cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Production Medicine In Cow-Calf Operations

Let me begin by giving you some ideas that shaped my attitude and professional approach toward myself and my clients. The first one is "People are not wrong, just misinformed." This idea allows me to realize that most people really try to make "best" decisions in each area of their lives. They gather information from different sources, weigh it, sort it, and then move. It occurred to me that many of my clients made decisions that were counter productive because they were lacking key pieces of information and clear objectives and goals.
On a New Class of Fractional Calculus of Variations and Related Fractional Differential Equations

This paper is concerned with analyzing a class of fractional calculus of variations problems and their associated Euler-Lagrange (fractional differential) equations. Unlike the existing fractional calculus of variations which is based on the classical notion of fractional derivatives, the fractional calculus of variations considered in this paper is based on a newly developed notion of weak fractional derivatives and their associated fractional order Sobolev spaces. Since fractional derivatives are direction-dependent, using one-sided fractional derivatives and their combinations leads to new types of calculus of variations and fractional differential equations as well as nonstandard Neumann boundary operators. The primary objective of this paper is to establish the well-posedness and regularities for a class of fractional calculus of variations problems and their Euler-Lagrange (fractional differential) equations. This is achieved first for one-sided Dirichlet energy functionals which lead to one-sided fractional Laplace equations, then for more general energy functionals which give rise to more general fractional differential equations.
Campus Debit and Prepaid Cards and the Best Financial Interest Standard

There is a long, unfortunate history of colleges and universities steering students toward predatory financial products. Across consumer financial markets — from student loans to credit cards — schools have been caught making back-room deals with lenders at borrowers’ expense. The market for school-sponsored prepaid cards and debit cards clearly follows this example. These cards are meant to help students conveniently access money from federal student aid left over after tuition and fees are paid, including books and housing. Regulators, lawmakers, and consumer advocates have all warned that industry regularly sneaks in excessive and unfairly structured fees that can cost students hundreds of dollars a year. The Department of Education put rules on the books to create guardrails against many of the most egregious fees and tactics in the space in 2015, but its weak implementation of these standards has so far allowed extensive borrower harm to continue. This issue brief outlines a more robust interpretation of the 2015 “best financial interest” standard — the standard intended to protect students and rein in colleges when negotiating agreements with third-party financial institutions, and concludes that existing regulations, paired with updated guidance to schools, are capable of finally affording borrowers the protections they deserve and are entitled to under the law.
Elastin-Like Polypeptide: VEGF-B Fusion Protein for Treatment of Preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia is characterized by the development of elevated blood pressure during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy that is accompanied by end organ dysfunction. The pathogenesis of pre...
Chapter 15 Guanosine Nucleotide Metabolism in the Bovine Rod Outer Segment: Distribution of Enzymes and a Role of GTP

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the distribution of enzymes and the role of guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) in a photoreceptor system. Thoroughly washed rod outer segments (ROSs) show little or no enzymatic activity, and rhodopsin accounts for over 90% of the total protein. However, the discovery during the past decade of the highly fluid nature of the membrane and a number of membrane-associated enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism aroused renewed interest in this membrane, especially in the role of rhodopsin in the regulation of these membrane enzymes. To understand the mode of interaction as well as regulation of the reactions, the location of enzymes in the membrane needs to be determined. The chapter describes the purification of the GTP-binding protein (GTPase) and discusses a possible function in the rod membranes. The properties of the protein can also be compared with those of proteins found in other reactions to unravel a common mechanism of GTP action in various systems in which macromolecular interactions occur.
Congressional seniority and pork: A pig fat myth?

Abstract Representatives in American legislatures win reelection at astounding rates, even when they fail to represent the median voter in their districts closely. One popular explanation for this puzzle is that incumbents deliver non-ideological benefits to the district through “pork-barrel politics,” i.e., the distribution of federal spending. We put this explanation to the test by measuring the causal link between senior representation and pork. In short, we find no such link (sausage or otherwise). Employing both differences-in-differences and regression discontinuity designs, we find that a senior member of Congress, on average, brings no more pork to her district than the counterfactual freshman representing the same district at the same time. As a result, voters have no pork-based incentive to reelect their experienced incumbents, and pork-barrel politics cannot explain the incumbency advantage.
A Reviews of: “Voices in the Kitchen: Views of Food and the World from Working-Class Mexican and Mexican American Women”

In this captivating book, Meredith E. Abarca presents the voices of Mexican and Mexican American women as they theorize about the significance of food and cooking in their lives. Using information ...
Nutrient control of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton dynamics

