cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual and seasonal variation in the diet of the endangered Barton Springs Salamander (Eurycea sosorum): An application of stable isotope analysis to the conservation of an endangered species

It is well known that many species show strong temporal variation in diet. Long-term dietary trends may be important in assessing the effects of ecological change such as global warming, land use change, or introductions of invasive species. Short-term variation in food sources or prey selection may be crucial for understanding population dynamics in poorly understood species. The Barton Springs Salamander (Eurycea sosorum) is an endangered species endemic to four small spring outflows in downtown Austin, Texas. This species remains aquatic throughout life and inhabits benthic rocky substrate. While little is known about its foraging ecology, E. sosorum is assumed to be a generalist predator with the abundant amphipod Hyalella azteca as its primary food source. The salamander’s secretive behavior and obscure microhabitat make direct foraging observations impossible. Thus, stable isotope applications may be the only feasible means of estimating diet in these animals. Measurements of [delta]^13^C and [delta]^15^N for wild-caught Eurycea sosorum and a suite of potential invertebrate prey (amphipods, chironomids and planarians) were taken in November 2007, February 2008, May 2008 and August 2008. Quantitative invertebrate censuses track seasonal changes in invertebrate relative abundance. A multi-source mixing model is applied to field isotope data, and a distribution of likely prey item contributions to salamander diet is obtained for each season. Measurement of [delta]^13^C and [delta]^15^N from captive-bred E. sosorum raised on a constant diet indicate minimal fractionation of [delta]^13^C (<1‰) and approximately 2.3‰ enrichment in [delta]^15^N per trophic level. Mixing model results show that salamanders feed nearly equally on planarians (53-57% of diet) and amphipods (43-47% of diet) during the course of the study, and that chironomids do not contribute to the diet of E. sororum. The relative isotopic relationship between the three prey items and salamander tissue remains constant over the course of the study. Furthermore, individual variation in salamander diet is large in all seasons (range of 6-8‰ of [delta]^13^C values for individual salamanders), potentially reflecting the highly clumped prey item distributions or individual specialization on different food resources.Stable isotope techniques allow investigation of how diet composition responds to temporal changes in prey availability in field populations and the degree to which intrapopulation diet variation influences overall population diet estimates. This work provides conservation biologists at Barton Springs with essential information on the diet and ecology of E. sosorum, which is being used to improve species management plans that will be applicable to other spring systems.
HIV Risk Behaviors Among Young Drug Using Women Who Have Sex With Women (WSWs) in New York City

Previous research has suggested that multiple stressors may work in tandem to affect the health of women who have sex with women (WSWs). WSWs have been a part of the HIV epidemic in New York City since the beginning, making it an ideal setting to further explore these women's risk. Among a sample of 375 heroin, crack and/or cocaine using women recruited from economically disadvantaged communities in New York City, we examined HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors among WSWs as compared to women who have sex with men only (WSMOs). We also explore differences between WSWs and WSMOs with respect to potential stressors (i.e., decreased access to resources and health care utilization and violence victimization) that might contribute overall HIV risk. The study's limitations are noted.
Childhood Poverty, Cumulative Risk Exposure, and Mental Health in Emerging Adults

One out of four American children are born into poverty, but little is known about the long-term, mental health implications of early deprivation. The more time in poverty from birth-age-9, the worse mental health as emerging adults (n = 196, M = 17.30 years, 53% male). These results maintain independently of concurrent, adult income levels for self-reported externalizing symptoms and a standard learned helplessness behavioral protocol, but internalizing symptoms were unaffected by childhood poverty. We then demonstrate that part of the reason why early poverty exposure is harmful to mental health among emerging adults is because of elevated cumulative risk exposure assessed at age 13. The significant, prospective, longitudinal relations between early childhood poverty and externalizing symptoms plus learned helplessness behavior are mediated, in part, by exposure to a confluence of psychosocial (violence, family turmoil, child separation from family) and physical (noise, crowding, substandard housing) risk factors during adolescence.
In Vivo Effect of β2-Microglobulin on Bone Resorption

Abstract β2-Microglobulin (β 2 -M) deposits have been found in the destructive bone lesions associated with dialysis-related amyloidosis. To examine whether β 2 -M can cause bone resorption in vivo, doses of (β 2 -M alone were compared with parathyroid hormone (PTH), aluminum, and vehicle alone. Eleven injections of 10 δg each were made over a period of 56 hours into the subcutaneous tissue overlying the occipital region of mice. Using a computerized image analysis system we measured (1) periosteal and inner bone length, (2) bone marrow interface length, and (3) the extent of resorption along these surfaces expressed as percentage of total length. Injections of either (β 2 -M or PTH were associated with 22% ± 4% and 25% ± 4% resorption of periosteal surface, respectively, and 15.9% ± 2% and 19.9% ± 5% resorption of marrow bone surfaces, respectively, compared with control. In contrast, aluminum did not increase bone resorption over controls. The simultaneous injection of calcitonin, an osteoclast inhibitor, with β 2 -M or PTH did not increase periosteal resorption over controls. The resorption of inner bone surface was similar in all groups. These studies show that β 2 -M and PTH cause bone resorption in the bone surfaces proximate to the site of injection. This suggests that β 2 -M may contribute to the development of the bone cysts in dialysis-related amyloidosis.
Surface preparation for adhesive bonding of polycyanurate-based fiber-reinforced composites using atmospheric plasma treatment

