cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saturn's rings and associated ring plasma cavity: Evidence for slow ring erosion

Abstract We re-examine the radio and plasma wave observations obtained during the Cassini Saturn orbit insertion period, as the spacecraft flew over the northern ring surface into a radial distance of 1.3 R s (over the C-ring). Voyager era studies suggest the rings are a source of micro-meteoroid generated plasma and dust, with theorized peak impact-created plasma outflows over the densest portion of the rings (central B-ring). In sharp contrast, the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave System (RPWS) observations identify the presence of a ring-plasma cavity located in the central portion of the B-ring, with little evidence of impact-related plasma. While previous Voyager era studies have predicted unstable ion orbits over the C-ring, leading to field-aligned plasma transport to Saturn's ionosphere, the Cassini RPWS observations do not reveal evidence for such instability-created plasma ‘fountains’. Given the passive ring loss processes observed by Cassini, we find that the ring lifetimes should extend >10 9 years, and that there is limited evidence for prompt destruction (loss in
Properties of Dopants in HfO x for Improving the Performance of Nonvolatile Memory

Doping is a means to tune the switching properties of oxide-based RRAM and CBRAM nonvolatile memory. The authors calculate the effects of 50 dopant elements on the resistive switching of hafnium oxide, then synthesize a model for predicting dopant behavior. Their general guidelines for engineering transition-metal oxides will inform the development of tomorrow's digital storage devices.
The effects of major solar integration on a 21-Bus system: Technology review and PSAT simulations

The world's energy needs are changing and so are the methods by which it generates power. Photovoltaic Cells are leading this revolution by harnessing the power of the sun and transforming it into DC power. Integrating this “too good to be true” power source into the grid has been in the mind of those who plan for future grid alterations for a while and the need for seamless integration has arrived. Power systems and power-flow through the grid are planned precisely and do not respond well to sudden changes. Large-scale PV grid integration is challenging and requires preparation to deal with the intermittency of power production. This paper analyzes an IEEE 21-Bus power system with regards to power-flow and small to large scale integration of PV generation. The pros and cons of this addition are researched and documented here as well as simulations of PV integration using Matlab's Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) software. There are a few correction methods that attempt to solve some of the known problems with adding solar generation into the grid such as tap-changer transformers, capacitor banks, and synchronous condensers. Besides normal analysis, this paper also presents one of these correction methods into simulation to show how part of the large-scale integration problem can be corrected.
Share Once or Share Often?: Exploring How Designers Approach Iteration in a Large Online Community

Iteration prompted by feedback is fundamental to creative design. Designers often use online communities to gather feedback, but there is little knowledge of how designers use these communities to iterate on their work. We studied iterative design practice in three active forums that target novice design critique in a popular online community. We collected a large corpus of projects (n=3,730) and comments (n=29,412). The data was analyzed to determine how often designers iterate on their projects, and which characteristics of the feedback correlate with iteration. Two surveys (n=38) were conducted to further learn how often and at which design stages designers post their work to the community. Our results showed that more and longer comments, comments with less positive tone and comments with more thought-provoking statements correlated with iteration. Our analysis also showed that two or more iterations were shared for only 21% of the projects. The survey results explained that the rate of iteration was due in part to designers sharing their projects with the community near the end of their design process. Our findings also suggest how online communities can better support iterative design practice.
Malignant hemangiopericytoma: Treatment patterns and survival.

e13520Background: Hemangiopericytoma (HPC), or solitary fibrous tumor of the central nervous system (CNS), is a rare mesenchymal tumor that arises from the pericytes of the meningeal capillaries. These tumors account for less than 1% of all CNS tumors and are categorized into low-grade (WHO grade I and II) or high-grade (WHO grade III, anaplastic) neoplasms. The optimal treatment for grade III HPC is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate treatment patterns and survival for grade III HPC using the California Cancer Registry (CCR). Methods: Treatment and demographic data were extracted from the CCR for patients with grade III HPC of the CNS, from 1988-2010. Overall Survival (OS) was evaluated as a function of treatment (surgery, radiation or both), as well as extent of resection. Kaplan Meier survival analyses were performed for OS. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were done via cox proportional hazard regression models for all demographic and treatment variables. Results: A total of 94 patient...
Theory of ITG turbulent saturation in stellarators: Identifying mechanisms to reduce turbulent transport

A three-field fluid model that allows for general three-dimensional equilibrium geometry is developed to describe ion temperature gradient turbulent saturation processes in stellarators. The theory relies on the paradigm of nonlinear transfer of energy from unstable to damped modes at comparable wavelength as the dominant saturation mechanism. The unstable-to-damped mode interaction is enabled by a third mode that for dominant energy transfer channels primarily serves as a regulator of the nonlinear energy transfer rate. The identity of the third wave in the interaction defines different scenarios for turbulent saturation with the dominant scenario depending upon the properties of the 3D geometry. The nonlinear energy transfer physics is quantified by the product of a turbulent correlation lifetime and a geometric coupling coefficient. The turbulent correlation time is determined by a three-wave frequency mismatch, which at long wavelength can be calculated from the sum of the linear eigenfrequencies of t...
Therapeutic Dilemma in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis and Good's Syndrome Overlap (P02.195)

