cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“I Hold Your Foot:” Lessons from the Reading Brain for Addressing the Challenge of Global Literacy

In this chapter we describe the theoretical and technological principles that underlie an innovative application of cross-disciplinary work in cognitive neuroscience, linguistics, child development, education, and technology: The global literacy initiative, Curious Learning. We will delineate the basic principles about the reading brain from cognitive neuroscience that guided the content of our work, and the principles from technology that guided design, implementation, and data collection. This initiative represents our ongoing efforts to develop and implement a comprehensive, tablet-based digital learning experience to help children learn to read on their own, particularly those children who either possess no school or whose schools are so inadequate that the children never achieve functional literacy.
Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms and the variable presentation and outcome of community-acquired pneumonia.

2002;121;87S-88S Chest William Y. Park, C. W. Frevert, V. A. Wong and T. R. Martin * Phenotypes in 101 Normal Human Subjects High and Low Inflammatory Response http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/121/3_suppl/87S.2.full.html can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( distributed without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. All rights reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. has been published monthly since 1935. Copyright2002by the American is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It Chest
F-18 labeled PEG stilbene derivatives as PET imaging agents for Alzheimer’s disease

625 Objectives: It is generally accepted that accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaques in the brain is a major risk factor associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, development of 18F labeled imaging agents targeting Abeta plaques will be useful for improving diagnosis and monitoring disease progression. Previously, we have reported that a C-11 and F-18 labeled stilbene derivatives to be potential imaging agents for Abeta plaques. In this study, we further examined the effect of fluoro-ethylene-glycol (FPEG) length attached to a stilbene backbone structure on the in vitro and in vivo properties of ligands. Methods: F-18 labeled polyethylene glycol (FPEG) derivatives of 4’-N-methyl-4-hydroxyl-stilbenes designed to target Abeta plaques in the brain were prepared. In these series of compounds, F-18 is linked to the stilbene through a PEG chain, of which the number of PEG groups ranges from 2 to 8. Binding affinities were assessed in postmortem AD brain homogenates. Specific plaque labeling was evaluated in the brain sections of AD patients via in vitro autoradiography. In vivo pharmacokinetic properties were evaluated in normal mice. Results: High affinities (Ki = 2-9 nM) of novel FPEG-stilbenes (n = 2-8) targeting Abeta plaques were observed (Table 1). Additionally, autoradiography of 18F labeled FPEG stilbene derivatives (n = 2 to 5) in AD brain sections displayed excellent labeling of Abeta plaques. The distribution was distinctively reflecting the accumulation of plaques in the cortical region of AD brain. In vivo biodistribution of the ligands in mice exhibited excellent initial brain penetration for n = 2-5 (6.6 to 8.1 %dose/g at 2 min) and moderate rate of washout from the brain tissue; while when n = 6 and 8 the brain uptake displayed a dramatic reduction on brain uptake (0.7 and 0.9 %dose/g at 2 min in normal mice). Conclusions: These results suggest that the novel series ligands may be useful as a platform for developing novel F-18 imaging agents targeting Abeta plaques. Research Support (if any): NIH AG-0022559
Biosignature Preservation and Detection in Mars Analog Environments

Abstract This review of material relevant to the Conference on Biosignature Preservation and Detection in Mars Analog Environments summarizes the meeting materials and discussions and is further expanded upon by detailed references to the published literature. From this diverse source material, there is a detailed discussion on the habitability and biosignature preservation potential of five primary analog environments: hydrothermal spring systems, subaqueous environments, subaerial environments, subsurface environments, and iron-rich systems. Within the context of exploring past habitable environments on Mars, challenges common to all of these key environments are laid out, followed by a focused discussion for each environment regarding challenges to orbital and ground-based observations and sample selection. This leads into a short section on how these challenges could influence our strategies and priorities for the astrobiological exploration of Mars. Finally, a listing of urgent needs and future resea...
Historical Reading and Writing in Secondary School Classrooms

Little of the reading and writing that takes place within traditional secondary school history classrooms mirrors the literate processes of historians. However, Nokes argues in this chapter, historical literacies, such as a consideration of sources and the cross checking of information, are vital for twenty-first century readers. Teachers help students develop historical literacies by exposing them to the texts historians use, to historians’ thinking strategies, and by requiring students to read and write to construct and defend interpretations like historians do. In reconceptualized history classrooms, teachers consider students’ epistemic stance and introduce them into a discourse community of student-historians. Although much research remains to be conducted on the impacts of historical literacy instruction on students’ development, current research supports this important trend in secondary history classrooms.
Linear Systems Defined Over a Finite Field, LQ Theory and Convolutional Codes

Abstract In this note, we describe several different representations of a convolutional code as a linear system. We then show how this leads one to a natural interpretation of one of the the main problems in coding theory in systems theoretic terms. In particular, we show how the computation of the free distance of a code can be viewed as a modified LQ problem.
Dredging effects on selected nutrient concentrations and ecoenzymatic activity in two drainage ditch sediments in the lower Mississippi River Valley

