cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions of 1,2,3,4-TCDD on fly ash in mixed gases of H2O, NO2, HCl, and SOX in air

Abstract Reactions of 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (T 4 CDD) on fly ash with NO 2 , SO 2 , and SO 3 individually in air and with a mixed gas atmosphere of NO 2 , SO 2 , HCl at 5% by volume in air were investigated using laboratory experiments designed to simulate stack emission conditions in municipal incinerators. With mixed gas atmosphere, both nitration and chlorination reactions occurred at 150°C with formation of only pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and the nitro-T 4 CDD. Addition of H 2 O vapor to this reaction did not affect the nature of products but enhanced extent of nitration over chlorination. No reaction products or oxidation products were detected through treatment of T 4 CDD on fly ash with SO 2 or SO 3 alone in air between 30 to 300°C.
Wide Inter-institutional Variation in Performance of a Molecular Classifier for Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules.

Background The Afirma gene expression classifier (GEC) is used to assess malignancy risk in indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITNs) classified as Bethesda category III/IV. Our objective was to analyze GEC performance at two institutions with high thyroid cytopathology volumes but differing prevalence of malignancy.
Inverse relationship between immune interferon induction and mitogen effects on the maturation of the primary antibody response

Abstract Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is both a potent inducer of immune interferon (IFN-γ) and suppressor of the murine primary in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to the thymus-dependent antigen sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED), which is structurally related to but antigenically different from SEA, is, in contrast, a poor inducer of IFN-γ but a potent accelerator of PFC response maturation. SED added to cultures from 0.01 to 1.0 μg/ml induced profound enhancement of the PFC response on day 3 of culture. SEA caused no acceleration of PFC maturation and suppressed the day 5 PFC response over an equivalent dose range. At the same concentration, SED only poorly induced IFN-γ, while SEA was a potent IFN-γ inducer. SED induced DNA synthesis in C57B1/6 spleen cell cultures but not athymic nude (Nu/Nu) spleen cells, suggesting that SED is a T-cell mitogen. SED was most effective in accelerating PFC maturation and increasing the magnitude of the PFC response when added to cultures at the time of SRBC addition. SED was an equally effective adjuvant for SRBC of both high and low immunogenicity. Thus, two mitogens that are structurally related have diametrically opposite effects on the primary in vitro thymus-dependent antibody response that may be related to their relative abilities to induce IFN-γ. These effects could be related to differential activation of T-cell subpopulations.
Determination of the Solute Diffusion Coefficient by the Droplet Migration Method

Further analysis of droplet migration in a temperature gradient field indicates that different terms can be used to evaluate the solute diffusion coefficient in liquid (D L ) and that there exists a characteristic curve that can describe the motion of all the droplets for a given composition and temperature gradient. Critical experiments are subsequently conducted in succinonitrile (SCN)-salol and SCN-camphor transparent alloys in order to observe dynamic migration processes of a number of droplets. The derived diffusion coefficients from different terms are the same within experimental error. For SCN-salol alloys, D L = (0.69 ± 0.05) × 10−3 mm2/s, and for SCN-camphor alloys, D L = (0.24 ± 0.02) × 10−3 mm2/s.
Note: Oberwolfach rectangular table negotiation problem

We completely solve certain case of a ''two delegation negotiation'' version of the Oberwolfach problem, which can be stated as follows. Let H(k,3) be a bipartite graph with bipartition X={x"1,x"2,...,x"k},Y={y"1,y"2,...,y"k} and edges x"1y"1,x"1y"2,x"ky"k"-"1,x"ky"k, and x"iy"i"-"1,x"iy"i,x"iy"i"+"1 for i=2,3,...,k-1. We completely characterize all complete bipartite graphs K"n","n that can be factorized into factors isomorphic to G=mH(k,3), where k is odd and mH(k,3) is the graph consisting of m disjoint copies of H(k,3).
The Invisible Work of Being a Patient and Implications for Health Care: "[the doctor is] my business partner in the most important business in my life, staying alive"

In a distributed system of care, patients shuffle among many clinicians and spend the majority of their time away from the treatment center. Although we see the results of patients’ work (e.g., medication taken, arrived at appointment) we do not see the work itself. By failing to see this work, industry overlooks issues with vital implications for their business. To lift the veil of invisibility from patients’ work, we conducted a longitudinal field study to uncover the invisible work breast cancer patients do to obtain information, bridge interinstitutional care, manage dependencies and resolve inconsistent recommendations. In this paper we provide detailed examples of this work and explore the impact on patients and health-care operations; identify patterns of work with implications for patient-centered research and design; and propose common information spaces to improve patients’ work through designs that highlight dependencies, preserve state information, link recommendations to justifications, and track task progress.
Fed intervention, dollar appreciation, and systematic risk

