cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tribes are Public Health Authorities: Protecting Tribal Sovereignty in Times of Public Health Crisis

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted existing gaps in public health systems across the country including federal Indian health systems. Despite treaty obligations to provide health care to American Indians and Alaska Natives, the federal government has consistently underfunded Indian health facilities. Federal Indian health programming remains piecemeal, often falling victim to Congressional politics for continued funding, requiring inter-Tribal competition for grant and cooperative agreement funding, or requiring Tribal cost sharing. Tragically, but, unsurprisingly given failures in federal Indian health policy, many American Indian and Alaska Native communities have experienced health inequities throughout the pandemic. In several states, American Indians have higher rates of COVID-19 infections as well as worse health outcomes, including higher mortality, than their non-Indian counterparts. By exercising their inherent sovereignty as Tribal Nations, many Tribes have been able to mitigate failings in federal Indian health policy in their COVID-19 response. Unfortunately, reports across Indian country have found instances of state and local governments failing to adequately engage Tribal governments in public health activities, even those implicating Tribal members on Tribal lands, citing lack of Tribal public health authority. Not only is this legally inaccurate, but it also limits Tribal public health response efforts, and infringes on Tribal sovereignty. This issue brief discusses the legal authority for Tribes to serve as public health authorities. First, it describes the inherent authority of Tribes to engage in public health activities. Second, it discusses the recognition of Tribal public health authority across federal law and programs. This issue brief ends by discussing strategies to reinforce Tribal authority in times of public health crisis.
LEA motifs promote desiccation tolerance in vivo

Abstract Background Cells and organisms typically cannot survive in the absence of water. However, there are some notable exceptions, including animals such as nematodes, tardigrades, rotifers, and some arthropods. One class of proteins known to play a role in desiccation resistance is the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins. These largely disordered proteins protect plants and animals from desiccation. A multitude of studies have characterized stress-protective capabilities of LEA proteins in vitro and in heterologous systems. However, the extent to which LEA proteins exhibit such functions in vivo, in their native contexts in animals, is unclear. Furthermore, little is known about the distribution of LEA proteins in multicellular organisms or tissue-specific requirements in conferring stress protection. Results To study the endogenous function of an LEA protein in an animal, we created a true null mutant of C. elegans LEA-1, as well as endogenous fluorescent reporters of the protein. We confirmed that C. elegans lacking LEA-1 are sensitive to desiccation. LEA-1 mutant animals were also sensitive to heat and osmotic stress and were prone to protein aggregation. During desiccation, LEA-1 expression increased and became more widespread throughout the body. LEA-1 was required at high levels in body wall muscle for animals to survive desiccation and osmotic stress. We identified minimal motifs within C. elegans LEA-1 that are sufficient to increase desiccation survival of E. coli. To test whether such motifs are central to LEA-1’s in vivo functions, we then replaced the sequence of lea-1 with these minimal motifs and found that C. elegans survived mild desiccation and osmotic stress at the same levels as worms with the full-length protein. Conclusions Our results provide insights into the endogenous functions and expression dynamics of an LEA protein in a multicellular animal. The results show that LEA-1 buffers animals from a broad range of stresses. Our identification of LEA motifs that can function in both bacteria and in a multicellular organism suggests the possibility of engineering LEA-1-derived peptides for optimized desiccation protection.
Investigating survivin as a novel target in black women with breast cancer.

594Background: Black women with breast cancer have higher mortality than White women. Differences in tumor biology contribute to racial disparities in breast cancer outcomes. BIRC5 gene encodes sur...
Benefits for Both: Connecting Textile and Clothing Collections with Theater and Costume Makers

In the current economic climate, many university collections and museums are asked to justify their continued existence. Demonstrating that they are meeting the home institution's tripartite mission of research, teaching, and service is considered essential. Textiles and clothing collections (TCCs) are often utilized by researchers and in classrooms focusing on fashion design or historic dress within the apparel field. However, costume designers have equal need for TCCs. In addition to visual and textual sources, costume designers examine historical artifacts to gain a deeper understanding of a period or place. While Welters and Ordonez (2011) understood this, recommending outreach to theater departments in their monograph about academic TCCs, the connection between TCCs and theater makers is tenuous at best. The purpose of this presentation is to offer suggestions to TCCs related to theater makers in order to advance their mission and to increase their visibility within the university and the community.
Enhancing institutional research capacity in the midst of a pandemic: A system approach

Abstract This article outlines the impacts of COVID-19 on higher education and provides a contextual assessment of how higher education systems can provide support to institutions and stakeholders through a formulated planning process which helps identify, plan, and achieve strategic goals in response to fluctuating priorities.
Ketzerei und Ausstoßung

