cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal long-period dynamics of aerospace craft

Linear analyses are performed to examine the generic aspects of aerospace vehicle longitudinal long-period or trajectory modes of motion. The influence of Mach number, dynamic pressure, thrust-to-drag ratio, and propulsion system thrust laws on the longitudinal trajectory modes is presented in terms of phugoid frequency and damping and height mode stability. The results of these analyses are compared to flying qualities requirements where possible, and potential deficiencies in both the vehicle and the criteria are noted. A preliminary look at possible augmentation schemes to improve potential deficiencies is also presented. Interpretation of the practical consequences of the results is aided by typical time histories. Results indicate that propulsion system characteristics are the dominant influence on the longitudinal long-period flight dynamics of hypersonic aerospace craft. However, straightforward augmentation systems demonstrated the potential to accommodate these influences if the effects are included in the design process. These efforts may be hampered by a lack of design criteria for hypersonic aircraft.
The purification by affinity chromatography of a proteinase inhibitor binding species of anhydro-chymotrypsin.

Abstract A species of anhydro-chymotrypsin which binds proteinase inhibitors was purified by affinity chromatography on a lima bean inhibitor-sepharose column. This species is indistinguishable from alpha chymotrypsin in its immunological reactivity with rabbit anti-PMS-chymotrypsin serum and its inhibitor binding capacity with potato inhibitor I. A non-inhibitor binding fraction (30%) of anhydro-chymotrypsin was not retained by the affinity column and possessed only weak immunological competence compared with the inhibitor binding species. Competition experiments between the inhibitor binding species of anhydro-chymotrypsin and chymotrypsin for potato inhibitor I or for lima bean inhibitor demonstrated that exchange occurs rapidly and stoichiometrically. The reversible exchange between chymotrypsin and the inhibitor binding species in the complexes with inhibitors indicates a covalent bond involving serine #195 of chymotrypsin does not contribute significantly to the free energy of complex formation.
Hormonal and environmental control of song control region growth and new neuron addition in adult male house finches, Carpodacus mexicanus

In songbirds, testosterone (T) mediates seasonal changes in the sizes and neuroanatomical characteristics of brain regions that control singing (song control regions; SCRs). One model explaining the mechanisms of the growth of one SCR, the HVC, postulates that in the spring increasing photoperiod and circulating T concentrations enhance new neuron survival, thus increasing total neuron number. However, most research investigating the effects of T on new neuron survival has been done in autumn. The present study investigated the effects of photoperiod and T treatment on SCR growth and new neuron survival in the HVC in photosensitive adult male House Finches, Carpodacus mexicanus, under simulated spring-like conditions. Birds were castrated, given T-filled or empty Silastic capsules and maintained on short days (SD; 8L:16D) or long days (LD; 16L:8D). To mark new cells, birds received bromodeoxyuridine injections 11 days after experimental manipulations began and were sacrificed 28 days later. Testosterone treatment increased the sizes of two SCRs, the HVC and Robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). Exposure to LD did not affect HVC volume, but did increase RA volume. Testosterone treatment increased the total number of HVC neurons, but did not affect the number of new HVC neurons. Thus, T initiates SCR growth and increases neuron survival, but effects of T on new neuron incorporation may be limited in photosensitive birds under spring-like conditions. These results provide new insight into the effects of photoperiod and T treatment on vernal SCR growth and new neuron incorporation and support current models explaining this growth.
Response of Turkey Poults to Tiered Levels of Natuphos® Phytase Added to Soybean Meal-Based Semi-Purified Diets Containing Three Levels of Nonphytate Phosphorus

A 3-wk feeding trial using 920 day-old turkey poults was conducted to evaluate the addition of seven levels of phytase (Natuphos; 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1,000, and 1,200 U/kg of diet) to diets containing three levels of nonphytate P (nP) (.27, .36, and .45%). A positive control diet contained .60% nP. Semi-purified basal diets contained soybean meal as the only protein source. The increase in BW gain from added phytase was greatest for the lowest nP diet (nP by phytase interaction, P < .001). At .27% nP, gains improved (P < .001) to 800 U of phytase/kg of diet and then reached a plateau. At .36 and .45% nP, increases in gains were observed only for 200 U of phytase/kg of diet. The highest phytase addition to.36 and .45% nP diets produced gains equal to those of the positive control diet. Feed intake increases paralleled those of BW gains. Gain:feed was lowest for the .27% nP diets without phytase, but improved (P < .001) to 800 U of phytase/kg of diet and then reached a plateau. The high incidence of leg disorders and high mortality (40%) observed for the poults fed the .27% nP diet without added phytase declined with the addition of 200 to 400 U of phytase/kg of diet. Ash percentage of toes and tibias increased as the levels of nP (P < .001) and phytase (P < .01) increased; the magnitude of the response to phytase decreased as nP in the diet increased, resulting in an nP by phytase interaction (P < .001). Tibial shear force and stress responded in a similar manner to increasing levels of nP and added phytase. Results show that 652 U of microbial phytase is equivalent to 1 g of P from defluorinated phosphate in turkey starter diets using soybean meal as the only source of phytate P. The response per 100 U of phytase decreased as the total amount of phytase added was increased.
An experimental survey of the transition between two-state and downhill protein folding scenarios