Abstract In a four-factor asset-pricing model estimated on daily data, Fed intervention significantly affects betas of surprises in the market return, expected inflation rate, yield curve, and corporate-bond risk premium. Fed foreign-currency sales cause economically and statistically significant increases in the systematic risk premium in appreciation and thus in the dollar's expected appreciation rate, the direction the Fed desires, and consistent with the signaling but not the portfolio balance channel. Intervention's effects on actual appreciation are less reliable; they depend on unpredictable risk-factor realizations. Even successful intervention to strengthen the dollar may be costly; by increasing the dollar's systematic risk, intervention reduces the attractiveness of U.S. relative to foreign investments. Further, uncertainty about future Fed interventions may induce resource misallocation: ceteris paribus, investors find it harder to estimate risk-adjusted discount rates and forecast the home-currency value of cash flows.
Picosecond sliding frequency mode-locked fiber laser

We demonstrate an Er3+-doped fiber laser with a broad bandwidth (2.6 nm) intracavity filter that produces 10-ps pulses at 38-MHz repetition. Pulse center-wavelengths shift at 1.6-pm intervals over a 60-nm range about 1542 nm.
Enhanced metabolism and knockdown resistance in a field versus a laboratory strain of the soybean looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), larvae collected from a field where permethrin failed to provide adequate control and for which a reduction in susceptibility to permethrin had been demonstrated (3-fold at LC50) were compared with an established laboratory colony with respect to knockdown resistance ( kdr ) and in vitro metabolic capacity for a variety of substrates. The time necessary to achieve 50% knockdown of the field population (22.9 ± 1.3 min) after the topical application of 1 μg permethrin was significantly greater than that required for the laboratory colony (18.4 ± 1.0 min). Rates of metabolism for first-generation larvae from the field population were significantly greater than for larvae from the laboratory culture for substrates of glutathione transferase (l-chloro- 2,4-dinitrobenzene, 2.7-fold), monooxygenases (p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, l.8-fold), and hydrolases ( alpha -naphthyl acetate [1.5-fold], p-nitrophenyl acetate [1.5-fold], and permethrin [1.5-fold]). Significant differences between populations were not observed for NADPH cytochrome c reductase nor acephate hydrolysis. Results of the study indicate that a combination of target site insensitivity and increased activity of several enzymes involved in insecticide metabolism including a trans -permethrin hydrolase may be contributing to the reduced susceptibility of the field population relative to the laboratory colony.
A Numerical Study of a Converging Cylindrical Shock

A numerical proceure is introduced to solve the one-dimensional equations of gasdynamics for a cylindrically or spherically symmetric flow. The method consists of a judicious combination of Glimm's method and operator splitting. The method is applied to the problem of a converging cylindrical shock.
The role of humidity in the photooxidation of acrylic melamine coatings

Abstract Predicting the weatherability of acrylic melamine coatings commonly used as enamel clearcoats requires a detailed understanding of each of the factors that influence photooxidation kinetics. Previous work 1 has shown that the photooxidation rate in coatings can be written as the following function of hydroperoxide concentration: photooxidation rate = K [YOOH] + M . The existence of a measurable photooxidation rate in the absence of hydroperoxide (i.e. a non-zero value of the intercept, M ) has been observed only in melamine crosslinked coatings. It has also been observed that the photooxidation rate in acrylic melamine coatings increases with increasing humidity. In contrast, for urethane crosslinked coatings the value of M is zero, and the photooxidation rate is independent of humidity. In this paper, infrared spectroscopic measurements of functional group changes (e.g. carbonyl growth and crosslink scission) are used to measure photooxidation rates in acrylic melamine coatings during UV exposures at different humidities. Comparisons of these rates to measured hydroperoxide concentrations for the same coatings and exposures reveal that the increase in photooxidation rate with humidity is due to the fact that the intercept M increases with increasing humidity. Since the intercept is zero under dry conditions, the chemical reactions responsible for the intercept in melamine crosslinked coatings must involve both UV light and moisture. These results confirm the importance of accurately controlling the humidity during UV exposure for predicting the weatherability of melamine crosslinked coatings.
The sticking coefficient of Pd on planar alumina supports

Accurate sticking coefficient measurements of Pd on amorphous and single-crystal alumina supports as a function of metal exposure and support temperature are reported. Emphasis is placed on small metal exposures and some elevated temperatures, which are needed for preparing very small, spatially separated, and thermally stable supported Pd particles. A combination of AES, electron probe X-ray measurements, TEM, and Auger modelling was used to determine sticking coefficients for metal exposures between 0.1 and 1.5 monolayers (ML), at support temperatures ranging from room temperature to 850 K, and for deposition rates of 0.87, 0.74 and 0.13 ML min−1. For elevated temperatures and small metal exposures, the sticking coefficient was found to deviate substantially from unity and can be as low as 0.50 to 0.60.
Microstructure of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Florigiant) Cotyledons after Oil Cooking

