cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2-[4-Chloro-3-(4-ethoxy­benz­yl)phen­yl]-1,3-dithiane

In the title compound, C19H21ClOS2, the dithiane ring adopts a chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 87.88 (4)°. In the crystal, inversion dimmers linked by pairs of C—H⋯O inter­actions occur.
Promoting Tobacco Abstinence Among Older Adolescents in Dental Clinics

The health care setting, and most notably dental clinics, may hold promise in delivering effective tobacco intervention to adolescents. Adolescents between the ages of 14 and 17 were randomly assigned to brief advice from dental hygienists and dentists only or to brief advice plus a motivational interview and follow-up telephone contact from a study hygienist. Due to difficulties in identifying and recruiting subjects, study goals were expanded from cessation only to cessation and prevention. No differences in smoking prevalence were found between treatment conditions at either 3- or 12-month follow-up. Firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the effectiveness of treatment due both to problems in enrolling subjects and limited implementation of the motivational intervention.
Relational Reconnection on Social Network Sites: An Examination of Relationship Persistence and Modality Switching

Recent research suggests that social network sites enable users to reconnect with prior relational partners with whom they had lost contact. The present study examines whether relationship characteristics and the total number of postreconnection channels used differ as a function of relational persistence and modality switching (MS) to face-to-face (FtF). Results reveal that partners whose relationship persisted reported more positive pre–loss-of-contact characteristics and greater modality expansion post-reconnection than did their counterparts. Similarly, partners who met FtF after reconnecting also reported more positive pre–loss-of-contact characteristics and greater modality expansion post-reconnection than did partners whose relationship did not persist.
ESTIMATION OF THE CHANGE POINT OF THE PROCESS FRACTION NONCONFORMING IN SPC APPLICATIONS

Knowing when a process has changed would simplify the search for and identification of the special cause. In this paper, we compare the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the process change point (that is, when the process changed) to built-in change point estimators from binomial CUSUM and EWMA control charts. We conclude that it is better to use the maximum likelihood change point estimator when a CUSUM or EWMA control chart signals a change in the process fraction nonconforming. The results show that the MLE provides process engineers with an accurate and useful estimate of the last subgroup from the unchanged process.
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates by the fetal lamb in utero.

Summary: Intestinal digestive function was studied in 12 chronically catheterized third trimester fetal lambs by instilling glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose into their duodenums. Glucose was absorbed rapidly with the peak circulating glucose concentration reached within 1 hr. Fructose was absorbed well, but in contrast to glucose, blood fructose concentration did not peak; it continued to climb for 4 hr. Intraduodenal lactose administration resulted in a rapid rise in blood glucose with the maximum value reached in 1 hr. After receiving either glucose or lactose fetuses older than 130 days showed a faster rise in blood glucose, a greater total increase in glucose and a more rapid return to control levels than the younger fetuses. No change in blood glucose occurred with either maltose or sucrose administration. An increase in lactate concentration and a rise in fetal [H+] were noted after glucose and lactose administration, the only studies in which an increase in blood glucose concentration occurred. Speculation: The demonstration that the fetal lamb in vivo is able to digest and absorb glucose, fructose, and lactose, but not maltose or sucrose, provides functional validation of prior in vitro studies. Similar in vitro studies lead to the prediction that the human fetus is able to absorb glucose and digest all three disaccharides (18). In vitro studies, however, cannot predict whether the human fetus will also develop an increase in [H+] and lactate with carbohydrate feeding.
Incremental Regionalism: Staged Approach to Development of Regional Transportation Organizations

Recent efforts to form a regional transportation organization for the greater Charlotte, North Carolina, region are discussed. The 13-county area, more than 126 km (75 mi) across, is uniformly low density and consists of 43 independent jurisdictions and cities, five state department of transportation districts, and five metropolitan planning organizations in two states. Regional travel patterns are just beginning to emerge along the highly radial road network. Since the late 1980s, at least four attempts to form consensus on regional transportation planning needs have been made but all have failed to galvanize. The history of these efforts is traced, and the causes of success and failure are reviewed. It is suggested that failure occurred primarily because the region is not yet truly integrated economically and the regional plans were politically too advanced. An incremental model of regional organization growth is then proposed. In this model organizational structure is related to the demography, commuter patterns, and physical, economic, and political regional integration over the next 30 years. Regions go through 17 definable steps as they emerge from separate cities and become part of large metropolises. The key roles of policy officials, businesses, staff, and others in facilitating regional planning in the absence of regional structure are explored.
Customer satisfaction in food retailing: comparing specialty and conventional grocery stores

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast customer perceptions related to satisfaction with conventional grocery stores as compared to specialty grocery stores. The study examines store attributes of product assortment, price, quality, and service in order to determine which attributes have the greatest impact on store satisfaction for each store format.Design/methodology/approach – A mail survey was sent to a sample of specialty and conventional grocery store customers. The ten state sample was drawn from US households located in postal (ZIP) codes in areas where national specialty stores (e.g. whole foods) were located.Findings – Perception of satisfaction were higher among specialty grocery store customers compared to conventional grocery store customers. For both store formats, store price, product assortment, service and quality positively influenced satisfaction. Stepwise regression indicated that each store attribute contributed differently to store satisfaction for conventiona...
Interface roughening with nonlinear surface tension.

