cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Everyone is Just Mixed to Me”: Exploring the Role of Multiraciality in College Students' Racial Claims

ABSTRACTExamining discourses of multiraciality through college students' claims about race offers helpful insights for educators striving to create equitable campuses for mixed race students. One area of discourse is the positioning of multiracial individuals as evidence for the social construction of race. Another critiques the multiracial movement, with its large college student base, for reinforcing the biological concept of race. This study investigates how a diverse sample of 40 undergraduate students from two U.S. West Coast institutions used multiraciality in varied ways to assert their claims about race and whether it mattered. Six patterns of multiracial discourse emerged in their racial claims. These findings suggest that the novelty of multiraciality allows it to be invoked to support various claims about the nature of race, namely whether race is biological, and the current and future relationship between mixedness and “post-racial” progress. Implications for research and practice also are dis...
Ethical and Political Stances in Japanese Zen History

Zen writers have recently started to highlight ethical elements in Zen practice and philosophy, but what has been the actual sociopolitical role of the tradition in Japanese history? What actual social stances have Zen practice and philosophy generated in the Japanese cultural context? Given that critics have pointed to the relationship between Zen and ruling powers as ethically problematical, discussion of Zen and ethics requires an answer to these questions. To determine the actual ethical stances ‘awakened’ Zen Buddhists have taken in the past, this chapter provides an overview of the history of Zen in Japan, focusing on ethical reflection1 by prominent Zen figures.
PROBABILITY DENSITY OF RESPONSE TIMES AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF COGNITION

We discuss several markers of the probability densities of response times — specifically those with power-law tails — that allow us to gain insights into neurophysiology of cognition. We argue that combining individual subjects’ data into a single set for a distribution-function analysis allows for a better comparison of a group of interest to a control group. We illustrate our findings using time response trials with dyslexic children.
Identifying Transfer of Inquiry Skills across Physical Science Simulations using Educational Data Mining

Students conducted inquiry using simulations within a rich learning environment for 4 science topics. By applying educational data mining to students’ log data, assessment metrics were generated for two key inqury skills, testing stated hypotheses and designing controlled experiments. Three models were then developed to analyze the transfer of these inquiry skills between science topics. Model one, Classic Bayesian Knowledge Tracing, assumes that either complete transfer of skill occurs or no transfer occurs; model two (BKT-PST), an extension of BKT, assumes partial transfer and tests that assumption; and model three, a variant of BKT-PST, assumes no transfer and tests this assumption. An analysis of models one and two suggest that transfer of these inquiry skills across topics did occur. This work makes contributions to methodological approaches for measuring fine-grained skills using log files, as well as to the literature on the domain-specificity vs. domain-generality of inquiry skills.
New Hampshire Senate Race: Closest in the Nation

The New Hampshire Senate race between Maggie Hassan (D) and incumbent Kelly Ayotte (R) was the closest in the nation; Hassan won by just over a thousand votes. This was a closely watched race in 2016, as many believed it could decide the balance of the Senate. This meant significant outside money pouring into a small state. Reasons for Hassan’s victory include the increasingly Democratic lean of the New Hampshire electorate when it comes to federal offices, strong support for the Democratic candidate from women, young people, and minorities, Hassan’s high levels of popularity and name recognition, as well as the influence of the presidential campaign.
Psychosocial Stressors and Sexual Health Among Southern African American Women Who Have Sex with Women.

Abstract Purpose: We examined the association of psychosocial stressors (depressive symptoms, incarceration, and intimate partner violence [IPV]) with sexual behaviors, sexually transmitted infecti...
Fazit und Diskussion

In den vorherigen Abschnitten wurden verschiedene Fragestellungen im Zusammenhang mit der bildbasierten Modellierung der Progression von Gliomen behandelt. Durch die entwickelte Simulationsumgebung wurde die Tur zu einem vielseitigen Forschungsfeld aufgestosen. In diesem abschliesenden Kapitel werden die vorgestellten Verfahren bewertet und kritisch diskutiert sowie die gesammelten Erfahrungen rekapituliert. Daruber hinaus werden zukunftige Forschungsschwerpunkte identifiziert
Enzymatic Synthesis of a Rubber Polymer

