cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of induced normothermia on outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Fever during the first week after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with poor outcome; however, eliminating fever has not been shown to improve outcome. We sought to explore the potential impact of induced normothermia using advanced fever control (AFC) methods on outcome after SAH. METHODS: We identified 40 consecutive febrile patients enrolled in the Columbia University SAH Outcomes Project between 2003 and 2005 who underwent AFC (37 degrees C) with a surface cooling device during the first 14 days after SAH and randomly matched by age, Hunt and Hess grade, and SAH sum score to 80 SAH patients who underwent conventional fever control between 1996 and 2004. Average daily fever burden was calculated as the time and extent (degrees C x hours) above 37 degrees C. Poor outcome was defined as death or moderate to severe disability (modified Rankin Scale score of 4 or higher). A multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with poor outcome 12 months after SAH. RESULTS: The fever burden was lower over 14 days in the AFC patients as compared with the patients receiving conventional fever control (P < .001). AFC patients had higher rates of hyperglycemia (P < .01) and arrhythmias (P = .02). Higher admission Hunt and Hess grade on admission and the development of pneumonia (P = .02) were associated with an increased risk for poor outcome at 12 months (P = .04), whereas AFC was associated with a reduced risk (P = .004) after adjusting for age, arrhythmia, and anemia. CONCLUSION: Elimination of fever with AFC may be associated with improved outcome after SAH. A prospective randomized trial of AFC vs conventional fever control is warranted.
Structure and free volume of 〈1 1 0〉 symmetric tilt grain boundaries with the E structural unit

Abstract Atomistic simulations are used to investigate the structure and interfacial free volume of 〈1 1 0〉 symmetric tilt grain boundaries in copper containing the E structural unit from the Σ9(2 2 1)θ = 141.1° grain boundary. In this work, a stereologically-based methodology is used to calculate the grain boundary free volume along with the spacing and connectivity of free volume. After generating the minimum energy equilibrium grain boundary, we examine (i) the grain boundary structure, (ii) a measure of free volume associated with the grain boundary, (iii) spatial correlation functions of the distribution of free volume, and (iv) images of grain boundary free volume distribution. Using the results from these calculations, the influence of free volume spatial distribution and grain boundary structure on dislocation dissociation and nucleation is briefly discussed for boundaries with the E structural unit subjected to tensile loading normal to the interface along with the potential implications of free volume connectivity.
Potential benefits of mathematical models to predict endothelial cell density following penetrating keratoplasty.

Endothelial cell loss following penetrating keratoplasty is progressive, with greater loss in the perioperative time period. However, we do not know why, for example, a density of 500 cells/mm stabilizes in some eyes maintaining corneal clarity, whereas a similar density in other eyes leads to late onset graft failure. Can one predict the decay of cells to explain this example? Why do we have graft failure in some eyes and not others in the absence of inflammation, glaucoma, trauma, or immune rejection? A single exponential model is unable to answer such questions. Riddlesworth et al. explain why the biexponential model does not explain such losses. Surgeons have assumed that donor and surgical factors are the major source(s) of acute cell loss. Because of the physical limitations imposed on specular microscopic cell counting of limited areas of focus that are unable to return to the same exact areas, we have been guessing as to the mechanism(s) of chronic cell loss and re-establishment of corneal clarity in Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy cases whose central endothelium was removed. Recent morphologic studies as well as this current analysis that use repeated measurements from the same subjects over time better define the time course and mechanism(s) of the endothelial movement. By developing a mathematical model that allows the exponential rate of decline to vary continuously while incorporating significant nonlinear rates of decline, the authors have fit the clinical data for the first time to account for a slower secondary rate of cell loss in some cases and stabilization of the loss in others. Such cell loss is affected by the quality and quantity of the donor endothelium, and is most likely modified by the condition/quality of the recipient stroma and Descemet’s membrane, the quality of the wounds, as well as the health of the host endothelium that in some cases is able to either prevent progressive centripetal cell migration or actually perform centrifugal cell movement. The authors clearly define the limitations of their study, but provide us with a confirmation of endothelial cell biology that may be applicable to newer posterior lamellar grafts, such as Descemet’s stripping automatic endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK).
Influence of Herbicides on Respiration of Young Pinus Seedlings

