cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responding to Tax Strategy Patents

Recently, patents for tax strategies have drawn attention from Congress, tax policymakers, the press and tax practitioners. The phenomenon of tax strategy patents worries many tax practitioners as a matter of both policy and practice. This article reviews four categories of concerns - patent policy, the nature of our tax system, tax policy, and the impact on the tax profession. It then considers four possible kinds of responses - prohibiting patents on tax strategies, granting immunity for infringements of tax strategy patents, reforming the patent process, and relying on changes to the tax law - such concerns suggest. In the course of this review, it compares proposals regarding tax strategy patents to the current prohibition on patents for atomic energy and nuclear energy and to the special immunity afforded physicians for infringement of medical procedure patents. It also considers whether granting tax strategy patents special treatment would raises questions under TRIPs. Finally, it discusses the trade-off that tax practitioners will face in seeking legislative or administrative action regarding tax strategy patents. To gain any kind of special treatment for tax strategy patents under the patent system, it concludes, tax professionals will have to show Congress how tax practice differs from other endeavors and why special treatment would not violate obligations under TRIPs.
Experimental determination of the dissolved oxygen boundary layer and mass transfer resistance near the fluid-biofilm interface

The thickness of the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration boundary layer and the external mass transfer in a biofilm system were investigated using a microelectrode technique. Theoretical analysis was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of the technique and to interpret the experimental measurements. The measured thicknesses of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration boundary layers under different conditions demonstrated directly the effect of several factors on external mass transfer resistance. The experimental results indicated that (a) increasing substrate loading rate, (b) increasing fluid streamwise velocity and (c) increasing the roughness of the biofilm surface would decrease the external mass transfer resistance. The measured thickness of the DO concentration boundary layer was not in full agreement with theoretical correlations because the nonuniform biofilm created velocity and concentration fluctuations which resulted in the compression of concentration boundary layers. The microelectrode technique is a useful tool to study the external mass transfer resistance.
The Effects of Post-Mortem Electrical Stimulation and Muscle Tensioning in Two Broiler Muscles

High voltage post-mortem electrical stimulation (ES) and muscle tensioning during chilling (MT) were applied to broiler carcasses to determine the effect of this combined treatment on absorbance ratio (R- value), sarcomere shortening, and myofibrillar fragmentation in muscles of differing fiber type composition. The ES + MT treatment resulted in a greater effect on these three parameters in the posterior Latissimus dorsi (predominantly twitch-glycolytic) than in the anterior L. dorsi (predominantly tonic-oxidative). The differing responses of these two muscles to the ES + MT treatment combination may be useful in explaining the effects of rigor-accelerating treatments such as ES + MT in avian and mammalian muscles.
The Biology of Alkylating-Agent Cellular Injury

Alkylating agents, such as nitrogen mustard, cyclophosphamide, and the nitrosoureas, have been used to treat many malignancies for more than 30 years. It is now clear that they are not only cytotoxic but also mutagenic and carcinogenic. The initial alkylation event, monoadduct formation on ring nitrogens or extra-cyclic oxygens of nucleotide bases, can result in chromosomal loss or single base mutation, both of which can lead to malignant transformation. The bone marrow is particularly sensitive to these events, and acute myelogenous leukemia is the most common malignancy caused by alkylating agents. Mechanisms of genetic damage and mutagenesis are discussed.
Calcium dependence of glutamate receptor-evoked alkaline shifts in hippocampus

Glutamate receptor activation induces an extracellular alkalinization in rodent hippocampus. We studied its Ca2+ dependence and pharmacology in hippocampal slices. Glutamate-evoked alkaline shifts were blocked by 0 Ca2+ saline. Alkalinizations induced by AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid) and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) were abolished by 20 microM CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitro-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) and 50 microM APV (DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate), respectively. The AMPA- and NMDA-evoked alkaline shifts were blocked by 0 Ca2+, however, AMPA-induced [K+]o elevation was unaffected. These data suggest that the glutamate receptor-channel does not mediate H+ influx, and support a role for Ca(2+)-H+ exchange.
Development of default uncertainties for the value/benefit attributes in the regulatory analysis technical evaluation handbook