Archer and Cockbain (1969) described a method for the assay and partial purification of a soluble rubber transferase EC 2.5.1.20 from the serum fraction of Hevea brasiliensis latex. The assay consisted of adding the soluble rubber transferase to isolated WRP* along with Mg2+ and measuring the incorporation of [14C]-IPP into rubber. The reaction catalyzed by the soluble rubber transferase involved the addition of IPP to cis-1.4-polyisoprenyl-PP with the elimination of PPi. The WRP was the source of the cis-1,4-polyisoprenyl-PP. The assay has been used by Archer et al. (1963), McMullen and McSweeney (1966) and Lin and Ho (1986) to measure the activity of the soluble rubber transferase in H. brasiliensis and by Madhavan and Benedict (1984) and Reddy and Das (1988) to measure the transferase activity in Parthenium argentatum. In the chain elongation assay the soluble rubber transferase cannot synthesize rubber alone but has an absolute requirement for WRP. Archer and Audley (1986, 1987) and Audley and Archer (1988) discovered that the soluble rubber transferase could be replaced in the assay mixture with DMAPP, GPP, FPP or GGPP. These papers extended the initial observations of: (1) the existence of rubber transferase associated with the WRP (Berndt, 1963; and Archer et al., 1963) and (2) the addition of DMAPP to the WRP resulted in a stimulation of [14C]-IPP into new rubber molecules (Berndt, 1963; Archer et al., 1963; and Lynen, 1969). Archer and Audley (1986, 1987) and Audley and Archer (1988) concluded that the allylic-PP dependent incorporation of IPP into rubber was due to the presence of a tightly bound rubber transferase which catalyzed the repetitive addition of IPP to the allylic-PP initiator to form high mol wt rubber. The enzymatic synthesis of rubber on the WRP was limited by the formation of allylic-PP initiators and it was probable that the soluble rubber transferase assayed by the method of Archer and Cockbain (1969) was actually part of the initiating system synthesizing allylic-PP and was not the polymerizing enzyme.
The Role of Design Team Interaction Structure on Individual and Shared Mental Models

The interaction structure of problem solving teams in design and other domains, and its effects on ideation outcomes is a well-explored topic in the study of team cognition in problem solving and design. Much less is known on how changes in team interaction structure influence the development of mental models over the course of work on a problem. This study aims to understand the relationship between team interaction structure and mental model development by measuring the similarity of individual mental models across time with respect to the individual and other group members. Three-member design teams from upper-level engineering design courses worked either independently or interactively on a mechanical design task for either the 1st half or the 2nd half of the design process. Participants were periodically interrupted for a written description of their mental models of the design process. Descriptions were analyzed with Latent Semantic Analysis to assess mental model convergence. Results show working together has a substantive impact on shared mental models of the design process, and team interaction was associated with more self-consistent mental models of individual team members across time. Working independently was also associated with mental models that were more similar to final design outcomes. Implications for team interaction structure, mental model development, and design fixation are discussed.
Taurine’s Effects on the Neuroendocrine Functions of Pancreatic β Cells

Taurine plays significant physiological roles, including those involved in neurotransmission. Taurine is a potent γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist and alters cellular events via GABAA receptors. Alternately, taurine is transported into cells via the high affinity taurine transporter (TauT), where it may also play a regulatory role. We have previously demonstrated that treatment of Hit-T15 cells with 1 mM taurine for 24 h significantly decreases insulin and GABA levels. We have also demonstrated that chronic in vivo administration of taurine results in an up-regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the key enzyme in GABA synthesis. Here, we wished to test if administration of 1 mM taurine for 24 h may increase release of another β cell neurotransmitter somatostatin (SST) and also directly impact up-regulation of GAD synthesis. Treatment with taurine did not significantly alter levels of SST (p > 0.05) or GAD67 (p > 0.05). This suggests that taurine does not directly affect SST release, nor does it directly affect GAD synthesis. Taken together with our observation that taurine does promote GABA release via large dense-core vesicles, the data suggest that taurine may alter membrane potential, which in turn would affect calcium flux. We show here that 1 mM taurine does not alter intracellular Ca2+ concentrations from 20 to 80 s post treatment (p > 0.05), but does increase Ca2+ flux between 80 and 200 s post-treatment (p < 0.005). This suggests that taurine may induce a biphasic response in β cells. The initial response of taurine via GABAA receptors hyperpolarizes β cell and sequesters Ca2+. Subsequently, taurine may affect Ca2+ flux in long term via interaction with KATP channels.
A Pharmacokinetic Approach for Evaluating Cytokine Binding Macromolecules as Antagonists

Purpose. Cytokine binding macromolecules such as antibodies and soluble receptors sometimes produce undesirable agonist-like activities instead of the expected antagonist-like effects when the cytokine binding macromolecule extends the half-life of a short-lived cytokine. The purpose of this paper is to identify the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties that can cause these agonist-like activities.
Towards the synthetic design of camelina oil enriched in tailored acetyl-triacylglycerols with medium-chain fatty acids

The ability to manipulate expression of key biosynthetic enzymes has allowed the development of genetically modified plants that synthesise unusual lipids that are useful for biofuel and industrial applications. By taking advantage of the unique activities of enzymes from different species, tailored lipids with a targeted structure can be conceived. In this study we demonstrate the successful implementation of such an approach by metabolically engineering the oilseed crop Camelina sativa to produce 3-acetyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols (acetyl-TAGs) with medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). Different transgenic camelina lines that had been genetically modified to produce MCFAs through the expression of MCFA-specific thioesterases and acyltransferases were retransformed with the Euonymus alatus gene for diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (EaDAcT) that synthesises acetyl-TAGs. Concomitant RNAi suppression of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase increased the levels of acetyl-TAG, with up to 77 mole percent in the best lines. However, the total oil content was reduced. Analysis of the composition of the acetyl-TAG molecular species using electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry demonstrated the successful synthesis of acetyl-TAG containing MCFAs. Field growth of high-yielding plants generated enough oil for quantification of viscosity. As part of an ongoing design-test-learn cycle, these results, which include not only the synthesis of 'designer' lipids but also their functional analysis, will lead to the future production of such molecules tailored for specific applications.
The role of pollinator preference in the maintenance of pollen colour variation

