cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of glycine receptors in the lateral habenula rescues anxiety- and depression-like behaviors associated with alcohol withdrawal and reduces alcohol intake in rats.

The lateral habenula (LHb) is activated by a range of aversive states including those related to alcohol withdrawal and has glycine receptors (GlyRs), a sensitive target of alcohol. However, whether GlyRs in the LHb contribute to alcohol-related behaviors is unknown. Here, we report that rats experiencing withdrawal from chronic alcohol consumption showed higher anxiety and sensitivity to stress compared to their alcohol-naive counterparts. Intra-LHb injection of glycine attenuated these aberrant behaviors and reduced alcohol intake upon alcohol re-access. Glycine's effect was blocked by strychnine, a GlyR antagonist, indicating that it was mediated by strychnine-sensitive GlyRs. Conversely, intra-LHb strychnine elicited anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in Naive rats but not in withdrawal rats. Additionally, both the frequency and the amplitude of the spontaneous IPSCs were lower in LHb neurons in slices of withdrawal rats compared to naive rats. Also, there were sporadic strychnine-sensitive synaptic events in some LHb neurons. Bath perfusion of strychnine induced a depolarizing inward current and increased action potential firings in LHb neurons. By contrast, bath perfusion of glycine or sarcosine, a glycine transporter subtype 1 inhibitor, inhibited LHb activity. Collectively, these data reveal that LHb neurons are under the tonic glycine inhibition both in physiological and pathological conditions. Activation of GlyRs reverses LHb hyperactivity, alleviates aberrant behaviors, and reduces alcohol intake, thus highlighting the GlyRs in the LHb as a potential therapeutic target for alcohol-use disorders.
Imitation in ASD: Performance on an imitation choice task

Abstract Background Previous research has demonstrated mixed results with regard to the profile of imitation abilities in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). While most research has examined the question of “do” children with ASD imitate, little research has examined “what” they imitate. The answer to these questions is not always the same. Method Twenty-five children with a diagnosis of ASD and 41 children with typical development participated in an imitation task with an exact imitation condition (i.e., child could directly imitate the examiner’s actions) and a choice imitation condition (i.e., direct imitation was precluded). In the choice imitation condition, children could choose to imitate either the end result (goal) of the examiner’s action or the direction of the examiner’s action (path). Additionally, the way the action was performed (manner) was evaluated across both conditions. Results Results revealed that children with ASD and children with typical development showed similar proportions of path and goal imitation during the exact imitation condition. However, children with ASD showed less imitation of the manner component than the children with typical development. In the choice imitation condition, children with ASD demonstrated neither a path nor a goal preference while children with typical development showed a path preference. Conclusions Overall, the results suggest that what children with ASD choose to imitate differs from those that children with typical development choose; suggesting that children with ASD do imitate, but what they imitate is different. Implications for assessment of imitation and interventions that use imitation are discussed.
Effects of Various Left Ventricular Assist Device Models on Echocardiographic Markers of Aortic Compliance

Purpose The HeartMate 3 (HM3) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is known to cause increased shear stress on the aortic wall related to the acceleration phase of the artificial pulse. We hypothesized that aortic compliance, as assessed by 2D transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), would be increased in patients with the HeartMate 3 LVAD as compared to the Heartmate 2 (HM2) or HeartWare HVAD, based on the hemodynamic properties of each device. Methods We identified 30 patients with HM3, HM2, and HVAD left ventricular assist devices, respectively. The groups did not differ significantly in terms of age, gender, or rates of hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. For each patient, we identified the most recent echocardiogram with a recorded blood pressure at the time of the study. Ascending aortic diameters were measured 3 centimeters above the aortic valve in the parasternal long-axis view and used to calculate aortic strain and aortic distensibility, two markers of aortic compliance. The following calculations were used to obtain aortic strain and aortic distensibility: aortic strain = (aortic diameter end-systole - aortic diameter end-diastole) / aortic diameter end-diastole * 100 and aortic distensibility = 2 * aortic strain / pulse pressure * 1000. Results The HM3 had higher indices of aortic strain and aortic distensibility compared to the HM2 and HVAD patients, respectively. Aortic strain was significantly increased in the HM3 compared to the HM2 (8.3±3.1% vs. 6.2±1.9%, p=0.002) patients as well as compared to the HVAD patients (8.3±3.1% vs. 4.3±1.7%, p=0.0001). Aortic distensibility was not significantly increased between the HM3 and the HM2 patients (7.8±4.0 vs. 6.5±4.2 cm2dyne−110−3, p=0.23), but was significantly increased between the HM3 and the HVAD patients (7.8±4.0 vs. 4.4±2.6 cm2dyne−110−3, p=0.0002). Conclusion Echocardiographic markers of aortic compliance differ in HM3 LVADs compared to HM2 and HVAD models. This could be due to increased shear stress on the aortic wall in HM3 patients, though further studies with more robust methods of measuring aortic compliance are needed to confirm these results.
Gender Differences in Support for the Use of Military Force in Cross-National Perspective: The War System, Modernization, and the Universal Logics of Military Action

