cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classical hadrodynamics: Foundations of the theory

In this work, the authors derive and discuss the classical relativistic equations of motion for an action corresponding to extended nucleons interacting with massive, neutral scalar and vector meson fields. This theory, which the authors call classical hadrodynamics, is the classical analogue of the quantum hadrodynamics of Serot and Walecka but without the assumptions of the mean-field approximation and of point nucleons. The theory is manifestly covariant and allows for non-equilibrium phenomena, interactions among all nucleons, and meson production when used for applications such as relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The authors review the history of classical meson field theory, with special emphasis on issues related to self-interaction, preacceleration, runaway solutions, and finite-size effects. Sample calculations are presented for nucleon-nucleon collisions at P[sub lab]=200 GeV/c, where it is found that the theory provides a physically reasonable description of gross features associated with the dominating soft reactions. The equations of motion are practical to solve numerically for ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. 80 refs., 26 figs., 1 tab.
The contour extraction problem with biomedical applications

Abstract The problem of extracting a contour of some sort from noisy digitized images often arises within the context of the general pattern recognition problem. The approach presented here formulates the contour extraction problem as one of minimum cost tree searching. Branch costs or metrics are defined which are indicative of the likelihood that a particular branch lies on the true contour. The branch metrics incorporate both local and global or contextual information. The most likely path or contour is then extracted by application of a heuristic tree searching algorithm. In particular, use is made of the Zigangirov-Jelinek (ZJ) stack algorithm. This algorithm avoids the computational burden associated with structured or exhaustive search techniques and results in more manageable although random computational requirements. The approach is described first on an artificially contrived problem and then applied to two real biomedical image processing problems. The biomedical problems considered are concerned with the extraction of the left ventricular outline from serial angiocardiograms and the extraction of lung outlines from digitized chest X rays. It is demonstrated that the approach is fast, reliable, and versatile in the sense that it can be applied to a wide variety of contour extraction problems by appropriate definition of branch metrics.
Lack of Conventional ATPase Properties in CFTR Chloride Channel Gating

CFTR shares structural homology with the ABC transporter superfamily of proteins which hydrolyze ATP to effect the transport of compounds across cell membranes. Some superfamily members are characterized as P-type ATPases because ATP-dependent transport is sensitive to the presence of vanadate. It has been widely postulated that CFTR hydrolyzes ATP to gate its chloride channel. However, direct evidence of CFTR hydrolytic activity in channel gating is lacking and existing circumstantial evidence is contradictory. Therefore, we evaluated CFTR chloride channel activity under conditions known to inhibit the activity of ATPases; i.e., in the absence of divalent cations and in the presence of a variety of ATPase inhibitors. Removal of the cytosolic cofactor, Mg2+, reduced both the opening and closing rates of CFTR suggesting that Mg2+ plays a modulatory role in channel gating. However, channels continued to both open and close showing that Mg2+ is not an absolute requirement for channel activity. The nonselective P-type ATPase inhibitor, vanadate, did not alter the gating of CFTR when used at concentrations which completely inhibit the activity of other ABC transporters (1 mm). Higher concentrations of vanadate (10 mm) blocked the closing of CFTR, but did not affect the opening of the channel. As expected, more selective P-type (Sch28080, ouabain), V-type (bafilomycin A1, SCN−) and F-type (oligomycin) ATPase inhibitors did not affect either the opening or closing of CFTR. Thus, CFTR does not share a pharmacological inhibition profile with other ATPases and channel gating occurs in the apparent absence of hydrolysis, although with altered kinetics. Vanadate inhibition of channel closure might suggest that a hydrolytic step is involved although the requirement for a high concentration raises the possibility of previously uncharacterized effects of this compound. Most conservatively, the requirement for high concentrations of vanadate demonstrates that the binding site for this transition state analogue is considerably different than that of other ABC transporters.
The Effect of the Motion Picture “Gentleman's Agreement” on Attitudes Toward Jews

(1948). The Effect of the Motion Picture “Gentleman's Agreement” on Attitudes Toward Jews. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 525-536.
Some new techniques for scattered-light photoelasticity

This paper describes some new techniques for determining the directions of the secondary principal stresses and their difference in scattered-light photoelasticity. These new techniques do not employ the compensator and are capable of obtaining the same degree of accuracy as the compensator method.
The effect of age on clinical/pathologic features, surgical morbidity, and outcome in patients with endometrial cancer

