cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indiana Family Law: Children in Need of Services

Early in the last century, the United States Supreme Court began to formulate, under the heading of substantive due process, the fundamental liberty interests which parents have in the care, custody and decision-making regarding their minor children. Child welfare cases became a constitutional collision course between the parents' assertion of fundamental privacy rights versus the state's interest in child protection, as a compelling reason for intervention in family life. Indiana's courts have recognized that although fundamental, the right of parents to control their children is not absolute and must give way where the state's interest in protecting children is compelling. This volume examines the Indiana laws and procedures which seek to protect minor children from those who would do them harm or otherwise fall short of providing the safe homes we expect them to provide. It also examines the legal safeguards which protect parents from unnecessary intrusions into their privacy, as well as the state's obligation to make reasonable efforts to reunite families. With Indiana's codification in 1999 of the Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA), family reunification was replaced by the child's health and safety as the paramount concern for the court in child welfare proceedings. Also, there are provisions which dispense with the need to make reasonable efforts, in certain situations, grant foster parents the right to notice and opportunity to be heard in cases involving children in their care and require a permanency hearing twelve months from the date a child is placed in care. The effect of these laws is to make the child welfare process more child-centered and to accelerate the proceedings toward earlier permanency decisions and secure placements for children. Recent decisions of Indiana courts continue to shed light on the rights and roles of parties to children in need of services (CHINS) and termination of parental rights (TPR) proceedings (including court appointed special advocates and foster parents) and on how much process is due parents and under what circumstances state agency action in the interest of child protection or permanency is justified.
A decision analysis comparing 3 active surveillance protocols for the treatment of patients with low-risk prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND Active surveillance (AS) is a viable management option for approximately 50% of men who are newly diagnosed with prostate cancer. To the authors' knowledge, no direct comparisons between the different variants of AS protocols have been conducted to date. The authors developed a microsimulation decision model to evaluate which of 3 alternative AS protocols is optimal for men with low-risk prostate cancer, and compared each of these with immediate treatment. METHODS Men who were diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer at age 65 years were modeled as having been treated with either immediate therapy or via each of 3 AS protocols. Modeled AS protocols represent those in the literature; a modified AS protocol was included in a sensitivity analysis. Immediate therapy included radical prostatectomy, external-beam radiotherapy, or brachytherapy. Outcome measures were quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs. Cost-effectiveness analysis and deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS Immediate therapy produced fewer QALYs than all variants of AS. Of the AS protocols evaluated, biennial biopsy was found to be the only efficient option, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $3490 per QALY compared with immediate therapy. It delayed the need for curative therapy by a mean of 56 months, and was found to be preferred in >86.9% of cases in probabilistic sensitivity analysis. A modified version of low-intensity AS dominated all other options. CONCLUSIONS For a 65-year-old man with low-risk prostate cancer, AS with biennial biopsy appears to be highly cost-effective compared with common alternatives. An AS protocol using triennial biopsy was found to dominate all other strategies and should be considered for men who are comfortable with a longer period between biopsies. The optimal strategy depends on a patient's tolerance for periodic biopsies and comfort with delaying radical treatment. Physicians should incorporate these patient preferences into decision making.
Toward a Critical Race Nepantlera Methodology: Embracing Liminality in Anti-Colonial Research:

Given the inequitable opportunities and marginalizing experiences for undocumented Students of Color, this manuscript builds on the work of previous Scholars of Color to challenge the traditional r...
A Noise-Masking Physical Layer Security Technique for MIMO Communications Systems

We develop a noise-masking method to increase security in a multiple-input, multiple-output communication system by using known channel state information to calculate a specific masking signal for each block of a space-time block-coded signal. This masking signal is invisible to the intended receiver since it is designed to be canceled by the equalization process. Using mathematical analysis and numerical simulation of the communication system, we found that it is possible to design an effective security system by employing this method.
UNIT 12.16 Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry is a vastly diverse and essential method for localization of proteins in cells and tissues. This unit presents methods for labeling proteins in suspension and adherent cultures and in tissue sections, using detection methods for both fluorescence and bright-field microscopy. Choices of antibodies and detection methods are discussed, and detailed troubleshooting guidelines are provided. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 48:12.16.1-12.16.10. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: immunofluorescence; microscopy; imaging
A novel, low fidelity simulator for laryngotracheal reconstruction

