cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving the Accuracy of the AFWA-NASA (ANSA) Blended Snow-Cover Product over the Lower Great Lakes Region

The Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) -- NASA blended snow-cover product, called ANSA, utilizes Earth Observing System standard snow products from the Moderate- Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) to map daily snow cover and snow-water equivalent (SWE) globally. We have compared ANSA-derived SWE with SWE values calculated from snow depths reported at ~1500 National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) co-op stations in the Lower Great Lakes Basin. Compared to station data, the ANSA significantly underestimates SWE in densely-forested areas. We use two methods to remove some of the bias observed in forested areas to reduce the root-mean-square error (RMSE) between the ANSA- and station-derived SWE. First, we calculated a 5- year mean ANSA-derived SWE for the winters of 2005-06 through 2009-10, and developed a five-year mean bias-corrected SWE map for each month. For most of the months studied during the five-year period, the 5-year bias correction improved the agreement between the ANSA-derived and station-derived SWE. However, anomalous months such as when there was very little snow on the ground compared to the 5-year mean, or months in which the snow was much greater than the 5-year mean, showed poorer results (as expected). We also used a 7-day running mean (7DRM) bias correction method using days just prior to the day in question to correct the ANSA data. This method was more effective in reducing the RMSE between the ANSA- and co-op-derived SWE values, and in capturing the effects of anomalous snow conditions.
Preliminary Assessment of NDE Methods on Inspection of HDPE Butt Fusion Piping Joints for Lack of Fusion

Studies at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington, are being conducted to evaluate nondestructive examination approaches for inspecting butt fusion joints in high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe for lack of fusion (LOF). The work provides information to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission on the effectiveness and need for volumetric inspection techniques of HDPE butt fusion joints in Section III, Division 1, Class 3, buried piping systems in nuclear power plants. This paper describes results from preliminary assessments using ultrasonic nondestructive techniques and high-speed tensile impact testing for determining joint integrity. A series of butt joints were fabricated in 3408, 12-inch IPS DR-11 material by varying the fusion parameters in attempts to provide good joints and joints containing LOF. These butt joints were visually examined and volumetrically examined with time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) and phased-array (PA) ultrasound. A limited subset of pipe joint material was destructively analyzed by either slicing through the joint and visually examining the surface or by employing a standard high-speed tensile impact test. Initial correlation of the fusion parameters, nondestructive, and destructive evaluations have shown that areas with gross LOF were detected with both TOFD and PA ultrasound and that the tensile impact test showed a brittle failure at the joint. There is still some ambiguity in results from the less obvious LOF conditions. Current work is targeted on assessing the sensitivity of the ultrasonic volumetric examinations and validating the results with a destructive analysis. It is expected that on-going and future work will lead to quantifying the ultrasonic responses in terms of joint integrity.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Mouse xenoantigens contribute to rat T-cell Vβ repertoire generation in mixed xenogeneic bone marrow chimeras

We previously demonstrated that rat bone-marrow-derived cells in mixed xenogeneic chimeras (rat + mouse → mouse) contribute to peripheral selection of mouse T-cell receptor (TCR) variable βs (Vβs) repertoire. In this study, we analysed rat T cells that developed in the chimeras to assess the contribution of mouse xenoantigens to the development of rat TCR repertoire. The expression of rat Vβs was analysed using flow cytometry and a reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) method that allows for both semiquantitative analysis of rat Vβ gene expression and size heterogeneity of the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) domain. Three distinct patterns of Vβ expression were detected. Partial deletion was observed for Vβ5, 7, 12, 14, 16, 17 and 20 that exhibited reduced levels of peripheral expression by 3·4-, 1·8-, 8·7-, 2·0-, 7·8-, 9·5- and 1·8-fold, respectively, compared with the levels of Vβs in naive rats. Higher levels of peripheral expression were detected for three rat Vβ genes; Vβ6 (2·2-fold), Vβ8·2 (3·2-fold), and Vβ9 (1·7-fold). The relative expression of the other 10 known rat Vβ families in chimeras was unchanged as compared with that of normal rats. We did not observe detectable changes in the pattern of CDR3 expression in chimeras, suggesting that the mouse xenogeneic environment exerted its influence on the development of rat T cells via the Vβ-encoded CDR1/2 domains. Our data demonstrate that the rat T-cell repertoire in chimeras is shaped by both contractions as well as expansions of selected Vβs and suggest that mouse xenoantigens and/or superantigens of endogenous mouse retroviruses may contribute as ligands for these selection processes
Financial manager's perception of rural household Economie Well-Being: Development and testing of a composite measure

An index of Perceived Economic Well-Being is constructed using factor analysis and tested for reliability and validity. The index is composed of (a) perceived income adequacy, and satisfaction with (b) current total household income, (c) amount of money your family is able to save, (d) amount of current debt, (e) level of consumption, (f) amount of household net worth, and (g) resources available to meet a financial emergency. The index is used in regression analysis. Results show that financial managers perceive economic well-being more favorably if they are more satisfied with resources and with the current level of living, view the present financial situation as better compared to 5 years ago, save on a regular basis for goal(s), and have a higher income. Financial managers who report more frequent financial problems, worry more about where money would come from to pay bills, and more frequently make only minimum payments on charge accounts perceive economic well-being less favorably.
A model for weak electrolytes