Abstract NUREG/BR-0184, Regulatory Analysis Technical Evaluation (RATE) Handbook, was produced in 1997 as an update to the original NUREG/CR-3568, A Handbook for Value-Impact Assessment (1983). Both documents, especially the later RATE Handbook, have been used extensively by the USNRC and its contractors not only for regulatory analyses to support backfit considerations but also for similar applications, such as Severe Accident Management Alternative (SAMA) analyses as part of license renewals. While both provided high-level guidance on the performance of uncertainty analyses for the various value/benefit attributes, detailed quantification was not of prime interest at the times of the Handbooks’ development, defaulting only to best estimates with low and high bounds on these attributes. As the USNRC examines the possibility of updating the RATE Handbook, renewed interest in a more quantitative approach to uncertainty analyses for the attributes has surfaced. As the result of an effort to enhance the RATE Handbook to permit at least default uncertainty analyses for the value/benefit attributes, it has proven feasible to assign default uncertainties in terms of 95th %ile upper bounds (and absolute lower bounds) on the five dominant value/benefit attributes, and their sum, when performing a regulatory analysis via the RATE Handbook. Appropriate default lower bounds of zero (no value/benefit) and an upper bound (95th %ile) that is four times higher than the mean (for individual value/benefit attributes) or three times higher (for their summation) can be recommended. Distributions in the form of histograms on the summed value/benefit attributes are also provided which could be combined, after appropriate scaling and most likely via simulation, with their counterpart(s) from the impact/cost analysis to yield a final distribution on the net overall value/impact (benefit/cost).
How Charisma and Pathos Move Audiences

This chapter constructs an original performative theory of how status dynamics unfold in situ at contentious gatherings. Reception fields refer to the situational socioemotional relationships between salient speakers and their joint-attentive audiences. Building upon the growing interest in movement audiences, the theory incorporates differences in the moral emotions of onlookers and antagonists in addition to movement members. In reception fields, the microsociology of protest rhetoric and charisma hooks up with political process theory when considering how the perceived relationships between challengers, opponents, and onlookers evolve temporally at the concrete sites of protest. But, Lamb-Books shows the relational nexus of threats and opportunities is emotionally constituted by the rhetorical drama of status claimsmaking. Turning to evidence for the theory, the chapter reconstructs audience emotions by examining the nineteenth-century newspaper transcriptions of antislavery meetings.
Abstract 2460: Characterizing PAX3-FOXO1 dependent cell death in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma reveals novel strategies for combination therapy

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. The aggressive alveolar subtype (aRMS) is characterized by chromosomal translocations, most often by t(2;13) resulting in the expression of the oncogenic fusion protein PAX3-FOXO1. Expression of this chimaeric transcription factor is critical for tumorigenesis and cell survival. However, the exact mechanism of cell death after loss of PAX3-FOXO1 activity has not been determined so far. Our aim was thus to characterize the cell death pathways activated upon silencing of PAX3-FOXO1. In addition, we aimed at finding drugs further sensitizing aRMS cells to this mode of cell death. We used combined shRNA and CRISPR approaches, as well as a small molecule screen to demonstrate that after shRNA-mediated silencing of PAX3-FOXO1 expression, aRMS cells undergo intrinsic apoptosis in a NOXA-dependent manner. In accordance, we can show that the BH3-mimetic ABT-263 sensitizes aRMS cells to PAX3-FOXO1 silencing via this cell death pathway. Interestingly, ABT-199 was less effective, suggesting that Bcl-xl plays a major anti-apoptotic role in aRMS. Furthermore, induction of cell death is dependent on PI3K activity and antagonized by GSK3, suggesting that inhibition of PI3K in this sarcoma might have an anti-apoptotic impact. In contrast, combination of ABT-263 or GSK-3 inhibitors with small molecule drugs affecting PAX3-FOXO1 activity such as PLK1 and aurora kinase inhibitors can cooperate to enhance cell death in aRMS cells. These studies demonstrate the importance of elucidating biological mechanisms to guide development of rational drug combinations. Citation Format: Marco Wachtel, Johannes Ommer, Beat Schafer. Characterizing PAX3-FOXO1 dependent cell death in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma reveals novel strategies for combination therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2460.
Next generation agricultural system data, models and knowledge products: Introduction

Agricultural system models have become important tools to provide predictive and assessment capability to a growing array of decision-makers in the private and public sectors. Despite ongoing research and model improvements, many of the agricultural models today are direct descendants of research investments initially made 30-40 years ago, and many of the major advances in data, information and communication technology (ICT) of the past decade have not been fully exploited. The purpose of this Special Issue of Agricultural Systems is to lay the foundation for the next generation of agricultural systems data, models and knowledge products. The Special Issue is based on a 'NextGen' study led by the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Early Impact Of CareFirst's Patient-Centered Medical Home With Strong Financial Incentives.

