cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“The Gods must be Crazy” The Challenge of the Intercultural

Pedagogy and research in intercultural and international communication depend on an understanding of a framework of concepts: (a) the instability and ambiguity of cross-cultural signifiers, (b) cul...
The effect of soldering process variables on the microstructure and mechanical properties of eutectic Sn-Ag/Cu solder joints

Fundamental understanding of the relationship among process, microstructure, and mechanical properties is essential to solder alloy design, soldering process development, and joint reliability prediction and optimization. This research focused on the process-structure-property relationship in eutectic Sn-Ag/Cu solder joints. As a Pb-free alternative, eutectic Sn-Ag solder offers enhanced mechanical properties, good wettability on Cu and Cu alloys, and the potential for a broader range of application compared to eutectic Sn-Pb solder. The relationship between soldering process parameters (soldering temperature, reflow time, and cooling rate) and joint microstructure was studied systemati-cally. Microhardness, tensile shear strength, and shear creep strength were measured and the relationship between the joint microstructures and mechani-cal properties was determined. Based on these results, low soldering tempera-tures, fast cooling rates, and short reflow times are suggested for producing joints with the best shear strength, ductility, and creep resistance.
E‐books and piracy: implications/issues for academic libraries

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe how the acts of piracy in the publication field are viewed by the industry, and possible student involvement in e‐book piracy.Design/methodology/approach – The searches encompassed articles on the issue of e‐book piracy.Findings – There is a definite problem between the needs of the publishing industry and students in colleges and universities.Research limitations/implications – The author has only seen small indicators of the overall problem. Much more has to be investigated and learned.Practical implications – Libraries in particular will have to be watchful in terms of e‐book readers and e‐book piracy.Originality/value – Owing to the litigious nature of the publishing industry, librarians must be wary of e‐book piracy as it regards to the library.
STEEL CORROSION BY METHANOL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS

Abstract Rust on 1020 steel, caused by methanol combustion products, was studied with a pulse flame combustor. Rust formation is triggered by formic acid in the exhaust which produces ferrous formate. The formate, in turn, reacts with liquid water and oxygen from the gas phase to produce FeOOH and Fe 3 O 4 . Rust formation decreases sharply when the steel temperature is raised above the dew point at which moisture condenses from the exhaust gas. Rust formed on a steel surface after exposure to formic acid vapor and liquid water is comparable in structure to that produced by burnt methanol.
Heating Effect of the Radium Emanation

A FORTNIGHT ago I wrote to you respecting the rise of temperature observed in radium compounds. I pointed out that the experiments of Profs. Rutherford and Barnes seemed to show that the effect was largely due to the excited activity. I have since then made a few experiments confirming that view.
Effect of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and other growth factors on motility and morphology of non-tumorigenic and tumor cells

Using an automated cell analyzer system, the effect of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), endothelial acidic fibroblast growth factor (a-FGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), and recombinant human insulinlike growth factor (IGF) on the motility and morphology of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), rat hepatomas, C2, and H5–6 and murine mammary carcinoma (EMT-6) cells was investigated. Treatment of MDCK cells with HGF/SF, bFGF, EGF, and a-FGF resulted in an increase in average cell velocity and in the fraction of moving cells. Cells treated with the PDGF and IGF did not show significant alterations in velocity. MDCK cells treated with each growth factor were classified into groups of “fast” and “slow” moving cells based on their average velocities, and the average morphologic features of the two groups were quantitated. Fast-moving cells had larger average area, circularity, and flatness as compared to slow-moving cells. Factors that stimulated cell movement also induced alterations in cell morphologic parameters including spreading, flatness, area, and circularity. HGF/SF also scattered and stimulated motility of C2 and H5–6 hepatoma cells. In contrast to MDCK cells, there was no significant difference between the morphology of the fast moving and slow moving C2 and H5–6 cells. These studies suggest that growth factor cytokines have specific effects on motility of normal and tumor cells.
Smoothing properties of linear Volterra integrodifferential equations

Boundary value problems for hyperbolic linear partial differential integral equations of convolution type on an interval are studied. A necessary and sufficient condition on the convolution kernel is given such that discontinuities of the boundary data are smoothed in the interior of the interval. The result is applied to consider dynamics of viscoelastic media.
Glaucoma medication adherence: room for improvement in both performance and measurement.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide1,2 and the number of Americans with glaucoma is expected to increase by 50% in the next 15 years.3 Multiple clinical trials have shown that with effective medical treatment, much (but not all) vision loss can be prevented.4–6 Whether measured by pharmacy data,7 self-report,8,9 or medication monitor,10 adherence to glaucoma medication is often poor. Investigators studying medication adherence have identified multiple factors related to poor adherence, including more frequent11 and complex12 dosing and situational factors, such as competing activities12 and forgetfulness,8 as well as patient-centered factors, such as poor disease knowledge,13 poor health literacy,14 and a passive learning style.13 This information is important because the identification of barriers to adherence facilitates a better understanding of the problems and possible interventions to reduce these barriers. However, to critique the success or failure of such interventions, we need to use comprehensive and accurate measurements of adherence. In this editorial, we have attempted to construct a framework for the components of medication adherence and review the metrics available for quantifying adherence.
Accurate production of time-varying patterns of the moment of force in multi-finger tasks

