cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-consistent band theory of the Fermi-surface, optical, and photoemission properties of copper

A two-parameter self-consistent theory of the electronic structure of copper is presented. The first parameter, the exchange coefficient $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ appearing in Slater's $X\ensuremath{\alpha}$ theory, is adjusted so that the ground-state energy bands generate the measured Fermi surface. The second parameter, the electron-electron contribution to the effective electron mass ${m}^{*}$ appearing in the Sham-Kohn local-density theory of excitations, is adjusted to optical-absorption data. The theory treats all electrons identically and provides a more accurate unified interpretation of Fermi-surface, optical-absorption, and photoemission data than previously obtained. We show that the transition probabilities (momentum matrix elements), while their inclusion is necessary for a convincing description of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, can for the most part be assumed constant in the calculation of photoemission spectra. Comparison with the Chodorow potential shows that it gives excellent results for the $d$ bands, but leads to excited-state energies which are approximately 7% too low. A detailed description is given of our computational procedures, including the generation of momentum matrix elements, $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}$ extrapolation, $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$-space integration procedures and convergence tests, as well as our procedure for constructing photoemission energy distributions.
Effect of aerobic and anaerobic growth on the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus.

Electron micrographs ofStaphylococcus aureus 7167 which had been grown anaerobically showed that the cell wall was approximately 5 times thicker than the wall of bacteria after aerobic growth. Cell walls prepared from anaerobically grownS. aureus were more sensitive to the bacteriolytic enzymes: lysostaphin, lysozyme, and the wall-associated autolytic enzyme ofB. subtilis 168 I−. Our findings are interpreted as evidence that the cell wall or surface of anaerobically grownS. aureus 7167 is different from that of aerobically grownS. aureus 7167. The findings suggest that the cell wall peptidoglycan of the anaerobe is a more loosely formed network, resulting in a more rapid solubilization by the bacteriolytic enzymes.
Leadership as an exercise in virtual reality

Understanding the essential truth about what leadership is, is not easy. The problem is that each person sees leadership through the lens of his or her unique virtual reality. We each interpret the world and major ideas like leadership from a mind‐set that seems real and logical to us, but ignores or discounts other equally (maybe even more) logical perspectives. This paper explores alternative leadership realities. It concludes that most of us must progress through each of five leadership virtual environments before we can sense the full meaning of leadership.
Equilibria between solid, liquid, and vapor phases in binary Lennard–Jones mixtures

Abstract We have used Monte Carlo simulation and the Gibbs–Duhem integration technique to calculate temperature–composition and pressure–temperature phase diagrams for binary Lennard–Jones mixtures. We systematically explore Lennard–Jones parameter space to demonstrate how the features of these phase diagrams change as a function of diameter ratio, well-depth ratio, binary interaction parameter, and pressure. We find a number of cases in which the vapor–liquid and liquid–liquid equilibria become metastable with respect to the solid–liquid and solid–vapor equilibria.
Evaluation of amplitude and frequency components of the surface EMG as an index of muscle fatigue.

The frequency components and amplude of the surface electromyogram (EMG) were measured during both 3-s (tensions of 5-100% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)) and fatiguing contractions at 25, 40 and 70% MVC in the handgrip, biceps, adductor pollicis and quadriceps muscles in six male subjects. For the handgrip and biceps muscles, the experiments were repeated at three different muscle lengths: the length at which the muscle was able to exert its maximum isometric strength, and the muscle length above and below that length which corresponded to a length at which the muscle could exert 80% of it maximum. The frequency components of the EMG were the same during brief fatiguing isometric contractions in any of the muscles examined here as long as the muscles contracted near their optimal length. Shortening the muscle length prior to contraction caused an increase in the power in the low frequencies of the EMG power spectra while stretching a muscle had the opposite effect during isometric contraction...
Digital imaging in pediatric hospitals

Thirty-nine of 65 children’s hospitals in North America responded to a questionnaire regarding their use of digital fluoroscopy and computed radiography (CR) systems. Both digital modalities are very favorably rated by institutions that have them. Budget constraints limit purchases in the other institutions. Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) networking is not the primary reason for installation of digital systems. Fourteen of 39 hospitals have digital fluoroscopy and another 9 plan installation within 12 months. The three most highly rated benefits of digital fluoroscopy were decreased radiation dose, immediate visualization of the acquired image on the monitor, and the ability to alter image contrast and density. Four of 39 hospitals have computed radiography. The three most highly rated benefits of computed radiography were more stable image quality, ability to alter contrast and density, and PACS networking.
The packing of acetylcholine into quanta at the frog neuromuscular junction is inhibited by increases in intracellular sodium.

