonant patterns had temporal accenting that was always metrically in phase with pitch-level accenting and promoted the best performance.Rhythmically out-of-phase consonant patterns had temporal accenting and pitch-level accenting that occurred regularly at the same metrical rate, but the two were never in phase. Rhythmically dissonant patterns had temporal accenting and pitch-level accenting at different metrical rates. Patterns in the latter two classes sound syncopated, and they generally resulted in poorer pitch-discrimination performance. Musicians performed better than non musicians on all patterns; however, an account of performance in terms of “rhythmic noncousonance” generated by the above three categories predicted 63% and 42% of the variance in musicians’ and nonmusicians’ performance, respectively. Performance at all serial positions was generally best for tones initiating long sound-filled intervals and was also better at a particular serial position when pitch-level accenting took the form of a pitch contour inflection instead of a unidirectional pitch skip. There was some evidence that rhythmic consonance early in a pattern improved muicians’ performance at a later serial position.
Clinical impact of HIV-1 subtype: are there important differences?

The enormous genetic diversity of HIV-1 is a major challenge to vaccine development and may have important clinical consequences. HIV-1 group M predominates globally, with nine subtypes, several sub-subtypes and over 30 circulating recombinant forms that may exhibit differences with respect to transmissibility, pathogenicity and development of antiretroviral resistance. Subtype D appears to be more virulent than other subtypes, in particular subtype A. Subtype C may be less virulent and more transmissible, although the evidence for this is inconclusive. All group M non-B subtypes appear to be equally susceptible to combination antiretroviral therapy, but development of resistance mutations may vary significantly between subtypes. Further research into the clinical implications of HIV-1 diversity is crucial for effective HIV-1 prevention and treatment.
Measuring the value of succession planning and management: A qualitative study of multinational companies

This article proposes a model for planning and operating an effective succession planning and management (SP&M) program and measuring its value. The nature of the research is exploratory, following a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews. Representatives of multinational companies interviewed for this study revealed that succession planning was considered a key corporate strategy to achieve various objectives. Although the level of sophistication of succession planning varies, implementation of a succession planning program follows four phases: initiation, assessment, development, and evaluation. SP&M programs were measured in process or based on outcomes. The study suggests possibilities for several models and approaches, including applying a balanced scorecard approach to evaluating succession planning.
Normative data on joint ranges of motion of 25- to 54-year-old males

The purpose of this study was to determine age-related changes of joint range of motion (ROM). Twenty-three joint ROM measurements based on descriptions given in the handbook of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (1965) were performed bilaterally (where appropriate) on fifty-five Caucasian males. The group was divided into three age subgroups. The subgroups consisted of twenty-five to thirty-four years, thirty-five to forty-four years, and forty-five years to fifty-years old males. Motion was measured to the nearest one degree. Measurements were repeated until two readings within 4 degrees were obtained. Results indicated a decrease in joint ROM with age, with decreases from 4% to 30%. Right versus left side ROM were different for the wrist and glenohumeral joints. This implies that the aging population with reduced ROM may be at a higher risk of injury for manual material handling and cumulative trauma disorders.
DOES OUTCOME OF THE PREVIOUS PREGNANCY AFFECT LENGTH OF INTERVAL TO THE SUBSEQUENT PREGNANCY? † 1600

Short interpregnancy intervals are associated with higher risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low (<2.5 kg) and very low (<1.5 kg) birth weight. We hypothesized that outcome of the previous pregnancy might affect length of the interval to the next pregnancy and delivery (INTERVAL) such that if the outcome of previous pregnancy is a live birth, INTERVAL may be longer than if the outcome of last pregnancy were an abortion or stillbirth. We used the National Center for Health Statistics 1988 Linked Infant Birth and Death data for African American and White mothers with a previous pregnancy(N=1,931,592) to investigate this hypothesis. INTERVAL was reported as an ordinal categorical variable: 1-11, 12-17, 18-23, 24-35, 36-47, 48-59 and 60+ months. Among White mothers, there was no significant association between the outcome of previous pregnancy and INTERVAL [Mean Score Statistic(Mantel-Haenszel) chi-square, p=0.244]. On the other hand, among African American mothers, there was a significant association between the outcome of previous pregnancy and INTERVAL (p=0.015). Compared with African American mothers whose previous pregnancy terminated in a live birth, African American mothers whose previous pregnancy terminated in an outcome other than a live birth had a 50% increase in the risk for having a short (<18 months) INTERVAL (Relative Risk: 1.53, 95% C.I., 1.08-2.17).Table
WE‐C‐AUD B‐05: Predicting Radiation‐Induced Cardiac Perfusion Defects Using a Fusion Model

