cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to early repeat celiotomy in horses after a surgical treatment of jejunal strangulation.

OBJECTIVE To determine the outcome after early repeat celiotomy in horses operated for jejunal strangulation. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Horses (n = 22) that underwent repeat celiotomy for postoperative reflux (POR) and/or postoperative colic (POC) that did not improve within 48 hours from onset after initial surgical treatment of strangulating jejunal lesions by jejunojejunostomy (n = 14) or no resection (n = 8). METHODS Medical records were reviewed for clinical signs, duration of signs before repeat surgery, surgical findings and treatment, and outcome. Survival was documented by phone call at long-term follow-up. The influence of POC and POR on timing of surgery were analyzed. Long-term survival was examined by Kaplan-Meier analyses. RESULTS Repeat celiotomy was performed at a median of 57 hours after initial surgery and 16.5 hours from onset of signs, and earlier in horses with POC compared with POR (P < .05). A total of 3/22 horses were euthanatized under anesthesia. A total of 9 of 11 horses with initial jejunojejunostomy required resection of the original anastomosis due to anastomotic complications. In 8 horses without resection, second surgery included resection (4) or decompression (4). Repeat celiotomy was successful in 13/16 horses with POR. Repeat celiotomy eliminated POC in all horses (n = 9). A total of 19 horses were recovered from anesthesia and all survived to discharge. Incisional infections were diagnosed in 13/17 horses where both surgeries were performed through the same ventral median approach, and hernias developed in 4/13 infected incisions. Median survival time was 90 months. CONCLUSION Repeat celiotomy can eliminate signs of POR and/or POC, and the additional surgery does not appear to aggravate POR. Criteria for repeat celiotomy in this study could provide guidelines for managing POC and POR after surgery for jejunal strangulation.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Isoxazolidines via Copper-Catalyzed Alkene Diamination.

A convenient copper-catalyzed intramolecular/intermolecular alkene diamination reaction to synthesize 3-aminomethyl-functionalized isoxazolidines under mild reaction conditions and with generally high levels of diastereoselectivity was achieved. This reaction demonstrates that previously underutilized unsaturated carbamates are good [Cu]-catalyzed diamination substrates. Sulfonamides, anilines, benzamide, morpholine, and piperidine can serve as the external amine source. This relatively broad amine range is attributed to the mild reaction conditions. Reduction of the N–O bond could also be achieved, revealing the corresponding 3,4-diamino-1-alcohols efficiently.
OBSOLETE: Ventricular Remodeling in Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) affects 5.7 million Americans, costs $30.7 billion annually, and is associated with a 50% 5-year mortality. The lifetime risk of HF in Americans is approximately 26%. Left ventricular (LV) remodeling is the culmination of a complex series of transcriptional, signaling, structural, electrophysiological, and functional events occurring within the cardiac myocyte and other elements of the LV. This chapter focuses on patterns of structural LV remodeling in HF as assessed by noninvasive imaging techniques. Given the burden of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and lack of clarity regarding pathophysiology of this heterogeneous syndrome, we will place particular emphasis on what is known—and not known—about ventricular remodeling in HFpEF.
Teaching conversational speech to children with autism spectrum disorder using text-message prompting

The present study was designed to teach conversational speech using text-message prompts to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in home play settings with siblings and peers. A multiple baseline design across children was used. Children learned conversational speech through the text-message prompts, and the behavior generalized across peers and settings. Maintenance of treatment gains was seen at 1-month follow-up probes. Social validity measures indicated that parents of typically developing children viewed the participants' conversational speech as much improved after the intervention. Results are discussed in terms of the efficacy of text-message prompts as a promising way to improve conversational speech for children with ASD.
Gast! A Breton moment in Cré na Cille, and why it matters

AbstractMairtin O Cadhain’s famously difficult Irish language novel Cre na Cille contains a cluster of Breton words that have not all been recognised as such. These words are a clue that the French-speaking airman, arguably the only character in the novel with a significant “arc”, is in fact supposed to be a Breton. His immersion in Gaelic Ireland, his frustrated hope of fulfilment in philological studies and pan-Celticism and his ultimate lapse into patriotic Frenchness mirror the experiences of Breton nationalists of the 1940s – some of whom were helped by O Cadhain himself to take refuge in Ireland after the Second World War – and represent a subtle critique of Brittany’s pan-Celticist hopes within the novel’s larger multifaceted critique of Irish rural life.
The New Legal Realism Volume I: Translating Law-and-Society for Today's Legal Practice Abstracts

These are chapter abstracts for The New Legal Realism Volume I: Translating Law-and-Society for Today's Legal Practice.
Reinvigorating Commonality: Gender & Class Actions

