cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Budding yeast mitotic chromosomes have an intrinsic bias to biorient on the spindle.

Summary Background Chromosomes must biorient on the mitotic spindle, with the two sisters attached to opposite spindle poles. The spindle checkpoint detects unattached chromosomes and monitors biorientation by detecting the lack of tension between two sisters attached to the same pole. After the spindle has been depolymerized and allowed to reform, budding yeast sgo1 mutants fail to biorient their sister chromatids and die as cells divide. Results In sgo1 mutants, chromosomes attach to microtubules normally but cannot reorient if both sisters attach to the same pole. The mutants' fate depends on the position of the spindle poles when the chromosomes attach to microtubules. If the poles have separated, sister chromatids biorient, but if the poles are still close, sister chromatids often attach to the same pole, missegregate, and cause cell death. Conclusions These observations argue that budding yeast mitotic chromosomes have an intrinsic, geometric bias to biorient on the spindle. When the poles have already separated, attaching one kinetochore to one pole predisposes its sister to attach to the opposite pole, allowing the cells to segregate the chromosomes correctly. When the poles have not separated, the second kinetochore eventually attaches to either of the two poles randomly, causing orientation errors that are corrected in the wild-type but not in sgo1 mutants. In the absence of spindle damage, sgo1 cells divide successfully, suggesting that kinetochores only make stable attachments to microtubules after the cells have entered mitosis and separated their spindle poles.
Theory of monomer-dimer systems

We investigate the general monomer-dimer partition function, P(x), which is a polynomial in the monomer activity, x, with coefficients depending on the dimer activities. Our main result is that P(x) has its zeros on the imaginary axis when the dimer activities are nonnegative. Therefore, no monomer-dimer system can have a phase transition as a function of monomer density except, possibly, when the monomer density is minimal (i.e. x = 0). Elaborating on this theme we prove the existence and analyticity of correlation functions (away from x = 0) in the thermodynamic limit. Among other things we obtain bounds on the compressibility and derive a new variable in which to make an expansion of the free energy that converges down to the minimal monomer density. We also relate the monomer-dimer problem to the Heisenberg and Ising models of a magnet and derive Christoffell-Darboux formulas for the monomer-dimer and Ising model partition functions. This casts the Ising model in a new light and provides an alternative proof of the Lee-Yang circle theorem. We also derive joint complex analyticity domains in the monomer and dimer activities. Our considerations are independent of geometry and hence are valid for any dimensionality.
Utility of the murine erythroleukemic cell (MELC) in assessing mechanisms of action of DNA-active developmental toxicants: application to 5-fluorouracil.

Murine erythroleukemic cells (MELC) exposed to 2′-deoxy-5-azacytidine (D-AZA) or to the active cyclophosphamide (CP) metabolites phosphoramide mustard (PAM) and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (OHCP) exhibit cell-cycle perturbations similar to those seen in limb bud nuclei of gestational day (GD) 10 CD-1 mouse embryos exposed in utero to D-AZA or CP, respectively. The similarities in response suggest MELC may be a useful model for determining mechanisms of action of DNA-active developmental toxicants. As such, we used the MELC model to investigate the mechanism of action of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an antimetabolite that induced in GD 14 rat fetuses an apparent S-phase accumulation in limb cells 8 hr after in utero exposure, but S-phase depletion in liver cells 24 hr postexposure. MELC timed-recovery and synchronization studies suggest that in proliferative tissues, 5-FU induces an early S-phase accumulation, followed by a synchronous, concentration-dependent delay in progression through the cell cycle. Consequently, it is the tissuespecific rate of delay, rather than different mechanisms of action, that results in apparent tissue-specific perturbations. Moreover, growth and cell-cycle data suggest that cells entering S phase (when TS activity is greatest) are the most sensitive to 5-FU toxicity. Assays of the TS activity of recovering MELC reveal that although the initial extent of TS inhibition does not appear to be concentration-dependent, the time to recovery is, suggesting that the rate of S-phase progression is closely associated with TS activity. Together, the induction of similar cell-cycle perturbations in embryonic/fetal tissues and MELC following exposure to CP (or CP metabolites), D-AZA, or 5-FU, as well as the adaptability of MELC to a variety of kinetic assays suggests that, for those developmental toxicants suspected of inducing cell-cycle perturbations in embryonic/fetal tissues, MELC may prove useful for elucidating mechanisms of action. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Specification of large-aperture Nd:phosphate glass laser disks

The purchase of large (15- and 20-cm clear aperture) Brewster-angle laser disks involves the specification of a large number of often conflicting parameters, all of which bear on performance and cost. Furthermore, the laser requirements often approach the state-of-the-art in glass-melting technology and the parameter measurement. This paper enumerates the relevant parameters, the trade-offs made in their selection, and the test procedures and instrumentation required to ensure compliance with the specification.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The hormonal treatment of paraphiliacs with depo-provera