Im Rahmen meiner Tatigkeit am Institut der Wirtschaftsforschung begann ich Anfang 1956 mit der Arbeit an einem Buch uber den Keynesianismus, dieWirtschaftslehre von John Maynard Keynes. Keynes’ Allgemeine Theorie der Beschaftigung, die er wahrend der grosen Weltwirtschaftskrise in den 1930er Jahren entwickelte, analysierte die langen Jahre der massiven Arbeitslosigkeit und der Unterauslastung der Produktionskapazitaten.
Gene Identification: Forward Genetics

Forward genetics aims to identify the sequence variation(s) responsible for a given phenotypic trait. Unlike reverse genetics, which seeks to find the mutated phenotype resulted from known sequence changes, gene identification via forward genetics has different process. It starts with the identification of the mutant phenotype (caused by either artificial mutagenesis or natural variation). Then a mapping population which segregates at the interested phenotype is produced. Together with high density molecular markers, the candidate genes are mapped and further narrowed down to a small chromosome region. Finally, genetic engineering (e.g. overexpression, gene knock down), complementation or reverse genetics methods are applied (Salvi and Tuberosa 2005) to identify the gene that is responsible for the phenotype. In this chapter, each step involved in gene identification by forward genetics (Fig. 3.1) will be reviewed in detail along with potential and limitations for each of them.
Dysregulated immune responses in lupus-prone mice facilitate Th1-cell immunity against influenza A (BA12P.103)

Influenza viruses are a primary cause of respiratory tract infections causing the highest number of hospitalizations and mortalities out of any viral respiratory pathogen. In patients with systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), infections remain a major cause of morbidity and early mortality. Despite the availability of vaccines, only antigenically related infections are prevented and vaccines may be less effective in some SLE patients. Whether infectious disease risk results from SLE-associated innate and adaptive immune defects or from immunosuppressive medication effects (or both) remains unknown. Using a murine model of SLE, we show MRL-lpr/lpr mice infected with influenza A PR8/34 H1N1 have delayed morbidity and decreased cellular infiltration into the lung compared to MRL/MPJ and C57BL/6 control mice. In addition, we show that lupus-prone mice accumulate more pulmonary IFNγ and TNFα virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to clear infection. However, MRL-lpr/lpr mice have increased levels of IL-10 compared to controls limiting pulmonary inflammation. We further show that influenza virus did not increase production of lupus-specific autoantibodies or total IgG in SLE mice. These data suggest that the activated immune response of lupus-prone mice assists in the control of influenza A virus without worsening of disease symptoms.
Endotoxin induces rapid protein tyrosine phosphorylation in 70Z/3 cells expressing CD14

CD14, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein of leukocytes, binds endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) with high affinity. After the murine pre-B cell line 70Z/3 is transfected with DNA encoding human CD14 (hCD14), the resultant stably transfected cell line, 70Z/3-hCD14, responds to 1000-fold lower LPS concentrations than the parental CD14-negative line. We have used 70Z/3-hCD14 cells, RAW264.7 cells, and elicited murine peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) to study LPS-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation. LPS induces the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a 38-kDa protein (p38) in 70Z/3-hCD14 cells, PEM, and RAW264.7 cells and of two isoforms of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in only RAW264.7 cells and PEM. p38 can be distinguished from the MAPK isoforms based on differences in mobilities on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the lack of reactivity of p38 with anti-MAPK antibody even after dephosphorylation with potato acid phosphatase. Synthetic lipid A induces p38 phosphorylation in 70Z/3-hCD14 cells, whereas phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and interferon-gamma fail to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of p38. Pretreatment of 70Z/3-hCD14 cells with anti-hCD14 monoclonal antibody or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A inhibits LPS-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p38. These results suggest that increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation occurs rapidly after LPS binds to CD14 and is likely to be an important event in mediating LPS-induced cell activation.
Helping Natural Disaster Victims Depends on Characteristics and Perceptions of Victims. A Response to “Who Helps Natural Disaster Victims?”

Natural disasters have devastating consequences, creating the need for local and international help. This commentary is a response to “Who Helps Natural Disaster Victims” (Marjanovic, Struthers, and Greenglass, 2011) and provides further evidence to better understand how intergroup attitudes may affect decisions to help victims of natural disasters. We argue that potential helpers’ attitudes toward the victims may impact their perceptions of the helping situation and the decision to provide help. Hurricane Katrina and the earthquake in Haiti are used as examples of natural disasters where intergroup attitudes may have influenced the helping response. Examining intergroup perceptions in helping situations is imperative to alleviating the immediate and long term needs of those affected by natural disasters.
Abstract 223: Elevated Mip-1b, Peripheral Arterial Disease, and Antiplatelet Medication Use Predict Cognitive Function Among Asymptomatic Patients Referred for Carotid Doppler Evaluation

