cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal noise driven heat engines: Noise put to work, while it sheds light on “quantum heat engine weirdness”

Purely electrical heat engines driven by the thermal noise voltage of resistors are introduced. In these engines, there is no steam, gas or combustion and the only mechanically moving elements are the piston and resonator (flywheel). Resistors, capacitors and electronically controlled switches are the other building elements. For the best performance, a large number of parallel engines must be integrated to run in a synchronized fashion. At room temperature, in the idealistic case, a two-dimensional ensemble of engines of 25 nanometer size integrated on a 1 square-inch silicon chip with 20 °C temperature difference between the warm-source and the cold-sink would produce a power of about 1 Watt. Several standard and coherent (correlated-cylinder states) versions of these engines have been introduced and both of them can operate in either four-stroke or two-stroke modes. The correlated engines offer the same type of paradoxes as coherent quantum heat engines and they serve the solution of their paradox, too.
Impact of Accuracy, Spatial Availability, and Revisit Time of Satellite-Derived Surface Soil Moisture in a Multiscale Ensemble Data Assimilation System

This study evaluates the sensitivity of a multiscale ensemble assimilation system to different configurations of satellite soil moisture observations, namely the retrieval accuracy, spatial availability, and revisit time. We perform horizontally coupled assimilation experiments where pixels are updated not only by observations at the same location but also all in the study domain. Carrying out sensitivity studies within a multiscale assimilation system is a significant advancement over previous studies that used a 1-D assimilation framework where all horizontal grids are uncoupled. Twin experiments are performed with synthetic soil moisture retrievals. The hydrologic modeling system is forced with satellite estimated rainfall, and the assimilation performance is evaluated against model simulations using in-situ measured rainfall. The study shows that the assimilation performance is most sensitive to the spatial availability of soil moisture observations, then to revisit time and least sensitive to retrieval accuracy. The horizontally coupled assimilation system performs reasonably well even with large observation errors, and it is less sensitive to retrieval accuracy than the uncoupled system, as reported by previous studies. This suggests that more information may be extracted from satellite soil moisture observations using multiscale assimilation systems resulting in a potentially higher value of such satellite products.
Farm Income Variability and the Supply of Off-Farm Labor by Limited-Resource Farmers

We study the relationship between the off-farm labor decision and the limited-resource fanners' and spouses' off-farm wages, experience, education, and sources of income. We found that fanners' and spouses' off-farm experience and wages are significant factors in explaining the off-farm labor supply decision. Contrary to expectations, farm income var­ iability is not significant in the farmers' and spouses' decision to seek off-farm work. The off-farm labor supply of farmers and their spouses is negatively correlated with income transfers from the government. It was also found that the spouse is a residual supplier of on-farm and off-farm labor.
Identifying athletes at risk for sudden death.

In this issue of the Journal , Corrado et al. [(1)][1]have described a prospective cohort study conducted in Veneto Region of Italy from 1979 to 1999 comparing sudden death (SD) in competitive athletes versus non-athletes in the range of 12 to 35 years of age. The study was well powered at
Non-translation and Functional Translation—Two Sinological Maladies

Among the sins of scholarly translators from the Chinese, there is one which is so prevalent as to remain unchallenged generation after generation, possibly because no one is free from its taint. I refer to the practice of leaving uncooked and indigestible lumps in the sinological puddings served up to a tolerant public. This custom, against which I wish to make the strongest possible protest, has not yet been justified or even defended by any wellargued theory, but has become widely accepted usage in the absence of overt opposition. Specifically I challenge the common treatment of a large and poorly defined body of Chinese “names and titles” either by transliteration (an extreme kind of under-translation), or by what is sometimes known as “functional translation” (a species of paraphrase lacking consistent methodology). An obvious instance of the former would be the rendering of by “he styled himself T' ai-shang-huang ,” and of the latter, the rendering of by “he was made Chancellor.” I oppose such procedures on the general grounds that the chief if not the sole responsibility of the scholarly translator is fidelity to his text. In other words it is to convey, as precisely as he may in a different tongue, the sense of the language of the original.
The relationship between age and household type in Sri Lanka.

Using World Fertility Survey data this paper examines the relationships between age and living in a complex family household for all individuals (not just household heads) and how this is affected by sex and/or marital status. The author uses a sample of the entire household population (43394 individuals) for Sri Lanka in 1975. The study uses the household typology suggested by Hammel and Laslett (solitary no family simple family extended family and multiple family) but focuses mainly on the individuals living in the last 3 types of households. Results of log-linear analysis indicates that the relationship between age and living in a complex family household does not vary depending on its value. Further results show that 1) less than 1% live in solitary or no-family households; 2) almost 59% live in simple family households; 3) persons 65 years and older were most likely to live alone or in extended or multiple family households; 4) complex family living is lowest among the under 15 age group and again at the 35-49 year old group and grows substantially between the 35-49 and over 65 age groups; and 5) the overall relationship differed significantly by sex and marital status but not by urban/rural residence.
State Purchasing Agent

