cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraining plant functional types in a semi-arid ecosystem with waveform lidar

Abstract Accurate classification of plant functional types (PFTs) reduces the uncertainty in global biomass and carbon estimates. Airborne small-footprint waveform lidar data are increasingly used for vegetation classification and above-ground carbon estimates at a range of spatial scales in woody or homogeneous grass and savanna ecosystems. However, a gap remains in understanding how waveform features represent and ultimately can be used to constrain the PFTs in heterogeneous semi-arid ecosystems. This study evaluates lidar waveform features and classification performance of six major PFTs, including shrubs and trees, along with bare ground in the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, USA. Waveform lidar data were obtained with the NASA Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO). From these data we derived waveform features at two spatial scales (1 m and 10 m rasters) by applying a Gaussian decomposition and a frequency-domain deconvolution. An ensemble random forest algorithm was used to assess classification performance and to select the most important waveform features. Classification models developed with the 10 m waveform features outperformed those at 1 m (Kappa (κ) = 0.81–0.86 vs. 0.60–0.70, respectively). At 1 m resolution, lidar height features improved the PFT classification accuracy by 10% compared to the analysis without these features. However, at 10 m resolution, the inclusion of lidar derived heights with other waveform features decreased the PFT classification performance by 4%. Pulse width, rise time, percent energy, differential target cross section, and radiometrically calibrated backscatter coefficient were the most important waveform features at both spatial scales. A significant finding is that bare ground was clearly differentiated from shrubs using pulse width. Though the overall accuracy ranges between 0.72 and 0.89 across spatial scales, the two shrub PFTs showed 0.45–0.87 individual classification success at 1 m, while bare ground and tree PFTs showed high (0.72–1.0) classification accuracy at 10 m. We conclude that small-footprint waveform features can be used to characterize the heterogeneous vegetation in this and similar semi-arid ecosystems at high spatial resolution. Furthermore, waveform features such as pulse width can be used to constrain the uncertainty of terrain modeling in environments where vegetation and bare ground lidar returns are close in time and space. The dependency on spatial resolution plays a critical role in classification performance in tree-shrub co-dominant ecosystems.
Hydrogen motions in the central region of the Galaxy

The 21-cm hydrogen radiation near the galactic plane exhibits strong deviation from circular motion over longitudes within 30° or so of the galactic centre. In order to extend the observations first made by Rougoor and Oort, * the Carnegie multichannel H-line spectrograph was used with our 60-foot radio telescope at Derwood, Maryland, in order to confirm the Leiden work and extend observations to more southern longitudes. Cross-sections extending ±2° in latitude were taken every 2° in longitude from l II =−26°8 to l II =+2°2 and a series of points along the galactic equator were taken every 1° over the same range. Effort has been concentrated on the southern extension of the observations, which agree well with the Leiden observations over the section in common, but which carry the observations nearly 20° farther south in longitude.
Bendectin® (Merrell-Dow)

Bendectin provides the action of the antihistamine, doxylamine, which has antinauseant and antiemetic activity, and pyridoxine HCl which provides vitamine B6 supplementation to help avoid this deficiency during pregnancy. Studies also indicate that B6 has an antinauseant activity.
Autonomy and quality of life for elderly patients.

An introduction to the June 2008 issue of Virtual Mentor on Quality of Life and Elderly Patients. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Practically Self-Conscious Life

Neo-Aristotelian ethical naturalism suggests that the sense of normative terms like “ought” and “good” as they appear in ethical discourse is to be elucidated in terms of the relation in which a living individual stands to the life-form or “species” of which it is an exemplar—in our case: the human life-form. A theory of this form has to provide a story about questions such as: What enables us to distinguish the different kinds of life within the theory? What makes them, despite those differences, all sorts of natural goodness? And where, in relation to those continuities and discontinuities, is the account of practical reason to be situated? In this paper, I investigate how a developed ethical naturalism has to conceive of the relation between the genus concept life and the concept of the specific kind of life characteristic of us: rational or practically self-conscious life. I argue that there is a deep ambiguity with respect to this question in the account Philippa Foot presents in Natural Goodness. An ambiguity that covers a dilemma. A properly developed ethical naturalism would have to develop the concept of reason out of the reflection on life.
Reconstruction of Complex Full-Thickness Scalp Defects After Dog-Bite Injuries Using Dermal Regeneration Template (Integra): Case Report and Literature Review.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to review the current applications of dermal regeneration templates in reconstruction of full-thickness scalp defects, most commonly resulting from oncologic surgery, and show its success in reconstruction of a complex full-thickness scalp defect resulting from a dog-bite injury. Materials and Methods A systematic review conforming to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines was completed. A PubMed search was completed using key terms including Integra, dermal regeneration template, full-thickness scalp defects, dog-bite injuries, and scalp. Eligible articles were selected based on the characteristics of defect size, procedural protocol, and reconstruction modality. Outcomes reported were based on reports of follow-up, complications, and percentage graft take. The case report presents reconstruction of a complex full-thickness scalp defect due to a dog-bite injury with a dermal regeneration template. Results Fifteen articles were included. Reported ages ranged from 2 to 93 years. The mean defect size ranged from 6 to 610 cm2, with 67% of defects averaging more than 50 cm2. All articles reported the 2-stage approach to Integra (Integra LifeSciences, Plainsboro, NJ)–based reconstruction with follow-up ranging from 5 to 23 months, with only 2 articles reporting less than 90% graft take. Conclusions Acellular dermal matrix provides an alternative reconstructive mechanism to free tissue transfer and flap reconstruction and offers a unique advantage in the medically complex patient, as well as in pediatric and geriatric populations. Successful Integra-based reconstruction of full-thickness complex scalp defects is well reported in the literature in relation to reconstruction of Mohs surgical defects, as well as burns of the trunk and extremities; however, reports of reconstruction of post-traumatic soft tissue defects of the head and neck are limited. On the basis of the reported successes from the reviewed literature, as well as the clinical outcome of the reported case, we believe Integra to be a valuable reconstructive tool in the algorithm for repair of post-traumatic, full-thickness, complex scalp defects when used appropriately.
Backstory: Inside the Business of the News by Ken Auletta New York: Penguin Press, 2003. 320 pp

