cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Solvatochromism on the Interfacial Morphology of P3HT-CdS Nanowire Nanohybrids

Increasing performance in organic/inorganic bulk heterojunctions hybrid photovoltaic systems hinges not only on the structure of the inorganic component but also on the morphology of the polymeric component. Changing the morphology of the organic component is a facile way of changing the morphology of the interface between the inorganic and organic components in the bulk heterojunction system. Engineering this interface to more efficiently split photogenerated excitons and transport these carriers to electrodes can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic devices. In this report, we investigate the effect of solvent quality on the morphology of the poly(3-hexylthiophene)-2,5-diyl (P3HT) polymer–semiconductor interface (solvatochromism). We have found that creating more order within the P3HT main chain in solution and prior to deposition has a profound effect on the nature of the P3HT-CdS nanowire interface. Solvents with a larger difference in solubility parameter, Δδ, relative to P3HT, such as methanol an...
Notes on Ecuadorian Butterflies. Iii. the Genus Lymanopoda Westwood (Satyridae)

As commonly considered this genus is composed of a very varied group of species. It does not bear with close scrutiny for congenerity. Three generic names have been proposed for members composing it since the recognition of the first species, described in (1851) in the “Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.” At that time Westwood placed the three members in two genera which he subsequently combined under one of the names proposed, Lymanopoda . In this action all later students concurred. Although the species samius , type of Lymanopoda , is superficially quite different from obsoleta , the type of Sarromia , structurally they are sufficiently alike to be considered congeneric. They represent the extremes in a series of variations. In 1892 Roeber proposed the name Trophonina for Butler's species acraeida . While this separation might be held valid by some lepidopterists I am inclined to ignore it. This species is, to be sure, unlike the others in the genus—excepting venosa and malia , strictly congeneric with acraeida —yet the differences other than color pattern are quantitative rather than qualitative. I dislike subgeneric designations and so follow Weymer in placing both Sarromia and Trophonina as synonyms of Lymanopoda . Others will disagree with me on this point. That is their privilege. However, one entire group of species usually included in the genus Lymanopoda is quite evidently misplaced in that genus. Superficially they might be left there but structurally they are so distinct that I feel it is necessary to set them apart as a different genus. They have been excluded from this discussion and will be taken up in another paper.
Oxidation of biologically relevant chalcogenones and their Cu(I) complexes: insight into selenium and sulfur antioxidant activity.

Hydroxyl radical damage to DNA causes disease, and sulfur and selenium antioxidant coordination to hydroxyl-radical-generating Cu+ is one mechanism for their observed DNA damage prevention. To determine how copper binding results in antioxidant activity, biologically relevant selone and thione ligands and Cu+ complexes of the formula [Tpm*Cu(L)]+ [Tpm* = tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane; L = N,N′-dimethylimidazole selone or thione] were treated with H2O2 and the products analyzed by 1H, 13C{1H}, and 77Se{1H} NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. Upon H2O2 treatment, selone and thione binding to Cu+ prevents oxidation to Cu2+; instead, the chalcogenone ligand is oxidized. Thus, copper coordination by sulfur and selenium compounds can provide targeted sacrificial antioxidant activity.
Dolichol-phosphate-mannose-3 (DPM3)/prostin-1 is a novel phospholipase C-γ regulated gene negatively associated with prostate tumor invasion

The most ominous development in tumor progression is the transition to an invasive and metastatic phenotype. Little is known, however, about the molecular alterations that cause a tumor to become invasive. In view of this, we have used microarray expression analysis to evaluate the expression profiles of a unique panel of human DU145 prostate cancer sublines that vary in their invasive potential. The three DU145 sublines expressed epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors that differed in their ability to activate phospholipase C-gamma (PLC gamma). Three-way analyses yielded 11 genes out of 4608 genes screened that associated directly or inversely with invasive potential. The gene whose expression correlated most strongly with lack of invasion was identified as a potential invasion suppressor and called prostin-1. Pharmacological inhibition of PLC gamma (U73122) confirmed that PLC gamma signaling suppressed prostin-1 in that U73122 treatment caused induction of prostin-1 in PLC gamma competent cells. The prostin-1 gene, conserved through phylogeny, is induced by androgen in LNCaP cells and encodes a 92 amino acid protein. The protein shares no extensive homologies with other known genes, yet was recently identified as a small stabilizer subunit of the dolichol-phosphate-mannose (DPM) synthase complex. That DPM3/prostin-1 might suppress tumor progression was supported by the finding that exogenous expression in COS cells leads to apoptosis. These findings support the use of model cell lines to identify putative tumor suppressors and promoters.
Exploiting a Factorization of xn - yn

(1997). Exploiting a Factorization of xn - yn. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 206-209.
Within Convergence: Estimating Unique Steady States Using a Dynamic Panel

