cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing a Food Guidance System to Implement the Dietary Guidelines

Abstract We developed a food guidance system to assist healthy Americans in making food choices for good health. The system differs from commonly used food guides in that it provides guidance for a total rather than a foundation diet. A framework of food groups—illustrated in the Food Wheel—is supplemented by additional information about food energy, total fat, fatty acids, sodium, sweeteners, and cholesterol. Goals for this system were based on the Dietary Guidelines, the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances, and usability considerations. These goals were restated as specific objectives based on a review of current concepts in nutrition science, recommendations by various scientific groups, and food consumption practices of the population. The first part of this article presents the rationale for the objectives and development of the food guidance system. The second part details the results of the research conducted to develop and evaluate the system. Expected levels of nutrients provided by diets selected according to system recommendations and expected levels of food energy, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, sweeteners, and sodium are presented. The food guidance system provides the basis for the food guidance presented in the American Red Cross nutrition course, “Better Eating for Better Health”, and in “Dietary Guidelines and Your Diet”, a series of bulletins developed by USDA to help consumers use the Dietary Guidelines.
Sensor optimization for fault diagnosis in single fixture systems : A methodology

Fixture fault diagnosis is a critical component of currently evolving techniques aimed at manufacturing variation reduction. The impact of sensor location on the effectiveness of fault-type discrimination in such diagnostic procedures is significant. This paper proposes a methodology for achieving optimal fault-type discrimination through an optimized configuration of defined “sensor locales.” The optimization is presented in the context of autobody fixturing—a predominant cause of process variability in automobile assembly. The evaluation criterion for optimization is an improvement in the ability to provide consistency of best match, in a pattern recognition sense, of any fixture error to a classified, anticipated error set. The proposed analytical methodology is novel in addressing optimization by incorporating fixture design specifications in sensor locale planning—constituting a Design for Fault Detectability approach. Examples of the locale planning for a single fixture sensor layout and an application to an industrial fixture configuration are presented to illustrate the proposed methodology.
Differential interaction of the Pafah1b alpha subunits with the Reelin transducer Dab1.

Abstract The Reelin signaling pathway controls radial neuronal migration and maturation in the developing brain. The platelet activating factor (PAF) acetyl hydrolase 1b (Pafah1b) complex is also involved in multiple aspects of brain development. We previously showed that the Reelin pathway and the Pafah1b complex interact genetically and biochemically. Lis1, the regulatory subunit of Pafah1b interacts with phosphoDab1, an essential mediator of Reelin signaling. Compound mutants carrying mutations in both, the Reelin pathway and Lis1 exhibit hydrocephalus, a phenotype that is suppressed by mutations in the gene encoding the Alpha2 subunit of Pafah1b. This subunit, like the Alpha1 catalytic subunit of Pafah1b also binds the Reelin receptor VLDLR. Here we investigated the molecular interactions of the Pafah1b catalytic subunits with Dab1. We found that Alpha2 coprecipitates with Dab1 from brain extracts of normal and reeler mutant mice lacking Reelin, and from cell-free extracts containing normal or a phosphorylation mutant form of Dab1, suggesting that Dab1 phosphorylation is not necessary for binding to Alpha2. This interaction is specific for Alpha2 and not Alpha1, and depends on a unique tyrosine residue of Alpha2. Biochemical assays using mutant mice lacking Alpha2 further demonstrated that this subunit is not required for Reelin-induced Dab1 phosphorylation. However, increasing amounts of Alpha2 in a cell-free system disrupted the formation of Dab1–Lis1 complexes without affecting the association of Dab1 with VLDLR. Our data suggest that the Alpha2 subunit may play a modulatory role in the formation of protein complexes that affect brain development and hydrocephalus.
Rubella Susceptibility in Women of Childbearing Age

Objective: The major purpose of the study was to determine the number of rubella‐susceptible women attending an urban family‐planning clinic. Design: A retrospective, descriptive survey was conducted of all new clients attending the clinic over a 3‐month period. Setting: A family‐planning clinic located in a small city in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States. The clinic offers primary health care to women of childbearing age. Participants: The 325 clients involved in the study were young women (mean age=20 years) from racially diverse backgrounds. Interventions: Educational programs for both the health‐care provider and the consumer regarding rubella susceptibility are necessary. Rubella screening and re‐immunization also must be a major focus of nursing care. Main Outcome Measure: Hematologic screening for rubella immunity. Results: Of the 325 clients surveyed, 35, or 10.7%, were found to be susceptible to rubella. Conclusions: Although rubella is usually a mild disease for the women it infects, it can have devastating consequences for their offspring if women are infected during their 1st trimester of pregnancy. The study found a sufficient number of women susceptible to rubella to warrant screening for all women of childbearing age.
Identification of antigenic components recognized by "membrane-bound" antibodies from ovarian cancer patients.

