cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polynomial chaos to efficiently compute the annual energy production in wind farm layout optimization

Abstract. In this paper, we develop computationally efficient techniques to calculate statistics used in wind farm optimization with the goal of enabling the use of higher-fidelity models and larger wind farm optimization problems. We apply these techniques to maximize the annual energy production (AEP) of a wind farm by optimizing the position of the individual wind turbines. The AEP (a statistic) is the expected power produced by the wind farm over a period of 1 year subject to uncertainties in the wind conditions (wind direction and wind speed) that are described with empirically determined probability distributions. To compute the AEP of the wind farm, we use a wake model to simulate the power at different input conditions composed of wind direction and wind speed pairs. We use polynomial chaos (PC), an uncertainty quantification method, to construct a polynomial approximation of the power over the entire stochastic space and to efficiently (using as few simulations as possible) compute the expected power (AEP). We explore both regression and quadrature approaches to compute the PC coefficients. PC based on regression is significantly more efficient than the rectangle rule (the method most commonly used to compute the expected power). With PC based on regression, we have reduced on average by a factor of 5 the number of simulations required to accurately compute the AEP when compared to the rectangle rule for the different wind farm layouts considered. In the wind farm layout optimization problem, each optimization step requires an AEP computation. Thus, the ability to compute the AEP accurately with fewer simulations is beneficial as it reduces the cost to perform an optimization, which enables the use of more computationally expensive higher-fidelity models or the consideration of larger or multiple wind farm optimization problems. We perform a large suite of gradient-based optimizations to compare the optimal layouts obtained when computing the AEP with polynomial chaos based on regression and the rectangle rule. We consider three different starting layouts (Grid, Amalia, Random) and find that the optimization has many local optima and is sensitive to the starting layout of the turbines. We observe that starting from a good layout (Grid, Amalia) will, in general, find better optima than starting from a bad layout (Random) independent of the method used to compute the AEP. For both PC based on regression and the rectangle rule, we consider both a coarse ( ∼225 ) and a fine ( ∼625 ) number of simulations to compute the AEP. We find that for roughly one-third of the computational cost, the optimizations with the coarse PC based on regression result in optimized layouts that produce comparable AEP to the optimized layouts found with the fine rectangle rule. Furthermore, for the same computational cost, for the different cases considered, polynomial chaos finds optimal layouts with 0.4 % higher AEP on average than those found with the rectangle rule.
Racial and Socioeconomic Differences in the Use of High-Volume Commission on Cancer-Accredited Hospitals for Cancer Surgery in the United States

Although major cancer surgery at a high-volume hospital is associated with lower postoperative mortality, the use of such hospitals may not be equally distributed. Our aim was to study socioeconomic and racial differences in cancer surgery at Commission on Cancer (CoC)-accredited high-volume hospitals. The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was used to identify patients undergoing surgery for colon, esophageal, liver, and pancreatic cancer from 2003 to 2012. Annual hospital volume for each cancer was categorized using quartiles of patient volume. Patient-level predictors of surgery at a high-volume hospital, trends in the use of a high-volume hospital, and adjusted likelihood of surgery at a high-volume hospital in 2012 versus 2003 were analyzed. African American patients were less likely to undergo surgery at a high-volume hospital for esophageal (odds ratio [OR] 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49–0.73) and pancreatic cancer (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74–0.92), while uninsured patients and those residing in low educational attainment zip codes were less likely to undergo surgery at a high-volume hospital for esophageal, liver, and pancreatic cancer. In 2012, African Americans, uninsured patients, and those from low educational attainment zip codes were no more likely to undergo surgery at a high-volume hospital than in 2003 for any cancer type. These differences were not seen in colon cancer patients, for whom significant regionalization was not seen. Differences in the use of CoC-accredited high-volume hospitals for major cancer surgery were seen nationwide and persisted over the duration of the study. Strategies to increase referrals and/or access to high-volume hospitals for African American and socioeconomically disadvantaged patients should be explored.
Surface Characterization Techniques Applied to Environmental Problems

A number of techniques for the study of gas-solid interfaces are reviewed, particularly those involving the interaction of photons and particles with surface atoms. Although these techniques require ultra-high vacuum environments and therefore tend to modify the specimen, they yield valuable information at submicron geometries not available by optical methods. Some applications to environmental samples are given, with emphasis on the identiflcation of chemical species.
The Formation of Complex Interstellar Molecules

A rich array of complex molecules has been detected in interstellar space. Table 1 is a list arranged in order by the number of atoms contained in the molecule. For the complex organic species the abundances relative to hydrogen are of the order 10−8∓1010 or less. The abundances vary from one interstellar cloud to another. In TMC-1 there are observed high abundances of cyanopolyynes and complex hydrocarbons, whereas in SGR B2 oxygen-bearing organic molecules appear to be relatively enhanced. In the Orion molecular cloud, large variations occur which are associated with high velocity outflows from embedded young stars. Various attempts have been made to construct theoretical models of the formation and destruction of interstellar molecules. We review them here with particular reference to molecular species containing several carbon atoms.
Periodicity of DNA folding in higher order chromatin structures.

