cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Landscapes of Promise and Betrayal: Reclamation, Homesteading, and Japanese American Incarceration

The reclamation of arid lands in the Western United States is a key topic studied by scholars of the region. The incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II occupies a place of similar prominence among those studying Asian American history. Yet neither group has carefully examined the relationship between federal reclamation and incarceration. Three of the ten concentration camps were built on U.S. Bureau of Reclamation irrigation projects, which the agency developed as agrarian landscapes for white settlers. This article examines the Klamath Basin, home to one of the first federal irrigation projects and the site of the Tule Lake War Relocation Center, the largest concentration camp built during the war. The construction of the camp and the incarceration of Japanese Americans disrupted preexisting and largely unexamined notions of the irrigated landscape as a white space. After the war, locals used the physical remnants of the camps to continue developing a white agricultural landscape. This ...
Solution-phase combinatorial synthesis via the olefin metathesis reaction

Abstract The preparation of C2-symmetric and unsymmetric chemical libraries by solution-phase techniques including the use of the olefin metathesis reaction to join and combinatorially randomize the length of a linking tether is detailed.
Nonlinear model-based control using second-order Volterra models

Abstract A nonlinear controller synthesis scheme is presented that retains the original spirit and characteristics of conventional (linear) model predictive control (MPC) while extending its capabilities to nonlinear systems. The scheme employs a Volterra model—a simple and convenient nonlinear extension of the linear convolution model employed by conventional MPC—and gives rise to a controller composed of a conventional linear controller augmented by an auxiliary loop of nonlinear ‘corrections’. Simulation case studies involving two different examples representative of the typical spectrum of nonlinear behavior in real chemical processes—an industrial polymerization reactor and an isothermal reactor exhibiting inverse response—are used to demonstrate the practical utility of the control scheme and to evaluate its performance.
Characterization of nickel-decorated PLGA particles anchored with a his-tagged polycation.

The pharmacological impact of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) as transcription factors decoys (anti-sense) depends on the efficiency of cellular uptake. In this study, we sought to generate nickel-decorated particles to facilitate the entry of ODN into dendritic cells (DCs), the primary instigators of immune responses. Nickel ions were incorporated into the matrix of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) particles using the metal chelating lipid DOGS-NTA-Ni. Submicrometer-sized PLGA particles containing nickel ions (PLGA-Ni) were formed using a double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. Infrared spectroscopy provided chemical proofs of nickel incorporation into the PLGA matrix. Binding of the polycation O10H6 raised the surface potential of PLGA-Ni from −17 mV to +13 mV. This change was partially reserved by the presence of free imidazole, suggesting the binding was mediated by nickel-histidine coordination. When compared to PLGA particles without nickel, ODN bound to O10H6-coated PLGA-Ni particles exhibited...
The function of collagen carbohydrates in initiation of platelet aggregation.

Abstract We have studied the role of collagen carbohydrate residues in the collagen-initiated aggregation of platelets in order to determine whether the primary effect of these residues is on the formation of collagen fibrils rather than on the platelets. Periodate modification of collagen can yield a carbohydrate and hydroxylysine-less tropocollagen whose melting temperature is slightly higher than that of unmodified collagen, whose fibril formation in 0.05 M Tris is decreased, and whose fibril formation in plasma is abolished. The periodate-treated tropocollagen can bind to platelets, since displacement by unmodified collagen can be demonstrated, but cannot initiate PRP aggregation. Fibrils formed from periodate-treated collagen in 0.05 M Tris can, however, initiate aggregation upon addition to PRP. The carbohydrate residues of collagen therefore play a role in its fibril formation but not in its platelet aggregation.
Trends in the management of breast cancer

Responses of general surgeons to a questionnaire on breast cancer were analyzed to determine the current trends in the management of this disease. A 21-item questionnaire was mailed to members of the New Jersey Chapter of the American College of Surgeons in 1982 and the responses, received on noncoded, anonymous answer sheets, were analyzed for frequency distribution. These responses were compared to previously recorded responses to the same questions for 1971 and 1977. Seventy-six percent of the respondents in 1982 performed needle aspirations often or always, compared to 36% in 1971 and 80% in 1977. The use of routine mammography has increased from 16% in 1971 and 20% in 1977 to 38% in 1982. Modified radical mastectomy is now the most common type of procedure employed in the management of stage I breast cancer, with 89% of respondents in favor of this approach compared to 15% in 1971 and 60% in 1977. Fifty-nine percent of the respondents are not opposed to breast reconstruction following mastectomy versus 14% in 1971 and 49% in 1977. For patients with axillary nodes, chemotherapy with multiple agents was recommended by 76% of general surgeons in 1982, compared to 58% in 1977. These results indicate a continuing trend towards increasing use of needle aspiration and routine mammography for diagnosis and for employment of chemotherapy with multiple agents in the adjuvant treatment of patients with positive axillary nodes. Furthermore, modified radical mastectomy is the operation of choice for stage I cancer of the breast for increasing numbers of surgeons.
Unusual ferroelastic behavior in ferroelectric lead bismuth niobate (PbBi2Nb2O9)

