cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GAS ACCUMULATION IN THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE RESULTING FROM BLUNT TRAUMA TO THE OCCIPITAL REGION OF A HORSE

A 2-year-old Arabian filly was presented for evaluation after falling backwards. The injury was manifest radiographically by the presence of air within the subarachnoid space of the calvarium and the cervical spinal canal. Radiographic findings resulted from communication of the sphenopalatine sinus with the subarachnoid space as a sequela to a fracture involving the presphenoid bone.
Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. by COLLINS, BEVERLY, & INGER M. MEES

The article reviews the book "Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students," 2nd ed. by Beverly Collins and Inger M. Mees.
Perturbation theory and the goldberger-treiman relation

The Goldberger-Treiman relation was originally derived (~) by postulating that the form factor c~(q"), which is the decay constant for a pion of four-momentum qg, satisfies unsubtracted dispersion relations, and that these dispersion relations could be saturated by the contribution of the nueleon-antinueleon intermediate state. Under certain approximations, it was then possible to relate e~ to the pion-nucleon coupling constant g ~ , , the nucleon mass M, and the axial vector coupling constant in neutron beta decay, g~. The resulting relation, cr: =-g .~ M/gr~x.~c, holds to an accuracy of about 10%. The approximations in this derivation were quickly recognized as difficult to justify, but several other derivations were suggested (2), based on assumed properties of matrix elements of the derivative of the axial vector current, taken between single-nucleon states. Here we describe another derivation, related to but distinct from earlier derivations. Following GOLDBERGER and TREIMAN (~), we consider the decay of the pion as occurring through a nueleon-antinueleon loop; we later discuss the extent to which the result depends on this assumption. We assume isospin-invariant derivative coupling at the pion-nucleon vertex; the Lagrangian is (3) *~fi = i O~¢P~u7~5 ~ru. For the weak vertex, we assume that only first-class currents (4) contribute; there is a contribution to the axial vector current of the form g~(q2)~r~,~su, and for the induced pseudosealar term iH(q~)~ybuq~ we assume pion-pole dominance. However, instead of using dispersion relations as in ref. (~), we do simple perturbation theory. After taking a trace, doing some simple algebra and making a translation in momentum space, one obtains
Recovery of propylene glycol from dilute aqueous solutions by complexation with organoboronates in ion-pair extractants

Recovery of propylene glycol (1,2-PD) from aqueous solution was studied in batch experiments using extractants consisting of ion pairs of Aliquat 336 and phenylboronate in 2-ethylhexanol, toluene, o-xylene, or diisobutyl ketone. The heterogeneous complexation constant {beta}{sub 11} calculated from the results of 25 C was highest in 2-ethylhexanol (49--100 (mol/L){sup {minus}1}). The equilibrium water concentration in the extractants was 8--12 wt% and decreased with increasing uptake of 1,2-PD. Nearly all extractant/diluent systems exhibited stoichiometric overloading. Evidence for aggregation of the ion-pair extractant in the organic phase was found from water solubilization studies and {sup 1}H NMR spectroscopy studies. The complexation constant decreased with increasing temperature. Up to 80% of the extracted 1,2-PD was back extracted into water after acidification with CO{sub 2}. The extractant could then be regenerated by stripping CO{sub 2} from solution at temperatures exceeding 110 C. However, at these temperatures the color of the extractant changes, and the extraction capacity is reduced to about 60% of its original value. Regeneration by contacting with aqueous solutions of Na{sub 2}CO{sub 3} did not cause extractant degradation; regeneration effectiveness increased with increasing pH.
An Experimental Study of Turbulent Skin Friction Reduction in Supersonic Flow Using a Microblowing Technique

A new turbulent skin friction reduction technology, called the microblowing technique has been tested in supersonic flow (Mach number of 1.9) on specially designed porous plates with microholes. The skin friction was measured directly by a force balance and the boundary layer development was measured by a total pressure rake at the tailing edge of a test plate. The free stream Reynolds number was 1.0(10 exp 6) per meter. The turbulent skin friction coefficient ratios (C(sub f)/C(sub f0)) of seven porous plates are given in this report. Test results showed that the microblowing technique could reduce the turbulent skin friction in supersonic flow (up to 90 percent below a solid flat plate value, which was even greater than in subsonic flow).
Molar volume and thermal expansion of glaucophane

The molar volume of glaucophane [Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2] has been determined in this study by correcting synthetic glaucophane-rich amphiboles made in the system Na2O–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O for very small deviations from ideal glaucophane composition using recent volume data on key amphibole components. The derived unit-cell volume for end-member glaucophane is 862.7±1.6 A3, which gives a molar volume of 259.8±0.5 cm3/mol and a calculated density of 3.016±0.006 g/cm3. This value has been corroborated through an essentially independent method by correcting the volumes of natural sodic amphiboles reported in the literature for non-glaucophane components, particularly including calcium-rich components, to yield a value of 861.2±1.9 A3. The unit-cell volume derived from the synthetic amphiboles, which is considered here to be more reliable, is somewhat smaller than that reported previously in the literature. A thermal expansion (αV) at 298 K of 1.88±0.06×10−5/K was derived from unit-cell volumes measured in the range of 25–500°C for a synthetic glaucophane sample, which is noticeably smaller than previously reported.
'Chiral-optical effects', a common term for both ORD and CD.

