cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Importance of the Rare Biosphere for Microbial Community Response to Organic Pollutants in a Freshwater Ecosystem.

A single liter of water contains hundreds, if not thousands, of bacterial and archaeal species, each of which typically makes up a very small fraction of the total microbial community ( IMPORTANCE A single liter of water or gram of soil contains hundreds of low-abundance bacterial and archaeal species, the so called “rare biosphere”. The value of this astonishing biodiversity for ecosystem functioning remains poorly understood, primarily due to the fact that microbial community analysis frequently focuses on abundant organisms. Using a combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent (metagenomics) techniques, we showed that rare taxa and genes commonly contribute to microbial community response to organic pollutants. Our findings should have implications for future studies that aim to study the role of rare species in environmental processes, including environmental bioremediation efforts of oil spills or other contaminants.
Evaluating Engineering to Ensure a Sustainable Environment

This chapter introduces the dilemma facing the environmentally concerned private sector decision-maker tasked to design or reengineer a production process. It describes the challenge of ensuring appropriate environmental protection in the face of limited budgets, a fearful public, conflicts between the needs of man and the environment, and the limits of science, technology and law. Following this introduction, the means to assess risk to human health and environmental quality are discussed as are the mechanics of trading risks and balancing costs. The chapter concludes with reference to data presentation and dealing with uncertainty.
The Political Incorporation of Muslims in the United States: The Mobilizing Role of Religiosity in Islam

Despite the overwhelming evidence to the contrary, popular perceptions in the United States, especially among political elites, continue to believe that religious Muslims oppose American democratic traditions and values. While many studies find positive relationships between mosque attendance and civic participation among U.S. Muslims, an empirical and theoretical puzzle continues to exist. What is missing is research that examines the relationships between the multi-dimensional concept of religiosity and how this is associated with public opinion and attitudes towards the American political system among Muslim Americans. Using a unique national survey of Muslim Americans, we find a positive relationship between religious beliefs, behavior, and belonging and perceptions of compatibility with American democratic traditions. Quite simply, the most religious are the most likely to believe in political integration in the United States.
BLP with Full-sib and Multiple Sources of Data

To this point BLP has been applied only to half-sib progeny test data, however in theory BLP can utilize data of any type. Many tree improvement programs have extensive full-sib or cross-pollinated (CP) progeny tests where both the male and female parents of every tree in the test are known. Some programs may also have ancestral data available which could be utilized to better predict breeding values of trees in the current generation. Data may also exist from greenhouse or other early sreening tests, and data on the original ortet or several ramets of a clone may also be available. All of these types of data can be to predict genetic values (such as breeding values) by BLP, and any combination of these diverse types of data can be utilized simultaneously in BLP. In every case, one or more linear models must be specified and first and second moments estimated; then BLP can be applied.
Towards physical layer identification of cognitive radio devices

Increasing demand has led to wireless spectrum shortages, with many parts of the existing spectrum being heavily used. Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) has been proposed to allow cognitive radio networks to use existing spectrum more efficiently. It will allow secondary users to transmit on already allocated spectrum on a non-interference basis. Cognitive radios are able to change bandwidth and other transmission characteristics to take greater advantage of this spectrum. It is necessary to identify all devices on the network in order to enforce spectrum access rules. Manufacturing variation cause minute differences in signals from supposedly identical devices. Physical layer identification (also called device fingerprinting) techniques allow identification of devices based on small but unique variation due to these imperfections. Fingerprinting is very sensitive to any changes in the signal capture setup or the device's environment. The changes in bandwidth that would occur in a DSA system cause device fingerprinting to fail. In this paper we extend current device identification methods to include identification of devices with changing bandwidth. Experimental results are demonstrated on a collection of over 50 transmitters, with a significant improvement over current methods.
Dysphagia secondary to focal inflammatory myopathy and consequent dorsiflexion of the tongue in a dog

A 14-month-old female pitbull terrier mix was presented for evaluation of dysphagia of 8 months' duration secondary to intermittent dorsiflexion of the tongue apex. Physical and neurological examinations were unremarkable with the exception of the dorsiflexed tongue. Serum creatine kinase activity was increased (703 IU/L, reference interval: 55 to 257 IU/L), and electromyography of the tongue demonstrated areas of fibrillation potentials. Histopathology of the tongue showed myopathic changes with excessive variability in myofibre size and endomysial fibrosis. Cytochemical stains verified mixed mononuclear cells throughout the endomysium and perimysium consistent with a chronic inflammatory myopathy. No improvement was reported following prednisone administration; although the dog was able to prehend kibble, it needed assistance when drinking water. This is the first report documenting a focal lingual myopathy in a non-corgi breed and highlights the utility of determining creatine kinase activity and obtaining tongue biopsies when warranted in dysphagic animals.
Justification of Damping Cutter Design for Making Parts for High-Pressure Drilling Unit Cylinders

The research data on the technology of manufacturing adjoining parts of valves meant to create required sealing of high-pressure drilling unit cylinders are reported in the article. The serviceability of the new design tools made of superhard composite 10 in cutting out adjoining parts from steel and plastic and in efficient shock absorption of vibrations during cutting-out has been proved. The achieved process result ensures enhanced quality of manufacturing and running efficiency of pneumatic drilling machines.
Factors associated with practicing evidence-based medicine: a study of family medicine residents.

