cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptation on rugged landscapes

A simple model is developed to explore the interrelationship between processes of organizational level change and population selection forces. A critical property of the model is that the effect on organizational fitness of the various attributes that constitute an organization's form is interactive. As a result of these interaction effects, the fitness landscape is "rugged." An organization's form at founding has a persistent effect on its future form when there are multiple peaks in the fitness landscape, since the particular peak that an organization discovers is influenced by its starting position in the space of alternative organizational forms. Selection pressures influence the distribution of the organizational forms that emerge from the process of local adaptation. The ability of established organizations to respond to changing environments is importantly conditioned by the extent to which elements of organizational form interact in their effect on organizational fitness. Tightly coupled organizations are subject to high rates of failure in changing environments. Furthermore, successful "reorientations" are strongly associated with survival for tightly coupled organizations, but not for more loosely coupled organizations that are able to engage in effective local adaptation.
Faux-boolean algebras and classical models

A certain substructure of the lattice of projections on a Hilbert space is defined, and it is shown under what conditions such a structure can be said to have a “classical model” (in a sense made precise). The results have implications for the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Slow light, open-cavity formation, and large longitudinal electric field on a slab waveguide made of indefinite permittivity metamaterials

The optical properties of slab waveguides made of indefinite permittivity ($\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$) materials (IEMs) are considered. In this medium, the real part of the transverse permittivity is negative while that of the longitudinal permittivity is positive. At any given frequency, the IEM waveguide supports an infinite number of transverse magnetic (TM) eigenmodes. For a slab waveguide with a fixed thickness, at most only one TM mode is forward wave. The remainder are backward waves which can have a very large phase index. At a critical thickness, the waveguide supports degenerate forward- and backward-wave modes with zero group velocity if loss is absent. Above the critical thickness, the waveguide supports complex-conjugate decay modes instead of propagating modes. The presence of loss in IEMs will lift the TM mode degeneracy, resulting in modes with finite group velocity. A feasible realization is proposed. The performance of the IEM waveguide is analyzed and possible applications are discussed, which are supported by numerical calculations. These slab waveguides can be used to make optical delay lines in optical buffers to slow down and trap light, to form open cavities, to generate strong longitudinal electric fields, and as phase shifters in optical integrated circuits. Although the presence of loss will hinder these applications, gain can be introduced to compensate the loss and enhance the performance.
Personality Characteristics of Women of Distinction

Eight hundred and sixty-three women psychologists, scientists, artists and writers, and politicians were compared on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire through a multiple discriminant analysis. The four groups were set apart by personality characteristics adaptive to their professional role expectations. Politicians were more sociable, conscientious, self-controlled, and group-dependent; artists and writers were more affected by their feelings, spontaneous and natural, and inclined to follow their own urges; scientists were the more reserved, serious, and tough-minded; and psychologists were more flexible, liberal, and accepting. When contrasted with women in the general population, the four groups of career women were all found to be brighter, more assertive, more adventurous, and less conservative.
The effect of bulk concentration gradient on fluid-solid reaction rate

Abstract Considerable attention has been paid to the development of mathematical models to describe fluid–solid reaction systems as they play a significant role in many chemical, metallurgical, and other engineering areas. The present work is aimed at examining one of the assumptions generally made in the mathematical modeling of fluid–solid reaction systems; namely, that the bulk concentration of the fluid reactant is uniform around the solid surface. This is a reasonable assumption under well-mixed conditions of the fluid phase. However, under certain conditions, concentration gradients in the axial direction in the fluid near the surface may be present; a packed bed is an example of such a case. It is of interest to investigate how large the concentration gradient should be before the assumption of a uniform bulk concentration around a pellet to cause a significant error. The effect of a fluid concentration gradient has been studied for a catalytic reaction on the external surface of a nonporous sphere. Petersen et al. (1964) found that external concentration gradients do not significantly affect the overall reaction rate except for the case of a second-order reaction when the reactant concentration drops from its maximum value to zero over the distance of a particle diameter, which is a rather unlikely situation in practice. Similar results were obtained by Acrivos and Chambre (1957), who recommended the use of this approximation with caution when a series of consecutive reactions takes place. In many fluid–solid reactions, the reaction progresses towards the interior of the pellet as the solid reactant near the external surface is consumed, leaving behind either a porous solid product or inert solid matrix. Although it is generally believed that a bulk concentration gradient does not significantly affect the behavior of most noncatalytic fluid–solid reactions of industrial relevance, no formal verification of this statement has yet been provided in the literature. In this work, the validity of this hypothesis is tested for a simple fluid–solid reaction configuration.
Kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction by carbonate green rust.

The kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III) by carbonate green rust were studied for a range of reactant concentrations and pH values. Carbonate green rust, [FeII4FeIII2(OH)12][4H2O·CO3], was synthesized by induced hydrolysis (i.e., coprecipitation) of an Fe(II)/Fe(III) solution held at a constant pH of 8. An average specific surface area of 47 ± 7 m2 g-1 was measured for five separate batches of freeze-dried green rust precipitate. Heterogeneous reduction by Fe(II) associated with the carbonate green rust appears to be the dominant pathway controlling Cr(VI) loss from solution. The apparent stoichiometry of the reaction between ferrous iron associated with green rust ([Fe(II)GR]) and Cr(VI) was slightly higher than the expected 3:1 ratio, possibly due to the presence of other oxidants, such as oxygen, protons, or interlayer carbonate ions. The rate of Cr(VI) reduction was proportional to the green rust surface area concentration, and psuedo-first-order rate coefficients (kobs) ranging from 1.2 × 10-3 to ...
A Qualitative and Quantitative Review of Obstetric Complications and Autistic Disorder

To investigate the possible association of obstetric complications and autistic disorder, we performed a review of case-control studies of any obstetric complication in autistic disorder. If the odds ratio = {(Number of cases with autistic disorder with any obstetric complication)/(Number of cases with autistic disorder without any obstetric complication)}/{(Number of controls without autistic disorder with any obstetric complication)/(Number of controls without autistic disorder without any obstetric complication)} 1, then there are more complications in cases. Most publications do not provide the raw data to calculate the odds ratio. Many calculated odds ratios support the hypothesis that cases with autism have more obstetric complications. Further investigation is warranted to clarify the relationships between obstetric complications and autism and related conditions in the general population worldwide.
Theoretical formulation of principal components analysis to detect and correct for population stratification.

The Eigenstrat method, based on principal components analysis (PCA), is commonly used both to quantify population relationships in population genetics and to correct for population stratification in genome-wide association studies. However, it can be difficult to make appropriate inference about population relationships from the principal component (PC) scatter plot. Here, to better understand the working mechanism of the Eigenstrat method, we consider its theoretical or “population” formulation. The eigen-equation for samples from an arbitrary number () of populations is reduced to that of a matrix of dimension , the elements of which are determined by the variance-covariance matrix for the random vector of the allele frequencies. Solving the reduced eigen-equation is numerically trivial and yields eigenvectors that are the axes of variation required for differentiating the populations. Using the reduced eigen-equation, we investigate the within-population fluctuations around the axes of variation on the PC scatter plot for simulated datasets. Specifically, we show that there exists an asymptotically stable pattern of the PC plot for large sample size. Our results provide theoretical guidance for interpreting the pattern of PC plot in terms of population relationships. For applications in genetic association tests, we demonstrate that, as a method of correcting for population stratification, regressing out the theoretical PCs corresponding to the axes of variation is equivalent to simply removing the population mean of allele counts and works as well as or better than the Eigenstrat method.
Antibody-Based Immunotherapeutic Agents for Treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Antibody-based immunotherapeutic agents have emerged as important treatment options for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Recent data suggest that use of these agents not only induces high response rates but also results in improved survival when combined with conventional chemotherapy in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. As a result, antibody-based immunotherapy has changed lymphoma therapy considerably and dramatically impacted the management of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Several unmodified and radiolabeled antibodies, as well as antibody-drug conjugates, have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Also, more promising antibodies that target other epitopes are being developed in preclinical and clinical studies. This review presents the latest information on antibody-based immunotherapeutic agents for treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in various clinical settings and discusses current clinical and laboratory guidelines for the use of antibodies for treatment of different subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. * IPIT : individualized therapy; NHL : non-Hodgkin lymphoma; DLBCL : diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; FL : follicular lymphoma; CLL : chronic lymphocytic leukemia; SLL : small lymphocytic leukemia; CHOP : cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone; MoAbs : monoclonal antibodies; ADCC : antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CDC : complement-dependent cytotoxicity; FDA : United States Food and Drug Administration; RIT : radioimmunotherapy; IL-2 : interleukin 2; OR : overall response; TTP : time to progression; CVP : cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone; MCP : mitoxantrone, chlorambucil, and prednisone; OS : overall survival; PFS : progression-free survival; R-CHOP : rituximab plus CHOP; NCCN : National Comprehensive Cancer Network; CR : complete response; ECOG : Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; CALGB : Cancer and Leukemia Group B; CNS : central nervous system; FR : rituxamine plus fludarabine; FCR : fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide; FC : fludarabine and cyclophosphamide; FCR : fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide plus rituximab; CMV : cytomegalovirus; PCR : polymerase chain reaction; MDS : myelodysplastic syndrome; AML : acute myeloid leukemia; tMDS/tAML : treatment-related MDS/AML; HL : Hodgkin lymphoma; ALCL : anaplastic large cell lymphoma; NIH : National Institutes of Health; UNC : University of North Carolina; MCP : mitoxantrone, chlorambucil, and prednisolone; NA : not available; NR : not reached; ProMACE : prednisone, methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide
Optical sensing data processing and management

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is in a unique position to question traditional sensing architectures and concepts while possessing both the charter and funding to explore and develop the technologies necessary to accomplish both existing and desired applications. This paper describes the re-thinking of the Optical Processing system when applied to non-imaging sensors.
Myotonia in a horse.

