cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in and correlates of sensation seeking in male and female athletes and nonathletes

Abstract This study investigated the differences in sensation seeking between male and female varsity and nonvarsity athletes, using the Sensation Seeking Scale VI (SSS, form VI) developed by Zuckerman (1984; Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 6(2), 101–114). This revised form separates reports of past experiences from desired or intended future experiences on both Disinhibition (DIS) and Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS) factors. This study used volunteers (N=159) from a small, midwestern liberal arts college. Males scored higher than females, regardless of athletic participation, and athletes scored higher than nonathletes, regardless of gender. There were no interactive effects between gender and athletic participation. In another aspect of this study, the relationships between a number of variables and the subscores and total scores were investigated. Age was related to sensation seeking on only one of the subtests. Sensation seeking may be a useful predictor for some of the variables investigated.
An overlooked aspect of the baroclinic stability problem

The behavior of small disturbances of a stratified heavy fluid in nonuniform rotation is well known to be a complex subject, even if additional physical complications such as compressibility, non-plane boundaries, and irreversible effects are ignored. But because of its relevance to atmospheric motions, the subject has been studied extensively and a considerable literature exists. All such studies known to the writer have however involved assumptions beyond those of the type mentioned above. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00165.x
Influence of the nude and X-linked immune deficiency genes on expression of kappa and lambda light chains.

The relative amounts of Ig kappa and Ig lambda1 anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl antibodies were measured at various times after immunizing mice with prototype thymus-dependent (TD), thymus-independent type 1 (TI-1) and thymus-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigens. Similar amounts of Ig lambda1 were produced after TD and TI-2 immunization and somewhat less was produced after a TI-1 stimulus. In contrast, Ig kappa levels were much greater after TD than after TI-1 or TI-2 antigen. The amount of light chain isotype produced appeared to depend on the molecular form in which the hapten was presented, although possible adjuvant effects were not ruled out. Levels of Ig kappa and Ig lambda present in nonimmune sera were measured in normal, xid and nude mice. The kappa/lambda ratio was higher in xid than in normal mice and the difference was demonstrated by F1 analysis to be due to an X-linked gene. Conversely, the kappa/lambda ratio was lower in nude than in normal mice. This was true for the CBA/Tufts (Ighj), CBA.Ighb and C57BL/10 strains. However, there were no detectable differences in the relative frequencies of surface Ig kappa- and Ig lambda-bearing B cells in adult CBA/Tufts, CBA/N and nude mice. Hence, serum ratios may reflect differences at the level of B cell triggering. Two possible explanations for these differences are discussed. Ig kappa and Ig lambda may be expressed on functionally distinct B cell subsets. (For instance Ig lambda-producing cells might be readily triggered by T1 antigens whereas Ig kappa-producing cells are more dependent on T cell signals. Such functional subsets could be determined by light chain expression). Alternatively, cells producing Ig kappa antibody are selected for because they have a higher affinity for antigen. If so, triggering of cells producing high affinity Ig kappa or their subsequent selection is T cell-dependent.
Carbonate-hosted methanotrophy represents an unrecognized methane sink in the deep sea

The atmospheric flux of methane from the oceans is largely mitigated through microbially mediated sulphate-coupled methane oxidation, resulting in the precipitation of authigenic carbonates. Deep-sea carbonates are common around active and palaeo-methane seepage, and have primarily been viewed as passive recorders of methane oxidation; their role as active and unique microbial habitats capable of continued methane consumption has not been examined. Here we show that seep-associated carbonates harbour active microbial communities, serving as dynamic methane sinks. Microbial aggregate abundance within the carbonate interior exceeds that of seep sediments, and molecular diversity surveys reveal methanotrophic communities within protolithic nodules and well-lithified carbonate pavements. Aggregations of microbial cells within the carbonate matrix actively oxidize methane as indicated by stable isotope FISH–nanoSIMS experiments and ^(14)CH_4 radiotracer rate measurements. Carbonate-hosted methanotrophy extends the known ecological niche of these important methane consumers and represents a previously unrecognized methane sink that warrants consideration in global methane budgets.
Simple technique using local CMFB to enhance slew rate and bandwidth of one-stage CMOS op-amps

A simple modification to a one-stage op-amp for operation as a class AB amplifier leads to significant slew rate and bandwidth enhancement with essentially equal silicon area and static power dissipation requirements. Experimental results of a prototype in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS verify SR and bandwidth enhancement factors of almost one order of magnitude.
Cost-Effectiveness of Helicopter Versus Ground Emergency Medical Services for Trauma Scene Transport in the United States

