cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Special Education Administrators’ and Teachers’ Knowledge and Application of Ethics and Professional Standards:

The field of special education is wrought with ethical dilemmas. The Council for Exceptional Children has outlined its code of ethics and standards for professional practice for individuals working in the field of special education. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which special education administrators and teachers possess similar or different levels of knowledge and application of the council’s code and the professional advocacy responsibilities enunciated in the standards. A survey was administered to 624 professionals in the state of Wisconsin who worked with students with disabilities: 99 special education administrators and 525 special education teachers. Special education administrators and teachers were asked to rate their knowledge level of the council’s code and standards and how they used the standards when faced with ethical dilemmas.
Automated segmentation of computed tomography images

An image analysis, visualization, and segmentation system has been developed to assist researchers participating in a world-wide imaging study led by the National Institute on Aging to determine risk factors contributing to chronic osteoarthritis. The system provides a sophisticated but simple to use interface that directs the segmentation of muscle, fat, and other tissues of interest in thigh and abdomen computed tomography images.
ESTROGEN MITOGENIC ACTION. II. NEGATIVE REGULATION OF THE STEROID HORMONE-RESPONSIVE GROWTH OF CELL LINES DERIVED FROM HUMAN AND RODENT TARGET TISSUE TUMORS AND CONCEPTUAL IMPLICATIONS

Abstract In an accompanying report (Moreno-Cuevas, J. E.; Sirbasku, D. A., In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.; 2000), we demonstrated 80-fold estrogen mitogenic effects with MTW9/PL2 rat mammary tumor cells in cultures supplemented with charcoal–dextran-treated serum. All sera tested contained an estrogen reversible inhibitor(s). The purpose of this report is to extend those observations to additional sex steroid–responsive human and rodent cell lines. Every line tested showed a biphasic response to hormone-depleted serum. Concentrations of ≤10% (v/v) promoted substantive growth. At higher concentrations, serum was progressively inhibitory. With estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) human breast cancer cells, rat pituitary tumor cells, and Syrian hamster kidney tumor cells, 50% (v/v) serum caused significant inhibition, which was reversed by very low physiologic concentrations of estrogens. This same pattern was observed with the steroid hormone–responsive LNCaP human prostatic carcinoma cells. Because steroid hormone ...
Model checking for E-business control and assurance

Model checking is a promising technique for the verification of complex software systems. As the use of the Internet for conducting e-business extends the reach of many organizations, well-designed software becomes the foundation of reliable implementation of e-business processes. These distributed, electronic methods of conducting transactions place reliance on the control structures embedded in the transaction processes. Deficiencies in control structures of processes that support e-business can lead to loss of physical assets, digital assets, money, and consumer confidence. Yet, assessing the reliability of e-business processes is complex and time-consuming. This paper explicates how model-checking technology can aid in the design and assurance of e-business processes in complex digital environments. Specifically, we demonstrate how model checking can be used to verify e-business requirements concerning money atomicity, goods atomicity, valid receipt, and communication-link failure. These requirements are fundamental to many e-business applications. Model checking can be used to test a broad range of systems requirements-not only for system designers, but also for auditors and security specialists. Systems that are examined by auditors need to have adequate controls built in prior to implementation and will need adequate auditing after implementation to ensure that none of the processes have been corrupted. Model checkers may also provide value in examining the processes of highly integrated applications as found in enterprise resource planning systems.
Measuring gravitational waves from binary black hole coalescences. I. Signal to noise for inspiral, merger, and ringdown

We estimate the expected signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) from the three phases (inspiral, merger, and ringdown) of coalescing binary black holes (BBHs) for initial and advanced ground-based interferometers (LIGO-VIRGO) and for the space-based interferometer LISA. Ground-based interferometers can do moderate SNR (a few tens), moderate accuracy studies of BBH coalescences in the mass range of a few to about 2000 solar masses; LISA can do high SNR (of order 104), high accuracy studies in the mass range of about 105–108 solar masses. BBHs might well be the first sources detected by LIGO-VIRGO: they are visible to much larger distances—up to 500 Mpc by initial interferometers—than coalescing neutron star binaries (heretofore regarded as the “bread and butter” workhorse source for LIGO-VIRGO, visible to about 30 Mpc by initial interferometers). Low-mass BBHs (up to 50M⊙ for initial LIGO interferometers, 100M⊙ for advanced, 106M⊙ for LISA) are best searched for via their well-understood inspiral waves; higher mass BBHs must be searched for via their poorly understood merger waves and/or their well-understood ringdown waves. A matched filtering search for massive BBHs based on ringdown waves should be capable of finding BBHs in the mass range of about 100M⊙–700M⊙ out to ∼200 Mpc for initial LIGO interferometers, and in the mass range of ∼200M⊙ to ∼3000M⊙ out to about z=1 for advanced interferometers. The required number of templates is of the order of 6000 or less. Searches based on merger waves could increase the number of detected massive BBHs by a factor of the order of 10 over those found from inspiral and ringdown waves, without detailed knowledge of the waveform shapes, using a noise monitoring search algorithm which we describe. A full set of merger templates from numerical relativity simulations could further increase the number of detected BBHs by an additional factor of up to ∼4.
Challenges and Interesting Research Directions in Associative Classification