Pretreatment with hypertonic solutions, insulin, or adrenaline increases the size of quanta at the frog neuromuscular junction, as determined by measurements of miniature end plate potentials or currents (Van der Kloot and Van der Kloot 1985, 1986). The increase in quantal size apparently is due to an increase in acetylcholine (ACh) content of individual quanta. These treatments, therefore, can be used to study the packaging of ACh. Previously, I reported that increases are blocked by an inhibitor of active ACh uptake into vesicles (Van der Kloot 1986b, 1987b). The present study shows that the increases in quantal size were antagonized by inhibiting the Na+−K+ exchange pump with 100 μM ouabain, 10 μM dihydroouabain, or K+-free solutions. The increases in quantal size were also antagonized by 10 μM monensin, a Na+ ionophore, or by 5 μM aconitine, which opens Na+ channels at normal resting potentials. Apparently a rise in intracellular [Na+] inhibits the addition of ACh to quanta. The mechanism by which a rise in intracellular Na+ inhibits ACh packing is unknown, but apparently it is not due to inhibition of choline reuptake into the terminals.
The Nucleation and Maintenance of Heterochromatin by a Histone Deacetylase in Fission Yeast

Posttranslational modifications of histones play an essential role in heterochromatin assembly. Whereas the role of Clr4/Suv39h-mediated methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9) in heterochromatin assembly is well studied, the exact function of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in this process is unclear. We show that Clr3, a fission yeast homolog of mammalian class II HDACs, acts in a distinct pathway parallel to RNAi-directed heterochromatin nucleation to recruit Clr4 and mediate H3K9 methylation at the silent mating-type region and centromeres. At the mat locus, Clr3 is recruited at a specific site through a mechanism involving ATF/CREB family proteins. Once recruited, Clr3 spreads across the 20 kb silenced domain that requires its own HDAC activity and heterochromatin proteins including Swi6/HP1. We also demonstrate that Clr3 contributes to heterochromatin maintenance by stabilizing H3K9 trimethylation and by preventing histone modifications associated with active transcription, and that it limits RNA polymerase II accessibility to naturally silenced repeats at heterochromatin domains.
On diagonal values of probability vectors of infinitely many components

Given † probability vector μ( X ) = (μ 1 ( X ), … μ k ( X )) of a finite number of components on a Borel class of sets X , we say that μ( X 0 ) has a diagonal value α if μ i ( X 0 ) = α for all i = 1, 2,…, K . J. Neyman(l), (2), (3) has proved that in the class of Borel sets of real numbers any non-atomic vector μ( X ) takes all diagonal values. A. Liapounoff has studied the full range of values of k -dimensional vector-valued measures and in two papers (4) he has proved that the range is closed and in the case of non-atomic measures the range is also convex. He also gave an example showing that neither of these results holds in the case of vectors of infinitely many components. A simplified proof of Liapounoff's results has been given by P. R. Halmos (5). In the present paper I study the range of values of probability vectors of infinitely many components. Various types of conditions are studied which are sufficient to imply that, for each e > 0, 0 ≤ α ≤ 1, it is possible to find a set X such that
An effective compliant substrate for low-dislocation relaxed Si1-xGex growth

An effective compliant substrate for Si 1-x Ge x growth is presented. A silicon-on-insulator substrate was implanted with B and O forming 20 wt% borosilicate glass within the SiO 2 . The addition of the borosilicate glass to the buried oxide acted to reduce the viscosity at the growth temperature of Si 1-x Ge x , promoting the in situ elastic deformation of the thin Si (∼ 20 nm) layer on the insulator. The sharing of the misfit between the Si and the Si 1-x Ge x layers was observed and quantified by double-axis X-ray diffraction. In addition, the material quality was assessed using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence and etch pit density measurements. No misfit dislocations were observed in the partially relaxed 150-nm Si 0.75 Ge 0.25 sample as-grown on a 20% borosilicate glass substrate. The threading dislocation density was estimated at 2 x 10 4 cm -2 for 500-nm Si 0.75 Ge 0.25 grown on the 20% borosilicate glass substrate. This method may be used to prepare compliant substrates for the growth of low-dislocation relaxed SiGe layers.
Frequency and Duration Methods for Power System Reliability Calculations: I - Generation System Model

As a goal, the evaluation and computation of electric power system reliability requires that a consistent technique be used for all portions?generation, transmission, and distribution. At present, a number of different methods are used for the generation system, while the frequency and duration of outages seems to be developing as a standard measure for the analysis of the distribution system. This paper and a subsequent one will present a reliability calculation method for the generation system that incorporates the frequency and duration of unit outages and includes consideration of the loads. This method leads to calculated generation reliability measures which are the availability, frequency of occurence, and mean duration of reserve states. These are cumulative states in that they specify system reserve conditions of a given magnitude or less. This paper is concerned with the procedure for calculating the availability, frequency, and outage duration for a number of generating units connected in parallel to form a single system. Numerical data are used to illustrate the technique and make comparisons with other methods.
Knowledge Retrieval for Scientific Literatures