Study objective We determine the minimum mortality reduction that helicopter emergency medical services (EMS) should provide relative to ground EMS for the scene transport of trauma victims to offset higher costs, inherent transport risks, and inevitable overtriage of patients with minor injury. Methods We developed a decision-analytic model to compare the costs and outcomes of helicopter versus ground EMS transport to a trauma center from a societal perspective during a patient's lifetime. We determined the mortality reduction needed to make helicopter transport cost less than $100,000 and $50,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained compared with ground EMS. Model inputs were derived from the National Study on the Costs and Outcomes of Trauma, National Trauma Data Bank, Medicare reimbursements, and literature. We assessed robustness with probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Results Helicopter EMS must provide a minimum of a 15% relative risk reduction in mortality (1.3 lives saved/100 patients with the mean characteristics of the National Study on the Costs and Outcomes of Trauma cohort) to cost less than $100,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained and a reduction of at least 30% (3.3 lives saved/100 patients) to cost less than $50,000 per quality-adjusted life-year. Helicopter EMS becomes more cost-effective with significant reductions in patients with minor injury who are triaged to air transport or if long-term disability outcomes are improved. Conclusion Helicopter EMS needs to provide at least a 15% mortality reduction or a measurable improvement in long-term disability to compare favorably with other interventions considered cost-effective. Given current evidence, it is not clear that helicopter EMS achieves this mortality or disability reduction. Reducing overtriage of patients with minor injury to helicopter EMS would improve its cost-effectiveness.
Fast Neutron Damage in Germanium Detectors

The effects of fast neutron radiation damage on the performance of both Ge(Li) and Ge(HP) detectors have been studied during the past decade and will be summarized. A review of the interaction processes leading to the defect structures causing trapping will be made. The neutron energy dependence of observable damage effects will be considered in terms of interaction and defect production cross sections.
Prevention in the twenty-first century: promoting health and well-being in education and psychology

This paper explores the science of prevention, with special attention to prevention research and applications in education and psychology, and the importance of prevention in Asian countries. One example that will be highlighted is the recently adopted Korean government policy on Internet addiction which addresses the problem from prevention to treatment. In addition, the paper provides background by summarizing the history of prevention and definitions of prevention. Research and conceptual papers that have been published in the "Asian Pacific Education Review" serve as examples of important topics to address from a prevention perspective. The topics are school bullying, school achievement, career development, and educator professional development and educational reform. The paper also discusses prevention best practices by summarizing the recently adopted American Psychological Association "Guidelines for Prevention in Psychology", emphasizing that the Guidelines are applicable for professions beyond psychology and they also apply in different parts of the world. Finally, the paper discusses prevention in the future, especially noting that advances in science, technology, and population demographics will increase the importance of prevention in the twenty-first century. Language: en
OBSERVATIONS ON INFEASIBILITY DETECTORS FOR CLASSIFYING CONIC CONVEX PROGRAMS

Abstract New insights are presented from a convex duality classification theory of over 25 years ago for recent computational complexity results developed for recognizing some of the asymptotic duality states that prevail for an arbitrary convex programming pair.
President’s Page: ISCP’s Educational Goals

The need for unbiased education on the proper use of cardiovascular drugs has never been greater. Multiple large-scale trials have provided remarkable evidence for benefit of some drugs in some disease entities, and equally remarkable evidence for apparent lack of benefit of other drugs in other conditions. Physicians have access to all these drugs for their patients and the appropriate and inappropriate applications are becoming more confusing. The problem is not alleviated by growing confrontation between pharmaceutical companies and government regulators. Companies are always seeking ways to place their products in a favorable light, even when data may suggest otherwise, and regulatory restrictions on marketing are blunt tools that do not always result in a helpful message. Furthermore, the growingly Draconian restrictions on educational efforts of those who have received any support from industry have muddied the educational stream. The ISCP appreciates its potential role in this process as the only international organization dedicated to improving worldwide use of cardiovascular drugs. The power of these drugs to alter the course of cardiovascular disease is now well-established. Mobilizing the health-care systems and the public to take advantage of the potential for appropriate use of these drugs is still a work in progress. That the Society can address this educational gap without the bias of industry involvement is a key ingredient to our success. The immediate goals of ISCP are to utilize our new and enhanced website and the forums provided by national cardiovascular meetings to provide up-to-date, unbiased appraisals of optimal prescription of drugs. Enhanced cardiovascular health worldwide should be the target of our efforts.
Resolution of common dietary sugars from probe sugars for test of intestinal permeability using capillary column gas chromatography