We investigated the production of time profiles of the total moment of force produced in isometric conditions by the four fingers of a hand. We hypothesized that these tasks would be associated with multi-finger synergies stabilizing the time profile of the total moment across trials but not necessarily stabilizing the time profile of the total force produced by the fingers. We also expected the multi-finger synergies to prevent an increase in the moment variability with its magnitude. Seated subjects pressed on force sensors with the four fingers of the right hand and produced two time profiles of the total moment of force, starting from a certain pronation effort, leading to a similar supination effort, and back to the initial pronation effort. One of the profiles was a sequence of straight lines (M-Ramp) while the other was a smooth curve (M-Sine). The subjects showed an increase in the total force during each task. This was accompanied by an increase in the force produced by the fingers opposing the required direction of the total moment—antagonist fingers. Variability of the total force and of the total moment showed complex, non-monotonic changes with the magnitude of the force and moment, respectively. In both tasks, the subjects showed patterns of co-variation of commands to fingers that stabilized the required moment profile over trials. The time profile of the total force was stabilized to a lesser degree or not stabilized at all. The share of fingers with larger moment arms (index finger for pronation efforts and little finger for supination efforts) was higher when the fingers acted to produce moments in a required direction but not necessarily when they acted as antagonists. The results demonstrate the existence of multi-finger synergies stabilizing the combined rotational action. They fit a hypothesis that stabilization of rotational actions may be a default strategy conditioned by everyday experience. The data also suggest that the mechanical advantage hypothesis is valid for sets of effectors that act in the required direction but not for sets of effectors that act as antagonists.
Subsurface structure in the vicinity of an intraplate earthquake swarm, central Arkansas

Abstract Over 40,000 events have been recorded in the Arkansas earthquake swarm since its inception in 1982. The earthquakes occur at depths between 3 and 6 km and cluster in a volume of about 25 km 3 beneath the easternmost Arkoma basin, near the town of Enola, Arkansas. A study of proprietary reflection seismic lines reveals that the earthquakes cluster within a graben formed in Mississippian time. This graben is part of a system of steeply dipping normal faults that trends ENE across the region. The regional strikes of the basement faults are not favorably oriented for activation under the regional stress regime. In the swarm area, however, these faults bend to form a 2.5-km long segment trending WNW. The small WNW striking segments are well oriented for left-lateral strike slip and focal mechanisms are consistent with this sense of slip. Additionally, a subset of the most accurately located earthquakes do appear to lie along a WNW trend. The length of the WNW trending fault segments is sufficient to have generated the largest of the swarm events. The reflection data reveal a loss of coherent reflectors within the swarm hypocentral volume. Reflectors above the graben have been uplifted about 30 m in post-Atokan (Pennsylvanian) time. Third order leveling surveys show 14.3 cm of uplift between 1961 and 1986 at a benchmark over the graben relative to a benchmark outside of the graben.
Computational challenges and human factors influencing the design and use of clinical research participant eligibility pre-screening tools.

Clinical trials are the primary mechanism for advancing clinical care and evidenced-based practice, yet challenges with the recruitment of participants for such trials are widely recognized as a major barrier to these types of studies. Data warehouses (DW) store large amounts of heterogenous clinical data that can be used to enhance recruitment practices, but multiple challenges exist when using a data warehouse for such activities, due to the manner of collection, management, integration, analysis, and dissemination of the data. A critical step in leveraging the DW for recruitment purposes is being able to match trial eligibility criteria to discrete and semi-structured data types in the data warehouse, though trial eligibility criteria tend to be written without concern for their computability. We present the multi-modal evaluation of a web-based tool that can be used for pre-screening patients for clinical trial eligibility and assess the ability of this tool to be practically used for clinical research pre-screening and recruitment. The study used a validation study, usability testing, and a heuristic evaluation to evaluate and characterize the operational characteristics of the software as well as human factors affecting its use. Clinical trials from the Division of Cardiology and the Department of Family Medicine were used for this multi-modal evaluation, which included a validation study, usability study, and a heuristic evaluation. From the results of the validation study, the software demonstrated a positive predictive value (PPV) of 54.12% and 0.7%, respectively, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 73.3% and 87.5%, respectively, for two types of clinical trials. Heuristic principles concerning error prevention and documentation were characterized as the major usability issues during the heuristic evaluation. This software is intended to provide an initial list of eligible patients to a clinical study coordinators, which provides a starting point for further eligibility screening by the coordinator. Because this software has a high “rule in” ability, meaning that it is able to remove patients who are not eligible for the study, the use of an automated tool built to leverage an existing enterprise DW can be beneficial to determining eligibility and facilitating clinical trial recruitment through pre-screening. While the results of this study are promising, further refinement and study of this and related approaches to automated eligibility screening, including comparison to other approaches and stakeholder perceptions, are needed and future studies are planned to address these needs.
An explanation of the use of principal-components analysis to detect and correct for multicollinearity