In this article, the effects of atmospheric plasma treatment on the microstructural, chemical, and mechanical behavior of epoxy-bonded polycyanurate composites are investigated. Adhesive bond strength of plasma-treated specimens exhibited strength increases of over 35% to that of peel-ply and solvent-wiped surface preparation techniques. The improvements were as much as 50% greater than those obtained using abrasive surface preparation techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed an increase in the surface concentration of oxygen as a function of plasma treatment passes. However, the levels were substantially lower than that of epoxy composites treated under identical conditions. In addition, the concentration of carboxyl groups (OCO), which have been associated with improved adhesive strength in epoxy-based composites, was shown to saturate in cyanate ester composites after a much lower exposure period than what was observed when treating epoxies. The effect of plasma surface treatment on the surface morphology of the cyanate ester composite was also studied using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed a progressive increase in surface roughness with treatment; however, this increase only translated into a marginal increase in surface area and is not believed to contribute significantly to adhesive strength. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Unique normal forms for vector fields and Hamiltonians

On construit des formes canoniques pour tous les champs vectoriels (resp. hamiltoniens) en equilibre a 0∈R n relativement au groupe des diffeomorphismes formels (resp. des transformations canoniques) tangentiels a l'identite
Pretreatment Total Testosterone Level Predicts Pathological Stage in Patients With Localized Prostate Cancer Treated With Radical Prostatectomy

ABSTRACTPurpose: In the last decade numerous groups have shown that low levels of pretreatment serum total testosterone consistently predict more aggressive disease, worse prognosis and worse treatment response in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Prior studies have not demonstrated this same correlation in patients with known localized disease. We rigorously tested pretreatment total testosterone levels as a potential staging and prognostic marker in a large cohort of 879 patients with localized cancer treated with radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 879 patients treated with radical prostatectomy between January 1, 1986 and June 30, 2002 from 9 hospital sites. Nonparametric tests were used to compare the relationship of pretreatment testosterone to other variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess clinical predictors of extraprostatic disease. Kaplan-Meier survival methods and Cox regression analysis were us...
Hepatitis B and Liver Transplantation: Update in Management before and after Transplantation

Patients who undergo liver transplantation (LT) for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are at high risk of developing recurrent HBV in the absence of effective prophylaxis. Pre-LT management should focus on suppression of HBV DNA levels, which have been associated with HBV recurrence. Evidence linking hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence to HBV recurrence has been less clear. Prophylaxis against recurrent HBV after LT with combination HBIG and antiviral therapy is the current standard of care and is effective in >90% of patients, but investigation is ongoing to determine the most cost-effective treatment regimens. While antiviral therapy with newer nucleos(t)ide analogues without HBIG is assumed to be effective, no recent studies have examined the long-term efficacy of salvage regimens for recurrent HBV. Large, prospective trials are urgently needed. Overall, LT for HBV is highly effective with appropriate pre- and post-LT antiviral therapy.
Dimensional models of personality disorder: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition and beyond.

Purpose of reviewWe describe several dimensional models of personality disorders and highlight future directions for the integration of dimensional approaches in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V). This review is timely and relevant, given the upcoming r
Brain Mapping Techniques to Maximize Resection, Safety, and Seizure Control in Children with Brain Tumors

Intraoperative brain mapping techniques were used to localize language cortex, sensorimotor pathways, and seizure foci in children with supratentorial brain tumors. The methods of direct cortical and subcortical stimulation, in addition to electrocorticography, enabled us to maximize tumor resection
A.J. Ladman: Managing Editor of The Anatomical Record, 1968-1998

In the period 1906‐1998, The Anatomical Record has had only six managing editors. One of these individuals, A.J. Ladman, served in this capacity for 30 years, almost a full third of the history of this journal up to 1998. Ladman received his Ph.D. degree from Indiana University in 1952, was at Harvard for 9 years (1952‐1961) and at the University of Tennessee from 1961‐1964. He became professor and chairman of the Department of Anatomy at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine in 1964. In April 1968, Ladman was appointed managing editor of The Anatomical Record by the American Association of Anatomists (AAA). He brought energy and innovative ideas to the journal and would apply those in the changes he instituted over the years of his tenure. In April 1998, after 30 years of exemplary service to this journal and to the AAA, Ladman passed the responsibility on to Roger Markwald. During his career, and in addition to his editor’s work, he conducted research on an impressively wide range of topics, served as an elected officer in several professional organizations, and was founding chair of anatomy at New Mexico. He went to Hahnemann in 1981, served as Dean of the School of Allied Health Professions (1981‐1986), and is currently adjunct professor of neurobiology and anatomy. The AAA expresses its sincere appreciation to A.J. Ladman for his excellent stewardship of The Anatomical Record. Anat. Rec. 251:2‐8, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Striped Bass Exercise and Handling Stress in Freshwater: Physiological Responses to Recovery Environment

