cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Domination of Astronomy Over Other Disciplines

Nature is one. Science should be one. But we see that contemporary ‘science’ is fragmented into disciplines, departments, and specialties in an arbitrary and artificial manner. Our ‘science’ has fallen to these present depths under the sheer weight of its accumulated data and literature. Since no one of us can any longer hope to sift through all of the paper that has been accumulated, we face a choice: we can admit how little we know about nature as a whole — or we can restrict our areas of knowledgeability to fit our capacities, and thus continue to appear knowledgeable. Most scholars choose the course that is more self-flattering: since we cannot be experts on the panorama of nature, we instead become experts on solar prominences, or on Homeric epic, or on Bristlecone pines, or on Mayan sculpture, just so that there remains at least something on which we can be experts.
Single Cl− Channels Activated by Ca2+ in Drosophila S2 Cells Are Mediated By Bestrophins

Mutations in human bestrophin-1 (VMD2) are genetically linked to several forms of retinal degeneration but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Bestrophin-1 (hBest1) has been proposed to be a Cl− channel involved in ion and fluid transport by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). To date, however, bestrophin currents have only been described in overexpression systems and not in any native cells. To test whether bestrophins function as Ca2+-activated Cl− (CaC) channels physiologically, we used interfering RNA (RNAi) in the Drosophila S2 cell line. S2 cells express four bestrophins (dbest1–4) and have an endogenous CaC current. The CaC current is abolished by several RNAi constructs to dbest1 and dbest2, but not dbest3 or dbest4. The endogenous CaC current was mimicked by expression of dbest1 in HEK cells, and the rectification and relative permeability of the current were altered by replacing F81 with cysteine. Single channel analysis of the S2 bestrophin currents revealed an ∼2-pS single channel with fast gating kinetics and linear current–voltage relationship. A similar channel was observed in CHO cells transfected with dbest1, but no such channel was seen in S2 cells treated with RNAi to dbest1. This provides definitive evidence that bestrophins are components of native CaC channels at the plasma membrane.
Sequence of a Second Gene Encoding Bovine Submaxillary Mucin: Implication for Mucin Heterogeneity and Cloning

Secreted epithelial mucins are extremely large and heterogeneous glycoproteins. We report the 5 kilobase DNA sequence of a second gene, BSM2, which encodes bovine submaxillary mucin. The determined nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of BSM2 are 95.2% and 92. 2% identical, respectively, to those of the previously described BSM1 gene isolated from the same cow. Further, the five predicted protein domains of the two genes are 100%, 94%, 93%, 77%, and 88% identical. Based on the above results, we propose that expression of multiple homologous core proteins from a single animal is a factor in generating diversity of saccharides in mucins and in providing resistance of the molecules to proteolysis. In addition, this work raises several important issues in mucin cloning such as assembling sequences from seemingly overlapping clones and deducing consensus sequences for nearly identical tandem repeats.
Fuzzy neural network with relational fuzzy rules

The paper presents a fuzzy neural network whose structure accounts for relations between input variables of the system under consideration. This modification results in a simple fuzzy model with improved approximation accuracy. An example of nonlinear time series prediction using the proposed fuzzy neural network is also included.
In-Situ Preparation and Characterization of Superconducting Thin Films and Related Materials by Mocvd for the Development of Three Terminal Switching Devices

Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has the potential of emerging as a major technique for the fabrication of high temperature superconductor devices. In this paper, we present preliminary results of in-situ deposition of Y-Ba-Cu-0 thin films ( T c = 79K) by rapid isothermal processing assisted MOCVD on BaF 2 /silicon substrates.
Extreme ritualistic alcohol consumption among college students on game day

Abstract Alcohol use and the related consequences associated with college football games are a serious public health issue for university communities. Objective: Examining “Extreme Ritualistic Alcohol Consumption” (ERAC), defined as consuming 10 or more drinks on game day for a male, and 8 or more drinks for a female, is the focus of this study. Participants: In the fall of 2006, college students ages 18 to 24 were randomly selected to complete the Game Day Survey. Methods: Researchers utilized a cross sectional research design to collect data. Results: Sixteen percent of the respondents engaged in ERAC on game day, whereas 36% drank 5 or more drinks (4 or more for females). Male, Caucasian, Greek (members of a social fraternity or sorority), and students of legal drinking age consumed alcohol at disproportionately high rates. Conclusion: Alcohol use is common on game day, with a significant percentage of students placing themselves at risk by drinking large amounts of alcohol.
Optical magnetic imaging of living cells

