cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PREVENTION OF ACTION POTENTIALS DURING EXTRACELLULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF LONG DURATION

Prevention of Action Potentials by Electrical Stimulation. Introduction: This study investigated if action potentials can be prevented by electrical field stimuli of long duration. Methods and Results: The transmembrane potential was recorded by a double-barrel micro-electrode during field stimulation given across a papillary muscle from 10 guinea pigs. After 10 stimuli (S) with a 200-msec S-S interval, a 400-msec square wave shock was given Just before or after the end of the effective refractory period following the 10th stimulus through electrodes 1 cm on either side of the papillary muscles. Another two stimuli (S' and S”) having the same 200-msec S-S interval were given during the shock pulse to test if the action potentials induced by these two stimuli could be prevented by the shock. The shock strength was increased until the shock field prevented the action potentials induced by the S' and S” stimuli. The resting membrane potential was −85.5 ± 2.9 mV. For shocks causing depolarization at the recording site, the field strength required to prevent S'- and S”-induced action potentials was 1.5 ± 0.4 V/cm, which depolarized the transmembrane potential to −55.3 ± 8.9 mV and −58.1 ± 7.2 mV from the resting membrane potential at the time of the S' and S” stimuli, respectively. The strength of shocks causing hyperpolarization required to prevent S'- and S”-induced action potentials was 5.0 ± 0.8 V/cm, which hyperpolarized the transmembrane potential to −105 ± 6.5 mV and −115.6 ± 6.9 mV from the resting membrane potential at the time of the S' and S” stimuli, respectively. Conclusion: Both depolarization and hyperpolarization caused by an electrical field can prevent action potentials.
How nurses manage time and work in long-term care.

How nurses manage time and work in long-term care Aims of the study. The aim of this study was to better understand the ways in which conditions of work, including staffing, affect how nurses in long-term care (LTC) facilities do their jobs and the quality of care they provide. Background. The research reported here was performed in the context of public policy debates about the relationship between staffing levels and quality in LTC. Methods. In 1995 and 1996, interviews and participant observation were used to examine how 18 licensed nurses employed in two LTC facilities in the midwestern United States experience their day-to-day work. Results. Time was an extremely salient work condition for the nurses interviewed. Under conditions of too little time and many interruptions, nurses compensated by developing strategies to keep up or catch up. These strategies included minimizing the time spent doing required tasks, creating new time and redefining work responsibilities. Although these strategies allowed nurses to complete the tasks for which they were accountable, there were adverse consequences for nurses and residents. Nurses realized that time demands often made it impossible to provide care of high quality. They expressed their ideas about quality care as the notion of ‘should do’ work. In effect, time pressures forced them to forego the ‘should do’ work to complete the ‘must do’ work. Conclusion. Increased staffing could improve the quality of care in LTC facilities.
Feature Selection for Document Type Classification

In this paper, we report on the identification of document type using a k-dependence Bayesian categorization engine. In particular, we show that the use of font and capitalization as features improves precision and recall.
Expatriate Performance Appraisal Management: The Use Of A 360-Degree Feedback At Nokia Telecommunications

Performance management systems are now being used as a comprehensive human resource management tool to evaluate the performance of employees through objective setting, performance appraisal and feedback, continuous training, and career development. The focal point of this article is Nokia Telecommunications, a multinational corporation with extensive experience in sending and receiving people on foreign assignments. The paper discusses performance management systems with a focus on appraisals for expatriates. Given performance appraisal challenges for expatriates, an overview assessment (using Nokia) is offered, a problem is highlighted, and a solution is presented. From the analysis and findings, an alternative performance management system of appraisals is recommended for implementation with Nokia employees working abroad and other expatriates.
A Comparative Analysis of the General Theories of Modern Behaviorism

It is argued that one type of activity that can help move psychology along the path toward unification is a comparative analysis of grand theories that have unification as a goal, an analysis focused on the theories’ relative ability to provide unity within the science. This chapter is intended to serve as a model for such an analysis, comparing the two general behavioral theories of radical behaviorism and paradigmatic behaviorism on the substantive dimensions of fact, theory, and methodology. Several benefits of such a comparative analysis are noted, including, in the present case, further specification of how a science can progress toward unification through generational growth.
Using Cooperative Learning To Teach Chemistry: A Meta-analytic Review

A meta-analysis of recent quantitative studies that examine the effects of cooperative learning (CL) on achievement outcomes in chemistry is presented. Findings from 25 chemical education studies involving 3985 participants (Ntreatment = 1845; Ncontrol = 2140) and published since 2001 show positive association between chemistry achievement and CL use (mean effect size = 0.68, Z = 5.04, p < 0.0001). Practically, an effect size of 0.68 suggests median student performance in a CL group would be at the 75th percentile when compared to that of a student in a traditional group performing at the 50th percentile. However, heterogeneity analysis indicated significant variability among the estimated effect sizes (Q = 248.51, df = 24, p < 0.0001), indicating other factors moderate the effects of CL. Analysis of class size, geographical location, and grade level as possible moderators suggested geographical location accounts for 27% of estimated 40% total heterogeneity (τ2 = 0.40, se = 0.13) and had significant influ...
ALLOZYME, SI GENE, CYTOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOLOGICAL POLYMORPHISMS IN A POPULATION OF OENOTHERA BIENNIS.