In 2011 CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield, a large mid-Atlantic health insurance plan, implemented a payment and delivery system reform program. The model, called the Total Care and Cost Improvement Program, includes enhanced payments for primary care, significant financial incentives for primary care physicians to control spending, and care coordination tools to support progress toward the goal of higher-quality and lower-cost patient care. We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation of the initiative’s first three years. Our quantitative analyses used spending and utilization data for 2010–13 to compare enrollees who received care from participating physician groups to similar enrollees cared for by nonparticipating groups. Savings were small and fully shared with providers, which suggests no significant effect on total spending (including bonuses). Our qualitative analysis suggested that early in the program, many physicians were not fully engaged with the initiative and did not make full use of its tools. Th...
Shoulder Dystocia and Neonatal Resuscitation: An Integrated Obstetrics and Neonatology Simulation Case for Medical Students

Introduction The new model in medical education of longitudinal clinical clerkships can be complemented by high-technology simulation, which provides a safe space for learners to consolidate clinic...
The effect of removing numerically dominant, non-native honey bees on seed set of a native plant.

Pollination services are compromised by habitat destruction, land-use intensification, pesticides, and introduced species. How pollination services respond to such stressors depends on the capacity of pollinator assemblages to function in the face of environmental disruption. Here, we quantify how pollination services provided to a native plant change upon removal of the non-native, western honey bee (Apis mellifera)-a numerically dominant floral visitor in the native bee-rich ecosystems of southern California. We focus on services provided to clustered tarweed (Deinandra fasciculata), a native, annual forb that benefits from outcross pollination. Across five different study sites in coastal San Diego County, tarweed flowers attracted 70 insect taxa, approximately half of which were native bees, but non-native honey bees were always the most abundant floral visitor at each site. To test the ability of the native insect fauna to provide pollination services, we performed Apis removals within experimental 0.25 m2 plots containing approximately 20 tarweed plants and compared visitation and seed set between plants in removal and paired control plots (n = 16 pairs). Even though 92% of observed floral visits to control plots were from honey bees, Apis removal reduced seed production by only 14% relative to plants in control plots. These results indicate that native insect assemblages can contribute important pollination services even in ecosystems numerically dominated by introduced pollinators.
Using the Moebius Transformation to Predict the Effect of Source Impedance on Insertion Loss

Knowledge of the strength and internal impedance of the sound source is essential to predict the overall acoustic performance of an exhaust or intake system. Source impedance is sometimes measured directly using a strong external source. At other times, a suitable external source is difficult to identify and an indirect multi-load method is used to determine source impedance and strength. Data can be processed using the commonly used circuit analogy or via a similar wave decomposition model. In this work, the two processing schemes are used to determine the source impedance and strength of a diesel engine. Results are compared to one another and to assumed source impedances and equations in the literature for source strength. The sound pressure in the exhaust is predicted from the measured source strength and impedance and compared with measurement. There is good agreement especially at the first few harmonics of the firing frequency. It is then observed that the equation relating the source impedance to the acoustic response is in the form of the Moebius transformation, which maps straight lines or circles in one complex domain into straight lines or circles in another complex domain. It is demonstrated that the range of source impedance, defined as an outline in the complex plane, can be transformed to a corresponding outline of the mufi¬,er insertion loss complex amplitude, and the minimum and maximum insertion loss can be computed at a given frequency. This permits the expected insertion loss range to be plotted as a function of frequency.
Macroscopic instabilities and domain formation in neo-Hookean laminates

Abstract This work is concerned with the characterization of the macroscopic response of soft elastomeric composites following the onset of ‘macroscopic’ (long wavelength) instabilities. For this purpose, the special case of laminated composites made of two neo-Hookean phases of different stiffnesses subjected to plane strain loading is considered. Indeed, it is known that the macroscopic response of such elastic composites can lose strong ellipticity when the stiff layers are subjected to sufficiently high compressive loads and their volume fraction is large enough. However, their post-bifurcation response is not yet known. Here it will be shown that the laminates can in fact lose (global) strict rank-one convexity, and do so well before losing (local) strong ellipticity. This will be accomplished by first constructing the rank-one convexification of the ‘principal’ solution for the stored-energy function at finite strains. It will then be shown that the rank-one convexification of the energy is polyconvex, and therefore corresponds to the quasiconvexification or ‘relaxation’ of the energy. Consequently, the post-bifurcation response corresponds to the formation of lamellar or ‘striped’ domains, which, in turn, gives rise to ‘soft modes’ of deformation. One important implication of this work for more general soft elastic composites is that the commonly accepted practice of using loss of strong ellipticity to predict the onset of macroscopic instabilities can significantly overestimate their stability. Instead, the relaxation of the energy should be computed in order to get more accurate (and conservative) estimates for their macroscopic stability, as well as the correct post-bifurcation response.
The plasma cell dyscrasias.