To determine whether positive correlations between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton growth in nutrient addition experiments are due to growth coupling or growth stimulation by the same nutrients, we examined phyto- and bacterioplankton growth in a series of eleven nutrient addition (N × P) and light/dark experiments. In mesotrophic Castle Lake, the phyto- and bacterioplankton growth responses to phosphorus (P) addition were strongly correlated (r2=0.59), while only a weak correlation (r2=0.10) was observed for the nitrogen addition treatments. After normalizing the N + P treatments for the growth stimulation observed in the respective P treatments, we found a substantial stimulation of the phytoplankton (e.g., costimulation by N + P) and no stimulation of the bacterioplankton. Bacteria growth rates were similar in both light and dark incubated P treatments. In these experiments, we found clear evidence suggesting the dynamics of bacteria and phytoplankton were correlated because they are often limited by the same resource (mainly inorganic phosphorus). We found only limited evidence that bacterioplankton growth coupling to algal dynamics was occurring in these experiments. However, we did not consider several factors such as dissolved organic nutrient availability, bacterivory, availability of physical substrates, and temperature which are also thought to influence the nature of bacterial/phytoplankton interactions. Based on the results of our experiments, we conclude the biomass of the bacterio- and phytoplankton covaried because they were stimulated by the same nutrients.
Purification and characterization of arginine kinase from the mantle muscle of the squid, Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis. Role of the phosphagen/phosphagen kinase system in a highly aerobic muscle.

Abstract Arginine kinase (EC 2.7.3.3) from squid mantle muscle was purified to homogeneity as judged by isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis (sodium dodecyl sulfate, starch). The enzyme is a monomer of molecular weight 55,000 ± 6000 and occurs in mantle muscle in a single electrophoretic form with a specific activity of 310 units/g wet wt at 25 °C. The pH optima are 8.2 and 6.9 in the arginine phosphate-synthesizing and ATP-synthesizing directions, respectively. The divalent cation requirement of the enzyme is satisfied by Mg2+ or Mn2+ but added Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ are inhibitory. Monovalent ions (NH4+, K+, Na+, Cl−) inhibit the enzyme. Michaelis constants for ATP and arginine (both measured at pH 7.6) and for ADP and arginine phosphate (pH 7.2) are 0.8, 1.0, 0.2, and 3.5 m m , respectively, the Km's for any one substrate being independent of the concentration of its cosubstrate. Of over 40 metabolites tested for in vitro effects on the purified enzyme, only NADH, within its physiological range, affected enzyme activity. NADH is a noncompetitive inhibitor with a Ki of 0.15 m m . Like other enzymes of energy metabolism in squid mantle muscle, arginine kinase is tightly regulated, its activity being closely integrated with that of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle by NADH control. A theory is proposed, based on the data obtained, that the arginine kinase/arginine phosphate system in this highly aerobic muscle serves to reversibly regulate glycolytic flux and that its role in “energy storage” is very limited.
Scalar measurements in two, three, and four dimensions

Laser diagnostics experiments are described for obtaining multi-dimensional measurements in turbulent flows and flames. Techniques for mapping scalar fields in two and three dimensions are described and examples of measured quantities are presented. Additionally, the temporal evolution of a three-dimensional gas concentration field was measured in an acoustically forced flow, essentially providing a four-dimensional measurement of the flow. A technique for extending this approach to measurements in more general turbulent flows is proposed.
Liquid chromatographic determination of the myocardial isozyme of creatine kinase

Abstract Creatine kinase serum enzymes were separated by low pressure liquid chromatography with a Glycophase DEAE column. The separated MB creatine kinase isozyme was assayed by measurinq the amount of ATP formed from ADP and creatine phosphate in the presence of the enzyme. High performance 1iquid chromatography was used to determine ATP.
PATHWAY OF AMMONIUM ASSIMILATION IN A MARINE DIATOM DETERMINED WITH THE RADIOTRACER 13N1

In unicellular algae, ammonium can be assimilated into glutamate through the action of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) or into glutamine through the sequential activities of glutamine synthetase and glutamate 2-oxoglutarate amidotransferase (GS-GOGAT pathway). We have shown that the first radio-labeled product of assimilation of {sup 13}NH{sub 4}{sup +} (t{sub {1/2}} = 10 min) was glutamine in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt). When GS-GOGAT was inhibited with methionine sulfoximine, the incorporation of radioactivity into both glutamine and glutamate was blocked, implying that the radiolabeled glutamate is formed from glutamine. Glutamine was also the first labeled product when the intracellular concentration of ammonium was elevated by preincubation with unlabeled ammonium. The results indicate that the GS-GOGAT pathway is the primary pathway for the assimilation of nitrogen in T. pseudonana.
Experimental and numerical studies of the effects of materials and attachment conditions on pellicle induced distortions in advanced photomasks

Lithography registration errors induced by the attachment of soft pellicles on reticles can significantly affect wafer overlay performance for sub-100 nm lithography chip manufacturing. Intel Corporation and the University of Wisconsin have conducted an extensive study to identify the various sources of pellicle-induced distortions and methods for error reduction in order to meet advanced mask manufacturing requirements. In this study, pellicle attachment processes and system materials were evaluated to determine the effects on image placement accuracy. In particular, the in-plane distortions due to the pellicle attachment technique, pellicle frame flatness, frame adhesive, and environmental temperature were characterized. At Intel, pellicles were attached to a test reticle with a 21 X 21 array of grid points. Registration measurements were conducted before and after pellicle attachment using an optical distance metrology system. A comprehensive finite element model was developed at the University of Wisconsin to assess the contributions to pellicle-induced distortions from individual components of the pellicle system. Pellicle frame flatness, frame adhesive, and temperatures were measured and used as input to the finite element model. The correlation between simulation results and experimental data was excellent. Analyses were also performed to study pellicle mounting mechanisms and pellicle frame flatness.
A Maxwell's Demon type of membrane transport: possibility for active transport by ABC-type transporters?

