cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approaches to Potentiated Neuroprotective Treatment in the Rodent Model of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) commonly causes sudden optic nerve (ON)-related vision loss. The rodent NAION model (rAION) closely resembles NAION in presentation and physiological responses. We identified early rAION-associated optic nerve head (ONH) inflammatory gene expression responses and the anti-inflammatory prostaglandin PGJ2’s effects on those responses. We hypothesized that blocking pro-inflammatory prostaglandin (PGE2) production by inhibiting monoacylglycerol lipase or cyclooxygenase activity and co-administering PGJ2 would potentiate RGC survival following ischemic neuropathy. Deep sequencing was performed on vehicle- and PGJ2-treated ONHs 3d post-rAION induction. Results were compared against responses from a retinal ischemia model. Animals were treated with PGJ2 and MAGL inhibitor KML29, or PGJ2 + COX inhibitor meloxicam. RGC survival was quantified by stereology. Tissue PG levels were quantified by ELISA. Gene expression was confirmed by qPCR. PGJ2 treatment nonselectively reduced inflammatory gene expression post-rAION. KML29 did not reduce PGE2 1d post-induction and KML29 alone increased RGC loss after rAION. Combined treatments did not improve ONH edema and RGC survival better than reported with PGJ2 alone. KML29′s failure to suppress PGE2 ocular synthesis, despite its purported effects in other CNS tissues may result from alternative PG synthesis pathways. Neither KML29 nor meloxicam treatment significantly improved RGC survival compared with vehicle. While exogenous PGJ2 has been shown to be neuroprotective, treatments combining PGJ2 with these PG synthesis inhibitors do not enhance PGJ2’s neuroprotection.
Cartilage Restoration for Tibiofemoral Bipolar Lesions Results in Promising Failure Rates: A Systematic Review.

Purpose The purpose of the present study is to systematically review the available literature for management of bipolar lesions within the tibiofemoral joint and determine whether tibiofemoral cartilage restoration is an effective treatment modality. Methods PubMed and MEDLINE databases were queried between 2000 and 2020 using the following keywords: “osteochondral” and “knee” and “microfracture,” “autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI),” or “transplantation." Articles were reviewed for the presence of a bipolar or “kissing” tibiofemoral lesion and reported lesion size, concomitant procedures, failure rates, and time to failure. Results After screening 1,295 articles, there were 4 articles available for analysis and a total of 152 knees involving the management of bipolar tibiofemoral lesions. Age ranged from 14 to 60 years, and mean follow-up was between 12 and 240 months. There was 1 retrospective cohort study (36 knees) and 3 case series (mean, 38.7 ± 17.5 knees). There were 58 knees treated with bipolar osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation, 58 knees treated with bipolar ACI, 20 knees treated with femoral OCA and tibial debridement, and 16 knees treated with femoral OCA and tibial microfracture. There were 37 failures (24.3%): 16 patients (10.5%) were converted to unicompartmental or total knee arthroplasty, 4 restorative procedures (2.6%) were revised, and 8 patients (1.6%) had unsatisfactory outcomes only. The remaining 15 failures (9.9%) had an unspecified combination of objective failure. The mean rate of failure ranged between 0% and 44.1% (I2 = 83.2%). The mean time to failure ranged between 2.7 and 4.1 years (I2 = 79.1%). Conclusions Cartilage restoration, through both ACI and OCA, had failure rates between 0% and 44% in patients with bipolar lesions of the tibiofemoral compartment. Although a higher level of evidence is required to prove efficacy, the current study demonstrates midterm survivorship rates between 55% and 100%, which may delay the need for secondary arthroplasty. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level IV studies.
The Relationship of CS Attitudes, Perceptions of Collaboration, and Pair Programming Strategies on Upper Elementary Students' CS Learning

Pair programming is a popular strategy in computer science education to teach programming to novices. In this study, we examined the effect of three different pair programming conditions on upper elementary school students' CS conceptual understanding. The three conditions were one-computer with roles (1C with roles), two computers without roles (2C no roles), and two computers with roles (2C with roles). These students were engaged in four days of computer programming activities and took the CS concept assessment, CS attitudes, and collaboration perceptions before and after the activities. We used the validated E-CSCA (Elementary Computer Science Concepts Assessment) to measure elementary students' understanding of CS concepts. We tested the relationship of different pair programming conditions on the students' CS conceptual understanding and found that different conditions impacted students' CS conceptual understanding, wherein students in 2C roles demonstrated better CS learning than the other two conditions. The results also showed no changes in students' CS attitudes and perceptions of collaboration before and after the activities. Furthermore, the results indicated no significant impact of these attitudinal factors on students' learning CS concepts in pair programming settings. Our study highlights the importance of the roles and number of computers in pair programming settings, especially for elementary students.
Equality at the Starting Line? Gender- and Race-Based Differences at the Transition from Law School to the Legal Profession

