cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Triarylmethane and Xanthene Dyes Using Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions

The synthesis of dyes has long been a popular topic in organic chemistry laboratory experiments because it allows students to see first hand that reactions learned in class can be used to make compounds with useful applications. In this experiment electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are used to synthesize several triarylmethane and xanthene dyes (fluorescein, erythrosin B, thymolphthalein, and rhodamine B). These dyes can be readily synthesized using equipment found in most common second-year organic labs. Hydroscopic Lewis acids, which are often troublesome to use in a typical lab setup, are avoided. The dyes synthesized in this experiment can each be completed in one four-hour laboratory session. Approximately 30 minutes in a subsequent period will be required for UV�vis analysis, and the student samples give UV�vis spectra that match commercially available dye samples.
Homogeneous feedback laws in dimension three

Consideration is given to single-input systems on R/sup 3/ that are small-time locally controllable. The inherent symmetries of the standard nilpotent approximations to such systems are used to show how to construct Holder continuous feedback laws that respect the symmetries and asymptotically stabilize the control system. An explicit example is worked in detail, and a necessary condition for the existence of such stabilizing feedback laws is obtained. >
Stability of weakly almost conformal mappings

We prove a stability of weakly almost conformal mappings in W 1,p(Ω;Rn) for p not too far below the dimension n by studying the W 1,pquasiconvex hull of the set Cn of conformal matrices. The study is based on coercivity estimates from the nonlinear Hodge decompositions and reverse Holder inequalities from the Ekeland variational principle.
Comparison of Excretion of Nicotinuric Acid After Ingestion of Two Controlled Release Nicotinic Acid Preparations in Man

We tested an inexpensive controlled-release nicotinic acid product (Bronson Pharmaceuticals, LaCanada, CA) and compared it with the standard, more expensive, controlled release product, Nicobid (Rorer Pharmaceuticals), by measuring the 24 hour urinary recovery of nicotinic and nicotinuric acids from ten subjects following 500 mg oral ingestion of each product. Nicotinuric acid is the major detoxification product of nicotinic acid and may serve as a simple quantitative index of hepatic biotransformation of nicotinic acid. Although both products demonstrated controlled release profiles, the rate of appearance of nicotinic and nicotinuric acid in the urine as well as the rate of in vitro drug dissolution of the Bronson product were more rapid compared with Nicobid. Moreover, the total amounts of nicotinic acid and nicotinuric acid recovered in the urine after 24 hours were greater for the Bronson product (P less than .05). Since sustained presentation of nicotinic acid to the liver may correlate with clinical antihyperlipidemic effects, our results suggest that the Bronson product may prove to be a clinically useful preparation.
US EMPLOYMENT IN FOREIGN-OWNED HIGH TECHNOLOGY FIRMS∗

The spatial distribution of foreign-owned high technology firms in the United States is poorly understood, as is the degree to which emplyment in foreign-owned firms and US-owned firms coincides or differs in their distribution. Data from 1988 indicate that while total employment in foreign-owned high technology firms was not statistically different from that of US-owned firms, marked differences were evident in particular sectors, including software, advanced materials, and pharmaceuticals. By nation of ownership, only Swiss firms departed significantly from the US distribution.
Intracranial Somatosensory Responses with Direct Spinal Cord Stimulation in Anesthetized Sheep

The efficacy of spinal cord stimulators is dependent on the ability of the device to functionally activate targeted structures within the spinal cord, while avoiding activation of near-by non-targeted structures. In theory, these objectives can best be achieved by delivering electrical stimuli directly to the surface of the spinal cord. The current experiments were performed to study the influence of different stimulating electrode positions on patterns of spinal cord electrophysiological activation. A custom-designed spinal cord neurostimulator was used to investigate the effects of lead position and stimulus amplitude on cortical electrophysiological responses to spinal cord stimulation. Brain recordings were obtained from subdural grids placed in four adult sheep. We systematically varied the position of the stimulating lead relative to the spinal cord and the voltage delivered by the device at each position, and then examined how these variables influenced cortical responses. A clear relationship was observed between voltage and electrode position, and the magnitude of high gamma-band oscillations. Direct stimulation of the dorsal column contralateral to the grid required the lowest voltage to evoke brain responses to spinal cord stimulation. Given the lower voltage thresholds associated with direct stimulation of the dorsal column, and its possible impact on the therapeutic window, this intradural modality may have particular clinical advantages over standard epidural techniques now in routine use.
One-Dimensional Overlap Functions and Their Application to Auger Recombination in Semiconductors

The theoretical lifetime of excess carriers in semiconductors limited only by the Auger recombination mechanism previously discussed by the present authors, depends on a temperature-independent parameter. This involves certain overlap integrals. They are of the form $\int u*(\mathbf{k}\_1, \mathbf{r}) u(\mathbf{k}\_2, \mathbf{r}$) d$\mathbf{r}$, where the u's are the modulating parts of Bloch wave functions. The integrals are calculated in this paper on the basis of a Kronig-Penney model. The value of the parameter obtained is shown to be rather insensitive to many details of the model used. When the value found is inserted into the previously published theory of life-times in InSb, very good agreement is obtained with the more detailed experimental results which have recently become available. This strongly suggests that the dominant recombination mechanism in InSb at elevated temperatures has been identified. A more general analysis of the properties of the overlap integrals is also given in this paper.
Shape from active shadow motion

