cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-situ studies of adsorption of organic compounds on platinum electrodes

Studies of the electrosorption of organic compounds on polycrystalline platinum electrodes were carried out in 0.01 M HCl solution. In-situ techniques, i.e. radiotracer measurements, ellipsometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, were used in the measurements. Good agreement in results was obtained between these techniques. The electrosorption process was found to be slow, but a bell-shaped coverage θ versus potential V curve was generally obtained in the double-layer region with a submonolayer adsorption. The difference between the potential of zero charge and the maximum of adsorption is about ± 0.1 V. A water competition adsorption model, based on the statistical mechanics approach, was proposed. Both lateral interactions between adsorbed species and the effect of heterogeneity of the electrode surface were taken into account. The standard state for the adsorption was found by equating f(θ) to unity. A Temkin-type isotherm was obtained in all cases, indicating a strong effect of heterogeneity of the surface. Also, Elovich-type kinetics were found and the adsorption activation energy was calculated. The bonding strength between the adsorbate and the electrode surface was found to be around 20–40 kcal/mol which is comparable with that measured in the gas phase. The adsorbed species generally adopts a flat orientation. Electropolymerization for some phenyl species may occur at a potential more positive than 0.9 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode.
A repairable item inventory system with diagnostic and repair service

Abstract In this paper we consider an inventory system for repairable items where the stocking point also serves as a repair center for the failed items. Failed items in the field are delivered to the stocking point for repair and, at the same time, a demand for the same quantity of the failed items is generated. If the stocking point has stock on hand, then no delay is incurred for the demand. Otherwise the demand is backordered. The failed items are then inspected at the repair center to determine whether the failures are repairable, or beyond repair, in which case the items are condemned. Because of the complexity of the product structure, the inspection time for the diagnosis of the repairability of the items can be random. From time to time, the repair center will have to replenish its stock from some external supplier or manufacturer, as condemned items will deplete the available stock there. Operating characteristics of such systems are explored. Moreover an efficient iterative algorithm for finding the stocking and ordering policies of such models is presented. A numerical result summarizing the behavior of the expected cost function as a function of the decision parameters is illustrated.
Sub-100-nm lithographic imaging with an EUV 10X microstepper

The capabilities of the EUV 10x microstepper have been substantially improved over the past year. The key enhancement was the development of a new projection optics system with reduced wavefront error, reduced flare, and increased numerical aperture. These optics and concomitant developments in EUV reticles and photoresists have enabled dramatic improvements in EUV imaging, illustrated by resolution of 70 nm dense lines and spaces (L/S). CD linearity has been demonstrated for dense L/S over the range 100 nm to 80 nm, both for the imaging layer and for subsequent pattern transfer. For a +/- 10 percent CD specification, we have demonstrated a process latitude of +/- micrometers depth of focus and 10 percent dose range for dense 100 nm L/S.
Stabilization of ZnMnO3 phase from sol–gel synthesized nitrate precursors

The stabilization and analysis of pure ZnMnO3 phase may help to understand the solubility limits of Mn in ZnO in wurtzite and cubic structures. In this report, synthesis and characterization of stable ZnMnO3 phase is discussed which is extracted from sol–gel synthesis of zinc and manganese nitrate precursors. The reflections at higher diffraction angles for this known cubic system with space group Fd3 m were calculated with the help of JADE 8.0 program. The reliability factor for ZnMnO3 calculated from Rietveld refinement was 2%. A narrow phase pure ZnMnO3 stabilization region was identified with the help of energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping. High resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of Mn3p position of ZnMnO3 compared with ZnMn2O4 showed a higher binding energy shift ~0.85 eV indicating Mn4+ valence state in ZnMnO3.
Effect of lovastatin on cell surface expression of Fc receptors or CD14 antigen in human monocytes.

Abstract Lovastatin is a widely used anticholesterolemic drug which exercises its effect by inhibiting hepatic cholesterol synthesis and up-regulating low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. In the present study, we determined that the drug has no adverse effects on the expression of three cell surface antigens of humans monocyte, i.e. high affinity Fc receptors (FcγRI), low affinity Fc receptors (FcγRII) and CD14 antigen. We have shown previously these antigens are regulated by cholesterol and lipoproteins. At 0.5 μg/mL of culture medium, lovastatin did not reduce the percentage of receptor-positive cells or the average number of receptor molecules per cell. These observations add to the attractiveness of the drug as an anticholesterolemic agent and also indicate that endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis by monocytes is not required for expression of FcγRI, FcγRII, or CD14.
Partial purification of HLAMP-1 provides direct evidence for the multicomponent nature of the particulate matrix associated with cardiac mesenchyme formation

H-LAMP-1 is a 283 kDa protein that is involved in the transformation of endothelial cells into mesenchyme within the AV canal and proximal outflow tract of the heart. This protein is part of the particulate matrix that has been suggested to be composed of multicomponent complexes that have been termed cardiac adherons. However, to date no direct evidence has been provided that these proteins are complexed into an adheron-like particle. This report provides the first such evidence by showing that purification of hLAMP-1, under gentle conditions, results in the isolation of multiple bands of similar molecular weight within the fractions that contain anti-hLAMP-1 activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 66:112–122, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Molecular mechanisms of local anesthesia: a review.

