cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A trail of research revisted.

The author describes how his interest in the nutritional value of soybeans led to a trail of research that had many ramifications. In an attempt to account for the poor nutritional value of raw soybeans and the beneficial effect of heat treatment, a protein displaying hemagglutinating activity and capable of inhibiting the growth of rats was isolated and characterized. This protein subsequently proved to be an example of a class of proteins that were later referred to as lectins. Lectins were also isolated from kidney beans and shown to be even more toxic than the soybean lectin. Concurrent studies with the soybean trypsin inhibitors revealed that these proteins inhibited growth by stimulating the secretory activity of the pancreas and could in the long term cause acinar cell adenoma of the pancreas. Acute experiments with human subjects showed that the human pancreas also responded to the stimulatory effects of the so-called Bowman-Birk soybean inhibitor. The studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors were expanded to include a protease inhibitor present in blood, α-1-antitrypsin, a deficiency of which leads to emphysema in humans. The mechanism whereby this protein inhibits leucocyte elastase was investigated. On the basis of these results the intratracheal administration of a synthetic peptide inhibitor of elastase attached to albumin microspheres was found to prevent elastase-induced emphysema in hamsters.
A component of the 26S proteasome binds an orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily

Abstract The 26S proteasome complex plays a general role in turnover of both short and long lived proteins by specifically degrading ubiquitinated proteins. Recent evidence suggests that this large protease has more specific functions in a number of important cellular processes, ranging from activation of the transcription factor NFkB and antigen processing to transit through mitosis. We have identified a component of the 26S proteasome that interacts specifically with MB67, an orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. MIP224 ( M B67 i nteracting p rotein) was isolated using the yeast two hybrid system and is apparently identical to the human 26S proteasome component TBP7. MIP 224 TBP 7 is one of several proteasomal proteins that share a strongly c onserved A TPase d omain (CAD) which is also present in a rapidly expanding superfamily of proteins with diverse functions. In yeast, MIP224 interacts specifically with MB67 and another closely related orphan receptor, but does not interact with several other receptor superfamily members tested. In mammalian cells, coexpression of MIP224 inhibits transactivation by MB67. MIP224 also interacts in yeast with other CAD proteins, including MSS1, which is proteasomal, and TRIP1, which is associated with transcriptional activation. This interaction of a proteasomal protein with a transcriptional protein suggests a previously unexpected link between the processes of protein degradation and transcriptional regulation.
Islamic Political Identity in Turkey

In November of 2002, the Justice and Development Party swept to victory in the Turkish parliamentary elections. Because of the party's Islamic roots, its electoral triumph has sparked a host of questions both in Turkey and in the West: Does the party harbor a secret Islamist agenda? Will the new government seek to overturn nearly a century of secularization stemming from Kemal Ataturk's early-twentieth-century reforms? Most fundamentally, is Islam compatible with democracy? In this penetrating work, M. Hakan Yavuz seeks to answer these questions, and to provide a comprehensive analysis of Islamic political identity in Turkey. He begins in the early twentieth century, when Kemal Ataturk led Turkey through a process of rapid secularization and crushed Islamic opposition to his authoritarian rule. Yavuz argues that since Ataturk's death in 1938, however, Turkey has been gradually moving away from his militant secularism and experiencing "a quiet Muslim reformation." Islamic political identity is not homogeneous, says Yavuz, but can be modern and progressive as well as conservative and potentially authoritarian. While the West has traditionally seen Kemalism as an engine for reform against "reactionary" political Islam, in fact the Kemalist establishment has traditionally used the "Islamic threat" as an excuse to avoid democratization and thus hold on to power. Yavuz offers an account of the "soft coup" of 1997, in which the Kemalist military-bureaucratic establishment overthrew the democratically elected coalition government, which was led by the pro-Islamic Refah party. He argues that the soft coup plunged Turkey into a renewed legitimacy crisis which can only be resolved by the liberalization of the political system. The book ends with a discussion of the most recent election and its implications for Turkey and the Muslim world. Yavuz argues that Islamic social movements can be important agents for promoting a democratic and pluralistic society, and that the Turkish example holds long term promise for the rest of the Muslim world. Based on extensive fieldwork and interviews, this work offers a sophisticated new understanding of the role of political Islam in one of the world's most strategically important countries.
Two-dimensional Gel Analysis of 45 ku Heat Shock Proteins from a Drought and Heat Resistant Maize Line

Summary In a previous study, Ristic et al. (1991) described a band of heat-shock protein(s) [HSP(s)] of 45 ku (kDa) in the leaf tissue of a drought and heat resistant maize line, ZPBL 1304. This band had not been previously described in the leaves of maize and does not appear to be common in higher plants. It was not known how many polypeptides comprised this 45 ku band, and whether drought stress can induce the synthesis of proteins of 45 ku. The objectives of this study were two fold: 1) to analyze the 45 ku HSP band from leaf tissue of the ZPBL 1304 line using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (heat-shock polypeptide study), and 2) to investigate the possible synthesis of 45 ku protein(s) in ZPBL 1304 line under dry conditions. For heat-shock polypeptide study, plants were exposed to two environmental stress treatments: soil drying and high temperature (45 °C) and high temperature alone (45 °C). Generally, the pattern of heat shock (HS) polypeptide synthesis under soil drying and high-temperature conditions was similar to that under high temperature conditions. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed three HS polypeptides of 45 ku with isoelectric points (p/) ranging from 5.0 to 5.5 and two HS polypeptides of 46 ku with p/slightly above 5.5. Drought stress alone did not induce the synthesis of proteins of 45 ku. The possible role of the 45/46 ku HSPs in the development of heat resistance is discussed.
Ecological constraints on the development of infant independence in rhesus.