The microstructure of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Florigiant) cotyledon before and after oil cooking at 160°C (10 min) was investigated with light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Principal observations included thermal modification of the cytoplasmic network, lipid bodies, protein bodies, starch, and cell-to-cell junctions during oil cooking.
Georg Simmel as an Eidetic Social Scientist

The article shows the affinity of Simmel's formal sociology with Husserl's notion of eidetic science. This thesis is demonstrated by the corroboration of Simmel's revision of neo-Kantian epistemology for sociology with Husserl's phenomenology, and the parallel discussion of Simmel and Husserl concerning cognitive levels and exact and morphological eide. Simmel's analysis of dyads is explored as an exemplar of his eidetic insights. An important consequence of this demonstration is the vindication establishing the scientific legitimacy of Simmel's methodology regarding the sociology of the forms of association. Woven throughout is discussion concerning the doctrine of the complementarity of eidetic and empirical science. Simmel's methodology is shown to have been ahead of its time through conjoining these two modes of scientific investigation.
Putting microbes to work in sequence: Recent advances in temperature-phased anaerobic digestion processes

Methane biogas production through anaerobic digestion (or biomethanation) is one of the few technologies that both produce bioenergy and protect the environment. When the focus of anaerobic digestion (AD) is shifted from primarily wastewater treatment to bioenergy production, efficiency and process stability become critical to the economic viability of AD technologies. Temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD) is a promising process that can significantly enhance both digestion efficiency and process robustness. A TPAD system separates the conventional AD process into two phases, so both phases can be optimized according to their individual functional needs. In the first, thermophilic phase, the often rate-limiting hydrolysis step of polymeric feedstock is accelerated by elevated temperatures, while in the second, mesophilic phase, the fastidious syntrophic acetogens and methanogens are provided with permissive conditions where inhibitions to key guilds (e.g., syntrophic acetogens and methanogens) are attenuated. Although large-scale TPAD systems have not been applied widely, researchers have demonstrated the potential superiority of TPAD systems over single-stage digesters and other AD processes with enhanced VS (volatile solids) and pathogen removal; increased methane yield, process stability, OLR (organic loading rate); shorter HRT (hydraulic retention time); decreased foaming and short-chain fatty acids in effluent.
Surface tension of the alkali metals from the melting point to the critical region

Abstract It is shown that a simple nonlinear relationship can be obtained for liquid metals between surface tension, σ, and temperature, T, over the whole liquid range from the melting point to the critical point thanks to Bohdansky and Schins' experimental measurements of the surface tension of the alkali metals over about one-third of their liquid range. It is based on the model of an ideal liquid such as liquid argon, where the same relationship has been demonstrated experimentally all the way up to the critical point. It is expected that the same relationship will hold for other liquid metals.
Free Radicals and Ethanol‐Induced Cytotoxicity in Neural Crest Cells

Associations between ethanol-induced cranial neural crest cell (NCC) damage in mammalian embryos and subsequent malformations as observed in human fetal alcohol syndrome have previously been illustrated. The vulnerability of NCCs to this teratogen may result, at least in part, from their sensitivity to free radical damage. To examine relationships between free radical generation and NCC cytotoxicity, primary culture of mouse NCCs was used. NCC viability was determined in both dose- and time-response studies involving ethanol exposure. After 48 hr of culture, cell viability was significantly diminished at all doses tested (i.e., 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM ethanol). At 100 mM ethanol (a dosage that is teratogenic in vivo and in whole embryo culture), cell viability decreased to approximately 50% of control values over the first 12 hr of culture, and decreased further, to approximately 20% by 48 hr. Using nitroblue tetrazolium as a probe, it was observed that exposure of NCCs to ethanol stimulated the production of superoxide anion radicals. Co-treatment of the ethanol-exposed NCCs with free radical scavengers including 300 units/ml of superoxide dismutase, catalase (500 units/ml), or alpha-tocopherol (300 microM) significantly improved NCC viability. These results suggest that the ethanol-induced NCC injury is mediated, at least in part, through the generation of free radicals. To test this hypothesis further, NCCs were exposed in culture to xanthine/xanthine oxidase. Exogenous free radicals generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system resulted in reduced NCC viability, the severity of which increased in a time and enzyme concentration-related manner. Superoxide dismutase (300 units/ml) and catalase (500 units/ml) significantly reduced the effects of the xanthine/xanthine oxidase-generated free radicals on NCC viability. The similarity between the susceptibility of NCCs to ethanol and their susceptibility to exogenous free radicals in concert with the free radical scavenger-mediated amelioration of ethanol and exogenous free radical-induced NCC death strongly suggest that free radicals play a significant role in ethanol-induced NCC death.
On Poreda's problem on the strong unicity constants