Recent advances in understanding the pathobiobiology of the plasma cell dyscrasias is allowing for better comprehension of this diverse group of disorders. In the process of understanding some of the basic genetic events that lead to plasma cell oncogenesis, a surprising finding is the similar molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis that unify these disorders. The clinical and biologic implications of these recurrent genomic aberrations are beginning to emerge. This knowledge is being translated into the clinical arena to help determine prognosis and predict responses to therapeutic interventions. While a heterogeneous clinical course is characteristic, particularly of MM, a number of prognostic indicators have been identified that help to determine the appropriate treatment approach. An important conceptual point in the treatment of these patients is that the microenvironment must be targeted in addition to the neoplastic plasma cells. With the increased use of transplantation, thalidomide, anti-osteogenic agents, and some of the newer therapies, survivals are improving along with optimism among clinicians and patients. Successful treatment approaches for the treatment of MM are beginning to translate to the other plasma cell dyscrasias. In addition, the work resulting from the increased allocation of research funding in this dynamic areawill have implications in how all hematopoietic disorders are considered in the future.
Optical and Microwave Properties of Trivalent Chromium in β - Ga 2 O 3

Optical absorption, fluorescence, and paramagnetic-resonance experiments on single crystals of $\ensuremath{\beta}$-${\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ doped with chromium were performed from room temperature down to a few degrees Kelvin. All the important low-lying energy levels have been identified from the optical data. The average positions of the three sets of sharp lines (doublet transitions) are almost identical to those of ruby, whereas the two prominent bands (quartet transitions) are broadened and shifted to the red for ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Comparison of the 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K absorption data with octahedral crystal-field calculations for the ${d}^{3}$ configuration yielded the values $B=700$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and $\frac{\mathrm{Dq}}{B}=2.35$. Fluorescence is observed from the $^{2}E$ to $^{4}A_{2}$ transition with a room-temperature lifetime of 0.23 msec. At 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K these emission peaks occur at 6885 and 6956 \AA{}. The fluorescence efficiency of crystals grown from different starting materials varied considerably, but the factors that give rise to this variation are only partly understood. The spin Hamiltonian parameters for the $^{4}A_{2}$ ground state were determined from $X$-band paramagnetic-resonance measurements and are: $D=\ensuremath{-}14.01$ kMc/sec, $E=+6.14$ kMc/sec, ${g}_{x}=1.978$, ${g}_{y}=1.978$, and ${g}_{z}=1.983$ for the z axis along [010]. The zero-field ground-state splitting was observed at a frequency of 35.18 kMc/sec. Calculations for the angular spectrum using this spin Hamiltonian are in excellent agreement with the $X$-band measurements. The possibility of using ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ in ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ as the active material in an optical or microwave maser is briefly discussed.
Hazards of Biological Agents

Historically, safety in the biomedical research laboratory during the past 50 years or so was limited to the areas of chemical, fire, radiation, and industrial safety. Only recently has biological safety become an issue for many academic and industrial organizations. Extensive media coverage of public concerns about research involving “genetic engineering” has resulted in much public attention being given to these new research techniques. The need to address these concerns led many academic and industrial organizations to adopt biological safety programs that included not only genetic engineering research but also the whole range of biomedical research. Some of these special programs have survived, albeit in somewhat altered form, despite well-defined government guidelines for research in molecular genetics. A heightened awareness of biosafety matters in general has been the major result of all this public scrutiny, and as a result of this, biological safety programs have become firmly established in most major organizations. In this chapter we will discuss some of the major biosafety concerns, such as hazard identification, risk assessment, containment practices, and hazard management.
INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT IN THE AMOEBA CHAOS CHAOS 1

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the features of membrane uptake and intracellular transformation in the giant amoeba Chaos chaos, and describes what is known about the system as a whole in relation to ionic and osmotic regulation during normal growth. In Chaos chaos, both pinocytosis and phagocytosis depend upon the same fundamental mechanisms, and the vesicles formed in both processes undergo apparently identical transformations within the cytoplasm. The rate at which the cycle operates is not fixed but varies greatly according to the physiological state of the cell. In fasting cells under normal environmental conditions, the turnover of surface membrane occurs only at a very low rate even though the cells are actively moving and continually changing shape. A stimulus to the surface coat of the membrane by a suitable food organism, or by the application of any of a variety of cationic-inducing substances—including small cations in appropriate concentrations, and positively charged proteins, dyes, or colloidal particles—sets off the active process of membrane engulfment. Pinocytosis channels or food cups are formed, the continuity of the vesicle membrane with the surface membrane is broken, and continuity is reestablished in both by what seems to be an instantaneous reaction.
Isolated left common carotid artery in an infant with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum

Isolation of the left common carotid artery (LCCA) is a very rare congenital aortic arch anomaly. We present this finding in a female infant with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum, with a clinical diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome. Cardiac catheterization revealed an anomalous origin of the LCCA from the pulmonary trunk, with retrograde filling of the pulmonary trunk seen during left subclavian artery injection. The LCCA was ligated during central shunt placement.
Berry Phase Effect on the Exciton Transport and on the Exciton Bose-Einstein Condensate

