cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dose-response of altitude training: how much altitude is enough?

Altitude training continues to be a key adjunctive aid for the training of competitive athletes throughout the world. Over the past decade, evidence has accumulated from many groups of investigators that the “living high - training low” approach to altitude training provides the most robust and reliable performance enhancements. The success of this strategy depends on two key features: 1) living high enough, for enough hours per day, for a long enough period of time, to initiate and sustain an erythropoietic effect of high altitude; and 2) training low enough to allow maximal quality of high intensity workouts, requiring high rates of sustained oxidative flux. Because of the relatively limited access to environments where such a strategy can be practically applied, numerous devices have been developed to “bring the mountain to the athlete,” which has raised the key issue of the appropriate “dose” of altitude required to stimulate an acclimatization response and performance enhancement. These include devices using molecular sieve technology to provide a normobaric hypoxic living or sleeping environment, approaches using very high altitudes (5,500m) for shorter periods of time during the day, and “intermittent hypoxic training” involving breathing very hypoxic gas mixtures for alternating 5 minutes periods over the course of 60–90 minutes. Unfortunately, objective testing of the strategies employing short term (less than 4 hours) normobaric or hypobaric hypoxia has failed to demonstrate an advantage of these techniques. Moreover individual variability of the response to even the best of living high - training low strategies has been great, and the mechanisms behind this variability remain obscure. Future research efforts will need to focus on defining the optimal dosing strategy for these devices, and determining the underlying mechanisms of the individual variability so as to enable the individualized “prescription” of altitude exposure to optimize the performance of each athlete.
Mask repair technique assessment and development for the 45nm lithographic node

The efficacy of currently available repair techniques has been assessed for a wide variety of defect types encountered on advanced lithographic masks. Focused ion beam (FIB) with gas-assisted etching and deposition, electron beam induced chemical processing (EBIC), and atomic force microscope based nano-machining (RAVE) were among the different methodologies evaluated. Various types of optical phase-shifting masks for the 45nm lithographic node, as well as nano-imprint lithography (NIL) templates, were used as test vehicles. Defect imaging resolution, spatial process confinement, repair edge placement, end-pointing control, sample damage (undesired changes in topographic or optical properties), and future extendibility served as the primary metrics for gauging repair performance. The primary aim of this study was to provide a single "snapshot" in time of the current development status of each tool for the context of 45nm node mask repair specifications and by no means were there any expectations for a final solution to already be commercially available. However, the results obtained from these tests should provide useful feedback and information to help improve the learning cycle for the development of 45nm lithographic node mask repair systems.
(Z)-2-(Cyclohexylidene)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one

The reaction of cyclo­hexa­necarboxaldehyde with 1-aza­bicylo[2.2.2]octan-3-one in methano­lic KOH afforded the title compound, C14H21NO. The cyclo­hexane ring adopts a chair conformation and the olefinic double bond has Z geometry.
Implementing TEI Projects and Accompanying Metadata for Small Libraries: Rationale and Best Practices

Electronic text encoding marks up documents, most often those in the humanities and social sciences, in XML to capture various metadata and represent textual features important for research and analysis. It typically follows the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) scheme. Implementing TEI projects can be particularly challenging for small institutions with limited staff and budgets, given the detail and attention to textual nuances text encoding requires. This article argues for implementing such projects and their feasibility for small institutions, using Case Western Reserve University's text encoding project as a model. It includes the rationale for TEI versus sole reliance on page images or PDFs and for digitization and text mark-up workflow.
Generation of Xanthenium and 9-Phenylxanthenium Carbocations in Subcritical Water and Reactivity with Amylamine

The ability of subcritical water to support ionic chemistry is evident from the successful generation of 9-R-xanthenium (R = H and C6H5) carbocations at temperatures up to 330 °C from their respective alcohol precursors using laser flash photolysis. The intrinsic carbocation decay in the solvent was found to follow simple Arrhenius behavior at all temperatures, from ambient up to 330 °C. In addition, we determined the bimolecular rate constants for the reactions of xanthenium cation and 9-phenylxanthenium cations with amylamine, a neutral nucleophile. The activation energies of the two reactions were 21.6 ± 1.2 kJ mol-1 and 18.2 ± 3.9 kJ mol-1, respectively. More importantly, we found that the rate equations determined at high temperatures extrapolated extremely well to ambient conditions. Thus, we conclude that for ion/neutral isoCoulombic reactions, it would be reasonable to use low-temperature Arrhenius parameters to predict the rate constants in water at higher temperatures. Finally, we found that the...
Disequilibrium Market Analysis: An Application to the U.S. Fed Beef Sector: Comment