The modern class action, the modern feminist movement, and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were all products of the creativity and turmoil of the 1960s. As late as 1961 — one year after Justice Felix Frankfurter rejected new law school graduate Ruth Bader Ginsburg as a law clerk because she was a woman — the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of a Florida statute that required men, but not women, to serve on juries, on the ground that women’s primary role was in the home. As Betty Friedan put it in 1963’s The Feminine Mystique, “In almost every professional field, in business and in the arts and sciences, women are still treated as second-class citizens.” But change was imminent. The Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the founding of the ACLU Women’s Rights Project, and a rising social and intellectual feminist movement brought women’s equality into the national conversation. Simultaneously — at least in part in response to the civil rights movement and the Civil Rights Act — an (all-male) Judicial Conference and Supreme Court in 1966 ushered in the modern era of collective litigation by promulgating Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, and more specifically, Rule 23(b)(2), which provided a formal structure for civil rights plaintiffs to seek aggregate relief for violations of federal and state anti-discrimination laws. Together, these phenomena gave impetus to communities of women to combat legal and cultural injustices through the courts. The result has been widespread improvement in the lives of working women — and men — across many industries. In this Article, we examine the interplay of Rule 23(b)(2) class actions, feminism, and Title VII sex discrimination doctrine over the past fifty years to show that the theoretical concept of commonality — cohesion, unity — in the women’s movement has had a significant impact on the ability of women to seek collective redress for workplace discrimination through class actions. We describe how the four “waves” of feminism since the 1960s find corresponding analogues in the development of Title VII class action law. This is not an empirical study, nor is it comprehensive. Rather, our aim is to generate thought as to ways in which class action doctrine simultaneously reflects and reinforces evolving views of feminism and gender equality. We acknowledge that class actions are not the sole standard bearers for impact litigation, and that individual suits — whether brought by individuals of any gender or by physicians — have been vital to the establishment of anti-discrimination legal norms in the area of gender equality. Even so, we argue that Rule 23(b)(2) suits continue to serve a vital function by allowing women to enforce those established norms, overcoming classic barriers to judicial justice such as lack of resources, lack of access to lawyers, and retaliation by employers against individuals who file suit. As Anita Hill recently argued in a critique of the technology sector, “Class action lawsuits can force industry-wide change, even in the most entrenched, male-dominated industries.”
Porous graphene current collectors filled with silicon as high-performance lithium battery anode

Despite the massive success for high energy density, the charge–discharge current rate performance of the lithium-ion batteries are still a major concern owing to inherent sluggish Li-ion kinetics. Herein, we demonstrate three-dimensional porous electrodes engineered on highly conductive graphene current collectors to enhance the Li-ion conductivity, thereby c-rate performance. Such high-quality graphene provides surface area for loading a large amount of electrochemically active material and strong adhesion with the electrode. The synergism of porous structure and conductive current collector enables us to realize high-performance new-generation silicon anodes with a high energy density of 1.8 mAh cm−2. Further, silicon electrodes revealed with excellent current rates up to 5C with a capacity of 0.37 mAh cm−2 for 500 nm planar thickness.
Metric violation distance: hardness and approximation

Metric data plays an important role in various settings, for example, in metric-based indexing, clustering, classification, and approximation algorithms in general. Due to measurement error, noise, or an inability to completely gather all the data, a collection of distances may not satisfy the basic metric requirements, most notably the triangle inequality. In this paper we initiate the study of the metric violation distance problem: given a set of pairwise distances, modify the minimum number of distances such that the resulting set forms a metric. Three variants of the problem are considered, based on whether distances are allowed to only decrease, only increase, or the general case which allows both decreases and increases. We show that while the decrease only variant is polynomial time solvable, the increase only and general variants are NP-Complete, and moreover cannot in polynomial time be approximated to any ratio better than the minimum vertex cover problem. We then provide approximation algorithms for the increase only and general variants of the problem, by proving interesting necessary and sufficient conditions on the optimal solution, which are used to approximately reduce to a purely combinatorial problem for which we provide matching asymptotic upper and lower bounds.
Cutaneous Angiosarcoma of the Eyelid Mimicking Morbihan Disease.

Background:Cutaneous angiosarcoma presents clinically in numerous ways, and can be mistaken for a different clinical entity, particularly when arising at unusual anatomic locations such as the eyelid.Case Presentation:A 57-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of eyelid swelling. Concurrent
Transcriptional regulation of Osteopontin (OPN)-induced immunomodulation in RSV infected infants

