cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The annual cycle and the predictability of the tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere system

Using large-scale circulation statistics from the Pacific Ocean basin, predictability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system on interannual time scales is found both to be limited in extent and to possess a strong annual cycle. Irrespective of when lagged correlations are commenced, correlations decrease rapidly through the boreal spring, indicating an inherent predictability limitation for large scale coupled oceanicatmospheric processes such as El Nino. Long term prediction experiments using numerical coupled-models show that the models are excellent facsimiles of the real system. They, too, encounter the predictability barrier and exhibit a substantial decrease in observation-prediction correlation across the boreal spring. Thus, a predictive system based solely on the interactive physics of the Pacific Basin appears limited to a maximum of less than one year and a minimum of only one or two months. Two hypotheses are made to explain the existence of the predictability barrier. First, it is argued that the tropical coupled system is at its frailest state during the boreal spring and that the signal-to-noise ratio is weakest. In such a system, maximum random error growth may occur as the atmosphere and the ocean become temporally detached and wander onto different climate trajectories. A series of 144 preliminary Monte Carlo experiments were conducted with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to test the hypothesis. Irrespective of when the experiments were commenced, error growth was maximized at the same time of the year. The second hypothesis suggests that the near-equatorial circulation is perturbed at the time of its weakest state by external influences such as the monsoon and that the climate wanderings are “nudged” deterministically. There is observational and theoretical evidence to support the hypothesis. Observations suggest that anomalous monsoons impart basin-wide coherent alterations of the wind stress field in the Pacific Ocean. Experiments with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model show that the period of an ENSO event is altered substantially by an anomalous monsoon. Given that there appear to be precursors to anomalous monsoons, it is suggested that there may be ways to avoid the predictability barrier and thus extend prediction of the entire system. Finally, noting that the two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, they are combined to form a unified theory. As the asymmetric monsoonal and the symmetric near-equatorial heating are in approximate quadrature, it is argued that the monsoons influence the Walker circulation during the boreal spring. However, during the boreal fall and early winter the near-equatorial heating variability dominates the winter monsoon.
Forecasting With Stable Seasonal Pattern Models With an Application to Hawaiian Tourism Data

We propose several variations of the stable seasonal pattern (SSP) model first introduced by Marshall and Oliver and study their prediction procedures. Depending on the type of data (count data or continuous variable), we propose different treatments. Previously SSP models have been applied to trendless data or adapted to trending data in ad hoc ways. In the models considered here, conditional independence allows the seasonal pattern and trend to be modeled separately, whereas prediction uses both efficiently. In an out-of-sample forecasting experiment conducted on Hawaiian tourism data, one of the proposed variations demonstrates its long-term forecasting potential relative to seasonal Box–Jenkins autoregressive integrated moving average and transfer function models.
The energetics of HMG box interactions with DNA: thermodynamic description of the target DNA duplexes.

Abstract The thermal properties and energetics of formation of 10, 12 and 16 bp DNA duplexes, specifically interacting with the HMG box of Sox-5, have been studied by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC studies show that the partial heat capacity of these short duplexes increases considerably prior to the cooperative process of strand separation. Direct extrapolation of the pre and post-transition heat capacity functions into the cooperative transition zone suggests that unfolding/dissociation of strands results in no apparent heat capacity increment. In contrast, ITC measurements show that the negative enthalpy of complementary strand association increases in magnitude with temperature rise, implying that strand association proceeds with significant decrease of heat capacity. Furthermore, the ITC-measured enthalpy of strand association is significantly smaller in magnitude than the enthalpy of cooperative unfolding measured by DSC. To resolve this paradox, the heat effects upon heating and cooling of the separate DNA strands have been measured by DSC. This showed that cooling of the strands from 100 °C to −10 °C proceeds with significant heat release associated with the formation of intra and inter-molecular interactions. When the enthalpy of residual structure in the strands and the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of the duplexes and of their unfolded strands have been taken into account, the ITC and DSC results are brought into agreement. The analysis shows that the considerable increase in heat capacity of the duplexes with temperature rise is due to increasing fluctuations of their structure (e.g. end fraying and twisting) and this effect obscures the heat capacity increment resulting from the cooperative separation of strands, which in fact amounts to 200(±40) JK−1 (mol bp)−1. Using this heat capacity increment, the averaged standard enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy of formation of fully folded duplexes from fully unfolded strands have been determined at 25 °C as −33(±2) kJ (mol bp)−1, −93(±4) J K−1 (mol bp)−1 and −5.0(±0.5) kJ (mol bp)−1, respectively.
Cryo-EM Structure of the DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit at Subnanometer Resolution Reveals α Helices and Insight into DNA Binding

The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) regulates the nonhomologous end joining pathway for repair of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) breaks. Here, we present a 7A resolution structure of DNA-PKcs determined by cryo-electron microscopy single-particle reconstruction. This structure is composed of density rods throughout the molecule that are indicative of alpha helices and reveals structural features not observed in lower resolution EM structures. Docking of homology models into the DNA-PKcs structure demonstrates that up to eight helical HEAT repeat motifs fit well within the density. Surprisingly, models for the kinase domain can be docked into either the crown or base of the molecule at this resolution, although real space refinement suggests that the base location is the best fit. We propose a model for the interaction of DNA with DNA-PKcs in which one turn of dsDNA enters the central channel and interacts with a resolved alpha-helical protrusion.
The effectiveness of college students as therapeutic agents with chronic hospitalized patients.

