cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exposure of Solvent-Inaccessible Regions in the Amyloidogenic Protein Human SOD1 Determined by Hydroxyl Radical Footprinting

Solvent-accessibility change plays a critical role in protein misfolding and aggregation, the culprit for several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mass spectrometry-based hydroxyl radical (·OH) protein footprinting has evolved as a powerful and fast tool in elucidating protein solvent accessibility. In this work, we used fast photochemical oxidation of protein (FPOP) hydroxyl radical (·OH) footprinting to investigate solvent accessibility in human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), misfolded or aggregated forms of which underlie a portion of ALS cases. ·OH-mediated modifications to 56 residues were detected with locations largely as predicted based on X-ray crystallography data, while the interior of SOD1 β-barrel is hydrophobic and solvent-inaccessible and thus protected from modification. There were, however, two notable exceptions-two closely located residues inside the β-barrel, predicted to have minimal or no solvent accessibility, that were found modified by FPOP (Phe20 and Ile112). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were consistent with differential access of peroxide versus quencher to SOD1's interior complicating surface accessibility considerations. Modification of these two residues could potentially be explained either by local motions of the β-barrel that increased peroxide/solvent accessibility to the interior or by oxidative events within the interior that might include long-distance radical transfer to buried sites. Overall, comparison of modification patterns for the metal-free apoprotein versus zinc-bound forms demonstrated that binding of zinc protected the electrostatic loop and organized the copper-binding site. Our study highlights SOD1 hydrophobic groups that may contribute to early events in aggregation and discusses caveats to surface accessibility conclusions. Graphical Abstract.
RobotIST: Interactive Situated Tangible Robot Programming

Situated tangible robot programming allows programmers to reference parts of the workspace relevant to the task by indicating objects, locations, and regions of interest using tangible blocks. While it takes advantage of situatedness compared to traditional text-based and visual programming tools, it does not allow programmers to inspect what the robot detects in the workspace, nor to understand any programming or execution errors that may arise. In this work we propose to use a projector mounted on the robot to provide such functionality. This allows us to provide an interactive situated tangible programming experience, taking advantage of situatedness, both in user input and system output, to reference parts of the robot workspace. We describe an implementation and evaluation of this approach, highlighting its differences from traditional robot programming.
A reproducible and reliable localization technique for lumbar spine surgery that minimizes unintended-level exposure and wrong-level surgery.

Abstract Background Context Exposure of unintended levels (defined as a spinal segment outside the intended surgical levels) is unnecessary and potentially adds to operative time and patient morbidity. Wrong-level surgery (defined as decompression, instrumentation, or fusion of a spinal segment not part of the intended surgical procedure) clearly adds to morbidity as well as putting the surgeon at medicolegal risk. Purpose To describe a localization technique for posterior lumbar spine surgery to minimize both unintended-level exposure and wrong-level surgery. Study Design Consecutive case series. Patient Sample One thousand nine hundred and eighty-six consecutive posterior lumbar operations performed from January 2010 to January 2017 using this technique were reviewed. Outcome Measures The primary outcome measure was the incidence of unintended-level exposure and wrong-level surgery. Methods This localization technique was consistently used for determination of skin incision, soft tissue dissection, and identification of spinal levels for all patients undergoing posterior lumbar surgery during the time interval noted. Two spinal needles are inserted under sterile technique 3cm lateral to the midline before incision at the approximate cranial and caudal aspects of the anticipated incision based on external landmarks. A cross-table lateral X-ray before incision is obtained and the actual incision is adjusted based on the location of the spinal needles. Once dissection is carried down to the facet capsules, spinal needles are then placed in adjacent facets, and a second cross-table lateral film is obtained to confirm appropriate levels. A retrospective review of all posterior lumbar cases was performed to determine the incidence of unintended-level exposure and wrong-level surgery using this technique. Results There were no wrong-level surgeries during this time period. There were six (0.30%) cases of unintended-level exposure. Conclusions The technique described provides surgeons with a reliable, accurate, and easily reproducible method for localizing surgical levels during posterior lumbar spine surgery while minimizing exposure of uninvolved areas. This technique offers distinct advantages over previously proposed protocols and may lead to a widely accepted system for intraoperative spinal level identification.
Development of a Mobile Platform for Acoustoelectric Brain Imaging in Rats

The purpose of this study is to test the feasibility of using acoustoelectric brain imaging (ABI) to map physiological activity in the rat hippocampus using depth and surface recording electrodes on a new mobile system. A new method in imaging brain activity using the acoustoelectric (AE) allows for the combination of high temporal and spatial resolution imaging beyond existing techniques. AE imaging takes advantage of mechanoelectrical properties of ultrasound (US) pressure waves which modulate the tissue's electrical resistivity. Using surface and depth electrodes we record these modulated signals to electrically map local brain activity. In recent experiments we have been able to image evoked responses in the hippocampus of an anesthetized rat showing high temporal correlations between low frequency recordings and ABI. Further optimization of ABI can allow for better detection of evoked potentials in the brain to allow for faster real-time scanning possibilities with capabilities of miniaturizing a system for hand held imaging.
Abstract 16623: Interim Acute and 30-day Results of the Flash Registry