We propose an active vision technique for recovering object shape and absolute position information. The algorithm relies on the controlled motion of a point light source and reasonable assumptions on the general shape of the objects. The sequence of shadow images created by the illuminant is used to produce the surface information. In this approach the light source is not at infinity and light rays are not parallel. For the case of objects with `sharp' edges, our approach requires only solving a linear system of equations. We provide a sensitivity analysis as a basis for robust estimation of surface shape and depth values. Simulations and experiments are performed to demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm.
German Social Democracy and Hitler's “National Revolution” of 1933: A Study in Democratic Leadership

The comparative ease with which authoritarian groups have come to power in nations where large parties stood pledged to defend the democratic order to the bitter end has become one of the most disturbing elements in modern world politics. Such developments have brought into question the validity of accepted liberal-democratic norms governing the behavior of responsible leaders, both in the domestic opposition to the authoritarian regime and in foreign governments whose security arrangements are adversely affected by the suppression of free institutions. Basically, these traditional norms have implied non-interference with constitutional political processes and acceptance of their consequences. On June 23, 1933, Hitler outlawed the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), which for over four decades, until 1932, had been the largest German party and, since the founding of the Weimar Republic iri 1918, the principal advocate and defender of the democratic system and a peaceful foreign policy. In considering the actions of its leadership from the accession of Hitler to the outlawing of the party, this article seeks to contribute to a re-examination of these accepted norms, particularly insofar as they concern the behavior of a liberal-democratic mass party faced with a government seeking total power.
Contribution of drug transport and reductases to daunorubicin resistance in human myelocytic cells

We developed three daunorubicin (D1)-resistant sublines (ML1/I, II, III) from the human myelocytic cell line (ML1). These sublines were 28-, 70- and 162-fold more resistant than sensitive (ML1/S) cells to the cytotoxicity of D1 and were cross-resistant to adriamycin, epiadriamycin, actinomycin D, VP-16, VM26, and mitoxantrone. Steady-state levels of D1 in resistant sublines I and II, in the presence or absence of azide, were not significantly different from those of sensitive cells. However, the steady-state level of D1 in subline III was significantly increased in the presence of sodium azide. D1 efflux was minimal in ML1/S and resistant cells in the absenced of glucose. Addition of glucose enhanced D1 efflux only in subline III. Verapamil increased the cellular levels of D1 and inhibited its efflux from resistant III cells but not from ML1/S cells. Verapamil also greatly enhanced the cytotoxicity of D1 for sublines I, II, and III. The differences between sensitive and resistant cells in D1 uptake and retention seemed inadequate to cause 162-fold resistance and suggested other factors may be contributing to the development of resistance. In support of this hypothesis, daunorubicin reductase activity was significantly lower in resistant cells than in ML1/S cells. The greatest decrease in activity occurred at pH 8.5 which represents aldehyde reductases. Currently, we are investigating other possibilities for D1 metabolism, such as aglycone and free radical formation.
Low pressure radon diffusion - A laboratory study and its implications for lunar venting

Results of a study of radon migration through columns of fine particulate materials, at total pressures of 0.02-0.2 torr, are reported. Materials studied were: NBS Glass Spheres (SRM 1003), Emerson & Cuming Eccospheres (IG-101), activated coconut charcoal, Lipaci obsidian, and W-1 Standard Diabase. Rates of diffusion were used to derive heats of adsorption for radon on the materials tested. The most reliable values found clustered around 8-9 kcal/mole. These high heats of adsorption, if typical for most materials, combined with low percentages of radon emanation by lunar soils found by other researchers, imply that random walk diffusion will not be an important mechanism for redistributing the radon and the radon daughters produced in the lunar regolith. In particular, since random walk migration is not a sufficient mechanism to account for localized high concentrations of radon-222 and its daughter polonium-210 observed by the Apollo 15 and 16 command modules, an alternative mechanism is proposed, in which radon would be swept to the surface by other gases during intermittent venting events.
Human parotid saliva urea in renal failure and during dialysis.