(2005). Backstory: Inside the Business of the News by Ken Auletta New York: Penguin Press, 2003. 320 pp. American Journalism: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 107-109.
Patient Shielding in Diagnostic Imaging: Discontinuing a Legacy Practice.

OBJECTIVE. Patient shielding is standard practice in diagnostic imaging, despite growing evidence that it provides negligible or no benefit and carries a substantial risk of increasing patient dose...
Development and Testing of Pictorial Action Instructions for a Basic Humanitarian Engineering Project: A Feasibility Study

The aim of this study was to develop, refine, and assess the usability of pictorial action instructions (PAI) in training low-literacy individuals to build a basic humanitarian engineering project. Health in low- and middle-income countries is disproportionately affected by environmental hazards, often mitigated by such projects, but widespread literacy deficits often necessitate literacy-adapted materials for training. Project-specific PAI were developed, refined, and tested, with the intent of later testing them abroad. Development was based on best practice guidelines for illustrations and easy-to-understand text. The PAI were then reviewed by literacy specialists for content and formatting. Next, a feasibility study was conducted in Utah with low-literacy immigrants who were trained to use the PAI and provided with tools and materials to individually construct the project. Usability metrics gathered included construction efficiency and effectiveness, user satisfaction, and self-efficacy. Effectiveness was 100% and user satisfaction and self-efficacy were both high. Participants provided feedback to improve the PAI’s clarity by changing item proximity and combining or separating steps, and revisions were made. In future PAI development, it would be beneficial to include low-literacy individuals when making the initial sketches to enhance sequence clarity before finalizing the illustrations.
Infrared Conductivity Due to Spin Density Waves

Infrared conductivity due to a charge-density-wave (CDW) or spin-density-wave (SDW) condensation of electrons in a metal may include two contributions: σ s.p. from single-particle excitations of the electrons across a gap in the electron energy band due to the density wave; and σc.m. from collective-mode motion (vibration) of the density wave. For the SDW states of the (TMTSF)2X superconductors, there may be some cases where the SDW is strongly pinned and other cases where it is very weakly pinned. When the SDW is strongly pinned, the conductivity will be similar to that of a semiconductor, arising almost entirely from σs.p.. In this case there is a conductivity edge and peak at the SDW gap 2Δ, with depletion of the conductivity at frequencies less than 2Δ in comparison to conductivity of the normal state of the metal. By very weak pinning we mean that σc.m. contributes significantly to a and in this case our theory shows that: (a) the single-particle conductivity σs.p. commencing at 2Δ is almost entirely cancelled by σc.m. and no conductivity edge should occur at 2Δ; (b) due to interaction with the lattice of a 2Q CDW harmonic of the 1Q SDW, phonon resonance peaks appear in a for modes of intra-molecular vibrations with wave-vector 2Q; and (c) a peak near or overlapping zero frequency occurs, shifted from zero (as for the CDW) by weak commensurability, impurities, or by the stiffness of the density wave with regard to transverse distortions.
The Effects of a 3d Printed Prosthetic Device on Muscular Echo Intensity and Morphology in a Pediatric Amputee

Introduction Children's prosthetic needs are complex due to their small size, constant growth, and psychosocial development. Family finances play a crucial role in the prescription of prosthetics for their children, especially when private insurance and public funding are insufficient. For these reasons, prosthetic devices are not accessible to children from low income, uninsured families, or to children from developing countries. Advancements in computer-aided design (CAD) programs and additive manufacturing (3D printing) offer the possibility of designing and printing prosthetic hands at a very low cost. Creighton University has developed a low cost, …
Regulation of growth hormone secretion in ruminants