Mother-infant dyads were observed among three populations of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in India and Nepal. This research had three purposes: 1) to examine the influences of maternal activities (ie, feeding, locomotion, and rest) and arboreality on the early development of infant independence; 2) to determine whether interpopulation differences in the development of infant independence can be accounted for by correlated differences in maternal time budgets and the amount of time infants spent on the ground; and 3) to explore how patterns of maternal care may or may not mitigate increased risk of infant mortality resulting from human harassment. Despite significant interpopulation differences in maternal time budgets, the amount of time infants spent on the ground, and the degree of harassment the animals experienced, few interpopulation differences in infant development could be found. The application of a multiple regression/ correlation analysis revealed that the development of infant independence was affected by the above factors but that those factors were acting in complementary ways to constrain development and to minimize the differences across populations.
Evaluation of Markers for Calcium Homeostasis in a Population of Obese Adults Undergoing Gastric Bypass Operations

Background Gastric bypass operation has become a very common procedure for treatment of obesity. Changes in calcium absorption can result in changes in total body calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D levels. There is little known about the longterm effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on calcium metabolism and bone homeostasis. Study Design Between January 2000 and January 2006, 535 morbidly obese patients underwent standard Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. All patients were given a standard multivitamin, vitamin D, and calcium supplement starting on day 12 after the operation. Metabolic parameters, such as serum calcium levels, vitamin D, and PTH, both pre- and postoperatively, were measured and compared at several intervals. Results Four-hundred and forty-four patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years. No statistical significance was found between the pre- and postoperative serum levels of calcium and vitamin D, although vitamin D levels generally increased during the first year after operation. Serum levels of PTH were substantially higher at 18 and 44 weeks after the operation. Conclusions Hypocalcemia did not develop in any patients during the postoperative period. Increased PTH levels were observed after gastric bypass operation. This can result in calcium mobilization of calcium from the skeleton and increased renal calcium reabsorption. Total body calcium depletion could occur from bone mobilization, if longterm calcium supplementation is not maintained. Vitamin D supplementation can assist in prevention of bone calcium depletion.
Ubiquitin-protein ligases in muscle wasting: multiple parallel pathways?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Studies in a wide variety of animal models of muscle wasting have led to the concept that increased protein breakdown via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is responsible for the loss of muscle mass seen as muscle atrophy. The complexity of the ubiquitination apparatus has hampered our understanding of how this pathway is activated in atrophying muscles and which ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes in muscle are responsible. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent experiments have shown that two newly identified ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s), atrogin-1/MAFbx and MURF-1, are critical in the development of muscle atrophy. Other in-vitro studies also implicated E2(14k) and E3alpha, of the N-end rule pathway, as playing an important role in the process. SUMMARY: It seems likely that multiple pathways of ubiquitin conjugation are activated in parallel in atrophying muscle, perhaps to target for degradation specific classes of muscle proteins. The emerging challenge will be to define the protein targets for, as well as inhibitors of, these E3s.
Imaging a shallow aquifer in temperate glacial sediments using seismic reflection profiling with DMO processing

We acquired a seismic reflection profile to image a shallow (<100 m) aquifer system on a small island in Puget Sound, north of Seattle, Washington. The aquifer system is comprised of temperate glacial sedimentary strata, with the primary aquifer lying approximately 45 m below the surface. We chose the site because there are water‐well boring descriptions available and a sea cliff parallels the profile location, providing stratigraphic control. A 20-lb (9-kg) weight drop was used as an energy source to acquire a 30-fold common‐midpoint (CMP) reflection profile along a 400-m line. Analysis of the recorded wavefield was not straightforward because of complex stratigraphy and the presence of a laterally variable thin bed (∼5–15 m) of high‐impedance lodgement till within a few meters of the surface. We used finite‐difference modeling to determine that conventional CMP processing would provide a reasonable approximation for imaging strata in the primary target zone, roughly 20 m below the high velocity till. Fo...
Limit cycles in an elasto-plastic oscillator

