cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Degeneration in Arousal Neurons in Chronic Sleep Disruption Modeling Sleep Apnea

Chronic sleep disruption (CSD) is a cardinal feature of sleep apnea that predicts impaired wakefulness. Despite effective treatment of apneas and sleep disruption, patients with sleep apnea may have persistent somnolence. Lasting wake disturbances in treated sleep apnea raise the possibility that CSD may induce sufficient degeneration in wake-activated neurons (WAN) to cause irreversible wake impairments. Implementing a stereological approach in a murine model of CSD, we found reduced neuronal counts in representative WAN groups, locus coeruleus (LC) and orexinergic neurons, reduced by 50 and 25%, respectively. Mice exposed to CSD showed shortened sleep latencies lasting at least 4 weeks into recovery from CSD. As CSD results in frequent activation of WAN, we hypothesized that CSD promotes mitochondrial metabolic stress in WAN. In support, CSD increased lipofuscin within select WAN. Further, examining the LC as a representative WAN nucleus, we observed increased mitochondrial protein acetylation and down-regulation of anti-oxidant enzyme and brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA. Remarkably, CSD markedly increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha within WAN, and not in adjacent neurons or glia. Thus, CSD, as observed in sleep apnea, results in a composite of lasting wake impairments, loss of select neurons, a pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidative mitochondrial stress response in WAN, consistent with a degenerative process with behavioral consequences.
Towards a high quality path-oriented network measurement and storage system

Researchers need current and historical measurements of Internet paths. We built and deployed a complete system designed to fill these needs: a safe, shareable, multi-user active network measurement system probes network paths and reliably records measurements in a storage facility with multiple levels of caching, providing users with fast, flexible querying. Our system, deployed on PlanetLab for over 20 months, has accumulated 940 million measurements and made them publicly available in a separate, federated data repository. Our experience shows that building and running such a valuable research tool poses significant engineering and practical challenges.
Perspectives on the Climate of the Last 500 Years

High resolution proxy records of past climate can be used to extend our perspective on regional and hemispheric changes of climate back in time by several hundred years. Using historical, tree-ring and ice core data, we examine climatic variations during the period commonly called the “Little Ice Age”. A reconstruction of summer temperatures reveals that, for the northern hemisphere as a whole, the coldest summer temperatures of the last 560 years were between 1570 and 1730, and in the early to mid-19th century. At other times, temperatures were relatively high, in some regions equalling or exceeding levels typical of the early to mid 20th century. Temperatures during the Maunder Minimum (1655’1714) correspond to the coldest 60 year interval of the last few centuries at many locations, but the period of the Sporer Minimum was not particularly unusual. In the context of the last 500-600 years, unusually warm conditions have prevailed since the 1920s ; this may be related to a relative absence of major explosive volcanic eruptions and higher levels of greenhouse gases.
The 2014 M w 6.0 Napa earthquake, California: Observations from real-time GPS-enhanced earthquake early warning

Recently, progress has been made to demonstrate feasibility and benefits of including real-time GPS (rtGPS) in earthquake early warning and rapid response systems. Most concepts, however, have yet to be integrated into operational environments. The Berkeley Seismological Laboratory runs an rtGPS-based finite fault inversion scheme in real time. This system (G-larmS) detected the 2014 Mw 6.0 South Napa earthquake in California. We review G-larmS' performance during this event and 13 aftershocks and present rtGPS observations and real-time modeling results for the main shock. The first distributed slip model and magnitude estimates were available 24 s after the event origin time, which, after optimizations, was reduced to 14 s (≈ 8s S wave travel time, ≈ 6 s data latency). G-larmS' solutions for the aftershocks (that had no measurable surface displacements) demonstrate that, in combination with the seismic early warning magnitude, M w 6.0 is our current resolution limit.
Management and technical issues in a Pentium-based server development project

IBM recently announced its PS/2 Server 95 based on the Pentium microprocessor. This paper provides a technical description of the product's architecture and technology. It then goes beyond that to also describe some of the nontechnical issues that were involved in the concept, design and development stages of the project. It is asserted that companies are world-class to the degree that they master all of the critical success factors, both technical and business. >
Esophageal and Gastric Pressure Measurements

The measurement of esophageal and gastric pressures with balloon-tipped catheters has been used with great success over the past half century to delineate the physiology of the mechanical respiratory system. Pleural pressure and abdominal pressure values estimated from esophageal and gastric pressure measurements allow analysis of lung and chest wall compliance, as well as work of breathing, respiratory muscle function, and the presence of diaphragm paralysis. Although much of the use of these measurement techniques has been in the clinical laboratory, to improve the understanding of basic physiologic mechanisms, the techniques have also been used in clinical situations to diagnose diaphragm paralysis, assess the work of breathing during mechanical ventilation, and estimate pulmonary compliance. In this article I review the historical background, physiology, placement techniques, and potential clinical applications of esophageal and gastric pressure measurements. In addition, I will briefly review the measurement of bladder pressure, which is a related topic.
Nitrogenase Activity Is Affected by Reduced Partial Pressures of N2 and NO3- 1.