Congenital myotonia, similar to that which has been reported in humans and in goats, is here reported for the first time in another species. Evidence is given to show (i) that the myotonic phenomenon is present despite complete block of neuromuscular transmission; (ii) prior to injection of curare, synchronous activity of muscle fibers may result not only from ephaptic stimulation of neighboring fibers but also from reflex firing; and (iii) water deprivation does not relieve the myotonia.
Spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage from low-grade optic glioma: case report and review of the literature.

Optic pathway tumors constitute approximately 3–6% of pediatric brain tumors. The majority are low-grade gliomas. The natural history of these tumors is variable, although most have an indolent course. Most tumors present with visual loss, proptosis, or pituitary/hypothalamic dysfunction. The authors present a rare case of a teenager without neurofibromatosis who presented with a large, spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage from a WHO grade 1 pilocytic astrocytoma extending into the third ventricle from the optic chiasm. A review of the relevant literature is presented.
Cytologic evaluation of primary and secondary myelodysplastic syndromes in the dog.

Myelodysplastic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of acquired primary and secondary alterations of hematopoietic stem cells that result in cytopenias in blood and cytologic features of dysplasia in blood and/or bone marrow. To better understand the cytologic features that would permit differentiation of primary and secondary forms of myelodysplasia, we reviewed 267 consecutive bone marrow reports from dogs. These reports indicated that 34 dogs (12.7%) had dysgranulopoiesis, dyserythropoiesis, and/or dysthrombopoiesis in >10% of granulopoietic cells, erythroid cells, and/or megakaryocytes, respectively. Thirteen dogs had primary myelodysplastic syndromes, and 21 had secondary myelodysplastic syndromes. Of the 13 dogs with primary myelodysplasia, 4 were subclassified as myelodysplastic syndrome with refractory anemia (MDS-RA), and 9 were subclassified as myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts (MDS-EB). Secondary conditions associated with dysplasia in the bone marrow included malignant lymphoma (n = 5), myelofibrosis (n = 3), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (n = 4), immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (n = 5), multiple myeloma with melphalan administration (n = 1), pyometra with estrogen administration (n = 1), polycythemia vera (n = 1), and thrombopathia (n = 1). MDS-RA was characterized by 15% of erythroid cells. MSD-EB was characterized by >/=5% myeloblasts in bone marrow, high granulocyte maturation and erythroid maturation ratios, >/=32% dysplastic granulocytes, and the presence of small atypical immature myeloid cells. Secondary myelodysplastic syndromes were characterized by <5% myeloblasts in bone marrow, variable granulocyte maturation and erythroid maturation ratios, and variable dysplastic features. These results indicate that morphology alone cannot be used to distinguish primary and secondary myelodysplastic syndromes in dogs.
Successful use of an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor as adjunctive therapy in the management of refractory bile leak complicating laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Successful use of an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor as adjunctive therapy in the management of refractory bile leak complicating laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Concentrated Disadvantage and Youth-On-Youth Homicide Assessing the Structural Covariates Over Time

Between the mid-1980s and early 1990s, there was an unprecedented growth in youth homicides. Numerous studies note the importance of measures of concentrated disadvantage in the social production of adult homicide. However, few studies have examined the relationship between these social ecological factors and homicides in which youth are both the perpetrators and victims. This research examines the impact of structural indicators of concentrated disadvantage on city-level rates of youth-on-youth homicide. Results indicate that concentrated disadvantage is associated with youth-on-youth homicide rates in large U.S. cities over time. The rise in these structural indicators of disadvantage is also associated with the increase in youth-on-youth homicide rates in U.S. cities in the early 1990s. The theoretical significance of these findings for substantive theories of youth violence and their social policy ramifications are discussed.
Effect of time on measurement of hepatic glucose production

Basal hepatic glucose production (HGP) was determined in obese and nonobese normal subjects and patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) using [3-3H] glucose and the nonsteady state equations of Steele. When HGP was estimated at hourly intervals from 0800-1300 h, it became evident that calculated values for HGP fell for the first 2–4 h until a plateau was reached, and this decline was quite precipitous during the first 2 h in patients with NIDDM. Furthermore, when the same patient with NIDDM was studied on two occasions, similar values for HGP were not uniformly obtained unless measurements were made at least 4 h after [3-3H] glucose administration. Since it has been the convention to use the nonsteady state equations of Steele to calculate HGP in patients with NIDDM 2 h after [3-3H] glucose administration, it is almost certain that published values for HGP in patients with NIDDM are falsely high. Based upon the data presented, we suggest that HGP using [3-3H]glucose and the nonsteady ...
On-field management of potential cervical spine injury in helmeted football players: leave the helmet on!

