cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ParaNets: a parallel network architecture for the future internet

Abstract The evolution of networking technologies and portable devices has led users to expect connectivity anytime and everywhere. We have reached the point of seeing networking occur underwater, via aerial devices, and across space. While researchers push the true boundaries of networking to serve a wide range of environments, there is the challenge of providing robust network connectivity beyond the boundaries of the core internet, defined by fiber optics and well-organized backbones. As the internet edges expand, the expectation is that connectivity will be as good, in terms of high bandwidth and minimal interruption, as anywhere in the core. Such an expectation contradicts the inherent nature of connectivity at the edges. Researchers have been trying to solve this problem primarily by layering more network connection opportunities using newer technologies such as WiFi, WiMax, and cellular networks. The result is not better robustness, just more of the same. The choice of which network to use is somewhat dependent on location, partially driven by economics, and ultimately decided by the user. Our goal is to create a research thrust that builds robust networking at the edge of the internet by integrating various network technologies. These technologies should ultimately enable users to more seamlessly connect to the internet. Mobile devices and the applications running on them are currently incapable of identifying various potential communication opportunities and seamlessly utilizing them in order to maximize throughput. Furthermore, these applications should be capable of utilizing these connection opportunities in parallel, be resilient to disruptions, and optimize this utilization pattern to rising cost and energy concerns. This overall objective requires fundamentally re-working the internet's connectivity model to exploit the array of networking opportunities and evolve the traditional protocol stack to a more dynamic plug-and-play stack.
Optimal Perturbations in Quasigeostrophic Turbulence

Abstract This paper tests the hypothesis that optimal perturbations in quasigeostrophic turbulence are excited sufficiently strongly and frequently to account for the energy-containing eddies. Optimal perturbations are defined here as singular vectors of the propagator, for the energy norm, corresponding to the equations of motion linearized about the time-mean flow. The initial conditions are drawn from a numerical solution of the nonlinear equations associated with the linear propagator. Experiments confirm that energy is concentrated in the leading evolved singular vectors, and that the average energy in the initial singular vectors is within an order of magnitude of that required to explain the average energy in the evolved singular vectors. Furthermore, only a small number of evolved singular vectors (4 out of 4000) are needed to explain the dominant eddy structure when total energy exceeds a predefined threshold. The initial singular vectors explain only 10% of such events, but this discrepancy was ...
Solution of an elastic ferroelectric model

Abstract A solvable, elastic generalization of the Sutherland-Yang-Yang model is proposed. The specific heats of the elastic modified KDP model are finite at the critical temperature and their exponents are renormalized.
Tony Pawson (1952–2013)

On 7 August 2013, the scientific community lost Tony Pawson, a pioneer in elucidating the mechanistic principles of intracellular signal transduction. His enduring legacy will be the discovery that the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain in one protein interacts with a phosphorylated tyrosine residue in another protein. This insight was the basis for his enormously influential idea that eukaryotic signaling systems comprise modular interaction domains that are used in combinations to propagate signals throughout the cell.
Thiosulfate Corrosion in Paper-Machine White Water

Abstract Potentiostatic, potentiodynamic, and immersion tests were conducted on a range of alloys used in paper-machine service. It was found that thiosulfate contamination of white water can cause pitting in AISI 304 and CA-15 stainless steels (SS), and, by comparison, salts such as NaCl, Na2SO, and Al2(SO4)3 are much less corrosive. For sensitized AISI 304, thiosulfate levels in the range of 3 to 75 ppm cause pitting, 5 to 20 ppm S2O3= being particularly aggressive. Thiosulfate pitting occurred in the absence of chlorides when sulfate was present at SO4=:S2O3= molar ratios from 1.6 to 58. Compared to AISI 304, significantly greater resistance to thiosulfate pitting was found in AISI 316 and 317 L, Ferralium 255, and cast duplex SS, KCR-A171 and Alloy 75.
Effect of allopurinol versus urate oxidase on methotrexate pharmacokinetics in children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia

BACKGROUND: Allopurinol and urate oxidase are both effective in preventing or treating hyperuricemia during remission induction therapy for lymphoid malignancies, but to the authors' knowledge, their effects on concomitant anticancer drug therapy have not been compared. METHODS: The authors compared plasma methotrexate pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia who received concomitant allopurinol (n = 20) versus those treated with nonrecombinant or recombinant urate oxidase (n = 96) during high-dose methotrexate administration before conventional remission induction therapy. RESULTS: The minimum plasma concentration of uric acid was significantly (P < .0001) lower after urate oxidase treatment than the concentration after allopurinol treatment. Methotrexate clearance was significantly higher (median, 117.1 mL/minute/m2 vs 91.1 mL/minute/m2; P = .019) in patients who received urate oxidase. A higher proportion of patients in the allopurinol group had elevated methotrexate plasma concentrations (36% vs 7%; P = .003) and experienced mucositis (45% vs 16%; P = .003) after methotrexate treatment compared with the urate oxidase group. CONCLUSIONS: The lower rate of methotrexate clearance in patients who received allopurinol likely reflected a less potent hypouricemic effect of allopurinol, leading to precipitation of uric acid in renal tubules. Hence, during remission induction therapy for lymphoid malignancies, the authors concluded that renally excreted drugs should be monitored closely, especially in patients who are receiving allopurinol. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Changes in News Work: Implications for Newsroom Managers