Abstract Objective. To evaluate the effect of age on clinical/pathologic features, surgical morbidity, and outcome in patients with endometrial cancer. Methods. All women with surgically treated endometrial cancer at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington between January 1990 and January 2000 were eligible; 396 patients underwent retrospective chart review. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS. Median follow-up time was 33 months (range, 1 to 120 months). Results. Age was 65 years in 38% of patients. Younger patients were statistically more obese than older patients (Body Mass Index of 40.3 kg/m 2 vs. 35.3 kg/m 2 vs. 31.0 kg/m 2 , P P = 0.002), more cardiac events ( P = 0.001), and more episodes of ileus ( P = 0.025). Evaluation of pathology revealed that patients 75 years of age showed an increase in the percentage of patients with papillary serous histology (22% vs. 3%, P = 0.055), grade 3 disease (42% vs. 16%, P P = 0.001) when compared to patients Conclusions. Younger patients with endometrial cancer are generally more obese, with lower grade, lower stage disease, and with more favorable histologic cell types. Despite this, approximately a quarter have stage II–IV disease and 9% have positive lymph nodes. The older patients represent a dramatically different subset of patients. They are more likely to have aggressive papillary serous histology, higher grade tumors, and advanced stage disease. Age should be a consideration in appropriate referrals to gynecologic oncologists.
Influence of lead and Pb−Bi eutectic melts on the mechanical properties of 20Kh13 ferritic–martensitic steel

We have investigated the influence of a liquid-metal medium on the mechanical properties of 20Kh13 ferritic–martensitic steel in the temperature range 300–600°С. It is shown that lead and lead−bismuth eutectic melts facilitate a decrease in the ultimate strength of 20Kh13 steel by 10–20% against that in vacuum, and with increase in temperature, this effect is enhanced. We have found the influence of the liquid-metal medium on the plastic deformability of 20Kh13 steel at elevated temperatures. It has been established that 20Kh13 steel is susceptible to liquid-metal embrittlement in the temperature range 350– 450°С, which manifests itself weaker in lead and more substantially in the lead−bismuth eutectic. The decrease in the percentage elongation against that in vacuum depends on the medium: it is equal to 11% in Pb at a temperature of 450°С, and ranges from 15 to 30% in the Pb−Bi eutectic melt in the temperature range 350−400°С.
Flexibility in the insulin receptor ectodomain enables docking of insulin in crystallographic conformation observed in a hormone-bound microreceptor.

Insulin binding to the insulin receptor (IR) is the first key step in initiating downstream signaling cascades for glucose homeostasis in higher organisms. The molecular details of insulin recognition by IR are not yet completely understood, but a picture of hormone/receptor interactions at one of the epitopes (Site 1) is beginning to emerge from recent structural evidence. However, insulin-bound structures of truncated IR suggest that crystallographic conformation of insulin cannot be accommodated in the full IR ectodomain due to steric overlap of insulin with the first two type III fibronectin domains (F1 and F2), which are contributed to the insulin binding-pocket by the second subunit in the IR homodimer. A conformational change in the F1-F2 pair has thus been suggested. In this work, we present an all-atom structural model of complex of insulin and the IR ectodomain, where no structural overlap of insulin with the receptor domains (F1 and F2) is observed. This structural model was arrived at by flexibly fitting parts of our earlier insulin/IR all-atom model into the simulated density maps of crystallized constructs combined with conformational sampling from apo-IR solution conformations. Importantly, our experimentally-consistent model helps rationalize yet unresolved Site 2 contacts of hormone with IR, and suggests ligand cross-linking of receptor subunits.
QUANTIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PROTEIN OXIDATION IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES

Protein oxidation is defined here as the covalent modification of a protein induced either directly by reactive oxygen species or indirectly by reaction with secondary by-products of oxidative stress. Oxidative modification of proteins can be induced experimentally by a wide array of prooxidant agents and occurs in vivo during aging and in certain disease conditions. Oxidative changes to proteins can lead to diverse functional consequences, such as inhibition of enzymatic and binding activities, increased susceptibility to aggregation and proteolysis, increased or decreased uptake by cells, and altered immunogenicity. There are numerous types of protein oxidative modification and these can be measured with a variety of methods. Protein oxidation serves as a useful marker for assessing oxidative stress in vivo. There are both advantages and disadvantages to using proteins for this purpose compared to lipids and DNA. Finally, it is important to monitor the degree of oxidative modification of therapeutic proteins manufactured for commercial use. This review will examine various aspects of protein oxidation, with emphasis on using proteins as markers of oxidative stress in biological samples.
An epilogue to plasma-cell gingivostomatitis (allergic gingivostomatitis)

Sixteen cases of plasma-cell gingivostomatitis were studied at the University of California San Francisco between 1966 and 1971. Twelve women and four men made up the group, with ages ranging from 15 to 70 years. Prior to treatment, the duration of the disease ranged from 5 to 60 months. Each of the sisteen patients manifested a homogeneous, diffuse, erythematous gingivitis associated with a cheilitis, and fifteen also had a marked glossitis. Each subject was symptomatic, and nine also complained of bleeding. Every biopsy specimen demonstrated a characteristically diffuse and dense plasma-cell infiltrate. There were no spontaneous remissions. Six patients completely responded to systemic corticoids alone, two to discontinuation of gum chewing or the use of their dentifrice, one to antifungal therapy, and the other seven to a combination of the preceding modalities. After completion of therapy, fifteen patients were followed for 2 to 55 months without any evidence of recurrence. Of interest, 69 per cent were gum chewers. The therapeutic benefit of discontinuing gum chewing by itself was not clear. It is assumed that the now nonexistent plasma-cell gingivostomatitis syndrome was a hypersensitivity response to an unidentifiable antigen used in various substances.
Convex relaxations of a probabilistically robust control design problem

