cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DO YOUTHS WITH NEUROMOTOR DISORDER AND THEIR THERAPISTS PREFER A MIXED OR VIRTUAL REALITY HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAY?

Objective To evaluate the usability of 2 head-mounted displays in youths undergoing neurorehabilitation; a mixed reality head-mounted display and a virtual reality head-mounted display. Design Observational cross-sectional study. Patients Thirteen youths (age range 7.8-16.5 years) with neuromotor disorder. Methods Youths wore a mixed reality or a virtual reality head-mounted display while being verbally guided through a scene with virtual objects. Differences between the 2 systems, regarding usability, user experience, and acceptability, were evaluated using standardized questions for the youths and their therapists. System preferences and symptoms of cybersickness were noted. Results Both head-mounted displays were easy to mount and adjust to the children's heads, but the mixed reality system was unstable in 40% of the youths. Participants stated that they could move naturally with both devices. Object appearance scored higher with the virtual reality system, while therapists rated youths' movement execution and needed additional support in favour of the mixed reality system. Most youths preferred the virtual reality device, mainly due to the more distinct appearance of objects and the objects' richer colours. Therapists' preferences were balanced. Two children reported minimal signs of cybersickness. Conclusion Youths and therapists accepted both systems well, with advantages regarding usability, user experience, and preference for the virtual reality, and acceptability for the mixed reality head-mounted display.
Professional Burnout: Sociocultural and Sociopolitical Perspectives

Social psychological, organizational, and administrative orientations dominate the literature on the phenarenon of professional burnout. This paper argues that sociocultural and sociopolitical perspectives offer additional insights into the issue. By the application of such perspectives we are compelled to examine how certain characteristics of social policies impact dysfunctionally on service providers as well as service recipients. Furthermore, the broader approach outlined here offers alternative intervention strategies for the alleviation or prevention of burnout than those ccomonly posed in previous literature.
WE-G-BRB-02: The Role of Program Project Grants in Study of 3D Conformal Therapy, Dose Escalation and Motion Management

Over the past 20 years the NIH has funded individual grants, program projects grants, and clinical trials which have been instrumental in advancing patient care. The ways that each grant mechanism lends itself to the different phases of translating research into clinical practice will be described. Major technological innovations, such as IMRT and proton therapy, have been advanced with R01-type and P01-type funding and will be discussed. Similarly, the role of program project grants in identifying and addressing key hypotheses on the potential of 3D conformal therapy, normal tissue-guided dose escalation and motion management will be described. An overview will be provided regarding how these technological innovations have been applied to multi-institutional NIH-sponsored trials. Finally, the panel will discuss regarding which research questions should be funded by the NIH to inspire the next advances in radiation therapy. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the different funding mechanisms of the NIH 2. Learn about research advances that have led to innovation in delivery 3. Review achievements due to NIH-funded program project grants in radiotherapy over the past 20 years 4. Understand example advances achieved with multi-institutional clinical trials NIH
Chemisorption on Metals

Publisher Summary This chapter attempts to give a general picture of the current state of knowledge of chemisorption on metal surfaces. For this purpose it is not enough to list some salient facts or observations, followed by a discussion of the theory of chemisorption. To begin with, the techniques used to study chemisorption are highly specialized, and even the mere listing of results would in many instances be meaningless without discussing, at least, the principles that underlie the methods or techniques by which they are obtained. Further, it is still in a relatively primitive stage in our understanding, and there is still room for error, both in measurement and interpretation. An intelligent appraisal of current or past work and of its limitations is, therefore, impossible without some understanding of experimental methods. For this reason, much of the chapter is devoted to a description and discussion of the principal methods of investigation; since some of these cannot be understood without a discussion of the theory of chemisorption, this topic is sandwiched between some of the experimental chapters. Finally, a few representative systems or system types are discussed in some detail.
General-purpose linear solvers [CRUNCH]