Abstract A simple supported elasto-plastic beam is modeled as a single degree of freedom oscillator with bilinear hysteresis. Kinematic hardening is used as a problem parameter and an explicit map is obtained for plastic cycles under free vibrations. This map is analyzed and a bifurcation of the hardening parameter is discussed. An elasto-plastic limit cycle is shown to exist in a certain range of the parameter. Limit cycles are also shown to exist under periodic impulse forcing of the above system and their stability is discussed with the help of an explicit Poincare map.
In vivo priming and ex vivo activation of equine neutrophils in black walnut extract-induced equine laminitis is not attenuated by systemic lidocaine administration

Laminitis is a crippling disease of horses characterized by an inflammatory response in the tissue that suspends the axial skeleton within the hoof. Pain is a common feature of laminitic pathology and its management is an important component of the treatment regime for this disease. Systemic lidocaine administration is commonly utilized to manage pain in equine laminitis; however, the potential anti-inflammatory effects of this drug during the treatment of equine laminitis have not been investigated. Here, we sought to determine if lidocaine concentrations achieved in the plasma (therapeutic concentrations) of horses systemically administered lidocaine are capable of attenuating neutrophil activation and associated inflammation. To identify markers of activation, purified neutrophils were stimulated in vitro with LPS or recombinant equine IL-8 (reqIL-8) and surface expression of CD13 and CD18 was ascertained by immunofluorescent staining. Activation with LPS or reqIL-8 in vitro induced an elevated expression of CD13 as well as a putative conformational change in CD18 detected by elevated staining with a sub-saturating concentration of anti-CD18 mAb. Lidocaine attenuated the activation-induced changes in CD13 and CD18 expression only when used at 30-70 times therapeutic concentrations. For in vivo analyses, horses were administered black walnut extract (BWE) to induce laminitis and either systemic lidocaine (n=6) or saline (n=6) as a control. Whole blood was collected and incubated with or without reqIL-8. Following which, leukocytes were stained for CD13 and CD18. Protein was extracted from laminar tissue and subjected to gelatin zymography to measure matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) accumulation. Results obtained show that changes in neutrophil size, granularity/complexity, CD13 surface expression and CD18 staining intensity occurred over time post BWE administration irrespective of lidocaine treatment in response to incubation alone or with 100 ng/ml of reqIL-8. The mean fluorescence intensities of neutrophils stained for either CD13 or CD18 did not differ between lidocaine treated and saline controls, nor did lamellar MMP-9 content measured by gelatin zymography. Thus, using changes in surface expression of CD13 and CD18 as markers of neutrophil activation in the horse we have shown that BWE treatment activates neutrophils in vivo and this is not affected by systemic administration of lidocaine at levels used to manage pain.
JUSTICE AS INHERENT RIGHTS: A RESPONSE TO MY COMMENTATORS

The critical comments by my fellow symposiasts on my book, Justice: Rights and Wrongs, have provided me with the opportunity to clarify parts of my argument and to correct some misunderstandings; they have also helped me see more clearly than I did before the import of some parts of my argument. In his comments, Paul Weithman points out features of the right order conception of justice that I had not noticed. They have also prodded me to clarify in what way rights are trumps; and both his comments and Bernstein’s have prodded me to clarify certain aspects of the theistic account of human rights that I offered. Attridge’s comments lead me to see that I was perhaps over-zealous in emphasizing the objective aspects of the semantic range of dikaiosune as used in the New Testament and downplaying the subjective aspects. And O’Donovan’s comments have provided me with the opportunity to make clear that my account of rights is not an immunities account that presupposes nominalism, and to emphasize the ways in which it is not an asocial individualistic account.
Periorbital cellular blue nevus leading to orbitopalpebral and intracranial melanoma

Abstract Objective To report the rare occurrence of orbitopalpebral and intracranial melanoma in patients with periorbital cellular blue nevus. Design A case series. Intervention The clinicopathologic records of two patients with periorbital cellular blue nevus were reviewed. Results In case 1, a 32-year-old woman with congenital blue discoloration of her eyelids had gradual increase in nodularity of the eyelid tissue develop over the prior 20 years. The lesion enlarged to the point that the eyelids were almost completely closed from the massive tumor. Results from a biopsy disclosed orbitopalpebral melanoma arising from cellular blue nevus. Because of the diffuse infiltrative pattern of the lesion, she was treated by surgical debulking of the mass. She had a separate focus of ipsilateral intracranial melanoma develop at 40 years of age and eventually died of meningeal melanoma. In case 2, a 29-year-old man with blue discoloration of his left lower eyelid since 10 years of age had an anterior orbital mass develop. He underwent excisional biopsy, the results of which showed an orbitopalpebral melanoma arising from the periorbital cellular blue nevus. Orbital melanoma recurrence and ipsilateral lymph node metastasis were found 9 years later and treated with resection and chemotherapy. He was free of recurrence or metastasis 2 years later. Conclusions Patients with periorbital cellular blue nevus may present in the preteen years with a bluish eyelid discoloration. They are at risk of having orbitopalpebral and intracranial malignant melanoma develop.
It takes two to tango: how relational investments improve IT outsourcing partnerships

