cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact Line Dynamics in Liquid-Vapor Flows Using Lattice Boltzmann Method

A mean-field free-energy lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is applied to simulate moving contact line dynamics. It is found that the common bounceback boundary condition leads to an unphysical velocity at the solid wall in the presence of surface forces. The magnitude of the unphysical velocity is shown proportional to the local force term. The velocity-pressure boundary condition is generalized to solve the problem of the unphysical velocity. The simulation results are compared with three different theories for moving contact lines, including a hydrodynamic theory, a molecular kinetic theory, and a linear cosine law of moving contact angle versus capillary number. It is shown that the current LBM can be used to replace the three theories in handling moving contact line problems.© 2006 ASME
Identification of Calcium-modulating Cyclophilin Ligand (CAML) as Transducer of Angiotensin II-mediated Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT) Activation

Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a central role in cardiovascular physiology and disease. Ang II type I receptor (AT1) is thought to mediate most actions of Ang II. A novel AT1 receptor intracellular partner called AT1 receptor-associated protein (ATRAP) was identified, but its exact function has not been elucidated. A yeast two-hybrid screen using ATRAP as bait identified calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML) as an ATRAP partner. Yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that the N-terminal hydrophilic domain of CAML (amino acids (aa) 1-189) mediates a specific interaction between ATRAP and CAML. Our analysis also showed that aa 40-82 of ATRAP contribute to this interaction. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and intracellular colocalization analysis by immunofluorescence in HEK293 cells verified this association within endoplasmic reticulum vesicular structures. Functionally, transcriptional reporter assays and RNA interference ATRAP experiments demonstrated that ATRAP knockdown increased nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activity. Overexpression of ATRAP decreased Ang II- or CAML-induced NFAT transcriptional activation, whereas an ATRAP-interacting domain of CAML (aa 1-189) sensitized NFAT activation in response to Ang II. These results indicate that CAML is an important signal transducer for the actions of Ang II in regulating the calcineurin-NFAT pathway and suggest that the interaction of CAML with ATRAP may mediate the Ang II actions in vascular physiology.
Inelastic shadow effects in nuclear total cross sections

We calculate the screening correction in proton-nuclear scattering at energies high enough so that inelastic excitations of the beam proton can contribute coherently. Data from proton-proton missing-mass experiments are used. These inelastic contributions to shadowing further reduce the total cross sections from the sum of single nucleon total cross sections. The effect grows from a very small increase in screening at, say 5 GeV/c, to a significant increase at, say, 15 GeV/c.
Revisit of ASTM Round-Robin Test Data for Determining R Curves of Thin-Sheet Materials

This paper revisits the ASTM round-robin fracture test data obtained in 1979–1980 by ASTM Task Group E24.06.02 on Application of Fracture Analysis Methods. The fracture tests were conducted using thin-sheet compact tension [C(T)] specimens made of three materials—7075-T561 aluminum alloy, 2024-T351 aluminum alloy, and 304 stainless steel—and different specimen widths were employed in order to take account of in-plane specimen size effect on fracture toughness. Typical experimental data are reanalyzed, and crack growth resistance curves are developed in accordance with fracture test standards, ASTM E561-05 and ASTM E1820-08. Several useful results as well as the conditions under which the two standards can equivalently determine a geometry-independent resistance curve are obtained for the thin-sheet C(T) specimens.
Anti-racist staff development for teachers: Considerations of race, class, and gender

Abstract This paper presents a plan for an anti-racist staff development course for teachers that can be implemented within the context of the reality of teachers' lives and working conditions. Such a curriculum can provide an avenue of opportunity for sensitizing teachers to the racial constructions of reality in their own lives, in school settings, curricula, teacher-student interactions and the like, and can provide teachers with a framework for teaching against racism. The paper is divided into two sections: Part One addresses the recent historical background and the theoretical framework from which the curriculum is constructed; Part Two addresses the curriculum itself.
Jim Blinn's corner-how many different cubic curves are there?

The author examines the meaning of the title question, noting that geometry can be described as the study of those properties of a shape that remain unchanged even if it is subjected to some transformation. He deals here with 2-D homogeneous coordinates, so the transformation is the standard homogeneous projective transformation representable by a 3*3 matrix. Any two shapes that can transform into each other using such a matrix are counted as the same shape. He then describes what he has determined so far and gives a list of questions he has that are unresolved. >
Marsilius of Padua: The Defender of the Peace

Marsilius of Padua: The Defender of the Peace, Annabel Brett, ed. and trans., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. lxi, 569.Marsilius of Padua's Defensor Pacis is one of the key texts of medieval political theory. His thought forms a cornerstone of the transition from medieval to modern political reasoning and is one of the Western classics in the history of political ideas. This early fourteenth-century thinker is not only well known for his secular political thought but also for a theory of the Church that foreshadows the Reformation. The importance of Marsilius of Padua is demonstrated by a continuing and increasing scholarly interest in his ideas. Moreover, the growing number of translations and re-translations of Marsilius's writings indicates his significance for graduate and undergraduate education as well as for scholars whose primary expertise is not in medieval political thought.
Technology Trends in Survey Data Collection

This article reviews recent and emerging technology developments in survey research. Recent developments include computer-assisted self-interviewing (CASI) methods using audio and/or video, automated telephone interviewing systems (interactive voice response), and the World Wide Web. These developments are already having a profound effect on survey data collection. Newer technological challenges include wireless applications (mobile web) and portable digital devices. These technologies offer many opportunities to expand the way we think of survey data collection, increasing the ways we can interact with survey respondents and expanding the range of stimulus material that can be used. The implications of many of these new developments for survey data quality are yet to be fully understood. This article reviews the state of the field with regard to emerging data collection technologies, and their implications for survey research.
A gas powered automated sample system for gas chromatography.