In this paper, we address the problem of designing probabilistic robust controllers for discrete-time systems whose objective is to reach and remain in a given target set with high probability. More precisely, given probability distributions for the initial state, uncertain parameters and disturbances, we develop algorithms for designing a control law that i) maximizes the probability of reaching the target set in N steps and ii) makes the target set robustly positively invariant. As defined the problem is nonconvex. To solve this problem, a sequence of convex relaxations is provided, whose optimal value is shown to converge to solution of the original problem. In other words, we provide a sequence of semidefinite programs of increasing dimension and complexity which can arbitrarily approximate the solution of the probabilistic robust control design problem addressed in this paper. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate preliminary results on the numerical performance of the proposed approach.
Similarities between behavioral and pharmacological actions of yohimbine and 5-hydroxytryptophan in the conscious dog

Abstract Behavioral and cardiovascular effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan and yohimbine hydrochloride were compared on conscious dogs. Both agents produced a marked rise in blood pressure and changes in behavior. Behavioral changes included increased restlessness, anxiety, tremors, and whining. They were found to be synergistic in these effects. Imipramine potentiated the effects of yohimbine and 5-HTP. Methysergide, BOL-148 and cyproheptadine failed to reduce or prevent their effects. The data suggest that yohimbine and 5-hydroxytrptophan may exert their action through stimulation of the same type of receptors.
Fidelity of photon interferometry for recording the evolution of a nascent quark-gluon plasma

The fidelity of two-photon intensity interferometry for reflecting the dynamics of nascnt quark-gluon plasma formed in a high energy nucleus-nucleus collision is examined. A (3 + 1)-dimensional expansion of the plasma as well as a (1 + 1)-dimensional expansion according to Bjorken hydrodynamics, both with a first order phase transition, are considered. The correlation of high transverse-momentum photons is shown to be a precision tool for the investigation of the space-time evolution of the high density QCD plasma. In particular, the longitudinal correlation function, which depicts the time development of the system, is seen to have its origin in two sources: one corresponding to the early plasma phase and the second to the later stages. This aspect may help identify thermal photons according to their "time of birth" during evolution.
High stress regions in saphenous vein bypass graft atherosclerotic lesions

Abstract Objectives . Our aim was to test the hypothesis that maximal stresses in saphenous vein atherosclerotic stenoses are greater than those in native coronary artery stenoses. Background . The patency of coronary artery saphenous vein bypass grafts decreases with time, usually because of thrombosis. Plaque rupture has been described as one mechanism of vein graft thrombosis. Methods . Twenty-six nonruptured human lesions were studied. Fourteen lesions were from native coronary arteries, and 12 were from saphenous vein bypass grafts placed a mean ± SD of 9.8 ± 3.3 years before pathologic study. The finite element method was used to determine the distribution of stress in the lesion, using estimates of material properties from previous measurements of human tissues. Results . Maximal circumferential stresses were significantly higher in the saphenous vein lesions (median 352 kPa [interquartile range 161 to 475]) than in the coronary artery lesions (median 104 kPa [interquartile range 75 to 185]) (p = 0.05). Thin-walled cylinder formulations predict that stresses are proportional to the radius of the vessel and inversely proportional to the minimal wall thickness. In this study, there was a good correlation between the maximal stress in the 26 lesions and the ratio of the square root of lumen area to minimal fibrous cap thickness (r = 0.83, p Conclusions . Maximal circumferential tensile stresses in saphenous vein bypass graft stenoses are higher than in native coronary artery atherosclerotic stenoses. These data suggest that strategies that decrease stresses in bypass graft atherosclerotic lesions, such as prevention of lipid accumulation, could reduce the probability of plaque rupture in bypass grafts.
Comparative Effects and Concentration of Picloram, 2,4,5-T and Dicamba in Tissue Culture

In nutrient agar comparative concentrations (10−3 to 10−5M) of (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) were generally more inhibitory to the growth of tissue cultures of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. Acme) and cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marsh.) than were either 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) or 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba). Compared to untreated tissue dicamba or picloram at 10−6M in the nutrient agar resulted in a 200 % increase in the growth of soybean tissue. At 10−5 and 10−6M dicamba also produced an increase in the growth of cottonwood tissue. Greatest absorption of picloram and dicamba by tissue cultures from agar occurred during the first 24 h after treatment. However, absorption remained nearly static thereafter for 14 days. More dicamba was absorbed by soybean and cottonwood tissue cultures than either picloram or 2,4,5-T.
Intestinal replication of influenza a viruses in two mammalian species