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION LITERATURE CITED SECTION IV. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION LITERATURE CITEDINTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION LITERATURE CITED SECTION V. METABOLIC HORMONES IN THE PLASMA OF GROWING MALE AND FEMALE, INTACT AND CASTRATED, CATTLE ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS GROWTH HORMONE (GH) PROFILES, METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATES, SECRETION RATES, HALF^LIFE, AND GH RESPONSE TO GH-RELEASING FACTOR AT FOUR AGES IN INTACT AND CASTRATE MALE AND FEMALE CATTLE
An Exploratory Study of Occupational Safety and Health with Limited Resource African-American Farmers

Objectives: Limited resource African-American farmers exist at the nexus of several correlates of disparities (e.g., minority, poor, rural, and agricultural) and beyond the reach of most health pro...
Conditioned place preference for cocaine and methylphenidate in female mice from lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running behavior.

Behavioral addictions can come in many forms, including overeating, gambling and overexercising. All addictions share a common mechanism involving activation of the natural reward circuit and reinforcement learning, but the extent to which motivation for natural and drug rewards share similar neurogenetic mechanisms remains unknown. A unique mouse genetic model in which four replicate lines of female mice were selectively bred (>76 generations) for high voluntary wheel running (High Runner or HR lines) alongside four non-selected control (C) lines were used to test the hypothesis that high motivation for exercise is associated with greater reward for cocaine (20 mg/kg) and methylphenidate (10 mg/kg) using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. HR mice run ~three times as many revolutions/day as C mice, but the extent to which they have increased motivation for other rewards is unknown. Both HR and C mice displayed significant CPP for cocaine and methylphenidate, but with no statistical difference between linetypes for either drug. Taken together, results suggest that selective breeding for increased voluntary running has modified the reward circuit in the brain in a way that increases motivation for running without affecting cocaine or methylphenidate reward.
On Klatzky and Creswell (2014): saving social priming effects but losing science as we know it?

Klatzky and Creswell (2014) offer an interpretation of the unreliability of social priming effects by analogizing them to what is known about the complexity of cross-modal transfer effects in perception. The complexity of these transfer effects arises because they are both multiply determined and stochastic. In this commentary, I argue that Klatzky and Creswell’s thoughtful contribution raises the possibility that there might be deep and substantive limits to both the replicability and the generalizability of many of the phenomena that most interest psychologists, including social priming effects. Psychological phenomena largely governed by what Fodor (1983) called the “central system” may resist both replication and generalization by their very nature and not because of weak and underpowered experimental methods. With such phenomena, science might give us very good tools for explanation, but not for prediction (replication).
Outcomes after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with general anaesthesia versus sedation.

Abstract Background We tested the primary hypothesis that use of general anaesthesia vs sedation increases vulnerability to adverse discharge (in-hospital mortality or new discharge to a nursing facility) after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Methods In this retrospective cohort study, adult patients undergoing ERCP with general anaesthesia or sedation at a tertiary care hospital were included. We calculated adjusted absolute risk differences between patients receiving general anaesthesia vs sedation using provider preference-based instrumental variable analysis. We also used mediation analysis to determine whether intraoperative hypotension during general anaesthesia mediated its effect on adverse discharge. Results Among 17 538 patients undergoing ERCP from 2007 through 2018, 16 238 received sedation and 1300 received GA. Rates of adverse discharge were 5.8% (n=938) after sedation and 16.2% (n=210) after general anaesthesia. Providers' adjusted mean predicted probabilities of using general anaesthesia for ERCP ranged from 0.2% to 63.2% of individual caseloads. Utilising provider-related variability in the use of general anaesthesia for instrumental variable analysis resulted in an 8.6% risk increase (95% confidence interval, 4.5–12.6%; P Conclusions These results suggest that use of sedation during ERCP facilitates reduced adverse discharge for patients for whom general anaesthesia is not clearly indicated. Intraoperative hypotension during general anaesthesia for ERCP partly mediates the increased vulnerability to adverse discharge.
Millennials’ Uses and Gratifications on LinkedIn: Implications for Recruitment and Retention:

While popular press has examined Millennial’s in the workforce, there is limited academic research about Millennials’ job searching strategies. This study draws on uses and gratifications theory to...
Soft durum wheat as a potential ingredient for direct expanded extruded products

