cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of hydrostatic pressure on terminal structure and mechanical behavior of beryllium

Abstract When single-phase polycrystals of metals of anisotropic linear compressibility are subjected to external hydrostatic pressure, shear stresses will be developed due to discontinuities in linear strain across the boundaries of adjacent grains. The effects of pressures up to 27 kb on the resulting surface microstructure, dislocation substructure and stress-strain behavior observed after removal of the pressure have been examined for annealed beryllium with the principal objective of establishing the characteristics of pressure-induced defects in such an anisotropic metal. Supplementary studies were conducted on zinc. Beryllium developed less prominent changes in surface microstructure than zinc, in keeping with its lower anisotropy and higher flow stress. With increasing levels of hydrostatic pressure up to some 20 kb, the density of pressure-induced dislocations increased progressively. While these dislocations were principally of the types observed normally in beryllium on plastic deformation under ambient conditions, some evidence of non-basal slip vectors was obtained, especially for the higher pressures. An additional and unexpected feature observed for pressures of 23 kb and higher was the appearance of large numbers (10 14 cm −3 ) of small planar defects, identified as sessile vacancy loops lying on basal planes and having a Burgers vector of c /2. The defects differ from all previously reported dislocation loops in beryllium with respect to their basal plane habit and non-basal Burgers vector. It is proposed that the defects were formed by the condensation of vacancies formed at high pressures by intersection of dislocations generated and moved by the pressure-induced shear stresses. A sharp increase in tensile strain-hardening rate was associated with the appearance of those sessile loops.
Transcriptional regulation of cellular and viral promoters by the hepatitis C virus core protein

Abstract The genomic region encoding the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein was cloned into a mammalian expression vector to study its role on the transcriptional regulation of cellular proto-oncogene and viral promoters. Using a transient transfection assay in human hepato-cellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, we demonstrate that the HCV core protein activates the human c- myc , Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat (LTR), and simian virus 40 (SV40) early promoters; and suppresses the c- fos promoter and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) LTR activity. The transcriptional regulation of cellular proto-oncogenes by the HCV core protein suggests possible involvement of the core protein in the deregulation of normal hepatocyte growth and hepatocarcinogenesis.
Bringing the Standards to life: Points of departure

Since the release of the Standards for Foreign Language Learning in 1996, many teachers have been attempting to integrate communication, culture, connections, comparison and community standards into their classes and curricula. Yet, even as teachers search out innovative ways of communicating the target culture and language, connecting it with other disciplines, comparing it to U.S. language and culture, and using it in community contexts, it is also important to integrate the Standards into students' and teachers' own lives.
Overgrowth of InGaAs quantum dots formed by alternating molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Alternating molecular beam epitaxy is used to grow InGaAs quantum dots on (1 0 0) GaAs by utilizing the Stranski-Krastanow growth transition. A growth pause during the overgrowth with GaAs that is used to bury the quantum dots improves the photoluminescence intensity and line width compared to continuous growth of GaAs. The optimum thickness of GaAs to grow at the quantum dot growth temperature of 515°C is 9.0 nm. Multiple layers of quantum dots have been grown, and transmission electron micrographs show vertical alignment between the layers. Intensity-dependent, room-temperature photoluminescence shows that excited-state luminescence can be reduced by using multiple layers of quantum dots, but growing too many layers leads to degradation of the photoluminescence intensity.
Identification of human FEM1A, the ortholog of a C. elegans sex-differentiation gene

We report the isolation, genomic structure, chromosomal location, and expression pattern of the FEM1A gene, the human ortholog of the Caenorhabditis elegans fem-1 and mouse Fem1a genes. The coding sequence is 1851 bp and encodes a 617 amino acid protein. The human FEM1A protein has 65% identity with the mouse Fem1a protein and 34% identity with the C. elegans fem-1 protein, indicating conservation of this protein. The N-terminal region of the encoded protein contains six ankyrin repeat elements, a motif found in signaling and transcriptional regulatory molecules such as Notch and glp1. The gene was highly expressed in human kidney and cardiac tissue, and was expressed at lower levels in multiple tissues, including cartilage. FEM1A was localized to chromosome 5q23.1, a region of conserved synteny with a portion of mouse chromosome 17 that contains Fem1a. In C. elegans, fem-1 is involved in a pathway necessary for sex determination. The identification of a human homolog of this conserved gene suggests a potential role for this sex-determining molecule in humans.
Evidence-based information-seeking behaviors of occupational therapists: a survey of recent graduates.