Background: Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) includes the entire spectrum of cognitive disorders associated with cerebrovascular disease, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to vascular dementia. Our incomplete understanding of vascular and inflammatory mechanisms involved limits the ability to prevent cognitive impairment. We explored whether inflammation may be associated with cognitive function among subjects at risk for cerebrovascular disease. Methods: Sixty consecutive patients without dementia or stroke referred for carotid Doppler evaluation were screened for cognitive impairment using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Serum was obtained for measurement of inflammatory markers using the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 27-plex Assay kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Hs-CRP was also measured. Inflammatory markers were analyzed according to quartiles of marker concentration for association with MoCA score. Backward stepwise regression was conducted to find the best combination of predictors. Markers having bivariate correlations at the 0.25 significance level were included as potential predictors. Relevant demographic and comorbid factors were also considered. Variables with p values <0.05 were retained in the final model. Results: Fifty-eight percent of patients (35/60) had cognitive impairment (MoCA<26, range 19-25). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed inverse correlations between three variables and MoCA scores: Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1b - MIP-1b (b= -0.99, SE = 0.30, p=0.0016), use of antiplatelet medications (b= -1.96, SE = 0.93, p=0.039), and peripheral arterial disease - PAD (b= -1.53, SE = 0.73, p=0.041), overall model R2 = 0.26, F = 6.5, p=0.0007. Conclusions: Elevated MIP-1b, presence of PAD, and use of antiplatelet medications were associated with lower cognitive performance among patients at risk for cerebrovascular disease. The range of abnormal MoCA scores (19-25) and high prevalence of vascular risk factors among this group suggest that the cognitively impaired subjects have early VCI. These data suggest that MIP-1b should be further explored as a potential link to mechanisms for development of VCI.
Detection of sclerotic spine metastases via random aggregation of deep convolutional neural network classifications

Automated detection of sclerotic metastases (bone lesions) in Computed Tomography (CT) images has potential to be an important tool in clinical practice and research. State-of-the-art methods show performance of 79 % sensitivity or true-positive (TP) rate, at 10 false-positives (FP) per volume. We design a two-tiered coarse-to-fine cascade framework to first operate a highly sensitive candidate generation system at a maximum sensitivity of \(\sim \)92 % but with high FP level (\(\sim \)50 per patient). Regions of interest (ROI) for lesion candidates are generated in this step and function as input for the second tier. In the second tier we generate \(N\) 2D views, via scale, random translations, and rotations with respect to each ROI centroid coordinates. These random views are used to train a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier. In testing, the CNN is employed to assign individual probabilities for a new set of \(N\) random views that are averaged at each ROI to compute a final per-candidate classification probability. This second tier behaves as a highly selective process to reject difficult false positives while preserving high sensitivities. We validate the approach on CT images of 59 patients (49 with sclerotic metastases and 10 normal controls). The proposed method reduces the number of FP/vol. from 4 to 1.2, 7 to 3, and 12 to 9.5 when comparing a sensitivity rates of 60, 70, and 80 % respectively in testing. The Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) is 0.834. The results show marked improvement upon previous work.
Models of Colliding Galaxies: Kinetic Energy and Density Enhancements

Collisions and close encounters between galaxies have a profound effect upon the galaxies involved, for example, morphological changes can be pronounced. A very obvious effect of interaction on galaxies is a mean increase in their far infrared luminosities as detected by IRAS (Kennicutt et al. 1987; Bushouse, Lamb, and Werner 1988). This observed excess in infrared luminosity has often been invoked as evidence of increased star formation in these systems, but may in some cases be attributable to radiation from shocks in the gas occurring as a direct result of the collision (Harwitt et al. 1987). Of particular interest is the possibility that colliding galaxies are sites of unusual star formation.
On the implications of recent observations of the inner knot in the Crab nebula

Recent observations of the Crab Nebula (Rudy et al 2015) have maintained its reputation for high energy astrophysical enlightenment and its use as a testbed for theories of the behaviour of magnetized, relativistic plasma. In particular, new observations of the inner knot located 0.65" SE from the pulsar confirm that it is compact, elongated transversely to the symmetry axis and curved concave towards the pulsar. 60 percent polarization has been measured along the symmetry axis (Moran et al 2013). The knot does not appear to be involved in the gamma ray flares. The new observations both reinforce the interpretation of the knot as dissipation of the pulsar wind at a strong shock and challenge the details of existing models of this process. In particular, it is argued that the compactness, high polarization and curvature are difficult to reconcile with simple relativistic shock models. Alternative possibilities include deflection of the outflow ahead of the shock and spatial variation in which the knot is interpreted as a caustic. Some future observations are proposed and new theoretical investigations are suggested.
Optical free induction decay (OFID) effect in Dymel gas mixtures

