cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slave Boson Approach to Neutron Scattering in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6 + y Superconductors

The evolution of the so-called ``41 meV resonance'' in the magnetic response of YBCO cuprates is studied with slave boson theory for the $t\ensuremath{-}{t}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}J$ model. The resonance appears as a collective spin fluctuation in the $d$-wave superconducting (SC) state. It is undamped at optimal doping due to a threshold in the excitation energies of particle-hole pairs with relative wave vector $(\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\pi})$. When hole filling is reduced, the resonance moves to lower energies and broadens. Below the resonance energy we find a crossover to an incommensurate response in agreement with a recent experiment on ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6.6}$. We show that dynamic nesting in the $d$-wave SC state causes this effect.
Psychosocial Stress and Susceptibility to Infectious Disease

The following review could easily be subtitled “What every grandmother knows.” We have all been told at one time or another that if we get stressed, we are likely to get sick. The stressors, which our grandmothers knew so well, may be physical (“Don’t go out in the rain without your boots on!”) or psychological (“When the stork brought your little sister, he didn’t know that she would break your favorite truck!”). This chapter deals specifically with psychosocial factors that have been reported to contribute to the onset or the exacerbation of infectious disease. A part of the present volume considers how behavior is modified by infectious agents. In contrast, this chapter discusses how behavioral variables influence the course of infectious disease. The following review is intended to reflect the nature and complexity of a large and growing area of research rather than to be an exhaustive compendium.
Medicare Coverage For Advance Care Planning: Just The First Step

What will it take for health care providers to begin talking about end-of-life care with their patients?
Fossil leaf-inhabiting fungi from northern Idaho and their ecological significance.

Fungal fruitbodies occurring on or in fossil leaves from a Miocene lake bed near Clarkia, Idaho, are documented and their ecological implications discussed. The epiphyllous mycoflora is limited to hyphopodiate mycelium and a plurivorous species of hemisphaerialean thyrothecium. Immersed fruitbodies occur on most of the leaves examined. A diversity of host-specific forms are represented. None contain spores, suggesting either that the fruitbodies are immature or that the spores that they contained were hyaline and thin-walled, and thus unlikely to survive fossilization and extraction. These observations are consistent with a temperate, predominantly deciduous flora with early colonization of senescent leaves by pycnidial fungi.
Size-Dependent Activity of Co3O4 Nanoparticle Anodes for Alkaline Water Electrolysis

Cubic Co3O4 nanoparticles with average diameters of 5.9, 21.1, and 46.9 nm (hereafter small, medium, and large) have been synthesized and characterized by pXRD, TEM, and BET. The nanoparticles were loaded onto Ni foam supports for evaluation as anodes for water electrolysis in 1.0 M KOH. Current densities of 10 mA/cm2 were achieved at overpotentials of 328, 363, and 382 mV for anodes loaded with 1 mg/cm2 of small, medium, and large sized Co3O4 nanoparticles, respectively. The activity correlates with the BET surface area of the isolated particles. A plot of the electrochemical overpotential at 10 mA/cm2 against the log of the BET surface area gives a linear relation with a slope of −47 ± 7 mV/dec, showing unequivocally that the activity increase is a function of accessible catalyst surface area.
On the Residence Patterns of the Married Uigur Women and Their Relationships with Marriage and Family——A Case Study in a Village in Xinjiang

It is general that a married Uigur woman lives with her husband's family.The married Uigur women in village A mainly live with their husbands' families,and a small number of them live with the wives'families or live in single.Recently,the residence patterns of the married Uigur women have somewhat changed,with the number living in wife's family increased,which is often seen in the remarried families,yet not referring to marrying into and living with wife's family.This paper,from the perspective of maintaining marriage and of woman,discusses the main family relationships of a Uigur woman after marriage:the relationship between husband and wife,between mother and children,and between wife and mother-in-law.
Surgical management of fractures of the os calcis.

The literature of osteopetrosis has been reviewed and one case with a follow-up of twenty-four years has been reported. The benign form of this bone disease is associated with generalized sclerosis of the skeletal system. The multiple transverse fractures, thirty-three in this patient, are characteristic of the disease. Encroachment of the right optic nerve also occurred in this patient. Severe varus deformity of both femoral necks developed spontaneously during childhood, and an angular deformity of the right forearm resulted from numerous fractures of the right radius and ulna. All fractures were treated by conservative means.
The Recognition Problem

In this chapter we consider a notion of equivalence slightly different from that of Chapter I.
Object-Oriented Programming with DevOps

DevOps is an emerging culture that emphasizes continuous collaboration between software developers and IT operators through continuous standard process with automated tools for continuous delivery. DevOps participants take diverse roles to support its values - continuous collaboration, continuous process, and continuous delivery. A development team needs to be familiar with user cases, Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA), Object-Oriented Design (OOD), Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), and software testing. A quality assurance team must know use cases, abuse cases, software testing, and penetration testing. An operation team requires understanding deployment of Application Programming Interface (API) documents and executable components, and monitoring them and sharing their monitoring outcomes with both development and quality assurance teams.
San Antonio’s Edwards Aquifer Protection Program: overview and analysis

