cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Class I and II Histone Deacetylase Fails To Identify a Human Leukemia Specific Expression Profile.

Abstract Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are being developed clinically for the treatment of leukemia. Because HDACs are composed of a large number of different proteins, and substrate specificity may differ among different HDAC inhibitors, it is important to understand if human leukemias are characterized by specific HDAC expression patterns. To study this, we have analyzed using real-time PCR and Western blots, all major class I and II HDACs in normal marrow controls (N=13, including 10 CD19+ B cell specimens), leukemia cell lines (N=25), samples from patients with AML (N=6), MDS (N=12), CLL (N=10) and human samples (N=6) obtained pretreatment and sequentially from patients with leukemia treated with two different phase I clinical trials of HDAC inhibitors: MGCD0103 and vorinostat. In general, normal controls were characterized by low levels of HDACs 1 to 10, although normal CD19+ B cells exhibited a significant increased expression of HDAC1 and 5. In leukemia cell lines, HDAC 1, 2 and 3 were expressed at higher levels than 4 to 10 but there were no differences between leukemia cell lines and normal controls or B cells. HDAC mRNA expression was not modified by cell proliferation or treatment with HDAC inhibitors. No specific HDAC expression profiles were detected in primary human AML or MDS samples. In contrast, CLL primary samples were characterized by an overexpression of HDAC 1,3,5 and 10, although this pattern was not significantly different than that of normal CD19+ B cells. Sequential analysis of human samples obtained from patients treated with two different HDAC inhibitors, vorinostat or MGCD0103 on two different clinical trials, did not affect expression profiles in patients with MDS or AML. Overall, mRNA expression results correlated with protein levels. In summary, our results indicate that AML or MDS are not characterized by a leukemia specific HDAC expression profile but that B cells and B cell leukemia are characterized by a significant overexpression of HDAC 1. This could explain the activity observed with HDAC inhibitors in B cell malignancies and serve as the bases for clinical studies of HDAC inhibitors in CLL.
Effect of Ions on H-Bond Structure and Dynamics at the Quartz(101)-Water Interface.

We use ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to study the effect of ions on the structure and dynamics of the quartz(101)–water interface. We study several IA (Na+, Rb+) and IIA (Mg2+, Sr2+) cations, with Cl– as counterion, adsorbed onto acidic, neutral, and basic surface configurations at 300 and 373 K. We find that both cations and anions can bond directly to the surface and perturb the local H-bond network. The adsorbed ions promote the formation of intrasurface H-bonds, as shown by vibrational density of states and orientations of the surface silanols. Both local and global structural correlations of the interfacial H-bond network are studied using a structural definition of the H-bond and a network correlation function. We find the ions’ effect on the solvent structure exhibits a complex dependence on specific surface interactions. The structure-making properties of ions are enhanced at the quartz surface, particularly for ions adsorbed without a complete hydration shell, and the structuring effec...
Projections Of Dental Care Use Through 2026: Preventive Care To Increase While Treatment Will Decline

This study provides a forward-thinking assessment of the factors likely to affect future trends in dental care in the United States. We developed a forecasting model based on historical data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to determine how demographic trends and recent health care policies will affect dental care use in the future. Our forecasts suggest that the medical and dental insurance reforms instituted under the Affordable Care Act will increase rates of dental care use and the number of dental visits, with utilization rates reaching 47 percent in 2026 and the number of visits reaching 334 million, under optimistic assumptions about take-up of pediatric dental coverage. Our forecasting model also indicates that visits for preventive dental care will increase in the future, while visits for dental treatment will decline. Our forecasts can be used to infer future need for different types of dental care providers and to provide policy makers with the information needed to consider the expans...
Gut development in C. elegans

The midgut (intestine) of the nematode, C. elegans, is a tube consisting of 20 cells that arises from a single embryonic precursor. Owing to its comparatively simple anatomy and the advantages inherent to the C. elegans system, the gut has been used as a model for organogenesis for more than 25 years. In this review, the salient features of C. elegans gut development are described from the E progenitor through to the 20-cell intestine. The core gene regulatory network that drives specification of the gut, and other genes with roles in organogenesis, lumen morphogenesis and the cell cycle, are also described. Questions for future work are posed.
Association of Collateral Blood Vessels Detected by Arterial Spin Labeling Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Neurological Outcome After Ischemic Stroke.

