cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theses And Dissertations Completed In Home Economics: 1986

The purpose of this study was to compile a listing of the theses and dissertations completed in home economics in colleges and universities in the United States during 1986. The 747 titles received from 68 institutions are listed by subject matter area and degree; and the author, institution, and availability of the docu ment are reported. Information about graduate research in home economics is summarized through presentations of totals for each institution, by subject matter categories, and through rankings for the institutions reporting the largest numbers of theses and dissertations. Of all the titles, 30 percent were for disser tations. The largest number of titles was reported in nutrition; family relations ranked second. In comparison to the titles reported from 1982 through 1985, the percentage of dissertations has increased (from 23% to 30%) and the subject matter areas with the largest numbers of titles remained the same.
Investigation of DRAM PUFs reliability under device accelerated aging effects

Physical Unclonable Functions are promising candidates for lightweight authentication applications as they are hard to predict and clone. PUFs are dependent on process variations that occurs during silicon chip fabrication. As the CMOS technology scales down towards nanoscale dimensions, there are increasing transistor reliability challenges which impact the lifetime of integrated circuits. These issues are known as aging effects, which result in degradation of the performance of circuits. In this paper, we analyze the effects of aging on the reliability of intrinsic DRAM PUFs. We present accelerated aging experimental results over 18 months (from Sep. 2014 to Feb. 2016) on 3 DRAM PUFs. Based on our observations, DRAM PUFs maintain their reliability over time, and thus, validate the use of DRAM PUFs in a number of applications such as system authentications.
Devirtualizing Memory in Heterogeneous Systems

Accelerators are increasingly recognized as one of the major drivers of future computational growth. For accelerators, shared virtual memory (VM) promises to simplify programming and provide safe data sharing with CPUs. Unfortunately, the overheads of virtual memory, which are high for general-purpose processors, are even higher for accelerators. Providing accelerators with direct access to physical memory (PM) in contrast, provides high performance but is both unsafe and more difficult to program. We propose Devirtualized Memory (DVM) to combine the protection of VM with direct access to PM. By allocating memory such that physical and virtual addresses are almost always identical (VA==PA), DVM mostly replaces page-level address translation with faster region-level Devirtualized Access Validation (DAV). Optionally on read accesses, DAV can be overlapped with data fetch to hide VM overheads. DVM requires modest OS and IOMMU changes, and is transparent to the application. Implemented in Linux 4.10, DVM reduces VM overheads in a graph-processing accelerator to just 1.6% on average. DVM also improves performance by 2.1X over an optimized conventional VM implementation, while consuming 3.9X less dynamic energy for memory management. We further discuss DVM's potential to extend beyond accelerators to CPUs, where it reduces VM overheads to 5% on average, down from 29% for conventional VM.
Velocity dependent dislocation drag from phonon wind and crystal geometry

Abstract The mobility of dislocations is an important factor in understanding material strength. Dislocations experience a drag due to their interaction with the crystal structure, the dominating contribution at high stress and temperature being the scattering off phonons due to phonon wind. Yet, the velocity dependence of this effect has eluded a good theoretical understanding. In a previous paper, dislocation drag from phonon wind as a function of velocity was computed from first principles in the isotropic limit, in part for simplicity, but also arguing that macroscopically, a polycrystalline metal looks isotropic. However, since the single crystal grains are typically a few microns up to a millimeter in size, dislocations travel in single crystals and cross boundaries, but never actually see an isotropic material. In this work we therefore highlight the effect of crystal anisotropy on dislocation drag by accounting for the crystal and slip plane geometries. In particular, we keep the phonon spectrum isotropic for simplicity, but dislocations are modeled according to the crystal symmetry (bcc, fcc, hcp, etc.). We then compare to the earlier purely isotropic results, as well as to experimental data and MD simulations where they are available.
Early Identification of At-Risk Students Using Iterative Logistic Regression

Higher education institutions are faced with the challenge of low student retention rates and high number of dropouts. 41% of college students in United States do not finish their undergraduate degree program in six years, and 60% of them drop out in their first two years of study. It is crucial for universities and colleges to develop data-driven artificial intelligence systems to identify students at-risk as early as possible and provide timely guidance and support for them. However, most of the current classification approaches on early dropout prediction are unable to utilize all the information from historical data from previous cohorts to predict dropouts of current students in a few semesters. In this paper, we develop an Iterative Logistic Regression (ILR) method to address the challenge of early prediction. The proposed framework is able to make full use of historical student record and effectively predict students at-risk of failing or dropping out in future semesters. Empirical results evaluated on a real-wold dataset show significant improvement with respect to the performance metrics in comparison to other existing methods. The application enabled by this proposed method provide additional support to students who are at risk of dropping out of college.
Microbial Evaluation of Alaska Salmon Caviar