The sites of replication of influenza A viruses in ferrets and pigs were studied. The majority of the swine, equine, and avian influenza A viruses tested were recovered from the intestinal tract of ferrets as well as from the respiratory tract; most of the human influenza viruses studied were recovered only from the respiratory tract. In contrast with ferrets, only Hong Kong/1/68 (H 3 N 2) influenza virus was recovered from the intestinal tract of pigs. Despite the large biological variability found in ferrets and in pigs, the results do establish that the majority of influenza viruses have the potential to replicate in the intestinal tissues of some mammals. Additionally, the study suggests that there are differences among the influenza A viruses in tissue tropism in different mammals. Both viral and host genetic factors determine the tissue tropism of influenza viruses in mammals.
Theory into practice: Not for methods only

(1978). Theory into practice: Not for methods only. The Teacher Educator: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 10-12.
Redundancy in constructs: Problem, assessment, and an illustrative example

Abstract This article argues that attention to redundancy in constructs is important for theoretical, empirical, and pragmatic reasons. In particular, the article advocates that redundancy between two or more constructs be evaluated from conceptual and empirical perspectives. To facilitate such assessment, this article outlines a systematic, multipronged approach. This approach is based on a directed review of the literature and well-defined methods and principles, such as the L atent V ariable S tructural E quations (LVSE) methodology, and discriminant, convergent, and nomological validity. The author illustrates the suggested approach by utilizing two constructs often used to assess consumers' attitudes toward business practices— consumer alienation and discontent. The illustration underscores the usefulness of the suggested approach in revealing redundancy gaps that heretofore have remained unidentified. Specifically, consumer discontent and alienation are found to be conceptually nonredundant, but their current operationalizations are not . Implications for future research into redundancy issues are discussed.
Thermotropic properties of phosphatidylethanols

Phosphatidylethanol is formed when ethanol substitutes in the transphosphatidylation reaction catalyzed by phospholipase D. The structural and thermotropic properties of dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanol and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanol have been studied using differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. These lipids exist in a bilayer phase with no indication of nonbilayer phase formation, as shown by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. It was found that the phase behavior of these phospholipids before and during the main chain melting transition is different in 50 mM Tris buffer compared to salt solutions. The phase transition behavior and the 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene (Prodan) fluorescence spectra for both lipids are consistent with the formation of the interdigitated gel phase under certain conditions. Both lipids become interdigitated in Tris-HCl, and ethanol enhances the formation of this phase. Comparative studies of the 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene spectra in dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol, dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine, and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine further elucidate the value and limitations of this probe as a diagnostic tool for lipid structure.
Experimental investigation of fuel cell dynamic response and control

Abstract An experimental study of the dynamic response of a commercial fuel cell system is presented in this work. The primary goal of the research is an examination of the feasibility for using fuel cells in a load-following mode for vehicular applications, where load-following implies that the fuel cell system provides the power necessary for transient responses without the use of additional energy storage elements, such as batteries or super-capacitors. The dynamic response of fuel cell systems used in the load-following mode may have implications for safe and efficient operation of vehicles. To that end, a DC–DC converter was used to port the power output of the fuel cell to a resistive load using a pulse-width-modulating circuit. Frequency responses of the system were evaluated at a variety of DC offsets and AC amplitudes of the PWM duty cycle from 1 out to 400 Hz. Open-loop transient responses are then evaluated using transitions from 10% to 90% duty cycle levels, followed by dwells at the 90% level and then transitions back to the 10% level. A classical proportional–integral controller was then developed and used to close the loop around the system, with the result that the fuel cell system was driven to track the same transient. The controller was then used to drive the fuel cell system according to a reference power signal, which was a scaled-down copy of the simulated power output from an internal combustion engine powering a conventional automobile through the Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS). The results showed that the fuel cell system is capable of tracking transient signals with sufficient fidelity such that it should be applicable for use in a load-following mode for vehicular applications. The results also highlight important issues that must be addressed in considering vehicular applications of fuel cells, such as the power conditioning circuit efficiency and the effect of stack heating on the system response.
Witnessed arrest, but not delayed bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves prehospital cardiac arrest survivial

Methods: This prospective, randomised, double blinded clinical intervention trial enrolled 874 prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest patients encountered in a prehospital urban, suburban, and rural regional emergency medical service (EMS) area. This group underwent conventional advanced cardiac life support intervention followed by empiric early administration of sodium bicarbonate (1 mEq/l), monitoring conventional resuscitation parameters. Survival was measured as presence of vital signs on emergency department (ED) arrival. Data were analysed using χ2 with Pearson correlation and odds ratio where appropriate. Results: The overall survival rate was 13.9% (110 of 792) of prehospital cardiac arrest patients. The mean (SD) time until provision of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ByCPR) by laymen was 2.08 (2.77) minutes, and basic life support (BLS) by emergency medical technicians was 6.62 (5.73) minutes. There was improved survival noted with witnessed cardiac arrest—a 2.2-fold increase in survival, 18.9% (76 of 402) versus 8.6% (27 of 315) compared with unwitnessed arrests (p two minutes (p = 0.3752). Conclusions: Survival after prehospital cardiac arrest is more likely when witnessed, but not necessarily when ByCPR was performed by laymen.
Numerical solution of some integral equations in distributions