OBJECTIVE: Improper handling of an unstable neck injury in the prehospital setting may result in potential iatrogenically induced neurologic injury. On-site management of the neck-injured, helmeted football player differs from that of other traumatic cervical spine injuries. Controversy still exists regarding helmet removal protocols for stabilizing the cervical spine of helmeted football players with a suspected neck injury. This article provides a critical review of the scientific evidence on cervical spine management in helmeted football players with a suspected cervical spine injury. DATA SOURCES: A computerized literature search of databases (MEDLINE, Sportdiscus) and a manual search of journals from the sports medicine, emergency medicine, orthopedic, and athletic training literature identified articles related to the topic. Additional references were reviewed from the bibliographies of the retrieved articles. STUDY SELECTION: Conclusions are based on five quasi-experimental study designs evaluating motorcycle, football, and hockey helmet removal. In addition, an attempt was made to correlate articles relating to airway and cervical spine management in general trauma to the helmeted athlete. MAIN RESULTS: Several studies support the recommendation not to remove the helmet or shoulder pads in the prehospital setting unless absolutely necessary. If necessary, both helmet and shoulder pads should be removed together as a unit. There are neither published studies in support of helmet removal nor any case reports of increased morbidity to athletes because of failure to remove the helmet in the prehospital setting. CONCLUSIONS: Although studies support the notion that iatrogenic neurologic deterioration may occur with improper handling and attempted removal of the helmet in the prehospital setting, there is no literature to support increased morbidity associated with not removing helmet and shoulder pads. Stabilization of the cervical spine in an injured football player does not require routine prehospital removal of the helmet and shoulder pads before transport. Language: en
On distribution by rank of bases for vector spaces of matrices over a finite field

Abstract Let F m × n q denote the vector space of all m × n matrices over the finite field F q of order q , and let B =(A 1 ,A 2 ,…,A mn ) denote an ordered basis for F m × n q . If the rank of A i is r i , i =1,2,…, mn , then B is said to have rank ( r 1 , r 2 ,…, r mn ), and the number of ordered bases of F m x n q with rank ( r 1 , r 2 ,…, r mn is denoted by N q ( r 1 , r 2 ,…, r mn ). This paper determines formulas for the numbers N q ( r 1 , r 2 ,…, r mn ) for the case m = n =2, q arbitrary, and while some of the techniques of the paper extend to arbitrary m and n , the general formulas for the numbers N q ( r 1 , r 2 ,…, r mn ) seem quite complicated and remain unknown. An idea on a possible computer attack which may be feasible for low values of m and n is also discussed.
Use of a percutaneous arterial suture device (Perclose) in patients undergoing percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty.

Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty has been used as a therapeutic option for patients with severe aortic stenosis who are not candidates for aortic valve replacement. This procedure has been limited by both the high rate of aortic valve restenosis and high procedural morbidity related chiefly to the large femoral arteriotomies required. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and vascular complication rate using the “Preclose” technique in patients undergoing balloon aortic valvuloplasty. We evaluated the immediate and 30-day results in 18 consecutive patients undergoing this procedure. Angiographically significant peripheral vascular disease was present in 39% of cases. Aortic balloon dilation produced significant decreases in the mean aortic valve pressure gradient from 55 ± 20 mmHg to 30 ± 22 mmHg (P < 0.001). Closure of the arteriotomy with an 8F (10F in 1 case) Perclose device led to immediate hemostasis in all patients. Perclose of the contralateral femoral arterial site with a 6F device was attempted in 50%, all of which were successful. The mean length of bed rest was 4.5 ± 0.9 hr. No procedural was observed. No patient had a local vascular complication, and no patient required blood product transfusion after the procedure. The use of the “Preclose” technique for closure of femoral arteriotomies after balloon aortic valvuloplasty is feasible and associated with a low rate of periprocedural and short-term vascular complications. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:445–447. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ge(Li) Low Level In-Situ Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Applications

Currently we are employing a Ge(Li) spectrometer for in-situ measurements of radionuclides contained in soil. This is being done at nuclear reactor sites and in complex radionuclide fields at the Nevada Test Site. The methodology and precision of the in-situ spectrometric technique has previously been established for analysis of radionuclides in soil. Application of the technique to gaseous and liquid effluents containing radionuclides has shown a great deal of promise.
Histology of the extraembryonic membranes of an oviparous snake: towards a reconstruction of basal squamate patterns.