Abstract Each level of DNA folding in cells corresponds to a distinct chromatin structure. The basic chromatin units, nucleosomes, are arranged into solenoids which form chromatin loops. To characterize better the loop organization of chromatin we have assumed that the accessibility of DNA inside these structures is lower than on the outside and examined the size distribution of high mol. wt DNA fragments obtained from cells and isolated nuclei after digestion with endogenous nuclease or topoisomerase II. The largest discrete fragments obtained contain 300 kbp of DNA. Their further degradation proceeds through another discrete size step of 50 kbp. This suggests that chromatin loops contain approximately 50 kbp of DNA and that they are grouped into hexameric rosettes at the next higher level of chromatin structure. Based upon these observations a model by which the 30 nm chromatin fibre can be folded up into compact metaphase chromosomes is also described.
Perichoretic Monotheism: A Defense of a Social Theory of the Trinity

This essay is a defense of one version of the so-called Social Theory of the Trinity (ST), a version that emphasizes the notion of perichoresis. It offers an a priori argument in favor of ST, and defends the theory against four criticisms that have recently been raised against it by Professor Brian Leftow: (1) that ST amounts to tritheism; (2) that on ST there is no way to answer the question, “How many Gods are compatible with monotheism?”; (3) that ST raises the specter of inequality among the persons; and (4) that co-mingled divine minds cannot be distinct.
Enzymes and Isozymes in Cancer

The complement of enzymes in a differentiated tissue from an adult animal or person is quite characteristic for that tissue. It may change in response to hormonal or dietary influences, but is generally such that tissue metabolism is optimal under a particular set of conditions. While some enzymes are common to all tissues, the quantities may vary from organ to organ. Other enzymes are found predominantly in a particular organ. Amylase, for example, is found in highest concentration in the pancreas; a different form of the enzyme occurs in saliva. Lactose synthase is confined to the lactating mammary gland, whereas the enzymes of gluconeogenesis are limited to the liver and the kidney cortex.
Prevention and Management of Perioperative Delirium

Delirium, arguably the most important perioperative morbidity in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery, is underdiagnosed and undertreated. However, delirium can be diagnosed with high sensitivity and specificity, and effective means of reducing the severity of delirium and improving outcomes are known. A comprehensive history and examination are necessary with a focus on the presence of acute alteration in awareness and attention. The cardinal features of delirium are acute onset of cognitive disturbances or attention deficits and fluctuating course. Multidisciplinary teams with expertise in geriatrics have shown the most success in controlled studies of delirium postoperative prevention and treatment. Managing delirium is largely a matter of trying to reduce or eliminate risk factors. Screening for cognitive impairment, medications known to increase the risk of delirium, and acute metabolic disturbances and acute infections is key. Treatment should include correction of acute problems and scheduled use of analgesics. Eliminating physical restraints, mobilization, and minimizing room changes are important. Pain control helps to prevent delirium. Psychotropics to treat delirium are most helpful in persons with clear psychotic symptoms, and when used they should initially be given on maintenance rather than an as needed schedule.
EROS main image file - A picture perfect database for Landsat imagery and aerial photography

The Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Program was established by the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1966 under the administration of the Geological Survey. It is primarily concerned with the application of remote sensing techniques for the management of natural resources. The retrieval system employed to search the EROS database is called INORAC (Inquiry, Ordering, and Accounting). A description is given of the types of images identified in EROS, taking into account Landsat imagery, Skylab images, Gemini/Apollo photography, and NASA aerial photography. Attention is given to retrieval commands, geographic coordinate searching, refinement techniques, various online functions, and questions regarding the access to the EROS Main Image File.
Descriptive epidemiology of cerebellar hypoplasia in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.

Background Cerebellar hypoplasia is a rare disorder of cerebellar formation in which the cerebellum is not completely developed, smaller than it should be, or completely absent. The prevalence of cerebellar hypoplasia at birth is unknown, and little is known about epidemiological risk factors. Using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), a population-based, case-control study, we analyzed clinical features and potential risk factors for nonsyndromic cerebellar hypoplasia. Methods The NBDPS included pregnancies with estimated delivery dates from 1997-2011. We described clinical features of cerebellar hypoplasia cases from the study area. We explored risk factors for cerebellar hypoplasia (case characteristics, demographics, pregnancy characteristics, maternal health conditions, maternal medication use, and maternal behavioral exposures) by comparing cases to non-malformed live born control infants. We calculated crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals using logistic regression models. Results We identified 87 eligible cerebellar hypoplasia cases and 55 mothers who participated in the NBDPS. There were no differences in clinical features between interviewed and non-interviewed cases. Cerebellar hypoplasia cases were more likely than controls to be from a multiple pregnancy, be born preterm, and have low birth weight. Cerebellar hypoplasia cases were more likely to be born in or after 2005, as opposed to earlier in NBDPS. We found elevated ORs that were not statistically significant for maternal use of vasoactive medications, non-Hispanic black mothers, and mothers with a history of hypertension. Conclusions Although unadjusted, our findings from a large, population-based study can contribute to new hypotheses regarding the etiology of cerebellar hypoplasia.
Functional independence in adult survivors of pediatric CNS tumors: A report from the St. Jude lifetime cohort study.

