cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polygenic control of neuroinvasiveness in California serogroup bunyaviruses.

Abstract The pathogenesis of the California serogroup bunyaviruses includes both extraneural and intraneural replicative phases that can be separated experimentally. The present study dissects the viral genetic determinants of extraneural replication. We have previously described two attenuated reassortant clones of California serogroup bunyaviruses which exhibit reduced neuroinvasiveness after subcutaneous inoculation into suckling mice. Clone B1-1a bears an attenuated middle RNA segment (neuroinvasiveness phenotype v alpha v), and clone B.5 bears an attenuated large RNA segment (neuroinvasiveness phenotype alpha vv). We prepared reassortant viruses between these two strains and found that the two attenuated gene segments acted independently and additively, since reassortants bearing two attenuated RNA segments were more attenuated than the parental clones. Reassortants bearing no attenuated RNA segments were much more neuroinvasive than either parental clone, indicating that a neuroinvasive strain can be derived from two attenuated clones. Pathogenesis studies demonstrated that after injection of 10(3) PFU, the attenuated reassortant clones did not replicate in peripheral tissue, failed to reach the brain, and did not cause disease. At a dose of 10(6) PFU, attenuated clones failed to replicate to a significant level in peripheral tissue and produced only a minimal passive plasma viremia during the first 24 h but nevertheless reached high titers in the brain and killed mice. Because of this result, we investigated the possibility that neuroinvasion occurs via retrograde axonal transport, by determining whether sciatic nerve sectioning could protect against virus infection after hind leg footpad inoculation. We found that nerve sectioning had no effect on lethality, ruling out this mode of entry and suggesting that passive viremia is likely to be sufficient for invasion of the central nervous system.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Philosophy

Many philosophers would, in theory, agree that the methods and tools of philosophy ought to be supplemented by those of other academic disciplines. In practice, however, the sociological data suggest that most philosophers fail to engage or collaborate with other academics, and this article argues that this is problematic for philosophy as a discipline. In relation to the value of interdisciplinary collaboration, the article highlights how experimental philosophers can benefit the field, but only insofar as they draw from the distinctive methods of philosophy and overcome the charge of “amateur psychology” by more consistently collaborating with the scientists they seek to emulate. It concludes that philosophers ought to collaborate with other academics in order to gain an experience-based understanding of the methods of other disciplines in addition to an understanding of the content of these disciplines.
A point mutation uncouples transducin-α from the photoreceptor RGS and effector proteins

A novel gain-of-function mutation, R243Q, has been recently identified in the Candida elegans Gqα protein EGL-30. The position corresponding to Arg243 in EGL-30 is absolutely conserved among heterotrimeric G proteins. This mutation appears to be the first gain-of-function mutation in the switch III region of Gα subunits. To investigate consequences of the RQ mutation we introduced the corresponding R238Q mutation into transducin-like Gtα* subunit. The mutant retained intact interactions with Gtβγ and rhodopsin but exhibited a twofold reduction in the kcat value for guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis. The GTPase activity of R238Q was not accelerated by the RGS domain of the visual GTPase-activating protein, RGS9-1. In addition, R238Q displayed a significant impairment in the effector function. Our data and the crystal structures of transducin suggest that the major reason for the reduced intrinsic GTPase activity of R238Q and the lack of RGS9 function is the break of the conserved ionic contact between Arg238 and Glu39, which apparently stabilizes the transitional state for GTP hydrolysis. We hypothesize that the R243Q mutation in EGL-30 severs the ionic interaction of Arg243 with Glu43, leading to a defective inactivation of the mutant by the C. elegans RGS protein EAT-16.
Does Overvaluation Lead to Bad Mergers

Using managers' personal trading decisions as a window into their belief on firm's valuations, this paper directly examines whether overvaluation is a motive for acquisitions and provides evidence on the consequences of overvalued equity. My findings show a sharp contrast in the behavior of acquirer's insiders between the earlier period and the 'hot market' period of the late 1990s. Moreover, the strong relation between insider trading patterns prior to the acquisition announcement and long-run post-acquisition performance in the later period suggests that acquisitions by overvalued companies are value-destroying and the poor subsequent stock performance is not only a correction of overvaluation.
The Theory of Discrete Lagrange Multipliers for Nonlinear Discrete Optimization

In this paper we present a Lagrange-multiplier formulation of discrete constrained optimization problems, the associated discrete-space first-order necessary and sufficient conditions for saddle points, and an efficient first-order search procedure that looks for saddle points in discrete space. Our new theory provides a strong mathematical foundation for solving general nonlinear discrete optimization problems. Specifically, we propose a new vector-based definition of descent directions in discrete space and show that the new definition does not obey the rules of calculus in continuous space. Starting from the concept of saddle points and using only vector calculus, we then prove the discrete-space first-order necessary and sufficient conditions for saddle points. Using well-defined transformations on the constraint functions, we further prove that the set of discrete-space saddle points is the same as the set of constrained local minima, leading to the first-order necessary and sufficient conditions for constrained local minima. Based on the first-order conditions, we propose a local-search method to look for saddle points that satisfy the first-order conditions.
Measuring the Locus of Causality as a Means of Generating Explanations for the Legitimization of Paltry Favors Effect

