cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Police Profanity and Public Judgments of Guilt and Effectiveness in Officer-Involved Shootings

Police shooting decisions have come under increasing scrutiny, and the degree to which potential jurors and witnesses understand those decisions is increasingly important. Officers under the stress of shooting situations may use profanity which may be recorded, but which does not relate to tactical outcomes. This research addressed how such profanity may influence public assessment of police performance. A paragraph was provided to respondents, describing a situation in which a male officer shot an armed adult male perpetrator. The officer was presented as either having used or not used profanity in the situation. Respondents were asked to address the officer’s performance under these two different sets of conditions. Profanity resulted in a significantly higher perceived level of officer guilt in these situations, and a diminished perception of his professionalism, but did not result in a lower level of perception as to whether the officer had successfully resolved the situation or had done the “right thing.” Results are discussed in terms of current cognitive theory and of practical application in the field and in court.
A 2.2–4.2 GHz low-loss tunable bandpass filter based on low cost manufacturing of ABS polymer

A low loss, tunable, second order, bandpass filter covering the range 2.2–4.2 GHz is presented. The filter is based on evanescent-mode cavity resonators and manufactured by CNC machining of low cost acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic. The filter has an insertion loss from 0.77–0.26 dB, with a 3-dB fractional bandwidth from 8.4% to 9.1%. The extracted unloaded quality factor (Q) of the resonators is 500–700 over the tuning range.
A black-box warning for antidepressants in children?

Dr. Thomas B. Newman states that when the trials were pooled, the rate of definite or possible suicidality among children assigned to receive antidepressants was twice that in the placebo group.
5 – Representing Cases

Publisher Summary A case is a contextualized piece of knowledge representing an experience that teaches a lesson fundamental to achieving the goals of the reasoner. A case has two major parts: the lessons it teaches and the context in which it can teach its lessons. The lessons it teaches comprise the case's content; the context in which it can teach those lessons are its indexes. Indexes record under what circumstances it is appropriate to retrieve the case. This chapter discusses pragmatic issues related to representing a case's content. It focuses on four issues: (1) what component parts does a case have?, (2) what kinds of knowledge does a case need to encode?, (3) what formalisms and methodologies are appropriate for representing cases?, (4) how can one recognize the boundaries of cases, and (5) how can they be divided into chunks of the right size? There are two answers that people usually recognize as important immediately as to what component parts does a case need to be useful: the description of the problem that was being solved or the situation being understood and the description of its solution.
Critical Rationalism, Logical Positivism, and the Poststructuralist Conundrum: Reconsidering the Neurath-Popper Debate

“Science does not rest on a rockbed. Its towering edifice, an amazingly bold structure of theories, rises over a swamp,” wrote Karl Popper (1902–1994) in the fall of 1932. “The foundations are piers going down into the swamp from above. They do not reach a natural base, but ... one resolves to be satisfied with their firmness, hoping they will carry the structure. ... The objectivity of science can be bought only at the cost of relativity.1 The tower over the swamp represented the end of foundationist philosophy. Objectivity no longer rested on a rockbed but on the turns of scientific experimentation and criticism, as much a matter of vagary and luck as of talent and method. Surely, historians should have written Popper into the hall of fame of nonfoundationist philosophers. They did not. In fact, recent scholarship on the Vienna Circle, especially on Otto Neurath, represents Popper as the foundationist philosopher par-excellence. Some of his followers seem to miss his nonfoundationism, too. A House Built on Sand is the title Popperian philosopher Noretta Koertge chose for a spirited collection of essays that takes aim at the follies of science studies.2 Alas, Popper describes science itself as built on sand (so whatever is wrong with science studies, it cannot be their choice of bedrock). But, then, why should historians and philosophers care about misreadings of Popper? Because they create a distorted picture of interwar Viennese philosophy that obscures, rather than reveals its contemporary relevance. This essay, focusing on the Neurath-Popper debate, attempts to redraw the picture and set the record straight.
Drug overdose and child maltreatment across the United States' rural-urban continuum

Abstract This national study of US counties (n = 2963) investigated whether county-level drug overdose mortality is associated with maltreatment report rates, and whether the relationship between overdose mortality and maltreatment reports is moderated by a county’s rural, non-metro or metro status. Data included county-level 2015 maltreatment reports from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, modeled drug-overdose mortality from the Centers for Disease Control, United States Department of Agriculture Rural-Urban Continuum Codes, US Census demographic data and crime reports from the Federal Bureau of Investigation. All data were linked across counties. Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression was used for county-level analysis. As hypothesized, results from the ZINB model showed a significant and positive relationship between drug overdose mortality and child maltreatment report rates (χ = 101.26, p
Tempered Fractional Brownian Motion: Wavelet Estimation and Modeling of Turbulence in Geophysical Flows