For over a decade, occupational therapists have been engaged in a shift to an evidence-based practice (EBP) model, necessitating a concurrent emphasis on EBP in occupational therapy (OT) education. An essential element of this education is the development of information-seeking behaviors: how to locate, access, evaluate, and utilize the best available evidence in the course of answering a clinical question [1]. Indeed, prior studies [2–5] have pointed to the need to incorporate instruction on information-seeking behaviors into the curricula of OT programs. Previous studies of occupational therapists' information-seeking behaviors have primarily focused on undergraduate degree programs [4, 6]. Powell and Case-Smith recently provided the first examination of information-seeking behaviors in master of occupational therapy (MOT) graduates [7]. Further study of MOT graduates' information-seeking behavior is needed to inform decisions related to curriculum and instruction.
Anesthetic care for the child with morquio syndrome: general versus regional anesthesia

Morquio syndrome is a subtype of the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS IV) characterized by the intracellular accumulation of keratin sulfate. Anesthetic issues related to the primary disease process include infiltration of tissues with keratin sulfate leading to distortion of upper airway anatomy with difficult or impossible endotracheal intubation, infiltration of the cervical spine with odontoid hypoplasia placing these patients at risk for atlanto-axial subluxation and quadriparesis, as well as alterations in cardiorespiratory function. Two children with Morquio syndrome who required anesthetic care during lower extremity orthopedic procedures are presented. The anesthetic implications of Morquio syndrome are reviewed. General anesthesia was used in one case, whereas continuous spinal anesthesia, which was used in the second case, is reported for the first time in a child with mucopolysaccharidoses.
TCAM architecture for IP lookup using prefix properties

In modern IP routers, Internet protocol (IP) lookup forms a bottleneck in packet forwarding because the lookup speed cannot catch up with the increase in link bandwidth. Ternary content-addressable memories (TCAMs) have emerged as viable devices for designing high-throughput forwarding engines on routers. Called ternary because they store don't-care states in addition to 0s and 1s, TCAMs search the data (IP address) in a single clock cycle. Because of this property, TCAMs are particularly attractive for packet forwarding and classifications. Despite these advantages, large TCAM arrays have high power consumption and lack scalable design schemes, which limit their use. We propose a two-level pipelined architecture that reduces power consumption through memory compaction and the selective enablement of only a portion of the TCAM array. We also introduce the idea of prefix aggregation and prefix expansion to reduce the number of routing-table entries in TCAMs for IP lookup. We also discuss an efficient incremental update scheme for the routing of prefixes and provide empirical equations for estimating memory requirements and proportional power consumption for the proposed architecture.
Nanolayered Heterojunctions of Donor and Acceptor Conjugated Polymers of Interest in Light Emitting and Photovoltaic Devices: Photoinduced Electron Transfer at Polythiophene/Polyquinoline Interfaces

Four new nanolayered heterojunctions of electron-donating poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl) with two electron-accepting polyquinolines have been prepared, and the photophysical processes occurring at the polymer/polymer interfaces were investigated by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and picosecond time-resolved PL decay dynamics. Observed nearly complete quenching of the steady-state photoluminescence and a factor of 160 shortening of the fluorescence lifetime of the polyquinolines suggested photoinduced electron transfer from polythiophene to polyquinoline at the polyquinoline/polythiophene interfaces. A new, weak and red shifted, emission band centered at 630 nm and reduced lifetimes show the formation of intermolecular exciplexes at the polyquinoline/polythiophene interfaces. This is the first example of intermolecular exciplex formation between two π-conjugated polymers. Exciton diffusion lengths in the polyquinolines were estimated to be 17−22 nm. These results s...
Effect of verb network strengthening treatment in moderate-to-severe aphasia.

Purpose This Phase II treatment study examined the effect of Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST) on individuals with moderate-to-severe aphasia. Research questions addressed (a) pre- to po...
Meissner Effect and Vortex Penetration in Josephson Junctions

Investigation of the magnetic field dependence of the maximum zero-voltage current of wide, high-current Josephson junctions has revealed behavior drastically different from the usual Fraunhofer pattern for narrow junctions. The experiments are interpreted as evidence for a Meissner effect for the insulating layer and adjacent penetration layers of wide junctions in low external fields, and for an eventual transition to a mixed state as the external field is increased from zero.
Tracking an Imposed Beat within a Metrical Grid

RHYTHMIC STRUCTURE OFTEN FAVORS a particular beat that is marked by frequent tone onsets and grouping accents. Using rhythms similar to those of Povel and Essens (1985), we asked musically trained participants to tap on physically or mentally imposed beats that either coincided with the favored beat or were phase-shifted relative to it. Surprisingly, tapping was equally stable. Actually, variability tended to be lowest when the imposed beat was in anti-phase with the favored beat; however, this tendency was reversed when participants were instructed to tap in anti-phase with the beat. These results demonstrate that precise on-beat synchronization with different imposed beats can be achieved by locking into the metrical grid defined by a rhythm's basic pulse. The favored beat provides the most stable reference for off-beat tapping but not necessarily for onbeat tapping, which relies to a greater extent on intervening rhythm tones as temporal references.
Improving Metabolism by Throwing Out All the JNK

