cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arc composition at mid‐crustal depths: Insights from the Coast Ridge Belt, Santa Lucia Mountains, California

[1] The Coast Ridge Belt (CRB, Santa Lucia Mts., central California) comprises mid-crustal rocks (750–800°C and 0.8 GPa) of the California magmatic arc. We estimated the bulk composition of the CRB and converted our results to seismic velocities expected at the observed pressures and temperatures. This transformation allows us to compare calculated velocities for the CRB with in situ measurements in similar arcs. The bulk composition of this arc section changes abruptly at 25 km depth from a granodiorite to a quartz-diorite or diorite. These data are in agreement with geophysical results from other Cordilleran batholiths, and suggest 1.5 to 2 times thicker felsic columns than usually interpreted for modern continental arcs, and a relatively sharp transition between a felsic upper crustal batholith, and a mafic deep crust. This implied rheological boundary may have significant implications for intracrustal faulting or convective removal of the roots of batholiths.
Subzone-based nonlinear inversion scheme for viscoelastic tissue properties

A nonlinear inversion scheme formulated on small subzones of the total region of interest (ROI) is developed. The algorithm reconstructs the distribution of a linear elastic stiffness term and a Maxwellian damping parameter over the entire ROI through a least squares optimization. The subzones are generated in a hierarchical manner based on progressive error minimization and processed in an automated, sweeping fashion until certain performance criterion are met. Simulation results show that the algorithm works well to minimize global error and is capable of simultaneously reconstructing both property parameter distributions even in the presence of random noise, although initial experience suggests that the elastic property image is superior to its attenuation coefficient counterpart.
Automatic Identification of Generalized Upper Bounds in Large-Scale Optimization Models

To solve contemporary large-scale linear, integer and mixed integer programming problems, it is often necessary to exploit intrinsic special structure in the model at hand. One commonly used technique is to identify and then to exploit in a basis factorization algorithm a generalized upper bound GUB structure. This report compares several existing methods for identifying GUB structure. Computer programs have been written to permit comparison of computational efficiency. The GUB programs have been incorporated in an existing optimization system of advanced design and have been tested on a variety of large-scale real-life optimization problems. The identification of GUB sets of maximum size is shown to be among the class of NP-complete problems; these problems are widely conjectured to be intractable in that no polynomial-time algorithm has been demonstrated for solving them. All the methods discussed in this report are polynomial-time heuristic algorithms that attempt to find, but do not guarantee, GUB sets of maximum size. Bounds for the maximum size of GUB sets are developed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the heuristic algorithms.
CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION

ABSTRACT This paper introduces the concept “Categories of Information”, and describes how this concept emerged and how these categories were identified in the course of a comparative study of some of the various known formulations of the principles of classical mechanics. It attempts to show that the existence of these categories of information is an aspect of nature, and that in general, information considered in its usual broad sense consists of manifold and complex natural phenomena which apparently can be structured in terms of distinguishable yet related categories. A comparative study of the principles of classical mechanics has revealed that they are only conditionally equivalent, and that questions concerning their equivalence and completeness cannot be put with meaning, without naturally evoking a new concept pertaining to the existence in nature of categories of information. The emergence of this concept in the study, shows that the equivalence or non-equivalence of the principles of mechanics, considered as propositions about the world of mechanical experience, should be decided according to the nature of the information which they do and can render explicit about it. The observations and conclusions noted above were developed by focusing attention on the principles of Newton, of Gauss and of Hertz. In so doing, it has been demonstrated that general and fundamental global information on the distribution of internal forces in many-body systems, which is rendered explicit and without integration by the principles of Gauss and Hertz, at present appears inaccessible in terms of the principles of Newton [10]. This information is obtained within the edifice of the principles of Gauss [3] and Hertz [4], by reintroducing and underlining therein the concept of force, which they sought to eliminate as a primitive notion by its geometrization in terms of geometrical constraints. This has been done for a non-trivial class of mechanical systems which include the gas model used by Maxwell, by establishing and using what appears to be a fundamental connection between non-holonomic unilateral geometrical constraints and the impenetrability of matter. In so doing it is found that the primitive role ascribed by Newton to the concept force is linked with the primitive concept of impenetrability of matter which is the physical basis for its geometrization in terms of the geometrical constraints used by Gauss and Hertz. This in effect establishes within the edifice of classical mechanics, the impenetrability of matter as the physical foundation of force; and the geometrical constraints as an (geometrical) intermediary between force and impenetrability; and accordingly as a geometrical manifestation of their ontological connection. The paper is summarized by drawing attention to an eleventh category of information which includes some of the most fundamental propositions of Science and Mathematics.
Design of DOE-Based Automatic Process Controller With Consideration of Model and Observation Uncertainties

