cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Afferent, Intrinsic, and Efferent Connections of Primary Visual Cortex in Primates

Because of its distinctive architecture, connections, and functions, primary visual cortex, area 17 or V1 of primates, can be easily identified in most mammals (Kaas, 1987). V1 (also referred to as striate cortex) is particularly distinctive in primates, and, as a result, it was the first cortical area identified histologically (see Gennari, 1782, in Fulton, 1937). V1 of most, if not all, primates has a number of conspicuous features that distinguish this structure from its homologue in other mammals. Unlike carnivores, such as cats and ferrets, almost all of the visual input relayed from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of primates terminates in V1 (Benevento and Standage, 1982; Bullier and Kennedy, 1983; see Henry, 1991, for review), and lesions of V1 produce a severe deficit known as cortical blindness (e.g., Cowey and Stoerig, 1989). In addition, visual cortex of all primates is activated by physiologically and morphologically distinguishable streams, or channels, of inputs that are relayed from the retina to V1 in a manner unique to primates (Kaas and Huerta, 1988; Casagrande and Norton, 1991). Furthermore, the intrinsic connections of V1 in primates exhibit both vertical (laminar) and areal (modular) distinctions that appear designed to create new output channels from input channels via features of internal circuitry. Finally, the output streams project to visual areas that seem to be organized in a manner unique to primates. In particular, the major cortical target of V1, the second visual area, V2, is composed of three morphologically distinct modules that are differentially activated from V1, and at least one other major target of V1, the middle temporal visual area or MT, appears to be a unique specialization of primates (Kaas and Preuss, 1993). These common features of visual cortex in primates are of particular interest because these specializations relate to vision in humans as well as other primates. In this review, we focus on common features that have been described for V1 across a variety of primate species, and therefore are most likely to be present in most or all primates. In addition, we describe differences in V1 organization across primate groups, since these differences may relate to functional specializations and adaptations in the greatly varied primate order. Features that vary across taxa, when related to behavioral niches, may provide clues as to the significance of variations. Finally, this review briefly compares V1 in primates with V1 in some nonprimates to emphasize the distinctiveness of V1 in primates.
A typology of models for expanding access to oral health care for people living with HIV/AIDS

Objectives: This article describes a typology of program models for expanding access to dental services for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). These programs serve communities with limited access and high unmet need for oral health care, such as rural areas, low-income and racial/ethnic minorities. Methods: Interviews and site visits with dental and program directors were conducted at participating sites, including AIDS service organizations, community health centers, and university-affiliated medical centers or hospitals. Results: Despite the differences across organizational structure, similar models and approaches were developed to engage and retain PLWHA in dental care. These approaches included: using mobile dental units; expanding the type and availability of previous dental services provided; providing training opportunities for dental residents and hygienists; establishing linkages with medical providers; providing transportation and other ancillary services; using dental case managers and peer navigators to coordinate care; and patient education. Conclusions: This typology can assist program planners, medical and dental care providers with service delivery strategies for addressing the unmet need for oral health care in their area.
Random Coefficients Modeling

In marketing, it is important to recognize interpersonal differences in model parameters such as brand preference and price sensitivity. In recent years, random coefficient modeling has significantly simplified our ability to characterize heterogeneity. A particularly useful aspect of random coefficient models is that each provides individual-level inference. To model unobserved heterogeneity, one can assume that individual response coefficients (βi) come from an underlying distribution. In the finite mixture approach, this distribution is discrete. If the true underlying distribution of preference is continuous, a simple approach to characterize heterogeneity may be to use a multivariate normal distribution. Because of its simplicity and conceptual appeal, the multivariate normal distribution of heterogeneity has experienced considerable popularity in marketing. An even more flexible approach may be to use a normal component mixture model that is capable of representing a wide variety of distributions of heterogeneity. To carry out estimation, finite mixture models use maximum likelihood methods. For continuous distributions of heterogeneity, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation methods are commonly used. A particular advantage of MCMC methods is that they offer significant flexibility in specifying the functional form of the heterogeneity distribution. Keywords: finite mixture; heterogeneity; continuous distribution; MCMC; bayesian
Advanced Tokamak Reactors Based on the Spherical Torus (ATR/ST)

Results of a preliminary conceptual design of a magnetic fusion reactor based on the spherical torus (tokamak), characterized by high first-stability-regime beta values at low aspect ratio and moderate vertical elongation of the plasma, are described. The concept incorporates resistive (demountable) toroidal-field coils, a double-null poloidal-field magnetic divertor, and the potential for oscillating-field current drive to allow steady-state operation. The physics basis, design-point determination, and fusion-power-core engineering are summarized.
The Gendering of Adolescents' Childbearing and Educational Plans: Reciprocal Effects and the Influence of Social Context.

