cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Three Feedback Controllers for Container Cranes

We investigate three feedback schemes for controlling container cranes. The control schemes are a classical feedback controller, a time-delayed position feedback controller, and a linear quadtratic regulator controller. The controllers are developed for a linearized version of the nonlinear model. The performance, however, is evaluated using the full nonlinear model. The metrics used to evaluate the controllers are the payload sway, the settling time of the sway, and the trolley acceleration. The time-delayed position feedback controller has the best overall performance.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Does chlorpromazine interfere with the Porter-Silber reaction?

Abstract Measurement of Porter-Silber chromogens have been reported to be interfered with by chlorpromazine and its metabolites. We show that the use of appropriate reference solutions obviate difficulties that appear to arise in these circumstances.
Pilot-scale enzymatic synthesis of bioactive oligopeptides in eutectic-based media

The bioactive peptide precursors Nα-Cbz-l-Lys(Nζ-Cbz)-Gly-OEt (1), Nα-Cbz-l-Lys(Nζ-Cbz)-Gly-l-Asp(OAll)-OAll (2), and Nα-Cbz-l-Lys(Nζ-Cbz)-Gly-l-Asp(OAll)-l-Glu(OAll)OEt (3) were synthesized via a sequential N-to-C strategy in heterogeneous solid−liquid mixtures of substrates using Celite-deposited chymopapain and subtilisin as catalysts. The substrate pairs displayed eutectic formation, and in the presence of 16−20% w/w of water and ethanol furnished low-melting point systems that provided substrate concentrations of 0.81−1.01 M, and sustained protease catalysis. The di-, tri-, and tetra-peptide were obtained in yields of 73, 74, and 67% (yield per step) respectively, and product concentrations of 0.34, 0.48, and 0.45 g per gram of reaction mixture were achieved with these systems. The syntheses were scaled up using wiped-blade and rotating-drum reactors, and 1, 2, and 3 were produced in yields of 71, 73, and 71%, at product concentrations of 0.36, 0.49, and 0.48 kg kg-1, on a reaction scale of 11.34, 6....
Metabolic products of Clitocybe diatreta. I. Diatretyne amide and diatretyne nitrile

Abstract The isolation of diatretyne amide and diatretyne nitrile from culture liquids of the basidiomycete, Clitocybe diatreta, is described. Proof is presented for the structure of the amide as 7-carbamidohepta-2-en-4, 6-diynoic acid (I) and of the nitrile as 7-cyanohepta-2-en-4, 6-diynoic acid. The microbiological activity and toxicity for mice of the two compounds is reported.
Molecular analysis of rheumatoid factors derived from rheumatoid synovium suggests an antigen‐driven response in inflamed joints

Objective. Understanding the molecular genetic basis for rheumatoid factor (RF) production is necessary to a better understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We sought to define the genetic basis of RF in RA. Methods. The heavy and light chain variable region genes encoding 4 human monoclonal RF were cloned and sequenced using the polymerase chain reaction and the dideoxynucleotide chain-termination method. Results. The heavy and light chains of the C6 RF and the light chain of the G9 RF were encoded by 3 new RF-related Ig V-region genes. The heavy and light chains of D5 and G4 RFs were identical; most of their mutations caused amino acid substitutions. Conclusions. The RF-related Ig V-region gene repertoire is large and is still expanding. The data from D5 and G4 strongly suggest that these 2 RFs arise in an antigen-driven response in rheumatoid synovium. The presumed germline V genes for C6 may represent disease-specific RF-related V genes.
A code-splitting algorithm

The translation of expressions into machine instructions often involves an implicit (or explicit) intermediate postfix (RPN) stage. Code generation and optimization of register-use are then based on the postfix form, in which segments of operands and operators alternate. This note introduces an 0(n) transformation into a form herein called splitfix in which the operands and operators are completely separated, at the cost of introducing two extra operators. The major implication of splitfix forms for architecture is that the operands and operators may be treated as two parallel streams (queues) and hence processed in parallel. A program in Pascal called SHUTTLE which makes use of splitfix in a refined form is included.
Cytological changes in senescing WI-38 cells: A statistical analysis

Abstract Changes in the cell, nuclear, nucleolar dry masses and areas were monitored simultaneously during in vitro senescence of WI-38 human fetal lung fibroblast cells, and the results were analyzed statistically. There was a two-step increase in all six parameters studied, following an initial decrease. The patterns of increase were strikingly similar for all six measures, i.e. , an initial lag period was followed by a sharp increase, a plateau and a final, abrupt increase. In all cases, there was a strong correlation between corresponding area and dry mass measurements for each cell component. The dry mass/area ratio also increased as a function of in vitro aging and ultimately doubled in value. Weak intrapassage correlations between cell, nuclear and nucleolar dry masses indicated that there were passage to passage differences in the relative rates of dry mass increases which were not apparent over long periods of growth. The increases in all nuclear and nucleolar areas were interdependent until the last doubling where they increased independently. The standard deviation for all six parameters increased as a function of in vitro senescence indicating that there was an increase in the heterogeneity of cells relative to these parameters.
DUAL RF HOLLOW CATHODE PLASMA JET DEPOSITION OF BaxSr1 − x TiO3

