cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ampicillin Dose for Early and Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in Neonates.

Ampicillin is frequently used in neonates for early- and late-onset group B streptococcal (GBS) disease. In 2019, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published guidelines for GBS which included updated dosing recommendations for ampicillin for bacteremia and provided specific dosing recommendations for meningitis. The dosing recommendations in the guidelines were based off the 2018 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases (i.e., Red Book), which differed from the 2015 Red Book. For bacteremia, no dosing changes were recommended for ampicillin dosing in neonates ≤ 7 days of postnatal age (PNA), but less frequent dosing intervals were recommended for neonates > 7 days PNA. For meningitis, increased dosing recommendations were provided in the update. However, the rationale and supporting evidence for these changes were not provided. A literature search was performed to review articles pertaining to the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and safety of ampicillin in neonates. The ampicillin dosing recommendations in the AAP guidelines were mainly supported by a 2014 publication that evaluated the PK and PD of ampicillin in neonates with gestational age (GA) of 24 to 41 weeks and PNA of 0 to 25 days. The proposed dosing from this study for bacteremia is included in the 2018 Red Book and 2019 guidelines. For meningitis, no supporting evidence was identified for the dosing recommendations in the 2018 Red Book and 2019 guidelines. Only one study has evaluated ampicillin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid, but proposed dosing from this study was much lower than that included in the guidelines. The high ampicillin doses for GBS meningitis should be used with caution, as high ampicillin concentrations have been associated with seizures and no studies have evaluated efficacy of this dosing strategy. The purpose of this review is to identify key pieces of literature regarding dosing recommendations and safety of ampicillin in neonates. Key Points
Insulinoma With Concomitant Insulin Antibodies.

Abstract Objective The coexistence of insulinoma and insulin antibodies is extremely rare. The aim of this novel case report is to inform physicians of the possibility of an insulinoma with concomitant insulin antibodies. Methods In this report, we describe a patient with symptomatic hypoglycemia confirmed with a 72-hour fast, who was subsequently found to have an insulinoma with concomitant elevation in his immunoglobulin G insulin antibody titer. Results The patient presented with initial symptoms of diaphoresis, confusion, and disorientation and was found unresponsive by a bystander. He had a fingerstick blood glucose of 36 mg/dL (reference 74-99 mg/dL), without exogenous insulin or sulfonylurea use. His symptoms resolved with administration of glucose. He was subsequently admitted for a 72-hour fast in which he developed neuroglycopenic symptoms 4 hours into the fast with fingerstick glucose of 47 mg/dL and serum glucose of 44 mg/dL (reference 74-99 mg/dL), C-peptide of 10.8 ng/mL (reference 0.5-2.7 ng/mL), insulin level of 106 μIU/mL (reference Conclusion The coexistence of insulinoma with insulin antibodies is novel, and to our knowledge, has never been published.
Growth and Division of the Peptidoglycan Matrix

Most bacteria are surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall that defines their shape and protects them from osmotic lysis. The expansion and division of this structure therefore plays an integral rol...
Overview of Mitigation Strategies that Reduce Traffic Demand

Managing travel demand is increasingly recognized as a means of addressing urban traffic congestion—especially in large metropolitan areas. Commonly called “transportation demand management” (TDM), the strategy focuses on reducing the demand for single occupant vehicles. Emphasis is typically placed on reducing vehicle-miles of travel (VMT).
Interpretation of aircraft multispectral scanner images for mapping of alteration with uranium mineralization, Copper Mountain, Wyoming

NS-001 multispectral scanner data (0.45-2.35 micron) combined as principal components were utilized to map distributions of surface oxidation/weathering in Precambrian granitic rocks at Copper Mountain, Wyoming. Intense oxidation is found over granitic outcrops in partly exhumed pediments along the southern margin of the Owl Creek uplift, and along paleodrainages higher in the range. Supergene(?) uranium mineralization in the granites is localized beneath remnant Tertiary sediments covering portions of the pediments. The patterns of mineralization and oxidation are in agreement, but the genetic connections between the two remain in doubt.
A Rough Guide to Global Intellectual Property Pluralism

Almost everyone can agree that the original connection of intellectual property to trade was for purely economically instrumental purposes but few would have predicted its other consequences, particularly the reshaped relationship of intellectual property’s innovation mandate to the production of other public goods. A pluralism lens may sharpen our focus of how and when private means facilitated by intellectual property meet appropriate publicly-defined global governance ends such as development. It can expose the multiplicity of forces - the newer actors, directions and domains - within global intellectual property that still lodge ultimate accountability in the public policy decisions of individual states and intergovernmental organizations. Just as significantly, global intellectual property pluralism can contribute to a more accurate normative understanding of what is occurring on the international plane where regulation of knowledge goods increasingly takes place, particularly its effects on the least advantaged among us. This chapter - in an edited volume to be published by Oxford University Press in 2010 - provides a rough guide to this sociolegal approach to intellectual property.
Thermodynamic and structural properties of the rare-earth Co3 hydrides