With the exciton lifetime much extended in semiconductor quantum-well structures, the exciton transport and Bose-Einstein condensation have become a focus of research in recent years. We reveal a momentum-space gauge field in the exciton center-of-mass dynamics due to Berry phase effects. We predict a spin-dependent transport of the excitons analogous to the anomalous Hall and Nernst effects for electrons. We also predict spin-dependent circulation of a trapped exciton gas and instability in an exciton condensate in favor of vortex formation.
Estimation of ergodicity limits of bag-of-words modeling for guaranteed stochastic convergence

Abstract This paper suggests an efficient dual ergodicity limits-based bag-of-words (DEL-BoW) modeling technique. The suggested DEL-BoW technique estimates two limits of ergodicity of a discrete random variable (drv) that is formed from the BoW classification performance of multiple runs. The first limit of ergodicity is estimated with a relatively larger ball of convergence to keep the drv shorter. Hence both robustness against random initialization and estimation of the optimal model-order are realized with a reduced number of iterations. Once the optimal model-order is estimated, the radius of ball of convergence is reduced and a second limit of ergodicity is estimated. Reducing the ball of convergence enlarges the size of the considered performance drv that enhances the classification performance. Experiments conducted on Caltech-101, Caltech-256, 15-Scenes, and Flower-102 datasets resulted in classification accuracy of 86.91%, 72.57%, 90.57%, and 90.86%, respectively. Comparison with state-of-the-art techniques shows the excellent performance of the DEL-BoW modeling process.
Endoscopic Infraorbital Microdissection for Localized V2 Trigeminal Neuralgia.

Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic and debilitating syndrome characterized by short paroxysms of lancinating facial pain. Patients may be medically managed; however, in cases of medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia, surgical management is often required. Our objective was to present and describe a technique for endoscopic microdissection of the infraorbital nerve, a peripheral method of management for refractory V2 trigeminal neuralgia in patients without evidence of neurovascular compression. The technique is designed to spare sensation in unaffected portions of the V2 distribution. We present 2 patients with medically refractory V2 trigeminal neuralgia localized to the lateral midface who underwent infraorbital microdissection. After first confirming that there was no neurovascular compression on imaging in these patients, we administered infraorbital bupivacaine injections to localize the symptomatic nerve. The nerve was then accessed via a 1.5-cm buccogingival incision, and the connective tissue sheath was incised. The nerve fascicles were bluntly separated, and the symptomatic branches were cauterized with fine-tipped monopolar cautery. Both patients reported complete resolution of their pain postoperatively and were pain free at last follow-up. They reported some hypoesthesia in the lateral face; however, they retained some sensation in the medial upper lip, midface, and nose. Infraorbital microdissection is a safe and effective technique for symptomatic management of V2 trigeminal neuralgia while sparing sensation in asymptomatic portions of the dermatome.
The Impact of Content Commenting on User Continuance in Online Q&A Communities: An Affordance Perspective

Online question-and-answer (Q&A) communities provide convenient and innovative ways for participants to share information and collaboratively solve problems with others. A growing challenge for those Q&A communities is to encourage and maintain ongoing user participation. From the perspective of motivational affordances, this study proposes a research framework to explain the effect of content commenting on user continuance behavior in online Q&A communities. The moderating role of participant's tenure in the relationship between content commenting and user continuance is also explored. Using a longitudinal panel dataset collected from a large online Q&A community, this research empirically tests the effect of content commenting on continued user participation in the Q&A community. The results show that both comment receipt and comment provisioning are important motivating factors for user continuance in the community. Specifically, received comments on questions submitted by a participant have a positive effect on the participant's continuance of posting questions, while answer comments both received and posted by a participant have positive impact on user continuance of posting answers in the community. In addition, tenure in the community is indeed found to have a significant negative moderating effect on the relationship between content commenting and user continuance. This research not only offers a more nuanced theoretical understanding of how content commenting affects continued user involvement and how participants' tenure in the community moderates the impact of content commenting, but also provides implications for improving user continuance in online Q&A communities.
Packaging challenges for next-generation high bandwidth opto-electrical switch modules

It is anticipated that once silicon switch I/Cs reach 51.2Tbps, there will be a need to migrate from electrical I/Os to optical I/Os. This drives the need to co-package optical engine transceivers with the high-performance silicon switch. In this paper, we explore the challenges, compare the various solutions, and provide guidance from an assembly and optical connector design perspective. Our focus is on single-mode optic solutions privileged for mid to long range optical links. Topics covered include optical interconnect density to the silicon photonics chip, integrated optical interconnects vs pigtail fiber ribbons, socketable vs. μBGA optical engines, laser source location and special requirements for the optical connectors. The ability to embed optics in the first level package is a disruptive capability needed to meet the everincreasing bandwidth demands for data communication. The benefits of such configurations are discussed, as well as the challenges for thermal management and system yields.
Reaction Kinetics and Influence of Film Morphology on the Oxidation of Propene Thin Films by O(3P) Atomic Oxygen