Using stability arguments, this Brief Report suggests that a term that enhances the surface tension in the presence of large height fluctuations should be included in the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation. A one-loop renormalization group analysis then shows for interface dimensions larger than $\simeq 3.3$ an unstable strong-coupling fixed point that enters the system from infinity. The relevance of these results to the roughening transition is discussed.
Effects of Sex, Rigor Condition, and Heating Method on Yield and Objective Texture of Broiler Breast Meat

Abstract Effects of sex of the bird, rigor condition (pre- and postrigor), and heating method (water and microwave) on cooked yield and objective texture (force to shear and texture profile) of broiler breast meat was determined. Forty-eight birds of each sex were processed in a pilot plant under the following conditions: bled for 2 min, scalded at 57 C for 2 min, and feathers removed. Left Pectoralis major muscles were removed from each carcass, weighed, tagged, and immediately heated. The remainder of the carcasses were prechilled and stored at 2 C for 24 hr. After this aging period, the right P. majors were removed, weighed, and heated. Texture was measured objectively as the force to shear a 2.5-cm wide strip of the muscle, and the texture profile (hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness) was measured on a 2.5-cm diameter core. Prerigor samples heated in water exhibited the highest yield. Both pre-and postrigor samples heated via microwave exhibited greater yields than postrigor samples heated in water. Prerigor samples for both heating methods and sexes required more force to shear (tougher) than postrigor samples, and microwave-heated samples required less force to shear than water-heated samples. All of the objective texture attributes, except hardness, were significantly affected by rigor condition. Prerigor samples were more springy, cohesive, and chewy than postrigor samples.
Why was the Shahnama Illustrated

A long-standing puzzle in our knowledge of the culture surrounding the Shahnama lies in the fact that its illustrations, which became so well known, postdate the appearance of the text by nearly 300 years. There are several ways of explaining this anomaly. All contribute something to our understanding of Iranian culture, but none is entirely satisfactory. This essay suggests that a solution may lie in a better understanding of the social and ideological consequences of Mongol rule and/or in the peculiarities of urban culture at the time.
Study of the Lipid Fraction of Freeze-Dried Dandelion Root

Gas chromatographic studies of the lipid fraction from oven-dried and freeze-dried dandelion root reveal significant difference. Synthesis of fatty acids apparently continues during the oven drying process.
Birefringence and the Molecular Arrangement in Crystals of Cholesteryl Laurate

Refractive indices for crystals of cholesteryl laurate are X = 1.505, Y = 1.515, Z = 1.580 with estimated errors of 0.003. The Z-axis of the optic indicatrix makes angles of about 15° with the mole...
Growth of rare earth orthoferrites and garnets using BaO-based solvents

A new solvent, comprised of BaO,B2O3, and BaF2 has been developed for the growth of orthoferrites and the magnetically uniaxial rare earth iron garnets. This solvent has several advantages over the conventional PbO-based solvents, including significantly lower vapor pressure and lower chemical reactivity with Pt. Salient features of the relevant phase equilibria have been experimentally determined. The BaO-based solvent has been used for bulk, homoepitaxial, and heteroepitaxial growth of orthoferrites and garnets in the temperature range of 900° – 1300°C. In the case of heteroepitaxial growth, non-magnetic substrates such as Gd3Ga5O12 have been employed. Characterization of the resulting material by a number of physical and chemical measurements indicates properties comparable to, and in some cases superior to, those reported for crystals grown from PbO-based solvents.
The chloropalladation of 2,2-diphenylmethylenecyclopropanes

Abstract Chloropalladation of 2,2-diphenyl-3,3-dideuteromethylenecyclopropane is shown to proceed via an unsymmetrically complexed trimethylenemethane species.
The assembly of apoB-containing lipoproteins: A structural biology point of view