Es wird vorgeschlagen, die Terminologie auf dem Gebiet des Zirkulardichroismus und der Rotationsdispersion durch Einfuhrung der gemeinsamen Bezeichnung «Chiral-optische Effekte» zu vereinfachen. Auch die analogen magneto-optischen Phanomene, d.h. der Faraday-Effekt, konnen in den vorgeschlagenen Ausdruck einbezogen werden.
THE PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY OF TETRALOGY OF FALLOT AND ITS VARIATIONS

SUMMARY 1.The complex tetralogy of Fallot shows marked variation in the position of the defect, the amount of overriding of the aorta, and the type and extent of infundibular stenosis. 2.In addition, there are various types of complexes which have tetralogy as their base. There are: tetralogy associated with (1) pulmonary atresia; (2) common A-V orifice; (3) absence of the pulmonary valve; (4) tricuspid stenosis; (5) mitral stenosis; (6) atrial septal defect; (7) aortic regurgitation, and (8) widely patent ductus arteriosus.
Fungal Morphogenesis: In Hot Pursuit

Temperature affects diverse biological processes. In fungi such as the pathogen Candida albicans, temperature governs a morphogenetic switch between yeast and hyphal growth. A new report connects the thermosensor Hsp90 to a CDK-cyclin-transcription factor module that controls morphogenesis.
Highly automated on-orbit operations of the NuSTAR telescope

UC Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL) currently operates a fleet of seven NASA satellites, which conduct research in the fields of space physics and astronomy. The newest addition to this fleet is a high-energy X-ray telescope called the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR). Since 2012, SSL has conducted on-orbit operations for NuSTAR on behalf of the lead institution, principle investigator, and Science Operations Center at the California Institute of Technology. NuSTAR operations benefit from a truly multi-mission ground system architecture design focused on automation and autonomy that has been honed by over a decade of continual improvement and ground network expansion. This architecture has made flight operations possible with nominal 40 hours per week staffing, while not compromising mission safety. The remote NuSTAR Science Operation Center (SOC) and Mission Operations Center (MOC) are joined by a two-way electronic interface that allows the SOC to submit automatically validated telescope pointing requests, and also to receive raw data products that are automatically produced after downlink. Command loads are built and uploaded weekly, and a web-based timeline allows both the SOC and MOC to monitor the state of currently scheduled spacecraft activities. Network routing and the command and control system are fully automated by MOC's central scheduling system. A closed-loop data accounting system automatically detects and retransmits data gaps. All passes are monitored by two independent paging systems, which alert staff of pass support problems or anomalous telemetry. NuSTAR mission operations now require less than one attended pass support per workday.
Syllabic Stress and the Occurrence of Stuttering

The occurrence of stuttering on stress-peak and unstressed syllables in connected speech was studied in 10 young adult stutterers. Results showed a significant coincidence of stutter events and syl...
Young children's knowledge about visual perception: Lines of sight must be straight

Four studies were done to test the hypothesis that, although knowledgeable about some important facts concerning visual perception, 3-year-olds have not yet learned that lines of sight must always be straight. Subjects of 3 to 5 years of age were asked whether they (Study 1) or toy observers (Studies 2–4) would be able to see objects via looking paths that were curved rather than straight: for example, by looking through a bow-shaped hollow tube or along the curve of its outside wall. Consistent with the hypothesis, 3-year-olds gave no evidence of possessing this straight-line-of-sight rule. In contrast, 5-year-olds showed at least some command of it.
The future of nanocomputing

We are aware that the semiconductor industry had already entered the nanotechnology world. The working group proposed a hierarchy consisting of four levels: devices, architecture, state variables and data representation. We review on 3D heterogeneous integration, quantum cellular automata, defect-tolerant architecture, quantum computing, nano devices and other novel devices. This experience suggests some criteria we will need to apply to bring these early research efforts into the realm of high-volume manufacturing.
Health effects of wood dust - relevance for an occupational standard

