cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of electrostatic interactions in the reaction of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase with cytochromes P-450☆

Abstract Chemical modification of cytochrome P-450 reductase was used to determine the involvement of charged amino acids in the interaction between the reductase and two forms of cytochrome P-450. Acetylation of 11 lysine residues of the reductase with acetic anhydride yielded a 20–40% decrease in the apparent Km of the reductase for cytochrome P-450b or cytochrome P-450c using either 7-ethoxycoumarin or benzphetamine as substrates. A 20–45% decrease in the Vmax was observed except for cytochrome P-450b with 7-ethoxycoumarin as substrate, where there was a 27% increase. Modification of carboxyl groups on the reductase with 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide (EDC) and methylamine, glycine methyl ester, or taurine as nucleophiles inhibited the interaction with the cytochromes P-450. We were able to modify 4.0, 7.9, and 5.9 carboxyl groups using methylamine, glycine methyl ester, or taurine, respectively. The apparent Km for cytochrome P-450c or cytochrome P-450b was increased 1.3- to 5.2-fold in a reconstituted monooxygenase assay with 7-ethoxycoumarin or benzphetamine as substrate. There were varied effects on the Vmax. There was no significant change in the conformation of the reductase upon chemical modification with either acetic anhydride or EDC. These results strongly suggest that electrostatic interactions as well as steric constraints play a role in the binding and electron transfer step(s) between the reductase and cytochrome P-450.
Proceduralization of Buildings at City Scale

We present a framework for the conversion of existing 3D unstructured urban models into a compact procedural representation that enables model synthesis, querying, and simplification of large urban areas. During the de-instancing phase, a dissimilarity-based clustering is performed to obtain a set of building components and component types. During the proceduralization phase, the components are arranged into a context-free grammar, which can be directly edited or interactively manipulated. We applied our approach to convert several large city models, with up to 19,000 building components spanning over 180 km squares, into procedural models of a few thousand terminals, non-terminals, and 50-100 rules.
Audio hallway: a virtual acoustic environment for browsing

This paper describes the Audio Hallway, a virtual acoustic environment for browsing collections of related audio files. The user travels up and down the Hallway by head motion, passing “rooms” alternately on the left and right sides. Emanating from each room is an auditory collage of “braided audio” which acoustically indicates the contents of the room. Each room represents a broadcast radio news story, and the contents are a collection of individual “sound bites” or actualities related to that story. Upon entering a room, the individual sounds comprising that story are arrayed spatially in front of the listener, with auditory focus controlled by head rotation. The main design challenge for the Audio Hallway is adequately controlling the auditory interface to position sounds so that spatial memory can facilitate navigation and recall in the absence of visual cues.
AN X-RAY DIFFUSE-SCATTERING STUDY OF THE Nb-Ti B.C.C. SOLUTION

Abstract By means of X-ray diffuse scattering, it has been determined that Nb-Ti alloys exhibit clustering-type local order. The states of local order that have been determined in b.c.c. Group-A alloys, Ti-Nb, Ti-Mo and Mo-W, are compared and discussed in relation to phase diagram, solution thermodynamics, lattice parameter and elastic modulus behavior. It is also shown that Fisher mechanism solution strengthening adequately accounts for the Nb-Ti alloy strength.
Heat transfer between an immersed wire and a liquid fluidized bed

Abstract An experimental investigation on heat transfer between immersed wires and a liquid fluidized bed at low Reynolds numbers was carried out in a 152-mm ID column. The bed materials were sand, glass or copper particles with diameter sizes ranging from 125 to 508 μm. The wires were made of platinum and had approximately the same diameter as the particles. Distilled water was used as the fluidizing medium. Results show that as the Reynolds number approaches zero, the Nusselt number does not drop to very low values. The experimental data lay between the lines corresponding to two reported equations of heat transfer for packed beds and for cylinders in liquids. A correlation is proposed which could be used to predict heat transfer in a liquid fluidized bed.
A Theory of the Self for the Sociology of Morality

Sociology has seen a renewed interest in the study of morality. However, a theory of the self that explains individual variation in moral behavior and emotions is noticeably absent. In this study, we use identity theory to explain this variability. According to identity theory, actors are self-regulating entities whose goal is to verify their identities. An individual’s moral identity—wherever it falls on the moral–immoral continuum—guides behavior, and people experience negative emotions when identity verification does not ensue. Furthermore, the identity verification process occurs within situations that have cultural expectations—that is, framing rules and feeling rules—regarding how individuals should act and feel. These cultural expectations also influence the degree to which people behave morally. We test these assumptions on a sample of more than 350 university students. We investigate whether the moral identity and framing situations in moral terms influences behavior and feelings. Findings reveal...
Three-Dimensional Field-Flow Fractionation Using Helical Flow