Fractional Brownian motion (fBm) is a Gaussian, stationary-increment process whose self-similarity property is governed by the so-named Hurst parameter H ∈ (0,1). FBm is one of the most widely used models of scale invariance, and its instance H = 1/3 corresponds to the classical Kolmogorov spectrum for the inertial range of turbulence. Tempered fractional Brownian motion (tfBm) was recently introduced as a new canonical model that displays the so-named Davenport spectrum, a model that also accounts for the low frequency behavior of turbulence. The autocorrelation of its increments displays semi-long range dependence, i.e., hyperbolic decay over moderate scales and quasi-exponential decay over large scales. The latter property has now been observed in many phenomena, from wind speed to geophysics to finance. This paper introduces a wavelet framework to construct the first estimation method for tfBm. The properties of the wavelet coefficients and spectrum of tfBm are studied, and the estimator’s performance is assessed by means of Monte Carlo experiments. We also use tfBm to model geophysical flow data in the wavelet domain and show that tfBm provides a closer fit than fBm.
Anatomic Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy in Male

Radical cystectomy with an extended pelvic lymphadenectomy is the gold standard for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer and those with recurrent, high-grade noninvasive disease. As in other urologic malignancies, the use of the robotic platform to perform radical cystectomies has revolutionized the treatment of bladder cancer. It is clear from the results of published reports in the literature, as well as from our own experience at Wake Forest in performing over 250 robot-assisted radical cystectomies (RARC), that the clinical and oncologic goals of the radical cystectomy are achieved. Furthermore, in select patient populations it may even be preferred over the open approach. Therefore, in effort to share our experience with the urologic community, we set out to describe a detailed anatomical description of the steps that are involved in performing the RARC.
Lipid Abnormalities in Persons Living With HIV Infection

Lipid abnormalities are prevalent among persons living with HIV infection and contribute to increasing the risk of cardiovascular events. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with lipid abnormalities, most commonly hypertriglyceridemia, but also increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol. Different classes of ART, and different drugs within classes, have differing effects on lipid levels, but in general newer drugs have more favourable effects compared with older ones. Low-level inflammation and chronic immune activation act on lipids through a variety of mechanisms to make them more atherogenic. As a consequence, risk is higher than would be expected for any given cholesterol level. Clinical outcome trials of cholesterol-lowering therapies have not yet been completed in people living with HIV, so that treatment decisions depend on extrapolation from studies in uninfected populations. Traditional risk assessment tools underestimate cardiovascular risk in individuals with HIV. Statins are the mainstay of lipid-lowering drug treatment; however, drug-drug interactions with ART must be considered. Simvastatin and lovastatin are contraindicated in patients taking protease inhibitors, and the dose of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin should be limited to 40 mg and 10 mg/d with some ART combinations. Switching from older forms of ART to lipid-friendly newer ones is a useful strategy as long as virologic suppression is maintained, but adding a statin lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol more effectively. Studies indicate that lipid abnormalities are not treated as aggressively in individuals living with HIV as they are in uninfected people, making this an opportunity to improve care.
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscopy in Alzheimer’s Disease

Early pilot studies suggest that multiple FLIO-derived parameters appear to correlate with other biomarkers in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Prolonged lifetimes in the long spectral channel was observed in early stage of Alzheimer’s disease patients, and MMSE score and CSF tau protein showed a significant correlation in advanced stage. The molecular basis and pathophysiology underlying these changes has yet to be established. Nonetheless, if these findings can be validated in future longitudinal studies, FLIO may prove to be useful as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for these patients.
Lipolysis defect in white adipose tissue and rapid weight regain

Weight regain after weight loss is a well-described phenomenon in both humans and animal models of obesity. Reduced energy expenditure and increased caloric intake are considered the main drivers o...
Synthesis of Methylene-Expanded Oxetanocin Isonucleosides in Both Enantiomeric Forms1

We report a novel route to isonucleosides of the ‘methylene-expanded' oxetanocin class, in both the d- and l-enantiomeric forms, e.g., compounds l-(+)-2a, d-(−)-2a, and l-(−)-2b, beginning with the simple, known mono-p-bromobenzyl ether 3 of the very inexpensive 2-butene-1,4-diol. Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation of 3 gave either (−) or (+)-4 depending on the chirality of the tartrate used. The p-bromobenzyl ether was used since the epoxide product is crystalline and can be recrystallized to high optical purity. Opening of the epoxide with vinylmagnesium bromide gave the 1,3-diol 5, the primary alcohol of which was protected as the silyl ether 6. Treatment of 6 with iodonium bis(sym-collidine) perchlorate afforded the desired 5-(iodomethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-ol 8 with loss of the bromobenzyl cation in the key step in the synthetic scheme. This iodide 8 was then converted into the bis(silyloxy)-protected alcohol 15 by acetylation to give the acetate 10, displacement of iodide with acetate, hydrolysis, and s...
Motivating Multigenerational Employees: Is There a Difference?