10524Background: Beyond survival, attainment of functional independence is the primary goal for adult survivors of pediatric CNS tumors. However, the prevalence of and risk factors for non-independ...
Abstract 3642: Combination nanotherapy using the PARP inhibitor talazoparib and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor dinaciclib

Introduction: PARP inhibitors exploit defects in DNA repair pathways to selectively target cancerous cells. As such, Talazoparib (TLZ), a potent PARP inhibitor, offers a way to target the biology of a number of cancers with DNA repair defects until these tumors develop resistance. PARP inhibitors must be used in combination with other inhibitors or chemotherapeutics to reverse resistance and sensitize non-responsive tumors. Dinaciclib, a potent cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, has been shown to sensitize both BRCA wild-type tumors and PARP inhibitor resistant tumors to PARP inhibition through disruption of homologous recombination. In clinical trials, Talazoparib and Dinaciclib have both demonstrated hematologic toxicities, suggesting a combination of these drugs would result in compounded toxicity, leading to dose reduction and an ineffective combination. Nanoparticle delivery systems offer a means to modify the toxicity profiles of these drugs and enhance the therapeutic window, therefore allowing for effective combination treatment. Methods: Separate nanoformulations of Talazoparib (NanoTLZ) and Dinaciclib (NanoDCB) were optimized, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics assessed. Nanoformulations were tested alone and in combination in vitro to ensure NanoDCB could sensitize a model with no known DNA repair defects to NanoTLZ. The combination of the two nanoformulations was then assessed for efficacy and toxicity in orthotopic MDA-MB-231 xenografts. Results: Robust formulations of NanoTLZ and NanoDCB were developed. Each nanoformulation extended the half-life of the drug it encapsulates. A constant low dose of Dinaciclib sensitized MDA-MB-231 cells to Talazoparib, significantly lowering the IC50 value. As a single agent NanoDCB was more effective in vitro than free Dinaciclib. In vivo, the combination of the two nanoformulations was more effective than either single nanoformulation or the combination of the two free drugs. Assessments of hematologic toxicities are underway, but thus far, there were no signs of gross toxicity in the combination therapy group. Conclusions: The combination of NanoDCB and NanoTLZ has provided an effective method for sensitizing tumors to PARP inhibition that are otherwise nonresponsive to this therapy. The development of two separate nanoformulations has allowed for tailored dosing. These long-circulating nanoformulations have proven more effective than the free drugs in stabilizing tumor growth and were well tolerated. This work was supported by ARMY/W81XWH-16-1-0731. Citation Format: Paige Baldwin, Adrienne Orriols, Srinivas Sridhar. Combination nanotherapy using the PARP inhibitor talazoparib and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor dinaciclib [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3642.
Crystal field splitting, local anisotropy, and low-energy excitations in the quantum magnet YbCl 3

We study the correlated quantum magnet ${\mathrm{YbCl}}_{3}$ with neutron scattering, magnetic susceptibility, and heat capacity measurements. The crystal field Hamiltonian is determined through simultaneous refinements of the inelastic neutron scattering and magnetization data. The ground-state doublet is well isolated from the other crystal field levels and results in an effective spin-1/2 system with local easy plane anisotropy at low temperature. Cold neutron spectroscopy shows low-energy excitations peaked at 0.5 meV that are consistent with nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic correlations.
Validation of the Vanderbilt Head and Neck Symptom Survey Version 2.0.

6049 Background: We previously reported the development and preliminary testing of the Vanderbilt Head and Neck Symptoms Survey version 2.0 (VHNSS 2.0 ) for assessment of symptom burden in head and...
Trimodality therapy for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer: A population-based study: Trimodality therapy for HPV+ OPC.