Background and aims Pollinators often drive the evolution of floral traits, but their capacity to influence the evolution of pollen colour remains unclear. Pollen colour in Campanula americana is variable and displays a longitudinal cline from prevalence of deep purple in western populations to white and light-purple pollen in eastern populations. While selection for thermal tolerance probably underlies darker pollen in the west, factors contributing to the predominance of light pollen in eastern populations and the maintenance of colour variation within populations throughout the range are unknown. Here we examine whether pollinators contribute to the maintenance of pollen colour variation in C. americana. Methods In a flight cage experiment, we assessed whether Bombus impatiens foragers can use pollen colour as a reward cue. We then established floral arrays that varied in the frequency of white- and purple-pollen plants in two naturally occurring eastern populations. We observed foraging patterns of wild bees, totalling >1100 individual visits. Key results We successfully trained B. impatiens to prefer one pollen colour morph. In natural populations, the specialist pollinator, Megachile campanulae, displayed a strong and consistent preference for purple-pollen plants regardless of morph frequency. Megachile also exhibited a bias toward pollen-bearing male-phase flowers, and this bias was more pronounced for purple pollen. The other main pollinators, Bombus spp. and small bees, did not display pollen colour preference. Conclusions Previous research found that Megachile removes twice as much pollen per visit as other bees and can deplete pollen from natural populations. Taken together, these results suggest that Megachile could reduce the reproductive success of plants with purple pollen, resulting in the prevalence of light-coloured pollen in eastern populations of C. americana. Our research demonstrates that pollinator preferences may play a role in the maintenance of pollen colour variation in natural populations.
Abstract 240: A Heart Failure Collaborative to Accelerate Improved Patient Outcomes in Three Metro Markets

Background & Objectives: Nearly 6.5 million Americans are living with heart failure (HF), the leading cause of hospitalization among adults aged 65 and older. Despite advancements in medical therap...
Commentary on "How Stable is Pitch Labeling Accuracy in Absolute Pitch Possessors?" by W. Gruhn, R. Ristmägi, P. Schneider, A. d'Souza, & K. Kiilu

This paper is a brief commentary on the paper "How stable is pitch labeling accuracy in absolute pitch possessors" by W. Gruhn, R. Ristmagi, P. Schneider, A. d'Souza, and K. Kiilu. The original paper presents evidence for the influence of timbre on the pitch labeling accuracy of absolute pitch (AP) possessors. The presented data result from a solid methodology and show a clear pitch labeling accuracy drop from instrumental timbres to sinusoidal tones, with manipulated sounds being in the middle. The commentary underlines the view that the presented results are compatible with a memory perspective on AP and can be interpreted as evidence for the influence of training on the development of AP.
How to optimize aerosol drug delivery during noninvasive ventilation: What to use, how to use it, and why?

Much evidence supports the use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in patients who have acute and chronic respiratory failure and aerosolized medications are increasingly used in this patient population. Successful application of aerosol therapy during NIV depends on the effectiveness of the drug deposition in the lungs. Previous evidence showed that many factors impact aerosol delivery to patients receiving NIV. Those factors include mode of ventilation, ventilator parameters, type of ventilator circuit, the position of the aerosol device, the location of leak port, type of exhalation valve, humidity, enhanced condensational growth, type of aerosol device, and interface as well as delivery technique. The purpose of this paper is to review the available evidence related to aerosol therapy during NIV and provide recommendations to optimize aerosol drug delivery to patients receiving NIV.
Statin use and medically attended acute respiratory illness among influenza vaccine recipients.

Abstract Background Previous studies have suggested that statins decrease influenza vaccine effectiveness and increase risk of medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI). Objectives To examine the association of incident statin use and MAARI in a cohort of influenza vaccine recipients. Methods This retrospective cohort study evaluated influenza vaccine recipients within the Tricare population. The primary outcome compared MAARI incidence during the follow-up period in a propensity score-matched cohort of incident statin users and statin non-users. Secondary analysis included propensity score-adjusted comparisons between incident statin users and statin non-users in the entire cohort and prespecified sub-cohorts with and without comorbidities. The propensity score was derived from 72 variables encompassing demographics, medical history, comorbidities, medication use, and healthcare utilization. Results MAARI incidence in statin users was similar to non-users in the propensity score-matched cohort (odds ratio [OR] 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84–1.01). In contrast, statin users with lower comorbidity had lower OR for MAARI compared to non-users (Charlson Score zero cohort: 0.85 [CI 0.74–0.98]; No Diabetes cohort: 0.88 [CI 0.80–0.96]). Conclusion Incident statin use was not associated with increased MAARI incidence and may be associated with lower incidence of MAARI in those with less comorbidity. This study thus offers reassurance regarding the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in statin users.
Large-scale multi-view spectral clustering via bipartite graph