Atherosclerosis is a widespread disease caused by the deposition of lipids on arterial walls. Such lipid plaques in coronary arteries can be fatal. Although many factors related to diet, life-style, etc. contribute to the worsening of the ailment, the primary cause, the lipids in the circulatory system, come from a series of low-density lipoproteins. These lipoproteins are necessary for the transport of lipids to and from different organs. It would be valuable to medicine and the field of drug design if a more detailed understanding of the organization of lipid and protein in these molecules were available. Unfortunately because of heterogeneity in their size and lipid composition, all classes of the low-density serum lipoproteins appear to be not amenable to the most widely used method for obtaining detailed atomic data—X-ray crystallography. However there appears to be a recently identified homolog that is relatively homogeneous, and crystal structures have been obtained. Used as a molecular model, the ...
The Nature of Cold-induced Dormancy in Urediospores of Puccinia graminis tritici

When air-dry urediospores of the wheat stem rust, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, are exposed to temperatures below freezing, their germinability is markedly reduced, even after prolonged thawing at room temperature. Germinability is fully restored by a brief heat-shock or by vapor phase hydration. We have found that this "cold dormancy" cannot be reversed once the spores contact liquid water. Enhanced loss of metabolites occurs immediately upon suspension of cold-dormant urediospores in liquid without a prior heat-shock. Such leakage is two to three times greater than from untreated or heatshocked cold-dormant spores and accounts for up to 70% of the soluble pool of metabolites normally present in germinating urediospores. Respiratory activity of cold-dormant urediospores declines rapidly during incubation in liquid. Incorporation of isotopic carbon into cold-dormant urediospores is only a fraction of that of untreated or heat-activated spores. Thus, cold shock transforms the spores into a state of supersensitivity to liquid water, which is reversed by heat-shock or slow hydration by vapor phase equilibration. The primary cause of damage to cold-dormant cells exposed to liquid water appears to be irreversible permeability damage, followed by metabolic injury.
Alloantibodies in heart transplantation

The presence of complement fixing anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies in the circulation of organ transplant recipients may result in heart allograft rejection. Here, we assessed the clinical impact of pre- and post-transplantation allosensitization on long-term survival of heart allografts. Sequential samples of sera from heart allograft recipients were screened pretransplantation for panel reactive antibodies using the complement-dependent cytotoxicity test. Patients were monitored post-transplantation for donor specific anti-HLA class I and class II antibodies. Kaplan-Meier graft survival plots were generated to analyze the effect of anti-HLA antibodies on transplantation outcomes. Statistical analysis showed that the post-transplantation development of alloantibodies was a significant risk factor that was associated with low long-term survival rates; in contrast, recipients' gender, age, previous transplantations, and degree of HLA matching with the donor had no effect on long-term survival. The presence in pretransplantation sera of antibodies against more than 10% of the HLA reference panel (PRA >10%) was associated with AMR and with a relatively lower rate of graft survival after 1 year but did not affect 10-year survival. The present data underline the importance of monitoring the development of anti-HLA antibodies as a tool for early diagnosis and treatment of AMR.
STUDY OF EXCRETION OF PITUITARY HORMONES IN HUMAN URINE

IN THE PAST few years great strides have been made in the isolation and purification of hormones from crude animal pituitary extracts (1–6). Satisfactory methods have been devised for testing minute quantities of these substances. Little has been done, however, with material from human sources since Smith (7) in 1934 demonstrated on hypophysectomized animals that the active protein in the urine of castrated and menopausal subjects was similar to the pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone. It seemed that the methods developed for investigating crude pituitary extracts might, with slight modifications, be adapted to the study of human urinary proteins and their biological activities. Large volumes of urine were collected, using approximately 2.5 gm. of sulfanilamide powder per liter to prevent bacterial growth and refrigerating the urine as soon as possible after collection to avoid destruction of any heat-labile protein. Step 1 4 feet long and one inch in diameter, and hung in a cold room at 10 C. to dialyze.
Decoding drug abuse in noncoding RNA