Psychological therapies as described by Marshall are but one means of reducing the rapist's and child molester's sexual aggressive urges and behaviors. Various organic therapies have been recommended, including psychosurgery and surgical castration. Spodak, Falck, and Rappeport review a newer and more reversible form of castration, chemical castration by the use of the female hormone medroxyprogesterone acetate and the new antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate. These drugs are used to decrease the functioning level of the male hormone, testosterone. Reduction of testosterone appears to decrease overall sexual drive and rather rapidly allows the rapist or child molester to gain greater control (in some cases complete control) of his aggressive sexual urges.Spodak, Falck, and Rappeport describe the use of these hormonal agents, their effects and side effects, and give therapists some guidelines to follow when using these chemical interventions. Although not seen as a panacea, these agents do appear rapidly to a...
Human and murine lymphotoxins as a multicomponent system: Progress in purification of the human αL component

Abstract Lymphotoxins derived from activated lymphocytes from human and murine lymphoid cells are heterogeneous with respect to molecular size and charge, as well as with respect to the expression of carbohydrate residues. These molecules form a system of interrelated subunits, as evidenced by their shared antigenic determinants, as well as by the reversible dissociation of the smaller forms from the larger. Although the smaller molecular weight forms (α l , β, γ) are apparently only capable of relatively protracted lysis of selected strains of the murine L-929 cell, the higher molecular weight forms (Cx, α H ) appear to be capable of rapid lysis of the L cell, as well as of relatively rapid, nonspecific lysis of other cells. Furthermore, the Cx forms appear to be associated with an antigen binding receptor which may be of T cell origin. Moreover, these forms released by alloimmune murine T cells can specifically lyse allogeneic tumor cells used in sensitization. The human Cx and α H LT also appear to express determinants encoded by genes of the MHC. Presently, we have been able to incorporate 125 I into both human and murine lymphotoxin preparations, while fully preserving biological activity. This has enabled us to monitor our attempts at purification of these materials through several consecutive isolation procedures including molecular sieving, ion-exchange chromatography, lectin affinity chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography and electrophoresis. Our results indicate that these materials are present in lymphocyte supernatants in extremely small amounts, probably less than 25 ng/ml; thus the purification of each component by biochemical techniques will require very vigorous methods.
On-line stability analysis for an operational tripping scheme monitor

The paper has describes the OASIS (on-line algorithm for system instability states) software and an on-going project to develop it into a specific application, the operational tripping scheme monitor (OTSM). This will provide operators with a totally new facility: the real-time analysis of the transient/oscillatory stability of the system associated with operational tripping schemes. Furthermore, they will be able to evaluate alternative scheme settings using real-rime data. The modular implementation of OTSM based on a central object-oriented database provides a robust base for further extensions to the system.
Phenotypic and Functional Properties of Helios+ Regulatory T Cells

Helios, an Ikaros family transcription factor, is preferentially expressed at the mRNA and protein level in regulatory T cells. Helios expression previously appeared to be restricted to thymic-derived Treg. Consistent with recent data, we show here that Helios expression is inducible in vitro under certain conditions. To understand phenotypic and functional differences between Helios+ and Helios− Treg, we profiled cell-surface markers of FoxP3+ Treg using unmanipulated splenocytes. We found that CD103 and GITR are expressed at high levels on a subset of Helios+ Treg and that a Helios+ Treg population could be significantly enriched by FACS sorting using these two markers. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed increased TGF-β message in Helios+ Treg, consistent with the possibility that this population possesses enhanced regulatory potential. In tumor-bearing mice, we found that Helios+ Treg were relatively over-represented in the tumor-mass, and BrdU studies showed that, in vivo, Helios+ Treg proliferated more than Helios− Treg. We hypothesized that Helios-enriched Treg might exert increased suppressive effects. Using in vitro suppression assays, we show that Treg function correlates with the absolute number of Helios+ cells in culture. Taken together, these data show that Helios+ Treg represent a functional subset with associated CD103 and GITR expression.
Clinical presentation, management, and outcome of high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland.

Objective To describe clinical features of high-grade (HG) mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the parotid gland and assess clinical outcomes of one surgical management approach. Design/setting/methods Retrospective case series in a tertiary care academic institution. Pathology records were reviewed from 1977 to 1997, identifying patients with parotid HG MEC. Available medical records were reviewed for data on clinical features, treatment, and outcome. Results Increased stage, increased T stage, presence of neck metastasis, and distant metastasis were all associated with poor outcome. Wide local excision and postoperative radiation (XRT) provided 82% local control. XRT alone for N0 disease provided 86% regional control, while XRT and neck dissection yielded 74% control in N+ cases. Conclusion High-grade MEC of the parotid gland is an aggressive disease that frequently presents at advanced stage. Parotidectomy with modified radical neck dissection and postoperative XRT provides reasonable local and regional control for patients with N+ disease. Elective selective neck dissection and radiation should be considered for T3 and T4 tumors with N0 status.
Assessing a Potential Role of Host Pannexin 1 during Chlamydia trachomatis Infection