An understanding of the evolutionary morphology of extraembryonic membranes in reptiles requires information about oviparous as well as viviparous species. We are studying histology and ultrastructure of the extraembryonic membranes of snakes to clarify the evolutionary history of reptilian fetal membranes, including determination of basal (ancestral) ophidian and squamate patterns. Microscopic anatomy of the membranes of oviparous corn snakes (Elaphe guttata) was examined using light and electron microscopy. At mid-development the inner surface of the eggshell is lined by two extraembryonic membranes, the chorioallantois and the omphalallantoic membrane. The chorioallantois consists of a bilayered cuboidal epithelium that overlies the allantoic blood vessels. During development, allantoic capillaries become more abundant, and the chorionic epithelium thins, decreasing the diffusion distance for respiratory gas exchange. The abembryonic pole of the egg is delimited by a bilaminar omphalopleure and isolated yolk mass, the latter of which is lined on its inner face by the allantois. The isolated yolk mass regresses developmentally, and patches of yolk droplets become isolated and surrounded by allantoic blood vessels. By late development, the abembryonic hemisphere has been fully vascularized by allantoic vessels, forming a "secondary chorioallantois." With regard to its extraembryonic membranes, Elaphe gutatta is similar to viviparous snakes. However, this species exhibits features that have not previously been reported among squamates, perhaps reflecting its oviparous reproductive habits. Morphological evidence for the uptake of eggshell material by epithelia of the chorion and omphalopleure suggests that the potential for absorption by extraembryonic membranes predates the origin of viviparity.
Simultaneous Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Human Blood Serum by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

Abstract Simultaneous determination of calcium and magnesium content in human blood serum has been reported as a routine clinical laboratory method, which is rapid, simple, and requires 50 δ of serum for complete analysis with triplicate runs. This is accomplished using a Model 1250 Varian Techtron Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with the stoichiometric nitrous oxide-acetylene flame of 0.2 cm red-cone height. Calcium and magnesium standards and also the serum specimens are prepared in aqueous medium containing 2000 ppm potassium chloride. Serum specimens are ultimately diluted to 1:100 fold. About 40–50 samples can be analyzed per hour of instrument operation, if standard solutions and diluted serum specimens are readily available.
Education, Psychiatric Sophistication, and the Rejection of Mentally Ill Help‐Seekers

AN EARLIER paper 1 presented findings which indicated that mentally ill persons described as exhibiting identical behavior were increasingly rejected when they were described as utilizing no help, utilizing a clergyman, a physician, a psychiatrist, or a mental hospital. Controls for age, religion, education, and social class position failed to diminish the relationship between help-source 2 and rejection, but controls for experience with an emotionally disturbed help-seeker and for adherence to the norm of self-reliance tended to specify it. The previous paper was concerned with the stability of the relationship between help-source and rejection within each of the control groups, and not, for the most part, with differences among groups.3 In this paper, the main focus is on a comparison of the effects of educational attainment on the relation between help-source and rejection. A further focus is on the influence of (a) experience with mentally ill help-seekers, and (b) attitude toward the norm of self-reliance, two variables that serve to interpret the relationship between education and rejection.
The Effect of Light on Activated Flavor Development and on the Constituents of Milk and its Products: A Review

Summary Light from either natural or artificial sources causes chemical change (s) in a minor whey protein constituent of milk. These changes give rise to the development of an off-flavor commonly described as the activated flavor.Homogenized milk is more susceptible to this defect than is unhomogenized milk. It is believed that the increased area of protein surface adsorbed on the fat globules accounts for this greater susceptibility.The activated flavor may be detected in milk in clear glass bottles after exposure to sunlight for as little as 10 minutes. Prolonged exposure (1 to 2 hours) tends to decrease the intensity of the flavor. This phenomenon apparently is due to the further oxidation of the flavor compounds to flavorless components.The development of activated flavor may be retarded by the exclusion of air from milk. The flavor may be prevented by the addition of combinations of synergists and antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid and nordihydroguaiaretic acid.Containers made of ruby or amber glass or paper offer actinic protection to milk.There is no correlation between heat treatment, salt balance, breed, fat content,or stage of lactation and the susceptibility of milk to activated flavor development. The flavor develops more readily in milk produced by cows on dry feed than in that of cows on green feed. Milk from some cows seems to be more susceptible to activated flavor development than is the milk from other cows.Irradiation of milk to produce 135 to 400 U.S.P. units of vitamin D per quart does not cause appreciable loss of photosensitive vitamins. Prolonged exposure to natural or artificial light, however, may cause destruction of carotene, vitamins A and D, as well as thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, and tocopherol in milk and its products.
Crimes against water: non-enforcement of state water pollution laws