Abstract Background The most widely accepted method for the evaluation of intestinal barrier integrity is the measurement of the permeation of sugar probes following an oral test dose of sugars. The most-widely used sugar probes are sucrose, lactulose, mannitol and sucralose. Measuring these sugars using a sensitive gas chromatographic (GC) method, we noticed interference on the area of the lactulose and mannitol peaks. Methods We tested different sugars to detect the possible makeup of these interferences and finally detected that the lactose interferes with lactulose peak and fructose interferes with mannitol peak. On further developing of our method, we were able to reasonably separate these peaks using different columns and condition for our assay. Sample preparation was rapid and simple and included adding internal standard sugars, derivitization and silylation. We used two chromatographic methods. In the first method we used Megabore column and had a run time of 34 min. This resulted in partial separation of the peaks. In the second method we used thin capillary column and was able to reasonably separate the lactose and lactulose peaks and the mannitol and fructose peaks with run time of 22 min. Results The sugar probes including mannitol, sucrose, lactulose, sucralose, fructose and lactose were detected precisely, without interference. The assay was linear between lactulose concentrations of 0.5 and 40 g/L ( r 2 = 1.000, P r 2 = 1.000). The sensitivity of this method remained high using new column and assay condition. The minimum detectable concentration calculated for both methods was 0.5 mg/L for lactulose and 1 mg/L for mannitol. Conclusion This is the first report of interference of commonly used sugars with test of intestinal permeability. These sugars are found in most of fruits and dairy products and could easily interfere with the result of permeability tests. Our new GC assay of urine sugar probes permits the simultaneous quantitation of sucralose, sucrose, mannitol and lactulose, without interference with lactose and fructose. This assay is a rapid, simple, sensitive and reproducible method to accurately measure intestinal permeability.
Worldwide water standards for hemodialysis

Contaminants commonly found in tap water are toxic to hemodialysis patients. To prevent patient injury from these contaminants, standards for the quality of water used to prepare dialysate have been developed. These standards are in general agreement concerning maximum allowable levels of inorganic chemical contaminants known to have adverse consequences for dialysis patients. There is less agreement about inorganic chemical contaminants that may be toxic, and most standards omit any requirements for organic chemical contaminants. There are considerable differences between standards regarding the maximum allowable levels of microbiological contaminants, as well as the methods to be used for measuring them. Harmonization of existing standards may improve patient protection by promoting demonstrated best practices. Harmonization will require innovation and compromise to produce a standard that is widely applicable, provides patients with the necessary safeguards, and whose requirements can be routinely achieved within the constraints imposed by local reimbursement practices.
INTERACTION OF SAPPHYRIN WITH PHOSPHORYLATED SPECIES OF BIOLOGICAL INTEREST

A model for the interaction of the water-soluble sapphyrin derivative 1 with a variety of nucleic acid species is presented. Three modes of interaction are described: The first mode, seen with all...
The collaboration grid: trends for next-generation distributed collaborative environments

Distributed collaboration will be a pervasive technology that will significantly change how decisions are made in the 21st century. Advanced collaborative technologies are evolving rapidly with changes in the underlying computer and information technology. Collaboration is typically defined as two or more geographically dispersed entities working together to share and exchange data, information, knowledge, and actions. This paper will address how evolving technologies and new trends such as web services and grid computing will impact distributed collaborative environments. A new conceptual environment called the Collaboration Grid based on these new standards is evolving. The marriage of advanced information, collaboration, and simulation technologies will provide the decision maker with a new generation of collaborative virtual environments for planning and decision support.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Reacquisition of Credit Following Chapter 7 Personal Bankruptcy

Federal law allows credit bureaus to report past bankruptcies up to ten years, so the financial implication of filing includes a ten-year influence on new credit. I document this influence with a large panel database of credit files which tracks many Chapter 7 filers past the moment when the filing disappears from potential creditors' view, providing a tightly controlled test of the filing's impact on credit access. The principal finding is that the bankruptcy flag has a big effect on the access of the more creditworthy past filers; when they lose their bankruptcy flags, their credit scores jump substantially and they open new credit relationships, high-limit bank cards in particular, quickly. Subsequently, the score-increases mostly reverse and delinquency is abnormally high.
Dielectric sphere mounted diel-core plural hybrid mode pyramidal horn

A dielectric sphere mounted diel-core multiflare pyramidal horn supporting plural hybrid modes is superior to the diel-core rectangular horn suggested by E.L. Lier (1990) in terms of lower sidelobe levels. The multimode operation and the diel-core technique will contribute to the low sidelobe and cross-polarization levels at higher directivity, and the technique of sphere mounting will further improve the horn performance with lower sidelobe and cross-polarization and further increased gain. The cross-polarization is reduced by approximately 3 dB due to dielectric sphere mounting. Also, there is a gain enhancement up to 3 dB by sphere mounting. >
Discordant mitochondrial and nuclear gene phylogenies in emydid turtles: implications for speciation and conservation

