cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross sections for Ar recoil ion production by 1 MeV/amu Oq+ (q = 2–8)

Abstract Cross sections for the production of recoil ions of Ar 1+ through Ar 10+ in collisions with 1 MeV/amu O 2+ through O 8+ ions have been measured using the time-of-flight (TOP) method. Postcollision charge state analysis of the projectile was performed to distinguish between events involving pure ionization ( q = 2–8), one-electron loss ( q = 2–6), two-electron loss ( q = 2–4), one-electron capture ( q = 3–8) and two-electron capture ( q = 5–8). The total direct ionization cross section was found to increase as q 1.5 . The electron capture cross sections also increased as a function of q , while at the same time the cross sections for electron loss decreased. Both of these processes exhibit a steeper q dependence than the pure ionization process. The charge state distributions are bell shaped for the electron capture process and for the electron loss process at high q . For electron loss at low q the distributions are similar to those for the pure ionization process.
Advanced solvent based methods for molecular characterization of soil organic matter by high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Soil organic matter (SOM), a complex, heterogeneous mixture of above and belowground plant litter and animal and microbial residues at various degrees of decomposition, is a key reservoir for carbon (C) and nutrient biogeochemical cycling in soil based ecosystems. A limited understanding of the molecular composition of SOM limits the ability to routinely decipher chemical processes within soil and accurately predict how terrestrial carbon fluxes will respond to changing climatic conditions and land use. To elucidate the molecular-level structure of SOM, we selectively extracted a broad range of intact SOM compounds by a combination of different organic solvents from soils with a wide range of C content. Our use of electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) and a suite of solvents with varying polarity significantly expands the inventory of the types of organic molecules present in soils. Specifically, we found that hexane is selective ...
Somato-autonomic reflexes in anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs

Blood pressure and heart rate alterations were induced in anesthetized and unanesthetized mongrel dogs. Pressor responses were brought about in the anesthetized group by bilateral, high intensity stimulation of the sciatic nerves. In these animals, bilateral section of the dorsolateral sulcus area (DLS) in the lumbar spinal cord completely eliminated both blood pressure and heart rate responses to this stimulation. Baroreceptor-mediated bradycardia induced by pressor doses of phenylephrine was attenuated by sciatic nerve stimulation. Obliteration of this baroreceptor-somatic afferent interaction required ventrolateral extension of the bilateral spinal lesions to include both the DLS and the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF). Blood pressure and heart rate increments in unanesthetized dogs were induced by treadmill running. The pressor response to exercise was markedly increased by transient hind limb arterial occlusion during the course of the run. Surgical interruption of the ascending limb of the somato-autonomic reflex in the spinal cord of these animals (L1-L2 combined DLS and DLF lesion) significantly reduced the blood pressure response to simultaneous exercise-occlusion. These spinal lesions also reduced the heart rate response to treadmill running without occlusion. The descending pathways involved in autonomic reflexes appeared intact as the spinal lesions did not alter the blood pressure or heart rate response to bilateral carotid artery occlusion.
Larry Wieder's radical ethno-inquiries

graduate students and participated in many of the initial discoveries that led these early phenomenological sociologists to conceive of a radical ethnomethodology, discoveries that concerned the accountability of social action, the reflexivity of those accounts, the documentary method of interpretation, and the collaborative nature of local orderlinesses. The fabulous aspect of that early group is that they all went to school with each other, and their founder Garfinkel learned as much from
The reflection of electrons from standing light waves

Experiments are described in which a slow electron beam is deflected by a standing light wave produced by a high intensity laser. This interaction is believed to occur as a Bragg reflection of the electrons in the standing wave intensity pattern set up in the light beam, as was predicted byKapitza andDirac in 1933. No energy interchange takes place but a momentum transfer which results in a Bragg relationship for the angle of reflection. The probability is proportional to the square of the light intensity.Kapitza-Dirac's original particle treatment of the effect is shortly reviewed and a wave mechanical treatment is added. Two types of experiments A and B are described. In type A an electron beam is scanned through a standing light wave and any deflection is detected with a differential amplifier. In type B the electron beam is locked in at maximum deflection and the laser output is simultaneously displayed with the deflected electrons on a fast dual beam oscilloscope. The electron beam deflections follow the fine structure of the laser spikes. Results from both types of experiments stay within the right magnitude of the theoretical predictions.
Toxicokinetic modeling and its applications in chemical risk assessment.

