cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FLOC CHARACTERISTICS IN WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT

ABSTRACT The behavior of an aggregate of colloidal particles, or floc, in a water treatment process is dependent upon its physical characteristics, including size, strength, density, and permeability. It is no exaggeration to say that the success of a water treatment operation can be gauged by the properties of the aggregates produced. Size and density are particularly important in sedimentation processes where the rate of solids subsidence constrains plant operation. Strength and permeability are indicators of the ease with which sludge may be dewatered for ultimate disposal. An experimental study of how floc characteristics are interrelated has been completed. In the case of kaolin-polyacrylamide aggregates, physical properties are largely determined by the conformation of the macromolecular bridges. Measurements of the viscosity of the dilute polymer solution under varied pH and ionic strength conditions have shown that macroion extension is greatest at a pH of about 6.5 for minimal counter-ion concent...
Effect of 2-Methyl-l,4-Naphthoquinone on Glycolysis of Schistosoma mansoni.∗:

Conclusions2-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone markedly inhibits aerobic glycolysis of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro. Since glycolysis, rather than oxidative metabolism, appears to be essential for the survival of these organisms, and since the toxicity of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone for mammalian species is low, the effect of this compound in experimental schistosomiasis has been studied. Results in mice suggest that the compound may act synergistically with subcurative doses of antimonials (“Fuadin”).
Spatial variability of water fluxes in soil: a field study

Knowledge of spatial variability of soil properties is important for soil sampling and modeling water and solute transport through soil. A field study was conducted on a Silawa-variant loamy fine sand (fine, mixed, thermic Udic Paleustalf) in Brazos County, Texas, to evaluate spatial variability and convergence and divergence of water fluxes through the soil profile. A 7 by 14 grid of interception cells (each 25 by 25 mm) was built to collect surface-applied water at 03-, 0.9-, and 1.2-m depth. The interception cells were installed on the ceilings of tunnels that had been hand dug horizontally into the walls of a large backhoe-dug pit. Water was applied under a positive head of 50 mm in a 1.2 by 1.2 m infiltration square. Normal and lognormal probability functions were fitted to frequency distributions of intercepted fluxes from topsoil and subsoil, respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.95 and higher. Most nonmatrix flow was found at 0.9 m in the Bt2 horizon. We speculate that fluxes were most heterogeneous in this horizon because of associated soil texture and structure. Compared with soil at 0.3 and 1.2 m, texture was finer, peds were larger, and clay films were more abundant at 0.9 m. This relationship with pedologic development suggests that descriptions of texture and structure might be used to predict spatial distributions of fluxes and design sampling schemes. Convergence of water flowpaths was observed from 0.3 to 0.9 m while divergence occurred from 0.9 to 1.2 m.
BETWEEN PAID AND UNPAID WORK: Gender Patterns in Supplemental Economic Activities among White, Rural Families

This article explores gender differences in three varieties of economic activities that supplement regular employment and housework: entrepreneurial moonlighting, self-provisioning, and casual exchanges with the members of other households. Drawing on data gathered through a random survey and interviews conducted with a white, rural, working-class population, gender differences were found in the content of these activities, their location, the time devoted to them, the degree to which they were delineated from other activities, and the opportunities they provided for sociability. These differences are shown to have consequences for the internal gendered dynamics of the household and for the reinforcement of some kinds of male privilege.
Upwelling at the ice edge - A mechanism for deep water formation?

This study sets forward a hypothesis which anticipates deep water formation due to ice edge upwelling. The upwelling can raise thermocline waters (the lower Arctic Intermediate Water) to the surface or near it, where the water is exposed to cooling, evaporation, mixing, and oxygenation. Thus, upwelling can act as a preconditioning mechanism for deep convection. The conjecture would also explain the salinity range of the Greenland Sea Deep Water if the upper and lower Arctic Intermediate Water masses are mixed so that the latter has at least an 80-percent contribution. It is also anticipated that the convection events induced by ice edge upwelling during winter season could give rise to a new deep water annual production rate consistent with observations.
The evaluation of methods for measuring suspended particulates in air

Abstract An in-depth comparative study was conducted to define the relationships between and among commonly used methods for measuring suspended particulate matter. High volume air samplers, British smokeshade measuring devices, membrane filter samplers, tape samplers, and cascade impactor samplers were operated for 24-h sampling periods at 11 sites in Great Britain from January to June 1970. Data derived from gravimetric and optical analysis of the samples were used to develop regression equations and other relationships. Smokeshade measurements generally were lower than the corresponding hi-vol measurements when concentrations of suspended particulate matter were low. In contrast, black staining particulate matter can result in smokeshade values higher than corresponding values obtained gravimetrically. The soiling index correlated poorly with gravimetric measurements of suspended particulate matter. Size distributions and other parameters are discussed.
Molecular Endocrinology and Physiology of the Aging Central Nervous System