Optimal use of legumes in cropping systems requires a thorough understanding of the interaction between inorganic N nutrition and symbiotic N2 fixation. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that increased NO3- uptake by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) would compensate for lower N2 fixation caused by low partial pressure of N2. Root systems of hydroponically grown alfalfa at 2 mg L-1 NO3--N were exposed to (a) 80% N2, (b) 7% N2, (c) 2% N2, or (d) 0% N2. Exposure to reduced partial pressures of N2 reduced total nitrogenase activity (TNA, measured as H2 production in 20% O2 and 80% Ar) by 40% within less than 30 min, followed by a recovery period over the next 30 min to initial activity. Five hours after treatments began, the TNA of plants exposed to 7 and 2% N2 was substantially higher than pretreatment activities, whereas the TNA of plants exposed either to 0 or 80% N2 did not differ from pretreatment values. The decline in TNA due to NO3- exposure over 4 d was not affected by reduced partial pressure of N2. During the 1st h the proportion of electrons used for the reduction of N2 fell from 0.52 to 0.23 for plants exposed to 7% N2, and to 0.09 for plants exposed to 2% N2, and remained unchanged for the rest of the experiment. Although the hypothesis that alfalfa compensated with increased NO3- uptake for lower N2 fixation was not validated by our results, we unexpectedly demonstrated that the decline in TNA upon exposure to NO3- was independent of the N2-fixing efficiency (i.e. the amount of N2 reduced by nitrogenase) of the symbiosis.
Silicon-based ultrasonic Lamb-wave multisensors

Initial experimental, analytical, and numerical evaluations are described of a microsensor that uses ultrasonic Lamb wave propagating in a thin plate supported by a silicon die. Because it is sensitive to many measurands, the device could operate as a microphone, biosensor, chemical vapor or gas detector, scale, pressure sensor, densitometer, radiometer, or thermometer. Lamb waves offer unique means for obtaining selective response, and permit sensitive operation in the low MHz frequency range in vacuum, in a gas, or while immersed in a liquid. >
Error sensitivity analysis of a bandwidth expansion technique in spectral analysis

The paper presents an error sensitivity analysis of a bandwidth expansion technique in spectral analysis based on a noise-protected version of the Chinese Remainder Theorem. Necessary and sufficient conditions on remainder percent error and sampling period/time delay error are derived using various properties from number theory. The developed design criteria have special relevance to real-time, wide bandwidth spectral estimation in the EW passive receiver.
Looking (and listening) outside classrooms: implications for pre-service teacher education in the United States of America

It has come to the attention of the Editor that the article ‘Problematic nature of school purposes: implications for pre‐service teacher training programmes’ in volume 29, issue 2, in 1997 inadvertently contained substantial unacknowledged material belonging to Dr Petersen. The Editor would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused to Dr Petersen. The article published below is based upon Dr Petersen's paper originally submitted by him at the 74th Annual Meeting of the Association of Teacher Educators, Atlanta, Georgia, in February 1994.
A willingness‐to‐purchase comparison of integrated pest management and conventional produce

Demographic characteristics which cause consumers to be more likely to purchase IPM grown produce are empirically evaluated. A willingness-to-purchase model for IPM produce is estimated along with a model that predicts which consumers strictly purchase only conventional produce. Participants with higher annual incomes were more likely to express an interest in purchasing IPM produce and also appeared less likely to strictly purchase conventional produce. The results also indicate that younger individuals, those whose frequently purchase organic produce, those who visit farmers' markets and those who live in suburban areas will all be more likely to purchase IPM grown produce. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Replication of HIV-1 in vivo and in vitro.

A complex relationship exists between HIV and its cellular targets. The lethal effect of HIV on circulating CD4+ helper T lymphocytes parallels the degree of the infected individual's immunodeficiency and ultimately the transition to AIDS and death. However, as with other members of the Lentivirus family of retroviruses, the ubiquitous, mobile macrophage is also a prime target for HIV infection, and apparently, in most instances, is the initial infected cell, since most people are infected with a CCR5 chemokine-tropic virus. Unlike the lymphocyte, the macrophage is apparently a more stable viral host, capable of a long infected life as an HIV reservoir and a chronic source of infectious virus. Published in vitro studies have indicated that whereas lymphocytes replicate HIV solely on their plasma membrane, macrophages have been envisaged to predominantly replicate HIV within cytoplasmic vacuoles, and thus have been likened to a “Trojan horse,” when it comes to the immune system. Recent studies have reveale...
An analysis of FDA-approved drugs for pain and anesthesia