Background Evidence-based medicine (EBM) plays a critical part in ensuring that practitioners use the soundest available medical procedures while avoiding ineffective ones. As such, it plays a key role in medical residency education. However, little research has shown what factors influence residents' adoption of habits in, self-efficacy in, and skills of EBM. Materials and methods This study gathered responses from a cross section of family medicine residents and new interns from 40 different residencies across the USA. The survey was based on Taylor et al's survey of EBM attitudes and behaviors and the Fresno test's assessment of EBM knowledge and skills. The study used negative binomial regression, ordinary least squares regression, and nonparametric tests of difference to assess the impact of residents' background (year in residency, type of residency, previous EBM training, and previous research experience) on these EBM outcomes. Results Residents with previous research experience are associated with stronger EBM habits, more self-efficacy in applying EBM, and greater ability in using EBM skills. Previous research experience had a bigger impact on these outcomes than any other predictor. EBM habits, self-efficacy, and skills did not appear to show even increases by year in residency. Previous EBM training was associated with more hours spent reading the literature and higher EBM skill test scores. Conclusion Our findings suggest the practice of EBM may benefit from medical education increasing research experiences and EBM training. Research experiences provide the practical training, while EBM training provides focused instruction necessary for EBM self-efficacy, habits, and skills. These EBM outcomes are not inherently gained through time in family medicine residency. Future research, particularly longitudinal designs, should continue to pursue this line of inquiry.
Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of mAb treatment against MERS-CoV in common marmosets

The high case-fatality rate of confirmed MERS-CoV infections underlines the urgent need for an effective treatment to reduce the disease severity and mortality. REGN3051 and REGN3048 are two fully human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against MERS-CoV that reduced virus replication in mice expressing human DPP4 upon prophylactic and therapeutic treatment. Here, we evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of REGN3048 and REGN3051 in the common marmoset model of MERS-CoV infection. Intravenous administration of mAb resulted in high levels of MERS-CoV-neutralizing activity in circulating blood. When animals were treated with mAbs one day before challenge, respiratory disease was less severe and, in animals treated with both REGN3048 and REGN3051, viral loads in the lungs were reduced. However, therapeutic treatment on day one after challenge was less efficacious as it did not prevent the development of severe respiratory disease and all treated animals developed bronchointerstitial pneumonia of similar severity as the control animals. Thus, mAb administration may be more effective in a prophylactic treatment regimen rather than treatment of MERS.
Teaching as Women’s Work

Feminists are almost as unwelcome as divorcees, because their unorthodoxy on women’s place in the world arouses criticism and is likely to be accompanied by an agitating spirit in other matters. Besides, men do not like feminists, and most administrators are men. (Beale, 1936, p. 497)
Protein Stability and Function

The convergence of several lines of development in chemistry and molecular biology has created major new needs and opportunities for theoretical studies of proteins. The traditional approaches of organic synthesis have been supplemented by methods for automated chemical synthesis and genetic engineering that allow the preparation of a wide variety of polypeptides, specifically altered enzymes, and other complex molecules. The choice of molecules to be synthesis for a given application is increasingly guided by structural information in addition to traditional methods such as chemical intuition and empirical correlation (quantitative structure-activity relationships, or QSAR). X-ray area detectors and new methods in NMR spectroscopy, combined with the improvements in our ability to synthesize and purify samples, are increasingly the rate at which high-resolution structures to proteins are becoming available.
Crafting Science for Political Agendas: A Response to Robiner et al.

The present paper argues that Robiner et al.'s assertion that their research demonstrates that psychologists' educational backgrounds will significantly hinder their ability to be trained for prescriptive authority is an example of policy advocates crafting research findings to support personal positions. Flaws in methodology and reasoning that significantly undermine the authors' conclusions are outlined in four areas: (1) incomplete interpretations of the literature; (2) flaws in research methodology; (3) questionable empirical comparisons; and (4) skewed and incomplete interpretation of the results. Careful examination of the data suggests that this research supports the notion that a strong postsecondary education in the physical sciences does not appear to be a prerequisite for psychopharmacological competency.
The politics of government resource allocation: Evidence from U.S. state government awarded economic incentives