AbstractThis article explores managerial changes at two basic levels, i.e., the task of managing and the resulting impact on the role of management. It begins by discussing the coming convergence, digitization, and industry change that directly impact the newsroom. The authors then deduce the main, functional shifts that will occur in the central management duties as well as the transitional skills that newsroom managers will need to develop. More importantly, it sets the stage for examining new roles and attitudes that newsroom managers and their organizations will find strategically and tactically essential—if somewhat cumbersome and not all together welcome.
π − p charge-exchange analyzing power from 547 to 687 MeV/ c

The ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$p charge-exchange analyzing power has been measured from 547 to 687 MeV/c in the center-of-mass angular range -0.9\ensuremath{\le}cos\ensuremath{\theta}${\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$\ensuremath{\le}0.9 using a transversely polarized target. The recoil neutron was detected in coincidence with a photon from ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ decay. The results are compared with the three recent partial-wave analyses (PWA's); the VPI analysis is most consistent with our measured distributions except at 687 MeV/c where no PWA agrees with our data. The charge-exchange transversity cross sections are evaluated using the differential cross sections of Borcherding et al. These transversity cross sections are used in conjunction with earlier ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$p data by our group to test the triangle inequalities which are a model-independent test of isospin invariance. Our data satisfy these inequalities everywhere; in contrast, Abaev et al. have reported a violation of more than 5 standard deviations at 685 MeV/c.
Eigenvalues of Random Wreath Products

Consider a uniformly chosen element $X_n$ of the $n$-fold wreath product $\Gamma_n = G \wr G \wr \cdots \wr G$, where $G$ is a finite permutation group acting transitively on some set of size $s$. The eigenvalues of $X_n$ in the natural $s^n$-dimensional permutation representation (the composition representation) are investigated by considering the random measure $\Xi_n$ on the unit circle that assigns mass $1$ to each eigenvalue. It is shown that if $f$ is a trigonometric polynomial, then $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} P\{\int f d\Xi_n \ne s^n \int f d\lambda\}=0$, where $\lambda$ is normalised Lebesgue measure on the unit circle. In particular, $s^{-n} \Xi_n$ converges weakly in probability to $\lambda$ as $n \rightarrow \infty$. For a large class of test functions $f$ with non-terminating Fourier expansions, it is shown that there exists a constant $c$ and a non-zero random variable $W$ (both depending on $f$) such that $c^{-n} \int f d\Xi_n$ converges in distribution as $n \rightarrow \infty$ to $W$. These results have applications to Sylow $p$-groups of symmetric groups and autmorphism groups of regular rooted trees.
Computational transonic analysis of canted winglets

A computational method developed to provide a transonic analysis for upper/lower surface wing-tip mounted winglets is described Winglets with arbitrary planform, cant and toe angle and airfoil section can be modeled The embedded grid approach provides high flovvfield resolution and the required geometric flexibility In particular coupled Cartesian/cylindrical grid systems are used to model the complex geometry presented by canted upper/lower surface winglets A new rotated difference scheme is introduced in order to maintain the stability of the small disturbance formulation in the presence of large spanvvise velocities Wing and winglet viscous effects are modeled using a two dimensional strip boundary layer analysis. Correlations with wind tunnel and flight test data for three transport configurations are included
Management entrenchment and the cost of equity capital

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of management entrenchment on the cost of equity capital. Using the Bebchuk et al. (2009) entrenchment index data from 1989 through 2002, and using mainly the Ohlson and Juettner-Nauroth (2005) method to estimate the cost of capital, we find that increases (decreases) in management entrenchment are associated with increases (decreases) in costs of equity capital.
Ixr1, a yeast protein that binds to platinated DNA and confers sensitivity to cisplatin

Structure-specific recognition proteins (SSRPs) bind to DNA containing intrastrand cross-links formed by the anticancer drug cisplatin. A yeast gene encoding an SSRP, designated IXR1, was cloned and sequenced. The Ixr1 protein, a member of the high mobility group-box protein family, bound specifically to DNA modified with cisplatin but not inactive platinum compounds. A yeast strain with an inactivated IXR1 gene was half as sensitive to cisplatin and accumulated one-third as many platinum-DNA lesions after treatment with cisplatin as the parental strain. These findings suggest that SSRPs play a role in mediating the cytotoxicity of cisplatin.
The disappearance theory and the denotation argument