The structural and thermodynamic properties of a model electrolyte in which oppositely charged ions bind at a distance L through a delta function interaction are reviewed. The sticky electrolyte model (SEM), as it is called, mimics the behavior of a weak electrolyte and requires a theory (or approximations) for the stickiness (or bonding) between the ions and for the electrical interactions between them. Analytic solutions for charged hard spheres of diameter σ with L = σ/n where n=1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 have been obtained when the hypernetted chain (HNC) approximation was used for the correlation functions inside the hard core and the mean spherical approximation (MS) was employed outside this region. Numerical solutions to the HNC approximation applied to both these regions show only small changes in the internal energy and the degree of association as a function of the concentration. The effect of a solvent on the association of a weak electolyte is assessed from the analytic solutions to the HNC/MS approximation in the presence of a hard sphere solvent and a dipolar solvent. It is found that the degree of association of the weak electrolyte is considerably enhanced by the packing effect of a solvent and is decreased by ion solvation. In the limit of complete association, the system consists of dumbells with extended dipoles provided L<σ/2 when polymerization is averted by the repulsion between the hard cores of like ions. The energies of the systems of extended dipoles are found to have a simple analytic form when they are calculated according to the mean spherical approximation.
THE INCORPORATION OF URIDINE INTO THE DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID OF THE ILYANASSA EMBRYO.

Abstract The incorporation of 14 C-uridine and 14 C-thymidine into the RNA and DNA of the Ilyanassa embryo was determined. The accumulation of these compounds in the nucleotide pool was also studied. From the results of this work it was concluded that the utilization of uridine for the synthesis of DNA represents a major metabolic pathway and that there is an unequal accumulation of uridine and thymidine in the nucleotide pool. Further, it was shown that the amount of uridine and thymidine accumulated in the nucleotide pool varies considerably at different stages of development.
Molecular cloning of linotte in Drosophila: A novel gene that functions in adults during associative learning

The linotte (lio) gene was identified in a screen for mutations that disrupted 3 hr memory after olfactory associative learning, without affecting the perception of odors or electroshock. The mutagenesis yielded a transposon-tagged gene disruption, which allowed rapid cloning of genomic DNA. The lio transcription unit was identified via rescue of the lio1 learning/memory defect by induced expression of a lio+ transgene in adults. The perception of odors or electroshock remained normal when the lio+ transgene was expressed in these lio1 flies. Learning/memory remained normal when the lio+ transgene was expressed in wild-type (lio+) flies. The lio gene produces only one transcript, the level of expression of which varies throughout development. Sequence analysis indicates that lio encodes a novel protein.
Diagnostic utility of FLI‐1 monoclonal antibody and dual‐colour, break‐apart probe fluorescence in situ (FISH) analysis in Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour (EWS/PNET). A comparative study with CD99 and FLI‐1 polyclonal antibodies

Aims: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of the recently commercially available FLI-1 monoclonal (FLI-1m) antibody with the currently used antibodies [CD99 and FLI-1 polyclonal (FLI-1p)] in the diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour (EWS/PNET) and to determine the diagnostic value of the EWSR1 (22q12) dual-colour, break-apart rearrangement probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. Materials and methods: Forty-three cases of well-documented EWS/PNET and 15 non-EWS/PNET cases were retrieved from the archival files. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for FLI-1p, FLI-1m and FISH analysis was performed. Results: The most sensitive and specific test panel for the diagnosis of EWS/PNET is the combination of CD99 and FLI-1p. FISH had a very high specificity (100%) but only a moderate sensitivity (50%). Conclusion: The combination of CD99 and FLI-1p is the method of choice for the diagnosis of EWS/PNET. EWRS1 (22q12) dual-colour, break-apart rearrangement probe FISH should be used as a confirmatory test in addition to CD99 and FLI1-p due to its high specificity.
Gravity observations in northern New England

Fifty-one new gravity stations were established by the writer in northern New England in 1943. The measurements were made with a Humble Oil Company “X”-type gravity meter set for an operating sensitivity of 0.3 milligals. The instrument was made available to the writer by the American Geophysical Union to whom it is on loan from the Humble Oil Company.
Microeconomic impacts of a state‐funded farmer loan program

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine if there are positive microeconomic effects from a state‐funded loan participation program on farm productivity and investment behavior.Design/methodology/approach – The authors take the approach that access to credit solves a liquidity problem. If a credit constraint exists it results in a suboptimal allocation of resources and a reduction in farm output and profitability. A two‐stage regression model approach is used to analyze farmer survey and loan application data. In the first stage, a probit regression model is used to identify the farmers who are likely to be credit rationed. In the second stage, switching regression models are used to observe the effect of credit rationing on farm productivity and on farm investment behavior.Findings – It is found that there are liquidity effects of credit constraints for a significant share of the beginning and low‐resource farmers who participated in the state‐funded farm loan program. After controlling for va...
A two-dimensional support for selective binding of polyhistidine-tagged proteins: identification of a proliferating cell nuclear antigen point mutant with altered function in vitro.