Obesity activates a complex immune response that includes the production of proinflammatory molecules and the recruitment of immune cells to key metabolic organs including adipose tissue ( 1 , 2 ), liver ( 3 ), pancreas ( 4 ), and hypothalamus ( 5 ). This response has been implicated in derangements of local tissue metabolism and the subsequent development of obesity-associated disorders—especially type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and dyslipidemia. Defining regulators of obesity-induced activation of the proinflammatory response remains a challenge that offers the potential to identify therapeutic strategies to treat several metabolic diseases. On page 218 of this issue, Han et al. ( 6 ) have established that signaling by the enzymes c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK1 and JNK2) in myeloid cells is required for obesity-induced immune cell recruitment, inflammation in adipose tissue, and the development of insulin resistance and impaired glucose homeostasis.
Snake Neurotoxins: Effect of Disulfide Reduction on Interaction with Electroplax

Reduction of disulfide bonds of cobra neurotoxin by dithiothreitol results in decreased activity on the electroplax preparation. Activity is restored completely after reoxidation by 3,3'-dithiobis[6-nitrobenzoic acid]. Reduction of the disulfide bonds in the vicinity of the receptor does not decrease the effect of cobrotoxin.
Strain Isolated Ceramic Coatings for Gas Turbine Engines

Plasma sprayed ceramic coatings are used in gas turbine engines to improve component temperature capability and cooling air efficiency. Strain isolated ceramic coatings offer improved coating life and increased insulating capability. A low modulus fiber metal strain isolator between ceramic and metal backing acts to reduce the stress on the ceramic during thermal cycling. Strain isolated coatings can tolerate greater ceramic thickness and broader operating conditions than nonstrain isolated coatings when subjected to thermal shock.Ceramic coatings are durable only within a narrow range of operating conditions. Coating designs should be based on real operating conditions for success. Thermal shock testing is useful for evaluating ceramic coatings if test and sample design are representative of the intended application.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
Perception of the major/minor distinction: III. Hedonic, musical, and affective discriminations

Long sequences of synthetic, sine-wave triads were presented for identification according to three criteria: major/minor, happy/sad, or pleasant/unpleasant. The triads ranged in small steps from the equal-tempered minor to the major mode, and the main performance measure was how identification judgments were affected by the triads” positions along this continuum. The major/minor and happy/sad criteria produced nearly indistinguishable, increasing psychophysical functions; however, judgments of pleasantness followed a different pattern, reaching a minimum halfway between major and minor tunings, perhaps because, at this point, the triads were badly out of tune.
Interactive Exercises To Support Effective Learning of UML Structural Modeling

UML structural models involve understanding the semantic relationships of a visual language - specifically the relationships among class and instance diagrams, as well as the abstractions in relating these diagrams to the problem/design being modeled. The project presented in this paper focuses on student learning exercises wherein the students had the ability to navigate and "replay" a portion of a complex model that visually highlights the semantic meaning of various model features. The exercise was interactive, non-scripted, and problem-based, and allowed students to explore the semantics of applied UML and reflect on `mistakes' or extensions to the model. The significance of these findings indicate that non-scripted interactive learning exercises modeling complex visual semantics appears to have a positive impact with students least likely to succeed with the material.
Technical Barriers to Interstate Trade: Noxious Weed Regulations

We focus on regulations controlling the spread of noxious weeds, especially the trade effects of regulatory differences across U.S. states. We specify a gravity model for each state's seed, nursery product, and commodity trade with each other state. Within the gravity model, we examine the role of cross-state regulatory congruence arising from ecological and agronomic characteristics and interest-group lobbying. A spatial-autoregressive Tobit model is estimated with a modified expectation-maximization algorithm. Results show that weed regulatory congruence positively affects interstate trade. By fostering cross-state regulatory differences, consumer and commodity-producer lobbying reduce the value of interstate trade by about two percent per annum.
Nonlinear optical effects in polymer electrets and sol-gel processed glass

Photonics has been labeled by many as the technology for the 21st century. Polymers have emerged as an important class of materials for applications in photonics. In this review, a brief background is presented on photonics and nonlinear optical processes, the latter providing many of the operational functions for photonics technology. Nonlinear optical processes in polymeric electrets are discussed, along with the needed structural requirements. New developments using sol-gel processed electrets of inorganic glass and polymer composites for nonlinear optics are discussed. Femtosecond Kerr optical gate studies in the composite films have been successfully completed. Also, results are presented on novel polymeric photorefractive materials. >
AREA UNDER THE CURVE AS A MEASURE OF DISCOUNTING