ATP-binding-cassette (or ABC)-type transporters constitute one of the largest family of membrane transporters in nature. Many of its members move substrates "actively", i.e. in an ATP-dependent manner against an electrochemical gradient. No consensus is available about the mechanism. Therefore, a novel class of transport mechanisms is proposed based on Maxwell's demon idea. This transport mechanism consists of a gated pore that selectively opens for substrates from one, but not the other side. Thermoenergy (Brownian motion) would suffice for substrate translocation across the membrane; energy for synchronizing gate opening with substrate arrival would come from ATP hydrolysis. Simulations demonstrate that such a mechanism would be thermodynamically and kinetically feasible. It exhibits "active", unidirectional transport, saturation, and other typical features of protein-catalysed reactions. It also shows pore behavior with charged substrates moving under the influence of electrical potentials. Its efficiency depends on a diffusion time constant of the substrate in solution that is slower than the transit time through the membrane, a situation that can realistically be achieved at millimolar or lower substrate concentrations. Features of the novel mechanism that differ significantly from P- or F-type ATPases are: (1) transport cannot be run in "reverse" to synthesize ATP even if sufficient energy is available in the gradient of the transported solute and (2) unidirectional and net substrate fluxes through the transporter diverge with increasing substrate concentration.
A two-step mechanism for 5' and 3' splice-site pairing.

A FUNDAMENTAL question in the splicing of precursor messenger RNA is how the 5' and 3' splice sites are recognized and paired during the splicing reaction. It has been proposed that spliceosome assembly in metazoan pre-mRNAs can be initiated through interaction between the 3' splice site and specific sequence elements on the downstream exon (an exonic enhancer or a 5' splice site)1. Pairing of the intronic 5' and 3' splice sites occurs subsequently. We report here that 5' and 3' splice sites located on separate synthetic pre-mRNA substrates can be efficiently trans-spliced if the 3' trans-splicing substrate contains these downstream sequence elements. Moreover, selection of the trans 5' splice site can occur after the second pre-spliceosomal complex A has assembled on the 3' trans-splicing substrate. Thus our data demonstrate that 5' and 3' splice-site pairing in metazoans can occur in two distinct steps.
Applying SCORE to field‐based performance evaluations of soldier worn sensor technologies

Soldiers are often asked to perform missions that last many hours and are extremely stressful. After a mission is complete, the soldiers are typically asked to provide a report describing the most important things that happened during the mission. Due to the various stresses associated with military missions, there are undoubtedly many instances in which important information is missed or not reported and, therefore, not available for use when planning future missions. The ASSIST (Advanced Soldier Sensor Information System and Sensors Technology) program is addressing this challenge by instrumenting soldiers with sensors that they can wear directly on their uniforms. During the mission, the sensors continuously record what is going on around the soldier. With this information, soldiers are able to give more accurate reports without relying solely on their memory. In order for systems like this (often termed autonomous or intelligent systems) to be successful, they must be comprehensively and quantitatively evaluated to ensure that they will function appropriately and as expected in a wartime environment. The primary contribution of this paper is to introduce and define a framework and approach to performance evaluation called SCORE (System, Component, and Operationally Relevant Evaluation) and describe the results of applying it to evaluate the ASSIST technology. As the name implies, SCORE is built around the premise that, in order to get a true picture of how a system performs in the field, it must be evaluated at the component level, the system level, and in operationally relevant environments. The SCORE framework provides proven techniques to aid in the performance evaluation of many types of intelligent systems. To date, SCORE has only been applied to technologies under development (formative evaluation), but the authors believe that this approach would lend itself equally well to the evaluation of technologies ready to be fielded (summative evaluation). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bacterial endocarditis presenting as complete heart block with paradoxical (left-to-right) pulmonary emboli.