Narrow bursts of laser pulses have many applications. OFID is one of the techniques used to shorten the pulsewidth of a CO2 laser after it passes through a gas such as Dymel. Present work is an extension of earlier studies in Dymel gas. Controlled mixtures of Dymel with Helium, Argon, and Nitrogen gas affect the original OFID effect in pure Dymel gas in different ways.
Software Design and Implementation in the Web Environment

In only 4 or 5 years, the World Wide Web changed from a static collection of HTML (hypertext markup language) Web pages to a dynamic engine that powers e-business, collaborative work, and distribution of information and entertainment. These exciting changes have been fueled by many changes in software technology, the software development process, and how software is deployed. Although the word “heterogeneous” is commonly used to describe Web software, we might easily forget to notice in how many ways it can be applied. In fact, the synonymous term “diverse” is more general and familiar, and may be more appropriate. Web software applications use diverse types of hardware, they include a diverse collection of types of implementation languages (including traditional programs, HTML, interpreted scripts, and databases), they are composed of software written in diverse languages, and they are built by collections of people with diverse sets of skills. Although these changes in how Web applications are built are interesting and fascinating, one of the most unique aspects of Web software applications is in terms of the needs they must satisfy. Web applications have very high requirements for a number of quality attributes. Some of these quality attributes have been important in other (mostly relatively small) segments of the industry, but some of them are relatively new. This chapter discusses some of the technologies and design strategies used to build Web software in the context of how they contribute to satisfying the high-quality requirements. Keywords: .NET (dot NET); client-server computing; common gateway interface (CGI); middleware; scripted pages; web server; web software
How to engage small retail businesses in workplace violence prevention: Perspectives from small businesses and influential organizations.

Background Small retail businesses experience high robbery and violent crime rates leading to injury and death. Workplace violence prevention programs (WVPP) based on Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design reduce this risk, but low small business participation limits their effectiveness. Recent dissemination models of occupational safety and health information recommend collaborating with an intermediary organization to engage small businesses. Methods Qualitative interviews with 70 small business operators and 32 representatives of organizations with small business influence were conducted to identify factors and recommendations for improving dissemination of a WVPP. Results Both study groups recommended promoting WVPPs through personal contacts but differed on other promotion methods and the type of influential groups to target. Small business operators indicated few connections to formal business networks. Conclusions Dissemination of WVPPs to small businesses may require models inclusive of influential individuals (e.g., respected business owners) as intermediaries to reach small businesses with few formal connections. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:668–678, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Soot removal from diesel engine exhaust using a rotating fluidized bed filter

Abstract A horizontal rotating fluidized bed filter was used to capture soot from diesel engine exhaust, achieving mass filtration efficiencies exceeding 80%. In the packed bed mode, the filtration efficiency increased with increasing gas flow rate at all rotating speeds. A mathematical model developed for this radial in-flow configuration was used to predict filtration efficiency as a function of superficial gas velocity. The resulting theoretical curve provided an upper bound for the data, exhibiting the same trend at higher rotating speeds. At low rotating speed, the efficiency after fluidization decreased with increasing gas velocity due to bubble bypassing.
An Analysis of Precipitation Variability, Persistence, and Observational Data Uncertainty in the Western United States

Abstract This paper presents an intercomparison of precipitation observations for the western United States. Using nine datasets, the authors provide a comparative climatology and season- and location-specific evaluations of precipitation uncertainty for the western United States and for five subregions that have distinct precipitation climates. All data are shown to represent the general climate features but with high bias among datasets. Interannual variability is similar among datasets with respect to the timing of precipitation excesses and deficits, but important differences occur in the spatial distribution of specific anomalous events. Dataset distribution differences, as represented by their cumulative density functions (CDFs), are statistically significant for 80% of data combinations stratified by subregion and season. The CDFs of anomaly fields are more similar but uncertainty remains, as data differences are significant for 40% of dataset comparisons. Observational uncertainty is low for persi...
Analysis of growth of Kennebec potatoes grown under differing environments in the tropics

Manipulation of agronomic practices is as important as developing heat tolerant cultivars to overcome constraints associated with potato production in the tropics. Data from experiments conducted in Hawaii to study the effects of season, elevation, irrigation, and fertility on growth and tuber yield of potato, were analysed using standard growth analysis techniques. The objective was to assess the effects of temperature, nutrient, and water availability on leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter production and partitioning in the cultivar Kennebec. Maximum LAI in summer was 1.7 times greater than LAI in winter. Maximum LAI at an elevation of 91 m was 1.5 times greater than LAI at an elevation of 1097 m. Irrigation increased LAI in summer and winter by as much as 3.1 and 2.5 times, respectively. The net assimilation rate (NAR) at tuber enlargement ranged from 3 to 5, and from 5 to 7 g/m2/day in summer and winter, respectively. Tuber and crop growth rate (TGR and CGR) were consistently greater in winter than summer. Irrigation and fertilization significantly increased TGR. Irrigation and fertilization also affected the partitioning coefficient (PC). That is (TGR/CGR). Plants from nonirrigated plots had higher PC values than plants from irrigated plots. Without fertilization, plants from severely eroded plots had higher PC values than plants from noneroded plots. In severely eroded plots, PC decreased with increasing fertilizer application.
Do EMS personnel identify, report, and disclose medical errors?