Impulse block by LA occurs through the inhibition of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Both protonated and neutral LAs can inhibit Na+ channels though interference with the conformational changes that underly the activation process (the sequence of events that occurs as channels progress from the closed resting state to the open conducting state). The occlusion of open channels contributes little to the overall inhibition. Local anesthetic inhibition of Na+ currents increases with repetitive depolarizations in a process called phasic block. Phasic block represents increased LA binding, either because more channels become accessible during depolarization or because the channel conformations favored by depolarization bind LA with higher affinity. The details of phasic block are dependent on LA chemistry: certain LAs bind and dissociate quite rapidly, others act more slowly; some LAs interact effectively with closed states that occur intermediately between resting and open states, others favor the open channel, and still others have a higher affinity for inactivated states. Channel activation accelerates LA binding, and LAs may bind more tightly to activated and inactivated than to resting channels. In this regard, both the modulated receptor and the guarded receptor hypotheses are valid. In binding to activated and inactivated channels, LAs prevent the conformational changes of activation and antagonize the binding of activator agents that poise channels in activated, open states. These reciprocal actions are one aspect of the concerted conformational rearrangements that occur throughout Na+ channels during gating. The LA binding site may exist in the channel's pore, at the membrane-protein interface, or within the protein subunits of the channel. Judging from its susceptibility to intracellular proteases and its accessibility to LAs with limited membrane permeability (i.e., quaternary LAs in the cytoplasm), the site lies nearer to the cytoplasmic than the external surface of the membrane. Nevertheless, protons in the external medium influence the dissociation of LA from the closed channel. Binding of LAs at the inhibitory site is weak and loose. If one accounts for the membrane-concentrating effects of LA hydrophobicity that are expressed as membrane: buffer partition coefficients equal to 10(2)-10(4), then the apparent LA affinities are low. The equilibrium dissociation constants calculated on the basis of free drug in the membrane are 1-10 mM, with a correspondingly weak binding to the inhibitory LA site. The stereospecificity of LA action is also relatively nonselective, suggesting a loose fit between ligand and binding site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Generating Cultures of Writing: Collaborations between the Stanford Writing Center and High School Writing Centers

(2006). Generating Cultures of Writing: Collaborations between the Stanford Writing Center and High School Writing Centers. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 89-91.
Glycogen, its transient occurrence in neurons of the rat CNS during normal postnatal development

Abstract Progressive changes in the postnatal incidence, distribution and duration of glycogen in neurons of the pons, medulla and spinal cord were studied by light and electron microscopy using cytochemical and quantitative methods. Albino rats of 11 ages ranging from new-born to adult were used for this investigation. Methacrylate sections, stained with periodic acid Schiff-dimedone (PAS) were surveyed to identify nerve cell groups containing the polysaccharide, glycogen. The PAS reaction was positive in neuronal cell groups of the hypoglossal nucleus, the mesencephalic nucleus of V, nucleus ambiguus, the abducens nucleus, the facial motor nucleus and anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. The intensity and duration of the PAS reaction appeared greatest in the hypoglossal nucleus. Neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus of V demonstrated a reaction of moderate intensity and duration. The remaining nerve cell groups exhibited a weak, diffuse reaction of brief duration. Postnatal differences in the incidence and patterns of disposition of glycogen were quantified using ultrathin sections of the hypoglossal nucleus, the site richest in glycogen. The presence of glycogen was verified by the periodic acid-thiosemicarbizide-silver proteinate (PA-TSC-SP) ultracytochemical stain. The incidence of glycogen in neuronal perikarya of hypoglossal nuclei was related to age. All neurons contained some glycogen during the first postnatal week. By 24 days postnatal (dpn), the majority of hypoglossal neurons lacked glycogen and all neurons of adult rats were glycogen-free. Likewise, the distribution of glycogen particles varied with age. At birth, two perikaryal zones served as the primary sites for glycogen localization: the juxtanuclear and marginal regions. Postnatally, changes in the concentration and patterns of glycogen deposits look place principally during the first postnatal week: large accumulations of free glycogen particles were replaced by a small number of particles, randomly dispersed in the perikaryon. To date, glycogen storage in the developing rat brain has been localized almost exclusively in radial glial cells. The present findings provide the initial ultrastructural demonstration of the temporary storage in and subsequent depletion of glycogen from neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord of early postnatal rats.
Synthesis of substituted 2-amino-3-cyanodihydrofurans from styrene oxides and malononitrile