: Immunoglobulins, eluted from ascites fluid-derived membrane fragments, were used to identify antigens with which they react from ovarian cancer patients. These immunoglobulin preparations were demonstrated to bind antigens from ovarian tumors, but not from normal ovaries. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to identify the components responsible for the reactivity. The different patients' immunoglobulin preparations were reactive with a similar group of antigens; however, the level of response to each individual component varies. In previous studies, the acid-eluted immunoglobulin was shown to be reactive with tissues other than ovarian tumors. Relating this cross-reactivity with the antigens found in ovarian tumors, we found that some components were found only in ovarian tumors, and others appear to be shared by gynecologic tumors, in general. Of these antigens, most are apparently placental antigens. Two proteins were found in normal ovaries.
Low-level segmentation of 3-D magnetic resonance brain images-a rule-based system

A rule-based, low-level segmentation system that can automatically identify the space occupied by different structures of the brain by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is described. Given three-dimensional image data as a stack of slices, it can extract brain parenchyma, cerebro-spinal fluid, and high-intensity abnormalities. The multiple feature environment of MR imaging is used to comput several low-level features to enhance the separability of voxels of different structures. The population distribution of each feature is considered and a confidence function is computed whose amplitude indicates the likelihood of a voxel, with a given feature value, being a member of a class of voxels. Confidence levels are divided into a set of ranges to define notions such as highly confident, moderately confident, and least confident. The rule-based system consists of a set of sequential stages in which partially segmented binary scenes of one stage guide the next stage. Some important low-level definitions and rules for a clinical imaging protocol are presented. The system is applied to several MR images. >
EUV solar spectroscopic explorer (ESSEX): mission concept for a next-generation imaging spectrograph

We discuss a mission concept (ESSEX) for probing energy and mass transport in the solar atmosphere. The primary instrument on ESSEX is a high-speed EUV imaging spectrograph designed to extract plasma diagnostics from the small-scale, rapidly varying events that are thought to heat the solar atmosphere. We argue that spectral resolution is required to determine the physics that underlies the spectacular solar coronal images returned by TRACE and other EUV imaging telescopes. Previous and current spectrographs are severely limited in time resolution, and we present two rapid imaging spectrograph designs that are optimized for different tasks: the ESSEX spectrograph, intended as a pure science instrument to identify the physical mechanisms of energy and mass transport in generic solar features; and a synoptic spectrograph, intended as an operational instrument to quantify momentum and energy release in coronal mass ejections and filament liftoff events. If flown, ESSEX will provide high cadence observations required to trace the flow of energy through reconnection and wave motion in the solar atmosphere. It will achieve sub-arcsecond resolution in the transition region and corona with both spectroscopy and imaging over a continuous temperature range from 10,000 K to 10 million K, and will sample chromospheric wave motion at frequencies over 100 Hz.
Liver allograft antibody‐mediated rejection with demonstration of sinusoidal C4d staining and circulating donor‐specific antibodies

The importance of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in ABO-compatible liver transplantation is controversial. Here we report a prospective series of liver recipients with a preoperative positive crossmatch. To establish the diagnosis of AMR in liver recipients, the criteria described for kidney allografts were adopted. In approximately 10% of 197 liver transplants, we observed a positive T and B cell flow crossmatch before transplantation. Fifteen of 19 patients converted to negative crossmatches early after transplantation and displayed normal liver function while they were on routine immunosuppression. Four patients maintained positive crossmatches. Three of the 4 met the criteria for AMR and showed evidence of graft dysfunction, the presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs), morphological tissue destruction with positive C4d linear staining on the graft sinusoidal endothelium, and improved function with attempts to eliminate DSAs. A persistently positive crossmatch after liver transplantation may lead to early, severe AMR and liver failure. C4d staining in the liver sinusoidal endothelium should alert one to the possibility of AMR. In our experience, patients with a positive crossmatch should have it repeated at 2 weeks and, if it is positive, again at 3 to 5 weeks. Recipients with an unknown preoperative crossmatch who develop early cholestasis of unclear etiology should be crossmatched or tested for the presence of DSAs to evaluate for AMR.
eDom: norming software and relative meaning frequencies for 544 English homonyms.

