cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing the use and consumption of brown rice in Chinese restaurants (1019.10)

The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing the current use of whole grains and the acceptability of brown and white rice in Chinese restaurants. Thirty Chinese restaurants in the ...
AFRICAN-AMERICAN ENTREPRENEURS: INTEGRATION, EDUCATION, AND EXCLUSION

In this Article, I describe some of the subtle, obscure, and hid­ den challenges that African-American entrepreneurs face by pro­ viding the narratives of three African-American businesspeople. Two of the narratives are about African Americans who started businesses in the first half of the twentieth century. Theirs is a suc­ cess story. Their businesses thrived. Yet, for a variety of reasons, the success these two entrepreneurs enjoyed would be unlikely to­ day, even with the legislation and policy initiatives enacted in the latter half of the twentieth century and aimed at providing access to opportunities for people of color. The third narrative is about a twenty-first-century businesswoman, Ernesta Procope, an AfricanAmerican woman who has headed Wall Street’s largest minorityowned firm for decades. Her story is also a success story, but it is a story about success achieved in spite of subtle and perhaps uncon­ scious decision making that impedes the entrepreneurial achieve­ ment of twenty-first-century African Americans. This twenty-first­ century narrative reveals the intractability of the problem of lack of access to opportunity for black entrepreneurs. In the twenty-first century, black entrepreneurs encounter more difficulties in establishing businesses and obtaining credit than their white counterparts.1 African-American entrepreneurs fre­ quently pay higher interest rates than similarly situated white busi­
2-dimensional transmitter and receiver arrays for parallel optical interconnects

Massively parallel optical interconnects may ease the bandwidth bottleneck that may occur in future spacecraft applications. There are stringent performance requirements that must be imposed on an optical interconnect operating in space such as high reliability, high data transmission rate, and extended temperature operation, and perhaps sufficient radiation hardening. The integration of 2-dimensional (2D) vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) transmitters with metal semiconductor metal field effect transistor (MESFET) receivers all fabricated from 111-V compound semiconductors is promising for development of high aggregate bandwidth optical interconnects. We discuss the performance of a prototype 2D optical interconnect which uses a fiber image guide for 80 Mbitlsec operation in a single channel.'
Activation of ATP:GTP 3'-pyrophosphotransferase (guanosine pentaphosphate synthetase) in Streptomyces antibioticus

The activity of the ATP:GTP 39-pyrophosphotransferase (guanosine pentaphosphate synthetase I [GPSI]) from Streptomyces antibioticus is stimulated maximally by methanol at 20% (vol/vol) in assay mixtures. Although the enzyme is not activated by ribosomes, its activity is stimulated by tRNA (uncharged or charged) and by synthetic mRNA [e.g., poly(U)]. The level of stimulation is greater in the presence of tRNA and poly(U) together than with either RNA alone. Incubation of GPSI with low levels of trypsin also leads to activation of the enzyme. Analysis of the products of mild trypsin digestion revealed the presence of two intermediates whose M(r)s are identical to those of species produced by incubation of purified GPSI with crude extracts of S. antibioticus mycelium. GPSI can be activated by incubation with crude mycelial extracts, and this activation is partially inhibited by the inclusion of trypsin inhibitor in reaction mixtures. Images
Venice: A Pride of Lions

From Dukedom to Commune The history of the Venetian patriciate is central to the city’s medieval metamorphosis from a scattering of island communities on the fringes of the Byzantine Empire to a major Mediterranean power and Italian regional state. By the tenth century a group of family dynasties held the reins of power. At this time, other parts of Italy were ruled by feudal magnates or bishops, many tracing back to a line of German kings. Venice, on the other hand, followed a different course of political development. Family dynasties kept their independence, remaining oriented toward Byzantine culture and focused on commercial enterprise. Although they embraced the Byzantine model of monarchy with the election of a doge in the eighth century, between the ninth and the thirteenth centuries the position became more ceremonial than real. Instead, competing families with great fortunes in banking and trade rose in status and shaped the course of events. Dynamic economic expansion in the Adriatic, eastern Mediterranean Sea , and the Levant during the eleventh and twelfth centuries produced marked social dif erentiation at home, distinguishing the most successful families from the rest of the population. The commercial leaders who had strengthened Venice’s power on the seas, subdued the Istrian and Dalmatian coasts, and proi ted from trading privileges with the Byzantine Empire also invested in real estate around the Rivoalto and in the fertile Po Valley. Accumulating great riches, they in turn constructed powerful clientele networks in Venice and dominated high oi ces like the dogeship.
Induction and function of type I and III interferon in response to viral infection

The type I and III interferon (IFN) families consist of cytokines rapidly induced during viral infection that confer antiviral protection on target cells and are critical components of innate immune responses and the transition to effective adaptive immunity. The regulation of their expression involves an intricate and stringently regulated signaling cascade, initiated by recognition most often of viral nucleic acid in cytoplasmic and endosomal compartments and involving a series of protein conformational rearrangements and interactions regulated by helicase action, ubiquitin modification, and protein aggregation, culminating in kinase activation and phosphorylation of critical transcription factors and their regulators. The many IFN subtypes induced by viruses confer amplification, diversification, and cell-type specificity to the host response to infection, providing fertile ground for development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines.
Role of cyclic GMP in the action of heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli.