The reaction of styrene oxides with the malononitrile anion leads to the formation of 2-amino-3-eyano-5-aryl-4,5-dihydrofurans (III), while a similar reaction with β,β-dimethylstyrene oxides leads to 2-amino-3-cyano-4-aryl-5,5-dimethyI-4,5-dihydrofurans (V). Therefore steric factors may play a significant role in the site of attack of the malononitrile anion on the oxide. Compounds of type V are more conveniently obtained from the cyanolaetones (VI) by rearrangement and dehydration.
A direct comparison of recognition failure rates for recallable names in episodic and semanticmemory tests

In an extension of Muter’s (1978) research, subjects studied pairs of lowercase cues and uppercase targets consisting of famous names (e.g., betsy ROSS), nonfamous names (e.g., edwin CONWAY), weakly related words (e.g., grasp BABY), and unrelated words (e.g., art GO). Following recognition tests in which surname and word targets were tested in the absence of their cues, cued recall tests for the surname and word targets were given. In semantic recognition and recall tests, the response to a surname was to be made solely on the basis of its fame, regardless of whether or not it had appeared in the study list. In episodic memory tests, the response to a surname was to be made solely on the basis of whether or not it had appeared in the study list, regardless of its fame. In all tests, the response to a nonname was to be made solely on the basis of whether or not it had appeared in the study list. The Tulving-Wiseman (1975) function accurately predicted recognition failure rates for famous surnames, whether or not they were from the study list and whether the test was episodic or semantic, and for targets from the weakly relatedword pairs. However, recognition failure rates were lower than the Tulving-Wiseman function predicted for nonfamous surnames in the episodic memory test and for targets from unrelated word pairs. Discussion focused on these results’ implications for the nature of the Tulving-Wiseman function and the psychological reality of the episodic-semantic memory distinction.
Studies on the metabolic interplay of fatty acids, succinate and electrolytes.

Abstract Data are given on the metabolism of radiofatty acids and radiosuccinate by heart, kidney, spleen, and liver. The effects of succinate, malonate, and electrolytes on fatty acid metabolism are shown and discussed.
Tebuthiuron Persistence and Distribution in Some Semiarid Soils

This study was conducted at five previously treated semiarid rangeland locations in northcentral Arizona to determine how long tebuthiuron remains in the soil and to what depths it penetrates into the soil. Treatments were made from 1975 through 1979. Soils were collected from 1980 through 1986 at 0- to 7-cm, 7- to 15-cm, and successive 15-cm layers to bedrock or into caliche layers from the perimeter of 3- by 0.5-m trenches dug perpendicular to the long axis of the plots. Tebuthiuron was assayed using gas chromatography with flame photometric detection
Propagation of Love waves in layers with irregular boundaries

A study is made of the scattered field which results when a Love wave is incident on a layer having an irregular surface. It is shown that for the class of boundaries treated the scattered field may be described by the superposition of a finite number of Love waves. As an illustrative example the result is applied to determine the reflection from a triangular notch.
Intra-articular Placement of an Intraosseous Catheter

Gaining vascular access is essential in the resuscitation of critically ill patients. Intraosseous (IO) placement is a fundamentally important alternative to intravenous (IV) access in conditions where IV access delays resuscitation or is not possible. This case report presents a previously unreported example of prehospital misplacement of an IO catheter into the intra-articular space of the knee joint. This report serves to inform civilian and military first responders, as well as emergency medicine physicians, of intra-articular IO line placement as a potential complication of IO vascular access. Infusion of large amounts of fluid into the joint space could damage the joint and be catastrophic to a patient who needs immediate IV fluids or medications. In addition, intra-articular IO placement could result in septic arthritis of the knee.
The Expanding Online Learning Universe: Applications to Business Education

Management education has entered into a seminal period, which is being driven by globalization, demographics, new learning technologies, soaring tuitions, and unprecedented economic uncertainty. The approach being adopted in a growing number of business schools is to engage faculty and students in a virtual online and hybrid-based learning experience. Specifically, this new paradigm fundamentally alters the three pillars of traditional instruction — fixed time, fixed location, and fixed learning pace — with a more flexible, customized, and mobile learning environment. The primary goal of this article is to highlight how the online and hybrid paradigms can significantly improve student learning opportunities and outcomes in business education.
Thermal-Creep-Driven Flows in Knudsen Compressors and Related Nano/Microscale Gas Transport Channels

The Knudsen compressor, based on the rarefied flow phenomenon of thermal creep (or thermal transpiration), is an unconventional nano/micro/mesoscale gas pump or compressor with no moving parts. Recent experimental studies of single micro/mesoscale stages have indicated that, at low pressures (les 100 Pa), stage performance was decreased in qualitatively somewhat understood and quantitatively not-well-understood ways. The investigation reported in this paper was undertaken to establish a detailed picture of the thermally driven flow's behavior for a range of representative Knudsen compressor stage configurations and flow conditions. The objectives of the study were to identify, quantify, and ultimately understand the sources of negative impacts on the performance of single stages using the direct simulation Monte Carlo technique. The findings suggest that once the Knudsen number in the cooling region is less than 0.1, the maximum pressure gain from a single stage of a Knudsen compressor can be carried forward to the next stage with relatively minor performance losses. Simultaneously, for Knudsen numbers below 0.1, the working gas' temperature can be reduced to within a few percent of its initial temperature entering the stage. What was found relates to a necessary characteristic of successful Knudsen compressors, with the same occurrences being anticipated for thermal-creep-driven gas transport channels in other nano/microscale devices.
FPGA-based hyperspectral covariance coprocessor for size, weight, and power constrained platforms