In the United States water pollution is a serious problem criminalized not only by the federal government, but by all states. These laws vary greatly in content, but are widely disobeyed and universally under-enforced. Statutes, case law, histories and journalism show “law in action” typologies of non-enforcement efficacious for analysis including: (1) jurisdiction issues like federal pre-emption, inter-state compacts, and constitutional limitations; (2) legislative issues such as failure to legislate, or legislating ineffectively; (3) agency issues, including administrative obstacles, delegation, power vacuums, procedure, and “agency capture”; (4) policing issues like apathy, under-funding/training, jurisdictional confusion, and “following the path of least resistance”; (5) prosecutorial issues, including isolation, intimidation, and ideological priority bias; (6) trial and appellate court issues, including unclear culpability, erroneous holdings, bias, and lack of judicial independence; and (7) citizen, victim, and defendant issues, including legal intellectual influence, environmentalist criminalization apathy, industry lobbying, environmental justice, reporting failures, self-policing, ethics and flight. The conclusion is non-enforcement in this area of criminal law shows that while federally there may exist a relatively consistent, content neutral enforcement system, at the state level resistance to enforcement is seen across a number of fronts. Ultimately, states can be seens as colonized frontiers servicing venture capitalism, consistent with a “race to the bottom.”
Detailed atomic kinetics model for the spectroscopic analysis of laser-ablated plasma plumes

Atomic kinetics and spectral modeling have revealed that level populations of plasma atoms in laser-ablated plumes may behave in a time-dependent manner, i.e. far from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium, and that cascading population mechanisms can lead to long-lived atomic line emission. The time-scales associated to this phenomena and the interpretation of spectral data critically depend on the details of the atomic kinetics model and the quality of the rate coefficients. In order to generate accurate atomic data for neural atoms and low-charge ions present in plasma plumes, a semi-empirical techniques has been implemented in the Los Alamos atomic structure and electron scattering codes. This procedure has allowed neutrals with complex atomic structure--such as those atoms from elements often used in industrial applications--to be calculated with spectroscopic quality. Details of the atomic kinetics model for the case of a Li-Ag plasma plume and the rates generated with this new procedure are presented and discussed.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optimal expansion of a drinking water infrastructure system with respect to carbon footprint, cost-effectiveness and water demand

Urban water infrastructure expansion requires careful long-term planning to reduce the risk from climate change during periods of both economic boom and recession. As part of the adaptation management strategies, capacity expansion in concert with other management alternatives responding to the population dynamics, ecological conservation, and water management policies should be systematically examined to balance the water supply and demand temporally and spatially with different scales. To mitigate the climate change impact, this practical implementation often requires a multiobjective decision analysis that introduces economic efficiencies and carbon-footprint matrices simultaneously. The optimal expansion strategies for a typical water infrastructure system in South Florida demonstrate the essence of the new philosophy. Within our case study, the multiobjective modeling framework uniquely features an integrated evaluation of transboundary surface and groundwater resources and quantitatively assesses the interdependencies among drinking water supply, wastewater reuse, and irrigation water permit transfer as the management options expand throughout varying dimensions. With the aid of a multistage planning methodology over the partitioned time horizon, such a systems analysis has resulted in a full-scale screening and sequencing of multiple competing objectives across a suite of management strategies. These strategies that prioritize 20 options provide a possible expansion schedule over the next 20 years that improve water infrastructure resilience and at low life-cycle costs. The proposed method is transformative to other applications of similar water infrastructure systems elsewhere in the world.
Heme Oxygenase-2 Is Activated by Calcium-Calmodulin

The heme oxygenase family of enzymes catalyzes the metabolism of heme to biliverdin, ferrous iron, and carbon monoxide (CO). At least two isoforms exist, heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) and heme oxygenase-2 (HO2), which are encoded by separate genes. HO2 is selectively enriched in neurons, and substantial evidence suggests that HO2-derived CO functions as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator. However, a molecular mechanism for the rapid activation of HO2 during neuronal activity has not been described. Through a yeast two-hybrid screen we identified calmodulin as a potential regulator of HO2 activity. Calmodulin binds with nanomolar affinity to HO2 in a calcium-dependent manner via a canonical 1–10 motif, resulting in a 3-fold increase in catalytic activity. Mutations within this motif block calmodulin binding and calcium-dependent stimulation of enzyme activity in vitro and in intact cells. The calcium mobilizing agents ionomycin and glutamate stimulate endogenous HO2 activity in primary cortical cultures, establishing in vivo relevance. Calcium-calmodulin provides a mechanism for rapid and transient activation of HO2 during neuronal activity.
Revitalising suffering multinational brands: an empirical study