Pannexin 1 (Panx1) is a plasma membrane channel glycoprotein that plays a role in innate immune response through association with the inflammasome complex. Probenecid, a classic pharmacological agent for gout, has also been used historically in combination therapy with antibiotics to prevent cellular drug efflux and has been reported to inhibit Panx1. As the inflammasome has been implicated in the progression of Chlamydia infections, and with chlamydial infections at record levels in the US, we therefore investigated whether probenecid would have a direct effect on Chlamydia trachomatis development through inhibition of Panx1. We found chlamydial development to be inhibited in a dose-dependent, yet reversible manner in the presence of probenecid. Drug treatment induced an aberrant chlamydial morphology consistent with persistent bodies. Although Panx1 was shown to localize to the chlamydial inclusion, no difference was seen in chlamydial development during infection of cells derived from wild-type and Panx1 knockout mice. Therefore, probenecid may inhibit C. trachomatis growth by an as yet unresolved mechanism.
Improving efficiency and quality in clinical practice of endoscopy

The most efficient practices will successfully navigate the dynamic changes occurring in our health-care system. In 2011, endoscopy laboratories must be efficient while delivering quality services to their patients. Efficiency and delivering quality must be viewed as a single process. In a rapidly evolving health-care environment, the practices that best integrate efficiency and quality will continue to enjoy organizational success. In fact, efficiency and quality must coexist, allowing practices to deliver efficient, high-quality, low-cost care to their patients. All endoscopists should implement quality measurement in their daily practice. This should be done through internal and external benchmarking projects, practice guideline implementation, and periodic practice/physician reviews. The benefits of building a quality culture within a practice include improved patient outcomes, increased patient satisfaction, improved efficiencies, and possible financial rewards. An efficient, quality culture is a "win–win" situation for patients, physicians, and payors. In this chapter, basic principles of operations management (efficiency), benchmarking, and creating a culture of quality within an endoscopic practice will be discussed.
Gaming the competition in microbial cell-cell interactions.

Cell (2013) 152 4, 884–894. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.042 It helps to pay attention to an opponent's prior actions when playing strategy games, be they chess, poker or rock-paper-scissors. In a thought provoking paper by Basler et al (2013), published in Cell, we have a chance to watch bacteria ‘game' each other in a deadly match of life or death involving the deployment of a potent weapon called the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS; Basler et al, 2013). The results establish a paradigm for inter-bacterial competition based on defensive counterattack with temporal and spatial precision.
An improved method for isolation of Heliothis zea DNA-dependent RNA polymerase: Separation and characterization of a form III RNA polymerase activity

Abstract An improved method for the isolation of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme activities from fat body tissue of Heliothis zea is described. This method involves polyethyleneimine precipitation of a crude tissue homogenate followed by ammonium sulphate elution of the RNA polymerase activity from the precipitate. After chromatography of the salt eluate on DEAE-Sephadex, three major and two minor peaks of the H. zea RNA polymerase activity are resolved. On the basis of their chromatographic and catalytic behaviour and α-amanitin sensitivities, the three major peaks have been identified as RNA polymerase forms I, II and III. Characteristics of the possible form III enzyme activity are reported.
Multiobjective Evolutionary Structural Optimization Using Combined Static/Dynamic Control Parameters

A thermal protection system (TPS) is responsible for protecting a spacecraft’s components from melting due to high reentry temperatures. In the design of TPS, both maximum thermal stress and minimum natural frequency must be considered due to the combined thermoacoustic environment inherent in high-speed vehicle applications. A multiobjective structural optimization method for the three-dimensional acreage TPS design is developed using an evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) algorithm. The static control parameter used to find the optimum in minimum thermal stress design is modified to address an irregular mode-switching phenomenon, as well as to improve the modal stiffness in dynamic analysis. Two objectives are optimized simultaneously, namely, the maximization of fundamental natural frequency and the minimization of maximum thermal stress. The proposed modified control parameter is demonstrated in the design of a metallic TPS using the method of weighted objectives. The results are then compared with the conventional ESO sensitivity approach. This work concludes by applying the methodology which makes use of both topology and shape optimization in the design of an acreage TPS.
Hydrogen detection using thermally actuated MEMS resonators

