cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PECULIARITIES OF REAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FUNCTIONING IN THE SUBCARPATHIAN RUS (PIDKARPATSKA RUS)

The article highlights historical and pedagogical aspects of the development of real secondary educational institutions that functioned in the territory of the Subcarpathian Rus (1919-1939). After World War I the Czechoslovak Republic undertook a commitment to arrange Transcarpathia as an administrative unit entitled the “Subcarpathian Rus”. The situation with Ukrainian schools in the Subcarpathian Rus was very poor. Only two town schools were Ukrainian. In spite of the language chaos in the land, Rus (Ukrainian) town schools started to be set up and Hungarian ones started being re-organized. In the 20ies – 30ies in the Subcarpathian Rus as there appeared real national secondary schools (real grammar schools) in which students were mainly Ukrainians. In real grammar schools with their utilitarian nature of the content of education there could be traced the growth in the number of students due to improved access to those institutions. However, gradually, the trend towards Czechization could be traced, a number of forms with Czech as the language of teaching were opened. The Academy of Sciences in Prague, having researched the language issue, decided that the language the “Subcarpathian Rus people” were speaking was identical to the Ukrainian language of the Halychyna people, therefore Ukrainian was acknowledged to be the language of teaching at Ukrainian real grammar schools. All in all, as of 1933 Ukrainian real grammar schools in Berehovo, Khust, Mukachevo and Uzhhorod had 46 forms, parallel Czech units in Khust, Mukachevo and Uzhhorod had 20 forms, parallel Hungarian units in Berehovo had 12 forms, the reformed Jewish grammar school in Mukachevo had 8 forms. In total there were 9 secondary schools.
White Clover Response to Grazing Method

Grazing management is a major factor influencing white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growth. Our objective was to determine the response of white clover cultivars differing in leaf size to grazing method (continuous vs. rotational stocking) using cattle (Bos spp.). in each of 2 yr, a predominantly tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) sod on a Savannah fine sandy loam (fine-loamy siliceous, thermic Typic Fragiudult) was oversown in September with 'Grasslands Huia' (medium-small leaf), 'Louisiana S-1' (medium-large leaf), and 'Regal' (large leaf) white clover. From March to August of the following year, plots of each cultivar were stocked continuously (3- to 5-cm stubble) or rotationally (grazed to 5-cm stubble every 35 to 38 d) [...]
Effect of chloride lons on the reaction of diphenylamine with DNA

Abstract The sensitivity of the Dische test (diphenylamine) for DNA is reduced by the presence of chloride ions, which cause formation of a new reaction product whose absorption maximum is at lower wavelength, and also a reduction in the total chromogenic potential. Additionally, the reaction with other sugars (particularly fructose) is intensified by chlorides reducting the specificity of the reaction for DNA.
Effects of Low pH on Reproduction of Rainbow Trout

Abstract Reproduction of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri in acidic water was studied. Adults were exposed to waters of pH 4.5, 5.0, or 5.5 during the final 6 weeks of reproductive maturation; control acidities were pH 6.5–7.1. Progeny of acid-exposed females and control males had reduced survival through 7 d of development, hatching, and yolk-sac absorption, demonstrating that oo-genesis is sensitive to acidic conditions. Similar reductions in the survival of the progeny of acid-exposed males and control females indicate the sensitivity of spermatogenesis to low ambient pH. Among the progeny of unexposed adults, survival through 7 d of development and hatching was lower during rearing at pH 4.5, 5.0, or 5.5 than at pH 6.5–7.1. No eggs exposed to pH 4.5 survived to the eyed stage. Concentrations of plasma estradiol-17β, androgens, and 17α-hydroxy-20β-di-hydroprogesterone in acid-exposed adult rainbow trout revealed no gross physiological abnormalities. Plasma calcium concentrations in adult females were unaf...
The quantitation of urinary and spinal fluid proteins by a modified biuret method

A method is presented for the quantitation of urinary and CSF protein. In the presence of 0.10 N NaOH the peptide bonds of the protein remove and bind copper from an ion exchange resin. The resulting copper-protein complex is separated from low molecular weight substances by gel filtration and the copper in the eluted complex is determined colorimetrically with diethyldithiocarbamic acid. The method requires only 100μl of sample, has biuret specificity and uses a single prepacked column. The limit of sensitivity is 2 mg of protein per deciliter.
Templating of inorganic nanoparticles by PAMAM/PEG dendrimer -star polymers

Abstract Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with amine endgroups (PAMAM–NH2) are converted to starlike copolymers by grafting of monofunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) ‘arms’ onto the dendrimer endgroups. Generation 4, 7, and 10 dendrimers are converted to 60-arm, 235-arm, and 750-arm PAMAM/PEG stars, respectively. The dendrimer–stars are studied as polymer templates for stabilization of gold and cadmium sulfide nanoparticles of 1–6 nm diameter. PAMAM/PEG star templating reactions are studied by aqueous gel permeation chromatography, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. PAMAM/PEG stars effectively control nanoparticle size in the same way as PAMAM–NH2 dendrimers. However, PAMAM/PEG stars are miscible with a wider range of solvents and with selected polymers (e.g. polymethyl methacrylate). Potential applications of dendrimer–inorganic hybrid materials (solution-phase catalysis, additives for polymer blends) could benefit from the versatile solubility of PAMAM/PEG stars.
Computer simulations of chemisorption