Abstract Freshwater-acclimated subadult striped bass Morone saxatilis that had undergone cannulation of the dorsal aorta were exercised against a water current at 100 cm·sec−1 (2–3 fork lengths·sec−1) for 5 min in freshwater and placed in flow-through holding boxes in a recovery tank at 25°C. Recovery tanks contained water with either 0 (freshwater, FW), 10 (brackish water, BW), or 30 (seawater, SW) g NaCl·L−1 or 10 mM NaHCO3 −·L−1 (buffered freshwater, BFW). A postexercise metabolic acidosis (decreased postexercise blood pH and increased blood lactate) was compensated within 2–4 h in all recovery environments except SW. Arterial O2 tension and cortisol, glucose, and hemoglobin concentrations transiently increased immediately after exercise, and arterial CO2 tension and HCO3 − generally decreased. Plasma Cl− did not change until 2–4 h postexercise, when decreases (FW and BFW), an increase (SW), or no change (BW) indicated passive fluid or Cl− exchanges with the recovery environment. Increasing plasma Cl− ...
The calorimetric measurement of losses in HTS tapes due to ac magnetic fields and transport currents

Abstract We report a simple technique for the measurement of energy losses in HTS tape carrying ac currents in ac magnetic fields at liquid nitrogen temperatures. This method is based on measuring the temperature rise of a thermally insulated tape and in the present form is able to measure losses down to 0.01 W m −1 . We present data obtained by this method confirming previously published results for the losses at 100 Hz due to in phase ac currents and magnetic fields as measured electrically. Using this calorimetric method we are able to measure the effect of phase differences between current and field.
Influence of self damage on Pu(Am) observed through magnetization measurements

In the Pu 1-x Am x system, stable fee phases are obtained for 0.05<x<0.75, and the lattice parameters increase with the Am content. Both elements decay by α-emission creating cascades of vacancies, interstitials, and their aggregates. As damage accumulates, it is accompanied by an increase in the magnetic susceptibility. Preliminary results of radiation damage studies on the magnetic properties of Pu(Am) alloys are reported here.
Computation of through-space NMR shielding effects by functional groups common to peptides

The GIAO-HF method in Gaussian 03 was employed to calculate the isotropic shielding values of a covalently bonded hydrogen probe and to predict the through-space proton NMR shielding increment surfaces near models of simple structures containing functional groups common to peptides. The functional groups examined include the carboxylate anion, carboxylic acid, amide, amino, ammonium and guanidinium groups. Our previously developed methodology involving the use of diatomic hydrogen as a probe of through-space shielding effects was employed. Substantial shielding or deshielding effects were observed only in the cases of the charged (ionic) groups, each of which displayed shielding or deshielding effects of greater than 1 ppm at distances comparable to those observed in peptides. Equations for predicting the shielding increments of these groups as a function of the Cartesian coordinate position of the affected proton were determined. The validity of using simple structures as models of shielding by comparable functional groups in peptides was confirmed by computing the shielding effects at selected positions above a model of glycylglycylglycine and its hydrogen-bonded dimer. Knowledge of these through-space shielding effects should aid in the tertiary structure determination of peptides by NMR.
Brillouin scattering and pockels coefficients in silicate glasses

The Brillouin spectra of binary and ternary silicate glasses were investigated and absolute values for the Pockets coefficients p12 and p44 and (p11 – p12) were calculated from the measured spectra. The results were interpreted as to the density and refractive index dependence of the Pockels coefficients in terms of the theoretical treatments by Carleton, Mueller and Sipe. From the measured p12 and p44 values the quantity (ϱ∂ϵ/∂p), the change of the dielectric constant with respect to density, was calculated and compared with (ϱ∂ϵ/∂ϱ) evaluated from the Lorentz-Lorenz equation, Drude equation and the Carleton model. The Lorentz-Lorenz and Drude equations overestimated the magnitude of (ϱ∂ϵ/∂ϱ), while the Carleton model with its two limiting cases set upper and lowe bounds to (ϱ∂ϵ/∂ϱ). From the (ϱ∂ϵ/∂ϱ) results the strain polarizability constant (λ0) was determined and its physical significance discussed. In general, the alkali-oxide concentration dependence of the Pockels coefficients of various silicate glasses has been measured and qualitatively explained by several existing theoretical formulations.
Developments of electron microscopy methods in the study of catalysts