Words that are homonyms—that is, for which a single written and spoken form is associated with multiple, unrelated interpretations, such as COMPOUND, which can denote an or a meaning—are an invaluable class of items for studying word and discourse comprehension. When using homonyms as stimuli, it is critical to control for the relative frequencies of each interpretation, because this variable can drastically alter the empirical effects of homonymy. Currently, the standard method for estimating these frequencies is based on the classification of free associates generated for a homonym, but this approach is both assumption-laden and resource-demanding. Here, we outline an alternative norming methodology based on explicit ratings of the relative meaning frequencies of dictionary definitions. To evaluate this method, we collected and analyzed data in a norming study involving 544 English homonyms, using the eDom norming software that we developed for this purpose. Dictionary definitions were generally sufficient to exhaustively cover word meanings, and the methods converged on stable norms with fewer data and less effort on the part of the experimenter. The predictive validity of the norms was demonstrated in analyses of lexical decision data from the English Lexicon Project (Balota et al., Behavior Research Methods, 39, 445–459, 2007), and from Armstrong and Plaut (Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2223–2228, 2011). On the basis of these results, our norming method obviates relying on the unsubstantiated assumptions involved in estimating relative meaning frequencies on the basis of classification of free associates. Additional details of the norming procedure, the meaning frequency norms, and the source code, standalone binaries, and user manual for the software are available at http://edom.cnbc.cmu.edu.
RELATING THE EXPONENTIAL PARAMETER IN THE CHURCHILL-USAGI CORRELATION TO UNDERLYING SYSTEM PARAMETERS

Abstract The Churchill-Usagi empirical equation for correlating data can be expressed as the sum of two asymptotes, each raised to a common power: where n is the exponential parameter and y0 ( x) y1(x ) are the asymptotes which approximate y( x ) over certain ranges of the independent variable, x. This paper attempts to present a procedure which can be used to relate n to the underlying physical system which is represented mathematically by the function, y( x ). The procedure is demonstrated on two examples: ( 1) correlating binary equilibrium data; and ( 2 role=) correlating data for the simple enzyme reaction: These two examples were chosen in part because the mathematical model for the one example ( equilibrium data) is an algebraic equation while the other one is modelled by a system of differential equations. For the equilibrium data example, it is shown that n - — lpar; I + α) / ( l - α ) where a is the “average” relative volatility of the system. In the enzyme example, it is shown that n = log ( 2 ...
What's wrong with migration scholarship? A critique and a way forward

Several problems plague migration scholarship. Much work continues to use specific national (and sometimes regional) frames to analyse migration in other contexts or to find general properties based on particular national experiences. It assumes that boundedness, rootedness and membership in a single national, ethnic or religious group are the natural order of things. And it doesn't take culture seriously enough, whether it be the different cultures of knowledge production which drive our work, the different culturally infused categories we use or the role of cultural institutions in imagining and changing the nation. This article expands on these critiques and suggests ways to move scholarship forward.
Individual phenotypic variation reduces interaction strengths in a consumer-resource system.

Natural populations often show variation in traits that can affect the strength of interspecific interactions. Interaction strengths in turn influence the fate of pairwise interacting populations and the stability of food webs. Understanding the mechanisms relating individual phenotypic variation to interaction strengths is thus central to assess how trait variation affects population and community dynamics. We incorporated nonheritable variation in attack rates and handling times into a classical consumer–resource model to investigate how variation may alter interaction strengths, population dynamics, species persistence, and invasiveness. We found that individual variation influences species persistence through its effect on interaction strengths. In many scenarios, interaction strengths decrease with variation, which in turn affects species coexistence and stability. Because environmental change alters the direction and strength of selection acting upon phenotypic traits, our results have implications for species coexistence in a context of habitat fragmentation, climate change, and the arrival of exotic species to native ecosystems.
Phase Pure Triacetone Triperoxide: The Influence of Ionic Strength, Oxidant Source, and Acid Catalyst

The explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is produced by the acid-catalyzed reaction of hydrogen peroxide and acetone, and methods for its identification are important in forensic and military scenarios. Previous work has documented concomitant crystalline polymorphism of the crude reaction product. Here, we have investigated the crystalline phases resulting from TATP syntheses from aqueous hydrogen peroxide as well as from sodium percarbonate and urea peroxide as oxidant sources, under different concentrations and types of acid. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of the as-prepared powders indicate that, in contrast to previously published conditions, rapid precipitations afford a pure crystalline phase of TATP. High concentrations of Bronsted acid lead to the selective formation of a single kinetic crystalline phase, while a Lewis acid (SnCl4) gives rise to a pure specimen of the thermodynamic phase. Additionally, this study highlights the utility of PXRD as a rapid and high-confidence identific...
Stimulus component independence

After paired-associate learning to one of three degrees of learning with compound stimuli, the stimulus components were presented in isolation and S required to respond with the other components and the response. Response recall failure precluded recall of other components. This result was shown not traceable to a small number of such events, to item selection, or to the possibility that S forms intercomponent associations only after forming component-response associations. When the response was recalled, recalls of other components were frequent but stochastically independent of each other. Nevertheless, standard stimulus selection phenomena occurred. These analyses deny the general assumption that stimulus components become interassociated during paired-associate learning.
Polymeric Optical Wire-Bonding for Planar Lightwave Circuit Packaging