state. Acting under this power the board of control prepared and submitted to the last legislature, a budget for the fiscal year 1913 and 1914. The recommendations of the board of control were accepted in their entirety, although some additional appropriations were also made by the legislature. Attempts were made to secure legislation which would more completely place the budget in the hands of the board, but no new legislation in this direction was enacted. The board, however, with such power as it possesses, plans to develop a still more efficient method in its next report to the legislature. Oregon passed in the last legislature, probably, the most comprehensive budgetary law yet enacted by any state of the Union. This law not only provides that financial reports be filed with the secretary of state by all state officers, departments, boards, commissions and institutions, which shall give in detail the amounts appropriated for the current and next preceding biennial period; which shall give the amounts needed for all the departments of the state government for the ensuing biennial period, with reasons therefor; and which shall give an estimate of the probable revenues from all sources for the ensuing biennial period, arranged in detail by classifications and appropriate summaries; but the law also provides for the classification of the needs of the various departments under four headings: (a) Current expenditures; (b) Permanent improvements; (c) All other expenditures; (cl) Contingencies. The secretary of state is empowered, on or before December 15, of each even year, to prepare, upon the basis of the reports submitted to him, a budgetary statement of the several amounts asked for, together with the reasons therefor; the total for each department, board, commission, institution or undertaking, and the grand total. The statement must also contain the estimates of income for the fiscal period. The secretary of state is required to submit this tabulated statement to the members of the legislature and to the governor. The governor, then, is obliged to transmit the statement to the legislature with such recommendations as he may deem proper. FRANK A. UPDYKE, Dartmouth College.
Macrophage Uptake of Janus Particles Depends upon Janus Balance

Properties of synthetic particles, such as size and shape, influence how immune cells uptake vaccine and drug carriers. Here, we explore the role of a new property, anisotropic presentation of ligands, in particle uptake by macrophage cells. We use micrometer-sized Janus particles that are partially coated with ligands and investigate how the ligand patch size (Janus balance) affects their uptake by macrophages. Macrophage uptake of both 1.6 and 3 μm Janus particles is enhanced as the size of the ligand patch increases. However, presenting ligands asymmetrically reduces particle phagocytosis; Janus particles with the same amount of ligands as uniformly coated particles are internalized less efficiently. We also show that, because of the asymmetric geometry of Janus particles, the onset of ligand-mediated phagocytosis depends upon the orientation of the particles with respect to the cells. This study demonstrates Janus balance as a new parameter that we can use to manipulate the macrophage uptake of particles.
Patinkin on Neo-Classical Monetary Theory: A Critique in Walrasian Specifics

The recent publication of Professor Don Patinkin’s Money, Interest, and Prices may be regarded as the appearance of a summary statement of the thought of its author as it has evolved over the last decade. Together with the allied criticism of neo-classical monetary theory by Lange,2 Patinkin’s challenge to the determinateness of that body of analysis and to its successful integration with the ‘real goods’ equations of neo-classical systems constitutes the most formidable attack ever made against it. As such it deserves to be examined in detail.
Disability after real or alleged venous thrombosis.

The authors here present an extremely timely and practical discussion of the problem of iatrogenicity. The principles of etiology and correction they elucidate have generality far beyond the syndrome of “postphlebitic psychoneurosis.” Managing the patient's interpretation of the portents of his illness often requires more attention than the medical aspects of the condition itself; yet the preventive and rehabilitative results justify the effort. This article emphasizes particularly well the fact that in treating any illness, we are treating the sum total of the patient. His general life orientation, fund of correct and incorrect information, specific eccentricities and fears, and past contacts with the medical profession profoundly influence the course of his illness and recovery.—Franklin G. Ebaugh, M.D.§
Panayiotopoulos Syndrome: Benign System Epilepsy

The clinical and EEG features of Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS) are reviewed and the pathophysiology discussed in a report from Guy's, St Thomas" and Evelina Hospital for Children, London, UK.
Just methods in revolting times

This article takes up the challenge of critical methods in “revolting times,” as we conduct qualitative research on (in)justice festering within repulsive inequality gaps, and yet surrounded by the...
Hemodynamic responses and plasma phenylephrine concentrations associated with intranasal phenylephrine in children.