Abstract Background Although HPV status is a well-established prognostic factor in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), approximately 20% of HPV-positive patients die from their disease. We therefore sought to ascertain whether there is a benefit to trimodality therapy with surgery among patients with locally advanced (LA) disease receiving chemoradiation. Methods The SEER Head and Neck with HPV Status Database identified adult patients with non-metastatic OPSCC between 2013 and 2014 with known HPV status who received chemoradiation as part of definitive treatment. The primary outcome was cancer-specific mortality (CSM) for locally-advanced (LA) (T3-T4, or N2-N3, per AJCC 7) versus early-stage (ES) (T1-T2 and N0-N1) disease, stratified by HPV status. The secondary outcome was overall survival (OS). Results Among 2974 patients who met study criteria, 671 patients (22.6%) received upfront surgery (trimodality therapy). In the LA setting, there was a significant reduction in CSM with trimodality therapy compared to chemoradiation alone in HPV-positive (Adjusted Hazard Ratio [AHR] 0.19, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.04–0.80; P = 0.024), but not HPV-negative disease [Pinteraction = 0.04]. There was no benefit to trimodality therapy for ES disease, regardless of HPV status. There was also an improvement in OS with trimodality therapy for HPV-positive LA patients (AHR = 0.28, p = 0.006, 95% CI = 0.11–0.70). In contrast, trimodality therapy was not associated with improved OS for HPV-negative patients regardless of stage. Conclusions HPV status may predict for improved outcomes with surgery/trimodality therapy in LA OPSCC. Our findings support prospective investigations to optimize care for the subset of HPV-positive patients who are at greatest risk of cancer death, where trimodality therapy may be appropriate.
Attacking memory-hard scrypt with near-data-processing

In a traditional DRAM-based main memory architecture, a memory access operation requires much more time and energy than a simple logic operation. This fact is exploited to build time-consuming and power-hungry memory-hard cryptographic functions that serve the purpose of hindering brute-force security attacks.The security of such memory-hard functions depends entirely on the non-trivial costs of memory access. However, various compute-capable memory technologies have recently emerged as promising ways to reduce the memory access bottleneck, yet no one has looked into how they may impact the security of memory-hard cryptographic functions. In this preliminary work, we investigate the impact of near-data-processing (NDP) on scrypt, a widely used memory-hard password-based key-derivation function, and discuss the opportunities to further undermine scrypt using compute-capable memory.
Model-Based Characterization of the Pharmacokinetics, Target Engagement Biomarkers, and Immunomodulatory Activity of PF-06342674, a Humanized mAb Against IL-7 Receptor-α, in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes.

IL-7 receptor-α (IL-7Rα) blockade has been shown to reverse autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse by promoting inhibition of effector T cells and consequently altering the balance of regulatory T (Treg) and effector memory (TEM) cells. PF-06342674 is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to and inhibits the function of IL-7Rα. In the current phase 1b study, subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D) received subcutaneous doses of either placebo or PF-06342674 (1, 3, 8 mg/kg/q2w or 6 mg/kg/q1w) for 10 weeks and were followed up to 18 weeks. Nonlinear mixed effects models were developed to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK), target engagement biomarkers, and immunomodulatory activity. PF-06342674 was estimated to have 20-fold more potent inhibitory effect on TEM cells relative to Treg cells resulting in a non-monotonic dose-response relationship for the Treg:TEM ratio, reaching maximum at ~ 3 mg/kg/q2w dose. Target-mediated elimination led to nonlinear PK with accelerated clearance at lower doses due to high affinity binding and rapid clearance of the drug-target complex. Doses ≥ 3 mg/kg q2w result in sustained PF-06342674 concentrations higher than the concentration of cellular IL-7 receptor and, in turn, maintain near maximal receptor occupancy over the dosing interval. The results provide important insight into the mechanism of IL-7Rα blockade and immunomodulatory activity of PF-06342674 and establish a rational framework for dose selection for subsequent clinical trials of PF-06342674. Furthermore, this analysis serves as an example of mechanistic modeling to support dose selection of a drug candidate in the early phases of development.
Biolistic Transformation of Japonica Rice Varieties.

Genetic improvement of rice is crucial to achieve global food security as rice is an important staple crop for more than half of the global population. One of the methodologies for genetic improvement is biolistic delivery of genetic components into plant cells. In this chapter, we describe steps involved in introducing plasmid DNA carrying gene of interest into rice mature embryos using Biolistic® PDS-1000/He particle delivery system. We also provide information required for recovery of transformed plants and production of transgenic seed for next generation analysis. Using this protocol, typical 50-70 putative independent transgenic callus lines can be generated from 100 bombarded embryos. Transgenic rice plantlets can be produced within 2 months after the initiation of seed germination for transformation.
The Role of Teachers' Self-Efficacy Beliefs in the Development of Teacher-student Relationships