Abstract X-ray and optical measurements are used to show that the spontaneous strain (b/a-1) and optical birefringence Anab in single crystals of ferroelectric PbBi2Nb2O9 are a function of the state of electrical poling, going to a zero in the unpoled state. In poled crystals all spontaneous strain is lost at a temperature ∼220°C below the dielectric Curie temperature in a manner reminiscent of the behavior of the perovskite relaxer ferroelectrics which have diffuse phase transitions
Chemotherapy for Childhood Medulloblastoma and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors

Medulloblastoma is the most common form of childhood brain tumor, and management has evolved over the past two decades. Chemotherapy is now an integral part of the treatment of the majority, if not all, patients with this disease. Medulloblastoma is a chemosensitive tumor, and recurrent disease will often respond to a variety of different chemotherapeutic agents. The use of higher-dose chemotherapy supplemented with aggressive hematological support may improve outcome for patients with recurrent disease. The results of prospective randomized trials and large, single, institutional trials in children with newly diagnosed disease suggest that chemotherapy, when given during and after radiotherapy, improves outcome. This is especially true for children with more extensive disease at the time of diagnosis. Event-free survival rates as high as 85% have been reported in children with newly diagnosed medulloblastomas treated with radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of CCNU, vincristine, and cisplatinum. At the present time, there is no clear evidence that preradiation chemotherapy improves survival for children with medulloblastoma. In fact, two prospective trials suggest that treatment with pre-irradiation chemotherapy may result in poorer overall outcome than treatment with similar doses of radiation therapy or radiation therapy supplemented by postradiation chemotherapy. There is preliminary evidence that chemotherapy may allow for a reduction in the dose of craniospinal irradiation therapy required to control disease, especially for children with nondisseminated disease at the time of diagnosis. Treatment for infants with medulloblastoma and other primitive neuroectodermal tumors remains suboptimal. Some infants and young children will experience long-term disease control after treatment with chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy followed by radiation when the child is older. High-dose chemotherapy supplemented by autologous bone marrow rescue or peripheral stem cell rescue has been utilized in young infants with promising results. The need for postchemotherapy radiation therapy and the volume of radiotherapy required to control disease remain under study. The Oncologist 1996;1:381-394
The Use of Voice Recognition as a Control Interface for Word Processing

The purpose of this case study was to compare the speed and accuracy of the subject's word processing skills using the Dragon Systems, Incorporated Dragon Dictate voice recognition system, to the speed and accuracy of the subject's current method of accessing a computer by mouthstick. The subject received fifteen hours of training and practice on the voice recognition technology. Following training the subject was asked to type a 216-word document using his mouthstick skills and again using voice recognition. The subject was able to type 13 words per minute using his current method of mouthstick access, resulting in 10 errors or 95.4% accuracy. Using voice recognition technology, the subject dictated 20 words per minute with 3 errors, resulting in 98.6% accuracy. The results of this objective clinical measurement indicate that voice recognition technology may be a viable means of word processing for individuals with severe upper extremity restrictions.
Concrete bridge deck condition assessment with automated multisensor techniques

Early and accurate detection, location and assessment of damage in reinforced concrete bridge decks may be beneficial in the scheduling and performance of maintenance and rehabilitation activities. This article presents the results of a multiple sensor study of the condition of the reinforced concrete deck of the Van Buren Road Bridge in Dumfries, VA. The tests compared the following five different methods: (1) visual inspection and photographic recording; (2) half-cell electrochemical potential; (3) impulse type multipoint scanning ground penetrating radar; (4) chain drag and (5) impact echo. The bridge was tested on two separate occasions. The results of the tests were that each instrument nominally performed and collected data as expected, but that the condition assessments did not necessarily agree. The data are registered, overlaid and compared. The potential for developing automated multisensor systems that fuse data for efficient and effective bridge deck measurements is discussed.
Substantial Symptom Changes in Naturalistic Recovery from Aversive Events

