cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Layered Structures at High Spatial Resolution Using Energy Filtered Imaging

The development of energy filtered imaging systems for the TEM has opened new approaches to analyzing structures with very small dimensions. One of the benefits of such systems is the ability to form an EELS spectrum image containing energy information on one axis and spatial information on the other axis. By dissecting such an image in the spatial dimension, it is possible to generate a line profile across a layered structure at high spatial dimension without the need for a small probe. We have applied this approach to two structures typical of semiconductors, the Si/SiO2/Si interfaces in a gate oxide and the Ti/SiO2 interface for Al barrier metallization, which illustrate the spatial resolution possible with this technique. To analyze the spectrum images, the element specific near edge structure (ELNES) data are processed by conventional EELS background routines and multivariate statistical techniques using MATLAB software to extract both profiles of principal bonding components and composition.
Flower power: Tree flowering phenology as a settlement cue for migrating birds

Summary 1. Neotropical migrant birds show a clear preference for stopover habitats with ample food supplies; yet, the proximate cues underlying these decisions remain unclear. 2. For insectivorous migrants, cues associated with vegetative phenology (e.g. flowering, leaf flush, and leaf loss) may reliably predict the availability of herbivorous arthropods. Here we examined whether migrants use the phenology of five tree species to choose stopover locations, and whether phenology accurately predicts food availability. 3. Using a combination of experimental and observational evidence, we show migrant populations closely track tree phenology, particularly the flowering phenology of honey mesquite ( Prosopis glandulosa ), and preferentially forage in trees with more flowers. Furthermore, the flowering phenology of honey mesquite reliably predicts overall arthropod abundance as well as the arthropods preferred by migrants for food. 4. Together, these results suggest that honey mesquite flowering phenology is an important cue used by migrants to assess food availability quickly and reliably, while in transit during spring migration.
A branch-and-bound algorithm for energy-efficient control allocation with applications to planar motion control of electric ground vehicles

A globally optimal energy-efficient control allocation (EECA) is developed for planar motion control of electric ground vehicles (EGVs) with four in-wheel motors. Different from the distribution processes in previous EECA designs [19][21], which obtained optimal torque distributions locally due to the nonlinear/nonconvex characteristics of EECA formulation, this EECA approach based a branch-and-bound (B&B) method that can make the distributed control actuation achieve the global energy-optimal operating points. Based on a sequence of equivalent problem transformations and a linear relaxation programming, the global optimal programming can be solved by the B&B method through rewriting the EECA formulation into a polynomial fractional optimization problem. Simulation results of different EGV maneuvers indicate that less energy are consumed when the EECA scheme based on the B&B method is applied, in comparison with the energy consumptions of the identical maneuvers with the active-set algorithm.
Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Cage-Like Clusters: From Water to Met-Cars

Elucidating the unique properties characteristic of systems of finite size provides a challenge of considerable current scientific interest [1]. In the case of hydrogen bonded clusters, studies of water clusters provide basic insight into the fundamentals of hydrogen bonding and solvation effects, as well as phenomena of importance in other fields such as atmospheric science [2]. The relationships between the physical and chemical properties and structures of water clusters have been studied under various experimental conditions using techniques ranging from cloud chambers to cooled flowtubes and supersonic molecule beams [3–11]. Other quantitative studies also have been made including ones devoted to measuring formation and dissociation rate constants, as well as rates of various intracluster reactions of hydrate clusters. A topic of considerable interest pertains to the origin of magic numbers, discontinuities at certain sizes in otherwise smoothly varying mass spectral distributions. A number of experiments and theoretical calculations provide evidence which shows that the magic numbers observed in the cluster distributions relate to stable structures, but until recently, other than the work of Kebarle [12] and Michl [13], there has been a paucity of experimental data on water cluster cations at large degrees of hydration, especially with regard to their thermochemical properties.
Using Multiple Structure Alignments, Fast Model Building, and Energetic Analysis in Fold Recognition and Homology Modeling

We participated in the fold recognition and homology sections of CASP5 using primarily in-house software. The central feature of our structure prediction strategy involved the ability to generate good sequence-to-structure alignments and to quickly transform them into models that could be evaluated both with energy-based methods and manually. The in-house tools we used include: a) HMAP (Hybrid Multidimensional Alignment Profile)-a profile-to-profile alignment method that is derived from sequence-enhanced multiple structure alignments in core regions, and sequence motifs in non-structurally conserved regions. b) NEST-a fast model building program that applies an "artificial evolution" algorithm to construct a model from a given template and alignment. c) GRASP2-a new structure and alignment visualization program incorporating multiple structure superposition and domain database scanning modules. These methods were combined with model evaluation based on all atom and simplified physical-chemical energy functions. All of these methods were under development during CASP5 and consequently a great deal of manual analysis was carried out at each stage of the prediction process. This interactive model building procedure has several advantages and suggests important ways in which our and other methods can be improved, examples of which are provided.
Volumetric BOLD fMRI simulation: from neurovascular coupling to multivoxel imaging

The blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) modality has been numerically simulated by calculating single voxel signals. However, the observation on single voxel signals cannot provide information regarding the spatial distribution of the signals. Specifically, a single BOLD voxel signal simulation cannot answer the fundamental question: is the magnetic resonance (MR) image a replica of its underling magnetic susceptibility source? In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a multivoxel volumetric BOLD fMRI simulation model and a susceptibility expression formula for linear neurovascular coupling process, that allow us to examine the BOLD fMRI procedure from neurovascular coupling to MR image formation. Since MRI technology only senses the magnetism property, we represent a linear neurovascular-coupled BOLD state by a magnetic susceptibility expression formula, which accounts for the parameters of cortical vasculature, intravascular blood oxygenation level, and local neuroactivity. Upon the susceptibility expression of a BOLD state, we carry out volumetric BOLD fMRI simulation by calculating the fieldmap (established by susceptibility magnetization) and the complex multivoxel MR image (by intravoxel dephasing). Given the predefined susceptibility source and the calculated complex MR image, we compare the MR magnitude (phase, respectively) image with the predefined susceptibility source (the calculated fieldmap) by spatial correlation. The spatial correlation between the MR magnitude image and the magnetic susceptibility source is about 0.90 for the settings of TE = 30 ms, B0 = 3 T, voxel size = 100 micron, vessel radius = 3 micron, and blood volume fraction = 2%. Using these parameters value, the spatial correlation between the MR phase image and the susceptibility-induced fieldmap is close to 1.00. Our simulation results show that the MR magnitude image is not an exact replica of the magnetic susceptibility source (spatial correlation ≈ 0.90), and that the MR phase image conforms closely with the susceptibility-induced fieldmap (spatial correlation ≈ 1.00).
Characterization of Genomic Regulatory Domains Conserved across the Genus Drosophila

In both vertebrates and insects, the conservation of local gene order among distantly related species (microsynteny) is higher than expected in the presence of highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs). Dense clusters of HCNEs, or HCNE peaks, have been proposed to mediate the regulation of sometimes distantly located genes, which are central for the developmental program of the organism. Thus, the regions encompassing HCNE peaks and their targets in different species would form genomic regulatory domains (GRDs), which should presumably enjoy an enhanced stability over evolutionary time. By leveraging genome rearrangement information from nine Drosophila species and using gene functional and phenotypic information, we performed a comprehensive characterization of the organization of microsynteny blocks harboring HCNE peaks and provide a functional portrait of the putative HCNE targets that reside therein. We found that Drosophila HCNE peaks tend to colocalize more often than expected and to be evenly distributed across chromosomal elements. Putative HCNE peak targets are characterized by a tight association with particular promoter motifs, higher incidence of severe mutant phenotypes, and evidence of a more precise regulation of gene expression during important developmental transitions. As for their physical organization, ∼65% of these putative targets are separated by a median of two genes from their nearest HCNE peaks. These observations represent the first functional portrait of this euchromatic fraction of the Drosophila genome with distinctive evolutionary dynamics, which will facilitate future experimental studies on the interactions between HCNE peaks and their targets in a genetically tractable system such as Drosophila melanogaster.
Response of Peanut, Pepper, Tobacco, and Tomato Cultivars to Two Biologically Distinct Isolates of Tomato spotted wilt virus

Spotted wilt disease, caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), is an economically important disease in peanut, pepper, tobacco, and tomato in the southeastern United States. However, very little is known about the biological variability existent in the virus population. Fourteen isolates of TSWV collected in Georgia were evaluated for symptom severity. The majority of the isolates produced severe systemic necrosis. One mild (GATb-1) and one severe (GAL) isolate were further examined because of the distinct differences in their virulence and symptomatology on tobacco. GATb-1 caused a few chlorotic spots and mild systemic symptoms, whereas GAL produced a large number of local lesions and severe systemic necrosis. Distinct differences in the response of selected commercial cultivars of peanut, tobacco, and tomato to GATb-1 and GAL infection were observed. GAL was lethal to a widely grown tobacco cultivar, K326. Georgia Green, a field resistant peanut cultivar, and C11-2-39, a breeding line with the highest level of known resistance to TSWV, were more susceptible to GAL than to GATb-1. BHN 444, a newly released TSWV-resistant tomato cultivar, showed a resistant reaction, whereas Stiletto, a newly released TSWV-resistant pepper cultivar, was susceptible to both GATb-1 and GAL isolates. Information on the biological diversity of TSWV may be useful in developing more durable TSWV-resistant crops.
Ischemic defects in the electron transport chain increase the production of reactive oxygen species from isolated rat heart mitochondria