Whatman 3MM paper was chemically modified to generate nickel-charged iminodiacetic acid paper (Ni2+-IDA paper). Bacteria were transformed with Escherichia coli expression plasmids coding for either unmodified proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or PCNA containing a genetically engineered polyhistidine tract (his-tag) located at its NH2 terminus. They were then grown, induced, and lysed, and macromolecules were transferred to Ni2+-IDA paper. After exhaustive washing, his-tagged PCNA but not unmodified PCNA remained bound to the paper. Moreover, bound his-tagged PCNA was biochemically active in an in situ DNA synthesis assay with exogenous template-primer and purified calf thymus DNA polymerase delta (pol delta). Ni2+-IDA paper was used to identify a PCNA- point mutant that, relative to wild-type PCNA, promotes increased DNA synthesis by pol delta beyond a model abasic template site. In addition, metal-charged IDA paper promises to be generally useful for functional screening of cells expressing cloned proteins.
Older Adults' Descriptions of Hope After a Stroke

This descriptive, qualitative study explored the phenomenon of hope and associated factors in older adults who have experienced a stroke. The research questions were (a) What are the patterns of hope manifested by older adults after a stroke? and (b) What are the factors associated with their patterns of hope after the stroke? Participants were a convenience sample of nine stroke survivors who were participating in a stroke support group. Patterns of hope they described were positive anticipation, active participation, forward moving process, inner sense/strength, faith in God, continuing to hope, relative comparison, life-sustaining realistic possibilities, connectedness, previous abilities, and mobility. Factors associated with hope patterning were family connectedness, spiritual connectedness, and goal achievement. Implications for nursing practice included the life-sustaining value of hope, benefits of stroke survivors telling their stories and knowing study results, the delicate balance between caregiver involvement and burden, and the influence of spirituality. Recommendations for further research focus on longitudinal investigations of stroke survivors' experiences, the relation between hope and stroke recovery, and outcome studies of stroke survivors who use hope-fostering strategies.
Study of the Generalized MTF and DQE for a New Microangiographic System.

We study the properties of a new microangiographic system, consisting of a Region of Interest (ROI) microangiographic detector, x-ray source, and patient. The study was performed under conditions intended for clinical procedures such as neurological diagnostic angiograms as well as treatments of intracranial aneurysms, and vessel-stenoses. The study was performed in two steps; first a uniform head equivalent phantom was used as a “filter”. This allowed us to study the properties of the detector alone, under clinically relevant x-ray spectra. We report the detector MTF, NPS, NEQ, and DQE for beam energies ranging from 60–100kVp and for different detector entrance exposures. For the second step, the phantom was placed adjacent to the detector, allowing scatter to enter the detector and new measurements were obtained for the same beam energies and detector entrance exposures. Different radiation field sizes were studied, and the effects of different scatter amounts were investigated. The spatial distribution of scatter was studied using the edge-spread method and a generalized system MTF was obtained by combining the scatter MTF weighted by the scatter fraction with the detector MTF and focal spot unsharpness due to magnification. The NPS combined with the generalized MTF gave the generalized system NEQ and DQE. The generalized NEQ and the ideal object detectability were used to calculate the Dose Area Product to the patient for 75% object detection probability. This was used as a system optimization method.
Genetics and smoking-associated cancers: A study of 485 families

Cancer risk was evaluated in relatives of 254 consecutively ascertained probands with histologically verified lung cancer, and 231 probands with other smoking-related cancers. Findings disclosed a lack of any strong evidence for increased risk in lung cancer per se when only lung cancer in relatives was considered. Confounding factors, most prominent of which was the effect of cigarette smoking, variation of secular trends, and the heritability of the smoking phenotype itself, tended to obfuscate identification of an inherited effect presenting itself exclusively as lung cancer liability. On the other hand, a significant increase was observed in cancers of all anatomic sites among the relatives of lung cancer probands (P < 0.001). Most of these neoplastic lesions were not associated with smoking and were not greatly influenced by secular trends. Furthermore, no significant excesses of cancer at all anatomic sites in relatives of probands with other smoking-associated carcinomas were observed. Thus, it may be concluded that the observation of increased risk for cancer at all anatomic sites in relatives of lung cancer probands may be a reflection of an underlying susceptibility to malignancy in these families. Cancer 57:1640–1646, 1986.
Frequency estimation precision in Doppler optical coherence tomography using the Cramer-Rao lower bound

Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT) is a technique for simultaneous cross-sectional imaging of tissue structure and blood flow. We derive the fundamental uncertainty limits on frequency estimation precision in DOCT using the Cramer-Rao lower bound in the case of additive (e.g., thermal, shot) noise. Experimental results from a mirror and a scattering phantom are used to verify the theoretical limits. Our results demonstrate that the stochastic nature of frequency noise influences the precision of flow imaging, and that the noise model must be selected judiciously in order to estimate the frequency precision.
Neuromyelitis optica and the evolving spectrum of autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathies

Water channels are a recognized “novel” target for central nervous system, inflammatory, autoimmune, demyelinating diseases, and represent an evolving spectrum of disorders termed neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorders (SD). These disorders should now be considered under the umbrella term “autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathy”. NMOSD represent the first multiple sclerosis (MS)-like disease for which a specific antigen has been identified – the astrocytic water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4). MS lacks a distinguishing biomarker. This discovery represents a seismic shift from historic emphasis on the oligodendrocyte and myelin to the astrocyte. The NMO of today represents a relapsing spectrum of disease, not necessarily restricted to the optic nerves and spinal cord, that is different from the monophasic disorder in which near simultaneous bilateral optic neuritis and transverse myelitis occur, as was originally described by Devic. Recent clinical, radiological and pathological findings have documented brain involvement in NMO spectrum disorders, particularly in children. Most patients with NMOSD have brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging, and these are consistent with MS in up to 10% of patients. Others have lesions in areas that highly express AQP4 including the circumventricular organs accounting for intractable nausea and vomiting, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis as presenting symptoms or heralds of relapse. Diencephalic involvement might explain recently recognized sleep disorders and endocrinopathies. Continued progress in our understanding of the immunobiology of AQP4 autoimmunity necessitates continuing revision of the clinical diagnostic criteria for NMO spectrum disorders. As the clinical spectrum broadens, the importance of highly specific assays that detect pathogenic AQP4-immunoglobulin G targeting extracellular epitopes of AQP4 cannot be overemphasized.
A Colonialist Celebration of National : Verbal, Visual, and Landscape Ideographs at Homestead National Monument of America

This essay analyzes the Homestead National Monument of America in Beatrice, Nebraska, as a material and symbolic rhetoric organized by the political ideograph . After establishing the diachronic use of and analyzing its synchronic confrontations with other verbal, visual, and landscape-based ideographs at the monument, I argue the monument is a material discourse symptomatic of a privatizing and protecting ideology. Specifically, the monument's employment of perpetuates an ideology that separates from the colonialist actions of the U.S. Federal government, opening a discursive space for recognizing the persecution of American Indian Nations by the “public” government, while not exposing a visitor's “private” to the ramifications of that colonialism.
The spatial scalar structure of premixed turbulent stagnation point flames

A high speed tomographic technique is used to quantify the spatial scalar structure of stagnation flow stabilized premixed flames. Studies are performed on CH{sub 4}/Air and C{sub 2}H{sub 4}/Air turbulent flames with equivalence ratios ranging from 0.75 to 1.0. The gas velocity at the nozzle exit is 5 m/s, the turbulence intensity is 7%, the integral length scale 3 mm and hence the turbulence Reynolds number is 70. The light source is a copper vapor laser which produces 20 ns, 5 mJ pulses at a 4 KHz repetition rate. Cylindrical lenses transform the 38 mm circular laser beam to a sheet 50 mm high and 0.6 mm thick. A high speed Fastax camera is used to record the tomographic images formed by the scattering of light from oil droplets seeded in the reactant flow which disappear at the flame front. The films are digitized and the wrinkled flame front extracted from the images by a thresholding technique. The integral scalar length scales proposed in the model of Bray-Champion-Libby are deduced from the tomographic movies by numerically constructing flame crossing sequences from the burned and unburned probability density functions of flame crossing length and performing a spectral analysis of these sequences.more » The integral scalar length scales are found to be similar to the integral length scales of the incident turbulence. A fractal analysis was performed on the flame boundaries to characterize the flame geometry and provide from an estimate of the flame surface area a measure of the turbulent burning rate. The flame area increase is found to underestimate the turbulent burning velocity when compared with direct measurements of the flow velocity at the cold boundary. 12 refs., 2 tabs.« less
Institutional Research Productivity in Quantitative Psychology

Research productivity in quantitative psychology at various institutions was assessed for the years 1976 through 1982. Authorship credits were obtained for 72 institutions in seven quantitative journals. Three approaches to obtaining a global summary measure of productivity by averaging across the seven journals were compared. Although institutional rankings based on the three approaches were highly correlated, systematic differences for specific institutions were noted.
Holographic techniques for inverse scattering and tomographic imaging

This paper introduces a variety of new techniques for holographic displays, offering an active time element for viewer dynamics. In interactive systems, viewers trigger dramatic changes in holographic images. Light and projection events alter the holograms in response to viewers' movements. Reconstruction light angle changes, digital video and computer-generated animation all play roles in these systems. LCD video projection onto holograms also led to a study of holographic screens suitable for color-coding depth into screens.
Preference for flexibility in infinite horizon problems

