cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification and structural comparison of pulmonary and hepatic cytochrome P-450 from rabbits.

Abstract A procedure is described for the purification of a major form of cytochrome P -450 from the livers of rabbits treated with phenobarbital and a major form of the cytochrome from the lungs of untreated rabbits. Preparations in good yield (13–17%) and of high purity (up to 21 nmol of cytochrome per mg of protein) that were free of lipid and contained minimal amounts of non-ionic detergent were obtained from either tissue. The two cytochromes cannot be distinguished from each other on the basis of absorption spectra, extinction coefficients, apparent molecular weights (52 000), amino acid compositions, or peptide fragments produced by treatment of the proteins with cyanogen bromide. These data are consistent with a major indigenous form of rabbit pulmonary cytochrome P -450 being the same as the major form of hepatic cytochrome induced by phenobarbital.
Sarcocystis idahoensis sp. n. in deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) and gopher snakes Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin).

SYNOPSIS Deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) were trapped near Hammett, Idaho, as a possible source of Besnoitia jellisoni Frenkel and species of Sarcocystis to be used for life cycle studies. Forty-nine deer mice were necropsied; 20 (40.8%) were positive for sarcocysts structurally identical with those of Sarcocystis idahoensis sp. N. the source of S. idahoensis used for life cycle studies was a Great Basin gopher snake Pituophis melanoleucus deserticola Stejneger killed near Hammett, Idaho; 20 sporulated sporocysts measured 11.1 × 13.4 (11-12 × 13-14) μm. Structurally identical sporocysts were found in 7 of 14 Pacific gopher snakes P. m. catenifer (Blainville), and in 6 of 10 San Diego gopher snakes, P. m. annectens Baird & Girard. Totals of 148 deer mice and 17 gopher snakes were necropsied in the course of life cycle studies. Development of the first generation meronts took place within the hepatocytes of deer mice 2-10 days post-inoculation (PI) with sporulated sporocysts. Rosette-shaped meronts (6-8 days PI) contained tachyzoites attached by their posterior poles to a residual body. After release from the residual body, tachyzoites were initially retained in a meront wall and later released from the hot cells Within muscle cells a single tachyzoite-shaped structure was found 11 days PI and PAS-negative metrocyte-containing sarcocysts (2nd generation meronts) 13-34 days PI. PAS-positive material was first seen in sarcocysts 34 days II at which time bradyzoite formation became apparent. At 160 days PI, 10 sarcocysts measured 0.4 × 5.8 (0.2-0.9 × 1.8-9.9) μ and appeared to be mature and structurally identical with those from naturally infected deer mice. After ingestion of S. idahoensis-infected deer mice by gopher snakes, bradyzoites developed directly into microgamonts and macrogametes. These stages were first seen 5 days PI. Microgamonts were generally located above and macrogametes below the epithelial host cell nucleus. Seven to 11 days PI microgamonts were seen with mature microgametes, and oocysts which had not yet begun sporogony were found with oocyst walls. Clinical signs of illness were generally not observed in infected gopher snakes; however, one snake developed anorexia and cachexia, and became moribund after repeated ingestion of heavily infected deer mice. Acute hepatitis associated with developing meronts often was noted in deer mice given over 15,000 sporocysts each. Five to 6 days PI anorexia, weakness, ataxia, and dyspnea were observed: these clinical signs increased in severity until 6-8 days PI, when mice became recumbent and died, or were killed while moribund. Hepatosplenomegaly, petechial hemorrhage o the serosal and cut surfaces of the liver, and icterus were common. Diffuse coagulative necrosis with cellular infiltration (primarily neutrophils) was noted on microscopic examination.
Decoherence Free Neutron Interferometry

Perfect single-crystal neutron interferometers are adversely sensitive to environmental disturbances, particularly mechanical vibrations. The sensitivity to vibrations results from the slow velocity of thermal neutrons and the long measurement time that are encountered in a typical experiment. Consequently, to achieve a good interference solutions for reducing vibration other than those normally used in optical experiments must be explored. Here we introduce a geometry for a neutron interferometer that is less sensitive to low-frequency vibrations. This design may be compared with both dynamical decoupling methods and decoherence-free subspaces that are described in quantum information processing. By removing the need for bulky vibration isolation setups, this design will make it easier to adopt neutron interferometry to a wide range of applications and increase its sensitivity.
A developmental psychopathology perspective on personality disorder: introduction to the special issue.