Agricultural drainage ditches are conduits between production acreage and receiving aquatic systems. Often overlooked for their mitigation capabilities, agricultural drainage ditches provide an important role for nutrient transformation via microbial metabolism. Variations in ecoenzyme activities have been used to elucidate microbial metabolism and resource demand of microbial communities to better understand the relationship between altered nutrient ratios and microbial activity in aquatic ecosystems. Two agricultural drainage ditches, one in the northeast portion of the Arkansas Delta and the other in the lower Mississippi Delta, were monitored for a year. Sediment samples were collected prior to each ditch being dredged (cleaned), and subsequent post-dredging samples occurred as soon as access was available. Seasonal samples were then collected throughout a year to examine effects of dredging on selected nutrient concentrations and ecoenzymatic activity recovery in drainage ditch sediments. Phosphorus concentrations in sediments after dredging decreased 33–66%, depending on ditch and phosphorus extraction methodology. Additionally, ecoenzymatic activity was significantly decreased in most sediment samples after dredging. Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity, an estimate of total microbial activity, decreased 56–67% after dredging in one of the two ditches. Many sample sites also had significant phosphorus and ecoenzymatic activity differences between the post-dredge samples and the year-long follow-up samples. Results indicate microbial metabolism in dredged drainage ditches may take up to a year or more to recover to pre-dredged levels. Likewise, while sediment nutrient concentrations may be decreased through dredging and removal, runoff and erosion events over time tend to quickly replenish nutrient concentrations in replaced sediments. Understanding nutrient dynamics and microbial metabolism within agricultural drainage ditches is a crucial step toward addressing issues of nutrient enrichment in aquatic receiving systems, especially those contributing to the Gulf of Mexico.
Transgenerational exposure of North Atlantic bivalves to ocean acidification renders offspring more vulnerable to low pH and additional stressors

While early life-stage marine bivalves are vulnerable to ocean acidification, effects over successive generations are poorly characterized. The objective of this work was to assess the transgenerational effects of ocean acidification on two species of North Atlantic bivalve shellfish, Mercenaria mercenaria and Argopecten irradians. Adults of both species were subjected to high and low pCO2 conditions during gametogenesis. Resultant larvae were exposed to low and ambient pH conditions in addition to multiple, additional stressors including thermal stress, food-limitation, and exposure to a harmful alga. There were no indications of transgenerational acclimation to ocean acidification during experiments. Offspring of elevated pCO2-treatment adults were significantly more vulnerable to acidification as well as the additional stressors. Our results suggest that clams and scallops are unlikely to acclimate to ocean acidification over short time scales and that as coastal oceans continue to acidify, negative effects on these populations may become compounded and more severe.
DNA Methylation and Histone Modification in Hypertension

Systemic hypertension, which eventually results in heart failure, renal failure or stroke, is a common chronic human disorder that particularly affects elders. Although many signaling pathways involved in the development of hypertension have been reported over the past decades, which has led to the implementation of a wide variety of anti-hypertensive therapies, one half of all hypertensive patients still do not have their blood pressure controlled. The frontier in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hypertension has now advanced to the level of epigenomics. Particularly, increasing evidence is emerging that DNA methylation and histone modifications play an important role in gene regulation and are involved in alteration of the phenotype and function of vascular cells in response to environmental stresses. This review seeks to highlight the recent advances in our knowledge of the epigenetic regulations and mechanisms of hypertension, focusing on the role of DNA methylation and histone modification in the vascular wall. A better understanding of the epigenomic regulation in the hypertensive vessel may lead to the identification of novel target molecules that, in turn, may lead to novel drug discoveries for the treatment of hypertension.
Stress fluctuation, crack renucleation and toughening in layered materials

It has been established that contrast in the elastic properties can lead to enhancement of fracture toughness in heterogeneous materials. Focussing on layered materials as a model system, we show that this enhancement is a result of two distinct phenomena – first, fluctuations in stress leading to regions where the stress intensity at the crack is considerably smaller than that of the macroscopically applied value; and second, the lack of stress intensity when a crack is at a compliant to stiff interface thereby requiring renucleation. Using theoretical, computational and experimental methods, we study two geometries – a layered material and a layered material with a narrow channel – to separate the two phenomena. The stress fluctuation is present in both, but renucleation is present only in the layered medium. We provide quantitative estimates for the enhanced toughness.
If You Can't Beat It, Join It: Uncertainty and Trust in Medicine.