Objective. To evaluate self-reports of prehospital providers' error frequency, disclosure, andreporting in their actual practice andin hypothetical scenarios. Methods. The authors surveyed a conven...
Neutrophil antimicrobial peptide α-defensin causes endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries

Background Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic polypeptides released from neutrophils that exhibit powerful antimicrobial activities. Because inflammation, including neutrophil infiltration and release of defensins, may play an important role in atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases, we determined whether α-defensin could cause endothelial dysfunction, a major initial event of atherosclerosis, in porcine coronary arteries. Methods Porcine coronary arteries were sliced into 5-mm rings and treated with different concentrations of human recombinant α-defensin for 24 hours. Vasomotor reactivity was studied by using a myograph system. Levels of superoxide anion were detected by the lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence method. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry analysis, respectively. Results Endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to bradykinin was significantly reduced by 40% for the rings treated with 1500 nM of α-defensin compared with controls ( P P P Conclusions Defensin reduces the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. This effect is associated with increased superoxide radical production and decreased eNOS expression in porcine coronary arteries. Clinical Relevance Inflammation is an important mechanism of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases. The roles and interactions of biomediators released from inflammatory cells are not fully understood, however. This study provides new information about effects and potential molecular mechanisms of a major neutrophil releasing factor, α-defensin, on endothelial dysfunction of porcine coronary arteries. Thus, targeting α-defensin and its associated molecular mechanisms may become a new strategy to prevent vascular diseases.
Lattice orders on matrix algebras

We construct all the lattice orders (up to isomorphism) on a full matrix algebra over a subfield of the field of real numbers so that it becomes a lattice-ordered algebra.
Properties of an adenyl cyclase partially purified from frog erythrocytes.

Abstract A particulate adenyl cyclase has been purified 150–200 fold from the erythrocytes of adult Rana Pipiens. The enzyme catalyzed the synthesis of cyclic 3′,5′-AM32P from α-labeled AT32P in the presence of NaF, Mg2+ or Mn2+ and a sulfhydryl compound. Catecholamines stimulated enzymic activity in the absence of fluoride to the extent of 50–75% of that demonstrable in the presence of fluoride. The ability of different catecholamines to stimulate enzymic activity paralleled their potency as β-adrenergic compounds. Sensitivity to stimulation by catecholamines was a labile function preserved only by storage of the enzyme in liquid N2. The purified adenyl cyclase fraction did not contain cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, exhibited optimal activity at pH 8.0, and was inhibited by Zn2+ or Ca2+. dATP was the only nucleoside triphosphate other than ATP which was able to serve as a substrate for the formation of a cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide. Phase microscopy, density gradient centrifugation, enrichment for ATPase activity, and the content of sialic acid and lipid phosphorus all suggested that the particulate enzyme was a fragment of the cell membrane.
The Police and People with Mental Illness: New Approaches to a Longstanding Problem

During the past four decades, fundamental changes in mental health and law enforcement policies have brought criminal justice professionals into increasing contact with people with serious mental illness (PSMI). This contact occurs at every stage of the criminal justice process. The police, who are the gatekeepers of the criminal justice system, interact frequently with PSMI. The current article introduces this special issue of the Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations, which is devoted to the study of the police and PSMI. Although many of the articles discuss the use of Crisis Intervention Teams, which are the most common law enforcement strategy for responding to calls that involve individuals in crisis, the volume addresses many other critical concerns that pertain to police interactions with special or vulnerable populations. Containing 17 original articles on the topic, this collection is one of the most comprehensive and varied of its kind to date.
The unconditional basic income guarantee Attempts to eclipse the welfare state

EnglishThis article describes a loosely affiliated network of international organizations, the Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN), dedicated to enacting legislation for an unconditional guaranteed income for citizens of their respective countries. Three basic income guarantee (BIG) schemes are presented and suggestions are made for overcoming shortcomings identified in each model.FrenchCe papier decrit un reseau tres tenu d'organisations internationales: le BIEN (Basic Income Earth Network = Reseau du Revenu Basique pour la Terre), dedie la creation d'une legislation pour un revenu garanti inconditionnel pour les citoyens de leurs pays respectifs. Trois schemas de garanties de revenu de base (Basic Income Guarantee: BIG) sont presentes et des suggestions sont faites pour surmonter des defauts identifies dans chaque modele.SpanishSe describe una red abierta de organizaciones internacionales, el Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN) (Red Terrestre de Ingresos Base). Se dedica esta red a promover legislaciones qu...
A 44-S particle derived from the 50-S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli and its polymerization.