Let c‘(I) denote the space of continuous. real~valued functions on the inter\,al I ICI. 6) endowed with the uniform norm /I 11. Let U,, denote the set of all algebraic polynomials of degree II or less. and let II denote the set of all algebraic polynomials. For a given SF C(I). with best uniform approximation r,,(.f) from n,,. Newman and Shapiro 1 IO] showed that there is a constant ;’ > 0 such that
Location and service mix decisions for a managed health care network

Abstract For managers of managed health care organizations, the problem of designing a competitive multiple facility network cannot be solved by existing mathematical models. This paper thus presents a nonlinear integer model for determining a facilities design strategy that embodies the economic tradeoffs encompassed in a competitive strategy: minimizing cost and maximizing market share. The integrated location and service mix model determines the number, location and service offerings of facilities that maximize profitability in a two-level hierarchical referral delivery network where an organization's market share is represented by a multiplicative competitive interaction model. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed integrated model, a series of problems is solved by an interchange heuristic and compared to the solutions derived by a simpler approach that ignores market competition.
Tuber Water and Pressure Potentials Decrease and Sucrose Contents Increase in Response to Moderate Drought and Heat Stress

Environmental stress during the growing season can reduce the quality of stored Solanum tuberosum (potato) tubers. Changes in greenhouse grown Russet Burbank tuber water potential and tuber composition following periods of moderate drought, heat, or drought and heat stress were characterized. Decreased leaf and tuber water potentials were observed at the end of stress treatments. Decreased tuber water potential caused dramatic declines in tuber pressure potential. Tuber sucrose content increased with the severity of stress. Changes in tuber glucose and malic acid contents were also observed. Stress during early tuber bulking had a larger effect on tuber sugars at the end of the stress period than stress during late bulking. Stem-end glucose concentration of tubers at harvest after vine senescence was greater in tubers from plants stressed at early tuber bulking compared to late bulking.
Filtration of circulating particles by splenic autotransplants.

To determine whether filtration in reconstituted perifollicular marginal zones underlies particle sequestration in regenerating spleen transplants, the distribution of IV injected particles of tantalum was examined in autografts freely transplanted into subcutaneous pouches in rats. In two to six weeks old autografts removed one to three hours after particle injection, the reconstituted marginal zones contained practically all of the sequestered tantalum. At 48 hours to-20 weeks following injection, marginal zones were largely free of particles which were distributed extracellularly throughout the red pulp. This sequential pattern of distribution conformed closely to that observed in the intact spleen. The findings indicate that a reconstituted marginal zone allows splenic autotransplants to function as simple mechanical filters. Increased demand for this activity rather than for phagocytosis may be the predominant factor regulating spleen growth.
The interleukin 1 receptor

The diverse biological activities of interleukin 1 (IL-1) have attracted interest from a wide range of biological disciplines ~ After systemic injection into a variety of animals, it seems that IL-1 affects nearly every organ system. Interested parties fall into two groups: those studying the potential beneficial effects of IL-1 on host defense mechanisms, particularly the hemopoietic stem cell, and those looking at ways to block the production and/or activity of IL-1 since many of its biological activi- ties are associated with a pathogenic disease process such as tissue degradation in arthritis and diabetes. Some groups are now preparing to use IL-1 in humans to bolster the stem cell's reactivity to colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)I while other groups in clinical trials with claims that new drugs for pain and arLhriti.~ work by reducing production of IL-1. No doubt the cloning of an IL-1 receptor molecule is of vital importance to both areas of investigation. Cloning of the 80 kDa IL-l-binding protein An 80 kDa IL-l-specific binding protein has been observed on a variety of cell lines 2-7. It recognized both IL-loL and IL-113. Treatment of this 80 kDa protein with glycanases reduces its size to about 65 kDa, indicating that the variability in molecular weight reported by several investigators may be due to differential glycosy- lation. In addition, some experiments using tunicamycin and plant lectins suggest that the glycosylation sites of the 80 kDa IL-1 receptor may play a role in receptor affinity a. The 80 kDa IL-l-binding protein has been purified to homogeneity from the murine cell line EL4 6.1 C10 and the 26 amino-terminal amino acids have beer, determinedg~ Using a direct in-situ binding assay, the 80 kDa IL-l-binding protein has been cloned 1° and the amino acid sequence derived from the cDNA matches that of the purified protein. The actual molecular weight of the 80 kDa IL-l-binding protein is 64.598 kDa. This protein, which is not homologous to other proteins presently reported in the various databases, is the IL-1 receptor. The question remains whether this is the sole IL-1 receptor responsible for the multitude of biological activities of IL-1. If other IL-l-binding proteins exist, do they function alone or in combination with the 80 kDa protein to form the IL-1 receptor? The II.-1 receptor is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily Several groups have been actively involved in studies on the binding of IL-1 to the plasma membranes of various cells and cell lines. The report by Sims etal. ~° is a welcome addition to these studies and their effo~-ts will certainly help to advance the :lnderstanding of the biology of IL-1. The murine IL-1 receptor is comprised of three domains: a 319 amino acid ~-xtracellular portion, a 21 amino acid hydrophobic trar,~,membrane segment, and a 217 amino acid piece probably located in the cytoplasm. The sequence of the cytoplasmic segment does not show any similarities to those of protein Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics and Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 0211 I, USA.
Paths toward Algal Genomics