Abstract Multicollinearity can be a serious statistical problem in data analysis in which the contribution of each individual risk factor is being evaluated. Symptoms, effects and techniques that are useful in detecting the presence of multicollinearity in a data base are discussed. The mathematical basis of the principal-components analysis technique for detecting, quantifying, and adjusting the regression coefficients for the effects of multicollinearity in a data base was demonstrated.
Older Workers' Communication Satisfaction in the Lodging Industry

Abstract Labor shortages and high turnover trouble the lodging industry. Older workers have been overlooked as a solution to these problems. Older workers have demonstrated qualities such as loyalty, a strong work ethic, good customer relations, and reliability of performance that the lodging industry desires. The lodging industry needs to strive to increase older workers' job satisfaction in order to attract and retain them. Previous research has already proven that communication satisfaction has a significant impact on job satisfaction. This study examines the important communication factors that influence older workers' job satisfaction. Suggestions regarding older workers' communication satisfaction are provided.
Design of linear dynamic controllers for a class of nonlinear systems

Integral transformations are applied to a fourth order nonlinear system with two nonlinearities. The stabilizing control is developed based on an asymptotic analysis that defines the appropriate controller structure, one in which all variables remain bounded and approach well defined limits. The results are generalized to higher order systems with a similar structure, and are the basis for the design of a dynamic controller to stabilize a related class of nonlinear systems.
The Treatment of Heart Failure: The Role of Neurohumoral Activation

Neurohumoral activation refers to increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide. It is now known that neurohumoral activation contributes to the transition from ventricular dysfunction to clinical heart failure, and is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in heart failure. Although the treatment of heart failure has traditionally focused on drugs to improve ventricular function, there is increasing evidence that therapeutic modulation of neurohumoral activation is a key to successful treatment of heart failure. For example, there is mounting evidence that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (the unquestioned cornerstone for treatment of heart failure), beta receptor blockers, digitalis, and endurance exercise training exert their benefit in heart failure in large part through neurohumoral modulation. This observation--discussed in this brief review--highlights the concept that compensatory neurohumoral activation to decreased cardiac function may itself contribute to the development of heart failure and its poor prognosis.
Does tibolone reduce the risk of fracture in older postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

This Practice Point commentary discusses a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by Cummings et al. that investigated the effects of tibolone 1.25 mg per day in 4,534 postmenopausal women (mean age 68 years) with osteoporosis. Tibolone is a synthetic steroid with estrogenic, progestational and androgenic effects. It has been used as an alternative to estrogen to treat menopausal symptoms for 30 years. Cummings et al. found that tibolone reduced the incidence of vertebral fractures by 45%, nonvertebral fractures by 26%, breast cancer by 68% and colon cancer by 69%. The trial was discontinued 2 months before a median treatment time of 3 years because the major end point (reduction of fractures) was reached. In addition, tibolone increased the risk of stroke, although the absolute risk was small. Similarly to other compounds with estrogenic activity that increase the risk of stroke, such as estrogen and selective estrogen-receptor modulators, clinicians must weigh the risks and benefits of therapy for individual patients. This risk might be lower in women aged 50–60 years than in those aged >60 years.
Nickel and iron aluminides: an overview on properties, processing, and applications

Intermetallics have long been recognized as potential candidates for a variety of high-temperature structural applications to operate well beyond the operating temperatures of conventional materials due to their excellent oxidation and corrosion resistances. In this paper, we compare and contrast the mechanical properties such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and tensile elongations of Ni3Al-based alloys, Fe3Al-based alloys, and FeAl alloys with several of the commercially available superalloys such as Haynes 214 (NiCrAlY), MA-956 (yttriadispersed FeCrAlY), and a FeNiCr alloy (HU steel) used in carburizing applications. Our comparisons clearly show that cast and wrought Ni3Al-based alloys exhibit superior mechanical properties over the commercially available alloys such as the FeNiCr HU steel and Haynes 214. Electrical resistivity of iron aluminides increases with the increase of aluminum content, and the electrical resistivities of Fe3Al- and FeAl-based alloys are 50–100% higher than those of commercially available heating-element materials. Processing problems associated with the melting and casting of intermetallics are discussed in light of their large, negative heats of formation; high-aluminum content of intermetallics; and the safe operating temperatures of crucible materials for melting them. A furnace-loading sequence enabled us to properly utilize the heat of reaction of intermetallics resulting in the development of the Exo-Melt™ process for melting and casting of intermetallics for a variety of structural applications. The Exo-Melt™ process allowed us to cast a wide variety of structural intermetallic parts using sand, centrifugal, and investment casting techniques, and a total of 15 000 kg of intermetallic parts were cast by the Exo-Melt™ process during 1995.
Connectional and Architectonic Evidence for Dorsal and Ventral V3, and Dorsomedial Area in Marmoset Monkeys