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical presentation and treatment options in a 65 year old male with myasthenia gravis and Good9s syndrome overlap. BACKGROUND: Good9s syndrome (thymoma with immunodeficiency) is a rare cause of combined B and T cell immunodeficiency in adults.Good9s syndrome can be uncommonly associated with myasthenia gravis (MG).Immunosuppressive therapy for MG in patients with Good9s syndrome is complicated by development of recurrent opportunistic infections. DESIGN/METHODS: Case Report. RESULTS: Case: 65 year old male with a history of hypertension presented with episodes of double vision, fatigue,dysphagia and generalized weakness.Anti acetylcholine antibodies were positive. Repetitive nerve stimulation showed decremental response.CT chest showed thymoma for which he underwent resection and was placed on high dose oral steroids,mycophenolate and mestinon. 4 months after starting treatment he presented with shortness of breath,chest X-ray showed a reticulonodular pattern and further work revealed histoplasmosis.Mycophenolate was stopped but he was on a tapering course of steroids when he developed diarrhea.Further work-up revealed CMV colitis.At this time he was completely weaned off steroids but he continued to have recurrent pneumococcal infections.8 months later he developed disseminated candidal infection.Immunological studies showed hypogammaglobulenemia affecting all antibody types. There was cutaneous anergy to intra dermal antigen challenge.Flow cytometry revealed reduced mature circulating B cells,reduced CD4 count and reversal of CD4:CD8 ratio.Bone marrow biopsy showed reduced pre-B cell lineage.Patient has remained stable on monthly IVIG which is used to treat both MG and Good9s syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent opportunistic infections in the setting myasthenia (with or without immunosuppressive therapy) and thymoma should raise the suspicion of Good9s syndrome. Periodic long term intravenous immunoglobulin can be a treatment option for both MG and Good9s syndrome. Disclosure: Dr. Salanga has nothing to disclose. Dr. Govindarajan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kurako has nothing to disclose.
Keck Observations of Microjansky Radio Sources

Millions of times fainter than classical double-lobed radio monsters, µJy sources cover the sky at densities approaching faint optical galaxy counts. To investigate their redshifts, star formation characteristics, optical morphologies, and evolution, we have used the 10-meter Keck telescope to obtain BRI broad-band images and optical spectra of a complete sample of µJy sources detected in three fields at the VLA. In one field, only 1 of 16 sources remains unidentified down to I ~ 26.5, and in another field only 3 of 14 sources lack redshifts. The µJy sources appear to be dominated (~ 50% of the sample) by blue star-forming galaxies with median redshift z ~ 0.5, with a large fraction of interacting and close-pair systems. About 25% are high-redshift QSOs, including one with strong Mg II absorption at z abs = z em = 1.8, and the remaining 25% show signs of both starformation-induced emission and absorption lines characteristic of evolved stellar populations (“S+A” galaxies). The colors of the sources are consistent with those of field galaxies, which are dominated by Sbc galaxies, though the µJy radio galaxies are at least 1 mag brighter than field galaxies. It appears that the typical µJy source is similar in most respects to M82, the canonical starburst galaxy, moved out to z ~ 0.5. Evolution of the sources, which could have been avoided only if z med (i < 0.1, now appears inevitable.
Pituitary Response to Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone After Induced Abortion in the First and Second Trimesters*

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) (100 microng) was administered subcutaneously to healthy female volunteers 2 and 4 weeks after induced abortion in the first trimester (group A) and the midtrimester (group B). Four patients were studied in each group. The response to LHRH was determined in terms of plasma LH and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Adequate pituitary response occurred in subjects of group A at both 2 and 4 weeks. In group B pituitary unresponsiveness was found at 2 weeks which persisted to some extent at 4 weeks. These data are in accord with the pituitary unresponsiveness observed after termination of pregnancy at term and suggest that the duration of pregnancy has an influence on the development of this unresponsiveness.
Differences in the Misclassification of Load and No-Load Mutual Funds

The purpose of this study was to extend the research on mutual fund investment objective misclassification by analyzing the differences in investment objective misclassification in domestic load and no-load mutual funds. Although there has been significant research on open-end mutual fund misclassification, there has been limited research, exploring the difference between misclassification in load and no-load funds. Two research questions were answered: (a) are some load and no-load mutual funds misclassified, and (b) is there a difference in misclassification between load and no-load funds? Discriminant analysis was used to identify misclassified funds. A difference in proportions test was used to examine the difference in misclassification between load and no-load funds. The results indicated that, consistent with the literature, there was misclassification in both mutual fund samples. The load fund sample had a level of misclassification greater than the no-load sample. The results indicate that in the load fund sample, 55% of the original grouped cases were misclassified. In the no-load fund sample, 53% of the original grouped cases were misclassified. According to the Z test for the difference of proportions the null hypothesis, that the proportions of misclassified load and no-loads funds is equal cannot be rejected. There is no statistical difference in the proportions of no-load and load funds misclassified.
Investigation of Trap-Induced Threshold Voltage Instability in GaN-on-Si MISHEMTs

