cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supporting Privacy-Conscious App Update Decisions with User Reviews

Smartphone app updates are critical to user security and privacy. New versions may fix important security bugs, which is why users should usually update their apps. However, occasionally apps turn malicious or radically change features in a way users dislike. Users should not necessarily always update in those circumstances, but current update processes are largely automatic. Therefore, it is important to understand user behaviors around updating apps and help them to make security-conscious choices. We conducted two related studies in this area. First, to understand users' current update decisions, we conducted an online survey of user attitudes toward updates. Based on the survey results, we then designed a notification scheme integrating user reviews, which we tested in a field study. Participants installed an Android app that simulated update notifications, enabling us to collect users' update decisions and reactions. We compared the effectiveness of our review-based update notifications with the permission-based notifications. Compared to notifications with permission descriptions only, we found our review-based update notification was more effective at alerting users of invasive or malicious app updates, especially for less trustworthy apps.
Venture Accounting in Medieval Business Management

From its beginning, accounting has been shaped by the needs of the business man and has in turn affected the handling of business problems. A clear illustration of this is the contrast between the system of accounts found in the ledgers of Florentine cloth manufacturers and the system of accounts found in the ledgers of Venetian merchants of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Cloth manufacturers such as the younger branch of the Medici arranged their entries under a Wage account, a Wool account, a Cloth Sales account, and so on, because their main concern was to keep track of these materials or obligations. The Venetians, being mainly exporters and importers, were concerned chiefly with keeping track of wares shipped, wares received, and amounts owed by or to agents. Accordingly, the distinctive, key accounts in Venetian books are (a) the accounts opened for each kind or lot of merchandise received, and (b) the accounts debited when wares were shipped. The latter are best called shipment, or venture, accounts. For example, when a Venetian merchant bought Florentine cloth to ship it to Constantinople, he opened a Florentine Cloth account in which he entered as debits all the costs of the cloth including the cost of packing it for shipment.
Configuration Compression for Virtex FPGAs

Although run-time reconfigurable systems have been shown to achieve very high performance, the speedups over traditional microprocessor systems are limited by the cost of configuration of the hardware. Current reconfigurable systems suffer from a significant overhead due to the time it takes to reconfigure their hardware. In order to deal with this overhead, and increase the compute power of reconfigurable systems, it is important to develop hardware and software systems to reduce or eliminate this delay. In this paper, we explore the idea of configuration compression and develop algorithms for reconfigurable systems. These algorithms, targeted to Xilinx Virtex series FPGAs with minimum modification of hardware, can significantly reduce the amount of data needed to transfer during configuration. In this work we have extensively researched the current compression techniques, including the Huffman coding, the Arithmetic coding and LZ coding. We have also developed different algorithms targeting different hardware structures. Our readback algorithm allows certain frames to be reused as a dictionary and sufficiently utilize the regularities within the configuration bitstream. In addition, we have developed frame reordering techniques that better uses the regularities by shuffling the sequence of the configuration. We have also developed the wildcard approach that can be used for true partial reconfiguration. The simulation results demonstrate that a factor of 4 compression ratio can be achieved.
Capacity Region, Minimum Energy and Delay for a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

We investigate two quantities of fundamental interest in a mobile ad-hoc network: the capacity region and the minimum energy function of the network. The capacity region is defined as the closure of the set of all input rates that the network can stably support. The minimum energy function establishes a lower bound on the amount of energy required to support a given set of input rates. We consider a specific model of the mobile ad-hoc network that enables us to exactly compute these quantities. Further, we propose schemes that offer performance guarantees that are arbitrarily close to these bounds at the cost of an increased delay. The exact nature of the associated delay tradeoff when performance is pushed towards the minimum energy bound is another fundamental characteristic of the network that is discussed in this work.
The Promise and Limits of the International Law of Torture

In this chapter, which was published in the Oxford University book "Torture: A Collection," I explore the place of international law in efforts to bring an end to the practice of torture. The debate over whether international law "works" has until now been highly polarized. On the one hand, skeptics of international law claim that international law is mere window dressing. States don't give up the right to engage in torture unless they have no intention of using it anyway. And once they join treaties like the Convention Against Torture, states will act no differently than if they had not done so. On the other side of the debate are those who reject this dismissive view of international law. They argue that states do not simply join treaties that are in their material interests. Rather, states will join a treaty if they are committed to the ideas and goals it embodies, even if doing so may be costly. And once states join, believers in international law argue, they will abide by their international legal commitments "most of the time." I, by contrast, argue that international law has a real effect, but not one that either friends or foes of international law would expect. Both advocates and skeptics of international law are missing important parts of the picture. Both fail to consider the role of internal enforcement of international treaties on countries' willingness to join and abide by them. Moreover, they ignore almost completely the indirect effects of treaties on countries' decisions to accept international legal limits on their behavior and then to violate or abide by them. Recognizing these dynamics creates a broader perspective on the role that international law plays in shaping how states actually behave and hence provides a more accurate picture of both the potential and the limits of international law.
Optically Modulated Electrokinetic Particulate and Fluid Manipulation