The studies of population structure in the North American oenotheras by Cleland and his associates led to the conclusion that "over most of the North American range of the subgenus Oenothera, i.e. the area from the Rocky Mountains eastward, the population consists of innumerable true-breeding and therefore permanent complex-heterozygotes, each isolated from the others by reason of its self-pollinating habit but occasionally or rarely outcrossing, in which case hybrids are formed which tend to disappear if they have other than 014, but which may become the progenitors of new permanent and isolated complex-heterozygous lines if they have 014." (Cleland, 1972, p. 230-231). The popuilation of a given geographical region is composed of local stands which, in the main, appear to be discontinuous and modest in size, generally on the order of a few hundred individuals. Cleland's studies were based on collections which represented the major geographical regions of North America but only included a very limited, fortuitous sampling of particular local stands or unit populations. Population samples were characterized according to the segmental arrangements of the component chromosomal complexes and the phenotype which each complex produced. In the few cases where more than one member of a single stand was analyzed, variations in segmental arrangement were found, suggesting that local stands are heterogeneous, i.e. also composed of numerous, essentially isolated, inbreeding complex heterozygous lines. A precise knowledge of the genetic variability within the local stand can shed light on questions such as the nature of the colonization-extinction cycle, the significance of hybridization, and the degree of phenotypic plasticity exhibited by the inbred lines of complex-heterozygotes. Thus a method is needed which will allow rapid screening of adequate samples of local stands and will detect all inbred lines composing a stand. The determination of the segmental arrangement of a single collection requires on the average the production of 10-15 hybrids and their cytological analysis, an amount not feasible for large numbers of plants. Inbred lines in local stands of the biennis group 1 assemblage of Oenothera biennis have also been identified by analyzing collections for incompatibility alleles (Steiner, 1964; Al Khafaji and Steiner, 1970). This method for obtaining an index of genetic variation requires production of hybrids and extensive compatibility tests which limit the number of plants which can be surveyed during a season. The use of starch gel electrophoresis for identification of allozymes has shown particular promise as a method for rapidly surveying large samples of local stands for genetic variability (Levin et al., 1972; Levin, 1975). The allozyme studies as well as the results of incompatibility allele surveys supported the conclusion that single populations tend to be limited in variability, consisting of only one, or at the most, a few
Traffic Grooming: Balancing Choice and Service in Optical Networks

We articulate how the traditional optical networking research area of traffic grooming may be combined with recent advances in Internet architecture, specifically the proposed ChoiceNet Future Internet architecture, to create an agile system capable of reflecting both provider and customer interests on an ongoing basis as network conditions change.
No inter-gyre pathway for sea-surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic

Recent Lagrangian analyses of surface drifters have questioned the existence of a surface current connecting the Gulf Stream (GS) to the subpolar gyre (SPG) and have cast doubt on the mechanism underlying an apparent pathway for sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies between the two regions. Here we use modelled Lagrangian trajectories to determine the fate of surface GS water and satellite SST data to analyse pathways of GS SST anomalies. Our results show that only a small fraction of the surface GS water reaches the SPG, the water that does so mainly travels below the surface mixed layer, and GS SST anomalies do not propagate into the SPG on interannual timescales. Instead, the inter-gyre heat transport as part of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation must be accomplished via subsurface pathways. We conclude that the SST in the SPG cannot be predicted by tracking SST anomalies along the GS.
Supermarket Use and Exclusive Clauses, Part Two — The Industry Gains a Foothold

In the mid to late 1930’s, America was struggling to recover from the Great Depression. Events were taking place in Europe and Asia that would eventually lead to American involvement in World War II. From the midst of this strife came the change from small, limited grocery stores to giant, self-service supermarkets. This Article focuses on the second of four phases that trace this monumental transformation in the landscape of the American grocery and specifically examines how world events between 1937 and 1939 helped shape the contemporary supermarket business model.
Epidemiological characteristics of typhoid in Henan in 2004-2011

Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics of typhoid in Henan province from 2004 to 2011.Methods A descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data of typhoid collected from National Diseases Reporting Information System in Henan.Results A total of 1163 typhoid cases were reported in Henan from 2004 to 2011 with the incidence rate of 0.1541 per 100,000 population The incidence of typhoid from 2004 to 2010 showed a downward trend while in 2011 it showed an upward trend(Z=-15.2217,P0.0001).The peak was in August(Z=6.1259,P0.001).The differences of the incidence rates among cities had statistical significance(χ2=489.9969,P0.001) with the highest in Sanmenxia,Pingdingshan,Xinyang and Jiaozuo.There were 682 male cases and 481 female ones,and the incidence of male was significantly higher than that of female(χ2=25.2137,P0.0001).Most cases were children under 5 years old.Farmers,students and scattered children were the major targets of infection.Conclusions The incidence of typhoid is still high in Henan,therefore epidemic surveillance should be strengthened especially on those with higher risks in peak season and places with high incidences.
PRIORITY OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY AND SCIENTIFIC REGULATION

Some of the dispute about priority of scientific discovery in the history is told in the paper,following a conclusion that the nature of the dispute is an expression of human-selfism,expectation to money and well-known,approvement by the society and also a psychological income.The formulation of scientific regulation and intellegent property law is for resolve of the dispute.The law takes an active effect for ordering,standardization and ownership of the scientific achievement.
EXPANDED CRITERIA FOR CADAVER ORGAN DONATION IN RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

Although the demand for kidneys has risen steadily, the number of organs available has not increased significantly. In an attempt to alleviate this shortage of organs, the criteria for acceptance of cadaver organs has been expanded. Extremes of donor age and other medical conditions that would have excluded donors in the past are now being accepted cautiously.
A Supervised Adaptive Learning-based Fuzzy Controller for a non-linear vehicle system using Neural Network Identification

In this paper, a Supervised Adaptive Learning-based Fuzzy Controller (ALFC) with Neural Network Identification and Convex Parameterization is designed to identify and control the unmanned vehicle in an autonomous parking system. The objective is to achieve robust learning and control while maintaining a low implementation cost. The proposed algorithm design incorporates the following learning and control theorems - non-linear system identification using neural network, fuzzy logic, supervised adaptive learning as well as multiple model based convex parameterization. To demonstrate the algorithm in a more straight forward manner, we are using a real nonlinear unmanned autonomous driving system as an example to apply the algorithm and showing the superior performance of controller. In the autonomous driving system, the proposed method can be used for both estimating and further controlling a desired vehicle speed and steering wheel turning. With a supervised adaptive learning-based method, robustness can be also assured under various operating environments regardless of unpredictable disturbances. The convex parameterization further improves the speed of convergence of the adaptive learning process for the Fuzzy controller by using the multiple models concept. Last but not least, comparative experiments have also demonstrated that systems equipped with the new algorithm are able to achieve faster and smoother convergence.
Abstract 932: AR signaling differentially regulates the growth of prostate epithelial cells

The prostate is an androgen-dependent organ. Androgen stimulates the growth of normal prostatic cells, as well as prostate cancer (PCa). However, AR signaling does not always promote cell proliferation, in some cases, it may even inhibit the growth of prostatic cells. In this study, we used NHPrE, a cell line derived from normal human prostate epithelia, to study how AR signaling modulates the growth of prostatic cells and to explore the mechanisms involved in AR9s differential function in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that inducing AR signaling in NHPrE cells suppressed their growth in vitro, concomitant with a reduction of Myc. In contrast, ectopic expression of AR in NHPrE cells induced the expression of Myc and pSTAT3 and drove the development of invasive PCa in vivo, suggesting a distinct in vivo function of AR signaling in prostatic cells. Furthermore, our data showed that the presence of prostate stromal cells over-rode androgen-mediated growth inhibition on NHPrE/AR cells in vitro; and IL-6/pSTAT3 was implicated in this stromal/epithelial communication. In conclusion, our study showed that AR signaling differentially regulated the growth of prostatic cells in vitro and in vivo through a mechanism that involved stromal/epithelial interactions. Citation Format: Xiuping Yu, Shu Yang. AR signaling differentially regulates the growth of prostate epithelial cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 932.
More Methods for Solving Linear Equations

Introduction The previous chapter dwelled on the fundamental methods of matrix computations. In this chapter, more specialized methods are considered. The first topic is an alternative approach to solving general systems of equations – full elimination (often the method taught in beginning linear algebra courses), which has some advantages whenever the inverse is required. Next, our goal is reducing the effort in solving equations by exploiting the structure of a matrix. One such structure is bandedness, and the Cholesky factorization of a banded positive definite matrix is then applied to time-series computations, cutting the work from O ( n 3 ) to O ( n ). Next is the Toeplitz structure, also arising in time-series analysis, where the work can be reduced to O ( n 2 ) in a more general setting. Sparse matrix methods are designed to exploit unstructured patterns of zeros and so avoid unneeded work. Finally, iterative methods are discussed, beginning with iterative improvement. Full Elimination with Complete Pivoting Gaussian elimination creates an upper triangular matrix, column by column, by adding multiples of a row to the rows below it and placing zeros below the diagonal of each column. An alternative is to place zeros throughout that column – with the exception of the pivot position, which could be made equal to one.
Experiencia mística y transgresión: Mechthild von Magdeburg y el eroticismo de Dios