Abstract Parotid saliva and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations were compared by saliva:plasma ratios and correlation coefficients under widely differing plasma urea levels, in patients with renal failure and in normal subjects. A near-perfect correlation (r = 0.97) was found in 56 pairs of samples from uraemic patients, with the ratio remaining constant at widely varying plasma urea levels. In unstimulated saliva of normal subjects, urea nitrogen levels were significantly higher than in plasma (ratio = 1.3); the reverse was true in stimulated saliva. The average ratio for all subjects at an average flow rate of 0.5 ml/gland/min was 0.66. The highest correlation coefficients were at the highest stimulated flow rates.
On the intrathymic intercellular transfer of self-determinants

Abstract Intercellular transfer of self-determinants within the thymic microenvironment is likely to improve the establishment of central T-cell tolerance. Recent observations suggest that such transfer can involve direct displacement of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-bound peptides.
Two types of slip-induced falls among community dwelling older adults

Little is known about the landing behavior of the trailing (recovery) foot and ensuing types of falls following a forward slip in walking. The purposes of this study were to (1) determine if community-dwelling older adults experienced bilateral slips at the same rate as had been previously observed for young adults during over-ground walking; (2) determine if fall rate in older adults was dependent on slip type (unilateral vs. bilateral); and (3) identify differences in spatiotemporal variables of the trailing leg step between unilateral and bilateral slips. One-hundred-seventy-four participants experienced an unannounced, unrehearsed slip while walking on a 7-m walkway. Each trial was monitored with a motion capture system and bilateral ground reaction force plates. Although the experimental design, developed with original data from a young adult population, favored bilateral slips, more older adults (35%) than anticipated (10% previously observed in young, p<0.001) displayed a unilateral slip. The probability of fall was equal in the two types of slips. Eighty-two people recovered from the slip, while the remaining 92 (53%) fell. These 92 were classified into two exclusive categories based on the heel distance at the time of fall arrest using cluster analysis: those which resembled a fall into a "splits" position (n=47) or a feet-forward fall (n=45). All (100%) unilateral slips led to splits falls, as expected. Yet, not all bilateral slips (only 83%) resulted in feet-forward falls. A longer forward recovery step with a prolonged step time led to both feet slipping, nearly together, hence a feet-forward fall.
Women's Rights in Germany: Generations and Gender Quotas

Although previous research shows compellingly that female officeholders engage in advocacy for women, measured in a range of ways, at greater rates than their male colleagues, studies have also shown that the content of this advocacy is highly varied (Celis 2006; Chattopadhyay and Duflo 2004; Reingold 2000). Further, identifying the factors that shape which legislators engage in which kind of advocacy is more complex than merely distinguishing between women and men or between feminist and traditionalist orientations. Many diverse voices engage in the substantive representation of women, which is broadly defined as all of the ways in which representatives “act for” women (Mansbridge 1999; Phillips 1995; Pitkin 1967).
A comparison of the hardness of different types of titanium and conventional metal ceramics

This study compared the surface hardness of machine milled titanium and cast titanium, and the surface hardness profile of a gold-palladium alloy, a nickel chromium alloy, milled and cast titanium. For each group, 15 discoid specimens, 10 mm in diameter and 5 mm thick, were fabricated by either casting or milling. Five specimens of each group underwent one of three treatments: (1) no heat treatment, (2) a standard heat treatment, or (3) an extended heat treatment. Knoop hardness values were determined. Results indicated that the Knoop hardness of cast titanium was less than that of the cast titanium standard treatment group, which was less than the Knoop hardness of the cast titanium extended treatment group. Knoop hardness of milled titanium was less than that of the milled titanium standard treatment and milled titanium extended treatment groups. For the surface hardness profile, cast titanium showed a decreasing surface hardness as the distance from the surface of the specimen increased. No such trend was identified for the other groups tested.
Species-specific PCR determination of Listeria seeligeri

Listeria seeligeri is a non-pathogenic bacterium coming under the genus Listeria. As this bacterium resembles other Listeria species such as L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii that are pathogenic to man and animals, it is important that rapid and precise identification techniques be available for L. seeligeri in cases where such determination is desirable. A specific molecular test on the basis of a uniquely present gene region in L. seeligeri will be of particular value under the circumstances. In this report, after comparative screening of genomic DNA from six Listeria species by dot blot hybridization, we isolated one L. seeligeri-specific clone (lse24-315) that contains an insert of 1538 bp. Using primers (lse24-315F and lse24-315R) derived from this clone, we showed that a specific PCR product of 375 bp was generated from genomic DNA of L. seeligeri strains only, but not of other Listeria species or common bacteria. Therefore, the PCR employing primers lse24-315F and lse24-315R provides a rapid, sensitive and specific method for distinguishing L. seeligeri from other Listeria and common bacteria.
Adenocarcinoma of the rectum and chromargentaffine tumor of the jejunum

ILlr. A. C., a forty-eight year old, married restaurant worker, entered the hospital on March 28, 1939, complaining of weakness and pain in the rectum. He was well until two months previous to admission when he experienced pain on defecation and his stools became covered with streaks of bright red bIood. There was a weight loss of fifteen pounds and a moderate loss of strength since the onset. He had the usual childhood diseases. With the exception of chronic constipation which four years ago became more marked and required On physical examination, the positive findings were limited to the rectum, where a tender 3 cm. ulcerated mass was feIt in the midline on the posterior wail 4 cm. proximal to the anus. The blood pressure was 160!/90. The urine was essentially normal. Hemoglobin was 80 per cent (Tallqvist), red bIood cells 4.2 million, and white blood cells I 0.0 thousand with 76 per cent polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Wassermann test was negative. Proctoscopic examination confirmed the physica findings. A biopsy taken at that time revealed the presence df adenocarcinoma, type II plus. Laparotomy, on April 3, 1939, disclosed a fixed rectal mass firmly adherent to the pelvic floor. There were two 3 cm. metastatic nodules within the liver. A palliative colostomy was done and he was discharged on the thirty-eighth hospital day.
The effects of selenite on β-galactosidase induction in Escherichia coli