We consider the extension of the classical problem of preference for flexibility to many periods. Preferences are defined over sets of infinite paths of choices. The main result provides a set of axioms on preferences that yield an additive representation over a subjective state space. This space is the set of preferences over choice today and feasible set tomorrow. The main new axiom, stochastic dominance, is a stronger form of the assumption of monotonicity.
Salt Content of Selected Snack Foods

The salt content of 15 snack foods was analyzed using autoanalysis and titration methods. The salt content was alarmingly high in certain snack foods. However, intake is dependent on the quantity of the snack foods consumed and the frequency of consumption. Higher salt values were obtained by autoanalyzer. Variability was observed in the values obtained by both methods. Autoanalysis has good potential for use in rapid salt determination, particularly for use in quality control and sodium labeling.
Interactions of heavy metals with the pulmonary metabolism of [3H]benzo[a]pyrene.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that the inhalation of heavy metal aerosols from polluted air or cigarette smoke could alter the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, isolated, ventilated, and perfused rat lungs were used to study the effects of NiCl 2 , CdCl 2 , and CoCl 2 on the pulmonary metabolism of [ 3 H]benzo[ a ]pyrene ([ 3 H]BAP). Five minutes prior to removing the lungs from a rat, 100 μl of isotonic sucrose containing 1 μmole of NiCl 2 , CdCl 2 , or CoCl 2 was instilled intratracheally. The lungs were placed in the perfusion system and washed free of blood. After 10 min, 5 nmole of [ 3 H]BAP dissolved in 100 μl of dimethylsulfoxide was introduced in the arterial circulation. After 45 min, the lungs were homogenized and the homogenates and perfusates were extracted with ethyl acetate:acetone (2:1, v/v) for analysis by HPLC. Binding of [ 3 H]BAP metabolites to lung tissue was also determined. The metabolism of [ 3 H]BAP was found to be inducible by pretreatment of rats with β-naphthoflavone (80 mg/kg) and to be inhibited by the inclusion of metyrapone (1.0 mM) or indomethacin (0.1 mM) in the perfusate. Instillation of NiCl 2 resulted in a slight inhibition of metabolism. In the presence of CdCl 2 , 20% more of the parent compound was metabolized compared to sucrose-treated controls, but the fraction of organic solvent extractable metabolites increased to 213% of controls. CoCl 2 was without effect on [ 3 H]BAP metabolism. In all cases, the extent of covalent binding to lung macromolecules was proportional to the extent of metabolism of the [ 3 H]BAP. Since heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons coexist in the same atmospheric aerosols, heavy metal exposure from polluted urban or occupational air or cigarette smoking may have profound effects upon the bioactivity of a common organic carcinogen.
Regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase diabetes autoantigen expression in highly purified isolated islets from Macaca nemestrina

Macaca nemestrina, which may have larger and more numerous pancreatic islets than other species, was used for large scale islet isolation by ductal collagenase perfusion and Ficoll gradient centrifugation. The average yield was 51,000 islet equivalents per pancreas, or 8,750 islets equivalents per g. The average purity was 91%, often exceeding 95%. These are the highest reported size, purity, and yield per g of any nonautomated primate islet series. Perifusion with glucose, arginine, and isobutylmethylxanthine showed appropriate biphasic insulin secretion. Unlike that in the rat, human islet glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) isoform expression is restricted. However, glycemic regulation of GAD expression has been shown only in rats. We, therefore, tested hypotheses that M. nemestrina islets also have restricted GAD expression, that GAD expression in primates is stimulated by glucose, and that this stimulation remains restricted to the 64,000 mol wt (GAD65) isoform. Immunoprecipitation of labeled islet ext...
Reduction of stenols to stanols in particulate matter at oxic-anoxic boundaries in sea water

STEROIDAL alcohols (sterols) are fundamental biochemicals in eukaryotes and are indicators of organic matter sources and transformations in sea water and sediments1–3. Reduction of Δ5-stenols, the predominant biogenic sterols, to 5α(H)-stanoIs is primarily an anaerobic microbial transformation4,5. Increased stanol/stenol ratios are used as evidence of this process, for example in Recent sediments where stanol/stenol ratios are higher at lower redox potential2,6–9. The oxic nature of sea water generally seems to preclude this conversion10–12. However, increased stanol/stenol ratios can also reflect direct biogenic input of stanols or preferential degradation of stenols relative to stanols. Here I report increased 5α(H)-stanol/Δ5-stenol ratios in particulate matter at the oxic-anoxic interfaces in the water columns of the Cariaco Trench and Black Sea and attribute them to in situ microbial conversion of stenol to stanol. The extent of conversion varies with water-column redox potential: little stanol generation occurs under oxic conditions, whereas there is substantial conversion in anoxic waters. These results imply that anoxic waters, particularly near oxic–anoxic interfaces, are important sites of intense alteration of organic matter.
UWGSP4: an imaging and graphics superworkstation and its medical applications