Abstract Green's function techniques and tight-binding Hamiltonians provide a very versatile approach to the electronic properties of surfaces, as demonstrated in the pioneering work of Professor Koutecký. Here we show that the same general approach is useful for studies of atomic and molecular motion at surfaces; i.e., one can reliably perform molecular dynamics simulations of the various processes that occur when atoms, atomic clusters, or molecules impinge on a solid surface.
Molecular Simulations of the Folding Kinetics of an RNA Tetraloop

We study the folding kinetics of the r(GCUUCGGC) RNA tetraloop by combining molecular dynamics and replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations. An 11 microsecond REMD simulation with 52 replicas provides sufficient data to define the dominant conformations of the tetraloop. We use a clustering analysis method to identify these dominant states; both RMSD and Hamming Distance are used in the clustering. During the REMD simulation all replicas show multiple folding/unfolding events. The REMD trajectories along constant T segments of the simulations are combined with constant T MD simulations to obtain information about transition among states leading from the unfolded to the folded state. A model for the folding kinetics will be described.This work is funded by the National Science Foundation MCB-0543769.
DNA Methylation Screening Identifies Driver Epigenetic Events of Cancer Cell Survival

Cancer cells typically exhibit aberrant DNA methylation patterns that can drive malignant transformation. Whether cancer cells are dependent on these abnormal epigenetic modifications remains elusive. We used experimental and bioinformatic approaches to unveil genomic regions that require DNA methylation for survival of cancer cells. First, we surveyed the residual DNA methylation profiles in cancer cells with highly impaired DNA methyltransferases. Then, we clustered these profiles according to their DNA methylation status in primary normal and tumor tissues. Finally, we used gene expression meta-analysis to identify regions that are dependent on DNA methylation-mediated gene silencing. We further showed experimentally that these genes must be silenced by DNA methylation for cancer cell survival, suggesting these are key epigenetic events associated with tumorigenesis.
Nelenite, a manganese arsenosilicate of the friedelite group, polymorphous with schallerite, from Franklin, New Jersey

Nelenite, (Mn,Fe)16Zil2030(OH)14(As3+O6 (OH)3), is a polymorph of schallerite and a member of the friedelite group. X-ray diffraction patterns can be indexed on a supercell with a = 13.418(5) and c = 85.48(8)A, space group R3m, but by analogy with TEM results on mcGillite and friedelite, the structure is based on a one-layer monoclinic cell with a = 23.240, b = 13.418, c = 7.382 A, fl = 105.21 ~ and space group C2/m. Chemi- cal analysis yields SiO 2 31.12, FeO 17.12, MgO 0.12, ZnO 3.63, MnO 29.22, As20 3 12.46, H20 6.42, sum = 100.09 ~. Analysis of a number of samples indicates that Fe substitutes for Mn up to 5.8 of the 16 octahedrally coordinated cations, but that the Si : As ratio is constant. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern (d, I/Io) are: 2.552,100; 2.878,70; 1.677,60; 3.55,60; 1.723,50. Nelenite is brown in colour with a vitreous luster and perfect {0001 } cleavage, which easily distinguishes it from schallerite. The Mobs' hardness is approximately 5. The density is 3.45 g/cm 3 (calc.) and 3.46 g/cm 3 (obs.). Nelenite is uniaxial negative with e = 1.700 and to = 1.718 (both ___ 0.004). Nelenite was formerly known asferroschallerite, which is a misnomer. It was found in the Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, in the 1920s. It occurs in several parageneses, associated with actinolite, tirodite, albite, garnet, feldspars, and several members of the stilpnomelane group in coarse-grained assemblages with pegmatitic texture and a breccia likely derived from this rock. Nelenite is named in honour of Joseph A. Nelen, chemist at the Smithsonian Institution. A SCHALLERITE-LIKE mineral was described by Bauer and Berman (1930) and namedferroschaller-
Implementation of a post-market monitoring for insect-protected maize MON 810 in the EU