A kinetic and thermodynamic survey of 35 WW domain sequences is used in combination with a model to discern the energetic requirements for the transition from two-state folding to downhill folding. The sequences used exhibit a 600-fold range of folding rates at the temperature of maximum folding rate. Very stable proteins can achieve complete downhill folding when the temperature is lowered sufficiently below the melting temperature, and then at even lower temperatures they become two-state folders again because of cold denaturation. Less stable proteins never achieve a sufficient bias to fold downhill because of the onset of cold denaturation. The model, considering both heat and cold denaturation, reveals that to achieve incipient downhill folding (barrier <3 RT) or downhill folding (no barrier), the WW domain average melting temperatures have to be ≥50°C for incipient downhill folding and ≥90°C for downhill folding.
Systematic Comparison of Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation Methods With and Without the Tangent Linear Model Using Hybrid Background Error Covariance: E4DVar versus 4DEnVar

AbstractTwo ensemble formulations of the four-dimensional variational (4DVar) data assimilation technique are examined for a low-dimensional dynamical system. The first method, denoted E4DVar, uses tangent linear and adjoint model operators to minimize a cost function in the same manner as the traditional 4DVar data assimilation system. The second method, denoted 4DEnVar, uses an ensemble of nonlinear model trajectories to replace the function of linearized models in 4DVar, thus improving the parallelization of the data assimilation. Background errors for each algorithm are represented using a hybrid error covariance, which includes climatological errors as well as ensemble-estimated errors from an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). Numerical experiments performed over a range of scenarios suggest that both methods provide similar analysis accuracy for dense observation networks, and in perfect model experiments with large ensembles. Nevertheless, E4DVar has clear benefits over 4DEnVar when substantial covari...
Ontogenesis of enkephalinergic afferent systems in the opossum cerebellum

Abstract Enkephalin (ENK) immunoreactive climbing fibers, mossy fibers and a beaded plexus of axons are present in the adult opossum's cerebellar cortex. We have used the indirect antibody peroxidase—antiperoxidase technique to study the ontogeny of enkephalinergic axons in the cerebellum of pouch young opossums from postnatal day (PD) 1 to PD 83. On PD 1, ENK axons are present in the intermediate layer of the cerebellar anlage. At PD 18, after a period of ‘waiting’, ENK fibers form clusters throughout the cerebellar cortex primarily within the nascent Purkinje cell layer. By PD 40, axon terminals with a climbing fiber phenotype circumscribe Purkinje cells; immature mossy fiber rosettes are present within the internal granule cell layer. A third axon phenotype, beaded ENK fibers can be distinguished on PD 68. Between PD 40 and PD 68, the distributions of ENK climbing and mossy fibers overlap in vermal lobules II–VIII and X, whereas in the hemispheres climbing fibers predominate. However, by PD 83, ENK positive climbing fibers are no longer evident in lateral folia. These results indicate that early arriving ENK axons are present before the differentiation of their cellular targets. Further, a transient appearance of ENK in discrete populations of developing climbing fibers suggests several developmental events: (1) cell death in the inferior olive, (2) collateral regression, or (3) a transient expression of this peptide, that may be characteristic of this chemically defined system of axons.
Wet early to middle Holocene conditions on the upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA

A peat core from a cutoff paleochannel of Little River on the upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina provides a continuous pollen record of environmental change for the past 10,500 years and includes a sedimentary record of overbank floods. Palynological and sedimentary data indicate that the early to middle Holocene was wetter than previously suggested from lake sites in the southeastern United States. The period from 9000 to 6100 cal yr B.P. is characterized by high pollen percentages of Nyssa and Quercus, but low percentages of Pinus. Fifteen large overbank flood events are present within this period (5 floods/1000 yr). In contrast, only 6 large overbank flood events occurred since 6100 cal yr B.P. (1 flood/1000 yr). The increases in moisture and flood events probably were controlled by changes in atmospheric circulation related to shifts in the position of the Bermuda High, sea surface temperatures, and El Nino activity that together may have affected the frequency of large floods generated from tropical storms in the region.
Behavioural thermoregulation of Orthoporus ornatus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae) in three desert habitats