FIELD and greenhouse studies with a number of herbicides have demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition of young gymnosperm seedlings. The effects vary greatly with the chemicals and dosage used, species, age of plants, manner of herbicide application, and environmental conditions1–4. Considerable work has been carried out on herbicidal influences on metabolism of herbaceous plants, but very little information is available for the responses of woody plants. Triazine herbicides are generally accepted as inhibitors of photosynthesis5,6. Metabolism is probably altered by atrazine in red kidney bean7 and by simazine in barley roots8. The extensive literature on 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T shows that metabolism varies greatly with species, age of plant, and tissues tested9–12. Ingle and Rogers13 have shown that dalapon may reduce phosphate uptake while it does not alter respiration materially. EPTC causes some increase in respiration of mung beans and corn embryos after relatively long exposure to the herbicide14. Experiments have now been extended to evaluate the short-time effects of the active and inert ingredients of commercial formulations of several herbicides on respiration of tissues of woody plants. Herbicides and corresponding commercial formulations were obtained as: 2,4-D (esteron 10-10), 2,4,5-T (esteron 2,4,5-OS), 2,4-DEP (falone 44-E), EPTC (‘Eptam 6 E’), CDEC (‘Vegadex’), CDAA (‘Randox’), simazine (simazine 50 W), atrazine (atrazine 50 W), ipazine (ipazine 25 E), prometone (prometone 25 E), dalapon (‘Dowpon’), and sesone (sesone).
An Automated Parallel Approach for Rapid Deployment of Composite Application Servers

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) generally provides a standard vanilla server that contains an OS and basic functions, and each user has to manually install the required applications for the proper server deployments. We are working on a composite application deployment approach to automatically install selected applications in a flexible manner, based on a set of application installation scripts that are invoked on the vanilla server. Some applications have installation dependencies involving multiple servers. Previous research projects on installing applications with multi-server dependencies have deployed the servers sequentially. This means the total deployment time grows linearly with the number of servers. Our automated parallel approach makes the composite application deployment run in parallel when there are installation dependencies across multiple servers. We implemented a prototype system on Chef, a widely used automatic server installation framework, and evaluated the performance of our composite application deployment on a Soft Layer public cloud using two composite application server cases. The deployment times were reduced by roughly 40% in our trials.
Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-I-mediated cell signaling by the von Hippel-Lindau gene product in renal cancer

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-mediated signaling is thought to be involved in the regulation of multiple cellular functions in different tumors including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Blocking IGF-I signaling by any of the several strategies abolishes or delays the progression of a variety of tumors in animal models. Herein, we demonstrate that in RCC cell lines, IGF-I-mediated signaling is found to be inhibited in the presence of wild type von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppresser gene. Moreover, molecular modeling and biochemical approaches have revealed that β-domain of the VHL gene product by interacting directly with protein kinase Cδ inhibits its association with IGF-IR for downstream signaling. We also demonstrated that RCC has IGF-I-mediated invasive activity where protein kinase Cδ is an important downstream molecule, and this invasiveness can be blocked by wild type VHL. These experiments thus elucidate a novel tumor suppresser function of VHL with its unique kinase inhibitory domain.
The Effect of Thread Dimensional Conformance on Vibration-Induced Loosening

This paper presents the results from dynamic tests that investigate the effect of thread dimensional conformance of fasteners on vibration-induced loosening. Test specimens include combinations of bolts and nuts within dimensional conformance as specified by ASME Standard B1. 1-1992, as well as bolts with undersized pitch and major diameters and nuts with oversized pitch and minor diameters. Tests were performed using an inertial loaded compound cantilever beam apparatus that subjects the test fasteners to a vibration environment. Data from the tests show a significantly degraded resistance to vibration for the fastener combinations with undersized pitch and major bolt diameters or oversized pitch and minor nut diameters, compared to fastener combinations within conformance. Specifically, the lower 90 percent confidence limit for the time to failure for conforming specimens was 782 seconds compared to 8 to 29 seconds for nonconforming specimens.
Senckenberg lignite: a lignitized wood with apparently original cellulose and lignin.

A lignitized wood of Miocene derivation has been identified to the genus Taxodium. The cell walls of latewood tracheids are Maule positive. A structurally intact lignin residue is obtained after incubation of the wood in 72 percent sulfuric acid. Cellulose persists as a structural polysaccharide in the lignitized wood.
Family health care decision making

How do families choose a health plan when offered the option of insurance or a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)? Choices are influenced by health consumerism, decision variables, family health needs, family composition, family socioeconomic status, and knowledge about HMOs. Subjects in the research reported here chose insurance or one of four HMOs; control subjects had no HMOs available. The model is estimated with LOGIT regression, yielding a pseudoR2 of.22 for the adjusted model. Participation in the decision process, number of chronic illnesses, and knowledge about HMOs all are significantly and positively associated with choosing an HMO; also, young adults are more likely than older adults to choose HMOs. The consumerism variable fails to attain significance. LOGIT analysis of the adjusted model indicates that the model predicted 72% of plan choices correctly. Suggested research for other family forms, for the poor, and for the elderly's health plan choices are discussed.
Ion effects on ligand-nucleic acid interactions