SummaryIntroduction Intranasal phenylephrine, an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist, causes vasoconstriction of the nasal mucosa and is used to reduce bleeding associated with nasotracheal intubation or endoscopic sinus surgery. The purpose of this study was to describe the hemodynamic effects associated with plasma phenylephrine concentrations following topical intranasal administration of 0.25% and 0.5% phenylephrine in children. Methods After Institutional Review Board and parental approval, 77 children between the ages of 2 and 12 years were studied in a prospective, double-blind manner and randomized into three groups. Group 1 received intranasal saline, while groups 2 and 3 received 0.1 mL/kg of 0.25% or 0.5% phenylephrine, respectively. All received the same anesthetic of halothane, N2O, O2, and vecuronium. After inhalation induction, endtidal halothane and PaCO2 were maintained at 1.5% and 35 mm Hg, respectively. Heart rate and rhythm, systolic, diastolic, and mean, noninvasive arterial blood pressures were recorded and venous blood was obtained for measurement of plasma phenylephrine concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography at baseline and at 2, 5, 10, and 20 minutes following intranasal spray application of the study drug. Nasotracheal intubation was performed immediately following the 5-minute measurements, and the presence of bleeding was assessed. Hemodynamic data were compared by analysis of variance for repeated measures. Bleeding and arrhythmia incidence among groups were analyzed using chi-squared tests. Phenylephrine levels were correlated with hemodynamic values via regression analysis. Results Fifty-two patients received intranasal phenylephrine. Increases in blood pressure correlated with increasing plasma phenylephrine concentration. Systolic blood pressure increased 8%, and mean blood pressure increased 14%, which were statistically significant but clinically insignificant. Heart rate did not change, and the incidence of arrhythmia was low and similar among groups. Bleeding following nasotracheal intubation was less frequent in Group 3 (11/27 subjects) than in Group 1 (17/25). Peak plasma phenylephrine concentrations were observed by 14±7 minutes following intranasal administration, and were highly variable among individuals (37.8±39.7 and 49.6±93.9 ng/mL [mean±SD] in Groups 2 and 3). Discussion Administration of intranasal phenylephrine, 0.25% and 0.50%, results in rapid but highly variable systemic absorption that is associated with mild increases of blood pressure that are clinically insignificant. Bleeding associated with nasotracheal intubation was less following administration of 0.5% intranasal phenylephrine than following intranasal saline.
Effects of Illumination Changes on Infant Monkey Contacts with Surrogates

With temperature and humidity controlled, responses of an infant crab-eating macaque to mother surrogates changed significantly with changes in illumination. In addition, during 77 days of observations, contact with a soft, nonfeeding surrogate was significantly greater than was contact with a stiff, feeding surrogate. The preference for the soft surrogate is consistent with results reported by Harlow for rhesus infants.
Impacts of Metabolic Syndrome Scores on Cerebrovascular Conductance Are Mediated by Arterial Stiffening.

Background Individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) exhibit reduced cerebral blood flow. The mechanisms of this reduction remain unknown but arterial stiffening has been implicated as a contributor. We determined if MetS was associated with reduced cerebral blood flow at midlife, and if so, whether arterial stiffness was responsible for mediating their relation. Methods Middle-aged (40-60 years) community dwelling adults (n = 83) were studied. MetS score was calculated for each subject. Middle cerebral artery hemodynamics was measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Indices of aortic, systemic, and carotid artery stiffness were derived. Results Subjects had subclinical MetS pathology (MetS score = 19.8 ± 10.4) that was inversely associated with cerebrovascular conductance (CVC: r = -0.261, P = 0.02). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) (r = -0.188, P = 0.09), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) (r = -0.161, P = 0.15), and carotid artery distensibility (r = -0.10, P = 0.37) abrogated the direct association of MetS score and CVC, demonstrating full mediation. Nonparametric bootstrapping further indicated significant indirect effects of cfPWV, baPWV, and carotid artery distensibility, fully mediating reductions of CVC exerted from sublcinical MetS. Carotid artery distensibility demonstrated the greatest effect on CVC (B = -0.0019, SE = 0.0012, -0.0050 to -0.0002 95% confidence interval). Conclusions Arterial stiffness, particularly the stiffness of the carotid artery, mediated reductions in CVC related to MetS.
Parental Mediation Strategies

“Parental mediation” refers to the interactions that parents have with children about their media use. The majority of the research has focused on interactions involving children's television viewing. Most scholars believe that parental mediation is comprised of three dimensions. Keywords: Children and Media; Communication and Media Education
Mathematical Models of Dam Breaching

There exists a considerable body of literature accumulated over nearly a century and half on movement of flood waves resulting from sudden or instantaneous dam failure. In the last two decades or so, public interest in dam safety has heightened significantly which, in turn, has stimulated and augmented research on various facets of dam failure. As a result, a number of mathematical models have been developed and reported in the literature (Seemanapalli and Singh, 1990, 1992). The mathematical models which are concerned with earth dam breaching are briefly discussed here.
Biophysics Model of Heavy-Ion Degradation of Neuron Morphology in Mouse Hippocampal Granular Cell Layer Neurons