Personality disorders (PDs)—disrupted or maladaptive patterns of characteristic emotions, cognitions, and behaviors, often marked by impairment in identity or interpersonal relationships—are not uniquely adult disorders, but constitute psychopathology that often emerges early in life. It is no longer necessary to make this statement tentatively or with great disclaimers, as researchers have converged on evidence for the manifestation of personality pathology in childhood and adolescence, the validity and reliability of early PD measurement, the stability of these constructs across development, and the predictive validity of these problems in youth for negative consequences across multiple domains (Cicchetti & Crick, 2009; Tackett, Balsis, Krueger, & Oltmanns, 2009). Indeed, parallel consensus has emerged among developmental researchers, who are paying increasing attention to personality traits early in life and their role in psychopathology emergence (Shiner, 2009). Greater synthesis between developmental researchers and PD researchers is quite natural, with the discipline of developmental psychopathology offering a particularly rich theoretical and conceptual framework for deepening our understanding of PD development (Cicchetti & Toth, 2009). The goal of the present issue of the Journal of Personality Disorders is to leverage key concepts and principles from the developmental psychopathology approach to elucidate the nature and course of PDs across the lifespan. The developmental psychopathology framework has proven a useful tool for better understanding multiple domains of psychopathology and holds great promise for the domain of PD. We argue that several principles of this framework are particularly well suited to a better understanding of PD emergence and development, however, and that better integration of developmental psychopathology principles will yield enormous benefits for PD researchers. Specifically, although a comprehensive developmental psychopathology framework is much broader than the points we highlight here, we used three key principles to guide the creation and organization of this
Gender and Anthropology

Gender and Anthropology. Frances E. Mascia-Lees and Nancy Johnson Black. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2000. 128 pp.
Examination of the F2 Screen for Rare Resistance Alleles to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins in the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

A synthetic laboratory population of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), was used to test the F2 screen developed for detecting the frequency of rare resistance alleles to Cry1Ac and Cry1C toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Of the 120 single-pair matings set up, 106 produced enough F2 families for screening of Cry1Ac or Cry1C resistance alleles using both transgenic broccoli and an artificial diet overlay assay with a diagnostic dose. When using Bt broccoli plants as the F2 screen method, only one F2 family was detected for Cry1Ac resistance and no family was detected for Cry1C resistance. Six families were detected for either Cry1Ac or Cry1C resistance using the diet assay. The survivors in the diagnostic diet assay were crossed with the resistant individuals to confirm their resistance genotypes. Four F2 families were confirmed to contain one copy of an allele resistant to Cry1Ac in the original single-pairs and four other F2 families contained an allele resistant to Cry1C. Our results suggest that using transgenic plants expressing a high level of a Bt toxin in an F2 screen may underestimate the frequency of resistance alleles with high false negatives, or fail to detect true resistance alleles. The diagnostic diet assay was a better F2 screen method to detect alleles, especially for the Cry1Ac resistance with monogenic inheritance in the diamondback moth. The estimated probabilities of false positives and false negatives were 33 and 1%, respectively, for detecting Cry1Ac resistance at the allele frequency of 0.012 using the diagnostic diet assay. Careful validation of the screening method for each insect-crop system is necessary before the F2 screen can be used to detect rare Bt resistance alleles in field populations.
Archival Issues: Past, Present, and Future

Dans le cadre de ce forum special de l'editeur sur les activites de recherche et de publication en archivistique, l'exemple du journal Midwestern Archivist devenu en 1992 Archival Issues
Momentum and Energy of Photon and Electron in the Cerenkov Radiation

The conservation of momentum and energy between an emitted photon and an electron in the \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov radiation gives an equation for the direction of emission. This equation differs from the one which Frank and Tamm derived from electromagnetic theory only by a negligible term involving the ratio of the wave-length of the electron to that of the photon.
At the Junction of Personality Theories: Working with Juvenile Offenders

Rule breaking (Tremblay 2010), impulsivity, need for stimulation, social immaturity (Forth and Burke 1998; Skeem and Cauffman 2003), and oppositional behavior within the context of autonomy seeking (Chen 2010) and identity development (Josselson 1989) are considered by many developmentalists to be important components of normative adolescence. In general, familial and societal sensitivity to these behaviors is rather high and societal structures tend to exercise a considerable amount of tolerance and forgiveness toward such developmental events when they occur during adolescence (Wasterfors 2009). Yet, the majority (if not all) of the developed and many developing countries (Feld 1999) have a juvenile justice system (United Nations 1985, 1990a, b), according to which certain acts committed by juveniles—typically defined as individuals up to 17 years of age (United Nations 1989)—are singled out because of the severity or repeated nature of their acts against societal rules, which are dealt with legally. There are multiple points of entry into the juvenile justice system; the individuals within this system are referred to as juvenile offenders, meaning that they have offended societal rules and these offenses were serious (or frequent) enough not to be forgiven by the society. Yet, the fact of committing such serious or frequent offenses is, perhaps, one of the very few common denominators of this relatively small group of children and youth. Juvenile offenders vary tremendously in the offenses they commit and the trajectories that bring them to and follow these offenses (Le Blanc 1998); correspondingly, understanding and characterizing their trajectories might enhance attempts at prevention and rehabilitation.
A FINITE ELEMENT TIME DOMAIN - MODAL FORMUIaATION FOR NONLINEAR FLUTTER OF COMPOSITE PANELS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

