cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The long-term outcomes of patients with immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis: the Mayo Clinic experience.

The long-term outcomes of immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) are not well known. The outcomes of patients with IgG4-SC at Mayo Clinic (1999–2018) were compared to an age- and gender-matched (1:1 ratio) group of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We identified 89 patients with IgG4-SC; median age at diagnosis was 67 years, 81% were males, and the median follow-up was 5.7 years. Seventy-eight patients received prednisone for induction of remission, and 53 received at least one other immunosuppressive agent for maintenance of remission. Of the IgG4-SC group, 10 died (median time from diagnosis until death was 6.5 years): 2 due to cirrhosis, 3 due to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and 5 due to non-hepatobiliary causes. Eleven patients in the PSC group underwent liver transplantation, while none did in the IgG4-SC group. The incidence of a hepatobiliary adverse event (cirrhosis or CCA) was 3.4 times greater in the PSC compared to the IgG4-SC group (events per 1000 person-years: 52.6; 95% CI 38–73; vs. 15.6; 95% CI 7–32). The probability of development of a hepatobiliary adverse event within 10 years was 11% in the IgG4-SC compared to 45% in the PSC group (P = 0.0001). The overall survival tended to be higher in the IgG4-SC compared to the PSC group (10-year: 79% vs. 68%, respectively; P = 0.11). In a cohort of IgG4-SC patients, 88% of whom were treated with immunosuppressive drugs, the risk of cirrhosis and CCA was significantly lower compared to an age- and gender-matched group with PSC.
Left Ventricular Assist Devices for Acute Myocardial Infarct Size Reduction: Meta-analysis.

We conducted a meta-analysis of preclinical studies that tested left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy for reducing myocardial infarct size in experimental acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Twenty-six articles were included with a total of 488 experimental animal subjects. The meta-analysis showed that infarct size was significantly decreased by LVAD support compared to control animals (SDM, − 2.19; 95% CI, − 2.70 to − 1.69; P < 0.001). The meta-regression analysis demonstrated a high degree of heterogeneity associated with time from coronary artery occlusion to LVAD support, which correlated positively with infarct size. Subgroup analysis suggested smaller infarct size in LVAD therapies that withdrew blood from left heart than those from right heart. The proportion of left ventricular support relative to total cardiac output was positively correlated with infarct size reduction in Impella studies. Thus, early initiation of LVAD after ischemia and effective left ventricular venting may be important factors to reduce infarct size in AMI.
Failure Analysis of a Fuel Control Tube from an Aircraft Engine

Multiple cases of fuel control pressure tube fractures from aircraft engines have been reported. The aim of the present study is to determine the cause of this tube fracture. The studied set was composed by the mentioned tube, a welded connecting pipe, where the fracture has been produced, and a union nut. The fracture has been produced in one most critical zones of the tube, in a region near to the supporting body of the union nut to the connector. Visual examination and microscopic observation through a stereo microscope of the tube fracture surface has been carried out to determine the macrofractographic features. The results revealed a plastic macrodeformation of the tube, a damaged surface and signs of a possible corrosion process. The material has been chemical, mechanical and microstructural characterized. The results confirmed that specifications were fulfilled. Fracture surface was also inspected by scanning electron microscopy to determine the microfractographic features in order to find out the failure mechanism involved in the fracture. Fatigue striations, which are typical from a progressive fracture by a fatigue mechanism have been observed. The origin of the fracture has been placed in defects located in the outer wall of the tube, leading to a final overload fracture.
Short Sellers, Short Squeezes, and Securities Fraud

The modern securities fraud class action lawsuit rests on a legal fiction. Plaintiffs are able to bring claims together and avoid proving individual reliance because over thirty years ago, the Supreme Court assumed that almost all investors purchase and sell securities based on their belief that the market price is accurate. In today's world of short sellers, options traders, algorithmic traders, and institutional investors with more valuation tools than the issuers themselves, that assumption cannot hold. These atypical traders, particularly short sellers, are becoming more and more visible in class actions as lead plaintiffs and lead plaintiff candidates, and sometimes as defendants. Courts have not decided exactly what to do with short sellers in securities fraud cases, and this Article is one of the first to create a theoretical and normative framework for atypical investors in the securities fraud paradigm. Building on a dataset of all 10b-5 cases filed in federal court in 2017, this Article explores the questions of when and whether short sellers and other atypical traders should benefit from the securities fraud class action structure.
Un trágico itinerario guatemalteco: determinismo y tragedia de El Norte de Gregory Nava

The aim of this paper is to analyze one of the conflicts that impacted the reality of the Guatemalan Maya farmers: their migration towards the United States. To carry it out, this article examines the movie El Norte (1983) directed by Gregory Nava, which captures, in a subjective way, the tragic itinerary of several Guatemalan Migrants, whose exodus was marked by stories of sacrifice and struggle. They became secondary characters of the contemporary global world. Methodologically, the article uses a Neo-historicist approach for delving into the way in which the dialogues between the main characters, their displacements, and the geopolitical context of the script allow the movie to become an instrument for debating about the complicated situation of Guatemalan migrants in the United States. This study leads to the conclusion that the protagonists’ itinerary, Enrique and Rosa, has a tragic connotation because their exodus is carried out through people who introduce them to the sinister world of illegality and, as a result, they become invisible individuals of the American society.
Identification of a Putative Enhancer RNA for EGFR in Hyper-Accessible Regions in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells by Analysis of Chromatin Accessibility Landscapes.