ENTEROTOXIGENIC strains of Escherichia coli elaborate two enterotoxins, a heat-labile toxin (LT) and a heat-stable toxin (ST), which cause diarrhoeal disease in humans1; ST-producing E. coli cause diarrhoea in adult volunteers2 and have been associated with epidemic diarrhoea in a nursery for the newborn3 and with sporadic adult diarrhoea among North American tourists to Latin America4 and the Navajo people in Arizona5. LT-producing strains are identified by the ability of culture filtrates to cause fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops at 18 h (ref. 6) or by morphological alteration of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells7 or of Y-l adrenal cells8. ST-producing strains are identified by the ability of culture filtrates to cause earlier fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops (peak accumulation at 6 h (ref. 6), or by fluid accumulation in the gut of the suckling mouse at 3 h (refs 9, 10). LT acts in a manner similar to cholera toxin (CT) by activating adenylate cyclase11. The mechanism of action of ST is unknown, however. Culture filtrates of a strain of E. coli that produced both LT and ST caused immediate net fluid secretion in canine jejunal segments without the 1-h delay characteristic of the response to CT12,13. In addition, culture filtrates caused an immediate increase in canine jejunal adenylate cyclase activity as measured by enzymatic generation of P32-cyclic AMP from P32-labelled ATP13, also in contrast to the delay in appearance of increased adenylate cyclase activity following exposure to CT12. The possibility that the early effect of ST was mediated by changes in cyclic nucleotide concentrations was investigated; culture filtrates of ST-producing strains of E. coli caused increased cyclic GMP concentrations in rabbit intestinal tissue and the cyclic GMP analogue 8BrcGMP mimicked ST in magnitude and time course of intestinal fluid accumulation in both rabbits and suckling mice.
Above-threshold ionization in low-frequency limit.

L'ionisation au-dessus du seuil des atomes de Rydberg, par des intensites microondes de 3×10 4 W/cm 2 , produit des electrons d'energies cinetiques allant jusqu'a 9 eV, correspondant a l'absorption allant jusqu'a 3×10 5 photons. Les observations peuvent etre decrites en termes d'electrons libre classique dans un champ oscillant, qui est la limite de basse frequence des traitements plus S2nventionnels du phenomene
Clinician-dependent variations in inappropriate use of myocardial perfusion imaging: Training, specialty, and location

Inappropriate use of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) may vary depending on the training, specialty, or practice location of the clinician. We conducted a cross-sectional investigation of consecutive patients who underwent MPI at our Veterans Affairs medical center between December 2010 and July 2011. Characteristics of the MPI ordering clinicians were extracted to investigate any associations with inappropriate use. 582 patients were included, 9.8% were inappropriate. No difference in inappropriate use was observed between cardiology and non-cardiology clinicians (n = 21, 9.5% vs n = 36, 10.0%, P = .83); no difference was noted between nurse practitioners/physician assistants, attending physicians, and housestaff (7.5% vs 11.2% vs 1.8%, P = .06). Comparing inpatient, emergency department and outpatient clinician groups, the difference was null (8.6% vs 6.3% vs 10.1%, P = .75). For most clinician groups, the most common inappropriate indication was an asymptomatic scenario; however, some groups were different: definite acute coronary syndrome for inpatient clinicians and low risk syncope for emergency medicine clinicians. Clinician groups appear to order inappropriate MPI at similar rates, regardless of their training, specialty, or practice location. Differences in the most common type of inappropriate testing suggest that interventions to reduce inappropriate use should be tailored to specific clinician types.
The survivin:Fas ratio is predictive of recurrent disease in neuroblastoma.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Several clinical and biologic features of neuroblastoma (NB) are used to predict the risk of recurrent disease. The balance between antiapoptotic and proapoptotic factors within a tumor may affect its ability to survive. Survivin is an antiapoptotic factor expressed in highly proliferative NB, whereas Fas is a proapoptotic factor that portends a favorable prognosis. The authors determined whether the ratio of survivin to Fas (S:F ratio) is predictive of recurrent disease in patients with NB. The authors previously have shown the S:F ratio is predictive of recurrent disease in pediatric renal tumors. Methods: The authors quantified the levels of 9 different apoptotic mRNA species using Rnase Protection assay (RPA, Riboquant, PharMingen, San Diego, CA). Twenty-eight primary tumor specimens were evaluated from patients with ganglioneuroma (n = 3), ganglioneuroblastoma (n = 2), and neuroblastoma (n = 23) from tumors of all clinical stages obtained at the time of diagnosis. mRNA levels were calculated as a percentage of L32 for each specimen assayed, and positive expression was assumed to be greater than 10% of L32. Results: Survivin was expressed in 90% of tumors that went on to recur and only in 27.7% of those that were cured. The S:F ratio was significantly greater in tumors that went on to recur (n = 10) compared with those from patients that were cured (n = 18) (median S:F ratio, 3.3 v 0.75; P = .0002, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). A cutoff ratio of 2.3 was highly predictive of tumor recurrence irrespective of clinical stage of disease (area under ROC curve=0.906). Sensitivty was 80% (CI, 44.4% to 97.5%), specificty was 94.4% (CI, 72.7% to 99.9%), positive predictive value was 88.9% (CI, 51.8% to 99.7%), and negative predictive value was 89.5% (66.9% to 98.7%). Twenty-five of 28 (89.3%) tumor ratios were correct in predicting outcome. Conclusions: The survivin: Fas ratio in primary tumors may be used to predict the risk for recurrent disease in patients with NB. The S:F ratio appears to be a more sensitive predictor of recurrent disease than survivin expression alone. Determining this ratio may not only be helpful in guiding follow-up of patients with NB, but also may aid in stratifying patients for more aggressive therapeutic strategies.
Federated search of scientific literature

