cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joint Extraction of Compound Entities and Relationships from Biomedical Literature

In this paper we identify some limitations of contemporary information extraction mechanisms in the context of biomedical literature. We present an extraction mechanism that generates structured representations of textual content. Our extraction mechanism achieves this by extracting compound entities, and relationships between them, occuring in text. A detailed evaluation of the relationship and compound entities extracted is presented. Our results show over 62% average precision across 8 relationship types tested with over 82% average precision for compound entity identification.
Evaluation of the LIAISON Chemiluminescence Immunoassay for Diagnosis of Syphilis

We report the results of an evaluation of the LIAISON Treponema pallidum-specific assay, a one-step sandwich chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), as a screening test and as a confirmatory test for the diagnosis of syphilis. The assay was compared with the CAPTIA Syphilis-G enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and with a testing algorithm that also included the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and T. pallidum particle agglutination (PA) assays. As a screening test, the CLIA showed levels of agreement with the EIA and with the algorithm, respectively, of 94.1 and 100% for 51 samples from patients with primary or secondary syphilis, 93.2 and 98.7% for 999 samples sent to the laboratory for routine syphilis testing, 84.5 and 94.0% for 200 samples from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients, 98.0 and 100% for 200 samples from pregnant patients, and 94.3 and 98.3% for 992 samples from apparently healthy adults. As a confirmatory test, the CLIA showed 99% agreement with the EIA for 204 RPR-positive samples. After resolution with further T. pallidum PA testing and the discarding of one sample of insufficient quantity, there was 100% agreement for the remaining 203 samples. For the total group of 2,645 samples, the overall relative sensitivity was 95.8% and the relative specificity was 99.1%. We conclude that the LIAISON CLIA demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity when evaluated as a confirmatory test and as a screening test for syphilis among various patient populations, including specific populations with reportedly increased rates of false-positive nontreponemal test results.
Children of Adolescent Mothers: Exposure to Negative Life Events and the Role of Social Supports on Their Socioemotional Adjustment

Children born to adolescent mothers have heightened vulnerability for exposure to multiple stressful life events owing to factors associated with teenaged parenthood such as poverty and low levels of maternal education. This study investigated whether early exposure to negative life events such as parental divorce, residential instability, and deaths in the family predicted children’s socioemotional and behavioral functioning at age 10. Hierarchical regression analyses suggested that negative life events—which were reported by 94% of the sample—were associated with less favorable developmental outcomes, with social support serving as a buffer between exposure to these events and children’s anxiety, internalization, externalization, and maladaptive behaviors.
Preparation of crystalline and solvent resistant polycarbonates via ring-opening polymerization of cyclic oligomers

Development of efficient methods for the preparation and polymerization of cyclic oligomeric aromatic carbonates has allowed the facile preparation of a variety of polycarbonates. Because the cyclic oligomers can be converted directly into high molecular weight polycarbonates in the absence of solvent, and without formation of by-products, this route is especially attractive for the fabrication of composite structures. This paper reports that crystalline and/or solvent-resistant polycarbonates can be prepared via the intermediacy of cyclic oligomers. Copolycarbonates of bisphenol A with hydroquinone, resorcinol, or methylhydroquinone were insoluble in CH{sub 2}Cl{sub 2}, and showed crystalline melting points in some cases. For example, a 60/40 HQ/BPA polycarbonate had a glass transition temperature of 154{degrees}C, and a melting point of 313{degrees}C, with a heat of melting of 11.0 J/g, while a 100% methylhydroquinone polycarbonate had a Tg of 155{degrees}C and a melting point of 289{degrees}C, with a heat of melting of 31.0 J/g.
Pharmacy benefit design options available to employers

I explore all the pharmacy benefit options currently available to employers. First, I discuss the design of the benefit structure, which can involve up to five tiers of drug options and three tiers of pharmacy options. Next, I discuss how the employer can overlay a cost-sharing structure on top of that benefit structure, in order to provide each employee with the right balance of choice and incentives. The cost-sharing structure can entail up to seven main types of cost-sharing: copayments, coinsurance, incentive pricing, benefit caps, quantity caps, deductibles and defined contributions.
Impacts of drought on plant water relations and nitrogen nutrition in dryland perennial grasses