A problematic outcome of the cross sectional study of convergence is that developing economies are often estimated to be above their steady states, implying that they have too much capital per worker. This paper introduces a method to estimate steady states in a way that can explain this counterintuitive result. The method uses the coefficient estimates of an augmented Solow growth model and, through the use of panel data, can include total factor productivity as a country-specific effect. In sum, it is found that countries beginning a period of development above their steady states do so because of low total factor productivity. In the panel setting this can explain what it means to have too much capital per worker: these economies simply do not have enough productivity to maintain their initial levels of per worker capital. This implies that development through investment can only succeed when there is convergence from below the steady state. Above the steady state, total factor productivity is too low to sustain the relatively high levels of capital. Empirical results confirm that these growth patterns can offer a satisfactory explanation of the observed cross-country income divergence of developed and developing economies.
Study on quantitative structure-antitumor activity relationship of 13-substituted matrine derivatives

The quantitative structure-antitumor activity relationship(QSAR)and Electronic structure of matrine derivatives was studied by using density functional theory B3LYP method in present research.The results indicates that:the antitumor activity of C(13)matrine derivatives increased with ELUMOand energy gap(ΔE)becoming low and with the molecular power(Etotal),molecular surface area(S),molecular volume(V),polarization(P)becoming high;When oil-water partition coefficient(logP)of molecule became higher,the activity of matrine derivatives also increased,meaning that the activity of matrine derivatives enhanced with the hydrophobicity increasing.A QSAR formula with good significance was got comprehensively:-lgIC50=97.008-11.759ΔE +818.602QC2-2.132×10-4 Etotal,which was used to forecast inhibitory activity of matrine derivatives to HepG2 and carry on the molecular design.
Testing Spearman's hypothesis with advanced placement examination data

Abstract The nature, source, and meaning of average group score differences between demographic groups on cognitive tests has been a source of controversy for decades. One possible explanation is “Spearman's hypothesis,” which states that the magnitude of score differences across demographic groups is a direct function of how strongly the test measures g. To test this hypothesis, Jensen (1985, 1998) developed the method of correlated vectors. In this study I used the method of correlated vectors to examine the relationship between racial/ethnic group differences of Advanced Placement (AP) exam scores and the correlation between those AP exam scores and a test of general cognitive ability, the PSAT. Results are consistent with Spearman's hypothesis for White-Black and White-Hispanic comparisons, but not for White-Asian comparisons. Comparisons of White examinees and Native Americans are inconclusive. This study shows that academic achievement tests can be used to test Spearman's hypothesis. Additionally, Spearman's hypothesis is not a unique characteristic of White-Black differences in cognitive test scores, but it may not universal either.
Do the Imidazoles have a Role in the Management of Genitourinary Fungal Infections

AbstractThe imidazoles have demonstrated antifungal activity against a number of fungi that are pathogenic for man. Effective clinical use has been demonstrated in patients with cutaneous and systemic candidiasis, aspergillosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcus and histoplasmosis.We report our experience with the oral imidazole agent ketoconazole in the management of 8 patients with significant urinary candidiasis as judged by elevated urinary candidal counts (greater than 15,000/ml.). Only 4 of the 8 patients had resolution of candiduria with ketoconazole therapy.Intravenous miconazole, another imidazole, has been available for treatment of systemic and genitourinary fungal infections. Limited success (50 per cent) with intravenous miconazole has been noted in the treatment of systemic candidiasis with urinary involvement. Miconazole also has been used as a systemic and local irrigant in the treatment of bladder and renal candidiasis.Based on these observations and our own studies, we beli...
The Role of Household Social Organization in the Structure of Rural Economies: Comparing Forest Resource Dependent and Agriculturally Dependent Regions in Russia

Sociologists have examined how structural economic change affects household social organization and generation of household income from different sources. The introduction of elements of a market economy into rural Russia in the early 1990s provides a unique opportunity to examine these relationships. Much of the work on this topic, however, has been conducted in black earth zone, agriculturally dependent regions. Less attention has been given to non-black-earth zone, forest resource dependent regions. This article addresses this limitation by comparing the relationships between household income generation strategies and household social organization in a 2009 survey of villages in three forest resource dependent regions in northwest Russia with findings from a 2006 survey of households in nine agricultural regions of Russia. Income generated from enterprises based on household social organization—household labor and social helping networks—is substantially greater in agriculturally dependent than in forest resource dependent regions. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding intranational regional differences in the relationship between economic systems, household social organization, and rural household economies as well as the obstacles facing policymakers and environmentalists who attempt to shift household income generation strategies away from an environmentally harmful lumber industry to income generation activities that are less harmful to the environment.
Neurophysiological and Clinical Effects of Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Triple Neurectomy in Patients with Refractory Postherniorrhaphy Neuropathic Inguinodynia.