We examined the role of gender in relation to adolescents' educational and childbearing plans, the extent to which these plans were interdependent, and the differential effect of gender and social context. The High School and Beyond data were used to estimate a 2-stage least squares model of the reciprocal effect of plans and the influence of social context on plans by gender (N = 6,086). Results indicated that girls expected the timing of childbearing to affect their educational attainment, but boys did not. Educational plans had a greater, positive effect on girls' childbearing plans relative to boys. Family and school contexts also differentially affected girls' and boys' plans. We concluded that gender was important to the development to these adolescents' plans.
Isolation and characterization of influenza virus recombinants with high and low neuraminidase activity. Use of 2-(3'-methoxyphenyl)-n-acetylneuraminic acid to identify cloned populations.

Abstract Two antigenically identical HON2 influenza virus recombinants derived from A/England/42/72 (H3N2) and A/PR8/34 (HON1) were separated from a mixed population by the use of a staining procedure specific for neuraminidase. This procedure employing an artificial neuraminidase substrate (2-(3′-methoxyphenyl)- N -acetylneuraminic acid, MPN) permitted the identification of deeply stained (MPN + ) and poorly stained (MPN − ) clones of virus in clone 1-5C-4 cells. Upon isolation and purification of the 2 variants, they were found to have eightfold differences in the ratios of neuraminidase/hemagglutination activity. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the differences in neuraminidase activity reflected differences in the amount of neuraminidase per virion. The MPN − variant which had low neuraminidase content replicated to equal titer in eggs and formed larger plaques than MPN + variant on clone 1-5C-4 cells. Attempts to isolate clones of MPN − virus from wild type A/England/42/72 virus have not been successful so far.
The Code Breakers: How States are Modifying the Uniform Disclaimer of Property Interests Act

The Uniform Disclaimer of Property Interests Act, covering disclaimers of inheritances, has been widely adopted but also widely modified. Almost all of the adopting states have tinkered with the Act in various, and varying, ways. This article sketches out and critiques these modifications, assessing whether each contributes to the quality of this Uniform Act, and explaining the nature of the contribution. The article also weighs in on the larger debate over whether individual states should indulge in the exercise of second-guessing the drafters of Uniform Acts in the trusts-and-estates field, or whether the greater good is to maintain uniformity and wait for the Uniform Law Commissioners to amend their own products. The experience of UDPIA bears on this issue of legislative process.
Evidence for epitope-specific thymus-independent response against a repeat sequence in a protein antigen

We have studied the immunogenicity of a recombinant heat-shock protein-related stress protein of 70,000 MW (Pfhsp) of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in H-2 congenic and non-congenic strains of inbred and outbred mice. Most mice of different genetic backgrounds produced antibodies to Pfhsp, indicating a lack of any apparent genetic restriction of immune response. A peptide corresponding to the GGMP repeat sequence in the C-terminal region of Pfhsp was recognized by more than 75% of sera from immunized mice. The GGMP repeat epitope-specific antibodies were largely of the IgM isotype, especially in all seven inbred strains of mice tested. The lack of significant boosting of the immune response, a predominantly IgM isotype of antibodies and generation of antibody responses in athymic nude mice suggest a thymus-independent response against the GGMP repeat epitope in the Pfhsp molecule.
Experimental Gravitation with Measurements Made from within a Planetary System

These notes are organized into three parts and roughly follow the organization of my four lectures. The first two parts deal with solar-system tests of relativity that have been or are currently being conducted at MIT by the radio physics group: 1) solar-system data and the corresponding mathematical models; 2) analysis, estimation, and results. The third part deals with three possible future missions: The Solar Probe is a proposed NASA mission to fly within a few solar radii of the Sun; VOIR is a Venus radar mapping mission that may provide high-quality Earth-Venus delay measurements; POINTS, Precision Optical INTerferometry in Space, is an instrument concept in an early stage of development at MIT and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory. POINTS is intended to measure the second-order bending of light by solar gravity.
RNS solutions for three-dimensional steady incompressible flows

In a series of papers, the present authors have developed primitive variable and composite velocity/potential formulations for the computation of flows with viscous-invsicid interaction at large Reynolds number (Re). These procedures involve solution of the Reduced Navier-Stokes (RNS) equations, which are a large-Re asymptotic approximation to the full Navier-Stokes equations. The procedures are computationally more efficient than full NS solvers, and allow for the computation of complex flows with flow separation. The advantages of the RNS formulation and applications to two-dimensional and axisymmetric complex flow problems are discussed in [I-6].
Assessment of the Upper-Ocean Observing System in the Equatorial Pacific: The Role of Argo in Resolving Intraseasonal to Interannual Variability*