The last decade has led to an explosion of genomic information that is being used to help researchers understand the gene content of organisms, how gene content and expression patterns may explain the ecological niche in which the organism lives, the ways in which gene content have been arranged and
Quantitative measures for surface texture description in semiconductor wafer inspection

Abstract The automation of visual inspection in semiconductorwafer processing is a very challenging task. In this paperwe address the automatic description and measurement ofsurface textures in semiconductor wafers. Texture playsa critical role in inspecting surfaces that are produced atvarious stages in the inspection of semiconductor devices.In this paper we describe a novel scheme to characterizesurface textures that arise in semiconductor wafer pro-cessing. The emphasis in our scheme is on quantitativemeasures that allow for accurate characterization of sur-face texture.The fractal dimension is a quantitative measure of sur-face roughness, and we have developed an algorithm toautomatically measure this. We also present an algorithmto compute the orientation field of a given texture. Thisalgorithm can be used to characterize defects such as 'or- ange peel'. Furthermore, we have used the qualitative theory of differential equations to devise a symbol set fororiented textures in terms of singularities. An algorithmhas been devised to process an image of a defect and cx-tract qualitative descriptions based on this theory.
Disturbed state constitutive modeling based on stress-strain and nondestructive behavior

The proposed disturbed state concept (DSC) is based on the idea that a deforming material element can be treated as a mixture of two constituent parts in the relative intact (RI) and fully adjusted (FA) states, referred to as reference states. During external loading, the material experiences internal changes in its microstructure due to a process of self-adjustment, and as a consequence, the initial RI state transforms continuously to the FA state. The self-adjustment process, which may involve relative motions of material particles that can lead to microcracking and damage or strengthening, can cause disturbances in the observed response with respect to the responses under the two reference states. Then, the observed response is expressed in terms of the responses for the RI and FA states that are determined from laboratory tests on material specimens. The DSC permits development of unified constitutive models that include, hierarchically, other previous continuum and damage models as special cases. Various aspects of the DSC are verified here with respect to laboratory behavior of two materials, a cemented sand and a ceramic composite. Some of the unique features of this study are that (1) the constitutive behavior and parameters can be obtained from the stress-strain-volume change behavior, and from the measurements of ultrasonic P-wave velocities, (2) correlations between mechanical and ultrasonic response can be established, (3) the concept can provide a description of the crack density, and (4) it can be simplified for predicting the remaining life of materials through definition of constitutive models and evaluation of design moduli affected by mechanical and environmental loading.
Family type and conflict: The impact of conversation orientation and conformity orientation on conflict in the family

The present study investigates the influence of conformity and conversation orientation on how families with adolescents cope with conflict. Using the data of 35 families (N = 117), statistically significant correlations were observed between conformity orientation and conflict avoidance (β = .21, p = .04), ventingfeelings (β = .36, p = .002), and depression (β = ‐.46, p = .048). Conversation orientation was statistically significantly correlated with conflict avoidance (β = ‐ .31, p = .004), and seeking social support (β = .41, p = .003). Implications of these results are discussed and observations are made regarding the utility for communication research of the two dimensions of conformity and conversation orientation. Finally, questions emerging from this research that point to future investigations are discussed.
Preparation and properties of some crystalline symmetrical anhydrides of Nα‐tert.‐butyloxycarbonyl‐amino acids

The preparation and properties of 16 crystalline symmetrical anhydrides of N alpha-tert.-butyloxycarbonyl-amino acids is described.
An active-passive monolithic integration platform with low loss passive section

We demonstrate a platform for monolithic integration of active and low loss passive components. The passive section is realized by removal of the quantum wells. Characterization results of lasers with passive DBR reflectors are presented.
The Fermi–Dirac concept for isotherms of adsorbents with heterogeneous surfaces

Abstract The integral equation for isotherms is reviewed in order to select simple, practical, high-performance energy distributions from among the numerous existing models. Adsorption equilibria can be derived from occupation indices of suitable distributed energy levels. For mono sites, the occupation index is a Fermi–Dirac function. Whether a surface is energetically heterogeneous or homogeneous depends on the ratio of the breadth of the energy level distribution σ to the thermal fluctuation kT . Although, there are only a few energy distributions for which analytic isotherm equations are known, the numerical evaluation shows general properties: the symmetry point Θ = 1 2 , the temperature domain for real or ideal behaviour and isotherm shapes without extrema. As an example, experimental equilibria of CO at molecular sieve 5A are fitted to a hyperbolic energy distribution using four physical parameters: the reference loading, a reference fluid phase pressure φ ( Θ = 1 2 , T ref ) , the mean value and the standard deviation of the adsorption energy level distribution.
New Chaotic Regimes in the Lorenz and Chen Systems