Do phylogenies and branch lengths based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) provide a reasonable approximation to those based on multiple nuclear loci? In the present study, we show widespread discordance between phylogenies based on mtDNA (two genes) and nuclear DNA (nucDNA; six loci) in a phylogenetic analysis of the turtle family Emydidae. We also find an unusual type of discordance involving the unexpected homogeneity of mtDNA sequences across species within genera. Of the 36 clades in the combined nucDNA phylogeny, 24 are contradicted by the mtDNA phylogeny, and six are strongly contested by each data set. Two genera (Graptemys, Pseudemys) show remarkably low mtDNA divergence among species, whereas the combined nuclear data show deep divergences and (for Pseudemys) strongly supported clades. These latter results suggest that the mitochondrial data alone are highly misleading about the rate of speciation in these genera and also about the species status of endangered Graptemys and Pseudemys species. In addition, despite a strongly supported phylogeny from the combined nuclear genes, we find extensive discordance between this tree and individual nuclear gene trees. Overall, the results obtained illustrate the potential dangers of making inferences about phylogeny, speciation, divergence times, and conservation from mtDNA data alone (or even from single nuclear genes), and suggest the benefits of using large numbers of unlinked nuclear loci. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99, 445‐461.
On the vector decomposition problem for m-torsion points on an elliptic curve

The paper presents the vector decomposition problem (VDP) for m-torsion points on an elliptic curve. We prove that any elliptic curve for which the sufficient conditions hold is bound to be supersingular.
Cell wall alterations in the arabidopsis emb30 mutant

The Arabidopsis EMB30 gene is essential for controlling the polarity of cell growth and for normal cell adhesion during seedling development. In this article, we show that emb30 mutations also affect the growth of undifferentiated plant cells and adult tissues. EMB30 possesses a Sec7 domain and, based on similarities to other proteins, presumably functions in the secretory pathway. The plant cell wall depends on the secretory pathway to deliver its complex polysaccharides. We show that emb30 mutants have a cell wall defect that sometimes allows material to be deposited into the interstitial space between cells instead of being restricted to cell corners. In addition, pectin, a complex polysaccharide important for cell adhesion, appears to be abnormally localized in emb30 plants. In contrast, localization of epitopes associated with xyloglucan or arabinogalactan was similar in wild-type and emb30 tissues, and the localization of a marker molecule to vacuoles appeared normal. Therefore, emb30 mutations do not cause a general defect in the secretory pathway. Together, these results suggest that emb30 mutations result in an abnormal cell wall, which in turn may account for the defects in cell adhesion and polar cell growth control observed in the mutants.
Nonlinear classifier combination for a maritime target recognition task

This research proposes a nonlinear combination of an ensemble of classifiers to improve pattern recognition performance. A maritime target recognition application is considered. A database of radar range profiles with six ship classes from various aspect angles were created. Five structurally based features are defined on the simulated range profiles. Three kinds of classifiers are used: neural network, Bayes, and nearest neighbor. The proposed nonlinear combination scheme utilizes a neural network combiner. The performance of this combiner is compared to individual classifiers as well as two other combination approaches.
Modeling of Roller Cone Bit Lift-Off Dynamics in Rotary Drilling

Rotary drilling with roller cone bit is often accompanied by wide fluctuations of the weight on bit (WOB). In certain cases, the WOB periodically reduces to null. It has been postulated that in these cases the drill bit lifts off from the formation surface. The present study models the interaction among the lift-off of the drill bit, the WOB variation, and the modulation of the amplitude of the lobes on the formation surface. The analytical model is used to obtain numerical results for a specific drillstring. From these results it is inferred that the rotary speeds corresponding to the axial resonant frequencies of the system, determined from the functions of the driving point mobility and impedance at the drill bit, are critical regarding the wide fluctuations of the WOB; they may be associated with the sustenance of the lobes with large amplitude.
Elevated Egg Holding-Room Temperature of 74°F (23°C) Does Not Depress Hatchability or Chick Quality