In this paper, we address the problem of large-scale multi-view spectral clustering. In many real-world applications, data can be represented in various heterogeneous features or views. Different views often provide different aspects of information that are complementary to each other. Several previous methods of clustering have demonstrated that better accuracy can be achieved using integrated information of all the views than just using each view individually. One important class of such methods is multi-view spectral clustering, which is based on graph Laplacian. However, existing methods are not applicable to large-scale problem for their high computational complexity. To this end, we propose a novel large-scale multi-view spectral clustering approach based on the bipartite graph. Our method uses local manifold fusion to integrate heterogeneous features. To improve efficiency, we approximate the similarity graphs using bipartite graphs. Furthermore, we show that our method can be easily extended to handle the out-of-sample problem. Extensive experimental results on five benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method, where our method runs up to nearly 3000 times faster than the state-of-the-art methods.
A Review of CO2 Adsorption From Ambient Air (Direct Air Capture)

Direct Air Capture (DAC) has risen in the past decade as a promising choice to remove CO2 directly from ambient air. Although there are many technologies like pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxy-combustion to mitigate the emissions of CO2, there is still a need for a better or a complementary technology in controlling these emissions. Even though, there are many options for adsorbents that can be used, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are hybrid materials with a crystalline structure, tunable pores, and high surface area, have risen as a promising candidate. Functionalizing MOFs with amine groups will greatly enhance their capacity towards CO2, like mmen-M2 (dobpdc) (M=Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co). These adsorbents show S-shaped adsorption isotherms and have a very high affinity to CO2 under atmospheric conditions, due to the cooperative insertion of CO2 into mmen-M2 (dobpdc) that leads to their unique adsorption isotherms. The energy required to regenerate these materials using small heat variations makes a better choice than aqueous amines. This mechanism has been studied by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and spectroscopy experiments. Furthermore, a thermodynamic study has been reviewed to understand the mechanism through which CO2 is inserted into the diamine bond. These materials are a promising choice for the removal of CO2 directly from the atmosphere and require more future research.
AI and big data management for autonomous driving (AD)

The automobile is quickly morphing from an isolated, largely mechanical piece of equipment to one of the most technically sophisticated and connected platforms on the planet. Few technologies have been more anticipated heading into the 2020s than autonomous vehicles. Still perhaps decades from market adoption in some use cases, the technology is as promising as it is misunderstood.
Ceramide Dynamics and Prognostic Value in Acute and Subacute Ischemic Stroke: Preliminary Findings in a Clinical Cohort

Background: Ceramides are implicated in sphingolipid signaling. Elevated ceramide levels have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, but information on their role in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is limited. The purpose of this study is to investigate the temporal dynamics of ceramide levels in AIS and assess their prognostic utility for long-term outcomes. Methods: This is a prospective pilot study of patients with AIS admitted to Mayo Clinic within 12 h of last known well (LKW). Ceramides were assessed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry at two time points: T1 (within 12 h of LKW) and T2 (1 - 7 days from LKW). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare paired ceramide levels and ratios. Ordinal logistic regression was used for assessment of associations with long-term outcomes. Results: Twenty-three patients met inclusion criteria (median (range)): age (76 years (45 - 95)); body mass index (25.6 (20.5 - 46.6)); National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (5 (0 - 27)); infarct volume (1.4 cm 3 (0.0 - 36.5)). Long-chain ceramides increased between T1 and T2 whereas very-long chain ceramides decreased, P < 0.05. Upon stratification of patients by prior statin exposure, increase in long-chain ceramide level was present only in statin-naive patients. Greater neurological disability at follow-up was associated with higher ceramide score, C(18:0)/C(24:0) ratio and higher levels of glycated hemoglobin. Conclusions: Long-chain and very-long-chain ceramide are actively implicated in pathologic processes in acute and subacute phases of stroke, with their dynamics being inversely related and potentially modulated by statin therapy. Ceramide levels and ratios might be useful for prognosis of long-term neurological outcomes. J Neurol Res. 2020;10(6):209-219 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jnr633
In search of the true Russia: the provinces in contemporary nationalist discourse: by Lyudmila Parts, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 2018, xiii + 200 pp., US $69.95 (hard cover), ISBN 978-0-299-31760-7

This volume is an engaging look at contemporary Russian culture and the seemingly endless discussion of national identity that plays such a big role in it. While the book goes back to the nineteent...
A Bayesian Framework to Estimate Fluid and Material Parameters in Micro-swimmer Models.

