cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SETBP1 mutations in 415 patients with primary myelofibrosis or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: independent prognostic impact in CMML

SETBP1 mutations in 415 patients with primary myelofibrosis or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: independent prognostic impact in CMML
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Mechanism of Radiation-Induced Radical Formation in Hydrogen-Bonded Cocrystals of 1-Methylcytosine and 5-Fluorouracil

The process of stabilizing radiation damage in the base pair of 1-methylcytosine (1-MeC):5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been investigated. The formation of free radicals in purines and pyrimidines is influenced by the matrix in which they are irradiated. Of particular interest are the systems in which two different nucleic acid bases are complexed, providing situations that approximate the close proximity of bases in nucleic acid polymers. Detailed EPR/electron−nuclear double resonance experiments show that only the N3 protonated cytosine anion and the N1 deprotonated uracil cation are observed in single crystals of 1-MeC:5-FU, X-irradiated, and observed at 10 K. Upon warming one observes a radical formed by net hydrogen addition to C6 on uracil, and an allylic radical on the C4−C5−C6 region of the uracil. No cytosine C5 or C6 H-addition radicals are observed. The implications that free radical damage is transferred from the cytosine moiety to the uracil moiety in 1-MeC:5-FU is discussed. Single point calculat...
Mediator compounds for the electrochemical study of biological redox systems: a compilation

Abstract Many biological compounds exhibit irreversible redox behavior as a result of slow heterogeneous electron transfer at electrode surfaces. In order to study the electrochemical behavior of these biocomponents, redox mediators are used to facilitate the electron transfer process. In this review the characteristics of ideal mediators are discussed and structural information on previously reported mediator compounds is provided. The electrochemical literature has been extensively surveyed to provide an up-to-date compilation of mediators suitable for use in potentiometric and coulometric titrations and in various types of voltammetric studies of biological redox systems. The compilation provides information on the formal potentials of the mediators as well as their previous applications and references. This review is intended to provide a current survey of compounds having suitable redox mediation characteristics.
Characteristics of Vegetable-Based Twin-Screw Extruded Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) Diets Containing Fermented High-Protein Soybean Meal and Graded Levels of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles

ABSTRACT A twin-screw extrusion study was performed in replicated trials to produce vegetable-based feeds for juvenile yellow perch. Two isocaloric (3.06 kcal/g) experimental diets were balanced to contain 20 and 40% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and a constant amount (20%) of fermented high-protein soybean meal (PepSoyGen) as the fishmeal protein replacers; crude protein content was targeted at 40%. A fishmeal-based diet was used as a control. Extrusion conditions included conditioner steam (0.11–0.16 kg/min), extruder water (0.11–0.19 kg/min), and screw speed (230–300 rpm). Increasing DDGS from 0 to 40% led to a considerable rise in bulk density, lightness L*), yellowness (b*), and unit density but to decreases in water activity (aw) and expansion ratio by 12.6, 14.4, 23, 21, 31, and 13%, respectively. The lowest unit density of 791.6 kg/m3 and highest bulk density of 654.5 kg/m3 were achieved with diets containing 20 and 40% DDGS, respectively; changes in DDGS content did not affect extr...
Structure of the truncated icosahedron (such as fullerene or viral coatings) and a 60-element conjugacy class in PSl(2, 11).

Abstract The proper symmetry group of a truncated icosahedron P is the icosahedral group PSl(2, 5). However, knowing the symmetry group is not enough to specify the graph structure (e.g., the carbon bonds for fullerene, C60) of P. The group PSl(2, 5) is a subgroup of the 660-element group PSl(2, 11). The latter contains a 60-element conjugacy class, say M, of elements of order 11. I show here that M exhibits a model for P where the graph structure is expressed group-theoretically. For example, the 12 pentagons are the maximal commuting subsets of M. Such a model creates the opportunity of using group-based harmonic analysis (e.g., convolution calculus) to deal with problems concerning the truncated icosahedron.
Paraneoplastic lower motor neuronopathy associated with Hodgkin lymphoma

Introduction: Paraneoplastic lower motor neuronopathies have been reported rarely with Hodgkin lymphoma. Methods: We report a case of rapidly progressive motor neuronopathy preceding the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. Results: A 31-year-old woman developed subacute rapidly progressive quadriparesis. Electrodiagnostic studies revealed a severe diffuse disorder of motor neurons and their axons. Symmetric enhancement of the cauda equina motor nerve roots was notable on magnetic resonance imaging scan. Further imaging demonstrated an enlarged supraclavicular lymph node, and biopsy revealed Hodgkin lymphoma. A final diagnosis of paraneoplastic motor neuronopathy was made after investigations for alternative causes of motor neuronopathy were unrevealing. Neurological improvement was seen with combined treatment of the underlying malignancy and intravenous immunoglobulin. Conclusions: Paraneoplastic causes should be considered in the differential diagnosis of subacute motor neuronopathy, as the neurological presentation may precede cancer detection. Combinations of lymphoma treatment and immunotherapy may result in a favorable outcome. Muscle Nerve 46: 823–827, 2012
Novel Inhibitors Complexed with Glutamate Dehydrogenase: ALLOSTERIC REGULATION BY CONTROL OF PROTEIN DYNAMICS*

Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a homohexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of l-glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate using NAD(P)+ as coenzyme. Unlike its counterparts from other animal kingdoms, mammalian GDH is regulated by a host of ligands. The recently discovered hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia disorder showed that the loss of allosteric inhibition of GDH by GTP causes excessive secretion of insulin. Subsequent studies demonstrated that wild-type and hyperinsulinemia/hyperammonemia forms of GDH are inhibited by the green tea polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate. This was followed by high throughput studies that identified more stable inhibitors, including hexachlorophene, GW5074, and bithionol. Shown here are the structures of GDH complexed with these three compounds. Hexachlorophene forms a ring around the internal cavity in GDH through aromatic stacking interactions between the drug and GDH as well as between the drug molecules themselves. In contrast, GW5074 and bithionol both bind as pairs of stacked compounds at hexameric 2-fold axes between the dimers of subunits. The internal core of GDH contracts when the catalytic cleft closes during enzymatic turnover. None of the drugs cause conformational changes in the contact residues, but all bind to key interfaces involved in this contraction process. Therefore, it seems likely that the drugs inhibit enzymatic turnover by inhibiting this transition. Indeed, this expansion/contraction process may play a major role in the inter-subunit communication and allosteric regulation observed in GDH.
Coevolution of the life history of a tropical seed-feeding insect and its food-plants.

Field and laboratory studies of Dvsdercus bimaculatus (Pyrrhocoridae; Heteroptera) were conducted in Costa Rica and Panama. The purpose of this work was to relate the life history of this insect and its host plants to the broader evolutionary context of the Dvsdercus-Malvales association. Nymphs and adults feed on seeds of four tree species: Sterculia apetala (Sterculiaceae), Ceiba pentandra, Pseudobombax septinataim, and Bombacopsis quinata (Bombacaceae). The distance be- tween trees and the hystolysis of wing muscles upon odgenesis effectively limit all the offspring of a female to one seed crop. These crops mature at different times during the tropical dry season. Crops are usually short lived and seeds are highly oleaginous. Thus, the host plants of D. bimaculatus create a coarse-grained pattern of point concentrations of energy-rich food resources occurring un- predictably in time and space. Migration and diapause are important 'options" in the life history of the adult. Evidence that adult D. bimaculatus do fly between seed crops is indirect. Adult insects first appeared on the ripening fruits of the crops of one species after fifth-instar nymphs first occurred in the samples at the earlier ripening species. In the laboratory, females tended to delay egg development when food was plentiful but water limited. In the field, a declining proportion of nymphs appeared to remain and reproduce as adults at an unusually long-lived S. apetala crop as conditions became drier. I proposed that uncertainty in the location in time and space and the level of moisture stress at different crops would account for variability in the tendency of females to develop eggs when water was limited. Two evolutionary processes would account for the association of D. bimaculatus with its particular type of food plants, relative to the many types of plant forms, seeds, and fruiting schedules in the Malvales: (1) I proposed that energy-rich food resources are required for D. bimaculatas to grow to its large adult size. Large body size is, in turn, thought to enhance survival during diapause, migratory capacity, and reproductive output of this species. At present, these relationships are inferred from ecologically similar species. (2) I assumed that the risk associated with diapause is a function of time. This leads to the conclusion that D. bimacldatus populations would be dominated by individuals which included in their range all Malvales that produced concentrations of energy-rich seeds.
Biological Rhythms in Reproductive Processes

Biological rhythms play an important role in the regulation of many different physiological systems, including the reproductive system. The 24-hour clock system plays a role in regulating the producti
Characterization of Nonbonded Poly(ethylene oxide) Coating for Capillary Electrophoresis via Continuous Monitoring of Electroosmotic Flow.

We examined changes in a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) coating by continuously monitoring the electroosmotic flow (EOF) in a fused-silica capillary during electrophoresis. An imaging CCD camera was used to follow the motion of a fluorescent neutral marker zone along the length of the capillary. The PEO coating was shown to reduce the velocity of EOF by more than 1 order of magnitude compared to a bare capillary at pH 7.0. However, it did not reduce EOF efficiently at pH 8.2. The coating protocol was important, especially at an intermediate pH of 7.7. Capillary reconditioning with an acidified solution of PEO was necessary in order to create a stable and efficient coating. In all cases we observed a gradual increase of EOF during extended runs, suggesting that the coating is slowly being degraded. The increase of pH in the cathodic (detection-end) buffer reservoir beyond pH ∼8.0, e.g., as a result of electrolysis, had a large impact on the stability of the coating. This phenomenon may be used for the efficient and fast regeneration of the column surface and provides a simpler and more reliable alternative to pressure flushing of the capillary.
Associative structures underlying enhanced negative summation following operational extinction of a Pavlovian inhibitor

