cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The (in)effectiveness of visual representations as an aid to solving probability word problems

This article presents the findings of two experimental studies designed to investigate the use of different kinds of visual representations of mathematical relationships in helping college students solve probability word problems. Two types of multiple-event probability problems were presented: joint probability of independent events; and total probability of non-mutually exclusive events. Two treatment groups were created: the specific-representations group that was instructed in how to use tree and Venn diagrams; and the matrix group that was trained to use a matrix (a two-dimensional table). A control group was instructed only in the formulation of equations. Results from two separate experiments indicated that the control group outperformed the specific-representations group on their ability to transfer the problem-solving strategies they had learned to novel situations and that there was no difference between the matrix group and the other two groups on their ability to do this. Results further indic...
Social Embeddedness in Outsourcing: What Shapes Public Managers' Perceptions?

As public agencies become increasingly familiar with outsourcing public services, public managers face the challenge of building and maintaining contract management capacity while balancing the demands of external actors, including, but not limited to, contractors, executives, legislators, and clients. Although a great deal of recent research examines contract management capacity in the public sector, few studies have investigated consultants' and public managers' perceptions of one another. Here, within a long-term research project working to build contract management capacity at the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT), we draw from in-depth interviews with private consultants to develop and test a model and hypotheses about how public managers' previous work experiences, communication patterns in working relations, and professional and social activities affect their perceptions of outsourcing and consultants. We outline a full model of the relationships between past experiences, perceptions, tru...
Ballet hero: building a garment for memetic embodiment in dance learning

This paper describes the analysis and design of a wearable technology garment intended to aid with the instruction of ballet technique to adult beginners. A phenomenological framework is developed and used to assess physiological training tools. Following this, a garment is developed that incorporates visual feedback inspired by animation techniques that more directly convey the essential movements of ballet. The garment design is presented, and a discussion is provided on the challenges of constructing an e-textile garment using contemporary materials and techniques.
The effect of bile salts on oxygen consumption, oxidative phosphorylation and ATP-ase activity of mucosal homogenates from rat jejunum and ileum.

The conjugated bile salts, sodium taurocholate and glycocholate, inhibited oxygen consumption and uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation of mucosal homogenates from rat jejunum and ileum. These bile salts also were capable of increasing the ATP-ase activity, in the presence of Na+ + K+ with Mg++, of both mucosal homogenates. Consequently, it was concluded from the results of this investigation that the previously observed decrease in ATP levels of rat jejunum and ileum, in the presence of bile salts, can be accounted for by both a complete uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and by an increase in ATP-ase activity. Furthermore, the mechanism of bile salt inhibition of tissue ATP levels was discussed in relation to a regulatory role played by bile salts in the active transport of water soluble substances across the small intestine.
Zero and finite field μSR in spin glass AG∶MN

Muon spin rotation data taken in both zero and finite fields are presented for a Ag:Mn (1.6 at %) spin glass sample. The data enable determination of the fluctuation rate of the Mn ions as a function of temperature. (GHT)
The Influence of the Crystalline Structure on the Electrical Properties of BaTiO 3 /SrRuO, Heterostructures

Epitaxial BaTiO3/SrRuO3 heterostructures were deposited on MgO and SrTiO3 substrates by 90° off-axis, rf-magnetron sputtering. A template layer growth was required to obtain epitaxy on MgO. The crystalline structure of the films was analyzed with x-ray diffraction. The leakage current and remanent polarization depended on the crystalline structure and processing parameters. The BaTiO3 thin films displayed remanent polarizations of 13 μC/cm2 and leakage current densities of 107 Amps/cm2 at 2 volts. The BaTiO3 thin films grown under optimal conditions displayed very little fatigue up to 5×108 cycles.
Negative feedback regulation of insulin-like growth factor-II gene expression in differentiating myoblasts in vitro

We have previously reported that autocrine secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) plays a critical role in stimulating spontaneous myogenic differentiation in vitro. Myogenesis and IGF-II gene expression are both negatively controlled by high serum growth medium, and it is likely that serum inhibits terminal differentiation at least in part by blocking autocrine secretion of IGF-II. To investigate this possibility, we assessed the effects of various serum fractions and growth factors on endogenous IGF-II gene expression in rat L6A1 myoblasts. Unexpectedly, we found that IGF-I, IGF-II, and high concentrations of insulin were potent inhibitors of IGF-II gene expression. This is the first example we have seen in which IGFs regulate their own expression by a negative feedback mechanism. Feedback inhibition was not dependent on the stimulation of cell proliferation by IGFs, and differentiated L6A1 myotubes remained sensitive to this action of the IGFs. Results with IGF analogs suggested that the inhibition of IGF-II gene expression by IGFs was mediated by the type I IGF receptor and was strongly suppressed by L6A1-secreted IGF-binding proteins. Human primary myoblasts also exhibited feedback inhibition by the IGFs, whereas the rapidly fusing mouse Sol 8 cell line did not. We conclude that IGF-II gene expression in differentiating L6A1 myoblasts is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism (unusual for the IGFs) that acts primarily through the type I IGF receptor and appears to be inhibited by IGF-binding proteins secreted by L6A1 myoblasts in low serum differentiation medium.
The calibration and cross-modal validation of ratio scales of political opinion in survey research