Today, organizations are faced with a diverse multi-generational workforce that may require different strategies for motivating employees to be engaged in their job and increase job satisfaction. These challenges may be the result of several factors, including trust with management, lack of job recognition, opportunities based on skills, positive relationships, and lack of compensation for their efforts. By evaluating motivational theories, employee’s needs, and behaviors, organizations can develop and implement programs tailored specifically to increase motivation and drive performance. Motivational theories were developed in the 1940’s, 1950’s, and 1960’s and the concepts and principles were applicable to Baby Boomers and previous generations, i.e., Traditionalists or Silent Generation born prior to 1945. The premise of this paper is to further explore the application of motivational theories in all generations. This paper will provide a variety of strategies developed and implemented to motivate employees based on their individual differences. The strategies will take into consideration key factors, including intrinsic (internal) rewards, extrinsic (external) rewards, individual needs, behaviors, personal factors, and organizational factors. Can the findings conclude whether motivation needs are the same or different for the multigenerational workforce? Further research may be needed to explore the application of motivational theories and motivation programs with generation’s post 1960’s.
Cross-clamp location affects short-term survival in patients undergoing open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Introduction Open abdominal aortic aneurysm (oAAA) repair in the era of advanced endovascular aortic techniques is used in challenging anatomy. The impact of the location of the proximal aortic cross-clamp (suprarenal [SR] vs infrarenal [IR]) on outcomes remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of proximal aortic cross-clamp location on short-term and overall survival after oAAA repair in a contemporary series. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed comparing the outcomes of patients undergoing oAAA repair with SR and IR aortic cross-clamping using the Vascular Quality Initiative registry from January 2003 to September 2018. Our primary end point was short-term mortality. Results There were 7601 patients who underwent oAAA repair. Their mean age was 69.3 ± 8.5 years and 5555 patients (73.1%) were male. The aortic cross-clamp location was IR in 4044 patients (53.2%). The SR group had increased maximum AAA diameter (58 mm vs 56 mm; P Conclusions A SR cross-clamp location is associated with an increased short-term mortality in patients undergoing oAAA repair. Overall survival is not affected by a SR cross-clamp location.
Measurement equivalence of the Kessler 6 Psychological Distress Scale for Chinese and Korean immigrants: Comparison between younger and older adults.

OBJECTIVES The Kessler 6 (K6) Psychological Distress Scale is a well-known instrument to screen for psychological distress of general populations. It is critical to perform the equivalence test of the K6 for Asian immigrant subgroups. METHODS The 2012 California Health Interview Survey data were used (N = 1,210; Chinese = 640, Koreans = 570). Among 1,210, 734 were younger (18-64 years) and 476 were older (65+) adults. It was examined whether parameters in the measurement model is equivalent across the two groups, using multiple-group analysis. The equivalence tests for Chinese and Koreans were separately performed based on different age groups (younger [18-64] vs. older [65+]). RESULTS The younger group had good model fit (X2 = 41.27 [df = 16, p = .001], X2 /df = 2.58, Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.99, Goodness of Fit Index [GFI] = 0.98, root mean square error or approximation [RMSEA] = 0.05, standardized root mean residual [SRMR] = 0.03), and the older group also showed good model fit (X2 = 41.70 [df = 16, p < .001], X2 /df = 2.61, CFI = 0.98, GFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMR = 0.04). The model for older group indicated measurement noninvariance between Chinese and Korean immigrants (ΔX2 = 17.86, Δdf = 5, p = .003, CFI = 0.972, ΔCFI = 0.009). The items "hopeless," "restless," and "depress," were significantly nonequivalent between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians/researchers should be aware of the potential risk for misclassification when they screen psychological distress of Chinese or Korean older immigrants. Professionals should pay attention to cross-cultural comparability when interpreting results from the K6.
From Mystical Moment to Therapeutic Method: Connections Between Psychology of Religion and Pastoral Counseling

Argues for a connection between psychology of religion, represented by William James, and pastoral counseling, especially as informed by the therapeutic methods of the brief therapy centers in Palo Alto and Milwaukee. Ludwig Wittgenstein, the philosopher, is seen as the key bridge figure between the two. Inspired by the film Six Degrees of Separation, the proposal is made for connective links between the philosophical and experimental interests of Benjamin Blood and William James in the mystical experience, Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophical method in the Tractatus, and the therapeutic methods of Paul Watzlawick and Steve de Shazer. This transmission process is considered similar to that which occurs in religion itself, as transcendent experiences are routinized through liturgical and sacramental practices. The essay is viewed as an exercise in pastoral theological method.
The City Sprouted: The Rise of Brasília