Introduction: FLASH, a prospective multi-center all-comers registry, is designed to evaluate real-world outcomes in pulmonary embolism (PE) patients treated with the FlowTriever System (Inari Medic...
Transmembrane Signaling Regulates the Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton:Roles of PKC and Adducin

Members of the conventional protein kinase C (cPKC) family are activated by both DAG and Ca2+ and have been implicated in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Drosophila contains two cPKCs, Pkc53E (Pkc1) and eye-PKC (Pkc2); mutants missing each PKC lead to retinal degeneration. While eye-PKC is critical for the visual signaling, the role of Pkc53E is not known. We identified a photoreceptor-specific isoform of Pkc53E and show Pkc53E-RNAi negatively impacts the actin cytoskeleton of rhabdomeres. Interestingly, Pkc53E-RNAi enhances the degeneration of norpAP24 photoreceptors, suggesting Pkc53E could be activated independently of NorpA/PLC{beta}4. We further demonstrate that in norpAP24 photoreceptors Plc21C can be activated by Gq, which is responsible for the activation of Pkc53E. We explored whether Pkc53E regulates adducin in Drosophila photoreceptors. Adducin cross-links the actin cytoskeleton to the spectrin network, which is blunted by PKC phosphorylation. Importantly, we observed that phosphorylation of adducin was greatly reduced in a null allele of pkc53E. Downregulation of hts that encodes Drosophila adducin, exerts a more severe effect than Pkc53E-RNAi to impact the actin cytoskeleton. In contrast, overexpression of a mCherry tagged Add2, one of the three Drosophila adducin isoforms, led to the apical expansion of rhabdomeres with overgrowth of the actin cytoskeleton. This phenotype is likely caused by the dominant-negative activity of the tagged Add2 as it also was observed in -spectrin-RNAi or {beta}-spectrin-RNAi. Interestingly, downregulation of Pkc53E does not suppress the expansion of rhabdomeres during development, but negatively affects the appearance of rhabdomeres in adult photoreceptors. We conclude that Drosophila adducin has two distinct functions: in pupal photoreceptors, it regulates rhabdomere morphogenesis, which is independent of Pkc53E. In adult photoreceptors, it promotes the maintenance of the actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by Pkc53E in response to the light-induced activation of the PLC{beta} activity.
When Autism Spectrum Disorder Masks ADHD in Adolescents

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are both neurobiological disorders diagnosed primarily using clinical history and observational tools. Although each disorder has distinct clinical criteria, overlapping traits include challenges in social functioning, deficits in executive functioning, and distractibility. Furthermore, comorbidity between these disorders is common. ADHD is often unrecognized in individuals diagnosed with ASD, but appropriate treatment planning requires a comprehensive understanding of the impact when both coexisist.
Musculoskeletal Anatomic, Gait, and Balance Changes in Pregnancy and Risk for Falls

Musculoskeletal disorders are common during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Even when musculoskeletal pathology or impairments are recognized, a lack of understanding sometimes leads to treatment avoidance due to the belief that symptoms will spontaneously resolve in the postpartum period. Missed opportunities for appropriate musculoskeletal care during pregnancy can increase the risk for cesarean delivery and may affect the long-term health of both mother and child. This initial chapter describes the musculoskeletal anatomic changes that occur during pregnancy and how these changes affect balance, gait, and risk for falls during pregnancy as well as the long-term health of women even into their post-reproductive years.
The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity

Introduction 1. The laws of humans and gods 2. At the house of the bride 3. To the groom's house 4. Gods of the Roman wedding Conclusion.
Flow Distribution Changes in Complex Circuits: Implications for Mine Explosions

On at least two separate occasions, methane gas explosions occurred in underground mines when separate ventilation systems were connected. A review of these disasters indicated that conceptual errors made by the miners may have contributed to these fatal mistakes. The conceptual errors thought to be at fault concerned inadequate mental models of flow distribution changes within the mine ventilation circuit. Research conducted in this study indicates that connecting previously unconnected and unobstructed parallel circuits or adding one or more resistors results in inadequate mental models of flow distribution changes in over 70% of the 136 mine workers sampled.
Fault Tolerant Domain Decomposition for Parabolic Problems

and that Ω is partitioned into N subdomains Ωj , j = 1..N . The computation of these subdomains is distributed among N Processing Units (PUs) or computers. We anticipate that one or several PUs may stall or get disconnected. We complement the distributed architecture of these N PUs, with S additional PUs called spare processing units. The problem in designing a Fault Tolerant (FT) code that can survive to several failures of PUs decomposes as follows:
Variations in the Adenylate Energy Charge During Phased Growth (Cell Cycle) of Candida utilis Under Energy Excess and Energy-Limiting Growth Conditions