AbstractUsing more than 10 years of Argo temperature and salinity profiles (2004–14), a new optimal interpolation (OI) of the upper ocean in the equatorial Pacific is presented. Following Roemmich and Gilson’s procedures, which were formulated for describing monthly large-scale anomalies, here every 5 days anomaly fields are constructed with improvements in the OI spatial covariance function and by including the time domain. The comparison of Argo maps with independent observations, from the TAO/TRITON array, and with satellite sea surface height (SSH), demonstrates that Argo is able to represent around 70%–80% of the variance at intraseasonal time scales (periods of 20–100 days) and more than 90% of the variance for the seasonal-to-longer-term variability. The RMS difference between Argo and TAO/TRITON temperatures is lower than 1°C and is around 1.5 cm when the Argo steric height is compared to SSH. This study also assesses the efficacy of different observing system components and combinations, such as ...
Comparison of daily versus intermittent chlorambucil and prednisone therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Ninety-six patients with stage III and stage IV chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were randomized into one of three treatment schedules. Prednisone was common to all three schedules and was given daily in an initial dosage of 0.8 mg/kg for the first 14 days, with successive halving of the daily dose on days 15 and 29 for a total 6-wk course. Prednisone was then given once a month at 0.8 mg/kg once a day for each of 7 consecutive days. Schedule I was prednisone plus chlorambucil (CLB) given as a once-a-month dose of 0.4–0.8 mg/kg; schedule II was both drugs, but the CLB was given as a daily dose of 0.08 mg/kg; schedule III was prednisone alone. Complete and partial remission (CR + PR) was 47% for schedule I, 38% for schedule II, and 11% for schedule III. Patients who responded (CR + PR) in each of the treatment schedules survived longer than the nonresponders. Complete remission was obtained in both CLB treatment schedules, but not with the prednisone alone regimen. Although overall survival was best in the intermittent CLB arm, there was no significant difference in survival time between the three treatment schedules. Toxicity was minimal in all three regimens. Augmentation of the intermittent monthly CLB, even to 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg, was tolerated without undue marrow toxicity. About 22% of these patients either had diabetes mellitus at the time of entry on the study or manifested hyperglycemia during the course of treatment and observation.
Removal of Lymphoid Organs

Although for most experiments lymphoid tissue is removed from the freshly sacrificed animal, there are several circumstances which require the surgical removal, under anesthesia, of either the thymus or spleen, and the recovery of the animal for further investigation. This unit describes survival surgery for removal of the adult spleen as well as the adult and neonatal thymus of the mouse.
Measures of biomarker dependence using a copula-based multivariate epsilon-skew-normal family of distributions.

In this note we develop a new multivariate copula model based on epsilon–skew–normal marginal densities for the purpose of examining biomarker dependency structures. We illustrate the flexibility and utility of this model via a variety of graphical tools and a data analysis example pertaining to salivary biomarker. The multivariate normal model is a sub-model of the multivariate epsilon–skew–normal distribution.
Public Knowledge and Understanding of Overhead Electrical Power Lines: A Second Look

Public knowledge and understanding of the hazards associated with overhead power lines were examined in the greater Houston, Texas area. A 1988 public opinion survey was conducted as a follow-up to a similar 1982 survey which found the public to be ill-informed about power lines. Partly as a result of these 1982 findings, the Houston Lighting and Power Company initiated a public education program aimed at increasing its customers' power line hazard knowledge. The program consisted of TV and radio broadcasts, newspaper advertisements, and bill inserts (stuffers). The purpose of the present research was to determine the effects of this educational program. 306 respondents were interviewed by telephone over a two month period. Results of the present survey were similar to those found in 1982 indicating virtually no change occurred in power line hazard knowledge as a result of the safety education program. Specifically, people did not know that power lines are uninsulated, nor did they have an understanding o...
Spindle cell carcinoma of the larynx with rhabdomyoblastic heterologous element: a rare form of divergent differentiation.

Spindle cell (sarcomatoid) carcinoma of the larynx is a rare subtype of squamous cell carcinoma that shows a prominent spindle cell component with a mesenchymal phenotype. Heterologous elements may be seen in these spindled areas and usually consist of osteosarcomatous or chondrosarcomatous differentiation. We describe an unusual spindle cell carcinoma of the vocal cord in a 68 year old male which demonstrated rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation as confirmed by desmin and myogenin immunoreactivity. Thus rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation adds to the phenotypic spectrum of spindle cell carcinomas of the larynx and should be considered before invoking a diagnosis of true rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx.
Intralesional bleomycin-mediated electrochemotherapy in 20 patients with basal cell carcinoma

Abstract Background: A new anticancer therapy, electrochemotherapy (ECT), has been introduced that entails exposing cancerous tissues to short pulses of electricity during chemotherapy. This enhances cell membrane permeability and has been shown to have potent antitumor effects in vitro in animal models and in several clinical trials, including nevoid basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Objective: We report the effects of ECT on 20 patients with primary BCC. Methods: Electrical pulses were delivered to 54 tumors after administration of intralesional bleomycin sulfate. Results: Complete responses were observed in 53 (98%), and in the majority of these (94%) after a single treatment. No recurrences have been recorded with a mean of 18 months of observation. Conclusion: Although these are preliminary results, ECT appears to be an effective alternative to surgical excision for the treatment of primary BCC. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:596-9.)
Cytochemical localization of phosphodiesterase: axonal mitochondria and microtubules.