RSV bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infancy is known to be associated with increased susceptibility to asthma. This phenomenon is characterized by a hyper reactive airway with a predominant Th2 response and a skewed dendritic cell (DC) polarization, which can be modulated by exogenous OPN administration. OPN is an immunomodulatory agent inducing a strong Th1 polarization in RSV infected lungs. In our present study, we used a neonatal mouse model to examine the transcriptional regulation of this immunomodulation in RSV-infected pups. RSV-infected pups were intranasally administered with or without different doses of OPN, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of GATA-3 and STAT-6 were examined by PCR and RTPCR methods. At day 3 post-infection, GATA-3 expression was significantly higher in the OPN treated lungs compared to that in the PBS treated lungs, contradicting the enhanced Th1 cytokine responses observed after OPN treatment. Interestingly, an enhanced expression of STAT-6 was also observed at the same time point in the OPN treated and RSV infected pups compared to that in the PBS treated pups. Of note, STAT-6 influences IL4 transcription which has a prominent role in Th2 differentiation. On the other hand, IL-4 instructs DC to promote Th1 differentiation which is STAT-6 dependent. Thus, the transcriptional regulation of OPN-induced immunomodulation is not one-dimensional and will need further investigations into the dynamics of other transcriptional factors (e.g. T-bet and Foxp3) to establish OPN as a novel therapeutic in the prevention of RSV-induced susceptibility to asthma.
A Primer on Dementia and Hearing Loss

One of the biggest public health challenges and a threat to brain health is dementia. In light of the social and economic costs, identifying modifiable risk factors is seen as having a role in prev...
Metal Ions and Infectious Diseases. An Overview from the Clinic

Trace elements (TEs) are required by both humans and bacterial pathogens. Although metal ion homeostasis is tightly controlled in humans, growing evidence suggests that pathogens utilize a variety of means designed to circumvent the sequestration of TEs. Colonizing pathogenic microorganisms employ a variety of strategies to sense, acquire, store, and export metal ions in the vertebrate host which include the biosynthesis and utilization of siderophores, and the expression of high-affinity metal-ion transporters. For iron, selenium, and zinc, significant correlations have been shown between TE levels in plasma, serum, or tissues, and the prevention or treatment of a variety of infectious diseases; fewer such data exist for copper, chromium, or manganese. TEs are often employed as antioxidants, and as supplements in patients with TE-deficient states. The role of TE supplementation in humans as antioxidants remains controversial, but has demonstrated significant benefit in the role of selenium for patients with sepsis, and of zinc for the prevention of several infectious diseases.
Determination of Xylitol in Sugar-Free Gum by GC–MS with Direct Aqueous Injection: A Laboratory Experiment for Chemistry Students

Proficiency with instrumental analysis via GC–MS is an important skill for chemistry students. The application of analytical techniques and fundamental theoretical principles to real-world problems...
Neck Soft Tissue Variants

There are multiple developmental variations of soft-tissue neck structures that can be detected on computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 18 fluro-deoxy-glucose position emission tomography (FDG-PET). These need to be recognized and differentiated from actual pathologies. There can also be benign lesions involving the soft tissue neck that are caught incidentally while the study is obtained to evaluate other pathologies. Being aware of these variations and certain common benign lesions is quite important. If such variants or “don’t touch lesions” are diagnosed correctly, this can prevent unnecessary patient anxiety, possible invasive procedures, and potential complications. For example, being knowledgeable about the common FDG-PET findings of brown fat activation-related FDG uptake in certain parts of the body prevents misdiagnosis of disease progression and possibly unnecessary biopsies.
Cross-Sectional Magnetic Resonance and Modeling Comparison From Just After Fontan to the Teen Years.

Background Little is known of baseline anatomic, hemodynamic, and fluid dynamic cardiac magnetic resonance data in single-ventricle patients immediately after Fontan. A comparison from that time point to the teen years can demonstrate clinical course, potentially predict future events, and may shed some light regarding how to optimize outcome. This cross-sectional study is meant to characterize these variables from just after Fontan to the teenage years. Methods The anatomy, flows, and computational fluid dynamic modeling of 22 patients 3 to 9 months after Fontan (age 3 ± 1.1 years) and 25 teens (age 16 ± 1.8 years) were compared. Significance was defined as P less than .05. Results The percentage of Fontan pathway stenosis was greater with cardiac index and fenestration flow while caval return was lower in teens than in younger patients (for Fontan pathway stenosis, 43% vs 21%, P = .009); however, hepatic flow distribution was more evenly distributed in older patients. Pulmonary artery size kept up with somatic growth. In the teen group, indexed power loss (R = .39), percentage of Fontan pathway stenosis (R = .62), and particle resident time (R = .42) deteriorated as time from Fontan increased (P Conclusions There are mostly aspects of deterioration with a few bright spots of stability in anatomy, blood flow, and fluid dynamic variables in Fontan patients from the postoperative period to the teenage years. Most notably, Fontan pathway stenosis increases with decreasing flows while pulmonary artery size and hepatic flow distribution remain stable or improved. These data may be aid in designing improved Fontan reconstruction to optimize clinical outcome and to understand future complications.
TRENDS AND IMPACT OF IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR IMPLANTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS: A 16-YEAR ANALYSIS