The variations in the levels of adenine nucleotides during the phased growth (cell cycle) of the yeast Candida utilis growing under nitrogen, sulfate, or iron limitation with glycerol as carbon source have been determined. Synchronous cultures were obtained by the continuous phasing technique, and the results were compared with those of chemostat cultures growing at similar growth rates and under the same types of nutrient limitation. Whereas the chemostat experiments indicated only the average energy status of cultures growing at random, results from phased cultures showed that the adenylate energy charge, defined as (ATP + ½ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP) (where ATP, ADP, and AMP signify adenosine 5′-triphosphate, -diphosphate, and -monophosphate, respectively), varied during the phased growth of the yeast. These variations were related to the stage of development of the cells and to the type of nutrient limitation. In every case the energy charge dropped to a low value during the first half of the phasing cycle (cell cycle). Whereas the energy charge was maintained at relatively high levels (ranging from 0.78 to 0.94), for sulfate- or nitrogen-limited cultures, it was very low when iron was the growth-limiting nutrient (0.44 to 0.78). In spite of the low energy charge, the yeast continued to grow under iron limitation. The main component of the adenylate pool of the iron-limited culture was ADP and not ATP as observed with other types of nutrient limitation. It is concluded that under iron limitation the growth of the organism is limited by energy and that under energy-limited growth the energy charge of a growing organism is maintained at low levels. The reason for maintaining a low energy charge in an energy-limited culture is discussed.
A Mathematical Programming Model for Vegetable Rotations

Rotations have historically been used to alleviate pest problems in crop production. This paper considers methods of modeling rotations in linear programming models for Southeastern vegetable production. In such models, entering each possible crop rotation as a separate activity can be burdensome because of the large numbers of possible rotational alternatives. Conventional methodology for double crop rotations reduces the number of activities but must be adapted to accommodate triple crop rotational requirements in vegetable production. This paper demonstrates these methods both for a simple example and an empirical problem with numerous rotation alternatives. While the methods presented in this paper may have computational disadvantages compared to entering each rotation as a separate activity, they do have advantages in model design and data management.
Monetary Policy at the Zero Lower Bound and After: A Reassessment of Quantitative Easing and Critique of the Federal Reserve's Proposed Exit Strategy

This paper analyses quantitative easing, focusing on its implicit fiscal dimension. It distinguishes between ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ zero lower bound traps. A strong trap corresponds to the liquidity trap. In a weak trap QE is expansionary but subject to diminishing returns. QE implicitly transfers income streams to the fiscal authority, generating fiscal drag that can eventually render QE contractionary. Proposals to exit QE by paying interest on reserves to check inflationary pressures is contradicted because paying interest constitutes an implicit tax cut. Instead, the paper suggests implementing asset based reserve requirements that deactivate liquidity by requiring banks hold increased reserves.
Steroid hydroxylations in rat adrenal mitochondria. IV. An inhibition of NADH oxidase and succinate-supported deoxycorticosterone hydroxylation by steroid and rotenone.

Abstract The effects of steroid and rotenone on succinate-supported deoxycortieosterone hydroxylation were compared. In intact rat adrenal mitochondria, the rate of deoxycortieosterone hydroxylation decreased as the concentration of the steroid substrate or the major steroid product (corticosterone) or rotenone was increased. Steroid had no effect on either succinate-supported oxidative phosphorylation or on deoxycorticosterone hydroxylation supported by NADPH plus calcium ions. In submitochondrial particles, NADPH formation by the energy-linked transhydrogenase was only slightly inhibited by steroid. NADH oxidase, however, was markedly inhibited by deoxycortieosterone, corticosterone or rotenone suggesting that steroid (like rotenone) decreased the rate of succinate-supported steroid hydroxylation by specifically inhibiting reversed electron transport. Further support for this interpretation was found in the inhibition by either steroid or rotenone of the ATP-dependent, succinate-supported hydroxylation of deoxycortieosterone in KCN-inhibited mitochondria. It is concluded that the deleterious effect of steroid on succinate-supported steroid hydroxylation is due to an inhibition of reversed electron transport in the region of the first phosphorylation site. The steroid, rotenone and antimycin sensitivity of the NADH oxidase of rat adrenal submitochondrial particles differed depending on the method of assay. When measured by NADH disappearance, NADH oxidase activity was sensitive to all three inhibitors and KCN. When measured by oxygen consumption, NADH oxidase activity was sensitive to KCN but only slightly sensitive to steroid, rotenone or antimycin. Rat adrenal submitochondrial preparations were found to contain an active rotenone-and antimycin-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase in addition to the typical inhibitor-sensitive NADH oxidase. Exogenous cytochrome c converted the rotenone or antimycin-sensitive NADH oxidase to an inhibitor-insensitive NADH oxidase. However, sensitivity to KCN remained. The results indicate that a shuttle of cytochrome c between the inhibitor-insensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase and the inhibitor-sensitive NADH oxidase may explain the rotenone- and antimycin-insensitive NADH oxidase activity of adrenal cortex submitochondrial preparations.
The Challenges and Opportunities Faced by Skilled African Immigrants in the U.S. Job Market