Robust parameter design (RPD) has been widely used as a cost-effective tool in quality control to reduce variability, in which the controllable factors are set to minimize the variability of response variables due to noise factors, assuming their distributions are known. It is essentially an offline tool without considering that some noise factors can be measured online. Recently, the concept of design of experiment (DOE)-based automatic process control (APC) has been proposed for online process control based on regression models obtained from DOE and with consideration of the online measurement of noise factors. The existing literature investigates the DOE-based APC with assumption that both regression models and the online noise measurement are precisely known, which limits the applicability of the technique. This paper develops the DOE-based APC scheme that considers both the observation and the modeling uncertainties. The controller is implemented under two APC strategies, i.e., cautious control strategy and certainty equivalence control strategy. The comparison among online APC and robust design approaches demonstrates that automatic controller with consideration of both uncertainties can achieve better process performance than conventional design, and is more stable than normal DOE-based APC controllers. The proposed approach is illustrated using an industrial process.
Micro-patterning of mammalian cells on suspended MEMS resonant sensors for long-term growth measurements

MEMS resonant mass sensors can measure the mass of individual cells, though long-term growth measurements are limited by the movement of cells off the sensor area. Micro-patterning techniques are a powerful approach to control the placement of individual cells in an arrayed format. In this work we present a method for micro-patterning cells on fully suspended resonant sensors through select functionalization and passivation of the chip surface. This method combines high-resolution photolithography with a blanket transfer technique for applying photoresist to avoid damaging the sensors. Cells are constrained to the patterned collagen area on the sensor by pluronic acting as a cell adhesion blocker. This micro-patterning method enables long-term growth measurements, which is demonstrated by a measurement of the change in mass of a human breast cancer cell over 18 h.
Cardiopulmonary Effects of Pulmonary Venous Hypertension with Special Reference to Pulmonary Lymphatic Flow

Acute elevation of left atrial pressure could be precisely controlled at any desired level up to a mean of 60 mm. Hg in dogs with an intact thorax. The following observations were made in a series of 15 dogs. Right lymphatic duct flow did not increase at acutely elevated left atrial mean pressure below 25 mm. Hg, whereas flow increased 3- to 4-fold at mean pressure above 25 mm. Hg. The total amount of lymph at maximum flow, however, was only 0.3 ml./min. Lymph flow remained elevated for as long as 1 hour after left atrial pressure was restored to normal. Elevation of left atrial pressure did not affect lymph flow in the thoracic duct. Pulmonary edema did not occur readily at left atrial mean pressure elevated only slightly above plasma oncotic pressure. The production of pulmonary edema was observed only after a considerable elevation of left atrial pressure above plasma oncotic pressure was maintained for a period of one half hour or more in an otherwise normal dog. The hematocrit increased significantly after a 10-minute period of high left atrial pressure. Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased sharply as left atrial mean pressure was raised from 0 to 15 mm. Hg. The resistance gradually rose as left atrial pressure was raised to between 15 and 30 mm. Hg. Pulmonary arterial pressure uniformly rose and cardiac output uniformly declined with increasing left atrial pressure. Chronic elevation of left atrial pressure was achieved in 15 dogs. Left atrial mean pressure varied from 10 to 23 mm. Hg. These dogs were followed up to 10 months and the following observations were made. Right lymphatic duct flow did not increase at chronically elevated left atrial mean pressure below 25 mm. Hg. Flow was not studied at higher pressures since we were unable to sustain left atrial mean pressure above 25 mm. Hg in any dog in our chronic group. The animals that were brought to left atrial mean pressure between 30 and 40 mm. Hg and in whom these high levels were presumably maintained were found dead in their cages with pulmonary edema 1 to 2 days after tightening the snare. Many of the usual functional and structural changes often found in lungs of patients with mitral stenosis, except for hemosiderosis, were not observed in our experimental animals although the extent of the supravalvular stenosis produced was marked. Pulmonary arterial pressure rose slightly and cardiac output declined slightly. No change was noted in pulmonary vascular resistance. Ascites and other signs of right sided failure were not encountered.
Sleep Loss and Circadian Rhythm Disruption in the Intensive Care Unit

Critical illness is associated with profound sleep disruption. Causality is diverse and includes physiologic, psychological, and environmental factors. There are limited pharmacologic interventions available to treat sleep disturbances in critical illness; however, multidisciplinary strategies that alter the intensive care unit (ICU) environment and cluster care delivery have shown promise in sleep and circadian promotion and delirium reduction. With the appropriate administrative support and involvement of diverse ICU stakeholders, effective strategies could be created, implemented, and maintained to improve sleep disruption in critically ill patients.
V-Gate GaN HEMTs for X-Band Power Applications

GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with novel V-shaped gates were developed. The V-gate GaN HEMTs feature two key technologies: One is the use of an epitaxially grown GaN cap layer to isolate the surface charging from affecting the 2DEG channel; the other one is the adoption of a V-shaped gate-recess geometry that effectively mitigates the electric-field crowding at the gate edge. The combination of these two technologies enables high-voltage and dispersion-free operation without significantly sacrificing the devices' bandwidth. At 10-GHz frequency and 48-V drain bias, the V-gate devices exhibited an output power density of 12.2 W/mm with the associated power added efficiency as high as 65%. This result represents, to date, the highest reported efficiency at this frequency and operating voltage, indicating that the V-gate GaN HEMTs are suitable for X-band power applications.
The promises and pitfalls of including decadal- scale climate forcing of recruitment in groundfish stock assessment

Concurrent declines in demersal fish stock abundances and shifts in long-term average environmental conditions have been well documented in the Pacific. Management advice ignoring environmental forcing of recruitment may cause stocks to be over- or under-harvested, so it is important to consider including environmental forcing on recruitment in stock assessment models. Simulation testing is used to determine the statistical power of stock assessments to identify long-term, decadal-scale environmental forcing of recruitment and the ability to estimate management reference points when the dura- tion of the fisheries time series is equal to or less than the period of the environmental cycle. Commonly used assessment methods generally lead to lower total type I (incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis of no environmental impact) and type II (failing to detect an environmental impact when such a relationship exists) error rates. The promise of integrating environ- mental data with decadal-scale variability directly into stock assessments via the stock-recruitment relationship is out- weighed by the pitfall of high type I error rates that are due to fishing-induced stock declines that coincide with directional environmental change. However, the impact of type I errors can be minimized by choosing an appropriate combination of assessment method and reference point estimators. Resume : On a bien etudie les declins des stocks de poissons demersaux et les changements concurrents dans les moyennes a long terme des conditions environnementales dans le Pacifique. Les avis de gestion qui ne tiennent pas compte du forcage environnemental du recrutement peuvent causer une surexploitation ou une sous-exploitation des stocks; il est donc impor- tant de considerer l'inclusion du forcage environnemental dans les modeles d'evaluation des stocks. Des tests de simulation nous servent a determiner la puissance statistique des evaluations de stocks a identifier le forcage environnemental du recru- tement a long terme a l'echelle des decennies, ainsi qu'a estimer les points de reference de gestion, lorsque la duree de la se- rie chronologique des peches est egale ou inferieure a la periode du cycle environnemental. Les methodes d'evaluation couramment utilisees menent generalement a des taux globaux reduits d'erreurs de type I (le rejet incorrect de l'hypothese nulle d'absence d'impact environnemental) et de type II (non detection d'un impact environnemental existant). La possibilite d'integration des donnees environnementales avec une variabilite a l'echelle des decennies directement dans les evaluations de stocks a travers la relation stock-recrutement est contrebalancee par le piege de forts taux d'erreurs de type I qui sont dus aux declins des stocks causes par la peche qui coincident avec des changements environnementaux directionnels. Cepen- dant, l'impact des erreurs de type I peut etre minimise en choisissant une combinaison appropriee de methode d'evaluation et d'estimateurs des points de reference. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Spring 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in King County, Washington.

Background: In April 2009, King County, Washington, experienced a sustained outbreak of 2009 H1N1 influenza A. This report describes the epidemiology of that outbreak in King County, home to a diverse population of 1.9 million people.Methods: The 2 primary sources of data are case investigations of reported laboratory-confirmed 2009 H1N1 influenza A and a population-based syndromic surveillance system that captures data from emergency departments (EDs). A syndromic category for influenza-like illness was defined based on chief complaint and diagnosis.Results: ED visits for influenza-like illness peaked quickly in the first week of the outbreak and remained high for approximately 6 weeks, with school-age children accounting for the greater number of ED visits, followed by young adults. Children ages 0 to 4 years had the highest rate of hospitalization. Among reported cases, blacks, Asians, and Hispanics were more likely to be hospitalized. Predisposing factors associated with admission were immune compromise, chronic lung disease, chronic heart disease, pregnancy, diabetes, and asthma. Of people receiving antiviral treatment, 34% started their medication more than 2 calendar days after the onset of illness. Mean days between illness onset and antiviral treatment were greater for blacks, Hispanics, and foreign language speakers.Conclusions: The spring 2009 influenza A H1N1 outbreak disproportionately affected children, young adults, and racial and ethnic minorities. Opportunities exist to improve the timeliness of antiviral treatment. Potential barriers to care for racial and ethnic minorities should be proactively addressed to ensure prompt evaluation and treatment. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3(Suppl 2):S109–S116)
A note on allocating jobs to two machines