Monsanto has developed an alternative to traditional insecticides for the control of lepidopteran insect pests, with reduced impact on the environment, by genetically modifying maize plants to produce the insecticidal protein Cry1Ab from the common soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (B. t. k.). These insect-protected maize plants, called MON 810, guard against foliage feeding and stalk tunneling from the European corn borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner)) and the pink stem borer (Sesamia nonagrioides).
Influence of Temperature on Rate of Development and Color Patterns of Queen Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The effect of temperature on the rate of development and color patterns of two honey bee queen lines (black and yellow) was examined. The queens completed the postcapping period (last instar and pupal stages) in incubators maintained at temperatures corresponding with the natural range found in the brood nest: 30.5, 33.5, and 35.5∘C. The black line required significantly fewer accumulated degree-days for development than the yellow line at all temperatures. The queens from both lines had Significantly more yellow coloration on the integument when they completed the postcapping period at 35.5∘C than at 30.5∘C. These results suggest that brood nest temperatures playa more important role in the rate of development of queen lines and in the phenotypic expression of color patterns than has previously been recognized.
Congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema for the emergency physician

Congestive heart failure (CHF) and pulmonary edema are major health problems in the United States as well as across the rest of the developing world. The prevalence of CHF and pulmonary edema in the general population results in a significant number of these patients presenting to Emergency Departments (EDs). Mortality from these disorders is substantial, with a 5-year mortality rate for patients requiring hospitalization of approximately 50%. Understanding of the clinical syndromes of CHF and pulmonary edema requires review of the basic determinants of cardiovascular performance. Preload, afterload, contractility, and heart rate may all be modified by pharmacological or mechanical techniques. Diuretics, vasodilators, cardiac glycosides, and other inotropes all may play a role in the ED management of CHF. In rare instances, mechanical devices for support of the heart and circulation may be indicated.
Structure of the Fetal Brain: What We Are Learning from Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Human brain anatomy is extraordinarily complex, and yet, its origin is a simple tubular structure. It is characterized by dramatic structural changes during fetal development. Revealing detailed anatomy at different stages of human fetal brain development not only aids in understanding this highly ordered process but also provides clues to detect abnormalities caused by genetic or environmental factors. However, anatomical studies of human brain development during this period are surprisingly scarce, and histology-based atlases have become available only recently. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a recently developed technology of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is capable of noninvasively delineating macroscopic anatomical components with high contrast and revealing structures at the microscopic level. In this article, the fetal brain white matter is explored using contrasts from DTI-derived images and axonal reconstruction from DTI tractography. The highly organized structures in the cerebral layer hav...
Inversion of on-axis magnetic anomalies

SUMMARY theory for recovering crustal magnetization from along-strike and, especially, axial magnetic profiles is examined. We develop a conventional Fourier technique that takes into account the special magnetic cross-section at a ridge axis including the thinning of layer 2A. Such an approach might be completely inappropriate because it is assumed that the observation path is perpendicular to all the magnetic variability, whereas in fact the path lies in the direction of least magnetic variation. To study this question and to overcome possible deficiencies, we consider a statistical modification of the theory in which the magnetization is treated as a planar stationary process in a thin layer with known power spectrum. The relationship between two signals is studied: the magnetic anomaly on a straight path at the sea surface, and the magnetization in the crust immediately under the observation track. The coherence between the two signals can be calculated, as well as the transfer function between them. We test the ideas with data from a long axial magnetic profile on the southern East Pacific Rise compiled by Gee & Kent. A model power spectrum is estimated from these data: the spectrum is red and, as expected, highly elongated perpendicular to the strike of the ridge. We find strong coherence (7’ > 0.8) between the magnetic anomaly and the subtrack magnetization for wavelengths longer than 50 km, but coherence falls sharply for smaller scales. The naive, 1-D filter theory incorrectly predicts a close relationship down to much finer scales (3 km). Calculations for hypothetical surveys off-axis predict that there is always a band of high coherence, but only for an on-axis survey does the good correlation extend to infinite wavelength. We conclude that, in a wide variety of circumstances, the magnetic anomaly and the subtrack magnetization are highly correlated in a particular wavelength interval that depends on the shape of the power spectrum.
Formation of spherulites in polyamides. V. “odd‐odd” polyamides

The crystallization of a series of “odd-odd” polyamides has been examined for a variety of fusion conditions and crystallization temperatures. Diverse kinds of spherulites and other crystalline structures have been formed in these nylon polymers by direct crystallization from the melt and by melt-seeding techniques. The structures formed in this way have been characterized primarily with the aid of optical microscopy. In this series of polymers, characteristic textural features yield a fairly unified pattern of crystallization behavior. Crystalline aggregates are formed near the respective melting points of these polymers. In very thin sections (ca. 0.1μ), plateletlike crystals of high crystallinity exhibit optical and diffraction behavior characteristic of single crystals.
Quality Measures for Supportive Cancer Care: The Cancer Quality-ASSIST Project

