cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of diagnostic criteria on the Autism Spectrum Disorder Observation for Children (ASD-OC).

Background: The Autism Spectrum Disorder Observation for Children (ASD-OC) is a new observation scale used to assess autistic symptomatology. As the publication of the fifth edition Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) is approaching, exploring the effect of the changing DSM criteria has begun to occur.Objective: The aim of this study was to compare severity of autistic impairment in children diagnosed with either the DSM-IV-TR or the DSM-5.Methods: ASD-OC total scores were compared between 63 children (3–15 years) in one of three groups: DSM-IV-TR group, DSM-5 group or control group.Results: The DSM-5 and DSM-IV-TR groups evinced significantly higher ASD-OC scores as compared to the control group; however, there were no significant differences between the DSM-5 and DSM-IV-TR groups in symptom severity.Conclusion: Many children who are currently diagnosed with ASD may no longer be diagnosed, despite having significant impairments roughly equal to those who meet DSM-5 criteria.
Endotoxin induced cytotoxicity of macrophages is due to apoptosis caused by nitric oxide production

Bacterial LPS is one of the most powerful immunostimulators in nature and causes a wide spectrum of acute pathophysiological effects recognized as toxic properties. At the cellular level, LPS also is cytotoxic for a variety of cells. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for LPS cytotoxicity are not well understood. In this study, possible mechanisms of LPS cytotoxicity for mouse macrophages were examined in comparison with the effect of detoxified LPS (DeLPS). Mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages cultured with 10 μg/ml of LPS for 48 h evinced approximately 40% cell death as measured by the tetrazolium dye reduction assay. Co-treatment of the macrophages with IFNγ enhanced LPS-associated toxicity so that as little as 0.1 μg/ml of LPS induced a significant toxicity. In contrast, neither DeLPS alone nor the combination of DeLPS and IFNγ induced any cytotoxicity even at a high concentration of DeLPS, such as 100 μg/ml, and a relatively long incubation period such as 72 h. Examination of nitric oxide ...
Magnetism of a strongly correlated s-band in a modified RPA

Abstract The translationally uniform magnetic solutions of a strongly correlated, narrow s-band are studied using an improved random phase approximation (modified RPA). For a square initial density of states and in the limit of infinite intra-atomic Coulomb repulsion, the magnetized state is found to be degenarate with the unmagnetized one.
Assessing regional evapotranspiration and water balance across a Mediterranean montane climate gradient

We evaluate a new approach to estimate regional evapotranspiration (ET) across a montane, Mediterranean climate gradient in the San Jacinto and Santa Rosa Mountains of Southern California. Spatially distributed evaporative fraction (EF) measurements were made monthly from October 2008 to September 2009 at 54 locations across an elevational gradient using a mobile measurement platform, called the Regional Evaporative Fraction Energy Balance (REFEB) method. We used these measurements and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations to derive EF at a regional scale. We converted EF to monthly ET using remote-sensing based observations of available energy. We compared the REFEB ET estimates, along with modified Priestly–Taylor (PT) ET estimates driven by MODIS data against four eddy covariance (EC) towers and eight gauged catchments. Both of the satellite-based ET estimates were highly correlated with tower ET observations (r 2 = 0.66 for REFEB and 0.95 for PT). The PT MODIS approach overestimated ET compared to precipitation estimates and stream gauge measurements, while REFEB ET was moderately lower than PT ET. The annual regional REFEB ET (193 mm) was 87 mm less than precipitation (280 mm). REFEB ET underestimated EC tower ET (regression slope = 0.78, p < 0.001). Regional PT ET (288 mm) exceeded precipitation by 8 mm and significantly overestimated EC tower ET (regression slope = 1.43, p < 0.001). The relationship between precipitation and ET is not linear, with a break around 290 mm/year, at which point ET becomes nearly constant at 200–300 mm/year with increasing precipitation. This causes a break in the precipitation–runoff relationship, with a disproportionate increase in runoff when precipitation exceeds 290 mm/year. REFEB provides a viable method to estimate regional ET, which is applicable to areas that are poorly constrained by other remote sensing approaches.
Adsorption Study of Porous Structure Development in Carbon Blacks

Abstract The development of surface properties of commercial carbon blacks was studied by means of nitrogen adsorption over a wide range of pressures. The specific surface area of the samples was evaluated using the standard BET method. The micropore volume and external surface area were obtained from the t -plot method. Distributions of the pore volume and the adsorption energy were calculated numerically by employing the regularization method. It was shown that adsorption measurements provide profound insight into the energetic and structural heterogeneity of porous and nonporous carbon materials.
Active Versus Passive Euthanasia: An Attributional Analysis1