Aging is associated with a progressive decline in physical and cognitive functions. The impact of age-dependent endocrine changes regulated by the central nervous system on the dynamics of neuronal behavior, neurodegeneration, cognition, biological rhythms, sexual behavior, and metabolism are reviewed. We also briefly review how functional deficits associated with increases in glucocorticoids and cytokines and declining production of sex steroids, GH, and IGF are likely exacerbated by age-dependent molecular misreading and alterations in components of signal transduction pathways and transcription factors.
Stress: An inevitable component of animal translocation

Abstract As the number and diversity of animal species meriting conservation intervention increases, improving the success of translocation efforts is vital and understanding the role of physiological stress in translocation failure is essential. Though the short-term acute stress response is critical for survival in the wild, chronic stress results in pathology and occurs when the physiological stress response system is pushed beyond the normal capacity and becomes dysregulated. As this review discusses, translocation may inevitably lead to a state of chronic stress; however, this translocation-induced stress does not doom an animal to post-release failure or preclude translocation as a conservation tool. Rather, because chronic stress in translocated animals may actually be the norm rather than the exception, “stress” can be considered a predictable factor to incorporate into translocation planning. In terms of translocation failure, we argue that the role of stress is an indirect one. Translocation-induced chronic stress increases the overall vulnerability of the individuals and, as a result, decreases the probability that the population will become self-sustaining. In this review, we further propose techniques to potentially decrease the total number and magnitude of stressor exposures throughout the translocation procedure in order to diminish the incidence of chronic stress-related pathology. Aspects of the translocation activities, such as capture techniques and care procedures during captivity, can be adjusted to accomplish this. Though stress may be an inevitable component of translocation, reducing the impact and time course of chronic stress on the physiology and behavior of translocated animals will increase the likelihood of translocation success as measured by the formation of a new, self-sustaining population
Outward atmospheric scintillation effects and inward atmospheric scintillation effects comparisons for direct detection ladar applications

Atmospheric turbulence produces intensity modulation or "scintillation" effects on both on the outward laser-mode path and on the return backscattered radiation path. These both degrade laser radar (ladar) target acquisition, ranging, imaging, and feature estimation. However, the finite sized objects create scintillation averaging on the outgoing path and the finite sized telescope apertures produce scintillation averaging on the return path. We expand on previous papers going to moderate to strong turbulence cases by starting from a 20kft altitude platform and propagating at 0° elevation (with respect to the local vertical) for 100km range to a 1 m diameter diffuse sphere. The outward scintillation and inward scintillation effects, as measured at the focal plane detector array of the receiving aperture, will be compared. To eliminate hard-body surface speckle effects in order to study scintillation, Goodman's M-parameter is set to 10 6 in the analytical equations and the non-coherent imaging algorithm is employed in Monte Carlo realizations. The analytical equations of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNRp), or mean squared signal over a variance, for a given focal plane array pixel window of interest will be summarized and compared to Monte Carlo realizations of a 1m diffuse sphere.
Origin of preferred orientation in columnar ice

Abstract A general rule has been developed to account for the preferred orientation of naturally-occuring and laboratory-grown columnar ice. A reference plane is established which is normal to the segment of a grain boundary trace at the ice-water interface. For a particular grain and grain boundary, the critical region of the reference plane is the quadrant bounded by z and y , y being directed towards the grain boundary. The preferred orientation can best be predicted by summing the crystallographic components c z ' and a z ' of these crystal axes whose projection onto the reference plane lies in the critical quadrant. Grain B will be wedged out by grain A where the sum of the crystallographic components in the z direction is greater for grain B than for grain A. The analysis indicates that the preferred orientation depends on the equilibrium profile of the grain boundary at the ice-water interface.
A three-stage: iterative estimation approach to the permanent income model

In this paper, the minimum-variance (MV) method, originally proposed by Singh and Drost (1971) and Willassen (1975) to estimate the permanent income model (PIM), is revised in accordance with Friedman's (1957) assumptions. It is shown that the revised MV estimator of the marginal propensity to consume permanent income (mpc) of the PIM is just the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator of Kendall and Stuart (1901). Treating the PIM as a restricted factor-analysis model (RFAM) of two indicators and one single common factor and incorporating with Tuekey's (1951) grouping approach, the three-stage iterative estimation method developed by Lin (1978) is suggested as an alternative approach to estimate the PIM. For illustration, estimates of mpc are computed for the data used by Haavelmo (1953). The sensitivity of estimation of mpc to the prior specification of the ratio of the variance of transitory income (error in observable income) to that of transitory consumption (error in observable consumption) ia conducted. ...
Perceived Barriers to Employment in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury

This study assessed the factors influencing employment for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Employment status and the perceived barriers to employment were assessed in a home interview with 97 community-based individuals, mean time 6.6 years postinjury. More than half of the unemployed individuals with SCI, with stated motivation to work, remain unemployed. The perception of barriers and of factors helpful to employment differs significantly between employed and unemployed individuals. Lack of transportation was ranked as the number one barrier among the unemployed. Lack of Social Security benefits was ranked as the number two perceived barrier among the employed and seventh in the unemployed.
Engine Combustion Network (ECN): Global sensitivity analysis of Spray A for different combustion vessels

Abstract Global sensitivity analysis was conducted on Spray A of the Engine Combustion Network’s (ECN) experimental conditions across different combustion vessels from different institutions. The main objective was to understand the influence of differences in boundary conditions on specific targets of interest. A list of experimental initial, boundary, and injection conditions with uncertainty ranges were identified for three different ambient conditions for these combustion vessels. Five targets including the liquid length, vapor penetration length, ignition delay, lift-off length, and soot mass in the domain were extracted from hundreds of 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations by simultaneously perturbing all the uncertain variables. Each target was analyzed using a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) method and the relative importance of different variables towards specific targets was identified. The uncertainty in the fuel temperature was found to have a profound influence on the liquid length, however, the influence on vapor penetration length, ignition delay, and lift-off length, was rather subtle. Small uncertainties in the initial turbulence level and nozzle diameter was observed to have a significant influence on the vapor penetration. Variables sensitive to ignition delay also showed similar sensitivity to flame lift-off length. The soot mass in the domain was observed to have a closer correlation with the liquid length at least for higher ambient temperature conditions.
Optical properties of some terrestrial rocks and glasses.

The optical constants of five naturally occurring rocks have been determined in the spectral range between 0.2 and 50 microns. Between 0.2 and 5 microns, the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction were found from a combination of reflectivity and transmission measurements by using Beer's law and the Fresnel reflectivity equation. At wavelengths beyond 5 microns, only reflectivity measurements could be made and both constants were found from an application of classical dispersion theory.
AC133/CD133/Prominin-1

Prominin-1, originally found on neuroepithelial stem cells in mice, is a five transmembrane domain cell-surface glycoprotein that localizes to membrane protrusions. Its homologue human Prominin-1 was first isolated from hematopoietic stem cells by a monoclonal antibody recognizing a specific epitope designated as AC133 (CD133). Transcription of Prominin-1 is driven by five tissue-specific alternative promoters resulting in the formation of differentially spliced mRNA isoforms. Prominin-1 is expressed on different types of stem cells, but it is not known if it plays a significant role in key stem cell functional features. Although the biological function of Prominin-1 is not well understood, the AC133 epitope currently serves as a useful marker for the isolation of hematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells.
Using Home Modifications to Promote Self-Maintenance and Mutual Care: The Case of Old-Age Homes in India

Old-age homes, while not a recent phenomenon in India, are growing in number, especially in the southern part of the country. A study of nearly 50 such homes had, as one focus, the extent to which these facilities have modified the physical environment to enable residents to age in place. Not all desirable home modifications (HMs) are widely available; for example, only 25% had special seating in bathing areas, 48% used ramps and 21% employed handrails in hallways and bathing areas. In addition, many HMs are inelegant or primitive by U.S. and European standards, but still provide needed environmental support for residents. These HMs are important to enhance self-maintenance and also to enable residents to help each other. Mutual care helps build and maintain a sense of community, in keeping with Indian traditions of village-level concern for common well-being, and substitutes for small numbers of staff. With huge numbers of Indian elders (c. 170 million) in the next century, greater use of HMs in group ho...
Middle School A/B Block and Traditional Scheduling: An Analysis of Math and Reading Performance by Race