Abstract Two experiments used lick suppression by water-deprived rats to investigate the associative structure underlying the enhancement of negative summation often seen following operational extinction (i.e., X−) of a Pavlovian conditioned inhibitor ( A + AX − ). Our expectation was that one consequence of inhibitory training with Stimulus X was X's accruing excitatory strength through mediation by Stimulus A, and that operational extinction of A attenuated this strength. Experiment 1 determined that, following A + AX − training, operational extinction of X enhanced negative summation even when the same excitor was used both on the summation test and in inhibitory training (i.e., Stimulus A). This suggests that the enhanced negative summation arises from extinction of a direct X→US excitatory association, which is mediated by A during acquisition but not during subsequent retention. In Experiment 2, the AX compound was extinguished following A + AX − training. This treatment was intended to maintain the X→A association while extinguishing the X→US association. Stimulus X was then tested in summation with an excitor other than A. Unlike extinction of X alone, extinction of AX caused no increase in the inhibitory potential of X; however, it produced a decrease in the excitatory value of A. Additionally, Experiment 2 found that the effectiveness of further inhibition training was similar to operational extinction of X in increasing X's inhibitory response potential. These results are consistent with the view that X, as a result of the AX− trials of inhibitory training, comes to possess a direct X→US associative link, and that the negative summation potential of an inhibitor is a function of the discrepancy in excitatory associative strengths between the putative inhibitor and the conditioned excitor used in inhibition training.
Epitaxial Phase Transformation between Cylindrical and Double Gyroid Mesophases

Complex phase transformation between the hexagonal cylinder (Hex) and double gyroid (G) phases in a polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) diblock copolymer was investigated using two-dimensional (2D) synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The PS-b-PEO sample contained a small population of another bicontinuous cubic phase having an % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngB % PrgifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0x % c9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8fr % Fve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGjb % GaamyBamaanaaabaGaaG4maaaacaWGTbaaaa!3B2B! $$Im\overline 3 m$$ symmetry. These two bicontinuous cubic phases (G and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngB % PrgifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0x % c9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8fr % Fve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGjb % GaamyBamaanaaabaGaaG4maaaacaWGTbaaaa!3B2B! $$Im\overline 3 m$$ ) had the same unit cell dimensions. Under a large-amplitude reciprocating shear, the bicontinuous cubic phases transformed into a “single-crystal’-like Hex phase. When annealed at 150 °C for 40 min, the Hex phase partially transformed into well-oriented twinned structures of the G and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngB % PrgifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0x % c9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8fr % Fve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGjb % GaamyBamaanaaabaGaaG4maaaacaWGTbaaaa!3B2B! $$Im\overline 3 m$$ phases without significant loss of orientation in 2D SAXS measurements. Epitaxial phase transformation relationships between the Hex/G and Hex/ % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngB % PrgifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0x % c9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8fr % Fve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGjb % GaamyBamaanaaabaGaaG4maaaacaWGTbaaaa!3B2B! $$Im\overline 3 m$$ phases were identified. The mechanism of the Hex → G transformation was examined by TEM.
Cauchy problem for a class of integro-differential equations

We consider the Cauchy problem for integro-differential equations containing Wiener-Hopf operators. We define the characteristic polynomial of the problem. We show that if all roots of the characteristic polynomial have negative imaginary parts and the corresponding strong moment problem is solvable, then the problem is equivalent to a Wiener-Hopf integral equation. We consider an example of an application of the result to a problem related to nonlocal wave interaction.
The Paralysis Associated with Myelomeningocele: Clinical and Experimental Data Implicating a Preventable Spinal Cord Injury

Paralysis seen in children with myelomeningocele has been attributed to congenital myelodysplasia. We suspected that paralysis may be due in part to a spinal cord injury caused by exposure of the neural tube to the amniotic fluid. This hypothesis was tested using a fetal rat model of surgically created dysraphism. Each pup from the experimental group of rats in which the spinal cord was intentionally exposed to the amniotic fluid was born with severe deformity and weakness of the hind limbs and tail. Control fetal rats, subjected to the same procedure without directly exposing the spinal cord to the intrauterine environment, were normal at birth. Histological studies of the exposed spinal cord revealed extensive erosion and necrosis, findings similar to those described in children with myelomeningocele. We therefore propose a "two-hit" hypothesis to explain the paralysis seen in children with myelomeningocele: congenital myelodysplasia complicated by an intrauterine spinal cord injury. Intrauterine protection of the exposed spinal cord might prevent some or all of the paralysis. The possible implications of these findings for the future treatment of myelomeningocele are discussed.
Myelodysplastic syndrome and sagittal sinus thrombosis