Objective Researchers have recommended examining trajectories of recovery from aversive events, including sudden gains and spikes. We examined rates, attributions for, and outcomes associated with substantial symptom improvements and brief exacerbations after aversive events. Method Sixty-three women completed questionnaire measures of mood, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. They used a Life History Calendar (LHC) to draw the trajectory of symptom levels from the event to the present, and were interviewed regarding the course of their symptoms. Based on the LHC and interview, we coded whether each participant experienced substantial improvements and/or brief exacerbations and reasons for them. Results Participants frequently experienced substantial improvements and brief exacerbations, most of which they attributed to external events. Substantial improvements—but not substantial brief exacerbations—were associated with significantly lower symptom levels. Conclusion Substantial improvements are similar to sudden gains in therapy samples. Substantial improvements in avoidance and mood have positive, bidirectional effects on each other.
Mental Health Weapons Prohibition: Demographic and Psychiatric Factors in Petitions for Relief*

Federal law and most states prohibit possession of firearms by individuals with a history of certain psychiatric diagnoses and/or treatment. In California, an involuntary 72-h hold can trigger a 5-year ban on firearm possession. Individuals so prohibited may petition for early termination of the ban. We report on the demographic and psychiatric characteristics of a sample of individuals petitioning for early relief in Los Angeles County, and on the results of their petitions. The majority of petitioners were Caucasian men over age 40. Sixteen percent of petitioners were employed in law enforcement or armed security, and all of their petitions were granted. Individuals for whom there was greater evidence of mental disorder were significantly less likely to petition successfully. The results are discussed in terms of the benefits of involving a forensic expert in the petition process, which is not presently required under California law.
Design and interpretation of equivalence trials.

The efficacy of a new therapeutic agent would be established if its treatment effects prove to be at least equivalent to those observed from a standard-of-care regimen, which itself has a precisely determined and substantial level of efficacy. If a new agent not only demonstrates its equivalence with standard therapy but also offers advantages in terms of toxicity, ease of administration, or cost, the new agent may provide an important advance in clinical care. Because of the increasing importance of equivalence trials, the clinical trials that determine whether equivalence exists between new and standardofcare therapies, it is important to understand how such trials are designed and interpreted. In the Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) IIl trial, a new thrombolytic agent, reteplase (recombinant plasminogen activator), was administered in double-bolus infusion to patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMD. Reteplase did not provide additional survival benefit over alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator),’ administered in accelerated infusion. The primary endpoint, 30 day mortality, was not statistically significantly different between the two agents. Do these results mean that reteplase has now been shown to be equivalent to alteplase in treating patients with AMI? If so, reteplase might become the preferred treatment because it may offer more convenient administration than does alteplase. The superiority of a new therapy to the standardofcare regimen is traditionally established by ruling out its equality to the standard therapy. In turn, the equivalence of a new therapy with a standard regimen is established by analyses that allow investigators to rule out that there are clinically important differences favoring the standard regimen. While nonsignificant P values from tests of equality indicate that trial results have not conclusively established the superiority of an experimental regimen, these tests do not address the issue of the equivalence of that regimen with standard therapy. Confidence intervals should be used to address the issue of equivalence, and it is important that they be used properly when investigators draw conclusions about the equivalence of a new therapy to established therapy.
A modular algorithm-theoretic framework for the fair and efficient collaborative prefetching of continuous media

Bursty continuous media streams with periodic playout deadlines (e.g., VBR-encoded video) are expected to account for a large portion of the traffic in the future Internet. By prefetching parts of ongoing streams into client buffers these bursty streams can be more efficiently accommodated in packet-switched networks. In this paper we develop a modular algorithm-theoretic framework for the fair and efficient transmission of continuous media over a bottleneck link. We divide the problem into the two subproblems of (i) assuring fairness, and (ii) efficiently utilizing the available link capacity. We develop and analyze algorithm modules for these two subproblems. Specifically, we devise a bin packing algorithm for subproblem (i), and a "layered prefetching" algorithm for subproblem (ii). Our simulation results indicate that the combination of these two algorithm modules compares favorably with existing monolithic solutions. This demonstrates the competitiveness of the decoupled modular algorithm framework, which provides a foundation for the development of refined algorithms for fair and efficient prefetching.
Controlling Fiber Repulsion in Multijet Electrospinning for Higher Throughput

A novel electrospinning set-up has been developed to successfully electrospin multiple jets with controlled fiber repulsion using a plastic filter. This set-up shows reduced fiber repulsion as compared to a multineedle set-up, along with increased throughput. The effect of processing parameters on the fiber repulsion in a multineedle set-up was also studied. It was found that fiber repulsion could be reduced by controlling emitter voltage and emitter/collector distance. Other important parameters studied included fiber distribution and throughput. It was found that the plastic filter set-up produced fibers with lower mean diameters and better uniformity. This novel plastic filter design for electrospinning provides increased electrospinning rates with better fiber uniformity.
Effects of radiation therapy on chondrocytes in vitro.