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether a difference existed in the percentage performance of students earning a pass/advanced score on the Standards of Learning (SOL) Test in math and reading in Virginia’s Region IV for schools using an A/B block schedule and those using a traditional schedule. The research also examined if the percentage performance by race—Black, Hispanic, and White—differed on the math and reading SOL Test for Region IV in Virginia. Forty-three schools were included in the study—23 block and 20 traditional schools. The percentage performance in math and reading of each school and the percentage performance by race for each school were studied. Analyses of variance and t tests were used to examine differences. The t-test results do not show significant differences in the percentage performance of students earning pass/advanced scores in reading and math in block and traditional schools. Significant differences were shown in the percentage of Black and Hispanic stu...
Mitochondrial DNA Complex I and III Mutations Associated with Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Four new missense mutations have been identified through restriction analysis and sequencing of the mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) from Leber9s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients who lacked the previously identified 11778 mutation. Each altered a conserved amino acid and correlated with the LHON phenotype in population and phylogenetic analyses. The nucleotide pair (np) 13708 mutation (G to A, ND5 gene) changed an alanine to a threonine and was found in 6/25 (24%) of non-11778 LHON pedigrees and in 5.0% of controls, the np 15257 mutation (G to A, cytochrome b gene) changed an aspartate to an asparagine and was found in 4 of the 13708-positive pedigrees and 0.3% of controls, the np 15812 mutation (G to A, cytochrome b gene) changed a valine to a methionine and was detected in two of the 15257-positive pedigrees and 0.1% of controls and the np 5244 mutation (G to A, ND2 gene) changed a glycine to a serine and was found in one of the 15812-positive patients and none of 2103 controls. The 15257 mutation altered a highly conserved amino acid in an extramembrane domain of cytochrome b that is associated with the ligation of the low potential b566 heme and the 5244 mutation altered a strongly evolutionarily conserved region of the ND2 polypeptide. The 13708 and 15812 mutations changed moderately conserved amino acids. Haplotype and phylogenetic analysis of the four np 15257 mtDNAs revealed that all harbored the same rare Caucasian haplotype and that the np 13708, np 15257, np 15812 and np 5244 mutations were added sequentially along this mtDNA lineage. Since the percentage of sighted controls decreases as these mutations accumulate, it appears that they interact synergistically, each increasing the probability of blindness. The involvement of both mitochondrial complex I (np 5244, 11778, 13708) and complex III (np 15257, 15812) mutations in LHON indicates that the clinical manifestations of this disease are the product of an overall decrease in mitochondrial energy production rather than a defect in a specific mitochondrial enzyme.
Secretory IgA: Arresting Microbial Pathogens at Epithelial Borders

Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the predominant class of antibody found in intestinal secretions. Although SIgA's role in protecting the intestinal epithelium from the enteric pathogens and toxins has long been recognized, surprisingly little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which this is achieved. The present review summarizes the current understanding of how SIgA functions to prevent microbial pathogens and toxins from gaining access to the intestinal epithelium. We also discuss recent work from our laboratory examining the interaction of a particular protective monoclonal IgA with Salmonella and propose, based on this work, that SIgA has a previously unrecognized capacity to directly interfere with microbial virulence at mucosal surfaces.
Distinguishing between parenchymal and anastomotic leakage at duct-to-mucosa pancreatic reconstruction in pancreaticoduodenectomy

Distinguishing between parenchymal and anastomotic leakage at duct-to-mucosa pancreatic reconstruction in pancreaticoduodenectomy
Quantitative and Qualitative Home Assessment of Primary Caretaker-Child Interactions in Lower Socioeconomic Families

Assessment is an important component of nursing management of at-risk children. Low socioeconomic status and intrauterine growth retardation are often considered to be risk factors for developmental disabilities. Home visitation is often suggested as a way to assess adult-child interactions. In this article, the author provides information about assessments conducted in lower socioeconomic homes and difficulties encountered in conducting them. She raises several questions for consideration as a result of her efforts to assess home environments and primary caregiver-child interactions of children with intrauterine growth retardation.
Model based process deployment

For many years, we have been using models to help teach systems engineering and as the basis for process tailoring. These models have proved useful in providing key insights into program execution and engineering. The models include: (i) a lifecycle model template-a generic template that is tailored to support a wide variety of program lifecycles; (ii) an IPT model-a generic integrated product team (IPT) structure that shows responsibilities and products for each IPT; (iii) an engineering roles model-that describes the responsibilities and interfaces of the various engineering disciplines. These models, when tailored for a program, provide a high level description of the program from three key views; the process steps (lifecycle); the organizational structure; and the engineering disciplines needed on the program. The models are also used to simplify and streamline process deployment. This paper describes these models and how we use them for process deployment.
Precision measurement of the (211) band of H/sub 2/O using noise immune cavity enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy

Summary form only given. Noise immune cavity enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy has been used to investigate (211) band of water vapor. To our knowledge this is the first high resolution, precision measurement of the water transitions in this region using ultrasensitive detection methods.
Mapping the Terrain: Educational Leadership Field Experiences in K-12 Virtual Schools.

Opportunities for K-12 students to choose virtual and blended learning experiences continue to grow. All 50 states including Washington, D.C., now offer some virtual experience in K-12 education. Of these, 40 states have state virtual schools or state-led online learning initiatives. In addition, federal and state support for this type of learning continues to expand. Field experiences are beginning to be available for virtual school teachers; however, little information is available on field experiences for pre-service administrators in virtual K-12 settings. This study provides a status report on the state of school administrator preparation for K-12 online and blended learning programs in the United States. This research was conducted by surveying initial certification Educational Leadership programs regarding the extent that pre-service administrators are exposed to K-12 online learning environments. Results indicate that very few Educational Leadership programs provide any administrator preparation f...
Molecular disorganization of axons adjacent to human lacunar infarcts