The thermodynamic and structural properties of the hydrides of the intermetallic compounds LnCo3 (Ln = Nd, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Y) are presented. Systematic changes in the absorption isotherms; the heat, entropy, and free energy of absorption; and the x-ray lattice parameters are discussed and interpreted.
Effect of Structural and Stereochemical Methylproline Isomers on Actinomycin Biosynthesis

The inhibitory effect of methylprolines on actinomycin biosynthesis by Streptomyces antibioticus was studied; the order of effectiveness was 3- >4- >5-methyl-dl-proline. Cis-3-methyl-dl-proline was 14 times more active than the trans isomer. It was also found that 4- and, possibly, 5-methylproline were incorporated into the actinomycin molecule. When 4-methylproline was present, three new actinomycins, representing 50 to 60% of the antibiotic mixture, were synthesized. Growth of the organism may be stimulated at concentrations (0.1 to 1.0 mug per ml) of 3-methylproline that inhibit antibiotic formation, thus providing additional evidence for a different mechanism of actinomycin synthesis from that of protein synthesis. Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, piperdine-2-carboxylic acid, and hydroxyproline (but not sarcosine) reversed the inhibition due to 3-methylproline.
Double mobility mitigates fading in ad hoc wireless networks

By investigating Doppler effects in mobile ad hoc networks, we show maximum Doppler shift f/sub m/ is proportional to a sum of speeds, Doppler power spectrum S(f) takes on an unfamiliar form, and an increase in mobility leads to lower RMS and effective Doppler spread and a more benign channel.
Effects of Frictionally Retarded Sea Breeze and Synoptic Frontal Passages on Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations in New York City

Abstract Temporal changes in the spatial distribution of sulfur dioxide concentrations in New York City resulting from the passage of sea breeze and synoptic fronts were studied using data from the New York University/New York City Urban Air Pollution Data Set. Results show that upwind portions of New York City experience decreasing concentrations with the passage of sea breeze fronts, while downwind portions experience increasing concentrations. Synoptic fronts produce increasing concentrations in the less urbanized areas to the east and west of Manhattan and decreasing concentrations in Manhattan. The one synoptic front which moved extremely slowly showed extreme frictional retardation and produced the opposite effects on the concentration field.
Achieving p-InxGa1-xN alloys with high In contents

Mg-doped In x Ga 1- x N alloys were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on semi-insulating c-GaN/sapphire templates. Hall effect measurements showed that Mg-doped In x Ga 1- x N epilayers are p-type for x up to 0.35. Mg-acceptor levels (E A ) as a function of x , ( x up to 0.35), were experimentally evaluated from the temperature dependent hole concentration. The observed E A in Mg-doped In 0.35 Ga 0.65 N alloys was about 43 meV, which is roughly 4 times smaller than that of Mg doped GaN. A room temperature resistivity as low as 0.4 Ωcm (with a hole concentration ~5 10 18 cm -3 and hole mobility ~3 cm 2 /Vs) was obtained in Mg-doped In 0.22 Ga 0.78 N. It was observed that the photoluminescence (PL) intensity associated with the Mg related emission line decreases exponentially with x. The Mg energy levels in InGaN alloys obtained from PL measurements are consistent with those obtained from Hall-effect measurements.
Levels of Involvement by Sonographers in Transesophageal Echocardiographic Examinations

A survey of hospital-based echocardiography laboratories in California, Oregon, and Washington was conducted to determine the level of sonographer involvement in transesophageal echocardiographic examinations. For the 113 sites included in the study, the levels of involvement were ranked in the following descending order: preparation and cleanup for the procedure (94%), manipulation of the ultrasound controls (94%), explanation of the procedure to the patient (58%), manipulation of the probe (13%), and insertion of the probe (2%). Sonographer education and registry was also studied to determine whether it was related to level of involvement, but no correlation was found.
Mutual fund advertising: Should investors take notice?

This research investigates the relationship between advertising, quality, and price in the mutual fund market, considering both equity and fixed income funds. The research considers these relationships based on the results for a time period following the advertisement. Given the complexity of the mutual fund purchase decision for investors, this research provides an initial investigation into whether investors can infer mutual fund quality and price from the presence of mutual fund advertising. Post-advertising period results show a negative relationship between advertising and fund quality, indicating that previously advertised funds exhibit weaker performance than nonadvertised funds. During the post-advertisement period, both equity and fixed income funds exhibit lower expenses (ie, price) than nonadvertised funds. These research findings and implications for theory are discussed.
The temperature dependence of the production of penicillinase in Bacillus cereus 569/H