The negative irradiation complications of growth loss leading to limb length asymmetry and pathological fracture incurred following radiation therapy in pediatric patients has led to a renewed interest in understanding the specific effects of irradiation on the growth plate and the surrounding bone. In the present report, we examined the radiation therapy effects on primary rat growth cartilage chondrocytes in order to determine the chondrocyte radiosensitivity relative to other bone cell constituents and tumor cells, the postirradiation temporal progression of radiation-induced alterations in chondrocyte function, and the time course for the functional restoration of chondrocyte pathways that drive the eventual recovery in growth function. We employed an in vitro primary rat costochondral growth cartilage cell culture model system to evaluate the radiation therapy effects on proliferative chondrocytes using serial radiation doses (0–20 Gy) that are well within the clinically relevant range. Following irradiation, all of the following occurred in a dose-dependent manner: proliferation decreased, cytotoxicity increased, several markers of apoptosis increased, markers of radiation-induced cellular differentiation increased, and cell synthetic activity was disturbed. Alterations in proliferation, cell death, and induction of apoptosis are likely due to a transient radiation-induced derangement of the parathyroid hormone-related protein-Indian hedgehog proliferation-maturation pathway. Alterations in cellular differentiation and cell synthetic activity are novel observations for chondrocytes. Further, these results correspond very well to our previous work in an in vivo Sprague-Dawley rat model, making this model particularly relevant to researching the radiation therapy effects on longitudinal growth.
Role of recursive estimation in statistical image enhancement

Recursive linear and nonlinear estimation concepts are applied to the problem of image enhancement, whereby procedures for the derivation of the estimators are developed. These procedures are applicable to enhancement of images characterized statistically by their mean and correlation function. Design of an approximate time invariant and a time varying estimator is discussed and the implications of vector scanning are investigated. Feasibility of the approach is illustrated by means of examples, and the computational advantages are presented.
Nonprofits in organizational sociology's research traditions : An empirical study

Neoinstitutional, population ecology, and resource dependence research traditions enjoy enduring popularity in the American organization science and sociological literature. Such research traditions are advanced through empirical studies of organizations—nonprofit, public, and for-profit. Noting some nonprofit lineage of the aforementioned traditions, this empirical study seeks to measure the use of sectors’ organizations in the advancement of generalized organization theory. To do this, the author develops and explores three research questions about the current uses of the research traditions and organizational samples, by sector, in journals of organization theory. A brief discussion of findings and implications follows.
Bacterial production on humic and nonhumic components of dissolved organic carbon

Dissolved humic substances make up - 50% or more of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in freshwater ecosystems, yet their trophodynamic roles remain unresolved. We separated DOC from two freshwater environments, a lake and a blackwater marsh, into two fractions, humic DOC and nonhumic DOC, using an XAD-8 resin to selectively adsorb the humic substances. Results of microcosm studies revealed that the humic fraction of DOC was used by natural bacterial assemblages from the lake and marsh as a C and energy source, as indicated both by increases in bacterial biovolume and rates of bacterial incorporation of [3H]thymidine. Humic substances supported fourfold less bacterial secondary production per unit of initial C, however, than did nonhumic substances from the same environment. Bacterial utilization of humic compounds accounted for a significant fraction of the total bacterial production on DOC, measured as increases in bacterial biovolume; humic substances supported an average of 22% of total growth on DOC from the lake and 53% of the total growth on DOC from the marsh. The relative bioavailability of both the humic and nonhumic fractions of DOC differed between the lake and blackwater marsh, with less bacterial production per unit of initial C occurring on marsh-derived dissolved compounds. In aquatic ecosystems, turnover of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is almost exclusively the domain of bacteria as a result of their high numbers, large surface-to-volume ratios, and transport systems efficient at low substrate concentrations. Studies of bacterial utilization of DOC have indicated the existence of two distinct pools of dissolved compounds, one labile and one refractory, in most aquatic systems (Ogura 1975). Although the labile pool generally accounts for < 20% of the total DOC (Ogura 1975; Allen 1976), it turns over rapidly, on the order of hours to days, and is thought to support the bulk of DOC-based bacterial secondary production (Wright and Hobbie 1966; Allen 1976). The refractory pool is larger but turns over more slowly, on the order of weeks to months (Geller 1986) and therefore may be relatively unimportant as a substrate for bacterial growth. Neither of these two fractions of the DOC pool has been well characterized with respect to
Editors′ Introduction: Evolving Insights into the Drug-Crime Nexus

(1998). Editors′ Introduction: Evolving Insights into the Drug-Crime Nexus. Substance Use & Misuse: Vol. 33, No. 9, pp. 1763-1777.
Modes of ThoughtA Study in the Anthropology of Law and Religion.

Wolfgang Fikentscher. Modes of Thought:. Study in the Anthropology of Law and Religion. J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tubingen, 1995. 652 Pages.
Value of prone positioning in the ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallstones: prospective study.