In recent years physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has found frequent application in risk assessments where PBPK models serve as important adjuncts to studies on modes of action of xenobiotics. In this regard, studies on mode of action provide insight into both the sites/mechanisms of action and the form of the xenobiotic associated with toxic responses. Validated PBPK models permit calculation of tissue doses of xenobiotics and metabolites for a variety of conditions, i.e. at low-doses, in different animal species, and in different members of a human population. In this manner, these PBPK models support the low-dose and interspecies extrapolations that are important components of current risk assessment methodologies. PBPK models are sometimes referred to as physiological toxicokinetic (PT) models to emphasize their application with compounds causing toxic responses. Pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling in general has a rich history. Data-based PK compartmental models were developed in the 1930's when only primitive tools were available for solving sets of differential equations. These models were expanded in the 1960's and 1970's to accommodate new observations on dose-dependent elimination and flow-limited metabolism. The application of clearance concepts brought many new insights about the disposition of drugs in the body. In the 1970's PBPK/PT models were developed to evaluate metabolism of volatile compounds of occupational importance, and, for the first time, dose-dependent processes in toxicology were included in PBPK models in order to assess the conditions under which saturation of metabolic and elimination processes lead to non-linear dose response relationships. In the 1980's insights from chemical engineers and occupational toxicology were combined to develop PBPK/PT models to support risk assessment with methylene chloride and other solvents. The 1990's witnessed explosive growth in risk assessment applications of PBPK/PT models and in applying sensitivity and variability methods to evaluate model performance. Some of the compounds examined in detail include butadiene, styrene, glycol ethers, dioxins and organic esters/aids. This paper outlines the history of PBPK/PT modeling, emphasizes more recent applications of PBPK/TK models in health risk assessment, and discusses the risk assessment perspective provided by modern uses of these modeling approaches.
The DNA sequence of the promoter-attenuator of the ilvGEDA operon of Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract The isolation of a lambda gt . ilvGEDA . S.t. hybrid transducing phage has permitted the characterization of the promoter-attenuator region of the ilvGEDA operon of Salmonella typhimurium. In vitro transcription and Southern hybridization indicate that the promoter-attenuator resides on a 400 nucleotide Rsa I restriction fragment. DNA sequence analysis shows only seven base pair differences exist between the DNA sequence of the ilvGEDA promoter-attenuator of S. typhimurium and that previously published for Escherichia coli K12.
Prolactin activation of mammary nitric oxide synthase: molecular mechanisms.

Prolactin (PRL) is capable of stimulating both calcium and nitric oxide (NO) accumulation in mammary epithelial cells within 15 min. A calcium ionophore was also able to stimulate NO levels to an extent similar to that generated by PRL. Furthermore, maximal concentrations of PRL and the ionophore were not additive, suggesting that they were both using the same pathway, i.e. calcium. Finally, the depletion of intracellular calcium completely abrogated the effect of PRL on NO production. No other pathway known to affect NO synthase (NOS) influenced the action of PRL. Specifically, manipulations of protein phosphatase 2B, protein kinase B (PKB), protein kinase C (PKC), and arginine transport did not alter the activation of NOS by PRL. Therefore, the ability of PRL to stimulate NO production at 15 min can be completely explained by its ability to elevate intracellular calcium.
Assimilation of remotely sensed soil moisture into a hydrologic model

We discuss the assimilation of remotely sensed soil brightness temperature into a runoff prediction model. Data used in this study was acquired during the 2002 Soil Moisture Experiments (SMEX02) near Ames, IA. The Passive and Active L- and S-band (PALS) instrument was flown for six days of the study before and after a major rain event in the region. We combine a radiative transfer model and observed PALS brightness temperatures to estimate soil moisture within the top five centimeters over watershed. These estimates are assimilated into the active soil layer in a distributed runoff model. Runoff estimates are compared to observed stream gauge measurements within the watershed
Accounting PAC Contributions and Committee Speech during the 107th U.S. Congress

ABSTRACT: This study tests the hypothesis that political action committee (PAC) contributions paid by the accounting profession are indirectly associated with the speech performance of congressional committee members debating issues related to auditor independence during the 107th Congress (2001–2002). The hypothesis is based on the assumption that PAC contributions represent payments for access to lobby legislators and a theory of lobbying as legislative subsidy that predicts legislators who are granted legislative subsidies will increase their participation and effort. Legislative effort is measured as the qualitatively coded speech counts of 126 individual committee members during 17 hearings related to financial auditing held over 21 days by 6 committees of the U.S. House of Representatives. The results indicate a positive association between aggregate PAC contributions paid by the Big 5 and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and anti-regulatory speech counts of House commi...
Childhood Abuse in Pediatric Patients With Chronic Daily Headache