Cardiac ischemia decreases complex III activity, cytochrome c content, and respiration through cytochrome oxidase in subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) and interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM). The rev...
Spatial-Temporal Variability in Turbulent Fluxes during Spring Snowmelt

Abstract Turbulent sensible and latent heat exchanges play an important role in melting snow covers, contributing 30–40% of overall melt energy with daily values reaching over 50% on warm, cloudy days (Morris, 1989). The spatial variability of these turbulent fluxes across a basin and the relative importance of the differences is not well known. This paper specifically addresses small-scale variabilities in sensible and latent energy fluxes related to topographically induced wind speed variations. A simple wind model was used to simulate topographic effects on the surface wind field. Hourly wind observations were areally distributed by the model and used to calculate spatially variable sensible and latent turbulent heat fluxes for a small (63 km2) research catchment dominated by open tundra vegetation. Simulations showed that, even though the study area is characterized by relatively low relief (average slope 3°), the small-scale sensible and latent heat fluxes varied considerably throughout the basin. Th...
The Value of Considering Cost, and the Cost of Not Considering Value

During my residency, which was, alas, some time ago, an attending physician instructed me to order a large battery of tests. These seemed to me to be highly unlikely to affect patient management. I asked him if this was really the best thing to do, and noted that it didn’t seem cost effective. He replied to me, with righteous indignation, that it was “...not our job to consider cost” and that “...none of my patients ever paid me to be cost effective.” I thought this was wrong then; I know it is wrong now. Whether there was ever justification for our wishful societal delusion that everything we do in health care, and especially cancer care, could and should be above consideration of cost, we are now recognizing, albeit all too slowly, that we can no longer afford this luxurious fantasy. As every drug, device, and intervention wemight choose, or not, to use in the care of a patient has a specific and often substantial cost attached to it, we can no longer ignore nor can we blindly accept that cost and feel that it has no place in our medical decision making. To continue to do so would inevitably bankrupt our health care system and prevent us from ever being able to provide necessary quality care for all. In this context, the terms value, value-based care, and highvalue medicine have increasingly entered into our discussions. Often missing, however, in this developing discourse is a clear understanding of what these terms actually mean. Too often an ethereal, vague concept of value is invoked to obscure or avoid a frank consideration of the real, hard cost. A drug regimen that works well is valuable, but if it costs $300,000 per patient per year, as some of our newer regimens do, then I would argue a priori that it costs too much, and a diversion of the discussion away from this hard cost to a vague concept of value can serve as a distraction from confronting this harsh reality. Also lost, or at least underappreciated in these discussions, is that we will accomplish nothing as we confront cost, define value, and embrace high-value care unless we also define and eschew low-value care. This means identifying certain practices that we now perform that we will stop performing, because they offer insufficient value to our patients to justify their continued use.
Thermoprotei class. nov.

Ther.mo.pro' te.i. M.L. fem. pl. n. Thermoproteales type order of the class; dropping the ending to denote a class; M.L. fem. pl. n. Thermoprotei the class of Thermoproteales. Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei Keywords: Thermoprotei class. nov.; Thermoproteales; Crenarchaeota phy. nov.
The Economics of FRAND

Since the issue first emerged in the policy arena in the early 2000s, economists have been debating the meaning and implications of FRAND licensing commitments within cooperative technology standard setting organizations (SSOs). Today the issue is global, with scholars and policymakers in Europe, Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, India, and Brazil all weighing in. Most SSOs around the world ask their members to commit to offer any patents that might be needed to implement a standard in commercial products and services (that is, any patents that might be “essential” for the practice of the standard) on Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) terms. But what exactly does it mean to license a patent on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms and conditions? Does promising to do so come with other, implicit, obligations as well, such as foregoing seeking an injunction which is otherwise an option for patent holders? And more fundamentally, why do SSOs ask their patent-contributing members to commit to FRAND? In this chapter, I review the academic literature on FRAND licensing. My review is intended to discuss the economic underpinnings of FRAND, but it would be incomplete without discussing court rulings to date, as FRAND court decisions provide real world boundaries to interpretations of FRAND licensing. That being said, my summary of the court cases focuses on the economic interpretation of FRAND and the practical implications for expert analysis, and does not cover any legal assessment (for which I am unqualified). While the underlying economics of FRAND are universal, legal and institutional factors affect court outcomes and policy interests; I therefore restrict my discussion to the US.
Three-dimensional architecture of lithium-anodes made from graphite fibers coated with thin-films of silicon oxycarbide: Design, performance and manufacturability