This paper assesses the therapeutic effectiveness of college students working with chronic, hospitalized mental patients. Significant improvement in behavior was found for the patients in the experimental group on the Paranoid Projection, Anxious Intropunitiveness, and Conceptual Disorganization sub-scales of the Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale. Male patients showed more improvement than did females working with the female college students in the program.
Limitations of automated remnant lipoprotein cholesterol assay for diagnostic use.

I wish to comment on the limitations of an automated remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (RemL-C)1 assay reported in Clinical Chemistry (1) . Remnants are lipoprotein particles produced after newly formed triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) of either hepatic or intestinal origin enter the plasma space and undergo lipolysis via the action of lipoprotein lipase in the capillary bed. During this process, these lipoproteins lose triglyceride and pick up cholesteryl ester and apolipoprotein E (apoE) from other lipoproteins through the action of cholesteryl ester transfer protein. The development of a clinical diagnostic method for measuring remnant lipoprotein cholesterol has been hampered by difficulties with isolation. Moreover, the characteristics of remnant lipoproteins have not been clearly defined. The most consistent definition of remnant lipoproteins has been proposed as an apoE-rich lipoprotein fraction within TRLs, which increases in the postprandial state. The original immunoseparation method for the measurement of remnant-like lipoprotein particle cholesterol …
Purification and Characterization of Sucrose α-glucohydrolase (invertase) from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus

Summary Sucrose α-glucohydrolase (or invertase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to fructose and glucose. The activity was detected in the cytoplasmic fraction of cell-free extracts of the hyperthermophilic archaeon (archaebacterium), Pyrococcus furiosus , an organism that grows optimally at 100 °C. The enzyme was purified 570-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity. It is a monomeric protein of M r 114,000. It exihibited optimum activity, as measured by the production of glucose from sucrose, at pH 5.5 and temperatures between 100 and 117°C. While maltose was also hydrolyzed by this enzyme, no activity could be detected towards starch. Kinetic analyses at 95 °C established K m and V max values for sucrose hydrolysis of 0.12 M, and 130 µmole min −1 mg −1 , respectively. Classical competitive inhibition was observed in the presence of glucose or fructose with inhibition constants (K i ) of 0.55 mM and 50 mM, respectively. Nevertheless, the enzyme was capable of partially hydrolyzing sucrose at concentrations up to 2.0 M at 90 °C. However, the P. furiosus enzyme is by far the most thermostable invertase yet reported, exhibiting a half life of almost 2 days at 95 °C.
Three sterile neutrinos in E 6

Candidates for unification of the electroweak and strong interactions include the grand unified groups SU(5), SO(10), and the exceptional group ${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$. The 27-dimensional fundamental representation of ${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$ contains exotic fermions, including weak isosinglet quarks of charge $\ensuremath{-}1/3$, vectorlike weak isodoublet leptons, and neutral leptons which are singlets under both left-handed and right-handed SU(2). These last are candidates for light ``sterile'' neutrinos, hinted at by some recent short-baseline neutrino experiments.In order to accommodate three families of quarks and charged leptons, an ${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$ model must contain three 27-plets, each of which contains a sterile neutrino candidate $n$. The mixing pattern within a 27-plet is described, and experimental consequences are discussed.
Phenomenological modelling of rate-dependent plasticity for high strain rate problems

Abstract The results of two related theoretical investigations for large-scale computations of elasto-plastic deformations at ultrahigh strain rates are summarized in this paper. The first effort concerns the development of a phenomenological constitutive model for finite deformation elasto-plasticity which includes the effects of thermal softening, strain hardening, rate-dependence, as well as the noncoaxiality of the plastic strain rate and the stress deviator, and the incorporation of this model in a large-scale explicit finite-element code. The second effort involves the investigation of localized deformations and shear banding at high strain rates. It is shown that the constitutive model considered, together with standard quadrilateral finite elements with one point integration (piece-wise constant strain and stress fields), can nicely produce the observed intense localized deformations without recourse to any special elements. The results are illustrated in terms of the shear localization observed in uniaxial extension, and of void collapse under uniaxial compression. In addition, the effect of the noncoaxiality of the plastic strain rate and the stress tensor is included in the model, and its influence on strain localization at high strain rates is investigated.
Myocardial salvage by trolox and ascorbic acid, but not ascorbic acid alone, in anesthetized dogs and rabbits