Recent studies have raised significant concern about the high prevalence of childhood abuse in adults with chronic daily headache (CDH). In a survey of 1348 adult migraine patients,1 it was found that 21% of patients reported a history of childhood physical abuse and 25% reported a history of sexual abuse. Data from the ACE (Adverse Childhood Experiences) study and other studies have also found that childhood physical abuse and other forms of maltreatment were significantly associated with migraine headache.2–4 Although retrospective studies seem to provide strong evidence for an association between childhood abuse and CDH, one prospective longitudinal study did not find a difference between those with and without a documented history of childhood abuse in terms of their risk for chronic pain in adulthood.2 These inconsistent results may be a result of varying methodologies, the effects of recall bias or because the connection between childhood abuse and pain in adulthood may be more complex. More prospective research is needed to investigate the connection between childhood abuse and CDH. Children with CDH form a significant proportion of patients seen in pediatric neurology clinics, accounting for up to one third of newly referred patients.5 There is little research examining the prevalence of childhood physical and sexual abuse in pediatric headache patients, and the impact of an early abuse history in terms of clinical presentation of pediatric CDH patients (headache frequency, severity, disability, and quality of life) is not known. As part of the screening process for a large treatment study for pediatric CDH, our research team gathered comprehensive clinical data, including data on exposure to trauma among the patients. The objectives of this investigation were to 1) specifically examine the prevalence of physical and sexual abuse in these clinically referred children and adolescents with CDH and 2) to compare headache characteristics, headache-related disability, depressive symptoms, and quality of life between those who reported a history of abuse and those who did not. Based on the adult literature, we hypothesized that we would find a higher rate of childhood abuse in CDH than in the general population and a rate similar to what has been reported in the adult literature (ie, approximately 20%). Also, we hypothesized that CDH patients with a positive history of abuse would have higher levels of headache-related disability, more depressive symptoms, and lower quality of life than those without a history of abuse.
Pose clustering on constraints for object recognition

The authors investigate a way of improving Hough transform performance using the spatial relations that exist between model features. Clusters of scene features possibly belonging to a model are grouped by a series of one-dimensional Hough transforms. The results presented illustrate the effectiveness of the methods. >
Evaluating the effects of a large increase in off-sale alcohol outlets on motor vehicle crashes: a time-series analysis

This study examined the effects on motor vehicle crashes of a policy change that led to the introduction of a very large number of off-sale alcohol outlets in Lubbock, Texas. Times-series analysis of total crashes and single-vehicle nighttime (SVN) crashes was used to compare the periods before and after the policy change in Lubbock and in a comparison area. The results of the analysis revealed some weak effects on total crashes, but no statistically significant effects were found for SVN crashes. Possible reasons for the essentially null findings of the current study regarding the effects of the policy change on motor vehicle crashes are discussed. These include the fact that there were a small number of off-sale outlets already present in the community and that motor vehicle travel immediately following alcohol consumption is less likely to occur with alcohol purchased from an off-sale outlet compared to an on-sale outlet.
Can a Community-based Intervention Improve the Home Food Environment? Parental Perspectives of the Influence of the Delicious and Nutritious Garden

Objective To examine changes in parental report of the home food environment during the course of a garden-based fruit and vegetable (FV) intervention for grade school children. Methods Self-administered pre-post surveys were completed by parents/caregivers (n = 83). Main outcome measures included: child asking behavior, FV availability/accessibility, parental encouragement, and value of FV consumption. Results Process evaluation results indicate children shared their garden experiences at home, and as a result, the children's home food environment became increasingly supportive of FV consumption. Parents reported an increase (P < .01) in the frequency that their child asked for FVs. Parental value for FV consumption also improved (P < .01), as did home availability of fruit (P < .05), vegetables (P < .001), and parental encouragement of FVs (P = .06). Conclusions and Implications Community-based interventions that provide activities to engage parents may provide added benefit by improving the home food environment.
Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) levels of tissues of rats during acclimation to cold.

Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) levels have been determined in rat liver, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, kidney, and brain after various periods of exposure to 0–2 °C. Coenzyme Q is unaffected in brain, but is elevated in other tissues by 2 weeks of cold exposure, reaches a peak at 1 month, and remains elevated for at least 6 months. These results are discussed in relation to the possible role of coenzyme Q in calorigenesis.
Audit Quality A Cross-National Comparison of Audit Regulatory Regimes

The importance of fostering more accurate audits has been heightened by a series of high-profile accounting scandals at the beginning of the millennium. These scandals prompted more stringent regulations over corporate governance and financial reporting and the creation of audit oversight bodies as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) in the United States and the Public Oversight Board (POB) in the United Kingdom. In parallel, the growing globalization of business has brought forth calls for adherence to a common set of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Even if a common standard is promulgated, it will not lead to similar results if implementation differs across countries. Therefore, it is important to investigate the auditing regulatory regimes in different nations and the status of cross-border audit inspections. Accordingly, we begin by describing the cross-national institutions (e.g., the International Federation of Accountants [IFAC]) that impact national regulatory choices. Then we survey the audit regulatory practices of public company auditors of a select group of major economic powers and based on this analysis, we discuss the challenges and obstacles to engaging in intra-national audit, cross-national audit/inspections, and the challenges posed by differences in auditing standards used in various linked (e.g., by joint ventures, etc.) nations. We include in this discussion the effects of national culture, investor legal protection, economic development, and differing financial standard sources.
LAN/ISDN interconnect via frame relay