The Internet of the 21st Century will radically transform how we interact with knowledge. The rise of the World Wide Web and the information infrastructure have rapidly developed the technologies of collections for independent communities. In the future, online information will be dominated by small collections. The information infrastructure must similarly be radically different to support indexing of community collections and searching across such small collections. Users will consider themselves to be navigating in the Interspace, across logical spaces of semantic indexes, rather than in the Internet, across physical networks of computer servers. The digital libraries initiative (DLI) project at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) was one of six sponsored by the NSF, DARPA, and NASA from 1994 through 1998. The goal was to develop widely usable Web technology to effectively search technical documents on the Internet. This article details their efforts.
Removing implementation details from C++ class declarations

Data abstraction—a concept introduced at varying places in the CS1/CS2/CS7 sequence—separates the properties of a data type (its values and operations) from the implementation of that type. This separation of specification from implementation is achieved by encapsulating the implementation so that users of the type can neither access nor be influenced by the implementation details. Ideally, therefore, the specification should be implementation-independent.The C++ class mechanism compromises information hiding by requiring the interface to include information—the private part of the class declaration—that is needed only for implementation purposes. This paper describes two techniques for removing details of implementation structure from the C++ class declaration and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Living adult rat cardiomyocytes in culture: evidence for dissociation of costameric distribution of vinculin from costameric distributions of attachments.

Adult rat cardiomyocytes were placed in tissue culture to determine the relationships of their vinculin positive costameres, their attachments associated with the costameres, and the fate of their myofibrils. The costameric structures were detected using interference contrast microscopy and by the visualization of the fluorescently labeled vinculin and alpha-actinin molecules. The cardiomyocytes isolated from the heart retained their myofibrils upon attachment to the cell surfaces. One group of cells then rounded up, only to respread after 6 days in culture. These cells initially demonstrated costameric distributions of attachments and vinculin. These relationships were lost during the rounding-up process only to be regained as the cells respread. The second group of freshly isolated cardiomyocytes did not round up but began to spread on the substratum by sending out lamellipodia from their rectangularly shaped body. These newly cultured cardiomyocytes initially exhibited costameric distributions of close attachments detected by interference microscopy. Over the next 3 days although the cells remain attached to the substratum, the costameric attachments were gradually lost. Nevertheless, when similar cells were injected with fluorescently labeled vinculin, costameric distributions of vinculin could be detected in the absence of costameric attachments. Cardiomyocytes, injected with fluorescent alpha-actinin, revealed that during the first few days in culture the existing myofibrils disassembled from the edges of the cell towards the middle. The center group of myofibrils was retained as the cells began to spread. Our observations of living cells support the hypothesis that proteins in addition to vinculin are needed for cardiomyocytes to generate costameric attachments to the cell surfaces. We speculate that the ability of the vinculin-attached Z-lines of adult cardiomyocytes to dissociate from the extracellular matrix may aid in the remodeling of the adult heart in the repair process after myocardial infarction and also in stress induced hypertrophic growth. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Introduction to the Symposium on Minimal Intervention Techniques for Caries

Although dental caries has declined precipitously in many industrialized countries, this disease has escalated in less developed countries. Moreover, dental caries remains a public health problem even in most industrialized countries because the disease frequently is more prevalent among subpopulations without access to preventive regimens and treatment. In some developing countries where dental facilities and providers are rare, alternative measures for managing frank lesions are being used. One example of these minimal intervention techniques is "Atraumatic Restorative Treatment" (ART). This procedure, endorsed and actively promoted by the World Health Organization, requires no anesthetic and its costs are minimal. This symposium addresses several aspects and issues of minimal intervention techniques for caries management.
Elevated testosterone advances onset of migratory restlessness in a nearctic-neotropical landbird