This work demonstrates the potential of thermally actuated micro-electromechanical resonators to be used as highly sensitive and fast sensors distinguishing between different gases and gas mixtures based on their thermo-physical properties. This approach is especially suitable for detection of hydrogen due to its extremely high thermal conductivity compared to other gases. On the other hand, as observed in our experiments, the resonant frequency of thermally actuated silicon micromechanical resonators is very sensitive to the thermal conductivity of its surrounding gases. This is expected to be mainly due to the induced changes in the static temperature of the resonator as the heat transfer coefficient changes with thermal conductivity of the surrounding gas. Frequency shifts as high as 3800ppm where measured for I-shaped resonators when their surrounding gas was changed from air to 100% hydrogen. Frequency deviation of 2200ppm was measured for a self sustained micromechanical thermal-piezoresistive oscillator upon its exposure to a hydrogen-air mixture with 100ppm hydrogen concentration.
Limits of the equilibrium model in social research

An analysis is offered of the utility of an equilibrium model for the study of social systems. In some areas of social science research is conducted explicitly in terms of an equilibrium model, as for example, in economics. In most discipb'nes, however, it lurks beneath the surface as an inarticulate theoretical framework, as is the case in political science. An attempt is made to clarify the meaning usually associated with the concept equilibrium and to distinguish among various types of equilibria. The major shortcoming of this model at the present stage of development in social research derives from the lack of data quantifiable on either an ordinal or a cardinal scale. Only to the extent that such measurement is available can equilibrium analysis be fruitfully used to understand the operations of an empirical social system. Otherwise the model remains formal and untestable.
Blood-brain barrier disruption and complement activation in the brain following rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia.

In previous studies we developed a rat model in which demyelination is reproducibly produced following rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia and demonstrated that the development of demyelination in this model is strongly associated with NMR indices of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Because complement is toxic to oligodendrocytes, we evaluated the hypothesis that BBB disruption precipitated by correction of hypoosmolality is followed by an influx of complement into the brain, which then contributes to the demyelination that occurs under these conditions. We studied four groups of rats with immunocytochemical analysis using primary antibodies to IgG and the C3d split-fragment of activated complement: (1) normal rats; (2) rats in which hyponatremia was maintained for 7 days; (3) chronically hyponatremic rats in which the plasma [Na(+)] was rapidly corrected with hypertonic saline administration 20 h prior to perfusion; and (4) chronically hyponatremic rats in which the plasma [Na(+)] was rapidly corrected with hypertonic saline administration 5 days prior to perfusion. In normonatremic and uncorrected hyponatremic rats only background staining was observed in areas lacking a BBB and in blood vessel walls, whereas marked increases in IgG and C3d staining were seen in the brains of rats both 20 h and 5 days after rapid correction of hyponatremia. The staining intensity was significantly correlated with the degree of neurological impairment. These results provide evidence for functional BBB disruption following rapid correction of hyponatremia and support the hypothesis that complement activation may be involved in the pathogenesis of osmotic demyelination.
Eye-Tracking in a Dual-Task Design: Investigating Eye-Movements, Mental Workload, and Performance

Currently there are conflicting opinions regarding dual-task performance. Research by Svensson, Angelborg-Thanderz, Sjoberg, and Olsson (1997) demonstrated that adding a moderately complex secondary task decreased performance on a primary task. Contradictory to this, Kathmann, Hochrein, and Uwer (1999) demonstrated primary task performance benefits with the addition of a secondary task. The study reported here further examined the effect of a secondary task on primary task performance. In this design a baseline primary task only condition was compared to primary task performance in low, medium, and high demand dual-task scenarios. The primary task in this experiment was a paddle-ball game and the secondary task consisted of horizontal addition. This study investigated performance, subjective mental workload, the number and duration of fixations, and transitions in an effort to better understand changes in eye movements as they relate to changes in demand. Results of this study showed significant decreases...
Removing the Stiffness of Curvature in Computing 3-D Filaments

In this paper, we present a new formulation for computing the motion of a curvature-driven 3-D filament. This new numerical method has none of the high order time step stability constraints that are usually associated with curvature regularization. This result generalizes the previous work of Houet al. (1994) for 2-D fluid interfaces with surface tension. Applications to 2-D vortex sheets, 3-D motion by curvature, the Kirchhoff rod model, and nearly anti-parallel vortex filaments will be presented to demonstrate the robustness of the method.
The Strait of Gibraltar Model: internal tide, diurnal inequality and fortnightly modulation

A three-dimensional, general ocean circulation model is applied to the Strait of Gibraltar. The model is driven at the open boundaries by the observed barotropic diurnal and semidiurnal tidal transport. The initial density distribution is a lock-exchange in which half of the basin is the Atlantic water and the other half the Mediterranean water. The model is run over a 15 day spring-neap cycle, and the results are compared quantitatively with data obtained from the Gibraltar Experiment. The model and data are well correlated (γ2>0.9) for the mean velocity and salinity over all moored current measurements. The predicted semidiurnal interface amplitudes of 33 and 15 m on the sill and at the eastern end are also comparable with the observed amplitudes of 40 m and 15 m. The model indicates that the diurnal tidal current has significant effect on the generation and propagation of semidiurnal internal tide. The diurnal inequality is distinct at the eastern end in both the surface current and the arrival time of internal tidal surge. The model also indicates that the semidiurnal S2 component contributes to a fortnightly cycle in the tidally averaged interface depth and vertical shear variations. The interface is deeper and the vertical shear is larger in neap tide than in spring tide. The predicted diurnal inequality and fortnightly cycle are consistent with the observational evidence.
A self-stabilizing algorithm for optimally efficient sets in graphs