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted to determine the effect of holding broiler hatching eggs on the farm at 74°F (23°C) for 1 to 4 d prior to transport to the hatchery. After collection on each of 4 consecutive d, hatching eggs were distributed into two groups that were held at 66 or 74°F (19 to 23°C) and approximately 70% RH. On Day 5, all eggs were transported 10 miles to simulate transportation from the farm to the hatchery. Eggs were then placed into the hatchery egg cooler at 66°F (19°C), held overnight, and set the following morning after being allowed to warm at room temperature for 4 h. After 21 d of incubation, normal hatched chicks were counted, abnormal chicks were noted, and the hatch residue was opened and recorded. Additional eggs for each temperature group were set and opened after 48 h of incubation to determine if embryo somite count (an indication of embryonic development rate) was influenced by the egg holding temperatures. Somite counts after 48 h of incubation were the same for both temperature groups at 20.6 somites. Hatchability of fertile eggs differed between temperature groups by less than 0.1% [90.1% at 66°F (19°C) and 90.2% at 74°F (23°C)]. Elevating the farm holding-room temperature by 8°F (4°C) for broiler breeder eggs would conserve energy on the farm and reduce the potential for egg sweating during transport to the hatchery.
Centrin 2 Localizes to the Vertebrate Nuclear Pore and Plays a Role in mRNA and Protein Export

Centrins in vertebrates have traditionally been associated with microtubule-nucleating centers such as the centrosome. Unexpectedly, we found centrin 2 to associate biochemically with nucleoporins, including the Xenopus laevis Nup107-160 complex, a critical subunit of the vertebrate nuclear pore in interphase and of the kinetochores and spindle poles in mitosis. Immunofluorescence of Xenopus cells and in vitro reconstituted nuclei indeed revealed centrin 2 localized at the nuclear pores. Use of the mild detergent digitonin in immunofluorescence also allowed centrin 2 to be clearly visualized at the nuclear pores of human cells. Disruption of nuclear pores using RNA interference of the pore assembly protein ELYS/MEL-28 resulted in a specific decrease of centrin 2 at the nuclear rim of HeLa cells. Functionally, excess expression of either the Nor C-terminal calcium-binding domains of human centrin 2 caused a dominant-negative effect on both mRNA and protein export, leaving protein import intact. The mRNA effect mirrors that found for the Saccharomyes cerevisiae centrin Cdc31p at the yeast nuclear pore, a role until now thought to be unique to yeast. We conclude that in vertebrates, centrin 2 interacts with major subunits of the nuclear pore, exhibits nuclear pore localization, and plays a functional role in multiple nuclear export pathways.
Message logging: pessimistic, optimistic, and causal

Message logging protocols are an integral part of a technique for implementing processes that can recover from crash failures. All message logging protocols require that, when recovery is complete, there be no orphan processes, which are surviving processes whose states are inconsistent with the recovered state of a crashed process. We give a precise specification of the consistency property "no orphan processes". From this specification, we describe how different existing classes of message logging protocols (namely optimistic, pessimistic, and a class that we call causal) implement this property. We then propose a set of metrics to evaluate the performance of message logging protocols, and characterize the protocols that are optimal with respect to these metrics. Finally, starting from a protocol that relies on causal delivery order, we show how to derive optimal causal protocols that tolerate f overlapping failures and recoveries for a parameter f:1/spl les/f/spl les/n.
Lipolysis Needed for Chylomicron Uptake

Despite clinical evidence that postprandial lipemia and chylomicrons could contribute to atherosclerosis, direct evidence is lacking. The study by Weinstein et al 1 provides evidence to suggest that intact chylomicrons might be atherogenic by using genetically altered mice lacking Gpihbp1 protein, which may play a major role in the lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. However, the study does not rule out a contribution by remnants or limited lipolysis by other potential enzymes or pathways. It might be intriguing to determine the contribution of cholesterol derivatives in the chylomicrons to the lesions and the nature of the lesions.
“Life Is Not Fair”: Governors' Job Performance Ratings and State Economies:

Presidential popularity has been shown to respond to economic trends. This article uses survey data from California and seven other states, 196797, to test whether goverors are likewise vulnerable to trends in state economies. Multiple regression is used to test the impact of the state's unemployment and rate of per capita income growth on disapproval of the governor's job performance. Even with controls for national economic trends and other factors affecting the goveror's popularity (taxation, tenure in office, party control of the legislature, state income growth), state unemployment has a significant negative impact that has increased over time. The impact is not symmetric; lower unemployment does not lead to more positive ratings. Governors must therefore devise policies and rhetoric to counterbalance their lack of influence over state unemployment. Studies of trends in presidential popularity over time have found considerable evidence of linkage between the economy and the public's assessment of the president (Mueller 1973; Monroe 1984; Markus 988; Erikson 1989; Edward 1991). As Brody (1991: 91) states, "Because the president is the nation's chief policymaker, it would be reasonable and just if the state of the economy figured prominently in the public's evaluation of presidential job performance; indeed, it would be perverse and puzzling if it did not." As Brody's comprehensive review of this literature shows, duration ofunemployment, inflation, elite policy views, the party of the president, and media coverage all mediate the impact of economic downturns on presidential popularity Few would
Limited-Memory Techniques for Sensor Placement in Water Distribution Networks