To advance our understanding of the movement of elastic microstructures in a viscous fluid, techniques that utilize available data to estimate model parameters are necessary. Here, we describe a Bayesian uncertainty quantification framework that is highly parallelizable, making parameter estimation tractable for complex fluid–structure interaction models. Using noisy in silico data for swimmers, we demonstrate the methodology’s robustness in estimating fluid and elastic swimmer parameters, along with their uncertainties. We identify correlations between model parameters and gain insight into emergent swimming trajectories of a single swimmer or a pair of swimmers. Our proposed framework can handle data with a spatiotemporal resolution representative of experiments, showing that this framework can be used to aid in the development of artificial micro-swimmers for biomedical applications, as well as gain a fundamental understanding of the range of parameters that allow for certain motility patterns.
Making Civility Mandatory: Moving from Aspired to Required

Despite the rise of voluntary civility codes and calls for professionalism, incivility persists in the legal profession. The practice of law is a privilege, not a right, and attorneys must be held to a higher standard of conduct as a lawyer is a representative of clients, an officer of the legal system and a public citizen having special responsibility for the quality of justice. The time for mandatory civility has long come, and all state bars should follow the lead of the few jurisdictions that have made civility mandatory.This article examines what civility is, its importance, and the problem of incivility. The article also discusses the legal profession’s response to incivility thus far, and why this response in most instances falls short. The article also examines the manner in which mandatory civility can be enforced and provides suggestions on the specific rules necessary to enforce it. This article also discusses the arguments against mandatory civility and provides responses to each.This article argues that civility should be mandatory for attorneys, because when a lawyer fails to act with civility by failing to treat others in the legal process, including the opposing party and its counsel, the court, and clients, with dignity, respect and courtesy, then the public’s confidence in the legal system suffers and legal costs rise, including the costs of litigation. As the former United States Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor said, “More civility and greater professionalism can only enhance the pleasure lawyers find in practice, increase the effectiveness of our system of justice, and improve the public’s perception of lawyers.”
Assessment of tumor hypoxia and perfusion in recurrent glioblastoma following bevacizumab failure using MRI and 18F-FMISO PET.

Tumoral hypoxia correlates with worse outcomes in glioblastoma (GBM). While bevacizumab is routinely used to treat recurrent GBM, it may exacerbate hypoxia. Evofosfamide is a hypoxia-targeting prodrug being tested for recurrent GBM. To characterize resistance to bevacizumab and identify those with recurrent GBM who may benefit from evofosfamide, we ascertained MRI features and hypoxia in patients with GBM progression receiving both agents. Thirty-three patients with recurrent GBM refractory to bevacizumab were enrolled. Patients underwent MR and 18F-FMISO PET imaging at baseline and 28 days. Tumor volumes were determined, MRI and 18F-FMISO PET-derived parameters calculated, and Spearman correlations between parameters assessed. Progression-free survival decreased significantly with hypoxic volume [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14 to 2.46, P = 0.009] and increased significantly with time to the maximum value of the residue (Tmax) (HR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.88, P = 0.01). Overall survival decreased significantly with hypoxic volume (HR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.12 to 12.61, p = 0.01), standardized relative cerebral blood volume (srCBV) (HR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.38, p = 0.02), and increased significantly with Tmax (HR = 0.31, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.62, p < 0.001). Decreases in hypoxic volume correlated with longer overall and progression-free survival, and increases correlated with shorter overall and progression-free survival. Hypoxic volume and volume ratio were positively correlated (rs = 0.77, P < 0.0001), as were hypoxia volume and T1 enhancing tumor volume (rs = 0.75, P < 0.0001). Hypoxia is a key biomarker in patients with bevacizumab-refractory GBM. Hypoxia and srCBV were inversely correlated with patient outcomes. These radiographic features may be useful in evaluating treatment and guiding treatment considerations.
Natural amenities and skill sorting in rural communities: a case study of land conservation policy

Recent research finds evidence that improvements in rural natural amenities can increase median household income in communities close to the amenities. In this paper, a simple theoretical model is sketched out as an explanation of a hypothesized underlying mechanism: improvement in natural amenities can induce skill sorting across rural communities. Using community-level data in the state of Oregon before and after a large federal land conservation program was implemented, we test this hypothesis along with several competing mechanisms. Our empirical results support the hypothesized mechanism of amenity-induced skill sorting. Other mechanisms like the out-migration of the low-income population and the in-migration of the elderly population are not supported. The findings are important for policy discussions about land conservation, development and their distributional impacts.
Fitness tracking reveals task-specific associations between memory, mental health, and exercise

Physical exercise can benefit both physical and mental well-being. Different forms of exercise (i.e., aerobic versus anaerobic; running versus walking, swimming, or yoga; high-intensity interval training versus endurance workouts; etc.) impact physical fitness in different ways. For example, running may substantially impact leg and heart strength but only moderately impact arm strength. We hypothesized that the mental benefits of exercise might be similarly differentiated. We focused specifically on how different forms of exercise might related to different aspects of memory and mental health. To test our hypothesis, we collected (in aggregate) roughly a century9s worth of fitness data. We then asked participants to fill out surveys asking them to self-report on different aspects of their mental health. We also asked participants to engage in a battery of memory tasks that tested their short and long term episodic, semantic, and spatial memory performance. We found that participants with similar exercise habits and fitness profiles tended to also exhibit similar mental health and task performance profiles. These effects were task-specific in that different exercise patterns or fitness characteristics varied with different aspects of memory, on different tasks.
Brounea, a new genus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from New Zealand, with descriptions of nine new species