Abstract Silicon oxycarbide (SiCO) is an amorphous molecular network of Si C O tetrahedra anchored to graphene-like carbon. The graphene forms a three dimensional cellular network with a domain size of ∼5 nm. Therefore nanometer thick films of SiCO grown on graphite may be expected to have unusual behavior. We grow these films on a bed of commercially available graphite fibers that serve the dual function of a current collector. The electrochemical behavior of the composite is measured as a function of the thickness of the SiCO films. Thick films approach the typical behavior of bulk SiCO (which has three times the capacity of graphite, but suffers from poor first cycle efficiency). However, films, approximately 100 nm thick, show high first cycle efficiency as well as high capacity. The composite performs better than the prediction from the rule-of-mixtures, which further substantiates the unusual behavior of the thin-film architecture. The Raman spectra of these thin films also differ from bulk SiCO. The development of thin graphite fibers, with a high surface to volume ratio that have the same capacity as the current graphite-powder technology, coupled with manufacturing of these thin-films by a liquid-polymer precursor based process, can propel these results toward commercialization.
Studies on adrenal steroid hydroxylases. The magnetic susceptibility of oxidized and reduced adrenal iron-sulfur protein (adrenodoxin).

The magnetic susceptibility of adrenal iron-sulfur protein (adrenodoxin) in the oxidized and reduced states was measured over the temperature range 4°–260°K. The oxidized protein was diamagnetic in the entire temperature range, and the reduced protein exhibited a paramagnetism without any deviation from Curie's law (S = 1/2). None of the theoretical curves based on exchange interaction energy between 10°K and 500°K fit the experimental curve.
Comparative study of anabolic effects of three androgenic steroids.

SummaryComparative anabolic evaluations after a single equivalent dose injection of testosterone propionate, methylandrosten-ediol and testosterone cyclopentylpropionate indicate that TP and MA are about equal in anabolic potency, while TCP is twice as effective over a comparable period of time. TCP is also effective for a greater period of time, undetermined in this study.
Abstract A47: Drinking water with red beetroot food dye antagonizes esophageal carcinogenesis in NMBA-treated rats

A47 This study was undertaken to determine if the oral consumption of red beetroot dye would result in an inhibition of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced tumors in the rat esophagus. Rats were treated with NMBA and given either regular water ad libitum or water containing 78 µg/ml of commercial red beetroot dye, E162. The number of NMBA-induced esophageal papillomas was reduced by 45% (p Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A47.
Chlorpyrifos and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol: residues in body tissues of swine treated with chlorpyrifos for hog louse and itch mite control.

Residues of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite pyridinol, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, were determined in abdominal fat, muscle, liver, and kidney tissues of swine at weekly intervals after they had been treated with “Dursban® 44 Insecticide Formulation” (43.2% chlorpyrifos) at the rate of one ml/(22.68 kg) (50 lb) of body wt as a pour-on application for control of the hog louse, Haematopinus suis (L.) and the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei (De Geer). Chlorpyrifos residues (maximum 0.406 ppm at 1 wk slaughter) were found in fat tissue for 3 wk posttreatment and in muscle tissue at 1 wk posttreatment. Residues were not detected in liver and kidney tissues. Pyridinol residues (maximum 0.317 ppm at 1 wk slaughter) were present in fat, muscle (1 animal only), liver, and kidney tissues at 1 wk posttreatment and in only fat and liver tissues at 2 wk posttreatment. Residues of chlorpyrifos and pyridinol were not detected in tissues after 3 wk posttreatment. No adverse effects to the animals resulted from this type of treatment.
Control of Advanced Reactor-Coupled Heat Exchanger System: Incorporation of Reactor Dynamics in System Response to Load Disturbances

Abstract Alternative control schemes for an Advanced High Temperature Reactor system consisting of a reactor, an intermediate heat exchanger, and a secondary heat exchanger (SHX) are presented in this paper. One scheme is designed to control the cold outlet temperature of the SHX (Tco) and the hot outlet temperature of the intermediate heat exchanger (Tho2) by manipulating the hot-side flow rates of the heat exchangers (Fh/Fh2) responding to the flow rate and temperature disturbances. The flow rate disturbances typically require a larger manipulation of the flow rates than temperature disturbances. An alternate strategy examines the control of the cold outlet temperature of the SHX (Tco) only, since this temperature provides the driving force for energy production in the power conversion unit or the process application. The control can be achieved by three options: (1) flow rate manipulation; (2) reactor power manipulation; or (3) a combination of the two. The first option has a quicker response but requires a large flow rate change. The second option is the slowest but does not involve any change in the flow rates of streams. The third option appears preferable as it has an intermediate response time and requires only a minimal flow rate change.
Cystathionine-β-Synthase Inhibition for Colon Cancer: Enhancement of the Efficacy of Aminooxyacetic Acid via the Prodrug Approach