The need to alleviate pain is among the first recorded uses for medicines, dating back to the onset of the Neolithic period. The need persists and many of today's best-known drugs (e.g. aspirin, acetaminophen, morphine) are included within this category. An analysis of FDA-approved new molecular entities (NMEs) for pain and anesthesia reveals a fluctuating rate of new introductions, which has plummeted in recent years. The largest emphasis has been placed on acute pain, largely targeting G-protein-coupled receptors and a relatively narrow subset of molecular pathways. NMEs targeting anesthesia tend to focus on channels and four molecular pathways capture a large majority of NMEs for this indication.
Generalized spacetime duality in Calabi-Yau manifolds

Abstract We generalize spacetime duality symmetry to the case of Calabi-Yau compactifications of the superstring. It is shown that duality symmetry corresponds to a combination of U(1) left charge conjugation of the associated N = 2 SCFT and generalized modular transformations of the Calabi-Yau manifold. Several examples corresponding to the quintic in CP 4 are given.
Fractures of the foot in athletes

Approximately 24% of foot injuries that occur in athletes are fractures, most of which can be treated nonoperatively. However, some fractures require operative treatment to allow earlier return to sport and to avoid long-term disability, especially for high-performance athletes. Foot fractures that most frequently require operative treatment include sesamoid fractures, fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal (Jones fracture), tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) fracture-dislocations, and stress fractures of the tarsal navicular.
First International Congress of Balkan and South-Eastern European Studies

(1967). First International Congress of Balkan and South-Eastern European Studies. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 31-31.
Odds That Don't Add Up, Revisited

Summary This article investigates two interesting applications of probability by considering future bets on the Superbowl and the odds of the favoured team winning in a championship series.
Evolution of hemoglobin in primates and other therian mammals.

Abstract 1. 1. Phylogenetic trees of twenty-seven alpha and thirty-four betalike mammalian hemoglobin chains and thirty-seven vertebrate globin chains were constructed from amino-acid sequence data. 2. 2. Highlighting the phyletic closeness of African apes to man, the trees provided detailed information on patterns of globin-gene evolution among mammals. 3. 3. Ancestral amino-acid sequences were deduced and mutation distances from branching points in the mammalian beta and alpha trees to descendant sequences calculated. 4. 4. Less alpha and beta change in the descent of higher primates than other mammals was demonstrated and possible selective mechanisms discussed.
Biogenic budgets of particle rain, benthic remineralization and sediment accumulation in the equatorial Pacific

Abstract Budgets of organic C (Corg), CaC03 and opal have been constructed for the Palisades, NY Pacific equatorial region at 140°W between 5°N and 5°S. Measurements of the rain and benthic remineralization rate of biogenic materials have been adjusted and normalized to account for sampling biases. Sea surface temperature serves as a master variable in normalizing sediment trap and benthic remineralization data to average conditions. The rain and remineralization rates for Corg are nearly equal: 0.40±0.05 and 0.46±0.06 mmol m−2 d−1 respectively; thus only a minor fraction of this constituent is buried. Rain and dissolution rates for biogenic opal are similarly balanced (0.3±0.06 and 0.36±0.01 mmol m−2 d−1) and consistent with the value for opal burial (0.0±0.004). The CaC03 budget appears to have changed during the Holocene. The best estimates of modern CaC03 dissolution (0.58±0.03 mmol m−2 d−1) and rain rate (0.61±0.06) are consistent with230Th-normalized carbonate accumulation rates for the late Holocene (0.1 mmol m−2 d−1). However, the balance between dissolution and rain is not consistent with early Holocene carbonate accumulation (0.3 mmol m−2 d−1 ), and this imbalance suggests: 1) a recent increase in the rate of CaC03 dissolution on the sea floor, or 2) a decrease in the rain rate of carbonate particles. Modeling230Th profiles in sediments from this region define the last 3000 years as the duration of increased dissolution or decreased particle rain. 231Pa/230Th ratios in sediments indicate that particle rain rates have remained constant or possibly increased slightly through the Holocene. Two potential causes for increased dissolution were investigated; a change in deep water carbonate saturation or a change in Co,g/CaC03 rain ratios. A model describing carbonate dissolution as a function of the degree of undersaturation and the amount of organic carbon oxidation within sediments indicates that the recent increase in dissolution is more likely due to changes in bottom water chemical composition. We propose that Pacific Ocean bottom water carbonate ion concentration has decreased by 10–15 μM over the last 3000 years.
The HELLP syndrome: Case report and review of the literature

A pregnant patient with a chief complaint of chest pain was found to have many characteristic findings of the HELLP syndrome. A number of pregnancy-related conditions have in common various degrees of hypertension, proteinuria, edema, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets. Emergency physicians should search for clinical and laboratory signs of these conditions when evaluating ill pregnant patients.
Tension-free vaginal tape: a prospective subjective and objective outcome analysis