Abstract Introduction Open airway reconstruction is a highly specialized skill. Simulation affords the opportunity to practice surgical skills in a low stakes environment which is particularly important for a high acuity, low frequency operation. Although animal models have been described, these present ethical and financial barriers, and therefore are not ideal to expose residents to airway reconstruction techniques. To our knowledge there is not a commercially available simulator for laryngotracheal reconstruction. Objectives This study describes a novel, low-fidelity simulation technique for laryngotracheal reconstruction using a cartilage graft. Methods We designed a low-fidelity simulator to represent the trachea, esophagus, and cartilage graft using tubing from a Luken’s trap, vinyl backwash hose, and pig’s ears from a non-specialty grocery store. The model was evaluated with a Likert scale (1= strongly disagree to 5= strongly agree). Results Twelve participants attended simulation sessions. Participants reported a mean score (+/-SD) 4.25+/-0.75 that the tissue characteristics were adequate and 4.50+/-0.79 that sutures could be placed. There was universal strong agreement that the tissue could be manipulated appropriately (5+/-0). The cost per resident was less than 4 dollars. Conclusion We present a readily available, easy to construct, and low cost simulation model for open airway reconstruction that can be used as a stand-alone simulator or in preparation for an animal dissection course. Our participants reported that the model had acceptable tissue characteristics to practice performing laryngotracheal reconstruction with a cartilage graft.
Underserved African-American and white women with breast cancer have similar prognostic profiles for estrogen receptor and tumor grade

3696 Background: Survival disparity for African-American (AA) women with breast cancer has been associated with more frequent biological characteristics of poor-prognosis, including high tumor grade of differentiation (grade) and estrogen receptor (ER) negative status. However, AA women are more commonly underserved and have low socioeconomic status (SES), and other studies suggest that low SES, not simply race, is associated with this prognostic profile. We hypothesized that low SES AA and non-Hispanic white (white) women with breast cancer, who received standardized care at a single public institution, would demonstrate similar poor prognostic profiles regarding tumor grade and ER status. Methods: Clinical-pathological features were examined in 341 AA and 94 white, consecutive low SES women, diagnosed and treated for breast cancer between 2000-05, at the MBCCOP, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, in Chicago. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to predict associations with ER status and tumor grade, and to evaluate differences between races. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Univariate analysis predicted that ER negative status was associated with younger age, tumor size > 2cm, node positive status, AJCC stage ≥ 2B, and grade 3 tumors, in AA women. In white women however, ER negative status was only associated with grade 3 tumors. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high tumor grade was the only significant predictive factor for ER negative status in both races (p
Pyruvate secretion by oral streptococci modulates hydrogen peroxide dependent antagonism

Many commensal oral streptococci generate H2O2 via pyruvate oxidase (SpxB) to inhibit the growth of competing bacteria like Streptococcus mutans, a major cariogenic species. In Streptococcus sanguinis SK36 (SK36) and Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (DL1), spxB expression and H2O2 release are subject to carbon catabolite repression by the catabolite control protein A (CcpA). Surprisingly, ccpA deletion mutants of SK36 and DL1 fail to inhibit S. mutans despite their production of otherwise inhibitory levels of H2O2. Using H2O2-deficient spxB deletion mutants of SK36 and DL1, it was subsequently discovered that both strains confer protection in trans to other bacteria when H2O2 is added exogenously. This protective effect depends on the direct detoxification of H2O2 by the release of pyruvate. The pyruvate dependent protective effect is also present in other spxB-encoding streptococci, such as the pneumococcus, but is missing from spxB-negative species like S. mutans. Targeted and transposon-based mutagenesis revealed Nox (putative H2O-forming NADH dehydrogenase) as an essential component required for pyruvate release and oxidative protection, while other genes such as sodA and dps play minor roles. Furthermore, pyruvate secretion is only detectable in aerobic growth conditions at biofilm-like cell densities and is responsive to CcpA-dependent catabolite control. This ability of spxB-encoding streptococci reveals a new facet of the competitive interactions between oral commensals and pathobionts and provides a mechanistic basis for the variable levels of inhibitory potential observed among H2O2-producing strains of commensal oral streptococci.
Connexin32 and X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease

Abstract Mutations in the gap junction gene connexin32 ( Cx32 ) cause the X-linked form of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, an inherited demyelinating neuropathy. More than 130 different mutations have been described, affecting all portions of the Cx32 protein. In transfected cells, the mutant Cx32 proteins encoded by some Cx32 mutations fail to reach the cell surface; other mutant proteins reach the cell surface, but only one of these forms functional gap junctions. In peripheral nerve, Cx32 is localized to incisures and paranodes, regions of noncompact myelin within the myelin sheath. This localization suggests that Cx32 forms “reflexive” gap junctions that allow ions and small molecules to diffuse directly across the myelin sheath, which is a thousandfold shorter distance than the circumferential pathway through the Schwann cell cytoplasm. Cx32 mutations may interrupt this shorter pathway or have other toxic effects, thereby injuring myelinating Schwann cells and their axons.
The sputtering of radiolytic O2 in ion irradiated H2O-ice