Data from a longitudinal national survey, After the JD (AJD) Study, are used to investigate how the number of job offers law school graduates received from private and public employers are influenced by individuals’ social, cultural, human and economic capitals, and how job offers as an outcome of law education influence individuals’ income after controlling for other-income generating factors. The results indicated that women and minorities received significantly lower numbers of job offers than men from private employers after controlling for factors such as law school ranking, foreign-born parent(s), and personal finance of law education. In addition, the number of job offers from private employers had a positive impact on annual income two years after graduation for both male and female lawyers that was even stronger than the ranking of law school attended. The significant differences between genders and among individuals of different racial backgrounds are a clear indication of inequality and against the commitment to diversity in the legal system.
Effect of Dry-Aging on Quality and Palatability Attributes and Flavor-Related Metabolites of Pork Loins

This study evaluated the effect of dry-aging on quality, palatability, and flavor-related compounds of pork loins. Ten pork loins were obtained at 7 days postmortem, divided into three equal portions, randomly assigned into three different aging methods (wet-aging (W), conventional dry-aging (DA), and UV-light dry-aging (UDA)), and aged for 21 days at 2 °C, 70% RH, and 0.8 m/s airflow. The results showed similar instrumental tenderness values across all treatments (p > 0.05), while DA and UDA had a greater water-holding capacity than WA (p 0.05). Greater lipid oxidation was measured in both DA and UDA at the end of display compared to WA (p 0.05). Metabolomics analysis, however, identified more flavor-related compounds in dry-aged meat. These findings suggested that dry-aging can be used for pork loins for value-seeking consumers, as it has a potential to generate unique dry-aged flavor in meat with no adverse impacts on meat quality and microbiological attributes.
Intraoperative endoscopy and leaks after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Postoperative leaks after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) are a source of morbidity and mortality. Any intervention that would decrease leak rates after LRYGB would be useful. This investigation tested the hypothesis that postoperative leak rates are lower after LRYGB with the routine use of intraoperative endoscopy (EN). Consecutive patients who underwent LRYGB were included. Intraoperative leak testing with air and methylene blue through an orogastric tube (OG) was used in the first 200 patients. Intraoperative endoscopy was used after the first 200 patients. There were 400 patients in this study. Preoperative demographics did not differ between groups. The intraoperative leak rate of the EN group was double the OG group (8 vs 4%; P = not significant), although the difference was not statistically significant. The OG group had a postoperative leak rate of 4 per cent with a mortality rate of 1 per cent. The EN group had a postoperative leak rate of 0.5 per cent with a mortality rate of 0 per cent. The difference in leak rates was statistically significant (P < 0.04). Despite the issues of learning curve, EN demonstrates more intraoperative leaks than OG, indicating EN may be a more sensitive test than OG. Routine use of EN is associated with less postoperative leaks after LRYGB.
The Establishment Process for a Separate Child Ombudsman in Turkey: A case study

The paper provides an overview and analysis of the initial steps for the establishment process of a separate children’s ombudsman in Turkey. It examines the legal, political and social reasons why an ombudsman for children would be needed in the country. Specifically, it analyses Turkey’s legal framework and international obligations, concluding that lack of implementation of the law and monitoring of children’s rights are the main challenges. Children have disproportionately high rates of poverty, and are often victims of various forms of violence, in particular girls. The political structure of the country is affected by significant tensions, especially with regard to the place of religion in the public sphere. The paper analyses the possible reasons for the stalemate and looks at the text of the law from a child rights perspective.
Metabolic Control of Intracellular Proteolysis in Growing and Resting Cells of Escherichia coli

Abstract Pine, Martin J. (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.). Metabolic control of intracellular proteolysis in growing and resting cells of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 92:847–850. 1966.—Protein breakdown was examined in Escherichia coli under varying conditions of growth and during nutritional deprivation. Optimal breakdown rates, estimated over short time periods of protein synthesis and decay, are invariant and unrepressible by any condition of growth or starvation. A more important aspect of metabolic control is manifest in the selection imposed by the physiological state of the cell for breakdown of limited populations of proteins. During the progress of growth, one-half to three-quarters of the protein susceptible in the resting state is progressively spared, and breakdown is continued in populations that are more selected and more frequently regenerated.
Epistemic and Deontic Should

Probabilistic theories of “should” and “ought” face a predicament. At first blush, it seems that such theories must provide different lexical entries for the epistemic and the deontic interpretations of these modals. I show that there is a new style of premise semantics that can avoid this consequence in an attractively conservative way.
CARLOS MONTERROSA: PRECURSOR DE LA PSICOLOGÍA CIENTÍFICA Y APLICADA EN EL SALVADOR