Wood dust is coming under increasing scrutiny as an industrial exposure posing greater risk than that of a nuisance dust. In light of this increased interest, this paper will review key reports of wood dust-related health effects, and will summarize the available information which relates exposure levels to effects. Numerous case reports exist of skin reactions and obstructive-pattern respiratory changes of either a hypersensitivity or irritant nature for various woods. Reports have also been published of apparently non-allergic obstructive respiratory effects including lung function test reductions and reduction of mucociliary clearance. Wood dust exposure also appears to be linked to the occurrence of adenocarcinoma of the nasal sinuses. Occasional reports link wood dust to other types of cancer, but these relationships are much less consistent than the association with nasal cancer. Various standards have been proposed for wood dust. Most are lower than the nuisance dust standard currently applicable in the U.S. This review of several key papers on wood dust permits some association of exposure data and effects, particularly with suppressed mucociliary clearance, from which it may be suggested from the available evidence that a standard of 2 mg/m3 total suspended wood dust, not differentiated by type of wood, would protect against observed effects except for extreme allergic hypersensitivity.
System optimum and pricing for the day-long commute with distributed demand, autos and transit

Abstract The day-long system optimum (SO) commute for an urban area served by auto and transit is modeled as an auto bottleneck with a capacitated transit bypass. A public agency manages the system’s capacities optimally. Commuters are identical except for the times at which they wish to complete their morning trips and start their evening trips, which are given by an arbitrary joint distribution. They value unpunctuality – their lateness or earliness relative to their wish times – with a common penalty function. They must use the same mode for both trips. Commuters are assigned personalized mode and travel start times that collectively minimize society’s generalized cost for the whole day. This includes unpunctuality penalties, queuing delays, travel times and out-of-pocket costs for users, as well as travel supply costs and externalities for society. It is shown that in a SO solution there can be no queuing and that the set of SO solutions forms a convex set. Furthermore, if the schedule penalty that users suffer due to unpunctuality is separable into morning and evening components, then the set of commuters traveling by the same mode arrive at work and depart from work in the order of their wishes. These orders are in general different in the morning and the evening. It is also shown that there always is a SO solution in which users are at all times, and on both modes, either punctual or flowing at capacity. These problem properties are used to identify search methods, both, for SO solutions and for time-dependent tolls and transit fares that preserve the solutions as Nash equilibriums. In every case studied, these prices exist. They must peak concurrently for the two modes in both periods. In special cases involving only one mode, only one period or concentrated demand the solution to the complete problem decomposes by period conditional on the number of transit users, and this facilitates the solution. In these cases the day-long SO cost is the sum of the SO costs for the two peaks considered separately. However, this is not true in general – the solution obtained by combining the two single-period solutions can be infeasible. When this happens, the optimum day-long cost will exceed the sum of the single-period costs. The discrepancy is about 40% of the total schedule penalty for an example representing a large city. Thus, to develop realistic policies the day-long problem must be addressed head on. An approximate method that yields closed form formulas for the case with uniformly distributed wishes is presented.
Professional Medical Organizations and Commercial Conflicts of Interest: Ethical Issues

The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) has recently been criticized for accepting a large corporate donation from Coca-Cola to fund patient education on obesity prevention. Conflicts of interest, whether individual or organizational, occur when one enters into arrangements that reasonably tempt one to put aside one’s primary obligations in favor of secondary interests, such as financial self-interest. Accepting funds from commercial sources that seek to influence physician organizational behavior in a direction that could run counter to the public health represents one of those circumstances and so constitutes a conflict of interest. Most of the defenses offered by AAFP are rationalizations rather than ethical counterarguments. Medical organizations, as the public face of medicine and as formulator of codes of ethics for their physician members, have special obligations to adhere to high ethical standards.
Desert dogma revisited: coupling of stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in the desert shrub, Larrea tridentata

The success of the desert shrub Larrea tridentata (creosotebush) has been largely attributed to temperature acclimation and stomatal control of photosynthesis (A) under drought stress. However, there is a paucity of field data on these relationships. To address this void, we conducted a joint field and modelling study that encompassed a diverse set of environmental conditions. At a Larrea-dominated site in southern New Mexico we manipulated soil moisture during the growing season over a 2-year period and measured plant pre-dawn water potential (Ψ pd ), stomatal conductance (g) and A of individual shrubs. We used these data to develop a semi-mechanistic photosynthesis model (A-Season) that explicitly couples internal CO 2 (C;) and g. Vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and Ψ pd affect instantaneous in a manner that is consistent with a biophysical model of stomatal regulation of leaf water potential. C i is modelled as a function of g, derived from a simplification of a typical A-C i curve. After incorporating the effects of growing temperature on stomatal behaviour, the model was able to capture the large diurnal fluctuations in A, g and C i and the observed hysteresis in g versus C i dynamics. Our field data and application of the A-Season model suggest that dogma attributed to Larrea's success is supported with regard to stomatal responses to VPD and Ψ pd , but not for mechanisms of temperature acclimation and CO 2 demand.
Disparities in the Adequacy of Depression Treatment in the United States