Magnetic imaging is a powerful tool for probing biological and physical systems. However, existing techniques either have poor spatial resolution compared to optical microscopy and are hence not generally applicable to imaging of sub-cellular structure (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] 1 ), or entail operating conditions that preclude application to living biological samples while providing sub-micron resolution (e.g., scanning superconducting quantum interference device [SQUID] microscopy 2 , electron holography 3 , and magnetic resonance force microscopy [MRFM] 4 ). Here we demonstrate magnetic imaging of living cells (magnetotactic bacteria) under ambient laboratory conditions and with sub-cellular spatial resolution (400 nm), using an optically-detected magnetic field imaging array consisting of a nanoscale layer of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) colour centres implanted at the surface of a diamond chip. With the bacteria placed on the diamond surface, we optically probe the NV quantum spin states and rapidly reconstruct images of the vector components of the magnetic field created by chains of magnetic nanoparticles (magnetosomes) produced in the bacteria, and spatially correlate these magnetic field maps with optical images acquired in the same apparatus. Wide-field sCMOS acquisition allows parallel optical and magnetic imaging of multiple cells in a population with sub-micron resolution and >100 micron field-of-view. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the bacteria confirm that the correlated optical and magnetic images can be used to locate and characterize the magnetosomes in each bacterium. The results provide a new capability
The complex world of gastrointestinal bacteria

The world of gastrointestinal (GI) bacteria is one of the most complex and intricate of the microbial domain. These bacteria are confronted with a constantly changing (and often hostile) environment, including fluctuations in both physical and chemical conditions. Neighboring microorganisms not only contend for substrate but even launch complex chemical attacks with the apparent purpose of disrupting the activity of their competitors. Yet, some species not only survive, they even flourish, in the GI tract because they possess the ability to adapt to these environmental fluctuations and assaults from other microbes. Such adaptation involves sophisticated programs in the bacterial cell that enable it to monitor its environment and make necessary adjustments of physiological activity and gene expression. Among these adjustments is the ability of cell-to-cell communication, biofilm formation, regulation of cytoplasmic pH, and maintenance of genetic diversity through mutation and horizontal gene transfer. As a...
Diffracted-light contrast enhancement: a re-examination of oblique illumination.

A re-examination and modification of the very old oblique illumination technique has resulted in a method for contrast enhancement in microscopes, diffracted-light contrast (DLC), which provides high-contrast, high-resolution images of unstained biological material. The technique, which utilizes the diffracted light from the edge of a small, opaque plate, provides shadowcast images similar to those obtained by Nomarski DIC, anaxial illumination, modulation contrast, or single-sideband microscopy; however, it requires only a single additional component, which can be added to any bright field microscope. The contrast and three-dimensionality of the final image can be controlled by inserting differently shaped edges. Any bright field condenser will work with the technique and, consequently, it is a technique that may be especially useful with relatively basic, inexpensive laboratory and teaching microscopes although the image produced on a research grade microscope is of very high quality, comparable to that obtained with DIC.
Reading a cost-effectiveness or decision analysis study: Five things to consider.

Summary Cost-effectiveness studies and decision analyses of neurologic practices, treatments, and technologies are increasing in the literature and have an emerging role within both medicine and neurology. Knowledge about these research approaches, how to interpret the results of such studies, as well as an understanding of their limitations will be of growing importance for the practicing neurologist. We discuss 5 aspects of these analyses to increase awareness about the uses and limitations of cost-effectiveness articles in everyday practice.
Reflections on the global art market:: implications for the sociology of culture

The article examines the recent changes in art world from the characteristics of the global art market and its implications for sociological theories of art. Therefore, it focuses on the correlation established between the decline of the avant-garde art and how there are tenuous boundaries between high culture and popular culture. In this sense, it discusses and analyzes the influence increasingly exerted by actors located in countries such as the United States, England, Germany, France and, more recently, China. It concludes with how much the global art market may be illustrative of cases in which the globalization of markets expands the cultural and economic inequality by favoring the privilege of small social groups in the contemporary world.
Development of the head and pectoral skeleton of Polypterus with a note on scales (Pisces: Actinopterygii)

Comparative study of the bony head and pectoral girdle skeletons of fishes requires the establishment of sound and acceptable homologies. In this paper, the bony elements seen in a number of species of Polypterus (and Erpeloichlhys) are described in terms of several developmental stages and the mature condition. Variations in these bones are considered in a developmental sense. As a part of the problem of bone development, a summary account of lateral-line development is included. A number of particular problems of homology are discussed in some detail. The most radical differences of view involve the endocranial bones. The ideas of Patterson (1975) are examined and an alternative interpretation offered. The main bone in the posterolateral angle of the endo-cranium is viewed as the pterotic-epiotic. The epiotic of the teleost is seen not as the homologue of the epioccipital of the pholidophorid but a part of the so-called “pterotic” of those fishes. Other endocranial problems appear to be of a similar (interpretative) nature. The suspensorium of Polypterus is peculiar in lacking a symplectic and an interhyal. The branchial skeleton is quite like that of a “palaeoniscoid”. The pectoral girdle presents a number of problems such as the form of the posttemporal, the lack of a sensory canal on the supracleithrum and the lack of an interclavicle. The subject matter of this paper, and other papers by this author on the development of bones in fishes, lead to several developmental concepts. These are summarized in 18 statements. A table (Table II) summarizes some of the anatomical information useful in taxonomy in terms of being derived, primitive or unique.
The risk of surgical site infection and re-admission in obese patients undergoing total joint replacement who lose weight before surgery and keep it off post-operatively