The myocardial salvaging properties of Trolox (Trix; a water- and lipid-soluble vitamin E analog with antioxidant properties) and ascorbic acid (Asc; a water-soluble antioxidant) were evaluated in anesthetized male dogs and rabbits. Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by occlusion and reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery: a 2-hr occlusion and 4-hr reperfusion in dogs, and a 15-min occlusion and 3-hr reperfusion in rabbits. This occlusion/reperfusion protocol induced %MI (MI normalized to area at risk) of approximately 20% beyond that induced by occlusion alone in both species. Trlx, Asc (100 and 150 mg/kg/injection, respectively, by injection; or 100 and 150 mg/kg/min, respectively, by continuous infusion), or vehicle (Veh) were administered into the ascending aorta in dogs and into the left atrium in rabbits. In severely ischemic dogs (myocardial collateral blood flow < 0.1 ml/min/g), a single injection of Trlx plus Asc, but not Asc alone, at the onset of reperfusion reduced %MI (Trlx + Asc = 24.3 ± 5.4%, n = 7; Asc = 50.1 ± 9.6%, n = 4; Veh = 45.0 ± 5.0%, n = 5). In rabbits, %MI was reduced (or tended to be reduced) by either 3 hourly injections (Trlx + Asc = 33.3 ± 4.0%, n = 19; Asc = 48.3 ± 6.3%, n = 11; Veh = 43.7 ± 3.3%, n = 8) or an injection followed by continuous infusion (Trlx + Asc = 36.0 ± 4.0%, n = 9; Veh = 49.0 ± 3.0%, n = 8), beginning at the onset of reperfusion. %MI in rabbits was not affected by either hourly injections beginning from 1 hr after, or a single injection at 1–3 × the dosages (i.e., 100–300 and 150–450 mg/kg for Trlx and Asc, respectively), during onset of reperfusion. Hemodynamic variables (arterial pressure, heartrate, rate-pressure-product and left ventricular contractility) were similar among all treat- ment groups in both species. In conclusion, Trlx/Asc combination, but not Asc alone, re- duces %MI in dogs and rabbits. The salvaging effects of Trlx/Asc are unrelated to any changes in hemodynamics. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation is involved in myocardial reperfusion injury. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Letters from the Mackinaw Mission School

Young Native American women from the Mackinaw Mission write to Mary Lyon and Zilpah Grant at the Ipswich Female Seminary. The 1829 letters reflect the progressive education offered to the students as well as the pressures they were under to forsake their language and culture and embrace evangelical Protestant Christianity
UNIFIED analytical formulation of thin-film radiative properties including partial coherence

Radiative properties of thin films are derived based on the concept of optical coherence theory. Instead of the previous approach of deriving the property formulas based on the degree of coherence, a direct integration approach to obtain the averaged properties over a finite spectral resolution is developed. The analytical results are in excellent agreement with the measured spectra. The formulas are compact in form and easy to use to invert optical properties or film thicknesses with measured reflectance or transmittance. Rigorous criteria for incoherent and coherent limits can be easily reduced from the general formulas and the resulting equations corresponding to those of geometric and wave optics, respectively. These criteria are very useful in determining under what situations simpler wave optics and geometric optics formulas can be applied.
Tip–surface transfer of adatoms in AFM/STM: effect of quantum oscillations

An adiabatic theory of spontaneous adatom transfer between a surface and an AFM/STM tip has been developed under the assumption that the dwell time of the adsorbate at the adsorption site is small compared to the phonon and electron-hole relaxation times. The adsorbate is assumed to be tunneling across the potential barrier from a ground state at the sample to that at the tip. A simple analytical expression has been obtained for the ground-level energy splitting, which governs the dynamics of the coherent tunneling. The transition rate is shown to depend strongly on the adatom mass, binding energy and separation distance between the adsorption sites. It is found that, at typical AFM/STM tip velocities and separation distances, an adatom may be involved in a process of consecutive transitions from the sample to the tip and vice versa. It is shown that coherent tunneling is a dominant mechanism of adatom transfer at temperatures below 10 K for insulators and semiconductors and below 0.1 K in the case of metals. The total transfer probability as a function of time may exhibit quantum oscillations whose period is very sensitive to variation of physical parameters.
PKC‐mediated secretion of death factors in LNCaP prostate cancer cells is regulated by androgens

Activation of PKCδ in androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells leads to apoptosis via the activation of p38 MAPK and JNK cascades. We have recently shown that treatment of LNCaP cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) leads to a PKCδ-mediated autocrine release of death factors, including the cytokines TNFα and TRAIL, and that conditioned medium (CM) collected from PMA-treated LNCaP cells promotes the activation of the extrinsic apoptotic cascade. Interfering with this autocrine loop either at the level of factor release or death receptor activation/signaling markedly impaired the PMA apoptotic response. In the present study we show that this PKCδ-dependent autocrine mechanism is greatly influenced by androgens. Indeed, upon androgen depletion, which down-regulates PKCδ expression, TNFα and TRAIL mRNA induction and release by PMA are significantly diminished, resulting in a reduced apoptogenic activity of the CM and an impaired ability of the CM to activate p38 MAPK and JNK. These effects can be rescued by addition of the synthetic androgen R1881. Furthermore, RNAi depletion of the androgen-receptor (AR) from LNCaP cells equally impaired PMA responses, suggesting that PKC-mediated induction of death factor secretion and apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells are highly sensitive to hormonal control.
Relationships among inflammatory cytokines, obesity, and insulin sensitivity in the horse.