In a recent Journal article, Ziemer and White (ZW) hypothesized that the U.S. market for fed beef has been in disequilibrium on a quarterly basis. To test this hypothesis, Ziemer and White specified a supply-demand system for fed beef at the slaughter level and presented two sets of results: two-stage least squares estimates before incorporation of the disequilibrium mechanism and maximum likelihood estimates incorporating disequilibrium. They indicated that the structural model was theoretically consistent with the market's operation and that the disequilibrium hypothesis was supported by the empirical results. First, we show that their supply-demand model is misspecified. Second, we show that their empirical test of market disequilibrium is inappropriate. In particular, we focus attention on their formulation of the supply equation and show why the estimated parameters of the fed beef price and placements variables are unreasonable. Next, estimates of their model are compared to a better alternative model. Then, a statistically appropriate test of the disequilibrium hypothesis is presented and contrasted to the ZW findings.
Estimating the Effect of Redistricting on Minority Substantive Representation

This article applies modern Bayesian roll call analysis to estimate legislators' support for minority-favored policies, and to determine the likely impact of competing redistricting plans on the substantive representation of minority interests. We first provide a theory of districting and policy outcomes that points to the importance of coalition building in advancing minority policy concerns and motivates our estimation techniques. We then apply this methodology to the redistricting of the South Carolina State Senate following the 1990 census. We show that this redistricting led to more minorities being elected to office but less substantive representation.
Phantom Breast Syndrome

• In this study of 41 women who underwent mastectomy, over half (54%) experienced phantom breast syndrome (PBS). Of these, 80% had phantom breast pain. The majority of women (58%) did not report their symptoms to their physicians, despite the considerable interference in their lives from these symptoms. Six variables were found to differentiate the women who had phantom breast syndrome from those who did not. All of these factors were closely related to the psychological aspects of mastectomy. Significant among these was that women who experienced PBS perceived both that they did not receive much emotional support from their surgeons, and that most of their emotional problems were secondary to the mastectomy. In these respects, they differed from women not reporting PBS. By early evaluation of each patient who is to undergo mastectomy, it should be possible to identify those at risk, to develop means to prevent the development of the syndrome, and to treat those women in whom the preventive attempts are unsuccessful. ( Arch Surg 114:93-95, 1979)
Parenting stress and childhood epilepsy: the impact of depression, learning, and seizure-related factors.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate stress in parents of children with epilepsy relative to the impact of childhood depression, learning disorders, and seizure-related risk factors. Methods Sixty-five parents and their children completed the Parenting Stress Index, Child Depression Inventory, and behavior and demographic forms. Kruska–Wallis ANOVAs and Spearman’s rank correlations were used in a cross-sectional study design. Results High levels of stress were found among the parents (45%). Overall, child depression (23%) was found to significantly increase the distress parents experienced in their role ( P P P Conclusion To effectively manage children with epilepsy, assessments of depression and learning must be considered because of their potential impact on parenting stress and the child’s overall quality of life.
Energy Storage Requirements for Near-Optimal Reactive Control of a Wave Energy Device

Abstract This paper investigates an approach to near-optimal real-time reactive control of wave energy devices based on time-domain up-wave surface elevation information. The paper first presents the overall approach required for such control, and recalls the need for future force and response information due to the causality of the radiation force and the non-causality of the exciting force (in relation to the wave profile at device centroid). The present approach is a realistic approximation based on linearized wave propagation and device dynamics models. For a predominantly heaving submerged point absorber in an approximately uni-directional incident wave field, the amount of instantaneous reactive power is compared with the instantaneous absorbed power. Although the net reactive energy is zero in the absence of actuator losses, the instantaneous reactive energy requirement for small devices in swell-dominated spectra may be significant. The time-domain calculations here confirm this and show that substantial amounts of energy may need to be exchanged with an external energy storage unit or the grid until sufficient energy has been absorbed.
Preleukemia in children

Six children who developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia presented with a preleukemic syndrome. The incidence of preleukemic presentation of AMML was 17% of children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, or 2.9% of all children with acute leukemia at this institution, incidences similar to those in adults. During the preleukemic phase, which lasted from three to 35 months, all children had anemia, all had infectious complications, and three of six had hemorrhagic tendencies. Three received steroids before the diagnosis of AMML, and all had some objective response. Two patients died before receiving therapy for AMML. Four children who received AMML therapy with combinations including cystosine arabinoside and an anthracycline achieved complete remission. Ultimately, all patients died. Clues to diagnosis of preleukemia include unexplained cytopenias, either absolute or functional, peripheral blasts, progressive megaloblastosis with an elevated B 12 value, dyserythropoiesis, abnormalities of nuclear segmentation, nonrandom chromosomal alterations, and reduced marrow colony to cluster ratio in vitro. Until there is a highly effective therapy for ANLL, precisely when to treat the child with preleukemia remains uncertain. However, treatment should be started before infectious complications or hemorrhagic tendencies become life-threatening.
FT visible absorption spectroscopy of porphine in noble gas matrices

Abstract Polarized visible absorption spectra of free-base porphine photo-oriented in noble gas matrices were observed by Fourier-transform spectroscopy. The symmetries of over 60 vibronic transitions in the Qx region and about 20 in the Qy region were assigned and the symmetric NH stretching vibration in the Qx state was identified (3386 and 3392 cm−1 in the two sites in xenon matrix).
Mass-energy absorption coefficient and backscatter factor ratios for kilovoltage x-ray beams.