Microbial quality of pink salmon caviar (ikura) processed at one plant in Alaska during a 30-day season was examined. Ikura (aw = 0.98; pH 6.1) averaged 49% water, 32% protein, 11% fat, 7% ash, and 3% salt. Aerobic plate counts (APCs) ranged from < 10(2)/g to 4.5 x 10(7)/g with increasing APC toward season's end. Coliform counts ranged from < 3/g to 2.4 x 10(3)/g. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, yeasts, and molds were not detected. High-APC (10(7)/g) thawed caviar exhibited predominantly lactic acid bacteria; low-APC (10(3)/g) thawed caviar exhibited predominantly gram-negative bacteria. Freezing had little effect on the microbial counts, and shelf life of thawed caviar was 3 to 5 days at 2 degrees C.
Cyst of the ejaculatory duct/urogenital sinus.

We report a case of a midline cyst involving both ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles. There have been only 3 previous reports in the literature of ejaculatory duct cysts, 1 of which was iatrogenic, and all have been unilateral. However, several cases have been reported of cysts arising from the mullerian duct or seminal vesicle, in which the described anatomy is essentially identical to our case. It is proposed that midline retroprostatic/retrovesical cysts that communicate with both wolffian systems be classified as urogenital sinus cysts.
Ocular effects of a novel cytochrome P-450-dependent arachidonic acid metabolite.

Compound D is a novel arachidonic acid metabolite formed by a cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase in bovine corneal epithelium. The structure of compound D was recently identified as 12-hydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid. In the current study, we described the biological properties and the ocular effects of this compound. Compound D is a potent vasodilator, and caused a dose-dependent relaxation of the rat tail artery preconstricted with phenylephrine with an EQo of 1.5 IIM, 4-5-fold more potent than acetylcholine. Topical application of as little as 10 ng of compound D onto the rabbit cornea produced a vasodilation of the conjunctiva! blood vessels. Intracameral injection of compound D (1-10 ng) caused a dose-dependent increase of up to 30-fold of the aqueous humor protein, indicating a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier. Compound D was also found to be a potent angiogenic factor, ie, it induced the appearance of new vessels in the cornea. The effects of 12-(R)-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (compound D) on the rabbit eye mimics the response of the eye to an inflammatory stimulus. We hypothesize, therefore, that ocular inflammation that occurs following injury to the cornea is mediated, at least in part, by the production of compound D by the corneal epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:454-460,1989
Chapter 2 Applying the Theory of Action Systems to the Study of Motor Skills

Summary The theory of action systems is shown to motivate a series of promising new issues to be investigated by students of motor control. It is argued that these new issues are both more practically relevant and of greater theoretical value than the conceptual issues discussed by current motor control theories. The problems of central versus peripheral control, motor programmes versus coordinative structures, and the various problems of reaction time modelling, are shown to be of little permanent value. Instead, new issues about the functional specificity of action, the nesting of postures into movements, and the nesting of actions into cycles, are discussed with the hope of directing research towards those areas of concern.
POLYNOMIAL REPRODUCING FORMULAS AND THE COMMUTATOR OF A LOCALLY SUPPORTED SPLINE

Abstract This paper is concerned with the notion of a commutator of a compactly supported piecewise polynomial function ϕ. The notion of a commutator proves to be useful in connection with polynomial reproducing formulas, Strang-Fix conditions, and quasi-interpolation schemes. This paper represents a selected survey of some recent results by this and other authors and thus is not meant to be comprehensive.
Abstraction and re-representation in visualizations: understanding where the learning occurs

Graphic representations (i.e., visualizations) have a long history as a tool to promote learning in science. Historically, a "craft-based" approach has been the primary strategy used to design and evaluate visualizations for use in instruction (e.g., Tufte, 1983). That is, heuristics based on practice are used to create representations that communicated, in the designer's eyes, the necessary information for student learning. More recently, a number of frameworks based on current understandings in the learning sciences have been applied to better guide visualization design and to understand why some designs are more effective than others. This paper will present an approach developed from semiotic theory (Hartshorne & Weiss, 1960) and the knowledge integration framework (Linn, 2006) for science meaning-making to develop strategies for visualization development and use in classrooms. Focusing on the knowledge-integration's component of making scientific phenomena visible, the presented work will look at the interplay of phenomena visible in the natural world with unaided senses with the conceptual and phenomenological elements of science learning that live in invisible, abstract layers. Semiotics is used to understand re-representations that move between the same level of abstraction and new representations that move toward or away from abstraction.
Fusion Nuclear Reactions