Abstract Immigrants today make up 14 percent of the U.S. workforce (Closing the Immigrant Skills Gap, n.d.), and, of these, a good proportion have arrived from Africa. Although Africans started coming to United States predominantly as students after the 1960s post-colonial era, their numbers have dramatically increased since the beginning of the 1990s. The influx of African immigrants to the United States in the last two decades especially after the end of the Cold War era of the early 1990s has been phenomenal. According to figures from the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS-now the Office of Homeland Security), the number of African immigrants to the United States has more than quadrupled in the last two decades, from 109,733 between 1961 and 1980 to 531,832 between 1981 and 2000 (Takougang, n.d.).
The Significance of Piaget’s Researches on the Psychogenesis of Atomism

What is remarkable about the history of atomism is the fact that it can be traced back to the very beginning of human reflection on nature. It is needless to recall the Pythagorean monadism and the names of Leucippus, Democritus and Lucretius: atomism is clearly as old as the first scientific and even proto-scientific explanations of nature. What is even more remarkable is that human thought was able so early and without the aid of microscope and measuring devices to anticipate one of the main findings of modern science. The significance of this anticipation is not diminished by the fact that only the most general features of modern atomism were present in the thought of its ancient ancestors: it was still quite an achievement in the fifth century B.C. to hold the view that space is infinite, that matter is homogeneous and discontinuous in its structure and that all diversity and all changes in nature are reducible to the configurations and displacements of homogeneous, permanent units. The question why and how such a successful anticipation of modern physical science occurred, has been and still is largely ignored; and when it is not ignored, the explanations suggested are hardly satisfactory. These explanations fall roughly into two distinct groups.
Neutron Spectra and Asymmetries in Muon Capture

A single large discrepancy has plagued muon physics for the past decade. This discrepancy is in the asymmetry of neutrons emitted following muon capture. The experiment which is discussed in this paper, combined with other recent experimental and theoretical work, is very close to eliminating this discrepancy. Early theoretical work had predicted a small negative asymmetry, and two experiments had obtained very large negative asymmetries at high neutron energies. We now obtain moderate positive asymmetries, and recent theoretical work predicts positive asymmetries.
Tris(triphenylsiloxy)vanadium Oxide

[18822-50-9] C54H45O4Si3V (MW 893.15) InChI = 1S/3C18H15OSi.O.V/c3*19-20(16-10-4-1-5-11-16,17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;;/h3*1-15H;;/q3*-1;;+3 InChIKey = WSQFWIWHGOUAEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (catalyst for isomerization of allylic alcohols and propargylic alcohols with 1,3-oxygen transposition; catalyst for oxidation of alkenes in combination with alkyl hydroperoxide) Alternative Name: tris(triphenylsilyl) vanadate, oxotris(triphenylsilanolato)vanadium. Physical Data: mp 225–227 °C. Solubility: sol acetone; toluene; xylene; dichloromethane; 1,2-dichloroethane. Form Supplied in: not commercially available; white crystal. Preparative Methods: from vanadyl trichloride and triphenylsilanol or vanadium pentoxide and triphenylsilanol.1 Purification: recrystallized from benzene, xylene, or mesitylene. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: slowly hydrolyzes in the presence of moisture. Stable under dry argon atmosphere.
On‐line anonymity: A new privacy battle in cyberspace

The Internet offers individuals an opportunity to communicate anonymously, yet also allows authors to hide behind insulting and harassing messages, fraud, and copyright violations. Lawsuits are being filed that challenge anonymity and freedom of speech in cyberspace. Is there any right to on‐line anonymity? This article examines the debate and issues associated with anonymous communications in cyberspace and explores the “right of informational privacy” as it pertains to anonymity. Finally, some regulatory approaches and suggestions are considered for addressing the new privacy conflict.
Towards Understanding the Impact of Sarcomeric Gene Mutations

With this profound new knowledge, humankind is on the verge of gaining immense, new power to heal. Genome science will have a real impact on all our lives—and even more, on the lives of our children. It will revolutionize the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of most, if not all, human
Accounting for the energy consumption of personal computing including portable devices

In light of the increased awareness of global energy consumption, questions are also being asked about the contribution of computing equipment. Though studies have documented the share of energy consumption due to these equipment over the years, these have rarely characterized the increasing share contributed by the rapidly growing portable computing segment. The portable computing device segment is widely predicted to be a dominant mode of computing and communication, and accounting for its energy consumption is necessary for energy-efficient computing in the future. This work takes a fresh and updated look at the energy consumption due to computing devices in perspective of global consumption, and pays special attention to the contribution of portable computing devices. We further quantify the impact of energy consumed by the computing sector on the environment, as well as on the electricity cost to an average residential consumer. Finally, based on the results of the study, recommendations targeted at the computer networking community are made.
Detection and differentiation of Clostridium botulinum type A strains using a focused DNA microarray.