Richard Rorty's disappearance theory of mind has not only spawned the usual rejections as either false or trivial, it has generated a series of reconsiderations, revisitation and revisions. The reason is that it is difficult to know just where to place his position in the philosophical space of the debate over whether minds are brains. What is problematic about Rorty is that he wants to claim that people who report sensations do not have false beliefs, and also that it may tum out that there are no sensations. Lycan and Pappas 1 have argued that there is no middle ground of the sort that Rorty wishes to occupy. According to their 'denotation argument', either the disappearance theory entails Reductive Materialism (RM) thus preventing him from claiming that sensations may tum out not to exist, or his position collapses with Strong Eliminative Materialism (SEM) committing him to the view that people who report sensations have false beliefs. Against this Bush2 has argued that if the conclusion of the denotation argument is that the disappearance theory is not substantially different from RM then the consequence is not that Rorty's position requires topic-neutral translation of sensation terms (a requirement Rorty was at pains to avoid), but rather that Rorty was wrong in thinking that RM required them since what the disappearance theory shows is that even interpreted as RM 'sensations' are already topic-neutral enough. Philip Cam3 has recently grasped the other hom of the denotation dilemma. He claims that (pace Bush) the disappearance theory is just SEM and that Lycan and Pappas are wrong in thinking SEM has the counterintuitive consequence that sensation reports are empirically false. According to Cam the issue between Rorty and his critics turns on the status of the following claim: What is denoted by 'sensation' is nothing but what is denoted by 'brain process', and they are brain processes. Lycan and Pappas attribute a version of this claim to Rorty's disappearance
Advanced mask-to-mask overlay analysis for next generation technology node reticles

Double Patterning Lithography (DPL) for next-generation wafer exposure is placing greater demands on the requirements for pattern placement accuracy on photomasks: the DPL mask pair must now meet the pattern placement specifications that a single mask was required to meet in previous generations. As a result, each mask in the mask pair must individually conform to much tighter mask registration specs. Minimizing all sources of systematic overlay error has become critical. In addition, the mask-to-mask overlay between the two masks comprising the DPL pair must be measured-a methodology shift from the current practice of referencing mask registration error only to design data. Characterizing mask-to-mask overlay error requires the ability to measure pattern placement errors using in-die structures on reticle pairs. Today's analysis methods do not allow for comparison of registration maps based on different site locations. This gap has created a lack of information about the true overlay impact of mask-to-mask registration errors on masks with few or no common features. A new mask-to-mask overlay analysis method is demonstrated that provides new flexibility for mask-to-mask comparison. This new method enables mask manufacturers to meet fab requirements for DPL, and it enables semiconductor manufacturers to verify if overlay deviations are within acceptable limits.
Public Pressure and Punishment in the Politics of Congressional Pay Raises

Congressional pay raises, perhaps better than any other issue, pit members’ personal interests against their constituents’ preferences. And yet, various studies find that members rarely pay a political price for supporting pay raises. Such findings call into question the mechanism behind the large body of literature tying members’ votes to their constituents’ desires. Taking the stance that the electoral accountability theory is better than the empirical results, this article tries to uncover an electoral punishment. Three results stand out. First, electorally vulnerable members and members from poor districts are the least likely to vote for pay raises. Second, pay raise supporters suffer systematically lower reelection percentages. Third, members who support pay raises are more likely to lose. The latter two findings do not hold in every case, but rather under systematically special circumstances.
A radiolabel and electron microscopy study of the interaction of liposomes with synaptosomal membranes.

Abstract The quantitative and qualitative interaction of liposomes with synaptosomes isolated from rat brain was examined using radiolabeled phospholipids and electron microscopy. Liposomes were prepared by sonication and detergent dialysis. Binding (adsorption) of radiolabeled phospholipid to synaptosomes was saturable when liposomes were in the liquid-crystalline state, were electrically neutral (egg-phosphatidylcholine), or carried increasing fractions (10:2 and 10:4 molar ratio) of negatively charged phosphatidic acid. Analysis using the Langmuir isotherm equation indicated a biphasic adsorption behavior. Adsorption increased with increasing temperature (4°C and 37°C). Binding was nonsaturable when liposomes were positively charged with stearylamine or composed of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol (10:2 molar ratio). Due to the latter composition's solid state at 4°C, temperature dependency was inverse. Electron micrographs revealed disc-shaped areas of adsorption that were free of integral membrane particles which appeared to form a condensed layer surrounding the areas of liposome adsorption. Following interaction with stearylamine-containing liposomes the vesicular structure of synaptosomes appeared largely destroyed. It is concluded that both liposome surface charge and membrane fluidity determine the extent of interaction with biological membranes.
A NON‐GAUSSIAN TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF RURAL RETAIL BUSINESS COUNTS*

. Determinants of the number of retail firms serving a rural area have been investigated by drawing on demand threshold analysis to analyze cross-sectional data. The relevance of such studies to an individual community may be limited if it is characterized by differential levels or unique types of economic activity. Alternatively, conducting the analysis using time-series data on an individual community may lead to problems associated with non-normal and nonstationary data. These problems are addressed by formulating a state-space model of time-series count data. The discrete, nonnegative nature of count data is accommodated by using a conjugate prior for the Poisson location parameter. A guide function is used to link the prior to the state vector and Bayes rules are used for updating.
High-dose desvenlafaxine in outpatients with major depressive disorder.