Ventricular arrhythmias are common in patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA) and are associated with increased mortality. The role of implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) in this population however remains unclear. We queried the National Inpatient Sample between 1999 and 2014 and CA was defined
Real-Time Prediction of Runway Occupancy Buffers

To improve runway safety and efficiency, real-time prediction of the time separation between successive flights using the same runway would be valuable. In this paper, we develop methods for such predictions, focusing on the time difference between when the prior aircraft exits the runway and the next arriving aircraft crosses the runway threshold, a metric we term runway occupancy buffer. We use two modeling frameworks: a two-stage modeling framework that predicts runway occupancy buffer through prediction of leading aircraft's runway occupancy time and trailing aircraft's required time till arrival; and an integrated modeling framework which directly predicts runway occupancy buffer. Machine learning techniques, linear regression and random forest regression, are applied to train the model. Seven models are investigated and compared at different distances from the runway threshold. Random forest regression outperforms other models, and it suggests that separation is the most important factor in predicting the runway occupancy buffer.
Losing a Child: Death and Hidden Losses in LGBTQ-Parent Families

In this chapter, we address the often-invisible topic of losing a child and explore the experiences and implications of child loss on LGBTQ-parent families. As a family scholar who experienced the loss of an adult child by suicide, and an anthropologist who suffered a second-trimester miscarriage, we approach this subject both as researchers and bereaved queer parents. We address the limited sources of knowledge on this issue, piecing together theoretical perspectives, autoethnography and personal narrative, and empirical research in order to chart this relatively unexplored area. We build upon common experiences of loss, death, bereavement, grief, and healing for families experiencing the death of a child. From that foundation, we explore unique features of LGBTQ-parent families that reflect their challenges in heteronormative society that lead to stigma and prejudice, which in turn compound these families’ hidden losses. We propose directions for future research and implications for practice and support for LGBTQ-parent families experiencing child loss.
Signal-background interference for digluon resonances at the Large Hadron Collider

We study the interference between the amplitudes for $gg\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X\ensuremath{\rightarrow}gg$, where $X$ is a new heavy digluon resonance, and the QCD background $gg\ensuremath{\rightarrow}gg$, at the Large Hadron Collider. The interference produces a large low-mass tail and a deficit of events above the resonance mass, compared to the naive pure-resonance peak. For a variety of different resonance quantum numbers and masses, we evaluate the signal-background interference contribution at leading order, including showering, hadronization, and detector effects. The resulting new physics dijet mass distribution may have a shape that appears, after QCD background fitting and subtraction, to resemble an enhanced peak, a shelf, a peak/dip, or even a pure dip. We argue that the true limits on new digluon resonances are likely to differ significantly from the limits obtained when interference is neglected, especially if the branching ratio to $gg$ is less than 1.
Inflammatory response and clinical efficacy of ribavirin combined with Yanhuning in children with hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Objective To study the application of ribavirin combined with Yanhuning in the treatment of children with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and investigate its effect on inflammation. Methods The clinical data of 107 children with HFMD treated in Xuzhou Children's Hospital from April 2017 to April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.They were randomly divided into control group (50 cases) and combined group (57 cases). The control group was treated with ribavirin injection and the combined group was treated with Yanhuning on the basis of the control group.To compare the clinical efficacy of two kinds of children after treatment, the levels of inflammatory factors before and after treatment were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), T lymphocyte subsets were measured by immunofluorescence assay.Immunoglobulin levels were measured by immunoturbidimetry, and investigate the occurrence of adverse reactions in the two group. Results The total effective rate of the combined group was 93.62%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (χ2=3.871, P 0.05). Conclusion The clinical efficacy of ribavirin combined with Yanhuning in the treatment of HFMD children was significantly improved with little inflammatory reaction, better immune function, and the less adverse reactions. Key words: Hand-foot-and-mouth disease; Ribavirin; Yanhuning; Inflammatory reaction; Immune function; Adverse reactions
Structure-Property Relationships on the Optical Properties of Rhodamine Thin Films

The spectroscopic properties of five xanthene dyes with varying structures and charges were studied as dilute solutions in ethanol and as thin films on a glass substrate. Density functional theory ...
How Public Opinion Can Inform Cognitive Enhancement Regulation.

In the target article “Public Opinion on Cognitive Enhancement Varies Across Different Situations,” the authors explore the effect of metaphor framing, the cognitive enhancement (CE) context (stude...
Patient-reported outcomes 12 months after hepatitis C treatment with direct-acting antivirals: Results from the PROP UP study.