There is ample evidence from the US context that women, although hardly pacifist, are less supportive of the use of military force than are men. However, the evidence is largely restricted to one conflict episode (the first Gulf War), and there is almost no cross-national evidence that would allow us to evaluate important hypotheses (especially concerning the universality of gender differences). In this paper, I aim to close this gap in the evidence. The most important finding is this: Gender differences vary substantially across societies and within a number of international conflicts. The data therefore cast doubt on any theory that would predict constant gender differences, most importantly any biological explanation, but also the version of Goldstein’s hypothesis that relates universally gendered war socialization to the pervasiveness of the “war system”.
Gender and racial/ethnic differences in physiologic responses in the Stimulant Reduction Intervention using Dosed Exercise Study.

Abstract Exercise may be beneficial for individuals in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment given the higher rates of both medical and psychiatric comorbidity, namely mood and anxiety disorders, compared to the general population. Gender and/or racial/ethnic differences in health benefits and response to prescribed exercise have been reported and may have implications for designing exercise interventions in SUD programs. Method Data are from the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (NIDA/CTN) Stimulant Reduction Intervention using Dosed Exercise (STRIDE) trial. Gender differences across racial/ethnic groups in physiological responses and stimulant withdrawal severity across time were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. Results Males completed significantly more exercise sessions than females and were more adherent to the prescribed exercise dose of 12 Kcal/Kg/Week. Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, treatment group and stimulant withdrawal severity, there was a significant gender by time interaction for body mass index (BMI) (p Although baseline differences were observed, there were no time by race/ethnicity differences in physiologic responses. Discussion Gender differences in response to exercise may have implications for developing gender specific exercise interventions in SUD programs.
Biochemical and Thermochemical Conversion Performance of Densified Products for Biofuels Production

The primary question many biofuels producers have is the suitability of densified products for biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes to produce liquid fuels. In general, the belief is the densification of biomass will increase biomass recalcitrance for both biochemical and thermochemical conversions. This chapter will discuss the suitability of densified products such as pellets and briquettes for biochemical conversion and thermochemical conversion pathways, such as gasification, pyrolysis, and combustion.
Energy and Macronutrient Intake Among Children Aged 6-11 Years Old - China, 2016-2017.

What is already known on this topic? Low level energy and macronutrient intakes and dietary imbalances are still important issues and should be prioritized in children aged 6–11 years old in China. What is added by this report? Among children aged 6–11 years in China in 2016–2017, the average protein intake was 55.2 g/d in urban areas and was higher than the estimated 45.4 g/d in rural areas. The proportions of children whose protein intake were below the estimated average requirement (EAR) were about one-fifth in urban areas, and more than one-third in rural areas, respectively. What are the implications for public health practice? The undernutrition problem had changed into a nutritional imbalance problem among children aged 6–11 years in China. In addition to enriching the food supply and improving the dietary behavior, societies, schools, and families should make joint efforts to develop a feasible and appropriate dietary environment.
Creative and Expressive Arts in a Young Adult Problem-Solving Court and Its Influence on Participant Experience and Outcomes:

This research explores the integration of creative and expressive arts in a young adult problem-solving court and the perceived benefits of participation. The Young Adult Diversion Court (YADC) was...
Sacred and Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland since 1914: London, UK: Bloomsbury Press 208 pp., $115.00, ISBN 978-1-3500-1927-0 Publication Date: November 2019

The recent centenary observation of the First World War and ongoing reflection on the Irish Revolution have underscored many of the historic tensions regarding commemoration and remembrance. John W...
The Drawbacks of Empirical Metaphoric Reductionism

In this chapter and the next, I apply the argument made in Chap. 2 specifically (but all chapters in general) to the ideas that body-brain-originated metaphors determine our cognition (this chapter), and to the postmodern deflation of rationality and the self in postmodernism (Chap. 7). The argument shows how these two movements overlook and bury too much of what they presuppose, and in that sense are incomplete, contradictory, and self-defeating.
PhenClust, a standalone tool for identifying trends within sets of biological phenotypes using semantic similarity and the Unified Medical Language System metathesaurus.