This study evaluated whether obese patients who lost weight before their total joint replacement and kept it off post-operatively were at lower risk of surgical site infection (SSI) and re-admission compared with those who remained the same weight. We reviewed 444 patients who underwent a total hip replacement and 937 with a total knee replacement who lost weight pre-operatively and sustained their weight loss after surgery. After adjustments, patients who lost weight before a total hip replacement and kept it off post-operatively had a 3.77 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.59 to 8.95) greater likelihood of deep SSIs and those who lost weight before a total knee replacement had a 1.63 (95% CI 1.16 to 2.28) greater likelihood of re-admission compared with the reference group. These findings raise questions about the safety of weight management before total replacement of the hip and knee joints. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:629–35.
Stop pushing educational technology-pull

The school environment has not changed significantly since the middle ages. The next century, however, will see schools and education radically redefined in response to information technology. Computers can provide whole new dimensions to learning. The focus needs to change from how to teach the same things better to what needs to be learned. The educational system needs to change so that teachers become the facilitators of learning not just the deliverers. Pushing technology into the schools without first preparing the teachers to accept technology may actually result in a continuation of the culture of technology rejection. Technology will continue to proliferate, but the educational system will continue to resist its introduction until the school personnel accept the need. At that point, the teachers will begin the process of "product pull"-requesting learning technology because it is needed rather than having it thrust upon them. A cooperative program, using college students as "learning technologists" to assist teachers in the classroom, is recommended as a cost effective way of reducing the resistance to learning technology. It is the "product pull" paradigm that will lead to successful reorientation of the educational process from "chalk and talk" to active learning. When the educational environment has changed from teacher focused delivery to student focused active learning, the process of continuous learning will have been effectively instituted.
Signalling by the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor is required for the specification and diversification of embryonic muscle progenitors

Muscle development initiates in the Drosophila embryo with the segregation of single progenitor cells, from which a complete set of myofibres arises. Each progenitor is assigned a unique fate, characterized by the expression of particular identity genes. We now demonstrate that the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor provides an inductive signal for the specification of a large subset of muscle progenitors. In the absence of the receptor or its ligand, SPITZ, specific progenitors fail to segregate. The resulting unspecified mesodermal cells undergo programmed cell death. In contrast, receptor hyperactivation generates supernumerary progenitors, as well as the duplication of at least one SPITZ-dependent myofibre. The development of individual muscles is differentially sensitive to variations in the level of signalling by the epidermal growth factor receptor. Such graded myogenic effects can be influenced by alterations in the functions of Star and rhomboid. In addition, muscle patterning is dependent on the generation of a spatially restricted, activating SPITZ signal, a process that may rely on the localized mesodermal expression of RHOMBOID. Thus, the epidermal growth factor receptor contributes both to muscle progenitor specification and to the diversification of muscle identities.
Time and Spatial Pressure and Velocity Correlation in a Microbubble Laden Boundary Layer

Measurements of the velocity fields and wall pressure have been performed in a microbubble laden boundary layer in order to have a better understanding of the degree of correlation between these two parameters. Cross-correlation coefficients have been obtained from synchronized measurements of pressure and velocity at different distances from the wall in a channel flow. The results show a high correlation between pressure and both the streamwise and normal components of the velocity vector for the two-phase flow case. In contrast, the correlation coefficient between pressure and velocity is high only for the streamwise component of the velocity vector for single phase flow (no microbubbles in the flow). A practical application of these measurements is obtaining data and information to better describe the mechanism responsible for the microbubble drag reduction phenomenon, which has great potential for energy savings on different transport means.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Labor Union Objectives and Collective Bargaining

We consider a model oflabor union behavior in which workers make decisions about wages and employment by simple majority rule. We show that under general conditions such a union has a well-behaved objective function, different from those previously postulated in the literature. We then show that the union's majority preferences generally lack a von Neumann-Morgenstern utility representation and thus cannot be inserted into traditional bargaining models. We then develop and characterize the solutions to a new bargaining model that is consistent with the structure of union preferences. Several comparative-statics results are presented.
Carbon phase-graphite oxide composites based on solid state interactions between the components: Importance of surface chemistry and microstructure

