cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel protein crosslinking reagent for the determination of moderate resolution protein structures by mass spectrometry (MS3-D).

Abstract A new approach to the determination of moderate resolution protein structures, termed MS3-D—Mass Spectrometry in 3 Dimensions—has recently been disclosed. The method involves the formation of covalent crosslinks between reactive residues on the protein surface, the determination of the location of those crosslinks in primary sequence space by mass spectrometry, and then the imposition of a distance constraint upon the location of the respective side chains during distance geometry calculations of protein structure. MS3-D is rapid, requires small amounts of protein, and works in native biochemical conditions. Therefore, it offers the potential for determination of the structures of all proteins expressed by an organism in a high throughput manner. However, the methodology is completely dependent upon the production of chemical crosslinks and technical limitations of available crosslinkers have proven problematic in generalization and automation of the method for the determination of the structures of complete proteomes. Presented herein is the design, synthesis, and proofing of a novel modular protein crosslinking reagent designed to enhance hydrophilicity, provide an increased effective signal to noise ratio for MS3-D, and allow the sampling of a wider variety of side chains during the process.
Detection of combinative infrared absorption bands in thin silicon dioxide films

Multiple total internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to detect combinational phonon bands of SiO2 at 1645, 1852, and 2000 cm−1 in thin films produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The isotopic shifts of these bands in films deposited from SiH4/18O2 mixtures proved that combinations of SiO2 phonons give rise to the additional absorption peaks. Detection of these combinative phonon bands enables one to use Si multiple total internal reflection crystals for studying Si–O phonon absorptions in SiO2 films on Si. In principle, films as thin as a few angstroms can be detected using the infrared absorption by the combinational bands.
Pathogenicity enhancement of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana to first instars of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with sublethal doses of imidacloprid

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin combined with sublethal doses of imidacloprid as a contact or oral treatment increased synergistically mortality and mycosis of 1st instars of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.). Time to death was also reduced significantly through the synergistic effect of the fungal/chemical treatment. Synergism only occurred at concentrations of imidacloprid of 100 ppm or greater. At fungal concentrations of 106 and 107 conidia per milliliters and imidacloprid at doses of 100 ppm or greater, larval mortality and mycosis reached 90–100%. Mycosis was reduced with imidacloprid at 1,000 ppm. There were no differences in larval mortality or mycosis by M. anisopliae when imidacloprid was administered by contact or per os. The active ingredient rather than the inert carrier was the main component responsible for the synergism between imidacloprid and entomopathogenic fungi.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory studies of [(H3buea)FeIII-X]n- (X = S2-, O2-, OH-): comparison of bonding and hydrogen bonding in oxo and sulfido complexes.

Iron L-edge, iron K-edge, and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy was performed on a series of compounds [Fe{sup III}H{sub 3}buea(X)]{sup n-} (X = S{sup 2-}, O{sup 2-}, OH{sup -}). The experimentally determined electronic structures were used to correlate to density functional theory calculations. Calculations supported by the data were then used to compare the metal-ligand bonding and to evaluate the effects of H-bonding in Fe{sup III}-O vs Fe{sup III-}S complexes. It was found that the Fe{sup III-}O bond, while less covalent, is stronger than the FeIII-S bond. This dominantly reflects the larger ionic contribution to the Fe{sup III-}O bond. The H-bonding energy (for three H-bonds) was estimated to be -25 kcal/mol for the oxo as compared to -12 kcal/mol for the sulfide ligand. This difference is attributed to the larger charge density on the oxo ligand resulting from the lower covalency of the Fe-O bond. These results were extended to consider an Fe{sup IV-}O complex with the same ligand environment. It was found that hydrogen bonding to Fe{sup IV-}O is less energetically favorable than that to Fe{sup III-}O, which reflects the highly covalent nature of the Fe{sup IV-}O bond.
Constructing Community Through Maps? Power and Praxis in Community Mapping∗

Despite the growing practice of community mapping, empirical research remains limited. Extant studies have focused primarily on “counter-maps” and indigenous maps, leaving many locally produced maps and their authors' perspectives unexplored. This article identifies the mapping process as critical to the definition and understanding of community mapping. It links critical cartography literature to goals of community-mapping practitioners through themes of inclusion, transparency, and empowerment. The discussion highlights the social construction and practice of “community,” the relationship between maps and power, the definitional difficulties associated with community mapping, and the figurative and literal boundaries that constrain community cartography. Finally, it points to areas for further research and exploration.
Manual aspiration thrombectomy for basilar infarction in the setting of a persistent primitive hypoglossal artery: Case report and review of the literature.

Background: Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (PPHA), a remnant of embryonal circulation, is a rare variant of the posterior cerebral circulation. Seven prior cases of posterior circulation stroke in the setting of PPHA have been described in the literature, with all but one case being attributable to atherosclerotic embolization from the internal carotid artery (ICA) through the PPHA.
Superfluid-insulator transition in disordered boson systems.