Author(s): Wilson, Jennifer L; Wong, Mike; Stepanov, Nicholas; Petkovic, Dragutin; Altman, Russ | Abstract: ObjectivesWe sought to cluster biological phenotypes using semantic similarity and create an easy-to-install, stable, and reproducible tool.Materials and methodsWe generated Phenotype Clustering (PhenClust)-a novel application of semantic similarity for interpreting biological phenotype associations-using the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) metathesaurus, demonstrated the tool's application, and developed Docker containers with stable installations of two UMLS versions.ResultsPhenClust identified disease clusters for drug network-associated phenotypes and a meta-analysis of drug target candidates. The Dockerized containers eliminated the requirement that the user install the UMLS metathesaurus.DiscussionClustering phenotypes summarized all phenotypes associated with a drug network and two drug candidates. Docker containers can support dissemination and reproducibility of tools that are otherwise limited due to insufficient software support.ConclusionPhenClust can improve interpretation of high-throughput biological analyses where many phenotypes are associated with a query and the Dockerized PhenClust achieved our objective of decreasing installation complexity.
Passion contagion at work: Investigating formal and informal social influences on work passion

Abstract We integrate research in work passion, social influence, and social networks to examine whether work passion can be contagious and “spread” to others, such that an employee's passion is influenced by the broader social milieu to become more similar to that of a social referent. We investigate formal (supervisory) and informal (trust-based) referents, and also consider direct and indirect (through common third-parties) avenues through which passion contagion may occur. Using data from 70 full-time employees (providing 4830 pairwise observations) in a non-profit organization, we found that respondents' harmonious passion was more similar to that of people they trusted, but their obsessive passion was less similar to that of the same referents. Respondents who had similar trust relationships to third parties also reported less similar harmonious passion. For both forms of passion, we did not find evidence that employees' passion was related to that of their supervisors, or of coworkers who shared the same supervisor. Overall, the findings provide nuanced insights into whether and which workplace relationships have a role in shaping one's harmonious and obsessive work passion. In doing so, this study contributes to the work passion literature by extending the limited body of works on passion antecedents and the social aspects of passion.
Modeling, bench test and ride analysis of a novel energy-harvesting hydraulically interconnected suspension system

Abstract A novel energy-harvesting hydraulically interconnected suspension (EH-HIS) is proposed, modeled, built and tested in this paper to enhance riding comfort and road handling performances for vehicles while converting the vibration energy traditionally wasted into usable electricity. A sub-module prototype has been developed to validate the analytical model and tested to study the damping characteristics and energy harvesting capability of the EH-HIS. The studies are performed to compare the dynamic responses and energy harvesting performance of the full-vehicle equipped with the traditional suspension, hydraulically interconnected suspension (HIS), hydro-electromagnetic energy-harvesting shock absorber (HESA) and the proposed EH-HIS, respectively. Bench test results show that the damping coefficient of the EH-HIS ranges from 3608 to 9913 Ns/m. The average harvested power of the sub-module reaches 82 W at the excitation of 2 Hz frequency and 20 mm amplitude, while the full-size SUV equipped with the EH-HIS can obtain 215 W and 525 W average power on D-class road with a driving velocity of 60 km/h and 80 km/h, respectively. Moreover, the vehicle equipped with EH-HIS has better riding comfort on rough terrains and satisfying handling stability compared with other suspension systems. The analysis also indicates that EH-HIS exhibit 60% and 11% improvements in the anti-rolling and anti-pitching performances over the traditional suspension during emergency steering and braking maneuvers.
Response Properties of Striate Neurons in Area 17 of Siamese Cats

It is becoming increasingly clear that the visual system of Siamese cats is quite abnormal and provides an ideal substrate to study such important problems as acuity, stereopsis, strabismus, and the development of the mammalian visual system. The significant abnormalities are: 1. Misrouting of optic nerve fibers at the chiasm from a vertical strip of temporal retina near the area centralis (GUILLERY (1); GUILLERY & KAAS (2); KALIL, JHAVERI, & RICHARDS (3)); 2. Abnormal geniculocortical projections (KAAS & GUILLERY (4); HUBEL & WIESEL (5); GUILLERY, CASAGRANDE & OBERDORFER (6)); 3. Loss of binocularity in cortical neurons (HUBEL & WIESEL (5); COOL & CRAWFORD (7); KAAS & GUILLERY (4)); 4. Absence of stereopsis (PACKWOOD & GORDON (8)); 5. Abnormal visual fields (ELEKESSY, CAMPION & HENRY (9); GUILLERY & CASAGRANDE (10)); 6. Convergent strabismus (HUBEL & WIESEL (5); BLAKE & CRAWFORD (11); KAAS & GUILLERY (4); CHINO, SHANSKY & HAMASAKI (12, 13)); 7. Abnormal visual resolution (BLAKE & ANTOINETTI (14)); 8. Lack of pigment in the retinal epithelium (GUILLERY (1); GUILLERY & KAAS (2); KALIL, JHAVERI & RICHARDS (3)).
The conundrum of functional mitral regurgitation in chronic heart failure.