Exposure to heavy-ion radiation during cancer treatment or space travel may cause cognitive detriments that have been associated with changes in neuron morphology and plasticity. Observations in mice of reduced neuronal dendritic complexity have revealed a dependence on radiation quality and absorbed dose, suggesting that microscopic energy deposition plays an important role. In this work we used morphological data for mouse dentate granular cell layer (GCL) neurons and a stochastic model of particle track structure and microscopic energy deposition (ED) to develop a predictive model of high-charge and energy (HZE) particle-induced morphological changes to the complex structures of dendritic arbors. We represented dendrites as cylindrical segments of varying diameter with unit aspect ratios, and developed a fast sampling method to consider the stochastic distribution of ED by δ rays (secondary electrons) around the path of heavy ions, to reduce computational times. We introduce probabilistic models with a small number of parameters to describe the induction of precursor lesions that precede dendritic snipping, denoted as snip sites. Predictions for oxygen (16O, 600 MeV/n) and titanium (48Ti, 600 MeV/n) particles with LET of 16.3 and 129 keV/μm, respectively, are considered. Morphometric parameters to quantify changes in neuron morphology are described, including reduction in total dendritic length, number of branch points and branch numbers. Sholl analysis is applied for single neurons to elucidate dose-dependent reductions in dendritic complexity. We predict important differences in measurements from imaging of tissues from brain slices with single neuron cell observations due to the role of neuron death through both soma apoptosis and excessive dendritic length reduction. To further elucidate the role of track structure, random segment excision (snips) models are introduced and a sensitivity study of the effects of the modes of neuron death in predictions of morphometric parameters is described. An important conclusion of this study is that δ rays play a major role in neuron morphological changes due to the large spatial distribution of damage sites, which results in a reduced dependence on LET, including modest difference between 16O and 48Ti, compared to damages resulting from ED in localized damage sites.
Re‐Thinking Re‐Synching in Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients

With more than 2500 left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) implanted annually in the United States, there is a large and growing population of supported patients requiring longitudinal care, delivered at more than 160 implanting centers across the country in conjunction with numerous nonimplanting
Ernährungstherapie bei CED-Effektivität und Wirkungsweise

In den ausgehenden 50er-Jahren wurde im Auftrag der NASA in den USA eine vollresorbierbare Diat fur die Verwendung durch Astronauten im Weltraum entwickelt. Wahrend sie sich dort nicht bewahrte, fand sie ab Mitte der 60er-Jahre erste Verwendung in Kliniken, u. a. bei Patienten mit postoperativen Zustanden oder Malabsorptionssyndromen (Stephens u. Randall 1969). Ende der 70er-Jahre gab es erste positive Therapieberichte dieser „Astronautenkost“ bei M. Crohn, die erste prospektive Studie zur Effektivitat enteraler Ernahrung bei akutem M. Crohn wurde 1980 publiziert (O’Morain et al. 1980). Scitdem wurde die Wirksamkeit enteraler Ernahrungstherapie in fast 50 prospektiven, kontrollierten und randomisierten Studien mit einer gesamten Rekrutierung von nahezu 500 Patienten publiziert, insbesondere im Zeitraum von 1980–1995 (Schwab et al. 1998).
The molecular, biochemical and human pharmacology of thromboxane A2 in renal disease.

Arachidonic acid is a constituent of the phospholipid domain of biological membranes. Activation of phospholipases results in its release into the intracellular milieu where it is subject to metabolism to biologically active compounds. In most cell types, including the platelet (1), the predominant enzyme involved in catalyzing arachidonate release is phospholipase A2 rather than phospholipase C (2). It has recently been shown that arachidonate may be subject to direct oxygenation within the cell membrane (3); the biological role of this process remains speculative.
Values and Objectives

In the previous chapter we looked at several key elements of the framework used by economists to do positive analysis—explanation of the past and prediction of the future. Now we will sketch the framework for normative analysis. The central concept is economic efficiency. We will begin by taking a bird’s-eye view of the topic and then move up close to study in some detail its underlying components, economic costs and benefits. These ideas are not complicated, but they differ subtly but significantly from the everyday use of the same words. It’s important to remove any potential sources of confusion before moving to the model-building that lies ahead.
The effects of nonpathologic factors on the electrocardiogram

Abstract A study of the electrocardiographic effect of nonpathologic factors (exercise the ingestion of food, smoking, changes in posture, and deep breath) has been made in a group of healthy young persons. The necessity for recognition of the effects of these factors in the interpretation of electrocardiograms is emphasized. The necessity for revision of the criteria selected by previous writers in the evaluation of the exercise electrocardiogram is illustrated and discussed. It is suggested that only a physiologic approach can result in a better understanding of the effects of these nonpathologic factors.
Intersectional Strategies for Targeting Amacrine and Ganglion Cell Types in the Mouse Retina