Abstract A class R of integral equations, whose kernels are kernels of positive rational functions of elliptic operators, do not have in general locally integrable solutions. Their solutions belong to a distribution space H−α (D), where Hα (D) is the Sobolev space. A numerical method is given for computing these solutions. Results of numerical experiments are reported. A typical example of the equation of the class R is the equation ∫ −1 1 exp (−|ϰ − y|)h(y) dy = ƒ(ϰ), −1 ≤ ϰ ≤ 1, ƒ e H 1 (−1,1) .
Transgene expression for Gladiolus plants grown outdoors and in the greenhouse

Abstract Transgene expression was evaluated for Gladiolus plants transformed with either the CaMV 35S, double CaMV 35S, rolD, or Arabidopsis UBQ3 promoter controlling the uidA or bean yellow mosaic virus coat protein gene in either the sense or antisense orientation to determine differences in expression for plants grown in the greenhouse and outdoors for two years. There was more variability in GUS expression when plants were grown outdoors than in the greenhouse for two years. Four of the six transformed plant lines with the UBQ3, rolD, and CaMV 35S promoters grown outdoors showed significant differences in GUS expression from year to year as compared to two of the six lines with the UBQ3 and rolD promoters grown in the greenhouse. When grown the same year, two plant lines with the CaMV 35S and one line with the rolD promoter showed 2–16× higher levels of GUS expression outdoors than in the greenhouse, and one plant line with the UBQ3 promoter had 31× higher GUS expression in the greenhouse instead of outdoors. Three of six plant lines transformed with the bean yellow mosaic virus coat protein gene in either the sense or antisense orientation under control of the double CaMV 35S promoter showed obvious transgene expression as compared to three lines that did not show expression or negligible expression for both years when plants were grown both outdoors and in the greenhouse. This study verified long-term gene expression, rather than silencing, for Gladiolus plants when grown outdoors and in the greenhouse from year to year.
Destabilization of TIP60 by Human Papillomavirus E6 Results in Attenuation of TIP60-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation and Apoptotic Pathway

The TIP60 tumor suppressor is a histone acetyltransferase involved in transcriptional regulation, checkpoint activation, and p53-directed proapoptotic pathways. We report that human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 destabilizes TIP60 both in vivo and in vitro. TIP60 binds to the HPV major early promoter and acetylates histone H4 to recruit Brd4, a cellular repressor of HPV E6 expression. Both low- and high-risk HPV E6 destabilize TIP60, thereby derepressing their own promoter. Destabilization of TIP60 by HPV E6 also relieves cellular promoters from TIP60-initiated repression and abrogates p53-dependent activation of apoptotic pathway. Degradation of TIP60, therefore, allows low- and high-risk HPV to promote cell proliferation and cell survival.
Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene-block-poly(methylphenylsilylene) and polyisoprene-block-poly(methylphenylsilylene)

Abstract Polystyrene/poly(methylphenylsilylene) and polyisoprene/poly(methylphenylsilylene) block copolymers were prepared by two independent methods. Subsequent additions of solutions of cyclotetrasilanes in benzene to the living ends of the polystyrene and polyisoprene resulted in the formation of well-defined block copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions ( M w / M n 1 H and 29 Si NMR, GPC, DSC and elemental analysis.
Infrared signatures from bomb detonations

Abstract Remote observations of the temporal and spectral characteristics of the infrared emissions from bomb detonations have been correlated with explosion conditions. A Fourier transform interferometer was used to record spectra in the 1.6–20 μm range at spectral resolutions of 4–16 cm −1 and temporal resolutions of 0.047–0.123 s. Field observations of 56 detonation events included a set of aircraft delivered ordinance and a series of static ground detonations for a variety of bomb sizes, types and environmental conditions. The emission is well represented by a gray body with continuously decreasing temperature and characteristic decay times of 1–4 s, providing only limited variability with detonation conditions. However, the fireball size times the emissivity as a function of time can be determined from the spectra without imaging and provides a more sensitive signature. The degree of temporal overlap as a function of frequency for a pair of detonation events provides a very sensitive discriminator for explosion conditions. The temporal overlap decreases with increasing emission frequency for all the observed events, indicating more information content at higher frequencies.
Vent sites and flow directions of the Otowi ash flows (lower Bandelier Tuff), New Mexico

The nonwelded ash-flow tuffs of the 1.4-m.y.-old lower (Otowi) member of the Bandelier Tuff on the flanks of the Jemez Mountains erupted from as many as seven ring-fracture vents bounding the large Toledo Caldera at the center of the volcanic complex. Field evidence for these multiple vents includes (1) broad radial distribution of large volumes of ash-flow tuff; (2) areal variation in the compositions of lithic inclusions, with basalt-andesite clasts more abundant in the western than in the eastern sectors; (3) areal contrasts in welding and zonation, with welding best developed in the western sections; (4) paleotopography; and (5) flow directions determined from field measurements of elongated pumice fragments and charred trees.
Quantifying the Scanty Science of Prehospital Emergency Care