Abstract Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a class of techniques in which a nonuniform (i.e., shear) flow is used to amplify differences in some physicochemical property (e.g., electrical mobility, sedimentation velocity, molecular or cellular diameter) by taking advantage of the fact that in a viscous flow the velocity at a motionless wall is zero, so that a species which tends to concentrate at the wall will be retarded relative to a species that is less concentrated at the wall. This class of techniques has been extensively developed since the original paper by Giddings (1). The reader is referred to recent reviews by Giddings (2, 3) for detailed discussions of the state of the art.
Effects of prenatal exposure to ethanol on the cyclin-dependent kinase system in the developing rat cerebellum

Prenatal exposure to ethanol inhibits neurogenesis in the developing cerebellum. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of protein kinases that play multiple roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. The activity of CDKs is positively regulated by CDK activators, cyclins, and negatively regulated by CDK inhibitors (CDKIs). We hypothesize that impaired cerebellar development induced by gestational ethanol exposure is mediated by disruption of the CDK system. Pregnant rats were fed ad libitum with an ethanol-containing liquid diet (Et) or pair-fed an isocaloric control diet (Ct). Cerebella were collected from pups (postnatal day (P) 0 through P21) and examined for CDK, cyclin, or CDKI expression using a quantitative immunoblotting procedure. In Ct-treated rats, the expression of CDK2 and its activator, cyclin A, paralleled the pattern of granule cell proliferation. Prenatal ethanol exposure produced a significant down-regulation of CDK2/cyclin A expression. Although the amounts of CDK4/CDK6 and their activator, cyclin D2, did not oscillate during postnatal development, their expression in Et-treated pups was significantly (P<0.05) higher than in controls. The expression of a CDK inhibitor, p27(Kip), was inversely correlated to proliferation of cerebellar granule progenitors. Prenatal ethanol exposure caused the down-regulation of p27(Kip) between P0 and P21. Thus, prenatal exposure to ethanol disturbed the expression of cell cycle machineries in the postnatal cerebellum. This may account for the teratogenic effects of ethanol on the developing cerebellum.
Gas dynamic design optimization of the mhd generator

The MHD generator is examined as a converter of the gas kinetic energy to electric power. A number of modeling assumptions allow determination of maximum power removal with the highest efficiency, both of which must be large for the MHD generator to be a practical component of a high efficiency energy conversion system. This paper identifies the optimal flow conditions and allows determination of the fraction of the flow's total enthalpy which can be removed as electric power.
Evaluating the Results and Features of Two Capacity Simulation Tools on the Shared-Use Corridors

The majority of passenger rail services in the United States (U.S.) operate on the shared-use corridors with freight rail. These types of operations tend to be challenging due to high heterogeneity, particularly in terms of reliability of service and capacity availability. The projected growth in demand for rail transportation is likely to exacerbate the situation. Similar to the U.S., the European passenger rail services are generally operated on shared-use corridors, but the infrastructure conditions and the operational priorities and patterns typically allow more reliable and higher speed passenger operations in comparison to the U.S. trains.Both continents use capacity and simulation software to analyze capacity allocations and operational limitations. However, the effects of the software selection haven’t been investigated. This research reviews two common simulation tools developed in the U.S. and Europe, Rail Traffic Controller (RTC) and Railsys, respectively. The paper reviews the structure and the main components of these two simulation tools. It will also present the outcomes of running RTC and Railsys through a given segment of shared-use track based on the same rolling stock, operation and signaling characteristics and analyze the similarities and differences between the outcomes of RTC and Railsys.© 2013 ASME
Reconstruction of tractor semitrailer accidents using Gauss's principle of least constraint

Abstract Tractor semitrailer accidents are often caused by impact loading to some part of the vehicle and this leads to a loss of steering control and jackknifing. Impact loading may come from contact with another vehicle, or may occur on an isolated tractor semitrailer from maneuvers such as braking with subsequent brake lock-up, from suddenly steering into a turn where the cornering may lead to lateral wheel skidding, or from some combination of these factors. Without regard to the location, magnitude, or cause of impact loading, the accident reconstruction analyses herein rely on a knowledge of the tractor semitrailer's pre- and post-jackknife trajectories leading to a rest state. The tractor semitrailer is modeled as two rigid bodies hinged together and in-plane motion, to which is applied a system energy balance and Gauss's principle of least constraints. Explicit results are derived for the pre- and post-impact vehicle speeds as a function of the system parameters. Results of a case study for a tractor semitrailer initially in straight line motion show the sensitivity of the velocities to a range of trajectory surface-tyre friction conditions. Further, for constant friction conditions, the maximum post-impact linear velocities are from 1–2% less than the velocities just prior to impact; and for impending jackknife, the angular velocities of the tractor are about three times that of the trailer.
A Synoptic Climatology of Severe Storms in Virginia