The purpose of this prospective study was to describe the effects of the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure on subjective and objective outcomes. Eighty-seven women (aged 31–95 years) underwent a TVT procedure and were followed for up to 24 months using the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7), Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6), and a Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire. IIQ-7 scores improved from a mean 51.1 before surgery to 12.7 at 1 month (p<0.001) indicating reduced impact of incontinence on quality of life. UDI-6 scores declined from a mean 61.8 to 21.9 (p<0.001) indicating improvement in urinary symptoms. At 1 month, 91.2% of patients were satisfied. Improvements on all measures were maintained throughout follow-up. Urodynamic evaluation of 57 patients (mean: 15.0 months) showed that 91.2% had a negative stress test. Results indicate significant immediate and sustained improvement in incontinence impact and urinary symptoms, and a high rate of patient satisfaction and objective cure.
Can nicotine treat sepsis

The acetylcholine receptor modulates interactions between the nervous system and the immune system. An acetylcholine receptor agonist, nicotine, is now harnessed to dampen inflammation and reduce mortality in a mouse model of sepsis ( pages 1216–1221 ).
Optical intensity modulator based on a novel electrooptic polymer incorporating high /spl mu//spl beta/ chromophore

We have synthesized a novel electrooptic (EO) polymer based on a high /spl mu//spl beta/ chromophore incorporating tricyanobutadiene acceptors. A crosslinked polyurethane network was also adopted to enhance its thermal stability. In order to find the optimum poling condition for the polymer, the influence of the electric poling profile on optical characteristics such as the EO effect, thermal stability, and damage was investigated. Then a high-speed intensity modulator using the EO polymer was designed and fabricated. The measured half-wave voltage V/sub /spl pi// was 4.5 V at the wavelength of 1.31 /spl mu/m. Accordingly, the achieved EO coefficient r/sub 33/ was as high as 25 pm/V, and the thermal stability of the poled polymer was as high as 95/spl deg/C. Finally, the modulator was successfully operated up to 40 GHz.
Disaster Beliefs and Ideological Orientation

Disaster researchers contrast ‘social control’ and ‘social mobilization’ models of disaster response. Their perspectives suggest that the social mobilization model yields more rational resource allocation implications than the former model. Nevertheless, scholars and professionals have experienced only partial success worldwide in changing actual emergency management organizational approaches. An explanation may reside in the similarity of these models with a pair of deeply seated ideological viewpoints. ‘Left’ and ‘right’ belief systems are elaborated here, compared with the two disaster response models, and found to be consonant with those models in the direction expected.
Evidence for corticotropin-releasing factor regulation of serotonin in the lateral septum during acute swim stress: adaptation produced by repeated swimming

Rationale. Swim stress decreases extracellular serotonin (5-HT) levels in the rat lateral septum, and adaptation to this effect occurs with repeated swimming. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) administered into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) also decreases 5-HT release in the lateral septum, suggesting that CRF may mediate the effects of swim stress.
Tracer diffusion of aromatic hydrocarbons in liquid cyclohexane up to its critical temperature

Tracer diffusion coefficients in liquid cyclohexane of benzene, toluene, p-xylene, mesitylene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene have been determined from 298.2 to 523.2 K (TR = 0.54 ∼ 0.95) using the Taylor dispersion method. Positive deviations from the Arrhenius relationship are observed as the critical temperature is approached, but a rough-hard-sphere theory is found to be adequate for describing the data across the entire temperature range. On the basis of the computer simulation results for hard-sphere fluids, correlations involving solute and solvent critical volumes and their molecular weights have also been developed for practical applications. Tracer diffusivities in supercritical carbon dioxide are also adequately represented by the proposed correlation, as the fluid density is not far removed from that of liquid carbon dioxide.
Estriol has different effects from 17β-estradiol in modulating mouse splenocyte function under inflammatory conditions.

Estriol (E(3)), an endogenous estrogen predominantly produced during human pregnancy, has been suggested to play an important role in modulating the immune system function during pregnancy. The present study sought to investigate the ability of E(3) to alter splenocyte functions in non-immunized naive BALB/c female mice and also in mice injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), and the effect of E(3) was compared with that of 17β-estradiol (E(2)). When mice were injected with CFA, their spleen weight index (i.e., wet organ wet/whole body weight) was increased by ~ 300%, but co-administration of E(3) almost completely suppressed splenomegaly. E(3) also reduced cytokine production and reduced ERK and p38 activation in both splenocytes and peritoneal exudate cells from CFA-treated animals. In comparison, while E(2) had a similar but slightly weaker effect than E(3) in reducing splenomegaly, it had a rather different effect from E(3) on cytokine production and ERK activation in splenocytes and peritoneal exudate cells from CFA-treated mice. Under naive immunological conditions, E(3) and E(2) had very similar effects on splenocyte functions. Both of them transiently increased the percentages of splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells. They also increased the proliferation of splenocytes ex vivo, and stimulated production of interferon-γ and interleukin-2. Altogether, these data show that E(3) and E(2) have different effects on splenocyte functions when the animals are under experimentally induced inflammatory conditions.
Why Should Faculty Be Involved in Supplemental Instruction

Because instructor-led Supplemental Instruction (SI) offers additional benefits in student learning and engagement over the more traditional peer-led model, in this article the author argues that faculty should consider participating in SI sessions. Benefits to participating in instructor-led SI include: students spend more time on task in faculty-led sessions, earn higher grades on exams, meaningfully interact with their professor (even in a large enrollment class), appreciate working collaboratively with their peers, and report gains in their academic self-confidence. As such, while still a relatively understudied intervention strategy, faculty-led SI warrants greater study and attention.
Lateral asymmetry of retroactive inhibition in a psychomotor skill.