A recent article in this journal by Mehta, Chandrasekaran, and Emmons [1] described a dynamic programming algorithm for assigning jobs to two identical parallel processors in a way that minimizes the average delay of these jobs. Their problem has a constraint on the sequence of the jobs such that any group of jobs assigned to a processor must be processed in the order of the sequence. This note has two purposes. First, we wish to point out a relationship between this work and some prior work [2]. Second, we wish to point out that Mehta, Chandrasekaran, and Emmons formulation, slightly generalized, can be used to find the optimum assignment of jobs to two machines in a more general class of problems than they considered including a subclass in which the jobs are not constrained to be processed in a given sequence.
Bardet–Biedl syndrome genes are important in retrograde intracellular trafficking and Kupffer's vesicle cilia function

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is characterized by obesity, retinopathy, polydactyly, cognitive impairment, renal and cardiac anomalies as well as hypertension and diabetes. The nine known BBS genes do not appear to belong to the same functional category; yet mutation of these genes results in a nearly identical pleiotropic phenotype. Although the precise functions of the BBS proteins have yet to be determined, current data support a role in cilia function and intraflagellar transport. To gain insight into the biological processes controlled by BBS genes, we embarked on studies of six BBS orthologues from zebrafish. Knockdown of zebrafish bbs2, bbs4, bbs5, bbs6, bbs7 or bbs8 results in disruption of Kupffer's vesicle (KV), a ciliated organ thought to play a role in left-right patterning. KV defects are due to a progressive loss of cilia within the vesicle and result in subsequent alterations to organ laterality. We also note a specific defect altering retrograde melanosome transport. These studies are the first to comprehensively compare the diverse group of BBS genes in parallel and demonstrate a common role in intracellular trafficking, indicating that BBS proteins are involved in general organelle trafficking.
Time Reversal Imaging by Adaptive Interference Canceling

We develop the time reversal adaptive interference canceler (TRAIC) time reversal beamformer (TRBF), a new algorithm to detect and locate targets in rich scattering environments. It utilizes time reversal in two stages: (1) Anti-focusing: TRAIC time reverses and then reshapes the clutter backscatter to mitigate the clutter response; (2) Focusing: TRBF time reverses the residual backscatter to focus the radar image on the target. Laboratory experiments with electromagnetic radar data in a highly cluttered environment confirm the superiority of TRAIC-TRBF over conventional direct subtraction (DS) beamform imaging.
Interactive Effects of p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene and Hepatitis B Virus in Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis

Chronic infection with hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) virus and dietary exposure to either aflatoxin B1 or alcoholic beverages are the major risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene are frequently found in HCC. Aflatoxin B1 exposure also has a positive correlation with codon 249ser mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The continued expression of hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) plays an important role in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. The protein—protein interaction between the HBx and p53 tumor suppressor protein can abrogate the normal functions of p53. This review discusses the role of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and its interactive effects with HBx in human liver carcinogenesis.
The Impact of Urban-Industrial Development on Agriculture in the Tennessee Valley and the Southeast

(1) Economic development occurs in specific locational matrix; there may be one or more such matrices in a particular economy . .. (2) These locational matrices are primarily industrial-urban in composition . . . (3) The existing economic organization works best at or near the center of a particular matrix of economic development and it also works best in those parts of agriculture which are situated favorably in relation to such a center ...2
Remarks on “Tone Rows and Tropes” by Harald Fripertinger and Peter Lackner

Twelve-tone theory has thrived for more than half a century in the work of a number of North American writers, including Milton Babbitt, Robert Morris, and David Lewin. This article touches on a number of ways their work intersects with the procedures and observations found in “Tone Rows and Tropes” by Harald Fripertinger and Peter Lackner, and encourages a continuing dialogue in hopes of continued enrichment to those interested in the topic.
Current Accounts and National Savings: Rebalancing Demand in China and the United States

The persistence of global current account imbalances in the last decade has highlighted the importance of examining and understanding the causes of imbalances. Although generally studied as a macroeconomic phenomenon, changes to the current account may have effects on the microeconomy that warrant examination. This paper uses an applied microeconomic general equilibrium model to examine changes to current account imbalances existing between the U.S. and China. The microeconomic effects of a rebalancing of domestic demand in China that lessens the current account surplus and generates a real appreciation of the renminbi are analyzed. The U.S. current account deficit narrows in response to the real appreciation of the renminbi, but the economy contracts by a small amount. Further analysis demonstrates a reduction in the rate of consumption in the U.S. also results in a narrowing of the current account deficit and suggests that consumption fuels both the current account deficit and economic growth. The analysis has implications for global current account imbalances, as the importance of domestic structural adjustments in reducing imbalances is highlighted.
Escala de la Evaluación de la Administración de Negocios para el Cuidado de Niños en el Hogar by Teri N. Talan and Paula Jorde Bloom

A medida que la poblacion hispana va en aumento cada dia, la necesidad de proveedores hispanos de alta calidad en el cuidado de ninos continua en aumento. El cuidado de ninos de alta calidad es abs...
Probing interactions between lysine residues in histone tails and nucleosomal DNA via product and kinetic analysis.