Abstract The activity and amount of both the exo form and the cell-bound forms of penicillinase (penicillin amido-β-lactamase, EC 3.5.2.6) produced by the constitutive strain Bacillus cereus 569/H have been measured as a function of the temperature. The activity of both forms is relatively constant from 33 to 42 °C. Above this temperature, however, a rapid decrease in the activity is observed and virtually no activity can be detected in cells grown at 46 °C. At all temperatures, the exo-penicillinase is excreted into the medium only in the active form. Concurrent with the decrease in the amount of exo-penicillinase secreted is a parallel decrease in activity of the cell-bound penicillinase, which implies that the exo-penicillinase can only be formed from active cell-bound penicillinase. Although the activity of the cell-bound penicillinase decreases above 42 °C, there is a marked increase of a protein in the membrane of the same apparent electrophoretic mobility as purified penicillinase. It is postulated that the production of penicillinase occurs above 42 °C but that the loss of activity is the result of denaturation of the protein in an altered membrane. The loss of activity correlates well with a dramatic change in the fatty acid composition of the membrane above 42 °C.
Women's imaging: an oncologic focus

Advances in imaging technology have expanded the radiologist’s role in detection, diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of women with cancer. The American Cancer Society estimates that there will be 647,400 new cases of cancer in women in the United States in 2002, of which over half will be cancers of the breast or genital organs. Breast cancer will be diagnosed in 257,800 women (invasive in 203,500 and in situ in 54,300); an additional 81,400 women will be diagnosed with gynecologic malignancies. This issue of the Radiologic Clinics of North America focuses on the role of modern imaging techniques in treating women with breast and gynecologic cancers. Controversies remain regarding many aspects of breast imaging. Does screening mammography reduce breast cancer mortality? How useful is the standardized language used to describe mammograms? Can other modalities such as ultrasound or MR imaging supplement mammography in breast cancer screening and staging? What is the role of digital imaging and other new technologies? Articles addressing these issues should be of value to radiologists and clinicians who refer women for screening or diagnostic examinations of the breast. The diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer are often minimally invasive, with percutaneous biopsy for diagnosis and breast conserving therapy. How does one select the appropriate percutaneous biopsy method, and which lesions warrant excision after percutaneous biopsy? How does one track the patient after breast conservation, to assess adequacy of excision and diagnose recurrent disease? Analysis of these issues should be of use to practitioners. Close coordination is necessary between the radiologist and clinicians caring for the patient, as illustrated in the article on the role of breast imaging from the perspective of a dedicated breast surgeon. The articles on imaging gynecologic cancers brief the reader on what clinicians expect to learn from imaging and provide insight into the imaging findings and staging of these neoplasms. Interpretation of imaging studies of the pelvis after surgery, a complex subject, is addressed in a separate article. An array of cross-sectional imaging modalities is now available; information regarding the appropriate use of ultrasound, CT, and MR imaging should provide guidance for the reader. Cancer is the leading cause of death in American women age 40 to 79. The American Cancer Society estimates that there will be 267,300 deaths in women due to cancer in the United States in 2002, of which approximately one-fourth will be due to breast or gynecologic cancers. They project 39,600 deaths from breast cancer and 26,200 from gynecologic cancers. We hope that this issue of the Radiologic Clinics provides information that will be valuable to
Application of Ti: W barrier metallization for integrated circuits

Abstract Aluminum metallization is the most widely used for contacts and interconnections in integrated circuits. However, the solid state diffusion of aluminum in silicon during contact sintering or high temperature packaging can result in junction shorting or leakage in shallow ( 2 / ti:W/Al film test samples have shown that the resistivity of aluminum increases owing to diffusion of titanium or tungsten into the aluminum. However, the kinetic data show that no more than a 10% increase in the resistivity of the aluminum can be expected in the useful life of a device. High current stress data show that Ti:W/Al interconnections are comparable with those of aluminum films. Auger depth profiling of si/Ti:W/Al samples annealed at 450, 500 and 550°C in N 2 shows no aluminum at the Si-(Ti:W) interface. Application of the PtSi/Ti:W/Al metallization system for large-scale integrated circuits is described.
Effects of age on beta-adrenergic-mediated reflex responses to induced muscular contraction in beagles.