Abstract Composites of graphite oxide (GO) with commercial activated carbon and with two carbon blacks of different surface areas were built employing solid state interactions between the two phases. The initial materials and their composites were oxidized in air at 350 °C. The samples obtained were characterized from the view point of their porosity, surface chemistry, texture, and electronic properties. The results showed that when the surface of carbonaceous components is rich in surface functional groups and has a high level of amorphicity of the carbon matrix, it chemically interacts with that of GO reducing the surface oxygen groups. It results in an increase in DC conductivity. The composites with carbon blacks are less susceptible to oxidation than a carbon phase itself owing to meager surface chemistry. On the other hand, in the composite with amorphous carbon, the carbon phase underwent the extensive oxidation by the species released from the decomposition of GO surface groups.
Semiautomatic blood pressure monitor utilizing an electronic sphygmomanometer

A semicontinuous but noninvasive blood pressure monitoring system is described. It consists of a commercial electronic sphygmomanometer which utilizes a microphone under an occluding arm cuff to detect the Korotkoff sounds, a pressure transducer, and a simple gating circuit. The gate passes the cuff pressure signal to a recorder only when a proper Korotkoff sound is detected. The cuff is rapidly inflated to just above the anticipated systolic pressure, then deflated at a steady rate of 2–6 Torr/heartbeat. When diastolic pressure is passed, the cuff is fully deflated momentarily before repeating the cycle. Systolic and diastolic pressures can be recorded up to 3 or 4 times/min. Spurious signals are rejected by the electronics which process the output of the microphone. This allows the use of the system in experiments on exercising man and in environments where unwanted signals exist. The system offers greater versatility than commercial semiautomatic pressure monitors, at less than half the cost.
Präparative Hilfsmittel zur quantitativen Auswertung elektronenmikroskopischer Stereoaufnahmen

Bekanntlich besitzt das Elektronenmikroskop infolge der kleinen Aperturen seiner Linsen verglichen mit dem Lichtmikroskop eine sehr grose Scharfentiefe. Dieser fur viele Untersuchungen gar nicht hoch genug einzuschatzende Vorteil birgt allerdings eine grose Gefahr in sich: Tiefenunterschiede konnen im normalen elektronenmikroskopischen Bild oft nicht erkannt oder in ihrer Grose nicht abgeschatzt werden. Bereits Helmcke (1) hat darauf hingewiesen, das aus diesem Grunde bei Langenmessungen auf elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern unter Umstanden grose Fehler begangen werden konnen, da nur die Projektion raumlich ausgedehnter Objekte auf die Bildebene gemessen wird.
Spontaneous Fluctuations of PO2 in the Rabbit Somatosensory Cortex.

In many tissues, PO2 fluctuates spontaneously with amplitudes of a few mmHg. Here we further characterized these oscillations. PO2 recordings were made from the whisker barrel cortex of six rabbits with acutely or chronically placed polarographic electrodes. Measurements were made while rabbits were awake and while anesthetized with isoflurane, during air breathing, and during 100 % oxygen inspiration. In awake rabbits, 90 % of the power was between 0 and 20 cycles per minute (cpm), not uniformly distributed over this range, but with a peak frequently near 10 cpm. This was much slower than heart or respiratory rhythms and is similar to the frequency content observed in other tissues. During hyperoxia, total power was higher than during air-breathing, and the dominant frequencies tended to shift toward lower values (0–10 cpm). These observations suggest that at least the lower frequency fluctuations represent efforts by the circulation to regulate local PO2. There were no consistent changes in total power during 0.5 or 1.5 % isoflurane anesthesia, but the power shifted to lower frequencies. Thus, both hyperoxia and anesthesia cause characteristic, but distinct, changes in spontaneous fluctuations. These PO2 fluctuations may be caused by vasomotion, but other factors cannot be ruled out.
The use of B. welchii in the preparation of sugar-free culture medium

That muscle sugar may confuse the interpretation of fermentation reactions has been recognized for some time. Smith,1 in 1895, mentioned that the muscle sugar content might vary from a trace to 0.3^0 and concluded, in accord with physiologists, that it is mainly glucose since it is attacked by bacteria that do not ferment lactose or saccharose. Smith2 emphasized the necessity of eliminating muscle sugar from meat infusion used in the preparation of differential carbohydrate medium, so that now it is a common laboratory procedure to use a so-called "sugar-free" medium as the basis for fermentation tests with known carbohydrates. But the details of preparation vary in different laboratories.
Synchronization Method of Image Denoising and Enhancement Based on Vector Diffusion Control