UWGSP4 is configured with a parallel architecture for image processing and a pipelined architecture for computer graphics. The system's peak performance is 1,280 MFLOPS for image processing and over 200,000 Gouraud shaded 3-D polygons per second for graphics. The simulated sustained performance is about 50% of the peak performance in general image processing. Most of the 2-D image processing functions are efficiently vectorized and parallelized in UWGSP4. A performance of 770 MFLOPS in convolution and 440 MFLOPS in FFT is achieved. The real-time cine display, up to 32 frames of 1280 X 1024 pixels per second, is supported. In 3-D imaging, the update rate for the surface rendering is 10 frames of 20,000 polygons per second; the update rate for the volume rendering is 6 frames of 128 X 128 X 128 voxels per second. The system provides 1280 X 1024 X 32-bit double frame buffers and one 1280 X 1024 X 8-bit overlay buffer for supporting realistic animation, 24-bit true color, and text annotation. A 1280 X 1024- pixel, 66-Hz noninterlaced display screen with 1:1 aspect ratio can be windowed into the frame buffer for the display of any portion of the processed image or graphics.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Network Contacts and Activity Domains: Information-Sharing among Police Agencies

We investigate whether the structure of network relations is linked to the nature of network participants’ activities. In the organizational setting, organizational activities in different domains likely have different informational needs, and, therefore, network relations may reflect the particular activities they support. Similarity in the network relations associated with various domains may reflect similarity in the inherent “meanings” or content of the domains. We investigated this using American police agency planners’ reported network contacts in 11 policing domains. The correspondence analysis plot of the policing domains, and measures of fit with an a priori classification of domains by meaning, indicated that patterns of overlap in network contacts substantially reflected inherent similarities among domains. Meanings associated with the relations involved in multiplex ties appear to be an important element of network structure.
Performative Sport Fandom: an approach to retheorizing sport fans

Current literature on sport fandom is dominated by social identity theory, emphasizing dichotomous categorizations that contrast ‘fans’ versus ‘others’ based on easily measured variables (wearing a jersey, attending a match, etc.). We believe that this approach often excludes those who may consider themselves fans of a team, athlete or sport but may not fit within the proscribed and predefined norms of fan behaviour. To bridge this gap, we draw from identity theory and performative gender theory to propose Performative Sport Fandom. We believe this new theoretical approach is a more ecumenical and nuanced way to understand sport fans on their own terms by focusing on how these roles are performed. Performative Sport Fandom also lends itself to examine how roles are negotiated both internally and externally, including how they are blended and what happens when roles conflict.
The effects of state-level scope-of-practice regulations on the number and growth of nurse practitioners.

Abstract Background It is widely recognized that there is significant state-level variation in scope-of-practice regulations (SSoPRs) for nurse practitioners (NPs). Purpose This study was designed to examine whether SSoPRs influence labor markets for NPs. Method Cross-sectional analysis examining how SSoPRs influence the number and growth in NPs; data from the Area Resource File and 2008 Pearson report were used. Discussion Restrictive SSoPRs reduced the number of NPs by about 10 per 100,000 and reduced the growth rate by 25%. No difference was found between states with the most restriction and those with some restrictions. Conclusions These results imply that changes to practice regulations should not be incremental but should follow the current practices in the least restrictive states. Results also indicate that other factors (poverty, uninsurance rates, rurality) decreased the number of NPs, suggesting that solving the primary care provider shortage will require multiple strategies.
The Ins and Outs of Introspection

Introspection admits of several varieties, depending on which types of mental events are introspected. I distinguish three kinds of introspection (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and three explanations of the general capacity: the inside access view, the outside access view, and the hybrid view. Drawing on recent evidence from clinical and developmental psychology, I argue that the inside view offers the most promising account of primary and secondary introspection. Everyone agrees that introspection involves representing one’s own mental events. It is also generally agreed that introspection is largely under voluntary control, rather than automatic; that it can be selectively directed or pointed, subject to the operation of attentional mechanisms; that it lacks a distinctive phenomenology of its own, over and above whatever phenomenology the introspected events might have; that it gives rise to self-attributions of mental events, typically first-person in form; and last but not least, that it affords epistemic access only to one’s own mind, not to anyone else’s. This minimal description of introspection is bedrock. Beyond it, senses of the term multiply. In a relatively narrow sense, introspection is a capacity to detect those mental states and processes occurring in oneself that are phenomenally conscious, that is, mental states and processes that have a characteristic “feel” to them: pains, itches, emotions, visual and auditory images, imaginings, rememberings, judgings, wonderings, and the like. The deployment of introspection gives rise to meta-consciousness, that is, awareness of being in or undergoing a particular conscious state or process ( Jack and Shallice; Lambie and Marcel; Schooler). 1 In a wider sense, introspection is a capacity to detect one’s mental events, whether or not those events are phenomenally conscious. The class of mental events that are introspectible in this sense is arguably more extensive than the class of events that are introspectible in the narrow sense, since it includes propositional attitudes: beliefs, desires, intentions, hopes, and other mental states that plausibly lack phenomenal feel (Carruthers, “Simulation”; Lormand; Nichols and Stich; Robbins). 2 In a still wider (and looser) sense, introspection is a capacity to detect one’s own mental events and dispositions, including personality traits (Wilson,“Knowing”; Strangers).
National Marrow Donor Program Session: Donor Issues