We describe a novel approach to the measurement of discounting based on calculating the area under the empirical discounting function. This approach avoids some of the problems associated with measures based on estimates of the parameters of theoretical discounting functions. The area measure may be easily calculated for both individual and group data collected using any of a variety of current delay and probability discounting procedures. The present approach is not intended as a substitute for theoretical discounting models. It is useful, however, to have a simple, univariate measure of discounting that is not tied to any specific theoretical framework.
Content Analysis of Acculturation Research in Counseling and Counseling Psychology: A 22-Year Review

The authors conducted a 22-year (1988–2009) content analysis of quantitative empirical research that included acculturation and/or enculturation as a study variable(s). A total of 138 studies in 134 articles were systematically evaluated from 5 major American Psychological Association and American Counseling Association journals in counseling and counseling psychology, including Journal of Counseling Psychology, The Counseling Psychologist, Journal of Counseling and Development, Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, and Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. To guide the analysis, the authors conceptualized acculturation/enculturation as a “bilinear” (i.e., developing cultural orientations to both majority and ethnic cultures) and “multidimensional” (i.e., across multiple areas such as behaviors, values, identity, and knowledge) cultural socialization process that occurs in interaction with “social contexts” (e.g., home, school, work, West Coast, Midwest). Findings include the patterns and trends of acculturation/enculturation research in (a) conceptualization and use of acculturation/enculturation variable(s), (b) research designs (e.g., sample characteristics, instruments, data collection, and analysis methods), (c) content areas, and (d) changes in total publications and trends over time. Additionally, meta-analyses were conducted on the relationship of acculturation/enculturation and a few key variables of mental health, adjustment, and well-being. Major findings and directions for future research are discussed.
A 2.1GHz 1.3V 5mW programmable Q-enhancement LC bandpass biquad in 0.35/spl mu/m CMOS

A 2.1GHz, 1.3V, 5mW, fully integrated Q enhancement LC bandpass biquad programmable in peak gain, Q and f/sub o/ is implemented in 0.35/spl mu/m standard CMOS. The Q tuning is through an adjustable negative conductance generator. Measured frequency tuning (through varactors) is 13% around 2.1GHz. The filter sinks 4mA from 1.3V providing a Q of 40 at 2.19GHz with 1dB compression DR of 38dB and SFDR of 33dB. The silicon area is 0.1mm/sup 2/.
Daptomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia

Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antimicrobial used for the treatment of aerobic gram-positive skin and soft tissue infections. We describe a patient with acute myeloid leukemia whose febrile neutropenia was treated with daptomycin and who later developed daptomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infection. Defervescence and negative blood cultures ensued after treatment with linezolid. Guidelines for testing daptomycin susceptibilities of enterococci include breakpoints only for vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis , making interpretation of minimum inhibitory concentrations for common clinical infections difficult. No enterococcal cross-resistance has been reported among daptomycin, linezolid, or quinupristin-dalfopristin, and these agents may be viable alternatives.
Excitation in ion–molecule collisions. A study of protonated aromatic molecules by ion kinetic energy spectrometry

Collision induced dissociation of protonated aromatic ions formed in a chemical ionization source has been studied using the technique of mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry. The observed fragmentations are concordant with those seen in the photodissociation spectra of the same ions with one significant exception. Loss of H is always a major collision induced dissociation process but is not observed in photodissociation spectra. This differences is not due to differences in the total amount of energy transferred in ionic excitation but to differences in the form in which the energy is supplied. Collision induced dissociation can lead to processes forbidden in photoexcitation, particularly those associated with electron unpairing in violation of the eveneven+even rule for fragmentations.
Application of the Friedel sum rule to symmetric molecular conductors

Recent developments in nanotechnology have made it possible to measure the resistance of individual molecular wires self-assembled between two metallic pads. In this paper we present a simple expression for the resistance of a symmetric molecule in terms of a set of M phase shifts, M being the number of conducting channels connecting the molecule to the metallic pads. These phase-shifts are related by a sum rule to Nd 5Neven2Nodd , where Neven and Nodd are the number of electrons occupying the even and odd eigenstates respectively. For many molecular wires of interest all the phase shifts are nearly zero except for one ~per spin!, allowing us to write a particularly simple relation for the resistance: R 21 5(2e 2 /h)sin 2 (pNd/2). The relations presented here are based on the Friedel sum rule and should be valid even in the presence of interactions. @S0163-1829~97!50104-4# A number of experimental groups have recently reported the observation of electronic conduction through ‘‘molecular wires’’ attached to two metallic contacts by special functional groups at the ends ~Fig. 1!. 1‐7 Some of these molecular wires are based on alkane chains and are strongly insulating. Others are based on conjugated polymers like polyparaphenylene and could possibly be engineered to provide good electronic coupling, although so far the measured resistance has been at least several megohms per molecule. Theoretical work in this area has been based on the Landauer formula which relates the measured resistance R to the transmission function at the Fermi energy: 8 R 21 5~ e 2 /h! T~ E f !5~ 25.8 kV! 21 T~ E f !. ~1!
Development of a polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection of the oral pathogenic bacterium, Selenomonas noxia