A method that allows efficient interconnection of IEEE 802 LANs (local area networks) and ISDNs (integrated services digital networks) is described. The approach builds on layer-2 connectivity, which assures high performance and transparency to the network layer in the attached stations. The proposed connectivity mechanism uses on the LAN side an extension on the IEEE bridge method, which links on the ISDN side into the frame relay as it is currently being defined by CCITT. The resulting cross-connectivity function is transparent to LAN as well as ISDN stations. >
Using municipal biosolids in combination with other residuals to restore metal-contaminated mining areas

High metal waste materials from historic mining at the Bunker Hill, Idaho (ID) Superfund site was amended with a range of materials including municipal biosolids, woody debris, wood ash, pulp and paper sludge, and compost. The existing soil or waste material has elevated metal concentrations with total Zn, Pb and Cd ranging from 6000 to 14 700, 2100 to 27 000 and 9 to 28 mg kg −1 , respectively. Surface application of certain amendments including biosolids mixed with wood ash resulted in significant decreases in subsoil acidity as well as subsoil extractable metals. This mixture was sufficient to restore a plant cover to the contaminated areas. At the Bunker Hill site, a surface application of high N biosolids (44 or 66 tons ha −1 ) in combination with wood ash (220 tons ha −1 ) with or without log yard debris (20% by volume) or pulp and paper sludge (44 tons ha −1 ) was able to restore a vegetative cover to the metal contaminated materials for 2 years following amendment application. Plant biomass in 1999 was 0.01 mg ha −1 in the control versus a mean of 3.4 tons ha −1 in the residual amended plots. Metal concentrations of the vegetation indicated that plants were within normal concentrations for the 2 years that data were collected. Surface application of amendments was also able to reduce Ca(NO3)2 extractable Zn in the subsoil from about 50 mg kg −1 in the control to less than 4 mg kg −1 in two of the treatments. Use of conventional amendments including lime alone and microbial stimulants were not sufficient to support plant growth. These results indicate that surface application of biosolids in combination with other residuals is sufficient to restore a vegetative cover to high metal mine wastes.
Effect of low temperatures on polymorphic structures of cotton cellulose

Effects of low temperatures upon fine structures of cotton pretreated with either liquid ammonia or caustic of mercerizing strength were investigated. Temperatures of cotton after impregnation with liquid ammonia were lowered by (1) liquid nitrogen, (2) acetone–Dry Ice, (3) acetone, or (4) simple evaporation. With alkali-impregnated fabrics, temperature was lowered by immersion in liquid nitrogen. Changes in fine structure of ammonia- and alkali-celluloses were evaluated by x-ray diffraction before and after removal of each swelling reagent. After treatment with either ammonia or caustic soda, extent of crystalline modification was increased as temperature was reduced. X-ray diffractograms taken while liquid ammonia was still present indicated that the cellulose I structure of cotton sheeting was converted to cellulose III at liquid nitrogen temperatures; extent of conversion was approximately that obtained when a looser yarn structure was treated with liquid ammonia and the ammonia was removed by evaporation. When ammonia was removed with water, the cellulose I lattice was regenerated. In the presence of 23% NaOH, diffractograms indicated a significant decrease in order after a similar drop in temperature, but patterns were not of cellulose II until the NaOH was removed with water. Conversion to cellulose III or to cellulose II was achieved instantaneously when ammonia- and alkali-impregnated fabrics were immersed in liquid nitrogen.
GraPacc: a graph-based pattern-oriented, context-sensitive code completion tool

Code completion tool plays an important role in daily development activities. It helps developers by auto-completing tedious and detailed code during an editing session. However, existing code completion tools are limited to recommending only context-free code templates and a single method call of the variable under editing. We introduce GraPacc, an advanced, context-sensitive code completion tool that is based on frequent API usage patterns. It extracts the context-sensitive features from the code under editing, for example, the API elements on focus and the current editing point, and their relations to other code elements. It then ranks the relevant API usage patterns and auto-completes the current code with the proper elements according to the chosen pattern.
Improved Computation of Optimal Rectilinear Steiner Minimal Trees

This paper presents two new algorithms for computing optimal rectilinear Steiner minimal trees. The first algorithm is a simple, easily implemented dynamic programming algorithm that computes an optimal rectilinear Steiner minimal tree on n points in O(n3n) time. The second algorithm improves upon the first using the concept of full-set screening and runs in at most O(n22.62n) time. The analysis of the second algorithm includes a proof that there are at most O(n 1.62n) full sets on n terminals. For instances small enough to practically solve, these time bounds are provably better than the best known bounds of any previous algorithm. Experimental evidence is presented that demonstrates that the algorithms are fast in practice as well. The paper also includes a brief survey of previous algorithms for computing optimal rectilinear Steiner minimal trees.
THE SCOTOPIC VISUAL SENSITIVITY OF FOUR SPECIES OF TROUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