A finite element time domain-modal approach is presented for determining the nonlinear flutter characteristics of composite panels at elevated temperatures. The von Karman large-deflection strain-displacement relations, quasi-steady first-order piston theory aerodynamics, and quasi-steady thermal stress theory are used to formulate the nonlinear panel flutter finite element equations of motion in nodal displacements. A set of nonlinear modal equations of motion of much smaller degrees-offreedom for the facilitation in time numerical integration is then obtained through a modal transformation and reduction. All five types of panel behavior: flat, buckled, limit-cycle, periodic and chaotic motions can be determined. Examples show the accuracy, convergence and versatility of the present approach.
The microbiological extraction of less common metals

A developing technology, the microbiological leaching of the less-common and rare metals has yet to reach commercial maturity. Still, although the data are preliminary in nature, the ultimate application of biotechnological principles may provide a potential solution for the valorization of many low-grade mineral resources. The development of these processes for large-scale commercial applications will create new opportunities and challenges for the research community and minerals processing industry.
Endometriosis with perineural involvement.

A case of endometriosis involving the right uterosacral ligament in which nonneoplastic endometrial glands were present in the perineural space is reported. In the past, epithelial invasion of the perineural space was considered evidence of the presence of malignant disease. Rodin and colleagues,2 however, concluded that the perineural space is not a lymphatic space and that involvement may represent extension into the tissue plane of least resistance. Perineural invasion has been reported in benign conditions of the breast, including chronic cystic disease and sclerosing adenosis. It is important that involvement of the perineural space in endometriosis not be interpreted as evidence of malignancy. We believe that involvement of the perineural space in other nonmalignant conditions will be described in the future.
Diagnosis method of transformer hot fault based on thermal imaging technology

An on-line diagnosis method based on thermal imaging technology of transformer hot fault is given.A heat-transfer model was established by some parameters,such as surface temperature,structure parameters,physical characteristics and environmental temperature of transformer.And then the inner hot fault temperature of transformer is calculated through the model.By comparing with DGA diagnosis result,the availability of diagnosis method is proved.And then the on-line and non-contact diagnosis of transformer latent hot fault is realized.
A study of high voltage power line scattering spot forming condition and spatial position

There are bright scattering spots in the high resolution image of TerraSAR in scanning mode.In this paper,the SAR image of 1 000 kV high voltage transmission line in Hubei and the coordinates of towers have been calculated,in order to analyze the forming condition and spatial position variation of scattering spots occurred in 150 groups of transmission lines.Studies have shown that the angle,span and sag of the transmission line make main contribution to the forming condition and spatial position of the scattering spots.The scattering spots occur when the angle is within ±15 degree.When the angle increases,the scattering spots move from north to south.Calculation results and further statistical analysis show that the position of scattering spots is not with a linear relationship with angle.The transmission line in same angle,when the span increases,the position of the spots moves to the center of transmission line.
Late ball variance with the model 1000 Starr-Edwards aortic valve prosthesis. Risk analysis and strategy of operative management

The first generation of aortic ball-valve prostheses, used until 1965, was associated with poppet damage owing to fatty infiltration of the silicone rubber ball, a phenomenon termed ball variance. For the Model 1000 Starr-Edwards valves, almost all cases were discovered before 8 years. However, a review of our patients still at risk with the original valve and poppet, prompted by other recent reports of late ball variance, has shown that severe variance can exist up to 20 years after implantation. There is a relationship between the year of valve implantation and the timing and severity of ball variance for the overall series of patients surviving operation, but for the subgroup currently at risk the sample sizes are too small to detect any difference, if one still exists. Only three of 12 patients in the current subset were found to have severe variance. Simple ball change has been the operation of choice. Prophylactic reoperation is not indicated in the current subset, but patients require careful follow-up and should be considered for reoperation should symptoms develop.
Annual Reproductive Yield in the Cooperative Pygmy Nuthatch (sitta-Pygmaea)

We studied cooperative-breeding Pygmy Nuthatches (Sitta pygmaea) for 4 yr in northern Arizona. Breeding units contained 2-5 birds. Helpers were found at about 30% of all nests. All helpers that later bred on the study area were male. Helpers were mostly yearlings, and offspring or siblings of the birds that they aided, but often aided at least one unrelated breeder. Breeding units with helpers produced significantly more young than those without helpers. Breeding units in habitats with the greatest floral diversity and structural maturity fledged significantly more young than those in other habitats. Habitat did not influence the effect of helpers. Year effects increased the strength of the relationship between helpers and annual reproductive output. Previous breeding experience and pair-bond duration were not related to reproductive success. Total brood loss, although rare, was responsible for the difference in reproductive output among pairs with and without helpers and between habitats. Breeding birds with helpers benefit by an increase in direct fitness. The advantage to the helpers is not clear but may be an increase in indirect fitness associated with aiding relatives. Helpers may benefit directly, however, by sharing roosting cavities on a group territory thereby enhancing overwinter survival.
In Situ Condition Monitoring of High-Voltage Discrete Power MOSFET in Boost Converter Through Software Frequency Response Analysis