The efficiency of a set [email protected]?V in a graph G=(V,E), is defined as @e(S)=|{[email protected]?V-S:|N(v)@?S|=1}|; in other words, the efficiency of a set S equals the number of vertices in V-S that are adjacent to exactly one vertex in S. A set S is called optimally efficient if for every vertex [email protected]?V-S, @e([email protected]?{v})=<@e(S), and for every vertex [email protected]?S, @e(S-{u})<@e(S). We present a polynomial time self-stabilizing algorithm for finding an optimally efficient set in an arbitrary graph. This algorithm is designed using the distance-2 self-stabilizing model of computation.
Synthesis and Applications of Stereospecifically 3H-Labeled Arachidonic Acids as Mechanistic Probes for Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase Catalysis1☆

Abstract Stereospecifically 3H-labeled substrates are useful tools in studying the mechanism of hydrogen abstractions involved in the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Here, we describe modified methods for the synthesis of arachidonic acids labeled with a single chiral tritium on the methylene groups at carbons 10 or 13. The appropriate starting material is a ketooctadecanoic acid which is prepared from an unsaturated C18 fatty acid precursor or by total synthesis. The 3H label is introduced by NaB3H4 reduction and the resulting tritiated hydroxy fatty acid then is tosylated, separated into the enantiomers by chiral phase HPLC, and subsequently transformed into stearic acids. A variety of stereospecifically labeled unsaturated fatty acids are obtained using literature methods of microbial transformation with the fungus Saprolegnia parasitica. Two applications are described: (i) In incubations of [10S-3H]- and [10R-3H]arachidonic acids in human psoriatic scales we show that a 12R-lipoxygenase accounts not only for synthesis of the major product 12R-HETE, but it contributes also, through subsequent isomerization, to the minor amounts of 12S-HETE. (ii) The [10R-3H]- and [10S-3H]arachidonic acids were also used to demonstrate that prostaglandin ring formation by cyclooxygenases does not involve carbocation formation at C-10 of arachidonic acid as was hypothesized recently.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Variants

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is characterized by rapidly evolving ascending weakness, mild sensory loss and hypo- or areflexia, progressing to a nadir over up to four weeks. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation demonstrates albuminocytologic dissociation in 90% of cases. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) was the first to be recognized over a century ago and is the most common form of GBS. In AIDP, the immune attack is directed at peripheral nerve myelin with secondary by-stander axon loss. Axonal motor and sensorimotor variants have been described in the last 3 decades and are mediated by molecular mimicry targeting peripheral nerve motor axons. Besides the Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) and descending weakness, other rare phenotypic variants have been recently described with pure sensory variant, restricted autonomic manifestations and the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial pattern. It is important to recognize GBS and its variants due to the availability of equally effective therapies in the form of plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulins.
Do endogenous excitatory amino acids influence striatal dopamine release

Abstract In vivo microdialysis techniques were used to examine whether endogenous excitatory amino acids exert a tonic facilitatory influence on striatal dopamine release. Local application of NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists at 10 μM was without an effect on basal dopamine release while 100 μM and 1 mM of these drugs significantly enhanced the release. Our findings do not support the idea that excitatory amino acids have a tonic excitatory effect on striatal dopamine release.
Postplacement rewiring by exhaustive search for functional symmetries

We propose two new algorithms for rewiring: a postplacement optimization that reconnects pins of a given netlist without changing the logic function and gate locations. In the first algorithm, we extract small subcircuits consisting of several gates from the design and reconnect pins according to the symmetries of the subcircuits. To enhance the power of symmetry detection, we also propose a graph-based symmetry detector that can identify permutational and phase-shift symmetries on multiple input and output wires, as well as hybrid symmetries, creating abundant opportunities for rewiring. Our second algorithm, called long-range rewiring, is based on reconnecting equivalent pins and can augment the first approach for further optimization. We apply our techniques for wirelength optimization and observe that they provide wirelength reduction comparable to that achieved by detailed placement.
The scalable lightwave network

In principle, an optical network employing wavelength routing, wavelength reuse, and multihop packet switching is modularly scalable to very large configurations in both the hardware and software sense. As such, it is a viable architecture for a new ATM-based telecommunications infrastructure The network architecture considered for a new, scalable, broadband telecommunications infrastructure is based on (1) the use of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and wavelength routing; (2) the translation of signals from one wavelength to another at the access stations; and (3) the use of multihop ATM packet switching. These principles permit networks to be built whose size is essentially unlimited. >
Anti‐CD3 mAbs for treatment of type 1 diabetes