ABSTRACT We have developed an rf plasma jet hollow cathode deposition process capable of depositing BaxSr1 - xTiO3 films. The films were deposited in a high vacuum plasma jet system from separate BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 nozzles. Films were deposited onto silicon substrates which were coated with platinum/TiO2/SiO2 and onto MgO substrates. The magnitude of the rf power was varied in the range of 40 to 120 W. The film composition was determined by Rutherford Backscattering where we will show the film composition can be controlled by adjusting the power supplied to each nozzle. A programmed, variable power input to one nozzle was employed in order to deposit linearly graded composition films.
Free lunches in pareto coevolution

Recent work in test based coevolution has focused on employing ideas from multi-objective optimization in coevolutionary domains. So called Pareto coevolution treats the coevolving set of test cases as objectives to be optimized in the sense of multi-objective optimization. Pareto coevolution can be seen as a relaxation of traditional multi-objective evolutionary optimization. Rather than being forced to determine the outcome of a particular individual on every objective, pareto coevolution allows the examination of an individual's outcome on a particular objective. By introducing the notion of certifying pareto dominance and mutual non-dominance, this paper proves for the first time that free lunches exist for the class of pareto coevolutionary optimization problems. This theoretical result is of particular interest because we explicitly provide an algorithm for pareto coevolution which has better performance, on average, than all traditional multi-objective algorithms in the relaxed setting of pareto coevolution. The notion of certificates of preference/non-preference has potential implications for coevolutionary algorithm design in many classes of coevolution as well as for general multi-objective optimization in the relaxed setting of pareto coevolution.
The human Hsp70B gene at the HSPA7 locus of chromosome 1 is transcribed but non-functional.

Abstract The human heat-inducible Hsp70B and Hsp70B′ genes were co-localized to 1q23.1 by in situ hybridization. However, though transcripts from Hsp70B could be detected in heat-shocked cells, DNA sequence analyses of both the gene and cDNA copies of the mRNA indicate the gene is non-functional. Moreover, mouse homologues of Hsp70B/B′ were not detected by Southern blot analysis, suggesting Hsp70B/B′ arose from either Hsp70-1or Hsp70-2 after the divergence of mice and humans.
Capsule commentary on Johnson et al., Antihypertensive medication initiation among young adults with regular primary care use.

In this study1, Johnson et al. compared the rates of antihypertensive medication initiation in > 10,000 young (18–39 years) and older adults with regular primary care use. They found that after a mean follow-up of 20 months, only 34 % of young adults with incident hypertension were started on antihypertensive therapy or had blood pressure (BP) normalization prior to the start of therapy, compared with 44 % of 40–59 year-olds and 56 % of ≥ 60 year-olds. Authors concluded that despite regular primary care use and continued elevated BP, young adults had a 44 % slower rate of antihypertensive medication initiation than older adults.
Modelling molecular mechanisms of breast cancer and invasion: lessons from the normal gland

The interplay between genes and environment is complex, particularly when it comes to cancer. Studies on breast cancer cells have shown that environmental influences dominate over genotype in their effect on phenotype, and can cause cancerous cells to revert to a non-malignant phenotype, while remaining genotypically malignant. Using breast tissue in three-dimensional cell culture has proved a better model than traditional two-dimensional cell culture in that different cell types can be seen to behave differently to the same pro–apoptotic signal, with normal cells surviving.
Cavity ringdown spectroscopy of the NIR A∼-X∼ electronic transition of allyl peroxy radical (H2CCH–CH2OO·)

Abstract The A ∼ - X ∼ electronic absorption spectrum of allyl peroxy radical has been recorded at room temperature by cavity ringdown spectroscopy. Photolysis of an allyl bromide/ O 2 mixture at 193 nm or 248 nm yields allyl peroxy and HO 2 radicals, with 248 nm photolysis more strongly favoring allyl peroxy formation. Utilizing electronic structure calculations (including computed OOCC torsional potentials), the experimental spectrum is assigned in terms of the three conformers predicted to have the greatest intensity. This work represents an extension of recent progress in measuring A ∼ - X ∼ absorption spectra of saturated organic peroxy radicals to unsaturated species.
Cellular and Molecular Events Surrounding Blastocyst Implantation: Report on a NICHD Meeting, Bethesda, MD, USA, 15–16 November 1999

This meeting, supported by the Reproductive Sciences Branch, Center for Population Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, was held to achieve dual purposes: (1) the evaluation of the ongoing National Cooperative Program on Markers of Uterine Receptivity for Blastocyst Implantation and (2) to update our knowledge of blastocyst implantation research. The Cooperative Program was evaluated as being highly successful, with good productivity, rapid exchange of information, and remarkable progress. Our knowledge of many molecules that concern interactions between blastocyst and maternal tissues was also updated as a result of the meeting.
Physical simulation of power plant condenser tube passage