Abstract Soft durum wheat was extruded to assess the influence of independent parameters (moisture content, screw speed, and barrel temperature each) on system responses (back pressure, torque value, and specific mechanical energy input) and product responses (expansion ratio, unit density, water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI)). The lowest barrel temperature (120 °C) and moisture content (16%) with the highest screw speed (250 rpm) resulted in the highest specific mechanical energy input, expansion ratio, and water solubility index in the extrudates. Among the three independent parameters evaluated, moisture content was the most influential factor on the system and product responses. Energy efficiency on solubility (EES) was defined, and the notable impact of moisture content on EES was observed. Extrudates made from soft durum wheat had a reasonable expansion ratio, proving its potential usage in snack and cereal products.
Impact of stratifying levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at diagnosis on the overall survival (OS) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM).

e20016Background: An elevated serum LDH level is an adverse prognostic factor in NDMM. However, this category includes quantitative serum LDH levels that range from just over the upper limit of nor...
Functioning Crooke Cell Adenomas: Case Series and Literature Review.

Background Crooke cell adenomas (CCAs) are rare, potentially aggressive pituitary adenomas. Data regarding prevalence and clinical course are sparse. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 59 consecutive functioning corticotroph adenomas operated on between October 2017 and November 2020 and a literature review of CCA publications since 1991. Results The prevalence of CCAs among functioning corticotroph adenomas at our institution was 8.5% (5/59). In the 4 other surgical case series, prevalence of CCAs was 0%–6.8%. Our patients (4 women and 1 man, mean age 46 ± 11 years) presented with hypercortisolism (3/5), with vision loss (1/5), and incidentally (1/5). All patients had elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (151 ± 54 pg/mL) and urinary free cortisol (830 ± 796.5 μg/day). Radiologically, 3 tumors were macroadenomas and 2 had cavernous sinus invasion. All patients achieved biochemical remission at 3 months postoperatively. One patient with a giant pituitary adenoma underwent fractionated radiation for residual tumor. During follow-up (range, 3.1–31.0 months), no patients had evidence of radiological or biochemical recurrence. The literature review identified 22 functioning corticotroph adenomas with outcome data. Additional treatments included reoperation (50%), radiation (59%), bilateral adrenalectomy (23%), and temozolomide (36%). Conclusions We found a higher CCA prevalence among functioning adrenocorticotropic hormone adenomas after implementation of the 2017 World Health Organization classification. In our series and the literature, most CCAs were macroadenomas with high adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Postoperative outcomes were excellent in our series, while some cases from the literature were refractory to standard treatments. Larger clinical and molecular studies are needed to identify patients at risk.
Vortex Element Methods for Flow Simulation

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on vortex element methods for flow simulation. The vortex element methods allow recreating the physically relevant dynamics of two- and three-dimensional incompressible flows through the use of the Lagrangian or the Lagrangian-Eulerian description of the evolution of discretized vorticity fields. The most important accuracy condition in vortex methods is that the cores of neighboring vortex elements must, at all times, overlap. All remeshing efforts are, by and large, directed to fulfill this condition. It should be kept in mind, however, that the stretching of a segment, intensification of vorticity, constancy of the vortex core, distortion of the near-field velocity distribution due to the increase of the particles or nodes, and artificial dissipation may not all be commensurate with the need to maintain a nondivergent vorticity field. In fact, the accuracy of the calculations may be sacrificed by remeshing, particularly in regions of generation and high concentration of vorticity, due to the warping of the velocity and gradient spaces. This chapter describes evolution and applications of vortex element methods. Concepts related to contra flowing streams, quasi-two-dimensional cross flows, and general three-dimensional flows are also discussed in detail.
CONGENITAL SPINAL ANOMALIES IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS.

Three similar cases of agenesis of the lower spine in infants of diabetic mothers are presented with a discussion of associated skeletal and systemic anomalies. These cases are compared with 7 similar cases reported previously. A specific pathogenetic relationship to maternal diabetes mellitus is suggested, in light of the rarity of these anomalies in the general population. Possible etiologic factors have been considered in a review of animal experiments and clinical observations in human patients.
Heterogeneity, Work, and Mobilisation: Recent Works in Latin American Labour Studies

During the past decade, scholarship on labour has been driven by efforts to widen definitions of work and workers’ coping strategies. In order to understand the ways that human beings have experienced global capitalism in the present and the past, it is imperative that we create analytical lenses that do not limit labour to the domain of male, wage earners, or trade union mobilisations.1 Some have even identified Latin America and regions outside of the North Atlantic as significant contributors to this project.2 Indeed, the four texts reviewed in this essay approach labour from the disciplines of history,
Small cage d10 metallacarboranes: crystal structure of the mercury bridged carborane, μ,μ′-[2-(Si(CH3)3)-3-(CH3)-2,3-C2B4H5]2Hg