Between 1999 and 2011, “By the Numbers” appeared as an occasional column in this magazine. The purpose was to share some algorithms and numerical methods—ones that might be useful to fellow I&Mers, but many of which are not typically covered in a beginning course on numerical analysis. Justin Dyer co-authored about two-thirds of those 23 installments with me. Not accomplished, however, was the presentation of a few broadly useful algorithms and methods that are commonplace, in one sense or another, in introductory courses covering elementary numerical methods or signalprocessing concepts. “CRUNCH” is a follow-on column that continues the number-crunching theme of its predecessor. At present, its lifetime is imagined to be quite finite—perhaps a year or so worth of issues. Its sole purpose is that of laying out some of those useful topics—e.g., a general-purpose linear solver, a fast algorithm for discrete orthogonal transforms, windowing, fast convolution and correlation, elementary classical spectrum analysis, etc.—that were bypassed during the days of “By the Numbers.” Solution of Systems of Linear Equations Where do linear systems arise? Everywhere! We make our mathematical models of problems—physical or otherwise— linear, if at all reasonable—at least at the outset. In linearity there are no real surprises. And there is a wealth of mathematical tools available to be used, just as long as linearity holds. We could make a list of situations in which linear algebraic systems may be found: in “network” problems, in boundaryvalue problems involving differential or difference equations, in data fitting, in eigenvalue problems, etc. The list is long. To be general, we could write the linear system of CRUNCH April 2015 Stephen A. Dyer General-Purpose Linear Solvers Between 1999 and 2011, “By the Numbers” appeared as an occasional column in this magazine. The purpose was to share some algorithms and numerical methods—ones that might be useful to fellow I&Mers, but many of which are not typically covered in a beginning course on numerical analysis. Justin Dyer co-authored about two-thirds of those 23 installments with me. Not accomplished, however, was the presentation of a few broadly useful algorithms and methods that are commonplace, in one sense or another, in introductory courses covering elementary numerical methods or signal-processing concepts. “CRUNCH” is a follow-on column that continues the numbercrunching theme of its predecessor. At present, its lifetime is imagined to be quite finite—perhaps a year or so worth of issues. Its sole purpose is that of laying out some of those useful topics—e.g., a general-purpose linear solver, a fast algorithm for discrete orthogonal transforms, windowing, fast convolution and correlation, elementary classical spectrum analysis, etc.—that were bypassed during the days of “By the Numbers.”
Mouth Occlusion Pressure (P0.1) Provides Valuable Information in the Clinical Assessment and Follow-up of Ventilatory Drive in Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Disease

Ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH) includes a time-dependent increase in minute ventilation with re-setting of the arterial partial pressure of CO2 “set point” that results in persistent ...
Privacy-Preserving network aggregation

Consider the scenario where information about a large network is distributed across several different parties or commercial entities. Intuitively, we would expect that the aggregate network formed by combining the individual private networks would be a more faithful representation of the network phenomenon as a whole. However, privacy preservation of the individual networks becomes a mandate. Thus, it would be useful, given several portions of an underlying network p1 ...pn, to securely compute the aggregate of all the networks pi in a manner such that no party learns information about any other party's network. In this work, we propose a novel privacy preservation protocol for the non-trivial case of weighted networks. The protocol is secure against malicious adversaries.
Invited review: Adaptive responses of skeletal muscle to intermittent hypoxia: the known and the unknown.

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) describes conditions of repeated, transient reductions in O2 that may trigger unique adaptations. Rest periods during IH may avoid potentially detrimental effects of long-...
A Noninvasive, Low-cost Device to Study the Velopharyngeal Port During Speech and Some Preliminary Results

It is desirable to monitor the status of the velopharyngeal port during speech. This paper reports on the design and usage of a noninvasive device that measures the static nasal airflow from the nose during speech. The signal can be recorded directly from a generic sound card. Neither does the usage of this device interfere with the articulatory process of speech, nor does it introduce distortions to the simultaneously recorded acoustic signal. We successfully tested the device in an experiment to analyze the velopharyngeal status during normal speech. Index Terms: speech production, nasal airflow, speech pathology, velopharyngeal function
Non-Layer-by-Layer Assembly and Encapsulation Uses of Nanoparticle-Shelled Hollow Spheres

Nanoparticles (NPs, diameter range of 1–100nm) can have size-dependent physical and electronic properties that are useful in a variety of applications. Arranging them into hollow shells introduces the additional functionalities of encapsulation, storage, and controlled release that the constituent NPs do not have.This chapter examines recent developments in the synthesis routes and properties of hollow spheres formed out of NPs. Synthesis approaches reviewed here are recent developments in the electrostatics-based tandem assembly and interfacial stabilization routes to the formation of NP-shelled structures. Distinct from the well-established layer-by-layer (LBL) synthesis approach, the former route leads to NP/polymer composite hollow spheres that are potentially useful in medical therapy, catalysis, and encapsulation applications. The latter route is based on interfacial activity and stabilization by NPs with amphiphilic properties, to generate materials like colloidosomes, Pickering emulsions, and foams. The varied types of NP shells can have unique materials properties that are not found in the NP building blocks, or in polymer-based, surfactant-based, or LBL-assembled capsules.
Aortic lipogenesis during aerobic and hypoxic incubation

Abstract Atherosclerotic rabbit aortas incorporate more [2- 14 C]glucose into lipids when incubated under hypoxic than aerobic conditions. This increase results from greater radiosubstrate incorporation into the glycerol moiety of glycerides and phospholipids. Fatty acids are synthesized mainly by elongation; synthesis of all fatty acids is less during hypoxia. Though the total amount of [1- 14 C]acetate incorporated into lipids is the same during both incubation conditions, there is a redistribution so that this substrate equilibrates more into phospholipid glycerol during hypoxia. Fatty acid synthesis from [1- 14 C]acetate is primarily by elongation and decreases during hypoxic incubation.
Supplemental Arginine Increases Thymic Cellularity in Normal and Murine Sarcoma Virus-inoculated Mice and Increases the Resistance to Murine Sarcoma Virus Tumor