A synoptic climatology is developed for Virginia using 21 years of late spring and summer surface and upper air observations. The climatology is produced by applying a combination of principal components analysis and cluster analysis such that each day is classified into one of a distinct number of synoptic situations. Days on which at least one severe storm occurred in Virginia are merged with the synoptic climatology. A majority of severe storms are associated with one synoptic situation distinguished by moderate instability and a high moisture content.
Calculating time-resolved differential absorbance spectra for ultrafast pump-probe experiments with surface hopping trajectories

We report a surface hopping approach for modeling the full time- and frequency-resolved differential absorbance spectra (beyond the inhomogenous limit) obtained in ultrafast pump-probe experiments. In our approach, we combine dynamical information obtained from ensembles of classical trajectories propagated on the ground and on the excited potential energy surfaces to directly calculate optical response functions and hence spectral lineshapes. We demonstrate that our method is exact for the model problem of two shifted harmonic potentials with identical harmonic frequencies in the absence of electronic relaxation. We then consider a model three state system with electronic relaxation and show that our method is able to capture the effects of nonadiabatic excited state dynamics on the time-dependent differential absorbance spectra. Furthermore, by comparing our spectra against those spectra calculated with either an (1) inhomogenous expression, (2) ground-state Kubo theory, or (3) excited-state Kubo theory, we show that including dynamical information from both the ground and excited potential energy surfaces significantly improves the reliability of the semiclassical approximations. As such, our surface hopping method should find immediate use in modeling the time-dependent differential abosrbance spectra of ultrafast pump-probe experiments.
Unanswerable questions at the IPL: user expectations of e‐mail reference

Purpose – In a 31‐month period, 1,184 questions addressed to the Internet Public Library's (IPL) reference service remained unanswered on the grounds that they were “out of scope”. This paper aims to analyze the questions as artifacts of users' expectations to better chart the distinction between user and librarian views of reference service.Design/methodology/approach – Each question is examined to identify two user expectations, i.e. what kinds of information librarians could provide and what kinds of needs librarians could help meet. Emergent coding with a code‐recode rate of 97 per cent identifies 23 types of expected librarian assistance and 28 characteristics of expected applications of that assistance.Findings – Users expect IPL librarians to provide personal advice, analysis, facts, procedures, instruction, technology guidance and evaluation. IPL librarians are expected to help users in making decisions, solving problems, completing processes and developing understanding.Research limitations/impli...
HW Persei: An Eclipsing Binary at Critical Contact?

A complete photometric analysis for the eclipsing binary candidate HW Persei is presented. The UBV observations were taken at Lowell Observatory in 1996 January. Three epochs of minimum light were determined, and an improved linear ephemeris was calculated. The O - C residuals, spanning some 60 years, show no evidence of a period change. Standard magnitudes are given, and reddening estimates are made. The first published synthetic light curve solutions of HW Per reveal that it is near a state of critical contact, which we define as both components exactly filling their respective Roche lobes. The primary component is of A8 spectral type, and the secondary component is a K3–K4 spectral type. The nature of the model is discussed.
People, organizational, and leadership factors impacting informatics support for clinical and translational research

In recent years, there have been numerous initiatives undertaken to describe critical information needs related to the collection, management, analysis, and dissemination of data in support of biomedical research (J Investig Med 54:327-333, 2006); (J Am Med Inform Assoc 16:316–327, 2009); (Physiol Genomics 39:131-140, 2009); (J Am Med Inform Assoc 18:354–357, 2011). A common theme spanning such reports has been the importance of understanding and optimizing people, organizational, and leadership factors in order to achieve the promise of efficient and timely research (J Am Med Inform Assoc 15:283–289, 2008). With the emergence of clinical and translational science (CTS) as a national priority in the United States, and the corresponding growth in the scale and scope of CTS research programs, the acuity of such information needs continues to increase (JAMA 289:1278–1287, 2003); (N Engl J Med 353:1621–1623, 2005); (Sci Transl Med 3:90, 2011). At the same time, systematic evaluations of optimal people, organizational, and leadership factors that influence the provision of data, information, and knowledge management technologies and methods are notably lacking. In response to the preceding gap in knowledge, we have conducted both: 1) a structured survey of domain experts at Academic Health Centers (AHCs); and 2) a subsequent thematic analysis of public-domain documentation provided by those same organizations. The results of these approaches were then used to identify critical factors that may influence access to informatics expertise and resources relevant to the CTS domain. A total of 31 domain experts, spanning the Biomedical Informatics (BMI), Computer Science (CS), Information Science (IS), and Information Technology (IT) disciplines participated in a structured surveyprocess. At a high level, respondents identified notable differences in theaccess to BMI, CS, and IT expertise and services depending on the establishment of a formal BMI academic unit and the perceived relationship between BMI, CS, IS, and IT leaders. Subsequent thematic analysis of the aforementioned public domain documents demonstrated a discordance between perceived and reported integration across and between BMI, CS, IS, and IT programs and leaders with relevance to the CTS domain. Differences in people, organization, and leadership factors do influence the effectiveness of CTS programs, particularly with regard to the ability to access and leverage BMI, CS, IS, and IT expertise and resources. Based on this finding, we believe that the development of a better understanding of how optimal BMI, CS, IS, and IT organizational structures and leadership models are designed and implemented is critical to both the advancement of CTS and ultimately, to improvements in the quality, safety, and effectiveness of healthcare.
The discovery of dendritic spines by Cajal.