The histone proteins in nucleosome core particles are known to catalyze DNA cleavage at abasic and oxidized abasic sites, which are produced by antitumor antibiotics and as a consequence of other modalities of DNA damage. The lysine rich histone tails whose post-translational modifications regulate genetic expression in cells are mainly responsible for this chemistry. Cleavage at a C4′-oxidized abasic site (C4-AP) concomitantly results in modification of lysine residues in histone tails. Using LC-MS/MS, we demonstrate here that that Lys8, -12, -16, and -20 of histone H4 were modified when C4-AP was incorporated at a hot spot (superhelical location 1.5) for DNA damage within a nucleosome core particle. A new DNA–protein cross-linking method that provides a more quantitative analysis of individual amino acid reactivity is also described. DNA–protein cross-links were produced by an irreversible reaction between a nucleic acid electrophile that was produced following oxidatively induced rearrangement of a phe...
A novel approach for mitigating the effects of pre-rolling/pre-sliding friction on the settling time of rolling bearing nanopositioning stages using high frequency vibration

Abstract Nanopositioning stages are used for ultra-precise positioning in many different applications. Among the bearing options available for long-range nanopositioning stages, rolling bearings are the most cost effective. However, rolling bearing nanopositioning (RB-NP) stages are well known to take a long time to reach their target positions in point-to-point positioning tasks due to pre-rolling/pre-sliding friction. This paper presents vibration assisted nanopositioning (VAN) – a novel approach for reducing the settling time of RB-NP stages using high frequency vibration (aka dither). VAN synergistically combines the electromechanical design and control of RB-NP stages to mitigate pre-rolling/pre-sliding friction using dither, without jeopardizing positioning precision. It is shown in simulations to exhibit superior positioning performance and robustness compared to model-based friction compensation methods. Experiments carried out on a prototype stage incorporating the VAN approach show a 52% reduction of mean settling time, based on 50 trials, when compared to a case without VAN. Moreover, the heat and potential wear induced by dither are shown to be practically insignificant.
In Their Own Words: Rural Adolescent Stressors and Relationship to Depressive Symptoms.

This study evaluated qualitative reports of stressful life events from young rural adolescents and examined the relationship between stressor themes and depressive symptoms. A phenomenological appr...
A Comparative Study on Corporate Governance Standards and Practices with Special Reference to Indian Banking Industry

The vital constituent of an economy are Banks. The significance of banking sector is highlighted by the fact that it is an internationally regulated industry and the banks are under the purview of financial regulators of the country. It is of pivotal significance that the banks have robust corporate governance. A new clause 49 was introduced by SEBI in the listing agreement before a decade mentioning the principles of corporate governance to be followed by the listed companies. In the following years SEBI revised clause 49 several times after incorporating the recommendation of various committees. After taking into account the various trends and factors related to corporate Governance the topic entitled. "A comparative study of corporate standards and practices with special reference to Indian Banking Industry" has been drafted to assess the structure and processes of corporate governance followed by select banks in India and their effectiveness in the content of substance and quality of reporting of corporate governance activities in the annual reports. The study also looks in to the state of compliance of key governance benchmarks in the select banks and offers suggestions to accomplish better governance standards.
Thermophysical Properties Along Curiosity's Traverse in Gale Crater, Mars, Derived from the REMS Ground Temperature Sensor

The REMS instrument onboard the Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, has measured ground temperature nearly continuously at hourly intervals for two Mars years. Coverage of the entire diurnal cycle at 1 Hz is available every few martian days. We compare these measurements with predictions of surface atmosphere thermal models to derive the apparent thermal inertia and thermally derived albedo along the rovers traverse after accounting for the radiative effects of atmospheric water ice during fall and winter, as is necessary to match the measured seasonal trend. The REMS measurements can distinguish between active sand, other loose materials, mudstone, and sandstone based on their thermophysical properties. However, the apparent thermal inertias of bedrock dominated surfaces [approx. 350-550 J m(exp. -2) K(exp. -1 s(exp. -1/2 )] are lower than expected. We use rover imagery and the detailed shape of the diurnal ground temperature curve to explore whether lateral or vertical heterogeneity in the surface materials within the sensor footprint might explain the low inertias. We find that the bedrock component of the surface can have a thermal inertia as high as 650-1700 J m(exp. -2) K(exp. -1) s(exp. -1/2) for mudstone sites and approx. 700 J m(exp. -2) K(exp. -1) s(exp. - 1/2) for sandstone sites in models runs that include lateral and vertical mixing. Although the results of our forward modeling approach may be non-unique, they demonstrate the potential to extract information about lateral and vertical variations in thermophysical properties from temporally resolved measurements of ground temperature.
High efficiency video coding