Importance Robust collateral blood vessels have been associated with better neurologic outcome following acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The most commonly used methods for identifying collaterals are contrast-based angiographic imaging techniques, which are not possible in all patients after AIS. Objective To assess the association between the presence of collateral vessels identified using arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging, a technique that does not require exogenous administration of contrast, and neurologic outcome in patients after AIS. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study examined 38 patients after AIS admitted to a tertiary academic medical center between 2012 and 2014 who underwent MRI with ASL. Main Outcomes and Measures According to a prespecified hypothesis, ASL images were graded for the presence of collaterals by 2 neuroradiologists. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at discharge and other composite data were abstracted from the medical record by a neurologist blinded to radiologic data. Results Of the 38 patients, 19 (50.0%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 61 (20) years. In 25 of 38 patients (65.8%), collaterals were detected using ASL, which were significantly associated with both a good outcome (mRS score of 0-2 at discharge; P = .02) and a 1-point decrease in mRS score at discharge (odds ratio, 6.4; 95% CI, 1.7-23.4; P = .005). In a multivariable ordinal logistic regression model, controlling for admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, history of atrial fibrillation, premorbid mRS score, and stroke parent artery status, there was a strong association between the presence of ASL collaterals and a 1-point decrease in the mRS score at discharge (odds ratio, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.2-22.1; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance Following AIS, the presence of ASL collaterals is strongly associated with better neurological outcome at hospital discharge. This novel association between ASL collaterals and improved neurologic outcome may help guide prognosis and management, particularly in patients who are unable to undergo contrast-based radiological studies.
Perceived versus measured functional vaginal capacity in cancer patients with sexual function concerns.

170 Background: Actual and perceived loss of vaginal capacity can be a source of distress among female cancer survivors. The objective of this study was to assess perceived (PC) versus measured (MC) functional vaginal capacity in patients presenting with sexual function concerns. Methods: This was a cross-sectional registry-based study of women seen at the Program in Integrative Sexual Medicine for Women and Girls with Cancer (PRISM) Clinic. During the visit, patients were presented with graduated vaginal dilators and asked to select the largest dilator they perceived could be inserted without pain (PC) and the dilator representing their desired functional capacity (DC) (for patients with a male partner, this was the size closest to the partner’s erect penis). Two models of dilators were offered. Dilators were numbered 1-24 in order of increasing volume. If the patient could accommodate the dilator chosen as PC without pain, she was examined with dilators of gradually increasing size until the patient rep...
The role of fault length, overlap and spacing in controlling extensional relay ramp fluvial system geometry

Relay ramps are integral components of normal fault systems that control sediment transport pathways in evolving rifts. We attribute differences in the geometry of fluvial systems that drain relay ramps to the scale of the ramp bounding fault segments, the spacing between segments and the amount of overlap between segments. Previous conceptual models for relay ramp geomorphological evolution have assumed that ramp fluvial catchments develop on the ramp surfaces and flow parallel to fault strike into the adjacent basin. Numerous examples exist in nature, however, that show that this is not ubiquitous. The fundamental question of what drives differences in fluvial geometry in these settings has, to date, not been fully addressed. We selected 27 relay ramps across the Basin and Range, western North America, and mapped, via GPS and remote sensing, the faults and ramp fluvial systems associated with each site. The sites represent a range of fault scales, which we define by the total outboard fault length, and a range of spacing and overlap values in order to better understand the structural controls on differences among ramp fluvial systems. Results show that the majority of a relay ramp surface drains parallel to fault strike when the outboard fault is less than about 15 km long. High overlap/spacing ratios are associated with relays along shorter (< 15 km long) outboard faults, whereas lower overlap/spacing ratios are associated with relays along longer faults. Relays with lower overlap/spacing values may be more common along longer outboard faults because they survive for longer periods of time in the landscape. Our geomorphological observations can be used to predict synrift depocenter locations along segmented faults, but these observations only apply if the faults are short (<15 km long) and in early rifting stages. At longer fault lengths, ramp fluvial system geometry has no discernable relationship with any specific structural parameter. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Examining the common aetiology of serous ovarian cancers and basal-like breast cancers using double primaries.

The somatic molecular profiles of basal-like breast cancers and high-grade serous ovarian cancers share many similarities, leading to the hypothesis that they have similar aetiologies, in which case they should occur together in the same patient more often than expected. We identified 545 women with double independent primary cancers of the breast and ovary reported to the California Cancer Registry from 1999 to 2013 and examined the coincidence of subtype combinations. For most subtype combinations the observed frequencies were similar to their expected frequencies, but in 103 observed cases vs 43.8 expected (O/E=2.35; 95% CI 1.90–2.81) a triple-negative breast tumour (typically basal-like) was matched with a serous ovarian tumour (typically high-grade). The results provide compelling evidence that basal-like breast cancer and high-grade serous ovarian cancer share a much more similar aetiology than breast and ovarian cancers more broadly. Further research is needed to clarify the influence of germ-line BRCA1 mutations and other risk factors on these results.
Eco-Ethical Environmental Education