Abstract Aging significantly affects reflex cardiovascular (CV) responses to induced muscular contraction in anesthetized dogs. To further investigate whether age-related changes in β-adrenergic responsiveness contribute to these previously reported changes in reflex CV responses associated with advanced age, hemodynamic and regional blood flow (BF) responses to static hindlimb contration (HLC) were evaluated during α-chloralose anesthesia before and after β-adrenergic blockade (AB) in younger (2–3 years) and older (8–14 years) beagles. AB with propranolol resulted in significant (P ≤ 0.05) reductions in cardiac output, heart rate and mean arterial pressure at baseline, regardless of age. However, baseline stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance were only changed by AB in the older dogs. During HLC, AB had a similar effect (or lack of effect) on each of the five hemodynamic responses evaluated in both age groups. AB did not significantly change baseline BF (microspheres) to any of the individual abdominal organs evaluated in the younger dogs, but resulted in a reduction in baseline BF to five of eight abdominal organs in the older dogs. By contrast, AB resulted in attenuated, rather than accentuated, BF reductions during HLC to six of eight abdominal organs in the younger dogs but in only one of eight abdominal organs in the older dogs. Likewise, the combined BF reduction to all eight abdominal regions during HLC was attenuated only in the younger dogs, probably reflecting age-related changes in reflex sympathetic nerve responses to HLC rather than the effects of age on β-adrenergic mediated CV responses. Baseline BF was reduced in three of eight muscles after AB only in the older beagles. However, the BF response to three of four contracting muscles was unchanged after AB, regardless of age. These results demonstrate that baseline differences in the level of β-adrenergic stimulation and/or function in younger and older dogs are generally not associated with age-related differences in CV responses to HLC initiated in contracting muscles and mediated by reflex β-adrenergic CV stimulation.
Molecular Mechanisms, and Selective Pharmacological Rescue, of Rem-Inhibited CaV1.2 Channels in Heart

Rationale: In heart, Ca 2+ entering myocytes via Ca V 1.2 channels controls essential functions, including excitation–contraction coupling, action potential duration, and gene expression. RGK GTPases (Rad/Rem/Rem2/Gem/Kir sub-family of Ras-like GTPases) potently inhibit Ca V 1.2 channels, an effect that may figure prominently in cardiac Ca 2+ homeostasis under physiological and disease conditions. Objective: To define the mechanisms and molecular determinants underlying Rem GTPase inhibition of Ca V 1.2 channels in heart and to determine whether such inhibited channels can be pharmacologically rescued. Methods and Results: Overexpressing Rem in adult guinea pig heart cells dramatically depresses L-type calcium current ( I Ca,L ) (≈90% inhibition) and moderately reduces maximum gating charge ( Q max ) (33%), without appreciably diminishing the physical number of channels in the membrane. Rem-inhibited Ca V 1.2 channels were supramodulated by BAY K 8644 (10-fold increase) compared to control channels (3-fold increase). However, Rem prevented protein kinase A–mediated upregulation of I Ca,L , an effect achieved without disrupting the sympathetic signaling cascade because protein kinase A modulation of I KS (slow component of the delayed rectifier potassium current) remained intact. In accord with its functional impact on I Ca,L , Rem selectively prevented protein kinase A– but not BAY K 8644–induced prolongation of the cardiac action potential duration. A GTP-binding-deficient Rem[T94N] mutant was functionally inert with respect to I Ca,L inhibition. A chimeric construct, Rem 265 -H, featuring a swap of the Rem C-terminal tail for the analogous domain from H-Ras, inhibited I Ca,L and Q max to the same extent as wild-type Rem, despite lacking the capacity to autonomously localize to the sarcolemma. Conclusions: Rem predominantly inhibits I Ca,L in heart by arresting surface Ca V 1.2 channels in a low open probability gating mode, rather than by interfering with channel trafficking. Moreover, Rem-inhibited Ca V 1.2 channels can be selectively rescued by BAY K 8644 but not protein kinase A–dependent phosphorylation. Contrary to findings in reconstituted systems, Rem-induced ablation of cardiac I Ca,L requires GTP-binding, but not membrane-targeting of the nucleotide binding domain. These findings provide a different perspective on the molecular mechanisms and structural determinants underlying RGK GTPase inhibition of Ca V 1.2 channels in heart, and suggest new (patho)physiological dimensions of this crosstalk.
The cross-convolution method for interpreting SKS splitting observations, with application to one and two-layer anisotropic earth models

We present a new method for determining anisotropic earth models using observations of split shear waves (such as SKS). The method consists of first constructing two time-series, x(t) and y(t), that contain information concerning both the observed seismograms and a hypothetical earth model, and then varying the earth model so as to minimize the misfit. e(t) = x(t) - y(t). The time-series are defined by the rules, x(t) = h p r e (m, t)* V o b s (t) and y(t) = v p r e (m, t)*H o b s (t), where V o b s (t) and H o b s (t) are the observed radial-horizontal and tangential-horizontal component seismograms, respectively, v p r e (m, t) and h p r e (m, t) are the radial-horizontal and tangential-horizontal impulse responses, respectively, predicted by some earth model, m, and * denotes convolution. The best-fitting earth model is the one that minimizes ∥e(t)∥ 2 with respect to m, where ∥.∥ is an amplitude-normalized L 2 norm. This definition of misfit is insensitive to the source wavelet, and thus eliminates that unknown quantity from the problem. We show that this method yields estimates of one-layer splitting parameters that are very similar to those achieved through traditional means, but that unlike those traditional methods it can be applied to more complicated models (e.g. multilayer anisotropy) without recourse to approximate 'apparent splitting' parameters. We apply the method to synthetic SKS pulses generated for two-layer anisotropic earth models, and show that it can successfully recover information concerning both layers. We then apply the method to SKS and PKS data from Pinon Flat, California (PFO) on the San Andreas fault. This station has been studied previously by Ozalaybey & Savage, Liu et al. and Polet & Kanamori, who provide two-layer solutions based on modelling of the azimuthal variation of apparent splitting parameters. Our results are broadly consistent with theirs, but provide additional information concerning the statistical significance of the two-layer solution. By this measure, none of the published two-layer solutions is significantly better than a one-layer solution, although all fit the waveform data better than the best-fitting one-layer solution. This result is consistent with the interpretations of Ozalaybey & Savage and Liu et al., who provide similar assessments of their two-layer solutions. The fact that neither our one-layer nor two-layer solutions does very well at reducing the overall misfit strongly suggests that some process other than two-layer anisotropy is affecting SKS and PKS waveforms at PFO.
Abstract 596: Combination of SAHA with dietary energy restriction for breast cancer prevention