Abnormal genetic and epigenetic modifications play a key role in esophageal cancer. Using Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), this study compared chromatin accessibility landscapes among two esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines, KYSE-30 and KYSE-150, and a non-cancerous esophageal epithelial cell line, HET-1A. Data showed that hyper-accessible regions in ESCC cells contained genes related with cancer hallmarks, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Multi-omics analysis and digital-droplet PCR results demonstrated that several non-coding RNAs in EGFR upstream were up-regulated in ESCC cells. Among them, one appeared to act as an enhancer RNA responsible for EGFR overexpression. Further motif analysis and pharmacological data suggested that AP-1 family transcription factors were able to bind the hyper-accessible regions and thus to regulate cancer cell proliferation and migration. This study discovered a putative enhancer RNA for EGFR gene and the reliance of ESCC on AP-1 transcription factor.
Chemistry of Nuclear Waste Glass Reactions: Problems and Potential of Prediction

Many commonly accepted principles of glass corrosion testing can lead to false conclusions if they are accepted as generalities. It is essential to recognize the effects of changing chemistry in test solutions, of temperature on reaction rates, of cycling conditions and of anomalous reactions. One then concludes that simulation modeling is essential, that better standard tests are needed, that wet site disposal may be a good choice and that anomalous failure can be avoided by proper glass design.
Bayesian Spectral Analysis of Reflectivity Data

The analysis of neutron and x-ray reflectivity data to obtain scattering-length density profiles is akin to the notorious phaseless Fourier problem, well-known in many fields such as crsytallography. Current methods of analysis culminate in the refinement of a few parameters of a functional model, and are often preceded by a long and laborious process of trial-and-error. A discussion of the use of maximum entropy for obtaining “free-form” solutions of the density profile, as an alternative to the trial-and-error phase when a functional model is not available, and the suggestion for a novel experimental procedure designed to alleviate the ambiguity problems inherent in traditional reflectivity measurements, are given in Sivia et al. (1990). In this paper we consider the Bayesian spectral analysis approach, which is appropriate for optimising the parameters of a simple (but adequate) type of model when the number of parameters is not known.
The dopamine uptake inhibitor, WIN 35,428, has sigma2 receptor agonist effects that contribute to its self-administration (848.10)

Sigma receptors (σRs) are intracellular chaperone proteins implicated in several diseases, as well as psychiatric disorders and drug abuse. Several in vivo studies show blockade with σR antagonists of several cocaine effects, though not its self administration (SA). The present study assessed whether that insensitivity was specific to cocaine SA using the dopamine uptake inhibitors (WIN35,428, methylphenidate, nomifensine) in rats trained with cocaine SA. As with cocaine, σR antagonists (BD 1008, BD 1047, BD 1063, SN 79, SN 167, (±)SM 21, CM 304, CM 398) were ineffective against methylphenidate and nomifensine SA across a range of doses that antagonized SA of σR agonists (DTG, PRE 084, (+)pentazocine). In contrast, all antagonists tested, except CM 304 produced dose dependent insurmountable antagonism of WIN35,428 SA. CM 304 was equipotent in blocking the SA of DTG, (+)-pentazocine, and PRE-084, but only marginally potent in blocking SA of WIN35,428. The antagonists SN 79, SN 167, CM 398, and (±)SM 21 wer...
Lignin-Degrading Enzymes of the Commercial Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus

Agaricus bisporus, grown under standard composting conditions, was evaluated for its ability to produce lignin-degrading peroxidases, which have been shown to have an integral role in lignin degradation by wood-rotting fungi. The activity of manganese peroxidase was monitored throughout the production cycle of the fungus, from the time of colonization of the compost through the development of fruit bodies. Characterization of the enzyme was done with a crude compost extract. Manganese peroxidase was found to have a pI of 3.5 and a pH optimum of 5.4 to 5.5, with maximal activity during the initial stages of fruiting (pin stage). The activity declined considerably with fruit body maturation (first break). This apparent developmentally regulated pattern parallels that observed for laccase activity and for degradation of radiolabeled lignin and synthetic lignins by A. bisporus. Lignin peroxidase activity was not detected in the compost extracts. The correlation between the activities of manganese peroxidase and laccase and the degradation of lignin in A. bisporus suggests significant roles for these two enzymes in lignin degradation by this fungus.
Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory beyond the Local-Density Approximation

Approximations for the ground-state exchange-correlation potential of density-functional theory have reached a high level of sophistication. By contrast, time- or frequency-dependent exchange-correlation potentials are still being treated in a local approximation. Here we propose a novel approximation scheme, which effectively brings the power of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and meta-GGA to time-dependent density-functional theory. The theory should allow a more accurate treatment of strongly inhomogeneous electronic systems (e.g. molecular junctions) while remaining essentially exact for slowly varying densities and slowly varying external potentials.
Morphologic characteristics and nucleic acid type of transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pigs.