Research can produce false-positive results just as can diagnostic tests. Uncontrolled studies have a specificity of only 11%, versus 88% for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which have been designed to minimize the bias of investigators toward a positive outcome. A search of all the scientific studies in Medicine since 1985 revealed 5,842 publications on prehospital EMS, but only 54 were RCTs (and therefore unlikely to produce false-positive results). By way of comparison, during the same time hundreds of RCTs have been conducted on major medical emergency conditions, and RCTs on even minor topics such as urticaria and constipation exceed the scientific database on all of EMS. Of the 54 EMS RCTs, 4 (7%) reported harm from the new therapy, and 74% reported no effect of the new therapy at all. Only 7 (13%) RCTs showing a positive outcome of the intervention were uncontradicted; of these only 1 examined a major outcome such as survival, and only 1 compared the intervention with a placebo and could therefore evaluate the efficacy of EMS itself. Because there is such a paucity of scientific support for EMS interventions and because monitoring of outcomes and adverse effects is so poor, a serious reexamination of EMS practice is indicated.
Analysis of potential shifts associated with recurrent spreading depression and prolonged unstable spreading depression induced by microdialysis of elevated K+ in hippocampus of anesthetized rats

The potential shifts (delta Vo) associated with spreading depression (SD) were analysed with the help of multiple extracellular recording and ion-selective microelectrodes in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus of anesthetized rats. Recurrent waves of SD were induced by perfusing high K+ solution through microdialysis probes. SD-related delta Vo had a composite wave shape, consisting of an early, rapidly shifting part (phase I) followed by a slower shift to a second negative maximum (phase II). delta Vo shifts in stratum radiatum usually started earlier, always lasted longer and had larger amplitude than those recorded in stratum pyramidale. The delta Vo responses in stratum radiatum had an inverted saddle shape created by a transient relatively positive "hump" interposed between phases I and II. During this "hump", the potentials in the two layers transiently approached one another. During continuous high K+ dialysis, successive delta Vo waves episodes evolved according to a consistent pattern: while phase I remained unchanged, phase II increased in amplitude and duration with each episode. Eventually, a depressed state developed which lasted for many minutes, termed here prolonged unstable spreading depression. During phase I, delta Vo and extracellular K ([K+]o) changes were correlated. During phase II, [K+]o decreased even as delta Vo continued to increase. During SD, [Ca2+]o decreased to < 0.01 mM. During phases I and II, both [Ca2+]o and [Na+]o remained low. The recoveries of [Ca2+]o and [Na+]o had an initial fast and a later much slower phase and took several minutes longer than the recoveries of [K+]o and delta Vo. Depth profiles of delta Vo and delta [K+]o revealed strikingly steep gradients early and late during a wave; but voltage and ion gradients were not precisely correlated either in time or in space. We conclude that delta Vo of phases I and II are generated by different processes. Membrane ion currents cannot fully explain the delta Vo responses. The possible contributions by ion diffusion and by active ion transport are discussed. The extremely low level to which [Ca2+]o sinks during SD, and its two-phase recovery, indicate intracellular sequestration or binding of substantial amounts of Ca2+ ions. The residual deficit of [Ca2+]o following recovery of SP shifts may account for the persistent depression of synaptic transmission after repolarization of neurons.
Detailed kinetics of adenovirus type-5 steady-state transcripts during early infection

Abstract The appearance and steady-state accumulation of specific viral RNAs during the early phase of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) infection was examined. HeLa cells were synchronously infected and harvested at 30 min intervals throughout the first 12 h of infection. Total cytoplasmic RNA was extracted from infected cells and analyzed by hybridization-selection and translation to identify the viral mRNAs from each early region on the basis of the protein products they encode. The same RNA samples were used for S-1 nuclease and Northern blot analyses to quantitatively compare the levels of individual viral RNAs that accumulate within each early transcription region (E1A, E1B, LI, E2A, E3 and E4). The salient features of this analysis show that RNA accumulation occurs first from E1A followed by E2A, E3 and E4, E1B and lastly, LI. Although the profile of RNA accumulation was unique for each early region, overlapping RNAs within E1A, E3, and E4, respectively, remained generally parallel to one another throughout early infection, in contrast to RNAs from E1B and LI, respectively. Since both the appearance and quantitative accumulation of specific early viral mRNAs were examined at many time points, a number of subtleties associated with the complex dynamics of early Ad5 gene expression were revealed. In particular, the L1 region was shown to transcribe from the major late promoter two early RNAs of 3.81 Kb and 3.5 Kb, either or both of which encode the 52,55 kDa proteins; the auxiliary i leader sequence was found on the 3.81 Kb RNA but not on the 3.5 Kb RNA.
Christian roots of capitalist civilization

A conceptual argument is offered for the centrality of religion to the structure of capitalist civilization. This centrality is documented by examples of the role of Christianity in European civilization.
A Computer Program for Measuring Levels of Overall and Partial Congruence among Multiple Observers on Nominal Scales.

