cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic accuracy of symptoms characterising chronic fatigue syndrome

Purpose. To determine the diagnostic accuracy for single symptoms and clusters of symptoms to distinguish between individuals with and without chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).Methods. A cohort study was conducted in an exercise physiology laboratory in an academic setting. Thirty subjects participated in this study (n == 16 individuals with CFS; n == 14 non-disabled sedentary matched control subjects). An open-ended symptom questionnaire was administered 1 week following the second of two maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests administered 24 h apart.Results. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was significant for failure to recover within 1 day (area under the curve == 0.864, 95%% confidence interval [[CI]]: 0.706–1.00, p == 0.001) but not within 7 days. Clinimetric properties of failure to recover within 1 day to predict membership in the CFS cohort were sensitivity 0.80, specificity 0.93, positive predictive value 0.92, negative predictive value 0.81, positive likelihood rati...
Altered midline axon pathways and ectopic neurons in the developing hypothalamus of netrin-1- and DCC-deficient mice.

Optic nerve formation in mouse involves interactions between netrin-1 at the optic disk and the netrin-1 receptor DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) expressed on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Deficiency in either protein causes RGC pathfinding defects at the disk leading to optic nerve hypoplasia ([Deiner et al., 1997][1]). Here we show that further along the visual pathway, RGC axons in netrin-1- or DCC-deficient mice grow in unusually angular trajectories within the ventral hypothalamus. In heterozygous Sey neu mice that also have a small optic nerve, RGC axon trajectories appear normal, indicating that the altered RGC axon trajectories in netrin-1 and DCC mutants are not secondarily caused by optic nerve hypoplasia. Intrinsic hypothalamic patterning is also affected in netrin-1 and DCC mutants, including a severe reduction in the posterior axon projections of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. In addition to axon pathway defects, antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin neurons are found ectopically in the ventromedial hypothalamus, apparently no longer confined to the supraoptic nucleus in mutants. In summary, netrin-1 and DCC, presumably via direct interactions, govern both axon pathway formation and neuronal position during hypothalamic development, and loss of netrin-1 or DCC function affects both visual and neuroendocrine systems. Netrin protein localization also indicates that unlike in more caudal CNS, guidance about the hypothalamic ventral midline does not require midline expression of netrin. [1]: #ref-7
Identifying Structural Features of Audio Orienting Responses During Radio Messages and Their Impact on Recognition

This study tested the ability of nine different auditory structural features to elicit orienting responses from radio listeners. It further tested the effect of the orienting response on listeners' memory for information presented immediately following the orienting- eliciting structural feature. Results show that listeners do have significant decelerating cardiac patterns suggestive of orienting for eight of the nine features. Taken as a categorical whole, these features also increase recognition memory for the information presented after their onset compared to information presented immediately before.
Prospective Memory Multiple Retrieval Processes

An interesting challenge for researchers who study prospective memory is to explain how people recognize environmental events as cues for actions. Whereas some theorists propose that a capacity-consuming monitoring process is the only means by which intentions can be retrieved, we argue that the cognitive system relies on multiple processes, including spontaneous processes that reflexively respond to the presence of target events. We present evidence for the existence of spontaneous retrieval processes and apply the idea of multiple processes to mixed findings on age-related decline in prospective memory.
A Translational Approach to Education of Women on Bone Health Issues

There is an increasing need to educate women on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis. It is vital that the information be transmitted to women in a clear and concise format, thereby increasing an understanding of the subject. This project considers this need using such educational approaches as cooperative and translational learning. Once pertinent scientific data are collected, the project includes the compiling of a fact and questionaire sheet to be mailed to women at risk in the local community. In addition, the authors are involved in the community service program which is part of the curriculum in the University of Pennsylvania's School of Dental Medicine. Information has also been available at various shows and seminars. Through these efforts, a larger population of women will be educated, resulting in a greater understanding of the options available in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis.
Reassessing hypoxia forecasts for the Gulf of Mexico.

Gulf of Mexico hypoxia has received considerable scientific and policy attention because of its potential ecological and economic impacts and implications for agriculture within its massive watershed. A 2000 assessment concluded that increased nitrate load to the Gulf since the 1950s was the primary cause of large-scale hypoxia areas. More recently, models have suggested that large-scale hypoxia did not start until the mid-1970s, and that a 40–45% nitrogen load reduction may be needed to reach the hypoxia area goal of the Hypoxia Action Plan. Recently, USGS revised nutrient load estimates to the Gulf, and the Action Plan reassessment has questioned the role of phosphorus versus nitrogen in controlling hypoxia. In this paper, we re-evaluate model simulations, hindcasts, and forecasts using revised nitrogen loads, and test the ability of a phosphorus-driven version of the model to reproduce hypoxia trends. Our analysis suggests that, if phosphorus is limiting now, it became so because of relative increases ...
Ultra-compact wideband Ka-band CMOS hybrid ring

A new microstrip ring hybrid has been developed in Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz) using multiple metal layers in a standard 0.25-µm RF/mixed signal CMOS process. The developed ring hybrid has −3.1 to −3.18 dB through, −5.1 to −5.7 dB coupling, and more than 17 dB isolation and 10 dB return loss across 25–35 GHz while occupying merely 282 × 314 µm.
Measuring outcomes of cataract surgery using the Quality of Well-Being Scale and VF-14 Visual Function Index.