Abstract Prior literature has suggested that teachers who are confident in their abilities to teach, assess, and manage classroom behavior may be more likely to engage in practices that lead to supportive and secure relationships with students. The current study investigated the trajectories of teacher-student relationships, examining the extent that teacher self-efficacy beliefs predicted ratings of conflict and closeness for 885 students from second to sixth grade. The trends of teacher-student closeness and conflict were modeled using a parallel curve of factors approach, controlling for student demographics and teacher-student racial and gender alignment prior to examining the extent that teacher self-efficacy beliefs influenced closeness and conflict across grades. Results from the parallel trajectories suggested that teacher-student conflict was stable from second to sixth grade, whereas teacher-student closeness demonstrated a declining curvilinear trend. The relationship between teacher-student conflict and closeness suggests that students with relatively high levels of conflict in second grade were likely to exhibit sharper declines in closeness over time. Across grades, teachers rated closer and less conflictual relationships with females but after controlling for gender and race (β = 0.083–0.328 for closeness; β = −0.118 to −0.238 for conflict), teacher-student racial and gender alignment associations with teacher-student relationship quality were less consistent. Teachers who reported higher self-efficacy beliefs were more likely to report higher ratings of closeness and lower ratings of conflict with students across all grades (β = 0.195–0.280 for closeness; β = −0.053 to −0.097 for conflict). These findings contribute to the literature regarding the role of teacher self-efficacy in teacher-student relationships. We discuss how teacher self-efficacy beliefs can be developed and leveraged to improve relationship quality in the classroom from a social cognitive perspective.
IMPAD1 and KDELR2 drive invasion and metastasis by enhancing Golgi-mediated secretion.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the deadliest form of cancer worldwide, due in part to its proclivity to metastasize. Identifying novel drivers of invasion and metastasis holds therapeutic potential for the disease. We conducted a gain-of-function invasion screen, which identified two separate hits, IMPAD1 and KDELR2, as robust, independent drivers of lung cancer invasion and metastasis. Given that IMPAD1 and KDELR2 are known to be localized to the ER–Golgi pathway, we studied their common mechanism of driving in vitro invasion and in vivo metastasis and demonstrated that they enhance Golgi-mediated function and secretion. Therapeutically inhibiting matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) suppressed both IMPAD1- and KDELR2-mediated invasion. The hits from this unbiased screen and the mechanistic validation highlight Golgi function as one of the key cellular features altered during invasion and metastasis.
Friedrich Von Hügel's philosophy

Friedrich von Hugel is justifiably regarded as one of the leading philosophers of religion of the twentieth century. He was born of a German- Austrian father and a Scottish mother and spent most of...
Design and characterization of a 3D-printed staggered herringbone mixer.

3D printing holds potential as a faster, cheaper alternative compared with traditional photolithography for the fabrication of microfluidic devices by replica molding. However, the influence of pri...
Just Do It: The Surgical Checklist

For the second Global Patient Safety Challenge, the WHO chose making surgery safer. My involvement was minor. One day, a year or so after the hand hygiene program started, I received a call from Pauline Kelly, my friend from the Reporting Guidelines project. The World Alliance leaders had decided to do a Patient Safety Challenge on a surgical topic. This made good sense, since surgical mishaps were well recognized as a major cause of mortality worldwide. Nearly half of all AEs discovered in the Medical Practice Study were related to a surgical operation. She asked me if I thought Atul Gawande would be willing to lead it.
The Effects of Security Controls on Human Behavior in Online Social Networks

Internet is a conglomeration of networks on a worldwide scale of billions of interconnected computers that provides an increased potential for interaction between humans, since one of the main characteristics of the Internet is to facilitate the production of a social episode. Because there is a relationship between humans and the online environment, the Internet should be part of the study of behavior analysis and behavioral science itself can use the Internet as a potential laboratory to assist in understanding human behavior and understand the effects caused by these new behaviors. Understanding the variables that affect these behaviors, as well as the reinforcement contingencies that control them can bring an advantage in relation to the prediction and control of human behavior, including questions concerning the proper and effective development of new technologies that provide benefits to the academic world, science, society, and organizations. The objective of this paper is to present methodological considerations that were stemming from an experimental research that made use of the Internet as an experimental laboratory for studying the negative effects that security controls can exert on the behavior of online users. The results of this research point to the opportunity of developing new research for understanding human behavior on the Internet and they highlight the need to invest in studies and to improve the procedures used. We also believe that this study could contribute to the behavior analysis and other sciences can use the Internet as a laboratory in order to better understand the contingencies that control online behavior and encourage the adequate development of systems to bring the best experience to Internet users.
Opioids and the immune system: what is their mechanism of action?

There is a significant amount of literature showing that morphine and other opioids modulate immune responses. The findings support many mechanisms by which this may occur. In vitro experiments provide evidence for direct actions of opioids on immune cells using a variety of functional end points. When these drugs are given in vivo, a plethora of immune parameters are also altered. The paper in this issue of the journal by Zhang et al. provides new information on morphine alteration of immune cell subsets in the spleen and thymus of mice and the potential role of glucocorticoids in these observed phenomena. This Commentary reviews the in vitro activities of morphine on leucocytes, as well as other documented mechanisms by which morphine can alter immune function in vivo. LINKED ARTICLE This article is a commentary on Zhang et al., pp. 1829–1844 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01475.x
Childhood sleep problems, response inhibition, and alcohol and drug outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood.