Abstract The power plant condenser tube simulator described herein is capable of subjecting entrainable organisms to flow velocities, hydrostatic pressures, changes in temperature and concentrations of chemical additives which cover the range of variables at most existing power plants. A split flow design permits simultaneous exposures of organisms to different temperature and biocide levels in the two condenser tubes. For the first time in the field of entrainment research, the interactive effects of temperature, biocide and pressure and velocity can be examined under controlled conditions. Preliminary experiments utilizing the euryhaline mysid crustacean Neomysis americana demonstrate the applicability of the simulator as a research tool for the study of thermal and mechanical stress of condenser tube passage.
Cross reactivity between many anti-human antibodies for their hamster homologs provide the tools to study the signal transduction pathway activated by asbestos and SV40 in the malignant mesothelioma model

The aim of this study was to test the possibility of using human antibodies to study the pathogenic mechanism of SV40 and asbestos in a hamster mesothelioma model. The cellular lysates from human and hamster primary mesothelial cells were tested by Western blot analysis. All of the antibodies we tested (HGF, Notch, VEGF, Sp1, p53, PP2A, p-ERK1, p-c-jun, Fra1, Fra2, MMP1, MMP9, NFkappaB p65, IkappaB, GAPDH) cross-reacted with their hamster counterparts. These data indicate that hamster mesothelioma model and more in general hamster experimental model, can be used for functional studies because many mouse, rabbit, and goat monoclonal antibodies prepared against human antigens cross-react with their hamster counterparts.
The Outer Membrane Protein PorB from Neisseria Meningitidis: from Structure to Function to Disease

PorB is the second most prevalent outer membrane protein in Neisseria meningitidis, is required for neisserial pathogenesis and can elicit a Toll-like receptor mediated host immune response. The x-ray crystal structure of PorB has been determined to 2.3 A resolution. Structural analysis and co-crystallization studies identify three putative solute translocation pathways through the channel pore: one pathway transports anions non-selectively, one transports cations non-selectively, and one facilitates the specific uptake of sugars. During infection, PorB likely binds host mitochondrial ATP, and co-crystallization with the ATP analog AMP-PNP suggests that binding of nucleotides regulates these translocation pathways both by partial occlusion of the pore and by restricting the motion of a putative voltage gating loop. PorB is located on the surface of N. meningitidis and can be recognized by receptors of the host innate immune system. Features of PorB suggest that Toll-like receptor mediated recognition outer membrane proteins may be initiated with a non-specific electrostatic attraction.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
A Cobalt(III) Chiroporphyrin and Its Amine Adducts. A Potential Chiral NMR Shift Reagent for Amines.

The chlorocobalt(III) complex of alphabetaalphabeta-tetramethylchiroporphyrin, CoCl(TMCP), has been prepared as a potential enantioselective host or chiral NMR shift reagent for optically active amines. The X-ray structure of CoCl(OHCH(2)CH(3))(TMCP) shows the six-coordinate cobalt(III) ion at the center of a strongly ruffled porphyrin. The 2-fold-disordered ethanol ligand interacts with the chiroporphyrin host by two C-H.O hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl groups of two ester substituents. Primary amines bind to this diamagnetic cobalt(III) center to form cationic 2:1 complexes in which the (1)H NMR resonances of the axial ligands are shifted upfield of tetramethylsilane by the porphyrin ring current. Coordinated enantiopure 2-alkylamines exhibit NMR signals for the protons of the amine group which are characteristic of their (R or S) absolute configuration. The bis-complexes of the same amines in racemic form exist as three different species, (R,R), (S,S), and (R,S), in 1:1:2 relative ratios. Negligible enantioselection by the chiral host suggests kinetic control of bis(amine) complex formation on cobalt(III). The X-ray structure of the bis((S)-2-butylamine) complex [Co((S)-NH(2)CH(CH(3))CH(2)CH(3))(2)(TMCP)][CoCl(4)](0.5) shows a 2-fold-disordered amine on one face of the porphyrin only. The unique amine on the other face is held within the porphyrin groove by a network of weak interactions including N-H.O and C-H.O hydrogen bonds. With its ability to induce good resolution of axial ligand (1)H NMR resonances and slow dissociation kinetics of its bis-adducts, CoCl(TMCP) may be useful as a chiral NMR shift reagent for conformational studies of chiral amines and as an analytical reagent for the determination of their enantiomer composition.
phospholipase C, beta 3 is required for Endothelin1 regulation of pharyngeal arch patterning in zebrafish

Genetic and pharmacological studies demonstrate that Endothelin1 (Edn1) is a key signaling molecule for patterning the facial skeleton in fish, chicks, and mice. When Edn1 function is reduced early in development the ventral lower jaw and supporting structures are reduced in size and often fused to their dorsal upper jaw counterparts. We show that schmerle (she) encodes a zebrafish ortholog of Phospholipase C, beta 3 (Plcbeta3) required in cranial neural crest cells for Edn1 regulation of pharyngeal arch patterning. Sequencing and co-segregation demonstrates that two independent she (plcbeta3) alleles have missense mutations in conserved residues within the catalytic domains of Plcbeta3. Homozygous plcbeta3 mutants are phenotypically similar to edn1 mutants and exhibit a strong arch expression defect in Edn1-dependent Distalless (Dlx) genes as well as expression defects in several Edn1-dependent intermediate and ventral arch domain transcription factors. plcbeta3 also genetically interacts with edn1, supporting a model in which Edn1 signals through a G protein-coupled receptor to activate Plcbeta3. Mild skeletal defects occur in plcbeta3 heterozygotes, showing the plcbeta3 mutations are partially dominant. Through a morpholino-mediated deletion in the N-terminal PH domain of Plcbeta3, we observe a partial rescue of facial skeletal defects in homozygous plcbeta3 mutants, supporting a hypothesis that an intact PH domain is necessary for the partial dominance we observe. In addition, through mosaic analyses, we show that wild-type neural crest cells can efficiently rescue facial skeletal defects in homozygous plcbeta3 mutants, demonstrating that Plcbeta3 function is required in neural crest cells and not other cell types to pattern the facial skeleton.
Modulated excitation of singly ligated carboxyhemoglobin