The human genome comprises approximately 3 billion nucleotide (nt) bases and only 2% of them code genes that are translated directly into proteins. With the advancement of microarray technology, the completion of human genome sequencing, as well as the near completion of sequencing of several other vertebrate genomes, it is clear that a far greater number of genes transcribed into ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are not translated into proteins[1,2,3,4]. These so-called noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) include ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Several newly discovered families of ncRNAs include the 21-nt microRNAs (miRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs), and others[1,3,5]. Many ncRNAs are integrated into large complexes with proteins and likely other RNAs that lead to diverse biological reactions. With the exponential expansion of the list of newly discovered ncRNAs and ncRNA types, we are only at the beginning of understanding the function of ncRNA. However, emerging evidence suggests that at least one essential function of ncRNA is gene expression regulation, through, for example, RNA interference, gene silencing, DNA demethylation, chromatin remodeling, and gene activation[2,6,7,8,9]. X inactive specific transcript RNA (XIST RNA), for example, spreads in cis along the X chromosome and likely recruits gene silencing factors in the X chromosome[10,11]. In chromatin remodeling, transcription of HOTAIR, a 2.2-kb ncRNA, is found in HOXC locus, and represses HOXD locus in trans[9]. Perhaps the best-understood mechanism of ncRNA’s function in gene silencing is the role of miRNA. miRNAs are single-stranded, 18–25 nt, small ncRNAs. The primary transcript of miRNA is first excised by a double-stranded, RNA-specific endonuclease called Drosha into pre-miRNA. PremiRNA is then processed by another double-stranded RNA, Dicer. miRNA negatively regulate mRNA translation by forming a ribonucleoprotein complex, RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), and by base-pairing, binds with the 3’-untranslated region (3’UTR) of target mRNAs. It is suggested that, depending on the miRNA identity, RISC can either suppress the mRNA translation or promote mRNA degradation on binding to the target mRNA[2]. Remarkably, due to the small size of miRNA and partial complementary binding for targeting requirements, one miRNA can regulate hundreds of mRNAs, and more than one-third of human genes may be regulated by miRNAs[12,13].
Variation in thrips species composition in field crops and implications for tomato spotted wilt epidemiology in North Carolina.

Thrips were surveyed in tomato spotted wilt-susceptible crops in five areas across North Carolina. Tomato, pepper, and tobacco plants in commercial fields were sampled and 30 species of thrips were collected over a 3-year period. The most common species overall was Frankliniella tritici (Fitch). The most common thrips species that are known to vector Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) were F. fusca (Hinds), and F. occidentalis (Pergande). Relatively low numbers of Thrips tabaci Lindeman, another reported vector, were collected. The spatial and temporal occurrence of vectors varied with sampling method, crop species, region of North Carolina, and localized areas within each region. In a laboratory experiment, no difference was detected between the ability of F. fusca and F. occidentalis to acquire and transmit a local isolate of TSWV. Based on vector efficiency and occurrence, F. fusca is considered the most important vector of TSWV in tobacco, whereas both F. fusca and F. occidentalis are important vectors of TSWV in tomato and pepper.
Natural variations in the isotopic constitution of silicon

The isotopic constitution of silicon in minerals and rocks has been examined. In general, the Si30 content decreases as one goes from a high-temperature mineral (olivine) to low-temperature pegmatite quartz to vein quartz to geyserite; the greatest isotope separation occurring in the last two steps, which involve deposition from an aqueous phase rather than crystallization from a silicate melt. Organic silica deposited from sea-water (chert, marine diatomite) shows an increase in Si30 over olivine, whereas a fresh-water diatomite has an isotopic composition consistent with that of silicon from hot springs (geyserite). The isotopic composition of silicon in a stony meteorite is surprising, as it shows a lower Si30/Si28 ratio than olivine or even oligoclase from a pegmatite. In general the distribution of the silicon isotopes is similar to that of oxygen isotopes reported by Silverman; some exceptions are noted. The variation in isotopic constitution of silicon is small (the maximum difference encountered in the ratio Si30/Si28 being 3 per mil) indicating presumably a relatively simple geochemical history involving few opportunities for exchange with gas phases or aqueous solutions.
Phasic acetylcholine release and the volume transmission hypothesis: time to move on

Traditional descriptions of the cortical cholinergic input system focused on the diffuse organization of cholinergic projections and the hypothesis that slowly changing levels of extracellular acetylcholine (ACh) mediate different arousal states. The ability of ACh to reach the extrasynaptic space (volume neurotransmission), as opposed to remaining confined to the synaptic cleft (wired neurotransmission), has been considered an integral component of this conceptualization. Recent studies demonstrated that phasic release of ACh, at the scale of seconds, mediates precisely defined cognitive operations. This characteristic of cholinergic neurotransmission is proposed to be of primary importance for understanding cholinergic function and developing treatments for cognitive disorders that result from abnormal cholinergic neurotransmission.
First-purchase diffusion models of new-product acceptance

Abstract This article constitutes a review and exposition of first-purchase diffusion models of new-product acceptance. These models have been developed to predict the cumulative number of new-product adopters over time and serve the purpose of forecasting sales for durable goods and novelty items. In addition to considering traditional models, a number of recent models are reviewed and illustrated, and limitations and further extensions of the models are discussed.
The effects of pimozide on the consumption of a palatable saccharin-glucose solution in the rat ☆