It has recently been shown that the Chen system with c > 0 is identical to the reversed-time Lorenz system with particular negative parameters and that the Chen system with c < 0 is identical to the forward-time Lorenz system with particular negative parameters. This note describes this new regime and shows that it admits chaotic solutions that were previously unexplored in either system.
Fluid‐fluid interactions and hydrodynamics in agitated dispersions: A simulation model

A model which accounts for complex fluid-fluid interactions and hydrodynamic effects in a fully baffled turbulently agitated dispersed phase system for batch, semi-batch, or continuous operation is developed. Both micromixing and macromixing effects on particle size distributions are taken into account. Coalescence and breakage functions are developed and examples are given of the normalized number and/or volume size distributions for various vessel regions. Calculated distributions are compared with experimental data to estimate values of coalescence and breakage parameters. Effects of coalescence, breakage, and system parameters on transient and steady state distributions are determined. On a mis au point un modele qui tient compte des actions reciproques et complexes de deux fluides dans un systeme a phase dispersee, completement en chicane et agite d'une maniere turbulente; ce modele a ete employe pour des operations continues, semi-continues et discontinues. On a considere a la fois les effets du micro-melange et du macro-melange sur la distribution des dimensions des particules. Des fonctions de coalescence et de fragmentation ont pris naissance et l'on donne des exemples du nombre normalise et/ou de la distribution des dimensions des particules en volume pour diverses regions du recipient. On a compare les distribution calculees avec les resultats experimentaux pour evalner les parametres de coalescence et de fragmentation. On a determine les effets des parametres de coalescence et de fragmentation ainsi que ceux du systeme sur la distribution des regimes transitoires et permanents.
Homochiral self-sorting of BINOL macrocycles

Chiral arylene–ethynylene macrocycles (AEMs) were synthesized via alkyne metathesis-mediated depolymerization of BINOL-based polymers. Homochiral dimers are selectively obtained from metathesis of heterochiral polymers. Thermodynamic analysis and computational modeling suggests the homochiral self-sorting to be entropy-driven due to the greater symmetry of the homochiral dimers over the heterochiral dimer. This symmetry-controlled reaction is a novel approach to achieving high selectivity in dynamic covalent macrocycle synthesis. Importantly, the result describes a new paradigm in dynamic covalent chemistry that will enable efficient synthesis of new chiral architectures.
Repressive/defensive coping, endogenous opioids and health: how a life so perfect can make you sick.

Hyperactivity of endogenous opioid systems has been postulated to mediate the associations between defensive/repressive coping styles, enhanced stress responsivity, and reduced immunocompetence. Study 1 examined whether repressive/defensive coping would be associated with greater sensitivity to opioid antagonism. Judgments of the painfulness of ascending series of electrocutaneous stimulation applied to the forearm were determined before and after the administration of naloxone and placebo in 38 men and 42 women. All subjects were healthy with a mean age of 32.9 years. Naloxone (10 mg i.v.) and placebo were administered in double-blind fashion and counterbalanced. Subjects were classified as High- and Low-defensive and repressive copers on the basis of scores on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding, respectively. High Self-Deception was associated with naloxone-induced hyperalgesia, whereas no effects of naloxone on pain ratings were observed in low-Self-Deceptive subjects. In Study 2, resting plasma beta-endorphin levels were found to be positively correlated with defensiveness in men (n = 26), but not women (n = 44). Study 3 examined 82 healthy subjects (mean age = 28.7 years). Beta-endorphin/defensiveness correlations were found to be greater following, compared to prior to, electrical nociceptive stimulation in men (n = 49), but unrelated in women (n = 33). These findings are consistent with the hypothesized endorphinergic dysregulation associated with repressive/defensive coping styles and are discussed in terms of the immuno-regulatory implications of such a dysregulation.
Phonetic Training Significantly Mitigates the Stress ‘Deafness’ of French Speakers

Stress ‘deafness’ refers to the inconsistent perception and/or processing of phonological stress by speakers of fixed stress languages such as French. This paper briefly reports on the results of a study in which French and English participants performed an ABX word stress task, similar to Dupoux et al.’s (1997) Experiment 1. One group of French and a group of English speakers received phonetic training designed to improve perception while two other groups of French and English speakers received no training. The training was an adaptation of the perceptual fading technique, which exposes listeners to stressed syllables that exaggerate the durational correlate of stress, then gradually reduces the durations of subsequent stressed syllables to increase participants’ overall ability to accurately perceive stressed syllables. The trained French group performed significantly better than the untrained group with fewer errors and lower response times. As expected there was no difference in accuracy between the trained and untrained English groups. We argue that by exaggerating the duration cue for stress, the phonetic training led to increased overall perception, perhaps even beginning to build an abstract phonological representation of stress that was then carried into the ABX task. Although trained on artificially manipulated stimuli, participants were able to perform well on naturally-produced novel stimuli.
The autonomic nervous system in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.

