cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Androgens in women with anorexia nervosa and normal-weight women with hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Context: Anorexia nervosa and normal-weight hypothalamic amenorrhea are characterized by hypogonadism and hypercortisolemia. However, it is not known whether these endocrine abnormalities result in reductions in adrenal and/ or ovarian androgens or androgen precursors in such women, nor is it known whether relative androgen deficiency contributes to abnormalities in bone density and body composition in this population. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether endogenous androgen and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels: 1) are reduced in women with anorexia nervosa and normal-weight hypothalamic amenorrhea, 2) are reduced further by oral contraceptives in women with anorexia nervosa, and 3) are predictors of weight, body composition, or bone density in such women. Design and Setting: We conducted a cross-sectional study at a general clinical research center. Study Participants: A total of 217 women were studied: 137 women with anorexia nervosa not receiving oral contraceptives, 32 women with anorexia nervosa receiving oral contraceptives, 21 normalweight women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, and 27 healthy eumenorrheic controls. MainOutcomeMeasures:Testosterone,freetestosterone,DHEAS, bone density, fat-free mass, and fat mass were assessed. Results: Endogenous total and free testosterone, but not DHEAS, were lower in women with anorexia nervosa than in controls. More marked reductions in both free testosterone and DHEAS were observed in women with anorexia nervosa receiving oral contraceptives. In contrast, normal-weight women with hypothalamic amenorrhea had normal androgen and DHEAS levels. Lower free testosterone, total testosterone, and DHEAS levels predicted lower bone density at most skeletal sites measured, and free testosterone was positively associated with fat-free mass. Conclusions: Androgen levels are low, appear to be even further reduced by oral contraceptive use, and are predictors of bone density and fat-free mass in women with anorexia nervosa. Interventional studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine whether oral contraceptive use, mediated by reductions in endogenous androgen levels, is deleterious to skeletal health in such women. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 1334–1339, 2007)
Energy-Aware Routing for E-Textile Applications

As the scale of electronic devices shrinks, "electronic textiles" (e-textiles) will make possible a wide variety of novel applications which are currently unfeasible. Due to the wearability concerns, low-power techniques are critical for e-textile applications. In this paper, we address the issue of the energy-aware routing for e-textile platforms and propose an efficient algorithm to solve it. The platform we consider consists of dedicated components for e-textiles, including computational modules, dedicated transmission lines and thin-film batteries on fiber substrates. Furthermore, we derive an analytical upper bound for the achievable number of jobs completed over all possible routing strategies. From a practical standpoint, for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher, the routing technique we propose achieves about fifty percent of this analytical upper bound. Moreover, compared to the non-energy-aware counterpart, our routing technique increases the number of encryption jobs completed by one order of magnitude.
Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Monodisperse, Controlled-Length, and Functionalized Oligoanilines

The palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl halides, in conjunction with an orthogonal protective group scheme, forms the basis of two routes to oligoaniline precursors. One method consists of a bidirectional chain growth from a symmetric core piece, whereas the other involves a divergent−convergent synthesis of nonsymmetric fragments, followed by coupling to a symmetric core fragment. The oligoaniline precursors are soluble in a variety of common organic solvents and are easily converted to the deprotected oligoanilines. The method allows the preparation of even or odd chain lengths and the incorporation of a variety of functional groups. The synthesis of phenyl-capped heptaaniline through decaaniline, of four end-functionalized octaaniline derivatives, and of phenyl-capped 16-mer and 24-mer is described. The effects of chain length and substitution upon oligomer behavior have been investigated by electronic absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.
Synthesis of 3-acyl-3-alkyloxindoles

Abstract Treatment of 3-(silyloxy)acrylolyl-2′ (or 3′)-haloanilides with LDA followed by hydrolysis gives 3-acyl-3-alkyloxindoles in preparatively useful yields.
Numerical Simulation of Icing Clouds in the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel

The objective of this study was to develop and employ a numerical simulation strategy for predicting the liquid water content (LWC) at the test-section plane of the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) as well as to characterize the icing cloud uniformity as a function of tunnel speed, droplet size, etc. The droplets were injected with a polydisperse distribution and based on previous computational airflow results, which included the spray-bar wakes, the air jets, and the heat-exchanger flow. To simulate the effects of turbulent diffusion behavior of water droplets in the IRT, a continuous-random-walk methodology was employed, which corrects for nonhomogeneous turbulence. To first understand the cloud dynamics emanating from isolated nozzles, experiments and simulations were conducted with only four injectors spraying in the IRT. The simulations showed good representation of the width and position (though not necessarily the shape) of the individual spray clouds at the test-section plane. Next, droplets issued by the baseline group of spray nozzles were simulated in order to determine the test-section LWC distributions which in turn were used to compare with experiments. The simulations indicated the importance of including turbulent diffusion, and that increased tunnel speed and droplet size tended to reduce overall uniformity, which was generally consistent with experimental results.
On the capacity of rate-adaptive packetized wireless communication links under jamming