We examine whether economic incentive awards by U.S. state governments to corporations are affected by political connections, and importantly whether a relation is cause for constituent concern. Consistent with findings examining international and U.S. federal-level political connections, we find that U.S. state governments also allocate resources disproportionally to politically connected firms. A firm is nearly four times more likely to receive an award, and the award is 63 percent larger, when the firm makes campaign contributions to state politicians. To determine if this relation distorts or enhances government resource allocation effectiveness, we focus on three key stakeholders: politicians, taxpayers, and shareholders. The positive relation between incentive awards and political connections is stronger when politicians’ motives appear self-serving. Although the stock market reacts more positively to connected award announcements, these awards generate less local job growth and less aggregate local economic growth, suggesting a wealth transfer from taxpayers to connected firm shareholders. Consistent with this interpretation, connected firms commit to fewer jobs and less capital investment per dollar of incentive awarded. In sum, state governments disproportionately award incentives to politically connected firms, even though these awards are a less effective allocation of government resources. Our study thus identifies a channel through which politicians can transfer rents to connected corporations at the expense of local taxpayers.
Surgical Gatekeeping - Modifiable Risk Factors and Ethical Decision Making.

Surgical Gatekeeping Including risk-factor modification in decisions about performing elective surgery is fraught with ethical challenges, but surgeons can align patients’ and society’s values by e...
Epidemiology, Etiology, and Anatomy of Osteonecrosis of the Foot and Ankle

Osteonecrosis arises throughout the foot and ankle in various forms and due to numerous causes, with a thousand US cases per year estimated for the ankle alone. Although research continues to elucidate specific mechanisms at work, the pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Nevertheless, the various osteonecrosis pathways converge on osteocyte death, and bony lesions follow a pattern of progression. Understanding the specific anatomy and biomechanics associated with common forms of foot and ankle osteonecrosis should help guide diagnosis and interventions, particularly at earlier stages of disease where etiology-specific approaches might become optimal.
Management of clavicle fractures

Fractures of the clavicle are among the most common fractures seen by family physicians. Common mechanisms of injury include a fall on an outstretched hand or direct trauma to the bone. Fractures of the middle third of the clavicle are the most common and usually heal without complication when managed with immobilization using a sling or figure-of-8 bandage. Fractures of the distal clavicle often are overlooked and may be difficult to distinguish from an acromioclavicular separation. These fractures are classified into three types. Types I and III fractures of the distal clavicle usually heal with symptomatic treatment. Type II fractures are displaced as a result of ligamentous disruption and usually require surgical repair. Fractures of the proximal third of the clavicle are uncommon. Nondisplaced proximal fractures are successfully treated with sling immobilization. Orthopedic referral is indicated for significant displacement or sternoclavicular dislocation. By following appropriate management guidelines, family physicians can successfully treat most clavicle fractures.
Globally Functional Transparent-Scan Sequences

Maintaining functional operation conditions during the application of scan-based tests is important for avoiding overtesting of delay faults. This issue has been considered for the functional capture cycles of scan-based tests, where the faults are typically detected. When scan shift cycles are used for fault detection, functional operation conditions are important during scan shift cycles as well. A transparent-scan sequence allows both types of clock cycles to be considered uniformly, allowing faults to be detected during functional capture as well as scan shift cycles. This article defines the concept of a globally functional transparent-scan sequence that maintains close-to-functional operation conditions during all its clock cycles. The procedure described in this article for computing globally functional transparent-scan sequences starts from a transparent-scan sequence that avoids scan shift cycles in order to maintain functional operation conditions. The procedure introduces scan shift cycles into the sequence in order to detect target faults. This process is guided by a transparent-scan sequence that is translated from a conventional scan-based test set and achieves the same fault coverage. Experimental results for benchmark circuits demonstrate the tradeoff between the proximity to functional operation conditions and the fault coverage achievable by the globally functional transparent-scan sequence.
Development of High Gain Virtual-Element Arrays with Fabry-Perot Cavity Antenna Systems

A high gain array using virtual-element Fabry Perot-Cavity Antenna (VE-FPCA) with near field split-beam that emulates a two-element slot array is presented. A novel frequency selective surface (FSS) design is used to split the source antenna beam into two in the near field. Each beam is circular and generated by a square aperture of horizontal slots within the FSS. Comparison of electric field magnitude, phase and beam separation is made between the FPCA system and two-element slot array in the near field. Feedline loss is also compared between both systems. The FPCA has a 5dB far-field gain improvement over the two-element array. It has a constant E-field phase in the E-plane, which is the result of an increased aperture efficiency.
Factors Associated With Patient-Reported Penile Length Loss After Radical Cystoprostatectomy in Male Patients With Bladder Cancer.