ObjectiveThis study investigated the safety and efficacy of long-term treatment with high-dose desvenlafaxine (administered as desvenlafaxine succinate) in major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsIn this multicenter, open-label study, adult outpatients with MDD aged 18–75 were treated with flexible doses of desvenlafaxine (200–400 mg/d) for ≤ 1 year. Safety assessments included monitoring of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), patient discontinuations due to adverse events, electrocardiograms, vital signs, and laboratory determinations. The primary efficacy measure was mean change from baseline in the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [HAM-D(17)] total score.ResultsThe mean daily desvenlafaxine dose range over the duration of the trial was 267–356 mg (after titration). The most frequent TEAEs in the safety population (n = 104) were nausea (52%) and headache (41%), dizziness (31%), insomnia (29%), and dry mouth (27%). All TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity. Thirty-four (33%) patients discontinued from the study because of TEAEs; nausea (12%) and dizziness (9%) were the most frequently cited reasons. The mean change in HAM-D(17) total score for the intent-to-treat population (n = 99) was −9.9 at the last on-therapy visit in the last-observation-carried-forward analysis and −14.0 at month 12 in the observed cases analysis.ConclusionHigh-dose desvenlafaxine (200–400 mg/d) was generally safe and effective in the long-term treatment of MDD.
Laboratory and field experiments on the responses by two species of woodland salamanders to malathion-treated substrates

Laboratory experiments documented responses by two congeneric terrestrial salamanders to substrates treated with the pesticide, malathion. Significant inhibition of brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity at a 5.6 kg/ha dosage was obtained forPlethodon glutinosus but not forP. cinereus. AlthoughP. cinereus tended towards increased inhibition at higher dosages, the differences were not statistically significant. In behavior experiments, neither species exhibited changes in feeding, endurance or coordination, butP. glutinosus may have suffered a loss in digestive efficiency when exposed to high dosages of malathion in the laboratory. However, a companion set of field studies conducted in North Carolina showed that even after ten applications of malathion, adult and juvenileP. glutinosus displayed no ChE inhibition, decreases in abundance, or effects on lipid storage patterns.
(F-tert-butyl)hypochlorite - a versatile reagent

Abstract (F-tert-Butyl)hypochlorite continues to be a very useful reagent for introducing the F-tert-butoxy group (Rf) into molecules via oxidative addition and/or oxidative displacement. Because of the mild conditions under which it will react, we have now been able to add four Rf groups to S4N4 essentially quantitatively without ring opening. It is stable to attack by such highly oxidizing materials as CrO2Cl2 giving CrO2(Rf)2 again in nearly 100% yield. Its reaction with other early transition metal compounds as well as Vaska's compound yields interesting products.
Micro-Doppler classification of riders and riderless horses

Micro-range Micro-Doppler can be used to isolate particular parts of the radar signature, and in this case we demonstrate the differences in the signature between a walking horse versus a walking horse with a rider. Using micro-range micro-Doppler, we can distinguish the radar returns from the rider as separate from the radar returns of the horse.
Engineering a high-affinity allosteric binding site for divalent cations in kainate receptors

Kainate receptors are allosterically regulated by sodium ions. Removal of Na+ from the extracellular solution, or replacement of Na+ by larger monovalent cations, inhibits kainate receptor activity. Sodium binds at a negatively charged cavity in the extracellular neurotransmitter binding domain that is capped by a small hydrophobic residue. Prior work revealed that introduction of aspartic acid at this site strongly reduces GluK2 sensitivity to monovalent cations of different size. We found that the GluK2 M739D mutant is also insensitive to substitution of Na+ by the large organic cations Tris and NMDG. Because these are excluded from the Na+ binding site by steric hindrance, we investigated the possibility that divalent cations can substitute for Na+. We show that in Na+ free solutions with low concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ the GluK2 M739D mutant is inhibited by EDTA; that divalent ions in the micromolar concentration range act as positive allosteric modulators; and that the chemistry of the mutant cation binding site is typical of Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding sites found in protein crystal structures. Hence, the apparent insensitivity of the M739D mutant to monovalent cations is due to the adventitious allosteric effects of divalent ions at physiological concentrations and below.
Validation of an indirect calorimeter using n-of-1 methodology

Summary Background Validation data for currently available indirect calorimeters is limited. The purpose of this investigation was to validate a newer indirect calorimeter system (Vmax Encore) against a criterion device (Deltatrac Metabolic Monitor) in spontaneously breathing mode. Materials and methods An n-of-1 methodology was used in which both indirect calorimeters were employed in the same subject repeatedly until 15 measurement pairs were generated for oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), carbon dioxide production (VCO 2 ), resting metabolic rate (RMR), and respiratory quotient (RQ). Bias was defined as a 95% confidence interval of differences between devices that excluded zero. A set of intradevice measurement pairs was also obtained to analyze the precision of the Vmax and Deltatrac (precision defined as not more than 5% of measurements being ≥5% different). Results Both Vmax and Deltatrac precisely measured VO 2 and RMR. The largest intradevice difference for RMR in the Deltatrac was 4.7% (one of 20 pairs) and in the Vmax 4.8%. On the other hand, VCO 2 and RQ were not measured precisely by either device, with 10% or more of the measurement pairs differing by ≥ 5%. The Vmax was biased toward low measurement of VO 2 and RMR relative to the Deltatrac. Oxygen consumption was on average 4.5 ± 2.4% lower for the Vmax device compared to Deltatrac while RMR was lower by an average of 4.1 ± 2.2%. Conclusions The Vmax Encore indirect calorimeter is a precise instrument for measuring VO 2 and RMR in spontaneously breathing individuals, but it is biased toward lower values compared to the Deltatrac.
A microcontroller-based system for synchronizing high-speed electronic image capture