BACKGROUND: Chronic postherniorrhaphy inguinal pain (CPIP) is a complex, major health problem. In the absence of recurrence or meshoma, laparoscopic retroperitoneal triple neurectomy (LRTN) has emerged as an effective surgical treatment of CPIP.METHODS: This prospective pilot study evaluated the neurophysiological and clinical effects of LRTN. Ten consecutive adult CPIP patients with unilateral predominantly neuropathic inguinodynia underwent three comprehensive quantitative sensory testing (QST) assessments (preoperative, immediate postoperative, and late postoperative). Pain severity, health-related function, and sleep quality were assessed over the course of a 6-month follow-up period.RESULTS: QST revealed marked increases in mechanical, pressure, thermal, and pain thresholds in the areas with maximum pain prior to LRTN surgery for the immediate (P < 0.01; mean 160.9 minutes, range 103 to 255 minutes after extubation) and late postoperative (P < 0.05; mean 27.9 days, range 14 to 78 days after surgery) assessments compared to baseline. Wind-up phenomena were eliminated postoperatively. LRTN provided robust group-level improvements of all clinical measures. No preoperative QST variables were found to be predictive of surgical outcomes. The positive change in heat pain threshold (preoperative compared to late postoperative) showed significant positive correlations with improvements of pain scores and function.CONCLUSIONS: LRTN may produce immediate, profound, and consistent positive effects across multiple mechanical, pressure, and thermal QST variables, and marked improvements of clinical outcomes in selected CPIP patients. These data contribute to the understanding of mechanisms involved in the success of LRTN. Large, high-powered studies are warranted to determine whether preoperative or repeated longitudinal QST may guide patient selection and predict effectiveness of LRTN. (Less)
I’m Listening, I’m Listening

This case discusses a complex pharmacokinetic interaction between carbamazepine and diltiazem, resulting in carbamazepine toxicity and decreased efficacy of diltiazem. Carbamazepine is both a cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate and inducer and diltiazem is a 3A4 inhibitor and substrate.
Review of Latent Variable Modeling Using R, by A. Alexander Beaujean

The step-by-step guide Latent Variable Modeling Using R is an essential reference for either novice or well-seasoned latent variable modelers (LVMers). Within the text, A. Alexander Beaujean integr...
Spintronics, Electronics for the Next Millenium?

Spintronics, in which the spin degree of freedom of the electron will play an important role in addition to or in place of the charge degree of freedom in mainstream electronics will be important as we start the new millenium. The prospects for this new electronics will be described in the article below.
In situ porewater uranium concentrations in a contaminated wetland: Effect of seasons and sediment depth

Abstract Previous studies have shown that Tims Branch wetlands on the Savannah River Site in South Carolina, USA is an effective environmental sink for sequestering the 44 tons of uranium (U) released into the system. The objective of this study was to evaluate over the course of a year, the fluctuations in sediment porewater U concentrations as a function of sediment depth, and the conditions and the extent that the contaminated wetlands acted as an environmental source for U. Sediment desorption tests indicated that U was strongly bound (Kd values were 2100–6900 L/kg), and sequential extraction experiments indicated that a majority of the U was associated with the readily oxidizable fraction (presumably, organic matter fraction). In situ porewater samples were collected using diffusion samplers that were placed in the contaminated wetlands and their uranium concentrations indicated that as much as 3 × 10−5 wt-% of the system U was in the mobile aqueous phase (federal maximum contaminant levels (MCL) = 0.03 μg/L U). Aqueous U concentrations were correlated to Eh (r = 0.422; n = 113; p ≤ 0.001). These data also suggested that there may be a critical Eh at ∼400 mV, above which aqueous U concentrations increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) by more than an order of magnitude. These results have implications on the long-term stewardship of this contaminated system; sediment organic matter concentrations and wetland hydrology and plant vegetation need to be maintained in a manner that does not permit strong reoxidation of the system. This could be achieved by minimizing land-use changes or the occurrences of forest fires and ensuring that the system's hydrology is not greatly altered.
The MOSIS Service

MOSIS is a low-cost prototyping and small volume production service for VLSI circuit development with a worldwide customer base. Since 1981, the service has fabricated more than 40,000 integrated circuit designs for use by commercial firms, government agencies and universities and it has served as the model for similar operations throughout the world. The present status of the MOSIS Service, current technology offerings as well as the status of the VLSI Educational Program will be discussed.
Failed Collaborative Efforts Relating to Public Lands Use in Idaho’s Boulder-White Cloud Mountains Area

U.S. Representative Mike Simpson touted his collaboration efforts regarding the Central Idaho Economic Development and Recreation Act (CIEDRA). He stated he had worked hard to bring together different stakeholders representing local ranchers, local, state, and federal government officials, recreationists, wilderness proponents, and other interested groups and individuals to work toward resolving the public land use issues facing the Boulder-White Clouds area in Central Idaho. On its face it appeared to be a perfect example of collaborative decision making. Yet, CIEDRA failed every time it was introduced in Congress. Analysis of the process utilized by Simpson reveals that the CIEDRA collaboration was unsuccessful because there was, in fact, no collaboration. The necessary steps for collaborative decision making were not followed and ultimately, when resistance to the collaborative efforts was encountered early on in the process, a conscious switch was made to “shuttle diplomacy” which was ultimately unsuccessful.
A Price Adjustment Model With Infinitesimal Traders