The basic concepts of a cross section and a reaction rate are given. The reactivity concept is also shown as an average over a distribution of particle velocities. The basic fusion reactions for astrophysical processes are shown from the standpoint of the Gamow tunneling factor. Fusion reactions for “terrestrial” use are also shown, illustrating resonance processes involved. The reaction chain for catalyzed D-D fusion is discussed, and reactivity calculations for beam-thermal fusion situations are shown.
Progression of Tricuspid Regurgitation after Heart Transplantation with Concomitant Tricuspid Valve Annuloplasty

Purpose Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a significant complication after heart transplantation (HTx). Tricuspid valve annuloplasty (TVA) may be performed empirically at the time of transplant to prevent the development of TR and right ventricular failure. This study aims to investigate the long-term impact of TVA on incidence of TR and survival. Methods All patients transplanted between 1/2010 - 8/2018 were enrolled. At our institution, we routinely perform DeVega TVA during HTx. All echocardiograms post-HTx were evaluated. TR was classified into 5 groups: none, trace, mild, moderate and severe. The incidence of significant TR (moderate or severe) over time and the effect of TR on survival were evaluated. Echocardiograms were evaluated starting 3 months post-HTx. Results 248 patients underwent HTx in this period, and 243 who underwent concomitant TVA were included in this analysis (mean age 54 years, 76% male). During 3.0 ± 2.1 years follow-up, 22 (9.1%) of patients developed significant TR. In the TVA group, survival free of significant TR was 96.9% at 6-months, 94.3% at 1 year, 91.6% at 2 years, 90.8% at 3 years, 90.8% at 4 years, and 88.8% at 5 years (Figure 1A). 5-year survival among those who experienced significant TR was numerically lower, but not significantly different (70.7% vs 81.5%, p=0.24) (Figure 1B). Only 8 (3.3%) patients required permanent pacemaker implantation over a median of 51 days (IQR 14-522) following HTx. Conclusion Significant TR after HTx is common and progressively worsens despite concomitant TVA. The association of significant TR with long-term survival and the benefit of TVA require further evaluation.
The effects of different attentional focus on poststroke gait

Attention may influence the motor performance of poststroke patients. The attentional focus implies "where" attention is focused while performing a specific movement. Focusing attention on the inside of the body while performing a specific exercise is called an internal focus (IF) and focus on the external environment is called an external focus (EF). This study examined the effect of attention on the gait of patients with chronic stroke. Sixteen subjects voluntarily participated in the study. The subjects were guided to walk while maintaining the required attentional focus, which is control, IF, and EF condition. Dependent variables were as follows: step length, stride length, step width, 10-m walk time, and weight distribution on the paretic limb. The results are as follows. First, the step length and the stride length were observed to be longer in the EF condition. Second, 10-m walk time was faster in EF condition. Third, under the EF condition, more weight was applied to the paretic limb. We suggest that EF instruction useful to improve the poststroke gait.
Implementation of Feldman-Cousins corrections and oscillation calculations in the HPC environment for the NOvA Experiment

Analysis of neutrino oscillation data involves a combination of complex fitting procedures and statistical correction techniques that are used to determine the full three-flavor PMNS parameters and constraint contours. These techniques rely on computationally intensive “multi-universe” stochastic modeling. The process of calculating these contours and corrections can dominate final stages of the data analysis and become a bottleneck for examining the ef-fect of systematic variations on the final results. As part of the DOE SciDAC-4 sponsored research program, we present a new implementation of a neutrino oscillation fitting and framework to carry out calculations of Feldman-Cousins corrections. This implementation is specifically designed and optimized to operate on modern High-Performance Computing (HPC) facilities. We present the performance of the system in calculating allowed regions for the NOvA experiment based on 8.9 x 1020 and 6.9 x 1020 protons-on-target (POT) neutrino and antineutrino datasets, and compare the performance of this new implementation run at the NERSC supercomputing facility with that from methods used previously by the NOvA collaboration running on grid computing facilities.
Connectivism and leadership: harnessing a learning theory for the digital age to redefine leadership in the twenty-first century

Abstract This manuscript provides a literature review of connectivism. It presents evidence and thinking in which connectivism, a new learning theory which has typically been used for online learning, is applied to leadership, with a provocative discussion on the yet unexplored opportunities to use connectivism to redefine leadership in the twenty-first century. The paper aims to bridge the gap between the contributions of digital learning in education and the field of leadership theory and development. It seeks to apply the critical tenants of connectivism in education and learning to leadership theory and to stimulate a debate on new forms of leadership.
Development of mature second-growth Sequoia sempervirens forests