Abstract Toxicity of selenite to Escherichia coli ML-30 is enhanced if the organism is inoculated into a selenite medium which contains lactose as the only carbon source. In media of this type, the cells must synthesize β-galactosidase before growth can take place, and a lag period is produced which is proportional to the selenite concentration. This phenomenon is not observed when another carbon source such as succinate is present, or, if the cells are fully induced for β-galactosidase. Isotope uptake studies demonstrate that the above phenomenon is not the result of a permeability barrier produced by selenite. The data suggest that the opposite is true and permeability to the inducer, lactose, is increased by selenite. The rate of β-galactosidase biosynthesis is increased in selenite supplemented media using lactose, or melibiose as the inducers, and succinate, maltose, glycerol, or lactic acid as carbon sources. By use of differential rate plots, the biosynthesis rate constants were evaluated and found to be greater than the controls which contain no selenite. The inhibition of β-galactosidase by selenite was studied and found to occur only at concentrations higher than those employed in the studies described above. Two explanations are offered for the results described herein. It is postulated that selenite uncouples growth from cell division. This would allow an increase in bacterial protein without cell division and give the net effect of an increased enzyme biosynthesis rate. Another possibility is that β-galactosidase is synthesized at a faster rate since it contains more methionine than the other cell protein. Thus, it is a potential depository for selenomethionine which is the product of selenite detoxification.
Behavioral and biochemical changes induced by lithium and l-tryptophan in muricidal rats

Lithium (0.5--12 meq/kg) and L-tryptophan (100--800 mg/kg) inhibited the muricidal (mouse killing) response in isolated, male, Long Evans rats and did so both in an acute (single dose) and on an longer-term intraperitoneal treatment basis. The response was dose-dependent. There was no concomitant motor impairment at doses effective in inhibiting the muricidal response. Plasma lithium levels were positively correlated with the percentage inhibition of muricidal behavior. When lithium and L-tryptophan were administered in combination in their smallest effective doses, the behavioral interaction was synergistic in the acute and addictive in the longer-term treatment. The effects of pharmacological treatment on the inhibition of muricidal behavior were: lithium and L-tryptophan greater than L-tryptophan greater than - lithium. The results of biochemical assays showed that these compounds fore- and hindbrain serotonin turnover. The biochemical action of lithium and L-tryptophan in combination on brain serotonergic pathways was again clearly more potent than that which occurred after treatment with either lithium or L-tryptophan alone. The magnitude of the biochemical changes paralleled those of psychopharmacological changes. These data show an interaction between lithium and L-tryptophan both in the repression of aggressive behavior in rats and in the alteration of centrally acting serotonergic function. These data further elucidate a mechanism of action through central serotonergic function for a psychotherapeutic agent, lithium, and for aggressive behavior, muricide.
Hedonic price and depreciation indexes for residential housing: A comment

Abstract A regression technique for developing residential real estate price indexes using repeat sales on properties has not allowed the separation of depreciation from true price changes. In a recent article Chinloy [2] has proposed a method for achieving this separation. This note shows that his theoretical derivation is incorrect. A corrected model is then used to show the stringent assumptions that are necessary to interpret his empirical results as measuring embodied technological change. The true price effects and the depreciation effects still cannot be separated in such a model.
Aspartame administration to the infant monkey: Hypothalamic morphology and plasma amino acid levels

Infant monkeys received 2 gm/kg body weight of aspartame (APM) or 2 gm/kg body weight APM plus 1 gm/kg body weight monosodium glutamate (MSG) by gastric tube. Blood samples were obtained at intervals over the ensuing 4 hours and analyzed for amino acid levels. At this time, each infant was perfused with glutaraldehyde. The hypothalamus was embedded in plastic and then serially sectioned at 1 mu. Hypothalamic morphology was normal in all eight infants given 2 gm/kg body weight APM and in the six infants given 2 gm/kg body weight APM plus 1 gm/kg body weight MSG. By light microscopy, no pycnotic nuclei, neuronal degeneration, or dendritic swelling was noted. In both experimental and control brains, localized areas of poor perfusion exhibited abnormal morphology. Elevated plasma levels of aspartate, glutamate, and phenylalanine indicated that the test compounds were administered and absorbed. Variable rates of absorption were evident, probably due to the necessity of administering APM as a slurry, due to its low solubility. On the basis of blood absorption curves, it appears that infant monkeys metabolize aspartate and glutamate and phenylalanine somewhat more rapidly than man. It is concluded that APM given alone or with MSG, in large acute doses, does not result in hypothalamic damage in the newborn monkey.
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of polyperinaphthalene thin films