To determine prospectively the value of prone/ postprone positioning in the sonographic detection of gallstones, 682 patients were scanned in the recumbent, erect, and prone or postprone positions. The gallbladder was evaluated for an intraluminal hyperechoic focus, shadowing, and gravitational dependence and was identified in 679 patients. Among these, 28% had cholelithiasis. In five cases, prone positioning alone revealed gallstones. In 11 of 140 cases, gravitational dependence was only seen with prone scanning. The gallbladder was seen more frequently when the patients were prone than erect. Prone or postprone scanning is a useful supplement to the gallbladder examination, allowing increased demonstration of gravitational dependence and increased stone detection.
Ester Crosslinking of Cotton Fabric by Polymeric Carboxylic Acids and Citric Acid

Polycarboxylic acids appear to be the most promising nonformaldehyde durable press finishing agents to replace the traditional N-methylol reagents, 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (btca) is the most effective crosslinking agent among the acids investigated, but its exceedingly high cost has prevented its use in the textile industry on a commercial scale. In this research, we evaluate the effectiveness of two polymers of maleic acid, i.e., the homopolymer (pma) and the terpolymer (tpma), along with citric acid (ca) for crosslinking cotton cellulose., pma, tpma, and ca have molecular structures similar to btca, but are more cost effective. We have found that pma and tpma are less effective crosslinking agents for cotton than btca, probably due to the low mobility of the anhydride intermediate formed by pma or tpma to access the cellulosic hydroxyl during the curing process. We have found that the hydroxyl of ca and other α-hydroxylpolycarboxylic acids hinder the esterification of those acids with cellulo...
Abstract WP228: Measurement Of Oxygen Extraction Fraction (OEF) By A Novel MRI Technique

We report a novel application of an MRI technique called Parameter Assessment by Retrieval from Signal Encoding (PARSE) to measure OEF. OEF is of crucial importance, providing information about the stage of neurovascular impairment in a patient and the risk of stroke in such a patient. In this study, we test the hypothesis that PARSE can be used to measure oxygen extraction in the brain. This method uses a more accurate MR signal model, employs a non-Cartesian Rosette trajectory to encode multiple parameters and can simultaneously estimate M 0 , R 2 *, and local frequency in a single, non-invasive 5 second acquisition. Of particular interest here, is the feasibility to directly measure susceptibility related frequency changes from local frequency estimates. Since OEF abnormalities are focal, contralateral measurements were used to estimate the relative frequency change. We acquired data on 5 human subjects. In the series of 5 normal volunteers (M/F 3/2, = 26 +/-10 years) we acquired a single slice, 5.0 mm thick, 220 mm x 220 mm FOV, 64 x 64 matrix, image resolution = 3 x 3 x 5.0 mm 3 ) 2D PARSE images. The total sequence time was 5 seconds. One arterio-venous malformation (AVM) patient was also tested with the PARSE-OEF sequence. The parameters were identical to the volunteer scans. For the 5 volunteers, the average frequency change (δω) across the brain image slice was 15.49 Hz ±2.77 Hz. This corresponded to an average whole brain-slice OEF of 37.23 ± 6.60%. This is in agreement with gold-standard Positron Emission Tomography (PET) OEF studies of normative values from Carpenter (35±7%), Yamauchi (42±5%), Diringer (41±6%) and Raichle (40±9%). Our current values are in excellent agreement with PET literature values. Upon further validation, this technique may be a viable clinical alternative to PET-OEF.
Measuring the Performance of Armor Platoons in the Simnet Environment

The Unit Performance Assessment System (UPAS) was developed to support collective performance measurement in the simulation networking (SIMNET) environment. The UPAS collects network data and integ...
Response of Plant-Feeding, Predatory, and Soil-Inhabiting Invertebrates to Acremonium Endophyte and Nitrogen Fertilization in Tall Fescue Turf

The endophytic fungus Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams conveys resistance to herbivory in tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreber. In contrast, nitrogen fertilization generally enhances plant quality for herbivores. We studied the main effects and interaction of A. coenophialum and fertilization on plant-feeding, predatory, and soil-dwelling invertebrates in tall fescue turf. Fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), developed faster when reared on foliage from plots treated with medium or high rates of urea than on unfertilized tall fescue, but development rates were not affected by A. coenophialum. Greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum Rondani, preferred fertilized, endophyte-free fescue over nonfertilized, endophyte-free grass. Similarly, bird cherry-oat aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), developed fastest on fertilized, endophyte-free tall fescue. Fertilization, however, did not override the strong, adverse effects of A. coenophialum on both aphid species. In field plots, densities of leafhoppers, flea beetles, and Staphylinidae were generally higher in fertilized than in nonfertilized turf. Flea beetles and two of the five most abundant species of leafhoppers were less numerous in endophyte-infected plots. Predatory arthropods, earthworms, oribatid mites, and Japanese beetle grubs were equally abundant in endophyte-infected and endophyte-free plots. Fertilization did not affect the densities of oribatids or P. japonica, but earthworms were more abundant in fertilized plots on some dates. Results showed variable main effects, and an absence of interactive effects of A. coenophialum and fertilization on invertebrates in tall fescue. Fertilization of tall fescue probably will not nullify the benefits of endophyte-enhanced resistance
Chlamydia trachomatis: Protective Adaptive Responses and Prospects for a Vaccine