Abstract Recent developments in electron microscopy methods for in-situ probing of catalysis at the atomic level, ultrahigh resolution surface tools, energy filtered imaging for elucidating the structure and chemistry of nanoparticles and electron tomography for three-dimensional visualization of nanocatalysts are transforming heterogeneous catalysis research. In this short review, recent experimental and theoretical developments of electron microscopy methods for the study of gas–solid catalyst reactions, liquid–catalyst reactions, polymerization in the solution and solid phase, oxides and nanocatalysts are presented. They demonstrate the powerful role of electron microscopy in the design and development of catalyst materials and technologies.
Three perspectives on the cultural construction of disease and healing

Fabrega, Horacio. Evolution of Sickness and Healing. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. xv + 364 pp. including appendix, references, and index. Kudlick, Catherine J. Cholera in Post‐Re...
Ligand-Selective Targeting of the Glucocorticoid Receptor to Nuclear Subdomains Is Associated with Decreased Receptor Mobility

The association between nuclear distribution and mobility of the human glucocorticoid receptor was examined in living COS-1 cells using yellow fluorescent protein- and cyan fluorescent protein-tagged receptors. Quantitation of the nuclear distribution induced by an array of glucocorticoid ligands revealed a continuum from a random (cortisone) to a nonrandom (triamcinolone acetonide) receptor distribution. Structure-function analysis revealed that the 9-fluoro and 17-hydroxy groups on the steroid significantly impact nuclear receptor distribution. Using time-lapse microsopy, the triamcinolone acetonide-induced receptor distribution did not change significantly over a period of 15 sec. However, using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, the individual receptors moved at a much faster rate, indicating rapid exchange of receptors on immobile nuclear subdomains. Receptor mobilities for 13 different steroids, measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, appeared to correlate with receptor dist...
A covering system with least modulus 25

A collection of congruences with distinct moduli, each greater than 1, such that each integer satisfies at least one of the congruences, is said to be a covering system. A famous conjecture of Erdos from 1950 states that the least modulus of a covering system can be arbitrarily large. This conjecture remains open and, in its full strength, appears at present to be unattackable. Most of the effort in this direction has been aimed at explicitly constructing covering systems with large least modulus. Improving upon previous results of Churchhouse, Krukenberg, Choi, and Morikawa, we construct a covering system with least modulus 25. The construction involves a large-scale computer search, in conjunction with two general results that considerably reduce the complexity of the search.
ALARA considerations for the whole body neutron irradiation facility source removal project at Brookhaven National Laboratory.

This paper describes the activities that were involved with the safe removal of fourteen 2 3 8 PuBe sources from the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) Whole Body Neutron Irradiation Facility (WBNIF). As part of a Department of Energy and BNL effort to reduce the radiological inventory, the WBNIF was identified as having no future use. In order to deactivate the facility and eliminate the need for nuclear safety management and long-term surveillance, it was decided to remove the neutron sources and dismantle the facility. In addition, the sources did not have DOT Special Form documentation so they would need to be encapsulated once removed for offsite storage or disposal. The planning and the administrative as well as engineering controls put in place enabled personnel to safely remove and encapsulate the sources while keeping exposure as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
Discrete time hazards models for occupational and environmental cohort analyses

Objective: To discuss the use of discrete time hazards models for the analysis of occupational and environmental cohort data. Methods: Analytical data structures and regression methods for discrete time hazards models are described. This approach is illustrated via analyses of data from a study of mortality in a cohort of chemical workers exposed to dioxin. Results and conclusions: Analyses employing a discrete time hazards model facilitate examination of observed and expected counts, the calculation of attributable fractions, and empirical description of the estimated hazard rates. In addition, this approach can be used to fit non-multiplicative models, such as the linear hazards ratio model (which has been employed in epidemiological analyses of a variety of environmental and occupational exposures).
SU‐E‐I‐90: Magnetoencephalography (MEG): Quantitative Comparison of Oscillations and Synchronization Differences/similarities in Post‐Surgery/pre‐Irradiation Patients and Control Subjects

Purpose: To evaluate brain synchronization and connectivity differences in post‐surgery/per‐irradiation patients and healthy controls with two different MEG approaches: ECD (equivalent current dipole) and SAM (synthetic aperture magnetometry). Methods: An 8 min resting state scan was collected from 5 post‐surgery/pre‐irradiation patients and 5 sex/age‐matched control subjects. Scans were collected on a CTF MEG 275‐sensors system. All subjects were scanned in upright, open‐eyes position in a magnetically shielded room. MRI whole brain volume was divided into 4mm voxels allowing sensor signal space to be mapped into brain space. Measured signals were filtered into Δ, o/, α and β bandwidths and localized by ECD and SAM. SAM is a type of beamforming, a signal processing technique for sensor array data; the method works like a digital filter by focusing on each voxel while attenuating the majority of signal from all other voxels. Resultant SAM waveforms were evaluated to reject muscle and/or non‐physiological artifacts. The ECD method was applied to the same data and bandwidths to localize sources, its orientations and strengths. Statistical analysis evaluated connectivity and synchronization using dPLI (direct phase lag index) and IC (imaginary coherence). Resultant SAM and ECD maps were compared for differences and similarities. Results: Currently the project is collecting data. The full per‐irradiation data is expected to be completed by June 2013. The study goal is to establish the best method/approach to evaluate resting state MEG data. Conclusion: We expect 3 possible outcomes of the study: no difference, subtle difference, statistically significant difference in resting state analysis between these two methods. The two first outcomes are easy to address by choosing the most time‐efficient method. The last case will require further investigation of both methods to establish the ground of the difference and the most appropriate method analysis for the resting state. Partial support by Radiation Oncology and Neurology Departments at Wake Forest Baptist Health System and by Dalton McMichael Fund in Cancer Research. No conflict of interest is reported.
Physical Organic Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbene Complexes. 15.1 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Acidities of (Methylthiomethoxycarbene)pentacarbonyl Complexes of Chromium and Tungsten in Aqueous Acetonitrile