The efforts for more reliable power conversion systems have been gaining momentum in recent years. The majority of the studies concerning reliability of power switches focus on the package-related failures, mainly caused by the cyclic thermal stress. The basic failure precursor for this type of stress has been identified as increased on-state resistance for power MOSFETs in the recent literature. On-state resistance monitoring during converter operation is a challenging and costly task as it requires current and voltage sensing circuits, which can block the high voltage across the switch during off-state to protect the measurement or control unit. This paper proposes a software frequency response analysis method to determine the health status of high-voltage power MOSFETs with high on-state resistance. This is achieved by analyzing and evaluating the variation in the plant model at double pole frequency using the same DSP that is used for control purposes. The proposed concept is analyzed for boost converter; however, it can be used to detect the on-state resistance variation in other types of converters operating in continuous condition mode (CCM). The proposed algorithm is embedded in a low cost DSP and experimentally verified on a dc/dc boost converter.
A Comprehensive Program to Produce Fair and Impartial Policing

The “Comprehensive Program to Produce Fair and Impartial Policing” consists of recommendations for how agency leaders, in concert with their community stakeholders, can facilitate bias-free policing within their police agencies. Actions need to be taken within these areas: the leadership message; agency policy; recruitment, hiring, and promotions; training; supervision; accountability measures to promote bias-free policing; measurement; outreach to diverse communities; and operations to promote bias-free policing and the perceptions of it. For instance, agency policy is critical for conveying to personnel when it is and is not legitimate to use race, ethnicity, gender, religion, and other factors to make law enforcement decisions. Unfortunately, there are many meaningless policies in standard operating procedures around North America. There is considerable science looking at how bias can impact managerial decisions, and researchers provide information on how individuals making recruitment, hiring, promotion, and other decisions can thwart the impact of bias on these key internal functions. The agency must use the “usual” accountability mechanisms to promote bias-free policing but both police and community leaders need to understand the constraints associated with adjudicating “racial profiling” complaints. Supervisors must be trained to “supervise to promote bias-free policing” and all police leaders need to take steps to reduce the risk of bias in high-discretion, crime-control-focused activities. There are pros and cons associated with attempts to measure biased policing—for instance, through vehicle stop or pedestrian stop data collection—and a common misperception that findings of “disparity” indicate police bias.
Financial and Non-Financial Theories of International Diversification

Alan Rugman was one of the first to examine in a systematic way the connection between the internationalization of the firm and the diversification of assets within the multinational enterprises (MNE). He has since moved on to deal with many other issues surrounding the MNE, but his major contribution to the subject of international diversification (Rugman, 1979) was for many years essential reading for anyone with serious pretensions to be or to become an international business scholar. Rugman (2005) himself sees the key idea in his early book as being an appreciation of the role of risk in foreign direct investment (FDI). MNEs in the place of individual investors, diversified their portfolio of assets, and thereby served as a vehicle for risk reduction. This argument can be applied especially before 1970, before advances in financial markets and international asset instruments enabled individual investors (or funds acting on their behalf) to directly conduct for themselves such strategies of international diversification to reduce risk.
A New Approach for North Atlantic Right Whale Upcall Detection

In this paper, a new up-call detection algorithm for North Atlantic Right Whales is proposed. Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWTs) are used to extract features of North Atlantic Right Whale up-calls. Several types of wavelets are tested in terms of detection accuracy. Once the up-call features are extracted, classifiers such as Support Vector Machines and KNNs are applied to classify call types. Detection results shows that the upcall detection rate by using MFCCs is 73.82%. However, the upcall detection rate is improved to 92.27% when MFCCs are integrated with DWTs for feature extraction. Furthermore, it is shown through experimental studies that the proposed detection scheme is superior to those obtained using spectrogram-based techniques in terms of both detection accuracy and speed.
Uninsured Health Shocks and Agricultural Productivity among Rural Households: The Mitigating Role of Micro-credit

This article investigates how health shocks affect farm productivity in the presence of microcredit. It is expected that microcredit increases agricultural productivity by enhancing allocative and ...
Application of Attachment Theory to Male Violence Toward Female Intimates