Abstract The aims of this paper are twofold: first, to set the ratio scaling of opinion in perspective by reviewing a series of laboratory and field experiments designed to build and validate ratio scales of political opinion; and second, to report in detail on the development of calibration procedures designed to obtain proportional judgments from respondents in a national survey. Paralleling explicitly a psychophysical paradigm established for the scaling of physical continua, these studies demonstrate that (1) the paradigm can be adapted to the scaling of sociopolitical opinions; (2) two measures suitable for use in surveys-magnitude estimation and line production-satisfy established psychophysical criteria for valid measures of response; (3) survey respondents can and do make reliable ratio estimates of strength of opinion; (4) scales measuring strength of political support, which are derived from the magnitude and line estimates of survey respondents, match closely the support scales derived in laboratory and field tests using such physical response modalities as handgrip and sound pressure; and (5) these calibration procedures can be incorporated in national opinion surveys. These results, especially the successful move from the laboratory to a conventional survey setting, provide social and behavioral scientists with a technique for generating response data that meet stringent measurement requirements. The calibration procedures described constitute a social metric that will enable researchers to test functional hypotheses in a more rigorous manner than is possible employing alternative scaling procedures.
Assessment of Localized Damage in Concrete under Compression Using Acoustic Emission

This paper describes an experimental investigation to assess the development of the localized damage zone in concrete tested in compression. Cylindrical specimens were loaded and unloaded at different maximum strain levels. The mechanical response was measured and compared with acoustic emission activity. As expected, the acoustic emission activity increased with an increase in load. To establish a correlation between mechanical damage and acoustic emission activity, the acoustic emission events were categorized on the basis of their amplitude and duration. Higher amplitude and longer duration events occurred in the specimens at higher damage levels. A linear correlation was observed between the mechanical fracture energy and the measured acoustic emission energy. Triangulation was used to locate the position of the acoustic emission events and to assess the development of the damage zone during testing. The compression damage zone (CDZ) was found to develop at the time of peak stress with a length of approximately 1.2 times the diameter of the specimen. The size of the CDZ was observed to increase to double the diameter of the specimen at 1.6 times the strain at peak. While preliminary, these results indicate how the damage develops to form a zone that influences the stiffness degradation and the postpeak response of the concrete.
Purification and properties of acyl phosphatase from heart muscle. Comparative properties of acyl phosphatase from several sources.

Abstract A method for purification of acyl phosphatase from pork heart is described. Four species of acyl phosphatase were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. The major component of these four fractions of enzyme activity was extensively purified. The purified enzyme was estimated to have a molecular weight of approx. 11 000 by gel filtration, and an isoelectric point of 7.25. Studies comparing the abilities of acyl phosphatase from heart, brain and muscle to hydrolyze acetyl phosphate, carbamyl phosphate and 1,3-diphosphoglycerate revealed acetyl phosphate/carbamyl phosphate hydrolysis ratios of 10–11/1 and acetyl phosphate/1,3-diphosphoglycerate hydrolysis ratios of 8–11/1 for all three sources.
Degradation of pentachlorophenol by fixed films of white rot fungi in rotating tube bioreactors

A rotating tube bioreactor (RTB) was developed to examine chemical degradation by fungal biofilms under controlled laboratory conditions. Each RTB consists of a sealed tube containing mycelia growing on a piece of steel mesh on the inside wall of the tube. Tubes are mounted horizontally in a tube rotator and slowly rotated to expose the fungal biofilm to a wetting-aeration cycle typical of fixed film reactors such as trickling filters and rotating biological contactors. The extent of pentachlorophenol (PCP) dehalogenation by three different species of fungal biofilms was evaluated by measuring concentrations of PCP (using HPLC) and the total concentrations of organic and inorganic halides (using a TOX analyzer). The three species of fungi removed PCP from solution at similar rates, but they differed in ability to completely dehalogenate PCP. Nitrogen-deficient growth media only slightly increased the extent of PCP mineralization. All species of fungi (grown on nitrogen-sufficient media) removed PCP to 99% removal) within 1 d. Within 8 d, the greatest percent of dehalogenation, measured by the appearance of chloride ion in solution, was achieved by Trametes versicolor (62%), followed by Phanerochaete chrysosporium (38%) and Inonotus dryophilus (21%). These removals based on chloride ion concentrations are comparable to claims by others of complete mineralization for recoveries of 10–50% of 14CO2 from 14C-labeled PCP in static flask cultures.
The correlation of hydrophile ‐ lipophile balance of filters with virus desorption