The article starts from the connection between sexuality and mystical experience and goes on to analize the transgressive potential – transgression understood here as the overcoming of a boundary, in this case the boundary of the own identity and the own body – in Mechthild von Magdeburg’s Das fliessende Licht der Gottheit. This transgressive potential becomes a reality in the attempt to subvert the body/spirit dichotomy found in a large part of medieval theology, and therefore to overcome the taboo associated with the female body. However, Mechthild’s insistence on corporeity is really an insistence on the word; on the word made flesh and manifested in Christ’s body. This finally leads to the creation of a new language that is inherently transgressive.
The King’s Poet

Jonson’s identification with the Jacobean court developed gradually, accelerating after he was awarded a court pension in 1616. Always anxious to outdo his rivals and envious of others’ accomplishments, he achieved enough recognition in the years from 1612 to 1621 to satisfy his considerable ego, but he found, as did other members of the Jacobean opposition who accepted court preferment, that reward had its price. In his masques he had necessarily endorsed royal policies, yet as the focus of court entertainments shifted from Queen Anne and Prince Henry to the King’s favourites and as the court became more isolated and embattled, his freedom to act as an arbiter of morals diminished. The poor reception of one masque where he did so — Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue (1618) — illustrates how a court audience that valued novelty and spectacle resisted his sententious humanism. Plays and poetry allowed him freer scope, but even his comedies were more and more designed for the King’s ear.
Biological Control of Insect Pests in Crops

Although natural control of pests by their enemies has been recognized for centuries, the use of biological control for insect pest management has only occurred at any significant level within the last century. This chapter covers the historical development and types of biological control as well as the general concepts and methods for how this pest management tool is implemented in cropping systems.
A Leap Forward in Understanding Subsistit in

After 50 years of reflection on ‘subsistit in,’ the Catholic Church has acknowledged that in the Churches and ecclesial communities separated from Rome, the Church of Christ is present and active, and Christ uses these ecclesial realities as means of salvation by means of their ordained ministry and synodal and episcopal collegiality. Introducing the distinction between ontological and phenomenological dimensions of the church of Christ, the latent inconsistency of post-conciliar church documents endorsing the discontinuity between churches and ecclesial communities can be overcome. Ordained ministry, episcopal collegiality, and Petrine ministry are essential in order to realize the fullness of ecclesiality, but not ecclesiality itself. Only by keeping these two dimensions of the church of Christ well distinguished—ontological and phenomenological—can the gradual sacramental reality present in every Christian community be acknowledged.
Exploring Differences in Problem Solving with Data-Driven Approach Maps

Understanding the dierences in problem solving behavior between groups of students is quite challenging. We have mined the structure of interaction traces to discover dierent approaches to solving logic problems. In a prior study, signicant dierences in performance and tutor retention were found between two groups of students, one group with access to hints, and one without. The Approach Maps we have derived help us discover dierences in how students in each group explore the possible solution space for each problem. We summarize our ndings across several logic problems, and present in-depth Approach analyses for two logic problems that seem to inuence future performance in the tutor for each group. Our results show that the students in the hint group approach the two problems in statistically and practically dierent ways, when compared to the control group. Our data-driven approach maps oer a novel way to compare behaviors between groups, while providing insight into the ways students solve problems.
m6A-dependent maternal mRNA clearance facilitates zebrafish maternal-to-zygotic transition

The maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) is one of the most profound and tightly orchestrated processes during the early life of embryos, yet factors that shape the temporal pattern of vertebrate MZT are largely unknown. Here we show that over one-third of zebrafish maternal messenger RNAs (mRNAs) can be N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modified, and the clearance of these maternal mRNAs is facilitated by an m6A-binding protein, Ythdf2. Removal of Ythdf2 in zebrafish embryos decelerates the decay of m6A-modified maternal mRNAs and impedes zygotic genome activation. These embryos fail to initiate timely MZT, undergo cell-cycle pause, and remain developmentally delayed throughout larval life. Our study reveals m6A-dependent RNA decay as a previously unidentified maternally driven mechanism that regulates maternal mRNA clearance during zebrafish MZT, highlighting the critical role of m6A mRNA methylation in transcriptome switching and animal development.
Cancer and Radiation Therapy