Two experiments were designed to examine the potential for impression management as an explanation of the legitimization of paltry favors (LPF) effect. Scenarios varied the technique (control v. LPF, Experiment 1), and both whether or not the target complied and the amount donated by the target (Experiment 2). The potential for impression management as a mediator of the effect was explored by examining attributions made concerning the locus of causality for compliance and non-compliance. Findings provide the foundation for future research by generating evidence consistent with the desire to make a favorable impression as an explanation for the LPF effect.
Retinoic acid inhibits interleukin‐1‐induced cytokine synthesis in human monocytes

Retinoids are pluripotent morphogens whose effects on gene expression are mediated through specific intracellular receptors. They have certain anti-inflammatory effects in vivo, the basis of which is not clearly understood. To characterize mechanisms involved with potential anti-inflammatory actions of retinoids, we studied the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on cytokine production in human peripheral blood monocytes. RA differentially modulated the expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, and IL-8 mRNAs depending on the inducing stimulus. While phorbol myristate acetate-induced IL-1 beta and IL-8 mRNA expression was increased by RA (IL-6 could not be induced by this pathway in monocytes), IL-1 beta-induced expression of IL-1 beta and IL-8 was markedly reduced and IL-6 gene expression was almost completely suppressed. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine synthesis was only slightly reduced and this required a longer preincubation (> 72 h) of monocytes with RA. IL-1-induced de novo synthesis of IL-6 protein and secretion of biologically active IL-6 were also inhibited by RA. The inhibition pattern of RA was different from that of dexamethasone, which inhibited both IL-1 and LPS effects. In summary, our data show that RA regulates monocyte cytokine expression selectively in response to the particular stimuli. Inhibition of IL-1 beta-induced cytokine expression provides a mechanism that can explain some of the anti-inflammatory effects of RA.
Neuroimaging in alcohol-use disorders: clinical implications and future directions

Advances in clinical research have led to significant alterations in diagnostic criteria for alcohol-use disorders (AUD). Neuroimaging techniques are now being called upon to shed light on the validity and clinical utility of diagnostic criteria. For example, craving has recently been added to the diagnostic criteria of AUD based mainly on neurobiological research. In addition to understanding the nuances of the craving process, neuroimaging techniques are helping determine the biological factors that contribute to the onset and maintenance of the disorder and offer insight into the mechanisms underlying treatment. The purpose of this review is to provide a clinically relevant summary of the neuroimaging research that has impacted our understanding of the etiology, treatment and recovery in AUD.
High-Resolution Approaches in Stratigraphic Paleontology

High-Resolution Approaches in Stratigraphic Paleontology (Topics in Geobiology, Vol. 21). Peter J. Harries (ed.). 2003. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 474 p. (cloth), plus CD-ROM. ISBN 1-402-01443-0. The aim of stratigraphy is simple: to reconstruct conditions and events through time. As such, it lies at the heart of the paleontological enterprise, whose aim is to understand the history of life recorded in the fossil record. As paleontologists, we rely on stratigraphy to provide a temporal and environmental framework for the organisms we study. In addition, we augment stratigraphy by contributing the critical biotic component of earth history. Superficially, stratigraphy may seem intellectually undemanding due to the deceptive simplicity of some of its basic conceptual tools, such as Steno's Law of Superposition or Walther's Law of Facies Succession. Yet, it is the simplicity of these principles that makes them so powerful. For example, once stratigraphic up is established, Steno's Law of Superposition provides the means of irrefutably ordering events through time; although this may seem self-evident, the very simplicity of this principle is what makes further argument moot. If one is more subtle and devious and can establish that sedimentation was continuous (at a given scale of resolution), Walther's Law allows one to reconstruct an entire landscape from a vertical succession. Perhaps this is easy to take for granted, but to be able to see in the mind's eye a river plain, a coastline, or a slope fan based on nothing more than a pile of rock is an astounding intellectual accomplishment. Stratigraphy seems easy when it is laid out neat and tidy on a field trip or in a review article, but the challenge is to say something meaningful about Earth's past using nothing but the rock record and these simple principles. Stratigraphy has advanced significantly in recent years …
Degradation of ROMP-based bio-renewable polymers by UV radiation

H. Cui, R. Hanus, M. R. Kessler: Degradation of ROMP-based Bio-renewable Polymer by UV Radiation, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2013, 98(11), 2357-2365. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.08.003.
Hydrogen sulfide: effects on avian respiratory control and intrapulmonary CO2 receptors.