Size, weight, and power (SWaP) are important factors in the design of any remote sensing platform. These remote sensing platforms, such as Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) and microsatellites, are becoming increasingly small. This creates a need for remote sensing and image processing hardware that consumes less area, weight, and power, while delivering processing performance. It is also advantageous to utilize the same hardware for multiple platform tasks. The purpose of this research is to design and characterize an FPGA-based hardware coprocessor that parallelizes the calculation of covariance, a time-consuming step common in hyperspectral image processing. Our design is compared to a CPU-based implementation and shown to have an overall SWaP advantage. We evaluate our coprocessor using a metric that is useful in the consideration of future SWaP-constrained remote sensing platforms: floating point operations per Watt-kg (FLOPs/W-kg). Additional hardware capacity exists in our design to implement other remote sensing platform tasks.
Inhibitors of topoisomerase II prevent cytokine-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, while augmenting the expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Cytokine stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVE) induces surface expression of the adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (E-selectin). We previously found that induction of adhesion molecule expression in HUVE is regulated, at least in part, by protein kinase C (PKC) activation, although this is not associated with the expected translocation of PKC from the cytosolic to the particulate fraction. We therefore investigated potential nuclear targets for PKC. Topoisomerase II is localized to the nuclear matrix and has been shown to be phosphorylated, both in vitro and in vivo, by PKC. In HUVE, the topoisomerase II selective inhibitors novobiocin, nalidixic acid, and etoposide prevented cytokine-induced VCAM-1 surface expression, but not E-selectin or ICAM-1 surface expression. Similarly, novobiocin and nalidixic acid reduced the accumulation of VCAM-1 mRNA in response to tumo...
Effective Criteria for Birational Morphisms

The purpose of the paper is to illustrate how vanishing theorems can be used to give effective criteria for a generically finite morphism $f\,{:}\,X\,{\longrightarrow}\,Y$ of smooth complex projective algebraic varieties to be birational. In particular, as a consequence of a non-vanishing theorem of Kollar, it is shown that if $Y$ is of general type and has generically large algebraic fundamental group, then $f$ is birational if and only if $P_2(X)\,{=}\,P_2(Y)$ .
Physician Shopping in Workers' Compensation: Evidence from California

Physician evaluations of impairment severity have a significant impact on the size of permanent disability benefits awarded to injured workers in workers' compensation. This gives both parties in a disputed claim the incentive to “shop” for physicians who will provide them with sympathetic evaluations. In this article we use data from the California workers' compensation system on competing physician evaluations for the same injury to study the extent to which the ability to select a physician results in a more favorable disability rating. We find that disability ratings based on evaluations from physicians selected by the applicant are 23 percent higher than those based on a neutral evaluation, while ratings based on a defense physician's evaluation tend to be about 5 percent lower. Moreover, we match these data to earnings loss data and estimate the extent to which applicant, defense, or neutral ratings best predict the outcomes of injured workers. The neutral ratings appear to do the best job of predicting earnings losses overall, though not by a substantial margin.
Efficient complex matrix transformations with CORDIC

A two-sided unitary transformation (Q transformation) structured to permit integrated evaluation and application using CORDIC primitives is introduced. The Q transformation is shown to be useful as an atomic operation in parallel arrays for computing the eigenvalue/singular value decomposition of Hermitian/arbitrary matrices, and three specific Q transformations that are needed in such arrays are identified. Issues related to the use of CORDIC for complex arithmetic are addressed, and implementations in both conventional (nonredundant) CORDIC and redundant and online modifications to CORDIC are described. If the time to compute a CORDIC operation in nonredundant CORDIC is T/sub c/, the Q transformations identified here can be evaluated and/or applied in 2T/sub c/ using four CORDIC modules for maximum concurrency. In either case, 0.5 T/sub c/ is required to account for scale factor correction. It is shown that a Q transformation can be evaluated and/or applied in /spl ap/10n, where n is the desired bit-precision. >
Targeted Metabolomic Evaluation of Arginine Methylation and Cardiovascular Risks Potential Mechanisms Beyond Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition

Background— We examine the relationship of related posttranslational modification products of arginine methylation and coronary artery disease (CAD) phenotypes. Methods and Results— Plasma was isolated from 1011 consecutive consenting subjects undergoing elective diagnostic cardiac catheterization, and future major adverse cardiac events (MACE, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and death) at 3 years were investigated. Plasma levels of asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA, endogenous nitric oxide synthase \[NOS] inhibitor), symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA, which lacks NOS inhibitory activity), N-mono-methylarginine (MMA, a potent NOS inhibitor), methyl-lysine (Methyl-Lys, an unrelated methylated amino acid), arginine, and its major catabolites (citrulline and ornithine) were quantified simultaneously by stable isotope dilution HPLC with online electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and adjusted for traditional risk factors, C-reactive protein, and estimated creatinine clearance. High SDMA levels (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.6, 95%CI, 1.1 to 2.6, P <0.001), low MMA (adjusted OR 0.5, 95%CI 0.4 to 0.8, P =0.007), but not ADMA (adjusted OR 1.3, 95%CI 0.88 to 2.0, P =0.177) were associated with increased prevalence of significantly obstructive CAD. Elevated levels of SDMA (adjusted Hazard Ratio [HR] 2.4, 95%CI 1.2 to 4.6, P =0.009), ADMA (adjusted HR 2.2, 95%CI 1.2 to 4.0, P =0.015), as well as an integrated index of arginine methylation [ArgMI=(ADMA+SDMA)/MMA\] (adjusted HR 2.4, 95%CI 1.3 to 4.5, P =0.006) were significant independent predictors of incident MACE. ArgMI was predictive of incident MACE even following adjustments for global arginine bioavailability, particularly within secondary prevention patients. Conclusions— ADMA, SDMA, and the integrated quantification of arginine methylation (in the form of a methylation index) provided independent risk prediction for both significantly obstructive CAD and incident MACE in stable patients undergoing cardiac evaluation. These results suggest that factors beyond direct NOS inhibition contribute to the clinical associations between methylarginines and CAD outcomes.
Transcatheter obliteration of a cerebellar arteriovenous fistula with platinum coils.

We present a case of a single-hole posterior fossa AVF fed by a tortuous right superior cerebellar artery (SCA). The fistula and the arterial feeder were successfully occluded with platinum minicoils delivered through a Tracker microcatheter of variable stiffness. Dramatic clinical improvement was noted toward the end of the procedure. We believe this case to be the first successful coil embolization of a posterior fossa AVF
MIMO biorthogonal partners and applications

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) biorthogonal partners arise in many different contexts, one of them being multiwavelet theory. They also play a central role in the theory of MIMO channel equalization, especially with fractionally spaced equalizers. In this paper, we first derive some theoretical properties of MIMO biorthogonal partners. We develop conditions for the existence of MIMO biorthogonal partners and conditions under which FIR solutions are possible. In the process of constructing FIR MIMO biorthogonal partners, we exploit the nonuniqueness of the solution. This will lead to the design of flexible fractionally spaced MIMO zero-forcing equalizers. The additional flexibility in design makes these equalizers more robust to channel noise. Finally, other situations where MIMO biorthogonal partners occur are also considered, such as prefiltering in multiwavelet theory and deriving the vector version of the least squares signal projection problem.
A very small Schottky barrier diode (SBD) with self-aligned guard ring for VLSI applications

A new method for producing a self-aligned SBD guard ring, which uses a minimum of the device area, has been developed. The guard ring was achieved by a boron diffusion around a diffusion barrier such as molybdenum, through an undercut region at the diode periphery formed by the differential etching of a dual insulator (silicon nitride over thermal oxide).
The Translation of Cognitive Paradigms for Patient Research

Many cognitive tasks have been developed by basic scientists to isolate and measure specific cognitive processes in healthy young adults, and these tasks have the potential to provide important information about cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders, both in psychopathology research and in clinical trials. However, several practical and conceptual challenges arise in translating these tasks for patient research. Here we outline a paradigm development strategy—which involves iteratively testing modifications of the tasks in college students, in older healthy adults, and in patients—that we have used to successfully translate a large number of cognitive tasks for use in schizophrenia patients. This strategy makes it possible to make the tasks patient friendly while maintaining their cognitive precision. We also outline several measurement issues that arise in these tasks, including differences in baseline performance levels and speed-accuracy trade-offs, and we provide suggestions for addressing these issues. Finally, we present examples of 2 experiments, one of which exemplifies our recommendations regarding measurement issues and was a success and one of which was a painful but informative failure.
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism: Possible Danger of Overzealous Thyroxine Replacement Therapy

Many patients taking customary doses of levothyroxine have slightly elevated serum thyroxine (T4), apparently normal serum triiodothyronine, suppressed serum thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSH) concentrations, and no clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Recent reports suggest that these patients may have adverse effects from subclinical hyperthyroidism, including abnormally short systolic time intervals, elevations in liver enzymes, and reductions in bone density. Controversy exists about which thyroid function tests should be used to monitor patients taking levothyroxine. A review of currently available data suggests that replacement doses of levothyroxine given to hypothyroid patients should be adjusted so that serum TSH measured by the new sensitive assays is within the normal range. Patients requiring suppressive doses of levothyroxine to shrink goitrous thyroid tissue or to prevent growth of abnormal tissue should be given the minimal dose needed to accomplish the desired clinical or biochemical response.
Infrastructure for Annotation-Driven Information Extraction from the Primary Scientific Literature: Principles and Practice