INTRODUCTION placement, and 1 or 2 apheresis sessions. These procedures Volunteer unrelated donors, through their extraordinary altruism, provide a means to perform life-saving hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for the approximately 70% of patients without a suitable family donor. The safety of both donor and patient is of the utmost concern; consequently, various processes have been implemented by registries worldwide to minimize the risk to both parties. The World Marrow Donor Association has created standards and an accreditation process for donor registries to help ensure harmonization among countries and across continents. Unrelated donors are assessed at various time points, ranging from registration to the peridonation period to follow-up long after donation, with the ultimate goal of optimizing the safety of hematopoietic cell donation from the perspective of both the donor and the recipient. Although the risk of donation is quite low, excellent data have characterized the adverse events that occur in association with the donation process. Moreover, according to reports from numerous donors, the donation process is a profoundly lifechanging experience. An experience of such significance carries with it the potential for substantial psychological impact. Here current data addressing both the medical and psychological impacts of the donation process are reported. In addition, the use of filgrastim as a mobilizing agent has facilitated a dramatic shift toward peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) donation as the preferred method for adult patients. However, concerns have been raised about the long-term potential effects of filgrastim on the hematopoietic progenitors. Such effects have been studied in laboratory investigations, and the findings are reviewed here.
Pflanzen hungern ihre Feinde aus

Pflanzen haben viele Feinde, denn die meisten Lebewesen auf der Erde wollen sich direkt oder indirekt von den Produkten der Photosynthese ernahren. Notgedrungen mussten Pflanzen eine Vielzahl von Strategien entwickeln, um moglichst nicht gefressen zu werden. Jetzt wurde eine raffinierte Verteidigungsstrategie entdeckt, die gezielt essenzielle Aminosauren zerstort und so Pflanzenfresser auf eine Mangeldiat setzt.
Pyrolysis of automobile shredder residue: an analysis of the products of a commercial screw kiln process☆

Abstract The products from the pyrolysis of automobile shredder residue, the waste produced in the recycling of old automobiles, have been studied. The pyrolysis process employed in the study was a commercial screw kiln unit. The chemical composition of the gas, liquid and solid fractions have been analyzed using a variety of techniques. The results of these analyses suggest that, while pyrolysis may represent a viable process for separating the organic materials from the inorganics, a full commercialization of the process must await a more detailed evaluation of the marketability of the products and their acceptance as feeds for full resource recovery.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSPLANTED HEART. ROLE OF GAMMA-GLOBULIN IN TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY.

SummarySensitization of the recipient animal with spleen homogenate resulted in a significant increase in the serum gamma globulin fraction and subsequent accelerated rejection of the graft. In exceptional cases in which serum gamma-globulin level did not increase, the accelerated rejection was absent. Treatment with 6-MP reduced the gammaglobulin level and the grafts in these animals showed prolonged survival. Reduction of gamma-globulin by exchange transfusion failed to prolong survival time of the graft. These results are in accord with the view that humoral factors present in the gammaglobulin fraction play an important role in homograft rejection.
Clinical manifestations of CHARGE Association

The clinical literature regarding CHARGE Association is mostly retrospective in nature and deals largely with non-auditory issues related to the care and management of these patients with multisystem involvements. In this paper, we describe the clinical findings in 24 patients evaluated in the Division of Audiology and Electrophysiology at the University of Michigan Medical Center from 1983 to 1993. We report on the clinical manifestations of CHARGE Association in these patients with particular attention paid to their audiologic status. We discuss the relationships between auditory, ear, and craniofacial anomalies. Our review of these previously unreported cases suggests the following: (1) a variety of audiologic outcomes is possible, however, if a sensorineural or mixed hearing loss exists, it tends to be severe in degree; (2) progressive hearing loss does not appear to occur, but recurring otitis media is a probable confounding factor in the early identification of hearing loss; (3) congenital unresolved facial weakness may serve as a reliable predictor of sensorineural hearing loss; and (4) amplification use may be poor due to a number of factors. We hope to offer guidance to the professionals from assorted disciplines who participate in the care of these children.
Shewhart x-charts with estimated process variance

Properties of the Shewhart X-chart for controlling the mean of a process with a normal distribution are investigated for the situation where the process variance O2must be estimated from initial sample data. The control limits of the X-chart depend on the estimate of O2and thus, unlike the case when O2is known, the X-chart is not equivalent to a sequence of independent tests. When O2is estimated the distribution of the run length is not geometric and cannot be characterized simply in terms of the probability of a signal at a given point. The average run length (ARL) for the X-chart is expressed in terms of an integral involving the normal cdf, and it is shown that the chart signals with probability one, but the ARL may not be finite if the size of the 2 sample used to estimate O2is sufficiently small. In addition, certain bounds for the ARL are also derived. Numerical integration is use to show that the effect of using small sample sizes in estimating O2is to increase the ARL and the variance of the run l...
Characterization of Radiation-Resistant Vegetative Bacteria in Beef