We compared the maximum scotopic visual sensitivity of 4 species of trout from twilight (mesotopic) to fully dark-adapted vision. Scotopic vision is the minimum number of photons to which a fully dark-adapted animal will show a behavioral response. A comparison of visual sensitivity under controlled laboratory conditions showed that brown trout (Salmo trutta) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) had maximum scotopic thresholds (1.1 × 10-4 μmol ⋅ m-2s-1, ~0.005 lux) 2 times lower than rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) and Snake River cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri), which did not differ from each other (2.1 × 10-4 μmol ⋅ m-2s-1, ~0.01 lux). A literature review tended to corroborate these results in that brown trout and brook trout were reported to be more active during the night and at twilight than cutthroat trout and rainbow trout. We also measured light intensity within open versus shaded reaches during the day, dusk, and night in 3 Rocky Mountain streams. The scotopic sensitivity of brown trout and brook trout was sufficient to allow foraging during all twilight periods and under average nighttime light intensities in open and shaded reaches, whereas the scotopic sensitivity of rainbow trout and cutthroat trout may restrict their foraging to rela- tively bright nocturnal conditions (twilight or a moonlit night). Native cutthroat trout restoration efforts may have greater success in open versus shaded stream reaches in the Rocky Mountains and elsewhere.
The lysosomal protease--myocardial depressant factor system in circulatory shock.

Circulatory shock is characterized by severe perturbations in the homeostatic regulation of cardiovascular function leading to conditions which are incompatible with life. The nature of these perturbations is not clearly understood, nor are the origins of the positive feedback loops generated by these disturbances. Despite the obvious gaps in our knowledge, certain findings have been uncovered in recent years which, in the light of new information, point to a final common pathway in the pathogenesis of circulatory shock. These findings are: 1. a marked reduction in blood flow to the splanchnic viscera very early in circulatory shock of varying etiologies (1) 2. a marked alteration in lysosomal membranes with the attendant release of lysosomal hydrolases into the plasma during many forms of shock (2) 3. a profound impairment of myocardial performance late in circulatory shock (3,4)
Estimating Limit Reference Points for Western Pacific Leatherback Turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in the U.S. West Coast EEZ.

Biological limit reference points (LRPs) for fisheries catch represent upper bounds that avoid undesirable population states. LRPs can support consistent management evaluation among species and regions, and can advance ecosystem-based fisheries management. For transboundary species, LRPs prorated by local abundance can inform local management decisions when international coordination is lacking. We estimated LRPs for western Pacific leatherbacks in the U.S. West Coast Exclusive Economic Zone (WCEEZ) using three approaches with different types of information on local abundance. For the current application, the best-informed LRP used a local abundance estimate derived from nest counts, vital rate information, satellite tag data, and fishery observer data, and was calculated with a Potential Biological Removal estimator. Management strategy evaluation was used to set tuning parameters of the LRP estimators to satisfy risk tolerances for falling below population thresholds, and to evaluate sensitivity of population outcomes to bias in key inputs. We estimated local LRPs consistent with three hypothetical management objectives: allowing the population to rebuild to its maximum net productivity level (4.7 turtles per five years), limiting delay of population rebuilding (0.8 turtles per five years), or only preventing further decline (7.7 turtles per five years). These LRPs pertain to all human-caused removals and represent the WCEEZ contribution to meeting population management objectives within a broader international cooperative framework. We present multi-year estimates, because at low LRP values, annual assessments are prone to substantial error that can lead to volatile and costly management without providing further conservation benefit. The novel approach and the performance criteria used here are not a direct expression of the “jeopardy” standard of the U.S. Endangered Species Act, but they provide useful assessment information and could help guide international management frameworks. Given the range of abundance data scenarios addressed, LRPs should be estimable for many other areas, populations, and taxa.
KLF4 Suppresses Tumor Formation in Genetic and Pharmacological Mouse Models of Colonic Tumorigenesis