Colon cancer cells contain high levels of cystathlonlne-β-synthase (CBS). Its product, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), promotes the growth and proliferation of colorectal tumor cells. To improve the antitumor efficacy of the prototypical CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), we have designed and synthesized YD0171, a methyl ester derivative of AOAA. The antiproliferative effect of YD0171 exceeded the antiproliferative potency of AOAA in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. The esterase inhibitor paraoxon prevented the cellular inhibition of CBS activity by YD0171. YD0171 suppressed mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic function and induced G0/G1 arrest, but did not induce tumor cell apoptosis or necrosis. Metabolomic analysis in HCT116 cells showed that YD0171 affects multiple pathways of cell metabolism. The efficacy of YD0171 as an inhibitor of tumor growth was also tested in nude mice bearing subcutaneous HCT116 cancer cell xenografts. Animals were treated via subcutaneous injection of vehicle or AOAA (0.1, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg/d) for 3 wks. Tumor growth was significantly reduced by 9 mg/kg/d AOAA, but not at the lower doses. YD0171 was more potent: tumor volume was significantly inhibited at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg/d. Thus, the in vivo efficacy of YD0171 is nine times higher than that of AOAA. YD0171 (1 mg/kg/d) attenuated tumor growth and metastasis formation in the intracecal HCT116 tumor model. YD0171 (3 mg/kg/d) also reduced tumor growth in patient-derived tumor xenograft bearing athymic mice. YD0171 (3 mg/kg/d) induced the regression of established HCT116 tumors in vivo. A 5-d safety study in mice demonstrated that YD0171 at 20 mg/kg/d (given in two divided doses) does not increase plasma markers of organ injury, nor does it induce histological alterations in the liver or kidney. YD0171 caused a slight elevation in plasma homocysteine levels. In conclusion, the prodrug approach improves the pharmacological profile of AOAA; YD0171 represents a prototype for CBS inhibitory anticancer prodrugs. By targeting colorectal cancer bioenergetics, an emerging important hallmark of cancer, the approach exemplified herein may offer direct translational opportunities.
Research Registries: A Tool to Advance Understanding of Rare Neuro-Ophthalmic Diseases

Background Medical research registries (MRR) are organized systems used to collect, store, and analyze patient information. They are important tools for medical research with particular application to the study of rare diseases, including those seen in neuro-ophthalmic practice. Evidence acquisition Evidence for this review was gathered from the writers' experiences creating a comprehensive neuro-ophthalmology registry and review of the literature. Results MRR are typically observational and prospective databases of de-identified patient information. The structure is flexible and can accommodate a focus on specific diseases or treatments, surveillance of patient populations, physician quality improvement, or recruitment for future studies. They are particularly useful for the study of rare diseases. They can be integrated into the hierarchy of medical research at many levels provided their construction is well organized and they have several key characteristics including an easily manipulated database, comprehensive information on carefully selected patients, and comply with human subjects regulations. MRR pertinent to neuro-ophthalmology include the University of Illinois at Chicago neuro-ophthalmology registry, Susac Syndrome Registry, Intracranial Hypertension Registry, and larger-scale patient outcome registries being developed by professional societies. Conclusion MRR have a variety of forms and applications. With careful planning and clear goals, they are flexible and powerful research tools that can support multiple different study designs, and this can provide the potential to advance understanding and care of neuro-ophthalmic diseases.
Crayfish Epithelial Ca2+ Channel-Like Gene (ECaC)

ECaC is upregulated in pre- and postmolt stage (compared with intermolt) associated with elevated renal Ca2+ (re)absorption. Basolateral PMCA3 expression exhibited a similar profile in other studies. Collectively these results indicate that the expression of genes controlling Ca entry (apical, ECaC) and exit (basolateral, PMCA) from epithelial cells are closely coordinated. ECaC was more abundant in epithelial tissues that effect Ca2+ translocation (gill, kidney) than in non-epithelial tissues.
Solvatochromic, thermochromic and pH-sensory DCDHF-hydrazone molecular switch: response to alkaline analytes

Multi-stimuli responsive DCDHF-hydrazone molecular switch containing a hydrazone recognition moiety is developed for the naked-eye detection of alkaline analytes in both vapour and aqueous media. Mechanisms accounting for the thermochromism, pH-sensitivity and solvatochromism are proposed. DCDHF-hydrazone chromophores of different substituents introduced nanostructures with different morphologies via a re-precipitation technique. The films formulated from these nanostructures function as solid-state vapochromic sensors for probing alkaline vapours such as amines and ammonia. The sensing performance is reversible and has differential sensitivity towards a variety of amines at comparable concentrations. The structure of the hydrazone molecular switch was established spectroscopically and by single crystal X-ray crystallography.
Critical making: Exploring the use of making as a generative tool