As an urban educator in Detroit in the early 2000s, I witnessed something disturbing happening in both the schools and the community. Schools were engaging in what I found to be profoundly abusive practices and were reproducing oppressive relationships that made racism, sexism, classism, to name a few—seem inevitable or natural. Trends in schools, like high stakes standardized testing, zero-tolerance policies, and Eurocentric content, are occurring that ingrain and reinforce in many teachers and students assumptions of superiority. Whether it be assumptions of humans as superior to all other species or certain groups of humans as superior to others, the pervasiveness of labeling inequality and unjust suffering as a part of natural evolution or as “human nature” fails to address the historical, socio-political influences that effect how we perceive ourselves in relationship to one another and the world upon which we are dependent for life.
Adaptive influence of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on variation of incubation periods among tropical and temperate passerines

ABSTRACT Understanding intrinsic (physiological) and extrinsic (e.g., temperature) causes of variation in embryonic development time (incubation period) is important because they can have different impacts on individual quality. Robert Ricklefs and colleagues have argued that longer incubation periods result primarily from intrinsic physiological programs that increase individual quality and adult survival. They claim that incubation periods are largely invariant and that extrinsic factors like temperature have little impact. We have argued that adult survival may be a cause rather than a consequence of much of the variation in embryonic development time. A reduction in extrinsic sources of annual adult mortality (e.g., migration, predation, nonbreeding-season mortality) favors reduced parental effort during incubation to minimize costs to future reproduction and survival. Reduced parental effort, in turn, manifests as cooler average egg temperatures that yield longer incubation periods. Ricklefs and coll...
Abstract 13281: Racial, Gender, or Income Disparities Not Related to Outcomes in the First Year After an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)

Introduction: Racial, gender, and income disparities among implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) recipients have been widely reported. In particular, African Americans (AA), women, and those...
Help Stamp Out Programming

This paper is concerned with a subject that is generally neglected - computers that cannot be reporgrammed. The title calls attention to an assumption that everybody makes and so no one is conscious of making: If you want a computer to do something, you must have a program prepared for the purpose. To be explicit, someone must conceive an effectively complete procedure for the job, specify it accurately in terms that the computer can accept, and command the computer to carry out the procedure as specified.
Selection of Packaging Materials for Oceanographic Instruments

This paper presents a general discussion of topics which contribute to an understanding of the problems involved in materials selection for long-life oceanographic instruments. Included are discussions of marine environment, fundamentals of corrosion, fundamentals of fouling and attack, and the behavior of common engineering materials in sea water.
The Independent Foreclosure Review Program -- From Capitalist Cronyism to Constitutional Crisis

Through the first seven years of the 21st century, a buying and lending binge created an unprecedented price bubble not just in the U.S. real estate market; but worldwide as well. In 2008, real estate prices came crashing down so suddenly and violently that the entire world faced an economic crisis not seen since the Great Depression in the 1930s. Because the aftermath of this calamity has yet to fully play out as of 2014, some might argue that it is still too soon to assess it from an historical perspective. They might argue that the situation is still too fluid or still developing. Others might argue that the world economy has nearly recovered now that the U.S. stock market has gained back all of its losses and is once again trading at record highs. Thus a depression-era type of economic stagnation was averted. So the crisis is over and it’s time to look forward, not backward. These arguments indeed have merit if one were to view the economy from a macroeconomic perspective as if that’s all that matters. However none of these arguments consider the paradigm shift in wealth distribution from a microeconomic perspective that occurred as a result of this crisis; a shift that is still underway with no meaningful governance to stop it.
Cardiac Troponin T and Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure Predict Cardiovascular and Mortality Risk in Kidney Transplant Candidates.

Background: Patients presenting for kidney transplant (KTx) evaluation are subject to high rates of mortality and cardiovascular (CV) events pre- and post-KTx. CV and mortality risk assessment is needed. Methods: We evaluated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) as a predictor of CV events and mortality in a racially diverse cohort with significant CV disease burden presenting for KTx evaluation. Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was also assessed in predicting these outcomes. The population consisted of 561 patients presenting for KTx evaluation from 2011 to 2013 at Mayo Clinic, Arizona. A cutoff value for cTnT and RVSP that was most associated with CV events or mortality was derived. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to assess cTnT, RVSP, traditional, and other risk factors for the outcomes of interest. Results: Mean age was 53.5 ± 13.7 years and the median follow-up after KTx evaluation was 48.0 months. The cohort was 70.6% (n = 392) White, 11.4% (n = 63) Black, 8.5% (n = 47) Native American, and 3.1% (n = 17) Asian. Preexisting CV disease at the time of evaluation was prevalent in 24.4% (n = 137) of patients. During follow-up, 66.3% (n = 372) received a KTx and 21.9% (n = 123) had a composite event (16.8% death, 6.6 % CV events). It was found that 70.7% (n = 87) of events occurred in patients who were not transplanted; 53.5% (n = 300) had an elevated cTnT (≥0.01 ng/mL, median 0.02 ng/mL) and 84.1% (n = 344) of patients with RVSP data had an elevated RVSP (>25 mm Hg). Time to event analysis identified a cTnT ≥0.036 ng/mL and RVSP ≥31 mm Hg to be best predictive of CV events and mortality. Smoking, CV disease, hypoalbuminemia, RVSP, and cTnT independently predicted CV events and mortality. Conclusion: Elevated cTnT and RVSP were independently predictive of CV events and mortality in the cohort. Clinicians should consider the value of RVSP and cTnT as markers of CV risk in KTx evaluation.
Two Distinct Types of Sweat Profile in Healthy Subjects While Exercising at Constant Power Output Measured by a Wearable Sweat Sensor.