Abstract The respiratory response to acute inhalation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the response of intrapulmonary CO2 receptors to this gas were studied in male White Leghorn chickens. Inhaling low concentrations of H2S (0.05%) for 30 min had no effect on ventilation, but respiratory frequency and tidal volume became irregular and variable in birds that inhaled 0.2% and 0.3% H2S for that period. All birds that inhaled 0.4% H2S died within 15 min. H2S, presented in the gas stream omnidirectionally ventilated birds, caused an increase in the discharge frequency of intrapulmonary CO2 receptors and an increase in the amplitude of sternal movements. Because an increase in the discharge of these receptors normally inhibits the central respiratory neurons and may lead to apnea, it is clear that H2S also has actions that increase the output from these central neurons. The possibility that H2S affects the intrapulmonary CO2 receptors by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in them is discussed.
RAPD Marker Variation among Smooth Bromegrass Cultivars

The level of genetic diversity within and among smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) cultivars and land races is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate and characterize genetic diversity of smooth bromegrass cultivars and selected populations on the basis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Variation among 277 individual plants from 40 smooth bromegrass cultivars was evaluated by means of RAPD markers. Nineteen primers evaluated amplified 97 informative amplicons. Several RAPD marker bands showed unique patterns of mean frequency differences among germplasm groups. A dendrogram constructed from average linkage cluster analysis did not indicate any clear pattern of division on the basis of discrete or putative climatype or adaptation zones. There was considerable correspondence to known pedigree relationships revealed from a previous smooth bromegrass morphological clustering analysis, particularly for lines that are closely related to each other. The two interspecific hybrids between B. inermis and B. pumpellianus Schribner (Polar) and B. riparius Rehm. (S-9183-H) did not exhibit any species-specific markers. All groups of smooth bromegrass germplasm were found to have high within-population genetic variation that ranged from 84 to 96% of the total, reflecting the outcrossing reproduction and probably the complex inheritance of smooth bromegrass. Analysis of molecular variance showed the largest interpopulation genetic variation for contemporary germplasm sources, supporting morphological studies for the existence of genetic variability among contemporary smooth bromegrass germplasms. These results suggest that landrace cultivars likely remain useful for germplasm improvement and cultivar development.
Regulation of human organic anion transporter 4 by protein kinase C and NHERF-1: altering the endocytosis of the transporter.

Purpose Human organic anion transporter 4 (hOAT4) belongs to a family of organic anion transporters that play critical roles in the body disposition of clinically important drugs. We have previously shown that the activity of hOAT4 was down-regulated by activation of PKC and up-regulated by PDZ protein NHERF-1. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying such regulations.
Building professional bridges with prospective teachers

(1994). Building professional bridges with prospective teachers. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 23-29.
CO2 absorption/desorption in mixtures of methyldiethanolamine with monoethanolamine or diethanolamine

This paper presents a compilation of data and model interpretation of CO2 absorption/desorption with mixtures of MDEA (methyldiethanolamine), MEA (monoethanolamine) and DEA (diethanolamine). The electrolyte-NRTL model is used to represent the activity coefficients of the species in solution. The simplified eddy diffusivity theory is used to simulate liquid-phase hydrodynamic characteristics. Binary interaction parameters for the equilibrium model and kinetic rate constants have been regressed from literature and currently obtained experimental data. The data presented in this work include both absorption and desorption conditions and temperatures ranging from 288 to 313 K. The results indicate that the combined mass transfer/equilibrium model can effectively represent CO2 mass transfer rates for the mixtures MEA/MDEA and DEA/MDEA under a wide range of conditions. Using a generalized framework for consistency between kinetics and reation equilibria in nonideal systems, absorption and desorption data have been reconciled by allowing the forward rate constants to “increase” with ionic strength. It is shown that MDEA promotes the DEA reaction rate, but not the MEA reaction rate. Both of these phenomena can be explained in terms of the zwitterion mechanism for amine carbamate formation.
Modeled riparian stream shading: Agreement with field measurements and sensitivity to riparian conditions

Summary Shading by riparian vegetation and streambanks reduces incident solar radiation on channels, and accurate estimation of riparian shading through the sun’s daily arc is a critical aspect of water temperature and dissolved oxygen modeling. However, riparian trees exhibit complex shapes, often leaning and growing branches preferentially over channels to utilize the light resource. As a result, riparian vegetation cast complex shadows with significant variability at the scale of meters. Water quality models necessarily simplify factors affecting shading at the expense of accuracy. All models must make simplifying assumptions about tree geometry. Reach-based models must average channel azimuth and riparian conditions over each reach, and GIS models must also accept errors in the channel-riparian relationships caused by the DEM grid detail. We detail minor improvements to existing shade models and create a model (SHADE2) that calculates shading ratio (%) by riparian canopy at any time and location for given stream characteristics including stream azimuth, stream width, canopy height, canopy overhang, and height of maximum canopy overhang. Sensitivity of simulated shade to these variables is explored. We also present a new field photographic technique for quantifying shade and use this technique to provide data to test the SHADE2 algorithm. Twenty-four independent shade measurements were made in eight channels with mature hardwood riparian trees at different times of the summer and at different times of the day. Agreement between measured and modeled shade was excellent, with r 2 of 0.90.
Overhead surgery or media hyperbole? An examination of manufacturing employment structure in high and low tech industries, 1983 and 1989