Rate constants for the reversible deprotonation of (CO)5CrC(SCH3)CH3 (9-Cr) and (CO)5WC(SCH3)CH3 (9-W) by OH-, water, a number of primary aliphatic and secondary alicyclic amines, and a series of carboxylate ions have been determined in 50% MeCN−50% water at 25 °C. This represents the first such study of Fischer carbene complexes stabilized by a thioalkoxy group. Comparison of our results to those of the corresponding methoxy derivatives (CO)5CrC(OCH3)CH3 (2-Cr) and (CO)5WC(OCH3)CH3 (2-W) reveals that the change in the π-donor group from MeO to MeS leads to (1) a strong increase in the thermodynamic acidity, (2) an increase in the dependence of the pKa on the nature of the metal, (3) a decrease in the intrinsic rate constants for proton transfer, and (4) a decrease in the dependence of the intrinsic rate constant on the metal. Observations 1, 2, and 4 can be attributed to the weaker π-donor capability of the MeS group while observation 3 is the combined result of a steric effect due to the larger size of ...
Comparison of BLOKS and WORMS scoring systems part II. Longitudinal assessment of knee MRIs for osteoarthritis and suggested approach based on their performance: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Summary Introduction There are two widely used scoring systems for knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in osteoarthritis (OA) and the strengths and weaknesses of each system in terms of ease of use and association with known risk factors and outcomes are unknown. Objective To compare Whole Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) and Boston Leeds Osteoarthritis Knee Score (BLOKS) scales using longitudinal MRI and X-ray data. Methods In the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI), knee radiographs, long limb films for alignment and MRI's were acquired in the interval from 0 to 24 months follow-up. OAI MRI's from baseline and 24 months were read separately using BLOKS and WORMS scales. X-rays were scored semiquantitatively for joint space loss and long limb films were measured for alignment angle. We evaluated which of the WORMS or BLOKS cartilage loss scores best correlated with joint space loss on the X-ray and which was best predicted by varus malalignment on long limb film. To examine the validity of bone marrow lesion (BML) and meniscal scales, we tested which of WORMS or BLOKS baseline scores for BML or meniscus best predicted cartilage loss from baseline to 24 months. We critically evaluated strengths and weaknesses of each scoring system also. Results Of 113 knees read longitudinally, 33 showed any cartilage loss using BLOKS and 30 using WORMS with high agreement between the scales. In the medial compartment, both BLOKS and WORMS picked up only 42% of the knees with X-ray joint space loss with similar specificity (88 vs 86%). Varus knees were more likely to be a risk factor for medial cartilage loss in BLOKS [adj odds ratio (OR) 5.9 (95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.5, 24.0)] than in WORMS [adj OR 2.1 (95% CI 0.7, 6.3)]. WORMS BML scores predicted cartilage loss more strongly than any BLOKS BML variables and some BLOKS BML measures did not affect risk of cartilage loss at all. However, across the range of scores, meniscal tear scores in BLOKS predicted cartilage loss better for each abnormality than did WORMS meniscal tear scores and the meniscal signal abnormality scored in BLOKS but not in WORMS, predicted cartilage loss. BLOKS took longer and was more difficult to score longitudinally especially for BML scores. Conclusion In a comparison of instruments limited by small numbers of knees compared, BLOKS meniscal score was preferable to WORMS meniscal scale in predicting cartilage loss most likely because it includes potentially important pathology missed by WORMS. On the other hand, BML scoring in WORMS was preferable in that it better predicted later cartilage loss, was easier to score and did not include potentially extraneous measures. Neither method was definitively better for cartilage scoring.
Simple Determination of Gluten Protein Types in Wheat Flour by Turbidimetry