Abstract Mature second-growth coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests—logged over 100 yr ago—are an important resource in the redwood region, but development of regenerating forests beyond rotation age (~50 yr) is not well understood. Continuous long-term data are especially lacking, considering that the maximum possible age of second-growth stands is over 160 yr. Here we examine accumulation of tree biomass, leaf area, and canopy structure in three mature second-growth forests in California (Arcata, Big River, Oakland) that range in age from 133 to 159 yr since clearcut logging. Four fixed-area plots form the basis of this examination, including three 1-acre plots established in 1923 that together permit examination of Sequoia forest development over nearly a century. The four plots held 963 to 1476 Mg ha−1 of aboveground tree biomass and 9.0 to 13.7 of tree leaf area index. From 1923 to 2017, the Big River plot exhibited rapid biomass accumulation (up to 23 Mg ha−1 yr−1) as a densely stocked nearly pure Sequoia stand on an alluvial terrace. The two low-elevation plots near Arcata exhibited slower (up to 13 Mg ha−1 yr−1) but consistent growth with an increasing dominance of Sequoia, as co-occurring conifers (Abies grandis, Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii) steadily declined in number despite rapid early growth. Increasing Sequoia dominance, substantial density-independent mortality in recent decades, and shifts in tree size distributions illustrate structural maturation as these forests approach an old-growth condition. The Oakland plot, which occurred ~ 300 m higher in elevation and received less than two-thirds as much annual rainfall, was a nearly pure Sequoia stand with canopy structure similar to, but shorter than, the Big River plot. Despite differences in elevation and rainfall, aboveground biomass of individual large trees in all four plots exceeded 15 Mg with Sequoia biomass increments averaging > 200 kg yr−1 during the 21st century. Characteristics and developmental trajectories of these plots provide realistic benchmarks for management of alluvial, upland, and inland Sequoia forests.
The development of mental rotation ability across the first year after birth.

Abstract Mental rotation (MR) is the ability to imagine the appearance of an object from a different perspective. This ability is involved in many human cognitive and behavioral activities. We discuss studies that have examined MR in infants and its development across the first year after birth. Despite some conflicting findings across these studies, several conclusions can be reached. First, MR may be available to human infants as young as 3 months of age. Second, MR processes in infancy may be similar or identical to MR processes later in life. Third, there may be sex differences in MR performance, in general favoring males. Fourth, there appear to be multiple influences on infants' MR performance, including infants' motor activity, stimulus complexity, hormones, and parental attitudes. We conclude by calling for additional research to examine more carefully the causes and consequences of MR abilities early in life.
The man behind the woman: Publicity, celebrity public relations, and cultural intermediation:

Since the early 20th century, public relations has been implicated in the production and sustainment of celebrity. Celebrities rely on the work of publicists to strategically cast, produce, and pla...
The complete genomic sequence analysis of genotype 4 human astrovirus HASTVgz01 in Guangzhou

To study the genomic molecular organization and genotype of human astrovims in infected infants in Guangzhou,China.Methods Primers were designed on the basis of the genomic sequence of astrovirus in the GenBank,and the astrovirua genome was amplified by RT-PCR.The PCR-preducts were cloned to T vector and sequenced,the genomic nucleotide sequences were analyzed with the programs Clustal W and DNAS- tar.Results The full genornic length of HASTVgz01 is 6721 bp and the open reading frames(ORFs)are 6558 bp.The 5'and 3'UTR are 82 and 81 nucleotides long,respectively.The genome is organized in three OBFs: ORF1a,ORFlb and ORF2.The 5'-proximal ORF1a starts at nucleotide 83 and extends to nucleotide 2845. ORF1b(nt 2785 to nt 4332)overlaps ORF1a by 71 nucleotides.The 3'-proximal ORF2 begins at nucleotide 4325 and terminates at nucleotide 6540 and ORF2 is about 2316 bp long and compared with those of astrovirus in GenBank and revealed that it has the highest homology with serotype 4(93%).Homology with other serotypes ranges between 61% and 70%.Conclusion The complete nucleotide sequence of astrovirus HASTVgz01 detect- ed in Guangzhou,China is 6721 bp long,with GenBank accession NO.DQ344027.Comparison of the ORF2 of astrovirus HASTVgz01 with the known sequences of types 1-8 shows it had the highest homology with serotype 4 (93%).Comparative sequence analysis of the HASTVgz01 ORF2 with reported human astrovirna sequences re- vealed that this pathogen belongs to genatype(serotype)4.
Taking titanium for a spin

Spin-1/2 kagome lattice antiferromagnets are geometrically frustrated materials poised to host yet-unobserved behaviours. Now, such a lattice has been prepared that shows no structural distortions and hosts its spin in the dxy orbital of d1 Ti3+ centres, rather than the more-widely investigated d9 Cu2+ ions.
Risk Management for 4-H Youth Development Work: Fundraising and Fundhandling

This 6-page document is one in the series Risk Management for 4-H Youth Development Work. It reviews policies and best practices for handling 4-H program funds and conducting 4-H fundraisers. Written by Dale Pracht, Alexandria Pennisi, Paula Davis, Stefanie Prevatt, and Janet Psikogios and published by the UF/IFAS 4-H Youth Development Department, January 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/4h386
Malunions of the Proximal Humerus