We formulate the interaction between the communicating nodes and an adversary within a game-theoretic context. We show that earlier information-theoretic capacity results for a jammed channel correspond to a pure Nash Equilibrium (NE). However, when both players are allowed to randomize their actions (i.e., coding rate and jamming power) new mixed Nash equilibria appear with surprising properties. We show the existence of a threshold (JTH) such that if the jammer average power exceeds J TH, the channel capacity at the NE is the same as if the jammer was using its maximum allowable power, JMax, all the time. This indicates that randomization significantly advantages powerful jammers. We also show how the NE strategies can be derived, and we provide very simple (e.g., semi-uniform) approximations to the optimal communication and jamming strategies. Such strategies are very simple to implement in current hardware and software.
Designing Pricing Contracts for Boundedly Rational Customers: Does the Framing of the Fixed Fee Matter?

The format of pricing contracts varies substantially across business contexts, a major variable being whether a contract imposes a fixed fee payment. This paper examines how the use of the fixed fee in pricing contracts affects market outcomes of a manufacturer-retailer channel. Standard economic theories predict that channel efficiency increases with the introduction of the fixed fee and is invariant to its framing. We conduct a laboratory experiment to test these predictions. Surprisingly, the introduction of the fixed fee fails to increase channel efficiency. Moreover, the framing of the fixed fee does make a difference: an opaque frame as quantity discounts achieves higher channel efficiency than a salient frame as a two-part tariff, although these two contractual formats are theoretically equivalent. To account for these anomalies, we generalize the standard economic model by allowing the retailer's utilities to be reference dependent so that the up-front fixed fee payment is perceived as a loss and the subsequent retail profits as a gain. We embed this reference-dependent utility function in a quantal response equilibrium framework where the retailer is allowed to make decision mistakes due to computational complexity. The key prediction of this behavioral model is that channel efficiency decreases with loss aversion for sufficiently Nash-rational retailers. Consistent with this prediction, the estimated loss-aversion coefficient is 1.37 in the two-part tariff condition, significantly higher than 1.27 in the quantity discount condition. At the same time, loss aversion dominates contract complexity in explaining the data. Lastly, we conduct a follow-up experiment to confirm the central role of loss aversion as a behavioral driver. In one condition, the retailer becomes less loss averse when we temporally compress the fixed fee payment and the realization of retail profits, which supports the loss aversion theory. In the other condition, the retailer's contract acceptance rate does not decline when we reward the manufacturer a higher cash payment for each experimental point earned, which rules out the competing hypothesis that the retailer rejects contract offers due to fairness concerns.
High power testing of a fully axisymmetric rf gun

Advanced energy systems (AES) has developed a fully axisymmetric radiofrequency electron gun with an upstream power feed. High power RE testing has been performed on this novel structure at a frequency of 11.43 GHz using the magnicon facility at the naval research laboratory (NRL). The successful testing proved out the basic design features of the gun. The overall design of the gun is discussed along with the results of the high power RF testing.
Organometallic photochemistry at the end of its first century

Abstract The discovery of the light initiated reaction of Fe(CO)5 to yield Fe2(CO)9 by Dewar and Jones in 1905 ushered in an era of the use of light to drive chemical reactions. This review seeks to examine selective chapters in this story by examining particularly significant reaction types in the context of their historical development.
Tax incentives and the decision to purchase long-term care insurance

This paper studies the impact of the tax incentive prescribed in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) on individuals' long-term care insurance purchasing behavior. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we find that the tax incentive in HIPAA increased the take-up rate of private LTC insurance by 3.3 percentage points, or 25%, for those eligible. Despite this seemingly strong response, our results imply that even an above-the-line tax deduction would not increase the coverage rate of seniors beyond 13%, indicating that tax incentives alone are unlikely to expand the market substantially. We also present, to our knowledge, the first estimate of the price elasticity of demand for LTC insurance of around - 3.9, suggesting that demand is highly elastic at the current low ownership rate. Finally, we evaluate the net fiscal impact of the tax incentive and find that the tax deductibility of LTC insurance premiums leads to a net revenue loss for the government, as the reduced tax revenue from granting the tax incentive exceeds the savings in Medicaid's LTC expenditures.
Cosmic microwave background fluctuations from gravitational waves: An analytic approach☆