Purpose: To predict radiation‐induced cardiac perfusion defects using a fusion model that combines the results of four separate models: feed‐forward neural networks (NNET), self‐organizing maps (SOM), support vector machines (SVM), and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS).Method and Materials: The database comprised 111 patients with left‐sided breast treated with radiotherapy (56 diagnosed with cardiac perfusion defects post‐radiotherapy). The four independent models (NNET, SOM, SVM, and MARS) were constructed using a small number of independently selected features. The four models were then fused to a final model by averaging their patient predictions. Patient predictions were generated by testing the models using ten‐fold cross‐validation, wherein 1/10th of the data were tested, in turn, using models built with the remaining 9/10th of the data. To account for the variance in patient predictions caused by the effect of data splitting, 10‐fold cross validation was repeated 100 times with random data splitting. Results: For the fused model, the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve for cross‐validated testing was 0.890±0.012 (sensitivity = 80.6±1.7%, specificity = 80.2±1.7%). It was superior to the individual models (NNET: ROC = 0.764±0.015, sensitivity = 72.9±1.5%, specificity = 72.4±1.6%; SOM: ROC = 0.769±0.013, sensitivity = 73.0±1.4%, specificity = 72.2±1.5%; SVM: ROC = 0.900±0.048, sensitivity = 87.3±6.2%, specificity = 86.0±6.1%; MARS: ROC = 0.802±0.009, sensitivity = 76.1±1.1%, specificity = 75.6±1.1%) either in regard to higher predictive capability or lower variance. The fused model identified the following features as most important in predicting radiation‐induced perfusion defects: generalized equivalent uniform dose (EUD) with exponent a = 0.7, 1.0, and 3.6, and hypertension. Other features such as V46, V47, obesity, pack years, and chemotherapy played a less important role. Conclusion: The fused model provides promise for prospectively predicting radiation‐induced cardiac perfusion defects with high accuracy and confidence (low variance).
Standing-Wave-Induced Backward Photon Echoes in Gases

Recent interest in phase conjugation has made the process of degenerate-four-wave-mixing (D4WM) quite familiar.1 In standard D4WM experiments, a standing-and travelling-wave pulse are simultaneously applied to a sample and lead to the generation of a new travelling-wave pulse. The generated pulse propagates backward with respect to, and under appropriate conditions is the phase-conjugate of the applied travelling-wave pulse. An interesting variation of this process has been suggested by Shiren.2 He predicted that the fourth wave would be produced in inhomogeneously broadened solid-state absorbers even if the standing-wave was applied after the input travelling-wave. If the travelling-and standing-waves are displaced by the time τ, Shiren predicted that the phase-conjugate fourth wave would appear a time τ after the standing-wave. The effect predicted by Shiren displays characteristics of both D4WM and photon echoes thereby revealing the essential similarities of those effects. The echoes predicted by Shiren occur only in solids and were only recently observed.3 A three-excitation-pulse echo process also predicted by Shiren to produce phase-conjugate output has been observed in gases.4
Mammographic–Pathologic Correlation in Core Biopsies of the Breast

New advances in breast imaging have changed the way we manage breast cancer. Core biopsies (ultrasound and/or stereotactic guided) provide an easy, cost effective method of diagnosing breast cancer. They are often the primary means of rendering an initial diagnosis. The increasing numbers of core biopsies being seen by the routine pathology practice along with the inherently smaller amount of tissue available presents challenges to pathologic interpretation. By correlating the radiologic picture with the histologic diagnosis, these obstacles can be mastered furnishing a more accurate and specific diagnosis and in the end improving patient care.
Pulsed doppler fetal echocardiography