In the process of image acquisition,the images which contain noise or poor contrast are often obtained.In order to realize image denoising and contrast enhancement,this paper presents a simultaneous denoising and enhancement method to process image based on vector diffusion control.The structure of Total Variation(TV) model is analyzed,the problem is pointed out,and edge intensity is better control by introducing the vector diffusion of the transformation model.The differential model of Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization(CLAHE) is proposed,which is combined with the improved TV model to implement synchronization of image denoising and contrast enhancement.The results are comparing by the quality and gray distribution of two group experiments,and the effectiveness of this proposed method is verified.The results show that the method not only can resolve the staircase appearing in TV model during denoising process,but also can improve the contrast of image,so it can improve the quality of image.
Chaotic adaptive precision-displacement control for giant magnetostrictive actuator cutting systems

Considering temperature and nonlinear effects of saucer reed, based on the nonlinear pressure magnetic theory, the expansion of J-A model and dynamic analysis, the nonlinear dynamic model of a giant magnetostrictive actuator cutting system is established. A control method using the radial basis function(RBF) neural network and the multiple model adaptive feedback is developed. In the initial operation time, a PD controller is adopted; then, the adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller is employed. The system has a high precision in displacement tracking during the whole process of cutting.
The University of Virginia health promotion and disease prevention program.

Introduction Proof of effectiveness now exists for many health promotion and disease prevention practices, yet the importance of this knowledge is not widely appreciated, and a large percentage of the population does not receive this care. Universities with comprehensive academic medical centers are particularly appropriate places for providing health promotion programs. The University of Virginia began a health promotion and disease prevention program for employees in 1990. Methods Periodic health risk appraisal, with follow-up and selected interventions, is offered to approximately 14,000 employees as a cost-free fringe benefit. Health risks are assessed with a modification of the Carter Center Health Risk Appraisal. Results are given to participants in group sessions; referrals are made for clinical preventive services and interventions, as needed. Results During the first three years, 29% of the employee population participated in the program. Participants were more likely to be young, female and not African American. Nearly 96% had one or more risk factors, with an average of 3.6 risk factors overall. Participants on average had 1.8 risk factors for cardiovascular disease; 0.3 for cancer; 0.6 for injury; 0.1 for alcohol abuse; and 0.7 for mental health. Nonparticipants were not receiving similar comprehensive health risk appraisal elsewhere. Conclusions University of Virginia employees have multiple health risks, not detected through their usual health care, for which effective interventions are available. This population probably reflects conditions throughout the state and nation. Academic medical centers should place high priority on establishing health promotion programs as part of their responsibilities to society.
Robustness and Strong Attack Tolerance of Low-Diameter Networks

This chapter analyzes optimal attack-tolerant network design and augmentation strategies for bounded-diameter networks. In the definitions of attack tolerance used in this chapter, we generally require that a network has a guaranteed ability to maintain not only the overall connectivity, but also preserve the same diameter after multiple failures of network components (nodes and/or edges), regardless of whether these failures are random or targeted. This property is referred to as “strong” attack tolerance, whereas the property of a network to maintain just the regular connectivity after node/edge failures (with no explicit restriction on the diameter), such as in the case of K-connected networks, is referred to as “weak” attack tolerance. We analyze necessary and sufficient conditions for guaranteed “weak” and “strong” attack tolerance properties for fixed-diameter networks, including the important special case of diameter-2 (two-hop) networks. We demonstrate that the recently introduced concept of an R-robust 2-club is the only diameter-2 network configuration that is guaranteed to have a strong attack tolerance property (i.e., maintain both connectivity and diameter 2) after any R − 1 edges are deleted. Furthermore, we demonstrate that if all edges have the same construction cost, the problem of optimal R-robust 2-club network design has an exact analytical solution that requires O(Rn) constructed edges, which makes this configuration asymptotically as cost-efficient as a regular sparse connected network. We also give linear 0–1 formulations for related network design and augmentation problems with different edge construction costs, which are NP-hard in the general case. Illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the considered concepts and results.
Stress Response and Adaptation Mediated by Amino Acid Misincorporation during Protein Synthesis

Translation of genetic information into functional proteins is critical for all cellular life. Accurate protein synthesis relies on proper aminoacylation of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and decoding of mRNAs by the ribosome with the use of aminoacyl-tRNAs. Mistranslation can lead to pathologic consequences. All cells contain elaborate quality control mechanisms in translation, although translational fidelity may be regulated by various factors such as nutrient limitation or reactive oxygen species. Translation fidelity is maintained via the accuracy of tRNA aminoacylation by the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and matching of the mRNA codon with the tRNA anticodon by the ribosome. Stringent substrate discrimination and proofreading are critical in aminoacylating tRNAs with their cognate amino acid to maintain high accuracy of translation. Although the composition of the cellular proteome generally adheres to the genetic code, accumulating evidence indicates that cells can also deliberately mistranslate; they synthesize mutant proteins that deviate from the genetic code in response to stress or environmental changes. Mistranslation with tRNA charged with noncognate amino acids can expand the proteome to enhance stress response and help adaptation. Here, we review current knowledge on mistranslation through tRNA misacylation and describe advances in our understanding of translational control in the regulation of stress response and human diseases.
Intergenerational Trauma in Refugee Families: A Systematic Review