The present study investigates the way in which observers judged physicians who engaged in various acts of euthanasia. These acts varied over two dimensions: voluntary versus nonvoluntary (on the patient's part) and active versus passive (on the physician's part). Vignettes about a patient who was severely burned in an apartment fire were read by 632 subjects (199 men and 433 women). The vignettes varied the physician's actions and whether the patient requested to die or not. After reading one vignette, participants responded to a 19-item questionnaire to assess the moral evaluation, responsibility, and professional conduct of the physician. The results indicated no significant differences in the perception of the physician involved in voluntary or nonvoluntary euthanasia. The physician was perceived more negatively, held more responsible, and perceived as acting outside the standards of the medical profession in situations of active euthanasia in contrast to passive euthanasia. The data also suggested that the temporal relationship of the physician's behavior to the patient's death affected the perception of the physician's responsibility and professional conduct.
A temperature-dependent conformational change in photosystem-II thylakoid membrane

A photosystemsubchloroplast fragment (TSF-2a) fractionated from spinach chloroplasts by Triton X-l 00 treatment is highly enriched in cytochrome bss9 (cyt b& (%1/40 total chlorophyll (chl) molecules) [ 11. The cytochrome in this subchloroplast fragment is present in the low-potential form, with E7sn -60 mV [2]. The oxidized form of cyt bss9 in the isolated subchloroplast fragments readily undergoes photoreduction, which is followed by a slower reversal to the oxidized form in the dark [2]. Cyt bss9 in isolated chloroplasts has rather anomalous properties and its physiological function is yet unclear ([3-61 also cf. [7]). However, it is generally considered that cyt bss9 is closely associated with photosystem II. Detergent-fractionated subchloroplast fragments, in which the state of cyt bss9 has probably been modified as a result of exposure to the detergent, do provide useful vehicles for investigating its physico-chemical and biochemical properties, particularly the relationship between them, which may be relevant to the functional role of the cytochrome in photosynthesis. This note reports the finding of a temperaturedependent change in the oxidation kinetics of cyt bss9 which indicates the effect of a possible conformational change in the microenvironment in the thylakoid membrane.
Premature atrial complex with P'R prolongation indicates multiple atrioventricular nodal pathways.

Background The goal of the present study was to test if ambulatory Holter recordings can predict the electrophysiologic study (EPS) findings in patients with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Methods and Results The study involved 110 patients with SVT who underwent Holter recording, and then EPS. The hypotheses were that (1) a P'R interval of premature atrial complexes (PACs) between 280 and 400 ms in the Holter recordings predicted dual atrioventricular nodal (AVN) pathways, (2) P'R interval >400 ms predicted triple or more AVN pathways, and (3) SVT initiated by a single PAC suggested easy SVT induction during the EPS. The EPS revealed dual AVN pathways in 14 (93%) of 15 patients with P'R intervals between 280 and 400 ms on the Holter recordings, and triple or more AVN pathways in 18 (90%) of 20 patients with P'R intervals >400 ms. In addition, a single extrastimulus easily induced SVT during the EPS in 11 (85%) of 13 patients in whom SVT was initiated by a single PAC during Holter recording. Conclusion The ambulatory Holter recording criteria specifically predicted the EPS findings, thereby providing useful advance information. (Circ J 2005; 69: 1233 - 1236)
Assessing primary care performance in an obstetrics/gynecology clinic.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Young, low-income women often use ob/gyns for routine care. Yet, little is known about the extent to which these settings achieve primary care goals. This study compared primary care performance among young low-income women using ob/gyns versus other settings as their primary care providers (PCP). Methods: Anonymous interviews with 158 women on Medical Assistance age 18–44 seen at a university ob/gyn clinic. Results: Sixty women (38.0%) used the ob/gyn setting for primary care, 83 (52.5%) use other places and 15 (9.5%) identified no primary care provider. Compared to women using other places for primary care, women who used the ob/gyn setting as their PCP were younger (OR 0.93, p = .04), had less education (OR 3.9, p = .02), and more frequently had small children (OR 2.8, p = .05) and reported illicit drug use (OR 3.1, p = .05). Performance on first contact care, ongoing care, coordination, and family and community issues did not vary by whether the PCP was an ob/gyn versus another pr...
Ethical Considerations in Global Health for Obstetrician-Gynecologists

There is growing interest in the area of global health by obstetricians-gynecologists. As more of these physicians become involved in this important and exciting undertaking, the physicians are potentially exposed to situations in which they may have to deal with ethical questions that they may not have previously considered. Some of the principles which frame the ethical problems that obstetricians-gynecologists may encounter include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice. We believe that exposure to ethical principles and study of cases involving ethical issues will be of benefit to the physicians and their patients, and that this exposure takes place before these doctors are placed in the environments and circumstances they might face as they travel to distant locations.
Structural analyses on the matrical organization of glycosaminoglycans in developing endocardial cushions.