Abstract This study investigates changes in the occupational composition of the manufacturing work force between 1983 and 1989 in both high and low tech industries. Various media reported large-scale white collar reductions-in-force in many industries during this period. These reports suggest dramatic retrenchment of employment in many nonproduction or overhead occupations in both high tech and low tech manufacturing industries. This paper uses occupational employment by industry data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to assess the actual changes which have occurred in employment structure. In addition, the following propositions are examined using BLS occupational employment data : (1) Are there any differences in work force composition between high tech and low tech industries?; and (2) Have differential changes in employment structures occurred between high tech and low tech industries between 1983 and 1989?
Exercise ultrafast computed tomography for the detection of coronary artery disease.

Abstract Ultrafast computed tomography permits the assessment of global and regional left ventricular function during exercise. To evaluate the feasibility of using this new technique for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, 27 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for diagnosis of chest pain were evaluated. Fifteen patients had significant (>50%) coronary artery stenosis by quantitative coronary angiography. One vessel disease was found in 12 patients and multivessel disease in 3. Fourteen (93%) of the 15 patients with significant coronary stenosis had a decrease in ultrafast computed tomographic ejection fraction during exercise from (mean ± SD) 65 ± 7% to 60 ± 7% (p 5% units during exercise in 10 (83%) of the 12 patients with normal coronary arteries. The mean tomographic ejection fraction in this group was 68 ± 6% at rest and 75 ± 6% at peak exercise (p Regional wall motion was quantified by analyzing the segmental ejection fraction of 12 30° pie segments at each tomographic level of the left ventricle. A new regional wall motion abnormality developed during exercise in 12 (86%) of 14 patients with coronary artery disease; one patient was excluded because of a technical problem in data storage. Eleven (93%) of the 12 patients with normal coronary arteries had normal wall motion during exercise. In no patient with ischemic heart disease were both variables, ejection fraction response and regional wall motion, normal. Exercise ultrafast computed tomography appears to be a useful technique for the evaluation of coronary artery disease in patients with chest pain and predominant single vessel coronary artery disease. Quantitative assessment of the regional wall motion is a promising method for detecting abnormal wall motion produced by exercise-induced ischemia.
Anomalies associated with myelodysplasia

The records of 181 patients with myelodysplasia were reviewed. The prevalence of associated genitourinary anomalies as well as cardiac, facial, anal, and tethered cord were determined. The prevalence of congenital malformations associated with myelodysplasia were less in this series than in previous reports.
A formal model for long range planning: 3 allocating and appraising capital investment

Abstract In the third part of this series, James Hetrick is concerned with the use of mathematical models in evaluating major capital investment. He emphasizes particularly the need to consider a programme of investments rather than isolating investment in one single facility. He is especially concerned with the choice of models and the selection of method for measuring return on investment. Of special interest is his reference to Pool Return a new method for appraising capital investment.
Estimating sample sizes for repeated measurement designs

Formulas for estimating sample sizes that are required to provide specified power for analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests of significance in a two-group repeated measurements design are presented and evaluated. Power and sample size requirements depend on the pattern of treatment effects and the pattern of correlations among the repeated measurements, as well as on parameters common to sample size estimation for cross-sectional comparisons of treatment effects in simple randomized designs. Simplifying assumptions permit generation of these numerous parameter estimates from predictions of the magnitude of the standardized "effect size" at end of trial and the single correlation between the baseline and endpoint measurements. Monte Carlo methods are used to verify the actual power of different tests of significance for treatment effects in repeated measurement designs using sample sizes estimated by the formulas. The sample size implications of different patterns of treatment effects, levels of correlation, and numbers of repeated measurements are evaluated.
Vibrational analysis of 2,2,3-trichlorobutane and a force field for 2,2-dichloropropane

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of 2,2,3-dichlorobutane have been analysed in terms of normal modes calculated from a force field for secondary dichlorides refined using this molecule as well as 2,2-dichlorobutane and 2,2-dichloropropane. A force field specific to the latter molecule is presented.
The effects of increased stream temperatures on juvenile steelhead growth in the Yakima River Basin based on projected climate change scenarios