Although a robust literature describes the intergenerational effects of traumatic experiences in various populations, evidence specific to refugee families is scattered and contains wide variations in approaches for examining intergenerational trauma. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, the purpose of this systematic review was to describe the methodologies and findings of peer-reviewed literature regarding intergenerational trauma in refugee families. In doing so we aimed to critically examine how existing literature characterizes refugee trauma, its long-term effects on descendants, and psychosocial processes of transmission in order to provide recommendations for future research. The results highlight populations upon which current evidence is based, conceptualizations of refugee trauma, effects of parental trauma transmission on descendants’ health and well-being, and mechanisms of transmission and underlying meanings attributed to parental trauma in refugee families. Greater methodological rigor and consistency in future evidence-based research is needed to inform supportive systems that promote the health and well-being of refugees and their descendants.
Transvaginal fluoroscopic recanalization of a proximally occluded oviduct.

A hysterosalpingogram performed on a patient with infertility showed bilateral interstitial obstruction with partial intramural patency of the right tube and complete intramural obstruction of the left. Recanalization of the tube under fluoroscopy resulted in unilateral tubal patency and an intrauterine pregnancy followed. 7 references, 3 figures.
Pericardial Involvement in Newly Diagnosed Children and Adolescents with Pediatric Hodgkin’s Disease at a Single Children’s Cancer Hospital.

Background: Because most cases are clinically silent, incidence, clinical course and outcome of pericardial involvement in Hodgkin disease are unknown. Methods: Records of all 274 newly diagnosed Hodgkin disease patients treated at our institution between 1991 and 2004 were reviewed. Cases were selected on the basis of pericardial involvement with focal thickening or nodularity at the time of presentation identified by CT and/or pericardial effusion on echocardiogram. Variables noted, in addition to basic demographic data, were stage, histologic subtype, clinical presentation, treatment, serial EKG, echocardiography and CT findings, and resolution versus progression of disease. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.1. Results: The incidence of pericardial involvement in our cohort was 5% (13 of 274 patients). Patient characteristics (age, sex, and race), stage of disease and presence of B-symptoms were equally distributed among affected and unaffected individuals. All 13 cases were nodular sclerosing histology (p=0.02) and 9 (67%) had a bulky mediastinal mass (p=0.002). Of the 13 patients, five had extension into the pericardium by CT, two of which also had pericardial effusion (one large and one massive). Eight patients had only pericardial effusions (trace to large) without other CT findings. Two patients required pericardiocentesis for symptomatic effusions and one underwent pericardial drainage procedure for impending tamponade. Two of the 13 patients relapsed but were successfully salvaged and all remain alive and free of disease at a median follow up of 8.7 years (range, 1.1–11.9 years) and 6.3 years (range 0.4–12.7 years) for patients without pericardial involvement. Conclusions: In our experience, secondary pericardial involvement due to lymphoma is largely asymptomatic unless accompanied by significant effusion. Most of these resolve with treatment of underlying malignancy but require watchful observation for hemodynamic complications. Once treated for symptomatic effusion, there is no difference in mortality amongst various groups.
Multifault Tolerance Strategy for Three-Phase Multilevel Converters Based on a Half-Wave Symmetrical Selective Harmonic Elimination Technique

This paper presents a generalized fault-tolerant strategy to improve the performance of the three-phase cascaded H-bridge converters with faulty cells. The proposed fault-tolerant strategy combines the fundamental phase-shift compensation (FPSC) method with half-wave symmetrical selective harmonic elimination (SHE) to rebalance the inverter voltages and limit the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the waveforms. In this paper, first, the FPSC method is explained and the formulation for a new half-wave symmetric SHE technique is provided. Then, the main idea of the paper is presented as to adjust the phase angles of the fundamental harmonic of the line-ground voltages while equalizing the amplitudes and phase shifts of the third-order harmonics and eliminating some higher order harmonics. The proposed fault-tolerant strategy uses the increased degree of freedom provided by half-wave symmetrical SHE to adjust phase angles and eliminate a wide range of lower order harmonics for limiting the THD of the converter voltages under the faulty conditions. Finally, several experimental results are provided to validate the operation of the proposed strategy.
1. From Genes to Behavior: Capitalizing on Gene Discovery in Schizophrenia.