Observations on feeding and locomotion of the desert millipede Orthopoms ornatus were made in three separate habitats during the summer feeding season. The habitats were Tornillo Flat in Big Bend National Park, Texas; the Jornada Validation Site of IBP/Desert Biome near Las Cruces, New Mexico; and the base of a volcanic escarpment near Albuquerque, New Mexico. In each habitat diurnal or diel temperatures were monitored in a typical millipede microsite. Microsites included portions of a Larrea/Opuntia shrub complex (Tornillo Flat), an Ephedra shrub (Jornada Site), and a Salsola shrub (Albuquerque). Adjacent mammal-burrow temperatures were also monitored, as were soil-surface temperatures (two habitats) and air temperatures (one habitat). Diurnal feeding and locomotion were greatest in early morning and late afternoon; nocturnal activity also occurred. Soil-surface activity generally ceased before surface temperatures reached 35oC and began again when they cooled to about the same level. In the meantime, movement to burrows, to beneath rocks and vegetation, and to aerial portions of shrubs occurred. Additional behavioural thermoregulation was manifested by horizontal and vertical movements within shrubs, maximum air temperatures encountered being 35.5oC. Such behaviour is considered in light of recent studies of water balance and metabolism in this species.
NMR pulsed gradient diffusion measurements. II. Residual gradients and lineshape distortions

Abstract In NMR diffusion measurements, the application of pulsed magnetic field gradients can produce additional magnetic field gradients, residual gradients, which decay slowly after the pulse. Results indicate that at least two types of residual gradients are present. These are quantitatively measured and analyzed. The consequences of their presence have been carefully examined with significant results for Fourier transform experiments and pulsed gradient calibration. For example, multicomponent systems may mistakenly exhibit different diffusion rates for each component when Fourier transform techniques are used. The residual gradient, since it distorts the background magnetic field gradient, may increase the sensitivity to mismatch of the pulsed gradients as well as affect the calibration of the pulsed gradient. It is demonstrated that the lineshape can be an accurate indicator of the magnetic field gradient. Several factors which may distort the lineshape are analyzed and found not to be critical. As a consequence of these findings, an optimal procedure is described for the measurement of diffusion rates using the pulsed gradient method.
Cartels in an "Nth-Best" World: The Wholesale Foodstuff Trade in Ibadan, Nigeria

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of the economic functions and associated welfare implications of the cooperative associations that dominate the wholesale trade in two staple foods. Questionnaire responses lead to several conclusions. Individual traders face incomplete markets, imperfect information, and little government-provided institutional and physical infrastructure. The associations are sophisticated “Coase-like” responses to this market environment: they focus on reducing their members' transaction costs, and hence the marginal private costs of trading. Thus it is likely that these associations enhance efficiency. We conclude with a critique of current government policy with respect to this trade.
To Be Modular or Not to Be? Some Answers to the Question

The article discusses modular forms of organization in dealing with challenges such as keeping pace with technological innovations and coping with global competition. Modular organizations can quickly be restructured as needed, unlike the stable parameters of traditional organizations. The author looks at the research of Melissa A. Schilling of New York University and H. Kevin Steensma of the University of Washington on the use of three modular forms. Schilling and Steensma used data from 330 U.S. manufacturing industries over a five-year time span. Although the study captured the entire manufacturing sector within the U.S., only objective information made readily available by the government and private data managers was able to be used. The use of contract manufacturing in outsourcing is also discussed.
Effect of membrane composition and structure on solute removal and biocompatibility in hemodialysis

Effect of membrane composition and structure on solute removal and biocompatibility in hemodialysis. Significant changes in extracorporeal membranes have occurred over the past five decades in which hemodialysis (HD) has been available as a therapy for both acute renal failure (ARF) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). For cellulosic membranes, these changes have included a reduction in thickness, hydroxyl group substitution, and an increase in pore size. These modifications have resulted in enhanced efficiency of small solute removal, a broader spectrum of overall solute removal, and an attenuation of complement activation in comparison to the thick, unsubstituted cellulosic membranes of low permeability used in the early days of HD therapy. Synthetic membranes, originally developed specifically for use in high-flux HD and hemofiltration, have also evolved during this same time period. In fact, the initially clear distinction between low-flux regenerated cellulosic and high-flux synthetic membranes has become blurred, as membrane formulators have developed products designed to appeal to enthusiasts for both membrane formats. The purpose of this review is to characterize both the solute removal and biocompatibility characteristics of dialysis membranes according to their composition (that is, polymeric makeup) and structure. In this regard, the manner in which membrane biocompatibility interacts with flux is highlighted.
Nuclear Correlations measured with the CLAS detector

Two separate analyses of CLAS data from the E2 run period have extracted detailed information about nuclear correlations. Observations of scaling for the cross section ratios of nuclei to 3He in ( e , e ′ ) at x b > 1 allow for the extraction of the relative probability of short range correlations in nuclei. Direct observations of 2 nucleon knockout in the reaction 3He( e , e ′ pp )n in specific kinematics show a convincing signature of short range correlations in nuclei, and allow for a measurement of the relative and total momentum distributions of a correlated pair in 3He.
Characteristics of chemical binding to α2u-globulin, in vitro-Evaluating structure-activity relationships