We have extended the method of modulated excitation, a small perturbation kinetic method, to study ligand binding and conformational change of hemoglobin tetramers with a single ligand bound. To restrict the excitation to the first ligand, only 1% of the hemes have bound CO, and the remainder are kept unliganded. A detailed theory is presented which agrees well with the experimental observations. This method of observing ligand recombination also provides a novel and simple method for determination of hemoglobin concentration. Additional relaxation processes are also observed. By fitting independently determined spectra to the spectra associated with the relaxations, these processes are assigned as thermal excitation and thermally driven protonation/deprotonation reactions. These added relaxations arise from the deoxy-Hb portion of the samples, and demonstrate that modulated excitation can be used effectively for temperature perturbation in the absence of photodissociation. The spectra observed are not well described by the spectra of allosteric change, however, and we conclude that there is no significant mixing of quaternary states at the first ligation step. In an appendix we present a derivation of the particular features seen in thermally modulated protonation reactions.
Naphthyl-substituted bisoxazoline and pyridylbisoxazoline–copper(I) catalysts for asymmetric allylic oxidation

The synthesis of naphthyl substituted malonyl-derived and pyridine-based bisoxazolines and their applications in the asymmetric allylic oxidation of cyclohexene with t-butyl p-nitroperbenzoate have been performed with much improved reactivity (75% yield) while maintaining very good enantioselectivity (85% ee). A 1-naphthyl group as the side chain of the oxazoline ligand was found to be optimal. Correlations between the nature of the substituents on the bisoxazolines and the reactivity/selectivity have been established. Tridentate pyridylbisoxazoline ligands with naphthyl groups were also synthesized and employed.
Issues in Process Metaphysics

In the last several decades, there has been a growing—even if partial—appreciation of the importance of process, or dynamic, approaches in cognitive science. All sciences, in fact, have passed thro...
Meeting the Healthy People 2020 Goals: Using the Health Information National Trends Survey to Monitor Progress on Health Communication Objectives

The Healthy People initiative outlines a comprehensive set of goals aimed at improving the nation's health and reducing health disparities. Health communication has been included as an explicit goal since the launch of Healthy People 2010. The Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) was established as a means of exploring how the changing information environment was affecting the public's health, and is therefore an ideal tool for monitoring key health communication objectives included in the Healthy People agenda. In this article, the authors apply an integrative data analysis strategy to more than 10 years of HINTS data to demonstrate how public health surveillance can be used to evaluate broad national health goals, like those set forth under the Healthy People initiative. The authors analyzed just one item from the HINTS survey regarding Internet access in order to illustrate what public health surveillance tools, like HINTS, can reveal about important indicators that are of interest to all those who work to improve the health of the public. Results show that reported Internet penetration has exceeded the Healthy People 2020 target of 75.4%. HINTS data also allowed modeling of the effects of various sociodemographic factors, which revealed persistent differences on the basis of age and education, with the oldest age groups and those with less than a college education falling short of the Healthy People 2020 target as of 2013. Furthermore, although differences by race/ethnicity were observed, the analyses suggest that race in itself accounts for very little of the variance in Internet access.
Rationality and Analysts' Forecast Bias

This paper proposes and tests a quadratic-loos utility function for modeling corporate earnings forecasting, where financial analysts trade off bias to improve management access and forecast accuracy. Optimal forecasts with minimum expected error are optimistically biased and exhibit predictable cross-sectional variation related to analyst and company characteristics. Empirical evidence from individual analyst forecasts is consistent with the model's predictions. These results suggest that positive and predictable bias may be a rational property of optimal earnings forecasts. Prior studies using classical notions of unbiasedness may have prematurely dismissed analysts' forecasts as being irrational or inaccurate.
Architectural support for high-performance distributed computing

Software and hardware support are presented to transform a local area network of workstations into a high-performance distributed computing environment. A host interface processor (HIP) and a communication protocol (HCP) are presented to improve the application-level transfer rates. The authors analyze the performance of a distributed application when it runs on computers of HIP-based local networks and compare it with the performance of a single computer execution. >
Tumour eosinophilia combined with an immunohistochemistry panel is useful in the differentiation of type B3 thymoma from thymic carcinoma