The primary cue for initiation of spring migratory restlessness (Zugunruhe) in landbird migrants is photoperiod. Gonadal hormones are known to have a role in the regulation of migratory disposition; however, the extent of their effect is not well understood. We examined the impact of exogenous testosterone on the onset of migratory restlessness in gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis). Catbirds were stratified by sex and randomly assigned to two rooms; individuals in one room were photoadvanced to initiate migratory restlessness and the other room was maintained on a 12:12 light/dark photoperiod. Each room had three groups (n = 10/group); males with testosterone implants, males with empty implants, and females. We predicted that in the photoadvanced room males with testosterone implants would initiate migratory activity earlier than empty-implanted males. We found that in the photoadvanced group, testosterone-implanted males initiated migration 2 weeks prior to empty-implanted males, and 3 weeks prior to females. In the non-photoadvanced males, the testosterone-implanted males initiated migration at the same time as the corresponding group in the photoadvanced room, while the empty-implanted males and females did not exhibit Zugunruhe. Our results illustrate that elevated testosterone can advance the onset of Zugunruhe, even in the absence of an extended photoperiod. Additionally, the onset of migratory restlessness observed in the photoadvanced, non-testosterone-implanted males and females further supports the importance of photoperiod as a cue for migratory restlessness. An interesting observation was the intersexual differences in the onset of migratory activity in gray catbirds, a species not previously known to exhibit protandry.
Detecting Vitreous Wheat Kernels Using Reflectance and Transmittance Image Analysis

ABSTRACT The proportion of vitreous durum kernels in a sample is an important grading attribute in assessing the quality of durum wheat. The current standard method of determining wheat vitreousness is performed by visual inspection, which can be tedious and subjective. The objective of this study was to evaluate an automated machine-vision inspection system to detect wheat vitreousness using reflectance and transmittance images. Two subclasses of durum wheat were investigated in this study: hard and vitreous of amber color (HVAC) and not hard and vitreous of amber color (NHVAC). A total of 4,907 kernels in the calibration set and 4,407 kernels in the validation set were imaged using a Cervitec 1625 grain inspection system. Classification models were developed with stepwise discriminant analysis and an artificial neural network (ANN). A discriminant model correctly classified 94.9% of the HVAC and 91.0% of the NHVAC in the calibration set, and 92.4% of the HVAC and 92.7% of the NHVAC in the validation set...
Desorption of secondary negative ions induced by impact of heavy ions near the Bohr velocity

Abstract The yields of secondary negative ions from solid samples of both valine (MW = 117) and gold have been measured using Xe+, Kr+ and Ar+ incident ions in the energy range 400 keV—3 MeV, where the calculated nuclear and electronic stopping powers are comparable in magnitude and opposite in slope with respect to the velocity of the incident ions. Results show that the electronic stopping power plays a predominant role in the yield of valine (MH)− ions, whereas the nuclear stopping power is responsible for the yield of gold negative ions. Many low mass secondary ion species are also observed. The shapes of the yield data as a function of the primary ion velocity indicate that the desorption of C−, CH−, O−, F− and OH− ions are related to the nuclear stopping power, whereas desorption of C2N− and CN− are related to the electronic stopping power.
Photoluminescence from GeSn/Ge heterostructure microdisks with 6% Sn grown on Si via CVD

GeSn/Ge heterostructure microdisks integrated on Si were fabricated. The quality of material grown by CVD was investigated and the photoluminescence spectrum was measured using a Ti:Sapphire laser as an excitation source under variable pump powers.
6- and 6'-hydroxyneothiobinupharidine. Monohemiaminals from Nuphar luteum and their possible role in thiaspirane Nuphar alkaloid biogenesis.

Les structures des 6- et 6′-hydroxyneothiobinupharidine ont ete determinees par des etudes spectrales et la conversion en neothiobinupharidine-6- et 6′-d1. Un scheme de biogenese des C30, Nuphar monohemiaminals est propose.
Nature of some chaotic states for Duffing's equation

The conventional picture of chaos consists of the coupling of a cascade of Fourier modes. Instead, the authors find that deep in the chaotic region of the driven, damped anharmonic oscillator, the states can be characterized very simply as the spontaneous generation of Fourier modes of random phases and small frequencies. This leads to a new and relatively simple way to calculate a measure to convert time averages to ensemble averages, as is normally done in statistical mechanics. 7 references, 2 figures.
Anomalous effects of losartan on aminopeptidase-induced reductions of blood pressure in SHR.

Abstract The present investigation initially determined that a commercially available aminopeptidase M (AmM, Sigma Chemical) can lower blood pressure when intracerebroventricularly (ICV) infused in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Pretreatment with the angiotensin II (Angll) receptor subtype 1 (AT 1 ) antagonist, DuP 753 (losartan) significantly attenuated this hypotensive effect, in a dose-dependent manner, while pretreatment with the Angll receptor subtype 2 (AT 2 ) antagonist, PD123177, did not influence AmM-induced hypotension. These results suggest that AT 1 receptors may be involved in the hypotension accompanying the ICV infusion of AmM; however, the relationship among available AT 1 sites, angiotensin ligands, and peptidase activity appears to be complicated with the likely involvement of additional, as yet unspecified, brain peptide systems possessing cardiovascular action.
Hemispheric asymmetries in the cortical evoked potential as a function of arithmetic computations