Heart failure begets mitral regurgitation (MR); MR begets heart failure. This incestuous and insidious relationship has long been known to contribute to the positive feedback loop that underlies progressive, pathologic ventricular remodeling in chronic heart failure (CHF). Yet, despite decades of
Transient Phenomena Originating at the Sun — An Interplanetary View

An overview is given of various phenomena observed by numerous spacecraft in the interplanetary medium. These phenomena are related to transient solar events such as flares and coronal holes. The effects of such transient solar events are extensive. At times, a solar event can affect the interplanetary medium out to distances as far as 17.2 AU and over a wide range of azimuthal angles. Also some phenomena, such as high frequency fluctuations (precursors of shocks) in the interplanetary medium, appear beyond 1 AU. Thus, transient phenomena are significantly modified by their passage through this medium. The conclusion is reached that transient events originating on the sun and passing through the interplanetary medium represent complex and significant physical problems.
Inquisitorial Punishments in Lisbon and Évora

portuguesSao analisadas as punicoes recebidas por mais de 8.000 pessoas condenadas pela Inquisicao Portuguesa entre 1636 e 1778. O encarceramento era, de longe, a punicao mais comum, representando mais de dois tercos de todas as sentencas. Cerca de seis por cento dos condenados foram executados. O exilio e as gales eram castigos comuns que asseguravam as necessidades do Estado, bem como as dos inquisidores. Figuras religiosas receberam punicoes sistematicamente diferentes para os mesmos "defeitos" de sodomia e apostasia. As punicoes aos cristaos-novos eram diferentes das que os cristaos-velhos recebiam; os cristaos-novos eram geralmente condenados a morte ou presos, enquanto os cristaos-velhos eram mais frequentemente exilados, acoitados e enviados para as gales. EnglishPunishments of more than 8,000 people sentenced by the Portuguese Inquisition from 1636 to 1778 are analyzed. Incarceration was by far the most common punishment, accounting for more than two thirds of all sentences. Around six percent of those sentenced were executed. Exile and the galleys were common punishments that met the State's needs, as well as those of the inquisitors. Religious figures received systematically different punishments for the same "defects" of sodomy and apostasy. New Christian punishments differed from those given to Old Christians; New Christians were more likely to die and be imprisoned, whereas Old Christians were exiled, whipped and sent to the galleys more frequently.
The Structure and Dynamics of the Solar Corona and Inner Heliosphere

This report covers technical progress during the third quarter of the second year of NASA Sun-Earth Connections Theory Program (SECTP) contract 'The Structure and Dynamics of the Solar Corona and Inner Heliosphere,' NAS5-99188, between NASA and Science Applications International Corporation, and covers the period February 16, 2001 to May 15, 2001. Under this contract SAIC and the University of California, Irvine (UCI) have conducted research into theoretical modeling of active regions, the solar corona, and the inner heliosphere, using the MHD model.In this report we summarize the accomplishments made by our group during the first seven quarters of our Sun-Earth Connection Theory Program contract. The descriptions are intended to illustrate our principal results. A full account can be found in the referenced publications.
Public Intimacy: Disclosure Interpretation and Social Judgments on Facebook

This research examines how sociotechnical affordances shape interpretation of disclosure and social judgments on social networking sites. Drawing on the disclosure personalism framework, Study 1 revealed that information unavailability and relational basis underlay personalistic judgments about Facebook disclosures: Perceivers inferred greater message and relational intimacy from disclosures made privately than from those made publicly. Study 2 revealed that perceivers judged intimate disclosures shared publicly as less appropriate than intimate disclosures shared privately, and that perceived disclosure appropriateness accounted for the effects of public versus private contexts on reduced liking for a discloser. Taken together, the results show how sociotechnical affordances shape perceptions of disclosure and relationships, which has implications for understanding relational development and maintenance on SNS.
Teaching Medical Students to Reflect More Deeply.

Problem: Although many studies have examined the importance of reflective writing in medical education, there is a scarcity of evidence for any particular intervention to improve the quality of reflection among medical students. Historically, students on our Internal Medicine clerkship were given a written reflection assignment without explanation of critical reflection. To facilitate the development of deeper reflection, a new curriculum was introduced. Intervention: A 90-minute workshop on critical reflection was introduced at the start of the Internal Medicine rotation. Key components included a video clip stimulating reflection, small- and large-group exercises, and a faculty member's personal reflection. Students were then asked to write two reflection papers. To minimize bias, the names and dates were removed from each reflection paper and combined with reflection papers from a historical control group. Four faculty used a previously validated tool, the REFLECT rubric, to independently grade the wri...
Quality of life assessment in renal transplant : review and future directions

We performed a systematic search of the literature using the MEDLINE (through 2006) database to identify the patient-reported outcome measures of quality of life (QOL) used most often in the renal transplant literature. After applying limits and reviewing references, we identified 338 renal transplant articles with a formal QOL assessment. Among the most frequently cited instruments were generic QOL tools, such as the Short Form-36, the Sickness Impact Profile, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire. Other frequently cited instruments were more targeted in nature, such as the End-stage Renal Disease-Symptom Checklist and the Kidney Disease Quality of life questionnaire. In the present article, we review the most commonly used instruments, their use in renal transplant, and suggest future directions to improve QOL assessment in this population.
Brittle and ductile friction and the physics of tectonic tremor

[1] Observations of nonvolcanic tremor provide a unique window into the mechanisms of deformation and failure in the lower crust. At increasing depths, rock deformation gradually transitions from brittle, where earthquakes occur, to ductile, with tremor occurring in the transitional region. The physics of deformation in the transition region remain poorly constrained, limiting our basic understanding of tremor and its relation to earthquakes. We combine field and laboratory observations with a physical friction model comprised of brittle and ductile components, and use the model to provide constraints on the friction and stress state in the lower crust. A phase diagram is constructed that characterizes under what conditions all faulting behaviors occur, including earthquakes, tremor, silent transient slip, and steady sliding. Our results show that tremor occurs over a range of ductile and brittle frictional strengths, and advances our understanding of the physical conditions at which tremor and earthquakes take place.
Bilateral primary choroidal melanoma treated with bilateral plaque radiotherapy: a report of three cases.