Eugene Stephane Mananga1,2* 1Department of Engineering, Physics and Technology, BCC, The City University of New, USA 2Department of Applied Physics, New York University, USA *Corresponding author: Eugene Stephane Mananga, Department of Physics and Technology, Nuclear Medicine Program, BCC, The City University of New, USA, and Department of Applied Physics, New York University, USA, Tel: +1 646 3454613; Fax: +1 718-289-6403; E-mail: emananga@gradcenter.cuny.edu
Injury prediction and vulnerability assessment using strain and susceptibility measures of the deep white matter

Reliable prediction and diagnosis of concussion is important for its effective clinical management. Previous model-based studies largely employ peak responses from a single element in a pre-selected anatomical region of interest (ROI) and utilize a single training dataset for injury prediction. A more systematic and rigorous approach is necessary to scrutinize the entire white matter (WM) ROIs as well as ROI-constrained neural tracts. To this end, we evaluated injury prediction performances of the 50 deep WM regions using predictor variables based on strains obtained from simulating the 58 reconstructed American National Football League head impacts. To objectively evaluate performance, repeated random subsampling was employed to split the impacts into independent training and testing datasets (39 and 19 cases, respectively, with 100 trials). Univariate logistic regressions were conducted based on training datasets to compute the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), while accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were reported based on testing datasets. Two tract-wise injury susceptibilities were identified as the best overall via pair-wise permutation test. They had comparable AUC, accuracy, and sensitivity, with the highest values occurring in superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF; 0.867-0.879, 84.4-85.2, and 84.1-84.6%, respectively). Using metrics based on WM fiber strain, the most vulnerable ROIs included genu of corpus callosum, cerebral peduncle, and uncinate fasciculus, while genu and main body of corpus callosum, and SLF were among the most vulnerable tracts. Even for one un-concussed athlete, injury susceptibility of the cingulum (hippocampus) right was elevated. These findings highlight the unique injury discriminatory potentials of computational models and may provide important insight into how best to incorporate WM structural anisotropy for investigation of brain injury.
Doppler Echocardiography II: Color Doppler Imaging

Color Doppler imaging (CDI) is a sophisticated form of ultrasound technology that overlays blood flow and velocity information onto a B-mode, two-dimensional, gray-scale image. This imaging technique--also called color Doppler echocardiography, color-coded Doppler, Doppler color-flow imaging, and color-flow imaging--is a type of pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography. Because the anatomical site of received Doppler-shift information can be readily determined, CDI is useful for documenting normal blood flow patterns and screening the heart and great vessels for areas of abnormal flow.
Efinaconazole solution 10%: Topical antifungal therapy for toenail onychomycosis

Toenail onychomycosis is a common disease with limited treatment options, as treatment failures and relapses frequently are encountered. Many patients experience long-term disease that affects multiple toenails and causes substantial discomfort and pain. Although many patients prefer topical therapies, treatment efficacy with ciclopirox and amorolfine lacquers has been disappointing. Efinaconazole solution 10% is a new triazole antifungal agent specifically developed for the treatment of onychomycosis. Efinaconazole has shown a broad spectrum of antifungal activity in vitro and is more potent than ciclopirox against common onychomycosis pathogens. It has lower keratin binding and quicker drug release from keratin than ciclopirox and amorolfine and exhibits remarkably greater in vivo activity. Efinaconazole has limited or no potential for drug interactions and a low resistance potential. Efinaconazole provides a viable alternative to oral therapy for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis.
Colonic Adventitial Fibromuscular Dysplasia: A Nonspecific Arteriopathy Associated With Hirschsprung Disease and Other Obstructive Disorders

BackgroundSmooth muscle differentiation (“adventitial fibromuscular dysplasia,” AFD) was purported as specific to arteries in the transition zone of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) patients. We investi...
Long-Term Follow-Up After Baked Milk Introduction.

Background Clinical trials of baked milk (BM) introduction have demonstrated accelerated resolution of milk allergy. Objective Long-term data regarding real-world introduction of BM are lacking. We sought to characterize our experience of BM introduction. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of consecutive BM oral food challenges performed in our clinic from 2009 to 2014, with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. Results Of the 206 patients challenged, 99 (48%) passed and 187 were sent home with detailed instructions to incorporate BM into their diets. After a median of 49 months of follow-up, 43% of the 187 had progressed to direct milk, 20% to less-cooked forms of milk, 10% remained ingesting BM, and 28% were strictly avoiding milk. Higher milk IgE levels were associated with decreased odds of passing a BM challenge and advancing to less-cooked forms of milk. Predictors of progressing to less-cooked forms of milk were passing the challenge and younger age. There were 79 reported milk reactions involving 68 patients (33% of total) during follow-up. Of these, 78% were classified as mild, 14% severe, and 6 patients developed eosinophilic esophagitis. Of 11 severe reactions, 4 were accidental exposures, 3 were planned escalations, and 4 occurred with previously tolerated doses. Conclusions The majority of patients who underwent a BM challenge, including those who failed their challenge, were able to progress to direct or less-cooked forms of milk. However, adverse reactions were common, and even a successful BM challenge does not guarantee future tolerance of BM or preclude later reactions, even to previously tolerated doses.
Characterizing the impact of topology on IoT stream processing