Abstract A focused oligonucleotide microarray featuring 62 probes targeting strain variable regions of the Clostridium botulinum strain ATCC 3502 genome sequence was developed to differentiate C. botulinum type A strains. The strain variable regions were selected from deletions identified among a panel of 10 type A strains compared to the strain ATCC 3502 genome sequence using high density comparative genomic hybridization microarrays. The focused microarray also featured specific probes for the detection of the neurotoxin genes of various serotypes (A–G), toxin gene cluster components ( ha70 and orfX1 ), and fldB as a marker for proteolytic clostridia (Group I). Eight pairs of strains selected from separate type A botulism outbreaks were included in the 27 subtype A1–A4 strains examined in this study. Each outbreak related strain pair consisted of strains isolated from different sources (stool and food). Of the eight outbreak related strain pairs, six groups of strains with indistinguishable hybridization patterns were identified. Outbreak related strains were shown to have identical hybridization patterns. Strain pairs from three separate outbreaks involving strains harboring both the type A neurotoxin gene ( bont / A ) and an unexpressed type B neurotoxin gene ( bont / B ) shared the same probe hybridization profile. The focused microarray format provides a rapid approach for neurotoxin gene detection and preliminary determination of the relatedness of strains isolated from different sources.
A Moving Equilibrium of Demand and Supply

Elasticity of demand and flexibility of prices. — Relative cost of production and relative efficiency of organization, 359. — Laws of relative cost and relative return as contrasted with laws of cost and laws of return, 360. — Typical equations to the law of supply, 364. — The statistical derivation of the law of supply, 367. — A moving equilibrium of demand and supply, 368.
Induction of ventricular tachycardia in patients with left ventricular aneurysms and no history of arrhythmia.

We recently reported 5 patients who developed sustained entricular tachycardia (VT) for the first time after a left ventricular (LV) aneurysmectomy performed for nonarrhythmic indications.1 It was unclear whether the aneurysmectomy directly precipitated the arrhythmia in those patients, or simply failed to remove a preexisting VT substrate. If the latter were true, recognition of the substrate before surgery and ablation by endocardial resection at the time of aneurysmectomy2,3 could have prevented the postoperative arrhythmia. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to determine how often aneurysms provide a substrate for VT detectable by programmed stimulation and whether any clinical or angiographic variables predict arrhythmia inducibility.
Consent: Informed, Simple, Implied and Presumed

Raul Easton and his colleagues (2007) have undertaken an interesting and timely empirical study of the relative value that a sample of patients in an emergency department placed on consent for vari...
Trailing edge noise prediction from measured surface pressures

Trailing edge (TE) noise is investigated for the case of a two-dimensional airfoil embedded in a uniform low Mach number flow, and the usefulness of several TE noise theories is examined by applying them to the measured data. The TE noise spectra and directivity are quantitatively determined for the case of a high Reynolds number and a fully turbulent boundary layer. Parameters include angle of attack, flow velocity and TE bluntness. Evanescent wave theories by Chase (1975) and Chandiramani (1974) are compared to the present results and show good agreement. Agreement of the near field pressure scatter phenomenon analysis with measurements implies that the basic assumptions used in the analysis are correct, i.e., the turbulent boundary layer (TBL) flow passes the trailing edge into the wake region. No hydrodynamic wake shedding activity is confirmed for the two-sided TBL flow, and a method incorporating the principles of the coherent output power method is used to determine the sound field. The near field edge scatter model is found to not only establish optimum sizing of edge treatment for noise control, but also to separate and identify the scattered field from the incident hydrodynamic field.
Compositional Changes in Sugarcane Bagasse on Low Temperature, Long-term Diluted Ammonia Treatment

Sugarcane bagasse is the major by-product of the sugar industry. It has a great potential for the production of biofuels and chemicals due to its considerable amount of cellulose and hemicellulose. In this study, we investigated a simple and economic pretreatment process using dilute ammonia for the storage of sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse was stored in 0, 0.03, and 0.3% (w/w) ammonium hydroxide in a closed bottle for 40 days at 30 °C under atmospheric pressure without any agitation or circulation. Samples were taken every 10 days and analyzed for changes on lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose composition, ammonia concentration, and microbial counts. Biomass storage for 40 days at 0.3% ammonium hydroxide removed 46% of lignin and retained 100% cellulose and 73% hemicellulose.
The effect of the choice of evacuation model on the estimation of feeding rate

This paper considers: various models for describing evacuation from the stomachs of fishes; methods used to estimate feeding rates; and the type of field data required in each case.
Determination of Sedimentation Coefficients in Rapidly Equilibrating Polymerizing Systems