Abstract We develop an analytic approach to calculation of the temperature and polarisation power spectra of the cosmic microwave background due to inflationary gravitational waves. This approach complements the more precise numerical results by providing insight into the physical origins of the features in the power spectra. We explore the use of analytic approximations for the gravitational-wave evolution, making use of the WKB approach to handle the radiation-matter transition. In the process, we describe scaling relations for the temperature and polarisation power spectra. We illustrate the dependence of the amplitude, shape, and peak locations on the details of recombination, the gravitational-wave power spectrum, and the cosmological parameters, and explain the origin of the peak locations in the temperature and polarisation power spectra. The decline in power on small scales in the polarisation power spectra is discussed in terms of phase-damping. In an appendix we detail numerical techniques for integrating the gravitational-wave evolution in the presence of anisotropic stress from free-streaming neutrinos.
PUBLIC POLICY AND SOME-DAY SMOKING AMONG ADULTS

While much is known about the impact of public policy on current cigarette smoking among adults, very little is known about the determinants of some-day smoking. This paper investigates the impact of cigarette prices, clean indoor air laws, and other socioeconomic factors on adult cigarette demand. Special emphasis is placed on examining the determinants of some-day smoking among adults. The estimates from this study clearly indicate that increasing the price of cigarettes, will decrease the number of people who currently smoke, will decrease the number of every-day smokers, and will decrease the number of cigarettes smoked on average among some-day smokers. Finally, clean indoor air laws are found to have a limited impact on current and some-day smoking.
On secrecy capacity scaling in wireless networks

We study a random extended network, where the legitimate and eavesdropper nodes are assumed to be placed according to Poisson point processes in a square region of area n. It is shown that, when the legitimate nodes have unit intensity, λ = 1, and the eavesdroppers have an intensity of λ e = O((log n)−2), almost all of the nodes achieve a perfectly secure rate of Ω (1/√n) The achievability argument is based on a novel multi-hop forwarding scheme where randomization is added in every hop to ensure maximal ambiguity at the eavesdropper(s). Remarkable, under these assumptions, securing the transmissions of nodes does not entail a loss in the per-node throughput in terms of scaling.
Near-field optical data storage: avenues for improved performance

Because they produce small spot size, near-field techniques are applied to optical data storage systems to increase recording density. Two practical near-field implementations are aperture probes and solid immersion lenses (SILs). The basic signal modulation characteristics of these systems are reviewed, and some considerations for improving performance are discussed. Combinations of SILs and apertures could produce data storage systems with ultra-fine resolution and good detection characteristics.
Critical Oxide Thickness for Efficient Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Growth on Silicon Using Thin SiO2 Diffusion Barriers

The ability to integrate carbon nanotubes, especially single-walled carbon nanotubes, seamlessly onto silicon would expand their range of applications considerably. Though direct integration using chemical vapor deposition is the simplest method, the growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes on bare silicon and on ultrathin oxides is greatly inhibited due to the formation of a noncatalytic silicide. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we show that silicide formation occurs on ultrathin oxides due to thermally activated metal diffusion through the oxide. Silicides affect the growth of single-walled nanotubes more than multi-walled nanotubes due to the increased kinetics at the higher single-walled nanotube growth temperature. We demonstrate that nickel and iron catalysts, when deposited on clean silicon or ultrathin silicon dioxide layers, begin to form silicides at relatively low temperatures, and that by 900 degrees C, all of the catalyst has been incorporated into the silicide, rendering it inactive for subsequent single-walled nanotube growth. We further show that a 4-nm silicon dioxide layer is the minimum diffusion barrier thickness that allows for efficient single-walled nanotube growth.
PATH INTEGRAL DERIVATION OF THE U(1) KAC–MOODY CHARACTERS AND OF THE WEYL–KAC DENOMINATOR

The U(1) Kac–Moody character functions are derived from a path integral expression. It is shown that point-split regularization of the Virasoro generator also exactly regularizes the path integral. An exact derivation of the Weyl–Kac denominator is then given for an arbitrary Lie group using the semiclassical approximation and the results of the U(1) calculation.
Interrelationship Between Solid Propellant Combustion and Materials Behavior