The quest to eliminate uncertainty in clinical decision making has become central to biomedical research over the past 50 years, driving the emergence of evidence-based medicine, precision medicine...
The rise of Trump and an agenda for regulatory reform

Abstract The arrival of Trump in the White House does not augur well for the long-run prospects of the US economy. The protectionism that is gathering steam under his presidency may yield some short-term gains, but at the detriment of the long-run. Examining the discontent among ordinary voters that brought Trump to power, this paper argues that this should be treated as an opportunity for a major regulatory reform. With the advance of digital technology, we have increasing returns to scale, and that, in turn, is making our antitrust laws backfire and hurt the well-being of ordinary people, thereby sowing discontent. The paper builds a simple model to illustrate this and makes the case for revoking the older antitrust laws and replacing them with some simple profit-sharing rules at the level of the firm, and the economy.
Development of a wideband Ka-band dielectric-loaded Traveling-Wave Tube

We have designed a Ka-band dielectric traveling-wave tube with high bandwidth. We are currently validating the 20-kV, 5-A electron beam gun and transport system and the structure is in fabrication. We report on the design of this structure and different experimental development elements.
A Problem in Life-Span Development: The Interactional Analysis of Family Attachments

ABSTRACT Family attachments are traditionally analyzed with reference to the individual personalities of family members, and attachment development is commonly thought to begin with the infant–mother relationship. Such personological models are questioned, and interactional alternatives are proposed for conceptualizing the infant–mother relationship as well as other family attachments.
IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS AND DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A PREDICTION MODEL TO DETECT ASCENDING THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSM

Prophylactic aortic replacement for ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA) mitigates the risk of subsequent aortic dissection. However, ATAA is often asymptomatic, and unlike abdominal aneurysms, there is no screening protocol to systematically identify patients with ATAA, limiting the
A Rapid Approach to Determine Soil Carbon Quality and Its Relationship to Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Soil organic matter composition controls many microbial processes in the soil matrix. How these processes interact to drive carbon cycling through greenhouse gas fluxes or carbon stabilization thro...
On the Use of Statistical Analysis to Understand Submarine Landslide Processes and Assess Their Hazard

Because of their inaccessibility, submarine landslides are typically studied individually and at great effort and expense to provide knowledge of the specific site conditions where these landslides occur. Statistical analysis of submarine landslide scars can offer generalized perspectives on the processes that initiate submarine landslides and can help toward hazard assessment in areas that have not been studied in detail. The following review discusses more than a decade of development of statistical approaches to studying submarine landslides. Landslides were previously viewed together with other natural hazards, such as earthquakes and fires, as a phenomenon whose size distribution obeys an inverse power law. Inverse power law distributions are the result of self-organized avalanche processes, in which the final hazard size cannot be predicted at the onset of the disturbance. We find that volume and area distributions of submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic continental slope and along nine other margins worldwide do not follow an inverse power law. Rigorous statistical tests of several different probability distribution models indicate that the lognormal model is most appropriate for these siliciclastic environments. Lognormal distributions can be simulated by assuming that the area of slope failure depends on earthquake magnitude, in other words, failure occurs simultaneously over the area affected by horizontal ground shaking and does not cascade from nucleating sources. Therefore, the maximum landslide size can be predicted from the earthquake magnitude and the distance from the rupturing fault. Moreover, earthquakes <~M4.5 cannot generate significant submarine landslides. We further demonstrate that empirical, offshore landslide hazard curves can be developed from these lognormal landslide size distributions, if the duration of mapped landslide activity is known. In addition to hazard estimation, scaling relationships can yield insights on the physical processes associated with landslide failure. For example, the log-log relationship between volume and area of landslide scars in siliciclastic margins is observed to be almost linear implying that most landslides are translational. Carbonate margins, in contrast, show a power-law distribution of scar volumes and their volume to area relationship is ~1.3. These results suggest that landslides in carbonate margins are governed by the random distributions of existing fissures, and they act like rock falls on land. Although earthquakes are the principal trigger of submarine landslides, the effects of earthquake frequency on slope stability can be counterintuitive. The average size of landslide scars decreases non-linearly with increasing frequency of earthquakes and increases with increasing sedimentation rate. The effect is interpreted as evidence for densification and shear strength increase of margin sediment, induced by repeated seismic shaking.
Test-retest reliability of functional MRI food receipt, anticipated receipt, and picture tasks