Arginine supplements were given to 6 week old CBA mice beginning 3 days prior to inoculation with a murine sarcoma virus, the Moloney Sarcoma Virus (MSV). Although the basal diet contained 1.8% arginine and was therefore not arginine-deficient, supplementation of the diet and the drinking water with 0.5% arginine HCl reduced tumor incidence, lengthened the latency period, decreased tumor size, and hastened tumor regression. Arginine also increased thymic weight and cellularity in normal and in MSV-inoculated mice. The antitumor action of arginine may be related to its effect on the thymus.
Heat Shock Proteins 70 and 90 Increase Calcineurin Activity in Vitro through Calmodulin-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms

We have shown that heat shock proteins (HSPs) associated with steroid receptor complexes are involved in the activation of calcineurin by aldosterone and dexamethasone. To determine whether HSPs directly interact with calcineurin, we measured the effect of HSPs 90, 70 and 56 on calcineurin activity in a cell-free, in vitro system using a calcineurin-specific substrate. HSP-90 (75 or 100 nM) significantly increased calcineurin V(max) in the presence of calmodulin, while maximal stimulation by HSP-70 occurred at 50 nM. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and actin did not change basal calcineurin activity indicating that HSP-90 and HSP-70 specifically activate calcineurin. Neither HSP-70, HSP-56, nor ATP augmented HSP-90-induced activation of calcineurin. In the absence of calmodulin, HSP-90 restored calcineurin activity to basal levels while higher concentrations (333 and 500 nM) increased calcineurin activity. In contrast, HSP-70 failed to activate calcineurin activity in the absence of calmodulin. Immunoprecipitation of HSP-90 from in vitro mixtures as well as protein extracts from LLCPK-1 cells demonstrates that calcineurin co-precipitates with HSP-90. In summary: (1) HSP-90 and 70 stimulate calcineurin V(max) in vitro; (2) non-specific protein interactions do not activate calcineurin activity; (3) HSP-70 and HSP-56 do not enhance HSP-90-induced activation of calcineurin; (4) HSP-70 and HSP-90 activate calcineurin via a calmodulin-dependent and independent pathways; (5) Calcineurin co-precipitates with HSP-90 from LLCPK-1 cells as well as cell-free in vitro preparations.
Primary ectopic meningioma of the maxillary sinus: Case report and review of the literature

Methods. A case of a primary ectopic meningioma, arising within the right maxillary sinus, is presented. A review of English literature was also undertaken to determine the prevalence of these lesions in this specific anatomic location. Results. A total maxillectomy was performed without complications and the surgical defect was covered with an immediate obturator. The patient is well and without evidence of disease 3½ years postoperatively. A review of the English literature revealed four additional reports of primary ectopic meningiomas that were limited to the maxillary sinus. Conclusions. Primary ectopic meningiomas of the maxillary sinus are uncommon lesions which have a good prognosis when a complete resection of the neoplasm can be performed. © 1995 Jons Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sex, Lies, and Agriculture: Reconstructing Japanese Immigrant Gender Relations in Rural California, 1900––1913

This article argues that the conditions of Japanese immigrants9 lives in rural California produced unstable gender relations and patterns of intra-ethnic conflict. Early twentieth-century inquest records of the Santa Clara County coroner reveal tensions stemming from gender imbalance, exacerbated by the difficulties of farm life, racial marginalization, and circumscribed economic opportunity. Immigrant men equated success in America and status among their compatriots with being economically viable farmers and supporting a family in America; some who could not achieve these goals resorted to violent behavior. Meanwhile, Japanese women encountered new options and freedoms in a predominantly male immigrant society but also found themselves battling new forms of aggression from their countrymen. The volatility of gender relations in this Japanese community highlights the disruptive effects of migration, as well as the process through which immigrant men and women negotiated new lives and identities in America.
Biophysical studies on circle formation by Sindbis virus 49 S RNA.

Sindbis virus 49 S RNA extracted from virions is completely in the form of hydrogen-bonded circles, which are separable from linear 49 S RNA in sucrose gradients containing 0·01 M-NaCl. The melting temperature (t_m) of the circles is 39·5°C in 0·02:3 M-NaCl and 53·5°C in O· l M-NaCl. The ΔH value for cyclization is - 160 kcal/mol and the ΔS approximately -500 entropy units. These parameters indicate that the length of the double-stranded region which is formed upon cyclization of the molecule is most likely short, in the order of 10 to 20 nucleotides. Our data indicate that extensive mismatching in this double-stranded region is unlikely. Intact linear 49 S RNA molecules readily renature to form circles under appropriate conditions, the energy of activation for this process being 42·6 kcal/mol. From the measured rate constants for cyclization, it is clear that Sindbis RNA will form circles readily under physiological conditions of temperature and ionic strength. The virion RNA from Semliki Forest virus also forms circles whose t_m value is very similar to that of Sindbis RNA circles, suggesting that the sequences involved in cyclization have been conserved.
k-Space weighted least-squares algorithm for accurate and fast motion extraction from magnetic resonance navigator echoes.