Utilising association rule discovery methods to construct classification systems in data mining is known as associative classification. In the last few years, associative classification algorithms such as CBA, CMAR and MMAC showed experimentally that they generate more accurate classifiers than traditional classification approaches such as decision trees and rule induction. However, there is room to improve further the performance and/or the outcome quality of these algorithms. This paper highlights new research directions within associative classification approach, which could improve solution quality and performance and also minimise drawbacks and limitations. We discuss potential research areas such as incremental learning, noise in test data sets, exponential growth of rules and many others.
Comparison of continuous-wave CO 2 lidar calibration by use of Earth-surface targets in laboratory and airborne measurements

Backscatter of several Earth surfaces was characterized in the laboratory as a function of incidence angle with a focused continuous-wave 9.1 micro meter CO2 Doppler lidar for use as possible calibration targets. Some targets showed negligible angular dependence, while others showed a slight increase with decreasing angle. The Earth-surface signal measured over the complex Californian terrain during a 1995 NASA airborne mission compared well with laboratory data. Distributions of the Earth's surface signal shows that the lidar efficiency can be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy, preferably with uniform Earth-surface targets during flight for airborne or space-based lidar.
The predictors of surgical site infection post cardiac surgery: a systematic review

We sought to conduct a systematic review to evaluate the predictors of surgical site infection (SSI) after cardiac surgery. We included published, peer-reviewed, English-language, retrospective and prospective studies identified in a search of Medline, CINAHL, and PubMed from 2005 and through February 20, 2012. The studies involved adults (age >18 years) undergoing cardiac surgery (defined by ICD-9 codes) and could be of any study design, in English, published within last 7 years, with data collection taking place in United States within last 10 years. We excluded animal studies, duplicates, summaries, commentaries, editorials, case reports, studies that conducted outside United States, and studies published before last 7 years or studies with data collection take place before last 10 years (2002). Three types of predictors emerge: Predictors of general infection post cardiac surgery, predictors of micro-organisms' specific SSIs and tracheotomy, and allogenic blood transfusion as specific predictors of SSI. Although the reviewed articles cover wide range of SSIs predictors, none of these articles investigate preoperative skin preparation, using pre- and postoperative prophylaxes antibiotics, postoperative wound care (appropriate time for first dressing), and patient nutritional status as a predictors of SSIs after cardiac surgery. Investigating these predictors for SSIs will enhance nurses' understanding of the importance of specific types of nutrition in preventing SSIs and enhancing wound healing, implementing a protocol for the wound care postoperatively, and implementing a protocol for the use of prophylactic antibiotics.
Fiber Orientation in the Canine Left Ventricle during Diastole and Systole

Fiber orientation across the left ventricular myocardial wall has been studied. Specimens were obtained from 18 dog hearts rapidly fixed in situ in systole, in diastole, and in dilated diastole. Fiber orientation was determined across the free wall at eight sites from a T-shaped specimen by measurements with light microscopy in serial paraffin sections. Results indicate: (1) The wall has a well-ordered distribution of fiber angles varying from about 60° (from the circumferential direction) at the inner surface to about -60° on the outer surface. The greatest change in angle with respect to wall thickness occurs at the two surfaces (endocardial and epicardial). (2) Fiber angles did not change significantly during the transition from diastole to systole, despite a 28% increase in wall thickness (except in the papillary muscle root region). (3) The proportion of fibers lying in the sector of fiber angles oriented circumferentially (0±22.5°) to those oriented longitudinally (67.5 to 90° and -67.5 to -90°) is approximately 10:1. This ratio increases toward the base and diminishes toward the apex of the left ventricle. (4) All fiber angles in the lateral wall of hearts in systole increased through the wall by approximately 7° near the base and 19° near the apex relative to their counterparts in diastole, indicating bending or torsion of the left ventricle during contraction.
Splenic artery Doppler peak systolic velocity predicts severe fetal anemia in rhesus disease