The morphology and development of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus of pigs have been studied with the electron microscope. By the negative contrast technique characteristic particles were found in preparations concentrated and partially purified either from infected fetal pig kidney cell cultures by phase partition in dextran-methylcellulose and dextran-polyethylene glycol followed by equilibrium zonal centrifugation or from infected fetal pig thyroid (FPT) cell cultures by differential centrifugation. Most of the particles had a spherical shape and were between 75 and 120 mμ in diameter. In some particles disrupted spontaneously, fixed with formaldehyde or split with ether, an outer membrane and internal beaded filaments were demonstrated.
Numerical Simulation of Reactive Turbulent Flows Over Bluff Body Flame Holders: A Parametric Study

In this paper, a numerical parametric study has been conducted to examine the effects of varying both inlet turbulent intensity and angle of attack for a bluff body flame holder (V-gutter) in a channel. The geometry used was based on previous experiments. The inlet turbulent intensity was varied from 2% to 100% while the angle of attack of the V-gutter was varied from −20° to 20°. The turbulent flow was modeled with a RANS-based realizable k-e turbulence model. The combustion setup used was premixed propane-air combustion with an equivalence ratio of 0.6. The combustion-turbulence interaction is simulated with an eddy-dissipation model. Calculations were carried out using a finite volume based solver, and all equations were solved using the second order upwind method. Results indicate that increasing the inlet turbulent intensity and V-gutter angle of attack will result in an increase not only in the size but also in magnitude of the downstream high turbulence areas with vortexes.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A systematic evaluation of online resources for dementia caregivers

Health care consumers are increasingly turning to the Internet for information, advice, and support. For dementia caregivers, the Internet is a convenient source of answers to their many questions and needs. Uncertainty remains, however, as to which Internet sites caregivers should rely upon. In this study, 16 of the most frequently listed Internet sites for dementia caregivers were systematically evaluated using an evaluation tool specific to dementia caregiving. A ranked list was generated based upon the content, quality, and usability of each site. Practical implications are discussed in terms of how dementia caregivers might use the Internet more effectively and how Internet providers might better serve dementia caregivers.
High rates of coronary artery stenosis detected by angiography in diabetic renal transplant candidates.

High rates of coronary artery stenosis detected by angiography in diabetic renal transplant candidates
Recent Developments In Gas Laser Technology

Important developments in gas laser technology have arisen in the past year or so. These developments include improvements in the performance of existing systems and the achievement of laser action in new systems. In the former category we would mention the construc-tion of compact CO2 lasers with power outputs previously achieved only in very large devices and the commercial exploitation of CW ultraviolet laser outputs in noble gas ion lasers. New systems would include CW laser action in metal vapors in a buffer discharge of helium and CW laser action in pure helium itself.© (1969) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Patch testing for occupational allergens and the evaluation of patients with occupational contact dermatitis.

With the expanding interest in the environmental causes of disease, carefully performed, differential patch testing in suspected cases of contact allergy becomes a vitally important part of the investigation. Although all of the necessary allergens have not yet been released by the FDA for U.S. manufacture and distribution, it is hoped this will occur within the next few months. The thousands of patients with work-related allergic contact dermatitis can then hope for to learn the exact source of their disease, which can then lead to suitable work adjustments.
Preservation of Fcγ Receptor-Mediated Particle Phagocytosis and Binding with rat Alveolar Macrophages Adhered to a Plastic Substrate in a Serum Free System

Functional differences between adherent macrophages and macrophages in suspension have been repeatedly reported. During the course of developing serum-free phagocytic assays to evaluate Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated phagocytosis by rat alveolar macrophages (AM) we found FcγR-mediated phagocytosis by Rat AM in suspension was markedly greater than when these cells were bound to plastic substrate in protein-free medium. This dissimilarity in performance was related, in part, to a plastic substrate-associated loss in FcγR-mediated phagocytosis in that this cell function was preserved when monolayers of AM were formed in culture medium containing a low concentration of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The results of particle binding studies suggest the diminished phagocytic activities of AM in monolayers formed in the absence of BSA was due to a loss in the functional expression of FcγR.
Fatal atlanto‐axial luxation in rheumatoid arthritis