Navigator echoes provide an effective method to monitor physiological motion, allowing motion artifacts to be suppressed by modifying the data acquisition accordingly. The displacement can be measured directly from the navigator phase using an algorithm suggested by Ahn and Cho (IEEE Trans Med Imaging 1987;MI-6:32-36). Although computationally efficient, it is susceptible to noise, particularly contributions from points at the edges of k-space. A k-space weighted least-squares (kLS) algorithm is proposed which fits a straight line to the motion-induced phase shift. The linear fit is weighted strongly to high SNR points near the k-space center and only weakly to the poor SNR points at the edges of k-space. This algorithm was found to be as efficient as Ahn's algorithm but more robust against noise.
Building Modern Italy: Italian Architecture, 1914-1936

(1990). Building Modern Italy: Italian Architecture, 1914-36. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 43-44.
Location of nuclear antigen(s) recognized by DSB389 MAb, a monoclonal antibody against desmin, observed by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy

The location of antigen(s) of DSB389 MAb, a monoclonal antibody which was raised against an intermediate filament protein, desmin, was investigated in HeLa S3 cells by indirect immuno-electron microscopy and by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. At interphase, the antigen(s) locates mainly in the intra-nuclear space adjacent to chromatin and sometimes near the nuclear periphery. At mitosis, they locate at the periphery of the chromosomes -first at each chromosome, then around the mass of chromosomes. The antigen(s) are thought to be a component of one type of nuclear matrix which is present outside both chromatin and chromosomes and which has some structural role(s) in organizing them in the nucleus or in the nuclear region.
Using a five-factored structured decision analysis to evaluate the extinction risk of Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus)

Abstract In 2005, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service initiated a status review of Atlantic sturgeon to determine if the species warranted a threatened or endangered listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The Atlantic sturgeon status review team intended to rely on previously used methods to assess extinction risk, but found that most quantitative extinction risk analyses were performed on data-rich populations and often did not systematically consider the five factors specified in Section 4(a)(1) of the ESA as required for listing a species. Taking cues from structured decision analysis theory, the team created a framework, based around the five factors, which can be used to evaluate the status of data-poor species. Potential scoring biases were minimized in this analysis by providing experts with standardized reference points for scoring, dividing the analysis into smaller units, and using both individual and group opinion. Using this five-factored structured decision analysis, the status review team recommended that three of the five distinct population segments warranted listing as threatened. The status review team offers their approach to increase transparency about their scientific recommendation and to aid other teams who are tasked with systematically evaluating the status of data-poor species.
Calculation of melting curves for DNA

A method is reported for calculating the melting curve of a DNA molecule of random base sequence, including in the formalism the dependence of the free energy of base pair formation on the size of a denatured section. Some explicit results are shown for a “typical” base sequence, in particular the probability of helix formation at individual base pairs in several different regions of the molecule and the amount of melting from the end of the chain. Particular attention is drawn to the variation of local melting behavior from one region of the molecule to another. It is found that sections rich in AT melt at relatively low temperatures with a fairly broad transition curve, whereas regions rich in GC pairs melt at higher temperatures (as expected) with a very abrupt, local transition curve. To account qualitatively for the results one may divide melting into two kinds of processes: (a) the nucleation and growth of denatured regions, and (b) the merging together of two denatured sections at the expense of the intervening helix. The first of these processes dominates in the first stages of melting, and leads to rather broad local melting curves, whereas the second process predominates in the later stages, and occurs, in a particular part of the molecule, over a very narrow temperature range. It is estimated that the average length of a helix plus adjacent coil section at the midpoint of the transition is approximately 600 base pairs. Since transition curves which measure the local melting behavior reflect local compositions fluctuations, these curves contain information about the broad outlines of base sequence in the molecule. Some suggestions are made concerning experiments by which this potential information source could be exploited. In particular, it is pointed out that one might hope to map AT or GC rich regions at particular genetic loci in a biologically active DNA molecule. Values of the relevant parameters found earlier for the transition of homopolymers produce melting curves for a DNA of random base sequence which are in good agreement with the experimental transition curve for T2 phage DNA. Hence the present theoretical picture of the melting of polynucleotides is at least internally self-consistent.
In vitro susceptibility to rhinovirus infection is greater for bronchial than for nasal airway epithelial cells in human subjects.