The zinc finger transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is frequently downregulated in colorectal cancer. Previous studies showed that KLF4 is a tumor suppressor in the intestinal tract and plays an important role in DNA damage-repair mechanisms. Here, the in vivo effects of Klf4 deletion were examined from the mouse intestinal epithelium ( Klf4ΔIS ) in a genetic or pharmacological setting of colonic tumorigenesis: ApcMin/+ mutation or carcinogen treatment with azoxymethane (AOM), respectively. Klf4ΔIS/ApcMin/+ mice developed significantly more colonic adenomas with 100% penetrance as compared with ApcMin/+ mice with intact Klf4 ( Klf4fl/fl/ApcMin/+ ). The colonic epithelium of Klf4ΔIS/ApcMin/+ mice showed increased mTOR pathway activity, together with dysregulated epigenetic mechanism as indicated by altered expression of HDAC1 and p300. Colonic adenomas from both genotypes stained positive for γH2AX, indicating DNA double-strand breaks. In Klf4ΔIS/ApcMin/+ mice, this was associated with reduced nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair and homologous recombination repair (HRR) mechanisms as indicated by reduced Ku70 and Rad51 staining, respectively. In a separate model, following treatment with AOM, Klf4ΔIS mice developed significantly more colonic tumors than Klf4fl/fl mice, with more Klf4ΔIS mice harboring K-Ras mutations than Klf4fl/fl mice. Compared with AOM-treated Klf4fl/fl mice, adenomas of treated Klf4ΔIS mice had suppressed NHEJ and HRR mechanisms, as indicated by reduced Ku70 and Rad51 staining. This study highlights the important role of KLF4 in suppressing the development of colonic neoplasia under different tumor-promoting conditions. Implications: The study demonstrates that KLF4 plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of colorectal neoplasia. Mol Cancer Res; 14(4); 385–96. ©2016 AACR .
Prevention of toxicity of massive doses of A-methopterin by citrovorum factor.

Summary1. The administration of citrovorum factor 15 minutes prior to seven to thirty times as large a dose of A-methopterin, prevented the toxicity of the antimetabolite at levels ranging from 2 to 100 times the chronic LD50. 2. No significant protective effect was noted when similar dosages of citrovorum factor were given four or more hours after the administration of A-methopterin. 3. A-methopterin appears to be a true antagonist of citrovorum factor rather than of pteroylglutamic acid.
Reproduction by overwintered Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on hops

In areas within its range where soils freeze in winter, Tetranychus urticae Koch overwinters in protected locations as fertilized females. Under favorable conditions they are capable of rapid recovery and may lay eggs within 24 h after they begin feeding. The shriveled, overwintered females increased in length (idiosoma) from 0.41 to 0.56 mm over 9 days. The first eggs laid contained pigment similar to that in the female; many pigmented eggs did not hatch. Subsequent eggs were normal (pearly white) and hatched. Females laid an average of 50.8 eggs over a 20-day test period ( n = 47). From the 2,390 eggs laid, 1,036 females and 326 males were produced. The large proportion of female progeny from overwintered females ensures an adequate base for future population development. Presence of male progeny ensures fertilization and continuation of females in the population.
Views of a good life and allostatic load: Physiological correlates of theories of a good life depend on the socioeconomic context

AbstractThis research examines the relationship between one’s theory of a good life and allostatic load, a marker of cumulative biological risk, and how this relationship differs by socioeconomic status. Among adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher, those who saw individual characteristics (e.g. personal happiness, effort) as part of a good life had lower levels of allostatic load than those who did not. In contrast, among adults with less than a bachelor’s degree, those who saw supportive relationships as part of a good life had lower levels of allostatic load than those who did not. These findings extend past research on socioeconomic differences in the emphasis on individual or relational factors and suggest that one’s theory of a good life has health implications.
In-Office Brow and Forehead Lifting by a Quick Multi-incision Trichophytic Approach

Rejuvenation of the brow and forehead is a critical cosmetic concern for many patients. An ideal approach would improve both forehead rhytids and brow ptosis, yet be easily performed and well tolerated in the office setting. Equally important is a long-lasting result that has low risk, instrument cost, and downtime. I have found, for many patients, the pre-hairline (trichophytic) with or without subcutaneous dissection forehead lift to be a great in-office procedure with high patient satisfaction. Suitable patients will tolerate the 2–3 incision placement sites and do not wish to have the hairline raised.
The Global Context of Disability

This issue of Global Education Review examines the global context of disability and how in different geographic locations, socioeconomic factors, domestic policy, and disability perspectives impact access to special education services, and the types of resources and interventions available to individuals with diverse learning needs.┬a ┬aPractices in countries including India, Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Liberia, and Kenya were studied and implications for meeting the special education needs for children and adults with disabilities and their families are discussed
Prenatal Asphyxia in Growth Retarded Fetuses

Members of the Department of Obstetrics at King’s College Hospital, London SE5 have measured the umbilical venous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, pH, lactate and glucose concentrations, nucleated red cell (erythroblast) content, and haemoglobin concentration in 38 fetuses with intra-uterine growth retardation in which blood sampling was performed by cordocentesis.
The Impact of the Internet on Values in India: Shifts in Self-Enhancement and Self-Transcendence Amongst Indian Youth

In this study, the authors examine how the internet is changing two critical personal value dimensions of India's youth. Based on values theory, and using data that spans a decade from 2004-2014, t...
Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Myotonic Dystrophy

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder resulting in unstable CTG repeats within the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) gene on chromosome 19q3. The pediatric forms of myotonic dystrophy manifest much differently than the adult form of the disease. The pediatric forms of the disease are classified as congenital and childhood myotonic dystrophy. The unique clinical course of myotonic dystrophy in the pediatric population affects disease management, especially at birth. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of congenital and childhood myotonic dystrophy.
Interstitial inflammation and interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy predict renal survival in lupus nephritis.