WHEN systems undergoing a rapid chemical re-equilibration between monomers and a single higher polymer are examined in the ultracentrifuge, a bimodal reaction boundary is predicted, if the degree of polymerization is greater than two1,2. The sedimentation coefficient of the monomer at infinite dilution, (SM)O may be found by extrapolation of the weight-average values, s, determined from the rate of movement of the position corresponding to the square root of the second moment of the entire schlieren diagram at a series of total protein concentrations3, or by examining the system in an environment where aggregation is inhibited. For example, the latter procedure was used to estimate (SM)O for α-chymotrypsin as ∼ 2.5 S4,5. The determination of the sedimentation coefficient of the polymer, sp, however, at a particular concentration (and hence (sp)O at infinite dilution) is difficult, for there is no defined position on the experimental schlieren pattern which corresponds to the position of the polymer at a given time. Certainly, an extrapolation of sfast, found from the rate of movement of the faster peak of the bimodal boundary, leads to serious error6,7. A value may be estimated on the basis of elementary theory8 and the equations of Perrin9, by assuming a model and assigning values to (SM)O and n2,7. The latter procedure is not satisfactory, in view of the importance of sp as an essential parameter in determining: (1) the value of the equilibrium constant from s data, which could be compared with that obtained from the Gilbert theory1; (2) the theoretical concentration dependence of s values for observed peaks in sedimentation velocity experiments1,7.
Combined HREM and HAADF Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Powerful Tool for Investigating Structural Changes in Thermally Aged Ceria−Zirconia Mixed Oxides

The combined application of HREM, HAADF STEM, and computer simulation techniques has proved to be a powerful tool for characterizing the structural modifications induced on ceria−zirconia mixed oxides by different thermochemical aging pretreatments. This is key information for better understanding the reversible changes of redox behavior exhibited by these materials.
United States Trade in Consumer Products

The United States has experienced a large trade deficit in consumer products. This paper argues that the deficit is due in part to the institutional and behavioral frameworks in which consumer products are marketed. The existence of an effective mass distribution system, a large market relative to promotion expenditures and the change-orientation of the consumer can influence greatly the ability of nations to expand markets and stimulate sales of consumer products. These factors prevalent in the American economy have attracted imports. In contrast, their absence in the economies of our trading partners has limited our access to foreign markets. Policy implications of this situation and areas for further research are identified and discussed.
Fluxes of 226Ra and barium in the Pacific Ocean: The importance of boundary processes

Abstract The 226 Ra/Ba ratio in particles collected in sediment traps decreases with depth. Fluxes of Ba and Al increase with depth. These observations cannot be explained by simple vertical processes. Instead they require a component to the deep flux which originates at the ocean margins. We suggest that the deep traps are enriched in Ba through the advection of barite originally precipitated in biologically productive regions of the ocean margin. This source is less important for 226 Ra because some is lost by radioactive decay between the precipitation of barite on the margin and outward transport. The boundary flux is an important source of material to the deep sea. From 226 Ra fluxes in the upper 1000 m of the water column, we estimate that the residence time of 226 Ra in the upper ocean is 400 years. The removal of 226 Ra in the particle flux is approximately balanced by the upwelling of waters enriched in 226 Ra.
Robust fabrication of selective and reversible polymer coated carbon nanotube-based gas sensors

In this study, a systematic investigation was carried out to produce reliable and reproducible polymer coated nanotube sensors to enhance their selectivity against exposed analyte molecules. To do this, a series of uniformly distributed, randomly aligned SWNT films were prepared via vacuum filtration from suspended HiPCO nanotubes and transferred to photolithography patterned silicon chips with high reproducibility and yield. The SWNT film density was optimized for detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate and ammonia at the percolation threshold range of nanotube electric conductance. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to polymerize seven different polymers in aqueous solutions and coat a thin layer onto optimized SWNT films. Polymer coated SWNT-based sensors were analyzed for selectivity for a variety of gases. Results indicate that the electropolymerization of different polymers onto nanotube surfaces can be a simple and promising way to obtain controlled, reliable, and modulated response for various analyte molecules.
Ultra-violet argon dayglow lines in the atmosphere of mercury

Abstract We investigate the response of an atmosphere of argon to solar ultra-violet radiation. With the assumption that Mercury has an argon atmosphere that is optically thick to ionizing radiation the intensities of the ultra-violet dayglow lines resulting from photoelectron impact are calculated. For most of the model atmospheres, the predicted intensities are above the detection threshold of the 1973 Venus-Mercury ultra-violet spectrometer of Broadfoot, McElroy and Belton.
Hemorrhoidal dearterialization with mucopexy versus hemorrhoidectomy: 3-year follow-up assessment of a randomized controlled trial