The City of San Antonio’s Edwards Aquifer Protection Program utilizes land and conservation easement acquisitions to protect the quality and quantity of Edwards Aquifer recharge. This review considers four key components of its viability: (1) establishing and sustaining public appreciation of the need for the policy, (2) choosing the appropriate policy mechanism to address the problem, (3) establishing clear justifications for prioritization of purchases that prevent mission drift, and (4) demonstrating the program’s impact and effectiveness. Overall, the analysis concludes that the program has been well adapted to the city’s need to protect the recharge and contributing zones beyond its regulatory jurisdiction. As such, it may serve as a significant model for other cities, particularly in Texas, where regulations may face legal and cultural resistance. The city has effectively educated the public on the value of this sales tax funded measure, even though some justification of its premises, such as inevitable development in western counties, remains subjective. A strong foundation is also evident, with a consistent focus on acquiring land that fits the original, narrow intent of the effort. An impediment to its continuation, however, may be the difficulty of presenting clear evidence of its success, a challenge for all policies designed to avert future harms to natural resources.
MARKET-DRIVEN DESIGN PROJECT IN INTRODUCTORY VLSI DESIGN

The complexity of today’s CMOS integrated circuits is truly astounding, with hundreds of millions of transistors performing digital functions, RF circuits operating in the 1 to 10 GHz range, and analog circuits performing very accurate calculations. At the same time, the market pressures are enormous with customers expecting high performance at low cost and low power and competitors rapidly introducing new chips. In this environment, the semiconductor industry requires knowledgeable, capable engineers with expertise in the VLSI area.
Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Intragroup Conflict Scale: Validation in Athletic Trainer and Coach Populations

The purposes of this study were to examine the factorial validity of the six-item Intragroup Conflict Scale (ICS) in athletic trainer (AT) and coach populations and to examine measurement invarianc...
Some Arithmetic Problems on Automorphisms of Algebraic Varieties

The problems addressed here may be posed in purely algebraic terms, but they have the flavour of arithmetic geometry. AIternatively, they may be regarded from a down-to-earth point of view as part of the study of certain types of functional equations. In any case, their main interest lies in turning up questions which are attractive even in simple examples, and in the contact made with other considerations.
Innovative Plating for Heterogeneous Integration

Panel plating requirements are much more demanding as more applications migrate from silicon to panel assembly such as Panel Level Fan Out (PLFO) to leverage the large sizes of the panels. More recently, Heterogeneous Integration (HI) like Intel's Embedded Bridge (EMIB) or various other embedded die concepts are also pushing the boundary for typical panel structures. Line widths and spaces less than 10 Microns, thickness uniformity better than 10%, via topology free of voids and the same height as the redistribution lines are critical. Traditional Panel plating tools are mostly for bulk processing and are not designed to handle these additional requirements. A new tool was required to overcome these challenges. An electroplating process with a single panel per reservoir approach is used. An overhead transporter brings the individual panels that have been pre-loaded in a rigid panel holder designed to handle large currents as well as reduce the warpage to a series of plating reservoirs as well as pre and post processing steps with the tool. The first process is to reduce voiding by removing all air in a vacuum chamber and then inserting degassed water in the same chamber to “prewet’ the panel. Panels are then typically immersed in an acid bath known as an activation step before processing in the plating cells. The plating cells are customized for each metal layer but often include a fine alignment feature, a current uniformity optimizing shield, multiple anode channels for dynamic uniformity along with an agitation mechanism to produce a uniform thin boundary layer at the panel surface. This whole mechanism needs to be very close to the panel, yet still allow some warpage typically associated with panel manufacturing. This paper will demonstrate that it is possible to achieve better line density, bump thickness uniformity and void free vias to allow semiconductor like assembly for Heterogeneous Integration on a standard Printed Circuit Board (PCB) instead of more expensive semi additive processes or silicon interposers.
Association between prenatal arsenic exposure, birth outcomes, and pregnancy complications: An observational study within the National Children's study cohort

Abstract Background Chronic arsenic exposure has been associated with pregnancy complications and reduced fetal growth in populations where total arsenic exposure exceeds 50 μg/L. However, the potential effect on pregnancy outcomes remains unclear at lower levels of arsenic exposure, such as those most commonly observed in the United States. Objectives We evaluated the associations between arsenic exposure during pregnancy with fetal growth and risk of pregnancy complications using data from mother-infant pairs participating in the National Children's Study. Methods Prenatal arsenic exposure was measured using maternal urine collected during the third trimester. Information about pregnancy complications was abstracted from medical records. Fetal growth, including gestational age, birth weight, birth length, head circumference, and ponderal index, was ascertained through physical measurement at birth and extracted from medical records. Results Medians [interquartile range (IQR)] of maternal urinary total arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were 7.77 μg/L (7.98) and 3.44 μg/L (3.13), respectively. Each increase in IQR of prenatal total arsenic level was associated with greater birth length (+0.28 cm; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.42), greater head circumference (+0.12 cm; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.21), and lower ponderal index (−0.37 kg/m3; 95% CI: −0.58, −0.17). Similar results were obtained for levels of prenatal DMA. Tests for multiplicative interaction indicate that prenatal urinary DMA was negatively associated with gestational age among female infants (−0.44 week decrease in gestational age estimated for each IQR increase in DMA; 95% CI: −0.84, −0.05), while no association was observed among male infants (pinteraction = 0.02). No significant associations were detected between arsenic and birth weight or pregnancy complications. Conclusions Higher prenatal arsenic exposure was associated with longer birth length, greater head circumference, and lower ponderal index. Associations between arsenic and gestational age may be modified by infant sex.
Increasing Incidence of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors among Racial/Ethnic Minorities in the United States.