Background Functional MRI (fMRI) tasks are increasingly being used to advance knowledge of the etiology and maintenance of obesity and eating disorders. Thus, understanding the test-retest reliability of BOLD signal contrasts from these tasks is important. Objectives To evaluate test-retest reliability of responses in reward-related brain regions to food receipt paradigms (palatable tastes, anticipated palatable tastes), food picture paradigms (high-calorie food pictures), a monetary reward paradigm (winning money and anticipating winning money), and a thin female model picture paradigm (thin female model pictures). Method We conducted secondary univariate contrast-based analyses in data drawn from 4 repeated-measures fMRI studies. Participants (Study 1: N = 60, mean [M] age = 15.2 ± 1.1 y; Study 2: N = 109, M age = 15.1 ± 0.9 y; Study 3: N = 39, M age = 21.2 ± 3.7 y; Study 4: N = 62, M age = 29.7 ± 6.2 y) completed the same tasks over 3-wk to 3-y test-retest intervals. Studies 3 and 4 included participants with eating disorders and obesity, respectively. Results Test-retest reliability of the food receipt and food picture paradigms was poor, with average ICC values ranging from 0.07 to 0.20. The monetary reward paradigm and the thin female model picture paradigm also showed poor test-retest reliability: average ICC values 0.21 and 0.12, respectively. Although several regions demonstrated moderate to good test-retest reliability, these results did not replicate across studies using similar paradigms. In Studies 3 and 4, but not Study 1, test-retest reliability in visual processing regions was moderate to good when contrasting single conditions with a low-level baseline. Conclusions Results underscore the importance of examining the temporal reliability of fMRI tasks and call for the development and use of well-validated standardized fMRI tasks in eating- and obesity-related studies that can provide more reliable measures of neural activation. The trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02084836, NCT01949636, NCT03261050, and NCT03375853.
Photographic catalog of selected planetary size comparisons

Photographs taken by NASA spacecraft, and cartographic products based on these photos, are used to illustrate size comparisons of the planets and moons of the solar system. Global views and prominent geographical features are depicted at the same scale, allowing size relationships to be studied visually.
A New Proof of the Jacobi Necessary Condition

In this paper, a new proof is given for Jacobi's "no-conjugate-point" necessary condition. For a certain class of linear-quadratic optimal control problems it is shown that the existence of a conjugate point in the interior of the extremal implies the exitence of control perturbations that lead to a reduction in cost. In a well-known way, through the concept of the Acessory Minimum Problem, this results in a no-conjugate-point condition for general optimal control problems. Important ideas used in this paper are adopted from Brakwell & Ho [1]. In contrast to earlier results, the new proof also applies if the coefficient functions of time associated with the Accessory Minimum Problem have any finite number of discontinuities.
Teaching the Social Issues of a Sustainable Food Supply

Understanding the pressing need for humans to limit their consumption to more supportable levels, this study investigated how one social studies teacher taught the social issues associated with a sustainable food supply. This article discusses what the teacher's curricular, pedagogical, and assessment strategies were in engaging students with dialogical questions about more sustainable consumption. In addition, it offers insights for how such instructional techniques might inform a more personally- responsive approach to teaching about sustainability education.
Using local law enforcement to enhance immigration law in the United States: a legal and social analysis

In the United States, controversial debate has centered around changes in immigration enforcement, particularly in regard to the integration of local law enforcement, rather than federal (national level) law enforcement, in fulfilling these duties. A number of legal statutes have been enacted and revised. Amidst federal revisions to these statutes, policies, and procedures, state-level governments have acted independently in how they utilize their own law enforcement personnel in combating illegal immigration. This has proven to be a source of conflict between state-level government and federal-level officials. Further, these circumstances have occurred against a backdrop setting where Latinos (mainly of Mexican descent) are the primary immigrants in states where many of these issues have developed. These developments hold numerous legal and social implications for the United States and its role within the global community.
Nanoporous Silicon Combustion: Observation of Shock Wave and Flame Synthesis of Nanoparticle Silica.

The persistent hydrogen termination present in nanoporous silicon (nPS) is unique compared to other forms of nanoscale silicon (Si) which typically readily form a silicon dioxide passivation layer. The hydrogen terminated surface combined with the extremely high surface area of nPS yields a material capable of powerful exothermic reactions when combined with strong oxidizers. Here, a galvanic etching mechanism is used to produce nPS both in bulk Si wafers as well as in patterned regions of Si wafers with microfabricated ignition wires. An explosive composite is generated by filling the pores with sodium perchlorate (NaClO4). Using high-speed video including Schlieren photography, a shock wave is observed to propagate through air at 1127 ± 116 m/s. Additionally, a fireball is observed above the region of nPS combustion which persists for nearly 3× as long when reacted in air compared to N2, indicating that highly reactive species are generated that can further combust with excess oxygen. Finally, reaction ...
Genetic association of GABA-A receptor alpha-2 and mu opioid receptor with cocaine cue-reactivity: evidence for inhibitory synaptic neurotransmission involvement in cocaine dependence.