Hemispheric asymmetry in the cortical evoked potential (CEP) was examined by means of a distracting task involving mental calculations. A considerable body of evidence suggests that CEP amplitude is, at least in part, positively related to attention to the evoking stimulus. Also, a growing number of studies suggest that arithmetic computation is primarily a function of the dominant hemisphere. In the present study a task involving mental arithmetic was used as a distraction. Results supported the hypothesis that the experimental task would produce greater attenuation of CEPs from the dominant hemisphere.
Spectral and magnetic properties of oxovanadium(IV) and copper(II) chelates with 4-benzoyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one

Abstract The vanadyl(IV) and copper(II) chelates of 4-benzoyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one, Cu(BMPPO) 2 and VO(BMPPO) 2 , have been prepared and characterized. The ESR and electronic spectra indicate comparable metal-ligand covalency in BMPPO and acetylacetonate chelates. However, the IR data for VO(BMPPO) 2 suggest an associated structure for the compound. The pyrazolone ring in the β-diketonate ligand, although precluding reactions at the 3-position, introduce only minor changes in the physical properties of the chelates compared to the related acetylacetonate systems.
Recipient‐Donor race mismatch for African American liver transplant patients with chronic hepatitis C

African American (AA) recipient-donor race mismatch has been associated with graft loss and mortality, but studies of an association between race mismatch and hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease severity are lacking. HCV-infected adults from 4 US centers who underwent liver transplantation for the first time (n = 1093) were followed for a median of 3.05 years to determine the rates of advanced HCV disease (bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis) and graft failure; 11% of the patients were AA. The unadjusted cumulative rate of advanced fibrosis was higher in AAs than non-AAs (56% and 40% at 4 years, respectively, (P < 0.01), and 59% and 56% for AA recipient-donor–matched patients and AA recipient-donor–mismatched patients, respectively (P = 0.89). In adjusted models, both AA recipient race [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.06-2.03, P = 0.02] and AA recipient-donor mismatch (versus match; HR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.03-2.12, P = 0.03) were significant predictors of advanced fibrosis; other independent predictors were donor age (HR = 1.21, P < 0.01) and cytomegalovirus infection (HR = 1.55, P < 0.01). The 4-year unadjusted cumulative rates for HCV-associated graft loss were 10% and 17% for non-AAs and AAs, respectively (P < 0.01), and 0% and 21% for AA recipient-donor–matched patients and AA recipient-donor–mismatched patients, respectively (P < 0.01). In adjusted models, AA recipient-donor–mismatched patients had a 62% higher rate of graft loss than non-AA recipients (HR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.14-2.29, P < 0.01), and AA recipient-donor–matched patients had a 76% lower rate of graft loss/mortality (HR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.06-0.97, P = 0.05). In conclusion, AA recipient-donor–mismatched patients who are infected with HCV are at high risk for advanced HCV disease and HCV-related graft loss and constitute a patient group that will benefit from new therapeutic strategies for preventing graft loss. Liver Transpl, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
An efficient parallel implementation of the Everglades Landscape Fire model using checkpointing

Abstract This paper presents a low-communication overhead and high-performance data parallelism implementation of the Everglades Landscape Fire Model (ELFM) in a network of workstations (NOWs). ELFM is parallelized under Message Passing Interface (MPI). Checkpointing and rollback technologies are used to handle the spread of fire which is a dynamic and irregular component of the model. A parallel application model with the mixture of a variety of asynchronous and synchronous computation is developed. In this model, the asynchronous computation is dominant and synchronous computation is intermittent. The length of each synchronous computation also varies. Based on the developed model, a synchronous checkpointing mechanism is used in the parallel ELFM code under MPI. A simulation is conducted and results show that the performance of the ELFM under MPI is significantly enhanced by the application of checkpointing and rollback.
Genetic architecture of antibody responses of chickens to sheep red blood cells

Summary Two lines of White Leghorn chickens selected divergently for high (HH) or low (LL) antibody response 5 days after an injection with 0.1 ml of 0.25% suspension of sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antigen were used to produce parental, reciprocal F1, F2 and backcross progeny. At 36 days of age males and females of the various progeny types were injected with SRBC suspension and antibody titres measured at 5 and 12 days later. Progeny of the high antibody line had higher titres at both 5 and 12 days after inoculation with SRBC than those of the low line. Reciprocal effects for SRBC titres were important only for female progeny suggesting sex-linked effects of the Z chromosome. Titres for F1 progeny were intermediate and different from the parental lines at both 5 and 12 days after inoculation. Antibody titres 5 days after inoculation exhibited heterosis which emanated from the homogametic sex. Although maternal effects generally had no influence on antibody titres, maternal heterosis in the selected trait was due to sex-linkage. Recombination effects were negligible for both traits. Zusammenfassung Genetische Architekture der Antikorperreaktion von Huhnern auf Schaferythrozyten Zwei Weise Leghorn-Linien, gegensatzlich selektiert auf starke (HH) oder niedrige (LL) Antikorperreaktion 5 Tage nach Injektion von 0,1 ml einer 0,25% Schaferythrozytensuspension (SRBC), wurden zur Erzeugung von parentalen, reziproken F1, F2 und Ruckkreuzungsnachkommen herangezogen. In Alter von 36 Tagen wurde den Tieren eine SRBC Suspension injiziert und Antikorpertiter 5 und 12 Tage spater bestimmt. Nachkommen der HH Linie hatten an beiden Tagen hohere Titer als LL Nachkommen. Reziproke Effekte fur SRBC Titer waren nur bei weiblichen Nachkommen wichtig, bedingt wohl durch geschlechtsgekoppelte Z-Chromosom Einflusse. Die Titer der F1 Nachkommen waren zwischen denen der Elternlinien. Antikorpertiter 5 Tage nach Injektion zeigten Heterosis, die im homogametischen Geschlecht auftrat. Obwohl im allgemeinen maternale Wirkungen keinen Einflus zeigten, war maternale Heterosis beim selektierten Merkmal auf Geschlechtskopplung zuruckzufuhren. Rekombinations-wirkungen waren vernachlassigbar.
Laws of optics at high irradiance. I. Steady-state theory of a saturable slab*