PURPOSE. To report three cases of bilateral primary choroidal melanoma treated with bilateral plaque radiotherapy. METHODS. Retrospective, single-center case series. RESULTS. Case 1: In 1981, a 50-year-old man was diagnosed with a 5-mm-thick choroidal melanoma in the right eye (OD) and treated with plaque radiotherapy. In 1994, a 6.8-mm-thick choroidal melanoma in the left eye (OS) was treated with plaque radiotherapy. Final visual acuity was light perception OD and 20/20 OS at 24 years follow-up. Case 2: In 1983, a 53-year-old woman was diagnosed with a 3.5-mm-thick choroidal melanoma OS and treated with plaque radiotherapy. In 2001, an enlarging 2.5-mm-thick choroidal melanoma OD was treated with plaque radiotherapy. Final visual acuity was 20/30 OD and 20/20 OS at 22 years follow-up. Case 3: In 2001, a 92-year-old man was diagnosed with a 7.9-mm-thick choroidal melanoma OD treated with plaque radiotherapy. In 2003, an enlarging 2.8-mm-thick juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma was treated with plaque radiotherapy. Final visual acuity was 20/70 OD and 20/60 OS at 2.5 years follow-up. No patient showed ocular melanocytosis. Stable tumor regression was achieved in all six eyes. Metastatic disease did not develop in any case over 16 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS. Monitoring of both eyes of patients with uveal melanoma is important for the remote possibility of melanoma in the second eye. In these three patients, plaque radiotherapy allowed for preservation of the globes and some vision.
Experimental investigation of freezing inside a thick-walled cylinder

Abstract A series of experiments were performed to investigate the effects of a thick wall on the freezing process occurring inside a cylindrical container. Two cylinders with different thermal diffusivity (k/ϱc) values were compared. To isolate the effects of the wall sensible energy, experiments were run for both a subcooled wall and the wall initially at the phase change material (PCM) fusion temperature. The PCM was initially at its fusion temperature for all cases. The base of the cylinder was maintained at a constant temperature in all but one case, where the lower boundary was approximately adiabatic. At several time steps, the mass fraction solidified and the phase front profile were determined. Measurements of the base heat flux and mean cylinder temperature were also obtained as functions of time. The fraction frozen vs time curves and the shape of the phase front profiles are compared for each set of conditions. The energy content of the wall can significantly affect both results. The data are presented in such a way as to encourage comparison with numerical computations of a similar complex-boundary freezing problem.
Creating and Detecting Shaped Rydberg Wave Packets

Inherently quantum mechanical, transient nanostructures with dynamics on a picosecond time scale can be produced by controlling the quantum dynamics of Rydberg electrons. Ultrashort, tailored light pulses are used to build structures in position and/or momentum space from the wave function of an electron. The optimal laser pulses required to make these structures can be computed and synthesized in the laboratory. As an example, we present a structure consisting of five peaks which acts as a time-dependent grating and can be detected via ultrafast extreme ultraviolet diffraction. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Variability of ultimate properties of elastomers

The measurement of the ultimate properties of elastomers is characterized by variability in the data. For example, when a sufficient number of specimens is tested, distributions in the values of the stress-at-break, strain-at-break, and time-to-break are commonly obtained. It is pointed out that such variability can be rationalized on the basis of variations in both the degree of crosslinking and in the size of naturally occurring flows present in the elastomer.
Designing river commissions to implement treaties and manage water disputes: the story of the Joint Water Committee and Permanent Indus Commission

States have signed hundreds of treaties and protocols over their shared rivers. Many of these agreements established commissions to implement the accords and maintain cooperation. Consistent with this expectation, the Israeli–Jordanian Peace Treaty established the Joint Water Committee (JWC). Through a comparison of the JWC with the Permanent Indus Commission, established to manage the Indus River between India and Pakistan, the paper argues that the JWC has been only somewhat effective. To account for the source of effectiveness it is necessary to consider the capabilities vested in commissions. Commissioners can fulfil their tasks when they communicate directly, hold regular meetings, monitor the river's development and possess conflict resolution mechanism.
Evolution of the Genomic Rate of Recombination in Mammals