Fatal atlanto-axial dislocation occurred in two patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in both there were severe degenerative changes in the spinal ligaments and skeletal muscle in this area. Attention is called to the frequency of spontaneous cervical dislocations in rheumatoid patients and the advisability of obtaining routine radiographic examination of the cervical spine in patients with advanced disease. Mortal dislocation atlanto-axial occurreva in duo patientes con arthritis rheumatoidee. Ambes monstrava sever alterationes degeneratori in le ligamentos spinal e le musculo skeletic in iste area. Es signalate le frequentia de spontanee dislocationes cervical in patientes rheumatoidee e le desirabilitate de obtener routinarimente examines radiographic del spina cervical in patientes con morbo avantiate. HE CERVICAL SPINE is frequently affected in rheumatoid arthritis, T and subluxations are common, particularly of the atlanto-axial joints. Neurologic manifestations often are absent, even in patients with severe atlanto-odontoid separatian.l?* However, symptoms of compression of the spinal cord and medulla may be observed and, unless the possibility of cervical luxation is considered, the correct diagnosis may not be appreciated, particularly in patients with crippling joint disease in whom neurologic examination is difficult. This report of two patients who sustained atlanto-axial luxations which were diagnosed only at necropsy emphasizes the potential danger of this complication.
Some Coelozoic Myxosporida From New Zealand Fishes: Family Sphaerosporidae1

SYNOPSIS. The trophic stages and spores of Sphaerospora undulans n. sp. from the urinary bladder, and ureters, and oviducts of Caulopsetta scapha, and the urinary bladder and ureters of Peltorhamphus novaezelandiae are described. An undescribed species from Genypterus blacodes is also mentioned. The host fishes were taken in New Zealand.
ACTINOMYCIN, PUROMYCIN AND ETHIONINE INHIBITION OF SYNTHESIS OF GLUCONEOGENIC ENZYMES IN ACUTE DIABETES.

In the acutely diabetic rat administration of the protein synthetic inhibitors, actinomycin, puromycin and ethionine, inhibited the marked increases in hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase. The results suggest that the liver enzyme increases were due to de novo enzyme synthesis occurring in the diabetic rats.
Total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis to successfully treat a patient with collagenous colitis.

Total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis to successfully treat a patient with collagenous colitis
Commensurability and hysteretic evolution of vortex configurations in rotating optical lattices

We present a theoretical study of vortices within a harmonically trapped Bose-Einstein condensate in a rotating optical lattice. Due to the competition between vortex-vortex interactions and pinning to the optical lattice, we find a very complicated energy landscape, which leads to hysteretic evolution. The qualitative structure of the vortex configurations depends on the commensurability between the vortex density and the site density---with regular lattices when these are commensurate and the appearance of ringlike structures when they are not. We model the imaging of these structures by calculating time-of-flight column densities. As in the absence of the optical lattice, the vortices are much more easily observed in a time-of-flight image than in situ.
A performance evaluation method that uses simple network management protocol for radio local area networks

Local area network (LAN) is used widely at present, and the radio LAN also is utilized worldwide in practice. This paper focuses on the performance evaluation of the radio LAN in actual operation. It is shown that the method based on simple network management protocol (SNMP) is useful.
The not-so-minimal lesions of the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood

Dijkman et al. describe a unique form of glomerular involution in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). These lesions are small and sclerotic but retain their podocyte and parietal epithelial cell constituents. Multicenter studies are needed to address the clinical implications of the changing histological pattern of INS in children.
Collaboration Between Team Members in Inclusive Educational Settings

SUMMARY The inclusion of students with disabilities into general education settings and programs has necessitated the development of integrated, collaborative service delivery models that are compatible with the goals and purpose of inclusive education. Although there is considerable theoretical literature on collaboration, there is minimal empirical data available on the process or its outcomes. The purpose of this exploratory study was to gain insight on the perspectives of regular and special educators, and occupational, physical, and speech-language therapists towards collaboration. Using a semi-structured interview, participants (n = 51) responded to questions concerning the definition, nature, and extent of collaboration in their school setting. Participants also responded to questions related to the advantages of, barriers towards, and strategies to promote collaboration. Participants typically defined collaboration as not a problem-solving process, but in terms of activities associated with it. Results indicate that participants believed collaboration was mutually beneficial for both students and team members. However, implementing a collaborative approach was problematic. Lack of administrative approval for time for planning meetings was the most frequently cited barrier to collaboration. Although 51.6% of the participants reported time available for collaborative planning by regular and special educators, only 21.5% of the participants reported this time being available for therapists to meet with educators. Education about collaboration, either in professional/preservice education programs or as continuing education, was recommended as a strategy to facilitate a collaborative approach. Although a collaborative approach is being used by therapists and educators more and more frequently, there is a need for research to validate its efficacy.
The effect of wall‐friction on gravity‐waves