Abstract Charged particle bombardment alters the physical and chemical properties of extraterrestrial icy surfaces by simultaneously producing radiolytic products and sputtered material. To better understand these phenomena, we measure the total sputtering yield of H2O-ice induced by 0.5–5 keV Ar+ at temperatures between 40 and 120 K, using microbalance gravimetry as our analytical tool. In addition, we also estimate the sputtered flux of radiolytic products formed during irradiation and in both cases find good agreement with comparable laboratory studies. At 120 K, we find that the O2/H2O sputtered ratio increases nearly linearly with the ion range suggesting that the ions are stopping at depths where O2 is still efficiently being produced below the surface. Furthermore, we find that although theoretical models appear to over predict our O2 sputtering yields by about a factor of three, we can make a small adjustment to this model, which improves the agreement between the model and the laboratory data significantly. This empirical adjustment may have implications for models of energetic processing that occurs on extraterrestrial icy surfaces, such as Europa, where low-energy ions are thought to be the primary source producing O2 from sputtering of the surface H2O-ice.
Semantic lifting of integrated messages (SLIM)

The Joint Force’s ability to integrate data and systems at speed and scale is of utmost importance to maintain a competitive edge in the data-driven arena of 21st century warfare. The current methods employed by developers to find system integration points, however, are ad-hoc, predominantly manual, and too costly – consider the explosion in volume and heterogeneity of the underlying databases that support modern-day operations. In this work, we present a data archeology and alignment workbench, known as Semantic Lifting of Integrated Messages (SLIM), that allows developers to quickly discover and document commonalities among disparate data. Our novel workbench uses background knowledge to constrain the geometric orientation of unfamiliar data in ways that are meaningful to developers. To accomplish this, SLIM uses a variety of Machine Learning algorithms to unify and characterize the meaning of data, and a dashboard of linked visualizations to convey semantic commonalities from different perspectives and dimensions. Additionally, the workbench maintains a web of execution provenance that developers can use to trace and probe results in order to assess relevancy and meaningfulness. As a demonstration, we describe two studies that use our process to quickly find non-trivial commonalities among multiple datasets, including the Universal Command and Control Interface (UCI) and an ontology about the arrival and departure of vehicles.
Lagrangian analysis of enstrophy dynamics in a highly turbulent premixed flame

A Lagrangian analysis approach is used to examine the effects of heat release on the dynamics of the enstrophy during highly turbulent premixed combustion. The analysis is performed using data from a direct numerical simulation of a statistically planar premixed methane–air flame at a Karlovitz number of 100. Through cumulative, conditional, and correlation analyses, we show, consistent with prior studies, that vortex stretching and baroclinic torque both increase enstrophy at these highly turbulent conditions, while viscous transport and dilatation both lead to enstrophy destruction. However, although vortex stretching and viscous transport are individually an order of magnitude greater than all other terms in the enstrophy budget, the cumulative and combined effect of these two terms along Lagrangian trajectories is roughly only twice as large as the combined cumulative effect of dilatation and baroclinic torque. Moreover, trajectories that exhibit an increase in enstrophy through the flame are found to frequently have cumulative contributions from budget terms outside a single standard deviation of the mean contribution, indicating that enstrophy production at such highly turbulent conditions is associated with relatively infrequent but large values of dynamical terms. Lagged correlations further reveal a small but measurable contribution of baroclinic torque in enstrophy production, but these increases are overwhelmed, on average, by concurrent decreases in enstrophy due to viscous transport and dilatation. Taken together, these results provide further understanding of enstrophy dynamics in highly turbulent premixed flames.
Claire M.L. Bourne. Typographies of Performance in Early Modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp 328.

Review of Claire M.L. Bourne's Typographies of Performance in Early Modern England by Brandi K. Adams.
Multinationals in Latin America

Section I : The Factual & Conceptual Base 1. A History of MNE activities in Latin America 2. Theories of Multinational Business 3. Current Trends in Multinational Business. Section II : The Regulatory & Economic Environments 4. The Government/Business Relationship in Latin America 5. Costs & Benefits of MNEs: A Case of Venezuela 6. Trans-national Regulation: The Andean Pact's Decision 24 7. The Latin American Debt Crisis. Section III : Managerial Issues 8. MNE Strategies in Latin America 9. Strategy and Structure in Peru 10. Financial Transfers in the MNE: The Latin American Case. Section IV : Some Illustrations of MNEs in Latin America 11. The Chemical Industry in Latin America 12. State-Owned Multinational Enterprises 13. Looking Ahead
Modulatory Interactions between the Central Nervous System and the Immune System