It is sometimes difficult to differentiate between type B3 thymoma from thymic carcinoma histologically. Given the rarity of these tumours, studies have been limited. A series of 66 thymic neoplasms were reviewed and classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) scheme. We performed a tissue microarray analysis of surgically resected thymic tumour specimens including 12 thymic carcinomas, 17 type B3 thymomas and 37 thymomas of other types. Percentage and staining intensity of immunohistochemical markers were recorded. Tumour eosinophilia was recorded positive if at least one eosinophilic cell identified. Positive staining of the following markers significantly differentiated type B3 thymoma from thymic carcinoma: cytokeratin 5/6 (15 vs. 3), Mesothelin (0 vs. 5), cytoplasmic androgen receptor (10 vs. 0), CD57 (9 vs. 0), CD5 (0 vs. 7), TdT (lymphocytic) (14 vs. 1), CD1a (lymphocytic) (14 vs. 2), CD117 (1 vs. 9), MOC31 (2 vs. 6), p21 (2 vs. 8), cytoplasmic Survivin (0 vs. 4), and tumour eosinophilia (1 vs. 11). Combining two or three markers was able to differentiate these two tumours with area under the curve percentage of at least 92%. Tumour eosinophilia combined with a panel of immunohistochemistry could differentiate type B3 thymoma from thymic carcinoma.
Attitude and personality correlates of hallucinogenic drug use.

Personality, attitude, and hallucinogenic drug use data were obtained from 298 male and female adult members of labor unions. Multiple regression and canonical correlation analyses of drug use, personality, and attitude data revealed that: (1) the use of hallucinogens was significantly related to needs for novel or unconventional experiences and negative attitudes toward conventionally defined social values, and (2) marijuana use scores were more strongly associated with the set of predictor variables than were other drugs reported.
Competing Perspectives in the Classroom: The Effect of Sociology Students' Perceptions of “Balance” on Evaluations

“Balance” in the classroom has been the subject of recent debate in academic and public spheres, with some calling for legislation to prevent instructors from “indoctrinating” students. The debate over balance is important to sociology because the discipline is sometimes characterized as overtly liberal and activist; but the implications of balance for teaching and learning remain unclear. In this article, we present the results of a study in which we operation-alized balance as students' perceptions of whether instructors discussed points of view other than their own and invited criticism of their ideas. Using OLS regression on undergraduate classes' quantitative evaluations of sociology instructors at Indiana University during the 2002-2003 academic year (N=99 classes), we asked whether classes perceived their sociology instructors to be balanced and whether positive perceptions led to better evaluations. We also asked about the relative influence of sociology classes' perceptions of balance compared to...
Child Routines and Youths’ Adherence to Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes

Objective Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a chronic life-threatening disease that requires strict adherence to daily treatment tasks. Although necessary for survival, children who present with behavior problems tend to show problems complying with the treatment regimen, thereby increasing their risk for morbidity and premature mortality. The risk of poor treatment adherence is hypothesized to be lower for these children, however, if they engage in more routine behaviors. Given the potential clinical implications, this hypothesis and two theoretical models proposed to elucidate the underlying psychological process for the role of child routines in treatment adherence were evaluated empirically. The first model hypothesized that child routines protect (moderator variable) behaviorally problematic children from poor treatment adherence, whereas the alternative model hypothesized that child routines mediate the relation between childhood behavior problems and poor treatment adherence. Methods Parents of T1DM patients (N = 111) ranging from 6 to 16 years of age (M = 12 years) reported on their child's behavior problems, routine behaviors, and adherence to treatment for T1DM using standardized measures. Baron and Kenny's statistical procedures for testing moderation and mediation hypotheses were used to evaluate the proposed models. Results Regression analyses did not support the moderation hypothesis but did support the hypothesis that engaging in child routines mediates the relation between childhood behavior problems and poor treatment adherence. Conclusions Parents of behaviorally problematic children diagnosed with T1DM might be advised to instill routines in their child's daily activities to increase the likelihood of treatment adherence, and thereby reduce the risk of morbidity and early mortality. Implications for clinical interventions are discussed.
Gel encapsulation of glucose nanosensors for prolonged in vivo lifetime.

Background: Fluorescent glucose-sensitive nanosensors have previously been used in vivo to track glucose concentration changes in interstitial fluid. However, this technology was limited because of loss of fluorescence intensity due to particle diffusion from the injection site. In this study, we encapsulated the nanosensors into injectable gels to mitigate nanosensor migration in vivo. Methods: Glucose-sensitive nanosensors were encapsulated in two different commercially available gelling agents: gel 1 and gel 2. Multiple formulations of each gel were assessed in vitro for their nanosensor encapsulation efficiency, permeability to glucose, and nanosensor retention over time. The optimal formulation for each gel, as determined from the in vitro assessment, was then tested in mice, and the lifetime of the encapsulated nanosensors was compared with controls of nanosensors without gel. Results: Five gel formulations had encapsulation efficiencies of the nanosensors greater than 90%. Additionally, they retained up to 20% and 40% of the nanosensors over 24 h for gel 1 and gel 2, respectively. In vivo, both gels prevented diffusion of glucose nanosensors at least three times greater than the controls.
Detailed Placement for Enhanced Control of Resist and Etch CDs