For low-energy (up to 150 kV) x-rays, the ratio of mass-energy absorption coefficients for water to air, (mu(en)/rho)w.air, and the backscatter factor B are used in the conversion of air kerma, measured free-in-air, to water kerma on the surface of a water phantom. For clinical radiotherapy, similar conversion factors are needed for the determination of the absorbed dose to biological tissues on (or near) the surface of a human body. We have computed the mu(en)/rho ratios and B factor ratios for different biological tissues including muscle, soft tissue, lung, skin and bone relative to water. The mu(en)/rho ratios were obtained by integrating the respective mass-energy absorption coefficients over the in-air primary photon spectra. We have also calculated the mu(en)/rho ratios at different depths in a water phantom in order to convert the measured in-phantom water kerma to the absorbed dose to various biological tissues. The EGS4/DOSIMETER Monte Carlo code system has been used for the simulation of the energy fluence at different depths in a water phantom irradiated by a kilovoltage x-ray beam of variable beam quality (HVL: 0.1 mm Al-5 mm Cu), field size and source-surface distance (SSD). The same code was also used in the calculation of the B factor ratios, soft tissue to water and bone to water. The results show that the B factor for bone differs from the B factor for water by up to 20% for a 100 kV beam (HVL: 2.65 mm Al) with a 100 cm2 field. On the other hand, the difference in the B factor between water and soft tissue is insignificant (well within 1% generally). This means that the B factors for water may be directly used to convert the 'in-air' water kerma to surface kerma for human soft tissues.
Cough and hemoptysis in athletes of an ice hockey team.

Dr. Eugene Yim: Today’s case is that of a 22-year-old ice hockey player who developed respiratory complaints after an away game at a competing school. This athlete presented to the Emergency Department (ED) approximately 10 h after a hockey game. In the preceding weeks before the game, the patient had been sick with an upper respiratory illness, for which he completed a course of antibiotics for a presumed bronchitis. His symptoms had largely resolved by the time of the game, and he was able to perform without any physical limitations. While in the locker room after the game, he noticed a strange odor and a brown-colored gas being emitted from an ice resurfacing machine adjacent to the locker room entrance. Although he had an ongoing cough for the couple weeks before the game, his cough was exacerbated while in the locker room after the game. His symptoms were only mild at the time, and he had an unremarkable return home. He felt well the rest of the evening and was able to fall asleep without difficulty. The following morning, the patient woke up with a worsening cough that produced blood-tinged sputum and saliva. He also developed shortness of breath and chest pain with his cough. After his presentation to the ED, many of his teammates also presented with similar symptoms. Dr. Carrie Tibbles: Can you describe the initial appearance of the patient in the ED? Dr. Ashleigh Hegedus: Upon initial examination in the ED, the patient was resting comfortably and was in no acute distress. He denied dizziness, headache, nausea, and vomiting. His physical examination was essentially
Shear transformations and microstructure

Abstract This paper offers a general discussion on martensitic transformations with an emphasis on the iron-carbon alloys. The “invariant plane” description approach is analyzed in addition to discussion on non-ideal martensitic shapes and the structure of martensite—its effects and interactions.
Twenty-first century breakdown: Negotiating new regulatory regimes in the Nordic lands:

National policy-makers vary enormously in their repudiation of liberalism, with a resurgence of government controls and coordination in the Nordic countries. This article questions how new organisi...
Residual stresses due to refractory inclusions in silica glass

Abstract Residual stresses due to thermal expansion mismatch of refractory particles in high purity silica glass were studied. Analytical models were used to calculate stresses for fully submerged isotropic particles. Materials studied include ZrO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , SiC and graphite particles in an SiO 2 matrix. Finite element analysis was used to calculate stresses for half submerged and anisotropic particles. Effects of particle aspect ratio for elongated particles were calculated. All isotropic particles exhibited tensile radial stresses. Peak radial stress increased with increasing particle aspect ratio. Maximum tensile stress for elongated particles was located at the tip of the particle, corresponding to fracture origins noted for these particles. Graphite particles were modeled as anisotropic structures and the stresses were determined for different crystalline orientations. Unlike the other refractories, the maximum tensile stress for a graphite particle in one of its possible orientations was located at the edge of the particle. The stress field results are discussed in a fracture mechanics framework, and the effect of residual stress on critical flaw size is presented.
Kinetics of Drug-Drug Interactions: Biliary Excretion of Iodoxamic Acid and Iopanoic Acid in Rhesus Monkeys