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Studies of human populations and experimental models indicate that dietary energy restriction (DER) inhibits the development of breast cancer. Of the several candidate mechanisms that DER is known to affect, one that is the widely observed is the induction of class III histone deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Evidence is controversial as to whether induction of SIRT1 is essential for DER's cancer preventive activity or if it limits DER's effectiveness. Therefore an experiment was designed to determine if suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, would diminish or enhance the cancer preventive activity of DER. Female Sprague Dawley rats (n=30/group) were injected with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (50 mg/kg) at 21 days of age and 7 days thereafter were randomized to groups and fed either control diet (AIN-93G) or that diet formulation supplemented with 0.1% SAHA (w/w). Other treatment groups were 40% DER, or 0.1% SAHA+40% DER; diets were a modification of AIN93-G that assured that the only variables among groups were DER and/or SAHA. Rats were fed respective diets for 8 weeks. An additional group, 0.1% SAHA+40%DER-release, was fed 0.1% SAHA+40%DER diet for 5 weeks and released to control diet for the final 3 weeks of the experiment. Both 40%DER or 0.1%SAHA+40%DER significantly reduced mammary cancer incidence, the number of mammary adenocarcinomas per rat, and cancer burden, as well as prolonging cancer latency (p<0.01). After releasing rats from SAHA+DER, the number of mammary adenocarcinomas per rat was significantly lower and the cancer latency was still significantly longer than the control gp (p<0.05). The mechanisms of the cancer inhibition include effects on circulating factors, IGF1/IGFBP3, insulin, adiponectin, leptin, and C-reactive protein. Thus it does not appear that SIRT1 induction is not requisite for the cancer preventive activity of DER. Rather inhibition of cancer was associated with cellular AMPK activation and Akt-mTOR down regulation by SAHA+DER with additional effects being mediated via FOXO3a. Supported by PHS grant CA52626 from the National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 596. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-596
Perception of Individuals with Voice Disorders by Monolingual English, Bilingual Cantonese-English, and Bilingual Russian-English Women.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of monolingual English, bilingual Cantonese–English, and bilingual Russian–English speakers toward individuals with voice disorders. Method In a mixed experimental design, a total of 30 older and 29 younger female listeners from the 3 language groups rated the voices of 10 females, each with a mild, moderate, or severe voice disorder or with no voice disorder. A semantic differential scale was used to rate the speakers on 21 attributes. Results Results indicate that the perception of individuals became increasingly negative as the severity of the disorder increased. Results also indicate that Cantonese–English bilinguals rated the individuals with severe voice disorders more negatively than did English monolinguals and that the language groups differed in their ratings for the attributes of beautiful, lovable, clean, and young. There was no overall effect of age of listener. Conclusion The study demonstrates that although the language groups w...
The Ongoing Cognitive Processing of Exclusionary Social Events: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials

Exclusionary social events are known to cause alterations in neural activity and attention-related processes. However, the precise nature of these neural adjustments remains unknown as previous research has been limited to examining social interactions and exclusionary events as unitary phenomena. To address this limitation, we assessed neural activity during both inclusionary and exclusionary social interactions by examining event-related brain potentials at multiple points within each social event. Our results show an initial enhancement of anterior cingulate cortex -related activation, indexed by the anterior N2, in response to specific exclusionary events followed by an enhanced attentional orienting response, indexed by the P3a, to later segments of each exclusionary event. Decreases in this P3a activation from social inclusion to social exclusion were associated with self-reported increases in anxiety, negative affect, and feelings of depression from inclusion to exclusion. Together, these findings provide novel insights into the dynamic and ongoing neural processes associated with attentional allocation toward social exclusion and the nature of the relationships between neural and behavioral reactions to exclusionary social interactions.
p63 protein expression is rare in prostate adenocarcinoma: implications for cancer diagnosis and carcinogenesis.