Subresolution assist feature (SRAF) and etch-dummy-insertion techniques have been absolutely essential for process-window enhancement and CD control in photo and etch processes. However, as focus levels change during lithography manufacturing, CDs at a given ldquolegalrdquo pitch can fail to achieve manufacturing tolerances. Placed standard-cell layouts may not have the ideal whitespace distribution to allow for an optimal assist-feature insertion. This paper first describes a novel dynamic-programming-based technique for Assist-Feature Correctness (AFCorr) in detailed placement of standard-cell designs. At the same time, etch-dummy features are used in the mask data preparation flow to reduce CD skew between resist and etch processes and to improve the printability of layouts. However, etch-dummy rules conflict with the SRAF insertion because each of the two techniques requires specific design rules. We further present a novel SRAF-aware etch-dummy-insertion method (SAEDM) which optimizes the etch-dummy insertion to make the layout more conducive to the assist-feature insertion after the etch-dummy features have been inserted. Since placement of cells can create forbidden-pitch violations of resist process and can increase etch skew, the placer must also generate etch-dummy-correct placement. This can be solved by Etch-dummy Correctness (EtchCorr), which is an intelligent whitespace management for etch-dummy-corrected placement, an extension of the AFCorr methodology. These methods for enhanced resist and etch CD controls are validated on industrial test cases with respect to wafer printability, database complexity, and device performance. For benchmark designs, we validate the four methodologies: 1) AFCorr; 2) SAEDM; 3) AFCorr SAEDM; and 4) AFCorr EtchCorr SAEDM. The AFCorr placement perturbation achieves a significant reduction in forbidden pitches between polysilicon shapes. Using 1) flow, forbidden-pitch count of photo process is reduced by 76%-100% for 130 nm and by 87%-100% for 90 nm. Our novel Corr design-perturbation technique, which combines the AFCorr and EtchCorr methods, facilitates additional SRAF and etch-dummy insertions and, thus, reduces the CD skew between the photo and etch processes. After Corr with SAEDM, edge-placement-error count is also reduced by 91%-100% in the resist CD and by 72%-98% in the etch CD. Our methods provide a substantial improvement in CD control with negligible timing, area, and CPU overhead. The advantages of such correctness methods are expected to increase in future technology nodes.
Euclidean nonlinear classical field equations with unique vacuum

We study the real, Euclidean, classical field equation $$(\mu ^2 + \Delta )\varphi + \lambda F(\varphi ) = f,\mu ^2 > 0$$ where φ: ℝd→ℝ is suitably small at infinity. We study existence and regularity assuming that λ≧0,F∈C∞(ℝ), andaF(a)≧0∀a∈∝. These hypotheses allow strongly nonlinearF and nonunique solutions forf≠0. WhenF′≧0, we prove uniqueness, various contractivity properties, analytic dependence on the coupling constant λ, and differentiability in the external sourcef. For applications in the loop expansion in quantum field theory, it is useful to know that φ is in the Schwartz classL wheneverf is, and we provide a proof of this fact. The technical innovations of the problem lie in treating the noncompactness of Rd, the strong nonlinearity ofF, and the polynomial weights in the seminorms definingL.
A novel inter-package connection for advanced package-on-package enabling

This paper presents a novel enabling technique exploiting interposer approach such as silicon and package interposer in the area of package-on-package (PoP) technology to achieve ultra small form factor packaging solution. The electrical performance of such interconnect innovation is discussed in this paper, and pitted against the conventional PoP methods using solder ball connection, as well as the recent developed over-molded interconnection technology. This paper also highlights the advantages of the aforementioned silicon and package interposer technology from electrical performance perspective such as signal integrity in terms of impedance matching, noise shielding, electrical return and insertion losses, of which modeling and simulation data are presented. Other attributes e.g. device input-output (IO) density and physical scalability associated with the above inter-package connection systems are also compared and further elaborated in this paper.
Chemical estimation of nitrogen mineralization in paddy rice soils. II: Comparison to greenhouse availability indices

Abstract A simple nitrogen (N) availability index is needed to improve fertilizer recommendations and, thus, reduce the opportunity for over‐ or under‐fertilization of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Consequently, a study was conducted to develop a chemical extraction procedure that will estimate the potentially mineralizable N made available to rice during the growing season. The ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4+‐N) extracted with 0.05M KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) + 0.5M H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) (acidified KMnO4), 0.05M K2Cr2O7 (potassium dichromate) + 0.5M H2SO4 (acidified K2Cr2O7), 1.0M HC1 (hydrochloric acid), and 0.5M C2H2O4 (oxalic acid) was compared to total N uptake (TNU) by ‘Newbonnet’ rice grown under greenhouse conditions. Comparisons were also made between distillation of the entire soil‐extractant suspension (TOT) and distillation of the supernatant after centrifugation (SUP). Anaerobic incubation for 7, 14, and 21 d was also included for comparison. The indices evaluated decreased in ability to predict TNU in...
Dissection of a Complex Enhancer Element: Maintenance of Keratinocyte Specificity but Loss of Differentiation Specificity