ABSTRACTAn engagement with the senses is essential to the creation of closeness and intimacy between people and their environment. It follows then that the development of this way of thinking about the built environment should be prominently addressed in the training of future architects. If an architect has the opportunity—or responsibility—to encourage haptic engagement between people and space, then that process would benefit from the introduction of a multi-sensory experience during the design process itself.Critical thinking, or the reflective practice of reasoning, is frequently employed in the university classroom to assist students in solving problems. However, within the design professions, amongst others that have a close relationship with the manipulation of matter, there is another construct to utilize in the process of problem solving: Critical making. Critical making is positioned at the intersection of the “scholarly” work of thinking and the material work of making; it serves as a catalyst...
The Legacy of Reuben Archer Torrey III

Reuben Archer Torrey III, a notable missionary to South Korea in the second half of the twentieth century, was deeply committed to demonstrating true Christianity and making it a reality in Korea through the ministry of Jesus Abbey, an ecumenical community that he and his wife, Jane, founded in 1965. Torrey’s theology and practice of Christian mission have had a transformative impact on Korean Christianity and still have much to contribute to the understanding of the nature and calling of the church. This article examines Torrey’s theology of the Holy Spirit, his view of biblical economic justice, and his understanding of Christian community.
Is it all about race? Intergroup threat and perceptions of racial profiling

Relatively few studies have assessed theoretically relevant predictors of individual’s perceptions of racial profiling by law enforcement officers. The current study addresses this limitation by dr...
Impact of Postoperative Duplex Surveillance after Radiofrequency Ablation of the Greater Saphenous Vein

PurposeRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of greater saphenous vein (GSV) insufficiency; however, recent reports have begun to document an associated...
Directly Modulated Laser Transmitters for Scalable Multi-rate DPSK Communications §

We present a new approach for generating multi-rate burst-mode DPSK waveforms using time and frequency-windowed directly modulated laser transmitters. Near-theoretical performance is demonstrated over a wide range of data rates using a WDM-scalable implementation.
Coronary Stents: History, Design, and Construction

The history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is marked by rapid technological advancements that have taken place over the past 40 years. After a period of balloon angioplasty, which was marred by risk of abrupt vessel closure and vessel recoil, balloon expandable metal alloy stents were the mainstay of PCI. The introduction of drug eluting stents (DES) targeted in-stent restenosis, a common mode of stent failure, and ushered in the current PCI era. Since the first generation of DES, advances in polymer science and stent design have advanced the field. The current generation of DES has thin struts, are highly deliverable, have biocompatible or absorbable polymers, and outstanding safety and efficacy profiles. In this review, we discuss the technological advancements in stent development, design, and construction, with an emphasis on balloon expandable stents. The aspects of stent properties, metal alloys, bioresorbable vascular scaffolds, drug elution, and polymers will be covered.
Analyzing Spatial Patterns of Late-Stage Breast Cancer in Chicago Region: A Modified Scale-Space Clustering Approach

Breast cancer has ranked highest in cancer incidence in Illinois for years. Detection at an early stage helps cancer patients live longer and maintain a better quality of life. Previous research identified two groups of potential risk factors for late-stage breast cancer diagnosis: spatial factors including access to healthcare, and nonspatial factors including socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Literature suggests that risk factors for late-stage diagnosis behave differently between rural and urban areas, and research needs to separate study areas into various geographic settings. This chapter focuses on an urban area of six counties in Chicago region, and examines possible associations between several risk factors and late-stage breast cancer diagnosis. Based on the data at the zip code level, the study uses the modified scale-space clustering (MSSC) method to form various geographic areas. The MSSC considers both attribute similarity and spatial adjacency while minimizing the loss of information in the clustering process. Therefore, area units defined by the method are more coherent in terms of attribute and spatial closeness for research than geopolitical units. For instance, health literature often suggests the need to separate a study area into urban, suburban and rural areas or even finer-grained area classifications. The method can be used to generate more meaningful geographic divisions than traditional schemes. The analysis results are generally consistent across multiple area units, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method in mitigating the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP).
Intestinal secretion of digoxin in the rat. Augmentation by feeding activated charcoal.

Secretion of tritium-labeled digoxin was studied in rats using noneverted gut sacs, in ligated and perfused intestinal preparations in bile duct ligated rats, and by measuring 4 day fecal excretion of total radioactivity in bile duct ligated rats. Serosal to mucosal transfer was proportional to substrate concentration in vitro. In ligated intestinal loops radioactivity was concentrated in the lumen relative to serum. In perfused intestinal preparations the fraction of dose increased with time and was similar over a 100-fold range of doses. Bile duct ligated rats excreted 13.4±5.8 (S.D.)% of parenterally administered label in 4 day stool collections. Bile duct ligated rats treated with p.o. activated charcoal excreted significantly more radioactivity (33.4±7.9%). The results suggest that net nonbiliary intestinal secretion of digoxin and metabolites can be augmented by intraluminal binding. A role for this phenomenon in accounting for some effects of diseases and drug interactions is suggested.
Superselective methohexital challenge prior to intracranial endovascular embolization.