IntroductionThe IT outsourcing, industry landscape is dotted with broken contracts - results of unsuccessful client-vendor (C-V) partnerships. Approximately 78% C-V partnerships fail in the long term, inflicting high transition costs on clients. The recent economic downturn has strined C-V partnerships further. Despite the criticality of this issue, there is a relative lack of efforts to understand the issues leading to failed partnerships.We discuss these issues in light of the clients' onus towards improving the longevity of C-V partnerships.We adopt a two-pronged approach. First, we try to identify the client characteristics that influence their potential to forge a long-term C-V partnership. To that extent, we discuss a partnership maturity curve (PMC), which categorizes clients into three dynamic stages, and predicts their potential for developing mature partnerships based on their outsourcing objectives and their fit with vendors' capabilities (see Figure 1).Second, we try to understand vendors' perspective on the issue. We interviewed 21 executives in nine established IT-outsourcing vendors in India. It has been recommended that vendors' perspective is critical to understanding C-V partnerships. Vendors highlighted an interesting mix of their own as well as client-generated issues, which we discuss in light of the client dynamics identified by PMC, to propse guidelines for clients interested in developing successful C-V partnerships. The study confirms existing belief that improving the longevity of C-V partnerships requires relational investments from clients. We identify various areas for clients to make such investments.
Percutaneous absorption of azone following single and multiple doses to human volunteers

□ Azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one) is an agent that has been shown to enhance percutaneous absorption of drugs. Azone is thought to act by partitioning into skin lipid bilayers and thereby disrupting the structure. An open-label study was done with nine volunteers (two males, seven females; aged 51-76 years) in which Azone cream (1.6%; 100 mg) was topically dosed on a 5 X 10-cm area of the ventral forearm for 21 consecutive days. On days 1, 8, and 15, the Azone cream contained 47;μCi of [ 14 C]Azone. The skin application site was washed with soap and water after each 24-h dosing. Percutaneous absorption was determined by urinary radioactivity excretion. The [ 14 C]Azone was ring labeled [ 14 C-2-cyclo- heptan]. Radiochemical purity was >98.6% and cold Azone purity was 99 %. Percutaneous absorption of the first dose (day 1) was 1.84 ± 1.56% (SD) of applied dose for 24-h skin application time. Day 8 percutaneous absorption, after repeated application, increased significantly (p
The Matrix Stick-Breaking Process: Flexible Bayes Meta-Analysis

In analyzing data from multiple related studies, it often is of interest to borrow information across studies and to cluster similar studies. Although parametric hierarchical models are commonly used, of concern is sensitivity to the form chosen for the random-effects distribution. A Dirichlet process (DP) prior can allow the distribution to be unknown, while clustering studies; however, the DP does not allow local clustering of studies with respect to a subset of the coefficients without making independence assumptions. Motivated by this problem, we propose a matrix stick-breaking process (MSBP) as a prior for a matrix of random probability measures. Properties of the MSBP are considered, and methods are developed for posterior computation using Markov chain Monte Carlo. Using the MSBP as a prior for a matrix of study-specific regression coefficients, we demonstrate advantages over parametric modeling in simulated examples. The methods are further illustrated using a multinational uterotrophic bioassay s...
Chemoreceptor responses to substance P, physalaemin and eledoisin: Evidence for neurokinin-1 receptors in the cat carotid body

Substance P (SP) belongs to a group of peptides called tachykinins. Biological effects of SP are mediated by tachykinin receptors that have been classified as neurokinin-1 (NK-1), NK-2 and NK-3 subtypes. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the tachykinin receptor subtype(s) that mediate the excitatory effects of SP in the carotid body. For this purpose, we compared the carotid body responses elicited by SP with that of physalaemin and eledoisin. In other tissues, physalaemin exhibits equi or greater potency at NK-1 receptors and eledoisin exerts its effects more on NK-2 and NK-3 subtypes compared to SP. Experiments were performed on eight cats that were anaesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated with room air. Close carotid body administration of SP and physalaemin produced dose-dependent augmentation of the chemoreceptor afferent activity. Chemoreceptor discharge, however, was unaffected by eledoisin. Compared to that by SP, the magnitude of excitation produced by physalaemin was the same at lower doses but significantly greater with the highest dose (100 nmol). The time course of the response induced by physalaemin, however, was the same as that by SP. The present results demonstrate that in the carotid body physalaemin is also either equi or relatively more potent than SP, whereas eledoisin has no effect on the chemoreceptor discharge. It is suggested that stimulation of the carotid body by SP is mediated by NK-1 but not NK-2 or NK-3 receptors.
Young adult drinking-driving: behavioral and psychosocial correlates