It is shown that an $E_{\rm C}$ –0.90 eV trap in commercial AlGaN/GaN MISHEMTs grown on a Si (111) substrate is responsible for a −1.8-V threshold voltage ( $V_{\rm T}$ ) instability using a combination of defect spectroscopy and double-pulsed current–voltage measurements. The $E_{\rm C}$ –0.90 eV trap is located in the GaN buffer and is emptied by high drain biases in pinch-off, which raises the trap above the Fermi level in the GaN buffer. This trap also exhibits both fast and slow recovery processes that are explained by the availability of free electrons throughout the depth of the GaN buffer and the trapping process that depletes the free electron concentration. TCAD modeling is used to demonstrate this process and also to show why there is not a significant increase in buffer leakage current after the large negative $V_{\rm T}$ shift due to this trap. This demonstrates that optimizing buffer designs are critical for ideal device performance.
КОМИТЕТ КОНСТИТУЦИОННОГО НАДЗОРА СССР: ИСТОРИЯ СОЗДАНИЯ, ПРАВОВОЙ СТАТУС, ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ

This article considers the history of the creation and legal status of USSR Constitutional Oversight Committee, a specialized body established to ensure legal protection of the Constitution of the USSR. It is noted that the formation of this institution should be viewed with respect to the tasks set in the Soviet state in the late 1980s and early 1990s: democratization of state administration, overcoming separatist tendencies, implementation of radical economic reform, and formation of a socialist legal state. In the study, the author used analytical, formal-legal methods, the method of abstraction, which allowed formulating main conclusions. Analyzing the legal status of the USSR Constitutional Oversight Committee, the author comes to the conclusion that its powers were of a limited nature: in the conditions of denying the principle of separation of powers, they did not dispute the supremacy of USSR Congress of People’s Deputies in the system of state power bodies. In those years, the activities of the Committee were considered not so much as jurisdictional, but as political and legal. The article categorizes the powers of the USSR Constitutional Oversight Committee, some of which were of control nature, but most of them were of supervisory or expert-consultative nature. Investigating the practice of the the USSR Constitutional Oversight Committee, the author concludes that the legal positions contained in its decisions significantly influenced the further development of domestic legislation and constitutional justice in Russia.
Waste Constituent Pathways

Abstract Personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and other substances contain pollutants or precursors of pollutants that can harm public health and ecosystems. Waste constituents change in space and time. These substances follow pathways that can transport and transform them into toxic agents. This chapter applies the adverse outcome pathway and other exposure and toxicity pathways to waste management decision making.
Self-Corrections and the Reading Progress of Struggling Beginning Readers

While there is consensus that self-corrections (SCs) ought to be coded as part of oral reading assessments, less agreement exists as to what, if any, role self-correcting plays in reading developme...
Shock wave-induced defect engineering for investigation on optical properties of triglycine sulfate crystal

A systematic investigation of shock wave-induced defect engineering on optical transport properties of triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystalline material is carried out under shock waves of Mach number 1.7 with a different number of shock pulses. Surface morphological changes and defect concentration are evaluated by the optical microscopic technique. Optical transmission of pre- and postshock wave-treated TGS crystal is analyzed using UV–visible spectrometer over the range between 200 and 800 nm. Unexpectedly, during the shock wave impact conditions, the test crystal exhibits vulnerability due to defects on its surface and it is confirmed by optical micrographs. Optical transmission is continually reduced while the number of shock pulses is increased due to the formation of defects on the surface of the test sample. Followed by the observation of optical transmission, optical constants and band gap energies are also calculated. The obtained results clearly show that surface morphology and optical transport properties of TGS crystal are greatly affected by the impact of shock waves.
A Man in His 50s With Hemoptysis, Dyspnea, and Bilateral Patchy Ground-Glass Opacities

Case Presentation A man in his 50s presented to the ED with a 3-day history of small-volume hemoptysis and new-onset dyspnea. The patient did not have fevers, chills, chest pain, abdominal pain, or changes in urination. His medical history included hypertension, a 35-pack-year active smoking history, and occupational hydrocarbon exposure as a mechanic in the foresting industry. He reported no recent travels, and he denied sick contacts. His medications included amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril, omeprazole, and nicotine replacement therapy.
Deciphering the Cirrhotic Patient’s Present Status: The Overlap Between Physical Frailty, Disability, and Sarcopenia

It is increasingly recognized that factors beyond traditional measures of liver severity like the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease such as disability, frailty, and sarcopenia are important predictors of meaningful outcomes for patients with cirrhosis. Although each concept is measured in different ways with clinical utility that is context dependent, they share a common biology. Understanding the overlap between these measures informs practice in important ways. Underlying each factor is malnutrition, deconditioning, and hepatic encephalopathy. Interventions to forestall or rehabilitate markers such as disability, frailty, and sarcopenia will require a deliberate, multimodal approach geared toward their specific drivers.
The Gradient Perfusion Model Part 1: Why and at what sites decompression sickness can occur.