Objectives. To examine the expression of the p63 protein in normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic human prostatic tissue. The p63 gene, a member of the p53 gene family, is expressed in the basal epithelial cells of multiple organs. Irregularities in p63 expression have been associated with epithelial carcinogenesis. Methods. We performed immunohistochemistry with an anti-p63 antibody on specimens from radical prostatectomies, prostate needle biopsies, and metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. We analyzed p63 expression in regions of normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, and adenocarcinoma. Results. Basal epithelial cells in normal, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia tissue stained intensely for the p63 polypeptide, but the vast majority of adenocarcinoma specimens from 233 patients—66 (94%) of 70 radical prostatectomies, 132 (89%) of 148 prostate needle biopsies, and 14 (93%) of 15 metastases—did not. In tumors in which the adenocarcinoma cells were positive, the staining intensity was weak and occurred in less than 1% of the cells. Tumors that stained positive for p63 were more likely to be high grade than those that did not (P <0.0001). Basal cells in PIA expressed p63, but these cells were sparsely distributed relative to the basal cells in the normal glands. Luminal cells in PIA were, in general, negative for p63. Conclusions. In contrast to normal and preneoplastic prostatic tissue, the vast majority of prostate adenocarcinomas do not express p63. Therefore, p63 immunohistochemistry represents a potential novel adjuvant method for facilitating the pathologic diagnosis of prostate cancer in prostate needle biopsies. The selective expression of p63 in normal basal cells, coupled with the finding that p63 null mice fail to develop prostates, provides strong evidence that the basal cells represent prostatic epithelial stem cells. In addition, these findings suggest that p63 may protect prostatic epithelial cells against neoplastic transformation and support the hypothesis that intermediately differentiated cells in the luminal epithelium of PIA are the targets of neoplastic transformation in the prostate.
Exact results for a linear chain planar EQQ model

Abstract A linear chain planar EQQ model is studied using the transfer matrix method. The specific heat is found to vary as T2 in the high-temperature limit and is linear in T in the low-temperature to the leading orders.
Quantitative ultrastructure of histochemically identified avian skeletal muscle fiber types

A cryostat retrieval method and combined adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and acetylcholinesterase (AChase) method were used to study the ultrastructure and innervation of histochemically identified skeletal muscle fibers in different pigeon muscles. The Z-line structure and volume percentage sarcotubular system were analyzed from different muscles selected for their composition by fiber type. Histochemically, three main fiber types were investigated: slow tonic fibers with a moderate ATPase activity after preincubation at acid or alkaline pH; fast-twitch fibers that had high activity after alkaline treatment and low activity after acid preincubation; and a type considered to be slow-twitch that had low activity after alkaline, and high after acid preincubation. Both the slow tonic and slow-twitch fibers had multiple, en grappe innervation, while the fast-twitch fibers had robust, single end plates. The Z-line of the fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers had a regular square lattice pattern, in contrast to the granular, nonlattice structure of the slow tonic Z-line. The volume percentage sarcotubular system of the slow-twitch fibers was intermediate between and significantly different from that of the fast-twitch and slow tonic fibers. These correlative analyses suggest that the avian muscles contain not only the fast-twitch and slow tonic fibers previously known, but also a slow-twitch fiber that appears to be intermediate between the tonic and the mammalian slow-twitch fiber type. Based on the abundance of the sarcotubular system, this fiber type appears to be fast-contracting and -relaxing, in spite of being multiply innervated.
Effect of Protectant Fungicide Application Schedules on Gummy Stem Blight Epidemics and Marketable Yield of Watermelon

The watermelon cultivar Royal Star was grown in fall 1996, spring and fall 1997, and spring 1998 and treated with 2.52 kg a.i./ha of the protectant fungicides mancozeb or chlorothalonil. Spray application schedules used in the experiments included two initiation times, sprays every 7, 10, or 14 days, and two termination times. Severity of gummy stem blight, caused by Didymella bryoniae, was high in fall 1996 and 1997, moderate in spring 1997, and low in spring 1998. In each experiment, fungicide applications reduced the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), percent leaf area diseased at the end of the season, time to reach 25% disease severity, or all three disease measurements relative to the nonsprayed control. In the 1996 and both 1997 experiments, 7-day spray intervals provided more effective disease control than 14-day intervals. In general, initiating sprays early reduced gummy stem blight compared with delayed sprays, but spray termination times did not affect AUDPC. In both fall experiments, fungicide applications increased yield of marketable fruit over the no-fungicide control. A 7-day spray interval increased marketable weight compared with a 14-day interval only in fall 1996. Weight of marketable fruit did not differ among treatments in either spring experiment. Differences in disease control among treatments often did not correspond to differences in marketable yields.
The Luminosity, Stellar Mass, and Number Density Evolution of Field Galaxies of Known Morphology from z = 0.5 to 3