The dynamic method originally developed for studying the capacity-limited kinetics of the cholecystographic agents iodoxamic acid and iopanoic acid was applied to study the in vivo interactions of these two compounds following coadministration in the monkey. Results indicate that these interactions are complex. The compounds appear to compete for plasma protein binding sites as well as for binding sites on intrahepatic proteins. The biliary excretion data apparently fit the “ligand exclusion” model in which iopanoic acid acts as an inhibitor and competes with iodoxamic acid for binding to either of two identical sites within the liver. This competition probably is the rate-limiting step in the liver's overall elimination of these radiographic contrast agents.
iPoint: A Platform-Independent Passive Information Kiosk for Cell Phones

We introduce iPoint, a passive device that can interact and deliver information to virtually any mobile phone equipped with a WiFi network interface and a camera. The iPoint does not need any battery but harvests energy from the phone WiFi transmissions. The iPoint delivers information to the mobile phone through a low power LCD display that can be captured and processed by a software application. We introduce a mechanism of Packet Width Modulation (PWM) to encode the phone requests in the length of WiFi packets. This allows the use of phones not equipped with RFID readers, and still allows the low power microcontroller to decode the information. In this paper, we describe the architecture of iPoint, discuss the design choices of each component, and report on the experimental evaluation of our prototype. Various Radio-Frequency energy harvesters are discussed and a WiFi tailored, modified Greinacher voltage multiplier, a highly efficient parallel full-wave rectifier, is designed, prototyped and fully characterized. A low-power micro-controller with LCD capability is optimized, interfaced, and custom made to interface with the RF Front End (RF-FE). A PWM demodulator is designed and interfaced with the microcontroller. Finally, the mobile phone application for decoding the LCD output is presented.
Hydrogen and Oxygen Stable Isotope Ratios of Milk in the United States

Models of hydrogen and oxygen incorporation in human tissues recognize the impact of geographic location on the isotopic composition of fluid intake, but inputs can include nonlocal beverages, such as milk. Milk and cow drinking water were collected from dairies, and commercially available milk was purchased from supermarkets and fast food restaurants. It was hypothesized that milk water δ2H and δ18O values record geographic location information. Correlations between milk water isotope ratios and purchase location tap water were significant. However, the amount of variation in milk δ2H and δ18O values explained by tap water was low, suggesting a single estimation of fluid input isotope ratios may not always be adequate in studies. The δ2H and δ18O values of paired milk and cow drinking water were related, suggesting potential for geographical origin assignment using stable isotope analysis. As an application example, milk water δ18O values were used to predict possible regions of origin for restaurant sam...
Modification of a vibrating-tube density meter for precise temperature scanning.

Abstract We have devised a method of temperature scanning with a vibrating-U-tube density meter in which temperature fluctuations are much reduced compared to those using a constant or programmable thermostat. The standard error of a density measurement is 5 × 10 −7 g/ml. Volume changes associated with conformational changes of macromolecular systems can be precisely measured. Using this instrument the volume expansion-melting curves of lipid dispersions have been obtained. The curves are similar in shape and resolution to the excess heat-capacity curves derived from differential scanning calorimetry performed on the same sample. Temperature scanning allows measurements of expansivity as well as apparent volume throughout a temperature range of interest.
Environmental Uncertainty and Variable Diapause

Abstract We analyze a stage-structured model of a population that displays variable diapause in a randomly varying environment. The ruggedness of the environment is measured by the extent of random variation in per-capita reproductive success. We show how variable diapause and environmental characteristics affect the population′s stochastic growth rate. In rugged unpredictable environments, phenotypes that show some tendency to diapause are found to have a higher growth rate than nondiapausing phenotypes. In harsh rugged environments, some tendency to diapause may be all that permits population persistence. Positive serial autocorrelation causes the optimal diapause fraction to decrease, while negative autocorrelation causes that fraction to increase. The structured model behaves very differently from a scalar model for large diapause fractions even in uncorrelated environments, and in many cases predicts a broad optimum. The difference between models is due to the extreme variability of stage structure in populations subject to even small variability when diapause tendency is high.
Fan-Deltaic and Marine Siliclastic Facies of Laborcita Formation, Northern Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico: ABSTRACT

Fan-deltaic sequences in the Laborcita Formation, northern Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, form a clastic wedge that prograded north and west. These Penn-Permian (Virgilian-Wolfcampian) deposits represent a facies tract of proximal to distal alluvial fan and fan-deltaic facies. Associated nearshore and shelf siliclastics are also developed. Red bed conglomerates interpreted as braided and ephemeral fluvial channel fills are the most proximal deposits. These limestone cobble conglomerates crop out near the Fresnal Canyon fault and are syntectonic deposits. Northern quartzite cobble conglomerates are less proximal and form more continuous sheet-like units. These thick (10 m, 33 ft) and laterally extensive (6 km, 4 mi) conglomerates that contain trough cross-bedded coarse sand lenses associated with intrachannel bars are interpreted as midfan deposits. Shales and thin (20-40 cm, 8-16 in.) progradational distal sands under conglomerates are highly variable in total thickness (20-60 m, 65-200 ft). The thin sandstones show evidence of marine processes and are interpreted as fan-deltaic foreset deposits. Gray limestone and chert conglomerates deposited directly on limestones are thin (0.5-2 m, 1.5-6.5 ft), deposited subaqueously, and exhibit reworking by marine processes. Northern sands are disassociated with conglomerates. These green arkosic sands are relatively thick (3 m, 10 ft) and contain landward (east) accreting tangential foresets. Geometry, stratigraphic position, and minor upward coarsening indicate shelf-bar deposition. Fan-delta source areas shifting during Laborcita deposition. Initial deposits were from the southeast and characterized by limestone/chert conglomerates. Later quartzite/rhyolite porphyry cobble conglomerates prograded from the east and northeast. Ultimately, alluvial fan red beds of the Abo Formation prograded over Laborcita fan-delta and shelf-bar deposits. End_of_Article - Last_Page 512------------
Pulsars: White Dwarf Atmospheric Pulsations