Abstract The patient described presented with fever, heart block, negative blood cultures, and clinical evidence of aortic insufficiency. He was unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated an acquired left-to-right shunt which was probably the source of paradoxical pulmonary emboli. Surgical replacement of the infected aortic valve and closure of the demonstrated ruptured mycotic sinus of Valsalva aneurysm was curative. It is suggested that evolving intraventricular or atrioventricular conduction disturbances during the course of endocarditis indicate the presence of myocardial abscess or sinus of Valsalva aneurysm and should be taken as strong indications for prompt surgical intervention.
26.1: Simple and Accurate Optical Reflection and Phase Compensation Methods for Reflective LCD Cell Gap

We developed two fast, simple, and accurate optical methods for reflective LCD cell-gap measurements. One method uses optical reflection, while the other uses optical phase compensation. They have higher accuracy, simpler setup and procedure, and lower cost than the present optical interference method. The typical measurement accuracy is about 0.05, 0.1, and 0.3um respectively, for phase compensation, optical reflection, and optical interference methods.
The Physiological and Pharmacological Significance of Cardiovascular T-Type, Voltage-gated Calcium Channels

An influx of calcium ions into cells, made possible by the opening of specific, voltage-gated channels, triggers muscular contraction and several other physiological processes. Two types of calcium channels, L-type and T-type, are found in the cardiovascular system. These two types of channels differ considerably in their electrical and chemical characteristics and in their distribution in tissue. The L-type calcium channel is responsible for normal myocardial contractility and for vascular smooth muscle contractility. In contrast, T-type calcium channels are not normally present in the adult myocardium, but are prominent in conducting and pacemaking cells. They are thought to help regulate vascular tone, signal conduction, cardiac pacemaking, and the secretion of certain intercellular transmitters. T-Type channels also seem to have an important role in normal growth processes and in the tissue remodeling that occurs in pathologic processes such as cardiac hypertrophy. Traditional calcium antagonists act on L-type channels. Mibefradil is a recently characterized calcium antagonist and the first that is selective for T-type calcium channels. This unique property may lead to major applications in cardiovascular medicine.
The Search for Meaning Following a Stroke

Predictions from cognitive theories of adjustment to victimization were tested in two groups: stroke patients and their caregivers. Consistent with these approaches, a substantial proportion of respondents reported searching for a cause, asking themselves "Why me?" and finding meaning in the event. Multiple regression analysis revealed that, even when the effects of the severity of the stroke were controlled for, finding meaning had the positive effects proposed by a cognitive approach. A concern with the selective incidence of the event was associated with poorer adjustment, but being able to identify a cause was related to more positive outcomes. Those who held themselves responsible for the stroke were more poorly adjusted when the effects of severity of the stroke were controlled for. The results suggest that future researchers make a careful distinction between causal attributions for a negative event, selective incidence attributions ("Why me?"), and responsibility attributions. They appear to have ...
The UFW and the Undocumented

It has become an embarrassment. The American Conservative crows, “Cesar Chavez, Minuteman,” and the accompanying article delivers the news that the United Farm Workers was not only anti-immigrant but that it set up its own border patrol between Arizona and Mexico. The magazine does not stand alone. Leaders of current right-wing vigilante groups claim Chavez's retroactive endorsement for their occasional attempts to close small sections of the border. In response, Chavez's defenders contend that the UFW opposed the undocumented only when they broke strikes; and besides, that was long ago, and now the union is a strong defender of immigrant rights. Thus, UFW policy toward the undocumented—controversial in its own time—once again has become a subject of public debate, threatening to tarnish the name given to so many California streets, parks, schools, community centers, and even university departments.
Microbiologists Just Want to Have Fun

Review of: Non-technical online microbial resources that entertain, engage, and promote microbiology thorugh music, comics, and gaming. Resources include Food Safety Music , Pandemic 2 , Microbe Kombat , and The Great Flu .
Femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy of trinuclear transition metal mixed-valence complexes

The dynamics of relaxation following photoinduced metal-to-metal charge-transfer (MMCT) processes of the trinuclear mixed-valence complexes [(NC)5RuII−CN−PtIV(NH3)4−NC−RuII(CN)5]4- and [(NC)5FeII−CN−PtIV(NH3)4−NC−FeII(CN)5]4- were investigated with femtosecond pump−probe spectroscopy. Relaxation dynamics following photoinduced M(II) → Pt(IV) MMCT varied with solvent and the identity of the M(II) centers. The back-electron-transfer (BET) time scale of [(NC)5RuII−CN−PtIV(NH3)4−NC−RuII(CN)5]4- ranged from 476 ± 23 fs in water to 1110 ± 288 fs in a water/DMSO mixture with mole fraction DMSO of 0.1. The time scale of vibrational relaxation in the ground state ranged from 1.5 to 2.7 ps. Electron-transfer and ground-state vibrational relaxation dynamics of [(NC)5FeII−CN−PtIV(NH3)4−NC−FeII(CN)5]4- were convolved, with relaxation to ground and product electronic states occurring within 3.5 ps. The electron-transfer dynamics of both complexes are significantly slower than the solvation dynamics of water or DMSO. Th...
Short-term complications have more effect on cost-effectiveness of THA than implant longevity.

Background Outcomes research in THA has focused largely on long-term implant survivorship as a primary outcome and emphasized the development of new implant technologies. In contrast, strategies to improve short-term outcomes, such as the frequencies of periprosthetic joint infections and unplanned readmissions, have received less attention.
Studies on the mechanism of interferon action: characterization of polysome-associated cellular RNAs modified by interferon.