Summary Right-handed college students (N = 160) received 10 practice trials on inverted-reversed printing with either the left or right hand followed by 10 additional trials with either the same or the other hand. Half the Ss then received 10 interpolated learning trials of inverted-but-nonreversed printing, while the other half of the Ss worked arithmetic problems. Significant retroactive inhibition occurred for Ss printing with the right hand, but not for Ss printing with the left hand.
Remarks on “time domain modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation in Tellegen media”

The work of Barba et al.1 is fatally flawed on two counts: (i) the existence of Tellegen mediums is unrecognizable in modern electromagnetic theory, and (ii) the time-domain constitutive relations used in the commented upon work are noncausal. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 92–93, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11294
Iron in fetal and neonatal nutrition

Both iron deficiency and iron excess during the fetal and neonatal period bode poorly for developing organ systems. Maternal conditions such as iron deficiency, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and smoking, and preterm birth are the common causes of perinatal iron deficiency. Long-term neurodevelopmental impairments and predisposition to future iron deficiency that are prevalent in infants with perinatal iron deficiency require early diagnosis, optimal treatment and adequate follow-up of infants at risk for the condition. However, due to the potential for oxidant-mediated tissue injury, iron overload should be avoided in the perinatal period, especially in preterm infants.
Interaction of group B streptococcal type-specific polysaccharides with wheat germ agglutinin and other lectins.

Abstract The group B streptococci (GBS) are known to have type-specific polysaccharides rich in N -acetylneuraminic aci acid end groups, which are thought to be important immunological determinants. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) has affinity for N -acetylneuraminic acid as well as N -acetylglucosamine, and readily precipitates the type but not the group polysaccharide. A WGA-Sepharose affinity column was used to isolate complete type polysaccharides of representative strains of the 4 major GBS types. WGA, other lectins, and rabbit antisera were then used to characterize the products of various extraction procedures and chemical degradations, including mild acid hydrolysis and treatment with neuraminidase. Results of lectin binding studies were consistent with proposed chemical structures of types Ia, Ib and II. Differences were noted, however, between the cross-reactive antigens of pneumococcus type 14 and the desialated GBS type III polysaccharide. Although structurally similar, indirect evidence from lectin binding studies suggest that these antigens may not be identical.
A Statistician's Apology

Abstract Statistics is viewed as an activity using a variety of formulations to give incomplete, but revealing, descriptions of phenomena too complex to be completely modeled. Examples are given to stress the depth and variety of such activities and the intellectual satisfactions to be derived from them.
Link-adaptive distributed coding for multisource cooperation

Combining multisource cooperation and link-adaptive regenerative techniques, a novel protocol is developed capable of achieving diversity order up to the number of cooperating users and large coding gains. The approach relies on a two-phase protocol. In Phase 1, cooperating sources exchange information-bearing blocks, while in Phase 2, they transmit reencoded versions of the original blocks. Different from existing approaches, participation in the second phase does not require correct decoding of Phase 1 packets. This allows relaying of soft information to the destination, thus increasing coding gains while retaining diversity properties. For any reencoding function the diversity order is expressed as a function of the rank properties of the distributed coding strategy employed. This result is analogous to the diversity properties of colocated multi-antenna systems. Particular cases include repetition coding, distributed complex field coding (DCFC), distributed space-time coding, and distributed error-control coding. Rate, diversity, complexity, and synchronization issues are elaborated. DCFC emerges as an attractive choice because it offers high-rate, full spatial diversity, and relaxed synchronization requirements. Simulations confirm analytically established assessments.
Estrogen-Induced Memory Enhancements Are Blocked by Acute Bisphenol A in Adult Female Rats: Role of Dendritic Spines

Acute effects of bisphenol (BPA), an environmental chemical, on estradiol (17α or β-E2)-dependent recognition memory and dendritic spines in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were investigated in adult female rats. Ovariectomized rats received BPA 30 min before or immediately after a sample trial (viewing objects), and retention trials were performed 4 h later. Retention trials tested discrimination between old and new objects (visual memory) or locations (place memory). When given immediately after the sample trial, BPA, 1–400 μg/kg, did not alter recognition memory, but 1 and 40 μg/kg BPA, respectively, blocked 17β-E2-dependent increases in place and visual memory. When ovariectomized rats were tested with 17α-E2, 1 μg/kg BPA blocked place memory, but up to 40 μg did not block visual memory. BPA, given to cycling rats at 40 μg/kg, blocked visual, but not place, memory during proestrus when 2 h intertrial delays were given. Spine density was assessed at times of memory consolidation (30 min) and retention (4 h) after 17β-E2 or BPA + 17β-E2. In prefrontal cortex, BPA did not alter E2-dependent increases. In the hippocampus, BPA blocked E2 increases in basal spines at 4 h and was additive with E2 at 30 min. Thus, these novel data show that doses of BPA, below the current Environmental Protection Agency safe limit of 50 μg/kg, rapidly alter neural functions dependent on E2 in adult female rats.
Comparison of chlorophyll a and carotenoid pigments as predictors of phytoplankton biomass