Abstract Extracellular glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were examined in embryonic rat valvular primordia (cushion tissue) to determine if there are specific, in situ, intermolecular associations of GAG and if the passage of migrating cushion cells alters matrical organization. Precursor incorporation studies and colloidal iron staining controlled by acidified methylation, pH, and polysaccharidase digestion indicated that both hyaluronate (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CHS) were secreted into the premigratory matrix with the predominant GAG being HA. Premigratory matrix was revealed by scanning electron microscopy after routine fixation as a microfibrillar stroma; addition of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPCL) to the fixative resulted in the retention of an additional matrical component superimposed upon the microfibrillar stroma. TEM analysis of the CPCL-dependent matrix revealed that it was composed of intertwined 3-nm filaments, electron-dense, amorphous material, and 30-nm granules. Collagen-like microfibrils were associated primarily with the filamentous component of the CPCL-dependent matrix. Ultracytochemical results obtained with dialyzed iron binding regulated by pH and polysaccharidase and protease digestion suggests that the 3-nm filaments contain HA and the granules contain both CHS and protein. Commensurate with cushion cell formation and migration, X-ray dispersive analysis and polyanionic histochemical criteria indicated increased deposition of CHS in the postmigratory matrix (i.e., matrix transversed by cells). Ultrastructurally, the CPCL-dependent components of the postmigratory matrix became progressively restructured within the wedge of migrating cells. In contrast to premigratory matrix, fewer 3-nm filaments were evident, while 30-nm granules heavily studded the collagen-like microfibrils. Physical fixation controls confirmed the variations between pre- and postmigratory matrices. These results suggest that modification in the matrix organization of embryonic heart GAG may be correlated with the migration of cushion tissue mesenchyme.
Pigs and Their Prohibition

Little is more central to the study of the modern Middle East than religion. Amidst the differences between the Judaic and Islamic traditions, both are unified about the religious prohibition of swine as a source of food. This taboo is one of the more significant common markers of their ethnicity and religious code. Indeed, violations or poor adherence to the taboo can be considered as grave religious insults or cultural transgressions. In India, the meat of swine has been thrown on mosque steps and has provoked major intercommunal rioting. Even as one flies to the Middle East in modern, high-technology European airlines, the companies commonly inform all passengers that the meals contain no pork. In Spain, the ritual public slaughter of pigs, the matanza, has come to symbolize the resistance of Christians to the Muslim occupation. The matanza ritual has come to be a modern element in the formation of Spanish religious and cultural identity (Castaner 1988). Yet, the debate about the origins of this modern taboo is unresolved and still continues.
Synthesis and structural characterization of several dirhenium(III) compounds

Abstract Reaction between Re2(OAc)4Cl2 and N,N′-dicyclohexylbenzamidine (HDCyBA) under molten conditions yielded Re2(DCyBA)2Cl4 (1); reaction of [Bu4N]2[Re2Cl8] with N,N′-di(3-methoxyphenyl)formamidine (HDmAniF) resulted in Re2(DmAniF)2Cl4 (2); reaction of cis-Re2(OAc)2Cl4 with HDmAniF under reflux conditions resulted in cis-Re2(OAc)2(DmAniF)2Cl2 (3). Reaction between Re2(OAc)4Cl2 and α,α,α′,α′-tetramethyl-1,3-benzenedipropionic acid (H2esp) under reflux conditions led to Re2(esp)2Cl2 (4). Crystallographic studies of compounds 1–4 revealed Re–Re bond lengths of 2.1679(6), 2.1804(5), 2.2468(7), and 2.2304(6) A, respectively, which are consistent with the presence of Re–Re quadruple bond. Also reported are electrochemical properties of compounds 1–4.
Effect of age and cycle responsiveness in patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Objective: To evaluate the effects of age and number of embryos available for transfer on pregnancy rate (PR) in couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Design: Retrospective study of patients undergoing ICSI for male factor infertility. Setting: Tertiary care academic center. Patient(s): One hundred twelve patients 37 years of age who underwent ICSI with uterine ET or tubal ET. Intervention: Compare cycles in which three embryos or fewer were available for transfer with those with four or more available embryos. Main Outcome Measure(s): Implantation, embryo availability, and pregnancy and miscarriage rates. Result(s): Younger patients did significantly better with regard to PR (47% versus 26%), implantation rate (11.4% versus 6.6%), and ongoing PR (40% versus 19%). Patients in whom more than four embryos were transferred also did better than patients in whom three or fewer embryos were available for transfer, with an implantation rate of 14.2% versus 4.2%. In women ≥37 years of age, 85% of cycles produced more than three embryos, versus 61% in women >37 years of age. When cycles yielding three embryos or fewer were excluded, the younger group tended to do better, with an ongoing PR of 48% versus 33% for the older group, but the differences were not statistically significant. Both groups had similar number of embryos transferred per cycle. Conclusion(s): Age affects cycle responsiveness, and the number of embryos available for transfer affects fertility in patients undergoing ICSI. Older women with good ovarian response, producing more than three embryos suitable for transfer, have a PR similar to younger patients. Cycles yielding three embryos or fewer have a poor prognosis.
The magnificent barbarian at Nashville