Thermochemical and physical processes which occur in various aspects of solid-propellant combustion including steady-state burning, ignition, transient burning, cook-off and crack propagation are presented in this paper. For each case, the various thermochemical and physical properties involved are summarized. In addition, the current direction of solidpropellant research is highlighted. The intent of this paper is to stimulate the interest of materials scientists and engineers in the field of solid propellants so that they will contribute their unique expertise to the advancement of current research. It is also the hope of the authors that the paper will serve as a useful summary of important relationships and parameters for scientists and engineers currently involved in solid-propellant research.
Linear sigma model toolshed for D-brane physics

Building on earlier work, we construct linear sigma models for strings on curved spaces in the presence of branes. Our models include an extremely general class of brane-worldvolume gauge field configurations. We explain in an accessible manner the mathematical ideas which suggest appropriate worldsheet interactions for generating a given open string background. This construction provides an explanation for the appearance of the derived category in D-brane physic complementary to that of recent work of Douglas.
Risk-sensitive ICAPM with application to fixed-income management

This paper presents an application of risk-sensitive control theory in financial decision making. A variation of Merton's continuous-time intertemporal capital asset pricing model is developed where the infinite horizon objective is to maximize the portfolio's risk adjusted growth rate. The resulting model is tractable and thus provides economic insight about optimal trading strategies as well as the fact that the strategy of 100% cash is not necessarily the least risky one. For fixed-income applications we utilize the concept of rolling-horizon bonds, which are stochastic process models of certain mutual funds of zero coupon bonds. We show by numerical example that the optimal proportion of one's wealth to hold in an asset is given by a simple affine function of economic factors such as interest rates of various maturities.
A Teacher Training Experience Based on Work with Communities in California

This article describes the results of a teacher training model that involves contact with local communities and action-research practices. The study included students enrolled in the education program at a university in southern California during the 2007-08 school year. They were interviewed during the course of their 16-week projects in which they analyzed the global culture of students and parents from various ethnic groups as subsequent input for classroom work and, ultimately, the design of lessons and the development of educational plans pursuant to the requirements of the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing (CCTC). Among other conclusions, it was found that transforming teachers acquire a variety of useful skills for their work as educators in the global village by learning about the community from the inside out.
Antecedents of intergroup conflict in multifunctional product development teams: a conceptual model

Multifunctional teams are an increasingly popular way of organizing product development. While a considerable body of research has addressed process-related challenges facing teams in general, there is a relative lack of clarity on the specific challenges confronting multifunctional product development teams. This paper therefore elaborates on the challenge of intergroup conflict in multifunctional product development teams, proposing a model that explains how functional diversity within such teams can lead to task and emotional intergroup conflict. The model is developed through a synthesis of organizational behavior and social psychology literature, and illustrative examples are drawn from interviews with members of five teams in three manufacturing firms. >
Conditions for minimizing the norm sensitivity of characteristic roots

The sensitivity, of a characteristic root of an n by n real matrix is measured by the Euclidean norm of the root's n2derivatives with respect to the elements of the matrix. Let λ denote a real root and \sigma + j\omega a complex root. Conditions for minimizing the sensitivity norms based on \lambda, \sigma, \omega, and |\sigma + j\omega| are obtained. Since the conditions apply for all n and involve simple algebraic properties of the matrix, they may have useful applications.
Measurement based automatic analysis of FORTRAN programs

A graph model of computer programs has been developed in a series of studies directed toward improving analysis of the structure of programs executed on different computer configurations. One inherent weakness of the model has been the need for estimates of the mean number of times a program would cycle around its loop structures and estimates of branching probabilities. Extensive improvements were made in the model on the assumption that good estimates would be inserted during a manual transformation of a given program into a computer processable graph representation. The combination of improved tools for measurement of program activities and recently developed analysis programs now permit automatic analysis of source programs. The automatic analysis is based on more reliable measured a priori statistics. This paper discusses a valuable by-product of this measurement and analysis which directs attention toward those parts of a program which are leading candidates for application of optimization techniques. In particular we present an example of the automatic analysis of programs written in the FORTRAN IV language. FORTRAN was selected as a first target for analysis because there exists a large number of time-consuming programs written entirely in FORTRAN.
Nucleon Compton scattering in the nonrelativistic quark model.