Abstract A fully automated sample introduction system for gas chromatography has been described. The power for the system, independent from the carrier gas, is provided by cylinders of nitrogen gas. The elution diagrams of compounds frequently analyzed by gas chromatography indicate that the geometry of the inlet system is excellent and the operating parameters of the gas chromatographic system are not affected by the introduction and ejection of a solid sample carrier ball. The automated system has completed 10000 cycles without malfunction, and the quantitative data obtained so far indicate acceptable application to clinical laboratory analysis.
Oscillations in laser spectroscopic measurements due to fiber transients

Many experiments using laser spectroscopy require a shutter at some point in the laser path to temporarily block or divert the beam. If the shutter is followed by filters, photometric measurements may be influenced by the surprising thermal response of these filters.
Low prevalence of the transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance among newly diagnosed HIV-1 individuals in Jiangsu Province, China during 2009–2011

Background Prevalence of The transmitted HIV drug resistance (THDR) has been reported in many countries. In China, the low level THDR was found in only a few provinces. To know the transmitted HIV drug resistance in east of China, we investigated THDR during 2009–2011 in Jiangsu province of China.
Treatment with pravastatin and fenofibrate improves atherogenic lipid profiles but not inflammatory markers in ACTG 5087.

Objectives Statins and fibrates alter lipids, apolipoproteins, and inflammatory markers in persons without HIV. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and other markers of inflammation with the use of pravastatin and fenofibrate. Design Evaluation of participants in ACTG A5087, a randomized trial of pravastatin 40 mg/day or fenofibrate 200 mg/day for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Participants that failed single-agent therapy at week 12 were given the combination. Methods Participants with available specimens were tested for apolipoproteins A1 and B, adiponectin, plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), P-selectin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Results A total of 74 participants (37 per randomized arm) received either pravastatin or fenofibrate for 12 weeks with 60 receiving combination treatment from weeks 12 to 48. There were no significant changes in hs-CRP, PAI-1, and P-selectin. From baseline to week 12, the median Apo B levels (−8 mg/dL, P = .01 for fenofibrate and −27 mg/dL, P P P P P P = .01) levels increased. Conclusion Treatment with pravastatin or fenofibrate improves the atherogenic lipid profile within the first 12 weeks and is sustained through 48 weeks with combination therapy. Adiponectin levels decrease with lipid-lowering therapy. However, markers of inflammation and platelet activation were not appreciably changed suggesting that the biologic properties of these agents differ in persons with HIV infection.
Studies on the kinetics of the interaction of 7α-hydroxytestosterone with the steroid 5α-reductase

Microsomal preparations from adult male rat testicular interstitial cells were incubated with tritiated testosterone. Added 7 alpha-hydroxytestosterone, (7 alpha,17 beta-dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one), at levels which appear to exist in the adult testis, inhibited production of labelled 5 alpha-reduced steroids in a graded fashion. This interaction is not competitive and occurs only at high substrate levels, such as those found in steroid-producing organs. Relationships to pubertal changes in steroid metabolism are discussed.
Experimental allergic orchitis in mice. VII. Preliminary characterization of the aspermatogenic autoantigens responsible for eliciting actively and passively induced disease

Abstract Experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) can be induced actively and passively in mice by either immunization with mouse testicular homogenate (MTH) in conjunction with the appropriate adjuvants or by transferring CD4 + T cells isolated from sensitized donors into non-immunized, naive recipients. The distribution of inflammatory lesions seen in active and passive EAO are markedly different. In active EAO maximal disease is observed in the seminiferous tubules, whereas in passive EAO lesions occur primarily in the straight tubules, rete testis, and ductus efferentes. These observations suggest that different immunopathogenic mechanisms and/or aspermatogenic autoantigens may be responsible for the distinct histopathologic profiles. Two murine testis-specific aspermatogenic autoantigens (mAP1 and mAP2) were partially purified from MT acetone powder by extraction in 7-M urea under reducing conditions, gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and preparative isoelectric focusing from pH 3 to 10. In gel filtration on Sephacryl S-400 in 7-M urea, mAP1 is confined to the V 0 peak, while mAP2 is in the major included peak. mAP1 has an isoelectric point of 4.4–4.9, is sensitive to both pronase and DNase but not RNase, and is active at a minimal dose of 250–500 μg (dry wt). Dose-response bioassays for active and passive EAO revealed that mAP1 preferentially elicits active disease, whereas mAP2 is most effective at eliciting passive disease. These results support the concept that the different histopathologic profiles seen in active and passive EAO are, in part, the result of different immunopathologic responses elicited by separate aspermatogenic autoantigens.
A Simple Computer-Television Interface System for Gait Analysis