Abstract The rise of water and rise of carbon tetrachloride on positively charged microporus filters were determined. The percentage of rise of carbon tetrachloride/rise of water was determined after both solutions had risen for 4 minutes. The values obtained were found to correlate well with previous measurements of the contact angle of carbon tetrachloride on water saturated‐filters and with results of studies on the effect of detergents on elution of viruses adsorbed to the filters. With relatively simple measurements, it is possible to determine the relative hydrophyliclipophilic balance of microporus filters.
Effect of the process parameters on the length of the mass transfer zone during product withdrawal in pressure swing adsorption cycles

The effects of several process parameters on the length of the mass transfer zone (MTZ) during product withdrawal in equilibrium controlled pressure swing adsorption (PSA) operations are investigated in this study. The process parameters under consideration are the adsorbent selectivity, the initial MTZ length, the product purity, and the adsorption pressure. For locally equilibrated PSA processes the analytical solution for binary mixtures is used to develop analytical expressions for the dependence of the MTZ length on the above mentioned parameters. For equilibrium controlled PSA processes with modest mass transfer limitations the evolution of the MTZ length during product withdrawal is examined through numerical simulations using a linear driving force (LDF) model. It is observed that the trends exhibited by the locally equilibrated PSA processes pertain to PSA processes with modest mass transfer limitations as well. It is found that the length of the MTZ during product withdrawal is strongly affected by the adsorbent selectivity when the selectivity is below four, and by the initial MTZ length. The length of the MTZ during product withdrawal is modestly affected by the adsorbent selectivity when the selectivity is above eight, and by the product purity. The length of the MTZ during product withdrawal is not affected at all by the adsorption pressure for locally equilibrated PSA processes. For PSA processes with modest mass transfer limitations the length of the MTZ during product withdrawal is only mildly affected by the adsorption pressure. These results enhance the theoretical understanding of the PSA processes. They can be used in PSA design to optimize the bed size and reduce the adsorbent inventory and the pressure drop.
An analysis of solar heating systems that use vapor-compression cycles

Abstract This paper analyzes the technical and economic performance of solar heating systems that use vapor-compression cycles, circulating a compressible fluid as the working fluid. With conventional solar heating systems that use water or as their working fluid, the collector inlet temperature is equal to that of the storage outlet temperature. Operating the system on a cold day can result in large thermal losses to the surroundings and, thus, low useful heat gains. A vapor-compression cycle may be attractive because it allows the collector inlet temperature to be lowered so that the heat gain of the collector can be increased. Such a system is simulated and a preliminary economic analysis performed. The results indicate that the vapor-compression system can collect almost 50% more solar energy than a conventional system if the collector area of the two systems are the same.
Particle impact damage in silicon nitride at 1400° C

Impacts of tungsten carbide spheres on Si3N4 produced elastic fracture behaviour (ring and cone cracks) at room temperature, but elastic-plastic fracture behaviour (plastic impressions and radial cracks) at 1400° C. In contrast, no change in fracture pattern at the two temperatures was produced by impact with steel spheres. These results may be explained by the relative abilities of the impacting spheres to cause plastic flow at the impact site and hence to alter the stress distribution in the Si3N4 specimens. The type and extent of damage produced by hard particle impact at 1400° C appears to be more deleterious to structural integrity than that produced at 20° C under equivalent particle impact loading conditions.
The maize transposable element Ds is spliced from RNA

In some instances, insertion of maize transposable elements into exons does not result in the total loss of enzymatic activity. In other instances, messenger RNAs of wild-type size are encoded by genes known to contain the maize transposable element Dissociation (Ds) in exons. To understand how Ds is processed from RNA, a study was made of transcripts encoded by two alleles of the maize waxy (wx) gene containing Ds insertions in exon sequences. The analysis was carried out in strains where the Ds element could not excise from the wx gene. Despite insertions of 4.3- and 1.5-Ds elements, the predominant transcripts encoded by these two genes were wild type in size. For both alleles, DNA sequencing of complementary DNAs revealed that the Ds elements had been spliced in a similar manner. Splicing was accomplished by the utilization of multiple 5' donor splice sites in the Ds termini and a 3' acceptor site within the wx gene adjacent to the Ds element. The net effect in both cases was the removal of most of the Ds element from the messenger RNA.
Protective role of manganese superoxide dismutase against cigarette smoke-induced cytotoxicity

Free‐radical‐induced oxidative damage has been implicated as an important mechanism responsible for the toxicity of both active and passive smoking. Cigarette smoke contains short‐ and long‐lived radicals and can stimulate cellular production of highly reactive oxygen species. One of the antioxidant enzymes that is protective against reactive oxygen‐induced damage is manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), which is located in the mitochondria of mammalian cells. The present study was conducted to examine the role of oxidative damage in cigarette smoke toxicity. A mouse fibroblast cell line (C3H10T1/2) and its MnSOD‐transfected, enzymatically active clone, R2 cells, which possessed about fivefold greater MnSOD activity, were used to test the cytotoxicity of condensates from mainstream (MS‐CSC) and sidestream (SS‐CSC) cigarette smoke. Growth and respiration studies of the two test cell lines showed that the R2 cells grew to a higher cell density and exhibited greater oxygen uptake than the parent cells unde...
STABILITY OF HIGH-FREQUENCY PRESSURE OSCILLATIONS IN ROCKET COMBUSTION CHAMBERS