Dendritic spines were considered an artifact of the Golgi method until a brash Spanish histologist, Santiago Ramon y Cajal, bet his scientific career arguing that they were indeed real, correctly deducing their key role in mediating synaptic connectivity. This article reviews the historical context of the discovery of spines and the reasons behind Cajal's obsession with them, all the way till his deathbed.
Nanocomposite plasmonic fluorescence emitters with core/shell configurations

This paper is focused on the optical properties of nanocomposite plasmonic emitters with core/shell configurations, where a fluorescence emitter is located inside a metal nanoshell. Systematic theoretical investigations are presented for the influence of material type, core radius, shell thickness, and excitation wavelength on the internal optical intensity, radiative quantum yield, and fluorescence enhancement of the nanocomposite emitter. It is our conclusion that: (i) an optimal ratio between the core radius and shell thickness is required to maximize the absorption rate of fluorescence emitters, and (ii) a large core radius is desired to minimize the non-radiative damping and avoid significant quantum yield degradation of light emitters. Several experimental approaches to synthesize these nanocomposite emitters are also discussed. Furthermore, our theoretical results are successfully used to explain several reported experimental observations and should prove useful for designing ultra-bright core/shell nanocomposite emitters.
An information theoretic interface for a stochastic model management system

Groups using group decision support systems GDSS for addressing organizational problems is an evolutionary process. An analytical model incorporating evolutionary processes exists, capturing this adaptation in the group decision-making . process. This model is based on the genetic algorithm GA and can be used to estimate GA parameter values from experimental data. This research effort examines possible relationships between the GA crossover and mutation parameters and the group context variables of leadership. Both the presence of and the activity level of group leaders are considered. Particular attention is paid to model implementation for a specific instance of GDSS use. The results of this effort are generally encouraging, hinting at the need to conduct further research in this area. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Magmatic growth and batholithic root development in the northern Sierra Nevada, California

In contrast to the much-studied central and southern Sierra Nevada, relatively little is known about the growth and petrogenesis of the batholith in its northern reaches, making it difficult to evaluate range-wide, spatiotemporal trends in batholithic development and the regional extent of eclogite root production and/or loss. New U-Pb ages from northern Sierra plutons reveal a shift between the age of Cretaceous magmatism recorded in the northern Sierra and the timing of an apparent flare-up in the main batholith, indicating that: (1) the northern batholith was more spatially dispersed and emplaced into regions beyond the modern topographic range, and (2) the Cretaceous high-flux event may have occurred over a longer period of time than previously suggested. Relative to the southern Sierra, Nd and Sr isotopic signatures in northern plutons are more primitive, mimicking the predominantly juvenile nature of the terranes into which the plutons are built. Despite differences in isotopic character, however, major and trace element trends are remarkably similar between northern plutons and the rest of the batholith, suggesting that emplacement into juvenile and/or oceanic lithosphere does not inhibit the generation of evolved, arc-type magmatic products. Northern plutons have relatively high La/Yb and Sr/Y and steep rare-earth element patterns, with small to no Eu anomalies. Taken together, these trends are interpreted to indicate deep processing of magmas in equilibrium with a feldspar-poor, amphibolite-rich residue, containing modest amounts of garnet. It is therefore likely that the northern Sierra Nevada batholith was emplaced into relatively thick crust and developed a dense mafic to ultramafic root. Because it is not seismically imaged today, we posit that the root was subsequently lost, perhaps in response to encroachment of proto-Cascade arc volcanism.
Meditation and flexibility of visual perception and verbal problem solving.