We present results detailing the oxidative reactivity of condensed propene thin films, with particular attention to epoxide product formation because of its importance in the industrial production ...
Scoping Review of Judgment-Based Measures of Ambulation with Assistive Devices for Children and Youth

Aim: To identify available judgment-based measures of ambulation with assistive devices for the purpose of examining item content and responses to aid in the expansion of the Pediatric Evaluation o...
Rousseau, Bodin, and the Medieval Corporatist Origins of Popular Sovereignty:

This essay reconsiders Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s debt to Jean Bodin, on the basis of Daniel Lee’s recent revision of Bodin as a theorist of popular sovereignty. It argues that Rousseau took a key fea...
Hidradeonoma Papilliferum of the Anus: A Case Report About the Relationship Between Neoplasms of the Mammary-Like-Glands and Hormones.

Hidradenoma papilliferum (HP) is a benign pathologic finding that has been described primarily in the vulvar region. While thought to arise from ectopic tissue along the mammary line, it is now known to also arise from mammary-like anogenital glands (MLG), which are part of the normal anogenital cellular and glandular milieu. Previous work has demonstrated the relationship between HP and hormone receptors, but this has not been documented in a clinical setting. In this case, we present HP in a patient undergoing infertility treatments, presenting with a painful, enlarging anal mass. Upon histopathologic review, the mass was found to be an HP with no malignant changes. This unique case adds to the existing literature on perianal HP. While this case follows the known clinical and histological patterns of HP, the unique temporal relationship to in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment supports previous in vitrowork on the relationship between HP and hormone receptors.
Direct numerical simulation of a hypersonic transitional boundary layer at suborbital enthalpies

A Mach-10 hypersonic boundary layer of air overriding a cold, isothermal, non-catalytic flat wall, and with a stagnation enthalpy of in semi-local viscous units, lead to air dissociation in under-equilibrium amounts equivalent to 4 %–7 % on a molar basis of atomic oxygen, along with smaller concentrations of nitric oxide, which is mainly produced by the Zel'dovich mechanism, and of atomic nitrogen, the latter being mostly in steady state. A statistical analysis of the results is provided, including the streamwise evolution of (a) the skin friction coefficient and dimensionless wall heat flux; (b) the mean profiles of temperature, velocity, density, molar fractions, chemical production rates and chemical heat-release rate; (c) the Reynolds stresses and root-mean-squares of the fluctuations of temperature, density, pressure, molar fractions and chemical heat-release rate; and (d) the temperature/velocity and mass-fraction/velocity correlations.
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy of a Web-Based Physical Activity and Sedentary Time Intervention for Survivors of Physical Inactivity-Related Cancers.

This pilot study explored the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of a web-based intervention for survivors of physical inactivity-related cancers through a two-arm, 12-week randomized controlled trial. Secondarily, this study tested the change in physical activity (PA) and sedentary time with intervention exposure. Prior to randomization to the intervention (n = 45) or behavior “as usual” wait-listed control (n = 40) groups, participants completed baseline surveys and an accelerometer protocol. The intervention focused on increasing PA and decreasing sedentary time through social cognitive theory techniques. Follow-up acceptability/usability surveys (intervention group only) and accelerometers were sent after the intervention period. Information on intervention completion, adverse events, and user statistics were collected to determine feasibility. Median login time and mean acceptability/usability scores were calculated. Participants (mean age = 60 ± 7 years) included female (n = 80, 94%) and male survivors of breast (82%), colon (6%), endometrial (6%), bladder (4%), and kidney (2%) cancer. Seventy-eight (91.7%) participants returned partially or fully complete post-intervention data. There were no reported injuries or safety concerns. Intervention participants logged into the website for a total of 95 min (Q1, Q3 = 11, 204). System usability scores (72 ± 3) indicated above average usability of the website. Changes in time spent active and sedentary were not statistically significantly different between groups (p = 0.45), but within-group changes suggested intervention group participants spent more time active and less time sedentary after the intervention. Results of this pilot study suggest its feasibility and acceptability for survivors of several inactivity-related cancers. Additional research to determine long-term efficacy is warranted. This low-cost online-only intervention has the potential to have a very broad reach. Clinical Trials Number: NCT03983083. Date registered: June 12th, 2019
Interorganizational Care Coordination of Rural Veterans by Veterans Affairs and Community Care Programs: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: In the unique context of rural Veterans' health care needs, expansion of US Department of Veterans Affairs and Community Care programs under the MISSION Act, and the uncertainties of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is critical to understand what may support effective interorganizational care coordination for increased access to high-quality care. OBJECTIVES: We conducted a systematic review to examine the interorganizational care coordination initiatives that Veterans Affairs (VA) and community partners have pursued in caring for rural Veterans, including challenges and opportunities, organizational domains shaping care coordination, and among these, initiatives that improve or impede health care outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN: We followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to search 2 electronic databases (PubMed and Embase) for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2009 and May 2020. Building on prior research, we conducted a systematic review. RESULTS: Sixteen articles met our criteria. Each captured a unique health care focus while examining common challenges. Four organizational domains emerged: policy and administration, culture, mechanisms, and relational practices. Exemplars highlight how initiatives improve or impede rural health care delivery. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first systematic review, to our knowledge, examining interorganizational care coordination of rural Veterans by VA and Community Care programs. Results provide exemplars of interorganizational care coordination domains and program effectiveness. It suggests that partners' efforts to align their coordination domains can improve health care, with rurality serving as a critical contextual factor. Findings are important for policies, practices, and research of VA and Community Care partners committed to improving access and health care for rural Veterans.
FIOs with cusp singularities and open umbrellas