Background Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) characteristically cause upper respiratory tract infection, but they also infect the lower airways, causing acute bronchitis and exacerbating asthma. Objective Our purpose was to study ex vivo the differences in the response to HRV infection of nasal and bronchial epithelial cultures from the same healthy and asthmatic individuals using conditions favoring development of fully differentiated, pseudostratified mucociliary epithelium. Methods Cells from the inferior turbinates and bronchial tree of 5 healthy and 6 asthmatic individuals were cultured at an air-liquid interface. Cultures were infected with HRV-16, and after 48 hours, the degree of infection was measured. Results Baseline median transepithelial resistance was lower in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cell cultures than in human nasal epithelial (HNE) cell cultures (195 Ω.cm 2 [95% CI, 164-252] vs 366 Ω.cm 2 [95% CI, 234-408], respectively; P P Conclusions Differentiated nasal epithelial cells might have mechanisms of increased resistance to rhinovirus infection compared with bronchial epithelial cells. We could not confirm previous reports of increased susceptibility to HRV infection in epithelial cells from asthmatic subjects.
Design the control scheme with learning and forgetting effects consideration

A novel quality control scheme which considers the learning-forgetting curve is proposed. In the growth stage of a new product, the fraction of nonconforming (P) is often reduced rapidly due to the repetitive production and accumulation of experience. This phenomenon of diminishing the fraction of nonconforming has significant learning effect. In addition, along with some quality improvement projects which focus on reducing the fraction of nonconforming within a specific period, the learning effect of the fraction of nonconforming is more pronounced. In order to keep the monitoring effect of the control chart, the learning effect of the fraction of nonconforming should be considered in the p quality control chart. Meanwhile, there are possible interruptions between batches in the production system which generate forgetting. In this work, the proposed p quality control chart with the learning-forgetting effect of the fraction of nonconforming in the process has practical application value. Some p control charts can be used for comparison with and without consideration of the learning-forgetting effects.
American Pediatric Society John Howland Award 2002: acceptance.

Thank you, Dr. Siegel, for your guided tour through my life. And thank you for being my friend since you arrived in New Haven as an intern 30 years ago and for being my strong right arm during my years as chairman at Yale.
Springtime hydrography of the southern Middle Atlantic Bight and the onset of seasonal stratification

The Ocean Margins Program was a major multi-disciplinary observational effort in the southern Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), focusing on the transformation, retention, and export of biogenic materials from the shelf. The observational effort peaked in the spring and summer of 1996 with four ship-based surveys, augmented by an array of 26 moorings supporting 126 temperature and 118 salinity sensors. The data from the cruises and moored array are used to describe how the springtime hydrographic evolution takes place in an area in which five water masses locally vie for dominance and that is subject to strong wind stress, heat flux, and offshore forcing. The results show that the region is subject to large-scale intrusions from both the north and south, which materially affect the timing and development of stratified conditions. The intrusions from the north are wind driven and provide cold, moderately saline, unstratifed water, delaying the development of stratified conditions. Intrusions also occur from the south, where warmer and generally more saline waters from the South Atlantic Bight are driven into the area by alongshore winds and/or intrusions of Gulf Stream waters pushed shoreward by Gulf Stream frontal eddies. In 1996, an intrusion of saline water from the south, combined with a reversal of the alongshore winds from the north, slowed the southward flow of cold MAB water, and subsequently caused low-salinity Virginia Coastal Waters to spread out from the coastal plume over the denser water from the north. With the reduced alongshelf flow and an initial stratification provided by the low-salinity coastal water, solar insolation and sensible heat fluxes were then able to warm the surface layer, permanently establishing the seasonal thermocline/halocline for the area not directly impacted by intrusions from the Gulf Stream and South Atlantic Bight.
Let Me Blow Your Mind Hip Hop Feminist Futures in Theory and Praxis

This essay brings together key theoretical interventions in hip-hop feminism to explore the continued, but undervalued, significance of hip-hop feminism in urban education. More specifically, the essay challenges narrow conceptualizations of the hip hop subject as Black and male by using hip-hop feminist theory to incorporate the lived experiences of Black and Brown girls and women. With a particular emphasis on the realities of violence Black and Brown girls and women, trans*, and queer people confront, I argue for the incorporation of hip hop feminism as a social justice theory and praxis in urban education.
Universal features in the photoemission spectroscopy of high-temperature superconductors