Wearable sweat sensors have enabled real-time monitoring of sweat profiles (sweat concentration versus time) and could enable monitoring of electrolyte loss during exercise or for individuals working in extreme environments. To assess the feasibility of using a wearable sweat chloride sensor for real-time monitoring of individuals during exercise, we recorded and analyzed the sweat profiles of 50 healthy subjects while spinning at 75 Watts for 1 hour. The measured sweat chloride concentrations were in the range from 2.9–34 mM. The sweat profiles showed two distinct sweat responses: Type 1 (single plateau) and Type 2 (multiple plateaus). Subjects with Type 2 profiles had higher sweat chloride concentration and weight loss, higher maximum heart rate, and larger changes in heart rate and rating of perceived exertion during the trial compared to subjects with Type 1 profiles. To assess the influence of level of effort, we recorded sweat profiles for five subjects at 75 W, 100 W, and 125 W. While all five subjects showed Type 1 sweat profiles at 75 W, four of the subjects had Type 2 profiles at 125 W, showing an increase in sweat chloride with exercise intensity. Finally, we show that sweat profiles along with other physiological parameters can be used to predict fluid loss.
Sleep Apnea Treatment Considerations in Patients with Comorbidities

A wide range of sleep, psychiatric, and medical comorbidities can present with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), complicating treatment because of intolerance or low adherence to traditional modalities of therapy. Providers must have heightened awareness of how these comorbidities can affect their patients' OSA and work together as a team to optimize health and well-being in this complex population.
Do certain groups respond better to modified ketogenic diet treatments? Evaluation of adults based on imaging abnormalities, seizure type, and diet type (P5.242)

Objective: To evaluate response to modified ketogenic diets (MKDs) (Modified Atkins Diet (MAD) and Low Glycemic Index Diet (LGID)) within the following subgroups: abnormal imaging, epilepsy type, and diet type. Background: Although there is renewed interest in dietary treatments for epilepsy, little is known about who may best respond to ketogenic diet (KD) therapy. Design/Methods: Medical records of patients with intractable epilepsy treated with modified KDs (MAD or LGID) were retrospectively reviewed. Exclusion criteria included patients that 1) had undergone epilepsy surgery prior to diet initiation, 2) failed to follow-up at 3 months, 3) were deemed non-compliant, or 4) were Results: 40 patients met criteria with a mean age of 40 years. 67% (10/15) of those with abnormal imaging, and 56% (14/25) of those with normal imaging reported ≥50% improvement in seizure frequency. 83% (5/6) of patients with generalized epilepsy, and 56% (19/34) of patients with focal/multifocal epilepsy reported ≥50% improvement in seizure frequency. 71% (17/24) of patients on MAD, and 44% (7/16) of patients on LGID reported ≥50% improvement in seizure frequency. Conclusions: This retrospective study adds to the evidence that MKD therapy (MAD and LGID) is effective in improving seizure control in adults with refractory epilepsy, regardless of the presence of abnormal imaging. It suggests that those with generalized epilepsy respond better to MKDs than those with focal/multifocal epilepsy. Finally, we found that restrictive forms of MKD therapy (MAD) result in a better response than less restrictive forms of MKD therapy (LGID). Disclosure: Dr. Falco-Walter has nothing to disclose. Dr. Roehl has nothing to disclose. Dr. Balabanov has nothing to disclose.
Understanding and Improving Word Embeddings through a Neuroscientific Lens

Despite the success of models making use of word embeddings on many natural language tasks, these models often perform significantly worse than humans on several natural language understanding tasks. This difference in performance motivates us to ask: (1) if existing word vector representations have any basis in the brain9s representational structure for individual words, and (2) whether features from the brain can be used to improve word embedding model performance, defined as their correlation with human semantic judgements. To answer the first question, we compare the representational spaces of existing word embedding models with that of brain imaging data through representational similarity analysis. We answer the second question by using regression-based learning to constrain word vectors to the features of the brain imaging data, thereby determining if these modified word vectors exhibit increased performance over their unmodified counterparts. To collect semantic judgements as a measure of performance, we employed a novel multi-arrangement method. Our results show that there is variance in the representational space of the brain imaging data that remains uncaptured by word embedding models, and that brain imaging data can be used to increase their coherence with human performance.
A High Performance 48-to-8 V Multi-Resonant Switched-Capacitor Converter for Data Center Applications