We present results of path-integral Monte Carlo simulations of bosons on a two-dimensional square lattice in a random potential of average strength {ital V} and with on-site repulsion {ital U}. We find that the superfluid density {rho}{sub {ital s}} is enhanced by increasing {ital V} and {ital U} in certain regions of parameter space. By combining the results of {rho}{sub {ital s}}, with the behavior of the density-density correlation function on lattices of size up to 10{times}10, we study the superfluid--to--Mott-insulator transition and the transition from a superfluid to a disorder-localized ( Bose glass'') phase.
The Role of Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Radiation Fibrosis Syndrome: A Preliminary Report

Abstract Stubblefield MD, Levine A, Custodio CM, Fitzpatrick T. The role of botulinum toxin type A in the radiation fibrosis syndrome: a preliminary report. Objective To describe the use of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in radiation fibrosis syndrome (RFS). Design Retrospective case series. Setting A large tertiary care cancer center. Participants Twenty-three consecutive patients treated for sequelae of RFS with BTX-A. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures A description of the components of RFS thought to benefit from BTX-A injections and the patient's self-report of benefit from those injections. Results The sequelae of RFS for which BTX-A injection was thought to be indicated include radiation-induced cervical dystonia in 18 (78%), trigeminal nerve or cervical plexus neuralgia in 10 (43%), trismus in 7 (30%), migraine in 3 (13%), and thoracic pain in 1 (4%) patient. Most (87%) patients self-reported benefit from the injections. Conclusions Initial clinical experience with the use of BTX-A as adjunctive treatment for select neuromuscular and musculoskeletal complications of RFS in a variety of cancer patients has been encouraging. Well-designed prospective studies are needed to clarify the potential beneficial role of BTX-A in specific sequelae of RFS.
Correlation between induction of xenobiotic metabolism and DNA damage from chemical carcinogens in the chick embryo in vivo

Chick embryo liver and lung have high levels of basal mixed-function oxidase (MFO) enzyme activities during embryonic development. These activities are differentially inducible by 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) and phenobarbital (PB) in liver but are not inducible in lung. Nucleated chick embryo erythrocytes have no detectable basal or inducible MFO activities. Following induction by TCB or PB, embryos were exposed to the direct-acting carcinogen methyl methane-sulfonate (MMS) or the indirect-acting carcinogens aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). DNA damage was measured in liver, lung and blood by the DNA alkaline elution technique. Maximum DNA damage by MMS in liver, lung and blood and by AFB1 and DMBA in liver and lung occurred approximately 3 h after exposure. DNA damage was rapidly repaired in liver and lung, but was not repaired in blood. AFB1 and DMBA caused no detectable DNA damage in blood, even following PB or TCB induction. MMS-induced DNA damage was unaffected by induction in all groups with the exception that PB decreased DNA damage in liver at the low dose of MMS. AFB1- and DMBA-induced DNA damage was increased in liver and decreased in lung following induction by PB and TCB in 14-day embryos. In contrast, AFB1-induced DNA damage was increased by PB and decreased by TCB in 7-day embryonic liver. These results suggest that MFO induction can increase or decrease DNA damage in vivo, but that the direction and magnitude of change in DNA damage can vary depending on the inducer, carcinogen, tissue and the developmental age being investigated.
Women on boards of directors: Why skirts in seats aren’t enough

Abstract Most organizations focus their attention on simply achieving gender diversity on their boards. This approach misses the point. A complex relationship exists between board gender diversity and good governance whereby such diversity can have a negative, positive, or neutral impact on organizational performance, indicating that organizations may only reap the benefits of gender-diverse boards under proper conditions. This article examines which conditions allow gender-diverse boards to flourish and which conditions lead to failure. Organizations usually increase female representation on boards of directors to achieve one of two goals: gender parity or improved governance. Each of these goals is influenced by different circumstances and thus must be approached in a unique manner. Three recommendations are offered herein for organizations trying to achieve each goal. Gender, ethnic, and cultural board diversity all share related justifications and challenges, so organizations that follow the recommendations in this article will be well positioned to benefit from all three sources of increased diversity on their boards of directors.
Assessing network path vulnerabilities for secure cloud computing

In recent times, cloud computing based delivery model has been proven to reduce enterprise IT costs and complexities. In contrast to traditional enterprise IT solution, the cloud computing model moves the application software and data to remote servers in large datacenters, which raise many security challenges. One of the critical challenges is the inability to characterize the cloud network's impact on the cloud security and performance guarantees. In this paper, we analyze the degree of security provided by the network to data sharing applications deployed in cloud environments that span administrative and network domains. Our analysis is based on examining the security level of network applications on routers which lie between cloud subscriber and cloud provider. Our preliminary results confirm that the majority of the routers are plagued by insecure network protocols, leading to vulnerable routers. These results confirm our hypothesis that the security of the network infrastructure needs to be upgraded to assure the protection of information exchange between the cloud subscriber and cloud provider.
The importance of an infrequently flooded intertidal marsh surface as an energy source for the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus: An experimental approach