Abstract A system based on a Motorola MC68HC11 microcontroller was designed to synchronize the electronic capture of images of high-speed events. The microcontroller is interfaced to the electronics of a light-beam-based event detector. When a light-beam is broken, the microcontroller responds by providing synchronized signals to a video camera, a strobe, and a frame-grabber to capture a ‘frozen’ image of the high-speed event. The system features a programmable time delay that allows images to be captured from approximately 80 μs to 400 ms after the light-beam is broken. Design details are presented, along with example images obtained using the system.
Acridine orange, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, abolishes insulin and growth hormone stimulation of lipogenesis in rat adipocytes

To determine whether protein kinase C plays a role in the actions of insulin and growth hormone in rat adipocytes, we tested the effect of acridine orange, a potent inhibitor of kinase C, on the lipogenic activity of both hormones. This compound completely inhibited the effects of insulin, growth hormone and phorbol ester 12-myristate 13-acetate, whereas 9-acridine carboxylic acid, an analog of acridine orange which does not inhibit kinase C, had no effect. Acridine orange did not act through inhibition of hormone binding. These data are consistent with the involvement of kinase C in the action of insulin and growth hormone on lipogenesis in rat fat cells.
Substrate characteristics of progesterone-albumin conjugates with 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Abstract Progesterone covalently conjugated to bovine serum albumin through the 21-position is a substrate for 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.53) from S. hydrogenans. Varying the progesterone to albumin molar ratio in a range of 1:1 to 19:1 results in variations in the apparent Km and Vmax values. A maximum in substrate activity is obtained at a progesterone to albumin ratio of 6:1, while at either extreme in the range of these ratios the activity is a minimum. Progesterone-albumin conjugates attached at the steroid 2α-, 6β, or 11α-position in varying ratios did not produce measurable substrate activity. The results show that a steroid need not be free in solution to serve as a substrate for the steroid oxido-reductase.
Duplication of the occipital condyles

This article describes an extremely rare case, encountered in the anatomy laboratory, of a skull base found to have duplication of both occipital condyles. In addition, this specimen was noted to have a large bony excrescence near the basion, a small third occipital condyle, a left paracondylar process, elongation of the right styloid process, and a bony septation of both hypoglossal canals. The embryology and clinical implications are discussed. Clin. Anat. 18:92–95, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Turbulent Jet Reactors

Reactor scale-up and numerical simulation of reactor performance require an estimate of the time scale of turbulent mixing. In the present paper, time scales for mixing within free turbulent jets are discussed. In particular, it is demonstrated that both the Kolmogoroff time ( v/ ɛ) 1/2 and eddy dissipation time k /ɛ are proportional throughout the isotropic flowfield of fully developed free jets that are commonly used in reactor design. The constant of proportionality between both times is shown to depend on the jet Reynolds number. Scaling laws are derived in the limiting case of either jet-to-tube velocity u /v→1 or u /v→∞ plus one intermediate value u /v→3. Both time scales are also compared with the yield from a mixing-controlled parallel reaction occurring within a free jet where it is demonstrated that the smaller Kolmogoroff value correlates the yield in the limit of a small scale reactant feed. The eddy dissipation time, however, is shown to correlate data for larger but fixed reactant feed streams, but a complete correlation was not possible.
Iron status of inner-city African-American infants.

The iron status of African-American infants continues to be subject to debate. We characterized the iron status of 198 9-month-old inner-city infants (94% fed iron-fortified formula) using a comprehensive panel of measures and assessing lead and inflammation markers. The proportion with iron deficiency was calculated based on three approaches (�� 2 abnormal iron measures with or without anemia for MCV model—NHANES II, ferritin model—NHANES III, or Sweden/Honduras study) and a promising new measure—body iron, calculated from ferritin and transferrin receptor (TfR). There were no sex differences for any iron measure. Hb 80 lg/dl (1.42 lmol/l), almost half of which were accompanied by a second abnormal iron measure. The estimated prevalence of iron deficiency was 14.4, 5.3, and 2.5% for the MCV model, ferritin model, and Sweden/Honduras cutoffs, respectively, and 4.1% for body iron < 0 mg/kg. Regulation of iron storage is immature at < 1 year of age, making estimates of iron deficiency that depend on ferritin, including body iron, suspect in this age period. Thus, the ‘‘true’’ prevalence of iron deficiency could not be established with confidence due to major differences in the results, depending on the guidelines used. Functional indicators of poor iron status in young infants are urgently needed. Am. J. Hematol. 82:112–121, 2007. V C 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A framework for technical leadership