In 1891, Brazil’s constitution decreed that at some point in the future the capital would be moved from Rio de Janeiro to a new location towards the interior of the country. In the 1960s, the capital was moved to Brasilia. While one of the wealthiest cities in Brazil today, there were significant costs to building Brasilia. This article aims to survey the development of the new capital and the negative externalities which emerged following its development.
A defined structural unit enables de novo design of small-molecule–binding proteins

The de novo design of proteins that bind highly functionalized small molecules represents a great challenge. To enable computational design of binders, we developed a unit of protein structure-a van der Mer (vdM)-that maps the backbone of each amino acid to statistically preferred positions of interacting chemical groups. Using vdMs, we designed six de novo proteins to bind the drug apixaban; two bound with low and submicromolar affinity. X-ray crystallography and mutagenesis confirmed a structure with a precisely designed cavity that forms favorable interactions in the drug-protein complex. vdMs may enable design of functional proteins for applications in sensing, medicine, and catalysis.
The Economics of Digitization: An Agenda for NSF

This agenda evaluates the consequences of digitization, as well as the impact of alternative policies governing the creation and use of digital information. This agenda focuses especially on the development of a research community to investigate the economics of digitization, to analyze the governance of intellectual property in this sector, particularly through copyright, and to pioneer approaches to measuring the economic activity related to digitization. We ask the NSF to establish a theoretically grounded empirical research tradition on the economic consequences of digitization, with emphasis on governance issues, such as those around the redesign of copyright; Encourage high-quality high-impact research that significantly reshapes academic and policy evaluation of the consequences of digitization, with an emphasis on issues grounded in measurement; Establish a research community with a recognizable identity and regularized interactions in order to establish consistent research norms, and facilitate cumulative research across this community, and enhance its impact on related fields and policy; Establish a data infrastructure for cumulative, transparent, and high-quality research and the ability to translate that research for policy evaluation.
America in pain, the nation's well-being at stake.

Pain is a signal of distress in the body. It can erode one’s ability to work or to enjoy life. Some people try to numb pain with painkillers, illicit drugs, and alcohol, and intolerable pain is implicated in suicide and other deaths of despair (1⇓–3). Pain is commonly triggered by disease or an impairment in physical functioning. However, pain can also be triggered by social or psychological distress (4). It is widely believed that pain rises with age as disease, deterioration, and stress take their toll on the body. In their PNAS article “Decoding the mystery of American pain reveals a warning for the future,” Case et al. (5) investigate an irregular feature of the relationship between pain and age in present-day America—midlife individuals report higher levels of pain than do the elderly. Ominously, this inverted age–pain profile exists only for individuals without a bachelor’s degree (BA) and in no wealthy country other than America (5). Case et al. (5) solve the mystery of the inverted age–pain profile with cohort analysis. That is, if one follows the same birth cohort as it ages, pain prevalence does indeed rise with age, as expected. However, if one compares birth cohorts across time, the cohorts born more recently report more pain—at every age. To put it another way, at every age less educated people in America report more pain today than people the same age did in the past. This cohort pattern generates the inverted age–pain relationship because at the present time, birth cohorts born more recently (who are in more pain) are younger than the birth cohorts born long ago (who are in less pain). The authors make their case by marshaling large, nationally representative survey datasets from Gallup US and World Poll, and they corroborate the finding … [↵][1]1Email: maestas{at}hcp.med.harvard.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Why Were Greek Mathematical Diagrams Schematic

This article presents the case for the claim that Greek mathematical diagrams were schematic. Following a deep dive into the practices and the process of transmission of those diagrams, the article situates Greek diagrammatic practices within the broader context of Greek scribal and readerly practices. The literary papyrus bookroll was produced and read as a tool for the projection of an imagined performance; so was the specialized type of bookroll containing mathematical proofs.
Classification of group structures for a multigroup collision probability model using machine learning

Abstract Multigroup neutron transport models can be significantly faster than continuous energy methods. While minimizing the number of energy groups improves runtime, this causes the accuracy of a calculation to become strongly dependent on selected energy group boundaries. Machine learning can exceed human performance on a range of classification tasks. In this work, the potential for supervised machine learning to classify few-group energy structures is evaluated. Artificial neural network and random forest classifiers were trained to determine whether a given 20-group energy structure enables a multigroup collision probability model to calculate accurate neutron multiplication factors in a light water reactor lattice simulation. The training data consisted of 20,000 random 20-group structures and their associated multiplication factors. Five-fold cross-validation was used for optimizing the hyperparameters of both machine learning algorithms. The trained neural network and random forest could classify input 20-group structures with up to 95.3% and 95.5% accuracy respectively.
Live and let die: TB control by enhancing apoptosis

The impact of cellular apoptosis in controlling M. tuberculosis during tuberculosis (TB) infection remains unresolved. In this issue of Immunity, Stutz et al. provide compelling evidence that apoptosis controls M. tuberculosis infection in vivo and compounds that induce apoptosis limit M. tuberculosis growth in mice.
Influenza virus genotype to phenotype predictions through machine learning: a systematic review.