Purpose To evaluate the validity and responsiveness of the self-administered Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWB-SA) and the 14-item Visual Function Index (VF-14) to assess patients having cataract surgery. Setting Large Southern California health maintenance organization. Methods This study comprised 233 adults who had uneventful small-incision ( Results Postoperatively, patients reported significant improvements on QWB-SA (P Conclusions Both the utility-based generic QWB-SA and disease-specific VF-14 profile were responsive to changes in quality of life after cataract surgery. The VF-14 was more sensitive to change but cannot be used for comparison across disease states or for policy analysis. The QWB-SA can be used to estimate the cost/utility of cataract surgery.
Inhibition of Ovarian KIT Phosphorylation by the Ovotoxicant 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diepoxide in Rats

In vitro exposure of Postnatal Day 4 (PND4) rat ovaries to the occupational chemical 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) destroys specifically primordial and primary follicles via acceleration of atresia. Because oocyte-expressed c-kit (KIT) plays a critical role in follicle survival and activation, a direct interaction of VCD with KIT as its mechanism of ovotoxicity was investigated. PND4 rat ovaries were cultured with and without VCD (30 μM) for 2 days. When assessed by Western analysis or mobility shift detection, phosphorylated KIT (pKIT) was decreased (P < 0.05) by VCD exposure, while total KIT protein was unaffected. Anti-mouse KIT2 (ACK2) antibody binds KIT and blocks its signaling pathways, whereas anti-mouse KIT 4 (ACK4) antibody binds KIT but does not block its activity. PND4 rat ovaries were incubated for 2 days with and without VCD with and without ACK2 (80 μg/ml) or ACK4 (80 μg/ml). ACK2 decreased pKIT; however, ACK4 had no effect. Conversely, ACK2 did not affect a VCD-induced decrease in pKIT, whereas ACK4 further reduced it. Because ACK2 and ACK4 (known to directly bind KIT) affect VCD responses, these results support the fact that VCD interacts directly with KIT. The effect of these antibodies on VCD-induced follicle loss was measured after 8 days of incubation. ACK2 further reduced (P < 0.05) VCD-induced follicle loss, whereas ACK4 did not affect it. These findings demonstrate that VCD induces ovotoxicity by direct inhibition of KIT autophosphorylation of the oocyte. The data also further support the vital function of KIT and its signaling pathway in primordial follicle survival and activation, as well as its role in VCD-induced ovotoxicity.
Studies of high-temperature electron–phonon interactions with inelastic neutron scattering and first-principles computations

Several recent studies of phonons combining inelastic neutron scattering and first-principles calculations are summarized. Inelastic neutron scattering was used to measure the phonon densities of states of the A15 compounds V3Si, V3Ge, and V3Co at temperatures from 10 K to 1273 K. It was found that phonons in V3Si and V3Ge, which are superconducting at low temperatures, exhibit an anomalous stiffening with increasing temperature, whereas phonons in V3Co have a normal softening behavior. Additional measurements of the phonon DOS of BCC V alloys were performed, and it was found that a stiffening anomaly present in pure V is suppressed upon introduction of extra d-electrons by alloying. First-principles calculations of the electronic and phonon densities of states show that in both these systems, the anomalous phonon stiffening originates with an adiabatic electron–phonon coupling mechanism. The anomaly is caused by the thermally-induced broadening of sharp peaks in the electronic density of states, which tends to decrease the electronic density at the Fermi level. These results illustrate how the combined use of first-principles calculations and inelastic neutron scattering provides powerful insights into couplings of excitations in condensed-matter.
The Use of Research in the Seattle and Jefferson County Desegregation Cases: Connecting Social Science and the Law

On June 28, 2007, a plurality of the United States Supreme Court held that two public school desegregation plans, which relied in part on racial classifications, violated the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This article provides an overview of the cases and discusses the ways in which examples of social science research were used and interpreted by Justices on both sides of the issue. We also describe some differences in perspective between social scientific and legal traditions and offer insights about connections between these perspectives in this and future work.
Large stress reversals in true triaxial tests on cross-anisotropic sand