The ancient laws developed by Snell, Bouguer, Lambert, Fresnel, and Beer, describing the reflection, absorption, and transmission of light by a plane slab of absorbing materials, are applicable only at low irradiances. We have developed new laws that apply at irradiances sufficiently high to produce partial optical saturation of the chromophoric atoms, ions, or molecules of the slab. The radiation field is treated in accordance with the characteristic matrix method of Abeles, based upon Maxwell’s equations. The chromophores are treated in accordance with the optical analogs to the Bloch equations, based upon quantum-statistical mechanics. Our results are presented in the form of an algorithm, by means of which the optical properties are initially estimated assuming no saturation. These properties are then used to compute the field intensities within the medium, and these field intensities are employed in the computation of estimates for the saturated properties. Successive iterations of this procedure are used until the calcuated fields and properties are self-consistent. We show for the first time how to calculate the influence of optical saturation upon the reflectance and angle of refraction of an absorbing sample, and how the method of characteristic matrices can be employed in a problem in nonlinear optics. In addition, the effects of the divergence and finite width of the incident beam, of the cell windows, and the interaction of the forward- and backward-traveling waves to produce a spatial variation in the saturation within the sample, are all treated correctly. The results may therefore be of use to those who wish to design a practical optical memory for a computer, using bistable saturable Fabry-Perot interferometers.
The effect of dietary fat on fatty acid synthesis in cell‐free preparations of lactating mammary gland

Cell-free preparations of lactating mammary gland of rats maintained during lactation on a fat-free diet incorporated C14-acetate into fatty acids to a greater degree than preparations made from rats fed a similar diet containing 20% fat. The type of fat used did not affect the degree of inhibition of synthesis. C14-acetate was incorporated mainly into dodecanoic and tetradecanoic acids although labeling was observed in fatty acids from 8–18 carbons. The pattern of labeling was not significantly different in the various groups except for slightly decreased amounts of C14 in the shorter chain fatty acids of preparations made from glands of rats on the fat-free or coconut oilcontaining diet. The fatty acids characteristic of the fed fat became prominent components of the microsomes and mitochondria as well as of the fat floating on the centrifuged homogenates (presumably milk fat).
COMPARISON OF FOUR TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURIFG GROWTH OF Tetrahymena pyriformis W WITH RAT PER BIO ASSAYS IN ASSESSING PROTEIN QUALITY

Four techniques for measuring growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis W (TpW), namely, direct microscopic count (DMC), tetrazolium dye-reduction (TPTZ), oxygen uptake (O2 -UT), and ATP bioluminescence (ATP-biol.), were compared with rat protein efficiency ratio (PER) assays for assessing protein quality. Relative nutritive value (RNV) of the test material was compared to a casein standard by slope ratio assay and by use of one concentration of nitrogen in the growth medium of TpW. Samples consisted of breads, made with wheat flour, soybean meal and nonfat milk solids, which contained different concentrations of glucose and of nutritionally complete diet mixtures containing either ANRC casein, peanut meal, or wheat gluten as a source of protein. Correlations between RNV determined by TpW growth and by rat PER were high. It was concluded that TPTZ, O2 -UT, or ATP-biol. could be used to replace the tedious and time-consuming DMC in measuring growth of TpW for protein quality assay. There were no apparent differences in results obtained by the slope ratio method and those derived from use of only 0.3 mg N/ml of growth medium, and the latter technique is faster.
Identification and characterization of multiple forms of tryptase from human mast cells