In this report, we explored the mechanisms underlying keratinocyte-specific and differentiation-specific gene expression in the skin. We have identified five keratinocyte-specific, open chromatin regions that exist within the 6 kb of 5' upstream regulatory sequence known to faithfully recapitulate the strong endogenous keratin 5 (K5) promoter and/or enhancer activity. One of these, DNase I-hypersensitive site (HSs) 4, was unique in that it acted independently to drive abundant and keratinocyte-specific reporter gene activity in culture and in transgenic mice, despite the fact that it was not essential for K5 enhancer activity. We have identified evolutionarily conserved regulatory elements and a number of their associated proteins that bind to this compact and complex enhancer element. The 125-bp 3' half of this element (referred to as 4.2) is by far the smallest known strong enhancer element possessing keratinocyte-specific activity in vivo. Interestingly, its activity is restricted to a subset of progeny of K5-expressing cells located within the sebaceous gland. The other half of HSs 4 (termed 4.1) possesses activity to suppress sebocyte-specific expression and induce expression in the channel (inner root sheath) cells surrounding the hair shaft. Our findings lead us to a view of keratinocyte gene expression which is determined by multiple regulatory modules, many of which contain AP-2 and/or Sp1/Sp3 binding sites for enhancing expression in skin epithelium, but which also harbor one or more unique sites for the binding of factors which determine specificity. Through mixing and matching of these modules, additional levels of specificity are obtained, indicating that both transcriptional repressors and activators govern the specificity.
Compression of the medial half of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve by an anomalous origin of the flexor digiti minimi. A case report.

We describe the case of a patient who had compression of the medial half of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve by an anomalous penetrating tendinous structure, resulting in an unusual pattern of ulnar neuropathy. When the patient was first seen, she had isolated weakness of the intrinsic muscles of the ring and little fingers as well as some of the hypothenar muscles, without evidence of additional ulnar innervated motor or sensory abnormality. To our knowledge, this lesion has not been reported previously. A twenty-year-old woman who worked in the retail industry had a one-year history of a deformity involving the right, dominant hand. She recalled no episode of trauma and related the onset of the problem to lifting hangers with heavy clothing. She had no sensory abnormality or symptoms referable to problems elsewhere in the limb or cervical area and was otherwise healthy. Before the patient was seen by the senior one of us (M. S.), a number of investigations had been performed. The findings on standard radiographs as well as a magnetic resonance image of the hand and wrist were considered within normal limits. No abnormalities were identified on two sets of nerve-conduction and electromyographic studies that had been performed two months apart. Non-invasive vascular studies demonstrated a congenitally small ulnar artery, which was confirmed by magnetic resonance angiography. Despite immobilization, avoidance of exacerbating activities, and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, no improvement was noted. On examination, a claw deformity of the ring and little fingers was observed. The deformity was passively correctable. Atrophy of the intrinsic muscles was visible in the intermetacarpal region between the third and fourth web spaces. Testing of muscle strength against the hand of the examiner demonstrated intrinsic weakness in the third and fourth dorsal interossei, second and third palmar interossei, third …
Simple laser stabilization to the strontium 88Sr transition at 707 nm

We describe frequency stabilization of a laser at 707 nm wavelength using FM spectroscopy in a hollow cathode lamp. The laser is stabilized to the (88)Sr metastable (3)P2 to (3)S1 optical transition. The stabilized laser is utilized for laser-cooling and trapping of strontium atoms. We also briefly describe how the same hollow cathode lamp is used to simultaneously derive a polarization spectroscopy signal for stabilizing the blue-MOT laser at 461 nm.
Transnational Operations, Bi-National Injustice: Indigenous Amazonian Peoples and Ecuador, ChevronTexaco, and Agunda v. Texaco

Texaco's discovery of oil in the Amazon Rainforest in Ecuador was heralded as the salvation of the nation's economy. But the reality of oil development turned out to be far more complex that its triumphalist launch. For indigenous Amazonian peoples, the arrival of Texaco's work crews meant destruction rather than progress. In 1993, a class action lawsuit was filed against Texaco in U.S. federal court in New York. In 2002, the case, Aguinda v. Texaco, was dismissed on the ground of forum non conveniens, in favor of litigation in Ecuador. This Article reviews events leading to the lawsuit, followed by a discussion of the decision to dismiss. The review calls into question the finding by the court that the case has "nothing to do with the United States," and concludes that the decision to dismiss Aguinda was colored by a series of detailed, but questionable, factual assumptions relating to control of the operations and the history of litigation in Ecuador's courts. The Article then discusses legal and political developments in the wake of the dismissal, and concludes with some general observations and recommendations.
The Representative Function of Bureaucracy: Public Administration in Constitutive Perspective

The dominant hierarchical and pluralist views of the proper role for an active, policy-making bureaucracy in a liberal democracy, which are grounded in concepts of representation, do not adequately...
A Useful Notation for Rules of Differentiation

(1993). A Useful Notation for Rules of Differentiation. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 351-352.
Laboratory evaluation of differential white blood cell count information from the Coulter S-plus IV and Technicon H-1 in patient populations requiring rapid "turnaround" time.