Introduction Decompression sickness (DCS) is manifested by the quantity and location of bubbles in body tissues after reduction in ambient pressures. Models have been formulated to explain why bubbles form, but none provide satisfactory explanations as to why the findings of DCS occur as they do. This first of a three-part series explains why and at what sites DCS occurs. Materials and methods Over a 50-year span and 500 cases of DCS we have managed, it has become apparent that almost all "unexplained" DCS (i.e., cases with no obvious explanation as to how/why they occurred) have physiological explanations. The vagaries of the physiology of tissue perfusion and the physics of gradients as a cause of autochthonous bubble formation were analyzed. Findings Perfusion is highly variable, with so-called "fast" tissues (i.e., tissues with a rapid rate of saturation) requiring a constant blood supply, "intermediate" tissues requiring a blood supply proportional to needs, and "slow" tissues having minimal perfusion requirements. The 5-liter blood volume in a vascular system with greater than a 20-liter capacity requires careful regulation. Disruptions in the regulation and/or overwhelming gradients explain why DCS occurs. Conclusions Our Gradient-Perfusion Model provides an explanation as to why disordering events account for almost all cases of unexplained DCS. We propose that this latter term be discarded and "disordering events" be sought for DCS cases that have no obvious explanations.
Physical Activity Among Adults With Autism: Participation, Attitudes, and Barriers:

Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have shown have low levels of physical fitness, increasing risks for health-related problems associated with inactivity, such as being overweight, when compared with typically developing children. Few studies have examined physical activity (PA) among adults with ASD. This U.S.-based study examined participation in and attitudes and barriers toward PA among adults with ASD and their peers without ASD. We used standardized existing scales to survey participants for data regarding their frequency of engagement in weekly PA (strenuous, moderate, light), attitudes toward PA, expectations of others, perceived behavioral control, intention toward PA, and perceived PA barriers. Findings indicated that, on average, the ASD group compared with the comparison group reported (a) less frequent strenuous or moderate PA, (b) less positive attitudes toward PA, (c) less perceived behavioral control or ease of performing PA, and (d) more PA barriers. There was also evidence that the ASD group reported less PA intent, but there was no difference between groups regarding beliefs about others' PA expectations for them. These findings suggest a need for more PA for adults with ASD, particularly because PA has potential to attenuate such ASD challenges as anxiety, stress, and sleeping difficulties.
Terbutaline and aminophylline as second-line therapies for status asthmaticus in the pediatric intensive care unit.

Objective Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood. Although asthma admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) are increasing, there are no evidence-based guidelines on preferred escalation of therapies for patients with status asthmaticus who fail to respond to inhaled bronchodilators and systemic corticosteroids. The purpose of this study was to assess outcomes of PICU patients receiving aminophylline versus terbutaline as second-tier therapies for status asthmaticus. Design Retrospective cohort study using Pediatric Health Information System from 2016-2019. Setting Fifty-three tertiary children's hospitals. Subjects Children aged 2 to 18 years admitted to the PICU in children's hospitals contributing data to the Pediatric Health Information System with a primary diagnosis of status asthmaticus. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Of 11 133 pediatric patients treated for status asthmaticus in the PICU during the study period, 1144 received either terbutaline or aminophylline. There was no difference in intubation and mechanical ventilation between patients who received aminophylline and those who received terbutaline. However, in African American patients, those who received terbutaline had a significantly higher odds of intubation and mechanical ventilation compared to those who received aminophylline (OR, 12.41; 95%CI, 1.61,95). Conclusions The use of aminophylline is associated with lower odds of intubation and mechanical ventilation in African American patients with status asthmaticus as compared to terbutaline.
Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Autonomous Agents in Consumer-centric Electricity Market

With the development of distributed energy, many novel electricity market mechanisms are emerging. The consumer-centric electricity market, which includes the peer-to-peer (P2P) model and the community-based market, arouses more attention in academia and industry area. This paper applies the Deep Q-Learning (DQN) for autonomous agents in the consumer-centric electricity market. Both the local energy priority transactions and public shared energy facilities are taking into consideration. We generated a test dataset and compared results in 5 different scenarios. This study verifies that the applied data-driven methods can handle the peer-to-peer (P2P) decision-making problem as well as promote the profitability of the whole community in the electricity market. Furthermore, multi-agent cooperation with public resources is more appropriate than other situations.
Individual-level response adaptive crossover trial design for epilepsy: structure and simulation