Background and aims Extensive worldwide dryland degradation calls for identification of functional traits critical to dryland plant performance and restoration outcomes. Most trait examination has focused on drought tolerance, although most dryland systems are water and nutrient co-limited. We studied how drought impacts both plant water relations and nitrogen (N) nutrition. Methods We grew a suite of grasses common to the Intermountain West under both well-watered and drought conditions in the greenhouse. These grasses represented three congener pairs (Agropyron, Elymus, Festuca) differing in their habitat of origin (“wetter” or “drier”). We measured growth, water relations, N resorption efficiency and proficiency and photosynthetic N use efficiency in response to drought. Results Drought decreased growth and physiological function in the suite of grasses studied, including a negative impact on plant N resorption efficiency and proficiency. This effect on resorption increased over the course of the growing season. Evolutionary history constrained species responses to treatment, with genera varying in the magnitude of their response to drought conditions. Surprisingly, habitat of origin influenced few trait responses. Conclusions Drought impacted plant N conservation, although these responses also were constrained by evolutionary history. Future plant development programs should consider drought tolerance not only from the perspective of water relations but also plant mineral nutrition, taking into account the role of phylogeny.
LOCALIZATION OF SEROTONIN IN TASTE BUDS : A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN FOUR VERTEBRATES

To investigate monoaminergic synaptic mechanisms in taste buds, we examined taste buds of mice, rats, rabbits, and mudpuppies for the presence of the neurotransmitter candidate, serotonin. Immunocytochemistry revealed serotonin-like immunostaining in cells in mammalian taste buds and Merkel-like basal cells in taste buds of mudpuppies. In untreated mudpuppies and in mammals injected with the precursor to serotonin, L-tryptophan, certain taste cells showed serotonin-like immunoreactivity, although in mammalian taste buds the immunostaining was relatively weak. After pretreating mammals with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the intermediate precursor between L-tryptophan and serotonin, several taste cells showed strong immunoreactivity for serotonin. These findings indicate that mammalian taste cells normally contain serotonin and that taste cells can take up 5-HTP and convert it to serotonin. Immunocytochemistry on wholemount preparations demonstrated that serotonergic cells of mudpuppies (i.e., Merkel-like basal cells) were disposed in a ring at the periphery of taste buds. Similarly, serotonergic cells in mammalian taste buds tended to be located at the periphery of taste buds. Based on the position of serotonergic cells in the taste bud and on recent physiological studies on the actions of serotonin in taste buds, we postulate that serotonin functions as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in vertebrate taste buds. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pathogenesis of primary chronic venous disease: Insights from animal models of venous hypertension.

Background Reflux of blood through incompetent venous valves is a major cause of the venous hypertension that underlies clinical manifestations of chronic venous disease, including varicose veins, lipodermatosclerosis, and venous ulcers. Objective To review published literature relating to animal models in which venous hypertension has been produced and which have yielded information on the mechanisms by which venous hypertension may trigger inflammation and cause changes in the skin and venous valves. Methods Medline searches, with additional papers identified from reference lists in published papers. Results At least three types of animal model were identified that have contributed to a better understanding of the trigger mechanisms and role of inflammatory processes in chronic venous disease. These models involve venous hypertension induced either by acute venular occlusion, placement of a chronic arteriovenous fistula, or ligation of several large veins. Model results suggest that elevated venous pressure and altered flow can trigger inflammatory cascades in the vein wall and venous valves which can cause progressive valvular incompetence and eventual valvular destruction, and which are also important in the skin changes associated with venous disease. Treatment with agents that reduce oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and that inhibit the inflammatory cascade can prevent the progressive deterioration of function in valves exposed to elevated venous pressure and can prevent the development of reflux blood flow. Conclusions Understanding these processes suggests potential therapeutic targets that could be effective in slowing or preventing progression, and could help promote a more positive and proactive attitude towards treatment of the underlying disease process, rather than the later manifestations of chronic venous disease.
Fiber reinforced rubber modified polypropylene

Reinforcement can improve the modulus, heat distortion temperature and thermal expansion coefficient of rubber modified polypropylene. These improvements canbe obtained with a minimum sacrifice in resin ductility and impact toughness. Our studies have shown that reinforcement with small discontinuous fibers can provide a material with a good balance of stiffness and impact strength. The combination of small potassium titanate fiber reinforcement, polypropylene homopolymer and an impact modifier can produce a material with a tensile modulus of 470,000 psi, a notched Izod impact strength of 4.6 ft-lb/in. and a Gardner imact strength of 320 in-lb. Glass fiber reinforcement produces similar improvements in stiffness and retains Izod impact strength but drastically reduces Gardner impact strength. Polypropylene resin viscosity has a profound effect on composite impact strength. Transmission electron microscopy showed that a correlation exists between EPDM rubber particle size and impact strength: as rubber particle size is reduced, impact strength is increased. A 5 melt flow rate polypropylene was found to have the viscosity required to adequately shear and disperse the impact modifier. The paper describes an approach to broadening the utility of polypropylene homopolymers. The properties and flow of these materials compare very favorably with medium impact ABS.
The Effects of Light at Night on Circadian Clocks and Metabolism