Two experiments investigated the role of dopamine in reward mechanisms by examining the effects of the specific dopamine receptor blocker pimozide on drinking behavior in the rat. In Experiment 1, the effects of pimozide on the consumption of a palatable saccharin-glucose solution were compared to the effects of quinine adulteration of the same solution. Pimozide and quinine both reduced 30 min/day consumption, decreased lick rate early in the drinking session and reduced lick efficiency in a dose related manner. In Experiment 2, the effects of pimozide on the consumption of a saccharin-glucose solution and water were compared in thirsty and nonthirsty rats. Pimozide suppressed the consumption of both water and the saccharin-glucose solution in a dose related manner. However, saccharin-glucose solution intake was suppressed more than water intake, and this effect was independent of thirst drive. The drug also decreased lick rate early in the drinking session and lick efficiency. The results are discussed in terms of the reward and sensory-motor deficits produced by dopamine receptor blocking agents.
Studies of intramembrane transport: A phenomenological approach

The intramembrane transport properties of carbohydrates were investigated in cellophane. The experiments performed were the measurement of net volume transfer under a concentration and pressure gradient and the solute transfer due to a concentration difference together with the physical properties of the membrane. The matrix of phenomenological coefficients characteristic to the transport was established after the phase boundary contributions were extricated from the experimental transport data. These thermodynamic coefficients were then interpreted through the Spiegler-Kedem-Katchalsky frictional model. The analysis of the frictional coefficients clearly indicated the importance of solute-polymer interactions. The magnitude of solute-solvent frictional coefficients in the membrane were compared with the corresponding interactions in free solutions. Their differences were explained in terms of the interaction of the solute with the macromolecular network and were quantitatively expressed by introducing two reduced frictional coefficients. The tortuosity factor was shown to be related to these interactions and not a simple geometric property of the membrane. The temperature dependence of the frictional coefficients was established.
Techniques for enterprise network security metrics

Currently, it is difficult to answer simple questions such as "are we more secure than yesterday" or "how should we invest our limited security resources." Decision makers in other areas of business and engineering often use metrics for determining whether a projected return on investment justifies its costs. Spending for new cyber-security measures is such an investment. Thus security metrics that can quantify the overall risk in an enterprise system are essential in making sensible decisions in security management.
DIVORCE MEDIATION AND RESOLUTION OF CHILD CUSTODY DISPUTES: Long‐Term Effects

Separated parents randomly assigned to either mediation or traditional adversarial methods for resolving child custody disputes were surveyed nine years postsettlement. Noncustodial parents assigned to mediation reported more frequent current contact with their children and greater involvement in current decisions about them. Parents in the mediation group also reported more frequent communication about their children during the period since dispute resolution.
Antigen-specific immunoglobulins in patients with acute pulmonary, chronic pulmonary, or disseminated histoplasmosis☆

Patients infected with Histoplasma capsulatum exhibit protean clinical manifestations and similarly express variable humoral immune responses. Therefore, the specific goals of this study were to more clearly define host immune responses by determining the concentrations of total and H. capsulatum-specific immunoglobulins in sera from patients with acute or chronic pulmonary and disseminated histoplasmosis. H. capsulatum-specific (AS) IgG, IgA and IgM, and total IgE were determined by radioimmunoassays while total IgG, IgA, and IgM were quantitated by laser nephelometry. In general, total IgG and IgA were elevated, while IgM and IgE were either decreased or normal for the three clinical forms of histoplasmosis studies. Antigen-specific IgG and IgA were markedly elevated in all classes of disease, whereas AS-IgM was only slightly increased. Total and AS-IgG were elevated in the sera of chronic patients directly proportional to the number of demonstrable precipitin bands.
Performance of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation and management of clinically low-risk prostate cancer.

Objective The purpose of this article is to review the multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mMRI) of the prostate and MR-guided prostate biopsy, and their role in the evaluation and management of men with low-risk prostate cancer.
From Structure to Function: the Ecology of Host-Associated Microbial Communities

Summary: In the past several years, we have witnessed an increased interest in understanding the structure and function of the indigenous microbiota that inhabits the human body. It is hoped that this will yield novel insight into the role of these complex microbial communities in human health and disease. What is less appreciated is that this recent activity owes a great deal to the pioneering efforts of microbial ecologists who have been studying communities in non-host-associated environments. Interactions between environmental microbiologists and human microbiota researchers have already contributed to advances in our understanding of the human microbiome. We review the work that has led to these recent advances and illustrate some of the possible future directions for continued collaboration between these groups of researchers. We discuss how the application of ecological theory to the human-associated microbiota can lead us past descriptions of community structure and toward an understanding of the functions of the human microbiota. Such an approach may lead to a shift in the prevention and treatment of human diseases that involves conservation or restoration of the normal community structure and function of the host-associated microbiota.
Gamma Ray Induced Structural Effects in Bare and Ag Doped Ge–S Thin Films for Sensor Application