Abstract The reaction of nido-1-Na(TMEDA)-2-(Si(CH3)3-3-(CH3)-2,3-C2B4H5, with anhydrous HgCl2 in a 2:1 carborane to metal molar ratio produced the bridged compound μ,μ′-[2-(Si(CH3)3)-3-(CH3)-2,3-C2B4H5]2 Hg (1). The structure of 1 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction that showed the compound to have C2 symmetry, with each carborane being η2-bonded to the mercury center.
Learning rules to improve a machine translation system

In this paper we show how to learn rules to improve the performance of a machine translation system. Given a system consisting of two translation functions (one from language A to language B and one from B to A), training text is translated from A to B and back again to A. Using these two translations, differences in knowledge between the two translation functions are identified, and rules are learned to improve the functions. Context-independent rules are learned where the information suggests only a single possible translation for a word. When there are multiple alternate translations for a word, a likelihood ratio test is used to identify words that co-occur with each case significantly. These words are then used as context in context-dependent rules. Applied on the Pan American Health Organization corpus of 20,084 sentences, the learned rules improve the understandability of the translation produced by the SDL International engine on 78% of sentences, with high precision.
Enabling End-to-End Data-Driven Sensor-Based Scientific and Engineering Applications

Technical advances are leading to a pervasive computational infrastructure that integrates computational processes with embedded sensors and actuators, and giving rise to a new paradigm for monitoring, understanding, and managing natural and engineered systems --- one that is information/data-driven. However, developing and deploying these applications remains a challenge, primarily due to the lack of programming and runtime support. This paper addresses these challenges and presents a programming system for end-to-end sensor/actuator-based scientific and engineering applications. Specifically, the programming system provides semantically meaningful abstractions and runtime mechanisms for integrating sensor systems with computational models for scientific processes, and for in-network data processing such as aggregation, adaptive interpolation and assimilations. The overall architecture of the programming system and the design of its key components, as well as its prototype implementation are described. An end-to-end dynamic data-driven oil reservoir application that combines reservoir simulation models with sensors/actuators in an instrumented oilfield is used as a case study to demonstrate the operation of the programming system, as well as to experimentally demonstrate its effectiveness and performance.
Experimental Study of the Response of a Gravel Streambed to Increased Sediment Supply

If increased sediment supply to a river channel exceeds its transport capacity, deposition necessarily occurs as the bed adjusts to accommodate the increased supply. Both the mean and spatial patterns in bed elevation and grain size may change and an ability to understand their relative importance is needed to predict bed response. We report on an experiment in a field-scale flume in which sediment supply is increased to a gravel bed with alternate bars. Sediment was recirculated in the experiments, but augmented in two steps, after which the bed was allowed to reach a new steady state. The transport rate at the end of the experiment was three times larger than at the start. High-resolution sediment flux and topographic measurements, grain size derived from photographs, and hydrodynamic modeling allow us to document the topographic and textural response of the bed to increased sediment supply. The spatial patterns of bed topography and texture were forced by the flume setup and the initial and final steady states included long stationary alternate bars with associated grain size sorting. The transient bed contained several scales of shorter wavelength migrating bedforms superimposed on, and temporarily replacing the stationary alternate bars. Bed topography and textural patterns adjusted to increased sediment supply over different timescales. Bed slope and mean stress increased directly with sediment supply rate to produce a new transport steady state in a time about 2.5 times the minimum needed to deposit the required sediment wedge, indicating a trap efficiency of about 40% for the aggrading wedge. Adjustments in local topography and sorting, primarily in the form of smaller, migrating bars, continued for a period approximately equal to that required to initially reach transport steady state. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface Tension of Several Liquid-Crystal Compounds in the Smectic-A or Smectic-Ad Phase

After implementing a computer-enhanced imaging system in our newly estab- lished apparatus, we have achieved much higher resolution in measuring the surface tension of free-standing films in the smectic-A or smectic-Ad phase of seven different liquid-crystal com- pounds. The experimental results reveal two salient features: the relation of surface tension to thickness and the difference in surface tension between the smectic-A and smectic-Ad phases
Review article: monitoring of immunomodulators in inflammatory bowel disease

The armamentarium of medications for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease is growing and becoming more complicated to use. Immunomodulators are a class of medications that have found a niche for the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Because of the mounting supporting evidence for efficacy, the most commonly-used immunomodulators are azathioprine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate and ciclosporin. These medications are being used more often due to their steroid-sparing and potentially surgery-sparing effects. Immunomodulators are also known for a significant side-effect profile and require careful monitoring. This review provides the latest information for clinicians on efficacy, side-effects, dosing and monitoring of these medications for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Genes and generalizations: Darden's strategies and the question of context