Background: The incidence of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) has been rising in the United States and is notably higher among white men. Previously, our group reported that rates were rising among Hispanic men in certain areas. This study sought to determine whether the patterns noted in our prior publication remained evident in more recent years and to determine whether any new patterns have emerged. Methods: Data from 51 U.S. cancer registries were examined. Racial/ethnic-specific incidence rates per 100,000 man-years were calculated overall and by census region. Annual percent changes (APC) were estimated, and joinpoint models were fit. Differences in regional incidence were examined using the Wald test. Results: During the time period 2001 to 2016, 126,575 TGCTs were recorded. TGCT incidence was highest among non-Hispanic whites (NHW; 6.63/100,000), followed by Hispanics (4.20), American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/AN; 3.27), Asian/Pacific Islanders (A/PI; 1.72), and non-Hispanic blacks (NHB; 1.27). TGCT incidence increased significantly among all men; the greatest increase was experienced by A/PIs (APC: 2.47), followed in order by Hispanics (2.10), AI/ANs (1.71), NHBs (1.28), and NHWs (0.41). Significant differences in rates by region were seen for all men except NHBs, with the highest rates among Hispanics (5.38/100,000), AI/ANs (4.47), and A/PIs (2.37) found in the West, and among NHWs (7.60) and NHBs (1.51) found in the Northeast. Conclusions: Although TGCT incidence remained highest among NHWs between 2001 and 2016, the greatest increase was experienced by A/PI men. Impact: Rising rates of TGCTs among men of all racial/ethnic backgrounds in the United States suggest that future attention is warranted.
Molecular Basis of Contrast in MRI

Water is an essential component as well as the most abundant molecule in all living systems. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) water is fundamental to image formation. Furthermore, the physical-chemical properties of cellular and extracellular water provide major contributions to the inherent contrast found in each image. The physical properties of water as a solvent are subject to change when macromolecular structure and/or motion is altered. Thus, precise knowledge of water-macromolecular interactions is required for our understanding of information content in an image obtained by magnetic resonance techniques.
Managing the rabble with dignity and respect

Individuals incarcerated in America’s jails face a number of barriers (substance and alcohol abuse, mental health issues, physical ailments, homelessness). The nature of jail stays makes it difficu...
$T\overline{T}$ deformation in SCFTs and integrable supersymmetric theories

We calculate the $\mathcal{S}$-multiplets for two-dimensional Euclidean $\mathcal{N}=(0,2)$ and $\mathcal{N} = (2,2)$ superconformal field theories under the $T\overline{T}$ deformation at leading order of perturbation theory in the deformation coupling. Then, from these $\mathcal{N} = (0, 2)$ deformed multiplets, we calculate two- and three-point correlators. We show the $\mathcal{N} = (0,2)$ chiral ring's elements do not flow under the $T\overline{T}$ deformation. For the case of $\mathcal{N} = (2,2)$, we show the twisted chiral ring and chiral ring cease to exist simultaneously. Specializing to integrable supersymmetric seed theories, such as $\mathcal{N} = (2,2)$ Landau-Ginzburg models, we use the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz to study the S-matrices and ground state energies. From both an S-matrix perspective and Melzer's folding prescription, we show that the deformed ground state energy obeys the inviscid Burgers' equation. Finally, we show that several indices independent of $D$-term perturbations including the Witten index, Cecotti-Fendley-Intriligator-Vafa index and elliptic genus do not flow under the $T\overline{T}$ deformation.
Guest Column: Average-case Complexity Through the Lens of Interactive Puzzles

We review a study of average-case complexity through the lens of interactive puzzles- interactive games between a computationally bounded Challenger and computationally-bounded Solver/Attacker. Most notably, we use this treatment to review a recent result showing that if NP is hard-on-the-average, then there exists a sampleable distribution over only true statements of an NP language, for which no probabilistic polynomial time algorithm can find witnesses. We also discuss connections to the problem of whether average-case hardness in NP implies averagecase hardness in TFNP, or the existence of cryptographic one-way functions.
In My Father's Cabin