The immune system is comprised of varied cell types with diverse characteristics and functions, but which ultimately contribute to the maintenance of host defense. Within the central and peripheral immunological tissues are numerous mechanisms by which immunogenesis and active immunity are regulated. These include direct contact between cells as well as the elaboration of biologically active products. Most of these products have been characterized based on their biological function. Hence, T-cell growth factor, migration inhibitory factor, colony-stimulating factor, as well as a host of others, constitute a long list of growth-promoting or -regulating agents. Thymosin peptides, first isolated from extracted thymic tissue, also play an important immunoregulatory role during the course of T-cell differentiation. These as well as other functions of lymphokines and thymosins are discussed at greater length elsewhere in this volume. However, in addition to the lymphokines and thymic factors which were originally detected and defined during the course of investigations of immune function, hormones that were classically defined within the context of a nonimmunological function can also influence host defense.
An Evaluation of Our National Policy to Manage Nuclear Waste from Power Plants

The current national policy to manage nuclear waste from power plants is to dispose of it in a repository to be constructed at Yucca Mountain in Nevada. With many different assumptions about uncertainties and objectives, this strategy is shown to be the equivalent of $10,000 million to $50,000 million inferior to other available strategies. The implications of the analysis strongly suggest that our national policy to manage nuclear waste should be changed.
THE OHIO TEACHER EVALUATION SYSTEM STUDENT GROWTH MEASURES AND SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHERS

The new Ohio Teacher Evaluation System (OTES) has some interesting intersections with the social studies classroom, particularly as it relates to Student Success Measures and the new social studies tests launching in the spring of 2015. In this article, the author seeks to help teachers understand the basic elements of the Student Success Measures portion of the OTES, including the potential impact the new social studies test scores will have on the evaluation of social studies teachers, and some of the unique characteristics of local implementation of the system.
Demonstration that 1 beta,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is an antagonist of the nongenomic but not genomic biological responses and biological profile of the three A-ring diastereomers of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

The steroid hormone 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3) generates biological responses via both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. This article reports the biological profile of four A-ring diastereomers of this secosteroid (results are expressed as percentage of the response of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3. The activity of the compounds, 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3, 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-3-epivitamin D3, 1 beta,25-(OH)2D3, 1 beta,25-(OH)2-3-epivitamin D3, for in vivo intestinal Ca2+ absorption and bone Ca2+ mobilization and in vitro binding to the nuclear receptor (genomic responses) was, respectively, 100, 2.8, 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-3-epivitamin D3 > 1 beta,25-(OH)2D3 > 1 beta,25-(OH)2-3-epivitamin D3. 1 beta,25-(OH)2D3 was a potent antagonist of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3-mediated transcaltachia and 45Ca2+ uptake in ROS 17/2.8 cells but was unable to block the genomic 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 induction of chick calbindin-D28k (in vivo), induction of MG-63 cell osteocalcin, and HL-60 cell differentiation. These results suggest that analogs of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 may be synthesized which are selective agonists or antagonists of genomic or nongenomic responses in the vitamin D endocrine system.
New Information on Neutron Embrittlement and Embrittlement Relief of Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels

Abstract : Neutron embrittlement of the carbon and low-alloy steels investigated has been defined in terms of increases in the nil ductility transition (NDT) temperature. Increases in the NDT of pressure vessel steels as great as 545F have been observed. The extent of embrittlement has been shown to depend upon the neutron exposure, the type of steel, and the irradiation temperature. Embrittlement relief through annealing heat treatment at temperatures above the pressure vessel operating temperature has been demonstrated. Significant embrittlement relief was observed even with multiple irradiation-annealing cycles, the extent of relief being primarily dependent upon the irradiation temperature and the subsequent annealing temperature. Experimental data are reviewed with consideration for application to operating nuclear pressure vessel conditions. Preliminary results of power reactor surveillance and of the evaluation of one pressure vessel after nuclear service are related to experimental results. The value of extending the evaluation of surveillance speciments and of pressure vessels after removal from nuclear service are reviewed with reference to current uncertainties as to possible nuclear environmental and stress effects. (Author)
Evolutionary Personality Psychology

Multiple selective pressures maintain and increase heritable behavioral variability among individuals across both developmental and evolutionary time: (1) directional social selection favors convergent traits, promoting mutually beneficial cooperative interactions; (2) disruptive social selection favors divergent traits, providing release from within-species competition; (3) genetic diversification responds adaptively to the stochastic (random) characteristics of environmental hazards such as uncontrollable morbidity (disease) and mortality (death); (4) developmental plasticity epigenetically directs development adaptively along different alternative pathways, modifying permanent and stable behavioral dispositions to suit long-term contingencies of survival and reproduction; and (5) behavioral flexibility deploys rapid and reversible short-term adaptive behavioral responses to transient situations.
Effects of transient gate-level faults on program behavior