We have developed a general thermodynamic analysis of monovalent ion effects on the observed association constants K obs of ligand-nucleic acid interactions. Our approach is based on the binding theory of Wyman (1964) and the polyelectrolyte theory of Manning (1969) . In the case of model ligands such as Mg 2+ or short oligolysines, where there is no anion binding by the ligand, the dependence of K obs on monovalent ion (M + ) concentration results from the release of M + counterions from the nucleic acid in the association reaction. We find that, for these systems, log K obs is a linear function of log [M + ]. The slope of such a graph yields the number of charge interactions, or ion pairs, formed between ligand and nucleic acid; the intercept of a linear extrapolation to a 1 m -M + standard state yields the non-electrostatic component of the binding free energy. From an analysis of the data of Latt & Sober (1967) on the interactions of oligolysines with polyribonucleotides, we have concluded that the dominant factor driving complex formation between these charged ligands and the nucleic acid is the entropic contribution from the release of counterions. Counterion release also appears to drive the non-specific interactions of proteins with nucleic acids.
Choosing cost-effective configuration in cloud storage

Cloud storage provides a virtually unlimited storage spaces for customers. Customers can combine their data storages from different types of cloud storage following their own requirements. End customers often stuck in choosing desirable configuration from different types of cloud storage. How to spend the minimum costs on using the highly efficient cloud storage? How to balance the relationship between the expenditures and performance? This paper proposes a cost-effective optimal configuration model using the repeated game model that can provide optimal configuration solutions to customers. The data mining techniques are used in provisioning on cloud storage. Classification helps users to find the related data and trend analysis assists users to mine the future trend on data storage. A simulate experiment is discussed and verify the correctness of the proposed model.
Derivation of lung mesenchymal lineages from the fetal mesothelium requires hedgehog signaling for mesothelial cell entry

Recent studies have shown that mesothelial progenitors contribute to mesenchymal lineages of developing organs. To what extent the overlying mesothelium contributes to lung development remains unknown. To rigorously address this question, we employed Wt1CreERT2/+ mice for high-fidelity lineage tracing after confirming that Cre recombinase was mesothelial specific and faithfully recapitulated endogenous Wilms’ tumor 1 (Wt1) gene expression. We visualized WT1+ mesothelial cell entry into the lung by live imaging and identified their progenies in subpopulations of bronchial smooth muscle cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and desmin+ fibroblasts by lineage tagging. Derivation of these lineages was only observed with Cre recombinase activation during early lung development. Using loss-of-function assays in organ cultures, and targeted mesothelial-restricted hedgehog loss-of-function mice, we demonstrated that mesothelial cell movement into the lung requires the direct action of hedgehog signaling. By contrast, hedgehog signaling was not required for fetal mesothelial heart entry. These findings further support a paradigm wherein the mesothelium is a source of progenitors for mesenchymal lineages during organogenesis and indicate that signals controlling mesothelial cell entry are organ specific.
Explaining Differences in Homicide Clearance Rates Between Japan and the United States

Japan maintains near-perfect homicide clearance rates (around 95%, compared with roughly 60% in the United States). This study explored possible explanations for higher homicide clearance rates in Japan than in the United States. Using recent (2000 to 2004) official summary statistics, this study found that Japanese homicides contain a higher proportion of “easy-to-clear” cases, including those with nonfirearm weapons, family member offenders, and child (and not teenager or young adult) victims, than do American homicides. Also the Japanese categorization of homicides in official statistics includes cases favorable to clearance (attempted homicide) and excludes cases unfavorable to clearance (robbery-homicide). These findings suggest caution in attributing Japan's higher homicide clearance rates exclusively to police effectiveness or citizen–police cooperation. Suggestions for future multivariate research are also discussed.
Rationale for Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors: A New Class of Oral Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective:To review advances in understanding the pathophysiologic basis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the pharmacology and mechanism of action of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibition in correcting the underlying defects in glycemic control.Data Sources:Articles were identified through MEDLINE for the period 1966 through November 2006. Abstracts and presentations from the American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (2002–2006) were also searched for scientific reports on DPP-4 inhibitors.Study Selection And Data Extraction:Abstracts, original clinical and preclinical research reports, and review articles published in the English language were identified for review. Literature discussing glucose regulation, incretin hormones, type 2 diabetes pathophysiology, and DPP-4 inhibition were evaluated and selected based on consideration of their support for the proof of concept, mechanistic and in vivo findings, and timeliness.Data Synthesis:The s...
Bias in extrapolating responses from resonant structures using early-time and low-frequency data