Resumen es: Este trabajo describe la vida y obra de Carlos Monterrosa, precursor de la psicologia cientifica y aplicada en El Salvador. Particularmente, busca divulg...
A Universal Model for the Overall Thermal Conductivity of Porous Media

A general field theory is developed in this work to estimate the overall degradation of the thermal conductivity of the solid due to the presence of internal cavities. In addition to the volume fraction of cavities in the matrix material, the effect of internal heat transfer across the pore surface on the overall thermal conductivity is absorbed in an added tensor. Based on the field theory thus formulated, application is made to investigate the effects of pore geometry and internal heat transfer on the overall thermal conductivity. In the aspect of pore geometry, the overall thermal conductivity of the porous medium is obtained for insulated spherical cavities and penny-shaped cracks. In the aspect of internal heat transfer, on the other hand, the effect of heat conduction and convection across the pore surface is analyzed. All the cases under consideration are compared with the experimental results and the dominant physical modulus in the overall thermal conductivity is identified for each case.
Effects of insulin on skeletal muscle glucose storage, oxidation, and glycolysis in humans

The effects of physiological hyperinsulinemia (approximately 75 mU/l) on glucose storage, oxidation, and glycolysis in skeletal muscle were assessed with euglycemic clamps performed in seven healthy volunteers, in conjunction with leg balance for glucose, lactate, alanine, O2, and CO2. Infusion of insulin increased leg glucose uptake, storage, and oxidation but did not alter net release of lactate and alanine. The respiratory quotient (RQ) across the leg increased from a basal value of 0.74 +/- 0.02 to 0.99 +/- 0.02 during hyperinsulinemia. Under conditions of insulin stimulation, 49 +/- 5% of leg glucose uptake was stored, 37 +/- 4% was oxidized, and 14 +/- 2% was released as lactate and alanine. We conclude that during physiological hyperinsulinemia and euglycemia 1) skeletal muscle lipid oxidation is nearly entirely suppressed and glucose becomes the primary oxidative substrate of muscle, 2) glucose storage and oxidation are the major pathways of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism and are quantitatively similar at physiological insulin levels, and 3) the majority of insulin-stimulated glycolysis is oxidized, with only a small portion released as lactate or alanine.
Forensic Accountants, Codes of Ethics and Forensic Accounting Corporations

A survey reveals that a significant number of forensic accountants believe it is important that corporations that issue certifications in forensic accounting be not-for-profit and that these corporations have a duty to disclose their legal status. However, there are for-profit forensic accounting corporations that do not disclose their legal status. Not surprising given this failure to disclose, a significant number of forensic accountants do not know the legal status of the corporations that issued their certifications and many incorrectly believe that the corporations that issued their certifications are not-for-profit. The survey also found that, while most forensic accountants believe it is important that forensic accounting corporations have a procedure for enforcing compliance with their Codes of Ethics, many forensic accountants hold certifications from corporations that either do not have a Code of Ethics or do not have a procedure for enforcing their Codes. Recommendations are made for the forensic accounting profession to adopt and enforce a uniform Code of Ethics and for all forensic accounting corporations to increase transparency by disclosing their legal status. This is the working paper version of the paper that was published in Journal of Forensic Studies in Accounting and Business, 5(1), pp. 70-101. Fall 2013.
Margin Positive Pancreaticoduodenectomy Is Superior to Palliative Bypass in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive disease. Surgical resection with negative margins (R0) offers the only opportunity for cure. Patients who have advanced disease that limits the chance for R0 surgical resection may undergo margin positive (MP) pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), palliative surgical bypass (PB), celiac plexus neurolysis alone (PX), or neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in anticipation of future resection. The aim of this study was to determine if there is a difference in the perioperative outcomes and survival patterns between patients who undergo MP PD and those who undergo PB for locally advanced disease in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We reviewed our pancreatic surgery database (January 2005–December 2007) to identify all patients who underwent exploration with curative intent of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma of the head/neck/uncinate process of the pancreas. Four groups of patients were identified, R0 PD, MP PD, PB, and PX. We identified 126 patients who underwent PD, PB, or PX. Fifty-six patients underwent R0 PD, 37 patients underwent MP PD, 24 patients underwent a PB procedure, and nine patients underwent PX. In the PB group, 58% underwent gastrojejunostomy (GJ) plus hepaticojejunostomy (HJ), 38% underwent GJ alone, and 4% underwent HJ alone. Of these PB patients, 25% had locally advanced disease and 75% had metastatic disease. All nine patients in the PX group had metastatic disease. The mean age, gender distribution, and preoperative comorbidities were similar between the groups. For the MP PD group, the distribution of positive margins on permanent section was 57% retroperitoneal soft tissue, 19% with more than one positive margin, 11% pancreatic neck, and 8% bile duct. The perioperative complication rates for the respective groups were R0 36%, MP 49%, PB 33%, and PX 22%. The 30-day perioperative mortality rate for the entire cohort was 2%, with all three of these deaths being in the R0 group. The median follow-up for the entire cohort was 14.4 months. Median survival for the respective groups was R0 27.2 months, MP 15.6 months, PB 6.5 months, and PX 5.4 months. Margin positive pancreaticoduodenectomy in highly selected patients can be performed safely, with low perioperative morbidity and mortality. Further investigation to determine the role of adjuvant treatment and longer-term follow-up are required to assess the durability of survival outcomes for patients undergoing MP PD resection.
Clinical Benefits of Paid Work Activity in Schizophrenia: 1-year Followup