In recent studies, periodontal health has been linked to being overweight and/or obese. Among common oral bacteria, Selenomonas noxia has been implicated in converting periodontal health to disease, and Selenomonas species have also been found in gastric ulcers. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for the specific and rapid detection of S. noxia. Two oligonucleotide primer pairs and one probe were designed and tested to determine optimal amplification signal with three strains of S. noxia. The PCR assay was tested against fourteen non-target organisms, including closely related oral Selenomonads, one phylogenetically closely related bacterium, and two commonly isolated oral bacteria. One of the primer sets was more sensitive at detecting the target organism and was selected for optimization and validation experiments. The designed primers and probe amplified the target organism with 100 % specificity. PCR inhibition was observed with an internal positive control, and inhibition was resolved by diluting the DNA extract. The qPCR assay designed in this study can be used to specifically detect S. noxia in the clinical setting and in future research involving the enhanced detection of S. noxia. The assay can also be used in epidemiological studies for understanding the role of S. noxia in disease processes including, but not limited to, oral health and obesity of infectious origin.
Management of traumatic eyelid lacerations.

(1994). Management of Traumatic Eyelid Lacerations. Seminars in Ophthalmology: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 145-151.
Smallholder agriculture, wage labour and rural poverty alleviation in land-abundant areas of Africa: evidence from Mozambique

This paper challenges the conclusions of earlier writers regarding the roles of smallholder agriculture, commercial agriculture and wage labour in rural poverty alleviation in Mozambique. We review literature from across Sub-Saharan Africa and use recently collected household level data sets to place Mozambique within this literature. Results show that, as in the rest of SSA, wage labour earnings are concentrated among the best-off rural smallholders; these earnings increase income inequality rather than reducing it. Results also suggest that the same set of households, who are substantially better-off than others, has tended to gain and maintain access to the ‘high-wage’ end of the labour market over time. Key determinants of access to ‘high-wage’ labour are levels of education and previously accumulated household wealth. Income from wage labour plays a key role in lifting out of relative poverty those ‘female-headed’ households that can obtain it, yet only about one in five such households earns wage income. We stress that the rural development question in Mozambique, and elsewhere in SSA, should not be framed as an artificial choice between promoting either wage labour opportunities or commercial agriculture or smallholder agriculture. The issue is what mix of approaches is needed to develop a diversified rural economy with growing total incomes, improving food security and rapid reductions in poverty. We suggest that commercial agriculture and increased rural wage labour are important components in any such strategy, but that this strategy will fail without substantial and sustained increases in the productivity and profitability of smallholder agriculture.
The adaptive value of inactive foragers and the scout-recruit system in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies

In honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies, scouts search for productive forage sites and then recruit other workers to those locations using a waggle dance. A simple and tractable mathematical model of the honey bee scout-recruit system was developed to study the relationship between nectar availability, the efficiency of the honey bee’s recruitment system, and the optimal proportion of scouts that maximizes net gain (benefit cost), or, energetic efficiency (benefit/cost 1). The models consider both the energetic costs and benefits of active scouts and recruits as well as the cost of an inactive forager reserve. They predict conditions when individual foraging is favored over the honey bee’s recruitment system, when the colony should abandon foraging altogether, and the optimal proportion of scouts (when the scout-recruit system is favored). The models’ predictions qualitatively match empirical data. Surprisingly, previous empirical data from the honey bee suggest that recruits’ costs are greater than scouts’—recruits spend significantly longer searching for a forage patch than do scouts—thereby causing researchers to rethink how the scout-recruit system might be adaptive. Using average returns, the models demonstrate how the scout-recruit system is adaptive despite these apparent higher recruit costs relative to the scouts’. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the results are robust to a broad range of relative costs of active workers, inactive workers, and the energetic benefits of the forage. Consequently, the model is demonstrated to be relevant to many insect societies that employ a scout-recruit system.
Surfliner: a distortionless electrical signaling scheme for speed of light on-chip communications

We present a novel scheme to implement distortionless transmission lines for on-chip electrical signaling. By introducing intentional leakage conductance between the wires of a differential pair, the distortionless transmission line eliminates dispersion caused by the resistive nature of on-chip wires and achieves speed of light transmission. We show that it is feasible to construct distortionless transmission line with conventional silicon process. Simulation results show that using 65nm technology, the proposed scheme can achieve 15Gbits/s bandwidth over a 20mm on-chip serial link without any equalization. This approach offers a six times improvement in delay and 85% reduction in power consumption over a conventional RC wire with repeated buffers.
Seasonal changes observed in AVIRIS images of Jasper Ridge, California