The words “Stokely Carmichael” and “Black Power” immediately suggest rebellion and violence to American mass media. The Nashville (Tennessee) press was no exception when it opposed Carmichael's invitation to speak at the Impact ‘67 symposium held on the Vanderbilt University campus April 8, 1967, and predicted that riots would follow his appearance. In this article the writer examines the speaking situation in Nashville and evaluates Carmichael's rhetorical abilities.
Preliminary microstructural and microchemical observations on pond and river accretion ice

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis were employed to investigate the morphology of impurities present in pond and river freshwater ice. Several structural features, 0.4 to roughly 1.2 mm in diameter, with distinct morphological characteristics were identified in the pond ice. The features reside both in the interior of the grains as well as at grain boundaries. In river ice, the impurity aggregates were significantly smaller than in the pond ice (the majority with sizes ⪝20 μm) with no particular shape and were concentrated in the grain boundaries.
Reliability assessment of pedometer activity measurements

Pedometers (step counters) are inexpensive devices for obtaining naturalistic activity measurements. The existing reliability literature on pedometers is inconsistent. This article presents reasons for the disparity including (a) distinguishing between instrument reliability (Experiment 1) and clinical repeatability (Experiments 2–4) and (b) discussing methods of evaluating the reliability of activity measuring instruments. Experiment 1 shows that pedometer measurements have an uncertainty of approximately 5% (the test-retest correlational equivalent of .97) under laboratory conditions. Experiment 2 shows that pedometer measurements in college students walking a measured half-mile have approximately the same uncertainty. Experiment 3 shows that pedometer measurements from normal children walking a measured half-mile have an uncertainty of approximately 18% (the correlational equivalent of .91), while measurements from mildly hyperactive children have an uncertainty of approximately 29% (the correlational equivalent of .84). Experiment 4 shows that electronic step counters have an uncertainty of approximately 9% in normal and mildly hyperactive children and about 12% in clinically hyperactive children.
Design considerations for orbiting detectors for the large low-earth orbit debris population

Abstract As the need to detect sub-centimeter sized debris in the low Earth orbit environment become more critical, the option of detecting debris from sensors in orbit will become more attractive. A number of technical requirements will be levied on these sensors. The accuracy with which the sensors will have to make their measurements, one of the most important requirements, will depend in part on the sensitivity of the debris orbital elements to uncertainties in the sensor orbital elements at the time of measurement, on uncertainties in the pointing of the sensor, and on uncertainty in the observational quantities. In this paper, a procedure for relating the sensitivity in the debris orbital elements to these uncertainties is developed for two cases: (1) for a sensor oriented with respect to a spacecraft-local frame, and (2) for a sensor directed to a given point in inertial space. The multi-variable sensitivity coefficients which result have the potential for extensive analysis in many forms, based on a variety of applications and assumed debris orbital properties. An evaluation of the coefficients for the semi-major axis is presented for a relatively simple case with the sensor in circular orbit and pointed in a fixed direction relative to a reference frame comoving with the satellite.
A Tie-Breaking Strategy for Processor Allocation in Meshes

Many of the proposed algorithms for allocating processors to jobs in supercomputers choose arbitrarily among potential allocations that are "equally good" according to the allocation algorithm. In this paper, we add a parametrized tie-breaking strategy to the MC1x1 allocation algorithm for mesh supercomputers. This strategy attempts to favor allocations that preserve large regions of free processors, benefiting future allocations and improving machine performance. Trace-based simulations show the promise of our strategy; with good parameter choices, most jobs benefit and no class of jobs is harmed significantly.
Quantitative autoradiographic localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) binding sites in rat posterior pituitary lobe

1. We have localized and quantified neuropeptide Y (NPY) binding sites in the rat pituitary gland after incubation of tissue sections in the presence of125I-Bolton-Hunter NPY followed by autoradiography, computerized microden-sitometry, and comparison to125I-standards. 2. In the rat, NPY binding sites are localized exclusively to the part of the posterior pituitary lobe closer to the pituitary stalk. No NPY binding sites could be found in the intermediate or the anterior pituitary lobes. 3. Our results suggest a role for NPY in the regulation of pituitary function and, in particular, that of the neural lobe.
Treatment paradigms in the management of myeloproliferative disorders

Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are chronic conditions that require long-term treatment. MPDs have been considered neoplastic disorders that have a propensity to transform to acute leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. One of the MPDs, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), has the distinct cytogenetic abnormality of the Philadelphia chromosome. In CML, transformation to acute leukemia is a common occurrence, with the timeline measured in years rather than decades. With the other three disorders from this group, polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF), transformation to acute leukemia is less frequently seen and, although variable, can take a longer period of time. The choice of therapy used for MPDs may contribute to leukemic transformation; chlorambucil, busulfan, and radiophosphorus are all examples of therapy that have been shown to be leukemogenic. Several studies have suggested the potential leukemogenicity of hydroxyurea (HU), but this remains controversial because no randomized studies have been conducted. The two newest agents used for MPDs, interferon-alpha and anagrelide, have both been studied for efficacy, but their influence on the potential for leukemic transformation has not been well studied to date.
THE ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN: A CASE STUDY*