Effects of gate-level faults on program behavior are described and used as a basis for fault models at the program level. A simulation model of the IBM RT PC was developed and injected with 18900 gate-level transient faults. A comparison of the system state of good and faulted runs was made to observe internal propagation of errors, while memory traffic and program flow comparisons detected errors in program behavior. Results show several distinct classes of program-level error behavior, including program flow changes, incorrect memory bus traffic, and undetected but corrupted program state. Additionally, the dependencies of fault location, injection time, and workload on error detection coverage are reported. For the IBM RT PC, the error detection latency was shown to follow a Weibull distribution dependent on the error detection mechanism and the two selected workloads. These results aid in the understanding of the effects of gate-level faults and allow for the generation and validation of new fault models, fault injection methods, and error detection mechanisms. >
Increasing family medicine's leadership capacity.

Leadership is defined as “1) the office or position of a leader, 2) [the] capacity to lead, and 3) the act or an instance of leading.”[1][1] Throughout the history of family medicine, many individuals have served in the office of a leader, and we can cite many examples of leading. As a
MRI interpretation proficiency of musculoskeletal fellows in training.

Rationale and Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) interpretation proficiency of musculoskeletal fellows in training. Materials and Methods Between July 2003 and June 2007, 14 musculoskeletal fellows were independently tested with 20 MRI studies of the knee and shoulder at four separate time points during their fellowship years. Trends in true-positive and false-positive interpretation results were evaluated. Fellows who completed their residencies at the fellowship institution (internal fellows) were compared with those from other residencies (external fellows). Results There was a significant improvement in proficiency between the initial and final (9-month) evaluations ( P P Conclusion Fellows continued to improve their MRI interpretation skills throughout the first 9 months of their fellowships. External fellows were slightly less proficient at the start of their fellowships but slightly more proficient at 9 months compared to internal fellows.
Astrophysics challenges of MeV-astronomy instrumentation

Abstract Meeting the new challenges of gamma-ray astronomy will be difficult. The variety of sources and the nature of their emissions over a wide range of energy and intensities will undoubtedly require an integrated observatory, or its equivalent, in the fashion of Compton . However, for the study of sources in the MeV range, a new Compton telescope will be necessary. It must possess an effective area much greater than COMPTEL, but also reject background more efficiently than COMPTEL. With these properties, one could easily attain an order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity over COMPTEL, opening up numerous investigations while providing a rich catalog of sources for subsequent study. Future goals not only include conducting observations over the wide energy range from 0.3 to 20 MeV, but also performing the best possible measurements of narrow and broad lines, point sources and extended objects, and steady state and transient sources with a large dynamic range. We review the demands on and the challenges in developing a medium energy Compton gamma-ray telescope that can make significant strides in our understanding of the Universe.
Upper and lower probability inferences based on a sample from a finite univariate population.

This paper provides detailed formulae for upper and lower probability inferences, based on a sample from a finite population with a discrete univariate observable characteristic, and directed towards the unknown parameters of the population or properties of a future sample. The model is set up in ? 2 and the detailed formulae are given in ? 3. Section 4 demonstrates a limited relationship with confidence statements and ? 5 explores some special cases.
Photomask in-plane distortion induced during e-beam patterning

As feature sizes decrease and the demand for throughput increases, the semiconductor industry must concentrate on pattern positioning accuracy and process efficiency. Thermomechanical distortions induced in the photomask during fabrication may act to constrain the desired range of operating conditions to meet the manufacturing requirements for pattern placement accuracy and throughput. 3D finite element heat transfer and structural models have been developed to determine the global in-plane distortions induced in the photomask during e-beam patterning. Results obtained from these models show that the thermal-induced distortions, caused by global heating, are significant. Whereas, distortions due to the mechanical loading, caused by resist in situ stress relief, are minimal and can be neglected.
The Resilience of Life: On Simmel’s Last Testament

than ninety years after its publication in Ger man immediately following his untimely death at the age of 60—of Georg Simmel's last "testament": a wide-ranging intellectual meditation on "life" in its most general aspects. The publication of an English-lan guage edition of a major work authored by one of the central figures in social theory today constitutes an event, and this transla tion effort (by John A. Y. Andrews and Don ald N. Levine) certainly qualifies as such. The book is composed of three major the matic chapters headlined by an introductory statement of the fundamental problematic that serves as the ordering framework for each of the more detailed investigations. Levine's exemplary introduction to the book does a fantastic job of dealing with the intellectual and more immediate "pro duction" history of the book, so I will not devote any space to repeating that here. The volume closes with the first translation
Particulate organic carbon in the global ocean derived from SeaWiFS ocean color