Most organisms display endogenously produced ∼ 24-hour fluctuations in physiology and behavior, termed circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are driven by a transcriptional-translational feedback loop that is hierarchically expressed throughout the brain and body, with the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus serving as the master circadian oscillator at the top of the hierarchy. Appropriate circadian regulation is important for many homeostatic functions including energy regulation. Multiple genes involved in nutrient metabolism display rhythmic oscillations, and metabolically related hormones such as glucagon, insulin, ghrelin, leptin, and corticosterone are released in a circadian fashion. Mice harboring mutations in circadian clock genes alter feeding behavior, endocrine signaling, and dietary fat absorption. Moreover, misalignment between behavioral and molecular circadian clocks can result in obesity in both rodents and humans. Importantly, circadian rhythms are most potently synchronized to the external environment by light information and exposure to light at night potentially disrupts circadian system function. Since the advent of electric lights around the turn of the 20th century, exposure to artificial and irregular light schedules has become commonplace. The increase in exposure to light at night parallels the global increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders. In this review, we propose that exposure to light at night alters metabolic function through disruption of the circadian system. We first provide an introduction to the circadian system, with a specific emphasis on the effects of light on circadian rhythms. Next we address interactions between the circadian system and metabolism. Finally, we review current experimental and epidemiological work directly associating exposure to light at night and metabolism.
Brief report: Multiprogram evaluation of reading habits of primary care internal medicine residents on ambulatory rotations.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reading habits and educational resources of primary care internal medicine residents for their ambulatory medicine education.
Graph Entropy Characterization of Relay-Assisted Zero-Error Source Coding with Side Information

A sender knows $X$ and a receiver knows a correlated $Z$ and would like to learn $X$, without error. The sender can communicate with the receiver only via a relay, that knows a correlated $Y$. We study the expected number of bits per instance that need to be sent to and from the relay to that end, in the limit of multiple instances.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Ring Spun Yarn Tenacities for a Long Staple Cotton Part I: Determining Broken Fibers in Yarns

A family of yams from a particular Egyptian cotton was used to develop a method of determining the number of fibers broken, Part I, and the effective fiber length, Part II, acting in each yarn. The yarns were spun independently on a ring frame with wide ranges of yarn sizes and twist factors. The method of yam analysis was developed by evaluating the yarn data. Single-strand breaking tenacity was measured for each yarn. Fiber fineness was used to determine the number of fibers in each yarn after correcting for angle of twist. Yam tenacity was normalized first for total fibers and then for broken fibers in the yarn. Equations relating yarn twist to the normalized yarn tenacity data for different yarn sizes at a constant twist factor were determined for each twist factor. The shape of the family of curves of twist versus normalized yarn tenacity per broken fiber in the yarn permits an existing theory for determining the number of broken fibers in a yarn to be evaluated, as well as a comparison of experiment...
Wake of a Self-Propelled Body, Part 1: Momentumless Wake

Experiments wereperformedin theturbulent boundary layerand nearwakeofan axisymmetricbody propelled by a jet to study the evolution of the momentumless wake. Comparisons with measurements in the drag wake of the body(without the jet )and in the isolated jet provide an understanding of initial mixing between the two e ows. Triple-sensor hot wires and multitube pressure probes were used to measure the mean velocity, turbulence, and pressure e elds from the jet exit to a distance of over 15 jet diameters. It is found that the evolution of the wake takes place in three distinct stages: a zone close to the jet exit, about 4 jet diameters long, where the jet shear layer mixes with e uid from the wall region of the boundary layer; an intermediate region, about 12 jet diameters long, where there is mixing between the boundary layer and the jet up to the axis; and the third region where the two e ows lose their identities to become a single shear layer and the mean e ow acquires some of the characteristics of self-similar e ows. However, the momentumless wake does not conform to the assumptions and results of classical similarity analysis.
Melting, casting, and processing of nickel and iron aluminides

A process for successful melting of Ni{sub 3}Al- and Fe{sub 3}Al-base alloys is described. Casting and welding of these alloys are also briefly described.
Cooling of US Midwest summer temperature extremes from cropland intensification