Ground beef contains numerous microorganisms of various types. The commonly recognized bacteria are associated with current problems of spoilage. Irradiation, however, contributes a new factor through selective destruction of the microflora. The residual microorganisms surviving a nonsterilizing dose are predominantly gram-negative coccobacilli. Various classifications have been given, e.g., Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Achromobacter, etc. For a more detailed study of these radiation-resistant bacteria occurring in ground beef, an enrichment procedure was used for isolation. By means of morphological and biochemical tests, most of the isolates were found to be Moraxella, based on current classifications. The range of growth temperatures was from 2 to 50 C. These bacteria were relatively heat sensitive, e.g., D10 of 5.4 min at 70 C or less. The radiation resistance ranged from D10 values of 273 to 2,039 krad. Thus, some were more resistant than any presently recognized spores. A reference culture of Moraxella osloensis was irradiated under conditions comparable to the enrichment procedure used with the ground beef. The only apparent changes were in morphology and penicillin sensitivity. However, after a few subcultures these bacteria reverted to the characteristics of the parent strain. Thus, it is apparent that these isolates are a part of the normal flora of ground beef and not aberrant forms arising from the irradiation procedure. The significance, if any, of these bacteria is not presently recognized.
CROSS-MODAL UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION: RECOGNITION MEMORY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI

In a study of cross-modal recognition memory for vision and audition photographs were matched for meaningful content with naturalistic sounds. Fifteen subjects inspected pictures and were tested with sounds and for 15 other the procedure was reversed. The two cross-modal groups were further divided into subgroups of 5 to test at one of three delays: immediate, 2 days, or 7 days. Accuracies for recognition of vision-audition for the respective retention intervals were 88.0%, 81.8%, and 75.4% and for audition-vision 87.9%, 85.1%, and 76.7%. Delay interval significantly affected cross-modal recognition. There was no interaction. Vision-audition recognition accuracy did not differ from audition-vision. The cross-modal recognition for both was high. Neither differed from a comparable intra-modal recognition memory for naturalistic sounds (Lawrence, 1974).
Zeros of the triple regge vertex

The triple Regge vertex, which appears in the helicity-pole—Regge-pole (HPRP) limit of 1-particle inclusive cross-sections, is shown to have certain zeros. The proof uses the upper bound imposed by unitarity and analyticity on the 3-to-3 amplitude in the HPRP limit.
The Hydrophobic Barrier Properties of Gastrointestinal Mucus

Impressive evidence has accumulated over the past 12 years indicating that one of the potentially important biophysical characteristics of mucus relates to its hydrophobic character. This surface property is region specific and reaches high values in the stomach and colon, where barrier properties against noxious agents in the lumen are most important. The hydrophobic properties of mucus appear to be related to its lipidic constituents and specifically to the presence of phospholipid surfactants that are synthesized, stored, and secreted by GI mucus cells in a regulated fashion.
Lesions of Acute Inhaled Lethal Ricin Intoxication in Rhesus Monkeys

Five unimmunized adult rhesus monkeys weighing 5.9-6.3 kg were challenged with a precalculated, inhaled dose of 20.95-41.8 μg/kg of aerosolized ricin. Two males and three females either died or were killed at the onset of respiratory distress between 36 and 48 hours post-ricin inhalation and were necropsied. Consistent gross and microscopic lesions were confined to the thoracic cavity. All monkeys had multifocal to coalescing fibrinopurulent pneumonia, diffuse necrosis, and acute inflammation of airways, and nearly diffuse alveolar flooding, with peribronchovascular edema. All monkeys also had purulent tracheitis, fibrinopurulent pleuritis, and purulent mediastinal lymphadenitis. One male monkey and one female monkey had bilateral adrenocortical necrosis. We attributed the cause of death to asphyxiation following massive pulmonary alveolar flooding. The lesions of acute inhaled ricin intoxication in rhesus monkeys closely resembled those lesions reported in rats with acute inhaled ricin intoxication.
Decentralized congestion management in stochastic electric power markets with PHEV penetration

In this paper, we have proposed a congestion management scheme for smart grid infrastructures to control the power absorption from the grid in the presence of PHEVs connected to the distribution network. The decentralized solution that we have developed is based on game theory and is demonstrated to converge in a finite number of steps to a pure Nash equilibrium solution. This approach is implemented for managing the power absorbed from the grid and thereby the power bought from the grid through auctions taking place in a stochastic power and energy market. Various test cases have been developed based on the agents' strategies and also on the charging time and duration of PHEVs. The proposed approach was validated using these test cases, which were implemented in a multi agent framework.