After a 5-day illness beginning with severe headache, a 46-year-old man with myelodysplastic syndrome died of complications from cerebral venous thrombosis. Considering the underlying hematologic abnormality, multiple therapies, and potential for leukemic transformation, we suggest that patients with myelodysplastic syndrome may be at increased risk for developing cerebral venous thrombosis
Shifts in the Antarctic demersal fish community of South Georgia Island

Abstract Yields of exploited fish stocks from South Georgia Island (Antarctic) have been recorded to be declining since the early 1970s. However, the probable effects of exploitation on the demersal fish community structure have not been investigated. We used a non-parametric method (FAUNSIM) to test for statistically significant changes in that community based on 3 years of survey data. A significant shift in the community was detected between 1986–1987 and 1987–1988. This change was due mostly to reductions in the abundance of mackerel icefish, Champsocephalus gunnari , and gray rockcod, Notothenia squamifrons , and the increased presence of South Georgia icefish, Pseudochaenichthys georgianus . The observed change was from a community dominated by a few large-bodied species to fewer, mostly small-bodied species of more even abundance. Possible causes for this change in the community were explored. Fishing mortality was believed to be the most likely mechanism affecting the observed change.
EIGENVECTORS FOR THE PARTIAL-WAVE ''CROSSING MATRICES''.

Let a,T3,c,d "be spinless particles of equal mass and consider the process a + b -> c + d. It was shown elsewhere that the crossing symmetry of the scattering amplitude for such a process implies an infinite number of finite-dimensional "crossing relations" for the associated partial waves. In this paper, we derive explicit expressions for complete orthogonal and Morthogonal sets of eigenvectors of the partial-wave crossing matrices• The general form of a partial wave which is consistent with crossing symmetry is thus determined.
Localization of class i histocompatibility molecule assembly by subfractionation of the early secretory pathway

Class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex bind peptides derived from cytosolic proteins and display them on the cell surface. This function alerts cytotoxic T cells to the presence of intracellular pathogens. Class I molecule assembly requires the association of the heavy chain with beta 2-microglobulin, accompanied by peptide loading via specific transporters. This study localizes where these assembly steps take place, using monoclonal antibodies recognizing class I molecules in different assembly states to analyze subcellular fractions of the early secretory pathway. The distribution of peptide-loaded class I molecules was more localized than the distribution of the total pool of class I molecules in the early secretory pathway. Loaded molecules colocalized with the peptide transporter, free heavy chains, and the chaperone calnexin in high density rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes. These data suggest that subunit assembly and peptide acquisition occur at the same intracellular site. Class I molecules also localized to less dense subfractions of the early secretory pathway, which contained comparatively less peptide-loaded molecules than the high density RER fractions, at steady state. Following a 15 degrees C temperature block, class I molecules accumulated in these less dense membrane fractions, indicating that these fractions represent the intermediate compartment where empty class I molecules are trapped in mutant cells. In the presence of cycloheximide, a pool of class I molecules recycling to the RER was detected suggesting empty molecules recycle to acquire peptide.
Focus and noun phrase anaphors in spoken language comprehension

Two experiments employed a lexical decision task and a delayed cued recall task to investigate whether and how syntactic focusing affects the online processing and long-term encoding of repeated and non-repeated definite NP anaphors in spoken language comprehension. For discourses with repeated anaphors (Experiment 1), focus facilitated lexical decisions but resulted in poorer recall performance. Discourses with non-repeated anaphors (Experiment 2) showed focus facilitation in lexical decision but no effects in recall. These results show that, similar to reading, spoken language comprehension is impeded by repeated reference to a focused discourse referent. The finding that repetition initially facilitates processing but then interferes with the resulting memory representation is consistent with theories that view referential processing as consisting of multiple stages that can be differentially impacted by repetition.
Women Who Fight

AbstractAlthough only recently legalized in many countries, women's boxing is gaining increasing worldwide popularity. However, participation of women in this hypermasculinized sport is inconsistent with long-standing cultural expectations of femininity. This survey catalogs the nicknames given to women boxers, obtained from two online data bases (Women's Boxing Archive Network; Boxing Encyclopedia) and contends that many of these nicknames are intended to reassure the boxing audience, and often the boxers themselves, that despite their aggressiveness, these women are still inherently female.
Phased array antenna with integrated MEMS phase shifters for Ka-band SATCOM

We present a Ka-band tightly coupled dipole array with micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) phase shifters directly integrated with the element feed structure. The dipole elements are printed on an alumina substrate with a twin coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed to ensure balanced feeding. An alternate feed structure in the form of Γ-matching circuit is also introduced to reduce the number of MEMS phase shifter required for the twin CPW feed.
The synthesis of [3H] and [14C]o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS)