The existence of a third visual area, V3, along the outer margin of V2 was originally proposed for primates on the basis of projections from V1. The evidence for V3 was never totally convincing because investigators failed to demonstrate V1 projections to ventral V3, and projections to dorsal V3 could be attributed to the dorsomedial visual area (DM). We have reexamined the issue by placing large injections into both dorsal and ventral portions of V1 and subsequently processing flattened cortex for myelin and cytochrome oxidase so that borders of V1 and V2 could be determined accurately. The injections were in small-brained marmosets, where ventral V1 was most accessible and cortex could be flattened easily. The results indicate that dorsal V1 (representing the lower visual quadrant) projects to a narrow “dorsal V3” located between DM and dorsal V2, whereas ventral V1 (representing the upper visual quadrant) projects to a narrow “ventral V3.” Architectonic borders for these dorsal and ventral strips were clearly apparent. In addition, all parts of V1 project to DM, whereas ventral V1 connections indicate that the dorsolateral area (DL) extends more ventral than has been established previously. We also placed injections within dorsal V2, dorsal and ventral DM, and dorsal, central, and ventral middle temporal (MT) area. Results from these injections were consistent with the proposed retinotopic organizations of V3, DM, and DL. We provide compelling evidence for the existence of areas V3, DM, and DL in marmosets and suggest that these areas are likely to be found in all primates.
Effect of dietary macronutrient composition under moderate hypocaloric intake on maternal adaptation during lactation

Background: No evidence-based recommendations exist concerning what dietary macronutrient composition optimizes weight loss during lactation while maintaining milk production. Objectives: The study was designed to test the following hypotheses: compared with a reduced-calorie, high-carbohydrate (H-CHO) diet, an isonitrogenous, isocaloric high-fat (H-F) diet will decrease milk production and carbohydrate oxidation, increase gluconeogenesis and hexoneogenesis, and not affect energy balance. Design: Seven healthy lactating mothers and their infants were studied on 2 occasions in random order for 8 d separated by 1–2 wk. On one occasion, the subjects received the H-F (30% of energy as carbohydrate and 55% as fat) diet and on the other occasion received the H-CHO (60% of energy as carbohydrate and 25% as fat) diet. Milk production, infant intakes, and substrate and hormone concentrations were measured. Glucose rates of appearance, production, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and hexoneogenesis were measured by using stable-isotope gas chromatography–mass spectrometric techniques, and energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured by using indirect calorimetry. Results: Milk volume, lactose, and protein concentrations were unaffected. Milk fat, energy, and infant intakes were higher (P , 0.05) during the H-F diet. Neither gluconeogenesis nor hexoneogenesis was different. During the H-F diet, energy expenditure and fat and protein oxidation rates were higher (P , 0.05), and the daily energy balance deficit was greater (P , 0.01). Conclusions: Milk fat, energy output, and energy expenditure were higher during the H-F diet, which resulted in a greater negative energy balance. The lactating mothers adapted to a low carbohydrate intake by decreasing carbohydrate oxidation. Additional studies are warranted to determine whether a hypocaloric H-F diet might promote weight loss to a greater extent than the H-CHO diet while maintaining milk production. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1821–7.
A floristic and biogeographical analysis of the wetlands of the Bolivian Cloud Forest

Abstract A study of six wetlands of the Bolivian Cloud Forest was undertaken from 1994 to 1997. Seventy-five species, in 29 families and 49 genera, were identified as being associated with wetland habitats in the Bolivian Cloud Forest. The flora was composed of a mixture of fairly common, ruderal species and of species typical of high Andean (alpine/Puna) aquatic systems. In contrast to the terrestrial flora of cloud forest habitats, these wetlands were found to contain few endemic or rare species. At the site level, it appeared that the wetlands could be characterized as species-poor relative to wetlands in most other Bolivian regions; however, this determination was confounded by a disproportionate number of ponds (a characteristically species-poor wetland type) among the cloud forest study sites. Floristic similarities (Sorensen's Index) between cloud forest study sites were relatively low; nevertheless, these systems were closely grouped in an ordination by Detrended Correspondence Analysis of 46 wetl...
Unraveling the multiple myeloma genome in the next-generation sequencing era: challenges to translating knowledge into the clinic.