Abstract Pharmacologic provocative testing (PT) and intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) both mitigate and predict risks associated with endovascular embolization procedures. We present a series of patients undergoing endovascular intracranial embolization predominantly for AVMs both under general anesthesia and awake with the use of IONM. We reviewed our database to identify all patients undergoing endovascular procedures between January 1, 2014 and January 1, 2016. Awake patients were tested with SSEP, EEG and real time neurologic examination while TcMEPs were performed in all anesthetized patients. BAEPs were performed in anesthetized patients if indicated. Methohexital was administered as an injection at a dose of 5 mg or 10 mg and repeat testing was performed if needed. Sixty-three endovascular procedures that met criteria were performed in 32 patients. 54 procedures in 28 patients were performed under general anesthesia, 9 procedures in 4 patients were performed in wakefulness. PT was negative in 61 procedures and subsequently completed embolizations without neurological sequelae. In two cases, the testing was positive and the procedure was terminated without embolization in one patient. The other patient underwent embolization at an alternative site without repeat PT. There were no new postoperative neurologic deficits after any of these procedures. Specificity of PT was 100% as none of the patients with a negative provocative test developed a new postoperative neurologic deficit after embolization. To our knowledge, this is the first review of PT with the use of neurophysiologic IONM techniques under general anesthesia. These data suggest a high specificity comparable to awake testing.
In vitro studies on the mode of action of the phorbol esters, potent tumor promoters, part 2.

(1981). In Vitro Studies on the Mode of Action of the Phorbol Esters, Potent Tumor Promoters, Part 2. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 199-234.
Insert: An Overview on Current Clinical Trials

Abstract The lack of effective therapeutic agents to treat malignant pleural mesothelioma leads to significant research interest in clinical trials of repositioned and novel therapeutics. This chapter presents a nonexhaustive summary of clinical trials related to mesothelioma utilizing different approaches ranging from vaccine immunotherapy to cancer stemness inhibition. Details of the intervention, phase, study population, design, and purpose are provided for each trial.
Contrasting in vitro and in vivo methanol oxidation activities of lanthanide-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases XoxF1 and ExaF from Methylobacterium extorquens AM1.

Lanthanide (Ln) elements are utilized as cofactors for catalysis by XoxF-type methanol dehydrogenases (MDHs). A primary assumption is that XoxF enzymes produce formate from methanol oxidation, which could impact organisms that require formaldehyde for assimilation. We report genetic and phenotypic evidence showing that XoxF1 (MexAM1_1740) from Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 produces formaldehyde, and not formate, during growth with methanol. Enzyme purified with lanthanum or neodymium oxidizes formaldehyde. However, formaldehyde oxidation via 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP) reduction is not detected in cell-free extracts from wild-type strain methanol- and lanthanum-grown cultures. Formaldehyde activating enzyme (Fae) is required for Ln methylotrophic growth, demonstrating that XoxF1-mediated production of formaldehyde is essential. Addition of exogenous lanthanum increases growth rate with methanol by 9–12% but does not correlate with changes to methanol consumption or formaldehyde accumulation. Transcriptomics analysis of lanthanum methanol growth shows upregulation of xox1 and downregulation of mxa genes, consistent with the Ln-switch, no differential expression of formaldehyde conversion genes, downregulation of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) biosynthesis genes, and upregulation of fdh4 formate dehydrogenase (FDH) genes. Additionally, the Ln-dependent ethanol dehydrogenase ExaF reduces methanol sensitivity in the fae mutant strain when lanthanides are present, providing evidence for the capacity of an auxiliary role for ExaF during Ln-dependent methylotrophy.
Comparing the Efficacy of Virtual Simulation to Traditional Classroom Role-Play:

Emulating realistic school environments and practicing difficult conversations between collaborating teachers are necessary for teacher candidates to prepare for potentially challenging workplace r...
Elementary properties of a plasma

Maxwell’s equations are fundamental to the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a plasma, and will be introduced in the following chapter. To employ Maxwell’s equations, we will need to know something about the physics of a plasma. Specifically, we will need to be able to relate the electromagnetic field of a wave to the charge and current densities created in the plasma by the wave.
Translation of Process Safety to Cyber Incidents within the Emergency Management Arc

Providing cybersecurity for critical infrastructure has become more challenging as the span and sophistication of cyber-physical risks continue to evolve. The potential impact of breaches, data loss, and operability concerns continue to increase across these complex, community-based technologically coupled systems. This paper finds that process safety management thinking can inform cyber-physical resilience efforts and ongoing cyber risk management, especially for critical infrastructure within the emergency management arc.
High Intensity Interval Exercise Increases Platelet and Transforming Growth Factor-β Yield in Platelet-Rich Plasma.