In a previous article in the Schizophrenia Bulletin (Vol. 22, No. 1, 1996), we presented findings of a study on the clinical and rehabilitative effects of work activity on 150 subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a Pay ($3.40/hr) or No-Pay group and given 6-month work placements in a Department of Veterans Affairs medical center. At the 5-month followup, Pay subjects had worked more hours and earned more money (from any employment) than No-Pay subjects. Pay subjects also had significantly greater improvement in symptoms and lower rehospitalization rates. Clinical improvement was closely linked to amount of participation. We concluded that pay increased participation. The current study examined clinical and rehabilitative outcomes at 1-year followup, 6 months after the conclusion of the work program. Results indicated that the Pay subjects had a significant decrease in work activity once they had completed the work program. However, 75 percent of those who had fully participated in the program continued working during the subsequent 6 months, either as volunteers or for pay. Clinical outcomes for subjects in the Pay condition were attenuated at 1-year followup but still significantly better than for subjects in the No-Pay condition. More than 40 percent of participants continued to be "much improved" on total symptoms, and more than 50 percent were "much improved" on positive symptoms. Discussion focuses on the importance and limitations of work for pay as a clinical intervention and concludes that continuous work services are necessary and beneficial for many people with schizophrenia.
Ras signaling in erythropoiesis: going with the flow

![Figure][1] The production of normal numbers of normal blood cells is a finely coordinated process requiring appropriate input from the environment (growth factors, nutrients such as iron or vitamin B12, etc) and a balance of cellular differentiation and proliferation at the appropriate
Spiral CT of the female pelvis: clinical applications

Spiral scanning using inferior to superior data acquisition is our preferred scanning protocol in patients with suspected pelvic pathology. Pelvic imaging with spiral CT, through peak vascular enhancement and data continuity, can help define normal anatomic structures and improve detection and characterization of disease.
Silicification of developing internodes in the perennial scouring rush (Equisetum hyemale var. affine)

Abstract An electron microprobe (EMP) analysis of silica (SiO 2 ) deposition in the epidermis of developing internodes of the perennial scouring rush ( Equisetum hyemale var. affine ) indicates that SiO 2 is first detected in the stomatal apparatus beginning with internode 3, then the epidermal papillae (internode 8), and finally in radial cell walls of the long epidermal cells (internode 10). This process is initiated in the intercalary growth regions at the bases of the elongating internodes. The deposition of SiO 2 in long epidermal cell walls occurs after internodal extension has ceased and should therefore be considered as one of the final stages in internodal differentiation that involves strengthening the cellulosic framework of the cell wall. EMP measurements indicate that SiO 2 in stomata is equivalent to 30% of a pure SiO 2 standard and that SiO 2 in the radial walls of long epidermal cells averages twice that measured on the tangential walls of these same cells. This study supports the view that silicification plays a major role in strengthening the developing perennial scouring rush internodal system and that regulation of this process in this and other species of Equisetum , whose SiO 2 deposition patterns are markedly different, deserves further study.
Inhibition of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases augments renal responses to atrial natriuretic factor in congestive heart failure

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), a cardiac peptide hormone with potent natriuretic and vasodilator actions, mediates its biologic responses via increases in intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Recognizing that phosphodiesterases degrade cGMP and that congestive heart failure (CHF) is characterized by reduced renal responses to ANF, the authors hypothesized that cGMP phosphodiesterases limit the renal actions of exogenous and endogenous ANF in the presence of experimental CHF. In anesthetized dogs with severe CHF and avid sodium retention produced by rapid ventricular pacing, the authors explored the renal actions of M&B 22,948 (Rhone-Poulenc, Essex, UK), an inhibitor of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases. High-dose intrarenal cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibition (PDI), with minimal effects upon systemic hemodynamics and hormones, significantly enhanced sodium excretion. This occurred primarily by decreasing distal nephron sodium reabsorption while enhancing renal cGMP generation. In separate groups of dogs, low-dose intrarenal cGMP PDI potentiated the actions of exogenous ANF on glomerular filtration and distal nephron sodium reabsorption, leading to enhanced natriuresis in the presence or absence of severe CHF. These studies support a link between ANF and the renal actions of cGMP PDI, and indicate that cGMP phosphodiesterases may contribute to sodium retention in advanced CHF by limiting the renal actions of increased endogenous ANF.
What Should We Teach About Questions