Chlorophyll a concentration was compared with carotenoid concentration as a predictor of seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass within Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia, Canada (1976–1977). For all seasons, predictions of biomass from different measures of chlorophyll a were poor and were not improved when chlorophyll a was measured accurately by chromatography. Chlorophyll a and a carotenoid (fucoxanthin) were highly correlated and equally good predictors of total biomass, but neither was related to changes in peridinin concentration. Correlations between specific carotenoids and diatom or dinoflagellate biomass indicate that carotenoids may be useful to describe changes in biomass composition. For all pigments measured, predictions of biomass were hampered when large dinoflagellate cells were present, which biased estimates of total cell volume. Regardless of species composition or cell density, dinoflagellate biomass contributed on the average 68% of the total cell volume measured each day compared with only 14% for diatoms and 17% for flagellates, the most abundant taxa.
Optical Fiber Aided Monitoring Of Arterial Wall Ablation By Time Resolved Laser Induced Fluorescence

The primary goal of this study was to devise an Optical Fiber based monitoring scheme of the arterial wall ablation by the use of laser induced fluorescence. Preliminary results indicate that the time evolution of the fluorescent light follows complex exponential decays. A comparison of the time characteristics of the decays with the findings of other investigators suggests that these decays may be related to the ablation of the successive arterial wall main layers.
Bottom-up computation of the Fitting model for general deductive databases

General logic programs are those that contain both positive and negative subgoals in their clause bodies. For such programs Fitting proposed an elegant 3-valued minimum model semantics that avoids some impracticalities of previous approaches. Here we present a method to compute this Fitting model for deductive databases. We introducepartial relations, which are the semantic objects associated with predicate symbols, and define algebraic operators over them. The first step in our model computation method is to convert the database rules into partial relation definitions involving these operators. The second step is to build the minimum model iteratively. We give algorithms for both steps and show their termination and correctness. We also suggest extensions to our method for computing the well-founded model proposed by van Gelder, Ross and Schlipf.
Soil lead-blood lead relationship among Boston children.

Lead contaminated soil has been consistently been found to contribute significantly to children's risk of blood lead elevation. An association between soil lead and blood lead has been reported for children in Holland, Rochester, New York, Omaha, Nebraska, Christchurch, New Zealand, and Kellogg, Idaho. The authors report on the connection between soil and blood lead levels among a group of Boston children in order to document this pattern of association in a specific setting which may be analogous to other situations of interest. The base population consisted of 11,837 consecutive births at the Boston Hospital for Women between April 1979 and April 1981.
Design and implementation of low-energy turbo decoders

Turbo codes have been chosen in the third generation cellular standard for high-throughput data communication. These codes achieve remarkably low bit error rates at the expense of high-computational complexity. Thus for hand held communication devices, designing energy efficient Turbo decoders is of great importance. In this paper, we present a suite of MAP-based Turbo decoding algorithms with energy-quality tradeoffs for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels. We derive these algorithms by applying approximation techniques such as pruning the trellis, reducing the number of states, scaling the extrinsic information, applying sliding window, and early termination on the MAP-based algorithm. We show that a combination of these techniques can result in energy savings of 53.2%(50.0%) on a general purpose processor and energy savings of 80.66%(80.81%) on a hardware implementation for AWGN (fading) channels if a drop of 0.35 dB in SNR can be tolerated, at a bit error rate (BER) of 10/sup -5/. We also propose an adaptive Turbo decoding technique that is suitable for low power operation in noisy environments.
POPULATION GROWTH OF ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS: LIMITATION BY A TOP PREDATOR, THE LEOPARD SEAL?

Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) in the South Shetland Islands are recovering from 19th-century exploitation more slowly than the main population at South Georgia. To document demographic changes associated with the recovery in the South Shetlands, we monitored fur seal abundance and reproduction in the vicinity of Elephant Island during austral summers from 1986/1987 through 1994/1995. Total births, mean and variance of birth dates, and average daily mortality rates were estimated from daily live pup counts at North Cove (NC) and North Annex (NA) colonies on Seal Island. Sightings of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) and incidents of leopard seal predation on fur seal pups were recorded opportunistically during daily fur seal research at both sites. High mortality of fur seal pups, attributed to predation by leopard seals frequently observed at NC, caused pup numbers to decline rapidly between January and March (i.e., prior to weaning) each year and probably caused a long-term decline in the size of that colony. The NA colony, where leopard seals were never observed, increased in size during the study. Pup mortality from causes other than leopard seal predation appeared to be similar at the two sites. The number of pups counted at four locations in the Elephant Island vicinity increased slowly, at an annual rate of 3.8%, compared to rates as high as 11% at other locations in the South Shetland Islands. Several lines of circumstantial evidence are con- sistent with the hypothesis that leopard seal predators limit the growth of the fur seal population in the Elephant Island area and perhaps in the broader population in the South Shetland Islands. The sustained growth of this fur seal population over many decades rules out certain predator-prey models, allowing inference about the interaction between leopard seals and fur seals even though it is less thoroughly studied than predator-prey systems of terrestrial vertebrates of the northern hemisphere. Top-down forces should be included in hypotheses for future research on the factors shaping the recovery of the fur seal population in the South Shetland Islands.
A Republic, If You Can Keep It: The Foundation of the American Presidency, 1700-1800

Book One: The Origins of Executive Authority The Uncertain Heritage The Royal Perogative The Provincial Governors The War Governors Creating the Presidency The Ratification Controversy Book Two: The Washington Administration The Authentic American Cincinnatus Returns The Grand Procession The First Inaugeration The Presidents Before Washington The Bureaucracy Before Washington The Removal Date His Highness, the Presidency The Debt Assumption Deal The Establishment of the Bank Washington as an Administrator The Tribes and the Long Knives Fathering the Parties A Falling Out of Sons The Fires of Factionalism Towards Neutrality The Whiskey Insurrection The Jay Treaty Troubles in the House--1796 French Ire to the End, 1796-97 Washington as Legend Epilogue Bibliographical Essay Notes Index
A model study of the laser-induced stabilization of a collision complex

Abstract The possibility of stabilizing a collision complex by stimulated emmission with coherent radiation is explored for a model. three-atom system. The lifetimes of several resonance states of this system were obtained previously and are used in a simple two-level model to describe the interaction of radiation with a resonance state and a true bound state. For the case where the energy difference between the two levels is time independent, simple, analytical expressions are used to obtain the time-dependent transition probability. Numerical solutions are obtained for the more realistic case where this energy difference is time dependent. For both cases, a substantial transition probability for stabilization is calculated for moderate laser intensities (e.g. 8.1 kW/cm 2 for an assumed dipole matrix element of 0.01 D).
Environmental and molecular regulation of methanogenesis

Hydrogen plays a central role in regulating the anaerobic biodegradation of organic materials to carbon dioxide and methane. At an intermediate stage, alcohols and fatty acids are fermented to acetate, CO 2 and H 2 . Methanogens consume this H 2 , gaining energy by reducing CO 2 and the CH 3 -moieties of methanol, methylamines and acetate to CH 4 , and growing by assimilating these same substrates into biomass. There are seven biochemical steps in the H 2 -dependent pathway of CO 2 reduction to CH 4 in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum , a very common inhabitant of anaerobic digestors, several of which can be catalyzed by more than one enzyme. The choice of which enzyme is synthesized and therefore used in methanogenesis is determined by the availability of H 2 . With high H 2 availability, M. thermoautotrophicum cells grow rapidly but their overall growth yield (Y CH4 ; biomass synthesized per mole of CH 4 synthesized) is lower than for cells growing more slowly under H 2 -limited conditions. Experiments are reported that document the relationships between H 2 availability, alternative methane gene expression and growth yield, and that demonstrate H 2 -dependent reversible switching between rapid, relatively inefficient growth and slower more efficient growth. This switch is controlled by the mixing rate of the impeller in fed-batch fermentors sparged with CO 2 and H 2 .
Predicting Execution Readiness of MPI Binaries with FEAM, a Framework for Efficient Application Migration

As computing resources have become ubiquitous, computational research initiatives have spread into a wider variety of disciplines. With the variety of computing environments dramatically expanded, using available compute resources can be a much more complicated proposition. Additionally, users in disciplines that are not traditionally compute-heavy may not have experience with migrating an application from one computing environment to another. Thus, while more and faster resources should allow for more and better research to be carried out, the increase in resources can just as easily stymie progress. An ideal solution would enable computations to run on any available compute resource with minimal interaction from the user and would run a version of the application tuned for that particular site. In this work, we focus on the first goal. This step alone dramatically improves the ability of researchers to take advantage of the variety of computing resources available to them and, as a result, carry out more and better research. The work presented in this paper specifically focuses on increasing the ease-of-use of high performance computing clusters for running parallel computations coded using the MPI standard. We present methods that determine whether an HPC site is a good fit for running an MPI binary. We present a Linux-based implementation of our methods called FEAM (a Framework for Efficient Application Migration). FEAM predicts execution readiness, resolves missing shared libraries, and composes site-specific configurations. We show that FEAM is more than 90% accurate at predicting execution readiness of MPI application binaries from the NAS Parallel and SPEC MPI2007 benchmark suites. We also show that by automatically resolving shared libraries requirements, FEAM is able to increase the number of successful executions by 41%.
Morphological Transitions on Lithium Metal Anodes