Resonant switched-capacitor (SC) converters are becoming increasingly attractive for high performance applications due to their efficient utilization of switches and use of high energy density capacitors. Multiphase SC converters can offer further improvements in performance, as they can achieve the same conversion ratio as traditional two-phase SC converters with fewer capacitors and switches, making them ideal for large conversion ratio applications. This paper presents theoretical analysis and experimental results for a resonant multi-phase SC converter comprising a cascaded series-parallel topology derived from the conventiona1 4-to-1 series-parallel converter. The proposed converter can achieve a 6-to-1 conversion ratio with the same number of switches and capacitors as the 4-to-1 series-parallel converter. A 48-to-8 V prototype designed for data center applications was built and tested with 40 A maximum output current. The prototype achieved 99.0% peak efficiency (98.5% including gate drive loss) and 2230 W/in3 power density, demonstrating one of the best in-class performances.
The nuclear receptor DHR3/Hr46 is required in the blood brain barrier of mature males for courtship

Abstract The blood brain barrier (BBB) forms a stringent barrier that protects the brain from components in the circulation that could interfere with neuronal function. At the same time, the BBB enables selective transport of critical nutrients and other chemicals to the brain. Many of these processes are still poorly understood. Beyond these functions, another recently recognized function is even less characterized, specifically the role of the BBB in modulating behavior by affecting neuronal function in a sex dependent manner. Notably, signaling in the adult Drosophila BBB is required for normal male courtship behavior. Courtship regulation also relies on male-specific molecules in the BBB. Our previous studies have demonstrated that adult feminization of these cells in males significantly lowered courtship. Here, we conducted microarray analysis of BBB cells isolated from males and females. Findings revealed that these cells contain male- and female-enriched transcripts, respectively. Among these transcripts, nuclear receptor DHR3/Hr46 was identified as a male-enriched BBB transcript. DHR3/Hr46 is best known for its essential roles in the ecdysone response during development and metamorphosis. In this study, we demonstrate that DR3/Hr46 is specifically required in the BBB cells of mature males for courtship behavior. The protein is localized in the nuclei of sub-perineurial glial cells (SPG), indicating that it might act as a transcriptional regulator. These data provide a catalogue of sexually dimorphic BBB transcripts and demonstrate a physiological adult role for the nuclear receptor DH3/Hr46 in the regulation of male courtship, a novel function that is independent of its developmental role. Author summary The blood brain barrier very tightly regulates which molecules can enter the brain. This is an important protection for the brain, however, it also complicates communication between molecules in the circulating fluid and the brain. In fly courtship, for example, circulating male-specific products are crucially required for normal courtship. But the neuronal circuits that ultimately control the behavior are inside the brain, separated from these molecules by the blood brain barrier. The mechanisms of this communication are not known. Here we show that the blood brain barrier itself contains sex-specific RNAs and we show that one of them, a nuclear receptor called DHR3, is required in adult males for normal courtship. These findings promise new insight into the communication between blood brain barrier and the brain.
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Sleep Duration and Quality Among Pregnant Women.

Abstract Objective To examine sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption, sleep duration, and quality during pregnancy. Methods Pregnant women completed 3 24-hour dietary recalls and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Logistic regression models estimated odds of short sleep duration ( 5) by SSB consumption (servings/d averaged across 3 days). Results Participants (n = 108) were a median age of 30 years old (interquartile range [IQR], 26–33) and at 23.9 weeks gestation (IQR, 18.9–30.6). Participants consumed a median of 0.4 servings of SSBs per day on average (IQR, 0–1.1; range, 0–4.6). Fifty-two percent reported poor quality sleep and 38% short sleep. Each additional serving of SSB was associated with higher odds of short sleep (adjusted odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–2.5) and poor sleep quality (adjusted odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–3.6). Conclusions and Implications SSB consumption may be a modifiable risk factor for short/poor sleep during pregnancy. Longitudinal research is needed to explore the interplay between SSB consumption and sleep.
Antidepressants Are the Most Commonly Discontinued Psychotherapeutic Medications in Pregnancy.