Background: To our knowledge, no prospective studies examine the relationships among childhood sleep problems, adolescent executive functioning, and substance outcomes (i.e., substance use and substance-related problems). In this study, we examined whether childhood sleep problems predicted adolescent sleep problems and response inhibition. We also tested whether adolescent sleep problems and poor response inhibition mediated the relationship between childhood sleep problems and substance (alcohol and drug) outcomes in young adulthood. Methods: Study participants were 292 boys and 94 girls (M = 4.85, SD = 1.47) from a community sample of high-risk families and controls. Results: When compared to their counterparts, those with trouble sleeping in childhood were twice as likely to have the same problem in adolescence. Childhood overtiredness predicted poor response inhibition in adolescence. Persistent trouble sleeping from childhood to adolescence and response inhibition in adolescence mediated the relationship between childhood sleep problems and drug outcomes in young adulthood, whereas overtiredness in childhood directly predicted alcohol use outcomes and alcohol-related problems in young adulthood. Conclusions: This is the first study showing a long-term relationship between childhood sleep measures and subsequent alcohol and drug outcomes. The developmental and clinical implications of these findings were discussed. Prevention and intervention programs may want to consider the
Linear iterative turbo-equalization (LITE) for dual channels

We examine a point-to-point communications scenario in which two or more separate, but known, channels are available for data transmission. While sending the same data across multiple channels provides channel diversity, we introduce additional temporal diversity by permuting the order of the data prior to transmission over one or more of the channels. As a receiver, we introduce a low complexity iterative equalization algorithm, inspired by iterative decoders for turbo-codes, which we call linear iterative turbo-equalization (LITE). The LITE algorithm contains one minimum mean square error linear equalizer for each channel and passes soft-information between the different equalizers in the form of a prior over the transmitted data. The linear equalizers differ from conventional equalizers by incorporating this prior in the minimization. Through simulations, we compare the empirical performance of the LITE algorithm to that of conventional linear and decision feedback equalizers, as well as maximum likelihood decoding for the set of channels. Our simulations demonstrate that the LITE algorithm can achieve equalization performance comparable to maximum likelihood decoding with computational complexity comparable to that of linear equalization.
Stereotype threat: A meta‐analysis comparing African Americans to Hispanic Americans.

Stereotype threat theory posits an explanation for cognitive underperformance in groups based on social stereotypes. When stereotypes are negatively related to a cognitive task, awareness of this relationship leads to decreased performance on that task; however, this underperformance can be reduced by actively dismissing the stereotype or disguising the nature of the task. This meta-analysis examined the effects of stereotype threat nullification among African Americans and Hispanic Americans. There was a moderate improvement in scores for both African American and Hispanic Americans' performance when stereotype threat was nullified (d = 0.52). However, there were no differences between African Americans and Hispanic Americans or between the experimental methods used to create stereotype threats in terms of their effects on the outcomes.
Studies of nonmigrating, long-lived lymphocytes in rats. I. Reactions after antigenic challenges in situ.

Abstract In a search for a noncirculating mechanism of immunologic memory, popliteal lymph node cells were labeled with tritiated thymidine after a primary immune stimulus with polymerized Salmonella flagellins and were challenged with a variety of antigens 45 days later. The appearance of increased numbers of labeled large lymphoid cells in situ , i.e. lymphoblasts and plasmablasts, 48 hr after an antigenic stimulus, and their ability to produce antibody were used as criteria for judging the response of noncirculating, long-lived small lymphocytes to the challenge. Little or no effect of specific or nonspecific antigens was seen on the numbers of persisting labeled small lymphocytes in situ . There were increases in the numbers of and in the mean grain counts of labeled large lymphoid cells after all challenging stimuli, including BSA and SRBC. A small but significantly greater increase in proportion of labeled large lymphoid cells appeared after immunologically specific challenges than after nonspecific challenges. Virtually none of those large cells derived from long-lived lymphocytes were capable of causing specific bacterial adherence. In contrast, cells labeled with 125 I-UdR 2 hr before challenge could cause immunologically specific bacterial adherence. Most were found when a secondary challenge was given, but some cells were also found after a primary challenge. We conclude that this work makes unlikely those theories of immunologic memory involving sequential development of a single cell line. We reopen the question whether some of the precursors of functional plasma cells are a continuously dividing cell line in a secondary response, pointing out that this is quite consistent with the current information implicating a two-cell system in immunologic memory.
Renormalized behavior and proximity of BaCo2As2 to a magnetic quantum critical point