In her recent book Lindley Darden has endeavored to reclaim for philosophy an active role in the elaboration of good science. She has done this, not by holding up some set of rational standards derived from outside of scientific practice, but rather by delving into the history of science and coming out with a set of scientific strategies. Unconcerned about whether any particular strategy wasin fact employed in a given historical case her project depends upon two claims, first that these strategiescould have been successfully deployed in the particular cases from which they were construed, and second and more importantly, that these strategies can be generalized beyond any particular context and be put to future use. It will be argued that Darden's conception of the possible context independence of scientific strategies is based upon an overly cognitivist misconstrual. An alternative account of the relationship of context dependent and context independent aspects of scientific theory formation will be offered as well as its implications for philosophy.
Simultaneous prediction of crystal shape and size for solution crystallization

Crystals experience changes in both size and shape during growth. A method is developed for the simultaneous prediction of crystal shape evolution and size distribution for solution crystallization processes by combining shape evolution modeling and population balance modeling techniques. When surface integration is the rate-controlling step and each face grows by the same mechanism (for example, the screw dislocation mechanism), the relative growth rates of crystal faces are constant, and the crystal volume can be represented by a piecewise smooth function of the crystal size. The process can then be described by a simple 1-dimensional (1-D) population balance model linked with the shape evolution model. The current method is applicable to tablet-shaped crystals with a dominant face of arbitrary initial size and shape. Such crystals can be treated as two-dimensional (2-D). A case study of succinic acid crystals grown from water illustrates the applicability and simplicity of the proposed method. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2101–2112, 2004
Effect ofUlocladium consortiale, a nonpathogen, on the severity of tuber blight caused byAlternar1a solani

Inoculation withAlternaria solani andUlocladium consortiale caused significantly more severe infection of tubers than inoculations ofA. solani alone.U. consortiale, when inoculated alone, caused no significant tuber infection. Infection resulting from a plug-type inoculation was significantly greater than that from a flap-type inoculation.
METABOLISM OF 3:5 DIIODO-L-THYRONINE BY L-AMINO ACID OXIDASE1

3:5 Diiodo-L-thyronine (20–100 mg.) was incubated with crude L-amino acid oxidase of cobra venom (100–500 mg.) in (A) the absence or (B) the presence of additional catalase (30–120 nig.) for three hours at 37.3° C. (pH 7.4) and incubation mixture extracted with ether at pH 3.0. Chromatography of the ether extract from A in several solvent systems revealed in the main the presence of a phenolic compound, while that from B pointed to the presence of a carbonyl compound and a phenolic compound. The carbonyl compound was identical with an unknown degradation product of an authentic sample of 3:5 diiodothyropyruvic acid as established by chromatography or electrophoresis, color tests and ultraviolet absorbance. The phenolic compound had the same migration on chromatograms or electrophoregrams, and its crystals showed the same ultraviolet absorption and melting point as an authentic sample of 3:5 diiodothyroacetic acid. Under the same experimental conditions, N-chloroacetyl-3:5 diiodo-L-thji-onine, in. which th...
Motor function analysis of myelin mutant mice using a rotarod.

Abstract We have examined motor control in normal and shiverer mutant mice using the rotarod assay, a forced motor activity which tests for balance and co-ordination. Shiverer mice carry a deletion of the myelin basic protein (MBP) gene, resulting in CNS dysmyelination and characteristics motor dysfunction. Homozygous mutant mice had a significant increase in cumulative falls from the rotatod relative to heterozygous mice. Non-acclimated animals of both genotypes showed progressive improvement in performance when tested on successive days. The rotarod test also discriminited shiverer mutants from animals that received gene therapy intervention. Shiverer animals carrying an MBP transgene showed gene-dosage-dependent improvements in motor function, and mutants which received thalamic transplants of wild type oligodendrocyte precursor cells showed improvement relative to sham operated and non-transplanted controls. Thus the rotarod is a sensitive measure of motor function in hypomyelinated mice, and may be useful for assessing the results of experimental manipulations including transgenic gene therapy and cell transplantation.
Importance of early recurrent ischemia on one-year survival after non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Several studies have emphasized the prognostic importance of early postinfarction myocardial ischemia—defined as angina with transient ST-T wave changes ≥24 hours after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI)—on short-term outcome in patients with non-Q-wave AMI. 1–5 Risk stratification after AMI is generally based on the early clinical features associated with infarction and on the delineation of high-risk predischarge variables. 5,6 Thus, the importance of clarifying the prognostic significance of early postinfarction angina on late outcome after non-Q-wave AMI is apparent. Previously, we reported that spontaneous postinfarction angina associated with ischemic ST-T wave changes was an especially severe form of early recurrent ischemia that frequently presaged infarct extension and death within 14 days of non-Q-wave AMI. 7 Overall, patients with early recurrent ischemia exhibited a 4-fold increased incidence of MB-creatine kinase-confirmed reinfarction, and a 10-fold increased incidence of death within 2 weeks, compared to patients without it. 7 In the present study, we used the extensive database created for the Diltiazem Reinfarction Study for 2 purposes. The first was to determine if post-AMI angina complicating non-Q-wave AMI before hospital discharge was associated with a worse late prognosis (i.e., higher reinfarction and mortality at 1 year) in those patients surviving until hospital discharge. The second was to assess whether spontaneous angina associated with transient ischemic electrocardiographic changes during the early recovery phase of non-Q-wave AMI was as predictive of adverse long-term outcome as it was of poor short-term outcome during hospitalization.
Using a Sharp Metal Tip to Control the Polarization and Direction of Emission from a Quantum Dot