The amplitude for Compton scattering from the nucleon is calculated within the framework of the nonrelativistic quark model. The primary objective is to explore the behavior of the model for a variety of observables over a wide range of energies, where multiple baryon resonances can play a role, with an eye toward possible future experiments.
Tachyon condensation in rotated brane configurations

Abstract The decay of rotated brane configurations and the corresponding condensation of tachyons is discussed. In a certain IIB orbifold case a heuristic argument about the mass of the state living on the fixed plane is made. When the rotation angle is π this mass agrees with that obtained by Sen.
Do Large Banks Have Lower Costs? New Estimates of Returns to Scale for U.S. Banks

This paper presents new, fully nonparametric estimates of ray-scale and expansion-path scale economies for U.S. banks based on a model of bank costs. Unlike prior studies that use models with restrictive parametric assumptions or limited samples, our methodology uses local polynomial estimators and data on all U.S. banks over the period 1984–2006. Our estimates indicate that as recently as 2006, most U.S. banks faced increasing returns to scale, suggesting that scale economies are a plausible (but not necessarily only) reason for the growth in average bank size and that the tendency toward increasing scale is likely to continue unless checked by government intervention.
D-Cycloserine as an augmentation strategy for cognitive behavioral therapy of anxiety disorders

The goal of this review is to examine the clinical studies on d-cycloserine, a partial glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist, as an augmentation strategy for exposure procedures during cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders. Although cognitive behavioral therapy and anxiolytic medications are more effective than placebo for treating anxiety disorders, there is still considerable room for further improvement. Traditional combination strategies typically yield disappointing results. However, recent studies based on translational research have shown promise to augment the neural circuitry underlying fear extinction with pharmacological means. We discuss the current state of the literature, including inconsistencies of findings and issues concerning the drug mechanism, dosing, and dose timing. D-cycloserine is a promising combination strategy for cognitive behavioral therapy of anxiety disorders by augmenting extinction learning. However, there is also evidence to suggest that d-cycloserine can facilitate reconsolidation of fear memory when exposure procedures are unsuccessful.
Second and third order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Crystalline Inorganic / Organic Complexes.

The properties for members of a new class of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials which stoichiometrically incorporate organic and inorganic constituents into a single crystalline lattice are reported. Recent results for our synthetic, crystal growth, and optical studies suggest that a number of these relatively transparent ”semiorganic” compounds have significant second and/or third order NLO responses and often display favorable crystal growth morphologies. The prototype material of this class, zinc tris(thiourea) sulfate, or ZTS, has a UV cutoff at about 325 nm, can be readily grown to cm3 sizes, and has been shown to be a highly efficient Type II frequency doubler for 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser radiation. ZTS also possesses a moderate third order nonlinear optical response (ca. 0.1 × CS2) which occurs on at least a picosecond time scale as determined by degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) experiments at 532 nm. Refractive index, second harmonic generation, and DFWM data for a number of these new compounds are presented.
Rebuilding for array codes in distributed storage systems

In distributed storage systems that use coding, the issue of minimizing the communication required to rebuild a storage node after a failure arises. We consider the problem of repairing an erased node in a distributed storage system that uses an EVENODD code. EVENODD codes are maximum distance separable (MDS) array codes that are used to protect against erasures, and only require XOR operations for encoding and decoding. We show that when there are two redundancy nodes, to rebuild one erased systematic node, only 3/4 of the information needs to be transmitted. Interestingly, in many cases, the required disk I/O is also minimized.
Optimal magnet sorting procedure and application to the APS injector synchrotron

A magnet sorting procedure for accelerators is developed. It is implemented in two steps. The first step is completely analytical in character while the second step involves the comparison of computed values with the measured error values. The method has been implemented for sorting the Advanced Photon Source (APS) injector synchrotron dipoles and quadrupoles with excellent results. >
Corporate Perceptions of Climate Science: The Role of Corporate Environmental Scientists

Although there has been some growing recognition of the role of private actors in international environmental regimes, little attention has been paid to the role of the private sector at the science–policy interface. Because the automobile industry plays a crucial role in mitigation of greenhouse gases, successful policy requires not just the assent but the active cooperation of this sector. Such cooperation, however, requires some institutional acceptance that climate change is indeed a significant risk. In this article, the authors look at the early stages of the automobile industry’s engagement with the discourse on climate change. The authors focus, in particular, on the role of corporate scientists in two U.S. automobile companies in translating this discourse. Acting as boundary spanners and institutional entrepreneurs, these individuals influenced both corporate perceptions of and responses to climate change science.
Exponential bases on two dimensional trapezoids

We discuss existence and stability of Riesz bases of exponential type of L^2(T) for special domains T called trapezoids. We construct exponential bases on L^2(T) when T is a finite union of rectangles with the same height. We also generalize our main theorems in dimension d\ge 3.
Institutional Investor Portfolio Stability and Post-IPO Firm Survival: A Contingency Approach

This study examines the influence of institutional investor portfolio stability on the survival of 379 IPO firms that went public in 1997. I find a negative relationship between the amount of stable institutional investment in and newly public firms and post-IPO firm failure. Consistent with multiple agency theory I also find that outside director board control weakens the influence of stable institutional investment on post-IPO firm failure. These results provide support for multiple agency theory and highlight the importance of differences among and between principals and agents in the post-IPO setting.
Intrinsic broadening of the transverse momentum spectra in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions?