The mammalian retina harbors over 100 different cell types. To understand how retinal circuits work, it is essential to systematically access each type. A widely used approach for achieving targeted transgene expression exploits promoter-driven Cre lines. However, Cre expression in a given transgenic line in the retina and elsewhere in the brain is rarely confined to a single cell type, contributing ambiguity to the interpretation of results from broadly applied manipulations. To obtain unambiguous information about retinal processing, it is desirable to have strategies for further restricting transgene expression to a few or even to a single cell type. We employed an intersectional strategy based on a Cre/Flp double recombinase system to target amacrine and ganglion cell types in the inner retina. We analyzed expression patterns in seven Flp drivers and then created combinational mouse lines by selective cross breeding with Cre drivers. Breeding with Flp drivers can routinely remove labeling from more than 90% of the cells in Cre drivers, leading to only a handful cell types, typically 2-3, remaining in the intersection. Cre/Flp combinatorial mouse lines enabled us to identify and anatomically characterize retinal cell types with greater ease and demonstrated the feasibility of intersectional strategies in retinal research. In addition to the retina, we examined Flp expression in the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. Our results establish a foundation for future application of intersectional strategies in the retina and retino-recipient regions.
Formulation of a measurement model for the boldness construct of psychopathy

We describe efforts to formulate a quantitative measurement model for boldness, a construct that has been intensively discussed and investigated in the psychopathy literature in recent years. Although the Fearless Dominance factor of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI-FD) has served as a major referent for studying this dispositional construct, boldness was not explicitly targeted in developing the PPI, creating the need for a formal measurement model for this construct. Using an exploratory approach to test construction and multiple waves of data collection and analysis involving 1,791 participants, we created nine unidimensional scales (comprising a total of 130 items) for assessing correlated but thematically distinct facets of boldness, and characterized their higher-order structure. Overall scores on this new Boldness Inventory correlated highly with PPI-FD (positively) and dispositional fear (negatively), and negligibly with disinhibitory proclivities, in validation samples consisting of undergraduates (N = 767) and male prisoners (N = 326). The structural model of this new inventory, encompassing a general factor on which all facet scales loaded and two subordinate factors defined by residual variances of certain scales, effectively accommodated the constituent scales of PPI-FD. The model development work reported here establishes a valuable foundation for further, more fine-grained investigation of boldness as it relates to psychopathy and other clinical conditions as well as to adaptive functioning and performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Yi Ethnomycology: Wild Mushroom Knowledge and Use in Yunnan, China

Local ethnobiological knowledge offers critical insights into ecological processes, species diversity, and abundance, as well as changes in environmental conditions. Although ethnomycological knowledge remains understudied compared to local knowledge about plants and animals, wild fungi are important components of healthy, functioning ecosystems. Wild fungi are also integral to many social and economic systems. Yunnan Province, China, is home to both a wide diversity of wild edible mushrooms and extensive human-fungi relationships. Understanding local ecological and mycological knowledge is critical for conserving ecological systems and promoting sustainable livelihoods. This study investigates indigenous Yi ethnomycological knowledge in four communities in Nanhua County using both interviews and harvesting observations. The comparative merits and limitations of each method are assessed. Around 90 unique, named folk species were reported or observed in the study communities, with 54 species reported multiple times. Local mushroom names encode information about local ecology, species morphology, and abstract metaphorical ideas. In addition, harvesters variably referred to mushrooms in Yi, Mandarin, or with general descriptive categories, suggesting a link between species use, value, and naming conventions. This study found that directly observing mushroom harvests captured more detailed knowledge compared to recall-based interviews, including both a greater number of species and a more nuanced, multi-leveled taxonomic system. However, interviews revealed the cultural salience, economic values, and culinary preferences for many local mushroom species. These results highlight the importance of mixed-methods approaches to ethnoecological knowledge, as both recall and observational data may lead to different conclusions about local species abundance and diversity.
The ladder of learning in exstrophy closure - A 5 year initial faculty experience.

Abstract Purpose Closure of bladder exstrophy is one of the most complex reconstructive procedures. Basic concepts of these operations, as well as their subtle nuances, require years of experience. However, the volume of these cases is low. The authors describe the experience of a junior surgeon learning the details of exstrophy closure during fellowship and her initial career. Methods Fellows graduating in 2014 were surveyed for their exstrophy experience during fellowship and the following four years. Operative logs of the junior faculty member were reviewed during the same time. Average operative times were calculated for each year. Results Seventeen of the 25 fellows responded to the survey. Eight surgeons did one or fewer exstrophy closures during fellowship; 14 did one or fewer closures as an attending. The junior faculty member assisted in 18 closures as a fellow and 48 exstrophy closures during the next four years. Average operative time decreased from 485 to 309 min from attendingship year one to four. Conclusions There are subtle details inside and outside of the operating room required to ensure a successful outcome in this important step of exstrophy reconstruction. Working alongside senior colleagues is essential to allow the junior surgeon to ascend this ladder of mastering exstrophy closure. Type of study Diagnostic. Level of evidence V
Surface-Active β-Caryophyllene Oxidation Products at the Air/Aqueous Interface

We examine synthesized standards of structurally related β-caryophyllene ozonolysis products at the air/water and air/ammonium sulfate (aq) interfaces using polarization-resolved standard- and high...
Examination of Wechsler adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition short-form IQ estimations in an outpatient psychoeducational sample.