A new genus and nine new species of New Zealand endemic pselaphine staphylinid beetles belonging to the supertribe Faronitae are described: Brounea Park & Carlton, gen. nov. (type species: Sagola setiventris Broun, 1915); B. yoonhoi Park & Carlton, sp. nov., B. chorui Park & Carlton, sp. nov., B. sungryongi Park & Carlton, sp. nov., B. mijeongae Park & Carlton sp. nov., B. seongmoi Park & Carlton sp. nov., B. daehyuni Park & Carlton sp. nov., B. mangamukaensis Park & Carlton sp. nov., B. sunjaei Park & Carlton sp. nov., and B. seungili Park & Carlton sp. nov. Two species, S. setiventris and S. tenuis Broun, 1886, are transferred to the genus Brounea. A key to species, habitus photographs, and line drawings of diagnostic characters are provided.
Study of the reactions 208Pb(d, p) and 208Pb(d, t) near the coulomb barrier

Abstract The vector analyzing power and differential cross section have been measured at a deuteron energy of 12.3 MeV for 208 Pb ( d , p ) , transitions to seven states of 209 Pb ( E x = 0.0, 0.79, 1.42, 1.56, 2.01 and 2.47+2.51 MeV, for 208 Pb ( d , t ) transitions to three states 207 Pb ( E x = 0.0, 0.57 and 0.89 MeV), and for 208 Pb ( d , d ) . Two deuteron optical model potentials were obtained from analysis of the elastic scattering measurements, and were used in a DWBA analysis of the present transfer-reaction results and of previous results for 207 Pb ( d , p 0 ) 208 Pb . The sensitivity of the DWBA analysis to the nuclear interior is investigated. The relative importance of Coulomb and of nuclear distortions is discussed. The sign of the vector analyzing power for given l n depends on j n and on Q -value for both the ( d, p ) and the ( d,t ) reactions. The Q -dependence invalidates the simple rule proposed by Griffith and Roman to relate j n to the predominant sign of iT 11 . Comparison of the measurements and DWBA predictions for iT 11 ( θ ) allows unambiguous determination of j n for all transitions except 207 Pb ( d , p 0 ) . All spins determined in the present work confirm previous assignments. The vector analyzing powers for the 208 Pb ( d , t 0 ) 207 Pb and 207 Pb ( d , p 0 ) 208 Pb transitions are observed to be similar in angular dependence but opposite in sign at all angles. The sign reversal reflects differences in the distortions of the proton and triton waves.
Let’s Make It a True Daily Double (Jeopardy): How James Harrison Was Acquitted of the Death Penalty Only to Face It Again

On May 10, 2011, in Harrison v. Gillespie, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that defendants do not have a per se constitutional right to poll the jury before a trial judge declares a mistrial. Further, the court held that the Double Jeopardy Clause does not preclude a court from considering the death penalty as a potential sentence on retrial. This Comment argues, however, that in doing so, the court made it more likely that capital defendants will receive the death penalty, because a fresh jury may impose the death penalty, even though the previously discharged jury merely deadlocked over which lesser included punishment to
Deep fibromatosis (desmoid tumor): cytopathologic characteristics, clinicoradiologic features, and immunohistochemical findings on fine-needle aspiration.

BACKGROUND. Deep fibromatosis or desmoid tumor (DF/DT) is a low-grade, soft tissue lesion that is notable for its infiltration and local recurrence and its inability to metastasize. Although the histologic features of DF/DT are well described, there is a paucity of literature regarding cytologic findings. METHODS. The surgical pathology files of The Johns Hopkins Hospital revealed 17 patients with a diagnosis of DF/DT with prior cytology in a 16-year period (1989–2005). The clinicoradiologic findings were noted, and the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) slides were available for review in 8 patients. In patients with archived tissue, an immunohistochemical panel was performed that included β-catenin, desmin, CD-34, and c-kit. RESULTS. There was a wide age range and a wide range of anatomic distribution for DF/DT in this series. Eleven patients (65%) had a prior history of surgery at or near the site of DF/DT. Radiologically, 5 of 11 patients (45%) who had in-house studies available and no history of DF/DT were diagnosed as suspicious for malignancy. Predominantly bland spindled cells with long, fusiform nuclei and metachromatic matrix material were present in most tumors. The tumor cells were present both singly and as fragments embedded in the matrix. Nine patients had paraffin-embedded tissue samples available for immunohistochemical staining. Six of those samples demonstrated nuclear β-catenin reactivity, and all 9 samples were negative for desmin, CD-34, and c-kit. CONCLUSIONS. The current results indicated that clinical history in patients with suspected DF/DT is important. Because of the infiltrative nature of DF/DT, the radiographic impression often is over-called as suspicious for malignancy. The cytomorphology is nonspecific, often resulting in descriptive diagnoses. Immunohistochemical stains increase the yield of FNA. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
SAGES presidential address: a SAGES Magical Mystery Tour.