Flexible SU8 optical waveguide coupling to on-chip waveguides is investigated numerically for single mode, and experimentally for multimode waveguides. An optical wire-bonding platform enabling optical coupling from fiber-ribbon connectors to planar lightwave circuits is proposed.
A processed metabolite of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone has proliferative effects in endometrial cells

Objective The purpose of this study is to determine the possible role of the processed peptide of LHRH, LHRH-(1-5), in regulating growth of endometrial cancer cells. Study design An endometrial cancer cell line, the Ishikawa cell line, was cultured under standard conditions and treated in a dose-dependent manner with 1 of 2 hormones, LHRH and LHRH-(1-5) to determine the ability of these peptides to regulate cellular growth. A tetrazolium-based assay was used to determine the effect these peptides have on cell proliferation. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based assays were used to determine the expression of caspase-3/7 and pERK-1/2. Statistical analyses were conducted using an analysis of variance followed by Fisher LSD as the post-hoc test. Results The results show that LHRH is anti-proliferative whereas LHRH-(1-5) is proliferative on the cells. Furthermore, LHRH-(1-5) decreased caspase-3/7 and pERK1/2 expression. Conclusion This is the first time LHRH-(1-5) is shown to have proliferative effects on cells.
IDT, SAW, and MEMS sensors for measuring deflection, acceleration, and ice detection of aircraft

Smart MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) in the form of integrated sensors and actuators offer significant potential for many rotorcraft applications. Sensing of flex beam deflection and acceleration, ice formation and deicing are major candidate areas where smart conformal MEMS based sensors can be exploited by the rotorcraft community. The major technical barrier of the present day smart structures technology is the need for wired communication between sensors and actuators in the rotating system and controllers, data storage units,a nd cockpit avionics. Many proposed sensors and actuators are commonly distributed either along the blade length or, in the active flap devices, out near the 75% blade radial station. Also they are not conformed to the airfoil shape of the rotor blades. The communication between rotating and fixed systems is typically accomplished using complex slip ring assemblies transferring electronic information down through the rotor shaft. Although advances have been made in wired communication, these complex assemblies are essentially similar to test hardware and present numerous reliability and maintainability limitations when implemented on a production scale. Considering these limitations, development of a wireless means of communication through a new generation of conformal sensors with built-in antenna, akin to telemetry, could have a dramatic beneficial payoff for rotorcraft applications.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Uncertainty analysis and variation reduction of three dimensional coordinate metrology. Part 1: geometric error decomposition

In this paper our study focuses on the uncertainty analysis and variation reduction of coordinate system estimation using discrete measurement data and is associated with the applications that deal with parts produced by end-milling processes and having complex geometry. This paper consists of three parts. Since the uncertainty of the estimated coordinate transformation arises from the geometric errors on a part surface, Part 1 is devoted to the study of surface geometric errors. In this study, according to the characteristics of end-milling processes the sampled geometric error is divided into two components, and a decomposition procedure is developed for geometric error decomposition. The results of surface geometric error decomposition will be used in Part 2 for uncertainty analysis and in Part 3 for variation reduction.
Effects of growth factors on equine synovial fibroblasts seeded on synthetic scaffolds for avascular meniscal tissue engineering.

Abstract Across species, the avascular portion of the knee meniscus cannot heal spontaneously if severely injured. The most common treatment is meniscectomy which results in osteoarthritis. The objective of this study was to assess the fibrochondrogenic potential of equine fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) seeded on scaffolds under the influence of growth factors in vitro to determine the potential of developing a novel cell-based repair strategy. Cultured FLS were seeded onto synthetic scaffolds in a rotating bioreactor under the influence of three growth factor regimens: none, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) alone, and bFGF plus transforming growth factor (TGF-β 1 ) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Constructs were analyzed for mRNA expression and production of fibrochondroid extracellular matrix constituents. Type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA were significantly higher in growth factor-treated groups ( p
Exploring the Substrate Range of Wild-Type Aminoacyl- tRNA Synthetases

We tested the substrate range of four wild-type E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) with a library of nonstandard amino acids (nsAAs). Although these AARSs could discriminate efficiently against the other canonical amino acids, they were able to use many nsAAs as substrates. Our results also show that E. coli tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase have overlapping substrate ranges. In addition, we found that the nature of the anticodon sequence of tRNA(Trp) altered the nsAA substrate range of TrpRS; this implies that the sequence of the anticodon affects the TrpRS amino acid binding pocket. These results highlight again that inherent AARS polyspecificity will be a major challenge in the aim of incorporating multiple different amino acids site-specifically into proteins.
Functional interactions between receptors in bacterial chemotaxis