Relations entre la theorie logique des questions et l'enseignement. L'A. expose les raisons d'enseigner cette theorie, ainsi que les principales versions disponibles. Il esquisse enfin une theorie plus comprehensive qui permettrait d'englober toutes ces versions.
Elimination of the sensitivity of L-aspartase to active-site-directed inactivation without alteration of catalytic activity

The catalytic activity of the enzyme L-aspartase from Escherichia coli has previously been shown to be sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents. The use of group-specific reagents, and a sequence homology comparison study among the fumarase-aspartase family of enzymes, has not, however, lead to the identification of a specific, essential cysteinyl residue. We have recently shown that L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde is an alternative substrate for L-aspartase, producing fumaric acid semialdehyde (FAA) which specifically inactivates the enzyme [Schindler, J. F., & Viola, R. E. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 9365]. Proteolytic digests of the resulting inactivated enzyme have now been mapped by HPLC and mass spectrometry. A specific residue (Cys-273) has been determined to be the site of FAA modification. Site-directed mutagenesis of this cysteine in the E. coli enzyme has produced altered enzymes which are considerably less sensitive to active-site-directed inactivation, while retaining full catalytic activity. Thus, cysteine-273 has been identified as an active-site nucleophile that, while not directly involved in catalysis in L-aspartase, is poised to attack an activated double bond in an enzyme-bound product analogue.
Probing RNA-protein networks: biochemistry meets genomics

RNA–protein interactions are pervasive. The specificity of these interactions dictates which RNAs are controlled by what protein. Here we describe a class of revolutionary new methods that enable global views of RNA-binding specificity in vitro , for both single proteins and multiprotein complexes. These methods provide insight into central issues in RNA regulation in living cells, including understanding the balance between free and bound components, the basis for exclusion of binding sites, detection of binding events in the absence of discernible regulatory elements, and new approaches to targeting endogenous transcripts by design. Comparisons of in vitro and in vivo binding provide a foundation for comprehensive understanding of the biochemistry of protein-mediated RNA regulatory networks.
A Comparative Study of Opinions of U.S.a. and European Professionals On the Etiology of Infantile Autism

The purpose of the paper is to present the results of a cross-national research on the opinions of various professionals in the U.S.A and Europe as to the causation of infantile autism. Respondents...
On insider misbehavior detection in cognitive radio networks

As the long-envisioned idea of cognitive radio becomes reality, an increasing number of security threats are being identified. Most of the security threats identified in the literature deal with external malicious users and provide solutions to mitigate the threats. In this article we elaborate on a newer kind of threat referred to as an insider attack in which cognitive users themselves misbehave in order to gain unauthorized or unfair access to spectrum resources. We show that insider attacks are comparatively easier to carry out in both licensed and unlicensed cognitive operations, and they can severely damage the expected system performance. We discuss how these threats can be mitigated, and outline the specific challenges that need to be addressed when designing a detection and mitigation strategy.
Use of resultants and the Bernshtein formula in the dimensional synthesis of linkage components

The applications of resultants and the Bernshtein formula for the dimensional synthesis of linkage components for finite precision positions are discussed. The closed-form solutions, which are derived from systems of polynomials in multiple unknowns by applying resultant theory, are in forms of polynomial equations of a single unknown. For the case of two compatibility equations, the closed form solution is a sixth degree solution polynomial. For the case of three compatibility equations, the solution is a fifty-fourth degree solution polynomial. For each case, the Bernshtein formula is applied to calculate the number of solutions of the system of polynomial equations. The calculated numbers of solutions match the degrees of the solution polynomials for both cases.
General Rules for Predicting Phase Transitions in Perovskites due to Octahedral Tilting

Recent experiments on several oxide perovskites reveal that they undergo tilt phase transitions to higher-symmetry phases on increasing pressure and that $d{T}_{c}/dPl0$, contrary to a general rule previously proposed for such zone-boundary transitions. We show that the negative slope of the phase boundary is a consequence of the octahedra in these perovskites being more compressible than the extra-framework cation sites. Conversely, when the octahedra are stiffer than the extra-framework cation sites, the phase transition temperatures increase with increasing pressure, $d{T}_{c}/dPg0$.
Diverse facets of cervical adenocarcinoma: comprehensive review of clinicopathologic features and diagnostic criteria