Abstract Objective: We sought to determine whether main splenic artery Doppler peak systolic velocity predicts severe anemia in the rhesus-alloimmunized fetus. Study Design: Splenic artery Doppler peak systolic velocity was obtained before cordocentesis in rhesus-alloimmunized fetuses. Normative values for mean peak systolic velocity based on gestational age were obtained cross-sectionally from a separate group of 144 normal fetuses. The peak systolic velocity values in the study group were expressed as multiples of the median for gestation, and threshold values were used as a screening test for severe anemia. The hemoglobin deficit was defined as mean hemoglobin for gestation minus measured hemoglobin. A hemoglobin deficit value of ≥5 g/dL was used to define severe anemia. We used the peak systolic velocity to screen for severe anemia in the overall study group and the subgroups with or without prior transfusions. Results: The study population consisted of 26 singleton nonhydropic fetuses in which cordocentesis and Doppler measurements were performed on a total of 55 occasions. The mean gestational age and standard deviation at cordocentesis was 29.6 ± 4.0 weeks. Severe anemia was noted in 20% of fetal cord blood specimens obtained. On the basis of a receiver operating characteristic curve, a peak systolic velocity of ≥1.4 multiples of the median had a detection rate of 100%, with a false-positive rate of 20.8% in the subgroup with no prior transfusion (relative risk, 4.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-10.5). For peak systolic velocity threshold of ≥1.50 multiples of the median, corresponding values in the group with one prior transfusion were 80% and 12.5%, respectively (relative risk, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-5.3). There was no risk of severe anemia with a peak systolic velocity below the median for gestation. Conclusion: Fetal hydrops is rare, with a hemoglobin deficit of
A novel in vivo method to detect DNA sequence variation.

Mismatch repair detection flvlRD} is an in vivo method that uses a change in bacterial colony color to detect DNA sequence variation. DNA fragments to be screened for variation are cloned into two MRD plasmids, and bacteria are transformed with heteroduplexes of these constructs. The resulting colonies are blue in the absence of a mismatch and white in the presence of a mismatch. MRD is capable of detecting a single mismatch in a DNA fragment as large as 10 kb in size. In addition, MRD has the potential for analyzing many fragments simultaneously, offering a powerful method for high-throughput genotyping and mutation detection in a large genomic region. The detection of mutations in genomic DNA plays a critical role in efforts to elucidate the genetic basis of human disease. Although many approaches are currently applied to the problem of mutation detection, no single technique provides a rapid method for screening large stretches of genomic DNA with high sensitivity and specificity (Grompe 1993). We have developed an in vivo bacterial assay, mismatch repair detection (MRD), that utilizes the Escherichia coli methyldirected mismatch repair system to detect singlebase mismatches in DNA. Unlike other DNA variation detection techniques, MRD can detect a single-base mismatch in up to 10 kb of DNA. In addition, MRD has the potential to examine many different DNA fragments simultaneously, providing a rapid method for screening large stretches of DNA for nucleotide sequence variation. The normal function of the E. coli methyldirected mismatch repair system is to correct errors in newly synthesized DNA resulting from imperfect DNA replication (Wagner and Meselson 1976). The system distinguishes unreplicated from newly replicated DNA by taking advantage of the fact that methylation of adenine in the sequence GATC occurs in unreplicated DNA but not in newly replicated DNA. Mismatch repair is initiated by the action of three proteins, MutS, MutL, and MutH, which lead to nicking of the
Evidence that a decrease in testosterone negative feedback mediates the pubertal increase in luteinizing hormone pulse frequency in male ferrets.

Neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion during puberty were investigated in intact male ferrets and ferrets castrated at 8 wk of age that received s.c. implants of either empty or testosterone-filled Silastic capsules. To synchronize puberty onset among individuals, ferrets were exposed to short days between 8 and 16 wk of age, and then transferred to long days. Testis growth began in intact ferrets soon after photoperiod transition. Blood samples were obtained at 11, 15, 19, and 23 wk of age. LH pulse frequency was low in intact ferrets at 11 and 15 wk of age (less than or equal to 0.27 pulses/h), but rose to 0.94 pulses/h by 23 wk of age. No age-related increase in LH pulse frequency was observed in untreated castrated ferrets. LH pulses were rare in testosterone-treated castrated ferrets at 11 and 15 wk of age; but by 23 wk of age, frequency rose to 0.33 pulses/h. Thus, testis maturation in ferrets is accompanied by a dramatic increase in LH pulse frequency. No steroid-independent developmental increase in LH pulse frequency occurs in castrated ferrets. Furthermore, doses of testosterone that prevent LH secretion in young castrated ferrets do not as effectively suppress LH pulses in older ferrets. These data suggest that a decrease in the efficacy of testosterone negative feedback mediates the pubertal rise in LH pulse frequency in male ferrets.
Resolution limits for crosswell migration and traveltime tomography