Today we walked into the forest to a place where the pines have parted in a circle to let the light in, where under thick green moss is damp mulch, the sweet home. It was so soft and moist underfoot, you'd think anything could grow, you'd think there was only growing and warm. The knobs on the maples, like chestnuts, those extra toes on horses' legs, grow in the dark the way things always grow and die in the dark and you miss them. That's why tonight I'll sit here while everyone sleeps, and look out at the cuts and dives on Camel's Hump and listen to Turk's curving bark at the foot of the hill, so nothing no one will leave while I'm asleep.
A Lack of 'Motivation,' or Sound Legal Reasoning? Why Most Courts re Not Applying Either Price Waterhouse's or the 1991 Civil Rights Act's Motivating-Factor Analysis to Title VII Retaliation Claims in a Post-Gross World (But Should)

When Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1991 it did so in response to several Supreme Court decisions that weakened Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The 1991 Act addressed both disparate treatment and disparate impact claims, providing plaintiffs with easier routes to prevail in both of these types of claims. The 1991 Act also provided certain plaintiffs with the right to a jury trial and the right to compensatory and punitive damages.While the 1991 Act clarified some issues regarding Title VII’s antidiscrimination provisions, it failed to address significant issues regarding Title VII’s antiretaliation provision, which prohibits employers from discriminating against individuals who either (1) oppose what they reasonably believe to be unlawful employment practices or (2) participate in Title VII proceedings. While the Court has answered some questions regarding Title VII’s antiretaliation provision since the 1991 Act, it has failed to answer whether Title VII retaliation plaintiffs can benefit from the 1991 Act’s motivating-factor provision.
Spatial and temporal resolution of serotonin-induced changes in intracellular calcium in a cultured arterial smooth muscle cell line.

Ca2+ transients (1–2 µ M ) evoked by serotonin (5-HT) in cultured A7r5 cells were studied using fura-2 and digital imaging microscopy. Fura-2 was intr
Effect of thirty-two per cent dextran 70 on peritoneal adhesion formation.

Abstract Twenty-one female rabbits underwent laparotomy and a standardized injury was produced on the right uterine horn and Fallopian tube. Following the injury eight animals were used as controls and thirteen were injected intraperitoneally with 50 ml. of 32 per cent dextran 70. Six weeks later the animals were killed and the adhesions graded. All control animals had dense adhesions of the injured areas to bowel or peritoneum. The dextran animals showed marked reduction in the extent and degree of adhesions. Possible mechanisms for these findings are discussed and the problems raised, by adhesion formation, to the gynecologist are reviewed.
Parameters that predict nipple involvement in breast cancer.

Abstract Background: Breast conservation therapy has been shown to produce survival rates equivalent to those seen with modified radical mastectomy. Synchronous occult neoplastic involvement of the nipple may lead to incomplete excision of the tumor in patients undergoing breast conservation therapy, possibly leading to recurrence. Study Design: The charts of 803 breast cancer patients treated between 1990 and 1995 at two teaching hospitals were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into three groups: nipple-positive for malignancy (n = 54), nipple-negative for malignancy (n = 404), and nipple-not-removed (n = 345). Ten different clinical and tumor parameters including age, race, primary tumor location, histologic grade, primary tumor size, nodal involvement, TNM stage, estrogen receptor status, DNA ploidy, and S-phase were examined for the ability to predict cancerous nipple involvement. Results: Overall, the rate of nipple positivity was 12%. In univariate analysis pathologic stage, tumor size, lymph node status, histologic grade, and tumor location were significant predictors of positive nipple involvement. Patients with tumors that were stage III or higher were nearly ten times (odds ratio [OR] = 9.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.5 to 17.7) more likely to have nipple involvement than patients with early-stage tumors. Patients with a tumor size of 4 cm or greater were nearly eight times (OR = 7.8, 95% CI=4.2 to 14.5) more likely to have nipple involvement than patients with tumor size less than 4 cm. Patients with positive lymph nodes were five times (OR = 5.0, 95% CI=2.7 to 9.1) more likely to have nipple involvement than patients with negative lymph nodes. Patients with tumors in a central location or that overlapped quadrants were nearly four times (OR = 3.8, 95% CI=2.2 to 6.8) more likely to have nipple involvement than patients with tumors in other locations. Patients with grade 3 or undifferentiated tumors were three times (OR = 3.0, 95% CI=1.4 to 6.4) more likely to have nipple involvement than patients with lower grade tumors. In multivariable analysis, stage ≥ 3 (OR = 9.2, 95% CI=4.2 to 20.3) central/overlap location (OR = 4.1, 95% CI=2.0 to 8.7) and grade 3 or undifferentiated (OR = 3.1, 95% CI=1.3 to 7.5) were the only variables that remained significant predictors of nipple involvement. Conclusions: The decision to perform breast conservation surgical procedures with nipple preservation can be difficult, particularly in patients with larger, more centrally located tumors. The multivariable model developed in this study may be useful in predicting the risk of cancerous nipple involvement and selecting appropriate breast conservation patients for nipple preservation.
Viral Nucleases Induce an mRNA Degradation-Transcription Feedback Loop in Mammalian Cells