Twenty-three patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndromes (GTS) underwent nonivasive investigation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, as did 23 age-matched controls. ANS function in GTS patients was no different from that of controls, and patients receiving neuroleptic drugs had the same ANS function as untreated patients. All 23 patients later received clonidine and were retested. The ANS values before administration of clonidine were compared with those while patients were taking clonidine. The only significant change (p <0.01) with clonidine was a reduced resting pulse rate. The combination of clonidine and neuroleptic drugs did not induce significant autonomic changes compared with neuroleptoc therapy alone. These results indicate that the ANS in GTS patients is normal and that the drugs used to abate tics do not produce clinically significant changes in ANS when chronically given. The findings suggest that the pathophysiology and treatment of GTS do not directly involve the nuclei or tracts of autonomic regulation.
Gastrointestinal Involvement in Polyarteritis Nodosa

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a necrotizing, focal segmental vasculitis that affects predominantly medium-sized arteries in many different organ systems. It is associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in about 7% of cases, a decline from about 30% before the mandatory testing of blood products and the widespread vaccination programs. HBV PAN is an early postinfectious process. The hepatitis is silent in most cases, with mild transaminase level increases in 50% of patients. Gastrointestinal involvement occurs in 14% to 65% of patients with PAN. Postprandial abdominal pain from ischemia is the most common symptom. When transmural ischemia develops, there may be necrosis of the bowel wall with perforation, associated with a poor prognosis. Liver involvement occurs in 16% to 56% of patients, although clinical manifestations related to liver disease are quite rare. Acalculous gangrenous cholecystitis may develop owing to arteritis involving the wall of the gallbladder. Microaneurysms on arteriography or computed tomography angiography are characteristic of PAN, but are seen in other conditions. Tissue biopsy may confirm the diagnosis, although involvement is segmental. Corticosteroids are used for non-HBV PAN with cyclophosphamide added for severe disease. For PAN related to HBV, a 2-week course of corticosteroids is begun, with plasma exchanges and an antiviral agent. Corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide have improved patient outcome so that the 1-year survival rate is now about 85%.
Particle sizing in strongly turbid suspensions with the one-beam cross-correlation dynamic light-scattering technique.

The utility of the one-beam cross-correlation dynamic light-scattering system for sizing small particles in suspension was previously limited by its small-intensity signal-to-baseline ratio for strongly turbid suspensions. We describe three improvements in the optical system and sample cell that raise the ratio to a value comparable with that of other cross-correlation dynamic light-scattering systems. These improvements are (i) using a square cross-sectional sample cell to minimize the attenuation of the incident beam and singly scattered light, (ii) placing a 200-µm-wide slit between the sample cell and the detector fibers to mask off the region of weak single scattering and strong multiple scattering from the detectors’ field of view, and (iii) aligning the center of the detectors’ field of view with the region of strongest single scattering. We analyze a number of suspensions of polystyrene latex spheres with a diameter between 65 and 562 nm in water using this improved one-beam instrument and find that the measured radius is determined in a 2-min data collection time to better than ±10% for volume fractions of the suspended polystyrene latex spheres up to a few percent.
The Impact of Resident Management On Residents' Satisfaction With Public Housing A Process Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Data

This article presents a process analysis of data from a survey of 648 households living in resident-managed public housing and a comparison group of 588 households living in traditionally managed p...
Residual noise reduction in AlN resonators by prolonged RF excitation

Very low phase noise oscillators are highly desirable for military radar applications. In order to improve phase noise performance of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) oscillators, it is essential to reduce the residual noise of the resonator, which serves as the frequency selective element. The oscillator closed loop phase noise is typically limited by the 1/f flicker noise intrinsic to the MEMS resonator acting as the frequency selective element. In this work, the ability to reduce the 1/f flicker noise and consequently the residual phase noise of 1GHz MEMS aluminum nitride (AlN) contour mode resonators (CMR) by prolonged exposure to RF power at resonant frequency is explored.
Religious Activities, Religious Orientation, and Aggressive Behavior

Theorists and clinicians have long believed that religious practice may reduce aggression and other destructive behaviors. To date, most evidence for a relationship between religiosity and aggression comes from nonexperimental studies. The purpose of this exploratory study was twofold. First, to examine experimentally whether two religious practices reduce aggressive behavior; second, to determine if specific aspects of religious orientation and spiritual transcendence are related to level of aggression, expressed under controlled laboratory conditions. Sixty-two participants assigned to one of three experimental groups (memorize Bible passages, prayer/meditation, or control group) completed a laboratory task of aggression. Participants also completed religious and spirituality instruments, along with self-ratings of aggressive disposition. Results indicated that neither memorization of biblical passages nor meditation reduced aggression. Intrinsic-oriented religiosity participants self-reported lower aggression than extrinsic-oriented participants, but no differences were found on the laboratory task of aggression. Spiritual transcendence showed no behavioral aggression differences.
HDL Cholesterol: Form Versus Function