Using similar procedures, the syntheses of [2-14C]-malononitrile and malono [14C]nitrile are described. Condensation with o-chlorobenzaldehyde affords [2-14C]-o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile and o-chlorobenzylidenemalono [14C]nitrile respectively. The syntheses of [3H]o-chlorobenzaldehyde and o-chlorobenz[14C]aldehyde, again by a common sequence of reactions, is described and with malononitrile gives [3H]-o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile and [1-14C]-o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile.
Human B Cell Lymphomas: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on Growth Factors and Cell Growth

The B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL-B) are a common, but heterogeneous group of human lymphoid neoplasms, consisting of monoclonal populations of neoplastic B lymphocytes demonstrating non-random chromosomal abnormalities, often associated with proto-oncogene translocations. Clinically and pathologically, these lymphomas are classified as low, intermediate, or high grade, according to the clinical aggressiveness of the NHL-B subtype. The clinical behavior can also be correlated with biological function regarding proliferative capabilities of the tumor cells. Our studies have shown that the low grade B cell lymphomas have low constitutive proliferative capacity in vitro and do not respond to cytokine growth factors (CGF), while the high grade NHL-B respond to the B cell growth factor (BCGF) family of CGFs. The high grade NHL-B also secrete BCGFs both in vitro and in vivo, as autocrine growth factors that may provide a target for new therapeutic approaches to therapy.
In HepG2 Cells, Translocation, Not Degradation, Determines the Fate of the de Novo Synthesized Apolipoprotein B

Previous studies show that translocation and degradation of apolipoprotein B (apoB), two processes occurring on or within the endoplasmic reticulum, determine how much de novo synthesized apoB is secreted. We determined which of these processes regulates the intracellular fate of apoB by examining whether degradation determines how much apoB is translocated or if translocation determines how much apoB is degraded. HepG2 cells, treated with the cysteine active site protease inhibitor ALLN, previously shown to block the degradation of translocation-arrested apoB in Chinese hamster ovary cells (Du, E., Kurth, J., Wang, S.-L., Humiston, P., and Davis, R.A. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 24169-24176), showed a 10-fold increase in the accumulation of de novo synthesized [35S]methionine-labeled apoB. The majority (80%) of the apoB accumulated in response to ALLN was in the microsomal fraction. In contrast, ALLN did not effect apoB secretion. Since ALLN did not effect the intracellular accumulation of [35S]methionine-labeled albumin and other proteins (trichloroacetic acid-precipitable [35S]methionine-labeled proteins), its effect on apoB was specific. Pulse-chase studies showed that ALLN dramatically reduced the first-order rate of removal of [35S]methionine-labeled apoB from the cell but did not effect its rate of secretion. The finding that ALLN caused the intracellular accumulation of incompletely translated chains of apoB suggests that at least some of the degradation occurs at the ribosomal level. Moreover, 85% of the apoB that accumulated in isolated microsomes in response to ALLN was accessible to exogenous trypsin, indicating this pool of apoB was incompletely translocated. The combined data suggest that translocation, not degradation, determines the intracellular fate of de novo synthesized apoB.
Developing The United States Air Force Dietitians’ Website

Abstract The number of services and users on the Internet has increased dramatically in the 1990's. The United States Air Force Dietitians have joined this growing trend and launched a worldwide web page. The first step in web page design is to define a purpose. Our purpose was threefold: first, to advertise/market Air Force Dietetics and the Diet Therapy career field; second, to provide an information resource for general nutrition topics and hyperlinks to related subjects; and third, to serve as an external communication tool with an e-mail function. The next step is to define your audience. The populations of those surfing our web page include the general public, military and civilian dietitians, and other military members. A password protected area can be designed to restrict access to certain users. We created a password protected area for our active duty and reserve Air Force dietitians. After determining the purpose and audience, the next step is to contact the systems administration office to request space on the local area network server. A Webmasters meeting was held at our facility to review guidelines and regulations of deploying a web page on a Government site. The final step is obtaining approval. In the Air Force, review and approval by the Public Affairs department is essential. After approval, and with each update, the web page is uploaded and functionally maintained with a "counter" to track visits. At a minimum, the page is maintained monthly to update information and ensure links are still active. Developing a worldwide web page can be accomplished in four easy steps. The worldwide web is no longer a tool of the future. It is a tool of today and can enhance networking, marketing and professional learning for dietitians throughout the world.
Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ by caffeine and ryanodine induces apoptosis of chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with ryanodine receptor.