Abstract Background The perception of penile length loss is common in male patients undergoing radical prostatectomy; however, this has not been described after radical cystoprostatectomy (RC). Aim To evaluate perceptions of penile length loss in male patients after RC and contributing factors. Methods Patients completed an institutional review board–approved questionnaire comprised the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and supplemental questions including perceived changes in penile length after RC. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine associations between the perception of penile length loss and the amount of length lost with patient and surgery-specific factors. Outcomes The rate of patient-reported penile length loss and factors contributing to this perception was the outcome of this study. Results From October 2017 to January 2019, 151 patients completed the questionnaire. The median age at cystectomy was 66.1 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 59.4–73.3), and the median duration of follow-up was 28.3 months (IQR: 13–74.1). Preoperative IIEF-5 was available in 55 patients with a median score of 14 (IQR: 3–20). The median IIEF-5 score at time of survey completion was 3 (IQR: 1–18). The majority of patients (55.1%) reported a perceived loss of penile length, 20.4% reported no loss, and 24.5% were unsure. Of those who quantified their loss in penile length, 54.6% reported losses of an inch or more. Neurovascular preservation was not found to protect against penile length loss but did correlate with a reduction in the amount reported lost (P = .008). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified increasing IIEF-5 score at time of survey completion to protect against a perceived loss in penile length (odds ratio: 0.924, 95% confidence interval: 0.878–0.973, P = .0025), whereas increasing body mass index was associated with a loss in perceived penile length (odds ratio: 1.198, 95% confidence interval: 10.53–1.383, P = .0060). Clinical Implications The perception of penile length loss is a commonly held belief in patients after RC, and many patients will perceive losses that exceed 1 inch (2.54 cm). Strengths and Limitations This study is the first series to describe the perception of penile length loss after RC. It is strengthened by the study population's size, heterogeneity, and patient-reported results. It is limited by lack of objective measurements of stretched penile length. Conclusions RC can result in significant sexual dysfunction including the perceived loss of penile length. Loh-Doyle JC, Han J, Ghodoussipour S. Factors Associated With Patient-Reported Penile Length Loss After Radical Cystoprostatectomy in Male Patients With Bladder Cancer. J Sex Med 2020;17:957–963.
What Every Neuropathologist Needs to Know: Peripheral Nerve Biopsy

Peripheral neuropathy is a common disorder with many possible etiologies including metabolic diseases, inflammatory conditions, infections, malignancy, inherited diseases, drugs, and toxins. In most instances, diagnosis and treatment plan can be established based on clinical presentation, family history, laboratory results, genetic testing, and electrophysiological studies. But in some situations, a peripheral nerve biopsy remains a valuable tool. This is especially true in patients with rapidly progressive disease, with atypical presentation or for whom other approaches fail to yield a definitive diagnosis. The pathologic examination starts with basic decisions about specimen triage. A few basic questions help to provide an initial framework for the assessment of a nerve biopsy-is the specimen adequate; are there inflammatory changes; are there vascular changes; is there amyloid; are there changes to axonal density and the Schwann cell-myelin-axon unit. In the appropriate context and with such an approach peripheral nerve biopsies can still represent a clinically helpful test.
Iridium-Catalyzed sp3 C-H Borylation in Hydrocarbon Solvent Enabled by 2,2'-Dipyridylarylmethane Ligands.

Iridium-catalyzed alkane C–H borylation has long suffered from poor atom economy, resulting from both the inclusion of only 1 equiv of boron from the diboron reagent and a requirement for neat subs...
Soft Sign Language Interpreter on Your Skin

Sign language represents an essential means of communication for a significant fraction of the population but can only be used by trained individuals. Researchers report a wearable system that incorporates stretchable sensors and a wireless circuit for real-time sign-to-speech translation.
Student Perspectives on Remote Medical Education in Clinical Core Clerkships During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

To assess student perceptions of remote learning curricula implemented by clinical clerkships at a single US medical school during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students enrolled in core clinical clerkships at the UC San Diego School of Medicine from March to April 2020 were sent an anonymous online survey, assessing components of remote learning curricula via quantitative rating and free-response questions. Of 132 students enrolled, 96 (73%) completed the survey. Online question banks, remote progress reviews, and telehealth sessions were rated as the most valuable resources, while textbooks were rated least valuable. Most students felt that the number of resources was adequate (69/94, 74%), the quantity of required content was appropriate (77/93, 83%), and there was a good balance of rigidity versus flexibility in the schedule (81/94, 86%). Most students felt “prepared” or “somewhat prepared” for the shelf examination (61/91, 67%) and for the next year of medical training (73/94, 78%). In narrative reflections, students valued the flexibility afforded by remote curricula but desired some weekly structure. Students enjoyed expanded access to learning resources and participating in interactive remote sessions. Students expressed anxiety about the pandemic and uncertainty regarding medical education, but transparent communication from clerkship directors helped assuage these concerns. Student participation in direct patient care is fundamental to medical school core clerkships and was negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategic incorporation of select remote learning components into clinical clerkships may permit a favorable student experience even when opportunities for on-site participation are limited.
The Code-Centric Nature of Computational Thinking Education: A Review of Trends and Issues in Computational Thinking Education Research.