High temperature extremes during the growing season can reduce agricultural production. At the same time, agricultural practices can modify temperatures by altering the surface energy budget. Here we identify centennial trends towards more favourable growing conditions in the US Midwest, including cooler summer temperature extremes and increased precipitation, and investigate the origins of these shifts. Statistically significant correspondence is found between the cooling pattern and trends in cropland intensification, as well as with trends towards greater irrigated land over a small subset of the domain. Land conversion to cropland, often considered an important influence on historical temperatures, is not significantly associated with cooling. We suggest that agricultural intensification increases the potential for evapotranspiration, leading to cooler temperatures and contributing to increased precipitation. The tendency for greater evapotranspiration on hotter days is consistent with our finding that cooling trends are greatest for the highest temperature percentiles. Temperatures over rainfed croplands show no cooling trend during drought conditions, consistent with evapotranspiration requiring adequate soil moisture, and implying that modern drought events feature greater warming as baseline cooler temperatures revert to historically high extremes.
355 In Vivo Expansion of Regulatory T Cells with ATG and Inhibition of IL-6 Prolongs Non-Human Primate Lung Allografts Survival

(1mg/kg/d Clopidogrel Tacrolimus) vs. 42,25 5,74 % (1mg/kg/d Clopidogrel) vs. 49,92 2,11% (control), n 5, p 0,05]. Infiltration with CD4 Tcells and macrophages was significantly reduced after treatment with Clopidogrel and Everolimus and a combination of Clopidogrel and Everolimus or Tacrolimus also significantly decreased the amount of alloantibody production. Conclusions: Clopidogrel alone and in combination with Everolimus or Tacrolimus substantially reduces Obliterative Bronchiolitis (OB).
Superconductivity at very low density: The case of strontium titanate

Doped strontium titanate becomes superconducting at a density as low as $n=5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, where the Fermi energy is orders of magnitude smaller than the longitudinal-optical-phonon frequencies. In this limit, the only optical mode with a frequency which is smaller than the Fermi energy is the plasmon. In contrast to metals, the interaction strength is weak due to screening by the crystal, which allows the construction of a controllable theory of plasmon superconductivity. We show that plasma mediated pairing alone can account for the observed transition temperatures only if the dielectric screening by the crystal is reduced in the slightly doped samples compared with the insulating ones. We also discuss unique features of the plasmon mechanism, which appear in the tunneling density of states above the gap.
Cost-effectiveness comparison of ureteral calculi treated with ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy versus shockwave lithotripsy

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) versus ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URS) for patients with ureteral stones less than 1.5 cm in diameter. Patient age, stone diameter, stone location, and stone-free status were recorded for patients treated with SWL or URS for ureteral stones under 1.5 cm over a 1 year period. Institutional charges were obtained from in-house billing. A decision analysis model was constructed to compare the cost-effectiveness of SWL and URS using our results and success rates for modeling. Three separate models were created to reflect differing practice patterns. A total of 113 patients were included—51 underwent SWL and 62 underwent URS as primary treatment. Single procedure stone-free rates for SWL and URS were 47.1 and 88.7 %, respectively (p < 0.002). Decision analysis modeling demonstrated cost-effectiveness of SWL when SWL single procedure stone-free rates (SFR) were greater than or equal to 60–64 % or when URS single procedure SFRs were less than or equal to 57–76 %, depending on practice patterns. This retrospective study revealed superior SFR for ureteral stones less than 1.5 cm treated with URS compared to SWL. Our decision analysis model demonstrated that when SFR for SWL is less than 60–64 % or is greater than 57–76 % for URS, SWL is not a cost-effective treatment option. Based on these findings, careful stratification and selection of stone patients may enable surgeons to increase the cost-effectiveness of SWL.
Competing Paradigms of Educational Justice: Parent Organizing for Educational Equity in a Neoliberal Reform Context

ABSTRACTThis article examines a grassroots parent organizing effort in a large, high-poverty, urban school district. Drawing from ethnographic field research at a community-based popular education organization, the study describes how parent organizers worked to educate and mobilize Latina/o immigrant parents on issues of educational justice and equity. It identifies three pillars of their approach—a social theory, a theory of change, and a theory of knowledge— and argues that these were not reducible to a set of practices or methods; rather, they constituted a coherent paradigm of educational justice. This paradigm differs in significant ways from the neoliberal justice paradigm that currently dominates education reform and policy. By examining points of tension between these two competing paradigms, this article seeks to accomplish two aims. First, it aims to deepen our understanding of how underlying paradigms of educational justice shape the work of educating, organizing, and reforming schools. Second...
Evidence for a new Mammalian Organ. II. Calcium Kinetics

AbstractThe calcium content and calcium kinetics of the fatty tissue complex comprising the renal sinus organ of the rat kidney are reported. A comparison is made to control brown and white fat in the same animal. The calcium content of the renal sinus tissue is significantly greater than controls. Calcium localization in the mitochondria of the sinus tissue complex is demonstrated. Radioactive isotope studies (45Ca, 85Sr and 99mTc) indicate a dynamic exchange of calcium between the systemic pool and the sinus organ. Active accumulation appears to be operative. Supporting evidence for the existence of a portal vascular system joining the renal sinus complex and the renal parenchyma is presented. The significance of a calcium sink in the renal sinus tissue of the rat kidney is discussed.
Management of total knee arthroplasty infection.