Abstract Satellite remote sensing offers new means of quantifying particulate organic carbon, POC, concentration over large oceanic areas. From SeaWiFS ocean color, we derived 10-year data of POC concentration in the surface waters of the global ocean. The 10-year time series of the global and basin scale average surface POC concentration do not display any significant long-term trends. The annual mean surface POC concentration and its seasonal amplitude are highest in the North Atlantic and lowest in the South Pacific, when compared to other ocean basins. POC anomalies in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and global concentrations seem to be inversely correlated with El Nino index, but longer time series are needed to confirm this relationship. Quantitative estimates of POC reservoir in the oceanic surface layer depend on the choice of what should represent this layer. Global average POC biomass is 1.34 g m −2 if integrated over one optical depth, 3.62 g m −2 if integrated over mixed layer depth, and up to 6.41 g m −2 if integrated over 200-m layer depth (when assumed POC concentration below MLD is 20 mg m −3 ). The global estimate of total POC reservoir in the surface 200-m layer of the ocean is 228.61×10 13 g. We expect that future estimates of POC reservoir may be even larger, when more precise calculations account for deep-water organic-matter maxima in oligotrophic regions, and POC biomass located just below the seasonal mixed layer in spring and summer in the temperate regions.
Bi-directional mechanical properties of the axillary pouch of the glenohumeral capsule: implications for modeling and surgical repair.

The objective of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of the axillary pouch of the inferior glenohumeral ligament in the directions perpendicular (transverse) and parallel (longitudinal) to the longitudinal axis of the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. A punch was used to excise one transverse and one longitudinal tissue sample from the axillary pouch of each cadaveric shoulder (n = 10). Each tissue sample was preconditioned and then a load-to-failure test was performed. All tissue samples exhibited the typical nonlinear behavior reported for ligaments and tendons. Significant differences (p 0.05) were observed between the ultimate strain (transverse: 23.5 +/- 11.5%, longitudinal: 33.3 +/- 23.6%) and strain energy density (transverse: 10.8 +/- 8.5 MPa, longitudinal: 21.1 +/- 15.4 MPa) of the transverse and longitudinal tissue samples. The ultimate stress determined for the longitudinal axillary pouch tissue samples was comparable to a previous study that reported it to be 5.5 +/- 2.0 MPa. The ratio of the longitudinal to transverse moduli (3.3 +/- 2.8) is considerably less than that of the medial collateral ligament of the knee (30) and interosseous ligament of the forearm (385), suggesting that the axillary pouch functions to stabilize the joint in more than just one direction. Future models of the glenohumeral joint and surgical repair procedures should consider the properties of the axillary pouch in its transverse and longitudinal directions to fully describe the behavior of the inferior glenohumeral ligament.
Nanocomposite Platinum–Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Electrode and Implications for Micro-SOFC Operation

Thin-film composite electrodes with nanometric grains of platinum and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were reactively sputtered onto single-crystal yttria-stabilized zirconia. The activation polarization resistance exhibited an activation energy of 1.3-1.5 eV and was found to have an approximate inverse dependence on microelectrode radius squared, consistent with, effectively, a mixed ionic-electronic conductive nature. Area specific polarization resistances of less than 500 Ω cm 2 were achieved at 400°C in a dense thin-film electrode. The attractiveness of these nanocomposite electrodes for use in microfabricated solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), of interest as portable power sources, is discussed.
Linear, non-mitochondrial plasmids of Alternaria alternata

Three plasmids, with sizes of 7.0 kbp, 6.8 kbp, and 5.0 kbp and designated pAal-1, pAal-2 and pAal-3 respectively, have been found in a tentoxin-producing isolate of Alternaria alternata. Exonuclease digestions show these plasmids to be linear with blocked 5' ends. Plasmid pAal-1 does not hybridize to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA, or double-stranded RNA from a mycovirus found in the isolate, but does hybridize weakly to a series of linear DNAs which are not visible on gels and may include pAal-2 and pAal-3. Cellular fractionation shows that, unlike other linear fungal plasmids, these plasmids are not localized in the mitochondria. Plasmids have not been found in other tentoxin-producing isolates and there is no evidence that these plasmids have any effect on the production of tentoxin.
The infrared absorption spectrum of methyl cyanide vapor

Abstract The infrared spectrum of methyl cyanide has been examined from 1.6 μ to 20 μ with a grating spectrometer. All observed perpendicular bands and one parallel fundamental were resolved and analyzed. Both the parallel and perpendicular components were observed for many of the overtones and combination bands. Zeta factors, Coriolis coupling coefficients, band origins, and rotational constants are given for the resolved bands.
Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancy: Self-Understanding from an Adlerian Perspective

Some of the underlying processes involved in teenage preg nancy are highlighted and purposiveness and goals of behavior as well as intervention strategies are discussed.
A theoretical analysis of relativistic klystron oscillators