Trials of antiseizure medications involve static group assignments for treatments with pre-specified durations. We propose a response-adaptive crossover design using basic statistical assumptions regarding both seizure count and duration of treatment to determine when a participant can change group assignment. We modelled seizure frequency as a Poisson process and estimated the likelihood that seizure frequency had decreased by 50% compares to baseline using both a Bayesian and maximum likelihood approach. We simulated trials to estimate the influence of this design on statistical power and observation duration with each treatment. For patients with 9 baseline seizures in 4 weeks who had no change in seizure frequency, the simulation identified non-response in a median of 16 days. The response-adaptive crossover design resulted in a modest increase in statistical power to identify an effective treatment while maximizing the time in a group producing a response. Only 8% of participants remained in the placebo group for all 90 days of the simulated trials. These example theoretical results can provide quantitative guidance regarding objective criteria to determine non-response in real-time during a controlled clinical trial without revealing the assigned treatment. Implementing a response-adaptive crossover design may both improve statistical power while minimizing participant risk.
Blockade of Orexin Receptors in the Posterior Paraventricular Nucleus of the Thalamus Prevents Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Reward-Seeking Behavior in Rats With a History of Ethanol Dependence

Neural systems involved in processing natural rewards and drugs of abuse overlap and exposure to drugs of abuse induce neuroadaptations that can cause compulsive-like behavior. For example, the recruitment of the orexin (Orx) system by drugs of abuse has been proposed to induce neuroadaptations that in turn alter its function, reflected by maladaptive, compulsive, and addictive behavior. Orexin neurons project to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT)-particularly the posterior part (pPVT), a structure that plays a key role in stress regulation. This study investigated whether Orx transmission in the pPVT plays a role in stress-induced reinstatement of reward-seeking behavior toward ethanol (EtOH) and a highly palatable food reward [sweetened condensed milk (SCM)] in rats and whether this role changes with EtOH dependence. After being trained to orally self-administer EtOH or SCM, the rats were made dependent (EtOHD and SCMD) by chronic intermittent EtOH vapor exposure. The control nondependent groups (EtOHND and SCMND) were exposed to air. Following extinction, the rats were tested for stress-induced reinstatement of EtOH- and SCM-seeking behavior. Stress reinstated EtOH- and SCM-seeking behavior in all groups (EtOHD/ND and SCMD/ND). Administration of the dual Orx receptor (OrxR) antagonist TCS1102 (15 μg) in the pPVT prevented stress-induced reinstatement only in dependent rats (EtOHD and SCMD). In parallel, the qPCR analysis showed that Orx mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and OrxR1/R2 mRNA expression in the pPVT were increased at the time of testing in the EtOHD and SCMD groups. These results are the first to implicate Orx transmission in the pPVT in the stress-induced reinstatement of reward-seeking behavior in EtOH dependent rats and indicate the maladaptive recruitment of Orx transmission in the pPVT by EtOH dependence.
Effect of EPSPS gene copy number and glyphosate selection on fitness of glyphosate-resistant Bassia scoparia in the field.

The widespread evolution of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Bassia scoparia in the U.S. Great Plains poses a serious threat to the long-term sustainability of GR sugar beet. Glyphosate resistance in B. scoparia is due to an increase in the EPSPS (5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate) gene copy number. The variation in EPSPS gene copies among individuals from within a single GR B. scoparia population indicated a differential response to glyphosate selection. With the continued use of glyphosate in GR sugar beet, the effect of increasing glyphosate rates (applied as single or sequential applications) on the fitness of GR B. scoparia individuals with variable EPSPS gene copies was tested under field conditions. The variation in EPSPS gene copy number and total glyphosate rate (single or sequential applications) did not influence any of the reproductive traits of GR B. scoparia, except seed production. Sequential applications of glyphosate with a total rate of 2214 g ae ha-1 or higher prevented seed production in B. scoparia plants with 2-4 (low levels of resistance) and 5-6 (moderate levels of resistance) EPSPS gene copies. Timely sequential applications of glyphosate (full recommended rates) can potentially slow down the evolution of GR B. scoparia with low to moderate levels of resistance (2-6 EPSPS gene copies), but any survivors (highly-resistant individuals with ≥ 8 EPSPS gene copies) need to be mechanically removed before flowering from GR sugar beet fields. This research warrants the need to adopt ecologically based, multi-tactic strategies to reduce exposure of B. scoparia to glyphosate in GR sugar beet.
Separate is Inherently Unequal, Unless You're Religious: The Peculiar Constitutionlization of Religious Segregation

This article seeks to explain how a relative newcomer to constitutional anti-discrimination jurisprudence, secular identity, has managed to gamer a far higher degree of protection than historically suspect classes, such as race and gender. It attributes this phenomenon to the "separate but equal" model of equality inherent in the doctrine of "separation of church and state." It notes that, despite acknowledging that government segregation is per se unequal in the Brown decision, the Supreme Court has continued to enforce religious segregation as a requirement of the Establishment Clause. In doing so, the Court has created a new type of discrimination based on level of religious exercise. After comparing protection of secular identity to the protections afforded to race and gender, this article recommends that the Court abandon the wall metaphor and its progeny and apply the equal protection analysis it uses to secure gender equality to secure religious equality.
The 1980s: “Having It All”/“Doing It All”