Recent studies associate obesity and in- sulin resistance in horses with development of abnor- mal reproductive function and debilitating laminitis. The factors contributing to insulin resistance in obese horses are unknown. However, human studies provide evidence that elevated inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL1, and IL6 play direct roles in development of obesity-associated insulin resis- tance. Thus, inflammation may be a key link between obesity and insulin resistance in horses. The aim of the current investigation was to examine possible relation- ships between obesity, inflammatory cytokines, and in- sulin sensitivity (IS) in the horse. Age was recorded and BCS and percent body fat (% FAT) were determined as measures of obesity in 60 mares. In addition, blood mRNA expression of IL1, IL6, and TNFα and circulat- ing concentrations of TNFα protein (TNFp) were deter- mined in each mare. Finally, fasted concentrations of insulin were determined, and IS was determined using the hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp. Significant correlations between several variables provided evi- dence for the design of 4 population regression models to estimate relationships between measures of obesity, inflammatory factors, and IS in the sample population. The results of these analyses revealed that IS decreased as BCS and % FAT increased (P < 0.001) in the sample population. Additionally, increased IL1 (P < 0.05) and TNFp (P < 0.01) were associated with decreased IS. However, increased TNFα (P < 0.001) was associated with decreased IS only in mares 20 yr of age and older. Increased BCS and % FAT were associated with in- creased expression of TNFα (P = 0.053) and IL1 (P < 0.05), and increased TNFp (P < 0.05). Surprisingly, increased BCS and % FAT were associated with de- creased IL6 expression (P = 0.05) in mares <20 yr of age. Finally, evaluation of the influence of obesity and inflammatory cytokines on IS within the same model suggested that BCS and % FAT (P < 0.001) with TNFα (mRNA (P = 0.07) and protein (P < 0.05)) are inversely associated with IS independently of one another. Com- bined, these results provide the first evidence associat- ing obesity with increased inflammatory factors in the horse. Furthermore, the results suggest that an interre- lationship exists among obesity, inflammatory cytok- ines, and IS in the horse and emphasize the need for further studies to elucidate the nature of these rela- tionships.
Steroid pellets and venous diameter in orchidectomized, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized-hysterectomized mice.

SummaryPellets of most steroids impeded hair regrowth in shaved areas. Estradiol-17β caused fatal obstruction of the urinary tract in males.The diameters of the internal spermatic, ovarian, uterine, and femoral veins and the inferior vena cava in the mouse were measured in intact males, in orchidectomized males bearing glass pellets (controls) and steroid pellets, and in ovariectomized and ovariectomized-hysterectomized females with similar pellets. Mice with steroid pellets had significant increases, and sometimes significant decreases, in vein size compared to control mice with glass pellets. Venous response was greater after removal of both ovaries and uterus than after removal of ovaries only. The diameter of the internal spermatic vein appeared to depend on the influence of a steroid rather than on the presence of the testis as such.
Coping with the challenges of living in an Indonesian residential institution

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to describe challenges and strategies for coping with these challenges among individuals living in an institutional setting. Method This study used a qualitative approach to analyze the interviews of fourteen participants (11 males and 3 females) ages 10–24 residing in an Indonesian residential institution (orphanage and Muslim boarding school). Results Insufficient access to educational resources and basic necessities were major concerns of the participants, as was the residential institution's unresponsiveness and the lack of connection experienced by residents. Individuals coped with these challenges by turning to others for social support and by trying to change the focus of their thoughts, such as to more pleasant thoughts or simply to mentally disengage. Conclusions Some youths and young adults residing in institutions such as a residential institution demonstrate resilience at the individual level by utilizing coping strategies to address problems in obtaining adequate educational, material and psychological support. However, because inadequacies in these kinds of support ultimately impede psychosocial development, it is imperative to develop solutions for addressing these problems at the institutional and societal level rather than at the level of individual youths and young adults.
Stroke prevention in the young child with sickle cell anaemia

Cerebrovascular disease resulting in stroke is a serious and preventable complication of sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Children at high risk of preventable stroke can be identified by transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD). Current guidelines in the UK recommend annual TCD screening from 3 years, although studies suggest an earlier peak incidence, between 2 and 5 years. A single centre retrospective review was undertaken to identify the prevalence of stroke and success of TCD screening in young children. We report five episodes of stroke in under 3s and outcome of TCD screening in children under 3, compared to over 3. TCD analysis was as successful in the 2–3-year age group as in the 3–4-year group. We therefore propose that all children with SCA should be offered TCD screening from the age of 2 years. Furthermore, infants with high risk features of SCA should undergo a first attempt at TCD screening even earlier.
Intrafamilial variability for novel TAZ gene mutation: Barth syndrome with dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure in an infant and left ventricular noncompaction in his great-uncle.