Stakeholders within the Yakima River Basin expressed concern over impacts of climate change on mid-Columbia River steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), listed under the Endangered Species Act. We used a bioenergetics model to assess the impacts of changing stream temperatures—resulting from different climate change scenarios—on growth of juvenile steelhead in the Yakima River Basin. We used diet and fish size data from fieldwork in a bioenergetics model and integrated baseline and projected stream temperatures from down-scaled air temperature climate modeling into our analysis. The stream temperature models predicted that daily mean temperatures of salmonid-rearing streams in the basin could increase by 1–2 °C and our bioenergetics simulations indicated that such increases could enhance the growth of steelhead in the spring, but reduce it during the summer. However, differences in growth rates of fish living under different climate change scenarios were minor, ranging from about 1–5 %. Because our analysis focused mostly on the growth responses of steelhead to changes in stream temperatures, further work is needed to fully understand the potential impacts of climate change. Studies should include evaluating changing stream flows on fish activity and energy budgets, responses of aquatic insects to climate change, and integration of bioenergetics, population dynamics, and habitat responses to climate change.
Advancements in nanosensors using plastic antibodies

Biosensors possess recognition elements that bind to target molecules which lead to detectable signals. Incorporation of noble metal nanomaterials into biosensors allows for rapid and simple biomolecule detection. Herein, recent developments in affinity nanosensors will be discussed. These sensors often include naturally occurring recognition elements such as antibodies and DNA. As samples become more complex, new recognition elements are sought. For instance, plastic antibodies provide alternative and more environmentally stable recognition elements than traditional antibodies. Molecular imprinted polymers, a class of plastic antibodies, promote biomolecule recognition and detection. The incorporation of noble metal nanomaterials into molecular imprinted polymer biosensors for real world applications will be explored. Further improvements in the design of artificial recognition agents are envisioned to facilitate new methods for complex biological and chemical analyses.
Inhibition of tumorigenesis by topical application of low doses of vitamin A acid and fluorouracil.

Reihenuntersuchung zur Prufung der Beeinflussung der Tumorgenese beim Kaninchen durch Vitamin A und Fluorouracil. Mit Hautbepinselung von Dimethylbenzanthracen erzeugte Tumoren werden sowohl durch Vitamin A wie durch die Kombination Vitamin A+5-FU in Wachstum und Neubildung beeinflusst.
Cloning and expression of rice (Oryza sativa) sucrose synthase 1 (RSs1) in developing seed endosperm

Abstract A previously cloned cDNA to rice ( Oryza sativa L.) sucrose synthase 1 ( RSs1 ) was used to determine spatial expression of the gene in rice tissues and temporal expression in developing rice endosperm. RSs1 was expressed predominantly in the endosperm of milky stage rice seeds with maximum expression at 3–5 days after pollination which were 8–10-fold over leaf levels. The peak in RSs1 transcript levels preceded the peak of enzyme activity which occured 9–11 days after pollination. RSs1 transcript and activity levels were analyzed in two starch deficient mutants of rice to determine if the lesion in these mutants resides at the locus for RSs1 . No correlation between sucrose synthase activity and starch biosynthesis was seen in these mutants, although slight elevations of RSs1 transcript levels were observed.
Respite Utilization and Responses to Loss Among Family Caregivers: Relationship Matters

Family caregivers of physically and cognitively impaired older adults face multiple challenges when providing care, including responses to tangible and anticipated losses. However, little is known about the grief experiences of family caregivers and how these might differentially influence the care-related behaviors of spouses and adult children. The present study examined the longitudinal relationship between grief reactions in current spousal and adult-children caregivers (N = 72) and in-home respite utilization over 3 months. The Heartfelt Sadness and Longing subscale of the Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory Short Form (S. J. Marwit & T. M. Meuser, 2005) was used to assess the grief experiences of participants, and demonstrated good internal reliability among spousal and adult-child caregivers of older adults with a variety of cognitive and physical conditions. Although there was not an association between spouses' grief subscale scores and later respite use, adult children were more likely to use respite after reporting higher levels of grief reactions. This study contributes to our ongoing understanding of differences between spousal and adult-children caregivers of impaired older adults and also lends further support for the reliability and construct validity of the Heartfelt Sadness and Longing subscale of the Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory.
A study of the effects of kinematic and material characteristics on the fundamental frequency calculations of composite plates

A compendium of results illustrating the effects of plate geometry, aspect ratio, support conditions and lamina stacking sequence on the natural fundamental frequency of fiber reinforced composite plates is presented. The plates are modelled by quadrilateral finite elements that account for the effects of transverse deformation and rotary inertia, thus overcoming the shortcomings of the Kirchhoff-Love assumptions. The results are in excellent agreement with the closed form solutions and other numerical results available in the literature.
High Prevalence of Diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose Among Chinese Immigrants in New York City