The results of a series of true triaxial tests with stress paths involving large reversals under 3D conditions are presented. These tests were performed on medium dense Santa Monica Beach sand to provide experimental evidence for the rotational kinematic hardening hypothesis presented in a companion paper and to provide stress–strain and volume change relations for experiments with 3D stress paths and large stress reversals to be predicted by the rotational kinematic hardening model. The experimental equipment and the testing procedures are briefly explained followed by a presentation of the experimental results and their sensitivity to unknown causes as well as effects of cross-anisotropy on the sand behavior. The stress paths are presented in a σ3′-plane and in an octahedral plane and the directions of experimental strain increment vectors are compared with those obtained from the rotational kinematic hardening model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intellectuals and cultural trauma

As opposed to the intelligentsia, a historically specific group, and the professions, those who perform intellectual labor, the intellectual is here understood as the performance of a social role, one which involves the articulation of ideas communicated to a broad audience. This implies at least two distinct ways of speaking about and studying the intellectual. The first is to look at the way various social actors take on the task of articulating ideas in public discourses. The second is to study how particular persons aspire to the intellectual, a role whose meaning they inherit as part of a tradition which must be interpreted and reinvented. Through an analysis of six assassinations, the article shows how intellectuals can act as carrier groups in what is called a cultural trauma, a public discourse in which the foundations of collective identity are brought up for reflection. The six assassinations are Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy in the United States, Pim Fortuyn and Theo van Gogh in the Net...
Hands On, Hands Off: Gendered Access in Crafting and Electronics Practices

The Maker movement promotes hands-on making, including crafts, robotics, and computing. The movement’s potential to transform education rests in our ability to address notable gender disparities, particularly in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields. E-textiles—the first female-dominated computing community—provide inspiration for overcoming long-standing cultural divides in classrooms. Analysis of children’s use of e-textiles reveals that materials like needles, fabric, and conductive thread rupture traditional gender scripts around electronics and implicitly gives girls hands-on access and leadership roles. This reconceptualization of cultural divides as sets of tacitly accepted practices rooted in gendered histories has implications for reconceptualizing traditionally male-dominated areas of schooling.
Towards Practical Implementation of Time Optimal Trajectories for Underwater Vehicles

In this paper, we are concerned with the practical implementation of time optimal numerical techniques on underwater vehicles. We briefly introduce the model of underwater vehicle we consider and present the parameters for the test bed ODIN (Omni-Directional Intelligent Navigator). Then we explain the numerical method used to obtain time optimal trajectories with a structure suitable for the implementation. We follow this with a discussion on the modifications to be made considering the characteristics of ODIN. Finally, we illustrate our computations with some experimental results.
Linking Cost Sharing to Value: An Unrivaled Yet Unrealized Public Health Opportunity

As the financial burden of cost sharing continues to rise, patients increasingly avoid necessary care, thereby contributing to the high morbidity and mortality of the U.S. population compared with that of other developed countries. The rationale for cost sharing is often based on the moral hazard argument, which states that individuals may overuse care if they do not share in its costs. We evaluate this argument in detail, using it to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate settings for cost sharing. Cost sharing may be appropriate when health services are of low value (low ratio of benefits to costs), whereas it is inappropriate when health services are of high value (high ratio of benefits to costs). In practice, cost sharing is rarely linked to value, and therefore much of the cost sharing that currently occurs is inappropriate and harmful. Cost-effectiveness analysis is an objective method to estimate the value of health services and may be a way to systematically evaluate whether cost-sharing policies are appropriate. Systematic efforts to discourage inappropriate cost sharing may improve public health.
LP BASED GLOBAL MINIMIZATION OF PEAK BASE REACTION FORCE OF MANEUVERING ROBOTS

Amethodforcomputingtheoptimalcontroltominimizearobot’speakbasereactionforce,whileavoiding obstacles, is presented. It contains the manipulator dynamics,initialandflnalconditionsandobstacleconstraints. Usingtheassumptionthatminimalpeakbase reaction force control is equal to time-optimal control, an iterative approach is used to flnd the path and control that globally minimizes the robots peak base reaction force. The conditions for optimality are derivedandincorporatedintoanalgorithmwhichuses linearprogrammingtosolvethegivenproblem. Equationsdescribingthesystemdynamicsandtheobstacle position are mapped into the center of mass space, a convenient space for path planning. The method is demonstrated for a general maneuver in the center of mass space and for a two-link manipulator which includes obstacle constraints.
PeV-scale supersymmetry