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of sexually transmitted bacterial infection globally. These infections translate to a significant public health burden, particularly women's healthcare costs due to serious disease sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), tubal factor infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and ectopic pregnancy. There is no evidence that natural immunity can provide complete, long-term protection necessary to prevent chronic pathology, making human vaccine development critical. Vaccine design will require careful consideration of protective versus pathological host-response mechanisms in concert with elucidation of optimal antigens and adjuvants. Evidence suggests that a Th1 response, facilitated by IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells, will be instrumental in generating long-term, sterilizing immunity. Although the role of antibodies is not completely understood, they have exhibited a protective effect by enhancing chlamydial clearance. Future work will require investigation of broadly neutralizing antibodies and antibody-augmented cellular immunity to successfully design a vaccine that potently elicits both arms of the immune response. Sterilizing immunity is the ultimate goal. However, vaccine-induced partial immunity that prevents upper genital tract infection and inflammation would be cost-effective compared to current screening and treatment strategies. In this chapter, we examine evidence from animal and human studies demonstrating protective adaptive immune responses to Chlamydia and discuss future challenges and prospects for vaccine development.
Fibronectin expression and organization in mesothelial and mesothelioma cells

Mesothelial cells are believed to be the progenitor cells for malignant mesothelioma, a tumor associated with exposure to asbestos and other mineral fibers. Little is known regarding fibronectin (Fn) function in mesothelial and mesothelioma cells. Fn RNA, protein levels, and localization were assessed in secondary cultures and later passages of spontaneously immortalized rat pleural mesothelial (NRM) cells and in neoplastic cell lines derived from asbestos-induced mesotheliomas. NRM cells expressed similar levels of Fn RNA regardless of passage number or cell density, as determined by Northern blotting and ribonuclease protection assays. Western blotting showed that Fn protein was both secreted by NRM cells and associated with cell lysates. Immunofluorescent confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that secondary cultures of NRM cells assembled Fn into abundant homogeneous fibrillar arrays organized primarily between cells, whereas later passages of NRM cells displayed abundant but less homogeneous Fn organization. Fn RNA and protein levels in neoplastic mesothelial cells were slightly less or similar to levels in NRM cells. Organization of Fn in neoplastic cells was heterogeneous compared with secondary cultures of NRM cells, but Fn fibril formation was still apparent. F-actin microfilaments were organized in both NRM and neoplastic cells; however, actin stress fibers were maintained in neoplastic cells, whereas NRM cells displayed dense actin peripheral bands at high density. The maintenance of organized Fn and actin in mesothelioma cells is surprising and may contribute to the localized growth and invasive properties of these tumors.
Paracervical block anesthesia in obstetrics. I. Fetal complications and neonatal morbidity.

Eight hundred and forty-five blocks were administered to patients in labor, and fetal heart tones were monitored frequently following the blocks: Fetal heart rate changes were noted following 30 per cent of the blocks; primiparity, prematurity, and pre-existing fetal distress were associated with increased incidence of these changes. The incidence of neonatal depression was significantly increased at one and five minutes of age in those infants who had developed fetal heart rate changes following paracervical block. Paracervical blocks not followed by fetal heart rate changes were associated with a normal incidence of neonatal depression. No method for reliably predicting or preventing these fetal heart rate changes in any given patient was discovered.
Paraoxonase (PON1) and Detoxication of Nerve Agents

Paraoxonase (PON1) is a serum and liver enzyme that can hydrolyze in vitro a number of organophosphorus (OP) compounds, including the active metabolites of specific OP insecticides, and certain OP nerve agents such as sarin and soman. PON1 presents several genetic polymorphisms that influence its ability to hydrolyze OPs as well as its level of expression. Studies using animals, including transgenic mice, have shown that PON1 modulates the in vivo acute toxicity of certain OPs, particularly chlorpyrifos oxon and diazoxon. In contrast, because of its low catalytic efficiency toward paraoxon, PON1 does not influence the acute toxicity of this OP in vivo. The catalytic efficiency of PON1 toward nerve agents is similarly low, although some studies have shown that administration of exogenous PON1 can protect against the toxicity of soman and sarin. For use as catalytic bioscavengers, recombinant engineered PON1s need to be developed with an enhanced catalytic efficiency toward nerve agents. Such PON1s would be excellent candidates for prophylactic and therapeutic applications in case of OP poisoning. A parallel strategy would be that of identifying and studying agents that would increase levels of endogenous PON1.
Haciendo y Compartiendo : Quetzin’s Historia de Éxito