Rates of recombination vary considerably between species. Despite the significance of this observation for evolutionary biology and genetics, the evolutionary mechanisms that contribute to these interspecific differences are unclear. On fine physical scales, recombination rates appear to evolve rapidly between closely related species, but the mode and tempo of recombination rate evolution on the broader scale is poorly understood. Here, we use phylogenetic comparative methods to begin to characterize the evolutionary processes underlying average genomic recombination rates in mammals. We document a strong phylogenetic effect in recombination rates, indicating that more closely related species tend to have more similar average rates of recombination. We demonstrate that this phylogenetic signal is not an artifact of errors in recombination rate estimation and show that it is robust to uncertainty in the mammalian phylogeny. Neutral evolutionary models present good fits to the data and we find no evidence for heterogeneity in the rate of evolution in recombination across the mammalian tree. These results suggest that observed interspecific variation in average genomic rates of recombination is largely attributable to the steady accumulation of neutral mutations over evolutionary time. Although single recombination hotspots may live and die on short evolutionary time scales, the strong phylogenetic signal in genomic recombination rates indicates that the pace of evolution on this scale may be considerably slower.
Software for electrophysiological experiments with a personal computer.

Abstract These programs were written for the IBM personal computer equipped with a Tecmar Labmaster analog interface board. The software operates under the MS-DOS operating system; it is written in compiled BASIC and employs short machine-language subroutines for crucial functions. Details are presented on the analog interface routines which make special use of the 9513 counter/timer chip on the Labmaster. Time resolution is about 32 μs per sample on the PC and 15 μs on the PC/AT. One series of programs performs traditional voltage- and current-clamp experiments on macroscopic currents in whole cells. A second series interfaces with a hardware window discriminator to capture single-channel events in a recirculating buffer, a stimulus can be triggered to fire during an open channel. Off-line programs perform standard analyses, and further processing can be performed with standard spreadsheet programs.
Phase Diagram of Rubidium to 150 000 kg/cm 2 and 400°C

A room temperature transition was found in rubidium at 107 000 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. It is characterized by an abrupt increase in electrical resistance of about 12 to 15%. The melting temperature increased with pressure in a normal manner up to about 25 000 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$; then the rate of rise diminished rapidly until a maximum melting point of about 280\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C was reached at 50 000 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Beyond this the melting point decreased with increasing presure. A triple point at 112 000 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C occurred at the junction of the solid I-II line and the melting line. Only electrical resistance type measurements were made. Other transitions might be shown by volume measurements.
System identification based on the distribution of time between zero crossings

Abstract A new method for system identification is proposed that is based on fitting the theoretical probability density function (PDF) for the time between zero crossings to a measured distribution of the crossing interval times. Using the theory first developed by Rice, an approximate closed-form expression for the probability density of the time between zero crossings of a linear single-degree-of-freedom system subject to a white noise excitation is obtained. The PDF is a function of the natural frequency and damping ratio of the system, and is accurate for a lightly damped system for time intervals up to the natural period of the system. To estimate the system natural frequency and damping ratio, the PDF is fitted to a histogram of measured crossing interval times, using the Levenberg–Marquardt non-linear least-squares technique. The approach is demonstrated using simulated data for systems with natural frequencies of 0·5, 1·0 and 2·0 Hz and damping ratios of 1, 2·5, 5 and 10%. The method is found to provide good results for the full range of system parameters studied, with errors in the predicted frequency of less than 1·5% and errors in the predicted damping ratio, on an average, less than 7%. The new method is intended to take advantage of technology that now exists in advanced low cost, battery operated, stand-alone instrumentation systems, and will be particularly beneficial in studies of large civil structures.
The continental slope off New England: A long-range sidescan-sonar perspective

The first continuous overview of a large segment of the continental slope and rise off the northeastern United States has been obtained using the GLORIA II long-range sidescan-sonar system. Extensive dissection by canyon and gully systems and evidence of possible large-scale sediment sliding are seen on the slope. The style and degree of incision, as well as the numbers and locations of canyons, have been found to differ significantly from previously published maps. It is suggested that the slope is a significant source of the sediment that has been deposited on the rise, and that some abrupt changes in the courses of canyons may be the result of local structural control.
IRS SCAN-MAPPING OF THE WASP-WAIST NEBULA (IRAS 16253-2429). I. DERIVATION OF SHOCK CONDITIONS FROM H2 EMISSION AND DISCOVERY OF 11.3 μm PAH ABSORPTION