Ninety one men were interviewed regarding their intimate relationships and childhood experiences. A secondary analysis of an extant data set was conducted to explore the applicability of Bowlby's attachment theory in explaining the etiology of male intimate violence. Various attachment-related variables were hypothesized to be related to male intimate violence. Results of a hierarchical regression analysis indicated that the attachment cluster of variables served as unique predictors of male intimate violence. The male's perceived relationship support and recollection of maternal relationship were the two significant predictors of male intimate violence within the attachment cluster. Race and education were also found to be significant predictors of male violence toward a female intimate.
In Search of a “Singular I:” A Structurational Analysis of Passing

It is easy to envision the socio-cultural phenomenon of passing as a relic of a bygone era, yet passing is markedly more. From a historical perspective, “passing-as-white” is a strategy of representation through which light-skinned, white-looking, legally non-white Americans attempt(ed) to reconcile “two unreconciled ideals:” their limited opportunities as non-white people in a segregated society with their idealized life goals as full American citizens (DuBois, 1903; Candy, 1998). Recent scholarship on the phenomenon explains that passing is more than a masquerade. Passing can be accidental, incidental, or a committed lifestyle that is noted: when people effectively present themselves as other than who they understand themselves to be…[and] when other people actually see or experience the identity that the passer is projecting, whether the passer is telegraphing that identity by intention or by chance (Kroger, 2003, p. 7-8).
Evaluation of sleep disorders in the primary care setting: history taking compared to questionnaires.

Study Objectives:The objective of this study was to determine if primary care providers (PCPs) screen for sleep disorders during clinical evaluation of new patients, and to compare this to likely s...
Peer-Led Team Learning Improves Minority Student Retention in STEM Majors

The President9s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology issued a report in 2012 calling for a drastic increase in the number of STEM graduates produced in our country over the following decade if we are to remain economically competitive globally (PCAST, 2012). The report cited the disparity between the diversity among the general public versus that of the STEM professional community and recommended measures to ensure that the women and members of underrepresented racial groups, who together comprise 70% of college students but only 45% of college STEM graduates, would become better represented in those fields. This call for action echoed calls by the National Academy of Sciences to expand underrepresented minority participation in STEM at the college level (NAS, 2011). In the following study, we examined whether participation in the Peer-Led Team Learning (PLTL) model in introductory biology influenced the rates of recruitment into STEM and retention in STEM for underrepresented minority (URM) students and for non-URM students. Chi-square analyses reveal that there are significant gaps in STEM recruitment and retention rates between URM and non-URM students, but when these students participate in the PLTL model, no differences in STEM recruitment or retention rates were observed. Additionally, we found that STEM retention rates were significantly improved for URM students who engaged in PLTL.
Disparities in untreated caries among children and adults in the U.S., 2011-2014.

The Affordable Care Act of 2010 increased dental coverage for children in the United States, (U.S.) but not for adults. Few studies in current scholarship make use of up-to-date, nationally representative data to examine oral health disparities in the U.S. population. The purpose of this study is to use nationally representative data to determine the prevalence of untreated caries among children and adults of different socioeconomic and racial/ethnic groups and to examine the factors associated with untreated caries among children and adults. This study used the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) demographic, oral health questionnaire, and oral health dentition examination data (n = 7008 for children; n = 9673 for adults). Participants that had a standardized oral health examination and at least one natural primary or permanent tooth considering 28 tooth spaces were included in this study. Our main outcome measure was untreated coronal caries defined as decay on the crown or enamel surface of a tooth that had not been treated or filled. Population estimates were calculated to determine the prevalence of untreated caries among children and adults in the United States. Frequencies and Pearson’s chi-square tests were used to compare those with and without untreated caries. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the factors associated with untreated caries. We conducted analyses among children and adults separately. From 2011 to 2014, 12.4 million children and 57.6 million adults in the United States had untreated caries. Age, family income level, recent dental visit, and financial and non-financial barriers were significantly associated with untreated caries in both children and adults. Race/ethnicity, gender and education level were also significantly associated with untreated caries among adults. The odds of untreated caries associated with financial barriers were 2.06 for children and 2.84 for adults while the odds of untreated caries associated with non-financial barriers were 2.86 for children and 1.67 for adults. Demographic and socio-economic disparities in untreated caries exist among children and adults.
Diversification Rates of the "Old Endemic" Murine Rodents of Luzon Island, Philippines Are Inconsistent With Incumbency Effects and Ecological Opportunity

Diversity-dependent cladogenesis occurs when a colonizing lineage exhibits increasing interspecific competition as it ecologically diversifies. Repeated colonization of a region by closely related taxa may cause similar effects as species within each lineage compete with one another. This may be particularly relevant for secondary colonists, which could experience limited diversification due to competition with earlier, incumbent colonists over evolutionary time. We tested the hypothesis that an incumbent lineage may diminish the diversification of secondary colonists in two speciose clades of Philippine "Old Endemic" murine rodents-Phloeomyini and Chrotomyini-on the relatively old oceanic island of Luzon. Although phylogenetic analyses confirm the independent, noncontemporaneous colonization of Luzon by the ancestors of these two clades, we found no support for arrested diversification in either. Rather, it appears that diversification of both clades resulted from constant-rate processes that were either uniform or favored the secondary colonists (Chrotomyini), depending on the method used. Our results suggest that ecological incumbency has not played an important role in determining lineage diversification among Luzon murines, despite sympatric occurrence by constituent species within each lineage, and a substantial head start for the primary colonists.
Hyperarousal and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Role for the Hypocretin System