RECENT discussions of the pulsed radio sources discovered by Hewish et al.1 have demonstrated the theoretical difficulties associated with these objects. The observed periods suggest that atmospheric pulsations of white dwarfs is the mechanism. I consider here a model of a thin, adiabatic atmosphere with a constant lapse rate. Only the non-degenerate portion of the star is considered as participating in the oscillation.
Newton-Euler Dynamic Equations of Motion for a Multi-body Spacecraft

The Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) mission employs a formation of spinning spacecraft with several flexible appendages and thruster-based control. To understand the complex dynamic interaction of thruster actuation, appendage motion, and spin dynamics, each spacecraft is modeled as a tree of rigid bodies connected by spherical or gimballed joints. The method presented facilitates assembling by inspection the exact, nonlinear dynamic equations of motion for a multibody spacecraft suitable for solution by numerical integration. The building block equations are derived by applying Newton's and Euler's equations of motion to an "element" consisting of two bodies and one joint (spherical and gimballed joints are considered separately). Patterns in the "mass" and L'force" matrices guide assembly by inspection of a general N-body tree-topology system. Straightforward linear algebra operations are employed to eliminate extraneous constraint equations, resulting in a minimum-dimension system of equations to solve. This method thus combines a straightforward, easily-extendable, easily-mechanized formulation with an efficient computer implementation.
Hierarchical Superhydrophobic Surfaces Fabricated by Dual‐Scale Electron‐Beam‐Lithography with Well‐Ordered Secondary Nanostructures

Recent studies on superhydrophobic surfaces have revealed the important roles of structural hierarchy in the overall properties of these surfaces. Here, a novel, versatile, and effi cient technique is introduced for fabricating macroscopic hierarchical superhydrophobic surfaces with both well-defi ned primary microstructures and well-ordered secondary nanostructures using electron-beam lithography. With this technique, the engineering capability of controlling the size, shape, and distribution of the secondary-features is demonstrated, which allows a systematic and quantitative study of the individual effects of these parameters. Superhydrophobic surfaces produced by this new technique exhibit two distinctive wetting behaviors, high and low adhesion. The structural characteristics and structure-property relations of each of those two regimes are discussed.
Localization of the C4 and C3 pathways of photosynthesis in the leaves of Pennisetum purpureum and other C4 species. Insignificance of phenol oxidase

Mesophyll protoplasts and bundle-sheath cells of Pennisetum purpureum Schum., a C4 plant with low phenol-oxidase activity, were enzymatically separated according to methods recently developed with sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and NADP-malic dehydrogenase of the C4 pathway were found to be localized in the mesophyll protoplasts while ribulose-1,5-diphosphate (RuDP) carboxylase, phosphoribulokinase and NADP-malic enzyme were localized in the bundle-sheath cells. The levels of these enzyme activities in the leaf extracts and in certain cellular preparations of P. purpureum are sufficient to account for the rate of photosynthesis in the leaf. These results on the activities and distribution of photosynthetic enzymes with P. purpureum preparations are consistent with our previous evidence for cellular separation of the C4 and the reductive pentose-phosphate pathways in C4 species.With chlorogenic acid as the substrate, P. purpureum, Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubb. and Panicum texanum Buckl. have relatively low phenol-oxidase activity, similar to that found in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.); while sorghum, sugarcane, maize, Panicum capillare L. and P. miliaceum L. have relatively high phenoloxidase activity, similar to that in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). C4 species having high phenol-oxidase activity have substantial activity of the enzyme in both mesophyll and bundle-sheath extracts. Since phenol oxidase is found in both cell types it is not logical to expect preferential inhibition of RuDP carboxylase or other photosynthetic enzymes through phenol oxidation in mesophyll extracts, as has been previously suggested. When dithiothreitol and polyvinylpyrrolidone were included in the enzyme extraction medium, the activity of RuDP carboxylase increased 10% in P. purpureum and 59% in sugarcane leaf extracts.
STRUCTURE OF VACATION DESTINATION CHOICE SETS

Abstract The variety of choice sets that have been described in the consumer behavior decision process literature are integrated into a structure and related to the context of tourism. To be selected as the vacation destination when a nonroutine, high-involvement type of decision process is used, destinations are conceptualized to be included in an individual's initial consideration set, late consideration set, action set and interaction set. The sets are described and operationally defined. Implications are discussed of using the choice structure taxonomy as an analytical tool for destinations to ascertain their relative strengths and weaknesses at different transition points in prospective visitors' selection processes.
Temporal patterns of caregiving for preterm infants indicate individualized developmental care.