The evolution of rest-frame B-band luminosities, stellar masses, and number densities of field galaxies in the Hubble Deep Fields North and South are studied as a function of rest-frame B-band morphological type out to redshift z ~ 3 using a sample of 1231 I 1, although examples of both types exist at z > 2. The number and number fraction of peculiar galaxies consistent with undergoing major mergers rise dramatically and consistently at redshifts z > 2. Through simulations we argue that this change is robust at the 4 σ level against morphological K-corrections and redshift effects. We also trace the evolution of rest-frame B-band luminosity density as a function of morphology out to z ~ 3, finding that the luminosity density is steadily dominated by peculiars at z > 1.5 with a peak fraction of 60%-90% at z ~ 3. By z ~ 0.5, B-band luminosity fractions are similar to their local values. At z ~ 1 the B-band luminosity densities of ellipticals and spirals are similar, with a combined contribution of ~90% of the total luminosity at z 2, 60%-80% of stellar mass appears attached to peculiars, while at z 2 is dominated by major merging, while at z < 1 the dominate modes are either minor mergers or quiescent star formation produced by gas infall. Finally, at z ~ 1.5 the comoving luminosity, mass, and number densities of spirals, ellipticals, and peculiars are nearly equal, suggesting that this is the "equilibrium" point in galaxy evolution and an important phase transition in the universe's history.
A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Economies of Vertical Integration

The objective of this paper is to develop a framework for quantitatively analyzing economic aspects of vertical integration by a firm. The model is based on a firm that possesses a multidimensional or lexicographic utility function in which some optimizing criteria are established for several variables. The two particular firm goals considered in this case are maximization of return on investment and reduction of short‐run risk. The effects of integration are considered first in terms of changes in costs under conditions of certainty and then in terms of changes in costs and/or uncertainty under imperfect market coordination. The latter situation occurs when the market mechanism is inadequate with respect to communicating the necessary or correct requirements of price and product specification.
Actin gene expression during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract The pattern of actin synthesis during Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis was examined by following the appearance of actin specific transcripts. Total or poly(A)+RNA from six embryonic stages was separated on methylmercury gels, transferred to diazobenzyloxymethyl (DBM) paper, and hybridized with actin coding and adjacent sequence probes. The results indicate that a 2-kilobase (kb) transcript is present throughout all embryonic stages; however, a second transcript of 1.77 kb is only detected at an appreciable level by 12 hr of development. These transcripts vary relative to each other in the amount and timing of synthesis, thereby indicating that they are independently regulated.
Tissue architecture and function: dynamic reciprocity via extra- and intra-cellular matrices.

Mammary gland development, functional differentiation, and homeostasis are orchestrated and sustained by a balance of biochemical and biophysical cues from the organ’s microenvironment. The three-dimensional microenvironment of the mammary gland, predominantly ‘encoded’ by a collaboration between the extracellular matrix (ECM), hormones, and growth factors, sends signals from ECM receptors through the cytoskeletal intracellular matrix to nuclear and chromatin structures resulting in gene expression; the ECM in turn is regulated and remodeled by signals from the nucleus. In this chapter, we discuss how coordinated ECM deposition and remodeling is necessary for mammary gland development, how the ECM provides structural and biochemical cues necessary for tissue-specific function, and the role of the cytoskeleton in mediating the extra—to intracellular dialogue occurring between the nucleus and the microenvironment. When operating normally, the cytoskeletal-mediated dynamic and reciprocal integration of tissue architecture and function directs mammary gland development, tissue polarity, and ultimately, tissue-specific gene expression. Cancer occurs when these dynamic interactions go awry for an extended time.
The importance of prayer for mind/body healing.

Topic A growing interest in using complementary and alternative modalities (CAM) to treat the patient as a whole. Purpose To address the use of prayer for mind/body healing in nursing practice. Sources Published research articles, studies, book chapters. Conclusions Key research studies show that CAM are gaining acceptance by healthcare providers. Prayer is especially growing as an alternative method for healing. Additional research is needed to demonstrate further the effectiveness of prayer as a CAM modality for mind/body healing.
Beyond elaborating the obvious: Context-dependent parental-involvement scenarios in a preschool program

Abstract Two years of data from HIPPY-MidWest City, a home-based preschool program, are analyzed using qualitative comparative analysis to assess the extent to which the involvement of parents in the program is contextually dependent. Two alternative scenarios are constructed on the basis of work on the nature of good service to high-risk populations and presented in the form of a model. I expected and found that parents in low-risk families would be highly involved no matter what level of additional family support for problems of living was provided by the program. I expected and found that parents in high-risk families, on the other hand, would only be highly involved if the program were able to provide additional support for the problems of living with which they were coping. The robustness of the conclusions and implications for future research are also discussed.
Family and twin studies on methacholine hypersensitivity