The origin and progression of human cancers is caused by the acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Over the last decades, significant efforts and technological advances were key in the characterization of the cancer genome in a wide range of tumors. In 1976, Peter Nowell, following the observation of karyotypic heterogeneity in multiple tumor genomes, proposed a multistep process to explain the molecular basis of tumorigenesis [1]. This model was not only the first comprehensive ana lysis of genetic heterogeneity and instability in the tumor clone, but also led for the first time to the concept of personalized medicine, where therapy should be individualized according to the genetic background observed in the tumor clone. In the mid-1980s, at the time that the molecular techniques to search for oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes were developed, Renato Dulbecco pointed out in an influential article that sequencing the human genome was a critical priority, saying that the research community was faced with two options: either keep discovering the genes important in cancer individually, or use a massive approach and sequence the whole genome [2]. 4 years later, the Human Genome Project was started. The Human Genome Project required several years of collaborative work from worldwide leading sequencing institutes and a budget of US$300 million to sequence the first single genome with seven-times coverage [3]. Now, 10 years after the completion of the first draft of the Human Genome Project, the incorporation of the massively parallel sequencing (also known as nextgeneration sequencing) technologies has revolutionized the search for genetic alterations in tumor genomes. The simultaneous catalog of all mutations, copy number aberrations and structural abnormalities in an entire cancer genome can be performed in one week using a single sequencer and for only US$5000. With the ultimate goal of offering the test for US$1000 in the near future, the implementation of next-generation sequencing in clinical practice will soon be a reality.
Self-aligned planar GaAs nanowires grown by MOCVD on GaAs (100) substrates

The growth of self-aligned planar GaAs nanowires on GaAs (100) substrates is demonstrated using Au-catalyzed metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The effect of growth temperature on nanowire orientation and the growth mechanism are discussed.
q-Space analysis of lung morphometry in vivo with hyperpolarized 3He spectroscopy.

Purpose To examine the utility of a 3He spectroscopic q-space technique for detecting changes in lung morphometry in vivo. Materials and Methods A diffusion-weighted spectroscopy sequence was used to collect global diffusion data from healthy adults (N = 11), healthy children (N = 5), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients (N = 2) using 40 cc of hyperpolarized 3He gas within a two second breathhold. Displacement probability profiles (DPP) were obtained by Fourier transformation of diffusion data with respect to q. A bi-Gaussian model was used to decompose the DPPs into narrow and broad components, characterized by root-mean-square displacements Xrms1 and Xrms2, respectively. Results In healthy adults, the narrow component (Xrms,1) of the DPP had a mean displacement of 188 ± 10 μm, slightly less than the reported average size of the alveoli. The broad component (Xrms,2) had a mean value of 474 ± 44 μm, comparable to the diameter of the respiratory bronchioles in the acinus. In children, both Xrms1 (167 ± 4 μm) and Xrms2 (382 ± 22 μm) compared to healthy adults (P < 0.01). In COPD patients, the mean displacements were elevated (Xrms1: 265 ± 71 μm; Xrms2: 530 ± 109 μm) compared to healthy adults. Excellent correlation was found between rms displacements and age (age vs. Xrms,1: r = 0.78, P < 0.001; age vs. Xrms,2: r = 0.90, P < 0.001). Conclusion The q-space parameters agreed remarkably well with published alveolar morphometry data. The results suggest that the technique may be sensitive to disease, as evident from the elevated mean displacements in COPD patients compared to healthy volunteers. Detailed lung microstructural information can be obtained using a very low volume of inhaled 3He. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
STAP for GPS receiver synchronization

A space-time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithm for delay tracking and acquisition of the GPS signature sequence with interference rejection capability is developed. The interference can consist of both broadband and narrowband jammers, and is mitigated in two steps. The narrowband jammers are modelled as vector autoregressive (VAR) processes and rejected by temporal whitening. The spatial nulling is implicitly achieved by estimating a sample covariance matrix and feeding its inverse into the extended Kalman filter (EKF). The EKF estimates of the code delay and the fading channel are used for a t-test for acquisition detection. Computer simulations demonstrate robust performance of the algorithm in severe jamming, and also show that the algorithm outperforms the conventional delay-locked loop (DLL).
Tolerance of CD8 + T Cells Developing in Parent F1 Chimeras Prepared with Supralethal Irradiation: Step-Wise Induction of Tolerance in the Intrathymic and Extrathymic Environments