Objective: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 4th edition (WAIS-IV) is a commonly utilized cognitive battery across many clinical settings. However, due to various patient variables, an abbreviated assessment of intellectual abilities, may be clinically advantageous to allow for a more thorough assessment of other cognitive domains. The current study represents an attempt to propose additional short-form IQ estimations in an outpatient clinical sample.Methods: We examined archival data from 318 concurrent psychological/psychoeducational evaluations performed within a university clinic (Mage = 28.67; 53.8% women). Thirty-six unique 4-subtest short-form IQ combinations were created to ensure that each WAIS-IV index score was represented by a single subtest.Results: Complete data for the ten core subtests and FSIQ were available for 192 cases. Stepwise regression analyses revealed three short-form combinations that significantly accounted for unique variance in true FSIQ scores in the final model (R2 = .981, F[3, 188] = 3257.597, p < .001). Regression-based and prorated FSIQ estimates were calculated, and both methods revealed that approximately 70-75% of participants' FSIQ estimates fell within five Standard Score points of true FSIQ.Conclusion: Results suggest the utility of three derived 4-subtest short-form IQ estimations for use within a clinical sample.
Rwanda Water Distribution

This project aims to address the water needs of a small, agricultural community in rural Rwanda through collaboration between the local NGO, Fondazione Marcegaglia Onlus (FMO), and two university teams at Virginia Tech. The community of Rilima, Rwanda lacks access to clean water. Several handpumps have been implemented but failed due to mechanical issues. The government has attempted to provide access to clean water, but the water was too expensive for individual families. Since this attempt, the infrastructure (pipes, etc.) that the government implemented has been destroyed by other government construction.
Queue-Sharing Multiple Access

Queue-Sharing Multiple Access (QSMA) is introduced and analyzed. The new channel-access method consists of establishing and maintaining a distributed transmission queue among nodes sharing a common channel and results in a sequence of queue cycles, with each cycle having one or multiple queue turns with collision-free transmissions from nodes that have joined the transmission queue, followed by a joining period for the current cycle. Nodes can take advantage of carrier sensing to improve the efficiency with which nodes join and use the shared transmission queue. The throughput of ALOHA with priority ACK's, CSMA with priority ACK's, CSMA/CD with priority ACK's, TDMA with a fixed schedule, and QSMA with and without carrier sensing is compared analytically and by simulation in ns-3. The results show that QSMA is more efficient than TDMA with the simplicity of CSMA or ALOHA.
Stealthy DGoS Attack under Passive and Active Measurements

As a tool to infer the internal state of a network that cannot be measured directly (e.g., the Internet and all-optical networks), network tomography has been extensively studied under the assumption that the measurements truthfully reflect the end-to-end performance of measurement paths, which makes the resulting solutions vulnerable to manipulated measurements. In this work, we investigate the impact of manipulated measurements via a recently proposed attack model called the stealthy DeGrading of Service (DGoS) attack, which aims at maximally degrading path performances without exposing the manipulated links to network tomography. While existing studies on this attack assume that network tomography only measures the paths actively used for data transfer (by passively recording the performance of data packets), our model allows network tomography to measure a larger set of paths, e.g., by sending probes on some paths not carrying data flows. By developing and analyzing the optimal attack strategy, we quantify the maximum damage of such an attack and shed light on possible defenses.
Lumbar and sacral brucellosis due to queso fresco ingestion.

Brucellosis is rare in the USA, with 100-200 cases reported annually. In this case we illustrate the complex management of spinal brucellosis. A 22-year-old male presented with 3 months of low back pain. Imaging revealed osteomyelitis/diskitis of L5/S1 and abscesses involving the pre-vertebral, epidural and pelvic recesses. Initial biopsies were inconclusive, but the patient later endorsed eating unpasteurized cheese (queso fresco) from Mexico; therefore, Brucella serology was sent and was positive. Despite aggressive antibiotic therapy there was disease progression. The patient underwent debridement of the involved vertebrae and drainage. Multiple cultures failed to grow the organisms, but Brucella polymerase chain reaction was positive. A month later he underwent a second vertebral debridement as well as placement of tobramycin impregnated beads in the vertebral space. He has since recovered. Surgery should be considered if there is a poor response to medical management and patients may need repeated debridement.
[18F]FAZIN3: A novel PET imaging agent for Parkinson’s Disease