Abstract Cervical adenocarcinomas span a diverse group of tumours in terms of their pathogenesis, morphology and patients' prognosis. The diagnostic challenges are numerous and arise with virtually every case. The issues that may be particularly difficult in histopathologic evaluation of cervical adenocarcinomas include 1) differentiating in-situ and invasive tumours from their benign mimics, 2) differentiating adenocarcinoma in-situ from an early invasive lesion, 3) measuring the depth of invasion, 4) differentiating primary cervical adenocarcinoma from uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma or tumours metastatic from other primary sites such as colon. The paper reviews the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, immunohistochemical markers, differential diagnosis and prognosis of various subtypes of cervical adenocarcinoma.
Creating Great Places: The Role of Citizen Participation

Smart growth strategies can help ensure that development projects yield better community, economic, environmental, and public health outcomes. A principle component of these strategies is meaningful stakeholder participation in development decision-making. This paper (1) discusses how increased and meaningful participation can lead to better projects and a more predictable and fair development process, and (2) outlines some of the tools the public and private sector have begun to use. Within the development process, community members need information about a range of possible alternatives before voicing choices or concerns. Under most citizen participation processes, only a small portion of the community engages in decision-making because of socioeconomic, linguistic, or educational class barriers. To better engage all residents, local governments and the development community can get creative in identifying and using new methods for soliciting, responding to, and sharing information. Reaching out and wor...
The study of optogalvanic effect associated with the 1s states of neon

Abstract We report on the temporal evolution of the optogalvanic signals in neon using a commercial hollow cathode lamp in conjunction with a Nd:YAG pumped dye laser system. We have recorded transitions excited from each of the neon 1s states over a range of discharge current to investigate the dominant physical processes responsible for the optogalvanic effect in neon discharges. The decay rates associated with the four 1s levels have been obtained using a mathematical rate equation model. A linear relationship between the decay rates and the discharge current has been found and the effective lifetimes and the electron collisional rate parameters of the 1s levels have been determined.
An experimental test of limits to tree establishment in Arctic tundra

1 Five treeline species had low seed germination rates and low survivorship and growth of seedlings when transplanted into Alaskan tundra. Seed germination of all species increased with experimental warming, suggesting that the present treeline may in part result from unsuccessful recruitment under cold conditions. 2 Growth, biomass and survivorship of seedlings of treeline species transplanted into tundra were largely unaffected by experimental warming. However, transplanted seedlings of three species (Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca and Populus tremuloides) grew more when below-ground competition with the extant community was reduced. All three measures of transplant performance were greater in shrub tundra than in the less productive tussock or heath tundra. Establishment of trees in tundra may thus be prevented by low resource availability and competition. 3 Two species (Alnus crispa and Populus balsamifera) had low seed germination and survivorship of germinated seeds; transplants of these species did not respond to the manipulations and lost biomass following transplanting into tundra. Isolated populations of these two species north of the present treeline in arctic Alaska probably became established during mid-Holocene warming rather than in recent times. 4 Of all the species studied here, Picea glauca was the most likely to invade intact upland tundra. Its seeds had the highest germination rates and it was the only species whose seedlings survived subsequently. Furthermore, transplanted seedlings of Picea glauca had relatively high survivorship and positive growth in tundra, especially in treatments that increased air temperature or nutrient availability, two factors likely to increase with climate warming.
Multiple soliton solutions and multiple singular soliton solutions for two integrable systems

Abstract Two systems of two-component integrable equations are investigated. The Cole–Hopf transformation and the Hirota's bilinear method are applied for a reliable treatment of these two systems. Multiple-soliton solutions and multiple singular soliton solutions are obtained for each system.
Proceedings of the 9th ACM conference on Electronic commerce