Background and aims The long-term impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy with all-oral direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) has not been well-described. We characterized changes in PROs from pre-treatment to 12 months post-treatment in a real-world cohort. Methods PROP UP was a multi-center observational cohort study of 1,601 patients treated with DAAs at 11 U.S. gastroenterology/hepatology practices from 2015-2017. PROs were evaluated pre-treatment (T1) and 12 months post-treatment (T5). A minimally important change (MIC) threshold was prespecified as >5% change in PRO scores from T1 to T5. Multivariable analyses identified predictors of change. Results Three-quarters of patients were 55 or older; 45% were female, 60% were white, 33% were black, nearly half had cirrhosis. The most commonly-prescribed DAA regimens were sofosbuvir-based (83%) and grazoprevir/elbasvir (11%). Study retention was greater than 95%. On average, small improvements were observed at 3 months post-treatment in all PROs and sustained at 12 months post-treatment among patients with sustained virologic response (SVR). Clinically meaningful improvements were achieved in fatigue (mean change score: -3.7 [-4.2, -3.1]), sleep (mean change score: -3.1 [-3.7, -2.5]), abdominal pain (mean change score: -2.6 [-3.3, -1.9]) and functional well-being (mean change score: -7.0 [-6.0, -8.0]). Symptom improvements were generally not sustained with no SVR (n=52). Patients with cirrhosis and MELD ≥ 12 had the greatest improvements in functional well-being (-12.9 [-17.6, -8.1]). Conclusions The improvements in patient-reported outcomes reported by patients who achieved SVR following HCV DAA therapy were durable at 12 months post-treatment.
A Systematic Course Design Approach to Guide the Development of a Construction Engineering and Management Capstone Course

A Senior Capstone course is a hallmark of most undergraduate construction engineering and management (CEM) programs. Many undergraduate CEM programs implement their own capstone course within their curricula to emphasize preparing students for the realities of the construction industry. As in many other professional domains, CEM programs in the United States have demonstrated limited success producing graduates who possess the requisite problem-solving and critical thinking skills. To address this shortcoming, the authors propose developing a new Senior Capstone course using the project-based learning approach. The Central Connecticut State University (CCSU) Construction Management (CM) program is in the process of developing a Senior Capstone course, following the ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate) approach which is one of the proven instructional design approaches. One of the main objectives of this study is to demonstrate the use of a systematic approach to develop a Senior Capstone course, which is designed for construction engineering and management programs. However, since this course is still in development, this paper only presents the extent of what the authors have completed for a Senior Capstone course development. The authors believe that this course, after being fully developed, will not only provide students with the opportunity to build and demonstrate problem-solving and critical thinking skills but also help them transition from the classroom to the workforce.
Genome-Wide Association Mapping of bc-1 and bc-u Reveals Candidate Genes and New Adjustments to the Host-Pathogen Interaction for Resistance to Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis Virus in Common Bean.

Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) is a major disease in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Host plant resistance is the primary disease control. We sought to identify candidate genes to better understand the host-pathogen interaction and develop tools for marker-assisted selection (MAS). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach using 182 lines from a race Durango Diversity Panel (DDP) challenged by BCMNV isolates NL-8 [Pathogroup (PG)-III] and NL-3 (PG-VI), and genotyped with 1.26 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), revealed significant peak regions on chromosomes Pv03 and Pv05, which correspond to bc-1 and bc-u resistance gene loci, respectively. Three candidate genes were identified for NL-3 and NL-8 resistance. Side-by-side receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs), Phvul.003G038700 and Phvul.003G038800 were candidate genes for bc-1. These RLKs were orthologous to linked RLKs associated with virus resistance in soybean (Glycine max). A basic Leucine Zipper (bZIP) transcription factor protein is the candidate gene for bc-u. bZIP protein gene Phvul.005G124100 carries a unique non-synonymous mutation at codon 14 in the first exon (Pv05: 36,114,516 bases), resulting in a premature termination codon that causes a nonfunctional protein. SNP markers for bc-1 and bc-u and new markers for I and bc-3 genes were used to genotype the resistance genes underpinning BCMNV phenotypes in the DDP, host group (HG) differentials, and segregating F3 families. Results revealed major adjustments to the current host-pathogen interaction model: (i) there is only one resistance allele bc-1 for the Bc-1 locus, and differential expression of the allele is based on presence vs. absence of bc-u; (ii) bc-1 exhibits dominance and incomplete dominance; (iii) bc-1 alone confers resistance to NL-8; (iv) bc-u was absent from HGs 2, 4, 5, and 7 necessitating a new gene symbol bc-ud to reflect this change; (v) bc-ud alone delays susceptible symptoms, and when combined with bc-1 enhanced resistance to NL-3; and (vi) bc-ud is on Pv05, not Pv03 as previously thought. These candidate genes, markers, and adjustments to the host-pathogen interaction will facilitate breeding for resistance to BCMNV and related Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) in common bean.
Aerodynamic integration produces a vehicle shape with a negative drag coefficient.