Proximal humerus malunions can create a painful, poorly functional shoulder. Fortunately, this type of malunion is generally well tolerated in the low-demand elderly patient and can be mainly managed non-operatively. The difficulty occurs in predicting which patients are at an increased risk for developing a symptomatic malunion and, as such, may benefit from early surgical intervention. For those surgical candidates presenting in a delayed fashion, the challenge then lies in deciding between the numerous surgical interventions that may result in the best outcome while minimizing complications. Ultimately, surgical options are divided into humeral head-preserving or head-sacrificing techniques and must take into consideration the blood supply, joint congruity, remaining bone stock, health of cartilage, and status of soft tissues, particularly the rotator cuff. When deciding on management, one must consider several factors, including the patient’s degree of discomfort and dysfunction, comorbidities, psychological status, and overall functional status. When surgical intervention is offered, it is imperative to discuss the procedure goals which include pain relief and improved function, but rarely can full restoration be achieved. Surgical interventions have proven to be technically challenging often yielding high satisfaction rates but with equally high risk for complication.
Developing social capital through postsecondary correctional education

This study examines the connection between participation in higher education programs in prison and the development of social capital. Interviews were conducted with eighteen formerly incarcerated ...
Thermodynamics Beyond Molecules: Statistical Mechanics of Probability Distributions and Stochastic Processes

Statistical mechanics has a universal appeal that extends beyond molecular systems, and yet, as its tools are being transplanted to fields outside physics, the fundamental questions, what is thermodynamics and how it may be applied outside the realm of physical particles, have remained unanswered. We answer these questions here: Statistical mechanics in its most general form is variational calculus applied to probability distributions and by extension to stochastic processes in general; as a mathematical theory, it is independent of physical hypotheses but provides the means to incorporate our knowledge and model assumptions about the particular problem. The fundamental ensemble is a microcanonical space of probability distributions sampled via a bias functional that establishes a probability measure on this space. The maximization of this measure expresses the most probable distribution via a set of parameters (microcanonical partition function, canonical partition function and generalized temperature) that are connected through a set of mathematical relationships that we recognize as the familiar equations of thermodynamic. Any distribution in in this space maybe endowed with the status of the most probable distribution under an appropriately constructed bias functional. Entropy, Kullback-Leibler divergence and the second law have simple interpretations in this theory. We obtain statistical mechanics as a special application to molecular systems and make contact with Information Theory and Bayesian inference. We use numerical examples to demonstrate the thermodynamic treatment of generic probability distributions, present a thermodynamic algorithm (the cluster ensemble) to sample arbitrary distributions with positive argument by analogy to reacting particles and discuss the extension of statistical mechanics to stochastic processes in general.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Management with the LINX® System for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has gained significant popularity in the USA, and consequently resulted in patients experiencing new-onset gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) following this bariatric procedure. Patients with GERD refractory to medical therapy present a more challenging situation limiting the surgical options to further treat the de novo GERD symptoms since the gastric fundus to perform a fundoplication is no longer an option. The aim of this study is to determine if the LINX® magnetic sphincter augmentation system is a safe and effective option for patients with new gastroesophageal reflux disease following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. This study was conducted at the University Medical Center. This is a retrospective review of seven consecutive patients who had a laparoscopic LINX® magnetic sphincter device placement for patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy between July 2014 and April 2015. All patients were noted to have self-reported greatly improved gastroesophageal reflux symptoms 2–4 weeks after their procedure. They were all noted to have statistically significant improved severity and frequency of their reflux, regurgitation, epigastric pain, sensation of fullness, dysphagia, and cough symptoms in their postoperative GERD symptoms compared with their preoperative evaluation. This is the first reported pilot case series, illustrating that the LINX® device is a safe and effective option in patients with de novo refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease after a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy despite appropriate weight loss.
Recurrent abdominal pain and headache--psychopathology, life events and family functioning.

We assessed the psychopathology of children and adolescents with Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP) and tension-type headaches (TTH), the psychopathology and Expressed Emotion (EE) of their mothers and family functioning. Additionally, we assessed the relationship of negative Life Events (LE) to RAP and headaches. Sixty-nine children and adolescents with either RAP or headaches, and their mothers were examined and compared to controls. Of the children with RAP or headache, 81.6 % and 83.9 % respectively carried a psychiatric diagnosis, primarily anxiety or depressive disorder, in contrast to 15 % of controls. Mothers of patients with RAP showed more symptoms of anger and hostility than controls. Index mothers had higher EE than control mothers. More problems were reported in the families of patients with RAP. Families of patients with headache were similar to those with RAP but differed from controls in terms of behaviour control and general functioning. More negative LE were experienced by both index groups. If psychological intervention is decided for certain children with RAP or TTH, it should address their depression, anxiety, the impact of negative LE and family functioning.
Exploiting local connectivity of CMOL architecture for highly parallel orientation selective neuromorphic chips