Abstract The mean transverse momentum in high energy nuclear collisions is studied. The formation of a Color Glass Condensate results in an increase of the square of the mean transverse momentum with the charged multiplicity per unit rapidity and unit transverse area. This prediction is in agreement with the presently available data, in particular with the heavy-ion data, lending support to the notion that the transverse momentum spectra in ultrarelativistic collisions of heavy nuclei might be controlled by intrinsic p T broadening and not by hadronic rescattering, i.e., transverse flow.
Quality contingent contracts : evidence from Tanzania's coffee market

The literature on product quality in markets where product attributes are not readily observable indicates that information asymmetries and incentive problems may lead to the under-provision of quality. This paper contributes to this literature by estimating the effects of village-level contractual arrangements on producer incomes and on quality enhancing production practices. Three contract types are studied: spot contracts, contingent contracts with product grading and contingent contracts without product grading. To do this, the study uses original data from a survey of 450 coffee producers in Tanzania's coffee market that take advantage of contractual variation in the Kilimanjaro region. The results indicate that coffee contracts that include village-based product grading have a large positive effect on producer incomes, and that the grading effect is associated with production practices that enhance quality. The results also indicate that cooperative membership has no significant effect on producer incomes.
Inference of ecological interaction networks

The inference of the interactions between organisms in an ecosystem from observational data is an important problem in ecology. This paper presents a mathematical inference method, originally developed for the inference of biochemical networks in molecular biology, adapted for the inference of networks of ecological interactions. The method is applied to a network of invertebrate families (taxa) in a rice field.
Velocity Measurements in a Three-Dimensional Compressible Base Flow

The velocity field in the base region of a circular cylinder with a length-to-radius ratio of 3.0 aligned at a 10-deg angle of attack to a nominal Mach 2.5 freestream has been investigated experimentally. The objective is to better understand the mechanisms that govern the characteristics and development of three-dimensional, compressible base flows. Laser Doppler velocimetry was used to measure both mean velocity components and turbulence statistics
Global and Local Information in Clustering Labeled Block Models

The stochastic block model is a classical cluster-exhibiting random graph model that has been widely studied in statistics, physics, and computer science. In its simplest form, the model is a random graph with two equal-sized clusters, with intracluster edge probability $p$ , and intercluster edge probability $q$ . We focus on the sparse case, i.e., $p, q = O(1/n)$ , which is practically more relevant and also mathematically more challenging. A conjecture of Decelle, Krzakala, Moore, and Zdeborova, based on ideas from statistical physics, predicted a specific threshold for clustering. The negative direction of the conjecture was proved by Mossel, Neeman, and Sly (2012), and more recently, the positive direction was independently proved by Massoulie and Mossel, Neeman, and Sly. In many real network clustering problems, nodes contain information as well. We study the interplay between node and network information in clustering by studying a labeled block model, where in addition to the edge information, the true cluster labels of a small fraction of the nodes are revealed. In the case of two clusters, we show that below the threshold, a small amount of node information does not affect recovery. On the other hand, we show that for any small amount of information, efficient local clustering is achievable as long as the number of clusters is sufficiently large (as a function of the amount of revealed information).
A fluorogenic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 3-azidocoumarins and acetylenes.

Copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nonfluorescent 3-azidocoumarins and terminal alkynes afforded intense fluorescent 1,2,3-triazole products. The mild condition of this reaction allowed us to construct a large library of pure fluorescent coumarin dyes. Since both azide and alkyne are quite inert to biological systems, this reaction has potential in bioconjugation and bioimaging applications.
Initial determination of the spins of the gluino and squarks at LHC

In principle particle spins can be measured from their production cross sections once their mass is approximately known. The method works in practice because spins are quantized and cross sections depend strongly on spins. It can be used to determine, for example, the spin of the top quark. Direct application of this method to supersymmetric theories will have to overcome the challenge of measuring mass at the Large Hadron Collider, which could require high statistics. In this paper, we propose a method of measuring the spins of the colored superpartners by combining rate information for several channels and a set of kinematical variables, without directly measuring their masses. We argue that such a method could lead to an early determination of the spin of gluino and squarks. This method can be applied to the measurement of spin of other new physics particles and more general scenarios.
Selective encryption for consumer applications