Optical antennas can be used to manipulate the direction and polarization of radiation from an emitter. Usually, these metallic nanostructures utilize localized plasmon resonances to generate highly directional and strongly polarized emission, which is determined predominantly by the antenna geometry alone, and is thus not easily tuned. Here we show experimentally that the emission polarization can be manipulated using a simple, nonresonant scanning probe consisting of the sharp metallic tip of an atomic force microscope; finite element simulations reveal that the emission simultaneously becomes highly directional. Together, the measurements and simulations demonstrate that interference between light emitted directly into the far field with that elastically scattered from the tip apex in the near field is responsible for this control over polarization and directionality. Due to the relatively weak emitter-tip coupling, the tip must be positioned very precisely near the emitter, but this weak coupling also leads to highly tunable emission properties with a similar degree of polarization and directionality compared to resonant antennas.
Identification of Factors of Affective Meaning in Four Selected Activities

The premise that activities have inherent meanings is basic to the theory and practice of occupational therapy. In this study the investigators hypothesized that different activities would elicit different kinds of affective meanings in their participants. The subjects in this study were 59 students beginning their training in occupational therapy. On their first day in an activities class, and before instruction in activity analysis, the subjects were presented with four selected activities. Immediately after performing each activity, the students were requested to rate the activity according to Osgood's 12-scale short-form semantic differential. The data generated were reduced subsequently to Osgood's three factors of affective meaning: "evaluation," power," and "activity" (in this study called action). Results indicated that the four activities elicited significantly different responses on all three factors. Specific results and implications of this study's methodology for future occupational therapy research are discussed.
Live load model for highway bridges

Abstract Load models are developed for highway bridges. The models are based on the available statistical data on dead load, truck loads and dynamic loads. The paper deals mostly with the static live load. The model is derived from truck surveys, weight-in-motion measurements and other observations. Simple span moments, shears and negative moments are calculated for various spans. Extreme 75 year loads are determined by extrapolation. The important parameters also include girder distribution factors and multiple presence (more than one truck on the bridge). Multiple presence is considered in lane and side-by-side with various degrees of correlation between truck weights. The maximum load is calculated by simulations. The developed live model served as a basis for the development of new design provisions in the United States (LRFD AASHTO) and Canada (Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code).
The Steinberg module and the Cohomology of arithmetic groups

Let G be a connected algebraic Q-group, S, the Steinberg representation of G= G(Q). Recall that SG may be realized on the reduced integral homology of the Tits building of parabolic Q-subgroups of G (see Section 1). In this article, we combine facts about SG with the Borel-Serre Duality Theorem (see (3.1)) and basic Lie theory to derive new results on the cohomology of arithmetic subgroups r of G. These are summarized below. Our sharpest results apply to H’(T, -) (v is the virtual cohomological dimension of r) where G is split over E. Some of our work generalizes that of Ash, Ash and Rudolph, and Lee and Szczarba on &5,(Z). See [Al, A-R, L-S, L-S1 1. In earlier papers on this topic, an important ingredient has been a simplicial complex Y of dimension equal to vcd S&(E) on which &5,(Z) acts cocompactly with finite cell stabilizers. The existence of such a Y for a general Chevalley group has not been verified. (There has been recent success with SP,(Z) in [M-M].) Roughly speaking, we avoid this issue by using SG as a substitute for the top chain group of Y. Assume for now the G is semisimple, split over H, and has no factor of We 4.
Consensus statement of the ESICM task force on colloid volume therapy in critically ill patients: editors’ reply to Zacharowski et al.