Background: There is great interest in understanding the viral genomic predictors of phenotypic traits that allow influenza A viruses to adapt to or become more virulent in different hosts. Machine...
Prelude: ‘Who Is RICHARD CONGREVE?’ It Will Be Asked

‘“Who is RICHARD CONGREVE?” It will be asked.’ was the first widely distributed review of the philosopher’s anti-imperialist ideas. The date was 16 January 1858, and The Times’ reviewers presented Congreve as at once enigmatic, outrageous, and uncommonly principled. This instance in which the public began speculating on how Congreve laced his polemics with latent meanings and motivations, affords us an opportunity to examine Positivism through the critical lens of the Victorian press. The chapter then delves into the recent historiography of Positivism and the often-overlooked utopia to which Congreve dedicated his life. Against this backdrop we will examine, through the course of this book, the ways in which both the press and Congreve aided and impaired the impact of the Positivist movement on British life.
"Driving While Black" as "Living While Black"

Black people have long faced obstacles when attempting to access the freedom of mobility represented by the “open road.” The phenomenon of “Driving While Black” is a manifestation of those obstacles. This Essay posits that the restriction of Black freedom through the racialization of space is the common thread that ties “Driving While Black” to the broader phenomenon of “Living While Black.” It examines “Driving While Black” through a lens of spatial structural racism enforced by state-sanctioned police violence in the guise of the pretextual traffic stop and concludes that banning such policing practices is the remedy for “Driving While Black.”
Predicting the Effects of Disability Glare on Driving Performance

A driving simulator was used to investigate the effects of simulated glare from the sun on the execution of left-turns at an intersection. The presence of glare resulted in a significant reduction in the safety margin used by drivers (by 0.65 sec on average). The effect of glare was larger for low-contrast than for high-contrast oncoming vehicles. Older drivers (45-60 years) had a significantly greater reduction in safety margin compared to younger drivers (19-29 years), however, there was large inter-driver variability in both age groups. Older drivers adopted a larger safety margin in non-glare conditions with the result that the net effect of glare on driving safety was the same for both age groups. It is proposed that the reduction in retinal image contrast caused by glare caused drivers to overestimate the time to collision with oncoming cars.
Using Hospital Tumor Registries to Identify Research Subjects

Hospital tumor registries may permit efficient identification of relatively large numbers of patients for clinical and health services research. This study investigates the feasibility and cost of using hospital tumor registry data for identifying cancer patients with particular clinical characteristics, corresponding to the protocol entry criteria of four randomly sampled Phase III clinical treatment trials for cancer. We screened tumor registry data on 717 patients diagnosed with cancer in 1997 and 1998 who had been identified and abstracted by the registry of a large academic medical center by April, 1999; and we abstracted the medical records of the 122 patients who passed the registry screen. For each clinical profile, the registry screen eliminated a substantial fraction of patients who did not meet the relevant criteria. Of the patients identified from the tumor registry as potential matches, 41% matched the relevant clinical profile based on detailed medical records review. The cost and effort of the registry-based method were substantially lower than would have been necessary if we had reviewed medical records without the registry screen, suggesting that tumor registry data can be a relatively efficient tool for identifying research subjects.
Human Fibrinogen Heterogeneities I. STRUCTURAL AND RELATED STUDIES OF PLASMA FIBRINOGENS WHICH ARE HIGH SOLUBILITY CATABOLIC INTERMEDIATES