Patients and physicians often cite symptom control as one of their most important goals in cancer care. Despite this, a previous systematic review found few tools for evaluating the quality of supportive cancer management. We developed a comprehensive set of quality indicators for evaluating pain and nonpain symptom management as well as care planning needs in cancer patients. Based on the prevalence and quality-of-life data, clinician-researchers prioritized pain, psychosocial distress, dyspnea, nausea and vomiting, fatigue and anorexia, treatment-associated toxicities, and information and care planning for quality-indicator development. Using search terms and selection criteria, we identified English-language documents from Medline (1997-2007) and Internet-based searches. Based on this evidence, clinician-reviewers proposed process quality indicators. We then used the VA Health Services Research and Development (VA HSR & D) appropriateness methods to compile the ratings of a multidisciplinary, international expert panel of the validity and feasibility of each indicator. The panel judged 92 out of 133 (69%) proposed quality indicators valid and feasible (15 out of 23 pain, 5 out of 6 depression, 8 out of 11 dyspnea, 15 out of 19 nausea and vomiting, 13 out of 26 fatigue and anorexia, 23 out of 32 other treatment-associated toxicities, and 13 out of 16 information and care planning). Of the final indicators, 67 are potentially useful for inpatient and 81 for outpatient evaluation, and 26 address screening, 12 diagnostic evaluation, 20 management, and 21 follow-up. These quality indicators provide evidence-explicit tools for measuring processes critical to ensuring high-quality supportive cancer care. Research is needed to characterize adherence to recommended practices and to evaluate the use of these measures in quality improvement efforts.
Continuous measurements of load-penetration curves with spherical microindenters and the estimation of mechanical properties

Elastic and plastic properties of metals and Young's modulus of ceramics are determined in the microindentation regime by continuous measurements of load versus depth of penetration with spherical indenters. Calibration procedures, usually applied in nanoindentation experiments, are not needed in the microregime where spherical indenters (rather than sharp indenters with microscopical spherical tips) can be manufactured. As indenters of larger diameters are used, the elastic response of the specimen can be probed during the loading stage of the indentation tests (and not only during unloading, as is the case with nanoindenters). Hence, an accurate determination of Young's modulus can be achieved without a prior knowledge of possible “piling up” or “sinking in” which may occur at the perimeter of the contact area. The contact response of materials is shown to undergo four distinct regions: (i) pre-Hertzian regime, (ii) Hertzian regime, (iii) small-scale plasticity, and (iv) large-scale plasticity. A general methodology for estimation of yield strength and hardening exponent of metals is proposed in the last regime.
Entangled Valence Electron–Hole Dynamics Revealed by Stimulated Attosecond X-ray Raman Scattering

We show that broadband X-ray pulses can create wavepackets of valence electrons and holes localized in the vicinity of a selected atom (nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur in cysteine) by stimulated resonant Raman scattering. The subsequent dynamics reveals highly correlated motions of entangled electron and hole quasiparticles. This information goes beyond the time-dependent total charge density derived from X-ray diffraction.
Epstein-barr virus-related herpesvirus from a rhesus monkey (Macaca Mulatta) with malignant lymphoma

A herpesvirus (RhEBV) was isolated from a lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) that became established from a malignant lymphoma in a rhesus monkey. The predominant cell marker in the LCL was that of B lymphocytes. RhEBV-induced viral capsid (VCA) and nuclear antigens (NA) in the LCL were serologically related to similar antigens known to be induced by human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). RhEBV was of nonhuman primate origin and was clearly differentiated from EBV in the anti-complement immunofluorescence reaction using human and non-human primate sera with antibodies to the NA induced by the respective viruses. While human sera reacted with NA induced by both EBV and RhEBV, monkey sera failed to recognize the NA induced by EBV. RhEBV-induced NA was present in nearly all the cells of a suspension prepared from the tumor tissue mass, but not in the monolayer fibroblasts derived from the tumor tissue or in the blood and lymph-node lymphocytes of clinically healthy animals. RhEBV induced in vitro transformation and establishment of LCLs from peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys but not from those of 6 other non-human primate species tested. The LCLs, with predominant B-lymphocyte markers, established after treatment with RhEBV, all had evidence of the virus infection since nearly all cells in the culture expressed the virus-induced NA.
HOW TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP WEAVES ITS INFLUENCE ON INDIVIDUAL JOB PERFORMANCE: THE ROLE OF IDENTIFICATION AND EFFICACY BELIEFS

This study examined how transformational leadership directly and indirectly relates to supervisory-rated performance collected over time including 437 participants employed by 6 U.S. banking organizations in the midwest. Results revealed that one's identification with his or her work unit, self-efficacy, and means efficacy were related to supervisor-rated performance. The effect of transformational leadership on rated performance was also mediated by the interaction of identification and means efficacy, as well as partially mediated by the interaction of self-efficacy and means efficacy. Implications for research, theory, and practice are discussed.
Distributed topology control for power efficient operation in multihop wireless ad hoc networks

The topology of wireless multihop ad hoc networks can be controlled by varying the transmission power of each node. We propose a simple distributed algorithm where each node makes local decisions about its transmission power and these local decisions collectively guarantee global connectivity. Specifically, based on the directional information, a node grows it transmission power until it finds a neighbor node in every direction. The resulting network topology increases the network lifetime by reducing the transmission power and reduces traffic interference by having low node degrees. Moreover, we show that the routes in the multihop network are efficient in power consumption. We give an approximation scheme in which the power consumption of each route can be made arbitrarily close to the optimal by carefully choosing the parameters. Simulation results demonstrate significant performance improvements.
An alternative approach for frontal sinus exposure.