Computational thinking (CT) is being recognized as a critical component of student success in the digital era. Many contend that integrating CT into core curricula is the surest method for providin...
Innovative Ecological Economic System Based on 5G Network and Internet of Things

Abstract Technological Economic Analysis innovation is the primary driving force for economic growth and human progress. However, some critics deny the vast benefits that innovation has given and continue to give to humanity. 5G Network on the living standards and human well-being of broader economic growth and technological innovations address policy discussions and address technology critics' concerns and the literature. The Economic Analysis historical record is clear about the continuous innovations in improving our lifestyle. However, the network analysis short-term destructive aspects of technological change are important because they exist. The Economic Analysis attitude of communication towards cultural technology and public policy is the role of innovations in promoting economic growth and playing ability. The results of this research will shape the impact of continuous development. Talk extension
Race war or culture war: the diversity in right-wing extremism

While it is common to refer to “the radical right,” I argue that there are in fact two distinct right-wing movements in the USA: one that fears loss of racial supremacy, and one that fears loss of ...
The Feasibility of a Lifestyle Physical Activity Intervention for Black Women with Asthma

Background Black women are disproportionately affected by both physical inactivity and asthma. Lifestyle physical activity (PA) interventions targeted for Black women with asthma are lacking. Objective To assess the feasibility and acceptability as well as preliminary effects of a lifestyle PA intervention culturally tailored for Black women with asthma. Methods Black women (age 18-70 years) with uncontrolled asthma (Asthma Control Test Results Of the 53 women randomized (EUC = 28; intervention = 25), 92% remained in the intervention (23 of 25) and 76% completing the 24-week outcome assessment. Overall intervention satisfaction (mean score, 6.88 of 7) and individual components were high at 24 weeks. Mean change in asthma control questionnaire between groups was not significant at 24 weeks (intervention = –0.41 vs EUC = 0.03 [P = .08]; effect size = –0.38) but approached clinical significance (0.5). At 24 weeks, more women receiving the intervention had controlled asthma compared with EUC (36.84% vs 9.52%; P = .04). Clinically significant improvements (0.5) in quality of life were found in the intervention group (mean change: intervention = 0.58 vs EUC = 0.10; P = .10) at 24 weeks. Conclusions A culturally tailored lifestyle PA intervention is feasible and demonstrates improvements in asthma control and quality of life among Black women with asthma. These preliminary findings support the need for PA lifestyle interventions in urban Black women with asthma.
Development of measurable criteria to identify and prioritize patients for inclusion in comprehensive medication management programs within primary care settings.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacists optimize medication use and ensure the safe and effective delivery of pharmacotherapy to patients using comprehensive medication management (CMM). Identifying and prioritizi...
Elucidating the Role and Interplay of Nickel and Molybdenum Carbide Particles Supported on Zeolite Y in Methane Steam Reforming

Methane steam reforming (MSR) reaction is a mature industrial process that has been applied for large-scale hydrogen production. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization, reaction kinetics, and deactivation mechanism of a series of catalysts with metallic nickel (Ni) clusters and molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) particles supported on zeolite Y (Ni-Mo2C/FAU) in MSR reaction at 850 oC. Despite low Ni loading less than 2.4 wt%, MSR on Ni-Mo2C/FAU exhibits high activity and stability, yet deactivation of Ni-FAU (the sample without Mo2C) is significant. Further investigations elucidate that the catalyst deactivation is caused by Ni particle sintering via Ostwald ripening instead of coking, and steam induces hydroxylated Ni surface that accelerates sintering. Moreover, encapsulated Mo2C boosts the activity and stability of Ni on zeolite Y by enhancing CH4 activation rather than activating H2O. The interplays among Mo2C and Ni particles dynamically balance the carbon formation and consumption rates, and inhibit Ni sintering. This study enables insights into an alternative design principle of transition metal carbide – Ni catalysts with high activity and stability for effective MSR by tuning the compositional, structural, and interfacial factors.
Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) in vein graft atherosclerosis: An immunoperoxidase study

Abstract An immunoperoxidase procedure was used to localize the apolipoprotein B in the atherosclerotic lesions of vein grafts removed 5 years after an aortocoronary bypass operation and preserved by embedding in paraffin. Apolipoprotein B was mainly found at the cell-rich interface of the lesion proper and the underlying fibrous tissue. The findings of this study indicate that the immunoperoxidase procedure can be used to investigate the localization of immunoactive c components in paraffin-embedded tissue sections.
THE IMMACULATE BODY IN THE SISTINE CEILING