Illumination patterns are used to drive electrothermal flows for sorting and manipulating particulates for Lab-on-Chip applications. Plasmonics has been used to enhance the optical coupling.
Speaking in the Groove: Oral History and Jazz

In the past twenty years, social and cultural historians have brought the history of jazz into the mainstream narrative of United States history. The story of the era between the two world wars cannot be told any longer without reference to the rebellious expressions of "hot" 1920s jazz and 1930s swing, and historians increasingly illuminate succeeding decades with discussions of bebop, "free" jazz, jazz fusion, and other significant trends in the history of jazz. The music's relationship to other significant musical styles-such as ragtime and the blues, which preceded jazz, and rhythm and blues and rock 'n' roll, which followed it-is also explored more often in textbooks and in classrooms to help students understand the relationship between musical tastes and more general social and cultural trends. The growth of jazz studies, in short, has been concurrent with the increase in the interdisciplinary richness of historical scholarship and teaching. I Jazz studies has also grown up with-and has contributed to-the oral history movement. This article will address three facets of the interaction between jazz studies and oral history. First, I will explore how the tradition of the informal jazz interview (a tradition nearly as old as the music itself) has evolved, at least in part, into a scholarly endeavor. Increasingly, all aspects of jazz oral history-interviewing, archiving, preservation methods, and the presentation of oral history-based scholarship-have come to conform to the standards of trained oral historians. Jazz oral history gained a solid early foundation with the projects at Tulane University and the Smithsonian Institution in the 1960s and 1970s, and it has expanded into further efforts in the past twenty years. These collections have provided us with tapes, transcripts, and videotapes of remarkable breadth and depth. In the second part of the article, after surveying archives across the nation that contain substantial oral history resources on jazz, I will discuss major methodologi-
Diagnostic REM sleep muscle activity thresholds in patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder with and without obstructive sleep apnea.

Abstract Objectives We aimed to determine whether visual and automated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without atonia (RSWA) methods could accurately diagnose patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and comorbid obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods In iRBD patients ( n = 15) and matched controls ( n = 30) with and without OSA, we visually analyzed RSWA phasic burst durations, phasic, tonic, and "any" muscle activity by 3-s mini-epochs, phasic activity by 30-s (AASM rules) epochs, and automated REM atonia index (RAI). Group RSWA metrics were analyzed with regression models. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the best diagnostic cutoff thresholds for REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Both split-night and full-night polysomnographic studies were analyzed. Results All mean RSWA phasic burst durations and muscle activities were higher in iRBD patients than in controls ( p 0.01). Muscle activity (phasic, "any") cutoffs for 3-s mini-epoch scorings were as follows: submentalis (SM) (15.8%, 19.5%), anterior tibialis (AT) (29.7%, 29.7%), and combined SM/AT (39.5%, 39.5%). The tonic muscle activity cutoff was 0.70% and RAI (SM) cutoff 0.86. The phasic muscle burst duration cutoffs were 0.66 s for SM and 0.71 s for AT. Combining phasic burst durations with RSWA muscle activity improved the sensitivity and specificity of iRBD diagnosis. Conclusions This study provides evidence for quantitative RSWA diagnostic thresholds applicable in iRBD patients with OSA. Our findings in this study were very similar to those seen in patients with Parkinson's disease–REM sleep behavior disorder (PD–RBD), consistent with a common mechanism and presumed underlying etiology of synucleinopathy in both groups.
Reconciliation in Sierra Leone

Since the end of World War II, there have been 259 armed conflicts in 159 locations ( 1 ). Sierra Leone's civil war began 25 years ago, at a time when roughly 25% of all countries worldwide were experiencing civil war ( 2 ). How can individuals and groups recover from such violent conflicts? On page 787 of this issue, Cilliers et al. ( 3 ) provide rigorous evidence on the efficacy of one postwar reconciliation strategy that was implemented in 100 communities in Sierra Leone ( 4 ).
In vitro antifungal and antibiofilm activities of halogenated quinoline analogues against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans.

Abstract With the increasing prevalence of fungal infections coupled with emerging drug resistance, there is an urgent need for new and effective antifungal agents. Here we report the antifungal activities of 19 diverse halogenated quinoline (HQ) small molecules against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Four HQ analogues inhibited C. albicans growth with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 nM, whilst 16 analogues effectively inhibited C. neoformans at MICs of 50–780 nM. Remarkably, two HQ analogues eradicated mature C. albicans and C. neoformans biofilms [minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) = 6.25–62.5 µM]. Several active HQs were found to penetrate into fungal cells, whilst one inactive analogue was unable to, suggesting that HQs elicit their antifungal activities through an intracellular mode of action. HQs are a promising class of small molecules that may be useful in future antifungal treatments.
A neonate and her diabetic mother.