Computational electromagnetic (CEM) methods are often used to numerically compute a wide-band EM response of a structure in either the time or frequency domain. If the structure is strongly resonant, however, the time required to compute the response can be significant. Time responses for resonant structures are characteristically very long and thus require many time steps and extensive computation times. Additionally, late-time computations may be inaccurate. In the frequency domain, characterizing strong resonances requires fine frequency sampling and high-frequency evaluations can be burdensome. One alternative which can significantly reduce computation time is to compute early-time and low-frequency portions of the response with CEM methods and extrapolate the remaining data [1, 2]. Early-time data contain high-frequency information whereas low-frequency data contain late-time information. Thus, the data sets are mutually complementary and together provide knowledge of the complete response [3].
Intramolecular dynamics due to electron transitions: from photoelectron spectroscopy to Femtochemistry

Abstract Select spectroscopic and chemical physics problems associated with atomic motion triggered by electronic transitions are the topics of this paper. The story starts with the initial stimulation provided by Dick Brundle's photoelectron spectroscopy studies of adsorbed molecules and continues to contemporary examples in photoelectron spectroscopy and Femtochemistry, all of which are theoretically modelled within a unified framework of time-dependent, driven oscillators and decaying states.
Orthodontic tooth movement causes decreased promoter expression of collagen type 1, bone sialoprotein and alpha-smooth muscle actin in the periodontal ligament.

Olson C., Uribe F., Kalajzic Z., Utreja A., Nanda R., Rowe D., Wadhwa S. Orthodontic tooth movement causes decreased promoter expression of collagen type 1, bone sialoprotein and alpha-smooth muscle actin in the periodontal ligament. Orthod Craniofac Res 2012;15:52–61 © John Wiley & Sons A/S Structured Abstract Objective – To evaluate the effects of orthodontic tooth movement on the promoter expression of collagen type 1 (3.6Col1), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in the periodontal ligament (PDL) using transgenic mice containing transgenes of these promoters fused to green fluorescent proteins (GFP). Materials and Methods – The maxillary first molars of 10-12 week-old transgenic mice were loaded with 10–12 g of force for 12, 48 h, or 7 days. Mice were transgenic for one of the following GFP-tagged bone markers of osteoblast lineage cells: 3.6-kb fragment of the rat collagen type 1 promoter (3.6Col1), BSP or α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Loaded molars under compression and tension were compared with contra-lateral unloaded controls. Results – On the compression side of the PDL, orthodontic tooth movement caused a significant decrease in GFP expression of all the promoters at each time point. On the tension side, there was a significant increase in BSP–GFP expression, 12 h following loading compared to the contralateral unloaded controls. Conclusions – An in vivo tooth movement model using transgenic mice with promoter–GFP constructs provides an efficient and effective way of investigating the cellular events underlying orthodontic tooth movement. PDL cells may undergo decreased differentiation in response to the compressive force.
Gisèle Halimi entre plainte et plaidoyer: ‘On naît avocate, on ne le devient pas’

This intellectual portrait of defence lawyer and feminist activist Gisele Halimi tests the hypothesis that her writings function like one long closing argument in a courtroom, where a passionate ‘I’ fights for Justice not only by making sure that the Law is upheld but, when necessary, trying to change the Law with the weapons authorised by the judicial system—narratives and stories. Each word is at the service of the overall agenda. One of the unexpected textual consequences of this ethical position is that it becomes radically impossible to separate autobiography from history, or the voice of the renowned public figure of Maitre Halimi from Gisele's ‘I’.
In Search of a Coherent Curriculum: Integrating the Third-Year Foreign Language Classroom

In response to theoretical developments in literary and cultural studies, many arguments have been made for revising foreign language curricula in recent years. However, a number of practical questions remain, particularly in the upper division, regarding (a) appropriate content and (b) the relationship between content and language instruction. The author discusses a third-year level course on postwar German culture in terms of the combined goals of increasing students' cultural knowledge, critical reading skills, and linguistic fluency. Such a course provides a possible template for language programs working toward an integrated curriculum.
Repository for model driven development (ReMoDD)

The Repository for Model-Driven Development (ReMoDD) contains artifacts that support Model-Driven Development (MDD) research and education. ReMoDD is collecting (1) documented MDD case studies, (2) examples of models reflecting good and bad modeling practices, (3) reference models (including metamodels) that can be used as the basis for comparing and evaluating MDD techniques, (4) generic models and transformations reflecting reusable modeling experience, (5) descriptions of modeling techniques, practices and experiences, and (6) modeling exercises and problems that can be used to develop classroom assignments and projects. ReMoDD provides a single point of access to shared artifacts reflecting high-quality MDD experience and knowledge from industry and academia. This access facilitates sharing of relevant knowledge and experience that improve MDD activities in research, education and industry.
Intelligent Icons: Integrating Lite-Weight Data Mining and Visualization into GUI Operating Systems