This case example attempts to describe the difficulties in organizing and developing a community mental health program for children, and the problems encountered in working with school personnel and the community at large. It traces the philosophical and legal backgrounds, the development of the center, community organization, attitudes toward the center, mental health consultation, and community relations. It is expected that a discussion of real, rather than theoretical, problems will assist others in their planning of community mental health services.
Temperature dependence of transient photoluminescence in tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3)

Abstract We have studied the temperature dependence of the dynamics of singlet excited states in pristine films of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3 ). Measurements of the transient photoluminescence (PL) response revealed an increase in the radiative excited state lifetime and fluorescence quantum yield with decreasing temperature from 300 to 77 K. Bimolecular singlet exciton annihilation measurements show a decrease in the singlet exciton diffusion coefficient and diffusion length at 77 K. A singlet exciton trapping model is used to explain these results.
Molecular biology of neurological and psychiatric disorders. I. Effect of parkinsonism, age, sex and L-dopa on platelet monoamine oxidase.

Since there is substantial evidence for a nigrostriatal dopamine defect in Parkinson's disease and since monoamine oxidase (MAO) appears to be essential for the degradation of dopamine, we investigated whether this enzyme is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease or in the therapeutic action of L-dopa. To gain a solid basis for our analysis we studied some properties of platelet MAO, at present the only practicalin vivo source for human MAO. Substrate and inhibitor pattern clearly pointed to a predominant B-type character of this enzyme. By using 3 substrates, m-iodobenzylamine, p-methoxybenzylamine, and tyramine, we found a marked age and sex difference in MAO activity. In untreated parkinsonian patients, platelet MAO was slightly reduced as compared with age- and sex-matched controls. Treatment with L-dopa induced a further reduction of platelet MAO activity in both sexes, but more in men than in women. We conjecture that the action of L-dopa on parkinsonian patients is twofold: L-dopa is known to enhance the release of gonadotropins and thus to increase the production of sex hormones which in turn are capable of reducing MAO activity. Dopamine, formed from L-dopa, may thus have a better chance for survival in reaching the dopaminergic receptor.
Unnatural resource dependence: community adaptation to an altered environment

The construction of a dam represents a drastic change within an ecosystem that affects the physical environment and human and wildlife populations, which must adapt to the altered environmental conditions. The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of the ways the downstream community of Norfolk, Arkansas, adapted to environmental changes resulting from the construction of two large–scale dams. Guided by the human ecosystem model as created by Machlis, Force, and Burch (1997), this research uses multiple social research methods to develop a longitudinal portrait of changes and adaptations in the community. The results reveal that community adaptations have changed the demographic, economic, and social characteristics substantially. Many of the community adaptations have occurred in a manner that makes them largely dependent on continued human manipulation of the environment, a precarious condition for the amenity rich, resource–dependent community.
Personalism and the problem of scarcity

Economics as an intellectual and behavioral discipline would set more agreeably with scholars in the moral and social sciences if its basic problem of scarcity were more clearly identified as inhering in the human condition and not caused mainly by human selfishness.
Death Work: A Study of the Modern Execution Process

Part One: Executions past and present. Executions past: antiquity to the 20th Century. Executions present: the 20th century American experience. Part Two: Waiting to die. A study of modern death rows. Death row: conditions and confinement. Living and working on death row. Part Three: In cold blood: a study of modern executions. Death work: a modern execution team. Death watch: the final hours. An execution and its aftermath. Part Four: Moral considerations. A modern instance of torture. Punishing murderers: choosing life over death.
A non-traumatic approach to ventral subarachnoid space near circle of willis

A non-traumatic approach to the subarachnoid space near the circle of Willis is demonstrated in this study. The approach is made between the olfactory bulb and frontal lobe. Following perfusion with Evans blue dye no leakage was observed into the parenchyma indicating no tissue damage had occurred. No gross bleeding or cerebral vasospasm was visible in the middle meningeal artery (dural), the surface pial blood vessels and the vessels of the circle of Willis. In conclusion, this technique can be successfully used for studies on experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage simulated on the ventral aspect of the brain near the circle of Willis without causing technique-associated cerebrovascular and parenchymal injury.
Climate-driven uncertainties in modeling terrestrial gross primary production: a site level to global-scale analysis.