In an attempt to avoid complications, an alternative approach is offered that provides better camouflage for the incision and preserves the sensory integrity of the forehead skin
The sequence of the distal end of the E. coli ribosomal RNA rrnE operon indicates conserved features are shared by rrn operons

The 1440 nucleotides of the distal region of the E.coli ribosocial RNA operon found on the λaroE transducing phage has been sequenced. We show that the λaroE hybrid rrn operon ends after asolitary 5S RHA gene with rrnE distal sequence. A single terminator structure of dyad symmetry followed by a run of six T's has been identified and compared to other sequenced rrn terminator hairpins. Immediately adjacent to the hairpin is a region of interrupted but conserved sequence that is shared by rrnE, rrnB and rraD. An open reading frame of 127 ammo acids abuts the terminator structure. Another open reading frame of 147 amino acids is found on the opposite strand several hundred nucleotides dovnstream. © 1985 IRL Press Limited.
Zero curvature condition and 2D gravity theories

We propose interpreting the zero curvature condition associated with an integrable model as an anomaly equation. This can lead to the WZWN action and the associated current algebra quite readily and clarifies further the connections found between the integrable models and 2D gravity theories. We analyze, in detail, the cases SL(2, R) (KdV hierarchy), OSp(2/1) (sKdV hierarchy) and SL(3, R) (Boussinesq hierarchy) and obtain the operator product expansions of the appropriate fields. We also make some observations on the generalization of our method to SL(n, R).
MIXED MESSAGES IN A NEW ‘PUBLIC’ TRAVANCORE: BUILDING THE CAPITAL 1860–1880

This study examines the building of three nineteenth-century structures in the city of Trivandrum, capital of the erstwhile kingdom of Travancore, a ‘Native State’ of colonial India. Created in three distinct styles, all were erected during the reign of Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal (1860–80), and were part of a process of transformative change in the capital and the kingdom at this time. The paper argues that a nascent public sphere first began to take shape in this kingdom during this period, facilitated in part by these projects and the processes they involved. In giving form for the first time to a capital designed not simply or solely for royal display but instead intended to provide for needs that would reshape both the kingdom and its subjects, these projects helped to develop the notion of a civil society in Travancore.
Advocacy 101: Getting Started in Health Education Advocacy:

Advocacy for the public’s health and for the profession are widely recognized as responsibilities of health educators. Increasing emphasis on advocacy by professional organizations has peaked the interest of health educators, yet knowing where to begin as an advocate is, to many, a mystifying process. This article provides basic advocacy terminology, dispels concerns about participating in advocacy activities, and provides a practical and stepped approach to becoming an effective advocate. A tiered approach is used in relation to the advocacy strategies of voting behavior, electioneering, direct lobbying, grassroots lobbying, Internet use, and media advocacy to help individuals in their quest to begin or enhance their engagement in advocacy. A compendium of highly accessible resources is also provided. Finally, this article provides motivation for the beginning advocate.
Racial differences in HIV/AIDS discussion strategies and sexual risk behaviors among drug-abusing female criminal offenders.

African American female inmates are disproportionately affected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), with heterosexual contact as the primary mode of transmission. This could be the result of racial differences in the strategies used by women to persuade a potential sexual partner to discuss AIDS and engage in condom use. Data were collected from 336 female inmates in three correctional institutions as part of the Reducing Risky Relationships for HIV (RRR-HIV) protocol within the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS) cooperative agreement. Bivariate analyses indicated that African American drug using women were more likely than Whites to use the rational, withdrawal, and persistence approaches to discuss AIDS with an intimate sexual partner. Negative binomial regression models were used to identify which interpersonal discussion strategies were significant correlates of the number of the times White participants and African American participants had unprotected vaginal sex in the 30 days prior to incarceration. Results from the multivariate model indicate that White women who are more likely to use the rational discussion strategy were 15% less likely to engage in vaginal sex without a condom; however, these findings were not replicated in the African American sample. Findings add to the literature on racial differences in HIV/AIDS discussion strategies and sexual risk behaviors among drug abusing female criminal offenders.
New Hope for Corporate Governance in China

China's recent revisions to its Company Law and Securities Law have brought new attention to issues of corporate governance in Chinese companies and financial markets. Among the chief criticisms of the earlier laws – in both their provisions and application – were the lack of protection for minority shareholders, the paucity of independent directors, the absence of transparency and inadequate financial disclosure. The acknowledged need for greater congruence between Chinese law and practice and that of countries with more developed capital markets led to the proposal of amendments to China's legislation during the first half of this decade. This article highlights several improvements resulting from the revisions as well as remaining weaknesses in the regulatory framework for corporate enterprises in China.
Symmetry and Equivalence