In this paper we develop a general probabilistic model for the movement of prices in an exchange economy with a large number of agents. The model is a non-tatonnement process; that is, trading takes place even when the price is not at equilbrium. However, prices will move rapidly towards an equilibrium value, and most trades will take place when prices are close to equilibrium.
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS)

The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) is a NASA mission designed to gather and interpret observations aimed at furthering the understanding of Earth’s stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere (Reber, 1993; Reber et al., 1993). The planning of the mission was motivated by projections of chemical loss of ozone in the middle atmosphere due to anthropogenic emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Quantitative assessment of the projected ozone loss requires a comprehensive understanding of the chemistry, dynamics and energetics of the upper atmosphere, and the goal of UARS is to improve this understanding by performing and interpreting global measurements of relevant parameters.
Approaches to the Genetic Safety Evalution of Agricultural Chemicals

The utility of information acquired from the application of genetic tests to the safety evaluation of agricultural chemicals such as animal drugs or pesticides, involves the same considerations that are used for other environmental substances. Data from a battery of short-term tests composed primarily of in vitro models are used to indicate the potential for certain types of irreversible toxicity. Reproducibly positive results in a suitably selected group of assays, properly performed, indicates the compound under study is a potential mutagen and/or a potential carcinogen. Further studies in mammals are required to determine if this potential is expressed as heritable genetic change or as carcinogenicity. It must be stressed that meaningful evaluations are dependent on a group of assays in a screening phase because no single assay can perform the safety evaluation function adequately. Both gene mutation and chromosomal-level effects must be evaluated. Further, there is a need for comparative test information which gives perspective to any single test result and provides the genetic toxicologist the means to evaluate the toxic potential of the chemical. Also, the absence of an extensive data base across the spectrum of chemical classes makes a degree of redundancy in assay application necessary.
Free Will, Self-Governance and Neuroscience: An Overview

Given dramatic increases in recent decades in the pace of scientific discovery and understanding of the functional organization of the brain, it is increasingly clear that engagement with the neuroscientific literature and research is central to making progress on philosophical questions regarding the nature and scope of human freedom and responsibility. While patterns of brain activity cannot provide the whole story, developing a deeper and more precise understanding of how brain activity is related to human choice and conduct is crucial to the development of realistic, just, and intellectually rigorous models of human agency and moral responsibility. In this special issue, we acknowledge that “free will” and “moral responsibility” are not concepts with which neuroscience can directly engage, and instead focus on self-governance, and the capacities that contribute to self-governance, which are more tractable for scientific investigation and are prerequisites for the presence of moral responsibility.
Neural correlates of visual attention in alcohol use disorder

Abstract Numerous studies have documented cognitive impairments in multiple domains in patients with an alcohol use disorder (AUD), including perceptuomotor, executive, and visuospatial functions. Although the neural underpinnings of cognitive deficits in AUD have been studied extensively, the neural basis of attention deficits in AUD remains relatively unexplored. Here, we investigated neural responses to a visual attention task (VAT) in 19 recently abstinent patients with AUD and 23 healthy control participants (HC) using functional MRI (fMRI). AUD had a mean number of 62 ± 34SD drinks per week and 29 ± 13 years’ history of alcohol use. Results show that there were no behavioral differences (accuracy or reaction time) between groups during the VAT. For both groups, the VAT activated brain areas associated with visual attention load (i.e., parietal and prefrontal cortices) and visual processing (i.e., occipital cortex), which is in line with previous reports on the same task in healthy volunteers. Despite similar behavioral performances, AUD participants showed decreased VAT activation in regions of the dorsal and ventral attention networks, including parietal and prefrontal cortices, and in the insula as compared to controls. These findings corroborate differences in attention networks in AUD compared to HC that might underlie attention deficits in AUD, whereas impairments in the insula could reflect a disruption of interoception processing as found in other addictions.
Utility of Fetal Cardiac Axis and Cardiac Position Assessment in Predicting Neonatal Respiratory Morbidity in Fetal Congenital Lung Lesions.