Fundulus heteroclitus is known to ascend onto the marsh surface to feed. Our study investigated whether the marsh surface food items are a necessary source of caloric intake for the Canary Creek, Delaware, USA population of this species. Enclosure techniques were used to restrict mummichogs from the marsh surface and the growth rates of these fish were compared to those having access to the marsh surface. Growth rates were significantly higher for mummichogs allowed access to the marsh surface. Food addition and density reduction experiments showed that food availability per fish, rather than behavioral responses due to fish crowding, was responsible for the increased growth. Although food was available in the subtidal portion of the habitat, it was of insufficient quantity for fish at natural density to grow at a normal rate, and mummichogs must utilize the marsh surface for at least a portion of their energy intake.
Invariance study of an adolescent survey-based smoking-related cognitions scale: examination across Hispanic and Caucasian groups

Background. Large-scale surveys frequently assess tobacco-related cognitions, however, few studies have examined the psychometric properties and cultural invariance of such measures. Methods. The present study examined the factor structure of a dichotomous 8-item tobacco-related beliefs scale administered as part of the state-wide California Tobacco Survey. It was expected that scale factor structure would be invariant across the non-Hispanic white (N = 1960) and English-speaking Mexican-Americans (N = 593), but would differ for Spanish-speaking Mexican-Americans (N = 455). Invariance was also examined across gender within each group. Results. A single factor solution was identified and confirmed within each group. Factorial invariance analyses revealed differences across the three groups as well as across gender among the Mexican-American groups. Conclusions. Findings underscore the importance of examining the psychometric properties of scales employed to assess tobacco-related cognitions across cultural and gender groups.
How we can all contribute to basic research.

Aesthetic surgeons have a unique opportunity to provide important help to basic scientists. We do something that no other specialty does—we remove but discard large amounts of normal human tissue, especially fat and skin. This tissue has become extremely important and valuable as stem cell and other cellular research advances. Often, basic scientists would like to obtain human tissue from discarded surgical specimens but do not know from whom or how to obtain it. At the same time, aesthetic surgeons often say that they would like to know more about a healing or regenerative process but lack …
Scientific empathy, American buddhism, and the ethnography of religion

The expansion of the use of ethnography in the study of religion has led to substantial methodological confusion. The reflexive ethnographic efforts that exist commonly appeal to the need for ethnographer empathy for field subjects, although the nature and ethical ramifications of this empathy remain poorly explored. This essay offers a model of ethnographic empathy in terms of the methodological observations of Weber, Homans, and Kohut. Using a model of empathy in terms of a reflexive ‘evenly hovering attention’ for data collection, possible gains in the field from this model are explored. These gains include overcoming obstacles to data collection posed by Buddhist research subjects as well as from the psychological idiosyncrasies that any researcher brings to the field situation. Ethical dilemmas resulting from this methodology are also discussed.
Importance sampling method for efficient estimation of the probability of rare events in biochemical reaction systems

The weighted stochastic simulation algorithm (wSSA) recently developed by Kuwahara and Mura and the refined wSSA proposed by Gillespie et al. based on the importance sampling technique open the door for efficient estimation of the probability of rare events in biochemical reaction systems. However, both the wSSA and the refined wSSA do not provide a systematic method for selecting the values of importance sampling parameters but require some initial guessing for those values. In this paper, we develop a systematic method for selecting the values of importance sampling parameters for the wSSA. Numerical results demonstrate that our parameter selection method can substantially improve the performance of the wSSA in terms of simulation efficiency and accuracy.
A light-weight application sharing infrastructure for graphics intensive applications

We describe a lightweight application sharing infrastructure that enables collaborative design using graphics intensive applications over low bandwidth networks. The basis of the technology employs an event driven-mechanism to share a reduced event set among multiple copies of an application executing on different workstations. This technology is referred as RES-AP (Reduced Event Set Application Sharing). RES-AP allows geographically-dispersed engineers to work together on large complex problems with fast responses. This capability is achieved without modification to the applications or to the window system software.
Laser-induced nano-corrugation of a dielectric surface

We demonstrate that uneven distribution of evanescent field and sub-threshold ablation at a dielectric surface can explain experimentally observed creation of nanometer-sized surface grooves by femtosecond laser pulses.
Using Bowen Theory to Examine Progress in Couple Therapy

The purpose of this investigation was to test whether differentiation of self in couple members affected the trajectories of marital satisfaction, marital commitment, and individual well-being across the early sessions of therapy while taking into account the level of distress the couple was experiencing. The sample consisted of 127 couples seeking services at an on-campus couple and family therapy clinic. A latent growth curve modeling approach was used for data analysis. Even though differentiation of self or distress levels were not found to be predictive of change in marital satisfaction, commitment, or well-being, for both husbands and wives higher levels of differentiation were predictive of lower distress scores and higher baseline scores for well-being. Higher levels of distress were associated with lower levels of marital satisfaction for both husbands and wives. When there was a change in commitment, both husbands and wives seemed to change together. Implications of the results for clinical prac...
Adaptive Control and Reconfiguration of Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks for Dynamic Multi-Target Tracking