The problem of determining the stability of high-frequency pressure oscillations in rocket combustion chambers is treated explicitly as a perturbation of the classical acoustics problem. On the basis of previous experimental results, the energy addition hy combustion is emphasized, and an analysis is developed for tbe stability of stationary pressure waves in chammers using either liquid or gaseous propellants. The formulation is for the three-dimensional case; computations are carried out in detail for a cylindrical chamber in which the mean velocity is parallel to the axis and varies only with axial position. The principal result is a formula for the imaginary part of the complex frequency associated with each of the natural modes of the chamber. This yields a single dimensionless group as a measure of the stability of individual chamber modes. Because of the present lack of sufficiently detailed experimental evidence, quantitative interpretation seems impossible, but qualitative agreement with observations can be demonstrated.
Tree ring D/H ratio from Kenya, East Africa and its palaeoclimatic significance

The D/H ratio of non-exchangeable hydrogen atoms in tree rings is a reliable record of the stable isotope ratio of source water used by a given tree during its growth. Depending on the site of growth, this source water has been shown to be the summer rains or groundwater or both. Because the isotope ratio of any of these source waters is influenced by climate, tree ring isotope data provide a fine climatic signature in most cases. However, isotope dendroclimate studies so far have been focused mainly in North America and to a lesser degree in Europe. We report here analysis of a record spanning 145 yr from a tree, Juniperus procera, from Kenya in East Africa. The D/H ratio correlates reasonably well with the recorded levels of the adjacent Lake Victoria and brings out interesting palaeoclimatic inferences from a region for which very little such data are available. Significantly, the relatively severe arid conditions around 1920s and the record rainfall around 1961 are reflected in the tree ring isotope ratio. This suggests that such tree ring isotope records could be used in the palaeoclimatic reconstruction of this area and could be applied to tropical environments.
Effect of geotropism on instrument readings

Geotropism is an analog meter's response due to orientation in a gravitational field whether radiation is present or not. For a conventional analog meter, the geotropic response is reflected in the movement of the meter needle. Geotropism is not relevant for digital portable survey (e.g., liquid crystal displays) or stationary bench top meters. The degree of geotropism must be evaluated during type testing and routine calibration when dealing with portable survey instruments. Geotropism is defined in , , and as a change in instrument reading with a change in instrument orientation as a result of gravitational effects. Ideally, the manufacturer when selecting a meter movement for a particular portable survey instrument application considers geotropism in their selection. However, simply employing high quality meters in the manufacture of instruments is not sufficient, since survey meters may be damaged to the point that geotropism may be exhibited. Awareness of geotropism and the ability to recognize its occurrence are invaluable to radiation protection technologists, especially those who calibrate or evaluate survey instruments in the course of doing their job.
Composition of fluids expelled during compaction of Mississippi delta sediments

Fluids discharged from subaerial springs along faults on a sediment diapir near the mouth of the Mississippi River are derived from buried marine pore waters which have been extensively altered chemically by processes of bacterial respiration, mineral precipitation and, possibly, by fractionation due to the presence of clays of high exchange capacity.
Comparable Worth: Analyses and Evidence

The article reviews the book “Comparable Worth: Analyses and Evidence,” edited by M. Anne Hill and Mark R. Killingsworth.
Munchausen Cases with Connections

Excerpt To the editor: Within a 6-month period, I have observed three cases of Munchausen syndrome all of whom claimed important academic and political ties. Case 1. A 40-year-old mildly obese whit...
How are scientific corrections made

This paper provides examples drawn from the author’s experience that support the conclusion that errors and deceptions in archival science are often not easily or quickly corrected. The difficulty in correcting errors and deceptions needs wider recognition if it is to be overcome. In addition, the paper discusses how subtle abuses introduce errors into the archival literature.
Compressive sensing recovery from non-ideally quantized measurements

The problem of signal recovery from non-ideally quantized linear measurements is considered. Quantization non-idealities due to circuit second-order effects are inevitable in practical deployments of compressive sensing and introduce distortion in the measurement process. Quantization non-idealities are commonly characterized by integral non-linearity (INL), offset and gain error metrics. These metrics are included in the signal reconstruction process to enforce quantization consistency. Signal reconstruction is formulated as a linear program. The performance of the proposed approach is assessed numerically and compared with other signal recovery techniques. It is shown that a linear program can be competitive and in some cases superior to more elaborate signal recovery approaches. It is also shown that satisfying quantization consistency does not always lead to better signal recovery in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Sintering of alumina-supported nickel and nickel bimetallic methanation catalysts in H2H2O atmospheres