SUMMARY The treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty represents the most difficult form of revision surgery. Successful salvage of this complication can be accomplished only by extensive investment of surgical and infectious disease efforts in eradicating the infection. A two-stage reimplantation procedure for treating this condition has been the most successful functional option and should be utilized whenever possible to definitively eradicate the infection and ensure good function of the knee joint. It is the procedure of choice for younger healthy patients who can medically tolerate the protocol. Other options may be necessary as the medical condition of the patient dictates. Initial debridement with antibiotic suppression and antibiotic suppression alone have yielded limited successful results but can be accomplished only in a small number (23%) of patients.
Nutritional Considerations in Choosing Protein and Carbohydrate Sources for use in Pollen Substitutes for Honeybees

SummarySmall colonies of honeybees (Apis mellifera) were fed for 6 weeks on diets of protein concentration increasing from 5% to 30%, using soya flours and a Torula yeast product, the commonly available pollen substitutes. Either honey or sucrose was used in formulating the diets; sucrose enhanced protein utilization. While no statistical difference was found in brood production at different protein levels, the 5% level of protein may not be as good as the others. All tested supplements and pollen gave the same efficiency of protein utilization at all concentrations. The Torula yeast product sustained brood-rearing longer than the soy flours. Addition of proteolytic enzymes to soya-flour diets had no effect on protein utilization. Colonies fed pollen raised more brood than those fed the test diets, and on the average produced populations about twice as large.
Advice on How to Do Publishable Research

I am an academician who publishes in economics/marketing/statistics journals (see my bio at the end). My publications have received in excess of 1,215 citations to date as tracked by Google. In this essay, I share a step-by-step guide that summarizes how I do research. It is intended for academicians in social sciences with a graduate degree who need some encouragement on continuing to pursue a research agenda when other commitments, such as teaching and service, appear to have more urgent (but not necessarily more important) demands.
Environmental and Solubility Issues Related to Novel Corrosion Control

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the thickness and chemistry of the layers of a conventional three-layer paint system: the pretreatment, primer, and topcoat layers. The corrosion characteristics of a few industrially important metals and the novel silane-based pretreatments and primers of the new and future systems are also described in the chapter. Industrially important metals are often protected by a Cr-containing pretreatment, a Cr-containing primer, and a topcoat. The chromate pretreatment layer, which is also called the chromate conversion coating (CCC), varies in thickness depending on the chemistry of the process and the application method used. The CCC layer is, however, usually not thicker than a few microns, which in coating weight is somewhere between 5 and 25 mg/m2. The hexavalent chromate in the CCC layer is known for its low solubility and the self-healing effect, which means that it only leaches out on demand when the base metal has been scratched. The primer paint layer is, however, much thicker than the CCC layer and in many applications, the primer coating is still loaded with chromate, typically strontium chromate, because its solubility is optimal in primer coatings. The topcoat is usually ∼50 μm thick in many paint systems, and it provides a decorative and durable exterior surface to the metal. Silane-based pretreatments that are based on trialkoxysilanes have been shown to be competitive replacements for CCCs. They provide good corrosion protection to the metal substrate by improving adhesion between the primer and the substrate and by imparting hydrophobicity to the metal surface.
Psychodynamic Couples Therapy

Psychodynamic couples treatment involves interventions that incorporate concepts of mental functioning based on psychoanalytic theories. It is an approach that explores how any given couple acts, thinks, and feels, but also the meaning each partner attaches to these experiences. Such exploration is undertaken with the aims of reducing conflict and enhancing intimacy. In this approach, the therapist balances views of what is universally true about intimate relationships with respect for the uniqueness of every partnership between two people.
Practical MU-MIMO user selection on 802.11ac commodity networks

Multi-User MIMO, the hallmark of IEEE 802.11ac and the upcoming 802.11ax, promises significant throughput gains by supporting multiple concurrent data streams to a group of users. However, identifying the best-throughput MU-MIMO groups in commodity 802.11ac networks poses three major challenges: a) Commodity 802.11ac users do not provide full CSI feedback, which has been widely used for MU-MIMO grouping. b) Heterogeneous channel bandwidth users limit grouping opportunities. c) Limited-resource on APs cannot support computationally and memory expensive operations, required by existing algorithms. Hence, state-of-the-art designs are either not portable in 802.11ac APs, or perform poorly, as shown by our testbed experiments. In this paper, we design and implement MUSE, a lightweight user grouping algorithm, which addresses the above challenges. Our experiments with commodity 802.11ac testbeds show MUSE can achieve high throughput gains over existing designs.
Design concepts and performance of NASA X-band transponder (DST) for deep space spacecraft applications