Gamma-herpesviruses encode a cytoplasmic mRNA-targeting endonuclease, SOX, that cleaves most cellular mRNAs. Cleaved fragments are subsequently degraded by the cellular 5'-3' mRNA exonuclease Xrn1, thereby suppressing cellular gene expression and facilitating viral evasion of host defenses. We reveal that mammalian cells respond to this widespread cytoplasmic mRNA decay by altering RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription in the nucleus. Measuring RNAPII recruitment to promoters and nascent mRNA synthesis revealed that the majority of affected genes are transcriptionally repressed in SOX-expressing cells. The transcriptional feedback does not occur in response to the initial viral endonuclease-induced cleavage, but instead to degradation of the cleaved fragments by cellular exonucleases. In particular, Xrn1 catalytic activity is required for transcriptional repression. Notably, viral mRNA transcription escapes decay-induced repression, and this escape requires Xrn1. Collectively, these results indicate that mRNA decay rates impact transcription and that gamma-herpesviruses use this feedback mechanism to facilitate viral gene expression.
Nickel cadmium battery performance modelling (space power systems)

The development of a model to predict cell/battery behavior given databases of temperature is described. The model accommodates batteries of various structural as well as thermal designs. Cell internal design modifications can be accommodated as long as the databases reflect the cell's performance characteristics. Operational parameters can be varied to simulate any number of charge or discharge methods under any orbital regime. The flexibility of the model stems from the broad scope of input variables and allows the prediction of battery performance under simulated mission or test conditions. >
Structural Components of Oriboca Virus

Analysis of purified Oriboca virions by neutral, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicated the presence of three structural polypeptides designated V-1, V-2, and V-3 on the basis of their relative electrophoretic mobilities in 8% gels. Polypeptides V-2 and V-3 are glycopeptides associated with the virion envelope as demonstrated by the preferential incorporation of labeled glucosamine into the polypeptides and by release of the polypeptides from the intact virion by the nonionic detergent NP-40. Polypeptide V-1 is the protein component of the nucleoprotein core of Oriboca virus as evidenced by the specific incorporation of uridine into the nucleoprotein, its release from the intact virion by NP-40 treatment, and its separation by both rate-zonal and isopycnic density gradient centrifugation from both the intact virion and envelope components. Molecular weights have been tentatively assigned to the polypeptides by extrapolation from the structural polypeptides of Sindbis virus when both are run in the same gel. Polypeptide V-1 has an apparent molecular weight of 20,000 to 23,000; V-2, 30,000 to 32,000; and V-3, 83,000 to 85,000.
Bright x-ray stainless steel K-shell source development at the National Ignition Facility

High x-ray conversion efficiency (XRCE) K-shell sources are being developed for high energy density experiments for use as backlighters and for the testing of materials exposed to high x-ray fluxes and fluences. Recently, sources with high XRCE in the K-shell x-ray energy range of iron and nickel were investigated at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The x-ray conversion efficiency in the 5–9 keV spectral range was determined to be 6.8% ± 0.3%. These targets were 4.1 mm diameter, 4 mm tall hollow epoxy tubes having a 50 μm thick wall supporting a tube of 3 to 3.5 μm thick stainless steel. The NIF laser deposited ∼460 kJ of 3ω light into the target in a 140 TW, 3.3 ns square pulse. The absolute x-ray emission of the source was measured by two calibrated Dante x-ray spectrometers. Time resolved images filtered for the Fe K-shell were recorded to follow the heating of the target. Time integrated high-resolution spectra were recorded in the K-shell range.
Vibrational Spectroscopy Applications in Clinical Chemistry

Vibrational spectroscopy is well suited in principle to carry out several of the most common quantitative blood, serum, and urine tests. In addition, the same techniques can serve as the foundation for explicitly diagnostic tests, with the vibrational spectrum serving as a molecular fingerprint characterizing the sample of interest; to the extent that the spectrum changes in a characteristic way with disease onset and progression; it may be exploited as a marker of both. This article summarizes the techniques that might be applied to carry out these tests routinely in the clinical laboratory, and detailing specific analytical and diagnostic tests that have been established as proof-of-concept examples to illustrate the potential for this approach. Keywords: serum; blood; urine; amniotic fluid; PLS; analysis; quantification; glucose; urea; lipids
The Effects of Open Leaf Burning on Spirometric Measurements in Asthma

The purpose of our study was to determine the effects of open leaf burning on asthmatic subjects. Seven subjects with known asthma of varying severity, along with three normal control subjects, were walked 0.5 mile with and without exposure on the same day, under very similar environmental conditions. An acute spirometric bronchoconstrictive response was observed within 30 min of exercise with exposure to leaf burning in two of the seven asthmatic subjects. Five of the seven showed an overall drop in parameters measured. No significant change in the FEV 1 was seen in the normal subjects with either protocol, nor in the asthmatic subjects during low level exercise alone. The results of our study suggest that open leaf burning under normal community-allowed conditions may represent a significant health hazard for some asthmatic subjects.
Public-private leadership and the role of nonprofit organizations in local government: The case of social services