The authors examined three 1992 Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) images of Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve (JRBP) for spectral changes associated with community type and for phenological patterns over the growing season. The images were obtained on June 2, September 4, and October 6, 1992 and were calibrated to surface reflectance. Images were analyzed with spectral mixture analysis using library endmembers representing green foliage, non-photosynthetic vegetation, and soils characteristic of the site. The images were co-registered in a Geographic Information System (GIS), along with a digital elevation model (DEM) of the Menlo Park 7.5 min. Quandrangle obtained from US Geological Service and a field-based vegetation map provided by the JRBP. Vegetation endmember fractions were used to define vegetation communities and compared to the field-based vegetation map. Because there the terrain did not have steep north and south facing slopes, adding a DEM to the analysis did not increase accuracy of the classification. Vegetation fractions can be related to patterns expected for wetlands and grasslands, and for evergreen and deciduous shrub and tree communities. After vegetation boundaries were defined using the field-based map, the authors extracted the mean vegetation spectrum and standard deviation of the spectrum for each vegetation type. Changes in AVIRIS spectra over the season were compared among communities and these spectra were compared to field-based reflectance and biochemistry measurements of foliage that were representative of each community over the same seasonal period. >
Home pediatric rehabilitation

As more babies and children survive with defects, major illness, or trauma, more families will require therapeutic intervention for these children to reach their physical, social, and cognitive pot...
Known Knowns and Known Unknowns: Epiphanius of Salamis and the Limits of Heresiology

In this essay, I explore the conceptual and discursive ruminations of Epiphanius of Salamis as he struggles in his Panarion to survey and manage the ever-expanding heretical world. Instead of reading this heresiological treatise as an attestation of theological, ecclesiastical, and intellectual authority established through totalizing discourse, I approach it as an expression of ancient ethnographic writing and the ethnographic disposition, an authorial orientation toward the world that describes, regulates, and classifies peoples with both macroscopic and microscopic knowledge. Ethnography in the ancient world was a process of writing the world's people into texts, describing and classifying specific cultures and customs through the lens of the ethnographer's own culturally situated perspective. Frequently, the ethnographer used his text to elaborate his assumptions about the origins of human diversity. Customs and habits were explained as the products of larger macroscopic forces such as astrology, genealogy, climatology, universal history, and myth. In the process of translating the world into texts, ethnographic inquiry forced authors to confront their capacity to comprehend the world around them and ultimately to come to terms with the full scope of human diversity. I argue that reading the Panarion as a manifestation of Christian ethnography usefully foregrounds an intractable tension between knowledge (known knowns) and self-conscious ignorance (known unknowns) about the depths of human heterogeneity: ethnography is as much an illustration of incomprehension as it is a repository of erudition, mastery, and discovery.
Relationship of the Molecular Size and Charge Density of Polyoxometalates to Their anti-gp120-CD4-binding Activity

The ability of several classes of polyoxometalates to inhibit the interaction between HIV-1 gp120 and CD4 was assessed. No clear relationship was found between binding inhibition and the negative charge density on the anion portion of the polyoxometalate. However, a weak correlation was found with molecular size. There was a molecular weight threshold of 3800 g mol-1 above which no significant increase in potency was gained; the binding inhibition was nearly quantitative above this molecular weight.
The asymptotic behavior of the correspondence chromatic number

Alon (2000) proved that for any graph G , ź ź ( G ) = ź ( ln d ) , where ź ź ( G ) is the list chromatic number of G and d is the average degree of G . Dvořak and Postle (2015) recently introduced a generalization of list coloring, which they called correspondence coloring. We establish an analog of Alon's result for correspondence coloring; namely, we show that ź c ( G ) = ź ( d / ln d ) , where ź c ( G ) denotes the correspondence chromatic number of G . We also prove that for triangle-free G , ź c ( G ) = O ( Δ / ln Δ ) , where Δ is the maximum degree of G (this is a generalization of Johansson's result about list colorings (Johansson, 1996)). This implies that the correspondence chromatic number of a regular triangle-free graph is, up to a constant factor, determined by its degree.
Latency (Ages 6–11)

The latency phase of development encompasses the years 6 to 11, “latent” in the sense that this is an interval of relative calm between the intense psychological turmoil of the Oedipal phase and the profound biopsychological upheaval of adolescence. Relative is the key word since although the comparisons between the external appearance of growth and development during latency and the Oedipal phase and adolescence are accurate, major developmental advances occur during these years. Freud (1905) introduced the term, relating the beginning of latency to a psychological event, the resolution of the Oedipal complex, and its end to a maturational one, the occurrence of puberty.
Automating Friendship

What motivates a friendship, and what factors engender building closer ties? How can social media and future applications facilitate the introduction or strengthening of ties with one another?
Principles of Fluorogenic Reagent Design for Forensics. Recent Progress Towards New Reagents to Develop Fingerprints in Blood and on Variable Surfaces

The use of fluorogenic reagents for detecting and enhancing fingerprints in blood has been studied for many years. There are still several challenges. These include utility on dark and multi-colored substrates, loss of detail, print stability, and compatibility with acidic fixative agents. Herein, we describe progress in addressing each of these issues. The creation and evaluation of a promising class of leuco xanthenes dyes is highlighted.
Effect of riboflavin and pteroylglutamic acid on growth and white cell production of rats.