Abstract Background The tafazzin gene ( TAZ ) is located at Xq28 and encodes a protein involved in the transacylation of cardiolipin, an essential mitochondrial phospholipid. Mutations in TA Z are associated with Barth syndrome (BTHS), the X-linked recessive condition with dilated cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, growth retardation, neutropenia and organic aciduria. TAZ mutations also contribute to left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), a cardiomyopathy characterized by loose, trabeculated myocardium. Case report We report a family with a novel TAZ mutation and the clinical spectrum from severe BTHS in an infant to skeletal myopathy with LVNC in an adult, the oldest individual with BTHS reported. The proband is a 51-year-old male with muscle weakness since early childhood. He remained stable until the age of 43. His initial evaluations found LVNC and borderline neutropenia with no elevation of urine 3-methylglutaconic acid. The proband's great nephew is a 3-year-old who presented at birth with poor feeding, hypotonia, lactic acidosis and hypoglycemia. At three months he was admitted with failure to thrive, lethargy and respiratory distress due to heart failure. Cardiac studies revealed dilated cardiomyopathy with a spongiform trabeculated pattern of the left ventricle. Laboratory studies showed cyclic neutropenia and elevated urine 3-methylglutaconic and 3-methylglutaric acids. At age 11months the patient had a heart transplant. We conducted sequence analysis of the TAZ gene for two affected individuals, the proband first and then his great-nephew. A novel, hemizygous nonsense mutation in TAZ exon 7 (c.583G>T, p.Gly195X) was detected. Conclusion At his current age of 51years-old, the proband is the oldest surviving individual reported with a confirmed molecular diagnosis and features of Barth syndrome. Further studies will be conducted to identify the genetic modifying factor(s) associated with the wide phenotypic range seen in this family.
Intervention Implementation Integrity Within Conjoint Behavioral Consultation: Strategies for Working with Families

Mental health services in school systems can take many forms. Behavioral consultation is one efficacious and commonly used form of indirect service delivery. Indirect service delivery models are unique in that an intermediate person, the consultee, provides treatment directly to a client. The effectiveness of the intervention depends in large part on the degree to which the consultee implements the intervention as designed. Families of children at-risk for school failure may experience challenges implementing an intervention developed through a consultation model. Some researchers have noted that the implementation of treatment plans is influenced by “events in the real world” including stress and limited economic and social resources (Cordray and Pion (in: R. R. Bootzin & P. E. McKnight (eds.) Strengthening research methodology: Psychological measurement and evaluation, 2006); Watson et al. (in: Levensky and O’Donohue (eds.) Promoting treatment adherence: A practical handbook for health care providers, 2006). The purpose of this paper is to present descriptive findings from a large-scale consultation study that introduced unique strategies to promote intervention implementation integrity for children experiencing behavioral difficulties. Participants were separated into two groups, a general, mainstream group and a diverse, at-risk group (i.e., participants who were of low-income status, racially diverse, linguistically diverse, living in a single parent home, or who had less than a high school diploma). Consultants used general strategies (e.g., training and education) for maximizing intervention implementation integrity with all families and additional support strategies (e.g., regular contacts and additional home visits) with families at-risk. Reports via self-report and permanent product measures indicated families in both groups adhered to intervention plans with high integrity when participating in CBC. These strategies were illustrated in a case study format.
Effect of lesions of the ventro-medial hypothalamus on the electrical activity of the ventro-lateral hypothalamus

Abstract 1. 1. Bilateral and unilateral lesions were made in the ventro-medial nucleus of the hypothalamus of 124 male albino rats using techniques which cause a side effect of the deposition of metallic ions and techniques which do not have that effect. Bipolar recording electrodes were implanted bilaterally in the ventro-lateral hypothalamus. 2. 2. The EEG recorded from the lateral hypothalamus of control rats and rats with lesions of the medial hypothalamus which do not typically result in the deposition of metallic ions consisted principally of low voltage fast activity with an amplitude of 3–18 μV and a frequency of 18–22 c/sec. 3. 3. The EEG recorded following medial lesions which cause the deposition of metallic ions consisted of a pattern of large amplitude (50–300 μV) slow (6–12 c/sec) waves which was superimposed upon the normal lateral EEG pattern. While this high voltage pattern appeared to be principally related to the deposition of metallic ions following electrolytic lesions with a stainless steel anode, this pattern occasionally occurred following the use of other lesion techniques. 4. 4. Following unilateral lesions, the high voltage pattern was recorded from the contralateral region with no change in the EEG of the ipsilateral hypothalamus. 5. 5. There was a decline in the amplitude of the high voltage pattern by the 10th post-operative day to 30–150 μV with no further decline after that time and no consistent changes in frequency at any time. 6. 6. It was concluded that the data are generally consistent with the irritative hypothesis proposed by Reynolds in 1965.
'The Progress that Chose a Village': Measuring zero-degree culture and the 'impact' of anthropology