Abstract Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) has been used to grow corrosion-resistive, semiconducting thin films of the graphite-like polymer polyperinaphthalene (PPN) from 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA). Unlike thermal chemical vapor deposition of PPN from PTCDA, where thin film growth is catalyzed by a transition metal substrate, PPN films have been grown by PECVD for the first time on non-catalytic substrates: indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass, aluminum and silicon. Films with the same morphology and molecular characteristics have also been grown on steel substrates, where iron functions as a growth catalyst. Potentiodynamic corrosion measurements in pH 5 water show that PPN films on steel provide an effective corrosion protection layer. Plasma deposition parameters and electrical conductivities of the films on different substrates have been determined together with their nanoscale morphology and chemical structure using scanning electron microscopy, and Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. These results suggest that under plasma conditions at a substrate temperature of 450 °C, a large fraction of the anhydride groups in PTCDA are eliminated without decomposition of the perylene backbone. The perylene and perylenedicarboxylic radicals adsorb on the substrate and undergo plasma-enhanced polymerization to form partially cross-linked PPN thin films.
The Effect of Triple Pelvic Osteotomy on the Articular Contact Area of the Hip Joint in Dysplastic Dogs: An in Vitro Experimental Study

Objective To investigate the effect of triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) on articular contact area and acetabular coverage of dysplastic hip joints in dogs. Study design Articular contact area and femoral head coverage by the acetabulum were computed in vitro in normal and dysplastic canine hips. The effect of TPO on articular contact and coverage was then analyzed in the dysplastic hips. Sample Population-Five normal and six dysplastic canine cadaver specimens. Methods Contact area and coverage of loaded hips were computed using serial computed tomography scan images before and after TPO. Three angles of acetabular ventroversion (AVV) were studied (20 degrees, 30 degrees, and 40 degrees). Using a custom-designed hinge plate, angles of spontaneous hip reduction in dysplastic hips were compared with previously recorded angles of reduction determined by the Ortolani test. Results Contact area significantly increased from 0 degrees to 30 degrees of AVV, then remained virtually unchanged. Coverage significantly increased from 0 degrees to 20 degrees of AVV. Both contact and coverage of normal hips were similar, yet significantly smaller than those of dysplastic hips once reduction had occurred. The experimental angles of reduction were significantly smaller and poorly correlated with the angles of reduction determined by the Ortolani test. Although coverage continued to increase with AVV, the actual joint contact area did not significantly vary after relocation of the femoral head. Conclusions This study suggests that increasing AVV beyond 20 degrees does not significantly improve the beneficial effects of TPO and therefore should be carefully weighed against increased risks of postoperative complications associated with large angles of AVV.
The effect of x-radiation on fumarase activity during different stages of cell division in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL.

Abstract 1. 1. Tetrahymena pyriformis GL was grown in a two per cent solution of proteose peptone. 2. 2. Synchronous division was induced by the temperature flux method. 3. 3. The fumarase activity was tested at different stages of cell division in irradiated and non-irradiated cultures. 4. 4. There was a significant ( P 5. 5. A comparison of the enzymatic activity in the controls of each stage with the activity of the stages immediately preceding and following showed a significant ( P 6. 6. A comparison of the enzymatic activity in the experimentals of each stage with the activity of the stages immediately preceding and following showed a significant ( P 7. 7. Ionizing radiation was found to inhibit fumarase activity. 8. 8. The highest rate of enzyme activity was found in the interphase stage of cell division. 9. 9. This acceleration of enzymatic activity is thought to be the result of an attempt of the organisms to replenish the energy needed to carry on the processes of cell division. 10. 10. The enzymatic activity was increased by the addition of phosphate ions. 11. 11. Basic and acid dyestuffs had toxic effects on the enzyme. 12. 12. An enlargement of the cells following exposure to ionizing radiation was noted.
On the best choice of sample sizes for a t-test when the ratio of variances is known.

Abstract The situation considered is that of testing the difference of the means of two normal populations on the basis of a sample from each population, where the ratio of the population variances is known. The choice of sample sizes has been restricted to certain pairs which are equally preferable from the viewpoint of practical considerations (cost, difficulty of obtaining sample values, etc.). This note presents an easily applied method of determining which of these pairs of sample sizes yield the most powerful one-sided and symmetrical tests.
Infectivity of tobacco mosaic virus stored for fifty years in extracted, 'unpreserved' plant juice.