Temporal Patterns of Caregiving for Preterm Infants Indicate Individualized Developmental Care
Storage, retention and distribution of folic acid in the chick.

SummaryHigh oral intakes of folic acid are stored inefficiently in chick livers and have little if any effect on the content of this vitamin in chick muscle tissue. Chicks given large oral doses of folic acid and then placed on a folic acid-deficient diet grew as well as chicks receiving an equivalent amount of folic acid by injection. The distribution of folic acid in some representative chick tissues has been studied.
Stark Effects after Excited-State Interfacial Electron Transfer at Sensitized TiO2 Nanocrystallites

Photophysical studies were performed with [Ru(dtb)(2)(dcb)](PF(6))(2) and cis-Ru(dcb)(dnb)(NCS)(2,) where dtb is 4,4'-(C(CH(3))(3))(2)-2,2'-bipyridine, dcb is 4,4'-(COOH)(2)-2,2'-bipyridine, and dnb is 4,4'-(CH(3)(CH(2))(8))(2)-2,2'-bipyridine), anchored to anatase TiO(2) particles ( approximately 15 nm in diameter) interconnected in a mesoporous, 10 mum thick film immersed in Li(+)-containing CH(3)CN electrolytes with iodide or phenothiazine donors. Pulsed-laser excitation resulted in rapid excited-state injection and donor oxidation to yield TiO(2)(e(-))s and oxidized donors, while the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorption spectrum of the Ru(II) coordination compounds differed from that which was initially excited. The spectral data were consistent with an underlying Stark effect and indicated that the surface electric field was not completely screened from the molecular sensitizer. The magnitude of the electric field was estimated to be approximately 270 MV/m from Li(+) titration experiments, corresponding to a approximately 40 mV potential drop. With iodide donors, the amplitude of the Stark effect decreased over time periods where charge recombination was absent, behavior attributed to "screening" of the electric field by interfacial ionic reorganization. The screening kinetics were nonexponential but were well described by the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts model, from which a characteristic rate constant, tau(o)(-1), of approximately 1.5 x 10(5) s(-1) was abstracted. At least seven other sensitizers and five different cations, as well as on SnO(2) nanoparticle films, exhibited similar transient absorption behavior with iodide donor molecules indicating that the effect was quite general. In the presence of phenothiazine donors (or in the absence of an external donor), there was no clear evidence for screening, and the Stark effect disappeared concurrent with interfacial charge recombination. Complementary spectroelectrochemical studies of these same sensitized films displayed similar absorption spectra when the TiO(2) thin film was partially reduced with a forward bias. Spectral modeling in the absence of donor molecules as well as studies of TiO(2) thin films sensitized with two different Ru(II) compounds demonstrated that the electric field created by excited-state injection from one sensitizer influenced the absorption spectra of other sensitizers that had not undergone photoinduced electron injection.
Correlates of the contraceptive behavior of adolescents/young adults

Pregnancy among adolescents/young adults continues at epidemic levels despite widespread concern regarding its social and psychological consequences. Cognitive psychologists point out that active decisions and behaviors such as those involved in effective contraception are facilitated or inhibited by any of a number of relevant attitudes and beliefs. The present investigation examined several such cognitive variables. Specifically, the following hypotheses were tested: Among adolescents/young adults, the use of effective contraception would be positively related to (a) the number of known cases of unwanted pregnancy of which subjects were directly aware, and (b) sexual guilt. A sample of 147 sexually active single college students aged 18–19 provided information relevant to these hypotheses. Analyses indicated that contraceptive behavior was unrelated to the number of unwanted pregnancies of which subjects were aware, but was substantially and significantly associated with sexual guilt, even when the poss...
A Circadian Rhythm in the Rate of Light-Induced Electron Flow in Three Leguminous Species

Three legume species, Pisum sativum L., Glycine max (L.), and Phaseolus vulgaris L., were grown in light-dark cycles and then maintained in constant dim light. During the constant conditions, chloroplasts were isolated throughout the day and assayed for various light-reaction activities. Similar results were found for all three species. The rate of whole-chain, light-induced electron flow (H(2)O to methyl viologen) was rhythmic over a 24-hour period provided an uncoupler of photophosphorylation was present. Chloroplasts varied in their response to uncouplers on a 24-hour basis and the per cent stimulation of electron flow was rhythmic. Neither PSII activity (H(2)O to DCPIP or light-induced pH changes in the presence of K(3)Fe(CN)(6)), PSI activity (DCPIPH(2) ascorbate to methyl viologen) or the rate of oxidation of hydroquinone (TMQH(2) to methyl viologen) could be identified as a rate-limiting step for the rate of electron flow. The capability to photophosphorylate as measured by a photosynthetic control assay was also constant with time. A rhythm in oxygen evolution was also observed with leaf mesophyll cell suspensions isolated from Pisum. The possible involvement of dynamic changes in the composition or configuration of the thylakoid membrane is discussed.
High-frequency diffraction by a wedge with a linearly varying surface impedance