Negative drag coefficients are normally associated with a vessel outfitted with a sail to extract energy from the wind and propel the vehicle forward. Therefore, the notion of a heavy vehicle, that is, a semi truck, that generates negative aerodynamic drag without a sail or any external appendages may seem implausible, especially given the fact that these vehicles have some of the largest drag coefficients on the road today. However, using both wind tunnel measurements and computational fluid dynamics simulations, we demonstrate aerodynamically integrated vehicle shapes that generate negative body-axis drag in a crosswind as a result of large negative frontal pressures that effectively “pull” the vehicle forward against the wind, much like a sailboat. While negative body-axis drag exists only for wind yaw angles above a certain analytical threshold, the negative frontal pressures exist at smaller yaw angles and subsequently produce body-axis drag coefficients that are significantly less than those of modern heavy vehicles. The application of this aerodynamic phenomenon to the heavy vehicle industry would produce sizable reductions in petroleum use throughout the United States.
The approval of Aduhelm risks eroding public trust in Alzheimer research and the FDA.

The FDA has granted accelerated approval to aducanumab (Aduhelm) for the treatment of Alzheimer disease with an overly broad label. The decision disregarded key aspects of scientific process and risks eroding public trust in research, regulatory science and the FDA.
Architecture and Dynamics of Meiotic Chromosomes.

The specialized two-stage meiotic cell division program halves a cell's chromosome complement in preparation for sexual reproduction. This reduction in ploidy requires that in meiotic prophase, eac...
Disrupting Dark Networks: Statistical Models for Dark Networks

Introduction It is not uncommon when attempting to tease out the causes of a particular outcome that several potential factors are identified, all of which are correlated with the outcome of interest but may not be actual causes. For example, a strong correlation exists between checking into a hospital and subsequently dying. However, few would argue that checking into a hospital typically increases the chance that someone will die. Instead, the correlation between the two events exists because people who are extremely ill and thus have a higher probability of dying are more likely to check into a hospital than are those who are in good health. This correlation is referred to as spurious because it is due to the presence of a third factor, which, in this example, is the state of one's health. It is also possible for a variable to appear to have either no effect or a negative effect on a particular outcome, when in fact it has a positive one. To illustrate this, consider the following (purely hypothetical) example (adapted from an example presented in Starbird 2006), which cross tabulates whether members of a particular dark network attended college with whether they are a key player (see Chapter 8). If we relied solely on the data presented in Table 11.1, we would probably conclude that attending college reduces the likelihood that a network member will be a key player: 70 percent of members who have not attended college are key players, whereas only 60 percent of those who have attended college are.
MO-F-CAMPUS-I-03: CT and MR Characteristics of Some Specialty 3D Printing Filaments

Purpose: To quantify the Hounsfield Unit and demonstrate MR signal of specialty 3D printer filaments that are recently made available to fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printers as raw materials to print 3D objects such as phantoms and patient specific boluses or shields. Methods: We acquired 2.85mm diameter batches of ColorFabb copperfill metal filament, Soft PLA filaments of different colors (Red, Blue, White, Beige, Black), BendLay filament, Taulman Bridge filament, NinjaFlex water semi-transparent thermoplastic elastomer filament, Light Cherry Wood LAYWOO-D3 filament, as well as the more commonly used polylactic acid (PLA) filament and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament. We also included 2.5mm diameter silicone, polyurethane, neoprene, and nitrile rubber (soft Buna-N) o-ring cords for comparison. These filaments were arranged in a 4×4 array in a 5cm × 15cm × 15cm block of UHMW polyethylene. CT scan of 1mm slice thickness was performed with a cranial SRS protocol. MR scan was performed with an ultra-short echo time point-wise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition (UTE PETRA) protocol in a water bath. The CT and MR of these different materials were imported into Eclipse. In order to reduce the contribution of partial volume effect, the maximum HU of each material were determined in 4 slices and averaged. Results: The copperfill filament HU was saturated at 2975. Soft PLA filaments had HU in the range of 400–500. PLA and NinjaFlex were 100–200 HU. Taulman Bridge filament was about 63 HU. LAYWOO- D3, ABS, and BendLay filaments were between −60 to −30 HU. Overall, the HU of these specialty filaments spanned the range from −60 to >3000. The materials were also visible in the UTE MR image. Conclusion: The wide range of materials available to FDM 3D printing made possible the fabrication of various objects for medical physics to emulate different tissues.
Investigation of an additional oxidizer charge effect on selected operational characteristics of a solid-fuel rocket engine

The paper has been intended to discuss some issues closely related to the elimination of an extremely disadvantageous phenomenon, i.e. the occurrence of a negative oxygen balance in products of combustion emitted by a solid-fuel rocket engine while launching a missile from the aircraft. Findings of experimental examination of such engines furnished with an additional oxidizer charge have also been presented.
Fetal trauma from forceps delivery.