Cerebral microvascular disease predominantly affects brain white matter and deep grey matter, resulting in ischaemic damage that ranges from lacunar infarcts to white matter hyperintensities seen on magnetic resonance imaging. These lesions are common and result in both clinical stroke syndromes and accumulate over time, resulting in cognitive deficits and dementia. Magnetic resonance imaging studies suggest that these lesions progress over time, accumulate adjacent to prior lesions and have a penumbral region susceptible to further injury. The pathological correlates of this adjacent injury in surviving myelinated axons have not been previously defined. In this study, we sought to determine the molecular organization of axons in tissue adjacent to lacunar infarcts and in the regions surrounding microinfarcts, by determining critical elements in axonal function: the morphology and length of node of Ranvier segments and adjacent paranodal segments. We examined post-mortem brain tissue from six patients with lacunar infarcts and tissue from two patients with autosomal dominant retinal vasculopathy and cerebral leukoencephalopathy (previously known as hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy and stroke) who accumulate progressive white matter ischaemic lesions in the form of lacunar and microinfarcts. In axons adjacent to lacunar infarcts yet extending up to 150% of the infarct diameter away, both nodal and paranodal length increase by ∼20% and 80%, respectively, reflecting a loss of normal cell-cell adhesion and signalling between axons and oligodendrocytes. Using premorbid magnetic resonance images, brain regions from patients with retinal vasculopathy and cerebral leukoencephalopathy that harboured periventricular white matter hyperintensities were selected and the molecular organization of axons was determined within these regions. As in regions adjacent to lacunar infarcts, nodal and paranodal length in white matter of these patients is increased. Myelin basic protein and neurofilament immunolabelling demonstrates that axons in these adjacent regions have preserved axonal cytoskeleton organization and are generally myelinated. This indicates that the loss of normal axonal microdomain architecture results from disrupted axoglial signalling in white matter adjacent to lacunar and microinfarcts. The loss of the normal molecular organization of nodes and paranodes is associated with axonal degeneration and may lead to impaired conduction velocity across surviving axons after stroke. These findings demonstrate that the degree of white matter injury associated with cerebral microvascular disease extends well beyond what can be identified using imaging techniques and that an improved understanding of the neurobiology in these regions can drive new therapeutic strategies for this disease entity.
Theorizing the City Ethnicity, gender and globalization

■ The city as a site of everyday practice provides valuable insights into the linkages of the global capitalist economy with the texture and fabric of human experience. My comments focus on cities ...
Immunization with a HER-2/neu helper peptide vaccine generates HER-2/neu CD8 T-cell immunity in cancer patients

CD4 T-cell help is required during the generation and maintenance of effective antitumor CD8 T cell-mediated immunity. The goal of this study was to determine whether HER-2/neu-specific CD8 T-cell immunity could be elicited using HER-2/neu-derived MHC class II "helper" peptides, which contain encompassed HLA-A2-binding motifs. Nineteen HLA-A2 patients with HER-2/neu-overexpressing cancers received a vaccine preparation consisting of putative HER-2/neu helper peptides p369-384, p688-703, and p971-984. Contained within these sequences are the HLA-A2-binding motifs p369-377, p689-697, and p971-979. After vaccination, the mean peptide-specific T-cell precursor frequency to the HLA-A2 peptides increased in the majority of patients. In addition, the peptide-specific T cells were able to lyse tumors. The responses were long-lived and detectable for more than 1 year after the final vaccination in select patients. These results demonstrate that HER-2/neu MHC class II epitopes containing encompassed MHC class I epitopes are able to induce long-lasting HER-2-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T cells.
Nonlinear analysis of GaN MESFETs with Volterra series using large-signal models including trapping effects

Nonlinearities in GaN MESFETs are reported using a large-signal physics-based model. The model accounts for the observed current collapse to determine the frequency dispersion of output resistance and transconductance. Calculated f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ of a 0.8 /spl mu/m/spl times/150 /spl mu/m GaN MESFET are 6.5 and 13 GHz, respectively, which are in close agreement with their measured values of 6 and 14 GHz, respectively. A Volterra-series technique is used to calculate size and frequency-dependent nonlinearities. For a 1.5 /spl mu/m/spl times/150 /spl mu/m FET operating at 1 GHz, the 1 dB compression point and output-referred third-order intercept point are 16.3 and 22.2 dBm, respectively. At the same frequency, the corresponding quantities are 19.6 and 30.5 dBm for a. 0.6 /spl mu/m/spl times/150 /spl mu/m FET. Similar improvements in third-order intermodulation for shorter gatelength devices are observed.
Protective effect of glutamine on endothelial cell ATP in oxidant injury