A new method for analysis and recording of gait parameters is reported. This method consists of a television camera interfaced with a PDP-11/10 minicomputer. The TV camera picks up anatomical points of interest such as knee joint, ankle joint, etc., to which small lights are attached and the computer calculates their coordinates and joint angles as a function of time.
Pediatric transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal malignancy: A case report☆

The treatment of oropharyngeal malignancy is associated with numerous functional morbidities. Transoral robotic surgery has been used with increased frequency in adult oropharyngeal malignancy. The benefits include decreased surgical morbidity and improved functional outcomes. Use of transoral robotic has been limited in children. This case represents our experience with a 17-month old child who was diagnosed with a high-grade undifferentiated sarcoma of the soft palate. She was able to be successfully treated with transoral robotic surgery as a part of her multimodal therapy, representing the first case of transoral robotic surgery for an oropharyngeal malignancy in a young child.
Initial operative treatment of isolated ileal Crohn's disease in adolescents

Abstract Background We hypothesize that in children with Crohn's disease (CD) isolated to a single site, resection leads to clinical improvement, decreased medication requirements, and improved growth. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of children with CD isolated to the terminal ileum undergoing operative intervention at Children's Hospital Colorado between 2002 and 2013. Results Twenty-six patients underwent ileocecetomy (mean age at diagnosis 14.1 ± 2.6 years; mean age at resection 15.7 ± 2.5 years; median follow-up 2 ± 1.5 years). Twenty-two (84.6%) patients reported clinical improvement and 17 (65.4%) were able to decrease the number or dosage of medications. Average weight increased from the 29th to the 45th percentile ( P = .09) at 1 year and to the 56th percentile ( P = .02) at 3 years post resection. Average body mass index increased from the 30th to the 48th and 49th percentile at 1 and 3 years ( P P = nonsignificant). Conclusion Surgical resection of an isolated ileal segment in adolescents with CD allows for catch-up growth and reduction in medication requirements.
The relationship between spatial ability and environmental knowledge

Abstract This study examined the relationships between four standardized measures of spatial ability—the Embedded Figures Test (EFT), the Mental Rotations Test (MRT), the Differential Aptitude Spatial Relations subtest (DAT), and the Building Memory Test (BMT)—and two measures of environmental knowledge. Three hundred and fifty-three college undergraduates were administered the EFT, MRT, DAT, BMT and two measures of environmental knowledge-a landmark location (LM) and route knowledge (RK) task. The two environmental knowledge tasks were based on a slide-simulated walk through an unfamiliar urban environment. A principal components analysis of the above six measures produced two factors; one consisting of the four spatial ability tests, and the other the two environmental knowledge tasks. The correlation between the two factors was 0·37, indicating that the spatial ability factor accounted for 13·69% of the variance in the environmental knowledge factor.
Quantification of symbiotic contributions to lower termite lignocellulose digestion using antimicrobial treatments.

Abstract Animal-microbe co-evolution and symbiosis are broadly distributed across the animal kingdom. Insects form a myriad of associations with microbes ranging from vectoring of pathogens to intracellular, mutualistic relationships. Lower termites are key models for insect-microbe symbiosis because of the diversity, complexity and functionality of their unique tripartite symbiosis. This collaboration allows termites to live on a diet of nitrogen-poor lignocellulose. Recent functional investigations of lignocellulose digestion in lower termites have primarily focused on the contributions of the eukaryotic members of the termite holobiont (termite and protist). Here, using multiple antimicrobial treatments, we induced differing degrees of dysbiosis in the termite gut, leading to variably altered symbiont abundance and diversity, and lignocellulolytic capacity. Although protists are clearly affected by antimicrobial treatments, our findings provide novel evidence that the removal of distinct groups of bacteria partially reduces, but does not abolish, the saccharolytic potential of the termite gut holobiont. This is specifically manifested by reductions of 23–47% and 30–52% in glucose and xylose yields respectively from complex lignocellulose. Thus, all members of the lower termite holobiont (termite, protist and prokaryotes) are involved in the process of efficient, sustained lignocellulase activity. This unprecedented quantification of the relative importance of prokaryotes in this system emphasizes the collaborative nature of the termite holobiont, and the relevance of lower termites as models for inter-domain symbioses.
GLOBAL WELL-POSEDNESS OF THE BENJAMIN–ONO EQUATION IN H1(R)

We show that the Benjamin–Ono equation is globally well-posed in Hs(R) for s≥1. This is despite the presence of the derivative in the nonlinearity, which causes the solution map to not be uniformly continuous in Hs for any s [18]. The main new ingredient is to perform a global gauge transformation which almost entirely eliminates this derivative.
Searching historical manuscripts for near-duplicate figures