This paper provides a framework for acquiring and teaching the skills and knowledge required in the development of technical leaders. This framework was developed to support teaching a graduate systems engineering management course. The framework was developed based on two principal criteria: (1) breadth and depth of materials that clearly distinguish it from undergraduate or other training material, and (2) materials that build on other graduate course subjects.
Conflicts in Crisis: Effects of Religious Belief Systems on Sexual Health

Two areas in life where persons can experience conflict are in their sexuality and in their religious belief system. In the experience of sexuality, the conflict can be between one’s sexual value system and one’s feelings and behavior. In one’s religious belief system, the conflict can be between what one has been taught to believe and what one’s internal voice is saying. Here I propose to examine what happens when these conflictual areas are in crisis with one another.
A Renewed Interest in Human Classical Eyeblink Conditioning

Over the past few years, a number of publications have reported the results of a variety of human classical eyeblink conditioning experiments. This renewed interest in human classical eyeblink conditioning appears to be caused by several factors, including the preference by some researchers to observe and report on behavior directly, the discovery that eyeblink conditioning can be used to assess basic biological and psychological processes, recent success in using eyeblink conditioning to determine the cause and expression of brain pathologies, and the successful use of this simple behavioral procedure in human imaging and electrophysiological experiments.
Multiplicity-calibrated Bayesian hypothesis tests.

S UMMARY When testing multiple hypotheses simultaneously, there is a need to adjust the levels of the individual tests to effect control of the family-wise error rate (FWER). Standard frequentist adjustments control the error rate but are typically both conservative and oblivious to prior information. We propose a Bayesian testing approach—multiplicity-calibrated Bayesian hypothesis testing—that sets individual critical values to reflect prior information while controlling the FWER via the Bonferroni inequality. If the prior information is specified correctly, in the sense that those null hypotheses considered most likely to be false in fact are false, the power of our method is substantially greater than that of standard frequentist approaches. We illustrate our method using data from a pharmacogenetic trial and a preclinical cancer study. We demonstrate its error rate control and power advantage by simulation.
Predation and its Potential Impact on the Behavior of Microtine Rodents

I examined three separate studies of meadow voles for rates and patterns of Predation. Predation losses were highest during the winter and lowest during the autumn. For lactating females, Predation losses were highest during the first week postpartum. Litters had higher losses to Predation in spring than autumn. The proportion of Predation losses to specialist predators was highest in the spring. Response to specialist predators may influence the behavior and dispersal characteristics of microtine rodents.
Ulnar growth patterns in radial longitudinal deficiency.

Purpose To determine the association between centralization surgical procedures and the longitudinal growth of the ulna in radial longitudinal deficiency (RLD). Methods The charts of 90 patients with 124 affected limbs were reviewed. Thirty-four patients were affected bilaterally and 56 were affected unilaterally. Based on the Bayne and Klug classification there were 5 type I, 3 type II, 9 type III, and 107 type IV deformities. Seventy-two limbs had available radiographs, which were measured for ulnar length. We plotted 384 ulnar length measurements in 72 limbs and compared these with both normative ulnar length data and ulnar length data in RLD. The average ulnar length was compared for the group (n = 46) treated with surgical centralization versus the nonsurgically treated group (n = 22). Results The nonsurgically treated group attained 64% of normal ulnar length whereas the nonnotched centralization group attained 58% of normal ulnar length. The notched centralization group attained 48% of normal ulnar length. Ulnar growth for the surgically treated group averaged 0.54 cm/y and the for the nonsurgically treated group averaged 0.71 cm/y, which showed no statistical significance. Conclusions Wrist centralization procedures effectively increase the overall length of the limb by centralizing the hand and carpus over the shortened ulna; this must be weighed against the high rate of recurrent radial deviation deformity and some loss of ulnar growth.
Change and learning in technology management: totems, toys, traps and transmogrification

Technology management is both a planned strategy and an emergent process. To integrate both, technology and the management of technology may be contemplated from a four-point metaphorical structure-technology as totem, technology as toy, technology as trap, and technology as transmogrification. A totem is an emblem held in respect and symbolizing hope; a toy is an object for play, entertainment, and learning; a trap is an encounter with the unforeseen, unexpected, concealed danger or disaster; transmogrification is to change into a different shape or form. Working from this four component symbolic structure as an evolutionary paradigm, and incorporating a variety of current and historic illustrative examples, this manuscript uses organizational change, planned strategy, organizational learning and management process perspectives to explore the consequences of technology, including information technology, and technology management to suggest new avenues of understanding, learning, and evolution. Suggestions are made regarding benefits that result from this perspective.
Gout complicated with necrotizing fasciitis--report of 15 cases.