We used a land surface model to quantify the causes and extents of biases in terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) due to the use of meteorological reanalysis datasets. We first calibrated the model using meteorology and eddy covariance data from 25 flux tower sites ranging from the tropics to the northern high latitudes and subsequently repeated the site simulations using two reanalysis datasets: NCEP/NCAR and CRUNCEP. The results show that at most sites, the reanalysis-driven GPP bias was significantly positive with respect to the observed meteorology-driven simulations. Notably, the absolute GPP bias was highest at the tropical evergreen tree sites, averaging up to ca. 0.45 kg C m(-2) yr(-1) across sites (ca. 15% of site level GPP). At the northern mid-/high-latitude broadleaf deciduous and the needleleaf evergreen tree sites, the corresponding annual GPP biases were up to 20%. For the nontree sites, average annual biases of up to ca. 20-30% were simulated within savanna, grassland, and shrubland vegetation types. At the tree sites, the biases in short-wave radiation and humidity strongly influenced the GPP biases, while the nontree sites were more affected by biases in factors controlling water stress (precipitation, humidity, and air temperature). In this study, we also discuss the influence of seasonal patterns of meteorological biases on GPP. Finally, using model simulations for the global land surface, we discuss the potential impacts of site-level reanalysis-driven biases on the global estimates of GPP. In a broader context, our results can have important consequences on other terrestrial ecosystem fluxes (e.g., net primary production, net ecosystem production, energy/water fluxes) and reservoirs (e.g., soil carbon stocks). In a complementary study (Barman et al., ), we extend the present analysis for latent and sensible heat fluxes, thus consistently integrating the analysis of climate-driven uncertainties in carbon, energy, and water fluxes using a single modeling framework.
Fabrication of electrically conductive Langmuir-Blodgett multilayer films of polyaniline

Two new methods of fabricating multilayer Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) thin films of electrically conductive polyaniline were developed. Stable and easily transferrable LB monolayers were formed at the air-water interface by mixing polyanilinew in its emearldine-base form (PANb) with two processibng aids. in tyhe first case a convestional surface-active molecule (stearic acid (StA)) was used to promote monolayer formatoin. iIn the second case a novel polyion (PI) complex of sulfonated polyaniline and stearylamine wa utilized. Although uniform Y-type LB films were fabricated from both systems, the quality and behavior of these films were observed to be greatly influenced by the type of intermolecular interaction developed between the processing aid and the conductive macromolecule. Films fabricated form the PANbStA mixture were found to a phase eparated withg domains polyaniline and stearic acid, while those from the PANb-PI blend were found to be miscible . Both polyaniline LB films were rendered conductive by doping with HCl. The high level of conductivity, in the range 0.5–1 S cm−1, exhibited by both systems indicated that the addition of a processing aid, comprising less than 25 mol% in each system, did not compromise the overall conductivity of the films.
Background subtraction for fluorescence detection in thin-layer chromatography with derivative spectrometry and the adaptive Kalman filter

Abstract Background signals must be removed from analyte responses before reliable qualitative and quantitative results can be obtained. For cases in which a reliable estimate for the background response cannot be obtained, the combination of two mathematical approaches yields accurate quantitative results. First-derivative spectrometric methods, in conjunction with a curve-resolution approach based on the adaptive Kalman filter, are used to compensate for difficulties caused by background responses which are not reproducible. Derivative spectrometric techniques reduce the relative magnitude of low-frequency systematic deviations in the spectra. In this case, this has the effect of localizing model errors to restricted regions of the spectra, which in turn meets the major requirement for successful utilization of the adaptive Kalman filter. The approach is applied to fluorimetric detection for thin-layer chromatography in the quantification of polynuclear atomatic hydrocarbon compounds. Results are given which demonstrate that this combined approach yields accurate estimates for concentrations of components in overlapped chromatographic zones. A derivative spectrometric approach in conjunction with a regular Kalman-filter fit gives less accurate results, and an adaptive Kalman filter used to fit the raw spectral data fails to give any reliable quantitative information. The combined approach using derivative spectrometry anal the adaptive Kalman filter is shown to give 8-fold lower detection limits for anthracene when compared to traditional background-subtraction methods.
Non-dilatant deformation and failure mechanism in two Long Valley Caldera rocks under true triaxial compression

Abstract We conducted laboratory rock strength experiments in two ultra-fine-grained brittle rocks, hornfels and metapelite, which together are the major constituent of the Long Valley Caldera (California, USA) basement in the 2025–2996 m depth range. Both rocks are banded, and have very low porosity. Uniaxial compression tests at different orientations with respect to banding planes reveal that while the hornfels compressive strength is nearly isotropic, the metapelite possesses distinct anisotropy. Conventional triaxial tests in these rocks reveal that their respective strengths in a specific orientation increase approximately linearly with confining pressure. True triaxial compression experiments in specimens oriented at a consistent angle to banding, in which the magnitudes of the least ( σ 3 ) and the intermediate ( σ 2 ) principal stresses are different but kept constant during testing while the maximum principal stress is increased until failure, exhibit a behavior unlike that previously observed in other rocks under similar testing conditions. For a given magnitude of σ 3 , compressive strength σ 1 does not vary significantly in both Long Valley rock types, regardless of the applied σ 2 , suggesting little or no intermediate principal stress effect. Strains measured in all three principal directions during loading were used to obtain plots of σ 1 versus volumetric strain. These are consistently linear almost to the point of rock failure, suggesting no dilatancy. The phenomenon was corroborated by SEM inspection of failed specimens that showed no microcrack development prior to the emergence of one through-going shear failure plane steeply dipping in the σ 3 direction. The strong dependency of compressive strength on the intermediate principal stress in other crystalline rocks was found to be related to microcrack initiation upon dilatancy onset, which rises with increased σ 2 and retards the failure process. We infer that strength independence of σ 2 in the Long Valley rocks derives directly from their non-dilatant deformation.
CD3 monitoring and thymoglobulin therapy in cardiac transplantation: clinical outcomes and pharmacoeconomic implications.