In the next decade a majority of all the books ever published will be digitized and online. Naturally, most of the data in historical manuscripts is text, but there is also a large amount devoted to images. This observation is responsible for the dramatic increase in interest in query-by-content systems for historical documents. While querying/indexing systems can be useful, we believe that this domain is finally ready for unsupervised discovery of patterns. With this in mind, we introduce an efficient and scalable technique that can detect approximately repeated occurrences of images both within and between historical texts. We demonstrate that this ability to find repeated shapes allows us to do automatic annotation of manuscripts. We show the utility of our technique on datasets dating back to the fourteenth century.
A deuterium NQR study of imidazolidone, imidazolidone hemihydrate, phthalimide, and benzamide

Abstract Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of deuterium are reported for anhydrous 2-imidazolidone (ethylene urea), its hemihydrate, phthalimide, and benzamide at 77 K. Imidazolidone-(N,N′)-d2 shows a single deuteron site per asymmetric unit, with e2qQ/h = 208.0 kHz and η = 15.4%. The hemihydrate, imidazolidone -(N1,N3)-d 2 · 1 2 D20 shows two ND sites and one OD site per asymmetric unit: N1-D1 with e2qQ/h = 196.3 kHz, η = 16.8%, N3D3 with e2qQ/h = 204.9 kHz and η = 15.9%, OW-DW with e2qQ/h = 228.2 kHz and 11.4% nonaxiality. These values and multiplicities are consistent with the subsequently determined room-temperature X-ray structures. Dipolar fine structure was observed for the D20 site, with DD distance = 1.586 A and the field gradient tensor at deuterium is oriented with its principal z axis parallel to the OD bond and its principal y axis perpendicular to the D0D plane. Incomplete dipolar structure was also observed for benzamide-(N)-d2, the interaction considerably diminished by the crystallographic inequivalence of the two deuterons of the −ND2 group. The coupling constants and asymmetry parameters for the two crystallographic sites in this compound are 193.0 kHz, 18.1 % (site H6) and 211.1 kHz, 15.9% (site H7). In accord with the known structure of phthalimide-(N)-d2, a single site is observed with e2qQ/h = 187.6 kHz, η = 16.4%.
Mixtures of pollution, dust, sea salt, and volcanic aerosol during ACE‐Asia: Radiative properties as a function of relative humidity

[1] The Ron Brown cruise during ACE-Asia (March–April 2001) encountered complex aerosol that at times was dominated by marine, polluted, volcanic, and dust aerosols. Average total light scattering coefficients (σsp for Dp <10 μm, relative humidity (RH) = 19%, and λ = 550 nm) ranged from 23 (marine) to 181 Mm−1 (dust). Aerosol hygroscopicity ranged from deliquescent with hysteresis (marine frequently and polluted variably) to hygroscopic without hysteresis (volcanic) to nearly hygrophobic (dust-dominated). Average deliquescence and crystallization RH were 77 ± 2% and 42 ± 3%, respectively. The ambient aerosol was typically on the upper branch of the hysteresis loop for marine and polluted air masses and the lower branch for dust-dominated aerosols. Average f(RH = ambient), defined as σsp (RH = ambient)/σsp (RH = 19%), ranged from 1.25 (dust) to 2.88 (volcanic). Average h(RH ∼60%), defined as f(RH)upper branch/f(RH)lower branch, were 1.6, 1.3, 1, and 1.25 for marine, polluted, volcanic, and dust, demonstrating an importance of hysteresis to optical properties. Hemispheric backscatter fraction (b) at ambient RH ranged from 0.077 (marine) to 0.111 (dust), while single scattering albedo (ω) at ambient RH ranged from 0.94 (dust and polluted) to 0.99 (marine).
Radiative opacities for the α, γ, and ϕ systems of titanium monoxide

Abstract Temperature-dependent and wavenumber-dependent mean radiative opacities are presented for the α, γ, and ϕ band systems of TiO which are suitable for conditions typical in stellar atmospheres.
The failure of integrally stiffened graphite/epoxy cylinders

Abstract Nine sealed and pressurized graphite/epoxy cylinders were tested to examine the ability of stiffening strips to redirect propagating damage. The materials used were Hercules A370-5H/3501-6 prepreg fabric and AS4/3501-6 prepreg unidirectional tape. The layup of the unstiffened regions of the cylinders was four plies of fabric with the quasi-isotropic layup [0 f /45 f ] s . Three different four ply unidirectional tape circumferential stiffener layups were tested. Cylinders were nominally 610 mm long with a radius of 152 mm. Stiffener width was 76 mm. Through-the-thickness slits of four lengths, 51 mm, 102 mm, 165 mm and 178 mm (1·0 mm wide), oriented along the axial direction were pre-cut into the cylinders. The cylinders were tested monotonically with increasing pressure till rupture. Stress-strain data were noted. The finite element code ADINA was used to examine the two-dimensional response of the cylinders. Three slit lengths were modeled to gain an understanding of the local stress and strain response ahead of the slit in the stiffened region. Contour plots of maximum strain and the orientation of these maximum values with respect to the load direction near slits and stiffened regions were generated. These analytical models showed lower strains in the stiffened regions ahead of the slit compared to the strains in the unstiffened regions. The local orientation of the maximum tensile strains in the stiffened regions ahead of the slit was also rotated with respect to the projected direction of the slit. At failure, propagating damage bifurcated prior to reaching the stiffener and progressed circumferentially before stopping. It is concluded that the maximum tensile strain and its orientation ahead of the slit as derived from the analysis plays a key role in the damage propagation in these cylinders.
A comparison of experimental methods in molecular chronic rhinosinusitis research.