Although supersymmetry has not been seen directly by experiment, there are powerful physics reasons to suspect that it should be an ingredient of nature and that superpartner masses should be somewhat near the weak scale. I present an argument that if we dismiss our ordinary intuition of fine-tuning, and focus entirely on more concrete physics issues, the PeV scale might be the best place for supersymmetry. PeV-scale supersymmetry admits gauge coupling unification, predicts a Higgs mass between 125 GeV and 155 GeV, and generally disallows flavor changing neutral currents and CP-violating effects in conflict with current experiment. The PeV scale is motivated independently by dark matter and neutrino mass considerations.
The Influential Library and Librarian: Practice and Research Agenda for the 21st Century

This is a starting draft of a paper intended to address the following issues:The occupation of librarian is evermore in transition. While many factors can be cited which contribute to the need, and often pressure, for change, the focus should not be on technological advances that affect the profession. Rather, the dramatic evolution of the perceptions of library and information users, publishers, and librarians will determine the appropriate roles that each must play in the future. The most important questions, which should result from examining the interplay between and among these three constituents, are: “What role will there be for libraries and librarians in the future? Can libraries and librarians influence the evolution and outcome of these relationships? Are there current examples to be found among libraries and librarians that provide insights on how to address these concerns? Can a list of practices and a research agenda be developed to aid library managers and librarians in finding a desirable direction for the future?
Droplet-on-demand Inkjet-filled Through-silicon Vias (TSVs) as a Pathway to Cost-efficient Chip Stacking

Using metal nanoparticle-based inks and droplet-on-demand inkjet printing, we have demonstrated the ability to fully fill, bump, and bond through-silicon vias (TSVs). Standard thermo-compression flip-chip bonding is used to provide both robust mechanical as well as electrical contact while processing below conventional back-end-of-line (BEOL) thermal budgets. This novel process enables both the filling and bumping of TSVs in a single process step, making this process unique among conventional TSV process flows and providing a cost-effective alternative for three-dimensional integration and chip stacking at both the die-level and wafer-scale.
Dissolved gases in hydrothermal (phreatic) and geyser eruptions at Yellowstone National Park, USA

Multiphase and multicomponent fluid flow in the shallow continental crust plays a significant role in a variety of processes over a broad range of temperatures and pressures. The presence of dissolved gases in aqueous fluids reduces the liquid stability field toward lower temperatures and enhances the explosivity potential with respect to pure water. Therefore, in areas where magma is actively degassing into a hydrothermal system, gas-rich aqueous fluids can exert a major control on geothermal energy production, can be propellants in hazardous hydrothermal (phreatic) eruptions, and can modulate the dynamics of geyser eruptions. We collected pressurized samples of thermal water that preserved dissolved gases in conjunction with precise temperature measurements with depth in research well Y-7 (maximum depth of 70.1 m; casing to 31 m) and five thermal pools (maximum depth of 11.3 m) in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park, USA. Based on the dissolved gas concentrations, we demonstrate that CO 2 mainly derived from magma and N 2 from air-saturated meteoric water reduce the near-surface saturation temperature, consistent with some previous observations in geyser conduits. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that the dissolved CO 2 and N 2 modulate the dynamics of geyser eruptions and are likely triggers of hydrothermal eruptions when recharged into shallow reservoirs at high concentrations. Therefore, monitoring changes in gas emission rate and composition in areas with neutral and alkaline chlorine thermal features could provide important information on the natural resources (geysers) and hazards (eruptions) in these areas.
Clinical Characteristics of Posterior and Lateral Semicircular Canal Dehiscence.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristic symptoms of and treatments for lateral semicircular canal dehiscence (LSCD) and posterior semicircular canal dehiscence (PSCD) and its proposed mechanism. A dehiscence acquired in any of the semicircular canals may evoke various auditory symptoms (autophony and inner ear conductive hearing loss) or vestibular symptoms (vertigo, the Tullio phenomenon, and Hennebert sign) by creating a “third mobile window” in the bone that enables aberrant communication between the inner ear and nearby structures. A PubMed search was performed using the keywords lateral, posterior, and semicircular canal dehiscence to identify all relevant cases. Our data suggest that PSCD, although clinically rare, is most likely associated with a high-riding jugular bulb and fibrous dysplasia. Patients may experience auditory manifestations that range from mild conductive to extensive sensorineural hearing loss. LSCD is usually associated with chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma.
CT-guided percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy of the lung

Objective To evaluate the clinical application of CT guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the lung. Methods We retrospectively analysed a series of 26 cases who underwent CT-guided percutaneous needle aspirational biopsy of the lung.The key points of aspiration biopsy included selection of the appropriate cross-section.Results 19 of 26 patients were proved malignant lesions and 4 of 26 were proved benign lesions,3 cases can not be confirmed. Complications were 1 case pneumothorax and 2 cases minor hemoptysis. Conclusions CT guided percutaneous needle biopsy is an effective and relatively safe method for obtaining diagnostic material form a intrathorcic lesions because of the low complication and high accuracy rate.
Structure of the NS3 helicase from Zika virus