ALLARD1 published a report on the sustained infectivity of tobacco mosaic virus in unpreserved plant extracts after storage for 28 years. Either the identical or similar material used by Allard to establish his infectivity record was recently made available to us by J. E. McMurtrey, jun. It consisted of jars of tobacco mosaic-virus-infected dried-leaf material and numerous bottles of plant juice from tobacco mosaic-virus-infected plants. Not all, but most, of the bottles of plant extract lacked air-tight stoppers and had lost moisture through evaporation until they contained only dried residues. These samples date back to 1914.
How flowering plants discriminate between self and non-self pollen to prevent inbreeding

Flowering plants have evolved various genetic mechanisms to circumvent the tendency for self-fertilization created by the close proximity of male and female reproductive organs in a bisexual flower. One such mechanism is gametophytic self-incompatibility, which allows the female reproductive organ, the pistil, to distinguish between self pollen and non-self pollen; self pollen is rejected, whereas non-self pollen is accepted for fertilization. The Solanaceae family has been used as a model to study the molecular and biochemical basis of self/non-self-recognition and self-rejection. Discrimination of self and non-self pollen by the pistil is controlled by a single polymorphic locus, the S locus. The protein products of S alleles in the pistil, S proteins, were initially identified based on their cosegregation with S alleles. S proteins have recently been shown to indeed control the ability of the pistil to recognize and reject self pollen. S proteins are also RNases, and the RNase activity has been shown to be essential for rejection of self pollen, suggesting that the biochemical mechanism of self-rejection involves the cytotoxic action of the RNase activity. S proteins contain various numbers of N-linked glycans, but the carbohydrate moiety has been shown not to be required for the function of S proteins, suggesting that the S allele specificity determinant of S proteins lies in the amino acid sequence. The male component in self-incompatibility interactions, the pollen S gene, has not yet been identified. The possible nature of the pollen S gene product and the possible mechanism by which allele-specific rejection of pollen is accomplished are discussed.
Load Transducer Design Using Inverse Method With Model Reduction

This paper presents an inverse approach for estimating time varying loads acting on a structure from experimental strain measurements using model reduction. The strain response of an elastic vibrating system is written as a linear superposition of strain modes. Since the strain modes as well as the normal displacement modes are intrinsic dynamic characteristics of a system, the dynamic loads exciting a structure are estimated by measuring induced strain fields. The accuracy of estimated loads is dependent on the placement of gages on the instrumented structure and the number of retained strain modes from strain modal analysis. A solution procedure based on construction of D-optimal design is implemented to determine the optimum locations and orientations of strain gages. An efficient approach is proposed which makes use of model reduction technique, resulting in significant improvement in the dynamic load estimation. Validation of the proposed approach through a numerical example problem is also presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Label Free Imaging of Neural Network Dynamics

Using novel quantitative phase imaging and analysis we characterize the properties of a developing neural network in terms of spatial organization, mass transport and growth in a completely label-free manner.
A hybrid transport-diffusion method for 2D transport problems with diffusive subdomains

Abstract In this paper we present a computational method based on the Simple Corner Balance (SCB) scheme for solving 2D transport problems in diffusive media. It utilizes decomposition of spatial domain into transport and diffusive subregions. This methodology uses the low-order equations of the Second-Moment (SM) method for the first two angular moments of the transport solution. These low-order SM equations are solved globally. The high-order transport solution is computed only in transport subregions. The transport boundary conditions at interfaces with neighbouring diffusion subregions are formulated using asymptotic analysis of SCB. We apply the quasidiffusion (Eddington) tensor to evaluate transport effects in the problem domain and determine spatial ranges of diffusive subregions. Numerical results are presented. They demonstrate the accuracy of the developed methodology for the SCB scheme.
Considerations pertaining to the design of an electronic telephone switching system

The U. S. army signal Corps required a basic telephone switching system which could fulfill the functions of a local central office and provide the basis for a long distance (LD) switching center. In addition, a complete switching network was required, built up of a series of local and LD switchboards.
Changes of ovule proteins during early fiber development in a normal and a fiberless line of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Summary Total protein was extracted from ovules during the temporal development of cotton fiber initiation and compared by 2-D PAGE. Comparisons were made between two cultivars of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), i.e., a «normal» fiber-producing line (DPL 5690) and a fiberless line (SL 1-7-1). In all, 37 protein differences were found, and these were categorized into 5 groups. The groups have been designated either V-, D-, S-, B-, or E-types: V for varietal differences, which are proteins found at all ages but occurring in only one line; D for developmental differences unique to DPL 5690; S for developmental differences unique to SL 1-7-1; B (before anthesis) are proteins found in both lines that diminish postanthesis; and E (embryo-genesis) are proteins found in both lines that accumulate postanthesis. Six V-type proteins have been identified, with five of these specific to the fiberless line. Sixteen D-type proteins were identified in which 14 (88 %) accumulated postanthesis. Of the 14 proteins, 5 proteins were specific to the normal line. The data on the 5 proteins indicate that they are involved in early events of fiber development. Eight S-type proteins were identified; however, unlike D-type proteins, only 2 (25 %) accumulate postanthesis. Three B-type proteins were identified, each with the same molecular mass. Four E-type proteins were identified and, along with the B-type, are (probably) involved in ovule growth or associated with the changes taking place in the ovule at fertilization. Overall, these data provide a catalogue of 37 proteins, potentially important to future studies in fiber and ovule developmental physiology.
Upgrades and performance of the electron cyclotron heating system on DIII-D