BackgroundResearch into the molecular pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) requires the collection and analysis of sinonasal tissue. Recent gene expression studies have used either surgical...
Protease Production by Aspergillus fumigatus

The five strains of A. fumigatus examined showed marked variation in their ability to produce protease in submerged culture. Also marked differences in protease production were observed when individual strains were tested in different media. Yields of up to 3.7 EUPH 10.0 per 1 were obtained in a liver-glucose medium with the one pathogenic strain included in the study.
Linear Free Energy Relationships in Dinuclear Compounds. 2. Inductive Redox Tuning via Remote Substituents in Quadruply Bonded Dimolybdenum Compounds.

Syntheses and characterizations are reported for dimolybdenum(II) compounds supported by the diarylformamidinate (ArNC(H)NAr-) ligand, where Ar is XC6H4-, with X as p−OMe (1), H (2), m-OMe (3), p-Cl (4), m-Cl (5), m-CF3 (6), p-COMe (7), p-CF3 (8), or Ar is 3,4-Cl2C6H3- (9) or 3,5-Cl2C6H3- (10). The (quasi)reversible oxidation potentials measured for the Mo25+/Mo24+ couple were found to correlate with the Hammett constant (σX) of the aryl substituents according to the following equation: ΔE1/2 = E1/2(X) − E1/2(H) = 87(8σX) mV. Molecular structure determinations of compounds 1, 2, 5, and 10 revealed an invariant core geometry around the Mo2 center, with statistically identical Mo−Mo quadruple bond lengths of 2.0964(5), 2.0949[8], 2.0958(6), and 2.0965(5) A, respectively. Magnetic anisotropies for compounds 1−10 estimated on the basis of 1H NMR data were similar and unrelated to σX. Similarity in UV−vis spectra was also found within the series, which, in conjunction with the features of both molecular struc...
Stressed apoptotic tumor cells stimulate dendritic cells and induce specific cytotoxic T cells.

We have previously reported that stressed apoptotic tumor cells are more immunogenic in vivo than nonstressed ones. Using confocal microscopy we have confirmed our previous observation that heat-stressed apoptotic 12B1-D1 leukemia cells(BCR-ABL+) express HSP60 and HSP72 on their surface. To explore how the immune system distinguishes stressed from nonstressed apoptotic tumor cells, we analyzed the responses of dendritic cells to these 2 types of apoptotic cells. We found that nonstressed and heat-stressed apoptotic 12B1-D1 cells were taken up by dendritic cells in a comparable fashion. However, when stressed apoptotic 12B1-D1 cells were coincubated with immature dendritic cells for 24 hours, this resulted in greater up-regulation of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86) on the surface of dendritic cells. Moreover, stressed apoptotic 12B1-D1 cells were more effective in stimulating dendritic cells to secrete interleukin-12 (IL-12) and in enhancing their immunostimulatory functions in mixed leukocyte reactions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that immunization of mice with stressed apoptotic 12B1-D1 cells induced the secretion of T helper-1 (TH1) profile of cytokines by spleen cells. Splenocytes from mice immunized with stressed apoptotic cells, but not nonstressed ones, were capable of lysing 12B1-D1 and the parental 12B1 line, but not a B-cell leukemia line, A20. Our data indicate that stressed apoptotic tumor cells are capable of providing the necessary danger signals, likely through increased surface expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), resulting in activation/maturation of dendritic cells and, ultimately, the generation of potent antitumor T-cell responses.
The Health and Poverty of Nations: From theory to practice

Health is both a direct component of human well-being and a form of human capital that increases an individual's capabilities. We argue that these two views are complementary and that both can be used to justify increased investment in health in developing countries. In particular, we argue that the large effect improved health has on household incomes and economic growth makes it an important tool for poverty reduction. We survey the literature on the link between improvements in health and improved economic growth at the national level and also the link between improvements in health and improved productivity and wages at the household level. The theoretical arguments and related empirical evidence demonstrate a large effect of health improvements on productivity, household incomes, and economic growth. Given the large payoffs to health that exist in developing countries, we assess how health can be improved. We also argue that the income gains that result from health interventions can potentially feed ...
Surface Distortion and Electrostatic Balance of Metals

It is shown that the large internal electrostatic pressure found by Wannier for free-electron metals is a consequence of his having transformed some surface terms into internal terms while discarding other surface terms of the same magnitude. It is also shown that with small distortions of the surface electronic charge density and small displacements of the ions near the surface not only the pressure but also the force on every ion can be made to vanish.
Microglial Activation in Perinatal Rabbit Brain Induced by Intrauterine Inflammation: Detection with 11C-(R)-PK11195 and Small-Animal PET