The outflow driven by the Class 0 protostar, IRAS 16253–2429, is associated with bipolar cavities visible in scattered mid-infrared light, which we refer to as the Wasp-Waist Nebula. InfraRed Spectometer (IRS) scan mapping with the Spitzer Space Telescope of a ~1' × 2' area centered on the protostar was carried out. The outflow is imaged in six pure rotational (0-0 S(2) through 0-0 S(7)) H_2 lines, revealing a distinct, S-shaped morphology in all maps. A source map in the 11.3 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) feature is presented in which the protostellar envelope appears in absorption. This is the first detection of absorption in the 11.3 μm PAH feature. Spatially resolved excitation analysis of positions in the blue- and redshifted outflow lobes, with extinction-corrections determined from archival Spitzer 8 μm imaging, shows remarkably constant temperatures of ~1000 K in the shocked gas. The radiated luminosity in the observed H_2 transitions is found to be 1.94 ± 0.05 × 10^(–5) L_⊙ in the redshifted lobe and 1.86 ± 0.04 × 10^(–5) L_⊙ in the blueshifted lobe. These values are comparable to the mechanical luminosity of the flow. By contrast, the mass of hot (T ~ 1000 K) H_2 gas is 7.95 ± 0.19 × 10^(–7) M_⊙ in the redshifted lobe and 5.78 ± 0.17 × 10^(–7) M_⊙ in the blueshifted lobe. This is just a tiny fraction, of order 10^(–3), of the gas in the cold (30 K), swept-up gas mass derived from millimeter CO observations. The H_2 ortho/para ratio of 3:1 found at all mapped points in this flow suggests previous passages of shocks through the gas. Comparison of the H_2 data with detailed shock models of Wilgenbus et al. shows the emitting gas is passing through Jump (J-type) shocks. Pre-shock densities of 10^4 cm^(–3)≤ n _H ≤ 10^5 cm^(–3) are inferred for the redshifted lobe and n _H ≤ 10^3 cm^(–3) for the blueshifted lobe. Shock velocities are 5 km s^(–1) ≤ v_s ≤ 10 km s^(–1) for the redshifted gas and v_s = 10 km s^(–1) for the blueshifted gas. Initial transverse (to the shock) magnetic field strengths for the redshifted lobe are in the range 10-32 μG, and just 3 μG for the blueshifted lobe. A cookbook for using the CUBISM contributed software for IRS spectral mapping data is presented in the Appendix.
The Relationship Between Reproductive State and "Sexually" Dimorphic Brain Areas in Sexually Reproducing and Parthenogenetic Whiptail Lizards

The anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area and ventromedial hypothalamus are sexually dimorphic in the reproductively active whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus inornatus. The anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area, which is involved in the control of male-typical copulatory behaviors, is larger in males, whereas the ventromedial hypothalamus, which is involved in the control of female-typical receptivity, is larger in females. In the parthenogenetic whiptail lizard C. uniparens, which is a direct descendant of C. inornatus and exhibits both male-like and female-like pseudosexual behaviors, both brain areas are comparable in size to those of female C. inornatus. This study was conducted to determine whether these brain areas change in size in either species or sex during a time of year when these animals are reproductively inactive, or after removal of the gonads. In male C. inornatus both brain areas changed during reproductive inactivity (either seasonally or surgically induced) and became equivalent to the size characteristic of reproductively active female C. inornatus. When corrected for brain size, the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area was significantly smaller in intact hibernating and castrated males than in intact males from the summer breeding season. Conversely, the ventromedial hypothalamus was significantly larger in intact hibernating and castrated males than in intact males from the summer breeding season. The two brain areas were not significantly different among the groups of female C. inornatus or parthenogenetic C. uniparens. These results suggest that 1) the brain of whiptail lizards may differentiate seasonally and 2) the female state may be a neutral one to which the male brain reverts during reproductive inactivity.
MEASUREMENT OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING OF 15.7-MEV ELECTRONS

The angular distribution of electrons scattered by thin Be and Au foils has been measured for angles where the multiple scattering is important. The 1e widths of the distributions obtained with Au foils of 18.66 and 37.28 mg/cm2 are 2.58° and 3.76°, respectively. These widths are about 10 percent narrower than those calculated from the theories of Williams or of Goudsmit and Saunderson but are in good agreement with the calculations of Moliere. The 1e widths obtained with Be foils of 257 and 495 mg/cm2 are 3.06° and 4.25°. These widths are about 5 percent smaller than those given by Moliere's theory increased by (1+1Z)12 for the contribution of electron-electron collisions. The discrepancy may be qualitatively explained by the fact that the Thomas-Fermi screening used in the calculation is different from the effective screening in the Be metal. The scattering from the two Au foils was measured for larger angles where the scattering can be considered as single scattering modified by the effect of multiple scattering. The ratio of the scattering from the thick to the thin foil can be represented by the relation 2+95θ2 from 9° to 30°, and is in fair agreement with theoretical expressions for this ratio.
Considerations of the systematic error produced by the calibration plot in flame atomic emission spectrometry

The accuracy of chemical analysis by flame atomic emission spectrometry is influenced by the methods used to obtain the calibration plot. Experimental data are treated by several different methods to obtain calibration plots, which are then used to determine the accuracy of each method. In general, log-log plots are shown to be more accurate than are linear plots, especially at the higher analyte concentrations where the emission is no longer directly proportional to concentration.
Robust 3D street-view reconstruction using sky motion estimation