We present an informatics infrastructure for biocuration, based on a combination of techniques from information extraction (IE) and knowledge engineering (KE). We describe the high-level design of this infrastructure which we base on the concept of 'experimental type'. Here, we treat each experiment as a specific type of knowledge statement determined by the experiment's design. We provide a preliminary, detailed example of the use of the infrastructure to support the construction of a database pertaining to neuroanatomical tract-tracing experiments. This work generalizes to provide support for other experimental types and could be used to make biocuration efforts more efficient. We also discuss how the process of annotating text for IE directly supports designing schema for databases. We envisage how this architecture could support small-scale, laboratory-centric knowledge bases that each support service-oriented functionality.
Organische Phosphorverbindungen. IX. Über einige Reaktionen des Methyldibromphosphins [CH3PBr2]

The reactions of methyldibromophosphine (CH3-PBr2) with oxygen, ozone, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, primary and secondary amines, silver salts [AgX; X = CN, NCO, NCS], Grignard and silylmetallic compounds, alcohol and paraformaldehyde have been studied. The synthesis of CHaP(X)Br2 [X = 0, S, Se] and CH3PR2 [R = alkyl, aryl, SiR3, R2N, CN, NCO, NCS] is reported. The preparation of methyl-bromomethyl-phosphinic bromide, CH3(BrCH2)P(O)Br, and O-ethylmethylphosphinate, CH3P(O)(OC2H5) H, is also described.
Attention, brightness contrast, and assimilation: The influence of relative area

A model of information transmission in the visual system which describes the effect of attention on apparent brightness is examined. This model states in part that the luminance of the portion of the visual field which captures the attention is overweighted in arriving at an overall average luminance level across the visual field. As this average must be computed with respect to both luminance and relative area, it is hypothesized that increasing the relative area of the portion of the visual field that captures the attention will result in a greater effect on the apparent brightness of all parts of the visual field. Two predictions, which involve the effect of relative area on apparent brightness, are experimentally tested and confirmed.
Synthetic hierarchical nanostructures: growth of carbon nanofibers on microfibers by chemical vapor deposition

In this paper the synthesis of three-dimensional hierarchical nanostructures by pyrolysis of acetylene to grow carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on carbon microfibers (CMFs) and glass microfibers (GMFs) is reported. The morphology and structure of the as-prepared CNFs were studied by scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. CNFs grown on both substrates typically exhibited two types of morphology: the coil-like CNFs with frequent change in orientation and the relatively straight and long CNFs with parallel graphene sheets. The ethanol pretreatment was effective at improving the yield and distribution of the as-grown CNFs on CMFs, but showed an adverse effect to the CNF growth on GMFs. The influence of different substrates and growth temperatures on CNF morphology and the possible growth mechanism for the observed microstructures was discussed.
Engineering cocrystal solubility, stability, and pHmax by micellar solubilization

Cocrystals offer great promise in enhancing drug aqueous solubilities, but face the challenge of conversion to a less soluble drug when in contact with solvent. This manuscript shows that differential solubilization of cocrystal components by micelles can impart thermo- dynamic stability to otherwise unstable cocrystals. The theoretical foundation for controlling cocrystal solubility and stability is presented by considering the contributions of micellar solubi- lization and ionization of cocrystal components. A surfactant critical stabilization concentration (CSC) and a solution pH (pHmax) where cocrystal and drug are thermodynamically stable are shown to characterize cocrystal stability in micellar solutions. The solubility, CSC, and pHmax of carbamazepine cocrystals in micellar solutions of sodium lauryl sulfate predicted by the models are in very good agreement with experimental measurements. The findings from this work demonstrate that cocrystal CSC and pHmax can be tailored from the selection of coformer and solubilizing additives such as surfactants, thus providing an unprecedented level of control over cocrystal stability and solubility via solution phase chemistry. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 100:5219-5234, 2011
Induction of Gene Expression as a Monitor of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation

Abstract Amundson, S. A., Bittner, M., Meltzer, P., Trent, J. and Fornace, A. J., Jr. Induction of Gene Expression as a Monitor of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. Radiat. Res. 156, 657–661 (2001). The complex molecular responses to genotoxic stress are mediated by a variety of regulatory pathways. The transcription factor TP53 plays a central role in the cellular response to DNA-damaging agents such as ionizing radiation, but other pathways also play important roles. In addition, differences in radiation quality, such as the exposure to high-LET radiation that occurs during space travel, may influence the pattern of responses. The premise is developed that stress gene responses can be employed as molecular markers for radiation exposure using a combination of informatics and functional genomics approaches. Published studies from our laboratory have already demonstrated such transcriptional responses with doses of γ rays as low as 2 cGy, and in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) irradiated ex vivo with do...
MULTIELEMENTAL ICP-MS ANALYSIS OF CLASSICAL PERIOD ARCHAEOLOGICAL CREMATED BONE AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM DÊMOSION SÊMA POLYANDRIA OF SALAMINOS 35 SITE IN KERAMEIKOS, ATHENS, GREECE