This article examines the role of nonprofit organizations in public-private collaboration to advocate, plan, coordinate, and deliver social services to the homeless. The research is based on a national survey of cities with populations greater than 50,000. Results show that nonprofit organizations are significant driving forces for homelessness efforts and that collective public-private strategies, with nonprofit organizations playing important roles, are significantly related to the range and targeting of homelessness efforts toward local needs. Selected economic, social, and community conditions are identified that are associated with driving forces involving nonprofit organizations and the strategies they use.
Neonatal segmental myoclonus associated with hyperglycorrhachia

Segmental or spinal myoclonus is an uncommon involuntary movement in infancy which has been attributed to sepsis, degenerative and developmental diseases of the spinal cord, birth trauma, and sclerosing panencephalitis. A premature infant presenting with segmental myoclonus associated with extreme hyperglycorrhachia secondary to the administration of parenteral nutrition through a femoral percutaneous indwelling central catheter that had inadvertently migrated into a paravertebral vein is reported. We recommend a lateral abdominal radiograph in addition to the usual anteroposterior view to confirm the correct placement of femoral catheters.
A neural network model for cognitive activity

A consideration of the storage of information as an energized neuronal state leads to the development of a new type of neural network model which is capable of pattern recognition, concept formation and recognition of patterns of events in time. The network consists of several layers of cells, each cell representing by connections from the lower levels some combination of features or concepts. Information travels toward higher layers by such connections during an association phase, and then reverses during a recognition phase, where higher-order concepts can redirect the flow to more appropriate elements, revising the perception of the environment. This permits a more efficient method of distinguishing closely-related patterns and also permits the formation of negative associations, which is a likely requirement for formation of "abstract" concepts.
Standards for indexing: revising the American National Standard Guidelines Z39.4

This article discusses the nature of standards as tools to promote compatibility and improve practice, the role of research versus expert opinion in the creation of standards, the changing scope of standards for indexes in the face of the changing indexing environment, with the increasing use of automatic indexing, electronic displays, and electronic searching of non-displayed indexes. It describes the current draft of the NISO American Standard Guidelines for Indexes in Information Retrieval (Z39.4) in terms of three fundamental requirements: syntax, vocabulary management, and comprehensive planning and design. The article concludes with comments about the nebulous concept of good or accurate indexing and whether and how standards can be used advantageously. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Angle resolved UV photoemission spectra from a Bi(0001) surface

Abstract Angle resolved photoemission spectra taken from a Bi(0001) surface for hv = 16.9 and 21.2 eV exhibit (1) broad features which appear to be associated with one dimensional density of states, rather than band like features, and (2) a weak dependence upon the direction of incident light These effects can be explained by a large number of nondegenerate final state bands available for optical emission and by a uniform mixing of atomic orbitals in the initial states.
Transcriptional repression of fibronectin gene expression in v-src transformation.

Abstract V- src -dependent and -independent alterations in the steady-state content, rates of synthesis, and turnover of fibronectin protein and mRNA were identified using rat fibroblasts which are temperature sensitive for p60 v- src activity. Activation of p60 v- src caused a fivefold reduction in the rate of fibronectin biosynthesis. The v- src -dependent decrease in fibronectin biosynthesis resulted from a similar reduction in the steady-state content of fibronectin mRNA. This change was reversible and required more than 24 h, implying an indirect effect of p60 v- src on fibronectin gene expression. The rate of fibronectin mRNA turnover and pattern of alternative splicing were unchanged following p60 v- src activation, indicating that these regulatory steps are insensitive to v- src transformation. A v- src -specific reduction of at least threefold was measured for the rate of fibronectin gene transcription, and gene transfer studies using fibronectin promoter-CAT reporter genes indicated that transcriptional repression occurs at the level of initiation. When p60 v- src was inactive, CAT reporter genes controlled by 4.9 or 3.2 kb of the rat fibronectin promoter exhibited relatively increased CAT activity (∼twofold) compared to another CAT reporter construction controlled by only 880 bp of the fibronectin promoter. In contrast, CAT activity was relatively reduced (∼twofold) for the reporter constructions containing 4.9 or 3.2 kb of the promoter when p60 v- src was active. These findings indicate that the distal portion of the fibronectin promoter contains a v- src -sensitive element(s) which mediates a decrease in the rate of fibronectin transcription initiation by negative control.
Liquid‐Phase Sintering of MgO–Bi2O3

Liquid-phase sintering of MgO-5 wt% Bi2O3 was studied by loading dilatometry. The ratio of the creep viscosity to the densification viscosity (∼1.8) and the sintering stress remained nearly constant in a wide density interval. These results, together with results on several other systems, indicate that the constancy of the sintering stress during densification may be a general phenomenon, regardless of densification mechanism.
Extremely Preterm Infants (<28 Weeks) Are Capable of Gluconeogenesis from Glycerol on Their First Day of Life