Abstract This is an analysis of 456 unselected cases at the Southern Baptist Hospital, New Orleans, La., in which forceps were employed in vaginal deliveries on babies in the vertex presentation. The study refers specifically to the incidence and types of marks on the fetal head from the use of forceps in the second stage of labor. We have not attempted, however, to study the effect of forceps on the maternal soft parts. A search of the literature for the past thirty-five years fails to reveal a similar study. We were prompted to make this survey not only in the hope of lowering the incidence of forceps trauma to the fetus by a study of the relative dangers of the various types of forceps, but also to provide a statistical analysis, lacking in the literature, of such trauma. It is at times embarrassing to be questioned by a mother regarding marks on the baby's head. More often than not, the mother believes a forceps delivery to be a very radical procedure indeed, not understanding the major role which the use of forceps plays in modern normal obstetrics. This study is not intended to compare the relative skill of specialists and general practitioners, but to compare the results of the use of various types of forceps in the hands of these groups of accoucheurs.
Empirical Models: Dimensional Analytical Solutions

This chapter presents dimensional analytical solutions of empirical models for three shapes of dam-breach erosion: rectangular, triangular, and trapezoidal. The models employ a reservoir water-mass depletion equation, broad-crested weir hydraulics, a breach-erosion relation, and an assumed breach shape. Both linear and nonlinear cases of breach erosion are treated.
Post-beamforming Volterra filter for contrast agent imaging

We present a new algorithm for deriving a 2nd order Volterra filter (SVF) capable of separating linear and quadratic components from echo signals resulting from a single transmission covering the full (fundamental) bandwidth of the transducer. A robust algorithm for deriving the filter has been developed and tested on real-time imaging data from contrast and tissue-mimicking media. Comparisons with pulse inversion technique demonstrate that the SVF-based signal separation achieves comparable or higher levels of contrast enhancements without loss in spatial resolution. An important feature of images produced based on the quadratic component of the SVF is a significant increase in the image dynamic range compared to standard echo and pulse-inversion images. This is due to the fact that the quadratic component of the SVF filter combines a broad band of frequency components from low frequency and second harmonic components thus significantly reducing beam-forming artifacts. Furthermore, the quadratic Volterra kernel inherently rejects additive Gaussian noise. These properties were experimentally verified using a commercial scanner imaging with contrast agents in quality assurance flow phantoms.
‘Race’, IQ and Genes

Dominant social classes have often used scientific arguments to explain their privileged status. With the development of intelligence quotient (IQ) tests and the founding of the field of genetics, some researchers explained racial differences in behaviours such as IQ test performance as due to genetic differences. Recent discoveries in molecular genetics have provided evidence that human variation at the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) level is slight; much more variation exists within the members of any single group than between two different population groups. However, as the DNA of populations worldwide has been further characterised, some have assumed that racial differences in intelligence or other social behaviours can be ascribed to those slight interracial genetic differences. Scientists must remain vigilant and expose misrepresentations of scientific data that overemphasise the genetics of group differences and that support genetically deterministic explanations for complex behaviours, such as intelligence. Key Concepts Science, through measurements of brain size and IQ test scores, has been misused to support the idea of presumed racial hierarchies in intelligence. Identical twin studies yield heritability numbers for various traits such as intelligence. However these heritability numbers do not give any information on the strength of genetic contributions to the trait under study. Furthermore, questionable assumptions that are made in carrying out these studies raise issues about the validity of the numbers themselves. The search for gene variants with strong influences on complex behavioural traits, including intelligence, has been largely unsuccessful. Environment plays a major role in the manifestation of most genetic traits. Recent discoveries in molecular genetics have shown that most of the genetic variation that is found among human beings around the world is found in all racial and ethnic groups, and only a small amount is found in specific groups. Using large numbers of genetic variants that differ only slightly in proportion between population groups, researchers can assort individuals into major continental geographic clusters with a high degree of accuracy. Aside from a small fraction of genes influencing apparent, visible physical features distinguishing people, the distribution of genetic variation does not support a biological basis for the concept of human races. Preliminary and faulty scientific studies on issues relating to race and intelligence are often rapidly and unjustifiably translated into calls for changes in social policy. Scientists have a responsibility to help ensure that studies on the genetics of group differences are not misused and misrepresented to support racist theories regarding human behaviours. Keywords: racism; race; ethics; behaviour genetics; IQ; eugenics
Recognizing Middle School Students' Taste for Popular Music.