Recent studies have suggested a central role for Ca2+ in the signaling pathway of apoptosis and certain anti-apoptotic effects of Bcl-2 family of proteins have been attributed to changes in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Here we report that depletion of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Stable expression of ryanodine receptor (RyR) in these cells enables rapid and reversible changes of both cytosolic Ca2+ and ER Ca2+ content via activation of the RyR/Ca2+release channel by caffeine and ryanodine. Sustained depletion of the ER Ca2+ store leads to apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells, whereas co-expression of Bcl-xL and RyR in these cells prevents apoptotic cell death but not necrotic cell death. The anti-apoptotic effect of Bcl-xL does not correlate with changes in either the Ca2+ release process from the ER or the capacitative Ca2+ entry through the plasma membrane. The data suggest that Bcl-xL likely prevents apoptosis of cells at a stage downstream of ER Ca2+ release and capacitative Ca2+entry.
Fluorescence-line narrowing in CdSe quantum dots: Surface localization of the photogenerated exciton

The electronic properties of shallow band-edge surface traps in nanometer-size CdSe quantum dots are probed using fluorescence-line-narrowing spectroscopy. We find large changes in electron-hole-pair radiative lifetimes and couplings to LO phonons as the temperature is changed from 1.75 to 10 K. We attribute these changes to the localization of the photogenerated hole at the surface of the dots, accompanied by thermally activated motion between these surface localized states. A simple model based on the observed exciton--LO-phonon couplings is constructed to estimate the extent of hole localization in the luminescing state. A size-dependent study (20--80 \AA{} diameter) indicates that surface effects diminish rapidly with increasing size.
Inhibition of synaptic ATPases by heptachlorepoxide in rat brain

Abstract Various ATPases of the synaptic region of the rat brain were tested for their susceptibility toward heptachlorepoxide. As a result, a Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ -ATPase was found to be most sensitive. The approximate I 50 for heptachlorepoxide was found to be on the order of 5 × 10 −6 M under the experimental condition. It was also determined that inhibition of this enzyme results in reduction of Ca 2+ binding capacity. As a result the level of the internal Ca 2+ concentration in the presynaptic region is expected to rise. Since it is known that such rises in Ca 2+ concentration promote transmitter release (i.e., the electrophysiologically suggested mode of action of heptachlorepoxide), this finding raises the possibility that the inhibition of the brain Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ -ATPase is in some way related to the actual poisoning mechanism of this group of insecticides.
Abstract B96: The HMGB1/RAGE inflammatory pathway promotes pancreatic tumor growth by regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics.

Background and Aims: Recently altered cellular bioenergetics and inflammation have been added to the list of essential hallmarks of cancer. The precise mechanisms regulating these processes are not well characterized. We previously observed that the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and one of its primary ligands, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), promote early pancreatic carcinogenesis through an IL-6/STAT3-dependent pathway. Based on previous data suggesting a role for IL-6/STAT3 in mitochondrial function, we hypothesized that the RAGE/HMGB1 axis would play a role pancreatic tumor cell mitochondrial bioenergetics. Methods: The effects of HMGB1/RAGE on ATP generation were studied in cultured human and murine pancreatic tumor cell lines in vitro utilizing targeted knockdown with shRNA and site specific mutagenesis. Observations were confirmed in vivo utilizing orthotopic transplantation models of pancreatic cancer derived from RAGE wild-type or knockdown cell lines. Results: We found RAGE in the mitochondria of cultured tumor cells, as well as primary human tumor explants. RAGE and HMGB1 coordinately enhanced tumor cell mitochondrial complex I activity, ATP production, tumor cell proliferation and migration. There is a direct interaction between RAGE and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). The mitochondrial localization signal Ser377 of RAGE is phosphorylated by ERK1/2, which is required for HMGB1-mediated RAGE activation within the mitochondria. Lack of RAGE or inhibition of HMGB1 release diminished ATP production and slowed tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: These findings link the HMGB1-RAGE pathway with changes in cellular bioenergetics. Moreover, our observations provide a novel mechanism by which necrosis and inflammation, within the tumor microenvironment, can promote tumor progression. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Rui Kang, Daolin Tang, Nicole E. Schapiro, Michael T. Lotze, Herbert J. Zeh. The HMGB1/RAGE inflammatory pathway promotes pancreatic tumor growth by regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Progress and Challenges; Jun 18-21, 2012; Lake Tahoe, NV. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B96.
Estrogen Induces the Assembly of a Multiprotein Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Complex on the 3′-Untranslated Region of Chicken Apolipoprotein II mRNA