SummaryWeanling albino rats were fed a standard purified diet, a similar diet with 10% glycine replacing an equal amount of sucrose, and a diet with 10% glycine and 2% choline replacing an equal amount of sucrose. Other groups received these diets supplemented with 100 γ of riboflavin per day or 100 γ of riboflavin and 100 γ of PGA per day. The growth of the rats receiving the high glycine and high glycine plus high choline diets was greatly reduced as compared to the basal group. Supplementation of these diets with riboflavin brought about no effect on the growth; the combination of riboflavin and PGA overcame the growth depression to a considerable extent and also brought about a marked increase in gain per unit of food consumed. Supplementing the various diets with both riboflavin and PGA brought about a leucocytosis which was very marked when the diet contained a high level of both glycine and choline. The data would suggest that there is an interrelationship between riboflavin and PGA in white cell p...
Microscopic Examination of Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) Feeding Damage to Strawberry

Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess feeding damage caused by tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), to strawberries ( Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne). Holes found in strawberry achenes after feeding were consistent with the size and shape of tarnished plant bug stylets. Insects observed while feeding during early fruit development stages (i.e., anthesis to petal fall) repeatedly penetrated achenes with their stylets. In later stages of fruit development, feeding sites changed to receptacle tissue, although usually near an achene. Achene injury during early fruit development stages is the most likely cause of the apical seediness malformation commonly associated with tarnished plant bug. Feeding during later developmental stages probably results in more localized damage, including creases and indentations.
When the Expected Value Is Not Expected: A Conservative Approach

The takeoff point in this paper is a random variable ${X}$ for which large positive values are desired. When its probability distribution is highly skewed, the possibility of a long fat-tailed distribution can lead to an expected value, $ {\mu } {=}\mathbb {E}[ {X}]$ , which is unduly optimistic. For the reverse case when small values of ${X}$ are desired, the ideas in this paper are applied to $ {-} {X}$ . This issue of over-optimism in the expected value is particularly important when a mission-critical random variable is involved. For example, when considering earthquake intensity or flood levels, reporting an understated expected value to a technically unsophisticated general public would be considered by many as highly undesirable. The Conservative Expected Value (CEV) of ${X}$ , denoted by $\mathbb {CEV}$ ( $ {X}$ ) is a new definition provided in this paper. It is a metric which we argue is particularly useful when risk aversion must be highly emphasized. At the same time, while being conservative, the CEV is also aimed at avoiding reflection of excessive pessimism. When, then $\mathbb {CEV}$ ( $ {X}$ ), while being conservative, is defined in such a way so as not to be unduly pessimistic. In classical analysis, enhancement of a calculation often includes the variance $ {\sigma }^{ {2}} \,\, {=}$ var( ${X}$ ). However, when large ${X}$ -values are desired, this may further distort one’s overview of the risk at hand; e.g., if ${X}$ is profit, values above the mean should not be penalized. With these one-sidedness considerations in mind, we work with a new reward-risk pair, the CEV and the so-called Conservative Semi-Variance (CSV) of ${X}$ , denoted by $\mathbb {CSV}$ ( ${X}$ ). Whereas the CEV definition is entirely new, the CSV definition is motivated by ideas in the area of finance. This paper also illustrates calculation of the CEV and CSV pair for a number of classical probability distributions and includes description of a number of properties of these metrics which suggest that this new theory is mathematically rich. Finally, we demonstrate the potential for application of the theory via two numerical examples.
Serological Response in Broiler Chicks to Different Commercial Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bronchitis Vaccines

Broiler chicks were administered vaccines against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis (both Arkansas and Massachusetts strains) at 2 weeks of age as either primary or secondary vaccinations. The vaccine was administered as a spray at 2 weeks of age to chicks that had received Newcastle disease vaccine alone, bronchitis vaccine alone, both vaccines in combination, or no vaccine at day 1 in the hatchery. The Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition response was significantly lower in chicks receiving Newcastle disease vaccine as a secondary vaccine at 2 weeks than in those receiving the vaccine as a primary vaccination at that age. In contrast, the bronchitis hemagglutination-inhibition response was significantly higher in chicks receiving bronchitis vaccine as a secondary vaccination at 2 weeks than in those receiving the vaccine as a primary vaccination at that age.
At the Crossroads: Library and Classroom