Background This study examines the effect of interstitial inflammation and interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy on renal survival in lupus nephritis. Methods Baseline characteristics, initial (n = 301) and repeat biopsies (n = 94) and clinical outcomes for patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis from 1998 to 2014 were retrospectively collected from the medical record. Clinical and morphologic variables were evaluated using a Cox proportional hazards model and multiple imputation to address missing data. Renal survival was defined as the time from initial biopsy to end-stage renal disease [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 50%: HR 7.67 (95% CI 3.75-15.67)] and increased interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) category [relative to IFTA 50%: HR 13.99 (95% CI 4.91-39.83)] predicted worse renal survival among all patients and those with Class IV on initial and repeat biopsy (n = 94) in a dose-dependent manner. Interstitial inflammation grade and IFTA category were significant predictors of renal survival in a multivariable model adjusted for age, gender, race, ethnicity and serum creatinine. Conclusions Interstitial inflammation and IFTA independently affect renal survival and grading these lesions stratifies risk within the International Society of Nephrology and Renal Pathology Society classification of lupus nephritis.
Cattle as Technological Interventions: The Gender Effects of Water Demand in Dairy Production in Uganda

Smallholder dairy production dominates the country of Uganda, with over 90% of the national herd owned by smallholders. To reduce hunger, malnutrition, and raise families out of poverty agricultural development, interventions in Uganda have focused on increasing milk production through the introduction of improved dairy cow breeds. Development actors, such as the East Africa Dairy Development (EADD) program in Uganda, see crossbreed dairy cows as a key technological intervention for improving production. Drawing on a multi-method study (spatial analysis, surveys, and qualitative interviews) of dairy smallholders, our paper examines the gendered effects of the introduction of crossbreed dairy cows. To ensure peak performance, improved breeds require more inputs (e.g., water, feed, and medicine), which are labor and time intensive with specific gendered outcomes. Our findings reveal that both men and women identify fetching water as one of the greatest challenges in maintaining dairy cows, but women and chi...
Characterization of intralaminar strengths of virtually cured polymer matrix composites

Abstract The effect of the curing process on the mechanical response of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites, IM7/Epoxy 862, is studied using a novel computational model. Virtual testing is performed using the Finite Element Method (FEM) at the microscale where Repeating Unit Cells (RUCs) are analyzed to determine strengths and elastic properties of a thin lamina. Two sets of Boundary Conditions (BCs) during curing are studied; Periodic (PBCs) and Flat (FBCs). The commercial codes, ABAQUS/Standard and ABAQUS/Explicit have been used as the FEM solver, supplemented by user written subroutines, that model the curing process and the mechanical response including the onset of damage and subsequent failure. The transition from a continuum to damage/failure state is effected by using the Bazant-Oh Crack Band model, which preserves mesh objectivity. Results are presented for a randomly packed RUC which is first subjected to curing and subsequently to mechanical loading. It is assumed that damage can initiate during the cure cycle if the internal stresses exceed prescribed values and that this damage can grow in the form of cohesive cracks. After the curing of the RUCs, virtual mechanical loading programs are studied. In this latter stage, the cured RUCs, which may contain internal damage and residual stresses are further subjected to additional stresses induced by the mechanical loading. The results clearly show the influence of the curing cycle (the effects of manufacturing) on the mechanical response.
Optical Sensors for Direct Measurements in Chemical Processes

The benefit of employing continuous, and ideally, non-destructive analysis during chemical manufacturing processes is widely recognized as providing very high rates of return to industry. As markets become increasingly more competitive, feedstocks more costly, and environmental issues escalate, the need for robust, stable, and affordable on-line process analysis systems continues to grow. Among the possible technologies employed in these process applications, optical methods are frequently used. The University of Washington Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC) has had a core effort in the investigation of sensor systems based on optical waveguide technology since its founding in 1984. These efforts have been broadly based, involving both the use of non-invasive direct optical analysis for species or parameter identification and the investigation of minimally invasive extractive approaches utilizing reagent chemistries. This work is further leveraged through strong interactions with another core CPAC program focusing on the development and use of chemometric multivatiate data analysis techniques. The three examples presented below: fiber optic evanescent wave spectroscopy using extractive coatings, the use of integrated grating and waveguide structures, and applications of low coherence high precision reflectometry for process monitoring, represent on-going optical sensor work at CPAC and demonstrate the synergy between this program and chemometrics.
Developing a design culture in a computer clubhouse: the role of local practices and mediators