The success of several knowledge retrieval experiments in some selected domains proved empirically that knowledge retrieval, if implemented in the restricted-domain, can yield performance gains over classical “bag-of-words” based retrieval systems. The key to their success is the availability of codified high quality domain knowledge accumulated in years. However, this knowledge base is rarely available in other domains. In this paper, we propose innovative and economical ways to generate knowledge-based structural metadata and demonstrate a prototype knowledge retrieval system, WikiBackyard, to serve user’s knowledge oriented information need. The system benefits users by providing structure-level access to scientific papers and automatically inferring structural knowledge from their natural language queries by leveraging knowledge recommendation and knowledge feedback.
The Development of New Paradigm Values, Thinkers, and Business Initial Frameworks for a Changing Business Worldview

The term “new paradigm” is becoming increasingly popular in business. However, there is little agreement as to what this construct means. In this article, the authors present key factors influential in the development of this paradigm. They then turn to categorizing the different supporters along two continua. This classification is used to offer suggestions as to how the new paradigm might be enacted and to briefly explore why new paradigm thought should be considered by business.
Management of primary liver sarcomas.

BACKGROUND Primary hepatic sarcoma is a rare entity. The objectives of the study were to define treatment and long-term outcome and to identify prognostic factors. METHODS Between January 1981 and December 2004, 30 patients with primary sarcoma of the liver and 5 patients with primary carcinosarcoma of the liver were treated. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, and actuarial survival were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 30 patients with primary hepatic sarcoma (10 epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, 5 embryonal sarcoma, 5 angiosarcoma, 3 solitary fibrous tumor, and 7 other types), 11 underwent R0-resection and had a 5-year disease-specific survival of 64%. Of these 11 patients, 4 had low-grade sarcoma and have not developed tumor recurrence. In the group of 7 patients with high-grade sarcomas who underwent R0-resection, both patients with angiosarcoma died within 11 months, whereas the 5 patients with embryonal sarcoma had a 5-year disease-free and disease-specific survival of 80%. Six of the 10 patients with an epithelioid hemangioendothelioma were managed without surgery, as they had diffuse, slowly progressing, or stable lesions; these patients had a 5-year disease-specific survival of 67%. Of the remaining 13 patients in whom R0-resection was not performed, there were no 3-year survivors. The prognosis for patients with primary carcinosarcoma of the liver was poor, with all but 1 patient dying within a year and no 3-year survivors. CONCLUSIONS The outcome of patients with primary hepatic sarcoma depends primarily on tumor histology and the ability to achieve complete tumor resection. Improvements in outcome will require the development of more effective systemic therapies. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Carbonic anhydrase isozymes IV and II in urinary membranes from carbonic anhydrase II-deficient patients.

Abstract Carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) deficiency has been shown to be the primary defect in the recessively inherited syndrome of osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis. Until now, the absence of CA II in kidney of CA II-deficient patients has not been shown directly, and the status of the membrane-associated CA in kidney of CA II-deficient patients has been unclear. To address these questions, we analyzed urinary membranes and soluble fractions from normal and CA II-deficient subjects. The CA activity in membrane fractions of normal urine was found to comprise two components--(i) a vesicle-enclosed, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-sensitive fraction, which was shown immunochemically to be the 29-kDa CA II, and (ii) an SDS-resistant fraction, which was due to native and cleaved forms of the 35-kDa, membrane-anchored isozyme CA IV. Urinary membranes from CA II-deficient patients showed little or no SDS-sensitive activity and no immunoreactivity for CA II, providing direct evidence that their mutation, which produces CA II deficiency in erythrocytes, also affects CA II in kidney. CA IV activity and immunoreactivity were present in normal amounts in urinary membranes from CA II-deficient patients. We conclude from the enzymatic and immunological evidence presented that both CA II and CA IV are present in urinary membranes from normal subjects, that renal CA IV is present but renal CA II is absent in urinary membranes from patients with the CA II-deficiency syndrome, and that the methods presented should be useful in studying renal CA II and renal CA IV in other disorders of impaired bicarbonate reabsorption.
Fatigue and fracture of copper-bismuth bicrystals

Etude experimentale. On utilise des monocristaux pour fournir un parcours unique a la croissance des fissures a travers le joint de grains
Activity in a Cortical-Basal Ganglia Circuit for Song Is Required for Social Context-Dependent Vocal Variability

Variability in adult motor output is important for enabling animals to respond to changing external conditions. Songbirds are useful for studying variability because they alter the amount of variat...
Template-Directed Formation of Hemispherical Cavities of Varying Depth and Diameter in a Silicate Matrix Prepared by the Sol−Gel Process