148 Objectives: Parkinsonian disorders may be either synucleinopathies or taupathies based on neuropathological characteristics. In an effort to develop PET imaging agents for synucleinopathies, we have carried out design of molecules that contain either Aβ-amyloid, dopamine receptor or Tau binding structures, since these may be overlapping features or interactions between α-synuclein aggregates in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here we report results on a novel fluoroalkylated azaindole ([18F]FAZIN3) as a potential PET imaging agent for PD. Human post-mortem brain autoradiographic studies of [18F]FAZIN3 were carried out in cognitively normal (CN) controls, PD, and Alzheimer’s disease brains containing anterior cingulate (AC) and corpus callosum (CC). Methods: Human post-mortem brain tissues consisting of anterior cingulate and corpus callosum (controls (CN), n=6; age 81-90 total Tangle=1 to 3.5; PD, n=6, age 77-89, total Tangle= 2 to 7; AD, n=6, age 77-89, total Tangle = 10 to 15) were obtained from Banner Health, Sun City, Arizona. Brain slices (10 μm thick) consisting of both AC and CC of each subject were obtained by a Leica 1850 cryotome. Shown in Fig 1A and 1C are the brain slices of CN and PD, respectively. [18F]FAZIN3 was prepared using AZIN3-Tosyl and nucleophilic [18F] fluoride. Adjacent brain slices were incubated [18F]FAZIN3 (1 μCi/cc) in PBS (pH 7.4) buffer at 25 oC for 60 minutes. Using the Optiquant program (Packard Instruments Co), regions of interest were drawn and digital light units/ mm2 (DLU/mm2) were used to quantify the percentage binding of [18F]FAZIN3. Shown in Fig 1B and 1D are the brain slices of CN and PD, respectively, after exposure to [18F]FAZIN3. Results: All CN subjects exhibited lower [18F]FAZIN3 binding in the AC compared to the PD subjects. In the CN subjects, AC binding marginally increased with increasing total tangle score (R2= 0.6032). The gray matter and white matter were clearly delineated in the autoradiographic images as seen in Fig 1B and 1D. In the case of the PD subjects, AC exhibited a more than 2-fold increase in binding of [18F]FAZIN3 (PD/CN = 2.12) for AC. Unlike the CN subjects, the PD subjects showed poor correlation of total tangle versus [18F]FAZIN3 binding. Interestingly, in the AD subjects, even with a high total tangle score (10 to 15), [18F]FAZIN3 binding was lower in the AC than observed in PD (AD/CN = 2.04). The total averages of [18F]FAZIN3 binding of gray matter across CN, PD, and AD are shown in Figure 1E. Conclusions: The exquisite binding of [18F]FAZIN3 in the PD and AD brain samples suggests that it may be binding to unique Tau configurations. Further studies are underway to delineate the binding properties of [18F]FAZIN3 in taupathies such as progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome. Additional studies are planned to investigate the potential role of α-synuclein aggregates in the binding of [18F]FAZIN3.
Effect of phase interface atomic coherency on dynamics of dislocations

Coarse-grained atomistic simulations are conducted to study the effect of phase interface atomic coherency on the dynamics of dislocations in both metallic and non-metallic multilayers under compression. Results show that the Cu/Ni bimaterial with a coherent interface has a yield point of almost twice higher than the one with a semi-coherent interface. An increased number of semi-coherent interfaces provides richer sources for dislocation nucleation, giving rise to a lower yield point. The intersection of the deposited dislocations is shown as an effective facilitator of dislocation transmission and emission across the semi-coherent interfaces. In contrast to Cu/Ni, the Si/Ge bimaterial with coherent and semi-coherent interfaces exhibit yield strengths of only a 13% discrepancy. The dramatic difference is shown to be determined by the disparate deformation mechanisms of the interface dislocations.
Comparison of complication profiles for femoral neck, intertrochanteric, and subtrochanteric geriatric hip fractures

Most geriatric hip fractures occur in the femoral neck (FN) and intertrochanteric (IT) regions of the femur, while a minority occur in the subtrochanteric (ST) region. Relative outcomes based on the anatomical subtype of fracture are not well studied. This study characterizes postoperative complications and outcomes of hip fractures distinguished by anatomic region. The targeted hip fracture series of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried to identify geriatric (≥ 65 years) patients who sustained operative FN, IT, and ST hip fractures. Primary patient demographic and perioperative data were collected and correlated with 30-day postoperative complications and outcomes. Multivariate regression was used to calculate relative risks of adverse events (AEs) between groups. In total, 8220 geriatric hip fracture patients were identified. Risk-adjusted 30-day mortality was not significantly different between patients with ST (5.8%, p = 0.735) and IT (7.3%, p = 0.169) femur fractures relative to those with FN fractures (6.6%). The overall risk-adjusted rate of minor and major medical AEs within 30 days and risk-adjusted rate of wound complications was not significantly different between FN, IT, and ST fractures. Patients with IT [34.4%, OR 2.35 (2.35–3.08), p < 0.001] and ST fractures [49.8%, OR 5.94 (4.58–7.70), p < 0.00] had higher risk-adjusted incidence of postoperative blood transfusion relative to FN fractures (18.5%). Furthermore, patients with IT fractures had a slightly lower risk-adjusted incidence of unplanned reoperation [2.1 vs. 2.7%, OR 0.69 (0.47–0.99), p = 0.046] and hospital readmission (7.8 vs. 9.2%, OR 0.76 [0.63–0.91], p = 0.003) than patients with FN fractures. With respect to anatomic region, geriatric hip fractures have similar short-term mortality and medical AE profiles with differences in transfusion, reoperation, and readmission rates. Knowledge of these short-term outcomes may guide surgeons in counseling hip fracture patients peri-operatively.
Adverse events in patients with a left ventricular assist device: are patient-reported outcomes affected?