Intrauterine infection can lead to a fetal inflammatory response syndrome that has been implicated as one of the causes of perinatal brain injury leading to periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and cerebral palsy. The presence of activated microglial cells has been noted in autopsy specimens of patients with PVL and in models of neonatal hypoxia and ischemia. Activated microglial cells can cause oligodendrocyte damage and white matter injury by release of inflammatory cytokines and production of excitotoxic metabolites. We hypothesized that exposure to endotoxin in utero leads to microglial activation in the fetal brain that can be monitored in vivo by 11 C-(R)-PK11195 (1-[2-chlorophenyl]N-methyl-N-[1-methylpropyl]-3-isoquinoline carboxamide)—a positron-emitting ligand that binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor sites in activated microglia—using small-animal PET. Methods: Pregnant New Zealand White rabbits underwent laparotomy and were injected with 20 and 30 mg/kg of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide along the length of the uterus on day 28 of gestation. The pups were born spontaneously at term (31 d) and were scanned using small-animal PET after intravenous administration of 11 C-(R)-PK11195 and by MRI on postnatal day 1. The standard uptake values (SUVs) of the tracer were calculated for the whole brain at 10-min intervals for 60 min after tracer injection. The pups were euthanized after the scan, and brains were fixed, sectioned, and stained for microglial cells using biotinylated tomato lectin. Results: There was increased brain retention of 11 C-(R)-PK11195—as determined by a significant difference in the slope of the SUV over time—in the endotoxintreated pups when compared with that of age-matched controls. Immunohistochemicalstainingshoweddose-dependentchanges in activated microglia (increased number and morphologic changes) in the periventricular region and hippocampus of the brain of newborn rabbit pups exposed to endotoxin in utero. Conclusion: Intrauterine inflammation leads to activation of microglial cells that may be responsible for the development of brain injury and white matter damage in the perinatal period. PET with the tracer 11 C-(R)-PK11195 can be used as a noninvasive, sensitive tool for determining the presence and progress of neuroinflammation due to perinatal insults in newborns.
THE GENETIC BASIS FOR MUCOIDY AND RADIATION SENSITIVITY IN capR (lon) MUTANTS OF E. coli K-12

CapR mutants of E. coli K-12 overproduce capsular polysaccharide (mucoid phenotype) and enzymes involved in capsular polysaccharide synthesis, and they are sensitive to radiation. It has been uncertain whether both properties are mediated by damage to a single cistron or by a polar effect on a second cistron in the same operon. Introduction of a polarity suppressor caused no change in the overproduction of polysaccharide, in the enzymes of polysaccharide synthesis or in radiation sensitivity of the capR mutant. Thus mucoidy and radiation sensitivity resulting from capR (lon) mutations are both the consequences of impairment of the same cistron. The experiments demonstrate the advantage of the use of polarity suppressors (over conventional nonsense suppressors) in determining whether pleiotropic effects of a mutation are the result of polarity.
Parental perception and factors associated with glycemic control in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes.

Objective: To compare subjective parental perceptions of short-term diabetes control with objective glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements in a pediatric population. Methods: Parents of 159 child...
Geoarchaeological and paleohydrological evidence for a clovis-age drought in North America and its bearing on extinction

Abstract At the Murray Springs Clovis site in southeastern Arizona, stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence indicates that an abnormally low water table 10,900 yr B.P. was followed soon thereafter by a water-table rise accompanied by the deposition of an algal mat (the black mat) that buried mammoth tracks, Clovis artifacts, and a well. This water-table fluctuation correlates with pluvial lake fluctuations in the Great Basin during and immediately following Clovis occupation of that region. Many elements of Pleistocene megafauna in North America became extinct during the dry period. Oxygen isotope records show a marked decrease in δ18O correlated with the Younger Dryas cold-dry event of northern Europe which ended 10,750 yr B.P., essentially the same time as the water table began to rise in southeastern Arizona. Clovis hunters may have found large game animals easier prey when concentrated at water holes and under stress. If so, both climate and human predation contributed to Pleistocene extinction in America.
Teaching NeuroImages: Neurocutaneous melanosis

A 4-year-old boy presented with seizures, dysphagia, and weakness in all extremities. Examination revealed large nevi on the trunk which contained benign melanocytes on biopsy. A diagnosis of neurocutaneous melanosis was made on the …
Oncolytic bluetongue viruses: promise, progress, and perspectives.