Phosphodiesterase activity has been found associated with axonal microtubules in the sensory nerves of the blowfly, Phormia regina, taste receptors. A specific reaction product for this enzyme was also observed within axonal mitochondria, but not within the mitochondria of the surrounding glial cells. A possible explanation for these data is discussed.
A multiple-theory analysis of a diffusion of information technology case

. This paper describes a multiple-theory analysis of a diffusion of information technology case. Three innovation diffusion models, the interactive model, the linked-chain model and the emergent model, are used to develop an analysis that describes the essential knowledge that each model produces. Rather than develop conflicting stories, each model leads to distinctly different, but complementary, knowledge about the case setting. More generally, the analysis enables us to circumscribe the distinct conceptual domain of each model. These domains define the scope of research questions that can be addressed by each of the innovation diffusion models. In addition to the theoretical implications, the paper also describes the practical indications and actions of the case subjects.
Photochemical reduction of oxygen in chloroplast preparations and in green plant cells. I. The study of oxygen exchanges in vitro and in vivo

Abstract 1. 1. Studies employing oxygen isotopes have shown that the stoichiometry of the consumption and production of oxygen by illuminated chloroplasts is that proposed by Mehler. Oxygen is reduced to hydrogen peroxide with a concurrent production of half as much oxygen originating from water. The reduction of oxygen in the Mehler reaction is thus analogous to the reduction of conventional chloroplast reagents such as quinone. 2. 2. Spinach chloroplast preparations normally do not reduce oxygen directly to water although polyphenol and cytochrome oxidases are present in the preparations and catalyze an increased reduction of oxygen when either catechol or cytochrome c is added. 3. 3. There is little photochemical reduction of oxygen superimposed on the respiratory oxygen uptake of living algae even when the cells are illuminated in the absence of available carbon dioxide. 4. 4. Light reversed the cyanide inhibition of oxygen uptake by Anabaena and Scenedesmus cell suspensions. 5. 5. Evidence is presented which suggests that photochemically produced reductants may serve as hydrogen donors for the respiration of illuminated algae. Some possible interactions of photosynthesis and respiration are discussed.
Quantifying coding performance for preprocessed images

Typical objective methods for quantifying image quality, as part of evaluating coder performance, are obtained by computing a single or several numbers as a function of the difference image between the original and coded images. Pre-processing images prior to encoding can remove noise, or unimportant detail, and thus improve the overall performance of the coder. However, the error image obtained with the pre-processed image as a reference is substantially different than the one obtained if the original image is used. In particular, adaptive noise removal, that generally improves the image quality, could be interpreted as introducing noise with respect to the original. This paper addresses the issue of combining the changes in the image due to pre-processing and the degradation due to encoding. The objective is to obtain global quality measures that quantify the value of pre-processing for image coding.
Rehospitalization among Elderly Patients with Thyroid Cancer after Thyroidectomy are Prevalent and Costly

Background Thyroid cancer increases in incidence and aggressiveness with age. The elderly are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population. Reducing rates of rehospitalization would lower cost and improve quality of care. This is the first study to report population-level information characterizing rehospitalization after thyroidectomy among the elderly.
Continuous dialysis is not superior to intermittent dialysis in acute kidney injury of the critically ill patient

The author of this counterpoint argues that the results of recently published randomized clinical trials call into question the assumption that continuous renal replacement therapy is inherently superior to intermittent hemodialysis for patients in the intensive care unit with severe acute kidney injury. The second half of his article examines why this might be. Has intermittent hemodialysis become safer and more efficacious? Might continuous renal replacement therapy be less safe and/or efficacious than previously thought?
On the extremality of the disordered state for the Ising model on the Bethe lattice

We give a simple proof that the limit Ising Gibbs measure with free boundary conditions on the Bethe lattice with the forward branching ratio k≥2 is extremal if and only if β is less or equal to the spin glass transition value, given by tanh(β c SG = 1/√k.
Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Modern Sediments in the Kingston Basin of Lake Ontario

Abstract Accumulation of Recent fine sediment is limited to deep water areas in the Kingston basin and thicknesses of more than 50 cm are found only in the St. Lawrence trough; elsewhere, sands and silty sands are largely composed of reworked material. Local sources provide little input of fine sediment to the Kingston basin. Statistical relationships derived from geochemical analyses indicate several forms of association between heavy metals and organic carbon, sulphides, clays, hydrous Fe and Mn oxides, and carbonates. A comparison between Kingston and Niagara sediments shows that the combined effects of riverine and lacustrine erosion have resulted in a generally greater content of carbonates in the Niagara sediments. The content of Fe (which is partly influenced by redox potential) is highest, however, in sediment of the Kingston basin, where higher P values are also associated with an increased clay content. Differences in the concentrations of heavy metals in Lake Ontario, except for Hg, Co, Cu, and Zn, are largely explained by variations in silt and clay contents. Contaminant loadings from the Niagara River are largely responsible for the anomalously high concentrations of Hg and, to a lesser extent, Cu and Zn. Cobalt occurs at higher concentrations in the sediments of eastern Lake Ontario, where its presence is thought to reflect glacial dispersal patterns.
The maturational onset of the 5-HT mediated head twitch in mice