Abstract Sintering of α- and γ-alumina- and nickel aluminate-supported nickel in H2 and H 2 O MH 2 atmospheres and alumina-supported NiRh and NiRu in H2 was studied at temperatures between 773 and 1023 K. Total catalyst surface areas and metal surface areas were measured as a function of sintering time by argon BET and H2 chemisorption, respectively. Phase compositions of the support and metal were investigated by X ray, while transmission electron microscopy, X-ray line broadening, and H2 chemisorption were used to monitor changes in metal crystallite growth during heat treatments. The results indicate that significant losses in metal surface area occur as a result of (i) support collapse and (ii) metal crystallite growth in all of the catalysts. Nickel is most thermally stable on NiAl2O4 and more thermally stable on γ-Al2O3 than on α-Al2O3 (below 1023 K). Rhodium and ruthenium additives enhance the thermal stability of nickel on alumina. Differential activity tests indicate that no significant changes in specific methanation activity occur for alumina-supported nickel catalysts as a result of sintering, although NiRh and NiRu catalysts produce a higher fraction of C2+ hydrocarbons after heat treatment.
Coupling Coherence Distinguishes Structure Sensitivity in Protein Electron Transfer

Quantum mechanical analysis of electron tunneling in nine thermally fluctuating cytochrome b562 derivatives reveals two distinct protein-mediated coupling limits. A structure-insensitive regime arises for redox partners coupled through dynamically averaged multiple-coupling pathways (in seven of the nine derivatives) where heme-edge coupling leads to the multiple-pathway regime. A structure-dependent limit governs redox partners coupled through a dominant pathway (in two of the nine derivatives) where axial-ligand coupling generates the single-pathway limit and slower rates. This two-regime paradigm provides a unified description of electron transfer rates in 26 ruthenium-modified heme and blue-copper proteins, as well as in numerous photosynthetic proteins.
Superoxide release by neutrophils: Synergistic effects of a phorbol ester and a calcium ionophore

Exposure to combined suboptimal concentrations of 4β-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and the calcium ionophore A23187 stimulates superoxide release from guinea pig neutrophils to rates ca . 3.5-fold greater than the sum of the rates elicited by each of the agents added separately. This effect was largely dependent upon the presence of calcium in the extracellular medium. The data are discussed in relation to recent reports concerning the interactions of phorbol-esters with cells and the mechanism of activation of superoxide release by neutrophils.
Ibuprofen potentiates diversion of blood flow from hypoxic to normoxic lung

We tested the hypothesis that ibuprofen improves oxygenation in lung injury by potentiating hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Fourteen dogs were studied following placement of a bronchial divider to permit sequential ventilation of the left lower lobe (LLL) at an F1O2 = 0.05 and an F1O2 = 1.0. The right lung was continuously ventilated at an F1O2 = 1.0. Flow to the left lung as a proportion of total cardiac output was measured during LLL ventilation at each F1O2 and again following the administration of 12.5 mg/kg of ibuprofen. Hypoxic ventilation 11 F1O2 = 0.05) of the LLL before ibuprofen resulted in diversion of 42 ± 6% (mean ± SEM) of the blood flow away from the hypoxic lobe. Following ibuprofen, the flow diversion increased to 57 ± 6% (P < .05). We conclude that ibuprofen potentiates the normal response of flow diversion away from hypoxic lung.
Overexpression of TAR sequences renders cells resistant to human immunodeficiency virus replication

Overexpression of TAR-containing sequences (TAR decoys) was used to render cells resistant to HIV replication. A chimeric tRNA(meti)-TAR transcription unit contained in a double copy murine retroviral vector was used to express high levels of HIV-1 TAR-containing transcripts in CEM SS cells. Replication of HIV-1 was inhibited over 99% in cells expressing chimeric tRNA-TAR transcripts, but an amphotropic murine retrovirus replicated normally in these cells. Expression of TAR sequences in CEM SS cells had no adverse effects on cell viability, indicating that essential cellular factors are not being sequestered in these cells. TAR decoy RNA-mediated HIV inhibition may also be effective against natural HIV isolates in spite of their hypervariable nature, as suggested by the fact that replication of SIVmac was also inhibited in cells expressing HIV-1 TAR decoys.
The appearance of an extracellular arylsulfatase during morphogenesis of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Abstract An increase in arylsulfatase activity occurs after hatching in embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus pupuratus . The bulk of this increase can be attributed to the accumulation of an extracellular activity, since it can be removed by an embryo dissociation medium or upon protease treatment of intact embryos. Also, intact embryos can hydrolyze exogenous substrate, displaying activity equivalent to that which can be removed by the dissociation or protease treatment. The data indicate that the activity appears as a newly secreted molecule ionically coupled to a membrane site or to other components in the extracellular matrix. The majority of the activity is a single component of apparently large molecular size (analyzed on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), consistent with the suggestion that it may be complexed with other extracellular components. A morphogenetic role for this enzyme is suggested by the appearance of the extracellular sulfatase temporally coincident with the requirement of sulfated proteoglycans and glycoproteins for cell movement and shape changes.
Get the cite right: Design and evaluation of a high-quality online citation tutorial