BACKGROUND Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an emerging orthobiologic treatment for musculoskeletal conditions like osteoarthritis. Two studies have demonstrated the influence of longer duration exercise on PRP composition, but no study has ever explored the impact of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on PRP content. OBJECTIVE To quantify cellular and growth factor content changes in PRP after 4 minutes of HIIE. DESIGN Controlled laboratory pilot study. SETTING Academic sports medicine center. PARTICIPANTS Ten healthy volunteers (5 male, 5 female). INTERVENTION Volunteers had PRP prepared from 15 mL of whole blood using a single spin, plasma-based system (autologous conditioned plasma [ACP]) immediately before and after 4 minutes of HIIE on a stationary exercise bike (Tabata protocol). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The PRP was sent for complete blood counts and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RESULTS Mean platelet count in PRP increased from 367.4 ± 57.5 k/μL to 497.7 ± 93.3 k/μL after 4 minutes of HIIE (P < .001). TGF-β also increased from 8237.2 ± 7676.5 pg/mL to 21 535.7 ± 4062.6 pg/mL postexercise (P = .004). The other cellular components (leukocytes, red blood cells, and mean platelet volume) and growth factors (PDGF, IGF-1, and VEGF) were not significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS A short 4-minute bout of HIIE significantly increased the total platelet count and TGF-β concentration in PRP.
A Review of Virtual Reality Intervention Research for Students With Disabilities in K–12 Settings:

Virtual reality (VR) technology has improved in access and availability in the area of K–12 instruction, increasingly being cited for its promise to meet the varied learning needs of individuals wi...
Brittle fracture assessment of API 12F shop-welded tanks with a new roof-to-shell junction detail

Abstract Temporary production storage is largely needed in the oil and gas industry, thus, storage tanks that have the capability to sustain the normal operation condition are needed. The American Petroleum Institute (API) specification 12F provides twelve shop-welded tank designs that can accommodate storage and operational pressure needs of the facility requires temporary production storage. The nominal capacity of these twelve designs ranges from 90 bbl. (14.3 m3) to 1000 bbl. (158.99 m3). These API 12F tanks are typically fabricated in shop and transported to facilities of needs, they are relatively smaller than tank designs provided in API 12D, which is the specification of field-welded storage tanks for production liquids. The brittle fracture assessment is conducted following FAD technique adopted by API 579, with updated operational pressure in the API 12F standard published in 2019. The specific gravity of the stored liquid is assumed to be 1.2 and more component thickness combinations are under consideration in this study, thus, effects of internal pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and component thickness to brittle fracture behavior are investigated. The stresses at roof-shell joint (top junction), shell-bottom plate (bottom junction), and cleanout junction are obtained using finite element analysis approach. The top junction and bottom junction are studied under axisymmetric idealization; thus, the axisymmetric models are generated. The cleanout junction is studied by using sub-modeling technique. Stress classification is performed after performing elastic stress analysis, the results are then used to evaluate brittle fracture behavior with assuming operating at a location with one-day mean temperature of −55 °F (−48.3 °C). The report presents the results and discussion obtained from the brittle fracture assessment of the twelve API 12F tank designs.
THE OUTPUT AND WELFARE EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING SHOCKS OVER THE BUSINESS CYCLE: SPENDING SHOCKS OVER THE BUSINESS CYCLE

This paper studies the state-dependence of the output and welfare effects of shocks to government purchases in a canonical medium scale DSGE model. When monetary policy is characterized by a Taylor rule, the output multiplier (the change in output for a one unit change in government spending) is countercyclical but close to constant across states of the business cycle, whereas the welfare multiplier (the consumption equivalent change in a measure of aggregate welfare for the same change in government spending) is quite volatile and procyclical. These results are robust to different means of fiscal finance. When the nominal interest rate is unresponsive to economic conditions, such as would be the case at the zero lower bound, both the output and welfare multipliers are larger and move significantly more across states than under a Taylor rule. The welfare multiplier is still procyclical under passive monetary policy, albeit less so than under a Taylor rule.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Streamlining Freshwater Bioaccumulation Bioassays: Letting the Worms Do the Hard Work

When terminating sediment bioaccumulation tests with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, varying amounts of detrital material are retained along with the recovered worms after sieving, necessitating time-consuming, labor-intensive manual separation of worms from detritus prior to tissue residue analysis. A method to facilitate the worms self-extracting out of the detrital material into a column of gravel was developed, resulting in approximately 90% recovery test organisms (on a mass basis) at test termination. Following exposure to contaminated sediment, polychlorinated biphenyl tissue residues and residual sediment in the gut of self-extracted animals were not significantly different compared to worms recovered by manual separation followed by purging of gut contents. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1673-1677. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.