Humans are sero-negative toward bluetongue viruses (BTVs) since BTVs do not infect normal human cells. Infection and selective degradation of several human cancer cell lines but not normal ones by five US BTV serotypes have been investigated. We determined the susceptibilities of many normal and human cancer cells to BTV infections and made comparative kinetic analyses of their cytopathic effects, survival rates, ultra-structural changes, cellular apoptosis and necrosis, cell cycle arrest, cytokine profiles, viral genome, mRNAs, and progeny titers. The wild-type US BTVs, without any genetic modifications, could preferentially infect and degrade several types of human cancer cells but not normal cells. Their selective and preferential BTV-degradation of human cancer cells is viral dose–dependent, leading to effective viral replication, and induced apoptosis. Xenograft tumors in mice were substantially reduced by a single intratumoral BTV injection in initial in vivo experiments. Thus, wild-type BTVs, without genetic modifications, have oncolytic potentials. They represent an attractive, next generation of oncolytic viral approach for potential human cancer therapy combined with current anti-cancer agents and irradiation.
Telehealth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons for Humanitarian Engineering

This paper discussed the sudden influx of modern communications has opened up exciting opportunities for humanitarian engineering a field that many engineers associate with installation of water and sanitation facilities in rural areas to adapt mobile communications technologies to address the urgent health needs of this impoverished region. In reviewing the current progress of cell phone telehealth in sub-Saharan Africa, it can be argued that despite much enthusiasm, and considerable hyperbole, about the technology, the contribution of cell phone telehealth to the health of the population in developing countries is difficult to predict. On a smaller scale, however, individual engineers have carried out exciting projects and there clearly is an opportunity for more work by volunteer engineers.
Hemodynamic and psychological responses to laboratory stressors in women: assessing the roles of menstrual cycle phase, premenstrual symptomatology, and sleep characteristics.

Abstract This study assessed whether premenstrual symptomatology and/or sleep characteristics explain increased luteal phase psychophysiological reactivity to laboratory stressors. We hypothesized that: (1) premenstrual symptoms and sleep characteristics would explain greater luteal versus follicular phase psychophysiological reactivity, (2) symptoms and sleep characteristics would differentially predict psychophysiological reactivity within each cycle phase, and (3) symptoms and sleep characteristics would interact to affect luteal but not follicular reactivity. Freely cycling women ( N = 87) completed two laboratory sessions, one follicular (cycle days 5–9) and one luteal (days 7–10 post-ovulation). We employed two stressors: one physical (cold pressor task) and the other cognitive in nature (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task). During testing, electrocardiography monitored heart rate (HR) while a timed and auto-inflatable sphygmomanometer assessed blood pressure (BP). Participants also completed a one-time self-report measure of sleep characteristics and premenstrual symptomatology as well as a measure of state anxiety pre-post stressor. Results revealed greater luteal HR and systolic BP reactivity compared to follicular reactivity ( p 2 = .32, p = .002) with negative affect being associated with more reactivity when sleep hours were low (β = .333, p = .04). Overall, significant relationships existed during the luteal phase only. Findings are discussed in terms of clinical utility and methodological challenges related to performing laboratory stress testing in women.
Completion rate of continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis in pediatric cataract surgery using different viscoelastic materials.

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether viscoelastic materials with a higher viscosity allow better control of the lens capsule, reducing the rate of incomplete continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) during pediatric cataract surgery. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA. Methods: This retrospective study comprised 25 eyes of 18 children who had cataract surgery by 1 surgeon. The type of viscoelastic agent used for the CCC portion of the surgery was obtained from surgical dictations and nursing charts and information on complications during the CCC, from surgical dictations. The patient's age, type of cataract, and intraocular lens placement were also obtained. Results: A CCC was successfully performed in 7 of 15 eyes (46.7%, mean age 7.6 years) using cohesive Healon ® (sodium hyaluronate 1%) or dispersive Viscoat ® (sodium hyaluronate 3%–chondroitin sulfate 4%) viscoelastic material and in 9 of 10 eyes (90%, mean age 6.4 years) using the high-viscosity viscoadaptive agent Healon ® 5 (sodium hyaluronate 2.3%) (chi square=4.8900; P Conclusion: The superviscous properties of Healon5 under low turbulence conditions appear to lead to a higher CCC completion rate in children.
Effects of Habitat Features and Landscape Composition on the Population Structure of a Common Aquatic Turtle in a Region Undergoing Rapid Development

We investigated the demography of a common aquatic turtle (Chrysemys picta) along a gradient of urbanization in southeastern New Hampshire. Using a geographic information system and live trapping of turtles, we compared the proportion of males, the proportion of adults, and the relative abundance of turtles in 37 ponds. We used satellite images, aerial photographs, and field visits to describe pond-specific features and habitat composition up to 2000 m from the perimeter of each pond. The proportion of males was positively associated with the percentage of forest cover within 500 m, greater road density within 100 m, and an index of predator activity at a pond. The proportion of adults in a population was associated with road density within 250 m of the pond and the percentage of the pond perimeter that was forested. Abnormal population structures associated with greater road densities did not necessarily result in lower abundances of turtles in ponds. Turtle abundance increased as the distance to neighboring wetlands decreased and the amount of nesting habitat near pond edges increased. Pond-specific features also affected turtle abundance where populations were larger in ponds with organic substrates and abundant coverage by shoreline vegetation than in ponds lacking these features. Few turtles were encountered in ponds with an abundance of herbaceous emergent vegetation, and fewer turtles were captured during a summer with abundant precipitation. Suburban and urban developments, with dense road networks and abundant populations of generalist predators (especially the raccoon, Procyon lotor), can alter the structure of aquatic turtle populations. Although these alterations may not result in immediate changes in turtle abundance within a specific population, we suspect that the reduction in recruitment caused by habitat alterations will eventually reduce or eliminate local populations. Even though there are life-history differences among species of turtles, our results may provide new insight into the causes of recent declines of other turtles.
DISTRIBUTION OF TRITIUM-LABELED DNA AMONG CHROMOSOMES DURING MEIOSIS : I. Spermatogenesis in the Grasshopper.