At the University of Kentucky Albert B. Chandler Medical Center, Integrative Clinicopathological Conferences are held regularly to explore various dimensions—economic, psychosocial, ethical, preventive, and medical—of health care. They are organized by Dr. Joseph Engelberg. Professor of Physiology and Biophysics. This conference was moderated by Dr. Peter P. Bosomworth. Chancellor of the Medical Center.
Assessing the Treatment of the Alcoholic Patient in an Urban Hospital

During the six month period June — December, 1976, 365 of 4,500 adult medical patients were discharged with either a primary or secondary diagnosis of alcoholism at a large New York City medical center. These patients were treated on either a general medical service or a special alcoholism unit within the center complex. Generally, those patients with alcoholism secondary to another problem (e.g., pneumonia) were admitted to general medicine, while those who voluntarily sought treatment for alcoholism or whose medical problems were minor or easily controllable were admitted to the alcoholism unit.
Translation and Genre: Literary

‘Genre’ means a kind or type of rhetoric. The term can be applied to any stylistically consistent utterance, oral or written, literary or non-literary. It is the umbrella term, favored by literary tradition and, hence, literary translation. In translation practice, genre is a useful text marker. The rhetorical conventions inscribed in a genre compose a tradition and present a guide. Thus, if translators identify the genre at the outset, they will have models to follow, flout, or adapt. Genres do not cross linguistic and cultural boundaries unchanged. The differences depend on the cultural connections and the language structures of the chief countries of use.
Small satellite developments

Small satellites are now, more than ever, being utilized as viable space craft to perform measurements for the science and commercial sector. Shrinking budgets have placed an emphasis on low cost missions, and the technology is now available for these small mass and volume platforms. Specifically, the cost of accessing space continues to fall, with dedicated launch vehicles now being developed that will deliver 1 kg to LEO for < 20 K. This paper will discuss the small satellite developments in the last year and will serve as the keynote to the session.
Investing in institutions for cooperation

We examine the effects of endogenizing contribution productivity in a repeated public good game. In our experimental treatment, subjects collectively decide (by voting) how much to invest in augmenting the technology for producing the public good, and subsequently make individual voluntary contributions to provision. In the control, contribution productivity is exogenous. Contributions in the two treatments are similar.
Bilious emesis as presenting symptom of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in an 8-month-old

Abstract Although congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) primarily presents in either the prenatal or neonatal period, late presentation has a reported incidence of 2.5–25%. This case report describes an 8-month-old-male who presented to the emergency department with dehydration and a 24-h history of bilious emesis. Work-up led to the diagnosis of a left-sided Bochdalek CDH. He subsequently underwent laparoscopic diaphragmatic hernia repair with reduction of near-total length of incarcerated bowel. The patient had an uneventful recovery. Babies born with CDH are typically unstable at birth, and even with repair, the mortality rate remains high. However, in the case of delayed CDH diagnosis where there are no perinatal issues, surgical repair has very high success rates, provided that there are no complications regarding the delay. If there is not a high index of suspicion based on the patient's history and exam, delayed diagnosis and intervention with late CDH presentations can lead to complications which could otherwise be minimized. The purpose of this case report is to raise awareness and contribute to the growing knowledge about delayed CDH presentation among physicians and surgeons to facilitate early diagnosis and care of a morbid yet manageable condition.
Uncovering a tragic flaw in revolutionary health policies: From health and communicative inequities to communicative justice in health.

This article analyzes a contradiction facing efforts by left-leaning governments in Latin America to transform health into a fundamental social right. Policies and practices that confront health inequities generally fail to address health/communicative inequities, hierarchical distributions of rights to shape what counts as legitimate knowledge of health. This ethnographic analysis focuses on an epidemic of a mysterious disease - identified clinically as bat-transmitted rabies - in the Delta Amacuro rainforest of Venezuela in 2007-2008, tracing how parents who lost 1-3 children faced acute health/communicative inequities in clinical settings, epidemiological investigations, work with healers, news coverage, health policy, and health communication. Taking as a point of departure rainforest residents' demands for communicative justice in health, the analysis draws on Menendez's notion of autoatencion in exploring how health/communicative labor is co-produced with the labor of care.
Multiyear Composite View of Ozone Enhancements and Stratosphere-to-Troposphere Transport in Dry Intrusions of Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclones

We examine the role of extratropical cyclones in stratosphere-to-troposphere (STT) exchange with cyclone-centric composites of O3 retrievals from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), contrasting them to composites obtained with the Modern-Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA and MERRA-2) reanalyses and the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. We identify 15,978 extratropical cyclones in the northern hemisphere (NH) for 2005-2012. The lowermost stratosphere (261 hPa) and middle troposphere (424 hPa) composites feature a 1,000 km-wide O3 enhancement in the dry intrusion (DI) airstream to the southwest of the cyclone center, coinciding with a lowered tropopause, enhanced potential vorticity, and decreased H2O. MLS composites at 261 hPa show that the DI O3 enhancements reach a 210 ppbv maximum in April. At 424 hPa, TES composites display maximum O3 enhancements of 27 ppbv in May. The magnitude and seasonality of these enhancements are captured by MERRA and MERRA-2, but GEOS-Chem is a factor of two too low. The MERRA-2 composites show that the O3-rich DI forms a vertically aligned structure between 300 and 800 hPa, wrapping cyclonically with the warm conveyor belt. In winter and spring DIs, O3 is enhanced by 100 ppbv or 100-130% at 300 hPa, with significant enhancements below 500 hPa (6-20 ppbv or 15-30%). We estimate that extratropical cyclones result in a STT flux of 119 +/- 56 Tg O3 yr(sub-1), accounting for 42 +/- 20 % of the NH extratropical O3 STT flux. The STT flux in cyclones displays a strong dependence on westerly 300 hPa wind speeds.
Genetic down-regulation of gibberellin results in semi-dwarf poplar but few non-target effects on chemical resistance and tolerance to defoliation

Plant stature can be strongly modified via regulation of endogenous levels and signalling of the plant hormone gibberellin (GA). Down-regulation of GA can produce semi-dwarf tree varieties with improved qualities such as reduced susceptibility to wind damage, enhanced root growth and more compact cultivation. However, these modifications may have unintended, non-target consequences for defence against herbivores, via either of two mechanisms: (i) reduced biomass production may cause trade-offs with chemical resistance traits, as predicted by the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis, and (ii) altered biomass allocation to either roots or photosynthetic tissues may affect regrowth potential and thus tolerance to defoliation. We studied GA down-regulated (GE) and non-transgenic wild-type hybrid poplar (Populus alba × P. tremula) in an outdoor, aboveground common garden and defoliated half of all replicate trees to simulate defoliation. We then quantified the independent and interactive effects of genotype and defoliation on growth and chemical resistance-related traits, including phenolic glycosides (PGs), condensed tannin and nitrogen. We also calculated tolerance to defoliation as the differential in relative growth between undefoliated and defoliated trees. Our results indicate that two of the four GA down-regulated genotypes had significantly reduced stem height, basal diameter, volume (d²h), total biomass and increased allocation to leaves relative to the wild type. One of those two genotypes also had reduced allocation to roots. One and sometimes both of these same two genotypes also had at least 20% lower levels of condensed tannins and PGs and similar increases in lignin and nitrogen. Tolerance, as calculated by the differential in relative growth between undefoliated and defoliated trees, was similar among all experimental genotypes. However, two GE genotypes flushed fewer leaves in response to defoliation relative to the wild type. Our results indicate that GA down-regulation strongly alters biomass production and allocation in poplar but does not necessarily compromise the ability of these trees to tolerate damage. However, some of the modifications we observed do have the potential to alter non-target resistance traits over time, and warrant further research, especially under plantation conditions.
Switching a Perpendicular Ferromagnetic Layer by Competing Spin Currents

An ultimate goal of spintronics is to control magnetism via electrical means. One promising way is to utilize a current-induced spin-orbit torque (SOT) originating from the strong spin-orbit coupling in heavy metals and their interfaces to switch a single perpendicularly magnetized ferromagnetic layer at room temperature. However, experimental realization of SOT switching to date requires an additional in-plane magnetic field, or other more complex measures, thus severely limiting its prospects. Here we present a novel structure consisting of two heavy metals that delivers competing spin currents of opposite spin indices. Instead of just canceling the pure spin current and the associated SOTs as one expects and corroborated by the widely accepted SOTs, such devices manifest the ability to switch the perpendicular CoFeB magnetization solely with an in-plane current without any magnetic field. Magnetic domain imaging reveals selective asymmetrical domain wall motion under a current. Our discovery not only paves the way for the application of SOT in nonvolatile technologies, but also poses questions on the underlying mechanism of the commonly believed SOT-induced switching phenomenon.
Vitamin E Status Is Inversely Associated with Risk of Incident Tuberculosis Disease among Household Contacts.