This study investigates the effects of the regular practice of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique on habitual patterns of visual perception and verbal problem solving. The study’s predictions were expressed in the context of Norman’s model, which suggests that meditation reduces conceptually driven processes. It was specifically hypothesized that the TM technique involves a reduction of habitual patterns of perceptual and conceptual activation, resulting in (1) more effective application of schemata to new information and (2) less distracting mental activity during performance. This was predicted to result in improved task performance on task conditions in which either (1) habitual patterns of performance hinder or do not aid performance or (2) habitual patterns aid performance. Subjects began the TM technique, relaxed, or added nothing to their daily schedule for 2-week periods. In addition to generalized effects of the interventions, the immediate effects of the TM technique, relaxation, and reading were compared on a letter perception task. The general hypothesis was supported for tasks of tachistoscopic identification of card and letter-sequence stimuli, but not for the verbal problem solving task of anagram solution.
A Non-Invasive method of quantifying pancreatic volume in mice using micro-MRI

In experimental models of pancreatic growth and recovery, changes in pancreatic size are assessed by euthanizing a large cohort of animals at varying time points and measuring organ mass. However, to ascertain this information in clinical practice, patients with pancreatic disorders routinely undergo non-invasive cross-sectional imaging of the pancreas using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). The aim of the current study was to develop a thin-sliced, optimized sequence protocol using a high field MRI to accurately calculate pancreatic volumes in the most common experimental animal, the mouse. Using a 7 Telsa Bruker micro-MRI system, we performed abdominal imaging in whole-fixed mice in three standard planes: axial, sagittal, and coronal. The contour of the pancreas was traced using Vitrea software and then transformed into a 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, from which volumetric measurements were calculated. Images were optimized using heart perfusion-fixation, T1 sequence analysis, and 0.2 to 0.4 mm thick slices. As proof of principle, increases in pancreatic volume among mice of different ages correlated tightly with increasing body weight. In summary, this is the first study to measure pancreatic volumes in mice, using a high field 7 Tesla micro-MRI and a thin-sliced, optimized sequence protocol. We anticipate that micro-MRI will improve the ability to non-invasively quantify changes in pancreatic size and will dramatically reduce the number of animals required to serially assess pancreatic growth and recovery.
Cold urticaria in association with cholinergic urticaria

The coexistence of two or more varieties of physical urticaria is well recognized but is frequently diagnostically confusing. We now report 13 patients with concurrent cold and cholinergic urticaria in whom heterogeneity in clinical presentation was a striking feature. Four patients showed a hitherto unreported local reaction to cold which bore the clinical appearance of the rash of cholinergic urticaria, but which could not be inhibited by blockade of cholinergic receptors. In two patients the ice-cube test was negative, but exposure of the whole body to cold induced a generalized rash resembling classical heat-or exercise-induced cholinergic urticaria as described by Kaplan.1 Cold and cholinergic urticaria coexisted in their classical form in the remainder. Systemic symptoms occurred following severe cold exposure in three patients and following exercise in six patients. Of the nine patients we were able to review, three had spontaneously cleared of both types of urticaria after intervals of 5,6 and 26 years, respectively, following onset. Treatment was often unsatisfactory and showed marked variability between patients. Both types of urticaria were helped by terfenadine in four out of seven, by hydroxyzine in three out of three, by chlorpheniramine in three out of six, by ketotifen in two out of three and by cyproheptadine in one out of five. The combination of cimetidine with an H1 antagonist was helpful in three patients. Desensitization to cold was attempted in three and achieved in two, whilst desensitization to exercise was ineffective in a single patient. Severe cholinergic urticaria responded well to danazol in two patients. Previous reports have suggested that this clinical association is rare,2 but we believe it to be quite common, possibly suggesting some common aetiological factor in both types of urticaria.
Hypomethylation of DNA: an epigenetic mechanism involved in tumor promotion.

Keywords: Carcinogenesis; Cell proliferation; DNA methylation; epigenetic; hypomethylation; promotion; risk assessment
Photochemically Initiated Oxidative Carbon–Carbon Bond‐Cleavage Reactivity in Chlorodiketonate NiII Complexes

Three mononuclear Ni(II) complexes containing a 2-chloro-1,3-diketonate ligand and supported by the 6-Ph(2)TPA chelate, as well as analogues that lack the 2-chloro substituent on the β-diketonate ligand, have been prepared and characterized. Upon irradiation at 350 nm under aerobic conditions, complexes containing the 2-chloro-substituted ligands undergo reactions to generate products resulting from oxidative cleavage, α-cleavage, and radical-derived reactions involving the 2-chloro-1,3-diketonate ligand. Mechanistic studies suggest that the oxidative cleavage reactivity, which leads to the production of carboxylic acids, is a result of the formation of superoxide, which occurs through reaction of reduced nickel complexes with O(2). The presence of the 2-chloro substituent was found to be a prerequisite for oxidative carbon-carbon bond-cleavage reactivity, as complexes lacking this functional group did not undergo these reactions following prolonged irradiation. The approach toward investigating the oxidative reactivity of metal β-diketonate species outlined herein has yielded results of relevance to the proposed mechanistic pathways of metalloenzyme-catalyzed β-diketonate oxidative cleavage reactions.
A Standards-Based Inventory for Assessing Perceived Importance of and Confidence in Using ASGW's Core Group Work Skills