We study the composition calculus of Fourier integral operators F, with Morin singularities. This composition calculus falls outside of the classical transverse or clean intersection calculus of FIOs and it is motivated by the inverse problems studied in Felea and Greenleaf (Math Res Lett 17(5):867–886, 2010) and Felea and Nolan (J Fourier Anal Appl 21(4):799–821, 2015). In this case, the normal operator $$F^*F$$ is an operator with the wave front set in $$\Delta \cup \Lambda $$ where $$\Lambda $$ is a singular canonical relation called an open umbrella. We show that the operator $$F^*F$$ has the same order on $$\Delta \setminus \Lambda $$ and on $$ \Lambda \setminus \Delta $$ . This result is a generalization of the results obtained in Felea and Greenleaf (2010) and Felea and Nolan (2015) where the canonical relations have the fold/cusp and cusp/cusp singularities.
The chromatic number of the Minkowski plane -- the regular polygon case

The Hadwiger-Nelson problem asks for the minimum number of colors, so that each point of the plane can be assigned a single color with the property that no two points unit-distance apart are identically colored. It is now known that the answer is $5$, $6$, or $7$, Here we consider the problem in the context of Minkowski planes, where the unit circle is a regular polygon with $8$, $10$, or $12$ vertices. We prove that in each of these cases, one also needs at least five colors.
Time-dependent experimental identification of inter-ELM microtearing modes in the tokamak edge on DIII-D

In a series of discharges on the DIII-D tokamak, fast vertical plasma jogs are used to induce current perturbations in the steep gradient region of the H-mode edge. These current perturbations directly influence the edge q profile, decoupling the resonant location and instability drive of pedestal-localized microtearing modes (MTMs.) By exploiting this effect, we develop and apply a new experimental technique to track the dynamical frequency evolution of MTMs in the pedestal region, providing a compelling validation of the MTM model. The frequency of potential MTMs is calculated as the Doppler-shifted electron diamagnetic frequency at rational q=m/n surfaces, showing remarkable agreement with chirped frequency behavior of n=3, 4 and 5 modes detected with fast magnetics. Data is collected throughout multiple ELM cycles in order to build robust statistics describing the time-dependent frequency evolution of MTMs, which can be explained by examining the recovery of pedestal gradients after an ELM event. MTMs have a dominant transport contribution in the electron thermal channel, so the presented results indicate that reduced models of pedestal transport must be electromagnetic in nature and constructed with accurate calculations of MTM stability; inclusion of this physics is essential for accurate predictions of the electron temperature pedestal profile. Supporting measurements of mode saturation, propagation direction and transport fingerprints are made to support the dynamic frequency determination, unambiguously and experimentally identifying MTMs in the pedestal region of DIII-D.
Analysis and Control of Linear Dynamic Systems