Background Few studies have previously assessed how pre-existing vitamin E status is associated with risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease progression. Objective We evaluated the association between baseline plasma concentrations of 3 vitamin E isomers (α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol) and TB disease risk. Methods We conducted a case-control study nested within a longitudinal cohort of household contacts (HHCs) of pulmonary TB cases in Lima, Peru. We defined cases as HHCs who developed active TB disease ≥15 d after the diagnosis of the index patient, and we matched each case to 4 control cases who did not develop active TB based on age by year and gender. We used univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression to calculate ORs for incident TB disease by plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol. Results Among 6751 HIV-negative HHCs who provided baseline blood samples, 180 developed secondary TB during follow-up. After controlling for possible confounders, we found that baseline α-tocopherol deficiency conferred increased risk of incident TB disease (adjusted OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.50; P = 0.04). Household contacts in the lowest tertile of δ-tocopherol were also at increased risk of progression to TB disease compared to those in the highest tertile (tertile 1 compared with tertile 3, adjusted OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.29, 4.09; P-trend = 0.005). We found no association between baseline concentration of γ-tocopherol and incident TB disease. Conclusions Vitamin E deficiency was associated with an increased risk of progression to TB disease among HHCs of index TB cases. Assessment of vitamin E status among individuals at high risk for TB disease may play a role in TB control efforts.
Disposition and metabolism of the bisphenol analogue, bisphenol S, in Harlan Sprague Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice and in vitro in hepatocytes from rats, mice, and humans.

Abstract With the removal of bisphenol A (BPA) from many consumer products, the potential use of alternatives such as bisphenol S (BPS) and its derivatives is causing some concerns. These studies investigated the comparative in vitro hepatic clearance and metabolism of BPS and derivatives and the disposition and metabolism of BPS in rats and mice following gavage and intravenous administration. The clearance of BPS and its derivatives was slower in human hepatocytes than in rodents. In male rats following gavage administration of 50, 150, and 500 mg/kg [14C]BPS the main route of excretion was via urine; the urinary excretion decreased (72 to 48%) and the fecal excretion increased (16 to 30%) with increasing dose. The disposition was similar in female rats and male and female mice following gavage administration. Radioactivity remaining in tissues at 72 h in both species and sexes was ≤2.4%. In bile duct cannulated rats 53% of a gavage dose was secreted in bile suggesting extensive enterohepatic recirculation of [14C]BPS. Following an intravenous dose in rats and mice, the pattern of excretion was similar to gavage. These data suggest that the dose excreted in feces folowing gavage administration is likely the absorbed dose. Urinary metabolites included the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates with a moderate amount of parent. The pattern of in vitro hepatic metabolsim was similar to in vivo with some difference among derivatives. These data suggest that similar to other bisphenol analogues, BPS was well absorbed following oral expsosure and extensively excreted with minimal tissue retention.
Universal precautions in the family physician's office

BACKGROUND The risk of occupational exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be one of the important issues facing family physicians in the 1990s. The use of universal precautions has been shown to reduce the incidence of exposures to bloodborne pathogens. Studies indicate, however, that these guidelines are not being followed consistently by physicians or their staffs. METHODS A survey of 3568 randomly sampled members of the American Academy of Family Physicians was performed using a questionnaire that was designed by the authors. Three mailings were conducted. RESULTS The total response rate was 39%. Approximately 80% of the respondents reported that they used gloves appropriately and disposed of sharp instruments in a puncture-resistant container. Only 39% "always" or "almost always" used eye protection when indicated, and only 35% "almost never" or "never" recapped used needles. There was a significant number of physicians who reported that they or their office staff had had an occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens within the last year. CONCLUSIONS Family physicians and their staffs do not uniformly follow universal precaution guidelines and, as a result, many have been exposed to blood products. If the physician or the office staff would not recap used needles and would place used sharp instruments in a puncture-resistant container, the greatest risks of occupational exposure would be reduced.
Na de diagnose

Dementie op jonge leeftijd wordt in eerste instantie vaak niet herkend. Als uiteindelijk de diagnose wordt gesteld, is er meestal geen vangnet en komt de hulpverlening pas op gang als de problemen zich al hebben opgestapeld. Heftige reacties van overbelaste mantelzorgers zijn dan dikwijls het gevolg. Door begeleiding op maat vanaf het moment van de diagnose kan veel leed worden voorkomen en blijft een crisissituatie vaak uit.
Drug Use, Resilience, and the Myth of the Golden Child

Resilience can take its place with risk factors and protective factors in understanding drug use and other problems. It adds a dimension that can be important for understanding how a few youth avoid drug involvement despite exposure to serious life crises. This suggested role of resilience also indicates that approaches to prevention should include attention to developing personal resilience, the attitudes and skills needed for dealing with crises. It also suggests that attention be paid to external resilience factors, resources that assist in crises. Further, developing resilience is likely to be valuable for young people even though it does not influence drug use. All lives include crises, and the resources and the abilities to deal with them are useful. Since resilience is probably related to self esteem and to cultural identification, it suggests that prevention programs probably should incorporate elements aimed at improving self esteem and increasing cultural identification despite past failures to demonstrate that they have a strong direct influence on drug use. But if resilience is to be included as an element in prevention, it must be remembered that the role played by resilience is complex and is likely to be indirect, and that resilience may come into play only in the resolution of crises. Even programs that successfully increase resilience may not reduce drug use except in individual cases where lack of resilience prevents resolution of a crisis and leads to circumstances that place the person at risk. On the other hand, increasing resilience can provide protection not only for the moment, and not only for one incident, but for an extended future. Since no life is crisis free, resilience could be one of the more important assets in life.
Evaluating Surgical Resident Needle Insertion Skill Gains in Central Venous Catheterization Training