Abstract Incubation of 50-S ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli at 37° in the presence of 0.1 mM Mg 2+ results in conversion to a particle sedimenting at 44 S on analytical sucrose gradients. Initially, a small, varying amount of two proteins is removed. Urea gel analysis shows that the protein compositions of the 50-S and 44-S particles are otherwise very similar. After prolonged incubation, the RNA remaining in the 44-S particle consists of one major species with a molecular weight of about 0.4 · 10 6 , as measured on acrylamide gels, and a number of lesser fragments. Endogenous nuclease activity is presumed to be responsible. The 44-S particle shows a marked tendency to aggregate, forming dimers, trimers and large linear aggregates containing 50 or more subunits, especially when the Mg 2+ concentration is raised. The various species have been characterized by electron microscopy.
Tay-Sachs Disease: Generalized Absence of a Beta-D-N-Acetylhexosaminidase Component

Two hexosaminidase components, separable by starch-gel electrophoresis and possessing both beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity, are present in human tissues. One of these, hexosaminidase component A, is absent in brain, liver, kidney, skin, cultured skin fibroblasts, blood plasma, and leukocytes from nine patients with Tay-Sachs disease. Hexosaminidase assay may facilitate the early diagnosis of individuals homozygous for Tay-Sachs disease.
MicroRNAs and the Regulation of Vector Tropism

Despite being small (~22 nt) microRNAs (miRNAs) profoundly influence tissue-specific gene expression by interacting with complementary target sequences in cellular messenger RNAs, impairing their translation or marking them for early destruction. Recent work has shown that tissue-specific miRNAs offer a versatile target that can be exploited to control the tropisms of gene expression vectors and of replication-competent viruses. The principle of incorporating miRNA targets into vector genomes to control their tropisms was first demonstrated for nonreplicating lentiviral and adenoviral vectors, with subsequent extension of these studies to replication-competent (oncolytic) picornaviruses, rhabdoviruses, and adenoviruses. In contrast to previous targeting approaches, miRNA targeting looks set to be applicable across the entire spectrum of viruses and gene expression vectors. Here we provide a critique of the literature relevant to this new and rapidly developing field of endeavor. We also examine the possibility of engineering viruses for expression of tropism-regulating miRNAs.
NEPHRO-BRONCHIAL FISTULA

A 45-year-old woman was hospitalized with a productive cough and hemoptysis. She also had fever, chills, diaphoresis, dyspnea on exertion, right pleuritic chest pain, malaise, malodorous urine and dysuria 2 months in duration. Medical history was unremarkable. Physical examination revealed a healthy appearing woman in no acute distress. Temperature was 36.5C, pulse 120 beats per minute, blood pressure 118172 mm. Hg and respiratory rate 16 breaths per minute. Chest examination revealed decreased breath sounds over the right lower lung field with dullness to percussion halfway up the right chest. The abdomen was soft with a moderately tender right mass and right costovertebral angle tenderness. She had been treated as an outpatient initially with trimethoprim sulfate and then ciprofloxacin without improvement. White blood count was 35.6 X 103/mm? (normal 3.8 to 9.8), hemoglobin 10.5 gm./dl. (normal 12.1 to 15.1 gm.%), hematwrit 31.2% (normal 36.1 to 44.3), platelet count 714 X lo3 PI.
Interactions between chemisorbed CO and oxygen on Ni(111)

Abstract Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), work function (ΔΦ), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) have been used to characterize the interactions between chemisorbed CO and oxygen on Ni(111). It has been found that chemisorbed oxygen exhibits both a long range and a short range effect on chemisorbed CO on Ni(111). The short range interaction between chemisorbed oxygen and chemisorbed CO produces a perturbed terminal-CO species, designated as CO∗, with a singleton frequency 41 cm −1 higher than that of the unperturbed terminal-CO. The CO∗ species is found to adsorb on Ni sites which are the nearest neighbors to the oxygen adatoms adsorbed in the threefold sites. The long range interaction between the two coadsorbates also produces a blue-shift in the singleton frequency of the bridged-CO, and a reduction in the CO saturation coverage. A comparison of the interactional effect of oxygen and sulfur on chemisorbed CO indicates that the size of an electronegative species and its projection above the surface is more important than the electronegativity in determining the strength of the poisoning effect of the electronegative species on chemisorbed CO.
The essential Lamarck

Lamarck ou le Mythe du Precurseur. By M. Barthelemy-Madaule. Pp.185. (Editions du Seuil: Paris, 1979.) Approx. 55F, £7.
How to Better Manage Public Expectations and Information Concerning Oil and Chemical Spill Response

NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R) provides scientific expertise to support incident response and initiates natural resource damage assessment both in the U.S. and internationally. Al...
Vertical transmission of the neurofibromatosis/Noonan syndrome.