We propose the adaptive control and reconfiguration schemes for mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSN) to achieve timely and accurate mobile multi-target tracking (MMTT) with cost-effective energy consumption. In particular, our proposed schemes can detect the mobile multi-targets' random appearance and disappearance in the clutter environments with high accuracy and low energy cost. We develop the optimal mutual-information based techniques to adaptively control the reconfiguration of the proposed MWSN by designing the Distributed/Decentralized Probability Hypothesis Density (DPHD) filtering algorithms. By dynamically adjusting the sensors' states, including their positions and activations, our schemes can efficiently improve the observabilities of the tracked multi-targets. We further analyze the asymptotic performance of our proposed schemes by deriving the upper-bounds of the detection-error probabilities. Also presented are the performance analyses which validate and evaluate our proposed adaptive control and reconfiguration schemes for MWSN in terms of the multi-target states estimation accuracy, the energy-consumption efficiency, and the robustness to the interference/noise.
The heterotrimeric motor protein kinesin‐II localizes to the midpiece and flagellum of sea urchin and sand dollar sperm

We have utilized immunoblotting and light microscopic immunofluorescent staining methods to examine the expression and localization of sea urchin kinesin-II, a heterotrimeric plus end-directed microtubule motor protein (previously referred to as KRP(85/95)), in sea urchin and sand dollar sperm. We demonstrate the presence of the 85 K and 115 K subunits of kinesin-II in sperm and localize these proteins to the sperm flagella and midpiece. The kinesin-II localization pattern is punctate and discontinuous, and in the flagella it is quite distinct from the continuous labeling present in sperm labeled with anti-flagellar dynein. The kinesin-II staining is largely insensitive to prefixation detergent extraction, suggesting that it is not associated with membranous elements in the sperm. In the midpiece the kinesin-II staining is similar to the pattern present in sperm labeled with an anti-centrosomal antibody. To our knowledge, this is the first localization of kinesin-like proteins in mature sperm and corroborates the recent identification and localization of kinesin-like proteins in the flagella and basal body of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas. We hypothesize that kinesin-II in the sperm may play functional roles in intraflagellar transport and/or the formation of flagella during spermatogenesis.
Shifts in thermal expansivity with Fe content for solid solutions of MgSiO 3 -FeSiO 3 with the perovskite structure

This study presents evidence that for a solid solution of Mg x Fe (sub x-1) SiO 3 perovskite, the shift in volume thermal expansivity, alpha , is small as the index chi is changed. According to data obtained theoretically by Hama and Suito (1998), alpha decreases by 0.3-0.4% as chi changes from 1 to 0.9 in a temperature range of 1900 K. Furthermore, the relative shift in alpha for Fe substitution is -0.4% under lower mantle conditions. Hama and Suito used the Vinet equation of state to calculate thermoelastic properties. Using a thermodynamic approach applied to the properties of a Debye solid, the data show that the relative shift in alpha is less than the relative change in specific volume, and, as chi changes from 1 to 0.9, V increases by 0.6% and alpha decreases by 0.4%.
Modulated amplitude waves in the cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation

In this paper, we begin to develop a theoretical framework for analyzing the strongly amplitude modulated numerical pulse solutions recently observed in the complex Ginzburg-Landau Equation, which is a canonical model for dissipative, weakly nonlinear systems. As such, the article also reviews background concepts of relevance to coherent structures in general dissipative systems (in regimes where such structures are stable and dominate the dynamics). This framework allows a comprehensive analysis of various bifurcations leading to transitions from one type of coherent structure to another as the system parameters are varied. It will also form a basis for future theoretical analysis of the great diversity of numerically-observed solutions, including even the spatially coherent structures with temporally quasiperiodic or chaotic envelopes observed in recent simulations.
Reorganizing Higher Education in the United States and Canada The Erosion of Tenure and the Unionization of Contingent Faculty

Every year in Canada and the U.S., the share of higher education faculty who teach off the tenure track grows. One might expect that faculty unionization would limit this process, but the data examined here indicate that this is not so. While Canadian universities are significantly more unionized than their U.S. counterparts, they rely at least as heavily on contingent faculty. Similarly, U.S. states with high levels of unionization do not exhibit lower levels of casualization. Union strategies that institutionalize divisions between tenure-track and non-tenure-track, and/or between part-time and full-time faculty, probably play a role in this outcome. They can and should also play a pivotal role in reversing these trends if they develop the political will to do so.
Challenging Euro-America's Politics of Identity: The Return of the Native

Preface by Michael J. Shapiro 1. Introduction 2. "Forget the Alamo!": An Eulogy for Caliban 3. Can the Postcolonial be Cosmopolitan? 4. Ebola Takes to the Road: Mobilizing Viruses in Defense of the Nation-State 5. Of Multicolored Ghosts and Polyglot Avatars: The Restructuring of the Post-Colonial Discursive Space in Amitav Ghosh's The Calcutta Chromosome 6. "Fuzzy Aggregates": The Fractal Politics of Migrancy References Index
Quantitative analyses of the fiber population in rat chorda tympani nerves and fungiform papillae.