In this chapter, we will develop the basic relationships to solve the motion control problem for dynamic systems using analog and digital proportional-integralderivative (PID) controllers as well as state-space control algorithms It should be emphasized that the PID control laws use the tracking errore(t)whereas the state-space controllers use the tracking errore(t)and the state variablesx (t).Proportional-integral-derivative and state-space control algorithms are widely used in dynamic systems to stabilize systems, attain tracking and disturbance attenuation, guarantee robustness and accuracy, and so forth. This chapter provides the introduction to nonlinear control and feedback tracking, and single-input/singleoutput as well as multi-input/multi-output systems are studied. We model the dynamic systems in thes-and z-domains using transfer functionsG sys (s)and Gsys(z) to synthesize the PID-type controllers. The state-space models are used to design control algorithms applying the Hamilton—Jacobi and Lyapunov theories for multi-input/multi-output systems. The theoretical foundations in analysis and design of dynamic systems modeled using linear differential equations are needed to be covered to fully understand the basic concepts in control of nonlinear systems. It should be emphasized that analysis of linear continuous-and discrete-time closed-loop systems with control constraints will be accomplished. As mathematical models are found in the form of differential or difference equations, system parameters (coefficients of differential or difference equations) are defined, and the analysis can be performed to study stability and stability margins, time response, accuracy, and so on. The system characteristics and performance can be improved and “shaped” using PID-type and state-space stabilizing and tracking controllers studied in this chapter. The general problem approached is the design of PID-type and state-space controllers to ensure the specifications imposed on the desired performance of closed-loop dynamic systems. The synthesis of analog and digital control laws involve the design of controller structures as well as adjusting feedback coefficients to attain certain desired criteria and characteristics. These performance specifications relate stability, robustness, dynamics, accuracy, tracking, disturbance attenuation, as well as other criteria needed to be achieved through the use of control algorithms. The tradeoff between stability and accuracy, robustness and system response, and complexity and implementability is well known. The design procedures are reported to find the structures and feedback coefficients of control laws.
Conducting polymer-gold co-patterned surfaces via nanosphere lithography

Abstract Hypothesis Co-patterned arrays comprised of conjugated polymers and nanostructured gold is an important matrix for sensing and stimuli-responsive plasmonic applications. Nanosphere lithography (NSL) is an easy-to-use patterning technique and viable method to fabricate inverse honeycomb structures with electrochemically deposited conjugated polymers. The cross-sectional height of the conducting polymer pattern can be tuned such that the macropores of the honeycomb structure expose electrochemically accessible areas for further gold deposition. Using time-dependent electrochemical reduction, Au3+ is reduced to Au0 and selectively deposit on the macropores thus forming a co-patterned surface. Experiments The Langmuir–Blodgett-like deposition was used to assemble polystyrene spheres on a conductive substrate. Then the carbazole-based monomer was electropolymerized within the interstices of the colloidal template, which was subsequently dissolved. A potentiostatic technique was used to deposit Au in the macropores. Findings Fabrication of the polycarbazole–Au co-patterned surface was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EC-QCM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPS) data supported backfilling behavior and quantified the complex refractive index of the array. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy shows overlapping polycarbazole and gold LSPR peaks useful for plasmonic sensing applications. The colloidal templating approach reported in this study was further used in the fabrication of highly ordered Au nanodisks.
Introduction to Flavour Physics

This set of lectures covers the very basics of flavour physics and are aimed to be an entry point to the subject. A lot of problems are provided in the hope of making the manuscript a self study guide.
On Controlling the Transient Response of Linear Time Invariant Systems with Fixed Structure Controllers

The problem of controlling transient response is important in many industrial applications; for example, the speed and accuracy of motion control of robots directly relates to the productivity of the robot. The objective of transient control is to determine a feedback controller of a fixed structure that renders the closed loop response of a specified system to lie in a specified envelope. One may associate a set of errors which measures the deviation of the response from the envelope. The set of errors may be defined in such a way that all the errors are non-negative if and only if the response does not deviate from the envelope at any time. The transient problem can be thus posed as the problem of determining a stabilizing controller that renders the set of all errors to be non-negative at every time. One may associate a control parameter vector K with a controller of a specified structure. The main topic of investigation of this paper is to find a bound for the set of real control parameters, K, so that a rational, proper transfer function, has a decaying, non-negative impulse response. It is assumed that the coefficients of the polynomials N(s, k) and D(s, K) are affine in K.
The Location Decision of the Multinational Firm: A Survey

In the international business literature location has traditionally been analyzed using Dunning's (1977) OLI framework, which focuses on the perspective of the multinational firm. However, another strand of literature has focused on the perspective of the host location. In this paper the current state of the literature with respect to these two perspectives is surveyed. An attempt is made to assess the interactions of the two perspectives with a view to developing a complete picture of the location of multinational activity. A revised version of this paper has appeared as Mudambi, R. amd McCann, P., Analytical differences in the economics of geography: The case of the multinational firm, Environment and Planning A, vol.37(10), pp.1857-1876, 2005.
What Have “Omics” Taught Us about the Health Risks Associated with Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation

There is a plethora of data available on the DNA damages associated with exposures to ionizing radiation and the subsequent cellular responses. Indeed, much of radiation research has focused on these initial insults and induced responses, particularly DNA repair, cell signaling pathways, cell cycle checkpoint control, mutation induction, chromosomal rearrangements, transformation and apoptosis etc. While many of these endpoints correlate with exposure dose, few, if any, provide substantive information on human health risk(s) associated with radiation exposure. Here the contribution of recent advances in high throughput ‘omics technologies are evaluated to examine what they have taught us about health risk(s) to humans associated with exposure to ionizing radiation.