Behavioral and psychosocial correlates of drinking and driving were examined in two independent samples of licensed drivers aged 18 to 25 selected from the Colorado Division of Motor Vehicles database. Mail questionnaires were returned by 2,300 young adults (1,196 in Sample 1; 1,104 in Sample 2). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relation of a latent-variable measure of drinking-driving to latent-variable measures of other driving behaviors, problem behaviors and psychosocial variables. Drinking-driving, drug-driving and risky driving were found to comprise a more general, second-order factor of problem driving behavior. Drinking-driving was also found to constitute one aspect of a larger second-order latent variable that included problem drinking, marijuana use, other illicit drug use and delinquent-type behavior. In combination, the variables of problem driving, other problem behaviors, psychosocial unconventionality, risk-taking and hostility/aggression accounted for 57% of the variance in young adult drinking-driving. All of these Sample 1 findings were buttressed by confirmatory analyses in the independent Sample 2 data. The conclusion can be drawn that drinking-driving is part of a more general lifestyle involving behavior and psychosocial unconventionality.
Cascadic multilevel methods for ill-posed problems

Multilevel methods are popular for the solution of well-posed problems, such as certain boundary value problems for partial differential equations and Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. However, little is known about the behavior of multilevel methods when applied to the solution of linear ill-posed problems, such as Fredholm integral equations of the first kind, with a right-hand side that is contaminated by error. This paper shows that cascadic multilevel methods with a conjugate gradient-type method as basic iterative scheme are regularization methods. The iterations are terminated by a stopping rule based on the discrepancy principle.
Replication and physical parameters important for preparing purified Junin virus

Junin virus (JV) is an Arenavirus and the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), an often fatal human disease. The attenuated strain XJ-clone 3 (XJC13) of JV, after being tested in humans, has been considered a promising vaccine. We found that synthesis of JV XJC13 reaches a peak 2 days after infection and the kinetics of synthesis are little affected by the multiplicity of infection (MOI) in a range from 0.125 to 1.00. Virus synthesis is sensitive to actinomycin D, indicating that cellular biosynthesis is required for viral replication. Combined precipitation and ultracentrifugation of supernatant from virus-infected cells yielded large amounts of concentrated and purified virion that banded in sucrose as a single peak with average density 1.177 +/- 0.015 g/ml. Purified virions have an average diameter of 203 +/- 23 nm by electron microscopy and an average sedimentation coefficient of 454 +/- 27 S. The results from the present study should assist in the preparation of large amounts of attenuated Junin virus which are required for vaccination against and diagnosis of Argentine hemorrhagic fever.
Free-surface flow in a shallow laterally heated cavity

The steady two-dimensional free–surface flow in a shallow laterally heated cavity with adiabatic horizontal boundaries is discussed in this paper. The regions close to the vertical walls where the flow is turned through 180° are of particular interest and allow a first–order correction to the parallel core flow in the main part of the cavity to be determined. The end–region solutions decay into the parallel flow in the core of the cavity. The effect of the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers on the scale of this decay is investigated. An asymptotic expansion of the end–region solution is presented to give an analytic description of the flow in the whole cavity in the limit of small Rayleigh number and the results are compared with full numerical solutions.
Toward a theory of bureaucracy for social development and its relation to thermodynamics

Abstract Essential to social development is emplacement of administrative machinery called bureaucracy. The behavior of bureaucracy may be characterized by a set of eight tenets. Examples are cited to illustrate the use of these tenets to describe the characteristics of bureaucracy and explain why bureaucracy behaves the way it does. When assembled, these tenets constitute the theory of bureaucracy. It is surmised that there is a connection between the theory of bureaucracy and the second law of thermodynamics or the entropy increase law.
Hydrologic history influences microbial community composition and nitrogen cycling under experimental drying/wetting treatments

Abstract Understanding how historical and contemporary environmental conditions interact to affect the relationship between community structure and function is necessary to predict the response of microbial community function to a changing environment. We focused on nitrogen transformations – denitrification and nitrification – which directly impact nitrate concentration in wetland ecosystems. Nitrate removal can occur via denitrification, while nitrate can be generated through nitrification; these two microbial transformations are strongly influenced by hydrology and redox conditions. We carried out a manipulative mesocosm experiment to determine how microbial communities adapted to different hydrologic conditions (upland vs. wetland) respond to experimental soil moisture treatments (dry, wet-dry, saturated). We assessed local soil characteristics (e.g., soil moisture, inorganic nitrogen), and microbial community composition and activity of denitrifiers and ammonia oxidizers (targeted by the nosZ and amoA genes, respectively) before and after moisture treatments. Wetland soils were characterized by higher soil fertility compared to upland soils. In response to the drying/flooding treatments, we observed a small but significant change in community composition of denitrifier assemblages, but no change in the ammonia oxidizer communities. In addition, potential denitrification rates significantly increased under wetter conditions (upland: 62–118% increase; wetland: 78–96% increase), whereas potential nitrification rates generally showed no significant change following experimental drying/flooding treatments, regardless of the hydrologic history. Based on these results, fluctuations in soil moisture are expected to influence denitrification rates to a greater extent than nitrification rates, ultimately influencing nitrate pools in this wetland. This imbalance in microbial functional response may result in a shift in dominant nitrogen cycling transformations within a wetland as a consequence of the different responses of these nitrogen-cycling functional guilds to changes in soil moisture. A shift in nitrogen transformations can be most noticeable under fluctuating hydrologic conditions, and there is potential for the wetland to be resilient to hydrologic change if soil microbes are exposed to dynamic hydrology over the long-term.
Communicative Performance of Mentally Retarded Adults in Four Conversational Settings.