The use of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has moved from the bench to the bedside. The experience with the anti-human CD3 mAb OKT3 for treatment of transplant rejection identified limitations that were largely overcome with the creation of humanized non-FcR binding antibodies: Teplizumab, Otelixizumab and Visilizumab. Preclinical studies showed the ability of the drugs to reverse hyperglycaemia in diabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice providing rationale for clinical trials with the agents. The former two drugs have been tested in subjects with new onset type 1 diabetes. They have both shown, in randomized clinical trials, an ability to reduce the loss of insulin production over the first 2 years of the disease. In addition, the need for exogenous insulin to maintain glucose control has been reduced. However, these agents alone do not restore normal glucose control, and future approaches will likely require combinations of agents with complementary immune or metabolic activity.
Carbon Nanotube Growth from Nanoscale Clusters Formed by Ion Implantation

We have demonstrated that iron ions implanted into silicon dioxide thin films form nanoscale clusters which can act as catalyst for carbon nanotube growth. We have implanted iron ions with an energy of 60 keV and three different doses (1014, 1015, and 1016 cm-2) into silicon dioxide thin films thermally grown on silicon substrates. We then used chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to grow carbon nanotubes on these ion implanted substrates with methane as the precursor gas. We studied the effect of ion implantation dose on the structural properties of the nanoscale clusters, as well as the carbon nanotubes nucleated from these clusters. The nanoscale clusters and grown nanotubes were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The electrical characteristics of the as-grown nanotubes were also characterized. We found that growth of low density, horizontal, and small diameter carbon nanotubes on silicon dioxide is possible using this nucleation technique.
The Formation of Chondrules: Petrologic Tests of the Shock Wave Model

Chondrules are millimeter-sized rounded igneous rocks within chondritic meteorites. Their textures and fractionated mineral chemistries suggest that they formed by repeated, localized, brief (minutes to hours) melting of cold aggregates of mineral dust in the protoplanetary nebula. Astrophysical models of chondrule formation have been unable to explain the petrologically diverse nature of chondrites. However, a nebular shock wave model for chondrule formation agrees with many of the observed petrologic and geochemical properties of chondrules and shows how particles within the nebula are sorted by size and how rims around chondrules are formed. It also explains the volatile-rich nature of chondrule rims and the chondrite matrix.
Epithelial Cell Retention of Transcriptionally Active, P3HR-1-Derived Heterogeneous Epstein-Barr Virus DNA with Concurrent Loss of Parental Virus

Deleted, rearranged, heterogeneous (het) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA with the distinctive capability of disrupting EBV latency has been reported in biopsy samples of EBV-associated tumors whose onset in immunocompetent hosts is characteristically preceded by an antibody response indicative of EBV reactivation. Using the EBV P3HR-1 strain, we have reproduced in long-term culture of SVK epithelial cells an unusual pattern of infection previously observed in a subset of tumor biopsy samples: the persistence of het DNA in the absence of the parental helper virus. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of infected cell subclones indicated the retention of het DNA in an integrated form. Incorporation of an intact het DNA molecule was confirmed by PCR, using primers that framed junctions of the four rearranged EBV DNA segments comprising P3HR-1-derived het DNA. Structural analysis of EBV terminal repeats revealed a banding pattern consistent with the integration of het DNA as a concatemer. Linkage of concatemeric monomers was defined at a nucleotide level, and that junctional sequence was detected in cell-free P3HR-1 virion DNA, confirming that subgenomic het DNA was packaged into infectious particles in a concatemeric configuration. Stable integration into cells having lost the standard viral genome allowed the unambiguous designation of het DNA as the source for viral gene products potentially encoded by both. Continuous expression of the latency-to-lytic switch protein Zta and detection of the BALF4 gene product gB, known to expand the target cell range of standard virus when incorporated at augmented levels into infectious progeny, add to a presumption of het DNA-enhanced pathogenesis in diseases of EBV reactivation.
Anatomic risk of peroneal nerve injury with the “pie crust” technique for valgus release in total knee arthroplasty

Peroneal nerve damage can occur during total knee arthroplasty because of indirect or direct injury. The potential for direct laceration injury exists when performing the "pie crust" lateral soft-tissue release in a valgus knee. To assess this risk, the axial, magnetic resonance images of 60 adult knees were evaluated. The distance from the peroneal nerve to the tibia was measured at the level of the standard tibial resection. At this level, the lateral gastrocnemius muscle is interposed between the capsule and the nerve. The mean nerve to bone distance was 1.49 cm (0.91-2.18 cm). These results suggest that the peroneal nerve is adequately protected at the posterolateral corner of the knee but that the "pie crust" release should be performed carefully.
Assessment of Bird Response to the Migratory Bird Habitat Initiative Using Weather-Surveillance Radar