alpha 2u-Globulin (alpha 2u) has been shown to accumulate in the kidneys of male rats treated with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP). 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol (TMP-2-OH), a metabolite of TMP, is found reversibly bound to alpha 2u isolated from the kidneys of these treated rats. The objectives of the following study were to characterize the ability of (3H)TMP-2-OH to bind to alpha 2u in vitro and to determine whether other compounds that cause this protein to accumulate have the same binding characteristics. Although compounds that have been shown to cause the accumulation of alpha 2u in male rat kidneys compete in vitro with (3H)TMP-2-OH for binding to alpha 2u, they do so to varying degrees. The binding affinity (Kd) of the (3H)TMP-2-OH-alpha 2u complex was calculated to be on the order of 10(-7) M. The inhibition constant values (Ki) determined for d-limonene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and 2,5-dichlorophenol were all in the range 10(-4) M, whereas the Ki values for isophorone, 2,4,4- or 2,2,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol, and d-limonene oxide were determined to be in the range 10(-6) and 10(-7) M, respectively. TMP and 2,4,4- and 2,2,4-trimethylpentanoic acid did not compete for binding. This suggests that other factors, besides binding, are involved in the accumulation of alpha 2u. In this studymore » the ability of a chemical to bind to alpha 2u was used as a measure of biological activity to assess structure-activity relationships among the chemicals tested and known to cause the accumulation of alpha 2u. The results so far suggest that binding is dependent on both hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding.« less
Cellular teamwork in antibacterial innate immunity.

IFN-γ is a cytokine that is critical for defense against intracellular bacterial pathogens. New work provides evidence that the recognition of bacterial flagellin by the NLRC4 inflammasome in splenic dendritic cells triggers rapid release of IL-18, which leads to IFN-γ production by memory CD8+ T cells.
From mainframes to picture frames: charting the rapid evolution of visual interfaces

The past four decades are witness to tremendous change in the technical capabilities, industry techniques, and popular expectations underlying visual interaction between people and computers. Nevertheless we are on the cusp of a more encompassing revolution driven by new expectations of increasingly personal computing experiences. In this talk I will illustrate this nascent relationship between people and computation driven by the emergence of people as equally, and interchangeably, consumers and producers of the computing experience. Although buoyed by achievements in ubiquitous and pervasive computing technologies, this revolution is fundamentally about how a blossoming literacy in computing technologies empowers new forms of communication, reflection and decision making.
The Structure of Alkali Silicate Gel by Total Scattering Methods

The structure of the alkali silicate gel (ASR) collected from the galleries of Furnas Dam in Brazil was determined by a pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of high energy X-ray diffraction data. Since this method is relatively new to concrete structure analysis a detailed introduction on the PDF method is given for glassy SiO2. The bulk amorphous structure of the dam material is confirmed as no Bragg peaks are observed in the scattered intensity. The real space results show that the local structure of the amorphous material is similar to kanemite (KHSi2O5:3H2O) however the long range layer structure of the crystal is broken up in the amorphous state, so that ordering only persists of the length scale of a few polyhedra. The silicate layer structure is a much more disordered than predicted by molecular dynamics models. The X-ray results are consistent with the molecular dynamics model of Kirkpatrick et al. (2005) [1] which predicts that most of the water resides in pores within the amorphous network rather than in layers. The total scattering data provide a rigorous basis against which other models may also be tested.
Identification of a novel interaction between integrin β1 and 14-3-3β

Integrins are cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix, which play important roles in a variety of biological processes. 14-3-3 proteins are a highly conserved family of cytoplasmic proteins that associate with several intracellular signaling molecules in regulation of various cellular functions. Here, we report identification of an interaction between the integrin β1 cytoplasmic domain and 14-3-3β by using the yeast two-hybrid screen. Like several other proteins, the integrin β1 cytoplasmic domain associated with 14-3-3β by a non-phosphoserine mechanism. The 14-3-3β/integrin β1 interaction was confirmed by in vitro binding assays as well as co-precipitation in vivo. Furthermore, we found that 14-3-3β co-localized with integrin β1 during the early stage of cell spreading on fibronectin, suggesting a potential role of the 14-3-3β/integrin β1 interaction in the regulation of cell adhesion. Using tetracycline-regulated expression system, we showed that overexpression of 14-3-3β stimulated cell spreading and migration on fibronectin but not on poly-L-lysine. However, the induced expression of 14-3-3β did not affect tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK or its substrates, p130cas and paxillin, suggesting that 14-3-3β regulated integrin-mediated cell spreading and migration by FAK-independent mechanisms. Taken together, these results identify an interaction between integrin and 14-3-3 proteins and suggest a potentially novel cellular function for 14-3-3 proteins in the regulation of integrin-mediated cell adhesion and signaling events.
Mechanistic and Energetic Details of Adduct Formation and σ-Bond Activation in Zr+(H2)n Clusters†