In the family of video coding standards, HEVC has the promise and potential to replace/supplement all the existing standards (MPEG and H.26x series including H.264/AVC). While the complexity of the HEVC encoder is several times that of the H.264/AVC, the decoder complexity is within the range of the latter. Researchers are exploring about reducing the HEVC encoder complexity · Kim et al have shown that motion estimation (ME) occupies 77–81% of HEVC encoder implementation. Hence the focus has been in reducing the ME complexity. Several researchers have implemented performance comparison of HEVC with other standards such as H.264/AVC, MPEG-4 Part 2 visual, H.262/PEG-2 Video, H.263, and VP9 and also with image coding standards such as JPEG2000, JPEG-LS, and JPEG-XR. Several tests have shown that HEVC provides improved compression efficiency up to 50% bit rate reduction for the same subjective video quality compared to H.264/AVC. Besides addressing all current applications, HEVC is designed and developed to focus on two key issues: increased video resolution — up to 8k×4k — and increased use of parallel processing architecture. Brief description of the HEVC is provided. However for details and implementation, the reader is referred to the JCT-VC documents, overview papers, keynote speeches, tutorials, panel discussions, poster sessions, special issues, test models (TM/HM), web/ftp site, open source software, test sequences, anchor bit streams and the latest books on HEVC. Also researchers are exploring transcoding between HEVC and other standards such as MPEG-2 and H.264. Further extensions to HEVC are scalable video coding (SVC), 3D video/multiview video coding and range extensions which include screen content coding (SCC), bit depths larger than 10 bits and color sampling of 4:2:2 and 4:4:4. SCC in general refers to computer generated objects and screen shots from computer applications (both images and videos) and may require lossless coding. Some of these extensions have been finalized by the end of 2014 (time frame for SCC is late 2016). They also provide fertile ground for R & D. Iguchi et al have already developed a hardware encoder for super hi-vision (SHV) i.e., ultra HDTV at 7680×4320 pixel resolution. Also real-time hardware implementation of HEVC encoder for 1080p HD video has been done. NHK is planning SHV experimental broadcasting in 2016. A 249-Mpixel/s HEVC video decoder chip for 4k Ultra-HD applications has already been developed. Bross et al have shown that real time software decoding of 4K (3840×2160) video with HEVC is feasible on current desktop CPUs using four CPU cores. They also state that encoding 4K video in real time on the other hand is a challenge. Multimedia research group (MRC) predicts 2 billion HEVC based devices by end of 2016.
Abstract 2563: Modulation of DNA damage responses and cytotoxicity of bleomycin by vitamin C

Bleomycin (BL) is an iron-chelating chemical that is used for treatment of several types of cancer. The administration of this drug to patients is also associated with significant side effects, including life-threatening lung fibrosis. Biological factors affecting chemotherapeutic effectiveness of BL and the severity of its major side effects remain poorly understood. Cytotoxic effects of BL are attributed to its ability to cause DNA breaks via oxidative reactions by chelated iron. Ascorbate is a main cellular antioxidant, which can also promote redox cycling of iron by reducing its ferric form. Standard cultures of human cells contain less than 1% of physiological amounts of vitamin C, raising concerns whether common in vitro models adequately recapitulate major mechanistic aspects of BL toxicity in vivo. In this work, we investigated the effects of intracellular ascorbate on cell killing and DNA damage-activated stress responses by BL. We found that replenishment of human lung carcinoma cells with ascorbate increased cytotoxicity and clonogenic lethality of BL. Examination of DNA damage responses in BL-treated cells found that cellular ascorbate enhanced some signaling branches while suppressing others. Ascorbate-restored cells also displayed an increased dependence on nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair for their long-term survival. Overall, our results show that restoration of ascorbate levels increases sensitivity of cancer cells to killing by BL and alters their DNA damage responses. Low ascorbate levels in hypoxic tumors can contribute to their resistance to BL-based therapy. Citation Format: Blazej Rubis, Anatoly Zhitkovich. Modulation of DNA damage responses and cytotoxicity of bleomycin by vitamin C. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2563. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2563
A portfolio decision analysis approach to support energy research and development resource allocation

Abstract Research sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE) aims to facilitate a clean and independent energy future for the nation. Strategic planning for energy research and development (R&D) can be complex and dynamic, in part due to federal budgetary constraints and volatility. Managing R&D funding to advance energy technologies, in spite of these challenges, is a crucial component of the nation's long term energy policy. This study demonstrates a portfolio decision analysis (PDA) approach to support R&D resource allocation decisions for the DOE Office of Fossil Energy's Carbon Capture and Storage R&D program. A multi-attribute value model uses technology readiness levels (TRLs) and other metrics to represent the overall objectives of the R&D program in order to evaluate alternative research portfolios given limited funding. Mathematical optimization identifies efficient funding allocations for each technology program area to maximize the multi-attribute value generated from the total budget. This is especially useful for responding to externally imposed budget changes. As the case study demonstrates, explicitly funding the most value-generating options leads to greater expected R&D programmatic value than typical strategies of equal or proportional distributions of a budget change among technology program areas.
Minimizing electricity cost and emissions in optical data center networks