Bacterial chemotaxis is a model system for signal transduction, noted for its relative simplicity, high sensitivity, wide dynamic range and robustness. Changes in ligand concentrations are sensed by a protein assembly consisting of transmembrane receptors, a coupling protein (CheW) and a histidine kinase (CheA). In Escherichia coli, these components are organized at the cell poles in tight clusters that contain several thousand copies of each protein. Here we studied the effects of variation in the composition of clusters on the activity of the kinase and its sensitivity to attractant stimuli, monitoring responses in vivo using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Our results indicate that assemblies of bacterial chemoreceptors work in a highly cooperative manner, mimicking the behaviour of allosteric proteins. Conditions that favour steep responses to attractants in mutants with homogeneous receptor populations also enhance the sensitivity of the response in wild-type cells. This is consistent with a number of models that assume long-range cooperative interactions between receptors as a general mechanism for signal integration and amplification.
Nomograms for staging, prognosis, and predicting treatment outcomes.

Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a wide prognostic spectrum and a variety of treatment options. Such a complex clinical scenario has led to uncertainty in risk assessment and prediction of outcome. Nomograms have served as scientific formulas designed to maximize the predictive accuracy. The use of nomograms in prostate cancer has been applied to many clinical states and outcomes and has provided the most accurate predictions. Cancer 2009;115(13 suppl):3107–11. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Versatile unidirectional AC-DC converter with harmonic current and reactive power compensation for smart grid applications

This paper introduces a versatile unidirectional ac-dc converter with harmonic current and reactive power compensation. Since numerous unidirectional ac-dc converters can be connected with ac power systems, existing commercial converters possess the ability to improve substantially the stability of ac power systems by compensating harmonic current and reactive power. In this paper, the feasibility and limitations of the unidirectional ac-dc converter are explained when it is employed for harmonic current and reactive power compensation, and a control strategy for such functionalities is proposed. A MATLAB /Simulink model and a 1 kW dual boost PFC prototype board controlled by a digital signal processor are implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method for improving power quality of the grid.
The Significant Others of a College Population

SOCIOLOGISTS have long recognized that man learns his selfdefinitions and the definitions of his subsidiary social objects through interaction with various generic classes of social others." In the theoretical works of Mead, Dewey, Faris, and Sullivan, the term "other" occupied a central role, Sullivan coined the term "significant other" to refer to those others whose evaluation of his behavior and atti-
SU‐FF‐J‐05: A Four‐Dimensional Planning and Monte‐Carlo Dose Calculation Framework for Real‐Time Tumor Motion Compensation

Purpose: To perform 4D dose calculations using a feedback‐controlled treatment couch in 15 lung and abdominal patients Methods: Fifteen patients undergoing 4D CT were considered in this work. The GTV was delineated on ten 3D CT data sets by independent experts, with a planning margin added corresponding to the 2σ deviation from the mean center‐of‐mass. Tumor trajectories were derived from 4D CT data and fitted to a Fourier series expansion. Intra‐ and inter‐fraction statistical variations in amplitude and period were applied by considering literature estimates of the standard deviations.. The couch feedback control system was simulated using second‐order couch dynamics and a first‐order controller. The residual tumor trajectory was calculated by inputting the tumor trajectory to the control system. A 7‐beam IMRT plan was generated on the end‐exhale CT with a prescription dose of 66 Gy. The resulting 4D dose distribution was calculated by sampling the isocenter position along the continuous tumor trajectory before and after motion compensation using a previously published Monte Carlo algorithm.Results: The mean tumor motion amplitude was 11.4±3.4 (SD) mm. After compensation the amplitude was 0.42±0.23 mm. Degradation of the tumor dose up to 35% was observed. After compensation, an average of 18.8 ± 4.7% improvement in the 100% dose coverage was seen for end inhale, and 13.4 ± 4.7% for the 90% coverage. For the combined 4D dose, GTV dose coverage was 94.7±4.7% (for 100% coverage) after compensation, but degraded to 87.3±4.5% without compensation. Conclusion: We have developed a framework for performing 4D dose calculations using real‐time tumor trajectories. For IMRT plans, the average improvement in the dose coverage to the PTV for mobile tumors with a feedback‐controlled couch was X% Conflict of Interest: Supported by 3DLine Medical Systems.
A system and performance overview of the EXTRION 220 medium-current ion implanter

Abstract The EXTRION 220 was the first parallel scan/200 mm serial medium-current ion implanter introduced to the market (May of 1987). Since 1987, the EXTRION 220 has been utilized in advanced device development and production. Performance enhancements developed for advanced applications in the areas of particulate reduction and beam purity are discussed. The paper begins with a description of the basic EXTRION 220 design.
On scheduling complex dags for Internet-based computing