Asians have an increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, despite relatively low prevalence of obesity in this population. Asian American is a diverse population and there are yet limited data on the prevalence of diabetes among different Asian subgroups and existing studies are limited by small sample size. Hence, we conducted a cross-sectional survey to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in this population among Chinese Americans, the largest Asian subgroup in the US. Our study population consisted 2,071 individuals (52.8% women; mean age: 52.7 ± 13.8 years and mean body mass index (BMI): 23.9 ± 3.2 kg/m2) living in New York City. Data on sociodemographic factors, anthropometric measurements and medical history is obtained during a 1 day clinic visit. In addition, a fasting blood sample was collected to perform measurements on plasma glucose and lipids. Diabetes was defined as self-reported treatment or a fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl) and IFG was defined as fasting glucose of 100–125 mg/dl. The age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes in this population was 8.6% and that of IFG was 34.6%. The prevalence of IFG/diabetes was high (38.3%) even among those with low BMI by Asian standards (<23.0 kg/m2) and showed a linear increasing trend with increasing waist circumference. These data suggest a high prevalence of impaired glucose regulation in Chinese immigrants even among individuals with normal BMI. Future studies should focus on evaluating the mechanisms of increased susceptibility of IFG and diabetes in this population.
Paroxetine is a direct inhibitor of g protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and increases myocardial contractility.

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a well-established therapeutic target for the treatment of heart failure. Herein we identify the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) paroxetine as a selective inhibitor of GRK2 activity both in vitro and in living cells. In the crystal structure of the GRK2·paroxetine–Gβγ complex, paroxetine binds in the active site of GRK2 and stabilizes the kinase domain in a novel conformation in which a unique regulatory loop forms part of the ligand binding site. Isolated cardiomyocytes show increased isoproterenol-induced shortening and contraction amplitude in the presence of paroxetine, and pretreatment of mice with paroxetine before isoproterenol significantly increases left ventricular inotropic reserve in vivo with no significant effect on heart rate. Neither is observed in the presence of the SSRI fluoxetine. Our structural and functional results validate a widely available drug as a selective chemical probe for GRK2 and represent a starting point for the...
Network coding relayed dynamic spectrum access

Existing paradigms of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) impose a 'foe' relationship between the primary users (PUs) and the secondary users (SUs), where SUs may access the spectrum only when PUs cease using it, and the resurgence of PU traffic disrupts SU traffic. To comply with such stringent DSA policies, SUs behave conservatively to sense and access the spectrum, which may result in an actual spectrum utilization lower than what is feasible. Applying network coding (NC), this paper proposes a new DSA architecture termed network coding relayed DSA (NCR-DSA). In NCR-DSA, NC is conducted between PU traffic and SU traffic to enable SU nodes to serve as relays for PU traffic between PU nodes. While relaying PU traffic, SU nodes seek opportunities to encode SU traffic onto PU traffic for transmission, i.e., SU packets are 'piggybacked' via NC on PU packets without incurring separate spectrum access. A Linear Programming model has been developed to analyze the throughput gain of NCR-DSA in comparison with existing DSA paradigms. Numerical results show that NCR-DSA significantly increases throughput for both PU and SU, creating a 'win-win' DSA paradigm.
Thermocapillary flow under microgravity — Experimental results

Abstract Results from the thermocapillary flow experiments conducted aboard the Spacelab are summarized. Steady and oscillatory thermocapillary flows were investigated in open cylindrical containers with two types of heating. The conditions for the onset of oscillations and ensuing oscillation patterns were determined. The effects of heating mode on the flows are discussed. It is shown that a dimensionless parameter representing free surface deformation correlates all available data for onset conditions well. The oscillation frequencies, infrared images of free surface and free surface waves during oscillations are discussed.
Thermal Conductivity of Dielectric Solids at High Pressure.

The thermal conductivity $K$ of KCL, KBr, fired talc, dunite, and eclogite was measured to pressures as high as 19 kbar and to temperatures as high as 450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Fluid pressure was supplied by dry nitrogen. A Manganin resistance gauge and Pt versus Pt-13% Rh thermocouples measured the pressure and temperature, respectively. Data were fitted with the surface $K=\frac{{C}_{1}}{(T+{T}_{0})}\ensuremath{-}\frac{{C}_{2}}{(P+{P}_{0})}$ in the sense of least squares by means of a CDC 1604 computer. Conductivities were found to increase nonlinearly with pressure, the slope of the surface decreasing at higher pressures.
Incomplete sentence quotations in books and journals

Quotation provides a link between the work in which it is used, and the work from which it was taken. The research described in this article extends work done by Kilgour and Feder (1992) on the frequency of direct quotations, looking at the use of incomplete sentence quotations (ISQs). Specifically, this research attempts to determine if (a) there are any patterns of usage in the parts of speech that are quoted in ISQs; (b) there are any patterns of usage in how the ISQs are incorporated into text; (c) there are any systematic differences in ISQ usage between four disciplinary areas; and (d) there are any systematic differences in ISQ usage between scholarly books and journals
Crown of Thorns: Political Martyrdom in America From Abraham Lincoln to Martin Luther King, Jr.

Drawing upon eulogies and obituaries, sermons and biographies, poems and public memorials, this book examines political martyrdom in the United States.
Gendered Pathways: Violent Childhood Maltreatment, Sex Exchange, and Drug Use.