The heterogeneity of human plasma fibrinogen manifested as differences in solubility reflects the presence of early catabolic intermediates, which are more soluble, have a longer thrombin-clotting time, and are of a lower molecular weight than the parent material from which they are formed. In this study the S-sulfo subunits from fibrinogen fractions of low (I-4) and high (I-8 and I-9) solubility were compared. Separation of Aα, Bβ, and γ chains was achieved by gradient elution chromatography on CM-cellulose. The tryptic peptide maps were characteristic for each type of chain. The only observable differences were in the maps of Aα chains; in those of I-8 and I-9 a considerable number of spots were absent or reduced relative to I-4. NH2-terminal analyses of isolated chains before and after thrombin treatment showed the characteristic residues of the Aα, Bβ, and γ chains, respectively. Thus the NH2-terminal portions of all chains of I-4, I-8, and I-9 were intact. Molecular weight estimation of subunit chains was made by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate under conditions in which differences in mobility due to the presence or absence of A or B peptides were distinguishable. Electrophoresis in this medium before and after reptilase or thrombin treatment served for identification of the chains. The γ chains moved as a single band in this system (molecular weight, 50,700) and were indistinguishable from one another; the same was true of Bβ chains (molecular weight, 60,400). However, electrophoresis of Aα chains revealed the presence of 13 more-or-less distinct bands (numbered in order of increasing anodal mobility), of which all but two (Band 3, a Bβ contaminant and Band 5, a γ chain contaminant) were shown to be intact Aα chain or COOH-terminally degraded Aα remnants. The molecular weights ranged from that of intact Aα chain (70,900) to 15,400 (Band 13). The highest proportion of intact Aα chains was in I-4; the lowest was in I-9, which had virtually no detectable intact Aα chain. Conversely, I-9 contained the highest proportion of Aα remnant chains; I-4, the lowest. These data suggested that cleavage at any or all of at least 10 sites along the Aα chain resulted in the formation of early catabolic intermediates. Comparisons with highly clottable derivative fractions I-8D and I-9D produced by plasmin treatment of I-4 in vitro showed that they were quite similar to their respective plasma counterparts (I-8 and I-9) in that the γ and Bβ chains appeared to be intact, but few or no intact Aα chains were present. These observations thus strengthen the notion that it is plasmin which catalyzes the formation of early intermediates in vivo. Examination of Fragment ‘X', another fibrinogen derivative produced by plasmin digestion, revealed considerable depletion of intact Bβ as well as of Aα chains, indicating that Fragment ‘X' was more extensively degraded than I-8D or I-9D.
Testing for rational bubbles with exogenous or endogenous fundamentals: The German hyperinflation once more

Abstract The presence of rational price bubbles during the German hyperinflation is tested under two different structural assumptions on the money process. If the money supply is constrained to be exogenous to the current inflation rate, the hypothesis of no bubble can be rejected. However, this is no longer found to be true when a feedback rule from inflation to money creation is allowed. The analysis contradicts previous results presented in the literature.
Progressive relaxation and meditation. A study of psychophysiological and therapeutic differences between two techniques

Abstract Physiological and self-report data were collected on anxious subjects who participated in a study comparing progressive relaxation, meditation and a waiting-list control. The data provide some support for the Schwartz, Davidson and Goleman (1978) hypothesis of specific effects for different relaxation procedures, superimposed upon a generalized relaxation response. The similarities between techniques, however, were greater than the differences, both on physiological and self-report measures. Both techniques generated positive expectancies and produced decreases in a variety of self-reported symptoms and on EMG: but no skin conductance or frontal EEG effects were observed. Progressive relaxation produced bigger decreases in forearm EMG responsiveness to stressful stimulation and a generally more powerful therapeutic effect than meditation. Meditation produced greater cardiac orienting responses to stressful stimuli, greater absorption in the task and better motivation to practice than progressive relaxation; but it also produced more reports of increased transient anxiety. We found no significant differences between conditions in the therapeutic expectancies they generated. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Measured level lifetimes for the coronal transitions of Fe X and Fe XIV.

In a laboratory study, the lifetimes of the 2P levels producing the coronal transitions of Fe X and Fe XIV have been measured. The fluorescence from the metastable levels, which were populated when the ions were produced in a source of multiply charged ions, was studied after the selected ions were injected into an electrostatic ion trap. The results are τ(Fe X, 3s23p5 2P0½) = 13.64±0.25 ms and τ(Fe XIV, 3s23p 2P03/2) = 17.52±0.29 ms. The data significantly reduce the uncertainty of the lifetimes when compared with existing theory.
Human gamma- to beta-globin gene switching using a mini construct in transgenic mice.

The developmental regulation of the human globin genes involves a key switch from fetal (gamma-) to adult (beta-) globin gene expression. It is possible to study the mechanism of this switch by expressing the human globin genes in transgenic mice. Previous work has shown that high-level expression of the human globin genes in transgenic mice requires the presence of the locus control region (LCR) upstream of the genes in the beta-globin locus. High-level, correct developmental regulation of beta-globin gene expression in transgenic mice has previously been accomplished only in 30- to 40-kb genomic constructs containing the LCR and multiple genes from the locus. This suggests that either competition for LCR sequences by other globin genes or the presence of intergenic sequences from the beta-globin locus is required to silence the beta-globin gene in embryonic life. The results presented here clearly show that the presence of the gamma-globin gene (3.3 kb) alone is sufficient to down-regulate the beta-globin gene in embryonic transgenic mice made with an LCR-gamma-beta-globin mini construct. The results also show that the gamma-globin gene is down-regulated in adult mice from most transgenic lines made with LCR-gamma-globin constructs not including the beta-globin gene, i.e., that the gamma-globin gene can be autonomously regulated. Evidence presented here suggests that a region 3' of the gamma-globin gene may be important for down-regulation in the adult. The 5'HS2 gamma en beta construct described is a suitable model for further study of the mechanism of human gamma- to beta-globin gene switching in transgenic mice.
A Personal Perspective on the Origin(s) and Development of 'Big Data': The Phenomenon, the Term, and the Discipline, Second Version