The numbers of nerve fibers in 44 intact chorda tympani nerves (CT) from 34 rats were counted on electron micrographic montages of cross-sections of the nerves. The mean number of fibers was 1,096, consisting of 641 myelinated and 455 unmyelinated fibers. There was no significant difference in the mean number of fibers between CT's from right and left sides, nor was there any significant difference in counts between CT segments taken from the middle ear and those taken from just proximal to the region where the CT joins the lingual nerve. The relative contribution of efferent and afferent fibers in the CT was assessed in 13 animals as follows. Intracranial surgery was performed to cut the root of the facial nerve just proximal to its entrance into the internal auditory meatus on the right side. After 19 to 21 days, to allow Wallerian degeneration of the efferent fibers, counts were made as above. The mean number of afferent fibers in the rat CT was 484 myelinated and 122 unmyelinated (606 total); the intact left CT's from the same animals contained a mean of 616 myelinated and 402 unmyelinated (1,018 total) fibers. The afferent limb of the CT, therefore, contains 79% of the total number of myelinated fibers and only 30% of the total number of unmyelinated fibers. Removal of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion did not significantly affect the numbers of fibers. In order to determine whether the efferent limb of the CT contributes fibers to the fungiform papillae on the tongue, we compared the number of (CT) fibers in fungiform papillae from “de-efferented” rat tongues with that from papillae of controls. In order to make this comparison, it was necessary to section the lingual nerve, which contributes about 75% of the total number of fibers to the fungiform papillae. This was done in both the control and de-efferented animals. There was no significant difference in mean number of fibers in fungiform papillae innervated by a de-efferented CT when compared with those innervated by an intact CT. There is, then, no evidence from these studies to suggest the presence of an efferent CT component within the fungiform papilla.
Nine-state resonant tunneling diode memory

The authors demonstrate an epitaxial series combination of eight pseudomorphic AlAs/In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As/InAs resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy on InP. This series RTD produces an eight-peak multiple negative differential resistance characteristic with a peak-to-valley current ratio (PVR) exceeding 2 per peak at a peak current density of approximately 6 kA/cm/sup 2/. Hysteresis in the current-voltage characteristic is reduced by uniformly Si doping the double-barrier resonant tunneling region at a density of 5*10/sup 16/ cm/sup -3/. Using this multiple-peak RTD in series with a field-effect transistor load, a nine-state multivalued memory circuit is demonstrated. >
Bullying in schools: Perspectives on understanding and preventing an international problem.

Bullying is a problem which is receiving increasing attention worldwide. Researchers in several countries have already devised and implemented bullying intervention/prevention programs on a nation-wide basis. Data from large-scale trials of comprehensive, school-wide programs indicate that when used as a long-term ongoing solution rather than a 'quick fix' in crisis situations, bullying behaviour can be reduced significantly. This article examines terminology, background, developmental aspects and myths about bullying. Psychosocial characteristics of and implications for bullies and victims are discussed. Four bullying interventions are summarized and reviewed, and the main findings indicate everyone must shoulder the responsibility of putting an end to bullying behaviour.
Soybean genotypic variation for nitrogen fixation.

Eighteen soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr) cultivars from maturity groups V and VI were screened with two Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains (USDA 110 and TAL 378) in the greenhouse to determine N2 fixation (C2H2: reduction) rates. Antibiotic resistant markers were used for observing nodule occupancy. Cultivars L.-76-0132, PI 159319, Hoberland, Lee, PI 22173 and Centennial showed high nitrogenase activity of 6.25, 5.54, 17.43, 4.73, 6.94, and 4.81 μM C2H4/Pl/hr, respectively. Cultivars PI417419, PI 230978, Ogden, and FC 31665 showed low nitrogenase activity of 1.51, 0.80, 0.62 and 0.94 μM C2H4/Pl/hr, respectively. The data from this screening experiment suggest that the N2 fixation varied among genotypes and all the nodules were occupied by the inoculated strains only. Rhizobial strain effect was observed among soybean cultivars (MGVI).
Allocating job-shop manpower to minimize Lmax: Optimality criteria, search heuristics, and probabilistic quality metrics