The practical utility of optimization technologies is often impacted by factors that reflect how these tools are used in practice, including whether various real-world constraints can be adequately modeled, the sophistication of the analysts applying the optimizer, and related environmental factors (e.g. whether a company is willing to trust predictions from computational models). Other features are less appreciated, but of equal importance in terms of dictating the successful use of optimization. These include the scale of problem instances, which in practice drives the development of approximate solution techniques, and constraints imposed by the target computing platforms. End-users often lack state-of-the-art computers, and thus runtime and memory limitations are often a significant, limiting factor in algorithm design. When coupled with large problem scale, the result is a significant technological challenge. We describe our experience developing and deploying both exact and heuristic algorithms for placing sensors in water distribution networks to mitigate against damage due intentional or accidental introduction of contaminants. The target computing platforms for this application have motivated limited-memory techniques that can optimize large-scale sensor placement problems.
Epidemoilogical Studies on cancer and organic compounds in U.S. drinking waters

Two national surveys of U. S. drinking waters have been conducted to determine the presence and concentration levels of organic compounds, particularly trihalomethanes. Most drinking water supplies from surface water sources have been shown to contain numerous organic compounds at very low levels. Chloroform is present in virtually all drinking water supplies that are treated with chlorine as a disinfectant. The health effects of organic compounds have been investigated by animal and epidemiological studies. Numerous epidemiological studies have been conducted on various geographic sections of the United States. Fourteen epidemiological studies that were hypothesis generating studies were conducted to determine if there is a positive association between drinking water and increased cancer mortality. These studies may indicate which organ(s) might potentially be the affected organ(s). Further epidemiological studies that tested various hypotheses were conducted. A summary of these studies is presented, which indicates that there is potentially an increased risk of bladder, colon, and rectum cancer from drinking waters containing trihalomethanes.
Practice management issues for radiology residents: focus on self-referral.

As residents, we are most concerned with learning interpretive skills, as well as becoming compassionate, competent physicians. Given the stress of passing all of our discipline’s board examinations, only minimal time is devoted to the practical aspects of the business of radiology. To be more equipped to begin and succeed in our careers, as well as to plan for and participate in the future of our specialty, we believe that there should be more of a focus on economic, business, ethical, and legal issues affecting radiology in our 4 years of training. Many training programs provide didactic series on noninterpretive skills. In addition, the ACR and the Association of Program Directors in Radiology created and distributed to all training programs a set of videotaped lectures to supplement residents’ learning in such areas as practice management, ethics, and communication skills. Although additional good information is scattered throughout the radiology literature, residents may not have the time or inclination to explore it. Yet creating highly informed radiology residents is vital to maintaining the future economic and political fortitude of our specialty, which should be everyone’s priority. In this column, we discuss the phenomenon of self-referral, which is one of the many socioeconomic topics that should concern residents during their training and that require the attention of educated radiologists now and in the future. By highlighting self-referral, we hope that we will spark interest on the part of residents and provide a nidus for future learning.
3D coronary MR angiography in multiple breath‐holds using a respiratory feedback monitor

To reduce respiratory blur and ghosts in 3D coronary imaging, a data acquisition scheme using consistent multiple breath-holds was implemented. A navigator echo was acquired and processed in real time to dynamically measure diaphragm position. This information was provided as a visual prompt to the patient to maintain consistency in breath-hold levels such that the variation range of diastolic heart position was less than 2 mm. Preliminary results indicate that this multiple breath-hold acquisition scheme, compared with acquisition under respiration, can significantly reduce blur and ghost artifacts in 3D coronary imaging.
Hyperglycemia After Infant Cardiac Surgery Does Not Adversely Impact Neurodevelopmental Outcome