Objectives To assess the diagnostic performance of the fetal cardiac axis (CA) and/or cardiac position (CP) versus the congenital pulmonary malformation volume ratio (CVR) in predicting any and severe neonatal respiratory morbidity in fetal congenital lung lesions. Methods This work was an 11-year retrospective cohort study. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of CA and/or CP assessment in prediction of respiratory morbidity were calculated before 24 weeks' gestation and between 24 and 32 weeks and compared to CVR cutoffs obtained from the literature. Results Fifty-three patients were included. CA and/or CP abnormalities were present in 45% and 38% of patients before 24 weeks and between 24 and 32 weeks and were significantly more common in left- versus right-sided lesions (60% versus 17%; P = .003). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of an abnormal CA and/or CP for any and severe respiratory morbidity were 0.67, 0.61, 0.33, and 0.86 and 0.8, 0.58, 0.17, and 0.97 before 24 weeks and 0.75, 0.73, 0.45, and 0.91 and 0.8, 0.67, 0.20, and 0.97 between 24 and 32 weeks, respectively. An abnormal CA and/or CP had higher sensitivity for any respiratory morbidity compared to the CVR at 0.5 and 0.8 cutoffs both before 24 weeks and between 24 and 32 weeks (P Conclusions An abnormal CA and/or CP before 24 weeks and between 24 and 32 weeks has higher sensitivity for the detection of any respiratory morbidity at birth compared to the CVR at both 0.5 and 0.8 cutoffs. A normal CA and CP have a high negative predictive value for excluding any respiratory morbidity at birth both before 24 weeks and between 24 and 32 weeks.
A Narrative Review: Understanding How Employment Context Influences the Occupational Health and Well-Being of Older Workers in Low-Wage Jobs

Much of the literature on aging and work addresses the concerns of workers in professional occupations at the exclusion of the concerns of older workers employed in low-wage occupations. Little is known about the socio-demographics of the older low-wage workforce or the effects of low-wage employment conditions on the occupational health and well-being of older workers. This chapter addresses this gap in knowledge by using data from the Urban Institute’s report, Occupational Projections for Low-Income Older Workers, Assessing the Skill Gap for Workers Age 50 and Older, to describe the demographic, occupational, and industry characteristics of older low-income workers and by conducting a narrative review that examines the current literature to further our understanding of how low-wage employment may impact the occupational health and well-being of this working population. A comprehensive search identified ten articles. Results indicate that dimensions of the work environment—notably perceived age-related discrimination, on-the-job learning opportunities, and social relationships at work, as well as job conditions such as physical job demands, decision authority, and low wages—present a unique set of challenges and opportunities for low-wage earning workers. Areas for future research on creating an age-friendly workplace are discussed.
Locality-Aware GPU Register File

In many emerging applications such as deep learning, large data set is essential to generate reliable solutions. In these big data workloads, memory latency and bandwidth are the main performance bottlenecks. In this article, we propose a locality-aware GPU register file that enables data sharing for memory-intensive big data workloads on GPUs without relying on small on-chip memories. We exploit two types of data sharing patterns commonly found from the big data workloads and have warps opportunistically share data in physical registers instead of issuing memory loads separately and storing the same data redundantly in their registers as well as small shared memory. With an extended register file mapping mechanism, our proposed design enables warps to share data by simply mapping to the same physical registers or reconstructing from the data in the register file already. The proposed sharing not only reduces the memory transactions but also further decreases the register file usage. The spared registers make rooms for applying orthogonal optimizations for energy and performance improvement. Our evaluation on two deep learning workloads and matrixMul show that the proposed locality-aware GPU register file achieves over 2× speedup and saves register space up to 57 percent.
“I Struggled But I Made It”: Black Gifted Underachievers on Transitioning to College:

Research on Black student presence in gifted and talented programs consistently illuminates issues with recruitment and underrepresentation. While enrolled, gifted Black students face a series of i...
Anomaly Detection and Mitigation for Wide-Area Damping Control using Machine Learning

In an interconnected multi-area power system, wide-area measurement based damping controllers are used to damp out inter-area oscillations, which jeopardize grid stability and constrain the power flows below to their transmission capacity. The effect of wide-area damping control (WADC) significantly depends on both power and cyber systems. At the cyber system layer, an adversary can inflict the WADC process by compromising either measurement signals, control signals or both. Stealthy and coordinated cyber-attacks may bypass the conventional cybersecurity measures to disrupt the seamless operation of WADC. This paper proposes an anomaly detection (AD) algorithm using supervised Machine Learning and a model-based logic for mitigation. The proposed AD algorithm considers measurement signals (input of WADC) and control signals (output of WADC) as input to evaluate the type of activity such as normal, perturbation (small or large signal faults), attack and perturbation-and-attack. Upon anomaly detection, the mitigation module tunes the WADC signal and sets the control status mode as either wide-area mode or local mode. The proposed anomaly detection and mitigation (ADM) module works inline with the WADC at the control center for attack detection on both measurement and control signals and eliminates the need for ADMs at the geographically distributed actuators. We consider coordinated and primitive data-integrity attack vectors such as pulse, ramp, relay-trip and replay attacks. The performance of the proposed ADM algorithms was evaluated under these attack vector scenarios on a testbed environment for 2-area 4-machine power system. The ADM module shows effective performance with 96.5% accuracy to detect anomalies.
Learning outside of patient care.