The hypocretins are a pair of neuropeptides produced in a few thousand neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Extensive evidence suggests that one of the main functions of hypocretin neurons is to stabilize arousal/alertness during periods of wakefulness and to increase arousal-related behaviors, including eating, drinking, grooming, and locomotor activity. The ability of hypocretin neurons to increase arousal-associated behaviors suggests the possibility that these neurons may play a role in the hyperarousal state observed when an animal is exposed to an acute stressor. Consistent with this hypothesis is a variety of observations indicating that centrally administered hypocretins mimic the behavioral and physiological response to stress. In addition, hypocretin neurons receive prominent input and are activated by terminals containing corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a neuropeptide that is secreted in response to an acute stressor. There is abundant evidence demonstrating a reciprocal connection between hypocretin and CRF neurons, which may be important in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the acute stress response. Given that CRF secretion and hyperarousal are both important symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), hypocretin neurons may play a prominent role in causing many of the other physiological symptoms of the disease. We review the possible role of hypocretin neurons in the allostatic pathophysiology of PTSD, including dysregulation of the stress response, and in the circuitry that regulates sleep and wakefulness.
Antecedents, Onset, and Early Course of Schizophrenia: Discussion

This symposium and its proceedings have been assembled, now for the third time, because we are, as the title says, deeply committed to searching for the cause or causes of schizophrenia. Meanwhile, time is passing, progress has been slow, and we are now hoping that the new scientific technologies such as molecular genetics and brain imaging will provide answers. However, we still need to use clues from the past and what we presently know about the clinical characteristics of schizophrenia. The quality of the early signs of illness and age at onset of schizophrenia is the single most important aspect of the illness that could yield clues to its underlying biology. Based on present knowledge, the onset of schizophrenia appears to be a genetically programmed process, slowly developing until it reaches some threshold of clinical detection. Detecting the occurrence of its pathology, will then depend on the sophistication of our knowledge about its consequences and the ability to make use of new diagnostic tools. Diabetes mellitus is an analogous illness of a chronic nature. If one depended on the clinical presentation of a patient in a diabetic coma or crisis for diagnosis the age of onset might be stated as middle-aged adulthood. However, the process has been building up over several years microscopically in blood capillaries, and in the pancreas. Diagnosis might be made many years earlier through characteristic ocular signs, elevated post-prandial blood sugars, other physiological problems, and eventually genetic markers, only to be clinically considered a “disease” at a much later time.
Energy Norms and 2-Norms

This paper defines an energy norm or e-norm based on the energy delivered to some port in a system. It is expressible as a weighted 2-norm. Criteria are developed for the frequency spectrum of time-domain excitation waveforms to bound the 2-norms and e-norm at the port. Canonical incident waveforms are introduced to give convenient bounds.
Platelet aggregation induced by alpha 2-adrenoceptor and protein kinase C activation. A novel synergism

Adrenaline or UK 14304 (a specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist) and phorbol ester (phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate; PdBu) or bioactive diacylglycerols (sn-1,2-dioctanoylglycerol; DiC8) synergistically induced platelet aggregation and ATP secretion. The effect on aggregation was more pronounced than the effect on secretion, and it was observed in aspirinized, platelet-rich plasma or suspensions of washed aspirinized platelets containing ADP scavengers. No prior shape change was found. In the presence of adrenaline, DiC8 induced reversible aggregation and PdBu evoked irreversible aggregation that correlated with the different kinetics of DiC8- and PdBu-induced protein kinase C activation. Adrenaline and UK 14304 did not induce or enhance phosphorylation induced by DiC8 or PdBu of myosin light chain (20 kDa), the substrate of protein kinase C (47 kDa), or a 38 kDa protein. Immunoprecipitation studies using a Gcommon alpha antiserum or a Gi alpha antiserum showed that Gi alpha is not phosphorylated after exposure of platelets to PdBu or PdBu plus adrenaline. Adrenaline, PdBu or adrenaline plus PdBu did not cause stimulation of phospholipase C as reflected in production of [32P]phosphatidic acid. Adrenaline caused a small increase of Ca2+ in the platelet cytosol of platelets loaded with Indo-1; this effect was also observed in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. However, under conditions of maximal aggregation induced by adrenaline plus PdBu, no increase of cytosolic Ca2+ was observed. Platelet aggregation induced by PdBu plus adrenaline was not inhibited by a high intracellular concentration of the calcium chelator Quin-2. These experiments indicate that alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, known to interact with Gi, and protein kinase C activators synergistically induced platelet aggregation through a novel mechanism. The synergism occurs distally to Gi protein activation and protein kinase C-dependent protein phosphorylation and does not involve phospholipase C activation or Ca2+ mobilization.
HFIR Pressure Vessel and Structural Components Materials Surveillance Program