Background: This pilot feasibility study examined the role of genetics in laboratory-induced cocaine craving. Methods: Thirty-four African American, cocaine-depend- ent male subjects underwent a baseline assessment, cue-exposure session, and genetic analysis. Subjects were classified as either cue-reactive or nonreactive. Results: Among single nucleotide polymorphism markers in 13 candidate genes examined for association with cocaine cue-reactivity, two were statistically significant: GABRA2 (coding for GABA-A receptor alpha-2 subunit; rs11503014, nominal p= .001) and OPRM1 (coding for mu opioid receptor; rs2236256, nominal p= .03). Conclusions: These pilot results suggest that cocaine craving shows variability among cocaine-dependent subjects, and that GABRA2 and OPRM1 polymorphisms have differential influences on cocaine cue-reactivity, warranting studies in future research. (Am J Addict 2012;21:411–415)
MRI susceptometry : image-based measurement of absolute susceptibility of MR contrast agents and human blood

We present a novel NMR imaging technique that allows absolute determination of the magnetic susceptibility constant, χ, of a solution. By comparing the phase difference of MR images produced with an instant (echo planar) “offset” spin-echo sequence, we obtain a direct measure of the magnetic field perturbations caused by the solution. We demonstrate this method with Gd(DTPA), Dy(DTPA), human red blood cells, and superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
Retinal Trypsin Digest Study of Cystoid Macular Edema Associated With Peripheral Choroidal Melanoma

Purpose Although the association of cystoid macular edema with peripheral choroidal melanoma has been studied previously, the pathogenesis of cystoid macular edema as evaluated by light and electron microscopy remains controversial. We evaluated the cause of cystoid macular edema at the retinal capillary level. Methods We clinicopathologically correlated petaloidlike changes noted on fluorescein angiography with the corresponding morphologic changes, as documented by retinal trypsin digest preparation. Results The angiographic foci of fluorescein leakage were found to correspond to sites of endothelial cell proliferation that resembled intraretinal microvascular abnormalities in the retinal trypsin digest preparation. Conclusions The source of cystoid macular edema at the level of the retinal capillary network are intraretinal microvascular abnormalities resembling endothelial cell proliferation. We examine the relationship between endothelial cell proliferation and vascular leakage.
Substrate and inhibitor specificity of tRNA-guanine ribosyltransferase.

Abstract We have tested as inhibitors or substrates of tRNA-guanine ribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.29) a number of compounds, including derivatives of 7-deazaguanine, pteridines, purines, pyrimidines and antimalarials. Virtually all purines and pteridines that are inhibitors or substrates of the rabbit reticulocyte enzyme have an amino nitrogen at the 2 position. In addition the 9 position and the oxygen at the 6 position may be important for recognition by the enzyme. Saturation of the double bond in the cyclopentenediol moiety of queuine reduces substrate activity and queuine analogs that lack the cyclopentenediol moiety, such as 7-deazaguanine and 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine, are relatively poor substrates for the enzyme. While adenosine is not an inhibitor, neplanocin A (an adenosine analog in which a cyclopentenediol replaces the ribose moiety) is a poor inhibitor. The incorporation of 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine into the tRNA of L–M cells results in a novel chromatographic form of tRNA Asp , indicating that L–M cells cannot modify this Q precursor (in Escherichia coli ) to queuosine. The specific incorporation of 7-deazaguanine and 8-azaguanine into tRNA by L–M cells also results in novel chromatographic forms of tRNA Asp . With intact L–M cells, the enzyme-catalyzed insertion into tRNA of queuine, dihydroqueuine, 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine, or 7-deazaguanine is irreversible, while guanine or 8-azaguanine incorporation is reversible; suggesting that it is the substitution of C-7 for N-7 which prevents the reversible incorporation of queuine into tRNA.
Epithelial lesions in prophylactic mastectomy specimens from women with BRCA mutations

BACKGROUND It has been suggested that BRCA-associated breast carcinoma may often lack a detectable preinvasive phase. To investigate this hypothesis, the authors compared the prevalence of histopathologic lesions in prophylactic mastectomy (PM) specimens from women with BRCA mutations and in mastectomy specimens obtained at autopsy from an age and race-matched comparison group without a known cancer predisposition. METHODS All specimens from women with a deleterious BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation who participated in an ongoing follow-up study and underwent PM at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between November 1, 1987 and May 31, 2001 were reviewed. For each case, breast tissue from two age and race-matched women without a known cancer predisposition was also reviewed. The prevalence of benign, premalignant, and cancerous lesions was compared. RESULTS Mastectomy specimens from 24 cases and 48 comparison subjects were reviewed. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), and atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) were all more common in PM specimens from women with BRCA mutations than in those from the comparison group. The odds ratio for the detection of any high-risk lesion (DCIS, lobular carcinoma in situ, ADH, or ALH) in specimens from BRCA mutation carriers was 12.7 (95% confidence interval, 3.1–52.4; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Lesions associated with an increased risk of subsequent malignancy are more common in PM specimens from women with BRCA mutations than in breast tissue obtained at autopsy from unaffected women without a known predisposition. This finding suggests that hereditary breast carcinoma has a preinvasive phase that may be detectable with aggressive surveillance. Cancer 2003;97:1601–8. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11225
Effect of Well Orientation (Vertical vs. Horizontal) and Well Length on the Injection of CO 2 in Deep Saline Aquifers