Selective encryption is a technique to save computational complexity or enable interesting new system functionality by only encrypting a portion of a compressed bitstream while still achieving adequate security. Although suggested in a number of specific cases, selective encryption could be much more widely used in consumer electronic applications ranging from mobile multimedia terminals through digital cameras were it subjected to a more thorough security analysis. We describe selective encryption and develop a simple scaler quantizer example to demonstrate the power of the concept, list a number of potential consumer electronics applications, and then describe an appropriate method for developing and analyzing selective encryption for particular compression algorithms. We summarize results from application of this method to the MPEG-2 video compression algorithm.
Decoupling the Information Application from the Information Creation: Video as Learning Objects in Three-Tier Architecture

In this paper a new three-tier video application infrastructure is proposed. Video learning object is introduced as the intermedia tier and it connects the video metadata and video application tier. In addition to the traditional text metadata such as title and description, a wide range of visual metadata including key frames, video storyboards, and fast-forward video are integrated into the video learning object. The visual metadata is organized in hierarchical structure. Video timestamps are used to “mark” different video channels (i.e., visual channel, audio channel, text channel) for the purpose of synchronization. A MPEG-7 compatible XML metadata schema was developed to encode the video learning objects to achieve the reusability and interoperability—different video applications can use the same video learning object without having to reinvent the wheel. A semi-automatic video metadata authorization system called Video Annotation and Summary Tool (VAST) was developed to facilitate the creation of video metadata. The automatic process generates a series of key frame “candidates” (primitive frames) but human beings have to manually select the key frames. The number and the image size of the primitive frames are reconfigureable. The fast-forward version of the original video can also be created from the primitive frames. Finally, we demonstrate how the new three-tier infrastructure is used to guide the development of two independent video application projects: the Open-video digital library project and distance learning using the Interactive Shared Educational Environment (ISEE) project. Both projects utilize the same set of video learning objects.
The long run implications of a two sector model with immobile capital

Keynesian IS-LM models assume the production of a single homogenous commodity which can either be consumed or added to an immobile capital stock. Elsewhere the short run implications of both fixed and flexible wage versions of this model were found altered when consumer and investment goods are produced in separate industries and sold for different prices. This paper reports the long run implications of such models. It turns out that qualitatively the steady state multipliers for the one and two commodity models are virtually identical.
Choosing Expensive Tastes

The possibility that individuals might have expensive tastes is the basis of arguments for and against various theories of how social resources should be allocated. Expensive tastes play a role, for example, in Dworkin's advocacy of equality of resources rather than welfare, in Rawls's account of primary goods, in Scanlon's argument for an objective criterion of well-being, and in Arneson's favoring of equality of opportunity for welfare rather than equality of welfare. Much of the argument about whether expensive tastes should be treated distinctively concerns whether or not individuals choose to have such tastes. If individuals are simply born with different tastes, or perhaps if they develop them through socialization when young, it is suggested, individuals should not be seen as responsible for their expensive tastes. However, it is argued that individuals should not be com pensated for expensive tastes that they have freely chosen — or would hypothetically have chosen — to cultivate.
A Simple and Practical Algorithm for Differentially Private Data Release

We present a new algorithm for differentially private data release, based on a simple combination of the Multiplicative Weights update rule with the Exponential Mechanism. Our MWEM algorithm achieves what are the best known and nearly optimal theoretical guarantees, while at the same time being simple to implement and experimentally more accurate on actual data sets than existing techniques.
Relaxation of the cosmological constant in a movable brane world

We present numerical evidence that a domain wall in a background with varying vacuum energy density acquires velocity in the direction of decreasing Hubble parameter. This should lead to at least a partial relaxation of the cosmological constant on the wall.
Abnormal angiogenesis in diabetes mellitus.