We report synthesis and single-crystal measurements of magnetic, transport, and thermal properties of single crystalline BaCo{sub 2}As{sub 2} as well as first-principles calculations of the electronic structure and magnetic behavior. These results show that BaCo{sub 2}As{sub 2} is a highly renormalized paramagnet in proximity to a quantum critical point, presumably of ferromagnetic character and that BaFeNiAs{sub 2} behaves similarly. These results are discussed in relation to the properties of Ba(Fe,Co){sub 2}As{sub 2} and Ba(Fe,Ni){sub 2}As{sub 2}, which are superconducting for low Co and Ni concentrations.
The ultrastructure of the organ of Corti.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ultrastructure of the organ of Corti with special emphasis on mechanoreceptors and neural elements. The organ of Corti is a papillary structure resting on the basilar membrane, which is composed of sensorineural and supportive elements. It is specially designed to convert mechanical vibrations into electrical events which are transmitted to the central nervous system as coded messages. There are two types of mechanoreceptors, outer and inner hair cells. The inner hair cells are supported by inner pillar cells, inner phalangeal cells, and border cells. The outer hair cells are supported by outer and inner pillar cells and Deiters' cells. More peripheral to these structures are inner sulcus cells, Hensen's cells, Claudius cells, and Boettcher cells. The bases of all these cells rest on the basilar membrane; at the top the stereocilia of the hair cells attach to the tectorial membrane. The general organization of the organ of Corti suggests that it is most uniquely designed to transmit small mechanical movement effectively into the hair cells, and at the same time to withstand strong mechanical vibrations.
A SPICE model for gate turn-off thyristors

The authors present a SPICE gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) model which simulates both the static negative differential resistance characteristics and the dynamic switching characteristics. The model consists of a parallel connection of two-transistors, three-resistor (2T-3R) cells. The accuracy of the model depends on the number of 2T-3R cells used. This multi-cell GTO model enables one to simulate the static-type negative differential resistance (NDR) I-V characteristics and the switching characteristics of the GTO with a high degree of accuracy. The experimental validation test shows that two parallel 2T-3R cells simulate the switching characteristics of the GTO accurately. A sensitivity study of the SPICE model performance with respect to the model parameters is used to develop the model synthesis procedure. >
The effects of early training with automation tools on the air traffic management strategies of student ATCos

The present study examined whether early exposure of student Air Traffic Controllers (ATCos) to NextGen automation technology in the form of integrated Data Comm affects the degree to which they come to rely on this tool instead of voice-based, manual tools to manage traffic. The data reported in this study comes from 24 students who took part in one of two semesters of an ATCo training course offered by our organization. One group received little or no early training with integrated Data Comm, managing no aircraft (AC) that were NextGen equipped or only 25% that were NextGen equipped in the first half of the course. A second group managed 75% aircraft (AC) that were NextGen equipped from the beginning of the training course. After the first half of the course, both groups received training with at least 50% NextGen-equipped aircraft (AC). Both groups were tested in a midterm and final exam that required them to manage traffic in a mixed equipage scenario. We found that proficiency of the students predicted their performance. Moreover, by the final exam, students converged on the same strategy, preferring to issue clearances using voice rather than Data Comm, regardless of early exposure to automation tools. This is likely because voice communication is faster than Data Comm, and is associated with greater efficiency of air traffic management.
Effect of bile salts and fatty acids on the colonic absorption of oxalate.

These studies were designed to evaluate the effect of bile salts and fatty acids on colonic oxalate absorption. Five millimolar deoxycholate significantly increased oxalate absorption from 34.2 ± 9.4 nmoles per min per g dry weight to 330.4 ± 47.3 (P
Risk Assessment for Invasive Plant Species

Abstract Various domestic and international initiatives have elevated invasive species issues onto the policy agenda. In the invasive plants arena, risk assessment efforts have focused on classifying the invasive potential of nonindigenous plants. Currently, however, the field of risk assessment for invasive species is in an early stage of development, and there is a lack of broad scientific principles or reliable procedures for identifying the invasive potential of plants in new geographic ranges. Furthermore, identifying potential hazards may be just the first step in a more comprehensive risk assessment. At least for those regulatory decisions that may be disputed internationally or domestically, scientifically ambitious risk assessment for invasive plants is not optional. Therefore, there is a pressing need to formulate adaptable, biologically plausible methods and approaches in this emerging field that strike an appropriate balance between the demand for accuracy and precision in predicting risks and...
Photoelastic analysis of rigid inclusions in fresh concrete

Abstract Gelatin was employed to experimentally determine differential settlement stresses in fresh concrete above reinforcing steel. For a 15.9 mm diameter reinforcing bar, the zone of influence and magnitude of the stresses appear to be related to the bar spacing, cover depth, and consistency of the mix. The tensile stresses produced above the reinforcing bars appears to be of sufficient magnitude to produce surface cracking of the concrete and thus may significantly affect the time to corrosion in bridge decks and other similar reinforced concrete structures.
Obesity related phenotypes in families selected for extreme obesity and leanness