The Internet of Things (IoT) extends traditional cyber-physical systems by linking sensor based edge devices to network accessible services and resources. In most current IoT deployments, sensor data is streamed from edge devices to servers for storage. Analytical pipelines are then used to translate this raw sensor data into actionable information in real-time. As additional IoT devices are deployed, the volume and rate of data received on the server side can increase dramatically. This has a possibility of offsetting the response latencies beyond acceptable limits for IoT analytical systems. In this paper, we compare the impact of alternative serverside stream processing topologies for ingesting and analyzing IoT sensor data in real-time. We use real building sensor data with our real-time IoT platform called Namatad. We have characterized and analyzed the latency and QoS impact due to the different levels of granularity of the ingestion and routing process by which we transmit data into the analytical pipelines. Our results show that as IoT systems continue to scale in density, server-side topology management for IoT data streams is critical for latency-sensitive control and analysis applications.
Technological Choice and Raw Material Availability: Lithic Production Implements in Western Belize

In lithic studies, much attention is devoted to analyses of production processes and finished tools while little attention is paid to production implements. Hammerstones present an interesting problem as many areas with readily available lithic raw material sources lack materials for high-quality hammerstones. This paper uses a case study from a chert-rich area, the upper Belize River valley of western Belize, to examine how the Late Classic Maya acquired material to be used as hammerstones. This paper finds that lithic producers used locally available poor-quality stone as well as imported materials, such as groundstone, as hammerstones, suggesting multiple acquisition networks existed through which lithic producers obtained percussion implements.
Application of Poisson—Boltzmann solvation forces to macromolecular simulations

One of the most difficult problems encountered in the dynamical simulation of large macromolecular systems is how to deal adequately with the huge number of atomic interactions involved. For aqueous-phase simulations the computational burden associated with solvent water molecules can easily outstrip that associated with the macromolecule, even though the behavior of the solvent itself may not be of much interest. Not surprisingly therefore, considerable interest has been focused on the use of methods in which explicit solvent water molecules are replaced by an implicit dielectric continuum representation; an excellent review of such methods was given by Sharp [1] in the previous volume of this series. Perhaps the most generally accepted continuum-based approach centers on the use of the Poisson—Boltzmann (PB) equation of classical electrostatics [2], a method which owes its success to the fact that many solvation-related phenomena (with the notable exception of the hydrophobic effect) appear to be essentially electrostatic in nature. Until very recently, use of the PB approach has largely been restricted to calculations involving static representations of molecular structure, but the recent development of methods to obtain solvation forces from the PB equation [3] means that it can now, in principle, also be used in dynamics simulations. Applications of the former type have been comprehensively reviewed in the literature [2] and are not discussed further in this article; instead, we restrict our attention to the potential use of PB electrostatics in dynamical simulations of macromolecules.
/sup 186,187,188/Os(n,. gamma. ) cross sections and galactic nucleosynthesis

The $^{186,187,188}\mathrm{Os}(n,\ensuremath{\gamma})$ cross sections were measured over the incident neutron energy range 2.6-800 keV. Optimized statistical model fits to the average cross sections were made employing estimates of the $^{186}\mathrm{Os}$, $^{187}\mathrm{Os}$, and $^{188}\mathrm{Os}$ $p$-wave strength functions 0.29 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, 0.45 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, and 0.33 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, respectively, $d$-wave strength functions 1.3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, 4.0 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, and 1.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, respectively, and gamma ray strength functions ($\frac{{\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}{{D}_{0}}$) 26.8 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, 176 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, and 20.8 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, respectively. A lower bound for the $^{187}\mathrm{Os}$ neutron inelastic cross section is estimated as 0.25(20) b at 30 keV. The Maxwellian-averaged capture cross sections are presented as a function of temperature. The ratio of 30 keV Maxwellian-averaged cross sections $\frac{〈{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(186)〉}{〈{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(187)〉}=0.504(17)$ is reported and the lack of agreement with earlier measurements of this ratio is discussed. The use of this cross section ratio in estimating, via the $^{187}\mathrm{Re}$-$^{187}\mathrm{Os}$ beta decay, the duration of galactic nucleosynthesis is discussed. The cross section ratio from this work yields an estimate of 10.4(25) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{9}$ yr for the duration of galactic nucleosynthesis, a result higher than but still consistent with the estimate 7(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{9}$ yr derived from U/Th decay.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Neutron capture, cross section, inelastic cross section, strength functions, nucleosynthesis, Maxwellian-averaged cross section.
Potential value of health information exchange for people with epilepsy: crossover patterns and missing clinical data.