Coin cells were prepared using a metallic lithium anode, a Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5}O{sub 12} cathode, and a 1.2 M LiPF{sub 6}/ethylene carbonate:ethyl methyl carbonate (30:70 wt %) electrolyte. The cells were cycled galvanostatically between 1 and 2 V vs Li/Li{sup +} (i=2.0 mA/cm{sup 2}) at a 2C rate. After a specific number of cycles, the cells were disassembled and the morphology of the lithium anode was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that the surface morphology of the lithium metal electrode transitioned from a flat and smooth morphology to a microscopically rugged structure that shows three distinct layers: a top dendritic layer, an intermediate porous layer, and a residual metallic lithium layer. Morphological and electrochemical evidence points to the depletion of the electrolyte and the active metallic lithium that reacted to produce the porous layer as the most likely cause of cell failure under the conditions studied.
Apnea associated with regurgitation in infants

To determine whether regurgitation might be a factor in the pathogenesis of apnea in certain infants, we compared the frequency of short and prolonged apnea immediately following regurgitation to that during control periods. Ten infants (nine preterm and one term) with histories of frequent, regurgitation and also apneic spells were studied for 2 to 3 hours by monitoring nasal airflow, abdominal respiratory movements, electrocardiogram, pharyngeal pH, and pharyngeal pressure. In six of these infants additional observations were made without the intrapharyngeal recording devices. Fourty-four episodes of regurgitation were observed. Both prolonged apnea (P
Avian scale development. VII. Normal keratinization follows abnormal morphogenesis of reticulate scales from the “scaleless” mutant

The scutate scales are entirely missing in chick embryos homozygous for the gene, "scaleless." Reticulate scales of this mutant are present; however, they have undergone abnormal morphogenesis into irregular mounds and crevices. The pattern of keratinization seen along the anterior metatarsus of normal embryos differs dramatically from that seen along the anterior metatarsus of scaleless embryos. In contrast, we find that the unique pattern of keratinization seen in the epidermal cells of normal reticulate scales is retained in mutant reticulate scales, even though these scales are morphologically abnormal. We believe that differences in the initial tissue interactions (which establish the inductive ability of the dermis) of these two types of scales are responsible for the differences seen in their responses to the scaleless gene. The pleiotropic nature of the scaleless gene is discussed.
Double Vision in a Child

Abstract A 10-year-old boy presented with a complete left oculomotor cranial nerve palsy. Diagnostic evaluation including neuroimaging and cerebral angiography revealed a small intracranial aneurysm compressing the third nerve. Neurosurgical clipping of the aneurysm produced resolution of the third nerve palsy. The rarity of this presentation in a young patient is discussed, along with the importance of rapid diagnosis and treatment
Jugular bulb saturation and cognitive dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass

Inadequate cerebral oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass may lead to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac operations. A psychological test battery was administered to 255 patients before cardiac operation and just before hospital discharge. Postoperative impairment was defined as a decline of more than one standard deviation in 20% of tests. Variables significantly (p < 0.05) associated with postoperative cognitive impairment are baseline psychometric scores, largest arterial-venous oxygen difference, and years of education. Jugular bulb hemoglobin saturation is significant if it replaces arterial-venous oxygen difference in the model. Factors correlated with jugular bulb saturation at normothermia were cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (r = -0.6; p < 0.0005), cerebral blood flow (r = 0.4; p < 0.0005), oxygen delivery (r = 0.4; p < 0.0005), and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.15; p < 0.05). Three measures were significantly related to desaturation at normothermia and at hypothermia as well: greater cerebral oxygen extraction, greater arterial-venous oxygen difference, and lower ratio of cerebral blood flow to arterial-venous oxygen difference. We conclude that cerebral venous desaturation occurs during cardiopulmonary bypass in 17% to 23% of people and is associated with impaired postoperative cognitive test performance.
Quantification of speech disfluency as a marker of medication-induced cognitive impairment: An application of computerized speech analysis in neuropharmacology

We present the results of a study investigating the use of speech and language characteristics extracted from spontaneous spoken discourse to assess changes in cognitive function. Specifically, we investigated the use of automatic speech recognition technology to characterize spontaneous speech disfluency induced by topiramate, an anti-epileptic medication with language-related side-effects. We audio recorded spontaneous speech samples from 20 participants during several picture description tasks and analyzed the recordings automatically and manually to extract a range of spoken fluency measurements including speech discontinuities (e.g., filled pauses, false starts, and repetitions), silent pause duration, speaking rate and vowel lengthening. Our results indicate that some of these paralinguistic speech characteristics are (a) sensitive to the effects of topiramate, (b) are associated with topiramate concentrations in the blood, and (c) complement standard neuropsychological tests typically used to investigate cognitive effects of medications. This work demonstrates the use of computational linguistic tools to assess cognitive effects in a more sensitive, objective, and reproducible manner than is currently available with standard tests.