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a multigenic trait, and special methods and sampling designs are needed for gene identification. OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics of families selected to increase information for genetic linkage studies of obesity. DESIGN: Families having extremely obese siblings with a lean parent and sibling. SUBJECTS: 594 members of 94 Caucasian families. MEASUREMENTS: Measured height and weight, bioelectric impedance, skinfolds, circumferences and questionnaires. RESULTS: Families have an extreme range of obesity phenotypes, which are bimodally distributed. The obese individuals are predominantly women with an onset of obesity early in life. Obesity onset age was negatively correlated with level of obesity, and onset ages were correlated among family members. Individual obesity measures were highly correlated. The extreme range of phenotypes within families increases family variability and presumably gene segregation. CONCLUSION: Sampling families through extremely obese sibling pairs with a lean parent and sibling results in families with an extreme range of obesity and leanness. The large within-family variance and early age of onset should make these families highly informative for gene mapping and gene identification studies.
Depression and Dementia in Aging Adults with Down Syndrome: A Case Study Approach.

Patterns of symptoms associated with depression and dementia were examined in 3 aging adults with Down syndrome. A case study approach (Yin, 1994) was employed to identify and link these symptoms. Results of the case analyses provide further insight into distinguishing between depression and dementia in older persons with Down syndrome.
Energy dependence of fission fragment angular distributions for 19F, 24Mg and 28Si induced reactions on 208Pb

Abstract The energy dependence of fission fragment angular distributions was measured for reaction induced by 19F, 24Mg, and 28Si on 208Pb over the range of incident energies of E A = 5.6−10 MeV . For all three systems the angular distributions are inconsistent with the saddle point deformations of the rotating liquid drop model.
Evidence for and against urinary prophylaxis in vesicoureteral reflux.

The role of antimicrobial prophylaxis in vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has come under increasing scrutiny because of better analytical methods in the published literature, knowledge gained from VUR and renal scars diagnosed without preceding urinary tract infection (UTI), and better renal imaging modalities for diagnosing renal scars. A meta-analysis of the five recent randomized studies with a total of 809 patients with VUR diagnosed after UTI reveals a relative risk of UTI recurrence of 0.82 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62–1.08; p = 0.16) with prophylaxis. A meta-analysis of the four studies with a total of 662 patients with UTI with and without VUR evaluated for renal scarring reveals a relative risk of 1.04 (95% CI: 0.84–1.30; p = 0.69), according to Springer style?> with prophylaxis. However, these observations need to be interpreted with caution because of the limitations with these studies and their heterogeneity for meta-analysis, particularly for renal scarring. More research is needed to validate the role of prophylaxis in VUR diagnosed after UTI, and even more research is warranted to answer the questions regarding antimicrobial prophylaxis across the spectrum of VUR in different clinical settings.
Fundamentals of chemistry modeling applicable to a vectorized particle simulation

This paper describes the fundamentals of extending the vectorized particle simulation method derived by Baganoff and McDonald (1990), McDonald and Baganoff (1988), and McDonald (1989) for modeling chemically reacting flows. Details of reaction mechanics per reaction are presented, with particular attention given to the quantum nature of the vibrational mode. The models of reactive flows developed here were verified through a simulation of a superheated diatomic gas relaxing thermochemically to equilibrium in a reservoir.
Mechanisms of intranasal steroids in the management of upper respiratory allergic diseases

Intranasal steroids have proved to be the most effective class of drugs in reducing the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. This clinical response reflects the broad anti-inflammatory activity that has been demonstrated for corticosteroids. Single doses of topical corticosteroids administered before nasal allergen challenge block the late-phase reaction, whereas repeated dosing with intranasal steroids blocks both the early and the late response, as well as the priming phenomenon. Nasal inflammation is accomplished through a number of effector cells and mechanisms, which in turn are produced by director cells through the release of cytokines and chemokines. The anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids is largely effected through blocking the synthesis and release of these cytokines/chemokines.
Considerations on the probability density in complex space

A probability density is proposed in complex space. This probability density is defined by replacing $x$ with $z$ in the Born probability density of quantum mechanics, and it is real valued and non-negative in complex space. In addition, the Eulerian rate equation for the probability density is derived, and the rate of change of the probability density is determined by the total energy density. Furthermore, this complex-extended Born probability density correctly reflects information of the trajectory dynamics for the wave function in complex space.
Coal subsidies and global carbon emissions

It has been suggested that eliminating coal production subsidies could substantially reduce global carbon emissions. This paper finds otherwise. Using a dynamic model of the international coal market, the paper investigates the consequences of subsidy elimination in a model incorporating sector specific capital constraints. In the short-run, following elimination of subsidies, produces with excess capacity divert domestic production into the export market, softening price increases. Over time, low cost exporters gain market share from the swing supplier, which further attenuates the market response to subsidy elimination. Given this market structure, production subsidy elimination in Europe and Japan may reduce world steam coal demand by as little as 0.5%, and global CO{sub 2} emissions by only 0.2%.