Extremely preterm infants have been shown capable of producing glucose at a rate comparable to that of term infants, but virtually no data are available on their capacity for lipolysis and gluconeogenesis. To address this issue, we studied the flux of glycerol and its gluconeogenic contribution to hepatic glucose output by determining the endogenous plasma appearance rate of glycerol (glycerol Ra) and its conversion to glucose in 10 newborn infants, 24-27 wk of gestational age. The study was performed during the 1st d of life by tracer dilution technique using[6,6-2H2]glucose and [2-13C]glycerol given as constant rate i.v. infusions. Plasma isotopic enrichments of the tracers were obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Endogenous glycerolRa ranged from 2.4 to 21.6 (median 5.0)μmol·kg-1·min-1, of which 31.5% (25.6-64.4%) was converted to glucose. The glucose production rate averaged 17.5 ± 5.4 μmol·kg-1·min-1 (3.2 ± 1.0 mg·kg-1·min-1), of which 5.0% (1.6-37.6%) was derived from glycerol. The results show that extremely preterm infants, despite limited fat stores, are capable of generating glycerol at a rate within the range reported for term and near term newborns. The infants were also capable of converting part of this glycerol to glucose, providing a contribution to hepatic glucose production comparable to that found in more mature newborns.
Transmigration across a lung epithelial monolayer delays apoptosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Abstract Background Suppression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) apoptosis may cause or exaggerate acute lung injury that is associated with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. We hypothesized that transepithelial migration would modulate PMNL apoptosis. Method PMNLs that were freshly purified from normal volunteers were allowed to migrate across transwell membranes alone or coated with monolayers of human lung epithelial cells in response to chemoattractants (interleukin-8, formyl-methionylleucylphenylalanine and leukotriene B4). We assessed for migration efficiency, apoptosis, and functional activity of the PMNLs. Changes in the expression of genes modulating PMNL apoptosis were examined with messenger RNA and protein analyses. Results Transepithelial migration caused a significant decrease in the percentage of apoptotic PMNLs (interleukin-8; from 31% to 16% at 8 hours; P Conclusion Our data reveal, for the first time, the important role of transepithelial migration in the modulation of PMNL apoptosis and may provide insights into possible novel targets for the regulation of PMNL apoptosis during lung inflammation and injury.
GENERATION AND OBSERVATION OF RADIO FREQUENCY THERMAL LESION ABLATION FOR INTERVENTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Rationale and objectives Recently, there has been increased interest in interventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and minimally invasive cancer therapy via radio frequency (RF) thermal ablation. In this work, we examined RF thermal lesion generation in phantoms and ex vivo bovine liver and correlated them with MR images under a variety of conditions, which begins our assessment of the role of MR imaging in this new method for cancer treatment. Methods Radio frequency lesions were created in gel phantoms and ex vivo bovine liver, using stationary (bovine liver) and variable speed (gel) moving electrodes to create lesions with shapes mimicking tumors. Ex vivo bovine liver lesions were made with the tissue held at room temperature (n = 4) and in a 37 degrees C saline bath (n = 3) using a 16-gauge electrode (tip temperature: 70 degrees C, 80 degrees C, and 90 degrees C; ablation time: 1-13 minutes). Electrical impedance and RF power were plotted during ablation. After ablation, RF-induced lesions were imaged with a 0.2-tesla (T) MR system using a variety of pulse sequences. Results Complex shaped lesions were created successfully in phantoms. Averaged maximum ex vivo lesion volume made at 90 degrees C ablation experiments holding the tissue temperature at 37 degrees C and at room temperature were 1.58 +/- 0.35 cm3 and 1.0 +/- 0.26 cm3 respectively (confidence interval: 90%). The aspect ratios and RF power of the lesions decreased as ablations proceeded. Impedance dropped during the first 2 minutes of the ablation. Ex vivo lesions appeared as regions of low-signal amplitude in T2-weighted MR images. Conclusions Phantom ablation experience may be useful and applicable in thermotherapy planning. Lesions made in ex vivo bovine liver held at 37 degrees C via a saline bath are larger than those created at room temperature. Lesions shapes are ablation time dependent until thermal equilibrium is reached. Impedance reduction and lesion formation are related; 0.2-T MR systems can image RF energy-induced thermal lesions.
The posteromedial cortical amygdala regulates copulatory behavior, but not sexual odor preference, in the male Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

In rodent species, the expression of reproductive behavior relies heavily on the perception of social odors, as well as the presence of circulating steroid hormones. In the Syrian hamster, chemosensory and hormonal cues are processed within an interconnected network of ventral forebrain nuclei that regulates many aspects of social behavior. Within this network, the posteromedial cortical amygdala (PMCo) receives direct projections from the accessory olfactory bulbs and contains a dense population of steroid receptor-containing neurons. Consequently, the PMCo may be important for generating odor-guided aspects of reproductive behavior, yet little is known regarding the role of this nucleus in regulating these behaviors. Thus, the present study tested male hamsters with site-specific electrolytic lesions of the PMCo for their (a) sexual odor preference in a Y-maze apparatus, (b) sexual odor discrimination in a habituation-dishabituation task, and (c) copulatory behavior when paired with a sexually receptive female. PMCo-lesioned males preferred to investigate female odors over male odors and were able to discriminate between these odor sources. However, PMCo lesions were associated with several alterations in the male copulatory pattern. First, PMCo-lesioned males displayed increased investigation of the female's non-anogenital region, suggesting that the PMCo may be involved in directing appropriate chemosensory investigation during mating. Second, PMCo lesions altered the temporal pattern of the mating sequence, as PMCo-lesioned males took longer than Sham-lesioned males to reach sexual satiety, as indicated by the delayed expression of long intromissions. This delayed onset of satiety was associated with an increased number of ejaculations compared with Sham-lesioned males. Importantly, these data provide the first direct evidence for a functional role of the PMCo in regulating male reproductive behavior.
Factors influencing rates of tail regeneration in the lizard Anolis carolinensis.