Objective. To analyse the clinical features and outcomes of gout complicated with necrotizing fasciitis. Methods. From the database of our hospital, we identified 15 hospitalized cases of gout complicated with necrotizing fasciitis from 1987 to 2001. The medical records of the patients were analysed in detail. Results. Mean patient age was 54.7 12.8 yr. Fever was found in only 10 (66.7%) patients, while the remaining five patients were afebrile on presentation. The peripheral blood white count was raised in only nine (60%) patients. The median time from the onset of symptoms to hospital visit was 4 days (range 2 to 25). Formation of bullae occurred in 60% of patients. Six patients had previous wound infection, two patients had concomitant septic arthritis and the remaining seven patients had no obvious source of infection. Diabetes mellitus and iatrogenic Cushing syndrome were each found in three patients. The identified causative microorganisms were Gram-positive cocci (eight cases) and Gram-negative bacilli (four cases); but in three patients the causative organisms were unknown. Thirteen patients received surgery, including amputation in four cases. Finally, six patients suffered septic shock, three of whom died as a result. Conclusions. Necrotizing fasciitis in gout patients represents a surgical and medical emergency, and is associated with a high mortality rate. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is imperative and may be lifesaving. Early diagnosis requires a high level of suspicion, even in patients without fever or leucocytosis.
Induction of Round Heart Disease in Turkey Poults by Feed Texture

Incidence of round heart disease was prevalent in starting turkey poults in studies at ou r experimental facility. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate two dietary factors that may have contributed to increased susceptibility of poults to round heart disease. Experiment 1 consisted of 4 dietary treatments in which dietary chlorine ranged from 0.17 to 0.29% as a result of salt addition, but dietary sodium was maintained at 0.17%. Experiment 2 consisted of poults fed the same pre-starter (0-3 wk of age) and starter (3-6 wk of age) feeds. The diets were fed either in a mash or crumbled form with or without a post- hatch supplement the first day of the experiment. Poults were placed approximately 4 hr after departure from the hatchery. There was no evidence of round heart disease mortality in Experiment 1. According to body weight data, the dietary chlorine requirement was estimated to be 0.21% when adequate dietary sodium and potassium are fed. Mortality was increased in Experiment 2 due to round heart disease when crumbles were fed. The addition of a post-hatch supplement did not affect growth or mortality. The results of these studies indicate that feeding crumbles to poults increased round heart disease incidence starting at 6 days of age due to faster growth rate.
Can we use the electrocardiogram to refine the estimation of the size and location of ischemia in anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction

Address for correspondence: Yochai Birnbaum, MD Division of Cardiology University of Texas Medical Branch 5.106 John Sealy Annex, 301 University Blvd. Galveston, Texas 77555-0553, USA Tel: 409 772 2794, fax: 409 772 4982 e-mail: yobirnba@utmb.edu Received: 16.09.2006 Accepted: 2.10.2006 Can we use the electrocardiogram to refine the estimation of the size and location of ischemia in anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction?
Effect of the c/a Ratio on the Domain Structure in (Pb1‐x,Cax)TiO3

The strain-induced ferroelectric domain structure in tetragonal (Pb1-x,Cax)TiO3 is absent when x≥ 0.39, because the c/a ratio approaches unity with increasing x. For compositions where the c/a ratio is close to unity, the lack of strain allows a domain structure different from the strain-induced domains. These domains, referred to here as random domains, have domain walls that do not lie on a particular crystallographic plane and are nonplanar. A simple model is presented to predict the conditions under which the ferroelectric strain-induced domain structure is absent.
Efalizumab: continuous therapy for chronic psoriasis.

Efalizumab is a humanised monoclonal antibody targeting the CD11a subunit of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1, specifically developed for ps-oriasis. Indicated for patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, efalizumab is FDA-approved in the US for patients aged ≥ 18, as well as being approved in several other European countries. Clinical studies have proven the efficacy of efalizumab for a majority of patients, improving quality of life with continuous maintenance therapy by means of weekly subcutaneous self-injections. Controlled trials have demonstrated the safety and tolerability of efalizumab. Clinical trials have established that ~ 30% of patients can achieve a PASI-75 response within 12weeks of initiating treatment, with further clinical benefit noted with continued therapy up to 24 and even 36months of therapy. Efalizumab may thus potentially offer patients a safe option for long-term safe control in managing their disease.
In vivo 7 Tesla imaging of the dentate granule cell layer in schizophrenia

article i nfo Purpose: The hippocampus is central to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Histology shows abnormalities in the dentate granule cell layer (DGCL), but its small size (~100 μm thickness) has precluded in vivo human studies. We used ultra high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare DGCL morphology of schizo- phrenic patients to matched controls. Method: Bilateral hippocampi of 16 schizophrenia patients (10 male) 40.7 ± 10.6 years old (mean ± standard de- viation) were imaged at 7 Tesla MRI with heavily T2 ⁎-weighted gradient-echo sequence at 232 μm in-plane resolu- tion (0.08 μL image voxels). Fifteen matched controls (8 male, 35.6 ± 9.4 years old) and one ex vivo post mortem hippocampus (that also underwent histopathology) were scanned with same protocol. Three blinded neuroradiol- ogists rated each DGCL on a qualitative scale of 1 to 6 (from "not discernible" to "easily visible, appearing dark gray or black") and mean left and right DGCL scores were compared using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Results: MRI identification of the DGCL was validated with histopathology. Mean right and left DGCL ratings in pa- tients (3.2 ± 1.0 and 3.5 ± 1.2) were not statistically different from those of controls (3.9 ± 1.1 and 3.8 ± 0.8), but patients had a trend fo rl ower right DGCL score (p = 0.07), which was significantly associated with patient diagnosis (p = 0.05). The optimal 48% sensitivity and 80% specificity for schizophrenia were achieved with a DGCL rating of ≤2. Conclusion: Decreased contrast in the right DGCL in schizophreniawas predictive of schizophrenia diagnosis. Better utility of this metric as a schizophrenia biomarker may be achieved in future studies of patients with homogeneous disease subtypes and progression rates.
Find your flow: increasing flow experience by designing "human" embedded systems