A new reading of textual evidence roots the imagery of Michelangelo's Sistine Ceiling frescoes in contemporary theological commitment to the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. The cluster of abstract metaphors contained in a sermon written by Pope Sixtus IV, dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, and the liturgical and devotional texts the sermon inspired, offers foundational source material for the ceiling programme. It is proposed that such an Immaculacy message exists alongside and mutually supports Incarnationist and Eucharistic ones, all rooted in a metaphor of bodily perfection that Michelangelo ‘figures’ at the level of gender as well.
Induction of Telomerase Activity and Maintenance of Telomere Length in Virus-Specific Effector and Memory CD8+ T Cells

Acute viral infections induce extensive proliferation and differentiation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells. One mechanism reported to regulate the proliferative capacity of activated lymphocytes is mediated by the effect of telomerase in maintaining the length of telomeres in proliferating cells. We examined the regulation of telomerase activity and telomere length in naive CD8+ T cells and in virus-specific CD8+ T cells isolated from mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. These studies reveal that, compared with naive CD8+ T cells, which express little or no telomerase activity, Ag-specific effector and long-lived memory CD8+ T cells express high levels of telomerase activity. Despite the extensive clonal expansion that occurs during acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, telomere length is maintained in both effector and memory CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that induction of telomerase activity in Ag-specific effector and memory CD8+ T cells is important for the extensive clonal expansion of both primary and secondary effector cells and for the maintenance and longevity of the memory CD8+ T cell population.
The Magnetospheric Trough

The authors review the history of the concepts of the magnetospheric cold-ion trough and hot-electron trough and conclude that the two regions are actually essentially the same. The magnetospheric trough may be viewed as a temporal state in the evolution of convecting flux tubes. These flux tubes are in contact with the earth`s upper atmosphere which acts both as a sink for precipitating hot plasma sheet electrons and as a source for the cold ionospheric plasma leading to progressive depletion of the plasma sheet and refilling with cold plasma. Geosynchronous plasma observations show that the rate of loss of plasma-sheet electron energy density is commensurate with the precipitating electron flux at the low-latitude edge of the diffuse aurora. The rate at which geosynchronous flux tubes fill with cold ionospheric plasma is found to be consistent with previous estimates of early-time refilling. Geosynchronous observations further indicate that both Coulomb collisions and wave-particle effects probably play a role in trapping ionospheric material in the magnetosphere.
Considerations for improving the capacity and performance of AeroMACS

The Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System (AeroMACS) has progressed from concept through prototype development, testing, and standards development and is now poised for the first operational deployments at nine US airports by the Federal Aviation Administration. These initial deployments will support fixed applications. Mobile applications providing connectivity to and from aircraft and ground-based vehicles on the airport surface will occur at some point in the future. Given that many fixed applications are possible for AeroMACS, it is necessary to now consider whether the existing capacity of AeroMACS will be reached even before the mobile applications are ready to be added, since AeroMACS is constrained by both available bandwidth and transmit power limitations. This paper describes some concepts that may be applied to improve the future capacity of AeroMACS, with a particular emphasis on gains that can be derived from the addition of IEEE 802.16j multihop relays to the AeroMACS standard, where a significant analysis effort has been undertaken.
Antecedents to Temporary Employee's Turnover Intention

In an exploratory study using temporary workers, a model based on social exchange and social identity theories was developed and tested. Results revealed that, for both the temporary employee attit...
Which Way Drug Education

Given the increasingly permissive nationwide attitude toward abuse of marijuana and other soft drugs, in what direction should school-based education/prevention programs move?After reviewing the history of such programs, the author offers a plan to decrease the incidence of adolescent drug abuse by utilizing an array of non-educational resources including youth oriented media. Achieving this goal will permit educational programs to shift their energies and resources back to primary prevention and away from intervention and treatment.
Defending whiteness indirectly: a synthetic approach to race discourse analysis

This article examines the discursive method utilized by a sample of white college students in the United States when engaging in racetalk. Findings reveal myriad contradictions within their responses. It is suggested that these contradictions are not coincidental; rather, they serve two important functions for the speakers: first, they aid the interlocutors in their impression management (i.e. their image of a non racist); and second, the rationalization of the racial order. Utilizing an integrative approach, it is argued that this form of racetalk, whether intentionally or unintentionally, defends the white racial frame. This racetalk allows respondents to (1) project blame onto nonwhite Americans for race problems in US society, and (2) acknowledge racial difference only in contexts in which it favors whites.
INHIBITION OF ALDOSTERONE SECRETION BY PASSIVE TRANSFER OF ANTIRENIN ANTIBODIES TO DOGS ON A LOW SODIUM DIET.