SUMMARY Equations are derived for the point-scatterer response of the crosswell migration and traveltime tomography operators. These formulas are used to estimate the limits of spatial resolution in reflection migration images and traveltime tomograms. In particular, for a crosswell geometry with borehole length L, well offset 2x0, source wavelength δ, and a centred point scatterer I show the following. (1) The vertical resolution Δzmig of the reflection migration image is equal to 2δx0/L under the far-field approximation. Under the Fresnel approximation, Δzmig≈2δx0/L-2δ2/L, which says that images become better resolved with an increase in aperture and a decrease in wavelength and well offset. (2) The horizontal resolution Δzmig of the migration image is equal to 16δx02/L2. The lateral resolution of the migrated image is worse than the vertical resolution by a factor of 8x0/L (where x0/L> 1 under the far-field approximation). (3) The vertical resolution Δztomo of the traveltime velocity tomogram is proportional to √λx0. This estimate agrees with that of a previous study. However, the tomographic image of the slowness perturbation behaves as a non-local cosine function along the depth axis, whereas the migration image behaves as a localized squared sine function in the depth coordinate. This is consistent with the empirical observation that interface boundaries are more sharply resolved by migration than by traveltime tomography. (4) The horizontal resolution of the slowness image in a traveltime tomogram is equal to (4x0/L}√3x0δ/4, a factor more than 4x0/L worse than the vertical resolution. (5) For Ns sources and Ng geophones, the dynamic range of the migrated image is proportional to NsNg. The dynamic range of the slowness tomogram is proportional to √NgNs. Many of the estimates for the resolution limits have simple geometrical interpretations. For example, the minimum vertical (horizontal) resolution in a migrated reflectivity section corresponds to the minimum vertical (horizontal) stretch that a migrated wavelet undergoes in going from the time domain to the depth domain. In addition, the minimum vertical (horizontal) resolution in a traveltime tomogram corresponds to the minimum vertical (horizontal) width of the wavepath at the scatterer location
Assembled graphene oxide and single-walled carbon nanotube ink for stable supercapacitors

We describe the synthesis and fabrication of a graphene oxide (GO) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composite ink (GO–SWCNT ink) for electrochemically stable supercapacitors. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies demonstrate that the obtained GO flakes are single layer with size distribution from 100 nm to 20 μm. SWCNTs are dispersed using a GO aqueous solution (2 mg/mL) with sonication support to achieve a SWCNT concentration of 12 mg/mL, the highest reported value so far without surfactant assistance. Raman spectroscopy studies indicate that the full-width at half-maximum of the G band increases with the mixing of SWCNT and GO indicating that electronic structure changes via π–π interactions of GO sheets and SWCNTs. Paper-based electrodes of supercapacitor were conveniently fabricated with GO–SWCNT composite ink via a dip casting method. By using different concentrations of SWCNT in the ink, the paper electrodes provide different capacitance values. The highest value of specific capacitance reaches 295 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g with a GO/SWCNT weight ratio of 1:5. The cycling stability for the GO–SWCNT paper electrode supercapacitors indicates capacitance retention of 85% over 60,000 cycles.
A "new" reporter in the field of imaging reporter genes: correlating gene expression and function of the sodium/iodide symporter.

By 1995, more than 150 human gene therapy clinical trials were in progress in the United States alone ( [1][1] ). More than 10 y later, gene delivery in humans remains a considerable challenge for numerous potential applications, because it is often limited by poor delivery specificity, inadequate
Determination of g-Factor Ratios for Free Rb-85 and Rb-87 Atoms

The ratio of the nuclear $g$ factor to the electronic $g$ factor in the ground electronic state of free ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85,87}$ atoms has been determined using optical pumping techniques in a magnetic field of \ensuremath{\le}50 G. Typical linewidths were \ensuremath{\le}15 cps. The linewidth contribution due to magnetic field effects was less than 1 cps. The ratio of electronic $g$ factors for the Rb isotopes was also measured. The results are $\ensuremath{-}\frac{{g}_{I}}{{g}_{J}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{87})}=4.9699147\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, $\ensuremath{-}\frac{{g}_{I}}{{g}_{J}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{85})}=1.4664908\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, and $\frac{{g}_{J}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{87})}{{g}_{J}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{85})}=1.0000000041\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9})$. These results were obtained from evacuated wall-coated cells having the Lorentzian line shape. Cells filled with inert buffer gases exhibited small, uncontrollable, systematic error due to non-Lorentzian line shape. In both types of cells, the Zeeman resonances exhibited frequency shifts proportional to the pumping-light intensity. The ratio $\frac{{g}_{I}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{85})}{{g}_{I}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{87})}=0.2950736\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6})$ was obtained by combining the results above. The combination with results of other researchers yields the chemical shift of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}$ in aqueous solution relative to the free atom as $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}(\frac{{{\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}}_{\mathrm{aq}}}{\mathrm{Rb}})=\ensuremath{-}(211.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. Absolute values in units of the Bohr magneton for the shielded nuclear moments are derived using only $g$-factor ratios for free atoms: ${g}_{I}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{87})=\ensuremath{-}0.9951414\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6})$ and ${g}_{I}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{85})=\ensuremath{-}0.2936400\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6})$.
Hydride Transfer in DHFR by Transition Path Sampling, Kinetic Isotope Effects, and Heavy Enzyme Studies.

Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (ecDHFR) is used to study fundamental principles of enzyme catalysis. It remains controversial whether fast protein motions are coupled to the hydride transfer catalyzed by ecDHFR. Previous studies with heavy ecDHFR proteins labeled with 13C, 15N, and nonexchangeable 2H reported enzyme mass-dependent hydride transfer kinetics for ecDHFR. Here, we report refined experimental and computational studies to establish that hydride transfer is independent of protein mass. Instead, we found the rate constant for substrate dissociation to be faster for heavy DHFR. Previously reported kinetic differences between light and heavy DHFRs likely arise from kinetic steps other than the chemical step. This study confirms that fast (femtosecond to picosecond) protein motions in ecDHFR are not coupled to hydride transfer and provides an integrative computational and experimental approach to resolve fast dynamics coupled to chemical steps in enzyme catalysis.
Finite Horizon Full-State Feedback kCC Control in Civil Structures Protection

The following study presents a finite horizon full-state feedback k-Cost- Cumulant (kCC) control problem, in which the objective function representing a linear combination of k cumulant indices of a finite time integral quadratic performance measure associated to a linear stochastic system, is minimized. A dynamic programming approach is used to obtain the optimal control solution. This control algorithm is then applied to the First Generation Structure Benchmark for Seismically Excited Buildings. Simulation results indicate that the kCC control has both performance and control design flexibility advantages when compared with popular control strategies in building protection.
Note on the Brown Cockroach, Periplaneta brunnea, in Texas

Prior to 1954, Periplaneta brunnea Burmeister had been reported from 5 counties in Texas (Hebard 1943). Except for its occurrence in Robertson County (Fig. 1) it seemed limited in this State to the tropical and subtropical coastal counties. Since Hebard's publication, 2 additional records of this cockroach in Texas are available. In 1954 Mallis reported it from San Antonio, Bexar County, and Dow (1955) reported collecting the species in Pharr, Hidalgo County. In the latter collection, the species was trapped in houses and privies and in 2 cases was associated with the American cockroach, P. americana (L.) (see Dow's communication in Roth and Willis 1960).
Minimizing bending losses in two-dimensional discrete soliton networks

We show that reflection losses suffered by discrete solitons along sharp bends in two-dimensional waveguide-array networks can be almost eliminated. Analysis indicates that this can be accomplished by appropriately engineering the corner site of the bend. Our analytical results are verified using numerical simulations.
Systems thinking and environmental concern

Abstract Systems thinking is thought to facilitate complex decision-making, but relatively little is known about its psychological underpinning. We present three studies that situate a measure of the construct in relation to other dispositional measures that have received more attention in environmental psychology and by testing whether the mindset predicts behavior in a set of novel decision making tasks. In Study 1, we find that systems thinkers tend to believe in scientific consensus, recognize risks posed by climate change, and support policy interventions to address climate change; systems thinking was negatively related to conspiracist and free-market ideation. In Studies 2 and 3 we find that systems thinkers ascribe more value to the natural world — both in monetary terms as well as on social and ecological grounds. The findings suggest that models of environmental cognition can be improved by measuring peoples' tendency to engage in systems thinking.
Low Energy Physics from Superstrings

When I originally agreed to accept the kind invitation to lecture at the NATO Summer School in Cargese, my topic was to be the theory of CP violation. The developments of the past year have resulted in growing interest in the theory of superstrings, a subject which is on the one hand extraordinarily exciting in the promise it holds for solutions of many of the outstanding problems of particle physics and on the other hand rather forbidding in the amount of new knowledge which needs to be acquired by the average theorist to understand the papers that are now being published on the recent developments. These considerations have persuaded me “in extremis”, to change the subject of my lectures.
The surveillance of intestinal parasitic infection in shanghai,2002-2009

Objective To understand the current status and trends of the intestinal parasitic infection in Shanghai population from 2002 to 2009,so as to provide scientific evidences for making prevention and control measures.Methods The intestinal parasites surveillance sites in 19 districts /counties of Shanghai were surveyed.Each stool specimens of residents were examined for parasitic infection by Kato-Katz,iodine direct smear,and adding test tube culture in suburb sites.Results All of 8 species parasites were found from 2002 to 2009.The overall infection rate of intestinal parasite was 0.52%(183 /35186),at an annual decline of 8.32 percent.The overall infection rates(0.79%)in 21 312 person from 10 districts /counties in suburb was significantly higher than the result(0.11%) in 13 874 person from 9 center districts(χ 2 =73.89,P 0.001),both infection rates were declined 30.39% and 88.0% from 2005-2009 to 2002-2004(χ 2 =4.68-13.93,P0.05,P0.001),respectively.Female infection rate(0.61%)was significantly higher than that of male(0.41%,χ 2 =6.43,P0.05).The highest infection rate was the age group above 60(0.66%-0.93%),and was in peasants(0.92%).But the infection rate was decreased with the increase in education level(χ 2 =53.36,P0.001).Conclusions The human infection rate of intestinal parasites was below 1% in Shanghai for seven consecutive years,revealing that intestinal parasitic infection are not important risk for people in Shanghai municipality in general.But it needs to enhance the surveillance in suburb,and the key population for the control is the old people,women and peasants.
Mimbres Great Kivas and Plazas During the Three Circle Phase, ca. AD 850–1000†

Most Mimbres villages had a great kiva that opened onto and was accessed through a plaza area during the Three Circle phase. In the few cases where these plazas have been excavated, secondary cremations and related artifact caches were present in some quantity. Use of plazas for interment of cremated individuals continued into the Mimbres Classic period, although great kivas were no longer built and used. The plazas remained in use, still surrounded by buildings which were by then fully surface pueblos.
Dynamics of biomass partitioning, stem gene expression, cell wall biosynthesis, and sucrose accumulation during development of Sorghum bicolor.