We introduce a robust 3D reconstruction system that uses a combination of the structure-from-motion (SfM) filter and the bundle adjustment. The local bundle adjustment provides an initial depth of a newly introduced feature to the SfM filter, and the filter enables to predict the motion of the camera while performing the reconstruction process. In addition, we increase the robustness of the rotation estimation by estimating the motion of the sky from cylindrical panoramas of street views. The sky region is segmented by a robust estimating algorithm based on a translational motion model in the cylindrical panoramas. We show that the combination of the SfM filter and the bundle adjustment with sky motion estimation algorithms produces a robust 3D reconstruction from the street view images, compared to running each method separately.
Definition of cardiac structures using computerized tomography in isolated arrested and beating canine hearts

Computerized axial tomography of the brain is a revolutionary noninvasive technique that has provided remarkable resolution of intracerebral structures. This study was undertaken to determine the potential of computerized tomography for defining the anatomy of 40 arrested and 9 beating (ejecting left heart preparation) canine hearts. Using an EMI cranial unit, scanning was performed in hearts under in vitro conditions with a lactated Ringer's interface. The tomographic scans obtained were later compared with comparable 8 mm thick sections of the heart. At physiologic levels of hematocrit (range 36 to 45 percent) external structures were well defined, but because of the lack of a differential between cavitary and myocardial densities, it was not possible to distinguish intracardiac structures. With very small amounts of iodinated contrast material (remotely administered in the case of the beating hearts) or with anemia (hematocrit less than 33 percent), the right and left ventricular cavities became clearly visible in both horizontal and longitudinal tomographic scans. It was possible to distinguish readily the boundaries of the ventricular and atrial cavities, the papillary muscles, the major trabeculae and the aorta. Rhythmic motion of the beating heart, suspended in its pericardium, did not eliminate structural definition. Thus, computerized tomography provides a new approach to the definition of cardiac structure with a relatively high degree of resolution. These observations point to the potential usefulness of this noninvasive technique for the evaluation of both cardiac function and ventricular wall abnormalities.
Algebraic curvature tensors which are p-Osserman

Abstract Let 2≤p≤m−2 . We classify all p -Osserman algebraic curvature tensors on R m . We also show that the only p -Osserman Riemannian metrics are the metrics of constant sectional curvature.
Intravenous procaine amide in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias

Abstract 1.1. Thirty-three patients with forty episodes of paroxysmal tachycardia were treated with procaine amide administered intravenously. 2.2. Ten of thirteen episodes of supraventricular tachycardia were converted to sinus rhythm. None of eight episodes of auricular flutter treated were converted. The ectopic focus was suppressed in all of twenty episodes of ventricular tachycardia treated. 3.3. Hypotension and widening of the QRS complexes were noted. Hypotension was controlled by infusions of l-norepinephrine. Convulsions and death in one instance followed procaine amide therapy.
Current distribution in arbitrarily oriented receiving and scattering antenna

An expression is derived for the distribution of current along a parasitic antenna when immersed in an arbitrarily directed and polarized incident plane electromagnetic wave. The formula is general, quite accurate, and involves only simple trigonometric terms with complex coefficients. It consists of both the even and the odd components of current. The former includes contributions from an arbitrary load at the center.
Digital Collections: History and Perspectives

ABSTRACT The author reviews the history of early efforts by libraries to build digital collections, the development of CONTENTdm software at the University of Washington, and OCLC's current directions in helping libraries build and manage digital collections.
Continued importance of diuretics and β-adrenergic blockers in the management of hypertension

The use of thiazide diuretics as one of the preferred antihypertensive medications has stood the test of time. Since the introduction of orally effective agents in 1957 to 1958, these drugs have continued to prove their usefulness. Numerous clinical trials have confirmed that these medications are as or more effective in reducing blood pressure and cardiovascular events than any of the other effective antihypertensive agents. Although some metabolic changes may occur with higher dosages of these medications, they seem to be of limited clinical significance. In addition to being well tolerated and effective. thiazide-type diuretics are less expensive than other agents. This should be considered in view of the fact that quality of care is not compromised when the less expensive medication is used. beta-Blockers should also be considered as a major drug class in the management of hypertensive patients. There are few studies directly comparing these drugs with other agents. Although some data suggest that they are less effective in reducing CHD events in the elderly, there are numerous situations where beta-blockers are clearly indicated. Combination therapy with a beta-blocker and diuretic has been shown to be highly effective in reducing cardiovascular events in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients.
Materials discovery: Fine-grained classification of X-ray scattering images

We explore the use of computer vision methods for organizing, searching, and classifying x-ray scattering images. X-ray scattering is a technique that shines an intense beam of x-rays through a sample of interest. By recording the intensity of x-ray deflection as a function of angle, scientists can measure the structure of materials at the molecular and nano-scale. Current and planned synchrotron instruments are producing x-ray scattering data at an unprecedented rate, making the design of automatic analysis techniques crucial for future research. In this paper, we devise an attribute-based approach to recognition in x-ray scattering images and demonstrate applications to image annotation and retrieval.