Abstract The effect of elevated brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) on the head twitch was examined to determine an age of onset in mice for this 5-HT mediated motor activity. Two different treatments were used to elevate 5-HT: 100 mg/kg L-tryptophan with 100 mg/kg pargyline; and 100 mg/kg 5-HTP with 25 mg/kg carbidopa. Mice from ages 14 to 42 days postpartum were examined. Both treatments showed an onset of the head twitch at 15 days. Juvenile mice of 15–18 days appeared to differ in their response to the two treatments. Although 5-HTP and carbidopa stimulated head twitches, 5-HTP alone had a greater stimulatory effect at these ages, while in the other experiment only those animals receiving the combined tryptophan and pargyline treatment showed significant responses.
Faceted Design of Microscale Channels for Electrokinetic Flows

A novel methodology for designing microfluidic channels for low-dispersion, electrokinetic flows is presented. The technique relies on trigonometric relations that apply for ideal electrokinetic flows, allowing faceted channels to be designed using common drafting software and a hand calculator. Flows are rotated and stretched along the abrupt interface between adjacent regions having differing specific permeability. Two-interface systems are used to eliminate hydrodynamic rotation of bands injected into channels. Regions bounded by interfaces form faceted flow “prisms” with uniform velocity fields that can be combined with other prisms to obtain a wide range of turning angles and expansion ratios. Lengths of faceted prisms can be varied arbitrarily, simplifying chip layout and allowing the ability to select time-of-flight for a given faceted prism. The method is tested using combined experimental and computational demonstrations of flow displacers. Designs are demonstrated using two-dimensional numerical solutions of the Laplace equation. Experimental flow visualization is performed using standard epi-fluorescence microscopy techniques.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS BY ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY

An Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) facility has been assembled at the University of North Texas (UNT) in collaboration with Texas Instruments, Inc. The UNT AMS facility is used primarily for the high sensitivity determination of trace elements of stable isotopes in materials. Particle accelerators, in conjunction with magnetic (momentum/charge) and electrostatic (energy/charge) spectrometers and particle energy detectors, may be used to measure rare isotopes at concentrations as low as one part in 1012 or 1010 atoms/cm3.
Practicing What We Preach: A Personal Perspective on “Knowing and Doing” in University Teacher Education Classes

(1991). Practicing What We Preach: A Personal Perspective on “Knowing and Doing” in University Teacher Education Classes. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 13, Frameworks for Translation Research into Practice, pp. 22-27.
Efficiency in Thin-film Liquid System for Hosta Micropropagation

Three varieties of Hosta (‘striptease’, ‘Minuteman’ and ‘stiletto’) at four densities (40, 80, 120 and 200 explants per litre) were micropropagated on semi-solid agar and a thin-film liquid system with intermittent wetting of plant tissue. The mechanics of wetting by a small wave front required a larger rectangular vessel (11 × 27 = 297 cm2) compared to the common cylindrical baby food jar (18 cm2). Plants multiplied more rapidly in the agitated thin-film system than on agar. Lower plant densities increased rates of multiplication in liquid, but had little or no effect on multiplication rate on agar. Increasing plant density lowered the overall multiplication rate, but yielded greater numbers of plants per vessel. Yield, tabulated for utilization of shelf-space in growth room, was greater at all densities in rectangular vessels of liquid than conventional jars of agar media. Increased plant density lowered the sugar residual in media following the culture cycle and liquid media had less residual sugar than agar media. A liquid medium with 50g l−1 sucrose was concentrated enough so that sugar depletion did not limit growth, even at the highest densities. The liquid system allows the technician to skip the step of manually spacing and orienting the freshly cut bud tissue at the transfer station. Harvesting 75 – 100 plants per vessel from the large rectangular vessels resulted in most efficient use of technician time. Plants from liquid and agar acclimatized to greenhouse. Increased multiplication, space utilization, sugar availability and worker efficiency was demonstrated to be greater in thin-film liquid than more conventional agar-based system.
Aluminum Reduction in SC1