A sociolinguistic analysis of the communicative performances and social interactions of four mentally retarded adults was conducted. Role relationships were examined along dimensions of dominance-s...
The Metabolism of P32-Labeled Ciodrin in a Lactating Goat

A study was made of the metabolism of P32-labeled Ciodrin®, alpha -methylbenzyl 3-bydroxycrotonate dimethl phosphate, by a dermally treated milk goat. Eleven percent of the applied dose was eliminated in the urine. Only minute quantities of radioactive material appeared in the feces and milk. Dimethl phosphoric acid accounted for 79.7 to 91.2% of the radioactive material in the urine. No radioactive material could be extracted from the blood, and the maximum true residue in the milk was only 0.20 ppb.
The evolutionary significance and social perception of male pattern baldness and facial hair

Abstract Both male facial hair and male pattern baldness are genetically based, suggesting that they contributed to fitness. The multiple fitness model provides an evolutionary interpretation of the social perception of male pattern baldness and beardedness in terms of the multidimensional meaning of physical maturational stages. Male facial beardedness is associated with the sexual maturation stage and is hypothesized to signal aggressive dominance. Male pattern baldness, by contrast, is associated with the next stage of physical maturation, termed senescence. Pattern baldness may signal social maturity, a non-threatening form of dominance associated with wisdom and nurturance. We tested these hypotheses on social perceptions using manipulated male facial stimuli. We presented faces with three levels of cranial hair, including full, receding, and bald, and two levels of facial hair, beard with moustache and clean shaven. Consistent with the model, a decrease in the amount of cranial hair was associated with increased perceptions of social maturity, appeasement, and age, and decreased perceptions of attractiveness and aggressiveness. Targets with facial hair were perceived as more aggressive, less appeasing, less attractive, older, and lower on social maturity than clean shaven faces.
A common allele in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) impacts prosocial temperament and human hypothalamic-limbic structure and function

The evolutionarily highly conserved neuropeptide oxytocin is a key mediator of social and emotional behavior in mammals, including humans. A common variant (rs53576) in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) has been implicated in social-behavioral phenotypes, such as maternal sensitivity and empathy, and with neuropsychiatric disorders associated with social impairment, but the intermediate neural mechanisms are unknown. Here, we used multimodal neuroimaging in a large sample of healthy human subjects to identify structural and functional alterations in OXTR risk allele carriers and their link to temperament. Activation and interregional coupling of the amygdala during the processing of emotionally salient social cues was significantly affected by genotype. In addition, evidence for structural alterations in key oxytocinergic regions emerged, particularly in the hypothalamus. These neural characteristics predicted lower levels of reward dependence, specifically in male risk allele carriers. Our findings identify sex-dependent mechanisms impacting the structure and function of hypothalamic-limbic circuits that are of potential clinical and translational significance.
Conductance of polymer nanowires fabricated by a combined electrodeposition and mechanical break junction method

When the growing polyaniline reached the substrate, a wire was formed, which was reflected by a sharp increase in the current between the tip and substrate electrodes. We then reduced the thickness of the wire by stretching it with a dc motor.
Growth and Analysis of HgCdTe on Alternate Substrates

Dislocations generated at the HgCdTe/CdTe(buffer layer) interface are demonstrated to play a significant role in influencing the crystalline characteristics of HgCdTe epilayers on alternate substrates (AS). A dislocation density >108 cm−2 is observed at the HgCdTe/CdTe interface. Networks of dislocations are generated at the HgCdTe/CdTe interface. The dislocation networks are observed to entangle. Significant dislocation reduction occurs within a few microns of the HgCdTe/CdTe interface. The reduction in dislocation density as a function of depth is enhanced by annealing. Etch pit density and x-ray diffraction full-width at half-maximum values increase as a function of the lattice mismatch between HgCdTe epilayer and the buffer layer/substrate. The experimental results suggest that only by reducing HgCdTe/CdTe lattice mismatch will the desired crystallinity be achieved for HgCdTe epilayers on AS.
Some observations on social evolution from an energy structure approach

Abstract This paper describes an approach to using non-equilibrium energy models for societal analysis on the social evolutionary level, and suggests that interrelation between energy consumption and societal regulatory activities is deterministic in certain respects, but not in others.
Sodium perchlorate and chloride ion pairs

Abstract Fundamental concepts in ion pairing are reviewed briefly before evidence verifying the existence of NaCl 0 ion pairs is presented.
Error detection failures in schizophrenia: ERPs and FMRI.