Purpose – This study explores factors influencing the revitalisation of a multinational brand that is perceived negatively by local consumers because of various reasons such as past poor quality or negative publicity.Design/methodology/approach – This study conceptualises brand revitalisation as a second order construct, arguing that brand revitalisation is comprised of improved brand image, brand associations, and brand attitudes. Innovative product improvements, warranty programs, third‐party appraisals, and advertising communications are hypothesised to play a role in revitalising multinational brands plagued by negative perceptions. In addition, the moderating effect of the management's local market knowledge is tested on several proposed relationships.Findings – According to the results, international brand revitalisation is positively influenced by innovative product improvements, warranty programs, and advertising communications.Practical implications – While overall brand perceptions play an impor...
Subunit polypeptide composition of fraction I protein from various plant species

Abstract Fraction I proteins have been isolated from various plant species representative of the major phyla of the plant kingdom and the subunit polypeptide compositions have been examined by isoelectric focusing in the presence of 8 M urea. Fraction I proteins from all species examined contained three large subunit polypeptides and a number of small subunit polypeptides characteristic of the plant species. Most species contained a single small subunit polypeptide but the proteins from tobacco, tomato, spinach and petunia each contained two different small subunit polypeptides, and the protein from Nicotiana excelsior contained four small subunit polypeptides. The presence of multiple small subunit polypeptides is taken to indicate the hybrid origin of the plants from which the Fraction I protein was obtained.
On the block-structured distance to non-surjectivity of sublinear mappings

We show that the block-structured distance to non-surjectivity of a set-valued sublinear mapping equals the reciprocal of a suitable block-structured norm of its inverse. This gives a natural generalization of the classical Eckart and Young identity for square invertible matrices.
Endobronchial urokinase for dissolution of massive clot following transbronchial biopsy

Endobronchial streptokinase has been used previously to dissolve blood clots caused by massive spontaneous hemoptysis, in settings including sarcoidosis, cavitary histoplasmosis, and multiple myeloma. To our knowledge, however, the use of thrombolytic agents to dissolve clots following transbronchial biopsy has not been reported previously. We describe a patient in whom endobronchial urokinase was used for successful dissolution of clots secondary to massive bleeding after transbronchial biopsy.
Mechanism of Aβ(1−40) Fibril-Induced Fluorescence of (trans,trans)-1-Bromo-2,5-bis(4-hydroxystyryl)benzene (K114)†

K114, (trans,trans)-1-bromo-2,5-bis(4-hydroxystyryl)benzene, is a fluorescent Congo Red analogue that binds tightly to amyloid fibrils, but not the monomeric proteins, with a concomitant enhancement in fluorescence. The mechanism for the low aqueous fluorescence and the subsequent enhancement by Aβ(1−40) fibrils was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and binding analysis. K114's unusually low buffer fluorescence is due to self-quenching in sedimentable aggregates or micelles which upon interacting with amyloid fibrils undergo an enhancement in fluorescence intensity and shifts in the excitation and emission spectra. These spectral changes are suggestive of a stabilization of the phenolate anion, perhaps by hydrogen bonding, rather than an increase in the microenvironment dielectric constant or dye immobilization. 1,4-Bis(4-aminophenylethenyl)-2-methoxybenzene, which lacks the phenol moiety, and X-34, which contains a stabilized phenol (pK ∼13.4), do not display the phenolate anion fluorescence in t...
The influences of new employee development practices upon role stressors and work-related attitudes of temporary employees

Understanding what influences temporary employee attitudes toward their work is becoming an increasingly significant managerial concern in organizations employing temporary workers. In this empirical study, we examine the relationship between new employee development (NED) practices, role stressors and employee work-related attitudes. It was hypothesized that NED practices will be negatively related to the role stressor variables and that the role stressor variables will be related to employee work-related attitudes. It was further hypothesized that role stressors will mediate the relationship between NED practices and temporary employee work-related attitudes. Since temporary employees receive new employment practices at both the client organization and the temporary agency, the relationships were hypothesized to exist for both the client organization and temporary agency. Data were collected from temporary employees (N = 1,261) across the United States. Results indicate that NED practices at the tempora...
Numerical solution of a one-dimensional inverse problem by the discontinuous Galerkin method

In this paper, we combine a Tikhonov regularization with a discontinuous Galerkin method to solve an inverse problem in one-dimension. We show that the regularization is simpler than in the case of the inversion using continuous finite elements. We numerically demonstrate that there exist optimal step sizes and polynomial degrees for inversion using the DG method. Numerical results are compared with those obtained by applying the standard finite element method with B-splines as a basis.
A Double-Blind, Controlled Comparison of the Novel Antipsychotic Olanzapine versus Haloperidol or Placebo on Anxious and Depressive Symptoms Accompanying Schizophrenia