In the 1980s, women physicians entered the male-dominated medical profession in increasing numbers but continued to marry, raise families, and maintain households. New opportunities became available, and more fields of medicine were opened to women such that they could be considered to “have it all.” However, the need to also “do it all,” both at work and at home, had downsides. Childbearing, childrearing and childcare, part-time work, divorce, and the special case of dual-physician families are examined in this chapter. Stress, role strain, burnout, and opting out are discussed as is the issue of the “imposter syndrome.” Ann Marie Slaughter’s ideas about the myth of “having it all” add a broader perspective on this subject.
On the interactions between molten aluminum and high entropy alloy particles during aluminum matrix composite processing

Abstract The feasibility of adding AlCrTiV high entropy alloy (HEA) particles to molten aluminum to make metal matrix composites was studied. Equiatomic AlCrTiV HEA particles, produced by a solid state reduction process, were dispersed into pure aluminum and 7075 alloy (Al-5.8Zn-2.3Mg-1.4Cu, all weight %) melt and by a ultrasonic dispenser. It was found that the AlCrTiV particles reacted with molten aluminum, leading to the formation of Al45(Cr,V)7 and Al3Ti intermetallic phases in the aluminum matrix composites. Although the AlCrTiV HEA particles did not survive in molten aluminum during composite processing, the final composite materials showed significantly improved mechanical properties, due to grain refinement and dispersion strengthening. The research suggests that the interactions between matrix aluminum alloys and the particles are key in controlling the final microstructure and properties of the composites.
Mineral Resources, Economics, and the Environment

Written for students and professionals, this revised textbook surveys the mineral industry from geological, environmental and economic perspectives. Thoroughly updated, the text includes a new chapter on technology industry metals as well as separate chapters on mineral economics and environmental geochemistry. Carefully designed figures simplify difficult concepts and show the location of important deposits and trade patterns, emphasising the true global nature of mineral resources. Featuring boxes highlighting special interest topics, the text equips students with the skills they need to contribute to the energy and mineral questions currently facing society, including issues regarding oil pipelines, nuclear power plants, water availability and new mining locations. Technical terms are highlighted when first used, and references are included to allow students to delve more deeply into areas of interest. Multiple choice and short answer questions are provided for instructors online at www.cambridge.org/kesler to complete the teaching package.
Precise Measurement of the Transverse Asymmetry in Quasielastic 3 He( e , e ′) and the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor

We have measured the transverse asymmetry AT′ in 3He(e, e′) quasielastic scattering with high statistical precision for Q2-values from 0.1 to 0.6 (GeV/c)2. The data are expected to allow extraction of the neutron magnetic form factor G M n with an uncertainty similar to that of recent experiments on deuterium. Data analysis is currently in progress.
Reflections on Core Curriculum, Mission, and Catholic Identity in Our Time.

Reviewing and revising core curricula at Catholic colleges and universities is often fraught, primarily because the core symbolizes so centrally these institutions’ identities. Situating core revision as one dimension of a larger shared task in which all Catholic institutions are engaged today—living into and articulating the meaning of being authentically Catholic beyond the bounds of an ethnic/religious/class subcultural context—lowers the temperature and offers a different angle of vision from which to approach the core. From this perspective, those working on core revision do well to think through how the content, structure, and pedagogy employed in the core, together communicate to students the power of the Catholic narrative of existence and invite them to consider its significance for their lives and their aspirations for the future. Doing this work can deepen faculty appreciation for the Catholic narrative and its animating power in their institutions.
Assessing the potential of reservoir outflow management to reduce sedimentation using continuous turbidity monitoring and reservoir modelling

In-stream sensors are increasingly deployed as part of ambient water quality-monitoring networks. Temporally dense data from these networks can be used to better understand the transport of constituents through streams, lakes or reservoirs. Data from existing, continuously recording in-stream flow and water quality monitoring stations were coupled with the two-dimensional hydrodynamic CE-QUAL-W2 model to assess the potential of altered reservoir outflow management to reduce sediment trapping in John Redmond Reservoir, located in east-central Kansas. Monitoring stations upstream and downstream from the reservoir were used to estimate 5.6 million metric tons of sediment transported to John Redmond Reservoir from 2007 through 2010, 88% of which was trapped within the reservoir. The two-dimensional model was used to estimate the residence time of 55 equal-volume releases from the reservoir; sediment trapping for these releases varied from 48% to 97%. Smaller trapping efficiencies were observed when the reservoir was maintained near the normal operating capacity (relative to higher flood pool levels) and when average residence times were relatively short. An idealized, alternative outflow management scenario was constructed, which minimized reservoir elevations and the length of time water was in the reservoir, while continuing to meet downstream flood control end points identified in the reservoir water control manual. The alternative scenario is projected to reduce sediment trapping in the reservoir by approximately 3%, preventing approximately 45 000 metric tons of sediment from being deposited within the reservoir annually. This article presents an approach to quantify the potential of reservoir management using existing in-stream data; actual management decisions need to consider the effects on other reservoir benefits, such as downstream flood control and aquatic life. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partially decentralized reinforcement learning in finite, multi-agent Markov decision processes