OBJECTIVE: There is evidence of disparities in depression treatment by factors such as age, race or ethnicity, and type of insurance. The purpose of this study was to assess whether observed disparities in treatment are due to differences in rates of treatment initiation or to differences in the quality of treatment once treatment has been initiated. METHODS: Logistic regression models using data from the 2000 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey were estimated to assess the role of age, race or ethnicity, and type of insurance on rates of initiation of depression treatment for persons with self-reported depression and on rates of adequate treatment for those receiving treatment. RESULTS: African Americans and Latinos were significantly less likely to fill an antidepressant prescription than Caucasians. However, among patients who filled at least one prescription for an antidepressant, there were no racial or ethnic disparities in the probability of receiving an adequate trial of antidepressant medication. Af...
Critical Studies in the History of Social Psychology

Recent investigations of the history of social psy chology demonstrate that the internal development of theory, methods and research cannot be separated from the social con text in which they occur. Instead, these developments reflect a dialectical exchange between science and society. The present paper reviews recent studies of social psychology's historical development; points out the inadequacies of traditional views of our history as a progression from metaphysical speculation to scientific experimentation; and discusses the implications of critical history for our "current crisis."
Pyruvate protects the brain against ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating the erythropoietin signaling pathway.

Background and Purpose—Pyruvate is known to be cytoprotective through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that pyruvate protects the brain against ischemia–reperfusion injury by inducing endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) expression. Methods—Pyruvate's protective effect was evaluated in C6 glioma cells and HT22 neuronal cells subjected to transient oxygen glucose deprivation. Cell viability (calcein AM assay) and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, EPO, Akt and Erk (immunoblot), and EPO receptor (reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction) were analyzed. Transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats was induced by 2 hours middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 hours reperfusion. Pyruvate or saline was infused from 60 minutes occlusion until 30 minutes reperfusion. Lesion volume and DNA fragmentation were assessed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay, respectively. Immunoblots ...
Long-Term Outcome After Radical Prostatectomy for Patients With Lymph Node Positive Prostate Cancer in the Prostate Specific Antigen Era

Purpose: While the incidence of lymph node positive prostate cancer has decreased during the prostate specific antigen era, the optimal treatment of these patients remains in question. We examined the impact of lymph node metastases on the outcome of patients following radical prostatectomy and investigated prognostic factors that affect survival.Materials and Methods: We identified 507 men treated with radical prostatectomy between 1988 and 2001 who had lymph node positive disease. Of the 507 patients 455 (89.7%) were treated with adjuvant hormonal therapy. Median followup was 10.3 years (IQR 6.1–13.5). Postoperative survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the impact of various clinicopathological factors on outcome was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression models.Results: Ten-year cancer specific survival for patients with positive lymph nodes was 85.8% with 56% of the men free from biochemical recurrence at last followup. On multivariate analysis pathological Gleason...
Cascade Connection of 90-Degree Phase-Shift Networks

A method of connecting 90-degree audio phase-difference networks for use in selective-sideband transmission and reception is shown, whereby an over-all performance is obtained which is analogous to the cascade operation of conventional filters. Three networks are required to obtain twice the rejection in decibels of one. For best results two of the networks must be accurately matched. The cascade connection may either be used with three identical networks to deepen the rejection obtainable with one network over the design range, or it may be used with two similar and one dissimilar network to extend the frequency range over which a given rejection may be obtained.
On analyzing the bus-contention channel under fuzzy time

The bus-contention channel is a covert channel that can be exploited at a rate exceeding 1000 bits per second. Fuzzy time is a countermeasure first described by Wei-Ming Hu (1991). To assess the effectiveness of fuzzy time, it is desirable to have an information-theoretic capacity analysis of the bus-contention channel under fuzzy time. The author points out that the capacity of this channel depends on the assumptions that are held regarding the environment in which the channel is being exploited. He discusses various assumptions that may be held regarding the environment. He argues that a capacity analysis under the weakest of these assumptions (viz. the 'secure environment assumption) provides an upper bound on the capacity under the other assumptions discussed. It has been argued that a capacity analysis under the stronger assumptions is intractable. Therefore, an analysis under the weaker assumption provides the best available upper bound on the capacity of this channel. The author shows how to analyze the capacity of the channel under the weaker environment assumption and carries out such analysis of the channel using realistic system parameters and variety of fuzzy time parameters. >
INFECTIOUS CATARRH OF THE ALBINO RAT II. THE CAUSAL RELATION OF COCCOBACILLIFORM BODIES

Evidence is presented that infectious catarrh of the rat is caused by Gram-negative coccobacilliform bodies which resemble the agents of fowl coryza and mouse catarrh. These bodies were demonstrable microscopically in at least 90 per cent of the exudates from the nasal passages and middle ears. The characteristic syndrome was reproduced in selected rats by the nasal instillation of pure tissue culture growths and was maintained for 10 successive passages by the injection of exudate. The experimentally produced disease was also communicable by direct contact. The biological characteristics of the specific bodies are discussed in relation to the organisms of the pleuropneumonia group.
Polanyi in Brussels: Supranational Institutions and the Transnational Embedding of Markets