Abstract UV cross-linking was used to identify estrogen-induced hepatocyte proteins that bind to apoII mRNA. Probes spanning the entire message revealed the presence of eight estrogen-induced proteins cross-linked to the 3′-untranslated region (UTR), but not to the coding region or the 5′-UTR. Two estrogen-induced proteins of 132 and 50 kDa were either absent or barely detectable in control animals, whereas six additional proteins of 93, 83, 74, 65, 58, and 45 kDa were clearly present in control animals and increased 2-5-fold by estrogen. A similar profile of estrogen-induced proteins was seen with the 3′-UTRs of the estrogen-regulated mRNAs for apoB and vitellogenin II, but not with the 3′-UTRs of the non-estrogen-regulated mRNAs for apoA-I and glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase. These findings indicate that the estrogen-induced proteins discriminate among mRNAs and suggest that they interact selectively with the family of estrogen-regulated mRNAs. The estrogen-induced proteins are found in the cytoplasmic fraction of liver extracts, and a subset of them are also found in adrenal glands, testes, heart, brain, and kidneys, but they are estrogen-induced only in the liver. Deletion analysis defined a 150-nucleotide region of the apoII 3′-UTR that is necessary for maximal binding of the estrogen-induced proteins. An internal deletion of endonucleolytic cleavage sites previously identified within the apoII 3′-UTR selectively reduced the binding of the 58-kDa protein. These findings reveal remarkable complexity in estrogen-stimulated protein-RNA interactions within the 3′-UTRs of estrogen-regulated mRNAs. These proteins may participate in the mRNA degradation process or in other aspects of cytoplasmic mRNA metabolism that accompany estrogen-stimulated vitellogenesis.
Solvent effects on the dynamics of (dG-dC)3.

The kinetics of the coil-to-helix transition of (dG-dC)3 in M NaCl, 45 mM sodium cacodylate, pH 7, were measured in H2O, D2O, 10 mol % ethanol, 10 mol % urea, and 10 mol % glycerol. At 43°C in H2O the recombination rate is 1.3 ± 0.2 × 107M−1 s−1; the dissociation rate is 68 ± 10 s−1. The destabilization of the helix in 10 mol % ethanol and 10 mol % urea relative to water is primarily due to a large increase in the helix-dissociation rate. In 10 mol % glycerol, the destabilization of the helix is due to a decrease in the recombination rate and an increase in the dissociation rate. Above 20°C, two exponential decays longer than 1 μs are observed after a temperature jump. The slower relaxation time is 4–10 times faster than the bimolecular component and is independent of oligomer concentration. We attribute this relaxation to a rapid equilibrium between two helical states. At low temperatures and oligomer concentrations of 1 mM or greater, the helices aggregate in 1M NaCl. Experimental data are presented under conditions where aggregation is unimportant and evidence is given that the ΔH-determined spectroscopically is unaffected by aggregation.
Sensitivity to disgust, stigma, and adjustment to life with a colostomy

We examined whether trait disgust sensitivity predicts well-being in colostomy patients, and whether disgust predicts stigmatizing attitudes about colostomy in non-patients. 195 patients with a colostomy returned a mailed survey including measures of disgust sensitivity, life satisfaction, mood, and feelings of being stigmatized. We also conducted an internet-survey of a non-patient sample (n = 523). In the patient sample, we observed negative correlations between a bowel-specific measure of disgust sensitivity and life satisfaction (r = -.34, p<.01), and colostomy adjustment ( r = -.42, p<.01), and a positive correlation with feeling stigmatized because of the colostomy (r = .54, p<.01). Correlations between a general trait disgust measure and these outcomes were more modest. A structural equation model indicated that colostomy patients who had high disgust sensitivity felt more stigmatized, and this was in turn strongly related to lower life satisfaction. Concordantly, in the non-patient sample we observed that disgust sensitivity was a significant, positive predictor of wanting less contact with colostomy patients (r = .22, p < .01).
Using physiology to understand climate-driven changes in disease and their implications for conservation

Controversy persists regarding the contributions of climate change to biodiversity losses, through its effects on the spread and emergence of infectious diseases. One of the reasons for this controversy is that there are few mechanistic studies that explore the links among climate change, infectious disease, and declines of host populations. Given that host–parasite interactions are generally mediated by physiological responses, we submit that physiological models could facilitate the prediction of how host– parasite interactions will respond to climate change, and might offer theoretical and terminological cohesion that has been lack ing in the climate change–disease literature. We stress that much of the work on how climate influences host–parasite interactions has emphasized changes in climatic means, despite a hallmark of climate change being changes in climatic variability and extremes. Owing to this gap, we highlight how temporal variability in weather, coupled with non-linearities in responses to mean climate, can be used to predict the effects of climate on host–parasite interactions. We also discuss the climate variability hypothesis for disease-related declines, which posits that increased unpredictable temperature variability might provide a temporary advantage to pathogens because they are smaller and have faster metabolisms than their hosts, allowing more rapid acclimatization following a temperature shift. In support of these hypotheses, we provide case studies on the role of climatic variability in host population declines associated with the emergence of the infectious diseases chytridiomycosis, withering syndrome, and malaria. Finally, we present a mathematical model that provides the scaffolding to integrate metabolic theory, physiological mechanisms, and large-scale spatiotemporal processes to predict how simultaneous changes in climatic means, variances, and extremes will affect host–parasite interactions. However, several outstanding questions remain to be answered before investiga tors can accurately predict how changes in climatic means and variances will affect infectious diseases and the conservation status of host populations.
Are urban parks refuges for bumble bees Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)?