ABSTRACT A simple method based on turbidimetry has been developed for the quantitative determination of total gliadins, glutenin subunits, and high and low molecular weight (HMW and LMW) subunits of glutenin. The standard procedure includes the subsequent extraction of wheat flour (100 mg) with a salt solution, with 50% 2-propanol (gliadins), and with 50% propanol under reducing conditions and increased temperature (glutenin subunits). Aliquots of the gliadin and the glutenin extracts are mixed with 2-propanol to a final concentration of 83%, and the turbidity of the precipitates is measured photometrically at 450 nm and 20°C after 40 min. Another aliquot of the glutenin extract is mixed with acetone to a final concentration of 40% acetone, and precipitated HMW subunits are determined turbidimetrically after 30 min. The sample is then filtered, and an aliquot of the filtrate is mixed with 2-propanol to a final concentration of 77% to determine the precipitated LMW subunits. Control analyses with reversed-...
Analysis of subsurface storage and streamflow generation in urban watersheds

Subsurface storage as a regulator of streamflow was investigated as an explanation for the large proportion of pre-event water observed in urban streams during storm events. We used multiple lines of inquiry to explore the relationship between pre-event water proportion, subsurface storage, and streamflow under storm conditions. First, we used a three-dimensional model of integrated subsurface and surface flow and solute transport to simulate an idealized hillslope to perform model-based chemical hydrograph separation of stormflow. Second, we employed simple dynamical systems analysis to derive the relationship between subsurface storage and streamflow for three Baltimore, Maryland watersheds (3.8–14 km2 in area) along an urban-to-rural gradient. Last, we applied chemical hydrograph separation to high-frequency specific conductance data in nested urban watersheds (∼50% impervious surface cover) in Dead Run, Baltimore County, Maryland. Unlike the importance of antecedent subsurface storage observed in some systems, we found that rainfall depth and not subsurface storage was the primary control on pre-event water proportion in both field observations and hillslope numerical experiments. Field observations showed that antecedent stream base flow did not affect pre-event water proportion or streamflow values under storm conditions. Hillslope model results showed that the relationship between streamflow values under storm conditions and subsurface storage was clockwise hysteretic. The simple dynamical systems approach showed that stream base flow in the most urbanized of three watersheds exhibited the largest sensitivity to changes in storage. This work raises questions about the streamflow generation mechanisms by which pre-event water dominates urban storm hydrographs, and the shifts between mechanisms in rural and urban watersheds.
Localization of a Critical Diphtheria Toxin-Binding Domain to the C-Terminus of the Mature Heparin-Binding EGF-like Growth Factor Region of the Diphtheria Toxin Receptor

The monkey and human heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor precursors are diphtheria toxin receptors. To investigate which portion of this growth factor precursor is responsible for binding the toxin, the monkey precursor was compared to the mouse precursor which does not bind the toxin. Three clusters of differing residues were identified. The human mature growth factor (residues 63-148), which contains two of three differing clusters, inhibited the binding of radiolabeled toxin to cell-surface receptors, thus narrowing the binding domain to 86 of the 208 residue precursor. To define further the binding domain, chimeric mouse/monkey precursors were expressed and assayed for toxin sensitivity. The third cluster, residues 122-135, was found to be the most important region for toxin binding. Total replacement of monkey residues with mouse residues N-terminal to this region yields a highly toxin-sensitive cell. Collectively, the results suggest that the most critical residues for toxin binding lie between residues 122-148.
Spin-flip scattering in ZnTe—experimental

Spin-flip scattering of laser light at fields up to 148 kG in $p\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{e}$ is described. Experiments varying excitation wavelength, power, magnetic field, polarization, and sample characteristics are detailed. The observed spectral features are assigned to the spin flip of heavy holes and to electrons and holes bound to donor and acceptor levels. The energy, line-shape, and linewidth field dependence of the heavy-hole scattering are compatible with theoretical calculations. The gyromagnetic ratio of the shallowest-heavy-hole level is found to lie between $g=0.9$ and $g=1.1$, depending upon the sample, compatible with the theoretical value 0.92 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.15.
Sign tracking in domesticated quail with one trial a day: Generality across CS and US parameters

When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is located some distance from the unconditioned stimulus (US), pairings of the CS and US can yield either conditioned approach to the CS (sign tracking) or conditioned approach to the US (goal tracking). However, goal tracking is the more common outcome, and, because of that, goal tracking has come to serve as a “standard” measure of associative learning in several laboratories. In contrast, in previous studies of sexual conditioning with domesticated quail, only sign tracking was observed. In the present study, quail continued to show sign tracking rather than goal tracking whether or not the US was highly localized (Experiment 1), whether food or a sexual US was used (Experiment 2), whether the CS was mobile or immobile (Experiment 3), and whether the CS was 91 or 233 cm from the US compartment (Experiment 4). The present findings encourage caution in the routine use of goal tracking as a measure of learning. The possible mechanisms of goal tracking are discussed in terms of occasion setting and behavior systems theory.
Mobile application and wearable sensors for use in cognitive behavioral therapy for drug addiction and PTSD