Abstract Background Psychiatric illnesses are common during the perinatal period. The use of antipsychotic medication during pregnancy has increased over the past two decades. In many instances, clinicians agree that untreated psychiatric illness during the perinatal period is more dangerous than the risks imposed by continuing psychotherapeutic medication. We describe patterns of psychotherapeutic medication continuation and discontinuation during pregnancy in a large U.S. cohort. Methods We assessed the relationship between the demographic and clinical characteristics of women who continued or discontinued psychotherapeutic medications—antidepressants, anxiolytics/sedatives, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and stimulants—during pregnancy. This study used data from 2008 to 2015 from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. We used t tests and Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component longitudinal sampling weights in the analysis of this data. Results There were few significant differences noted in clinical and demographic characteristics between women who continued and discontinued medications during pregnancy. Those who continued were less likely to be employed (46.95% of continuers were employed vs. 80.55% of discontinuers; p = .0053). Women taking antipsychotics were more likely to continue medications during pregnancy (64.60% continually used antipsychotics vs. 35.40% discontinued antipsychotics; p = .008), whereas women taking antidepressants were more likely to discontinue their use (19.62% continually used antidepressants vs. 80.38% discontinued antidepressants; p = .032). For each medication category, women resumed medication after pregnancy. Conclusions Antidepressants are the most commonly discontinued psychotherapeutic medication during pregnancy. We recommend further research examining factors that may influence this observed difference.
Popular Culture and Law

Contents Introductory essay: The interpenetration of popular culture and law, Richard K. Sherwin. Law in Popular Culture: Law, lawyers and popular culture, Lawrence M. Friedman Looking for law in all the old traces: the movies of Classical Hollywood, the law, and case(s) of film noir, Norman Rosenberg Postcolonial erotic disruptions: legal narratives of culture, sex and nation in India, Ratna Kapur Living in a Copernican universe: law and fatherhood in a 'perfect world', Austin Sarat. Popular Culture in Law: 'Desperate for love': cinematic influences upon a defendant's closing argument to a jury, Philip N. Meyer Law frames: historical truth and narrative necessity in a criminal case, Richard K. Sherwin The impact of factual versus fictional media portrayals on cultural stereotypes, Sheila T. Murphy Slap leather! Legal culture, Wild Bill Hickok and the gunslinger myth, Steve Lubet. Law as Commodity: A new constitutional regime: the juridico-entertainment complex, Douglas S. Reed: Litigation public relations, Susanne A. Roschwalb and Richard A. Stack An oil strike in hell: contemporary legends about the civil justice system, Marc Galanter From law to content in the new media marketplace, Daniel M. Filler. Law in Cyberspace: The laws of virtual worlds, F. Gregory Lastowka and Dan Hunter Digital speech and democratic culture: a theory of freedom of expression for the information society, Jack M. Balkin. Pop Culture and Law in Theory: Gaining/losing perspective on the law, or keeping visual evidence in perspective, Christopher J. Buccafusco Toward a legal theory of popular culture, Anthony Chase Index.
Spaces of Work

This book has to be written in the spaces between the words, the spaces between incidents, so that even if I do deal with factual detail, even if I do delve into physical and mental landscapes, my concern is to try and speak without speaking. I want to get to the beginnings of definition. What is "holy" ... ? What is "mad" ... ? What is "healing" ... ? What is "thief" ... ? Eliminate all notions o? prowess with words. Do away with that spurious, retrospective headiness of being articulate. Get down to the sources instead. Wrest them out of that silence/cry from which you experience is born, put into words that moment before you CAN put it into words. And of course that's an impossibility. How can I presume to try? But there's the monkey on my back, saying: "How dare you not risk it?"
Generating Jobs through State Employer Tax Credits: Is there a Better Way?

Revised April 13, 2010The Governors of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and several other states have recently proposed employer tax credits as measures to fight high unemployment in their states. Such policies are also being considered at the federal level. In the Working Paper, Jeff Thompson and Heidi Garrett-Peltier present evidence that such policies, in fact, do little to increase aggregate demand, and instead only modestly reduce the after-tax cost of labor in an economy with high unemployment, falling wages, and weak demand They suggest a more effective approach to creating jobs in the states: increasing spending in labor-intensive sectors and programs that are matched by federal funds, such as Medicaid. These expenditures would be particularly effective if they were financed through temporary high-income tax increases.
Characterization of Piezoelectric Ceramic Materials

This article explores piezoelectric ceramics analysis and characterization. The focus is on polycrystalline ceramics; therefore, single crystals, polymeric materials, and organic/inorganic composites are outside the scope of this article. To grasp the behavior of a piezoelectric polycrystalline ceramic thoroughly, a basic understanding of the ceramic itself should not be overlooked. To this end, we have presented a brief introduction of the history of piezoelectricity and a discussion on processing of the ceramic and the development of the constitutive relationships that define the behavior of a piezoelectric material. We have attempted to cover the most common measurement methods and to introduce parameters of interest. Excellent sources for more in-depth coverage of specific topics can be found in the bibliography. In most cases, we refer to lead zirconate titanate (PZT) to illustrate some of the concepts because it is the most widely used and studied piezoelectric ceramic to date. Keywords: Piezoelectric materials; History; Ceramic processing; Constitutive relationships; Piezoelectric parameters; Definitions; Characterizations
A Review of Statistical Problems in the Measurement of Mortgage Market Discrimination and Credit Risk