Abstract Introduction CD3 monitoring of antithymocyte globulin therapy in renal transplantation has been shown to be more cost-effective than standard regimens. The objective of this study was to evaluate CD3 monitoring with Thymoglobulin in cardiac transplantation. Methods Cardiac transplant patients who required antithymocyte globulin therapy were dose-adjusted to maintain absolute CD3 counts Results Eight patients were treated with Thymoglobulin using CD3 monitoring to adjust the dosing. All patients responded with few side effects. Compared to standard dosing, CD3 monitoring allowed a 60% reduction in the average total dose and a 58% reduction in cost per patient. Conclusion CD3 monitoring of Thymoglobulin therapy in cardiac transplant patients results in lower doses and reduced costs with equivalent efficacy and a low incidence of complications.
Effect of geometric elastic non-linearities on the impact response of flexible multi-body systems

The intermittent motion behavior of large scale geometrically non-linear flexible multi-body systems due to impact loading is investigated. Impacts and the associated impulsive forces are incorporated into the dynamic formulation by using a generalized momentum balance. The solution of the momentum equation provides the jump discontinuities in the system velocities and reaction forces. Flexible components in the system are discretized by using the finite element method. Because of the large rotations of the system components, a set of reference co-ordinates are employed to describe the motion of a selected body reference. The rigid body modes of the finite element shape functions are eliminated by using a set of reference conditions and accordingly a unique displacement field is defined. In order to account for the inertia and elastic non-linearities which are, respectively, the results of the large rotations and finite deformations, the system inertia and stiffness characteristics have to be iteratively updated. Two numerical examples of different nature are presented. The first example is a high speed slider crank mechanism with a flexible connecting rod. In the second example, however, the dynamic response of a flexible multi-body aircraft during the touch down impact is predicted.
A new approach to active RC network synthesis

Abstract This paper presents several lemmas which are of importance in the synthesis of one-port and n-port active RC networks. Syntheses of such networks are viewed from the equivalent active LC network point of view by making use of RC-LC transformation. The first part deals with one-ports. Replacement of the resistance in the Darlington realization of a positive real impedance by an appropriate negative LC impedance results in the odd part of the positive real function at the input. An inverse LC-RC transformation yields the decomposition, partitioning, and consequently the synthesis, of active RC impedances. Admittances are treated by a dual procedure. This approach is extended in the second part to the synthesis of active RC immittance matrices of order n. It is shown that in the latter case, the number of active elements needed is at most equal to n.
Comparison of WiFi positioning on two mobile devices

Metropolitan WiFi positioning is widely used to complement GPS on mobile devices. WiFi positioning typically has very fast time-to-first-fix and can provide reliable location information when GPS signals are too weak for a position fix. Several commercial WiFi positioning systems have been developed in recent years and most newer model smart phones have the technology embedded. This study empirically determined the performance of WiFi positioning system on two different mobile devices. Skyhook's system, running on an iPhone and a laptop, was selected for this study. Field work was carried out in three cities at a total of 90 sites. The positional accuracy of WiFi positioning was found to be very similar on the two devices with no statistically significant difference between the two error distributions. This suggests that the replicability of WiFi positioning on different devices is high based on aggregate performance metrics. Median values for positional accuracy in the three study areas ranged from 43 to...
David Hume and Monetarism

Of the twelve characteristics of modern monetarism, five are explicit in Hume's writings: the quantity theory, the Chicago transmission process, private sector stability, the vertical Phillips curve, which Hume originated, and preference for free markets. Two others, irrelevance of allocative detail and focus on the price level as a unit, are implicit. Preference for reduced-form models fits Hume's theory of causation. Preference for stable money growth fits the whole tenor of Hume's discussion. Two propositions on targets and indicators were irrelevant in Hume's day, but Hume rejected the monetarists' strong opposition to inflation.
Fungicidal and binding properties of the natural peptides cecropin B and dermaseptin.