A computer program entitled Program CONGRU is presented which analyzes the overall conjoint agreement among many observers for their classifications on categorical scales. A special feature assesses the significance of observers' congruence in assignments to each nominal category considered.
Scalable stream join processing with expensive predicates: workload distribution and adaptation by time-slicing

Multi-way stream joins with expensive join predicates lead to great challenge for real-time (or close to real-time) stream processing. Given the memory- and CPU-intensive nature of such stream join queries, scalable processing on a cluster must be employed. This paper proposes a novel scheme for distributed processing of generic multi-way joins with window constraints, called Pipelined State Partitioning (PSP). We target generic joins with arbitrarily join conditions, which are used in non-trivial stream applications such as image matching and biometric recognizing. The PSP scheme partitions the states into disjoint slices in the time domain, and then distributes the fine-grained states in the cluster, forming a virtual computation ring. Compared to replication-based distribution of non-equi-joins, PSP scheme is superior since: (1) zero state duplication and thus no repeated computations, (2) pipelined processing of every input tuple on multiple nodes to achieve low response time, and (3) cost-based adaptive workload distribution. We have implemented the proposed PSP schemes within the CAPE DSMS. Our experimental study demonstrates the significant performance improvements compared to the state-of-the-art generic distributed stream join algorithms.
Liver Regeneration in Rats Protected with Xanthine Against Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning

Summary and ConclusionsOur experiments confirm the observations of Neale and Winter5 that xanthine has a protective action against carbon tetrachloride poisoning. The extent of the necrosis in the liver lobule is decreased by xanthine. Liver protection was observed best in rats killed 48 hours after the administration of carbon tetrachloride. At this time the damage in the livers from the xanthine-treated animals was limited to a small area around the central lobular vein, whereas in the controls the necrotic area involved from 50 to 80% of the liver lobule.Xanthine given prior to a moderately toxic dose of carbon tetrachloride lowered the mortality rate. When large closes of carbon tetrachloride were administered, no difference in the mortality rate was observed.We observed no evidence that xanthine stimulated the regeneration of cells in the damaged livers. The number of mitotic figures in the livers of the xanthine-treated rats did not differ significantly from the number in the livers of the controls....
Tremorine-induced Tremor Versus Extra-pyramidal Disease

TREMORINE (1-4 dipyrrolidino-2-butyne) has induced short-lived tremor and remarkable salivation in small laboratory animals. These manifestations have been considered as constituting a laboratory model for studying extrapyramidal syndromes of man1. Indeed, such animals have been used to screen possible therapeutic agents prior to clinical trial on patients suffering from Parkinson's disease.
"Fingerprints" of vertebral trauma--a unifying concept based on mechanisms.

Vertebral fractures, like fractures in the peripheral skeleton, occur in predictable and reproducible patterns that are related to the kind of force applied to the affected bone. The same force applied to the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar column will result in injuries which appear quite similar. A review of 621 injuries to the vertebral column revealed that there are basically four mechanisms of injury: flexion, extension, shearing, and torque (rotation). These injuries may occur by themselves or in combination with one another. The severity and extent of damage produced by any mechanism is dependent upon the incident force, the position of the patient at the time of injury, and the velocity of the patient. Thus, there is a pattern of recognizable signs which span the spectrum from mild soft tissue damage to severe skeletal and ligamentous disruption. These patterns are termed the "fingerprints" of the injury, and this presentation illustrates the four basic types of vertebral injury producing those "fingerprints."
Transient analysis of organic electrophosphorescence: I. Transient analysis of triplet energy transfer

We examine triplet-exciton dynamics in several phosphorescent organic guest-host systems. In this first of two papers, transient studies are used to understand triplet energy transfer between molecules and also to ascertain the relative importance under electrical injection of charge trapping and direct exciton formation on phosphorescent guest molecules. As an example, we study the distribution of triplet excitons as they diffuse through amorphous films of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum $({\mathrm{Alq}}_{3}).$ We find that triplet transport in ${\mathrm{Alq}}_{3}$ is dispersive, and for high concentrations of triplets we find an average lifetime of $\ensuremath{\tau}=25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ and a diffusion coefficient of ${D}_{T}=(8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}.$ The understanding of the formation and transport of triplets in a host material is extended in the following paper [Phys. Rev. B 62, 10 967 (2000)] to the study of nonlinearities in the electroluminescent decay of phosphorescent organic guest materials. Finally, we summarize the principle determinants of the efficiency of organic electrophosphorescent devices.
Supplementation of dietary enzymes has varying effects on apparent protein and amino acid digestibility in reproducing sows