Automated differential counts produced by the Coulter® S-Plus IV (S + 4) and the Technicon H-1® (H-1) were compared with routine and reference manual differentials with the use of samples from the adult emergency room (ER) and the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), populations in which rapid reporting of lab-oratory results is considered important. Error rates for routine technologists were 9.3% in the ER and 15.3% in the NICU. Error rates for the two instruments were higher than those for technologists with samples from the ER but could be reduced to 4–5% if instrument flags and additional criteria were used to signal the need for a conventional differential. Instrument error rates were higher yet with NICU samples, and specificity was very low (10% for each device). There were small differences between the instruments in detection of immature neutrophils, butflagsfrom the H-1 were more specific (except for detection of nucleated red blood cells in samples from the ER). If either instrument were used in an adult ER and flags and additional criteria were used to signal the need for conventional differentials, 64–75% fewer manual counts would be performed with no de-crease in accuracy and a considerable improvement in turnaround time.
Heat Induced Circulation

This chapter dwells on the importance of diabatic heating in the deep tropics that acts as a forcing on some of the large-scale circulation features in the tropical and sub-tropical latitudes. First, we begin with the analytical solutions of a simple linearized shallow water model equations following Gill (1980). This work although an idealized modeling study, is highly instructive in understanding the circulation features such as the east–west (Walker) circulation, meridional (Hadley) circulation and easterlies associated with the trade winds. This idealized atmospheric modeling study is often referred as the “Gill” atmosphere.
Photorefractivity, two-beam coupling, and holographic recording in dye/fullerene-doped nematic-liquid-crystal film

Interest in materials that exhibit photorefractivity has been very intense, owing to their capabilities for low-power optical-wave mixing applications, including phase conjugation, image and signal processing, and holographic storage. Currently, two classes of photorefractive materials have been developed: (i) inorganic and semiconductor crystals1 and (ii) polymers.2
Alkyl-functionalized and methylidyne-doped boron nitride fullerene polymer precursors

Boron nitride fullerenes are stabilized by including methylidyne (CH) groups in place of some of the nitrogen atoms. Such a process also produces carbon atoms in the cage that can subsequently be functionalized. The present work shows that attaching ethyl groups to these carbons destabilizes the fullerene cages somewhat. However, replacing other nitrogen atoms with CH groups returns to a path of stabilization. In fact, the energy minima for inclusion of an ethyl substituted carbon and five CH groups can be lower than simply replacing six nitrogens with six methylidynes. Consequently, it is shown that B12N12 dimers linked with ethyl groups are further stabilized with CH replacements of nitrogens. This result indicates that polymers containing these nanoparticles can be made into strong materials. Replacing nitrogens is only favorable within four-membered rings keeping the likely size of the included carborated boron nitride fullerene molecules themselves small as they reside within polymers. Additionally, these materials are promising for aerospace applications where the presence of boron and hydrogen nuclei will shield against cosmic rays and neutron radiation.
Shape memory polymer foams prepared from a heparin-inspired polyurethane/urea

Polymers with shape memory properties have been prepared using heparin-inspired segments. The polymers have been prepared as films and foams. Both films and foams demonstrate good shape memory behavior as evidenced by fixity and recovery values. The materials properties of the foams can easily be tuned by varying the template used to prepare the foam. The heparin-inspired polymers impart excellent resistance to platelet adhesion. These shape memory foams are promising candidates for blood contacting biomaterials.
Structural Evolution of Polyelectrolyte Complex Core Micelles and Ordered-Phase Bulk Materials

The kinetics of formation and structural evolution of novel polyelectrolyte complex materials formed by the assembly of water-soluble di- and triblock copolymers, with one neutral block and one (or two) cationic or anionic blocks, have been investigated. Comparison was made between the assembly of ABA and AB′ copolymers in which A represents the ionic blocks and B and B′ are the neutral poly(ethylene oxide) blocks. The degree of polymerization of B was twice that of B′ and the ionic A blocks were of equal degrees of polymerization in all polymers. The mechanism and speed of the assembly process, and the organization of these domains, was probed using dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). SAXS revealed that the equilibrium morphologies of both the diblock copolymer and the triblock copolymer materials were generally qualitatively the same with some apparent quantitative differences in phase boundaries, possibly attributable to lack of full equilibration. Slow kinetics and...
Near infrared light decreases synaptic vulnerability to amyloid beta oligomers

Synaptic dysfunction due to the disrupting binding of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau oligomers is one of the earliest impairments in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), driving initial cognitive deficits and clinical manifestation. Consequently, there is ample consensus that preventing early synaptic dysfunction would be an effective therapeutic strategy for AD. With this goal in mind, we investigated the effect of a treatment of mice with near infrared (NIR) light on synaptic vulnerability to Aβ oligomers. We found that Aβ oligomer binding to CNS synaptosomes isolated from wild type (wt) mice treated with NIR light was significantly reduced and the resulting suppression of long term potentiation (LTP) by Aβ oligomers was prevented. Similarly, APP transgenic mice treated with NIR showed a significant reduction of endogenous Aβ at CNS synapses. We further found that these phenomena were accompanied by increased synaptic mitochondrial membrane potential in both wt and Tg2576 mice. This study provides evidence that NIR light can effectively reduce synaptic vulnerability to damaging Aβ oligomers, thus furthering NIR light therapy as a viable treatment for AD.