Endothelial cell dysfunction following exposure to H202 is associated with rapid inhibition of glucose-dependent pathways of ATP synthesis. The role other substrates for ATP synthesis (e.g., amino acids) may play in the metabolism of HzOz-injured cells is unclear. The effect of glutamine, a precursor of the Kreb’s cycle intermediate cY-ketoglutarate on ATP levels in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells exposed to HzOz was examined. The presence of glutamine during HzOz injury significantly enhanced ATP levels in the injured cells. Concentrations of glutamine as low as 50 pM produced significant improvement of ATP levels in endothelial cells exposed to 5 mM HzOz. The 2 mM concentration of glutamine produced the greatest benefit, while greater concentrations of glutamine (5-20 m&f) were actually associated with progressive decrements of the maximal benefit seen with the 2 mMconcentration. The 2 mMconcentration of glutamine produced similar enhancement of ATP with 1 and 10 mMHzOz injury as well. Short-term viability following 5 m&f H202 injury was significantly improved by the presence of 2 mM glutamine. The most effective concentration of glutamine (2 m&f) did not scavenge HzOz in a fluorometric assay. These observations suggest that mitochondrial substrates, such as glutamine, that bypass glucose-dependent pathways of ATP synthesis may be useful therapeutic agents for maintenance of ATP levels in oxidant-injured cells.
The impact of party polarization on ideological voting

Abstract Although ideology is a central factor in models of voting choice, little is known about the factors that explain the variation across elections in the strength of ideological voting. This paper suggests that the role of citizens' left–right orientations increases with party system polarization. It improves on previous studies on this question by avoiding potential sources of bias linked with voters' perceptions of the level of polarization, with rationalization effects, and with the specification of the spatial model of the vote. Based on data from the 1999 European Election Study and from an expert survey on party positions, the results confirm that polarization reinforces ideological voting. However, this effect is mediated by party identification and by political sophistication.
Negotiating Political Economy at Late Postclassic Tututepec (Yucu Dzaa), Oaxaca, Mexico

ABSTRACT Scholarship of ancient Mesoamerica has traditionally focused on ruling institutions and elite culture, contributing to the often-unchallenged assumption that elites dominated their unwitting commoner subjects. Similarly, the political economy is typically conceived of as an exclusive product of elite strategies. Researchers are now paying greater attention to commoner lives, yet many continue to think of social relationships dichotomously, in terms of elite domination and commoner resistance. I argue that an analysis of political economy through the lens of social negotiation, as informed by postructural theory, encourages more dynamic characterizations of commoner—elite social relationships. I utilize this approach to examine the political economy of Late Postclassic Tututepec (Oaxaca), drawing on the results of household excavations and ethnohistoric data. I argue that commoners may have negotiated a favorable position with Tututepec elites by offering their support in return for a range of benefits, including a measure of economic autonomy and wealth.
The stomatopod rumble: Low frequency sound production in Hemisquilla californiensis

Stomatopods (mantis shrimp), numbering over 450 species, are renowned for their exceptional visual and chemosensory abilities and yet virtually nothing is known about their use of acoustic signals. We present acoustic recordings and analyses of the sounds of a stomatopod, Hemisquilla californiensis. This species generates tonal, low frequency sounds, which we term ‘rumble’, that are spectrally similar to those produced by African and Asian elephants. The fundamental frequency of the stomatopod rumble ranges from 20 to 60 Hz, with a strong second harmonic. Hemisquilla californiensis appears to generate these sounds through contractions of the posterior mandibular remotor muscle which is coupled to a stiff, lateral extension of the carapace. The sides of the carapace are covered by large, polarized, red spots which vibrate during sound production. Thus, the animals may generate a multi-modal signal by coupling vibrational and visual signals. Hemisquilla californiensis generates the rumble while interacting ...
Crystallographic analysis of active site contributions to regiospecificity in the diiron enzyme toluene 4-monooxygenase.

Crystal structures of toluene 4-monooxygenase hydroxylase in complex with reaction products and effector protein reveal active site interactions leading to regiospecificity. Complexes with phenolic products yield an asymmetric μ-phenoxo-bridged diiron center and a shift of diiron ligand E231 into a hydrogen bonding position with conserved T201. In contrast, complexes with inhibitors p-NH(2)-benzoate and p-Br-benzoate showed a μ-1,1 coordination of carboxylate oxygen between the iron atoms and only a partial shift in the position of E231. Among active site residues, F176 trapped the aromatic ring of products against a surface of the active site cavity formed by G103, E104 and A107, while F196 positioned the aromatic ring against this surface via a π-stacking interaction. The proximity of G103 and F176 to the para substituent of the substrate aromatic ring and the structure of G103L T4moHD suggest how changes in regiospecificity arise from mutations at G103. Although effector protein binding produced significant shifts in the positions of residues along the outer portion of the active site (T201, N202, and Q228) and in some iron ligands (E231 and E197), surprisingly minor shifts (<1 A) were produced in F176, F196, and other interior residues of the active site. Likewise, products bound to the diiron center in either the presence or absence of effector protein did not significantly shift the position of the interior residues, suggesting that positioning of the cognate substrates will not be strongly influenced by effector protein binding. Thus, changes in product distributions in the absence of the effector protein are proposed to arise from differences in rates of chemical steps of the reaction relative to motion of substrates within the active site channel of the uncomplexed, less efficient enzyme, while structural changes in diiron ligand geometry associated with cycling between diferrous and diferric states are discussed for their potential contribution to product release.
Associations of schizophrenia symptoms and neurocognition with physical activity in older adults with schizophrenia.