Summary What do distance learners expect regarding library reference service? Will they respond to a personalized customer service offered by a librarian in an online course? Is there a place for this type of interaction in online courses? Data was collected in several online courses that included results of a survey of distance learners, discussion board interaction, and individual e-mail comments and questions from students to the librarian.
Mechanical and Structural Stability of Perovskites Membranes in Reducing Environments

Mixed ionic electronic conducting perovskite type oxides are promising materials for potential use in various applications such as in fuel cells and membranes for air separation. An important issue in the development of the perovskites is the structural, chemical and mechanical stability of these materials at high temperatures and reducing environments (oxygen partial pressure from 0.21 to 10−17 atm) encountered in membrane reactors. SrFeO3 oxides doped with La on the A-site and Cr on the B-site showed high strength at room temperature in air. The strength degrades rapidly with an increase in temperature in air as compared to in N2 and CO2/CO environment. Fracture in the material is characterized by non-equilibrium segregation of elements within the grains. The observations provide valuable structure-property correlation as applicable to the long-term behavior of the material in advanced catalytic membrane reactors.
The Tragedy of the Uncommons: On the Politics of Apocalypse

The ‘tragedy of the commons’ is a classic type of problem, involving multiple actors who face individual incentives to deplete shared resources and thereby impose harms on others. Such tragedies can be overcome if societies learn through experience to mobilize collective action. This article formulates a distinct type of problem: ‘the tragedy of the uncommons’, involving the misperception and mismanagement of rare catastrophic risks. Although the problem of rare and global catastrophic risk has been much discussed, its sources and solutions need to be better understood. Descriptively, this article identifies psychological heuristics and political forces that underlie neglect of rare catastrophic ‘uncommons’ risks, notably the unavailability heuristic, mass numbing, and underdeterrence. Normatively, the article argues that, for rare catastrophic risks, it is the inability to learn from experience, rather than uncertainty, that offers the best case for anticipatory precaution. The article suggests a twist on conventional debates: in contrast to salient experienced risks spurring greater public concern than expert concern, rare uncommons risks exhibit greater expert concern than public concern. Further, optimal precaution against uncommons risks requires careful analysis to avoid misplaced priorities and potentially catastrophic risk–risk trade-offs. The article offers new perspectives on expert vs public perceptions of risk; impact assessment and policy analysis; and precaution, policy learning and foresight.
Variable Stars and Novae

The variable stars of M31 have been the subject of a number of rather limited studies. The very brightest are fairly well understood, but only a few areas have been searched very deeply. There is still an immense amount of information about this component of the Andromeda Galaxy that remains untouched and unexplored.
Bighorn Sheep at Grasshopper Ruin: Precautions in Analysis

ABSTRACTA positive identification of a bighorn sheep horn core recovered at the Grasshopper Ruin is discussed. The validity of ascribing subspecific distinctions to zooarchaeological material is questioned using the Grasshopper specimen as an example. Factors possibly affecting the paucity of bighorn identifications in the archaeological record are examined as illustrating some of the considerations which must be taken into account when interpreting faunal remains.
The Surgeon’s Burnout: How to Deal with It

Inherent idealistic nature of surgical disciplines demands exclusive dedication from surgeons to provide optimal patient care, but doing so puts them at significant risk for personal and continuous professional stresses, which may result in burnout. Burnout is a gradual process and often heralded with warning signs or red flags, which can result in physical, behavioral, and emotional symptoms. Work-related stressors are often underestimated and considered a trivial part of emotional and physical well-being. Literature demonstrates that undetermined stress and anxiety may lead to burnout. Burnout can lead to impaired technical performance, medical errors, physical and mental health problems, increasing incidence of divorce, negative work attitude, decreased professional satisfaction, hopelessness and helplessness, detachment, isolation, and increased risk of depression and suicide. Therefore, recognizing these warning signs or red flags is extremely crucial. Individual surgeons at personal level and the organizations at institutional level should recognize the early symptoms of burnout, implement coping strategies, and maintain a work-life balance for the well-being of surgeons.
Keats, Symonds, and a Language for Desire

The lives of Hopkins and the writers who follow him in this book — John Addington Symonds and Walter Pater — overlapped physically and educationally, as they all shared an Oxonian context of classical study whose homoeroticism Linda Dowling has detailed. And all three, as I am in the process of showing, were deeply involved in conceiving languages for their sexuality with reference to the work of Keats. Reading Symonds after Hopkins is instructive: the two were born and died only four years apart (Symonds before as well as after Hopkins), and Symonds illustrates the ways in which a man could use his readings of Keats in order to begin to create a vocabulary for the expression, however ambivalent, of same-sex desire. Symonds’s Keatsian and homoerotic verse has received little critical attention, but in the context of this study it has a crucial place.