Abstract The effects of two enzyme (Enz) products on ileal and total tract digestibility (ID and TTD) were evaluated in sows (n = 8) fed corn–soybean meal diets. Treatments were: 1) control diet; 2) control + Enz 1 (protease and cellulase activity); and 3) control + Enz 2 (xylanase activity). Ileal and fecal samples were collected at week 6–7 and 12–13 of gestation and week 2–3 of lactation. There were no improvements in digestibility during gestation. The ID% of dry matter (DM: 77.3, 79.3, 81.7) and N (81.2, 82.5, 84.3) as well as TTD% of DM (89.8, 90.7, 90.8) and N (89.0, 90.0, 90.6) during lactation were affected to varying degrees by the enzymes. The TTD of DM (P = 0.05) and N (P = 0.10) were positively affected by Enz 1. The ID of DM (P = 0.01) and N (P = 0.02) as well as TTD of DM (P = 0.05) and N (P = 0.02) were improved by Enz 2. The improvement in ID of N was not associated with any particular amino acids (AA) but represented small increases in ID of 8 of 10 essential AA with Enz 1 (P = 0.04) and 10 of 10 for Enz 2 (P = 0.01). The product containing xylanase activity, in particular, appears to have potential to increase digestibility of nutrients during lactation in sows.
Experimental infection of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis or Johne's disease, a chronic enteric disease of domestic ruminants as well as some nondomestic ruminants. Paratuberculosis is characterized by a protracted subclinical phase followed by clinical signs such as diarrhea, weight loss, and hypoproteinemia. Fecal shedding of Map is characteristic of both the subclinical and clinical phases, and it is important in disease transmission. Lesions of paratuberculosis are characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis. Animal models of paratuberculosis that simulate all aspects of the disease are rare. Oral inoculation of 9-day-old white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on 3 June 2002 with 1.87×1010 colony-forming units of Map strain K10 resulted in clinical disease (soft to diarrheic feces) as early as 146 days after inoculation; lesions consistent with paratuberculosis were observed in animals at the termination of the study. Intermitten...
Tributyl(1‐methoxymethoxy‐2‐butenyl)stannane

[84510-37-2] C18H38O2Sn (MW 405.27) InChI = 1S/C6H11O2.3C4H9.Sn/c1-3-4-5-8-6-7-2;3*1-3-4-2;/h3-5H,6H2,1-2H3;3*1,3-4H2,2H3; InChIKey = FVUIUPLNKMLNIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (allylation of aldehydes1) Alternate Names: α-methoxymethoxycrotylstannane; tributyl(1-methoxymethoxy-2-butenyl)tin. Physical Data: colorless, odorless oil. Solubility: sol CH2Cl2, THF, ether; insol H2O. Form Supplied in: not commercially available. Preparative Methods: racemic forms can be prepared from Crotonaldehyde via addition of Tri-n-butylstannyllithium, followed by protection of the resulting hydroxystannane with Chloromethyl Methyl Ether (MOM-Cl) and Diisopropylethylamine (eq 1).1 Tributyl(1-benzyloxymethoxy-2-butenyl)tin can be similarly prepared. (1) Optically enriched tributyl(1-methoxymethoxy-2-butenyl)tin can be prepared by asymmetric reduction of the corresponding acyltin, which is obtained by oxidation of the racemic hydroxystannane with 1,1′-(Azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADD) or DIAD (diisopropyl azodicarboxylate), (eq 2).1, 2 The reduction of acylstannanes by (R)-BINAL-H produces hydroxystannanes in the (S)-configuration in greater than 95% ee. The results of asymmetric induction for acylstannanes are different from those of normal ketones, i.e. the reduction of normal prochiral ketones by (R)-BINAL-H usually produces (R)-alcohols. This fact was explained by Marshall with the assumption of a pentacoordinated tin complex 1.1 α-Ethoxy analogs can be prepared from diethoxymethyltributyltin via treatment with acetyl chloride, followed by a vinyl Grignard reagent (eq 3).3 (2) (3) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable over a period of several months if stored in a refrigerator. However, decomposition occurs slowly if exposed to air at rt. It is recommended that tributyl(1-methoxymethoxy-2-butenyl)tins are freshly prepared before use.
DEMAND MANAGEMENT‐TODAY'S CHALLENGE FOR SERVICE INDUSTRIES

This study examines the issue of demand management in service industries, proposes an expanded description of the term, presents evidence of the importance of demand /capacity management, provides a classification of demand management strategies, and identifies some of the factors that may influence the choice of demand management strategies. The results indicate that industries have different resources, demand patterns, and strategic objectives; this suggests that these differences should influence the choice of demand management strategies. However, the industries studied were less different in their choice of demand management strategies than in the differences indicated by the independent variables. This may result from the. fact that most companies, except utilities, indicated that their demand management programs were largely informal in practice. Most companies use demand management strategies that emphasize customer service-the provide and match strategies. However, almost without exception, all industries indicated a desire to shift their focus toward the resource utilization side of the range-the influence and control strategies. In this exploratory study, the findings suggest that there is a need for companies to spend more time in evaluating and planning their demand management strategies.
Funds of knowledge for teaching: Using a qualitative approach to connect homes and classrooms

(1992). Funds of knowledge for teaching: Using a qualitative approach to connect homes and classrooms. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 31, Qualitative Issues in Educational Research, pp. 132-141.