Background:Low levels of physical activity contribute to the generally poor physical health of older adults with schizophrenia. The associations linking schizophrenia symptoms, neurocognition, and ...
Modeling the status, trends, and impacts of wild bee abundance in the United States

Wild bees are highly valuable pollinators. Along with managed honey bees, they provide a critical ecosystem service by ensuring stable pollination to agriculture and wild plant communities. Increasing concern about the welfare of both wild and managed pollinators, however, has prompted recent calls for national evaluation and action. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we assess the status and trends of wild bees and their potential impacts on pollination services across the coterminous United States. We use a spatial habitat model, national land-cover data, and carefully quantified expert knowledge to estimate wild bee abundance and associated uncertainty. Between 2008 and 2013, modeled bee abundance declined across 23% of US land area. This decline was generally associated with conversion of natural habitats to row crops. We identify 139 counties where low bee abundances correspond to large areas of pollinator-dependent crops. These areas of mismatch between supply (wild bee abundance) and demand (cultivated area) for pollination comprise 39% of the pollinator-dependent crop area in the United States. Further, we find that the crops most highly dependent on pollinators tend to experience more severe mismatches between declining supply and increasing demand. These trends, should they continue, may increase costs for US farmers and may even destabilize crop production over time. National assessments such as this can help focus both scientific and political efforts to understand and sustain wild bees. As new information becomes available, repeated assessments can update findings, revise priorities, and track progress toward sustainable management of our nation's pollinators.
TRICHOME MORPHOGENESIS ON LEAVES OF CYPHOMANDRA BETACEA SENDT. (SOLANACEAE)

ABSTRACT The trichome tissue on leaves of Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. consists of a simple nonglandular form and two glandular trichomes, short-stiped and long-stiped forms, distinguished by their morphology and development. These types, which occur on both leaf surfaces, can be distinguished from each other upon enlargement of the trichome initial following its inception from the protoderm cells. The nonglandular form consists of a uniseriate filament of typically four to six cells. Glandular trichomes consist of a stipe composed of a stipe cell and neck cell which are surmounted by a glandular head consisting of four cells. Differential enlargement of the stipe cell, whether at the proximal region or distal region, leads to the development of the long-stiped and short-stiped gland, respectively. The long-stiped gland, unlike the short-stiped form, possesses a dehiscence mechanism whereby the glandular head abscisses from the stipe at a specialized site of weakness between the neck cell and the gland head...
Osmotically released vasopressin augments cardiopulmonary reflex inhibition of the circulation

Exogenous arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been shown to augment the inhibitory influence of arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflexes. This study examined the influence of osmotically released AVP on the inhibitory responses to activation of cardiopulmonary receptors by administration of veratrum alkaloids. Three groups of conscious dogs, with carotid sinus intact, with prior sinoaortic denervation (SAD), and with prior lesion of the area postrema (AP), were instrumented for monitoring arterial pressure and heart rate and with left circumflex coronary artery or left atrial catheters for administration of veratrum alkaloids. Conscious dogs were administered veratridine (0.5-1.0 microgram.kg-1.min-1) under control conditions, after infusion of hypertonic saline (HS, 6% NaCl), and after HS in the presence of the AVP vascular (V1) receptor antagonist. In carotid sinus-intact dogs, veratridine reduced arterial pressure (-10 +/- 0.4 mmHg). After HS infusion, the depressor response to veratridine was significantly greater (-18 +/- 0.8 mmHg). The enhanced depressor response during HS infusion was prevented by administration of the AVP antagonist (-8 +/- 0.6 mmHg). Responses to veratrum alkaloids in SAD dogs were similar. In AP-lesioned animals, the depressor effects of veratridine (-9 +/- 0.5 mmHg) were similar to intact animals. However, the response to veratridine during HS was not altered (-9 +/- 0.8 mmHg) in AP-lesioned dogs. Results suggest that osmotically stimulated AVP augments the inhibitory effects of cardiopulmonary reflexes and that this effect is mediated through the area postrema via the V1 receptor.
Synergistic Schedules with Combinations of EGFR Inhibitors and Cytotoxic Agents