Abstract As part of a library initiative to foster information literacy, promote academic integrity, and prevent inadvertent plagiarism, a high-quality online tutorial was designed to teach students to cite sources properly. The development of this tutorial, APA Exposed: Everything You Always Wanted to Know About APA Format but Were Afraid to Ask , was a collaborative endeavor among research and instruction librarians, learning technology specialists, and an instructor. This study employs a mixed-methods research approach that combines the use of multiple data sources – an online survey, website visitor-tracking software, e-mail correspondence, and a Google search – to evaluate the quality and efficacy of the tutorial. Analyses of online survey data indicate 98% of survey respondents found the tutorial useful or very useful. All of the respondents reported the tutorial improved their understanding of APA style. In addition, 93% of respondents said they planned to use this tutorial as a reference resource in the future and 99% said they would recommend the tutorial to others. The online tutorial received an average of 1055 visits per month. The findings of this study indicate that there is a need for high-quality online citation instruction and that the tutorial meets this need. Providing effective citation instruction online not only benefits tutorial participants but also research and instruction librarians as they can now allocate limited library resources to areas of instruction other then proper citation techniques.
A Geometric Approach to Slot Alignment in Wireless Sensor Networks

Traditionally, slotted communication protocols have employed guard times to delineate and align slots. These guard times may expand the slot duration significantly, especially when clocks are allowed to drift for longer time to reduce clock synchronization overhead. Recently, a new class of lightweight protocols for statistical estimation in wireless sensor networks have been proposed. This new class requires very short transmission durations (jam signals), thus the traditional approach of using guard times would impose significant overhead. We propose a new, more efficient algorithm to align slots. Based on geometrical properties of space, we prove that our approach bounds the slot duration by only a constant factor of what is needed. Furthermore, we show by simulation that this bound is loose and an even smaller slot duration is required, making our approach even more efficient.
Determination and pharmacology of a new hydroxylated metabolite of tamoxifen observed in patient sera during therapy for advanced breast cancer.

A new hydroxylated metabolite of tamoxifen, Metabolite Y [ trans -1-( p -β-hydroxyethoxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenylbut-1-ene] was characterized and subsequently measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in serum from patients receiving normal (10 mg twice daily) and high dose (≥150 mg twice daily) tamoxifen therapy for treatment of advanced breast cancer. In normal-dose patients, the serum level of Metabolite Y ranged between 6 and 60 ng/ml. This contrasted with serum levels of 80 to 180 ng/ml for tamoxifen and 200 to 300 ng/ml for N -desmethyltamoxifen, the major metabolite of tamoxifen. Serum levels of all three components were unchanged in one patient during the 24 hr after the cessation of tamoxifen therapy. Maximum serum levels of Metabolite Y were 800 ng/ml with concentrations of 1 µg/ml for tamoxifen and 2 µg/ml for N -desmethyltamoxifen in a patient on a 2-year course of high-dose therapy. Metabolite Y inhibited the binding of 17β-[3H]-estradiol to rat uterine and human breast carcinoma estrogen receptor. However, this metabolite was only weakly active: monohydroxytamoxifen [relative binding affinity (RBA) = 280]; tamoxifen (RBA = 6); Metabolite E (RBA = 3); N -desmethyltamoxifen (RBA = 4); Metabolite Y (RBA = 0.5). In 3-day immature rat uterine weight tests, Metabolite Y was a partial agonist with weak antiestrogenic activity. Although Metabolite Y has only weak activity, this compound would be expected to contribute to the overall antiestrogenic and antitumor properties of tamoxifen during therapy.
Modeling, design and optimization of hybrid electromagnetic and piezoelectric MEMS energy scavengers

A hybrid energy scavenging technique is introduced to harness ambient energy through electromagnetic and piezoelectric mechanisms to achieve higher power density and higher energy conversion efficiency in a high mechanical damping MEMS structure. By inspecting the second-order mechanical dynamic system for electromagnetic and piezoelectric energy conversions, a unified model is proposed to capture the relation of the recoverable hybrid energy and the input vibration frequency as well as the amplitude. Design trade-offs are considered for the hybrid scavenger size and power maximization. A hybrid MEMS energy scavenger design with optimization results for implementation is shown as an example.
Kinetics and Energetics of Thermal Inactivation and the Regeneration Rates of a Peroxidase Systema,b

SUMMARY The kinetics of thermal inactivation of peroxidase were found to he first-order for the range of temperatures 85–100°C. The experimental activation energy was 25.1 kilocalories per mole; free energy change, 27.0–27.5 kilocalories per mole; and entropy change, a negative 7.39–7.89 calories per mole degree. This indicated that the transfer of energy was extremely slow or the activated molecule was actually more rigid than the native molecule, the latter being more likely than the former. No regeneration occurred when peroxidase had been completely inactivated. Regeneration was found to involve a lag period of approximately 20 hr, a rapid rate period of l-2 days, a point of maximum regeneration at 2–10 days, and finally a decrease in activity after inactivation. The thermal destruction time (z value) of 49.8°F indicated that in high-temperature short-time processes the criterion for sufficiency might necessarily be based on the time required to inactivate peroxidase rather than on the time required to sterilize the product.
Chinese Nationalism and the 2001 US Spy Plane Incident