A previously derived formal solution for the two-dimensional Green’s function for a wedge with a linearly varying surface impedance is examined in the quasi-optic range of frequencies. An asymptotic representation, valid both in the illuminated and shadow regions, is derived for the scattered field due to an incident plane wave, and its properties are analyzed as a function of the rate of variation of surface impedance. A geometric-optical interpretation of the solution is emphasized.
Innovative use of a standardized debriefing guide to assist in the development of a research questionnaire with low literacy demands

Prevalence and impact of low literacy has resulted in greater attention to developing written materials at lower reading levels for both patient education and research. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate how well a research questionnaire about self-management preferences, intentionally developed as a tool for individuals with low literacy skills, performed. The investigators created a standardized debriefing guide to evaluate comprehension and ease of instrument completion to accompany the administration of the Conventional and Alternative Management for Asthma (CAMA) instrument. The use of a standardized debriefing guide following cognitive interviewing techniques, allowed for the identification of problematic words, unclear meanings and confusion over scaling despite a deliberate attempt to develop a tool with low literacy demands. Such approaches might be considered critically important to insure the accuracy of patient-reported outcomes when self-administered tools are used to collect research and clinical data.
Rock Fragments in Trichloroethene Microcosms for Bedrock Aquifers

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate microcosm methods that can be used to predict the in situ anaerobic reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene (TCE) in bedrock aquifers with and without amendments. Microcosm conditions (e.g., surface area:volume ratio, initial TCE concentration [C 0], incubation temperature) were selected to simulate in situ conditions at the site. The effect of rock media in the microcosms as a source of surface area and nutrients was also assessed. Comparison was made between microcosms constructed with sterile rock media and rock media submerged for 45 days in a groundwater well within a TCE plume for field colonization. Statistically significant biotic degradation of TCE was observed in microcosms with both groundwater only and non-field-colonized rock media, when amended with lactate. Measured half-lives were similar to half-lives observed in field conditions. Normalizing biotic results to abiotic results provides a method that deducts the abiotic losses and allow...
Petrology of gabbroic xenoliths in 1960 Kilauea basalt: crystalline remnants of prior (1955) magmatism

The 1960 Kapoho lavas of Kilauea's east rift zone contain 1–10 cm xenoliths of olivine gabbro, olivine gabbro-norite, and gabbro norite. Textures are poikilitic (ol+sp+cpx in pl) and intergranular (cpx+pl±ol±opx). Poikilitic xenoliths, which we interpret as cumulates, have the most primitive mineral compositions, Fo82.5, cpx Mg# 86.5, and An80.5. Many granular xenoliths (ol and noritic gabbro) contain abundant vesicular glass that gives them intersertal, hyaloophitic, and overall ‘open’ textures to suggest that they represent ‘mush’ and ‘crust’ of a magma crystallization environment. Their phase compositions are more evolved (Fo80-70, cpx Mg# 82-75, and An73-63) than those of the poikilitic xenoliths. Associated glass is basaltic, but evolved (MgO 5 wt%; TiO2 3.7–5.8 wt%). The gabbroic xenolith mineral compositions fit existing fractional crystallization models that relate the origins of various Kilauea lavas to one another. FeO/MgO crystal-liquid partitioning is consistent with the poikilitic ol-gabbro assemblage forming as a crystallization product from Kilauea summit magma with ∼8 wt% MgO that was parental to evolved lavas on the east rift zone. For example, least squares calculations link summit magmas to early 1955 rift-zone lavas (∼5 wt% MgO) through ∼28–34% crystallization of the ol+sp+cpx+pl that comprise the poikilitic ol-gabbros. The other ol-gabbro assemblages and the olivine gabbro-norite assemblages crystallized from evolved liquids, such as represented by the early 1955 and late 1955 lavas (∼6.5 wt% MgO) of the east rift zone. The eruption of 1960 Kapoho magmas, then, scoured the rift-zone reservoir system to entrain portions of cumulate and solidification zones that had coated reservoir margins during crystallization of prior east rift-zone magmas.
Simple intestinal obstruction; prolongation of life for 45 days with parenteral alimentation.