We are reporting on a boy and his mother with neurofibromatosis and manifestations of Noonan syndrome, including short stature, ptosis, midface hypoplasia, and short neck. Developmental delay was noted in the son, and the mother was noted to have a heart murmur. There was a family history of cafe-au-lait spots, and photographs of several of these relatives showed a facial appearance suggesting Noonan syndrome. The presence of neurofibromatosis associated with Noonan syndrome manifestations in our related patients suggests presence of a unique disorder sharing characteristics of both conditions.
Shattering the Myths: Women in Academe

This study uses a critical feminist perspective to examine women's progress in the field of higher education since 1970. Judith Glazer-Raymo contrasts the activism of the 1970s, the passivity of the 1980s, and the ambivalence and antipathy demonstrated towards feminism in the 1990s. These waves of change, she explains, were brought about by external forces, by generational differences between women, and by intellectual and ideological struggles within the women's movement and the larger academic culture. Her work draws on the experience of women faculty and administrators as they articulate and reflect on the social, economic, political and ideological contexts in which they work and the multiple influences on their professional and personal lives. Arguing that the corporatization of the university is creating new obstacles that deter women's full participation, the author identifies the gender implications of rules and practices that might otherwise seem neutral or objective. Pervasive concerns relate to attacks on academic freedom, the validity of the academic pipeline and academic labour market arguments, the retreat from affirmative action, the retrenchment of feminized fields, the growth of a dual employment system, the resilience of the glass ceiling and other barriers to advancement, and the curriculum as contested terrain. In tracing three decades of women's progress in the academy, the author provides data from a variety of sources (including national and regional databases) on women's rank, salaries, employment status and education. Finally, her critique is informed by her own experience in the academy as an administrator, researcher, community activist, teacher, mentor and advisor.
Reduced rates for AIP journals

The American Institute of Physics (AIP) offers reduced rates for subscriptions of its journals to individual members of affiliated societies. AGU is an A IP-affiliated society. The offer is limited to one subscription per person to each journal.
Feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus antibody responses in seronegative specific pathogen-free cats after a single administration of two different modified live FVRCP vaccines:

Two groups of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) seronegative cats (five cats per group) were administered one of two modified live feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus (FVRCP) vaccines and the serological responses to each agent were followed over 28 days. While all cats developed detectable FPV and FCV antibody titers; only two cats developed detectable FHV-1 antibody titers using the criteria described by the testing laboratory. For FPV and FHV-1, there were no differences in seroconversion rates between the cats that were administered the intranasal (IN) FVRCP vaccine and the cats that were administered the parenteral FVRCP vaccine on any day post-inoculation. For FCV, the cats that were administered the IN FVRCP vaccine were more likely to seroconvert on days 10 and 14 when compared to cats that were administered the parenteral FVRCP vaccine.
High-performance capillary electrophoresis of proteins using sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly(ethylene oxide)

Abstract High-performance capillary electrophoresis using the replaceable poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) polymer network in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is shown to be a viable alternative to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The effects of the PEO molecular mass and polymer concentration on the separation of proteins were studied. The 100 000 PEO polymer provided good resolution of the protein standards and was selected for detailed studies. The preparation of this gel at various concentrations is relatively simple and makes it feasible for Ferguson analysis. Various recombinant proteins were analyzed using a universal calibration curve generated by the Ferguson analysis. The accuracy of the estimated molecular mass were very much protein dependent, in general it was about 10% off to their sequence based molecular mass.
Experimental Studies of Shear Deformation of Mantle Materials: Towards Structural Geology of the Mantle

A brief outline is given on experimental studies carried out in the Minnesota Mineral and Rock Physics Laboratory of microstructural evolution and rheology of mantle mineral aggregates or their analogues, using a simple shear deformation geometry. A simple shear deformation geometry allows us to unambiguously identify controlling factors of microstructural evolution and to obtain large strains at high pressures and temperatures, and thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate the “structural geology of the mantle.” We have developed a simple shear deformation technique for use at high pressures and temperatures (pressure up to 16 GPa and temperature up to 2000 K) in both gas-medium and solid-medium apparati. This technique has been applied to the following mineral systems: (i) olivine aggregates, (ii) olivine basaltic melt, (iii) CaTiO3 perovskite aggregates. The results have provided important data with which to understand the dynamics of the earth’s mantle, including the geometry of mantle convection, mechanisms of melt distribution and migration beneath mid-ocean ridges, and the mechanisms of shear localization. Limitations of laboratory studies and future directions are also discussed.
Raman-like pumping from long range excited alkali atom-alkali dimer interactions