Summary Biomass accumulated preferentially in leaves of the sweet sorghum Della until floral initiation, then stems until anthesis, followed by panicles until grain maturity, and apical tillers. Sorghum stem RNA-seq transcriptome profiles and composition data were collected for approximately 100 days of development beginning at floral initiation. The analysis identified >200 differentially expressed genes involved in stem growth, cell wall biology, and sucrose accumulation. Genes encoding expansins and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases were differentially expressed in growing stem internodes. Genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of cellulose, lignin, and glucuronoarabinoxylan were expressed at elevated levels in stems until approximately 7 days before anthesis and then down-regulated. CESA genes involved in primary and secondary cell wall synthesis showed different temporal patterns of expression. Following floral initiation, the level of sucrose and other non-structural carbohydrates increased to approximately 50% of the stem's dry weight. Stem sucrose accumulation was inversely correlated with >100-fold down-regulation of SbVIN1, a gene encoding a vacuolar invertase. Accumulation of stem sucrose was also correlated with cessation of leaf and stem growth at anthesis, decreased expression of genes involved in stem cell wall synthesis, and approximately 10-fold lower expression of SbSUS4, a gene encoding sucrose synthase that generates UDP-glucose from sucrose for cell wall biosynthesis. Genes for mixed linkage glucan synthesis (CSLF) and turnover were expressed at high levels in stems throughout development. Overall, the stem transcription profile resource and the genes and regulatory dynamics identified in this study will be useful for engineering sorghum stem composition for improved conversion to biofuels and bio-products.
Ebstein's malformation: Surgical experience at the Mayo Clinic

At the Mayo Clinic, 13 patients with Ebstein's malformation have undergone surgical repair since 1963. Their ages ranged from 18 months to 51 years (median 13 years). Ten patients were in Functional Class III or IV. Marked cardiomegaly, cyanosis, paradoxic emboli, and dysrhythmias secondary to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome were indications for operation in the remaining 3 patients. A wide range of anatomic variations was encountered. All 5 patients who underwent tricuspid annuloplasty with plication of the atrialized segment of the right ventricle survived operation. Of 5 patients who underwent prosthetic valve replacement, only one survived. Other procedures included atrial septal defect closure alone in one patient, atrial septal defect closure and relief of pulmonary stenosis in one patient, and tricuspid annuloplasty alone in one patient. One patient had concomitant mapping and division of anomalous conduction pathyways. Functional classification improved in 8 of the 10 operative survivors. There were two late sudden deaths; both patients had had preoperative dysrhythmias. The data suggest that results are improved when the atrialized segment of the right ventricle is dealt with during repair of the tricuspid valve. A combined ventricular plication and tricuspid annuloplasty yielded better early and late results than did valve replacement.
Counting and Partition Function Asymptotics for Subordinate Killed Brownian Motion

We consider the subordinate killed Brownian motion process generated by first killing Brownian motion at some boundary point on a smooth bounded domain then subordinating by a Levy time-clock. For classes of subordinators satisfying some growth requirements, we establish asymptotic growth for the eigenvalues associated to these processes. Using an abelian argument we are then able to prove first-term asymptotics for the trace of the heat semigroup, or partition function. For \(\alpha /2\)-stable subordinators we prove second-order term asymptotics of the partition function with constants dependent on volume and surface area of the boundary.
First and Second Levels of Intermedia Agenda Setting: Political Advertising, Newspapers, and Twitter during the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election

In a world of big data, with more information at the audience’s fingertips than ever, gatekeepers such as media and political parties still play a huge role in mediating issues to the general public. Recognizing this issue, this study investigated the first and second levels of intermedia agenda setting between political advertisements, newspapers, and Twitter postings (tweets) about Barack Obama and Mitt Romney during the 2012 U.S. presidential election. A series of computerized content analyses with ARIMA time-series modeling were employed. Our findings will extend agenda-setting theory to the social media environment.
A Tale of Two PMLs: Elements Regulating a Differential Substrate Recognition by the ICP0 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase of Herpes Simplex Virus 1