Abstract Overall Abstract: Modern genomic approaches have revealed that the structure of genetic predisposition to schizophrenia is incredibly complex. Translating this complexity into comprehensible neurobiology is a daunting challenge. I will present data from a collaborative effort that has taken a reductionist approach, studying the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome, a rare predisposition factor of large effect size. Using a mouse model of the microdeletion, we have defined a potentially causal chain of events leading from the microdeletion to deficits in working memory across multiple levels of analysis. I will then discuss whether and how the lessons learned from this neurobiological approach can be applied toward the much more challenging problem of common risk alleles of small effect size.
Self diffusion in solid argon: The activation energy

Abstract Using a Lennard-Jones 6–12 potential to represent the interactions in a f.c.c. molecular lattice (argon) we have calculated the “activation energy”, E, in the Arrhenius equation D = D 0 exp (− E RT ) for self diffusion to be 3811 cal assuming that diffusion occurs via a vacancy exchange mechanism. This compares well with the experimental value of 4120 cal. The relaxation of the nearest neighbors to the vacancy-diffusing atom pair were calculated and were found to lower the barrier by 50 per cent. We have also found that for a divacancy exchange self diffusion process the activation energy, 4847 cal, is in satisfactory agreement with experiment and the “frequency factor”, D0, is greater than that for monovacancy diffusion. We have calculated the activation energies for neon and krypton impurity diffusion via monovacancy exchange through an argon lattice to be 2182 and 3873 cal respectively.
Social and Environmental Justice: The Management Challenge of Repurposing Business

We are all challenged today to deal with an unprecedented set of issues that are manifested in climate change, violence, poverty, rising inequality, resource depletion, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and species extinction to name just a few. The responsibility for many of these pervasive problems has been placed at the door of an economic system that does not account for the negative externalities it generates and has a penchant for uncontrolled consumption and growth. The global population that now stands at about 7.5 billion is projected to grow to approximately 9.7 billion by the year 2050 and the likelihood of our finite planet adequately providing for a population of that size seems remote. It is in this context that important questions about role of business in the context of social, environmental, and intergenerational justice need to be answered.
Activation of master virulence regulator PhoP in acidic pH requires the Salmonella-specific protein UgtL

Acidic conditions, such as those inside phagosomes, stimulate the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica to activate virulence genes. The sensor PhoQ responds to a mildly acidic pH by phosphorylating, and thereby activating, the virulence regulator PhoP. This PhoP/PhoQ two-component system is conserved in a subset of Gram-negative bacteria. PhoQ is thought to be sufficient to activate PhoP in mildly acidic pH. However, we found that the Salmonella-specific protein UgtL, which was horizontally acquired by Salmonella before the divergence of S. enterica and Salmonella bongori, was also necessary for PhoQ to activate PhoP under mildly acidic pH conditions but not for PhoQ to activate PhoP in response to low Mg2+ or the antimicrobial peptide C18G. UgtL increased the abundance of phosphorylated PhoP by stimulating autophosphorylation of PhoQ, thereby increasing the amount of the phosphodonor for PhoP. Deletion of ugtL attenuated Salmonella virulence and further reduced PhoP activation in a strain bearing a form of PhoQ that is not responsive to acidic pH. These data suggest that when Salmonella experiences mildly acidic pH, PhoP activation requires PhoQ to detect pH and UgtL to amplify the PhoQ response. Our findings reveal how acquisition of a foreign gene can strengthen signal responsiveness in an ancestral regulatory system.
The Variability of Atmospheric Deuterium Brightness at Mars: Evidence for Seasonal Dependence

The enhanced ratio of deuterium to hydrogen on Mars has been widely interpreted as indicating the loss of a large column of water into space, and the hydrogen content of the upper atmosphere is now known to be highly variable. The variation in the properties of both deuterium and hydrogen in the upper atmosphere of Mars is indicative of the dynamical processes that produce these species and propagate them to altitudes where they can escape the planet. Understanding the seasonal variability of D is key to understanding the variability of the escape rate of water from Mars. Data from a 15-month observing campaign, made by the MAVEN Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph high-resolution echelle channel are used to determine the brightness of deuterium as observed at the limb of Mars. The D emission is highly variable, with a peak in brightness just after southern summer solstice. The trends of D brightness are examined against extrinsic as well as intrinsic sources. It is found that the fluctuations in deuterium brightness in the upper atmosphere of Mars (up to 400 km), corrected for periodic solar variations, vary on timescales that are similar to those of water vapor fluctuations lower in the atmosphere (20-80 km). The observed variability in deuterium may be attributed to seasonal factors such as regional dust storm activity and subsequent circulation lower in the atmosphere.
Next Generation Payloads for ADCs