Abstract We present data on radiation-induced effects in chalcogenide glasses that also trigger radiation induced structural reorganization contributing to silver (Ag) diffusion. To study these effects and silver diffusion, depending on the radiation dose, films were prepared and analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Energy Dispersion X-ray Spectroscopy. The results show a structural development occurring in films containing 45.4 at.% Ge with increasing radiation dose defined by increase in the edge-sharing/corner-sharing ratio, higher ethane-like unit values and rise of the amount of Ag diffused within the system. Utilizing these effects, a resistance based radiation sensing device has been created. The I–V curves characterizing the sensor operation demonstrate decreased device resistance as a result of the radiation.
Carrying capacity, migration, and dispersal in Yellowstone bison

Abstract The conservation of bison in Yellowstone National Park, from near extinction in the late 19th century to a recent high of 5000, has led to long-term societal conflict regarding perceived overabundance, trans-boundary movements, and potential transmission of brucellosis from bison to livestock. We synthesized available information to address two central questions in this debate: (1) has the Yellowstone bison population surpassed numbers that can be supported by the forage base in the park; and (2) why do some bison move outside the park during winter, even when numbers are below food-limited carrying capacity? A spatially-explicit model of the system that integrated abiotic variables with biotic processes indicated bison have not reached a theoretical food-limited carrying capacity of 6200 in Yellowstone National Park. However, more bison began to migrate earlier to lower-elevation winter ranges as numbers increased and climatic factors interacted with density to limit nutritional intake and foraging efficiency. A gradual expansion of the winter range as bison numbers increased enabled relatively constant population growth and increased food-limited carrying capacity. Current management actions attempt to preserve bison migration to essential winter range areas within and adjacent to the park, while actively preventing dispersal and range expansion to outlying areas via hazing and removals (i.e., dispersal sink). A population of 2500–4500 bison should satisfy collective interests concerning the park’s forage base, bison movement ecology, retention of genetic diversity, brucellosis risk management, and prevailing social conditions.
Mechanisms of ATP release and signalling in the blood vessel wall

The nucleotide adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) has classically been considered the cell's primary energy currency. Importantly, a novel role for ATP as an extracellular autocrine and/or paracrine signalling molecule has evolved over the past century and extensive work has been conducted to characterize the ATP-sensitive purinergic receptors expressed on almost all cell types in the body. Extracellular ATP elicits potent effects on vascular cells to regulate blood vessel tone but can also be involved in vascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis. While the effects of purinergic signalling in the vasculature have been well documented, the mechanism(s) mediating the regulated release of ATP from cells in the blood vessel wall and circulation are now a key target of investigation. The aim of this review is to examine the current proposed mechanisms of ATP release from vascular cells, with a special emphasis on the transporters and channels involved in ATP release from vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, circulating red blood cells, and perivascular sympathetic nerves, including vesicular exocytosis, plasma membrane F1/F0-ATP synthase, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, connexin hemichannels, and pannexin channels.
Thermocapillary effects in driven dewetting and self-assembly of pulsed laser-irradiated metallic films

In this paper the lubrication-type dynamical model is developed of a molten, pulsed-laser-irradiated metallic film. The heat transfer problem that incorporates the absorbed heat from a single beam or interfering beams is solved analytically. Using this temperature field, we derive the three-dimensional long-wave evolution partial differential equation for the film height. To get insights into dynamics of dewetting, we study the two-dimensional (2D) version of the evolution equation by means of a linear stability analysis and by numerical simulations. The stabilizing and destabilizing effects of various system parameters, such as the peak laser beam intensity, the film optical thickness, the reflectivity, and the Biot and Marangoni numbers, are elucidated. It is observed that the film stability is promoted for such parameter variations that increase the heat production in the film. In the numerical simulations the impacts of different irradiation modes are investigated. In particular, we obtain that in the interference heating mode the spatially periodic irradiation results in a spatially periodic film rupture with the same or nearly equal period. The 2D model qualitatively reproduces the results of the experimental observations of a film stability and spatial ordering of a resolidified nanostructures.
Performance comparison of multipath mitigating receiver architectures

As the Global Positioning System (GPS) has matured over the last decade, expectations regarding system performance have grown steadily. This has placed pressure on receiver manufacturers and system providers to be ever more creative in their efforts to mitigate error sources. Historically, multipath has been the dominant error source in differential GPS (DGPS). However, with the recent decision to deactivate Selective Availability, multipath has become a significant error source for all GPS users. In 1991, the narrow correlator was introduced to the market and was shown to reduce multipath errors by as much as 90% over conventional receivers. Over the past several years, a number of multipath-mitigation techniques have been developed and promoted. This paper explores the theory behind each technique and provides a performance comparison. The inherent assumptions and limitations of each technique are discussed as well.
It Takes Many True Leaders to Become a Top‐Tier Pain Organization