This paper focuses on the development of a design culture in a Computer Clubhouse, a type of community technology center known for its emphasis on design and creative production. Drawing from theories of situated learning and cultural historical activity, we used a mixed methods approach to document, describe, and analyze local portfolio-building practices and the role of mediation that best supports more complex types of design-based technological fluencies. The study also explores aspects of the Clubhouse setting that mediated community members' participation in design activities and then discusses how these findings can be used in other after-school settings interested in implementing design cultures with racially and ethnically marginalized youth.
Corneal Epithelium: Response to Infection

The corneal epithelium must function as an effective barrier against the external environment and protect the eye from infectious agents, while concomitantly maintaining visual acuity. Epithelial defense mechanisms have evolved so as to allow efficient clearance of invading pathogens on the ocular surface without the need for continuous (and potentially damaging) inflammatory responses. As such, this article discusses how cells of the corneal epithelium are able to competently recognize pathogens and their by-products through toll-like receptor activation and signaling; the network of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines produced and secreted that recruit inflammatory cells into the cornea; its expression of antimicrobial products; and its ability to promote wound healing and restoration of the cornea’s visual integrity upon eradication of the pathogen.
A Miniature Instrument Tip Force Sensor for Robot/Human Cooperative Microsurgical Manipulation with Enhanced Force Feedback

This paper reports the development of a new miniature force sensor to measure forces at the tip of a microsurgical instrument in three dimensions with sub-millinewton resolution. This sensor will enable enhanced force feedback during surgical intervention in which a user directly manipulates surgical instruments cooperatively with a force-reflecting robot arm. This “steady-hand” scaled force interaction enables a surgeon to sense millinewton forces between the instrument and delicate body tissues during microsurgery which would otherwise be far below the threshold of human tactile sensing. The magnified force feedback can increase the dexterity of the surgeon and improve safety by preventing large damaging forces from being exerted by the instrument. The design and analysis of the new force sensor is presented with preliminary testing and force scaling control results.
The effect of providing probabilistic information about a tornado threat on people’s protective actions

National Weather Service issues deterministic warnings in a tornado event. An alternative system is being researched at National Severe Storms Laboratory to issue Probabilistic Hazard Information (PHI). This study investigated how providing the uncertainty information about the tornado occurrence through PHI changes people’s protective actions. In an experiment, visual displays of the probabilistic information and deterministic warnings were presented to fifty participants to report their expected protective actions in different scenarios. It was found that the percentage of people who expected to immediately take shelter right after receiving the weather information increased exponentially as their proximity to the threat decreased. When there was more chance that the information about occurrence of a particular tornado was false rather than true, in scenarios that the likelihood of the threat occurrence was less than 50%, providing it through PHI lowered the percentage of people who immediately took shelter. The ordinal logistic regression models showed that the probability of taking protective actions significantly changes by providing the uncertainty information when people have less than 20 min lead time before getting impacted by the threat. When the lead time is less than 10 min, the probability of immediately taking shelter increases to 94 from 71%, and when the lead time is more than 10 but less than 20 min, that probability increases from 53 to 70%, if they are provided with the probabilistic information. Presenting the likelihood of any tornado formation in the area did not have significant effect on the people’s protective actions.
Over-the-scope-clips as primary and rescue therapy for non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction Endoscopic hemostasis in patients with non-variceal bleeding (NVGIB) with standard therapy has improved outcomes. However, persistent bleeding and re-bleeding continues to drive morbidity and mortality. Use of over-the-scope clips (OTSC) is an emerging treatment modality for managing gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the ability of OTSC to achieve primary hemostasis and re-bleeding rates as primary therapy and rescue endoscopic interventions in patients with NVGIB. Evidence acquisition We searched articles in PubMed, Ovid Medline In- Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Embase, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus from inception to July 2017 using keywords such as "OTSC" and "NVGIB." Evidence synthesis A total of 16 studies which involved 475 patients met the inclusion criteria. 288 patients were treated with OTSC as primary therapy while 187 patients were treated with OTSC as rescue therapy. Primary hemostasis rate achieved with primary endoscopic therapy with OTSC was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89-0.96). Similarly, primary hemostasis rate achieved with rescue endoscopic therapy with OTSC was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84-0.95). Re-bleeding rates after primary endoscopic therapy with OTSC was 0.21 (95% CI:0.08-0.43) and 0.25 (95% CI:0.17-0.34) with rescue therapy. There was a decreased risk of re-bleeding in patients treated with OTSC as primary therapy versus rescue therapy. RR=0.52 (95% CI: 0.31-0.89). Conclusions This meta-analysis demonstrates success on the use of OTSC as primary and rescue therapy in the management of NVGIB. Further trials should clarify the ideal setting for the use of OTSC and assess the cost of these devices as compared to standard therapy.