Many have argued that the success of European integration is predicated on reinforcing market structures and some have gone further to state that the creation of a transnational market results in a decoupling of markets from their national political and social frameworks, thus threatening to unravel historical social bargains. Drawing on the work of Karl Polanyi and John Ruggie and using their insights regarding the social embedding of markets, we dissent from this view by examining how the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has handled a key sector of the emerging European market—labor mobility. We argue that rather than disembedding markets, decisions of the ECJ—just as Polanyi and Ruggie would have predicted—activate new social and political arrangements. We find evidence for the development of a new legal and political structure, largely inspired by the Court but also imbricated in European Union legislation, at the regional level.
Beyond Infliximab: Other Anti-TNF Therapies for Ulcerative Colitis

The era of biologic therapy for inflammatory bowel disease was launched in 1998 with the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of infliximab (IFX), a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), for Crohn’s disease (CD). However, it was not until 2005, after the results of several open-label clinical studies and of the ACT1 and ACT2 trials of IFX for treatment of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis (UC), that this agent was approved for therapy of UC. In a recent meta-analysis, it was estimated that the number of patients with UC needed to treat with IFX to achieve one remission was only four. However, as experience with using anti-TNF-α agents in CD has shown, the development of loss of response or intolerance to an initial anti-TNF-α agent, partly due to immunogenic effects, is a real problem and having other choices for blocking TNF-α is advantageous. Since 2012, the FDA has approved two other anti-TNF-α antibodies, adalimumab and golimumab, for the treatment of UC. In this chapter, we will review the evidence supporting the use of these agents for UC therapy.
BETWEEN TWO WORLDS PHYSICIANS AS PATIENTS

Between the last full moon and this, in the space of a single lunar month, I had come near to death, and been saved at the last moment; had had my mangled flesh sewn together and united; had “lost” my leg (for an eternity?) in a limbo of non-feeling; had recovered it, as by a miracle, when recovery had seemed impossible. I had had the foundations of my inner world shaken-nay, I had had them utterly destroyed.
Smaller Alignment Models for Better Translations: Unsupervised Word Alignment with the l0-norm

Two decades after their invention, the IBM word-based translation models, widely available in the GIZA++ toolkit, remain the dominant approach to word alignment and an integral part of many statistical translation systems. Although many models have surpassed them in accuracy, none have supplanted them in practice. In this paper, we propose a simple extension to the IBM models: an l0 prior to encourage sparsity in the word-to-word translation model. We explain how to implement this extension efficiently for large-scale data (also released as a modification to GIZA++) and demonstrate, in experiments on Czech, Arabic, Chinese, and Urdu to English translation, significant improvements over IBM Model 4 in both word alignment (up to +6.7 F1) and translation quality (up to +1.4 B ).
Epigenetic inactivation of Notch-Hes pathway in human B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The Notch pathway can have both oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles, depending on cell context. For example, Notch signaling promotes T cell differentiation and is leukemogenic in T cells, whereas it inhibits early B cell differentiation and acts as a tumor suppressor in B cell leukemia where it induces growth arrest and apoptosis. The regulatory mechanisms that contribute to these opposing roles are not understood. Aberrant promoter DNA methylation and histone modifications are associated with silencing of tumor suppressor genes and have been implicated in leukemogenesis. Using methylated CpG island amplification (MCA)/DNA promoter microarray, we identified Notch3 and Hes5 as hypermethylated in human B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We investigated the methylation status of other Notch pathway genes by bisulfite pyrosequencing. Notch3, JAG1, Hes2, Hes4 and Hes5 were frequently hypermethylated in B leukemia cell lines and primary B-ALL, in contrast to T-ALL cell lines and patient samples. Aberrant methylation of Notch3 and Hes5 in B-ALL was associated with gene silencing and was accompanied by decrease of H3K4 trimethylation and H3K9 acetylation and gain of H3K9 trimethylation and H3K27 trimethylation. 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment restored Hes5 expression and decreased promoter hypermethylation in most leukemia cell lines and primary B-ALL samples. Restoration of Hes5 expression by lentiviral transduction resulted in growth arrest and apoptosis in Hes5 negative B-ALL cells but not in Hes5 expressing T-ALL cells. These data suggest that epigenetic modifications are implicated in silencing of tumor suppressor of Notch/Hes pathway in B-ALL.
On-line brush and spray washers to lower numbers of Campylobacter and Escherichia coli and presence of Salmonella on broiler carcasses during processing.