Cremated human bone fragments excavated at the monumental burial site at Salaminos 35 Street in Kerameikos of Athens, Greece, dated to the range of the 8th decade of the 5th century BC were the subject of anthropological study. A number of bone fragments included surface stains of various discolorations. The purpose of this interdisciplinary study combining a forensic anthropology-chemistry substrate was to determine which metal(s), if any, and under what circumstances may have caused the staining on the bone surfaces. To determine this, a Collision/Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled PlasmaMass Spectrometry (CRC ICP-MS) method with microwave accelerated sample digestion was developed and validated for the quantification of metals in bone. The concentrations of Na, Mg, Al, K, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Sn, Ba, Pb and U in the stained bone samples were compared to concentrations in unstained bone fragments and sediment samples from the same contextual archaeological association. The sample analyses and comparisons showed that 14 of the 15 stained bone samples analyzed contained significantly higher concentrations of various metals. Of the seven metals readily available during Classical antiquity (Au, Cu, Ag, Pb, Sn, Fe and Hg), four were detected at significantly high concentrations (Cu, Sn, Fe and Pb) in some samples, Ag was tested for but not detected in any sample while Au and Hg were not tested for. The metals that occurred most often at significantly high concentrations were Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Mg and Fe. _____________________________________________________________________________
Shutting the Doors to State Court: The Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998

Congress enacted the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”) in part to “end an egregious misuse of securities laws in ways that harm both companies and shareholders.” The statute imposed higher procedural hurdles on the filing of federal securities fraud class actions than existed for any other type of private litigation. Congress predicted that the PSLRA would reduce the number of “extortionate” strike suits filed against issuers and other “deep pocket” defendants while encouraging companies to disseminate forward-looking information to the investing public.Less than three years later, however, Congress determined that the PSLRA had not been effective. According to anecdotes, plaintiffs’ lawyers simply circumvented the PSLRA’s strictures by filing their lawsuits in state court. Congress reacted quickly by enacting the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998 (“SLUSA”). SLUSA significantly limited plaintiff-investors’ ability to seek redress for securities fraud under state law and through state courts.This article first reviews the objectives and impact of the PSLRA before examining the limited legislative record supporting SLUSA and its key provisions. Finally, the paper discusses some potential ramifications of SLUSA and the interpretive questions raised by the statute.
Corrigendum: A PKA activity sensor for quantitative analysis of endogenous GPCR signaling via 2-photon FRET-FLIM imaging.

Reason for Corrigendum: There was an error in the Materials and Methods section, subsection In utero Electroporation of our Original Research article “A PKA activity sensor for quantitative analysis of endogenous GPCR signaling via 2-photon FRET-FLIM imaging.” The round plate electrodes were 5 mm in diameter, instead of 0.5 mm as stated before. The authors apologize for the mistake. This error does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.
Effects of smoking on lung structure of appalachian coal workers.

A quantitative, morphologic study was undertaken of postmortem heart and lung structure on 144 Appalachian underground coal workers. Thirty-two had a lifetime history of nonsmoking, 24 smoked a pipe or cigars, and 88 smoked cigarettes in various amounts. There was no influence of smoking on the primary coal dust macule and its direct complications but the bituminous-coal miners who smoked had a 17% to 33% greater degree of cor pulmonale, 9% to 25% more emphysema, and 56% to 68% more bronchiolar goblet cells as evidence of chronic bronchiolitis than nonsmoking bituminous-coal miners. No significant effect of smoking on lung and heart structure was found in anthracite miners.
Domesticating the Child: Maternal Responses to Hereditary Discourse in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

This article examines the early nineteenth century connections between human, animal and plant by placing Erasmus Darwin’s The Botanic Garden (1791) and The Temple of Nature (1803) in conversation with Anne Bronte’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848). I argue that the Romantic versions of heredity described in Darwin’s poetry tended to reinscribe traditional gender roles. Bronte’s Tenant, on the other hand, revises earlier notions of heredity and motherhood via Helen Huntingdon, the wife of an alcoholic who tries to prevent her son from activating his genetic taint. By reconfiguring the supposedly natural connections between patriarchal inheritance of the land on the one hand and biological traits on the other, and by reclaiming and reinscribing popular metaphors of breeding, Anne Bronte’s female protagonist creates and attempts to implement a maternalist version of heredity while remaining entrenched within the nineteenth-century cult of motherhood. Whereas the Romantic and romanticized poetry of Erasmus Darwin and his contemporaries’ approach to natural history bestowed human characteristics on plants in order to make their reproduction more comprehensible, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall does the opposite. Without a satisfactory framework in place to express the anxieties surrounding human heredity, Bronte turns the tables on the metaphor and applies the language of breeding and agriculture to a human child. In doing so, she creates an alternate version of heredity based on maternal strength and power rather than one predicated upon patriarchal structures of kinship and economic inheritance.
Collection and Processing of Seminal Plasma for the Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA by NASBA and RT-PCR