Information and communication technology plays an important role in worldwide electricity consumption. Existing routing approaches, oblivious to location-dependent energy prices and emissions, incur considerable costs and environmental impacts to network operators. We propose a new routing approach in order to minimize the electricity costs and emissions of core networks under multiple electricity market environments. The proposed approach is based on the advantages of using adaptive routing. We use the available electricity price and fuel mix from power utilities to find the lowest electricity cost path and the least emissions path, while the electricity price and emissions depend on the location diversity and time diversity. Depending on the electricity price and emissions, alternative geographical paths in wide-area networks may be preferred. We propose an analytical model for electricity costs and emissions that considers the blocking probability of network traffic on optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks with no wavelength conversion. We evaluate new approaches on two realistic topologies, and the results show up to a 26% improvement in electricity cost and 5% in emissions compared with two fixed routing approaches. Our balanced results imply that the proposed approach would be able to trade off between the electricity cost and emissions.
Abstract TMP61: Outcomes After Ischemic Stroke Among “America’s Best Hospitals”

Background: The ranking of “America’s Best Hospitals” by the US News & World Report is a popular hospital-profiling system, but it is not known whether the 50 top hospitals for Neurology and Neuros...
Clinical Uses of the Botulinum Toxin and Ophthalmology

Botulinum toxin therapy is now established in the field of ophthalmology for treatment of blepharospasm ,hemifacial spasm and strabismus and may help certain types of nystagmus, apraxia of the eyelid opening, eyelid myokyomia, facial nerve synkinesis, lacrimal hypersecretion syndromes, eyelid retraction, spastic entropion and corneal protective ptosis. In this chapter, I discuss these indications.
Dislocation dynamics in Al0.1CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy under tensile loading

Abstract The deformation mechanisms in a single phase face-entered cubic high-entropy alloy, Al0.1CoCrFeNi, under tensile loading are investigated using classical molecular simulations. Our atomistic model employed for quasi-statically straining the alloy is validated against the predictions of lattice structure, pair-correlations and material density. The Young's modulus determined from the linear stress-strain profile in the elastic regime concurs with previous experimental reports. During plastic deformation, we find that dislocation nucleation and mobility plays a pivotal role in initially triggering twin boundaries followed by the generation of intrinsic and extrinsic stacking faults in the alloy. At room temperature, we find dislocation annihilation contributes to the shear resistance of the alloy effecting a serration laden plastic flow of stress as uniaxial strain is increased.
Abstract IA08: Systematic interrogation of cancer dependencies

Although we now have a draft view of the genetic alterations that occur in human cancer, the number of mutations found at low frequency and the molecular heterogeneity of most cancers makes identifying genes that contribute to cancer phenotypes challenging. Determining the function of genes altered in cancer genomes is essential to develop new therapeutic approaches. To complement these genome characterization studies, we have used genome scale gain and loss of function approaches to identify genes required for cell survival and transformation. Specifically, we have performed systematic studies to interrogate rare alleles found altered in cancer genomes and used advances in synthetic gene synthesis to prospectively interrogate all possible alleles of known cancer genes. In parallel, we have performed both genome scale RNAi and CRISRP-Cas9 screens in more than 500 cell lines to identify differentially essential genes and the context that specifies gene dependency. This approach now permits us to identify and classify cancer dependencies. These studies allow us to begin to define a global cancer dependencies map. Citation Format: William C. Hahn. Systematic interrogation of cancer dependencies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Opportunities and Challenges of Exploiting Synthetic Lethality in Cancer; Jan 4-7, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2017;16(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA08.
The relationship between apolipoprotein B-100 and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after treatment with an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor.

Measurement of apolipoproteins AI and B-100 has been shown to provide at least equivalent information to measurement of lipoprotein cholesterol levels for evaluating risk of cardiovascular disease. In the present study, the authors examined the relationship between APO B-100 and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in a hypercholesterolemic population that was treated with 16 weeks of hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitor therapy to lower plasma cholesterol levels. The average decrease in APO B-100 was −0.27 g/L (23% of baseline), which was similar to the decrease in LDL cholesterol, −1.6 mmol/L (−0.61 g/L) (30% of baseline). Correlation data (r = 0.902) indicated that the information provided by the two parameters corre-sponded in individual cases. Apolipoproteins assayed on auto-mated equipment by kit methods are simpler, more straightfor-ward, and provide more reproducible results than measurement of lipoprotein cholesterols. The authors conclude that, in addition to being more reliable for appraising risk of coronary artery disease, measurement of apolipoproteins may be equally useful for monitoring lipoprotein-lowering therapy.
Cop to conductor: negotiating and remapping meaning in existing public art

There is a crisis in our communities about the tributes to a shared civic life represented in existing public artwork and monuments. Culture wars are being waged herein and appear increasingly unreconcilable. This paper discusses this moment and describes the range of strategies artists and designers have used to remediate these works. It presents a project description of an interactive artwork that suggests innovative approaches in this realm. The author introduces a conceptual model which served as inspiration for the piece that may be useful when discussing and designing such interventions.
Timely treatment of severe maternal hypertension and reduction in severe maternal morbidity.