Declines in bee populations have been documented in several parts of the world. Bees are dependent upon flowering plants for resources, and flowering plants often depend upon bees for pollination services. Bees can therefore serve as indicator species of habitat degradation due to these relationships with flowering plants. This study investigates how the bumble bee community in San Francisco has responded to urbanization and which urban park characteristics are important for the current communitys structure. To answer these questions we sampled bumble bees, in 18 urban parks and two nearby wild parks. We estimated park characteristics and used multiple regression analysis to determine which characteristics predicted bumble bee abundance and species richness. Bumble bee abundance was positively associated with resource availability or proxies of resource availability; ‘‘natural area’’ (areas that contain remnant fragments that have been largely unchanged by human activity) in 2003 and nest site abundance and openness of the surrounding matrix in both 2003 and 2004. Bumble bee species richness was negatively associated with abundance of a dominant species, Bombus vosnesenskii, in 2004. The importance of the surrounding matrix suggests that these parks do not act as islands. Accordingly, area of park did not explain species richness, while abundance of the dominant competitor did. The species that was most influenced by competition, Bombus sitkensis, uses rodent holes as nest sites and is possibly excluded from nest sites by the early emerging B. vosnesenskii, another subterranean nester. The species least influenced by competition, Bombus melanopygus ,i s able to use both rodent holes and abandoned bird nests as nest sites.
University and District Collaborative Support for Beginning Special Education Intern Teachers

Traditional university teacher education programs include theory and coursework, culminating with the program practicum. The California intern program is an on-the-job teacher education program for beginning teachers. Aspects of varying intern models are discussed and key support elements are recommended. The case studies in this article highlight three problem scenarios and briefly explain how three intern teaches received support in the intern model. These cases focus around three themes: instructional practices, classroom management, and core curriculum modifications. The support received is a team effort, including both the district and university. To gain an understanding of the experiences and perceptions of the support received during their first year of teaching, in-depth interviews were conducted with three intern teachers of students with mild disabilities. Research-based guidelines are provided These scenarios are shared to emphasize the importance of induction support for teachers in training....
The Influence of Bait and Stereo Video on the Performance of a Video Lander as a Survey Tool for Marine Demersal Reef Fishes in Oregon Waters

AbstractWe evaluated how the use of bait as a fish attractant influenced the species and size composition of demersal fishes viewed with a stereo video lander at 160 sampling sites at Stonewall Bank, a deepwater rocky reef complex off the Oregon coast. We also studied the effectiveness of stereo video for generating estimates of fish length and distance from the cameras. Bait altered the species composition of fish encountered, increasing the mean counts of demersal fishes by 47%, with increases of 135–250% for Rosethorn Rockfish Sebastes helvomaculatus, Northern Ronquil Ronquilis jordani, and Spotted Ratfish Hydrolagus colliei. Increases in the mean counts of 35–150% for unidentified sculpins (Cottidae), Yelloweye Rockfish S. ruberrimus, and Quillback Rockfish S. maliger were nonsignificant. The calibrated stereo video lander provided acceptably precise estimates of fish length and camera-to-fish distance (range of three replicate measurements less than 3 cm for length and 20 cm for distance) for 34.3% o...
NR5A nuclear receptor Hr39 controls three-cell secretory unit formation in Drosophila female reproductive glands.

Summary Background Secretions within the adult female reproductive tract mediate sperm survival, storage, activation, and selection. Drosophila female reproductive gland secretory cells reside within the adult spermathecae and parovaria, but their development remains poorly characterized. Results With cell-lineage tracing, we found that precursor cells downregulate lozenge and divide stereotypically to generate three-cell secretory units during pupal development. The NR5A-class nuclear hormone receptor Hr39 is essential for precursor cell division and secretory unit formation. Moreover, ectopic Hr39 in multiple tissues generates reproductive gland-like primordia. Rarely, in male genital discs these primordia can develop into sperm-filled testicular spermathecae. Conclusion Drosophila spermathecae provide a powerful model for studying gland development. Hr39 functions as a master regulator of a program that may have been conserved throughout animal evolution for the production of female reproductive glands and other secretory tissues.
Phenotypic shifts in white perch life history strategy across stages of invasion

Successful invasive species must pass through several invasion stages, and life history or trophic strategies allowing for successful transitions may change as the species advances from one stage to the next. To evaluate the role of life history shifts in the invasion success of white perch (Morone americana), age and length at maturity, gonadosomatic index, and growth were compared across three invasive reservoir populations ranging from 1, 11, and 21 years since initial detection. Individuals in the newly introduced population exhibited increased growth and had higher mean reproductive investment than the two established populations across both study years. Individuals in the newest population also matured earlier than those in the older populations in 2009, but maturity schedules did not differ in 2010, possibly due to changes in environmental conditions causing life history shifts in both older populations. Overall, it appears that life history plasticity confers an important advantage to invasive species, allowing them to adapt for successful transitions throughout the invasion process, as well as to local conditions within the invaded system once they become fully integrated into established communities.