This paper examines the fundamental assumptions within the statistical analysis of discrimination and credit risk and the impact these flawed models had on the mortgage market ranging from false findings of discrimination to incorrectly detecting the future rise of default rates. Serving as a valuable resource to identify the flaws that continue to be overlooked in today's analyses, the paper promotes the improvement of the measurement of mortgage market discrimination and credit risk for a more accurate assessment.
Motivations behind the Acquisition of Mutual Funds

This paper studies the motivations behind mutual fund acquisitions. Results indicate that, consistent with the existing corporate mergers and acquisitions literature, a desire to seek synergy in the form of cost reduction in distribution and internal operation drives mutual fund acquisitions. In addition, acquisitions are partly driven by a desire to acquire managerial talent and a respectful performance record.
Aberrant Activation of Focal Adhesion Proteins Mediates Fibrillar Amyloid β-Induced Neuronal Dystrophy

Neuronal dystrophy is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that is not observed in other neurodegenerative disorders that lack amyloid deposition. Treatment of cortical neurons with fibrillar amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides induces progressive neuritic dystrophy accompanied by a marked loss of synaptophysin immunoreactivity (Grace et al., 2002). Here, we report that fibrillar Abeta-induced neuronal dystrophy is mediated by the activation of focal adhesion (FA) proteins and the formation of aberrant FA structures adjacent to Abeta deposits. In the AD brain, activated FA proteins are observed associated with the majority of senile plaques. Clustered integrin receptors and activated paxillin (phosphorylated at Tyr-31) and focal adhesion kinase (phosphorylated at Tyr-297) are mainly detected in dystrophic neurites surrounding Abeta plaque cores, where they colocalize with hyperphosphorylated tau. Deletion experiments demonstrated that the presence of the LIM domains in the paxillin C terminus and the recruitment of the protein-Tyr phosphatase (PTP)-PEST to the FA complex are required for Abeta-induced neuronal dystrophy. Therefore, both paxillin and PTP-PEST appear to be critical elements in the generation of the dystrophic response. Paxillin is a scaffolding protein to which other FA proteins bind, leading to the formation of the FA contact and initiation of signaling cascades. PTP-PEST plays a key role in the dynamic regulation of focal adhesion contacts in response to extracellular cues. Thus, in the AD brain, fibrillar Abeta may induce neuronal dystrophy by triggering a maladaptive plastic response mediated by FA protein activation and tau hyperphosphorylation.
Relato de um caso de síndrome de Ramsay Hunt

A CASE REPORT OF RAMSAY HUNT SYNDROME Although earache is a common symptom in General practice, this case report aims to alert the reader to a rare cause of earache. The Ramsay Hunt syndrome is a rare complication of herpes zoster infection. Its clinical features are peripheral facial paralysis and vesicular lesions of the ear or mouth. We report the case of a woman who came to a consultation with her family doctor with a three day history of a burning sensation in her right ear. The following day she had a right-sided facial paralysis and vesicular lesions in the right ear. The diagnosis of Ramsay Hunt syndrome was made. Ramsay Hunt syndrome is the second most common cause of non-traumatic peripheral facial paralysis. The diagnosis is clinical and is made in the presence of pain, vesicular lesions, lacrimation, nasal congestion, salivation and peripheral facial paralysis. The main complications are encephalitis, myelitis and cranial and peripheral nerve palsies. The largest retrospective study published to date showed benefit from early treatment with acyclovir and prednisolone. The prognosis is good and 75% of all patients have a full recovery in one week.
The characterization of interface roughness and other defects in multilayers by x-ray scattering

In this paper we present some theoretical and experimental results on the characterization of roughness in thin films and multilayers by scattering techniques. Particular attention is focussed on the difference between specular and diffuse scattering and on correlated roughness between interfaces.
Mortality of elderly individuals with TBI in the first 5 years following injury.