Simulations of CO2 injection into confined saline aquifers were conducted for both vertical and horizontal injection wells. The metrics used in quantifying the performances of different injection scenarios included changes in pressure near the injection well, mass of CO2 dissolved into brine (solubility trapping), and storage efficiency, all evaluated with an assumed injection period of 50 years. Metrics were quantified as functions of well length, well orientation, CO2 injection rate, and formation anisotropy (ratio of vertical to horizontal conductivity). When equal well lengths are compared, there is not a significant difference between the predicted performances of horizontal and vertical wells. However, the length of a horizontal well may exceed the length of a vertical well because the length of the horizontal well is not constrained to the vertical thickness of the geologic formation. Simulations show that, as the length of the horizontal well is allowed to increase, the geologic formation can receive a significantly higher CO2 injection rate without exceeding a maximum allowable pressure. This result is observed in both isotropic and anisotropic formations, and suggests that horizontal wells may be advantageous under pressure-limited conditions. However, the use of horizontal wells does not significantly improve the storage efficiency, and under strongly anisotropic conditions, a vertical well provides higher storage efficiency than a horizontal well. We conclude that horizontal wells may be preferable if the goal is to sequester a large amount of CO2 in a short period of time, but do not offer a significant advantage in terms of long-term capacity of a potential repository.
Treatment of Non—ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Elderly: Current Practice and Future Opportunities

The care of elderly patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome is challenging, given the wide variability in physiologic condition and preferences among this patient group. Due to a higher burden of comorbidity, the elderly face high risks for death and complications from non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome relative to younger patients. Accordingly, they also have greater potential benefits from effective therapies. Antithrombotic therapy, invasive cardiac care, lipid lowering, and prevention advice, however, are all used less often in the elderly, even when no contraindications exist. Attention to individualized dosing and safety monitoring is also important for elderly patients. Increased awareness of the beneficial impact of therapies on outcomes in the elderly, along with vigilance for adverse events, should enable care to move from the state of uncertainty to opportunity in this high-risk population.
Gemcitabine-induced radiation recall dermatitis following whole pelvic radiation therapy.

Abstract Background Radiation recall dermatitis secondary to gemcitabine use has been reported in isolated cases of patients treated for breast and lung cancers. There have been no reports of radiation recall dermatitis from gemcitabine after whole pelvic radiation therapy employed as a treatment of a gynecologic cancer. Case A 67-year-old woman was treated with whole pelvic radiation for palliation of lower extremity swelling and pain due to recurrent ovarian adenocarcinoma. Three months later, the patient was treated with gemcitabine for three courses. Therapy was discontinued secondary to severe cellulitis and edema of the skin of the anterior abdominal wall in the field of her prior radiation therapy. Conclusion Radiation recall dermatitis secondary to gemcitabine should be considered in any patient with pelvic or lower abdominal skin abnormalities after pelvic radiation and subsequent gemcitabine therapy.
Electrostatic fields at fluid interfaces and surface tension

Abstract Electromechanical considerations at interfaces, in which an electrostatic field is provided by an electric double layer, lead to an identification of surface tension in terms of field quantities. In the present note, defects are pointed out in this theory; they are removed, and in the process, a deeper insight is gained into the electrical and mechanical relationship.
Imaging of Abdominal Lymphoma

This article discusses the radiologic appearances of solid organ involvement with Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the abdominopelvic region. The most common radiologic patterns of involvement are illustrated. The imaging characteristics of lymphomatous involvement of abdominal organs overlap with several other disorders and the specific features pertaining to lymphoma are highlighted. In patients who have known lymphomas, other important management considerations, such as staging, response to therapy, malignant transformation, and identification of recurrent disease, are also discussed. The emerging role of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is briefly outlined.
Replacement analysis for components of large scale production systems

Abstract The unavailability of essential components can render large scale production systems inoperable. This paper introduces a general methodology for the determination of feasible repair/replacement strategies for a population of identical components. A population is formed by grouping components into “streams” based on similar operating hours, failure distributions, or operating environments. Since homogeneous populations are formed, it is then possible to consider a “representative” component. A recursive measure of effectiveness is defined as a function of the age and current operational status of the components. Technology effects on capital cost and operating expenses are assumed to be linear and exponential, respectively, in this modeling approach. A small numerical example that considers two streams of components is included to illustrate usage of the population methodology.
War, Diplomacy, and Development: The United States and Mexico 1938-1954

Despite wide-ranging reforms triggered by the epic Mexican Revolution of 1910-1923, the 1940s saw a powerful reassertion of Washington's influence over Mexico City. This book traces the course of this reversal and examines the critical role of World War II in changing US-Mexican relations.
Psychosocial Correlates of Alternate Tobacco Product Use during Early Adolescence