RCA clean has evolved since 1965 [1]. Typically used before critical thermal steps, depositions/etches, or after strip operations, these solutions are robust and reliable. Stringent semiconductor demands of shrinking feature size, increased contamination sensitivity and cost pressure have led to cleaning projects that improve performance and reduce chemical usage. One of the sources of contamination is the process chemicals themselves, where wafers are exposed to chemicals for etching or cleaning. Concerns over contamination are compounded in wet benches where chemical baths are re-circulated for periods up to 24 hours. Metal impurities can arise from insufficiently pure chemicals or water, tanks, carriers, plumbing components, chemical containers, incoming wafers and handling equipment. Strict chemical, DIW and material specifications as well as dilute chemistry and reduced temperature have benefited the industry as a whole. Trends such as lower temperature/concentration SC1, and higher temperature/concentration SC2 have reached a point of diminishing returns for metal contamination reduction. In the same way, chemical and water purity are well below detection, so improvements are difficult to quantify.[2]
Modernism and British Socialism

Thomas Linehan, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, xiv+171 pp., ISBN 9780230230101 (hbk), (£50.00), ISBN 9780230230118 (pbk), (£17.99) Thomas Linehan's Modernism and British Socialism is part o...
The neural correlates of contractual risk and penalty framing

Standard economic theory treats contractual risk the same as risk experienced in a lottery, but the transfer of risk from principal to agent may change the perception of risk. Previous experimental studies have shown that positive and negative framing affects both gambles and incentive contracts. An agent’s perception of bonus and penalty framing in a contract can determine the extent to which lottery risk and contractual risk are similar. We designed an experiment that tested the effect of bonus and penalty framed contracts on behavior under an implicit chance of failure. Moreover, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe brain activity while participants viewed the contracts and purchased precautionary measures. We found that the dorsal striatum was more active during a penalty frame than a bonus frame. The study suggests that risk experienced by agents in an incentive contract is not comparable to risk experienced as a lottery.
Transcription Activation via Enhanced Preinitiation Complex Assembly in a Human Cell-Free System Lacking TAFIIs

Abstract In contrast to previous findings in cell-free systems reconstituted with partially purified metazoan factors, we demonstrate dramatic activation of transcription in a TBP-dependent but TAF II -independent manner in HeLa nuclear extracts immunodepleted of TBP and major TAF II s. Single-round transcription assays reveal that TAF II -independent activation is manifested at the level of productive preinitiation complex formation and that TAF II s actually impair functional preinitiation complex assembly in a core promoter–specific manner. Furthermore, TAF II s appear to elevate absolute levels of transcription under multiple-round transcription conditions, presumably by facilitating secondary initiation events. Finally, human coactivator activities related to those in yeast RNA polymerase II/mediator complexes appear to function in unfractionated HeLa nuclear extracts.
Immunohistochemistry in Dermatopathology

Context.— Immunohistochemistry is not a diagnostic test but a highly valuable tool that requires interpretation within a context. Objective.— To review the current status and limitations of immunoh...
Bacteriohopanetetrol: abundant lipid in frankia cells and in nitrogen-fixing nodule tissue.

An unusual class of lipid with amphiphilic properties has been detected in nodule tissue of Alnus and Ceanothus. High levels of the same lipid (20-50% of total cell lipids) were detected in solvent extracts of Frankia spp. cells. However, the lipid was absent in host roots. The lipid was purified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography/flame ionization detector. Phenol-sulfuric acid determinations and proton nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that the purified lipid is not a glycolipid. Mass spectra of the predominant species are consistent with published spectra for bacteriohopanetetrol (C35H62O4), a pentacyclic triterpenoid, or hopanoid.
Effectiveness of a SiC schottky diode for Super-Junction MOSFETs on continuous conduction mode PFC

This Super-Junction technology can dramatically reduce both on-resistance and parasitic capacitances, which usually have a trade-off relationship to each other. With smaller parasitic capacitances, Super-Junction MOSFETs have extremely fast switching characteristics and therefore reduce switching losses. But, naturally this switching behavior occurs with greater dv/dt and di/dt that affect switching performance via parasitic components in devices and the printed circuit board. Therefore, an optimized design is very important to operate high speed MOSFETs in practical applications. A SiC Schottky diode is an optimum device for fast switching MOSFETs for CCM PFC. It is well-known that the turn-on behavior of the MOSFET is strongly dominated by the reverse recovery characteristics of boost diodes on CCM PFC. Furthermore, SiC Schottky diodes are effective at dampening the down peak drain-source voltage and preventing gate ringing caused by lead inductance and parasitic capacitances of the boost switch. The objective of this paper is to determine which SiC Schottky diode is best-suited for fast switching MOSFETs.
Continuous itinerary functions and dendrite maps