A proposal has been made to increase the size of the HFIR HB-2 and HB-4 beam tubes and to extend the life of the vessel to 50 EFPY(100 MW). Studies indicate that the increase in radiation-induced embrittlement of the vessel can be tolerated, and an appropriate expanded vessel-materials surveillance program has been devised. This program, which is the subject of this report, includes additional beam-tube nozzle-material surveillance specimens, relocation of existing specimens of all materials, and additional dosimetry. As an aid in the placement of specimens and dosimeters, extensive two- and three-dimensional neutron and gamma flux/dpa transport calculations were made. Surveillance data will be added to the HFIR vessel (delta)NDTT vs dpa data base, and dosimetry will be used to normalize the calculated fluxes. The updated (delta)NDTT vs dpa correlation and the normalized dpa values will be used in the calculation of the probability of vessel failure. This procedure, in conjunction with periodic hydrostatic proof testing, is used to determine the useful life of the vessel.
Nike-Footed Health Workers deal with the problems of adolescent pregnancy.

The Nike Footed Health Worker (NFHW) Project herein described was a 2nd prize winner in a national government contest for Innovations in Health Promotion 1991. The objectives of NFHW were 1) to graduate 25 young mothers from high school with skills to provide pre and post-natal health care parenting skills and counseling to pregnant and parenting adolescents; 2) to assign a caseload of 10 pregnant or parenting adolescents in a paid job setting; and 3) to receive loan payments regularly from each NFHW. The significance of the project is in expanding health services to those not receiving adequate care within existing systems. The home visits are important for monitoring. Paramedical skills and other valuable skills are learned while obtaining a high school diploma. The total projected cost for the 1st year is estimated at US$488000. The salaries of the NFHWs pay for their room and board and day care expenses (US$8500) and are based on merit ranging from US$9000 to US$12000. The target is to reduce teenage pregnancy in a catchment community reduce repeat pregnancies by 50% reduce low birth weight babies by 50% and insure high school graduation and parenting skills. Sneakers and the trade name were selected to symbolize the mobility of services and the just-do-it philosophy. The project design entails 25 adolescent mothers working half time at high school work and half time in training for NFHW. Group residences with child care would be established and a salary provided. Candidates would be high school dropouts between 16 and 19 years old and with a child at least 12 months old. Participants would sign a contract specifying responsibilities and commitment. Violation of the contract involves sanctions. The requirements are to attend classes regularly to commit fully to the project to fulfill project requirements to not become pregnant abuse no drugs or alcohol and to repay living expenses and contribute 5% in future wages. The curriculum is centered around building self-confidence and motivation. Traditional academics would be emphasized and training would include life planning finances communications and conflict resolution basic anatomy and reproduction child development and parenting skills nutrition and exercise and first aid and substance abuse. The duties and responsibilities of the NFHW in working with pregnancy clients are outlined.
Molecular diagnostics for thyroid nodules: the current state of affairs

Molecular diagnostics offers great promise for the evaluation of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. Numerous molecular genetic and immunohistochemical tests have been developed that may be performed on thyroid specimens obtained during standard fine-needle aspiration, some of which may greatly improve diagnostic yield. A sound understanding of the diagnostic performance of these tests, and how they can enhance clinical practice, is important. This article reviews the diagnostic utility of immunohistochemical and molecular testing for the clinical assessment of thyroid nodules, and makes recommendations about how these tests can be integrated into clinical practice for patients with cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules.
Lanthanide reduction in the novel preparation of samarium doped strontium and barium sodium nonaborates

Abstract Samarium doped BaNaB9O15 and SrNaB9O15 were prepared from 5% samarium:95% alkaline earth metal co-precipitated borates. Sodium tetraborate and boric acid were ground with the precipitates, then the composites were wetted with glacial acetic acid and fired in air. The formation of the BaNaB9O15 and SrNaB9O15 matrices were confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. The reduction of samarium in both materials was identified via divalent samarium emission spectroscopy. The emission features exhibited by Sm+2:SrNaB9O15 and Sm+2:BaNaB9O15 are presented and discussed.
Zone Model Predictive Control with Glucose- and Velocity-Dependent Control Penalty Adaptation for an Artificial Pancreas