Pulsed Doppler echocardiography (PDE) has proven value in the examination of the infant or child with known or suspected congenital heart disease. In order to assess how PDE might be useful in the evaluation of the infant in utero, we reviewed our experience with this technique used in combination with both cross-sectional and M-mode echocardiography. Where previous examinations had suggested some abnormality or where there was a risk factor for congenital heart disease, we performed PDE examinations on the cardiovascular system of 36 infants in utero ranging in gestational age from 20-39 weeks (mean 32 weeks). PDE of the fetal heart was found to be valuable in three areas: (1) quantitation of hemodynamics, (2) characterization of cardiac rhythm, and (3) identification of certain congenital cardiovascular structural anomalies.
The role of boundary conditions in modeling the elastic fields around a misfitting precipitate

Calculation of the elastic fields about a misfitting precipitate (inclusion) in an infinite matrix requires that the boundary conditions (BC's) at the precipitate-matrix interphase interface first be established. These calculations are important not only as a problem in micromechanics but also in areas of more immediate metallurgical concern, such as growth kinetics, morphological stability, and stress relaxation of precipitates formed during diffusional phase transformations. In mechanics, BC's are important in modeling debonding of interfaces, frictional stress of a shaft in a bearing, creep and anelasticity of polycrystals, t~-41 It is the intent of this communication to consider how the physical conditions that are observed at interphase interfaces can be related to the mathematical BC's that must be used in the calculations of elastic fields. The problem of reconciling these approaches is a part of the more general problem of reconciling an atomistic view of phase transformations with a continuum description of these processes. Transmission electron microscopy of interphase interfaces shows that different growth rates, [5,61 stress states, etc. can obtain at each face of the overall interface, so metallurgists would prefer a face-by-face description of the interface. In contrast, those who approach the problem from the continuum standpoint are more likely to utilize an overall description of the interphase interface, so that one BC applies over the entire interface. For example, Eshelby, tTl in his work on the elastic fields about misfitting inclusions, describes the interface as being entirely coherent so that there is a pointwise matching of the two phases along the entire interphase interface. We first consider some specific continuum BC's. We then consider the atomic descriptions of these interfaces and discuss which continuum descriptions might best model the various atomic ones. Finally, we present a short calculation that shows how the different continuum descriptions of an interface can lead to different physical results. The BC's that are used in continuum theories can be specified as follows. A coherent interface t71 is defined such that the tractions at the interface match, o'iin ) = M
Immunopathology of tissue markers in prostate cancer

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) are markers for tumors of prostatic origin. The immunoperoxidase staining for these substances is described for both benign prostates and prostatic carcinomas, including several less frequent subtypes. A list is presented of several non prostatic tissues, which can occassionally cross-react with antibodies to PAP and PSA. PSA is found to be the antigen of choice with PAP a valuable adjunct in differential diagnosis of difficult bladder neck lesions and of metastatic tumors. The usefulness of these markers in diagnosis of fine needle aspiration cytology is also examined.
Increasing compliance to a medical regimen with a juvenile diabetic

Using a multiple baseline design, the effects of written instructions (“memo”) and a point system were examined with a female juvenile diabetic. Three behaviors, compliance to foot care, dieting, and urine testing, were selected from the subject's prescribed medical regimen. Compliance increased to nearly 100% and remained consistent when the point system was introduced after baseline. Compliance to diet was also sporadic during baseline, but was increased and maintained at a consistently high level during the memo condition. Medical regimens can be improved with juveniles by using simple contingency management procedures.
Equilibrium points in n-person games

One may define a concept of an n -person game in which each player has a finite set of pure strategies and in which a definite set of payments to the n players corresponds to each n -tuple of pure strategies, one strategy being taken for each player. For mixed strategies, which are probability distributions over the pure strategies, the pay-off functions are the expectations of the players, thus becoming polylinear forms …
Stream power terminology

A standardized nomenclature is presented that clarifies the differences among measures of stream power. It is advocated that the term stream power be used in a conceptual context only. The recommended terminology for the various measures of this general concept is total stream power for the power of an entire reach or stream, crosssectional stream power for power per unit length, mean stream power for power per unit wetted area. and unit stream power for power per unit weight of water.
Hypertensive effect of yohimbine following selective injection into the nucleus tractus solitarii of normotensive rats