2-D ordered arrays of hemispherical cavities were formed in a sol−gel-derived silicate film on a glassy carbon electrode using polystyrene latex spheres as templates. The depth and the diameter of the cavities were varied over 1 order of magnitude by changing the diameter of the template and diluting the sol. Sulfate-stabilized polystyrene latex spheres ranging in size from 100 to 1000 nm were doped into a silica sol prepared from the hydrolysis and condensation of tetramethoxysilane, and the resultant solution was spin cast on a glassy carbon electrode. The 2-D ordered array of spheres in a thin silicate film was removed via soaking the film in chloroform. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to image the films, and AFM with high-resolution TM tips was used measure the depth and diameter of the cavities. The cavities are open at the top and bottom and provide direct access to the underlying electrode surface as verified by cyclic voltammetry. Nanosized copper and polya...
An Optimal Heuristic For Coordinated Multi-Item Inventory Replenishments

The inventory control problem can be vastly simplified if the replenishments of inventory items are coordinated with one another. That is, whenever an item is replenished, n other items, where n is a decision variable, are also replenished. One way to ensure this would be to classify the inventory items into several groups with a common order interval for each group. In this paper we establish that the optimal groups will be consecutive by hD/A, where h, D and A are the holding cost, demand rate and set-up cost of an item respectively. Using this property of consecutiveness, we develop a fast converging heuristic to create m groups optimally, m = 2, 3,..., M. The heuristic is a substitute for the dynamic programme which would otherwise be necessary and it has the potential for nomographic applications.
Irrotational Binary Neutron Stars in Quasi-Equilibrium in General Relativity

Neutron stars in binary orbit emit gravitational waves and spiral slowly together. During this inspiral, they are expected to have very little vorticity. It is in fact a good approximation to treat the system as having zero vorticity, i.e., as irrotational. Because the orbital period is much shorter than the radiation reaction timescale, it is also an excellent approximation to treat the system as evolving through a sequence of equilibrium states, in each of which the gravitational radiation is neglected. In Newtonian gravity, one can simplify the hydrodynamic equations considerably for an equilibrium irrotational binary by introducing a velocity potential. The equations reduce to a Poisson-like equation for the potential, and a Bernoulli-type integral for the density. We show that a similar simplification can be carried out in general relativity. The resulting equations are much easier to solve than other formulations of the problem.
System-level reliability modeling for MPSoCs

The reliability of multi-processor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs) is affected by several inter-dependent system-level and physical effects. Accurate and fast reliability modeling is a primary challenge in the design and optimization of reliable MPSoCs. This paper presents a reliability modeling framework that integrates device-, component-, and system-level models. This framework contains modules for electromigration, time-dependent dielectric breakdown, stress migration, and variable-amplitude thermal cycling. A new statistical reliability distribution is proposed for accurate characterization of components containing too few devices for an extreme value distribution to be appropriate. A hierarchical system-level survival lattice based Monte Carlo technique is used to estimate the temporal fault distributions of MPSoCs that use arbitrary static and dynamic reliability-enhancing redundancy schemes. Physical process variation, which may have a significant impact on MPSoC reliability, is considered in the model. The proposed modeling technique has only 5% average error in mean time to failure and reduces simulation time by nearly 3 orders of magnitude relative to a non-hierarchical Monte Carlo technique
Comments on a paper by T.C. Chen and I.T. Ho

Tien Chi Chen and Irving T. Ho in their paper “Storage-Efficient Representation of Decimal Data” [1] present a scheme for the compression of numbers stored in binary coded decimal (BCD) form. Their compression scheme involves coding two or three digits at a time in seven bit or ten bit fields and requires only permutations, deletions, and insertions for coding and decoding. We would like to briefly present some alternatives to their compression method and to discuss the relative advantages of these other methods.
Neurogenic Inflammation in Skin and Airways

Neurogenic inflammation, in its original definition, the plasma leakage induced by stimulation of peripheral sensory nerves, occurs in the postcapillary venules of the skin and airways. Plasma leakage is accompanied by increased blood flow, which results from dilatation of arterioles. In skin, these phenomena are manifested as wheal and flare, respectively. Both phenomena are mediated by neuropeptides released from capsaicin-sensitive unmyelinated sensory nerve fibers. Substance P is the primary mediator responsible for plasma leakage, acting via tachykinin NK-1 receptors, whereas both calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P induce vasodilatation. Sensory nerve transmitters also cause release of histamine from mast cells, which contributes substantially to plasma leakage in the skin, but less so in the airways. Substance P causes an increase in vascular permeability as a result of the focal, transient, and fully reversible formation of gaps, approximately 0.5 to 1.5 μm in diameter, located in the intercellular junctions of endothelial cells. The gaps can be visualized by silver nitrate staining of the endothelial cell borders, by lectin staining, or by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Neurogenic inflammation can be inhibited by preventing the stimulation of sensory nerves, by presynaptic inhibition of neuropeptide release from sensory nerves, or by blocking neuropeptide receptors. The formation of endothelial gaps can also be inhibited by anti-inflammatory drugs that stabilize endothelial cells, such as β-adrenergic agonists and steroids. Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 2:76–81, 1997
Arylamidase activity of Salmonella species.