In this paper, we propose a novel, partially decentralized learning algorithm for the control of finite, multi-agent Markov Decision Process with unknown transition probabilities and reward values. One learning automaton is associated with each agent acting in a state and the automata acting within a state may communicate with each other. However, there is no communication between the automata present in different states, thus making the system partially decentralized. We propose novel algorithms so that the entire automata team converges to the policy that maximizes the long-term expected reward per step. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed algorithms.
Are Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Prone to Gastroesophageal Reflux? A Prospective Observational Study with Esophageal pH-Impedance Monitoring

Objective To perform an observational cohort study with esophageal pH-multichannel intraluminal impedance (pH-MII) monitoring in symptomatic preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Study design We prospectively studied 46 infants born ≤32 weeks gestational age: 12 infants with BPD and 34 infants without BPD. Each patient had symptoms consistent with gastroesophageal reflux and had 24-hour pH-MII, which were compared between BPD and non-BPD by univariate analysis and quantile regression analysis. Results Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between infants with and without BPD, except for fluid administration (145 vs 163 mL/kg/d, P = .003), length of stay (92 vs 69 days, P = .019), and time to achieve complete oral feeding (76 vs 51 days, P = .013). The analysis of 1104 hours of pH-MII tracings demonstrated that infants with BPD compared with infants without BPD had increased numbers of pH-only events (median number 21 vs 9) and a higher symptom sensitivity index for pH-only events (9% vs 4.9%); the number and characteristics of acid, weakly acid, nonacid and gas gastroesophageal reflux events, acid exposure, esophageal clearance, and recorded symptoms did not significantly differ between the 2 groups. Conclusions The increased number of (and sensitivity for) pH-only events among infants with BPD may be explained by several factors, including lower milk intake, impaired esophageal motility, and a peculiar autonomic nervous system response pattern.
Do Enemies of Herbivores Influence Plant Growth and Chemistry? Evidence from a Seminatural Experiment

It is predicted that enemies of insect herbivores may influence the effects of herbivores on their host plants by affecting the choice of plant genotypes. To examine the effect of predators, we conducted two experiments, each with a different caterpillar species (Junonia coenia and Pyrrharctia isabella). Under seminatural conditions, we provided a choice between two genotypes of plantain (Plantago lanceolata) with different levels of iridoid glycosides and used Podisus maculiventris stinkbugs as predators. There were four treatments: no herbivores and no predators, low density of herbivores and no predators, high density of herbivores and no predators, and high density of herbivores plus predators. The caterpillars had little effect on plant growth but did influence the iridoid glycoside concentration. For the Junonia experiment, the concentration of iridoid glycosides was less for plots with a low density of caterpillars (with no predators) compared to the other treatments of caterpillar density. In the Pyrrharctia experiment, catalpol was induced by a high density of caterpillars (with no predators). There were no increases in total iridoid glycosides associated with either herbivore species. The presence of predators had no effect on plant growth or total iridoid glycoside pattern. The lack of effect by predators seems to reflect the relatively large variation in iridoid glycoside concentration among leaf ages, and the herbivores ability to respond to that variation, such that the difference in iridoid glycoside concentrations in the plant genotypes was less important.
An overview of Acipenseriformes

Acipenseriformes occupy a special place in the history of ideas concerning fish evolution, but in many respects, phylogenetic studies of the group remain in their infancy. Even such basic questions as the monophyly of Acipenser (the largest genus) are unanswered. We define relationships based on comparative osteology, which allows us to incorporate well-preserved fossils into analyses. Acipenseriformes has existed at least since the Lower Jurassic (approximately 200 MYBP), and all fossil and recent taxa are from the Holarctic. Phylogenetic relationships among Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic actinopterygians are problematic, but most workers agree that Acipenseriformes is monophyletic and derived from some component of ‘paleonisciform’ fishes. (‘Paleonisciformes’ is a grade of primitive non-neopterygian actinopterygians, sensu Gardiner 1993.) Taxa discussed in comparison here are: †Cheirolepis, Polypterus, †Mimia. †Moythomasia, †Birgeria, †Saurichthys, Lepisosteus and Amia. We review generic diversity within the four nominal families of fossil and recent Acipenseriformes (†Chondrosteidae, †Peipiaosteidae, Polyodontidae, and Acipenseridae), and provide a cladogram summarizing osteological characters for those four groups. Monophyly of the two extant families is well-supported, but there are no comprehensive studies of all of the known species and specimens of †Chondrosteidae and †Peipiaosteidae. As a result, sister-group relationships among †Chondrosteidae, †Peipiaosteidae, and Acipenseroidei (= Polyodontidae + Acipenseridae)are unresolved. We discuss five features fundamental to the biology of acipenseriforms that benefit from the availability of our new phylogenetic hypothesis: (1) specializations of jaws and operculum relevant to jaw protrusion, feeding, and ram ventilation; (2) anadromy or potamodromy and demersal spawning; (3) paedomorphosis and evolution of the group; (4) the biogeography of Asian and North American polyodontids and scaphirhynchines; and (5) the great abundance of electroreceptive organs in the rostral and opercular regions. Finally, we summarize our nomenclatural recommendations.
Generalized sine condition