We address questions raised by Lobo et al. in 2012 regarding the NP-hard problem of finding an optimal allocation of workers to machine groups in a job shop so as to minimize LmaxLmax, the maximum job lateness. Lobo et al. formulated a lower bound on LmaxLmax given a worker allocation, and an algorithm to find an allocation yielding the smallest such lower bound. In this article we establish optimality criteria to verify that a given allocation corresponds to a schedule that yields the minimum value of LmaxLmax. For situations in which the optimality criteria are not satisfied, we present the Heuristic Search Procedure (HSP), which sequentially invokes three distinct search heuristics, the Local Neighborhood Search Strategy (LNSS), Queuing Time Search Strategy 1 (QSS1), and Queuing Time Search Strategy 2 (QSS2), before delivering the best allocation encountered by LNSS, QSS1, and QSS2. HSP is designed to find allocations allowing a heuristic scheduler to generate schedules with a smaller value of LmaxLmax than that achieved via the allocation yielding the final lower bound of Lobo et al. Comprehensive experimentation indicated that HSP delivered significant reductions in LmaxLmax. We also estimate a probability distribution for evaluating the quality (closeness to optimality) of an allocation delivered by a heuristic search procedure such as HSP. This distribution permits assessing the user's confidence that a given allocation will enable the heuristic scheduler to generate its best possible schedule—i.e., the schedule with the heuristic scheduler's smallest achievable LmaxLmax value.
A Synthetic Pheromone for Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Attracts Multiple Leafminer Species

SUMMARY The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, is a major pest of citrus throughout the world. The larval stage of the moth mines leaves and reduces photosynthesis and increases the incidence and severity of citrus canker disease. A lure comprised of 2 aldehyde compounds isolated from pheromone glands of female P. citrella is widely used to monitor field populations. We conducted a preliminary morphological and molecular analysis to examine candidate species of Phyllocnistis that are attracted to pheromone lures containing the 2 major components of the P. citrella sex pheromone. Our results demonstrated that several species of Phyllocnistis, including P. insignis and P. vitegenella, are attracted to the 2 major pheromone components of P. citrella.
An Arctic Hurricane over the Bering Sea

Abstract A mesoscale “arctic hurricane” developed over the western Bering Sea on 7 March 1977 and traveled eastward parallel to the ice edge along a zone of large sea surface temperature gradient. Satellite imagery reveals spiral cloud bands of unusual symmetry and mesoscale dimension associated with the mature stage of the low. The track of the low pressure center passed over the rawinsonde station at St. Paul Island where time series of surface data show a pronounced maximum in equivalent potential temperature at the core of the low. The storm made landfall with surface winds >30 m s−1; at Cape Newenham, Alaska, on 9 March and rapidly dissipated thereafter. Synoptic analyses show that the arctic hurricane formed at the leading edge of an outflow of arctic air that originated over the ice and passed over the open water of the western Bering 5u. In the mid- and upper troposphere a large cold-core low dominated the Bering Sea region. Quasi-geostrophic analysis at 0000 UTC 7 March 1977 reveals conditions co...
Management of Osteoporotic Bone

As the population ages and life span increases, the prevalence of osteoporosis, defined as a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan (DEXA) value < −2.5, is increasing [12, 59]. Concomitant with this increase is an increase in spinal fractures and deformity associated with osteoporosis [19, 60]. As techniques for spinal instrumentation improve, spinal surgery is being considered in older patients, many of whom have osteoporosis [9, 12, 17, 19, 30, 33, 35, 36, 38, 45, 52, 57, 59, 64, 66, 70, 72, 74, 76]. It is estimated that in patients over the age of 50 who undergo spine surgery, 51.3 % of females and 14.5 % of males have osteoporosis [12]. Of women who undergo surgery for scoliosis correction, it is estimated that 10 % have osteoporosis [83]. Osteoporosis is a significant independent predictor of complications, particularly hardware related, in spine surgery [17, 64]. As a result, particular attention must be paid when instrumenting the osteoporotic spine [30]. With the advancement and expansion of minimally invasive techniques [18, 36, 37, 45, 51, 58, 66, 69] including for deformity correction [1, 2, 4, 15, 54, 77], it is important for the spine surgeon to carefully follow patients with osteoporosis undergoing spinal fusions to ensure they do not develop pseudoarthrosis and/or implant loosening.
Opportunistic infections of the lung.

Opportunistic infections of the lung may be caused by fungi, bacteria, mycobacteria, protozoa, or viruses. The circumstances in which opportunistic infections occur, current modes of diagnosing these infections, and the role of the surgeon in making the diagnosis are discussed.
Finding the contemporary in the traditional: reassessing the impact of indigenous Maya and modern western pedagogies on identity and self

This work contrasts what is taught and learned – other than what is intended – in different educative settings and two historical eras. In a comparison of ethnographic studies conducted in the US and in Guatemala, it compares the “hidden curriculum” (KOHLBERG, 1975) of formal western schooling – the norms, values and practices that are conveyed by the content knowledge taught, and the interaction patterns, assessment procedures and participation structures used (PHILLIPS, 1983) – with similar structures in an indigenous Maya community in Guatemala. It analyzes what children learn, the impact on their identities, and how those types of learning connect to future social and occupational destinations. Educational settings differ in the types of learning and teaching they support; they produce different kinds of learners with different identities and goals. It has been argued that modern schooling actually interferes with the values and practices of so-called traditional cultures, leading to the abandonment of traditional languages, practices and beliefs. Such an argument denies the flexibility of traditional cultures, relegating them to a static “present” not characteristic of the dynamic identities actually being constructed in the 21st century. Conversely, we argue that traditional pedagogies can protect enduring cultural identity (SPINDLER, G; SPINDLER, L, 2000) and lead to more successful accommodation to modernity (RUDOLPH, L; RUDOLPH, S, 1984). We connect this argument with research exploring myths about what schooling can and cannot do to achieve social mobility and improved societal conditions.
SREBP2 Activation Induces Hepatic Long-chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase 1 (ACSL1) Expression in Vivo and in Vitro through a Sterol Regulatory Element (SRE) Motif of the ACSL1 C-promoter

Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) plays a key role in fatty acid metabolism. To identify novel transcriptional modulators of ACSL1, we examined ACSL1 expression in liver tissues of hamsters fed a normal diet, a high fat diet, or a high cholesterol and high fat diet (HCHFD). Feeding hamsters HCHFD markedly reduced hepatic Acsl1 mRNA and protein levels as well as acyl-CoA synthetase activity. Decreases in Acsl1 expression strongly correlated with reductions in hepatic Srebp2 mRNA level and mature Srebp2 protein abundance. Conversely, administration of rosuvastatin (RSV) to hamsters increased hepatic Acsl1 expression. These new findings were reproduced in mice treated with RSV or fed the HCHFD. Furthermore, the RSV induction of acyl-CoA activity in mouse liver resulted in increases in plasma and hepatic cholesterol ester concentrations and reductions in free cholesterol amounts. Investigations on different ACSL1 transcript variants in HepG2 cells revealed that the mRNA expression of C-ACSL1 was specifically regulated by the sterol regulatory element (SRE)-binding protein (SREBP) pathway, and RSV treatment increased the C-ACSL1 abundance from a minor mRNA species to an abundant transcript. We analyzed 5′-flanking sequence of exon 1C of the human ACSL1 gene and identified one putative SRE site. By performing a promoter activity assay and DNA binding assays, we firmly demonstrated the key role of this SRE motif in SREBP2-mediated activation of C-ACSL1 gene transcription. Finally, we demonstrated that knockdown of endogenous SREBP2 in HepG2 cells lowered ACSL1 mRNA and protein levels. Altogether, this work discovered an unprecedented link between ACSL1 and SREBP2 via the specific regulation of the C-ACSL1 transcript.
Disseminated candidiasis in leukopenic dogs.

SummaryFourteen dogs were intravenously challenged with 107Candida albicans. Seven of these animals were rendered leukopenic with cyclophosphamide. Both groups cleared organisms from the circulation. Normal dogs remained well and showed no gross or microscopic evidence of candidiasis at autopsy. In contrast, leukopenic animals died 1-6 days after receiving C. albicans and demonstrated a consistent picture of disseminated candidiasis. Features of this model similar to human infection include regular candiduria but only occasional candidemia despite severe tissue involvement. The reproducibility of this model system provides a basis for in vivo investigation of systemic fungal disease in the compromised host.
Prognosis for Heroin Addicts in Three Rehabilitative Programs

Results of drug treatment programs may depend not so much on the inherent validity of the program itself, as on its fitness to the background of the individual addict. Certain personal background variables of heroin addicts undergoing treatment in three programs are examined and compared to determine if any significant differences exist among them. Such variables as language ability, age, education, ethnic and religious background, marital status, and parental discipline appear to be significant. These variables are discussed in relation to the prognosis of an individual in one or another of the programs.
EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDES ON EMERGENCE OF GLASSY-WINGED SHARPSHOOTER NYMPHS IN NURSERY CITRUS, 2003

Six insecticides and an untreated control were tested to determine the their effects on emergence of GWSS nymphs from egg masses. Adult GWSS were collected from an untreated citrus orchard in Bakersfield California and caged on 2-year-old, potted, 'Eureka' lemon trees in a greenhouse at Willits and Newcomb Nursery in Arvin, California during Jul 2003. Five cages were attached to each tree and five adult female GWSS were placed in each cage. The adult GWSS were allowed to deposit eggs for 7 days and then the adults were removed from the cages. Leaves were inspected, egg masses were circled, and the egg masses were divided among treatments. Insecticides were mixed as field rates in 750 gpa (Provado, Sevin, Assail, Esteem and F-1785) or 100 gpa for Mesurol. Leaves infested with egg masses were hand sprayed with various rates of formulated insecticides or sprayed with water, and branches were caged with polyester mesh cloth bags. One week after treatment, cages were opened, emerged nymphs counted, and egg masses were examined under a stereo-microscope to determine the percentage of non-emerged nymphs. The experiment was replicated on two dates for Sevin, Prasad, Assail, and Mesurol, but only once for Esteem and F17B5 because of the lack of efficacy of these insecticides. Mean percent of non-emerged GWSS nymphs per tree was analyzed using ANOVA and LSD (P £ 0.05) after arcsine transformation of the data.
Determination of Phosphorus in Foods by Microwave Ashing and Molecular Absorption Spectrometry

[Objective]To establish a method for determination of phosphorus in foods by microwave ashing and molecular absorption spectrometry.[Methods]The samples were incinerated by microwave ashing method,and the determination results were compared with that of GB method.[Results]According to precision test,RSD was 1.5%.Recovery rate was 90.0%～95.8%.There was no significant different in the determination results between microwave ashing method and GB method.[Conclusion]The microwave ashing method for determination of phosphorus in foods has high accuracy and good reproducibility,which is worth popularizing.
Branched chain ketoaciduria (maple syrup urine disease).