We present a mobile system for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) developed for an ongoing study for patients with drug-addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The mobile platform consists of two parts: a wearable sensor system for collecting algorithm training data in the lab, and a mobile phone application used to deliver therapeutic interventions as triggered by real-time sensor data. Ecological momentary assessments (EMA) are also used as a means of collecting subjective data and validating the sensor classification algorithm. We provide a brief description of the wearable sensors, mobile phone software and network architecture used in the study.
Gas Exchange Efficiency in Congestive Heart Failure II

It has become increasingly apparent that congestive heart failure (CHF) affects not only the cardiovascular system, but every organ system involved with oxygen transport, including the respiratory system, skeletal muscles, and the hormonal and neural feedback control systems for breathing, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood volume, and distribution of blood flow. One segment of this transport system cannot be isolated from the rest. The ventilatory response to exercise in patients with CHF is augmented despite normal arterial O2 saturation and a normal or low end-tidal Pco2.1 2 3 4 5 6 The augmented ventilatory response is measured as a steep slope of the increase in ventilation with respect to CO2 output (ΔVe/ΔVco2) or as a high Ve/Vco2 ratio at peak exercise. The source of this ventilatory augmentation has been controversial, but its pathophysiological significance is clear. A high slope at submaximal exercise or a high Ve/Vco2 ratio at peak exercise is a powerful index of poor prognosis in patients with CHF.4 7 As indicated by Ponikowski et al8 in the current issue of Circulation , this prognostic power is retained in patients with CHF, even when the maximal O2 uptake (Vo2 max) is near the normal range. A high Ve/Vco2 ratio has 2 possible sources: (1) increased ventilation, which is required to overcome a large dead space to maintain a normal arterial CO2 tension (Paco2), or (2) increased central drive to ventilation, which drives the Paco2 below what is normally expected. Ponikowski et al8 present convincing evidence that the augmented ventilatory response to exercise in CHF is significantly correlated with other markers of abnormal cardiorespiratory reflex control (ie, …
Predicting Response to a Reaction Time Task: Heart Rate Reactivity Compared with Type A Behavior

The present study measured somatic muscle, cardiovascular, and endocrine responses to an unsignalled, rewarded reaction time task and examined the relative contributions of heart rate reactivity and Type A behavior in accounting for variability in response to the task. Task responses were characterized by significant changes in muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, and plasma norepinephrine concentration. Subjects shown to be high heart rate reactors during an independent cold pressor test were found to produce the greatest changes in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, ventricular ejection time, cardiac output, and rate-pressure product during the reaction time task. In contrast, Type As did not respond differently from Type Bs. The results indicate that heart rate reactivity is a relatively stable trait which generalizes from cold pressor to a nonaversive task and which accounts for much of the between-subject variability in cardiovascular response.
Examination of Comorbid Anxiety in Psychiatric Inpatients

Seventy-three percent of 90 psychiatric inpatients had a coexisting anxiety disorder. There were few differences between patients with or without coexisting anxiety on more than 100 clinical and demographic variables that were tested. Patients who had an anxiety syndrome before the onset of their major psychiatric disorder also showed few differences when compared with patients whose anxiety started coincident to or after another DSM-III axis I disorder. The concept of primary/secondary anxiety disorder may not be useful when applied to a cross-section of psychiatric inpatients.
Increased Expression of the Acid Sphingomyelinase-Like Protein ASML3a in Bladder Tumors

ABSTRACTPurpose: The function of the tumor suppressor gene DBCCR1 (deleted in bladder cancer chromosome region 1) is unknown despite data supporting an important role for DBCCR1 in bladder tumorigenesis. DBCCR1 has not yet been placed in a protein family or functional pathway. Protein-protein interactions are crucial for almost every aspect of cellular function. We hypothesized that the discovery of DBCCR1 protein binding partners would yield important clues for solving the mystery of DBCCR1 function.Materials and Methods: We used the yeast 2-hybrid system to screen an adult human bladder cDNA library for DBCCR1 interacting proteins.Results: In the screen ASML3a (acid sphingomyelinase-like phosphodiesterase 3a) was identified as a novel DBCCR1 binding partner. Transient transfection of bladder tumor cell lines showed that DBCCR1 over expression in human bladder tumor cells results in the up-regulation of ASML3a RNA and protein expression. ASML3a protein was also differentially expressed in 8 of 12 bladder...
Relation of age and self-reported chronic medical condition status with dietary nutrient intake in the US population.