Two-dimensional waves on a free-water surface have been investigated experimentally in relatively narrow laboratory channels. In planning such experiments, there arises a question as to the width necessary to avoid appreciable losses of wave-energy by wall-friction. If the crest-lengths were infinite, as assumed in the theoretical analysis of gravity-waves [H. LAMB, Hydrodynamics, 6th Ed., p. 619], only internal and bottom friction decrease the wave-energy and these effects are usually small but in laboratory wave-tanks friction resulting from the very steep velocity-gradients near the walls of the tank may have an effect so great as to render the experimental results worthless. The practical problem involved is the selection of a width of tank showing inappreciable wall-effect rather than prediction of the loss of energy in a tank of insufficient width.
A Short, Highly Efficient Synthesis of Coenzyme Q10

The most efficient synthesis reported to date of ubiquinone (CoQ10) is described. A sequence consisting of six operations is involved which leads to crystalline material in an overall yield of >64%.
A bio-inspired apposition compound eye machine vision sensor system

The Wyoming Information, Signal Processing, and Robotics Laboratory is developing a wide variety of bio-inspired vision sensors. We are interested in exploring the vision system of various insects and adapting some of their features toward the development of specialized vision sensors. We do not attempt to supplant traditional digital imaging techniques but rather develop sensor systems tailor made for the application at hand. We envision that many applications may require a hybrid approach using conventional digital imaging techniques enhanced with bio-inspired analogue sensors. In this specific project, we investigated the apposition compound eye and its characteristics commonly found in diurnal insects and certain species of arthropods. We developed and characterized an array of apposition compound eye-type sensors and tested them on an autonomous robotic vehicle. The robot exhibits the ability to follow a pre-defined target and avoid specified obstacles using a simple control algorithm.
On the habit plane of γ″-Ni3V precipitates

Abstract The crystalloaraphic habit of coherent γ″-Ni 3 V precipitates that have a bet DO 22 structure has been investigated. Theoretical calculation based on the elastic energy theory predicts an unusual habit to be close to (102). This calculation is in good agreement with the results of transmission electron microscopy. Four variants of precipitate habit that correspond to a tetragonal direction coexist, leading to an absence of streaking in the diffraction pattern.
Text-oriented structure commands for structure editors

The main problems associated with program structure editors are not inherent and can be solved without reverting to a textual viewpoint. Cursor movements can be made more natural by viewing the screen as a 2-D arrangement of nodes. Expressions can be input from left to right by rebinding operator keys to commands more complex than simple template expansion. Transformations of program fragments can be accomplished by an editor which supports matching and instantiation of subtrees.
Effects of fiber characteristics on lung deposition, retention, and disease

There is abundant epidemiologic evidence that asbestos fibers can cause lung fibrosis (asbestosis), bronchial cancer, and mesothelioma in humans, as well as limited evidence for such effects in workers exposed to slag and rockwool fibers. Epidemiological evidence for human disease from inhalation exposures to conventional fibrous glass is negative. While health concerns based on the morphological and toxicological similarities between man-made fibers and asbestos are warranted, it is important to note that most of the toxicological evidence for glass fiber toxicity in laboratory animals is based on nonphysiological exposures such as intratracheal instillation or intraperitoneal injection of fiber suspensions. Man-made fibers have produced lung fibrosis and mesotheliomas in such tests, albeit at much lower yields than asbestos. For all durable mineral fibers, critical length limits must be exceeded to warrant concern about chronic toxicity; i.e., 2 microns for asbestosis, 5 microns for mesothelioma, and 10 microns for lung cancer. Fiber width must be less than 0.1 microns for mesothelioma, and larger than this limit for asbestosis and lung cancer. The human health risks for most fibrous glass products are either low or negligible for a variety of reasons. First, most commercial fibrous glass products have mean fiber diameters of approximately 7.5 microns, which results in mean aero-dynamic diameters approximately 22 microns. Thus, most glass fibers, even if dispersed into the air, do not penetrate into the lung to any great extent. Second, the small fraction of smaller diameter fibers that do penetrate into the lungs are not persistent within the lungs for most fibrous glass products due to mechanical breakage into shorter lengths and overall dissolution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clay Mineralogical Transformations over Time in Hanford Sediments Reacted with Simulated Tank Waste