Abstract Objective To determine if timely treatment within 60 min of confirmed diagnosis of severe maternal hypertension with antihypertensive medications was associated with reduction in severe maternal morbidity. Study design Medical records of women with severe hypertension (at least two severe blood pressures, systolic ≥160 mmHg and/or diastolic ≥110 mmHg, within 60 min) were accessed for timing of severe blood pressures, timing of treatment, and blood pressure response to treatment. Severe maternal morbidity was confirmed by multidisciplinary case review. We compared the incidence of severe maternal morbidity between women who received timely (within 60 min of diagnosis) vs. not-timely treatment. Results Of 465 women with severe hypertension, 29 (6.2%) experienced severe maternal morbidity. Fifty-six percent of women received timely treatment, of whom 1.9% had severe maternal morbidity, compared with 6.4% of women who did not receive timely treatment (p = 0.02). Timely treatment was associated with a 72% reduction in relative risk of severe maternal morbidity (p = 0.02). No significant difference was seen in median pre-treatment systolic pressures (p = 0.20) between the groups. Conclusion Antihypertensive treatment within 60 min of confirmed diagnosis of severe hypertension was associated with reduction in severe maternal morbidity. Our findings support current recommendations to treat all women with severe hypertension with antihypertensive medications in a timely fashion.
An enhanced AUSM $$^{+}$$ + -up scheme for high-speed compressible two-phase flows on hybrid grids

An enhanced $$\hbox {AUSM}^+$$ -up scheme is presented for high-speed compressible two-phase flows using a six-equation two-fluid single-pressure model. Based on the observation that the $$\hbox {AUSM}^+$$ -up flux function does not take into account relative velocity between the two phases and thus is not stable and robust for computation of two-phase flows involving interaction of strong shock waves and material interfaces, the enhancement is in the form of a volume fraction coupling term and a modification of the velocity diffusion term, both proportional to the relative velocity between the two phases. These modifications in the flux function obviate the need to employ the exact Riemann solver, leading to a significantly less expensive yet robust flux scheme. Furthermore, the Tangent of Hyperbola for INterface Capturing (THINC) scheme is used in order to provide a sharp resolution for material interfaces. A number of benchmark test cases are presented to assess the performance and robustness of the enhanced $$\hbox {AUSM}^+$$ -up scheme for compressible two-phase flows on hybrid unstructured grids. The numerical experiments demonstrate that the enhanced $$\hbox {AUSM}^+$$ -up scheme along with THINC scheme can efficiently compute high-speed two-fluid flows such as shock–bubble interactions, while accurately capturing material interfaces.
Study of the Rate Controlling Steps in the Removal of Magnesium Impurities in Hydrogen Assisted Magnesiothermic Reduction of TiO 2 by Leaching

HAMR (Hydrogen Assisted Magnesiothermic Reduction) process is a promising alternative route of titanium production, which is convenient due to reduction at relatively lower temperatures below 750 °C and usage of cost-efficient TiO2 as the starting material. A crucial step involved in this process requires the Mg reduction of TiO2 subjected to H2 atmosphere which produces porous TiH2 along with residual magnesium impurities. Before the final heat treatment and deoxygenation steps for consolidation of the Ti powder, leaching plays a significant role in the removal of Mg impurities. In this report, we present a systematic study on the role of acid concentration (HCl), temperature and the kinetics of MgO dissolution. In addition, we also report the controlling mechanism during kinetics of MgO dissolution in acid. This parametric study will provide a platform to ensure very low Mg content that meets with ASTM standards during production of Ti in the HAMR process.
Evaluating continuous chirality measure as a 3D descriptor in chemoinformatics applied to asymmetric catalysis

Continuous Chirality Measure (CCM) is a computational metric by which to quantify the chirality of a compound. In enantioselective catalysis, prior work has postulated that CCM is correlated to selectivity and can be used to understand which structural features dictate catalyst efficacy. Herein, the investigation of CCM as a metric capable of guiding catalyst optimization is explored. Conformer-dependent CCM is also explored. Finally, CCM is used with Sterimol parameters to significantly improve the performance of Random Forest models.