This chapter presents data on a participant named Quetzin and his production of his “historias de exito” as it encompassed cultural ideologies used in Mexico and in the United States. My participant Quetzin’s historia de exito was helping people. In his social network “providing assistance” was greatly valued. This support could be provided in many different ways including monetary, materials, or emotional support. In Quetzin’s case, he provided support using all three of these methods. Another historia de exito that Quetzin had was the desire to be a buen trabajador, which is most often defined as a hardworking individual regardless of the situation. Being a buen trabajador is important to him because he wanted his family and community to be proud of him.
A Group Theory Rule for Predicting Eigenvalue Crossings in Characteristic Mode Analyses

The von Neumann–Wigner theorem is used to demonstrate the general result that objects without inherent geometric symmetry will have entirely noncrossing characteristic mode eigenvalues. This suggests that objects of this kind can be analyzed without the need of advanced eigenvalue tracking routines, save for special treatment of modes that numerically appear and disappear from the spectrum. Asymmetry introduced by meshing is examined, along with the convergence and lack of convergence of certain parameters related to symmetry with mesh refinement.
The Ethics of Organ Donor Registration Policies: Nudges and Respect for Autonomy

Governments must determine the legal procedures by which their residents are registered, or can register, as organ donors. Provided that governments recognize that people have a right to determine what happens to their organs after they die, there are four feasible options to choose from: opt-in, opt-out, mandated active choice, and voluntary active choice. We investigate the ethics of these policies' use of nudges to affect organ donor registration rates. We argue that the use of nudges in this context is morally problematic. It is disrespectful of people's autonomy to take advantage of their cognitive biases since doing so involves bypassing, not engaging, their rational capacities. We conclude that while mandated active choice policies are not problem free-they are coercive, after all-voluntary active choice, opt-in, and opt-out policies are potentially less respectful of people's autonomy since their use of nudges could significantly affect people's decision making.
Kernel Methods for RSS-Based Indoor Localization

Indoor localization algorithms have been proposed using various methods, such as angle of arrival, time of flight, and received signal strength (RSS). This chapter explores the features and advantages of kernel‐based localization. Kernel methods simplify received signal strength (RSS)‐based localization by providing a means to learn the complicated relationship between RSS measurement vector and position. The chapter discusses their use in self‐calibrating indoor localization systems. It reviews four kernel‐based localization algorithms and presents a common framework for their comparison. The chapter shows results from two simulations and from an extensive measurement data set, which provide a quantitative comparison and intuition into their differences. It compares the performance of the different kernel‐based localization algorithms and describes the environment along with the processing of the experimental data and the evaluation procedure for each data set.
Grasping, trust, and truth-on-balance

Comment on Werbner, Richard. 2015. Divination’s grasp: African encounters with the almost said . Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Tools for Automated Analysis of Cybercriminal Markets

Underground forums are widely used by criminals to buy and sell a host of stolen items, datasets, resources, and criminal services. These forums contain important resources for understanding cybercrime. However, the number of forums, their size, and the domain expertise required to understand the markets makes manual exploration of these forums unscalable. In this work, we propose an automated, top-down approach for analyzing underground forums. Our approach uses natural language processing and machine learning to automatically generate high-level information about underground forums, first identifying posts related to transactions, and then extracting products and prices. We also demonstrate, via a pair of case studies, how an analyst can use these automated approaches to investigate other categories of products and transactions. We use eight distinct forums to assess our tools: Antichat, Blackhat World, Carders, Darkode, Hack Forums, Hell, L33tCrew and Nulled. Our automated approach is fast and accurate, achieving over 80% accuracy in detecting post category, product, and prices.
MDMA does not alter responses to the Trier Social Stress Test in humans

±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) is a stimulant-psychedelic drug with unique social effects. It may dampen reactivity to negative social stimuli such as social threat and rejection. Perhaps because of these effects, MDMA has shown promise as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the effect of single doses of MDMA on responses to an acute psychosocial stressor has not been tested. In this study, we sought to test the effects of MDMA on responses to stress in healthy adults using a public speaking task. We hypothesized that the drug would reduce responses to the stressful task. Volunteers (N = 39) were randomly assigned to receive placebo (N = 13), 0.5 mg/kg MDMA (N = 13), or 1.0 mg/kg MDMA (N = 13) during a stress and a no-stress session. Dependent measures included subjective reports of drug effects and emotional responses to the task, as well as salivary cortisol, heart rate, and blood pressure. The stress task produced its expected increase in physiological responses (cortisol, heart rate) and subjective ratings of stress in all three groups, and MDMA produced its expected subjective and physiological effects. MDMA alone increased ratings of subjective stress, heart rate, and saliva cortisol concentrations, but contrary to our hypothesis, it did not moderate responses to the Trier Social Stress Test. Despite its efficacy in PTSD and anxiety, MDMA did not reduce either the subjective or objective responses to stress in this controlled study. The conditions under which MDMA relieves responses to negative events or memories remain to be determined.
B-cell differentiation in humans