Buried waste storage tanks at the USDOE Hanford Reservation in Washington State have released solutions containing high concentrations of Na, OH, NO 3 , and Al into the vadose zone. When such solutions contact vadose zone sediments, mineral transformations will change the sediment matrix. We hypothesized that Si, dissolved from primary and secondary minerals, will combine with Al from the tank waste to form crystalline or poorly crystalline network silicates such as zeolites and feldspathoids. In this study, we characterized the colloidal (<2 μm equivalent diam.) minerals formed when simulated tank solutions reacted with vadose zone Hanford sediments. Variables studied included simulated tank waste (STW) composition, reaction time, and temperature. Hanford sediments were reacted with a series of simulated tank solutions in batch experiments at 25 and 50°C for 1, 10, 25, 40, and 50 d. The mineralogical, structural, and chemical properties of the resulting colloidal fractions and bulk solutions were determined by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 17 Al- and 29 Si-magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX), colorimetry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Upon contact with STW, Si was released from the sediments and a portion was incorporated into poorly crystalline solids. The amount of poorly crystalline solids increased initially and reached maximum quantities between 0 and 25 d. Lability of minerals in the presence of NaOH followed the order quartz → kaolinite → illite. New secondary minerals, NO 3 -cancrinite, NO 3 -sodalite, and zeolite A, were formed at the expense of the original clay minerals. Zeolite A was labile and disappeared after about 25 d of reaction time. Cancrinite and sodalite, however, appeared to be stable and increased in abundance with time.
Some Differences Among Various Mammalian Cell Lines in Reversal of Growth Inhibition by 5-Fluorouracil.∗†:

SummaryGrowth inhibition of HeLa and H. Ep. #1 cells by 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and reversal of inhibition by thymine and thymidine have been studied. Growth inhibition curves with 5-fluorouracil are similar in both cell lines while reversal studies reveal several differences. Thymine partially reverses inhibition by 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine in HeLa but not in H. Ep. #1 cells. Thymidine reverses inhibition by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine in both H. Ep. #1 and HeLa cells but reverses inhibition by 5-fluorouracil only in HeLa cells. Partial reversal (about 30%) of inhibition by 5-fluorouracil in HeLa cells represents more closely a reduced growth rate by the whole cell population rather than a normal growth rate by a fraction of the population. Utilization of thymine-2-C14 for DNA thymine synthesis in HeLa cells was significantly increased in presence of 5-fluorouracil.
Mechanism of Type 3 Capsular Polysaccharide Synthesis inStreptococcus pneumoniae

The glycosidic linkages of the type 3 capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae ([3)-beta-D-GlcUA-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1-->](n)) are formed by the membrane-associated type 3 synthase (Cps3S), which is capable of synthesizing polymer from UDP sugar precursors. Using membrane preparations of S. pneumoniae in an in vitro assay, we observed type 3 synthase activity in the presence of either Mn(2+) or Mg(2+) with maximal levels seen with 10-20 mM Mn(2+). High molecular weight polymer synthesized in the assay was composed of Glc and glucuronic acid and could be degraded to a low molecular weight product by a type 3-specific depolymerase from Bacillus circulans. Additionally, the polymer bound specifically to an affinity column made with a type 3 polysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibody. The polysaccharide was rapidly synthesized from smaller chains and remained associated with the enzyme-containing membrane fraction throughout its synthesis, indicating a processive mechanism of synthesis. Release of the polysaccharide was observed, however, when the level of one of the substrates became limiting. Finally, addition of sugars to the growing type 3 polysaccharide was shown to occur at the nonreducing end of the polysaccharide chain.
Polyamine turnover and leakage during infection of HeLa and L-cells with herpex simplex virus type 1

Abstract Polyamine turnover has been studied in HeLa cells and L-cells during infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). This virus multiplies 20 times more efficiently in HeLa than in L-cells. Purified HSV-1 grown in HeLa cells contained spermidine and spermine. Spermine was confined to the nucleocapsid, as reported elsewhere, and could neutralize nearly 50% of the DNA phosphates. Synthesis of spermidine and spermine stopped soon after infection of both types of cells, as measured by changes in specific activity of cell polyamines. No further metabolism of these organic cations could be detected during infection. 80% of cell polyamines were lost rapidly from L-cells during infection with HSV-1. In contrast, infected HeLa cells lost very little polyamine. Addition of spermidine or spermine to infected cells did not increase the yield of virus, suggesting that loss of cell polyamines was not limiting production of infectious virus.
Dimensions of care in five United States nursing homes: identifying invisible work in care-giving

This article reports on a study carried out to identify components of practical knowledge, which is the knowledge that is used to guide decision-making and actions, used by care-givers in nursing homes. The practical knowledge behind the giving of care in the day-to-day activities in five nursing homes was studied and models for such care were developed. One finding from this study was that a large portion of the work of caring as known and understood by care-participants (patients, families, and nursing staff) was excluded from prescribed routines established by administration for care.
Comparison of invertase and pectinesterase inactivation in processed tomato pulp

The heat stability of pectinesterase (PE) and invertase in tomato pulp was investigated to examine the feasibility of using invertase inactivation to predict pectinesterase inactivation. Both invertase and PE were inactivated at 80C in macerated tomato pulp. Between temperatures of 65C to 75C invertase was less heat stable than PE. Results indicate that when temperatures above 80C are reached, almost instantaneously, it would be feasible to use invertase activity as measured by sucrose level to predict PE activity.
Thermoplastic variable stiffness composites with embedded, networked sensing, actuation, and control