ABSTRACT Infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is an α gene product required for viral replication at low multiplicities of infection. Upon entry, nuclear domain 10 (ND10) converges at the incoming DNA and represses viral gene expression. ICP0 contains a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrades the ND10 organizer PML and disperses ND10 to alleviate the repression. In the present study, we focused on understanding the regulation of ICP0 E3 ligase activity in the degradation of different ICP0 substrates. We report the following. (i) A SUMO interaction motif located at ICP0 residues 362 to 364 is required for the degradation of PML isoforms II, IV, and VI but not isoform I. This differentiation mechanism exists in both HEp-2 and U2OS cells, regardless of the cell9s permissiveness to the ICP0-null virus. (ii) Physical interaction between SIM 362–364 and PML II is necessary but not sufficient for PML II degradation. Both proximal sequences surrounding SIM 362–364 and distal sequences located at the ICP0 C terminus enhance the degradation of PML II. (iii) The ICP0 C terminus is dispensable for PML I degradation. Instead, bipartite PML I binding domains located in the N-terminal half of ICP0 coordinate to promote the degradation of PML I. (iv) The stability of ICP0, but not its ND10 fusion ability, affects the rate of PML I degradation. Taken together, our results show that ICP0 uses at least two regulatory mechanisms to differentiate its substrates. The disparate recognition of the ICP0 E3 substrates may be related to the different roles these substrates may play in HSV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE Viruses have a limited genetic coding capacity but must encounter a multilayered comprehensive host defense. To establish a successful infection, viruses usually produce multifunctional proteins to coordinate the counteractions. Here we report that an HSV-1 protein, ICP0, can recognize individual host factors and target them differently for destruction. We identified elements that are important for the ICP0 E3 ubiquitin ligase to differentially recognize two of its substrates, PML I and PML II. This is the first study that has systematically investigated how ICP0 discriminates two similar molecules by very different mechanisms. This work lays the foundation for understanding the role of host defensive factors and the mechanisms viruses use to take advantage of some host proteins while destroying others.
Mode of Information Delivery Does Not Effect Anesthesia Trainee Performance During Simulated Perioperative Pediatric Critical Events: A Trial of Paper Versus Electronic Cognitive Aids.

INTRODUCTION Cognitive aids (CAs), including emergency manuals and checklists, have been recommended as a means to address the failure of healthcare providers to adhere to evidence-based standards of treatment during crisis situations. Unfortunately, users of CAs still commit errors, omit critical steps, fail to achieve perfect adherence to guidelines, and frequently choose to not use CA during both simulated and real crisis events. We sought to evaluate whether the mode in which a CA presents information (ie, paper vs. electronic) affects clinician performance during simulated critical events. METHODS In a prospective, randomized, controlled trial, anesthesia trainees managed simulated events under 1 of the following 3 conditions: (1) from memory alone (control), (2) with a paper CA, or (3) with an electronic version of the same CA. Management of the events was assessed using scenario-specific checklists. Mixed-effect regression models were used for analysis of overall checklist score and for elapsed time. RESULTS One hundred thirty-nine simulated events were observed and rated. Approximately, 1 of 3 trainees assigned to use a CA (electronic 29%, paper 36%) chose not to use it during the scenario. Compared with the control group (52%), the overall score was 6% higher in the paper CA group and 8% higher (95% confidence interval, 0.914.5; P = 0.03) in the electronic CA group. The difference between paper and electronic CA was not significant. There was a wide range in time to first use of the CA, but the time to task completion was not affected by CA use, nor did the time to CA use impact CA effectiveness as measured by performance. CONCLUSIONS The format (paper or electronic) of the CA did not affect the impact of the CA on clinician performance in this study. Clinician compliance with the use of the CA was unaffected by format, suggesting that other factors may determine whether clinicians choose to use a CA or not. Time to use of the CA did not affect clinical performance, suggesting that it may not be when CAs are used but how they are used that determines their impact. The current study highlights the importance of not just familiarizing clinicians with the content of CA but also training clinicians in when and how to use an emergency CA.
Loyalty to the Leadership: Validating Congressional Party Voting Scores with Party Leadership Records

Measures of party unity are commonplace in the study of legislative voting, particularly in assessments of party influence. Although scholars have employed a range of measures in studying party loyalty and reward in the U.S. House, all are proxies for the scores that House party leaders construct for their own processes, and these scores have never been examined in empirical scholarship. Drawing on archived leadership records, I construct leader loyalty scores for House Democrats in the 1970s and 1980s based on leadership-selected key votes in each session. I show that the content of the leader lists is very sensitive to political context as the leadership responds to short-term challenges, but in the aggregate, leader loyalty scores are closely related over time to other indicators. And, as predictors of party rewards—in the form of committee posts and legislative success—the leaders’ scores generally perform similarly to the usual proxies, although the leadership's measure provides clearer evidence of reward, particularly in comparison to conventional party unity scores.
Long-Term Planning with Battery-Based Energy Storage Transportation in Power System