Thymidine-H3 of high specific activity was used to study the distribution of labeled chromatids during meiotic divisions in spermatocytes of a species of grasshopper (Orthoptera). The distribution is regularly semiconservative as has been shown previously for mitosis, i.e., all chromatids are labeled after incorporation of thymidine-H3 into DNA at premeiotic interphase. If incorporation occurs at the interphase preceding this one, the chromosomes arrive at meiotic divisions with the equivalent of one chromatid of each homologue labeled. Chromatid exchanges occur at a frequency which is very nearly that predicted on the assumption that each chiasma represents an exchange between homologous chromatids. However, the exchanges are randomly distributed among chromosomes in a size group, whereas chiasmata are not. A quantitative analysis of the frequency and pattern of exchanges indicates that most of these result from breakage and reciprocal exchange between homologous chromatids. Sister chromatid exchanges are much less frequent and may be limited to premeiotic stages.
Stochastic stability of jump linear systems

In this note, some testable conditions for mean square (i.e., second moment) stability for discrete-time jump linear systems with time-homogenous and time-inhomogenous finite state Markov chain form processes are presented.
Hormone-neurotransmitter interactions in the control of sexual behavior.

The stimuli from a receptive female and/or copulation itself leads to the release of dopamine (DA) in at least three integrative hubs. The nigrostriatal system promotes somatomotor activity; the mesolimbic system subserves numerous types of motivation; and the medial preoptic area (MPOA) focuses the motivation onto specifically sexual targets, increases copulatory rate and efficiency, and coordinates genital reflexes. The previous (but not necessarily concurrent) presence of testosterone is permissive for DA release in the MPOA, both during basal conditions and in response to a female. One means by which testosterone may increase DA release is by upregulating nitric oxide synthase, which produces nitric oxide, which in turn increases DA release. Hormonal priming in females may also increase DA release in the MPOA, and copulatory activity may further increase DA levels in females. One of the intracellular effects of stimulation of DA D1 receptors in the MPOA of male rats may be increased expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos, which may mediate longer term responses to copulation. Furthermore, increased sexual experience led to increased immunoreactivity to Fos, the protein product of c-fos, following copulation to one ejaculation. Another intracellular mediator of DA's effects, particularly in castrates, may be the phosphorylation of steroid receptors. Finally, while DA is facilitative to copulation, 5-HT is generally inhibitory. 5-HT is released in the LHA, but not in the MPOA, at the time of ejaculation. Increasing 5-HT in the LHA by microinjection of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) increased the latency to begin copulating and also the latency to the first ejaculation, measured from the time the male first intromitted. These data may at least partially explain the decrease in libido and the anorgasmia of people taking SSRI antidepressants. One means by which LHA 5-HT decreases sexual motivation (i.e. increases the latency to begin copulating) may be by decreasing DA release in the NAcc, a major terminal of the mesolimbic system. Thus, reciprocal changes in DA and 5-HT release in different areas of the brain may promote copulation and sexual satiety, respectively.
STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF LIGHTHOUSE DESIGN

The purpose of this paper is to provide an acquaintance with lighthouses, the types of structures which have been erected, the reasons for their shape and form, and the basis for design. It will be revealed as the treatise proceeds, that the technique of design of lighthouses has improved with the increase in knowledge of the forces that are acting and the behavior of materials while subjected to stresses and strains of these forces.
Clinical Algorithms for the Treatment of Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: The 2010 Perspective

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a progressive and often fatal myeloproliferative disorder. The hallmark of CML is an acquired chromosomal translocation known as the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) that results in the synthesis of the BCR-ABL fusion protein, a constitutively active tyrosine kinase (TK). The introduction of imatinib, a TK inhibitor (TKI) specific for BCR-ABL, was a major breakthrough in CML therapy. Although most patients respond to first-line imatinib therapy, some experience a loss of response (resistance) or require treatment discontinuation because of toxicity (intolerance). In patients for whom standard-dose imatinib therapy (400 mg/day) fails, imatinib dose escalation (600-800 mg/day) is a second-line option. However, high-dose imatinib is not an appropriate approach for patients experiencing drug toxicity, and there remain questions over the durability of responses achieved with this strategy. Alternative second-line options include the newer TKIs dasatinib and nilotinib. A substantial amount of long-term data for these agents is available. Although both are potent and specific BCR-ABL TKIs, dasatinib and nilotinib exhibit unique pharmacologic profiles and response patterns relative to different patient characteristics, such as disease stage and BCR-ABL mutational status. To optimize therapeutic benefit, clinicians should select treatment based on each patient's historical response, adverse event tolerance level, and risk factors.