We present a composite material consisting of a thermoplastic base material and embedded, networked sensing, actuation, and control to vary its stiffness locally based on computational logic. A polycaprolactone grid provides stiffness at room temperature. Each polycaprolactone element within the grid is equipped with a dedicated heating element, thermistor, and networked microcontroller that can drive the element to a desired temperature/stiffness. We present experimental results using a 4 × 1 grid that can assume different global conformations under the influence of gravity by simply changing the local stiffness of individual parts. We describe the composite structure and its manufacturing, the principles behind variable stiffness control using Joule heating, local sliding mode control of each polycaprolactone bar’s temperature and function, and limitations of the embedded multi-hop communication system. The function of the local temperature controller is evaluated experimentally.
TiN, TaN and WxN as diffusion barriers for Cu on SiO2: capacitance-voltage, leakage current, and triangular-voltage-sweep tests after bias temperature stress

Abstract TiN, TaN and W x N films of 5, 10 or 20 nm thickness have been evaluated as diffusion barriers between Cu and SiO 2 . The main emphasis of this work is on electrical characterization of metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors after bias temperature stress at different temperatures, using capacitance-vs.-voltage, leakage current-vs.-voltage, and triangular-voltage-sweep (TVS) measurements. The electrical tests are correlated with compositional information from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Our results indicate that TiN is a substantially inferior barrier compared to the other materials, and that W x N is at least equivalent to TaN. W x N may even be slightly better at the lowest barrier thickness. Moreover, electrical methods are generally more sensitive than structural methods in detecting failure of the diffusion barrier. Among the three electrical test methods, TVS is the earliest indicator of eventual barrier failure. However, the conditions for a consistent methodology in evaluating the reliability of diffusion barriers need to be more clearly defined.
Initiation of Oral Contraceptives and Changes in Blood Pressure and Body Mass Index in Healthy Adolescents

Objectives To describe changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and body mass index (BMI) associated with initiation and continued use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) in healthy adolescents. Study design This observational, matched cohort study was conducted in 2 large health systems. Utilizing claims and electronic medical records, we identified adolescents 14-17.9 years of age initiating medium-dose COCs (containing 30 or 35 (μg of ethinyl estradiol or equivalent and a progestin) between July 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009 with a baseline and at least 1 follow-up blood pressure (BP) and BMI. COC-users were matched 1:2 by age, race/ethnicity, and site to controls (COC-nonusers). All BPs and BMIs recorded during outpatient visits starting 1 month prior to COC initiation (index date for controls), through December 31, 2010 were collected. Mixed model linear regression with random intercepts and slopes were then used to estimate changes in SBP, DBP, and BMI over time. Results The 510 adolescent COC-users and 912 controls did not differ significantly by age, race/ethnicity, insurance, and baseline SBP, DBP, or BMI. After adjusting for baseline values, over a median of 18 months follow-up, COC-users had an decrease in SBP of 0.07 mm Hg/mo, and controls had an increase of 0.02 mm Hg/mo ( P = .65). Similarly, DBP decreased by 0.007 mm Hg/mo in COC-users vs 0.006 mm Hg/mo in controls ( P = .99). BMI increased by 0.04 (kg/m 2 )/mo in COC-users vs 0.025 (kg/m 2 )/mo in controls ( P = .09). Conclusions These data should provide reassurance to patients and providers regarding the lack of significant associations between COC-use and BMI or BP changes in adolescents.
Effect of citric acid on the radiation resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and frankfurter quality factors.

Abstract Listeria monocytogenes is a common contaminant of ready-to-eat meat products, including frankfurters. Ionizing (gamma) radiation can eliminate L. monocytogenes from frankfurters. Citric acid (CA) is an antioxidant synergist and anti-microbial agent that can be applied to the surfaces of cured meat products prior to packaging. The effect of CA on the radiation resistance of L. monocytogenes that was surface-inoculated onto frankfurters was determined. The D 10 values, the radiation doses required to inactivate 90% of viable L. monocytogenes, were 0.61, 0.60, 0.54, and 0.53 kGy, on frankfurters dipped in 0, 1, 5 or 10% CA solution, respectively. CA, although an antioxidant synergist, did not increase antioxidant activity (AA) on frankfurter surfaces as determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Lipid oxidation, as determined by the Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay, was not affected by CA or ionizing radiation. Color of frankfurters, determined by Hunter L , a , b , indicated that ionizing radiation induced a small, but visually imperceptible, loss of redness ( a -value). Frankfurter firmness, as measured by maximum shear force, was not affected by ionizing radiation or CA. CA enhanced the lethality of ionizing radiation without negatively impacting frankfurter color, lipid oxidation, firmness, or antioxidant activity.
DART3: DHS assistant for R&D tracking and technology transfer

Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistant for Research and development Tracking and Technology Transition (DART3) is a web-based implementation designed to capture US Federally funded research and development (R&D) project descriptions and the DHS Cyber Security and Communications (CS&C) R&D requirements and use this information to plan a set of transition activities that accelerate the deployment of relevant R&D results to CS&C operational systems.
Isotopic evidence for the source of Ca and S in soil gypsum, anhydrite and calcite in the Atacama Desert, Chile

Abstract The origin of pedogenic salts in the Atacama Desert has long been debated. Possible salt sources include in situ weathering at the soil site, local sources such as aerosols from the adjacent Pacific Ocean or salt-encrusted playas (salars), and extra-local atmospheric dust. To identify the origin of Ca and S in Atacama soil salts, we determined δ 34 S and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values of soil gypsum/anhydrite and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values of soil calcite along three east-west trending transects. Our results demonstrate the strong influence of marine aerosols on soil gypsum/anhydrite development in areas where marine fog penetrates inland. Results from an east-west transect located along a breach in the Coastal Cordillera show that most soils within 90 km of the coast, and below 1300 m in elevation, are influenced by marine aerosols and that soils within 50 km, and below 800 m in elevation, receive >50% of Ca and S from marine aerosols (δ 34 S values > 14‰ and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values >0.7083). In areas where the Coastal Cordillera is >1200 m in elevation, however, coastal fog cannot penetrate inland and the contribution of marine aerosols to soils is greatly reduced. Most pedogenic salts from inland soils have δ 34 S values between +5.0 to +8.0‰ and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios between 0.7070 and 0.7076. These values are similar to average δ 34 S and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values of salts from local streams, lakes, and salars (+5.4 ±2‰ δ 34 S and 0.70749 ± 0.00045 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) in the Andes and Atacama, suggesting extensive eolian reworking of salar salts onto the surrounding landscape. Ultimately, salar salts are precipitated from evaporated ground water, which has acquired its dissolved solutes from water-rock interactions (both high and low-temperature) along flowpaths from recharge areas in the Andes. Therefore, the main source for Ca and S in gypsum/anhydrite in non-coastal soils is indirect and involves bedrock alteration, not surficially on the hyperarid landscape, but in the subsurface by ground water, followed by eolian redistribution of ground-water derived salar salts to soils. The spatial distribution of high-grade nitrate deposits appears to correspond with areas that receive the lowest fluxes of local marine and salar salt, supporting arguments for tropospheric nitrogen as the main source for soil nitrate.
Cochlear cytokine gene expression in murine acute otitis media.

Objective: Recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) causes sensorineural hearing loss by unknown mechanisms. It is widely accepted that inflammatory cytokines diffuse across the round window membrane to exert cytotoxic effects. This study addresses whether inner ear cells are capable of expressing genes for inflammatory cytokines. Study Design: The authors conducted a prospective animal study. Methods: BALB/C mice underwent transtympanic injection of heat-killed Haemophilus influenzae to create an acute inflammatory response. These mice were compared with a control group in addition to a group of uninjected mice found to have otomicroscopic changes consistent with persistent or chronic otitis media. The cochleas of these mice were obtained, their RNA harvested, and cytokine gene expression analyzed using prefabricated cDNA arrays. Results: Four groups of mice (control, 3-day postinjection, 7-day postinjection, and mice with chronic otitis media) with five mice in each group were analyzed. Numerous classes of genes were found to be upregulated or downregulated by more than twofold. Some genes differed from control mice by more than 10-fold. These genes included numerous fibroblast growth factors, interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, and colony-stimulating factors. Conclusion: The genes of numerous inflammatory cytokines are either up- or downregulated by murine inner ear cells in response to either acute or chronic inflammation of the middle ear. This study provides a novel site of production of cytokines that may be responsible for the damage seen in sensorineural hearing loss.
Nonparametric Estimation in Large Panels with Cross-Sectional Dependence

In this paper we consider nonparametric estimation in panel data under cross-sectional dependence. Both the number of cross-sectional units (N) and the time dimension of the panel (T) are assumed to be large, and the cross-sectional dependence has a multifactor structure. Local linear regression is used to filter the unobserved cross-sectional factors and to estimate the nonparametric conditional mean. A Monte Carlo simulation study shows that the proposed estimator yields good finite sample properties.
The glenoid in total shoulder arthroplasty

Management of glenohumeral arthrosis with a total shoulder prosthesis is becoming increasingly common. However, failure of the glenoid component remains one of the most common causes for failure. Our understanding of this problem has evolved greatly since the first implants were placed in the 1970’s. However glenoid failure remains a challenging problem to address and manage. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding the glenoid in total shoulder arthroplasty touching on anatomy, component design, implant fixation, causes of implant failure, management of glenoid failure and alternatives to glenoid replacement.