Zika virus has emerged as a pathogen of major health concern. Here, we present a high-resolution (1.62-A) crystal structure of the RNA helicase from the French Polynesia strain. The structure is similar to that of the RNA helicase from Dengue virus, with variability in the conformations of loops typically involved in binding ATP and RNA. We identify druggable 'hotspots' that are well suited for in silico and/or fragment-based high-throughput drug discovery.
Plasmonic Effect on Exciton and Multiexciton Emission of Single Quantum Dots

Quantum dots are nanoscale quantum emitters with high quantum yield and size-dependent emission wavelength, holding promises in many optical and electronic applications. When quantum dots are situated close to noble metal nanoparticles, their emitting behavior can be conveniently tuned because of the interaction between the excitons of the quantum dots and the plasmons of the metal nanoparticles. This interaction at the single quantum dot level gives rise to reduced or suppressed photoluminescence blinking and enhanced multiexciton emission, which is difficult to achieve in isolated quantum dots. However, the mechanism of how plasmonic structures cause the changes in the quantum dot emission remains unclear. Because of the complexity of the system, the interfaces between metal, semiconductor, and ligands must be considered, in addition to factors such as geometry, interparticle distance, and spectral overlap. The challenges in the design and fabrication of the hybrid nanostructures as well as in understan...
Peer interaction in rural preschool classrooms: Contributions of children’s learning-related behaviors, language and literacy skills, and problem behaviors

Abstract Peer interaction contributes strongly to children’s development and learning, but the processes by which peer interaction is shaped in preschool classrooms, particularly classrooms in rural communities, are largely unknown. This study aimed to examine the patterns of peer interaction in rural preschool classrooms as a way to extrapolate how children influence each other in their day-to-day social interaction. Included in this study were 270 preschoolers (Mean age = 53 months, SD = 3.2) from 61 preschool classrooms located in rural communities that primarily served children from low-income families. Results of actor-partner interdependence models demonstrate significant homophily effects of children’s learning-related behaviors and language and literacy skills, after accounting for gender and problem behavior homophily. The similarity of learning-related behaviors between a dyad mediated the relationship between their problem behaviors and the frequency of peer interaction. Children’s language and literacy skills were similar to the skills of their peers with whom they interacted more often toward the end of the academic year. These findings have implications for understanding and improving peer interaction in rural preschool classrooms.
The Costs of Urban Power

The black urban riots of the 1960s suspended the calculus of social control.1 During the height of the rioting in 1967 and 1968, some 10 000 persons were injured, 100 000 arrested and 300 killed (Feagin and Hahn, 1973). In some cities, the police fired indiscriminately at blacks. In others, a massive deployment of federal troops brought the violence to an uneasy end. As the armoured cars rumbling down the boulevard made clear, the central cities were occupied.
Product diversification and property performance in the urban lodging market: The relationship and its moderators

Abstract In this study, we investigate the relationship between product diversification and hotel property performance as well as the moderators of this relationship in the urban lodging market. Using stochastic frontier analysis with panel data, we calibrate the efficiency scores of 377 urban hotels in Beijing from 1994 to 2005. We then investigate the impact of product diversification on performance as measured by efficiency score. Results from panel data models indicate that the degree of product diversification exhibits a positive relationship with hotel performance. Hotel location, diversification expansion rate, and foreign ownership/operation are found to be significant moderating factors determining the effect of product diversification. Specifically, hotels that (a) are located farther from the city center, (b) expand diversification more slowly, and (c) are domestically owned are more likely to leverage the benefits stemming from product diversification. We provide a series of practical evaluation modules to help hoteliers improve performance.
Contextualizing international learning: The moderating effects of mode of entry & subsidiary networks on the relationship between reforms & profitability

Abstract This empirical paper studies how MNEs from developing and emerging markets may learn through their choice of entry mode and subsidiary network configuration, and use this knowledge to increase their responsiveness to pro-market reforms in their home market. The paper proposes that entry modes and network configurations that facilitate knowledge acquisition provide firms from developing countries an advantage when responding to such institutional changes. The analyses use data for the largest Latin American companies from 1989 to 2008. The findings provide evidence for a positive moderating effect of equity international joint ventures, international acquisitions, and subsidiary network centrality closeness on the relationship between reforms and profitability.
The effect of hexyl side chains on molecular conformations, crystal packing, and charge transport of oligothiophenes