Barely six months before the September 2001 terrorist attacks against the United States, a major incident threatened to bring the volatile relationship between China and the United States to crisis point. An American military plane along with its crew was seized by China for violating its air space and spying. Despite dignified denouement through diplomatic channels, the manner in which China viewed and handled issues thrown up by the incident has been attributed widely and mistakenly to China’s political leadership without factoring the growth of Chinese nationalism as a determinant of China’s US policy. However, the incident would have been handled more meaningfully if the two countries had communicated better with each other.
Moving magnesium in plant cells.

Magnesium (Mg) is among the most abundant mineral elements in plants, yet the knowledge of which genes control its accumulation in specific tissues and organelles lags behind that of many other mineral elements. Only in recent years has identification of important molecular play ers begun to take shape. In this issue of New Phytologist, Conn et al. (pp. 583–594) shed additional light on two Mg transporters that play important roles in accumulation of Mg in leaf cell vacuoles. Using subcellular-level ion measurements on leaves, gene expression measurements after single-cell sampling, a genetic approach, and clever use of calcium (Ca) and Mg supply to plants or detached leaves, Conn et al. have demonstrated that vacuoles of mesophyll rather than epidermal or bundle sheath cell types of Arabidopsis leaves are the main sites of Mg accumulation. They have also shown the effects of mutations in MRS2-1 and MRS2-5 genes on this accumulation and a role for these
Past land use, disturbance regime change, and vegetation response in a southern Illinois bottomland conservation area1

Abstract Forested bottomland conservation areas in the midwestern and southern United States are subject to an increasingly diverse range of demands for recreational use and other ecosystem services, many dependent upon the maintenance of specific plant communities. Historical land use and other disturbances have shaped present vegetation composition, but these impacts are poorly understood. This study examined historical land use records, dendrochronological evidence, and pre- and post-tornado vegetation, with and without salvage logging, to assess forest composition changes over approximately 125 years at Mermet Lake Conservation Area in southern Illinois. This site has land use history, vegetation cover, and a management mandate common to many large river bottomland forests in the Midwest and southern USA. The vegetation of the area prior to Euro-American settlement was primarily a forest dominated by Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. and Nyssa aquatica L. A period of drainage and conversion to agriculture...
Wing Sizing, Trim, and Control Considerations in the Design of Hover-Capable Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles

A basic design equation for sizing the wings of hover-capable apping wing micro air vehicles (MAVs) is presented that correlates favorably with examples from nature. Design principles are presented that allow trim and controllability issues to be considered early in the design process. An example aircraft is used to illustrate the use of the methods and principles. A systematic method of selecting a nominal control eector conguration and center-of-gravity location is presented that enforces conditions on the overall cycleaveraged body forces and moments. On the example aircraft considered, a three step process was used to enforce these conditions. A method for constructing a cycle-averaged control eectiveness matrix is presented that provides insight into control strategies for hover-capable apping wing aircraft at the conceptual design stage.
Corticotropin releasing hormone produces profound anorexigenic effects in the rhesus monkey.

The behavioral consequences of the central administration of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in rhesus monkeys was determined using food-maintained behavior. Acute doses of CRH (0.003 ng/kg-10 micrograms/kg, i.c.v.), decreased responding for food in a dose- and time-related manner. With intermediate doses, responding occurred at a high rate until food was delivered, and then abruptly ceased for several minutes. Previous studies have attributed similar effects to the noxious properties of certain drugs. Acute doses had no effect on home cage food consumption, body weight, or responding for food on subsequent days. When CRH was given repeatedly for several days, its behavioral suppressant effects increased. Home cage food intake, body weight, and subsequent responding for food decreased for up to 6 weeks before returning to normal. These results suggest that sustained elevations in central levels of CRH can result in a sensitization to its anorexigenic effects, an effect that has not been reported in other species. Because hyperaroused clinical states such as depression and anorexia nervosa are characterized biochemically by hypercortisolism and elevated CRH in CSF, these anorexigenic effects may corroborate a potential role for CRH in affective disorders.
Age and Active-Passive Leadership Style

The relationship between age and active-passive leadership style is analyzed with direct observational data describing the behavior of a sample of 24 mayors during issue discussion and debate on their councils over a one-year period of meetings. Activity, measured as a time-based rate of verbal participation, was found to increase with the age of leaders to a high in the midfifties, and to decline for older mayors in their sixties and seventies. Political experience interacted with age to affect activity. Inexperienced mayors displayed a less active style, regardless of age; but experienced mayors in their sixties and seventies had the least active style of all. These findings held up under control f or group size, political structure on the councils, and community characteristics.
Time-Trend Analysis of Plasma Cortisol Concentrations in the Fetal Sheep in Relation to Parturition*