Essentially all asthmatics demonstrate a marked sensitivity to inhaled methacholine and histamine, termed non-specific bronchial (airway) hyperresponsiveness (BHR). Airway hyperresponsiveness is a characteristic not only of asthmatics, but can be found in many persons with allergic rhinitis as well as in members of asthmatics' families. The presence of BHR usually precedes the development of clinically identifiable asthma. In recent years there has been an emphasis on inflammation, inducing hyperresponsiveness. However, these factors increase airway hyperresponsiveness by a magnitude of only three-fold compared with normal subjects. The important question is not why asthmatics respond, but why normal subjects do not. The normal subjects are quite able to maintain normal airway function in the presence of high concentrations of methacholine or histamine in vivo but not in vitro, suggesting the presence of protective mechanisms in vivo that are either lacking in, or are less effective in, the asthmatic subjects. There is a strong correlation between the degree of airway hyperresponsiveness and the severity of asthma. In order to determine whether methacholine sensitivity could be used as a potential genetic marker, we studied 750 subjects from 53 asthma families and 26 control families. The best sensitivity and specificity is at 200 breath units. Only 6% of the allergic rhinitis subjects showed a high positive response, but 30% overlapped with asthmatics in that they reacted with 200 breath units or less. There was a group of non-atopic subjects from asthma families who responded by 200 breath units, but there was a significantly lower percentage from normal families. Being from an asthma family is a risk factor in terms of subsequent development of asthma and increased airway reactivity. The parent data suggest that airway reactivity is transmitted to succeeding generations. Studies of twins have revealed that the concordance of asthma is higher in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins, but environmental factors are at least as important as genetic factors. Animal models of asthma comparing genetic strains can provide an important link between airway hyperresponsiveness and the allergic response. The inheritance of asthma fits a polygenetic pattern rather than a single-gene pattern.
Effects of thinning on structural development in 40- to 100-year-old Douglas-fir stands in western Oregon

Abstract We studied the composition and structure of the understory in thinned and unthinned Douglas-fir/western hemlock stands on 32 sites in western Oregon. These stands had regenerated naturally after timber was harvested between 1880 and 1940; they were thinned between 1969 and 1984. Commercially thinned stands had 8–60% of their volume removed 10–24 years before the study. Undisturbed old-growth Douglas-fir stands were present for comparison on 20 of these paired sites. Conifer regeneration density and frequency were consistently greater in thinned than unthinned stands. For example, average seedling density in thinned stands (1433/ha) was significantly (p≤0.001) greater than in unthinned stands (233/ha), but very similar to that in old-growth stands (1010/ha). Seedling density and frequency were strongly related to the volume removed and to stand density index (and other measures of overstory density) just after thinning. In thinned stands, the density of small trees (intermediate crown class overstory trees and advanced regeneration) was 159/ha, significantly (p≤0.001) greater than in unthinned stands (90/ha), but not significantly different from that of old-growth (204/ha). The live crown ratio of these trees in thinned stands (66%) was greater than in unthinned (44%) and old-growth (48%) stands. Cover and stem density of shrubs was variable in all three stand types. There was significantly less tall shrub cover in unthinned stands than in either thinned or old-growth stands, which did not differ. Thinned stands had the most low shrub cover. Salal and bracken fern cover was greater in thinned stands than in the other stand types, but there was no difference in sword fern and Oregongrape cover. Leaf area index in thinned stands (6.6) was not significantly different from that in unthinned (6.8) and old-growth stands (7.1); however, there was more leaf area in shrubs in the thinned stands. Thinning young Douglas-fir stands will hasten the development of multistory stands by recruitment of conifer regeneration in the understory as well as by enabling the survival of small overstory trees and growth of advanced understory regeneration. Thinning will also help develop the shrub layer by increasing tall shrub stem density and cover of some low shrubs.
The News Factory

Based on team observational analysis of a television newsroom, we argue that an analogue for the local television news organization is a factory To illustrate a routinized news organization, we propose a factory model with five steps story ideation, task assignment, gathering and structuring materials, assembly, and newscast presentation The model reflects an assembly line approach to news that limits newsworkers' involvement in the organ ization and its product The specialization, routinization and mechanization of television newswork has four observable consequences inflexibility, lack of personal investment in the product, and evaluation of newswork in productivity terms, and a mismatch between newsworkers' expectations and the reality of the news factory
Perceptions of the appropriateness of negotiation in educational settings: A cross‐cultural comparison among Koreans and Americans

This study focused on perceptions of the appropriateness of negotiation among Koreans and mainstream Americans. Mainstream American college students (n = 193), Korean students in the U.S. (n = 75), and Korean students in Korea (n = 110) rated the appropriateness of negotiating with instructors and classmates in 13 situations. Results showed that while there were no significant differences between Korean students in the U.S. and in Korea, there were highly significant differences between the combined Korean group and the American group. Koreans found negotiation significantly less appropriate in 12 of the 13 situations (i.e., if the instructor had calculated points in an exam incorrectly, or if the class was not helping them learn). The findings point to the importance of cultural differences for the teaching and learning process.
Automated instrumental analysis of carbon and nitrogen in plant and soil samples

An automated CHN Analyzer was compared with the Walkley‐Black and Kjeldahl methods for organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Four organic compounds, twenty nine plant materials and five soils were t...