Abstract Self-monitoring of actions, critical for guiding goal-directed behavior, is deficient in schizophrenia. Defective error-monitoring may reflect more general self-monitoring deficiencies. Prior studies have shown that the error-related negativity (ERN) component of the event-related potential (ERP) is smaller in patients with schizophrenia. Other studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) have shown the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), both critical for error detection, to be less responsive to errors in patients with schizophrenia. In the present study, both ERP and FMRI data were collected while 11 patients with schizophrenia and 10 healthy controls performed a Go–NoGo task requiring a button press to Xs (p = .88) while withholding responses to Ks (p = .12). We measured the ERN and ACC and DLPFC activations to false alarms. The task elicited a robust ERN and modest activations in ACC and DLPFC to false alarms. As expected, ERN was larger in controls than patients. However, ACC and DLPFC activations were not greater in controls than patients. Surprisingly, DLPFC was more activated by errors in patients than controls. ERPs may be superior to fMRI for assessing error processing abnormalities in schizophrenia because (1) ERNs can be measured precisely without needing to control for the multiple comparisons of FMRI, and (2) ERPs have the temporal precision to detect transient activity necessary for error detection and on-the-fly behavioral adjustments.
Dodium Balance in Pachygrapsus carassipes

1. 1. Sodium balance was described quantitatively in the crab Pachygraspsus crassipes Randall. In order to obtain this description, a method was developed which enables Na movements between a crab and its environment to be measured. 2. 2. Crabs in an intermold condition exchanges their internal sodium with the sodium of the external sea water at a rate of 20 μequiv. Na/g/hr. About 15 per cent of the total internal sodium does not exchange during a 96 hr period. The 85 per cent portion which does exchange during this period exhibits the kinetics of a two-pool system. 3. 3. The effect of body size on sodium exchange = 40 μequiv.Na/g/hr (weight)0.77. 4. 4. Crabs in a soft-shelled state exchange internal sodium with external sodium four times faster than intermolt animals. 5. 5. Sodium exchange rate was determined for crabs in a series of external concentrations ranging from 40% to 160% sea water. 6. 6. A small negative potential was found to exist between the haemlymoph and the external medium at all salinities tested. 7. 7. The partitioning of total sodium exchange, as found in P. crassipes exposed to a wide range of salinities, permits a summary description of sodium balance and regulation.
Isolation of a complementary DNA that encodes the mammalian splicing factor SC35

The mammalian splicing factor SC35 is required for the first step in the splicing reaction and for spliceosome assembly. The cloning and characterization of a complementary DNA encoding this protein revealed that it is a member of a family of splicing factors that includes mammalian SF2/ASF. This family of proteins is characterized by the presence of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-type RNA binding motif and a carboxyl-terminal serine-arginine-rich (SR) domain. A search of the DNA sequence database revealed that the thymus-specific exon (ET) of the c-myb proto-oncogene is encoded on the antisense strand of the SC35 gene.
Argument quality and group member status as determinants of attitudinal minority influence

The study examined how individual status characteristics influence minority member persuasiveness. Participants were given photographs of a four‐person group and a transcript of their discussion. One group member was identified as holding a minority opinion. Five variables were orthogonally manipulated: minority member occupational status, minority member expertise, minority member attractiveness, minority argument quality, and majority argument quality. Results demonstrated that although all variables influenced perceived status, only relative argument quality had a direct impact on attitude change. The findings suggest an interaction of normative and informational influences in determining minority member effectiveness.
The Importance of Structure in Providing Uniform Quality in Mentoring/Induction Programs

Abstract This case‐study research investigated mentroing interactions at five elementary schools within a district‐wide, state‐mandated induction program. The subjects of the study were five mentor teachers and their five first‐year colleagues. A literal replication of cases described both the objective and subjective features of mentor/first‐year teacher interactions. Typologies were developed to illustrate types of interactions and mentoring styles. Results indicate that school and district administration, in order to facilitate successful mentoring, should develop a formally structured approach to the selection, training and assignment of mentors.
Manganese(I) isocyanide complexes

Abstract The reaction of methyl isocyanide (L) and MnBr(CO)5 in tetrahydrofuran gives several products, depending on the reaction conditions, including: MnBr(CO)3 L2 (room temperature, 48 h), MnBr(CO)2L3 (reflux, 6 h), and a mixture of MnBr(CO)2L3, MnBr(CO)L4, and [Mn(CO)L5]Br (reflux, 24 h). The monosubstituted product MnBr(CO)4L was obtained from Mn2Br2(CO)8 and L, and other ionic species, [Mn(CO)6−xLx]+ (x = 1–4), were obtained from MnBr(CO)5−xLx, AlCl3, and CO. The reactions of MnX(CO)5 (X = Cl, Br, I) and CNC6H5 in tetrahydrofuran were reinvestigated. The product distribution was dependent on reaction time and on the ratio of reactants. The compound previously reported as MnBr(CNC6H5)5 was shown to be a mixture of [Mn(CO)(CNC6H5)5]Br and [Mn(CNC6H5)6]Br, and the new complex MnCl(CNC6H5)5 was characterized. Chemical oxidation of [Mn(CO)L5]PF6 yielded [Mn(CO)L5](PF6)2. Electrochemical oxidations of various cationic species were recorded. The difficulty of oxidation (E 1 2 ) increased with increasing carbonyl substitution (i.e., decreasing values of x) in the series [Mn(CO)6-xLx]PF6, presumably a result of the higher net positive charge on the metal due to removal of electron density to the CO ligands. Oxidation of the phenyl isocyanide complexes [Mn(CO)6-x(CNC6H5)x]PF6 (x = 5,6) was more difficult than was oxidation of the corresponding methyl isocyanide species.
Adaptive Cooling of Integrated Circuits Using Digital Microfluidics