Arylamidase activity in cell extracts of sonically cell treated suspensions of 23 Salmonella strains, including 12 strains of S. typhimurium, was investigated. All cultures hydrolyzed five of nine different neutral and basic substrates. Activity against aspartyl-, cystyl- histidinyl-, and isoleucyl-β-naphylamide was negligible. Alanyl-β-naphthylamide was the preferred substrate for the Salmonella species; however, specific activities ranged widely. Of several gram-negative organisms surveyed, all except Proteus vulgaris hydrolyzed alanyl-β-naphthylamide at the fastest rate. The most preferred substrate for the Proteus culture was glycyl-β-naphthylamide. No relationship could be shown between virulence and arylamidase activity for the Salmonella strains.
Seven strategies for tolerating highly defective fabrication

This article we present an architecture that supports fine-grained sparing and resource matching. The base logic structure is a set of interconnected PLAs. The PLAs and their interconnections consist of large arrays of interchangeable nanowires, which serve as programmable product and sum terms and as programmable interconnect links. Each nanowire can have several defective programmable junctions. We can test nanowires for functionality and use only the subset that provides appropriate conductivity and electrical characteristics. We then perform a matching between nanowire junction programmability and application logic needs to use almost all the nanowires even though most of them have defective junctions. We employ seven high-level strategies to achieve this level of defect tolerance.
Environmental learning and the social construction of an exurban landscape in Fremont County, Colorado

Abstract Across the rural American West, the restructuring of rural capitalism has transformed production landscapes into those increasingly structured by the development and consumption of natural and cultural amenities. This project used principles from symbolic interactionism, ethnographic methods, and the analytical framework of regional political ecology to understand the role of environmental learning in negotiating the new management regime associated with amenity-based capitalism in rural Fremont County, Colorado. The study found that most amenity residents participate regularly in social learning about the environment through a variety of interpersonal and organizational behaviors. In addition, they are responding collectively to environmental risks and opportunities associated with wildfire, noxious weeds and invasive grass species, prospective uranium mining, and restoration of cultural-landscape features. Ultimately, the practices of environmental learning concern how private properties and assets will be managed relative to the social construction of the environment as an amenity for personal consumption. Conservation and management prospects in this and other rural areas in the postindustrial world can be enhanced by understanding the microsociology of exurban geographies and by engaging the social forms and processes related to this distinctive landscape construction.
Lectin-mediated microfluidic capture and release of leukemic lymphocytes from whole blood

Lectins are a group of proteins that bind specifically and reversibly to mono- and oligosaccharide carbohydrate structures that are present on the surfaces of mammalian cells. The use of lectins as capture agents in microfluidic channels was examined with a focus on cells associated with T and B lymphocytic leukemia. In addition to examining the adhesion of Jurkat T and Raji B lymphocytes to a broad panel of lectins, this work also examined the capture of these cells from whole blood. Captured T and B lymphocytes were eluted from the microfluidic devices with a solution of the lectin’s inhibiting sugar. The capture and release steps were accomplished in under 1 h. The significance of this work lies within the realm of low-cost capture of abundant target cells with non-stimulatory elution capability.
Cure violence: a public health model to reduce gun violence

Scholars and practitioners alike in recent years have suggested that real and lasting progress in the fight against gun violence requires changing the social norms and attitudes that perpetuate violence and the use of guns. The Cure Violence model is a public health approach to gun violence reduction that seeks to change individual and community attitudes and norms about gun violence. It considers gun violence to be analogous to a communicable disease that passes from person to person when left untreated. Cure Violence operates independently of, while hopefully not undermining, law enforcement. In this article, we describe the theoretical basis for the program, review existing program evaluations, identify several challenges facing evaluators, and offer directions for future research.
Analyzing the Correlation between Gender Traits and the Perception of Effective Leadership

As the percentage of women managers has risen in the workforce, so have questions of whether women could effectively manage corporations. This curiosity has yielded studies designed to analyze the correlation between gender and management. Additionally, the research has led to contrary views from one research project to another. In their article, Leadership, Education and Gender Roles: Think manager, Think '?'. , Coder and Spiller (2013) reviewed three varying trains of thought from the 1970s through the 1990s to examine how various shortcomings in methodology might impact comprehension and remediation of gender issues and management. The article reviews research that appears to substantiate that when people think manager, they think male. This is followed by data, which suggests that when people think research, we think female and finally research endorsing the train of thought that when people think manager, there is no gender specific thought. Two Indexes developed in the 1970s greatly impacted gender and its correlation to management traits. These were the Schein Descriptive Index (SDI) and the BEM Sex Role Index (BSRI). According Coder and Spiller (20113) results of the Schein Descriptive Index, a test developed by Virginia Schein, indicated the characteristics of women managers more closely resembled males than females.
Settlement of a marine tube worm as a function of current velocity: Interacting effects of hydrodynamics and behavior1