Abstract Background. The objective was to assess psychosocial correlates of alternate tobacco product (chew/snuff, cigar, pipe, bidi, kretek) use. Methods. Measures of alternate tobacco product use, cigarette smoking, environmental smoking exposure, and depression were included in a school-based self-report survey completed by 1,107 ninth graders. Results. The current (past 30 days) use rate for one or more alternate tobacco products was 8.3% and the current use rate for cigarettes was 11%; 45% of current cigarette smokers also used alternate tobacco products. After controlling for demographic factors and current cigarette smoking, adolescents exposed to peers who smoke and those with greater depressive symptoms were two to three times more likely to currently use an alternate tobacco product than adolescents without exposure to peer smoking and those with lesser depressive symptoms. Conclusions. Social and psychological associations with alternate tobacco product use should be further evaluated as this information could be helpful in developing anti-tobacco messages targeted to high-risk youth.
Assessing the estrogenicity of environmental chemicals with a stably transfected lactoferrin gene promoter reporter in HeLa cells

Abstract Lactoferrin is an important marker protein of the estrogens. In mice, lactoferrin expression is stimulated in the uterus by ligand-bound estrogen receptors (ERs). With this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of different environmental estrogenic chemicals on the mouse lactoferrin gene expression in a cell-based assay. We constructed a reporter that contains the firefly luciferase gene under hormone-inducible control of a 1.1 kbp fragment of the mouse lactoferrin gene promoter. In an attempt to study the promoter regulation in a chromatin context, we stably transfected the construct (pGL3-mLF-Luc) into HeLa cells, and a stable clone (HeLa-mLF-Luc) incorporating the construct was subsequently generated. Transient transfection of HeLa-mLF-Luc cells with ERα and ERβ expression plasmids showed that both 17β-estradiol (E2) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 10 −7 M significantly increased luciferase expression via ERα and ERβ. Xenoestrogens such as bisphenol A, 4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and the phytoestrogen genistein when used at increasing concentrations (10 −8 to 10 −5 M) revealed varying magnitudes of activation (1.96–8-fold). The environmental estrogens showed similar magnitudes of luciferase induction when acting through ERα and ERβ-mediated pathways. Also, in the absence of ERs, the xenoestrogens could not induce luciferase expression thereby reflecting receptor dependency. Taken together, the results indicate a significant responsiveness of the stably transfected mouse lactoferrin promoter to endogenous estrogen and environmental estrogenic compounds through ERs. This cell-based transcription assay system may be useful in understanding the susceptibility of estrogen target gene expression by these chemicals at the chromatin level.
Mononuclear and binuclear copper(II) complexes of 3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid

Abstract Several copper(II) complexes of 3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid and a variety of ligating solvents have been prepared and studied by elemental analysis, and by infrared, electronic, and EPR spectroscopy. In the solid state, all of the compounds are binuclear, carboxylate-bridged Cu2(3,5-DIPS)4(L)2, where L may be a vacant site or a coordinating ligand. In non-coordinating solvents such as hexane and dichloromethane, the binuclear structure is retained in solution, but in polar coordinating solvents the dimer dissociates into monomers where the copper is coordinated to two solvent molecules and to two bidentate diisopropylsalicylate ligands through their carboxylic and phenolic oxygen atoms.
Fetal position during pregnancy

In this study of a normal, undelivered population the incidence of each fetal position was reported. Fetal position at 20 weeks' gestation did not correlate with delivery position. Fetal position at 36 weeks was very predictive of fetal position at delivery. Malposition was not associated with premature delivery per se.
Precedent-setting contributions to modern classification

With preceding chapters setting the stage, this one will provide a view of Brian C. Vickery's accomplishments from the vantage point of several thousand miles. His career in information science has been an impressive one. What has made it so? To answer that question, it is first necessary to examine his research accomplishments, then their impact, which has spread farther than might have been anticipated at the time of their publication.
Identification of Shallow and Deep Membrane-penetrating Forms of Diphtheria Toxin T Domain That Are Regulated by Protein Concentration and Bilayer Width