Reprenant les travaux de Redfield sur les Chan Kom a Chichen Itza et de M. Steggerda sur les Piste, qui avaient respectivement montre l'impact positif et l'absence d'effets permanents sur le terrain etudie, l'A. s'efforce de detruire les arguments de ces deux affirmations. Il devoile la logique et la rhetorique des arguments et revele les contextes ideologiques, politiques et economiques communs qui ont motive ces conclusions. Les notions de progres, de culture degre-zero et le role de l'anthropologue sont au centre de cette etude
Vasopressin and cognition: An analysis and perspective

Animal research concerning vasopressin's putative role in cognitive processes has been in progress for nearly two decades, yet the extent and nature of this role remain poorly understood. Methodologically, the reliance on extinction rate as an index of memory and the virtually exclusive use of avoidance tasks have limited the conclusions that can be drawn. In addition, from a theoretical perspective, the view of learning and memory as unitary phenomena may have contributed to an incomplete analysis of vasopressin's cognitive effects. The conclusions that may be drawn from the existing animal data are discussed in the context of the problems that arise in determining if any endogenous substance plays a role in cognitive processes. Recent research in both humans and experimental animals has demonstrated the importance of taking a differentiated approach to the study of cognition and has suggested that distinct cognitive processes may be driven by different biological mechanisms. This research approach has underscored the validity and fruitfulness of using animal models in this area and holds promise for unraveling the biological mechanisms involved in human cognitive processes in general and the role of vasopressin in particular.
Intracardiac pheochrornocytoma with dual coronary blood supply: case report and literature review

Abstract An intracardiac pheochromocytoma is extremely rare. This patient first presented postpartum at age 28 with clinical signs, symptoms and biochemical evidence suspicious for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Multiple radiologic studics and laparotomy failed to confirm the diagnosis. Some 20 years later the patient presented with complaints of chest pain, palpitations, and flushing. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated a ‘tumor blush’ superior to the left atrium with a blood supply derived from the coronary arteries. Open-heart surgery was performed and the tumor successfully removed.
Design and results of differential microwave radiometers (DMR) on COBE

The Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) experiment on the Cosmic Background Explorer is in the final year of a scheduled four years of operation to measure large- and intermediate-scale anisotropies in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The DMR instrument comprises two independent radiometers at each of three frequencies, 31.5, 53, and 90 GHz, where the frequencies were chosen to best separate the CMB from the foreground emissions from galactic dust and electrons. The radiometers switch symmetrically between two beams of 7 degree(s) half-power width separated by 60 degree(s) on the sky, and provide a data set of sky brightness temperature differences that allows the determination of all-sky maps of brightness temperature variations at 7 degree(s) resolution. Data from the first year's operation were used to produce maps of unprecedented sensitivity in which the long-sought intrinsic anisotropies were identified. Three more years of data will ultimately be available to refine the anisotropy measurements.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Connections of the nucleus accumbens

Abstract Reports from previous works have given different classifications for the nucleus accumbens. There also appears to be a general lack of information regarding the fiber connections of the nucleus. The present investigation was undertaken to clarify the connections of this structure. Silver impregnation methods were used to discern some of the afferent fibers of the nucleus, and autoradiographic techniques were used to locate target areas of efferent projections. Afferents were found to be predominately from the septum. Other sources of possible afferents were the mid cingulate gyrus and the ventral nucleus of the diagonal band. No argyrophilia was observed in the nucleus accumbens following transection of the fornix body, lesions of the anterior orbital frontal cortex or anterior cingulate gyrus. On the basis of grain counts made from autoradiographic studies, the nucleus accumbens projects predominately to the lateral hypothalamus. Counts above background were found in the cingulate gyrus, septum, ventral nucleus of the diagonal band, midline thalamic nuclei, habenula, caudate and substantia nigra. Thus, efferent projections appear to distribute to both limbic and extrapyramidal structures. Considering these connections and the functions reported by various workers the nucleus accumbens may serve as a bridge between limbic and extrapyramidal motor systems effecting limbic influence in some movements.
Making or Breaking the Heart: From Lineage Determination to Morphogenesis

The cues governing cardiac cell-fate decisions, cardiac differentiation, and three-dimensional morphogenesis are rapidly being elucidated. Several themes are emerging that are relevant for childhood and adult heart disease and the growing field of stem cell biology. This review will consider our current understanding of cardiac cell-fate determination and cardiogenesis--largely derived from developmental studies in model organisms and human genetic approaches--and examine future implications for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of heart disease in the young and old.
Excretion of Radioactivity Following the Administration of 35Sulfur‐Labeled Disulfiram in Man

Following ingestion, disulfiram is rapidly excreted in the urine and breath, with 90% of the dose gone in 3 days. In some subjects, the enzymes in the liver that oxidized diethyldithiocarbamate to carbon disulfide are very active, making this the principal metabolic pathway. However, if this pathway is not active, there is an increased excretion of DDC into the urine.
A circular dichroism study of the primary structures of three crab satellite DNA's rich in A:T base pairs.