These proceedings present the technical contributions to the Ninth ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce EC'08, held July 8-12, 2008 in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Since its inception in 1999, ACM EC has served as the leading scientific conference on advances in theory, systems, and applications for electronic commerce. The natural focus of the conference is on computer science issues, but the conference is interdisciplinary and addresses many facets of electronic commerce including (1) theory and foundations; (2) languages; (3) automation, personalization, and targeting; (4) security, privacy, encryption, and digital rights; (5) applications and empirical studies; and (6) social factors. In addition to the main technical program, EC'08 featured two workshops on Ad Auctions and Prediction Markets and four tutorials on Computational Advertising, Economic Aspects of Social Networks, Communication Requirements of Economic Mechanisms and Automated Mechanism Design. The call for papers attracted submissions from academia and industry around the world, including Africa, Asia, Canada, Europe, the Middle East, and the United States. Each paper was reviewed by at least three program committee members on the basis of scientific novelty, technical quality, and importance to the field. The program committee selected 38 papers for presentation at the conference out of 198 submissions, most of which are published in the proceedings. At the authors' request, only abstracts for the five remaining papers are included along with pointers to full versions of these "working papers". This accommodates the practices of fields outside of computer science in which journal rather than conference publishing is the norm and conference publishing sometimes precludes journal publishing. It is expected that many of the papers in these proceedings will appear in a more polished and complete form in scientific journals in the future. After the review process the chairs selected six papers that had some of the strongest reviews of the approximately 200 papers submitted to the conference, as candidates for Outstanding Papers. An Outstanding Papers committee of Barry Smyth, Subhash Suri, and Moshe Tennenholtz was established to choose among these six finalists. The committee eventually chose two papers as the Outstanding Papers of EC'08. Those papers are: Self-Financed Wagering Mechanisms for Forecasting; Nicolas Lambert, John Langford, Jennifer Wortman, Yiling Chen, Daniel Reeves, Yoav Shoham, David Pennock Uncoordinated Two-Sided Markets; Heiner Ackermann, Paul Goldberg, Vahab Mirrokni, Heiko Roeglin, Berthold Voecking The Chairs thank the Outstanding Papers Committee for their distinguished advice, and offer congratulations to the authors for their excellent papers.
Weighing in on Whole Grains: A Review of Evidence Linking Whole Grains to Body Weight

U.S. dietary guidelines support the consumption of whole grains in lieu of refined grains. On January 31, 2011, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 (DGA) was released. With respect to grains, the 2010 DGA recommends that individuals “consume at least half of all grains as whole grains” and “increase whole-grain intake by replacing refined grains with whole grains.” Whole grains are an important source of fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other components that are thought to play a variety of roles in maintaining and improving health, including body weight, which is among the top public and individual health concerns in America. To date, few prospective observational studies have examined the relationship between whole-grain intake and development of obesity; however, these studies point to an inverse relationship between whole-grain intake and body weight or prospective weight gain. A small number of intervention studies have examined the effects of whole grains on body weight and adiposity. Although t...
Myth-conceptions about death.

This paper concerns the meaning of death. Meaning is a social-symbolic phenomenon provided by man. It does not reside in that to which mean ing is given. Meaning is socially constructed. The meaning of anything, then, is always potentially challengeable and changeable. Distortions or myth-conceptions of one type or another may be incorporated in the ac cepted meaning of anything. The meaning of death is no exception. In the United States, death is a topic surrounded by a symbolic taboo screen that colors the way in which it is perceived and, in fact, discourages looking directly at the phenomenon. Questions likely to identify myth conceptions, then, are frequently not even asked. Any characteristic such as a taboo screen that contributes to ambiguity of perception facilitates the development of a variety of interpretations of what is perceived and a variety of experiences with that phenomenon. The taboo characteristic of the experiences of Americans with death has facilitated the develop ment of certain myths, which it is the purpose of this paper to discuss. The origins of the myths are not known, although hypotheses about them have been developed in some cases. Efforts have been made especially in the last ten years or so to remove some of the taboo or negative definitions of death. Various social scientists
Effect of n = 3 perturbation field amplitudes below the ELM triggering threshold on edge and SOL transport in NSTX

Here, the pulsed application of n = 3 magnetic perturbation fields with amplitudes below that which triggers ELMs results in distinct, transient responses observable on several edge and divertor diagnostics in NSTX. We refer to these responses as Sub-Threshold Edge Perturbations (STEPs). An analysis of edge measurements suggests that STEPs result in increased transport in the plasma edge and scrape-off layer, which leads to augmentation of the intrinsic strike point splitting due to error fields, i.e., an intensification of the helical divertor footprint flux pattern. These effects are much smaller in magnitude than those of triggered ELMs, and are observed for the duration of the field perturbation measured internal to the vacuum vessel. In addition, STEPs are correlated with changes to the MHD activity, along with transient reductions in the neutron production rate. Ideally the STEPs could be used to provide density control and prevent impurity accumulation, in the same manner that on-demand ELM triggering is used on NSTX, without the impulsive divertor fluxes and potential for damage to plasma facing components associated with ELMs.
Radical pancreatoduodenectomy for misdiagnosed pancreatic mass

Occasionally pancreatoduodenectomy is performed for clinically suspected pancreatic malignancy only for the surgeon to find that a benign aetiology accounts for the pancreatic mass. The aim of this study was twofold: to determine the incidence of pancreatoduodenectomy performed for a misdiagnosis of pancreatoduodenal malignancy and to identify potentially avoidable errors in preoperative and intraoperative judgement. Between 1956 and 1990, radical pancreatoduodenectomy was performed in 603 patients at the Mayo Clinic; 29 (5 per cent) underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for a diagnosis made before and during surgery of primary pancreatic or periampullary malignancy that was later proven histopathologically to be either unsuspected subacute or chronic pancreatitis (22 patients), benign fibrous common bile duct stricture (two), and penetrating duodenal ulcer, metastatic melanoma, ampullary adenoma, intrahepatic drug-induced cholestasis and pseudocyst (one each). No patient had a preoperative diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Weight loss, pain and/or jaundice were present in 27 of the 29 patients. Objective imaging tests, such as computed tomography, ultrasonography and/or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, were performed in 25 patients. Potential errors in judgement may be avoided by a more aggressive attempt at biopsy in selected patients; in others, resection for presumed malignancy may be unavoidable.
From single to multiple deficit models of developmental disorders