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the developmental highlights of human B-cell differentiation that emphasizes features whose conservation in multiple species underscores their importance. It also illustrates aspects of the process that are unique in humans. The development of serologic reagents to distinguish B and T lymphocytes relies on cross-species immunization with cells or cell-derived proteins, followed by absorption of the resulting hetero-antisera to the point of acceptable specificity. Immunoglobulins are composed of two identical heavy and two identical light chains held together by disulfide bonds as well as by extremely stable noncovalent interactions. Based on immunoglobulin gene rearrangement status and expression, B lineage cells are divided into four general stages of differentiation: progenitor (pro-B) cells, precursor (pre-B) cells, B-cells, and plasma cells. It also summarizes the expression pattern of some of the CD antigens and illustrates the value of these markers for dissecting human B-cell development.
Estimating Parameters in a Lumped Parameter System with First Principle Modeling and Dynamic Experiments

Abstract Commercially available mechanical systems are available to teach and demonstrate the principles behind dynamics and control. A single system can be used for basic dynamic analysis in an undergraduate class to teaching and applying sophisticated identification techniques in a graduate class. In this paper it shown how a commercial system is used at the undergraduate level to estimate lumped parameter coefficients using multiple step responses and first principle modeling. At the graduate level. the same commercial system is used to teach concepts of system identification for the estimation of models for a multi-degree of freedom mechanical system.
Origin of pyrite nodules at the top of the nantuo diamictites, Southern China.

Pyrite nodules up to 20 cm in diameter are found at the top of the Marinoan (~ 635 Ma) Nantuo glacial diamictite as well as in the cap dolostones and shale/siltstones in the lower Doushantuo Formation in eastern Guizhou, southern China. Field occurrences, petrography, and stable sulfur isotopic compositions of pyrite nodules were studied from a section at Taoying, eastern Guizhou, China. Pyrite δ34S values from different nodules varied from 7.3 to 60.5‰ at different stratigraphic levels. No stratigraphic trend existed for the δ34S, supporting the scenario of pyrite formation in sediments before the precipitation of the cap dolostone. Pyrite δ34S values were also homogeneous within individual nodules at a 0.3 to 1 cm sampling scale, but were more heterogeneous at a 2 mm sampling scale. Homogeneity was not expected from the particular model for pyrite nodule formation in a largely closed or semi-closed environment. Thus, differential cementation and compaction of the pyrite-bearing sediments may have produced the nodular shape of the pyrite deposit.
A microlattice material with negative or zero thermal expansion

Abstract This work presents a microlattice composite structure with a cubic unit cell that consists of twelve quarter-octahedra and describes an investigation of thermal expansion behavior of the proposed lattice material. It is assumed that all edge members of the octahedron have the same material properties and the members connecting the opposite vertices of the octahedron have different properties. Thermal expansions along the unit cell edge directions are determined by means of thermoelasticity. It is shown that the lattice material may undergo negative or zero thermal expansion with proper selection of the material and geometric properties of the microlattice members.
Opposite-Sex Siblings and Marital Beliefs Among Emerging Adults

Data from 428 emerging adults were analyzed to investigate how growing up with at least one opposite-sex sibling related to marital beliefs. Participants were divided into three groups: having an opposite-sex sibling, having only a same–same sibling(s), and having no siblings. Using the belief dimensions and assumptions of Marital Paradigms Theory, results from a MANCOVA indicated a few statistically significant associations regarding opposite-sex siblings. Those with an opposite-sex sibling tended to believe in having shorter ideal engagement periods (marital timing), rated getting married as especially important (marital salience), and were less likely to believe cohabitation was a good preparation for marriage (marital context). Implications for future research are briefly explored.
Action-Angle Variables for Betatron Oscillations

In Chap. 3 we showed that choosing the action-angle canonical variables in a one-dimensional Hamiltonian system dramatically simplifies the dynamics: the action remains constant and the angle increases linearly with time. With minor modifications, the same transformation can be applied to the Hamiltonian ( 6.14) that describes betatron oscillations in an accelerator. This yields an invariant of the motion and is also a useful starting point for analyzing more complicated dynamics.