The formation of Zr+(H2)n clusters (n = 1−7) has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Binding energies were determined via temperature-dependent equilibrium measurements, giving −ΔH0° = 14.5 ± 0.3, 10.7 ± 0.2, 10.1 ± 0.3, 9.1 ± 0.5, 9.2 ± 0.5, 8.9 ± 0.6, and 8.5 ± 0.8 kcal/mol for n = 1−7, respectively. Both DFT(B3LYP) and MP2 calculations gave binding energies in excellent agreement with experiment. Zr+ appears to insert into the first H2 to form the dihydride as predicted by theory. The rate of insertion was observed to have a negative temperature dependence and a positive pressure dependence, suggesting a cluster-assisted insertion mechanism. Interestingly, both DFT and MP2 calculations suggest that the dihydride may “uninsert” to form a pure dihydrogen cluster with n between 5 and 7.
A strategy for automated modeling of frame structures

Structural analysis involves three main phases, namely, modeling, analysis, and results processing. Computer software exists in order to automate the analysis and results processing phases. However, modeling is still done largely by hand, especially for frame structures. This paper considers automated modeling of frame structures in the context of a computer integrated system for structural engineering design. In this system a structure is defined in terms of its components and connections, and it is necessary to create an analysis model in terms of nodes, elements, boundary conditions, and so on. The paper describes the logic of the modeling process, describes the output from the process, and shows how this output can be used as input data for a structural analysis program. The scope is limited to determination of the structure stiffness properties and assembly of the stiffness matrix.
Environment-Mediated Control of a Quantum System

Recently, a new approach for the controllability of a two-dimensional quantum system $S$ has been proposed, based on its interaction with an initially uncorrelated two-dimensional probe $P$ whose initial state can be arbitrarily modified. Following this scheme and considering a particular model for the environment, we show that, in some specific cases, the environment-induced entanglement is rich enough to completely control the dynamics of $S$. Under suitable conditions on the interaction of $S$, $P$, and the environment, we prove that the state of $S$ can be driven to an arbitrary target state by varying the initial state of $P$.
Intermediate filament proteins increase during chronic stimulation of skeletal muscle.

Chronic low-frequency electrical stimulation of rabbit fast-twitch skeletal muscle induces increased levels of two intermediate filament proteins, desmin and vimentin, during the first 3 weeks of stimulation. These increases occur over the same timecourse as reported shifts in α-actinin expression and increased Z-disc width, but precede the fast-to-slow shifts in contractile proteins, which have been described by others. Desmin and vimentin levels increase during the first 2 weeks of stimulation, at which time the increase in desmin appears to plateau while vimentin continues to increase significantly through 3 weeks of stimulation. Absolute amounts of vimentin are lower than desmin at all time points, however increases in desmin and vimentin levels are strongly correlated during the stimulation period, suggesting that the two proteins are coordinately increased during the initial phases of muscle transformation. We suggest that rapid increases in the expression of intermediate filament proteins, which coincide with alterations in Z-disc structure, may indicate a fortification of the force-bearing ultrastructure of the muscle fibre in response to the increased activity that is induced by stimulation. The presence of vimentin and elevated levels of desmin expression suggest that mature skeletal muscle reverts toward a developmental program of intermediate filament protein expression during fast-to-slow transformation.
Seed performance of Russet Burbank potatoes

A three-year study of three planting dates and four harvest dates of Russet Burbank seed potatoes was made to determine their effect on plant vigor, virus leaf roll infection, yield, size distribution and quality. Yields decreased significantly with delayed harvest of the seed crop. The incidence of late season virus leaf roll based on visual symptoms increased significantly with delayed harvests. The risk of a late season virus leaf roll infection increased when a later harvest was combined with a late planting. Seed taken from the earlier harvested plots consistently had earlier and more uniform emergence, the greatest vigor and the highest yields. The effect of planting date and harvest date had little effect on size distribution and no effect on specific gravity.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption behavior of mixed matrix polymer composites containing a flexible coordination polymer

Abstract Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) comprised of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) dispersed in organic polymers are popular materials under study for potential applications in gas separations. However, research on MMMs containing structurally dynamic sorbents known as flexible MOFs has only very recently appeared in the literature. The thermodynamic requirements of the structure transition between the low porosity and high porosity phases of flexible MOFs may provide a mechanism for high adsorption selectivity in these materials. A fundamental question in MMMs containing flexible MOFs is how the constraint of the polymer matrix on the intrinsic expansion of the flexible MOF particles that occurs during gas adsorption might affect the thermodynamics of this structural phase transition and influence the gas adsorption properties of the embedded MOF. To investigate the fundamental nature of this flexible MOF–polymer interface, thin films of ∼20 um thickness were prepared using the flexible linear chain coordination polymer catena-bis(dibenzoylmethanato)-(4,4′bipyridyl)nickel(II) “Ni(Bpy)(DBM)2” embedded as 35 wt% dispersions in Matrimid®, polystyrene, and polysulfone. The adsorption of CO2 in the polymers and embedded particles was studied using in situ ATR–FTIR spectroscopy and variable temperature volumetric CO2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. Interestingly, no effect of the polymer matrix on the gas adsorption behavior of the embedded Ni(Bpy)(DBM)2 particles was observed. The composite samples all showed the same threshold pressures for CO2 absorption and desorption hysteresis associated with the structural phase change in the polymer embedded Ni(Bpy)(DBM)2 particles as was observed in the pristine polycrystalline sample. The current results contrast those recently reported for a MMM containing the flexible MOF “NH2-MIL-53” where a significant increase in the threshold pressure for CO2 adsorption associated with the structural phase change of the MOF was observed in the MMM as compared to the isolated MOF. The conflicting behaviors in these two systems are rationalized from the large differences in unit cell expansions between the two MOFs during the CO2 adsorption process.
Generation and Characterization of Subtype-specific Monoclonal Antibodies to K+ Channel α- and β-subunit Polypeptides