Abstract The energy gap for electronic excitations is one of the most important characteristics of the superconducting state, as it directly reflects the pairing of electrons. In the copper–oxide high-temperature superconductors (HTSCs), a strongly anisotropic energy gap, which vanishes along high-symmetry directions, is a clear manifestation of the d-wave symmetry of the pairing. There is, however, a dramatic change in the form of the gap anisotropy with reduced carrier concentration (underdoping). Although the vanishing of the gap along the diagonal to the square Cu–O bond directions is robust, the doping dependence of the large gap along the Cu–O directions suggests that its origin might be different from pairing. It is thus tempting to associate the large gap with a second-order parameter distinct from superconductivity. We use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to show that the two-gap behavior and the destruction of well-defined electronic excitations are not universal features of HTSCs, and depend sensitively on how the underdoped materials are prepared. Depending on cation substitution, underdoped samples either show two-gap behavior or not. In contrast, many other characteristics of HTSCs, such as the dome-like dependence of on doping, long-lived excitations along the diagonals to the Cu–O bonds, and an energy gap at the Brillouin zone boundary that decreases monotonically with doping while persisting above (the pseudogap), are present in all samples, irrespective of whether they exhibit two-gap behavior or not. Our results imply that universal aspects of high- superconductivity are relatively insensitive to differences in the electronic states along the Cu–O bond directions.
Fibrinogen αC Domains Contain Cryptic Plasminogen and tPA Binding Sites

Surface plasmon resonance and ELISA experiments revealed that recombinant fibrinogen alpha C fragment (residues A alpha 221-610) corresponding to the alpha C domain binds tPA and plasminogen with high affinity. This binding was found to be Lys-dependent and occurred via independent binding sites. Study with truncated variants of the alpha C fragment located these sites in its COOH-terminal half. Binding of tPA and plasminogen to these sites stimulated activation of the latter whereas proteolytic degradation of the alpha C fragment reduced this effect substantially, suggesting the importance of the alpha C domains in regulation of fibrinolysis.
Promoting stress resistance in war-exposed children.

p h t h t p p p a fi r d h T he question of how to best enhance stress resistance and resilience in warand trauma-exposed communities urgently needs data to inform public health and clinical programs. Currently, there are more than 30 regions with armed conflicts leading to fatalities and traumatic stress for civilian populations and far too many communities affected by high levels of community violence. Extent research underscores the complexity and diversity of individual reactions. Although some individuals and communities appear resilient and recover rapidly after exposure to war/traumatic experiences, others develop multiple secondary adversities and persistent mental health and functioning problems. As we build the science, there is a critical press to optimize the value of current knowledge to enhance the health, mental health, and well-being of our communities. A report by Wolmer and colleagues in this month’s issue of the Journal focuses on children’s reactions after Operation Cast Lead, a 3-week armed conflict in Israel and the Gaza Strip during which the civilian population was exposed to rocket and mortar attacks, extensive time in shelters, and continuing threats to safety and survival. The report describes the effects of a school-based stress-inoculation training (SIT) program designed to enhance stress resistance and resilience in fourthand fifth-grade Israeli school children and implemented before Operation Cast Lead, knowing the high risk for trauma exposure due to continuing conflict and tension in the Middle East. The preventive SIT intervention was integrated within the school curriculum, delivered by teachers, and supervised by school counselors. School staff were trained and supported in intervention delivery by the study team. Three months after the rocket attacks, children from the six schools implementing the intervention h
Information technology and the emergence of a worker-centered organization

Barbara Mirel's narrative highlights the interplay of profit, power, and personalities in a software engineering project. My response's purpose is to widen the perspective on the story. More specifically, I contend that information technology (IT) enables positive change in today s workplace. Rather than being techno-centric, the re-visions currently being brought about by IT will place the knowledge worker of the 21st century at the center of design and engineering considerations. I support my claim by identifying four trends in organizational management that will afford human factors and usability engineering a better seat at the table in the not too distant future. They are (1) requirements for next-generation IT applications, (2) improved understanding of culture and context in the workplace, (3) recognition of knowledge management and human capital, and (4)fostering strategic leadership beyond resource management.
Functional involvement of specific carbohydrate in teratoma cell adhesion factor

Abstract Teratoma cell adhesion factor (TAF), a protein-containing molecule isolated from the fluid in which 129/J mouse ascites teratoma cells grow, may be the cell surface component which mediates cell-cell adhesion in this system. In this study, evidence suggests that TAF contains terminal d -galactosyl residues which are functionally involved in TAF cell binding activity. Purified active β-galactosidase from various sources totally destroyed TAF aggregation promoting activity. Experiments with Azocoll indicated that the enzymes were not contaminated with protease. O -Nitrophenyl-β- d -galactopyranoside, a β-galactosidase substrate, prevented the enzyme from inactivating TAF suggesting that the enzyme catalysed removal of d -galactose residues from the TAF molecule. Cells treated with the enzyme, followed by washing, aggregated fully with TAF, suggesting that the enzyme catalysed removal of d -galactosyl residues from the TAF molecule and not from the cell surface. When the teratoma cells were preincubated with a variety of monosaccharides, followed by addition of TAF, d -galactose was the most active TAF-mediated aggregation inhibitor. Sugar acids were also effective inhibitors, though the effects of these compounds may be due to non-specific charge properties. The evidence presented suggests that protein may be the structural carrier of galactose-containing carbohydrate functionally involved in TAF aggregation promoting activity.
Temporal Kinetics and Quantitative Analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans Nonlytic Exocytosis

Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of cryptococcosis, a disease that is often fatal to those with compromised immune systems. C. neoformans has the capacity to escape phagocytic cells through a process known as nonlytic exocytosis whereby the cryptococcal cell is released from the macrophage into the extracellular environment, leaving both the host and pathogen alive. Little is known about the mechanism behind nonlytic exocytosis, but there is evidence that both the fungal and host cells contribute to the process. In this study, we used time-lapse movies of C. neoformans-infected macrophages to delineate the kinetics and quantitative aspects of nonlytic exocytosis. We analyzed approximately 800 macrophages containing intracellular C. neoformans and identified 163 nonlytic exocytosis events that were further characterized into three subcategories: type I (complete emptying of macrophage), type II (partial emptying of macrophage), and type III (cell-to-cell transfer). The majority of type I and II events occurred after several hours of intracellular residence, whereas type III events occurred significantly (P < 0.001) earlier in the course of macrophage infection. Our results show that nonlytic exocytosis is a morphologically and temporally diverse process that occurs relatively rapidly in the course of macrophage infection.
Regulation of Cerebral Cortical Size by Control of Cell Cycle Exit in Neural Precursors

Transgenic mice expressing a stabilized β-catenin in neural precursors develop enlarged brains with increased cerebral cortical surface area and folds resembling sulci and gyri of higher mammals. Brains from transgenic animals have enlarged lateral ventricles lined with neuroepithelial precursor cells, reflecting an expansion of the precursor population. Compared with wild-type precursors, a greater proportion of transgenic precursors reenter the cell cycle after mitosis. These results show that β-catenin can function in the decision of precursors to proliferate or differentiate during mammalian neuronal development and suggest that β-catenin can regulate cerebral cortical size by controlling the generation of neural precursor cells.
Fathers of children with autism: perceived roles, responsibilities, and support needs

Emphasis on families’ involvement in the education of children with disabilities is evident in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and in published best practices. However, most of the research related to families of children with disabilities has focused on mothers’ experiences, involvement, and needs. There is limited information about the experiences and roles of fathers of children with disabilities. In this study, seven fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder were interviewed about their perceived roles, responsibilities, and support needs. The findings and the implications are discussed.
Partial nephrectomy and caval thrombectomy for renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney with an accessory renal vein

A 39-year-old woman presented with a right renal mass newly detected by ultrasonography. She had undergone a left radical nephrectomy 9 years previously for localized RCC. MRI (Fig. 1a) revealed a 6.0×5.0×7.5 cm right upper pole heterogeneous mass extending into an upper pole accessory vein, with focal irregularity in the vena cava at that level, consistent with tumour thrombus. The main renal vein was patent (Fig. 1b). The patient underwent flank exploration confirming the presence of a right upper pole renal mass with extension into an accessory upper pole renal vein and a level I caval tumour thrombus. The main right renal vein was patent and uninvolved by tumour. A right upper pole partial nephrectomy (with en bloc resection of the upper pole accessory vein) with cavotomy and thrombus extraction were performed. Resection margins and biopsies of the resection bed revealed no evidence of tumour. After an uneventful postoperative course, the patient was discharged 5 days after surgery. Pathological examination revealed Grade 3 RCC with extension into the accessory vein and negative surgical margins. Over a year later the patient has no evidence of local or distant disease, with a creatinine level of 25 mg/L (preoperative creatinine 18 mg/L).
A 51-year-old woman with debilitating cramps 12 years after bariatric surgery

is admitted to thehospital because of generalized musclecramps that began 6 months ago and increas-ing right leg pain that began a few weeks ago.The muscle cramps are intermittent and aremore pronounced in the abdomen and legs.She rates the leg pain as 10 on a scale of 10,and the pain makes her nearly bedridden atthe time of admission. Other symptomsinclude increased anxiety, labile mood, andscalp pruritus.About 12 years ago, the patient under-went partial gastrectomy with biliopancreaticdiversion and duodenal switch for morbidobesity. At that time she weighed 690 pounds,but her weight has steadily decreased to 290pounds now.She has been taking multivitamins andcalcium 500 mg/day since her bariatricsurgery. Her primary care doctor recently diag-nosed her with fibromyalgia and prescribed aselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and a fen-tanyl patch.
Reima Pietilä: Architecture, Context and Modernism

(1986). Reima Pietila: Architecture, Context and Modernism. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 32-32.
Environmental mutagenesis: evolving strategies in the USA.