Tolerance of CD8+ cells was examined in parent-->F1 bone marrow chimeras (BMC) prepared with supralethal irradiation; host class I expression in the chimeras was limited to non-BM-derived cells. In terms of helper-independent proliferative responses in vitro and induction of graft-vs.-host disease on adoptive transfer, CD8+ cells from long-term chimeras showed profound tolerance to host antigens irrespective of whether the cells were prepared from the thymus or from spleen or lymph nodes. By limiting dilution analysis, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors specific for host antigens were rare in the extrathymic lymphoid tissues. In the thymus, by contrast, host-specific CTL precursors were only slightly less frequent than in normal parental strain mice. These host-specific CD8+ cells survived when BMC thymocytes were transferred intravenously to a neutral environment, i.e., to donor strain mice. When transferred to further BMC hosts, however, most of the host-reactive cells disappeared. Collectively, the data suggest that tolerance of CD8+ cells in BMC hosts occurs in both the intrathymic and extrathymic environments. In the thymus, contact with host antigens on thymic epithelial cells deletes CD8+ cells controlling helper-independent proliferative responses and in vivo effector functions but spares typical helper-dependent CTL precursors. After export from the thymus, most of the CTL precursors are eliminated after contacting host antigens on stromal cells in the extrathymic environment.
An algorithm for content-based retrieval in multimedia databases

Proposes a linear-time algorithm, referred to as SIM/sub vs/, for processing spatial similarity queries in multimedia databases. SIM/sub vs/ computes the degree to which the spatial relationships among the objects in a database image conform to those specified in the query. SIM/sub vs/ recognizes translation, scale and rotation variants of an image, and variants generated by an arbitrary composition of translation, scale and rotation transformations. The performance of SIM/sub vs/ is compared with those of two previously-known algorithms using a testbed image collection. This comparison demonstrates that SIM/sub vs/ is not only more efficient but performs as well as or better than the other algorithms.
Specialty Training and Specialization Among Physicians Who Treat HIV/AIDS in the United States

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of specialty training and experience in the care of HIV disease with HIV-specific knowledge, referral patterns, and HIV-related education activities.
Simultaneous Numerical Solution of Differential-Algebraic Equations

A unified method for handling the mixed differential and algebraic equations of the type that commonly occur in the transient analysis of large networks or in continuous system simulation is discussed. The first part of the paper is a brief review of existing techniques of handling initial value problems for stiff ordinary differential equations written in the standard form y' f(y, t) . In the second part one of these techniques is applied to the problem F(y, y', t)=0 . This may be either a differential or an algebraic equation as \partial F/ \partial y' is nonzero or zero. It will represent a mixed system when vectors F and y represent components of a system. The method lends itself to the use of sparse matrix techniques when the problem is sparse.
Blood at 70: its roots in the history of hematology and its birth

This year we celebrate Blood's 70th year of publication. Created from the partnership of the book publisher Henry M. Stratton and the prominent hematologist Dr William Dameshek of Tufts School of Medicine, Blood has published many papers describing major advances in the science and clinical practice of hematology. Blood's founding antedated that of the American Society of Hematology (ASH) by more than 11 years and Stratton and Dameshek helped galvanize support for the creation of ASH. In this review, I place the birth of Blood in the context of the history of hematology before 1946, emphasizing the American experience from which it emerged, and focusing on research conducted during World War II. I also provide a few milestones along Blood's 70 years of publication, including: the growth in Blood's publications, the evolution of its appearance, the countries of submission of Blood papers, current subscriptions to Blood, and the evolution of topics reported in Blood's papers. The latter provides a snapshot of the evolution of hematology as a scientific and clinical discipline and the introduction of new technology to study blood and bone marrow. Detailed descriptions of the landmark discoveries reported in Blood will appear in later papers celebrating Blood's birthday authored by past Editors-in-Chief.
‘Education Is the New Philosophy’, to Make a Metadisciplinary Claim for the Learning Sciences

This chapter explores the marginal position and at times methodologically narrow focus of the discipline of education today. It suggests as a counterpoint that a much broader claim can be made for the significance and scope of education. Indeed, as the discipline which explores how humans come to know, and as the discipline deployed to initiate novices into every other discipline, education could make a claim – much as philosophy did until it slipped into practical irrelevance – that it is the discipline of disciplines, or metadiscipline. The chapter explores the implications of this move at a number of levels, from a strategic level in which education plays a pre-eminent role in the formation of ‘knowledge society’, to its implications for the pragmatics of pedagogy.
Describing Adolescent Breastfeeding Environments Through Focus Groups in an Urban Community

Purpose: Breastfeeding is a potential solution to improve health outcomes for adolescent mothers and infants. Adolescence is a risk factor for low breastfeeding rates and is associated with a highe...
Optoelectronic device applications of self-organized In(Ga,Al)As/Ga(Al)As quantum dots

Self-organized growth of strained semiconductor heterostructures has enabled the realization of ordered arrays of quantum dots that can be incorporated into the active region of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Highly uniform In(Ga)As/Ga(Al)As with greatly reduced photoluminescence linewidths (FWHM=19 meV, T=17K) have been grown and characterized. Various aspects of carrier dynamics in these dots, such as measurement of carrier relaxation times and the modulation bandwidths of quantum dot lasers, estimation of the tunneling time in vertically coupled dots along with tuning of the intersubband electronic energy levels have also been studied. The favorable relaxation times can be exploited to realize far infrared emission and detection based on intersubband transitions in the dots. The optoelectronic properties of the dots and the dynamics of carriers therein are also extremely attractive for high-speed wavelength switching and the design of electro-optic modulators. The electro-optic coefficients in the quantum dots have been measured and the linear E-O coefficient, r1 =2.6 ×10−11m/V, is found to be comparable to that in LiNbO3
Stability of Botulinum Toxin in Clinical Use