In vitro fungicidal properties of cecropin B and dermaseptin were explored using non-germinating and germinating conidia from Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Fusarium moniliforme and F. oxysporum. Cecropin B produced LD50 values for germinating A. flavus, A. fumigatus and A. niger conidia of 3·0, 0·5 and 2·0 μ m, respectively, while dermaseptin gave LD 50 values of 4·0, 0·05 and 2·0 μ m, respectively. Cecropin B produced an LD 50 value of 0·2 μm for non-germinating F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum conidia, while dermaseptin did not reduce either as much as 50% at any level tested. LD50 levels for CB were 0·2 and 0·1 μm, respectively, for germinating F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum conidia. Dermaseptin was less effective, giving LD50 values for germinating F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum conidia of 0·3 and 0·8 μ m, respectively. Neither peptide reduced conidial viabilities of non-germinating Aspergillus spp. Physicochemical studies indicated cecropin B and dermaseptin bound to ergosterol and cho...
CONVERGENCE OF AMERICAN OPTION VALUES FROM DISCRETE‐ TO CONTINUOUS‐TIME FINANCIAL MODELS1

Given a sequence of discrete-time option valuation models in which the sequence of processes defining the state variables converges weakly to a diffusion, we prove that the sequence of American option values obtained from these discrete-time models also converges to the corresponding value obtained from the continuous-time model for the standard models in the finance/economica literature. The convergence proof carries over to the case when the limiting risky asset price process follows a diffusion, except it pays discrete dividend\ on some fixed dates.
Robust and affordable security: Some lessons from the Second‐Ranking powers during the cold war

(1992). Robust and affordable security: Some lessons from the Second‐Ranking powers during the cold war. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 476-527.
The Gender Division of Labor: “Keeping House” and Occupational Segregation in the United States

This article explores the effect of women’s movement into the labor market on the gender segregation of work, using the Current Population Survey from 1972 to 1993. The author includes as working those respondents who were “keeping house” and codes keeping house as an occupation. The results show higher estimates of gender segregation, and slightly steeper declines over time, than were seen in previous studies. Analysis of one-year longitudinal changes reveals less movement out of female-dominated occupations when keeping house is included as an occupation. Finally, a decomposition of the segregation trend shows that the movement of women away from keeping house contributed as much to the overall decline in gender segregation as did the desegregation of paid occupations. The author concludes that the movement of women’s work from the household to the labor market has been a driving force in the changing nature of gender inequality.
Serotonin storage and uptake by identified neurons in the leech Haementeria ghilianii

Characterization of serotonin-containing neurons in the glossiphoniid leech Haementeria ghilianii was undertaken to provide a reference for developmental studies of their differentiation and for comparative studies of their distribution and function. Five types of serotonin-containing neurons were identified with an antiserum against serotonin and by radioenzymatic assay of individual isolated somata. They contain high concentrations of serotonin (in some cases exceeding saturation in aqueous solution) and their serotonin content increases with growth of the animal. Each type is capable of taking serotonin up from the extracellular fluid, as demonstrated autoradiographically. They exhibit segment-specific, and on comparison with hirudinid leeches, species-specific, differences in distribution, morphology, and the expression of serotonin metabolism.
The SPS algorithm: patching figural continuity and transparency by Split-Patch Search

This paper describes a novel algorithm for the efficient synthesis of high-quality virtual views from only two input images. The emphasis is on the recovery of continuity of objects boundaries (figural continuity) with faithful synthesis of transparency effects. The contribution of this paper is two-fold: (i) the split-patch search (SPS) technique is introduced for dense stereo which handles transparency effects by assigning multiple disparities to mixed pixels; (ii) an efficient extension of exemplar-based image synthesis to the case of two-camera stereo is proposed. Furthermore, this paper presents an approximate but effective solution to the challenging problem of layer estimation and compositing in the case of small image patches. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated on a number of stereo image pairs taken from two camera video-conferencing setups, where the quality of the synthesized talking heads is of paramount importance. Moreover the improvement in the quality of image synthesis is quantified by comparing the output of the SPS algorithm with thirteen ground-truth images.
The essential work of fracture of thermoplastic orthodontic retainer materials.

Abstract Objective: To investigate whether oral cleansing agents affect the essential work of fracture (EWF) and plastic work of fracture (PWF) for two types of orthodontic thermoplastic retainer materials. Materials and Methods: Polyethylene-terephthalate-glycol (PETG; Tru-Tain Splint) and polypropylene/ethylene-propylene rubber (PP-EPR) blend (Essix-C+) sheets were compared. For each material, six sets of 25 sheets were thermoformed into double-edge-notched-tension specimens; subsets of five specimens were formed with internotch distances (L) equal to 6, 8, 10, 12, or 14 mm, respectively. Sets were stored (160 hours, 25°C) in air (DRY), distilled water (DW), Original Listerine (LIS), mint Crest ProHealth (CPH), 3% hydrogen peroxide (HP), or Polident solution (POL). Specimens were fractured in tension at 2.54 mm/min. Areas under load-elongation curves were measured to determine total work of fracture (Wf). Linear regressions (Wf vs L [n = 25]) yielded intercepts (EWF) and slopes (PWF). Ninety-five perc...