The last time SAGES met in Nashville was in 1994—in this same venue in fact. The SAGES President was George Berci and so it is a special privilege to be standing here where Dr Berci gave his address 21 years ago almost to the day. Moreover, when I consider the icons of minimally invasive surgery and fathers of the laparoscopic revolution who have been in this position, I am indeed humbled and incredibly honored to have had the opportunity to serve as your SAGES President this past year.
Ethics and Professional Responsibility in Computing

Computing professionals have ethical obligations to clients, employers, other professionals, and the public in fulfilling their professional responsibilities. These obligations are expressed in codes of ethics, which can be used to make decisions about ethical problems. Keywords: ethics; profession; moral responsibility; liability; trust; informed consent; peers review; whistle-blowing; code of ethics; ethical decision making
The role of fatty acid metabolites in the differentiation of the human monocyte-like cell line U937.

The human monocyte cell line, U937, can be induced to terminally differentiate into macrophage-like cells when treated with gamma-interferon. However, if these cells were treated with gamma-Interferon and esculetin, an inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway, or BW755C, an inhibitor of both the lipoxygenase and the cyclooxygenase pathways, a marked inhibition in cellular differentiation occurred. In contrast, inhibitors of only the cyclooxygenase pathway had no effect on differentiation. These studies suggest a role for lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid in the differentiation of the human U937 cell line. Arachidonic acid utilized in the production of eicosanoids is derived from phospholipids by the action of phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C. When U937 cells were cultured in medium supplemented with gamma-interferon, there was a striking increase in the level of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase A2 activities and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C activity as compared to control cells. Morever, although there was not a significant difference in the incorporation of labeled arachidonic acid or linoleic acid into the major phospholipids of differentiated U937 cells as compared to undifferentiated control cells, there was a marked increase in the relative amount of the labeled arachidonic acid released from the differentiated cells as lipoxygenase products compared to cyclooxygenase products. These data suggest that lipoxygenase products may be essential in the differentiation process of U937 cells and that enhanced phospholipase enzyme activities that occur during differentiation help explain how arachidonic acid becomes available to form lipoxygenase products.
Effects of acute kidney injury and chronic hypoxemia on fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in pediatric cardiac surgery patients

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) levels are elevated in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-associated acute kidney injury (AKI); however, it is unknown how much of the circulating FGF23 is intact and bioactive. Hypoxia may induce FGF23 production, yet its impact in humans is unknown. Pediatric cardiac surgery patients have both a high incidence of CPB-associated AKI and a high prevalence of chronic hypoxemia. We assessed the effects of hypoxemia and CPB-associated AKI on C-terminal FGF23 (cFGF23) and intact FGF23 (iFGF23) levels in 32 pediatric cardiac surgery patients with normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Plasma cFGF23 and iFGF23 were measured preoperatively and serially postoperatively. Despite normal renal and ventricular function, preoperative cFGF23 levels were high and elevated out of proportion to iFGF23 levels. Preoperative oxygen saturation measurements correlated inversely with FGF23 levels. Preoperative cFGF23 and oxygen saturation both predicted postoperative AKI. Postoperatively, cFGF23 and iFGF23 increased by 2 h postreperfusion; iFGF23 then returned to baseline, but cFGF23 remained elevated through 24 h postreperfusion. Group status (AKI vs. non-AKI) modified the effect of time on changes in iFGF23 levels but not cFGF23 levels. Preoperative cFGF23 may predict CPB-associated kidney dysfunction. Changes over time in cFGF23 and iFGF23 levels post-CPB differ. Chronic hypoxemia may affect FGF23 production in humans.
424 INFLUENCE OF TOCOPHEROL VERSUS TOCOPHERYL ACETATE ON LIPID EMULSION ENHANCED LIPID PEROXIDATION IN NEWBORN RABBITS

We have previously shown that parenteral lipid emulsion increases expired volatile hydrocarbons, a sensitive index of in vivo lipid peroxidation. Newborn rabbit pups were randomly given 100 mg/kg of tocopherol (T), tocopheryl acetate (TA) or vehicle placebo (P) IV. Expired hydrocarbons were quantitated 18-24 hrs after initiation of soy oil emulsion infusion (3-4 g of fat/kg/24 hrs). Tissues were then obtained for analysis of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactants, T and TA content and glutathione peroxidase activity (GP). Expired ethane values were 3, 36 and 99 pmol/100 g body wt/min in the T, TA and P groups, respectively. Expired pentane values were 10, 61 and 179 pmol/100 g body wt/min in the T, TA and P groups. Ethane and pentane production was significantly different between groups (P<0.05). No differences were found in TBA reactants in blood and lung or lung GP activities. Liver TBA reactants were significantly different (P<0.05), 0.22, 0.35 and 0.70 nmol/mg tissue in the T, TA and P groups, respectively. Lung T levels were 79, 17 and 9 μg/g of tissue; and liver T levels were 393, 55 and 3 μg/g of tissue in the T, TA and P pups, respectively. From these data, we conclude that the extent of in vivo lipid peroxidation is proportional to the T content in tissue. Administration of TA results in significantly lower tissue T content and, therefore, less antioxidant activity against lipid emulsion enhanced lipid peroxidation.
Strategy Formation Patterns, Performance, and the Significance of Context