Abstract In response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in spring 2010, the Natural Resources Conservation Service implemented the Migratory Bird Habitat Initiative (MBHI) to provide temporary wetland habitat for migrating and wintering waterfowl, shorebirds, and other birds along the northern Gulf of Mexico via managed flooding of agricultural lands. We used weather-surveillance radar to conduct broad regional assessments of bird response to MBHI activities within the Mississippi Alluvial Valley and the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Across both regions, birds responded positively to MBHI management by exhibiting greater relative bird densities within sites relative to pre-management conditions in prior years and relative to surrounding non-flooded agricultural lands. Bird density at MBHI sites was generally greatest during winter for both regions. Unusually high flooding in the years prior to implementation of the MBHI confounded detection of overall changes in remotely sensed soil wetness across sites. The m...
Experiments on pain referred from deep somatic tissues.

The patterns of deep somatic pain referral were studied with paravertebral injections of 6 per cent. saline solution from the occiput to the sacrum, five subjects being used for each intervertebral level. The distributions were found to approximate a segmental plan, although they overlapped consider
Relationship of Professional Involvement to Clinical Behaviors of Physical Therapists

This study was designed to measure the level of professional involvement of respondents and to examine the relationship between a high level of professional involvement (eg, membership in the American Physical Therapy Association, attendance at Association conferences, participation in continuing education programs) and the frequency of use of high-complexity procedures. A questionnaire survey of 165 Alabama physical therapists was conducted to establish 1) the ranking of 24 physical therapy procedures according to the perceived level of complexity and 2) the relationship of a procedure's rank to delegation of that procedure to support personnel. The ranking and a cluster analysis of the 24 procedures correlated with similar rankings in other studies (Pearson r = .92). The level of complexity of a procedure influenced delegation to support personnel, with high-complexity procedures being delegated less frequently and requiring greater supervision than moderate- and low-complexity procedures. There was variation in the frequency of use of procedures, but a clear relationship was not found between a high level of professional involvement and use of high-complexity procedures. A relationship existed between professional involvement and both job title and types of referrals received. Those physical therapists with a higher level of professional involvement tended to be directors and supervisors (χ2 = 28.29, df = 2, p < .001), and they received autonomous referrals with greater frequency than those physical therapists with a lower level of involvement (χ2 = 16.25, df = 3, p < .001). The findings have implications for the continued professionalization of physical therapy and for the role that physical therapy educators and administrators play in this process.
Coordinated decentralized estimation over random networks

In this paper, we consider three representative problems on observability and estimation over networks in presence of randomness. The aim of this work is to highlight that these problems, among many others, can be approached via a unified formulation, that can be subsequently be utilized for proving almost sure stability and convergence of filtering algorithms over distinct classes of random networks. More specifically, we show stability and convergence properties of random variations on the coordinated decentralized estimation using this approach.
Phenotypic Characterization of Paranoiac and Related Mutants in Paramecium Tetraurelia

Paranoiac and related mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia display altered membrane excitability. We describe an extension of behavioral characterizations of the paranoiac, fast-2, and tetraethylammonium-insensitive mutants, comparing in detail their reactions to sodium stimulation under standard culture conditions, when grown at various temperatures and when starved. We also use freeze-fracture electron microscopic techniques to analyze in these stocks the morphology of organized arrays of membrane particles, the ciliary plaques. This group of mutants is diverse, showing differences in behavior under standard culture conditions and different reactions to temperature and starvation stresses. Ciliary plaque morphology is altered in some, but not all, of the mutants. The possibility is discussed that these plaques may be sites of potassium or sodium transport.
Structure of Clifford and Arf Algebras

Let M be a finitely generated projective nonsinguiar quadratic module over a commutative ring. This chapter establishes the basic structure theory of the Clifford algebra C(M) and its subalgebras C0(M), A(M), Cen C(M) and Cen C0(M). It will be proved that both C(M) and C0(M) are separable. For a faithful M it will be shown that the Arf algebra A(M) is separable quadratic, and that the following equivalences hold: $$ CenC(M) = R \Leftrightarrow rank\;M\;is\;even \Leftrightarrow Cen\,{C_{0}}(M) = A(M) $$ and $$ Cen{C_{0}}(M) = R \Leftrightarrow rank\;M\;is\;odd \Leftrightarrow Cen\,C(M) = A(M) $$ .
Calcium sequestration by subcellular fractions isolated from vascular smooth muscle: Effect of cyclic nucleotides and prostaglandins