Although physicians are expected to teach patients, colleagues and learners, very few of us receive any formal education in how best to do this. Resident physicians (residents) spend at least 48 we...
Single-phase flow distribution in plate heat exchangers: Experiments and models.

Abstract Maldistribution of fluid among parallel channels is one of the main issues in applications of plate heat exchangers. This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the single-phase flow distribution in the brazed plate heat exchangers, but the results can be applied to plate-and-frame and plate-and-shell designs. In the experiments, the pressure profile in the heat exchanger is measured by the probes inserted into the headers. The flow distribution is determined by the measured pressure drop across the channels and the developed in-channel friction factor correlation. The experimental results indicate that in a U-type brazed plate heat exchanger, the channel flow rate first increases for the first several channels near the heat exchanger entrance due to the sudden expansion of flow in the inlet header. For the rest channels, the flow rate decreases with the distance away from the entrance/exit of the heat exchanger. Such a distribution profile is associated with the axial momentum transfer in the inlet header. The influence of the total flow rate on the distribution profile is trivial, but the maldistribution is more severe with an increased number of plates. Two distribution models presented are developed based on the principle of equal total pressure drop for all flow paths. Two models calculate the pressure profile in the headers by 3-D CFD modeling and 1-D mass and momentum conservation equation. The experimental results validate the models.
Yunjidang’s feminism and gender equality

The received view is that Yunjidang’s feminist philosophy focuses on female sagehood, drawing on the theory of the equal human nature of women and men. I argue that there is much more to it than th...
Trigeminal sensory nerve patterns in dentine and their responses to attrition in rat molars.

Abstract Objective Our goal was to define trigeminal nerve ending quantities and patterns in rat molar dentine, their responses to attrition (tooth wear), and their associated odontoblasts and connections with pulpal plexuses. Design Trigeminal ganglia were labeled for axonal transport of 3H-proteins to dentinal nerve endings in male rats (3–13 months old). Autoradiography detected radio-labeled dentinal tubules as indicators of nerve ending locations. Quantitative morphometry was done (ANOVA, t-tests), and littermates were compared for attrition and innervation. Results There were six dentinal patterns, only two of which had an associated neural plexus of Raschkow and cell-free zone (Den-1, Den-2). Other nerves entered dentin from bush-like endings near elongated odontoblasts (Den-B), as single fibers (Den-X), as networks in predentine (PdN), or as single fibers in tertiary dentine at cusp tips (Den-S). There were at least 186,600 innervated dentinal tubules within the set of three right maxillary molars of the best-labeled rat, and similar densities were found in other rats. Attrition levels differed among cusps and in littermates (t-test p Conclusions The extensive molar dentinal innervation had unique distributions per rat per cusp that depended on region (buccal, middle, palatal) and attrition, but only two of six patterns connected to a plexus of Raschkow.
Compromise: A Political and Philosophical History

This book offers for the first time a conceptual history of compromise. Alin Fumurescu combines contextual historical analysis of daily parlance and a survey of the usage of the word from the end of the sixteenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth century in both French and English with an analysis of canonical texts in the history of political thought. This book fills a significant gap in the literature about compromise and demonstrates the connection between different understandings of compromise and corresponding differences in understandings of political representation. In addition, Fumurescu addresses two controversial contemporary debates about when compromise is beneficial and when it should be avoided at all costs. A better understanding of the genealogy of compromise offers new venues for rethinking basic assumptions regarding political representation and the relationship between individuals and politics.
Strain Variation and Disease Severity in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: In Search of a Viral Marker

The wide spectrum of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease and known differences in the biology and in vitro growth of CMV strains continue to drive studies in search for specific viral genetic determinants that may predict severity of congenital CMV disease. Several CMV genes have been studied in detail in congenitally infected children, but the complexity of the viral genome and differences in the definition of symptomatic disease versus asymptomatic CMV infection continue to raise questions related to what constitutes a pathogenic CMV strain.
Presynaptic Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Subtypes and Functions

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system. Much of the function of these central nAChRs appears to be modulatory mediating the release of several neurotransmitters and perhaps neuropeptides. Synaptosomal preparations have been widely used to investigate nAChR-mediated neurotransmitter release using pharmacological, immunochemical, and genetic approaches. This chapter summarizes results for nAChR-mediated 86Rb+ efflux as well as nAChR-mediated dopamine, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and ACh release. Studies with mice expressing mutated nAChR subunits (both null and gain-of function mutations) demonstrate that diverse nAChR subtypes contribute to presynaptic receptor activity.
Emotion and Personality Development