This paper presents integrating the Battery-based Energy Storage Transportation (BEST) into optimization of generation and transmission planning in electric power system. BEST is the transportation of modular battery-based energy storage (BES) with gird-connection capabilities on train cars via existing railroad tracks to grid locations. BEST not only provides energy storage, but also transport the energy from source to load center. This makes BEST a better way to substitute generation and transmission planning within its ability. The objective function of this problem is minimizing the total system planning cost which consisted with the investment cost of candidate generation units, transmission lines and BES, operation cost of all running generation units and BES, and penalty of loss of load. A 6-bus system with 3 stations which can charging/discharging with grid is used in the numerical simulations, and the results shows the flexibility and optimization of BES compared to generation and transmission planning only. Renewable energy sources (RES) as one kind of candidate units will be added to the problem.
Personal Prefigurative Politics: Cooking Up an Ideal Society in the Woman’s Temperance and Woman’s Suffrage Movements, 1870–1920

ABSTRACTThe literature on prefigurative politics currently suffers from an organizational bias. To reduce this bias, I demonstrate how the personal sphere can be prefigurative. An analysis of woman’s temperance and woman’s suffrage newspaper articles about cooking reveals that these activists advocated cooking in ways that would prefigure their visions of social change within individual families. Therefore, this article broadens the concept of prefigurative politics beyond organizations, expanding it to the home. I demonstrate that the home is a site of social movement action, where women in particular may campaign for social change.
Utilizing alternate target deposition to increase the magnetoelectric effect at room temperature in a single phase M-type hexaferrite

The Magnetoelectric (ME) effect has been observed in single phase hexaferrite bulk and thin films of SrCo2Ti2Fe8O19. In this paper we demonstrate that the ME linear coupling depends strongly on the Co ion concentration relative to the Ti ion concentration exhibiting extremum points at a concentration consistent with above formula. The Alternating Target Laser Ablation Deposition technique was utilized to deposit ME hexaferrite films for the first time. This allows for the deposition of transition metal ions at specific sites in the basic unit cell of the hexaferrite.
Novelty and Ownership: Intellectual Property in Architecture and Design

Throughout history, architects have prided themselves on their problem-solving skills and their ability to overcome obstacles. They have found new ways to use materials to conquer seemingly inheren...
Three-dimensional object visualization and detection in low light illumination using integral imaging

Conventional two-dimensional (2D) imaging systems that operate in the visible spectrum may perform poorly in environments under low light illumination. In this work, we present the potential of passive three-dimensional (3D) integral imaging (II) to perform 3D imaging of a scene under low light conditions in the visible spectrum and without the need for a photon counting or cooled CCD camera. Using dedicated algorithms, we demonstrate that the reconstructed 3D integral image is naturally optimum in a maximum likelihood sense in low light levels and in the presence of detector noise enabling object visualization in the scene. The conventional 2D imaging fails due to the limited number of photons. Using 3D imaging, we demonstrate the potential for 3D detection of objects behind occlusion in a photon-starved scene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of experimentally using II sensing under low illumination conditions for 3D visualization and 3D object detection in the presence of obscurations with a conventional image sensor.
Ideal (i) CPR: Looking beyond shadows in a cave.

Abstract Survival rates after cardiac arrest have shown minimal improvement in the last 60 years. However, in some forward-thinking cities and hospitals, out-of and in-hospital cardiac arrest survival rates exceed 20% and 40% respectively. These beacons of hope can enlighten us, providing a clearer vision of what it takes to provide Ideal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. To make progress in a field that has seemingly stagnated for too many decades, we must be open to new ideas and develop bundles of care that work in communities with varying EMS systems and various existing infrastructure to bring the best practices to the rest of the country.
Symptom Burden and Self-Advocacy: Exploring the Relationship Among Female Cancer Survivors

Background Although patient self-advocacy is a critical component of patient-centered care, the association between symptom burden and self- advocacy has received little attention. . Objectives This analysis evaluates the degree to which self-advocacy is associated with symptom burden among women with a history of cancer. . Methods Participants completed online or paper questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares regression models were used to analyze the association between the three dimensions of self-advocacy and two dimensions of symptom burden. Findings Participants reported moderate levels of symptom burden. Fatigue, disturbed sleep, and memory problems were most common. Informed decision making was positively associated with symptom burden and participants' burden across the three most severe symptoms. Effective communication was negatively associated with total symptom burden and the degree to which symptoms interfered with daily life.
Macular ERG’s Elicited by Checkerboard Pattern Stimuli

Bar-pattern electroretinography was first investigated in detail by Johnson, Riggs & Schick. (1966) More recently, Lawwill (1973, 1974) has used this technique clinically in a large series of patients with various forms of macular dysfunction. This paper reports some of our recent work with checkerboard-pattern electroretinography of the macular region.
Special Applications of Air Pollution Models

This chapter presents some discussion of special applications of air pollution models: complex (rough) terrain problems coastal diffusion diffusion around buildings gravitational settling heavy gas dispersion cooling tower plumes source emission modeling of accidental spills indoor air pollution regulatory modeling