Using a cortisol RIA carefully validated for specificity in fetal ovine plasma, we studied plasma cortisol timetrend changes in eight chronically catheterized sheep fetuses in the last 22 days of gestation before the spontaneous onset of labor. Best fit exponential type curves were drawn for each individual fetus to define the time before the onset of labor at which fetal plasma cortisol was rising at different rates. Fetal plasma cortisol increased at a rate of 0.5 ng ml-1 day-1 as early as 17.1 days before labor in one fetus, whereas the mean value for all eight fetuses occurred 11.8 ± 1.0 (SEM) days before labor. The rate of increase doubled to 1.0 ng cortisol ml-1 day-1 as early as 14.4 days before labor in one fetus, whereas the mean value for all eight fetuses occurred 9.3 ± 0.9 days before labor. These findings suggest that the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the prelabor increase in fetal cortisol production are activated earlier in gestation than was previously thought.
Domain of congenital heart disease: past, present and future

At the 2011 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) meeting in Lisbon, the chairman, Juan Comas was able to thank the past chairman (Fig. 1) for developing the congenital domain and organising the annual meetings and education programmes. Since the inception of the congenital domain, there has been increasing involvement of the domain with the Association of European Paediatric Cardiology, and our American colleagues in North America. This has not only given European, but a worldwide, accent to our meetings.
Effects of Deafness on Maternal Expectations About Child Development

Mothers of 8–12-year-old hearing-impaired and and normal hearing boys were asked when they expected their child to acquire skills for: (a) speech and language, (b) acceptable social conduct, and (c) independence. Mothers of the hearing-impaired children expected later acquisition of speech and language than mothers of normal hearing children. These results supported the hypothesis that expectations of the mothers of the hearing-impaired children reflect the delayed development of speech and language that generally occurs for these children. Mothers of the hearing-impaired children also expected later development of acceptable social conduct; they did not, however, expect later development of independence. These results suggested that expectations are also influenced by the mother's efforts to reduce the extensive teaching and supervision often involved in rearing handicapped children.
Assessing physical and cognitive function of older adults in continuing care retirement communities: Who are we recruiting?

Purpose In partnership with six Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRCs), the current study focused on the feasibility of recruiting a representative sample of residents and then assessing their functional health.
Control of leukocyte rolling velocity in TNF-α–induced inflammation by LFA-1 and Mac-1

Previously it was shown that 2-integrins are necessary for slow leukocyte rolling in inflamed venules. In this study, mice that are deficient for either one of the 2-integrins, L2 (LFA-1) or M2 (Mac1), were used to determine which of the 2-integrins are responsible for slowing rolling leukocytes. The cremaster muscles of these mice were treated with tumor necrosis factor- and prepared for intravital microscopy. The average rolling velocities in venules were elevated in LFA-1/ mice (11.0 0.7 m/s) and Mac-1/ mice (10.1 1.1 m/s) compared to wild-type mice (4.8 0.3 m/s; P < .05), but were lower than in CD18/ mice (28.5 2.1 m/s). When both LFA-1 and Mac-1 were absent or blocked, rolling velocity became dependent on shear rate and approached that of CD18/ mice. In addition, leukocyte adhesion efficiency was decreased in LFA-1/ mice to near CD18/ levels, but decreased only slightly in Mac-1/ mice. Thus, both LFA-1 and Mac-1 contribute to slowing down rolling leukocytes, although LFA-1 is more important than Mac-1 in efficiently inducing firm adhesion. (Blood. 2002;99: 336-341)
Lessons for social work from the medical model: a viewpoint for practice

That the health care system suffers from an overdose of the medical model has become an article of faith for social workers in the health field. This medi cal model is commonly blamed for the depersonalization and fragmentation in the American way of medical care. Al though the concept is seldom well defined, social workers often enter health settings socialized to address the medical model as the enemy and de termined to supplant it with a social model of care.
Candida glabrata: An Important Fungal Pathogen for the 21st Century

Introduction Historically, Candida glabrata has been viewed as a relatively nonpathogenie saprophyte of the normal flora of healthy individuals. It is now considered a prominent fungal pathogen, largely due to the widespread use of immunosuppressive therapy, together with broad-spectrum antimycotic therapy (reviewed in reference I). C. glabrata infections can be mucosal or systemic and are common in unhealthy hosts (e.g., immunocompromised or diabetic) (reviewed in reference 1). Furthermore, these infections are difficult to treat and are often resistant to many azole antifungal agents. Unfortunately, investigations of C. glabrata infection have been relatively few compared with those of other Candida species, accounting for only a small percentage of published studies on medically important fungal infections. This review will briefly discuss the biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of C. glabrata infections, followed by a more detailed discussion of the clinical spectrum of disease, including management and antiRmga1 resistance.