A change in views about the roles of emotions in socioemotional development has taken place. Emotions were once viewed as experiential, intrapsychic events that occurred more-or-less secondarily, as by-products of more significant causal processes and phenomena. In recent years, research and theory on the study of emotions place much greater emphasis on the significance and role of emotions in social functioning and personality development. The present chapter reviews the state-of-the-art in seminal themes for understanding the role of emotions in children's development; what is known, what is being done, and future directions, including (1a) individual differences in the development of emotion and personality in children, (2b) relational influences, and (3c) a developmental psychopathology perspective. Future directions are discussed for each of these themes of research and theory on emotions and personality development. Keywords: emotions; temperament; family; developmental psychopathology; child adjustment
Approximating Disjoint-Path Problems Using Greedy Algorithms and Packing Integer Programs

In the edge(vertex)-disjoint path problem we are given a graph $G$ and a set ${\cal T}$ of connection requests. Every connection request in ${\cal T}$ is a vertex pair $(s_i,t_i),$ $1 \leq i \leq K.$ The objective is to connect a maximum number of the pairs via edge(vertex)-disjoint paths. The edge-disjoint path problem can be generalized to the multiple-source unsplittable flow problem where connection request $i$ has a demand $\rho_i$ and every edge $e$ a capacity $u_e.$ All these problems are NP-hard and have a multitude of applications in areas such as routing, scheduling and bin packing. Given the hardness of the problem, we study polynomial-time approximation algorithms. In this context, a $\rho$-approximation algorithm is able to route at least a $1/\rho$ fraction of the connection requests. Although the edge- and vertex-disjoint path problems, and more recently the unsplittable flow generalization, have been extensively studied, they remain notoriously hard to approximate with a bounded performance guarantee. For example, even for the simple edge-disjoint path problem, no $o(\sqrt{|E|})$-approximation algorithm is known. Moreover some of the best existing approximation ratios are obtained through sophisticated and non-standard randomized rounding schemes. In this paper we introduce techniques which yield algorithms for a wide range of disjoint-path and unsplittable flow problems. For the general unsplittable flow problem, even with weights on the commodities, our techniques lead to the first approximation algorithm and obtain an approximation ratio that matches, to within logarithmic factors, the $O(\sqrt{|E|})$ approximation ratio for the simple edge-disjoint path problem. In addition to this result and to improved bounds for several disjoint-path problems, our techniques simplify and unify the derivation of many existing approximation results. We use two basic techniques. First, we propose simple greedy algorithms for edge- and vertex-disjoint paths and second, we propose the use of a framework based on packing integer programs for more general problems such as unsplittable flow. A packing integer program is of the form maximize $c^{T}\cdot x,$ subject to $Ax \leq b,$ $A,b,c \geq 0.$ As part of our tools we develop improved approximation algorithms for a class of packing integer programs, a result that we believe is of independent interest.
INFLUENCE OF SHEET THICKNESS ON SHARP-EDGE-NOTCH PROPERTIES OF A BETA TITANIUM ALLOY AT ROOM AND LOW TEMPERATURES

Influence of sheet thickness on sharp-edge-notch properties of a beta titanium alloy at room and low temperatures
Ultraviolet Irradiation Inhibition of Replicative Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Toluene-treated Escherichia coli

Abstract Toluene-treated cells of Escherichia coli represent an in vitro system capable of replicative DNA synthesis. They should offer advantages for investigation of enzymatic mechanisms of DNA repair synthesis secondary to ultraviolet irradiation. The stability of this system allows in vitro irradiation with subsequent measurement of DNA synthesis. Ultraviolet irradiation in vitro causes an inhibition of replicative DNA synthesis in vitro. Moderate levels of such inhibition are due to a decrease in rate of replication rather than an abrupt cessation. Extensive inhibition is followed by the appearance of DNA synthesis that is ATP-dependent and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive, but independent of DNA polymerase I or II activity or DNA replication. The ultraviolet irradiation-stimulated DNA synthesis appears to be dependent upon DNA polymerase III activity.
Heterogeneous Judgments in Experiments

This chapter deals with heterogeneity in the Grether experiment, the Kahneman–Tversky GPA experiment, and a stock price forecast experiment conducted by De Bondt. Heterogeneity characterizes responses in both the Grether study and the De Bondt study. Some of that heterogeneity can be explained by level of experience and presence of incentives. Both the Grether and De Bondt studies investigate the impact of representativeness on behavior. Notably, representativeness can produce both predictions of continuation and predictions of reversal, depending on the context. The Grether experiment is that as subjects gain experience with particular outcome combinations, their responses become less variable. The reduction in variability is evidence of fixed behavioral responses. For some subjects the behavior reflects representativeness. For others the behavior reflects beliefs consistent with Bayesian judgments. Experience and financial incentives explain some of the heterogeneity displayed in the Grether experiment. However, experience and financial incentives only explain a portion of the heterogeneity. The rest is natural variation. Indeed, some subjects in De Bondt's study predicted continuation, while others predicted reversals. Notably, even after studies control for experience and incentives, considerable heterogeneity remains unexplained. Even subjects in investment firms displayed heterogeneous behavior, in that some acted as trend followers and others acted as contrarians.
How to Keep Your Language Alive: A Commonsense Approach to One-on-One Language Learning.