Since the early 1980s, ASGW has promulgated standards for training group workers. Now, in their third revision, these standards establish core group work knowledge and skills to be included in all counselor training programs. To advance research on the relationship between mastery of ASGW's core knowledge and other group training and outcome phenomena, the ASGW Training Standards Committee developed the Core Group Work Skills Inventory—Importance and Confidence (CGWSI-IC) to assess an individual's valuing of and confidence in using the knowledge and skills embodied in the standards and assessed its psychometric properties.
Theory of ferrites in rectangular waveguides

Reciprocal and nonreciprocal propagation of electromagnetic energy in an infinitely long rectangular waveguide partially filled with one or two ferrite slabs is described.Methods for obtaining exact solutions of the transcendental equations usually encountered in these boundary value problems are demonstrated for several structures. Calculations are carried out for a lossless ferrite and the phase constant is plotted as a function of the ferrite slab thickness. The cutoff conditions for the lowest TE mode are evaluated in terms of the ferrite slab thickness. New modes, not associated with the empty waveguide modes, are analyzed as ferrite dielectric modes, their propagation characteristics are discussed and the rf electric and magnetic field patterns are plotted. The rf electric fields are plotted for all reciprocal and nonreciprocal modes and the appropriate field configurations are used to explain the operation of ferrite cutoff isolators, the field-displacement isolator, the field-displacement circulator, and the nonreciprocal phase shifter. Solutions above ferromagnetic resonance are shown and the E -fields are plotted. A brief comparison of the operation of dispersive devices at high and low frequencies is made. The calculations are extended to include absorption loss, and nonreciprocal attenuation is plotted as a function of slab position near resonance.
Effect of Weight Loss by Gastric Bypass Surgery Versus Hypocaloric Diet on Glucose and Incretin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Context: Gastric bypass surgery (GBP) results in rapid weight loss, improvement of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and increase in incretins levels. Diet-induced weight loss also improves T2DM and may increase incretin levels. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether the magnitude of the change of the incretin levels and effect is greater after GBP compared with a low caloric diet, after equivalent weight loss. Design and Methods: Obese women with T2DM studied before and 1 month after GBP (n = 9), or after a diet-induced equivalent weight loss (n = 10), were included in the study. Patients from both groups were matched for age, body weight, body mass index, diabetes duration and control, and amount of weight loss. Setting: This outpatient study was conducted at the General Clinical Research Center. Main Outcome Measures: Glucose, insulin, proinsulin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 levels were measured after 50-g oral glucose. The incretin effect was measured...
Social difficulties influence group psychotherapy adherence in abused, suicidal african american women

The social brain model emphasizes improving our understanding of the relational factors that influence treatment adherence. Consistent with this framework, which has been applied to medical adherence, it was hypothesized that insecure attachment styles, interpersonal hassles, and low levels of social support would explain group psychotherapy attendance. Results from 51 abused and suicidal low-income, African American women who attended at least 1 session of an empowerment group psychotherapy indicated that lower attendance was related to (a) insecure attachment styles (fearful) and (b) interpersonal hassles (perceived social differences, lack of social acceptability, social victimization). Perceived social support did not predict group therapy attendance. The value of addressing attachment styles and interpersonal factors to enhance treatment participation is underscored.
ENZYME DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT FETUS AND PLACENTA FOLLOWING THE ADMINSTRATION OF ETHIONINE

Enzyme changes which accompany ethionine-induced resorption of the rat conceptus have been studied by both histochemical and biochemical techniques. Pregnant rats were injected with ethionine over a 3-day period prior to autopsy on day 12 of pregnancy. Sections of the whole conceptus were studied for acid phosphatase with both the Burstone and Gomori methods and for succinoxidase activity with nitro-BT. Biochemical determinations of cathepsins, acid phosphatase, and succinoxidase were performed on homogenates of the fetuses, placentae, and deciduas basalis from ethionine-treated and saline-treated rats. The histochemical study has shown that resorption is accompanied by an increase in the size and number of acid phosphatase granules in the decidual tissues and a concurrent loss of acid phosphatase granules in the fetal tissues. Biochemical methodology indicated that there was no increase in total cathepsin or acid phosphatase activities in the resorbing tissues. No change in succinoxidase activity was found with either histochemical or biochemical techniques. The significance of these results was discussed with reference to the lysosome hypothesis.
Survey of Crime Analysis and Prediction

Crime analytics and prediction have long been studied among research communities. In recent years, crime data from different heterogeneous sources have given immense opportunities to the research community to effectively study crime pattern and prediction tasks in actual real data. In this survey paper, we will discuss research that takes into account a variety of crime related variables, and shows where in some cases, information that has been widely accepted as influencing the crime rate, actually does not have an effect.
Conceptual Dimensions of Crowding: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis

In order to assess the extent to which the conceptual distinctions used by crowding theorists are contained in peoples’ perceptions of crowded situations, a three-part multidimensional scaling experiment was undertaken. In Phase I, free descriptions of crowding instances were collected. Phase 2 involved a new set of respondents who made similarity judgments of the descriptions. The analysis revealed that respondents discriminated among the stimuli on three dimensions and suggested that women and men use different salience weights. Phase 3 sought to find objective measures of the attributes defining the three-dimensional space and found that the dimensions could be termed physical-psychological, familiar-unfamiliar and resultant stress. The implications of the results for crowding research are discussed.
Preventable Acute Care Spending for High-Cost Patients Across Payer Types

Background: Healthcare expenditures are shown to concentrate in a small percentage of individuals. Many of these expenditures are thought to be preventable. Programs have developed to target high-cost individuals with the goal of reducing cost. Two of the underlying assumptions of these programs, degree of persistence and share of preventability costs, have lacked rigorous empirical research to inform payers about the general prospects. The purpose of the study is to quantify preventable expenditures among high-cost individuals across three plan types (Medicaid, Medicare Advantage, and commercial insurance plans) in Oregon. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal analysis of claims data was conducted. Shares of acute care expenditures considered preventable were calculated for non-high cost, episodically high cost, and persistently high cost patients. The results are shown for 74,717 Medicaid, 768,865 commercially insured, and 158,503 Medicare Advantage adults from Oregon using data from 2011 to 2013 data from the State of Oregon’s All Payer All Claims (APAC) database and Medicaid data from the Oregon Health Authority. Results: In 2012, high cost patients account for 61.8% of Medicaid, 69.1% of commercial, and 60.0% of Medicare Advantage inpatient expenditures. Preventable inpatient expenditures accounted for 11.8%, 4.6%, and 10.0% of inpatient spending for persistently high cost patients in Medicaid, commercial and Medicare Advantage programs. Rates of preventable ED spending for persistently high cost patients in the Medicaid, commercial, and Medicare Advantage programs were 44.7%, 38%, and 34.1% respectively. Mean reversion led to declines of 11%, 25.6%, and 30.6% in the third year of spending among persistently high cost patients in the Medicaid, commercial, and Medicare Advantage programs. Conclusions: Potentially preventable health care spending for high cost patients accounted for less than 6% of total spending. More evidence is needed to support programs that target super-utilizers, as opposed to disease-conditions, as a way of reducing total health care spending.
Acetaldehydbildung im Verlauf der Gärung in Abhängigkeit vom Wuchsstoffgehalt des Gärsubstrates I. Mitteilung

In einem Literaturuberblick wird zunachst uber die gesundheitliche Bedenklichkeit der schwefligen Saure im Wein berichtet. Sic wird dem Wein zugesetzt, um Acetaldehyd zu binden, der, wenn er in freier Form vorliegt, dem Wein einen unangenehmen „Luftgeschmack” verleiht. Der Acetaldehyd ist aus diesem Grunde die Ursache fur den mehr oder weniger hohen SO2-Bedarf von Weinen.
Spatial and Temporal Control of Thiol-Michael Addition via Photocaged Superbase in Photopatterning and Two-Stage Polymer Networks Formation.

Photochemical processes enable spatial and temporal control of reactions, which can be implemented as an accurate external control approach in both polymer synthesis and materials applications. “Click” reactions have also been employed as efficient tools in the same field. Herein, we combined photochemical processes and thiol-Michael “click” reactions to achieve a “photo-click” reaction that can be used in surface patterning and controlled polymer network formation, owing to the ease of spatial and temporal control through use of photolabile amines as appropriate catalysts.
A First-Person View System for Remotely Operated Vehicles Using a Fisheye-Lens

The goal of this project is to create a low-cost remote vision system for use in unmanned aircraft that provide a first person view (FPV) to vehicle operators in real-time. The system uses a wide-angle (fisheye) lens and a video camera setup that is fixed on the vehicle and captures the full viewing area as seen from the cockpit in each frame. Video is transmitted to a ground station wirelessly. On the ground, the pilot is outfitted with virtual reality goggles with integrated attitude and heading sensors. The received video is recertified and cropped by the ground station to provide the goggles with the appropriate view based on head orientation. This system does not require a remotely controllable pan-and-tilt camera on the vehicle as traditional approaches do. This results in less weight, reduced video lag, lower power consumption, and reduced drag on the airborne vehicle in addition to requiring only a unidirectional downlink. The video processing is preformed on the ground, further reducing computational resources requirement and bandwidth requirements. The system was successfully implemented and tested using an R/C airplane.
Studies on the Manufacture of the Cation Exchange Fiber Paper Consisting of the Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber Paper