Abstract It is unclear how effective different types of broiler carcass wash steps are in lowering the presence or numbers of pathogenic bacteria. We tested for individual and combined effectiveness of 5 separate on-line wash steps applied between bleed-out and chilling in a commercial broiler processing plant. Carcasses were sampled directly before and after each wash step: pre-scald brush washer, post-feather pick (New York dressed) spray washer, inside/outside spray washer, postevisceration brush washer, and final prechill spray washer. Carcasses were examined for numbers of Campylobacter and Escherichia coli and presence of Salmonella using standard cultural methods. Overall, numbers of Campylobacter were lowered from log 2.58 to 1.15 cfu/mL of carcass rinse, but no single wash step caused a significant decrease. Overall, Salmonella prevalence was decreased from 80 to 24%; however, no wash step caused a significant decrease by itself. The 5 wash steps in series lowered E. coli numbers from log 4.60 to 2.69 cfu/mL; the New York-dressed spray wash and the postevisceration brush washer each had a significant effect on E. coli. When examined separately, the benefit of broiler carcass wash steps may not be evident. However, when combined with overall processing, wash steps can be effective to lessen bacterial contamination on carcasses and be useful for pathogen control. Additional studies are necessary to maximize the effectiveness of carcass washers.
Response to comment on "aneurysmal lesions of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm contain clonally expanded T cells".

We appreciate Dr. Kroon and Dr. Taanman’s interest and comments on our manuscript demonstrating the presence of clonally expanded T cells in aneurysmal lesions of patients with aortic abdominal aneurysm (AAA) ([1][1]). The current treatment modalities for AAA involve surgical treatment which
Pacing the heart: growth and redefinition of a medical technology, 1952-1975.

Le pacemaker, destine a stimuler et entrainer la pompe cardiaque, est apparu aux Etats-Unis des la fin des annees 1950. Depuis 1952, les techniques d'implantation du dispositif ont fondamentalement change, et les medecins ne l'utilisent plus uniquement en situation d'urgence, mais egalement pour reguler de facon permanente les troubles cardiaques chroniques
Primary Study on Dynamic Capacity of River-type Reservoirs

This paper expounds the essence of dynamic capacity and static capacity of river-type reservoirs.It analyses the influence of dynamic reservoir capacity on the reservoir inflow calculation,flood regulation calculation and so on.It introduces the progress in dynamic reservoir capacity calculation and management at home and abroad.It proposes a feasible scheme for dynamic reservoir capacity calculation.And finally,this paper prospects for the future trend of study in this field.
Changes in transcranial motor evoked potentials during intramedullary spinal cord tumor resection correlate with postoperative motor function.

OBJECTIVE: Intraoperative monitoring of transcranial motor evoked potentials (TcMEPs) has been investigated recently as a means of preventing motor deficits associated with resection of intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs). In this study, we hypothesized that changes in the intraoperative MEPs during tumor resection correlate with postoperative motor function deficits. METHODS: A retrospective record review was conducted for 28 patients who underwent resection of an IMSCT using myogenic or muscle-recorded TcMEPs during a 44-month period. Intraoperative MEP recordings and results from preoperative, immediate postoperative, and subsequent follow-up neurological examinations were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 28 patients who underwent resection of an IMSCT using TcMEPs, MEP changes occurred in 13 patients (46%). Impaired motor conduction was detected by changes in pattern and duration of the MEP waveform morphology (polyphasic to biphasic in 9 patients and polyphasic to biphasic to loss of MEP response in 5 patients, 1 patient demonstrated both changes) and by an increase in voltage threshold (median, 175 V; range, 100-225 V; n = 22 extremities). Alterations in morphology and reduction in duration of the MEP response persisted despite significant increases in stimulation voltage. In 12 patients, reductions in the complexity and/or loss of the TcMEP waveform correlated with motor grade loss in the immediate postoperative period (P < 0.0001), at discharge (P < 0.001), and at follow-up (P < 0.001). The decrease in the duration of the response correlated with motor grade loss immediately after surgery (P < 0.001), at discharge (P < 0.0001), and at follow-up (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: These results support the application of distal muscle-recorded TcMEPs to predict the occurrence and severity of postoperative motor deficits during resection of IMSCTs. Attention to such quantitative intraoperative monitoring data may help to minimize postoperative motor deficits by avoiding or correcting excessive spinal cord manipulation and modifying surgical technique during tumor resection.
Cognitive Strategies used in Standardized Patients’ Checklist Recording

It has been well documented that SPs can accurately record examinees’ clinical performance using a checklist. To investigate how SPs actually remembered what was done and what was not done by an examinee, we examined various cognitive strategies employed by SPs during interview. Twenty SPs with various experience were interviewed. It was found that about sixty percent of Sps tried to remember the items that an examinee missed during an interview. About thirty percent of SPs, on the other hand, tried to remember the items that an examinee performed. The remaining ten percent of SPs did not try to remember anything during an interview. Rather, they concentrated on their own role playing. While each SP seemed to have his/her favourite cognitive strategy he/she switched his/her strategy when it was necessary. It was also found that Sps allocated their mental resources differently whether they were novices or experienced. Novice SPs devoted 80% and 20% of their mental resources to their own role playing and examinees’ performance, respectively. The allocation of their mental resources reversed when SPs became more experienced.
Guest Editorial The Theory of Complex Systems With Applications to Smart Grid Operations