Abstract Background Training for ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization (CVC) is typically conducted on static manikin simulators with real-time feedback from a skilled observer. Dynamic haptic robotic trainers (DHRTs) are an alternative method that simulates various patient anatomies and provides consistent feedback for each insertion. This study evaluates CVC needle insertion efficiency and skill gains of both methods. Materials and methods Fifty-two first-year surgical residents were trained by placing internal jugular (IJ) CVC needles in manikins (n = 26) or robots (n = 26). Manikin-trained participants received verbal feedback from an experienced observer, whereas robotically trained participants received quantitative feedback from the personalized DHRT learning interface. All participants were pretested on a Blue Phantom manikin; participants completed posttesting on a Blue Phantom manikin (n = 26) or a novel manikin (n = 26) with different vessel depth and position. During pretests and posttests residents were timed, motion-tracked, and scored on an IJ CVC checklist. Results (1) All skills on the IJ CVC checklist showed significant (P Conclusions No significant group differences were observed in overall skill gains, but residents’ average procedural completion time decreased significantly from pretests to posttest. Overall results support DHRT as an effective method for training IJ CVC skills.
Admissible Bernoulli correlations

A multivariate symmetric Bernoulli distribution has marginals that are uniform over the pair {0,1}. Consider the problem of sampling from this distribution given a prescribed correlation between each pair of variables. Not all correlation structures can be attained. Here we completely characterize the admissible correlation vectors as those given by convex combinations of simpler distributions. This allows us to bijectively relate the correlations to the well-known CUTn polytope, as well as determine if the correlation is possible through a linear programming formulation.
Plasmodium vivax Infection in Multiple Family Members in Texas, USA

We report a cluster of 6 pediatric residents of Houston, Texas, USA, who presented with Plasmodium vivax infection within an eight-week period. All had immigrated to the United States from Afghanistan within the previous year. The clustering raises the possibilities of local mosquito vectored infection and/or synchronous relapses. Molecular typing and local mosquito testing are crucial in delineating the source of similar clusters in nonendemic regions. Single-dose hypnozoite eradication treatment may be considered in emigrating children to malaria nonendemic countries.
Observed trends in daily rainfall variability result in more severe climate change impacts to agriculture

There is increasing evidence that climate change is impacting not just total amounts of precipitation, but its temporal dynamics as well. While previous studies have identified the importance that the temporal distribution of daily rainfall has on crop production, climate models often do not represent these distributions consistently with observed trends. The objectives of this study are to (1) evaluate the relationship between rainfall variability and yields for economically important crops in the upper Southeastern United States and (2) assess the potential impact that incorporating observed trends in rainfall variability has on yield projections under future climate change. This study develops statistical models of historic crop yields for five crops, finding that an explanatory variable related to daily rainfall variability, the wet-day Gini coefficient (GC), has a statistically significant negative relationship with crop yields in all cases. These models are then used to estimate the impacts of climate change using an ensemble of downscaled general circulation model (GCM) projections and scenarios that include a continuation of observed GC trends. Most downscaled GCMs evaluated do not project changes in GC consistent with observed trends, and scenarios that assume a continuation of observed trends result in projected yields that are up to 5.8% lower than those directly based on GCM projections. While additional research is needed in the climate science community to better understand how rainfall variability may change in the future, this should be mirrored in the impacts community so that agricultural impact assessments incorporate these potentially important changes.
ENERGY PROPAGATION IN A CAUCHY ELASTIC MATERIAL

It has been shown by Schouten [1] that in an anisotropic homogeneous elastic material subjected to infinitesimal deformations the energy propagation vector is necessarily normal to the slowness surface. It can be readily shown (see, for example, [2]) that the bicharacteristics are also normal to the slowness surface.
Interpretation of Mine Atmosphere Monitoring Data

Two cases of thermal events occurred in longwall gob and longwall pane are present in this chapter. Mine atmospheric monitoring data from the two events have been prudently analyzed. Efforts have been made to identify the possible causes, locations, and statuses of these events using the obtained gas data, as well as other ventilation, geological, and mining parameters. The effect of injected inert gas to control the events has also been quantified. The collected gas data are used to derive a number of fire ratios for recognizing the status before the inert gas injection when air-gas mixture had not been disturbed by the injected inert gases and the status after the inert gas injection. For case 1, the stabilized and very low Litton ratio after the completion of the inert gas inject and the low hydrocarbon ratio also show the oxidation is occurring at ambient temperature. For case 2, the flame fire in the longwall panel was indeed a methane-burning-only thermal event. The fire was not ignited by any suspicious thermal event deep in the longwall gob. It was completely extinguished by the face crew. The fire did not penetrate further into the gob to cause combustion of the broken coal in the gob.
Reimagining pH Measurement: Utilizing Raman Spectroscopy for Enhanced Accuracy in Phosphoric Acid Systems.