Aims Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are used to treat advanced heart failure, and the use of these devices in ever increasing, with over 19 000 people having had a device. However, during device therapy over 50% of patients will have some type of major adverse event. The aim of this study was to examine whether having a major adverse event, including major infection and major bleed, would alter patient-reported outcomes over time, including depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life. Methods and results T-tests and χ2 analyses were used to determine significant differences between patients who had an adverse event and those who did not. Latent curve growth modelling was used to evaluate change over time in those patients with and without and adverse event. The only difference between those with and without an adverse event was pre-implant depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life. The trajectories of both groups were also similar, with only differences at the pre-implant time point. Conclusion In response to an adverse event occurring post-LVAD implantation, we found that patient-reported outcomes, including depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life were not significantly impacted.
The relation of phosphorylase to glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle and heart of mice.

Observations from several laboratories in the past few years have led to the current belief that phosphorylase catalyzes glycogenolysis but not glycogenesis in the muscle cell (l-7). In resting muscle, phosphorylase has been found predominantly (60 to 70 %) in the inactive or b form (8, 9). When glycogenolysis occurs, for example, after stimulation by epinephrine (9, 10) or electrical shock (11)) the amount of active phosphoiylase, or the a form, increases at the expense of the b form. Under these conditions total phosphorylase (a plus b) does not change (9-11). A curious observation made in this laboratory (12) could not be explained by this current concept. In resting skeletal muscle of one inbred strain of mice, the I, the amount of phosphorylase a was almost negligible, 0 to 57,, but .in another strain of mice, the Cs7, the amount of phosphorylase a was 60% of the total; the total enzyme was similar in both strains (12). Although glycogenolysis is known to occur in both strains of mice, either in vitro’ or in viva (13), the amount of phosphorylase a in the skeletal muscle of the I strain has never under any conditions increased to more than 9% of the total, whereas, as shown in this report, the amount of phosphorylase a in skeletal muscle of C5, strain mice increases to as much as 90% of the total enzyme. The levels of muscle glycogen are 3to 4-fold greater in the I than in the C5, strain animals, and, superficially at least, the differences in proportion of phosphorylase a would seem to provide a reasonable explanation for this observation (12, 13). However, the means whereby glycogenolysis is achieved in I strain animals is not clear, unless one assumes that low levels of phosphorylase a are sufficient. The experiments reported here were initiated in the hope of finding conditions by which significant amounts of phosphorylase a could be demonstrated in I strain mice. No such conditions have been found in skeletal muscle. Glycogenolysis occurred in both strains of mice during exercise or after epinephrine stimulation. The amount of phosphorylase a increased in the musculature of Cr,r strain mice given epinephrine, but little or no change was found in I strain mice. In the heart, an increase in phosphorylase a could be induced in both strains of mice, with a concomitant glycogen breakdown.
Update on electron-cloud power deposition for the Large Hadron Collider arc dipoles

We revisit the estimation of the power deposited by the electron cloud (EC) in the arc dipoles of the LHC by means of simulations. We adopt, as simulation input, a set of electron-related parameters closely resembling those used in recent simulations at CERN [1]. We explore values for the bunch population Nb in the range 0.4 x 10^11 2 and Nb > 1.5 x 10^11 taken in combination. The rediffused component of the secondary electron emission spectrum plays a significant role: if we artificially suppress this component while keeping delta max fixed, dPbar/dz is roughly cut in half for most values ofmore » Nb explored here, and in this case we find good agreement with the results in Ref. 1, as expected. We provide a fairly detailed explanation of the mechanism responsible for such a relatively large effect. We assess the sensitivity of our results to numerical simulation parameters, and to physical parameters such as the photoelectric yield, bunch train length, etc. Owing to the lack of detailed knowledge of the electron emission spectrum, the sensitivity of dPbar/dz to the rediffused component appears to be the most significant source of uncertainty in our results. Nevertheless, taking our results as a whole, the condition delta max <= 1.2 seems to be a conservative requirement for the cooling capacity not to be exceeded.« less
FIOH-sponsored newsletter misrepresents asbestos hazards in Zimbabwe

The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) has received support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labor Office (ILO) to publish the African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety. The African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety should not be a medium for industry propaganda, or the source of misinformation among the workers of Africa. Instead, FIOH should provide the same level of scientific information in Africa that it does in Finland and other developed countries.