We have measured the circular dichroism spectra and have obtained melting curves for samples of purified satellite DNA's from three species of crab, Cancer borealis, Gecarcinus lateralis, and Callinectes sapidus. Although all three satellite DNA's have the same density in neutral CsCl, their circular dichroism spectra and melting and reassociation characteristics are different, as are other properties of these DNA's. The circular dichroism spectra are analyzed to give estimates of nearest-neighbor frequencies. We estimate that about 90% of the Cancer borealis satellite DNA and over 80% of the Gecarcinus lateralis satellite DNA consist of d(AT)n:d(AT)n sequences, while the serially repeating unit of the Callinectes sapidus satellite DNA may not contain any extended d(AT)n:d(AT)n sequences. The results from the circular dichroism spectra for the Cancer borealis, Gecarcinus lateralis, and the Callinectes sapidus satellite DNA's are in agreement with base composition analyses, which give 2.4, 8, and 25% G+C, respectively, for these DNA's.
Pyrolysis of Eastern Gas Shales—Effects of Temperature and Atmosphere: ABSTRACT

Shale samples from well cores from Christian County, Kentucky, and Effingham, Henderson, and Tazewell Counties, Illinois, were studied for the noncondensable (at room temperature) hydrocarbon gases produced during pyrolysis. The data show a direct correlation of the total hydrocarbon gas (C1 to C5) yield from the shale pyrolyzed at 600°C to the organic carbon content of the shale and relations of the gas released from specially "canned" core sections at room temperature to the organic carbon content and to the total porosity of the shale. The composition of the noncondensable hydrocarbon gases was studied on selected black-shale samples with stepwise increases in temperature. The formation of alkanes is favored over alkenes at low temperature. Alkenes, C1, and C2 species from thermal cracking are positively identified when the shale has been heated to above 120°C, if other conditions remain constant. The effect of the pyrolysis atmosphere on the yield of light hydrocarbons (C1 to C8), acetaldehyde, acetone, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide during thermal degradation of selected gram-sized black-shale samples was studied also. The effects of varying the amount of oxygen in the pyrolysis atmosphere have been monitored. The yield of an individual hydrocarbon generally increases until the oxygen content of the pyrolysis atmosphere reaches 10%. Above 10% oxygen there is a slight decrease in yield. The yield of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide increases directly with the increase of oxygen content of the pyrolysis atmosphere. Data derived from this study may improve our understanding of the potential for gas production and the prediction of gas production from the eastern black shale. It may also provide information useful for controlling the quality of the gas produced by shale pyrolysis. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1577------------
Unpublished record of a career in meteoritics.

In his news focus article about meteoriticist John Wood and his views on the state of meteoritic science, Richard A. Kerr says, “The editor of the field's leading publication, Meteoritics and Planetary Science , had asked Wood to submit a manuscript, but the two of them could not agree on its format” (“A meteoriticist speaks out, his rocks remain mute,” 31 Aug., p. [1581][1]). The manuscript referred to was based on the Harold Masursky Lecture that Wood delivered at the 2000 Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Wood's paper was sent to three reviewers, and the consensus was that the paper was not acceptable for publication in Meteoritics and Planetary Science. However, I was hopeful that with revision it might be publishable in the journal's supplement, which contains papers of value to the community but not necessarily appropriate for the journal. I requested changes accordingly, which were of substance, not format. The paper did not seem to me to be an assertion that chondrule research over the last four decades had been futile. Rather, it suggested that the avenues of interpretation pursued by this particular researcher had been fruitless. It was a valuable record of a frustrating career over a unique time in planetary science history, and I regret that it has not yet been made publishable. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.293.5535.1581
Perchlorate production by photodecomposition of aqueous chlorine solutions.

Aqueous chlorine solutions (defined as chlorine solutions (Cl2,T) containing solely or a combination of molecular chlorine (Cl2), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and hypochlorite (OCl–)) are known to produce toxic inorganic disinfection byproduct (e.g., chlorate and chlorite) through photoactivated transformations. Recent reports of perchlorate (ClO4–) production—a well-known thyroid hormone disruptor— from stored bleach solutions indicates the presence of unexplored transformation pathway(s). The evaluation of this potential ClO4– source is important given the widespread use of aqueous chlorine as a disinfectant. In this study, we perform detailed rate analysis of ClO4– generation from aqueous chlorine under varying environmental conditions including ultraviolet (UV) light sources, intensity, solution pH, and Cl2,T concentrations. Our results show that ClO4– is produced upon UV exposure of aqueous chlorine solutions with yields ranging from 0.09 × 10–3 to 9.2 × 10–3% for all experimental conditions. The amount...
Igβ(CD79b) mRNA expression in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells correlates with immunoglobulin heavy chain gene mutational status but does not serve as an independent predictor of clinical severity