SummaryAntirenin antibodies were infused intravenously and their effect on aldosterone secretion measured in 7 dogs fed 1 mEq of sodium per day and in 7 dogs fed 40 mEq of sodium per day. The mean aldosterone secretion rate in the dogs on the low sodium diet was significantly lower than that of 7 dogs on the same diet given control injections of protein. However, the mean aldosterone secretion rate in the dogs fed 40 mEq of sodium per day was in the same range as the rate in 7 dogs on the 40 mEq diet given control injections of protein. Furthermore, the value in the group of dogs on the low salt diet that were given the antirenin antibodies was in the same range as the values in these latter 2 groups. These results indicate that the increase in aldosterone secretion produced by restricting sodium intake is mediated via the renin-angiotensin system, while basal secretion on a more adequate sodium intake is independent of this system. There was a moderate increase in sodium excretion in the dogs receiving t...
Abundance and properties of dissolved organic matter in pore waters of a freshwater wetland

The abundances, molecular weights, molar absorptivities, and polydispersities of sediment pore water dissolved organic matter (DOM) and ferrous iron, Fe(II), were measured from three sites within a freshwater wetland (Old Woman Creek) adjacent to Lake Erie. DOM concentrations (expressed as organic carbon) increased with depth. Number-average molecular weight, weight-average molecular weight, and molar absorptivities (at 280 nm) also increased with depth up to 5 cm and remained relatively constant below this depth. These properties are indicative of the respective changes in the size of the DOM constituents and the number of aromatic moieties present. Moreover, a strong correlation was observed between Fe(II) and DOM, which suggests that both constituents coaccumulate in these pore fluids, It is hypothesized that reductionof iron oxides coated with organic matter releases both DOM and Fe(II). Increases in the molecular weights and molar absorptivities of the DOM constituents suggest that the “sorbed” component released by iron oxide dissolution is composed of larger and more aromatic molecules. The molecular-weight data also suggest that much of the refractory organic carbon in the interstitial waters comprises smaller-than-expected polymeric molecules. Thus, the release of the sorbed organic materials during the reductive dissolution of the oxide phases in anoxic sediments coupled with the selective preservation of refractory organic components may play an important role in both the DOM-mediated fate of pollutants and the cycling of carbon in wetlands.
Preliminary results from the long-term upper-ocean study (LOTUS)

Abstract The Long-Term Upper-Ocean Study (LOTUS) is a two-year experiment at 34°N, 70°W, in deep water over the Hatteras abyssal plain, 330 km from major topography and the mean path of the Gulf Stream. The observations began in May 1983. The principal measurements are from an array of three subsurface moorings and one surface mooring carrying meteorological instrumentation as well as near-surface current meters. Some basic meteorological and engineering data are telemetered back via the ARGOS system, but most of the data are self-recorded. Other observations in the program include XBT sections, CTD profiles, and cooperative efforts with other investigators to obtain satellite imagery and other in situ measurements. The main scientific goals of the experiment are: to obtain a description of the local response of the upper ocean to a potpourri of atmospheric forcing in a variety of environmental situations, such as in the presence of Gulf Stream rings or near oceanic fronts, and even to try and describe the statistical response to the fluctuating forcing; to investigate the energy level of the internal wave field over several seasons and during the passage of various forcing and environmental events as mentioned above; and to obtain the complete profile of eddy kinetic energy. We display here selected results from the first year of LOTUS, especially those that do not require the analysis of the complete array of measurements and supporting data. Of particular interest is the eddy energy kinetic energy profile showing a nearly constant energy in the top 500 m; the abyssal eddy energy is also about half the expected level for the site. The high-frequency internal wave field at 200–500 m depths shows a seasonal variation (high in the winter, low in the early fall) that cannot be ascribed to changes in the hydrography; at greater depths the winter maximum is still visible. At each depth the energy varies from a half or a third to 2 or 3 times the mean energy at that depth. Some of the energetic events in the near-inertial field are apparently unconnected to local 3ind events, and may instead be related to the edge of strong mesoscale oceanic currents; perhaps they are being radiated during the process of geostrophic adjustment by the mesoscale features.
Lichen Sclerosus With Vaginal Involvement: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature

Importance Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an uncommon chronic inflammatory disease that most commonly affects anogenital skin of postmenopausal women. It typically manifests as atrophic white plaques, which may be accompanied by purpura or fissuring. Rarely, LS has been observed to affect mucosal tissues in the mouth and the penile urethra. It is generally taught that LS does not affect the vagina, unlike lichen planus. To our knowledge, only one case report of LS with vaginal involvement exists in the literature. Observations Two cases of severe vulvar LS with vaginal involvement are reported. Both cases exhibited characteristic features of LS on vaginal biopsy, and both patients were followed up clinically without further treatment of the vagina. Conclusions and Relevance Vaginal LS may be more common than previously thought and may be underdiagnosed. Patients with more severe disease or with significant vaginal atrophy may be more likely to have involvement of the vagina. In addition, patients with pelvic organ laxity may be at increased risk if their vaginal walls are chronically exposed because of prolapse. Physicians managing patients with vulvar LS should be aware of the possibility of vaginal involvement so that vaginal lesions may be diagnosed and followed up appropriately.
Effects of Hydrodynamics on Soot Formation in Laminar Opposed-Jet Diffusion Flames