Abstract In a study of the reactions of halogen atoms with small supersonically cooled molecules, we observe the manifestation of Raman scattering in the absence of an external light source. The observed features are unique in that they are induced by and correlate with emission from the Na D-line components (D 1 , D 2 ) formed in the chemical reaction, Na 2 + Br → Na ∗ + NaBr . In the chemiluminescent studies, the D-line emission is scattered by cooled sodium dimers (Na 2 ) formed, through supersonic expansion, in the lowest vibrational levels of their ground electronic state. Multiple Stokes and anti-Stokes features, assigned as resonance Raman progressions, dominate all normal chemiluminescent emission from the Na 2 B 1 Π u → X 1 Σ g + and A 1 Σ u + → X 1 Σ g + band systems. Comparison of higher resolution scans ( Δ ν ∼ 1.15 cm −1 ) with the results of computer simulations confirms the observation of resonance Raman scattering and suggests an unusually large broadening linewidth for the dimer, Γ ∼ 4 cm −1 . This linewidth cannot be associated with Doppler or power broadening. Nor can it be attributed to interaction with the atomic bromine in the reaction zone. Pulsed and cw laser probes indicate that these bands are intimately linked to the presence of an excited state sodium atom (3P) constituency, suggesting the possibility of a long range Na 2 Na ∗ interaction which mediates the Raman scattering process.
Two-dimensional DNA gel electrophoresis as a method for analysis of eukaryotic genome structure: evaluation using Tetrahymena thermophila DNA.

Abstract There is growing interest in mapping and analyzing complete eukaryotic genomes. Yee and Inouye (in Experimental Manipulation of Gene Expression, pp. 279–290, Academic Press, New York) demonstrated that bacterial chromosomes can be resolved into interpretable patterns of DNA fragments by means of restriction enzyme digestion and electrophoresis in two dimensions. We have begun to explore applications of this procedure to analysis of eukaryotic genomes, which are far more complex. Tetrahymena thermophila was selected as a model organism because its genome is small, roughly equivalent to that of a single human chromosome. In addition, each Tetrahymena cell contains two nuclei which differ in sequence composition and methylation. Our results demonstrate that the Tetrahymena genome can be resolved into complex patterns of fragments in two dimensions. Hybridization to Southern blots of these gels with a multiply repeated sequence probe yielded analyzable patterns of a subset of the genome. The blots reveal alterations in genome structure due to methylation and rearrangement. Future extensions of the method are discussed.
Influence of interatomic interactions on the structure and stability of polypeptides and proteins

Several examples are cited to demonstrate how conformational-energy calculations provide information about the manner in which interatomic interactions influence the structure and stability of polypeptides and proteins, and of intermolecular complexes involving these same species. These include the screw senses of α-helical polyamino acids, helix–coil transition parameters, properties of β-bends, and the structures of gramicidin S and of synthetic poly-(tripeptide) models of collagen. In all of these calculations, the multiple-minimum problem has been surmounted. A description is provided as to how the multiple-minimum problem is being approached in calculations on globular proteins. These computational methods have also been applied to protein structure refinement and to the calculation of structures of homologous proteins and of enzyme–substrate complexes.
Interpreting Words in Spatial Descriptions

Abstract A word may have the identical conventional meaning in different descriptions and yet be taken as denoting very different things. The proposal we tested is that the denotation of such a word is what the addressee believes it must be in order to contribute to the model of the situation that the speaker intended the addressee to create. We tested this proposal on the verb approach in descriptions schematised by “Figure F is just approaching landmark L for reason R.” The distance from F to L was judged to be larger, all else being equal, the larger the landmark, the larger the figure, the faster the figure was moving, and the farther away the figure could be and still fulfil his or her purpose. We argued that these and other results about word interpretation are best accounted for by listeners creating the intended situation models.
Three‐layer substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering: preparation and preliminary evaluation

In surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), the magnitude of enhancement is highly dependent on the nanometer-scale morphological and optical properties of the substrate employed. This paper reports the development of an improved SERS-active substrate that is based on a combination of nanoparticle assembly and evaporated thin films. Highly enhancing, three-layer SERS-active substrates were constructed by evaporation of an Ag film over an Ag-clad colloidal Au submonolayer; the distinguishing feature of the three-layer substrate is the formation of evaporated Ag islands between the surface-bound colloidal particles. UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the substrate morphology. The thickness of the evaporated layer was varied in order to determine the optimal substrate architecture. The estimated enhancement factor for the optimized substrate architecture was 7 × 104. Furthermore, better than 15% reproducibility in the Raman spectra for adsorbed analytes was observed from spot to spot on a given substrate, and also from substrate to substrate. Finally, a sub-picogram detection limit was demonstrated with the environmental pollutant 1,3,5-triazine. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.