An electron beam pre-modulated at the first cavity in a klystron enters the second cavity opening, exciting it. Induced voltage at the second cavity in a high-power klystron forms a virtual cathode momentarily, sending back a part of the beam toward the first cavity. The relationship between the induced voltage and the return current at the first cavity is investigated. The boundary between the amplifier and oscillator operation regions is described in the parameter space defined by the return current strength and inter-cavity distance. Nonlinear saturation mechanism of the first cavity excitation is investigated for the oscillator operation region. One of the key saturation mechanisms of the cavity excitation is that the location at which the maximum current modulation occurs starts to shift toward the first cavity, if the induced voltage at the first cavity increases significantly. The saturation amplitude of the induced voltage is an increasing function of the beam intensity and energy, but it is independent of the return current. >
A probe system for spectrometric determination of temperature and concentration distributions in combustion gases

Abstract Recently a cooled radiation probe has been developed and its performance has been tested for emission utilizing a premixed sodium seeded propane-air flame. In this paper, a modification of this probe system is reported. By introducing a second probe, the volume between these probes for which emission and absorption measurements are performed may be restricted to any desired size. For sufficiently small volumes, homogenous conditions between the two probes may be assumed which makes the determination of the coefficients a straightforward procedure. The influence of the probe assembly on the flame and the associated spatial resolution of the probe system has been studied by immersing the probes into a homogeneous layer of a premixed sodium seeded propane-air flame. The results show that the probe system is adequate for spectrometric temperature and concentration measurements in combustion gases regardless of their configuration, as long as regions of steep gradients are excluded.
Northern Chars: Scientific Challenges and Management Opportunities

Abstract Northern chars of the genus Salvelinus, Dolly Varden S. malma and Arctic char S. alpinus, challenge scientific creativity because of their notable plasticity in phenotypic life forms. Scandinavian fisheries scientists are vigorously pursuing the potential of Arctic char for commercial culture because this species grows well in very cold water and at high rearing densities. Ten papers on Arctic char that originated from a symposium on northern chars held at the 1989 annual meeting of the American Fisheries Society in Anchorage, Alaska, are introduced and summarized. These papers, authored by scientists from Norway and Sweden, exemplify the interest in and concern for wild stocks of Arctic char, and they explore the possibilities for culture of this species.
An Electro-Optical Search And Visibility Enhancement Technique

A technique for performing image processing in real time on normally illuminated scenes--and its potential applications to underwater search and visibility improvement--are described. The Cybercon, a system embodying this technique, is currently undergoing terrestrial tests for the U. S. Army. The system consists of an electro-optical sensor under programmed electronic control. Image processing is performed in a special camera tube. Results are visible to the operator at the phosphor viewing screen of the unit, or may be transmitted to a remote display. Tests on simulated backscatter penetration have been performed, and are illustrated in the paper. This is accomplished by high-pass filtering of the visual image. A 2:1 increase in visibility range is estimated. For underwater search applications, the Cybercon sensor may be programmed to detect the particular shape or spectral characteristic desired. An example of this type of shape detection performed on underwater photography is presented. Automatic monitoring for motion or changes within the scene, together with visibility improvement, can be performed by this sensor used as a processor. Terrestrial examples of this type of application are presented.© (1968) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
“Music fit for us minorities”: Latinas/os' Use of Hip Hop as Pedagogy and Interpretive Framework to Negotiate and Challenge Racism

Using Critical Race and Latino Critical theories, this study examines 20 in-depth interviews conducted by the author with Mexican and Puerto Rican youth from the Chicago area. The author contends that youth utilized hip hop music in multiple and overlapping ways, engaging hip hop music as both a pedagogy that centers the perspectives of people of color and a framework to examine daily life. Specifically, youth used hip hop discourse to make sense of the ways race operates in their daily lives; to more broadly understand their position in the U.S racial/ethnic hierarchy; and to critique traditional schooling for failing to critically incorporate their racialized ethnic/cultural identities within official school dialogues and curricula in empowering ways. Succinctly conveyed by one youth, the theme “Music fit for us minorities,” explores the ways that students link hip hop music to the disempowering cultural identities they encounter about Latinas/os, the structures that marginalize them, and to broader sys...
Manned Spacecraft Requirements for Materials and Processes

A major cause of project failure can be attributed to an emphasized focus on end products and inadequate attention to resolving development risks during the initial phases of a project. The initial phases of a project, which we will call the "study period", are critical to determining project scope and costs, and can make or break most projects. If the requirements are not defined adequately, how can the scope be adequately determined, also how can the costs of the entire project be effectively estimated, and how can the risk of project success be accurately assessed? Using the proper material specifications and standards and incorporating these specifications and standards in the design process should be considered inherently crucial to the technical success of a project as just as importantly, crucial to the cost and schedule success. This paper will intertwine several important aspects or considerations for project success: 1) Characteristics of a "Good Material Requirement"; 2) Linking material requirements to the implementation of "Design for Manufacturing"; techniques and 3) The importance of decomposing materials requirements during the study phase/development phase to mitigate project risk for the maturation of technologies before the building of hardware.
Re-evaluation of osmotic effects as a general adaptative strategy for bacteria in sub-freezing conditions.