Abstract A recent publication indicated that certain polysome-associated RNA species are altered in interferon-treated cells. The present data show that these RNA species are poly(A)-containing mRNAs, RNAs without a poly(A)-rich region and tRNAs. In addition, we show that in polyacrylamide gels in aqueous medium as well as in nonaqueous medium (formamide) the mRNAs from interferon-treated cells migrate more slowly than do control cell mRNAs, suggesting that the interferon mRNAs are slightly larger than normal. Transfer RNAs from interferon-treated cells, on the other hand, move more slowly than control tRNAs in aqueous medium, but not in formamide, suggesting that the difference in mobility in tRNAs is associated with factors other than size.
An examination of evolved behavior in two reinforcement learning systems

Using agent-based simulation experiments, we assess the relative performance of two Reinforcement Learning System (RLS) paradigms - the classical Learning Classifier System (LCS) and an enhancement, the Extended Classifier System (XCS) - in the context of playing the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) game. In prior research, the XCS outperforms the LCS in solving the Animats-and-Maze and Boolean Multiplexer test problems. Our work has overlaps with and is an extension of such efforts in that it allows assessment of each system's ability to (a) cope with delayed environmental feedback, (b) evolve irrational choice as the optimal behavior, and (c) cope with unpredictable input from the environment. We find that while the XCS is considerably superior to the LCS, in terms of four key performance metrics, in playing IPD games against a deterministic, reactive game-playing agent (Tit-for-Tat), the LCS does better against an unpredictable opponent (Rand) albeit with significant evolutionary effort. Further, upon examining each XCS enhancement in isolation, we see that specific LCS variants equipped with a single XCS feature, do better than the traditional LCS model and/or the XCS model in terms of particular metrics against both types of opponents but, again, usually with greater evolutionary effort. This suggests that if offline, rather than online, performance and specific performance goals are the focus, then one may construct relatively-simpler LCS variants rather than full-fledged XCS systems. Further assessments using LCS variants equipped with combinations of XCS features should help better comprehend the synergistic impacts of these features on performance in the IPD.
Characterization of multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 from an insecticide resistant strain of house fly (Musca domestica)

Abstract Components of the microsomal monooxygenase system derived from abdominal preparations of an insecticide resistant house fly ( Musca domestica , Rutgers strain) were characterized. Cytochrome P -450 isozymes with molecular weights of 49,000, 53,000, 54,000, and 58,000 were partially purified using a procedure involving chromatography on columns of phenyl Sepharose, DEAE-cellulose (DE-52), carboxymethyl-Sepharose, hydroxylapatite, and an affinity column prepared from rat liver cytochrome b 5 . Activity toward a variety of pesticides, as well as other exogenous and endogenous monooxygenase substrates, was examined using intact microsomes or purified isozymes in reconstituted systems. Oxidation of benzo[ a ]pyrene in microsomal preparations was high although neither O -dealkylation of 7-ethoxyresorufin nor N -dealkylation of p -chloromethylaniline could be detected. Other substrates metabolized by abdominal microsomes from Rutgers flies included testosterone, lauric acid (primarily at in-chain positions), phorate, p -nitroanisole, and aldrin. Activity of abdominal microsomes from the susceptible CSMA strain toward benzo[ a ]pyrene and lauric acid was, surprisingly, higher than that from the resistant Rutgers strain. Synergism between NADPH and NADH was noted with microsomes from either strain. Reconstitution experiments were relatively unsuccessful but activity toward lauric acid was obtained using a system that included purified cytochrome P -450 fractions, purified house fly or rat liver NADPH-cytochrome P -450 reductase, an NADPH generating system, and a phospholipid. Unlike similar systems utilizing mammalian cytochrome P -450, phosphatidylethanolamine was more active than phosphatidylcholine.
Effective properties of cell wall layers in bast fiber

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present the effective properties of the secondary layer of plant cell wall computed via 3D finite element method. Due to varied structural organization and volume fraction of constituents, a set of different volume fractions of constituents in the cell wall are chosen in this study and their effective properties are computed. In order to accomplish the objective, 3D unit cell of the secondary layer is analyzed using the well established micro-mechanical finite element model. The effective properties computed are compared with the existing semi-empirical models and multi pass homogenization technique. Semi-empirical Tsai–Hahn relations in conjunction with rule of mixtures are observed to be very close to the 3D FEM results obtained.
Role of extracellular Na and K in lymphocyte activation

The transmembrane electrical potential has been measured across human peripheral blood lymphocytes under culture conditions using equilibrium distributions of the lipophilic cation 3H-tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP). The TPP equilibrates to a steady-state level that gives calculated voltages of −80 mV for unstirnulated lymphocytes. This value of Ihe potential is constant during the first few hours of succinyl concanavalin A stimulation. When the transmembrane electrical potential is lowered by isotonic replacement of Na with K, this neither by itself stimulates proliferation nor does it inhibit mitogen-stimulated proliferation. Lymphocytes with similar membrane potentials, such as those incubated in normal-Na MEM and low-Na-mannitol MEM, exhibit drastically different pro-liferative responses to mitogen stimulation (Deutsch et al., 1981). These results show that isotonic replacement of K for Na prevents low Na inhibition of DNA synthesis and that at least during the first 2.5 hours of lymphocyte activation transmembrane electrical potential per se does not play a significant role in the activation process.
Adlerian-oriented early memory research: what does it tell us?