INTRODUCTION: Although there has been a decline in the incidence of TBI in the general population, the rate of TBI in older adults has increased. Increased age has been long recognized as a predictor of worse outcomes after TBI. Despite the growing number of TBI in the elderly, our understanding of the long-term consequences of TBI is quite limited. METHODS: Chart review; individuals 55 years and older, who completed inpatient acute rehabilitation during the period 2003-2009 and who died one to four years after injury, were compared to matched patients who did not die. RESULTS: There were a significantly higher proportion of deceased subjects with a diagnosis of Abnormality of Gait (53%), respiratory medications at admission (32%) and discharge (17%). Deceased participants were more likely to be prescribed diabetes medication at discharge (35%) while controls were more likely to be prescribed cholesterol-lowering medications (27%) at admission. Deceased patients were discharged with significantly more medications, CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the need for medical and lifestyle interventions for selected elderly TBI patients. The factors related to death following TBI in the elderly are in need of more research. Language: en
Freeway Traffic Control and Surveillance Model

The development of on ramp metering control strategies for a freeway can be aided by the well-developed theory of linear optimal control. The recently developed "aggregate variable" model appears to be best suited for this purpose. In this model the freeway is partitioned into lengths of about 1/2 mile and traffic is described in terms of the aggregate variables section speed, section density, and volume. This model and linear optimal control theory are used to developed an on ramp metering strategy which is designed to maintain freeway conditions near nominal conditions in the presence of disturbances. An illustrative design for a segment of the San Diego freeway in Los Angeles is provided. The companion problem of processing freeway sensor data to provide current estimates of the aggregate variables can be approached through standard techniques in estimation theory. Methods of attacking this portion of the freeway surveillance problem are presented.
Septic Acute Cholecystitis

Background: Bacteremia occurs frequently in cholangitis, but the incidence of bacteremia in acute cholecystitis has not previously been examined. Methods: Seventy-eight cases (46 men and 32 women; mean age, 63 ± 10 years) of acute cholecystitis with positive blood cultures were analyzed for clinical manifestation, bacteriology, and what consequences ensued. Seventy-eight non-bacteremic cholecystitis patients, matched for age and sex, served as the control group. Results: The prevalence of bacteremia in acute cholecystitis was 7.65% (78 of 1020). A single microorganism was isolated from the blood and bile in 87.2% and 27.3%, respectively. The commonest organisms were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The source of bacteremia could be identified from the infected bile in 80% of cases. Compared with the non-bacteremia group, significant increases in liver biochemical test results (aspartate and alanine aminotransferases and bilirubin, and so forth), more complications (acute renal failure and septi...
Photoelectrochemical Analysis of Anion-Doped TiO2 Colloidal and Powder Thin-Film Electrodes

The photoelectrochemical characteristics of anion-doped TiO 2 powder and colloidal electrodes were investigated under UV and visible illumination. The solar absorption of TiO 2 was improved by synthesizing reduced forms of TiO 2 using anions of the main group elements (C, N, and P) to substitute for oxygen in the titania lattice. Analytical methods, including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, Raman, and UV-visible spectroscopy were employed to characterize these materials. The photoactivity of the electrodes was evaluated using a three-electrode configuration quartz photoelectrochemical cell using simulated solar irradiance. All anion-doped TiO 2 electrodes investigated, specifically C-, N-, and P-doped, increased the visible absorption (X > 400 nm) of n-TiO 2 , leading to higher photoactivity under solar light. The addition of methanol to the electrolyte reduced the rapid charge recombination and hence enhanced the photocurrents. Although the efficiency is not yet comparable to single-crystal n-TiO 2 , optimization of the parameters studied here showed that significant increases in photoactivity could be achieved over the native TiO 2 powder.
Synthesis of purines under possible primitive earth conditions. I. Adenine from hydrogen cyanide.

Abstract Adenine has been synthesized in substatial amounts by heating a solution of hydrogen cyanide (1 to 15 M) in aqueous ammonia for one or several days at moderate temperatures (27 ° to 100 °). The insoluble black polymer of hydrogen cyanide was removed by centrifugation and adenine was isolated from the red-brown supernatant by chromatographic methods. The main ultraviolet absorbing compound of the reaction product was identified as adenine by eight different procedures, among which, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, melting point of its picrate, and the specific method of Gerlach and Doring were used. From a 11.1 M hydrogen cyanide reaction mixture, at 70 °, a yield of 110 mg. of adenine per liter of original reaction mixture was obtained, which could be increased to 685 mg. by evaporation of the supernatant to dryness on the steam bath and subsequent treatment of the residue with hydrochloric acid. Since adenine is an essential building block of nucleic acids and of the most important coenzymes, and since hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and water are common natural constituents of the solar system, these experiments are considered of significance in relation to the problem of the origin of life. In particular, the experiments provide the first demonstration of the spontaneous synthesis of adenine from simple compounds of carbon and nitrogen under conditions presumed to have existed on the primitive earth.
Sex differences in spatial ability reflected in performance on IQ subtests by black or white examinees

Abstract Sex differences in spatial ability were investigated using scores on the performance subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. The sample consisted of 832 adolescents, evenly divided by race (black or white) and sex. Within both racial groups, males outscored females on all of the spatially-oriented subtests, but females outscored males on a subtest emphasizing rote memory. The similarity of patterning of sex differences within each racial group might be interpreted as indicating that something more than social experience alone is involved in this phenomenon.