The papers in this special section focus on complex systems within current smart grid operations. The existing power grids, being recognized as one of the significant engineering accomplishments, work exceptionally well for the purposes they have been designed to achieve. Enabled by the advances in sensing, communication, computation, and actuation, smart power are rapidly growing in scale, inter-connectivity, and complexity. Major paradigm shifts in power grids include departing producer-controlled structures and transforming to more decentralized and consumer-interactive ones, being more distributed in electricity generation, enhancing the coupling between the physical and cyber layers, and operating in more variable and stochastic conditions. Driven by these emerging needs, power grids are anticipated to be complex and smart networked platforms in which large volume of high-dimensional and complex data is routinely generated, exchanged, and processed for various monitoring, control, and scheduling purposes. The papers in this section cover some of the recent research in the theory of complex systems with applications to power grid operations, which present novel research contributions in all aspects of complex and large-scale systems of relevance and significance in power grids.
The analogical modeling of linguistic categories

In recent years proponents of usage-based linguistics have singled out ‘categorization’ as possibly the fundamental cognitive operation underlying the acquisition and use of language. Despite this increasing appeal to the importance of categorization, few researchers have yet offered explicit interpretations of how linguistic categories might be represented in the brain other than vague allusions to prototype theory, especially as implemented in connectionist-like frameworks. In this paper, I discuss in some detail the implications of superimposing the theoretical representations of linguistic structures onto domain-general models of categorization. I first review the evidence that instance-based, or exemplar-based, models of categorization provide empirically and theoretically better models of both domain-general categorization and of linguistic categorization than do the most commonly cited alternative models. I then argue that of the three exemplar-based models currently being applied to linguistic data, Skousen’s Analogical Model (AM) appears to provide the simplest, most straightforward account of the data and that it appears to be fully compatible with our current understanding of the psychological capabilities and operations that underlie categorization behavior.
State Capacity, Regime Type, and Sustaining the Peace after Civil War

ABSTRACTAbout half of the nations that experience civil war eventually relapse into renewed conflict within a few years after the original war ends. This observation has motivated a stream of research into the factors that affect the risk of peace failure in the aftermath of civil war. While the outcome of the previous civil war—for example, military victory versus peace agreement—structures the post-war environment in ways that affect the risk of peace failure, the capacity of the post-war state to enact and implement policies that affect the incentives for and capacity of groups to undertake armed violence as a means of advancing their interests should also affect the risks of peace failure. Using Geddes’ categories of nondemocratic regime types, we will present a theory of how different regime types have varying capacities to repress and/or implement accommodative policies that affect the risk of peace failure. We test propositions derived from this theory with a series of event history models. Our fin...
Abstract 2308: The role of LKB1 in development of lung squamous cell carcinoma in mice

LKB1 is frequently dysregulated in human lung cancer and has been shown to be one of the critical genes controlling the development of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in mice 1,2 . However, it9s unclear that the contribution of LKB1 in the development of lung SCC in mice. Here we took advantage of our new enhanced Cre (CCSP iCre ) to efficiently deplete Lkb1 in the mouse airway epithelial cells. Although ablation of Lkb1 failed to show any discernable morphological changes, microarray analysis revealed 503 genes and 202 LincRNAs were significantly altered after single ablation of Lkb1. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed that LXR/RXR activation and inflammatory pathways were significantly dysregulated by ablation of Lkb1. Using the CCSP iCre mouse, we ablated Pten in addition to Lkb1. As previously reported by Xu and coworkers who used Adenoviral delivery of Cre recombinase to achieve Lkb1 and Pten ablation 2 , the resulting phenotype was SCC while much rapider tumor initiation age, higher mouse metastasis ratio and a worse mortality were observed in this efficient mouse model. Analysis of the tumor development showed progression from mucous cell hyperplasia of the large airways to a papillary transition stage, then to the SCC phenotype. Mice with airway specific loss of Lkb1 and only one allele of Pten (CCSP iCre Pten f/+ Lkb1 f/f ) showed slower tumor progression with the strong metastasis ability to multiple organs, such as liver, uterus, intestine and spleen. Comparison of the microarrays of CCSP iCre Pten f/f and CCSP iCre Pten f/f Lkb1 f/f in the pretumor stage showed 1463 genes and 339 LincRNAs were significantly altered. Again the major altered pathways were inflammatory and cholesterol biosynthesis. Using this model the developmental progression of lung SCC and the contribution of LKB1 to lung SCC progression were determined. References 1. Ji, H., et al. LKB1 modulates lung cancer differentiation and metastasis. Nature 448, 807-810 (2007). 2. Xu, C., et al. Loss of Lkb1 and Pten leads to lung squamous cell carcinoma with elevated PD-L1 expression. Cancer cell 25, 590-604 (2014). Citation Format: Jian Liu, Sung-Nam Cho, Yiqun Zhang, Chad J. Creighton, Francesco J. DeMayo. The role of LKB1 in development of lung squamous cell carcinoma in mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2308. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2308
A Survey of Diet Monitoring Technology