Abstract We studied the molecular mechanisms of adaptation of a Siberian psychrophilic bacterial strain. Upon adaptation to 4°C from 24°C, the major changes observed were in the membrane and cell surface chemistry. There was no evidence for the formation of so-called ‘compatible metabolites’ that are thought to be responsible for the survival at very low to sub-freezing temperatures. The membrane fatty acids were shorter with an increased amount of unsaturation in the 4°C cells compared to the 24°C cells. The absence of a significant amount of phosphorylation in the membrane lipids at 4°C compared to the levels at 24°C was another significant difference. At 4°C, the cell size was reduced in volume by a factor of ∼14 compared to its size at 24°C. The polar polysaccharide capsular layer was also significantly reduced. There were no significant changes in the protein profiles indicating that antifreeze proteins were not being produced. The results obtained here are consistent with observations and established theories and principles on and about the behavior of water in confined spaces. These indicate that ordering effects, surface charge and polarity are the key determinants of the freezing point and the type of ice structure that will be formed when water is confined to an area of the size of a bacterial cell.
Down regulation of the mercury resistance operon by the most promoter-distal gene merD.

The effect of the merD gene on the expression of the mer operon was determined from the rates of accumulation of merA-lacZ fusion protein in the presence and absence of an active merD gene in trans. In the presence of the merD gene, β-galactosidase activity was 2- to 4-fold lower. The merD gene was cloned in a T7 promoter expression vector and the MerD protein product was visualized by autoradiography.
Screw implantation in spinous process for occipitoaxial fixation

The feasibility of direct implantation of screws into the spinous process of the axis for fixation of plates in occipitoaxial stabilization is discussed. The method was used in 11 cases of congenital craniovertebral anomalies. The relatively strong and stubby spinous process of the axis in cases with occipitalization of the atlas facilitated screw implantation. In three cases two screws were implanted into the spinous process. The follow-up ranged from 3 to 43 months, the average being 26 months. During the period of follow-up one screw backed out from the spinous process. In the rest of the cases the screw in the spinous process satisfactorily fixed the axial end of the plate and stabilized the region.
Characterization of a Structural Phase Transition in δ-(ET)2AuBr2 at 420K by ESR and Crystal Packing Studies

Abstract The ESR lineshapes of δ- and s′ - (ET)2AuBr2 (ET denotes bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene) were examined over a wide temperature range. The lineshape studies indicated that α′ −(ET)2AuBr2 was stable from 300 to 460 K, where decomposition occurred. In contrast, δ-(ET)2AuBr2 was converted to α' -(ET)2AuBr2 in a few minutes at 420 K. Due to the heavily twinned nature of the crystals obtained, the α' product could not be unamiguously identified by X-ray crystallography and was characterized by ESR spectroscopy. The ESR lineshape behavior (100 to 300 K) of the thermally-derived α' modification was identical within experimental error to that of independently synthesized α' - (ET)2AuBr2. Crystal packing analysis showed that α' - (ET)2AuBr2 has more short C-H … anion contacts per donor molecule than does δ - (ET)2AuBr2, thereby suggesting that α′ −(ET)2AuBr2 is thermodynamically more stable than δ- (ET)2AuBr2.
Formation and Properties of Aerocolloidal TiO2-Coated Microspheres Produced by Alkoxide Droplet Reaction

The chemical reaction between an electrodynamically levitated microdroplet of titanium tetraethoxide (TTE) and water vapor has been studied by means of elastic and inelastic light scattering. It is shown that the initially rapid rate of reaction leads to the formation of a TiO2 shell which inhibits and eventually stops the reaction. The parameters which govern the simultaneous diffusion and chemical reaction process are elucidated, and experiments were performed to determine the properties of the product. The elastic light-scattering measurements include angular scattering data and morphological resonance spectra from which the size of the microsphere, the refractive index of the core, and the thickness, refractive index and density of the coating are estimated. The inelastic scattering data consist of Raman spectra obtained during the slower part of the reaction and after the product particle was annealed by electromagnetic heating using an infrared laser. The microparticle Raman data, which agree with previously reported spectra for thin films and for bulk ethanol/TTE mixtures, indicate that upon electromagnetic heating the structure of the TiO2 shell changed from a weak rutile/amorphous structure to an anatase crystalline form.