The authors summarize the design concepts and measured performance characteristics of an X-breadboard deep space transponder (DST) for future spacecraft applications, with the first use scheduled for the CRAF and Cassini missions (1995 and 1996). The DST consists of a double conversion, superheterodyne, automatic phase tracking receiver, and an X-band exciter to drive redundant downlink power amplifiers. The receiver acquires and coherently phase-tracks the modulated or unmodulated X-band uplink carrier signal. The exciter phase, modulates the X-band downlink signal with composite telemetry and ranging signals. The receiver-measured tracking threshold, automatic gain control, static phase error, and phase jitter characteristics of the breadboard DST are in good agreement with the expected performance. The measured results show a receiver tracking threshold of -158 dBm and a dynamic signal range of 88 dB. >
Classical Chinese Thought and the Sense of Transcendence

A crucial focal point in debates today on intercultural philosophy is the question of transcendence versus immanence. Particularly with regard to Chinese philosophy, Western scholars have very often stressed the lack of transcendence and the inappropriacy of importing Western metaphysical concepts into this realm of thought. However, the exclusion of transcendence has become problematic, too, in recent research. Itself a typically Western maneuver, such an exclusionary gesture contradicts the holistic thinking characteristic of Chinese classical thought. I employ negative theology as a method of mediating between the two traditions without totalizing either one but rather opening each to the other and to the unlimited possibilities for thinking in between all definable paradigms.
Early molecular indices of differentiation

This chapter provides an overview of the early molecular indices of differentiation. Differentiation, by definition, is associated with change in the population of protein molecules in the differentiating cells. The chapter discusses several studies of a direct assay of change in the patterns of protein synthesis in actinomycin-treated sea urchin embryos. Though it is clear that a novel set of proteins is assembled by gastrulation, what functions these proteins actually perform or what enzymic activities they include is for the most part not known. A number of particular enzymic activities have been observed to increase sharply, beginning at gastrulation. However, in most such studies, it is difficult to be certain that what is measured is the de novo synthesis of new protein molecule rather than activation or recombination of enzyme subunits that had perhaps been stored in the egg cytoplasm from the time of oogenesis. There are certain cases, however, in which it is demonstrable that new histospecific proteins do indeed make their appearance as the tissues requiring their function differentiate.
Political Equality in the American States: What We Know and What We Still Need to Learn

This review essay illustrates the importance and utility of studying political equality among rich and poor citizens at the state level, reviews what is known in three key areas of political equali...
Adjuvant Radiotherapy Versus Wait-and-see Strategy for Pathologic T3 or Margin-positive Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis

To conduct a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) to wait-and-see (WS) strategy in pathologic T3 or margin-positive prostate cancer. A comprehensive EMBASE, MEDLINE, http://www.clinicaltrails.gov, and Cochrane Library search for RCTs of ART versus WS was done. Results were synthesized for metastasis-free, biochemical progression-free, clinical progression-free, hormone-free, and overall survival as well as gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities. Either random-effects model or fixed-effects model were used based on the test of heterogeneity. Three RCTs (EORTC22911, SWOG8794, ARO96-02/AUO-AP09/95) were identified with 1737 patients. ART resulted in greater biochemical progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR]=0.48, P<0.00001) including benefit in all subsets, greater clinical progression-free survival (HR=0.73, P=0.0003) including benefit in subsets with margin-positive or seminal vesicle invasion and, greater hormone-free survival (HR=0.64, 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.80, P=0.0001). Ten-year metastasis-free survival was significantly improved with ART (odds ratio=0.77, P=0.02). There was no survival benefit (HR=0.97; P=0.89). With ART compared with WS, there was significantly increased toxicity of any grade (50% vs. 38.6%), grade 2 or greater GU toxicity (17.1% vs. 10.3%), grade 2 or greater GI toxicity (2.5% vs. 1.1%), urinary stricture rates (11.1% vs. 5.7%) and, urinary incontinence (6.9% vs. 2.7%). Ten-year metastasis-free survival is significantly improved with ART compared with WS. Biochemical progression-free, clinical progression-free, and hormone-free survival were also improved with ART. Grade 2 or higher GI and GU toxicities were greater in ART. Therefore, ART should be offered to patients with these high-risk features.
Floquet states in (LaNiO 3 ) 2 /(LaAlO 3 ) N heterostructures grown along the (111) direction