Biological neural networks exploit local connectivity to solve complex image recognition tasks. While CMOS scaling has enabled packing more transistors and functionality into a given area, connectivity still remains an unsolved problem. The vast interconnectedness required in a neural network further exacerbates this problem. Recently memristors have emerged as viable on-chip synaptic mimics. However, the two terminal nature of these devices requires a crossbar network to enable individual addressing, in turn precluding large connectivity domain required for neural networks. In this paper, we explore the use of large fan-in locally connected spiking silicon neurons readily available in CMOL architecture to solve edge recognition in images via unsupervised learning. We show the system level simulation of an edge classifying network using Simulink employing self-inhibition and Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity. Transistor level simulation of the system blocks in Cadence Spectre is also included. We derive the constraints on nanowire length given a particular choice of memristor implementation, resulting in a maximum kernel size.
The Import Demand for U.S. Burley Tobacco in European Markets

One of the chief complaints against the federal tobacco program is that it sets prices too high relative to foreign tobaccos: most foreign burley tobaccos are priced between one-third and one-half the price of U.S. burley. Critics feel that if the government program were changed so that burley production could increase, prices would be lower, and more burley tobacco would be consumed. Production increases could bring about two beneficial effects. First, U.S. burley tobacco would be more competitive in overseas markets, and, therefore, exports could increase. Second, U.S. imports of foreign burley could decrease. This study examines the validity of the first argument; its main objective is to evaluate the elasticity of demand for U.S. burley tobacco in European markets. Of course, the more price elastic is the demand for U.S. burley in these European markets, the more exports will expand if U.S. prices are lowered. Evidence is also provided on the growth potential of these foreign markets.
HEIDEGGER'S FIELDPATH: AN INTERPRETATION IN PERSPECTIVE OF CHUANG‐TZU

Ce rapprochement entre " Le chemin de campagne " (" Der Feldweg ") de Heidegger et la pensee de Tchoung-tseu est suivi de la traduction anglaise du texte de H.
Direct estimation from list-mode data for reversible tracers using graphical modeling

We propose a novel method to directly estimate parametric images from listmode PET data for reversible tracers based on an inhomogeneous Poisson process model. We use a relative equilibrium graphical model, similar to the Logan plot, to linearize the problem. A static sinogram from time of tracer injection to the steady state is incorporated to improve the ill-conditioning of the estimation problem. Cramer-Rao analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation demonstrate that our method improves the conditioning of the estimation problem and provides higher contrast recovery and smaller standard deviation compared with a sinogram based direct estimation approach.
Carbon Dioxide and Other Greenhouse Gases in Ocean, Atmosphere, and Biosphere, and Future Climatic Impacts

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the recent anthropogenic changes in carbon dioxide and other radiatively active gases. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere is about 340 ppm in volume; it is increasing at a rate in excess of 1 ppmv/year. By the latter half of the next century, atmospheric carbon dioxide could be more than 600 ppmv, which is double the pre-industrial values. Three-dimensional, general circulation models of the atmosphere indicate that because of various feedback effects, the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide will probably result in an increase in the earth's average surface temperature of 2–3°C. The warming will be much greater at high latitudes, possibly 9°C in arctic regions during the wintertime. Other greenhouse gases—such as methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons—are also increasing in the atmosphere at about the same percentage rate as carbon dioxide. This can cause a further rise in temperature, which can be of the same order of magnitude as the carbon dioxide–induced increase.
Feminist-cognitive-behavioral and process-psychodynamic treatments for men who batter: interaction of abuser traits and treatment models

At a community-based domestic violence program, 218 men with a history of partner abuse were randomly assigned to either feminist-cognitive-behavioral or process-psychodynamic group treatments. The treatments were not hypothesized to differ in outcome. However, men with particular characteristics were expected to have lower recidivism rates depending on the type of treatment received. Treatment integrity was verified through audio-taped codings of each session. The partners of 79% of the 136 treatment completers gave reports of the men's behavior an average of 2 years post-treatment. These reports were supplemented with arrest records and self-reports. Rates of violence did not differ significantly between the two types of treatment nor did reports from the women of their fear level, general changes perceived in the men, and conflict resolution methods. However, interaction effects were found between some offender traits and the two treatments. As predicted, men with dependent personalities had better outcomes in the process-psychodynamic groups and those with antisocial traits had better outcomes in the cognitive-behavioral groups. The results suggest that more effective treatment may occur if it is tailored to specific characteristics of offenders.
Targeting molecular resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer

Multiple mechanisms of resistance contribute to the inevitable progression of hormone-sensitive prostate cancer to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Currently approved therapies for CRPC include systemic chemotherapy (docetaxel and cabazitaxel) and agents targeting the resistance pathways leading to CRPC, including enzalutamide and abiraterone. While there is significant survival benefit, primary and secondary resistance to these therapies develops rapidly. Up to one-third of patients have primary resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone; the remaining patients eventually progress on treatment. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance resulting in progression as well as identifying new targetable pathways remains the focus of current prostate cancer research. We review current knowledge of mechanisms of resistance to the currently approved treatments, development of adjunctive therapies, and identification of new pathways being targeted for therapeutic purposes.
Contribution of domain interactions and calcium binding to the stability of carbohydrate-active enzymes.