We report substituent effects on conformational preferences and hole mobilities of 2,5-bis-(thiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes (BTTT) monomer and dimer, and hexyl derivatives. We employ single-crystal X-ray diffraction, quantum mechanical calculations, and thin-film transistors to explore the difference between monomer, dimer, and effect of hexyl substitution. The hexyl-substituted molecules show marked differences in solid-state packing compared to the unsubstituted analogs. Most notably, the alkylated monomer crystal structure exhibits terminal thiophenes in the syn conformation. In contrast, the unsubstituted monomer adopts the more common anti conformation. The hexyl-substituted dimer, however, features a mixture of syn and anti thiophenes. Gas phase conformations of oligomers rationalize the intrinsic conformational preferences. We use a multimode simulation to compute hole mobilities and find excellent agreement with experiment. Theoretical results support our hypothesis that alkyl side chains cause these small molecules to adopt orientations that enhance hole mobilities by an order of magnitude upon hexyl substitution of the monomer.
Children's Reasoning about Poverty, Economic Mobility, and Helping Behavior: Results of a Curriculum Intervention in the Early School Years

This study evaluated the efficacy of an inquiry-based poverty curriculum unit on students’ beliefs about causes of poverty, economic mobility, and helping behaviors. Participants were 89 kindergarten, first- and second-grade students (mean age = 6.81 years, SD = .93) across two intervention and two control classrooms. Students in intervention classrooms participated in a 5- to 7-week curriculum unit focused on poverty. Preintervention results showed no differences in outcomes by condition. Postintervention results indicated that, compared to the control condition, students in the intervention were more likely to say that poverty is malleable over time and less likely to suggest giving money to poor families as a way to help. There were no differences, however, by condition in the types of causal attributions that students provided (i.e., individualistic, fatalistic, and structural). Implications for theory and educational practice regarding teaching about economic inequality and mobility are discussed.
Double Vision: Testing Audience Effects of Competing Social Media and Institutional Media Political Framing

Consumers increasingly use a second screen (computer, smartphone, and tablet) to virtually engage with each other through social networks as they watch television. This 2 × 3 experiment addresses a...
Agrarian and rural entrepreneurship in the Serbian agribusiness and European integrations

In the beginning of this paper, as an introduction, a notion, definition and content of agrarian and rural entrepreneurship, especially SMeS, in model of multifunctional agriculture of the European countries, especially EU, has been given. Then, author considers situation possibilities and limitations SMEs, as the best and important component Serbian agrarian and rural entrepreneurship and some Entrepreneurs programs in function of the Serbian Agribusiness an European integrations. Finally, author indicates need for makes Business plan subjects of small business and become entrepreneurship and some possibilities to be become entrepreneur at the Agrarian and Rural entrepreneurship. .
Prediction of a domain-drag effect in uniaxial, non-compensated, ferromagnetic metals

Abstract An electric current is predicted to exert a dragging force on ferromagnetic domain walls. The effect arises from the non-uniform current distribution, recently predicted and observed at 4·2 K in the neighborhood of a wall in metals (Co, Ni) with large Hall angle. When the average current density j exceeds a certain “coercive” value j c , the domains are set into motion in the same direction as the charge carriers. When j j c , the wall speed approaches the drift speed of the carriers. Ohm's law fails when the walls move. The limits of very small and of very large Hall angle are both considered, using the single-wall model of Williams, Shockley and Kittel, and also the stratified-medium model of Herring. We assume B = M s inside each domain; this is appropriate if the sample thickness t in the direction of the saturation magnetization M s , and the wall spacing a , obey t > a . Materials with large anisotropy field H A (h.c.p. Co, Gd) are necessary if the field H of the current is not to remove all walls normal to the current. For similar reasons, the sample should be in the shape of a flat ribbon (or rod) normal to M s , of thickness (or diameter) t obeying t H A / H c , where H c is the coercive field and d the wall length in the direction normal to the current and to M s .
Effect of UVC Radiation on Hydrated and Desiccated Cultures of Slightly Halophilic and Non-Halophilic Methanogenic Archaea: Implications for Life on Mars

Methanogens have been considered models for life on Mars for many years. In order to survive any exposure at the surface of Mars, methanogens would have to endure Martian UVC radiation. In this research, we irradiated hydrated and desiccated cultures of slightly halophilic Methanococcus maripaludis and non-halophilic Methanobacterium formicicum for various time intervals with UVC (254 nm) radiation. The survivability of the methanogens was determined by measuring methane concentrations in the headspace gas samples of culture tubes after re-inoculation of the methanogens into their growth-supporting media following exposure to UVC radiation. Hydrated M. maripaludis survived 24 h of UVC exposure, while in a desiccated condition they endured for 16 h. M. formicicum also survived UVC radiation for 24 h in a liquid state; however, in a desiccated condition, the survivability of M. formicicum was only 12 h. Some of the components of the growth media could have served as shielding agents that protected cells from damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Overall, these results suggest that limited exposure (12–24 h) to UVC radiation on the surface of Mars would not necessarily be a limiting factor for the survivability of M. maripaludis and M. formicicum.
Assessments of tumor metabolism with CEST MRI