Objective: To examine the association of nutrient intake with age and self-reported chronic medical condition status in a large, nationally representative sample.Methods: We used data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 1989–1991. The analytic sample included subjects aged ≥25 years with 3 days of dietary data, and medical condition information (n=7,207). A positive response to having been informed by a doctor of having diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, cancer, osteoporosis, and stroke indicated the presence of chronic medical condition(s) (n=2,368). Sex-specific linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for multiple covariates were used to examine the relation of age and morbidity status with nutrient intake.Results: In men, age was associated with an increased risk of consuming <100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin E, vitamin B12, calcium, zinc, and iron (p<0.05), and self-reported morbidity was associated with an increased risk of consumin...
Evaluation of visible implant elastomer tags in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The use of the visible implant elastomer (VIE) tagging system in zebrafish (Danio rerio) was examined. Two tag orientations (horizontal and vertical) at the dorsal fin base were tested for tag retention, tag fragmentation and whether VIE tags affected growth and survival of juvenile zebrafish (1-4 month post hatch). Six tag locations (abdomen, anal fin base, caudal peduncle, dorsal fin base, pectoral fin base, isthmus) and 5 tag colors (yellow, red, pink, orange, blue) were evaluated for ease of VIE tag application and tag visibility in adult zebrafish. Long-term retention (1 year) and multiple tagging sites (right and left of dorsal fin and pectoral fin base) were examined in adult zebrafish. Lastly, survival of recombination activation gene 1(-/-) (rag1(-/-)) zebrafish was evaluated after VIE tagging. The best tag location was the dorsal fin base, and the most visible tag color was pink. Growth rate of juvenile zebrafish was not affected by VIE tagging. Horizontal tagging is recommended in early stages of fish growth (1-2 months post hatch). VIE tags were retained for 1 year and tagging did not interfere with long-term growth and survival. There was no mortality associated with VIE tagging in rag1(-/-) zebrafish. The VIE tagging system is highly suitable for small-sized zebrafish. When familiar with the procedure, 120 adult zebrafish can be tagged in one hour. It does not increase mortality in adult zebrafish or interfere with growth in juvenile or adult zebrafish.
Targets and ion sources for RIB generation at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility

Abstract The Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF), now under construction at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is based on the use of the well-known on-line isotope separator (ISOL) technique in which radioactive nuclei are produced by fusion type reactions in selectively chosen target materials by high-energy proton, deuteron, or He ion beams from the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron (ORIC). Among several major challenges posed by generating and accelerating adequate intensities of radioactive ion beams (RIBs), selection of the most appropriate target material for production of the species of interest is, perhaps, the most difficult. In this report, we briefly review present efforts to select target materials and to design composite target matrix/heat-sink systems that simultaneously incorporate the short diffusion lengths, high permeabilities, and controllable temperatures required to effect maximum diffusion release rates of the short-lived species that can be realized at the temperature limits of specific target materials. We also describe the performance characteristics for a selected number of target ion sources that will be employed for initial use at the HRIBF as well as prototype ion sources that show promise for future use for RIB applications.
Violence in Television Commercials During Nonviolent Programming The 1996 Major League Baseball Playoffs

Objective. —To identify the frequency of violent television commercials aired during major league baseball playoffs, traditionally thought to be a family-oriented viewing time. Design and Setting. —All 6 World Series games televised on the Fox Television Network (Fox), all 5 American League Championship Series playoff games televised by the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), and 4 first-round playoff games televised by ESPN Sports Television Network (ESPN) were videotaped in October 1996. Results. —During the 15 televised games reviewed, 104 (6.8%) of the 1528 commercials contained violent content. Sixty-one commercials (10 per game) that included violent interactions were noted during the World Series, 30 (6 per game) during the American League Championship Series, and 13 (3 per game) during the 4 first-round playoff games for a total of 104. In these 104 violent commercials, 69 contained at least 1 violent act, 90 contained at least 1 violent threat, and 27 contained evidence of at least 1 violent consequence. Seventy (67.3%) of the violent commercials were promotions for television programs, 7 (6.7%) were cable television program advertisements, and 20 (19.2%) were big-screen movie promotions. Twenty (71.4%) of 28 bigscreen movie promotions were violent. Twenty-two (21.2%) of the 104 violent commercials and 7 "nonviolent" commercials contained blood or other graphic content, all of which were televised during the Fox presentation of the World Series. Fox also accounted for all 24 violent commercials that used a knife. Guns were involved in 25 violent commercials on NBC (5.0 per game), in 20 on Fox (3.33 per game), and in 7 on ESPN (1.75 per game). Conclusion. —Overt violent content in commercials during the 1996 major league playoffs was common and consisted mainly of promotions for television programs and big-screen movies. It is counterintuitive to find such commercials in nonviolent programming and makes it difficult for parents to avoid exposing their children to this form of violence.
Examining Studies of Inquiry-Based Learning in Three Fields of Education: Sparking Generative Conversation.

Many educational researchers across the United States have found that inquiry-based learning (IBL) supports the development of deep, meaningful content knowledge. However, integrating IBL into classroom practice has been challenging, in part because of contrasting conceptualizations and practices across educational fields. In this article, we (a) describe differing conceptions of IBL, (b) summarize our own studies of IBL in three fields of education, (c) compare and contrast the processes and purposes of IBL in our studies and fields, and (d) suggest numerous opportunities for cross-disciplinary collaborations on IBL curriculum, teaching, and research that could bolster its inclusion in K-12 education. We ground our exploration in knowledge-generating conceptualizations and practices in these fields.