The vast majority of visualization tools introduced so far are specialized pieces of software that run explicitly on a particular dataset at a particular time for a particular purpose. In this work we introduce a novel framework for allowing visualization to take place in the background of normal day-to-day operation of any GUI based operation system. Our system works by replacing the standard file icons with automatically created icons that reflect the contents of the files in a principled way. We call such icons Intelligent Icons. The utility of Intelligent Icons is further enhanced by arranging them in a way that reflects their similarity/differences. We demonstrate the utility of our approach on diverse applications.
“Provided Only that their Voice was Strong”: Insurgency and Organization of American Labor from NRA to Taft-Hartley

Students of the labor movement have been fascinated with the years between 1933 and 1946 for the impact they had on the experiences of workers in subsequent years, and because they redefined the possibilities for concerted working class action. In this article we present quantitative historical analyses to address the following issues: (1) In what ways did the various modes of worker action stimulate mass unionization efforts? (2) Under what conditions was strike activity enhanced or dissipated by existing levels of organization? and (3) How do rare events—such as sitdown strikes—sustain more normal expressions of working class action?
Mood, Tense, and Copula Verb Selection in Near-Native Speakers of Spanish

The present study focuses on the use of Spanish by near-native speakers in the United States. I will consider near-native speakers to be those individuals who speak Spanish as a second language, who are capable of having a complex conversation in that language, who are able to understand any speaker, and who are able to function as professionals using Spanish in their field of work. The near-native speakers for this study consist of clergy and religious sisters from Allentown, Pennsylvania, who incorporate the use of Spanish in their ministry to the Hispanic communities in the United States within the Catholic church. The study examines the use of the indicative vs. subjunctive, the preterit vs. the imperfect, and copula verbs ser vs. estar, in relation to stylistic variables such as type of situation, topic of conversation, and type of discourse. The purpose of this investigation is to show the correct use of three grammatical distinctions – indicative vs. subjunctive, preterit vs. imperfect, and ser vs. estar – in the speech of four near-native speakers of Spanish. Besides examining these three grammatical distinctions, this study also attempts to investigate and quantify the concept of near-native speaker. The analysis of the usage frequencies of four near-native speakers of Spanish from Pennsylvania lead to a more accurate and quantitative measure of their performance during a sociolinguistic interview. This investigation also incorporates the correlation of other extralinguistic factors such as topic of conversation, type of discourse, and type of situation with the three linguistic distinctions mentioned above. Defining near-native is as problematic as defining bilingual, and the same question can be raised when dealing with both concepts: How “bilingual” or “nearnative” is the speaker being examined? While the term bilingual continues to be more popular in the non-academic world, the term near-native has become commonplace within foreign language departments. Perhaps the term near-native tries to solve the unqualified nature of the term bilingual by trying to characterize a speaker who can speak almost as well as a native speaker. Valdes (1998) believes that “it is not surprising that the construct of near-native ability is, itself, extraordinarily complex” (p. 154). This complexity makes “near-nativeness” and the quantification of it a challenge in sociolinguistics and language acquisition research. The term near-native and superior proficiency are related, although I do not have evidence to show whether both terms are used synonymously by the ACTFL 1 or by other language institutions such as the Foreign Services. At the school level, these assessment criteria appear to be useful for placing students in appropriate
Evaluation of hierarchical models for integrative genomic analyses.

Motivation: Advances in high-throughput technologies have led to the acquisition of various types of -omic data on the same biological samples. Each data type gives independent and complementary information that can explain the biological mechanisms of interest. While several studies performing independent analyses of each dataset have led to significant results, a better understanding of complex biological mechanisms requires an integrative analysis of different sources of data. Results: Flexible modeling approaches, based on penalized likelihood methods and expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms, are studied and tested under various biological relationship scenarios between the different molecular features and their effects on a clinical outcome. The models are applied to genomic datasets from two cancer types in the Cancer Genome Atlas project: glioblastoma multiforme and ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. The integrative models lead to improved model fit and predictive performance. They also provide a better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying patients' survival. (Resume d'auteur)
A successful medium for maintaining earthworms.

Several different culture media were tested for their effect on weight and viability of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris). A medium containing pulverized newspaper, pelletted rabbit food, walnut meal, peanut oil, topsoil and coffee grounds supported life and growth for 62 weeks, and improved the condition of degenerated worms.
Visual short-term memory for two sequential arrays: One integrated representation or two separate representations?