This paper is concerned with the relation between two notions: that of two solutions or models of a theory being related by a symmetry of the theory and that of solutions or models being physically equivalent (in the sense of being equally well- or ill-suited to represent any given situation, relative to any reasonable interpretation). A number of authors have recently discussed this relation, some taking an optimistic view, on which there is a suitable concept of the symmetry of a theory relative to which these two notions coincide, others taking a pessimistic view, on which there is no such concept. The present paper arrives at a cautiously pessimistic conclusion.
Elucidating the Genetic Cause of Congenital Heart Defects

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Understand the relationship between haploinsufficiency and autosomal dominant transmission. 2. Describe how incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity relate to the genetic analysis of congenital heart disease. 3. Delineate the current hypothesis for the cause of DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome. 4. Understand the relationship between heterotaxy and congenital heart defects. 5. Discuss the possible role of folic acid in the development of congenital malformations. Congenital heart defects (CHD) are among the most common birth defects, with an incidence of 4 to 50 per 1,000 live births. CHD are the leading noninfectious cause of death in the first postnatal year. Although CHD long have been recognized as a component of complex genetic syndromes, a genetic cause for isolated CHD has been less obvious; the source of these defects generally has been believed to be multifactorial. In the past decade, however, molecular genetic studies have revealed that in many instances, CHD exhibits classic mendelian transmission and can be traced to discrete gene defects. The mendelian transmission of CHD may have been obscured by a variety of factors. As the genetic causes of CHD are being elucidated, substantial genetic heterogeneity (ie, mutations in different genes giving rise to the same phenotype) is becoming apparent. Another confounding factor in the genetic analysis of CHD has been the reduced penetrance of the mutant phenotypes, in which some individuals carrying the disease-causing mutations appear to be free of CHD. A third confounding factor has been variable expressivity. Clinically, CHD are classified anatomically (eg, conotruncal defects, atrial or ventricular septation defects). This classification has led to the bias that a particular genetic defect would result in a predictable anatomic defect. Although the resultant anatomic defects reflect the function of the mutated gene during cardiac development with many mutations, some genes impinge on several developmental …
The ABC model and its applicability to basal angiosperms.

Background Although the flower is the central feature of the angiosperms, little is known of its origin and subsequent diversification. The ABC model has long been the unifying paradigm for floral developmental genetics, but it is based on phylogenetically derived eudicot models. Synergistic research involving phylogenetics, classical developmental studies, genomics and developmental genetics has afforded valuable new insights into floral evolution in general, and the early flower in particular.
Survival analysis with functions of mismeasured covariate histories: the case of chronic air pollution exposure in relation to mortality in the nurses' health study.

Summary Environmental epidemiologists are often interested in estimating the effect of functions of time varying exposure histories, such as the 12-month moving average, in relation to chronic disease incidence or mortality. The individual exposure measurements that comprise such an exposure history are usually mismeasured, at least moderately, and, often, more substantially. To obtain unbiased estimates of Cox model hazard ratios for these complex mismeasured exposure functions, an extended risk set regression calibration method for Cox models is developed and applied to a study of long-term exposure to the fine particulate matter, PM2.5, component of air pollution in relation to all-cause mortality in the nurses’ health study. Simulation studies under several realistic assumptions about the measurement error model and about the correlation structure of the repeated exposure measurements were conducted to assess the finite sample properties of this new method and found that the method has good performance in terms of finite sample bias reduction and nominal confidence interval coverage.
The use and misuse of antibiotics in the neonatal intensive care unit

Abstract Antibiotic use in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is very common practice. It is crucial that providers remain judicious in their prescribing habits in order to treat presumed infections effectively while also avoiding the possible complications of unnecessary and inappropriate use. Antibiotic resistance, deadly infections, and lifelong complications can all stem from the misuse of antibiotics in the NICU. While research continues to identify tools to improve diagnosis and clinical decision making, providers must continue to remain cognizant of the possible negative outcomes of antibiotic use and tailor their interventions accordingly.
The Effect of Tropical Cyclones on Climate Change Engagement

Personal experience can influence our attitudes and actions concerning climate change. This paper examines the experience-perception link in relation to tropical cyclones using a distinctly revealed preference approach, mitigating biases of prior research in this area. Specifically, we study how people alter their internet searches related to climate change in response to tropical cyclones. Using data for the United States 2006–2012, results suggest that searches related to climate change increase with a lag in the months following an event. This finding indicates that the people are connecting tropical cyclones to the broader narrative of climate change in the aftermath of an event and there may be a window of opportunity for building public support for policy action.
Noninvasive Detection of Inflammatory Changes in White Adipose Tissue by Label-Free Raman Spectroscopy