Background Hyperglycemia has been associated with worse outcome after traumatic brain injury and cardiac surgery in adults. It is not known whether postoperative hyperglycemia results in worse neurodevelopmental outcome after infant cardiac surgery. Methods Secondary analysis of postoperative glucose levels was performed in infants younger than 6 months of age enrolled in a prospective study of genetic polymorphisms and neurodevelopmental outcomes who were undergoing repair of two-ventricle cardiac defects. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year of age were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II, yielding two indices: Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index. Results Surgical repair was performed in 247 infants with 1 in-hospital and 3 late deaths. Neurodevelopmental evaluation was performed in 188 of 243 (77%) survivors. Glucose levels at cardiac intensive care unit admission and during the first 48 postoperative hours were available for 180 of 188 patients. Mean admission glucose was 328 ± 106 mg/dL; maximum glucose was 340 ± 109 mg/dL. At least one glucose was greater than 200 mg/dL in 160 of 180 patients, and 49 of 180 patients (27%) had a glucose greater than 400 mg/dL. Only 1 patient had a glucose less than 50 mg/dL. Female sex ( p = 0.02), but no other patient or operative variable, was associated with higher glucose levels. Mean Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index were 90.6 ± 14.9 and 81.6 ± 17.2, respectively. Hyperglycemia was not associated with lower Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index scores for the entire cohort or for neonates alone. Conclusions Hyperglycemia is common early after infant cardiac surgery, but is not associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year of age.
Single-layer global routing

We introduce the single-layer global routing problem (SLGRP), also called homotopic routing or rubber-band-equivalent routing, and propose a technique for solving it. Given a set of nets, the proposed technique first determines the routing sequence based on the estimated congestion, the bounding-box length and priority. Then, it finds a routing path, being a sequence of tiles, for each net (one net at a time), avoiding "congested" areas. The overall goal of the algorithm is to maximize the number of routed nets. The proposed global router is the first true single-layer global router ever reported in the literature. The size of tiles, w/spl times/w, is an input parameter in our algorithm. For w=1, the proposed global router serves as an effective detailed router. An optimal postprocessing algorithm, minimizing wire length and number of bends, under homotopic transformation, is presented. The technique has been implemented and tried out for randomly generated data. The algorithm is very efficient and produces good results. >
The Beginning of Self-Reflection

Public administration scholars face increasingly diverse demands for their output, from calls for social embeddedness to interest in sustainable policy solutions. The intellectual networks that produce scholarly publications are largely legacy systems that have not been updated to meet current demands and thus are overdue for some self-reflection. A framework for intellectual network analysis from the philosopher Michael Polanyi is presented as a platform to encourage discussion of issues related to scholarly intellectual networks. Polanyi's framework describes certain characteristics and necessary features of sustainable intellectual networks, but it also contains an inherent conflict that is analyzed from an agency perspective. An alternative approach is discussed as a possible remedy for the conflict. Areas for further research and theory on intellectual networks are suggested.
Free-running and Phase-setting of Locomotor Behavior of the Adult Lesser Cornstalk Borer ,

Virgin female and unmated male lesser cornstalk borers, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), were monitored under periodic and aperiodic light conditions. Under constant darkness locomotor activity of both sexes was expressed in a circadian nature with a period of ca. 22 hours. The daily activity peak advanced with almost perfect mathematical precision (r2 = .99 females and r2 =.97 males). Variations in the lights-on lights-off stimuli indicated nocturnal activity of adults females was cued by the beginning of darkness on a daily basis.
Aestivation (Summer Diapause) in Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). II. Morphological and Histological Studies of the Alimentary Canal

The alimentary canal of the adult alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), was studied over a 12-month period. Structures that make up the stomodaeum, ventriculus, and proctodaeum are similar to those of other Curculionidae. The proventriculus consists of 8 sclerotized plates; the ventriculus is anteriorally bulbous, with a tubular posterior half; and the proctodaeum has a cryptonephridial attachment for the 6 Malphighian tubes anterior to the rectum. During aestivation a reduction is noticeable in total gut dimensions and in the cytoplasm of all epithelia and musculature, reflecting a decline of ingestion during adult diapause.
Separation of two mutually antagonistic chromatophorotropins from the tritocerebral commissure of Crago.

SummaryThe tritocerebral commissure of the shrimp, Crago, has been chemically fractionated to separate 2 mutually antagonistic chromatophorotropins influencing body-coloration, a general darkening one (CDH) and a body-lightening one (CBLH).
Optimizing i.v. workflow

I.V. room workflow systems employ various technologies to verify drugs and doses during sterile compounding. These systems may differ in concept and detail, but all incorporate workflow queues to organize and prioritize doses and compounding instructions in order to standardize preparation. Until
Consolute Critical Phenomena in Dilute Silica Gel

The effect of even dilute silica networks on the critical phenomena of binary liquid mixtures is profound. The network preferentially adsorbs one component, preventing a portion of the mixture from participating in critical fluctuations. Fluctuations in the remaining mixture are found to decay with a non-exponential correlation function near the consolute point. A correlation function consisting of the sum of an exponential decay and a non-exponential term of either an activated or stretched exponential form fits the data well. In the presence of the silica network, the mixtures are observed to phase separate near the critical temperature of the pure system, but while still in the one-phase region of the pure system.
Growth and Characterization of Polycrystalline Diamond Thin Films on Porous Silicon by Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition

Hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) was utilized to grow high quality diamond film on porous silicon (PS) substrates to a thickness of 5–6 µm. Boron-doped silicon substrates of orientation and resistivity of 5–15 ohm-cm were anodized by the electrochemical process to form PS. A slurry of diamond paste (1/4 micron average grain size) was rubbed on the samples for a few seconds before introduction into the chamber. Diamond film growth on the PS has the advantages of shorter incubation time and higher nucleation density as evident from scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of X-ray diffraction confirm the growth of predominatly (111) oriented high quality diamond film. Electrical properties were also studied by sputtering circular gold contacts on top of diamond film and measuring current-voltage (I-V) characteristics.
Scanning laser ultrasound and wavenumber spectroscopy for in-process inspection of additively manufactured parts

We present a new in-process laser ultrasound inspection technique for additive manufacturing. Ultrasonic energy was introduced to the part by attaching an ultrasonic transducer to the printer build-plate and driving it with a single-tone, harmonic excitation. The full-field response of the part was measured using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer after each printer layer. For each scan, we analyzed both the local amplitudes and wavenumbers of the response in order to identify defects. For this study, we focused on the detection of delamination between layers in a fused deposition modeling process. Foreign object damage, localized heating damage, and the resulting delamination between layers were detected in using the technique as indicated by increased amplitude and wavenumber responses within the damaged area.
Testosterone therapy, association with age, initiation and mode of therapy with cardiovascular events: a systematic review

SummaryBackground Although male hypogonadism is associated with increased cardiovascular events (CVE), recent concerns are that testosterone supplementation may increase CVE. The purpose was to determine associations with age, initiation or mode of therapy to explain these discrepancies. Data synthesis Meta-analyses were supplemented through Scopus and PubMed with search terms ‘testosterone’, ‘random’ and ‘trial’. CVE, defined before data extraction, were death, myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary bypass, syncope, arrhythmia, hospital admission for congestive heart failure or cerebrovascular event. Results There were 45 trials with 5328 subjects evaluated, with a mean age of 63·3 (SD ±7·9) years, followed for mean study duration of 10·6 (± 8·6) months. Overall, testosterone supplementation was not associated with increased CVE risk ratio (rr = 1·10 (95% CI 0·86; 1·41, P = 0·45)). However, there was an increase event rate during the first 12 months (rr = 1·79 (1·13;2·83, P = 0·012)), predominantly in those ≥65 years, (rr = 2·90 (1·35;6·21, P = 0·006)). Within studies with lipid data, CVE were associated with fall in HDL, P = 0·002. Intramuscular testosterone appeared neutral for CVE (rr = 0·96 (0·462;1·98, P = 0·91)) compared with oral testosterone (rr = 2·28 (95% CI 2·28;8·59, P = 0·22)) and transdermal testosterone (rr = 2·80 (1·38;5·68, P = 0·004)). Intramuscular testosterone had the least effect of lowering HDL and non-HDL cholesterol (both P < 0·001). Conclusions Testosterone supplementation may be associated with increased CVE in those ≥65 years especially during the first year. Biological actions may differ depending upon mode of testosterone administration with intramuscular testosterone having less cardiovascular risk.
Patterns of infection in the solid-organ transplant recipient.

Infection continues to be a major complication after transplantation. This article addresses common postoperative infections and how a complete preoperative and postoperative assessment of infections can affect the patient’s morbidity and mortality. Prevention and treatment regimens for common infections that affect the immunosuppressed patient population also are discussed.
Exploring the effectiveness of agent organizations

Organization is an important mechanism for improving performance in complex multiagent systems. Yet, little consideration has been given to the performance gain that organization can provide across a broad range of conditions. Intuitively, when agents are mostly idle, organization offers little benefit. In such settings, almost any organization--appropriate, inappropriate, or absent--leads to agents accomplishing the needed work. Conversely, when every agent is severely overloaded, no choice of agent activities achieves system objectives. Only as the overall workload approaches the limit of agents' capabilities is effective organization crucial to success. We explored this organizational "sweet spot" intuition by examining the effectiveness of two previously published implementations of organized software agents when they are operated under a wide range of conditions: (1) call-center agents extinguishing RoboCup Rescue fires and (2) agents learning network task-distribution policies that optimize service time. In both cases, organizational effect diminished significantly outside the sweet spot. Detailed measures taken of coordination and cooperation amounts, lost work opportunities, and exceeded span-of-control limits account for this behavior. Such measures can be used to assess the potential benefit of organization in a specific setting and whether the organization design must be a highly effective one.