The Food Research Institute currently produces all the Botulinum neurotoxin (Botox) used in the United States which is marketed as Oculinum (Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA).1 Oculinum is packaged in freeze dried form in vials of 100 mouse units (MU) that require reconstitution with preservative free normal saline for clinical use. Although Ahe FDA recommends discarding toxin that is not used within 4 hours of reconstituting,2 there is little data describing Oculinum activity past this point.3 Information is also lacking regarding the effect of refreezing Botox that has been reconstituted for use at a later time.
Nonprofit leader perceptions of operating reserves and their substitutes

This exploratory study has three objectives: (1) to understand the various ways academics, consultants, and practitioners conceptualize operating reserves; (2) to explore differences among academic findings, consultant recommendations, and nonprofit leader perceptions of operating reserves; and (3) to identify how practitioners operationalize operating reserves within their organizations. Using intensive interviews with nonprofit executives, we find that the operating reserve ratio (ORR) commonly used in the nonprofit literature does not accurately indicate whether an organization holds an operating reserve according to nonprofit leaders. In addition, results indicate that experienced nonprofit leaders perceive a variety of other fund types including endowment and investment savings as well as ability to borrow, other assets, sister foundations, and donor networks as legitimate substitutes for a reserve.
Myocardial ECG voltage and clearance times of 99mTc-labeled albumin in heterotopic canine heart allografts.

Monitoring radioisotope entrapment (accumulation) in heterotopic cardiac allografts is a means of determining graft rejection. Therefore, 99mTc-labeled albumin was injected daily into the arterial blood supply of cardiac allografts placed in the necks of mongrel dogs. Isotope clearance times from the allografts were then monitored. We found that increasing isotope accumulation (increased T½ isotope clearance times) was associated with and often preceded decreases in myocardial electrocardiographic (ECG) voltage. The use of immunosuppression with azathioprine and high-dose corticosteroid therapy with methylprednisolone permitted the evaluation of isotope entrapment and myocardial voltage changes in steady-state circumstances, in rejection episodes, and in therapy-associated improvement of allograft function. These methods also demonstrated the reversability of rejection-related changes in allograft function as monitored by the isotope entrapment and myocardial voltage parameters.
A non-invasive method to produce pressure ulcers of varying severity in a spinal cord-injured rat model.

Experimental study. The objective of this study was to establish a non-invasive model to produce pressure ulcers of varying severity in animals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The study was conducted at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. A mid-thoracic (T7–T9) left hemisection was performed on Sprague-Dawley rats. At 7 days post SCI, rats received varying degrees of pressure on the left posterior thigh region. Laser Doppler Flowmetry was used to record blood flow. Animals were killed 12 days after SCI. A cardiac puncture was performed for blood chemistry, and full-thickness tissue was harvested for histology. Doppler blood flow after SCI prior to pressure application was 237.808±16.175 PFUs at day 7. Following pressure application, there was a statistically significant decrease in blood flow in all pressure-applied groups in comparison with controls with a mean perfusion of 118.361±18.223 (P<0.001). White blood cell counts and creatine kinase for each group were statistically significant from the control group (P=0.0107 and P=0.0028, respectively). We have created a novel animal model of pressure ulcer formation in the setting of a SCI. Histological analysis revealed different stages of injury corresponding to the amount of pressure the animals were exposed to with decreased blood flow immediately after the insult along with a subsequent marked increase in blood flow the next day, conducive to an ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) and a possible inflammatory response following tissue injury. Following ischemia and hypoxia secondary to microcirculation impairment, free radicals generate lipid peroxidation, leading to ischemic tissue damage. Future studies should be aimed at measuring free radicals during this period of increased blood flow, following tissue ischemia.
Preoperative evaluation of the airway in patients undergoing ear, nose, and throat surgery

SUMMARY A comprehensive evaluation of the airway, including a detailed history and physical examination, and appropriate diagnostic testing is extremely important in the preoperative assessment of the patient who presents for ENT surgery. Identification of those patients in whom airway management may be difficult allows time to develop an appropriate management plan, schedule additional diagnostic tests, if needed, secure necessary equipment, and discuss the available options with the surgeon. Although no single test is available that will allow one to predict that tracheal intubation is going to be easy or difficult, combining several tests provides a greater degree of certainty. In performing the clinical airway evaluations of mouth opening, neck extension, and mandibular size, care must be taken to perform these procedures properly. Failure to do so may lead to an invalid airway assessment and an unwarranted sense of security (or concern) about the potential difficulty of tracheal intubation. By applying the principles developed in this article to all patients undergoing surgery, it should be possible to reduce the incidence of difficult airways „discovered“ following the induction of general anesthesia.
SIMS in Biology and Medicine

I thank the Organizing Committee for inviting me to talk on SIMS in the biological sciences. I would also like to thank the many colleagues who have been crucial in developing SIMS of biological materials to its current and evolving state. I have a heavy debt of gratitude to my laboratory and collaborators who have made my work possible [1, 2].
Can a seed-sized tool from Texas spare clinically node positive breast cancer patients from a complete axillary dissection?