In this paper, we argue that future systems need to be designed using a flexible user-centric design methodology geared primarily toward maximizing the user satisfaction (i.e., flow experience) rather than seeking mainly optimization of performance and power consumption. Compared to the traditional design, we aim at re-focusing the current design paradigm by placing the user behavior at the center of the design process and by using psychological variables such as user ability and motivation as the main drivers of this process. This allows systems to become more capable of promptly adapting to different users' needs and of enhancing short- and long-term user satisfaction. Preliminary results show the potential of this methodology for maximizing the users' positive experience when running embedded applications on multiprocessor platforms.
Novel 89Zr cell labeling approach for PET-based cell trafficking studies

With the recent growth of interest in cell-based therapies and radiolabeled cell products, there is a need to develop more robust cell labeling and imaging methods for in vivo tracking of living cells. This study describes evaluation of a novel cell labeling approach with the positron emission tomography (PET) isotope 89Zr (T 1/2 = 78.4 h). 89Zr may allow PET imaging measurements for several weeks and take advantage of the high sensitivity of PET imaging. A novel cell labeling agent, 89Zr-desferrioxamine-NCS (89Zr-DBN), was synthesized. Mouse-derived melanoma cells (mMCs), dendritic cells (mDCs), and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were covalently labeled with 89Zr-DBN via the reaction between the NCS group on 89Zr-DBN and primary amine groups present on cell surface membrane protein. The stability of the label on the cell was tested by cell efflux studies for 7 days. The effect of labeling on cellular viability was tested by proliferation, trypan blue, and cytotoxicity/apoptosis assays. The stability of label was also studied in in vivo mouse models by serial PET scans and ex vivo biodistribution following intravenous and intramyocardial injection of 89Zr-labeled hMSCs. For comparison, imaging experiments were performed after intravenous injections of 89Zr hydrogen phosphate (89Zr(HPO4)2). The labeling agent, 89Zr-DBN, was prepared in 55% ± 5% decay-corrected radiochemical yield measured by silica gel iTLC. The cell labeling efficiency was 30% to 50% after 30 min labeling depending on cell type. Radioactivity concentrations of labeled cells of up to 0.5 MBq/106 cells were achieved without a negative effect on cellular viability. Cell efflux studies showed high stability of the radiolabel out to 7 days. Myocardially delivered 89Zr-labeled hMSCs showed retention in the myocardium, as well as redistribution to the lung, liver, and bone. Intravenously administered 89Zr-labeled hMSCs also distributed primarily to the lung, liver, and bone, whereas intravenous 89Zr(HPO4)2 distributed to the liver and bone with no activity in the lung. Thus, the in vivo stability of the radiolabel on the hMSCs was evidenced. We have developed a robust, general, and biostable 89Zr-DBN-based cell labeling strategy with promise for wide applications of PET-based non-invasive in vivo cell trafficking.
α1-Adrenergic activation of the cardiac ankyrin repeat protein gene in cardiac myocytes

Abstract Cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (CARP) is a nuclear transcription cofactor that is activated by multiple signaling pathways in hypertrophic cardiac myocytes. Since CARP has been reported to be a transcriptional co-repressor, its activation during hypertrophy might contribute to the deregulation of gene expression leading to heart failure. Here, we found that α1-adrenergic signaling activates CARP mRNA expression in rat cardiac myocytes. To examine how α1-adrenergic signaling activates the CARP gene, a 660 bp fragment of the mouse CARP promoter was cloned. Previous reports suggested that the mouse CARP promoter was dependent on the GATA4 transcription factor whereas the human CARP promoter was dependent on transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1). TEF-1 and GATA4 transcription factors, known mediators of α1-adrenergic signaling, bound to the mouse CARP promoter at several sites as determined by gel mobility shift assays. These sites are highly conserved between the mouse and human promoters, suggesting that they are functionally important in both. Mutation analysis showed that binding of TEF-1 factors is required for basal activity of the CARP promoter in cardiac myocytes. However, over-expression of TEF-1 factors could not potentiate the response of the CARP promoter to α1-adrenergic stimulation. On the other hand, the α1-adrenergic response was potentiated by GATA4 over-expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that α1-adrenergic signaling regulates CARP expression in cardiac myocytes, in part through the transcription factor GATA4.