The classic Abbe sine condition relates pupil distortion to aberrations with linear field dependence such as coma. This paper provides a fully generalized form of the sine condition that does not use any symmetry. It accurately predicts the change in aberration in the presence of field independent and pupil aberrations. The definitions of the image, object, and coordinate system are completely arbitrary. The relationship is verified using ray trace simulations of a number of systems that have varying degrees of complexity. The potential applications are discussed.
Pathways for Emotions: Specializations in the Amygdalar, Mediodorsal Thalamic, and Posterior Orbitofrontal Network

The primate amygdala projects to posterior orbitofrontal cortex (pOFC) directly and possibly indirectly through a pathway to the magnocellular mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MDmc), which may convey signals about the significance of stimuli. However, because MDmc receives input from structures in addition to the amygdala and MDmc projects to areas in addition to pOFC, it is unknown whether amygdalar pathways in MDmc innervate pOFC-bound neurons. We addressed this issue using double- or triple-labeling approaches to identify pathways and key cellular and molecular features in rhesus monkeys. We found that amygdalar terminations innervated labeled neurons in MDmc that project to pOFC. Projection neurons in MDmc directed to pOFC included comparatively fewer “core” parvalbumin neurons that project focally to the middle cortical layers and more “matrix” calbindin neurons that project expansively to the upper cortical layers. In addition, a small and hitherto unknown pathway originated from MDmc calretinin neurons and projected to pOFC. Further, whereas projection neurons directed to MDmc and to pOFC were intermingled in the amygdala, none projected to both structures. Larger amygdalar neurons projected to MDmc and expressed the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), which is found in highly efficient “driver” pathways. In contrast, smaller amygdalar neurons directed to pOFC expressed VGLUT1 found in modulatory pathways. The indirect pathway from the amygdala to pOFC via MDmc may provide information about the emotional significance of events and, along with a parallel direct pathway, ensures transfer of signals to all layers of pOFC. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The amygdala—the brain9s center for emotions—is strongly linked with the orbital cortex, a region associated with social interactions. This study provides evidence that a robust pathway from the amygdala reaches neurons in the thalamus that link directly with the orbital cortex, forming a tight tripartite network. The dual pathways from the amygdala to the orbital cortex and to the thalamus are distinct by morphology, neurochemistry, and function. This tightly linked network suggests the presence of fool-proof avenues for emotions to influence high-order cortical areas associated with affective reasoning. Specific nodes of this tripartite network are disrupted in psychiatric diseases, divorcing areas that integrate emotions and thoughts for decisions and flexible behavior.
Effects of Biochar Blends on Microbial Community Composition in Two Coastal Plain Soils

The amendment of soil with biochar has been demonstrated to have an effect not only on the soil physicochemical properties, but also on soil microbial community composition and activity. Previous reports have demonstrated significant impacts on soil microbial community structure. These impacts are modulated not only by the biochar composition, but also on the soil’s physicochemical characteristics. This indicates that soil characteristics must be considered prior to biochar amendment. A significant portion of the soils of the southeastern coastal plain are severely degraded and, therefore, candidates for biochar amendment to strengthen soil fertility. In this study we focused on two common soil series in the southeastern coastal plain, utilizing feedstocks endemic to the area. We chose feedstocks in four ratios (100% pine chip; 80:20 mixture of pine chip to poultry litter; 50:50 mixture of pine chip to poultry litter; 100% poultry litter) prior to pyrolysis and soil amendment as a biochar product. Soil was analyzed for bioavailable nutrients via Mehlich-1 extractions, as well as microbial community composition using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA). Our results demonstrated significant shifts in microbial community composition in response to biochar amendment, the effects of which were greatest with 100% poultry litter biochar. Strong relationships between PLFAs and several Mehlich-1 extractable nutrients (Al, Cu, Fe, and P) were observed.
Fishway passage bottleneck identification and prioritization: a case study of Pacific lamprey at Bonneville Dam

Fishways designed for salmonids often restrict passage by non-salmonids, and effective tools are needed both to identify passage problems for nontarget species and to inform remediation planning. I...