Abstract We examine the “kneading sequence” theory of maps on dendrites, concentrating on those maps having one “turning point” and the “unique itinerary property” (i.e., distinct points have distinct itineraries). This theory has major overlaps with the theories of polynomial Julia Sets and Hubbard Trees, but also has significant differences from those two theories (for which the unique itinerary property does not always hold). We show that the unique itinerary property is a powerful property, and allows a simple classification of such dendrite maps with respect to their kneading sequences (up to conjugacy if there is no nontrivial invariant subdendrite). One of the major tools introduced here is the continuous itinerary function. If one takes the set of all sequences of the symbols used to define the itineraries with respect to a partition of a space, there is a natural topology which forces the itinerary function (from the original space into the space of sequences of symbols) to be continuous, although this often leads to a non-Hausdorff itinerary topology. Despite this apparent drawback, we show that this itinerary topology is a useful tool for analyzing the dynamics of continuous maps on metric spaces. Characterizations in terms of kneading sequences are given for topological properties of these maps, including various transitivity properties, (in)decomposability of inverse limits, and the existence of certain “piecewise linearizations” of such maps which are a natural generalization of “tent” maps on the interval. The itinerary topology provides a natural topology for the parameter space of all kneading sequences, a natural subspace of which will be shown to have a one-point compactification that is a dendrite, with an interesting connection to the Mandelbrot Set.
Serendipitous synthetic entrée to tetradehydro analogues of cobalamins

Tetradehydrocorrin macrocycles occupy a saturation level halfway between that of octadehydrocorrins and corrins (e.g., cyanocobalamin). While octadehydrocorrin chemistry is relatively well understood, few studies have been done on more reduced macrocycles owing to synthetic limitations. The reaction of a 2,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyldipyrrin (Western half) bearing a 7-(4-iodophenyl) group and a 1-(dimethoxymethyl)-9-bromo-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyldipyrrin (Eastern half) bearing a 7-p-tolyl group in the presence of Ga(OTf)3 afforded the corresponding B,D-tetradehydrocorrin (1) in 24% yield. Use of a Western half bearing a 7-(4-ethylphenyl) group afforded the B,D-tetradehydrocorrin (2) in 29% yield. Each tetradehydrocorrin bears a 1-methyl group at the A–D ring junction (and hence is enantiomeric), a geminal dimethyl group in each pyrroline ring, and distinct substituents at the 7- and 17-positions; characterization included 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, absorption spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography (2 only). Treatment of 1 or 2 with CoCl2 afforded the cobalt chelate as a mixture of stereoisomers containing an apical methoxide or hydroxide ligand. The cobalt-tetradehydrocorrin was characterized by absorption spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and electrochemistry. The cobalt chelate was smoothly titrated with THF, pyridine, and KCN or Bu4NCN. While the assignment of the oxidation state of the cobalt remains provisional, the use of natural abundance versus isotopically substituted solvents or titrants (CD3OD, K13CN) enabled clear identification of the apical ligands. The facile access to stable, synthetically tailored B,D-tetradehydrocorrins should open the door to fundamental studies of simple surrogates of cyanocobalamin.
Immunocytochemical mapping of Fos protein following seizures in gerbils indicates the activation of hippocampal neurons

The expression of the proto-oncogene, c-fos, and its protein, Fos, has been shown to be a useful marker for elevated levels of neuronal activity generated in the brain following different stimuli, including seizures. Since previous studies indicated hippocampal involvement in seizure activity in gerbils, Fos immunocytochemistry was used to determine whether hippocampal neurons become activated following environmentally induced seizures in this animal. Gerbils with maximal seizures showed many Fos-immunolabeled neurons in the granule cell layer and hilus of the dentate gyrus, as well as in CA3 and CA1 of the hippocampus. These gerbils had significantly greater numbers of Fos-immunolabeled dentate granule cells than gerbils with less severe seizures or no seizures. The number of dentate granule cells and CA3 pyramidal cells with Fos immunolabeling increased in an exponential manner with increased seizure severity. Many Fos-immunolabeled neurons were found in several regions of the neo- and paleocortex and in other limbic structures including the piriform cortex, cortical amygdaloid nucleus, and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. These results indicate that hippocampal neurons are activated following seizures in a genetic model, and provide further proof that the hippocampal formation is involved in the circuitry for seizures in gerbils.
Development and Deployment of NASA's Budget Execution Dashboard

This paper discusses the successful implementation of a highly visible company-wide management system and its potential to change managerial and accounting polices, processes, and practices in support of organizational goals. Applying the conceptual framework of innovation in organizations, this paper describes the development and deployment process of the NASA Budget Execution Dashboard and the first two fiscal years of its use. It discusses the positive organizational changes triggered by the dashboard, such as higher visibility of financial goals and variances between plans and actuals, increased involvement of all management levels in tracking and correcting plan deviations, establishing comparable data standards across a strongly diversified organization, and enhanced communication between line organizations (NASA Centers) and product organizations (Mission Directorates). The paper also discusses the critical success factors experienced in this project: strong leadership and division of management roles, rapid and responsive technology development, and frequent communication among stakeholders.
The Veiled Genealogies of Animation and Cinema