Two dot arrays, each containing a different set of six randomly selected locations from a 5 × 5 matrix, were presented briefly and were separated by an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 0, 200, 500, or 1,500 msec. Subjects were asked to remember these locations and to report whether a probe dot matched the locations in memory. To find out whether the subjects had formed an integrated representation of the two arrays, the probe dot was accompanied by matrix elements from the first array, from the second array, or from both arrays. Memory for Array 1 was significantly impaired when the retrieval context was drawn from Array 2, and vice versa, suggesting that the two arrays were represented separately. This effect was observed only at an ISI of 500 msec or longer. We propose that as Array 1 is better consolidated, its representation becomes more separated from that of Array 2.
Six Problems in Levinas's Philosophy

Levinas’s constitutive analysis conflicts with his phenomenological descriptions. There are problems in his essential theses: Recognizing alterity is recognizing wants and needs. These are said to be unending, infinite. The wholly Other—God—is constitutive of the alterity of the other human. Ethics originates in Jewish religious history. Ethical absoluteness conflicts with political responsibility.
Moving towards a new class of vaccines for non-infectious chronic diseases.

Immunotherapies using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have radically improved the treatment of many chronic diseases, including autoimmune/inflammatory diseases and cancer. Nevertheless, mAbs have sig...
“A DEAF VARIETY OF THE HUMAN RACE”: HISTORICAL MEMORY, ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, AND EUGENICS

Alexander Graham Bell stood at the intersection of two late nineteenth-century American social developments. First, a nascent deaf community, threaded by residential schools and the use of a shared visual language, began to form by the 1850s, drawing deaf people into regular interaction and intermarriage. Second, the American eugenics movement, determined to eliminate perceived social problems through reproductive restrictions, came to prominence as the century neared its end. Bell's role in publicly connecting these two historical threads has earned him the approbation of the American deaf community and historians of disability.This article examines Bell's words and actions closely over thirty years to argue that a combination of Bell's own hubris and historians' tendency to conflate two aspects of his complex attitude toward disability has distorted historical memory. Bell feared that difference alone led to inequality, and he hoped that society could be improved through informed reproductive decisions. Ultimately, Bell found himself entangled in an alarming eugenic environment and sought to thwart eugenicists who would interfere with deaf reproductive rights.
Wafer-scale pattern transfer of metal nanostructures on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates via holographic nanopatterns.

In this paper, we report on a cost-effective and simple, nondestructive pattern transfer method that allows the fabrication of metallic nanostructures on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate on a wafer scale. The key idea is to use holographic nanopatterns of a photoresist (PR) layer as template structures, where a metal film is directly deposited in order to replicate the nanopatterns of the PR template layer. Then, the PDMS elastomer is molded onto the metal film and the metal/PDMS composite layer is directly peeled off from the PR surface. Many metallic materials including Ti, Al, and Ag were successfully nanopatterned on PDMS substrates by the pattern transfer process with no use of any adhesion promoter layer or coating. In case of Au that has poor adhesion to PDMS material, a salinization of the metal surface with 3-(aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) monolayer promoted the adhesion and led to successful pattern transfer. A series of adhesion tests confirmed the good adhesion of the transferred...
Platinum-free cathode for dye-sensitized solar cells using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) formed via oxidative molecular layer deposition.

Thin ∼20 nm conformal poly(3,4-ehylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films are incorporated in highly conductive mesoporous indium tin oxide (m-ITO) by oxidative molecular layer deposition (oMLD). These three-dimensional catalytic/conductive networks are successfully employed as Pt-free cathodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with open circuit voltage equivalent to Pt cathode devices. Thin and conformal PEDOT films on m-ITO by oMLD create high surface area and efficient electron transport paths to promote productive reduction reaction on the PEDOT film. Because of these two synergetic effects, PEDOT-coated m-ITO by oMLD shows power conversion efficiency, 7.18%, comparable to 7.26% of Pt, and higher than that of planar PEDOT coatings, which is 4.85%. Thus, PEDOT-coated m-ITO is an exceptional opportunity to compete with Pt catalysts for low-cost energy conversion devices.
Effect of quinine treatment of the host upon the carbohydrate metabolism of the malarial parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum.

sity of Chicago. I wish to thank Professor and Mrs. W. H. Taliaferro for their encouragement and advice throughout the course of these experiments. I also wish to thank Mr. Celestino D. Alayu, Miss Tsugiye Shiroishi, and Mrs. Jean Launspach Smith for technical assistance. strated that the apparent lowering in the chemotherapeutic effectiveness of quinine after removal of the spleen is due to lowering of the important auxiliary action of acquired immunity. They also found that quinine does not act by stimulating the phagocytic mechanism, and that although it inhibits growth and reproduction of the parasites, such inhibited parasites are not phagocytosed at an increased rate. All these investigations indicate that quinine exerts its chief antimalarial effect by acting directly upon the parasites. This view is supported by observations that quinine inhibits the respiration of malarial parasites in vitro.6'7'8'9 Silverman et al8 found that 0.00001-
Acute Abdomen in an HIV-Positive Man