Dear Dr. Zacharowski and Colleagues, Through the promotion of education, research and professional development, scientific societies have an extremely important role in the community of clinicians and scientists. A scientific society also has a political role in representing the particular concerns and interests of the medical community in its relationships with governmental entities. The European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) accomplishes these tasks with special focus on the educational task. Several initiatives serve this purpose, including the production of recommendations and guidelines through the activity of task forces, working groups and the Systematic Review Group. The latter two are permanent entities. Task forces are temporary groups of experts with resources to accomplish a specific objective, namely the production of consensus-based recommendations on specific issues in collaboration with international associations. Zacharowski et al. [1] commented on the recently published consensus statement of the ESICM Task Force on colloid volume therapy in critically ill patients [2]. Dr. Reinhart and colleagues [3] in their reply reported the criteria and process adopted for the composition of their task force, explaining that the selection criteria clearly take account of the 11 recommendations of the Guidelines International Network [4]. In agreement with this concept, task forces are validated by the ESICM, provided that the methodology is robust and conflicts of interest clearly disclosed. Dr. Zacharowski and colleagues also expressed concern regarding the apparent shortness of the editorial process at Intensive Care Medicine, with the approval of the submitted article within 48 h. This aspect needs clarification. The article produced by the task force coordinated by Dr. Reinhart, like any other article proposed to the ESICM for endorsement, was peer-reviewed by various independent referees before being approved. The article as published was revised and corrected by the authors following the suggestions of three reviewers, and only after that was it endorsed. The Editor-in-Chief of the journal and the Chair of the Editorial and Publishing Committee acted together, and the reviewers were chosen jointly. Only after having received endorsement by the ESICM was the article submitted officially to the journal. In such cases the editorial office may require additional revisions or accept as valid the comments of the reviewers chosen for the endorsement process. This is a summary of the process applied to the article before it was accepted apparently within 2 days.
A Simple Kinetic Model for a Helium ICP

A simple kinetic model is proposed to describe the population of the n3P and n1P states of helium for principle quantum numbers, n, from 3 to 10 in a 27-MHz ICP. The model incorporates two decay channels, namely those of radiative decay and collisional relaxation, to simulate the population. The functional form of the collision probability is approximated with the use of the Rydberg cross sections for the principal quantum number of the state. Experimental results are presented and are consistent with this model.
Analysis of a New Technique to Stabilize the Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter

A significant cause of morbidity for peritoneal dialysis patients is catheter dysfunction. In our experience, the most common cause of catheter dysfunction was cephalad migration of the catheter tip out of the true pelvis. A new technique for catheter placement that reduces catheter migration from 35% to 6% ( P 2 ) is described. Our results demonstrate that peritoneal catheters which dysfunction because of catheter flip generally do so in the first 3 months.
Critical factors affecting cell encapsulation in superporous hydrogels

We recently showed that superporous hydrogel (SPH) scaffolds promote long-term stem cell viability and cell driven mineralization when cells were seeded within the pores of pre-fabricated SPH scaffolds. The possibility of cell encapsulation within the SPH matrix during its fabrication was further explored in this study. The impact of each chemical component used in SPH fabrication and each step of the fabrication process on cell viability was systematically examined. Ammonium persulfate, an initiator, and sodium bicarbonate, the gas-generating compound, were the two components having significant toxicity toward encapsulated cells at the concentrations necessary for SPH fabrication. Cell survival rates were 55.7% ± 19.3% and 88.8% ± 9.4% after 10 min exposure to ammonium persulfate and sodium bicarbonate solutions, respectively. In addition, solution pH change via the addition of sodium bicarbonate had significant toxicity toward encapsulated cells with cell survival of only 50.3% ± 2.5%. Despite toxicity of chemical components and the SPH fabrication method, cells still exhibited significant overall survival rates within SPHs of 81.2% ± 6.8% and 67.0% ± 0.9%, respectively, 48 and 72 h after encapsulation. This method of cell encapsulation holds promise for use in vitro and in vivo as a scaffold material for both hydrogel matrix encapsulation and cell seeding within the pores.
Alveolar ridge keratosis: a clinicopathologic entity

Alveolar ridge keratosis (ARK) is a common benign white papule or plaque that occurs on the keratinized gingiva of the maxillary or mandibular alveolar ridge with characteristic histologic features. This is a retrospective study of 70 consecutive cases of ARK accessioned over a 26-month period. Detailed information was available on 27 cases through a mail-in questionnaire. The male:female ratio was 3.6:1. The retromolar pad was involved in 69% of cases, with 30% of such cases being bilateral. All lesions were less than 2 cm in greatest dimension. A tobacco habit was noted in 50% of cases. Histologically, the lesions were characterized by moderate to marked hyperorthokeratosis, with wedge-shaped hypergranulosis, slight surface papillomatosis, acanthosis in the form of long tapered rete ridges, and no to mild inflammatory cell infiltration. These features are similar if not identical to what is reported as lichen simplex chronicus of the skin, a benign condition caused by chronic irritation. Ten cases were stained immunohistochemically for p16INK4A(p16) a tumor suppressor protein commonly expressed in oral intraepithelial neoplasia grade II and III, carcinoma-in-situ, and invasive fronts of squamous cell carcinomas. All lesions were negative for p16, demonstrating the benign nature of the lesion. All the cases that were excised (17/27) did not recur. None developed malignancy at the site. ARK is a specific clinicopathologic entity that should be removed from the category of leukoplakia and placed in its own category, as is currently the practice for clinical white lesions with a specific well recognized histologic pattern, such as lichen planus and morsicatio buccarum.