Semen is the major vehicle for the sexual transmission of HIV-1. The ability to isolate infectious HIV from the semen and to quantitate viral burden in the form of cell-free or cell-associated HIV-1 RNA in semen are important for epidemiologic and public health aspects of the epidemic. Earlier studies used viral culture to detect HIV in semen. Cell associated culturable virus recovery rates ranged from 8 to 55% (1-8). Much lower recovery rates (3-15%) were reported by these investigators for cell-free seminal plasma. In general, subjects with lower CD4 counts, higher seminal plasma viral load (>3.5-4 log(10)), and an AIDS diagnosis were more apt to have positive seminal cell HIV cultures.
Evidence for the involvement of a K+ channel in isosmotic cell shrinking in vestibular dark cells

Cell volume changes were measured in dark cells. Isosmotic addition of 21.4 mM K+, Rb+, Cs+, or NH4+ to a control solution containing 3.6 mM K+ caused piretanide-sensitive cell swelling (initial rate for K+, 0.100 +/- 0.005 microns/s; n = 119), suggesting dependence on the Na(+)-Cl(-)-K+ cotransporter. Subsequent isosmotic removal of 21.4 mM K+ caused piretanide-insensitive cell shrinking (initial rate, -0.104 +/- 0.005 microns/s; n = 119), which was inhibited by barium, lidocaine, quinidine, quinine, verapamil, and 4-aminopyridine but not tetraethylammonium (TEA) or glibenclamide, suggesting the involvement of K+ channel(s). Barium, lidocaine, quinine, quinidine, and 4-aminopyridine caused cell swelling in control solution (initial rate for barium, 0.011 +/- 0.004 microns/s; n = 6), suggesting that the K+ channel is also involved in efflux under control conditions. Cell shrinking was slowed by 21.4 mM extracellular K+, Rb+, or Cs+ but unaffected by Na+, Li+, TEA+, or NH4+ (all in the presence of piretanide and compared with N-methyl-D-glucamine), supporting the notion that the efflux mechanism is permeable to and/or inhibited by K+, Rb+, and Cs+. Cell shrinking was slowed by the presumed replacement of intracellular K+ by Cs+ but not by Rb+. Circumstantial evidence suggests that this putative K+ channel is present in the basolateral membrane. The physiological relevance of such a K+ channel might encompass regulatory volume decrease during K+ secretion.
The Transition to a Colonial Economy: Weavers and merchants 1720–1760

It is no easy matter to reconstruct the relationship between weavers and merchants in the early eighteenth century. Much of the material in the European Company records, the major source for the social and economic history of the period, deals largely with the Companies' external trade and their commercial activities in South India. However, the ninety years of documents, from 1670 to 1760, which comprise the English East India Company's Fort St. George and Fort St. David Consultations and upon which this chapter is based, also contain occasional glimpses of local social and economic life. Some of the most valuable insights are found during crises in cloth production. At these times the English interrogated their merchants to understand the reasons for the shortfalls in cloth production and delivery. On occasion, Company servants themselves ventured into the weaving villages. These moments are veritable gold mines for the historian. In this chapter, the early eighteenth-century sources are supplemented wherever possible with material from later in the century. The later material is much more plentiful and far more detailed, but I have used such evidence carefully. It is not used to introduce new elements to the picture or argument and it is only drawn upon when it is consistent with evidence from the first half of the century. I have used it to fill out the picture – to give it flesh and blood, so to speak. The skeleton, however, has been constructed from early eighteenth-century material.
Scale Dependence of Oak woodland Historical Fire Intervals: Contrasting the barrens of Tennessee and Cross timbers of Oklahoma, USA

Characterization of scale dependence of fire intervals could inform interpretations of fire history and improve fire prescriptions that aim to mimic historical fire regime conditions. We quantified the temporal variability in fire regimes and described the spatial dependence of fire intervals through the analysis of multi-century fire scar records (8 study sites, 332 trees, 843 fire scars) derived from two historically post oak (Quercus stellata Wangenh.) woodland landscapes. Despite large differences in fire environment conditions, study sites (∼1 km2) burned frequently (mean fire interval [MFI] ≤10 yr) before Euro-American settlement (pre-EAS), with sites in Tennessee showing higher overall fire frequency than sites in Oklahoma, USA. Pre-EAS MFIs decreased exponentially with increasing spatial extent from individual trees (∼1 m2) to landscapes (∼100 km2). The relationship between MFI and spatial extent may help to explain how historical observations of annual burning could be recorded in woodlands, when experimental studies suggest that this is too frequent for tree recruitment. Further investigations of spatial dependence of fire intervals would improve our ability to relate historical and experimental fire data to present day fire prescriptions, and vice versa.