As I approach the eve of my tenure as president of the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM), I consider it a privilege to lead us in a celebration of our 30th year of serving pain physicians and their treatment teams. The practice of pain medicine has come a long way in those 30 years. Pain physicians have become recognized, distinct specialists in the eyes of the public. As we have embraced the science of pain medicine, we have defined for our colleagues what the pain specialist looks like and displayed the expertise that we bring to treatment teams. AAPM has established and maintained its position of leadership because we bring a multimodal, multidisciplinary approach to the practice and science of …
On Parallel Implementations of Dynamic Overset Grid Methods

This paper explores the parallel performance of structured overset CFD computations for multicomponent bodies in which there is relative motion between component parts. The two processes that dominate the cost of such problems are the flow solution on each component and the inter-grid connectivity solution. A two-part static-dynamic load balancing scheme is proposed in which the static part balances the load for the flow solution and the dynamic part re-balances, if necessary, the load for the connectivity solution. This scheme is coupled with existing parallel implementations of the OVERFLOW flow solver and DCF3D connectivity routine and used for unsteady calculations about aerodynamic bodies on the IBM SP2 and IBM SP multi-processors. This paper also describes the parallel implementation of a new solution-adaption scheme based on structured Cartesian overset grids.
Cardiac MRI for evaluation of paravalvular leak after Transcather Aortic Valve Replacement

Background The most common complication of Transcathether Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) is aortic regurgitation (AR). Typically, this regurgitation is in the mild range, yet in a smaller subset AR could be in the moderate-severe range. Significant regurgitation is usually due to paravalvular leak due to undersizing of the valve or malposition inferiorly into the left ventricular outflow tract or superiorly into the aorta during deployment. Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) is first line test for the amount of regurgitation, but can be flawed due to poor acoustic windows and eccentricity of the paravalvular leak. Cardiac MRI (CMR) may be used to assess the aortic regurgitation when there is a discrepancy with echocardiography or imaging of the valve is in question.
Physiological Studies on Pea Tendrils VIII. The Relationship of Circumnutation to Contact Coiling. — With a Description of a Laboratory Intervalometer Using Integrated Digital Circuits

The average rate of rotation of circumnutating tendrils of Pisum sativum L. ev. Alaska, was 1.57 ± 0.29 mm/min. 53% of the tendrils rotated clockwise and 47% counterclockwise. Circumnutation is apparently dependent on the maintenance of sufficient turgor as it stopped when either the roots or all the shoot appendages except the terminal tendril were excised, but resumed when the aerial wounds were covered with petroleum jelly. Both circumnutation and contact coiling were similarly retarded when the plant was cut in the middle of the top inter-node, or by the use of either juvenile or senescent organs. As the tendril circumnutated rapidly during the sweeping portion of its circuit, it was capable of coiling at only about 57% of the rate of which it could coil if stimulated during the relatively slow moving turn, Conversely, when the tendril was mechanically stimulated to coil, its rate of circumnutation decreased markedly and remained retarded as long as the tendril continued to coil. On the basis of these observations, it is concluded that contact coiling does not seem to be simply a modified form of circumnutation, but the two modes of movement might be related through a negative feedback system.
A shrinking-based dimension reduction approach for multi-dimensional analysis

In this paper, we present continuous research on data analysis based on our previous work on the shrinking approach. Shrinking is a novel data preprocessing technique which optimizes the inner structure of data inspired by the Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation in the real world. It can be applied in many data mining fields. Following our previous work on the shrinking method for multidimensional data analysis in full data space, we propose a shrinking-based dimension reduction approach which tends to solve the dimension reduction problem from a new perspective. In this approach data are moved along the direction of the density gradient, thus making the inner structure of data more prominent. It is conducted on a sequence of grids with different cell sizes. Dimension reduction process is performed based on the difference of the data distribution projected on each dimension before and after the data-shrinking process. Those dimensions with dramatic variation of data distribution through the data-shrinking process are selected as good dimension candidates for further data analysis. This approach can assist to improve the performance of existing data analysis approaches. We demonstrate how this shrinking-based dimension reduction approach affects the clustering results of well known algorithms.
Guillain-Barré syndrome as an atypical manifestation of an esophageal carcinoma.