The α-helix-rich, hydrophobic transmembrane (T) domain of diphtheria toxin is believed to play a central role in membrane insertion by the toxin and in the translocation of its catalytic domain across membranes. In this report, T domain structure was studied using site-directed single-Cys mutants. The residues chosen, 322 (near the amino-terminal end of helix TH8), 333 (within helix TH8), and 356 (within helix TH9) were substituted with Cys and labeled with the fluorescent probe bimane. (Residues 333 and 356 should be located within the bilayer in the transmembrane state, and residue 322 should not penetrate the bilayer.) After insertion of T domain into model membrane vesicles, the location of bimane label relative to the lipid bilayer was characterized by its fluorescence emission and by its quenching with nitroxide-labeled phospholipids. It was found that when the T domain is added to dioleoylphosphatidylcholine-containing vesicles, all three residues reside close to the outer surface. However, at high T domain concentration or in thinner dimyristoleoylphosphatidylcholine-containing vesicles, a large fraction of residues 333 and 356 penetrate deeply into the membrane. In contrast, residue 322 remains exposed to aqueous solution under these conditions. These conclusions were confirmed by a novel antibody binding method. Antibodies that quench the fluorescence of 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-3-indacene (BODIPY) groups were used to evaluate the exposure of BODIPY-labeled 322, 333, and 356. Maximum exposure of residues 333 and 356 to externally added antibody was only observed under conditions in which bimane fluorescence showed that these residues do not penetrate the bilayer. In contrast, residue 322 remained exposed under all conditions. We propose that the deeply penetrating T domain conformation represents a transmembrane or near-transmembrane state. The regulation of the transmembrane/nontransmembrane equilibrium should be a key to understanding diphtheria toxin membrane insertion and translocation. Our results suggest that toxin-toxin interactions may play an important role in regulating this behavior.
Climate change: making us brothers and sisters

The constraint for prevailing ethical orientations is the unavoidable concern each person has for her own welfare. Climate change can transform the fundamental structure of these ethical orientations because it compels the recognition that the behaviors of those at the far reaches of my concentric circle model have real and potentially disastrous effects upon me. The tangible prospect of climate change will inspire the recognition of our common destiny.
Electrical properties and diffusion potentials in the gallbladder of man, monkey, dog, goose and rabbit.

Electrical properties of gallbladders from several species were investigatedin vitro. Gallbladders were mounted as a flat sheet in a Lucite Ussing-type chamber and bathed on each surface with buffered HCO3-free Ringer's solution. Rabbit and dog gallbladders developed a mean transmural electrical potential difference (p.d.), not significantly different from zero, whereas gallbladders of goose, monkey and man developed serosa-positive p.d.'s which were dependent on the availability of O2 and were abolished by ouabain and low temperatures. The short-circuit current (SCC) was dependent on the presence of Na in the bathing medium; choline and K were ineffective substitutes. Bromide replacement for CI reduced SCC by less than 15% in goose and monkey gallbladders; sulfate replacement eliminated SCC. Isethionate replacement maintained some SCC in gallbladder of monkey but not of goose. The presence of HCO3 in the bathing medium abolished SCC in goose gallbladder but increased slightly SCC in gallbladders of monkey and man. To determine whether the anion-cation selectivity of gallbladders from each species correlated with the magnitude and orientation of the spontaneous p.d., diffusion potentials were artificially established by diluting the mucosal solution 50% with isotonic mannitol. Gallbladders from all species studied are cation-selective. Epithelial removal demonstrated that the primary site of tissue resistance and the ability to discriminate between cations and anions resides in the epithelium. In view of the cation selectivity of these tissues it is unlikely that local osmotic gradients, established in the lateral intercellular spaces during NaCl absorption, are the cause of serosapositive p.d.'s seen in the goose, monkey and human gallbladders.
Successful atrioesophageal fistula repair after atrial fibrillation ablation.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3] A 50-year-old woman with chronic kidney disease and rheumatoid arthritis underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation for symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation. The patient sought treatment at the emergency room after 4 weeks with minor hematemesis
Bleomycin serum pharmacokinetics as determined by a radioimmunoassay and a microbiologic assay in a patient with compromised renal function

Serum and plasma bleomycin concentrations were determined in a patient with renal dysfunction at two creatinine clearances. The results obtained with a new radioimmunoassay and the microbiologic assay were compared. It was shown: 1) that the clearance of bleomycin from the blood is markedly retarded in severe renal dysfunction, 2) that clearance of bleomycin varies with creatinine clearance, 3) that bleomycin is probably not dialyzable, 4) that determinations on serum and plasma were equivalent, and 5) that the radioimmunoassay and microbiologic assays gave equivalent results (P less than 0.001).
Probing the ionic atmosphere of single-stranded DNA using continuous flow capillary electrophoresis and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

Two-beam fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy coupled with continuous flow capillary electrophoresis (2bFCCS-CFCE) was used to study the relationship between diffusion and effective charge of a fluorescently labeled 40-base polythymine single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as a function of Mg2+ concentration. Cross-correlation analysis of the fluorescence monitored from two spatially offset microscopic detection volumes revealed the diffusion and electrophoretic migration of ssDNA at a range of Mg2+ concentrations and electric field strengths. The effective charge of the ssDNA could then be determined using simple calculations. It was found that as the Mg2+ concentration in the buffer solution increased, the diffusion of the ssDNA also increased, while the effective charge of the ssDNA decreased. This was believed to be caused by increased association of the Mg2+ counterions with the negatively charged backbone of the ssDNA, which partially neutralized the negatively charged functional groups and allowed the...