This paper describes a study of the effects of a company’s organization structure and environmental context on the relationship between that company’s dominant strategy formation pattern and its sales growth rate. Data collected, from 112 manufacturing firms operating in 78 industries were analyzed using moderated regression analysis. Results indicate that planned strategies are positively related to sales growth among firms with mechanistic structures and operating in hostile environments. Emergent strategies, on the other hand, are more positively related to sales growth among firms with organic structures and operating in benign environments. This paper concludes with a discussion of the implications and limitations of the research.
Impact of Advanced Age in Lung Transplantation: An Analysis of United Network for Organ Sharing Data

Background Elderly patients are increasingly referred for lung transplantation (LTx) evaluation. Earlier outcomes studies in this cohort are limited by sample size. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database provides an opportunity to examine survival in a large cohort of elderly patients. Study Design We retrospectively reviewed UNOS data to identify 8,363 adult patients who underwent LTx between 1999 and 2006. Patients were stratified into quartiles of age. The primary end point was short-term mortality (30-day, 90-day, and 1-year). Posttransplant survival was compared using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Mean age was 51±12 years (SD) (range 18 to 79 years, median 55 years). Age stratification by quartile (Q) was: Q1, 18 to 45 years (n=2,192); Q2, 46 to 55 years (n=2,160); Q3, 56 to 60 years (n=2,000); Q4, 61 to 79 years (n=2,011). The two most common indications for transplantation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (40%) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (22%), varied substantially by age, and younger transplantation patients more often had additional indications (ie, cystic fibrosis). Age greater than 60 years (Q4, reference, Q1) was associated with a 37% increase in the risk of death (hazards ratio [HR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.62; p Conclusions Lung transplantation may be used with caution in older patients (> 60 years) but should not be used for patients older than age 70.
Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension causing acquired von Willebrand disease and menorrhagia.

Abstract Background Von Willebrand disease (VWD) maybe inherited or acquired; both etiologies can be associated with heavy menstrual bleeding. Pulmonary arterial hypertension may result in acquired VWD due to the destruction of high molecular weight von Willebrand multimers. We report a case of menorrhagia due to acquired VWD in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Case An adolescent female with known idiopathic pulmonary hypertension developed acquired VWD. Her primary disease necessitates the use of platelet inhibitors and intermittent anticoagulation. At menarche she also developed menorrhagia due to acquired VWD. She is currently controlled with stimate and progesterone-only therapy. VWD in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension causing menorrhagia. Although VWD and menorrhagia are commonly linked, the treatment and disease process in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is incredibly complex.
Effects of ICG concentration and particle diameter on photophysical properties of ICG-doped nanoparticles

The variety of nanoparticles developed by numerous investigators has presented a diverse platform for various optical imaging applications in biomedicine. We have previously reported that the FDA-approved chromophore Indocyanine Green (ICG) can be successfully encapsulated by cross-linked poly-allylamine hydrochloride (PAH)-Disodium Monophosphate (Na2HPO4) to form a nanoparticle for near-infrared imaging applications. The diameter of the constructs is dependent on the charge ratio between the polymer and salt used to encapsulate the chromophore. Modifications of the synthesis methods can alter the photophysical properties of the capsules, either through the adjustment of the charge ratio between PAH and Na2HPO4 or concentration of ICG successfully impregnated into the capsule. Through understanding the effects of tuning the nanoparticle properties, the photophysical characteristics of the constructs can be optimized. Here we present the results of adjusting the diameter of the nanoparticle and amount of ICG on the hydrodynamic diameters, absorption and fluorescence characteristics, and the relative fluorescence quantum yield. Optimizing the photophysical properties of the constructs can lead to increased imaging sensitivity and contrast for potential translational applications, including tumor imaging, which may utilize these nanoconstructs.
Optimal Control of the Unsteady Euler Equations in 1D with Application to Ignition Overpressure Attenuation in Launch Vehicles

This paper presents a new formulation and computational solution of an optimal control problem concerning unsteady shock wave attenuation. The adjoint system of equations for the unsteady Euler system in 1D is derived and utilized in an adjoint-based solution procedure for the optimal control. A novel algorithm is used to solve for the optimal control solution that satises all necessaryrst order optimality conditions while locally minimizing an appropriate cost functional. The solution procedure is sufficiently exible such that it can be used to solve other distributed optimal control problems where the state dynamics are in the form of non-linear hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations and where the initial data is given and thenal data is free at a freenal time. Distributed control solutions with certain physical constraints are calculated for attenuating blast waves similar to to those generated by Ignition Over Pressure (IOP) from the Shuttle's Solid Rocket Booster during launch. The control solutions give insight to the magnitude and location of energy dissipation necessary to decrease a given blast wave's overpressure to a set target level over a given spatial domain while using only as much control as needed.