Thermal management is critical for integrated circuit (IC) design. With each new IC technology generation, feature sizes decrease, while operating speeds and package densities increase. These factors contribute to elevated die temperatures detrimental to circuit performance and reliability. Furthermore, hot spots due to spatially nonuniform heat flux in ICs can cause physical stress that further reduces reliability. While a number of chip cooling techniques have been proposed in the literature, most are still unable to address the varying thermal profiles of an IC and their capability to remove a large amount of heat is undermined by their lack of reconfigurability of flows. We present an alternative cooling technique based on a recently invented ";digital microfluidic"; platform. This novel digital fluid handling platform uses a phenomenon known as electrowetting, and allows for a vast array of discrete droplets of liquid, ranging from microliters to nanoliters, and potentially picoliters, to be independently moved along a substrate. While this technology was originally developed for a biological and chemical lab-on-a-chip, we show how it can be adapted to be used as a fully reconfigurable, adaptive cooling platform.
People can understand descriptions of motion without activating visual motion brain regions.

What is the relationship between our perceptual and linguistic representations of the same event? We approached this question by asking to whether visual perception of motion and understanding linguistic depictions of motion rely on the same neural architecture. The same group of participants took part in two language tasks and one visual task. In task 1, participants made semantic similarity judgments with high (e.g. “to bounce”) and low motion (e.g. “to look”) words. In task 2, participants made plausibility judgments for passages describing movement (“A centaur hurled a spear…”) or cognitive events (“A gentleman loved cheese…”). Task 3 was a visual motion localizer in which participants viewed animations of point-light walkers, randomly moving dots, and stationary dots changing in luminance. Based on the visual motion localizer we identified classic visual motion areas of the temporal (MT/MST and STS) and parietal cortex (inferior and superior parietal lobules). We find that linguistic depictions of motion and seeing motion activate largely distinct cortical areas. Motion words did not activate any part of the visual motion system. Motion passages produced a small response in the right superior parietal lobule, but none of the temporal motion regions. These results suggest 1) as compared to words, rich language stimuli such as passages are more likely to evoke mental imagery and more likely to affect perceptual circuits and 2) effects of language on the visual system are more likely in secondary perceptual areas as compared to early sensory areas. We conclude that language and visual perception constitute distinct but interacting systems.
The Arg451Cys-Neuroligin-3 Mutation Associated with Autism Reveals a Defect in Protein Processing

The neuroligins are a family of postsynaptic transmembrane proteins that associate with presynaptic partners, the beta-neurexins. Neurexins and neuroligins play a critical role in initiating formation and differentiation of synaptic junctions. A recent study reported that a mutation of neuroligin-3 (NL3), an X-linked gene, was found in siblings with autistic spectrum disorder in which two affected brothers had a point mutation that substituted a Cys for Arg451. To characterize the mutation at the biochemical level, we analyzed expression and activity of the mutated protein. Mass spectrometry comparison of the disulfide bonding pattern between the native and the mutated proteins indicates the absence of aberrant disulfide bonding, suggesting that the secondary structure of the mutated protein is conserved. However, the mutation separately affects protein expression and activity. The Cys mutation causes defective neuroligin trafficking, leading to retention of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. This, in turn, decreases the delivery of NL3 to the cell surface. Also, the small fraction of protein that reaches the cell membrane lacks or has markedly diminished beta-neurexin-1 (NX1beta) binding activity. Other substitutions for Arg451 allow for normal cellular expression but diminished affinity for NX1beta. Our findings reveal a cellular phenotype and loss of function for a congenital mutation associated with autistic spectrum disorders.
Parent-child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the theory and evidence for the links of parent-child attachment with internalizing problems in childhood and adolescence. We address three key questions: (a) how consistent is the evidence that attachment security or insecurity is linked to internalizing symptoms, anxiety, and depression? (b) How consistent is the evidence that specific forms of insecurity are more strongly related to internalizing symptoms, anxiety, and depression than are other forms of insecurity? (c) Are associations with internalizing symptoms, anxiety, and depression consistent for mother-child and father-child attachment? The current findings are consistent with the hypothesis that insecure attachment is associated with the development of internalizing problems. The links between specific insecure attachment patterns and internalizing problems are difficult to evaluate. Father-child and mother-child attachments have a comparable impact, although there are relatively few studies of father-child attachment. No moderators consistently affect these relations. We also propose two models of how attachment insecurity may combine with other factors to lead to anxiety or depression.