Abstract We administered yohimbine (0.5 nmol in 0.2 μl) directly into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of urethane-anesthetized normotensive male rats. We noted a prompt rise in blood pressure which lasted 30 min. These data suggest that the NTS is a central site in which the hypertensive effects of yohimbine can originate.
Plasmon coupling in binary metal core-satellite assemblies

Controlled plasmon coupling is observed in nanoparticle assemblies composed of 20 nm silver ‘satellite’ nanoparticles tethered by reconfigurable duplex DNA linkers to a 50 nm gold ‘core’ particle. The assemblies incorporate silver nanoparticle–oligonucleotide conjugates prepared using a new conjugation method in which the recognition strand is anchored by a 10 base pair, double strand spacer that presents adjacent 3’- and 5’-thiols to the silver surface. Reconfiguration of the DNA linkers from a compact to an extended state results in decreased core–satellite coupling and a blue-shift in the gold core plasmon resonance. The structural basis for the observed resonance modulation is investigated through simulation of the scattering spectra of binary assemblies with various core–satellite separations. Additional simulations of core–satellite assemblies composed of gold satellite particles bound to silver cores and of assemblies composed entirely of silver particles are used to clarify the dependence of the coupling response on the composition of the components and their distribution within the assembly.
Production of hot nitrogen atoms in the martian thermosphere

Abstract The energy and altitude distributions for nitrogen atoms produced from photodissociation of N2 and dissociative recombination of N+2 have been computed for the low and high solar activity martian thermospheres. We find that the fraction of nitrogen atoms with E > E esc at the exobase is ∼ 2.5 % for photodissociation as compared to ∼ 22.6 % for dissociative recombination. However, the peak magnitudes of the production rate profiles for dissociative recombination are a factor of ∼1000 and ∼200 times smaller than those of photodissociation at low and high solar activities, respectively. Thus, our findings suggest that photodissociation of N2 is the dominant escape mechanism for atomic nitrogen for both the low and high solar activity martian thermospheres. The general consensus in the field prior to these research results was that dissociative recombination of N+2 was the main escape mechanism. We find that it is the dissociation of N2 along repulsive states that results in the production of very energetic nitrogen atoms.
Synthesis of 2‐oxo and 2‐thioxo‐3(2H)‐benzothiazoleethanimic acid anhydride with acetic acid and related products

The reaction of the appropriate 2-benzothiazolinone with 2-chloroacetamide under basic conditions afforded the 2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazolineacetamides 6–9. The 2-thioxo-3(2H)-benzothiazolineacetamide (10) was prepared by the reaction of 3-(carbethoxymethyl)benzothiazoline-2-thione with ammonium hydroxide. The reaction of acetamides 6–10 with the appropriate anhydride containing a catalytic amount of the sodium salt of the acid corresponding to the anhydride afforded the titled compounds 11–18 in excellent yields. The omission of the catalyst in the same reaction furnished a mixture containing 57% of the titled compound, 37% of the nitrile and 6% of an unknown. Possible mechanism and supporting nmr, ir and mass spectral data are discussed.
Design of Science Orbits About Planetary Satellites: Application to Europa

Low-altitude, near-polar orbits are very desirable as science orbits for missions to planetary satellites, such as Jupiter’s moon Europa. However, previous research has shown that a spacecraft in such a low-altitude, near-polar orbit about Europa will impact relatively quickly. To remedy this we study the underlying dynamics governing motion in the vicinity of Europa using a model that includes the tidal force from Jupiter and the J2, C22, and J3 gravity coefficients of Europa. Averaging is applied twice to reduce the original 3-degree-of-freedom system to an integrable 1-degree-of-freedom system. By studying this simplified 1-degree-of-freedom systemwe can identify paths that yield long lifetime trajectories. In order for a spacecraft in the original 3-degree-of-freedom system to follow one of these paths, initial conditionsmust be computed such that the trajectory in the 3-degree-of-freedom system follows the trajectory in the 1-degree-of-freedom system on average. To ensure this we develop a technique that allows us to systematically compute the necessary initial conditions in the 3-degree-of-freedom system to maximize the orbit lifetime. The resulting orbits have lifetimes on the order of 150 days, compared with lifetimes on the order of 40 days for randomly chosen initial conditions.
Neurospora WC-1 recruits SWI/SNF to remodel frequency and initiate a circadian cycle.