Measurement of pH is an integral component of chemical studies and process control; however, traditional pH probes are difficult to utilize in harsh or complex chemical systems. Optical spectroscop...
Lifetime Risk of Death From Firearm Injuries, Drug Overdoses, and Motor Vehicle Accidents in the United States.

Abstract Background News media and policy makers frequently discuss deaths from firearms, drug overdoses, and motor vehicle accidents. However, this information is generally presented as absolute numbers or annual rates. Cumulative lifetime risk may be an additional useful metric for understanding the impact of these causes of death. Methods Data on all-cause firearm, drug overdose, and motor vehicle accident deaths were obtained from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the year 2018. Age-specific death rates were used to estimate the cumulative risk of firearm, drug overdose, and motor vehicle accident deaths from birth to age 85 after accounting for other causes of death. Results The lifetime risk of death from firearms, drug overdoses, and motor vehicle accidents was 0.93% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92%-0.94%), 1.52% (95% CI, 1.51%-1.53%), and 0.92% (95% CI, 0.91%-0.93%), respectively. Black males had a 2.61% (95% CI, 2.55%-2.66%) lifetime risk of firearm death, indicating that 1 out of 38 black males will die from firearms if current death rates persist. Residents of West Virginia had a 3.54% lifetime risk of drug overdose death, equivalent to 1 out of every 28 residents dying from overdoses. Conclusions The lifetime risk of death from firearms, drug overdoses, and motor vehicle accidents is substantial and varies greatly across demographic subgroups and states.
Thermal chiral anomaly in the magnetic-field induced ideal Weyl phase of Bi1-xSbx topological insulators

The chiral anomaly is the predicted break down of chiral symmetry in a Weyl semimetal with monopoles of opposite chirality when an electric field parallel to a magnetic field is applied. It occurs because of charge pumping from a positive chirality to a negative chirality monopole. Experimental observation of this fundamental effect has been plagued by concerns about the pathways of the current. Here, we unambiguously demonstrate the thermal analog of the chiral anomaly in topological insulator bismuth-antimony alloys driven into an ideal Weyl semimetal state by a Zeeman field, with the chemical potential pinned at the Weyl points, and in which the Fermi surface has no trivial pockets. The experimental signature is a large enhancement of the thermal conductivity in an applied magnetic field parallel to the thermal gradient that follows the Wiedemann-Franz law above 60 K. Absence of current flow avoids extrinsic effects that plague electrical measurements.
A rare complication of a rare disease: Pericarditis due to ruptured pericardial cyst

Pericardial cysts are considered rare incidental findings, which are generally asymptomatic in nature. Occasionally, patients may represent with chest discomfort, dyspnea, or palpitations. Pericarditis related to a ruptured pericardial cyst has not been previously reported in the literature. Here, we report the case of a 62-year-old man who developed acute pericarditis as a result of a ruptured enlarging pericardial cyst.
High Coupling Coefficient Resonance Mode in Al 0.68 Sc 0.32 N Surface Acoustic Wave Resonator with AlN Buffer Layer on a Silicon Substrate

We report on a resonance mode with high electro-mechanical coupling coefficient (k t 2) in an Aluminum Scandium Nitride (AlScN) Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) resonator with an Aluminum Nitride (AlN) buffer layer on a silicon substrate. We demonstrate the influence of electrode material, electrode thickness, AlScN thickness, and device orientation on the k t 2. We utilize the optimized parameters from this study to realize SAW devices in a CMOS compatible fabrication process and measured a k t 2 as high as 4.78%, which is a high value for AlScN SAW devices reported on low cost single crystal silicon substrates.
The Search Patterns of Abdominal Imaging Subspecialists for Abdominal Computed Tomography: Toward a Foundational Pattern for New Radiology Residents.