CN07-01 The EGFR inhibitors have become part of the standard treatment of several epithelial malignancies. Combinations with these agents are being developed with two main objectives: 1. to augment their antitumor effect using systemic agents, and 2. to mitigate their skin toxicity using topical agents. Several empirical combinations of these agents with chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been successful in colorectal carcinoma, head and neck cancer and pancreatic cancer. However, in non-small cell lung cancer, combination studies have been consistently negative. Rational combinations of these agents based on mechanistic interactions are also being developed. There appear to be three levels of dependence of tumor cells on the EGFR pathway: dependence for survival, dependence for proliferation, and dependence for survival after stress. In tumors that mostly depend on the EGFR pathway for proliferation, the sequence of administration of these agents with cytotoxic agents may be important. Different laboratories have consistently shown that preexposure of these types of tumors to EGFR inhibitors followed by exposure to cell cycle specific cytotoxic agents results in antagonism. Non sequence-dependent synergism may paradoxically be observed in some tumors that do not respond to EGFR inhibiton with an apoptotic response or cell cycle arrest. In these cases, the cytotoxic insult may trigger an EGFR-mediated survival response that is abrogated by the EGFR inhibitor, the end result being chemosensitization. As the mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors are being elucidated, new combinations addressing these mechanisms are being proposed. Dual inhibitor combinations to maximize target inhibition, combinations with inhibitors of downstream signaling molecules or other signaling pathways, and combinations with HDAC inhibitors to reexpress sensitivity genes are all in clinical development. Antagonistic combinations specifically targeting the skin are also being developed to rescue or prevent the uncomfortable cutaneous side effects of this new class of agents. Different phosphatase inhibitors have been shown to prevent EGFR inhibition in the presence of EGFR inhibitors, thus resulting in downstream activation and abrogation of induction of p27. One of these compounds, menadione (Vit K3) is in advanced preclinical studies as a topical agent and is about to enter clinical evaluation.
ULTRASONIC BLOOD FLOW SENSING USING DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY

Ultrasonic blood flow sensing is a non-invasive method for measuring blood flow velocity. The objective of this work is to produce a low-cost ultrasonic blood flow instrument utilizing Doppler shifted signals and enhanced signal processing methods. The instrument transmits a single-frequency signal into circulatory tissues and receives a signal that is Doppler shifted in proportion to velocity. Subsequent processing techniques produce an audio feedback signal whereby the user "hears" the flow characteristics. The circuit used consists of a transmitter, receiver, and frequency shifter. Signal processing is performed externally to produce velocity profiles of arterial blood flow using Matlab™ to create spectrograms and low-pass filtering on the recorded feedback signals. Spectrogram provide mapping of the velocity profiles. Resultant mapping indicate that velocity profiles have a roughly parabolic shape and that filtering is required to reduce high frequency noise. Signals were obtained using multiple cardiac stressors to determine the flow sensing performance.
OCT in Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS)

An unmet need that currently exists in the monitoring of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the ability to accurately and reproducibly quantify and track axonal and neuronal degeneration operative as part of the disease process. Although RRMS is traditionally conceptualized as an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, axonal and neuronal degeneration, which predominantly results from these processes, are regarded as the principal substrates underlying disability. While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and in particular non-conventional MRI techniques may be used to assess neurodegeneration in RRMS, such techniques may lack sensitivity. While much progress has been made in the therapeutics of RRMS and in particular with respect to the development of increasingly effective therapies targeting the inflammatory processes underpinning RRMS, a new wave of studies investigating putatively neuroprotective and/or remyelinating therapies is underway. Therefore, there is an urgent need for methods to quantify and track neurodegeneration and potentially neuroprotection and/or neurorestoration in RRMS. This is the case not only with respect to a method that may be employed as an outcome in trials of novel therapeutics but also for monitoring individual patients from an efficacy perspective, should such therapies be found to be effective. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging modality that may fulfill these unmet needs. Due to the virtually ubiquitous involvement of the optic nerves in RRMS and resultant neurodegenerative processes, thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer (GCIP) is detectable in most patients. OCT can accurately and reproducibly quantify the RNFL and GCIP, and since degeneration of these structures in RRMS appears to reflect the global disease process, OCT may provide information regarding the state of global neurodegeneration. Therefore, OCT may be an ideal candidate for quantifying and tracking neurodegeneration, as well as neuroprotection and potentially neurorestoration in RRMS. In this chapter, we describe the salient features of optic nerve and retinal involvement in RRMS, describe what OCT is and what OCT studies have thus far revealed in RRMS, and discuss the potential role of OCT as an outcome in RRMS clinical trials.
Research of Discriminant Method for Human Body Physiological State Based on Support Vector Machine

Focusing on the discriminant for human body physiological state,this paper presented that the pulse period and height of systolic peak from the time domain are extracted as the input feature vectors of support vector machine(SVM).Through a binary classification model built by the method of supervised learning,the physiological state is judged as normal state or event state.Finally,we took three experiments:movement,sleep and drink.The statistical analysis and evaluation result show that the classification performance of SVM is excellent.