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a relatively new contrast mechanism for MRI. CEST MRI exploits a specific MR frequency (chemical shift) of a molecule while generating an image with good spatial resolution using standard MRI techniques, combining the specificity of MRS with the spatial resolution of MRI. Many CEST MRI acquisition methods have been developed to improve analyses of tumor metabolism. GluCEST, CrCEST, and LATEST can map glutamate, creatine, and lactate, which are important metabolites involved in tumor metabolism. GlucoCEST MRI tracks the pharmacokinetics of glucose transport and cell internalization within tumors. CatalyCEST MRI detects enzyme catalysis that changes a substrate CEST agent. AcidoCEST MRI measures extracellular pH of the tumor microenvironment by exploiting a ratio of two pH-dependent CEST signals. This review describes each technique, the technical issues involved with CEST MRI and each specific technique, and the merits and challenges associated with applying each CEST MRI technique to study tumor metabolism.
A Preliminary Analysis of Research on Recovery from Homelessness

Changing attitudes toward the poor are producing sweeping revisions in public welfare. The homeless population may be particularly affected by stricter guidelines for subsidies and service. This article reports findings from the first 2 years of an ongoing, qualitative, longitudinal study of nine formerly homeless families who received services at a transitional shelter in 1994. The purpose was to explore the extent to which these families were able to maintain self-sufficiency. One year after care, two families were on the verge of homelessness again, and all needed public assistance to meet basic needs. Two years after care, eight families were beginning to attain economic self-sufficiency. Recommendations address programmatic issues, including the need for comprehensive services during the shelter stay and family mentoring during the rehousing process.
The Role of Technetium in the Evolution of Red Giants

Tc is detected in many AGB stars providing unambiguous proof that recent nuclear s-processing and mixing (the third dredge-up) has taken place. During this evolutionary episode the atmospheres of AGB stars are progressively enhanced with helium burning products (primari ly l2 C) and s-process elements as they evolve from M->MS->S->SC->C stars. The increase in s-process elements can be traced most easily by the presence and increasing strength of the Tc I lines accompanying this progression. We also find that the third dredge-up phase is accompanied by an increase in the amplitude of light variation since no non-variable or low amplitude variable M, MS, SC, or S (with one exception) have Tc lines. M star Mira variables show Tc if P > 300 d (low mass Pop I stars). No Pop II star is known to have Tc. Nor do supergiants show Tc I lines. The significant fraction of MS, S and C stars that do not show Tc, are surmised to be cooler analogues to the Ba II stars, i.e. binaries. The source to provide the neutrons for the s-process is most likely the 13 C( a , n) 16 O reaction since most of the stars in which we observe Tc are thought to have masses less than 3 solar masses.
Posterior Gastropexy (Hill Repair)

Successful execution of this operation requires that the esophagus be long enough to suture the esophagogastric junction to the level of the median arcuate ligament without tension (5–7 cm of intraabdominal esophagus).
Electrocortical Mapping of Language

Cortical mapping for identification of language eloquent cortex is common in epilepsy and tumor surgical centers. This chapter provides a brief history of electrocortical language mapping in the context of a planned surgical resection and then focuses on the pragmatics of knowing why, when, and how to perform this procedure both at the bedside and in the operating room. We summarize the indications for language mapping, pre-mapping procedures, stimulation parameters, general parameters for language testing, types of language tasks that can be used, scoring procedures, methods for separating motor from language effects, and performing mapping in special populations. In addition, we highlight a number of potential pit falls, complications, and logistical challenges that can occur during this procedure. Finally, using a case example, we illustrate how we perform a language mapping procedure at our center. While there is certainly variance in how this procedure is performed across surgical centers, we provide specific pros and cons for many of the standard techniques that are widely used. Regardless of the specific procedures used, we have found that using an integrated multidisciplinary approach that takes advantage of the skill sets and specialized knowledge that neurologists, neurosurgeons, and neuropsychologists bring to the table provides the best outcome.
On the B-Convergence of the θ-Method Over Infinite Time for Time Stepping for Evolution Equations

Abstract In Frank et al (5), the importance of B-convergence, i.e. convergence independent of stiffness of the problem, for numerical methods for evolution equations was pointed out. In [3] and [5] it was proven that the implicit Euler method is B-convergent. In the present paper we extend this result to the class of θ-methods and show further that for monotone problems and 0 ≤ θ ≤ θ0, θ0 ≃ ½ − ζτ, ζ a certain positive constant and τ the time-step, the error estimate is valid for all times. We also prove convergence for problems with little regularity of the solution. For earlier presentations of related results, see [1] and [2].
Empirical Evidence for Transference-Focused Psychotherapy and Other Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder

Writing about psychodynamic psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder (BPD) is difficult because it is not a unified approach. In fact, it is often said that psychoanalysis, although frequently used singularly, is in actuality a plural noun representing an array of theoretical ideas and technical applications. These schools broadly include ego psychology, object relations theory, self-psychology, and attachment theory.
Mobile Manipulators: Expanding the Frontiers of Robot Applications

Mobile manipulation capabilities are key to many new applications of robotics in space, underwater, construction, and service environments. This article presents various control strategies developed for vehicle/arm coordination, compliant motion tasks, and cooperative manipulation between multiple platforms. These strategies have been implemented on two holonomic mobile platforms designed and built at Stanford in collaboration with Oak Ridge National Laboratories and Nomadic Technologies.
Why are demographic Allee effects so rarely seen in social animals

Allee effects in group-living species are common, but little is known about the way in which Allee effects at the group-level scale up to influence population dynamics. Most notably, it remains unclear whether component Allee effects within groups (where some component of fitness in small groups decreases with decreasing group size) will translate into a population-level demographic Allee effect (where per capita fitness in small populations decreases with decreasing overall population size). The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is an obligate cooperative breeder that lives in packs and has a multitude of group-level component Allee effects. With the African wild dog as a case study, we use models to determine the effect that group structure has on the population dynamics of social animals and, specifically, whether Allee effects operating at the group level lead to a demographic Allee effect at the population level. We developed a suite of models to analyse the population dynamics of group-living species, as well as comparable "packless" models lacking group structure. By comparing these models, we can identify how Allee effects within groups influence population-level dynamics. Our results show that group structure buffers populations against a demographic Allee effect, because mechanisms affecting birth and mortality are more strongly influenced by group size than population size. We find that interactions between groups are vital in determining the relationship between density dependence within groups and density dependence at the population level. As sufficiently large groups provide protection against positive density dependence, even at low overall population sizes, our results have conservation implications for group-living species, as they suggest group size is a necessary population feature to consider in efforts to manage population size. Furthermore, we provide novel insight regarding the role that dispersal and pack size variation play in the buffering nature of social structure in groups subject to Allee effects.
CYADB: a database that covers your ask

Data completeness is becoming a significant roadblock in data quality. Existing research in this area currently handles the certainty of a query by ignoring the incomplete part and approximating missing attributes on partially complete tuples, but leaves open the question of how the missing data affect the quality of the results. This is particularly challenging when entire tuples are absent, which can affect query certainty in ways that are not immediately obvious. To aid this, we propose cyadb, a database that "covers your ask" by assessing the quality of a query answer when data are missing. cyadb is a human-in-the-loop system, in which the data owner utilizes his or her domain knowledge of data to specify aspects of the missing data, such as where it might be missing ("where"), how many data points are missing ("how many"), and how large the missing data points could be in comparison to the provided data ("how big"). Using this, cyadb calculates the query's missing sensitivity, the maximal size of the effect that the missing data could have on the given query. Additionally, cyadb provides concrete examples of missing data that match the missing sensitivity to help the user interactively refine the provided domain knowledge.
Increasing preschoolers’ vocabulary development through a streamlined teacher professional development intervention

Abstract Preschool teachers from a high-poverty, urban school district were trained to implement Story Talk, a book reading intervention designed to increase children’s vocabulary and language development using supportive materials and strategic individualized coaching. Thirty-five teachers were randomly assigned by site to the intervention (20) or the control condition (15). Teachers in the intervention were provided with training; one-to-one, bi-monthly coaching; and Story Maps that included target vocabulary, open-ended questions to promote conversations during book reading, and suggested extension activities that support use of target vocabulary. The results suggested that teachers in the intervention increased on the global quality of their instruction, as well as on their fidelity to the project’s strategies and their use of target vocabulary words. In addition, children in the intervention classrooms performed significantly better on measures of taught vocabulary words, and HLM analyses found gains on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-4 (d = 0.19) and the Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test-4 (d = 0.14), both standardized measures of vocabulary development. The results suggest that Story Talk holds promise as a relatively resource-conservative PD intervention that can be implemented with fidelity and can significantly improve children’s vocabulary development, especially among children in high-poverty schools.
Empty Templates: The Ethical Habits of Empty State Pages

ABSTRACTThis article examines how empty state pages (ESPs) constrain user-generated communication through the ethical lens of Bourdieu’s habitus. The authors define ESPs as interactive instructiona...