Conceptual tools are developed to aid in crafting a theory of scheduling complex computation-dags for Internet-based computing. The goal of the schedules produced is to render tasks eligible for allocation to remote clients (hence for execution) at the maximum possible rate. This allows one to utilize remote clients well, and also lessen the likelihood of the "gridlock" that ensues when a computation stalls for lack of eligible tasks. Earlier work has introduced formalism for studying this optimization problem and has identified optimal schedules for several significant families of structurally uniform dags. The current paper extends this work via a methodology for devising optimal schedules for a much broader class of complex dags. These dags are obtained via composition from a prespecified collection of simple building-block dags. The paper introduces a suite of algorithms that decompose a given dag to expose its building-blocks, and a priority relation on building-blocks. When the building-blocks are appropriately interrelated, the dag can be scheduled optimally.
An anti-cancer Smurf

A novel, cancer-fighting function was recently discovered for Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2).
An Intelligent Home Energy Management System to Improve Demand Response

Demand Response (DR) and Time-of-Use (TOU) pricing refer to programs which offer incentives to customers who curtail their energy use during times of peak demand. In this paper, we propose an integrated solution to predict and re-engineer the electricity demand (e.g., peak load reduction and shift) in a locality at a given day/time. The system presented in this paper expands DR to residential loads by dynamically scheduling and controlling appliances in each dwelling unit. A decision-support system is developed to forecast electricity demand in the home and enable the user to save energy by recommending optimal run time schedules for appliances, given user constraints and TOU pricing from the utility company. The schedule is communicated to the smart appliances over a self-organizing home energy network and executed by the appliance control interfaces developed in this study. A predictor is developed to predict, based on the user's life style and other social/environmental factors, the potential schedules for appliance run times. An aggregator is used to accumulate predicted demand from residential customers.
A practical approach to the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome

The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is primarily achieved through clinical history and physical findings. The principle features are hirsutism or biochemical evidence of excess androgen production and irregular menstrual bleeding caused by the chronic anovulation. Associated findings include insulin resistance with compensatory hyperinsulinemia and obesity. Ultrasound imaging of the ovary has facilitated the diagnosis. It is important to exclude conditions that may mimic PCOS, such as hyperthecosis, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Cushing's syndrome, and androgen-producing neoplasms. These disorders are usually revealed by appropriate laboratory assessment. Screening tests include measurement of serum total testosterone, DHEA sulfate, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. In addition, in the obese individual, determinations of glucose and insulin levels, as well as a lipid profile, are highly recommended.
Serrodyne optical frequency translation with high sideband suppression

A Ti:NiNbO/sub 3/ serrodyne optical frequency shifter with 40-dB overall sideband suppression has been demonstrated. This performance can be achieved using either a laser diode or a broadband superluminescent diode as an optical source. The device utilizes a single-polarization waveguide design and a specialized sawtooth drive circuit. >
Medical imaging in the 21st century

Imaging has been one of the success stories of 20th century medicine but is now under pressure from tight health-care budgets and from professional competition. The 21st century will need a very different type of radiologist, one trained not just in imaging but also in more basic disciplines and in informatics. Research in radiology will need more attention than hitherto, and the imager of tomorrow will have to defend his or her specialty against the charge of "expensive high technology" and adapt, by taking a more market-oriented approach to the added value that the specialty provides.
The biosynthesis of adrenocortical hormones by the human adrenal gland in vitro.

The results of a preliminary study on the biosynthesis of adrenocortical hormones by the human adrenal gland in vitro are presented. The substrates investigated were 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-pregnene-20-one, progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, compound S (17α21-dihydroxy-Δ4-pregnene-3,20-dione) and deoxycorticosterone. The results have led to the proposal of the following tentative scheme of adrenocortical biosynthesis by the human adrenal:
Optimal Mobility Pattern in Epidemic Networks

The task of routing in epidemic networks faces certain difficulties involving minimizing the delivery delay with a reduced consumption of resources. Every node has severe power constraints and the network is also susceptible to temporary but random failure of nodes. In the previous work, the parameter of mobility has been considered a constant for a certain setting. In our setting, we consider a varying parameter of mobility. In this framework, we determine the optimal mobility pattern and a forwarding policy that a network should follow in order to meet the trade-off between delivery delay and power consumption. In addition, the mobility pattern should be such that it can be practically incorporated. In this paper, we formulate an optimization problem which is solved by using the principles of dynamic programming. The resultant strategy, OFACT - Optimal Forwarding Algorithm with Controlled Transmission range, has been studied through extensive simulations. The performance of OFACT has been compared with a few existing strategies. Our results show that this optimization problem has a global solution.
Is EMDR an Exposure Therapy? A Review of Trauma Protocols