White adipose tissue inflammation (WATi) has been linked to the pathogenesis of obesity-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In addition to the obese, a substantial number of normal and overweight individuals harbor WATi, putting them at increased risk for disease. We report the first technique that has the potential to detect WATi noninvasively. Here, we used Raman spectroscopy to detect WATi with excellent accuracy in both murine and human tissues. This is a potentially significant advance over current histopathological techniques for the detection of WATi, which rely on tissue excision and, therefore, are not practical for assessing disease risk in the absence of other identifying factors. Importantly, we show that noninvasive Raman spectroscopy can diagnose WATi in mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of Raman spectroscopy to provide objective risk assessment for future cardiometabolic complications in both normal weight and overweig...
Atomic Structure of a Non-Enveloped dsRNA Virus Reveals pH Sensing for Cell Entry

Mechanism to monitor and response to environmental changes by non-enveloped dsRNA viruses during cell entry is largely unclear, which is in contrast to that by envelope viruses. In particular, how these viruses sense pH change inside endosomes and disrupt host membrane to gain entry into cytoplasm are not understood. To gain insight into cell entry by non-enveloped dsRNA viruses, we determined the atomic structure of the bluetongue virus (BTV) at pH 8.5, a non-enveloped dsRNA virus that undergoes a two-stage endosomal process of cell entry. Our structure reveals that the receptor-binding protein VP2 possesses a conserved zinc-finger motif which may be sensitive to low pH, and that the membrane penetration protein VP5 has three domains: dagger, unfurling and anchoring. The core of the anchoring domain not only contains a β-meander motif with a histidine cluster for low-pH sensing, but also has features potentially for membrane interactions: aromatic clusters, a hydrophobic surface and a WHXL motif. The cryoEM structure of BTV at low pH (5.5 & 3.4) reveals that the VP2 detaches from virus particles, and that the VP5 undergoes dramatic conformational change with the dagger and unfurling domains of VP5 trimer project outwards to form a long filament structure while the anchoring domain remains attached on virus inner capsid. Consistently, biochemical and structure-based mutagenesis studies support these mechanistic interpretations.
Computations of Elliptic Units for Real Quadratic Fields

Let be a real quadratic field, and a rational prime which is inert in . Let be a modular unit on . In an earlier joint article with Henri Darmon, we presented the definition of an element attached to and each . We conjectured that the -adic number lies in a specific ring class extension of depending on , and proposed a “Shimura reciprocity law” describing the permutation action of Galois on the set of . This article provides computational evidence for these conjectures. We present an efficient algorithm for computing , and implement this algorithm with the modular unit . Using , and all real quadratic fields with discriminant such that 2 splits in and contains no unit of negative norm, we obtain results supporting our conjectures. One of the theoretical results in this paper is that a certain measure used to define is shown to be -valued rather than only valued; this is an improvement over our previous result and allows for a precise definition of , instead of only up to a root of unity.
Development of Inter-American Cooperation in the Field of the Social Sciences with Special Reference to Sociology

personal relationship between student and instructor is vital and should be disturbed as little as possible. Instructors are asked to proceed on the assumption that "if a freshman can learn the material, so can they." 6. Since fifty percent of our students drop out of college before their junior year it is important that they be given a systematic approach to the study of society. I have many evidences that this course has more carry-over value into actual life situations than any I have ever taught. 7. This approach takes full advantage of the analytical and comparative methods and thereby leads a student toward objectivity. He does not have to take his knowledge on authority but can figure out much for himself.
Boundary Layer Ingestion Noise and Turbulence Scale Analysis at High and Low Advance Ratios

Far field sound has been measured at several receiving angles from a rotor partially embedded in a boundary layer. The haystacking pattern, or spectral humps that appear at multiples of the blade passage frequency, was studied for a wide range of advance ratios. At high advance ratios, evidence of vortex shedding from the blade trailing edges was observed. For low advance ratios, the haystacks narrowed, became more symmetric and increased in number. A method of determining the average acoustic signature of an eddy passage through a rotor was developed from time delay aligning multiple microphone signals and eddy passages detected using a short time Fourier transform. This detection technique was expanded upon through the use of the continuous wavelet transform. It was found that the eddy passage signatures were similar to a cosine wave with a Gaussian window. It was also found that normalized timescales obtained directly from the eddy passage signatures remained constant with advance ratio. A method of determining lateral timescales from the autocorrelation function of the eddy passage signatures was also developed. It was found that normalized lateral scales also remained constant with advance ratio. For advance ratios less than 0.6, the eddy passage signatures were dominated by a tonal component.
Broad-band, High-efficiency Optical Absorbers Derived From Carbon Nanomaterials

Optical absorption efficiency, an important metric for sensing, radiometric and energy harvesting applications, has been studied theoretically and experimentally in porous, ordered nanostructures, including multi-walled- (MW) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and single-walled- (SW) CNTs. We have characterized the absorption efficiencies in the 350 nm -7000 nm wavelength range of vertically aligned MWCNT arrays with high site densities synthesized directly on metallic substrates using a plasma-enhanced (PE)- chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Our ultra-thin absorbers exhibit a reflectance as low as ∼ 0.02 % (100 X lower than the benchmark). Such high efficiency absorbers are particularly attractive for radiometry, as well as energy harnessing applications. This work increases the portfolio of materials that can be integrated with such absorbers due to the potential for reduced synthesis temperatures arising from a plasma process. Optical modeling calculations were conducted that enabled a determination of the extinction coefficient in the films.
A Density Functional Study of the H2O−HOCO Complex