This article challenges the widely held view that cinema is a subcategory of the larger entity, animation. Tracing the etymology of the word ‘animation’ reveals how it acquired two separate meanings: one to endow with life or to come alive, and the other, to move or be moved. In trade and professional discourses about cinema, ‘animation’ did not refer to single-frame cinematography or to the class of films using that technique until the early 1910s. The genealogical argument that animation was the ancestor of cinema exploits the semantic serendipity of these two meanings, but the approach distracts from a larger understanding of animation as a film form, genre and social practice. A negative result of this line of reasoning is that the distinctive features of the optical toys of so-called pre-cinema are valued only inasmuch as they resembled later cinema and may not be studied in their own right.
Characteristics of an acetone powder preparation of the vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamyl carboxylase

Abstract An acetone powder, prepared from the liver microsomes of vitamin K-deficient rats, retains an active vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamyl carboxylase. While the basic requirements of the enzyme are similar to those of the carboxylase of either resuspended microsomes or detergent-solubilized microsomes, the acetone powder preparation reveals some additional properties of the carboxylase. Carboxylation of the synthetic pentapeptide substrate phenylalanyl-leucyl-glutamyl-glutamyl-valine can occur in the absence of nonionic detergent; however, when vitamin K hydroquinone drives the acetone powder carboxylation nonionic detergent is required for maximal activity. Experiments are described in which the acetone powder is incubated with the pentapeptide, pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended with fresh reactants, and incubated again. They suggest that the low V for the carboxylase, observed by all investigators, is, at least in part, not the result of irreversible enzyme inactivation nor depletion of reactants, but rather accumulation of a yet to be identified inhibitor(s). The acetone powder prepared from microsomes derived from livers of nutritionally normal cows contains vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamyl carboxylase. This enzyme can be solubilized from the powder using Triton X-100 and could provide a large supply of starting material for enzyme purification.
Does the Flynn Effect Affect IQ Scores of Students Classified as LD

This research examined two samples of students classified as learning disabled (LD) for evidence of the phenomenon known as the Flynn effect (FE; Flynn, 1999). Triennial test data were collected for two samples. Sample 1 included students tested twice with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition (WISC-III; n = 59). Sample 2, the primary data set, included students tested first with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R), and then with the WISC-III (n = 171). A secondary analysis examined potential differences in the FE by ethnicity and/or gender. Results indicate that the FE does affect Wechsler IQ and component scores of students classified as LD. Further, the effect varies by task. There were no significant differences in the FE by race and/or gender. The study suggests that LD classification may be substantially impacted by the FE over the life of an IQ test version.
Dynamic critical phenomena in ammonium halide crystals

All available ultrasonic and hypersonic data on N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$Br, N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$Cl, and N${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$Cl have been analyzed over a wide range of temperature, pressure, and frequency in the disordered cubic phase $D$, the "ferro-ordered" cubic phase ${O}_{c}$, and the "antiferro-ordered" tetragonal phase ${O}_{T}$. The acoustical absorption and dispersion in the disordered phase can be interpreted in terms of a single relaxation time $\ensuremath{\tau}$ that exhibits critical behavior $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\Delta}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\theta}}$ near the order-disorder transition. The resulting values of the critical exponents $\ensuremath{\theta}$ confirm the existence of a master phase diagram for these systems. In the tetragonal regime (N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$Br at 1 atm) the experimental value $\ensuremath{\theta}=1.38$ for $Tg{T}_{c}$ corresponds quite well with the critical exponent $z\ensuremath{\nu}$, describing order-parameter relaxation for $n=3$ fixed points in Hohenberg and Halperin's model $A$. In the $D\ensuremath{-}{O}_{c}\ensuremath{-}{O}_{T}$ triple-point regime (N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$Cl at 1 atm, N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$Br at 1.88 kbar) the experimental value $\ensuremath{\theta}=1.0$ corresponds to $z\ensuremath{\nu}$ given by conventional theory, which is appropriate for model $A$ near higher-order critical points. In the multicritical regime (N${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$Cl at 1 atm, N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$Cl at 1.5 kbar, N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$Br at 3.25 kbar) the experimental values of $\ensuremath{\theta}(1.1 \mathrm{to} 1.2)$ associated with this $D\ensuremath{-}{O}_{c}$ multicritical point cannot be easily interpreted in terms of currently available theory. The critical relaxation times were obtained using acoustical relaxation strengths that are independent of temperature, and several pieces of experimental evidence are presented in support of this method of analysis.
New upper limits on numerous atmospheric species in the native lunar atmosphere

Abstract We report on our analysis of twilight observations of the lunar atmosphere as observed by the LAMP instrument aboard NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Using data collected between September 2009 and March 2013, we have examined over 7.7 million s of integration time obtained when the surface was in darkness, but the atmosphere between the spacecraft and the surface was in sunlight. Using these data, we have calculated upper limits for 27 species, primarily neutral atomic and molecular species, but also a few atomic ions. All of these species have either been predicted previously or were observed by LAMP after the LCROSS impact. Our upper limits are more constraining than previous upper limits by significant factors, providing new constraints on numerous species. Puzzlingly, we did not detect the previously detected noble gas species Ne and Ar, a subject we briefly touch on here and plan a full paper about.