I investigate Big Data, the phenomenon, the term, and the discipline, with emphasis on origins of the term, in industry and academics, in computer science and statistics/econometrics. Big Data the phenomenon continues unabated, Big Data the term is now firmly entrenched, and Big Data the discipline is emerging.
Invariant manifolds and start-up dynamics of induction machines

Time-scale properties are investigated for several induction machines with sizes ranging from 3 to 6000 hp. Whereas third-order models neglecting stator transients are relatively accurate, first-order models should not be used for machines of sizes greater than 250 hp unless higher-order corrections are used. Exact invariant manifolds are derived in the case of zero stator resistance and constant or ramping input voltages. Off-manifold variables are used to account properly for the neglected dynamics in studies where such effects can be preponderant. This was illustrated by simulating the dynamic startup of an induction machine with a negligible resistance and by showing the detrimental effects of the braking torque. Using a ramping input voltage effectively reduces this braking torque and allows a smooth acceleration towards rated speed. This shows the significance of starting as close as possible to the invariant manifold corresponding to the stator variables. >
Comprehensive Practicum Evaluation Across a Nursing Program

Abstract With the inception of a new competency-based nursing curriculum, faculty in a baccalaureate nursing program developed a comprehensive laboratory and clinical evaluation program aimed at progressive, criterion-based evaluation across four semesters of the nursing program. This article provides background for the development of the program, the resources needed, and specific evaluation activities for the four semesters targeted. Course content and program year competencies, progressively built from one semester to the next, guided the design of the practicum evaluations. Faculty report satisfaction with the ability of this program to determine whether student performance is consistent with competency achievement. Refinements have been made to alleviate student stress and evaluator consistency.
The U.S. Flood Control Program at 75: Environmental Issues1

Black, Peter E., 2012. The U.S. Flood Control Program at 75: Environmental Issues. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 244-255. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00609.x Abstract: Recent, recurring, and increased magnitude floods adversely challenge long-held and erroneous concepts of flood control. This article focuses on the environmental issues with comprehensively reviewed essentials of the United States (U.S.) riverine Flood Control Program, including news reports, scientific articles, books, and landmark treatises. For the past three-quarters of a century, U.S. floods have continued (and will continue) to occur, causing increasing property damage with growing fiscal loss. Reasons include inattention to fundamental principles of physics, hydrology, and ecology. There are also important challenges involving environmental policy, economics, and common sense. Measures afforded by the existing program encourage and enable investment in floodplains while violating a variety of natural principles that make the situation worse. This detailed review includes the questionable (actually untrue) justification in the document-setting policy for the 1936 Omnibus Flood Control Act. The well-documented evidence is overwhelming. An alternative approach is presented that would enable and celebrate natural floods, managing their ecological and hydrological values, and not attempting to control them.
BAL IN THE TREATMENT OF ARSENIC INGESTION OF CHILDREN

BAL is an effective chemical antidote for arsenic poisoning. We have reported our observations after its use in treating 42 children who ingested this poison. During this experience, we have noted a number of side effects; with proper doses, none of these seemed serious. Recommendations have been made concerning applications of this drug, which should prove useful in one of the common pediatric emergencies.
Fingerprinting Hunger Relief Efforts in Indiana, Wisconsin, and Iowa

Abstract More than 12% of the US population suffers from hunger. Not-for-profit food distribution organizations, including food banks, food pantries, soup kitchens, emergency shelters, and other food programs, help provide for the nutritional needs of more than 25 million Americans each year. Because many states do not require licensing or registration, it is difficult to accurately determine the number or types of food assistance programs operating throughout the country. The purpose of this project was to develop a directory and database of not-for-profit food distribution organizations operating in Indiana, Iowa, and Wisconsin. An initial listing of food distribution organizations was obtained from the Division of Family and Children in each state. These lists were then expanded with the aid of food bank member agency lists, input from Cooperative Extension field staff in each county, and a variety of other sources. The resulting master list consisted of nearly 2,500 organizations in the 3 states (Indiana - 1,200, Wisconsin - 800, Iowa - 500). A survey was developed, piloted, and mailed to each of the 2,500 identified organizations. A follow-up post card was mailed 6 weeks later. Surveys were returned at a rate of about 30%. A database was constructed to provide access to the survey data. Organizational, operational, and educational needs information was entered for each responding organization. The names and addresses of nonrespondents were also entered into the database. The database was constructed to permit searching based on a variety of criteria, including: county, city, zip code, organization name, and type of program. A directory of food assistance organizations was also constructed for each of the 3 states. Each directory lists the names and addresses for all survey nonrespondents and the name, address, and general information for all respondents who agreed to be included. The directories and database developed through this project provide a previously unavailable view of the hunger communities in a 3 state area. Additionally, these tools allow food donors to quickly locate recipient organizations, simplify cooperative efforts between organizations, and provide a quick reference for members of the hunger community.
To die or not to die: DNA repair in neurons