Context For people with epilepsy, the potential value of health information exchange (HIE) is unknown.
Hazardous Waste Definition and Recommended Procedures

This paper presents the findings of the project Recommended Procedures for Hazardous Waste Management which was part of Phase I of the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Disposal of Hazardous Waste.(1) The project was conducted from 1973 to 1977, and was led by the United States and Canada.
Use. Gratify. Repeat.

The motivations for checking and using smartphones are diverse, but predictable. This chapter examines how smartphones satiate instant gratifications for information, social interaction, and the desire to be entertained. This gratification informs the level of habit, compulsion, and addiction to personal devices. This chapter interprets smartphone behaviors from a neurological perspective and questions the degree to which smartphone regulation falls on the individual user and on the developers of the technologies.
The potential of isoprenoids in adjuvant cancer therapy to reduce adverse effects of statins

The mevalonate pathway provides sterols for membrane structure and nonsterol intermediates for the post-translational modification and membrane anchorage of growth-related proteins, including the Ras, Rac, and Rho GTPase family. Mevalonate-derived products are also essential for the Hedgehog pathway, steroid hormone signaling, and the nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif, all of which playing roles in tumorigenesis and cancer stem cell function. The phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway, p53 with gain-of-function mutation, and oncoprotein MYC upregulate the mevalonate pathway, whereas adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and tumor suppressor protein RB are the downregulators. The rate-limiting enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), is under a multivalent regulation. Sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 mediates the sterol-controlled transcriptional downregulation of HMGCR. UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 regulates the ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of HMGCR, which is accelerated by 24, 25-dihydrolanosterol and the diterpene geranylgeraniol. Statins, competitive inhibitors of HMGCR, deplete cells of mevalonate-derived intermediates and consequently inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Clinical application of statins is marred by dose-limiting toxicities and mixed outcomes on cancer risk, survival and mortality, partially resulting from the statin-mediated compensatory upregulation of HMGCR and indiscriminate inhibition of HMGCR in normal and tumor cells. Tumor HMGCR is resistant to the sterol-mediated transcriptional control; consequently, HMGCR is upregulated in cancers derived from adrenal gland, blood and lymph, brain, breast, colon, connective tissue, embryo, esophagus, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, prostate, skin, and stomach. Nevertheless, tumor HMGCR remains sensitive to isoprenoid-mediated degradation. Isoprenoids including monoterpenes (carvacrol, L-carvone, geraniol, perillyl alcohol), sesquiterpenes (cacalol, farnesol, β-ionone), diterpene (geranylgeranyl acetone), "mixed" isoprenoids (tocotrienols), and their derivatives suppress the growth of tumor cells with little impact on non-malignant cells. In cancer cells derived from breast, colon, liver, mesothelium, prostate, pancreas, and skin, statins and isoprenoids, including tocotrienols, geraniol, limonene, β-ionone and perillyl alcohol, synergistically suppress cell proliferation and associated signaling pathways. A blend of dietary lovastatin and δ-tocotrienol, each at no-effect doses, suppress the growth of implanted murine B16 melanomas in C57BL6 mice. Isoprenoids have potential as adjuvant agents to reduce the toxicities of statins in cancer prevention or therapy.
Cardiospasm after pharyngo-esophageal resection

A case of “cardiospasm” developing after surgical resection of the lower pharynx and cervical esophagus because of neoplastic disease is reported. The unusual clinical features of this case—(1) the absence of dysphagia, (2) the presence of nasal regurgitation, and (3) the rather minimal degree of esophageal dilatation—are probably related to the absence of a functioning cricopharyngeus muscle.
9 Year Old Black Female with Multiple, Small Round, Firm Papules