Mast cell tryptase purified from human adult skin (AS), adult lung (AL) and newborn foreskin (NS) with a monoclonal antitryptase B2 immunoaffinity Sepharose column was further fractionated by HPLC using a Mono-S cation exchange column at pH 6.5. Tryptases exhibited two clearly separated major fractions, both of which also revealed at least two overlapping peaks. Native tryptase molecules from skin consisted of two diffuse protein bands in SDS-PAGE at about 31 and 35 kDa, whereas those from lung usually exhibited a predominant diffuse band at about 29 kDa. The forms of tryptases separated by Mono-S HPLC gave a different banding pattern in SDS-PAGE. Tryptase from NS exhibited chromatographic peaks that each showed Mr values approximately 1-3 kDa higher than those of tryptase from AS. By gel filtration, the Mr values for native major fractions of tryptases derived from AS and AL were 178 kDa and 141 kDa, respectively. After carbohydrate removal by glycanase, the observed differences in Mr values in SDS-PAGE reduced to two similar sharp bands of Mr approximately 28 kDa and 30 kDa for all tryptase preparations. AS and AL tryptases and their subfractions exhibited similar enzyme kinetic values and similar immunoreactivities in a tryptase immunoassay. Inactivation rates at physiologic ionic strength were similar for both AL and AS tryptases. The results show the enzymatic and antigenic similarity between lung and skin tryptases, and suggest that tryptase is stored mainly as beta-tryptase in human mast cells. Tryptase immunoassay measures similarly both lung and skin tryptases and, thus, this assay is suitable for detection of mast cell activation, in contrast to assays for other proteinases of mast cells, e.g. chymase, cathepsin G and carboxypeptidase, that are present in MC(TC) cells mainly in skin only.
White Phosphorus Poisoning of Waterfowl in an Alaskan Salt Marsh

The cause of the yearly death of an estimated 1,000 to 2,000 migrating dabbling ducks (Anas spp.) and 10 to 50 swans (Cygnus buccinator and C. columbianus) has remained a mystery for the last ten years in Eagle River Flats (ERF), a 1,000 ha estuarine salt marsh near Anchorage, Alaska, used for artillery training by the U.S. Army. We have gathered evidence that the cause of this mortality is the highly toxic, incendiary munition white phosphorus (P4). The symptoms of poisoning we observed in wild ducks included lethargy, repeated drinking, and head shaking and rolling. Death was preceded by convulsions. Farm-reared mallards dosed with white phosphorus showed nearly identical behavioral symptoms to those of wild ducks that became sick in ERF. White phosphorus does not occur in nature but was found in both the sediments where dabbling ducks and swans feed and in the gizzards of all carcasses collected in ERF. We hypothesize that feeding waterfowl are ingesting small particles of the highly toxic, incendiary ...
Development towards a single-run DSC for heat capacity measurements

It is shown that it should be possible to construct a single-run heat conduction type DSC that records heat capacity directly, eliminating the present need for three separate runs. A simplified mathematical derivation of the needed computation is given and some suggestions about improved DSC construction are presented.
Pilot Performance in Trajectory-Based Operations Under Concepts of Operation That Vary Separation Responsibility Across Pilots, Air Traffic Controllers, and Automation

The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) will revolutionize the air traffic management system in the United States. NextGen will involve human operators interacting with new technologies in a complex system, making human factors and human–computer interaction considerations a major concern. The present study reports data from a human-in-the-loop simulation that evaluated pilot performance, workload, and situation awareness under one of three plausible NextGen concepts of operation. The concepts of operation differed with respect to the allocation of separation responsibility across human pilots and air traffic controllers (ATCs), and automation. Pilots were asked to employ trajectory-based operations to perform weather avoidance maneuvers, an interval management task, and a continuous descent approach. Depending on the concept being tested, they were also given the responsibility of separation assurance (Concept 1) or received conflict resolutions from an ATC (Concept 2) or automated system...
The Principles of Extinction and Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors in the Intensive Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Primarily Obsessional Pediatric OCD:

This case study describes the application of intensive cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT), focusing on extinction and differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO), in an adolescent girl wi...
Carcinosarcoma of urinary bladder: Report of 5 cases with immunohistologic study

Abstract We studied 5 cases of carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder. Immunoperoxidase studies were performed to identify the nature of the tumor and to establish the diagnosis. We suggest that these tumors represent a transition of epithelial to mesenchymal malignancy. Three of our patients had a history of radiation therapy prior to development of carcinosarcoma; of which 2 had a long interval between exposure to radiatio and tumor development. Radiation is a risk factor for endometrial carcinosarcoma, and in this report we strongly suggest such an association for the urinary bladder.
Assessing the Recovery of Pink Abalone (Haliotis corrugata) by Incorporating Aggregation into a Matrix Model

ABSTRACT Historically, Point Loma had the highest fishery landings of pink abalone (Haliotis corrugata Wood 1828) along the California coast. The current status of the population in this key location is described using population and aggregation surveys from 2004 to 2007. We developed a size-based matrix model to assess the recovery potential of this low-density population. We incorporated fecundity parameters into the model, modified by empirical nearest-neighbor distance, aggregation size, sex ratio, and size-frequency data, to evaluate their influence on the population growth rate. We found the density of the population (∼170 abalone/ha) is an order of magnitude less than the minimum spawning density (2,000 abalone/ha) used by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife for abalone management. The average aggregation size was ∼2 abalone, and more than 50% of the abalone were solitary (no neighbors within a 2.5-m distance). The average nearest-neighbor distance was greater than 5 m in all 3 y, corres...
Non-fatal injuries in the West Virginia logging industry: using workers' compensation claims to assess risk from 1995 through 2001