We have calculated the structure of the complex between H2O and HOCO. The H2O−HOCO complex has a relatively large binding energy of 7.1 kcal mol-1 at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level of theory. Structure and vibrational frequencies were also calculated. Infrared spectroscopy is a possible method for detection of this complex due to the large shifts in frequency and intensities relative to the parent monomers of fundamental modes in the complex. These data are used to calculate equilibrium constant for the formation of the complex, as well as rate constants for its dissociation. These data suggest the formation of the H2O−HOCO complex may compete with HOCO dissociation in the OH + CO reaction in the presence of water.
Gamma Peptide Nucleic Acids: As Orthogonal Nucleic Acid Recognition Codes for Organizing Molecular Self-Assembly

Nucleic acids are an attractive platform for organizing molecular self-assembly because of their specific nucleobase interactions and defined length scale. Routinely employed in the organization and assembly of materials in vitro, however, they have rarely been exploited in vivo, due to the concerns for enzymatic degradation and cross-hybridization with the host’s genetic materials. Herein we report the development of a tight-binding, orthogonal, synthetically versatile, and informationally interfaced nucleic acid platform for programming molecular interactions, with implications for in vivo molecular assembly and computing. The system consists of three molecular entities: the right-handed and left-handed conformers and a nonhelical domain. The first two are orthogonal to each other in recognition, while the third is capable of binding to both, providing a means for interfacing the two conformers as well as the natural nucleic acid biopolymers (i.e., DNA and RNA). The three molecular entities are prepared...
Foreign Policy and an American Christian Democratic Party

ABSTRACTThis article explores the implications of the Judeo-Christian tradition's influence on the United States for the foreign policy of an American Christian Democratic Party. If there were to be such a party in the United States, it would not have to create a new set of ideas and principles out of whole cloth. In fact, an articulation of an American Christian Democratic foreign policy would largely consist of an effort of resourcement, rediscovering and applying anew foundational principles at the core of the American experiment. This article develops this insight in two main foreign policy areas: national security and economic.
Arrested geomorphic trajectories and the long-term hidden potential for change

Geomorphic systems often experience morphological changes that define a trajectory over decadal time periods. These trends can be halted by natural inhibitors such as vegetation, knickpoints, bed armor, or bank cohesion, or by anthropogenic inhibitors such as revetment, levees, or dams. Details about where and how channels and floodplains are stabilized are often poorly understood, which poses a risk that modern projects could unwittingly remove critical stabilizing elements (inhibitors) and unleash an episode of rapid change. The potential for destabilization is particularly keen for rivers that were severely altered by human activities but were stabilized by an inhibitor before readjustment was complete. This study uses aerial photographs to examine two cases of arrested geomorphic trajectories in the lower Yuba and Feather Rivers of northern California after 150 years of severe human disturbance. Channel adjustments were inhibited in distinctly different ways. First, channelization of the Feather River across a high-amplitude meander bend ∼4 km below the Yuba-Feather River confluence resulted in a knickpoint at Shanghai Shoals that retreated upstream at an average rate of 3.67 m/yr from 1963 to 2013 with two episodes of rapid retreat. Shanghai Shoals was breached in 2013. Second, numerous wing dams on the Yuba River constructed in the early nineteenth century limit floodplain widening and prevent return to an anastomosing channel planform. Their stabilizing role is important to preventing mobilization of mining sediment with high concentrations of mercury. These rivers exemplify how arrested geomorphic trajectories may impact sustainable river management, and how recognition of fluvial evolution is essential to sustainable river management.
Hit-Size Effectiveness Approach in Biophysical Modeling

Scientific literature in the field of radiation research contains a number of theories and hypotheses that attempt to explain the production of various biological end points in the different biological systems. However, when considering biophysical modeling, it is essential to classify these models into two basic categories: (a) mechanistic models and (b) phenomenological of empirical. With mechanistic models a certain mode of interaction of radiation with biological systems is first postulated, on the basis of which a model for prediction of biological effects is developed. These models should have a minimum number of identifiable parameters to which a physical significance can be attached. However, if the number of parameters in these models become large then these approaches lose their significance as being mechanistic. Models such as the dual radiation action approach of Kellerer and Rossi (1) and the more generalized theory of dual radiation action (2), Goodhead’s threshold model (3), Curtis’ LPL damage model (4), Tobias’ repair misrepair model (5), are examples of mechanistic approaches to biophysical modeling. These models serve a very useful purpose in distinguishing various modes of biological actions, and increase our understanding of the basic knowledge in the field of interaction of radiation with biological matter.