The emerging etiological model for developmental disorders, like dyslexia, is probabilistic and multifactorial while the prevailing cognitive model has been deterministic and often focused on a single cognitive cause, such as a phonological deficit as the cause of dyslexia. So there is a potential contradiction in our explanatory frameworks for understanding developmental disorders. This paper attempts to resolve this contradiction by presenting a multiple cognitive deficit model of developmental disorders. It describes how this model evolved out of our attempts to understand two comorbidities, those between dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and between dyslexia and speech sound disorder (SSD).
Radiation Exposure in the Perioperative Environment

Radiation serves an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions and diseases. It is a particularly important tool in the perioperative environment, in which diagnostic radiograph machines, diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals, therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, and sealed radiation sources are used in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of many conditions and diseases. Consequently, some health care personnel in the perioperative environment are exposed to ionizing radiation in the course of their work. Essentially all of this radiation exposure is external, but there is a small possibility of internal exposure when caring for patients receiving therapeutic nuclear medicine who may contaminate their surroundings. Therefore, radiation safety practices in the perioperative environment need to take into account the potential for external and internal radiation exposure. Early, enthusiastic medical use of radiographs and radioactive materials shortly after their discovery resulted in several deleterious biologic effects. The first accounts were published just 3 months after the discovery of x-rays was reported. 1 Risks from exposure to radiation in today’s perioperative environment are small and cannot be estimated solely from epidemiologic studies of medical workers. Thus, estimates of risks to health resulting from exposure to radiation in the medical environment have been obtained primarily from other populations such as the Japanese survivors of the atomic bombings in 1945 and from patients exposed to high doses of radiation for medical purposes. 2 Some risk estimates have been obtained from studies of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation including medical workers who receive large occupational doses such as radiographers and radiologists. 3 The link between radiation exposure and excess leukemia in radiologists was reported in 1944, a year before the atomic bombings in Japan. 4 Yoshinaga and colleagues 5 recently concluded that
Remission status after long-term sertraline treatment of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder

Background: Despite its high chronicity, few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of long-term treatment for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The goal of the current analysis is to evaluate remission among children and adolescents with OCD treated with sertraline for 12 months. Methods: Children (6-12 years old, n = 72) and adolescents (13-18 years old, n = 65) with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (third edition, revised) OCD, who had completed a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled sertraline study, were administered open-label sertraline 50-200 mg for 52 weeks. Full remission was defined by a Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) score of 8 or less, and partial remission was defined as a CY-BOCS score of 15 or less. Results: Using an last observation carried forward analysis, 47% of patients achieved a full remission, and an additional 25% achieved a partial remission. Among study completers, full remission was achieved by 55% of patients...
Chiral Dynamics of Octet Baryons and Nonleptonic Decays of Hyperons

Chiral dynamics of the octet baryons is discussed, and a phenomenological chiral-invariant Lagrangian is derived. It is noted that in a chiral-invariant Lagrangian for the octet baryons, the structure of the axial-vector currents and the pattern of baryon-meson couplings are uniquely characterized by two free parameters, corresponding to $\frac{{G}_{A}}{{G}_{V}}$ and the $\frac{D}{F}$ ratio of the axial-vector currents. Nonleptonic hyperon decays are discussed from the chiral-dynamics point of view. A discussion is given on the transformation properties of the nonleptonic weak interactions under chiral transformations. Conditions under which the usual current-algebra analyses are valid are elaborated.
Fetus amorphus or placental teratoma

A differential diagnosis between fetus amorphus and placental teratoma based on the presence of an umbilical cord and/or skeletal organization in the fetus amorphus has been proposed (Fox and Butler-Manual: Journal of Pathology 88:137–140, 1964). We report a description of one new case of fetus amorphus, along with the results of a critical reexamination of 96 cases from the literature. Our findings fail to support the proposed criteria for distinguishing fetus amorphus from placental teratomas. We find that the presence or absence of an umbilical cord does not relate at all to the developmental state of the specimen. The extent of skeletal development may be a more valid criterion; however, the internal organization in the fetus amorphus forms an anatomical continuum with that of the placental teratoma, making a differential diagnosis meaningless. Additional research is necessary to solve this dilemma.