L'etude du phenomene de regeneration de la queue chez le mâle adulte du lezardAnolis carolinensis, a 32°C, s'est montre extremement variable meme dans des conditions uniformes. Ces variations n'etaient en relation ni avec les dimensions ni avec l'accroissment du corps, ni avec l'endroit de l'amputation dans la vertebre, ni avec la condition de l'epiderme au moment de l'amputation. L'etude a 21°C a montre que les effets de la temperature different selon les phases du processus regeneratif. Le temps de formation du blasteme a donne une moyenne de 36,2 jours, mais de 8 jours a 32°C, Q10 = 3,9; pendant le mois suivant, la croissance fut a peu pres de 0,15 mm par jour mais de 0,98 mm par jour a 32°C, Q10 = 5,5. Au terme de sa regeneration, la queue n'a atteint que le 17% de sa longueur, meme 10 mois apres l'operation, tandis qu'elle atteignait 28% au bout de 6 semaines a 32°C.
Biochemical studies of myosin.

This article describes methods for expressing and obtaining purified smooth muscle myosin subfragments using the baculovirus/insect cell expression system, as well as methods for purifying whole myosin from tissue. Protocols for several gel assays that are routinely used with myosin are given, including gels to monitor light chain phosphorylation state and native gels to determine protein homogeneity. Steady-state myosin ATPase and actin-activated ATPase determinations are described, as are some of the more basic transient-state kinetic parameters that can be measured. The in vitro motility assay, in which the rate of actin movement over myosin or its subfragments is quantified, is also presented.
Water distribution in surgical patients.

Summary Total body water, extracellular fluid and total exchangeable sodium were measured in 13 patients before and after gastrointestinal operations. The weight loss after moderate surgery represented by subtotal gastrectomy was accompanied by insignificant changes in water compartments. After the severe trauma of total gastrectomy the weight loss could be accounted for in part by a decrease in total body water. The extracellular fluid tended to remain constant and the total exchangeable sodium actually increased in some studies. The radiosulfate space averaged 77 per cent of the one hour sodium space. Since the changes of these two measurements are similar in all but exceptional cases, it is suggested that the methods measure changes in the same extracellular volume and that the nonextracellular portion of the sodium space is constant.
Nonfarm Equity in Agriculture: Past, Present, and Future

The issue of nonfarm equity is inherently a structural issue. This relationship has long been understood. However, the older view generally concentrated on the potentially negative consequences of nonfarm equity capital for the structure of agriculture (Ottoson and Vollmar), while the emerging view, shaped by recent events that have highlighted the vulnerability of that structure, suggests the potential for nonfarm equity capital as a solution to financial stress (Brake and Boehlje). The structural characteristics of agriculture imply the existence of barriers to the flow of equity capital between the farm and nonfarm sectors as well as inducements to that flow. Most important, these characteristics have hampered the development of an efficient equity market in agriculture. Thus, the most significant flows of nonfarm equity capital have largely circumvented existing farm businesses, flowing instead into direct ownership of farm assets or shared ownership of newer and generally larger and more technologically innovative farm businesses.
Ca2+ transmembrane fluxes and nerve growth factor action on a clonal cell line of rat phaeochromocytoma.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a polypeptide hormone which has a fundamental role in the development and maintenance of sympathetic and some sensory neurones1,2. The primary event by which NGF exerts its actions on these neurones probably involves the recognition of specific membrane-located receptors3–5. A clonal cell line of rat phaeochromocytoma, PC12, responds to NGF by cessation of division and expression of several properties characteristic to mature sympathetic neurones, including neurite outgrowth6,7. These cells also possess cell-surface NGF receptors, a fraction of which are occupied at NGF concentrations which elicit NGF-specific responses in these cells (G.L. and E.M.S., unpublished results). The manner in which binding of NGF to its receptor is translated into the subsequent morphological and biochemical events is not yet known but is being investigated. One possible transducing mechanism which has been suggested involves transient changes of intracellular cyclic AMP levels8,9. The divalent cation Ca2+ has been proposed as a second messenger in the mechanism of action of peptide hormones such as insulin10,11, which also initiates its action through membrane-bound receptors. Here, we have investigated the hypothesis that the mechanism of NGF action on PC12 cells may involve modulation of calcium transmembrane fluxes. The evidence shows that NGF has no significant influence on calcium fluxes as measured by uptake and efflux rates of 45Ca in PC12 cells.