George G. is a 48-year-old gay man known to be HIV positive for seven years. In the past he has responded well to monotherapy with antiretroviral
Abstract B19: Anti-VEGF treatment normalizes tuberculosis granuloma vasculature and improves small molecule delivery

Tuberculosis (TB) causes almost 2 million deaths annually, and an increasing number of patients are resistant to existing therapies. TB patients require lengthy chemotherapy, possibly because of poor penetration of antibiotics into granulomas where the bacilli reside. Granulomas are morphologically similar to solid cancerous tumors in that they contain hypoxic microenvironments and can be highly fibrotic. Here we show that TB-infected rabbits have impaired small molecule distribution into these disease sites due to a functionally abnormal vasculature, with a low molecular weight tracer accumulating only in peripheral regions of granulomatous lesions. Granuloma-associated vessels are morphologically and spatially heterogeneous, with poor vessel pericyte coverage in both human and experimental rabbit TB granulomas. Moreover, we found enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in both species. In tumors, anti-angiogenic, specifically anti-VEGF, treatments can “normalize” their vasculature, reducing hypoxia and creating a window-of-opportunity for conjunctive chemotherapy; thus, we investigated vessel normalization in rabbit TB granulomas. Treatment of TB-infected rabbits with the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab significantly decreased the total number of vessels while normalizing those that remained. As a result, hypoxic fractions of these granulomas were reduced and small molecule tracer delivery increased. These findings demonstrate that bevacizumab treatment promotes vascular normalization, improves small molecule delivery, and decreases hypoxia in TB granulomas, thereby providing a potential new avenue to improve delivery and efficacy of current treatment regimens. Citation Format: Meenal Datta, Laura E. Via, Walid S. Kamoun, Chong Liu, Wei Chen, Giorgio Seano, Danielle M. Weiner, Daniel Schimel, Kathleen England, John D. Martin, Xing Gao, Lei Xu, Clifton E. Barry, III, Rakesh K. Jain. Anti-VEGF treatment normalizes tuberculosis granuloma vasculature and improves small molecule delivery. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Angiogenesis and Vascular Normalization: Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers; Mar 5-8, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B19.
A reduced-order crystal model for HCP metals: Application to Mg

Abstract A computationally efficient plasticity model for HCP crystals is developed for use in simulations where the constitutive model evaluations account for a significant fraction of the total analysis time. Combined pyramidal and prismatic slip is represented as an isotropic function while slip along the basal plane and extension twinning are maintained as distinct mechanisms. Additional efficiency is gained by deferring the updates of the rate-independent twinning and basal system strengths until the following time step, which allows precomputation of the inverses of the slip interaction matrices. Comparisons are made with single crystal pure Mg experimental data, as well as rolled polycrystal AZ31B data. The computational efficiency is evaluated by comparing simulation times from the current model with J2-Flow theory plasticity and a full crystal plasticity model. The reduced crystal plasticity model retains essential crystallographic features that govern macroscale mechanical response of HCP metals at approximately five times the computational expense of a J2-Flow theory calculation.
Primary bone tumors of the hand and carpus.

SUMMARY This discussion has attempted to outline a fundamental approach to the radiographic analysis of solitary lesions of the hand and wrist skeleton. The initial evaluation invariably relies on the routine radiograph, using the conventional film-screen combination to obtain a sense of the lesion in its gross anatomic setting. Decisions to use ancillary procedures and the selection of their type and sequence can also best be based on an initial general evaluation. On the basis of an overall view so obtained, and by using a body of general roentgenographic criteria, one can arrive at the most likely diagnostic probabilities. However, in addition to careful study of the lesion, close cooperation between the clinician, the pathologist, and the radiologist cannot be overemphasized. Only by means of such collaboration is it possible to reach a truly valid diagnosis and a rational plan for treatment.
Food choices of institutionalized vs. independent-living elderly.