One of the critical emerging problems in modern pathobiology is how cells govern the decision to live or die, and the cost of making such a decision. Nowhere are these questions more poignant than in deciphering the tissue-specific responses to DNA damage. Mutations in DNA repair enzymes, malfunctions in cell cycle regulation, and genetic instability are associated with most somatic cancers. However, in many hereditary diseases arising from mutations in DNA repair proteins, the same dominant mutations that cause cancer in dividing cells are often associated with cell death in terminally differentiated neurons. Context dependent differences in the response to DNA damage are used to make fundamental choices as to cell fate, and are likely to shed light on the mechanisms underlying human disease.
In situ ESR spectro-electrochemical investigation of the superoxide anion radical during the electrochemical O2 reduction reaction in aprotic electrolyte

Abstract For the first time, electrochemically generated superoxide ions on a porous carbon electrode are investigated by means of in situ electrochemical ESR technique at ambient conditions. Superoxide ions ( O 2 · − ) are detected as the product of the electrochemical O2 reduction reaction. The redox couple (O2/ O 2 · − ) is reversible in DMSO electrolyte. The superoxide ions are believed to be absorbed and de-mobilized on the carbon surface. Overlapping a symmetric carbon ESR signal, the anisotropic signal of the superoxide is observed. The g-factor of the carbon ESR spectra is found to be 2.0025, which is almost identical to that of a free electron; Anisotropic g-factors for the O 2 · − are g⊥ = 2.0031, g// = 2.0750.
Headaches Caused by Vascular Disorders

The clinical association between stroke and headache is complex, ranging from the largely irrelevant to the highly specific. The incidence and clinical relevance of acute headache are highly dependent on stroke subtype and etiology. In this article the issue of headache accompanying acute stroke is addressed in some detail.
Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. V. Some guanidine and 2-aminopyrimidine derivatives.

Five amidino(thio)phosphoramidates and six 2-pyrimidy1(thio)phosphoramidates were prepared for screening in four cancer test systems. Three of these derivatives were also tested against Plasmodium berghei . None of the compounds exhibited significant antineoplastic or antimalarial activity.
A logrithmic bound on the location of the poles of the scattering matrix

It is shown that the complex poles z of the scattering matrix satisfy the inequality: Im z≧a+b log ¦z¦, b>0, in three instances of classical scattering in three space dimensions described by the wave equation ut t−c2Δu+qu=0.
Crime and punishment in Cote d'Ivoire

Falling commodity prices in Cote d'Ivoire's primary products (cocoa and coffee) and the resulting austerity measures imposed by the government as part of the structural adjustment measures demanded by the Paris Club, the International Monetary Fund, and the London Club along with the death of the first president of the country, Mr.Felix Houphouet-Boigny, turned the once peaceful country into a war zone. This paper examines the issues of crime and punishment in the years leading up to and during the civil war. Available information indicate that the “politics of exclusion” which followed the death of President Houphouet-Boigny led to ethnic hatred, ethnic cleansing, religious intolerance, xenophobic rhetoric, human rights violations, brutal rapes and other forms of sexual violence, armed robberies, and extra-judicial massacres. The government of Cote d'Ivoire should realize that bringing those responsible for these atrocities to justice, should be a priority.
Molecular simulation studies of protein interactions with zwitterionic phosphorylcholine self-assembled monolayers in the presence of water.

Molecular simulations were performed to study the interactions between a protein (lysozyme, LYZ) and phosphorylcholine-terminated self-assembled monolayers (PC-SAMs) in the presence of explicit water molecules and ions. The results show that the water molecules above the PC-SAM surface create a strong repulsive force on the protein as it approaches the surface. The structural and dynamic properties of the water molecules above the PC-SAM surface were analyzed to provide information regarding the role of hydration in surface resistance to protein adsorption. It can be seen from residence time dynamics that the water molecules immediately above the PC-SAM surface are significantly slowed down as compared to bulk water, suggesting that the PC-SAM surface generates a tightly bound, structured water layer around its head groups. Moreover, the orientational distribution and reorientational dynamics of the interfacial water molecules near the PC-SAM surface were found to have the ionic solvation nature of the PC...