The clinical success of gemtuzumab ozogamicin, brentuximab vedotin and ado-trastuzumab emtansine has spurred significant investment into new ADC payloads that may expand the utility of ADC technology. Innovations in the past 5–10 years have resulted in the identification of new payloads that are overcoming resistance mechanisms, showing efficacy against slow growing tumors, and enabling the use of biomarkers to better understand ADC PK/PD relationships. Moreover, ADC technology is now enabling the delivery of steroids, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-infectives to specific cell types.
Fixational eye movement radar: Random spatial modulation

It was recently shown that it is possible to mimic the passive actuation of the human eye, otherwise known as fixational eye movement (FEM), using an active MIMO FM radar emission and associated receive processing. Given that biological FEM possesses an inherent randomness, here the use of FM noise radar waveforms and random spatial jittering are incorporated into this active emission structure to realize FEM radar (FEMR). Note that in contrast to standard beam dithering or MIMO radar, FEMR forms a completely coherent beam that varies spatially with time. It is shown that FEMR intrinsically enhances spatial resolution in both azimuth and elevation relative to standard (fixed) beamforming using only matched filter processing.
Don't Just Talk About Needs Assessment In Recreation Programming, Do It!

Having successful recreation programs and satisfied participants can, in part, be attributed to the needs assessment step of recreation programming. Assessing participant needs, a required step of ...
A Family Perspective on Abortion

Abortion is the most politically divisive of all the so-called family issues. Though a pregnant woman’s decision either to abort or to give birth dramatically affects her family life, the family considerations that weigh in her decision are rarely mentioned in public debates and are seldom discussed in the volumes of writings on the subject. This chapter outlines what these family considerations are and argues that they should be given greater weight in both legal and ethical discussion.
The Role of Basalt Differentiation

That orogenic andesites and their plutonic equivalents result from crystal fractionation of basalt has been a commonplace in petrology since the idea was developed by Bowen (1928). Indeed, the alternatives discussed in the three preceding chapters arose only in response to perceived inadequacies of Bowen’s proposal and especially to its lack of ready explanation for the close association between orogenic andesites and convergent plate boundaries discussed in Chapter 2. However, because each attempt to explain orogenic andesites as primary partial melts or mixtures thereof, or as crustally contaminated primary melts, has been found inadequate in most instances, we should now re-examine differentiation mechanisms carefully.
Robust multiclass classification for learning from imbalanced biomedical data

Imbalanced data is a common and serious problem in many biomedical classification tasks. It causes a bias on the training of classifiers and results in lower accuracy of minority classes prediction. This problem has attracted a lot of research interests in the past decade. Unfortunately, most research efforts only concentrate on 2-class problems. In this paper, we study a new method of formulating a multiclass Support Vector Machine (SVM) problem for imbalanced biomedical data to improve the classification performance. The proposed method applies cost-sensitive approach and ramp loss function to the Crammer and Singer multiclass SVM formulation. Experimental results on multiple biomedical datasets show that the proposed solution can effectively cure the problem when the datasets are noisy and highly imbalanced.
ANISOTROPY OF ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTION AND SUPERCONDUCTING ENERGY GAP IN NIOBIUM*

Publisher Summary Despite a great deal of effort devoted to the study of the electron–phonon interaction, our knowledge of anisotropy effects is rather meager. Much of our experimental information comes from tunneling experiments that measure the electron–phonon spectral function and from inversion of empirical T equations. In transition metals the comparison of theory, to a large extent, reaches its natural limit. This chapter presents data on the anisotropy of the electron–phonon coupling in Nb. Accurate and complete de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) measurements and sophisticated band theory of the Fermi surface are done. In addition to obtaining information on the electron–phonon interaction, a great deal about anisotropic superconducting properties is also inferred. The direct connection between the energy gap and the electron–phonon coupling strength is also discussed. The data that supports a multiple gap model for Nb is also interpreted. Two gaps of widely different magnitudes that exist in Nb are used to explain tunneling, heat capacity, ultrasonic attenuation, and thermal conductivity data.
Challenges of Boundary Crossing in Graduate Training for Coupled Human-Natural Systems Research

Most National Science Foundation Coupled Human Natural Systems projects entail graduate training. This chapter discusses the complex terrain of training and mentorship for collaborative research that crosses disciplinary, transdisciplinary, and cultural/geographic boundaries. We argue that the training process itself entails many boundary-crossing challenges within the academic environment. We use as a case study the Integrative Conservation Ph.D. program at the University of Georgia, a unique program dedicated to advancing interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research in conservation and sustainability. We draw parallels to the thematic issues that cross-cut the contributions to this volume, and explore effective pedagogical innovations, organizational strategies, pitfalls, and insights for crossing intra-academic boundaries to provide Ph.D. training for the next generation of boundary-crossing scientists.