Axillary lymph node status guides both treatment course and prognosis in patients with breast cancer. When patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) are excluded, NCCN guidelines call for a sentinel node (SN) biopsy in clinically node negative stage I and II patients, followed by complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) only if there is a SN metastasis and the patient does not meet eligibility criteria for the ACOSOG Z0011 trial (1). In the remainder, ALND can be omitted. Testing whether this concept can be extended to patients diagnosed pre-operatively as both node positive and scheduled to receive NAC has been the subject of multiple investigations; their impetus being the desire to reduce ALND and its attendant morbidity (2-6).
Genesis of RhonClusters in Zeolite Y; Interaction with Zeolite “Protons”

Abstract Autoreduction is extensive when a Y zeolite loaded with amminated Rh + ions is heated in O 2 . It produces Rh o n particles and Rh + ions which are subsequently oxidized to Rh oxides and rhodyl ions (RhO) + . The latter species is identified by a H 2 -TPR peak near 70°C. The equilibrium Rh 3+ + H 2 O ⇄ (RhO) + + 2H + which replaces one tripositive by three monopositive charges, improves Coulomb interaction with fixed negative charges. The (RhO) + concentration and the extent of reduction both decrease with increasing proton concentration. Protons also affect the relative concentrations of neutral clusters Rh 4 (CO) 12 and Rh 6 (CO) 16 vis-a-vis the gem -dicarbonyl ions Rh + (CO) 2 . Two configurations of the latter ion in supercages are identified. Zeolite protons also interact with reduced Rh particles, forming metal-proton adducts, [Rh n -H z ] z+ , with electron-deficient Rh, and oxidizing Rh o to Rh + .
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) SYSTEM IN THE SMES SECTOR

A Research Report by James Kiarie, Submitted to the Chandaria School of Business in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters in Business Administration (MBA).
What the Bibliographer Says to the Cataloger

The title of my paper, “What the Bibliographer Says to the Cataloger,” is borrowed from a talk that Thomas Franklin Currier gave on April 17, 1940, to the Boston Group of Catalogers and Classifiers.1 Currier is one of my heroes, and in some ways my own work has depended and built on his. He was qualified to talk on this topic for he made important contributions both as cataloger and as bibliographer. Born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1873, Currier was educated at the Roxbury Latin School and Harvard College. After a brief stint of six months as an assistant in . . .
A Systematic Review of Strategies to Prevent Cisplatin‐Induced Nephrotoxicity

Introduction Cisplatin, a platinum-based antineoplastic agent, is the cornerstone for the treatment of many malignancies. Nephrotoxicity is the primary dose-limiting toxicity, and various hydration regimens and supplementation strategies are used to prevent cisplatin-induced kidney injury. However, evidence-based recommendations on specific hydration regimens are limited. A systematic review was performed to evaluate clinical studies that have examined hydration and supplementation strategies to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and methods PubMed and Excerpta Medica databases were searched from 1966 through October 2015 for clinical trials and other studies focused on hydration regimens to prevent nephrotoxicity in cancer patients treated with cisplatin. The University of Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria were used to grade level of evidence. Results Among the 1,407 identified studies, 24 were included in this systematic review. All studies differed on type, volume, and duration of hydration. Among the 24 studies, 5 evaluated short-duration hydration, 4 evaluated low-volume hydration, 4 investigated magnesium supplementation, and 7 reviewed forced diuresis with hydration. Short-duration and lower-volume hydration regimens are effective in preventing cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Magnesium supplementation may have a role as a nephroprotectant, and forced diuresis may be appropriate in some patients receiving cisplatin. Conclusion Hydration is essential for all patients to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Specifically, short-duration, low-volume, outpatient hydration with magnesium supplementation and mannitol forced diuresis (in select patients) represent best practice principles for the safe use of cisplatin. The Oncologist 2017;22:609-619 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The findings contained within this systematic review show that (a) hydration is essential for all patients to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, (b) short-duration, low-volume, outpatient hydration regimens appear to be safe and feasible, even in patients receiving intermediate- to high-dose cisplatin, (c) magnesium supplementation (8-16 milliequivalents) may limit cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, and (d) mannitol may be considered for high-dose cisplatin and/or patients with preexisting hypertension. These findings have broad implications for clinical practice and represent best practice principles for the prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.