Of the different approaches to interpreting early memories (EMs), Adlerian-oriented EM research comparatively has shown a most substantial increase in the past 10 years. I examine all Adlerian-oriented EM research appearing from 1981 through 1990. The majority of the research provides a tentative base of support for Adler's (1931) views about EMs. However, several deficiencies in these investigations are identified (e.g., a lack of pilot studies), and some recommendations are made for future EM studies.
Mixed chimerism production by nonmyeloablative bone marrow transplantation in a mouse model

Abstract Introduction: Traditional techniques for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) rely on the production of biologic “space” in the recipient bone marrow compartment with myeloablative conditioning. A major disadvantage to myeloablative conditioning is a transient period of myelosuppression prior to bone marrow (BM) reconstitution, during which the BMT recipient is susceptible to infection. The purpose of this study is to describe a reliable, well tolerated, and labor non-intensive technique for the production of stable mixed hematopoietic chimerism without myeloablative conditioning. Methods: SJL mice served as the universal BM donors. SJLB6F1 (F1) or C57BL/6 (B6) mice served as the recipient strains. Recipient mice received sublethal total body irradiation (TBI) on day -1, 200 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.) Cyclophosphamide on days –3 and +3, and donor BM on day 0. TBI doses of 200 to 500 cGy and cell doses from 10 × 106 to 40 × 106 were evaluated. Hematopoietic chimerism was determined with flow cytometry at 21 and 60 days post-engraftment. Results: 28/28 (100%) mice in the haploidentical strain combination (SJL into F1) developed 1%–19% chimerism by 21 days. Chimerism in all of these mice increased to 15%–61% by 60 days and remained stable in that range. A BM cell dose of 20 × 106 and a minimum TBI dose of 200 cGy was adequate. In the fully allogeneic strain combination (SJL into B6), 14/22(64%) mice developed 1%–15% chimerism by 21 days. This increased to 3%–56% by 60 days and subsequently remained stable in that range. A donor BM cell dose of 20 × 106 was effective. However, a minimum TBI dose of 500 cGy was necessary for the allogeneic strain combination. TBI of less than 500 cGy was inadequate for stable mixed chimerism production. Conclusions: Mixed chimerism can be effectively produced in a haploidentical and fully allogeneic strain combination using nonmyeloablative conditioning. A minimum TBI dose of 500 cGy in addition to a well-tolerated dose of i.p. Cyclophosphamide is necessary for engraftment within the allogeneic strain combination. The TBI dose can be effectively dropped to 200 cGy for engraftment within a haploidentical (parent into F1) model.
Self-regulation of photoinduced electron transfer by a molecular nonlinear transducer

Organisms must adapt to survive, necessitating regulation of molecular and subcellular processes. Green plant photosynthesis responds to potentially damaging light levels by downregulating the fraction of excitation energy that drives electron transfer. Achieving adaptive, self-regulating behaviour in synthetic molecules is a critical challenge that must be met if the promises of nanotechnology are to be realized1. Here we report a molecular pentad consisting of two light-gathering antennas, a porphyrin electron donor, a fullerene electron acceptor and a photochromic control moiety. At low white-light levels, the molecule undergoes photoinduced electron transfer with a quantum yield of 82%. As the light intensity increases, photoisomerization of the photochrome leads to quenching of the porphyrin excited state, reducing the quantum yield to as low as 27%. This self-regulating molecule modifies its function according to the level of environmental light, mimicking the non-photochemical quenching mechanism2,3,4,5,6,7,8 for photoprotection found in plants.
Development of a Learning Style Orientation Measure

Trainees differ in their preferences for learning strategies, and these differences can moderate the effectiveness of training programs. Unfortunately, previous attempts to develop learning style preference measures have not yielded reliable measures. The authors conducted two studies as part of an effort to develop and provide an initial validation of a learning style orientation measure. Factor analyses revealed five distinct and reliable learning style orientations. Scores on these factors were related to personality and instructional methods preferences. Findings provided preliminary support of the convergent and discriminant validity of the measure.
Industrial policy in developing countries

Abstract Traditionally, proindustry policies were associated with incentives for import substitution and an inward-oriented development strategy. This is no longer so. Whereas in the past, world-market orientation was seen as implying reliance on primary production, today policies favoring international competition and export orientation are considered compatible with policies favoring rapid industrialization. Differences of opinion on the appropriate degree of public intervention remain. The debate between “purist” laissez-faire advocates and those who believe in industrial planning, public investment, and generous subsidies often obscures the real need for reduction in antiexport bias, rationalization of incentives, and reform of public-sector activities.
Fat and cholesterol in the diet of infants and young children: Implications for growth, development, and long-term health