This article presents the well established theoretical base and clinical practice of exposure therapy for trauma. Necessary requirements for positive treatment results and contraindicated procedures are reviewed. EMDR is contrasted with these requirements and procedures. By the definitions and clinical practice of exposure therapy, the classification of EMDR poses some problems. As seen from the exposure therapy paradigm, its lack of physiological habituation and use of spontaneous association should result in negligible or negative effects rather than the well researched positive outcomes. Possible reasons for the effectiveness of EMDR are discussed, ranging from the fundamental nature of trauma reactions to the nonexposure mechanisms utilized in information processing models.
On zero-dimensionality and fragmented rings

A commutative ring R is said to be fragmented if each nonunit of R is divisible by all positive integral powers of some corresponding nonunit of R . It is shown that each fragmented ring which contains a nonunit non-zero-divisor has (Krull) dimension ∞. We consider the interplay between fragmented rings and both the atomic and the antimatter rings. After developing some results concerning idempotents and nilpotents in fragmented rings, along with some relevant examples, we use the “fragmented” and “locally fragmented” concepts to obtain new characterisations of zero-dimensional rings, von Neumann regular rings, finite products of fields, and fields.
Ethylene Receptors Function as Components of High-Molecular-Mass Protein Complexes in Arabidopsis

Background The gaseous plant hormone ethylene is perceived in Arabidopsis thaliana by a five-member receptor family composed of ETR1, ERS1, ETR2, ERS2, and EIN4. Methodology/Principal Findings Gel-filtration analysis of ethylene receptors solubilized from Arabidopsis membranes demonstrates that the receptors exist as components of high-molecular-mass protein complexes. The ERS1 protein complex exhibits an ethylene-induced change in size consistent with ligand-mediated nucleation of protein-protein interactions. Deletion analysis supports the participation of multiple domains from ETR1 in formation of the protein complex, and also demonstrates that targeting to and retention of ETR1 at the endoplasmic reticulum only requires the first 147 amino acids of the receptor. A role for disulfide bonds in stabilizing the ETR1 protein complex was demonstrated by use of reducing agents and mutation of Cys4 and Cys6 of ETR1. Expression and analysis of ETR1 in a transgenic yeast system demonstrates the importance of Cys4 and Cys6 of ETR1 in stabilizing the receptor for ethylene binding. Conclusions/Significance These data support the participation of ethylene receptors in obligate as well as ligand-dependent non-obligate protein interactions. These data also suggest that different protein complexes may allow for tailoring of the ethylene signal to specific cellular environments and responses.
Gastritis: terminology, etiology, and clinicopathological correlations: another biased view

The histological approach to gastritis, especially the chronic forms, has undergone a series of re-evaluations by different experts over the past decade, mainly because of the recognition of individual disease patterns that have specific clinical and epidemiological implications. The most spectacular of these was the discovery of Helicobacter pylori and its common gastritis, its relation to almost all duodenal peptic ulcers and to most gastric peptic ulcers, its potential as a precursor of first multifocal atrophic gastritis and later tubule-forming gastric carcinomas, and its status as a cause of gastric mucosal lymphomas. During this same decade other classes of gastric reaction and inflammations have been recognized, including chemical injury and lymphocytic gastritis. Also in the same decade the importance of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has emerged as a cause of gastric mucosal injuries. To add emphasis to all these discoveries, biopsies are being performed on stomachs in almost epidemic numbers and each biopsy specimen has the potential of having the features of one or more of these injuries as well as injuries that have yet to be described. To cope with this rapidly expanding gastric inflammatory informational extravaganza, pathologists need some way of dealing with the various entities comfortably and some method of cataloging them in ways that are understandable both to them and to the endoscopists with whom they work. However, if emerging data about the chronic gastritides are correct, it is conceivable that the need to diagnose them, from a strictly clinical standpoint, is limited. Either we may know what is in the biopsy specimen before we see it or what we see may not be important, although it may be intellectually challenging.
Microwave Sintering of Ceramics

Theoretical considerations regarding microwave sintering of ceramics are discussed. It is shown how the rigorous application of multiple scattering theory may permit a better understanding of this interesting process. The possibility of thermal runaway being chaotic is discussed. Experimental results, and a possible connection to percolation theory, are also given.
Lectotype of Fundulus auroguttatus (Hay) Is Designated as the Neotype of Fundulus cingulatus (Valenciennes) (Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae)

Abstract The lectotype of Fundulus auroguttatus (Hay) is designated as the neotype of Fundulus cingulatus (Valenciennes).
European Communities - Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries (WT/DS246/AB/R)