What happens when your middle school students ask the question, "When can we study our music?" You may cringe, realizing that your efforts to broaden students' musical taste don't necessarily bridge the gap between what they hear outside of school and what you expect them to listen to in school. You carefully consider musical content, age appropriateness, lesson objectives, and accessibility when selecting music for study. What about student-initiated selections? Can we connect music education's desired outcomes and the musical selections with which students may be comfortable?
Bistability and other nonlinear optical effects in a fiber-optic ring interferometer

A fiber-optic ring resonator enhances the nonlinear optical interactions just as conventional resonators do.1 Ordinarily, the effect with the lowest threshold dominates, and in a fiber that effect is usually stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), which creates a frequency shifted wave propagating around the ring in the opposite direction to the pump and clamps the circulating pump power at the Brillouin threshold. We have built an all-fiber ring resonator that incorporates a Faraday rotator optical diode which raises the SBS threshold by a factor of 100. With SBS suppressed, a variety of third-order nonlinear optical effects appear. We have developed a complete theory of these effects and observed many of them.
Does Ischemia Burden in Stable Coronary Artery Disease Effectively Identify Revascularization Candidates? Ischemia Burden in Stable Coronary Artery Disease Does Not Effectively Identify Revascularization Candidates

Over 30 years ago, a benefit of surgical revascularization was demonstrated in patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD) but this was before most of our current disease-modifying medical therapies for coronary artery disease (CAD) were available.1 Analysis of these trials indicated that patients who derived the most benefit from surgery were those with more extensive CAD, particularly those with significant left main CAD or multivessel CAD, including proximal left anterior descending stenosis. After the introduction of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), studies were performed in the 1990s comparing PCI with contemporary medical therapy and found no benefit on death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization.2 It was at the time unclear whether this was because of the different revascularization technique or advances in medical therapy. See Response by Hachamovitch Subsequently, 2 large, randomized, multicenter trials were undertaken to determine whether revascularization offered an advantage over intensive medical therapy (optimal medical therapy). The Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) and Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI-2D) trials randomized patients with SIHD to a strategy of routine revascularization in addition to optimal medical therapy or to a strategy of optimal medical therapy alone.3,4 The optimal medical therapy approach included statin-based lipid-lowering therapy with a target low-density lipoprotein 60 to 85 mg/dL, anti-ischemic medications alone or in combination, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition or angiotensin receptor blockade. The COURAGE trial included 2287 patients and used PCI as the revascularization technique. There was no benefit on the primary end point of death or myocardial infarction (MI) for the routine PCI strategy over a median 4.6 years of follow-up and there was also no difference between groups in survival. The BARI-2D trial included 2368 patients with diabetes mellitus and both PCI and surgery were used for revascularization. Randomization was …
The Spectrum of SN 1972e and the Fluorescence Theory of Supernova Light

Several years ago two of us proposed an explanation for the SN I light curve based on a fluorescence mechanism (Morrison and Sartori 1966, 1969). According to our model, the observed broad spectral features represent fluorescence excited in the medium surrounding the supernova by a pulse of soft x-rays produced in the explosion. The time behavior of the intensity measured by a fixed observer reflects the spatial attenuation of the primary pulse; for a single line and uniform density of absorbing material, the light curve is given by an exponential integral, which behaves asymptotically as e −x /x. With the dominant photographic band identified as He ii 4686, the most elementary version of the theory gives an excellent one-parameter fit to the photographic light curve from about 40 days on. The redward shift of the dominant feature is also naturally accounted for. The principal demands of the theory are: (i) some tenths of a solar mass of helium must have been ejected over the integrated history of the pre-supernova, and must have diffused out to fill a region a light year or two in radius; (ii) approximately 1051 erg is required in the exciting pulse in the energy range 50–54 eV. This leads to an estimate of ~ 1052 erg as a lower limit on the energy associated with the explosion.
Health and Work Capacity of Older Adults: Estimates and Implications for Social Security Policy

The simultaneous growth in longevity and mounting budget deficits in the U.S. have increased interest in raising the age of eligibility for public health and retirement benefits. The consequences of this policy depend on the health of the near elderly, and on the distribution of health by demographic group. We simulate the work capacity and likely disability experience of near elderly individuals (62-64 year-olds) based on the work, disability, and retirement status of slightly younger people. Our estimates, from two distinct data sets, indicate that work capacity is substantial at this age. Because health deteriorates very slowly from ages 60-65, labor force participation could rise by 15-20 percent for all demographic groups, while overall disability rates would change very little. However, less advantaged groups would face challenges in the labor market. The expected earnings of current non-workers without any college education are lower than similar workers, by 15 to 25 percent, indicating the uneven burden of changes in the age of eligibility
Thermal conductivity, elastic modulus, and coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer composites filled with ceramic particles for electronic packaging

The effective thermal conductivity, elastic modulus, and coefficient of thermal expansion of epoxy resins filled with ceramic fillers like silica, alumina, and aluminum nitride were determined. The data obtained was compared with theoretical and semitheoretical equations in the literature that are used to predict the properties of two phase mixtures. It was found that Agari's model provided a good estimate of the composite thermal conductivity. The Hashin-Shtrikman lower bound for composite modulus fits the modulus data fairly well at low concentrations of the filler. Also, it was found that the coefficients of thermal expansion of the filled composites lie in between Schapery's upper and lower bounds. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 3396–3403, 1999