Fat is necessary in the diets of infants and young children because of their extraordinary energy needs and limited dietary capacity. In addition, essential fatty acids provide the substrates for arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and their metabolites. Deficiencies in the amounts of these long-chain fatty acids in the diet during infancy may affect the maturation of the central nervous system, including visual development and intelligence. Efforts to link the diet in infancy and early childhood to the development of chronic diseases in adulthood are hampered by a lack of supportive epidemiologic and clinical data. Serum cholesterol and lipid levels during childhood correlate only weakly with their levels at maturity. Studies in twins suggest that there is a large genetic component to serum lipid levels. Similarly, the correlation between obesity in early childhood and in adulthood is weak. Young children who receive fat-restricted diets in which fat accounts for 30% or less of their intake appear to grow normally but are more likely not to consume the recommended dietary allowances of many nutrients. Therefore fat should not be restricted in the diets of infants and young children. Restricting fat to approximately 30% of the calories consumed is reasonable after the age of 2 years, but the benefits of this recommendation remain to be proved.
Distributional Chaos in Dendritic and Circular Julia Sets

Abstract If x and y belong to a metric space X, we call ( x , y ) a DC1 scrambled pair for f : X → X if the following conditions hold: 1) for all t > 0 , lim sup n → ∞ 1 n | { 0 ≤ i n : d ( f i ( x ) , f i ( y ) ) t } | = 1 , and 2) for some t > 0 , lim inf n → ∞ 1 n | { 0 ≤ i n : d ( f i ( x ) , f i ( y ) ) t } | = 0 . If D ⊂ X is an uncountable set such that every x , y ∈ D form a DC1 scrambled pair for f, we say f exhibits distributional chaos of type 1. If there exists t > 0 such that condition 2) holds for any distinct points x , y ∈ D , then the chaos is said to be uniform. A dendrite is a locally connected, uniquely arcwise connected, compact metric space. In this paper we show that a certain family of quadratic Julia sets (one that contains all the quadratic Julia sets which are dendrites and many others which contain circles) has uniform DC1 chaos.
Experimental Research As Practical Action: Stooge Detection And Bias*

A discussion of experimental research as practical action applies the ethnomethodological critique to research in experimental social psychology. While research on demand characteristics may meet some of the ethnomethodological criticisms, it may not provide a set of exemplars around which the practical activity of experimentation can be organized. “Stooge detection” is a practical problem often faced by experimenters. My data suggest that stooge detection may, in certain circumstances, be a member's strategy for dealing with a problematic experimental setting. This view has implications for notions of experimental “bias”.
TRIBA: a cable television retrieval & awareness system

This paper discusses the design of a physical and digital system intended to allow for easy manipulation and interaction with the tremendous amount of options present in advanced multimedia devices, such as digital cable television. As user demand for access to large quantities of data increases, and cable companies offer more choices to their audiences, traditional content selection techniques become less useful and much more difficult to understand. TRIBA is the result of a ten week research and design exploration investigating how users can easily manipulate and comprehend tremendously large data sets. The findings of this research indicate a need for utilizing interactive agents to bridge the gap between the user and their goal. As technology is created and consumer electronics becomes more integrated into our lives, devices speak a language that users are expected to learn. TRIBA is a product embracing the philosophical idea that users should not have to learn a new language to interact with a futuristic and useful product, but instead products and devices must learn to speak the same language as the user.
Hydroxyphaseollin production by soybeans resistant and susceptible to Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) varieties carrying either of two allelomorphic resistance genes (Rps and rps2) accumulated 6a-hydroxyphaseollin from 10 to 100 times faster when challenged with incompatible Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. var. sojae A. A. Hildb. races than lines inoculated with compatible races. In incompatible host-parasite combinations, the hydroxyphaseollin levels attained were 100 to 400 times the ED50 concentration for inhibition of mycelial growth of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae; however, 6a-hydroxy-phaseollin accumulated to only 1 to 4 times the ED50 concentration in compatible host-parasite combinations. Hydroxyphaseollin was not detected in non-wounded, unchallenged soybean hypocotyls and did not begin to accumulate until 10 to 12 h after inoculation. Both resistant and susceptible soybean hypocotyls had the capacity to accumulate more 6a-hydroxy-phaseollin and were more resistant as a function of plant age. As reported previously by others, heat treatment broke resistance conferred by the Rps allele. This treatment con-comitantly decreased the rate of 6a-hydroxyphaseollin accumulation in inculated hypocotyls by 90%. The evidence indicated that 6a-hydroxyphaseollin may be the soybean phytoalexin described previously by other workers and that its rapid production is the mechanism of expression of genetically defined resistance to Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae.
Control of chemical composition and food quality attributes of cultured fish