Food habits and nutrient intake of free-living elderly persons and nursing home counterparts are compared.
Using Two Synchronized Fiber Lasers to Drive An All-optic Logic Gate for 100 Gb/s Network Applications

We demonstrate operation of a low-birefringent nonlinear optical loop mirror (Low-Bi-NOLM) [1] driven by two synchronized En-doped fiber lasers (EDFL’s). High-speed serial signal processing and synchronization of a local laser to an incoming data stream are two main challenges in high-speed ( >100 Gb/s), time-division-multiplexed (TDM) network applications. Using a Low-Bi-NOLM as the signal processor and a new synchronization device based on a novel acoustic-optic-modulator (AOM)-grating scheme[2], we obtain stable nonlinear switching with a contrast of 16.2 dB and a switching energy of 18 pJ by making the timing window of the logic gate (6.5 ps) greater than the inter-laser timing jitter (3 ps).
Basal Bodies and Associated Structures

Publisher Summary Basal bodies and flagella are ancient organelles that show amazing evolutionary conservation as evidenced by our identification of the flagellar basal body proteome and the proteome analyses of flagella and basal bodies. Many features of Chlamydomonas basal bodies reflect the organization of these structures in most organisms. Fibers attached to the basal bodies cover rootlet microtubules (composed of four bundles of microtubules that originate from the basal body region and extend under the plasma membrane), distal striated fibers and nucleus-basal body connectors, proximal fibers, and Y-shaped connectors. Intact basal bodies have been isolated by a variety of methods. These preparations differ in the presence of flagella, rootlet microtubules, and nuclei. This is focused in global approaches to the identification of basal body proteins part. Comparative genomic techniques represent an alternative approach to identify basal body proteins. Mutants with altered basal bodies or transition zones have been reported with the inclusions of bld2-1 allele, uni3-1 allele, bld10-1 strain, like bld2-1 and sas-6 gene. Studies in Chlamydomonas will provide the framework for dissecting docking and transport of flagellar proteins in a simple, genetically tractable, cell-autonomous system. In turn, processes in Chlamydomonas can be applied to studies of ciliary diseases and signaling events mediated by sensory cilia in diverse metazoan cell types.
Neighborhood sociodemographics and change in built infrastructure

AbstractWhile increasing evidence suggests an association between physical infrastructure in neighborhoods and health outcomes, relatively little research examines how neighborhoods change physically over time and how these physical improvements are spatially distributed across populations. This paper describes the change over 25 years (1985–2010) in bicycle lanes, off-road trails, bus transit service and parks, and spatial clusters of changes in these domains relative to neighborhood sociodemographics in four US cities that are diverse in terms of geography, size, and population. Across all four cities we identified increases in bicycle lanes, off-road trails, and bus transit service, with spatial clustering in these changes that related to neighborhood sociodemographics. Overall, we found evidence of positive changes in physical infrastructure commonly identified as supportive of physical activity. However, the patterning of infrastructure change by sociodemographic change encourages attention to the eq...
From Voluntarism to the Sanitary Gospel: The Family and Social Reform

In 1849, the Mayor’s Committee on the Moral Condition of the Town met to map out a program to address the problems of poverty and social disorder in the borough. The Reverend Ryland stated the task of reform in this way: Let them then, each in his own sphere, cultivate a proper religious and moral spirit and communicate that influence to those around them in all their relations, in all their occupations, all their concerns, all their institutions.1
Magnetically tunable nano-superlattice metaconductors for RF applications

A nanomachined ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic superlattice approach is used for tunable radio frequency (RF) conductors, where the current flow profile through the volume of the conductor is magnetically manipulated and so is the RF resistance. The magnetically tunable nano-superlattice conductors with a variable ohmic resistance in GHz range are successfully demonstrated. The realized superlattice conductor consists of an alternating 20 layers of Cu/Ni and Cu/NiFe thin films with a thickness of each pair of 150 nm/25 nm where 150 nm is a few times smaller than the skin depth of Cu in the frequency range of interest. As a total multi-layer conductor's thickness of 1.75 µm has shown to have a reverse RF resistance performance as a function of frequency compared to its solid Cu counterpart with the same thickness, we call this artificial conductor as the “metaconductor”. In 10 MHz – 20 GHz frequency range, the metaconductors show an increased ohmic resistance in less than 10 GHz, but a reduced ohmic resistance in greater than 10 GHz range as “low loss conductors” in especially Ku and K bands. The RF frequency showing maximum resistance is magnetically tunable by more than 700 % (1 GHz ∼ 7 GHz).
Ambiguous Loss and Emotional Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is highly prevalent, with many survivors experiencing long-term disability as a consequence of cognitive impairments, adverse personality changes, and emotional and communication difficulties. Because family members most often assume the long-term role of caregiver, their feelings, relationships, and life plans are often negatively affected. Boss has defined a type of ambiguous loss in which the person is physically present but psychologically absent, which is the case for many families after brain injury. Over the past 2 decades we have developed interventions incorporating ambiguous loss theory to enhance resilience and improve psychological outcomes in families after TBI. This article provides a brief overview of TBI, discusses ambiguous loss in families after TBI, and describes the therapeutic goals and framework of empirically supported family interventions using the lens of ambiguous loss theory.