Using Floquet-Bloch theory we study the effect of circularly and linearly polarized light on the electronic structure of ${({\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3})}_{2}/{({\mathrm{LaAlO}}_{3})}_{N}$ heterostructure grown along the (111) direction. In equilibrium, a tight-binding fit to the first-principles band structure shows that nearest-neighbor hopping plays a dominant role while second-neighbor hopping breaks the particle-hole symmetry and determines the finer band features. The four bands of the ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3}$ bilayer exhibit both quadratic band touching points and Dirac points. By varying the amplitude of the incident light, one can independently tune the first- and second-neighbor hopping for fixed frequency, which leads to considerable control over the Floquet band structure. We investigate this control in detail, and study how the quadratic and Dirac band touchings are influenced by the polarization and intensity of the light. We derive effective two-band Hamiltonians (for both quadratic and Dirac band touching points) that accurately capture these results. We further study an extended model, which explicitly includes oxygen $p$ orbitals and compare the results to the effective model that contains only the nickel $d$ orbitals. We conclude with a computation of the frequency dependent optical Hall conductivity using the full four-band model and analyze the various interband contributions of the Floquet modes.
Analogy Among French Sounds

This paper examines the role of three versions of analogy: (1) analogy as structure, (2) analogy as lexical diffusion, and (3) analogy as suppletive leveling as applied to the history of French sounds from the fourth to the sixth centuries. The nineteenth-century approach relied heavily on suppletive analogy realized as allomorphic leveling. It is proposed that this form of analogy originated in ethnic idealism and, consequently, should be viewed as an implement of that idealism rather than of historical accuracy. Within this context is raised, in contrast, a distinction between structural vs. social variants in support of analogy as structure and of lexical diffusion during the period between the fall of the Empire and Charlemagne.
Incremental Graphical Asymptotic Stability for Hybrid Dynamical Systems

This chapter introduces an incremental asymptotic stability notion for sets of hybrid trajectories \({\mathscr {S}}\). The elements in \({\mathscr {S}}\) are functions defined on hybrid time domains, which are subsets of \({\mathbb {R}_{\ge 0}}\times \mathbb {N}\) with a specific structure. For this abstract system, incremental asymptotic stability is defined as the property of the graphical distance between every pair of solutions to the system having stable behavior (incremental graphical stability) and approaching zero asymptotically (incremental graphical attractivity). Necessary conditions for \({\mathscr {S}}\) to have such properties are presented. When \({\mathscr {S}}\) is generated by hybrid systems given in terms of hybrid inclusions, that is, differential equations and difference equations with state constraints, further necessary conditions on the data are highlighted. In addition, sufficient conditions for incremental graphical asymptotic stability involving the data of the hybrid inclusion are presented. Throughout the chapter, examples illustrate the notions and results.
Latest changes to NASA's laser communications relay demonstration project

Over the last couple of years, NASA has been making changes to the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) project, a joint effort spanning NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology (JPL) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory (MIT LL). The changes make LCRD more like a future Earth relay system that has both high-speed optical and radio frequency links, enabling LCRD to demonstrate a more detailed concept of operations for a future operational, mission-critical Earth relay. LCRD is planned to launch in June 2019 and is expected to be followed a couple of years later by a prototype user terminal on the International Space Station. LCRD’s architecture will allow it to serve as a testbed in space, and this paper will provide an update of its planned capabilities and experiments.
A visualization study of proppant transport in foam fracturing fluids

Abstract The placement of proppants in hydraulically fractured wells determines the conductivity of fractures and the productivity of shale wells. In slickwater farcturing, proppants are often not transported deep into fractures. In this paper, proppant transport in foam-based fracturing fluid is visualized in a laboratory-scale fracture slot. Effect of parameters like foam quality, proppant loading, and injection rate are systematically investigated. Experiments show that dry foams (80% quality) can carry proppants between the lamellas with little vertical settling. A complex flow pattern develops at the bottom of the slots in dry foams due to protrusion of foam fingers into proppant laden foam flow. Proppants are not carried very well in wet foams (70% quality) and form a proppant bed near the injection well. This is due to drainage of liquid and low effective viscosity of the foam as it moves through the fracture.
Intersectionality: Directions and Applications for Business Organizations

Intersectionality focuses on how categories of social difference such as race, gender, class, ethnicity, sexuality, and nationality interact with power in domains ranging from the individual and in...
An Examination of School Climate, Victimization, and Mental Health Problems Among Middle School Students Self-Identifying With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders:

The purpose of the current study was to examine perceptions of school climate among students who self-identify as having an emotional and behavioral disorder (EBD) and their counterparts without di...
On the Form of Micromechanical Models of the Brittle Deformation of Solids