The adverse long-term effects of diabetes mellitus have been well described and involve many organ systems. While diabetes management has largely focused on control of hyperglycemia, the presence of abnormalities of angiogenesis may cause or contribute to many of the clinical manifestations of diabetes. When compared with non-diabetic subjects, diabetics demonstrate vascular abnormalities of the retina, kidneys, and fetus. Diabetics have impaired wound healing, increased risk of rejection of transplanted organs, and impaired formation of coronary collaterals. In each of these conditions, and possibly in diabetic neuropathy as well, abnormalities of angiogenesis can be implicated in the pathogenesis. A perplexing feature of the aberrant angiogenesis is that excessive and insufficient angiogenesis can occur in different organs in the same individual. In this review, the clinical features, molecular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic options of abnormal angiogenesis in diabetes will be reviewed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 23, No. 2, 117–145, 2003
Extended acceleration in slot gaps and pulsar high-energy emission

We revise the physics of primary electron acceleration in the "slot gap" (SG) above the pulsar polar caps (PCs), a regime originally proposed by Arons and Scharlemann (1979) in their electrodynamic model of pulsar PCs. We employ the standard definition of the SG as a pair-free space between the last open field lines and the boundary of the pair plasma column which is expected to develop above the bulk of the PC. The rationale for our revision is that the proper treatment of primary acceleration within the pulsar SGs should take into account the effect of the narrow geometry of the gap on the electrodynamics within the gap and also to include the effect of inertial frame dragging on the particle acceleration. We show that the accelerating electric field within the gap, being significantly boosted by the effect of frame dragging, becomes reduced because of the gap geometry by a factor proportional to the square of the SG width. The combination of the effects of frame dragging and geometrical screening in the gap region naturally gives rise to a regime of extended acceleration, that is not limited to favorably curved field lines as in earlier models, and the possibility of multiple-pair production by curvature photons at very high altitudes, up to several stellar radii. We present our estimates of the characteristic SG thickness across the PC, energetics of primaries accelerated within the gap, high-energy bolometric luminosities emitted from the high altitudes in the gaps, and maximum heating luminosities produced by positrons returning from the elevated pair fronts. The estimated theoretical high-energy luminosities are in good agreement with the corresponding empirical relationships for gamma-ray pulsars. We illustrate the results of our modeling of the pair cascades and gamma-ray emission from the high altitudes in the SG for the Crab pulsar. The combination of the frame-dragging field and high-altitude SG emission enables both acceleration at the smaller inclination angles and a larger emission beam, both necessary to produce widely-spaced double-peaked profiles.
Chemical Signatures of Fossilized Resins and Recent Plant Exudates

Amber is one of the few gemstones based on an organic structure. Found over most of the world, it is the fossil form of sticky plant exudates called resins. Investigation of amber by modern analytical techniques provides structural information and insight into the identity of the ancient plants that produced the source resin. Mass spectrometric analysis of materials separated by gas chromatography has identified specific compounds that are the basis of a reliable classification of the different types of amber. NMR spectroscopy of bulk, solid amber provides a complementary classification. NMR spectroscopy also can be used to characterize modern resins as well as other types of plant exudates such as gums, gum resins, and kinos, which strongly resemble resins in appearance but have very different molecular constitutions.
Convergence or Divergence in Food Demand: Comparison of Trends in the EU and North America

Whether food demand is "converging" is tested in two ways. First, the convergence of food expenditures among 18 high-income countries is examined from 1990 to 2004. Convergence is apparent in total expenditures, cereals, and meats, even after correcting for differences in income and levels of protection. Second, specific food retailing and product introduction patterns are examined for the US, Canada, and four northern European countries for the past two decades. These show increasing shares for retail outlets selling standardized products, and increased preference for convenience, upscale, and natural product attributes across all six countries.
Surface EMG and motor control of the upper extremity in muscular dystrophy: a pilot study

The specific aims of the study were to determine the level of EMG signals of selected arm muscles of a person with MD and identify muscular synergism. A series of tests were designed to record EMG during maximal isometric force application and muscular activity during isotonic arm motion. A test-bed was constructed where the subjects were seated next to a table and were asked to apply maximum radial force with their elbow flexed at 30/spl deg/. A hovering air bearing was used to support the arm so as to minimize friction. Four subjects were selected to participate in the preliminary study: two healthy individuals, one with Becker's type MD and one with Duchenne's type MD.
Roll-forward and rollback recovery: performance-reliability trade-off

Performance and reliability trade-offs depend on the recovery scheme used in any fault-tolerant system. Gain in performance, using comparable resources, typically requires sacrifice in reliability, and vice-versa. Roll-forward schemes for duplex systems achieve better performance than rollback schemes, without a significant increase in hardware resource requirements. This paper compares two roll-forward schemes with two roll-back schemes. It is shown that the roll-forward schemes improve performance with only a small loss in reliability as compared to rollback schemes.
Disulfido metal carbonyl complexes containing manganese.

An Account of recent studies of the chemistry of new disulfido metal carbonyl complexes containing manganese is presented. The coordination of the disulfido ligands, the nature of reactions at the manganese atom(s) and the nature of insertion reactions at the disulfido ligands are discussed.