Effects of flow (hydrodynamic) properties on the presence of soot in hydrocarbon-fueled laminar opposed-jet diffusion flames were studied experimentally at atmospheric pressure, emphasizing effects of velocities normal to the flame sheet. These velocities were varied for conditions corresponding to combustion in air by transferring nitrogen from the oxidizer stream to the fuel stream, which increases the stoichiometric mixture fraction of the flame and causes the stagnation plane of the flow to shift toward the fuel-rich side of the flame sheet. Fuels considered included acetylene, ethylene, ethane, propylene, propane, and 1-3 butadiene. Present measurements consisted of the critical strain rates for the flames to contain soot (the soot extinction limit) and for the flames to extinguish (the flame extinction limit). It was found that increasing the stoichiometric mixture fraction causes a progressive reduction of the critical strain rates for both flame and soot extinction; however, their ratio increases, and even becomes unbounded in most instances to yield a permanently-blue-flame regime. The results suggest that soot formation in nonpremixed flames can be controlled by varying velocities normal to the flame sheet. Nevertheless, definitive conclusions along these lines require evaluation of effects of corresponding variations of fuel and oxygen concentrations on soot formation when velocities normal to the flame sheet are changed by varying stoichiometric mixture fractions for laminar opposed-jet diffusion flames.
The diagnostic value of history, physical examination, and the Q-tip cotton swab test in women with urinary incontinence.

Abstract One hundred six consecutive women who came to our clinic complaining of urinary incontinence underwent complete urodynamic evaluation. Urologic questions, pelvic examination findings, and the Q-tip cotton swab test results were examined to determine their ability to predict genuine stress incontinence (N = 59) versus other urologic disorders (N = 47). The symptom of stress incontinence, moderate to severe cystocele, and Q-tip cotton swab test result ≥30 degrees were more common in women with genuine stress incontinence. Of the other urologic symptoms, only sensory urgency and enuresis were significantly associated with overactive detrusor function and voiding disorders. The combined findings of stress incontinence, cystocele, and no sensory urgency correctly identified 22% of women with genuine stress incontinence and eliminated 96% of women with other urologic disorders. Stress incontinence, moderate to severe cystocele, and no sensory urgency had a positive predictive value of 100%, but a sensitivity of only 10%. When used in series, the Q-tip cotton swab test contributed no additional information to that found by history taking and physical examination.
Relationship of Machiavellianism and Locus of Control to Preferences for Leisure Activity by College Men and Women

Machiavellianism and Rotter's Locus of Control scores for 135 undergraduates were related to subjects' ratings of their participation and enjoyment of 21 activities which differed on a skill, chanc...
The DRL deficit of rats with septal lesions: Effects of extended training in a mediated environment

Normal rats and rats with septal lesions were given extended training on a DRL 20-sec schedule in either a conventional operant chamber or one containing wooden blocks that the rats chewed. At the end of training, the two normal groups and the septal rats trained with the wooden blocks did not differ in DRL efficiency. This result shows that the DRL deficit found in septal rats can be overcome by training them in environments that facilitate the development of collateral mediating behaviors. The septal rats trained in conventional chambers showed no improvement throughout training.
Marginal Mentoring: The Effects Of Type Of Mentor, Quality Of Relationship, And Program Design On Work And Career Attitudes

Employing a national sample of 1,162 employees, the authors examined the relationship between job and career attitudes and the presence of a mentor, the mentor's type (formal or informal), the qual...
Body Esteem and Self-Objectification Among Collegiate Female Athletes: Does Societal Objectification Make a Difference?

The purpose of our study was to use select constructs from objectification theory to investigate how society’s sexual objectification of female athletes is related to differences in body esteem and self-objectification among collegiate female athletes and non-athletes. Using a cross-sectional survey, we sampled three groups at a Division I National Collegiate Athletic Association university: 322 non-athletes, 58 athletes participating in sports that are considered more objectified, and 27 athletes participating in sports that are considered less objectified. Participants completed survey measures assessing body esteem (sexual attractiveness, weight concern, and physical condition), body surveillance, thin-ideal internalization, and body shame. As predicted, all athletes experienced better body esteem than non-athletes. Surprisingly, both more and less objectified athletes also reported lower rates of body surveillance than non-athletes. Other findings varied by grouping. Overall, study findings suggested ...