Introduction The WTO case brought by India in 2002 to challenge aspects of the European Communities' Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) brings fresh scrutiny to a policy area that has received little attention in recent years – trade preferences for developing countries. The idea for such preferences emerged from the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 1964. The ensuing negotiations led to Resolution 21(ii) at the second session of UNCTAD in 1968, acknowledging “unanimous agreement” in favor of the establishment of preferential arrangements. Tariff discrimination violates the most-favored nation (MFN) obligation of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Art. I, however, and thus the legal authority for preferential tariff schemes had to await a GATT waiver of this obligation, which came in 1971. The waiver was to expire after 10 years, but the authority for preferences was extended by the GATT Contracting Parties Decision of November 28, 1979 on Differential and More Favorable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries, popularly known as the “Enabling Clause,” and now incorporated into the law of the WTO along with the GATT itself. While trade discrimination favoring developing countries is the essence of any GSP scheme, India's WTO complaint raised the question of what type of discrimination is permissible – must all developing countries be treated alike, or can preference-granting nations discriminate among them based on various sorts of criteria?
Visualizing New Deal Debates: FDR's Big Stick

This article examines the use of the image of the “big stick” in the context of the New Deal. I argue that the conservative press in the 1930s used the image to mobilize historical memories of over-reaching executive power and a growing federal government under Teddy Roosevelt to “explain” Franklin Roosevelt in 1932. Further, the “big stick” was used to accuse FDR of a drive for dictatorial power during his attempt to reorganize the Supreme Court in 1937. The article argues that the visual image and symbol of the “big stick” shaped contemporary political debates and mobilized the public in the 1930s, and continues to shape American political discourse, as seen in the use of the symbol in the 2012 election.
Laser ignition of methane and biogas near flammability limits

A high energy Nd:YAG laser is used to induce breakdown and ignition of methane and bio- fuel/air mixtures. Early stages of ignition are investigated using Schlieren imaging and laser interferometry for quenched and ignited flames.
Evaluation of Air Filtration Options for an Industrial Gas Turbine

Gas turbines ingest large quantities of air during operation. As a result, large quantities of foreign particles ranging in size from smoke (0.01 to 1.0 micron) to pollen (10 micron) enter the unit and can contribute to both fouling and erosion depending on particle size. Fouling and erosion both lead to reductions in unit output and efficiency resulting in increased operational cost. Operators have historically combatted fouling through a combination of online water washes, more effective off-line water washes, and air filtration. As is the case with almost all engineering problems, the trade-off between the cost and effectiveness of these methods must be evaluated. Online washing is somewhat effective but has led to first stage blade erosion and unit trips in some cases. Off-line washing is more effective at cleaning the unit, but requires the unit to be shut down for extended periods of time. Air filtration can help prevent foreign particles from entering the unit, but higher efficiency filters are generally associated with a larger inlet pressure drop, leading to decreased unit output; this is balanced against reduced fouling rates. These tradeoffs between the costs associated with higher efficiency filters and the frequency of compressor washing need to be evaluated on a plant-by-plant basis to determine the best combination of air filtration and compressor washing programs. This paper presents a field study carried out to determine the effectiveness of high efficiency filters in preventing compressor fouling. Fourteen units at four sites were monitored over a 9 month to 3 year time period to determine the changes in unit performance and the impact of water washes on unit performance for both pre and final filters of lower and higher efficiency ratings. Results to date indicate that higher efficiency filters are effective at reducing the need for off-line water washes and potentially reduce life-cycle cost. Reduced output from the higher pressure drop, high efficiency filters is offset by the better performance retention offered from reduced fouling rates.© 2015 ASME
The cardiovascular response to passive movement is joint dependent

The cardiovascular responses to passive limb movement (PLM) at the knee are well established, however, responses to PLM at other joints involving smaller muscle volume are unknown. To compare the cardiovascular responses to passive movement at other joints, 10 participants underwent a PLM protocol in which the wrist, elbow, ankle, and knee joints were passively extended and flexed at 1 Hz for 1 min. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and arterial blood flow to that limb segment (BF) were measured and vascular conductance (VC) was calculated for a 30-sec baseline period and for 3-sec intervals throughout PLM protocols. PLM of the knee and elbow resulted in significant increases in BF and VC from baseline values with peak values 180% (P < 0.001) greater than baseline. PLM of the elbow resulted in significant increases in BF and VC from baseline values with peak values 109% and 115% (P < 0.001) greater than baseline, respectively. No changes in BF and VC were observed in the ankle and wrist. Furthermore, the greater increase in blood flow per limb segment volume in the thigh and upper arm (62.8 ± 36.5 and 55.5 ± 30.3 mL min−1 L−1, respectively) compared to the forearm and lower leg (23.6 ± 16.7 and 19.1 ± 10.3 mL min−1 L−1, respectively) indicates the limb volume is not solely responsible for the differences in the hyperemic responses. These data indicate that the use of PLM to assess vascular function or as a rehabilitation modality to maintain vascular health may be most appropriate for the muscles that span the elbow and knee.