This article surveys techniques for evaluating eating habits for wellness applications, emphasizing sensor-based approaches such as audio signal processing, inertial sensing, image processing, and gesture recognition. The focus is on noninvasive technologies that could be developed into real-time wearable devices, rather than techniques whose use is limited to laboratory settings. The authors present the results of an online survey in which respondents rate and describe their impressions of various approaches.
TruthCore: Non-parametric estimation of truth from a collection of authoritative sources

Truth Finding is the problem of determining correct information from several conflicting sources and is required for data aggregation. Existing algorithms solve the problem by simultaneously estimating source qualities and fact confidences, working on either numeric or non-numeric data. However, in practice, datasets are a mixture of several different data types. In this work we present a unified framework for finding truth from a collection of conflicting, authoritative sources. We assume that a small subset of independent reliable sources are selected by a preprocessing step. We formulate truth finding as an outlier removal problem, by modeling the similarities between the values reported by these sources. Our algorithm works in two stages: it first models the similarity graph between the sources and then finds the truth by invoking an outlier removal algorithm. We report experiments on several datasets including results for fixing records in Open Library; an open, editable library catalog.
Genetic testing and counseling among patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer

Germline genetic testing of breast cancer patients is an important model of how increasingly widespread genomic sequencing can influence treatment decision-making. Testing of two breast cancer-associated genes, BRCA1/2, has been available for twenty years, but new massively parallel sequencing technology and less restrictive patent laws have made multiplex panel tests available at much lower costs.1 Yet little is known about recent patient experience with genetic testing and counseling. Genetic counselors are expert in risk assessment and communication, but because of workforce limitations, some physicians must counsel and test patients without their assistance.2 These challenges motivated this investigation of patients’ use of and perspectives on genetic counseling and testing.
p215 and p24: Two Membrane-Associated Proteins Expressed on Cloned Cytolytic T-Cells but not on Cloned Helper T-Cells

It has been shown that the mechanism by which cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL)2 lyse target cells can be divided into three successive steps (reviewed in 1): (i) binding of CTL to target cells (adhesion formation), (ii) the action of CTL upon target cells to cause the targets to become irreversibly committed to lyse (programming for lysis, also called the lethal hit), and (iii) actual target cell lysis which occurs independent of continued contact between target cells and CTL. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these processes occur are poorly understood. Studies with monoclonal antibodies which can inhibit lysis in the absence of complement have permitted identification of several molecules which appear to play a role in the cytolytic mechanism (reviewed in 2–6). These include Lyt 2 and its human homologues (2–5), LFA-1 (2–5), T3 (7, 8), and clonotypic molecules which likely represent the T cell receptor (9, 10). Lyt 2 and LFA-1 appear to play a role in the binding of CTL to target cells (3, 5) whereas T3 may serve as a triggering link between the antigen-specific receptor and the lethal hit (6). No molecules have yet been identified which have been shown unambiguously to be involved in the actual delivery of the lethal hit.
Fifty years of herbicide research: comparing the discovery of trifluralin and halauxifen‐methyl

Fifty years separate the commercialization of the herbicides trifluralin and halauxifen-methyl. Despite the vast degree of technological change that occurred over that time frame, some aspects of their discovery stories are remarkably similar. For example, both herbicides were prepared very early in the iterative discovery process and both were developed from known lead compound structures by hypothesis-driven research efforts without the use of in vitro assays or computer-aided molecular design. However, there are aspects of the halauxifen-methyl and trifluralin discovery stories that are substantially different. For example, the chemical technology required for the cost-effective production of halauxifen-methyl simply did not exist just two decades prior to its commercial launch. By contrast, the chemical technology required for the cost-effective production of trifluralin was reported in the chemical literature more than two decades prior to its commercial launch. In addition, changes in regulatory environment since the early 1960s ensured that their respective discovery to commercial launch stories would also differ in substantial ways. Ultimately, the time and cost required to develop and register halauxifen-methyl demanded a global initial business case while the lower registration hurdles that trifluralin cleared enabled a narrow initial business case mainly focused on the USA. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
The Impact of Interactive Computer Based Instruction with Digitized Audio on Low Literate Adult Learners

This paper is an account of the design, development and evaluation of the interactive CD-ROM reading courseware (The READY Course) on low-literate adults. The paper describes the content and design of the READY Course and presents evaluation field test findings in the areas of validity and reliability, and it includes information based on a pre- and posttest design with experimental and control groups. Statistical analysis of reading improvement for the experimental and control groups is provided. Possible future implications for the development of this type of courseware are discussed.
History, Ideology, and Art in Mulk Raj Anand's Post-Independence Fiction

(2002). History, Ideology, and Art in Mulk Raj Anand's Post-Independence Fiction. South Asian Review: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 45-45.