A 9-year-old female presented with a recent growth on her chin, left knee and left posterior upper arm. She also had a history of mild acne on her face and lower abdomen. The patient was not on any current medications and had no known history of allergies to medications.
Engineered mitochondrial production of monoterpenes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) from plants encompass a broad class of structurally complex and medicinally valuable natural products. MIAs are biologically derived from the universal precursor strictosidine. Although the strictosidine biosynthetic pathway has been identified and reconstituted, extensive work is required to optimize production of strictosidine and its precursors in yeast. In this study, we engineered a fully integrated and plasmid-free yeast strain with enhanced production of the monoterpene precursor geraniol. The geraniol biosynthetic pathway was targeted to the mitochondria to protect the GPP pool from consumption by the cytosolic ergosterol pathway. The mitochondrial geraniol producer showed a 6-fold increase in geraniol production compared to cytosolic producing strains. We further engineered the monoterpene-producing strain to synthesize the next intermediates in the strictosidine pathway: 8-hydroxygeraniol and nepetalactol. Integration of geraniol hydroxylase (G8H) from Catharanthus roseus led to essentially quantitative conversion of geraniol to 8-hydroxygeraniol at a titer of 227 mg/L in a fed-batch fermentation. Further introduction of geraniol oxidoreductase (GOR) and iridoid synthase (ISY) from C. roseus and tuning of the relative expression levels resulted in the first de novo nepetalactol production. The strategies developed in this work can facilitate future strain engineering for yeast production of later intermediates in the strictosidine biosynthetic pathway.
Identification of Small Molecules Exhibiting Oxacillin Synergy through a Novel Assay for Inhibition of vraTSR Expression in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that are resistant to all forms of penicillin have become an increasingly common and urgent problem threatening human health. They are responsible for a wide variety of infectious diseases ranging from minor skin abscesses to life-threatening severe infections. The vra operon that is conserved among S. aureus strains encodes a three-component signal transduction system (vraTSR) that is responsible for sensing and responding to cell wall stress. We developed a novel and multifaceted assay to identify compounds that potentiate the activity of oxacillin, essentially restoring efficacy of oxacillin against MRSA, and performed high-throughput screening (HTS) to identify oxacillin potentiators. HTS of 13,840 small-molecule compounds from an antimicrobial-focused Life Chemicals library, using the MRSA cell-based assay, identified three different inhibitor scaffolds. Checkerboard assays for synergy with oxacillin, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays against vraR expression, and direct confirmation of interaction with VraS by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) further verified them to be viable hit compounds. A subsequent structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of the best scaffold with diverse analogs was utilized to improve potency and provides a strong foundation for further development.
Appendix: Examples of Current Databases in Health Care

The Centralized Cancer Patient Data System (CCPDS) is a standard system for registering persons with reportable malignant neoplasms, who are patients of comprehensive cancer centers in the United States. Eligible patients were first admitted to a center on or after July 1, 1977, and are reported to the Statistical Analysis and Quality Control (SAQC) Center in Seattle, Washington.
U.S.-CANADA TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS: BORDER IMPACTS AND COSTS, CAUSES, AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

This article studies the levels of trade and transportation on the U.S.-Canadian border, as well as the effect of border and bilateral trade policies on costs of trade. The article identifies the causes of those costs and examines long term strategies to achieving trade cost reduction. In addition, long-term strategies, such as a North American external perimeter approach that would de-emphasize the physical Canada-U.S.. border, are discussed. The article puts a price on the cost of border and trade policies between the two countries at $10.3 billion per year, or 2.7 percent of total merchandise trade in 2001. The article identifies the major outflow of these costs toward staff and institutions
FVCOM-plume – A three-dimensional Lagrangian outfall plume dilution and transport model for dynamic tidal environments: Model development

Although numerous steady-state effluent plume dilution models are in use, their application in tidal environments remains a challenge. Three-dimensional dynamic circulation models are also inadequate, often due to the lack of required resolution and simplifying assumptions. To overcome these limitations, we present FVCOM-plume-an outfall plume dilution and transport model that operates within the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) framework. It provides simultaneous inclusion of near-field dilution and far-field plume transport processes. The near-field is based on UM3 model using Lagrangian Control Volume approach to compute buoyant plume trajectory and dilution from multiport diffusers. The far-field uses neutrally buoyant particles with point masses and the random walk method to solve unsteady advection-diffusion processes. A density kernel approach is used to compute concentrations at point locations and analyze far-field plume characteristics. The results demonstrate the ability of FVCOM-plume to simultaneously capture near-field and far-field effluent plume dynamics in tidal environments.
An optimization approach to capacity evaluation and investment decision of hybrid cloud: a corporate customer’s perspective

While the rapid growth of cloud computing is driven by the surge of big data, the Internet of Things, and social media applications, an evaluation and investment decision for cloud computing has been challenging for corporate managers due to a lack of proper decision models. This paper attempts to identify critical variables for making a cloud capacity decision from a corporate customer’s perspective and develops a base mathematical model to aid in a hybrid cloud investment decision under probabilistic computing demands. The identification of the critical variables provides a means by which a corporate customer can effectively evaluate various cloud capacity investment opportunities. Critical variables included in this model are an actual computing demand, the amount of private cloud capacity purchased, the purchase cost of the private cloud capacity, the price of the public cloud, and the default downtime loss/penalty cost. Extending the base model developed, this paper also takes into consideration the interoperability cost incurred in cloud bursting to the public cloud and derives the optimal investment. The interoperable cloud systems require time and investment by the users and/or cloud providers and there exists a diminishing return on the investment. Hence, the relationship between the interoperable cloud investment and return on investment is also investigated.