How to Keep Your Language Alive:. Commonsense Approach to One-on-One Language Learning Leanne Hinton with Matt Vera, Nancy Steele, and the Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival Berkeley: Heydey Books, 2002 xvii. 144 pp.
Managing large-scale utility cloud

To effectively manage large-scale data centers and utility clouds, operators must understand current system and application behaviors. This requires continuous monitoring along with online analysis of the data captured by the monitoring system. As a result, there is a need to move to systems in which both tasks can be performed in an integrated fashion, thereby better able to drive online system management. Coining the term ‘monalytics’ to refer to the combined monitoring and analysis systems used for managing large-scale data center systems, this talk articulates principles for monalytics systems, describes software approaches for implementing them, and provides experimental evaluations justifying principles and implementation approach. Specific technical contributions include consideration of scalability across both ‘space’ and ‘time’, the ability to dynamically deploy and adjust monalytics functionality at multiple levels of abstraction in target systems, and the capability to operate across the range of application to hypervisor layers present in large-scale data center or cloud computing systems. Our monalytics implementation targets virtualized systems and cloud infrastructures, via the integration of its functionality into the Xen hypervisor.
Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To examine patterns of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption among U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes in 2003–2006. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed 24-h dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006 to estimate SSB consumption levels among 1,090 adults (aged ≥20 years) with type 2 diabetes overall and by diagnosis and control status of their diabetes. RESULTS In 2003–2006, 45% of adults with diabetes consumed SSBs on a given day, obtaining an average of 202 calories and 47 g of sugar. Undiagnosed adults with diabetes were significantly more likely to consume SSBs than diagnosed adults (60 vs. 38% diagnosed/uncontrolled [ P P = 0.001]) and were less likely to consume diet beverages (18 vs. 50% diagnosed/uncontrolled [ P P P = 0.027), younger adults (aged 20–44) more than older adults (45–64 and ≥65; P P = 0.010); and low-income individuals (quartile 1) more than higher-income individuals (quartile 3, P = 0.040; quartile 4, P = 0.013). For most demographic and body weight categories, adults who were undiagnosed consumed more sugar from SSBs than adults who were diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS SSB consumption is high among adults with diabetes, particularly among those who are undiagnosed.
SOME THEOREMS CONCERNING THE MOTION OF AN ELECTRICALLY CHARGED PARTICLE IN A DIPOLE MAGNETIC FIELD

Abstract We prove various theorems related to the application to cosmic rays of the theory of the motion of an electrically charged particle in a dipole magnetic field. The theorems are essentially those conjectured by Schremp. In making the proofs, we assume that the so called trajectories of the first and second kinds have certain properties in the large. These properties can be verified numerically and by series expansions in any particular case.
Ethnic enclaves and gestational diabetes among immigrant women in New York City.

Previous research has shown that immigrants living in their own ethnic enclave are at decreased risk of poor health outcomes, but this question has not been studied in relation to gestational diabetes, an important early marker of lifecourse cardiovascular health. We ascertained gestational diabetes, census tract of residence, and individual-level covariates for Sub-Saharan African, Chinese, South Central Asian, Non-Hispanic Caribbean, Dominican, Puerto Rican, Mexican, and Central and South American migrant women using linked birth-hospital discharge data for 89,703 singleton live births in New York City for the years 2001–2002. Using 2000 census data, for each immigrant group we defined a given census tract as part of an ethnic enclave based on the population distribution for the corresponding ethnic group. We estimated odds ratios for associations between living in an ethnic enclave and risk of gestational diabetes adjusted for neighborhood deprivation, percent commercial space, education, age, parity, and insurance status, using multilevel logistic regression. Overall, we found no effect of ethnic enclave residence on gestational diabetes in most immigrant groups. Among South Central Asian and Mexican women, living in a residential ethnic enclave was associated with an increased odds of gestational diabetes. Several explanations are proposed for these findings. Mechanisms explaining an increased risk of gestational diabetes in South Central Asian and Mexican ethnic enclaves should be examined.
GHURBA AS PARADIGM FOR MUSLIM LIFE: A RISALE‐I NUR WORLDVIEW

L'A. examine les experiences et les reflexions de Bediuzzaman Said Nursi comme paradigme pour l'existence musulmane dans le contexte de l'adversite et de l'alienation du monde moderne. La pertinence de sa contribution reside dans sa resistance persistante a l'occidentalisation et au secularisme radical, qui, selon lui, etaient diriges par des representants occidentaux impitoyables et leurs partisans parmi des indigenes «pro-occident» dont le but premier etait de depouiller les musulmans de l'islam et de detruire leur foi et son efficacite.