This chapter focuses on the contributions that domain interactions and calcium have on the properties of carbohydrate-active enzymes. It also focuses on the interactions between domains in one of the largest cellulosomal catalytic components, cellobiohydrolase A (CbhA). CbhA is the only Clostridium thermocellum cellulosomal enzyme whose domain interactions and role of calcium have been studied in detail by different techniques including genetic manipulations, crystallography, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In the presence of calcium, the stabilities of the domains are relatively independent, while in the absence of Ca2+, domain interactions play a stabilizing role. Thermal unfolding in buffer assumes coexistence of protein molecules (i) with calcium bound to all binding sites, (ii) with partially lost calcium, and (iii) without calcium. This chapter describes modular architectures of carbohydrate-active enzymes and analyzes the role of interdomain interactions in the structure, stability, and functionality of the interesting and important proteins. Even linkers between domains are crucial for the functionality of carbohydrate-active enzyme in that they serve as “molecular springs” allowing catalytic sites to reach and hydrolyze new glycosidic bonds, while the CBM is still bound to the substrate surface. As a general conclusion one may say that domain interactions in modular carbohydrate hydrolytic enzymes enhance the activity of the catalytic domains of the enzymes.
Soft Tech/Hard Tech, Hi Tech/Lo Tech: A Social Movement Analysis of Appropriate Technology*

Much of the contemporary debate over technology is explicitly and implicitly focused on the question of whether certain technological styles are appropriate or inappropriate. The framing of the debate in this way is due to an active social movement that advocates appropriate technology (AT). The movement is growing from urgent concerns with the undesirable “hard” equity, environmental/resource, and quality of life impacts of modern industrial technologies, both in developing and developed countries. The major features of the AT movement and its social sources are examined. Then the emerging hi techs are characterized and analyzed in terms of the major impacts of concern in the AT movement.
Relativistic klystron afterburner simulation techniques

We are developing computer codes for the numerical simulations of relativistic klystrons and relativistic klystron afterburners''. The purpose of this note is to discuss the main features of our numerical model. A relativistic klystron afterburner'' is a scheme to extract power from a spent FEL electron beam. Power is extracted from the beam by passing it through klystron output cavities. To study the feasibility of this concept, we are developing computer codes for the numerical simulation of relativistic klystrons and afterburners. The purpose of this note is to discuss the main features of our numerical model.
Survivable ring architecture for spaceborne applications

Fiber-optic ring architectures have an inherent reliability problem when considered for spaceborne applications: a single-node failure can interrupt communications to every other node. The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) protocol solves this problem through use of a dual counter-rotating ring architecture. This provides communication between all nodes, even if a single fault has occurred. If more than a single fault occurs, the ring can become segmented and communication is not provided to all nodes. This paper presents a dual cross- strapped ring architecture that provides the degree of survivability required for many spaceborne applications.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chronic food restriction increases Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) induced in rat forebrain by intraventricular amphetamine

Abstract Chronic food restriction enhances behavioral responsiveness to amphetamine and other abused drugs. Because this effect is evident when drugs are administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) as well as systemically, it would seem to reflect increased sensitivity of a neural substrate rather than a change in drug disposition. In the present study, c-Fos immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate whether the magnitude and pattern of cellular activation induced by i.c.v. amphetamine is altered by a regimen of food restriction previously shown to potentiate amphetamine reward. In the absence of amphetamine challenge, there was generally no difference in brain Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) between ad libitum fed and food-restricted rats. In response to amphetamine (50 μg), both groups displayed increased FLI in caudate–putamen, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral pallidum, central nucleus of the amygdala, and cingulate cortex. With the exception of cingulate cortex and caudal caudate–putamen, a significantly greater response was observed in brain regions of food-restricted rats. These results indicate that food restriction augments a cellular immediate early gene (IEG) response to acute amphetamine in brain regions known to mediate rewarding and other behavioral effects of psychostimulants. The difference between these results and those produced by sensitizing regimens of psychostimulant exposure are discussed, as are possible endocrine factors that could be involved in the modulatory effect of food restriction on cellular and behavioral responses to amphetamine.
Eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis of the lacrimal sac.