Abstract The consumer's acceptance of fishery products depends on several attributes of food quality. Important attributes of food are safety, nutrition, flavor, texture, color, and the suitability for processing and preservation. In addition to interspecies variation, intraspecific factors markedly influence these attributes. The fish farmer has some control of physiological factors, such as biological age and growth rate; environmental factors, such as water temperature, pressure, flow and chemistry; and dietary factors such as feeding cycle, starvation, overfeeding, and the presence or absence of specific components. The paper reviews the influence of culture conditions on the chemical composition and edible qualities of fish.
Analysis of nucleoproteinsby direct injection of dissolved nuclei or chromosomes into a high-performance liquid chromatographic system

Abstract This work describes the development of a method for fractionating the total nuclear proteins of Chinese hamster cells (line CHO) by high-performance liquid chromatography of whole nuclei or chromosomes. Nuclei or chromosomes were dissolved for 2 h in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride containing 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Residual particulates were removed by centrifugation, and a sample of the solution was passed through a Bio-Sil TSK guard column, followed by a Bio-Sil TSK 400 column, equilibrated with water containing 0.2% TFA. These columns fractionated the sample by adsorbing the DNA, passing the proteins near the exclusion limit, passing the guanidine at the inclusion limit, and passing an unidentified non-protein/non-DNA material after the inclusion limit. The protein peaks from the TSK columsn were collected directly on a μBondapak CN reversed-phase column. The proteins fractions were then eluted from the CN column with an acetonitrile gradient containing 0.2% TFA. Three other reversed-phase columns were examined for use with the TSK columns. The μBondapak C 18 Radial-Pak column produced the best resolution of histone variants, while the Zorbax C 8 column produced a better resolution of the non-histone proteins. The Nova-Pak C 18 Radial-Pak column was found to be unsatisfactory for both classes of nucleoproteins.
How and Where do People Fail with Time: Temporal Reference Mapping Annotation by Chinese and English Bilinguals

This work reports on three human tense annotation experiments for Chinese verbs in Chinese-to-English translation scenarios. The results show that inter-annotator agreement increases as the context of the verb under the annotation becomes increasingly specified, i.e. as the context moves from the situation in which the target English sentence is unknown to the situation in which the target lexicon and target syntactic structure are fully specified. The annotation scheme with a fully specified syntax and lexicon in the target English sentence yields a satisfactorily high agreement rate. The annotation results were then analyzed via an ANOVA analysis, a logistic regression model and a log-linear model. The analyses reveal that while both the overt and the latent linguistic factors seem to significantly affect annotation agreement under different scenarios, the latent features are the real driving factors of tense annotation disagreement among multiple annotators. The analyses also find the verb telicity feature, aspect marker presence and syntactic embedding structure to be strongly associated with tense, suggesting their utility in the automatic tense classification task.
Cell death during ischemia: relationship to mitochondrial depolarization and ROS generation.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury induces cell death, but the responsible mechanisms are not understood. This study examined mitochondrial depolarization and cell death during ischemia and reperfusion. C...
A calibration curve for immobilized dihydrofolate reductase activity assay.

An assay was developed for measuring the active-site concentration, activity, and thereby the catalytic turnover rate (kcat) of an immobilized dihydrofolate reductase model system (Singh et al., (2015), Anal. Biochem). This data article contains a calibration plot for the developed assay. In the calibration plot rate is plotted as a function of DHFR concentration and shows linear relationship. The concentration of immobilized enzyme was varied by using 5 different size mica chips. The dsDNA concentration was the same for all chips, assuming that the surface area of the mica chip dictates the resulting amount of bound enzyme (i.e. larger sized chip would have more bound DHFR). The activity and concentration of each chip was measured.
Apical membrane turnover is accelerated near cell-cell contacts in an embryonic epithelium.

Abstract During embryogenesis, the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus forms a monolayered tight epithelium called the enveloping layer (EVL). These epithelial cells have been shown to rearrange during epiboly, as they spread to cover the large yolk cell. Membrane remodeling by exocytosis and endocytosis is important in establishing and maintaining the apical–basolateral polarity of many epithelial cells and is a necessary component of epithelial rearrangements, as cells constantly break contacts and reform tight junctions. To study these phenomena in Fundulus heteroclitus embryos, we labeled the apical membranes of EVL cells with fluorescent lectins and lipids and followed membrane dynamics. Apical membrane components were found to be highly immobilized, allowing us to observe localized sites of apical membrane turnover in situ, over the period of several days. We found that apical membrane turnover in the EVL cells of post-epiboly killifish embryos is accelerated at cell–cell contacts, in a peripheral band of apical membrane which closely borders circumferential tight junctions. Moreover, this turnover rate is increased during epiboly, when the cells are actively rearranging. To investigate whether this increased membrane turnover may be related to the mechanical forces experienced by the rearranging EVL cells, post-epiboly embryos, whose EVL cells no longer rearrange, were subjected to mechanical deformation. In these manipulated embryos, apical membrane turnover was accelerated at cell–cell contacts in EVL cells which experienced externally applied mechanical tension. These results suggest that local mechanical tension may modulate regional apical membrane turnover within EVL cells during the process of epiboly.