OBJECTIVE: Recent work has emphasized the role of violent victimization, along with risky contexts like sex exchange, in pathways to problems of externalizing and substance use in women. Nonetheless, few studies have empirically tested gender differences involving the roles of adversity factors (e.g., childhood violent maltreatment, sex exchange) in drug use patterns. The present study tested a model of gender differences in relationships between childhood physical and sexual abuse, sex exchange, and two indicators of drug use: engagement and symptoms of disorder. METHOD: We recruited an ethnically-diverse sample of 304 (130 women) adults with recent histories of violence and/or drug use, who completed a substance use diagnostic interview, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and a sex exchange questionnaire. RESULTS: First, structural equation modeling revealed that childhood sexual and physical abuse were related to increased drug engagement in women and men, respectively, above the influence of early childhood contextual variables (e.g., neighborhood, family) and age. Second, sexual abuse was related to sex exchange, which in turn was related to drug use symptoms in women but not men. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide empirical support for distinct trauma-related pathways to drug use problems in men and women, which has implications for gendered explanations and prevention approaches. Language: en
Shortages and economic policy

Abstract In this paper, we use an input-output framework to model an economy experiencing a shortage of a primary product or intermediate good. We show that when a shortage is combined with factor price rigidities, the reduction in consumption and employment will be larger than is necessary. In such cases, there is a need for government intervention, to manage the shortage and make the best of a bad situation. We show that the impact of a shortage can be ameliorated by changes in the composition of output, brought about by direct allocation of the scarce input or by differential sales taxes. The traditional instruments of monetary and fiscal policy are shown to be of little use in dealing with shortages.
Evaluation of Pulse Oximetry as a Continuous Monitoring Technique in Critically Ill Dogs in the Small Animal Intensive Care Unit

To assess the clinical applicability of pulse oximetry in the intensive care setting, a comparison was made of arterial hemoglobin saturation values determined by in vitro oximetry (SaO2) and pulse oximetry (SpO2) in 21 critically ill dogs. Single SaO2 measurements were compared to simultaneously obtained SpO2 readings. The correlation between these two methods was statistically significant (r = 0.8944, p = 0.0001). In addition, heart rates read by the pulse oximeter were compared to simultaneously obtained electrocardiograms (ECG). The correlation between these two methods was statistically significant (r = 0.9966, p = 0.0001). The pulse oximeter was easy to use, and recorded trends in oxygenation virtually instantaneously. Pulse oximetry appears to be an accurate and practical technique for the continuous non-invasive monitoring of oxygenation in critically ill dogs in the intensive care unit.
Effects of yellow fever (17D) and West Nile viruses on the reactions of human appendix and conjunctiva cells to several other viruses

Abstract Established cell lines from human conjunctiva and appendix were found to support multiplication of the 17D strain of yellow fever. Conjunctiva cells showed no cytopathogenic effect, but appendix cells showed a characteristic degeneration followed by regeneration of a cell sheet of normal appearance, which continued to excrete virus. Both appendix and conjunctiva cells infected with West Nile virus (WNV) showed a similar pattern of degeneration, recovery, and continued excretion of virus. Conjunctiva and appendix cells infected with 17D, and appendix cells infected with WNV, were maintained through successive subcultures for periods of from seven to ten months. Virus was present in all fluids tested during that time. The cytopathogenic effects 17D and WNV on appendix cells were neutralized by homologous immune human or rabbit sera. Infected cell lines however could be maintained in the presence of immune serum without removing the infection. Original 17D virus pool prepared in chick embryo was found to give a higher titer in mice than in appendix cells. After seven passages in appendix cells no significant difference in titer could be found. Appendix cells infected with 17D were found to be less susceptible to certain viruses than uninfected cells maintained in parallel. 17D appendix cells were completely resistant to the cytopathogenic effect of 17D and WNV, partly resistant to herpes simplex, polio 1, and polio 3, but as susceptible to vaccinia virus as normal appendix cells. 17D appendix cultures challenged with large doses of WNV continued to release WNV in the fluid, with an apparent fall in amount of 17D released.
A Limit Theorem for Turbulent Diffusion

We show under some specific conditions that the formal diffusion approximation for the motion of a particle in a random velocity field is valid.
Nuclear magnetic resonance of phosphorus compounds: 9—The NMR spectra of phosphirane

The 100 MHz proton and 40.4 MHz 31P NMR spectra of phosphirane (1) have been recorded at −20 °C and analysed iteratively to yield coupling constants and chemical shifts. The 22.6 MHz 13C spectrum of 1 was recorded at 0 °C and analyzed. The 31P chemical shift of 1 was measured as 40 467 515.97 ± 0.08 Hz relative to TMS as 100 000 000.00 Hz. The geminal P-C-H couplings in 1 are opposite in sign and of different magnitudes (+16.14 and −2.64 Hz); the PH coupling (+158.34 Hz) is smaller than that in any other organic phosphine. These observations are discussed and correlated with the geometry of 1. The electronic structure of the strained ring of 1 is discussed in terms of a localized valence bond approach.
Evaluation of Advanced Combustors for Dry NOx Suppression With Nitrogen Bearing Fuels in Utility and Industrial Gas Turbines