This work has aimed at the manufacture of the ion exchange paper that consists of various polyvinyl alcohol fiber papers. Ion exchange paper has come into use for ion exchange chromatography and ion exchange membrane. The reaction was carried out as follows. The bromacetalization of polyvinyl alcohol fiber papers was carried out in the aqueous bromacetal (7%) solution containing Na2SO4 (10%) and H2SO4 (15%). The crosslinking reaction was carried out in the Na2S solution. Using the partially bromacetalizated polyvinyl alcohol fiber paper the sulfonation was carried out in the Na2SO3 solution. The results are summarized as follows. 1) The degree of bromacetalization of PVA fiber papers was lower than PVA fiber and value of maximum was 30 mol%, vinylon fiber paper showed about 15 mol%. 2) Polychlal (PVA-polyvinyl chloride graft copolymer) was above 75%, which was unchanged externally. 3) PVA and vinylon fiber paper after sulf onation showed contractibility. Ion exchange capacity was 0.5-1.7meq/gr. 4) Polychlal fiber paper showed swelling. Ion exchange capacity was 2.0 meq/gr.
Moral responsibility—What is all the fuss about?

Examination of several accounts regarding the nature of moral responsibility allows the extraction of a conceptual core common to all of them. Relying on that core conception of moral responsibility, the paper explores what human life without moral responsibility would be like. That exploration establishes that many robust forms of human relationship and nonmoral normativity could continue, absent moral responsibility, even if moral responsibility were abandoned on incompatibilist grounds. Much more importantly, it also establishes, contra Waller and Pereboom, that only some forms of morality—so-called “behavioral” forms—remain possible without moral responsibility. The paper argues that normative moral approaches that take into account agent intentions in order to assess the moral status of action cannot be applied without moral responsibility of agents. Thus, morality without responsibility needs to be behavioral, not consequentialist, as has often been thought.
Implicit difference scheme of two dimension high order approximate one-wave equation

This paper constructs an implicit difference scheme of 45 degree one-wave equation, and it is solved with semi-implicit method. This difference scheme has an excellent stability and requires little calculation when doing migration.
Legal countermeasures on agricultural ecological environmental protection in China after joining WTO

After joining WTO, the agricultural ecological environmental protection of China is confronted with the severe and realistic challenges and potential opportunities. The revolution of values on agricultural environmental legislation and the gradual development of the economic structure demand that we should bring forth new ideas in the relevant legal systems after the agricultural market conditions have been changed violently, and orientate again the governmental function in the agricultural environmental protection, and strengthen the legal responsibility restraint, and draw the benefit mechanism into the total process of agricultural environmental protection by standardizing the market transformation of the resources rights in order to protect and improve the fairly fragile agricultural environment of China and realize the sustainable development of the agriculture.
Soy Phosphatidylinositol–Containing Lipid Nanoparticle Prolongs the Plasma Survival and Hemostatic Efficacy of B-domain–Deleted Recombinant Canine Factor VIII in Hemophilia A Dogs

Soy phosphatidylinositol (PI)-containing lipid nanoparticles prolong plasma survival, improve hemostatic efficacy, and decrease immunogenicity of human B-domain-deleted factor VIII (BDD FVIII) in hemophilia A (HA) mice. We hypothesize that PI-associated BDD FVIII is more potent than the free protein and, using mathematical modeling, have projected that PI-associated BDD FVIII could be used for once-weekly prophylactic dosing in patients. To facilitate translation to the clinic, comparative plasma survival and ex vivo efficacy of PI-associated recombinant canine FVIII (PI-rcFVIII) were evaluated in HA dogs. Two HA dogs were administered a 50-U/kg intravenous dose of free or PI-rcFVIII. rcFVIII activity measurements and ex vivo efficacy analyses such as whole blood clotting time and thromboelastography were conducted on recovered plasma and whole blood samples. PI association decreased clearance (∼25%) and increased plasma exposure (∼1.4-fold) of rcFVIII. PI-rcFVIII-treated animals had prolonged improvements in whole blood clotting time and thromboelastography parameters compared to free rcFVIII-treated animals. Because rcFVIII is a BDD form of FVIII, these studies provide proof of principle that observations with human BDD FVIII in mice translate to higher animal species. In addition, PI-rcFVIII has potential applications in canine HA management and as a bypass therapy in inhibitor-positive HA patients.
The Grothendieck ring of varieties and of the theory of algebraically closed fields

Abstract In each characteristic, there is a canonical homomorphism from the Grothendieck ring of varieties to the Grothendieck ring of sets definable in the theory of algebraically closed fields. We prove that this homomorphism is an isomorphism in characteristic zero. In positive characteristics, we exhibit specific elements in the kernel of the corresponding homomorphism of Grothendieck semirings. The comparison of these two Grothendieck rings in positive characteristics seems to be an open question, related to the difficult problem of cancellativity of the Grothendieck semigroup of varieties.