A randomized controlled trial showed that patients with grade III or IV internal hemorrhoids had similar symptomatic relief of symptoms up to 3 months following dearterialization with mucopexy or hemorrhoidectomy albeit with less postoperative pain after the former. This study aimed to compare hemorrhoidal recurrence and chronic complications at 3-year follow-up. This study was carried out on 40 patients with grade III or IV internal hemorrhoids previously enrolled to a randomized trial comparing dearterialization to hemorrhoidectomy. Recurrence was defined as internal hemorrhoids diagnosed on proctoscopy. Chronic complications were nonresolving adverse events related to surgery. Outcome measures included patient-reported outcomes and quality of life measured by brief pain inventory (BPI), SF-12, and fecal incontinence surveys. At median follow-up of 36 (27–43) months, 13 patients (32.5 %) were lost to follow-up. Patient-reported outcomes suggested no difference between dearterialization and hemorrhoidectomy in persistent symptoms, occurring in 1 (8.3 %) vs. 2 (13.3 %) patients (p = 0.681) and in symptom recurrence, occurring in 6 (50 %) vs. 4 (26.7 %) patients (p = 0.212). On proctoscopy, recurrence was seen in 2 (13.3 %) vs. 1 (6.7 %) patients (p = 0.411), all with index grade IV disease. One patient in each arm required reoperation (p = 0.869). Chronic complications were not seen in the dearterialization arm while they occurred in 2 (13.3 %) hemorrhoidectomy patients (p = 0.189) and included unhealed wound (n = 1), anal fissure (n = 1) and fecal incontinence (n = 1). There was a trend toward more patient reported than actual recurrence on proctoscopy (10 vs. 3, p = 0.259). There was no difference in BPI, SF-12, and fecal incontinence quality of life scores. Recurrence rates did not differ significantly at 3-year follow-up and occurred in patients with index grade IV hemorrhoids. Chronic complications occurred only after hemorrhoidectomy.
Approximate scattering wave functions for few-particle continua

An operator identity which allows the wave operator for N particles interacting pairwise to be expanded as products of operators in which fewer than N particles interact is given. This identity is used to derive appproximate scattering wave functions for N-particle continua that avoid certain difficulties associated with Faddeev-type expansions. For example, a derivation is given of a scattering wave function used successfully recently to describe the three-particle continuum occurring in the electron impact ionization of the hydrogen atom.
Biosynthesis, elicitation and biological activity of isoflavonoid phytoalexins

Abstract Isoflavonoid phytoalexins are a major class of low molecular weight, inhibitory compounds synthesized by certain plants, notably members of the Leguminosae. Accumulation of these isoflavonoids is often very marked following infection. This review summarizes their biosynthesis, elicitation and biological properties. Consideration is also given to their inferred function of limiting microbial invasion in plant tissues.
The correlated-k method and related methods for broadband radiation calculations

The fundamentals of radiation calculations in planetary atmospheres have been known for a long time, but the practical problems of calculating radiation over a broad spectral range both efficiently and accurately remain an area of active research. The Goody et al. paper of 1989 [13] established a milestone in that long effort. Goody et al. highlighted attempts to formulate the problem in terms of a few absorption coefficients that could represent typically tens of thousands of coefficients in a rigorous line-by-line calculation. Here we provide a brief background, point out that the correlated-k method is a special case of a broader spectral mapping concept, and mention some new ideas that have emerged recently.
A factor analytic study of perceptual behavior in 4th and 5th grade children.

Abstract The pre-test scores for 95 fourth and fifth grade children were used in factor analysis in which 4 and 6 factors were rotated. The tests were a variety of perception, creativity, and aesthetic preference measures. The 6 factors to emerge from the pool of 14 variables were: a factor of creativity, a perceptual factor of deductive reasoning, a perceptual factor of inductive reasoning, a measure of perceptual field independence, and two aesthetic preference factors. In the four factor analysis the creativity factor, the two perceptual factors, and the aesthetic preference factor remained. The results are discussed with implications for art education.
Energetics of ammonium perchlorate decomposition steps

Abstract Energy minima and enthalpies at 298 and 800 K were computed for 37 atoms, molecules and ions that have been implicated as intermediates in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. These data permit the calculation of ΔH(298 K) and ΔH(800 K) for hundreds of reactions that may be involved; 39 of these are listed, and several possible decomposition pathways are outlined. The computations were carried out at the density functional B3PW91/6-3ll+G(2df) level, which we found to be effective for systems containing several oxygen and/or chlorine atoms in close proximity. ΔH(298 K) and ΔH(800 K) are found to differ by less than 1.0 kcal mol−1. We have identifiied an intermediate complex in the sublimation of ammonium perchlorate (believed to be the first decomposition step) which accounts for the activation energy of sublimation being considerably less than its overall enthalpy change.
Deep thoughts and shallow frames; on the susceptibility to framing effects.

This paper examines the occurrence of framing effects when more thought is given to problems. In Study 1, participants were presented with one of two frames of several decision problems. Participants' Need for Cognition (NC) scores were obtained, and half the participants were asked to justify their choices. Substantial framing effects were observed, but the amount of thought purportedly given to a problem, whether manipulated by justification elicitation or measured by NC scores, did not reduce the incidence of framing effects. In Study 2, participants responded to both frames of problems in a within-subjects design. Again, NC scores were unrelated to responses on the first frame encountered. However, high-NC, compared to low-NC, participants were more consistent across frames of a problem. More thought, as indexed here, does not reduce the proclivity to be framed, but does promote adherence to normative principles when the applicability of those principles is detectable. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rat mammary tumors from carcinogen-induced nodules and their responsiveness to ovariectomy