The present paper offers a cursory review of the state-of-art in analytical modelling of brittle response. The discussion is formally divided to considerations of discrete (statistical) and continuum (micromechanical and phenomenological) models. An effort was made to point out the relations between these three classes of models and ascertain the manner of using these relations in improving currently existing modeling techniques.
The Chemistry of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Visual Photoreceptors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemistry of vertebrate and invertebrate visual photoreceptors. Vision is unique among the sensory processes in that molecules in the sensory cell membranes that actually receive the primary stimulus, that is, the absorption of visible light, have very singular spectral properties. Being long-chain conjugated polyenes of high extinction and polarizability, their spectra serve as sensitive probes of their microenvironments. Visual photoreceptor membranes and their constituent pigments can be obtained conveniently in large quantity and in high purity. This ready biochemical accessibility of visual pigments and the sensitivity, specificity, and comparative ease of their mensuration clearly make visual pigment membranes an ideal prototype system not only for the study of sensory processes but for membrane processes in general. Visual photoreceptor cells in the animal kingdom are of two basic types, the ciliary cell of vertebrates and allied phyla, and the rhabdomeric cell of the invertebrate phyla
The effect of pore geometry on adsorption behavior

Abstract We compare the adsorption behavior (adsorption isotherms, phase equilibria and heats of adsorption) for simple fluids in pores of slit and cylindrical geometry. Calculations are based on an accurate non-local density functional theory, together with Lennard- Jones (LJ) interactions. For each pore geometry we examine the effects of intermolecular parameters, temperature and pore size. Well known experimental phenomena such as the crossing of isotherms is addressed in our discussion. Key signatures of different pore geometries are described. For small pores slits show qualitative different behavior from, the cylindrical geometry, since as pore size goes to zero the slit approaches a two-dimensional limit, whereas cylindrical pores go to a one dimensional limit. The implications of this behavior on properties such as the isosteric heat are studied.
Transplantation of the Heart and Heart-Lungs

The history of heart transplantation goes back to the turn of this century. At that time, Alexis Carrel and Charles Guthrie, then at the University of Chicago, placed puppy hearts into the necks of adult mongrel dogs.l Suture materials were primitive and these heterotopic hearts would beat for only a few hours. Not much further work was done in the field until the mid 1950’s when Demikhov and Sinitisin in Russia placed the donor heart in the chest, still in a heterotopic locus.(2) Perhaps some work of the circulation was provided by this preparation but nothing could be quantitated physiologically.
Type-specific concordance in young diabetic monozygotic twins.

In 1972, Tattersall and Pyke (1) indicated that the level of concordance for diabetes among monozygotic twins depended upon the age of onset of diabetes in the index twin. If diabetes developed before 40 years of age, the subsequent concordance was estimated at 53%; it increased to 92% when the index twin was older than 40 years at diagnosis. It has been realized subsequently that classification of diabetic patients into Type I (insulin dependent) and 2 (non-insulin dependent) on the basis of age alone is in-sufficient (2), Epidemiologic observations in Olmsted County, Minnesota have revealed that while all cases with the onset of diabetes in the first decade of life were insulin dependent, those who became diabetic in the second and third decade included 37% and 50% respectively, who actually were non-insulin dependent cases (3). In a population study from East Finland, Laakso and Pyorala (4) also found heterogeneity of the type of diabetes among young patients. Approximately 7% and 20% of those cases with the onset of diabetes in the third and fourth decade were non-insulin dependent. It is conceivable that the monozygotic twins with onset of diabetes before 40 years of age described by Tattersall and Pyke (1) were also a mixed group.
Quantum systems for Monte Carlo methods and applications to fractional stochastic processes

Abstract Random numbers are a fundamental and useful resource in science and engineering with important applications in simulation, machine learning and cyber-security. Quantum systems can produce true random numbers because of the inherent randomness at the core of quantum mechanics. As a consequence, quantum random number generators are an efficient method to generate random numbers on a large scale. We study in this paper the applications of a viable source of unbiased quantum random numbers (QRNs) whose statistical properties can be arbitrarily programmed without the need for any post-processing and that pass all standard randomness tests of the NIST and Dieharder test suites without any randomness extraction. Our method is based on measuring the arrival time of single photons in shaped temporal modes that are tailored with an electro-optical modulator. The advantages of our QRNs are shown via two applications: simulation of a fractional Brownian motion, which is a non-Markovian process, and option pricing under the fractional SABR model where the stochastic volatility process is assumed to be driven by a fractional Brownian motion. The results indicate that using the same number of random units, our QRNs achieve greater accuracy than those produced by standard pseudo-random number generators. Moreover, we demonstrate the advantages of our method via an increase in computational speed, efficiency, and convergence.