Settlement cxpcriments were conducted with larvae of Phragmatopoma lapidosa callfirnica (a reefbuilding sabcllariid polychaetc) in turbulent flume flows (near-surface velocities of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 cm s-l) over a hydrodynamically smooth bed. Boundary shear velocities spanned the critical shear velocity for initiation of particle motion and for suspended-load transport of passive larval mimics. Larvae were allowed one pass over a scdimcnt array with two treatments: tube sand, a natural inducer of metamorphosis, and noninductive sand. Delivery of larvae to the array was the result of interactions between the flow regime and larval behavior. At intermediate flows (15, 20, and 25 cm s-l), where numbers of metamorphosed juveniles and total animals (larvae + juveniles) in the array were maximal, larvae tumbled along the flume bottom, as did the passive larval mimics. At slower llows, larvae actively left the bottom and swam into the water, passing over the array. At the fastest flows, hydrodynamics alone may have reduced settlement because larvae, like the mimics, were eroded from the bed and carried as suspended load over the array or because enhanced turbulent mixing distributed larvae more evenly in the water, thus reducing their concentration close to the bed. Once delivered to the substratum, behavioral responses to chemical cues were ultimately responsible for metamorphosis; in all flows, > 96% of metamorphosed juveniles were in the tube sand, whereas most unmetamorphosed larvae were in noninductive sand.
Separating Science from Nonsense: Evidence-Based Research, Policy, and Practice in Criminal and Juvenile Justice Settings

The following special issue of Victim and Offenders, “Separating Science from Nonsense: Evidence-Based Research, Policy, and Practice in Criminal and Juvenile Justice Settings” is designed to explore how—and where—evidencebased research can be applied to a wide range of criminal and juvenile justice issues. Contributors to this special issue were asked to consider the available empirical evidence in their specialty area, focusing specifically on the available evidence-based reviews on these topics. The issue contains 17 brief reviews of the latest research evidence covering an expansive set of topics in the criminal justice arena. True to the journal’s mission and content, the issue consists of articles that concentrate on both victims and offenders and the interesting dynamic between the two—as well as policies, programs, and practices designed to address the needs and problems of these diverse groups. The reviews are timely and comprehensive and speak to many cutting-edge issues
Understanding and supporting the use of accommodating technologies by adult learners with reading disabilities

Developing computer accommodations for users with reading disabilities involves several challenges: diversity of needs, stigma risks, and self-advocacy issues. This paper proposes a two-fold approach to address these issues. First, participatory design with reading-disabled users will inform necessary directions for technology development. Second, to help individual users identify what accommodations can benefit them, intelligent software will be developed. This software will also aid in the configuration of the accommodations.
Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Three-Taxon Statements, and Unnecessary Name Changes

KEVIN DE QUEIROZ1,∗ AND MICHAEL J. DONOGHUE2 1Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0162, USA; and 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; ∗Correspondence to be sent to: Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, NHB, W-200, MRC 162, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA; E-mail: dequeirozk@si.edu.
Approximate Integer Common Divisors

We show that recent results of Coppersmith, Boneh, Durfee and Howgrave-Graham actually apply in the more general setting of (partially) approximate common divisors. This leads us to consider the question of "fully" approximate common divisors, i.e. where both integers are only known by approximations. We explain the lattice techniques in both the partial and general cases. As an application of the partial approximate common divisor algorithm we show that a cryptosystem proposed by Okamoto actually leaks the private information directly from the public information in polynomial time. In contrast to the partial setting, our technique with respect to the general setting can only be considered heuristic, since we encounter the same "proof of algebraic independence" problem as a subset of the above authors have in previous papers. This problem is generally considered a (hard) problem in lattice theory, since in our case, as in previous cases, the method still works extremely reliably in practice; indeed no counter examples have been obtained. The results in both the partial and general settings are far stronger than might be supposed from a continued-fraction standpoint (the way in which the problems were attacked in the past), and the determinant calculations admit a reasonably neat analysis.
Cleavage of Host Keratin 8 by a Chlamydia-Secreted Protease

Chlamydiae have to replicate within a cytoplasmic vacuole in eukaryotic cells. Expansion of the chlamydia-laden vacuole is essential for chlamydial intravacuolar replication, which inevitably causes host cell cytoskeleton rearrangements. A cleavage fragment of keratin 8 corresponding to the central rod region was detected in the soluble fraction of chlamydia-infected cells. Since keratin 8 is a major component of the intermediate filaments in simple epithelial cells, cleavage of keratin 8 may increase the solubility of the host cell cytoskeleton and thus permit vacuole expansion in chlamydia-infected cells. A chlamydia-secreted protease designated CPAF (chlamydial protease/proteasome-like activity factor) was both necessary and sufficient for keratin 8 cleavage in chlamydia-infected cells, suggesting that chlamydiae have evolved specific mechanisms for modifying the host cell cytoskeleton.
Genome scan implicates adhesion biological pathways in secondary leukemia.