Objectives/Hypothesis Chronic sinusitis is a condition affecting millions of individuals each year. Recent findings indicate that chronic rhinosinusitis is a response to fungi mediated by the eosinophil in some of these individuals. We report a case of eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis of the lacrimal sac, an entity not previously reported. Study Design Case report. Methods A 69-year-old man presented with a 1-cm cystic lesion in the right-side medial canthal region. This lesion was fluctuant, and mucoid material was freely expressed from the medial canthal area. Endoscopic examination revealed bilateral nasal polyps anteriorly and superiorly with mucopurulent drainage from both maxillary sinuses. He had undergone three prior sinus surgeries and two prior lacrimal cannulations elsewhere. A computed tomography scan showed opacification of both maxillary sinuses, ethmoid sinuses, and the left sphenoid sinus and moderate thickening in the frontal sinuses. There was significant soft tissue prominence in the area of both lacrimal fossae with erosion into the medial orbit. The patient underwent bilateral endoscopic revision ethmoidectomies, middle meatal antrostomies, sphenoidotomies, frontal sinusotomies, and endoscopic right-side dacryocystorhinostomy at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN). Results At the time of surgery, massive amounts of thick mucoid material were aspirated from both lacrimal regions. The aspiration of the lacrimal duct on the left side was sufficient treatment, whereas the dacryocystorhinostomy was necessary to decompress the cyst of the face on the right side. The material aspirated was allergic mucin, and the patient met the criteria for diagnosing eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis. The patient was started on a regimen of antifungal nasal irrigations postoperatively and has done well in follow-up. Conclusions Although never previously reported, eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis can occur in the lacrimal sac. It is important to recognize this so that the underlying disease process can be treated appropriately.
Catalytic efficiency and sequence selectivity of a restriction endonuclease modulated by a distal manganese ion binding site.

Abstract Crystal structures of Eco RV endonuclease bound in a ternary complex with cognate duplex DNA and manganese ions have previously revealed an Mn 2+ -binding site located between the enzyme and the DNA outside of the dyad-symmetric GATATC recognition sequence. In each of the two enzyme subunits, this metal ion bridges between a distal phosphate group of the DNA and the imidazole ring of His71. The new metal-binding site is specific to Mn 2+ and is not occupied in ternary cocrystal structures with either Mg 2+ or Ca 2+ . Characterization of the H71A and H71Q mutants of Eco RV now demonstrates that these distal Mn 2+ sites significantly modulate activity toward both cognate and non-cognate DNA substrates. Single-turnover and steady-state kinetic analyses show that removal of the distal site in the mutant enzymes increases Mn 2+ -dependent cleavage rates of specific substrates by tenfold. Conversely, the enhancement of non-cognate cleavage at GTTATC sequences by Mn 2+ is significantly attenuated in the mutants. As a consequence, under Mn 2+ conditions Eco RV-H71A and Eco RV-H71Q are 100 to 700-fold more specific than the wild-type enzyme for cognate DNA relative to the GTTATC non-cognate site. These data reveal a strong dependence of DNA cleavage efficiency upon metal ion-mediated interactions located some 20 A distant from the scissile phosphodiester linkages. They also show that discrimination of cognate versus non-cognate DNA sequences by Eco RV depends in part on contacts with the sugar-phosphate backbone outside of the target site.
Temperature Effects Prior to Double Ridge on Apex Development and Phyllochron in Spring Barley

Number of spikelets is a major component of grain yield in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Since air temperature strongly affects spike components in spring seeded cereals, the large variations in daily temperature or delays in planting dates, common to spring barley growing areas in the Northern Great Plains, make it important to understand temperature effects on spike and whole plant development for management and modeling purposes. The objectives of this study were to determine effects of changing temperature regimes on the phyllochron, apex development, and spike components in spring barley. 'Bowman' (two-rowed) and 'Azure' (six-rowed) were grown in controlled environment chambers and at constant temperatures of 18 and 26°C and at either 18 or 26°C for 4, 8, and 12 dafter emergence and then transferred to the other temperature. Phyllochron was greater for control plants at 26 than at 18°C and for plants first grown at 18 then at 26°C compared with those grown at 26 then at 18°C. Apex double ridge stage occurred between 8 and 12 d after seedling emergence. Temperature following apex double ridge stage had a greater affect on duration of spikelet formation stage than temperatures prior to double ridge. Spikelets, kernels, and heads per plant were generally fewer for plants first grown at 18 then at 26°C compared with plants first grown at 26°C then at 18°C. These data suggest that temperature during the critical spikelet development phase had the greatest effect on spike components. Spike development coincided more with plant Haun than accumulated growing degree-days (GDD), whereas the phyllochron responded oppositely. Thus, knowing when the apex forms spikelets is necessary for interpretation of plant responses, making management decisions, and model development.