ConclusionsThe length of survival of dogs having a low simple intestinal obstruction depends upon the ability to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and nutritional requirements. By parenteral alimentation with the methods used adequate nutritional requirements were not obtained, but in 1 animal in which these requirements were approached more closely the length of survival was 45 days.
DEALING WITH ARTIFACTS : THE EOG CONTAMINATION OF THE EVENT-RELATED BRAIN POTENTIAL

Eye movements and blinks represent a major source of artifacts in the electroencephalogram (EEG) and event-related brain potentials (ERPs). The origin of this artifact is the large difference in potential that exists between the cornea and the retina. Eye movements and blinks produce shifts of the electric fields that propagate across the whole head and that can be several times larger than the activity generated by the brain. Ocular activity can be monitored by electrodes located near the eyes (electrooculogram, or EOG). The electric fields associated with eye movements and blinks are somewhat different. The simplest procedure for dealing with ocular artifacts is to eliminate trials on which EOG activity is detected (rejection). However, this technique may result in data loss and biased data samples, especially when one is comparing clinical populations or tasks involving large amounts of eye movements. Another approach involves estimation and correction of the ocular artifact on the EEG and ERP traces. Several techniques have been proposed. Some of them are reviewed in the present paper. Issues related to the accuracy of the various techniques, as well as other advantages and limitations, are also discussed. Finally, general guidelines for how to deal with ocular artifacts are proposed.
A protocol for detection of H-Y antigenic variants

A skin grafting protocol is described for finding H-Y antigenic variants. The method is applicable regardless of the location of the structural gene(s) for this antigen (X, Y, or autosomal). Use of this protocol revealed no evidence for H-Y antigenic variation between C57BL/6J and strains 129/J, A.BY/SnJ, C3H.SW/SnJ, and LP/J.
Threshold citation analysis of influential articles, journals, institutions and researchers in accounting

We use a threshold citation approach to measure the influence of articles, journals, institutions and researchers in accounting research. The Journal of Accounting Research, the Journal of Accounting and Economics and Accounting Review are the 3 most influential journals in accounting research. The 3 most influential institutions in accounting research are the University of Chicago, the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Michigan, while the 3 most frequently cited authors in accounting research are Richard G. Sloan, Robert E. Verrecchia and Paul M. Healy.
CCD Photometry of 2060 Chiron in 1985 and 1991

CCD photometry of 2060 Chiron from two apparitions, in January 1985 and January 1991, is reported. No evidence is found for a change in the amplitude of Chiron's lightcurve with ecliptic longitude, as would be expected of an object having a high-obliquity rotational axis. An improved value for Chiron's synodic period is reported: 5.917813 +/- 0.000007 hr. No outbursts larger than one-half of one percent were found during the 1991 observations. Secular (yearly) change is due to the gradual dissipation and resupply of material (mainly dust) throughout the coma, while the impulsive (daily) brightenings are probably due to the sudden release of pockets of entrapped volatiles, such as CO2, CN, or possibly H2O.
Measurement of transient atomic displacements in thin films with picosecond and femtometer resolution

We report measurements of the transient structural response of weakly photo-excited thin films of BiFeO3, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, and Bi and time-scales for interfacial thermal transport. Utilizing picosecond x-ray diffraction at a 1.28 MHz repetition rate with time resolution extending down to 15 ps, transient changes in the diffraction angle are recorded. These changes are associated with photo-induced lattice strains within nanolayer thin films, resolved at the part-per-million level, corresponding to a shift in the scattering angle three orders of magnitude smaller than the rocking curve width and changes in the interlayer lattice spacing of fractions of a femtometer. The combination of high brightness, repetition rate, and stability of the synchrotron, in conjunction with high time resolution, represents a novel means to probe atomic-scale, near-equilibrium dynamics.
Optimal allocation of land area for a hybrid solar wind power plant

Recently, there has been a growing interest in wind solar hybrid power plants as a means to overcome the inherent intermittency in both resources. One crucial decision faced by a hybrid plant designer is to determine an allocation of land area between wind and solar installations so as to satisfy the generation requirements in terms of the power output by the plant along with the availability. In this paper, a methodology is proposed for this optimal allocation problem under the constraints of climate and weather conditions, land area available for renewable energy harvesting, and PV/ wind turbine characteristics. Based on historical wind speed and solar insolation data for a given location, probabilistic models using parametric and non parametric estimation techniques are developed to capture the variability and periodicity in these resources. A probabilistic model for the hybrid system is also derived using which the optimal allocation that satisfies the generation requirements is determined. The proposed method is validated by performing a detailed experimental analysis on historical data for an arbitrary location on the globe.
Do Teachers' Comments on Students' Papers Help?

(1991). Do Teachers' Comments on Students' Papers Help? College Teaching: Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 48-54.
Diagonalization of continuous matrices as a representation of intuitionistic reals

A l'aide de modeles topologiques de l'analyse intuitionniste, on etudie la diagonalisation des matrices de fonctions continues
A characterization of endotrivial modules over p-groups

Let P be a finite p-group, and let k a field of characteristic p>0. We prove that a finietly generated kG-module M is endotrivial if and only if where PHom (-,-) is the set of endomorphisms which factor through projective modules.