Abstract A recent Environmental Mutagen Society report (the “Committee 17” report) made recommendations regarding the screening of environmental mutagens and the use of the resulting data. It is important in this respect to employ highly sensitive tests which detect heritable genetic damage of all possible molecular types. Mutagens of artificial origin which are being considered for continued production must be characterized with respect to their level and pattern of distribution and their persistence in the environment in order to perform realistic risk evaluations. Risk evaluation itself, particularly the summation of the effects of numerous distinct mutagens, may be assisted by adopting a common measure of mutagenicity such as the REC (rem-equivalent-chemical). Finally, the Committee 17 report laid out highly specific recommendations concerning maximum permissible exposures to environmental mutagens. Federal regulatory agencies and their enabling legislation are in fact evolving toward the effective control of this highly complicated problem.
Baseball batters support an ecological efference mediation theory of natural event perception

Abstract People with healthy motor systems often expose themselves to natural conditions that induce errors in registered eye or limb position. Visual illusions accompany such errors in the oculomotor system. In the present study, natural conditions induced illusions that disturbed the ability of batters to hit a pitched baseball. Theoretical implications include the conclusion that a better understanding of perception and action relationships will emerge from studies of the interaction between motor information and rich visual information. Practical implications concern performance of athletes and aircraft pilots.
Highest weight representations of the N = 3 superconformal algebras and their determinant formulae

Abstract The highest weight representations of the periodic and antiperiodic N = 3 superconformal algebras in two dimensions are described. Determinant formulae for these representations are conjectured. Supercharacters for the periodic N = 3 algebra are defined, and their relationship to the standard characters explained. The physical applications are discussed.
Mixture theory for longitudinal wave propagation in unidirectional composites with cylindrical fibers of arbitrary cross section—II

Abstract A binary mixture theory is developed for propagation of longitudinal waves in a unidirectional, fibrous composite containing a two-dimensional periodic array of cylindrical fibers of arbitrary cross section. The case considered concerns a class of problems for which the waves propagate in the direction of the fiber axis. Model construction is based upon an asymptotic scheme wherein the signal wavelength is assumed to be large compared to composite micro-dimension; this premise is appropriate for many applications. The resulting theory, which retains information on the displacement profile in the microstructure, is closed in the sense that all the mixture properties that it contains can be determined once the geometry of the unit cell, shape of the fiber cross section and the properties of the constituents are known. In the theory formulated herein, calculations of the mixture properties require the solution of time-independent microstructure boundary value problems (MBVPs) defined over a unit cell. In this part of the paper, the MBVPs are derived, and the relationship between their solution and mixture properties is established. The description of a finite-element procedure to solve the MBVPs is deferred to the second part of the paper, which also contains an application of mixture theory to a study of dispersion of time-harmonic waves in composites with several microstructural geometries and combination of material properties.
Ionization and Multifragmentation of C 60 by High-Energy, Highly Charged Xe Ions

Ionization and multifragmentation have been observed in C[sub 60] molecules bombarded by Xe[sup 35+] and Xe[sup 18+] ions with energies in the range 420--625 MeV. The c.m. energies exceeded those used in previous studies by several orders of magnitude. We present the observed mass distribution of positively charged fragments together with a theoretical model indicating that the total interaction cross section contains roughly equal contributions from (a) excitation of the giant plasmon resonance, and (b) large-energy-transfer processes that lead to multiple fragmentation of the molecule.
Externally removable stents in the treatment of benign recalcitrant strictures and esophageal perforations in pediatric patients with esophageal atresia.

Background We investigated whether removable stents, such as self-expandable plastic stents (SEPSs) and fully covered self-expandable metal stents (FCSEMSs) could provide an alternative treatment for recalcitrant strictures and esophageal perforations after esophageal atresia (EA) repair. Objective The primary aim of our study was to evaluate technical feasibility. Secondary aims were to evaluate safety and procedural success. Design Retrospective study. Setting Tertiary-care referral center. Patients A total of 24 children with EA. Interventions Retrospective review of all children with EA who underwent dilation and esophageal stent placement from January 2010 to February 2013 at our institution. Main Outcome Measurements Healing of perforation and stricture resolution at 30 and 90 days. Results A total of 41 stents (SEPSs 14, FCSEMSs 27) were placed in 24 patients with EA during the study period, including 14 who had developed esophageal leaks. Procedural success of esophageal stent placement in the treatment of refractory strictures was 39% at 30 days and 26% at 90 days. The success rate was 80% for closure of esophageal perforations with stent therapy after dilation and 25% for perforations associated with surgical repair. Adverse events of stent placement included migration (21% of SEPSs and 7% of FCSEMSs), granulation tissue (37% of FCSEMSs), and deep ulcerations (22% of FCSEMSs). Limitations Retrospective study with small sample size. Conclusion SEPSs and FCSEMSs can be placed successfully in small infants and children with a history of EA repair. The stents appear to be safe and beneficial in closing esophageal perforations, especially post-dilation. However, a high stricture recurrence rate after stent removal may limit their usefulness in treating recalcitrant esophageal anastomotic strictures.