The lipid concentrations in your blood can help determine whether you’re at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD); not enough high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, a lipid species that promotes reverse cholesterol transport, and you’re considered at elevated risk. However, several drugs that raise plasma HDL levels fail to improve cardiovascular outcomes, and genetic variations associated with HDL concentration are not associated with ASCVD. Therefore, how plasma HDL is linked to atheroprotection in humans remains unclear. Rohatgi et al. hypothesized that HDL function, rather than concentration, would be a more relevant measurement. The authors decided to test cholesterol efflux capacity—the ability of HDL to accept cholesterol from macrophages, a critical initial step in reverse cholesterol transport—in a large cohort of adults without baseline cardiovascular disease (2924 participants enrolled in the Dallas Heart Study). The primary endpoint was a composite ASCVD outcome defined by first nonfatal heart attack, nonfatal stroke, coronary artery revascularization procedure, or death from cardiovascular causes. Cholesterol efflux capacity was assessed by measuring the efflux of fluorescently labeled cholesterol from a murine macrophage cell line to apolipoprotein B-depleted plasma from study participants. The investigators found that higher cholesterol efflux capacity at baseline was strongly associated with lower rates of future cardiovascular events, with a 67% reduction in risk between the highest versus lowest quartiles of cholesterol efflux capacity. Furthermore, adding cholesterol efflux capacity to a traditional ASCVD risk factor panel significantly improved risk prediction. This study demonstrates that measuring HDL function rather than absolute concentration can be used to enhance current clinical risk prediction strategies for ASCVD. Deeper insight into the relationship between HDL function and ASCVD can substantially advance our understanding of human atherogenesis and provide novel opportunities for its prevention and treatment. A. Rohatgi et al ., HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and incident cardiovascular events. N. Eng. J. Med. 371 , 2383–2393 (2014). [[Summary]][1] [1]: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1409065
Seismic reflections of gas hydrate from perturbational forward modeling

We perturb the elastic properties and attenuation in the Arctic Mallik methane-hydrate reservoir to produce a set of plausible seismic signatures away from the existing well. These perturbations are driven by the changes we impose on porosity, clay content, hydrate saturation, and geometry. The key is a data-guided, theoretical, rock-physics model that we adopt to link velocity and attenuation to porosity, mineralogy, and amount of hydrate. We find that the seismic amplitude is very sensitive to the hydrate saturation in the host sand and its porosity as well as the porosity of the overburden shale. However, changes to the amount of clay in the sand only weakly alter the amplitude. Attenuation, which may be substantial, must be taken into account during hydrate reservoir characterization because it lowers the amplitude to an extent that may affect the hydrate-volume prediction. The spatial structure of the reservoir affects the seismic reflection: A thinly-layered reservoir produces a noticeably different amplitude than a massive reservoir with the same hydrate volume.
Flip-and-slide magnetic paired robots for aircraft manufacturing and maintenance

A paired robot system is developed for a class of tasks where two end-effectors work together; one placed inside and the other outside a confined box. The work was motivated by practical needs for aircraft wing box manufacturing and maintenance. Two robots, each carrying an end-effector, are engaged using strong magnets attracting each other and thereby supporting each body against gravity. The robots must move across the surface of the box, while avoiding interference with obstacles fixed to the surface. A novel paired robot with magnetic feet is presented that can flip and go over an obstacle while tightly holding each body against gravity. Furthermore, the paired robots can automatically be loaded and unloaded from the confined box through a small entry hole by flipping and sliding on the box surface. First the task conditions and functional requirements are described, and then the design concept of the flip-and-slide magnetic paired robots is presented. Kinematic and static models of the system are obtained, and the conditions for successful flipping and sliding are analyzed. Control algorithms for detaching as well as engaging magnetic feet are obtained. A prototype flip-and-slide paired robot system is designed and the feasibility of the approach is demonstrated.
Synthesis of GaNxAs1-x thin films by pulsed laser melting and rapid thermal annealing of N+-implanted GaAs

We present a systematic investigation on the formation of the highly mismatched alloy GaN{sub x}As{sub 1-x} using N{sup +}-implantation followed by a combination of pulsed laser melting and rapid thermal annealing. Thin films of GaN{sub x}As{sub 1-x} with x as high as 0.016 and an activation efficiency of the implanted N up to 50% have been synthesized with structural and optical properties comparable to films grown by epitaxial deposition techniques with similar substitutional N content. The effects of N{sup +} implantation dose, laser energy fluence and rapid thermal annealing temperature on the N incorporation as well as optical and structural properties of the GaN{sub x}As{sub 1-x} films are discussed.