BACKGROUND: The logging industry has a high rate of both fatal and non-fatal injuries in comparison to other industries, and plays a vital role in WV's economy. METHODS: Workers' compensation (WC) injury claims and employment data were summarized to examine patterns and rates of non-fatal logging injuries in WV from 1995 through 2001. RESULTS: The average annual rate of injury claims was 16.0 per 100 workers per year with rates remaining relatively steady over the 7-year study period. The highest rates of injury were a result of being struck by an object, typically trees, snags, or logs. CONCLUSIONS: WV loggers most often file injury claims as a result of being struck by trees and tree parts, snags, and logs. Assessment of risk is a critical component in helping regulators, researchers, and the logging industry develop viable prevention strategies to reduce the incidence and severity of logging-related injuries.
Threshold Improvement in an FM Subcarrier System

The paper is concerned with the causes and characteristics of threshold behavior in pulse-averaging and phase-coherent (``phase-locked loop'') FM subcarrier discriminators. An analytical discussion of the basic elements of each form of discriminator is first presented, leading to a comparison of the devices for input modulation indices of one and five, in the presence of noise. For the first time in the literature, the effect of additional output filtering following the ideal phase-coherent loop is discussed. Finally, the requisite modulation characteristics for an improved threshold in a phase-locked loop discriminator are presented, followed by a brief description of the approaches which may be taken in the design of such a system.
Kilocycle acoustic emission during creep in lead, aluminum, and cadmium

Acoustic emission in the 100 to 200 kHz frequency band during simple, axial tensile loading of polycrystalline lead, aluminum, and cadmium has been observed and a general correspondence and mirroring of the usual strain–time creep curve in the total cumulative counts-time curve at room temperature were found, both at constant load and during loading increments. Stress was not a constant in these experiments. Akustische Emission im 100 bis 200 kHz-Frequenzbereich wurde wahrend einfacher, axialer Zugbeanspruchung von polykristallinem Blei, Aluminium und Kadmium beobachtet und eine allgemeine Ubereinstimmung und Spiegelung der normalen Druck-Zeit-Kriechkurve in der kumulativen Gesamt-Impuls—Zeitkurve wurde bei Zimmertemperatur sowohl bei konstanter Last als auch bei zunehmender Last gefunden. Der Zug war keine Konstante bei diesen Experimenten.
Pancreatic insufficiency, growth, and nutrition in infants identified by newborn screening as having cystic fibrosis.

To evaluate the impact of early pancreatic insufficiency on growth and nutritional status in cystic fibrosis, we studied 49 infants identified by a newborn screening program. Pancreatic insufficiency, determined by increased 72-hour fecal fat excretion, was present in 59% (23/39) of infants at diagnosis (7.0±0.8 weeks; mean±SEM). Before initiation of pancreatic enzyme replacement, growth and nutritional status of pancreatic-insufficient (n=16) and pancreatic-sufficient (n=13) infants were compared. Pancreatic-insufficient infants gained less weight from birth to diagnosis (13.4±3.4 vs 22.3±4.0 gm/day; p =0.05), had decreased triceps skin-fold thicknesses (4.5±0.3 vs 6.1±0.4 mm; p p =0.02) and albumin (2.99±0.14 vs 3.54±0.14 gm/dl; p p p =0.03). Fecal introgen loss was correlated with fat loss ( r =0.79; p
High temperature crack growth behavior in a precipitate-hardened nickel base superalloy under constant KI conditions

Nickel base superalloys are typically used in high temperature components of gas turbines. A new precipitate (ppt)-hardened cast superalloy has been developed to satisfy the needs for structural component applications in advanced aircraft engines. These applications require an adequate understanding of crack extension mechanisms due to creep deformation and damage in the crack tip region in response to sustained or slowly varying loads. In this study, high temperature crack growth behavior in the nickel base superalloy under constant K[sub I] (Mode I) condition was investigated. The experiments were performed at 650C in air.
Differences in Proactive and Reactive Aggression in Traditional Bullies and Cyberbullies

This study examined how proactive and reactive aggression related to traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Participants were 851 students in Grades 6 through 8 who completed a survey that assessed bullying behaviors, proactive aggression, and reactive aggression. Most of these students were Caucasian and from a rural background. For both traditional bullying and cyberbullying groups, uninvolved students were found to have significantly lower proactive and reactive aggression than bullies and bully-victims. Further, it was found that for traditional and cyberbullying groups, bully-victims had significantly higher proactive and reactive aggression than bullies. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Control of morphology in inert-gas condensation of metal oxide nanoparticles

We report preparation conditions to obtain different morphologies of as-deposited refractory metal-oxide nanoparticles using inert-gas condensation with CO2 laser heating. The micrometer-scale morphology of the nanoparticles depends on the specific metal oxide, the buffer gas composition and pressure, and the target-to-substrate distance. These parameters control the extent to which a plume of nonagglomerated nanoparticles can reach a deposition substrate. Buffer gas pressure has the largest influence for a given material, with lower pressures producing a dense columnar morphology and higher pressures resulting in an open networked morphology. An estimate based on the geometry of the gas-phase plume and experimental results for Y2O3 nanoparticles produced in 4 Torr N2 gives a critical concentration of tens of nanoparticles per μm3 for the transition of agglomerates versus isolated nanoparticles reaching a deposition substrate.