The etiology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is poorly understood and its course is highly variable. Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgV(H)) gene and ZAP70 protein expression have been reported as prognostic indicators. However, these assays are not widely available and their concordance is imperfect. Thus a need exists to identify additional molecular determinants of CLL. The Igbeta (CD79b) subunit of the B cell antigen receptor is essential for B lymphocyte function. Defects in Igbeta expression are implicated in CLL pathogenesis. We have analyzed Igbeta mRNA expression in CLL cells in 40 consecutive patient samples. About 75% of the samples showed the expected decrease of Igbeta surface staining. Igbeta mRNA levels covered a wider range, did not correlate with Igbeta surface staining, but clearly distinguished the normal and CLL lymphocyte populations. Remarkably, Igbeta mRNA levels correlated strongly with SHM; Igbeta mRNA levels in CLL cells were significantly higher in patients with an unmutated IgV(H) gene when compared with those in whom IgV(H) was hypermutated (P = 0.008). In contrast, no correlation was observed between Igbeta mRNA levels and ZAP70 expression. Multiple parameters abstracted from chart reviews were used to estimate severity of CLL in each case. While severity correlated strongly with ZAP70 staining, and to a lesser extent with SHM status, there was no correlation with Igbeta mRNA levels. These data establish a strong linkage between Igbeta mRNA expression and SHM in CLL and highlight the complex relationships between biochemical parameters and clinical status in this disease.
Allelochemicals produced during glucosinolate degradation in soil.

A variety of plant pests are suppressed by the incorporation of cruciferous plant material into soil. Although this effect is attributed to decomposition of glucosinolates into toxic products, little is known concerning glucosinolate degradation in the soil environment. Arenas (30 × 18 × 8 cm) that contained soil amended with 30 g defatted winter rapeseed meal (Brassica napus L.)/kg soil on one half and unamended soil on the other were constructed. Isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil were measured using infrared analysis of CC14 extracts, and ionic thiocyanate (SCN−) using ion chromatography on aqueous extracts. Quantities were monitored during a 100-hr time period in conjunction with a wireworm bioassay. Isothiocyanate production reached a maximum of 301 nmol/g soil at 2 hr, but decreased by 90% within 24 hr. Production of SCN− reached a maximum of 180 nmol/g soil at 8 hr but persisted longer than isothiocyanate. Separate late instar wire-worms (Limonius infuscatus Mots.) were repelled by the presence of rapeseed meal in less than 24 hr even though the meal was shown in separate experiments not to be toxic. We propose that rapidly produced isothiocyanates are responsible for this repellency, but other products such as SCN− may play a role.
Last in line: Housing assistance for households with children

Abstract This article examines the relationship between receipt of different types of rental housing assistance and housing outcomes for households with children. We rely on the 1989 American Housing Survey (AHS) and a special data supplement that attempted to accurately categorize every assisted renter‐occupied address in the AHS sample as either public housing; privately owned, federally assisted housing; or certificates and vouchers. Housing outcomes examined are physical condition of the unit, crowding, affordability, perceived neighborhood quality, and crime. We analyze three research questions: (1) Do the characteristics of households enrolled in housing programs differ by program type? (2) Do housing outcomes differ with the type of assistance received? (3) Do differences in household characteristics account for observed differences in program outcomes? The analysis suggests that the housing assistance system channels different types of households with children into different housing programs. The ...
A primal hybrid finite element method for a strongly nonlinear second-order elliptic problem

The Neumann problem for a strongly nonlinear second-order elliptic equation in divergence form is approximated by primal hybrid finite element methods defined by Raviart and Thomas. Existence and uniqueness of the approximation are proved, and optimal order error estimates are established in various norms. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nonlinear gas oscillations in pipes. Part 2. Experiment

Forced nonlinear acoustic oscillations near the resonant frequency of closed and open tubes are studied experimentally. In particular, the motion in tubes terminated with different orifice plates is studied, and comparison is made with second- and third-order theories of the motion which contain an adjustable end-wall reflexion coefficient. It is found that oscillations at resonance in an open tube exhibit remarkably large amplitudes despite the fact that in some cases shock waves are emitted from the open end. For oscillations at resonance in a closed tube, the effect of substituting an orifice plate for the solid end wall is to reduce the amplitude and thicken the compressive portion of the shock waves which occur under these conditions. In both the open-tube and closed-tube experiments the reflexion coefficients which are evaluated by fitting theory to experiment are found to increase with increasing amplitude, in agreement with the observations of previous investigators (Ingard & Ising 1967). In fact, for the open end the same linear dependence upon amplitude is observed, but the constant of proportionality is different. Qualitative differences are observed between the reflexion coefficients of a given orifice at the open-end and the closed-end resonant frequencies; at the open-end frequency the reflexion from the given orifice is less ideal than at the closed-end frequency. The implications of reflexion coefficients dependent on the wave forms are discussed.