The genetic risk factors for etoposide-induced leukemia with MLL translocations remain largely unknown. To identify genetic risk factors for and novel characteristics of secondary leukemia, we profiled 116 204 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in germline and paired leukemic cell DNA from 13 secondary leukemia/myelodysplasia cases and germline DNA from 13 matched and 156 unmatched controls, all with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with etoposide. We analyzed global gene expression from a partially overlapping cohort. No single locus was altered in most cases. We discovered 81 regions of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in leukemic blasts and 309 SNPs whose allele frequencies differed in cases vs controls. Candidate genes were prioritized on the basis of genes whose SNPs or expression differentiated cases from controls or showed LOH or copy number change in germline vs paired blast DNA from the13 cases. Three biological pathways were altered: adhesion, Wnt signaling and regulation of actin. Validation experiments using a genome scan for etoposide-induced leukemogenic MLL chimeric fusions in 15 HapMap cell lines also implicated genes involved in adhesion, a process linked to de novo leukemogenesis. Independent clinical epidemiologic and in vitro genome-wide approaches converged to identify novel pathways that may contribute to therapy-induced leukemia.
Evaluating What Students Know: Using the RosE Portfolio System for Institutional and Program Outcomes Assessment Tutorial

Currently, colleges and universities have developed assessment systems that can collect student work products for evaluation in an effort to make student learning transparent and ensure accountability in higher education. At the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, we have developed a digital portfolio system, the RosE Portfolio System (REPS), that allows for efficient data collection; the results of portfolio evaluations are used by academic departments and programs to improve curricula and provide evidence to external accrediting agencies. The results of evaluations of student performance are also used to ensure the quality of academic curricula.
Canonical numerical methods for molecular dynamics simulations

We consider the application of canonical numerical integrators to molecular dynamics simulations. Computer experiments are done to analyze the relative merits of using canonical integrators against their noncanonical counterparts. These experiments involve the study of the properties of liquid argon utilizing the Lennard–Jones interaction potential. To accomplish this comparative study of canonical and noncanonical integrators, we computed thermodynamic and structural quantities. Our results indicate that noncanonical methods, with one exception, fail miserably to conserve energy and as a consequence give poor estimates of the other quantities. Also, higher-order canonical methods may offer an advantage over the Stormer/Verlet method. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Structure of brain functional networks

Brain is a complex network optimized both for segregated and distributed information processing. To perform cognitive tasks, different areas of the brain must “cooperate,” thereby forming complex networks of interactions also known as brain functional networks. Previous studies have shown that these networks exhibit “small-world” characteristics. Small-world topology, however, is a general property of all brain functional networks and does not capture structural changes in these networks in response to different stimuli or cognitive tasks. Here we show how novel graph theoretic techniques can be utilized for precise analysis of brain functional networks. These techniques allow us to detect structural changes in brain functional networks in response to different stimuli or cognitive tasks. For certain types of cognitive tasks we have found that these networks exhibit geometric structure in addition to the small-world topology. The method has been applied to the electrocorticographic signals of six epileptic patients.
Dynamic interactions of excitatory and inhibitory inputs in hypoglossal motoneurones: respiratory phasing and modulation by PKA

The balance of excitation and inhibition converging upon a neurone is a principal determinant of neuronal output. We investigated the role of inhibition in shaping and gating inspiratory drive to hypoglossal (XII) motoneuronal activity. In neonatal rat medullary slices that generate a spontaneous respiratory rhythm, patch-clamp recordings were made from XII motoneurones, which were divided into three populations according to their inhibitory inputs: noninhibited, inspiratory-inhibited and late-inspiratory-inhibited. In late-inspiratory-inhibited motoneurones, blockade of GABAA receptors with bicuculline abolished inspiratory-phased inhibition and increased the duration of inspiratory drive currents. In inspiratory-inhibited motoneurones, bicuculline abolished phasic inhibition, which frequently revealed excitatory inspiratory drive currents. In non-inhibited motoneurones, neither bicuculline nor strychnine markedly changed inspiratory drive currents. Inhibitory currents in XII motoneurones were potentiated by protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Intracellular dialysis of the catalytic subunit of PKA or bath application of the PKA activator Sp-cAMP significantly increased the amplitude of expiratory-phased IPSCs without any change in IPSP frequency. Inspiratory-phased inhibition in inspiratory-inhibited motoneurones was potentiated by Sp-cAMP. We conclude that inspiratoryphased inhibition is prevalent in neonatal XII motoneurones and plays an important role in shaping motoneuronal output. These inhibitory inputs are modulated by PKA, which also modulates excitatory inputs.
Ad-hoc networks and layer 2 tunnels