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy normally associated with a preceding infection, but sometimes it can be linked to a subjacent malignancy. We report an unusual case of GBS occurring as the first clinical manifestation of an esophageal adenocarcinoma in a 65-year-old patient. A GBS neuropathy of undetermined origin may be associated with an underlying tumor and esophageal cancer has to be considered in the differential diagnosis.
iPhones, iPads, and Medical Applications for Antimicrobial Stewardship

One of the most important antimicrobial stewardship activities of the infectious diseases pharmacist and physician is to provide education and clinical information about antimicrobials to health care professionals and patients; however, clinician training and continuing education in appropriate antimicrobial use in the United States are highly variable and nonstandardized. The iPhone, iPad, and the availability of more than 12,000 medical applications (referred to as "apps") allow stewardship programs the ability to integrate novel technology with point-of-care education. This article reviews medical apps for antimicrobial stewardship programs to use on the iPhone or iPad.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF COLEOCHAETE SCUTATA (CHLOROPHYCEAE) STUDIED BY A FEULGEN MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE DNA CYCLE1,2

SUMMARY The life history of Coleochaete scutata Breb. was analyzed by Feulgen microspectrophotometry, a technique measuring DNA content in individual nuclei. By correlating nuclear DNA content with morphological structures or stages in the life history, changes in ploidy level are revealed. The microspectrophotometric study confirmed the earlier reports of a haploid vegetative thallus with mitotic division restricted primarily to the margin of the thallus. In the mitotic cycle the G1 (pre-synthesis) phase is longer in duration than the synthesis find G2 (post-synthesis) phases. Oogamous sexual reproduction results in resistant oospores which attain DNA levels of 2C 8C (1C being the DNA level of gamete nuclei).
Comparative structural analysis of 2-DOF semi-direct-drive linkages for robot arms

Reports the first direct structural comparison of a family of two-degrees-of-freedom semi-direct-drive linkages for robot arms. One novel and three previously reported linkage designs were optimized and compared using finite-element analysis. The results quantify structural properties of the four optimized designs under variations in joint position and payload. Several frequently overlooked issues essential for fair comparison of disparate linkages are identified and addressed.
Eliminating Bottlenecks to Learning Among Pharmacy Students

The importance of educating pharmacy students often is discussed, but the realities are that teaching is generally low on faculty members’ priority lists; faculty members strive for promotion whether they are on a tenure or nontenure track; teaching is time consuming and a challenge to do well on a consistent basis; teaching sometimes involves dealing with unmotivated students; and teaching effort is not remunerated as is scholarly activity. In general, teaching may not contribute anything to future promotion decisions. A priority impacting faculty members is the institution’s need for additional funding beyond tuition revenue and/or state financial support, pressuring faculty to generate money through research funding and/ or the delivery of clinical services. However, the term ‘‘to educate,’’ is derived from the Latin,educatus, meaning to lead forth, ie, to provide schooling, to develop mentally and morally. 1 Thus, as pharmacy educators, it is our
Simulation-Based Learning of Cost-To-Go for Control of Nonlinear Processes

In this paper, we present a simulation-based dynamic programming method that learns the ‘cost-to-go’ function in an iterative manner. The method is intended to combat two important drawbacks of the conventional Model Predictive Control (MPC) formulation, which are the potentially exorbitant online computational requirement and the inability to consider the future interplay between uncertainty and estimation in the optimal control calculation. We use a nonlinear Van de Vusse reactor to investigate the efficacy of the proposed approach and identify further research issues.
Increasing Incidence of Melanoma Among Middle-Aged Adults: An Epidemiologic Study in Olmsted County, Minnesota

Abstract Objective To identify changes in the incidence of cutaneous melanoma over time in the fastest-growing segment of the US population—middle-aged adults. Patients and Methods By using the Rochester Epidemiology Project resource, we identified patients aged 40 to 60 years who had a first lifetime diagnosis of melanoma between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 2009, in Olmsted County, Minnesota. The incidence of melanoma and overall and disease-specific survival rates were compared by age, sex, year of diagnosis, and stage of disease. Results Between 1970 and 2009, age- and sex-adjusted incidence increased significantly over time ( P P =.06), the incidence of melanoma increased with age. Overall and disease-specific survival improved over time, with hazard ratios of 0.94 ( P P P =.01) but was not significantly associated with disease-specific death ( P =.98). Sex was not significantly associated with death from any cause ( P =.81) or death from disease ( P =.23). No patient with malignant melanoma in situ died from disease. Patients with stage II, III, and IV disease were more than 14 times more likely to die from disease than were patients with stage 0 or I disease ( P Conclusion The incidence of cutaneous melanoma among middle-aged adults increased over the past 4 decades, especially in middle-aged women, whereas mortality decreased.
The Changing Status of Daughters in Indonesia

In many nations, parents exhibit a variety of behaviors that favor sons over daughters. In this paper we provide evidence suggesting that in Indonesia there is no problem of “missing daughters” and that patterns of births, birth spacing and nutrition allocations do not suggest son preference during the cohorts born from 1940’s to the 1990’s. In contrast, gender differences in educational attainment and inheritance were quite prevalent in the recent past. These gaps have narrowed for