In the negative feedback loop comprising the Neurospora circadian oscillator, the White Collar Complex (WCC) formed from White Collar-1 (WC-1) and White Collar-2 (WC-2) drives transcription of the circadian pacemaker gene frequency (frq). Although FRQ-dependent repression of WCC has been extensively studied, the mechanism by which the WCC initiates a circadian cycle remains elusive. Structure/function analysis of WC-1 eliminated domains previously thought to transactivate frq expression but instead identified amino acids 100–200 as essential for frq circadian expression. A proteomics-based search for coactivators with WCC uncovered the SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable) complex: SWI/SNF interacts with WCC in vivo and in vitro, binds to the Clock box in the frq promoter, and is required both for circadian remodeling of nucleosomes at frq and for rhythmic frq expression; interestingly, SWI/SNF is not required for light-induced frq expression. These data suggest a model in which WC-1 recruits SWI/SNF to remodel and loop chromatin at frq, thereby activating frq expression to initiate the circadian cycle.
Lemons and certified pre-owned cars in the used car market

I use a modified version of Bond (1982) lemon model to test the quality of certified pre-owned (CPO) and noncertified pre-owned (nonCPO) cars. I use a Tobit model to deal with the censoring problem in the data and apply sensitivity analysis to check the robustness of the coefficients. The data is collected from ‘The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)’ from the University of Michigan for this study. The results show that nonCPO cars required more maintenance expenditures than CPO cars of a similar age, which means that the CPO cars are of better quality. The study also implies that the institutions of leasing and certification have substantially improved, which in turn, have contributed to reducing adverse selection and improved the average quality of traded cars in the used car market.
Examining Editor-Author Ethics: Real-World Scenarios from Interviews with Three Journal Editors

Those who submit manuscripts to academic journals may benefit from a better understanding of how editors weigh ethics in their interactions with authors. In an attempt to ascertain and to understand editors' ethics, we interviewed 3 current academic journal editors of technical and/or business communication journals. We asked them about the ethical dilemmas they encountered while working with authors, whether the editors formally or informally followed a “code of ethics,” and if they felt obligated to maintain any ethical codes in particular. In this article, we discuss the ethical dimensions of editorial practices using specific ethical scenarios provided by these three editors. We then analyze these scenarios using traditional ethical models in our field but also in terms of a less-known but powerful model of ethical analysis originally proposed by the philosopher C. S. Peirce. We argue that Peirce's “community of inquiry” ethics model best describes these journal editors' ethics when working with authors.
A Scalable Optical Interconnection Network for Fine-Grain Parallel Architectures

This paper introduces a scalable inter connection network based on integrated optical devices developed at Georgia Tech. It incorporates arrays of optical transmitters and detectors placed on top of sil icon chips which are then arranged on a silicon sub strate. Staggering these substrates to overlap chips in different planes forms an offset cube topology. This paper examines this novel optoelectric communication network. It explains the physical network architecture and the offset cube topology, and summarizes its per formance. Combining this optoelectronic communica tion network with new fine-grain machine architectures (multi-node per chip) can lead to extremely dense, high performance parallel systems
The interplay of functional tuning, drug resistance, and thermodynamic stability in the evolution of the M2 proton channel from the influenza A virus.

Summary We explore the interplay between amino acid sequence, thermodynamic stability, and functional fitness in the M2 proton channel of influenza A virus. Electrophysiological measurements show that drug-resistant mutations have minimal effects on M2's specific activity, and suggest that resistance is achieved by altering a binding site within the pore rather than a less direct allosteric mechanism. In parallel, we measure the effects of these mutations on the free energy of assembling the homotetrameric transmembrane pore from monomeric helices in micelles and bilayers. Although there is no simple correlation between the evolutionary fitness of the mutants and their stability, all variants formed more stable tetramers in bilayers, and the least-fit mutants showed the smallest increase in stability upon moving from a micelle to a bilayer environment. We speculate that the folding landscape of a micelle is rougher than that of a bilayer, and more accommodating of conformational variations in nonoptimized mutants.