The clinical aspects of this disease of the newborn period are clearly delineated, the biochemical defect is defined, the mode of inheritance is demonstrated, and an effective treatment program is presented.
Computer modeling of cerebral blood flow following internal carotid artery occlusion

AbstractIt is difficult to predict the adequacy of the collateral blood flow in patients who undergo internal carotid artery occlusion. In order to address this difficulty, the authors have created a computer model of the cerebral circulation. This model features individualized simulations of the Circle of Willis and its afferent and efferent branches which can predict changes in flow that will occur during internal carotid artery occlusion. Analysis of the flow predictions suggests that in patients with a symmetric Circle of Willis the anterior communicating artery is the major conduit of collateral blood supply. In patients with a small anterior communicating artery, the posterior communicating arteries become more important as sources of collateral flow, but they cannot supply as much flow as in the case of a normal anterior communicating artery. Sensitivity studies show that changes in the dimensions of each artery affect the flow throughout the system, such that the arteries in the cerebral circulati...
On the relation between adaptive functioning and the reinforcement function of challenging behavior

Objectives: Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are at an increased risk to engage in challenging behavior (CB), such as self-injury and aggression. For individuals with IDD, CB is believed to be the product of their disabilities and learning histories. Thus, deficits in adaptive behavior can lead to the occurrence of CB, which can produce reactions on the part of others that inadvertently reinforce the behavior. Research has shown that in most cases, functional behavioral assessment of CB can identify the reinforcement ‘function’ (e.g. to escape non-preferred situations, or gain access to attention), knowledge of which is critical to the development of behavioral treatments. Despite a strong link between deficits in adaptive behavior skills and CB, research has yet to examine how adaptive behavior is related to specific functions of CB.Methods: Vineland-II Parent/Caregiver and Survey results were administered to caregivers of 53 participants receiving treatment for CB. Resu...
Domesticated gender (in) equality: Women’s education & gender relations among rural communities in Pakistan

Abstract Grounded in a gender equity perspective, this ethnography of educated women professionals from rural and low-income communities of Pakistan examines the impact of women’s education on gender relations in the domestic sphere. The analysis shows how education can produce contested practices of gender equality through providing educated women access to new roles in public spaces while further integrating them in the domestic sphere. It questions the current emphasis on gender parity among international educational policies and projects as the key to empowering women. Instead of approaching gender equality as the ability of educated women to participate in public institutions, this article emphasizes the need to examine how education can reproduce certain gender hierarchies while transforming others in the domestic sphere.
Government spending and economic growth in the OECD countries

Using panel data from 1995 to 2011 for 34 OECD countries, we examine the effects of government consumption spending, public social spending, and public investment on economic growth. We use a generalized method of moments estimation technique to solve inconsistency problems with fixed effects and random effects panel estimation. We find that an increase in public social spending has a significant negative effect on subsequent economic growth. Government consumption spending and public investment have no significant effect on subsequent economic growth.
Preparation and Characterization of Magnetic Nano-in-Microparticles for Pulmonary Delivery

The purpose of this chapter is to detail the formulation and characterization of a magnetically-targeted drug delivery vehicle, termed nano-in-microparticles (NIMs), for pulmonary drug delivery. Currently, chemotherapeutics and antibiotics are delivered systemically and result in whole body side-effects. NIMs are formulated with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, termed SPIONs, making these particles targetable to specific lung regions using a strong external magnet. Additionally, these particles can be formulated to contain any drug or therapeutic agent, such that a therapeutic dose can be delivered to a specific tissue location using the SPIONs-magnet interaction. Finally, these particles are in the appropriate size range for pulmonary delivery, making NIMs therapeutics feasibly inhalable.To generate these particles a solution containing lactose, SPIONs, and a microsphere dye (used as a drug surrogate) is spray-dried using a laboratory-scale spray dryer. The resulting dry powder microparticles (NIMs) can be characterized for their size and morphological properties by various techniques that are presented in this chapter.The utility of NIMs as a magnetic field-dependent targeting delivery platform in an in vivo mouse model has been demonstrated, and a protocol detailing the intratracheal delivery of NIMs dry powder is included as a separate chapter in this book.
The effect of the background medium on imaging performance of microsphere-assisted microscopy

We showed that imaging performance of microsphere-assisted microscopy technique is influenced by the index of the background medium surrounding the microspheres. Our results provide further evidence for the connection between focusing and imaging properties of the microspheres and establish a robust platform for design optimization of microsphere-embedded devices for super-resolution microscopy.