The research objective was to determine whether DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors derived from transplanted mammary nodules differ in ovarian-responsiveness from tumors originating randomly from in situ mammary parenchyma. Nodule-derived tumors were from hyperplastic alveolar outgrowths in mammary fat pads, which were either first generation outgrowths (primary nodule outgrowths) or generations 3-6 of a tumorigenic nodule line (nodule outgrowth T18). Tumors were induced in primary outgrowths by secondary exposure to DMBA in vivo or in vitro. The nodule line was not re-exposed to DMBA because of its high oncogenicity (80-85%). Despite the histological similarity of the tumor derivatives, primary nodule outgrowths and the nodule outgrowth line developed a higher proportion of ovarian-independent to ovarian-dependent tumors (1:3 and 3:4 respectively) than did in situ mammary tissues (1:9). These results are consistent with the observation that nodule outgrowths were themselves ovarian-independent.
Wavelet image representation and applications in computer vision

In this paper, a number of spatial/spatial-frequency image representations are reviewed. Wavelets have recently generated much interest, both in applied areas as well as in more theoretical ones. Wavelet transform relative to some basic wavelets provides a flexible time- frequency window which automatically narrows when observing high frequency phenomena and widens when studying low frequency environments. As a result, it is suitable for visual information representation. Applications in computer vision such as image compression and image enhancement are examined.
Cognitive function in breast cancer patients prior to adjuvant treatment

Purpose To compare the neuropsychological functioning of breast cancer patients with invasive cancer and noninvasive cancer prior to adjuvant treatment. Patients and Methods Breast cancer patients (N = 132) with invasive (Stages 1–3, N = 110, age = 54.1 ± 8.1) or noninvasive (Stage 0, N = 22, age = 55.8 ± 8.0) disease completed a battery of neuropsychological and psychological instruments following surgery but prior to initiation of chemotherapy, radiation or hormonal therapy. Matched healthy controls (N = 45, age = 52.9 ± 10.0) completed the same battery of instruments. For the patients, data on menstrual status, type of surgery, time of general anesthesia, CBC and platelets, nutritional status (B12 and folate), and thyroid function were collected. Results Comparison of mean neuropsychological test scores revealed that all groups scored within the normal range; however, patients with Stage 1–3 cancer scored significantly lower than healthy controls on the Reaction Time domain (p = 0.005). Using a definition of lower than expected cognitive performance that corrected for misclassification error, Stage 1–3 patients were significantly (p = 0.002) more likely to be classified as having lower than expected overall cognitive performance (22%) as compared to Stage 0 patients (0%) and healthy controls (4%). No differences were observed between patients classified as having lower than expected cognitive performance compared to those classified as normal performance on measures of depression, anxiety, fatigue, menstrual status, surgery/anesthesia or any of the blood work parameters. Conclusion Patients with Stage 1–3 breast cancer were more likely to be classified as having lower than expected cognitive performance prior to adjuvant treatment as compared to Stage 0 patients and healthy controls, although correction for misclassification error produced a lower rate than previously reported.
Implications of systemic hypotension for the neurological examination in patients with severe head injury.

Abstract Thirty-six patients admitted with severe head injury and various degrees of systemic hypotension were studied to determine the effect of hypotension on the validity of the neurological examination in reflecting mechanical brain compression. All patients had clinical signs of transtentorial herniation or upper brainstem compression and underwent immediate bilateral placement of exploratory burr holes for the diagnosis and removal of intracranial hematomas. All patients were initially hypotensive: 10 were in cardiac arrest, 7 had a systolic blood pressure (SBP) 60 torr, clinical signs of tentorial herniation or upper brainstem dysfunction remain valid indicators of possible mechanical compression; the high percentage of patients with acute intracranial hematomas in this group warrants immediate diagnostic burr-hole exploration. In patients with severe initial hypotension (SBP
Migration of limbal melanocytes.

RECENTLY, we suggested1,2 that pigmented melanocytes from the limbus of the eye of the guinea-pig could be stimulated to enter the basal layer of corneal epithelium. Within the cornea, normally transparent and colourless, the pigmented dendritic cells could be studied in vivo and in vitro with little technical difficulty. Our method involved topical application of a solution of colchicine (0.1–0.01 per cent in saline) to the cornea once or twice daily for a week or more. In another experiment a solution of alloxan was injected into the anterior chamber of the eye. In both cases melanocyte migration occurred after the superficial cornea became vascularized; the greater the extent of superficial corneal vascularization, the more extensive the melanocyte invasion of the basal layer of the corneal epithelium. As corneal pigmentation increased, the limbal band became less pigmented. The observations seemed to support the concept that mature melanocytes (at least the melanocytes from the corneal limbus of a mature animal) are capable of migration, and that there is a relationship between this movement and the underlying neovascularization. It should be made clear that the melanocytes in the experimental model were not in direct contact with the new vessels, but were separated from them by Bowman's membrane and a variable amount of corneal stroma.