Abstract Microsomal vesicles and mitochondria derived from aortae of rat accumulate calcium in the presence of adenosine triphosphate and magnesium. The rate and extent of energy-linked calcium sequestration by microsomal vesicles were found to exhibit hydrogen ion and temperature dependency and nucleoside phosphate specificity. Calcium uptake (in the presence of oxalate) showed preference for nucleosides in the order ATP>ADP>GTP>UTP>ITP. Calcium accumulation by the subcellular fractions was also found to be dependent upon the concentration of calcium in the incubation medium. Cyclic AMP stimulated microsomal calcium binding while prostaglandins F 2α and E 2 had no specific effect. These agents did not alter the calcium sequestering mechanisms of the mitochondria. These data suggest that the vesicular and mitochondrial fraction may constitute an important factor in the regulation of calcium availability to the contractile mechanism of vascular smooth muscle.
Taking the 10‐Year‐Old Offender to Jail: An Alternative to “Scared Straight”‘

Young boys ages 8–12 were taken to jail following law offenses. This program is contrasted to the Lifer's Program at Rahway State Prison.
Characteristics and prognosis of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction and elevated MB relative index but normal total creatine kinase.

"MB Leak" patients who develop an elevated MB relative index with a normal total creatine kinase (CK) level are not as well characterized as those who have diagnostic enzyme elevations in the setting of ST elevation (elevation) or non-ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI). During a 1-year period, we studied all patients hospitalized in an urban academic hospital with suspected AMI who developed an elevated MB relative index within 24 hours of presentation. Of 595 patients, 44% had MB Leak, 34% had non-ST elevation AMI and 22% had ST elevation AMI. Patients with MB Leak and non-ST elevation AMI were significantly older than those with ST elevation AMI (mean ages 69, 71, and 63 years, respectively; p <0.001), and were more likely to have previous AMI (55%, 46%, 12%; p <0.001) or past coronary revascularization (40%, 19%, 12%; p <0.001). The in-hospital death rate of patients with MB Leak was half that of patients with non-ST elevation AMI or ST elevation AMI (6%, 12%, 12%; p = 0.03). By 1 year after presentation, the death rate of patients with MB Leak (17%) was intermediate between that of non-ST elevation AMI (24%) and ST elevation AMI (14%). Within the MB Leak group, those with elevated absolute CK-MB levels were at highest risk. In a multivariable model using MB Leak as the referent, the relative risks for 1 year death were 1.4 (95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 2.2) for patients with non-ST elevation AMI and 1.7 (0.8 to 3.4) for patients with ST elevation AMI. Patients with MB Leak are at high risk for cardiovascular events in the hospital and for death by 1 year. Therefore, they may benefit from early aggressive therapy and risk stratification. These results suggest that CK-MB should be measured in all patients with suspected AMI, regardless of their total CK level.
FREEZE-DRYING OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS

ABSTRACT This paper presents a general overview of Freeze-Drying (Lyophilization) and discusses the underlying principles of the process. Emphasis has been placed on the freeze-drying of biological materials and special mention has been made to the formulation of bio products prior to processing
Investor Preference and Stock Price Underreaction: Evidence from Post Earnings Announcement Drift

This paper shows investors’ preference for right-skewed, lottery-like payoffs can eliminate price underreaction to extremely good earnings news. Such news enhance investors’ preference for lottery-like stocks, leading to preference-based trades that accelerate price adjustments. We find PEAD disappears for stocks with strong ex ante lottery-like features and extremely good earnings news. Arbitrage does not explain this finding because it persists when arbitrage costs and information asymmetry are high. Corroborating the disappearance of PEAD, the above stocks also experience greater price reactions to earnings news. Consistent with the prevalence of lottery preference among individual investors, we find they purchase more lottery-like stocks upon extremely good earnings news and the attenuation of PEAD is concentrated in stocks with greater net-buys by them around earnings announcements.
Personal Urban Mobility for the Twenty-First Century

Mobility enhances our lives by allowing contact with others, offering new experiences and supporting the exchange of ideas and goods. Cities facilitate connecting people and goods but their roads are becoming increasingly crowded. This is particularly acute in emerging markets, with increased migration from rural to urban areas and with increasingly wealthy people aspiring to automobile ownership. Despite heavily congested roads, there is still a desire for personal mobility in urban centers because no other means of transportation has so far offered the same mix of freedom, comfort, utility and security as the automobile. However, a new kind of vehicle, based on having a small footprint, being electrically powered and being able to connect with other vehicles will be required in the future to provide personal mobility while addressing the societal challenges of energy, environment, safety, congestion and land use for parking. This new DNA for the automobile, based on electrification and connectivity, will also improve the integration of personal and public transport so that a new mobility system, offering the best features of both, can be realized.
A Gay-Friendly Public Service: Comparative Examination of the Impact of Intrinsic Psychological Orientations on the Attitudes of Public Servants toward Homosexuality

The article examines whether intrinsic psychological orientations influence the attitudes of public servants toward homosexuality. Using Schwartz’s typology of psychological orientations, and based...