The Electron Cyclotron Heating (ECH) system on DIII-D consists of six 110 GHz gyrotrons with 6 MW installed power for pulses limited administratively to 5 s in length. The transmission coefficient is better than -1.1 dB for four of the transmission lines, close to the theoretical value. A new depressed collector gyrotron was recently installed and is injecting up to 720 kW of power into DIII-D during 2013 tokamak operations. Three of the four dual waveguide launchers, which can steer the rf beams ±20 degrees both poloidally and toroidally, were used for real-time neoclassical tearing mode control and suppression with increased poloidal scanning speed up to 60 deg/s and positioning accuracy of the beams of ±2 mm at the plasma center. The ECH capabilities on DIII-D are being steadily updated, leading to increased experimental flexibility and high reliability of the system. In the past year the ECH system reliability reached 87%, for 2352 successful individual gyrotron shots into DIII-D. Planning is under way for the addition of two new depressed collector gyrotrons, one at 110 GHz, 1.2 MW and another at 117.5 GHz, 1.5 MW generated power, both of which are being manufactured at Communications and Power Industries (CPI).
Mosquito transmission of lymphomas.

A hamster reticulum cell sarcoma, TM, was transmitted through the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L) by a transfer of tumor cells. Tumor cells of TM remained viable up to 8 hours after ingestion by the mosquito. Feeding on or off the tumor did not effect the rate of transmission which was 10% in one series of experiments and 5% in another. It was estimated that tumor cells were transmitted by one to 2% of the mosquitos. An attempt to transmit the Rauscher virus leukemia by Aedes aegypti failed. There was no evidence of immunity to the Rauscher virus conferred by a subclinical infection. There was no evidence of multiplication in the mosquito of an agent from TM or of the Rauscher virus.
Peripheral arterial interventions: Trends in market share and outcomes by specialty, 1998-2005

Objective Vascular surgeons (VS), interventional cardiologists (IC), and interventional radiologists (IR) perform peripheral arterial interventions (PAI). In this study, we reviewed market share trends and compared outcomes for each specialty using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS). Methods Patient discharges for PAI (1998-2005) were identified based on ICD9-CM procedure codes. The provider's specialty was identified by a specialty-specific algorithm and analyzed using SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Market share trends and distribution of cases at teaching versus non-teaching hospitals were evaluated. Primary outcome measures were in-hospital mortality and iatrogenic arterial injuries (IAI). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of post-procedure morbidity and mortality. Results The number of cases identified was 23,825. From 1998 to 2005, IR's market share decreased six-fold (1998: 33% to 2005: 5.6%) whereas VS market share increased from 27% to 43% and IC from 10% to 29% ( P P P Conclusions IR market share of PAI has precipitously declined while those of VS and IC have increased significantly. Vascular surgeons had the lowest overall morbidity and mortality of all groups. Increase in the number of endovascularly-trained VS with better access to fluoroscopy units may further increase VS's market share.
Effect of chloramphenicol and starvation for an essential amino acid on the synthesis and decay of T4 bacteriophage-specific messengers transcribed from early and quasi-late promoters

Abstract Results of experiments in which the interval between infection and addition of rifampicin was varied indicated that messengers for T4 phage-specific dihydrofolate reductase, dCMP hydroxymethylase, both glucosyltransferases, DNA methylase, dCMP deaminase, and deoxycytidine triphosphatase are transcribed uniquely from early promoters (i.e., promoters that start to function moments after infection). In contrast, messengers for deoxynucleoside monophosphate kinase are transcribed exclusively from a quasi-late promoter (i.e., a promoter that does not function until 2 min postinfection). Messengers for DNA polymerase and dTMP synthetase are transcribed from both kinds of promoters. Transcription from early (P E ) and quasi-late (P Q ) promoters was studied under conditions that limit phage-specific protein synthesis to 5 or 10% of its normal maximum value. The conditions employed were treatment with chloramphenicol and starvation for an essential amino acid (in this case, leucine). Accumulation of viral-coded messengers was monitored by the ability of RNA made in vivo to sustain specific enzyme synthesis when rifampicin, a potent inhibitor of the initiation of RNA synthesis, was added prior to the restoration of protein synthesis. During treatment with chloramphenicol or starvation for an essential amino acid, RNA chains were initiated exclusively at P E 'S. However, chloramphenicol limited transcription to presumed P E -proximal genes whereas P E -proximal and distal genes were transcribed during starvation for an essential amino acid. Under both conditions, the transcriptive yield from P E 's was subnormal. In leucine-supplemented hosts, P E -distal and P Q transcription became chloramphenicol-refractile by the second minute. On the other hand, P E -distal transcription remained chloramphenicol-sensitive until the fourth minute in leucine-depleted hosts. Global T4 prereplicative messengers decayed with a functional half-life of 8–9 min in both leucine-supplemented and starved hosts. In both cases, decay followed simple exponential kinetics until, at least, 1% survival. Chloramphenicol stabilized most messengers in both supplemented and starved hosts. When chloramphenicol was added 4 min after infection of leucine-supplemented hosts, messengers transcribed from P E 's were stablized but messengers transcribed from P Q 's were not. About 50% of the decay of P Q -initiated messengers in chloramphenicol was due to the suA nuclease. The data are discussed in terms of the interrelationship between postinfection protein synthesis and prereplicative transcriptive events in bacteriophage T4.
Calculation of Detection Efficiency for Beryllium-8