The work described in this paper is part of the DOE/LeRC Advanced Conversion Technology Project (ACT). The program is a multiple contract effort with funding provided by the Department of Energy, and technical program management provided by NASA LeRC. Combustion tests are in progress to evaluate the potential of seven advanced combustor concepts for achieving low NOx emissions for utility gas turbine engines without the use of water injection. 1 ref.
A new modification of the carbazole analysis: Application to heteropolysaccharides

Abstract The carbazole analysis when run at 55° in the presence of borate gives increased sensitivity for d -galacturonic, d -mannuronic, and l -guluronic acids, while greatly decreasing that of d -glueuronic acid. Comparison of values from these reaction conditions with values from other modifications of the carbazole analysis reveals a high degree of specificity of the reaction for each acid under any defined set of conditions. This specificity is of value for identification of unknown uronic acids. The new modification is especially useful for determination of d -mannuronic acid in heteropolysaccharides.
Parametric and bootstrap approaches to repeated measures designs

Recently, a nonparametric technique called bootstrapping has been recommended over the more well-known analysis of variance (ANOVA) for analyzing repeated measures data. Advocates cite as bootstrap’s advantages over ANOVA the fact that the former uses distributional information and is free of normal theory assumptions. The present study used a computer simulation to compare the two techniques calculated using data sampled from normal and nonnormal distributions. The parametric test had adequate control of Type I error rates; the nonparametric test had overly liberal Type I error rates and therefore is not recommended.
Cultured adult rat jejunal explants as a model for studying regulation of CYP3A

Enzymes within the CYP3A subfamily are major Phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes present in hepatocytes and small bowel enterocytes. These enzymes are highly inducible in the liver by many structurally diverse compounds, including a number of commonly used medications. Studies indicate that CYP3A enzymes present in small bowel enterocytes are also inducible. However, the regulation of CYP3A enzymes in this tissue has not been well characterized, in part because in vivo studies are difficult, especially in humans. Our goals was to develop an in vitro model to study the regulation of CYP3A in enterocytes. To this end, we defined culture conditions under which adult rat jejunal explants maintained viable appearing villi for 21 hr. When dexamethasone, the prototypical inducer of CYP3A1 in rat hepatocytes, was added to the culture medium, there was a time-dependent induction of CYP3A1 mRNA and CYP3A protein in explant enterocytes which was essentially indistinguishable from the time course of induction of CYP3A1 mRNA and protein in enterocytes in vivo. This effect of dexamethasone appeared to be specific since dexamethasone had no consistent effect on the explant concentration of another enterocyte specific mRNA, intestinal fatty acid binding protein. Using this explant culture model, we found that CYP3A1 mRNA was also inducible by clotrimazole but we were unable to detect induction by rifampicin or troleandomycin. Our observations suggest that jejunal explants may provide an appropriate model for the study of the regulation of CYP3A and other drug-metabolizing enzymes.
Mineral Expert Discusses Global Scramble for Natural Resources

With the global population boom and more people growing into affluence, there is increasing demand, desire, and competition for minerals, said Vince Mathews during a talk about the global scramble for natural resources on 30 October at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in Denver, Colo.
The reproductive response of an endemic bunchgrass indicates historical timing of a keystone process

Restoration of the Pinus palustris (longleaf pine)-wiregrass ecosystem of the southeastern United States requires information on reference conditions such as the historical fire regime. Aristida beyrichiana (wiregrass), a keystone perennial bunchgrass, was historically widespread throughout the southeast, but its dependence upon growing season fires for sexual reproduction hastened its decline in the face of decades of human fire suppression. The reproductive response of wiregrass is described by patterns of meristem allocation between competing life history strategies (i.e., vegetative growth vs. sexual reproduction). The temporal link between fire and flowering indicates this allocation was optimized to the historical fire regime through selection. In this study, we used the observed allocation of wiregrass reproductive effort to sexual reproduction as the response variable to examine reproductive response to fire season, using plant size as a covariate. Sexual reproduction was positively associated with plant size. Plants burned during early summer (May–June) produced a greater proportion of inflorescences than did those burned in early spring (March–April) or in late summer (August). Using state records of natural (lightning-ignited) and anthropogenic (human-ignited) fires from historical (1933–1946) and contemporary (1998–2010) periods we found that the distribution of maximum wiregrass reproductive output most closely reflected the distribution of historical fires with natural ignition sources. Moreover, while the monthly distributions of historical and contemporary fires were different for anthropogenic ignitions, they did not differ for fires with natural ignitions. Our predictions of peak allocation based upon the biology of wiregrass provide strong support for the use of wiregrass as an indicator of the historical fire season (early summer). Efforts to restore the longleaf pine ecosystem should therefore consider the biological response of wiregrass in planning prescribed fires.