Abstract Background: Depressive symptoms are a common feature of schizophrenia and may represent a core part of the illness. Where present, it has been associated with greater overall morbidity and mortality. Monotherapy with conventional dopamine antagonists may either worsen or bestow a limited therapeutic benefit. Accordingly the use of adjunctive thymoleptics has been explored. In contrast, olanzapine (OLZ), an atypical antipsychotic agent, offers a distinctive and pleotropic pharmacology suggestive of a broader efficacy profile than conventional neuroleptic agents. Methods: In a 6-week placebo- and haloperidol (HAL)-controlled trial with 335 randomized subjects with chronic schizophrenia in an acute exacerbation, three fixed dose ranges of OLZ (5, 10, or 15 ± 2.5 mg) were evaluated versus HAL (10–20 mg) or placebo. Results: Baseline to endpoint change in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale including the anxiety–depression cluster (items 1, 2, 5, 9) was analyzed. Two dose ranges of OLZ (10 ± 2.5, 15 ± 2.5) were superior to placebo (p Conclusions: Contributions from a more selective mesolimbic dopaminergic profile, D 1 or D 4 activity, the release of dopamine/norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex, and/or serotonin 5-HT 2A,C antagonism may explain the differential benefit seen with OLZ in the treatment of comorbid anxious and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia.
Plaquette ordering in SU(4) antiferromagnets

We use fermion mean-field theory to study possible plaquette ordering in the antiferromagnetic SU(4) Heisenberg model. We find the ground state for both the square and triangular lattices to be the disconnected plaquette state. Our mean-field theory gives a first-order transition for plaquette ordering for the triangular lattice. Our results suggest a large number of low-lying states.
Balancing and communicating the risks and benefits of biologics in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

: Anti-tumor necrosis factor agents are now considered to be a vital component of the treatment algorithm for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Despite the clear benefit of these agents and the realignment of treatment goals to achieve early mucosal healing, the decision to initiate therapy is often delayed due to uncertainties regarding risks and benefits. The purpose of this review was to summarize the currently available data regarding anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Specifically, we review their expected efficacy in both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and the likelihood of side effects associated with these agents. In addition, we address the barriers physicians face when communicating these data and help to identify how pediatric patients and their parents can be more involved in a shared decision-making process. Through the creation of a new decision aid (Option Grid), we hope to allow for a more clear line of communication at the bedside when helping patients and parents make these difficult treatment decisions.
Pseudoaneurysm of the uterine artery.

Abstract Background: Preexisting aneurysms in several arterial locations have been associated with an increased risk of rupture in pregnancy. We report a rare case of uterine artery pseudoaneurysm that presented during the puerperium. Case: A 31-year-old woman had moderate suprapubic pain on postpartum day 8. The diagnosis of uterine artery aneurysm was made by duplex Doppler sonography and confirmed by arteriography. It was successfully treated by embolization of the left uterine artery. Conclusion: In a rare case of pseudoaneurysm of the uterine artery, the complications of pregnancy-related aneurysmal rupture were prevented by prompt sonographic diagnosis and embolization therapy.
Superresolution imaging in live bacterial cells by single-molecule active-control microscopy

Imaging of a nanoscale emitter naturally provides position information beyond the diffraction limit. We use active control to switch single fluorophores on and off to image structures with 40-nm resolution in a living cell.
Structural models of the bovine papillomavirus E5 protein

The bovine papillomavirus E5 protein is thought to be a type II integral membrane protein that exists as a disulfide- linked homodimer in transformed cells. Polar- ized-infrared measurements show that the E5 dimer in membrane bilayers is largely a-heli- cal and has a transmembrane orientation. Com- putational searches of helix-helix conforma- tions reveal two possible low-energy dimer structures. Correlation of these results with previous mutagenesis studies on the E5 pro- tein suggests how the E5 dimer may serve as a molecular scaffold for dimerization and ligand- independent activation of the PDGF-b recep- tor. We propose that on each face of the E5 dimer a PDGF-b receptor molecule interacts directly with Gln17 from one E5 monomer and with Asp33 from the other E5 monomer. This model accounts for the requirement of Gln17 and Asp33 for complex formation and explains genetic results that dimerization of the E5 pro- tein is essential for cell transformation. Proteins 33:601-612, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Myeloperoxidase and Cardiovascular Disease

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a leukocyte-derived enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a number of reactive oxidant species. In addition to being an integral component of the innate immune response, evidence has emerged that MPO-derived oxidants contribute to tissue damage during inflammation. MPO-catalyzed reactions have been attributed to potentially proatherogenic biological activities throughout the evolution of cardiovascular disease, including during initiation, propagation, and acute complication phases of the atherosclerotic process. As a result, MPO and its downstream inflammatory pathways represent attractive targets for both prognostication and therapeutic intervention in the prophylaxis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.