A method has been developed, using Monte-Carlo techniques, to calculate the detection efficiency for 8Be particles from either solid or gaseous targets, using single detectors, binocular detectors, or position-sensitive detectors. As a demonstration of the method, the 24Mg(?, 8Be)20Ne reaction was attempted at an alpha energy of 65 MeV. The efficiency calculation above is shown to be in general agreement with other similar work.
The effects of rape upon victims and families: Implications for a comprehensive family therapy

Abstract For a number of years, rape has been the subject of much discussion in the clinical literature. Family therapists have joined in this discussion; however, examination of sthe literature reveals that only the family-of-origin or the spouse of the rape victim is considered. Given the social problem of rape and the potential effect this act of violence might have upon a family, attention should be given to a version of family therapy that includes young children. This article examines literature on rape and related issues, offering guidelines to family therapists for a comprehensive family therapy.
Preschool Children's Production of Gestural Directives.

Abstract The present study includes an examination of the forms and functions of nonverbal gestures which accompany verbal directives, or requests for action. The data were video and audio tape recordings of “free play” between three, white, middle-class, English-speaking male children, aged two and two and a half years and their parents. Analysis included: the focus of the directive; the form of the gesture; the presence of eye contact; the function of the gesture. The results showed that gestures are used to supplement verbal communication, and that there is increasing complexity in gestural communication with increasing age.
Dynamics of Hydrogen Interactions with Si(100) and Si(111) Surfaces

Experimental and theoretical work probing the dynamics of dissociative adsorption and recombinative desorption of hydrogen at Si(100) and Si(111) surfaces is reviewed. Whereas molecular beam experiments demonstrate that molecular excitations do aid in overcoming a substantial activation barrier toward adsorption, desorbed molecules are found to have a total energy content only slightly above the equilibrium expectation at the surface temperature. A consistent interpretation of the ad/desorption dynamics is arrived at which requires neither a violation of microscopic reversibility nor defect-mediated processes. An essential element of this model is that surface atom relaxations play an essential role in the dynamics such that different portions of the potential energy hypersurface govern the results of adsorption and desorption experiments. The ‘lost’ energy, i.e. that portion of the activation energy not evident in the total energy of the desorbed molecules, is deposited in the surface coordinates where it is inaccessible to experiments that probe the desorbates final state.
On the influence of shrub height and expansion on northern high latitude climate

There is a growing body of empirical evidence documenting the expansion of shrub vegetation in the circumpolar Arctic in response to climate change. Here, we conduct a series of idealized experiments with the Community Climate System Model to analyze the potential impact on boreal climate of a large-scale tundra-to-shrub conversion. The model responds to an increase in shrub abundance with substantial atmospheric heating arising from two seasonal land?atmosphere feedbacks: a decrease in surface albedo and an evapotranspiration-induced increase in atmospheric moisture content. We demonstrate that the strength and timing of these feedbacks are sensitive to shrub height and the time at which branches and leaves protrude above the snow. Taller and aerodynamically rougher shrubs lower the albedo earlier in the spring and transpire more efficiently than shorter shrubs. These mechanisms increase, in turn, the strength of the indirect sea-ice albedo and ocean evaporation feedbacks contributing to additional regional warming. Finally, we find that an invasion of tall shrubs tends to systematically warm the soil, deepen the active layer, and destabilize the permafrost (with increased formation of taliks under a future scenario) more substantially than an invasion of short shrubs.
Balloon-borne diode-laser absorption spectrometer for measurements of stratospheric trace species

An instrument has been designed for the measurement of stratospheric trace species which utilizes tunable infrared diode lasers as sources for sensitive in situ absorption spectroscopy in selected wavelength regions. This instrument, the Balloon-Borne Laser In Situ Sensor (BLISS), is a high-resolution absorption spectrometer designed to provide measurements of the concentrations of stratospheric species and their diurnal variations. The instrument employs second-harmonic detection of the absorption of tunable diode laser (TDL) radiation (3-30 microns) in a 1 km path length defined by a retroreflector lowered 0.5 km below the BLISS gondola. Retroreflector tracking under microprocessor control is obtained using a He-Ne laser and coaligned TV camera with CID imaging. Simultaneous measurements of molecular species in the 20-40 km altitude range will be performed using four TDLs, with the predicted minimum-detectable mixing ratio at 30 km being typically less than or equal to 0.1 ppbv.