Objectives The routine search patterns used by subspecialty abdominal imaging experts to inspect the image volumes of abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) have not been well characterized or rendered in practical or teachable terms. The goal of this study is to describe the search patterns used by experienced subspecialty imagers when reading a normal abdominal CT at a modern picture archiving and communication system workstation, and utilize this information to propose guidelines for residents as they learn to interpret CT during training. Material and methods Twenty-two academic subspecialists enacted their routine search pattern on a normal contrast-enhanced abdominal/pelvic CT study under standardized display parameters. Readers were told that the scan was normal and then asked to verbalize where their gaze centered and moved through the axial, coronal, and sagittal image stacks, demonstrating eye position with a cursor as needed. A peer coded the reported eye gaze movements and scrilling behavior. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between years of professional experience and the numbers of passes through the lung bases, liver, kidneys, and bowel. Results All readers followed an initial organ-by-organ approach. Larger organs were examined by drilling, while smaller organs by oscillation or scanning. Search elements were classified as drilling, scanning, oscillation, and scrilling (scan drilling); these categories were parsed as necessary. The greatest variability was found in the examination the body wall and bowel/mesentery. Two modes of scrilling were described, and these classified as roaming and zigzagging. The years of experience of the readers did not correlated to number of passes made through the lung bases, liver, kidneys, or bowel. Conclusion Subspecialty abdominal radiologists negotiate through the image stacks of an abdominal CT study in broadly similar ways. Collation of the approaches suggests a foundational search pattern for new trainees.
Treatment of Clinical Mastitis

Mastitis continues to be of great importance to the US dairy industry. When diseases on dairy farms were recently evaluated according to effects on productivity, international trade, animal welfare, and zoonotic risk, mastitis ranked highest, above salmonellosis, paratuberculosis, and bovine virus diarrhea.1 Subclinical mastitis caused by contagious mastitis pathogens still causes substantial economic loss on some US dairy farms, but it can readily be controlled by dry cow antibiotic therapy, hygiene practices in the milking parlor, and selective culling. In herds that have achieved contagious mastitis control, clinical mastitis caused by opportunistic pathogens in the environment or on teat skin is the predominant form of the disease.2,3 Because these pathogens are ubiquitous, eradication of clinical mastitis is an unreasonable goal. Rather, dairy producers must strive to reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis by instituting hygienic practices that minimize exposure of teats to pathogens and by optimizing immune function through proper nutrition and vaccination. When clinical mastitis develops, as it does at an annual incidence rate of 50%,4 veterinarians and dairy producers must make appropriate treatment decisions. Despite decades of treating clinical mastitis, controversy still exists about when and how to treat it, particularly in herds that have controlled contagious pathogens. The predominant mastitis-causing pathogens in those herds are coliform bacteria, Streptococcus spp. other than Streptococcus agalactiae (environmental streptococci), and Staphylococcus spp. other than Staphylococcus aureus.2,3 An ideal treatment regimen would be one that is safe, reduces pain and suffering, is efficacious (resulting in rapid clinical and bacteriological cure), causes short milk and slaughter withholding times, avoids unnecessary drug use or excessive labor, positively impacts milk production and survivability, and is economical. Almost certainly the ideal regimen would differ for mild, moderate, and severe episodes of clinical mastitis and episodes caused by different pathogens. Hundreds of different treatments for clinical mastitis are used daily on US dairy farms, but, in general, even the most common treatments have not been studied in controlled clinical trials to determine if they are better than no treatment at all. In the remainder of this paper, I will discuss some of the common treatments for clinical mastitis in herds that have controlled contagious mastitis, and suggest areas for future study.
Epidemiological analysis of cases with rash and fever illness after measles vaccine inoculation during 1999 to 2002 in Shandong province, China

Objective To study the incidence of cases with rash and fever illness (RFIs) after measles vaccine (MV) inoculation. Methods During 1999 to 2002, 150 RFIs cases reported by the special measles surveillance system in Shandong province,China, were investigated and analyzed epidemiologically. Results 7 674 690 ml MV were distributed during 1999 to 2002 and the annual average incidence of RFIs cases after MV inoculation was 0. 20/10 000 ml(0. 2 ml per dose). There was significant difference of incidences each year (X~2=10.13, P0.05). All RFIs cases were sporadically distributed without epidemiological links. Clinical symptoms showed that 88. 67% of the 150 RFIs cases having38.5℃ fever and 75. 33% of all cases appeared typical rash after 4 to 11 days (the medium was 8 days) after MV inoculation. The order of rash onset among RFIs cases was consistent with that of regular measles cases caused by wild virus. 68. 67% of the RFIs cases had first MV inoculation and 94. 71% were 8 to 12 montholds. IgM sera antibody test from RFIs cases were rubella negative and 45. 65% positive for measles. Conclusion RFIs due to allergic reaction or measles vaccine virus infection might occur after MV inoculation. There seemed to be a correlation between RFIs incidence and the doses of MV. Measles virus genotype analysis needs to be carried out to confirm if the onset of some RFIs cases is aetiologically associated to MV vaccine virus infection.
Does time to completion of radiation treatment in locally advanced vulvar cancer impact survival

5593Background: Although well established in cervical cancer, it is unclear whether time from initiation to completion of radiation therapy for vulvar cancer affects survival outcomes. We seek to a...