The reach of an ad hoc network is very limited and researchers have studied this issue with great interest. A node that wants to send data to a remote node that is outside its transmission range depends on the intermediate nodes to relay the packets towards the destination. This leads to poor scalability in ad hoc networks. As the number of nodes increase, the effective throughput per node decreases. Furthermore, the increasing number of intermediate wireless nodes (hops) causes unacceptable delays in the network. In this paper the authors propose two possible solutions to connect remote ad hoc nodes via an infrastructured network. The ad hoc nodes can communicate over the long distances by utilizing the border gateways between ad hoc domain and infrastructured network. The two possible solutions are redistribution of the routes between the wired and wireless domains, and layer 2 tunnels between the gateways. It is shown that the first method does not provide full connectivity when using an on demand routing protocol in the ad hoc domain. The second approach, however, is shown to provide full connectivity between the ad hoc domains.
Oncologic Risks of Autologous Fat Grafting to the Breast

As the frequency of fat grafting to the breast has increased, some investigators have raised the possibility that this procedure may potentially increase the risks associated with breast cancer. Their concerns included not only interference with cancer detection, but also promotion of tumor formation or recurrence mediated by mechanisms such as aromatase expression, angiogenesis, and tumor stromal cells. However, published clinical studies describing outcomes of fat grafting to the breast in more than 2000 patients have not reported any increase in new or recurrent cancers. The reason for this apparent disconnect may lie in the small sample sizes and relatively short follow-up, but it may also reside in the considerable gap between laboratory studies or theoretical considerations suggesting potential risks and the actual clinical practice. This review discusses potential risks of current and novel approaches to autologous fat grafting to the breast within the context of both the underlying science and clinical practice.
Sparganosis in the United States: Report of a Case

A 20-year-old Philadelphia woman (recently moved from South Carolina) had sparganosis of her lower anterior abdominal wall. In the United States sparganosis occurs when man enters the life cycle of clog or cat tapeworms of the genus Spirometra. Most of the American cases have been reported from the southeastern United States, and the most probable source of infection is contaminated drinking water. Sporadic cases have also been seen in other parts of the country. If the pathologist is familiar with the morphology of spargana, the gross and histologic features are sufficient for identification of genus Spirometra.
A Clash of Regulatory Paradigms

The decision whether to mandate access to telecommunications networks presents policymakers with a choice between two regulatory paradigms. One focuses on breaking down the traditional monopoly by stimulating competitive entry; the other surrenders to the monopoly and simply seeks to allocate the monopoly facility. The theoretical and empirical literature both suggest that whenever competition is feasible, policymakers should generally follow the first course by refusing to mandate access. Moreover, when competition is feasible but not yet present, policymakers should mandate access only if the short-run static efficiency losses from monopoly dominate the long-run dynamic efficiency gains.
Visual, tangible, and touch-screen: Comparison of platforms for displaying simple graphics

Four different platforms were compared in a task of exploring an angular stimulus and reporting its value. The angle was explored visually, tangibly as raised fine-grit sandpaper, or on a touch-screen with a frictional or vibratory signal. All platforms produced highly accurate angle judgments. Differences were found, however, in exploration time, with vision fastest as expected, followed by tangible, vibration, and friction. Relative to the tangible display, touch-screens evidenced greater noise in the perceived angular value, with a particular disadvantage for friction. The latter must be interpreted in the context of a first-generation display and a rapidly advancing technology. On the whole, the results point both to promise and barriers in the use of refreshable graphical displays for blind users.
Application of real-time fluorescence PCR for rapid detection of Salmonella in food poisoning samples

Objective:To provide timely and accurate laboratory basis in event handling,based on the development of rapid identification for food poisoning pathogen.Methods: The foodborne bacterial pathogens of the collected biological samples in food poisoning were inspected using real-time fluorescence PCR and national standard method.Results: Through real-time fluorescence PCR,detection results of 11 samples showed that salmonella specific DNA nucleic acid was positive in 7 cases and positive rate was 63.6%.In addition,detection results of 11 samples elucidated that salmonella was positive in 5 cases(45.5%) using bacteriological culture in national standard method.Moreover,vibrio parahaemolyticus,shigella,vibrio cholerae and other pathogens were not found in all samples by both two methods.Conclusion: Real-time fluorescence PCR and national standard method show that pathogenic bacteria of food poisoning are salmonella.Furthermore,real-time fluorescence PCR and national standard method are complementary.Therefore,they can be widely used to detect pathogenic bacteria in emergent events of public health.