An adaptive zone model predictive control design problem is considered for enhanced blood glucose regulation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The key contribution of this work is the development of a zone MPC with a dynamic cost function that updates its control penalty parameters based on the predicted glucose and its rate of change. A parameter adaptation law is proposed by explicitly constructing maps from glucose state and velocity spaces to control penalty parameter spaces. The proposed controller is tested on the to-patient cohort of the US Food and Drug Administration accepted Universities of Virginia/Padova simulator and compared with the zone model predictive control without parameter adaptation. The obtained in-silico results indicate that for unannounced meals, the controller leads to statistically significant improvements in terms of mean glucose level (154.2 mg/dL vs. 160.7 mg/dL; $\boldsymbol{p} and percentage time in the safe euglycemic range of [70, 180] mg/dL (72.7% vs. 67.5%; $\boldsymbol{p} ) without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia (percentage time below 70 mg/dL, 0.0% vs. 0.0%; $\boldsymbol{p}=0.788$ ). For announced meals, the obtained performance is similar (and slightly superior) to that of the zone model predictive control without adaptation in terms of mean glucose level (135.6 mg/dL vs. 136.5 mg/dL; $\boldsymbol{p} ), percentage time in [70, 180] mg/dL (91.2% vs. 90.9%; $\boldsymbol{p}=0.04$ ), and percentage time below 70 mg/dL (0.0% vs. 0.0%; $\boldsymbol{p}=0.346$ ).
Partial Encryption of Behavioral IPs to Selectively Control the Design Space in High-Level Synthesis

Commercial High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tool vendors have started to enable ways to protect Behavioral IP (BIPs) from being unlawful used. The main approach is to provide tools to encrypt these BIPs which can be decrypted by the HLS tool only. The main problem with this approach is that encrypting the IP does not allow BIP users to insert synthesis directives into the source code in the form of pragmas (comments), and hence cancels out one of the most important advantages of C-based VLSI design: The ability to automatically generate micro-architectures with unique design metrics, e.g. area, power and performance. This work studies the impact to the search space when synthesis directives are not able to be inserted in to the encrypted IP source code while other options are still available to the BIP users (e.g. setting global synthesis options and limiting the number and type of functional units) and proposes a method that selectively controls the search space by encrypting different portions of the BIP. To achieve this goal we propose a fast heuristic based on divide and conquer method. Experimental results show that our proposed method works well compared to an exhaustive search that leads to the optimal solution.
Dynamic Interleaving of Multi-Phase Synchronous DC-DC Converters with ZVS

A decoupled control method is proposed to achieve simultaneous zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) at any load condition and interleaving with dynamic frequency in an N-phase interleaved synchronous DC-DC converter. A computationally inexpensive oscillator network generates N-phase references which retain desired interleaved state at any loading or transient condition. A model based controller calculates the required positive and negative peak phase current references to ensure ZVS. A phase compensator in each phase modulates the current reference to synchronize inductor ripple current with the respective phase reference generated by the oscillator network. The convergence of the oscillator network and the phase compensator are shown using non-linear analysis and experimental results are presented.
Association Between Inpatient Echocardiography Use and Outcomes in Adult Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Importance Guidelines recommend that patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergo echocardiography for assessment of cardiac structure and ejection fraction, but little is known about the association between echocardiography as used in routine clinical management of AMI and patient outcomes. Objective To examine the association between risk-standardized hospital rates of transthoracic echocardiography and outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study of data from 397 US hospitals that contributed to the Premier Healthcare Informatics inpatient database from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2014, usedInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9)codes to identify 98 999 hospital admissions for patients with AMI. Data were analyzed between October 2017 and January 2019. Exposures Rates of transthoracic echocardiography. Main Outcomes and Measures Inpatient mortality, length of stay, total inpatient costs, and 3-month readmission rate. Results Among the 397 hospitals with more than 25 admissions for AMI in 2014, a total of 98 999 hospital admissions for AMI were identified for analysis (38.2% women; mean [SD] age, 66.5 [13.6] years), of which 69 652 (70.4%) had at least 1 transthoracic echocardiogram performed. The median (IQR) hospital risk-standardized rate of echocardiography was 72.5% (62.6%-79.1%). In models that adjusted for hospital and patient characteristics, no difference was found in inpatient mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.02; 95% CI, 0.88-1.19) or 3-month readmission (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.93-1.10) between the highest and lowest quartiles of echocardiography use (median risk-standardized echocardiography use rates of 83% vs 54%, respectively). However, hospitals with the highest rates of echocardiography had modestly longer mean lengths of stay (0.23 days; 95% CI, 0.04-0.41;P = .01) and higher mean costs ($3164; 95% CI, $1843-$4485;P Conclusions and Relevance In patients with AMI, hospitals in the quartile with the highest rates of echocardiography showed greater hospital costs and length of stay but few differences in clinical outcomes compared with hospitals in the quartile with the lowest rates of echocardiography. These findings suggest that more selective use of echocardiography might be used without adversely affecting clinical outcomes, particularly in hospitals with high rates of echocardiography use.