Abstract Molecular characterization of mammalian voltage-sensitive K + channel genes and their expression became possible with the cloning of the Shaker locus of Drosophila . However, analysis of the expression patterns and subunit composition of native K + channel protein complexes requires immunological probes specific for the individual K + channel gene products expressed in excitable tissue. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against eight distinct mammalian K + channel polypeptides; the Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.4, Kv1.5 and Kv1.6 Shaker -related α-subunits, the Kv2.1 Shab -related α-subunit, and the kvβ1 and Kvβ2 β-subunits. We characterized the subtype-specificity of these mAbs against native K + channels in mammalian brain and against recombinant K + channels expressed in transfected mammalian cells. In addition, we used these mAbs to investigate the cellular and subcellular distribution of the corresponding polypeptides in rat cerebral cortex, as well as their expression levels across brain regions. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
A dew-point hygrometer for field use

Abstract This hygrometer (or dewcel) design uses the salt-solution, phase-transition point of lithium chloride to measure ambient dew-point temperature. Its sensor is heated electronically rather than by conduction through the salt solution, making possible some miniaturization and a substantially reduced power requirement compared with other dewcel designs. Thus long-term measurements under battery power are practical. The hygrometer has exhibited good retention of dew-point accuracy over extended recording periods at remote field sites.
Analyzing process uncertainty through virtual process simulation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose virtual process simulation as a technique for identifying and analyzing uncertainty in processes. Uncertainty is composed of both risks and opportunities.Design/methodology/approach – Virtual process simulation involves the creation of graphical models representing the process of interest and associated tasks. Graphical models representing the resources (e.g. people, facilities, tools, etc.) are also created. The members of the resources graphical models are assigned to process tasks in all possible combinations. Secondary calculi, representing uncertainty, are imposed upon these models to determine scores. From the scores, changes in process structure or resource allocation can be used to manage uncertainty.Findings – The example illustrates the benefits of utilizing virtual process simulation in process pre‐planning. Process pre‐planning can be used as part of strategic or operational uncertainty management.Practical implications – This paper presents an...
The Ramapo Fault System in New York and Adjacent Northern New Jersey: A Case of Tectonic Heredity

The Ramapo fault system forms the northwestern boundary of the Newark Triassic basin in New York and adjacent northern New Jersey, and is commonly attributed to Mesozoic crustal fracturing. However, the detailed geology in the vicinity of this fault indicates an earlier, complex tectonic ancestry, perhaps dating from late Precambrian time. Intense cataclastic effects found in Precambrian to Middle Ordovician rocks on both sides of the Ramapo fault are absent from the bordering Triassic rocks of the footwall block. Significant post-Middle Ordovician right-lateral-transcurrent faulting is recorded by actual offset of distinctive units and by the megascopic fabric in mylonite zones. The total cumulative offset since the late Precambrian on these faults is unknown but could be large. Right-lateral displacement of 4 km is indicated for the Canopus Valley area. Intrusive relationships of probable late Precambrian to Late Ordovician diorite plutons and dikes, as well as pegmatites of probable Devonian age, help date the strike-slip movements as Paleozoic and older. Block faulting along the Ramapo fault in the Lower Ordovician affected Middle Ordovician sedimentation and resulted in unconformable relationships between a Middle Ordovician gneiss-boulder conglomerate (Bucher, 1957) and Precambrian gneisses on the upthrown block west of the fault north of Peekskill, New York. Repeated movements of the Highlands block during Late Triassic time produced the coarse clastic fanglomerates of the Hammer Creek Formation adjacent to the Ramapo fault. This syndepositional faulting was followed by post-Brunswick downdropping along the Ramapo fault south of the Hudson River. Recent seismic activity along this fault system reported by Page and others (1968) suggests that the fault may still be active. These observations suggest a possible tectonic longevity of some 700 m.y. for the “Triassic” border fault system here. This fracture system had deep crustal connections along which basic magma rose toward the surface in Late Precambrian, Late Ordovician (Cortlandt), and Late Triassic time (Palisades sill and Triassic flows). The Ramapo fault also marks the boundary between tectonic blocks having different Paleozoic deformational histories. These observations, along with the remarkable longevity, suggest that this fault zone may be part of a fundamental crustal fracture system that was operative during formation of the Appalachian orogen. The ideas presented here require a degree of tectonic permanence not commonly reported in orogenic belts. Activity along this fracture system in pre-Middle Ordovician time as documented here suggests strongly that the northern end of the Reading Prong is not allochthonous in the sense proposed by Isachsen (1964).
The influence of sea level changes on sediment carbonate mineralogy, Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas

Abstract Large fluctuations occur in the aragonite content of fine silt and clay-sized material sampled by piston cores in Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas. Electron microscopy reveals that sedimentary sequences with high aragonite content are characterized by abundant aragonite needles. Sedimentary sequences containing small amounts of aragonite but large amounts of low-Mg calcite are dominated by coccoliths. The variation in both mineralogy and grain morphology is interpreted to be related to sea level fluctuations and the consequent presence or absence of sediment contribution (needles) from the adjacent Bahama Banks. These fluctuations are useful chronological indicators in these cores and should be applicable in other areas adjacent to carbonate banks. In particular, the last rise in sea level is clearly marked in all the cores.
Composition distortion in MBMS sampling

Notwithstanding the advantages of molecular-beam mass-spectrometer (MBMS) sampling from combustion systems, including from flames, experience has shown that care is required either to minimize or to correct for composition and temperature distortions arising from the presence and operation of a MBMS sampling system. Hence the origins and handling of such distortions are reviewed here. In the main body of this review, radical recombination and heat transfer at the external probe surface, acceleration into the probe orifice, chemical relaxation in the free jet, radial diffusion in the free jet, skimmer interference, Mach-number focusing, and fragmentation during detection are considered. A section on miscellaneous possible origins of distortions reviews briefly condensation, preferential scattering of beam molecules by background molecules, background invasion of the free jet, overun of slower molecules by faster molecules when sampling from an unsteady source, and contaminating the time-averaged signal for a given sampling location by the stored time-averaged signal for the prior sampling location. It is concluded that the increased understanding of MBMS sampling has provided the means for either avoiding or handling the possible distortions sufficiently so that MBMS sampling has graduated from an object of research and development to a tool for studies of complicated combustion systems.
Documented, Undocumented, and Liminally Legal: Legal Status During the Transition to Adulthood for 1.5-Generation Brazilian Immigrants

This article deconstructs the “illegal–legal” binary that characterizes much immigration scholarship. Using in-depth interviews with 42 1.5-generation Brazilian immigrants in young adulthood, I find that respondents discuss a distinct hierarchy with four categories of legal membership—undocumented, liminal legality, lawful permanent resident (LPR), and citizen—that affect their daily lives and incorporation. Liminally legal and LPR statuses in particular challenge this illegal–legal dichotomy. Liminal legality is an “in-between” status in which immigrants possess social security numbers and work permits but have no guarantee of eventual citizenship. Without opportunities to regularize their status, both undocumented and liminally legal young adults face increased vulnerabilities to poverty and social exclusion. Liminally legal youth, however, are in better positions than their undocumented peers during early adulthood because of state-delimited rights associated with their legal status.
Activation of the VEGFR1 Chromatin Domain AN ANGIOGENIC SIGNAL-ETS1/HIF-2α REGULATORY AXIS

Angiogenesis is induced by multiple growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). In vascular endothelium VEGF signals through two receptor-tyrosine kinases, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. The VEGFR1 gene encodes both a receptor-tyrosine kinase and a secreted splice variant, soluble VEGFR1. Whereas VEGFR1 is essential for vascular development, mechanisms that regulate VEGFR1 expression in endothelial cells are poorly understood. We demonstrate here that in endothelial cells, FGF2 and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling induce VEGFR1 mRNA expression in a combinatorial fashion. EGF/FGF2-mediated VEGFR1 induction is mediated via functional interaction of transcription factors ETS1 and HIF-2α. Mechanistic analyses revealed that in endothelial cells EGF/FGF2 signaling induces ETS1 expression, increases HIF-2α protein level in absence of hypoxia, and recruits both ETS1 and HIF-2α to the VEGFR1 chromatin domain. Knockdown of ETS1 and HIF-2α by RNA interference inhibits EGF/FGF2-induced VEGFR1 expression, and loss of expression is associated with impaired RNA-polymerase II recruitment and histone modifications at the VEGFR1 promoter region. In addition, using a mouse embryonic stem cell in vitro differentiation system, we found that induction of VEGFR1 in embryoid bodies is also associated with ETS1 and HIF-2α recruitment to the VEGFR1 locus. These results establish an angiogenic signal-ETS1/HIF-2α axis that regulates the VEGFR1 chromatin domain to induce VEGFR1 transcription in endothelial cells and in differentiating embryonic stem cells.
Trans-Cellular Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Gene Activation in Cerebral Vascular Smooth Muscle by Endothelial Oxidative Injury In Vivo

Objective— This study was undertaken to assess the role of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) Ca 2+ channels and Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in gene regulation after oxidative endothelial injury (OEI). Methods and Results— OEI was produced by infusion of Na fluorescein (NaFluo) photoactivated by UV light immediately before intravenous injection. Posterior cerebral arteries were studied using immunofluorescence imaging, Western blotting, or patch clamping of isolated cells. After infusion of photoactivated NaFluo, but not NaFluo, (1) superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) was upregulated in endothelium, consistent with oxidant stress; (2) the fraction of VSMC nuclei labeled for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) increased 7-fold at 6 hours, preceded by a several-fold increase in nuclear phospho-cAMP-response element binding protein, with PCNA upregulation prevented by pretreatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-SOD; (3) in VSMCs, phospho-CaMKII increased 20-fold 5 minutes after OEI, with a 2-fold increase in peak Ca 2+ channel currents; and (4) changes in cAMP-response element binding protein and PCNA were blocked by systemic administration of lipophilic (nifedipine) or hydrophilic (amlodipine) 1,4-dihydropyridine Ca 2+ channel blockers, the calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperazine, or the CaMKII inhibitor KN-93, with none of these agents preventing SOD-1 upregulation in endothelium. Conclusions— Activation of VSMC Ca 2+ channels and CaMKII is a key early signaling event required for upregulation of PCNA gene expression in VSMCs after oxidative injury to endothelium.
Explaining Indonesian Forest Fires: Both Ends of the Firestick

My object in this article is to discuss some things that have been wrong with causal explanations of Indonesian forest fires in the past and some ways in which they might be made better as explanations and, concomitantly, more useful for fire management. I will give examples not only of problematic explanations but also of fire-research and fire-management recommendations and programs made problematic by faulty or unsubstantiated causal assumptions or explanations. My focus is on causes of fires in either primary or selectively logged but still presumably biodiversity-rich tropical moist Indonesian forests for which there remains some hope of conservation. I will draw on both my literature searches on the fires and their explanations and, to a more limited extent, the fieldwork I conducted on these subjects in the province of East Kalimantan in collaboration with Ahmad Sahur of South Sulawesi’s Hasanuddin University in 1998, 2000, and 2001.
Gyrodometry: a new method for combining data from gyros and odometry in mobile robots

This paper presents a very simple, yet very effective method for combining measurements from a gyro with measurements from wheel encoders (odometry). The method, called gyrodometry, has been developed based on a careful study of the physical interaction between the ground and the vehicle. We present experimental evidence that non-systematic odometry error sources (such as bumps) impact the vehicle only during very short periods; typically a fraction of a second for each encounter. During these short instances the readings from the gyro and from odometry differ significantly, while in the absence of large non-systematic errors the readings are very similar. Gyrodometry makes use of this observation by using odometry data only-most of the time, while substituting gyro data only during those brief instances during which the gyro and odometry data differ substantially. In this way the ill-effects of gyro drift are almost completely eliminated, and our method can thus make use of inexpensive gyros with large drift rates. Experimental data is presented that demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach.
Flammable Liquid Fire Consequence Modeling

The recent expansion in the production of shale petroleum crude oil, combined with the lack of new pipeline construction, has placed the railroads at the center stage for safe and efficient transport of very large volumes of this commodity. Petroleum crude oil poses fire risk in the event of train accidents. The consequence modeling based on the US DOT Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) or ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres), a popular atmospheric dispersion model used for evaluating releases of hazardous chemical vapors, may be overly simplistic and limited to estimate the risk of flammable liquid releases. This paper aims to address this gap and develop a simple model to estimate flammable liquid release consequences, focusing on petroleum crude oil. A flow model using the spatial geographic information system (GIS) and the digital elevation model (DEM) is developed. The methodology was illustrated with a case study comparing the results from the model to the area affected from the Lac-Megantic accident. Although the model does not consider advanced flow types or fire propagation, the results accurately describe the consequences of the accident, demonstrating the potential capability of this methodology to estimate the consequences of a crude oil release.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Improving java virtual machine reliability for memory-constrained embedded systems

Dual-execution/checkpointing based transient error tolerance techniques have been widely used in the high-end mission critical systems. These techniques, however, are not very attractive for cost-sensitive embedded systems because they require extra resources (e.g., large memory, special hardware, etc), and thus increase overall cost of the system. In this paper, we propose a transient error tolerant Java Virtual Machine (JVM) implementation for embedded systems. Our JVM uses dual-execution and checkpointing to detect and recover from transient errors. However, our technique does not require any special hardware support (except for the memory page protection mechanism, which is commonly available in modern embedded processors), and the memory space overhead it incurs is not excessive. Therefore, it is suitable for memory-constrained embedded systems. We implemented our approach and performed experiments with seven embedded Java applications.
Ultrasonic determination of thermodynamic threshold parameters for irreversible cutaneous burns.

In vivo ultrasonic measurements of the depth of conductive cutaneous burns experimentally induced in anesthetized Yorkshire pigs are reported as a function of burn time for the case in which the skin surface temperature is maintained at 100 C. The data are used in the solution of the one-dimensional heat diffusion equation with time-dependent boundary conditions to obtain the threshold temperature and the energy of transformation per unit mass associated with the transition of the tissue from the state of viability to the state of necrosis. The simplicity of the mathematical model and the expediency of the ultrasonic measurements in studies of thermal injury are emphasized.